,,transcrib]',s ,,notes3    ,! pag9ation
 ( ?is book is unusual4 ,! book consi/s 
( f\r  sections1 ea* ( :i* is page      
numb]$ )9 itself4 ,additionally1  !     
pages ( ! entire docum5t are numb]$     
consecutively4 ,?is  results 9 sections 
two1 ?ree1 & f\r 9 ! orig9al docum5t    
hav+  two page numb]s on ea* page1 "o = 
! page numb] ( ! section  & "o = ! page 
numb] ( ! :ole docum5t4 ,to aid 9 cl>ity
 !  pages 9 ?is e,book h be5 numb]$     
consecutively = ! entire  docum5t4      
,h[ev]1 ! page numb]s %[n 9 ! ,table (  
,cont5ts =  ea* section & ! ,indexes1   
:]e !y appe>1 h be5 left z !y  appe> 9 !
 orig9al docum5t4 ,! l9ks1 ( c\rse1 h   
be5 made to  ! correct pages4    ,o!r   
transcrib]'s notes w be f\nd at ! end ( 
?is e,book1  foll[+ ! ,footnotes4       
,,humani/ic ,,/udies    ,,(    ,,!      
,,univ]sity ,,( ,,kansas      ,,volume  
,i        ,,lawr5ce1 ,,kansas           
,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,univ]sity    #aiae 
,,committee ,,on ,,humani/ic ,,/udies   
,,frank ,,heywood ,,hodd]    ,,frank    

,,wilson ,,blackm>    ,,edw9 ,,mortim]  
,,hopk9s    ,,ar?ur ,,tappan ,,walk]    
,,seld5 ,,l9coln ,,:itcomb1 ,editor     
,,cont5ts          ,i4 ,,/udies ,,9 ,,! 
,,"w ,,( ,,colley ,,cibb]4           ,by
 ,de ,witt ,c4 ,croissant1 ,ph4 ,d4     
,,ii4 ,,/udies ,,9 ,,b]gson',s          
,,philosophy4           ,by ,ar?ur      
,mit*ell1 ,ph4 ,d4      ,,iii4 ,,br[n+  
,,& ,,italian ,,art ,,& ,,arti/s4       
,by ,pe>l ,hogrefe1 ,a4 ,m4       ,,iv4 
,,! ,,semantics ,,( -,,m5tum1 -,,bulum1 
,,& -,,culum4           ,by ,edmund ,d4 
,cressman1 ,ph4 ,d4            ,,bullet9
 ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,kansas       
,,humani/ic ,,/udies      ,vol4 ,i      
,octob] #a1 #aiab          ,no4 #a      
,,/udies ,,9 ,,! ,,"w ,,(    ,,colley   
,,cibb]      ,,by      ,,de ,,witt ,c4  
,,croissant1 ,,ph4 ,d4    ,assi/ant     
,pr(essor ( ,engli% ,language 9 !       
,univ]sity ( ,kansas        ,,lawr5ce1  
,,octob]1 #aiab    ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,!   
,,univ]sity          ,,cont5ts        ,i
      ,notes on ,cibb]'s ,plays         

,,ii      ,cibb] & ! ,developm5t (      
,s5tim5tal ,com$y        ,bibliography  
,,preface      ,! foll[+ /udies are     
extracts f a long] pap] on ! life  & "w 
( ,cibb]4 ,no ext5d$ inve/igation       
conc]n+ ! life or  ! lit]>y activity (  
,cibb] has rec5tly appe>$1 & c]ta9      
misconceptions conc]n+ 8 p]sonal "*1 z  
well z 8  importance 9 ! developm5t (   
,engli% lit]ature & ! lit]>y  m]it ( 8  
plays1 h be5 becom+ m & m firmly fix$ 9 
! m9ds ( /ud5ts4 ,cibb] 0 nei!r s mu* ( 
a fool nor s  great a knave z is g5]ally
 suppos$4 ,! e/imate & ! judgm5t  ( two 
( 8 contempor>ies1 ,pope & ,d5nis1 h be5
 f> too widely  accept$4 ,! only "o ( ! 
above topics t ?is pap] deals )1        
o!rwise ?an incid5tally1 is 8 place 9 ! 
developm5t ( a  lit]>y mode4    ,:ile   
,cibb] 0 ! mo/ prom95t & influ5tial ( ! 
innovators  among ! writ]s ( com$y ( 8  
"t1 he 0 n ! only "o :o  indicat$ !     
*ange t[>d s5tim5tal com$y 9 8 "w4 ,?is 
subject1 too1 ne$s full] inve/igation4  
,i hope1 at "s future "t1  to cont9ue my

 /udies 9 ?is field4    ,?is "w 0       
sugge/$ z a subject = a doctor's !sis1  
by  ,pr(essor ,john ,mat!ws ,manly1 :ile
 ,i 0 a graduate /ud5t at !  ,univ]sity 
( ,*icago a numb] ( ye>s ago1 & 0       
cont9u$ lat]  "u ! direction ( ,pr(essor
 ,?omas ,m>c ,p>rott at ,pr9ceton4  ,i  
wi% to ?ank bo? ( ^! s*ol>s1 z well z   
,pr(essor ,myra  ,reynolds1 :o fir/     
/imulat$ my int]e/ 9 ,re/oration com$y4 
,! libr>ies ( ,h>v>d1 ,yale1 & ,columbia
 h be5 v g5]\s  9 supply+ books :i* w\ld
 o!rwise h be5 inaccessible2 b  especial
 gratitude is due to ! ,libr>y (        
,congress1 & to ,mr4 ,joseph  ,plass1 :o
 call$ my att5tion to mat]ial 9 !       
,libr>y ( ,congress1  :i* w\ld h escap$ 
my notice b = 8 int]e/4 ,i wi% to       
express my gratitude to ,pr(essor ,r4   
,d4 ,o',le>y1 ( ! ,univ]sity (  ,kansas1
 :o has read ^! pages 9 manuscript & 9  
pro(1 & has  (f]$ _m valuable           
sugge/ions4                             
,d4 ,c4 ,c4      ,univ]sity ( ,kansas1  
,octob]1 #aiab4          ,,/udies ,,9   

,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,colley ,,cibb]    ,de    
,witt ,c4 ,croissant          ,i        
,,notes ,,on ,,cibb]',s ,,plays         
,colley ,cibb]'s activity 0 n conf9$ to 
writ+ plays4 ,besides  be+ a lead] 9 !  
developm5t ( com$y & a skilful adapt] 9 
trag$y1 he 0 ! greate/ actor ( 8 day 9  
comic rles2 0 !  dom9ant p]sonality 9 ! 
triumvirate ( manag]s ( ! playh\se1  s t
 ! heal?y !atrical conditions ( 8 "t 7  
l>gely due  to him2 0 a writ] ( poetry1 
"s ( :i* is fairly good2 0 !  au?or ( "s
 ( ! mo/ amus+ & clev] controv]sial     
pamphlets  ( ! "t2 & 0 ! au?or ( a mo/  
int]e/+ autobiography4  ,today he is    
?\ght ( by _m m]ely z ! h]o ( ,pope's   
,dunciad4  ,9 "s respects he des]v$     
,pope's satire1 b ! ?+s he did well     
entitle him to m consid]ation ?an he has
 receiv$4    ,x is ! purpose ( ^! ,notes
 to discuss m]ely 8 plays2 & to  treat  
^! pr9cipally f ! po9t ( view ( :at may 
be call$  ext]nal relations1 ) "s       
discussion ( dramatic te*nique4 ,"u  !  
head+ ( ext]nal relations ,i h consid]$ 

! dates ( !  v>i\s plays1 ! circum/ances
 ( _! pres5tation1 _! s\rces1  & _!     
relation to ! v>i\s types ( ! drama ( ! 
"t4 ,i  h discuss$ ! plays 9            
*ronological ord] )9 ! v>i\s  classes4  
#a4 ,,f>ces4    ,( ! f>ces ascrib$ to   
,cibb]1 only two1 ,! ,rival ,queans &   
,bulls & ,be>s1 are unque/ionably 81 &  
^! two are n  accessible4 ,! ,rival     
,queans1 act$ at ! ,haym>ket1 ,june #bi1
  #agaj1 pr9t$ 9 ,dubl9 9 #agbi1 is )\t 
d\bt by ,cibb]4 ,b 9  ! collect$ edition
 ( 8 plays1 publi%$ 9 #aggg1 ! editors  
sub/itut$ a f>ce ( ! same "n1 :i*1      
h[ev]1 deals ) a  diff]5t subject & is  
by ano!r writ]4 ,cibb]'s f>ce 0 a       
burlesque ( ,lee's ,rival ,que5s2 !     
piece t 0 sub/itut$ deals  ) ! op]atic  
situation 9 ,engl&4    ,an adaptation ( 
,doggett's ,c\ntry ,wake 7#afif71 call$ 
,hob1 or ,!  ,c\ntry ,wake 7#agae71 has 
be5 ascrib$ to ,cibb]1 b ,g5e/#a d\bts  
8 au?or%ip because x 0 br\ght out :ile  
,doggett 0 /ill on  ! /age4    ,bulls & 
,be>s1 ,cibb]'s second undisput$ f>ce1 0

 act$ at ,drury  ,lane1 ,decemb] #b1    
#agae1 b 0 app>5tly n pr9t$4    ,*uck   
7#agcf7 seems to h be5 ascrib$ to him by
 ei!r ! au?or  or ! publi%] )\t gr\nds1 
= 9 a li/ ( plays 8wrote by  anonym\s   
au?ors 9 ! #ag? c5tury10 app5d$ to !    
f\r? edition  ( ! ,apology 7#agef71 !re 
is a note on ?is play to ! effect  t 8! 
au?or or pr9t] has set ! "n ( ,mr4      
,cibb] to ?is  piece40 ,?is is n pro(   
positive t ,cibb] did n write ! play1  =
 ,c9na's ,conspiracy1 :i* is            
unque/ionably by him1 appe>s 9  ! same  
li/4 ,9 ,! ,new ,!atrical ,diction>y    
7#agdb71 x is /at$  t 8?is piece ,*uck  
is extremely pu]ile1 yet ! au?or has    
?\ght prop] to put ,mr4 ,cibb]'s "n to  
x40 ,?is aga9 is n  necess>ily conv9c+  
argum5t aga9/ ,cibb]'s au?or%ip1 = he 0 
capable ( poor "w1 z 8 poems & "s ( 8   
plays %[4    ,on ! :ole1 x seems        
probable t ,hob & ,*uck are n by        
,cibb]4 ,9 any case1 !y are entirely )\t
 value1 & x is  !re=e a matt] ( no      
importance to lit]>y hi/ory :e!r _!     

au?or%ip is ev] det]m9$ or n4           
,c(fey's ,! ,devil to ,pay 7#agcf7 is   
/at$ 9 ! catalogue ( !  ,briti% ,museum 
to h be5 8revis$ by ,colley ,cibb]40 ,b 
! "w  ( revision 0 done by ,!ophilus    
,cibb]1 8 son1 & ,cibb] himself         
contribut$ only "o song4#b      #b4     
,,op]as4    ,9 common ) _m ( 8          
contempor>ies1 ,cibb] attempt$ op]atic  
pieces4 ,8 undisput$ op]as are ,v5us &  
,adonis 7#agae71 ,myrtillo  7#agaf71    
,love 9 a ,riddle 7#agbi71 & ,damon &   
,phillida 7#agbi71  ! la/ be+ m]ely !   
sub-plot ( ,love 9 a ,riddle act$       
sep>ately4#c ,two o!r op]atic pieces1 ,!
 ,temple ( ,dullness  7#agde7 & ,capo*io
 & ,dor9na1 h be5 ascrib$ to him4       
,love 9 a ,riddle 7#agbi7 seems to h be5
 ! cause ( "s  unpleasantness4 ,9 !     
,life ( ,qu9 7#agff7 ! foll[+ acc\nt (  
x is giv53#d      8,?is uncommon        
reception ( ,! ,begg>'s ,op]a induc$    
,colley    ,cibb] to attempt some?+ !   
same k9d ! next ye>1 "u !    title (    
,love 9 a ,riddle1 b h[ diff]5t 0 its   

reception f    ,gay's production2 x 0   
damn$ to ! l[e/ regions ( infamy !    v 
fir/ night1 :i* s mortifi$ ,cibb]1 t x  
?rew him into    a fev]2 & f ?is mom5t  
he resolv$ z soon z he conv5i5tly       
c\ld to leave ! /age1 & no long] submit 
himself & 8    tal5ts to ! caprici\s    
ta/e ( ! t[n4      8,x 0 g5]ally ?\ght t
 8 jeal\sy ( ,gay1 & ! high    op9ion he
 ent]ta9$ ( 8 own piece _h op]at$ s     
/rongly z    to make him set e eng9e 9  
motion to get ! sequel ( ,!    ,begg>'s 
,op]a1 call$ ,polly1 suppress$ 9 ord] to
 engross !    t[n entirely to ,love 9 a 
,riddle4 ,:e!r ,cibb] did or did n      
be/ir himself 9 ?is affair1 x is c]ta9 t
 ,gay & ,ri* _h    ! mortification to   
see all _! hopes ( a succe$+ h>ve/      
bla/$ by ! ,"l ,*amb]la9's absolute     
prohibition ( x1 aft]    x _h be5       
rehe>s$ & 0 j ready to br+ out40    ,9  
?is same volume#e x is /at$ t ! failure 
( ! piece 0  "o ( ! pot5t causes ( !    
dissolution ( ! ,drury ,lane company1   
?\gh ?is seems an exagg]ation1 z does   

also ! effect on ,cibb]  t is ascrib$ to
 ! failure4    ,cibb] d5ies#f t he _h   
any?+ to d ) ! suppression (  ! second  
"p ( ,! ,begg>'s ,op]a1 & gives z 8     
reason  = writ+ t he ?\ght some?+ writt5
 9 ! same =m1 b  recomm5d+ virtue &     
innoc5ce in/ead ( vice & wick$ness1     
8might n h a less pret5ce to favor40    
,! ,temple ( ,dullness 7#agde71 :i* ,!  
,biographia ,dramatica#g  /ates _h be5  
ascrib$ to ,cibb]1 is 9 two acts ( two  
sc5es ea*1  ! second sc5e ( ea* act be+ 
! comic 8int]lude0 ( ,!obald's  ,happy  
,captive 7#agda74 ,^! two sc5es h z _!  
pr9cipal  *>act]s1 ,signor ,capo*io &   
,signora ,dor9na4#h ,! o!r two  sc5es1  
:i* give ! pr9cipal title to ! piece1   
are bas$1 z is  /at$ 9 ! preface1 on !  
fact t ,pope 9 ,! ,dunciad makes !      
,goddess ( ,dullness preside ov]        
,italian op]as4 ,x is inconceivable  t  
ei!r ,cibb] or ,!obald w\ld h bas$ any?+
 ( ! sort on  a h9t f ,! ,dunciad &     
complac5tly giv5 ! cr$it to ,pope1  aft]
 ! way !y _h bo? be5 h&l$ 9 ,! ,dunciad4

 ,!re is  no?+ on ! title page to       
indicate t ,cibb] _h any?+ to d  ) !    
piece4 ,! ascription ( ! au?or%ip ( ,!  
,temple (  ,dullness to ,cibb] seems to 
be )\t f\ndation1 & ! probability  is t 
?is piece 0 compos$ by a ?ird p]son soon
 aft] ,!obald's  dea?1 :i* occurr$ ab\t 
f\r mon?s be=e x 0 act$4#i    ,conc]n+  
,capo*io & ,dor9na1 ,! ,biographia      
,dramatica has !  foll[+ note3 8,a piece
 ) ?is title1 b )\t a date1 is1 9  ,mr4 
,b>k]'s catalogue1 ascrib$ to ,colley   
,cibb]4 ,x 0 probably an  abridgm5t f ,!
 ,temple ( ,dullness40 ,?is /atem5t     
conc]n+  ! s\rce ( ,capo*io & ,dor9na   
w\ld seem plausible f !  supplem5t>y    
title ( ,! ,temple ( ,dullness1--,) !   
,hum\rs  ( ,signor ,capo*io & ,signora  
,dor9na4 ,capo*io & ,dor9na is no  d\bt 
! two sc5es f ,!obald's ,! ,happy       
,captive :i* _h be5  us$ 9 ,! ,temple ( 
,dullness1 z is /at$ above4    ,cibb]'s 
op]atic writ+s belong *iefly to !       
,engli% type (  pa/oral drama1 r ?an to 
! type ( ,italian op]a4 ,9 fact1 !y  are

 n op]as ei!r 9 ! ,italian or 9 ! mod]n 
s5se1 b are  r plays int]sp]s$ ) songs  
appropriate to ! *>act]s :o  s+ !m4 ,!y 
%[ ! common *>act]i/ics ( ! pa/oral     
drama  ( ! "t4#aj ,!y possess ! c\rt    
elem5t1 h ! same plot  devices1 & _!    
*>act]s belong to ! same g5]al types4 ,x
 is  noticeable t ,cibb] "h1 z well z 9 
8 com$ies1 arrays himself  ) ! morali/s1
 z is se5 9 8 introduction ( a moral    
purpose  9 ,love 9 a ,riddle4 ,^! pieces
 are 9 v]se ( v>y+ met]s4 ,9  ,v5us &   
,adonis & ,myrtillo !re is app>5t       
imitation ( !  v]sification ( ,dryd5's  
,alex&]'s ,fea/2 9 ,love 9 a ,riddle  & 
,damon & ,phillida ! dialogue is 9 blank
 v]se1 b 9 nei!r  case is ! v]se        
inspir$4    ,8 op]as are nei!r          
intr9sically nor hi/orically important2 
!y  are m]ely repres5tative ( a vogue   
:i* 0 popul> b :i* left  no p]man5t     
impress on ! ,engli% drama4      #c4    
,,trag$ies4    ,cibb]'s sev5 trag$ies   
appe>$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ,x]xes1  #afii2 
8 adaptation ( ,%aksp]e's ,ri*>d ,,iii1 

#agjj2 ,p]olla &  ,izadora1 #agje2 !    
?ree translations ( ,corneille1 ,xim5a1 
act$  #agab1 b n publi%$ until #agai1   
,c9na's ,conspiracy1 #agac1 &  ,caes> 9 
,egypt1 #agbe2 & f9ally ,papal ,tyranny1
 an adaptation (  ,%aksp]e's ,k+ ,john1 
#agde4 ,! be/ /age play is ,ri*>d ,,iii1
  b ^? t make ! mo/ agreeable read+ are 
! alt]ations (  ,corneille4    ,x]xes   
7#afii71 :i* 0 a failure1 belongs to !  
type ( !  trag$ies ( ! la/ decade ( !   
c5tury1 9 :i* ! mat]ial (  ! h]oic play 
is h&l$ 9 blank v]se1 9 :i* !re is no   
com$y1  & 9 :i* !re is 9 g5]al a foll[+ 
( ,fr5* models4#aa ,9  its pres5tation (
 a /ory ( di/ress$ womanhood1 x allies  
itself  ) ! s5tim5tal trag$y ( ! s*ool (
 ,s\!rne & ,otway4 ,9  its use ( !      
sup]natural1 9 its pu]ile use (         
claptrap1 & 9 !  bomba/ & extravagance (
 emotion1 x foll[s ! g5]al usage (  !   
trag$ies ( ! "t4    ,:5 x 0 writt5      
,cibb] 0 "o ( ! company at ,drury ,lane1
  b ! play 0 refus$ !re1 & 0 accept$ at 
,l9coln's ,inn  ,fields only :5 ,cibb]  

gu>ante$ ! exp5ses ( ! production4      
,not)/&+ ! fact t two su* great actors z
 ,bett]ton &  ,mrs4 ,b>ry 7 9 ! ca/1 !  
play 0 a failure4#ab    ,! common       
supposition t x 0 act$ only once1 is    
bas$ on  ,addison's inv5tory ( ,ri*'s   
!atrical p>aph]nalia1 9 :i* are  m5tion$
 8! imp]ial robes ( ,x]xes1 nev] worn b 
once40#ac ,!  play _h be5 act$ t5 ye>s  
previ\sly1 & ,addison is speak+ (  an   
entirely diff]5t playh\se & manag] s t  
?is te/imony1 if  x does apply to ?is   
play1 is probably n to be giv5 mu*      
weight4  ,:ile ! play may h be5 )drawn f
 ! /age aft] only "o  p]=mance1         
,addison's evid5ce does n e/abli% !     
matt] "o way  or ! o!r4    ,cibb]'s next
 v5ture 9 trag$y 0 m successful1 = :ile 
8  adaptation ( ,%aksp]e's ,ri*>d ,,iii 
has n receiv$ critical  comm5dation1 x 0
 = ov] a c5tury practically ! only      
v]sion  pres5t$ on ! /age & is /ill us$ 
by _m actors4    ,:5 ,cibb]'s ,ri*>d    
,,iii 0 orig9ally act$ at ,drury ,lane 9
 #agjj1  ,*>les ,killigrew1 ,ma/] ( !   

,revels1 =bade ! fir/ act1 because  !   
di/ress ( ,h5ry1 introduc$ f ,%aksp]e's 
,h5ry ,,vi1 might  br+ ! exil$ ,k+      
,james to ! m9d ( ! p2 s t only  f\r    
acts c\ld be giv54 ,! play 0 a          
comp>ative failure at fir/1  ow+ no d\bt
 to ! omission ( s important & necess>y 
a "p (  ! revision1 s t ,cibb]'s pr(its 
f ! ?ird night1 z au?or1  came to less  
?an five p\nds4#ad ,lat]1 :5 ?is act 0  
re/or$1  ! piece became a success4 ,z   
has be5 po9t$ out by ,dohse#ae &        
,wood#af1 ,cibb] may 9 mak+ ?is         
adaptation h us$ ! *ronicles  ( ,hall & 
o!rs1 & probably 0 influ5c$ by ,!       
,mirror =  ,magi/rates & ,c>yl's ,engli%
 ,pr9cess 7#affg74    ,9 8 alt]ation    
,cibb] has cut d[n ! play to a little m 
?an  half its orig9al l5g?1 & ( ?is     
rema9d] only a little ov] a  ?ird is    
f\nd 9 ,%aksp]e's ,ri*>d ,,iii1 :ile !  
re/ is f  a numb] ( ,%aksp]e's plays or 
is made up ( orig9al additions by       
,cibb]4#ag ,! alt]ations v>y f ! *ange (
 s+le words1#ah  to ! addition ( sc5es  

entirely by ,cibb]4 ,! omissions1 su* z 
,anne's spitt+ at ,glo/]1 ,i1 ii1 #adf1 
are g5]ally happy2 !  l9es he has       
sub/itut$ are g5]ally easi] to und]/&1  
if less  ae/hetically pleas+1 ?an ^? ( !
 orig9al2 & ! additions  ?r\gh\t are su*
 z add cle>ness & !atric effectiv5ess4  
,ri*>d is made ! c5tral figure1 s t !   
play revolves m  closely ab\t him ?an 9 
,%aksp]e4 ,a love /ory1 m slightly      
develop$ ?an usual 9 ! adaptations ( ?is
 p]iod1 is introduc$  at ! end ( ! play 
9 accordance ) contempor>y usage4 ,!    
wom5  are made less prom95t1 ! lyric    
*orus effect ( ! v>i\s sc5es  9 :i* ^!  
wom5 =etell & bewail is omitt$1 & ! :ole
  action is made m simple & direct4     
,%aksp]e's ,ri*>d ,,iii is  full ( ?is  
lyric elem5t :i* ,cibb] has excis$4     
,) ?is curtailm5t ( plot comes likewise 
a less highly pres5t$  del9eation ( "*4 
,n only is ! numb] ( *>act]s  dim9i%$1 b
 modifications are made 9 ^? t rema94   
,ri*>d  becomes less ! unfeel+          
hypocrite1 by use ( asides 8 motives &  

"* are made m cle>1 & he is influ5c$ m  
by love2 8  victims are n s vividly     
pres5t$1 & ?\gh _! weakness (  w & "* is
 n less ?an 9 ! orig9al1 ! read] does  n
 feel x s mu*4 ,cibb]'s ,ri*>d ,,iii1 l 
8 ,k+ ,john1 is  m play ?an poem2 9 x   
,cibb] has attempt$ to make ev]y?+      
subs]vi5t to dramatic effectiv5ess4     
,p]olla & ,izadora 0 act$ at ,drury     
,lane on ,decemb] #c1 #agje1  & publi%$ 
! next ye>4 ,l9tot _h b\ght ! copyright 
,novemb]  #ad1 #agje1 a few weeks be=e  
its pres5tation1 = ?irty-six p\nds1     
elev5 %ill+s1 next to ! l>ge/ am\nt t he
 paid ,cibb] =  any ( 8 plays4 ,cibb]   
expla9s t he omitt$ ,woman's ,wit f  !  
#agba edition ( 8 plays because x 0 s   
inf]ior a drama1 :i*  0 no d\bt 8 reason
 = omitt+ ,x]xes2 b :y he %\ld n  h     
includ$ ,p]olla & ,izadora1 :i* br\ght  
him a good ?ird  & six? day at ! !atre1 
?\gh x does n appe> to h be5  pres5t$   
aft]w>ds1 is n cle>1 unless1 z is       
probable1 he includ$  9 ?is edition only
 su* plays z _h ga9$ a m or less p]man5t

  place on ! /age4    ,cibb] %[s unusual
 mode/y 9 8 d$ication ( ?is play1 :i*   
he f\nd$ on a "p ( ! /ory ( ,p]olla &   
,izadora f ,!  ,romance ( ,p>!nissa#ai  
7#afed7 by ,rog] ,boyle1 ,e>l ( ,orr]y4 
,he  8saw s _m incid5ts 9 ! fable1 su*  
natural & noble s5tim5ts  9 ! *>act]s1 &
 s j a di/ress 9 ! passions1 t he _h    
little m ?an ! tr\ble ( blank v]se to   
make x fit = !  !atre40#bj ,cibb] has   
foll[$ ! ev5ts 9 ,p>!nissa v  closely1  
mak+ few *anges or additions4 ,h[ev]1 he
 has ,p]olla &  ,izadora 9 love be=e !  
action beg9s1 :]eas !y d n meet  9 !    
romance until aft] ,p]olla has sav$ !   
life ( ,blacius 9  :at makes ! end (    
,cibb]'s second act2 & at ! close ( !   
play he unites ! lov]s1 :ile ! /ory goes
 on indef9itely 9  ,p>!nissa4 ,! *>act]s
 display ab\t ! same qualities2 ,blacius
  is made p]haps a trifle m reasonable &
 ,poluvius a little less s4  ,! play is 
mu* bett] z a play ?an ! orig9al is z a 
/ory4    ,! play 9 g5]al con=ms to !    
,fr5* classical type2 ! unities  are    

obs]v$1 ! *>act]s are few & noble1 x is 
writt5 9 blank  v]se1 & !re are no      
humor\s t\*es4 ,only 9 ! two dea?s &  ! 
"o fight on ! /age does ! play violate !
 ,fr5* tradition4  ,9 ! dea? ( ! wick$1 
! rew>d ( ! virtu\s1 & ! g5]al  nature (
 ! action1 x gr\ps itself ) ! h]oic     
plays ( !  prec$+ c5tury1 b ( c\rse x   
does n con=m to t type 9  v]sification4 
,cibb] 0 "h probably writ+ "u ! influ5ce
 (  ,corneille4    ,xim5a1 or ,! ,h]oic 
,daught]1 an alt]ation ( ,corneille's   
,cid1  0 act$ at ,drury ,lane1 ,novemb] 
#bh1 #agab1 :5 x _h a run ( ab\t  eight 
p]=mances2#ba b x 0 n pr9t$ until #agai1
 :5 x  appe>$ 9 octavo aft] x _h be5    
reviv$ at ,drury ,lane1 ,novemb]  #a1   
#agah4 ,cibb] expla9s t he ?us delay$   
publi%+ ! play  because 8mo/ ( 8 plays  
_h a bett] reception f ! public :5  8   
int]e/ 0 no long] conc]n$ 9 !m40#bb ,!  
d$ication (  ,xim5a br\ght a /orm (     
criticism on ,cibb]#bc because 9 x he   
spoke ( ,addison z a wr5 be+ c>ri$ by   
,/eele z an eagle1 :i*  figure he lat]  

appli$1 9 8 odes1 to himself & ! k+4 ,he
 _h  ! judgm5t to omit ?is d$ication f !
 collect$ edition ( 8  plays4    ,z 9 ! 
case ( ,ri*>d ,,iii1 he add$ a fir/ act 
to ! ,cid 9  ord] t ! audi5ce might     
und]/& ! situation ( ! v>i\s  *>act]s at
 ! outset2 a mo/ important & necess>y ?+
 if !  audi5ce is n famili> ) ! /ory & !
 situation be=eh&4  ,9 8 alt]ations (   
,%aksp]e he foll[$ ! ,engli% me?od &    
pres5t$ ?is in=mation to 8 audi5ce by   
action2 9 8 alt]ation  ( ,corneille he  
foll[$ ! ,fr5* me?od by hav+ 8 *>act]s  
tell ea* o!r ab\t x = ! b5efit ( !      
audi5ce4    ,cibb] has discuss$ at l5g? 
! *anges he has made 9 ! ,cid1  & 8     
reasons = !m1 9 ! prefatory 8exam540 ,! 
ma9 reason  seems to h be5 8 desire to  
make ! play less 8romantic0 &  ! action 
m probable & reasonable f ! po9t ( view 
( !  eighte5? c5tury ,engli%man1 ^:     
ideals ( honor & ^: g5]al  *>act]i/ics 7
 v diff]5t f ^? ( ! sev5te5?  c5tury    
,fr5*man4 ,inde$1 ,cibb] expla9s 9      
relation to "o ( ^!  *anges3 8,"h !y    

seem too declamatory & romantic1 :i* ,i 
h  endeavor$ to avoid1 by giv+ a m      
spirit$ tone to ! passions1  & r$uc+ !m 
ne>] to common life40    ,xim5a1 because
 ( its s\rce1 w\ld naturally h ! g5]al  
*>act]i/ics ( ,fr5* trag$y1 9 :i* almo/ 
ev]y?+ happ5s  (f ! /age1 & 9 :i* !     
*>act]s appe> be=e ! audi5ce  only to   
tell x :at !y ?9k or :at has be5 done4  
,x violates !  ,fr5* canons by hav+ a   
sub-action1 ?\gh ?is sub-action is n    
suffici5tly important to di/ract !      
att5tion mat]ially f !  ma9 action1 & is
 b\nd v closely to x4 ,! bl[ :i* ,don   
,gormaz  gives ,alv>ez con/itutes !     
ne>e/ approa* to viol5t action2 b  ?is  
bl[1 h[ev]1 appe>s 9 ! orig9al play4    
,besides ! anonymity ( ,c9na's          
,conspiracy1 ! clos5ess ) :i*  x foll[s 
,corneille's ,c9na & ! diff]5ce 9 its   
tone f  ! re/ ( ,cibb]'s "w h l$ to d\bt
 z to 8 au?or%ip4#bd  ,to see t ,cibb] 0
 n always sprightly & inconsequ5tial1   
h[ev]1 z he is usually suppos$ to be1 "o
 has b to read 8  ,cic]o & 8 poems4 ,!  

play 0 pres5t$ less ?an ?ree mon?s  aft]
 ,xim5a1 & to br+ out ano!r ,fr5* trag$y
 translat$  by ! same h& 9 s %ort a "t  
might h subject$ ,cibb] to  ! *>ge (    
ha/y "w4 ,?\gh ,xim5a app>5tly _h a run 
(  eight nights1 x did n receive        
critical approbation1 & ,c9na's         
,conspiracy1 if kn[n to be by ,cibb]1 0 
likely to br+ fur!r  critical           
disapproval1 s t ,cibb] may h ?\ght x   
w\ld h  bett] *ance ( success if 8      
au?or%ip 7 n kn[n4 ,cibb] 0  ambiti\s to
 be ?\ght wise & s]i\s1 z 8 prefaces &  
,cic]o  %[1 & ! lack ( success ( ! play 
toge!r ) its ne>ness to  ,xim5a 9 "t (  
pres5tation w\ld suffici5tly expla9 8   
failure  to claim ! au?or%ip4    ,b !re 
is ext]nal pro( :i* w\ld seem to be     
conv9c+ 9  support ( 8 au?or%ip4 ,defoe1
 accord+ to ! ,biographia               
,dramatica1#be 9 a pamphlet writt5 ab\t 
#agac ascrib$ ! play  to ,cibb]2 &      
,ni*ols1 9 ,lit]>y ,anecdotes ( !       
,eighte5?  ,c5tury1#bf gives an extract 
f a memor&um book ( ,l9tot1  entitl$    

,copies :5 pur*as$1 accord+ to :i*      
,cibb]1 on ,m>*  #af1 #agab 7,o4,s471 0 
paid ?irte5 p\nds = ,c9na's ,conspiracy4
 ,!  play 0 fir/ act$ at ,drury ,lane1  
,febru>y #ai1 #agac1 ab\t a mon?  be=e !
 pur*ase by ,l9tot4 ,! fact t ,cibb] 0  
paid = !  play s %ort a "t aft] its     
pres5tation w\ld seem to be suffici5t   
pro( t x is by ,cibb]1 ev5 ?\gh he      
app>5tly made no public  claim to its   
au?or%ip4    ,9 ! alt]ation (           
,corneille's ,c9na1 ,cibb] has made     
rem>kably  few *anges4 ,!re is only "o (
 any mom5t1 ! acc\nt ( !  meet+ ( !     
conspirators 9 ! second sc5e ( ! fir/   
act4  ,corneille has _h ,c9na give an   
acc\nt ( ?is meet+ to ,emilie1  :ile    
,cibb] pres5ts ! meet+ itself4 ,?is     
involves ! omission  ( "s n>ration & !  
creation ( "s new *>act]s :o h a  few   
%ort spee*es4 ,cibb] ?r\gh\t 8          
adaptation seeks to ga9  vividness &    
cle>ness1 & 8 h&l+ ( ?is incid5t is     
probably  ! be/ example ( 8 me?od 9 ?is 
respect4 ,! o!r *anges  consi/ m]ely 9 !

 omission & %ort5+ ( spee*es4 ,on ! :ole
  ,c9na's ,conspiracy is almo/ a lit]al 
translation1 ?\gh a little  free "h &   
!re4    ,! te/imony ( ! critics conc]n+ 
! s\rce ( ,caes> 9  ,egypt1 act$ at     
,drury ,lane1#bg ,decemb] #i1 #agbd1    
publi%$ 9 #agbe1  is some:at confus+4 ,!
 ,biographia ,dramatica f9ds its s\rce 9
  ,beaumont & ,flet*]'s ,! ,false ,"o2  
,g5e/#bh says3 8,! plan  ( ?is trag$y is
 *iefly borr[$ f ,! ,false ,"o--t "p  ( 
x :i* conc]ns ,cornelia is said to be   
tak5 f ,corneille's  ,pompe40 ,/oye1#bi 
:ile app>5tly oblivi\s ( ,corneille's   
play1  m5tions ,lucan's ,ph>salia 9     
addition to ,! ,false ,"o2 &  ,miss     
,canfield says3#cj 8,tak+ ,beaumont &   
,flet*]'s ,false ,"o1  ,corneille's     
,pompe1 & "o or two ideas ( 8 own1 he   
/irr$ !m  all toge!r ) su* vigor1 & s   
disguis$ !m ) 8 wond]ful  v]sification1 
t x is an almo/ impossible task to      
di/+ui% !  diff]5t elem5ts 9 ! di%4444  
,! g5]al plan & con/ruction  ( ! play   
are und\bt$ly ,corneille's1 _m ( ! be/  

spee*es  are lit]ally translat$1        
especially "s ( ! fam\s ones betwe5     
,cornelia & ,caes>2 & ! description (   
,pompey's dea? is tak5  v]batim f !     
,fr5*40 ,?is la/ /atem5t ( ,miss        
,canfield's  comes ne>e/ to ! tru?1 b x 
leaves out ( acc\nt ! slight            
indebt$ness to ,lucan4#ca    ,an        
exam9ation ( ^! ?ree plays %[s1 9 fact1 
h[ little ,cibb]  us$ ,! ,false ,"o 9 ! 
con/ruction ( ,caes> 9 ,egypt4 ,he 0  no
 d\bt famili> ) ! ,beaumont & ,flet*]   
play & us$ "s  ?+s f x1 ?\gh v little 9 
comp>ison ) :at he has  us$ f ,pompe4   
,he us$ x = h9ts 9 "s p>ticul>s#cb j  z 
he did ! ,ph>salia1 f :i* he app>5tly   
took ! idea (  hav+ "o sc5e occur be=e !
 tomb ( ,alex&]1 & f :i* he  obta9$ !   
burn+ ( ,ph>os4    ,"o incid5t1 !       
display ( ,pompey's head1 well          
illu/rates ! *ange  t _h come s9ce !    
days ( ,beaumont & ,flet*]4 ,9 ,! ,false
  ,"o1 ! head 0 actually br\ght on !    
/age2 b 9 nei!r ,cibb]  nor ,corneille 0
 ! head actually display$4 ,! actual    

appe>ance  ( ! head w\ld probably h be5 
almo/ z di/a/eful to ,cibb]'s  audi5ce z
 to ,corneille's4    ,8 me?od (         
adaptation "h is m l t 9 8 alt]ation  ( 
,%aksp]e ?an 8 me?od 9 ,xim5a or ,c9na's
 ,conspiracy4  ,he has cr[d$ ! incid5ts1
 has exp&$ ! action & increas$  its     
livel9ess1 has enhanc$ ! value ( ! piece
 z a /age play1  )\t1 h[ev]1 improv+ its
 lit]>y quality4 ,he has a good deal    
happ5 9 "o day1 b manages to satisfy !  
te*nical dem&s ( !  unity ( "t4    ,he  
increases ! probability by ! alt]ation (
 c]ta9 passages4 ,=  in/ance1 :]eas bo? 
! ,ph>salia1 z complet$ by ,r[e1#cc &   
,! ,false ,"o1 f "o ( :i* he took !     
incid5t1 h ,caes>  swimm+ f ! isl& (    
,ph>os ) drawn sword 9 "o h& &  docum5ts
 9 ! o!r1 ,cibb] has him swim ) only !  
docum5ts4    ,:ile ?is play is          
ess5tially an adaptation ( ,corneille1 !
 g5]al  atmosph]e & effect are n ^? (   
,fr5* trag$y1 b are r  ^? ( ! m9or      
,elizabe?an tragicom$y4 ,its beg9n+ &   
end h  a hi/orical r ?an a dramatic     

int]e/1 s t ! play produces  ! effect ( 
a love /ory ) an imp]sonal envelop+     
action1 :i*  is aga9 m ,engli% ?an      
,fr5*4    ,papal ,tyranny 0 act$ at     
,cov5t ,g>d51 ,febru>y #ae1 #agde1 :5  x
 _h a run ( t5 nights1 & 0 publi%$ 9 !  
same ye>4  ,%aksp]e's ,k+ ,john1 :i* _h 
be5 play$ 9 #agcg & #agch1 aft]         
,cibb]'s alt]ation _h be5 talk$ ( &     
)drawn1 0 aga9 reviv$  on ,febru>y #bj1 
#agde1cd ) ,g>rick z ,k+ ,john & ,mrs4  
,!ophilus  ,cibb]1 !n at ! height ( h]  
popul>ity1 z ,con/ance4 ,?is 0 no  d\bt 
done bo? to pr(it by ! publicity        
,cibb]'s "w _h br\ght  ab\t1 & to take z
 mu* cr$it z possible f ,cibb]1 by %[+  
! lack ( orig9ality 9 8 "w4#ce ,accord+ 
to ,victor1#cf  ,cibb]'s pr(its f ,papal
 ,tyranny am\nt$ to f\r hundr$ p\nds1   
:i* probably includes :at he receiv$ f  
act+ ,p&ulph z well  z 8 au?or's pr(its4
    ,! play _h be5 writt5 "s ye>s be=e x
 0 f9ally act$1  ! p>ts _h be5          
di/ribut$1 & ev]y?+ 0 practically ready 
= ! pres5tation 9 public dur+ ! season  

#agcf-g4 ,b s mu*  criticism 0 level$ at
 ,cibb] = d>+ aga9 to alt] ,%aksp]e  t  
"o day he quietly walk$ into ! !atre1   
remov$ ! copy (  ! play f ! prompt]'s   
desk1 & w5t away ) x )\t a ^w  to any   
"o4#cg ,x 0 f9ally pres5t$1 z already   
/at$1 9 #agde1  :5 !re 0 a ?reat5$      
invasion by ! ,"y ,pret5d]1 :i* made  ! 
political & anti-,ca?olic elem5ts ( !   
play timely4    ,cibb] says 9 !         
d$ication t he _h two reasons = alt]+ ! 
play3 antagonism to ,ca?olicism1 & a    
desire to adju/ ! play to  contempor>y  
/age requirem5ts--8to make x m l a play 
?an he  f\nd x 9 ,%aksp]e40 ,8 additions
 to ! anti-,ca?olic elem5ts (  ! play   
are inconsi/5t ) ! re/ ( ! action1 & !  
*anges  9 /ructure h increas$ r ?an     
dim9i%$ ! epic quality4  ,he has1 )\t   
be+ consci\s t he 0 do+ s1 gone back (  
,%aksp]e's "t 9 introduc+ ! anti-popi%  
elem5t2 a quality  ( ,%aksp]e's s\rce   
:i* ,%aksp]e _h omitt$1 b :i* ,cibb]    
re9troduc$ to ! detrim5t ( 8 play z     
drama4    ,! entire fir/ act (          

,%aksp]e's play is omitt$1 besides :i*  
!re are o!r %ort] omissions4 ,! po9t (  
view1 too1 is v  diff]5t2 = 9 ,cibb]'s  
play ,p&ulph is ! c5tral figure1 in/ead 
( ,k+ ,john1 z is indicat$ by ! *ange ( 
title f ,! ,life  & ,dea? ( ,k+ ,john to
 ,papal ,tyranny 9 ! ,reign ( ,k+ ,john4
  ,v>i\s %ort sc5es entirely by ,cibb]  
are introduc$1 ! mo/  noticeable be+ "o 
9 ! la/ act 9 :i* ,con/ance att5ds !    
fun]al ( ,ar?ur at ,sw9e/ead1 :]e ,k+   
,john has be5 br\ght to  die4    ,!     
*>act]s are m *ang$ ?an ! plot2 all ^?  
:i* appe>  only 9 ! fir/ act are omitt$1
 besides su* *>act]s z ,pet]  (         
,pomfret1 ,el9or1 ,au/ria1 & ,*atillon4 
,! "p ( ! ba/>d  ,faulconbridge is v mu*
 cut d[n & s(t5$1 = z ,%aksp]e  conceiv$
 him he 0 too 8l[0 & comic = a dignifi$ 
trag$y  accord+ to ! views ( ! eighte5? 
c5tury4 ,! rle (  ,con/ance is mu*      
enl>g$ z well z t ( ,p&ulph4    ,cibb]'s
 trag$ies are imitative2 he %[$ no      
creative ability 9 ?is  field4 ,t 8     
,ri*>d ,,iii has held ! /age until !    

pres5t  is an indication t x is at lea/ 
a good /age play4 ,! o!r  trag$ies1     
except ,x]xes & ,papal ,tyranny1 d n    
possess any v  positive virtues or      
defects2 !y are ( av]age m]it z comp>$ )
  ! "w done by ,cibb]'s contempor>ies4  
,!y are alt]ations ( ,%aksp]e or        
,corneille1 except ,x]xes  & ,p]olla &  
,izadora4 ,9 8 alt]ations ( ! ,fr5* he  
has  angliciz$ "s ( ! ideas1 has _h a   
t5d5cy to pres5t r  ?an relate incid5ts1
 & g5]ally has tri$ to make !           
productions  con=m to ,engli% ideas4    
,turn+ !m into ,engli% has n made !m    
romantic or alt]$ 9 any ess5tial degree 
_! neo-classical quality4    ,8         
alt]ations ( ,%aksp]e h n *ang$ !       
ess5tial  qualities2 !y are /ill        
*>act]i/ically ,engli%1 & display !     
*>act]i/ics ( ! orig9als4 ,he has n     
alt]$ ,%aksp]e because  ,%aksp]e is too 
8,go?ic10 or too romantic & extravagant1
 = ,cibb]  compla9s t ,k+ ,john is too  
re/ra9$4    ,9 relation to ^! alt]ations
 ( ,%aksp]e "o naturally ?9ks (  ! flood

 ( plays ab\t ?is "t :i* _h ,%aksp]e z a
 basis4#ch  ,cibb] does n1 9 ,ri*>d     
,,iii at lea/1 foll[ ! example ( ,tate  
& 8 k9d1 b adh]es m closely ?an !y to ! 
orig9als4  ,x is = ?is reason1          
pr9cipally1 t ,cibb]'s ,ri*>d ,,iii 0   
successful4 ,9 ?is he has n attempt$ to 
foll[ contempor>y  practice 9 adh]+ to !
 unities1 9 ! obs]vance ( poetic        
ju/ice1 9 ! mak+ ( ! h]o virtu\s1 or 9  
add+ ! elem5t  ( %[ & pageantry4 ,8     
addition ( a sc5e ( viol5ce#ci is =  !  
purpose ( help+ ! spectator to und]/& ! 
play4 ,ev5  8 borr[+ ( l9es f o!r plays 
by ,%aksp]e has sav$ him  p>tially f !  
incongru\s or weak mixture ( two /yles  
:i* m>s  ! "w ( o!r adapt]s4 ,he has    
told ! same /ory z ,%aksp]e1  & has n   
done viol5ce to 8 orig9al ei!r 9 "*1    
plot1  or1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 language4    ,8
 adaptation ( ,k+ ,john is h&l$         
diff]5tly4 ,?is play1  ev5 m ?an        
,%aksp]e's ,k+ ,john1 is unfitt$ = !    
mod]n  /age2 its plot is n dramatic1 &  
its p]sons are n mod]n 9  _! qualities4 

,su* a play mu/ dep5d = its appeal on   
its poetic  qualities1 & ,cibb] 0       
p]sonally incapable ( alt]+ ! play &    
reta9+ its poetic qualities4    ,al?\gh 
,cibb] is n unaffect$ by ! s5tim5tal    
type ( trag$y1  z ,x]xes & ,p]olla &    
,izadora %[1 he does n seem influ5c$  by
 x to any great ext5t4 ,?is is rem>kable
 9 "o :o 0 9 !  v =efront ( ! movem5t   
t[>d s5tim5tal com$y2 ?\gh x  is to be  
rem>k$ t ! two trag$ies :i* d %[ traces 
( ?is  s5tim5tal note are ! only two :i*
 are n bas$ on previ\s plays4    ,z     
,?orndike#dj has po9t$ out1 dur+ ?is    
p]iod two influ5ces  are at "w--!       
influ5ce ( ! ,elizabe?an romantic drama1
 & !  influ5ce ( ! ,fr5* classical      
drama2 & ,cibb] r fairly  repres5ts bo? 
( ^!4 ,x]xes %[s "s ,fr5* influ5ce 9 !  
con/ruction1 ?\gh x is probably m       
,elizabe?an 9 ! h&l+  ( ! mat]ial2 b    
,p]olla & ,izadora & ! ?ree plays f     
,corneille con=m to ,fr5* usage almo/   
entirely 9 mat]ial z well  z 9 me?od4 ,!
 re/ra9t 9 ,ri*>d ,,iii--= not)/&+      

,hazlitt1 ?is play is n z brutal z      
,%aksp]e's--is due to !  *ange br\ght   
ab\t ?r\gh ! imitation ( ,fr5* trag$y4  
,9 accordance ) contempor>y usage1 all  
^! trag$ies are 9 blank  v]se2 b ! v]se 
is ( no great m]it4 ,cibb]'s v]se = !   
mo/  "p is n musical nor subtle1 b x has
 few mann]isms4 ,he sometimes  uses     
allit]ation1 b n to an objectionable or 
excessive degree1 &  al?\gh 8 /yle has  
be5 call$ allit]ative1 8 use ( ?is      
device  9 8 v]se is s infrequ5t z to    
make ! t]m a misnom]4    ,cibb] con=ms  
to ! cu/om ( ! "t 9 respect to rime4    
,occasionally he introduces a c\plet 9 !
 mid/ ( a sc5e1 b  ?is is seldom & = no 
app>5t reason4 ,! exits1 except ^? (    
m9or importance1 are m>k$ by rime4 ,?is 
device1 desc5d$ f !  ,elizabe?an drama1 
:]e x 0 probably us$ to m>k m /rongly  !
 ends ( sc5es because ( ! lack ( a      
curta9 :i* conceal$  ! :ole /age1 is    
cont9u$ dur+ & aft] ! ,re/oration p]iod 
)\t any valid reason & becomes = ! mo/  
"p a m]e  conv5tion1 :i* is n conf9$ to 

trag$y b appe>s 9 com$y  & ev5 9 f>ce4  
,cibb] %[s a t5d5cy to increase ! numb] 
( c\plets ) ! increas$ importance ( !   
exits1#da & 9  ,xim5a & ,caes> 9 ,egypt 
we f9d sev]al sc5es clos+ ) z  _m z     
?ree4    ,x has p]haps be5 made         
suffici5tly evid5t t ,cibb] 0 n a  great
 writ] ( trag$y4 ,he lack$ any deep     
philosophy ( life1 tragic  consci\sness1
 & deep poetic feel+4 ,he 0 n )\t p[] ( 
?\ght1 b 8 ?\ght conc]n$ itself ) !     
obvi\s & !  ext]nal1 & _h an elem5t (   
frisk9ess1 s t :5 he turn$ to  trag$y 8 
"w became labor$ & ev5 commonplace4     
,nor does he %[ orig9ality 9 8 !mes4 ,! 
/ory ( ,x]xes  is app>5tly d]iv$ f      
hi/ory1#db & aside f ,p]olla &          
,izadora1 ^: /ory is tak5 f a romance1  
is ! only "o ( 8  trag$ies :i* is n bas$
 on ! "w ( great] m5 ?an himself4       
,al?\gh ,ri*>d ,,iii is a bett] /age    
play ?an its s\rce1 !  o!r adaptations  
are inf]ior to ! orig9als bo? z act+    
v]sions  & z pure lit]ature4      #d4   
,,com$ies4    ,love's ,la/ ,%ift1       

,cibb]'s fir/ play1 0 act$ at ,drury    
,lane 9  ,janu>y1 #afif1 & 0 publi%$ !  
same ye>1 :5 he 0 a little  m ?an       
tw5ty-f\r ye>s old4 ,! com$y 0 accept$  
by !  manag]s ?r\gh ! good (fices (     
,s\!rne1 = ,cibb]'s /&+  ) ! pat5tees 0 
su* t !y 7 n dispos$ to recognize       
ability 9 him4    ,s little _h be5      
expect$ ( ! piece1 & s great 0 its      
success1  t ,cibb] 0 imm$iately *>g$ )  
plagi>ism1#dc a *>ge :i*  he entirely   
d5ies 9 ! d$ication4 ,he claims t 8!    
fable is  entirely 8 own1 nor is !re a  
l9e or ?\ght ?r\gh\t ! :ole1  = :i* he  
is witt+ly oblig$ ei!r to ! dead or !   
liv+40  ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s /rik+       
simil>ities 9 ! situations &  ! *>act]s 
9 ! sub-action ( ,love's ,la/ ,%ift &   
,c>lile's  ,=tune ,hunt]s 7#afhi74      
,c>lile's ,eld] ,weal?y & ,"y ,weal?y   
are  closely p>allel$ by ,eld] ,wor?y & 
,"y ,wor?y1 z are likewise  ! "y wom5 ) 
:om !y are 9 love1 & ,c>lile's ,%amt[n  
belongs to ! same family z ,sir ,novelty
 ,fa%ion1 ?\gh he is mu*  m crudely     

portray$4 ,s too1 ! jeal\sy ( ,eld]     
,wor?y 9 reg>d  to ,hill>ia & ,sir      
,novelty is v mu* l t ( ,eld] ,weal?y  9
 reg>d to ,sophia & ,%amt[n4 ,s great is
 ! simil>ity t1  not)/&+ 8 d5ial1 "o mu/
 believe t ,cibb] delib]ately  us$ !    
situation & *>act]s z a basis = 8 own1  
?\gh he did  n copy ! language1 & has   
made an entirely new & orig9al ?+  out (
 8 s\rce4    ,s great 0 ! failure ( 8   
second play t ,cibb] refuses to  m5tion 
x 9 8 ,apology & omitt$ x f ! collect$  
edition  ( 8 plays 9 #agba4 ,woman's    
,wit1 or ,! ,lady 9 ,fa%ion 0 act$  at  
,drury ,lane 9 #afig1 b met ) a mo/     
unfavorable reception1  ?\gh 9 managem5t
 ( ! plot x is n inf]ior to a great _m  
plays ^: success 0 mu* great]4          
,c>lile's ,=tune ,hunt]s 7#afhi7 &      
,m\nt=d's ,gre5wi* ,p>k  7#afia7 h be5  
sugge/$ z ! s\rces ( t "p ( ! plot 9    
:i* ,"y ,raki% & ,major ,raki% appe>1 b 
?is is only p>tially  true4 ,9 ,! ,=tune
 ,hunt]s ! fa!r & son are rivals = a  "y
 woman1 9 ,woman's ,wit %e is an eld]ly 

wid[2 9 bo?1 ! son  has obta9$ five     
hundr$ p\nds f ! fa!r4 ,b not)/&+  !    
fact t ^! situations are sup]ficially   
simil> ! *>act]s  & ! details ( ! action
 are s diff]5t t x does n seem  possible
 t !re c be any connection betwe5 ! two 
plays4 ,!re  does seem to be a m valid  
reason = affirm+ ! influ5ce (  ,gre5wi* 
,p>k 9 ! play4 ,! lik5ess ( ,sir ,?omas 
,revell] &  ,"y ,revell] to ,old ,raki% 
& ,"y ,raki% is s great t ,cibb]  mu/ h 
_h !m 9 m9d1 b ! diff]5ces bo? ( "*  &  
action are su* t x seems probable t he 0
 attempt+ to  portray two *>act]s ( !   
same type r ?an try+ to copy  !m4 ,9    
,gre5wi* ,p>k !re is n ev5 a sup]ficial 
simil>ity  ( situation to ,woman's      
,wit4#dd ,! sub-action ( ,woman's ,wit 0
  sep>at$ & act$ successfully at ,drury 
,lane 9 #agjg z ,! ,s*ool  ,boy4        
,love ,makes a ,man 0 act$ at ,drury    
,lane 9 #agja1 & 0 publi%$  ! same ye>4 
,x cont9u$ to be play$ until #ahbh4 ,x  
is made f  ,beaumont & ,flet*]'s ,!     
,eld] ,bro!r & ,! ,cu/om ( !  ,c\ntry1 &

 is an attempt on ! "p ( ,cibb] m]ely to
 provide  amusem5t4 ,o/#de po9ts out t  
?is play1 ?\gh x has no orig9al  lit]>y 
wor?1 help$ cont9ue ! lit]>y tradition1 
& notices  x 9 connection ) ! heal?ful  
influ5ce ( ,cibb]'s "w 9 !  moraliz+    
t5d5cy ( ! drama4 ,he adds t ,cibb]'s   
plays h m  value 9 relation to          
8kulturges*i*te0 ?an 9 ae/hetic int]e/4 
,t is entirely true s f> z ?is play is  
conc]n$2 v>i\s p>ts  h a purely         
contempor>y int]e/1 or are an indication
 to u ( !  /ate ( dramatic ta/e1 & !    
ae/hetic value is c]ta9ly (t5           
inconsid]able4 ,:5 ,cibb] introduces su*
 ref]5ces z 8hat*et  face0 ( ,clodio1 a 
t]m :i* _h be5 appli$ to ,cibb] himself1
 :o  play$ ! "p1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 !     
f>cical discussion (  ! two playh\ses 9 
! f\r? act1 he is n ev5 attempt+ to     
write any?+ b horseplay4    ,by !       
omission & transposition ( sc5es1 & !   
introduction (  "s l9es ( 8 own1 ma9ly =
 ! purpose ( ga9+ probability1  z ,o/   
has po9t$ out1 ,cibb] has cond5s$ ,!    

,eld] ,bro!r s  t x =ms practically !   
fir/ two acts1 & ,! ,cu/om ( !  ,c\ntry 
s t x =ms ! la/ ?ree4 ,9 ! ma91 ! plays1
 s  mu* ( !m z is us$1 are foll[$ ) v   
few *anges1 & !  :ole makes a sprightly 
& amus+1 if n p>ticul>ly lit]>y  com$y4 
,! *ange ( place & ! introduction ( an  
entirely new set (  *>act]s ) fre% plot 
developm5ts are dramatically faulty2 b  
= ! purpose = :i* ! play 0 writt5 ^!    
faults are n  p>ticul>ly great4 ,to jo9 
! plots ( two sep>ate plays end on  end 
)\t break+ ! cont9uity ( ! /ory1 & to   
adju/ !  *>act]s s t !re is no gl>+     
inconsi/5cy1 is surely no  slight feat4 
,9 ! *>act]ization ,cibb] has made "s   
*anges4 ,^! *anges  appe> p>ticul>ly 9  
,eu/ace1 :o becomes ,clodio1 ,miramont1 
:o  becomes ,don ,lewis1 & ,elvira1 :o  
is ! si/] in/ead ( ! "m  ( ,don ,du>t4  
,x is difficult to und]/& h[ ?is play   
c\ld h  be5 o!r ?an a !atrical success )
 ,bullock to int]pret !  f>cical ob/9acy
 ( ,antonio1 ,p5ke?man to portray !     
humor\sly  *ol]ic ,don ,lewis1 & ,cibb] 

z ! 8p]t coxcomb10 ,clodio4 ,b x is     
f>ce r ?an pure com$y4    ,cibb] has    
*ang$ ^! plays f v]se to prose1 except 9
 ! fir/  sc5e betwe5 ,c>los & ,angel9a1 
9 :i* ! romantic s]i\sness (  !         
situation leads him to write blank v]se1
 :i* is h[ev] pr9t$  z prose4    ,%e    
,w\ld & ,%e ,w\ld ,n1 consid]$ by ,g5e/ 
z 8p]haps 8  be/ play10 0 act$ at ,drury
 ,lane1 ,novemb] #bf1 #agjb1 & cont9u$  
to be act$ frequ5tly z late z #ahbe4df  
,! /rik+ simil>ity (  ! two plays has   
caus$ ! sugge/ion t ,cibb]'s play is    
bas$ on  ,lean]d's ,! ,c\nt]feits       
7#afgh74 ,! simil>ity indicates a common
  s\rce1 r ?an t ,cibb] drew f ,!       
,c\nt]feits4 ,!  s\rce ( ,cibb]'s play 0
 no d\bt ,! ,trepann] ,trepann$1 :i*  is
 ! ?ird /ory ( ,john ,davies's ,la      
,pic>a1 or ,! ,triumphs (  ,female      
,subtilty1 publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #affe4dg 
,?is play is amus+1 is well con/ruct$1 &
 :ile x is n (  s]i\s import1 is su* z  
might be pres5t$ today ) success4       
,cibb] comm5c$ to write ,! ,c>eless     

,husb& 9 ! summ] ( #agjc1  b laid x     
aside because he despair$ ( f9d+ any "o 
to take !  "p ( ,lady ,betty ,modi%4 ,9 
#agjd he aga9 took up ! writ+ ( !  play1
 & 9 t ye> x 0 act$ at ,drury ,lane on  
,decemb] #g2 &  x 0 publi%$ 9 #agje4 ,x 
0 "o ( ! be/ & mo/ successful  plays ( !
 p]iod4#dh ,x 0 *>g$ t ,cibb] receiv$   
direct  assi/ance 9 writ+ ! play1 b he  
d5i$ ! *>ge1 & z no  pro( 0 (f]$1 ,cibb]
 is no d\bt to be believ$4 ,x seems to h
  no lit]>y s\rce2 b "o incid5t1 t 9 :i*
 ! wife f9ds  ! husb& & h] maid asleep 9
 easy *airs1 is said to h be5  sugge/$  
to ,cibb] by ,mrs4 ,brett1 ! reput$ "m (
 ! poet  ,savage1 f h] own exp]i5ce4#di 
,?is is ,cibb]'s be/ play ( ! s5tim5tal 
type4 ,its plot is  consi/5t1 has       
dramatic probability1 & is s]i\s en\gh 9
 int]e/  to h real reason = be+4 ,!     
*>act]s are well conceiv$ &  well       
portray$4 ,9 /yle1 too1 ,cibb] is "h at 
8 be/ & !  dialogue approa*es ! f9e/ ( !
 p]iod4    ,! ,haym>ket op5$ ! season   
#agjf-g "u ,sw9ey1 & 9 ord] to  enc\rage

 ! new v5ture1 ,"l ,halifax head$ a     
subscription =  ! revival ( ?ree plays3 
,%aksp]e's ,julius ,caes>1 ,beaumont  & 
,flet*]'s ,k+ & ,no ,k+1 & ! comic sc5es
 ( ,dryd5's  ,m>riage  la ,mode & ,a    
,maid5 ,que54 ,! la/ took ! =m ( an     
adaptation call$ ,! ,comical ,lov]s1 !  
adaptation be+ ! "w  ( ,cibb]4 ,x 0 act$
 ,febru>y #d1 #agjg1 & 0 publi%$ ! same 
ye>4 ,! alt]ation 0 ! result ( only six 
days' labor1#ej &  ,cibb] claims no     
orig9ality 9 x4 ,x met ) slight success4
    ,! ,comical ,lov]s is ano!r su*     
adaptation z ,love ,makes a ,man4       
,cibb] has m]ely tak5 ! two comic ?reads
 f _! s]i\s  sett+s & int]wov5 !m1 fir/ 
a sc5e f "o & !n a sc5e  f ! o!r1 ) only
 ! *anges necess>y to jo9 !m1 & has     
foll[$ 8 s\rces almo/ ^w = ^w4 ,cibb] 0 
n "u !  necessity ( *ang+ v]se into     
prose1 z he _h done 9 ,love ,makes a    
,man1 = ! comic sections ( ,dryd5 are 9 
prose1 accord+ to !  *ang$ conv5tion ( 8
 "t2 & 9 ! sc5e betwe5 ,melan?a &  h]   
maid1 ,cibb] has n ev5 tak5 ! tr\ble to 

alt] a s+le "o  ( ! ,fr5* words1 _m (   
:i* mu/ h acquir$ a place 9 !  language 
& be5 9 good use by ,cibb]'s "t4 ,s f> z
 ,cibb]'s "p  is conc]n$1 ?is is ! lea/ 
important ( 8 plays4    ,! ,d\ble       
,gallant 0 act$ at ! ,haym>ket1 ,novemb]
 #a1 #agjg1 b  0 app>5tly n successful  
at its fir/ p]=mance4 ,! ,biographia    
,dramatica#ea says3      8,9 a lett] f  
,boo? to ,a4 ,hill we le>n t ! play1 at 
its fir/ appe>ance 01 z he express$ x1  
h\nd$ 9 a mo/    outrage\s mann]4 ,two  
ye>s aft]1 x 0 reviv$1 met ) mo/        
extravagant success1 & has cont9u$ a    
/ock play ev] s9ce40    ,cibb] says no?+
 ab\t any h\nd+ ( ! play1 b ascribes !  
failure ( ! piece to ! fact t !         
,haym>ket 0 too big =  plays2 a fact t  
he ?9ks caus$ ! lack ( success ( o!r    
plays  z well z 8 own4    ,9 reg>d to ! 
au?or%ip1 ,cibb] says3#eb      8,x 0    
made up ( :at 0 tol]able1 9 two1 or ?ree
 o!rs1 t    _h no ,success1 & 7 laid    
aside1 z s mu* ,poetical ,lumb]2    b by
 collect+ & adapt+ ! be/ ,p>ts ( !m all1

 into "o    ,play1 ! ,d\ble ,gallant has
 _h a ,place1 e ,w9t]1 among/    !      
,publick ,ent]ta9m5ts1 ^! ,?irty ,ye>s4 
,z ,i 0 only !    ,compil] ( ?is ,piece1
 ,i did n publi% x 9 my own ,"n40    ,! 
title w\ld lead "o to suppose t x is    
tak5 directly f  ,corneille's ,le       
,galant ,d\ble1 b x is a weav+ toge!r ( 
,mrs4  ,c5tlivre's ,love at a ,v5ture1  
:i* is an adaptation ( ,corneille1      
,burnaby's ,ladies ,visit+ ,day1 & !    
,lady ,da9ty action f  ,burnaby's ,re=m$
 ,wife4 ,9 consolidat+ su* p>ts ( ^!    
?ree  plays z are us$1 ! crudities ( !  
fir/ two are poli%$ (f1  & c]ta9        
additions are made to ! la/4 ,^!        
additions consi/ 9  sections ( !        
dialogue1 9 ! *ang+ ( ,lady ,da9ty's    
lov] into  a m impetu\s woo]1 & 9 !     
addition ( ! lov]'s disguise z  a       
,russian1 by :i* subt]fuge he w9s h]4 ,!
 introductory sc5e1  tak5 f ,love at a  
,v5ture1 is mu* m lively & ent]ta9+ 9   
,cibb]'s play ?an 9 ! orig9al1 & ,cibb] 
likewise h&les m  adroitly ! subt]fuge (

 ! h]o's arre/1 tak5 f ! same play1  us+
 ! same device ( decoy lett]s t he uses 
9 ,woman's ,wit4  ,9 ! work+ ov] (      
,burnaby's adaptation ( ! ,horn]        
episode1  :i* he _h tak5 f ,wy*]ley's   
,c\ntry ,wife1 ,cibb] has entirely      
elim9at$ ! unpleasant features4    ,?is 
play is ! same sort ( an adaptation z 8 
work+ ov] (  o!r e>li] plays4 ,he has   
tak5 su* sc5es z he wi%$1 *ang$ !  names
 ( ! *>act]s1 & introduc$ suffici5t l9es
 ( 8 own to  give cont9uity & connection
 to ! v>i\s actions1 b has made no      
mat]ial additions :atev]4 ,9 ?is case he
 has made an extremely  div]t+ play1 v  
sup]ior to 8 orig9als4    ,! ,lady's    
,la/ ,/ake1 :i* seems to be entirely    
orig9al1 0  produc$ at ! ,haym>ket1     
,decemb] #ac1 #agjg1 :5 x 0 act$ five   
times2 & x 0 publi%$ probably e>ly 9 !  
next ye>4 ,x  cont9u$ on ! ,london /age 
until #aghf1 & 0 la/ p]=m$ at  ,ba?1 9  
#ahac4 ,x is only a fair com$y1 lack+ ! 
qualities (  /yle1 ! orig9ality 9 !     
conception ( ! *>act]s1 & !  skilful    

work+ out ( ! plot t _h *>act]iz$       
,cibb]'s two  e>li] plays ( ! s5tim5tal 
type4 ,b 9 :atev] way ! plot z  a :ole  
may be lack+1 ! la/ act has pl5ty (     
livel9ess2 !re  complication foll[s     
complication & humor\s incid5ts foll[   
s]i\s  ) great rapidity4    ,! ,rival   
,fools1 publi%$ 9 qu>to 9 #agji & play$ 
at ,drury  ,lane1 ,janu>y #aa1 #agji1 is
 an alt]ation ( ,beaumont & ,flet*]'s   
,wit at ,sev]al ,weapons1 & 0 n         
successful4 ,at its fir/  pres5tation x 
0 act$ five times1 & 0 reviv$ only once1
 9  #agab1 :5 x 0 act$ twice4 ,!        
,biographia ,dramatica#ec relates  !    
foll[+ incid5t ( ! fir/ p]=mance1 !     
ev5ts ( :i*  may be comp>$ ) ! reception
 accord$ ,?omson's ,sophonisba3      8,x
 met1 h[ev]1 ) bad success4 ,!re happ5$ 
to be a    circum/ance 9 x1 :i*1 be+ 9  
itself r ridicul\s1 gave a    "p ( !    
audi5ce an opportunity ( v5t+ _! sple5  
on !    au?or2 viz3 a man 9 "o ( ! e>li]
 sc5es on ! /age1 )    a long angl+ rod 
9 8 h&1 go+ to fi% = ,mill]'s ,?umbs2   

on :i* acc\nt "s ( ! spectators took    
occasion :5ev]    ,mr4 ,cibb] appe>$1 :o
 himself play$ ! "*1 to cry out         
cont9ually1 #8,mill]'s ,?umbs4'0        
,cibb] has foll[$ ! orig9al q closely s 
f> z ! plot is  conc]n$1 mu* m closely  
?an w\ld be inf]r$ f ! fir/  l9es ( !   
prologue3        8,f sprightly ,flet*]'s
 loose conf$'rat muse1       ,?'        
unf9i%'d ,h9ts ( ^! light ,sc5es we     
*use1       ,= ) su* c>eless ha/e 8     
,play 0 writ1       ,s unp]su$ ea* ?\ght
 ( />t$ ,wit2       ,ea* ,weapon ( 8    
,wit s lamely f\ght       ,t 'tw\'d z   
scanty on our ,/age be ?\ght1       ,z =
 a mod]n ,belle my ,grannum's           
,petticoat4       ,s t f ?' old we may )
 ,ju/ice say1       ,we sc>ce c\ld cull 
! ,trimm+ ( a play40    ,9 spite ( ?is  
/atem5t by ,cibb] himself1 he adds      
practically  no?+ to ! plot1 & 9 !      
dialogue adds m]ely a t\* "h &  !re4    
,z 0 cu/om>y 9 alt]+ ^! old com$ies     
writt5 9 v]se1 !  v]se ( ! orig9al is   
*ang$ into prose1 & z is also cu/om>y  9

 all ( ,cibb]'s alt]ations1 ! long      
spee*es are brok5 into  dialogue4    ,! 
"* ( ,pompey ,doodle is some:at enl>g$ 9
 its  trans=mation into ,samuel ,simple1
 & is "o ( ! mo/ amus+  elem5ts 9 !     
play4 ,! treatm5t is di/9ctly ,jacobean 
9 its  exagg]ation ( "*1 & ! reception  
by ! audi5ce mu/ be  attribut$ ei!r to !
 alt]ation ( ta/e on ! "p ( ! public1   
or to ! p]sonal unpopul>ity ( ,cibb]1 = 
! rle is well writt5  & ,cibb] 0        
p>ticul>ly well fitt$ to act ! "p1 bo?  
by  temp]am5t & by physical qualities4  
,! ,non-,juror 0 act$ at ,drury ,lane on
 ,decemb] #f1 #agag1 ) a  prologue by   
,ni*olas ,r[e1 poet laureate1 & 0       
publi%$ 9 #agah4 ,at  ! "t ( its fir/   
pres5tation x _h ! comp>atively long run
  ( tw5ty-?ree p]=mances1 & 0 reviv$ at 
,drury ,lane & ,cov5t  ,g>d5 9 #agde1 :5
 its political mean+ 0 aga9 p]t95t4     
,! play came at a "t ( great political  
/ress1 s t x 0 b  natural t its /rong   
,:ig & anti-,ca?olic s5tim5ts %\ld ar\se
  ! greate/ antagonism4#ed ,?is         

antagonism 0 n only voic$ 9 !  _m       
pamphlets issu$ at ! "t1 b no d\bt      
affect$ ! g5]al  attitude t[>d ,cibb] 9 
8 lat] life4 ,cibb]1 9 8 fir/ lett]  to 
,pope1 /ates t "o ( 8 enemies w5t s f> z
 to write a  pamphlet ^: purport 0 t ,! 
,non-,juror con/itut$ a subtle          
,jacobite libel aga9/ ! gov]nm5t4 ,he   
d$icat$ ! play to !  k+ :5 x 0 publi%$1 
& = ?is he receiv$ a gift ( two  hundr$ 
p\nds4 ,cibb] 0 n burd5$ 9 m9d because  
he _h (f5d$  ! los+ p>ty1 & any         
inconv5i5ce he may h felt 0 amply       
repaid by ! p5sion & laureate%ip :i*    
lat] came z 8 rew>d4    ,! ,non-,juror  
is bas$ directly on ,molire's ,t>tuffe1 
?\gh two  plays on ! same !me _h        
previ\sly appe>$ 9 ,engli%3 ,cr[ne's    
,engli% ,fri> 7#afhi71 & ,m$b\rne's     
,t>tuffe 7#afgj71 ! latt]  a direct     
adaptation ( ,molire's play4 ,?is       
,t>tuffe 0 reviv$  dur+ ! summ] season (
 #agah at ,l9coln's ,inn ,fields1 & 0   
publi%$ :ile ,cibb]'s play 0 /ill runn+1
 ) an adv]tisem5t  t 9 x 8may be se5 !  

plot1 *>act]s1 & mo/ "p ( !  language ( 
,! ,non-,juror40 ,?is /atem5t is true   
only 9 t !  two plays by ,m$b\rne &     
,cibb] are bas$ on ,molire1 & 0 made to 
discr$it ,cibb]'s claim to orig9ality 9 
! adaptation4    ,cibb] 0 no d\bt       
famili> ) ,m$b\rne's play1 b he us$     
,molire z a basis1 & ow$ practically    
no?+ to any play o!r  ?an ! ,t>tuffe (  
,molire4 ,cibb] may h d]iv$ ! sugge/ion 
( ! re=mation ( ,*>les f ! correspond+  
"* 9  ,m$b\rne's play1 b 8 mann] ( c>ry+
 out ?is re=mation &  ! diff]5ce 9 !    
qualities ( ! *>act]s 9 ! two plays make
  ?is "p an orig9al creation4    ,9 !   
edition ( ,cr[ne 9 ! s]ies ( ,!         
,dramati/s ( !  ,re/oration1 ! editors  
ma9ta9 ,cibb]'s great] indebt$ness to   
,cr[ne ?an to ,molire1 9 a way t makes  
"o d\bt :e!r !y _h  ev] read ei!r       
,molire or ,cibb]4 ,s f> z plot is      
conc]n$ !re  is absolutely no           
resemblance1 except t 9 bo? a prie/     
attempts  to s$uce a dec5t woman4 ,!    
*>act]s1 /yle1 & managem5t are  bo?     

diff]5t & inf]ior 9 ,cr[ne1 al?\gh "s   
slight simil>ity  may be discov]$ 9 !   
attempt ( ,f9ical & ,dr4 ,wolf to allay 
!  consci5ces ( ! respective objects (  
_! att5tions4 ,z sugge/$  by ,van ,laun1
 ,fa!r ,f9ical1 l ,dr4 ,wolf1 is bas$ on
 ,t>tuffe4    ,cibb] has h&l$ 8 s\rces v
 freely1 & 9 "s p>ticul>s  has improv$  
bo? ! plot & ! *>act]s4 ,t is n to say t
  ,! ,non-,juror is a great] play ?an   
,molire's ,t>tuffe1 = z a  :ole x is n4 
,! p>ts ( ,dor9e1 :o 9 ,t>tuffe is !    
life &  s\rce ( ! humor1 ( ,clante1 & ( 
,madame ,p]nelle1 are omitt$1  b ! "p ( 
,m>iane is enliv5$ into "o ( ! be/      
coquettes  ( ! /age4 ,! o!r *>act]s &   
incid5ts correspond 9 ,!  ,non-,juror & 
,molire's ,t>tuffe1 ?\gh ! dn\em5t is m 
arti/ically h&l$ 9 ,cibb]4    ,!        
,refusal1 an adaptation ( ,molire's ,les
 ,femmes ,savantes1  publi%$ 9 #agba1 0 
act$ at ,drury ,lane1 ,febru>y #ad1     
#agba1 &  _h a run ( six p]=mances4     
,molire's play _h be5 adapt$ by  ,wright
 z ,! ,female ,virtuosoes 9 #afic1 & ?is

 play 0 reviv$ at  ,l9coln's ,inn       
,fields on ,janu>y #aj1 #agba1 to       
anticipate ,! ,refusal4  ,9 l mann] ) ! 
ef=t to discr$it ,cibb]'s h& 9 ,!       
,non-,juror1 ?\gh 9 ?is case aft] ! run 
( ,cibb]'s play 0  ov]1 ,curll publi%$1 
) a d$ication to ,cibb]1 8! second      
edition  ( ,no ,fools ,l ,wits1#ee z x 0
 act$ at ,l9coln's ,inn ,fields or  ,!  
,refusal1 z x 0 act$ at ,drury ,lane40  
,9 8 adaptation ,cibb] has made m *anges
 ?an is usual ) him1  bo? 9 plot & 9 "*2
 & 9 ! dialogue he has angliciz$  !     
idiom to an ext5t n f\nd 9 8 adaptations
 ( trag$ies f  ! ,fr5*4    ,molire's    
com$y is a satire on false le>n+ 9 m5 z 
well z 9  wom51 :ile ,cibb] has add$ "s 
satire on bus9ess trick]y1 9  ! same way
 t he add$ political satire 9 8         
adaptation (  ,t>tuffe4 ,cibb] has      
suppli$ ! eld] daught] ) a successful   
suitor1 & ! dn\em5t is br\ght ab\t by   
diff]5t1 m  complicat$1 & m             
*>act]i/ically ,engli% means4 ,9 !      
incid5t  9 ,molire's play 9 :i* ,blise  

takes ! love ( ,clit&re to  h]self1     
,cibb] sub/itutes ! "m = ,blise1 omits !
 maid1  along ) h] imp]t95ces1 & adds "s
 slight orig9al incid5ts4    ,trissot91 
! poet1 becomes "o ( ! typical w\ld-be  
wits (  ,engli% com$y1 & ,*rysale is    
*ang$ to a typical promot]4 ,9  ,molire1
 ,*rysale is a purely humor\s "*1 ^:    
vacillation  & lack ( =ce 7 no d\bt v   
laughable on ! /age2 ,sir  ,gilb]t1 8   
equival5t 9 ,cibb]'s play1 on ! o!r h&1 
is 9 no  way a weakl+ & is 9 no way     
admirable or a s\rce ( laught]1 b       
embodies a satire on contempor>y bus9ess
 practices4    ,! directness &          
simplicity ( ,molire's play1 ! unity (  
tone &  plot1 give way 9 ,cibb] to      
complication ( plot & "*1 9  :i* ! :ole 
piece loses ! delightful quality ( !    
humor ( !  orig9al4    ,! ,provok$      
,husb& 0 pres5t$ at ,drury ,lane1       
,janu>y #aj1 #agbh1  & _h a run (       
tw5ty-eight nights4 ,!re 0 an           
unsuccessful attempt  on ! "p ( ,cibb]'s
 enemies to damn ! play on ! fir/ night2

  ! int]ruptions 7 s great t dur+ ! f\r?
 act ! actors  7 compell$ to /& /ill    
until x 0 quiet en\gh = !m to  be he>d4 
,on ,janu>y #ca1 ,cibb] publi%$         
,vanbrugh's unf9i%$ play  & 8 own       
completion ( x4 ,! critics1 :o _h       
condemn$ ! play  unm]cifully1 especially
 ! suppos$ additions ( ,cibb]1 f\nd1 :5 
! plays 7 publi%$1 t x 0 n ,cibb] b     
,vanbrugh !y _h  be5 condemn+4 ,accord+ 
to ,cibb]1#ef on ! tw5ty-eigh? night  ! 
play took 9 "o hundr$ & =ty p\nds1 a    
great] am\nt ?an  _h be5 tak5 9 at ! la/
 night ( any play = fifty ye>s4         
,vanbrugh's ,j\rney to ,london consi/s (
 f\r acts1 ! fir/ two  practically      
complete1 b ! la/ two app>5tly unf9i%$4 
,cibb]  has us$ practically all t       
,vanbrugh left1 omitt+ ! trip to !      
!atre 9 ! la/ "p ( ,act ,,ii1 & add+ mu*
 ( 8 own to !  :ole play4 ,he has       
int]sp]s$ 8 additions betwe5 ! p>ts (   
,vanbrugh's play1 & has *ang$ v little (
 ! ,vanbrugh "p1  except to 8wat] x d[n0
 :]e x _h be5 too /rong = ! *ang$  ta/e 

( ! !atre go]s4    ,cibb]'s additions to
 ,/eele's ,consci\s ,lov]s are m5tion$  
on a  lat] page ( ^! ,/udies4    ,sev]al
 ( ,cibb]'s com$ies 7 translat$ into    
=eign tongues3 9  ,g]man ,! ,d\ble      
,gallant appe>$ z ,d] doppellte         
,liebhab]1  translat$ by ,johann        
,fri$ri* ,jng] & publi%$ 9 ,leipzig 9   
#aghf1 ,! ,c>eless ,husb& z ,d] sorglose
 ,ehemann1 publi%$ 9  ,gtt+5 9 #agej1 & 
,! ,provok$ ,husb& z ,d] erzrnte        
,ehemann  und d] ,l&junk]1 publi%$ 9    
,frankfurt 9 #agec2 9 ,fr5* ,!  ,provok$
 ,husb& appe>$ z ,le ,m>i p\ss  b\t1 ou 
le voyage   ,londres1 publi%$ 9 ,london1
 #agfa4    ,! adaptations1 except ,!    
,non-,juror & ,! ,refusal1 seem to h    
be5 produc$ m]ely to furni% amusem5t :i*
 %\ld be 9 accordance  ) *ang$ /age     
conditions & *ang$ ta/e4 ,!y %[ little  
orig9ality1 be+ m]ely ! /r++ toge!r (   
sc5es )\t  alt]ation1 ?\gh ,cibb] 9 !   
prologue to ,! ,d\ble ,gallant says3    
8,nay1 ev5 alt]'d ,plays1 l old h\ses   
m5d$1       ,co/ little less ?an new1   

be=e !y're end$2       ,at lea/1 our    
au?or f9ds ! exp]i5ce true40    ,8 me?od
 seems to h be5 to take two plays ( an  
old] au?or1  (t5 plays :i* conta9$ bo? a
 s]i\s & a comic action1 to  select su* 
sc5es z suit$ 8 purpose1 & to jo9 !m    
into a  play1 ei!r alt]nat+ ! sc5es ( ! 
sep>ate plays ) l9k  *>act]s1 or putt+ !
 two plays end on end1 z 9 ! case (     
,love ,makes a ,man4 ,?is latt] me?od   
entail$ mu* great] labor1 z  _m ( !     
*>act]s 7 made by consolidat+ two       
*>act]s f  diff]5t plays4    ,cibb]'s   
com$ies1 :i* con/itute 8 be/ & mo/      
important  "w1 may be divid$ into two   
g5]al classes3 com$ies ( mann]s  &      
intrigue1 & s5tim5tal com$ies4 ,! fir/  
class includes two  adaptations f       
,beaumont & ,flet*] :i* are n /rictly   
com$ies  ( mann]s b are m closely alli$ 
to ! 8com$y ( hum\rs10  namely1 ,love   
,makes a ,man & ,! ,rival ,fools2 "o    
adaptation made  out ( two plays by     
,dryd51 ,! ,comical ,lov]s2 two f       
,molire1  ,! ,non-,juror & ,! ,refusal1 

into bo? ( :i* he introduc$  contempor>y
 social & political int]e/2 & ?ree o!r  
plays1  ,woman's ,wit1 ,%e ,w\ld & ,%e  
,w\ld ,n1 & ,! ,d\ble ,gallant1  ! la/ (
 :i* takes its title1 if n its plot1 f  
,corneille's  ,le ,galant ,d\ble4 ,!    
s5tim5tal com$ies1 9 :i* =m ,cibb] 0  "o
 ( ! v fir/ to write1 are ,love's ,la/  
,%ift1 ,! ,c>eless  ,husb&1 ,! ,lady's  
,la/ ,/ake1 & ,! ,provok$ ,husb&1 !  la/
 be+ a completion ( ,vanbrugh's ,j\rney 
to ,london4 ,! fir/  class consi/s almo/
 altoge!r ( adaptations2 ! second class 
is  ess5tially orig9al4          ,,ii   
,,cibb] ,,& ,,! ,,developm5t ,,(        
,,s5tim5tal ,,com$y      #a4 ,,cibb]1   
,,n ,,/eele1 ,,! ,,important ,,figure   
,,9 ,,its ,,e>ly ,,developm5t4    ,!    
fully develop$ =m ( s5tim5tal com$y may 
be said to beg9  ) ,/eele's ,consci\s   
,lov]s 7#aggb7 & to end ) ! attack  ^u x
 made by ,goldsmi?1 ,foote1 & _!        
foll[]s4 ,goldsmi?  0 8/rongly          
prepossess$ 9 fav\r ( ! poets ( ! la/   
age  & /rove to imitate !m10#eg & by 8  

re9troduction ( humor  into com$y he    
ex]t$ a /rong influ5ce t[>d ! d[nfall ( 
!  s5tim5tal type4 ,! end ( ?is vogue is
 g5]ally well und]/ood1  b ! beg9n+ ( x 
has n be5 inve/igat$ ) ! same           
?or\ghness4 ,/eele is g5]ally giv5 !    
cr$it ( be+ !  innovator :o re=m$ !     
/age1#eh al?\gh ,w>d & o!rs give  "s    
cr$it to ! "w ( ,cibb]4 ,! importance ( 
,cibb] 9 !  developm5t ( ?is =m & 9 !   
moral re=mation ( com$y1  ! effect (    
social conditions1 & ! gradual *ange f !
  ,re/oration type1 h n be5 fully /udi$4
 ,colley ,cibb] 0 !  mo/ important writ]
 ( com$y 9 prep>+ ! way = ! new =m1  &  
practically e elem5t ( ! lat] s5tim5tal 
com$y is f\nd  9 8 "w4 ,b ,cibb] 0 n a  
re=m] call+ on 8 age to  rep5t2 he 0 r  
answ]+ a g5]al dem& ( 8 "t4    ,?ree    
/ages may be disc]n$ 9 ! developm5t (   
s5tim5tal  com$y3 fir/1 t 9 :i* ! morals
 ( com$y 7 purifi$ &  ! new s5tim5tal   
mat]ial 0 int]mix$ ) ! old humor\s      
mat]ial1 repres5t$ by ! "w ( ,cibb]2    
second1 t 9 :i* !  s5tim5tal !me is     

pres5t$ ) v little comic ent]ta9m5t1    
repres5t$ by ,! ,consci\s ,lov]s2 &     
?ird1 t 9 :i* !  com$y ( ?is second /age
 deg5]ates & 9 :i* ! "w becomes         
artificial & lifeless1 repres5t$ by !   
plays ( ,holcr(t & 8  s*ool4            
,s5tim5tal com$y z se5 9 its second     
phase may be briefly describ$  z com$y (
 mann]s 9 :i* ! ma9 action t5ds to      
inculcate a  moral lesson1 9 :i* !      
incid5ts no long] deal ) illicit        
intrigues1 & 9 :i* ! action is          
complicat$ by di/ress+ly  pa!tic        
situations4 ,! *ief *>act]s are g5]ally 
s]i\s &  sup]s5sitive 9 reg>d to su*    
matt]s z filial duty1 honor1 &  ! l2 &  
:ile ^! p]sons are 9 no ne$ ( be+ re=m$1
  _! exagg]at$ conceptions ( honor h    
caus$ !m to act s  t !y are plac$ 9 an  
equivocal position & !y appe> to !  o!r 
*>act]s z vici\s4 ,! language is *a/e1  
!re is con/ant  introduction ( extremely
 /ilt$ moraliz+1 & !re is a notable     
abs5ce ( humor4    ,cibb]'s "w 9 o!r    
l9es 0 conv5tional & commonplace4 ,x is 

true t 8 ,apology is lively & int]e/+1 &
 8 pamphlets 9  reply to ,pope's attacks
 are ke5 & humor\s ?\gh vulg>1 b !  re/ 
( 8 prose is extremely conv5tional4 ,8  
poetry1 except a few  songs1 is         
inexpressibly poor4 ,aside f "o op]a 9  
:i* he takes  ! same /& 9 reg>d to      
virtue t he does 9 8 com$ies1 8  op]as  
are m]ely ! commonplace foll[+ ( a      
vogue4 ,8 trag$ies  are g5]ally         
imitative2 ) two exceptions !y are      
adaptations (  ,corneille or ,%aksp]e4  
,8 f>ces are ab\t equal 9 m]it to 8     
poetry1 & are devoid ( orig9ality4      
,nor does ,cibb]'s life indicate !      
qualities t appe> 9 8  s5tim5tal        
com$ies4 ,! moral /&>d he displays 9 8  
pamphlets  9 reply to ,pope is f> f     
high1 & f ! te/imony ( 8  contempor>ies 
conc]n+ 8 p]sonal "* x w\ld seem t  he 0
 f> f be+ ! sort ( man :o w\ld set ab\t 
re=m+  any?+4 ,& 9 all probability he   
w\ld n h done s if !re _h  n be5 a g5]al
 public movem5t 9 t direction4      #b4 
,,s5tim5tal ,,com$y ,a ,,product ,,(    

,,v>i\s ,,=ces4    ,b s5tim5tal com$y   
did n spr+ full gr[n f ! bra9 ( a  s+le 
man4 ,nor 0 x ! result ( a s+le         
revolution>y =ce4  ,s5tim5tal com$y     
result$ f gradual modifications ( !     
drama  ( ! "t1 develop+ f ! preval5t    
type little by little  until x f9ally   
appe>$ z an indep5d5t =m4 ,! re=m ( !   
/age 0 n an isolat$ ph5om5on1 nor 0 x   
directly ! result  ( ! attacks made by  
,colli] & o!rs4 ,r are all ^! !  result 
( a *ang$ public consci5ce1 :i* 0       
manife/$ n m]ely  9 lit]ature & on !    
/age1 b 9 ! ,revolution ( #afhh & a     
subsequ5t social re=mation z well4      
,imm$iately aft] ! ,re/oration !re may  
be discov]$ two elem5ts  9 ! life ( !   
nation :i* _h an influ5ce bo? on ! =m & 
on ! cont5t ( lit]ature4 ,on ! "o side 0
 ! c\rt1 ^:  /&>ds affect$ bo? ! =m &   
cont5t 9 ! direction (  =eign models4   
,?r\gh ! long p]iod ( exile on !        
cont95t1  ,*>les & 8 foll[]s _h become  
=eign 9 _! lit]>y ta/e  & !y _h great   
influ5ce 9 ! direction ( a ,fr5* type z 

reg>ds =m2 & because ( ! l[ & vici\s    
/&>ds ( liv+  preval5t at c\rt _!       
influ5ce /imulat$ ! sympa!tic h&l+  ( l[
 & vici\s subjects4    ,on ! o!r h&1 !re
 7 ! p1 /rictly native 9 _!  pref]5ce1  
:o influ5c$ ! drama 9 ! direction (     
native  /&>ds 9 =m1 & ,puritan /&>ds 9  
cont5t4 ,z to ! =m  ( com$y1 !re 0 no?+ 
ess5tially antagoni/ic 9 ^! two         
influ5ces2 ! "o c\ld easily comb9e ) !  
o!r s t a new  ?+1 congru\s & consi/5t1 
might result2 b 9 ! mat]ial  pres5t$    
antagonism 0 b\nd to arise & soon did   
arise4 ,9 !  developm5t ( s5tim5tal     
com$y f ! type :i* pr$om9at$  dur+ &    
aft] ! ,re/oration1 !re 0 n at fir/ any 
modification 9 /ructural elem5ts2 !     
com$y ( mann]s 0 adopt$1  s f> z =m 0   
conc]n$2 ! *ange1 :i* 0 gradual & 0 a   
direct response to *ang$ social & moral 
conditions1 0 at fir/  entirely 9 !     
matt] ( cont5t4 ,?is *ange fir/ appe>s 9
 !  s9c]e re=mation ( ! h]o at ! end ( !
 play2 !n 9 !  attitude t[>ds cuckoldom1
 :i* ,re/oration com$y _h treat$ z a    

humor\s fact2 & !n 9 ! "* ( ! language1 
:i* 0  alt]$ 9 ! direction ( moral      
dec5cy4    ,"u ,*>les ,,ii & ,james ,,ii
 ! c\rt1 on :i* ! !atre dep5d$  = its "r
 to live & also = its patronage1 0      
vici\s &  deprav$4 ,its "o grace 0 wit1 
& t x _h 9 a sup]lative  degree4        
#c4 ,,progress ,,9 ,,engli% ,,society4  
,! p 9 g5]al1 except ! c\rt & ^? m or   
less  fa%ionable classes ( society :i*  
w\ld naturally foll[ x1  7 n affect$ by 
?is mode4 ,!y le>n$ to despise ,*>les   
,,ii  p]sonally because ( 8 lack ( honor
 & morals1 & hat$ 8  foll[]s z well z _!
 mode ( life4 ,9 ! city ! ,puritan      
elem5t1 :i* 0 8at once ! mo/ sub/antial 
& sob]0 "p ( !  community1 began to     
ex]cise "s ( ! same control ( mann]s &  
morals t x _h practis$ "u ! commonweal?1
 & *eck$ !  con/ant disreg>d ( its moral
 pr9ciples by ! c\rt4    ,b ev5 dur+ ?is
 corrupt "t !re 7 manife/ations (       
activity  on ! "p ( o!r elem5ts (       
society1 :i* look$ t[>d !  bett]m5t (   
conditions4 ,9 ! life ( ! /ate !re 7    

ev5ts  :i* made = g5]al progress & a m  
moral life among all !  p4 ,) special   
ref]5ce to ! regulation & re/ra9t ( !   
!atre1 c]ta9 elem5ts 9 ,p>liam5t        
attempt$1 9 #affi1 to tax  ! playh\ses1 
:i* 7 situat$ 9 ! disreputable "p ( t[n 
& _h become c5t]s ( pro/itution2 b !    
m9i/]s ( ! k+  int]v5$ & ! attempt to   
compel "s re/ra9t 0 unsuccessful4    ,9 
! reigns ( ,william & ,m>y & ( ,anne a  
reaction is se5 9 !  life ( ! c\rt1 &   
!re appe>s a /ill great] progress 9 all 
classes ( society4    ,! expulsion ( !  
,/u>ts br\ght ab\t c]ta9 v positive     
results :i* made = progress 9 all       
directions4 ,s too ! pr9ciple  ( natural
 action & reaction 0 op]at+2 b1 consid]+
 !  hi/orical circum/ances1 x 0 only to 
be expect$ t ! reaction  t[>d a m moral 
& san] view ( life %\ld be less m>k$ &  
less rapid ?an ! prec$+ reaction f      
,puritanism4    ,until aft] ! d[nfall ( 
! ,/u>ts1 ! ,prote/ants 9 ,engl& _h     
nev] be5 unit$2 b aft] t ev5t ev5       
,presbyt]ians jo9$ )  ecclesia/ics ( !  

,*ur* ( ,engl& 9 public c]emonies on    
t]ms (  fri5d%ip4 ,n[ t ! "q ( political
 & religi\s supremacy  0 p]man5tly      
settl$1 ! ,prote/ants 7 free to turn to 
"s (  ! que/ions :i* are popul>ly       
suppos$ to be ! real objects (  religi\s
 organizations--wor%ip & ! enc\ragem5t (
 "r liv+4  ,h[ev] f> x may h fail$ to   
measure up to mod]n ideas 9 ^!          
respects1 ! *ur* n[ began to be a great]
 moral =ce4    ,! c\rt became a v       
diff]5t sort ( place4 ,h[ev] f> ,william
  might fall %ort ( middle class /&>ds (
 today1 he 0 a v  diff]5t sort ( man f  
,*>les or ,james1 & _h a v diff]5t      
influ5ce4 ,z oppos$ to ! ,ca?olicism ( !
 ,/u>ts1 he 0 a  ,presbyt]ian4 ,in/ead (
 haunt+ ! !atre1 :]e ,*>les f\nd  m ?an 
"o mi/ress among ! actresses1 ,william  
nev] ev5 %[$  himself at ! !atre4       
,because ( ,william's prolong$ abs5ces  
on  ! cont95t1 dur+ :i* ,m>y reign$ 9 h]
 own "r1 ! p]son  ( ! que5 became m     
important ?an 9 =m] reigns4 ,m>y 8_h    
be5 educat$ only to "w embroid]y1 to    

play on ! sp9net1 & to  read ! ,bible & 
! ,:ole ,duty ( ,man40#ei 8,h] "* 0     
unimpea*able1 & by ! influ5ce ( ! k+ &  
que5 ! :ole  c\rt became mo/ prop]1 ev5 
if x 0 some:at dull40 ,b unlike  h]     
husb&1 %e w5t frequ5tly to ! !atre1 :]e 
%e %[$  special favor = ,%adwell & :]e  
%e ord]$ su* plays z ,!  ,old ,ba*elor1 
,! ,d\ble ,deal]1 & ,! ,committee4 ,x   
mu/ be  admitt$ t ,m>y's ta/e 9 reg>d to
 plays did n %[ great  lit]>y or moral  
discrim9ation4    ,bo? "u ,william &    
,m>y & "u ,anne ! c\rt took positive    
gr\nds on moral que/ions4 ,9 ,evelyn's  
,di>y = ,febru>y #ai1 #afij1  we read3  
8,! impud5ce ( bo? sexes 0 n[ become s  
greate & s    univ]sal1 p]sons ( all    
ranks keep+ _! c\rtesans publicly1    t 
! ,k+ _h lately direct$ a lett] to !    
,bi%ops to ord]    _! ,cle>gy to prea*  
aga9/ t s91 swe>+1 c4 & to put    !     
,ecclesia/ical ,laws 9 execution )\t any
 indulg5ce40    ,m>y1 on ,july #i1      
#afia1 wrote to ! ju/ices ( ! peace     
direct+  t !y execute all laws aga9/ !  

pr(anation ( ! ,sabba?1 &  ev5 w5t s f> 
z to h con/ables /ation$ on /reet corn]s
 to  capture pies & pudd+s t 7 be+ tak5 
to ! bak]s to be  cook$ on t day4 ,9    
#afig & #afih ,k+ ,william issu$ two    
ord]s  conc]n+ ! act+ ( any?+ contr>y to
 good morals or mann]s4  ,que5 ,anne1 :o
 nev] w5t to ! public !atre1 made       
frequ5t  proclamations aga9/ immoral    
plays1 mask$ wom51 & ! admittance  (    
spectators beh9d ! sc5es1 & 9 #agjc %e  
issu$ a proclamation  aga9/ vice 9      
g5]al4    ,altoge!r1 ! =ces ( ! c\rt & (
 ! gov]nm5t 7  act+ 9 accord to suppress
 ! abuses :i* _! pr$ecessors _h         
c\nt5anc$ bo? by favor & by             
p>ticipation4    ,b h[ev] pot5t may h   
be5 ! influ5ce ( ! c\rt1 ! real  movem5t
 = social re=m came f ! p1 ^: w ! c\rt  
0 really c>ry+ out4 ,! movem5t on ! "p (
 ! p 0  =w>d$ by ! rise ( v>i\s         
societies :i* 7 e/abli%$ =  moral1      
philan?ropic1 & religi\s purposes4#fj   
,! ,society = ! ,re=mation ( ,mann]s1   
inaugurat$ by a small  numb] ( g5tlem5 9

 #afib1 0 probably ! mo/ influ5tial &   
be/ kn[n ( ^! organizations4 ,x 0       
organiz$ prim>ily = !  purpose ( in=m+  
on evildo]s1 & t !re might be no        
criticism  conc]n+ _! s9c]ity1 ! f9es 7 
paid ov] to *>ity4 ,9  addition to c>ry+
 on ?is "w ( in=m+1 ! society e/abli%$  
qu>t]ly lectures on moral subjects1     
secur$ ! prea*+ ( s]mons  on its        
objects1 & 9 #afii x claim$ to h secur$ 
?\s&s (  convictions4#fa ,! *ur* 0      
br\ght into ! movem5t by ,ar*bi%op      
,t5ison's circul> to ! cl]gy enc\rag+ !m
 to coop]ate ) !  laity 9 ! movem5t4    
,?is movem5t w5t f>!r ?an ! prosecution 
( ov]t acts aga9/ morality1 = 9 #agja-b 
! play]s at ,l9coln's  ,inn ,fields 7   
prosecut$ = utt]+ impi\s1 lewd1 &       
immoral  expressions4#fb      #d4       
,,colli]4    ,colli]'s attack on ! /age1
 publi%$ 9 #afih1 0 no d\bt a pot5t     
influ5ce 9 cry/alliz+ public op9ion 9   
reg>d to ! drama1 b  x does n /& alone2 
x is m]ely a sign ( a movem5t :i* !     
/age _h begun to notice & pr(it by      

sev]al ye>s previ\sly4  ,dur+ ! ye>     
#afih n less ?an sixte5 books &         
pamphlets 7  publi%$ 9 ! controv]sy4    
,colli]'s book _h great influ5ce 9      
fur!r+ ! "w ( re=mation2 b1 l[ z 0 !    
tone ( !  drama at ! "t1 "o mu/ confess 
t 9 "s p>ticul>s ,colli] is  radical &  
f>-fet*$ 9 8 argum5ts & conclusions4    
,cibb]1 ?\gh he _h two ye>s previ\sly   
writt5 a play ) a  di/9ct re=matory &   
moral purpose1 did n mu* reli% ,colli]'s
  attack or agree ) x4 ,9 ! prologue to 
,x]xes he intimates t  ,colli] might    
prove a good index = ^? :o desir$ to    
read immoral  lit]ature3        8,?us   
ev'n sage ,colli] too might be accus'd1 
,if :at h'z writ1 ?ro' ignorance1       
abus'd3       ,girls may read him1 n = !
 tru?1 he says1       ,b to be po9t$ to 
! bawdy plays40    ,9 ,! ,c>eless ,husb&
 we f9d ,"l ,morelove say+3      8,plays
 n[1 inde$1 "o ne$ n be s mu* afraid (2 
= s9ce !    late %ort-sight$ view ( !m1 
vice may g on & prosp]2 !    /age d>es  
h>dly %[ a vici\s p]son speak+ l        

himself1 =    fe> ( be+ call'd prophane 
= expos+ him40    ,to ?is ,lady ,easy   
replies t1      8',tis h>d1 inde$1 :5 p 
won't di/+ui% betwe5 :at's    meant =   
contempt1 & :at = example40    ,p]haps  
,cibb]'s mo/ int]e/+ contribution to !  
controv]sy is  conta9$ 9 8 d$ication (  
,love ,makes a ,man1 publi%$ 9 !  fir/  
edition1 b omitt$ 9 ! collect$ edition (
 8 plays3      8,b suppose ! /age may h 
tak5 too loose a lib]ty8 ,is !re    no?+
 to be said = x8 ,h n all sci5ces be5   
guilty8 ,0    x to be expect$ 9 a reign 
( pleasure1 peace & madness1 t    !     
poets %\ld n be m]ry8 ,did n ! c\rt !n  
lead up !    dance8 ,& did n ! :ole     
nation jo9 9 x8 ,0 x n m]e ,joan        
,s&]son1#fc & did n ! lawn-sleeves1     
cuffs1 & cassocks    fill up ! measure8 
,b s9ce ^? danc+ days are ov]1 ,i hope  
our enemies w give u leave to gr[ wise1 
& sob]1 z well z    ! re/ ( our         
neighbors3 ,:y %all we n h ! lib]ty to  
re=m1 z well z ! cl]gy1 & lawy]s8 ,i    
believe ^u a fair    exam9ation we may  

f9d1 t prophan5ess1 cruelty1 & passive  
ob$i5ce1 are n[ less ?an ev] ! bus9ess (
 ! /age1 !    b5* or ! pulpit2 & ,i d\bt
 n1 b we c produce examples (    new    
plays1 lawy]s1 & pa/ors t h met )       
success )\t    be+ oblig$ to immorality1
 brib]y1 or politics 444      8,n[ if ! 
/age mu/ ne$s d[n1 because 'tis possible
 x may    s$uce1 z in/ruct2 ! same rule 
( policy might =bid ! use (    physic1  
because n only _! pati5ts1 b physicians 
!mselves    die ( common diseases2 or   
call 9 ! mill$ cr[ns1 because !y    are 
b s _m patt]ns = co9]s to c\nt]feit by1 
or might    z well suppress ! ,c\rts (  
,judicature1 because "s p]sons    h     
suff]$ = :at a succe$+ reign has made a 
new law1 t    makes t law t s5t5c$ !m   
illegal3 ,! same conclusion    might    
disc\nt5ance our religion1 because we   
sometimes f9d pride1    hypocricy1      
av>ice1 & ignorance 9 its tea*]s3 ,s t  
if our    zeal\s re=m]s d n /ick fairly 
to _! me?od we may 9 "t    hope to see  
our nation fl\ri% )\t ei!r wit1 heal?1  

money1    law1 consci5ce1 or            
religion4444      8,b ?is sort (        
re=mation ,i hope w nev] be ?or\ghly    
wr\ght1 :ile ! k+1 & ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* h
 any fri5ds3    ,! /age ,i am sure 0    
nev] he>tily oppress$ b by ! enemies    
( bo?40    ,?\gh ,cibb] ?\ght ,colli]   
extreme & unju/ 9 8 criticism1  8 own   
attitude conc]n+ ! abuses ( ! /age 0    
h>dly less  c5sori\s ?an ,colli]'s1 b he
 blames ! audi5ces = ! l[  moral /&>ds (
 ! ent]ta9m5ts3      8,h[ev] gravely we 
may ass]t1 t ,pr(it ought always to be  
insep>able f ! ,delight ( ! ,!atre2 nay1
 admitt+ t    ! ,pleasure w\ld be       
height5'd by ! unit+ !m2 yet1 :ile      
,in/ruction is s little ! ,conc]n ( !   
,auditor1 h[ c we hope    t s *oice a   
,commodity w come to a ,m>ket :]e !re is
 s    seldom a ,dem& = x8      8,x is n 
to ! ,actor !re=e1 b to ! vitiat$ & l[  
,ta/e    ( ! ,spectator1 t !            
,corruptions ( ! ,/age 7( :at k9d       
soev]7 h be5 ow+40#fd    ,8 own         
attitude1 :i* he held f ! fir/ ( 8 c>e] 

z a  dramati/1 may be illu/rat$ :at he  
says 9 ! ,apology3#fe      8,yet su*    
,plays 7entirely my own7 7 n want+ at   
lea/1 9 :at    our mo/ admir$ ,writ]s   
seem'd to neglect1 & )\t :i*1 ,i    _c  
all[ ! mo/ tak+ ,play1 to be            
intr9sically good1 or    to be a ,"w1 ^u
 :i* a ,man ( ,s5se & ,probity %\ld     
value    himself3 ,i mean :5 !y d n1 z  
well prodesse1 z delect>e1    give      
,pr(it ) ,delight6 ,! ,utile ,dolci 01 (
 old1 equally    ! ,po9t2 & has always  
be5 my ,aim1 h[ev] wide ( ! ,m>k1 ,i    
may h %ot my ,arr[4 ,x has (t5 giv5 me  
,amazem5t1 t our    be/ ,au?ors ( t "t1 
c\ld ?9k ! ,wit1 & ,_s ( _!    ,sc5es1  
c\ld be an ,excuse = mak+ ! ,loos5ess ( 
!m publick4    ,! _m ,in/ances ( _!     
,tal5ts s abus$1 are too gl>+1 to    ne$
 a clos] ,comm5t1 & are sometimes too   
gross to be recit$4    ,if !n to h      
avoid$ ?is ,imputation1 or r to h _h !  
,int]e/1 & ,hon\r ( ,virtue always 9    
view1 c give ,m]it to    a ,play2 ,i am 
cont5t$ t my ,read]s %\ld ?9k su* ,m]it1

    ! ,all1 t m9e h to boa/             
(4--,lib]t9es ( m]e ,wit1 &             
,pleasure1 may laugh at ^! grave ,laws1 
t w\ld limit a lively    ,g5ius3 ,b e   
s5sible hone/ ,man1 consci\s ( _! ,tru?1
    & ,use1 w give ^! ,ralli]s ,smile = 
,smile1 & %ew a due    ,contempt = _!   
,m]rim5t40    ,davies tells u3#ff       
8,s well did ,cibb]1 ?\gh a pr(ess$     
lib]t9e ?r\gh life1    und]/& ! dignity 
( virtue1 t no comic au?or has drawn m  
delightful & /rik+ pictures ( x4 ,mrs4  
,port]1 on read+ a    "p1 9 :i* ,cibb]  
_h pa9t$ virtue 9 ! /ronge/ & mo/       
lively colors1 ask$ him h[ x came to    
pass1 t a man1 :o c\ld    draw su*      
admirable portraits ( goodness1 %\ld yet
 live z if he    7 a /rang] to          
x8--#8,madam1' said ,colley1 #8! "o is  
absolutely    necess>y1 ! o!r is n4'0   
,possibly ?is inconsi/5cy 9 p]sonal     
conduct & public confession  expla9s :y 
com$ies :i* aim$ to tea* lessons (      
virtue 7  s5tim5tal & did n r+ true4 ,! 
m5 :o wrote !m wrote f  ! head & n f !  

he>t1 influ5c$ by a gr[+ public dem&  & 
)\t real s9c]ity or conviction4      #e4
 ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,re/oration ,,com$y4
    ,re/oration com$y up to ab\t #afif1 
:ile x 0 ess5tially a native            
developm5t1 0 influ5c$ bo? 9 te*nique & 
9 cont5t by !  drama to :i* ! c\rt _h   
be5 accu/om$ 9 its exile 9 ,france4  ,! 
,jonsonian com$y 0 develop+ bo? 9 !     
p]iod imm$iately  prec$+ ! ,commonweal? 
& dur+ ! ,re/oration into ! same  sort (
 ?+ t we h "h1 & ,%adwell1 poet laureate
 &  especial favorite ( ,que5 ,m>y1     
def9itely took ! "w ( ,jonson  z 8      
model4 ,! ,jonsonian satire _h ?r[n     
emphasis on fundam5tal  traits ( human  
nature1 b 9 ?is lat] type satire is     
c5t]$  on mann]s1 dress1 ! non-ess5tial 
elem5ts ( life1 ?\gh !  *>act]s cont9ue 
to be embodim5ts ( s+le traits4 ,molire1
 ^:  e>lie/ effective foll[] 9 ,engl& 0 
,e!rege1 taught ! ,engli%  writ]s ( !   
com$y ( mann]s to aim at poli%1 ref9em5t
 ( /yle  & dialogue1 & 8 influ5ce       
confirm$ ! t5d5cy ( ,engli%  com$y to   

foll[ ! unities z !y 7 !n und]/ood4     
,re/oration  com$y1 !n1 is native       
,jonsonian com$y1 influ5c$ by ! com$y ( 
,molire4#fg ,! *ief lit]>y s\rces ( its 
plots are ! com$ies  ( ,beaumont &      
,flet*]1 ( ,molire1 ( ,corneille1 &     
,spani%  com$ies & novels4    ,?\gh !   
late ,elizabe?ans _h be5 gross 9 ^w1 !re
 _h always  be5 9 _! "w a t5d5cy to     
puni% vice & rew>d virtue1 or at  lea/  
to make vice ridicul\s4 ,b 9 !          
,re/oration ?is grossness  becomes      
grossness ( ^w1 "*1 & idea1 & x is n !  
violator ( virtue t is made ridicul\s1 b
 8 victim4 ,!  ,elizabe?an gaiety1      
spontaneity1 heal?y ov]fl[ ( spirits1   
become a  cynicism :i* is absurd 9 its  
artificiality & delib]ate pose4 ,!      
,jonsonian reaction f e>li] ,elizabe?an 
romanticism cont9ues its  advance t[>d  
realism4    ,! ,re/oration dramati/     
lacks ! p[] to con/ruct effective       
plots4 ,he is able to h&le 8 sep>ate    
incid5ts ) skill1 b  :5 x comes to      
su/a9+ an action ?r\gh five acts1 he    

fails4 ,8  *ief fault lies 9 too great  
intricacy1 excessive elaboration1 &     
complexity1 :i* are due to 8 endeavor to
 tell too _m /ories4  ,9 ! con/ruction (
 8 plays he commonly takes two1 &       
sometimes  ?ree1 plays f ,molire1 or    
,beaumont & ,flet*]1 to =m "o play  ( 8 
own4 ,h5ce !re is 9 ! h&l+ ( ! plot a   
lack ( unity4  ,fur!rmore1 9 8 extreme  
elaboration ( s+le situations1 :i*  "o  
mu/ admit h qualities to make !m lively 
& int]e/+  on ! /age1 ! dramati/ fails 9
 ! great ess5tial quality (             
probability2 if "o reg>ds ! unity ( "t1 
he makes 8 /ories  impossible4 ,lack (  
sequ5ce is caus$ by ! con/ant           
int]ruption (  conv]sation1 :i* is      
brilliant & ent]ta9+ 9 itself1 b has    
no?+ to d ) ! /ory4    ,! dramati/ t5ds 
to ! elaboration ( /ock !mes1 deal+ )  !
 pursuit ( illicit pleasure1            
assignations1 & love intrigues4 ,!      
typical /ory might be /at$ z foll[s3 a  
"y man is entangl$ )  "o or m wom51 a   
wid[1 ! wife ( an eld]ly or fooli%      

husb&1  or a mi/ress :om he is keep+ or 
:o is keep+ him1 & :ile he  is c>ry+ on 
^! intrigues he falls 9 love ) ! virtu\s
  "y woman he ev5tually w9s4 ,sometimes 
8 mi/resses object to 8  m>ry+ "s "o    
else1 sometimes !y d n1 & 9 ! latt] case
  ! oppos+ =ce is c5t]$ 9 a rapaci\s    
gu>dian or "s o!r  complicat+ p]son or  
circum/ance4 ,!re are usually _m m9or   
love affairs1 sometimes legitimate1     
sometimes n1 & usually s  complicat$ t x
 is difficult to keep ! v>i\s ?reads    
sep>ate4  ,colli] did no inju/ice :5 he 
said t 8! /age poets make _!  pr9cipal  
p]sons vici\s & rew>d !m at ! end ( !   
play40    ,! love is m]e s5suality4 ,!re
 is tacit ackn[l$gm5t t ! m5  w be      
untrue to _! wives & a fe> on ! "p ( !  
husb&s  t _! wives w cuckold !m4#fh ,?is
 fe> is n because ( any  moral scruples1
 b is m]ely because ( ! ridicule t      
cuckoldom  br\ght on ! husb&4 ,!        
treatm5t is frankly gross1 lic5ti\s1    
cynical4    ,9 a s5se ?is treatm5t is   
highly reali/ic2 to ?is ext5t1 t x  is a

 g5]al reflection ( ! /&>ds & mann]s ( !
 life ( !  c\rt4 ,! fa%ions are         
contempor>y1 ! mann]s & morals are ^?  (
 ! upp] classes4 ,! playwrights conf9e  
!mselves to a limit$  section ( b a "p (
 ! p4 ,social & religi\s in/itutions    
are treat$ s z to make !m ridicul\s &   
contemptible4    ,t any o!r treatm5t    
w\ld h be5 difficult is se5 by  consid]+
 ! relation%ip exi/+ betwe5 ! !atre & ! 
c\rt4 ,! !atre _h its au?ority = exi/5ce
 directly f !  c\rt1 "o !atre receiv+   
its lic5se f ! ,k+1 ! o!r  f ! ,duke (  
,york1 :ile ! companies ( actors 7 kn[n 
z  ! ,k+'s or ! ,duke's s]vants4#fi ,^! 
lic5ses 7 moreov]  revocable at !       
pleasure ( ^? :o gave !m4 ,controv]sies 
&  diff]5ces )9 ! !atre 7 (t5 settl$    
p]sonally by !  ,k+ or ,duke1 & ,*>les  
is said to h sugge/$ subjects to !      
dramati/s 9 _m in/ances4 ,) s direct &  
p]sonal a relation1  any?+ o!r ?an      
compliance ) ! ta/e ( ! c\rt c\ld result
  9 no?+ b ! d[nfall ( ! !atre4 ,!      
!atre's v life  dep5d$ on its selection 

& pres5tation ( !mes t w\ld satisfy  &  
reflect ! ta/e ( ! mo/ morally degrad$  
c\rt t ,engl&  has ev] _h4    ,!        
*>act]ization 9 ^! plays is conv5tional 
& (t5 vague4  ,= example1 x may be laid 
d[n z an almo/ inv>iable rule t a  wid[ 
is nev] virtu\s4 ,9 ! embodim5t ( a s+le
 trait !re  is ! cont9u$ t5d5cy to      
exagg]ation se5 9 ! 8hum\r\s0           
*>act]ization ( ,jonson1 ) ! same use ( 
descriptive  names--,c\rtall1 ,mrs4     
,frail1 ,lady ,wi%=t1 ,ju/ice           
,clodpate--to save  ! labor (           
*>act]ization4 ,! *>act]s are likewise  
lack+ 9  complexity & developm5t4       
,!re is ! t5d5cy to ,jonsonian division 
( *>act]s into dupes  & dup]s1#gj b ?is 
division is n s cle> z 9 ,jonson1 nor is
  ! division bas$ on ! ess5tial         
qualities ( human nature1 b is  r on !  
basis ( wit & p[] 9 rep>tee4 ,! h]oes   
are all  witty1 usually weal?y1 popul>1 
& _! life "w is ! pursuit (  wom54 ,!   
wom5 are all witty1 beautiful1 & all    
rakes1 except !  h]o9e1 & ev5 ! h]o9es  

bid fair to become s 9 a few mon?s  aft]
 m>riage4 ,! h]o or h]o9e ( "o play     
might be ! h]o or  h]o9e ( any o!r play 
s f> z any di/9ctive *>act]ization is   
conc]n$4    ,!re is ! pret5d$ wit1 a    
simpleton :o apes ! m5 ( wit  & fa%ion1 
:o ?9ks himself mo/ clev]1 & :o is      
p]fectly  unconsci\s ( ! fact t he is   
be+ made a butt = ! wit (  ! s5sible    
*>act]s4 ,su* are ! ,dapp]wits1 !       
,witw\ds1 &  ! ,tattles4 ,some:at simil>
 is ! fop :o imitates ! ,fr5*1  ?9ks    
only ( 8 dress1 8 appe>ance1 & ! figure 
he makes4 ,he  is all o/5tation1 is     
entirely self-c5t]$ & simple 9 8 m5tal  
processes1 b is really n su* a fool z "o
 imag9es at fir/4  ,e!rege's ,sir ,fopl+
 ,flutt]1 & ,cibb]'s ,sir ,novelty      
,fa%ion--!  ,"l ,fopp+tons ( ,! ,relapse
 & ,! ,c>eless ,husb&--are two  well    
drawn pres5tations ( ?is "*4 ,an int]e/+
 female type  is ! ,miss                
,hoyd5-,prue-,hippolyta "y woman1 :o has
 be5 kept 9  seclud$ ignorance ( ! _w1 b
 :o %[s a sudd5 +5uity1  k ( ! _w1 &    

desire = ! s5sual joys ( life4 ,!re     
are1 ( c\rse1 ! eld]ly cuckolds1 dom9at$
 & fool$ by _!  wives1 & ! wives :o     
pr(ess virtue b d n practise x4    ,t ! 
view "h giv5 is n prejudic$ by mod]n    
/&>ds may  be se5 by a description ( !  
*>act]s by "o ( ! dramati/s  !mselves4  
,%adwell 9 ! preface to ,! ,sull5 ,lov]s
 expresses  himself1 n )\t vigor3       
8,b 9 ! ,plays1 :i* h be5 wrote ( late1 
!re is no su*    ?+ z p]fect ,"*1 b !   
two *ief ,p]sons are commonly    a      
,swe>+1 ,dr9k+1 ,:or+1 ,ruffian = a     
,lov]1 & an impud5t    ill-br$ ,tomrig =
 a ,mi/ress1 & ^! are ! f9e ,p (    !   
play2 & 444 almo/ any ?+ is prop] = !m  
to say2 b    _! *ief ,subject is ,bawdy1
 & ,pr(an5ess1 :i* !y call ,brisk       
,writ+1 :5 ! mo/ dissolute ( ,m51 t     
reli% ^? ?+s    well en\gh 9 ,private1  
are %ock'd at 'em 9 ,publick40    ,!    
dialogue1 :i* (t5 int]rupts ! movem5t ( 
! plot1 &  (t5 surpasses 9 int]e/ ! m   
solid quality ( repres5tation  ( life1  
is usually m>k$ by ! mo/ brilliant &    

bit+ wit1 by  ke5ly satiric rep>tee1 &  
by epigrammatic poli%4 ,! dialogue has  
(t5 no?+ to d ) ! /ory1 b is m]ely !    
exhibition (  ! au?or's ability 9 !     
cynical treatm5t ( contempor>y mann]s4  
,! attitude is "o ( satire & raill]y    
aga9/ all e/abli%$  in/itutions1 aga9/  
m>riage1 ! mann]s ( society1 !          
,puritans1  ! newly develop+ sci5ces1 ! 
c\rt1 duel+1 ! c\ntry &  its            
inhabitants1 ! op]a1 ! new songs &      
novels1 ! affectation  ( =eign airs1 !  
adoption ( =eign words1 poetry &        
dilettante  writ+1 polite lit]>y        
conv]sation1 legal abuses1 & almo/      
ev]y?+ t "o c conceive4    ,! locality 9
 :i* ! plays are set is extremely n>r[  
at  fir/1 be+ conf9$ to ! t[n2 = mo/ ( !
 plays are set 9  ,london1 9 localities 
famili> to ! audi5ces4 ,)9 ! class  &   
localities to :i* ! com$y re/ricts      
itself1 x is a mo/  int]e/+ social      
docum5t2 b x mu/ always be rememb]$ t x 
is no s5se repres5tative ( ! :ole p4    
,sometimes we are tak5  to ,spa9 or     

,italy1 b x is ,spa9 or ,italy only 9   
"n1 ! p  & ! cu/oms are all ,engli%4 ,! 
sc5e may sometimes be "o ( !  fa%ionable
 wat]+ places 9 ,engl&2 b x is nev] 9 ! 
despis$  c\ntry4    ,:e!r "o agrees ) x 
or n x is well to keep 9 m9d ,lamb's    
def5se 9 8 essay ,on ! ,artificial      
,com$y ( ! ,la/ ,c5tury3      8,we h be5
 spoil$ ) 444 ! 444 drama ( common life2
 :]e    ! moral po9t is ev]y?+2 :]e1    
in/ead ( ! fictiti\s    half-believ$    
p]sonages ( ! /age 7! phantoms ( old    
com$y7    we recognize ourselves1 our   
bro!rs1 aunts1 k9sfolk1 allies1         
patrons1 enemies1--! same z 9 life4444  
8,i d n "k h[ x is    ) o!rs1 b ,i feel 
! bett] always = ! p]usal ( "o (        
,congreve's--nay1 :y %\ld ,i n add ev5 (
 ,wy*]ley's--com$ies4    ,i am ! gay] at
 lea/ = x2 & ,i c\ld nev] connect ^?    
sports ( a witty fancy 9 any %ape ) any 
result to be drawn    f !m to imitation 
9 real life4 ,!y are a _w ( !mselves    
almo/ z mu* z fairyl&4444 ,b 9 its own  
_w d we feel    ! creature is s v       

bad8--,! ,fa9alls & ! ,mirabels1 !      
,dorimants & ! ,lady ,t\*woods1 9 _! own
 sph]e1 d n (f5d    my moral s5se2 9    
fact !y d n appeal to x at all4 ,!y seem
    engag$ 9 _! prop] elem5t4 ,!y break 
?r\gh no laws1 or    consci5ti\s        
re/ra9ts4 ,!y "k ( none4 ,!y h got out (
    ,*ri/5dom into ! l&--:at %all ,i    
call x8--( cuckoldry--!    ,utopia (    
gallantry1 :]e pleasure is duty1 & !    
mann]s p]fect    fre$om4 ,x is altoge!r 
a speculative sc5e ( ?+s1 :i* has no    
ref]5ce :atev] to ! _w t is4444 ,he     
,congreve has spread    a privation (   
moral light 444 ov] 8 creations2 & 8    
%ad[s    flit be=e y )\t di/9ction or   
pref]5ce4 ,_h he introduc$    a good "*1
 a s+le gu% ( moral feel+1 a revulsion (
 !    judgm5t to actual life & actual   
duties1 ! imp]t95t ,go%5    w\ld h only 
light$ to ! discov]y ( de=mities1 :i* n[
    are none1 because we ?9k !m none4444
 8444 ,:5 we are among    !m ! *>act]s (
 ,congreve & ,wy*]ley1 we are among/ a  
*aotic p4 ,we are n to judge !m by our  

usages4 ,no rev]5d    in/itutions are   
insult$ by _! proce$+s1--= !y h none    
among !m4 ,no peace ( families is       
violat$1--= no family ties    exi/ among
 !m4 ,no purity ( ! m>riage b$ is       
/a9$1--=    none is suppos$ to h a      
be+4444 ,!re is nei!r "r nor            
wrong1--gratitude or its                
opposite1--claim or duty1--pat]nity or  
son%ip4444      8,! :ole is a pass+     
pageant4444 ,b1 l ,don ,quixote1 we take
    "p aga9/ ! puppets1 & q z           
imp]t95tly4444 ,we w\ld    indict our v 
dreams40      #f4 ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,!     
,,*ange ,,9 ,,! ,,drama4    ,su* _h be5 
! conditions surr\nd+ ! drama & 9 !     
drama  itself be=e ! re=mation began4   
,:5 "o comes to look at !  /age & !     
audi5ces1 "o f9ds v little indication ( 
*ange  at fir/4 ,9 #afhb !re seems to h 
be5 objection to ,london  ,cuckolds on !
 gr\nd ( indec5cy1 & ,rav5scr(t 9 !     
prologue  to ,dame ,dobson 7#afhb7      
claims to h compli$ ) ! objections  :i* 
_h be5 rais$ by mak+ 8 own play dull &  

civil4 ,9 #afhd  appe>$ ,s\!rne's fir/  
com$y1 ,! ,disappo9tm5t1 :i* he calls  a
 8play10 & 9 ?is we h ! s]i\s treatm5t (
 ! m>riage  relations & ! pres]vation ( 
a wife's *a/ity4 ,?r\gh\t1  ,s\!rne's   
t5d5cy 0 t[>ds morality4    ,9 #afif !re
 beg9s a real & easily disc]nible       
movem5t t[>ds !  moral treatm5t (       
dramatic !mes4 ,! ,%e ,gallants 7#afif7 
0 s  (f5sive to ! ladies t x _h to be   
)drawn2 9 ,%e ,v5tures  & ,he ,w9s      
7#afif7 ! man :o w\ld c>ry on an am\r ) 
a m>ri$  woman is expos$ & trick$ & made
 ! butt2 & 9 ,mrs4 ,manley's  ,! ,lo/   
,lov] 7#afif7 !re is ! noticeable       
introduction ( a  virtu\s wife4    ,9   
#afig1 ! epilogue to ,boadicea1 a       
trag$y1 tells u t        8,once only    
smutty je/s c\ld please ! t[n1       ,b 
n[ 7,heav'n help our trade7 !y'll n g   
d[n40    ,wat]h\se#ga f9ds traces (     
s5tim5tality 9 ,vanbrugh's ,aesop1  :i* 
appe>$ ! same ye>4 ,!n 9 #afih matt]s 7 
br\ght to a  head by ,colli]1 & we f9d  
,congreve's ,d\ble ,deal] adv]tis$ to   

be act$ 8) sev]al expressions omitt$10  
:ile 9 ,! ,way ( !  ,_w 7#agjj7 8 muse  
is some:at m *a/e4 ,! ,provok$ ,wife  0 
alt]$1 probably 9 #agjf1 s t ! cl]gy    
might n seem to be  attack$4    ,f ?is  
"t on ! *ang$ attitude 0 increas+ly     
manife/ 9 !  new plays1 ?\gh ! old 7    
/ill act$ ) little or no *ange4    ,9 ,!
 ,/ate ( ! ,case ,re/at$#gb x is cont5d$
 t ! royal  pat5t to ! ,drury ,lane     
,!atre 0 giv5 to ,sir ,ri*>d ,/eele =  !
 purpose ( correct+ ! abuses ( ! !atre1 
b t ,sir  ,ri*>d _h n done ?is2 9 fact t
      8,! same lewd plays 7 act$ &      
review$ )\t any mat]ial    alt]ation1   
:i* gave occasion = t univ]sal compla9t 
aga9/    ! ,engli% /age1 ( lewdness &   
debau*]y1 f all ! sob] &    religi\s "p 
( ! nation2 ! :ole bus9ess ( com$y      
cont9u+    all ?is "t to be ! crim9al   
intrigues ( =nication &    adult]y1     
ridicul+ ( m>riage1 virtue1 & integrity1
 & giv+    a favorable turn to vici\s   
*>act]s1 & in/ruct+ loose p    h[ to    
c>ry on _! lewd designs ) plausibility &

 success3    ?us among o!r plays !y h   
reviv$ ,! ,c\ntry ,wife1 ,sir    ,fopl+ 
,flutt]1 ,! ,rov]1 ,! ,lib]t9e ,de/roy]1
 & sev]al    o!rs1 & x is rem>kable1 t !
 knight1 or coadjutors1 _h    condemn$  
,sir ,fopl+ ,flutt]1 z "o ( ! mo/       
execrable &    vici\s plays t ev] 0     
p]=m$ 9 public40    ,! *ange t 0 occurr+
 may be fairly illu/rat$ by quotations  
f plays by ,e!rege & ,/eele1 :i* are    
*>act]i/ic ( !  alt]ations n only z to  
morals b z to moraliz+4 ,9 speak+ (     
m>riage ,e!rege says1 8y\r nephew ought 
to conceal x 8 m>riage  = a "t1 madam1  
s9ce m>riage has lo/ its good "n2 prud5t
 m5  seldom expose _! own reputations1  
till 'tis conv5i5t to ju/ify  _!        
wives20#gc :ile ,/eele's s5tim5t is t   
8w$lock is hell if  at lea/ "o side does
 n love1 z x w\ld be ,heav5 if bo?      
did40#gd      #g4 ,,cibb]',s ,,com$ies4 
,cibb] at ! v outset ( 8 c>e] z a       
dramati/1 9 ,love's ,la/  ,%ift 7#afif71
 delib]ately attempt$ to re=m ! /age1 & 
t  ! audi5ce 0 ready = ! innovation is  

%[n by ! way x 0  receiv$1 = we are told
 t 8nev] 7 spectators m happy 9  eas+ _!
 m9ds by uncommon & repeat$ plaudits4 ,!
 hone/ te>s1  %$ by ! audi5ce1 convey$ a
 /rong reproa* to our lic5ti\s  poets1 &
 0 to ,cibb] ! highe/ m>k ( honor40#ge  
,davies fur!r  gives ,cibb] ! cr$it (   
be+ ! fir/ 9 re=m+ ! ,engli%  /age1 & ( 
f\nd+ ,engli% s5tim5tal com$y4 8,! fir/ 
com$y1  act$ s9ce ! ,re/oration1 9 :i* 7
 pres]v$ purity ( mann]s  & dec5cy (    
language1 ) a due respect to ! honor ( !
  m>riage-b$1 0 ,colley ,cibb]'s ,love's
 ,la/ ,%ift1 or ,! ,fool 9  ,fa%ion40#gf
 ,cibb] himself makes no claim to dec5cy
 ( language1  nor is x f\nd to any      
great] ext5t 9 ?is play ?an 9 ! o!r     
plays ( ! p]iod4 ,c]ta9ly !re c be no?+ 
bold] ?an !  fir/ act1 or ! epilogue1   
:i* reads z foll[s3        8,n[1        
gallants1 = ! au?or4 ,fir/1 to y        
,k9d city g5tlem5 o' ?' middle r[2      
,he hopes y no?+ to 8 *>ge c lay1       
,!re's n a cuckold made 9 all 8 play4   
,nay1 y mu/ own1 if y believe y\r eyes1 

,he draws 8 p5 aga9/ y\r enemies3       
,= he decl>es1 today1 he m]ely /rives   
,to maul ! beaux--because !y maul y\r   
wives4       ,nor1 sirs1 to y ^: sole   
religion's dr9k+1       ,:or+1 ro>+1 )\t
 ! pa9 ( ?9k+1       ,he fe>s he's made 
a fault y'll ne'er =give1       ,a crime
 beyond ! hopes ( a reprieve3       ,an 
hone/ rake =ego ! joys ( life1       ,8 
:ores & w9e1 t' embrace a dull *a/e     
wife6       ,su* out-(-fa%ion /uff6 b !n
 aga91       ,he's lewd = above f\r     
acts1 g5tlem54               99       99
       99       99       99         ,f\r
 acts = y\r co>se palates 7 design'd1   
,b !n ! ladies ta/e is m ref9'd1        
,!y1 = ,am&a's sake1 w sure be k9d40    
,! ma9 action1 t :i* deals ) ! re=mation
 ( ! w&]+  husb&1 seems to be orig9al ) 
,cibb] 9 e respect4 ,x deals  ) !       
re=mation ( a husb& :o eight or t5 ye>s 
be=e has  des]t$ 8 "y wife = a dissolute
 life on ! cont95t1 & :o  returns to    
,engl& /ill m deg5]ate 9 m9d & morals   
?an :5  he left1 & s entirely deplet$ 9 

purse t he has n money en\gh  to buy a  
meal or pay = a night's lodg+ = himself 
& 8 s]vant4  ,! husb& is f9ally l$ to   
return to 8 wife1 ^: appe>ance has  s   
*ang$ t he does n recognize h]1 by h]   
pret5se ( be+ a  new mi/ress4 ,?is      
subt]fuge is m or less remotely         
sugge/ive (  ,%aksp]e's ,all's ,well t  
,ends ,well & ,%irley's ,game/]1 bo?  ( 
:i* h be5 sugge/$ z its s\rce2 b x owes 
no?+ to !m  9 ! work+ out ( ! situation4
    ,! !me is practically t ( ,!        
,c>eless ,husb&3 !  re=mation ( a husb& 
n entirely spoil$ at he>t4 ,! moral     
tea*+ is t !re is ! same pleasure 9     
legitimate enjoym5t z  9 ! bas] &       
illicit sort4    ,! innovation consi/s 9
 ! v moral end+ ( ! piece1  p>ticul>ly 9
 ! def9ite decision ( ! h]o to re=m1 a  
det]m9ation :i* he expresses z foll[s3  
8,by my example taught1 let e man1 ^:   
fate has b\nd him to    a m>ry'd life1  
bew>e ( lett+ loose 8 wild desires3 = if
    exp]i5ce may be all['d to judge1 ,i 
mu/ proclaim ! folly ( a    w&]+        

passion4 ,! greate/ happ9ess we c hope  
on e>?1        ,& sure ! ne>e/ to ! joys
 above1      ,is ! *a/e rapture ( a     
virtu\s love40    ,x is to be notic$ t !
 illicit affair ( ,sir ,novelty ,fa%ion 
&  ,mrs4 ,fl>eit is made ridicul\s & n  
happy at ! end1 nor does ,sir  ,novelty 
acquire a mi/ress or a wife :o has      
previ\sly be5 *a/e4  ,likewise !re is no
 husb& :o is made ridicul\s by be+      
cuckold$1  & ! only am\r1 if x c be     
call$ an am\r1 t :i* ,am&a's  maid      
unwill+ly has ) ,snap1 is made "r ! next
 morn+ by !  m>riage ( ! two4    ,on !  
o!r h&1 ! play1 aside f ^! p>ticul>s1   
exhibits  ! te*nique & ! mat]ial ( !    
typical ,re/oration com$y4  ,! *ief     
incid5t deals 9 mo/ frank /yle ) ! sex  
relations  ( ! h]o & h]o9e1 treat$      
ess5tially 9 ! ,re/oration way1  ) !    
exception t ! audi5ce kn[s !y are man & 
wife :ile  ! *>act]s d n4 ,! cell>      
incid5t is z frank & gross z  any?+ ( ! 
sort 9 ! e>li] drama1 ?\gh 9 ?is case ! 
f9al outcome is a w$d+4 ,!re is ! same  

succession ( lively &  disconnect$      
incid5ts1 incid5ts :i* w\ld g well on ! 
/age1 &  :i* make up five sep>ate ?reads
 ( /ory4 ,! sub/itution ( !  "n ( "o    
p]son = ano!r 9 ! m>riage bond is ! same
 sort (  ?+ t occurs ov] & ov] aga9 9 ! 
e>li] com$y4#gg    ,! *>act]s repres5t !
 same m or less /iff draw+ (            
conv5tional figures4 ,sir ,novelty      
,fa%ion is ( ! same family z ,sir       
,fopl+ ,flutt]2 ,lovelace & ,"y ,wor?y  
are ! same drunk5 rakes  z ^? :o make ! 
pr9cipal *>act]s 9 ! unre=m$ drama1  ) !
 exception t "h !y are n pres5t$ to u z 
c>ry+  on _! am\rs4 ,snap is ! witty    
s]v+man :o is inv>iably pair$  ) ! maid 
( ! h]o9e 9 ,re/oration com$y4 ,!re is !
 same  pres5tation ( local sc5es1       
p>ticul>ly t 9 ! p>k2 !re is  ! same    
co>se spee*2 & !re is ! same int]ruption
 ( ! /ory  by raill]y4    ,b ! play z   
already sugge/$ is a v di/9ct /ep 9     
advance 9  its treatm5t ( fundam5tal    
morality1 & m>ks a consci\s beg9n+  ( a 
new mode2 n an inconsid]able a*ievem5t =

 ! fir/ play (  an au?or tw5ty-f\r ye>s 
old4    ,! two plots ( ,woman's ,wit    
7#afig7 are entirely dissimil> 9 tone  &
 dramatic h&l+1 &1 moreov]1 h no        
ess5tial connection )  ea* o!r4 ,! ma9  
plot1 :i* gives ! "n to ! piece1 is 9 ! 
,re/oration mann]1 :ile ! sub-plot1 :i* 
deals ) ! ,raki%es1  is 9 ! m\ld ( !    
m9or late ,elizabe?ans4 ,9 its portrayal
 (  mann]s x belongs to ! type repres5t$
 by ! plays ( ,brome1  m>k$ by co>s5ess 
r ?an f9i%1 & imply+ ab\t ! same  /&>d (
 morals4    ,! ma9 plot consi/s ( a     
s]ies ( complications caus$ by !  ef=ts 
( ,longeville to unmask ,leonora's      
unfai?fulness to ,lovemore1  to :om %e  
is engag$4 ,%e conv9ces ,lovemore t     
,longeville's  ef=ts are ! result ( a   
plot1 ! purpose ( :i* is to ali5ate     
,lovemore & ,leonora s t ,longeville may
 h h] to himself2 &  !re !n foll[s "o   
complication aft] ano!r1 until ! *>act]s
  are at la/ ga!r$ toge!r & ,leonora is 
made to confess h]  duplicity4    ,!    
situation on :i* ! ma9 action is bas$ is

 orig9al & highly  dramatic1 b 9 ord] to
 ma9ta9 ! intrigue ,cibb] has _h to use 
incid5ts :i* are m>k$ by improbability &
 dramatic bl9dness  to su* an ext5t t ! 
action becomes we>isome4 ,cibb] seems to
  be grop+ = some?+ diff]5t f !         
conv5tional ,re/oration  intrigue4 ,8   
conception is wor?y ( m success ?an he  
atta9$1  b he lack$ ! dramatic skill &  
exp]i5ce to c>ry x out4    ,"s ( ! "*   
draw+ is good4 ,longeville & ,lovemore  
are  r dec5t "y m51 b are no d\bt too   
s5tim5tal = success  on ! /age at ?is   
"t4 ,! ,raki%es are ov]drawn & f>cical4 
,!  wom51 ) ! exception ( ,leonora1 are 
lack+ 9 ! spontaneity  & wit dem&$ (    
sev5te5? & e>ly eighte5? c5tury h]o9es1 
& l ! m5 are possibly too s5tim5tal4    
,leonora is ! intrigu]  & is ! be/ drawn
 & mo/ important p]sonage 9 ! play4 ,h] 
d[nfall is ! result ( h] own "* &       
conduct1 & 9 !  disapproval ( h] "* &   
actions ,cibb] has repeat$1 to "s       
ext5t1 views he express$ 9 8 fir/ play4 
,! vulg> sub-plot :i* deals ) ,old      

,raki% & ,"y ,raki%1 :5  sep>at$ f      
,woman's ,wit & act$ 9 #agjg z ,! ,s*ool
 ,boy1 0  a great] success ?an ! orig9al
 play4 ,) ! exception ( !  *ange 9 !    
names ( "s ( ! p]sonages1 m9or          
alt]ations ( !  dialogue1 ! omission (  
p>ts ( ! incid5ts1 & ! addition (  su*  
incid5ts z are necess>y to make x /& by 
itself1 ! play is  v]batim z x appe>$ :5
 a "p ( ,woman's ,wit4    ,f ! po9t (   
view ( ! re=mation ( ! /age x mu/ be    
confess$ t ,woman's ,wit 0 n ( great    
importance4 ,! moral  tone ( ! ma9      
action is high2 at lea/ virtue is rew>d$
 & vice  disgrac$1 & !re are no am\rs   
c>ri$ on4 ,b ! sub-action1  :i* 0 lat]  
trans=m$ into ,! ,s*ool ,boy1 is        
entirely oppos$  to bo? good ta/e & good
 morals1 & aft] a s]ies ( l[ com$y      
sc5es1 ends ) ! promise ( ,"y ,raki% to 
,ma/] ,johnny t he  w take ,johnny to ! 
playh\se1 :]e ! latt] may satisfy 8     
disappo9tm5t 9 ! failure to m>ry 8 "m's 
woman4 ,al?\gh  notable progress 9 !    
morality ( ! drama _h be5 made1 z we  h 

se51 ! fact t ?is sub-action 0          
successfully pres5t$ by  itself %[s t ! 
ta/e ( ! !atre-go+ public 0 n yet       
entirely reg5]ate4    ,love ,makes a    
,man 7#agja7 is a r close adaptation (  
two (  ,beaumont & ,flet*]'s plays1#gh 9
 :i* ,cibb] does n pret5d  to any s]i\s 
purpose4 8,= masks1 we've sc&al1 & =    
beaus1  ,fr5* airs40 ,& yet 8 moraliz+ &
 s5tim5tal t5d5cy _c  be entirely       
re/ra9$1 = :5 ,c>los1 ! h]o ( ! play1   
does  turn f 8 books to love1 he speaks 
9 a mo/ height5$ &  s5tim5tal /ra94 ,s  
too ! ef=ts ( ,l\isa to s$uce him are   
met  ) s5tim5ts ( l(ty morality :i* are 
actuat$ by 8 s9c]e  love = ,angel9a4 ,! 
,re/oration lov] w\ld n h hesitat$  9 ! 
slighte/ degree to enjoy all t ,l\isa   
(f]$ & 8  wife-to-be w\ld h tak5 x z a  
matt] ( c\rse1 probably w\ld  h jok$ )  
h] confidante1 if n ) ! h]o1 on !       
subject4  ,b ) ,cibb] n only is !       
attitude conc]n+ ?is sort ( ?+  *ang$1 b
 9 8 alt]ation he has omitt$ "o         
incid5t#gi t  w\ld h be5 a s\rce ( great

 delight to a ,re/oration audi5ce1  &   
has s(t5$ ! language ?r\gh\t1 s t !     
co>s5ess  :i* m>ks 8 orig9al has l>gely 
disappe>$4 ,no "o und]goes  a moral     
re=mation1 = ,l\isa has n be5 evil 9 h] 
life1 &  ?is "o unsuccessful ef=t at    
s$uction cures h]4 ,b ! play has  two   
*>act]i/ics ( ! s5tim5tal type2 x is    
p]fectly moral 9  action1 & x has "s    
expression ( s5tim5tal philosophy4      
,%e ,w\ld & ,%e ,w\ld ,n 7#agjb7 is     
probably m 9 accordance  ) mod]n ta/e   
?an any o!r play ,cibb] wrote4 ,9 ?is   
reg>d =  good ta/e z well z good morals 
x is significant ( ! *ange 9  ,engli%   
com$y1 & ?\gh x is n s5tim5tal1 x       
indicates ,cibb]'s  read9ess to adopt & 
lead ! new mode4 ,9 its te*nique x      
rem9ds  u ( ! ,spani% intrigue plays (  
,dryd52 b x is p]fectly moral1  & ! two 
lov]s d n employ _! "t1 :5 away f ! ma9 
bus9ess ( w9n+ _! wives1 9 c>ry+ on     
intrigues ) o!r  wom54    ,! ,c>eless   
,husb& 7act$ #agjd7 is ,cibb]'s         
ma/]piece 9  s5tim5tal com$y4 ,9 x he   

has rea*$ great] excell5ce ?an 9 8  =m] 
plays 9 plot & 9 "* pres5tation1 & 9 !  
ability  to make 8 plot & moral purpose 
"w out consi/5tly & logically4  ,!      
re=mation ( ,loveless 9 ,love's ,la/    
,%ift /rikes "o z  n 9 keep+ ) 8 "*2 "o 
feels t 8 relapse#hj is  q ! natural ?+ 
to happ54 ,9 ?is play1 h[ev]1 ! h]o's   
"* is pres5t$ f ! fir/ 9 a way t prep>es
 "o =  ! f9al re=mation4 ,9 ?is p>ticul>
 ,cibb] rises above 8  contempor>ies 9  
com$y4    ,9 ,! ,c>eless ,husb& ,cibb]  
lays claim to delib]ate &  s]i\s moral  
purpose & deals1 z he did 9 8 fir/ play1
 )  ! reclaim+ ( a lic5ti\s husb& by a  
virtu\s wife4 ,dibd9  extravagantly says
 ( x t 8x 0 a s*ool = elegant mann]s1 & 
an example = honorable actions40 ,cibb] 
expresses himself 9 reg>d  to 8 purpose1
 9 ! d$ication1 z foll[s3      8,! be/  
criticks h long & ju/ly compla9'd1 t !  
co>s5ess ( mo/ *>act]s 9 our late       
,com$ies1 h be5 unfit    ent]ta9m5ts =  
,p ( ,quality1 especially ! ladies3 &   
!r=e ,i 0 long 9 hopes t "s able p5 7^: 

expectation    did n hang ^u ! pr(its ( 
success7 w\'d g5]\sly attempt    to re=m
 ! ,t[n into a bett] ta/e ?an ! ,_w     
g5]ally    all[s 'em3 b no?+ ( t k9d    
hav+ lately appe>'d1 t    w\ld give me !
 opportunity ( be+ wise at ano!r's      
exp5ce1 ,i    f\nd x impossible any     
long] to resi/ ! secret temptation ( my 
vanity1 & s e'en /ruck ! fir/ bl[       
myself3 & ! ev5t has    n[ conv9c'd me1 
t :oev] /icks closely to ,nature1 c't   
easily    write above ! und]/&+s ( !    
,gall]ies1 ?o' at ! same    "t he may   
possibly des]ve applause ( ! ,boxes40   
,b 9 ,! ,c>eless ,husb&1 9 contra/ ) :at
 he _h previ\sly  writt5 9 ?is field1 ! 
tone ( ! entire play is moral1 n m]ely  
t ( ! fif? act1 ! play is work$ out     
consi/5tly1 & !  (f5sive effect ( an    
incongru\s mixture ( /&>ds is lack+4  ,x
 belongs di/9ctly to ! s5tim5tal type1 &
 is ! be/ ( !  e>ly s*ool4    ,9 !      
prologue ,cibb] gives a summ>y ( ! k9d (
 *>act]s t  %\ld illu/rate ! moral !    
com$y writ] has z 8 !me3        8,( all 

! v>i\s ,vices ( ! ,age1       ,& %oals 
( fools expos'd ^u ! ,/age1       ,h[   
few are la%t t call = ,satire's rage6   
,:at c y ?9k to see our ,plays s full   
,( ,madm51 ,coxcombs1 & ! drivell+      
,fool8       ,( ,cits1 ( ,%>p]s1 ,rakes1
 & ro>+ ,bullies1       ,( ,*eats1 (    
,cuckolds1 ,ald]m5 & ,cullies8          
,w\'d n "o swe>1 'tw]e tak5 = a rule1   
,t ,satire's rod 9 ! ,dramatick ,s*ool1 
,0 only meant = ! incorrigible ,fool8   
,z if too ,vice & ,folly 7 conf9$       
,to ! vile scum alone ( human k9d1      
,creatures a ,muse %\ld scorn2 su*      
abject tra%       ,des]ves n ,satire's b
 ! ,hangman's la%4               99     
99       99       99       99           
,we r ?9k ! p]sons fit = ,plays1        
,are ^? ^: bir? & education says        
,!y've e help t %\'d improve mank9d1    
,yet /ill live slaves to a vile ta9t$   
m9d40    ,9 ?is play ,cibb] cont9ues !  
g5]al practice ( bas+ dramatic  te*nique
 ^u t ( ! ,re/oration drama4 ,we f9d !  
same  multiplicity ( plots1 ?\gh !re is 

"h a mat]ial r$uction 9  _! numb]4 ,b "h
 ! v>i\s plots are m consi/5tly b\nd    
toge!r & m logically work$ out4 ,! h]o  
is a some:at ref9$  ,re/oration "*2 he  
has m g5tl5ess & goodness 9 him1 b  !   
c\rse he pursues is typical ( ! e>li]   
plays 9 t he is  c>ry+ on two am\rs dur+
 ! play & at ! end he ab&ons ^?         
intrigues2 ) ?is diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 t !   
re=mation ( !  h]o ( ,! ,c>eless ,husb& 
is felt to be p]man5t4    ,! love /ory (
 ,"l ,morelove & ,lady ,betty1 :i* =ms !
  sub-action1 is 9 ! be/ /yle ( ! com$y 
( mann]s4 ,x1 z well  z ! ma9 action1   
rem9ds "o 9 its f9i%$ workman%ip ( ! be/
  plays writt5 dur+ ! latt] "p ( !      
prec$+ c5tury4    ,!re is a di/9ct ef=t 
to tea* ! advantage ( moral liv+1 9  !  
unhappy outcome ( ! illicit affairs & 9 
! happy outcome  ( ! legitimate4 ,!     
situation 9 :i* ,edg+ & ,sir ,*>les are 
discov]$ asleep1 :i* prov$ too gross =  
,cibb]'s audi5ce1 is  nev]!less h&l$ 9 a
 mann] to %[ disapproval2 ! ,re/oration 
dramati/ w\ld h be5 salaci\s & humor\s4 

,sir ,*>les's feel+  ( guilt aft] ?is   
sc5e1 h[ev]1 is an entirely new note4   
,"s ( ! *>act]s are /ock figures4 ,lady 
,betty is ! usual  coquette1 is a       
,millamant type1 b is altoge!r m human &
 mod]n2  ,"l ,fopp+ton is ! cont9uation 
( ,sir ,novelty ,fa%ion1 :om we         
recognize z a type :i* appe>s 9 ,e!rege 
& ,cr[ne2 & ,sir  ,*>les1 until 8       
re=mation1 is1 9 8 conduct1 !           
,re/oration  rake1 )1 h[ev]1 di/9ctly m 
humanity4 ,8 :ole-he>t$ness  & inh]5t   
honor make "o =give 8 lapse 9 conduct4  
,o!r *>act]s indicate a new mode4 ,lady 
,easy is a mode/1 virtu\s1  capable     
wife1 full ( mod]ation & tact1 ) !      
g5tl5ess (  ! mod]n ideal woman4 ,%e    
belongs to ! pati5t ,griselda type1  &  
h] situation1 :i* conta9s n a little    
pa?os1 is h&l$  9 a way to ga9 ! sympa?y
 ( ! audi5ce4 ,?is is a new &  notewor?y
 contribution 9 ! direction ( ! fully   
develop$ type  ( s5tim5tal com$y4 ,ev5 9
 spite ( ,sir ,*>les's defection 9      
conduct1 we recognize an inh]5t goodness

 9 8 nature4 ,"l ,morelove  is ! prea*+1
 s5tim5taliz+ type1 s]i\s m9d$ &        
upright1  ! sort ( "* t ,cibb] has      
pres5t$ 9 ,"l ,lovemore 9  ,woman's ,wit
 & ,eld] ,wor?y 9 ,love's ,la/ ,%ift2 a 
"*  :o seldom appe>s 9 ! ,re/oration    
p]iod1 or1 if he does appe>1  is        
ridicul$4 ,9 ?is pres5tation ( a        
successful lov]1 lack+ 9  wit &         
incon/ancy1 ,cibb] 0 n foll[+ !         
conv5tion ( !  prec$+ drama1 :i* usually
 made its h]oes witty scamps4    ,:ile  
we /ill h light bant] & raill]y1 !y are 
prim>ily  us$ to display "* or fur!r !  
plot1 functions :i* !y  disreg>d 9 !    
,re/oration plays4 ,! !me & its work+   
out  n only deal ) ! re=mation ( ! loose
 "*1 b also  endeavor to pres5t an      
admirable example ( womanhood :o %[s a  
prop] fidelity to h] husb& 9 spite ( all
 8 del9qu5cies4 ,9  ! pres5tation ( ?is 
high type ( "* ,cibb] has aga9 become   
an innovator & has made a positive      
contribution to ! drama ( !  p]iod4     
,9 8 adaptation ( ! plays by ,dryd5#ha 9

 ,! ,comical ,lov]s  7#agjg7 ,cibb] has 
n attempt$ any *anges1 & ! play is ( no 
importance 9 ! developm5t ( com$y4 ,x 0 
reg>d$ m]ely z a  revival ( ,dryd5's "w1
 & 0 act$ along ) o!r old plays  dur+ ! 
same season1 l>gely because ( an        
antiqu>ian int]e/4    ,! two plays f :i*
 ?is is made g well toge!r & pres5t     
some?+ ( ! be/ t ,dryd5 did 9 ! l9e (   
satiric com$y1  & no d\bt ! social      
satire 0 almo/ z p]t95t 9 ,cibb]'s "t  z
 x _h be5 =ty or fifty ye>s e>li]4    ,b
 ! moral /&>d1 :i* is almo/ always      
pres5t1 ev5 if 9 !  backgr\nd1 9        
,cibb]'s own plays1 is almo/ entirely   
lack+ "h4  ,celadon expects to be       
cuckold$1 b w\ld r be cuckold$ by       
,florimel 7:o rem9ds "o v /rongly (     
,congreve's ,millamant ev5  9 !         
/ipulations be=e _! agreem5t ( m>riage71
 ?an by any  "o else4 ,s too 9 !        
complications 9 ! second /ory 9 ! play1 
! moral defections are humor\s m]ely    
because !y are immoral1 &  !re is no    
disapproval express$ or impli$4 ,9      

,cibb]'s own "w he  may reta9 8         
disapproval until ! la/ act1 b ! moral  
/&>d  always appe>s 9 "s way or o!r1 s t
 ?is play is ess5tially  un*>act]i/ic ( 
,cibb]'s "w4    ,! ,d\ble ,gallant      
7#agjg7 is an adaption ( ! same sort z  
,!  ,comical ,lov]s1 d]iv$ f ,re/oration
 plays1#hb b x does h  m significance4  
,x is m>k$ by ! same g5]al tone ( moral 
irresponsibility & lightness1 b )\t !   
actual culm9ation (  del9qu5cies2 !re is
 ! same raill]y1 some:at curtail$1 & !  
h]o1 z 9 ^? plays1 involves himself 9   
intrigue ) sev]al  wom5 at once4 ,!re is
 m respect = morals 9 ! g5]al conduct  (
 ! piece4 ,! *ange is indicat$ 9 ! h&l+ 
( ! s\rce4  ,burnaby#hc has made use (  
:at is probably ! mo/ notori\s &        
grosse/ incid5t 9 ,re/oration com$y1    
,horn]'s subt]fuge 9 ,!  ,c\ntry ,wife1 
b has modifi$ "s ( ! elem5ts ( !        
intrigue4  ,cibb] has prev5t$ !         
successful outcome ( ! intrigue1 & has  
entirely omitt$ ! unpleasant features4  
,! ,lady's ,la/ ,/ake 7#agjg71 9 ! h&l+ 

( a s]i\s !me1  seems ! mo/ mod]n (     
,cibb]'s com$ies2 x repres5ts almo/ an  
approa* to ! mod]n problem play 9 ! ,"l 
& ,lady ,wronglove  /ory & 9 ! !me ( !  
,"l ,george & ,lady ,g5tle /ory4 ,x  is 
a fully develop$ com$y ( ! s5tim5tal    
type ( ?is p]iod1  ) its f\r acts (     
intrigue1 its reconciliation at ! end1 &
 its  extremely moral tea*+4 ,cibb]     
makes two /atem5ts ( 8 !me1  fir/ 9 !   
d$ication1 & !n 9 ! prologue4 ,8 /atem5t
 9 !  d$ication is z foll[s3      8,a   
,play1 )\t a j ,moral1 is a poor &      
trivial ,und]tak+2    & 'tis f !        
,success ( su* ,pieces1 t ,mr4 ,colli] 0
    furni%'d ) an advantage\s ,pret5ce (
 lay+ 8 unm]ciful    ,axe to ! ,root ( !
 ,/age4 ,gam+ is a ,vice t has undone m 
innoc5t ,pr9ciples ?an any "o ,folly t's
 9 ,fa%ion2 !re=e    ,i *ose to expose x
 to ! ,fair ,sex 9 its mo/ hide\s ,=m1  
by    r$uc+ a ,woman ( hon\r to /& !    
presumptu\s ,addresses ( a    ,man1 :om 
nei!r h] ,virtue nor ,incl9ation w\ld   
let h] h !    lea/ ,ta/e to4 ,n[ 'tis n 

impossible b "s ,man ( ,=tune1 :o    has
 a h&some ,lady1 & a great deal ( ,money
 to ?r[ away1 may1    f ?is />tl+ h9t1  
?9k x wor? 8 :ile to f9d 8 ,wife    "s  
less haz>d\s ,div]sion4 ,if t %\ld ev]  
happ51 my end (    writ+ ?is ,play is   
answ]'d40    ,! plot c5t]s ar\nd a mo/  
lively intrigue1 b %[s a dep>ture  f !  
,re/oration type4 ,cibb] seems to h     
devis$ 8 own plot  f obs]vation r ?an to
 h tak5 x f ! "w ( "s "o  else1 ?\gh 9 8
 *>act]s he %[s "s imitation ( *>act]s  
9 old] plays4 ,miss ,notable is a ,miss 
,prue type1 b ! action (  ! play        
pres]ves h] virtue & indicates          
disapproval ( ! ef=t  to s$uce h]4 ,!re 
is a wide diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & ! c\rse 
( ,congreve's "* :o ru%es eag]ly to h]  
b$room foll[$ by  ,tattle4#hd ,s too 9 !
 relations ( ,lady ,wronglove ) h] husb&
  !re ent]s a new note4 ,n only does    
,cibb] %[ h] a virtu\s  woman1 b he     
recognizes ! infidelity ( ! husb& z     
grave en\gh  to m]it n only condemnation
 b puni%m5t2 & ?\gh he does  n c>ry 8   

/ory s f> z to inflict on him 8 j       
des]ts1 he  recognizes ! "r ( ! wife to 
res5t ,"l ,wronglove's action1  al?\gh  
he cle>ly feels h] res5tm5t is unwise4  
,sir ,fri5dly  ,moral1 :o reconciles !  
v>i\s c\ples1 furni%es ! some:at        
s5tim5tal moraliz+s1 & seems to be !    
m\?piece ( ! au?or4    ,"o does n wa/e  
mu* sympa?y on ei!r ,"l or ,lady        
,wronglove 9  _! bick]+s1 & _!          
reconciliation at ! end ?r\gh ! good    
(fices ( ,sir ,fri5dly is decid$ly lack+
 9 probability1 9 view (  ! way 9 :i* !y
 h be5 previ\sly pres5t$4 ,?is dn\em5t  
is br\ght ab\t by a typical deus ex     
ma*9a device1 9 :i* ,sir  ,fri5dly1 by  
supply+ money to "o ( ! *>act]s1 & by   
us+  8 exce$+ wisdom & k ) ano!r set (  
*>act]s1  br+s ab\t ! happy end+4 ,cibb]
 0 n unlike ! o!r late  sev5te5? & e>ly 
eighte5? c5tury writ]s 9 8 inability to 
br+ 8 plays to a logical & probable     
conclusion4 ,he 0 hamp]$  by 8 !ory t ! 
elem5t ( surprise %\ld ent] into ! happy
  end+1 & h5ce he (t5 seems to feel     

compell$ to introduce a new  =ce v late 
9 ! play4    ,! *>act]s 9 ! ma9 action  
are some:at s]i\s & lack+  9            
attractiv5ess4 ,b ^? 9 ! comic action1  
,"l ,george1 ,mrs4  ,conque/1 & ,miss   
,notable1 are mu* m lively s\rces (     
int]e/4  ,miss ,notable1 z already /at$1
 is a ,miss ,prue type1 ?\gh %e is      
probably n to be describ$ z a 8silly1   
awkw>d c\ntry girl40 ,%e is  ess5tially 
a sophi/icat$ city miss1 b h] desires & 
ambitions1  z well z "s ( h] +5u\s      
*>act]i/ics1 are simil> to ^?  ( ! ,miss
 ,prue type4 ,%e />ts a flirtation ) ea*
 new man %e  meets 9 ord] to pique ! la/
 new man1 :o 9 l mann] _h 8  turn4 ,!   
discomfiture ( ,"l ,george :5 ,miss     
,notable av[s h] love  = ,mrs4 ,conque/1
 :o is 9 ! disguise ( a man1 is v clev]4
    ,x is h>d to believe t an honorable 
g5tleman1 z ,sir ,george is  describ$ z 
be+1 w\ld *eat at c>ds ev5 = ! purpose (
  s$uc+ ano!r man's wife4 ,x is 9 j su* 
conceptions z ?is  t ,cibb]'s           
sup]ficiality is %[n1 a sup]ficiality   

:i* prev5t$  him f writ+ great drama    
not)/&+ 8 k ( te*nical  requirem5ts4    
,9 ! situations ( ,lady ,g5tle & ,mrs4  
,conque/1 especially 9 t  ( ! latt]1 !re
 is a di/9ct elem5t ( pa?os1 simil> to t
  9 ,! ,c>eless ,husb&4 ,z 9 ,! ,c>eless
 ,husb&1 ?is pa?os  is due n m]ely to ! 
situation1 b dep5ds likewise on ! nature
  ( ! p]sons pres5t$4 ,9 ?is respect x  
is sup]ior to ! lat]  s5tim5tal com$y1 9
 :i* ! pa?os dep5ds m l>gely on !       
situation alone4    ,9 its s]i\s elem5ts
 ,! ,lady's ,la/ ,/ake attacks :at are  
)\t d\bt notable human fail+s1 & !      
dialogue at its be/  rem9ds u ( "s ( !  
be/ ,congrevian sort4 ,b ,cibb]'s       
practice  z to ! happy outcome & 8 !ory 
t !re mu/ be a surprise at  ! end ( a   
play1 h prev5t$ :at might h be51 9 ! h&s
 (  a m s]i\s & l>g] m9d$ dramati/1 a   
mo/ important h&l+  ( a new !me 9 a new 
way4    ,:5 he wrote ,! ,rival ,fools   
7#agji71 ,cibb] seem$1 if "o may judge  
f ! prologue1 to feel t 8 ef=ts = re=m 7
 n meet+  ) suffici5t response &        

appreciation1 & !re=e tells !  audi5ce t
        8,all sorts ( ,m5 & ,mann]s may 
,f ^! la/ ,sc5es g unreprov'd away4     
,f late ,exp]i5ce taught1 we slight ?'  
old ,rule       ,( ,pr(it ) ,delight3   
,?is ,play's--,all ,fool40    ,b ?\gh   
?is com$y is n didactic 9 its purpose1 x
 is morally  clean 9 its action4    ,9  
,! ,non-,juror 7#agag71 a play writt5 ) 
an av[$ly political  purpose1 he _c     
avoid moraliz+ & s5tim5tality1 qualities
 :i*  appe> slightly 9 ! /ory ( ,*>les1 
& 9 ! relations ( ,dr4  ,wolf to ,lady  
,woodvil & ,m>ia4 ,x _c be claim$ t !   
play has  any important be>+ on         
s5tim5tal com$y1 h[ev]4    ,! ,refusal  
7#agba7 might be call$ a purifi$        
,re/oration com$y1  )\t any positive    
be>+ on ! s5tim5taliz+ t5d5cy except  t 
x %[s ! t5d5cy to make ! drama m moral4 
,! ,provok$ ,husb& 7#agbh71 ,cibb]'s    
completion ( ,vanbrugh's ,a  ,j\rney to 
,london1 is typically s5tim5tal 9       
treatm5t1 ) !  happy end+1 ! re=mation (
 ! vici\s1 & ! true b dull  expression (

 moral s5tim5ts by ! s]i\s *>act]s4 ,9 x
 ,cibb]  has dep>t$ f ,vanbrugh's       
orig9al int5tion by re=m+ ! wife1  :om  
he has pres]v$ z p]fectly true to h]    
husb&1 ?\gh unduly  giv5 to gambl+4 ,9 !
 love affair ( ,mr4 ,manly & ,"l        
,t[nley's  si/] we likewise h s5tim5tal 
treatm5t1 & 9 ! expression (  pi\s      
?\ghts no "o c\ld be m prolific ?an ,mr4
 ,manly4 ,9 ?is  play ,cibb] does n     
/rike any note he has n us$ be=e2 x is  
m]ely significant ( ! p]man5ce ( ! *ang$
 mann] ( writ+  9 ,engli% com$y g5]ally4
    ,9 ! fir/ plot ,cibb] has some:at   
s(t5$ ! *>act]s (  ,vanbrugh's ,"l &    
,lady ,lov]ule 9 ,"l & ,lady ,t[nley1   
giv+ to  ! husb& a mu* less dictatorial 
& m s5tim5tal & uxori\s  "*4 ,lady      
,t[nley1 ?\gh %e does n %[ any signs (  
s(t]  qualities1 is made to see ! error 
( h] c\rse ( late h\rs &  gambl+1 &     
und]goes a some:at improbable b         
*>act]i/ic  conv]sion4 ,cibb] tells u#he
 t x _h be5 ,vanbrugh's int5tion  to    
turn ! lady out ( doors1 z w\ld h be5   

natural & logical1  giv+ to ! play a    
s]i\s int]e/ :i* x lacks "u ,cibb]'s    
managem5t4    ,! *>act]s are %orn ( _!  
r\gh virility 9 ,cibb]'s  v]sion4       
,squire ,ri*>d is a sort ( r\gh /udy ( !
 ,tony ,lumpk9  type1--)\t 8 wit1       
h[ev]1--b ! cr$it ( ! portrayal is  due 
to ,vanbrugh r ?an to ,cibb]4    ,:ile !
 play is f> f lack+ 9 int]e/ & p[] to   
amuse1  !re is a v decid$ inf]iority to 
,vanbrugh's play1 ev5 9 its  unf9i%$ &  
imp]fect /ate4 ,cibb]'s play is a       
typical s5tim5tal  com$y1 ) its undes]v$
 happy end+1 re=mation ( ! vici\s1  &   
commonplace expression ( s5tim5t &      
morals on ! "p ( !  s]i\s *>act]s4      
,al?\gh x does n exhibit any />tl+ new  
qualities1 9 its !me  attack+ ! evils ( 
gambl+ :i* ,cibb] has previ\sly attack$1
  ! play is a good example ( eighte5?   
c5tury com$y2 fully z good1  inde$1 z ! 
"w ( ! o!r dramati/s ( ! "t1 b suff]+  9
 comp>ison ) ,cibb]'s own be/ "w4    ,x 
may be int]e/+ to note t ,cibb] is said 
to h add$ !  p>ts ( ,tom & ,phillis to  

,/eele's ,consci\s ,lov]s4#hf ,:5       
,/eele submitt$ ?is play to him1 ,cibb] 
felt t x w\ld n  satisfy ! desire ( an  
audi5ce to laugh at a com$y4 ,accord+   
to ! acc\nt 9 ,! ,lives ( ! ,poets1     
,/eele gladly accept$  ,cibb]'s         
sugge/ion t a comic action be ins]t$ &  
ev5 propos$  t ,cibb] make su* additions
 to ! play z he saw fit4 ,! abs5ce  (   
humor is a m>k ( ! =m ( s5tim5tal com$y 
inaugurat$ by  ,/eele1 :ile ! =m        
repres5t$ by ,cibb]'s "w is clos] to !  
,re/oration type1 is inde$ really a     
modification ( t type1 &  ! elem5t (    
humor is consequ5tly f\nd 9 x4      #h4 
,,typical ,,quality ,,( ,,cibb]',s ,,"w4
    ,cibb]'s "w typifies ! *ange t 0 go+
 on 9 ! moral  re=mation ( ! drama1 z x 
likewise %[s ! developm5t  *>act]i/ic ( 
! "t 9 o!r elem5ts ( ! drama4#hg ,9     
him1 z 9 o!rs1 we see t :ile ! g5]al    
type ( ,re/oration  com$y 0 adopt$ 9 !  
con/ruction ( ! plot1 !re 0 a  t5d5cy to
 simplify ! plot4 ,moreov]1 ,cibb] fur!r
 dep>t$ f  ! ,re/oration type by !      

selection ( !mes o!r ?an m]e sex        
relations4 ,o!r dramati/s 7 able to     
pres5t su* !mes )\t  ref]5ce to moral   
deg5]ation1 b ,cibb]1 :5 he takes su* a 
subject z ! dang]s ( gambl+1 = in/ance1 
_c entirely avoid  deal+ ) sex          
immorality4    ,9 ! dull1 *a/e lov]1 !  
sob]1 moral1 wor?y g5tleman :o is       
l>gely a result ( ! s5tim5tal t5d5cy 9 !
 drama1 su* z ,"l  ,morelove 9 ,woman's 
,wit & ,eld] ,wor?y 9 ,love's ,la/      
,%ift1  ,cibb] develop$ & made m        
important a type :i* _h appe>$ b  _h be5
 relatively unimportant 9 e>li] drama4  
,9 ! com$y (  ,/eele & 8 foll[]s ?is "* 
0 fur!r develop$ s t  x became ! c5tral 
figure4 ,cibb] & 8 pr$ecessors seem to h
  be5 guid$ by "s su* =mula z t int]e/+ 
p]sonality &  morality appe> 9 inv]se   
ratio 9 male *>act]s4    ,! precoci\s   
,miss ,prue type1 ! "y woman :o is de/9$
 to h  a lov] or a husb&1 p]haps bo?1 9 
a %ort "t1 is repres5t$ by  ,miss ,j5ny 
9 ,! ,provok$ ,husb& & ,miss ,notable 9 
,! ,lady's  ,la/ ,/ake4 ,?is type ( "*  

soon disappe>$ f ! drama1 z  did        
likewise ! ,millamant k9d ( coquette1 :o
 appe>s z ,m>ia 9  ,! ,non-,juror & z   
,lady ,betty 9 ,! ,c>eless ,husb&4 ,snap
 &  ,trappanti are typical m5s]vants1   
witty & graceless1 & we f9d !  m]c5>y   
s]v+ woman 9 ,! ,provok$ ,husb& & ,%e   
,w\ld &  ,%e ,w\ld ,n4 ,*>act]s ( ?is   
type cont9ue occasionally 9 !  succe$+  
drama1 :]e !y furni% ! comic relief4    
#i4 ,,g5]al ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,cibb]',s
 ,,com$ies4    ,cibb]'s !mes are tak5 f 
contempor>y life & its m obvi\s         
problems4 ,( c\rse s f> z any s]i\s     
purpose is conc]n$1 a  di/9ction mu/ be 
made betwe5 ^? plays design$ m]ely to   
af=d  ! pleasure ( an ev5+'s ent]ta9m5t 
& ^? writt5 ) m  s]i\s int5t4 ,cibb] (t5
 di/+ui%es betwe5 ^! two classes1  &    
frankly /ates 8 purpose 9 ! prologue or 
d$ication to !  sep>ate plays4    ,8    
attitude t[>d 8 audi5ce is some:at nave4
 ,he frankly /ates  t 8 8sole dep5d5ce  
be+ ! judgm5t ( an audi5ce1 'tw]e       
madness to provoke !m40#hh ,he aga9     

says#hi t 8e gue/ is a  judge ( 8 own   
palate2 & a poet ought no m to impose   
good s5se  ^u ! gall]ies1 ?an dull f>ce 
^u undisput$ judges4 ,i fir/  consid]$  
:o my gue/s 71 be=e ,i prep>$ my        
ent]ta9m5t40  ,?is w\ld seem to indicate
 t at times he _h no high respect =  8  
audi5ces2 especially :5 he wrote ,!     
,s*ool ,boy & ,hob 9  ! ,well1 if !     
latt] is by him4 ,9 ?is connection "o   
may note  t he consci\sly di/+ui%$ /age 
& closet drama1 & made  no attempt to   
write ! latt]4 ,9 8 8,rem>ks to !       
,read]0 (  ,xim5a he says1 8?\gh ! read]
 mu/ be *>m$ by ! t5d]ness  ( ! *>act]s 
9 ! orig9al1 ,i h v5tur$ to alt]1 to    
make  !m m agreeable to ! spectator40   
,^! /atem5ts w\ld seem to  indicate t   
,cibb] wrote 8 s5tim5tal plays because  
he ?\ght !  audi5ces desir$ some?+ ( !  
sort4    ,z a playwright ,cibb] 0 a     
/rong uphold] ( religion & !  e/abli%$  
*ur*4 ,he po9ts out t ! only religi\s   
sect to close  ! !atre 0 also oppos$ to 
! e/abli%$ *ur*4#ij ,b 9  treat+        

religi\s subjects he does n use !       
,puritans = dramatic  mat]ial1 = !y 7 no
 long] a political m5ace1 b he turns to 
! ,roman ,ca?olics1 ^: activities 7 n   
m]ely religi\s1 b  political4 ,9 ,!     
,non-,juror we h a play almo/ entirely  
built on  anti-,ca?olic feel+2 9 ,k+    
,john we h ano!r attack on !  ,*ur* (   
,rome2 & 9 ! f\r? act ( ,woman's ,wit we
 aga9 h  satire1 b 9 ?is case prim>ily (
 ! ,ca?olic cl]gy1 r ?an  ! *ur* itself4
 ,we d n h any ref]5ces to p>ty         
politics1  aside f ?is ,ca?olic problem4
    ,8 orig9al plays 9 com$y1 o!r ?an   
f>ces & op]as1 deal )  moral problems4  
,9 ! case ( ,love's ,la/ ,%ift & ,!     
,c>eless  ,husb& we h pres5t$ !         
re=mation ( husb&s n yet entirely       
spoil$ at he>t2 9 ,! ,provok$ ,husb& !  
re=mation ( a wife  :o has n committ$   
any s]i\s brea* ( ! moral code2 & 9 ?is 
la/1 z well z 9 ,! ,lady's ,la/ ,/ake1  
we h plays deal+ )  ! evils result+ f   
wom5's gambl+4 ,x is curi\s to f9d "o   
:o 0 s notori\s a gambl] z ,cibb] *oos+ 

su* a !me4    ,! language %[s great     
*ange f t ( ! ,re/oration 9 reg>d  to   
moral ref9em5t4 ,cibb]'s plays become   
less & less co>se 9  spee*4 ,8 e>li]    
plays h a grossness almo/ equal to t (  
,re/oration com$y1 b gradually gr[ pur]4
 ,?is *ange 9 !  language is f\nd 9     
,engli% com$y g5]ally1 & z x progresses 
a  new elem5t ent]s1 ! expression (     
moral s5tim5ts1 extravagantly  &        
artificially /at$4 ,?is la/ %[s a       
gradual increase1 rea*+  its height 9 ! 
lat] s5tim5tal com$y ( ! middle ( !     
c5tury4    ,m]ely z lit]ature1 ?ree (   
,cibb]'s plays1 at lea/1 are well wor?  
:ile3 ,! ,c>eless ,husb&1 ,%e ,w\ld &   
,%e ,w\ld ,n1 &  ,! ,non-,juror4 ,!y    
lack ! briskness & sur5ess ( t\* t      
*>act]iz$ ,congreve1 b comp>e mo/       
favorably ) ! "w ( m5  9 ! next rank1 & 
are n only delightful & pr(itable read+1
  b are ?or\ghly repres5tative ( ! p]iod
 9 :i* !y appe>4  ,gr\p$ ) ^! z possess+
 p]man5t lit]>y value are !  ,apology & 
n m ?an half a doz5 songs4 ,outside ( ^!

 ?ree  plays1 "o prose "w1 & a few      
songs1 ,cibb] produc$ no?+ t  is wor?   
pres]v+ because ( its m]it z lit]ature4 
,8 greate/  importance to ! /ud5t (     
lit]>y hi/ory lies 9 8 contribution  to 
! developm5t ( s5tim5tal com$y4         
#aj4 ,,place ,,( ,,/eele ,,9 ,,!        
,,developm5t ,,( ,,s5tim5tal ,,com$y4   
,9 view ( ! place t is always giv5 to   
,/eele z ! orig9ator  ( s5tim5tal com$y1
 a discussion ( any phase ( ! subject   
w\ld  be incomplete )\t at lea/ a       
ref]5ce to 8 relation to !  p>ticul> "q 
"u discussion4 ,we may grant t ,cibb]   
does  n repres5t ! culm9ation ( !       
s5tim5tal type3 t is to be  f\nd 9      
,/eele's ,consci\s ,lov]s 7#agbb74 ,he  
is1 r1 ! mo/  prom95t figure 9 ! fir/   
/age ( ! developm5t ( s5tim5tal  com$y1 
dur+ :i* ! ,re/oration type 0 trans=m$  
by !  addition ( a moral purpose1 by !  
purification ( ! language1 &  by !      
addition ( ! pa!tic elem5t2 s t ! new =m
 9 8  h&s has mu* ( ! old z well z !    
new1 :ile ,/eele's ,consci\s  ,lov]s has

 almo/ entirely brok5 away f ! old &    
looks =w>d4  ,b ! movem5t 9 :i* ,cibb] 0
 s prom95t a figure did make !  way     
possible & contribut$ ! mo/ important   
elem5ts :i* lat]  develop$ 9 ! h&s (    
,/eele & 8 foll[]s4    ,a commonplace ( 
lit]>y hi/ory is t x 0 ,/eele :o purg$  
,engli% com$y ( its vil5ess & 0 ! fir/  
to write s5tim5tal  com$y4 ,?is1 z we h 
se51 is n true2 = ?\gh ,! ,consci\s     
,lov]s is probably ! be/ ( its type1 x  
m]ely lays m /ress  ^u ! pa!tic elem5t &
 c>ries =w>d ano!r /ep ! sort (  ?+ t   
,cibb] _h done 9 su* com$ies z ,!       
,c>eless ,husb&  & ,! ,lady's ,la/      
,/ake1 :i* are z truly s5tim5tal com$ies
  z ?is1 & :i* possess ! pa!tic int]e/1 
b 9 a less m>k$  degree4 ,9 ,/eele's o!r
 plays1 ,! ,fun]al 7#agja71 ,! ,ly+     
,lov] 7#agje71 ,! ,t5d] ,husb& 7#agje71 
,/eele1 except 9 !  matt] ( ! purity ( !
 language1 does n %[ z fully develop$   
examples ( ! type z does ,cibb] 9 8 "w (
 ! same p]iod &  e>li]4    ,/eele's fir/
 play to be act$1 ,! ,fun]al1 lacks     

s5tim5tal  quality2 x is m]ely a com$y  
:i*1 :5 comp>$ to ! ,re/oration  type1  
has a high] moral tone4 ,/eele _h no    
high] motive1 he tells  u1 9 writ+ ?is  
play ?an ! purpose ( re9/at+ himself 9  
! op9ion ( 8 fell[ soldi]s :o _h        
o/raciz$ him z a moral  prig aft] !     
appe>ance ( ,! ,*ri/ian ,h]o 7#agja74 ,9
 8  preface he m5tions two !mes z ^?    
ar\nd :i* ! com$y is  writt51 namely1 ! 
practices ( und]tak]s & 8legal          
villanies40  ,lady ,brumpton1 :o _h     
bigam\sly m>ri$ ,"l ,brumpton1 is       
discr$it$  by be+ eject$ f ,"l          
,brumpton's h\sehold1 b !re is no       
sugge/ion t %e is 9 any way re=m$1 & 9 !
 re/ ( !  action none ( ! o!r elem5ts ( 
s5tim5tal com$y are prom95t4    ,! ,ly+ 
,lov] goes a little fur!r & re=ms ! h]o 
at !  end1 z is done 9 ! com$ies (      
,cibb]4 ,b ev5 ?is simil>ity  is only   
sup]ficial1 = ! h]o is n really vici\s1 
be+ guilty  only ( "s ent]ta9+ ly+1 & ! 
re=mation is br\ght ab\t1  n by approv$ 
s5tim5tal fem99e means1 b by ! fact t ! 

h]o f9ds himself 9 prison4 ,b ev5 ?\gh !
 h]o is humiliat$  by tempor>y          
imprisonm5t1 8 del9qu5cies are s div]t+ 
t !  read] is entirely 9 sympa?y ) him4 
,our sympa?y = him1 inde$1  is s great t
 x is a di/9ct disappo9tm5t t ! lady is 
giv5  to ! hone/ & jeal\s lov] in/ead ( 
to him4 ,/eele lays no  claim to        
orig9ality 9 ! re=m1 8compunction &     
remorse0 ( 8  h]o1 = 9 8 preface he says
 t su* ?+s _h be5 8frequ5tly  applaud$  
on ! /age40 ,nor is ! v]sify+ ( !       
elevat$ portions  ( ! play a new ?+2 x  
is f\nd bo? e>li] & lat] ?an  s5tim5tal 
com$y & is n a di/9ctive m>k ( t type4  
,! ,t5d] ,husb& 0 indebt$ to ,cibb]'s   
,c>eless ,husb&1  :i* _h rec5tly appe>$1
 b is n to be comp>$ to x 9  its        
s5tim5tal qualities4 ,9 bo? plays1      
h[ev]1 we h !  reconciliation ( an      
e/rang$ husb& & wife4 ,9 ,cibb] x is !  
husb& :o is ! (f5d]1 & he is recall$ f 8
 vices by  ! pati5t fidelity ( 8 wife2 a
 re=mation bas$ on s5tim5t4  ,9 ,! ,t5d]
 ,husb&1 ! wife is re=m$ f extravagance 

9  h] exp5diture ( "t & money on        
trivialities1 & f failure  9 h] duty to 
h] husb&1 b ! re=mation is br\ght ab\t  
by  a m]e trick t ! husb& plays ^u !    
wife r ?an by !  int]action ( p]sonality
 on p]sonality4 ,/eele %[s no?+ ( !     
s]i\s grasp ( ! situation t ,cibb] %[s 9
 8 play on !  same !me1 ,! ,provok$     
,husb&4 ,/eele's h&l+ is di/9ctly  less 
arti/ic & di/9ctly less s5tim5tal ?an 9 
ei!r (  ,cibb]'s plays4 ,?is is se5 also
 9 ,/eele's light treatm5t ( !  wife's  
equivocal action t[>d ,fa9love1 :om %e  
mi/ak5ly supposes  to be a man1 & t[>d  
:om %e makes que/ionable advances4 ,n   
only  9 reg>d to su* situations z ?is1 b
 9 ! attitude t[>d actual  brea*es (    
morality1 ,/eele %[s a l[] /&>d ?an     
,cibb]4 ,9  bo? ,! ,c>eless ,husb& & ,! 
,t5d] ,husb& ! h]o keeps a  mi/ress1 b  
:ile ,cibb] br+s ! illicit am\r to an   
end ) !  disgrace ( ! mi/ress & a di/9ct
 moral1 ,/eele n only %[s  none ( ?is   
disapproval b provides ! mi/ress ) a    
husb& (  means & gives h] a good d[ry4  

,sev5te5 ye>s lat]1 ?\gh accord+ to     
,g5e/#ia ! play _h be5  writt5 "s ye>s  
be=e x 0 act$1 ,/eele produc$ 8 fully   
develop$ com$y ( ! s5tim5tal type1 ,!   
,consci\s ,lov]s4 ,x is  entirely       
diff]5t f ! prec$+ plays1 = in/ead (    
conta9+  a lively intrigue ) clev]      
satire & wit1 su* z we h 9 ,!  ,ly+     
,lov]1 ! tone ?r\gh\t is fix$ by !      
pa!tic & didactic  elem5ts4 ,/eele      
rightly felt t he 0 do+ some?+ new1 &   
took  cr$it to himself 9 ! prologue3    
8,b ! bold sage--! poet ( tonight--     
,by new & desp]ate rules resolv$ to     
write4               99       99        
99       99       99         ',tis y\rs 
) bre$+ to ref9e ! age1       ,to *a/5  
wit1 & moralise ! /age40    ,n only does
 ?is moral & s5tim5tal note appe>       
?r\gh\t1 b  9 ,mr4 ,seal&1 especially 9 
8 dialogue ) ,sir ,john ,bevil 9  ! f\r?
 act1 !re appe>s ! exaltation ( !       
tradesman class  :i* culm9at$ 9 ! "w (  
,lillo4 ,bevil ,junior is a patt]n  (   
propriety & goodness1 b 8 lack (        

virility & brilliance  contra/s him mo/ 
disadvantage\sly ) ! h]oes ( ! prec$+   
p]iod4 ,he is ! dull1 *a/e lov]1 ! h]o (
 ! second intrigue  ( ! ,re/oration &   
,cibb] type ( com$y1 ! ,"l ,morelove    
sort1  exalt$ to ! fir/ place4 ,indiana 
is ! pati5t ,griselda type1 !  ,lady    
,easy sort ( p]son1 b 9 ,! ,consci\s    
,lov]s h] g5tl5ess  & goodness are n us$
 to recall ! err+1 b are pres5t$  m]ely 
z desirable qualities = a virtu\s "y    
woman to possess4  ,! witty rake has    
disappe>$4 ,! ,wildairs1 ,lovelesses1   
,millamants1  & ,lady ,betties are no m1
 & 9 _! places are maudl91 sickly       
s5tim5tali/s1 ^: goodness & suff]+s are 
all t comm5d  !m4 ,p>son ,adams 0 "r1 x 
does conta9 8"s ?+s almo/  solemn en\gh 
= a s]mon40    ,?is s5tim5tal           
didacticism becomes /ill m conspici\s 9 
!  "w ( ,holcr(t & 8 s*ool1 ^: plays are
 r5d]$ deg5]ate  & emasculate !reby4 ,if
 ! hi/orians ( lit]ature mean t  ,/eele 
0 ! orig9ator ( ?is type1 ^: ess5tial   
*>act]i/ic  is ! c5t]+ ( ! action ar\nd 

a pa!tic situation1 !y are  probably "r2
 b any /atem5t t x 0 he :o introduc$ !  
s5tim5tal or pa!tic elem5t into ,engli% 
com$y1 or t he began  ! re=mation ( !   
drama 9 ! direction ( morality1 is      
easily  se5 to be false by a comp>ison (
 8 "w ) ! e>li] &  contempor>y "w (     
,cibb]4          ,,bibliography      #a4
 ,,cibb]',s ,,works4      ,prose4       
,an ,apology = ! ,life ( ,colley ,cibb]1
 ,com$ian1 & ,late    ,pat5tee ( !      
,!atre-,royal4 ,) an ,hi/orical ,view ( 
! ,/age    dur+ 8 ,own ,"t4 ,writt5 by  
,himself4 ,london1 #agdj4 7,i h us$    !
 f\r? edition1 ,london1 #agef4 ,be/     
edition is t ( ,l[e1    ,london1 #ahhi47
        ,a ,lett] f ,mr4 ,cibb]1 to ,mr4
 ,pope1 ,inquir+ into ! ,motives    t   
might induce him 9 8 ,satyrical ,works1 
to be s frequ5tly    fond ( ,mr4        
,cibb]'s ,"n4 ,london1 #agdb4        ,! 
,egoi/3 or1 ,colley ^u ,cibb]4 ,be+ 8   
own ,picture    ,ret\*'d1 to s pla9 a   
,lik5ess1 t no ,"o1 n[1 w\ld h !        
,face to own x1 b ,himself4 ,london1    

#agdc4        ,ano!r ,occasional ,lett] 
f ,mr4 ,cibb] to ,mr4 ,pope4 ,:]e9 !    
,new ,h]o's ,pref]m5t to 8 ,?rone1 9 !  
,dunciad1 seems n to    be ,accept$4 ,& 
! ,au?or ( t ,poem ,8 m rightful ,claim 
to    x1 is ,ass]t$4 ,) an ,expo/ulatory
 ,address to ! ,rev]5d ,mr4 ,w4         
,w444444444444n1 ,au?or ( ! new         
,preface1 & ,advis] 9 ! curi\s          
,improvem5ts ( t ,satire4 ,by ,mr4      
,colley ,cibb]4 ,london1 #agdd4         
,! ,"* & ,conduct ( ,cic]o1 ,consid]$ f 
! ,hi/ory (    8 ,life by ! ,rev]5d ,dr4
 ,middleton4 ,) ,occasional ,essays &   
,obs]vations ^u ! mo/ memorable ,facts &
 ,p]sons dur+ t    ,p]iod4 ,london1     
#agdg4        ,! ,lady's ,lecture1 a    
,!atrical ,dialogue1 betwe5 ,sir ,*>les 
,easy    & 8 ,m>riageable ,daught]4 ,be+
 an ,attempt to ,engage ,ob$i5ce    by  
,filial ,lib]ty3 & to ,give ! ,maid5    
,conduct ( ,virtue1    ,*e>fulness4 ,by 
,c4 ,cibb]1 ,esq3 ,s]vant to 8 ,maje/y4 
,london1 #agdh4      ,non-,dramatic     
,poetry4        ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e4   

,london1 #agca--        ,london         
,magaz9e4 ,london1 #agcb--        ,a    
,rhapsody on ! ,m>vell\s3 ,aris+ f !    
,fir/ ,odes ( ,horace    & ,p9d>4 ,be+ a
 ,scrut9y into ,anci5t ,poetical ,fame1 
dem&$ by    ,mod]n ,common ,s5se4 ,by   
,colley ,cibb]1 ,esq4 ,p4 ,l4           
,fame !n 0 *eap1 & ! fir/ com] sp$3     
,:i* !y h s9ce pres]v$ by be+ dead4     
,dryd54      4   4   4   4   4   4   4  
lib]ius si      ,dix]o quid1 si =te     
jocosius1 hoc mihi juris      ,cum v5ia 
dabis4 ,hor4 ,sat4 #d4 ,l #a4 ,london1  
#agea4      ,dramatic ,works4           
7,arrang$ 9 ! ord] ( /age pres5tation4  
,! dates are ^? (    publication47      
,collect$ editions ( 8 ,plays appe>$ 9  
#agba1 9 two volumes2    9 #afcf1 9 five
 volumes2 9 #agfj1 9 f\r volumes2 9     
#aggg1 9 five    volumes4 ,! la/ nam$ is
 ! edition ,i h us$4        ,love's ,la/
 ,%ift2 or1 ,! ,fool 9 ,fa%ion4 #afif4  
,woman's ,wit2 or1 ,! ,lady 9 ,fa%ion4  
#afig4        ,x]xes4 #afii4        ,!  
,tragical ,hi/ory ( ,ri*>d ,,iii1 alt]$ 

f ,%akespe>4 #agjj4        ,love ,makes 
a ,man2 or1 ,! ,fop's ,=tune4 #agja4    
,%e ,w\ld & ,%e ,w\ld ,n2 or1 ,! ,k9d   
,impo/or4 #agjc4        ,! ,c>eless     
,husb&4 #agje4        ,p]olla &         
,izadora4 #agjf4        ,! ,comical     
,lov]s4 #agjg4        ,! ,s*ool ,boy2   
or1 ,! ,comical ,rival4 #agjg4        ,!
 ,d\ble ,gallant2 or1 ,! ,sick ,lady's  
,cure4 #agjg4        ,! ,lady's ,la/    
,/ake2 or1 ,! ,wife's ,res5tm5t4 #agjh4 
,! ,rival ,fools4 #agji4        ,!      
,rival ,queans1 ) ! ,hum\rs ( ,alex&] ! 
,great1 a    ,comical-trag$y4 ,dubl91   
#agbi4        ,xim5a2 or1 ,! ,h]oick    
,daught]4 #agah4        ,c9na's         
,conspiracy4 #agac4        ,v5us &      
,adonis4 ,a ,masque4 #agae4             
,myrtillo1 a ,pa/oral ,int]lude4 #agaf4 
,! ,non-,juror4 #agah4        ,!        
,refusal2 or1 ,! ,ladies ,philosophy4   
#agba4        ,caes> 9 ,aegypt4 #agbe4  
,! ,provok'd ,husb&2 or1 ,a ,j\rney to  
,london4 #agbh4        ,love 9 a        
,riddle4 ,a ,pa/oral4 #agbi mispr9t$    

#agai4        ,damon & ,phillida2 a     
,ballad ,op]a4 #agbi4        ,papal     
,tyranny 9 ! ,reign ( ,k+ ,john4 #agde4 
#b4 ,,g5]al ,,bibliography4      ,actor1
 ,!1 or1 ,a ,treatise on ! ,art (       
,play+4 ,london1 #agej4      ,age (     
,dullness1 ,!1 a ,satire4 ,by a ,natural
 ,son ( ,mr4 ,pope4 ,london1      #ageg4
      ,bak]1 ,d4 ,e41 ,i4 ,re$ & ,s4    
,jones4 ,biographica ,dramatica4        
,london1      #ahab4      ,beaumont &   
,flet*]4 ,works4 ,london1 #ahdc4        
,bess]1 ,r4 ,colley ,cibb]s ,! ,d\ble   
,gallant und se9e ,quell54      ,halle1 
#aijc4      ,bett]ton1 ,t4 ,! ,hi/ory ( 
! ,engli% ,/age1 f ! ,re/oration      to
 ! ,pres5t ,"t4 ,london1 #agda4         
,bett]ton1 ,?omas1 ,life & ,times (4    
,repr9t1 ,london1 #ahhh4      ,bla/ ^u  
,bays1 ,a2 or1 ,a ,new ,lick at !       
,laureat4 ,london1 #agdb4      ,boo?1   
,b>ton1 ,life (4 ,london1 #agcc4        
,boyle1 ,rog]1 ,e>l ( ,orr]y4 ,p>!nissa4
 ,london1 #afgf4      ,briti% ,!atre1   
,!4 ,london4 #agej4      ,br[n1 ,hawk9s4

 ,a ,pipe ( ,tobacco4 ,london1 #agdd4   
,burnaby1 ,c4 ,! ,re=m$ ,wife4 ,london1 
#agjj4      ,burnaby1 ,c4 ,! ,ladies    
,visit+ ,day4 ,london1 #agja4           
,canfield1 ,doro!a ,frances4 ,corneille 
& ,rac9e 9 ,engl&4 ,new      ,york1     
#aijd4      ,c>lile1 ,j4 ,! ,=tune      
,hunt]s2 or1 ,two ,fools ,well ,met4    
,london1 #afhi4      ,case ( ! ,pres5t  
,!atrical ,dispute ,fairly ,/at$1 ,!4   
,london1      #agdc4      ,c5tlivre1    
,susanna4 ,dramatic ,works4 ,repr9t1    
,london1 #ahgb4      ,*>ke1 ,*>lotte4 ,a
 ,n>rative ( ! ,life ( ,mrs4 ,*>lotte   
,*>ke4      ,writt5 by ,h]self4 ,london1
 #agee2 repr9t1 ,london1 #ahbg4         
,*etwood1 ,w4 ,r4 ,g5]al ,hi/ory ( !    
,/age4 ,london1 #agdi4      ,cibb]1     
,!ophilus1 editor4 ,lives ( ! ,poets (  
,great ,brita9 &      ,irel&4 ,london1  
#agec4      ,cibb]1 ,!ophilus4 ,two     
,diss]tations on ! ,!atres4 ,london1    
#agef4      ,corneille1 ,pi]re4         
,oeuvres4 ,p>is1 #ahfb4      ,cr[ne1    
,john4 ,dramatic ,works1 9 ,dramati/s ( 

! ,re/oration1 ed4      by ,maidm5t &   
,logan4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahgc4      ,davies1 
,t4 ,dramatic ,miscellanies4 ,london1   
#aghd4      ,davies1 ,t4 ,memoirs ( !   
,life ( ,david ,g>rick1 ,esq4 ,?ird ed41
      ,london1 #agha4      ,diff]5ce    
betwe5 ,v]bal & ,practical ,virtue1 ,!4 
,london1 #agdb4      ,dogget1 ,t4 ,!    
,c\ntry ,wake4 ,london1 #afif4          
,dohse1 ,r4 ,colley ,cibb]s             
,bhn5be>beitung von ,%akespe>es ,ri*>d  
,,iii4 ,bonn1 #ahig4      ,doran1 ,j4   
,_! ,maje/ies' ,s]vants4 ,london1 #ahhh4
      ,d[nes1 ,j4 ,roscius ,anglicanus4 
,london1 #agjh2 repr9t1 ,london1 #ahhf4 
,dryd51 ,john4 ,works4 ,london1 #ahhi4  
,eg]ton1 ,t4 & ,j4 ,! ,!atrical         
,remembranc]4 ,london1 #aghh4           
,field+1 ,h5ry4 ,hi/orical ,regi/] =    
#agcf4 ,works1 ,london1 #aheb4          
,field+1 ,h5ry 7874 ,an ,apology = !    
,life ( ,mr4 ,t4444 ,c4444      ,london1
 #agdj4      ,g5e/1 ,j4 ,"s ,acc\nt ( ! 
,engli% ,/age f ! ,re/oration 9         
#affj to #ahcj4 ,ba?1 #ahcb4            

,grang]1 ,j4 ,biographical ,hi/ory (    
,engl&4 ,london1 #aggi-ahjf4            
,h]mann1 ,a4 ,colley ,cibb]s ,tragicom$y
 ,xim5a und ihr ,v]hltniss zu           
,corneilles ,cid4 ,kiel1 #aijh4         
,hutton1 ,laur5ce4 ,lit]>y ,l&m>ks (    
,london4 ,bo/on1 #ahhe4      ,jacob1 ,g4
 ,! ,poetical ,regi/]4 ,london1         
#agai-agbc4      ,johnson1 ,t4 ,tryal ( 
,colley ,cibb] = ,writ+ a ,book ,intitl$
 ,an      ,apology = 8 ,life4 ,london1  
#agdj4      ,kilb\rne1 ,f4 ,w4          
,alt]ations & ,adaptations ( ,%akespe>e4
 ,bo/on1      #aijf4      ,kppe1 ,k4    
,das ,v]hltniss von ,cibb]s ,papal      
,tyranny zu ,%akespe>es      ,k+ ,john4 
,halle1 #aijb4      ,krg]1 ,w4 ,das     
,v]hltniss von ,colley ,cibb]s ,lu/spiel
 ,! ,comical      ,lov]s zu ,j4 ,dryd5s 
,m>riage  la ,mode und ,secret ,love4   
,halle1      #aijb4      ,laureat1 ,!2  
or1 ,! ,"r ,side ( ,colley ,cibb]1 ,esq4
 ,to ,:i* is      ,add$1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! 
,life1 ,mann]s & ,writ+s ( ,aesopus !   
,trag$ian4 ,london1 #agdj4      ,le>n$1 

,j4 ,! ,c\nt]feits4 ,london1 #afgi4     
,lee1 ,w4 ,l4 ,m4 ,hi/ory ( ,police 9   
,engl&4 ,london1 #aija4      ,lett] to  
,mr4 ,c4444b4444r1 ,a1 on 8 ,lett] to   
,mr4 ,p44444444 ,london1      #agdb4    
,l\nsbury1 ,?omas ,r4 ,%akespe>e z a    
,dramatic ,arti/4 ,new ,york1 #aija4    
,l[e1 ,r4 ,w4 ,a ,bibliographical       
,acc\nt ( ,engli% ,!atrical             
,lit]ature4 ,london1 #ahhh4             
,macaulay1 ,t4 ,b4 ,hi/ory ( ,engl&4    
,bo/on1 #aijj4      ,man ( ,ta/e1 ,!4   
,london1 #agcc4      ,m>ks1 ,jeannette4 
,! ,engli% ,pa/oral ,drama4 ,london1    
#aijh4      ,m$b\rne1 ,m4 ,t>tuffe4     
,london1 #afgj4      ,mi*els1 ,e4       
,quell5/udi5 zu ,colley ,cibb]s         
,lu/spiel ,! ,c>eless      ,husb&4      
,m>burg1 #aijh4      ,miles1 ,d4 ,h4 ,! 
,influ5ce ( ,molire on ,re/oration      
,com$y4 ,new      ,york1 #aiaj4         
,molire4 ,oeuvres4 ,p>is1 #ahgc-aijj4   
,molire4 ,dramatic ,works1 translat$ by 
,h4 ,van ,laun4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahgh4       
,molloy1 ,j4 ,f4 ,fam\s ,plays4 ,london1

 #ahhf4      ,m\nt=t1 ,w4 ,gre5wi* ,p>k1
 a ,com$y4 ,london1 n4 d4 #afia4        
,new ,!atrical ,diction>y4 ,london1     
#agdb4      ,ni*ols1 ,j4 ,illu/rations (
 ! ,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ! ,eighte5?        
,c5tury4 ,london1 #ahag4      ,ni*ols1  
,j4 ,lit]>y ,anecdotes ( ! ,eighte5?    
,c5tury4 ,london1      #ahae4      ,o/1 
,g4 ,das ,v]hltniss von ,cibb]s         
,lu/spiel ,love ,makes a ,man zu        
,flet*]s ,dram51 ,! ,eld] ,bro!r und ,! 
,cu/om ( ! ,c\ntry4      ,pepys1        
,samuel4 ,di>y4 ,london1 #ahig4         
,philips1 ,ka!r9e4 ,poems4 ,london1     
#affi4      ,pilk+ton1 ,l4 ,memoirs4    
,london1 #agdh4      ,qu91 ,mr4 ,james1 
,com$ian1 ,life (4 ,london1 #agff2      
repr9t1 #ahhg4      ,r[e1 ,n4 ,ph>salia4
 ,london1 #agah4      ,sang]1 ,w4 ,w4   
,hi/ory ( ,pro/itution4 ,new ,york1     
#ahii4      ,s*neid]1 ,w4 ,das          
,v]hltniss von ,colley ,cibb]s ,lu/spiel
 ,!      ,non-,juror zu ,malias         
,t>tuffe4 ,halle1 #aijc4      ,%aksp]e1 
,william4 ,ri*>d ,,iii1 ,v>iorum        

edition1 ed4 by ,h4 ,h4      ,furness1  
,jr4 ,philadelphia1 #aijh4      ,/eele1 
,ri*>d1 & ,john ,d5nis4 ,! ,!atre1 by   
,sir ,ri*>d ,/eele2      to :i* are     
add$1 ! ,anti-,!atre2 ! ,"* ( ,sir ,john
      ,edg>2 ,/eele's ,case ) ! ,"l     
,*amb]la94 ,illu/rat$ )      ,lit]>y &  
,hi/orical ,anecdotes by ,john ,ni*ols4 
,london1 #agia4      ,/one1 ,e4         
,*ronicles ( ,fa%ion4 ,london1 #ahde4   
,/oye1 ,m4 ,das ,v]hltniss von ,cibb]s  
,tragdie ,caes> 9 ,egypt zu             
,flet*]s ,! ,false ,"o4 ,halle1 #ahig4  
,/rickl&1 ,agnes4 ,que5s ( ,engl&4 ,new 
,york1 #ahea4      ,temple ( ,dullness1 
,!1 ) ! ,hum\rs ( ,signor ,capo*io &    
,signora ,dor9na2 ,a ,comic ,op]a 9 ,two
 ,acts4 ,london1 #agde4      ,!atrical  
,correspond5ce 9 ,dea?4 ,an ,epi/le f   
,mrs4 ,oldfield1 9      ! ,%ades1 to    
,mrs4 ,br4 ceg4444dle1 ^u ,e>?4 ,london1
 #agdc4      ,!obald1 ,l4 ,! ,happy     
,captive1 an ,engli% ,op]a1 ) an        
,int]lude1      9 ,two ,comick ,sc5es1  
betwixt ,signor ,capo*io1 a ,director f 

!      ,can>y ,isl&s2 & ,signora        
,dor9na4 ,london1 #agda4      ,?orndike1
 ,a%ley ,h4 ,trag$y4 ,bo/on1 #aijh4     
,to diabeb\l\m5on2 or1 ,! ,proce$+s at !
 ,!atre ,royal 9      ,drury ,lane4     
,london1 #agbb4      ,tnse1 ,l4 ,cibb]s 
,com$y ,! ,refusal 9 ihrem ,v]hltniss zu
 ,molires      les ,femmes savantes4    
,kiel1 #aijj4      ,traill1 ,h4 ,d4     
,social ,engl&4 ,new ,york1 #aijb4      
,vanbrugh1 ,john4 ,works1 ed4 by ,w4 ,c4
 ,w>d4 ,london1 #ahic4      ,victor1 ,b4
 ,hi/ory ( ! ,!atres ( ,london & ,dubl9 
f #agcj to      ! ,pres5t ,"t4 ,london1 
#agfa4      ,wat]h\se1 ,o4 ,!           
,developm5t ( ,s5tim5tal ,com$y 9 !     
,eighte5? ,c5tury1 ,anglia1 ,,xxx4      
,:9cop1 ,t4 ,sc&]beg2 or1 ,love &       
,lib]ty4 ,london1 #agdg4      ,wilkes1  
,t4 ,a ,g5]al ,view ( ! ,/age4 ,london1 
#agei4      ,wilks1 ,rob]t1 ,esq41 ,!   
,life ( t ,em95t ,com$ian4 ,london1     
#agcc4      ,woman ( ,ta/e4 ,london1    
#agcc      ,wood1 ,a4 ,i4 ,p4 ,/age     
,hi/ory ( ,%akespe>e's ,ri*>d ,,iii4    

,new ,york1      #aiji4                 
,,footnotes3    #a ,,ii4 #egc4    #b    
,:9cop1 ,complete ,li/ ( ,all ! ,engli% 
,dramatic ,poets1 p4 #aii4  ,see also ! 
dramatic li/ app5d$ to ! second volume (
 ! f\r?  edition ( ! ,apology1 p4 #bhf4 
#c ,! sub-plot ( ,woman's ,wit 0        
likewise act$ sep>ately aft]  ! orig9al 
play _h fail$ on ! /age4    #d ,repr9t (
 #ahhg1 p4 #bh4    #e ,page #bh4    #f  
,apology1 ,i1 #ahj4    #g ,,iii1 #cbe4  
#h ,! ,adv]tisem5t prefix$ to ,! ,happy 
,captive says3 8,!  int]lude1 :i* is    
add$ 9 two comic sc5es1 is entirely new 
to our  climate2 & ! success ( x is     
submitt$ to exp]im5t1 & !  ta/e ( !     
audi5ce40 ,only ?is portion ( ,! ,happy 
,captive 0  ev] act$4    #i ,!obald di$ 
,septemb] #ah1 #agdd4 ,! ,temple (      
,dullness 0  act$ ,janu>y #ag1 #agde4   
#aj ,= a hi/ory ( ! pa/oral drama 9 !   
eighte5? c5tury &  a summ>y ( its       
qualities1 see ,jeannette ,m>ks1 ,!     
,engli% ,pa/oral  ,drama1 ,london1      
#aijh4    #aa ,?orndike1 ,trag$y1 p4    

#bgc4    #ab ,davies1 ,dramatic         
,miscellanies1 ,,iii1 #dei4    #ac ,!   
,tatl]1 ,numb] #db1 ,july #af1 #agji4   
#ad ,address to ! ,read]1 prefix$ to    
,xim5a4    #ae ,ri*>d ,dohse1 ,colley   
,cibb]'s ,buehn5>beitung von ,%aksp]e's 
,ri*>d ,,iii1 ,bonn1 #ahii4    #af      
,alice ,i4 ,p]ry ,wood1 ,! ,/age ,hi/ory
 ( ,ri*>d ,,iii1 ,new ,york1  #aiji4    
#ag ,! numb] & s\rces ( ! l9es z giv5 by
 ,furness4 ,v>iorum  ,ri*>d ,,iii1 p4   
#fjd1 are z foll[s3 ,ri*>d ,,ii1 #ad2 #a
 ,h5ry ,,iv1  #f2 #b ,h5ry ,,iv1 #bj2   
,h5ry ,v1 #bd2 #a ,h5ry ,,vi1 #e2 #b    
,h5ry ,,vi1 #ag2  #c ,h5ry ,,vi1 #ajc2  
,ri*>d ,,iii1 #gie2 ,cibb]1 #ajfi2      
total1 #bjec4 ,!  numb] ( l9es 9 !      
,globe text ( ,%aksp]e's ,ri*>d ,,iii is
 #cfba4    #ah ,z 8,god0 to 8,heav510   
,i1 ii1 #bcf2 due 9 ?is in/ance to !    
,colli] influ5ce4    #ai ,edition (     
#affe1 pp4 #ajb-aeg4    #bj ,d$ication (
 ,p]olla & ,izadora4    #ba ,g5e/1 ,,ii1
 #ejf4    #bb ,to ! ,read]1 ,xim5a4     
#bc ,see ,canfield1 ,corneille & ,rac9e 

9 ,engl&1 p4 #afi4    #bd ,g5e/1 ,,ii1  
#eaa2 & ,canfield1 op4 cit41 pp4 #agi   
ff4    #be ,,ii1 #ajd4    #bf ,,viii1   
#bjd4                             8,mr4 
,cibb]4      #agja ,nov4  #h ,a ,?ird ( 
,love's ,la/ ,%ift    #c    #d    #f    
#agje ,nov4 #ad ,p]olla & ,izadora      
#cf   #aa    #j    #agjg ,oct4 #bg      
,d\ble ,gallant                 #af     
#b    #f         ,nov4 #bb ,lady's ,la/ 
,/ake              #cb    #e    #j      
,feb4 #bf ,v5us & ,adonis               
#e    #g    #f    #agjh ,oct4  #i       
,comical ,lov]                  #aj     
#ae    #j    #agab ,m>4 #af ,c9na's     
,conspiracy             #ac    #j    #j 
#agah ,oct4  #a ,! ,nonjuror            
#aje    #j    #j                   ,no  
price or date4                          
,mrytillo1 ,a pa/oral1                  
,rival ,fools1                 ,h]oic   
,daught]1                 ,wit at       
,sev]al ,weapons40    #bg ,al?\gh act$  
six times x c\ld n be consid]$ extremely
  successful4 ,accord+ to ,g5e/1 ,,iii1 

#afb1 ,ni*ols speaks ( hav+  made m]ry )
 a p>ty ( fri5ds ov] ! pa/ebo>d swans1  
on !  fir/ night ( its production4      
#bh ,,iii1 #afa4    #bi ,das            
,v]haeltniss von ,cibb]'s ,trago$ie     
,caes> 9 ,egypt zu  ,flet*]'s ,! ,false 
,"o4    #cj ,op4 cit41 p4 #bbc4    #ca  
,cibb] no d\bt us$ ,r[e's translation   
7#agaj74    #cb ,comp>e1 = in/ance1 !   
g5]al idea ( ! exposition ,9 ,act ,i4   
#cc ,lucan ends be=e ?is incid5t1 b ,r[e
 cont9ues ! n>rative1  us+ ! same       
mat]ial z ,! ,false ,"o4    #cd ,g5e/4  
,,iv1 #adf1 says t x _h n be5 act$ s9ce 
#afie1  ?\gh he records ! p]=mances 9   
#agcg & #agch4    #ce ,x is to be not$ t
 ef=ts 7 made to deprive ,cibb] (  cr$it
 = 8 "w n only 9 ?is play b also 9 ,!   
,non-,juror  & ,! ,refusal4    #cf ,!   
,hi/ory ( ! ,!atres ( ,london & ,dubl91 
,,ii1 #di4    #cg ,davies1 ,dramatic    
,miscellanies1 ,i1 #e4 ,= a *>act]i/ic  
example ( ! criticism to :i* ,cibb] 0   
subject$1 see ,field+'s  ,hi/orical     
,regi/] = ! ,ye> #agcf1 ,act ,,iii4     

#ch ,= full discussion ( ! relation%ip  
betwe5 ,cibb]'s ,ri*>d  ,,iii &         
,%aksp]e's ,ri*>d ,,iii1 see ,a4 ,i4 ,p4
 ,wood1 & ,dohse4 ,!  :ole subject (    
,%aksp]ian alt]ations is tak5 up 9      
,l\nsbury's  ,%aksp]e z a ,dramatic     
,arti/1 & 9 ,kilb\rne's ,alt]ations  &  
,adaptations ( ,%aksp]e4 ,x is curi\s t 
,l\nsbury does n  discuss ,cibb]'s      
,ri*>d ,,iii1 :i* is n only ! mo/ fam\s 
,%aksp]ian alt]ation b ! only "o ( any  
real value4    #ci ,! addition ( p>ts f 
#c ,h5ry ,,vi at ! beg9n+ ( !  play4    
#dj ,trag$y1 ,,viii & ,,ix4    #da ,see 
especially ?r\gh\t ,xim5a4    #db       
,accord+ to ,! ,life ( ,aesopus1 ?is 80 
said to be a silly  tale collect$ f "s  
dream+ romance10 b z ! writ] does n     
give ! title ( ?is romance & app>5tly _h
 no k ( !  play1 8 te/imony is ( no     
value4    #dc 8,! furi\s ,john ,d5nis1  
:o hat$ ,cibb] = ob/ruct+1 z  he imag9$1
 ! progress ( 8 trag$y1 call$ ,! ,invad]
 ( ,8  ,c\ntry1 9 v passionate t]ms     
d5ies 8 claim to ?is com$y3  #8,:5 ,!   

,fool 9 ,fa%ion 0 fir/ act$1' says !    
critic1 #8,cibb]  0 h>dly tw5ty-two ye>s
 ( age2 h[ c\ld he1 at ! age ( tw5ty1   
write a com$y ) a j design1 di/+ui%$    
*>act]s1 & a  prop] dialogue :o n[1 at  
=ty1 treats u ) ,hib]nian s5se &        
,hib]nian ,engli%8'0 ,davies1 ,dramatic 
,miscellanies1 ,,iii1 #daj4    #dd      
,jacob1 ,poetical ,regi/]1 p4 #ch1      
sugge/s ,otway's ,d>e ,devil  7t is1 ,! 
,a!i/7 z ! s\rce ( ! play1 b x w\ld take
 a  vivid imag9ation to see !           
connection4    #de ,das ,v]haeltniss von
 ,cibb]'s ,lu/spiel ,love ,makes a ,man 
zu  ,flet*]'s ,dram5 ,! ,eld] ,bro!r und
 ,! ,cu/om ( ,! ,c\ntry1 p4  #hb4    #df
 ,x 0 act$ 9 ,new ,york1 ,janu>y #ae1   
#ahhc1 by ,miss ,ada ,rehan1  "u !      
managem5t ( ,augu/9 ,daly4 ,see ,l[e1   
,apology1 ,,ii1 #bhi4  ,g5e/ records1   
,,vi1 #bc1 t :5 x 0 p]=m$ at ,cov5t     
,g>d5  9 #aggh1 8! applause 0 s /rong 9 
! second act1 t !  p]=m]s 7 oblig$ to   
/op = "s "t40    #dg ,?is translation ( 
?ree ,fr5* novels1 ^: orig9al s\rce  _h 

be5 ,spani%1 0 issu$ aga9 9 #agab z     
,?ree ,+5i\s ,spani%  ,novels4 ,see     
,*&l]1 ,romances ( ,rogu]y1 ,new ,york1 
#ahii1 pp4  #dfb-c4 ,^! novels are      
ultimately bas$ on ,la ,g>duna de       
,sevilla (  ,ca/illo ,solorzano4 ,x is  
also to be notic$ t ! /ory appe>s 9  ,la
 ,villana de ,ballecas by ,tirso de     
,mol9a1 9 ,la ,ocasion hace al  ladron1 
by ,moreto1 & 9 ! /ory ( ,aurora 9 ,le  
,sage's ,gil ,blas4  ,dunlop1 ,hi/ory ( 
,prose ,fiction1 ,,ii1 #dge1 /ates t ,%e
 ,w\ld  & ,%e ,w\ld ,n is tak5 f ,gil   
,blas4 ,gil ,blas 0 publi%$  ?irte5 ye>s
 lat] ?an ,cibb]'s play4    #dh ,wilkes1
 ,g5]al ,view ( ! ,/age1 p4 #dj1 says t 
7 !  play curtail$ ( "o sc5e he 8w\ld n 
fail to pron\nce x n only  ! be/ com$y 9
 ,engli%1 b 9 any o!r language40    #di 
,boswell's ,johnson1 edit$ by ,g4       
,birkbeck ,hill1 ,london1 #ahia2 ,i1    
#bja4    #ej ,preface to ,! ,d\ble      
,gallant4    #ea ,,ii1 #agc4    #eb     
,apology1 ,i1 #bdc4    #ec ,,iii1 #bji4 
,see also ,?omes ,:9cop's ,sc&]beg1     

7#agdg71 p4 #aie4  ,an acc\nt ( ! lives 
& writ+s ( ! ,engli% dramati/s is       
annex$ to ?is play4    #ed ,foll[+ !    
,scotti% rebellion 9 #agae1 ,"l         
,d]w5twat] &  ,"l ,k5mure 7 execut$1    
,febru>y #bd1 #agaf4 ,! k+'s p>don1 :i* 
except$ =ty-sev5 classes ( (f5d]s1      
appe>s 9 ,! ,hi/orical  ,regi/] = #agag1
 ,,ii1 #bdg2 s t ! excitem5t caus$ by ! 
rebellion cont9u$ = "s "t4 ,doran's     
,london 9 ,jacobite ,times  discusses   
?is p]iod 9 a mo/ int]e/+ mann]4    #ee 
,! second title ( ,! ,female            
,virtuosoes4    #ef ,apology1 ,,ii1 #eh4
    #eg ,preface to ,! ,good ,natur$    
,man4    #eh ,see1 = example1 ,/eele &  
,! ,s5tim5tal ,com$y1 by ,m4 ,e4  ,h>e1 
9 ,eighte5? ,c5tury ,lit]ature1 ,an     
,ox=d ,miscellany1 ,ox=d1  #aiji4 ,?is  
speaks ( 8,s5tim5tal ,com$y inv5t$ by ! 
great essayi/  ,sir ,ri*>d ,/eele40     
#ei ,macaulay1 ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 ,*apt] 
,,vii4    #fj ,dur+ ! reign ( ,*>les n e
 "o _h be5 9 entire  sympa?y ) ! /ate ( 
! !atre4 ,evelyn1 9 a lett] to ,visc\nt 

,c>nbury1 ,febru>y #i1 #affd-affe1 9    
speak+ ( ! act+ ( plays  on ,saturday   
ev5+s says3 8,plays are n[ ) u become a 
lic5ti\s  excess1 & a vice1 & ne$ sev]e 
c5sors t %\ld look z well to  _!        
morality z to _! l9es & numb]s40    #fa 
,traill1 ,social ,engl&1 ,,iv4 #eic4    
#fb ,! ,laureat1 p4 #ec4 8,i c rememb]1 
t soon aft] !  publication ( ,colli]'s  
book1 sev]al in=mations 7 br\ght  aga9/ 
! play]s1 at ! in/ance & at ! exp5se ( !
 ,society  = ! ,re=mation ( ,mann]s1 =  
immoral words & expressions1  contra    
bonos mores1 utt]$ on ! /age4 ,sev]al   
in=m]s 7  plac$ 9 ! pit1 & o!r p>ts ( ! 
h\se1 to note d[n ! words  spoke1 & by  
:om1 to be able to swe> to !m & _m ( !m 
w\ld  h be5 ru9$ by ^! tr\blesome       
prosecutions1 _h n ,que5 ,anne1  well   
satisfi$ t ^! in=m]s liv$ ^u _! oa?s1 & 
t  :at !y did1 proce$$ n f consci5ce1 b 
f int]e/1 by a  timely nolle prosequi1  
put an end to ! inquisition40    #fc ,! 
8,joan ,s&]son0 0 a dance 9 :i* ea* "o (
 ! company  takes "p4 ,x began by ! fir/

 danc]'s *oos+ a p>tn]1 :o 9  turn *ose 
ano!r1 ! *a9 cont9u+ until ea* "o _h    
danc$  alone & ) a p>tn]4 ,see ,g4 ,c4  
,m4 ,smi?1 ,fucus ,hi/rioma/ix1         
,introduction1 p4 xviii4    #fd         
,apology1 ,i1 #he4    #fe ,ibid41 ,i1   
#aid-e4    #ff ,dramatic ,miscellanies1 
,,iii1 #dcb4    #fg ,see ,miles1 ,!     
,influ5ce ( ,moli]e on ,re/oration      
,com$y1 #aiaj3  publi%$ aft] ?is pap] 0 
writt54    #fh ,celadon1 9 ,dryd5's     
,m>riage a la ,mode1 ent]s m>riage )  ! 
di/9ct expectation t 8 wife w be untrue 
to him4    #fi ,at ! ,re/oration t5 ( ! 
actors 7 atta*$ to !  h\sehold          
e/abli%m5t z ! k+'s m5ial s]vants1 & t5 
y>ds (  sc>let clo? ) an am\nt ( lace 7 
all[$ !m = liv]ies4  ,?is connection    
la/$ until ,anne's "t4 ,g5e/1 ,,ii1     
#cfb4    #gj ,elizabe? ,woodbridge1     
,/udies 9 ,jonson's ,com$ies1 ,yale     
,/udies 9 ,engli%1 ,,iv4    #ga ,!      
,developm5t ( ,s5tim5tal ,com$y 9 !     
,eighte5? ,c5tury1  ,anglia1 ,,xxx4     
#gb ,! ,!atre1 ,,ii1 #eaa4 ,by ,john    

,d5nis4 ,8 temp] & prejudice  (t5 de/roy
 ! value ( 8 writ+s z imp>tial evid5ce1 
b 9  ?is case he is "r4    #gc ,! ,man (
 ,mode1 ,v1 ii4    #gd ,! ,fun]al1 ,i1  
i4    #ge ,davies1 ,dramatic            
,miscellanies1 ,,iii1 #dab4    #gf      
,ibid41 ,,iii1 #dji4    #gg ,!          
sub/itution ( "o p]son = ano!r 9 !      
m>riage  c]emony1 or a false m>riage1   
are favorite devices ( ,congreve4 ,see1 
= in/ance1 ,! ,old ,ba*elor & ,love =   
,love4    #gh ,! ,eld] ,bro!r & ,!      
,cu/om ( ! ,c\ntry4    #gi ,rutilio's   
soj\rn ) ,sulpita4 ,! ,cu/om ( !        
,c\ntry1 ,,iii1  iii2 ,,iv1 iv4    #hj  
,:i* ,vanbrugh portray$ 9 8 play1 ,!    
,relapse 7#afig74    #ha ,! comic sc5es 
f ,m>riage a la ,mode & ,! ,maid5 ,que54
    #hb ,c5tlivre1 ,love at a ,v5ture2  
,burnaby1 ,! ,ladies ,visit+  ,day1 & ,!
 ,re=m$ ,wife4    #hc ,! ,ladies ,visit+
 ,day4    #hd ,love = ,love1 ,,ii1 xi4  
#he ,to ! ,read]1 ,! ,provok$ ,husb&4   
#hf ,cibb]'s ,lives ( ! ,poets1 ,,iv1   
#abj2 ,wilks1 ,a ,g5]al ,view (  !      

,/age1 p4 #db4    #hg ,r4 ,m4 ,ald51    
,prose 9 ! ,engli% ,drama1 ,mod]n       
,philology1 ,,vii1  #d4    #hh ,preface 
to ,woman's ,wit4    #hi ,d$ication (   
,love's ,la/ ,%ift4    #ij ,d$ication ( 
,love ,makes a ,man4    #ia ,,iii1 #ajj4
            ,,bullet9 ,,( ,,!           
,,univ]sity ,,( ,,kansas    ,,humani/ic 
,,/udies      ,vol4 ,i          ,janu>y 
#a1 #aiad          ,no4 #b              
,,/udies ,,9    ,,b]gson',s ,,philosophy
      ,,by      ,,ar?ur ,,mit*ell1 ,,ph4
 ,d4      ,assi/ant ,pr(essor (         
,philosophy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,kansas    
,,lawr5ce1 ,,janu>y1 #aiad    ,,publi%$ 
,,by ,,! ,,univ]sity          ,,cont5ts 
,,"p ,,"o    ,,b]gson',s ,,philosophic  
,,me?od                                 
,page    ,,*apt] ,i    ,! ,relation (   
,philosophic ,me?od to ! ,def9ition (   
,philosophy                             
#i      ,,*apt] ,,ii    ,b]gson's       
,critique ( ,pure ,reason               
#ag      ,,*apt] ,,iii    ,! ,anci5t    
,prejudice aga9/ ,analysis              

#bf        ,,"p ,,two    ,,b]gson',s    
,,sy/em ,,( ,,doctr9e      ,,*apt] ,i   
,ontology & ,epi/emology                
#cg      ,,*apt] ,,ii    ,m9d & ,matt]1 
,_s & ,body                             
#fd      ,,*apt] ,,iii    ,doctr9e (    
,fre$om                                 
#hb      ,,*apt] ,,iv    ,b]gson's      
,abhorr5ce ( ,det]m9at5ess              
#id      ,,*apt] ,v    ,! ,my/ical      
,ye>n+ ( ,intuitionism                  
#ajb        ,,"p ,,?ree    ,,b]gson',s  
,,g5ius                                 
#ajg          ,,preface      ,9 ! second
 "p ( ?is essay mat]ial f two pap]s     
publi%$  9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1     
,psy*ology & ,sci5tific ,me?ods has  be5
 laid "u contribution1 & also f my      
doctor's !sis4 ,mu* (  ?is mat]ial 0    
writt5 9 #aiji1 s9ce :i* "t a numb] (   
views  :i* "s ( m9e resemble m or less h
 be5 publi%$4 ,x has  n seem$ to me     
necess>y always to note ^! agreem5ts (  
?\ght  arriv$ at indep5d5tly by myself &
 o!rs4    ,i h report$ a "p ( !         

brilliant critique ( ,b]gson's doctr9e  
( fre$om by ,monsieur ,gu/ave ,belot4   
,?is expresses ) elegance  & =ce mu* (  
my own reaction to ! doctr9e4           
,indebt$ness to  ,belot & o!r au?ors is 
ackn[l$g$ ?r\gh\t ! essay4 ,except      
possibly ,pr(essor ,b]gson himself1 !re 
is no "o :o has influ5c$  my ?9k+ s mu* 
z ,pr(essor ,ralph ,b>ton ,p]ry1 my     
tea*] :o  introduc$ me to ,b]gson's     
philosophy4 ,pr(essor ,p]ry's writ+s    
are full ( f9i%$ r5d]+s ( less          
articulate convictions ( my  own2 &1    
?\gh ,i h (t5 ref]r$ to & quot$ f 8 "w  
explicitly1 8 in/ruction & /imulus h _h 
s mu* to d )  ! hi/ory ( my ?9k+ t ,i   
c\ld nev] say j :at ,i owe him1  b only 
t ,i owe him mu*4    ,pr(essor ,b]gson  
has p]mitt$ me to translate f a private 
lett]  "s comm5ts ( 8 on c]ta9 ( my     
criticisms4    ,pr(essor ,edmund ,h4    
,holl&s has giv5 ! fir/ two p>ts a      
c>eful  read+1 9 ! manuscript1 & 8 able 
criticisms & sugge/ions1  ma9ly conc]n+ 
! matt] itself1 h be5 ( great b5efit4   

,i am no less oblig$1 = help 9 improv+ !
 lit]>y =m1 to  ,pr(essor ,s4 ,l4       
,:itcomb1 ^: critical ability has be5   
pati5tly  appli$ to a c>eful revision1  
page by page1 ( ! :ole manuscript4    ,i
 h tri$1 9 ! ?ird "p1 to ju/ify         
explicitly ! great &  unique value :i*  
,i atta* to ,pr(essor ,b]gson's "w1     
antagoni/ic  ?\gh my own convictions are
 to 8 results4 ,&1 besides ?is aim1  x  
has seem$ to me int]e/+ & in/ructive1 9 
view ( ! v  consid]able lit]ature :i*   
has gr[n up ab\t ,b]gson's philosophy1  
to br+ toge!r 9 a comp>ative view !     
judgm5ts ( a numb] (  8 expon5ts4    ,= 
lit]ature by & ab\t ,b]gson1 ! read] is 
ref]r$ to !  exhau/ive bibliography     
prep>$ la/ ye> by ! ,columbia ,univ]sity
  ,press "u ! direction ( ,miss ,isadore
 ,g4 ,mudge1 ! ,ref]5ce  ,libr>ian4 8,! 
bibliography includes #ij books &       
articles by  ,pr(essor ,b]gson 7includ+ 
translations ( 8 works7 & #dag  books & 
articles ab\t him4 ,^! #dag items       
repres5t #aa diff]5t  languages divid$ z

 foll[s3--,fr5* #agj1 ,engli% #aei1     
,g]man #dj1  ,italian #ai1 ,poli% #e1   
,dut* #c1 ,spani% #c1 ,r\manian #b1     
,sw$i% #b1  ,hung>ian #a40 ,?is "w is   
invaluable to ! /ud5t ( ,b]gson4 ,x is  
incomp>ably ! fulle/ ,b]gson            
bibliography extant4                    
,,ar?ur ,,mit*ell4    ,univ]sity (      
,kansas1      ,janu>y1 #aiad4           
,,"p ,,"o    ,,b]gson',s ,,philosophic  
,,me?od          ,,*apt] ,i    ,,!      
,,relation ,,( ,,philosophic ,,me?od    
,,to ,,! ,,def9ition ,,( ,,philosophy   
,"o ( ! problems ( philosophy is !      
nature ( philosophy itself4  ,9         
recogniz+ su* a problem at all1 ,i      
suppose1 ! beg9n+ ( its  solution has   
be5 made4 ,= ! v "q1 :at is ?is or t8   
is condition$ on an incipi5t def9ition (
 ! subject ( x1 a  discrim9at+          
ackn[l$gem5t ( x z some?+ 9 p>ticul>1 &1
  s1 z some?+ already m or less qualifi$
 or def9$4 ,c]ta9ly  !re w\ld be no     
common problem & no diff]5ce ( !ory )\t 
su* initial agreem5t z a po9t ( ref]5ce 

9 disagree+4    ,b ! explicit /atem5t ( 
?is />t+ po9t ( agreem5t  enc\nt]s a    
practical dilemma4 ,on ! "o h&1 any?+ c 
be  def9$ 9 t]ms s g5]al t ! ?+ is b\nd 
to be includ$3  make ! g5us l>ge en\gh &
 x includes any?+4 ,! limit1 9  ?is     
direction1 w\ld be to def9e ! object z a
 case ( be+2 :i*  w\ld be safe1 b h>dly 
a />t t[>d det]m9+ any?+ ab\t  x4 ,on ! 
o!r h&1 ! lea/ advance t[>d n>r[+ !     
mean+  incurs a v rigor\s obligation to 
produce a pr9ciple ( selection  :i* %all
 be a satisfactory logical w>rant =     
n>r[+ x 9 j  ! way select$1 s9ce ?is way
 excludes o!rs ^: claims may be  9 "q4  
,! situation is ?us beset ) ! pitfall ( 
logical  presumption4    ,!re are ?ree q
 di/9ct conceptions ( philosophy1 9 ! =m
  ( ill criticiz$ assumption1 ea* ( :i* 
is tak5 by its adh]5ts  to be           
unque/ionable--z safe z ! concept 8be+40
 ,i w ^w !m  ?us3 7#a7 ,an absolute     
evaluation ( reality2 7#b7 ,a revelation
  ( reality 9 its ess5tial nature2 7#c7 
,a compreh5sion ( !  mean+ ( reality4   

,! fir/ ( ^! conceptions is t ( ,kant & 
,fi*te &  ^? philosoph]s to :om reality 
seems unrelat$ to appreh5d+             
consci\sness1 relat$ only to w4 ,reality
 is nei!r directly nor  indirectly      
p]ceivable4 ,k ( x is possible--if ! t]m
  is prop] at all--only 9 ! broade/ s5se
 ( 8k10 !  s5se equival5t to            
8consci\sness10 )9 :i* w is %>ply       
di/+ui%$ f two m or less receptive or   
cognitive modes1  ?9k+ & feel+4 ,k (    
reality is ?us1 = ?is type (            
philosoph]1 a practical1 p]sonal        
evaluation ( x1 only2 a moral           
disposition or attitude4    ,! second   
conception is ,pr(essor ,b]gson's2 its  
mean+ is a  peculi>ly intimate          
acqua9tance ) reality4 ,x is a          
relation%ip  betwe5 reality &           
consci\sness 9 ! /hetic mode1           
consci\sness  z ! quality-kn[+ faculty1 
v explicitly di/+ui%$ by  ,b]gson1 "u ! 
"n 8intuition10 f ! relation-kn[+ or    
intellectual faculty4    ,! ?ird        
conception1 ! analytic or               

intellectuali/ic1 means  k ab\t reality1
 su* k z may be relatively  indep5d5t ( 
acqua9tance4 ,! second & ?ird           
conceptions are  di/9ct f ea* o!r only 9
 emphasis1 & may be indef9itely         
approximat$ t[>d ea* o!r1 to ! limit (  
mutual id5tity4  ,b1 hi/orically1 !     
philosoph]'s besett+ s9 ( hypo/asis has 
pu%$ ! emphasis1 9 ea* ( ^! two         
conceptions1 to s vici\s  an extreme t  
!y contra/ ) ea* o!r %>ply4 ,pu%$ to    
su* extreme1 ! ?ird conception has be5  
/igmatiz$ by adh]5ts  ( ! second z      
8vici\s0 conceptualism or               
intellectualism4 ,by !  same "r1 !      
intellectuali/ may d5\nce intuitionism z
 equally  8vici\s40    ,to ^! ?ree      
conceptions ( philosophy ?is is common3 
a relation%ip  betwe5 reality &         
consci\sness :i* is apogeal4 ,philosophy
 is  at any rate a supreme exp]i5ce1 a  
mode ( consci\sness :i*  is em95t ov]   
o!r modes4 ,b ?is initial g5]alization  
is too  indet]m9ate to con/itute a      
satisfactory !ory ( ! nature  (         

philosophy2 :]eas 7= ! o!r horn ( !     
dilemma71 !  above attempts at great]   
specificity appe> to invoke no logical  
pr9ciple1 b r to foll[ a deep-ly+       
p]sonal in/9ct1  )\t due critical       
reflection on x2 9 o!r words1 )\t       
logical  ju/ification ( x4 ,!y all beg !
 "q4    ,su* ill criticiz$ assumption   
conc]n+ ! nature ( philosophy  is :at   
det]m9es a philosoph]'s 8me?od0 9       
di/9ction f 8  8doctr9e40 ,! names      
volunt>ism1 intuitionism & rationalism h
  be5 appli$ to philosophies ^: me?od is
 "o or o!r ( !  ?ree outl9$ above4      
,religion1 art & sci5ce are _! models1  
respectively4 ,"u volunt>ism fall !     
romantic & ! pieti/ic  philosophies1    
:]e9 value is all t is real1 & p]sonal  
attitude  t[>ds value is ! only mode (  
consci\sness t illum9ates  reality4     
,intuitionism includes radical          
empiricism1 temporalism &  my/icism4    
,su* philosophies are bas$ on !         
conviction t only  quality is real1 only
 intuition is k4 ,& "u rationalism are  

positivism & absolutism1 9 :i* reality  
is ord] & k is  reason4    ,if art1     
sci5ce & religion correspond to ! anci5t
 triad feel+  7intuition71 ?\ght        
7intellect7 & w1 x w\ld seem ei!r  t    
philosophy mu/ be consci\sness employ$ 9
 "o or m (  ^! modes1 or else t a f\r?  
mode ( consci\sness1 coord9ate  ) ^!1   
mu/ correspond to philosophy4 ,su* a    
mode has n be5  discov]$4 ,philosophy   
mu/ !re=e be "o or two or all ?ree ( !  
above ?+s4 ,c analysis ( t g5]alization 
:i* 0 d]iv$  above f ! m specific       
def9itions produce a logical pr9ciple   
capable ( det]m9+ ! g5u9e philosophic   
me?od among ! ?ree  modes (             
consci\sness1 feel+1 ?\ght & w8 ,yes1   
su* analysis  ( ! supremacy :i* is a    
feature common to all ?ree conceptions  
( philosophy proves unequivocally t     
philosophy mu/ be a function  (         
intellect1 & _c be a function ei!r ( w  
or ( intuition4    ,?is w\ld n be !     
case1 ne$less to say1 if 8supremacy0 7  
"h  a eulogism4 ,eulogi/ically1 ei!r ( !

 ?ree modes ( consci\sness  has equal   
claim to supremacy4 ,t mode (           
consci\sness to :i*  reality is mo/     
int]e/+ is supreme1 9 ! eulogi/ic s5se1 
&  ?is dep5ds on ! philosoph]'s p]sonal 
con/itution4 ,to ! man  ( dom9at+       
intuition1 ! relations & teleology ( ?+s
 may  be incid5tal *>act]s ( !m2 b1 by  
comp>ison ) reality's  qualitative      
aspect1 ^? o!r aspects are relatively   
extr9isic &  accid5tal4 ,9 :atev] s5se x
 may n be true1 9 ! eulogi/ic  s5se x is
 true t su* a man's supreme exp]i5ce is 
intuitional  r ?an intellectual or      
e?ical4 ,b]gson's psy*ological life     
seems  to be ( su* a type4 ,b1 = ! man (
 e?ical1 & = ! man (  intellectual      
prepossession1 supreme exp]i5ce _c be   
intuitional1  9 ?is s5se ( supreme4     
,yet1 if an intuitional b5t be reg>d$   
by anyone z a hopeful qualification =   
effective philosophiz+1  no intuitioni/ 
d5ies to ! man 9 :om reason or w1       
in/ead1  is p>am\nt1 ! possibility1 by  
prop] ef=t1 ( a*iev+ !  g5u9ely         

philosophic--t is to say1               
intuitional--activity4 ,& :5  su* a man 
does1 9 spite ( difficulty1 a*ieve x1 x 
has ! same  supremacy1 z philosophy1 t x
 has = ! intuitioni/1 = :om  x is1 m    
=tunately1 also supremely cong5ial &    
8wor? :ile04  ,x is n ?is latt]         
supremacy1 !re=e1 b ! o!r1 :i*          
di/+ui%es philosophy1 on ! intuitioni/  
conception2 & t  o!r supremacy has a    
mean+ :i* is ?us prov$ to be indep5d5t (
  relation to any con/itutional         
prepossession or aptness4 ,if philosophy
  is intuitional1 ?is is n because      
intuition is any man's mo/  *>act]i/ic  
faculty4    ,& s ( ! two o!r modes (    
consci\sness1 reason & w1 9  :i*1 9     
diff]5t be+s1 accord+ to _! con/itution1
 life  mo/ naturally & be/ f9ds         
realization3 = ea* ( ^! modes  (        
consci\sness1 z = ! intuitional mode1   
!re is "o sort (  exp]i5ce1 call$       
philosophy1 :i* is di/+ui%$ by a c]ta9  
supremacy ( self-same nature1 indep5d5t 
( any di/9ction (  p]sonal con/itution  

among philosoph]s4 ,! volunt>i/1 inde$1 
might claim a peculi>ly eulogi/ic       
supremacy = volitional exp]i5ce  ov] any
 o!r k9d2 = x is e?ically supreme = all1
 :atev]  "o's con/itutional b5t4 ,b its 
e?ical supremacy is no m !  philosophic 
quale ( volitional exp]i5ce1 on !       
volunt>i/ic  conception ( philosophy1   
?an is its o!r eulogi/ic supremacy1 its 
m]e cong5iality1 = ! /rongly volitional 
type ( "*4 ,=1  m5 ( su* "* may be      
conspicu\sly defici5t 9 philosophic     
faculty 9 ! judgm5t ( all1 includ+ !    
volunt>i/ philosoph]4    ,reason1       
f9ally1 comm&s recognition ( supremacy1 
among ! modes (  consci\sness1 9 ano!r  
s5se1 a s5se di/9ct f ! imp]ative  or   
e?ical supremacy ( w4 ,! supremacy (    
reason is its exclusive  reflectiv5ess2 
& reflectiv5ess z ! quale ( reason is  !
 same "* z criticalness2 t is1 x is !   
faculty (  judgm5t4 ,x is important to  
note t ?is critical reflectiv5ess is  a 
diff]5tia ( reason2 x is n a "* (       
intuition nor (  w4 ,! pro( is t        

reflection is ! sub/itution ( a         
relational  = a sub/antive object (     
consci\sness1 & relationality is  no?+  
else ?an rationality4 ,?us1 if feel+1 w 
& rational  ?\ght are conceptually      
di/9ct1 reflectiv5ess is =eign to !     
fir/ two1 & to any?+ cord9ately di/9ct f
 rational ?\ght4  ,:5 consci\sness is   
employ$ ) an emphasis on ! qualities  ( 
its object1 9 di/9ction f aspects (     
value & relation  7:i* also belong to   
any object71 consci\sness is intuitive1 
9  ! intuitioni/ s5se ( ! t]m4 ,9 ent]+ 
a consci\sness1  ! qualities become1    
ipso facto1 cont5t ( t consci\sness1    
tak+ _! place 9 ?is sett+ "u ! "n       
8s5sations10 or  8s5se data40 ,x is !   
act ( reflection :i* 8sets0 ! m9d's     
data 9 contexts2 :i* is aw>e ( contexts1
 t is1 & ( !  sett+ ( data 9 !m4 ,x is !
 reflective act :i* names its data      
accord+ly1 z 8quality0 or 8s5sation01 & 
is consci\s ( !m z  elem5ts ( _!        
relational sett+4 ,consci\sness is      
volitional :5  its focus is a value4 ,9 

! context ( ! subject's consci\sness1  !
 value becomes a purpose4 ,?us value z  
sub/antive object (  consci\sness1 aga91
 is object ( w j z ! sub/antive quality 
0 object ( intuition2 :ile value z      
elem5t 9 ! relational  complex 9 :i* x  
is kn[n z 8purpose10 is object (        
reflection4  ,reason1 !n1--t is to say1 
m9d active 9 ! relation-kn[+  way--is ! 
mode ( consci\sness 9 virtue ( :i* m9d  
is  reflective1 critical1 judgm5t-=m+2 &
 x is a confusion among  def9itions (   
intuition1 w & reason1 to attribute     
reflectiv5ess  to intuition or to w1 z  
su*4 ,! peculi> supremacy ( reason  :i* 
inh]es 9 reason's reflectiv5ess is due  
to ! inclusion (  consci\sness itself 9 
! cont5t ( relational consci\sness & (  
no o!r mode ( consci\sness4             
,intuitioni/s & volunt>i/s1 ! same z    
intellectuali/s1 d1  z a fact1 always   
*>act]ize t supremacy :i* di/+ui%es     
philosophy1 9 no o!r way ?an ! critical 
way4 ,!re is no diss5t1  9 intuitioni/  
or volunt>i/ s*ools ( philosophic me?od1

 f ?is  residual core ( mean+ 9 !       
conception ( philosophy3 by univ]sal    
cons5t philosophy is consci\sness 79    
:atev] mode7 sitt+ 9  judgm5t on its own
 f9d+s2 philosophy is critical          
reflection4  ,& !re9 is an ultimat5ess &
 absolut5ess--9 a ^w1 a  supremacy--:i* 
belongs to philosophy1 on any view (    
philosophy1  & to no o!r type ( m5tal   
activity4 ,b 9 rationalism1 or          
intellectualism1 alone1 x is recogniz$ t
 reflection1 z su*1 is  ess5tially &    
di/9ctively rational4    ,x is1 !n1 !   
cont5tion ( ?is essay t ! supremacy     
peculi> to philosophy--:i*1 by common   
cons5t ( volunt>ism  & intuitionism1 is 
no eulogi/ic nor ev5 e?ical supremacy1 b
  critical--decides absolutely1 among ! 
?ree modes ( consci\sness1  aga9/ w &   
intuition 9 favor ( intellect1 z ! organ
 (  philosophy1 ( intellectualism z !   
sole g5u9ely philosophic  me?od4 ,kant  
call$ 8 volunt>ism ! 8,critical         
,philosophy10 to  di/+ui% x1 z g5u9e    
philosophy1 f :at w\ld be b fail$       

7because x 0 n critical7 to be          
philosophy4 ,critical 8 philosophy  is2 
b because x is critical1 x contradicts  
its own volunt>ism--!  ass]tion t       
reality is kn[able only 9 ob$i5ce ( w1 &
 n  9 judgm5t4 ,a contradiction2 = ?is  
7! gi/ ( 8 volunt>ism7  is a judgm5t ^: 
subject is reality4 ,! inevitable       
fundam5tal  intellectuality ( n\m5al k  
is conceal$1 = ,kant1 "u  ! phrase      
8po/ulate ( w40 ,a po/ulate1 s f> z x is
 g5u9e  k1 has inde$ ! "* ( necessity1 b
 its necessity is  simply ! fact (      
logical implication4    ,) ! intuitioni/
 v>iety1 & p>ticul>ly ! ,b]gsonian      
v>iety  ( anti-intellectualism1 ?is     
essay is l>gely to be conc]n$4 ,at  ?is 
po9t ,i m]ely note ! inevitable         
contradiction 9 ,b]gson's  intuitionism1
 z 9 ,kant's volunt>ism4 ,intuition1    
,b]gson expla9s1  is 8in/9ct t has      
become dis9t]e/$1 self-consci\s1 capable
 (  reflect+ ^u its object & ( enl>g+ x 
indef9itely40#ib  ,n[1 consci\sness     
reflect+ ^u its own data is criticism1  

pr$ication1 classification1             
judgm5t--:atev] x is1 x is !  objectify+
 ( ! data ( consci\sness1 a ?+ :i* x is 
ess5tial to in/9ct or intuition1 on     
,b]gson's own conception (  !m1 nev] to 
d1 & :i*1 precisely1 on 8 conception1 is
 !  di/+ui%+ function ( intellect4      
8,in/9ct is sympa?y10 says  ,b]gson1 9 !
 same passage2 & ! s5se 9 :i* in/9ct is 
sympa?y is lucidly & emphatically       
expla9$ z j ?is1 t  !re is no di/9ction 
( subject & object1 9 in/9ct2 !y  are   
id5tical4 ,:]eas1 intellig5ce or        
intellect is explicitly  di/+ui%$ by him
 f in/9ct prim>ily 9 ! disjunction (    
subject & object4 ,x is m]ely to turn 8 
back on 8 own use (  ^! t]ms to describe
 philosophy z in/9ct ext5d+ its object  
& reflect+ ^u itself4           99      
99       99       99       99    ,t !   
case ( philosophical                    
anti-intellectualism is a hopeless      
p>adox1 :e!r 9 volunt>ism or 9          
intuitionism1 ea* ( ^!  me?ods itself   
be/ proves by its own inevitable        

intellectualism4  ,! t]ms volunt>ism1   
intuitionism1 & rationalism express no  
real  di/9ction ( psy*ological mode1 9  
philosophiz+1 s9ce !  psy*ology ( e     
philosophy is necess>ily *>act]iz$ by t 
critical reflectiv5ess :i* con/itutes   
philosophy a function (  intellect4     
,philosophy is always int]pretation1 a  
function ali5 to  :at anybody ev] meant 
ei!r by w or by intuition2 a function   
^: ess5tial di/9ctness f bo? ^?         
functions is atte/$  univ]sally 9 su*   
synonyms ( 8int]pretation0 z judgm5t1   
conception1 und]/&+1 reason4    ,!re    
are1 x is true1 volunt>i/ic &           
intuitioni/ic1 philosophies  ( ! highe/ 
importance4 ,& ! int5tion ( _! au?ors is
 to  di/+ui% _! me?od f ! rationali/ic  
me?od4 ,are !y  =$oom$ to futility on   
?is acc\nt8 ,s f> z ?is int5tion  is    
realiz$--yes1 unque/ionably4 ,no        
philosophy t 7 itself a  function ei!r (
 w or ( intuition is conceivable1 s9ce x
 w\ld  !n lack ! ess5ce ( philosophy1   
:i* is critical primacy4 ,t             

philosophies designat$ by ^!            
me?odological t]ms may be invaluable    
products1 x is necess>y only t ^! t]ms  
apply 9 fact n to  ! psy*ological me?od 
( ! philosophy b to its psy*ological    
/>t+-po9t4 ,!y express a con/itutional  
bias 9 ! philosoph]1  :o1 aft] all1 is  
human4 ,to "s ! qualities ( ?+s2 to     
o!rs1  value2 &1 f9ally1 to o!r "s1 !   
ord] ( reality is !  8ess5ce0 ( reality4
 ,su* ess5tialness is eulogism1 ( c\rse4
 ,= x  is an irr$ucible psy*ological    
fact t !re are religi\s1 /hetic  &      
sci5tific types ( m9d4 ,ea* to 8 bias2  
ea* to 8 ta/e4 ,!  apogee ( liv+ is     
religion to ! fir/1 art to ! second1    
sci5ce  to ! ?ird4 ,h5ce ! illusion t   
philosophy1 :i* mu/ ne$s be  exp]i5ce   
supremely critical1 is exp]i5ce         
eulogi/ically supreme4  ,is n ?is       
illusion *>geable to failure to see 9 ^!
 ?ree modes  ( consci\sness ?ree        
emphases or biases ( liv+8 ,to ! /hete1 
c]ta9ly1 quality mu/ be reale/ ess5ce4  
,b x _c be s to !  zealot2 =1 to him1 t 

is value3 nor to ! intellectuali/2 to   
him  x is ord]4    ,if /hete & zealot w 
philosophize1 !y are at ?is disadvantage
  ) ! wise man1 t _! philosophy c d no  
m1 9 express+  ! nature ( ?is 8reale/   
ess5ce0 ( reality1 ?an ! wise man's     
rationalism may d--disc\rse ab\t x1     
int]pret x4 ,philosophy inde$  nev] c1 &
 nev] %\ld aspire to ent] into ! inn]   
nature (  reality 9 any su* s5se z !    
imm$iatism ( ,b]gson & ,james  summons x
 to d4 ,!re is art & !re is religion =  
t4 ,x is  n cle> h[ ! qualitative or h[ 
! teleological aspect ( reality  is m   
int]nal to x ?an its relational aspect2 
b1 at any rate1  philosophy has its own 
int]e/1 & t is di/9ct f ^? ( art  &     
religion4 ,:]e=e ! own prop] int]e/ (   
art or ( religion  is n s]v$ 9 _!       
philosophy2 9 _! philosophy !y d5y      
!mselves4 ,! ef=ts ( su* philosophies to
 wre/ f reality1 9  a non-intellectual  
way1 its secret1 mu/ be r sup]human4    
,?is  *>act]ization is h>dly a burlesque
 ( ,b]gson's own obs]vations  on 8      

me?od1 = x is little less ?an !         
repudiation ( our  natural con/itution1 
to :i* he exhorts u4#ic ,b1 z ) ,kant1  
s ) ,b]gson1 prodigies ( subtlety fail  
to produce a revelation  ( tru? t is s  
subtle z to be in>ticulate because      
imm$iate1  or t does n l5d itself to    
discussion & int]pretation4 ,or1  if ?is
 is n to be look$ = 9 a philosophy :i*  
is #8a me?od  r ?an a doctr9e1' nei!r is
 !re any sugge/ion h[ su*  revelation   
may be socializ$1 r5d]$ human2 or ev51 9
 fact1 h[  x c assume mean+1 mean+ to ! 
philosoph] himself 7:i* is  surely      
indisp5sable to tru?71 )\t becom+       
pr$ication--ass]tion  & d5ial2--t is to 
say1 )\t becom+ judgm5t4 ,if humans     
make sup]human ef=t1 x %\ld n be        
surpris+ if ! result is                 
self-contradiction4          ,,*apt]    
,,ii    ,,b]gson',s ,,critique ,,(      
,,pure ,,reason      ,:at1 !n1 is call$ 
philosophic 8me?od0 & is di/+ui%$  !reby
 f 8doctr9e10 is really1 9 fact1 always 
! c>d9al  pr9ciple ( ! cont5t ( !       

philosophy 9 "q1 its  fundam5tal        
doctr9e4 ,if ?is doctr9e is acceptable  
to reason1  if x is reasonable1 logical 
pr9ciples mu/ det]m9e x4 ,no            
anti-intellectuali/ philosophy          
legitimately evades ! rules ( !  game ( 
dialectic by ! repres5tation t x is a   
#8me?od r  ?an a doctr9e4' ,= ?is is !  
game t anyone plays :o und]takes  to %[1
 by reasonable disc\rse1 :y reality & k 
con=m  to a c]ta9 def9ition1 or 7! same 
m5tal proc$ure7 :y !y d  n con=m to o!r 
def9itions4 ,s9ce dialectic is j        
significant  disc\rse ) a mean+ to be   
judg$1 x may v>y 9 =m betwe5  any degree
 ( syllogi/ic baldness1 at "o extreme1 &
 ( sugge/ive  subtlety at ! o!r4 ,x is  
dialectic if x is con/itut$ (  /atem5ts1
 explicit or impli$1 :i* relate to ea*  
o!r4    ,!re is1 !re=e1 ,i say1 a       
mislead+ irrelevance 9 !  *>act]ization 
:i* ,b]gson himself has set ! fa%ion (  
attribut+ to 8 philosophy1 !            
*>act]ization ( x z r a  me?od ?an a    
sy/em ( doctr9e4 ,a me?od implies a     

sy/em1 t is to  say an ord]$ conviction 
ab\t ! nature ( reality & k4  ,su* a    
sy/em is ess5tial to any mean+ 9        
,b]gson's me?od4           99       99  
99       99       99    ,intellectualism
 9 philosophy implies ! conviction t !  
p>ts (  reality are connect$ toge!r 9   
?9kable ways2 t a compreh5sive  und]/&+ 
( ?+s z a connect$ sy/em or unity is    
!re=e  !oretically possible2 if actually
 impossible1 ?is is m]ely because  ( !  
endlessness ( relation%ips & !          
limit$ness ( any actual  ?9k]'s "t &    
/r5g?4 ,b 9 fact ev5 human f9itude is no
  ob/acle to a compreh5sion ( !         
pr9ciples ( reality4 ,detail is         
immat]ial to ! unity ( su* a view4      
,"o ( ! say+s attribut$ to ,pr(essor    
,james is t !re  is "o ?+ y c always    
pron\nce ) assurance1 ^u any            
philosophical sy/em1 9 advance ( he>+ a 
^w ( x1 & t is  t x is false4 ,?is      
sugge/s at any rate1 v well1 ! mean+  ( 
philosophical anti-intellectualism1 :i* 
implies ! conviction  contradictory to  

intellectualism1 to wit t ! p>ts (      
reality are  n connect$ 9 ?9kable ways4 
,! connect$ness ( ! intellectuali/'s    
univ]se may h any  degree ( significance
 or casualness4 ,a m]e 8&0 may express  
mu*  ( x4#id ,intellectualism may be z  
plurali/ic 9 ?is s5se z y  l1 or z      
moni/ic4 ,b if ?+s are a univ]se 9 any  
su* s5se  t !y are compreh5sible 9      
intellect's discursive way1 :i*         
anti-intellectualism d5ies--on su* a    
hypo!sis anti-intellectualism  &        
intellectualism h commonly agre$ t "s   
pr9ciple is  embodi$ 9 ?is total        
compreh5sibl5ess1 a supreme induction1  
:i* w\ld con/itute ! f9al int]pretation 
( any fact4 ,l  a ma/]-key1 x w\ld op5  
all ! *amb]s ( ! _m-mansion$  univ]se4  
,e philosoph]1 z a fact1 has "s         
controll+ ?\ght  :i* has ! value1 = him1
 ( su* a supreme pr9ciple4 ,b always1  x
 seems1 !re are doors :i* ! ma/]-key w n
 unlock4 ,x is  ! conviction (          
intellectualism t ?is is because ! mak] 
(  ! key has miss$ !m1 & s left !m out (

 acc\nt 9 fa%ion+  x2 :ile              
anti-intellectualism believes x is an   
illusion to see !  situation z a case ( 
locks to be turn$ by a key1 at all4     
,entrance  into possession ( reality is 
o!rwise condition$1 altoge!r2 !         
proc$ure1 9 consequ5ce1 is radically    
diff]5t f ?is4 ,b x  is1 ,i ?9k1 a true 
hi/orical g5]alization t ! success )    
:i* a philosoph]1 ( :atev] me?od1 avoids
 a supreme pr9ciple  ( int]pretation1   
corresponds exactly ) ! success ) :i*   
he avoids be+ a philosoph] at all4 ,i   
suppose ,om> ,khayyam &  ,ari/ippus !   
,cyr5aic are two ( ! lea/ unify+        
philosoph]s  ( hi/ory2 yet _!           
philosophy1 l t ( any absoluti/1 c be   
resum$ 9 a s+le idea4 ,om> has utt]$ x 9
 "o ( 8 own fam\s  s5t5ces3 8,oh take ! 
ca%1 & let ! cr$it g60    ,aside f !    
pres5ce1 9 ea*1 ( a g5]ative pr9ciple1  
!re  is little en\gh 9 common betwe5 !  
anti-intellectualism ( ,om>  & t ( ,h5ri
 ,b]gson4 ,if critics h be5 able to f9d 
se$s (  skepticism & ( pessimism 9      

,b]gson1#ie ^! *>act]s are at any  rate 
=eign to any int5tion visible 9 its     
au?or4 ,no m positive  philosophy1 9 its
 int5tion1 0 ev] compos$4 ,! positiv5ess
 (  its "n1 intuitionism1 is altoge!r   
prop]4 ,its significance1 to be  sure1  
is %>ply def9$ by its negative relation 
to intellectualism1  & !re=e ,i /at$ x  
negatively above z ! !sis t ! p>ts  (   
reality are n connect$ 9 a ?9kable way4 
,b ! intuitioni/  w\ld readily admit3 if
 n 9 a ?9kable way1 !n 9 no way1        
evid5tly4 ,&1 aga91 if n connect$ at    
all1 no m are ! p>ts  ( reality         
disconnect$1 s9ce any disconnection     
betwe5 ?+s is  only _! p>ticul> mode (  
connection4 ,! fact is1 reality has no  
p>ts1 & t is j :y intellect1 :i* sees   
p>ts 9 ev]y?+1  is ali5 & bl9d to ! true
 nature ( reality4 ,/ill "o may object  
t intellect is itself a fact4 ,:at      
possible mean+ c !re be 9  say+ t any   
fact is ali5 to reality8 ,z ,b]gson     
himself has said1  we swim 9 reality1 & 
_c possibly get cle> ( x4 ,we _c  talk1 

we _c ?9k1 we _c act ab\t no?+4    ,!   
answ] to ?is objection is ! ma/]        
pr9ciple ( ,b]gson's  metaphysics3      
reality is life4 ,k is 8sympa!tic0 liv+4
 ,if  intellect is real1 s is e         
ab/raction1 e4 g41 ! inside ( y\r  hat4 
,! inside & ! hat itself are at any rate
 real 9 s5ses s  importantly diff]5t t  
8real0 & 8unreal0 h>dly exagg]ate !     
contra/4 ,intellect1 says ,b]gson1 is ! 
cross-section+ ( reality4  ,!re is no   
?ickness1 no concret5ess 9 x4 ,x exi/s z
 mu* 9  in]t matt] z 9 consci\sness2 9  
fact1 x exi/s 9 nei!r except  9 ! s5se 9
 :i* a surface c be said to exi/ 9 a    
solid body4  ,:at is ! surface 9 itself8
 ,:y1 no?+2 x is an ab/ract aspect  ( ! 
body4 ,! body is real1 b its aspects are
 n real1 because  !y d n con/itute !    
body--no multiplication or addition ( !m
  does s4 ,no millions ( surfaces make  
any ?ickness4 ,9 ?is s5se !  surface is 
o!r ?an & ali5 to ! real nature ( !     
body4 ,& s  o!r manife/ations (         
intellect--space1 juxtaposition1        

ext5sion1  numb]1 "p out ( "p--h no     
exi/5ce1 z ! surface has none4    ,z    
facts1 nev]!less1 :at are !y8 ,h[ are !y
 facts8 ,:at is  _! raison d' tre8 ,_!  
raison d' tre is a faculty life has1  ! 
faculty ( action4 ,!y are ! ways 9 :i*  
life acts4 ,!y are  n concrete entities4
 ,9 ?is1 !y are ali5 to ! concret5ess ( 
reality4 ,try to recon/ruct reality out 
( su* ab/ractions1 & !  result is a     
con/ruction l t ( geometrical           
imag9ation4 ,y h  con/ruct$ an ab/ract  
symbol ( ! reality1 :i* symbol ! m9d1   
preoccupi$ ) its practical bias1 c      
mi/ake = ! reality only  because x is s 
preoccupi$4    ,:5 we physically take   
ap>t & put toge!r1 our manual activity  
has ! same unreality ( ab/ractness z t (
 our intellectual  analyses & syn!ses4  
,x is ! latt] outw>dly express$1        
intellect  ext]naliz$4 ,:]ev] we f9d    
life1 we are exp]i5c+ reality4 ,b  :5   
?is occurs1 we are nev] analyz+ nor     
syn!siz+4 ,! m "o  dive/s himself (     
practical bias1 & reg>ds 8 object n z an

  object = ! realization ( any possible 
activity ( 8 own1 b z  x is 9 itself--9 
proportion1 t is1 z "o gets its "* z  a 
case ( life--^? unreal1 spatial aspects 
( x yield to an aspect  :i* has no?+ 9  
common ) !m4 ,! p>ts ( an anatomical    
model1 a papi] ma* manik91 y may sep>ate
 & put toge!r  aga94 ,an organism1 z    
su*1 a manife/ation ( life1 c\ld n be   
dissect$ & recompos$ 9 its liv+ reality4
 ,:at is x t makes  an organism alive1 a
 true reality8 ,?is1 t e s-call$ "p has 
a function :i* is s ess5tial to ! true  
function ( ! :ole t  "o is pres5t or    
abs5t ) ! o!r4 ,!y co9cide4 ,h[1 !n1    
c\ld y possibly dissect out a "p ( an   
organism8 ,once recognize1  :at is      
unque/ionable1 t any function ( x       
co9cides 9 ?is  way ) ! function ( !    
:ole1 & y\r analyz+ op]ation is  prev5t$
 absolutely4 ,obey ! rule t ev]y?+ :i*  
contributes  at all to ! function ( ! "p
 %all be tak51 & ev]y?+ else  left1 & y 
are 9 ,%ylock's position aft] ,portia's 
judgm5t3 if y  want ! fle% y w h to take

 blood ) x2 b y are n  entitl$ to !     
blood4 ,x is ev5 m hopeless ?an t4 ,x is
 n a  matt] ( skill ) y\r h&4 ,y _c make
 ! analysis m5tally1  intellectually4 ,x
 is n a matt] ( impair+ or de/roy+ !    
function1 ( injur+ or kill+ ! organism4 
,y _c beg9 !  op]ation1 n ev5 on !      
corpse4 ,! fir/ incision sep>ates cells 
^: functions 7 insep>ably "o1 = !re is  
no cell 9 ! body  t is n 9 organic union
 ) e o!r cell4    ,if !re is no?+ ( !   
nature ( mosaic composition 9 ! liv+    
/ructure1 ?is fact is "o ) ! fact t !re 
is no?+  me*anical 9 its function+4 ,x  
is n actuat$ f )\t1 z  e ma*9e is       
actuat$ :i* is n alive2 nor is its      
function+1  l t ( su* ma*9es1 an        
assemblage ( functions pr$et]m9$  s f> z
 ! ma*9e itself is conc]n$--pr$et]m9$1 t
 is to  say1 except = int]v5tion f )\t2 
unalt]able1 z un/>table1  )\t ext]nal   
cause4 ,! "* ( liv+ function is sugge/$ 
by ! ^w 8focalization40 ,!re is a       
p]fectly indivisible conc]t  ( function 
?r\gh\t ! organism1 9 e "o ( its inf9ite

  v>ieties ( activity4 ,:5 ! eng9e]     
rev]ses 8 eng9e1 or  o!rwise alt]s its  
mode ( op]ation1 :at he really does is  
to  alt] ! /ructure ( ! ma*9]y4 ,!      
ma*9]y has be5 specially  con/ruct$ ) a 
view to unmak+ & remak+ its nature m or 
less quickly & conv5i5tly2 t is1 its    
p>ts c be displac$  & replac$ ) ref]5ce 
to ea* o!r4 ,"s p>ts are 8?r[n out  (   
ge>0 & %ift$ back4 ,& !n ev]y?+ returns 
to its =m]  /ate4 ,n s 9 life4 ,!       
function+ ( an organism nev] rema9s  q !
 same 9 two consecutive in/ants4 ,!re is
 an incessantly  mov+ emphasis or focus 
9 x4 ,n[ "o ( its pot5tialities (       
function is prim>y or focal1 n[ ano!r4  
,b none c ev] cease  & !n be resum$4 ,9 
?is case1 to cease is n to be ?r[n out  
( ge>1 b to die1 to p]i%1 to be         
annihilat$4 ,9 e phase (  ! life        
activity ( ! organism1 all its functions
 are op]ative1  subsidi>y & subs]vi5t 9 
v>y+ degrees to t "o :i* =  ! mom5t is !
 focus ( all4 ,?us ! organic or vital   
focus1 9  its physiological aspect (    

activity & 9 its psy*ological aspect  ( 
att5tion1 is nev] at re/4 ,! modulation 
is n l ! sudd5  trans=mations 9 a       
kaleidoscope4 ,! evolutions d n take    
place  9 ! mann] sugge/$ by ! phrase    
8,pre/o1 *ange60 ,modulation  is ! ^w t 
describes ! process4 ,or1 z ,b]gson     
phrases x1  ! *ange is cont9u\s1        
incessant1 an int]p5etrat+ fl[ (        
processes1 9 :i* analysis c make no     
beg9n+ & no sep>ation2  9 :i* analysis1 
9 fact1 is absolutely impot5t4 ,if ! eye
 is  t :i* sees1 ! e> t :i* he>s1 & s   
on1 x is really  ! organism entire1 & no
 special1 locally diff]5tiat$ "p (  x t 
is ! organ4 ,^? s-call$ p>ts :i*1 ) our 
false  intellectualism1 we "n ! eye or  
o!r organ1 are1 9 _!  reality1 focal    
aspects ( ! entire organism1 ! organism 
se5 )  a c]ta9 re/riction or limitation 
( int]e/4    ,b1 n[1 h[ c "o make any   
disc\rse ab\t1 say1 an animal           
organism--inde$1 h[ c ?is become an     
object ( p]ception at  all--)\t its l5d+
 itself to t sort ( division into real  

p>ts :i* ,b]gson says is an intellectual
 falsification ( its  true nature1 &    
!re=e n true k ( ! ?+8 ,:5 ,i  look at a
 liv+ body1 d ,i n see x occupy+ space8 
,is x n1  !n1 measurable8 ,is n "o su*  
body l>g] ?an ano!r8 ,suppose  cutt+ out
 p>ts ( a body does alt] or kill !      
organism3 !y c1  nev]less1 be cut out1 &
 are !re=e p>ts8 ,if1 aft]1 & because   
(1 be+ cut out1 !y are !n n p>ts ( !    
organism f :i*  !y 7 cut1 /ill1 !y are  
con/itu5ts ( its volume4 ,surely1 our   
ord9>y spee* ab\t ?is "p & t "p ( our   
bodies1 is n all  false8    ,b]gson's   
answ] is uncompromis+3 our ord9>y       
p]ception & spee*  does falsify ! nature
 ( reality1 b 79 spite ( ! app>5t       
p>adox7 does n mislead4 ,= our ord9>y   
p]ception & spee*  h no?+ to d ) kn[+4  
,p]ception is a diff]5t function  (     
life--x is action4 ,our p]cepts are !   
ways 9 :i* reality  c factor 9 our      
activities4 ,^? dissect$ organs1 y say1 
are  at lea/ s mu* ( ! entire volume ( !
 organism3 b ! words  are no soon] spok5

 ?an _! fals5ess %[s itself4 ,if !      
organism ev] _h volume1 x c]ta9ly has n1
 n[--nei!r volume  nor any?+ else4 ,!   
fact is1 ! only mean+ !re is 9 its ev]  
possess+ volume :ile x /ill exi/s1 is j 
t y might ent]  into activity ) x 9 su* 
& su* ways--z t1 = in/ance1  ( hack+ x  
up4 ,p]ception1 our 8virtual0 or        
pot5tial activity on  reality1 is an    
ab/ract aspect ( x2 :at x is 9 itself is
 ano!r  matt]1 & ! only k ( ?is is t    
sympa!tic union )  x 9 :i* space & p>ts 
disappe> 9 an 8int]p5etrat+ fl[0  n (   
?+s nor ( p>ts1 b ( process1 ( ceaseless
 *ange4 ,n[1  quality is j ! fact (     
*ange1 z anyone may te/ = himself by    
introspection4 ,reality z x is 9 itself1
 !re=e1 ! true nature  ( reality1 is    
quality4 ,relations are ext]nal views or
 aspects1 no  multiplication ( :i* makes
 any />t at con/itut+ a concrete        
reality4    ,!re is "o m reflection on  
,b]gson's acc\nt ( intellect1 :i*1  l ^?
 made above1 he anticipates & tries to  
meet1 s f> z x  seems an objection to   

d5y+ cognitive validity to intellect4 ,!
  attempt at ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 is n v    
conv9c+4 ,! po9t ,i  mean is ?is3 ,!    
ways 9 :i* reality c factor 9 my        
activities  are by t w>rant true *>act]s
 ( reality4 ,"o may *e]fully  add3 ev5 z
 ! inside ( my hat is1 aft] all1 a true 
"* (  my hat4 ,=1 if reality 7 diff]5t1 
x c\ld n factor s 9  my activity--9 o!r 
words1 :i* w\ld also be ! words ( pla9  
common s5se1 ,i %\ld p]ceive x          
diff]5tly1 on ,b]gson's own  conception 
( :at x means to p]ceive4 ,! situation  
is ?is3 ,reality  does1 inde$1 possess  
^? int]e/+ aspects ( *ang+ process  &   
undivid$ness :i* ,b]gson is s preoccupi$
 ) & :i* he  has br\ght to light )      
exquisite skill4 ,?is is "o ( two       
equally  important tru?s ab\t reality4  
,! o!r ,b]gson is simply bl9d  to1 & t  
is t reality also possesses an aspect ( 
p]man5ce  & divisibility4 ,does ?is seem
 a contradiction8 ,x is no m a          
contradiction ?an t a curve is bo?      
convex & concave4 ,x is n  only n a     

contradiction3 ea* ( ^! antipodally     
opposite aspects  ( reality is          
absolutely indisp5sable to ! v          
conception (  ! o!r1 j z concavity is   
indisp5sable to ! conception (          
convexity1 ea/ to ! conception ( we/1 "r
 to ! conception  ( left-- & vice v]sa4 
,?is po9t is resum$ bel[ 7pp4 #gg-i1    
#if74 ,! object 9 view at pres5t is to  
see h[ ! philosoph]'s  me?od is really 8
 prim>y doctr9e1 9 :i* object ,i am n 9 
controv]sy ) anyone1 s f> z ,i "k2 b    
also to see h[ an  anti-intellectuali/  
me?od dep5ds ^u a purely arbitr>y1 or r 
con/itutional1 psy*ological             
prepossession = a c]ta9 emphasis (      
liv+4    ,i said t ,b]gson is entirely  
awake to ! aptness ( ! objection  j     
rais$ to 8 acc\nt ( intellect4 ,9 a     
s5se1 9 c]ta9  passages1 he ev5 seems to
 grant ! tru? ( ! cont5tion4 ,action1   
he ackn[l$ges1 = in/ance1#if c be       
involv$ only ) reality2  & consequ5tly !
 =ms ( p]ception & ! categories (       
intellect 7:i* are ^? =ms r5d]$         

elaborately precise7 8t\*  some?+ ( !   
absolute40 ,s\nd tru?1 assur$ly6 ,!     
fitness (  reality to ent] z object into
 ^? active relation%ips :i* are  !      
p]ceptive & intellectual categories     
makes ! categories z  g5u9ely own to !  
true1 ess5tial nature ( objective       
reality z  to ! nature ( subjective     
intellig5ce4 ,t ! categorization (      
reality dep5ds on ! real object's be+ 9 
relation to some?+  else ?an itself is  
no?+ peculi> to ?is 7! categorical7  "* 
( reality4 ,! same condition is common  
to e "*  ( reality4 ,! qualitative      
aspect ( reality1 :i* ,b]gson usually   
reg>ds z ! nature ( reality 89 itself10 
dep5ds no less ?an its  relational or   
categorical aspect on ! relat$ness ( !  
object4 ,=  ! qualities ( ?+s are no?+ b
 ! diff]5ces !y make--to  consci\sness  
or to o!r ?+s4 ,reality n 9 relation is 
simply  a phrase )\t a ve/ige ( mean+4  
,reality 89 itself0 9 su*  a s5se is    
m]ely nons5se4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 z if
 ,b]gson  %\ld acc\nt ! intellectual    

mode ( consci\sness1 :i* does  inde$    
8t\* some?+ ( ! absolute10 z k (        
precisely !  same metaphysical /atus z a
 mode :i* t\*es any?+ else ( !          
absolute4 ,x is "o ?+ = a mode (        
consci\sness to be uncong5ial  or       
un9t]e/+ to y or me2 x is ano!r = x to  
be invalid4  ,! uncong5iality ( a mode (
 consci\sness dep5ds on p]sonal         
idiosyncrasy2 ! invalidity ( a mode (   
consci\sness dep5ds on !  logical nature
 ( be+4    ,z a fact1 h[ev]1 p]haps     
because ?is pref]5ce betwe5 two aspects 
( ! nature ( reality dep5ds s obvi\sly  
on p]sonal bias in/ead  ( logical       
pr9ciples1 ,b]gson vacillates1 9 a      
hopelessly confus$ &  confus+ way1 all  
?r\gh 8 writ+s1 betwe5 two conceptions (
  reality4 ,fir/1 reality is ( "o       
nature1 namely life1 :i* is pure        
quality1 *ange1 or duration 7! f\r t]ms 
are actually synonyms to  ,b]gson71 & k 
( :i* c be only sympa!tic intuition  (  
x1 :ile intellect is m]ely 8an app5dage 
( action10 & n  k at all4 ,9 ! o!r      

conception reality is cleft into a      
dualism m unutt]ably absolute ?an t (   
,desc>tes4 ,life is "o  k9d ( reality2  
in]t matt] is ! o!r4 ,intuition kn[s !  
=m]2  intellect really does "k ! latt]  
7#8t\*+ some?+ ( !  absolute'71 & k is  
!re=e n intuition only4 ,al?\gh  ?is    
vacillation confuses issues 9 e "o (    
,b]gson's books1 !  fir/ conception is m
 *>act]i/ic1 ^u ! :ole1 ( ,"t &  ,free  
,w & ( ,creative ,evolution2 ! o!r      
conception is pretty  consi/5tly exp\nd$
 9 ,matt] & ,memory4 ,! sph]e (         
intellect  is re/rict$2 its cognitive   
validity is n explicitly d5i$ )9  ?is   
sph]e1 b only )9 ! doma9 ( life4 ,to be 
sure1 s9ce  life exhau/s reality1 !     
sph]e allott$ to intellect is n real1   
:i* w\ld seem to imply t intellect fails
 to "k4 ,! validity (  intellectual     
consci\sness is ?us1 9 effect1 d5i$     
equally 9 ei!r  case4 ,! only diff]5ce  
is t ! d5ial is consci\s & explicit  9  
"o case1 m or less unconsci\sly impli$ 9
 ! o!r4          ,,*apt] ,,iii    ,,!   

,,anci5t ,,prejudice ,,aga9/ ,,analysis 
,! re/rictive conception ( intellect is 
a v old "o4 ,!  incompatibility (       
intellect & life1 z cognitive organ &   
object1  is c]ta9ly z old a belief z !  
era ( ! ,sophi/s4 ,x c be  said1 t is1 )
 hi/orical c]ta9ty1 t1 f ! "t (         
,protagoras--& ,i h no d\bt x has be5   
true ev] s9ce ! fir/  philosoph]1 :oev] 
he 01 und]took to make an exam9ation ( !
  univ]se z "o ?+--x has always be5 true
 t _m ( ! be/  m9ds h be5 conv9c$1 by ! 
futile results ( su* und]tak+s1  t !    
univ]se z "o ?+1 on "o h&1 & intellect1 
on !  o!r1 make a pair z incompatible1 9
 ! relation ( cognitive organ  & object1
 z ! fa9t /> & ! fovea3 y h an organ &  
an  object :i* by nature are unsuit$ to 
ea* o!r4 ,t k9d ( organ  _c see t k9d ( 
object4 ,n t ! fa9t /> is invisible1  b1
 to see x1 y musn't look6 ,!n x w swim  
into ! field (  ! organ t is made to see
 x1 ! ret9al tissue surr\nd+ !  fovea4  
,?us x is n a "q ( human f9itude or     
limitation4 ,!  =mul ( intellect1 appli$

 to su* an object1 are m]e sill9ess1    
r$ucible1 z ,kant %[$1 to all mann] (   
ant9omy & p>adox4  ,n only t1 b :atev]  
is mo/ important & int]e/+ )9  ?is :ole1
 ev]y?+ conc]n+ ! nature & mean+ (      
concrete  cases ( life1 eludes & baffles
 conceptual /atem5t1--:i* is !  only k9d
 ( /atem5t !re is1--inevitably eludes x1
 l smoke 9  a *ild's h& :o tries to cat*
 x4 ,y\r ess5ces or def9itions1  ( life 
or any ( its manife/ations1 are /uff &  
nons5se1 n  inadequate1 b absurd4 ,:at  
logical s5t5ce has ev] be5 utt]$  t1 ^u 
! lea/ reflection1 does n fail to       
develop into a  grotesquely false       
c>icature :5 appli$ to any g5u9e phase  
or  int]e/ ( life1 great or small--:e!r 
,god1 fre$om1 immortality1  or ! he>t ( 
a woman1 or ( a *ild1 or ( a man 7to    
take !m 9  a desc5d+ ord] ( _!          
unse>*abl5ess78 ,y may labor y\r        
conception ) prodigi\s precision--! tru?
 ( ! matt] is always  beyond1 :5 y are  
speak+ ( matt]s t are real4    ,?is is !
 arti/'s temp] ( m9d :5 ! arti/ has     

inadv]t5tly  gulp$ d[n a noxi\s dose (  
metaphysics4 ,x is ! feel+ ( !          
noveli/s1 ! dramati/s1 ! poets1 t       
,b]gson voices3 life  may be liv$--nobly
 or basely1 c\rage\sly or c[>dly1 truly 
or  falsely2--& ! flavor & significance 
( life may be height5$1  life may be    
realiz$ m abundantly1 9 arti/ic         
activity1 :i* is  putt+ oneself into    
"o's object1 mak+ x become n an object1 
id5tify+ oneself ) x4 ,b "o ?+ is n giv5
 to man1 &  t is to int]pret life4      
,ev]yone is famili> ) ! tell+ dramatic  
=ce ( ! device  :i* consi/s 9 involv+ a 
philosophical h]o1 a man addict$ to     
pr9ciples ( high g5]ality1 9 sudd5      
ov]:elm+ emotional *aos1  9 :i* all 8   
philosophy goes to sma%4 ,!             
refractor9ess ( sexual  love1 = in/ance1
 to all 8 !ories is su* a delici\s      
r$uctio  ad absurdum ( ! !ories4 ,fir/ y
 make y\r philosoph] develop  8 maxims1 
9 a besott$1 fatu\s conviction ( _!     
infallibility3  !n a p>ticul>ly         
impossible %e ent]s1 "o :o is           

conspici\sly  unfitt$1 by artlessness or
 disabilities ( worldly /ation1 = !     
upsett+ ( pr9ciples great & high4 ,!    
philosoph] goes ?r\gh  8 paces1 eat+ 8  
maxims :ole1 ) unction2 & y h !         
spectacle ( ,life ris+ s]5e1 unt\*$1    
above ! futilities (  !ory4 ,! !ory     
doesn't "w4 ,! obvi\s conclusion is t   
!re  is "s fundam5tal incomm5surability 
betwe5 x & ! simple facts  ( life t c   
fl\t x s4 ,simon ! ,je/] is a v         
delightful  example ( :at ,i mean4      
,simon is b\nd to come to grief1 he is s
  smugly philosophical4 ,! wise         
novel-read] kn[s :at to expect4 ,n  t   
philosophy is n an ornam5t to a man1 a  
civiliz+1 discipl9+  ex]cise4 ,all t is 
"o ?+1 b act+ z if su* notions apply  is
 q ano!r4 ,?is good philosophical *ap   
gives ! result ( 8  philosophy 9        
regulat+ 8 life1 z foll[s3    8,surely  
no man has f\ght h>d] ?an ,i h done to  
conv9ce himself  ( ! deadly s]i\sness ( 
exi/5ce2 & surely be=e ! feet (  no man 
has ,de/9y ca/ su* /umbl+-blocks to fai?

 444 ,no matt]  :at ,i d1 ,i'm baffl$4  
,i look ^u sorr[ & say1 #8,lo1 ?is is   
trag$y6' & hey1 pre/o6 a trick ( light5+
 turns x into f>ce4  ,i cry al\d1 9     
p]f]vid zeal1 #8,life is real1 life is  
e>ne/1 &  ! apo!osis ( ! fanta/ic is n  
its goal1' & imm$iately a  gr9n+ irony  
comes to give ! lie to my cr$o4    8,or 
is x t1 by inscrutable decree ( !       
,almighty ,p[]s1 ,i am  und]go+ puni%m5t
 = an old unreg5]ate po9t ( view1 be+   
doom$ to we> my dete/$ motley = all     
et]nity1 to /ret* out my  h& =ev] to    
grasp realities & f9d ,i c d naught b   
beat !  air ) my bladd]2 to li/5 ) /ra9$
 e> p]petually expectant  ( ! music ( ! 
sph]es1 & cat* no?+ b ! mock+ j+le  ( ! 
bells on my fool's cap8    8,i don't "k4
 ,i give x up40    ,giv+ x up is        
obvi\sly ! moral1 "h4 ,! *ange (        
attitude  impli$ 9 ! la/ words m>ks !   
beg9n+ ( an era ( glori\s  fulfilm5t (  
life 9 ! =m] philosoph]'s hi/ory4 ,:at 0
  necess>y 0 t he %\ld /op !oriz+ & le>n
 to live4 ,t  is1 philosophy1 z supreme 

exp]i5ce1 is ! art ( liv+4 ,x is !      
arti/ t really kn[s1 t kn[s inw>dly &   
truly4 ,! g5u9e  philosoph] is ! arti/ 9
 liv+4 ,! intellectuali/ philosoph] is  
a dissector ( life's defunct rema9s4    
,! nature ( ! opposition betwe5 ! two   
modes ( consci\sness  call$ intuition & 
intellect is discuss$ 9 ! *apt] on      
,b]gson's  epi/emology4 ,! intuitioni/  
philosoph] is su* nev] = logical        
reasons1 always = temp]am5tal reasons4  
,he is a man to :om life  is ri*] &     
full]1 m self-fulfill+1 m natural1 9 !  
intuitional mode ( consci\sness ?an 9 ! 
intellectual4 ,h5ce !  suspici\s &      
disp>ag+ disposition t[>d ! intellectual
 mode (  consci\sness1 9 a v num]\s     
class ( m9ds ( ! highe/ ord]4  ,f a     
p]sonal feel+ ( safety & security 9     
intuition & (  dissatisfaction )        
intellectual ef=ts1 ! transition is     
natural to  a conviction t ! tr\ble is 9
 ! ess5tial nature ( intellect4  ,a mode
 ( consci\sness :i* is s invet]ately &  
7presumably7  inevitably beset )        

self-fru/ration _c be k4 ,x is too      
obvi\sly ! opposite ( k1 to wit error & 
delusion4    ,b once ! opposition has   
rea*$ ?is po9t1 :]e n only !  conv5i5ce 
b ! v validity ( intellect is impugn$1  
"o is  involv$ 9 a disjunction betwe5 ^!
 two modes ( consci\sness  t is         
demon/rably false1 bo? logically &      
psy*ologically4 ,x  is surely a false   
hypo/asis ( t]ms ^: di/9ction is m]ely  
ab/ract1 to set ov] aga9/ ea* o!r 9 ?is 
way two aspects :i*  are equally        
ess5tial to any conception ( ! nature ( 
consci\sness4  ,= intuition & intellect 
c be se5 to imply ea* o!r ) !  same     
necessity ) :i* quality & quantity imply
 ea* o!r4 ,&  !re is ! same absurdity1  
on ! side ( epi/emology1 9 reg>d+       
intuition z valid k & intellect z n     
valid1 z1 on !  side ( ontology1 9      
reg>d+ quality z real & quantity--or    
relation 9 g5]al--z n real4 ,z if ei!r 7
 conceivable except  z a co-aspect or   
coeffici5t ) ! o!r1 9 ! nature (        
reality4  ,?is w\ld be to conceive (    

quality z quality ( no?+1 or relation  z
 relation betwe5 no t]ms4    ,if        
philosophy mu/ be reflective 7&         
reflectiv5ess to "s degree  is und\bt$ly
 an inevitable condition ( human        
consci\sness1  p]haps ( any             
consci\sness71 x mu/ be1 quat5us        
philosophy1  intellectual1 & n1 quat5us 
philosophy1 intuitional4 ,intuition  w  
assur$ly be !re1 9 any philosophy1 z !  
pole is insep>able  f its antipodes4 ,b 
! philosophicalness ( philosophy is j   
its reflectiv5ess2 t is1 once m1 quat5us
 philosophy1 x is  intellectual4    ,i  
am record+ a prote/ aga9/ false         
reification ( :at is ab/ract1  ! v fault
 :i* intuitionism is insi/5t to lay to !
 *>ge  ( intellectualism4 ,if           
intuitionism 7 to conceptualize         
intuition  & intellect1 in/ead ( reify+ 
!m1 x c\ld n appropriate  validity to   
ei!r mode ( consci\sness & d5y x to     
ano!r4  ,! satisfactor9ess & ri*ness ( a
 giv5 mode ( consci\sness  dep5d no d\bt
 on ! con/itution ( ! subject4 ,!       

validity  ( consci\sness 9 any mode has 
no?+ to d ) su* p]sonal  idiosyncrasy4  
,james is less rigor\s conc]n+ !        
validity ( relational k  ?an ,b]gson4   
,hav+ f\nd relations 9 ! imm$iate cont5t
 (  consci\s data1 ,james _c d5y !m an  
ess5tial con/itutiv5ess  9 ! nature (   
reality4 ,b su* k is 8?90 & 8poor01  9 8
 homely & human phraseology4 ,?is is    
only a m nave &  g5ial expression ?an   
,b]gson's ( ! purely eulogi/ic primacy (
  quality ov] relation4 ,relations are  
?9 & poor aspects ( reality1  no d\bt1  
if y f9d !m s4 ,o!rwise !y may be       
supremely  int]e/+4 ,t dep5ds on y\r    
int]e/s1 :i* dep5d on y\r  con/itution4 
,9 any case1 !y are ! aspect ( reality  
prim>ily  indisp5sable to reflective    
?\ght1 :i* is philosophy4           99  
99       99       99       99    ,!     
*>act]i/ic :i* is mo/ s$ul\sly imput$ by
 ! philosophy  ( in/9ct to intellect is 
usefulness1 b ?is *>act]i/ic  is treat$ 
z evid5ce ( cognitive invalidity6 ,9    
po9t ( fact1  s]viceabl5ess to action 9 

no way di/+ui%es intellect f  in/9ct4   
,ea* alike is a reactive /ate result+ 9 
a new situation1  a new arrangem5t (    
matt]2 & ! only ?+ t c give true        
f9ality to ! intellig5t act is !        
affective value ( ! consci\s  /ate aris+
 out ( ?is new situation4 ,b ! same is  
true ( !  situation :i* is ! outcome ( !
 in/9ctive act4    ,! di/9ction         
sometimes seems to mean t x is only     
acqua9tance  ) objects 7intuitive k (   
!m7 t has affective value1  & t ?is k9d 
( consci\sness is !re=e an end 9 itself 
9  a s5se 9 :i* intellect is n4 ,= k    
ab\t ! object  7intellectual k ( x7 w !n
 be suppos$ to h no  affective value 9  
itself1 b only z x may subs]ve action ^u
  ! object1 :i* action w be accompani$  
by acqua9tance ) !  object4 ,b if k ab\t
 an object subs]ves acqua9tance )  x1 ! 
conv]se is no less true4 ,if k ( !      
location &  price ( a t5nis ball        
subs]ves my use ( x & acqua9tance ) x1  
! latt] 9 turn subs]ves my k ab\t x 9 an
 indef9ite  numb] ( respects4 ,true1    

acqua9tance ) an object may n always    
lead to k ab\t x s obvi\sly z 9 ! case (
 ! t5nis  ball2 b aga9 x is equally true
 t k ab\t c]ta9 ?+s1  = in/ance l9es    
drawn ^u ! blackbo>d1 has no obvi\s     
lead+  t[>d utility2 ! utility ( a c]ta9
 ma!matical equation may  seem q        
inscrutable4 ,b h[ obvi\s ! lead+ may   
be1 or h[  int]e/+ ! utility1 is no?+ to
 ! po9t4 ,! "q :e!r  or n ! connection  
is necess>ily !re 9 all cases is answ]$ 
p]emptorily a priori by ! pol> "* ( k by
 virtue  ( :i* acqua9tance-) is only an 
aspect ( k-ab\t1 &  vice v]sa4    ,x is 
flagrantly untrue1 z a fact1 t k-ab\t is
 )\t  affective value 9 itself4         
,exp]i5ce is z emphatic to ! contr>y  z 
reason4 ,if a *>act]i/ically            
intellectual /ate ( m9d gives  y less   
satisfaction1 or m1 ?an "o t is         
*>act]i/ically  intuitive1 ! reason is q
 p]sonal & accid5tal 9 ei!r case4  ,x   
may j z well give y m z less4 ,be+ k 9  
ea*  case1 aw>5ess at lea/1 x has its   
affective value 9 "s degree  necess>ily1

 ( :i*ev] "* x may be pr$om9antly4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,s9ce relation is n divorcible f        
quality1 nor intellect f  intuition1 x  
results t1 if ! arti/ blund]s ?r\gh     
critical  defect1 ev5 bett] art w\ld1 ( 
itself1 h sav$ him 9 spite (  8 critical
 defect4 ,if ! mu/9ess ( ! philosoph] is
 expressible  z lack ( a facile in/9ct1 
m]ely a tru] !ory ( life w\ld h         
correct$ him4 ,no d\bt life is too      
intricate = ! mo/ robu/  capacity =     
ratioc9ation4 ,sanity balances securely 
betwe5 ! two  biases ( consci\sness4    
,art & criticism are equally long1 & !  
middle c\rse a is %ort-cut & an economy 
( liv+4 ,b condemnation  ( ! validity ( 
consci\sness 9 any mode is a !oretical  
proposition irrelevant to maxims (      
practical sagacity4 ,& x implies  ei!r  
condemn+ ! validity ( all consci\sness  
7if intuition  & intellect are aspects (
 ea* o!r7 or else x presupposes t       
reality is n categorical1 :i* ,b]gson   
fails to %[4 ,on page #bd (  ! pres5t   

essay1 we h se5 t he seems1 9 an        
inconsi/5t way1  ev5 to ma9ta9 !        
contradictory !sis4    ,9 a =m] pap]#ig 
,i h writt5 z foll[s3    8,n[1 ,b]gson's
 idea ( ! philosoph]--an arti/ 9        
life--is probably  no "o's else4 ,he is 
( t op9ion1 decid$ly2 a consid]able "p  
( ! book ,creative ,evolution is a      
demon/ration t actual  philosoph]s1 f   
,plato on1 are intellectuali/s all1     
dissectors1  n arti/s4 ,b if ,b]gson's  
ent]prise is to be a sub/itute =        
philosophy & appropriate its "n1 we :o  
are mu* addict$ to !  old ent]prise w be
 c>eful to "k :y x is futile &          
illusory40    ,monsieur ,b]gson comm5ts 
on ?is 9 a private lett] f :i* ,i       
translate3    8,x w\ld be s1 ,i         
recognize1 if ^! intellectuali/         
philosoph]s _h  be5 philosoph]s only 9  
virtue ( _! intellectualism4 ,b :]eas   
intellig5ce pure & simple pr(esses to   
solve ! problems1 x is  intuition alone 
t has enabl$ !m to be put4 ,)\t !       
intuitive  feel+ ( our fre$om1 !re w\ld 

be no problem ( fre$om1 h5ce no         
det]m9i/ !ory2 ?us1 ! diff]5t =ms (     
det]m9ism1 :i* are  s _m =ms (          
intellectualism1 owe _! v exi/5ce to    
some?+  :i* c\ld n h be5 obta9$ by !    
intellectuali/ me?od4 ,=  my "p1 ,i f9d1
 m or less develop$1 ! se$s (           
intuitionism 9  mo/ ( ! great           
philosophic doctr9es1 al?\gh !          
philosoph]s  h always tri$ to conv]t _! 
intuition into dialectic4 ,yet x is     
*iefly 9 ! =m] t !y h be5 philosoph]s40 
,?is seems to me an absolute inv]sion ( 
intuition & intellect4 ,does  intuition 
#8put problems'8 ,x is1 c]ta9ly1        
intuition t gives u !  mat]ial ( our    
problems4 ,b ! =mulat+ ( a problem--:at 
c be  meant by intuition's =mulat+      
any?+8 ,giv+ =ms1 ,i %\ld say1  j def9es
 ! "w ( intellect4 ,intuition gives u   
our facts1 our  mat]ial4 ,surely1 !     
putt+ ( problems is an intellectual     
op]ation  cont9u\s1 ev5 id5tical1       
/rictly1 ) _! solution8 ,a problem  well
 put is r m ?an half solv$4 ,c]ta9ly !  

rema9d] (  ! solution is n a diff]5t    
ord] ( activity4 ,x c>ries out  !       
#8putt+' 9 its implications4 ,a problem 
put is only a problem  incompletely     
solv$4#ih ,solv+ x is putt+ x ) a       
satisfactory  p]spicacity4    ,)\t !    
intuitive feel+ ( our fre$om !re w\ld be
 no problem  ( fre$om1 c]ta9ly1 b y     
might easily h ! intuition )\t  !       
problem4 ,9 ! preface to ! ,essai sur   
les donnes immdiates de  la consci5ce1  
,b]gson insi/s t x is ! ab]rations (    
intellect  t give rise to ! problems (  
fre$om4 ,intellect1 !n1 at any  rate1 n 
intuition1 puts ! problem4    ,z        
correlative modes ( consci\sness1 nei!r 
is indep5d5t1 nor  prim>y1 ( c\rse4 ,ev5
 9 ! putt+ ( our problems1 intellect  is
 only a co-factor1 a coeffici5t )       
intuition4 ,& 9 !  mo/ ab/ract reason+1 
! intuitive coeffici5t ( ?\ght is       
indisp5sable4 ,s f> z intellect is      
actual1 concrete k1 x  mu/ be           
intuitively correlat$1 & s f> z         
intuition is ! real  intuit+ ( any?+1 x 

mu/ be intellig5tly correlat$4    ,9 :at
 respect are ! philosoph]s ( :om        
,monsieur ,b]gson speaks  intuitioni/s8 
,does ?is mean any?+ m ?an t !y are     
wide-rea*+ & f>-rea*+ in/ead ( n>r[ &   
dull 9 _!  appreh5sion8 ,is n philosophy
 int]pretation ( exp]i5ce8 ,is n  !     
philosoph]'s vision1 !re=e1 always      
necess>ily1 j s f> z  he is a           
philosoph]1 a vision ( ! =mal aspect (  
reality8 ,to be  sure1 t is j :at       
,monsieur ,b]gson is d5y+4 ,b 8 reason  
is  t reality is pure quality1 a        
proposition ^: logical fault9ess  &     
temp]am5tal g5esis ,i h suffici5tly     
not$4    ,9 view ( ! temp]am5tal basis (
 ! arti/ic & !  philosophical or        
critical attitudes1 x 7 fatu\s = ei!r   
to propose a re=m 9 ! o!r by way (      
con=mity to a mode  di/+ui%$ f x ?us    
radically4 ,x is ?is fatuity :i* x seems
  to me ,b]gson commits 9 reg>d+ !      
success ( any philosophy z  due1 by any 
possibility1 to its becom+ art in/ead4  
,z well conceive  t ! virtue ( an       

arti/ic product consi/s 9 its con=mity  
to  critical canons4    ,philosophy t is
 false to art w\ld !re9 necess>ily be   
false to  philosophy2 & art t is false  
to philosophy is false to art2 b  art is
 n philosophy1 nor philosophy art4      
,,"p ,,two    ,,b]gson',s ,,sy/em ,,(   
,,doctr9e          ,,*apt] ,i           
,,ontology ,,& ,,epi/emology      ,my   
reason = c\pl+ ^! two subjects 9 "o     
head+ is sugge/$  by ! foll[+ words     
quot$ f ! ,introduction to ,creative    
,evolution3 8444 !ory ( k & !ory ( life 
seem to  u insep>able40 ,= ,b]gson1     
reality is life2 & k1 (  c\rse1 is a    
function ( life4 8,! fundam5tal "* (    
,b]gson's  philosophy10 writes ,h4      
,wildon ,c>r1#ii 8is 444 to emphasize ! 
prim>y importance ( ! conception ( life 
z giv+ ! key to !  nature ( k40    ,all 
! ess5tial pr9ciples ( ?is metaphysics  
are conta9$ 9 !  fir/ ( ,b]gson's       
philosophical books1 ,"t & ,free ,w4#ajj
 ,!  two lat] books1 ,matt] & ,memory & 
,creative ,evolution1 h n  modifi$ x1 & 

h h>dly ev5 develop$ x--9 ! s5se1 t is1 
t no vital corrections or additions to !
 pr9ciples ( ! ,essai  h be5 made4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,9 discuss+ anti-intellectuali/ic       
philosophies1 9 ! fir/ "p  ( ! pres5t   
essay1 _! suspicion & di/ru/ ( intellect
 0  attribut$ to a logical illusion4 ,! 
philosoph]1 f9d+ life  preem95tly       
satisfactory 9 an intimate acqua9tance )
 !  qualitative aspect ( exp]i5ce1      
acquires an in/9ctive fai? 9  ! preem95t
 reality ( quality1 a fai? :i* is !     
deepe/ root  ( 8 be+4 ,n[1 ?is fai? is  
absolutely ju/ifi$1 ( c\rse4  ,x is only
 necess>y t x %\ld be und]/ood4         
,illusion &  error ent] 9 ) ! neglect ( 
! v preem95ce ( ?is  "* ( reality4 ,=   
evid5tly no?+ c be preem95tly  real & at
 ! same "t real 9 any s5se = :i* ! adv]b
  8preem95tly0 is ei!r false or         
mean+less4 ,! s5se ( 8important0  is a  
well accr$it$1 prop] mean+1 9 our       
language1 ( ! ^w  8real40 ,b x is a s5se
 p]fectly di/9ct f ! metaphysical  s5se4

 ,teleologically1 any?+ is preem95tly   
real accord+ to  circum/ances4          
,teleologically1 8real0 is a synonym (  
8important10  a relative t]m capable (  
degree4 ,metaphysically1 circum/ances   
are  irrelevant to ! realness ( any?+4  
,?is is a diff]5t /atem5t  f ! /atem5t t
 circum/ances are irrelevant to ! nature
  ( any?+4 ,x may be t !re is no?+ ^:   
nature c be  indep5d5t (1 :olly         
undet]m9$ by1 circum/ances4 ,t is ano!r 
"q4 ,we h no?+ to d ) x at pres5t4 ,= 9 
ei!r case1  circum/ances make x nei!r m 
nor less real4 ,metaphysically1  !n1    
8real0 is an absolute t]m1 incapable (  
degree1 & ! adv]b  8preem95tly0 has no  
mean+ :5 appli$ to x4 ,! v fitness (  ! 
adv]b 8preem95tly0 to ! intuitioni/'s   
mean+ ( ! realness  ( quality det]m9es  
?is mean+ z a teleological eulogism1 &  
! ultimate significance ( intuitionism  
is n ! g]m9ation ( a  logical pr9ciple1 
b an in/9ctive propag&ism 9 ! direction 
(  a favorite emphasis ( liv+1 an       
en?usiasm :i* has become involv$  9 a   

logical illusion conc]n+ its own        
f\ndation 9 ! nature (  ?+s1 an illusion
 :i* is cle>ly traceable1 on analysis1  
to ?is  ambiguity 9 ! use ( ! ^w 8real40
    ,lat] 9 ?is /udy x w appe> t        
,b]gson's int]e/ c5t]s1  z ! int]e/ (   
,fr5* philosophy has c5t]$ ev] s9ce !   
,r5aissance1 9 ! problem ( fre$om4 ,no  
d\bt t v en?usiasm  :i* motivates mod]n 
anti-intellectualism & gives x s        
positive a  "*1 is a prime factor 9 its 
popul> success4 ,& 9 ! case  ( ,b]gson1 
bo? ! significance ( 8 philosophy itself
 & !  brilliant vogue x has a*iev$ c be 
rightly appreciat$ only 9  ! light ( ?is
 c5tral passion ^: appeal to human      
nature is s  univ]sal & s pr(\nd4       
,anti-intellectualism & anti-det]m9ism  
are "o & ! same ?+4 ,x w appe> z we g on
 t a  deep-ly+ ty*ism1 a horror (       
det]m9ism1 is ! specific trait (  t     
motive 7describ$ above z a natural      
aff9ity = ! qualitative  aspect (       
reality1 z di/+ui%$ f its relational    
aspect7 :i*  /r5u\sly endeavors1 9      

,b]gson1 to elim9ate relation f reality1
  judgm5t f k4 ,he prote/s t fre$om _c  
be def9$  )\t conv]t+ x into necessity2 
= def9ition is det]m9ation4  ,a w\ld-be 
indet]m9i/ !ory ( w is z futile z a     
det]m9i/  !ory is false3 on any !ory1 w 
is prejudg$ 9 favor (  det]m9ism4 ,!    
nature ( fre$om _c be kn[n indep5d5tly (
 !  nature ( w1 & !n attribut$ or d5i$  
to w1 z "o might  attribute or d5y      
r$ness to an apple4 ,to say1 ,w is free1
 w\ld be  l say+1 ,w is volunt>y1 or1   
,fre$om is free--n1 inde$1 an  untru?1 b
 )\t mean+ & h5ce n a tru?1 ei!r4    ,! 
"o way1 !n1 ( gett+ ! true nature ( w   
truly  compreh5d$ :i* is doom$ to       
necess>y failure1 is to write  a        
psy*ological treatise on ! subject4 ,=1 
s9ce w has no  su* det]m9ate "* z       
intellect f9ds 9 x or gives to  x1 a    
treatise convey+ ! true nature ( w w\ld 
h to be  un9telligible6 ,n[1 see 9 w1 z 
,leibniz#aja & ,s*op5hau]1 z  well z    
,b]gson1 h se5 9 x1 ! :ole ( life & (   
reality1  & y see h[ x is ,b]gson's     

ty*ism t con/itutes ! specific  motive =
 8 anti-intellectualism1 & h[ ?is       
s-call$ me?od  =ms1 9 8 philosophy1 !   
supreme doctr9e :i* is ! objective  (   
all 8 disc\rse4           99       99   
99       99       99    ,b]gson's       
critique ( intellectualism proce$s by   
apply+ to  traditional metaphysics &    
epi/emology 8 purely qualitative        
crit]ion ( reality4 ,:e!r sci5ce1 !     
product ( intellig5ce1  is physical1    
biological1 or psy*ological1 x is       
k-ab\t1  & n acqua9tance-)2 its object  
is relation1 & n reality2  its objective
 is action1 & n vision2 its organ is    
intellig5ce1  n in/9ct4 ,b ! object (   
philosophy is reality2 its objective  is
 vision2 its organ in/9ct4 ,! timeless1 
intellectual way 9  :i* sci5ce kn[s     
ab\t1 b nev] kn[s1 is n ! way ( true    
philosophy4 ,! philosoph]1 to "k        
reality1 mu/ a*ieve a vital1  sympa!tic 
concurr5ce ) its fl[4 ,to be kn[n1      
reality mu/ be  liv$1 n ?\ght4 ,9       
,creative ,evolution ,b]gson traces !   

g5esis  ( in/9ct & intellig5ce to a     
primitive t5d5cy1 ef=t or spr+  ( life  
7! lan vital7 ^: pa? bifurcates         
indef9itely 9 !  c\rse ( its evolution4 
,^! elem5t>y t5d5cies1 in/9ct &         
intellig5ce1 hav+ issu$ f ! same        
primitive t5d5cy1 are bo?  pres5t1 at   
lea/ 9 rudim5t1 9 all =ms ( life2 & x is
 !  pres5ce1 ?\gh 9 a suppress$ /ate1 ( 
in/9ct 9 man t mu/  save philosophy f ! 
cognitive empt9ess ( sci5ce1 & give x  a
 hold on ! liv+ fulness ( reality4    ,9
 ,"t & ,free ,w ! !ory ( 8real          
duration10 :i* is a  synonym =          
intuition1 & = life1 & = reality1 & is !
  f\ndation ( ! ,b]gsonian philosophy1  
is enunciat$1 & 9 !  light ( x intellect
 is %[n to falsify ! nature (           
consci\sness  9 apply+ to consci\s /ates
 su* categories z magnitude1  plurality1
 causation4 ,ea* ( ^! categories1 9 its 
traditional  application1 is a quantify+
 & a spatializ+ ( consci\sness4  ,!     
int5sity ( a consci\s /ate is no?+ b !  
/ate itself2  ! /ate is pure quality or 

het]og5eity1 incapable ( measure  &     
degree4 ,! v>i\sness ( consci\s /ates   
has no analogy )  plurality4 ,plurality 
is simultaneity & juxtaposition2 b      
consci\s  /ates prolong ea* o!r 9 an    
int]p5etrat+ fl[4 ,f9ally1 !            
organization ( consci\s /ates is no?+ l 
! traditional  sy/ematic 8cord9ation0 ( 
associationi/ic psy*ology4 ,x does n    
l5d itself to laws & pr9ciples4 ,x _c be
 adequately express$  by words1 nor     
artificially recon/ruct$ by a           
juxtaposition ( simple  /ates1 = x is   
always an absolutely new & orig9al phase
 ( our  duration1 & is itself a simple  
?+4    ,! fir/ *apt] ( ,"t & ,free ,w   
consi/s ( analyses ( all  sorts (       
psy*ological /ates1 9 ord] to ju/ify !  
above !sis  conc]n+ int5sity4 ,!y are   
ma/]ly analyses1 & _! int]e/  =         
psy*ology is great4 ,s f> z ,b]gson's   
object is conc]n$1  ( %[+ h[ intellect  
falsifies ! nature ( consci\sness 9     
conceiv+ ( s5sations z m or less int5se1
 :at ! *apt]  proves is no m ?an t :5ev]

 a consci\s /ate v>ies--:i*  e consci\s 
/ate does cont9u\sly--x v>ies           
qualitatively4 ,:i*  h>dly ne$$ to be   
prov$4 ,= ! argum5t does n %[ t1 along  
) ! qualitative *ange1 a quantitative   
*ange may n occur2 t  is1 x does n      
exclude ! proposition :i* ,b]gson is    
try+ to  refute1 namely t !re is some?+ 
9 ! nature ( a consci\s  /ate t is      
capable ( increas+ & decreas+4#ajb    ,9
 say+ t consci\s /ates are pure quality1
 ,b]gson means t  :5 "o comp>es a       
s5sation1 = in/ance1 ) ano!r :i* is     
reg>d$ z ( ! same 8k9d10 b ( great] or  
less int5sity1 bo?  ! sam5ess ( k9d & ! 
diff]5ce ( magnitude are illusions (    
intellect1 due to attribut+ ! category (
 magnitude1 or quantity1  to t ^: nature
 admits ( no su* det]m9ation4 ,a s-call$
 m  int5se odor1 say1 x is m]e nons5se  
to call same 9 any s5se )  ano!r1       
suppos$ to be less int5se4 ,! two are   
di/+ui%able1  t is all2 !y are n        
comp>able1 prop]ly speak+4 ,!y are      
comp>able 9 j ! s5se1 & 9 no o!r 7x w\ld

 seem1 f  ,b]gson's treatm5t ( !        
subject1 al?\gh ! /atem5t is n 81       
explicitly7 t ei!r ( ! odors c be comp>$
 ) a s\nd or a  ta/e4 ,! diff]5ce is n  
"o ( degree2 x is :at ,b]gson calls     
absolute4    ,b :at1 !n1 exactly1       
accord+ to ,b]gson1 d we mean :5 we     
comp>e psy*ic /ates z m or less int5se8 
,9 simple /ates1 he  says1 magnitude (  
cause is associat$1 by a ?\s& exp]i5ces1
 )  a c]ta9 quality or %ade ( effect 9  
consci\sness1 & ! =m]  is attribut$ to !
 latt]4 ,! quantitative scale rubs (f   
color1 s  to speak1 by ! op]ation (     
association1 f ! mat]ial cause to  !    
psy*ic effect4 ,9 complex /ates int5sity
 means ! am\nt ( our  inn] life :i* !   
/ate 9 "q colors ) its own quality4 ,a  
passion is deep & int5se 9 ! fact t !   
same objects no long]  produce ! same   
impression4 ,9 ?is /atem5t ( ! case (   
complex  /ates x w be se5 t ,b]gson     
fails to avoid attribut+ quantity  to ! 
inn] life ( consci\sness1 s9ce !        
int5sity ( complex  /ates is measur$1 by

 him1 by a quantitative /&>d1 ! am\nt ( 
t inn] life color$ or affect$ by !      
quality 9 "q4    ,! attempt is equally  
hopeless :e!r ! /ate 9 "q be  simple or 
complex4 ,b]gson attempts1 b fails1#ajc 
to prove t  magnitude is a "* peculi> to
 space1 & t homog5eity &  space are two 
names = ! same conception4 ,two odors1  
two s\nds are  m ?an "o1 h[ev]2 & t     
homog5eity 9 !m by virtue (  :i* !y are 
m1 & two1 is n space4 ,b]gson w\ld      
object t  numb] itself1 ! twoness ( !   
odors or s\nds1 is inde$ a spatial      
attribute falsely imput$ to !m4 ,!y are 
n plural1 9 !mselves2  x is             
conceptualization t acc\nts = !         
plurality imput$ to  !m4 ,"o evolves    
cont9u\sly1 9 ! fl[ ( consci\sness1 out 
( ! o!r4 ,x w\ld be a suffici5t answ] t 
su* a doctr9e  contradicts itself 9 e   
brea? by ! t]ms necess>y to any         
utt]ance ( x1--su* t]ms z s\nds1 !y1 !m1
 "o1 ! o!r--all  imput+ to ! objects (  
discussion ! plurality :i* x tries  to  
d5y4 ,& to fall back on ! disabilities (

 language1 due to  its be+ ! "w (       
intellect1 is only to decl>e "o's       
philosophy  ineffable4 ,b n only        
ineffable--un?9kable4 ,yes1 ,b]gson w\ld
  admit1 un?9kable 9 ! n>r[ s5se (      
conceptual ?\ght1 b  n unkn[able to     
imm$iate intuition4 ,! f9al rejo9d]1 ,i 
?9k1  is t imm$iacy is a vani%+-po9t1 a 
limit+ conception ( !  relation betwe5  
subject & object1 a phase ( consci\sness
 9 :i*  to use ! ma!matical analogy1 !  
8coeffici5t0 ( consci\sness  vani%es    
into z]o4 ,we return lat] 9 ?is essay to
 ! amplify+  ( ?is po9t4#ajd ,9 brief1  
if !re is no di/9ction betwe5  subject &
 object1 !re is no object 7z1 likewise1 
no subject1  ( c\rse72 h5ce1 no tru?2 & 
,b]gson c\ld n h made ^!  ineffable     
discov]ies ab\t ! s\nds & odors1 = he   
c\ld n  h discov]$ !mselves4    ,x is   
cle> en\gh t no?+ ne$s to occupy space1 
9 ord] to  be a magnitude4 ,a l9e1 :i*  
occupies no space1 is ev5 a spatial     
magnitude1 nev]!less4 ,t x is spatial1  
,b]gson w\ld say1 is j  ! fact t x is   

homog5e\s4 ,b is homog5eity ! only "*  (
 a l9e1 & is its spatiality !re=e       
necess>ily ! same ?+  z its homog5eity8 
,evid5tly a l9e has a quale p]fectly    
di/9ct  f its homog5eity1 & ess5tial to 
its l9e> nature2 t quale  is its        
direction4 ,if an int]val ( "t1 !n1 or a
 m5tal /ate1  seems n to be spatial1 ?is
 does n compel u to d5y t !re is  any   
homog5eity ab\t x3 if ! int]val or !    
/ate ( m9d lacks  ! det]m9ation--! "* ( 
direction--:i* is indisp5sable  to a l9e
 & to spatiality z su*1 ?is lack        
det]m9es ^! objects  ( ?\ght z          
non-spatial )\t ! slighte/ detrim5t to  
_!  homog5eity4 ,b all ! evid5ce (      
homog5eity 9 space applies  equally to  
homog5eity 9 "t & consci\sness4 ,!      
evid5ce is  _! additiv5ess3 all seem to 
pres5t num]ically di/9ct cases  &       
quantitative diff]5ces4 ,no logical     
gr\nd has be5 indicat$1  =              
discrim9ation1 9 ! validity ( ?is seem+1
 z a w>rant =  ! homog5eity ( space & n 
( "t & consci\sness4 ,"t &  consci\sness

 are homog5e\s by ! same w>rant z space 
& matt]4    ,i ?9k x is n irrelevant to 
,b]gson's !ory ( ! associative  transf] 
( quantity 9 ! /imulus to ! s5sation1 to
 obs]ve  t1 9 ! /imulus1 !re is k9d z   
well z am\nt4 ,if !  %ade or quality ( !
 s5sation corresponds to ! degree (  !  
cause1 is !re no fur!r det]m9ation ( !  
s5sation  di/9ctively correlative ) !   
k9d ( ! cause8 ,su* correlate  seems    
indisp5sable to ,b]gson's1 z to any1    
reactive conception (  s5sation1 b1 9   
,b]gson's !ory ( int5sity1 x seems to be
  preempt$ = correlation ) ! aspect (   
quantity 9 ! /imulus4    ,! case (      
plural odors & s\nds1 ! case ( ! l9e1 & 
an  inf9ity ( o!r cases prove t         
magnitude is int5sive z well z          
ext5sive4 ,! contradictory !sis1 t (    
,b]gson1 r$uces1 at  bottom1 to !       
self-contradiction t consci\sness       
discov]s :at is  no object (            
consci\sness4           99       99     
99       99       99    ,9 admitt+ t    
s5sations are comp>able 9 ?is s5se1 t   

two  odors1 = in/ance1 reg>d$ z ( ! same
 k9d1 c be comp>$  ) ea* o!r 9 ! same   
way z ei!r c be comp>$ ) a s\nd  or a   
ta/e1 ,b]gson evid5tly means t !y c be  
di/+ui%$  z diff]5t2 & he reg>ds ?is z  
imply+ t s5sations are  absolutely      
het]og5e\s ) ea* o!r1 absolutely        
diff]5t4 ,?is  phrase1 ,i am sure1      
conceals a bald contradiction4 ,x seems 
to mean a  relation1 namely diff]5ce1 9 
:i*1 h[ev]1 ! t]ms are absolute1  t is n
 9 relation4 ,diff]5ce _c be s conceiv$4
 ,diff]5ce1  ,i submit1 _c be conceiv$  
)\t t 7common to ! diff]+  t]ms7 9      
respect ( :i* !y are diff]5t4 ,monsieur 
,b]gson1  !re=e1 9 admitt+ t s5sations  
are comp>able 9 any s5se1 is  /ill      
confront$ ) an elem5t common to all     
s5sations2 he has /ill  to elim9ate ! "*
 ( homog5eity f s5sation1 by virtue (   
:i* a purely subjective evaluation ( _! 
relative int5sities is  possible4    ,! 
root ( ! difficulty ,monsieur           
,lvy-,bruhl has %[n#aje to be  a reific 
sep>ation ( quantity & quality1 :i* are 

sep>able 9  tru? only by ab/raction (   
att5tion4 ,real exi/5ce 9 absolute      
homog5eity or space1 z ,b]gson repres5ts
 ! exi/5ce ( !  ext]nal _w1 is z        
un?9kable z real exi/5ce 9 absolute     
het]og5eity1 :i* exi/5ce is consci\sness
 or life1 = ,b]gson4  ,ext]nal ?+s1 he  
says1 :i* d n lapse 78ne dur5t pas071   
seem to u1 nev]!less1 to lapse l u      
because to ea* in/ant (  our laps+      
duration a new collective :ole ( ^?     
simultaneities  :i* we call ! univ]se   
corresponds4 8,does ?is n imply10 writes
  ,lvy-,bruhl1 8a pree/abli%$ h>mony mu*
 m difficult to accept  ?an t (         
,leibniz8 ,leibniz supposes a purely    
ideal concord betwe5  =ces ( ! same     
nature4 ,monsieur ,b]gson asks u to     
admit an  indef9ite s]ies ( co9cid5ces1 
= ea* in/ant1 betwe5 #8a real  duration1
 ^: het]og5e\s mom5ts comp5etrate1' & a 
space :i*1  n laps+1 has no mom5ts at   
all4 ,monsieur ,b]gson really places    
ext]nal reality1 :i* does n lapse1 9 a  
sort ( et]nity4 ,he  +5i\sly %[s t      

ev]y?+ 9 space may be treat$ z quantity 
& submitt$ to ma!matics4 ,n[1 ma!matical
 v]ities1 express+  only relations      
betwe5 giv5 magnitudes1 are ab/ract$ f  
real  laps+ duration4 ,all ! laws r$uce 
to analytical =mul4 ,b !n  !y are1      
accord+ to ! say+ ( ,bossuet1 et]nal    
v]ities1 & h[  %all ! real be di/+ui%$ f
 ! possible80    ,?is sund]+1 9         
,b]gson's !ory ( reality1 ( :at rightly 
is  "o1 is already impli$1 9 8 !ory ( k1
 9 ! mutual  exclusion ( ! two cognitive
 modes1 intuition & conception4 ,!      
pr$icam5ts into :i* philosophy falls 9  
reason+ conceptually  7& !re is no o!r  
reason+7 ab\t ! subjective 8_w10 are    
due4 ,b]gson ?9ks1 n to faults 9 ! use (
 logic1 b to an  ess5tial incongruity   
betwe5 ! matt] & ! logical mode ( be+   
consci\s ( x4 ,b su* an ess5tial        
incongruity betwe5 any mode  (          
consci\sness & :at x is aw>e ( w\ld     
imply t ! modes  ( consci\sness1 on ! "o
 h&1 are p>ts ( consci\sness1 (  :i*    
accord+ly1 y c h "o )\t ! o!r           

7!oretically  if n actually72 &1 on !   
o!r h&1 !re is ! correspond+            
implication = ontology1 t :at           
consci\sness is aw>e ( is  also compos$ 
( two p>ts1 :i* mat*1 respectively1 !   
p>ts  ( consci\sness4 ,divide           
consci\sness into two p>ts1 !n divide   
:at x is aw>e ( into two p>ts2 suppose t
 ea* ( y\r p>ts  ( consci\sness suits   
"o1 & n ! o!r1 ( y\r two p>ts (  :at x  
is aw>e (--all ?is is necess>y be=e !re 
c be any  possibility ( incongru\s      
mismat*+ betwe5 consci\sness &  be+4    
,!re=e uneas9ess ab\t ?is incongruity1 !
 v motive  ( intuitionism1 presupposes  
fir/ ! %>pe/ conceptual treatm5t  ( !   
subjective 8_w10 & !n ! flagrant        
reification ( !  result+ ab/ractions4 ,9
 o!r words1 ! indisp5sable precondition 
( dialectical def5se ( intuitionism is  
an intellectualism ( !  8vici\s0 type4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,! fir/ *apt] ( ! ,essai hav+ criticiz$ 
! application (  magnitude to           
consci\sness1 & f\nd t psy*ological     

int5sity has  no?+ quantitative ab\t x1 
! second *apt] proce$s ) an  analog\s   
criticism ( numb]1 & f9ds t psy*ological
 v>i\sness  has no?+ plural ab\t x4 ,!  
multiplicity ( mat]ial objects is  numb]
 or plurality2 ! v>i\sness ( ! facts (  
m9d is no?+  ( ! sort4 ,num]ical        
multiplicity is di/9ct & objective1     
giv5 or ?\ght 9 space2 subjective       
v>i\sness is indi/9ct &  comp5etrat+4   
,! m$ium ( ! facts ( consci\sness be+   
laps+ duration1 &  n ext5sion1 !y are   
nev] simultane\s 9 ! same consci\sness4 
,b !n !y _c be c\nt$2 to c\nt is to h   
?+s toge!r1  simultane\sly4 ,t1 aga91 is
 to h !m 9 space4 ,& t1  f9ally1 is to h
 !m z objects4 ,n[1 ! ess5tial nature ( 
psy*ic facts is to be subjective & n    
objective4 ,if1 !re=e1 y  f9d y\rself   
c\nt+ facts )9 a consci\sness1 y are    
delud$2  !y _c be :at y take !m =2 !y c 
only be 7spatial7  objects1 symbols by  
:i* y are repres5t+ facts t are n       
objective1--because !y are              
subjective6--& n spatial b temporal4    

,?is /atem5t ( ! case w satisfy few p z 
x /&s4  ,pr(essor ,b]gson is aw>e ( ?is1
 & he w grant t su* alleg$  facts (     
consci\sness z y di/+ui% & c\nt may be  
set 9 !  m$ium ( "t r ?an 9 space1 if   
"t1 z well z space1 is  a homog5e\s     
m$ium2 b "t s und]/ood1 he ?9ks1 turns  
into  space4 ,& "t is s und]/ood v      
g5]ally1 )\t any d\bt4  ,:5 we speak (  
"t1 says ,b]gson1 we are usually ?9k+ ( 
space2  t is1 we are ?9k+ ( a homog5e\s 
m$ium1 a m$ium1 !re=e1  9 :i* psy*ic    
/ates are align$ or juxtaposit$1 z ?+s  
are 9  space1 =m+ a di/9ct multiplicity4
    ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 ano!r aspect ( :at
 ,b]gson reg>ds z ! same  vice1         
conceptualism1 t is discuss$ 9 ! fir/   
*apt] ( !  ,essai4 ,an int5sive         
magnitude is a di/9ct concept1 %>ply    
b\nd$2  all )9 is ! concept1 all )\t1   
its o!r4 ,b no psy*ic fact  is %>ply    
b\nd$2 x p5etrates ! :ole consci\sness4 
,! :ole  consci\sness is "o ) x4 ,we "w 
quantitatively ) concepts1  always1     
ari?metically & geometrically4 ,b !n we 

"w 9 space1  :i* is en\gh1 says ,b]gson1
 to %[ t int5sity appli$ to a  psy*ic   
fact is n a magnitude1 s9ce psy*ic facts
 are n 9 space4  ,s "h1 9 ! second      
*apt]1 ! elem5ts :i* "o pret5ds to  c\nt
 & add 9 "t are1 9 ord] to be c\nt$ &   
add$--9 ord]  m]ely to be               
di/+ui%$--di/9ct concepts4 ,!n !y are n 
9  "t b 9 space4    ,! application (    
int5sive magnitude & ( num]ical         
multiplicity to  psy*ic facts is ?us !  
same fallacy 9 two aspects1 ! fallacy ( 
conceptualism1 ! nature ( :i* is to     
sub/itute space = "t z  ! =m ( m5tal    
exi/5ce4    ,b ,pr(essor ,b]gson is n   
altoge!r dogmatic 9 say+ t  conceptual  
"t is a spatializ$ symbol ( real "t4 ,he
 goes on n[ to  %[ h[ x is t ! nature ( 
real "t is no?+ l conceptual  "t4 ,dure1
 8 "n = real "t1 seems a bad t]m = su* a
 use2  = ! ess5ce ( ,b]gson's 8dure0 is 
*ange1 :ile duration 9  e o!r connection
 means j ! wait+ or /&+ /ill ( !  fl[ ( 
"t4 ,"s t]m l 8lapse0 seems ne>] ! idea4
    ,! g5etic or empirical !ory ( space 

p]ception reg>ds !  s5sations by :i* we 
succe$ 9 =m+ ! notion ( space z         
!mselves unext5d$ & purely qualitative2 
ext5sion results f  _! syn!sis1 z wat]  
results f ! comb9ation ( two elem5ts4   
,b]gson rem>ks t ! fact t wat] is nei!r 
oxyg5 nor hydrog5  nor m]ely bo? is j ! 
fact t we embrace ! multiplicity (      
atoms 9 a s+le app]ception4 ,elim9ate ! 
m9d :i* op]ates ?is  syn!sis & y w at ! 
same "t annihilate ! wat] qualities  s  
f> z !y are o!r ?an oxyg5 & hydrog5     
qualities2 y w1  t is1 annihilate !     
aspect "u :i* ! syn!sis ( elem5t>y  p>ts
 is pres5t$ to our consci\sness4 ,=     
space to arise f !  coexi/5ce (         
non-spatial qualities1 an act ( ! m9d is
 necess>y1  embrac+ !m all toge!r &     
juxtaposit+ !m--an act :i* is a         
,kantian a priori =m ( s5sibility4      
,?is act is ! conception ( an empty     
homog5e\s m$ium4 ,x is a  pr9ciple (    
diff]5tiation o!r ?an qualitative       
diff]5tiation1  enabl+ u to di/+ui%     
qualitatively id5tical simultane\s      

s5sations4 ,)\t ?is pr9ciple1 we %\ld h 
p]ception (  ! ext5d$1 b we %\ld n h    
conception ( space4 ,t is1  simultane\s 
s5sations are nev] absolutely id5tical1 
because !  organic elem5ts /imulat$ are 
n id5tical4 ,!re are no two  po9ts ( a  
homog5e\s surface t produce ! same      
impression on  sight & t\*4 ,s !re is a 
real qualitative diff]5ce betwe5  any   
two simultane\s po9ts4 ,?is1 ,b]gson    
says1 is en\gh to give u  p]ception ( ! 
ext5d$4 ,b ! conception ( space is en   
outre4  ,! high] "o rises 9 ! s]ies (   
intellig5t be+s1 ! m  cle>ly ! indep5d5t
 idea ( a homog5e\s space /&s out4      
,space  is n s homog5e\s = ! animal z = 
u4 ,directions are n  purely            
geometrical2 !y h _! quality4 ,we       
ourselves di/+ui%  our "r & left by a   
natural feel+4 ,we _c def9e !m4    ,n[1 
! faculty ( conceiv+ a space )\t quality
 is n at all  an ab/raction2 on !       
contr>y1 to ab/ract presupposes !       
intuition  ( a homog5e\s m$ium4 ,we "k  
two realities ( diff]5t ord]1  "o       

het]og5e\s1 t ( s5sible qualities1 ! o!r
 homog5e\s1  :i* is space4 ,! latt]     
enables u to make %>p di/9ctions1 to    
c\nt1 to ab/ract1 p]haps ev5 to speak4  
,ev]ybody reg>ds "t  z an indef9ite     
homog5e\s m$ium1 & yet ev]ybody reg>ds x
 z  diff]5t f space4 ,is "o1 !n1        
r$ucible to ! o!r8    ,! g5etic or      
empirical s*ool tries to r$uce !        
relations (  ext5sion to m or less      
complex relations ( succession 9        
duration4  ,! relations ( situation 9   
space are def9$ z rev]sible  relations (
 succession 9 duration4 ,b succession 9 
duration is  n rev]sible4 ,pure duration
 is ! =m ( succession ( consci\s  /ates 
:5 "o refra9s f reflectively sett+ up a 
di/9ctness  betwe5 ! pres5t /ate & =m]  
/ates4 ,?is does n mean be+  :olly      
absorb$ 9 ! pass+ s5sation or idea1 nor 
=gett+ =m]  /ates2 b x means organiz+ !m
 in/ead ( juxtaposit+ !m2  !y become l !
 notes ( a melody1 :i*1 ?\gh !y succe$  
ea*  o!r1 are app]ceiv$ 9 ea* o!r2 !y   
int]p5etrate l !  p>ts ( a liv+ be+4    

,succession1 !n1 c be conceiv$ )\t      
di/9ctness1 z a mutual p5etration1 a    
solid>ity1 an intimate  organization (  
elem5ts ea* ( :i*1 repres5tative ( !    
:ole1  is di/+ui%$ & isolat$ !refrom    
only = a ?\ght capable (  ab/raction4   
,we introduce ! idea ( space into our   
repres5tation (  pure succession2 we s  
juxtaposit our /ates ( consci\sness z to
  p]ceive !m simultane\sly1 n 91 b      
beside ea* o!r2 we project  "t ^u space1
 we express duration 9 t]ms ( ext5sion4 
,succession  !n takes ! =m ( a cont9u\s 
l9e or ( a *a91 ^: p>ts  t\* )\t        
int]p5etration1 :i* implies a           
simultane\s be=e  & aft] in/ead ( a     
successive--t is1 a simultane\s         
succession1  :i* is a contradiction4    
,n[1 :5 ! g5etic s*ool def9es !         
relations ( situation 9  space z        
rev]sible relations ( succession 9      
duration1 x repres5ts  succession 9     
duration 9 ?is self-contradictory way4  
,y _c make  out an ord] among t]ms )\t  
di/+ui%+ ! t]ms & comp>+  ! places !y   

occupy1 )\t p]ceiv+ !m1 !re=e1 z        
juxtaposit$4 ,!n to make out an ord] 9 !
 t]ms ( a succession  is to make !      
succession a simultaneity4 ,s ?is       
attempt to repres5t  space by means ( "t
 presupposes ! repres5tation ( space4 ,(
  space 9 ?ree dim5sions1 moreov]2 = !  
repres5tation ( two  dim5sions--t is1 ( 
a l9e--implies t ( ?ree dim5sions3 to   
p]ceive a l9e is to place oneself       
outside x & acc\nt = ! void  surr\nd+ x4
    ,pure duration is no?+ b a          
succession ( qualitative *anges  fus+1  
int]p5etrat+1 )\t outl9es or t5d5cy to  
ext]nality  by int]relation1 )\t any    
k9%ip ) numb]4 ,pure duration is  pure  
het]og5eity4    ,no "t t c be measur$ is
 duration1 = het]og5eity is n  quantity1
 n measurable4 ,:5 we measure a m9ute we
 repres5t a  quantity & ipso facto      
exclude a succession4 ,we repres5t sixty
  oscillations ( a p5dulum1 = in/ance1  
all toge!r1 9 "o  app]ception1 z we     
repres5t sixty po9ts ( a l9e4 ,n[1 to   
repres5t  ea* ( ^! oscillations 9       

succession1 j z x is produc$  9 space1  
no recollection ( a prec$+ oscillation c
 ent] !  repres5tation ( any "o1 = space
 has kept no trace ( x4 ,"o is  conf9$  
to ! pres5t1 & !re is no m succession1  
or duration1  9 su* a repres5tation ?an 
9 t ( ! gr\p z a :ole4 ,a ?ird  way (   
repres5t+ ^! oscillations is            
conceivable4 ,l ! fir/1  x involves     
ret5tion ( prec$+ oscillations2 b1      
unlike ! fir/1  x reta9s prec$+         
oscillations 9 succe$+ ones1 in/ead (   
alongside ( !m2 !y int]p5etrate &       
int]organize1 z 0 j  said1 l ! notes ( a
 melody4 ,l ! conceptual repres5tation1 
! intuitional involves a multiplicity4  
,a conceptual multiplicity  is di/9ct1  
homog5e\s1 quantitative1 num]ical2 an   
intuitive  multiplicity is indi/9ct1    
het]og5e\s1 qualitative1 )\t analogy  ) 
numb]4 ,n[1 x is ! latt] t *>act]izes   
reality2 & !  multiplicity t we repres5t
 conceptually is only a symbol ( !      
reality kn[n to intuition4              
,oscillations ( a p5dulum measure no?+2 

!y c\nt simultaneities4  ,outside ( me1 
9 space1 !re is only a s+le position ( !
  p5dulum2 ( pa/ positions none rema9s4 
,because my duration is an  organization
 & int]p5etration ( facts1 ,i repres5t  
:at ,i call  8pa/0 oscillations ( !     
p5dulum at ! same "t t ,i p]ceive  !    
actual oscillation4 ,elim9ate ! ego1 &  
!re is only a s+le  position ( !        
p5dulum1 & no duration4 ,elim9ate !     
p5dulum1 &  !re is only ! het]og5e\s    
duration ( ! ego4 ,)9 ! ego is          
succession )\t simultaneity or          
reciprocal ext]nality3 )\t !  ego1      
reciprocal ext]nality )\t succession1   
:i* c exi/ only  = a consci\s spectator 
:o rememb]s ! pa/1 & juxtaposits !      
symbols ( ! two oscillations 9 an       
auxili>y space4    ,n[1 betwe5 ?is      
succession )\t ext]nality & ?is         
ext]nality  )\t succession a k9d (      
endosmotic comm]ce goes on4 ,al?\gh !   
successive phases ( our consci\s life   
int]p5etrate1 "s ( !m  correspond to    
simultane\s oscillations ( ! p5dulum2 & 

s9ce  ea* oscillation is di/9ct--t is1  
"o is no m :5 ano!r is  produc$--we come
 to make ! same di/9ctness betwe5 !     
successive  mom5ts ( our consci\s life4 
,! oscillations ( ! p5dulum  decompose  
x1 z x 71 into mutually ext]nal p>ts3   
h5ce !  errone\s idea ( an int]nal      
homog5e\s duration analog\s to space1   
^: id5tical mom5ts foll[ ea* o!r )\t    
int]p5etrat+4  ,on ! o!r h&1 ! p5dul>   
oscillations b5efit by ! influ5ce  !y h 
ex]t$ on our consci\s life4 ,?anks to ! 
recollection (  _! collective :ole1 :i* 
our consci\sness has organiz$1 !y  are  
pres]v$ & !n align$2 9 %ort1 we create a
 f\r? dim5sion  ( space = !m1 :i* we    
call homog5e\s "t1 & :i* enables  !     
p5dul> movem5t1 al?\gh produc$ 9 a c]ta9
 spot1 to be  juxtaposit$ ) itself      
indef9itely4    ,!re is a real space1   
)\t duration1 b 9 :i* ph5om5a appe>  &  
disappe> simultane\sly ) our /ates (    
consci\sness4 ,!re is  a real duration1 
^: het]og5e\s mom5ts int]p5etrate1 b ea*
  ( :i* c t\* a /ate ( ! ext]nal _w     

contemporane\s )  x1 & s be made sep>ate
 f o!r movem5ts4 ,f ! comp>ison  ( ^!   
two realities arises a symbolic         
repres5tation ( duration  drawn f space4
 ,! trait common to ^! two t]ms1 space &
  duration1 is simultaneity1 !          
int]section ( "t & space4 ,?is  is h[   
duration comes to get ! illusory        
appe>ance ( a homog5e\s  m$ium4 ,b "t is
 n measurable4    ,nei!r is motion1 !   
liv+ symbol ( "t4 ,l duration1 motion is
  het]og5e\s & indivisible4 ,b x is     
univ]sally confus$ ) !  space ?r\gh :i* 
! movable passes4 ,! successive         
positions ( !  movable are 9 space1 b ! 
motion is n 9 space4 ,motion is pass+  f
 "o position to ano!r1 :i* op]ation     
occupies duration & has  reality only = 
a consci\s spectator4 ,?+s occupy space2
 processes  occupy duration1 because !y 
are m5tal syn!ses & are unext5d$4    ,! 
syn!sis :i* is motion is obvi\sly n a   
new deploy+ 9  ano!r homog5e\s m$ium1 ( 
! same positions t h be5  p]ceiv$ 9     
space2 = if x 7 su* an act1 ! necessity 

=  resyn!sis w\ld be indef9itely        
repeat$4 ,! syn!sis :i* is  motion is a 
qualitative syn!sis1 a gradual          
organization ( our  successive s5sations
 ) ea* o!r1 a unity analog\s to t (  a  
melodic phrase4 ,! space trav]s$ is a   
quantity1 indef9itely  divisible2 ! act 
by :i* space is trav]s$ is a quality1 & 
indivisible4 ,aga9 t endosmotic ex*ange 
takes place1 z betwe5  ! melodically    
organiz$ p]ception ( ! s]ies ( !        
p5dulum's  motions & its di/9ct         
objective pres5ce at ea* in/ant4 ,t is1 
we attribute to ! motion ! divisibility 
( ! space trav]s$2  & we project ! act  
^u space1 imply+ t outside z well z     
inside ( consci\sness ! pa/ coexi/s ) ! 
pres5t4 ,9 space  are only p>ts ( space4
 ,9 any po9t ( space :]e ! movable may  
be  consid]$1 !re is only a position4 ,y
 w\ld se>* space 9 va9  = motion4    ,f 
! fact t motion _c be 9 space1 ,z5o     
conclud$ wrongly  t motion is           
impossible4 ,b ^? :o try to answ] 8     
argum5ts by  seek+ x also 9 space1 f9d x

 no m ?an he4 ,a*illes ov]takes  !      
tortoise because ea* ,a*illes /ep & ea* 
tortoise /ep is n  a space b a duration1
 ^: nature is n addible nor divisible1 &
  ^: production !re=e does n presuppose 
productions ( p>ts  ( !mselves1 ad      
inf9itum4 ,_! developm5t is n           
con/ruction4  ,!y are entire :ile !y are
 at all1 & s9ce ! int]sections  ( _!    
t]m9al mom5ts ) space are n at equal    
di/ances1  ^! int]sections w co9cide1 or
 _! spatial relations w be  inv]t$1 aft]
 a c]ta9 numb] ( ^! simultaneities--:e!r
 (  ,a*illes' /eps or ( ! tortoise's--) 
po9ts ( ! road h be5  c\nt$2 9 o!r      
words1 ,a*illes w h ov]tak5 or outrun ! 
tortoise aft] a c]ta9 numb] ( /eps4     
,to measure ! velocity ( a motion is    
simply to f9d a simultaneity2  to       
introduce ?is simultaneity into         
calculation is to use a conv5i5t  means 
( =esee+ a simultaneity4 ,j z 9 duration
 !re is  no?+ homog5e\s except :at does 
n lapse1 to wit space 9 :i*             
simultaneities are align$1 s ! homog5e\s

 elem5t ( motion is  t :i* lea/ p]ta9s  
to x1 to wit ! space trav]s$1 :i* is    
immobility4    ,sci5ce c "w on "t &     
motion only on condition ( fir/         
elim9at+ ! ess5tial & qualitative       
elem5t1 duration f "t1  mobility f      
motion4 ,treatises on me*anics nev]     
def9e duration  itself1 b call two      
int]vals ( "t equal :5 two id5tical     
bodies  9 circum/ances id5tical at !    
comm5cem5t ( ea* ( ^!  int]vals1 &      
subject$ to id5tical actions & influ5ces
 ( e  k9d1 h trav]s$ ! same space at !  
end ( ^! int]vals4  ,!re is no "q1 9    
sci5ce1 ( duration1 b only ( space & (  
simultaneities betwe5 out] *ange & c]ta9
 ( our psy*ic /ates4  ,t duration does n
 ent] into natural sci5ce is se5 9 !    
fact t if all ! motions ( ! univ]se 7   
quick] or sl[]1  !n1 :]eas consci\sness 
w\ld h an indef9able & qualitative      
intuition ( ?is *ange1 no sci5tific =mul
 w\ld be modifi$1  s9ce ! same numb] (  
simultaneities w\ld be produc$ aga9 9   
space4    ,analysis ( ! idea ( velocity 

proves t me*anics has no?+  to d )      
duration4 ,if1 on a trajectory ,,ab1    
po9ts ,m1 ,n1 ,p 444 su*  t ,,am  ,,mn  
,,np 444 are rea*$ at equal int]vals (  
"t1 z  def9$ above1 & ,,am etc4 are     
small] ?an any assignable quantity1  !  
motion is said to be uni=m4 ,! velocity 
( a uni=m motion is  !re=e def9$ )\t    
appeal to notions o!r ?an ^? ( space  & 
simultaneity4 ,by a some:at complicat$  
demon/ration#ajf !  same is %[n to be   
true ( ! velocity ( v>y+ motion4        
,me*anics  necess>ily works ) equations1
 & equations always express  accompli%$ 
facts4 ,x is ( ! ess5ce ( duration &    
motion to  be 9 =mation1 s t :ile       
ma!matics c express any mom5t (         
duration or any position tak5 by a      
movable 9 space1 duration &  motion     
!mselves1 be+ m5tal syn!ses & n ?+s1    
necess>ily  rema9 outside ! calculation4
 ,! movable occupies ! po9ts  ( a l9e 9 
turn1 b ! motion has no?+ 9 common ) ?is
  l9e4 ,! positions occupi$ by ! movable
 v>y ) ! diff]5t  mom5ts ( duration2    

inde$1 ! movable creates di/9ct mom5ts  
m]ely by ! fact t x occupies diff]5t    
positions2 b duration  has no id5tical  
nor mutually ext]nal mom5ts1 be+        
ess5tially  het]og5e\s & indi/9ct4      
,only space1 !n1 is homog5e\s2 only ?+s 
9 space are di/9ctly  multiple4 ,!re is 
no succession 9 space4 ,s-call$         
8successive0  /ates ( ! out] _w exi/ ea*
 alone4 ,_! multiplicity is  real only =
 a consci\sness capable ( pres]v+ x & !n
  juxtaposit+ x ) o!rs1 ?us ext]naliz+  
!m by int]relation4  ,!y are pres]v$ by 
consci\sness because !y give rise to    
facts (  consci\sness :i* connect pa/ & 
pres5t by _! int]p5etrat+  organization4
 ,b "o ceases :5 ano!r appe>s1 & s      
consci\sness  p]ceives !m 9 ! =m ( a    
di/9ct multiplicity1 :i* am\nts to      
align+ !m 9 ! space :]e ea* exi/$       
sep>ately4 ,space us$ 9  ?is way is j   
:at is meant by homog5e\s "t4    ,!     
spatial & ! temporal k9d ( multiplicity 
are j z diff]5t  z space & ! real "t t  
lapses4 ,spatial multiplicity is always 

sub/itut$ = ! temporal k9d1 9 disc\rse2 
_! di/9ction  _c be express$ 9 language1
 because language is a product (  space 
s t t]ms are inevitably spatial4 ,ev5 to
 speak ( 8sev]al0  consci\s /ates       
int]p5etrat+ is to *>act]ize !m         
num]ically1  & s int]relate & mutually  
ext]nalize or spatialize !m4#ajg  ,on ! 
o!r h&1 we _c =m ! idea ( a di/9ct      
multiplicity  )\t consid]+1 p>allel to  
x1 a qualitative multiplicity4 ,ev5  9  
c\nt+ units on a homog5e\s backgr\nd1 !y
 organize 9 a  dynamic1 qualitative way4
 ,t is ! psy*ological explanation ( !   
effect ( a 8m>k$-d[n0 price4 ,! figures 
#d4ih h a quality (  _! own1 or r !     
price has1 t is q inexpressible by !    
=mula 8#e m9us #b40 ,quantity has its   
quality4    ,9 a succession ( id5tical  
t]ms1 !n1 ea* t]m has two aspects1      
spatial & temporal1 objective &         
subjective1 "o always id5tical  )       
itself1 ! o!r specific because ( !      
unique quality its  addition gives !    
collective :ole ( ! s]ies4 ,n[1 motion  

is  j su* a 8qualify+10 ! subjective    
aspect ( :at1 objectively1  is a        
succession ( id5tical t]ms1 to wit !    
movable 9 successive  positions4 ,x is  
always ! same movable1 b 9 ! syn!sis1 ! 
images ( x t memory calls e>li]         
int]p5etrate ) ! actual  image2 !       
syn!sis1 ! int]p5etration1 is motion4   
,motion is real1  & absolute2 x is      
subjective1 h[ev]1 n objective4 ,to     
repres5t  motion is to objectify x4 ,t  
is :at ,z5o did1 & :at ev]yone  mu/ d = 
practical purposes4 ,b ,z5o's purpose 0 
speculative1  & t1 ,pr(essor ,b]gson    
?9ks1 is fatally diff]5t4 ,:5 y         
objectify motion y d5y x1 = its ess5ce  
is subjective4 ,/rictly  speak+1 ,z5o 0 
"r 9 f9d+ motion un?9kable2 he 0 wrong  
only 9 suppos+ t :at is un?9kable is    
ipso facto impossible4    ,evid5tly1 !  
ego has ^! two aspects4 ,! ego t\*es !  
ext]nal  _w2 & its s5sations1 ?\gh fus$ 
9 ea* o!r1 reta9 some?+  ( ! reciprocal 
ext]nality :i* objectively *>act]izes _!
  causes4 ,n[1 9 dream+1 ! ego does n   

t\* ! ext]nal _w1  &1 9 dream+1 "t is n 
homog5e\s2 we d n measure "t1  9 dreams1
 b only feel x4 ,= sleep ret>ds ! play (
 organic  functions & modifies ! surface
 ( communication betwe5 ! ego  & ext]nal
 ?+s4 ,b we ne$ n sleep1 to be ?us      
)drawn f  environm5t4 ,z ,i compose ?is 
tra9 ( ?\ght1 ! h\r /rikes4  ,:5 ,i     
notice ! /rik+1 ,i "k "s /rokes h s\nd$ 
:i*  ,i did n notice4 ,i "k ev5 _!      
numb]1 f\r4 ,i "k x by  fill+ out !     
8melody10 z x 71 ( :i* ,i am n[         
consci\s4 ,i  f\nd ! 8f\r0 9 a way t 0 n
 c\nt+1 at all4 ,! numb]  ( /rokes has  
its quality1 & any?+ b f\r fails to     
suit1  diff]s 9 quality4 ,a c\nt$ f\r & 
a felt f\r are absolutely  diff]5t =ms (
 multiplicity1 & ea* is multiplicity4   
,"u !  ego ( cle>ly-def9$ & c\ntable    
/ates is ! real ego :i*  x symbolizes1 9
 :i* succession implies fusion &        
organization4  ,! /ates ( ?is real ego  
language _c seize1 = t 7 to  objectify x
 & fix its mobility4 ,9 giv+ ^! /ates ! 
=m (  ^? ( ! symbolic ego1 language     

makes !m fall into ! common  doma9 (    
space1 :]e !y /raightway become common &
 imp]sonal4  ,?is common & imp]sonal ego
 is ! social & practical ego2 ?is is  ! 
ego t uses language4    ,to language is 
due ! illusion t qualities are p]man5t4 
,b  objects *ange by m]e famili>ity4 ,we
 dislike1 9 manhood1 smells  & ta/es :i*
 we call ! same z ^? we lik$ 9 *ildhood4
 ,b  !y are n ! same4 ,x is only _!     
causes t rema9 ! same4  ,! int]p5etrat+ 
elem5ts ( consci\s /ates are already    
de=m$  ! mom5t a num]ical multiplicity  
is discov]$ 9 ! confus$  mass4 ,j n[ x  
_h a subtle & unique coloration borr[$ f
 its  organization 9 develop+ life2 "h x
 is decolor$ & ready to  receive a "n4  
,?is is ! error ( ! associationi/ic     
s*ool4 ,psy*ology _c  reason conc]n+    
facts be+ accompli%$1 z x may conc]n+   
accompli%$ facts4 ,! accompli%+ ( a fact
 c 9 no wise ent]  into disc\rse4 ,x is 
un?9kable 9 precisely ! same way z      
motion2  or r1 x is ! same case4        
,psy*ology _c pres5t ! liv+  ego z an   

association ( t]ms mutually di/9ct &    
juxtaposit$ 9 a  homog5e\s m$ium4#ajh ,&
 association is j conceptualism appli$  
to psy*ology4 ,its problems ( p]sonality
 h to be absurdly /at$1  9 ord] to be   
/at$ at all4 ,! t]ms ( su* problems d5y 
:at !  problem posits1 m]ely by be+ t]ms
 or names2 !y "n ! unnamable  & def9e ! 
indef9able4 ,! solution is to cease ?9k+
 spatially  ( t :i* is temporal1 to take
 ! o!r attitude4#aji ,or1 !  au?or says 
"h1 us+ m]ely a diff]5t phrase1 !       
solution is to  sub/itute ! real &      
concrete ego = its symbolic             
repres5tation4           99       99    
99       99       99    ,?is second     
*apt] ( ,"t & ,free ,w und]takes to %[ t
 !  successiv5ess ( consci\s /ates makes
 !m unc\ntable4 ,simultaneity  is       
indisp5sable to di/9ctness1 & s to      
numb]4 ,"o c c\nt  ! spatializ$ symbols 
( consci\s /ates because ^! are n       
successive1 b simultane\s4    ,psy*ic   
multiplicity is non-num]ical 9 ! same   
s5se & = !  same reason t psy*ic        

int5sity is non-quantitative1 namely t  
x is pure het]og5eity & temporality4 ,9 
! =ego+ report1 ,i  h sometimes mitigat$
 ! baldness ( ! p>adox z x is /at$ by   
,b]gson1 by sub/itut+ ! t]m 8v>i\sness0 
= 8multiplicity10 9  speak+ ( psy*ic    
facts4 ,aft] all1 x 0 a ?ankless        
subt]fuge--an  imp]t95ce1 p]haps1 s9ce  
,b]gson himself is frank en\gh to insi/ 
t psy*ic multiplicity is z g5u9e        
multiplicity z ! spatial  & mat]ial     
sort4 ,! diff]5ce is t ! =m] is indi/9ct
  & ! latt] di/9ct4 ,b ?is diff]5ce is  
abysmal--inde$1 x is  absolute4 ,all !  
p[] ( ,b]gson's =ceful /yle is          
conc5trat$ on  x4 ,! po9t is turn$ &    
re-turn$ 9 e v>iety ( expression4  ,at !
 same "t1 ! common multiplicity belong+ 
9 bo?  conceptions is emphasiz$ z mu* z 
_! diff]5ce4 ,! !sis ?us  r$uces to ?is1
 t two v>ieties ( ! same g5us are       
8absolutely  diff]5t20 = we are         
explicitly advis$1 on "o h&1 t !re is a 
multiplicity :i* is di/9ct1 & a         
multiplicity :i* is indi/9ct2  ea* is   

multiplicity4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 "o is    
num]ical & !  o!r 8has no analogy )     
numb]40    ,9 view ( ! sup]ior qualities
 ( ! m9d t is guilty ( ?is              
unreasonabl5ess1 ! conviction ( s9c]ity 
:i* x c>ries tortures  ! consci5ti\s    
critic4 ,"o _c approve ( ! intol]ant    
scorn  ( a c]ta9 book1 9 :i* ,b]gson's  
argum5ts are vilifi$ z va9  display1 m]e
 ^w-play2 b pati5ce is ov]tax$ 9 f9d+   
"o's way  ?r\gh ! plausibility ( ?is    
*apt]4 ,! !sis1 c]ta9ly1 may be         
dismiss$ f any consid]ation :atev]4     
,because ( x1 "o kn[s 9  advance1 beyond
 p]adv5ture1 t !re is no validity 9 any 
argum5t  9 its def5se4 ,yet1 9 spite (  
all1 ! *apt] *all5ges /udy2 &  ?or\gh   
/udy ( x _c fail to put ! tru? 9 cle>]  
light1  j because its error is s        
plausible4    ,c\nt+ is syn!sis1 !      
argum5t goes2 b a syn!siz$ succession   
is n a succession1 x is a simultaneity4 
,& simultaneity presupposes  spatial    
det]m9ation 9 ! coexi/5t elem5ts4 ,f    
,b]gson's  po9t ( view1 x is a radical  

error1 h[ev] univ]sal an error1 to      
reg>d ! relation ( simultaneity z a     
temporal det]m9ation4 ,9  fact1 !re is  
no su* ?+ z a temporal det]m9ation2 & e 
det]m9ation1 = ,b]gson1 n only is n     
temporal1 b is spatial4  ,l ! argum5t   
ab\t non-quantitative int5sity1 ?is     
argum5t  = non-plural multiplicity 7save
 ! m>k67 turns on ! equation  (         
homog5eity ) space4 ,b ! pres5t argum5t 
involves its own  peculi> fallacy1 z    
well1 namely ! fallacy :i* ,pr(essor    
,p]ry  describes#aaj z confusion ( a    
relation symboliz$ ) ! relation  betwe5 
symbols4 8,x is commonly suppos$10 ,p]ry
 writes1 8t :5  a complex is repres5t$  
by a =mula1 ! elem5ts ( ! complex  mu/ h
 ! same relation z t :i* subsi/s betwe5 
! p>ts  ( ! =mula2 :]eas1 z a matt] (   
fact1 ! =mula z a :ole  repres5ts or    
describes a complex o!r ?an itself4 ,if 
,i describe  a z #8to ! "r ( b1' does   
any difficulty arise because 9 my  =mula
 a is to ! left ( b8 ,if ,i speak ( a z 
great] ?an  b1 am ,i to assume t because

 my symbols are outside "o ano!r  t a & 
b mu/ be outside "o ano!r8 ,su* a       
supposition w\ld  imply a mo/ nave      
acceptance ( t v #8copy !ory' ( k  :i*  
pragmatism has s sev]ely condemn$4 ,&   
yet su* a supposition  seems ev]y:]e to 
und]lie ! anti-intellectuali/'s polemic4
 ,!  intellect is describ$ z sub/itut+ =
 ! int]p5etration ( !  real t]ms 9 an   
8indi/9ct0 psy*ic multiplicity !        
juxtaposition  ( _! symbols2 z ?\gh     
analysis discov]$ t]ms1 & !n  conf]r$   
relations ( its own 444 ,t]ms are f\nd 9
 relation1  & may be ?us describ$ )\t   
any m artificiality1 )\t any  m impos+ (
 ! =ms ( ! m9d on its subject-matt]1 ?an
 is  involv$ 9 ! b>e m5tion ( a s+le    
t]m4    8444 "o may mean cont9uity      
despite ! fact t ! symbols &  words are 
discrete4 ,! ^w #8blue' may mean blue1  
al?\gh ! ^w  is n blue4 ,simil>ly1      
cont9uity may be an arrangem5t meant by 
a  discont9u\s arrangem5t ( words &     
symbols40    ,s ( ! simultaneity or     
coexi/5ce among ! conceptual symbols  by

 :i* successive psy*ic /ates are c\nt$3 
!re is no?+ 9  su* a relation among !   
symbols to falsify ! process ( c\nt+  z 
a cognitive process ^: mean+ is a       
non-simultane\s relation  among ! psy*ic
 facts symboliz$4 ,z 0 not$ above1#aaa !
  quantitative det]m9ation ( psy*ic     
facts dep5ds solely on an aspect  (     
homog5eity ess5tial to su* facts1 = :i* 
aspect no bett]  evid5ce is possible ?an
 t o!r aspect :i* ,b]gson attributes to 
!m1 ( het]og5eity2 = ! two conceptions1 
in/ead ( exclud+  ea* o!r1 imply ea* o!r
 absolutely4 ,all t is necess>y1 9  ord]
 t psy*ic facts %\ld be c\ntable1 is t  
!y %\ld  possess an aspect ( homog5eity4
 ,& = ?is1 spatiality is  unnecess>y2 = 
spatiality is a conception di/9ct f     
homog5eity4    ,b]gson's id5tification (
 homog5eity ) spatiality is a case (    
:at ,pr(essor ,p]ry calls 8def9ition by 
initial pr$ication40#aab  ,space is     
homog5e\s2 !re=e homog5eity is space4 ,z
 if ! fact  t homog5eity is a "* ( space
 7 any?+ aga9/ its  be+ a "* also ( "t  

or any?+ else4 ,! foll[+ is !           
ju/ification (f]$ by ,b]gson = id5tify+ 
homog5eity )  space3 8,if space is to be
 def9$ z ! homog5e\s1 x seems t         
inv]sely e homog5e\s & unb\nd$ m$ium w  
be space4 ,=1  homog5eity "h consi/+ 9 !
 abs5ce ( e quality1 x is h>d  to see h[
 two =ms ( ! homog5e\s c\ld be di/+ui%$ 
f "o  ano!r40#aac ,! fir/ clause begs ! 
"q by def9+ space  z 8!0 homog5e\s4 ,su*
 id5tification ( space & homog5eity  is 
! po9t to be prov$4 ,! second s5t5ce    
begs ! "q  aga91 :]e homog5eity is      
suppos$ 8"h0 7i4 e4 9 ! case (  space7  
to consi/ 9 ! abs5ce ( e quality4       
,moreov]1 z we  h not$ above 7p4 #dc71  
space possesses a v det]m9ate quality1  
direction1 :i* diff]5tiates x f o!r     
homog5eity4 ,f9ally1  x c be true t     
homog5eity is abs5ce ( quality only on !
  ,b]gsonian assumptions t quality is   
exclusively subjective1 t  homog5eity is
 exclusively objective1 & t only !      
subjective  is positive4 ,n[1 if quality
 is n objective1 judgm5ts _c be  made   

conc]n+ x2 b ,b]gson is con/antly mak+  
su* judgm5ts4  ,& to di/+ui%1 9 po9t (  
homog5eity or ( positivity1 betwe5  8!  
subjective0 & 8! objective0 is to reify 
two equally ab/ract  aspects ( positive 
reality4 ,! quality ( ! homog5e\s is    
d\btless simple1 & s indef9able4 ,b     
,b]gson n[h]e %[s h[  ! homog5e\s is    
less positive ?an ! het]og5e\s1 al?\gh !
  !sis is ! sum & sub/ance ( 8          
philosophy4 ,lack+ fur!r  light on !    
po9t1 "o c only invoke su* exp]i5ces z !
 simple  colors1 = in/ance1--or1 = t    
matt]1 any simple quality--=  cases (   
reality z positive z any het]og5eity1 &1
 obvi\sly1 no  less qualifi$4 ,& no?+   
seems easi] ?an ! di/9ction betwe5      
r$ness1 = in/ance1 & spatiality4        
,b]gson's :ole dialectic  re/s on       
reification ( su* correlative           
ab/ractions z homog5eity  & het]og5eity1
 quality & relation etc4 9 a 8purity0   
:i* n  only is n concretely exp]i5c$1 b 
is n ev5 capable ( be+  conceiv$1       
because ea* concept drags ! o!r         

ineluctably into its  own def9ition4 ,if
 ei!r space or homog5eity 7 inde$ abs5ce
  ( quality1 !y c\ld n be di/+ui%$ f "t1
 nor f  het]og5eity1 nor f any?+ else2 9
 %ort1 !y c\ld n be  conceiv$ at all4   
,! pres5t essay aims to report ,b]gson's
 own "w ) a fair  degree ( fulness2 b x 
is beyond my plan to foll[ exposition  )
 criticism po9t by po9t 9 ! details1    
ev51 9 "s cases1  :5 ^! are ( important 
& wide implication4 ,= discussion (     
,b]gson's cont5tion 7bas$ on analysis ( 
! idea ( velocity1  z outl9$ above7 t   
me*anics has no?+ to d ) "t1 !  read] is
 ref]r$ to pages #bee-fa ( ,p]ry's      
,pres5t ,philosophical  ,t5d5cies4 ,p]ry
 %[s1 9 ?is passage1 t su* a cont5tion1 
aga91 dep5ds on 8confus+ ! symbol ) :at 
x means4 ,to "o :o  falls into ?is      
confusion1 x may appe> t an equation _c 
ref]  to "t because ! /ructure ( !      
equation itself is n temporal2  because 
! symbols are simultane\sly pres5t 9 !  
equation4 ,b if  t is "o ( ! t]ms ( !   
equation1 & t means "t1 !n  ! equation  

means a temporal process4 ,fur!rmore1 an
 equation may  def9e a relation1 su* z 1
 1 or 1 betwe5 temporal quantities1  9  
:i* case ! full mean+ ( ! equation is   
/ill temporal4 ,=  *anges1 ev5ts1 or ev5
 pure int]vals1 may /& 9 non-temporal   
relations1 su* z ^? above1 )\t its 9 !  
lea/ vitiat+  _! temporality40          
,b]gson's solution ( ,z5o's p>adoxes is 
ano!r detail ( ?is  *apt] :i* is ( a    
good deal ( int]e/2 b x applies no new  
pr9ciple to ! support ( ! impossibility 
( c\nt+ psy*ic  facts4 ,)\t a cle>]     
conception ( ! comm]ce or int]section   
betwe5 "t & space1 :i* he *>act]izes    
only by ! "n  ( 8simultaneity10 8 reply 
to ,z5o leaves ! "q ( !  divisibility ( 
"t z problematic z ev]4 ,a*illes        
out-/rips !  tortoise1 he says1 8because
 ea* ( ,a*illes' /eps & ea* ( !         
tortoise's /eps are indivisible acts 9 s
 f> z !y are movem5ts1  & are diff]5t   
magnitudes 9 s f> z !y are space40#aad  
,!y  are indivisible 9 ! same s5se 9 :i*
 a liv+ organism is  indivisible3 if y  

divide !m1 no division is a "p ( t :i*  
04 ,b ! tr\ble is t !y are divisible    
also 9 ! same  s5se 9 :i* ! organism is 
divisible4 ,x is ! mo/ extravagant  (   
assumptions t analysis ( a liv+ body    
into "r & left  etc4--:i*1 to be sure1  
is s]viceable to activity ^u x--is1     
because ( its s]vice to action1 n a "* (
 ! object itself4  ,& ( motion ! same   
sort ( analysis is a pat5t fact (       
exp]i5ce3  !re is an e>li]1 middle &    
latt] phase4 ,! possibility ( ?is  pat5t
 fact is ! crux ( ! problem4 ,no extant 
answ] to ,z5o is  satisfactory to       
ev]ybody4 ,i %all ref] ! read] to       
,pr(essor  ,full]ton's treatm5t ( !     
p>adoxes1 9 ,*apt] ,,xi ( 8 ,sy/em (    
,metaphysics1 z ! solution :i* seems to 
me to be at ! same "t  ! mo/ closely    
relat$ ( any t ,i "k1 to ,b]gson's1 &   
free (  ,b]gson's error4 ,b]gson's      
solution has at lea/ ?is elem5t ( tru?1 
t ,z5o confuses ! space trav]s$ ) some?+
 else conc]n$  9 e case ( motion4       
,full]ton makes a di/9ction betwe5 any  

actual exp]i5ce ( space or "t1 & !      
possibility ( indef9itely  magnifi$     
sub/itutes = su* exp]i5ce2 & %[s a way 9
 :i*  motion c be relegat$ to ! =m]     
78app>5t0 space7 & d5i$ to  ! latt]     
78real0 space7 )\t ei!r d5y+ reality to 
motion or  inf9ite divisibility to real 
space & "t4    ,b]gson's diff]5tiation (
 temporal succession f spatial s]iality 
gets all its cog5cy f an exclusive      
att5tion1 :5 consci\sness is  conc]n$1  
to ! aspects ( het]og5eity 7quality7 &  
comp5etration  7cont9uity7 :i*          
consci\sness %[s2 &1 :5 space is        
conc]n$1  to its aspects ( homog5eity   
7quantity7 & juxtaposition ( p>ts       
7discret5ess74 ,z always1 ) correlative 
ab/ractions1 ,b]gson  reifies !m3 !y    
exclude ea* o!r1 = him1 :]eas1 9 tru?1  
!y  imply ea* o!r1 ent]+ into ea* o!r's 
def9ition s t ea* is  un?9kable except  
by means ( ! o!r4 ,"t is cont9u\s1      
,b]gson  insi/s rightly2 b jumps to !   
conclusion t !re=e "t is n  discrete4   
,"t is het]og5e\s1 !re=e n homog5e\s4   

,space is  discrete 7its p>ts spread    
out71 !re=e n cont9u\s2 homog5e\s1      
!re=e n het]og5e\s4 ,if any demon/ration
 is necess>y t  ^! t]ms d imply ea* o!r1
 in/ead ( exclud+ ea* o!r1 !  case (    
het]og5eity & homog5eity is only ! case 
( resemblance  & diff]5ce 7cf4 page     
#dd74 ,9 reg>d to ! het]og5eity ( space1
  its diff]5tiation by way ( direction  
mu/ n be =gott54 ,z =  ! o!r pair (     
t]ms1 cont9uity c manife/ itself only 9 
ext5so1 & discret5ess requires a sep>at+
 m$ium4    ,:]ev] ,b]gson objects to    
express+ "t 9 t]ms ( space1 !  real     
objection is to ! expression ( "t 9 t]ms
 ( homog5eity4  ,?is he w\ld n only     
admit1 b insi/ ^u4 ,b 8 demon/ration  t 
homog5eity is a "* exclusively spatial  
is a petitio  pr9cipii4#aae ,( ! attempt
 to measure a m9ute1 he writes z        
foll[s3 8,i say1 e4 g41 t a m9ute has j 
elaps$1 & ,i mean  by ?is t a p5dulum1  
beat+ ! seconds1 has complet$ sixty     
oscillations4 ,if ,i picture ^! sixty   
oscillations to myself all  at once1 by 

a s+le m5tal p]ception1 ,i exclude by   
hypo!sis !  idea ( a succession4 ,i d n 
?9k ( sixty /rokes :i* succe$  "o ano!r1
 b ( sixty po9ts on a fix$ l9e1 ea* "o (
 :i*  symbolizes1 s to speak1 an        
oscillation ( ! p5dulum4 ,if1 on !  o!r 
h&1 ,i wi% to picture ^! sixty          
oscillations 9 succession1  b )\t alt]+ 
! way !y are produc$ 9 space1 ,i %all   
be compell$ to ?9k ( ea* oscillation to 
! exclusion ( !  recollection ( ! prec$+
 "o1 = space has pres]v$ no trace  ( x2 
b by do+ s ,i %all condemn myself to    
rema9 =ev] 9  ! pres5t2 ,i %all give up 
! attempt to ?9k a succession or a      
duration40    ,not)/&+ 8 acut5ess z a   
psy*ologi/1 ,b]gson misses !  nature ( !
 app]ception bo? ( sixty po9ts on a l9e 
& (  sixty oscillations ( a p5dulum4 ,& 
! impossibility ( c\nt+  psy*ic facts   
dep5ds on ?is misappreh5sion4 ,he misses
 ! fact t  an app]ception ( sixty po9ts 
on a l9e includes1 z an ess5tial        
feature1 ! s]ial ord]1 ! "h-&-!re       
det]m9ation 7a  di/9ctive qualitative   

det]m9ation7 ( ?is spatial fact4 ,&  he 
misses ! fact t an app]ception ( a      
non-spatial rhy?m  includes1 z an       
ess5tial feature1 ! successive ord]1 !  
e>li]-&-lat] det]m9ation1 ( ?is psy*ic  
fact4 ,n[1 s]iality  is n succession1 if
 y l1 except 9 s f> z ea* is ord]4  ,b  
?is is no m ?an to say t ! two ord]s1 "t
 & space1  are di/+ui%able--are two1 9  
fact4 ,x is n ! slighte/  ob/ruction to 
conceiv+ ea* z ord]1 & z num]ically     
det]m9$4  ,= !re is no evid5ce except   
,b]gson's fundam5tal fallacy (          
8def9ition by initial pr$ication10 to %[
 :y homog5eity &  ord]1 z su*1 are      
exclusively spatial4 ,! discret5ess (   
p>ts  ( space is ?9kable only by !      
int]v5+ spaces3 space is z  cont9u\s 7z 
8comp5etrative07 z "t4#aaf ,on ! o!r h&1
 !  comp5etration ( "t is n only no?+   
aga9/ its divisibility1  b divisibility 
& comp5etration 79 ! only rigor\s mean+ 
!  ^w w be>1 t is1 cont9uity7 are       
indisp5sable to ea* o!r1  inv]se aspects
 ( ea* o!r4 ,y c divide only :at is     

connect$1  z y c connect only :at is    
di/9ct4 ,"t1 !n1 is z discrete z  space4
    ,= e in/ance ( temporal             
8comp5etration10 & 8solid>ity10  its    
p]fect spatial analogue is pla9 to !    
inspection ( anyone :o  w only look t   
way1 to anyone ^: att5tion is n         
hypnotiz$  by an ult]ior purpose to its 
exclusion4#aag ,?us ! melodic phrase  is
 pres5t 9 ea* ( its p>ts z mu* z1 & no m
 ?an1 !  mosaic figure is pres5t 9 ea* (
 its p>ts4 ,! 8felt f\r0 ( !  clock     
/rokes is felt z f\r n o!rwise1 ,i ?9k1 
?an a f\r  :i* might figure 9 ! patt]n (
 a frieze4 ,! same limitations1         
moreov]1 apply to su* felt multiplicity1
 :e!r ( rhy?m or (  patt]n4 ,x mu/ be a 
relatively simple complex1 to be        
app]ceiv$1 9  ei!r case4 ,y c\ld n feel 
fifty1 & ! difficulty is ! same         
difficulty 9 "t z 9 space4 ,"o measures 
a m9ute or a c5tury j  z "o measures an 
in* or ! di/ance f ! e>? to ! sun3 !    
indisp5sable condition is ! cont9uity & 
homog5eity :i* belong  to bo?           

quantities4    ,! proposition t         
oscillations ( a p5dulum measure no?+1 b
  c\nt simultaneities app>5tly means t  
oscillations1 z physical  facts1 h no   
duration ( _! own1 & s _c ov]lie        
duration  z a unit ( measurem5t4 ,?is   
w\ld at lea/ be an intelligible1  ev5 if
 a false1 repres5tation2 b1 if          
oscillations _c measure1  h[ c !y c\nt8 
,:at is j t diff]5ce betwe5 c\nt+ &     
measur+1 by virtue ( :i* t :i* c c\nt _c
 measure8  ,simultaneity ,b]gson def9es 
z ! int]section ( space & "t4  ,n[1     
c\nt+1 z well z measur+1 implies a      
cont9uum4 ,measur+1  c]ta9ly1 if x is   
!oretically p]fect1 c apply only to a   
cont9uum2 b c\nt+1 :i* obvi\sly         
presupposes discret5ess1  !n requires   
also ! indisp5sable condition &         
correlative (  discret5ess1 :i* is      
cont9uity4 ,! int]section ( space & "t  
?us evid5tly involves equal cont9uity & 
discret5ess 9 bo?2 if  !y c int]sect1 & 
_! int]sections are c\ntable1 ea* is    
bo? c\ntable & measurable4 ,! 8purely0  

temporal ph5om5a ( our  consci\s life1  
al?\gh int]p5etrat+1 8correspond        
individually0  to an oscillation ( !    
p5dulum1 :i*1 ?\gh a 8purely0 spatial   
ph5om5on1 8occurs at ! same "t )0 ! =m]4
 ,su* 8endosmotic  comm]ce0 betwe5      
psy*ical & physical ev5ts seems to be   
decisive  = a real community ( nature   
betwe5 _! respective =ms1 "t &          
space--su*1 = in/ance1 z common         
homog5eity & cont9uity4          ,,*apt]
 ,,ii    ,,m9d ,,& ,,matt]1 ,,_s ,,&    
,,body      ,b]gson reg>ds k ( oneself z
 ! optimal case ( kn[+2  oneself1 he    
?9ks1 is ! sample ( reality :i* be/     
s]ves = an  acqua9tance ) ! nature (    
reality 9 g5]al4 8,! exi/5ce (  :i* we  
are mo/ assur$ & :i* we "k be/ is       
unque/ionably our  own1 = ( e o!r object
 we h notions :i* may be consid]$       
ext]nal & sup]ficial1 :]eas1 (          
ourselves1 our p]ception is  int]nal &  
pr(\nd40#aah ,x is ?is p]fect or optimal
 relation  ( id5tity or inw>dness--:i*  
"o be>s to oneself--t is !  condition ( 

true 7i4 e4 intuitive7 k4 ,& 9 ?is case 
we  f9d exi/5ce to be a p]petual fl[ (  
transition4 ,t we ?9k  ( our /ates z    
di/9ct f ea* o!r is due to ! fact t     
reflection on "o's own exi/5ce is1      
unlike ! fl[ ( t exi/5ce  itself1       
necess>ily discont9u\s4 ,x is only n[ & 
!n t motives  arise :i* turn ! att5tion 
to ! self z an object1 l o!rs1  =       
exam9ation4 ,! fl[ ( *ange is n uni=m1  
to be sure4 ,x  is q imp]ceptible to our
 reflective att5tion mo/ ( ! "t1  b if x
 ev] ceas$1 we %\ld at t mom5t cease to 
exi/4 ,only  ! relatively sudd5 &       
int]e/+ p]iods ( transition get our     
att5tion4 ,!n we see a new 8/ate (      
consci\sness0 :i* we add to  ! o!rs t we
 h m5tally /rung toge!r 9 a temporal    
l9e4 ,s  we conceive ( our hi/ory z !   
sum ( elem5ts z di/9ct z beads  on a    
/r+4    ,?is intellectuali/ic view ( !  
self elim9ates ! peculi>  *>act]i/ic (  
its reality1 namely1 its duration1 or ! 
fl[  ( its *ange1 l a sn[ball1          
accumulat+ its sub/ance z x  rolls1     

duration goes on pres]v+ itself 9       
incessant *ange t  accumulates all its  
pa/4 ,"t1 ,b]gson says1 is ! v /uff !   
psy*ological life is made (4 8,!re is1  
moreov]1 no /uff m  resi/ant nor m      
sub/antial40#aai    ,life & in]tia or   
matt] are two antagoni/ic pr9ciples or  
t5d5cies4 ,life is ! positive & active  
pr9ciple2 reality &  duration are       
pr$icable only ( life4 ,matt] is an     
8inv]sion0  or 8int]ruption0 ( life2 its
 value is negative to life & to         
reality4 8,all t :i* seems positive to !
 physici/ & to !  geometrician w\ld     
become1 f ?is new po9t ( view1 an       
int]ruption  or inv]sion ( true         
positivity1 :i* w\ld h to be def9$ 9    
psy*ological t]ms40#abj ,matt] is a     
det]m9ation ( reality 9  mu* ! same s5se
 z t 9 :i* ! reality ( ! ,platonic idea 
suff]s dim9ution "u ! influ5ce ( !      
pr9ciple ( n-be+1  result+ 9 a _w (     
s5sible exp]i5ce or ( appe>ance4 ,b]gson
  po9ts out t ! real 9 ,plato is !      
timeless1 motionless1 def9ite  idea1 & !

 relatively unreal is ! ev]-*ang+       
8inf9ite0 or  indef9able datum (        
exp]i5ce1 to :i* duration is ess5tial4  
,b]gson rev]ses ! ,platonic metaphysics3
 reality is ! ev]-*ang+  & indef9able2  
r1 x is *ange itself4 8,!re are no ?+s1 
!re are only actions40 8444 ?+s & /ates 
are only views1  tak5 by our m9d1 (     
becom+40#aba ,! pr9ciple antagoni/ic to 
reality gives rise to ! timeless1       
def9ite concept1 :i* is a view  or      
appe>ance ( reality op]at$ by           
intellig5ce 9 ! s]vice (  action4 ,z our
 practical int]e/s break up ! cont9uum (
 "t  into discrete /ates1 s !y break up 
! cont9uum ( matt] into  di/9ct bodies4 
,! active antagonism ( "t1 :i* is pure  
quality  or het]og5eity1 & space1 :i* is
 pure quantity or homog5eity1  results 9
 ! _w ( our exp]i5ce1 compris+ 8/ates0 (
  consci\sness & ?+s or objects4    ,!  
relation betwe5 life & matt] 9 !        
evolution ( ! _w1  ,b]gson repres5ts by 
! figure ( a g5]ation ( /eam 9 a        
boil]4#abb ,life1 ! positive pr9ciple1  

/reams or fl[s1 l !  /eam1 by ! =ce :i* 
is its v nature4 ,9 its c\rse1 ?is vital
  impetus is *eck$1 z a jet ( /eam is   
*eck$1 by its cond5sation1  & falls back
 ^u itself 9 drops1 ret>d+1 b n         
annihilat+1  ! fl[4 ,b we are w>n$ t !  
figure mu/ be correct$ 9 t  !           
int]ruption or inv]sion ( ! impetus is  
due to a pr9ciple  inh]5t 9 ! impetus   
itself1 n to an ext]nal det]m9ation4 ,if
  !re 7 su* an ext]nal pr9ciple1 ! two  
w\ld seem cord9ate 9  reality1 b !      
reality ( matt] is z ! reality ( re/1   
:i*1  z ! negation ( motion1 is no?+    
positive1 yet is n a m]e  naught4       
,sometimes1 9 read+ ,b]gson1 x seems v  
cle> t reality &  matt] mu/ exclude ea* 
o!r1 s9ce "o is ! negation ( !  o!r2 &  
p]ception & conception1 ^: object is    
matt]1 are n  k1 because t object is    
unreal4 ,moreov]1 n only is !  /uff (   
reality t psy*ic process :i* is life &  
laps+ "t1  b !re is no /uff m resi/ant  
nor m sub/antial4 ,& 9  num]\s o!r ways 
! mutual exclusion ( reality & matt]    

seems  q fundam5tal to ,b]gsonism4 ,"o c
 nev] rema9 long 9 any  security ab\t   
?is1 h[ev]4 ,if ,b]gsonism is ,platonism
 rev]s$1 x  is natural t ! peculi>ities 
( ! latt] %\ld reappe> 9 "s  =m4        
,platonic n-be+ is mu* too important &  
too active to be  d5i$ a coequal        
positivity ) be+4 ,ov] & above ^!       
8worlds10  moreov]1 !re is t "o 9 :i* we
 live1 ) a ?ird /atus4  ,p]haps x is ?is
 :i* is mo/ l ,b]gsonian matt]--8no?+   
positive1 yet n a m]e naught06 ,9 !     
lett] f :i* ,i h  already quot$1        
,monsieur ,b]gson wrote me1 conc]n+ a   
previ\s pap]  ( m9e3#abc 8,y give me !  
*oice betwe5 #8yes' & #8no1' :]eas  ,i  
_c respond ) ei!r1 b mu/ mix !m4 ,9 ea* 
p>ticul>  case1 ! #8yes' & #8no' h to be
 apportion$1 & ?is is j :y  ! philosophy
 ,i adh]e to is susceptible ( improvem5t
 & progress4  ,= in/ance1 y f9d t my    
premises lead to ?is conclusion3        
#8,matt] has no duration2 b duration is 
synonym\s ) reality2  !re=e matt] is n  
real4' ,b1 to my m9d1 matt] has exactly 

!  same reality z re/1 :i* exi/s only z 
negation ( motion1 yet  is some?+ o!r   
?an absolute no?+ness4 ,all t is        
positive  9 my #8vital impetus' is      
motion2 /oppage ( ?is motion con/itutes 
mat]iality2 ! latt]1 !re=e1 is no?+     
positive1 yet n a m]e  naught1 absolute 
no?+ness be+ no m /oppage ?an motion40  
,if "o seek 7x is n to be f\nd1 ,i ?9k1 
9 ,b]gson's writ+s7  an explanation (   
?is abatem5t or dim9ution ( ! lan vital1
  ?is t5d5cy t[>d re/1 ! problem turns  
into ! v anci5t  problem ( ! pol>ity (  
be+ 9 subject & object4 ,9 ,platonism1  
matt] arises z product ( an et]nal      
antagonism betwe5 two coeval  pr9ciples1
 ! ,idea & ,n-be+4 ,n-be+ is ?us some?+ 
effici5t1 some?+ t is capable ( ent]+ z 
a factor1 toge!r  ) ! ,idea1 into a     
product1 ! ,s5sible ,object4 ,! tru? is1
  !re=e1 t ,n-be+ is some?+ v real3 x is
 some?+  because x does some?+4 ,x is z 
real z ! ,idea1 because x is  z effici5t
 z ! ,idea4 ,& 9 ! ,b]gsonian creative  
evolution  !re (t5 seems j su* an       

antagonism z ?is1 betwe5 two  cord9ate1 
effici5t1 & !re=e real pr9ciples4 ,?us3 
8,!  impetus ( life 444 is confront$ )  
matt]1 t is to say1 )  ! movem5t t is ! 
inv]se ( its own40#abd ,&3 8,life z a   
:ole 444 w appe> z a wave :i* rises1 &  
:i* is oppos$  by ! desc5d+ movem5t (   
matt]40#abe ,b1 z ) ,plato1 s  )        
,b]gson1 dubb+ ! hat$ pr9ciple 8,n-be+0 
or 8,negation  ( ,positive ,reality0    
h>dly avails aga9/ ! s\ndness ( its     
claim to positivity4 ,& ! case is n     
diff]5t if ! 8lan  vital0 is a          
self-limit$ absolute in/ead ( an et]nal 
dualism3 !  philosoph]'s selection ( "o 
( ! two coeffici5ts or poles (  ?is     
self-pol>iz$ absolute1 r ?an ! o!r1 to  
be snubb$1 is  arbitr>y1 in/9ctive1     
p]sonal4 ,) ,plato x is "o1 ) ,b]gson  !
 o!r2 no logical pr9ciple det]m9es x1 9 
ei!r case4    ,on no o!r po9t1 ,i       
believe1 is criticism ( ,b]gson s       
clamor\s  or s unanim\s z on 8          
conception ( matt]4 ,)\t d\bt1 8        
conception ( matt] is obscure4 ,"t &    

space 7t]ms equival5t =  ,b]gson1 to    
life & matt]7 be+ ess5tially            
antagoni/ic1 mu/  ess5tially imply ea*  
o!r2 & if s1 d !y n /& 9 !  same rank z 
real exi/5ces8 ,9 :at s5se1 !n1 is ei!r 
real  & ! o!r unreal1 except by an      
arbitr>y decree8 ,! ontological         
obscurity has its correspond+           
epi/emological obscurity z to !         
cognitive /atus ( k ( matt]1 :i* is !   
crux ( ,b]gson's  philosophy4 ,in/9ct is
 suit$ to life & duration2 intellig5ce1 
to  matt] & space4 ,sci5ce says _m ?+s  
ab\t "t1 b af=ds no  acqua9tance ) "t   
itself4 ,! duration ( ! unit ( "t is a  
matt] ( indiff]5ce to ! mean+ & value ( 
any sci5tific  =mula4#abf ,= example1 if
 ?is unit 7 made inf9ity1 &  ! physical 
process repres5t$ by ! =mula 7 ?us      
reg>d$  z inf9itely quick1 i4 e4 an     
in/antane\s1 timeless fact1 !           
in/antaneity ( ! fact w\ld be irrelevant
 to any tru? express$  by ! =mula4 ,!   
only tru? ! =mula expresses is a sy/em (
  relations1 :i* rema9s ! same = any    

unit ( "t4 ,sci5ce kn[s  no pa/ or      
future1 no?+ b an incessantly r5ew$     
in/antane\s  pres5t1 )\t sub/ance4 ,!   
conclusions ( sci5ce are giv5 9 !       
premises1 ma!matically2 ! _w ( sci5ce is
 a /rict det]m9ism4  ,9 ! real _w (     
consci\sness1 on ! o!r h&1--k (  :i* c  
only be acqua9tance ) x--! future is    
ess5tially  cont+5t & un=seeable1 = ea* 
new phase is an absolute  creation1 into
 :i* ! :ole pa/ is incorporat$ )\t      
det]m9+  x4           99       99       
99       99       99    ,! active       
pr9ciple ( life ,b]gson describes by !  
phrase t5d5cy  to create4 ,its movem5t  
is a creative evolution4 ,life fl[s1 or1
 z  we h said1 rolls on l a sn[ball1 9  
an unceas+ production (  new =ms1 ea* ( 
:i* reta9s1 :ile x modifies & adds to1  
all  its previ\s =ms4 ,b ! figure ( !   
sn[ball soon fails4 ,"o (  ! mo/        
significant facts ( ! creative evolution
 ( life is !  division ( its primitive  
pa? into div]g5t pa?s4 ,! primitive  lan
 conta9s elem5t>y virtualities ( t5d5cy 

:i* c abide  toge!r only up to a c]ta9  
/age ( _! developm5t4 ,x is ( !  nature 
( a t5d5cy to break up 9 div]g5t        
elem5t>y t5d5cies1  z a f\nta9-jet      
sprays out4 ,z ! primitive t5d5cy       
develops1  elem5ts conta9$ 9 x :i* 7    
mutually compatible 9 "o & !  same      
primitive organism1 be+ /ill 9 an       
undevelop$ /age1 become  incompatible z 
!y gr[4 ,h5ce ! indef9ite bifurcation ( 
!  =ms ( life into realms1 phyla1 g5]a1 
species1 individuals4 ,x is a  c>d9al   
error1 ,b]gson ?9ks1 to reg>d           
vegetative1 in/9ctive &  intellectual   
life1 9 ! ,ari/otelian mann]1 z         
successive /ages 9  "o & ! same l9e (   
developm5t4 ,!y repres5t ?ree radically 
diff]5t l9es ( evolution1 n ?ree /ages  
along ! same l9e4    ,a t5d5cy common to
 all life is to /ore ! con/antly diffus$
  sol> en]gy 9 res]voirs :]e its        
equilibrium is un/able4 ,?is  t5d5cy1 ( 
alim5tation1 is complem5t>y to ! t5d5cy 
to resolve  equilibrium ( pot5tial en]gy
 by sudd51 explosive release ( en]gy  9 

actions4 ,z ! primitive organism        
develop$ 7und\bt$ly an  ambigu\s =m1    
p>tak+ ( ! *>act]s ( bo? ! animal & !   
vegetable7 ^! two t5d5cies became       
mutually incompatible 9 "o &  ! same =m 
( life4 ,^? =ms :i* became vegetables   
owe _!  diff]5tiation f ance/ral =ms to 
a prepond]ant lean+ t[>d  ! manufacture 
( ! explosive1 z ! animal owes its      
animality to a  lean+ t[>d ! release (  
en]gy 9 sudd5 & int]mitt5t actions4     
,! vegetable1 draw+ its n\ri%m5t :]ev] x
 may f9d x1 f  ! gr\nd & f ! air1 has no
 ne$ ( locomotion4 ,! animal1  dep5d5t  
on ! vegetable or on o!r animals = food1
 mu/ g :]e  x may be f\nd4 ,! animal mu/
 move4 ,n[1 consci\sness em]ges p>i     
passu ) ! ability to act1 & torpor is   
*>act]i/ic ( fixity4  ,! humble/        
organism is consci\s to ! ext5t to :i* x
 c act  freely4 ,actions may be         
effective ei!r by virtue ( an excell5ce 
9 ! use ( in/rum5ts ( action or by      
virtue ( an excell5ce 9  adapt+ !       
in/rum5t to ! ne$4 ,action may ?us      

assume ei!r  ( two v diff]5t *>act]s1 ! 
"o in/9ctive1 self-adaptive  reaction1 !
 o!r intellig5t manufacture4 ,! two     
t5d5cies h  bifurcat$ )9 ! animal realm4
 ,"o pa? rea*es its pres5t  culm9ation 9
 c]ta9 hym5opt]a 7e4 g4 ants1 bees1     
wasps71 !  o!r 9 man4    ,?us !         
developm5t ( in/9ct 9 man has become    
subord9ate2 human  consci\sness is      
dom9at$ by intellig5ce4 ,h5ce !         
univ]sality  ( ! vice ( intellectualism 
9 philosophy4 ,man1 because he is       
dom9at$ by intellig5ce1 supposes        
intellig5ce to be coext5sive )          
consci\sness1 :]eas x is only "o ( !    
elem5t>y t5d5cies  :i* consci\sness     
comprises1 & ! "o :i* is impot5t to "k  
! fl[ ( reality4 ,sp5c]'s evolutionism  
af=ds no acqua9tance  ) ! reality (     
life4 ,8 s-call$ evolution />ts ) !     
already evolv$4 ,h5ce all x rea*es is ! 
made1 ! once-=-all1  ! timeless4 ,x is  
m]ely a biological !ory1 & no advance   
ov]  positive sci5ce4 ,x is n a         
philosophy4    ,hav+ %[n ! orig9 (      

intellig5ce 9 ! m ext5sive pr9ciple  (  
life1 & limit$ its sph]e ( op]ation to  
in]t matt]1 !  au?or turns to ! nature (
 in/9ct4 ,! great] "p ( !  psy*ic life (
 liv+ be+s t are *>act]i/ically         
in/9ctive  ,b]gson believes to be /ates 
:i* he describes z k 9 :i*  !re is no   
repres5tation4#abg 8,repres5tation is   
/opp$ up by  action40#abh ,a purely     
in/9ctive action w\ld be indi/+ui%able  
f a m]e vital process4 ,:5 ! *ick1 =    
example1 breaks !  %ell1 x seems m]ely  
to keep up ! motion t has c>ri$ x  ?r\gh
 ! embryonic life4 ,b nei!r in/9ct nor  
intellig5ce is  ev] pure1 & we h 9      
ourselves a vague exp]i5ce ( :at mu/    
happ5 9 ! consci\sness ( an animal act+ 
by in/9ct4 ,we h  ?is exp]i5ce 9 ph5om5a
 ( feel+1 9 unreflect+ sympa?ies  &     
antipa?ies4 8,in/9ct is sympa?y4 ,if ?is
 sympa?y c\ld ext5d  its object & also  
reflect ^u itself1 x w\ld give u ! key  
to vital op]ations4444 ,intuition1 to   
wit1 in/9ct t has become  dis9t]e/$1    
self-consci\s1 capable ( reflect+ ^u its

 object  & ( enl>g+ x indef9itely1 leads
 u into ! v inw>dness (  life 444 ,x is 
true t ?is /hetic intuition 444 atta9s  
only !  individual1 b we c conceive an  
inquiry turn$ 9 ! same direction  z art1
 :i* w\ld take life 9 g5]al = its       
object40#abi           99       99      
99       99       99    ,9 ,matt] &     
,memory1 m9d is repres5t$ z v>y+1 9 its 
/ates1  betwe5 two limits1 8pure        
p]ception10 :i* is j action1 &          
8dream+40 ,! limit ( action is :]e ! rle
 ( m9d ceases1 !  vani%+-po9t ( k4 ,b at
 ! o!r limit1 dream+1 m9d  is 9 full    
sw+1 hav+ fre$ itself1 by an inn]       
t5sion1 f !  ob/ructive influ5ce ( body4
 ,f> f vani%+ at ?is limit1 z at  ! o!r1
 k is "h at its apogee4 ,x is "h 8pure40
    ,x is important = ,b]gson to        
recognize an organic connection         
7ob/ructive to m9d1 z he ,platonically  
conceives7 betwe5 m9d  & body1 9 ord] t 
he may e/abli% ! possibility ( !  /ate (
 8pure p]ception10 9 :i* m9d activity   
co9cides )  bodily activity by a yield+1

 relax$ concurr5ce ) ! latt]'s          
influ5ce4 ,m9d is "h passive2 its rle 9 
! life ( ! organism  ceases 9 ?is /ate4 
,b x is equally important1 = !          
ontological  indep5d5ce ( m9d1 t at !   
8dream+0 pole ! t5sion :i*  is ! v      
con/itution ( its kn[+ %\ld free m9d f  
bodily  influ5ce4 ,?is t5sion1 at its   
ideal limit1 mu/ s disconnect !  m9d f !
 body t ! =m] becomes impot5t1 z ,b]gson
  says1 = any effici5cy 9 ! physical _w4
 ,x seems to be1 to  all int5ts &       
purposes1 a disembodi$ /ate4 ,k hav+ !n 
no possible end 9 action is cle>ly its  
own end4 ,intellection is a  utility1   
op]at+ 9 ! _w ( matt]2 k is absolute1   
self-c5t]$ id5tity ( subject & object4  
,su*1 ,i suppose1 is ,god's  8?\ght (   
?\ght0 9 ,ari/otle's conception4    ,?is
 fluctuation ( ! relation betwe5 m9d &  
body1 f a  connection :i* is vital to   
absolute disconnection1 is a reappe>ance
  ( ! ambiguity discuss$ on pages #ff-g4
 ,at "o mom5t ! _w  seems a ,platonic   
dualism2 9 ! next1 a self-limit$ or     

pol>iz$  absolutism1 l ,fi*te's or      
,hegel's4 ,:atev] ! 8ideal limit0 (     
m9d's cognitive 8t5sion0 may be conceiv$
 to be1 !re ought to  be no "q ( m &    
less1 9 ! matt] ( disconnect$ness1      
/rictly speak+4 ,we d n und]/& movem5t f
 connection to  disconnection1 ?r\gh    
int]m$iate /ages1 z m9d is "h repres5t$ 
to move1 9 its /ates ( k4 ,fir/ m9d mu/ 
be l a c]ta9  "p ( matt]1 s t x c reb\nd
 by its 8t5sion0 f a c]ta9  o!r "p2 &   
!n1 z soon z x has reb\nd$1 :at w\ld be 
true  ( ! ?+ t c\ld d ?is mu/ sudd5ly   
become untrue ( x1  presumably because (
 ! reb\nd1 no o!r reason be+ assignable 
to acc\nt = ! ensu+ disconnection )     
matt]4 ,"o bit (  matt] c reb\nd f      
ano!r1 b x is !n z mu* connect$ )  matt]
 z be=e4 ,we d n und]/& h[ m9d1 :5 x has
 ?us  reb\nd$ f "o p>ticul> mat]ial     
atta*m5t !reby becomes  mat]ially       
unatta*$4    ,?is is nev]!less a        
sugge/ive s*eme ( relation4 ,x seems to 
me  to be m>r$ ) "o radical fault3 ^!   
limits ( k are  wrongly relat$4 ,_!     

negation ( ea* o!r %\ld be ! opposition 
( antipodes1 n ( contradictories4 ,!    
diff]5ce is ! radical  diff]5ce betwe5  
implication & exclusion4 ,!y d n exclude
 ea*  o!r1 b imply ea* o!r4 ,ea* vani%es
 )\t ! o!r4    ,9 activity1 !re is      
ext]naliz$ motion on "o h& & resi/ance1 
or virtual reaction1 on ! o!r4 ,action &
 reaction are cases (  pol>ity2 !y are  
necess>y to ea* o!r to give ea* o!r =m4 
,9 ! cognitive subject1 reaction t 7    
purely virtual1 )\t  ext]naliz+         
implication1 w\ld be indet]m9ate dream+2
 motion t  7 purely ext]naliz$1 )\t     
implication ( inn] virtuality1  w\ld be 
indet]m9ate activity4 ,n[1 any?+ t is   
indet]m9ate  or =mless simply is n1 if  
be+ has any significance :atev]2 =      
=mless significance is a contradiction2 
c]ta9ly ! significance  ( any?+ w\ld    
con/itute a =mal aspect ( x4 8,pure0    
matt] or  quantity is pure no?+1 9 !    
s5se t x is quantity ( no?+4  ,^! 8pure0
 limits ?us snuff !mselves out4 ,&      
v>iation betwe5  !m is n a progression f

 n-be+ to be+ or vice v]sa1 n  a /r5g!n+
 or weak5+ ( ! v>iable function's       
ess5ce4 ,su*  a notion dep5ds on !      
absurdity ( a n-be+ t c d ?+s to  be+1 )
 fluctuat+ prepot5cy 9 ! /ruggle6       
,/r5g!n+ &  weak5+--degree 9 any        
guise--has no application to ess5ce4 ,9 
any  phase1 t is1 k is itself & no?+    
else2 x _c be m  or less itself4    ,t  
:i* v>ies concomitantly ) ! v>iations 9 
complexion (  consci\sness1 is ! dynamic
 relation betwe5 subject & object4 ,x   
may be express$ z v>iation ( ratio      
betwe5 virtual & real action4  ,at ea*  
pole activity vani%es1 & consci\sness ) 
x4 ,at "o pole1  :]e ! ratio is z]o1 x  
vani%es 9 ! direction ( 8real0 or       
ext]naliz$ action1 :i* means t ! subject
 meets no oppos+  negativity1 & s no    
object2 ! relation ( activity is        
ext+ui%$  ?r\gh lack ( "o ( its t]ms4   
,at ! o!r pole1 :]e ! ratio is  inf9ity1
 action vani%es 9 ! direction (         
8virtuality40 ,& ?is  means t 9 !       
subject !re is no positivity1 no        

subjectivity1 to  oppose to univ]sal    
negativity or objectivity4 ,! result is 
! same  ext9ction ( ! relation ?r\gh    
lack ( a t]m4 ,a subject t]m is  lack+ 9
 "o case1 an object 9 ! o!r4    ,k1 =   
,b]gson1 corresponds only to ! ratio    
inf9ity1 (  virtual to real action2 all 
o!r ratios betwe5 !m are less ?an  k4   
,to ?is ,i object t inf9ite virtuality  
is indet]m9ate  virtuality1 :i* is a    
naught rea*$ 9 ! opposite way f t       
naught :i* is inf9ite & indet]m9ate     
actuality4 ,indet]m9ate  action is no?+1
 & s is indet]m9ate k4 ,id5tification  (
 k ) any specific value ( ! ratio (     
virtual to real  action is n det]m9$ by 
any logical pr9ciple4 ,:5 a function    
v>ies betwe5 a positive & a negative    
pole1 nei!r pole is an  apogee :]e !    
function is mo/ itself4 ,on ! contr>y1 z
 9 !  v>iation ( an includ+ angle1 ea*  
pole is a limit+ position 9  :i* !      
ess5tial nature ( ! v>iable is ext+ui%$4
 ,nor is  x mo/ itself midway betwe5 !  
poles1 nor at any o!r privileg$         

position1 = x is absolutely & fully     
itself1 & no?+ else1  9 e phase4 ,!     
g5u95ess ( a /ate ( aw>5ess w\ld !n     
dep5d also on ! g5u95ess ( ! reciprocity
 betwe5 ! t]ms  ( ?is dynamic ratio4    
,:]e !y are n di/9ct1 :]e subject &     
object are id5tical1 aw>5ess vani%es    
?r\gh lack ( a quantitative  coeffici5t1
 z x vani%es at ea* pole ?r\gh lack ( a 
qualitative  coeffici5t4 ,9 o!r words1 k
 ( a ?+ by itself1 l  action ( a ?+ on  
itself1 is a cancelation ( t]ms (       
opposite  sign1 a contradiction1 & !    
subject & object1 :e!r ( action  or (   
consci\sness1 are ess5tially ext]nal to 
ea* o!r4    ,b]gson is treat+           
consci\sness z su* z if x c\ld be m or  
less consci\s1 z1 inde$1 a consci\s     
subject may be4 ,t is1 he  is treat+    
consci\sness z if x c\ld be ( a nature m
 or less  aw>e or cognitive2 he is      
treat+ v>iations ( phase z if !y  7     
augm5tations & dim9utions ( ess5ce2 he  
is treat+ quality  quantitatively1 an   
error :i* w\ld n h be5 possible if he   

_h adh]$ to ! purely conceptual         
di/9ction betwe5 quality &  quantity4 ,&
 he is treat+ ! v>iations ( cognitive   
complexion  or phase z if !y dep5d$ on  
v>iations 9 a c]ta9 relation 7!  mutual 
ext]nality ( subject & object7 :i* is   
inv>iable &  absolute--incapable1 t is1 
( degree4           99       99       99
       99       99    8,?is book10 says 
! fir/ s5t5ce ( ,matt] & ,memory1       
8affirms  ! reality ( _s & ! reality (  
matt]40 ,l[] 9 ! same  page1 h[ev]1 x is
 expla9$ t 8,matt]1 9 our view1 is an   
aggregate ( #8images4' ,& by #8image' we
 mean a c]ta9 exi/5ce :i*  is m ?an t   
:i* ! ideali/ calls a repres5tation1 b  
less ?an t :i* ! reali/ calls a ?+1--an 
exi/5ce plac$  half-way betwe5 ! #8?+' &
 ! #8repres5tation4' 444 ! object  exi/s
 9 itself1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! object is1 
9 itself1  pictorial1 z we p]ceive x2   
image x is1 b a self-exi/+ image  7pp4  
vii1 viii74    8444 memory 444 is j !   
int]section ( m9d & matt] 444 !         
psy*ical /ate seems to u to be 444      

imm5sely wid] ?an ! c]ebral  /ate 444   
our c]ebral /ate conta9s m or less ( our
 m5tal /ate  9 ! measure t we reel (f   
our psy*ic life into action or w9d x  up
 into pure k 444 our psy*ic life may be 
liv$ at diff]5t  heights1 n[ ne>] to    
action1 n[ fur!r remov$ f x0 7pp4 xii1  
xiii1 xiv74    ,! 8int]section ( m9d &  
matt]0 sugge/s a pr(\nd dualism1 &  ?is 
,b]gson ackn[l$ges to be ess5tial to 8  
!ory4 ,x is true  t no opportunity is   
lo/1 to disc\nt ! reality ( matt]2 b !  
relations :i* x su/a9s to m9d are su* z 
c exi/ only betwe5  t]ms ^: reality is  
cord9ate4 ,p]ception is j t biological  
reactive function ( mat]ial organism    
engag$ ) mat]ial /imulus1  :i* e        
psy*ological text-book proclaims x to   
be4 ,b ! actual  consci\s /ate always   
has memory 9 x1 z well z p]ception2 or  
r1 ! /ate z consci\s is no?+ b memory2  
p]ception  itself1 8pure0 p]ception1 is 
action pure & simple1 & n cognitive  at 
all4    ,?is is an abuse ( ! ^w         
8p]ception10 b ! epi/emology c  %[ a    

good deal ( reason4 ,aft] all1 our      
p]ceptions 7z we call  ! /ates ( m9d 9  
:i* we are involv$ ) a mat]ial /imulus7 
mean some?+1 necess>ily4 ,!y mean       
some?+1 ,i insi/1 !  /range/ ( !m4 ,we  
sometimes speak o!rwise1 say+ t an      
object  ( p]ception means no?+ to u4 ,b1
 ,i submit1 ?is is only a mann]  (      
speak+4 ,a /ate t meant no?+1           
absolutely1 7 g5u9ely  blank1 empty1    
cont5tless2 & !re is no diff]5ce1 ,i    
take x1  betwe5 a /ate )\t cont5t & a   
/ate t is unconsci\s4 ,well1  !n1 mean+ 
some?+1 z a consci\s /ate mu/1 :at does 
x mean8  ,b]gson1 ,i am sure1 is "r 9   
hold+ t to mean is to recognize1  to    
recall1 to rememb]4 ,?is makes ( e      
concrete p]ceptive /ate1  s-call$1 a    
rudim5t>y d$uction1 a g5u9e syllogism1 a
 "w (  intellect4 ,! major premise is a 
memory2 ! m9or is an imm$iate  reactive1
 s5sori-motor datum2 ! conclusion is !  
subsumption (  ! pres5t datum "u !      
memory4 ,?us3 ,! exp]i5ce to :i* ,i     
atta* ! "n 8orange0 has su* & su*       

*>act]s 7rememb]$ major  premise72 !    
pres5t reactive /ate has ^! *>act]s     
7p]ceptive  datum1 m9or premise72 !re=e 
?is /ate is a case ( ! orange  exp]i5ce4
 ,! only difficulty is ! nature ( !     
process (  subsumption ( ! pres5t datum 
) ! memory4 ,! pres5t datum 9  its      
purity z pres5t is a reaction m]ely1 an 
ev5t 9 ! physical  _w4 ,its nature owns 
no?+ psy*ical4 ,:at comm]ce1 !n1 c x  h 
) m9d8 ,to call its comm]ce ) m9d       
8subsumption0 is to give  a label to a  
problem4 ,to call memory ! 8int]section0
 ( ! physical  _w ) m9d seems ano!r     
label1 ( a metaphorical sort1 = !  same 
problem4    ,b1 = ! pres5t1 let u he> ! 
doctr9e4 ,to my ?9k+1 x  is ,b]gson's   
be/ "w1 & full ( illum9at+ sugge/ion4   
,to !  radical duali/1 x %\ld be        
completely satisfactory4 ,z an adh]5t  (
 a c]ta9 d\ble-aspect conception ( !    
body-m9d relation1 ,i  %all ev5tually   
propose a correction & completion1 v    
radical1  c]ta9ly1 b all t is necess>y  
to make ,b]gson's treatm5t (  ?is       

problem ( ! highe/ int]e/ & value to    
myself4    ,! body1 !n1 9 ,b]gson's     
!ory1 yes1 ! bra9 itself1 is no         
produc]1 repository nor reproduc] ( any 
elem5t ( consci\sness4  ,! body is a    
c5t] ( reaction1 & no?+ else4 8,! size1 
%ape1  ev5 ! color1 ( ext]nal objects is
 modifi$ accord+ z my body  approa*es or
 rec$es f !m1 444 ! /r5g? ( an od\r1 !  
int5sity ( a s\nd1 increases or dim9i%es
 ) di/ance2 f9ally1  444 ?is v di/ance  
repres5ts1 above all1 ! measure 9 :i*   
surr\nd+ bodies are insur$1 9 "s sort1  
aga9/ ! imm$iate  action ( my body4 ,9 !
 degree t my horizon wid5s1 ! images    
:i* surr\nd me seem to be pa9t$ ^u a m  
uni=m backgr\nd  & become to me m       
indiff]5t4 ,! m ,i n>r[ ?is horizon1 !  
m ! objects :i* x circumscribes space   
!mselves out di/9ctly  accord+ to !     
great] or less ease ) :i* my body c t\* 
&  move !m4 ,!y s5d back1 !n1 to my     
body1 z w\ld a mirror1 its  ev5tual     
influ5ce2 !y take rank 9 an ord]        
correspond+ to !  gr[+ or decreas+ p[]s 

( my body4 ,! objects :i* surr\nd my    
body reflect its possible action ^u     
!m40#acj ,cut a s5sory n]ve1  & !       
reactive process is de/roy$1 & ) x1     
p]ception4 8,*ange  ! objects1 or modify
 _! relation to my body1 & ev]y?+  is   
*ang$ 9 ! int]ior movem5ts ( my         
p]ceptive c5tres4 ,b  ev]y?+ is also    
*ang$ 9 #8my p]ception4' ,my p]ception  
is1 !n1  a function ( ^! molecul>       
movem5ts2 x dep5ds ^u !m40#aca  8,:at !n
 are ^! movem5ts8444 !y are1 )9 my body1
 !  movem5ts int5d$ to prep>e1 :ile     
beg9n+ x1 ! reaction (  my body to !    
action ( ext]nal objects 444 !y =e%ad[  
at ea*  successive mom5t its virtual    
acts40#acb ,x may seem t my reaction  to
 a body is ! same :e!r ,i p]ceive x     
visually or tactually or  o!rwise4 ,b   
movem5ts ext]nally id5tical may diff]   
int]nally2  !re is a diff]5t            
organization ( ! same gross function )  
diff]5t microscopic functions4 ,! mean+ 
has ultimately an  important sam5ess1   
s9ce mean+ is a function ( biological   

adju/m5t4 ,b diff]5t inn] organizations 
are /ill ! explanation  ( diff]5t ways (
 p]ceiv+ :at is1 9 all biologically     
important  respects1 ! same object4     
,s]i\s fault has be5 f\nd#acc )         
,b]gson's attempt to e/abli%1  by       
sci5tific rese>* 9 ! subject ( aphasia1 
! ontological  indep5d5ce ( _s1 ! seat (
 memory1 f body4 ,b on o!r  gr\nds ?an  
su* sci5tific inve/igation ! issue ( ?is
 attempt  appe>s to me at be/ a futile  
a*ievem5t2 = ! result is 9 any  case !  
re9/atem5t1 unt\*$1 ( t problem ( all   
radical  dualism1 a problem :i* ,b]gson 
solves only by metaphor ^:  brilliance  
may be lum9\s itself1 b has no          
illum9ation = !  problem1 :i* is h[     
reactive /ates are also consci\s4       
,!re is a !ory :i* relates consci\sness 
& matt] to ea* ea*  o!r z ! opposite    
sides ( a surface 9 relief4 ,! objection
 to  ?is 8d\ble aspect0 !ory t has      
weigh$ mo/1 9 criticism1 is  t ! gr\nd (
 ! p>allelism betwe5 convexity &        
concavity--to  wit1 a logical           

implication ( ea* o!r--is obvi\sly abs5t
 9  ! p>allelism ( consci\sness & matt]4
 ,:atev] p>allelism  exp]i5ce actually  
f9ds betwe5 !m is n d$ucible f ei!r     
concept3 !re is no?+ 9 ! def9ition ( !  
s5sation blue to  sugge/ an aff]5t n]v\s
 curr5t2 no?+ 9 ! latt] to sugge/  a    
s5sation4 ,!y are incomm5surate4 ,b :5 y
 conceive convexity1  9 t fact y        
conceive concavity also1 & vice v]sa4   
,!y are  relat$ z plus & m9us4 ,!       
objection appeals to analysis ( !       
def9ition ( consci\sness or ( matt]1 or 
*all5ges ! advocate  ( ! !ory to /udy 8 
s5sation or 8 neural process & see if   
!re be 9 ei!r ( !m any?+ ( ! o!r4    ,a 
difficulty :i* imm$iately arises :5 ?is 
*all5ge is accept$  has be5 und]/ood to 
be decisive aga9/ ! !ory4 ,x is ?is3    
,any def9ition ( consci\sness :i* !     
advocate ( ! !ory may  propose z !      
concept to be analyz$ mu/1 9 ord] to    
fulfil !  fir/ requirem5t ( logical     
def9ition1 be 9 t]ms ( t :i* is  n      
consci\sness4 ,& ?is seems to ! critic  

to beg ! "q4  ,if y def9e consci\sness  
s1 he objects1 y make its def9ition     
imply matt]2 b !re is !n no?+ (         
consci\sness 9 x2 :at  y h got is only  
matt]4 ,t is to assume an equation      
betwe5  !m4 ,y /ate ! value ( x 9 t]ms (
 y1 b !n y hav5't  got x1 b only y4 ,x  
is o!rwise ) t]ms t really h !          
correlation y claim = consci\sness &    
matt]4 ,?us y c equate  convexity )     
concavity 9 t]ms ( ei!r alone1 z m      
-7-m74 ,9  ?is !re is no assumption4 ,b 
:at y say ( x is t x equals  ay1 :i* is 
some?+ di/+ui%able f x & ^: equality  to
 x is j ! problem4    ,b if x be all[$ t
 ! disp>ity betwe5 consci\sness &  matt]
 mu/ be ei!r a di/9ction betwe5 two k9ds
 ( reality1 or  else ! di/9ction betwe5 
be+ & n-be+1 ! pr$icam5t j  describ$ is 
worse = ! critic ( ! 8d\ble aspect0 !ory
 ?an  = its advocate4 ,if ! di/9ction is
 t ( be+ & n-be+1  :i*ev] is n-be+ has  
an int]nal con/itution & /ructure by    
virtue ( :i* p>ts & relations are       
recogniz$ )9 x3 matt]  has physical laws

 & ! int]action ( bodies2 consci\sness  
has  int]relat$ /ates4 ,n-be+1 s        
int]pret$1 is h>dly di/+ui%$  f be+4 ,& 
if ! di/9ction is )9 be+1 & exhau/s  x1 
ei!r ! connotation ( consci\sness & t ( 
matt] are  ref]able to ea*              
o!r--expressible 9 t]ms ( ea* o!r--or   
else  ! di/9ction is only d5otative1 &  
!y are n di/+ui%$  z diff]5t2 = diff]5ce
 is a discursive relation betwe5        
diff]5ts3 diff]+ f ea* o!r is a case (  
ref]r+ to  ea* o!r4    ,excessive       
emphasis on ! 8ultimat5ess0 &           
8absolut5ess0 ( !  diff]5ce betwe5 ^!   
two concepts is j ! inductive cue t     
results 9 ! 8d\ble aspect0 !ory4 ,no "o 
c reg>d consci\sness  z n diff]5t f     
matt]--lea/ ( all our critic1 :o f9ds !m
  incomm5surable4 ,nay1 among real ?+s t
 are o!r ?an ea*  o!r1 exp]i5ce gives u 
no fell[ to su* diff]5ce2 = diff]5ce  s 
utt]1 !y t diff] %\ld co9cide4 ,& s1 9 !
 fact (  aspect1 we h1 inde$1 9 a ?\s&  
=ms1 disp>ity t mat*es  ! diff]5ce      
betwe5 ! concepts n[ be=e u3 e4 g41 "r1 

left2 up1 d[n2 plus1 m9us2 convex1      
concave4    ,we confess ?ree obvi\s     
diff]5ces betwe5 ! two equations :i*  we
 h tak5 to repres5t our critic's        
conception ( ! relation (  convexity to 
concavity & ! relation ( consci\sness to
 matt]4  ,9 equation 7#a71 :i* is m     
-7-m71 repres5t+ ! =m]  relation1 ! same
 symbol m /&s on bo? sides2 9 equation  
7#b7 !  symbols are diff]5t1 x on "o    
side1 y on ! o!r4 ,9 7#a7 !  coeffici5t 
also is ! same on bo? sides1 namely     
unity2 9 7#b7 !  coeffici5ts are        
diff]5t1 unity on "o side1 a on ! o!r4  
,& 9  7#a7 ! signs are opposite on ! two
 sides1 :ile 9 7#b7 ! sign is  ! same on
 bo? sides4    ,:at d ^! diff]5ces mean8
 ,to beg9 )1 is 7#a7 monomial & 7#b7    
b9omial8 ,no2 9 spite ( ! fact t !re is 
only "o symbol 9  7#a71 ?is equation is 
b9omial 9 precisely ! same s5se z 7#b7  
is  b9omial2 = x means t a c]ta9        
attitude t[>d m1 symboliz$  by ! m9us   
sign1 trans=ms m into some?+ di/+ui%able
 f  m4 ,if equation 7#a7 express$ an    

id5tity1 x w\ld n repres5t  ! relation (
 convexity to concavity1 :i* are n      
id5tical b  di/+ui%able4 ,b :at is ?us  
express$ 9 7#a7 by diff]5ce (  sign is  
express$ 9 7#b7 by diff]5ce (           
coeffici5t2 = 7#b7 means  t a c]ta9     
attitude t[>d ! entity symboliz$ by x   
7an  attitude symboliz$ by ! phrase     
8divide by a07 trans=ms x into  y4 ,9   
%ort1 ! connotation diff]s1 on ! two    
sides1 9 bo?  equations alike4 ,b on !  
o!r h&1 ! d5otation is ! same on  bo?   
sides 9 ea* equation1 = su* is ! nature 
( all equations1  :e!r b9omial or any   
o!r k9d4 ,?us we h id5tity ( d5otation  
) diff]5ce ( connotation 9 ea* ( ^!     
equations1 & !y are  s f> homog5e\s )   
ea* o!r4 ,n[ connotation is aspect1 :i* 
is det]m9$ by subjective attitude2 &    
attitudes are int]relat$  9 det]m9ate & 
accurately expressible ways2 z1 =       
in/ance1 by  antagonism or mutual       
exclusion1 or by any ( an indef9ite     
numb] (  =ms ( implication4 ,! diff]5ce 
( attitude call$ antipodal  opposit5ess1

 or pol>ity1 is ! specific diff]5ce     
express$ 9  equation 7#a72 :]eas !      
coeffici5t a1 9 7#b71 expresses m]e     
diff]5ce ( attitude1 diff]5ce 9 g5]al1  
includ+1 !re=e1  t specific diff]5ce :i*
 is express$ by opposition ( sign4 ,?us 
equation 7#a7 is a case ( equation 7#b74
    ,to sum up3 ,! objection1 /at$ 9 ^! 
algebraic symbols1 0 ?is3  m implies -m2
 x does n imply y4 ,express ! fact (    
relief  9 t]ms ( m & y h ! correlative  
fact 9 -m impli$  9 ! v def9ition ( m2  
:ile if y express x 9 t]ms (  y1 y h y  
values1 & no?+ b y4 ,9 %ort1 x & y      
exclude ea* o!r2 m & -m imply ea* o!r4  
,our answ] is t  x implies y j z m      
implies -m2 = ay is an aspect ( !  same 
d5otation z x2 &1 s9ce ! specificity ( e
 aspect (  a giv5 d5otation is          
det]m9able or def9able by relation to   
all  o!r aspects ( ! same d5otation1 any
 "o ( su* aspects1 z  x1 implies1 9 its 
def9ition1 e o!r1 & s y1 in/ead (       
exclud+ y4    ,turn+ f su* ab/ract      
consid]ations to empirical /udy ( !     

s5sation1 ! same sort ( difficulty      
reappe>s4 ,we ?9k we f9d  a dynamic     
relation%ip ( organic to extra-organic  
processes2 ?is  relation%ip pres5ts a   
mat]ial aspect1 :i* we call neural      
activity1  & a =mal aspect1 :i* we call 
blue1 = in/ance4 ,b ! critic  objects t 
all ?is is mu* m ?an s5sation1 & t we h 
read our hypo!sis into our data4 ,we mu/
 keep to ! pure s5sation2  9 t1 !re is  
no neural process4 ,s1 ev5 z1 be=e1 all 
our  attempts to propose a def9ition (  
consci\sness = analysis 7  rul$ out z   
begg+ ! "q1 n[ e sample ( ! exp]i5ce  to
 be obs]v$ is reject$ z impure4 ,!re is 
no s5sation t is  pure 9 su* a s5se z   
our critic means1 = he means            
subjectivity  t implies no objectivity4 
,if ?is is m ?an a ^w1 x is a           
self-contradiction1 s9ce subjectivity is
 subjectivity only 9 !  fact (          
correlation ) objectivity4 ,inde$1 if   
our critic 7 to  obs]ve convexity z he  
proposes t we obs]ve s5sation1 he w\ld  
f9d no implication ( concavity 9 x2 nor 

w\ld he f9d x convex4  ,8 obs]vation    
w\ld be ! convexity2 ! two w\ld co9cide1
 &  s w\ld n be two4 ,convexity 9 its   
ess5ce1 z convex1 w\ld !re9  no long] be
 ! object ( ! obs]vation4 ,y h to get   
outside  ( y\r convexity to obs]ve x &  
its implication ( concavity2  j s1 y h  
to get outside ( y\r s5sation to "k x2 9
  x1 y "k only ! object ( x4 ,:5        
convexity is said to imply  concavity1  
convexity is j !re9 n 8pure10 z !       
s5sation is  suppos$ to be4 8,pure0     
convexity1 analog\s to 8pure0 s5sation  
or  subjectivity1 w\ld be convexity )\t 
implication ( concavity4 ,t  w\ld be z]o
 convexity1 s to speak--a               
self-contradiction4 ,j s1  ! 8pure0     
s5sation1 )\t implication ( objectivity1
 is a fact (  consci\sness )\t ! ess5ce 
( consci\sness1 :i* is dynamic          
relat$ness to an object4 8,pure0        
consci\sness is consci\sness (  no?+1 or
 no consci\sness4    ,if our critic h 8 
way1 we h no?+ left u to discuss4  ,let 
u invite 8 att5tion to a discussable    

ph5om5on ( our own  designat+1 &        
def9able 9 "s su* way z ?is3 !          
simultane\s  belong+ ( an exp]i5ce to an
 organism & to ano!r mat]ial fact1  say 
! sky4 ,! two belong+s are di/+ui%$ by a
 sui g5]is  diff]5ce ( direction or     
relational 8s5se10 :i* unambigu\sly     
det]m9es ! organism to be ! subject ( ! 
belong+1 ! sky !  object4 ,we h at lea/ 
z good a "r to call ?is ph5om5on by !   
"n ( consci\sness1 or s5sation1 z our   
critic has to "n t a  s5sation :i* he s 
def9es t its def9ition is contradict$ by
  ! nam+4    ,n[1 exp]i5ce is ess5tially
 dynamic1 &1 = an organism1 to be       
active is to be functionally ord9at$ or 
focaliz$4 ,= example1 !  eye & o!r p>ts 
may be subs]vi5t1 9 diff]5t ways &      
degrees1  to ! h&4 ,!n ! organism is    
focaliz$ into an organ ( t\*1 (  /rik+1 
or :atev] x may be4 ,e o!r function     
contributes z  accessory to ?is prim>y  
function1 9 ! organism's pres5t phase4  
,we h call$ consci\sness ! =mal aspect (
 activity1 & we mean  by 8=m0 appli$ to 

activity :at we mean else:]e1           
det]m9at5ess  or def9abl5ess4 ,"h1 9    
p>ticul>1 x is t "* :i*  dep5ds on      
resi/ance or reactivity4 ,activity )\t  
resi/ance w\ld  be )\t det]m9ation2 its 
"* or cont5t w\ld h vani%$2  x w\ld be  
activity ^u no?+1 :i*1 l consci\sness ( 
no?+1 is no?+4 ,s ! resi/ance t factors 
9 activity is n  extrane\s to ! ess5ce (
 activity1 & consci\sness & mat]ial     
processes imply ea* o!r n only ) ! same 
logical necessity b  ) ! same pol>      
opposit5ess ( mutual relation1 z !      
aspects (  relief4    ,consci\sness is  
?us ! inv]sion or reciprocal aspect (   
organic  activity1 virtual1 9 di/9ction 
f ext]naliz$ or real1 activity4  ,:]e   
att5tion is focaliz$1 action is mo/     
resi/$4 ,z action  approa*es free v5t1  
consci\sness ( ! object ( ?is free      
activity  becomes m & m evanesc5t4 ,at !
 limit :]e action is  unresi/$1 x &     
consci\sness g out1 vani% toge!r1 9     
inv]se  8s5se0 or directions4 ,:]e      
action approa*es 8pure0 7i4 e41         

unresi/$7 activity1 pure positivity1    
pure subjectivity1 consci\sness         
approa*es 8pure0 7i4 e41 unreact+7      
passivity1 pure negativity1  pure       
objectivity4 ,& su* 8pure0 action &     
consci\sness are pure  no?+1 action on  
no?+1 s5sation ( no?+4 ,! vani%+ ( !    
two relations toge!r is1 9 ea* case1 =  
lack ( "o ( its t]ms  inv]se to ! t]m   
lack+ 9 ! o!r case4    ,?is mutual      
symmetry betwe5 action & consci\sness is
 an implicate  ( _! id5tity ( d5otation 
& mutual inv]sion ( aspect2 &  any /udy 
( ! fluctuations & transitions (        
consci\sness1 )  its modulations (      
att5tion & inhibition1 is accord+ly a   
/udy 9  inv]se1 a p]fect logical        
function1 ( correspond+ modifications  (
 organic activity2 = 9 ! play ( !       
organic functions we  %all f9d incessant
 modulations betwe5 _! focalization & _!
  disp]sion1 incessant %ift+ ( _! mutual
 rank & ( ! position  ( primacy among   
!m1 to correspond ) ! *anges betwe5 m>g9
  & focus t are always go+ on among !   

elem5ts ( consci\sness4    ,! organism  
is /ructurally & functionally c5traliz$ 
9 a  s5sori-motor sy/em1 :]e ! aff]5t   
activity is oppos$ by !  eff]5t1 9 a    
common focus1 or 9 co9cid5t foci1 9 :i* 
action  & reaction give =m to ea* o!r4  
,"h organic reaction has its  inception 
9 a pre=mation1 s*ema or design1 z      
,b]gson says1 ( !  develop$ activity4   
,an intricate manifold ( functions are  
organiz$3  int]e/ det]m9es ! asc5d5cy or
 primacy ( a c]ta9 function1  :ile o!rs 
are subs]vi5t1 be+ inhibit$ or re9=c$ 9 
v>y+  degrees4 ,! :ole complex process  
has ?is "* ( focal1  unify+             
organization1 a unity express$ 9        
opposite aspects z !  simple =m (       
activity1 on ! "o h&1 & z ! simple      
object (  p]ceptive consci\sness on !   
o!r4          ,,*apt] ,,iii    ,,doctr9e
 ,,( ,,fre$om      ,! fallacy (         
conceptualism1 :i*1 z ,b]gson conceives 
x1 is  to sub/itute space = "t z ! =m ( 
m5tal exi/5ce1 has  be5 discuss$ 9 !    
fir/ *apt] ( ,"t & ,free ,w 9 !  aspect 

( apply+ int5sive magnitude1 & 9 !      
second *apt]1  num]ical multiplicity1 to
 psy*ic facts4 ,x is ! same fallacy  :i*
 is discuss$ 9 ! ?ird *apt]1 9 ! aspect 
( apply+ to  !m ! conception (          
det]m9ate1 causal organization4 ,!      
outcome  ( ! book is ?us t ! problem (  
fre$om is j ! problem  ( conceptualism1 
a problem ( philosophic me?od4 ,?is     
book1 ,"t  & ,free ,w1 is a manual (    
in/ruction = kn[+ ! reality  ( m5tal    
exi/5ce2 & its object is ! practical    
object (  indicat+ ! attitude necess>y =
 t purpose4 ,!re are two  possible      
attitudes1 t ( space & t ( "t1 or t (   
conception & t ( intuition4 ,!          
conceptual is ! attitude tak5  by       
philosophy univ]sally1 to be sure2 :i*  
expla9s ! futility (  all extant        
discussions ( ! 8p]si/5t problems (     
philosophy40 ,x  is cle>1 = in/ance1    
,monsieur ,b]gson ?9ks1 t ?is attitude  
gives rise1 9 an automatic & inevitable 
way1 to ! problem (  fre$om--t is1 t !re
 w\ld be no su* problem b = ?is  false  

cognitive attitude2--& at ! same "t t by
 orig9at+ 9  ?is unhappy way ! problem  
is necess>ily a pseudo-problem1 _c  be  
/at$ )\t contradiction4 ,= :5 y reg>d   
m5tal facts 9  ! spatial or conceptual  
way1 ! "q automatically arises1 h[  are 
^! facts causally relat$ ) o!r spatial  
facts8 ,x is a  contradiction because by
 8^!0 facts y mean non-spatial facts1   
:i*1 9 ! nature ( causation1 c n be     
causally relat$ )  spatial facts1 b :i*1
 ! "q presupposes1 are s relat$4  ,su*  
is ! real mean+ ( ! traditional problem 
( fre$om4  ,! solution1 says ,b]gson1 is
 to cease ?9k+ spatially ( t  :i* is    
temporal2 take ! o!r attitude4 ,once y h
 done s1  ! problem vani%es2 ! causal   
relation is by def9ition a spatial      
relation1 & !re are no long] two spatial
 t]ms to be relat$4  ,su* det]m9ism is !
 associationi/ic conception ( m9d z an  
assemblage ( di/9ct1 coexi/5t elem5ts ( 
:i* ! /ronge/  ex]ts a prepond]ant      
influ5ce on ! o!rs4 ,_! organization is 
a me*anical sy/em1 & _! op]ations obey !

 laws ( me*anical  causation4    ,z     
relative 7i4 e4 quantitative7 int5sity  
is to absolute1  qualitative int5sity1 z
 juxtaposit$ multiplicity is to         
int]p5etrat+ multiplicity1 s is         
det]m9ate organization to  organization 
by free evolution4 ,! categories        
magnitude1 numb] &  cause apply to      
space4 ,! diff]5ce1 = ,b]gson1 betwe5   
space &  "t is1 z we h se51 s absolute t
 x h>dly expresses 8  !ory aright to say
 t to ! above ?ree *>act]s ( space  ?ree
 temporal *>act]s correspond4 ,reason   
seems lack+ = any  correspond5ce :atev]4
 ,?is is c]ta91 at any rate3 t :5       
intellect makes "t an object1 & sees x  
great] or less1 divisible  & regul>ly   
consequ5tial1 ?ree ?+s are true ab\t !  
real1  non-objective nature ( "t1 ea* ( 
:i* tru?s manife/s itself  to intellect1
 b wrongly1 errone\sly4 ,moreov]1 x is  
pla9ly by  reason$1 analytic disc\rse t 
,b]gson discov]s t ! above  intellectual
 manife/ations ( "t's ess5ce are false4 
,"o discov]s1  fur!rmore1 by ?is        

conceptual process1 j h[ !y are false1 &
  corrects !m ) a result s conceptually 
precise & intelligible  t1 in/ead ( ^!  
?ree *>act]s falsely spatial1 o!r ?ree  
are det]m9$ z truly temporal4 ,in/ead ( 
magnitude1 quality has  9 ?is way be5   
sub/itut$2 in/ead ( multiplicity1       
indivisible  v>i\sness4 ,= cause1 ! la/ 
*apt] ( ! ,essai sub/itutes  fre$om4    
,we %\ld n[ be well prep>$ = div9+ !    
nature ( ! fre$om  :i* is consci\sness1 
or m g5]ally1 life4 ,! organization (  !
 facts ( a giv5 consci\sness is su* t ! 
p]son is focally  entire 9 any "o ( !m1 
ev5 z ! entire body functions 9 ea*  (  
its functions 7cf4 page #bj74 ,!        
det]m9ate type ( organization  is       
analog\s to ! me*anically actuat$       
manik91 n to ! natural  man1 ev5 ?\gh ^?
 fragm5ts :i* build up ! /ructure ( !   
associationi/ s\l are =ces2 = ^! =ces   
are mutually di/9ct  p>ts ( ! s\l1 ^:   
union 9 x1 & s ^: int]action1  dep5ds on
 "s pr9ciple extr9sic to any ( !m & is  
?us :olly  det]m9$ f )\t4 ,9 !          

developm5tal type ( organization1 on  ! 
contr>y1 ! :ol5ess ( action is its      
fre$om1 r ?an  indep5d5ce ( :at is n    
itself4 ,al?\gh su* indep5d5ce seems to 
belong to x1 z well1 :at ,b]gson is     
int]e/$ to emphasize ab\t  ! fre$om ( ! 
free action is t x is ! expression ( !  
entire p]son4    ,9 ! doma9 ( life1 !re 
is no id5tity1 = !re is no  p]man5ce--8!
 same does n rema9 ! same10 z ,b]gson   
puts x4  ,! ego is n ! same ego 9 any   
two mom5ts2 x is n ! same ego  t        
delib]ates f mom5t to mom5t2 & two      
contradictory feel+s  t move x are nev] 
respectively self-id5tical 9 two mom5ts4
  ,inde$1 if ! case 7 o!rwise1 a        
decision w\ld nev] be made2 !           
equilibrium ( ! oppos+ feel+s w\ld nev] 
be resolv$4 ,m]ely  by ! fact t ! p]son 
has exp]i5c$ a feel+1 he is modifi$  :5 
a second feel+ comes4 ,! feel+s are !   
cont9ually modifi$  ego itself1 a       
dynamic s]ies ( /ates t int]p5etrate1   
re9=ce  ea* o!r & result 9 a free act by
 a natural evolution1 because x         

emanates f ! entire p]son4    ,su* is ! 
"* ( ! free act1 a v intelligible "*1  x
 w\ld seem1 a "* l5d+ itself tractably  
en\gh to v]bal  def9ition1 t is1        
conceptual def9ition1 z a c]ta9 relation
  ( act to ag5t4 ,yet x mu/ imm$iately  
be add$ t :at seems  s intelligible & s 
conceptual an explication ( ?is 8c]ta9  
relation0--:at is conta9$ 9 ! two       
p>agraphs prec$+--is n  reg>d$ by !     
au?or z a def9ition ( fre$om4 ,x seems t
 !re  is a di/9ction betwe5 ! =mulation 
( a conception on "o h&1  & a def9ition1
 on ! o!r1 ?\gh ,b]gson does n elucidate
 ?is  di/9ction explicitly1 & ,i h _h to
 give up ! attempt4 ,!  di/9ction is    
evid5tly ( crucial importance1          
nev]!less4 8,we c  n[ =mulate our       
conception ( fre$om10 says ! au?or1 on  
page #bai  ( ,"t & ,free ,w4 8,fre$om is
 ! relation ( ! concrete self  to ! act 
:i* x p]=ms4 ,?is relation is indef9able
 j because  we are free4 ,= we c analyze
 a ?+1 b n a process2 we c  break up    
ext5sity1 b n duration4 ,or1 if we p]si/

 9 analyz+  x1 we unconsci\sly trans=m !
 process into a ?+1 & duration  into    
ext5sity 444 &1 z we h begun by1 s to   
speak1 /]eotyp+  ! activity ( ! self1 we
 see spontaneity settle d[n into in]tia 
& fre$om into necessity4 ,?us1 any      
positive def9ition ( fre$om  w ensure ! 
victory ( det]m9ism40    ,! attempt is  
!re=e unwisely made by indet]m9i/s to   
def9e  fre$om by meet+ det]m9i/s on _!  
own gr\nd :5 ! latt]  turn ! "q ( fre$om
 into consid]ations ( ! relations (  !  
volunt>y act to its antec$5ts1 *>act]iz+
 volunt>y activity  z ess5tially        
=eseeable be=e1 or apodictically        
intelligible aft]  ! fact4 ,:5          
indet]m9i/s p]mit !mselves to be ?us    
ambu%$1  !y commit !mselves to ! support
 ( det]m9ism1 by accept+  ! det]m9i/ic  
po/ulate1 9 ! "o case t 8=eseeable0 has 
intelligible mean+ appli$ to psy*ic     
/ates1 :i* x has n2 or1  9 ! o!r case1 t
 will$ acts are intelligible bo? be=e & 
aft] ! fact4    ,! det]m9i/1 t is1--to  
take ! second case fir/--pr(esses  t an 

act dep5ds 9 a me*anical way ^u c]ta9   
antec$5ts4 ,!  indet]m9i/ cont5ds t !   
same antec$5ts c\ld h result$  9 ei!r ( 
sev]al diff]5t acts1 equally possible4  
,def5d]s &  oppon5ts ( fre$om agree 9   
mak+ a k9d ( me*anical oscillation      
betwe5 two po9ts prec$e ! action4 ,i    
*oose ,a4 ,! indet]m9i/s  say1 ,y h     
delib]at$2 !n ,b 0 possible4 ,!         
det]m9i/s  reply1 ,i h *os52 !re=e ,i _h
 "s reason to d s1 & :5  ,b is decl>$   
equally possible1 ?is reason is =gott52 
"o ( !  conditions ( ! problem is       
ignor$4 ,bo? repres5t ! activity by  a  
delib]ative r\te :i* divides4 ,call !   
po9t ( ! division  ,o2 !n ! divisions ( 
! =k$ l9e ,,oa & ,,ob symbolize !  two  
divisions :i* ab/raction di/+ui%es )9 ! 
cont9u\s  activity1 ( :i* ,a is !       
t]m9ation4 ,b :ile det]m9i/s take       
acc\nt ( ev]y?+1 & f9d t ! r\te ,,moa   
has be5 trav]s$1  _! oppon5ts ignore "o 
( ! data ) :i* !y h con/ruct$  ! figure2
 &1 aft] trac+ ! l9es ,,oa & ,,ob1 :i*  
ought to be  unit$ if !y are to repres5t

 ! progression ( ! ego's activity1  !y  
make ?is progression g back to ,o & beg9
 oscillat+ aga96    ,! tr\ble ) bo? ^!  
solutions1 ,b]gson says1 is t !y        
presuppose an a*iev$ delib]ation &      
resolution1 repres5table 9  space by a  
geometrical figure4 ,! "q1 ,c\ld ! ego1 
hav+  trav]s$ ! r\te ,,mo & decid$ on   
,a1 h *os5 ,b8 is nons5se3  to put su* a
 "q is to affirm ! possibility (        
adequately  repres5t+ "t by space1      
succession by simultaneity4 ,x is to    
attribute to ! figure trac$ ! value ( an
 image & n m]ely  ( a symbol4 ,figures  
repres5t ?+s1 n progressions3 h[ %all a 
figure furni% ! lea/ indication ( !     
concrete motion1 ( !  dynamic           
progression by :i* ! delib]ation results
 9 ! act8 ,!  def5d]s ( fre$om say1 ,!  
r\te is n yet trac$2 !re=e "o  c take   
any direction4 ,to :i* we reply1 ,y c   
speak ( a r\te1  9 su* a connection1    
only aft] ! action is accompli%$1 & !n  
x has be5 trac$4 ,! det]m9i/s say1 ,!   
r\te has be5 trac$  ?us2 !re=e its      

possible direction 0 only t p>ticul>    
direction4 ,to :i* we reply1 ,be=e !    
r\te 0 trac$ !re 0 no  direction1       
possible or impossible2 !re c\ld1 z yet1
 be no "q  ( a r\te4 ,9 its l[e/ t]ms   
?is m]ely means3 ,! act1 once           
accompli%$1 is accompli%$2 & ! argum5t (
 ! det]m9i/s3  ,! act1 be=e be+         
accompli%$1 0 n z yet an act4 ,! "q  (  
fre$om is n t\*$1 because fre$om is a   
%ade or quality ( !  act itself1 n a    
relation ( ?is act ) :at x is n nor )   
:at x c be4 ,delib]ation is n           
oscillation 9 space2 x is dynamic       
progression1 9 :i* ! ego & ! motives are
 9 a cont9ual  becom+1 z liv+ be+s4     
,indet]m9i/s1 ,pr(essor ,b]gson says1   
mu/ bew>e1 aga91 ( argu+  aga9/ !       
prevision ( volunt>y acts4 ,once m1 ?is 
is n because  prevision ( a volunt>y act
 is possible1 b because !re is no s5se  
9 ! phrase4 ,if ,paul knew all !        
conditions "u :i* ,pet] acts1  8        
imag9ation w\ld relive ,pet]'s hi/ory4  
,he mu/ pass ?r\gh  ,pet]'s v own psy*ic

 /ates1 to "k ) precision _! int5sity  &
 _! importance 9 relation to 8 o!r      
/ates4 ,! int5sity1  9 fact1 is !       
peculi> quality ( ! feel+ itself4 ,n[1  
to "k  all ! antec$5ts ( ! act w\ld br+ 
y to ! act itself1  :i* is _!           
cont9uation1 & n m]ely _! result1 &     
above  all 9 no way sep>ate f !m4 ,to   
relive ,pet]'s hi/ory is j to  become   
,pet]--t is ! only way ,paul c\ld       
conceivably 8"k all !  antec$5ts0 ( !   
act 9 "q4 ,!re is no "q ( pr$ict+  !    
act1 b simply ( act+4 ,k ( ! antec$5ts (
 ! act  )\t k ( ! act is an absurdity1 a
 contradiction4 ,!  indet]m9i/s c mean  
no?+1 by su* a cont5tion z ?is1 b  t !  
act is n an act until x is act$--:i* is 
h>dly wor?  mean+2--& ! det]m9i/s c mean
 only t ! act1 once act$1  is act$--:i* 
is no bett]4 ,! subject ( fre$om is     
beside !  po9t1 9 su* a debate4    ,s ! 
"q ( prevision comes to ?is3 ,is "t     
spatial8 ,y drew  ,pet]'s /ates1 y      
p]ceiv$ 8 life z a m>k+ 9 space4 ,y !n  
rubb$ out1 9 ?\ght1 ! "p ,,oa1 & ask$   

if1 kn[+ ! "p  be=e ,o1 y c\ld h det]m9$
 ,,oa be=eh&4 ,t is ! "q  y put :5 y br+
 9 ,paul's repres5tation ( ! conditions 
7&  !re=e _! mat]ialization7 "u :i*     
,pet] %all act4 ,aft]  hav+ id5tifi$    
,paul ) ,pet]1 y make ,paul take 8 =m]  
po9t  ( view1 f :i* he n[ sees ! l9e    
,,moa complete1 hav+ j  trac$ x 9 ! rle 
( ,pet]4    ,prevision ( natural ph5om5a
 has n ! slighte/ analogy ) t  ( a      
volunt>y act4 ,"t1 9 sci5tific =mul1 is 
always & only  a numb] ( simultaneities4
 ,! int]vals may be ( any l5g?2 !y  h   
no?+ to d ) ! calculation4 ,=esee+      
natural ph5om5a  is mak+ !m pres5t1 or  
br++ !m at lea/ enorm\sly ne>]4  ,x is !
 int]vals1 ! units !mselves--j :at !    
physici/  has no?+ to d )--t int]e/ !   
psy*ologi/4 ,a feel+  half z long w\ld n
 be ! same feel+4 ,b :5 "o asks if a    
future action c be =ese51 "o id5tifies  
physical "t1 :i* is  a numb]1 ) real    
psy*ological duration1 :i* has no       
analogy )  numb]4 ,9 ! region (         
psy*ological /ates !re is no appreciable

  diff]5ce betwe5 =esee+1 see+ & act+4  
,accord+ to ! me*anical law ( causation1
 ! same causes always  produce ! same   
effects4 ,b1 9 ! region ( psy*ic /ates1 
?is  law is nei!r true nor false1 b     
mean+less2 = 9 ?is region  !re is no    
8always30 !re is only 8once40 ,a repeat$
 feel+ is a  radically diff]5t feel+4 ,x
 reta9s ! same "n only because  x       
corresponds to ! same ext]nal cause1 or 
is outw>dly express$  by analog\s signs4
 ,x 0 j said t ! ego is n ! same  9 any 
two mom5ts ( its hi/ory4 ,x is modifi$  
incessantly by  ! accumulation ( its    
pa/4 ,"o's "* at any mom5t1 is !        
cond5sation ( "o's pa/4 ,duration acts z
 a cause2 b ?is temporal  or            
psy*ological causation has no m analogy 
) :at is call$  causation 9 nature ?an  
temporal v>i\sness has ) numb]1 or      
int5sity ) magnitude4 ,a causality :i*  
is necess>y connection  is1 at bottom1  
id5tity2 ! effect is an expression ( !  
cause1 z  ma!matical functions are      
expressions ( ea* o!r4 ,b no psy*ic     

/ate has ?is virtual id5tity )1 or      
ma!matical r$ucibility to1  any o!r )   
:i* x w\ld ?us be 9 ! 8necess>y0 k9d (  
causal  relation4 ,su* effect is n giv5 
9 ! cause1 b is absolutely new4    ,"t t
 has pass$ is an objective ?+1 & is     
repres5table by  space2 "t pass+ is a   
subjective process1 & is n repres5table4
  ,! free act is ! actual pass+ ( "t2 "t
 9 its pass+ is !  v /uff ( ! exi/5ce ( 
fre$om4 ,analyze an act1 & y make  x a  
?+4 ,!n its spontaneity is alt]$ into   
in]tia1 its fre$om  into necessity4     
,h5ce any def9ition ( fre$om makes x    
det]m9ism4  ,b1 ?\gh ! analysis ( ! act 
& ! def9ition ( fre$om  are illusory    
und]tak+s1 ! fundam5tal fact ( fre$om   
rema9s  unassailable by any argum5t4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,b]gson's way ( v9dicat+ fre$om is ?us  
to f9d no case aga9/  x4 ,( ! positive  
sort1 ! only1 & suffici5t pro( is appeal
 to  consci\sness4 ,fre$om is an        
imm$iate datum ( consci\sness4    ,?is  
is confus+ to anyone :o _c foll[ ,b]gson

 9 8 view  t subject & object1 9 actual 
intuitive consci\sness1 are             
indi/+ui%able1 id5tical4 ,& ?is fusion (
 ! poles (  consci\sness :ile ! nature (
 consci\sness n m]ely suff]s  no?+ b ev5
 atta9s its apogee !reby1 ne$s m        
ju/ification  ?an ,b]gson has giv5 x4   
,fre$om is a datum ( consci\sness2 b1  z
 undet]m9$1 x mu/1 on ,b]gson's         
pr9ciples1 be consci\sness  itself--:i*1
 inde$1 is pla9ly en\gh ! tea*+ int5d$4 
,fre$om is consci\sness1 !n1 purely     
subjective4 ,9 :at s5se is  x a datum ( 
consci\sness8 ,if x is a datum1 is x n  
an object1  ( consci\sness8 ,x seems a  
case :]e1 9 ord] to see1 y musn't  look1
 le/ look+ make :at is purely subjective
 an object6 ,?is is  h>dly ! case ( !   
fovea & ! fa9t />1 :]e look+ loses  y\r 
object2 = "h1 look+ r produces x :]e no 
object  belongs1 or--p]haps "o %\ld     
say--trans=ms x4 ,y\r look1 says        
,gu/ave ,belot1#acd congeals &          
immobilizes x1 d5atures x l !  ,gorgon's
 />e6 ,x is kn[able1 says ,b]gson1 only 

by be+ liv$4  ,x is a feel+ we h4 ,b !  
tr\ble is t1 to be kn[n z  undet]m9$1 z 
fre$om1 to be ev5 a feel+ we h1 x is    
back ^u  our h&s z a datum1 z an object4
    ,be=e ,i comm5t 9 my own way on !   
,b]gsonian view ( fre$om1 ,i  wi% to    
call to ! att5tion ( ,engli% read]s !   
ke5 reaction (  ?is ,fr5* critic (      
,b]gson4 ,belot objects to ! mode/-seem+
  /atem5t t fre$om is a feel+ we h4     
,nei!r psy*ology1  he ?9ks1 nor common  
s5se1 approves4#ace ,!y e/abli%1 on !   
contr>y1 a s5sible diff]5ce betwe5      
fre$om1 :atev] x may be1  & ! feel+ we h
 ( x--any feel+ we c possibly h4 ,our   
feel+ ( fre$om is mu* less v>iable ?an  
our fre$om4 8,we agree  n to attribute a
 v]itable practical fre$om to ! dream+  
man1  to ! somnambuli/1 to ! man affect$
 ) "s m5tal disease4  ,yet ! man :o1 9  
dream1 sees himself act1 sees himself   
free 9 8  action2 ! somnambuli/ equally 
feels himself free & attributes to      
himself1 9 8 dream1 a responsibility t  
we decl9e to put ^u  him1 & :i* he w    

reject1 himself1 :5 he wakes#acf 444 ,! 
furi\s madman mu/ ord9>ily feel himself 
free 9 ! accompli%m5t  ( a murd] = :i* a
 tribunal w n cons5t to puni% him4 ,!   
fact is1 x suffices1 9 ord] t we %\ld   
feel ourselves free1 t  our acts %\ld be
 9 h>mony ) our ideas & our feel+s4 ,n[1
  t may v well be1 9 ! cases ( ! dream]1
 ! somnambuli/1  ! madman4444 ,!y w\ld  
!re=e feel !mselves free4 ,b !y are  n  
free2 = !y only act f an incomplete     
consci\sness2 & a  great numb] ( elem5ts
 ( _! normal ego1 :i* w\ld p]mit !      
revision1 ! correction1 ! inhibition1   
are lack+40 ,a glimm]+  ( ! fact ( "o's 
madness is a tok5 ( ! only residuum !re 
is  ( fre$om4 8,x is to cons]ve "s      
fre$om1 to p]ceive t "o no  long] is    
ma/] ( oneself40    ,b]gson is alive to 
all ?is--sometimes1 z :5 he says t !    
fre$om ( a free action is its entirety1 
its expression ( !  total p]sonality4 ,b
 ,belot is q ju/ifi$ 9 *>g+ him )       
=gett+ x1 = only by =gett+ x c\ld he    
conceive ( fre$om  z an imm$iate datum (

 consci\sness4 ,x is1 inde$1 f> f !     
case t our fre$om is no?+ b ! feel+ we h
 ( x1 or  t x is proportional to ?is    
feel+4 ,:at is s alt]$ by !  det]m9i/   
habit ( m9d1 by ! conceptual attitude   
t[>d w1 is  n at all "o's feel+ (       
fre$om1 b only "o's int]pretation  ( x4 
,an imm$iate1 spontane\s feel+1 be+     
prior to !ory  & analysis1 is safe f any
 influ5ce f !m4 ,9 ! mo/  incorrigible  
det]m9i/1 consci\sness ( ! wi%1 o!r ?+s 
equal1 is exactly ! same z 9 ! mo/      
incorruptible indet]m9i/4    ,precise   
det]m9ation ( w is n only n contr>y to  
fre$om b  is indisp5sable to x4 ,m9imiz+
 ! value ( motive 9 activity is  loss1 n
 ga91 to fre$om4 ,! motive is :at       
connects our act to  our :ole           
p]sonality1 & makes x ours4 ,)\t ?is    
connection1 we  are n free2 its         
int]ruption is a limitation1 n !        
condition1  ( fre$om4 ,& inde$ fre$om is
 s limit$ by ! mass ( our  unreflect+   
impulses4 ,b]gson is "r 9 say+ t we are 
r>ely  free4 ,b !re=e he is wrong 9 say+

 t fre$om is ! m]e  spontaneity ( ! ego4
    ,9 a c]ta9 passage#acg ,b]gson      
describes fre$om 9 a way :i*  seems     
almo/ explicitly to d5y ! doctr9e t x is
 ! entirety (  w4 ,"h x is a revolution 
( "o "p ( ! self aga9/ ! re/1  f> f     
emanat+ f ! total self4 ,& su*          
revolution1 j s  f> z x is purely       
spontane\s1 or arbitr>y1 is             
irresponsible in/ead  ( free4 ,j s f>1  
on ! o!r h&1 z x is n arbitr>y1 x  is   
det]m9$4 ,9 fact1 h[ev]1 appe>ance (    
arbitr>9ess argues  no?+ ab\t           
det]m9ation except t "o is ignorant ab\t
 x4    ,9 %[+ ! absurdity ( all         
argum5tation = or aga9/ !  det]m9ation (
 a future volunt>y act by pres5t        
conditions1 !  consid]ations (f]$ by    
,b]gson are almo/ p]fect pro( ( su*     
det]m9ation4 ,! reason we _c ?9k ano!r's
 ?\ght )\t  disfigur+ x is j t !        
conditions ( ! ?\ght1 & s (  ! act1 are 
n all reunit$4 ,! act1 !n1 is suppos$ to
 dep5d  on ^! conditions4 ,n[1 an       
absolute pres5t is a fiction2 ea*  mom5t

 ( ! true duration ( consci\sness is a  
comm5cem5t & an  a*ievem5t4 ,det]m9ation
 is no?+ b t intimate connection  (     
ev5ts :i* prev5ts u f isolat+ an        
absolute pres5t4 ,!  case ( ,pet] &     
,paul !n1 proves only t =esight c\ld n  
be adequate to det]m9ation1 n t         
det]m9ation is abs5t4 ,!  inability (   
ev5 ! au?or ( an act to =esee x is no   
crit]ion  ( its fre$om4 ,any free acts (
 our own t we d =esee1 we =esee  z      
connect$ ) our pres5t /ate1 z ours1 9   
fact2 x is t :i*  makes _! fre$om1 b t  
supposes also _! det]m9ation4 ,?is      
=esight1 x may be said1 is always       
insuffici5t & imp]fect4 ,s  mu* ! worse 
= fre$om1 n ! bett]4 ,x is !reby limit$1
  n made4 ,!re are1 inde$1 always ev5ts 
outside ( u t baffle  our calculations1 
z well z unconsci\s t5d5cies1 unp]ceiv$ 
=ces )9 u1 indi/9ctly develop+ b5ea? !  
reflective &  cle>-see+ ego 7,b]gson    
calls ?is ! sup]ficial1 ,belot ! high]  
ego7 :i* sudd5ly break out1 r\t x &     
upset x4 ,su* civil w> is  any?+ b      

fre$om4    ,! uniqu5ess ( psy*ic /ates1 
:e!r free or n1 nei!r exempts  !m f     
det]m9ation nor ev5 diff]5tiates !m f   
physical  /ates4 ,t a psy*ic /ate is n  
reproducible ,b]gson %[s to be  because 
! pa/1 incessantly accumulat+ & modify+ 
itself1 is  nev] ! same 9 two mom5ts4 ,a
 cle>] /atem5t ( ! solid>ity  ( pa/ &   
pres5t--i4 e4 ( det]m9ation--c\ld n be  
made4 ,x  may well be true t 9 !        
physical z well z 9 ! moral _w1  e      
individual is )\t c\nt]p>t2 x is none ! 
less a product  ( nature1 = its         
uniqu5ess2 &1 z a product ( nature1     
det]m9$1  9 its own uniqu5ess1 by       
nature4 ,among our mo/ unique acts1 !   
mo/  orig9al are f> f be+ ! free/4 ,!   
ecc5tricities ( !  madman are m orig9al 
?an ! sob] do+s ( ! rational1 b  n s    
free4 ,! m enlight5$ m5 are1 ! fre]2 b !
 m  !y d & ?9k ! same ?+4 ,_! div]g5ces 
come f _!  ignorances & _!              
unconsci\sness1 :i* are also ! limits ( 
_! fre$om4 ,x is ! same ) !m z ) nature3
 x is :5 x  produces mon/]s t x is mo/  

new1 b x is !n also t x has  be5 lea/   
free1 mo/ con/ra9$ 9 its do+s4          
,monsieur ,b]gson has n done away )     
psy*ological det]m9ism2 b  if he _h1 he 
w\ld h h9d]$ fre$om r ?an help$ x4 ,b  !
 problem is n purely psy*ological2 x is 
psy*o-physical4 ,we are  at once body & 
consci\sness4 ,a fre$om :i* 7 n ex]t$ 9 
!  out] _w w\ld be absolutely nom9al &  
illusory2 & 9 ord] to  manife/ itself   
!re91 x mu/ be accompani$ by physical   
processes4  ,^! too1 !n1 if det]m9ism is
 contr>y to fre$om1 mu/ be exempt  f    
det]m9ation4    ,b]gson's d5ial (       
psy*o-physical p>allelism#ach is no ga9 
=  fre$om4 ,if no ext]nal effect is     
ess5tially involv$ 9 a volition1  !     
volition is impot5t--:i* is surely n to 
be free4 ,nor w\ld  x be *>act]i/ic (   
fre$om to h activities go+ on 9 !       
organism )\t ! av[al ( consci\sness4 ,s 
f> z we d possess  su* unconsci\s       
go+s-on1 we are absolutely passive to _!
  op]ation4 ,psy*o-physiological        
p>allelism#aci is a condition (  fre$om1

 n its negation4 ,"s sort (             
correspond5ce is necess>y  to ! feel+ ( 
fre$om1 & 9 t case fre$om _c disp5se  ) 
det]m9ism 9 nature1 at lea/4 ,"o might1 
p]haps1 suppose a  pree/abli%$ h>mony   
betwe5 a cont+5cy 7! moral _w7 & a      
det]m9ism 7! physical72 x w\ld be easi] 
to suppose x betwe5  two det]m9isms2 b  
betwe5 two cont+5cies--t is too mu* to  
ask6    ,suppose1 !n1 ! ability ( m9d to
 produce1 v]itably cause physical       
modifications4 ,suppose an en]gy n      
subject to calculation4 ,b h[  %all we  
ev] "k su* an en]gy 9 ! ext]nal _w8 ,all
 t is  spatial is calculable1 if numb]  
is d]iv$ f space4 ,h[ c\ld an  en]gy1   
!n1 be manife/ 9 ! physical univ]se1 i4 
e4 9 space1  )\t be+ !reby subject$ to !
 same =ms ( quantity & to  ! requirem5ts
 ( calculation8    ,b]gson's attempt to 
repudiate ! problem ( det]m9ism1 z a    
pseudo-problem1 results 9 8 vacillation 
betwe5 ! two sides (  ! controv]sy4     
,sometimes he accepts ! solid>ity ( our 
acts )  ! re/ ( our consci\s life1      

sometimes he d5ies x2 :i* is to         
v9dicate fre$om sometimes by det]m9ism1 
sometimes by indet]m9ism4  ,9 ! beg9n+  
he f\nds fre$om 9 ! mutual p5etration ( 
!  /ates ( consci\sness2 ev5 s5sation is
 a comm5cem5t ( fre$om1  because x      
embraces 8! sket*+ &1 z x 71 prefigur+ (
 !  future automatic movem5ts20#adj & ! 
free act is def9$ z t  :i* 8spr+s f !   
self0#ada )\t int]v5tion ( any?+        
/range4 ,!n1 little by little1 ! contr>y
 !sis takes ! upp]  h&3 ! act ( w       
becomes a c\p d'tat2 8! successive      
mom5ts  ( real "t are n b\nd up ) "o    
ano!r20#adb ! dynamic  conception       
supposes 8t ! future is n m closely b\nd
 up  ) ! pres5t 9 ! ext]nal _w ?an x is 
9 our own inn]  life40#adc ,b]gson      
ma9ta9s1 to be sure1 t solid>ity c be   
admitt$ betwe5 ! pa/ & ! pres5t & d5i$  
betwe5 pres5t  & future4 ,once ! ev5t   
happ5s x is inde$ necess>y t we  %\ld be
 able to expla9 x1 & we c always d s by 
plausible  reasons4 ,b ?is connection is
 e/abli%$ aft] ! fact = !  satisfaction 

( our discursive reason4 ,! pa/ is fix$1
 x _c  n h be52 x has become a ?+1 "u ! 
doma9 ( !  und]/&+ & ( analysis4 ,:]eas1
 at ! mom5t ( enactm5t1  ! activity is a
 process1 & s n capable ( analysis4 ,:5 
!  r\te is trac$1 we c analyze its      
directions & w9d+s1 b x is  n trac$ 9   
advance ( be+ trac$2 x is ! trac+ t     
makes !  r\te1 n ! r\te t det]m9es !    
trac+4 ,y c expla9 :at  is giv51 b !re  
is no expla9+ :at is n giv54    ,b]gson1
 h[ev]1 does n keep ?is po9t ( view4 ,! 
future1 we h  j se51 is 8prefigur$0 9 ! 
pres5t4 ,!n x is z necess>y to  ! feel+ 
( our fre$om to be able to connect our  
future to our  pres5t 9 our decision1 z 
to be able1 once ! act is accompli%$1   
to give acc\nt ( x by reasons drawn f   
our consci\sness4  ,b]gson's ?\ght      
vacillates ?is way because he attributes
 two  incompatible *>act]s to ! inn]    
life1 qualitative het]og5eity  & mutual 
p5etration ( its /ates4 ,grant !        
het]og5eity &  y h an inf9itesimal du/1 
! v d5ial ( connection &  p5etration4   

,if ! /ates p5etrate !re are always two 
ne> en\gh  to ea* o!r 9 quality to =m an
 id5tical :ole1 :ile !y diff]  only 9   
degree1 z two v ne> %ades ( ! same      
color4 ,b !n  !re is a quantitative1 & s
 a homog5e\s1 aspect ( ! inn]  life4    
,,*apt] ,,iv    ,,b]gson',s ,,abhorr5ce 
,,( ,,det]m9at5ess      ,a deep1        
temp]am5tal abhorr5ce ( det]m9at5ess--t 
is ! motive  ( ,b]gsonism4 ,by admission
 ( ,b]gson1 any object ( ! m9d is       
det]m9ate4 ,b !re=e a philosophy t      
repudiates det]m9at5ess  9 ! nature (   
reality is ineffable because x is       
objectless4 ,x is  ineffable also       
because any reason (f]$ = !             
indet]m9at5ess  ( reality is det]m9ation
 ( x4 ,! dread ( det]m9at5ess is  !     
dread ( reason1 ( explanation1 (        
int]pretation--9 a ^w1 (  philosophy4 ,a
 consci\sness :i* c #8te/ify t we are   
free' is  n an objectless consci\sness2 
& fre$om1 if consci\sness c  te/ify to  
x1 _c be an indet]m9ate nor an imm$iate 
7i4 e4  unobjectifi$7 datum (           

consci\sness4 ,b]gson's position is t x 
is ess5tial to ! true nature ( reality 9
 itself1 "u :atev]  aspect--e4 g4       
duration1 motion1 fre$om etc4--to be    
subjective2  & t ?is is :y ,z5o is "r 9 
f9d+ motion1 = in/ance1  un?9kable2 =   
8un?9kable0 prop]ly means 7?\gh x did n 
mean1  = ,z5o7 incapable ( becom+       
objective4 ,?is to say1 is x n1  t !    
true nature ( reality indep5d5tly ( all 
po9t ( view  is to be view$ f a c]ta9   
po9t6 ,x comes to ?is1 at lea/1 if  to  
be subjective is compatible ) be+ kn[n 9
 any s5se1 )  be+ conta9$ )9            
consci\sness at all4 ,o!rwise x comes to
 !  skeptical 7& self-contradictory7    
doctr9e t x is ess5tial to !  true      
nature ( reality to be unkn[able 9 e    
s5se4 ,! =m]1 (  c\rse1 is ,b]gson's    
view reg>d+ subjectivity4#add    ,!     
anti-intellectuali/ doctr9e1 h[ev]1 t   
data ( consci\sness  _c be und]/ood1    
conceptualiz$1 def9$1 or ev5 nam$--_c1  
9 %ort1 be objectifi$--)\t contradiction
 is z important = !  problem ( k z x is 

= ! problem ( fre$om4 ,pr(essor  ,p]ry's
 analysis ( imm$iatism#ade %[s !        
misund]/&+ (  :at x is to conceptualize1
 :i* und]lies su* a doctr9e4 ,!         
anti-intellectuali/ idea seems to be t !
 concept is /atic1  & common to m ?an "o
 consci\sness1 & univ]sal 9 its         
d5otation1 & %>ply discrete2 & t = ^!   
reasons x c\ld  n correspond to :at is  
fluid & private & uniquely p>ticul>  &  
cont9u\s4 ,x is evid5tly ! 8copy !ory0 (
 k1 :i*  unconsci\sly det]m9es ?is      
criticism ( ! concept4 ,concepts  are   
invalid1 appli$ to life1 because !y are 
n l liv+  objects6 8,y _c make cont9u\s 
be+ out ( discont9uities10  is ,james's 
criticism4#adf ,& ,b]gson's3 8,in/ead ( 
a flux (  fleet+ %ades m]g+ into ea* o!r
 intellect p]ceives di/9ct  &1 s to     
speak1 solid colors1 set side by side l 
! beads (  a necklace40#adg ,b1 z ,p]ry 
%[s1 to conceptualize is no?+  l ?is    
proc$ure4 ,conception is sub/itution (  
"o object (  imm$iate consci\sness :i*  
is conv5i5tly ab/ract1 = ano!r  object  

:i* is1 9 ! circum/ances ( ! conceiv+1  
inconv5i5t  9 its concrete fulness4 ,all
 t is necess>y 9 ord] t ?is             
sub/itutional mode ( consci\sness %\ld  
be valid & true  k ( ! object s         
symboliz$1 is t ! sub/itute %\ld  mean t
 object4 ,& t x c & does mean x :5 !    
object  is a subjective /ate is no m ?an
 ! fact t1 on ,b]gson's  own %[+1 su*   
/ates are symboliz$4 ,= to mean is      
ess5tially  to symbolize4 ,c]ta9ly no "o
 concept is a r\nd$-out exhau/ive       
aw>5ess1 s to speak1 ( ! symboliz$      
object4 ,b ?is is no m  ?an to say t    
conceiv+ is a selective & elim9at+ mode 
(  consci\sness--:i* does n di/+ui% x f 
any o!r mode1 !  mo/ imm$iate &         
intuitive possible /ate ( g5u9e         
significant  consci\sness be+ ess5tially
 z mu* an elim9ation z a posit+4        
,s9ce1 !n1 a symbol nev] has 7j by      
reason ( its function z  symbol7 ! same 
/ructure z ! object symboliz$1 !re is   
no?+  ei!r 9 ! immobility1 or !         
publicity1 or ! univ]sality1 or  !      

discret5ess ( any concept1 or 9 its     
inclusion ( all ^!  *>act]s1 to prev5t  
its validly mean+ ! fluid & private &   
p>ticul> & cont9u\s4 ,& ! real mu/      
necess>ily h !  conceptual *>act]s1 s9ce
 ! *>act]s correlative to !m1 alone     
reg>d$ by ,b]gson z *>act]s ( reality1 h
 no mean+ except  correlatively to !    
conceptual *>act]s4 ,?us 8fluidity (    
no?+0  is a phrase )\t mean+4 ,! some?+ 
:i* is fluid1 requires1  9 ord] t       
fluidity z su* %all be a datum (        
exp]i5ce1 a  coeffici5t aspect (        
immobility4 ,x is n fluidity t fl[s4 ,! 
immobile1 snap-%ot conceptual =m--n only
 does ?is belong to !  cat>act1 z !     
possibility ( photograph+ x proves1 b   
?is v  =m is indisp5sable to ! fact (   
fl[ 9 its g5u9e concret5ess4  ,z =      
uniqu5ess1 a fact s unique t x is l no?+
 else 9  any respect1 c\ld n be         
discrim9at$4 ,! b>e disc]nibl5ess  ( a  
datum requires a basis ( discrim9ation  
:i* is common to x  & to t f :i* x is   
discrim9at$4 ,cont9uity is analog\s  )  

unity1 & has no mean+ if !re is no      
aspect1 9 x1 (  composition1 & s (      
discret5ess1 z unity is no?+ if n union 
( a plurality4 ,t ! real has ! aspects  
eulogi/ically favor$  by intuitionism is
 beyond "q4 ,t x has n ! complem5t>y    
conceptual aspects is demon/rably false1
 & is an illusion (  8exclusive         
p>ticul>ity10 expla9able only by t      
prepossession )  a c]ta9 ab/ract view1  
^: psy*ological orig9 has be5 repeat$ly 
not$ 9 ?is /udy4    ,is x n truly a     
p>adox to give ! unnamable a long li/ ( 
names--life1 consci\sness1 fre$om1      
duration1 int5sity1 quality1            
het]og5eity etc4--& to write a book1    
:e!r practical or  speculative1 conc]n+ 
t :i* w n articulate into disc\rse1     
7cf4 above1 p4 #ed-e71 employ+ ^! names 
on e page2 & to  conclude ) a /udi$     
def9ition ( fre$om2 & to av[ t  !       
purpose ( x all is to make ! fact       
und]/ood t !  subject-matt] _c ev5 be   
nam$1 /ill less def9$ or disc\rs$  ab\t 
or und]/ood8 ,x seems improp] to consid]

 t ! book is  ab\t su* a subject1 & yet 
necess>y to suppose t x is ab\t  "s     
subject1 & impossible to assign ano!r4  
,if x is true t1  9 seem+ to "n ?is     
subject1 y are delud$2 t1 9 try+  to    
talk ab\t x1 y fail1 & "n & talk ab\t   
some?+ else1  in/ead1 its spatializ$    
symbol--!n ! conclusion is p]fectly     
valid  t su* a book is a case ( ?is     
delusion4 ,& ! tr\ble lies 9  t reify+ (
 ! coeffici5ts ( reality & (            
consci\sness  :i* is ! condition ( a    
philosophy ( 8pure0 intuition 7cf4 page 
#bi74 ,to suppose t g5u9e cases (       
aw>5ess c be ei!r pure  intuition or    
pure conception is to reify ^!          
coeffici5t aspects (  consci\sness1 :i* 
are z truly bo? indisp5sable = ! g5u9e  
concret5ess ( an actual case ( aw>5ess z
 are ! positive s9e  & cos9e = ! real   
acut5ess ( an angle 7i4 e4 = ! angle  to
 enclose acutely space revolv$-?r\gh74  
,z ! z]o po9t ( ei!r  trigonometric     
projection is ! vani%+-po9t ( ! entity (
 ^:  nature !y are coeffici5t functions1

 s ! 8purity0 ( ei!r  coeffici5t        
function ( consci\sness is ! vani%+ (   
any real  aw>5ess4#adh    ,if no logical
 reason impugns ! validity ( conceptual 
k (  subjective /ates1 no m does !      
pragmatic te/ discr$it su*  k4 ,x is z  
good1 g5u9e k 9 its satisfaction (      
vital int]e/ z ! s5sation1 say1 :i* is !
 object ( ! /ate  9 "q4 ,hel5 ,kell]1   
incapable ( ! s5sation blue1 kn[s !     
s5sation--conceptually alone1 (         
necessity--r bett]1 ev51 x  may be1 ?an 
%e w\ld ev] h kn[n x if h] life _h be5 m
  occupi$ 9 ! kn[+ ( blue--& o!r        
su*--?+s2 bett]1  at any rate1 c]ta9ly1 
?an mo/ p "k x4 ,all ?is k  c be is a   
rationaliz+ ( 8blue30 %e c "n x1 def9e  
x1  und]/& x1 make articulate &         
significant /atem5ts ab\t x4 ,!         
intellectual mode ( kn[+ blue is        
?or\ghly significant4 ,x f9ds  blue 9   
exp]i5ce1 & enables ! consci\s subject  
to id5tify ?is  object :5 %e comes      
across x4 ,by ?is k1 blue is "p ( !     
curr5cy ( ,hel5 ,kell]'s social comm]ce4

 ,x is a factor 9 h] life1  ) its       
importance & int]e/4 ,obvi\sly1 %e c h  
got x only  by conceptualiz+ x4    ,(   
c\rse ! proposition t consci\sness is   
indef9able has !  same futility z !     
proposition t x is unnamable2 because1  
inde$1  !y h ! same mean+4 ,! mean+1 we 
h se51 is t1 9  try+ to "n or def9e :at 
is fluid1 private1 etc41 !re is a       
misc>riage2 x is some?+ else t gets nam$
 or def9$1 to wit  ! repres5tative or   
symbol ( :at 0 aim$ at4 ,?is symbol1 be+
  fix$ & public1 is able to l5d itself  
to application ( ! fix$  & public "n or 
concept4 ,b we h also se5 t a "n is only
 a  symbol2 an unnamable ?+ c\ld n be   
symboliz$4 ,if1 by hypo!sis1  x is      
symboliz$1 x is !re9 namable4    ,b nam+
 a ?+ is ipso facto relat+ x1 = x is    
associat+  x ) some?+ else1 its "n or   
symbol2 9 nam+ ! ?+ y  h />t$ ^u !      
process ( def9+ x1 :i* is ! inf9ite     
process ( relat+ x or und]/&+ x4        
,exempt+ ?+s f  nam+ or def9ition1      
seque/]+ !m f ! rational doma91 is  l   

sett+ a limit to space4 ,seque/]+ f !   
rational doma9 is  relat+ to x1 & t is  
putt+ into x4    ,if ! illusion 9 try+  
to "n & def9e m5tal /ates is due  to _! 
fluidity & privacy1 by ! same tok5 !    
same treatm5t  ( physical objects1 :i*  
,b]gson reg>ds z valid treatm5t1 is  9  
fact equally illusory4 ,to be sure1     
physical objects h n1  accord+ to !     
au?or1 ! fl[ ( duration1 b !y are ev5   
less  dep5dable creatures ?an m5tal     
/ates1 = 9 e new mom5t !y  are some?+   
absolutely o!r ?an any?+ :i* 0 9 ! mom5t
  be=e4 ,besides :i*1 9 spite ( ?is     
really incessant in/antaneity1  some?+1 
n expla9$1 causes !m1 ^u ! 8int]section0
 ( our  duration ) !m1 to appe> to u to 
be self-id5tical b *ang$1  ev5 z we     
ourselves4 ,physical objects are n fix$4
 ,"o f9ds no  exceptions 9 nature to !  
univ]sal law ( *ange2 & ! /ate (  any   
physical ?+ at a giv5 mom5t is !        
outcome1 9 cont9uity1 (  its previ\s    
/ates1 to an indef9ite regress (        
antec$5ts1 q z  ! case /&s ) ! ego4 ,9  

respect to duration1 discrim9at+  betwe5
 physical & m5tal is n valid4 ,ev5      
betwe5 organic &  inorganic matt] or    
betwe5 consci\s & unconsci\s organisms !
  diff]5ce is only "o ( degree or tempo 
( *ange4 ,b if s1 x  is arbitr>y1 if "o 
reg>ds ! pres5t /ate ( ! consci\s       
organism z embody+ ! :ole ( its pa/1 to 
d5y ?is ( ! /ick  & ! /one4 ,( c\rse    
m5tal /ates are n p]man5t2 subjects1    
objects--no?+ is p]man5t t has exi/5ce4 
,no?+ /ays z x  is4 ,! scope ( nam+ &   
def9+ is n limit$ by p]man5ce4  ,nei!r1 
h[ev]1 is ! flux ( nature *aos1 t x %\ld
 n be  und]/&able4 ,*ange1 on ! contr>y1
 is ! manife/ation ( law1  9 ! "t (     
,h]aclitus1 n[1 & =ev]4    ,privacy or  
uniqu5ess is no m ob/ructive to und]/&+ 
?an  is *ange1 &1 l *ange1 has no       
peculi> applicability to m5tal  /ates z 
matt] ( k4 ,privacy or uniqu5ess applies
 to  physical objects ( k 9 ess5tially !
 same way z x applies  to m5tal /ates4  
,m]e accessibility is1 9 pr9ciple1      
common = all  objects ( k1 to all       

subjects4#adi ,b !re is a special       
reason :y ! subject ( ! /ate is         
p>ticul>ly disqualifi$1  z comp>$ )     
o!rs1 = kn[+ 8 /ate imm$iately1 i4 e4   
intuitively2 namely1 t1 at ! "t ( !     
exi/5ce ( ! /ate1  :51 alone1 x c\ld be 
kn[n intuitively1 he is ma9ly occupi$ ) 
ano!r object ( k1 ! object ( ! /ate 9   
"q4  ,y d n1 !n1 "k a m5tal /ate be/ by 
liv+ x1 or r  9 liv+ x2 y\r k ( x is j  
!n at its wor/1 s9ce  y are !n          
preoccupi$ 9 kn[+ some?+ else4 ,! /ate1 
z an  attribute ( ! subject1 is cle>ly  
"o ( ! subject's relations1  &1 s1      
conceptually di/9ct f ei!r t]m4 ,x _c be
 at once a  k & ! object ( t same k4    
,b]gson's treatm5t (  ! consci\s /ate   
conceives x 9 j t way--z if ! relation  
7 itself "o ( its own t]ms1 ! object4   
,kn[+ a m5tal /ate c only mean und]/&+  
x4 ,x is n a  concrete datum1 l ! sky1 b
 an ab/raction f ! relation%ip  9 :i* ! 
subject & ! sky function z t]ms4 ,"o    
does n  intuitively "k ! subjective     
process ( blu5ess1 9 look+  at ! sky2 "o

 kn[s ! sky 9 t s5se1 b ! process only  
conceptually1 by reflection4 ,is x any  
less an au!ntic object (  k8 ,is x n    
itself--is x any symbol ( itself8--:i* y
  "n & def9e & talk ab\t & und]/&8    ,!
 practical significance ( say+ t "o felt
 & n[ rememb]s a  feel+ is n t ! feel+  
is :at "o ev] felt4 ,feel+ ,numb]  ,"o  
is n an object = feel+ ,numb] ,two1     
nei!r dur+ ,numb] ,"o  nor aft]w>d1 9   
rem9isc5t feel+4 ,s f> z ! rem9isc5t    
/ate  is ano!r intuition1 its object is 
! same z t ( ! intuition  rememb]$--s   
f>4 ,b to be rem9isc5t1 a consci\s /ate 
mu/  reflect ^u1 or ref] to1 a consci\s 
/ate di/9ct f itself4  ,?is reflective  
ref]5ce is a conceptual co-elem5t toge!r
 ) !  intuitional "* ( ! rem9isc5t /ate4
 ,s f> z ! memory is  reflective1       
consci\sness is ori5t$ t[>d ! orig9al   
/ate itself  z a fact1 a process1       
conceptually di/+ui%able f ! object (   
x4 ,x is ?us only s f> z conceptual t   
subjective processes  c be objects ( k1 
or1 9 %ort1 be kn[n4 ,b if s1 ,b]gson   

is wrong 9 two ess5tial po9ts3 9 d5y+ t 
subjectivity c  be objectifi$1 & 9      
affirm+ t k ( subjectivity is  imm$iate 
7i4 e4 non-conceptual7 or intuitive4    
,any rem9isc5t /ate1 l e o!r consci\s   
/ate1 und\bt$ly  is intuitive 9 a c]ta9 
degree4 ,! calme/ reflection on an      
orig9ally affective exp]i5ce is t9ctur$ 
) a rudim5t>y  flutt]+ ( ! old feel+2 j 
z1 on ! o!r h&1 ! mo/  viol5t e>ly      
repetitions ( a tempe/u\s joy or grief  
mu/ relate1  9 ord] to be rem9isc5t1 to 
! orig9al exp]i5ce4 ,no "o else1  x may 
be said1 c appreciate my feel+ z ,i d1  
myself3 ?is  appreciation is no         
conceptualization ( t feel+4 ,?is is    
only to  say t ! affective z well z !   
repres5tative aspect ( any  consci\s    
/ate is unique = ea* subjective c5t] (  
int]e/4 ,b  privacy no m di/+ui%es      
subjectivity f objectivity ?an does     
*ange4 ,e object1 be+ self-id5tical1 is 
unique1 its quality  private4 ,inasmu* z
 ea* consci\s subject is a di/9ct c5t] (
  int]e/ z well z a di/9ct cognitive    

subject1 ! affective value  ( a /ate ( a
 giv5 subject mu/ also be !oretically   
unique =  t subject4 ,b ! /ate is       
nev]!less objective & common z  well z  
subjective & private1 s9ce 9 fact x is  
an object =  und]/&+4 ,my /ate ( m9d is 
z accessible to y\r und]/&+  z y\r own  
7x may be m s1 to be sure74 ,! und]/&+  
names  ! intuitive /ate--anybody's at   
all1 indiff]5tly1 "o's own or  ano!r's--
 z truly z x names any o!r relation%ip  
or process1 by  virtue ( its conceptual 
coeffici5t2 & z truly relates x to !    
re/ ( ! rational univ]se1 !re9 und]/&+ &
 def9+ x4    ,! d]ivation ( ! ?ree      
het]ologies elucidat$ 9 ! ?ree  *apt]s (
 ! ,essai1 is ! inevitable consequ5ce ( 
!  fundam5tal het]ology ( an            
8absolutely0 two-fold univ]se4 ,!       
int5sity ( m5tal /ates c\ld n be        
homog5e\s1 = ,b]gson1  ! v>i\sness t    
belongs to !m c\ld n be plural1 _!      
organization c\ld n be det]m9ate1       
because !n !y w\ld be  objective1 by 8  
def9ition ( objectivity4 ,b :y may a    

subjective  /ate n be an objective /ate8
 ,to ! conceptuali/1 to :om ^!  t]ms are
 ab/ract concepts1 po9ts ( view1        
discursive contexts1 !re  is no reason  
at all4 ,to ,pr(essor ,b]gson1 :o does  
:at he accuses  conceptualism ( do+1    
namely sub/itut+ concepts = concrete    
realities1 x is a contradiction1 = "o   
concrete reality _c be  ano!r4 ,b a     
concrete reality :i*1 = a c]ta9 purpose 
& 9 a  c]ta9 context1 "o symbolizes by !
 t]m 8subjective /ate10 may  v well be !
 same concrete reality :i*1 = ano!r     
purpose1 "o  symbolizes by ! phrase     
8objective /ate40    ,we h se5 t        
int5sity :i* is 8pure10 pure quality1 is
 pure  no?+1 be+ quality ( no?+2 s9ce1  
if x is quality (  any?+1 x has its     
quantitative coeffici5t1 :i* de/roys its
  purity4 ,s v>i\sness :i* is 8pure0    
het]og5eity1 is n ev5  v>i\s1 b 8no?+0  
aga94 ,= x is 8int]p5etrat+0 in/ead  (  
8juxtaposit$0 or imp5etrable            
het]og5eity4 ,b imp5etrability  is j    
id5tity1 z ,b]gson rem>ks2#aej x is a   

logical pr9ciple  r ?an a physical law4 
,t two bodies _c occupy ! same  space & 
"t means t !y w\ld !re9 n be two1 or    
coexi/5t4  ,n[1 int]p5etration 9 any    
rigor\s s5se1 any b ! loose  colloquial 
s5se ( small division & uni=m diffusion1
 is ! m]e  contradiction (              
imp5etrability or id5tity4 ,x means t   
two bodies  d occupy ! same space at !  
same "t4 ,if1 !n1 ?is law (             
int]p5etration ?us means to require 79 !
 subject7 ! relation (  coexi/5ce1 &    
also 79 ! pr$icate7 to =bid x--9 o!r    
words1  if x is contradictory to        
itself--m5tal /ates c obey x no bett]   
?an pebbles4 ,&1 f9ally1                
non-quantitative causality is a ?ird    
contradiction1 s9ce its 8pure0          
het]og5eity de/roys its cont9uity  9 "t 
z well z 9 space 7cf4 above1 page #ic74 
,h[ c any ( ^! ?ree pairs ( het]olog\s  
pr9ciples ( space  & "t be 8absolutely0 
diff]5t if1 h[ev] diff]5t1 ea* pair  h  
su* ess5tial community ( nature t bo?   
mu/ be call$ by  "o "n & ?\ght "u "o    

category1 z two species ( ! same  g5us8 
,=1 9 spite ( all _! diff]5ces1 !y are1 
?r\gh\t !  discussion1 two k9ds (       
int5sity1 ( multiplicity1 ( causation4  
,,*apt] ,v    ,,! ,,my/ical ,,ye>n+ ,,( 
,,intuitionism      ,i w conclude ^!    
comm5ts on ,pr(essor ,b]gson's tea*+ by 
not+ ! my/ical nature ( ! c5tral idea ( 
8 epi/emology1  ! id5tification (       
subject & object4 ,! ye>n+ = a m        
intimate acqua9tance ) ! ?+-9-itself1 = 
a k tru]  & m se>*+ ?an ! 8practical0 & 
8useful0 reactive relations  :i* we be> 
to our 8ph5om5al0 objects--z if su*     
exp]i5ce 7  unwor?y ! sacr$ "n ( k--?is1
 ! prime aspiration  ( ! intuitional    
philosophy ( ,b]gson1 r$uces to a       
futile1 if  n a morbid1 ye>n+ aft]      
self-contradiction4 ,! m y "k a  ?+ 89  
itself10 ! m y 8int]nalize0 y\r relation
 to x--9  %ort1 ! m y id5tify y\rself ) 
x--! less y be> any  significant        
relation to x at all1 any relation1     
obvi\sly1 b t  ( id5tity2 ! less1       
notably1 y be> ! active & cognitive     

relations t[>d x4 ,! indisp5sable       
condition ( ,paul's kn[+  ,pet] is t    
,paul %\ld n become ,pet]4 ,?+s c nei!r 
be  nor be conceiv$ except 9 "s         
relations1 any m ?an relations  )\t     
t]ms4 ,if y "k ! ?+ 9 its relations1 y  
"k !  ?+ z mu* 9 itself z a ?+ is       
capable ( be+4    8,y %[10 writes       
,pr(essor ,b]gson1 9 ! lett] quot$ be=e1
  8t p]fect intuitive k1 z ,i mean x1   
w\ld consi/ 9  co9cid5ce ) ! object     
kn[n2 b t !n !re w\ld no long]  be k (  
any object1 s9ce only ! object          
rema9s4--,yet1 9 !  case ( an entirely  
free action1 i4 e4 an act 9 :i* ! entire
  p]son takes "p1 "o is altoge!r 9 :at  
he is do+2 "o has1  at ! same "t1       
consci\sness ( :at he is do+2 & yet he  
is n  duplicat$ 9 obs]v+ 8 own activity1
 absorb$ z he is 9 ! act  itself3 "h to 
act & to "k 7or r to possess7 are "o & !
  same ?+4 ,intellig5ce1 always outside 
( :at x obs]ves1 _c  conceive ( k )\t   
di/9ctness ( subject & object4 ,x is    
intellig5ce t prop\nds y\r dilemma3     

#8,ei!r !re is k  ( ! object1 h5ce      
di/9ctness ( object & subject2 or       
subject  co9cides ) object1 & !n !re is 
only object3 k  vani%es4'--,b reality   
does n accept ?is dilemma4 ,x pres5ts u1
  9 ! case cit$1 subject & object z a   
s+le indivisible reality1  action & k ( 
! action z a s+le indivisible reality1 (
  :i* intellig5ce subsequ5tly takes two 
po9ts ( view1 t (  object & t ( subject1
 t ( action )\t k & t  ( pure k4 ,we h  
no "r to set up ^! po9ts ( view (       
reality z con/itutive elem5ts ( reality 
itself40    ,! la/ s5t5ce accuses me (  
do+ :at ,i am mo/ zeal\s to %[ is  !    
f\ndation fallacy ( intuitionism6 ,i h  
be5 cont5d+ t1  :5 ,monsieur ,b]gson    
says t subjectivity _c be objectifi$1   
he is speak+ z if 8objectify+10 in/ead (
 mean+ to take a  po9t ( view1 means to 
alt] ! reality symboliz$ by ! ^w        
8subjectivity40 7,( c\rse ! "q conc]ns  
concrete cases (  subjectivity1 !       
intuitioni/ cont5d+ t a giv5 subjective 
/ate  _c be objectifi$--i4 e4 nam$1     

def9$1 etc47 ,n[1 ?is seems to  me      
precisely to 8set up a po9t ( view (    
reality z a con/itutive  elem5t (       
reality itself40 ,b intuitionism does   
ev5 worse ?an ?is4  ,hav+ set up ?is    
po9t ( view ( reality1 & treat$ x 9 ?is 
concrete way1 & wor%ipp$ x z !          
,absolute1 x snubs t o!r  po9t ( view1  
:i*1 by ! v nature ( ! g5u9ely concrete 
reality1 is cord9ate ) ! deifi$         
ab/raction1 its bro!r &  pe]4 ,! object 
has 8su* reality z t ( re/1 :i* is !    
negation ( motion10 ! absolute &        
positive2 8yet x is n absolute  naught40
    ,x seems to me t ,b]gson virtually  
admits ! impossibility (  ! co9cid5ce ( 
subject & object :5 he says t in/9ct &  
intellect are nei!r possibly pure1 :i*  
is deeply true4 ,b !n an  action        
8completely free0 is only a limit+ case1
 is x n8--a case  :i* w\ld put ! action 
out ( relation & s out ( activity8 ,9 a 
c]ta9 obvi\s s5se 8! :ole p]son takes   
"p10 p]haps1 9 any  action2 b ,i _c     
imag9e any action or /ate t c\ld be o!r 

?an a relation betwe5 object & subject4 
,i _c see h[ p]fect  self-expression 9  
"o's act makes 9 any degree =           
oblit]ation  ( ontological di/9ctness   
betwe5 ag5t & pati5t1 subject &  object4
 ,h[ may action be conceiv$ to disp5se )
 reaction8 ,h[ d5y  its relational "*1  
!n1 )\t d5y+ its activity--9 %ort1  )\t 
contradiction8 8,p]fect self-expression0
 di/+ui%es c]ta9  acts1 no d\bt1 b !    
di/9ction is e?ical1 d5ot+ a            
teleological  h>mony1 n a metaphysical  
id5tity betwe5 subject & object4    ,to 
say t "o is completely "o's act & yet   
kn[s 8 act aga9  confuses a relation )  
"o ( its t]ms4 ,is x m]ely a matt] (    
ta/e to *oose to say t su* a /ate--i4 e4
 p]fect absorption 9  "o's act--is n k (
 ! act j 9 s f> z x is !  act8 ,is x n  
necess>y to di/+ui% betwe5 ! subject's  
relation  to ! act1 on "o h&1 & to ^?   
?+s1 on ! o!r 7:i* are  nei!r subject   
nor act7 ent]+1 toge!r ) ! subject1 into
  ! act8 ,^? ?+s1 x seems to me1 are !  
object1 & ! act  itself a relation      

betwe5 ! subject & !m1 a relation :i*   
we>s  a consci\s z well z an active     
aspect1 & :i*1 z k1 is  k ( ! ?+s1 n ( !
 act1 n ( itself4          ,,"p ,,?ree  
,,b]gson',s ,,g5ius          ,,b]gson',s
 ,,g5ius      ,logical s\ndness is nev] 
amiss1 & is notably desirable 9 a       
philosoph]2 b ,pr(essor ,b]gson is      
assur$ly "r 9 ?9k+  t x is no measure ( 
a philosoph]'s g5ius4 ,"o's feel+ ab\t  
! fallacies ( ,sp9oza & ,b]keley & ,kant
 may pale almo/ into  indiff]5ce1 9 !   
en?usiasm ( foll[+ su* h]oic feats (    
insight4    ,b !n1 x w\ld seem1 _!      
greatness is _! insight1 & n  _! logic1 
& insight !re=e1 aft] all1 is           
philosophical g5ius4    ,we h se5 t ?is 
is ,pr(essor ,b]gson's conclusion4 ,x c 
be  int]pret$ 9 a s5se t is valid1 (    
c\rse3 all dep5ds on !  mean+ (         
8insight40 ,i h insi/$ suffici5tly on ! 
reasons :y  ,i _c ?9k ,pr(essor         
,b]gson's int]pretation ( x is valid4   
,x is a case 9 :i* ! etymological & !   
actual mean+ ( a  ^w1 9 a c]ta9 context1

 diff] & s give rise to ambiguity4 ,!   
^w 8intuition10 etymologically1 means j 
8insight40 ,b !n x  means consci\sness  
function+ mo/ completely1 lea/          
ab/ractly4  ,n[1 ,b]gsonian 8intuition0 
is a conception s f> f concrete         
complet5ess t almo/ ! prim>y object ( 8 
philosophy  is ! dem>cation ( intuition 
f any actual /ate ( :i*  consci\sness is
 normally capable4 ,x is true t ,b]gson 
insi/s  t consci\sness1 9 a sup]normal  
ef=t1 is capable ( ! purely  intuitive  
act1 & t 9 ! capacity = ?is feat ( kn[+ 
lies all ! hope ( metaphysics4 ,?is is !
 gr\nd pr9ciple (  ,b]gsonism1 & ,i h   
no?+ to add "h1 conc]n+ its m]its4 ,9  a
 ^w1 its fallacy is ! fallacy (         
reification4 ,no su* feat (             
consci\sness is possible1 n because x is
 m ?an ! limit$  p[] ( actual m9d c     
compass1 b because x is a contradiction1
  s9ce x is consci\sness )\t object1 :i*
 is consci\sness (  no?+4    ,!         
,b]gsonian w object t1 if ,b]gsonian    
8intuition0 is  ab/ract1 no less ab/ract

 is intellect2 &1 if philosophy is      
insight1--consci\sness mo/ complete1--! 
!sis contr>y to  intuitionism1 t        
philosophy is intellectual judgm5t1 is a
 case  ( ! same fallacy t has be5 *>g$  
to intuitionism1 & is  inconsi/5t ) !   
admission t philosophy is ess5tially an 
insight :i* involves m ?an intellect4   
,! answ] is fir/1 t intellectualism1    
unlike intuitionism1 reg>ds  philosophy 
z inde$ an ab/ract int]e/1 & = t reason 
z n  sep>able f ! liv+ ( a life :i*     
supports ?is int]e/ 9  a l>g] total     
int]e/2 b1 also = t reason1 z n possibly
  id5tical1 ei!r ) life entire or ) any 
int]e/1 su* z !  /hetic1 ( l ab/ractness
 ) philosophy4 ,! answ] to !  second "p 
( ! objection is t an insight :i* is m  
?an  intellect is n = t reason )\t its  
intellectual aspect4  ,consci\sness is  
always significant1 c]ta9ly2 b if x has 
any  mean+1 if x is significant1 x is1 9
 t fact1 intellectual4  ,& insight )\t  
mean+ is a contradiction1 & is assur$ly 
n  philosophy4 ,! appe>ance (           

inconsi/5cy arises f ! unconsci\s       
id5tify+ ( insight ) intuition 9 !      
falsely reifi$ s5se4  ,insight 9 any su*
 s5se philosophy c]ta9ly is n4 ,& yet ! 
intellectuali/ may prop]ly attribute !  
greatness ( a philosophy  to its insight
 r ?an to its logical cog5cy1 s9ce cog5t
 logic  may be dull & %all[ & !re=e n   
great4 ,x is great if x is  f>-see+ &   
deep4 ,!re is analytic insight1 z well z
 intuitive4    ,aft] all is said1 !     
feel+ t ev5 s]i\s lapse ( logic may n   
be suffici5t to de/roy ! value ( a great
 philosophy is n !  same z ! op9ion t   
logic is immat]ial to t value4 ,no "o1  
,i  d>e say1--intuitioni/1              
intellectuali/ or anyone else--ev] ?\ght
  ?is4 ,! g5ius ( a great philosophy is 
a sup]ior p]spicacity  9 ! recognition (
 ! significance ( problems1 a sup]ior   
disc]nm5t ( ! problematic z su*4 8,!    
e>lie/ philosoph]s0  says ,pr(essor     
,james1#aea 8444 7 j m5 curi\s beyond   
imm$iate  practical ne$s1 & no p>ticul> 
problems1 b r ! problematic  g5]ally1 0 

_! specialty40 ,b ! p]spicacity :i* sees
  ! mean+ & be>+s ( a problem _c fail to
 attack its  fur!r int]pretation ) a    
sup]ior fre%ness & orig9ality4  ,& !    
int]pretation ( a problem1 c>ri$ to !   
end1 is its  only solution4 ,g5ius 9    
philosophy ?us also turns into sup]ior  
ri*ness ( sugge/ion 9 ! solutions :i* x 
inv5ts4 ,inasmu* z  ! problem-putt+ & ! 
problem-solv+ processes are cont9u\s  ) 
ea* o!r1 & 9 ?is important s5se "o & !  
same ?+1  x %\ld be expect$ t           
philosophical g5ius w\ld possess bo?    
virtues1 9 any actual in/ance4 ,& no    
d\bt ?is is ! hi/orical  fact4 ,on any  
view x is sugge/iv5ess1 f]tility1 :i* is
 ! measure  ( philosophical g5ius4 ,& x 
seems to ! intellectuali/ t  !          
possibility ( philosophical f]tility    
dep5ds on a discursive1  intellectual   
co-implication ( ! p>ts ( ! realm (     
tru?4    ,b al?\gh ^! two phases (      
philosophical g5ius--!  problem-putt+ & 
! problem-solv+ phases--h s intimate  a 
relation ) ea* o!r1 !y c & d appe> 9    

diff]5t  emphases 9 diff]5t philosoph]s4
 ,! emphasis 9 any p>ticul>  case is    
und\bt$ly det]m9$ 9 "p f )\t1 notably by
  ! philosoph]'s epo*al relations4      
,?ales is great]1 z well z  m mom5t\s   
hi/orically1 9 8 que/ ( an  ?an 9 !     
consummation ( ! que/4 ,) ,hegel's      
mat]ial to "w ^u1 !  emphasis 9 ,?ales' 
g5ius w\ld h be5 proportionately        
modifi$4  ,& if ,b]gson has n1 l ,?ales1
 une>!d new problems1 t is  no?+1 = ! "q
 ( ! value ( 8 "w4    ,inde$1 !         
hi/orical mom5t\sness ( a philosophy is 
q l>gely  indep5d5t ( its intr9sic m]it 
9 ei!r ( ^! s5ses1 or 9  any s5se4      
,conditions :i* contribute to ! vogue & 
influ5ce ( a  philosophy are _m1 "s     
obvi\s en\gh1 o!rs m recondite4 ,!  "q (
 hi/orical mom5t\sness is ?us only p>tly
 g]mane to an  e/imate ( a philosophy's 
own intr9sic wor?2 &1 9 ! case ( a      
contempor>y philosophy1 is 9 ! nature ( 
?+s 7:ile ! hi/ory  is yet to be made7  
an almo/ unmitigat$ speculation4 ,su*   
speculation  reg>d+ ,b]gson is no "p ( !

 pres5t purpose4    ,"o ^w m--be=e      
und]tak+ to appraise ! g5ius (          
,b]gson--z  to ! motive ( su* an        
und]tak+ 9 ?is p>ticul> essay4 ,x is  no
 "p ( ! prim>y object ( ! essay4 ,t     
object is ! v  imp]sonal "o ( und]/&+ 8 
doctr9e4 ,if logical fallacies  are 9   
any s5se or degree irrelevant to ! value
 ( a philosophy1  x is nev]!less a me?od
 ( /udy+ a philosophical "w :i* is  n   
)\t its value1 to squ>e x ) logical     
pr9ciples4 ,:5  ! philosophy "u         
criticism is already a classic1 !       
omission (  appreciative comm5t ne$s no 
apology1 j because ! m]it ( !  "w is    
beyond dispute4 ,on ,platonism & on     
,kantism mu* valuable  light has be5    
?r[n 9 ?is sev]e way4 ,9 /udies s       
occupi$1  disquisition on ! immortal    
inspiration ( ! vision bequea!d to      
mank9d 9 syllogisms :i* sometimes halt  
w\ld n h enhanc$ !  value ( ! /udy4     
,:5 our philosoph] is a contempor>y1 !  
case is diff]5t 9 t  !n p]sonal         
pr$ilection & prejudice are )\t !       

regulation  impos$ by hi/orical         
p]spective2 & inju/ice1 ev5 negative  or
 privative1 ei!r to ! liv+ philosoph] or
 to 8 liv+  antagoni/s1 has a c]ta9     
human import ( :i* ! conditions are     
remov$ ) m]e temporal remot5ess ( !     
subject ( /udy1 :5  hi/ory has plac$ him
 9 a sett+ :i* includes an 8aft]0 z well
  z a 8be=e40           99       99     
99       99       99    ,pr(essor ,a4   
,d4 ,l9dsay has po9t$ out#aeb t1 9 "o   
important  respect1 ,b]gson's g5ius is (
 ! ,kantian k9d4 ,x is capacity  = su*  
int]pretation ( old problems t !y become
 v]itably  r5ew$4 8,x is a great &      
ess5tial pro( ( clev]ness or insight10  
said ,kant1 8to "k h[ to ask reasonable 
que/ions40 ,n[1 comm5ts  ,pr(essor      
,l9dsay 7)\t sugge/+ any comp>ison 9    
importance  betwe5 ,kant & ,b]gson71 !re
 is ?is resemblance betwe5 !m1  t mu* ( 
! int]e/ ( ,b]gson's "w1 z ( ,kant's1   
consi/s  9 /atem5t & exposition (       
ant9omies 9 philosophy4 ,l ,kant's1     
,b]gson's philosophy is int]e/+ because 

x is a new me?od1 &1 9  ! same s5se z   
,kant's1 is a critical philosophy1 = x  
consi/s 9  f9d+ ! ma9 s\rce ( previ\s   
difficulties 9 uncriticiz$ false        
assumptions4    ,su* criticism ( ! "q   
78int]pretation ( ! problem0 ,i  call$ x
 above7 is j ! prop] bus9ess ( !        
philosoph]4 ,=1  e "q is also an        
unconditional ass]tion4 ,fals5ess 9 ?is 
impli$ ass]tion is a case ( ! fallacy ( 
8_m que/ions10 :i*1  accord+ly1 may be  
reg>d$ z ! philosoph]'s fir/ conc]n4    
,b]gson is a philosoph] preem95tly 9 ?is
 s5se4 ,he is a  philosoph] also 79     
spite ( ! cavali] d5ial ( ,sir4 ,e4 ,ray
  ,lanke/]7#aec 9 t he is a man ) an    
articulate conviction  conc]n+ ! nature 
( be+ & ( k4 ,9 ! asp]sion  ( ,b]gson's 
?\ght by ! above writ] & by ,mr4 ,hugh  
,s4 ,r4  ,elliot1#aed !re is a ranc\r   
:i*1 9 spite ( mu* valid criticism  9   
detail1 produces an impression (        
ill-regulat$ prejudice4    ,?is         
impression is no m ?an fairly           
c\nt]balanc$ by ! contr>y  en?usiasm (  

su* :ole-s\l$ vot>ies ( ,b]gsonism z    
,ed\>d  ,le,roy1 ,william ,james & ,h4  
,wildon ,c>r4    8,!re is a ?9k]10      
writes ,m4 ,le,roy1 8:o is deem$ by     
ackn[l$g$  philosoph]s wor?y ( comp>ison
 ) ! greate/4444 ,beyond any  d\bt1 & by
 common cons5t1 ,mr4 ,h5ri ,b]gson's "w 
w appe> to  future eyes among ! mo/     
*>act]i/ic1 f]tile & glori\s ( our  era4
 ,x m>ks a nev]-to-be-=gott5 date 9     
hi/ory2 x op5s up a  phase (            
metaphysical ?\ght1 x lays d[n a        
pr9ciple ( developm5t  ! limits ( :i*   
are indet]m9able2 & x is aft] cool      
consid]ation1 ) full consci\sness ( !   
exact value ( words1  t we are able to  
pron\nce ! revolution :i* x effects     
equal 9  importance to t effect$ by     
,kant1 or ev5 by ,socrates40#aee ,x is  
a 8pr(\ndly orig9al doctr9e40 ,& (      
endless f]tility3 8,!re is  no doctr9e  
444 :i* is m op51 & none :i* 444 l5ds   
itself to  fur!r ext5sion40 ,aga93 8444 
a doctr9e :i* admits ( inf9ite          
developm5t 444 a "w ( su* pr(\nd ?\ght t

 ! lea/ pass+  example employ$ takes its
 place z a p>ticul> /udy40#aef ,& s on  
ad libitum4    ,^! are ! gl[+ words ( an
 ard5t disciple 7ev5 ?\gh n a  pupil7 & 
may be expect$ to be n1 aft] all1       
altoge!r regulat$  by a 8full           
consci\sness ( ! exact value ( words40  
,su* phrases  z 8wor?y ( comp>ison ) !  
greate/10 8beyond any d\bt10 8by  common
 cons5t10 are pleasantly vague1 & %\ld n
 (f5d any  judgm5t t is n lit]al 9      
season & out ( season4 ,z to !          
,b]gsonian 8revolution10 x %\ld (f5d no 
"o at all :o c put up  ) an expression (
 purely speculative reli%4 ,s f>1 on !  
o!r  h&1 z ?is revolution is accompli%$ 
fact 9 ! prime ( our  philosoph]'s      
middle age1 ! m5tion ( ,socrates & ,kant
 does sav\r  ( ! ornate6    ,b]gson is  
at lea/ preem95t ov] all o!r liv+       
philosoph]s z  ! expression ( a v       
revolution>y ,zeitgei/4 ,! g5]ation  (  
,ta9e & ,r5an 7,le,roy goes on to say7 0
 *>act]iz$ by !  positivi/ic presumption
 t any object :atev] c\ld be #8ins]t$ 9 

! ?read ( "o & ! same unbrok5           
connection4' ,b rationali/ic  arrogance 
has nev] fail$ to ar\se an answ]+ voice 
( prote/ &  diss5t2 & ( our own g5]ation
 su* anti-intellectualism is "o  ( !    
controll+ ideas4 ,x is prim>ily !       
reaction>y conviction  t ! analytic     
me?od ( philosophy is ab/ract & empty4  
,x is1  says ,le,roy1 a dem& = 8complete
 exp]i5ce1 anxi\s to neglect  no aspect 
( be+ nor any res\rce ( m9d40 8,ev]y?+  
is reg>d$  f ! po9t ( view ( life1 & !re
 is a t5d5cy m & m  to recognize !      
primacy ( spiritual activity40 8,t !    
attitude  & fundam5tal proc$ure ( ?is   
new _s are 9 no way a return to         
skepticism or a reaction aga9/ ?\ght _c 
be bett] demon/rat$  ?an by ?is         
resurrection ( metaphysics1 ?is         
r5aissance ( idealism1  :i* is c]ta9ly  
"o ( ! mo/ di/9ctive features ( our     
epo*40  8,b 444 we wi% to ?9k ) ! :ole (
 ?\ght1 & g to !  tru? ) ! :ole ( our   
s\l 444 ,& :at is t1 really1 b  realism8
 ,by realism ,i mean ! gift ( ourselves 

to reality1 ! "w  ( concrete realization
 444 to live :at we ?9k & ?9k :at we    
live4 ,b t is positivism1 y w say2      
c]ta9ly x is positivism4  ,b h[ *ang$6  
,=1 f consid]+ z positive only t :i* c  
be an object ( s5sation or calculation1 
we beg9 by treat+ !  great spiritual    
realities ) ?is title40    8,a new      
philosophy 0 requir$ to answ] ?is new   
way ( look+ at  ?+s4 ,already1 9 #ahfg1 
,ravaisson1 9 8 celebrat$ ,report1 wrote
  ^! prophetic l9es3 #8,_m signs p]mit u
 to =see 9 ! ne>  future a philosophical
 epo* ( :i* ! g5]al "* w be !           
pr$om9ance ( :at may be call$           
spirituali/ realism or positivism1  hav+
 z g5]at+ pr9ciple ! consci\sness :i* ! 
m9d has 9  itself ( an exi/5ce recogniz$
 z be+ ! s\rce & support (  e o!r       
exi/5ce1 be+ none o!r ?an its action4'  
8444 ,:at ,ravaisson _h only anticipat$1
 ,mr4 ,b]gson himself  accompli%es1 ) a 
precision :i* gives body to ! impalpable
 &  float+ brea? ( fir/ inspiration1 ) a
 dep? :i* r5ews bo?  pro( & !ses alike1 

) a creative orig9ality :i* prev5ts !   
critic :o is anxi\s = ju/ice & precision
 f insi/+ on any  rese>*es e/abli%+     
connection ( ?\ght40    8444 ,mr4       
,b]gson has contribut$ m ?an anyone else
 to awak5  ! v t5d5cies ( ! milieu 9 :i*
 8 new philosophy  is produc$1 to       
det]m9e !m & make !m become consci\s (  
!mselves40#aeg    ,9 ! new & significant
 relation :i* ,le,roy & o!rs f9d 9      
,b]gson to motives ( ?\ght s di/9ct z   
idealism1 realism1 &  positivism1 he is 
a writ] ( ! f]tility ( g5ius2 9 ! skill 
(  8 transfusion ( ^! motives into a    
type ( conception und]ly+ a  v deep &   
widely ext5d$ t5d5cy ( ! age1 he is !   
=emo/  expression ( t t5d5cy4 ,9 a v    
limit$ way1 only1 c su*  en?usiasm z    
,le,roy's1 9 a m9d ( 8 excell5t         
disc]nm5t1 be  reasonably disc\nt$4     
,trimm$ ( all its ab\nd+ f]v\rs its     
fight+ weight is /ill suffici5tly       
impressive3 h[ resonant to  motives &   
convictions ( actually controll+ int]e/ 
t m9d  mu/ be :i* c elicit su* response1

 ne$s no bett] pro( ?an !  response     
itself4 ,no "o else is s well attun$ z  
,b]gson to t  dem& = complete exp]i5ce  
:i*1 if any?+1 is ! _s (  our "t4 ,no "o
 else has c>ri$ s f> 9 !ory !           
possibilities  ( an int5se in/9ctive    
liv+1 z ! answ] to ! riddle ( !         
univ]se4 ,:at c be said = in/9ct z an   
organ ( philosophy1  ,b]gson has said4  
,all philosoph]s ( imm$iacy hold ,b]gson
 z *ief4 ,c>r1 l ,le,roy1  ?9ks         
,b]gson's doctr9e z mom5t\sly orig9al z 
^? ( !  greate/ classics4 8,great       
sci5tific discov]ies10 he writes1#aeh   
8are  (t5 s simple t ! greate/ wond]    
ab\t !m is t humanity  has _h to wait s 
long = !m40 ,?us ) ,b]keley's 8esse e/  
p]cipi0 & ,kant's autonomy ( !          
intellectual categories4 ,&  equally s )
 ,b]gson's int]pretation ( reality z    
life1 8liv+  creative evolution10 z     
di/9ct bo? f solid matt] & ?9k+  m9d4   
,james1 :ile o!rs f9d q det]m9ate       
diff]5ces betwe5 him  & ,b]gson1 0 f>   
less cognizant1 himself1 ( diff]5ces ?an

 (  agreem5t4 ,he 0 "o ( ! ke5e/ (      
,b]gsonians1 & reg>d$  himself1 c]ta9ly 
) a great deal ( g5ial mode/y1 z a      
foll[]1  a disciple4 8444 if ,i _h n    
read ,b]gson10 he says1#aei 8,i %\ld    
probably /ill be black5+ endless pages (
 pap] privately1 9  ! hope ( mak+ ends  
meet t 7 nev] meant to meet 444 ,x  is  
c]ta9 t )\t ! confid5ce :i* be+ able to 
lean  on ,b]gson's au?ority gives me1 ,i
 %\ld nev] h v5tur$ to  urge ^! p>ticul>
 views ( m9e 444 ,9 my op9ion he has    
kill$  intellectualism def9itively & )\t
 hope ( recov]y40           99       99 
99       99       99    ,! quantity &   
quality ( ! /udy ( ,b]gson's problems by
 o!rs1  :i* 8 own treatm5t ( !m has     
/imulat$1 is already an enviable        
monum5t to t be/ quality ( philosophic  
g5ius 9 8 "w1 its  f]tility ( sugge/ion4
 ,speak+1 z ! pres5t writ] mu/1 f  !    
po9t ( view ( critical reaction1 ! value
 ( ,b]gson is inde$  incalculable4 ,?is 
is no conv5tional phrase4 ,8 !oretical  
oppon5t  is almo/ incl9$ to feel t !    

/imulus :i* ,b]gson's lucid  exposition 
af=ds1 to a m9d ( contr>y conviction1 to
 und]/&  itself1 mu/ be a m preci\s good
 ev5 ?an ! quick5+ :i* 8  foll[]s s     
eloqu5tly confess4    ,! fact is t ?is  
eloqu5ce is always m ?an eloqu5ce2 x  is
 a f]v\r almo/ l religi\s f]v\r4        
,witness ! words j  quot$ f ,james4 ,e  
true ,b]gsonian te/ifies 9 ! same tone4 
,?us ,le,roy3#afj 8,mr4 ,b]gson's read]s
 w und]go at almo/ e  page !y read an   
int5se & s+ul> exp]i5ce4 ,! curta9 drawn
  betwe5 ourselves & reality1 envelop+  
ev]y?+1 includ+  ourselves1 9 its       
illusive folds1 seems ( a sudd5 to fall1
 dissipat$  by en*antm5t1 & display to !
 m9d dep?s ( light till !n  undreamt1 9 
:i* reality itself1 contemplat$ face to 
face = !  fir/ "t1 /&s fully reveal$4 ,!
 revelation is ov]p[]+1 &1  once        
v\*saf$1 w nev] aft]w>ds be =gott54     
8,no?+ c convey to ! read] ! effects (  
?is direct &  intimate m5tal vision4    
,ev]y?+ :i* he ?\ght he knew already    
f9ds new bir? & vigor 9 ! cle> light (  

morn+2 on all h&s1  9 ! gl[ ( dawn1 new 
intuitions spr+ up & op5 out2 we feel   
!m big ) inf9ite consequ5ces1 heavy &   
saturat$ ) life4  ,ea* ( !m is no soon] 
bl[n ?an x appe>s f]tile =ev]4 ,&  yet  
!re is no?+ p>adoxical or di/urb+ 9 !   
novelty4 ,x is a  reply to our          
expectation1 an answ] to "s dim hope4444
    8444 :e!r1 9 ! long run1 we ea* ( u 
give or refuse complete  or p>tial      
adhesion1 all ( u at lea/ h receiv$ a   
reg5]at+  %ock1 an int]nal upheaval 444 
h5ce=? a new leav5 works &  f]m5ts 9 u2 
we %all no long] ?9k z we us$ to ?9k40  
,z =  ! attitude ( m9d prop] to br+ to !
 read+ ( ,b]gson1 8:]e  ! end is to     
und]/& r ?an to judge1 criticism ought  
to take  second place4 ,x is m pr(itable
 to attempt to feel oneself into !  he>t
 ( ! tea*+1 to relive its g5esis1 to    
p]ceive ! pr9ciple  ( organic unity1 to 
come at ! ma9spr+4 ,let our read+ be a  
c\rse ( m$itation :i* we live40    ,&   
,ga/on ,rageot3 8444 ! read+ ( a "w (   
,b]gson's requires at  ! v beg9n+ a sort

 ( inn] cata/rophe2 n ev]yone is capable
  ( su* a logical revolution40#afa ,a   
little fur!r on he speaks (  ?is        
prep>ation ( ! m9d to receive !         
,b]gsonian doctr9e z  8cette volte-face 
psy*ologique40    ,conv]sion to         
,b]gsonism1 inde$1 sugge/s religi\s     
conv]sion4  ,comp>e ,james' words ) !   
above4 8444 if1 z ,b]gson %[s1 !        
conceptual or discursive =m ( reality _c
 ev5 pret5d to reveal  any?+ ( :at      
life's inn] nature is or ought to be2   
:y1 !n we  c turn a deaf e> to its      
accusations4 ,! resolve to turn ! deaf  
e> is ! inn] crisis or #8cata/rophe' (  
:i* ,m4 ,rageot spoke  444 ,?is comes v 
h>d4 ,x is putt+ (f our pr\d maturity ( 
m9d & becom+ aga9 z fooli% little *ildr5
 9 ! eyes (  reason4 ,b difficult z su* 
a revolution is1 !re is no o!r way1 ,i  
believe1 to ! possession ( reality40#afb
    ,is n ?is exp]i5ce v sugge/ive ( !  
8reg5]ation0 (  ,*ri/ianity8 ,i ?9k x   
is1 inde$2 & ,i ?9k ?is fact is         
sugge/ive ( ! ess5tial nature (         

,b]gsonism4 ,"o may turn a deaf  e> to  
reason1 "o may execute a volte-face     
psy*ologique2 b1  :atev] ! rew>ds1 x    
seems unlikely 7to ! unreg5]ate1 (      
c\rse67 t among !m w be includ$ a bett] 
compreh5sion ( !  mean+ ( reality4      
,,footnotes3    #ib ,creative ,evolution
 p4 #agf4 ,i h italiciz$ 8reflect+0 &   
8object0 to indicate ! contradiction (  
8in/9ct40 ,& s9ce1 =  ,b]gson1 intuition
 is philosophic consci\sness1 ?is       
reflectiv5ess  :i* he imputes to x is no
 accid5t1 no inadv]t5ce4 ,intuition mu/1
  inde$1 9 ord] to be philosophic1 be   
reflective2 t is to say1 x  mu/         
absolutely contradict its own nature4   
7,9 all ( ! ref]5ces  to ,b]gson's      
works1 ! pages m5tion$ are ^? ( !       
,engli%  translation47    #ic ,see      
especially ,creative ,evolution1 pp4    
#aia-b & #bff4    #id ,cf4 ,r4 ,b4      
,p]ry's ,pres5t ,philosophical          
,t5d5cies1 ! fir/  two sections ( ,*apt]
 ,,xi4    #ie ,j4 ,w4 ,scott1 ,pessimism
 ( ,b]gson1 ,hibb]t ,j\rnal4 ,,xi4      

#ij-aaf4  ,see also bel[ p4 #id4    #if 
,creative ,evolution1 p4 xi4    #ig     
,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology &     
,sci5tific ,me?ods4 ,volume  ,v4 ,no4   
#bb    #ih ,cf4 ! second s5t5ce ( !     
pres5t essay4    #ii ,h5ri ,b]gson3 ,!  
,philosophy ( ,*ange1 p4 #ad4    #ajj   
,?is title has be5 giv5 to ! ,engli%    
translation ( !  ,essai sur les donnes1 
etc4    #aja ,possibly ?is repres5tation
 ( ,leibniz's ?\ght requires a  ^w (    
explanation4 ,leibniz expresses ! nature
 ( reality 9 t]ms  ( =ce1 on "o h&1 & ( 
consci\sness on ! o!r4 ,! monad or      
elem5tal reality is a unit ( p]ception &
 also a unit ( =ce4  ,x is a liv+ unit2 
z 9 ,b]gsonism1 reality is life1 ?\gh   
life  9 ,leibniz's philosophy is        
ultimately plural in/ead ( a simple     
impetus4 ,x is true t w is n a          
*>act]i/ic ,leibnizian t]m1  b exi/5ce  
is always1 ,i ?9k1 conceiv$ by him v    
cle>ly z  conation4 ,! self-realization 
( ! monad is at ! same "t an            
int5sification ( its p]ceptiv5ess & (   

its dynamic4 ,cf4 !  foll[+ passages f  
,rog]s' ,/ud5t's ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 
pp4 #cjg-h3 8,leibniz 0 l$ by v>i\s     
motives to sub/itute1 =  ext5sion1 p[] (
 resi/ance1 z ! ess5tial quality (      
matt]4444 ,b :51 in/ead ( ext5sion1 we  
*>act]ize matt] z  =ce1 a means (       
connection betwe5 matt] & m9d is op5$   
up4  ,= =ce has its analogue 9 !        
consci\s life2 correspond+ to !         
activity ( matt] is consci\s activity or
 w4 ,inde$1 are !re any  positive t]ms 9
 :i* we c describe ! nature ( =ce1      
unless we  conceive x z id5tical ) t    
consci\s activity :i* we "k  directly 9 
ourselves80 ,?is activity1 !n1 8,is at  
bottom1 :5 we  int]pret x1 a spiritual  
or p]ceptual activity40 ,9 %ort1 x is w4
    ,leibniz is prop]ly reg>d$ z ! fir/ 
mod]n spirituali/4  ,leibnizian matt] is
 real1 if y l1 b !n x is cont9u\s1 &  ( 
ess5tially id5tical nature1 ) _s4 ,matt]
 is _s 9 a  l[ /age ( developm5t4       
,b]gson has no su* cle> & unambigu\s    
conception ( matt] z ?is1 :5 y consid] !

 :ole or 8  doctr9e2 b !re are passages 
9 ,b]gson :i* might almo/ h  be5 writt5 
by ,leibniz himself4 ,= in/ance3 444    
8if1 9 fact1 !  humble/ function ( _s is
 to b9d toge!r ! successive mom5ts  ( ! 
duration ( ?+s1 if x is by ?is t x comes
 into contact  ) matt] & by ?is also t x
 is fir/ ( all di/+ui%$ f  matt]1 we c  
conceive an inf9ite numb] ( degrees     
betwe5 matt]  & fully develop$ _s--a _s 
capable ( action :i* is n  only         
undet]m9$1 b also reasonable &          
reflective40 7,matt] &  ,memory1 pp4    
#bie-f47    #ajb ,!re is a good         
discussion ( ?is po9t 9 an article      
review+  ! ,essai1 by ,l4 ,levy-,bruhl1 
9 ! ,revue ,philosophique1 ,vol4 ,,xxix 
7#ahij71 pp4 #eac-ech4    #ajc ,cf4     
bel[1 pp4 #eg1 #eh4    #ajd ,pages #gb1 
#gc1 #ig4 ,pr(essor ,p]ry's analysis ( !
 conception (  imm$iacy 7,pres5t        
,philosophical ,t5d5cies1 ,*apt] ,x7 has
 a result  t is simil> 9 pr9ciple to !  
above4    #aje ,op4 cit41 p4 #ebe4      
#ajf ,"t & ,free ,w1 pp4 #aah-aai4      

#ajg ,b ,b]gson app>5tly does n see t   
ev5 ! ^w  8int]p5etrate0 falls to       
express any?+ radically diff]5t  9      
temporal 8multiplicity0 f a c]ta9 "* (  
spatial  multiplicity4 ,cf4 pp4 #fb1    
#aja4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 all its argum5t1      
intuitionism argu+ is inevitably        
intuitionism contradict+ itself4  ,x is 
ineffable philosophy 7see ,j\rnal (     
,philosophy1 ,psy*ology &  ,sci5tific   
,me?ods1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #abc47    #ajh  
,! liv+ ego is a fact-9-!-accompli%+4 ,y
 _c really  disc\rse ab\t x6 ,if        
psy*ology ev] seems to manage ?is 7& if 
?is pres5t book ( ,b]gson's seems to    
manage x71 ! ego disc\rs$  ab\t is1 9 t 
fact1 prov5 to be n ! concrete & liv+   
ego at  all1 b ! imp]sonal & objective  
"o4    #aji ,! attitude1 t is1 (        
intuition1 :i* we h call$ !  temporal   
attitude4 ,! t]ms 8spatial10 8logical10 
8conceptual10  appli$ "h s (t5 to ! ^w  
8?\ght10 are epi!ts ( ?\ght  g5]ally4   
,!re is no ?\ght1 9 any mean+ ( ! ^w m  
specific ?an 8consci\sness10 t is n     

logical1 conceptual &  spatial 9 ?is    
,b]gsonian s5se4    ,if we _c           
conceptualize our psy*ic facts1 we _c   
?9k !m1  !n--! mean+ is ! same4 ,b if we
 say t any?+ 7:i* we  "n &1 9 ! say+1   
def9e & ?9k7 is unnamable1 indef9able  &
 _c be ?\ght1 we contradict ourselves4  
,! doctr9e1 if true1  mu/ mean some?+ t 
is n a self-contradiction4 ,does x mean 
t :at we "n & disc\rse ab\t is only !   
spatializ$ symbol  ( ! psy*ic fact8 ,!re
 c be little d\bt4 ,i ?9k1 t ?is is     
,b]gson's mean+2 b !n ! psy*ic fact is (
 su* a nature z  to be symboliz$2 & !   
di/9ction betwe5 a symbol & a "n1 by    
virtue ( :i* a ?+ :i* c be symboliz$ may
 n be namable1  requires explanation4   
#aaj ,pres5t ,philosophical ,t5d5cies1  
pp4 #bcb-d4    #aaa ,pp4 #db1 #dc4 ,cf4 
also bel[1 p4 #ic4    #aab ,op4 cit41 p4
 #abh4    #aac ,"t & ,free ,w1 p4 #ih4  
#aad ,"t & ,free ,w1 p4 #aac4    #aae   
,cf4 above1 p4 #eh4    #aaf ,9 ord] to  
give any mean+ to ! t]m 8comp5etrat+0   
or 8int]p5etration0 7:i* ,i take to be  

mutually equival5t1 9  ,b]gson's use71  
,i am compell$ to int]pret !m z         
synonym\s )  ! 8compactness0 ( a        
cont9uum--z synonym\s4 ,9 fact1 )       
8cont9uity40 ,b]gson does n make cle> h[
 ^! t]ms c mean  any?+ else 7cf4 bel[1  
p4 #aja47    #aag ,b]gson himself1 (    
c\rse1 is p]fectly aw>e--9 o!r          
connections--( ! cont9uity ( space6     
#aah ,creative ,evolution1 p4 #a4       
#aai ,ibid41 p4 #d4    #abj ,ibid41 p4  
#bjh4    #aba ,ibid41 p4 #bdh4    #abb  
,ibid41 p4 #bdg4    #abc ,j\r4 ,phil4   
,psy4 & ,sci4 ,me?41 ,vol4 ,v1 ,no4 #bb4
    #abd ,creative ,evolution1 p4 #bea4 
#abe ,ibid41 p4 #bfi4    #abf ,cf4      
,p]ry's comm5t1 ,pres5t ,philosophical  
,t5d5cies1 p4 #bce4    #abg ,creative   
,evolution1 p4 #age4    #abh ,ibid41 p4 
#add4    #abi ,ibid41 pp4 #agf1 #agg4   
#acj ,matt] & ,memory1 pp4 #f1 #g4      
#aca ,ibid41 p4 #h4    #acb ,ibid41 p4  
#aj4    #acc ,hugh ,s4 ,r4 ,elliot's    
,mod]n ,sci5ce & ! ,illusions (         
,pr(essor ,b]gson1 pp4 #ih ff4    #acd  

,une !orie n\velle de la lib]te 7,les   
donnees imm$iates71 9  ! ,revue         
,philosophique1 ,vol4 ,,xxix 7#ahij71   
pp4 #cfa-cib4    #ace ,op4 cit41 p4     
#cfh4    #acf ,! feel+ ( guilt1 &1 s1 ( 
responsibility & fre$om1 c  be cru%+ 9  
dreams1 z anyone kn[s :o is giv5 to     
appe>+ 9  dream public indec5tly clo!d1 
or n clo!d at all4    #acg ,"t & ,free  
,w1 p4 #aeh4    #ach ,matt] & ,memory1  
p4 x3 also an article entitl$ ,le       
p>alogisme psy*o-physiologique 9 !      
,revue de ,metaphysique et  de ,morale1 
,vol4 ,,xii 7#aijd71 pp4 #hie-ijh4 ,?is 
article is also 9  ! ,rapports et       
comptes r5dus du deuxieme congres       
int]national de  philosophie1 #aije1 ,"p
 ,i4    #aci ,! causal relation betwe5  
m5tal & c]ebral /ates--i4 e4            
int]action--w\ld be an alt]native       
8condition ( fre$om20 b ?is  relation is
 includ$ 9 ,b]gson's d5ial ( any sort ( 
correspond5ce  or equival5ce 7su* z !   
quantitative equival5ce ( causation7    
betwe5 /ates ( bra9 & /ates ( m9d4      

#adj ,"t & ,free ,w1 p4 #cd4    #ada    
,ibid41 p4 #agb4    #adb ,ibid41 p4     
#bjh4    #adc ,ibid41 p4 #bae4    #add  
,"t & ,free ,w1 p4 #hc4    #ade ,pres5t 
,philosophical ,t5d5cies1 ,*apt] ,x1    
section #f4    #adf ,a ,plurali/ic      
,univ]se1 p4 #bcf4 ,quot$ f ,pr(essor   
,p]ry's  "w1 nam$ above4    #adg        
,creative ,evolution1 p4 #c4    #adh ,! 
analogy holds ev5 9 ! opposit5ess (     
direction 9 :i*  ! evani%m5t1 9 ! limit+
 cases1 occurs 7cf4 above1 pp4 #gb1     
#hj74    #adi ,cf4 ,p]ry's analysis (   
subjective privacy1 9 ,*apt] ,,xii (    
,pres5t ,philosophical ,t5d5cies4       
#aej ,"t & ,free ,w1 p4 #hh4    #aea ,"s
 ,problems ( ,philosophy1 p4 #aj4       
#aeb ,! ,philosophy ( ,b]gson1 pp4 #a1  
#b1 #c4    #aec ,mod]n ,sci5ce & !      
,illusions ( ,pr(essor ,b]gson1 pp4 vii1
  viii4    #aed ,op4 cit41 passim4      
#aee ,! ,new ,philosophy ( ,h5ri        
,b]gson1 pp4 #a & #b4    #aef ,ibid41   
pp4 #abj1 #bcj4    #aeg ,op4 cit41 pp4  
#abh ff4    #aeh ,h5ri ,b]gson3 ,!      

,philosophy ( ,*ange1 p4 #ab4    #aei ,a
 ,plurali/ic ,univ]se1 pp4 #bad1 #bae4  
#afj ,op4 cit41 pp4 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f4     
#afa ,revue ,philosophique1 ,ann4 #cb1  
,no4 #g 7,july #aijg71 p4 #he4    #afb  
,op4 cit41 pp4 #bgb-c4                  
,,bullet9 ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,(       
,,kansas    ,,humani/ic ,,/udies        
,vol4 ,i          ,may #ae1 #aiad       
,no4 #c        ,,br[n+ ,,&    ,,italian 
,,art ,,& ,,arti/s      ,,by      ,,pe>l
 ,,hogrefe1 ,a4 ,m4      ,in/ructor 9   
,mansfield ,college1 ,mansfield1        
,l\isiana        ,,lawr5ce1 ,,may1 #aiad
    ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,univ]sity      
,to ,g4 ,a4 ,l4      ,,:o ,,made        
,,possible ,,my    ,,college ,,&        
,,univ]sity ,,tra9+          ,,preface  
,?is pap] has be5 prep>$ ) ! und]/&+ t  
:ile mu* has  be5 pr9t$ conc]n+ a few   
individual art poems ( ,br[n+1 su* z    
,abt ,vogl]1 ,&rea del ,s>to & ,fra     
,lippo ,lippi1 no complete1  sy/ematic  
survey ( ! place ( ,italian art 9       
,br[n+'s text has  appe>$2 & 9 ! belief 

t su* a survey might be wor? :ile4      
,mu* ( ,br[n+'s treatm5t ( art is (     
c\rse omitt$ 9 !  discussion2 = he      
introduces art data f o!r c\ntries ?an  
,italy1  & has mu* to say ( ! nature &  
purpose ( art 9 g5]al4    ,)9 ! limits  
*os51 ! purpose has be5 to make a       
practically  complete survey = ea* ( !  
five f9e arts1 sculpture1 music1        
poetry1 ar*itecture & pa9t+1 9 ! ord] "h
 giv54 ,! attempt  has also be5 made1   
bas$ on data f lett]s & biographies1 to 
trace to "s ext5t ! *ronological        
p]spective ( ,br[n+'s  int]e/ 9 !       
individual arts1 & to indicate ! app>5t 
s\rces  ( t int]e/4 ,*apt] ,,vii deals )
 8comp>ative ae/hetics0  7)9 ! limits ( 
our title71 ! poetic values ,br[n+ f9ds 
9  ! arts1 ! causes det]m9+ ! relative  
emphasis ^u ea* art1  & ! relations ( ^!
 data to ,br[n+'s dom9ant conc]n z a    
poet--human p]sonality4    ,t ! /udy has
 be5 br\ght to its pres5t =m is due1 9  
"p1  to help & enc\ragem5t giv5 by      
,pr(essor ,s4 ,l4 ,:itcomb4 ,!          

manuscript has be5 c>efully read by     
,pr(essor ,d4 ,l4 ,patt]son &  ,pr(essor
 ,m>g>et ,lynn4 ,! =m] has giv5 valuable
 sugge/ions  conc]n+ ! hi/orical aspects
 ( ! pap]1 & ! latt]1  helpful criticism
 bas$ on h] special k ( ,br[n+'s text4  
,to ^! ?ree in/ructors 9 ! ,univ]sity ( 
,kansas1 & to all  o!rs :o h giv5       
assi/ance1 includ+ fell[ /ud5ts1 a      
grateful  ackn[l$gem5t ( indebt$ness is 
"h made4                                
,,pe>l ,,hogrefe4    ,mansfield1        
,l\isiana1      ,may #a1 #aiad4         
,,cont5ts        ,,*apt] ,i    ,br[n+'s 
,g5]al ,int]e/ 9 ,art4         ,i4      
,subject ,matt] ( ,br[n+'s ,poems       
#i      ,,ii4 ,int]e/ 9 ,music          
#aj     ,,iii4 ,relation to ,pa9t+      
#aj      ,,iv4 ,relation to ,sculpture  
#ab       ,v4 ,significance ( ! ,prec$+ 
,sections                 #ab      ,,vi4
 ,"t ,sp5t 9 ,italy                     
#ac     ,,vii4 ,engli% ,k ( ,italian    
,art 9 ,br[n+'s ,"t    #ac    ,,viii4   
,non-,engli% ,!mes & ,sett+s 9 ,g5]al   

#ad      ,,ix4 ,a ,quantitative ,/atem5t
                               #ad      
,,*apt] ,,ii    ,italian ,sculpture 9 ! 
,poems ( ,br[n+4         ,i4 ,g5]al     
,/atem5t                                
#ae      ,,ii4 ,hi/orical ,scope        
#af     ,,iii4 ,poetic ,functions ( !   
,ref]5ces to ,sculpture        #ag      
,,iv4 ,s\rce ( ,br[n+'s ,k              
#bb         ,,*apt] ,,iii     ,italian  
,music 9 ! ,poems ( ,br[n+4         ,i4 
,g5]al ,/atem5t                         
#bc      ,,ii4 ,ca?olic ,hymns          
#bc     ,,iii4 ,poetic ,functions ( !   
,ref]5ces to ,music            #bd      
,,iv4 ,lack ( ,mod]n ,italian ,ref]5ces 
#bf       ,v4 ,con=mity to ,facts       
#bg      ,,vi4 ,s\rce ( ,br[n+'s ,k     
#bg         ,,*apt] ,,iv     ,italian   
,poetry 9 ! ,poems ( ,br[n+4         ,i4
 ,g5]al ,/atem5t                        
#bi      ,,ii4 ,pr$om9ance 9 ,e>ly      
,poems                            #bi   
,,iii4 ,sordello                        
#cj      ,,iv4 ,! ,imag9>y ,poets       

#cj       ,v4 ,! ,italian z ! ,type (   
,failure                     #ca        
,,vi4 ,italian ,m5 ( ,lett]s3 ,dante    
#cb     ,,vii4 ,o!r ,real ,writ]s       
#cc    ,,viii4 ,br[n+'s ,k ( ,italian   
,lit]ature             #cc      ,,ix4   
,br[n+'s ,int]e/ 9 ,italian ,lit]ature  
#cd         ,,*apt] ,v     ,italian     
,ar*itecture 9 ! ,poems ( ,br[n+4       
,i4 ,g5]al ,/atem5t                     
#ce      ,,ii4 ,s\rce ( ,br[n+'s ,k     
#cf     ,,iii4 ,importance (            
,ar*itecture 9 ! ,poems                 
#cg      ,,iv4 ,comp>ison ) ,o!r ,writ]s
                          #ch       ,v4 
,ar*itecture & ,p]sonality              
#ci         ,,*apt] ,,vi     ,italian   
,pa9t+ 9 ! ,poems ( ,br[n+4         ,i4 
,g5]al ,/atem5t                         
#dj      ,,ii4 ,ext5t ( ,br[n+'s ,k     
#dj     ,,iii4 ,irregul> ,di/ribution ( 
,ref]5ces                   #da         
,,iv4 ,s\rces ( ! ,poems                
#db       ,v4 ,poetic ,functions ( !    
,ref]5ces to ,pa9t+         #dd         

,,vi4 ,con=mity to ,hi/ory              
#dg         ,,*apt] ,,vii     ,g5]al    
,comp>isons3 ,br[n+ & ! ,f9e ,arts (    
,italy4         ,i4 ,poetic ,function & 
,me?od                             #dh  
,,ii4 ,am\nt ( ,mat]ial ,us$ f ,ea* ( ! 
,f9e ,arts     #di     ,,iii4           
,p]sonality & ! ,arts                   
#eb      ,,iv4 ,br[n+ z ! ,poet (       
,humanity                       #ed     
,,app5dix         ,i4 ,poems ,conta9+   
,ref]5ce to ,italian ,art               
#ee      ,,ii4 ,tabulation ( ,ref]5ces  
to ,individual ,arts3                   
,sculpture                              
#ef            ,music                   
#eh            ,poetry                  
#fj            ,ar*itecture             
#fa            ,pa9t+                   
#ff      ,index                         
#ge          ,,*apt] ,i    ,,br[n+',s   
,,g5]al ,,int]e/ ,,9 ,,art4      ,i4    
,,subject ,,matt] ,,( ,,br[n+',s        
,,poems4--,?ree prom95t facts  conc]n+ !
 subjects ( ,br[n+'s poetry are3 !      

comp>ative  insignificance ( nature1 !  
ext5sive treatm5t ( art1 & !  pr$om9ance
 ( ! human s\l4 ,only a few poems conta9
 any ext5d$  ref]5ce to nature2 & :]e   
su* ref]5ce is f\nd1 nature is  usually 
treat$1 z 9 ,by ! ,fireside1 = its      
effect on human  be+s1 & ! s\l /ill     
rema9s ! dom9ant subject4 ,nature =  its
 own sake is nev] a supreme conc]n4 ,x  
is nev] consid]$ z  a prim>y moral =ce1 
ak9 to a p]sonality1 z 9 ,wordswor?4 ,! 
lovel9ess ( nature is nev] p]sonifi$ = !
 sake ( its own  s5su\s beauty1 z 9     
,keats or ,%elley4 ,paul9e1 a y\?ful    
ef=t  ( :i* ,br[n+ lat] became a%am$1 0 
writt5 "u ! influ5ce  ( ,%elley1 &      
approa*es ! /yle ( t poet 9 ! prom95ce  
& beauty ( its nature descriptions2 b no
 su* examples ( pure  nature            
descriptions are f\nd 9 ,br[n+'s mature 
"w4 ,sev]al  ( ! well-kn[n long]        
poems--,pippa ,passes1 ,*ri/mas-,eve &  
,ea/]-,day1 ,! ,flight ( ! ,du*ess1 =   
example--z well z  o!r %ort] lyrical    
poems1 conta9 ! nature elem5t2 b x is   

comp>atively slight1 & usually introduc$
 = h>mony1 = contra/1  or to give a m]e 
un%ad$ backgr\nd = ! *>act]s4           
,conc]n+ ! pr$om9ance ( ! s\l 9 ,br[n+1 
e critic (  ! poet has writt54 ,x does n
 seem necess>y to repeat any ( ?is      
famili> criticism "h4 ,h[ev]1 ! emphasis
 plac$ ^u p]sonality  & ! s\l does h a  
be>+ on ! discussion ( ,italian arts &  
arti/s z f\nd 9 ,br[n+4 ,= p]sonality is
 ! dom9ant factor  beh9d ,br[n+'s       
selection & treatm5t ( ! ,italian arts4 
,^?  arts 9 :i* p]sonality is /ronge/ he
 uses mo/4 ,! poems hav+  "s "o ( ! arts
 z a ma9 !me usually _h _! orig9 9 an   
int]e/ ar\s$ by "s unique p]sonality4   
,"s fur!r discussions  ( ! relations (  
art & p]sonality w be f\nd 9 ea* ( !    
five foll[+ *apt]s devot$ to !          
individual arts2 & m  ext5d$ discussion 
is giv5 9 ! g5]al summ>y ( ,*apt] ,,vii4
    ,conc]n+ ,br[n+'s treatm5t ( art1   
num]\s articles h be5  writt52 b !y are 
limit$ = ! mo/ "p to consid]ation  ( "o 
art or "o poem4 ,br[n+1 h[ev]1 is ! poet

 n ( any  "o art b ( art 9 g5]al & ( all
 ! arts4 ,?r\gh\t life  he 0 int]e/$ 9 m
 ?an "o art & 9 spite ( ! seem+         
improbability ( 8 ev] hav+ _h s]i\s     
d\bts on ! subject1 x  is /at$#afc t he 
0 long undecid$ :e!r to become a poet1  
a musician1 or a pa9t]4 ,he might1 says 
8 biograph]1 h become  an arti/ & p]haps
 a great "o1 because ( 8 brilliant g5]al
  ability & 8 special gifts4      ,,ii4 
,,int]e/ ,,9 ,,music4--,z a *ild1 ,br[n+
 receiv$ a musical  education & became a
 piani/ ( "s ability4 ,8 appreciation ( 
music 0 fur!r cultivat$1 dur+ 8 "y      
manhood1 by att5dance  at ! be/ conc]ts 
& op]as :i* ,london af=d$4 ,bee?ov5     
seems  to be ! compos] m5tion$ mo/      
frequ5tly 9 biographical sket*es  & 9 8 
lett]s1 a fact :i* may indicate 8       
pref]5ce 9 music4  ,dur+ ! latt] ye>s ( 
8 m>ri$ life1 accord+ to lett]s by      
,mrs4 ,br[n+1 he took *>ge ( ! musical  
education giv5 to _!  son1 ,wi$emann4 ,s
 f> z appreciation ( ,italian music &   
att5dance  at conc]ts 9 ,italy are      

conc]n$1 he seems to h be5 little       
int]e/$4 ,b aga9 9 ! ye>s foll[+ #ahgc1 
:ile ,br[n+ 0  9 ,london1 he 0 9 frequ5t
 att5dance at musical conc]ts4 ,8       
int]e/ 9 music1 !n1 0 no int]mitt5t     
fancy4 ,x 0 con/ant &  above ! av]age4  
,if any fur!r pro( ( 8 int]e/ 9 music 7 
ne$$1 x is f\nd 9 ! influ5ce ( t int]e/ 
^u 8 poems2  = !y %[ a f9] appreciation 
( music & a great] k (  its te*nique ?an
 ^? ( any o!r writ]4      ,,iii4        
,,relation ,,to ,,pa9t+4--,a k ( pa9t+ &
 a lik+ =  x z well1 7 cultivat$ 9      
,br[n+'s e>lie/ ye>s1 ?r\gh !  m$ium ( !
 ,dulwi* ,gall]y4 ,?\gh x is probably   
impossible to  trace ! exact influ5ce ( 
?is gall]y on 8 writ+s1 x may be        
sugge/$ z ! s\rce ( ref]5ces to ,italian
 art be=e 8 visits  to ,italy1 & z !    
orig9al /imulus ( 8 int]e/ 9 ! subject4 
,at lea/1 ! ,dulwi* ,gall]y 0 only a    
pleasant walk f 8 home1  & !re 8 fa!r   
con/antly took him4#afd ,!re 8he became 
famili> ) ! names ( ! great pa9t]s &    
le>n$ some?+  ab\t _! works4 ,lat] he   

became a famili> figure 9 "o or two     
,london /udios40    ,:atev] ! cause ( a 
c]ta9 decl9e ( int]e/ 9 pa9t+  previ\s  
to #ahda may h be51 t decl9e 0 ( %ort   
duration4  ,probably x 0 due to !       
increas+ att5tion he 0 giv+ to  poetry z
 a s]i\s occupation4 ,:5 he began to    
feel himself bett]  e/abli%$ 9 8        
poetical c>e]1 he return$ to 8 int]e/ 9 
!  si/] art4 ,a lett] :i* he wrote to   
,miss ,hawor? 7probably 9 #ahda7  says t
 he is com+ to love pa9t+ aga9 z he did 
once 9 e>li]  ye>s4 ,9 ! same lett] he  
speaks ( 8 e>ly ef=ts at ! age (  two   
ye>s & ?ree mon?s1 & *>act]izes himself 
z a wond]ful  pa9t] 9 8 *ildhood2 b he  
adds1 8z elev5 out ( e twelve  ( u are40
 ,su* a rem>k1 :ile x %[s an e>ly int]e/
 9 art1 &  indicates t 8 fond relatives 
may h consid]$ him a y\?ful  prodigy 9  
art1 z fond relatives h a habit ( do+ on
 slight  premises1 implies t he himself 
did n consid] 8 arti/ic ability         
s]i\sly4    ,br[n+'s int]e/ 9 pa9t+1 z  
well z 9 sculpture1 0 reta9$  ?r\gh\t 8 

life4 ,on ,septemb] #ai1 #ahdf1 ,mr4 &  
,mrs4 ,rob]t  ,br[n+ set sail = ,italy2 
& f t "t on1 ! wife's lett]s  are full (
 ref]5ces to h] husb&'s int]e/ 9 art4 ,9
 a lett]  f ,pisa dat$ ,novemb] #e1     
#ahdf1 %e says %e means to "k some?+  ( 
pictures2 = ,rob]t does1 & he w op5 h]  
eyes = h]4  ,"h at ,pisa1 %e cont9ues1 !
 fir/ /eps 9 art1 = h]1 are  to be tak54
 ,a lett] dat$ ,octob] #a1 #ahdg1       
m5tions _! fri5d1  ,mr4 ,p[]s1 !        
,am]ican sculptor4 ,mr4 ,/ory1 ano!r    
sculptor2 ,mr4  ,kirkup1 ! art          
connoisseur2 ,fr$rick ,leighton2 a ,fr5*
 sculptress  nam$ ,mme4 de ,fauveau2    
,gibson2 ,page2 a ,mr4 ,fi%]1 :o 0 pa9t+
 !  portraits ( ,mr4 ,br[n+ & ,wi$emann2
 ,mr4 ,wilde1 an ,am]ican arti/2  &     
,h>riet ,hosm]--all ^! arti/s are nam$ z
 acqua9tances (  ! lit]>y ,br[n+s :o 7  
/ay-at-home p 9 ,flor5ce4 ,_m  lett]s   
also m5tion trips to c]ta9 places :]e   
individual pictures  7 se51 su* z 8a    
div9e picture ( ,gu]c9o0 7,augu/ #ahdh71
  ,dom5i*9o's 8,david0 at ,fano 7,augu/1

 #ahdh71 & ! works ( ,guido  ,r5i1 ,da  
,v9ci1 ! ,c>racci1 & ,correggio4        
,al?\gh ,br[n+ nev] _h a c\rse ( ?or\gh 
in/ruction 9 art1  he gave "s att5tion  
to draw+ dur+ ! reaction f lit]>y  "w t 
foll[$ ! publication ( ,m5 & ,wom51 9   
#ahee4 ,a  lett] f ,mrs4 ,br[n+ to h]   
old fri5d1 ,mrs4 ,jameson1 dat$ ,may #b1
  #ahef1 gives ! /ory4 ,aft] ?irte5 days
 application on ! "p (  h] husb&1 %e    
tells u1 he produc$ "s really a/oni%+ly 
good  copies ( heads1 ?\gh 8 purpose 0  
only to fill 9 ! pause 9  8 lit]>y c>e]4
 ,!n ,mrs4 ,br[n+ adds3 8,& really1 )   
all 8  feel+ & k ( art1 "s ( ! me*anical
 trick ( x c  n be out ( place40        
,,iv4 ,,relation ,,to ,,sculpture4--,a  
simil> ?\gh less conspicu\s int]e/  9   
sculpture#afe 0 ma9ta9$ ?r\gh ,br[n+'s  
entire c>e]4 ,!  fir/ m5tion ( x 9 ei!r 
lett]s or poems is f\nd 9 a lett] (     
#ahch1 to ,miss ,hawor?1 9 :i* ! /atem5t
 conc]n+ ,canova implies  disappo9tm5t &
 previ\s expectation4 ,sordello1 #ahdj1 
conta9s !  fir/ ref]5ce f\nd 9 a poem2 &

 f t "t on1 "s ref]5ces  are f\nd ) a   
consid]able degree ( regul>ity 9 bo?    
poems &  lett]s4 ,:ile ! int]e/ 0 n     
great comp>$ ) t tak5 9  pa9t+1 x 0     
fairly cont9u\s4 ,no m5tion ( ,italian  
sculpture is  f\nd 9 ! poems ( ,br[n+   
aft] ! publication ( ,! ,r+ &  ! ,book1 
9 #ahfh-i2 ?\gh ref]5ces to ! art (     
,greece1 ! great  home ( sculpture1     
occur frequ5tly4    ,9 #ahfj1 a lett] f 
,mrs4 ,br[n+ says t h] husb& has begun  
model+ "u ! direction ( ,mr4 ,/ory at 8 
/udio4 ,%e speaks (  8 progress1 ( 8    
turn+ 8 /udies 9 anatomy to acc\nt1 & ( 
! fact t he _h already copi$ two        
bu/s--^? ( "y ,augu/us1  & ( ,psy*e4 ,at
 ?is "t he 0 work+ six h\rs a day at    
model+4  8,8 habit10 says ,mrs4 ,br[n+1 
80 to "w by fits & />ts02 &  z 9 ! case 
( draw+1 he _h und]tak5 "w 9 sculpture  
until  8 m9d %\ld be ready aga9 =       
poetical "w4      ,v4 ,,significance ,,(
 ,,! ,,prec$+ ,,sections4--,_m o!r      
/atem5ts  %[+ an appreciation ( ! arts  
are f\nd 9 ! biographies &  lett]s ( !  

,br[n+s4 ,( ^!1 "s details w be m5tion$ 
lat]1 9 connection ) ! treatm5t ( ea*   
sep>ate art4 ,only su*  facts h be5 not$
 "h z t5d to e/abli% ! basis on :i* our 
discussion is built--namely1 t ,br[n+ _h
 a great & cont9u\s  int]e/ 9 ! f9e arts
 & t x is only reasonable to expect a   
consid]able am\nt ( k & appreciation (  
!m to appe> 9  8 writ+s4 ,our f9al      
conclusions w conc]n p]sonality z !     
s\rce ( ,br[n+'s int]e/ 9 ! arts4       
,,vi4 ,,"t ,,sp5t ,,9 ,,italy4--,! am\nt
 ( "t sp5t by ,rob]t ,br[n+  9 ,italy is
 a fur!r reason = expect+ ,italian art  
!mes 9 8  writ+s4 ,9 #ahch1 at ! age (  
tw5ty-six1 he made 8 fir/ trip to       
,italy2 & 9 #ahdd he 0 aga9 !re1 f      
,augu/ or ,septemb] until  ,decemb]4 ,9 
#ahdf1 ,rob]t & ,elizabe? ,b>rett ,br[n+
 w5t to ,italy  to live1 & except+      
int]vals = trips to ,france & ,engl&1 7 
!re until ! dea? ( ! latt] 9 #ahfa4 ,=  
sev]al ye>s aft]  ?is1 ,br[n+ sp5t mo/ (
 8 "t 9 ,engl&4 ,9 #ahgh1 h[ev]1 he     
return$ to ,nor!rn ,italy2 & ( 8 elev5  

rema9+ ye>s1 sev5  autumns 7 sp5t 9     
,v5ice1 until 8 dea? !re 9 #ahhi4       
,,vii4 ,,engli% ,,k ,,( ,,italian ,,art 
,,9 ,,br[n+',s ,,"t4--,9 spite (  ! fact
 t ,br[n+ sp5t s mu* "t 9 ,italy1 !     
space giv5  to ,italian art 9 8 poems is
 rem>kable because s little 0 kn[n  ( t 
subject 9 ,engl& at t "t4 ,vas>i's      
rambl+1 gossipy1  & sometimes inaccurate
 biographies may h be5 kn[n 9 ,engl& at 
?is "t4 ,ev5 if s1 ,br[n+1 at lea/1     
seems n to h become  acqua9t$ ) !m until
 ! ye>s ( 8 resid5ce 9 ,italy2 = a      
lett] writt5 9 #ahdg by ,mrs4 ,br[n+ to 
,horne1 says t !y are  engag$ 9 read+   
,vas>i4    ,dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 !    
hi/ory ( art began to assume a  m       
important place z a di/9ct bran* ( g5]al
 hi/ory4 ,!  c5tury 0 well advanc$1     
h[ev]1 :5 ! fir/ complete "w 9  ?is     
subject appe>$--,kugl]'s ,h&book ( !    
,hi/ory ( ,art4  ,x 0 n translat$ f !   
,g]man until #ahee1 :5 ! "p  ref]r+ to  
,italy 0 publi%$ 9 an ,engli%           
translation by ,sir  ,*>les ,ea/lake4   

7,_m ( ,br[n+'s be/ art poems 7 publi%$ 
9 #ahee1 & "s ( !m previ\s to t "t47    
,tak+ ?is "w  z ! beg9n+ ( mod]n        
treatm5t ( art hi/ory1 & not+ !  fact t 
! next "w ( importance ref]r+ to        
,italian art  alone & treat+ x f !      
hi/orical /&po9t 0 publi%$  by ,cr[e &  
,cavalcaselle 9 #ahgf1 x is evid5t t    
no?+ l  ! pres5t g5]al k ( x c\ld h     
exi/$ 9 ,engl& 9  ,br[n+'s "t4 ,c]ta9ly 
?is makes 8 treatm5t ( art hi/ory1      
p>ticul>ly ! facility ) :i* he pres5ts !
 t5d5cies (  diff]5t p]iods1 m rem>kable
 ?an simil> atta9m5t w\ld be 9  m rec5t 
times4 ,ev5 ) ! add$ k result+ f rec5t  
inve/igations1 no o!r writ] has be5 able
 to produce su* p]fect  poems ( !       
musician or ! pa9t] z ,br[n+ has built  
ab\t ,fra  ,lippo ,lippi1 or ! ,italian 
by adoption1 ,abt ,vogl]4#aff           
,,viii4 ,,non-,,engli% ,,!mes ,,&       
,,sett+s ,,9 ,,g5]al4--,! ,italian      
elem5t is only "o result1 ?\gh a v      
significant result1 ( a  g5]al t5d5cy on
 ! "p ( ,br[n+ to *oose poetic subjects 

(  non-,engli% "*4 ,f ! ,ori5t1#afg f   
,greece1#afh f  ,france1#afi f any      
region1 9 fact1 :i* pleas$ 8 fancy1     
h[ev]  remote1 he levi$ 8 contributions4
 ,) ?is g5]al non-,engli%  t5d5cy1 x is 
n surpris+ t 9 ,italy1 :]e he sp5t s mu*
  "t1 he f\nd mat]ial = e sort ( poem f 
,fra ,lippo ,lippi  to ,luria & ,! ,r+ &
 ! ,book1 & t he %\ld %ape 8  mat]ial   
into poems ) mu* ( ! atmosph]e ( ,italy1
 ! home (  ! arts4      ,,ix4 ,a        
,,quantitative ,,/atem5t4--,z a matt] ( 
fact1 ! supposition  t ,br[n+'s poetry  
embodies a l>ge am\nt ( ,italian art    
ref]5ce  is correct4 ,=ty-n9e poems out 
( two hundr$ & tw5ty-two1 or m  ?an     
"o-fif? ( ! entire numb]1 h "s m5tion ( 
"o or m  ( ! arts or arti/s ( ,italy1   
:ile o!r poems deal ) ! arts  ( o!r     
nations or ) a g5]al comp>ison ( ! arts4
          ,,*apt] ,,ii    ,,italian     
,,sculpture ,,9 ,,! ,,poems ,,( ,,br[n+4
      ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,/atem5t4--,:ile     
=ty-n9e out ( a total ( two hundr$      
tw5ty-two poems by ,rob]t ,br[n+ ref] to

 "s "o ( ! five f9e  arts--sculpture1   
music1 poetry1 ar*itecture1 &           
pa9t+--only eight  m5tion sculpture2 & !
 ref]5ces 9 ^! poems are comp>atively   
insignificant4 ,no "o poem deals )      
sculpture z a !me1 nor does  any        
sculptor express 8 views ( ! art 9      
dramatic monologue1 z  ,abt ,vogl] does 
= music1 & ,fra ,lippo ,lippi = pa9t+4  
,reasons  = ! prepond]ance ( ! o!r arts 
w be discuss$ lat]1 9  connection )     
fur!r sugge/ions conc]n+ p]sonality &   
its  relations to art 9 ,br[n+'s poetry4
    ,x is (t5 difficult to e/imate      
sep>ately ,br[n+'s treatm5t (  sculpture
 & pa9t+1 s9ce he discusses ! two arts  
toge!r 9  sev]al ( 8 poems 7= example1  
,old ,pictures 9 ,flor5ce7 &  s9ce _m   
important ,italian arti/s 7 bo? pa9t]s &
 sculptors4  ,h[ev]1 ! pr$om9ant art ( !
 man 9 "q1 or ! art :i*  ,br[n+         
emphasizes mo/ 9 connection ) him1 has  
be5 tak5 z  a basis = classification4   
,e/imat+ 9 ?is mann]1 "o f9ds  t ! poet 
ref]s1 9 ! eight poems1 to sev5         

arti/s--,niccolo  ,pisano & ,giovanni   
,pisano1 ,canova1 ,ghib]ti1 ,giovanni da
 ,bologna1  ,baccio ,b&9elli &          
,b]n9i--all ( hi/orical int]e/4 ,claus  
( ,innsbruck 79 ,my ,la/ ,du*ess71 &    
,jules 79 ,pippa ,passes7  ) 8 companion
 art /ud5ts1 are purely imag9>y4        
,ref]5ce is  made to sev5 hi/orical     
works ( sculpture3 ! ,psi*e-fanciulla  &
 ,piet ( ,canova1 ! /atue ( ,duke       
,f]d9&1 ,john ( !  ,black ,b&s1         
,pasqu9's /atue1 ! ,f\nta9 ( ! ,tritons1
 & !  ,bocca-dell'-,v]it4 ,?ree         
fictiti\s pieces ( sculpture :i* are    
nam$ are also introduc$1 besides a numb]
 ( imag9>y unnam$ works4    ,su*        
ref]5ces to sculpture z exi/ 9 ! poems  
seem to con=m  entirely to ! facts (    
hi/ory1 :]e !re is any pret5se (        
hi/orical accuracy4 ,sculpture is s     
unimportant a feature ( mo/ (  ! poems t
 !re 0 c]ta9ly v little temptation to   
enl>ge on  ! facts = dramatic purposes1 
or = any o!r reason4      ,,ii4         
,,hi/orical ,,scope4--,x is improbable t

 ,br[n+ consci\sly1  or unconsci\sly    
ei!r1 = t matt]1 decid$ to treat diff]5t
  p]iods ( sculpture until he _h cov]$ !
 hi/orical field1 or t  he ev] select$  
any "o phase ( ?is art ) s g5]al a      
purpose 9  m9d4 ,9 c]ta9 cases he *ose  
"s ev5t or *>act]i/ic feature (  a      
p]iod1 & be=e he _h f9i%$ ! poem ref]r$ 
to a sculptor1  or to ! condition ( !   
art at t "t1 z "o ( ! details 9  a      
reali/ic backgr\nd = 8 picture ( !      
times4 ,nev]!less he  has accompli%$1   
)\t any def9ite purpose1 a result simil>
 to a  brief hi/orical survey (         
sculpture 9 ,italy2 8 ref]5ces %[+      
relation to practically e important     
p]iod ( ! art4    ,! fir/ ref]5ce to    
sculpture is 9 ,sordello 7#ahdj71 :]e ! 
l9es conc]n+ ! ,pisani 7,book ,i1 l4    
#egd7 *>act]ize ! art (  ,sordello's "t 
z j dawn+ into ! ,r5aissance4 ,9 ,pippa 
,passes  7#ahda7 ! poet1 pass+ ov]      
some?+ l five hundr$ ye>s'  developm5t1 
br+s be=e ! read] a picture ( n9ete5?   
c5tury  art life among /ud5ts 9 ,italy4 

,my ,la/ ,du*ess 7#ahdb7 deals )  !     
decad5t ,r5aissance1 :ile ,! ,bi%op     
ord]s 8 ,tomb at ,/4  ,prax$'s ,*ur*    
7#ahde7 pres5ts a fai?ful picture ( !   
same p]iod4  ,9 ,*ri/mas-,eve &         
,ea/]-,day 7#ahej71 ! p5dulum sw+s      
backw>d  to ! e>ly days ( ,*ri/ianity1  
:5 ! *ur* ,fa!rs abhorr$ !  physical    
beauty ( _! art inh]itance f ,greece4 ,!
 ,/atue &  ! ,bu/ 7#ahee7 relates ev5ts 
( ! sixte5? c5tury also2 b !y  are su* z
 h no hi/orical significance 9 a        
*ronological way1 &  c\ld j z readily h 
happ5$ 9 ! ?irte5? or ! n9ete5?  c5tury4
 ,old ,pictures 9 ,flor5ce 7#ahee7 has !
 e>ly ma/]s z its  !me1 ) ano!r ref]5ce 
to ,niccolo ,pisano1 ! fir/ ,r5aissance 
sculptor1 ?\gh ! poem conc]ns itself    
ma9ly ) ar*itecture &  pa9t]s4 ,! ,r+ & 
! ,book 7#ahfh-fi7 c h>dly be said to   
deal  ) any p>ticul> p]iod 9 art hi/ory4
    ,*ronological ord] is n foll[$1 nor 
is !re any reason 9 !  logic or emotion 
( poetry :y su* ord] %\ld obta94 ,:e!r  
"o  d5ies or affirms on ! "q ( poetical 

inspiration1 "o is  compell$ to admit t 
! practice 9 ! pa/ has n be5 to foll[   
set =mulas ( "t or place4 ,no poet1     
unless x be a p$antic "o  ^: "w w\ld    
fail utt]ly 9 spontaneity1 w\ld read    
hi/ory &  write a poem on ea* p]iod z he
 read4    ,! diagram bel[ indicates t   
,br[n+'s "w 0 no exception to  ! normal 
proc$ure4        #a4 ,e>ly              
,art444444444444444444444444e444444     
#b4 ,dawn (                             
,r5aissance444a444444444_/4444g4    #c4 
,height ( ,r5aissance444444444_/444f_/44
    #d4 ,decad5t                        
,r5aissance444444c_/d44444444    #e4    
,mod]n444444444444444444b_/4444444444444
          a4 ,sordello--#ahdj4      b4  
,pippa ,passes--#ahda4      c4 ,my ,la/ 
,du*ess--#ahdb4      d4 ,! ,bi%op ord]s 
8 ,tomb--#ahde4      e4 ,*ri/mas-,eve & 
,ea/]-,day--#ahej4      f4 ,! ,/atue & !
 ,bu/--#ahee4      g4 ,old ,pictures 9  
,flor5ce--#ahee4      ,,iii4 ,,poetic   
,,functions ,,( ,,! ,,ref]5ces ,,to     
,,sculpture4--,( ! function  ( portray+ 

! times1 ,sordello gives an example4    
,br[n+ became  int]e/$ 9 !              
?irte5?-c5tury tr\bad\r1 & !n 9 8       
hi/orical surr\nd+s4 ,9 work+ out !     
social m$ium 9 :i*  ,sordello 0 to live 
& move1 ,br[n+ nam$ ! ,pisan ,bro!rs to 
illu/rate ! sculptural conditions at !  
"t--"o ( ^? num]\s  small details ( :i* 
! ord9>y read] is sc>cely consci\s1 :i* 
are yet extremely important 9 mak+ a    
p]fect ^w picture4 ,he spoke  (         
,sordello z--                           
444 8,born j n[1      ,) ! new c5tury1  
beside ! gl[      ,& effloresc5ce out ( 
b>b>ism2      ,witness a ,greek or two f
 ! abysm      ,t /ray ?r\gh ,flor5ce-t[n
 ) /udi\s air1      ,calm+ ! *isel ( t  
,pisan pair3      ,if ,nicolo %\ld c>ve 
a ,*ri/us yet60    ,:ile ! entire       
passage is c>efully subord9at$ to ! ma9 
purpose  ( /udy+ ,sordello1 x also      
cle>ly pictures ! dawn ( !  ,r5aissance 
light ^u sculpture4    ,! ,bi%op ord]s 8
 ,tomb at ,/4 ,prax$'s ,*ur*1 & ,my ,la/
  ,du*ess1 deal ) *>act]i/ics ( _!      

times2 b 9 nei!r  case is sculpture us$ 
z a m]e detail 9 ! picture4 ,because ( !
  ext5sive art treatm5t 9 ea*1 ! two w  
be discuss$ toge!r  "u ! head (         
,r5aissance decad5ce4#agj    ,besides   
be+ important en\gh 9 itself to des]ve  
some:at ext5sive  treatm5t1 ! art elem5t
 9 ,pippa ,passes is notable because x  
m>ks ! only in/ance 9 :i* ,br[n+ conc]ns
 himself ) !  life ( mod]n art /ud5ts4  
,he c]ta9ly did did n beg9 ! poem  ) !  
int5tion ( mak+ ! arti/s a !me1 nor did 
he atta9  any su* unexpect$ result4     
,in/ead he began ) ! !matic idea  ( !   
p[] 9 unconsci\s influ5ce1 & ?r\gh f\r  
sections (  ?is dramatic poem develop$  
?is idea by record+ ! effects ( !  song 
( ,pippa1 ^u murd]]s1 an art /ud5t1 a   
fanatical patriot  & a s*em+ bi%op4     
,ab\t "o-f\r? ( ! poem deals directly  )
 ! /ud5t life ( arti/s4 ,canova1 :o is  
frequ5tly m5tion$1  repres5ts ! ideal ( 
sculpture2 & ,jules1 ! "y /ud5t :o is   
seek+ to atta94 ,9 contra/ to ,jules1 ! 
ideali/1 is ! gr\p  ( evil-m9d$ /ud5ts  

:o induce him to m>ry a model1 "u !     
impression t %e is a cultur$ ,greek     
woman4 ,x is ,br[n+'s be/  example ( !  
8o!r side10 z illu/rat$ by ! gr\p (     
plott+  w\ld-be arti/s4 ,?is is ! only  
example 9 all ( ,br[n+'s poetry  7) !   
exception ( ,a ,s\l's ,trag$y7 9 :i* !  
poet desc5ds  to ! level ( prose z a    
m$ium ( spee*1 & "h x is us$ by  knaves 
& villa9s4 ,all ! crude reality ( life  
among l[-m9d$  /ud5ts1 _! jeal\sy ( "o )
 high] ideals ?an _! own1 !  poet gives 
u 9 detail by means ( _! prose spee*es2 
return+ to  blank v]se1 h[ev]1 = !      
ideals ( ,jules & ! aspirations (       
,ph5e's awak5+ s\l4 ,love ( p]sonality1 
t great guide to !  appreciation (      
,br[n+ f :atev] position we approa* him1
 &  ! possibilities ( human developm5t1 
are writt5 l>ge ?r\gh\t  8 works4 ,n[h]e
 are ^! ideas 9 relation to art m cle>ly
  express$ ?an 9 ! words ( ,jules4 ,an  
arti/ ( ! highe/ ideals1  he has j      
realiz$ ?r\gh ! s++ ( ,pippa1 t a       
woman's s\l  is 9 8 keep+4 ,he m$itates3

        8,%all to produce =m out (      
un%ap$ /uff      ,be ,art--& fur!r1 to  
evoke a s\l      ,f =m be no?+8 ,?is new
 s\l is m9e60    ,!n1 s9ce art is !     
expression ( p]sonality1 & ,jules has   
met  ) s great a *ange 9 ideals1 he     
resolves to break 8 #8paltry  models up 
,to beg9 ,art afre%4' ,8 *ange 9        
p]sonality1 x %\ld  be notic$1 is due to
 ! fact t he realizes ! s\l has great]  
significance ?an art--an idea exactly   
express+ ,br[n+'s view4    ,my ,la/     
,du*ess 7#ahdb7 is entirely imag9>y1 b x
 sums up1 9 a  %ort poem1 ! entire      
decad5t ,r5aissance attitude t[>d art s 
fully t no hi/orical names c\ld improve 
x4 ,its "o m5tion (  sculpture is 9 !   
clos+ l9es3        4  4  4  4  4        
8,notice ,neptune1 ?\gh1      ,tam+ a   
sea-horse1 ?\ght a r>ity1      ,:i*     
,claus ( ,innsbruck ca/ 9 bronze = me60 
,9 two & "o-half l9es x gives a p[]ful  
sugge/ion ( admiration  = art because x 
0 fa%ionable1 ( emphasis on te*nique r  
?an cont5t1 ( ! classical subject matt] 

& bronze mat]ial  t 7 9 vogue at ! "t1 &
 ( ! "* express$ 9 !  intellectual b    
he>tless ,duke's purpose ( tam+ !       
,du*ess4    ,! ,bi%op ord]s 8 ,tomb at  
,/4 ,prax$'s ,*ur* 7#ahde7 is imag9>y  9
 its n>rative1 & probably 9 all !       
sculpture nam$1 ?\gh !  *ur* ( ,santa   
,prass$e1 9 ,rome1 by its ri*ness (     
decoration1 &  by a tomb simil> to ! "o 
! ,bi%op is repres5t$ z desir+1  gave ! 
sugge/ion = ! poem4 ,probably 9 all     
lit]ature !re is  no m skilful summ>y ( 
a corrupt *ur*man's attitude t[>d 8     
*ur*1 8 fell[ *ur*m51 ! future1 e>?ly   
love1 & art4 ,!  *>act]ization is bo?   
fe>less & p[]ful4 ,?is poem & ,my ,la/  
,du*ess are companion /udies4 ,bo? !    
,duke & ! ,bi%op are fond  ( p[] &      
pre/ige1 bo? are jeal\s & envi\s1 ea*   
displays 8  attitude t[>d woman & t[>d  
art4 ,! ,bi%op has m feel+1  ?\gh x is  
l>gely feel+ = himself2 & ! ,duke       
possesses m  icy pride4 ,ea* values art1
 p>ticul>ly sculpture1 z some?+ =       
display1 some?+ luxuri\s & 7contr>y to !

 highe/ ideas ( art7  some?+ beyond !   
p[] ( common p to appreciate4 ,! poems  
deal ) ! same p]iod1 b ,my ,la/ ,du*ess 
is a summ>y ( !  secul> attitude1 ,!    
,bi%op ord]s 8 ,tomb pres5ts ! view ( an
  (ficial ( ! *ur*4    ,*ri/mas-,eve &  
,ea/]-,day 7#ahej71 9 a section devot$  
to !  rev]ie ( ! seek] = religi\s tru?  
aft] 8 inspection (  ,ca?olicism at     
,rome1 c5sures ! attitude ( ! e>ly *ur* 
t[>d  ! physical beauty ( ! /atu>y      
,italy _h inh]it$ f ,greece4  ,:ile !   
subject ( ! poem is religion1 n art1    
incid5tally x  conta9s "o ( ,br[n+'s be/
 def5ces ( ! nude4 ,he view$ !  nude z a
 fitt+ expression ( ! beauty ,god has   
plac$ 9 ! _w1  & rejoic$ 9 ! 8noble d>+1
 /eadfa/ duty1 ,! h]oic 9  action or 9  
passion10 or ev5 ! m]ely beautiful      
physique--all z  pres5t$ 9 sculpture4 ,9
 ,*apt] ,,vi w be f\nd fur!r m5tion (  !
 nude1 9 connection ) ,francis ,fur9i   
7#ahhg74aga ,! ,lady  & ! ,pa9t]1 a     
non-,italianate poem1 publi%$ 9 !       
,asol&o  gr\p 7#ahhi71 also ?r[s fur!r  

light on ,br[n+'s attitude t[>d  ! nude4
 ,^! two poems are ( int]e/ 9 ! pres5t  
discussion1  h[ev]1 only because !y     
prove ! attitude express$ 9 #ahej to h  
be5 a p]man5t "o4    ,9 ,! ,/atue & !   
,bu/1 ! art ref]5ces 7 n introduc$  = _!
 own sake1 b because !y sugge/$ a       
situation )  dramatic possibilities4 ,! 
/atue ( ,duke ,f]d9& exi/s z ,br[n+     
pictur$ x4 ,! bu/ seems to be an        
addition = poetic purposes1 b  x con=ms 
to ! _s ( ! palace decorations1 9 t x 0 
made ( ,robbia w>e1 = traces ( t mat]ial
 /ill adorn$ !  palace :5 ! poem 0      
writt54    ,9 ,sordello 7#ahdj71 ! fir/ 
poem conta9+ any ref]5ce to  ,italian   
sculpture1 ! ca/le ( ,goito1 ! e>ly home
 ( ,sordello1  is ri* 9 sculpturesque   
effects4 8,^? slim pill>s1 444 ,cut l  a
 company ( palms--,"s knot ( bac*anals1 
flu%$ *eek comb9$  ,) /ra9+ =ehead1     
%\ld]s purpl$--,a dulli% grey-/reak$    
cumbr\s font 444 %r9k+ ,c>yatides1 ,(   
j-t+$ m>ble--0 all  pres5t a physical   
sett+4 ,!y d m1 h[ev]1 ?an m]ely locate4

  ,_! lonely magnific5ce h>monizes ) !  
tone ( ! /ory1 &  !y ex]cise an influ5ce
 on ! nature ( ! dream+1 beauty-lov+    
,sordello4    ,! be/ examples (         
sculpture us$ purely = sett+ are f\nd  9
 ,! ,r+ & ! ,book4 ,conta9+ only its few
 ref]5ces to  pieces ( sculpture 9      
,flor5ce & ,rome1 x is ! "o ( ! li/  (  
poems 9 :i* ?is art is lea/ prom95t4 ,x 
pres5ts no picture  ( a p]iod1 no       
discussion ( an attitude t[>d art1 no   
poetical  backgr\nd ( ! times aid$ by   
art ref]5ces4 ,ea* in/ance tells  u t at
 su*-&-su* a place 9 ,rome1 9 sight ( ! 
/atue  nam$1 a c]ta9 ev5t occurr$4      
8,t[>d ,baccio's ,m>ble0 7,"p ,i1 l4    
#dd7 is us$ to help locate ! ,flor5t9e  
book-/all :]e ,br[n+  f\nd ! #8old yell[
 book' t became ! basis ( ! poem4 ,"p   
,i1 l4 #hhi1 quotes an example ( !      
curr5t gossip 9 ,rome1 z tak+  place 8i'
 ! m>ket-place ,o' ! ,b>b]9i by !       
,capuc9s2 ,:]e  ! old ,triton 444 ,puffs
 up /eel sleet40 ,?is in/ance s]ves z   
sett+1 & fur!r1 9 a cont9uation ( !     

description--8out o'  ! way ,o' ! motley
 m]*&is+ multitude0--contra/s ! quiet1  
regul> play ( ! f\nta9 to ! turmoil ( ! 
*>act]s4 ,"p  ,,vi ref]s to ,pasqu9's   
/atue 9 a d\ble comp>ison :i* emphasizes
  ,pompilia's innoc5ce 9 contra/ to !   
be/iality ( ! squibs t  7 =m]ly po/$ on 
! /atue4 ,9 ,"p ,,xi ,guido says 8 fir/ 
sight ( an in/rum5t = behead+ 0 #8,at ! 
,m\?-(-,tru? o' !  riv]-side y "k1      
,retir+ out ( noisy cr[d$ ,rome'--a     
ref]5ce  :i* s]ves z a def9ite means (  
location4    ,yet all in/ances f ,! ,r+ 
& ! ,book prove little conc]n+  ,br[n+'s
 int]e/ 9 art1 or 8 specializ$ att5tion 
to sculpture4  ,! fact t pieces ( /atu>y
 s]ve a man z l&m>ks 9 ,flor5ce  or     
,rome implies little beyond an ef=t at  
cle>ness 9 location4 ,!  ,r+ & ! ,book1 
!n1 9 sculpture1 is int]e/+ r =  abs5ce 
?an = pres5ce ( su* ref]5ces4 ,9 fact   
sculpture is  n prom95t 9 ! ,italian art
 ref]5ces ( ,br[n+4 ,n only is  x a     
less] art quantitatively 9 ,br[n+'s     
poetry1 b x seems to  be plac$ on a     

di/9ctly l[] plane4 ,reasons = ^! facts1
 are1  9 "p1 ! pr$om9ance ( ! o!r arts  
ov] sculpture 9 ,italy1  & ! p>ticul>   
quality ( sculpture z an art :i* makes x
 t5d  t[>d ! expression ( physical      
beauty in/ead ( ! s\l4    ,?\gh ,br[n+  
himself did "s "w 9 model+1#agb he us$ v
  few te*nical t]ms connect$ ) t art4   
,s9ce he nev] put a  sculptor speak] on 
! /age ( 8 poet-_w1 "o does n expect to 
he> ! language ( t art spok54 ,! ,duke &
 ! ,bi%op1 x is  true1 express          
consid]able int]e/ 9 art1 ?\gh x is r 9 
!  dilettante _s ?an t ( s]i\s          
criticism4 8,c>yatides10 us$ 9          
,sordello1 & 8c>itellas10 evid5tly us$ =
 c>tellas#agc seem  to be almo/ ! only  
in/ances ( te*nical--or                 
semi-te*nical--t]ms  connect$ )         
sculpture4      ,,iv4 ,,s\rce ,,(       
,,br[n+',s ,,k4--,pro( has already be5  
giv5 (  ! /atem5t t ,br[n+ _h a /rong1  
la/+ int]e/ 9 !  arts1 ev5 be=e he w5t  
to ,italy4 ,! rem>k 9 ! lett] to ,miss  
,hawor? 7#ahch7 conc]n+ disappo9tm5t 9  

,canova1 imply+ previ\s  k1 0 writt5    
dur+ 8 fir/ visit to ,italy4 ,x is      
c]ta91  !n1 t he _h =m$ an op9ion ( "o  
,italian sculptor be=e  go+ to t c\ntry4
 ,probably "s ( 8 k ( sculpture  0 ga9$ 
f read+1 also4 ,9 e case 9 :i* he       
describ$ a  p>ticul> piece ( "w1 he _h  
previ\sly visit$ ! place :]e  x 0       
locat$4 ,sordello1 :ile x ref]s to      
arti/s r ?an  p>ticul> works1 & exhibits
 an art k t 0 probably  ga9$ f read+1 0 
publi%$ two ye>s aft] ,br[n+'s fir/     
,italian visit 9 #ahch4 ,pippa ,passes  
7#ahda7 0 "o ( ! direct  results ( !    
same trip1 :5 ,v5ice & delici\s ,asolo 7
 visit$4  ,my ,la/ ,du*ess conta9s none 
b imag9>y works4 ,! ,bi%op ord]s  8     
,tomb 7#ahde7 has its ar*itectural sett+
 at ,rome1 "o ( !  po9ts includ$ 9      
,br[n+'s second visit 9 #ahdd4          
,*ri/mas-,eve  & ,ea/]-,day 7#ahej7 also
 m5tions ,rome4 ,! ,/atue & ! ,bu/      
7#ahee7 ref]s to ,flor5ce1 ,old         
,pictures 9 ,flor5ce 7#ahee7 has !  same
 sett+2 & ,! ,r+ & ! ,book 7#ahfh-i7    

ref]s to ,rome &  ,flor5ce1 visit$ 9    
#ahdd & #ahdg4 ,^! data all t5d to      
support  ! =ego+ /atem5t t ! poet _h se5
 ! ?+s ( :i* he  wrote4          ,,*apt]
 ,,iii    ,,italian ,,music ,,9 ,,!     
,,poems ,,( ,,br[n+4      ,i4 ,,g5]al   
,,/atem5t4--,only t5 poems ref] to      
,italian music or  musicians--seem+ly a 
small numb] = a writ] :o is kn[n z  !   
musician's poet4 ,?irte5 ,italian       
musicians--,bell9i1 ,galuppi1           
,pale/r9a1 ,v]di1 ,ross9i1 ,abt ,vogl]1 
,grisi1 ,corelli1 ,gu>n]ius1            
,/radiv>ius1 ,pagan9i1 ,buononc9i1 &    
,gem9iani--con/itute ! gr\p  ( p]=m]s   
:om he m5tions4 ,f\r ( ^! 7 fam\s       
viol9i/s2  "o 0 a vocali/4 ,only two1   
,galuppi & ,abt ,vogl]1 receiv$ any     
ext5d$ treatm5t1 ?\gh an entire poem is 
also devot$ to ,ma/]  ,hugues (         
,saxe-,go?a1 an imag9>y compos]4 ,!re   
are _m ref]5ces  to musicians ( o!r     
nationalities 9 ,br[n+2 b e poem hav+   
?is art z its ma9 !me1 unless x be      
,saul1 9 :i* ! influ5ce  ( music is     

prom95t1 is includ$ among ! t5 ref]r+ to
 ,italy4    ,?us :ile ,br[n+ is kn[n1   
ev5 to ! g5]al m9d1 z a poet :o  writes 
ab\t musicians1 8 fame 9 ?is p>ticul>   
field is f\nd$ on  a v few well-kn[n    
poems4 ,suppose x 7 possible to elim9ate
 ,abt  ,vogl] f ! text ( ,br[n+'s poetry
 & f ! consci\sness  ( ! _w4 ,w\ld !    
cursory /ud5t !n "k him z ! celebrator  
( music8 ,or at lea/1 if "o c\ld fil* f 
! human race bo? ,abt  ,vogl] & ,a      
,toccata ( ,galuppi's1 _! au?or might   
/ill be kn[n  9 ! popul> m9d z an admir]
 ( ! arts1 b h>dly z a devotee  ( music4
 ,quality r ?an quantity1 !n1 is !      
measure ( !  elem5t ( music 9 ! poems ( 
,rob]t ,br[n+4      ,,ii4 ,,ca?olic     
,,hymns4--,a by no means unusual        
introduction ( music1 nor  "o peculi> to
 ,br[n+ 7see ,byron & o!rs7 is f\nd 9 ! 
m5tion  ( ,ca?olic hymns4 ,h[ev]1 !y are
 n employ$ 9 any ( ! poems  ^: pr9cipal 
!me is music1 nor are !y introduc$      
because he  delib]ately wi%$ to write   
ab\t t art4 ,!y =m a "p ( !  ,italian   

consci\sness2 !y are /ages 9 daily life2
 & !y m>k !  pass+ ( "t 9 a highly      
poetic way1 & 9 a me?od *>act]i/ic  ( ! 
,italian nation4    ,! ,r+ & ! ,book1 9 
five ( ! twelve sections1 includes  !   
names ( ,ca?olic hymns4 ,9 ,"p ,,iv !   
,magnificat signifies  ! triumphant _s (
 ,violante ,comp>9i1 ! old woman :o has 
complet$ ! b>ga9 by means ( :i* %e is to
 trick h] husb&  into ! belief t he is  
to h an heir4 ,! same section gives  an 
acc\nt ( ! plan ( ,pietro & ,violante   
,comp>9i to f9d a  titl$ husb& = _!     
s-call$ daught]1 & illu/rates !         
situation 9 ^! words--8,& :5 su* p>agon 
0 f\nd & fix$1  ,:y1 !y might *ant _!   
#8,nunc dimittis' /raight40 ,bo? (  ^!  
passages1 !n1 m>k psy*ological /ates1 9 
"o or bo? (  ! p>5ts ( ,pompilia4       
,section ,,vi1 ! def5se ( ,caponsac*i1  
conta9s two ref]5ces :i* m>k ! "t ( day4
 ,! fir/1 9 a  quotation f "o ( ! =g$   
lett]s purport+ to be f ,pompilia  to   
,caponsac*i1 sugge/s t he come to h]    
w9d[ at ! "t (  ! ,ave4 ,! second1 9 !  

acc\nt ( ! flight ( ,pompilia &         
,caponsac*i to ,rome1 is phras$ 8,at eve
 we he>d ! angelus10  indicat+ "t &     
sugge/+1 also1 a c]ta9 regret = ! pa/ on
  ! "p ( ,pompilia4 ,9 ,section ,,vii1  
,pompilia1 yield+ at la/ to  h] own     
desires = rescue & to ! importunities ( 
h] trea*]\s  maid1 names ! ,ave ,m>ia to
 indicate ! "t :5 %e w be  /&+ on !     
t]race to talk ) ,caponsac*i4 ,! ,pope1 
9 ,section  ,x1 gives 8 op9ion ( :at w  
be said ( 8 l5i5cy to !  *ur*1 %\ld he  
free ,caponsac*i1 & s>ca/ically obs]ves 
89 !  *oir ,sanctus et ,b5$ictus1 ) a   
bru% ,( s(t guit> /r+s  t obey ! ?umb40 
,section ,,xii1 9 describ+ ! dea? (     
,guido1  ! wife-murd]]1 gives 8 la/     
words z a reque/ = a ,pat]1 an  ,ave1 ) 
! hymn ,salve ,reg9a ,cli4 ,?is         
completes ! li/ (  ,ca?olic hymns       
m5tion$ by ,br[n+--six 9 all4           
,,iii4 ,,poetic ,,functions ,,( ,,!     
,,ref]5ces ,,to ,,music4--,six diff]5t  
poems  conta9 ! names ( ,italian        
musicians = purposes ( comp>ison4 ,!    

,engli%man 9 ,italy1 9 an impli$        
comp>ison1 contra/s ! fiddl]s1  fif]s1 &
 drumm]s1 at ! ,fea/ ( ! ,ros>y's       
,virg91 to ,bell9i4  ,s c\rage\s &      
confid5t d !y become on ?is day t       
7imply+  _! inf]iority7 !y play boldly  
on1 says ! poem1 n c>+ ev5  = ! great   
,bell9i4    ,bi%op ,bl\gram's ,apology  
pres5ts t politic *ur*man's  def5se ( 8 
fidelity to e/abli%$ doctr9es on ! gr\nd
 (  exp$i5cy--ease 9 ?is life & a       
possible rew>d 9 ! next4 ,he  admits t  
wise m5 look b5ea? 8 pret5se ( a belief 
9 !  w9k+ ,virg9 & class him z ei!r     
knave or fool4 ,9 ?is respect  ! ,bi%op 
lik5s himself to ,v]di at ! close ( 8   
wor/ op]a4  ,?\gh ! populace applaud$1 !
 compos] look$ beyond !m = !  judgm5t ( 
,ross9i1 ! ma/]4    ,9 ,y\? & ,art1 !   
/ruggl+ girl ) aspirations = op]atic    
honors1 :o misses a possibility =       
happ9ess 9 h] futile que/ =  fame1      
comp>es h]self ) ,grisi 9 h] hopes (    
success4 ,to surpass  t prima donna1    
:i*1 by ! way1 %e nev] succe$s 9 do+1   

con/itutes ! height ( h] dream (        
happ9ess4 ,r$ ,cotton ,night-,cap       
,c\ntry1 ) its fanta/ic symbolism (     
night-caps1 m5tions ! _m  v>ieties ( t  
article & comp>es !m to ! v>i\s k9ds (  
viol9s on exhibition at ,k5s+ton :5 !   
poem 0 compos$1 )  special ref]5ce to ^?
 ( ,italy3        8,i d\bt n !re be duly
 catalogu$      ,a*ievem5ts all1 & "s ( 
,italy1      ,gu>n]ius1 ,/radu>ius1--old
 & new40               99       99      
99       99       99        8,ov] ?is   
sample w\ld ,corelli croon1      ,griev+
 by m9ors1 l ! cu%at-dove1      ,mo/    
dulcet ,giga1 dreamie/ ,s>ab&4      ,f  
?is did ,pagan9i comb ! fi]ce           
,electric sp>ks44440    ,p>ley+s )      
,*>les ,avison1 ! only poem :i* has     
comp>ative  e/imates ( diff]5t          
musicians1 names ! ,italians ,buononc9i 
&  ,gem9iani z hav+ be5 appreciat$ along
 ) ,wagn]1 ,dvorak1 ,liszt  & ,h&el4 ,x 
is wor?y ( note t ,ross9i1 ,bell9i1 &   
,v]di1 (  ! mod]n ,italian s*ool1 are n 
m5tion$ 9 any su* connection4    ,abt   

,vogl]1 ,a ,toccata ( ,galuppi's1 ,ma/] 
,hughes ( ,saxe-,go?a1  & ,*>les        
,avison1 are all conc]n$ ) music z !    
pr9cipal  subject4 ,ea* has m9or        
ref]5ces to ,italy1 & 9 ! fir/ two1  !  
musician is an ,italian "o4 ,abt ,vogl] 
is probably ! f9e/  poem on music 9 !   
,engli% language4 ,x conta9s a p]fect   
idealiz$  expression ( ! aims ( !       
musician & a ?or\gh k  ( 8 te*nique4 ,l 
,a ,toccata ( ,galuppi's x is bas$ on   
extemporization & ! transitory quality (
 music2 b x is unlike  t poem 9         
emphasiz+ ! p]man5ce ( good4 ,abt ,vogl]
 voices  ! musician's own mus+s on !    
/ately b vani%+ ca/le he  has built4 ,a 
,toccata probably ref]s to an           
improvization on !  h>psi*ord1 a frequ5t
 occurr5ce at ! "t conc]n$1 & pres5ts  !
 poet z speak]1 que/ion+ ! musician     
conc]n+ ! effect  ( 8 p]=mance on !     
audi5ce4 ,v diff]5t psy*ological  /ates 
produc$ ^! two poems4 ,abt ,vogl] 0     
writt5 9 a mood  ( rev]5t optimism2 ,a  
,toccata1 9 a mood ( half c>eless1 half 

e>ne/ pessimism4 ,:]e ,a ,toccata closes
 ) 8du/ & a%es0  ! o!r poem passes on to
 ! 8ineffable "n10 & a belief 9  !      
future exi/5ce ( 8,all we h will$1 or   
hop$1 or dream$1  ( good40 ,! "o closes 
hope 9 ! grave2 ! o!r poem op5s  heav54 
,! transitory quality ( human life 9 ,a 
,toccata (  ,galuppi's accords ) ! music
 be+ play$1 & _m t]ms1 su*  z 8less]    
?irds10 8six?s dim9i%$10 8susp5sions10  
8solutions10  8commis]at+ sev5?s10      
express ! diff]5t phases ( !  li/5]'s   
mood4    ,no attempt w be made 9 ?is    
pap] to consid] ,br[n+'s musical  t]ms2 
= ) ! exception ( 8toccata01 mean+ a    
light t\*  piece1 an ov]ture1 !y seem   
mo/ly non-,italianate4 ,abt ,vogl]1 ,a  
,toccata ( ,galuppi's1 ,ma/] ,hugues (  
,saxe-,go?a1 & ,p>ley+s  ) ,*>les       
,avison1 all conta9 a consid]able numb] 
( musical  t]ms2 b beside ! fact t !y   
are non-,italianate1 ^? 9  at lea/ "p ( 
! poems h already be5 discuss$ some:at  
ext5sively 9 v>i\s articles among !     
,br[n+ ,society pap]s4      ,,iv4 ,,lack

 ,,( ,,mod]n ,,italian ,,ref]5ces4--,!  
numb] ( ref]5ces to  ,italian musicians 
is comp>atively small1 ev5 ?\gh !       
treatm5t  ( music 9 a few poems is      
unexcell$4 ,especially :5 "o consid]s  t
 ! great mod]n gr\p ( ,italian op]a     
compos]s 0 s ne>  ,br[n+ 9 bo? "t &     
place1 8 m5tion ( !m seems curi\sly     
insignificant4 ,v]di1 ! greate/ ( !m1   
appe>s 9 ! poems only  once1 & !n 9     
connection ) 8 wor/ op]a4 ,t ! ,br[n+s  
he>d at lea/ "o ( ,v]di's op]as produc$1
 is e/abli%$ by a  lett] by ,mrs4 ,br[n+
 dat$ 9 #ahec4 ,%e speaks ( _! hav+ he>d
  ,il ,trovatore a few nights previ\s1  
at ! ,p]gola 9 ,flor5ce1 &  concludes ) 
! peculi>ly sugge/ive rem>k1 8,v        
passionate &  dramatic1 surely40        
,probably !re are sev]al reasons = ?is  
neglect ( ,italian op]a  compos]s4 ,few 
poets1 lea/ ( all ,br[n+1 are prone to  
be/[  unmitigat$ praise on              
contempor>ies4 ,9 ! poems ( ,br[n+ !re  
are few ext5d$ ref]5ces to any arti/s :o
 7 liv+ at !  "t4 ,he p>ticul>ly lov$ to

 *oose an obscure ,galuppi1 or an ,&rea 
del ,s>to1 in/ead ( a ,mi*ael ,angelo or
 a ,raphael1 z a p]sonality  ab\t :om to
 weave a poem4 ,a m pot5t reason = !    
indiff]5ce  to mod]n ,italian music1    
h[ev]1 lies 9 ! div]g+ values ( !       
,italian s*ool & t ( nor!rn ,europe4 ,a 
musician :o _h be5  tra9$ 9 ! ,g]man    
music ( ,london conc]ts c\ld h>dly be   
expect$  to welcome ! op]as ( ,v]di &   
,ross9i ) any?+ approa*+  ec/atic       
admiration4 ,at ! mo/ he might v5ture a 
half-conciliatory  rem>k1 su* z ,mrs4   
,br[n+'s conc]n+ ,il ,trovatore4        
,v4 ,,con=mity ,,to ,,facts4--,br[n+    
seldom took occasion to dep>t  f ! facts
 ( hi/ory 9 8 pres5tation ( ,italian    
music4  ,"o exception is f\nd1 go+      
beyond all all[ances = poetic           
idealization4 ,x is ! ,v]di ref]5ce 9   
,bi%op ,bl\gram's  ,apology4#agd ,!     
/atem5t conc]ns a ,v]di composition1 &  
m5tions  x z hav+ be5 giv5 9 ,flor5ce ) 
,ross9i pres5t4 ,z a matt]  ( fact ,un  
,giorno di ,regno1 conc$$ to be ,v]di's 

wor/ op]a1 &  ! only "o :i* 0 a complete
 failure1 0 n giv5 9 ,flor5ce  on its   
fir/ production & 0 probably nev]       
repeat$4 ,macbe?  alone 0 giv5 at       
,flor5ce fir/1 & x met ) a mod]ate      
degree (  success4      ,,vi4 ,,s\rce   
,,( ,,br[n+',s ,,k4--,br[n+'s life 9    
,italy probably  _h less influ5ce on 8  
poetic use ( music ?an on 8 use ( any   
o!r art1 z ! data he gives might easily 
h become kn[n to  him )\t any su*       
exp]i5ce4 ,six ( ! ?irte5 musicians :om 
he nam$ p]=m$ 9 ,london1 & ?ree ( !m1   
,grisi1 ,bell9i1 &  ,pagan9i1 9 ,br[n+'s
 y\?4 ,x is ev5 possible t he att5d$  "s
 or all ( _! conc]ts4 ,ross9i 0 liv+ 9  
,flor5ce f  #ahdg to #ahee1 :ile !      
,br[n+s 7 also mak+ t city _!  home4 ,b 
:ile lett] aft] lett] writt5 to fri5ds  
at home ref]s  to su* pa9t]s or         
sculptors z ,/ory1 ,p[]s1 & ,leighton1  
!re  is absolute sil5ce conc]n+ ,ross9i4
 ,z comp>$ ) rem>ks on  sculpture1      
ar*itecture1 or pa9t+1 ! lett]s f       
,italy1 z a  :ole1 %[ an almo/ absolute 

indiff]5ce to ,italian music z a        
hi/orical developm5t1 or z a national   
a*ievem5t4 ,) 8 fondness  = out-(-!-way 
inve/igations & obscure *>act]s f any   
nation1 h[ev]1 ,br[n+ has tak5 "s       
*>act]s f ,italian music  & has wov5 _! 
p]sonalities into a few ( ! be/ poems on
 music  ev] writt54          ,,*apt]    
,,iv    ,,italian ,,poetry ,,9 ,,!      
,,poems ,,( ,,br[n+4      ,i4 ,,g5]al   
,,/atem5t4--,( ! two hundr$ & tw5ty-two 
( ,br[n+'s  poems1 t5 conta9 ! "n ( an  
,italian poet or ( 8 writ+s4  ,five     
imag9>y writ]s--,aprile1 ,pl>a1         
,bocafoli1 ,eglamor1 ,/iatta--&  elev5  
:o belong to ! hi/ory ( ,italian        
lit]ature--,sordello1 ,n9a1  ,alcamo1   
,dante1 ,petr>*1 ,boccaccio1 ,tasso1    
,sac*etti1 ,m>9o1 ,aret9o1  &           
,tommaseo--compose ! li/4 ,( ! hi/orical
 poets1 ,dante is giv5  ! mo/ important 
place2 = besides ! direct tribute t is  
paid  him1 8 "n or ! "n ( 8 great "w    
occurs 9 sev5 poems out  ( ! t54        
,sordello1 a mo/ insignificant poet f ! 

hi/orical  /&po9t1 receives m ext5d$    
treatm5t ?an any o!r lit]>y  figure 9   
,br[n+'s works4 ,( ! entire li/ ( poems1
 ?ree deal  ) ! life & aspirations ( a  
poet z ! ma9 !me--,paul9e1  :i*1 by !   
way1 is really non-,italianate1         
,p>acelsus1 9 :i* !  poet ,aprile is    
contra/$ ) ! s*ol>1 & ,sordello4        
,,ii4 ,,pr$om9ance ,,9 ,,e>ly           
,,poems4--,)9 ! fir/ eight ye>s  (      
,br[n+'s c>e]1 he publi%$ f\r long      
poems--,paul9e1  ,p>acelsus1 ,/raf=d1 & 
,sordello4 ,?ree ( !m deal 9  "s way ) !
 life ( a poet4 ,aft] ?is fir/ p]iod1 ) 
!  possible exception ( ,"o ,^w ,m1 :i* 
is ess5tially a /udy  9 comp>ative art1 
!re is no ext5d$ discussion ( ?is sort 9
  any poem1 ei!r ,italianate or         
non-,italianate4 ,h[ x ,/rikes a        
,contempor>y deals ) ! attitude ( !     
g5]al public t[>d !  life & purposes ( a
 poet1 b n1 z did ! e>ly gr\p1 ) !      
poet's solution ( 8 own problem conc]n+ 
8 relation t[>d 8  "w & humanity4 ,x 0  
writt5 mu* lat]1 :5 ,br[n+ 0 m  fully   

settl$ 9 8 poetical c>e]4    ,paul9e is 
an autobiographical sket* ( a poet's    
e>ly d\bts &  aspirations1 l>gely devot$
 to appreciation ( ,%elley1 & )\t       
,italianate quality2 ,p>acelsus &       
,sordello deal ) ,italian  writ]s (     
v]se4 ,s9ce ^! all belong 9 ! same p]iod
 & t  ! e>ly "o1 x is cle> t ,br[n+ 0   
endeavor+ to e/abli%  8 own ideas ( a   
poet1 & ^! poems 7 ! expression ( t     
ef=t4 ,b he *ose to express 8           
conclusions by giv+ ! negative  side1 n 
! positive2 = ,aprile1 ,sordello1       
,eglamor1 ,pl>a1 ,bocafoli1  & 9 a less]
 degree ,n9a & ,alcamo1 are all         
failures4 ,n all (  !m absolute &       
hopeless1 = ,sordello dies ) a moral    
victory won1  ,aprile is successful 9   
"p1 & ,n9a & ,alcamo h _! /r5g?  &      
grace2 b /ill none ( ^! poets has fully 
atta9$4      ,,iii4 ,,sordello4--,9     
,sordello1 ! "* ( t "n has a  %ad[y     
exi/5ce 9 hi/ory z "o ( ! mo/ fam\s ( ! 
,italian  tr\bad\rs4 ,he seems to h be5 
confus$ ) ano!r ,sordello :o  0 a       

politician & man ( action4 ,s9ce su*    
scant facts z c be  ga!r$ speak (       
sc&als1 & tav]n brawls1 ,br[n+'s        
portrait (  him is cle>ly an            
idealization1 & he probably *ose        
,sordello in/ead  ( "s bett] kn[n figure
 t ! facts might n int]f]e ) !          
imag9ative picture ) :i* he wi%$ to     
surr\nd him4 ,! ?irty  books :i* ,br[n+ 
read on ! hi/ory ( ! p]iod 7 n read to  
add to 8 k ( ! tr\bad\r1 b s9ce ev5 !   
idealiz$  ,sordello _h to be repres5t$ z
 hav+ liv$ at "s "t & place1  to give ! 
correct backgr\nd = 8 life & actions4   
,br[n+ %[s t ,sordello fail$ because he 
lov$ ! applause he  receiv$ r ?an !     
poetry itself1 because ! aspirations ( !
  man & ! poet 7 at w> )9 him1 because  
he lack$ feel+  = humanity1 & because he
 0 n decisive en\gh to succe$ :5  he    
attempt$ action4 ,! moral victory at !  
close is = dramatic  purposes1 & !      
dom9ant !me ( ! poem z a :ole is !      
failure  ( a poet4      ,,iv4 ,,!       
,,imag9>y ,,poets4--,eglamor1 a purely  

fictiti\s poet 9  ,sordello1 has made   
v]se 8 only ambition4 ,lack+ all        
p]ception  ( 8 life z a man1 :5 he is   
vanqui%$ 9 v]se-mak+1 he dies4  ,pl>a1 9
 ! same poem1 /&s = ! poet )\t dep? or  
g5ius1  unable to write any?+ ( ?\ght   
value1 poli%+ 8 poems until  !y 7 m]ely 
pretty words1 lack+ utt]ly 9 any        
int]pretation (  human life4 ,bocafoli1 
) 8 8/>k-nak$0 psalms1 repres5ts !      
s5suali/4 ,:ile ,n9a & ,alcamo belong to
 hi/ory1 !y h su*  %ad[y exi/5ce s f> z 
pres5t k is conc]n$1 t !y  w be consid]$
 "h4 ,!y /& respectively = /r5g? & =    
grace1 & ,br[n+ repres5ts ! l[ voice z  
say+ to ,sordello3        8,n9a's /r5g?1
 b ,alcamo's ! grace1      ,ea*         
neutralises ea* !n6 ,se>* y\r fill2     
,y get no :ole & p]fect ,poet--/ill     
,new ,n9as1 ,alcamos1 till "t's midnight
      ,%r\ds all--or bett] say1 ! %utt+ 
light      ,( a =gott5 ye/]day40        
,aprile1 9 ! poem fa%ion$ ab\t          
,p>acelsus1 ! w&]+ s*ol>1  typifies love
 z ! latt] repres5ts k4 ,?r\gh ,aprile1 

!  foil to ,p>acelsus1 ! latt] comes to 
see 9 "p ! mi/akes 9 8  attitude t[>d   
life1 & decl>es        8,i too h s\ght  
to ,,"k z ?\ to ,,love--      ,exclud+  
love z ?\ refus$/ k4               99   
99       99       99       99           
,are we n halves ( "o dissev]$ _w1      
,:om ?is /range *ance unites once m80   
,& ,aprile exclaims3        8,yes1 ,i   
see n[4 ,god is ! p]fect poet1      ,:o 
9 8 p]son acts 8 own creations40        
,v4 ,,! ,,italian ,,z ,,! ,,type ,,(    
,,failure4--,br[n+ us$ sev5 poets to    
typify failure1 ?ree hi/orical & f\r    
imag9>y ones4 ,all ^!  7 ,italians1 &   
all sugge/ ! conclusion--8,y get no :ole
 &  p]fect ,poet40 ,?is1 !n1 mu/ h be5  
,br[n+'s conclusion4  ,naturally en\gh  
he does n picture = u a poet repres5t+ t
  = :i* he himself1 aft] consid]+       
diff]5t k9ds ( failure1  has decid$ to  
/rive4 ,by ! v values ! failures d n    
repres5t1 h[ev]1 ,br[n+ gave u a vision 
( 8 own ideals4 ,lack  ( k1 lack (      
/r5g?1 ( grace1 s5suality1              

sup]ficiality1  lack ( purpose1 & (     
int]e/ 9 humanity--^! are ! causes (    
failure z repres5t$ by ,aprile1 ,alcamo1
 ,n9a1 ,bocafoli1 ,pl>a1 &  ,sordello4  
,x w\ld be unfair to say t ^!           
unsuccessful poets are typical (  !     
,italian nation2 b x c be safely /at$ t 
!y are fairly  repres5tative ( ,italian 
weaknesses4 ,a pr$om9ance ( ill         
controll$  feel+ is ! mo/ inclusive     
*>act]i/ic ( ! gr\p --a trait  :i* is   
p]haps m>k$ 9 ,italians ( ! lea/        
desirable class4 ,x is  also            
significant1 9 contra/ to ,br[n+'s own  
nature1 t no poet (  8 gr\p ( failures  
repres5ts an intellig5t1 unselfi% int]e/
 9  human life4      ,,vi4 ,,italian    
,,m5 ,,( ,,lett]s3 ,,dante4--,( ! great 
,italian m5 (  lett]s1 ,dante is ! only 
"o :o is m5tion$ 9 ,sordello1 & )  !    
exception ( ! ,%elley ref]5ces 9        
,memorabilia & ,paul9e1  ,br[n+ pays him
 ! mo/ p]fect tribute he ev] gave a     
writ]1 9  ! la/ two l9es ( ! foll[+     
passage3        8,dante1 pac] ( ! %ore  

,:]e glutt$ hell disgorge? fil?ie/      
gloom1      ,unbitt5 by its :irr+       
sulphur-spume1      ,or :5ce ! griev$ & 
obscure wat]s slope1      ,into a       
d>kness quiet$ by hope2      ,pluck] (  
am>an?s gr[n b5ea? ,god's eye1      ,9  
graci\s twilights :]e 8 *os5 lie40      
,ref]r+ to ! fact t ,dante's ,div9a     
,comm$ia includes ,sordello  z a "*1 & t
 ,de ,vulg>i ,eloquio praises him       
because he  _h fir/ attempt$ to e/abli% 
an ,italian v]nacul>1 ,br[n+ names      
,sordello z ! =]unn] ( ,dante4 ,aga9 9 !
 same poem1 ,dante is  m5tion$ z hav+   
call$ ! 8,palma0 ( ,br[n+'s poem        
8,cunizza10  & z hav+ tak5 advantage (  
,sordello's lo/ *ance to e/abli% a      
v]nacul>4    ,9 mo/ ( ! o!r poems1 !    
ref]5ces to ,dante are m]ely  incid5tal4
 ,up at a ,villa ref]s to ! great lit]>y
 triumvirate (  ,italy1 ,dante1 ,petr>*1
 & ,boccaccio1 z /&+ 9 ! popul> m9d  =  
all t is great 9 ,italian lett]s4 ,9    
,"t's ,rev5ges ,dante  appe>s z be+1 9 !
 m9d ( a poor1 />v+ poet1 ! highe/      

possible /&>d ( fame4    ,! only o!r    
,dante ref]5ce ( any importance is 9 ,"o
 ,^w  ,m4 ,9 ?is poem1 ,br[n+'s mo/     
beautiful tribute to 8 wife1  he        
repres5ts e arti/ z wi%+ once1 9 8 life1
 to honor 8  ,m>g>ita or 8 ,beatrice4   
,dante1 he says 9 speak+ ( t poet1  once
 prep>$ to pa9t an angel1 lay+ aside 8  
own art ( poetry4  ,a hi/orical basis = 
?is /atem5t is f\nd 9 ! ,vita ,nuova4   
,b ,br[n+1 ei!r int5tionally or         
un9t5tionally1 probably !  =m]1 = !     
purpose ( mak+ ?is basis accord ) 8     
poetical  conception1 dep>ts f ! facts 9
 two important p>ticul>s4  ,dante pla9ly
 /ates t 8 attempt at ! draw+ grew out (
 8  m$itations on ! anniv]s>y ( ! dea? (
 ,beatrice2 & !  p :o broke 9 ^u him 7  
^? ( 8 own t[n1 to :om he  apologiz$ = 8
 delay$ salutation1 by 8,ano!r 0 ) me40 
,br[n+ assumes t ! picture 0 drawn to   
please ,beatrice & t  ! p :o int]rupt$  
symboliz$ ,dante's own ?\ghts ab\t !    
*>act]s ( 8 ,inf]no4      ,,vii4 ,,o!r  
,,real ,,writ]s4--,aret9o & ,boccaccio  

are bo? pres5t$  ?r\gh\t ,! ,r+ & !     
,book z examples ( que/ionable morality 
9 lit]ature1 or at lea/ ( t5d5cies 9 t  
direction4    ,9 ,"p ,,iii1 ! gossip]s  
speak ( ! case ( ,guido & 8 wife  z 8?is
 la/ be/ ( ! ,hundr$ ,m]ry ,tales40 ,9  
,"p ,v1 ,guido1 9  8 compla9t aga9/ !   
p>5ts ( ,pompilia1 appeals to           
,boccaccio's  8,book0 & 8,s] ,franco's  
,sac*etti's ,m]ry ,tales10 z pro(s ( !  
gre$ & wrong-do+ ( ! p>5ts 9 contra/ to 
8 own innoc5ce4  ,caponsac*i1 9 ,"p     
,,vi1 ref]s to ! =g$ lett]s claim$ to h 
be5 pass$ betwe5 himself & ,pompilia1 z 
wor?y ( ! pr(ligate  ,aret9e4 ,9 ,"p ,x1
 ! ,pope makes ! same comp>ison1 decl>+ 
t ! lett]s are 8,false to body & s\l !y 
figure =?--,z  ?\gh ! man _h cut out    
%ape & %ape ,f fancies ( t o!r          
,aret9e40 ,9 ,"p ,,xi1 ,guido attempts  
to prove t ! ,pope1 9 =m]  times1 0 v   
human1 s9ce he us$ to 8*irrup o'er !    
,m]ry ,tales40  ,lat] 9 ! same section1 
he ass]ts 8 "r to enjoy 8,:5 ,ma/]      
,pietro ,aret9o rhymes a pleasantry40   

,,viii4 ,,br[n+',s ,,k ,,( ,,italian    
,,lit]ature4--,br[n+'s poems  display no
 rem>kable k ( ,italian lit]ature4 ,9   
comp>ison  ) t ( ! av]age ,am]ican or   
,engli% citiz51 x is above  ! ord9>y1 b 
n m ?an any /ud5t ( lit]ature might v   
readily acquire )\t visit+ ,italy or    
resid+ !re4 ,h[ev]1  ! av]age ,engli%   
/ud5t ( lit]ature1 if he 7 a poet1 w\ld 
probably embody less ( t k ( ,italy 9 8 
v]se ?an  ,br[n+ has done4 ,except = !  
idea ( failure z typifi$ by less]       
,italian poets1 ! ref]5ces are ma9ly (  
second>y importance1  introduc$ because 
he _h *os5 an ,italian !me & wi%$ to    
give x  reality ( detail4 ,! /imulus (  
,italian resid5ce on ,br[n+1 !n1        
probably l$ to ! embodim5t 9 8 poems ( !
 lit]>y k  he already possess$4 ,he     
seems to h made no p>ticul> /udy (      
,italian lett]s1 ev5 aft] go+ to t      
c\ntry4 ,"s scatt]$  ref]5ces to read+s 
9 ,italian lit]ature 7= example 9 !     
novels  ( ,sac*etti#age7 exi/ 9 !       
records ( ! ,br[n+s 9 ,italy2 b  ^!     

ref]5ces are few 9 comp>ison to ^?      
conc]n+ sculpture  & pa9t+4      ,,ix4  
,,br[n+',s ,,int]e/ ,,9 ,,italian       
,,lit]ature4--,:ile all !  hi/orical    
ref]5ces1 except ! "o to ,dante not$    
above z a  probably int5tional dep>ture 
f hi/ory1 are sub/antially correct  9   
bo? fact & _s1 ,br[n+ did n h any great 
int]e/  9 ,italian lit]ature z x exi/$ 9
 8 day4 ,mu* m space is  giv5 to !      
treatm5t ( imag9>y poets1 or to !       
idealization  ( a hi/orical "o1 = ! sake
 ( p]sonality1 z 9 ! case (  ,sordello4 
,z = ! o!r arts1 !n1 p]sonality is !    
keynote (  ,br[n+'s appreciation (      
,italian lit]ature1 & ( its place 9 8   
poetry4    ,br[n+ gives v little space  
to any =mal praise ( ,italian  poetry or
 poets1 ei!r ( ! pa/1 or contempor>y )  
himself4 ,9  ?is respect 8 treatm5t ( !m
 is v simil> to t he gives  to ,engli%  
poets4 ,memorabilia1 9 praise ( ,%elley1
 is 8 only  poem :i* has = its !me !    
unmodifi$ praise ( ano!r poet4  ,z ?is  
poem & ! ,%elley ref]5ces 9 ,paul9e are 

,br[n+'s  only tributes to writ]s ( 8   
own c\ntry1 s ! praise ( ,dante1  9     
,sordello1 is ! only in/ance ( an       
express$ appreciation (  ,italian       
lit]ature4 ,! only ,italian poet        
contempor>y ) himself  :om he m5tions is
 ,tommaseo2 & he is notic$ only z !     
au?or (  ! inscription on ! tablet      
erect$ by ! city ( ,flor5ce to !  memory
 ( ,elizabe? ,b>rett ,br[n+4            
,,*apt] ,v    ,,italian ,,ar*itecture   
,,9 ,,! ,,poems ,,( ,,br[n+4      ,i4   
,,g5]al ,,/atem5t4--,tw5ty-five poems ( 
,rob]t ,br[n+ make "s  ref]5ce1 brief or
 ext5d$1 to an ,italian "w (            
ar*itecture4 ,two  ar*itects1 z su*1 are
 m5tion$ 9 ,old ,pictures 9 ,flor5ce4   
,!y are ,giotto 7#abfg-accg71 ! orig9al 
design] ( ! ,flor5t9e  ,campanile1 &    
,taddeo ,gaddi 7c4 #acjj-;c4 #acff71 8  
successor4 ,9 !  tw5ty-five poems1 ab\t 
fifty-eight ,italian build+s are nam$1  
n all ( !m important ar*itecturally4 ,( 
^!1 almo/ exactly  "o-?ird are 9        
,flor5ce1 & "o or two less ?an ano!r    

?ird are  9 ,rome4 ,v5ice & ,asolo claim
 m5tion ( five & six respectively2  b   
all ! rema9+ t[ns mu/ cont5t !mselves ) 
a m5tion  ( "o1 two1 or ?ree build+s4 ,!
 entire numb] ( works (  ar*itecture is 
divid$ betwe5 twelve t[ns3 ,v5ice1      
,v]ona1 ,bassano1  ,rome1 ,flor5ce1     
,passagno1 ,asolo1 ,padua1 ,fano1 ,bagni
 di ,lucca1 ,arezzo  & ,si5a4    ,!re   
are two app>5t reasons :y ! numb] (     
build+s nam$ at  ,rome & ,flor5ce is    
exceptionally l>ge3 fir/1 ! =m] city has
  be5 ! hi/orical & political c5t] (    
,italy ev] s9ce !  beg9n+1 & ! latt] is 
! art c5t] ( ! _w2 second1  ,br[n+ sp5t 
a consid]able am\nt ( "t 9 ,rome1 bo? 9 
#ahdd1  dur+ 8 second trip to ,italy1 & 
9 8 visits ( #ahec & #ahed1  :ile       
,flor5ce 0 8 home = fifte5 ye>s4    ,!  
numb] ( ecclesia/ical build+s is some?+ 
m ?an "o-half  ( ! entire li/2 :ile !   
rema9+ ones are ab\t equally divid$     
betwe5 ^? = /ate use & private build+s (
 a secul>  "*4 ,consid]+ ! l>ge numb] ( 
beautiful *ur*es &  ca!drals 9 ,italy1 !

 result s f> z ^! are conc]n$ is 9      
entire accordance ) "o's expectations4  
,/4 ,m>k's1 ,/4 ,pet]'s1 !  ,vatican1 & 
! ,flor5t9e ,duomo1 all build+s ( _w    
int]e/1  lead 9 ! numb] ( times !y      
receive m5tion4      ,,ii4 ,,s\rce ,,(  
,,br[n+',s ,,k4--,br[n+ _h se5 almo/ all
 if  n e "o ( ! ,italian build+s he     
introduces 9 8 poems4 ,he  knew :]e( he 
wrote4 ,sordello1 publi%$ 9 #ahdj1 is   
conc]n$  ) ! cities ( ,v5ice1 ,bassano1 
,v]ona1 ,rome1 & ,flor5ce2 b  ! ref]5ces
 to ! la/ two are v slight4 ,! fir/ ?ree
 cities  he _h visit$ 9 8 trip ( #ahch1 
along ) 8 8delici\s ,asolo01  :i* became
 ! sc5e ( ,pippa ,passes1 9 #ahda4      
,f]r>a =m$ a  v l>ge "p ( ! sett+ 9     
,sordello1 also2 b no p>ticul>  build+s 
9 x are describ$4 ,a ,toccata (         
,galuppi's1 #ahee1 ref]s  to ,/4 ,m>k's 
9 ,v5ice4 ,old ,pictures 9 ,flor5ce1 )  
its di/9ct  ,flor5t9e sett+1 0 giv5 to !
 _w aft] ,br[n+ _h liv$ 9  t city = n9e 
ye>s4 ,d\btless its ,campanile1 :i* he  
m5tions 9  ! poem1 0 at t "t z famili>  

to him z any build+ ( 8  native l&4 ,by 
! ,fireside 7) ref]5ce to ! *apel 9 !   
gorge7 0 writt5 ei!r dur+ ! visit ( !   
,br[n+s to ,bagni  di ,lucca 9 #ahec1 or
 %ortly aft] x1 & 0 publi%$ 9 #ahee4    
,ne>  ,bagni di ,lucca is ! sc5e ( !    
/ory4 ,!re is ! same relation  betwe5   
ar*itectural subject & p]sonal          
obs]vation 9 ,! ,boy  & ! ,angel        
7,rome71 #ahdb2 ,! ,italian 9 ,engl&    
7,padua71 #ahde2  ,9 a ,gondola         
7,v5ice71 #ahdb2 ,! ,/atue & ! ,bu/     
7,flor5ce71  #ahee2 ,luria 7,flor5ce71  
#ahdf2 ,*ri/mas-,eve & ,ea/]-,day       
7,rome71  #ahej2 ,fra ,lippo ,lippi     
7,flor5ce71 #ahee2 ,! ,bi%op ord]s 8    
,tomb  7,rome71 #ahde2 ,bi%op ,bl\gram's
 ,apology 7,rome71 #ahee2 ,"o ,^w ,m    
7,flor5ce71 #ahee2 ,abt ,vogl] 7,rome71 
#ahfd2 ,pac*i>otto 7,si5a71  #ahgf4     
,padua & ,v5ice 7 visit$ 9 #ahch1 ,rome 
9 #ahdd1 ,flor5ce 9  #ahdf1 if n soon]1 
& ,si5a 9 #ahej4    ,! ,r+ & ! ,book is 
an int]e/+ example ( ,br[n+'s  proc$ure 
9 ! case ( an ar*itectural "w he wi%$ to

 introduce4  ,flor5ce & ,rome1 m        
p>ticul>ly ! latt]1 are conc]n$ )  !    
:ole action ( ! poem1 :ile ,arezzo is   
utiliz$ 9 a m9or way4  ,by ?is "t       
7#ahfd-fh7 ,br[n+ _h long be5 famili> ) 
,flor5ce  & ,rome4 ,h[ev]1 ! poem 0     
writt5 9 ,engl&2 & a lett] to  ,fr$]ick 
,leighton1 ,octob] #ag1 #ahfd1 asks him 
if he w g into !  ,*ur* ( ,san ,lor5zo1 
9 ! ,corso1 look at x c>efully1 &       
describe  x to ,br[n+4 ,br[n+ asks      
p>ticul>ly ab\t ! arrangem5t  ( !       
build+1 nave1 pill>s1 ! numb] ( alt>s1 &
 !  #8,crucifixion' ov] ! alt>1 by      
,guido1 & adds t he does n c>e  = !     
outside4 ,?is *ur* ,br[n+ uses m ?an any
 o!r 9 ,!  ,r+ & ! ,book1 mak+ x ! sc5e 
( ! baptism & ! m>riage  ( ,pompilia1 z 
well z ! place to :i* ! dead bodies 7   
tak54  ,mr4 ,k5yon tells u t ! poet 0   
always accu/om$ to visualize  a sc5e    
completely & to keep x con/antly be=e   
him m5tally z  he wrote4 ,x 0 8 g5]al   
rule to use only build+s :i* he _h  se51
 ev5 :5 he ref]s to !m v slightly2 & 9  

?is case1 he  wrote to inquire ab\t "o  
:i* he _h se51 b ( :i* he did n  h a    
p]fectly cle> m5tal image4 ,! only      
possible exception to !  p]sonal        
obs]vation ( a build+ to be poetically  
describ$ is 9 !  case ( ! ,pieve1 at    
,arezzo4 ,! ,pieve is describ$ 9        
consid]able  detail2 & s f> z c be      
le>n$1 ! poet probably did n visit  x4  
,! ,br[n+s _h plann$ to visit x 9       
,septemb]1 #ahdg1 on  _! way to ,rome4  
,b ?is trip1 9 connection ) :i* ,arezzo 
is  m5tion$1 0 ab&on$4 ,lat] trips 7    
made to ,rome1 h[ev]1 &  x is v possible
 t ,arezzo 0 made a /opp+ place on "o ( 
!m1 & ! ,pieve1 aft] all1 0 n an        
exception to ! g5]al  rule4      ,,iii4 
,,importance ,,( ,,ar*itecture ,,9 ,,!  
,,poems4--,:5 ! am\nt (  ar*itecture    
,br[n+ introduces is fir/ consid]$1 x   
seems  rem>kably l>ge4 ,b su* conclusion
 c\ld be rea*$ only by fail+  to take   
into consid]ation ! mann] 9 :i* !       
ref]5ces are  employ$4 ,ab\t t5 ( !     
build+s he names1 includ+ ^? at  ,asolo 

& a few o!rs1 are ( no importance       
:atev]1 f ei!r an  ar*itectural or a    
hi/orical /&po9t4 ,mo/ ( ! rema9+ ones  
are discuss$ 9 hi/ories ( ar*itecture or
 m5tion$ 9 guide books1  & a consid]able
 numb] ( !m are ( importance            
ar*itecturally4  ,b ) v few exceptions1 
,br[n+ does n employ !m = !  sake ( _!  
ar*itecture2 & c>$ v little :e!r !y 7   
ar*itecturally good or bad4 ,he usually 
_h a /ory to tell2 & =  t /ory a        
location 0 necess>y4 ,(t5 he us$ su*    
build+s z  _h be5 significant 9 !       
orig9al ev5ts on :i* he bas$ 8 poem4    
,!re are1 to be sure1 num]\s in/ances 9 
:i* ! p>ticul>  *ur* or ca/le he names  
suits ! tone ( ! /ory j a trifle  bett] 
?an any?+ else he c\ld h f\nd4 ,9       
,sordello1 =  example1 he con/ruct$ an  
imag9>y ca/le1 ,goito1 :i* bo?  h>moniz$
 ) ! "* ( ,sordello & influ5c$ 8 life1  
s9ce x 0 ! home ( 8 y\?4 ,an excell5t   
example ( a build+  *os5 to illu/rate ! 
!me ( ! /ory is ,! ,bi%op ord]s 8  ,tomb
 at ,/4 ,prax$'s ,*ur*4 ,p]haps no su*  

tomb z ! ,bi%op's ev]  exi/$1 exactly z 
describ$ 9 ! poem2 b if x _h1 ,/4 ,prax$
  7,santa ,prass$e7 ) its ornate beauty 
0 exactly suit$ to be its  location4    
,! ,r+ & ! ,book & ,! ,/atue & ! ,bu/   
are bo?  excell5t examples ( poems 9 :i*
 ! build+s 7 already  select$ = ,br[n+  
by ! /ories on :i* he bas$ 8 poems4     
,examples ( build+s *os5 = h>mony1 su* z
 ^? 9 ,sordello  & ,! ,bi%op ord]s 8    
,tomb1 are r exceptional cases4         
,br[n+'s poetic ar*itecture1 = ! mo/ "p1
 may be gr\p$ 9  ?ree divisions--7#a7   
build+s already *os5 = him by ! /ory    
:i* he wi%$ to embody 9 a poem1 7#b7    
build+s *os5 by himself1  to h>monize ) 
! tone ( ! /ory1 7#c7 build+s us$ =     
sett+  ) no reg>d :atev] = ar*itectural 
qualities4 ,! la/ division  is by f> !  
l>ge/4 ,or1 to classify m broadly1 !re  
are two ways  9 :i* he uses             
ar*itecture--7#a7 = ! sake ( an         
emotional value1  ( :i* !re is "o       
example1 & 7#b7 = ! sake ( backgr\nd    
effects1 to :i* practically all ! o!r   

in/ances belong4      ,,iv4 ,,comp>ison 
,,) ,,o!r ,,writ]s4--,wordswor? has     
sev]al poems--=  example1 ,old ,abbeys1 
,9 ! ,ca!dral at ,cologne1 ,inside (    
,k+'s  ,college ,*apel--t )9 a %ort     
space & 9 a lyrical fa%ion  deal )      
ar*itecture 9 a highly appreciative     
mann]4 ,some:at  simil> examples f      
,byron are ! ,elegy on ,new/ead ,abbey &
 !  famili> ,sonnet on ,*illon4 ,b      
,br[n+1 ^: writ+s conta9 few  poems (   
lyric or descriptive subjectivity1 did n
 devote himself to  any su* effusions   
ov] inanimate objects4 ,8 only          
description (  ar*itecture z some?+     
appeal+ to ! emotion & imag9ation (  man
 is conta9$ 9 a few l9es ( a v long     
poem1 ,*ri/mas-,eve  & ,ea/]-,day4 ,!   
speak] is se>*+ = religi\s tru? &  f9ds 
himself1 9 8 visit to ! homel& (        
,ca?olicism1 view+  ,/4 ,pet]'s at      
,rome4 ,!n foll[s t wond]fully          
compreh5sive  description--        8,&  
:at is ?is t rises propp$1      ,)      
pill>s ( prodigi\s gir?8      ,is x     

really on ! e>?1      ,?is miracul\s    
,dome ( ,god8      ,has ! angel's       
measur+-rod      ,:i* numb]$ cubits1 gem
 f gem1      ',twixt ! gates ( ! ,new   
,j]usalem1      ,met$ x out1--& :at he  
met$1      ,h ! sons ( m5 complet$8     
--,b9d+1 ev] z he bade1      ,columns 9 
! colonnade1      ,) arms wide op5 to   
embrace      ,! entry ( ! human race    
4440    ,b ev5 9 ?is in/ance1 ,br[n+1   
be=e 8 description is  f9i%$1 _c cont5t 
himself ) m]e ab/ract /atem5ts (  beauty
 divorc$ f human life4 ,he turns to !   
build]s--! p1  & to ! purpose--s]vice to
 humanity4    ,9 ! only poem ( ,br[n+   
:i* deals ) an ar*itect at all1  7,old  
,pictures 9 ,flor5ce1 9 :i* ,giotto is  
consid]$ at "s  l5g?71 ! discussion is f
 ! /&po9t ( ! ar*itect's aim1  8 p>tial 
a*ievem5t1 & ! relation 8 "w1 :5 x is   
f9ally  f9i%$1 w h to ! p ( 8 city2 n f 
! /&po9t  ( any te*nical int]e/ 9 ! art4
      ,v4 ,,ar*itecture ,,&             
,,p]sonality4--,) all 8 m5tion (        
,italian works  ( ar*itecture1 !n1      

,br[n+'s prim>y object 0 nev] ! ab/ract 
beauty ( t art itself4 ,he has f> less  
treatm5t ( x1 f an  ab/ract /&po9t1 ?an 
_m ano!r ,engli% writ] :o has sc>cely   
gone outside 8 native l& = mat]ial4 ,a  
build+1 z a build+6  ,:at 0 !re 9 x     
relat$ to p]sonality z t express$ itself
 9  ! /ruggles ( ! s\l8 ,&1 !re=e1 :at  
c\ld !re be 9 x to  conc]n ,rob]t       
,br[n+8          ,,*apt] ,,vi           
,,italian ,,pa9t+ ,,9 ,,! ,,poems ,,(   
,,br[n+4      ,i4 ,,g5]al               
,,/atem5t4--,tw5ty-n9e poems conta9 !   
names ( ,italian  pa9t]s1 & fifty-"o    
,italian pa9t]s are m5tion$ by "n2 :ile 
sev]al ( ! great arti/s are m5tion$ 9 _m
 poems4 ,mi*ael  ,angelo is ref]r$ to 9 
t5 diff]5t poems2 ,raphael 9 sev51      
besides ! duplicate m5tion 9 ?ree       
sections ( ,! ,r+ & !  ,book2           
,correggio1 & ,titian1 ea* 9 six poems1 
& ,da ,v9ci 9 five  diff]5t poems4 ,^!  
are all great ma/]s ( ! ,high           
,r5aissance  9 ,italy2 & !re=e1 !y are !
 greate/ arti/s ! _w  has kn[n3 !       

repeat$ introduction ( _! names is      
p]fectly  natural4 ,b among ,br[n+'s    
fifty-"o pa9t]s1 "s ( s little          
importance are nam$ t ref]5ces to !m are
 r>e 9 hi/ories (  art4 ,ev5 ) ! mo/    
insignificant1 "s tell+ phrase is (t5   
us$ to express ) admirable precision !  
arti/'s relation to !  hi/ory ( art4 ,! 
be/ example ( ?is is f\nd 9 ,old        
,pictures  9 ,flor5ce1 :]e ! poet       
caprici\sly calls ! roll ( ! pa/        
,flor5t9e arti/s1 *id+ !m because none (
 _! works h  come into 8 possession4 ,9 
! "o poem sev5te5 m5 :o h be5  classifi$
 z pa9t]s1 besides "s :o are sculptors &
 ar*itects  prim>ily1 f9d a place4 ,only
 two or ?ree ( ! arti/s are giv5  m ?an 
a l9e or two2 b _m ( ev5 ! mo/          
insignificant  are summ$ up 9 "s phrase 
l ! foll[+3 8,da ,v9cis d]ive  9 good "t
 f ,dellos20 8,/efano 444 call$         
,nature's ,ape & !  _w's despair20 8!   
wrong$ ,lipp9o10 or 8my ,pollajolo1 !   
twice a  craftsman40      ,,ii4 ,,ext5t 
,,( ,,br[n+',s ,,k4--,to cov] ! entire  

field z he  does1 f ,cimabue ?r\gh !    
,r5aissance & d[n to mod]n times  7= he 
omits almo/ no arti/ ( importance 9 !   
:ole hi/ory (  pa9t+1 besides includ+ _m
 surprises 9 ! way ( insignificant      
ones71 ,br[n+ mu/ h _h a wond]ful am\nt 
( hi/orical  k4 ,?is famili>ity ) !     
developm5t ( ! art 0 ga9$  9 ?ree       
ways--by "s /udy ( ! subject be=e he w5t
 to ,italy1 by  read+ hi/ories ( !      
pa9t]s aft] go+ !re1 & by visit+        
gall]ies & *ur*es 9 ,italy & /udy+ !    
pictures f\nd !re94    ,! fact t ,br[n+ 
_h an int]e/ 9 /udy+ ! ,london gall]ies 
be=e he w5t to ,italy1 & inde$1 0 a     
/ud5t ( pictures f 8  *ildhood1 has     
already be5 not$ 9 ! introductory       
rem>ks4#agf  ,j h[ great ! poet's k (   
,italian art 0 at ?is p]iod1  is h>d to 
det]m9e4 ,b 8 fir/ poem1 ,paul9e1       
conta9s a  ref]5ce to ,&rom$a1 a picture
 by ,c>avaggio1 :o 0 a ,r5aissance      
arti/4 ,mrs4 ,orr#agg tells u t !       
picture 0 always be=e him  z a boy & t  
he lov$ ! /ory ( ! div9e deliv]] & !    

innoc5t victim :i* x repres5t$4 ,9 "o ( 
8 e>ly lett]s to  ,elizabe? ,b>rett1    
,br[n+ gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( 8        
fondness  = ,&rom$a3 8,h[ "s p use _!   
pictures1 = in/ance1 is  a my/]y to me4 
,my ,polidore's p]fect ,&rom$a along )  
#8,boors  ,c>\s+' :]e ,i f\nd h]--my own
 fa!r's do+1 or ,i w\ld say  m40    ,^! 
/atem5ts prove t a fondness = "s        
,italian art1 at  lea/1 _h be5 a "p ( 8 
life f a v e>ly age2 & 9  addition1 !y  
sugge/ t a p]son :o _h s ke5 an         
appreciation  = a picture by an arti/ s 
little kn[n z ,c>avaggio1 mu/ h  kn[n a 
great deal m ab\t ,italian art ?an is   
impli$ 9 ?is "o  /atem5t4 ,br[n+ 0 9 8  
tw5ty-fir/ ye> :5 ,paul9e1 !  poem      
ref]r+ to ,&rom$a1 0 publi%$4 ,?is 0    
five ye>s be=e  8 fir/ visit to ,italy1 
b ev5 at ?is "t1 8 appreciation (  !    
picture 0 s complete t he comp>$ !      
ev]-beautiful &  un*ang+ ,&rom$a to     
himself & seem$ to feel t %e _h z real  
an exi/5ce4      ,,iii4 ,,irregul>      
,,di/ribution ,,( ,,ref]5ces4--,:ile !  

influ5ce (  pa9t+ began s e>ly 9        
,br[n+'s poetical c>e]1 & ext5d$  to its
 close1 ! la/ art poem be+ ,beatrice    
,signor9i1 9  ! ,asol&o gr\p1 publi%$ j 
at ! "t ( 8 dea?1 !  *ronological       
di/ribution ( ! subject is by no means  
regul>4  ,9 ,p>acelsus1 ref]5ce to pa9t+
 is f\nd2 ,sordello has "s  m9or        
ref]5ces2 ,pippa ,passes conta9s "s     
m5tion ( pa9t+ &  mu* conc]n+ sculpture4
 ,pictor ,ignotus1 ! fir/ poem devot$   
entirely to a pa9t]1 0 publi%$ 9 #ahde4 
,all ^! items =m a  comp>atively sl5d]  
?read ( ref]5ces up to ! publications ( 
#ahee4 ,at t date ,br[n+ _h liv$ 9      
,italy n9e ye>s1 _h /udi$  art hi/ories1
 & se5 pictures4 ,our *ronicl]1 ,mrs4   
,br[n+1 we  recall1 furni%es u !        
in=mation--9 ! previ\sly m5tion$  lett] 
( #ahdg to ,horne--t !y 7 read+ ,vas>i4 
,?is 0 !  next ye> aft] ! ,br[n+s w5t to
 ,italy to take up _! resid5ce  !re4    
,?\gh ,br[n+'s e>ly trips 79 #ahch &    
#ahdd7 seem to h  _h small influ5ce on 8
 poetic treatm5t ( pa9t+1 ! ,italian    

resid5ce bore fruit4 ,betwe5 #ahdg1 !   
ye> :5 ! resid5ce  began1 & #ahee1 only 
"o poem ( ,br[n+'s 0 publi%$1 & "s      
ref]5ces to pa9t+ are f\nd 9 x4 ,!      
publications ( #ahee  include ! foll[+  
poems on pa9t+3 ,old ,pictures 9        
,flor5ce1  ,! ,gu>dian ,angel1 ,fra     
,lippo ,lippi1 ,&rea del ,s>to1 & ,"o   
,^w ,m4 ,9 ?is "o ye>1 all ! f9e/ & be/ 
kn[n ( 8  poems on pa9t+ 7 giv5 to ! _w4
 ,j :y ?is is true is  h>d to prove b   
easy to conjecture4 ,! "t j previ\s to  
_!  publication m>ks ! p]iod ( greate/1 
mo/ intimate art /udy1  s9ce ^! poems 7 
! product ( ! fir/ n9e ye>s 9 ,italy4   
,!re 0 a c]ta9 p[]1 appreciation1 & a   
f95ess ( feel+  associat$ ) ^! fir/ ye>s
 9 ! great art c5t] ( ,flor5ce  t nev]  
return$ aga94 ,= "s "t be=e ?is1 ,br[n+ 
_h be5  an int]e/$ /ud5t ( art1 & !     
,flor5t9e resid5ce br\ght 8  ideas to _!
 full maturity4 ,! be/ t he 0 capable ( 
putt+  into v]se on ! subject ( pa9t+ 0 
bo? imag9$ & writt5  dur+ ?is fir/ p]iod
 9 ,italy1 ! home ( pa9t+4      ,,iv4   

,,s\rces ,,( ,,! ,,poems4--,an ev5t     
record$ by ,mrs4 ,br[n+1 9 a  lett] to  
,mrs4 ,jameson1 dat$ ,may #d1 #ahej1    
?r[s light on ! s\rce  ( ,old ,pictures 
9 ,flor5ce4 ,%e says t h] husb& _h pick$
  up at a few pauls ea* "s 8hole & corn]
 pictures0 9 a corn %op  a mile f       
,flor5ce4 ,mr4 ,kirkup 7"o ( ! be/      
judges ( pictures  9 ,flor5ce7 ?rew out 
su* names = !m z 8,cimabue1 ,ghirl&ajo1 
,giott9o1 a ,crucifixion pa9t$ on a     
bann]1 ,giottesque1 if n ,giotto1  b    
unique or ne>ly s1 on acc\nt ( l95      
mat]ial--& a little  ,virg9 by a        
,byzant9e ma/]4 ,two angel pictures1    
b\ght la/ ye>1  prove to h be5 saw$ (f (
 ! ,ghirl&ajo1 s-call$40    ,besides    
%[+1 z d _m o!r /atem5ts ( _! life 9    
,italy1  t ,br[n+ 0 deeply int]e/$ 9    
art1 ^! words sugge/ bo?  ! title & !   
orig9 ( ,old ,pictures 9 ,flor5ce1 9 :i*
 !  poet reproa*es ! spirits ( ! e>ly   
ma/]s = fail+ to leave  "s ( _! works to
 "o s appreciative z himself4 ,:at c\ld 
be  m natural 9 its developm5t8 ,a      

poet-arti/ f9ds ! pictures1 is  told t  
!y are g5u9e1 & is v desir\s ( believ+  
x4 ,8  int]e/ 9 p]sonality turns 8 m9d  
to ! pa9t]s !mselves1  8 fancy runs ) a 
loose re9--& we h ! half-?\ghtful       
:imsicality ( ,old ,pictures 9 ,flor5ce4
 ,on ! s]i\s side x  pleads = ! foll[+3 
7#a7 m att5tion to ! e>ly almo/  unkn[n 
ma/]s1 in/ead ( praise = ,angelo1       
,raphael1 & su* fam\s  arti/s2 7#b7 a   
great] appreciation ( ! developm5t (    
,italian  pa9t+1 because x 0 developm5t1
 ?an ( ! dead p]fection (  ,greek       
sculpture2 7#c7 ,italian fre$om f       
,au/ria1 & ) x !  return ( art to       
,flor5ce1 result+ 9 ! complet$          
,campanile )  ! new flag ^u x4 ,! fir/  
two pleas are made on ! gr\nd (  ! noble
 developm5t ( ! e>ly ,italian pa9t+1 9  
contra/ )  ! lat] art ( ,italian pa9t+ &
 t ( p]fect ,greek sculpture1  :i* 7 at 
a /&/ill4    ,! ,gu>dian ,angel 0 !     
direct result ( a visit by ! ,br[n+s  to
 ,fano2 probably 9 #ahdh1 = dur+ t ye>  
,murray s5t !m !re  to f9d a summ]      

resid5ce4 ,mrs4 ,br[n+ reports#agh t x 0
  unspeakable = su* a purpose1 b 8!     
*ur*es are v beautiful1  & a div9e      
picture ( ,gu]c9o's is wor? go+ all t   
way to see40  ,! poem 0 publi%$ ) ! gr\p
 ( #ahee1 & 9 x m5tion is  made ( ?ree  
trips to see ! picture :ile ! ,br[n+s 7 
at ,fano4    ,:ile ,! ,gu>dian ,angel   
may be ! only poem writt5 z a direct    
result ( see+ a picture1 ,&rea del ,s>to
 0 at lea/ ! result  ( ! exi/5ce ( a    
picture4 ,mr4 ,k5yon1 an intimate fri5d 
( !  ,br[n+s1 & a relative ( ,mrs4      
,br[n+1 ask$ !m to obta9 =  him1 if     
possible1 a copy ( ,&rea's picture (    
himself & wife4 ,s9ce  he 0 unable to   
secure x1 ,br[n+ wrote ! poem & s5t x z 
a  record ( :at ! picture conta9$4      
,vas>i 0 ! s\rce ( mu* ( ! hi/orical    
mat]ial :i* ,br[n+  us$ 9 8 poems4 ,8   
gossipy n>rative 0 foll[$ almo/ exactly 
9  ,fra ,lippo ,lippi1 & p>tly 9 ,&rea  
del ,s>to & o!r poems4  ,bald9ucci's    
hi/ories ( ! ,italian pa9t]s furni%     
mat]ial =  ,beatrice ,signor9i1 & ! fir/

 "p ( ,filippo ,bald9ucci4  ,br[n+      
inv5t$ ! la/ "p ( ! latt]1 & makes 8    
inv5tion  m real by ,filippo's          
decl>ation1 8,plague o' me if ,i record 
x 9 my  book40      ,v4 ,,poetic        
,,functions ,,( ,,! ,,ref]5ces ,,to     
,,pa9t+4--,_m ref]5ces  to pa9t]s or    
pa9t+ are us$ = comp>isons1 j z 9 !     
case ( o!r arts4 ,su* is ! "o 9 ,paul9e1
 9 :i* ! poet  describes ! ,&rom$a (    
,c>avaggio1 & contra/s h] to 8 own      
*ang+ s\l2 & also ! comp>ison 9         
,sordello1 ( ! h]o to  ! same picture4  
,a ?ird m5tion ( ,&rom$a1 9 ,francis    
,fur9i1  illu/rates ! beauty ( ! nude   
art4 ,! pa9t] ( ,&rom$a1  ,polidoro da  
,c>avaggio1 is introduc$ 9 ,w>+1 9 a f> 
f  s]i\s comp>ison1 9 :i* ,br[n+ wond]s 
if 8 long-sil5t fri5d  is spla%+ 9 pa9t+
 8z none spla%$ be=e1 ,s9ce great       
,cald>a  ,polidore40    ,9 ,pippa       
,passes1 ! ,bi%op comp>es "o arti/ )    
ano!r1 by  express+ ! hope t ,jules w   
f\nd a s*ool l t (  ,correggio4 ,9 ,?ree
 ,days includes a comp>ison ( ! lights &

  %ades ( a woman's hair to pa9t+1 ) !  
l9e1 8,z e>ly ,art  embr[ns ! gold40    
,any ,wife to ,any ,husb& comp>es !     
husb&  :o greatly admires o!r beautiful 
wom51 ) anyone :o looks at  ,titian's   
,v5us--8,once m :at is !re to *ide80    
,passages 9 ,bi%op  ,bl\gram's ,apology 
"n ,correggio's works & ! pictures (    
,giulio  ,romano z desirable ?+s to own4
 ,! ,bi%op also /ates t he  keeps 8     
re/less unbelief quiet1 8l ! snake 'nea?
 ,mi*ael's  foot10 ref]r+ to ! well-kn[n
 pa9t+ by ,raphael4 ,9 ,james ,lee's    
,wife1 ! attitude t[>d an unbeautiful h&
 is illu/rat$ by !  l9e--8,w\ld ,da     
,v9ci turn f y80    ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+   
examples ( ! comp>ison ( a p]son )  a   
picture is f\nd 9 ,"p ,,vi ( ,! ,r+ & ! 
,book1 :]e  ,caponsac*i lik5s ,pompilia 
to ! ,madonna ( ,raphael 9 innoc5ce4 ,9 
,"p ,,vii1 ,pompilia comp>es h] deliv]]1
 ,caponsac*i1 to ! picture  ( ,/4       
,george4 ,9 ,"p ,,viii1 ! speak] :o     
def5ds ,guido reads a  description ( a  
man mov$ by too mu* grief1 & says x fits

 ,guido's  case j z exactly z ,m>atta's 
portraits are l ! life4 ,!  prosecutor1 
9 ,"p ,,ix1 comp>es himself 9 8         
descriptions ( !  family ( ,pompilia1 to
 a pa9t]1 c>efully plann+ to pa9t a     
#8,holy  ,family'4 ,9 ?is connection he 
names ,c>lo ,m>atta1 ,luca ,giordano1   
,angelo1 ,raphael1 ,pietro da ,cortona1 
& ,f]ri4 ,f\r or five o!r  comp>isons   
are f\nd 9 ,! ,r+ & ! ,book1 b 9 g5]al1 
!y  are v simil> to ! ones giv5 above1 &
 little w\ld be ga9$ by  enum]at+ all ( 
!m4    ,ab\t =ty l9es ( ,fif9e at !     
,fair are conc]n$ ) an  ext5d$ comp>ison
 ( a man's treatm5t ( 8 wife ) 8        
attitude  t[>d an au!ntic ,raphael :i*  
he has b\ght4 ,9 ea* case he makes  mu* 
ov] ! new treasure :5 x has fir/ come   
into 8 possession1  !n seems neglectful1
 b 9 case ( any dang]1 ?9ks fir/ ( 8    
real object ( affection1 =gett+ su*     
light fancies z o!r wom5  & ,dor picture
 books4 ,! comp>ison is fur!r ext5d$ by 
lik5+  ! s\l 9 its *oice ( ano!r s\l to 
f9d+ satisfaction 9  art--poetry1 music1

 & pa9t+4 ,! ,italian arti/s1 ,bazzi1   
,raphael1  & ,mi*ael ,angelo1 are nam$ z
 examples 9 ?is connection4    ,r$      
,cotton ,night-,cap ,c\ntry conta9s a v 
,br[n+esque  description ( a s\l1 &     
pleads3        8,aspire1 break b\nds6 ,i
 say1      ,endeavor to be good & bett] 
/ill1      ,& be/6 ,success is n\ght1   
endeavor's all40               99       
99       99       99       99           
444 8!re ! incomplete1      ,m ?an      
completion1 mat*es ! imm5se1--      ,!n 
,mi*ael ,angelo aga9/ ! _w40    ,)      
,*>les ,avison1 ,c5ciaja1 & ,) ,*ri/oph]
 ,sm>t conta9  comp>isons simil> to ^?  
not$ above4    ,elev5 poems 9 all deal )
 ,italian pa9t]s or pa9t+ z !  pr9cipal 
!me4 ,!y are3 ,pictor ,ignotus1 ,old    
,pictures 9  ,flor5ce1 ,! ,gu>dian      
,angel1 ,fra ,lippo ,lippi1 ,&rea del   
,s>to1  ,"o ,^w ,m1 ,a ,face1           
,pac*i>otto1 ,filippo ,bald9ucci1 ,)    
,francis ,fur9i1 & ,beatrice ,signor9i4 
,eight ( ^! c5t] ar\nd  ! "w1           
p]sonality1 or hi/ory ( a s+le arti/4 ,(

 ! eight1  ,pictor ,ignotus1 ,&rea del  
,s>to1 ,fra ,lippo ,lippi1 & ,)         
,francis ,fur9i1 are s]i\s poetic ef=ts1
 hav+ z ! !me a  pa9t]'s endeavor1 &    
deal+ 9 ea* case ) "s %ortcom+ or  lack 
( ackn[l$g$ success4 ,ea* ( ! fir/ ?ree1
 z poetry1 is  excell5t 9 conception &  
execution4 ,) ,francis ,fur9i1 h[ev]1   
is r didactic & heavy1 lack+ 9 lyricism 
& beauty4    ,! failure ( ,pictor       
,ignotus 0 due to 8 high conception (   
art--s  high t he c\ld n be> to submit  
pictures ( real wor? to !  _w4 ,) 8     
extremely s5sitive disposition he c\ld n
 endure !  ?\ght ( ignorant criticism by
 p :o _h no compreh5sion ( !  aim or    
purpose ( ! arti/4 ,lippi fail$ to ga9  
approbation because  he w\ld n sacrifice
 8 conception ( pa9t+ ?+s z ,god made   
!m to ! misguid$ sa9tl9ess ( ! monks4   
,fur9i1 accord+ to  ,br[n+'s e/imate1   
fail$ 9 "p1 because ( 8 attitude t[>d ! 
nude4 ,&rea del ,s>to1 ! greate/ failure
 9 all ,br[n+1 possess$  a ma/]ly       
te*nique1 b fail$ ?r\gh 8 weakness ( "*4

    ,( ! lat] art poems1 publi%$ aft]   
#ahee1 ,) ,francis ,fur9i is  ! mo/     
s]i\s ef=t4 ,x conta9s an ext5d$ def5se 
( ! nude 9  art1 ! sub/ance ( :i* is    
summ$ up 9 ! foll[+ quotations3         
8,no gift b 9 ! v pl5titude      ,( its 
p]fection1 goes maim$1 miscon/ru$1      
,by wick$ness or weakness3 /ill "s few  
,h grace to see ?y purpose1 /r5g? to m> 
,?y "w ) no admixture ( _! own40        
99       99       99       99       99  
444 8,%[ beauty's ,may1 ere ,june       
,undo ! bud's blu%1 leave a rose to cull
      --,no poppy nei!r6 ,yet less      
p]fect-pure1      ,div9ely preci\s )    
life's dew bespr5t4      ,%[ sa9tl9ess  
t's simply innoc5t      ,( guess+       
s9n]%ip exi/s40    ,among ! less s]i\s  
works1 ,pac*i>otto tells ! /ory ( a     
re=m]-pa9t]1 suff]+ at ! h&s ( ! p :o   
oppos$ him4  ,) a decid$ly humor\s      
treatm5t1 rollick+ v]se1 & impossible   
rhymes1 ,br[n+ c>ri$ on ! poem to its   
conclusion ( a fl+ at  ! critics ( 8 own
 v]se4 ,filippo ,bald9ucci simply       

retells a  r amus+ /ory1 q di/9ct f any 
s]i\s consid]ation  ( ! pa9t] z an      
arti/1 ) an add$ conclusion :i* ,br[n+  
imag9$ = himself4 ,9 l mann]1 ,beatrice 
,signor9i consi/s  ( a poetiz$ v]sion ( 
"s v p]sonal hi/ory1 :i* ,br[n+  took f 
,bald9ucci4 ,! husb& ( ,beatrice1 :o 0 !
 pa9t]  ,romanelli1 fell 9 love )       
,artemisia ,g5teles*i1 & hav+ pa9t$  h] 
portrait1 %[$ x to 8 wife4 ,%e          
imm$iately de/roy$ x1  ,romanelli       
approv$ h] _s1 & ev] aft] lov$ h] m4    
,,vi4 ,,con=mity ,,to ,,hi/ory4--,a few 
in/ances ( dep>ture f  hi/orical facts  
are f\nd 9 ! poems on pa9t+1 ?\gh x is  
really rem>kable t !y 7 n less accurate1
 writt5 z !y  7 at a "t :5 ! hi/ory (   
pa9t+ _h be5 s slightly  inve/igat$4    
,su* errors z exi/$ are usually ! result
 ( mi/akes  9 ! s\rces ,br[n+ foll[$1   
?\gh ^! 7 ! be/ 9 _!  day1 r ?an f      
c>elessness on 8 "p4    ,"s v rec5t     
inve/igators ass]t t ,br[n+ unduly      
exagg]at$  ! "* ( ,&rea's wife1 9 ,&rea 
del ,s>to4 ,h[ev]1 no less  an au?ority 

?an ,w4 ,m4 ,rossetti insi/s t he 0     
ess5tially true  to ! facts 9 repres5t+ 
h]4 ,o!rs insi/ t he 0 some:at  unfair 9
 ! g5]al impression :i* he gives (      
,&rea4 ,at lea/ he  has n *ang$ ! facts 
mat]ially 9 ?is p>ticul> case2 & if  any
 lib]ty has be5 tak51 f a poetic /&po9t 
x is well tak54  ,!re are sev]al slight 
errors 9 ,fra ,lippo ,lippi4 ,= example1
  ,guidi 7,masaccio7 is n[ kn[n to h be5
 ! ma/]1 n ! pupil (  ,lippi1 & !       
picture 9 ,sant' ,ambrogio 0 probably n 
! expiation  ( a prank4    ,! few *anges
 9 ! facts1 h[ev]1 are comp>atively     
slight1  all told4 ,all[+ = mi/ak5      
au?orities :om ,br[n+ foll[$1  v>iations
 are mu* m trivial ?an might be expect$4
 ,by ! old  well-worn *>ity cloak (     
poetic lic5se x is cu/om>y to all[ =    
consid]able idealization4 ,b ,br[n+1 !  
arti/ ( ?+s z !y  really exi/1 held to !
 tru? z he saw x1 ev5 9 8 treatm5t  (   
art4 ,?is he did 9 spite ( ! fact t 8   
purpose 0 n to  give art hi/ory1 b to   
pres5t p]sonality z x exi/$ 9 relation  

to art4 ,) 8 deep insight into human    
nature1 z well z art  hi/ory1 he took ! 
*>act]s :i* he f\nd 9 ! _w ( art1 !     
good or bad1 & gave !m to u z examples (
 ! /riv+1 (t5  unsuccessful s\l4        
,,*apt] ,,vii    ,,g5]al ,,comp>isons3  
,,br[n+ ,,& ,,! ,,f9e ,,arts ,,(        
,,italy4      ,i4 ,,poetic ,,function   
,,& ,,me?od4--,ab\t fifte5 poems f      
,br[n+  deal ) ! arts or arti/s ( ,italy
 z prim>y subject matt]4 ,!  rema9d] ( !
 entire numb] ( =ty-n9e :i* ref] to art 
at all1  treat x z a second>y           
consid]ation4 ,tak+ ! subject art z a   
:ole1 z ,br[n+ introduces x 9 poetry1 x 
appe>s 9 ! foll[+  =ms3 7#a7 ma9 !me2   
7#b7 comp>ison ( two or m arti/s work+  
9 ! same art2 7#c7 comp>ison ( arti/s 9 
"o art ) ^? 9  ano!r1 z pa9t]s )        
musicians1 or ) poets2 7#d7 illu/rative 
mat]ial :5 ! ma9 !me ( ! poem has no    
imm$iate be>+ on  art4 ,abt ,vogl]1 9   
music1 or ,fra ,lippo ,lippi1 9 pa9t+1  
are  examples ( ! fir/4 ,&rea del ,s>to1
 besides exemplify+ !  fir/ =m1 conta9s 

num]\s comp>isons ( its ma9 "* )  o!r   
pa9t]s4 ,) ,*>les ,avison has a musician
 z a !me1 & he  is comp>$ ) o!r arti/s1 
= example1 ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,fif9e at  !
 ,fair1 ^: ma9 !me has no connection )  
art1 names ,raphael1  ,bazzi1 & ,angelo 
z illu/rative mat]ial4 ,num]\s in/ances 
(  incid5tal art ref]5ces1 us$ 9 su*    
ways z ^!1 atte/ ! fact  t ,br[n+ _h a  
l>ge art consci\sness1 ga9$ f pa/ int]e/
  9 ! diff]5t fields1 & ( suffici5t     
activity to cause almo/  con/ant        
ref]5ces to ! f9e arts4    ,:]e         
,wordswor? w\ld h *os5 ,engli% natural  
sc5]y = purposes  ( illu/ration1 &      
,%elley nature 9 ,italy1 ,br[n+ *ose    
art4  ,fifte5 poems ) nature z ! ma9    
!me1 besides num]\s o!rs  ) ref]5ces to 
nature1 w\ld n seem unusual2 b a gr\p ( 
fifte5 poems1 all mod]ately long1 bas$  
on ! f9e arts1 besides a  v l>ge numb] (
 comp>isons to ! arts 9 o!r poems1 seems
 an  exceptional product = a n9ete5?    
c5tury ,engli% poet4    ,br[n+'s art    
monologue is ( two k9ds--! monologue ( !

 arti/  :o is ! *ief "* 9 ! poem1 & !   
monologue ( ! poet  address+ ! arti/    
directly4 ,nor are ^! =ms conf9$        
entirely  to ,italian art poems4 ,my    
,la/ ,du*ess1 ,! ,bi%op ord]s 8 ,tomb1  
,pictor ,ignotus1 ,fra ,lippo ,lippi1   
,&rea del ,s>to1 ,abt ,vogl]1  are all 9
 dramatic monologue1 ) ei!r an arti/ or 
"o int]e/$  9 art1 z ! speak]4 ,a       
,toccata ( ,galuppi's1 ,ma/] ,hughes  ( 
,saxe-,go?a1 & ,old ,pictures 9         
,flor5ce1 repres5t ! poet  address+ !   
arti/4 ,filippo ,bald9ucci is pres5t$ 9 
! fir/  p]son1 9 monologue =m4 ,9 ,!    
,gu>dian ,angel ! poet directly         
address$ ! angel ( ! picture4 ,"o ,^w ,m
 & ,a ,face1 9  :i* ! art elem5t is     
/rong1 are writt5 9 ! fir/ p]son1 !  =m]
 address$ directly to ,mrs4 ,br[n+ ) !  
poet speak+1 &  ! second address$ to no 
p>ticul> p]son4 ,?is review e/abli%es  !
 fact t ! monologue is ,br[n+'s favorite
 =m = poems ab\t  art1 s9ce ! li/ j     
quot$ includes all important poems ( t  
k9d4 ,9 e case he made "s p]sonality    

prom95t1 & 9 all  s]i\s poems on art1 t 
p]sonality is ei!r speak+ or spok5 to1  
! v f9e/ poems be+ ( ! =m] type4        
,,ii4 ,,am\nt ,,( ,,mat]ial ,,us$ ,,f   
,,ea* ,,( ,,! ,,f9e ,,arts4--,9 !  =ego+
 discussion ( ! five bran*es ( ,italian 
art 9  ,br[n+1--sculpture1 music1       
poetry1 ar*itecture1 & pa9t+--!  ord]   
has be5 det]m9$ l>gely by a quantitative
 /&>d4 ,9 !  ,app5dix are sy/ematic li/s
 %[+ ! numb] ( poems & ! exact  ref]5ces
 9 connection ) ea* art4 ,no ext5sive   
comp>ison (  ! diff]5t arts reg>d+      
frequ5cy ( introduction1 !re=e1 is  ne$$
 "h2 b a few g5]alizations conc]n+ "s ( 
! reasons  = ! v>iation 9 emphasis seem 
n amiss4    ,ar*itecture is ! art ( a   
concrete bodily =m1 absolutely  sep>at$ 
f any repres5tation ( humanity1 unless  
"o looks beyond  x to ! ar*itect1 or to 
! p = :om x is con/ruct$4  ,9           
contradi/9ction to ! o!r f9e arts       
discuss$ "h1 x is  *>act]iz$ by         
usefulness4 ,:ile x %\ld1 & does1 9 its 
highe/  =ms1 surm\nt m]e utility1 & give

 an impression ( h>mony1  beauty1 &     
gr&eur1 x nev] directly portrays ! f9e/ 
feel+s  ( :i* humanity is capable & nev]
 inspires "o directly )  a feel+ (      
a*ievem5t or /ruggle 9 "*4 ,utility is !
  *ief int]e/ guid+ ,br[n+'s treatm5t ( 
ar*itecture--n  ar*itectural utility1 b 
! s]vice to ! poet 9 fix+ !  sett+ ( 8  
poems4 ,su* s]vice is cle> 9 ne>ly e    
in/ance  9 all ( ! tw5ty-five poems 9   
:i* "s ,italian build+ is  m5tion$1 & 9 
! case ( ne>ly all ! fifty-eight        
edifices  nam$4 ,! description ( ,/4    
,pet]'s 9 ,*ri/mas-,eve & ,ea/]-,day  is
 practically ! only exception1 & !re1 z 
has already be5  /at$1 ! poet pass$ f ! 
gr&eur ( ! /ructure itself to  !        
build]s4 ,lack ( p]sonality 9           
ar*itecture is1 !n1 ! reason  = its v   
slight introduction z an actual art 9   
,br[n+'s v]se4    ,pass+ on f           
ar*itecture to sculpture "o f9ds t we h 
ano!r art ( concrete bodily =m1 ) ! add$
 p[] ( portray+  ! human =m1 face1 & to 
a v slight degree1 ! s\l4 ,:ile !  numb]

 ( sculptors nam$ is v small1 !n1       
,br[n+'s appreciation  ( ?is art        
surpasses 8 appreciation ( ar*itecture4 
,examples (  ?is are ,old ,pictures 9   
,flor5ce1 9 :i* sculpture is treat$ at  
consid]able l5g?1 by comp>+ its m]its ) 
! aspirations (  ! e>ly pa9t]s1 & ,pippa
 ,passes1 9 :i* ,jules1 ! sculptor1  is 
a prom95t figure4 ,! ,bi%op ord]s 8     
,tomb deals almo/  entirely ) sculpture4
 ,/ill sculpture 0 n ,br[n+'s favorite  
art by any means4 ,bodily p]fection he  
admir$2 b he wi%$ to g  beyond x to !   
s\l 9 dramatic situations1 to its       
/ruggle &  endeavor4 ,& = ^! values !   
p[]s ( sculpture are limit$4 ,to        
portray successfully any v great /ruggle
 or int5se feel+ ( !  s\l is beyond its 
nature4    ,a cause = ! l>ge am\nt (    
,italian poetry 9 ! writ+s (  ,br[n+ has
 already be5 sugge/$1 9 "p4#agi ,b "o   
mu/ fur!r  consid] ! fact t he did n    
cont9ue to deal ) poets &  _! writ+s z  
subject matt]4 ,aft] ! fir/ eight ye>s (
 8  c>e]1 he ceas$ to deal ) ! causes   

connect$ ) ! failure (  poets4          
,fundam5tally1 all arts are ag5cies (   
expression ?r\gh !  repres5tation (     
nature & humanity4 ,) ! bread? ( vision 
:i*  ,br[n+ possess$ conc]n+ !          
possibilities ( expression 9 all  !     
arts1 !re 0 none ( ! five 9 :i* he did  
n1 at "s "t  or o!r1 wi% to express     
himself4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 c>e]1  :5 he 0 
=mulat+ 8 ideas ( a poet1 he express$ 8 
ideas (  t art by writ+ ab\t o!r poets4 
,b ) ideas & =ms = 8  own art once fully
 e/abli%$1 ! art became self-expressive4
 ,he no  long] ne$$ to write ab\t o!r   
poets2 = ! poet 9 himself _h  f\nd 8 own
 purpose & me?od4    ,x has already be5 
sugge/$ t ,br[n+'s appreciation ( music1
  z he express$ x 9 8 poems1 0          
qualitative1 r ?an  quantitative1 s f> z
 ,italian music is conc]n$4 ,?is art    
rivals  poetry 9 express+ ! highe/      
ye>n+s & ideals ( :i* !  s\l is capable1
 & is1 !re=e1 9 a v high degree1 ?\gh 9 
ab/ract =m1 ! art ( p]sonality4 ,& ?is  
art ,br[n+ express$  mo/ p]fectly1 z to 

! aims & ideals ( its arti/s1 :5 he     
*ose to d s4 ,b ) all 8 own feel+ =     
music & ) su*  ability z he express$ 9  
p]=mance1 x1 l poetry1 0 l>gely         
self-expressive = him4 ,t is he play$1  
in/ead ( writ+ poetry  ab\t music4      
,br[n+'s evid5t pref]5ce = o!r music ?an
 t  ( ! mod]n compos]s ( ,italy expla9s 
! lack ( space accord$  to !m4 ,yet 9   
spite ( ?is pref]5ce ! be/ ( 8 musical  
poems  7 built ab\t ,italians--obscure  
ones ?\gh !y may be4    ,br[n+ did no "w
 9 actual /udy ( ! te*nique ( pa9t+4 ,! 
ne>e/ he came to x 0 at ! "t ( 8 ?irte5 
days application  to draw+4#ahj ,yet    
pa9t+ is 9 a v l>ge degree expressive ( 
! s\l--its angui%1 sorr[1 failure1 joy1 
ec/asy1 or endeavor4  ,drawn to x by 8  
int]e/ 9 p]sonality1 ,br[n+ made x      
contribute  l>gely to 8 poems4 ,!       
,italian pa9t+ ) :i* he dealt _h  little
 to d ) l&scape or o!r phases ( nature4 
,x portray$  p]sons2 & /imulat$ by !    
pictures :i* he saw1 or by records  (   
p]sonality 9 ! biography ( arti/s1 he   

incorporat$ _m  ref]5ces to pa9t+ 9 8   
poems1 deal+ m l>gely ) x ?an  ) any o!r
 art4 ,s9ce1 too1 ,italy 0 ! home (     
pa9t+1 8  environm5t 0 v conducive to a 
developm5t ( 8 t5d5cy to make  pa9t+ an 
important elem5t 9 8 poems4    ,br[n+1 z
 poet & man1 0 able to =give any sort ( 
failure  if ! p]son :om he 0 judg+ _h   
only made a ?or\gh ef=t to  accompli%   
some?+4 ,he c>ri$ ?is doctr9e s f> z to 
make a  lack ( ef=t ! cause ( 8 c5sure (
 ! ,duke & ! ,lady 9  ,! ,/atue & !     
,bu/1 ev5 ?\gh ! fulfillm5t ( _! plan   
w\ld h be5 a s94 ,?is love = endeavor1  
:i* always accompanies  8 attitude t[>d 
any p]sonality1 along ) 8 en?usiasm =   
p]sonality itself expla9s 8 selection & 
emphasis 9 8 treatm5t  ( ! arts4 ,pa9t+ 
he decid$ly pref]r$ above sculpture =   
o!r reasons ?an its great] ability 9    
portray+ ! s\l4 ,?is  pref]5ce is /at$ 9
 ,old ,pictures 9 ,flor5ce1 & is bas$ on
 !  fact t ,greek art _h run1 & 8rea*$ !
 ,goal40 ,its ef=t1 !n1  0 ov]3         
8,!y are p]fect--h[ else8 !y %all nev]  

*ange3      ,we are faulty--:y n8 we h  
"t 9 /ore4      ,! ,artific]'s h& is n  
arre/$      ,) u 4440               99  
99       99       99       99           
8',tis a life-long toil till our lump be
 leav5--      ,! bett]6 ,:at's come to  
p]fection p]i%es40    ,^! quotations f  
,old ,pictures 9 ,flor5ce1 9 :i* ! poet1
 by  us+ ! fir/ p]son 9 8 ref]5ces to ! 
e>ly ma/]s ( ,italy  places himself 9 _!
 gr\p & ref]s to ,greek art 9 ! ?ird    
p]son1 are indications ( ! _s ( ! poem &
 ( ,br[n+'s  entire attitude t[>d       
endeavor 9 art4    ,to summ>ize1 !n3 few
 p]sons h z great an int]e/ 9 express+  
!mselves ?r\gh all ! arts z did ,rob]t  
,br[n+4 ,ar*itecture  & sculpture he    
appreciat$ lea/2 !re=e he express$ lea/ 
conc]n+ _! _s & feel+4 ,music 0 a       
fundam5tal "p (  8 life2 b he 0 able to 
embody 8 feel+s ab\t x 9 music  itself1 
n m]ely 9 poetry ab\t x4 ,yet because ( 
8 p]fect  und]/&+ ( x1 he has embodi$   
its _s 9 a few *oice poems1  mak+       
p]man5t1 by 8 treatm5t ( its evanesc5t  

quality1 !  ideas t c\ld n be left to ! 
_w by 8 play+4 ,pa9t+ he  deeply        
appreciat$ f *ildhood2 b beyond a few   
amateur ef=ts  = div]sion1 he c\ld n    
express 8 appreciation ( x by means  ( t
 art itself4 ,consequ5tly1 9 an         
unusually l>ge numb] ( 8  poems1 he gave
 u 8 view ( t art1 8 portraits ( its    
foll[]s1  hi/orical or imag9>y4         
,,iii4 ,,p]sonality ,,& ,,!             
,,arts4--,?r\gh 8 pres5tation ( arti/s1 
,br[n+ has giv5 ! _w _m diff]5t types ( 
"*4  ,prom95t among !m are ! foll[+3 ,! 
non-altrui/ic1  impractical             
poet--,sordello2 ! s5suali/--,bocafoli2 
! sup]ficial  "*--,pl>a2 ! regretful b  
optimi/ic ideali/--,abt ,vogl]2  ! co>se
 reali/1 :o yet possess$ a really f9e   
appreciation (  ,god's _w--,fra ,lippo  
,lippi2 ! weak1 ambitionless man--,&rea 
del ,s>to2 ! ke5ly s5sitive m9d--,pictor
 ,ignotus2 & !  re=m]--,pac*i>otto4     
,art is also connect$ ) ,br[n+'s "*     
portrayal 9 a  second>y sort ( way1 (   
:i* ,! ,r+ & ! ,book furni%es  excell5t 

illu/rations4 ,9 t poem p are *>act]iz$ 
by  _! lik5ess to "s "w ( art--e4 g41   
,pompilia is comp>$ to  ,raphael's      
,madonna2 or by _! fondness = "s        
p>ticul> "w (  art--e4 g41 ! ,pope      
*uckl+ ov] ! ,m]ry ,tales4    ,:ile     
,br[n+ m5tion$ ! great ma/]s 9 _m       
diff]5t poems1 x  is noticeable t he    
nev] us$ "o ( !m z ! ma9 subject ( a    
poem4 ,!re are ,&rea1 ,lippo1 & ,fur9i1 
b !re is no ,angelo &  no ,raphael4 ,?is
 is due to ! "o elem5t ( int]e/ on      
,br[n+'s  "p t has already be5 emphasiz$
 9 ?is *apt] & previ\s                  
ones--p]sonality4 ,br[n+ 0 int]e/$ 9 !  
arti/ he select$1  n m]ely z an arti/1 n
 z a di/+ui%$ figure1 b z a human  be+1 
^: attempts1 p>tial failure1 or         
developm5t1 ! poet wi%$  u to /udy )    
him4    ,v (t5 ! *>act]s :om ,br[n+ *ose
 to pres5t ei!r 9  connection ) ! arts  
or o!rwise1 7 su* z we d n approve  (--b
 nei!r did ,br[n+ approve ( !m4 ,8 !ory 
( art 0 no  m]e ae/hetic "o ( art =     
art's sake1 no m]e dogma ( didacticism4 

,x 0 r1 art = ! sake ( human nature1 (  
p]sonality4 ,( all  ! *>act]s he has    
drawn = u1 ! "o ^: expression ( art  be/
 gives ,br[n+'s own s5tim5ts is ,fra    
,lippo ,lippi1 ! pa9t]  & reali/1       
en?usia/ic =        8,! beauty & ! wond]
 & ! p[]1      ,! %apes ( ?+s1 _!       
colors1 lights1 & %ades1      ,*anges1  
surprises--& ,god made x all6           
99       99       99       99       99  
8,b :y n d z well z say1--pa9t ^!       
,j z !y are1 c>eless :at comes ( x80    
,num]\s in/ances might be cit$ z a pro( 
( ?is--,guido1 ! ,duke1  ! ,bi%op1 & _m 
o!rs4 ,all 8 human be+s1 !n1 ,br[n+ *ose
  because _! p]sonality appeal$ to him1 
z a /udy1 r ?an  because !y compell$ 8  
admiration1 :e!r he select$ !m f  ! _w (
 art or else:]e4      ,,iv4 ,,br[n+ ,,z 
,,! ,,poet ,,( ,,humanity4--,by         
consid]ation ( ,br[n+'s  g5]al attitude 
t[>ds ! arts1 ( 8 fondness = ! /ruggle (
  ! human s\l z a poetic !me1 & by a    
discussion ( 8 relative  emphasis on ea*
 art & ! me?od 9 :i* he *ose to treat x1

  ! fact has be5 e/abli%$ t ,br[n+ 0    
prim>ily ! poet (  ! human s\l1 & a poet
 ( ! arts z se5 ?r\gh ! m$ium (         
p]sonality4    ,:5 he 0 once ask$ if he 
lik$ nature1 he repli$1 8,yes b ,i  love
 m5 & wom5 bett]40 ,! arts--ar*itecture1
 music1 poetry1  sculpture1 & pa9t+--he 
lov$ also2 b he lov$ !m mo/ because  !y 
record$ human exp]i5ce1 & be/ :5 !y mo/ 
fully express$  ! /ruggles ( ! s\l1 &   
?us became ! direct embodim5t (         
p]sonality4          ,,app5dix          
,i4 ,,poems ,,conta9+ ,,ref]5ce ,,to    
,,italian ,,art4                #a4     
,paul9e1 #ahcc4              #b4        
,p>acelsus1 #ahce4              #c4     
,sordello1 #ahdj4              #d4      
,pippa ,passes1 #ahda4              #e4 
,my ,la/ ,du*ess1 #ahdb4                
#f4 ,9 a ,gondola1 #ahdb4               
#g4 ,w>+1 #ahdb4              #h4 ,!    
,boy & ! ,angel1 #ahde4              #i4
 ,"t's ,rev5ges1 #ahde4             #aj4
 ,! ,bi%op ord]s 8 ,tomb at ,/4 ,prax$'s
 ,*ur*1 #ahde4             #aa4 ,pictor 

,ignotus1 #ahde4             #ab4 ,!    
,italian 9 ,engl&1 #ahde4               
#ac4 ,luria1 #ahdf4             #ad4 ,a 
,s\l's ,trag$y1 #ahdf4             #ae4 
,*ri/mas-,eve & ,ea/]-,day1 #ahej4      
#af4 ,up at a ,villa1 #ahee4            
#ag4 ,a ,toccata ( ,galuppi's1 #ahee4   
#ah4 ,old ,pictures 9 ,flor5ce1 #ahee4  
#ai4 ,by ! ,fireside1 #ahee4            
#bj4 ,any ,wife to ,any ,husb&1 #ahee4  
#ba4 ,9 ,?ree ,days1 #ahee4             
#bb4 ,! ,gu>dian ,angel1 #ahee4         
#bc4 ,ma/] ,hugues ( ,saxe-,go?a1 #ahee4
             #bd4 ,! ,/atue & ! ,bu/1   
#ahee4             #be4 ,h[ x ,/rikes a 
,contempor>y1 #ahee4             #bf4   
,fra ,lippo ,lippi1 #ahee4              
#bg4 ,&rea del ,s>to1 #ahee4            
#bh4 ,bi%op ,bl\gram's ,apology1 #ahee4 
#bi4 ,"o ,^w ,m1 #ahee4             #cj4
 ,james ,lee's ,wife1 #ahfd4            
#ca4 ,abt ,vogl]1 #ahfd4                
#cb4 ,y\? & ,art1 #ahfd4                
#cc4 ,a ,face1 #ahfd4             #cd4  
,app>5t ,failure1 #ahfd4                

#ce4 ,! ,r+ & ! ,book1 #ahfh-i4         
#cf4 ,pr9ce ,hoh5/iel-,s*wangau1 #ahga4 
#cg4 ,fif9e at ! ,fair1 #ahgb4          
#ch4 ,r$ ,cotton ,night-,cap ,c\ntry1   
#ahgc4             #ci4 ,! ,inn ,album1 
#ahge4             #dj4 ,pac*i>otto1    
#ahgf4             #da4 ,c5ciaja1 #ahgf4
             #db4 ,filippo ,bald9ucci1  
#ahgf4             #dc4 ,pietro (       
,abano1 #ahhj4             #dd4 ,*ri/9a 
& ,monaldes*i1 #ahhc4             #de4  
,) ,*ri/oph] ,sm>t1 #ahhg4              
#df4 ,) ,francis ,fur9i1 #ahhg4         
#dg4 ,) ,*>les ,avison1 #ahhg4          
#dh4 ,ponte dell' ,angelo1 ,v5ice1      
#ahhi4             #di4 ,beatrice       
,signor9i1 #ahhi4             ,,ii4     
,,tabulation ,,( ,,ref]5ces ,,to        
,,individual ,,arts4        ,,sculpture 
,i4 ,sordello4              #a4 ,niccolo
 ,pisano 7#abjf-abgh74 ,by 8 /udy (     
nature                 & ! anci5ts1 gave
 ! dea?-bl[ to                          
,byzant9ism & h]ald$ ! ,r5aissance4     
#b4 ,giovanni ,pisano 7c4 #abej-accj74  

,8 _m pupils                 c>ri$ !    
cont9uation ( 8 fa!r's pr9ciples        
?r\gh\t nor!rn ,italy4           ,,ii4  
,pippa ,passes4              #a4 ,canova
 7#ageg-ahbb74 ,a ref9$1 classical1 b   
some:at artificial reviv] ( ,italian    
sculpture 9                 ! mod]n era4
                  a4 ,!                 
,psi*e-fanciulla--,psy*eas a "y girl    
) a butt]fly1 9 ! ,possagno ,gall]y4    
b4 ,piet--a /atue ( ! ,virg9 ) ! dead   
,*ri/ 9 h] arms1 9 ,possagno ,*ur*4     
#b4 ,jules4 ,an imag9>y "y sculptor1    
/udy+                 ,italian models4  
a4 ,almaign ,kais]4                  b4 
,hippolyta4                  c4 ,psy*e4 
d4 ,tydeus4          ,,iii4 ,my ,la/    
,du*ess4              #a4 ,claus (      
,innsbruck4 ,an imag9>y ,r5aissance     
sculptor4                  a4 ,neptune  
tam+ a sea-horse4           ,,iv4 ,!    
,bi%op ord]s 8 ,tomb at ,/4 ,prax$'s    
,*ur*4              #a4 ,tomb ( !       
,bi%op4              #b4 ,globe 9 !     
,*ur* ( ,il ,gesu4            ,v4       

,*ri/mas-,eve & ,ea/]-,day4             
#a4 ,e>ly ,*ri/ian attitude t[>d art4   
,,vi4 ,old ,pictures 9 ,flor5ce4        
#a4 ,niccolo ,pisano4              #b4  
,ghib]ti 7#acgh-adee74 ,a ,flor5t9e     
sculptor1 also                 important
 = p]spective 9 pa9t+1 ^: ideal         
comb9$ religi\s feel+ ) classical       
beauty4          ,,vii4 ,! ,/atue & !   
,bu/4              #a4 ,giovanni da     
,bologna 7,john ( ,d\ay7 7c4            
#aebd-afjh74                 ,an        
,italian ,r5aissance sculptor :o comb9es
                 te*nical k ) f9e poetic
 feel+4                  a4 ,/atue (    
,duke ,f]d9&1 by ,giovanni4             
b4 ,a bu/ ( ! ,lady4         ,,viii4 ,! 
,r+ & ! ,book4         7,i47 #a4        
,baccio's m>ble 7by ,baccio             
,b&9elli7--/atue (                 ,john
 ( ! ,black ,b&s1 fa!r ( ,cosimo de'    
,m$ici4              #b4 ,b]n9i's       
,triton4       7,,iii47 #c4 ,b]n9i's    
,triton4        7,,vi47 #d4 ,pasqu9's   
/atue4       7,,vii47 #e4 ,m>ble lion 9 

,san ,lor5zo4              #f4 ,virg9 at
 ,pompilia's /reet corn]4        7,,xi47
 #g4 ,bocca-dell'-,v]it--! fabl$ te/ = !
 v]ity                 ( witnesses1 a   
mask ( /one 9 ! portico ( !             
,*ur* ,santa ,m>ia 9 ,cosm$94           
,,music            ,i4 ,! ,engli%man 9  
,italy4              #a4 ,bell9i        
7#ahja-ahce74 ,an ,italian op]a compos]4
           ,,ii4 ,a ,toccata (          
,galuppi's4              #a4 ,galuppi   
7#agjf-aghe74 ,a compos] ( melodi\s     
r ?an orig9al op]as1 ^: workman%ip 0    
sup]ior to t ( 8 contempor>ies 9 h>mony 
& or*e/ration4          ,,iii4 ,ma/]    
,hugues ( ,saxe-,go?a4              #a4 
,ma/] ,hugues ( ,saxe-,go?a4 ,an imag9>y
                 compos]4               
#b4 ,pale/r9a 7#aebf-aeid74 ,fam\s =    
sav+ music to                 ! *ur* by 
submitt+ "s t met )                     
approval :5 ecclesia/ical au?orities 7  
ab\t                 to =bid its use4   
,,iv4 ,bi%op ,bl\gram's ,apology4       
#a4 ,v]di 7#ahac-aija74 ,"o ( ! greate/ 

mod]n                 ,italian compos]s1
 be/ kn[n by ,il ,trovatore1            
,rigoletto1 & ,la ,traviata4            
#b4 ,ross9i 7#aghb-ahfh74 ,a compos] ^: 
success                 ant$ates t (    
,v]di2 be/ kn[n by 8 op]a               
,william ,tell4            ,v4 ,abt     
,vogl]4              #a4 ,abt or ,abbe  
,vogl] 7#agdi-ahad74 ,an organi/ &      
compos] ( ,bav>ian bir?1 "s ( ^: /udy & 
public "w 7 done 9 ,italy4 ,?\gh he     
inv5t$                 a new sy/em (    
musical !ory1 8 ideas 7                 
empirical4           ,,vi4 ,y\? & ,art4 
#a4 ,grisi 7#ahaa-ahfi74 ,an ,italian   
op]a s+]4          ,,vii4 ,! ,r+ & !    
,book4         7,i47 #a4 ,corelli       
7#afec-agac74 ,a viol9 play] & compos]  
:o1 ?\gh he employ$ only a limit$ "p ( 8
                 in/rum5t's compass1    
made an epo* 9 *amb]                    
music & influ5c$ ,ba*4        7,,iv47   
#b4 ,magnificat--,ca?olic music4        
#c4 ,nunc ,dimittis4        7,,vi47 #d4 
,ave4              #e4 ,angelus4        

7,,vii47 #f4 ,ave ,m>ia4         7,x47  
#g4 ,sanctus et ,b5$ictus4              
7,,xii47 #h4 ,pat]4              #i4    
,ave4             #aj4 ,salve ,reg9a    
,cli4         ,,viii4 ,r$ ,cotton       
,night-,cap ,c\ntry4              #a4   
,gu>n]ius 7#afhg-agde74 ,joseph del     
,gesu1 "o ( !                 mo/ fam\s 
viol9 mak]s1 :o work$ = boldness        
( outl9e & massive con/ruction1 secur+ 9
                 consequ5ce1 a robu/    
tone4              #b4 ,antonius        
,/radiv>ius 7#afdd-agcg74 ,8 f9al model1
                 ) its s(t v>ni%1 n[    
irrecov]able1 br\ght                    
viol9 mak+ to its highe/ p]fection4     
#c4 ,corelli4              #d4 ,pagan9i 
7#aghd-ahdj74 ,a viol9 play] :o a*iev$  
su* brilliant success t 8 "n /ill /&s   
= all t is wond]ful 9 execution on t    
in/rum5t4           ,,ix4 ,p>ley+s )    
,*>les ,avison4              #a4        
,buononc9i 7#afgb-agej74 ,! au?or ( a   
musical                 treatise2 8 *ief
 claim to fame be+ ! fact               

t he influ5c$ ,h&el & ,sc>lotti4        
#b4 ,gem9iani 7c4 #afhj-agfb74 ,a       
viol9i/ (                 consid]able   
ability1 b z a compos]1 dry &           
defici5t 9 melody4        ,,poetry      
,i4 ,p>acelsus4              #a4        
,aprile4 ,an imag9>y poet4              
,,ii4 ,sordello4              #a4       
,sordello 7#ac?4 c5tury74 ,! mo/ fam\s (
 !                 ,mantuan tr\bad\rs4  
#b4 ,n9a4 ,a contempor>y ( ,sordello4   
#c4 ,alcamo4 ,a contempor>y ( ,sordello4
              #d4 ,pl>a4 ,an imag9>y    
poet4              #e4 ,bocafoli4 ,an   
imag9>y poet4              #f4 ,eglamor4
 ,an imag9>y poet4              #g4     
,dante4 7#abfe-acba74          ,,iii4   
,"t's ,rev5ges4              #a4 ,dante4
           ,,iv4 ,a ,s\l's ,trag$y4     
#a4 ,/iatta4 ,an imag9>y poet4          
,v4 ,up at a ,villa4              #a4   
,dante4              #b4 ,petr>*        
7#acjd-acgd74              #c4          
,boccaccio 7#acac-acge74           ,,vi4
 ,old ,pictures 9 ,flor5ce4             

#a4 ,dante4          ,,vii4 ,"o ,^w ,m4 
#a4 ,dante--,! ,inf]no4         ,,viii4 
,app>5t ,failure4              #a4      
,petr>*4           ,,ix4 ,! ,r+ & !     
,book4      7,,iii74  #a4 ,hundr$ ,m]ry 
,tales4 7,boccaccio74        7,v74  #b4 
,boccaccio4              #c4 ,sac*etti  
7#acce-adjj74 ,a poet & noveli/ :o left 
_m unpubli%$ sonnetti1 canzoni1 ballate1
 &                 madrigale1 & ^:      
novelle ?r[ light on !                  
mann]s ( 8 age4       7,,vi74  #d4 ,a   
,m>9esque ,adoniad4              #e4    
,m>9o 7#aefi-afbe74 ,a poet (           
disreputable life1                 lead]
 ( ! ,sec5tisimo p]iod1 ^: aim 0 to     
excite wond] by novelties & to cloak    
pov]ty (                 subject "u =m4 
#f4 ,dante4              #g4 ,pietro    
,aret9o 7#adib-aeef74 ,au?or ( satirical
                 sonnets1 burlesques1   
com$ies2 & a man (                      
pr(ligate life4        7,x74  #h4       
,aret9o4       7,,xi74  #i4 ,m]ry ,tales
 7,boccaccio74             #aj4 ,aret9o4

      7,,xii74 #aa4 ,petr>*4            
#ab4 ,tommaseo 7#ahjc-ahgd74 ,a mod]n   
,italian poet1                 au?or ( !
 inscription to ,mrs4 ,br[n+ plac$      
by ! city ( ,flor5ce on ! walls ( ,casa 
,guidi4            ,x4 ,! ,inn ,album4  
#a4 ,dante--,! ,inf]no4                 
,,ar*itecture            ,i4 ,sordello4 
#a4 ,goito4 ,an imag9>y #ac? c5tury     
ca/le1 us$ to                 influ5ce !
 life ( ,sordello by its beauty &       
solitude4              #b4 ,/4 ,m>k's4  
,a great l&m>k ( ,italian               
ar*itecture1 9 con/ruction f ! n9? to ! 
fifte5? c5tury1 & ! mo/ spl5did         
poly*romatic build+ 9 ,europe4          
#c4 ,piombi4 ,torture cells "u ! ,ducal 
,palace at                 ,v5ice4      
#d4 ,san ,pietro 7,m>tire74 ,a ,v]onese 
,go?ic *ur* (                 #acej4    
#e4 ,/4 ,francis4 ,a ,lomb>d ,go?ic *ur*
 at ,bassano4              #f4 ,ca/le   
,angelo4 ,a huge ,roman =tress con/ruct$
 9                 ! "t ( ,hadrian4     
#g4 ,san ,m9iato4 ,a ,flor5t9e *ur*     

built 9 ,c5tral                         
,romanesque /yle4              #h4      
,sant' ,eufemia4 ,a #ac? c5tury ,v]onese
 *ur*1 n[                 mod]niz$      
int]nally4           ,,ii4 ,pippa       
,passes4              #a4 ,/4           
,m>k's--,v5ice4              #b4        
,possagno ,*ur*4 ,design$ by ,canova 9  
#ahai1 z a                 place =      
/atues ( religi\s subjects4             
#c4 ,f5ice--or ,pho5ix4 ,! be/ mod]n    
!atre (                 ,v5ice1 built 9 
#ahcf4              #d4 ,academy ( ,f9e 
,arts4 ,a ,r5aissance build+ 9          
,v5ice4            ,asolo ,gr\p4        
#e4 ,duomo ( ,asolo4              #f4   
,pippa's ,t[]4 ,lat] ! /udio ( ,br[n+'s 
son4              #g4 ,*ur*4            
#h4 ,ca/le ( ,kate--( :i* ! banquet+    
hall is n[                 a !atre4     
#i4 ,turret4             #aj4 ,palace4  
#aa4 ,mill--n[ a lace s*ool4            
,,iii4 ,9 a ,gondola4              #a4  
,pulci ,palace--,v5ice4           ,,iv4 
,! ,boy & ! ,angel4              #a4 ,/4

 ,pet]'s4 ,9 process ( con/ruction dur+ 
!                 #af? & #ag? c5turies2 
! build+ t be/                 typifies 
! importance ( ! *ur* dur+ !            
middle ages4 ,built on ! ,greek cross   
plan1 x is                 surm\nt$ by !
 dome ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ! mo/          
nobly beautiful ( ar*itectural          
creations4            ,v4 ,! ,italian 9 
,engl&4              #a4 ,duomo at      
,padua4 ,a #af? c5tury build+ (         
admirable proportions4           ,,vi4  
,! ,bi%op ord]s 8 ,tomb at ,/4 ,prax$'s 
,*ur*4              #a4 ,santa          
,prass$e--or ,/4 ,prax$'s4 ,a *ur* 9    
,rome1                 f\nd$ on ! =m]   
site ( a refuge =                       
p]secut$ ,*ri/ians4 ,x is notable = !   
beauty                 ( its /one "w &  
mosaics1 "o ( its ri*                   
*apels be+ call$ ,orto del ,p>adiso4 ,! 
build+ is old b 0 re/or$ 9 ! #ae?       
c5tury4              #b4 ,il ,gesu4 ,an 
ornate #af? c5tury *ur* 9 ,rome1        
repres5t+ ! retrograde movem5t 9        

ar*itecture4          ,,vii4 ,luria4    
#a4 ,duomo4 ,! ,flor5t9e ca!dral1 fam\s 
= its                 dome ( #adbj1 its 
beautiful sculptur$ ext]ior &           
its cold br[n int]ior4              #b4 
,t[]s ( ,flor5ce--,san ,romano1 ,sant'  
,evola1 ,san                 ,m9iato1   
,santa ,scala1 & ,sant' ,empoli4        
,,viii4 ,*ri/mas-,eve & ,ea/]-,day4     
#a4 ,/4 ,pet]'s--,rome4           ,,ix4 
,a ,toccata ( ,galuppi's4               
#a4 ,/4 ,m>k's--,v5ice4            ,x4  
,! ,gu>dian ,angel4              #a4    
,*apel at ,fano4           ,,xi4 ,old   
,pictures 9 ,flor5ce4              #a4  
,giotto 7#abfg-accg74 ,ar*itect1 & !    
humaniz] (                 pa9t+1 z well
 z ! build] ( ! ,campanile4             
#b4 ,campanile4 ,! bell t[] ( !         
,flor5t9e ,duomo1                 built 
by ,giotto 9 #accb2 an ar*itectural     
triumph                 9 beauty &      
spl5dor4              #c4 ,santo        
,spirito4 ,a #ad? c5tury ,flor5t9e *ur*4
              #d4 ,duomo--,flor5ce4     

#e4 ,ognissanti--,flor5ce4              
,,xii4 ,by ! ,fireside4              #a4
 ,*apel ne> ,bagni di ,lucca4           
,,xiii4 ,! ,/atue & ! ,bu/4             
#a4 ,ant9ori ,palace4 ,an example (     
,r5aissance secul>                      
ar*itecture1 built ab\t #adha1 9        
,flor5ce4              #b4 ,ricc>di     
,palace4 ,a ,flor5t9e ca/le1 ! e>lie/   
& f9e/ example ( secul> ,r5aissance     
ar*itecture4          ,,xiv4 ,fra ,lippo
 ,lippi4              #a4 ,santa ,m>ia  
del ,c>m9e4 ,a #ae? c5tury *ur* &       
conv5t 9 ,flor5ce1 conta9+ frescoes by  
,masaccio & ,filipp9o ,lippi4           
#b4 ,palace ( ! ,m$ici--,flor5ce4       
#c4 ,/4 ,lawr5ce--or ,san ,lor5zo4 ,a   
,flor5t9e                 ,r5aissance   
*ur*1 rebuilt ab\t #adbe4               
#d4 ,/4 ,ambrose4 ,a ,flor5t9e edifice1 
! reput$                 sc5e ( a       
transub/antiation miracle 9 #agdf4      
,,xv4 ,bi%op ,bl\gram's ,apology4       
#a4 ,vatican4 ,! papal palace at ,rome1 
mo/ ( :i* z                 x exi/s n[1 

0 built no e>li] ?an !                  
fifte5? c5tury4          ,,xvi4 ,&rea   
del ,s>to4              #a4 ,*apel & !  
,conv5t--,flor5ce4         ,,xvii4 ,"o  
,^w ,m4              #a4 ,san           
,m9iato--,flor5ce4        ,,xviii4 ,abt 
,vogl]4              #a4 ,/4 ,pet]'s4   
,,xix4 ,! ,r+ & ! ,book4        7,i74   
#a4 ,san ,lor5zo4 ,! orig9al build+ by  
,brunelles*i                 9 #adbe or 
p]haps #adbj1 0 entru/$ to ,mi*ael      
,angelo = ! facade4 ,flor5ce4           
#b4 ,ricc>di ,palace--,flor5ce4         
#c4 ,san ,felice ,*ur*4 ,a little       
grey-wall$ ,flor5t9e                    
*ur*1 mo/ly 9 a v anci5t ,romanesque    
/yle1                 :i* c\ld be se5 f 
! w9d[s ( ,casa ,guidi4              #d4
 ,fiano ,palace4 ,an example ( secul>   
ar*itecture                 9 ,rome1    
built ab\t #acjj4              #e4      
,ruspoli ,palace4 ,built by ! ,rucellai 
family 9                 #aehf2 has "o (
 ! f9e/ :ite m>ble /air                 
cases 9 ,rome4       7,,ii74  #f4 ,san  

,lor5zo--,rome4 ,f\nd$ by ,sixtus ,,iii 
9 #ddj &                 mod]niz$ 9     
#aejf2 has a ,crucifixion by ,guido     
,r5i1 above ! high alt>4                
#g4 ,ruspoli ,palace--,rome4            
7,,iii74  #h4 ,sa9t ,anna's4 ,a mona/]y 
9 ,rome4              #i4 ,san          
,lor5zo--,rome4       7,,iv74 #aj4 ,san 
,lor5zo--,rome4             #aa4        
,vatican--,rome4        7,v74 #ab4      
,tord9ona--,rome4             #ac4 ,new 
,prisons--,rome4             #ad4 ,san  
,lor5zo--,rome4       7,,vi74 #ae4      
,pieve1 or ,santa ,m>ia della ,pieve4 ,a
 great *ur*                 9 ,arezzo1  
built 9 ! caprici\s1 extravagant        
/yle ( ! #ac? c5tury4             #af4  
,san ,lor5zo--,rome4             #ag4   
,duomo--,arezzo4      7,,vii47 #ah4 ,san
 ,lor5zo--,rome4             #ai4 ,san  
,giovanni4 ,a ,tuscan *ur* built 9 ,rome
 at !                 exp5se ( !        
,flor5t9es4             #bj4            
,pieve--,arezzo4     7,,viii74 #ba4     
,si/9e ,*apel4 ,*apel ( ! ,vatican1 at  

,rome2 a                 mo/ extreme    
example ( figure pa9t+ 9                
decoration1 b ju/ifi$ by ! excell5ce ( !
                 "w4 ,! ceil+ is ,mi*ael
 ,angelo's1 & on !                 alt> 
wall is 8 8,la/ ,judgm5t40        7,x74 
#bb4 ,vatican--,rome4             #bc4  
,pieve--,arezzo4             #bd4       
,mona/]y ( ! ,conv]tites--,rome4 ,f\nd$ 
9                 #aehd1 = ! spiritual  
c>e ( ! sick at ,rome4       7,,xi74    
#be4 ,c]tosa4 ,a beautifully situat$1 v 
ri*ly built                 mona/]y ( ! 
,c>?usians 9 ,val d' ,ema1 f\r          
miles f ,flor5ce1 built 9 ! #ad? c5tury 
,go?ic /yle4             #bf4           
,vallombrosa ,conv5t4 ,situat$ ne>      
,flor5ce2                 f\nd$ ab\t    
#afej1 by a rep5tant pr(ligate4         
#bg4 ,palace 9 ,via ,l>ga4 ,secul>      
,flor5t9e                 ar*itecture4  
#bh4 ,san ,lor5zo--,rome4               
#bi4 ,vatican--,rome4      7,,xii74 #cj4
 ,new ,prisons--,rome4             #ca4 
,san ,lor5zo--,rome4             #cb4   

,mona/]y ( ! ,conv]tites--,rome4        
,,xx4 ,fif9e at ! ,fair4                
#a4 ,/4 ,m>k's--,v5ice4          ,,xxi4 
,pac*i>otto4              #a4 ,san      
,b]n>d9o4 ,a ,r5aissance *ur* at ,si5a1 
)                 an ,oratory1 conta9+  
"w ( ,beccafumi1 ,pac*ia1               
& ,pac*i>otto4              #b4 ,duomo  
at ,si5a4 ,an unf9i%$ ca!dral1 ! mo/    
purely ,go?ic ( all ( ^? ( ,italy1 (    
unrivall$ solemnity & spl5dor4          
,,xxii4 ,filippo ,bald9ucci4            
#a4 ,san ,fr$iano4 ,a mod]n ,flor5t9e   
*ur*4        ,,xxiii4 ,pietro ( ,abano4 
#a4 ,lat]an4 ,=m]ly ! ,papal resid5ce1  
?\gh !                 pres5t /ructure1 
( #aehf1 0 nev] us$ = t                 
purpose & is n[ a museum ( classical    
sculpture                 & e>ly        
,*ri/ian rema9s4         ,,xxiv4 ,)     
,francis ,fur9i4              #a4 ,san  
,sano1 or ,ansano4 ,a ,flor5t9e p>i%    
*ur*4          ,,xxv4 ,ponte del        
,angelo1 ,v5ice4              #a4 ,h\se 
along ! ,bridge1 ( no importance        

ar*itecturally1 b connect$ ) an old     
leg5d                 :i* is ! subject (
 ! poem4        ,,pa9t+            ,i4  
,paul9e4              #a4 ,&rom$a4 ,by  
,polidoro da ,c>avaggio--! picture      
( ,p]seus free+ h] f ! sea mon/]4       
,,ii4 ,sordello4              #a4 ,guido
 ( ,si5a 7c4 #abej--74 ,! disput$ arti/ 
(                 a ,virg9 & ,*ild1 !   
date ( :i* may be ei!r                  
#abba or #abha4 ,if x be ! =m]1 "s (    
,cimabue's claims are di/urb$ by        
,guido's e>li]                 "w4      
#b4 ,guido ,r5i 7#aege-afdb74 ,a prime  
ma/] 9 !                 ,bolognese     
s*ool1 fai?ful to its eclectic          
pr9ciples & work+ ) consid]able arti/ic 
feel+1 b /ill ) a c]ta9 8core ( !       
commonplace40              #c4 ,&rom$a4 
,by ,c>avaggio4          ,,iii4 ,pippa  
,passes4              #a4 ,annibale     
,c>racci 7burlesque--8,hannibal         
,scrat*y07                 7#aefj-afji74
 ,) 8 bro!r & 8 uncle f\nd$             
! ,bolognese s*ool1 :i* 0 eclectic &    

compris$ ! good po9ts ( all ! great     
ma/]s4              #b4 ,correggio      
7#adid-aecd74 ,! head ( ! ,lomb>d       
,s*ool at ,p>ma1 a pa9t] ( graceful     
naturalness                 & sweetness 
& ( great te*nical p[] 9                
*i>oscuro4              #c4 ,titian     
7#adgg-aegf74 ,a ,v5etian pa9t] :o lack$
                 inv5tiv5ess b 0 !      
greate/ ( colori/s4                  a4 
,annunciation--9 ! ,ca!dral at ,treviso1
                     pa9t$ by ,titian 9 
#aeai4           ,,iv4 ,my ,la/ ,du*ess4
              #a4 ,fra ,p&olf4 ,an      
imag9>y arti/4            ,v4 ,9 a      
,gondola4              #a4 ,s*idone 7c4 
#aegj-afae74 ,a portrait pa9t] ( !      
,lomb>d s*ool4                  a4 ,eag]
 ,duke4 ,an imag9>y picture4            
#b4 ,luca ,giordano 7#afcb-agje74 ,call$
 ,luke-"w-fa/                 because ( 
8 fa!r's mis]ly urg+2 a pa9t]           
( sup]ficiality & facility4             
a4 ,prim ,sa9t4 ,an imag9>y picture4    
#c4 ,giorgione 7,ca/elfranco7           

7#adgg-aeaj74 ,a ,v5etian               
pa9t] :o did = 8 s*ool :at ,leon>do da  
,v9ci _h done = ,flor5ce tw5ty ye>s     
e>li]4                  a4              
,magdal5--imag9>y4              #d4     
,titian4                  a4 ,s] 7a     
picture74           ,,vi4 ,w>+4         
#a4 ,polidoro da ,c>avaggio4            
,,vii4 ,pictor ,ignotus4                
#a4 ,pictor ,ignotus--an imag9>y pa9t] (
 ,italy4         ,,viii4 ,*ri/mas-,eve &
 ,ea/]-,day4              #a4 ,mi*ael   
,angelo & discussion ( pa9t+4           
,,ix4 ,old ,pictures 9 ,flor5ce4        
#a4 ,mi*ael ,angelo 7#adge-aefd74 ,a    
,flor5t9e ma/] 9                 pa9t+1 
sculpture1 & ar*itecture4 ,no o!r       
s+le p]son ev] s dom9at$ art z he1 ) 8  
,italian 8t]ribilita01 or /ormy en]gy ( 
conception1 & 8 great dramatic p[]4     
#b4 ,raphael 7#adhc-aebj74 ,a ma/] (    
comb9$                 draughtsman%ip1  
color+1 & graceful                      
composition2 popul> & unexcell$ 9       
v]satility4              #c4 ,leon>do da

 ,v9ci 7#adeb-aeai74 ,! e>lie/ ( !      
great ma/]s ( ! ,high ,r5aissance1 & !  
fir/ to completely ma/] anatomy &       
te*nique4              #d4 ,cavali]e    
,dello 7c4 #adjd-;c4 #adfd74 ,an        
unimportant                 ,flor5t9e   
pa9t] ( frescoes4              #e4      
,/efano 7#acbd8-aceg874 ,call$ ! 8,ape (
 ,nature0                 because he    
foll[$ h] closely 9 an age (            
unreali/ic pa9t+4              #f4      
,cimabue 7#abdj-;c4 #acjb74 ,! fir/     
pa9t] (                 importance 9 !  
revival ( t art1 ! "o :o                
=m$ its fir/ pr9ciples1 ?\gh he ow$     
some?+ to ! ,pisan sculptors4           
#g4 ,ghirl&ajo 7#addi-adid74 ,good 9 8  
g5]al                 atta9m5t b lack+ 9
 orig9ality1 &                 rememb]$ 
= "o fam\s pupil--,mi*ael ,angelo4      
#h4 ,s&ro 7,botticelli7 7#addd-aeaj74 ,a
 ,flor5t9e                 pa9t]1 imbu$ 
) a /ra9 ( fantasy1                     
my/icism1 & allegory4              #i4  
,lipp9o 7#adfj-aeje74 ,! son ( ,fra     

,lippo ,lippi1 a                 pa9t] (
 consid]able skill1 ! fir/ to           
introduce detail 9 antique co/umes4     
#aj4 ,fra ,angelico 7#achg-adee74 ,a    
holy1 self-d5y+                 pa9t] ( 
faces t %[$ a 8sexless                  
religiosity40             #aa4 ,lor5zo  
,monaco 7#acgj-adbe74 ,a ,flor5t9e monk 
&                 pa9t] ( mu* religi\s  
s5tim5t4             #ab4 ,pollajolo    
7#adbi-adih74 ,an important pa9t] ^:    
works %[ brutality1 b :o 0 a close /ud5t
                 ( muscul> anatomy4     
#ac4 ,baldov9etti 7#adbg-adii74 ,a      
,flor5t9e2 "o ( a                 gr\p (
 sci5tific reali/s & naturali/s4        
#ad4 ,m>gh]itone 7c4 #abcf-abhi74 ,an   
e>ly ,tuscan                 pa9t] ^: "w
 %[s ! /iffness & crude                 
color ( ! ,byzant9e arti/s4             
#ae4 ,c>lo ,dolci 7#afaf-afhf74 ,an     
unimportant ,flor5t9e                   
pa9t] ( c>eful workman%ip & religi\s    
s5tim5tality4             #af4 ,giotto  
7#abfg8-accg74 ,a pa9t] & ar*itect1 !   

real humaniz] ( pa9t+4             #ag4 
,&rea ,orgagna 7#acjh-acfh74 ,a         
,flor5t9e pa9t]                 & arti/ 
9 o!r l9es z well4             #ah4     
,taddeo ,gaddi 7c4 #acjj-acff74 ,pa9t] &
 ar*itect4            ,x4 ,9 ,?ree      
,days4              #a4 ,g5]al ref]5ce  
to e>ly art4           ,,xi4 ,! ,gu>dian
 ,angel4              #a4 ,gu]c9o       
7#aeia-afff74 ,! 8squ9t-ey$02 a         
,bolognese pa9t]4                  a4   
,angel at ,fano4          ,,xii4 ,any   
,wife to ,any ,husb&4              #a4  
,titian's ,v5us4         ,,xiii4 ,h[ x  
,/rikes a ,contempor>y4              #a4
 ,titian4          ,,xiv4 ,fra ,lippo   
,lippi4              #a4 ,lippi         
7#adjf-adfi74 ,a reali/ ( good color+ & 
te*nique1 a pa9t] ( enjoyable pictures  
%[+                 p[] ( obs]vation4   
a4 ,j]ome4                  b4 ,/4      
,lawr5ce4                  c4           
,coronation ( ! ,virg9--9 ,/4 ,ambrose4 
#b4 ,angelico4              #c4 ,monaco4
              #d4 ,guidi ,masaccio      

7#adjb-adbi74 ,a ,flor5t9e2 !           
ma/] ( ,lippi1 ! fir/ to make           
consid]able                 advancem5t 9
 atmosph]ic p]spective & to pa9t        
ar*itectural backgr\nd 9 proportion to !
 human                 figures4         
#e4 ,giotto4           ,,xv4 ,&rea del  
,s>to4              #a4 ,&rea           
7#adhg-aeac74 ,a ,flor5t9e1 ! 8faultless
                 pa9t]10 :o lack$       
elevation & ideality 9 8                
works4              #b4 ,raphael4       
#c4 ,vas>i 7#aeaa-aega74 ,a ,flor5t9e   
arti/1 /ud5t (                 ,mi*ael  
,angelo1 imitative & feeble z a pa9t]1  
b int]e/+ z an art hi/orian4            
#d4 ,mi*ael ,angelo4              #e4   
,leon>do da ,v9ci4          ,,xvi4      
,bi%op ,bl\gram's ,apology4             
#a4 ,correggio4                  a4     
,j]ome4              #b4 ,giulio ,romano
 7#adbi-aedf74 ,a r ornate arti/1       
! executor ( "s "w on ! ,vatican4       
#c4 ,raphael4              #d4 ,mi*ael  
,slay+ ! ,dragon--by ,raphael4          

,,xvii4 ,"o ,^w ,m4              #a4    
,raphael4                  a4 ,si/9e    
,madonna4                  b4 ,madonna  
,foligno4                  c4 ,madonna (
 ! ,gr& ,duke4                  d4      
,madonna ( ! ,lilies4              #b4  
,guido ,r5i4              #c4 ,lippi4   
#d4 ,&rea4        ,,xviii4 ,james ,lee's
 ,wife4              #a4 ,leon>do da    
,v9ci4          ,,xix4 ,a ,face4        
#a4 ,correggio4              #b4 ,g5]al 
ref]5ce to ! e>ly art ( ,tuscany4       
,,xx4 ,! ,r+ & ! ,book4        7,i74    
#a4 ,luigi ,ademollo 7#agfd-ahdi74 ,a   
,flor5t9e pa9t] (                       
hi/orical & fresco works1 ^: works %[   
sup]ficial skill4              #b4      
,joconde1 or ,mona ,lisa1 by ,da        
,v9ci--! woman (                 !      
my/]i\s smile1 rec5tly return$ to !     
,l\vre4       7,,ii74  #c4 ,guido ,r5i4 
a4 ,crucifixion1 9 ,san ,lor5zo at      
,rome4      7,,iii74  #d4 ,c>lo ,m>atta 
7#afbe-agac74 ,a pa9t] at ,rome1 an     
imitator ( ,raphael & ! ,c>racci4       

7,,iv74  #e4 ,raphael4              #f4 
,correggio4                  a4 ,l$a4   
7,v74  #g4 ,pietro da ,cortona          
7#aeif-affi74 ,ma9ly a sc5ic &          
fresco pa9t]1 ! e/imate ( :om has decl9$
                 s9ce 8 own "t4         
#h4 ,ciro ,f]ri 7#afcd-afhi74 ,a pupil (
 ,pietro1 s                 imitative ( 
8 ma/] t ! "w ( ! two                 _c
 be di/+ui%$4       7,,vi74  #i4        
,raphael4      7,,vii74 #aj4 ,/4 ,george
 ,slay+ ! ,dragon--by ,vas>i4           
7,,viii74 #aa4 ,c>lo ,m>atta4           
7,,ix74 #ab4 ,m>atta4             #ac4  
,luca ,giordano4             #ad4       
,mi*ael ,angelo4             #ae4       
,raphael4             #af4 ,pietro da   
,cortona4             #ag4 ,ciro ,f]ri4 
7,x74 #ah4 ,/4 ,mi*ael4       7,,xi74   
#ai4 ,albani 7#aehg-affj74 ,a ,bolognese
 :o also work$ at                 ,rome2
 a pa9t] ( m9ute elaboration & f9i%1    
& "o ( ! fir/ to devote himself to      
cab9et                 pa9t+4           
#bj4 ,picture 9 ,vallombrosa ,conv5t4   

#ba4 ,raphael--any picture4             
#bb4 ,titian4             #bc4 ,fra     
,angelico4             #bd4 ,mi*ael     
,angelo4      7,,xii74 #be4 ,mi*ael     
,angelo4          ,,xxi4 ,pr9ce         
,hoh5/iel-,s*wangau4              #a4   
,raphael4              #b4 ,salvator    
,rosa 7#afae-afgc74 ,a ,neapolitan pa9t]
 (                 battle sc5es &       
l&scapes1 ) a t5d5cy                    
t[>d ! picturesque & romantic4          
,,xxii4 ,fif9e at ! ,fair4              
#a4 ,raphael4              #b4 ,bazzi   
7#adgg-aeid74 ,an ,italian ,r5aissance  
pa9t]                 :o 0 greatly      
influ5c$ by ,leon>do da ,v9ci1          
& 9 turn1 _h great influ5ce on ! ,si5ese
                 s*ool4              #c4
 ,mi*ael ,angelo4        ,,xxiii4 ,r$   
,cotton ,night-,cap ,c\ntry4            
#a4 ,mi*ael ,angelo4              #b4   
,correggio4                  a4 ,l$a4   
,,xxiv4 ,pac*i>otto & ,h[ ,he ,work$ 9  
,di/emp]4              #a4 ,pac*i>otto  
7#adgd-874 ,a ,si5ese pa9t]1 re=m]1     

& conspirator4              #b4 ,pac*ia 
7b4 #adgg74 ,a ,si5ese pa9t] contempor>y
                 to ,pac*i>otto1 & also 
a re=m] &                 conspirator4  
#c4 ,fungaio 7c4 #adfj-;c4 #aeaf74 ,"o (
 ! la/ ( !                 old s*ool4 ,8
 works h rigidity & awkw>d              
/iffness4              #d4 ,bazzi4      
#e4 ,beccafumi 7#adhf-aeea74 ,a ,si5ese 
pa9t] :o weakly                 imitat$ 
,angelo & attempt$ to rival ,sodoma4    
#f4 ,giotto4          ,,xxv4 ,filippo   
,bald9ucci4              #a4 ,buti4 ,!  
pa9t]'s "n "u :i* ,bald9ucci1 9         
8 hi/ory ( art1 records ! ev5ts =m+ !   
subject ( ,br[n+'s poem4                
#b4 ,titian4                  a4 ,l$a4  
#c4 ,bald9ucci 7#afbd-afif74 ,a         
,flor5t9e art hi/orian                  
:o attempt$ to prove ! !ory t all art 0 
d]iv$ f 8 native city4         ,,xxvi4  
,c5ciaja4              #a4 ,titian4     
,,xxvii4 ,*ri/9a & ,monaldes*i4         
#a4 ,primaticcio 7#aejd-aegj74 ,an      
,italian pa9t] ( !                      

,bolognese s*ool1 :o did ! fir/         
important                 /ucco & fresco
 "w 9 ,france4       ,,xxviii4 ,m>y     
,woll/onecraft & ,fuseli4               
#a4 ,fuseli4 7#agda-ahbe74 ,an ,engli%  
pa9t] (                 exagg]at$ /yle1 
:o attempt$ to be ,italianate           
& *ang$ 8 "n to h>monize ) ! attempt4   
,,xxix4 ,p>ley+s ) ,*ri/oph] ,sm>t4     
#a4 ,mi*ael ,angelo4              #b4   
,raphael4          ,,xxx4 ,p>ley+s )    
,francis ,fur9i4              #a4 ,fur9i
 7#afjj-afdi74 ,a ,flor5t9e arti/ & an  
excell5t pa9t] ( ! nude1 :o lat] became 
a                 p>i% prie/ & wi%$ 8   
undrap$ pictures                        
de/roy$4              #b4 ,mi*ael       
,angelo4              #c4 ,bald9ucci4   
#d4 ,da ,v9ci4          ,,index         
,abt ,vogl]1 #ad1 #ae1 #bc1 #be1 #bf1   
#cf1 #dh1 #di1 #ec1 #eh1 #fd            
,academy ( ,f9e ,arts1 ,v5ice1 #fb      
,ademollo1 ,luigi1 #ga      ,agamemnon1 
#ad      ,albani1 #ga      ,alcamo 79   
,sordello71 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 #fj          

,&rea del ,s>to1 #bg1 #db1 #dc1 #dd1    
#de1 #df1 #dg1 #dh1 #di1 #ec1 #fd1 #gj  
8,&rom$a10 ,c>avaggio's1 #da1 #dd1 #ff1 
#fg      ,any ,wife to ,any ,husb&1 #dd1
 #fi      ,app>5t ,failure1 #fj         
,aprile 79 ,p>acelsus71 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1  
#fj      ,aret9o1 ,pietro1 #bi1 #cc1 #fa
      ,ari/ophanes' ,apology1 #ad       
,augu/us1 a bu/ by ,br[n+1 #ab          
,baldov9etti1 #fi      ,b&9elli1        
,baccio1 #ae1 #ba1 #eg      ,bazzi1     
,giovanni ,antonio1 #de1 #dh1 #gb       
,beatrice ,signor9i1 #da1 #dd1 #de1 #df 
,beccafumi1 #ff1 #gb      ,bee?ov51 #aj 
,bell9i1 ,v9c5zo1 #bc1 #bd1 #be1 #bg1   
#eh      ,b]n9i1 #ae1 #eg      ,bi%op   
,bl\gram's ,apology1 #bf1 #bg1 #cf1 #dd1
 #eh1 #fd1 #gj      ,bi%op ord]s 8      
,tomb1 ,!1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bb1 #cf1
 #ch1 #di1 #ej1 #eg1          #fb       
,bocafoli 79 ,sordello71 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 
#ec1 #fj      ,boccaccio1 #bi1 #cb1 #cc1
 #fj1 #fa      8,bocca-dell'-,v]ita10   
#ae1 #ba1 #eh      ,botticelli1 #fh     
,boy & ! ,angel1 ,!1 #cf1 #fb           

,br[n+1 ,elizabe? ,b>rett1 #aj1 #aa1    
#ab1 #ac1 #bf1 #cd1 #da1 #db1 #dc1 #di1 
#fa      ,br[n+1 ,wi$emann1 #aj1 #aa    
,buononc9i1 ,giovanni ,batti/a1 #bc1    
#be1 #ei      ,buti1 #gc      ,byron1   
,"l1 #bc1 #ch      ,by ! ,fireside1 #i1 
#cf1 #fc        ,campanile1 ,!1         
,flor5ce1 #ce1 #cf1 #dc1 #fc            
,canova1 #ab1 #ae1 #ah1 #bb1 #ef1 #eg1  
#fb      ,c>avaggio1 #da1 #dd1 #ff1 #fg1
 #fh      ,c>racci1 ,annibale1 #ab1 #fg 
,ca/le ,angelo1 #fa      ,ca?olic       
,hymns1 #bc-bd1 #ei      ,c5ciaja1 #de1 
#gc      ,*apel ne> ,bagni di ,lucca1   
#fc2      at ,fano1 #fc2      at        
,flor5ce1 #fd      ,*>les ,avison1      
,p>ley+s )1 #be1 #bf1 #de1 #dh1 #ei     
,*ri/9a & ,monaldes*i1 #gc              
,*ri/mas-,eve & ,ea/]-,day1 #i1 #af1    
#ag1 #bj1 #bb1 #cf1 #ch1 #ej1 #eg1 #fc1 
#fh      ,*ri/oph] ,sm>t1 ,p>ley+s )1   
#de1 #gc      ,*ur*es1 ,italian3        
,il ,gesu1 #eg1 #fc2      ,ognissanti1  
#fc2      ,pieve at ,arezzo1 #cg1 #fe2  
,possagno1 #eg1 #fb2      ,/4 ,francis1 

#fa2      ,/4 ,m>k's1 #cf1 #fa1 #fb1    
#fc1 #ff2      ,/4 ,pet]'s1 #cf1 #ch1   
#ci1 #ej1 #fb1 #fc1 #fd2      ,s4       
,ambrogio1 #dg1 #fd1 #gj2      ,s4      
,b]n>d9o1 #ff2      ,s4 ,empoli1 #fc2   
,s4 ,eufemia1 #fb2      ,s4 ,evola1 #fc2
      ,s4 ,felice1 #fd2      ,s4        
,fr$iano1 #ff2      ,s4 ,giovanni1 #fe2 
,s4 ,lor5zo1 #cf1 #eh1 #fd1 #fe1 #ff1   
#ga2      ,s4 ,m9iato1 #fa1 #fc1 #fd2   
,s4 ,m>ia della ,scala1 #fc2      ,s4   
,m>ia del ,c>m9e1 #fd2      ,s4 ,m>ia 9 
,cosm$91 #eh2      ,s4 ,pietro ,m>tire1 
#fa2      ,s4 ,press$e 7,/4 ,prax$'s71  
#ai1 #ch1 #fb2      ,s4 ,romano1 #fc2   
,s4 ,sano1 #ff2      ,s4 ,spirito1 #fc  
,cimabue1 #dj1 #db1 #ff1 #fh      ,claus
 ( ,innsbruck 79 ,my ,la/ ,du*ess71 #ae1
 #ai1 #eg      ,conv5t1 at ,flor5ce1    
#fd2 ,vallombrosa1 #fe1 #gb             
,corelli1 ,arcangelo1 #bc1 #be1 #ei     
,correggio1 #ab1 #dj1 #dd1 #fg1 #gj1    
#ga1 #gb2      8 8,j]ome01 #gj1 #gb2    
8,l$a01 #ga1 #gb      8,crucifixion01   
,guido's1 #cg1 #ga        ,dante1 #bi1  

#cb1 #cc1 #cd1 #fj1 #fa      8,david01  
,dom5i*9o's1 #ab      ,da ,v9ci1        
,leon>do1 #ab1 #dj1 #dd1 #fg1 #fh1 #gj1 
#ga1 #gb1 #gc2      8,mona ,lisa01 #ga  
,decam]on1 ,!1 #cc1 #fj1 #fa      ,dello
 di ,niccolo ,delli1 #dj1 #fh      ,de  
,vulg>io ,eloquio1 #cb      ,div9e      
,com$y1 ,!1 #cb      ,dolci1 ,c>lo1 #fi 
,dom5i*9o1 #ab      ,dore1 ,gu/ave1 #de 
,dramatic ,monologue1 ,use (1 #di       
,dulwi* ,gall]y1 #aj1 #aa      ,duomo1  
,!1 at ,arezzo1 #fe2      at ,asolo1    
#fb2      at ,flor5ce1 #cf1 #fc2      at
 ,padua1 #fb2      at ,si5a1 #ff        
,dvorak1 ,anton91 #be        8,eag]     
,duke1 ,!01 79 ,9 a ,gondola71 #fg      
,ea/lake1 ,sir ,*>les1 #ac      ,eglamor
 79 ,sordello71 #bi1 #cj1 #fj           
,elegy on ,new/ead ,abbey1 ,byron's1 #ch
      ,engli%man 9 ,italy1 ,!1 #bd1 #eh 
,epi/le ( ,k>%i%1 ,an1 #ad        ,face1
 ,a1 #de1 #di1 #ga      ,fauveau1 ,mme4 
de1 #aa      ,f5ice ,!atre1 ,v5ice1 #fb 
,f]d9&1 ,/atue ( ,duke1 #ae1 #bj1 #eg   
,f]i%tah's ,fancies1 #ad      ,f]ri1    

,ciro1 #de1 #ga      ,fif9e at ! ,fair1 
#de1 #dh1 #ff1 #gb      ,filippo        
,bald9ucci1 #dd1 #de1 #df1 #di1 #ff1 #gc
      ,fi%]1 ,mr41 #aa      ,flight ( ! 
,du*ess1 ,!1 #i      ,f\nta9 ( !        
,tritons1 #ae1 #ba1 #eg      ,fra       
,angelico1 #fi1 #gj1 #gb      ,fra      
,lippo ,lippi1 #ad1 #ae1 #cf1 #db1 #dd1 
#de1 #df1 #dg1 #dh1 #di1 #ec1 #fd1 #fh1 
#fi1 #gj      ,francis ,fur9i1 ,p>ley+s 
)1 #de1 #df1 #ec1 #ff1 #gc              
,fungaio1 #gb      ,fuseli1 #gc         
,gaddi1 ,taddeo1 #ce1 #fi      ,galuppi1
 ,baldass>o1 #bc1 #bg1 #eh              
,gem9iani1 ,francesco1 #bc1 #be1 #ei    
,ghib]ti1 ,lor5zo1 #ae1 #eg             
,ghirl&ajo1 #db1 #dc1 #fh      ,gibson1 
,john1 #aa      ,giorgione1 #fg         
,giordano1 ,luca1 #de1 #fg1 #ga         
,giorno di ,regno1 ,un1 ,v]di's1 #bg    
,giott9o1 #db      ,giotto1 #ce1 #ci1   
#db1 #fc1 #fi1 #gj1 #gb      ,giovanni  
da ,bologna 7,john ( ,d\ay71 #ae1 #eg   
,goito ,ca/le1 #bj1 #ch1 #fa      ,gold 
,hair1 #ad      ,grisi1 ,giulia1 #bc1   

#be1 #bg1 #ei      ,gu>dian ,angel1 ,!1 
#db1 #dc1 #de1 #di1 #fc1 #fi            
,gu>n]ius 7,joseph del ,jesu71 #bc1 #be1
 #ei      ,gu]c9o1 #ab1 #dc1 #fi        
,guido ( ,si5a1 #ff        ,h&el1       
,george ,fr$]ick1 #be1 #ei      ,hawor?1
 ,miss1 #aa1 #ab1 #bb      ,h]akles1 #ad
      ,horne1 ,r4 ,h41 #ac1 #db         
,hosm]1 ,h>riet1 #aa      ,h[ x ,/rikes 
a ,contempor>y1 #bi1 #fi        ,9 a    
,gondola1 #cf1 #fb1 #fg      ,inn       
,album1 ,!1 #fa      ,inside ( ! ,k+'s  
,college ,*apel 7,wordswor?71 #ch       
,9 ! ,ca!dral at ,cologne 7,wordswor?71 
#ch      ,9 ,?ree ,days1 #dd1 #fi       
,italian 9 ,engl&1 ,!1 #cf1 #fb         
,james ,lee's ,wife1 #dd1 #ga           
,jameson1 ,mrs41 #ab1 #db      8,john ( 
! ,black ,b&s10 /atue (1 #ae1 #eg       
,jules 79 ,pippa ,passes71 #ae1 #ah1    
#dd1 #ej1 #eg        ,keats1 #i         
,k5yon1 ,fr$]ick ,g41 #aj1 #cg1 #dc     
,kirkup1 ,mr41 #aa1 #db      ,kugl]1    
,franz1 ,h&book ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,art1 #ac 
,lady & ! ,pa9t]1 ,!1 #bj      ,lat]an1 

,!1 #ff      ,leighton1 ,fr$]ick1 #aa1  
#bh1 #cf      ,lippi1 ,filipp9o1 #dj1   
#fd1 #fh      ,liszt1 ,franz1 #be       
,luria1 #ad1 #cf1 #fc        ,madonna1  
,raphael's1 #dd1 #ec      ,magdal5 7,9 a
 ,gondola71 #fg      ,m>atta1 ,c>lo1    
#dd1 #de1 #ga      ,m>gh]itone1 #fi     
,m>9o1 #bi1 #fa      ,m>y               
,woll/onescraft & ,fuseli1 #gc          
,masaccio1 ,guidi1 #dg1 #fd1 #gj        
,ma/] ,hugues ( ,saxe-,go?a1 #bc1 #be1  
#bf1 #di1 #eh      ,memorabilia1 #cb1   
#cd      ,m5 & ,wom51 #ab      ,m]ry    
,tales1 ,sac*etti's1 #cc      ,mi*ael   
,angelo1 #bg1 #dj1 #dc1 #de1 #dh1 #ec1  
#fb1 #fd1 #fe1 #fh1 #gj1 #ga1 #gb1 #gc  
,mi*ael1 ,raphael's1 #dd1 #gj           
,monaco1 ,lor5zo1 #fi1 #gj              
,mona/]y1 ,c]tosa1 #fe2      ( !        
,conv]tites1 #fe1 #ff2      ( ,/4 ,anna1
 #fe      ,my ,la/ ,du*ess1 #ae1 #af1   
#ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bb1 #di1 #eg1 #fg       
,neptune1 7/atue 9 ,my ,la/ ,du*ess71   
#ai1 #eg      ,n9a 79 ,sordello71 #bi1  
#cj1 #ca1 #fj        ,old ,abbeys       

7,wordswor?71 #ch      ,old ,pictures 9 
,flor5ce1 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #bb1 #ce1 #cf1 
#ci1 #dj1 #db1 #dc1          #de1 #di1  
#ej1 #eb1 #eg1 #fj1 #fc1 #fh      ,"o   
,^w ,m1 #bi1 #cb1 #cf1 #db1 #de1 #di1   
#fj1 #fd1 #gj      ,orgagna1 #fi        
,orr's1 ,mrs41 ,life ( ,br[n+1 #aj1 #aa1
 #da        ,pac*ia1 #ff1 #gb           
,pac*i>otto1 #cf1 #de1 #df1 #ec1 #ff1   
#gb      ,pagan9i1 ,niccolo1 #bc1 #be1  
#bg1 #ei      ,page1 ,william1 #aa      
,palace1 ,ant9ori1 #fc2      ,ducal1    
,v5ice1 #fa2      ,fiano1 #fd2          
,m$ici1 #fd2      ,pulci1 #fb2          
,ricc>di1 #fd2      ,ruspoli1 #fd1 #fe2 
,via ,l>ga1 #fe      ,pale/r9a1 #bc1 #eh
      ,p&olf1 ,fra 79 ,my ,la/ ,du*ess71
 #fg      ,p>acelsus1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1    
#db1 #fj      ,pasqu9's /atue1 #ae1 #ba1
 #eh      ,paul9e1 #i1 #bi1 #cj1 #cb1   
#cd1 #da1 #dd1 #ff      ,petr>*1 #bi1   
#cb1 #fj1 #fa      ,pheidippides1 #ad   
,pictor ,ignotus1 #db1 #de1 #df1 #di1   
#ec1 #fh      8,pieta01 ,canova's1 #ae1 
#eg      ,pietro d' ,abano1 #ff         

,pietro da ,cortona1 #de1 #ga           
,pippa ,passes1 #i1 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 
#ai1 #bb1 #cf1 #db1 #dd1 #ej1 #ef1 #fb1 
#fg      ,pisano1 ,giovanni1 #ae1 #af1  
#ag1 #ef1 #fh      ,pisano1 ,niccolo1   
#ae1 #af1 #ag1 #ef1 #eg1 #fh      ,pl>a 
79 ,sordello71 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 #ec1 #fj  
,pollajola1 ,antonio1 #dj1 #fi          
,ponte dell' ,angelo1 ,v5ice1 #ff       
,p[]s1 ,hiram1 #aa1 #bh                 
,primaticcio1 #gc      8,prim ,sa9t0 79 
,9 a ,gondola71 #fg      ,pr9ce         
,hoh5/iel-,s*wangau1 #gb                
8,psi*e-fanciulla01 ,canova's1 #ae1 #eg 
,psy*e1 a bu/ by ,br[n+1 #ab            
,raphael1 #bg1 #dj1 #dc1 #dd1 #de1 #dh1 
#ec1 #fh1 #gj1 #ga1 #gb1 #gc      ,r$   
,cotton ,night-,cap ,c\ntry1 #be1 #de1  
#ei1 #gb      ,r5i1 ,guido1 #ab1 #dc1   
#fe1 #fg1 #fi1 #gj1 #ga      ,r+ & !    
,book1 ,!1 #ab1 #ad1 #af1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb1
 #bd1 #cc1 #cf1 #cg1 #ch1          #dj1 
#dd1 #de1 #ec1 #eg1 #eh1 #ei1 #fj1 #fd1 
#fe1 #ga      ,romanelli1 #df1 #dg      
,romano1 ,giulio1 #dd1 #gj              

,rossetti1 ,w4 ,m41 #dg      ,ross9i1   
#bc1 #be1 #bg1 #bh1 #eh                 
,sac*etti1 ,franco1 #bi1 #cc1 #cd1 #ec1 
#fj      ,/4 ,george1 ,vas>i's1 #ga     
,salvator ,rosa1 #gb      ,saul1 #bc    
,s*idone1 #fg      ,s] 7a picture71 #fg 
,s] ,giovanni1 #fe      ,%elley1 #i1    
#cj1 #cb1 #cd1 #dh      ,sonnet on      
,*illon1 ,byron's1 #ch      ,sordello1  
#ab1 #af1 #ag1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb1 #bi1 #cj1 
#ca1 #cb1 #cd1 #cf1 #cg1 #ch1           
#db1 #dd1 #ec1 #ef1 #fj1 #fa1 #ff       
,s\l's ,trag$y1 ,a1 #ah1 #bi1 #fj       
,/atue & ! ,bu/1 ,!1 #af1 #ag1 #bj1 #bb1
 #cf1 #ch1 #eb1 #eg1 #fc      ,/efano1  
#dj1 #fh      ,/iatta 79 ,a ,s\l's      
,trag$y71 #bi1 #fj      ,/ory1 ,w4 ,w41 
#aa1 #ab1 #bh      ,/radiv>ius1         
,antonius1 #bc1 #be1 #ei      ,/raf=d1  
#bi        ,tasso1 ,torquato1 #bi       
,te*nical ,art ,t]ms1 ,br[n+'s use (1   
#ba1 #bf      ,"t's ,rev5ges1 #cb1 #fj  
,titian1 #dj1 #dd1 #fg1 #gb1 #gc2       
8,annunciation10 #fg2      8,v5us10 #dd1
 #fi      ,toccata ( ,galuppi's1 ,a1    

#bc1 #be1 #bf1 #cf1 #di1 #eh1 #fc       
,tommaseo1 ,niccolo1 #bi1 #cd1 #fa      
,tord9ona1 #fe      ,t[]s ( ,flor5ce1   
#fc      ,trovatore1 ,il1 ,v]di's1 #bf1 
#eh      ,two ,poets ( ,croisic1 ,!1 #ad
        ,up at a ,villa1 #cb1 #fj       
,vallombrosa ,conv5t1 #fe1 #gb          
,vas>i1 ,giorgio1 #ac1 #db1 #dd1 #gj    
,vatican1 ,!1 #cf1 #fd1 #fe1 #gj2       
,si/9e ,*apel1 #fe      ,v]di1          
,giuseppe1 #bc1 #be1 #bf1 #bg1 #eh      
,vita ,nuova1 ,la1 #cb        ,wagn]1   
,ri*>d1 #be      ,w>+1 #dd1 #fh         
,wilde1 ,mr41 #aa      ,wordswor?1 #i1  
#ch1 #dh        ,y\? & ,art1 #be1 #ei   
,,footnotes3    #afc ,mrs4 ,su!rl&      
,orr's ,life ( ,br[n+1 revis$ by        
,fr$]ick ,g4  ,k5yon4    #afd ,mrs4     
,orr3 op4 cit4    #afe ,= ! s\rces &    
nature ( ?is int]e/1 see bel[1 ,*apt]   
,,ii & p4 #ej4    #aff ,bav>ian by bir?1
 ,abt ,vogl] 0 orda9$ a prie/ at ,rome1 
&  play$ 9 t city = ye>s4 ,8            
significance 9 musical hi/ory  seems    
associat$ ) ,italy r ?an ,bav>ia4       

#afg ,see ,an ,epi/le ( ,k>%i%2         
,f]i%tah's ,fancies4    #afh ,see       
,pheidippides2 ,ari/ophanes' ,apology2  
,h]akles2  ,agamemnon4    #afi ,see     
,gold ,hair1 ,a ,/ory ( ,pornic2 ,! ,two
 ,poets ( ,croisic4    #agj ,see ! next 
page4    #aga ,see bel[1 pp4 #dd1 #df4  
#agb ,see above1 p4 #ab4    #agc ,see   
,r+ & ! ,book1 ,i4    #agd ,l9e #chb4   
#age ,lett] by ,mrs4 ,br[n+1 ,decemb]1  
#ahdg4    #agf ,see above1 p4 #aj4      
#agg ,op4 cit4    #agh ,augu/1 #ahdh4   
#agi ,see ,*apt] ,,iv1 p4 #cj & passim4 
#ahj ,see above1 p4 #ab4                
,,bullet9 ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,(       
,,kansas    ,,humani/ic ,,/udies        
,vol4 ,i          ,janu>y #a1 #aiae     
,no4 #d        ,,! ,,semantics ,,(      
-,,m5tum1 -,,bulum1 ,,& -,,culum        
,,by      ,,edmund ,d4 ,,cressman1 ,ph4 
,d4    ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,lat9 9 !  
,univ]sity ( ,kansas        ,,lawr5ce1  
,,janu>y1 #aiae    ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,!   
,,univ]sity          ,,preface      ,?is
 treatise is pr9t$ 9 sub/antially ! same

 =m 9 :i* x  0 pres5t$ to ! faculty (   
,yale ,univ]sity z a doctor's !sis4  ,! 
subject 0 sugge/$ by ,pr(essor ,e4 ,p4  
,morris1 & ! /udy 0  c>ri$ on "u 8      
direction4 ,to him1 & to ,pr(essor      
,hanns ,o]tel1  :o made helpful         
sugge/ions1 ! au?or is "u obligation n  
only  = ! me?od employ$ b also = ! g5]al
 !ory und]ly+ !  :ole /udy4    ,! writ] 
also wi%es to ?ank ,pr(essor ,s4 ,l4    
,:itcomb1 ! editor (  ?is s]ies1 =      
valuable help 9 prep>+ ! "w =           
publication4                            
,e4 ,d4 ,c4      ,lawr5ce1 ,kansas1     
,jan4 #a1 #aiae4          ,,cont5ts     
,,*apt] ,i      ,introductory           
#g        ,,*apt] ,,ii      ,influ5ce ( 
,/em-,mean+                             
#aj      ,i4 -,m5tum4        ,a4        
,concrete -m5tum ,words on ,v]b ,/ems4  
#a4 ,n\ns d5ot+ result ( action1 ) g5]al
 application    #aj        #b4 ,n\ns    
d5ot+ result ( action1 ) re/rict$       
application                             
#aa        #c4 ,n\ns d5ot+ in/rum5t1 )  

g5]al application          #ab          
#d4 ,n\ns d5ot+ in/rum5t1 ) bo? g5]al & 
figurative             application      
#ac        #e4 ,n\ns d5ot+ in/rum5t1 )  
specializ$ application      #ad         
#f4 ,n\ns d5ot+ in/rum5t1 ) bo?         
specializ$ &             figurative     
application                             
#ae        #g4 ,n\ns n classifi$        
#af        ,b4 ,concrete -m5tum ,words  
on ,n\n & ,adjective ,/ems              
#ag        ,c4 ,ab/ract -m5tum ,words on
 ,v]b ,/ems4        #a4 ,n\ns d5ot+     
result ( action                         
#ah        #b4 ,n\ns d5ot+ in/rum5t     
#bj        #c4 ,n\ns d5ot+ action       
#bb        ,d4 ,ab/ract -m5tum ,words on
 ,n\n ,/ems                             
#bc      ,,ii4 -,bulum4        #a4 ,n\ns
 d5ot+ in/rum5t                         
#bd        #b4 ,n\ns d5ot+ place        
#be        #c4 ,n\ns d5ot+ p]son        
#bf      ,,iii4 -,culum4        ,a4     
,concrete -culum ,words4        #a4     
,n\ns d5ot+ in/rum5t                    

#bg        #b4 ,n\ns d5ot+ place        
#bi        #c4 ,n\ns d5ot+ object (     
action                              #cj 
,b4 ,ab/ract -culum ,words1 ,all ,d5ot+ 
,action                     #cj         
,,*apt] ,,iii      ,influ5ce ( ,context 
#cb        ,,*apt] ,,iv      ,ov]lapp+ (
 ,suffixes                              
#dc        ,a4 ,p>allels ( -m5tum &     
,accessory ,suffixes                    
#dd      ,b4 ,p>allels ( -bulum &       
,accessory ,suffixes                    
#di      ,c4 ,p>allels ( -culum &       
,accessory ,suffixes                    
#ej        ,,*apt] ,v      ,suffixes & !
 ,!ory ( ,adaptation                    
#eb      ,index ( ,words                
#ee          ,! ,semantics ( -m5tum1    
-bulum1 & -culum          ,,*apt] ,i    
,,introductory      ,! prim>y object (  
?is /udy w be to %[1 fir/1 ! range  (   
semantic v>iability disc]nible 9 a set (
 n\n-=mative  suffixes & ! reason = x2 &
 second1 by a comp>ison ( ^!  suffixes )
 o!r suffixes us$ on ! same /em1 to     

illu/rate  ! comp>atively fluid semantic
 condition ( =mative suffixes 9  g5]al4 
,! semantic value w be det]m9$ by an    
exam9ation ( !  mean+ ( ! :ole n\n & its
 relation to ! surr\nd+ context4    ,!  
suffixes *os5 = inve/igation 7 -m5tum1  
-bulum1 &  -culum4 ,!y =m neut]s & are  
jo9$ ma9ly to v]b /ems4 ,9  all gramm>s 
!y are gr\p$ toge!r z =m+ n\ns signify+ 
!  in/rum5t or means ( action1 sometimes
 result ( action1 sometimes  place1     
r>ely ! action itself4 ,su* g5]al       
/atem5ts are true &  p]haps adequate = !
 purpose ( /at+ a brief grammatical     
rule2  b x w be se5 f ! foll[+ pages t  
^! suffixes are  capable ( mu* great]   
v>iations4    ,! mat]ial = inve/igation 
0 collect$ f ! lit]ature  ext5d+ to !   
,augu/an p]iod1 & consi/$ (             
approximately f\r  ?\s& examples1 _m (  
:i* 7 ( c\rse duplicates1 s t           
comp>atively only a small p]c5tage ( !m 
7 really valuable4  ,9 ord] t ! mat]ial 
might n seem too slight = draw+         
conclusions z to lat] p]iods1 useful    

examples 7 also ga!r$  f ! lit]ature ( !
 ,empire1 by means ( ! lexicons &       
indexes2 b ! evid5ce contribut$ by !    
latt] 0 9 l>ge "p  only cumulative1 n   
reveal+ any o!r influ5ces ^u mean+ ?an  
^? f\nd 9 ! e>li] p]iod4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,iv 
! diff]5ce 9  frequ5cy ( use ( n\ns 9   
diff]5t p]iods w be discuss$ 9  detail4 
,inscriptions 7 n tak5 z s\rces (       
mat]ial on acc\nt ( !  isolat$ positions
 9 :i* words usually occur4 ,su*        
fragm5t>y  evid5ce w\ld n contribute mu*
 :]e ! mean+ ( a ^w1 :i*  dep5ds s mu*  
on its imm$iate context1 is to be       
exam9$4    ,= purposes ( cle>ness1 x w  
be well to expla9 "h 9 j :at  s5se ! t]m
 8mean+0 w be us$4 ,l+ui/ic hi/ory %[s t
  8words are con/antly ga9+ 9 precision4
 ,?r\gh ! associations  set up 9 !      
process ( expression1 ! mean+ ( a ^w is 
be+  con/antly deep5$ & enri*$4 ,!      
connotation is1 9 g5]al1  increas+ & !  
d5otation1 t is1 ! range ( application1 
is  n>r[+40#aha    ,!re is ( c\rse      
some?+ fundam5tal 9 e ^w t  di/+ui%es x 

f o!r words2 b ?is does n exhau/ ! :ole 
mean+ ( mo/ words4 ,only :5 us$ 9 a     
s5t5ce1 ) o!r words1  9 a context1 does 
a ^w acquire its full & precise mean+4  
,by  /ripp+ a ^w ( ! connotation &      
d5otation :i* x %[s 9  _m contexts1 !re 
is left1 z x 71 a common d5om9ator2 & x 
is z a result ( ?is logical op]ation t  
we assign a mean+ to a  deta*$ & isolat$
 ^w4    ,caution mu/ also be ex]cis$ 9  
speak+ ( ! 8mean+0 (  suffixes4 ,isolat$
 suffixes h a mean+ ev5 less ?an words  
d4  ,x is incorrect to say t -m5tum1 or 
-bulum1 or -culum means  in/rum5t2 !    
n\ns made ) !m may h ?is mean+1 b !     
suffixes are p]haps colorless 9         
!mselves4 ,?is is true ( suffixes  us$  
to =m o!r p>ts ( spee* z well z n\ns2 e4
 g41 a suffix  =m+ an adjective signify+
 mat]ial or appurt5ance _c be  said to  
mean 8made (10 8belong+ to10 or 8full   
(10 al?\gh its  equival5ce to su*       
expressions c be %[n :5 9 ea* occurr5ce 
( ! adjective ! relation ( ! /em ( !    
adjective to !  gov]n+ n\n is tak5 into 

consid]ation4    ,! etymology ( ! ?ree  
suffixes w be expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4    
,! inve/igation ( my mat]ial reveal$ at 
lea/ two fairly def9ite  influ5ces at "w
 on any s+le mean+ ( a ^w3 7#a7         
,/em-mean+2  7#b7 ,context2 :ile 7#c7 a 
v important factor 9 illu/rat+ !        
v>iability & non-/ability ( ! suffixes  
is se5 9 comp>+  !m ) o!r suffixes on ! 
same /em1 not+ _! simil>ity or          
diff]5ce1 & f9d+ if possible ! reason = 
x4 ,a *apt] w  be devot$ to ea* "o ( ^! 
ma9 topics4 ,sometimes all ?ree (  ^!   
factors ex]t _! influ5ce on a ^w1 m (t5 
"o or bo?  ( ! fir/ two make ! mean+    
cle>4 ,! fir/1 or /em-mean+1  regul>ly  
gives a g5]al mean+ to ! ^w1 :ile !     
context  gives a special or m precise   
mean+4 ,z f> z possible only "o         
influ5ce w be discuss$ 9 ea* *apt]1 b z 
! det]m9ation  ( ! mean+ ( a ^w is s    
complex a process1 a slight ov]lapp+  w 
be unavoidable 9 "s in/ances4           
,,*apt] ,,ii    ,,influ5ce ,,(          
,,/em-,,mean+      ,! exam9ation ( !    

words ) a view to f9d+ ! influ5ce (     
/em-mean+ is n directly conc]n$ )       
semantic v>iability3 t  w be illu/rat$ 9
 ! next *apt]4 ,= purposes (            
classification  9 ?is *apt]1 only !     
prevail+ mean+ ( ea* ^w is  consid]$4 ,=
 d\btful etymologies1 ,walde 7,lat4     
,etym4 ,wrt]bu*7  is tak5 z guide4      
,i -,,m5tum    ,! great majority ( !    
/ems ) :i* ?is suffix is us$ are v]b    
/ems1 b !re are a few n\n /ems & two    
adjective /ems4 ,=  conv5i5ce1 ! :ole   
numb] may be divid$ into two l>ge       
classes3  "o consi/+ ( ^? t d5ote       
concrete ?+s1 & ! o!r1  ( ^? t d5ote    
ab/ract ?+s4 ,an absolute division "h is
  impossible & = ! pres5t purpose       
unimportant1 & any crit]ion  mu/ be     
some:at arbitr>y4 ,i h call$ ev]y?+     
concrete :i* has  physical =m1 & ev]y?+ 
else1 includ+ actions1 ab/ract4 ,_m     
concrete words1 especially ^? capable ( 
g5]al application1 are  (t5 us$ 9 a     
transf]r$ or figurative s5se1 & ?us h   
also an  ab/ract mean+4      ,a4        

,,concrete -,,m5tum ,,words ,,on ,,v]b  
,,/ems4      #a4 ,,n\ns ,,d5ot+ ,,result
 ,,( ,,action1 ,,) ,,g5]al              
,,application4--,( !  concrete words1   
!re are a few1 l fragm5tum1 caem5tum1   
ram5tum1  :i* cle>ly d n express !      
in/rum5t ( an action1 nor !  action     
itself1 nor ! place1 b ! result ( an    
action4 ,"s1 l  fragm5tum & /ram5tum1   
are =m$ on v]bs ^: action c be  direct$ 
t[>d sev]al k9ds ( mat]ials or objects4 
,?is class (  n\ns !n has g5]al         
application1 & _! precise mean+ mu/ be  
obta9$ f ! context4 ,?is influ5ce w be  
po9t$ out 9 !  next *apt]4    ,z f> z ! 
v]b /em 7frango7 is conc]n$1 ! examples 
%[ only  t fragm5tum means 8a piece     
brok5 (f0 or 8fragm5t03 tribunum        
adoriuntur fragm5tis saeptorum1 ,se/4   
#gi2 cum pu]um fragm5tis panis          
adlexisset1 ,pl94 #i1 #h1 #h2 ut glaebum
 aut fragm5tum lapidis dicimus1  ,n4 ,d4
 ,,ii1 #hb2 non modo fragm5ta tegul>um  
s$ etiam ambu/a tigna ad  armatos       
p]v5ire1 ,liv4 #cd1 #ci1 #aa4    ,9 !   

fir/ two examples1 ! fragm5ta1 be+ 9 !  
ablative1 are  pla9ly ! in/rum5t ( !    
action ( ! ma9 v]b1 b )\t  ! dep5d5t    
g5itives we %\ld n "k :at sort (        
8pieces0  or 8fragm5ts0 7 us$4 ,9 ! la/ 
two examples ! mean+ (  8p>ticle0 is    
sugge/$ by 8glaebum0 & 8tigna04 ,!      
dep5d5t  g5itives "h also give          
precision4    ,_m ?+s may be /rewn or   
scatt]$1 s /ram5tum gets f  its v]b /em 
7/]no7 ! g5]al mean+ ( some?+ /rewn or  
scatt]$3 noctem 9 /ram5tis p]noct>e1    
,truc4 #bgh2 casae quae  /ram5tis tecta 
erant1 ,b4 ,g4 #e1 #dc2 fasces          
/ram5torum ac virgultorum  inc5dunt1 ,b4
 ,g4 #h1 #ae4    ,ram5tum 7rado7 is     
8some?+ scrap$ or rubb$ (f10 8bits or   
small  pieces30 et ram5ta simul f]ri    
fur]e intus ah5is 9 scaphiis1 ,lucr4    
#f1 #ajdc2 ram5ta ligni decocta 9 v9o   
prosunt1 ,pl94 #bd1 #b1 #b2 patri  omne 
aurum cum ram5to r$didi1 ,bacc4 #fhj4   
,delectam5tum 7delecto7 might at fir/   
sight be tak5 to be ! means  by :i* "o  
is delight$4 ,t su* is n necess>ily s   

may be se5  f ! examples3 qui me pro    
ridiculo ac delectam5to putat1 ,heaut4  
#ieb2 inania sunt i/a delectam5ta       
pu]orum1 capt>e plausus1 vehi p]  urbem1
 ,pis4 #be1 #fj4 ,9 bo? ^! examples !   
s\rce ( delight &  ! delight itself are 
too close 9 mean+ to w>rant ! draw+ (   
any di/9ction4      #b4 ,,n\ns ,,d5ot+  
,,result ,,( ,,action1 ,,) ,,re/rict$   
,,application4--,!  prec$+ f\r words1 z 
has be5 said1 are ( g5]al application1  
because _! v]b /ems h a g5]al mean+4    
,!re are five n\ns  express+ result (   
action :i* h a n>r[] & m re/rict$  s5se 
?an _! v]b /ems w\ld require4           
,caem5tum 7ca$o7 means n ev]y?+ t is cut
 (f1 b a piece (  r\gh /one3 9 eam      
insulam mat]iem1 calcem1 caem5ta1 arma  
convexit1  ,mil4 #bg1 #gd2 caem5tum de  
silice frangatur1 ,vitr4 #h1 #g1 #ad4 ,!
  influ5ce ( ca$o "h is slight2 only !  
context %[s ! mean+  ( 8/one40          
,s>m5tum 7s>po7 is n ev]y?+ t is pluck$1
 b twigs or  fagots3 ligna et s>m5ta    
circumd>e1 ignemque subic]e coep]unt1   

,v]r4 ,,ii1 #a1 #bg2 s>m5tis            
virgultisque collectis1 quibus fossas   
compleant1 ad ca/ra p]gunt1 ,b4 ,g4 #c1 
#ah2 ne vitis s>m5tis  silvescat1 ,c4   
#ae4 ,9 ! la/ example ! n\n is us$ (    
objects n  at all necess>ily affect$ by 
! v]b /em s>p]e4    ,pavim5tum 7pavio7  
is a floor1 or pavem5t 7some?+ beat5    
d[n73 ubi  /ructum erit1 pavito         
fricatoque oleo1 uti pavim5tum bonum    
siet1 ,cato1  ,r4 ,r4 #ah2 m]o t+ete    
pavim5tum1 ,hor4 ,c4 #b1 #ad1 #bf4 ,9   
,bell4 ,alex4  #a1 x means a ro(3       
a$ificia tecta sunt rud]e aut pavim5tis4
 ,!  pr$om9at+ elem5t 9 ! mean+ ( ! ^w  
is t x d5otes !  result ( ! action      
express$ 9 pavire4    ,sicilim5tum      
7sicilio7 9 ! s+le in/ance ( its        
occurr5ce pla9ly  means :at is cut ) a  
sickle3 fa5um cordum1 sicilam5ta de     
prato1  ea arida condito1 ,cato1 ,r4 ,r4
 #e4    ,te/am5tum 7te/or7 is n         
necess>ily ! means ( be>+ witness  nor (
 mak+ a w--a p>ticul> significance :i*  
?is v]b /em  sometimes has1--b is !     

docum5t itself3 antequam tabulas        
te/am5ti  ap]uit1 ,ad ,h]4 ,i1 #bd2 qu>e
 sit 9 lege aut 9 te/am5to scriptum1    
,inv4 ,,ii1 #acg2 una fui1 te/am5tum    
simul obsignavi1 ,mil4 #ah1 #dh4        
,lutam5tum 7lut>e7 9 ! s+le occurr5ce we
 h ( x evid5tly  means1 by inf]5ce f !  
passage 9 :i* x is f\nd1 a mud wall1  or
 a piece ( "w b$aub$ ) mud3 neque       
lutam5ta sc9d5t se1  ,cato1 ,r4 ,r4     
#abh4    ,! contribution ( /em-mean+1 9 
?is class ( -m5tum words  to ! mean+s ( 
! words !mselves is q app>5t4 ,:atev]   
else !y sugge/1 ! v]b /ems all sugge/ ! 
result ( ! action  express$ by !m2 & ?is
 result ( action is express$ by !       
-m5tum ^w4      #c4 ,,n\ns ,,d5ot+      
,,in/rum5t1 ,,) ,,g5]al                 
,,application4--,a second1 &  ! l>ge/   
class ( concrete -m5tum words cle>ly    
express 9 a  g5]al way ! in/rum5t ( !   
action4 ,"h1 too1 "s ( ! words  keep a  
g5]al mean+ :i* !y get f ! v]b /em1 :ile
 o!rs  receive a special mean+4 ,! v]b  
/ems !mselves admit m or less  ( a g5]al

 or special mean+4    ,amm5tum 7apo87 is
 a means ( fa/5+1 a /rap1 or ?ong3      
epi/ola  ad amm5tum tragulae deligata1  
,b4 ,g4 #e4 #dh2 umor iaculorum amm5ta  
emolli]at1 ,liv4 #cg1 #da4 ,bo? ^!      
examples %[ x to be a /rap  fa/5$ to a  
javel94    ,armam5ta 7always plural7 are
 ut5sils = almo/ any purpose4 ,x is     
difficult to say :e!r ! ^w is =m$ on !  
v]b /em armo1 or  is an ext5d$ =m ( !   
n\n arma2 ! =m] is entirely possible1   
:ile ! equival5ce ( mean+ 9 ! two n\ns  
supports ! latt]  supposition4 ,at any  
rate ! mean+ is 8equipm5t01 8t )  :i* "o
 is arm$03 hic torm5ta1 armam5ta1 arma1 
omnis app>atus  belli e/1 ,liv4 #bf1    
#dc2 cum omnibus ,gallicis navibus spes 
9 velis  armam5tisque consi/]et1 ,b4 ,g4
 #c1 #ad2 armam5ta v9e>um1 ,pl94 #ag1   
#ba1 #ce4 ,! mo/ frequ5t use is t se5 9 
! second example1 :]e  x means ! rigg+ (
 a %ip1 9 ?is in/ance1 h[ev]1 exclud+  !
 sails4    ,m$icam5tum 7m$icor7 is a    
rem$y1 a means ( heal+ or cur+3 ,si eo  
m$icam5to sanus factus erit1 ,(f4 #c1   

#bd2 multis m$icam5tis propt]  dolorem  
artuum delibutus1 ,brut4 #fj4           
,op]im5tum 7op]io7 is a cov]1 or means (
 cov]+3 nuces gem9o  protectae op]im5to1
 ,pl94 #ae1 #bb1 #bd2 detracto oculorum 
op]im5to1  ,pl91 #h1 #db1 #fd4 ,t !     
mean+ 8cov]+0 is g5]al1 may be se5  by  
comp>+ ! second example ) ,n4 ,d4 #b1   
#eb1 #adg3 palpebrae1 quae  sunt        
tegum5ta oculorum4 ,9 ! latt] in/ance ! 
8cov]+0 is !  eyebr[1 9 ! =m]1 "s       
ext]nal object1 probably we>+ app>el4   
,suffim5tum 7suffio7 is a means (       
fumigat+3 9 iis s9e illius  suffim5tis  
expiati sumus1 ,leg4 #a1 #ad1 #dj2      
laurus sit suffim5tum  ca$is ho/ium et  
purgatio1 ,pl94 #ae1 #cj1 #dj4          
,tegum5tum1 l op]im5tum1 gets its       
fundam5tal mean+ (  8cov]+0 f its v]b   
/em1 7tego71 b is capable ( be+ appli$  
to _m objects1 z w be %[n 9 ,*apt]      
,,iii3 tegum5ta corporum1  vel texta1   
vel suta1 ,n4 ,d4 #b1 #fj2 scutis       
tegim5ta detrud]e non tempus  erat1 ,b4 
,g4 #b1 #ba4      #d4 ,,n\ns ,,d5ot+    

,,in/rum5t1 ,,) ,,bo? ,,g5]al ,,&       
,,figurative  ,,application4--,!        
g5]aliz$ concrete in/rum5ts s f>        
illu/rat$  h r>ely any ab/ract mean+4 ,!
 rema9d] ( !m are us$ bo?  concretely & 
figuratively4    ,alim5tum 7alo7        
signifies a means ( support or n\ri%m5t3
 nec  desid]abat alim5ta corporis1      
,timaeus1 #f2 addidit alim5ta rumoribus1
  ,liv4 #ce1 #bc4    ,in/rum5tum        
7in/ruo7 is a v g5]al ^w mean+ implem5t1
  furniture1 supplies3 arma1 tela1 equos
 et cet]a in/rum5ta militiae  p>>e1     
,sall4 ,jug4 #be1 #b2 spolia1 ornam5ta1 
monum5ta 9 in/rum5to  et supellectile   
,v]ris nom9abuntur1 ,v]r4 #b1 #d1 #dd2  
ut in/rum5tum  oratoris expon]et1 ,de   
,or4 ,,ii1 #adf4    ,integum5tum        
7intego7 is s simil> to tegum5tum t x   
h>dly  ne$s sep>ate treatm5t2 h[ev]1 x  
is us$ m frequ5tly ) an  ab/ract mean+3 
i/aec ego mihi semp] habui aetati       
integum5tum  meae1 ,tr94 #cac2 lanx cum 
integum5tis1 quae ,iovi adposita fuit1  
,liv4  #dj1 #ei1 #g4    ,monum5tum      

7moneo7 is any?+ t s]ves z a rem9d]3    
/atuam quae  sit factis monum5tum suis1 
,curc4 #dda2 tum monum5ta r]um ge/>um   
oratori nota esse deb]e1 ,de ,or4 ,i1   
#bja4    ,ornam5tum 7orno7 is any?+ =   
adorn+ or equipp+3 hom9em cum  ornam5tis
 omnibus exornatum adducite ad me1      
,pseud4 #gfe2 audi]am quae  de orationis
 ipsius ornam5tis trad]5tur1 ,de ,or4   
,,ii1 #abb2 vidi hunc  ipsum ,q4        
,hort5sium ornam5tum rei publicae pa5e  
int]fici1 ,milo1 #cg4    ,saepim5tum    
7saepio7 is any means ( inclosure or    
def5se3 haec omnia  quasi saepim5to     
aliquo animus ratione vallabit1 ,leg4   
,i1 #fb2 t]tium  milit>e saepim5tum e/  
fossa et t]reus agg]1 ,v>r4 ,r4 ,r4 #a1 
#adb4    ,/abilim5tum 7/abilio7 is a    
means ( support or /r5g?3 haec  sunt    
v5tri /abilim5ta3 pane et assa bubula1  
,curc4 #cfg2 ,sicilia et  ,s>d9ia       
/abilim5ta bellorum1 ,val4 ,max4 #g1 #f1
 #a4      #e4 ,,n\ns ,,d5ot+ ,,in/rum5t1
 ,,) ,,specializ$ ,,application4--,?is  
concludes ! li/ ( g5]aliz$ concrete     

in/rum5ts4 ,^? )  specializ$ mean+s are 
z foll[s2 sometimes ! v]b /em is        
specializ$1 b m (t5 n4    ,arm5tum 7aro7
 always means cattle1 orig9ally ^? us$ =
 pl[+3  et v>iae crescunt pecudes1      
arm5ta f]aeque1 ,lucr4 #e1 #bbh2 arm5tum
  aegrotat 9 agris1 ,hor4 ,ep4 ,i1 #h1  
#f4 ,?is ^w c mean only !  second>y     
in/rum5t = pl[+1 viz41 cattle1 because  
!re is  ano!r ^w 7aratrum7 = ! pl[      
itself4    ,calceam5tum 7calceo7 always 
means a %oe1 an 8in/rum5t0 = cov]+  !   
feet3 mihi amictui e/ ,scy?icum tegim51 
calceam5tum solorum  callum1 ,t4 #e1    
#ij4    ,frum5tum 7fruor7 always means  
gra91 a 8means ( enjoym5t03 ut hortum   
fodiat atque ut frum5tum metat1 ,po54   
#ajbj2 non modo frum5ta 9 agris  mature 
non erant1 ,b4 ,g4 ,i1 #af1 #b4         
,lom5tum 7lavo7 is a 8means0 ( wa%+1 ( a
 p>ticul> k9d1 h[ev]1  viz41 a cosmetic3
 lom5to rugas cond]e temptas1 ,m>t4 #c1 
#db1 #a4 ,9  ,cic]onian ,lat9 x occurs  
only once1 & !n figuratively3 p]suasum  
ei c5suram lom5tum aut nitrum esse1     

,fam4 ,,viii1 #ad1 #d4    ,9 iugum5tum  
7iugo7 x is a little difficult to see ! 
influ5ce  ( ! /em4 ,! two occurr5ces ( x
 9 ,cato are ! only ones 9  lit]ature1 &
 f ! context x w\ld seem to mean        
8?re%old0 or  "s o!r "p ( ! front ( !   
h\se3 lim9a1 po/es iugum5ta1  ass]es1   
fulm5tas fab] faciat oportet1 ,r4 ,r4   
#ad1 #a2 iugum5ta et  antepagm5ta quae  
opus erunt indito1 ,r4 ,r4 #ad1 #e4     
,ium5tum 7iungo7 always means an animal 
= draw+ or c>ry+1 a  bea/ ( burd53      
ium5to nihil opus e/1 ,att4 ,,xii1 #cb2 
omnia s>c9>ia  ium5ta int]fici iubet1   
,b4 ,c4 #a1 #ha4    ,supplem5tum        
7suppleo7 be=e ! ,augu/an p]iod means   
only t  ) :i* an army is 8fill$ up0 or  
recruit$3 p>tem copi>um ex  prov9cia    
supplem5tumque quod ex ,italia addux]at1
 conv5ire iubet1 ,b4  ,g4 #g1 #g1 #e2   
cet]um supplem5tum etiam laetus         
decrev]at1 ,sall4 ,jug4  #hd1 #c4 ,lat] 
x has its lit]al mean+3 ex gem9is s+ula 
capita 9  supplem5tum gregis res]vantur1
 ,col4 #g1 #f1 #g4    ,9 ve/im5tum1 !   

v]b /em ve/io has ! same influ5ce t     
8clo!0 does 9 our ^w clo?+3 me vides    
ornatus ut sim ve/im5tis  uvidis1 ,rud4 
#egc2 huc e/ intro latus lectus         
ve/im5tis /ratus1  ,heaut4 #ijc4        
,libam5tum 7libo7 is a libation1 dr9k   
(f]+3 dona magnifica1 quasi  libam5ta   
pra$>um1 ,rep4 #b1 #dd2 haec ego ad aras
 libam5ta tuli1 ,/at4  ,s4 #c1 #a1 #afc4
      #f4 ,,n\ns ,,d5ot+ ,,in/rum5t1 ,,)
 ,,bo? ,,specializ$ ,,& ,,figurative    
,,application4--,! specializ$ concrete  
n\ns s f> giv5 are nev]  us$            
figuratively2 !re are six additional    
ones :i* d sometimes  h an ab/ract      
mean+4    ,torm5tum 7torqueo7 is an     
in/rum5t ( torture1 an in/rum5t =       
hurl+1 or torture itself3 rotam id e/   
g5us quoddam torm5ti apud  ,graecas1 ,t4
 #e1 #bd2 ca/ella con/ituit ibique      
torm5ta collocavit1 ,b4  ,g4 #h1 #c2    
huic licebit tum dic]e se beatum 9 summo
 cruciatu atque  torm5tis1 ,t4 #e1 #gc4 
,condim5tum 7condio7 is any?+ us$ =     
spic+ or season+3 cocos  equidem nimio  

demiror1 qui utuntur condim5tis1 ,cas4  
#bai3 animus aequus  optumum/ a]umnae   
condim5tum1 ,rud4 #djb4    ,fundam5tum  
7fundo7 is t ) :i* any?+ is f\nd$1 a    
f\ndation3 qu9 cum fundam5to a$es       
p]i]9t1 ,mo/4 #adh2 fundam5ta  rei      
publicae ieci1 ,fam4 ,,xii1 #be1 #b4    
,imp$im5tum 7imp$io7 is a means (       
h9drance1 & 9 ! plural1  baggage3 h9c   
vos amolim9i1 nam mi imp$im5ta e/is1 ,&4
 #gjg2  ,demo/h5es imp$im5ta naturae    
dilig5tia indu/riaque sup]avit1 ,de     
,or4 ,i4 #fa1 #bfj2 ad imp$im5ta et     
c>ros se contul]unt1 ,b4 ,g4 #a1 #bf4   
,nutrim5tum 7nutrio7 l alim5tum1 is a   
means ( n\ri%m5t or  support1 b x is n  
f\nd mean+ food = ! body3 educata  huius
 g5]is nutrim5tis eloqu5tia1 ,orat4 #db2
 arida circum igni  nutrim5ta d$it1 ,a54
 #a1 #agf4    ,pigm5tum 7p+o7 is pa9t1  
or mat]ial = color+3 quem ,appella et   
,zeuxis duo p+5t pigm5tis ulmeis1 ,epid4
 #fbf2 s5t5tiae tam v]ae1  tam s9e      
pigm5tis fucoque pu]ili1 ,de ,or4 ,,ii1 
#ahh4      #g4 ,,n\ns ,,n               

,,classifi$4--,?is completes ! li/ (    
concrete -m5tum  words on v]b /ems ) !  
exception ( ?ree ^: /ems are unusual  or
 unc]ta9 & contribute little if any     
influ5ce to ! mean+  ( ! ^w4 ,!y d n    
mean in/rum5t1 nor result ( action4 ,!  
fewness ( examples also makes x         
difficult to say j :at ! words  mean4   
,h[ev]1 !y probably h ! foll[+          
signification4    ,antepagm5tum 7f      
pango1 ) prefix ante-7 f ! context seems
  to be "s sort ( ornam5t = ! ext]ior ( 
a h\se3 iugum5ta et  antepagm5ta quae   
opus erunt indito1 ,cato1 ,r4 ,r4 #ad1  
#e2 fulloniam ,i1  antepagm5ta1 vasa    
torcula ,,ii fab] faciat oportet1 ,cato1
 ,r4 ,r4 #ad1 #b2  o/iorum et eorum     
antepagm5torum 9 a$ibus hae sunt        
rationes1 ,vitr4  #d1 #f4    ,coagm5ta  
7cogo7 und\bt$ly means a 8jo9t0 ( "s    
k9d1 z may be  se5 f ! context3 vid5    
coagm5ta 9 =ibus8 ,mo/4 #hbi2 ut aptior 
sit oratio1 ipsa v]ba compone et quasi  
coagm5ta1 quod ne ,graeci  quidem vet]es
 factitav]unt1 ,brut4 #fh4    ,om5tum1  

:atev] its etymology1 means 8fat03      
om5tum 9 flamma p+ue  liquefaci5s1      
,catul4 #ij1 #f4    ,ea* ( ^! -m5tum    
n\ns has be5 illu/rat$ n = ! purpose  ( 
%[+ t ! v]b /em does h influ5ce on !    
mean+ (  ! n\n--t is ( c\rse v obvi\s2 !
 purpose has r be5  to %[ t ! "* ( ! v]b
 /em--e4 g41 :e!r x admits  ( g5]al or  
special application1 or :e!r x sugge/s !
 result (  action or requires an        
in/rum5t--s affects ! result+ "*  ( !   
n\n1 z to make x1 z a rule1 simil> to t 
( ! /em4 ,(  ?is second class ( n\ns 7^?
 t mean in/rum5t7 we may say t  among   
o!r influ5ces ( ! v]b /ems1 "o is t !y h
 su*  a mean+ z requires an in/rum5t = !
 accompli%m5t ( _!  action4 ,?is does n 
imply t ^? 9 ! fir/ class d n also      
require an in/rum5t4 ,:ile ^! n\ns d    
mean in/rum5t or result  ( action1 :5   
view$ 9 reg>d to _! v]b /ems1 we c n say
  t su* mean+ is always felt 9 e        
occurr5ce ( ! n\n4 ,9  c]ta9 contexts1  
ev5 mo/ contexts1 !y lose x entirely &  
are  us$ z p]fect equival5ts ( n\ns t h 

no su* mean+4    ,( ! two classes (     
concrete -m5tum words on v]b /ems1      
!re=e1 ! small] class has ! t5d5cy to   
mean result ( action1  ! l>g] class1    
in/rum5t ( action4 ,:e!r ! in/rum5t is  
lit]al or figurative 7z x is 9 ! case ( 
a few ( ^! n\ns71  mu/ be asc]ta9$ f !  
context4      ,b4 ,,concrete -,,m5tum   
,,words ,,on ,,n\n ,,& ,,adjective      
,,/ems    ,! concrete -m5tum n\ns on n\n
 & adjective /ems mu/1 on  acc\nt ( _!  
fewness1 cle>ly be analogical =mations4 
,!y _c  express ! in/rum5t or result (  
an action1 b are only an ext5d$  =m ( ! 
n\n ) a specializ$ mean+4    ,f]ram5ta  
are tools made ( iron 7f]rum73 de       
f]ram5torum v>ietate  ,cato scribit     
p]multa1 ut falces1 palas1 ra/ros1      
,v>ro1 ,r4 ,r4 #a1 #bb1 #e4             
,nidam5tum 7us$ only once1 &            
allegorically7 is mat]ial = a ne/       
7nidus73 9 n]vum ille hodie nidam5ta    
cong]et1 ,rud4 #hhi4    ,pulpam5tum 7&  
its %ort] =m pulm5tum7 are tidbits made 
f  pulpa 7meat73 voltisne olivas1 aut   

pulpam5tum1 aut capp>im8 ,curc4 #ij2    
mihi e/ cubile t]ra1 pulpam5tum fames1  
,t4 #e1 #ij2 primus ad cibum  vocatur1  
primo pulm5tum datur1 ,m4 ,g4 #cdi2 num 
ego pulm5to utor magis  unctiusculo8    
,pseud4 #bbj4    ,salsam5ta are pickl$  
fi% 7salsus7 al?\gh once 9 ,cic]o !  ^w 
9 ! s+ul> means br9e3 salsam5ta haec1   
,/ephanio1 fac  mac]5tur1 ,adel4 #chj2  
de v9o aut salsam5to putes loqui quae   
evanescunt vetu/ate1 ,div4 ,,ii1 #aag4  
,s9cipitam5tum 7,rits*l & ,brix7 is a   
comic ^w1 ) ! same  mean+ z its n\n /em1
 s9ciput3 iube opson>i] p]nonidam aut   
s9cipitam5ta porc9a1 ,m54 #baa2 com$am1 
inquit1 flebile nati  s9ciput elixi1    
,juv4 #ac1 #he4    ,atram5tum is a      
liquid possess+ ! quality express$ by ! 
adjective /em 7at]72 ?is context %[s x  
to mean ink3 calamo et  atram5to res    
agitur1 ,q4 fr4 ,,ii1 #ad1 #a4 ,9 "o    
example x means %oe  black+3 pat]       
accusatus a ,m4 ,antonio sutorio        
atram5to absolutus  putatur1 ,fam4 ,,ix1
 #ba1 #c4 ,9 "o example also1 x is us$ 9

 speak+ (  fi%3 atram5ti effusione      
sepiae se tutant1 ,n4 ,,ii1 #abg4       
,scitam5ta 7scitus7 are tidbits1 da9ties
 bo? lit]al & figurative3  iube aliquid 
scitam5torum de =o opson>i]1 ,m54 #bji2 
cet]aque huiusmodi scitam5ta1 ,gell4    
#ah1 #h1 #a4    ,p]haps ! v>iety ( mean+
 ( ^! analogical =mations indicates  t  
no s+le precise mean+ _h become atta*$  
to -m5tum4      ,c4 ,,ab/ract -,,m5tum  
,,words ,,on ,,v]b ,,/ems    ,! majority
 ( ab/ract -m5tum words also fall into !
 two l>ge  classes ( result ( action &  
in/rum5t1 b !re is a small li/  ( n\ns  
:i* pla9ly express ! action itself4 ,!re
 are only two  words on n\n /ems4       
#a4 ,,n\ns ,,d5ot+ ,,result ,,(         
,,action4--,additam5tum 7addo7 is an    
increase1 or accession3 int]cessit      
,ligus i/e nescio qui1 additam5tum      
amicorum meorum1 ,se/4 #ca2 sapi5tia    
erit ultimum vitae in/rum5tum  et1 ut   
ita dicam1 additam5tum1 ,s54 ,ep4 #ag4  
,adium5tum 7adiuvo7 means aid1          
assi/ance3 ,romae vos esse tuto posse   

p] ,dolabellam eamque rem posse nobis   
adium5to esse1 ,fam4 ,,xiv1 #ah1 #a2    
nulla res e/ quae plura adium5ta        
doctr9ae desid]et1 ,de ,or4 ,,iii1 #hd4 
,cruciam5tum 7crucio7 is n ! in/rum5t ( 
torture1 b torture  itself1 or r ! feel+
 caus$ by tortur+3 vidi ego multa  saepe
 picta quae ,a*]unti fi]5t cruciam5ta1  
,capt4 #iih2 c>nificum  cruciam5ta et   
morborum torm5ta1 ,phil4 ,,xi4 #d1 #h4  
,del5im5tum 7del5io7 is an allurem5t or 
bl&i%m5t2 illam furiam  omnibus         
del5im5tis animum suum av]tisse atque   
ali5asse1 ,liv4 #cj1  #ac2 paulatim     
discursum ad del5im5ta vitiorum1 ,tac4  
,a4 #ba2 simul  comp>ant del5im5ta et   
diff]unt vos 9 adv5tum ,cn4 ,pompei1    
,sall4  ,mac]1 #ba4                     
,dehone/am5tum#ahb 7dehone/o7 is a g5]al
 ^w = any object  ( di%onor or disgrace3
 ,fufidius1 ancilla turpis1 bonorum     
omnium  dehone/am5tum1 ,sall4 ,lep4 #bb2
 auribus decisis viv]e iubet1 o/5tui    
clem5tiae suae1 et 9 nos dehone/am5to1  
,tac4 ,a4 #ab4    ,deliram5ta 7deliro7  

means nons5se1 ! result ( 8go+ out ( !  
furr[03 aud9 tu ut deliram5ta loquitur8 
,m54 #ibj2 matrimonia int]  deos cr$i   
pu]ilium prope deliram5torum e/1 ,pl94  
#b1 #g1 #e4    ,detrim5tum 7det]o7 n[h]e
 has its lit]al mean+ ( 8loss by        
rubb+01 b only loss 9 g5]al1 m (t5      
disadvantage or  mis=tune3 tantis       
detrim5tis acceptis ,octavius sese ad   
,pompeium  recepit1 ,b4 ,c4 #c1 #i1 #h2 
futurum ut detrim5tum 9 bonum v]t]et1   
,b4  ,c4 #c1 #gc1 #f2 ne quid res       
publica detrim5ti accipiat1 ,cat4 #a1   
#b4 7et  saepe74    ,= ! etymology ( !  
int]e/+ ^w elem5tum1 see ,walde4        
,emolum5tum 7emolior7 means ! result (  
ef=t1 ga91 rew>d3  suscepta vid5tur a   
viris =tibus s9e emolum5to ac praemio1  
,de ,or4  ,,ii1 #cdf4    ,inanim5tum    
7inanio7 occurs only once1 b 9 its      
context cle>ly means  8empt9ess03       
inanim5tis explem5tum qua]ito1 ,/i*4    
#agd4    ,int]trim5tum 7int]t]o7 unlike 
detrim5tum1 does h ! lit]al  mean+ (    
8loss by rubb+0 z well z loss 9 g5]al3 9

 auro v]o1  9 quo nihil int]trim5ti e/1 
quae malignitas e/8 ,liv4 #cd1 #g2 s9e  
magno int]trim5to non pote/ hab]i1      
quidvis d>e cupis1 ,heaut4 #ddh4        
,laxam5tum 7laxo7 means relaxation1     
alleviation1 any unit ( "t or  space3   
ego nactus 9 navigatione no/ra pusillum 
laxam5ti1 ,fam4 ,,xii1  #af1 #c2 alii   
remov5tes p>ietes a$is efficiunt amplum 
laxam5tum  cellae1 ,vitr4 #d1 #g2 eo    
laxam5to cogitationibus dato1 quievit 9 
praes5tia s$itio1 ,liv4 #g1 #ch4        
,mom5tum 7moveo7 means weight1 impulse1 
importance3 a/ra =ma ipsa  figuraque sua
 mom5ta su/5tat1 ,n4 ,,ii1 #aag2 animus 
paulo mom5to  huc vel illuc impellitur1 
,&4 #bff2 s5tiebat nullius mom5ti apud  
ex]citum futurum1 ,nep4 ,,vii1 #h1 #d4  
,temp]am5tum 7temp]o7 means mod]ation1  
mod]ate condition3 s5atus  ,caes>       
orationem habuit m$itato temp]am5to1    
,tac4 ,a4 ,,iii1 #ab2  egregium         
pr9cipatus temp]am5tum1 si demptis      
utriusque vitiis solae  virtutes        
misc]5tur1 ,tac4 ,h4 #b1 #e4    ,t]m5tum

 7t]o7 is us$ once1 9 ,plautus1 :]e x is
 equival5t to  detrim5tum3 non p$ibus   
t]m5to fuit praeut ego erum expugnabo   
meum1  ,bac*4 #ibi4 ,fe/us says 7p4     
#cfc7 t]m5tum pro eo1 quod nunc dicitur 
detrim5tum1 utitur ,plautus 9           
,bac*idibus4    ,=mam5tum may be1 &     
probably is1 only an ext5d$ =m ( ! n\n  
/em =ma4 ,x is n inconceivable t x is   
made on ! v]b /em  =mo1 b ! o!r         
supposition is bett]4 ,9 ! "o occurr5ce 
(  x 9 classical ,lat91 ! context pla9ly
 %[s t x means %ape1  =m3 omnia         
pr9cipiorum =mam5ta queunt 9 quovis esse
 nitore1 ,lucr4  #b1 #hag4 ,arnobius    
7#c1 #aji7 uses x ( ! gods3 =mam5ta     
div9a4      #b4 ,,n\ns ,,d5ot+          
,,in/rum5t4--,z 0 ! case 9 ! correspond+
  li/ ( concrete words1 ! =ego+ words   
are all =m$ on v]b  /ems :i* sugge/ !   
result ( _! action4 ,& aga9 !re is a    
l>g] class ( ab/ract -m5tum words :i* 9 
a g5]al way express  ! figurative       
in/rum5t4 ,! idea ( in/rum5t is n always
 /rong1  b :5 view$ 9 reg>d to _! v]b   

/em1 all ! n\ns w be  se5 to %[ ?is     
mean+ 9 a great] or less degree4        
,allevam5tum 7allevo7 is  2 ! context   
%[s x to mean a  rem$y or means (       
alleviation3 ,sulla coactus e/ 9 adv]sis
 s9e ullo  rem$io atque allevam5to      
p]man]e1 ,sulla1 #ff4    ,auctoram5tum  
7auctoro7 is a means ( b9d+1 or ( br++  
"o  "u obligation1 a contract1 also !   
pay or hire3 illius turpissimi          
auctoram5ti gladiatorii sunt v]ba3 uri1 
v9ciri1 f]roque nec>i1  ,s54 ,ep4 #cg2  
e/ 9 ipsa m]ces1 auctoram5tum s]vitutis1
 ,(f4 #a1 #db4    ,argum5tum 7arguo7 is 
prim>ily a means ( prov+1 a pro(1 b     
takes also _m o!r mean+s z w be %[n 9 ! 
next *apt]3  quid nunc8 v9con argum5tis 
te non esse ,sosiam81 ,am4 #dcc2 quod   
ipsum  argum5to mihi fuit dilig5tiae    
tuae1 ,fam4 ,x4 #e1 #a4    ,bl&im5tum   
7bl&io7 is a means ( flatt]+ or allur+3 
illum  sp]o immut>i pote/ bl&im5tis1    
oram5tis1 cet]is m]etriciis1  ,truc4    
#cah2 epi/olae muliebris bl&im5tis      
infectae1 ,tac4 ,h4 #a1 #agd4           

,complem5tum 7compleo7 is a means (     
fill+ up3 apud alios num]o  s]vi5tes    
inculcata rep]ias inania qua$am v]ba1   
quasi complem5ta  num]orum1 ,orat4 #fi4 
,docum5tum 7doceo7 is a v g5]al ^w1     
mean+ prim>ily a means  ( w>n+ or       
in/ruct+3 docum5to1 quantum 9 bello     
=tuna posset1  ,b4 ,c4 #c1 #aj1 #f2 ego 
illis captivis aliis docum5tum dabo     
ne44441 ,capt4  #geb2 qu>um r]um maxima 
docum5ta haec habeo1 ,sall4 ,cat4 #i4   
#d4    ,! /rong influ5ce ( ! v]b /em is 
se5 9 ?is n\n by !  subord9ate adv]bial 
clauses :i* foll[ x1 z 9 ! fir/ two     
examples giv54 ,x is int]e/+ also to    
note ! contra/ betwe5  docum5tum &      
monum5tum2 _! v]b /ems are practically  
synonym\s1  b "o n\n is prevail+ly      
concrete1 :ile ! o!r is always  ab/ract 
or figurative4 ,monum5tum has an        
additional %ade ( mean+1  9 t x regul>ly
 looks t[>d ! pa/1 :ile docum5tum looks 
t[>d ! future4 ,! explanation = ?is is  
difficult to f9d2  p]haps x is only !   
result ( usage & association4           

,explem5tum 7expleo7 is a means ( fill+3
 inanim5tis explem5tum  qua]ito1 ,/i*4  
#agd4 78,look = some?+ to fill y\r empty
 /oma*  )4074    ,ho/im5tum 7ho/io7 is a
 means ( mak+ requital1 a recomp5se3 p> 
p>i datum ho/im5tum e/1 op]a pro        
pecunia1 ,z4 #agb4    ,incitam5tum      
7incito7 is a means ( induc+ or incit+3 
hoc maximum  et p]iculorum et laborum   
incitam5tum e/1 ,ar*4 #bc2 quae apud    
concordes v9cula c>itatis1 incitam5ta   
ir>um apud inf5sos erant1  ,tac4 ,a4 #a1
 #ee1 #ae4    ,invitam5tum 7invito7 is !
 means ( induc+ or attract+3 cum multa  
hab]et invitam5ta urbis et =i propt]    
summa /udia amicorum1 ,sulla1  #gd4     
,irritam5tum 7irrito7 is v simil> to !  
prec$+ two n\ns1  mean+ a provocative or
 inc5tive3 neque salem neque alia       
irritam5ta  gulae qua]ebant1 ,sall4     
,jug4 #hi1 #g2 iras militum irritam5tis 
acuebat1  ,liv4 #dj1 #bg4    ,hortam5tum
 7hortor7 is probably ! exhortation     
itself z well z  ! means ( exhort+3 ea  
cuncta ,romanis ex t5ebris et           

editioribus  locis facilia visu magnoque
 hortam5to erant1 ,sall4 ,jug4 #ih1 #g2 
9  conspectu p>5tum coniugumque ac      
lib]orum quae magna etiam abs5tibus     
hortam5ta animi sunt1 ,liv4 #g1 #aa1 #f4
    ,oblectam5tum is probably !         
condition ( delight z well z ! means  ( 
delight+3 ut meae s5ectutis requietem   
oblectam5tumque noscatis1  ,c4 #ae2 cum 
sp9ae albae cauliculi int] oblectam5ta  
gulae condiantur1  ,pl94 #ba1 #b1 #ci4  
,levam5tum 7levo7 is a means (          
alleviat+1 also ! result+  condition3   
nos non solum beatae vitae i/am esse    
oblectationem  videmus1 s$ etiam        
levam5tum mis]i>um1 ,f4 #e1 #ec2 ad     
unicum doloris  levam5tum1 /udia        
confugio1 ,pl94 ,ep4 #h1 #ai4           
,opprobram5tum 7opprobro7 is ano!r      
example (   b  cle>ly means1 l          
opprobrium1 a disgrace or reproa*3 fac]e
 damni  mavolo quam opprobram5tum aut   
flagitium muliebre exf]ri domo1 ,m]c4   
#dbc4    ,praep$im5tum 7praep$io7 occurs
 only once1 & !n ) a mean+  exactly     

equival5t to imp$im5tum3 intro abite1 ne
 hic vos conspicatur  l5o neu fallaciae 
praep$im5tum obiciatur1 ,po54 #fjf4     
,turbam5tum 7turbo7 occurs twice1 mean+ 
9 bo? cases1 a means (  di/urbance3     
maxima turbam5ta rei publicae atque     
exitia probate1 ,sall4  ,lep4 #be2      
ins]5do ambiguos de ,galba s]mones1     
quaeque alia turbam5ta  vulgi1 ,tac4 ,h4
 #a1 #bc4    ,firmam5tum 7firmo7 is a   
means ( /r5g!n+1 a support3  transv]s>ia
 tigna iniciuntur1 quae firmam5to esse  
poss9t1 ,b4 ,c4 #b1  #ae1 #b4 ,9 ?is    
in/ance x is concrete2 m (t5 x is       
ab/ract3 eum  ord9em firmam5tum cet]orum
 ord9um recte esse dicemus1 ,pomp4 #g1  
#ag4    ,libram5tum 7libro7 is probably 
r ! result ( ! action ?an  ! in/rum5t1  
at lea/ 9 ! mean+ ( 8level surface0 :i* 
x  has 9 its only occur5ce 9 ,cic]onian 
,lat93 punctum esse1 quod  magnitud9em  
nullam habet1 extremitatem et quasi     
libram5tum1 9 quo  nulla omn9o          
crassitudo sit1 ,ac4 ,,ii1 #aaf4 ,9     
,livy x means 8weight03  arietem        

admotum1 libram5to plumbi gravatum1 ad  
t]ram urgebant1 ,liv4  #db1 #fc4        
#c4 ,,n\ns ,,d5ot+ ,,action4--,!re rema9
 a few n\ns :i* cle>ly  express ! action
 itself4 ,! reason = ?is does n lie 9 ! 
suffix--ev5 9 -tio n\ns x does n lie 9 !
 suffix2 b ^!  n\ns1 ?r\gh usage &      
association1 came to h ?is mean+ 9      
spite ( ! fact t ! t5d5cy ( o!r n\ns ) !
 same suffix  0 to mean in/rum5t or     
result ( action4    ,molim5tum 7molior7 
means ex]tion1 ef=t3 neque se ex]citum  
s9e  magno commeatu atque molim5to 9    
unum locum contrah]e posse1 ,b4 ,g4 #a1 
#cd1 #c4    ,exp]im5tum 7exp]ior7 means 
a trial1 exp]im5t3 probatur  exp]im5to1 
sitne f]acius44441 ,pl94 ,ep4 #aj1 #dc4 
,m (t5 !  result is emphasiz$ & x means 
pro(3 hoc maximum e/ exp]im5tum1        
aegritud9em vetu/ate tolli1 ,t4 #c1 #gd4
    ,oram5tum 7oro7 is n f\nd 9 !       
manuscripts1 b is adopt$  by ,rits*l &  
,leo1 & z we may judge f its context1   
means  a begg+1 or pray+3 sp]o illum    
immut>i pote/ bl&im5tis1  oram5tis1     

cet]is m]etriciis1 ,truc4 #cag4 ,!      
,ambrosian manuscript has  hortam5tis1 !
 o!rs ornam5tis1 b nei!r ( ^! read+s is 
suitable4    ,/]num5tum 7/]nuo7 is a    
sneez+3 p$is (f5sio nobis et  /]num5ta  
erunt obs]v&a1 ,div4 #b1 #hd4 ,b 9 ,pl9y
 & ,celsus x  sometimes also means a    
provocative ( sneez+1 sneez+ p[d]3 fit  
ex  callitri*e /]num5tum1 ,pl94 #be1    
#hf2 radix ranunculi sicca concisa      
/]num5tum e/1 ,pl94 #ac1 #aji4          
,t9nim5tum 7t9nio7 occurs only once1 b f
 ! context x pla9ly  means a t9kl+3     
illud quidem edepol t9nim5tum/ auribus1 
,rud4 #hjf4      ,d4 ,,ab/ract -,,m5tum 
,,words ,,on ,,n\n ,,/ems    ,( ! two   
n\n /em words 9 ?is class ( ab/ract     
words1 cognom5tum  is prop]ly n a -m5tum
 ^w4 ,accord+ to ,l9dsay 7p4 #cce7 !    
-to suffix is m]ely add$ to ! -m5       
suffix4 ,an example is3 meum  cognom5tum
 commemorat1 ,m4 ,g4 #ajch4             
,l9eam5tum 7l9ea7 is se5 f ! foll[+     
p>allel examples to  h ! same mean+ z   
its n\n /em3 9 geometria l9eam5ta1      

=mae1 int]valla1 magnitud9es sunt1 ,de  
,or4 ,i1 #ahg2 ignis rectis  l9eis 9    
caele/em locum subvolat1 ,t4 #a1 #dj2   
l9eam5tum esse  longitud9em latitud9e   
c>5tem1 ,ac4 ,,ii1 #aaf2 eam ,m4 ,v>ro  
ita  def9it3 l9ea e/1 inquit1 longitudo 
qua$am s9e latidud9e et  altitud9e1     
,gell4 #a1 #bj1 #g4    ,?is detail$ view
 ( ! -m5tum words gives occasion = mak+ 
! foll[+ comm5t3 ! t5d5cy ( ^! n\ns is  
to mean !  in/rum5t ( an action1 (t5 !  
result ( an action1 r>ely action        
itself4 ,! v]b /ems are su* z require an
 in/rum5t = _!  action or sugge/ its    
result4 ,! in/rum5t is sometimes lit]al1
  sometimes figurative1 & :e!r x is ! "o
 or ! o!r is  det]m9$ by ! context4     
,giv5 a v]b /em :i* bo? sugge/s !       
result ( action & requires an in/rum5t1 
x is difficult to expla9  :y a -m5tum   
n\n =m$ on x %\ld mean only in/rum5t1 & 
n  result ( action1 or vice v]sa4       
,,ii -,,bulum    ,! li/ ( -bulum words  
is small1 & !y are ne>ly all concrete4  
,only two are ab/ract4 ,z ^! two d5ote  

only figurative in/rum5ts1  ! treatm5t  
"h w take no acc\nt ( ! division into   
concrete  & ab/ract4 ,!re are two n\n   
/em words4 ,?ree di/9ct classes (  ^!   
words may be made1 :5 view$ 9 relation  
to _! v]b /ems3  7#a7 ,^? d5ot+         
in/rum5t2 7#b7 ,^? d5ot+ place2 7#c7 ,^?
  d5ot+ p]son4 ,! second mean+ is q z   
common z ! fir/1  ! ?ird v r>e 7f\nd    
only 9 two n\ns74      #a4 ,,n\ns       
,,d5ot+ ,,in/rum5t4--,infundibulum      
7infundo7 is an in/rum5t  = p\r+ f "o   
vessel to ano!r1 a funnel3 illa quae    
reflexa  et resup9a1 m infundibuli p]   
m$ullam transmittit quidquid  aqu>um    
sup]fluit1 ,col4 #c1 #ah2 9 qua ma*9a   
imp$5s infundibulum  subm9i/rat molis   
frum5tum1 ,vitr4 #aj1 #aj4    ,patibulum
 7pateo7 is pla9ly an in/rum5t1 b hav+ !
 %ape  express$ by ! v]b /em1 a =k-%ap$ 
yoke3 dispessis manibus  patibulum quom 
habebis1 ,m4 ,g4 #cfj2 ca$es1 patibula1 
ignes1 cruces  fe/9abant1 ,tac4 ,a4 #ad1
 #cc4    ,rutabulum 7ruo7 is an in/rum5t
 = rak+ or /irr+ up3 iubebis  rutabulo  

ligneo agit>i quod decox]is1 ,col4 #ab1 
#bj4 ,x occurs twice 9  ,cato1 9 a li/ (
 o!r tools = use ar\nd a fire-place4    
,t9t9nabulum 7t9nio7 is an in/rum5t =   
mak+ a r++ noise1  a bell3 lanios inde  
acc]sam duo cum t9t9nabulis1 ,pseud4    
#ccb2  t9t9nabula quae v5to agitata     
longe sonitus ref]ant1 ,pl94 #cf1 #ac1  
#ai4    ,pabulum 7pasco7 is t ) :i*     
any?+ is f$1 usually )  ref]5ce to ! fe$
 ( cattle3 bubus pabulum p>>e oportet1  
,cato1 ,r4  ,r4 #ed1 #a4    ,v5abulum   
7v5or7 is a hunt+ spe>1 an in/rum5t =   
hunt+3 tantam  be/iam p]cussisset       
v5abulo1 ,v]r4 #e1 #g4    ,exorabulum1  
:i* occurs only twice1 is p]haps r !    
begg+  7exoro7 itself1 :i* is1 9 turn1 a
 means ( obta9+ some?+3  quod modis     
p]eat1 quotque exoretur exorabulis1     
,truc4 #bg2 exorabula  incidantium1     
decipula adv]santium artificia dic5tium 
p]didicit1 ,app4  ,flor4 n4 #ah4 ,! fir/
 example is int]e/+ z ! n\n is us$ )  a 
=m ( ! same v]b z its v]b /em4          
,vocabulum 7voco7 is ! in/rum5t = call+ 

or nam+1 a "n3  si res suum nom5 et     
proprium vocabulum non habet1 ,de ,or4  
,,iii1 #aei2  ,ari/otelis orationis duas
 p>tes esse dixit1 vocabula et v]ba1 ut 
homo et equus1 ut legit et currit1 ,v>r4
 ,l4 ,l4 #h4    ,two int]e/+ analogical 
=mations ) ! suffix -bulum are          
nucifrangibula & d5tifrangibula 9       
,plautus3 ne nucifrangibula  excussit ex
 malis meis1 ,bacc4 #eih2 ita           
d5tifrangibula haec meis  manibus       
ge/iunt1 ,bacc4 #eif4      #b4 ,,n\ns   
,,d5ot+ ,,place4--,conciliabulum        
7concilio7 is a place  ( assembly#ahc1 a
 public place1 b also ! assembly itself3
  supplicationem 9 biduum p] omnia =a   
conciliabulaque edix]unt1 ,liv4  #dj1   
#cg2 ne p5etr>em me usquam ubi esset    
damni conciliabulum1 ,tr94  #cad2 p]    
conciliabula et coetus s$itiosa         
diss]ebant1 ,tac4 ,a4 #c1 #dj4          
,latibulum 7lateo7 is a hid+ place3 cum 
etiam f]ae latibulis se  tegant1 ,rab4  
,po/4 #db4    ,sessibulum is a place =  
sitt+1 a *air3 quae tibi olant          

/abulumque  /ratumque1 sellam et        
sessibulum m]um1 ,po54 #bfh4    ,/abulum
 7/o7 is 9 g5]al a place = /&+2 its     
precise mean+s  z acquir$ f ! context w 
be illu/rat$ 9 ! next *apt]3  neutrubi  
habeam /abile /abulum1 siquid divorti   
fuat1 ,aul4 #bcc4    ,ve/ibulum#ahd1 is 
probably orig9ally ! place = putt+ on & 
tak+ (f g>m5ts 7ve/io71 !n entrance1 or 
space 9 front ( a  h\se#ahe3 vid5       
ve/ibulum ante a$es hoc8 ,mo/4 #hai2 si 
te armati  non modo lim9e tectoque a$ium
 tu>um1 s$ primo aditu ve/ibuloque      
prohibu]9t1 ,caec4 #ab1 #ce4            
,acetabulum & turibulum are bo? =m$ on  
n\n /ems1 & are bo?  receptacles = hold+
 ! mat]ial d5ot$ by ! n\n /em4 ,b all  !
 examples ( acetabulum %[ ! n\n ext5d$  
to mean any k9d (  vessel1 or a measure3
 melan?i acetabulum cont]ito 9 v9i      
vet]is  hem9a1 ,cato1 ,r4 ,r4 #ajb2     
turibulis ante ianuas positis atque     
acc5so  ture1 ,liv4 #bi1 #ad1 #ac4      
,desidiabulum occurs only once1 & f !   
context cle>ly means !  place ( action (

 its /em1 :i* is a v]bal n\n 7desidia73 
ut celem  tua flagitia aut damna aut    
desidiabula1 ,bacc4 #cgf4    ,cunabula &
 incunabula are =m$ on ! same n\n /em   
cunae1 !  latt] ) ! preposition 9       
prefix$4 ,bo? ! n\ns & ! /em  all mean !
 same ?+ 7cradle1 or orig971 b          
incunabula has !  additional mean+ (    
8swaddl+ clo!s03 opus e/ pulv9is1 cunis1
  incunabulis1 ,truc4 #ije2 qui cum     
esset 9 cunabulis1 ,div4 ,f4 #gi2 de    
oratoris quasi incunabulis dic]e1 ,orat4
 #db2 si pu] 9 cunis occidit1  ne       
qua]5dum quidem1 ,t4 #a1 #ic2 qui non 9 
cunabulis s$ 9 campis sunt  consules    
facti1 ,agr4 #b1 #ajj4      #c4 ,,n\ns  
,,d5ot+ ,,p]son4--,! two -bulum words t 
d5ote p]sons  are m5dicabulum 7m5dicor7 
& pro/ibulum 7pro/>e74 ,_! bad  mean+ is
 due 9 l>ge "p to ! /em2 b und\bt$ly !  
contempt  und]ly+ ! application to a    
p]son ( a neut] ^w d5ot+ a  ?+ is also  
responsible = ! =mation ( ^! words z    
neut]s  & ) ! suffix -bulum4 ,examples (
 su* t]ms ( reproa* are  se5 also 9     

mon/rum hom9is1 & 9 ! ,g]man das ,m5s*4 
,m5dicabulum is f\nd only twice3 i/os   
reges cet]os memor>e nolo1  hom9um      
m5dicabula1 ,aul4 #gjc2 cum crotalis et 
cymbalis circum=aneum  m5dicabulum      
producor ad viam1 ,app4 ,met4 #i4    ,( 
pro/ibulum also !re are only two        
examples3 bellum et pudicum  v]o        
pro/ibulum popli1 ,aul4 #bhe2 nam       
m]etricem ad/>e 9 via solam  pro/ibuli  
sane/1 ,ci/4 #cca4    ,! influ5ce ( /em 
mean+ on ! -bulum words may !n be said  
to  be ! same z 9 ! case ( ! -m5tum     
words1 only "h !re is  a class ( v]b    
/ems t sugge/ ! place ( action1 & none t
  sugge/ ! result ( action4      ,,iii  
-,,culum      ,a4 ,,concrete -,,culum   
,,words    ,! great majority ( -culum   
words#ahf also are concrete4 ,!y may  be
 gr\p$ into ?ree classes z f> z _! v]b  
/ems are conc]n$3  7#a7 ,^? d5ot+       
in/rum5t2 7#b7 ,^? d5ot+ place2 7#c7 ,^?
  d5ot+ ! object ( ! action express$ by 
_! v]b /ems4      #a4 ,,n\ns ,,d5ot+    
,,in/rum5t4--,adm9iculum 7ad-manus7 is  

prop]ly  any?+ on :i* ! h& may re/1 b ! 
examples %[ x mean+  regul>ly a prop1 or
 support1 bo? concretely & figuratively3
  adm9iculorum ord9es me delectant1     
capitum iugatio1 religatio vitium1  ,c4 
#ec2 natura semp] ad aliquod tamquam    
adm9iculum adnititur1 ,lael4 #hh4       
,baculum 7etymology v unc]ta91 b        
probably same root z se5 9  7 f its v]b 
/em1 %\ld mean only a walk+ /ick1 b x   
is appli$ to almo/ any k9d ( /aff or    
sceptre3 proximus lictor  conv]so baculo
 oculos mis]o tund]e vehem5tissime      
coepit1 ,v]r4 #e1  #adb2 baculum aureum 
regis b]ylli di/+uebant1 ,curt4 #i1 #a1 
#cj4    ,ev]riculum 7ev]ro7 is a sweep  
net 7also us$ figuratively73 neque      
ev]riculo 9 litus educ]e poss5t1 ,v>r4  
,r4 ,r4 #c1 #ag1 #g2 quod umquam        
huiusmodi ev]riculum ulla 9 prov9cia    
fuit81 ,v]r4 #d1 #e1 #c4    ,f]culum    
7f]o7 is t on :i* any?+ is c>ri$3 spolia
 ducis  ho/ium caesi susp5sa fabricato  
ad id apte f]culo g]5s 9  ,capitolium   
asc5dit1 ,liv4 #a1 #aj1 #e2 ubi multa de

 magna sup]ess5t  f]cula c5a1 ,hor4 ,s4 
#b1 #f1 #ajd4    ,gub]naculum 7gub]no7  
is an in/rum5t = guid+3 piscium meatus  
gub]naculi modo regunt caudae1 ,pl94    
#aa1 #ej1 #aaa2 hic ille naufragus  ad  
gub]naculum accessit1 et navi1 quod     
potuit1 e/ opitulatus1 ,inv4 #b1  #aed4 
,inc]niculum 7inc]no7 is an in/rum5t =  
sift+1 a sieve2 x occurs  only twice1 & 
x is difficult to see h[ x diff]s f     
ano!r  n\n on ! same /em1 cribrum3 opus 
e/ inc]niculum unum1 cribrum  unum1     
,cato1 ,r4 ,r4 #ac2 ,a!ni5ses decretum  
fec]e1 ne frum5t>ii  negotiatores ab    
inc]niculis eum mulum arc]5t1 ,pl94 #h1 
#dd1 #fi4  ,9 ! latt] example !         
inc]nicula are ! vessels 9 :i* bran1    
sift$ f ! fl\r1 0 set up = sale4        
,op]culum 7op]io7 l op]im5tum is an     
in/rum5t = cov]+3  asp]a art]ia tegitur 
quodam quasi op]culo quod ob eam causam 
datum  e/1 ne spiritus imp$iretur1 ,n4  
,,ii1 #acf2 op]culum 9 dolium imponito1 
,cato1 ,r4 ,r4 #ajd4    ,p]p5diculum    
7p]p5do7 is a plumb l9e1 b is f\nd mo/  

frequ5tly  ) ad =m+ an adv]bial phrase  
mean+ p]p5dicul>ly3 non  eg]emus        
p]p5diculis1 non normis1 non regulis1   
,cic4 ,a4 fr4 #h2 tigna  non directa ad 
p]p5diculum1 s$ prone et fa/igate1 ,b4  
,g4 #d1 #ag4    ,piaculum is a means (  
appeas+1 an (f]+2 p]haps also !  appeas+
 itself2 & ! act requir+ expiation3     
decrevit hab5das  triduum f]ias1 et     
porco fem9a piaculum pati1 ,leg4 #b1    
#bb2 nonne 9  m5tem v5it quantum piaculi
 committatur8 ,liv4 #e1 #eb2 duc nigras 
pecudes3 ea prima piacula sunto1 ,a54   
#f1 #aec4    ,poculum 7probably f root  
se5 9 bibo7 is a dr9k+ vessel1 cup3     
,socrates pa5e 9 manu iam mortif]um     
illud t55s poculum1 ,t4 #a1 #ga4        
,r$imiculum 7r$imio7 is any?+ us$ =     
b9d+1 a b& or fillet3  et tunicae       
manicas1 et hab5t r$imicula mitrae1 ,a54
 #i1 #faf2 ut esset  aliquis laqueus et 
r$imiculum1 rev]sionem ut ad me fec]it  
d5uo1  ,truc4 #cie4    ,ret9aculum      
7ret9eo71 always us$ 9 ! plural1 is     
any?+ :i*  holds back or b9ds3 ratem    

pluribus validis ret9aculis p>te        
sup]iore  ripae religatam humo iniecta  
con/rav]unt1 ,liv4 #ba1 #bh2 missae     
pa/um  ret9acula mulae nauta pig] saxo  
religat1 ,hor4 ,s4 #a1 #e1 #ah4         
,spiraculum 7spiro7 is a brea?+ hole3 p]
 spiracula mundi exitus  introitusque   
elem5tis r$ditus ex/at1 ,lucr4 #f1 #dic4
    ,subligaculum 7subligo7 is a wai/b&1
 judg+ f ! context 9  :i* ! only example
 ( x occurs3 sc5icorum quidem mos tantam
 habet  vet]i discipl9a v]ecundiam1 ut 9
 sc5am s9e subligaculo prodeat  nemo1   
,(f4 #a1 #ce4    ,s>culum 7s>io7 is an  
in/rum5t = hoe+1 a hoe3 familiam cum    
f]reis s>culis exire oportet1 ,cato1 ,r4
 ,r4 #aee2 gaud5tem patrios  f9d]e      
s>culo agros numquam dimoveas1 ,hor4 ,c4
 #a1 #a1 #aa4    ,vehiculum 7vehor7 is a
 means ( transportation1 a c>riage or   
%ip2 its  mean+ & t ( f]culum diff]     
exactly z _! /ems diff]3 ut  procul     
div9um et novum vehiculum ,argonautorum 
e monte conspexit1 ,n4  ,,ii1 #hi2 mihi 
aequum e/ d>e vehicula1 qui veh>1 ,aul4 

#ejb4      #b4 ,,n\ns ,,d5ot+           
,,place4--,c5aculum 7c5o7 orig9ally 0 ! 
d9+  room4#ahg ,z ?is 0 usually 9 an    
upp] /ory1 ! ^w came to  h ! regul>     
mean+ ( attic or g>ret1 & ! =ce ( ! /em 
mean+ 0 lo/3 9 sup]iore qui habito      
c5aculo1 ,am4 #hfc2 ipse  ,circ5ses ex  
amicorum c5aculis spectabat1 ,suet4     
,aug4 #de4    ,conv5ticulum 7conv5io7 l 
conciliabulum1 means bo? ! place (      
assembly & ! assembly itself4 ,z f> z ! 
=m is conc]n$1 x  might be a dim9utive f
 conv5tus1 b x %[s no su* mean+3        
ex/ructa sunt apud nemus conv5ticula1   
,tac4 ,a4 #ad1 #ae2 conv5ticula  hom9um 
quae po/ea civitates nom9atae sunt1     
,se/4 #ia4    ,cubiculum 7cubo7 always  
means a place = recl9+1 a b$room3 cubui 
9 eodem lecto tecum una 9 cubiculo1 ,am4
 #hjh4    ,dev]ticulum 7dev]to7 is a    
place to turn aside1 a by-pa?1 also a   
lodg+3 ubi ad ipsum v5i dev]ticulum1    
con/iti1 ,eun4 #fce2 cum gladii  abditi 
ex omnibus locis dev]ticuli             
protrah]5tur1 ,liv4 #a1 #ea4            

,hib]naculum 7hib]no7 is a place = sp5d+
 ! w9t]1 &1  p>ticul>ly 9 ! plural1 !   
w9t] qu>t]s ( soldi]s3 hoc  hib]naculum1
 hoc gymnasium meorum e/1 ,pl94 ,ep4 #b1
 #ag1 #g2 legionum  aliae it9]e t]re/ri 
9 hib]nacula remissae sunt1 ,tac4 ,a4   
#b1 #bc4    ,propugnaculum 7propugno7 is
 ! place = 7means (87 def5d+1  a bulw>k 
or t[]3 solidati muri1 propugnacula     
addita1 auctae  turres1 ,tac4 ,h4 #b1   
#ai2 lex ,aelia1 et ,fufia ev]sa e/1    
propugnacula  tranquillitatis atque     
otii1 ,piso1 #i4    ,receptaculum       
7recepto7 is a place to receive or keep 
?+s1 also a  place ( refuge3 illud tibi 
oppidum receptaculum pra$ae fuit1 ,v]r4 
#e1  #ei2 insula incolis valida et      
receptaculum p]fug>um1 ,tac4 ,a4 #ad1   
#bi4    ,tab]naculum 7tab]na71 8t5t10   
has a mean+ specializ$ f its  n\n /em3  
,caes> eo die tab]nacula /atui passus   
non e/1 ,b4 ,c4 #a1 #ha4    ,umbraculum 
7umbra7 means bo? a %ady place & ! ?+ t 
furni%es %ade3 aurea pellebant tepidos  
umbracula soles1 ,ov4 ,f4 #b1  #caa2    

prope aream faciundum umbracula1 quo    
succ$ant hom9es 9 ae/u  tempore         
m]idiano1 ,v>ro1 ,r4 ,r4 #a1 #ea1 #b4   
#c4 ,,n\ns ,,d5ot+ ,,object ,,(         
,,action4--,!re is also a small gr\p (  
concrete -culum words :i* are alike 9 t 
!y d5ote ! object  ( ! action express$  
by _! v]b /ems4    ,d]idiculum 7d]ideo7 
is some?+ to laugh at1 an object (      
d]ision1  7also ridicule itself73       
d]idiculo fuit s5ex fo$issimae          
adulationis  tantum infamia usurus1     
,tac4 ,a4 #c1 #eg2 quid tu me d]idiculi 
gratia sic  salutas8 ,am4 #fhb4         
,i5taculum 7i5to7 is some?+ to eat1 or  
breakfa/3 epulas  int]dum quadrif>iam   
disp]tiebat3 9 i5tacula et pr&ia et c5as
  commissationesque1 ,suet4 ,vit4 #ac4  
,miraculum 7miror7 is some?+ to wond]   
at1 a miracle3 audite port5ta  et       
miracula philosophorum somniantium1 ,n4 
#a1 #ah2 omnia trans=mat sese  9        
miracula r]um1 ,ignemque horribilemque  
f]am1 ,georg4 #d1 #dda4    ,spectaculum 
is some?+ to look at1 a spectacle1 %[3  

quom hoc mihi  optuli/i tam lepidum     
spectaculum1 ,po54 #bji4    ,! v]b /ems 
( ^! f\r n\ns1 ) ! exception ( ! fir/1  
c\ld conceivably =m n\ns mean+ in/rum5t1
 or result ( action1  or place2 b only  
"o ( !m1 spectaculum1 has any ( ^!      
mean+s1  & t1 ( place3 tantus e/ ex     
omnibus spectaculis usque a ,capitolio  
plausus excitatus e/1 ,se/4 #abd4       
,b4 ,,ab/ract -,,culum ,,words1 ,,all   
,,d5ot+ ,,action    ,!re are f\r ab/ract
 -culum words1 all express+ prim>ily    
action  itself4    ,curriculum 7curro7  
is a runn+3 curre 9 ,piraeum atque unum 
curriculum  face1 ,tr94 #aajc4          
,p]iculum 7/em se5 9 exp]ire7 is a      
trial1 attempt1 also dang]1  risk3 fac  
semel p]iculum1 ,ci/4 #ejd2 nescio      
quanto 9 p]iculo sumus1  ,phor4 #eh4    
,saeculum 7s]o71 if ?is etymology is    
correct1 is orig9ally a s[+1  !n ! ?+   
s[n1 a g5]ation1 race1 p]iod ( "t3 quid 
mirum si  se temnunt mortalia saecula1  
,lucr4 #e1 #abch2 et muliebre oritur    
patrio  de sem9e saeculum1 ,lucr4 #d1   

#abbg2 saeculum spatium annorum c5tum   
voc>unt1 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #f1 #b4         
,oraculum 7oro7 is an utt]ance1 usually 
( "s god or prophet1  sometimes ! place 
:]e x is giv53 oracula ex eo ipso       
appellata  sunt1 quod ine/ 9 8 deorum   
oratio1 ,top4 #bj1 #gg2 exposui somnii  
et  furoris oracula1 quae c>]e arte     
dix]am1 ,div4 #a1 #cb1 #gj2 numquam     
illud oraculum ,delphis tam celebre     
fuisset nisi44441 ,div4 #a1 #ai1 #cg4   
,) reg>d1 !n1 to ! v]b /ems ( ! -culum  
n\ns we may say  t !y are su* z require 
an in/rum5t1 sugge/ a place1 or imply  !
 object ( _! action1 :ile a few =m n\ns 
d5ot+ action  itself4           99      
99       99       99       99    ,!     
t5d5cy se5 9 ! above classification mu/ 
n be tak5 z a  sy/ematic & consci\s     
process ( language = ! purpose ( mak+   
^! suffixes mean "o ?+ m ?an ano!r4 ,!  
v]b /ems d  /rongly influ5ce ! mean+ ( !
 :ole n\n1 usually m ?an  any?+ else    
does1 b ! v>iety ( precise mean+s due to
 context1  :i* w be %[n 9 ! next *apt]1 

almo/ precludes a sy/ematic             
classification on any basis4            
,,*apt] ,,iii    ,,influ5ce ,,(         
,,context      ,an attempt 0 made 9 !   
prec$+ *apt] to %[ h[ ! mean+ (  words  
=m$ ) -m5tum1 -bulum & -culum 0 influ5c$
 by  ! v]b /em4 ,x w be ! purpose ( ?is 
*apt] to illu/rate h[  su* g5]al mean+s 
get /ill great] precision f "s elem5t 9 
! context4 ,?is /udy1 z is intimat$ 9 ! 
introductory p>agraph  ( ?is pap]1 is a 
semantic "o1 b x is n lexicographical2 &
  no attempt w be made to expla91 any   
f>!r ?an 0 done 9 !  prec$+ *apt]1 su*  
words z %[ no v>iation 9 mean+ due to   
context4 ,= example1 frum5tum always    
means gra91 no matt] 9 :at  context x   
/&s2 ium5tum1 cattle2 te/am5tum1 a w2   
v5abulum1 a  hunt+ spe>2 cubiculum1 a   
b$-room4 ,! reason is t ^! words  are   
neat expressions ( a precise idea & _!  
mean+ is !re=e  less likely to be %ift$4
 ,?is fact also illu/rates1 9 g5]al1  ! 
diff]5ce 9 v>iation possible 9 a n\n & 9
 an adjective4  ,! latt]1 be+ 9 s _m    

in/ances equival5t to a g5itive1 c1  l !
 g5itive1 express a great v>iety (      
relations betwe5 its  gov]n+ n\n & its  
n\n /em2 :ile a n\n1 be+ a m f9i%$      
product1 t is1 its mean+ settl+ m easily
 9 cle>-cut limits1  _c be expect$ to %[
 su* wide v>iations4 ,aside f !         
figurative use ( ! n\ns1 ! mo/ frequ5t  
influ5ce ( context  comes f a g5itive   
dep5d5t on ! n\n4 ,! o!r elem5ts t  ent]
 9 w be notic$ z ea* ^w is discuss$1 &  
:]ev]  possible1 ! ^w or gr\p ( words   
:i* contributes to ! mean+  w be        
italiciz$4    ,fir/1 !re are a few n\ns 
:i* are us$ 9 apposition ) a prop]  n\n1
 or are appli$ to p]sons4 ,?is use is a 
special illu/ration (  ! figurative     
mean+ ( ^! words3 int]cessit i/e ,ligus 
nescio  qui1 additam5tum inimicorum     
meorum1 ,se/4 #fh2 ,s]tia uxor1 quae    
incitam5tum mortis et p>ticeps fuit1    
,tac4 ,a4 #f1 #bi2 9 conspectu  p>5tum  
coniugumque ac lib]orum1 quae magna     
etiam abs5tibus  hortam5ta animi sunt1  
,liv4 #g1 #aa1 #f2 ac]rima s$itionum ac 

discordiae  incitam5ta1 int]fectores    
,galbae1 ,tac4 ,h4 #b1 #bc2 ,fufidius1  
ancilla  turpis bonorum omnium          
dehone/am5tum1 ,sall4 ,lep4 #bb2 ,p4    
,rutilius qui  fuit docum5tum hom9ibus  
no/ris virtutis1 antiquitatis1          
prud5tiae1  ,rab4 ,po/4 #bg2 illius sum 
integum5tum corporis1 ,bacc4 #fjb2 vidi 
hunc  ipsum ,hort5sium1 ornam5tum rei   
publicae1 pa5e int]fici1 ,milo1 #cg2    
ipsa quae sis /abulum nequitiae1 ,truc4 
#ehg2 quod umquam huiuscemodi           
ev]riculum ,v]res ulla 9 prov9cia fuit1 
,v]res1 #d1 #e1 #c2 quid1  duo          
propugnacula belli ,punici1 ,cn4 et ,p4 
,scipiones cogitass5e  vid5tur1 ,p4 #ab2
 qui sibi me pro d]idiculo et           
delectam5to putat1  ,heaut4 #ieb4    ,^!
 examples %[ t ! suffixes d n impr9t on 
! n\ns !  idea ( in/rum5t1 or any o!r   
idea1 s /rongly t ! n\ns may  n be      
appli$ to human be+s z well4    ,( ^?   
n\ns :i* get precision ( mean+ f a      
dep5d5t  g5itive1 p]haps !re is no bett]
 example ?an fragm5tum1 :i*1  express+ !

 result ( ! action ( break+1 may mean a 
piece  or fragm5t ( any breakable       
object3 tribunum adoriuntur fragm5tis   
saeptorum1 ,se/4 #gi2 ut glaebum aut    
fragm5tum lapidis dicemus1 ,n4  ,,ii1   
#hb2 fragm5ta tegul>um1 ,liv4 #cd1 #hi1 
#aa2 fragm5ta ramorum1  ,liv4 #bc1 #bd1 
#aj2 fragm5ta cry/alli s>ciri nullo modo
 queunt1 ,pl94  #cg1 #b1 #aj2 fragm5ta  
panis1 ,pl94 #i1 #h1 #h2 mille c>9is    
ab/ulit  ,ema?iae secum fragm5ta ru9ae !
 remnants ( ! army1 ,lucan1 #i1  #ch4 ,!
 g5itives all answ] ! "q1 fragm5ts (    
:at8    ,ano!r n\n ( g5]al mean+ :i*    
gets precision f a g5itive  is          
fundam5tum2 :e!r lit]al or figurative1  
we want to "k1 !  f\ndations ( :at8 & ! 
context tells1 ?\gh n always m]ely by   
means ( a g5itive3 qu9 cum fundam5to    
a$es p]i]unt1 ,mo/4 #adh2  solum et     
quasi fundam5tum oratoris vides1        
locutionem em5datam et  ,lat9am1 ,brut4 
#beh2 fundam5ta rei publicae ieci1 ,fam4
 ,,xii1 #be1  #b2 fundam5ta ieci salutis
 tuae1 ,fam4 ,x1 #bi1 #a2 arcem         

,syracusis  a fundam5tis disiecit1      
,nepos1 ,,xx1 #c1 #c2 hic locus sicut   
aliquod  fundam5tum e/ huius            
con/itutionis1 ,inv4 ,,ii1 #ai2 qui a   
fundam5tis  mi usque movi/i m>e1 ,rud4  
#eci2 prima fundam5ta urbi iac]e1 ,liv4 
#a1 #ab1 #d2 alta fundam5ta !atri loc>e1
 ,a54 #a1 #dbh2 fundam5ta  altae        
,c>?ag9is loc>e1 ,a54 #d1 #bff2 urbs a  
fundam5tis diruta1  ,liv4 #db1 #fc1 #aa2
 fod]e fundam5ta delubro1 ,pl94 #bh1 #b1
 #d2 pietas  fundam5tum e/ omnium       
virtutum1 ,planc4 #bi2 fundam5tum       
iu/itiae  e/ fides1 ,(f4 #a1 #g1 #bc2   
n>ratio e/ fundam5tum con/itu5dae       
fidei1 ,"p4 #i1 #ca2 fundam5tum         
eloqu5tiae1 ,de ,or4 #c1 #aea2          
fundam5tum philosophiae1 ,div4 #b1 #a1  
#b2 initium ac fundam5tum  def5sionis1  
,clu4 #aj1 #cj2 quod fundam5tum huius   
quae/ionis e/1  id videtis1 ,n4 ,i1 #dd2
 fundam5tum horum crim9um1 ,cael4 #ac1  
#cj2  discipl9a nixa fundam5to v]itatis1
 ,gell4 #ad1 #a1 #bj2 fundam5tum et     
causa imp]ii1 ,s54 ,ep4 #hg1 #da2       

fundam5ta lib]tatis1 ,balb4 #ac1  #ca2  
fundam5tum consulatus tui1 ,pis4 #d1 #i2
 s5ectus quae fundam5tis  adolesc5tiae  
con/ituta e/1 ,c4 #ah1 #fb2 fundam5ta   
pacis ieci1  ,phil4 #a1 #a1 #a2         
fundam5tum domus novae iac]e1 ,suet4    
,cal4 #bb2 villa  a fundam5tis in*oata1 
,suet4 ,caes4 #df4    ,incitam5tum is   
ne>ly always foll[$ by a g5itive or a   
g]undive  con/ruction express+ ! object 
t[>d :i* a ?+ or circum/ance  is an     
inducem5t4 ,! n\n is us$ mo/ frequ5tly 9
 ,tacitus3 hoc  maximum et p]iculorum   
incitam5tum e/ et laborum1 ,ar*4 #bc2   
uxor1  quae incitam5tum mortis fuit1    
,tac4 ,a4 #f1 #bi2 incitam5ta ir>um1    
,tac4 ,a4 #a1 #ee2 incitam5ta victoriae1
 ,tac4 ,agr4 #cb2 incitam5tum  ad hone/e
 mori5dum1 ,curt4 #i1 #e1 #d2           
incitam5tum =titud9is1  ,tac4 ,g4 #g1   
#i2 incitam5tum cupid9is1 ,tac4 ,a4 #f1 
#a1 #aj2 incitam5ta  belli1 ,tac4 ,a4   
#ab1 #cd1 #b2 e/ magna illa eloqu5tia   
alumna lic5tiae1  comes s$itionum1      
effr5ati populi incitam5tum1 ,tac4 ,d4  

#dj1 #aa4 ,9  ! la/ example ! g5itive is
 a real objective g5itive1 :ile !       
p>ticiple limit+ x expresses ! result ( 
incitem5t express$ by  ! g5itives 9 !   
o!r examples4    ,l incitam5tum1        
invitam5tum & irritam5tum usually get   
precision  ( mean+ f a g5itive3         
invitam5ta urbis et =i1 ,sulla1 #gd2    
honos1 non invitam5tum ad tempus1 s$    
p]petuae virtutis praemium1  ,fam4 ,x1  
#aj1 #b2 invitam5ta tem]itatis1 ,liv4   
#b1 #db1 #f2 invitam5tum  scel]is1      
,vell4 #b1 #fg1 #c2 pul*ritud9em eius   
non libid9is  habu]at invitam5tum1 s$   
gloriae1 ,curt4 #d1 #aj1 #bd2 fons      
rep]i5dus  e/1 9 quo s9t prima          
invitam5ta naturae1 ,f94 #e1 #f2 neque  
irritam5ta gulae qua]ebant1 ,sall4 ,jug4
 #hi1 #g2 quod irritam5tum  c]tam9um    
eque/rium e/1 ,liv4 #cj1 #aa2 opes1     
irritam5ta  malorum1 ,ov4 ,m4 #a1 #adj2 
irritam5ta luxuriae1 ,val4 ,max4 #b1 #f1
 #a2  irritam5tum invidiae1 ,tac4 ,a4   
#c1 #i2 irritam5tum pacis1 ,tac4 ,agr4  
#bj4    ,tegum5tum & integum5tum h only 

_! g5]al mean+ ( 8cov]0  :i* !y get f _!
 v]b /em1 unless some?+ 9 ! context     
tells :at x is a cov]+ =3 lanx cum      
integum5tis1 quae ,iovi  adposita fuit1 
,liv4 #dj1 #ei1 #g2 illius sum          
integum5tum corporis1  ,bacc4 #fjb2     
i/aec ego mihi semp] habui integum5tum  
meae1 ,tr94 #cac2  integum5tum frontis1 
,cic4 po/ ,r$4 9 ,s54 #g1 #ae2          
integum5tum  flagitiorum1 ,cael4 #bj1   
#dg2 integum5tum dissimulationis1 ,de   
,or4 #b1  #hf2 tegum5ta galeis milites  
ex vim9ibus fac]e iubet1 ,b4 ,c4 #c1    
#fb1  #a2 ad tegum5ta detrah5da scutis  
tempus defu]it1 ,b4 ,g4 #b1 #ba1 #e2    
quae palpebrae sunt tegm5ta oculorum1   
,n4 ,,ii1 #adb2 tunicos aut  tegim5ta   
fu]ant1 ,b4 ,g4 #c1 #dd1 #g2 humus satis
 solidum e/ tegim5tum  repell5dis       
caloribus1 ,s54 ,ep4 #ij2 equo purpurea 
tegum5ta d$it1  ,suet4 ,cal4 #ee4       
,docum5tum has ! mean+ ( 8example01     
p>ticul>ly :5 !re  is a limit+ g5itive3 
,rutilius qui docum5tum fuit virtutis1  
antiquitatis1 prud5tiae1 ,rab4 ,po/4    

#aj1 #bg4 ,! common occurr5ce  ( ! ^w ) 
v]bs l d>e1 toge!r ) an indirect "q1    
%[s x to mean pro(3 d$]as enim1 quam    
contemn]es popul>es  insanias1 iam ab   
adolesc5tia docum5ta maxima1 ,mil4 #h2  
multa docum5ta  egregii pr9cipis d$it1  
,suet4 ,galb4 #ad4 ,) cap]e ! natural   
mean+ is 8w>n+0 or 8in/ruction03 ex quo 
docum5tum nos cap]e  =tuna voluit1 quid 
esset victis p]timesc5dum1 ,phil4 #aa1  
#b4 ,?is  mean+ is also v commonly se5 9
 ! use ( ! dative case to  express      
purpose1 foll[$ by a supplem5t>y clause 
( purpose4 ,!  n\n ne$ n be 9 ! dative1 
h[ev]3 insigne docum5tum ,sagunti  ru9ae
 erunt ne quis fidei ,romanae aut       
societati confidat1 ,liv4  #ba1 #ai1    
#aj2 deletum cum duce ex]citum docum5to 
fuisse1 ne de9de  turbato g5tium iure   
comitia hab]5tur1 ,liv4 #g1 #f1 #aa4    
,monum5tum is q z g5]al 9 mean+ z       
docum5tum1 & %[s  z great v>iety (      
mean+4 ,x is appli$ to a :ip3 vos       
monum5tis  commonefaciam bubulis1 ,/i*4 
#fc2 a /atue3 /atuam volt d>e1  factis  

monum5tum suis1 ,curc4 #dda2 a lit]>y   
record3 monum5ta  r]um ge/>um oratori   
nota esse deb5t1 ,de ,or4 ,i1 #bja2 an  
action  or circum/ance3 cum ,sex4       
,pompeium re/ituit civitati1 cl>issimum 
monim5tum clem5tiae suae1 ,phil4 #e1    
#ci2 a tomb3 sepultus e/ 9  monum5to    
avunculi sui1 ,nepos1 ,att4 #bb1 #d4    
,sometimes ! ^w gets  precision ( mean+ 
f an appositional g5itive3 hoc /atuae   
monum5to non eget1 ,phil4 #i1 #aa2 ut tu
 monum5tum aliquod decreti  aut litt]>um
 tu>um rel9quas1 ,q4 fr4 ,i1 #b1 #aa2   
sepulcri  monum5to donatus e/1 ,nep4    
,dion4 #aj4 ,sometimes x is us$ )\t any 
sugge/ion ( a concrete object 7cf4 also 
! ?ird example above73  nullum monum5tum
 laudis po/ulo praet]quam huius diei    
memoriam  sempit]nam1 ,cat4 #c1 #aa1    
#bf4    ,argum5tum 7always ab/ract7 has 
! v frequ5t g5]al mean+ (  pro(1 reason1
 argum5t3 quid nunc8 v9con argum5tis te 
non esse  ,sosiam81 ,am4 #dcg2 nunc1 huc
 qua causa v5i1 argum5tum eloqu>1 ,rud4 
#ca2 quod pridie noctu conclamatum esset

 9 ,caes>is ca/ris argum5ti  sumebant   
loco non posse clam exiri ,b4 ,c4 #a1   
#fg1 #a4 ,a common mean+  9 com$y is    
plot1 or !me ( a play 7our 8argum5t0 (  
an epic or a  drama73 ne exspectetis    
argum5tum fabulae1 ,adel4 #bb4 ,!n x    
comes  to mean ! subject matt] ( a spee*
 or lett]3 ut mihi nascatur  epi/ulae   
argum5tum1 ,fam4 ,,xv1 #a1 #bb1 #b2 a   
sign or indication3 ubi  lyrae1 tibia et
 cantus1 animi felicia laeti argum5ta1  
sonant1  ,ov4 ,m4 #d1 #gfb2 reality or  
mean+3 haec tota fabella quam e/ s9e    
argum5to1 ,cael4 #bg2 ! subject (       
arti/ic repres5tations3 ex  ebore       
p]fecta argum5ta erant 9 valvis1 ,v]r4  
,,ii1 #d1 #ef4 ,twice  9 ,cic]onian     
,lat9 ?is ^w is def9$ 9 two ( ! ways    
m5tion$3  argum5tum e/ ficta res quae   
tam5 fi]i potuit1 velut argum5tum       
como$i>um1 ,ad ,h]4 #a1 #h2 argum5tum   
esse rationem quae rei dubiae  faciat   
fidem1 ,top4 #h4    ,exp]im5tum1 :5     
foll[$ by indirect disc\rse1 z 9 !      
foll[+  example1 mu/ mean ! result (    

trial2 viz41 8pro(03 hoc maximum  e/    
exp]im5tum hanc vim esse 9 cogitatione  
diuturna1 ,t4 #d1 #ef4  ,9 ! plural1 be+
 ! accumulation ( a numb] ( trials1 x is
  equival5t to exp]i5tia1 7exp]i5ce73   
,metello exp]im5tis cognitum  erat1 g5us
 ,numid>um infidum esse1 ,sall4 ,jug4   
#df1 #c4    ,firmam5tum (t5 gets precise
 mean+ f a limit+ g5itive1 :i*  is also 
sometimes appositional3 ossa n]vique et 
articuli1 firmam5ta  totius corporis1   
,s54 ,de ,ira1 #b1 #a1 #b2 firmam5ta    
/abilitatis  con/antiaeque e/ eius quam 
9 amicitia qua]imus fides1 ,lael4 #fe2  
eum ord9em firmam5tum cet]orum ord9um   
recte esse dicimus1 ,pomp4  #ag2        
transv]s>ia tigna iniciuntur1 quae      
firmam5to esse poss9t1 ,b4  ,g4 #b1 #ae1
 #b2 firmam5tum ac robur totius         
accusationis1 ,mur4 #bh1 #eh2           
firmam5tum rei publicae1 ,planc4 #i1    
#bc2 firmam5tum dignitatis1 ,t4  #d1 #g2
 inv5ta ratione firmam5tum orationi     
qua]5dum e/1 ,inv4 ,i1  #cd4            
,in/rum5tum is a ^w :i* has ! mo/ g5]al 

mean+1 & really  receives less influ5ce 
f its v]b /em ?an f ! context4 ,ev5  :5 
!re is a qualify+ g5itive or o!r limit+ 
factor x reta9s  m or less ( its g5]al  
"*4 ,probably its mo/ def9ite  mean+ is 
t ( furniture 7( a h\se73 decora atque  
ornam5tum  fanorum 9 in/rum5to ac       
supellectili ,c4 ,v]ris nom9abuntur1    
,v]r4  #b1 #d1 #dd2 in/rum5ti ne magni  
siet 7( a villa71 ,cato1 ,r4 ,r4 ,i4 #e4
  ,a common mean+ is t ( a tool1 or     
ut5sil ( any k9d3 ine/ huic             
computationi sumptus fabrorum et        
v5atorii in/rum5ti1 ,pl94 #c1  #ai2     
crudelia iussae in/rum5ta necis1        
f]rumque ignisque p>antur1  ,ov4 ,m4 #c1
 #fig2 arma1 tela1 equos et cet]a       
in/rum5ta militiae  p>>e1 ,sall4 ,jug4  
#dc1 #c2 naves nautico in/rum5to aptae1 
,liv4 #cj1  #aj1 #c4 ,! foll[+ example  
%[s x mean+ a legal docum5t3 opus  e/   
intu]i omne litis in/rum5tum2 quod vid]e
 non e/ satis1  p]leg5dum e/1 ,qu9t4    
#ab1 #h1 #ab4 ,! mean+ ( supply1        
provisions  7bo? lit]al & figurative7 is

 illu/rat$ by ! foll[+  examples3 quid  
viatici1 quid in/rum5ti satis sit1 ,att4
 ,,xii1 #cb1 #b2  in/rum5ta naturae     
de]ant1 s$ tantus animi spl5dor erat    
ut441  ,brut4 #gg1 #bfh2 9 oratoris v]o 
in/rum5to tam lautam supellectilem      
numquam vid]am1 ,de ,or4 ,i1 #cf1 #afe4 
,9 "o in/ance x pla9ly means  app>el1   
dress3 9 iuv5em r$iit1 anilia demit     
in/rum5ta1 ,ov4 ,m4  #ad1 #gff4 ,! mean+
 ( aid or assi/ance is se5 9 ^!         
citations3  quanta in/rum5ta habeat ad  
obt95dam adipisc5damque sapi5tiam1      
,leg4 #a1 #bb2 indu/riae subsidia atque 
in/rum5ta virtutis 9  libid9e audaciaque
 consumpsit1 ,cat4 #b1 #e4    ,ornam5tum
 is v simil> 9 mean+ to in/rum5tum1 &   
%[s  simil> v>iety ( signification due  
to context1 al?\gh ! v]b  /em is a      
little m specializ$4 ,! numb] ( ?+s :i* 
may be  spok5 ( z hav+ ornam5ta are se5 
f ! examples3 ornam5ta  bubus1 ornam5ta 
as9is in/rata 7esse oporteat71 ,cato1   
,r4 ,r4 #aa1  #d2 elephantos ornatos    
armatosque cum turribus et ornam5tis    

capit1  ,auct4 ,b4 ,afr4 #hf2 pecuniam  
omniaque ornam5ta ex fano ,h]culis  9   
oppidum ,gadis contulit1 ,b4 ,c4 #b1    
#ah1 #b2 eloqu5tia pr9cipibus  maximo   
ornam5to e/1 ,f4 #d1 #fa2 pecuniam et   
ornam5ta triumphi  ,caes>is ret95da     
cur>et1 ,auct4 ,b4 ,afr4 #bh1 #b2       
audi]am quae de  orationis ipsius       
ornam5tis trad]5tur1 ,de ,or4 ,i1 #add2 
pul*]rima  totius ,galliae urbs1 quae   
praesidio et ornam5to e/ civitati1  ,b4 
,g4 #g1 #ae2 mihi hoc subsidium comp>avi
 ad decus atque ornam5tum  s5ectutis1   
,orat4 #a1 #de2 ,hort5sius1 lum5 atque  
ornam5tum rei  publicae1 ,mil4 #ad2     
urceoli sex1 ornam5tum abaci1 ,juv4 #c1 
#bjc2  nem9em omnium tot et tanta1      
quanta sunt 9 ,crasso1 habuisse ornam5ta
  dic5di1 ,orat4 #b1 #bh4 ,sometimes    
adjectives %[ ! ornam5ta to  be a       
special sort ( di/9ction3 pluribus      
triumphalia ornam5ta  dec]n5da curavit1 
,suet4 ,aug4 #ch2 decem praetoriis viris
 consul>ia  ornam5ta tribuit1 ,suet4    
,caes4 #gf4 ,9 com$y especially x means 

dress1  co/ume3 ipse ornam5ta a *orago  
haec sumpsit3 si pot]o ornam5tis  hom9em
 circumduc]e1 dabo op]am ut44441 ,tr94  
#hei1 #hfj2 hom9em  cum ornam5tis       
omnibus exornatum adducite ad me1       
,pseud4 #gef2 also  tr9kets3 i1         
,palae/rio1 aurum1 ornam5ta1 ve/em1     
omnia duc1 ,m4  ,g4 #acjb2 9 "o in/ance1
 ! dress ( trag$y3 ornam5ta absunt3     
,aiacem1 hunc quom vides ipsum vides1   
,capt4 #fae4    ,/ram5tum is appli$ to a
 numb] ( ?+s :i* c be conceiv$  ( z be+ 
/rewn or cov]$ ) /raw1 b is also        
sometimes us$  absolutely3 fasces       
/ram5torum virgultorumque inc5d]unt1 ,b4
 ,g4  #h1 #ae1 #e2 iubet magnum num]um  
mulorum produci deque 8 /ram5ta         
detrahi1 ,b4 ,g4 #g1 #de2 cum ea noctem 
9 /ram5tis p]noct>e 7a  b$71 ,truc4     
#bgh2 /ram5ta si de]unt1 frondem ligneam
 legito3 eam  sub/]nito ovibus bubusque1
 ,cato1 ,r4 ,r4 #e4 ,!re are two        
examples 9  :i* x means ! ro( ( a h\se1 
or ?at*3 casae1 quae /ram5tis  tectae   
erant1 ,b4 ,g4 #e1 #dc2 p>s ignes casis 

/ram5to arido  tectis iniciunt1 ,liv4   
#be1 #ci4    ,torm5tum1 an in/rum5t )   
:i* any?+ is turn$ or twi/$1 is  appli$ 
especially to a milit>y eng9e = hurl+   
missiles3 aciem  eo loco con/ituit1 unde
 torm5to missa tela 9 ho/ium cuneos     
conici poss5t1 ,b4 ,g4 #h1 #ad1 #e2 !   
missile itself3 quod unum g5us  tegum5ti
 nullo telo neque torm5to transici      
posse1 ,b4 ,c4 #b1 #i2 a  7twi/$7 cord  
or rope3 praesectis omnium muli]um      
cr9ibus torm5ta  effec]unt1 ,b4 ,c4 #c1 
#i1 #c2 a *a9 or fett]3 nam si non f]at1
  torm5to non ret9]i potuit f]reo1      
,curc4 #bbg2 an in/rum5t  ( torture3    
rotam1 id e/ g5us quoddam torm5ti apud  
,graecos1 ,t4  #e1 #bd2 tum v]b]ibus ac 
torm5tis quae/ionem habuit pecuniae     
publicae1 ,phil4 #aa1 #b1 #e2 torture1  
pa93 cum incr$ibles cruciatus et        
indignissima torm5ta pat]etur1 ,pl94    
,ep4 #a1 #ab1 #f2 h9c licebit tum  dic]e
 se beatum 9 summo cruciatu atque       
torm5tis1 ,t4 #e1 #gc4    ,ve/im5tum1 9 
addition to hav+ its common mean+ (     

clo?+3 me  vides ut sim ve/im5tis       
uvidis1 ,rud4 #egc2 is once appli$ to ! 
cov]+ ( a b$3 huc e/ intro latus lectus1
 ve/im5tis /ratus1  ,heaut4 #ijc4    ,f 
! above examples x w be cle> t at lea/  
"s -m5tum  words get precision ( mean+ f
 ! context4 ,! diff]5t means  by :i* !  
context ex]ts influ5ce w\ld be difficult
 to classify2  /ill less c\ld "o ass]t t
 -m5tum t5ds to h any mean+4  ,p]haps we
 %\ld n speak ( a ^w v>y+ semantically  
:5 x  is us$ figuratively1 yet x is only
 f ! context t we c  asc]ta9 :e!r x is  
us$ figuratively or n4 ,a ^w c be us$ 9 
a figurative s5se only :51 9 "o context1
 x has c]ta9 elem5ts  id5tical ) ^? :i* 
x has 9 ano!r context4 ,! m def9ite  &  
concrete ! object express$ by a n\n1 !  
less v>iability w  be expect$1 ei!r 9 a 
lit]al or figurative use4 ,?is is true (
 !  -bulum & -culum words1 :i*1 :ile    
admitt+ a small range (  v>iation1 are  
mu* m limit$ 9 _! v>iation ?an ! -m5tum 
words 7 f\nd to be4 ,! be/ examples w be
 giv5 bel[4    ,conciliabulum is a place

 ( assembly & is expressly s def9$ by   
,fe/us 7cf4 ,*apt] ,,ii1 p4 #be73       
muli]es ex oppidis conciliabulisque     
conv5iebant1 ,liv4 #cd1 #a1 #f2         
sac]dotes non ,romae modo1 s$ p] omnia  
=a et conciliabula conquiri1 ,liv4 #ci1 
#ad1 #g4 ,! foll[+ example1  h[ev]1 %[s 
t x may also mean ! assembly itself3    
igitur p]  conciliabula et coetus       
s$itiosa diss]ebant1 ,tac4 ,a4 #c1 #dj4 
,9 a few  in/ances x takes on a bad     
mean+3 ne p5etr>em me usquam ubi esset  
damni conciliabulum1 ,tr94 #cad2 =te aut
 c5a1 ut solet 9 i/is  fi]i             
conciliabulis1 ,bacc4 #hj4    ,latibulum
 is se5 to be a hid+ place = diff]5t    
animals & ev5  ( m51 & also a refuge    
7figurative73 cum etiam se f]ae         
latibulis  tegant1 ,rab4 ,po/4 #db2     
rep5te te tamquam s]p5s a latibulis     
intuli/i1 ,vat94 #d2 def5d5di facilis e/
 cautio non solum latibulis  occultorum 
locorum1 s$ etiam tempe/atum mod]atione 
et conv]sione  7( pirates71 ,flacc4 #ac1
 #ca2 ego autem volo aliquod em]e       

latibulum et  p]fugium doloris mei1     
,att4 ,,xii1 #ac1 #b4    ,pabulum is us$
 n only ( food = animals b also1 9      
poetry1  ( food = m51 & sometimes = !   
pa/ures1 or fe$+ places4  ,its          
figurative mean+ is also q common3 bubus
 pabulum p>>e  oportet1 ,cato1 ,r4 ,r4  
#ed1 #a2 pabula c>psit ovis1 ,ov4 ,f4   
#d1 #gej2 f]ae  pecudes p]sultant pabula
 laeta1 ,lucr4 #a1 #ad2 novitas mundi   
pabula  dura tulit1 mis]is mortalibus   
ampla1 ,lucr4 #e1 #idd2 si animus habet 
aliquod tamquam pabulum /udii atque     
doctr9ae1 ,c4 #di2 s$ fugit>e  decet    
simulacra et pabula amoris1 ,lucr4 #d1  
#ajfc4    ,/abulum has its lit]al &     
g5]al mean+ ( /&+-place 9  only two     
examples3 neutrubi habeam /abile        
/abulum1 siquid divorti  fuat1 ,aul4    
#bcc2 nusquam /abulum confid5tiae1 ,mo/4
 #cej4 ,mo/  frequ5tly x means a /able =
 animals or lair ( wild bea/s3 neque    
iam /abulis gaudet pecus aut arator     
igni1 ,hor4 ,c4 #a1 #d1 #c2 itur 9      
antiquam silvam1 /abula alta f]>um1 ,a54

 #f1 #agi4 ,! agricultural  writ]s use x
 9 speak+ ( a v>iety ( animals1 birds & 
fi%es3  pecudibus si5t /abula1 ,col4 #a1
 #f1 #d2 avium cohortalium /abula  7an  
avi>y71 ,col4 #h1 #a2 ut sit pavonum    
/abulum1 ,col4 #h1 #aa1 #c2 hac  ratione
 /abulis ord9atis aquatile pecus        
inducemus1 ,col4 #h1 #ag1  #g2 abs9t et 
picti squal5tia t]ga lac]ti p+uibus a   
/abulis 7(  bees71 ,georg4 #d1 #ad4 ,x  
also means a cottage1 a hut1 a dwell+ l 
a  /able3 cum ,catil9a pa/orum /abula   
pra$>i coepisset1 ,se/4 #ab2  pu]os ab  
eo ad /abula ,l>5tiae uxori educ&os     
datos1 ,liv4 #a1 #d1  #g4 ,a numb] (    
times ! context %[s x appli$ to a h\se (
 ill  fame3 pi/orum amicas1 quae tibi   
olant /abulum /ratumque1 ,po54  #bfg4   
,twice x is appli$ to p]sons z a t]m (  
reproa*3 ipsa quae  sis /abulum         
flagitii1 ,truc4 #ehg2 faciam uti pro9de
 ut e/ dignus  vitam colat1 ,a*]untis   
pabulum1 /abulum nequitiae1 ,cas4 #afj4 
,9 !  la/ example pabulum is also us$ ) 
an emotional tone4    ,vocabulum is a "n

 or appellation1 ! "n ( ! ?+ itself  be+
 express$1 if at all1 9 ! g5itive1 or 9 
! nom9ative  ) vocabulum 9 ! ablative3  
si res suum nom5 et proprium  vocabulum 
non habet1 ,de ,or4 ,,iii1 #aei2        
deligitur artifex talium vocabulo       
,locu/a1 ,tac4 ,a4 #ab1 #ff4 ,x also    
signifies z a grammatical t]m1  a n\n1 z
 oppos$ to a v]b3 ,ari/otelis orationis 
duas p>tes esse  dicit1 vocabula et     
v]ba1 ut homo et equus1 et legis et     
currit1  ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #h4             
,conv5ticulum regul>ly means an assembly
 7)\t any dim9utive  notion73           
conv5ticula hom9um quae po/ea civitates 
nom9atae sunt1  ,se/4 #ia2 b x may also 
mean ! place ( assembly3 ex/ructa sunt  
apud nemus conv5ticula1 ,tac4 ,a4 #ad1  
#ae4    ,oraculum may mean a prophetic  
decl>ation by gods1 or by m53 cum       
praes]tim deorum immortalium iussis     
atque oraculis id fecisse  dicantur1    
,sex4 ,rosc4 #ff2 haec ego nunc         
physicorum oracula fundo1 v]a  an falsa 
nescio1 ,n4 #a1 #ff4 ,also ! place :]e  

oracul> responses 7  giv53 numquam illud
 oraculum ,delphis tam celebre fuisset  
nisi44441  ,div4 ,i1 #ai1 #cg4          
,p]iculum1 9 ! s5se ( trial1 is always !
 object ( ! v]b  fac]e3 fac semel       
p]iculum1 ,ci/4 #ejd2 priusquam p]iculum
  fac]et1 ,b4 ,g4 #d1 #ba4 ,its *ange to
 ! mean+ ( dang] mu/ h  be5 by "s su*   
/ep z is se5 9 ! foll[+ example1 al?\gh 
p]iculum fac]e1 8make a trial10 is also 
practically ! same z  8run a risk03     
nescio quanto 9 p]iculo sumus1 ,phor4   
#eh4 ,! common  mean+ ( risk or dang]   
h>dly ne$s to be illu/rat$3 salus       
sociorum summum 9 p]iculum vocatur1     
,pomp4 #e1 #ab4 ,! context  %[s x to h  
also two o!r mean+s2 viz41 a lawsuit3   
meus  labor 9 p]iculis privatorum ca/e  
integreque v]satus1 ,pomp4 #a1  #b2 a   
judicial s5t5ce3 petiit ut 9 p]iculo suo
 inscrib]5t1  ,nep4 ,ep4 #h2 e/ hone/us1
 quod eorum hom9um fidei tabulae        
publicae  p]iculaque magi/ratuum        
committuntur1 ,v]r4 #b1 #c1 #gi4        
,piaculum is prop]ly an (f]+ p]=m$ z a  

means ( appeas+ a  deity3 porco fem9a   
piaculum faciundum e/1 ,leg4 ,,ii1 #eg2 
app>et  omnia nec ullis piaculis expi>i 
posse1 ,liv4 #e1 #ec2 & !n  naturally x 
is appli$ to ! victim itself3 duc nigras
 pecudes3  ea prima piacula sunto1 ,a54 
#f1 #aec2 !n also a s9ful action1 :i*   
ne$s expiation3 nonne 9 m5tem v5it1     
quantum piaculi committatur81  ,liv4 #e1
 #eb4    ,spectaculum is prop]ly a      
8sight01 any?+ se53 quom hoc mihi       
optuli/i tam lepidum spectaculum1 ,po54 
#bji2 !n a %[1 on  ! /age or 9 ! ar5a3  
spectacula sunt tributim data1 ,mur54   
#gb4 ,once 9 ,plautus x cle>ly means a  
"p ( ! !at] itself3  exoritur v5tus     
turbo1 spectacula ibi ruont1 ,curc4     
#fdg2 t x means  also ! !at] 9 g5]al is 
se5 f a few examples3 resonant          
spectacula plausu1 ,ov4 ,m4 #aj1 #ffh2  
ex omnibus spectaculis plausus  e/      
excitatus1 ,se/4 #eh4    ,umbraculum is 
a %ady place3 faciundum umbracula1 quo  
succ$ant  hom9es 9 ae/u tempore         
m]idiano1 ,v>ro1 ,r4 ,r4 ,i1 #ea2 also  

any?+  t furni%es %ade1 an umbrella3    
aurea pellebant tepidos umbracula       
soles1 ,ov4 ,f4 ,,ii1 #caa4 ,! limit+   
g5itive 9 ! foll[+ example  %[s ! n\n to
 h lo/ its regul> /em-mean+ & to h be5  
us$ = 8s*ool03 ,demetrius mirabilit]    
doctr9am ex umbraculis  eruditorum      
otioque produxit1 ,leg4 ,,iii1 #ad4     
,vehiculum1 a means ( transportation1 is
 appli$ to wagons or c>ts3  omnes di1   
qui vehiculis t5s>um solemnes coitus    
ludorum initis1  ,v]r4 #e1 #ahf2 b also 
to %ips3 ut procul div9um et novum      
vehiculum  ,argonaut>um e monte         
conspexit1 ,n4 ,,ii1 #hi4           99  
99       99       99       99    ,t !   
words :i* we h treat$ v>y 9 mean+       
accord+ to  ! context seems p]fectly    
obvi\s2 b ! ext5t to :i* ?is is  true 9 
g5]al has receiv$ little if any att5tion
 f l+ui/ic  /ud5ts4 ,! trac+ ( ! mean+ (
 a ^w ?r\gh v>i\s  p]iods ( ! language  
has be5 commonly en\gh done2 t side (  !
 "q1 h[ev]1 ?is inve/igation has n t\*$ 
except  incid5tally4 ,b ! mat]ial       

pres5t$ 9 ?is *apt] & !  prec$+ has1 x  
is hop$1 be5 suffici5t to illu/rate h[ !
 words  =m$ ) our suffixes1 :ile reveal+
 a limit$ t5d5cy 9 mean+  due to _! v]b 
/ems1 (t5 also owe mu* ( _! mean+ to !  
context 9 :i* !y are us$4               
,,*apt] ,,iv    ,,ov]lapp+ ,,(          
,,suffixes      ,h[ev] great a t5d5cy ! 
suffixes "u inve/igation h t[>d  giv+ to
 ! n\ns a c]ta9 mean+1 ! v>iations ( :i*
 !y  are capable1--due1 z has be5 %[n1  
to /em & context1--/rongly  sugge/ t !re
 c be no?+ v /able 9 ! suffix itself4   
,if  !re really 7 a fundam5tal mean+ 9 !
 suffixes1 !re w\ld be  no su* v>iation 
z we f9d4    ,b a consid]ation :i* po9ts
 ev5 m to ! comp>atively fluid          
condition ( ^! suffixes is ! fact t we  
f9d o!r words1  =m$ on ! same /em1 b ) a
 diff]5t suffix1 mean+ precisely  ! same
 z ! n\ns made ) ^! suffixes4 ,"h aga91 
!  mean+s are d]iv$ f an exam9ation ( ! 
context4 ,sometimes !  contexts are     
exactly p>allel1 at o!r times !re is a  
suffici5tly  l>ge elem5t common to bo?  

to w>rant u 9 say+ t ! n\ns d  n1 at    
lea/ 9 ^! p>ticul> in/ances1 diff] 9    
mean+4    ,! fact t "s ( ^! p>allel     
words occur at diff]5t p]iods  9 !      
language does n weak5 ! argum5t1 z ! m]e
 occurr5ce  ( !m %[s ! un/able influ5ce 
( ! suffix2 &1 moreov]1 we  ne$ n       
suppose because "o ^w is n f\nd at a    
c]ta9 p]iod  :ile ano!r on ! same /em ) 
a diff]5t suffix is f\nd1 t  ! fir/ ^w 0
 n 9 exi/5ce4 ,x is j z reasonable to   
assume  t ! pres]vation ( "o ^w & n !   
o!r is due m]ely  to common usage or !  
p]sonal pref]5ce ( ! au?or4 ,metrical   
consid]ations might exclude ! use ( a   
c]ta9 ^w 9 poetry1 b  ! in/ances are v  
r>e1 & w be not$ 9 ! prop] place4    ,! 
mo/ common suffix :i* makes accessory   
=ms ) -m5tum is  -m54 ,mo/ au?orities   
reg>d -m5tum z an ext5sion ( -m5 by  !  
addition ( -to4 ,:e!r ?is is true or n1 
!re are _m  -m5tum words t h no         
accessory =ms 9 -m51 & a l>ge  numb] (  
-m5 words t h no accessory =ms 9 -m5tum4
  ,corss5 7,krit4 ,na*4 p4 #abe ff47    

gives fifty-"o -m5 words  f old1        
classical1 & lat] ,lat9 to :i* !re are  
no =ms 9  -m5tum1 fifty-two -m5tum words
 f ! same p]iods to :i*  !re are no =ms 
9 -m52 tw5ty-five words ) bo? =ms 9  any
 "o p]iod4 ,he also gives a table %[+ h[
 ! words 9 !  old] & classical language 
pref]r$ ! =m -m5 :ile 9 lat]  ,lat9 !   
same words pref]r$ ! =m -m5tum4 ,he says
 ! suffix  -m5tum is only ! ! ext5sion1 
on ,lat9 soil1 ( ! suffix  -m5          
7,sanskrit1 -man7 ) -to2 & ?is expla9s  
:y 9 lat]  ,lat9 ! =ms 9 -m5tum become m
 frequ5t1 also :y !y are  n f\nd 9 o!r  
,italic dialects1 nor 9 ! ,greek & o!r  
relat$  languages4    ,l9dsay says 7p4  
#cce7 t ! suffix -m5 is f\nd m (t5 9    
poetry1 :ile -m5tum pr$om9ates 9 prose4 
,etymologically1 ! suffixes -bulum &    
-culum g back to orig9al  -dhlo & -tlo  
respectively 7,l9dsay pp4 #ccd & #ccb74 
,a /udy ( ! o!r suffixes :i* make       
accessory =ms to ^! words  w\ld probably
 yield results simil> to ^? se5 9 ! case
 ( our  suffixes2 b all t w be attempt$ 

"h w be to %[ p>allels  :]ev] possible4 
,italics w be us$ "h1 also1 to %[ :at   
elem5ts 9 ! context g to prove !        
equival5ce 9 semantic cont5t  ( ! n\ns  
"u discussion4      ,a4 ,,p>allels ,,(  
-,,m5tum ,,& ,,accessory ,,suffixes     
,"o ( ! neate/ examples ( id5tity 9     
mean+ is ! foll[+  exactly p>allel usage
 ( /ram5 & /ram5tum3 tectam /ram9e      
vidit casam1 ,ov4 ,m4 #e1 #ddc2 casae1  
quae /ram5tis tectae erant1  ,b4 ,g4 #e1
 #dc4    ,f ! use ( a g5itive d5ot+ a   
concrete object1 fragm5tum &  fragm5 are
 se5 to be id5tical 9 mean+ 9 ! foll[+  
examples3  adiacebant fragm9a telorum   
equorumque artus1 ,tac4 ,a4 #a1 #fa2    
tribunum  adoriuntur fragm5tis          
saeptorum1 ,se/4 #gi4    ,! g5itives    
dep5d+ on irritam5 & irritam5tum 9 !    
foll[+  examples are n exactly alike1 "o
 be+ concrete & ! o!r  ab/ract2 b !y are
 ne> en\gh 9 mean+1 & ! n\ns !mselves   
are us$ 9 suffici5tly simil> contexts to
 ju/ify u 9 say+ t  ei!r "o might h be5 
us$ 9 place ( ! o!r3 nisi adiecisset    

opes1 irritam5 animi av>i1 ,ov4 ,m4 #ac1
 #dcd2 neque salem neque alia           
irritam5ta gulae qua]ebant1 ,sall4 ,jug4
 #hi1 #g4    ,levam5 & levam5tum are us$
 9 p>allel examples3 cuius mali  7debt7 
plebes nullum levam5 sp]>et1 ,liv4 #f1  
#ce1 #a2 non aliud  malorum levam5tum   
quam si l9qu]5t ca/ra1 ,tac4 ,h4 #a1    
#cj1 #i4    ,! v]bs us$ ) m$icam5 &     
m$icam5tum %[ a lack (  diff]5tiation   
betwe5 ^! n\ns3 quod dic]es te viol5tis 
quibusdam m$icam9ibus sol]e cur>i1 ,pis4
 #f1 #ac2 si eo m$icam5to  sanus factus 
esset1 ,(f4 #c1 #ib4    ,! v]bs ) molim5
 & molim5tum 9 ! foll[+ examples are  v 
simil>1 & !re is ! same adjective       
modify+ ea* n\n3  temptat revell]e      
annosam p9um magno molim9e1 ,ov4 ,m4    
#ab1 #ceg2  neque ex]citum s9e magno    
commeatu atque molim5to 9 unum locum    
contrah]e posse1 ,b4 ,g4 ,i1 #cd1 #c4   
,id5tity ( v]bs & ! case ( mom5 &       
mom5tum %[ !re  is no diff]5ce 9 _!     
mean+3 mom9e uti p>vo poss9t  impulsa   
mov]i1 ,lucr4 #c1 #ahh2 animus paulo    

mom5to huc vel illuc  impellitur1 ,&4   
#bff4    ,p>allel in/ances ( bl&itia &  
bl&im5ta are se5 9 ^!  examples3 haec   
m]etrix meum erum sua bl&itia intulit 9 
paup]iem1  ,truc4 #egb2 illum sp]o      
immut>i pote/ bl&im5tis1 oram5tis1      
cet]is m]etriciis1 ,truc4 #cah2         
b5evol5tiam civium bl&itiis  et ads5t&o 
collig]e turpe e/1 ,lael4 #fa2 ,lepida  
bl&im5tis ac  l>gitionibus iuv5ilem     
animum dev9ciebat1 ,tac4 ,h4 #ac1 #ac4  
,adiutorium is a r>e ^w1 b 9 ! foll[+   
examples x is se5 to  h ! same g5]al    
mean+ z adium5tum1 8help03 s9e adiutorio
  ignis nihil calidum e/1 ,s54 ,ep4 #ca2
 neque apud hom9es res e/ ulla          
difficilior neque quae plura adium5ta   
doctr9ae desid]et1 ,de ,or4  ,,iii1 #hd4
    ,exp]im5tum 9 ! plural naturally    
means ! same z exp]i5tia  7exp]i5ce71 b 
9 ! s+ul> also !y bo? mean a trial or   
attempt1 or ! result ( trial1 pro(3     
debemus tempt>e exp]i5tia  qua$am1      
sequ5tes non aleam1 s$ rationem aliquam1
 ,v>ro1 ,r4 ,r4 #a1 #ah1  #h2 hoc e/    

maximum exp]im5tum1 hanc vim esse non 9 
die positam  s$ 9 cogitatione diuturna1 
,t4 #c1 #gd4 ,) ! mean+ ( exp]i5ce3     
,agrippa non aetate neque r]um exp]i5tia
 tantae moli p>1 ,tac4  ,a4 #a1 #d2     
,metello exp]im5tis cognitum erat1 g5us 
,numid>um infidum  esse1 ,sall4 ,jug4   
#dj1 #c4    ,firmam5 & firmam5tum might 
be int]*ang$1 9 bo? _!  figurative &    
lit]al mean+s3 ruptosque obliqua p]     
ungues  porrigitur radix1 longi firmam9a
 trunci1 ,ov4 ,m4 #aj1 #dia2 ossa       
n]vique1 firmam5ta totius corporis1 ,s54
 ,de ,ira1 #b1 #a1 #b4 ,bo? !  dep5d5t  
g5itives above express concrete objects2
 9 ! foll[+  !y express ab/ract objects3
 unicum lapsae domus firmam51 unum  lum5
 afflicto malis temet res]va1 ,s54 ,h]c4
 ,fur4 #abea2 sic ille  annus duo       
firmam5ta rei publicae p] me unum       
con/ituta ev]tit1  ,att4 ,i1 #ah1 #c4   
,docum5 occurs only once1 b its context 
%[s x to be equival5t 9  mean+ to       
docum5tum1 :i* is us$ 9 /rik+ly simil>  
contexts3  flammas ut fulguris hal5t    

pectore p]fixo1 docum5 mortalibus acre1 
,lucr4 #f1 #cia2 ut s9t reliquis        
docum5to et magnitud9e po5ae  p]t]reant 
alios1 ,b4 ,g4 #g1 #d1 #aj4    ,words ) 
! suffix -tio we naturally ?9k ( z      
v]bals1 or  nom9a actionis1 b 9 ! foll[+
 examples ! context makes x  fairly     
c]ta9 t !y mean ! same z _! correspond+ 
-m5tum  n\ns4    ,=mam5ta is f\nd only  
twice3 omnia pr9cipiorum =mam5ta queunt 
9 quovis esse nitore1 ,lucr4 #b1 #hai2  
si vos fat]em9i id quod ve/ra  suspicio 
cr$idisset =mam5tis div9is attribuisse1 
m9us erat  iniuriae praesumpta 9        
op9atione peccasse1 ,arn4 #c1 #af4 ,9 ! 
fir/  example1 =mam5ta is us$ closely   
foll[+ =mae & mu/ mean  ! same ?+1 !    
8%apes0 ( ! atoms2 9 ! second example ! 
adjective 8div9is0 indicates a simil>   
mean+ = =mam5tum2 9  ! foll[+ example   
,vitruvius is giv+ directions conc]n+ ! 
build+ ( a =um3 ita enim erit oblonga   
eius =um =matio  et ad spectaculorum    
rationem utilis dispositio1 ,vitr4 #e1  
#a4 ,:ile  ! directions = ! future      

build+ might lead u to believe t  ! ^w  
has a pr$om9ant v]bal =ce1 yet x is j z 
possible  to conceive ( x z express+ !  
result ( ! process2 & ?is  int]pretation
 is ev5 m probable1 z ! adjective       
oblonga w\ld  prop]ly n be appli$ to a  
purely v]bal n\n4    ,! v]b fodior %[s !
 id5tity 9 mean+ betwe5 fundatio &      
fundam5ta 9 ! foll[+ in/ances3 cum      
fodi5tes delubro  fundam5ta caput       
humanum inv5iss5t1 ,pl94 #bh1 #b1 #d2   
fundationes  eorum op]um fodiantur1     
,vitr4 #c1 #c4 ,res ,romana & lib]tas   
are  ne> en\gh alike to %[ t fundam5 &  
fundam5tum h ! same  g5]al mean+ 9 ^!   
in/ances3 fundam9e magno res ,romana    
valet1  ,ov4 ,m4 #d1 #hjh2 haec sunt    
fundam5ta firmissima no/rae lib]tatis1  
,balb4 #ac4    ,! contexts ( hortam5 &  
hortam5tum 9 ! two foll[+ examples  are 
ne> en\gh alike to w>rant our say+ t !  
n\ns might be  int]*ang$3 ,decii ev5tus1
 +5s hortam5 ad omnia pro re publicia   
aud5da1 ,liv4 #aj1 #bi1 #e2 9 conspectu 
p>5tum coniugumque ac  lib]orum quae    

magna etiam abs5tibus hortam5ta animi   
sunt1 ,liv4  #g1 #aa1 #f4    ,!re is    
und\bt$ly no m v]bal =ce 9 ! foll[+     
example (  allevatio ?an 9 ! example (  
allevam5tum1 7:i* is ! only "o  extant73
 tantis rebus urgemur1 nullam ut        
allevationem quisquam non  /ultissimus  
sp]>e debeat1 ,fam4 ,,ix1 #a2 ,sulla    
coactus e/ 9 adv]sis  =tunis s9e ullo   
rem$io atque allevam5to p]man]e1 ,sulla1
 #ff4    ,besides alim5tum !re are two  
o!r n\ns1 =m$ on ! v]b alo1  alimonium &
 alimonia1 :i* also mean support or     
n\ri%m5t1 z se5  f ^! p>allel examples3 
plus alim5ti 9 pane quam 9 ullo  alio   
e/1 ,cels4 #b1 #ah2 quid temp]atus ab   
alimonio panis1 cui rei  d$i/is nom5    
ca/us81 ,arn4 #e1 #af2 amisso omni      
naturalis alimoniae  fundam5to1 homo    
exhau/us int]eat1 ,gell4 #ag1 #ae1 #e4  
,al?\gh -tus is also usually consid]$ z 
=m+ nom9a actionis1  ! example (        
cruciatus cle>ly is p>allel ) t (       
cruciam5tum3  confectus iam cruciatu    
maximorum dolorum1 ne id quidem scrib]e 

possim1 quod44441 ,att4 ,,xi4 #aa1 #a2  
nec graviora sunt torm5ta  c>nificum1   
quam int]dum cruciam5ta morborum1 ,phil4
 #aa1 #d4    ,calceam5tum1 8%oe0 or     
cov]+ = ! feet1 has two accessory =ms1  
calceam5 & calceatus1 :i* are synonym\s 
) x 7! =m] be+  f\nd only 9 ,pl9y73 mihi
 e/ calciam5tum solorum callum1 amictui 
,scy?icum tegim51 ,t4 #e1 #ij2 ve/itu   
calceatuque et cet]o habitu  neque      
patrio neque civili usus e/1 ,suet4     
,calig4 #eb2 h9c sp>to  /rata ru/icis   
eorum1 h9c ignes facesque1 h9c calceam9a
 et pa/orum  ve/is1 ,pl94 #ai1 #b1 #g4  
,! use ( ad & a g]und aft] bo? invitatio
 & invitam5ta  indicate _! lack (       
diff]5ce 9 mean+ 9 ^! two in/ances3 ad  
eundem fontem rev]t5dum e/1 aegritud9em 
omnem abesse a sapi5te1  quod inanis    
sit1 quod fru/ra suscipiatur1 quod non  
natura exoriatur1  s$ iudicio1 s$       
op9ione s$ quadam invitatione ad        
dol5dum1 cum id  decrev]imus ita fi]i   
oport]e1 ,t4 #c1 #hb2 quocirca intellegi
 necesse  e/ 9 ipsis rebus1 quae        

discuntur et cognoscuntur1 invitam5ta   
inesse1  quibus ad disc5dum             
cognosc5dumque moveamur1 ,f4 #e1 #eb4   
,munitio is ano!r -tio n\n t ord9>ily   
has v]bal =ce1 b  n at all infrequ5tly x
 co9cides 9 mean+ ) bo? munim5 &        
munim5tum3 cum urbem op]ibus            
munitionibusque saepsisset1 ,phil4 #ac1 
#i1 #bj2 ca/ella et munitiones idoneis  
locis impon5s1 ,tac4 ,a4 #c1 #gd4  ,!   
g5itives foll[+ munim5 & munitio are    
alike 9 mean+ &  function1 bo? be+      
appositional3 confisus munitione fossae1
 ,b4 ,c4  #a1 #db1 #c2 n>rat esse locum 
solidae tectum munim9e molis1 ,ov4 ,m4  
#d1  #gga4 ,munim5tum is us$ ( ! same   
k9d ( 8=tification03 fossa1  haud p>vum 
munim5tum1 ,liv4 #a1 #cc1 #g4    ,natura
 & ignis are ! simil> elem5ts 9 ! foll[+
 contexts  t indicate ! id5tity 9 mean+ 
betwe5 nutrim5 & nutrim5tum3            
nempe ubi t]ra cibos alim5taque p+uia   
flammae      non dabit absumptis p]     
longum viribus aevum      naturaeque    
suum nutrim5 de]it edaci1 ,ov4 ,m4 #ae1 

#ced2        suscepit ignem foliis atque
 arida circum      nutrim5ta d$it1 ,a54 
#a1 #agf4    ,9 ! fir/ example1 curi\sly
 en\gh1 nutrim5 seems to be also        
synonym\s ) alim5ta 9 ! second l9e be=e 
x4    ,nato & pu]orum foll[+ oblectam9a 
& oblectam5ta indicate  id5tity 9 mean+1
 al?\gh ! latt] is /ill vague1 :ile !   
=m] is specifi$ by 8flores03 c>ps]at    
flores1 quos oblectam9a  nato porrig]et1
 ,ov4 ,m4 #i1 #cdb2 obsecro te non ut   
v9cla virorum  s9t1 s$ ut oblectam5ta   
pu]orum1 ,p>4 #e1 #b1 #ch4    ,we h !   
cle> te/imony ( ,v>ro t op]culum &      
op]im5tum are  bo? us$ to mean 8cov]+03 
quibus op]ibantur op]im5ta et op]cula   
dix]unt1 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #e1 #afg2 & !   
fact is illu/rat$ by !  foll[+ examples1
 9 :i* bo? are us$ 9 ! ablative aft]    
tego3  asp]a art]ia tegitur quasi quodam
 op]culo1 ,n4 #b1 #ed2 nuces gem9o      
protectae op]im5to sunt1 ,pl94 #ae1 #bb4
    ,bo? ornatus & ornam5tum are us$ ( a
 spee*1 oratio3 mihi  eripui/i ornam5tum
 orationis meae1 ,planc4 #hc2 reliqua   

quasi lum9a  aff]unt magnum ornatum     
orationi1 ,or4 #ci1 #acd4 ,! foll[+     
examples  ( ^! n\ns1 al?\gh /ill g5]al 9
 mean+1 are int]e/+ z  be+ us$ ) ! v]b  
:i* is _! /em3 ornatus appellatur cultus
  ipse1 quo quis ornatur1 ,fe/4 #ahd2   
hom9em cum ornam5tis omnibus  exornatum 
adducite ad me1 ,bacc4 #gef4    ,al?\gh 
! circum/ances 9 ! foll[+ passages are n
 alike1 !  imm$iate contexts are simil> 
en\gh to %[ t s>m5 & s>m5tum  h ! same  
mean+3 iam iubeo ignem et s>m5 arae1    
c>nifex1  circumd>i1 ,mo/4 #aaad2 ligna 
et s>m5ta ignemque circumd>e  coep]unt1 
,v]r4 #b1 #a1 #fi4    ,tegim5 &         
tegim5tum bo? mean a cov]+ = ! body3    
mihi  amictui ,scy?icum tegim5 e/1 ,t4  
#e1 #ij2 p5n>um contextu corpori        
tegim5tum faciebat1 ,f4 #e1 #cb4    ,z  
%[n e>li] 9 ?is pap]1 t9nim5tum 9 its   
s+le occurr5ce  und\bt$ly means a       
8t9kl+0 9 ! e>s1 caus$ by *att]+ talk2  
t9nitus also seems to mean ! same ?+ 9 !
 foll[+ contexts3  cum9um silve/re      
auribus in/illatur ad sonitus atque     

t9nitus1  ,pl94 #bj1 #ae1 #eg2 illud    
t9nim5tum/ auribus1 ,rud4 #hjf4    ,if  
!re is any diff]5ce betwe5 ve/itus &    
ve/im5tum 9 ^!  two examples1 x is      
difficult to f9d3 cr$o te audisse1      
v5isse1 eo  muliebri ve/itu virum1 ,att4
 ,i1 #ac1 #c2 muli]em aequom/ ve/im5tum 
muliebre d>e =as1 virum virile1 ,m54    
#fei4    ,f ! fragm5ts 9 ,nonius we f9d 
t two ( our -m5tum n\ns  h accessory =ms
 9 -m5ta 7fem47 ) ! same mean+3 ipsius  
arm5tas ad easdem1 ,ennius ap4 ,non4    
#aij1 #bj2 tu cornifrontes pasc]e       
arm5tas soles1 ,pacuvius ap4 ,non4 #aij1
 #bb2 labei labuntur saxa1  caem5tae    
cadunt1 ,ennius ap4 ,non4 #aif1 #cj4    
,b4 ,,p>allels ,,( -,,bulum ,,&         
,,accessory ,,suffixes    ,latibulum &  
latebra3 rep5te te tamquam s]p5s e      
latibulis  intuli/i1 ,vat4 #b2 curvis   
fru/ra def5sa latebris vip]a1 ,georg4   
#c1  #edd2 cum etiam f]ae latibulis se  
tegant1 ,rab4 ,po/4 #ae1 #db2 ,ma5ala   
transi]am latebris horr5da f]>um1 ,ov4  
,m4 #a1 #baf4 ,latibulum is an  example 

( a ^w t c\ld n be us$ 9 v]se on acc\nt 
( !  quantity ( its syllables4          
,common elem5ts 9 ! context %[ id5tity (
 mean+ 9 s$ile  & sessibulum3 cum pat]  
ass$isset appositumque esset aliud filio
  quoque eius s$ile1 ,gell4 #b1 #b1 #h2 
asside i/ic1 nam prae metu  latronum    
nulla sessibula p>>e nobis licet1 ,app4 
,met4 #a4 ,v>ro 7,l4 ,l4  #h1 #ed7 says 
t a =m s$iculum is also correctly made1 
b n 9  use4    ,/abulatio1 ano!r app>5t 
v]bal n\n1 mu/ mean ! same z  /abulum 9 
! foll[+ examples1 bo? on acc\nt ( !    
adjective  & ! g5]al significance ( !   
passages3 hib]nae /abulationi  eorum    
7cattle7 praep>&a sunt /ram5ta1 ,col4   
#f1 #c1 #a2 iubeo /abula  a v5tis hib]no
 oppon]e soli1 ,georg4 #c1 #cjb4        
,besides a few examples 9 ,arnobius1    
only "o in/ance ( vocam5 is  f\nd1 9    
,lucretius1 b t x means ! same z        
vocabulum c be  se5 f ! p>allel         
passages3 si quis ,bac*i nom9e abuti    
,mavult  quam laticis proprium pr(]re   
vocam51 ,lucr4 #b1 #feg2 si res suum    

nom5 et vocabulum proprium non habet1   
,de ,or4 ,,iii1 #aei4      ,c4          
,,p>allels ,,( -,,culum ,,& ,,accessory 
,,suffixes    ,among -culum words1 we   
f9d c5aculum hav+ an accessory =m       
c5atio t has1 n ! v]bal idea1 b ! g5u9e 
mean+ ( place  = eat+1 :ile c5aculum has
 lo/ its lit]al mean+ & tak5 a  m g5]al 
signification3 vel cubiculum gr&e vel   
modica c5atio  sit quae plurimo sole    
lucet1 ,pl94 ,ep4 #b1 #ag1 #aj2 nos     
ampliores  trig9ta vidimus 9 c5atione   
quam ,calli/us exa$ificav]at1 ,pl94     
#cf1 #g1 #ab2 ubi cubabant1 cubiculum1  
ubi c5abant1 c5aculum vocitabant2       
po/eaquam 9 sup]iore p>te c5it>e        
coep]unt sup]ioris domus  univ]sa       
c5acula dicta1 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #e1 #afb4 
,on ! /em curro !re are ?ree n\ns1 all  
signify+ 8a runn+03  ex]c5t sese ad     
cursuram1 ,mo/4 #hfa2 ibi cursu1 luct&o 
sese  ex]cebant1 ,bacc4 #dbh2 unum      
curriculum face1 ,tr94 #aajc4 ,a use (  
curriculum ) ex]ceo w\ld p>allel ! fir/ 
two examples1 b 9  su* a case x takes on

 ! mean+ ( place 7runn+ c\rse73 cum     
a?letae se ex]c5tes 9 curriculo vid]et1 
,c4 #bg4    ,9 ! same p>agraph          
dev]sorium & dev]ticulum are us$ ( !    
same  place3 ut 9 dev]sorium eius vim   
magnam gladiorum inf]ri clam  s9]et1    
,liv4 #a1 #ea2 cum gladii abditi ex     
omnibus locis dev]ticuli  protrah]5tur1 
,liv4 #a1 #ea4    ,f]etrum & f]culum bo?
 are us$ dep5d+ on susp5sa 9 ! two      
foll[+ examples1 b mean diff]5t k9ds (  
8in/rum5ts =  c>ry+03 quis opima vol5ti 
dona ,iovis portet f]etro susp5sa       
cru5to1 ,sil4 #e1 #afh2 spolia ducis    
ho/ium caesi susp5sa fabricato  ad id   
apte f]culo g]5s 9 ,capitolium asc5dit1 
,liv4 #a1 #aj1 #e4    ,! /em c]no 7sift7
 =ms two n\ns :i* bo? mean a sieve1     
al?\gh ! use ( !m side by side indicates
 t !re mu/ be  "s diff]5ce2 z !re are no
 o!r examples ( inc]niculum1 ?is        
diff]5ce _c be discov]$3 9 torcul>ium   
quod opus e/ cribrum  unum1 inc]niculum 
unum1 ,cato1 ,r4 ,r4 ,i1 #ac1 #c2 caseum
 p] cribrum  facito transeat 9 mort>ium1

 ,cato1 ,r4 ,r4 #gf1 #c4    ,9 ! foll[+ 
examples1 spiram5 & spiracula are bo?   
us$ to mean  8brea?+ holes0 9 ! e>? or  
univ]se1 :ile spiram5ta is appli$  to ! 
cells 9 a beehive3                      
sunt qui spiram9a t]ris      esse put5t 
magnosque cavae compages hiatus1        
,lucan1 #aj1 #bdg2        quasi p] magni
 circum spiracula mundi      exitus     
introitusque elem5tis r$ditus ex/at1    
,lucr4 #f1 #dic2        apes 9 tectis   
c]tatim t5uia c]a      spiram5ta l9unt1 
,georg4 #d1 #ci4    ,no diff]5ce c be   
se5 9 spectam5 & spectaculum 9 ^!       
examples3 mis]um fune/umque spectam5    
aspexi1 ,app4 ,m4 #d1 #aea2  potius quam
 hoc spectaculum vid]em1 ,mil4 #ch1     
#ajc2 con/itutur 9  =o ,laodiceae       
spectaculum ac]bum et mis]um1 ,v]r4 ,i1 
#gf4          ,,*apt] ,v    ,,suffixes  
,,& ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,adaptation      ,z 
/at$ 9 ! introductory *apt]1 x has be5 !
 prim>y object  ( ?is pap] to exam9e    
c]ta9 ^w-build+ suffixes = ! purpose  ( 
f9d+ out1 if possible1 :at ! =ce ( !    

suffixes !mselves  is1 & h[ ! n\ns =m$ )
 !m get _! mean+4 ,! mat]ial  pres5t$   
has1 x is hop$1 %[n t ^! n\ns are       
capable (  wide semantic v>iation1 !    
influ5c+ elem5ts be+ ! v]b /em  &       
context 7! =m] ex]t+ great] influ5ce ?an
 ! latt]72  also t ^! suffixes ov]lap ) 
o!r suffixes 9 =m+ words  ( id5tical    
semantic cont5t to su* an ext5t t !y _c 
be  said to h any sort ( fundam5tal     
mean+ :atev]4 ,?is is !  significance ( 
our inve/igation 9 s f> z semantics is  
conc]n$4    ,b x is possible also to    
connect our results ) ano!r "q1  !      
entire solution ( :i* w d\btless nev] be
 possible1 at lea/  n soon2 viz41 ! !ory
 ( ! orig9 ( inflection4 ,no?+ b  m]e   
sugge/ion c be made 9 ?is direction f ! 
conclusions (  ?is /udy2 ! field w ne$  
mu* wid] work+-ov] be=e any  ?+ def9ite 
c be ass]t$4    ,( ! two *ief           
explanations ( ! orig9 ( inflection1 "o1
  ! !ory ( adaptation1 z held at !      
pres5t "t1 answ]s !  "q by say+ t       
8inflectional end+s are n ess5tially    

diff]5t f ^w-build+ suffixes1 b are r to
 be reg>d$  z ^w-build+ suffixes 9 a new
 rle & p>tially sy/ematiz$  into        
p>adigms4 ,inflection comes at !        
po9t--:]ev] 9 ! long  c\rse ( developm5t
 t po9t may be--:]e ! end+s ( two or  m 
diff]5t =ms ( a ^w beg9 to be felt to be
 ! c>ri]s  ( relations ( case1 or ( mode
 & t5se1 to a c]ta9 ext5t  indep5d5tly (
 /em & context4 ,x is !re=e n prop]ly a 
matt] ( =ms1 b ( mean+s1 & t !ory :i*   
acc\nts =  ! mean+s & = _! association )
 =ms expla9s inflection1  :e!r x acc\nts
 = ! =ms or n40#ahh    ,9 o!r words1    
inflectional =ms got _! mean+s 9 a mann]
  simil> to t we h illu/rat$ 9 ! case ( 
our n\ns4    7#a47 ,! app>5t def9it5ess 
t case-end+s h does dep5d  l>gely on _! 
/em-mean+4 ,_m ( ! functional di/9ctions
 (  case c be made only by ! mean+ ( !  
n\ns1 e4 g41 9 8gladiis  pugnatum e/01  
,caes4 ,b4 ,g4 #a1 #eb2 8uno tempore    
omnibus locis pugnatur10  ,b4 ,g4 #g1   
#hd2 8pugnatum cont95t] horis qu9que    
v>io c]tam9e10 ,b4  ,c4 #a1 #df1 we h   

five ablatives1 express+ in/rum5t1 "t   
:51  duration ( "t1 mann]1 & place1 only
 because ! words 9 !  ablative are      
capable ( ^! mean+s4 ,j s1 we saw t our 
n\ns  got _! g5]al mean+ ( in/rum5t1    
place1 result ( action1 etc41  because  
_! v]b /ems 7 su* z to admit ( su*      
mean+4    7#b47 ,:ile our n\ns naturally
 get an important "p ( _! mean+  f ! v]b
 /em1 yet !y d]ive great specialization 
( mean+  f "s elem5t 9 ! context4 ,x is 
v probable1 too1 t  orig9ally our       
s-call$ inflectional sy/em 0 9 reality  
only  a l>ge numb] ( undiff]5tiat$ =ms  
:i*1 by a process (  c5tralization &    
adaptation1 & influ5c$ by ! associations
 9  :i* !y 7 us$1 acquir$ _! pres5t     
mean+4    7#c47 ,! v>iety & ov]lapp+ (  
suffixes may also be p>allel$ by        
case-end+s2 = example1 9 bo? ! fir/ &   
second decl5sions  ! same =m s]ves = !  
dative & ablative plural1 :ile !re  is  
ano!r =m = ! o!r decl5sions4 ,! g5itive 
s+ul>1  & nom9ative & accusative plural 
( ! f\r? decl5sion are  alike 9 =m4 ,9 !

 hi/orical language1 ! g5itive s+ul>1   
dative s+ul>1 & nom9ative plural ( !    
fir/ decl5sion h  become id5tical 9 =m4 
,o!r simil> comp>isons might be drawn to
  illu/rate ! simil>ity 9 mean+ ( =ms ) 
diff]5t end+s1  & f ! v]b z well z !    
n\n4 ,! v fact t we h five  decl5sions &
 f\r conjugations1 ) _m v>iations inside
 !  sy/em & irregul>ities outside1 goes 
to %[ t x is n real  sy/em t we h "h1 b 
! survival ( an orig9al mass (          
undiff]5tiat$ =ms1 :i* ?r\gh a long     
p]iod ( developm5t  h acquir$ _! pres5t 
inflectional mean+4    ,! p>allel       
sugge/$ "h is put =? m]ely z a          
sugge/ion2 all we  c say is1 t x is     
possible t inflectional =ms did get _!  
mean+ 9 "s su* way z ! n\ns treat$ 9 ?is
 pap] got !irs4  ,m evid5ce w be        
necess>y = e/abli%+ ?is !ory1 if x c  be
 e/abli%$ at all4          ,,index ,,(  
,,words        acetabulum1 #bf          
additam5tum1 #ah1 #cb      adium5tum1   
#ah1 #de      adm9iculum1 #bg           
alim5tum1 #ac1 #dg      allevam5tum1    

#bj1 #dg      amm5tum1 #ac              
antepagm5tum1 #af      argum5tum1 #bj1  
#cf      armam5tum1 #ac      arm5tum1   
#ad1 #di      atram5tum1 #ah            
auctoram5tum1 #bj        baculum1 #bg   
bl&im5tum1 #ba1 #de        caem5tum1    
#aa1 #di      calceam5tum1 #ad1 #dg     
c5aculum1 #bi1 #ej      coagm5tum1 #af  
cognom5tum1 #bc      complem5tum1 #ba   
conciliabulum1 #be1 #ci      condim5tum1
 #af      conv5ticulum1 #bi1 #dj        
cruciam5tum1 #ah1 #dg      cubiculum1   
#bi      cunabulum1 #bf      curriculum1
 #cj1 #ej        dehone/am5tum1 #ai1 #cc
      delectam5tum1 #aa1 #cc            
del5im5tum1 #ah      deliram5tum1 #ai   
d5tifrangibulum1 #be      d]idiculum1   
#cj1 #cc      desidiabulum1 #bf         
detrim5tum1 #ai      dev]ticulum1 #bi1  
#ej      docum5tum1 #ba1 #cc1 #cf1 #df  
emolum5tum1 #ai      ev]riculum1 #bg1   
#cc      exorabulum1 #be                
exp]im5tum1 #bc1 #cf1 #de               
explem5tum1 #ba        f]culum1 #bg1 #ea
      f]ram5tum1 #ag      firmam5tum1   

#bb1 #cf1 #df      =mam5tum1 #bj1 #df   
fragm5tum1 #aa1 #cc      frum5tum1 #ae  
fundam5tum1 #af1 #cc1 #df               
gub]naculum1 #bg        hib]naculum1 #bi
      hortam5tum1 #bb1 #cc1 #dg         
ho/im5tum1 #ba        i5taculum1 #cj    
imp$im5tum1 #af      inanim5tum1 #ai    
inc]niculum1 #bg1 #ea      incitam5tum1 
#ba1 #cc1 #cd      incunabulum1 #bf     
infundibulum1 #bd      in/rum5tum1 #ad1 
#cg      integum5tum1 #ad1 #cc1 #ce     
int]trim5tum1 #ai      invitam5tum1 #ba1
 #cd1 #dg      irritam5tum1 #ba1 #cd1   
#dd      iugum5tum1 #ae      ium5tum1   
#ae        latibulum1 #be1 #ci1 #di     
laxam5tum1 #ai      levam5tum1 #bb1 #de 
libam5tum1 #ae      libram5tum1 #bb     
l9eam5tum1 #bc      lom5tum1 #ae        
lutam5tum1 #ab        m$icam5tum1 #ac1  
#de      m5dicabulum1 #bf               
miraculum1 #cj      molim5tum1 #bc1 #de 
mom5tum1 #bj1 #de      monum5tum1 #ad1  
#ce      munim5tum1 #dh                 
nidam5tum1 #ag      nucifrangibulum1 #be
      nutrim5tum1 #af1 #dh              

oblectam5tum1 #bb1 #dh      om5tum1 #af 
op]culum1 #bh      op]im5tum1 #ac1 #dh  
opprobram5tum1 #bb      oraculum1 #ca1  
#dj      oram5tum1 #bc      ornam5tum1  
#ad1 #cc1 #cg1 #dh        pabulum1 #be1 
#ci      patibulum1 #bd      pavim5tum1 
#ab      p]iculum1 #cj1 #da             
p]p5diculum1 #bh      piaculum1 #bh1 #da
      pigm5tum1 #af      poculum1 #bh   
praep$im5tum1 #bb      propugnaculum1   
#bi1 #cc      pro/ibulum1 #bf           
pulpam5tum1 #ag        ram5tum1 #aa     
receptaculum1 #bi      r$imiculum1 #bh  
ret9aculum1 #bh      rutabulum1 #bd     
saeculum1 #cj      saepim5tum1 #ad      
salsam5tum1 #ag      s>culum1 #bh       
s>m5tum1 #ab1 #di      scitam5tum1 #ah  
sessibulum1 #be1 #ej      sicilim5tum1  
#ab      s9cipitam5tum1 #ah             
spectaculum1 #cj1 #da1 #ea              
spiraculum1 #bh1 #ea      /abilim5tum1  
#ad      /abulum1 #be1 #cc1 #dj1 #ej    
/]num5tum1 #bc      /ram5tum1 #aa1 #ch1 
#dd      subligaculum1 #bh              
suffim5tum1 #ac      supplem5tum1 #ae   

tab]naculum1 #bi      tegum5tum1 #ac1   
#ce1 #di      temp]am5tum1 #bj          
t]m5tum1 #bj      te/am5tum1 #ab        
t9nim5tum1 #bc1 #di      t9t9nabulum1   
#bd      torm5tum1 #ae1 #ch             
turbam5tum1 #bb      turibulum1 #bf     
umbraculum1 #cj1 #da        vehiculum1  
#bi1 #db      v5abulum1 #be             
ve/ibulum1 #be      ve/im5tum1 #ae1 #ci1
 #di      vocabulum1 #be1 #dj1 #ej      
,,footnotes3    #aha ,cf4 ,morris1      
,pr9ciples & ,me?ods 9 ,lat9 ,syntax1 p4
  #fe4 ,x mu/ be not$1 h[ev]1 t ?is is  
only "o direction 9  :i* semantic       
developm5t takes place4 ,! opposite     
7decrease (  connotation7 is also       
obs]vable z a def9ite l9e ( semantic    
developm5t4    #ahb ,?is is "o ( f\r    
-m5tum words :i* occur fir/ 9 ,sallu/4  
,! o!rs are hortam5tum1 irritam5tum1    
turbam5tum4 ,nord5 m5tions  ! use (     
-m5tum words z a peculi>ity ( ,sallu/'s 
/yle 7,g]cke  und ,nord54 ,e9leitung 9  
die ,alt4 ,wiss4 ,i4 #egh71 b ) !       
exception ( ^! f\r words1 :i* occur1    

moreov]1 only once ea* 9  ?is au?or1 !  
examples sc>cely ju/ify ! /atem5t4      
#ahc ,cf4 ,fe/us1 p4 #ch3 conciliabulum 
dicitur locus1 ubi 9 concilium  v5itur4 
#ahd ,cf4 ,walde1 :o gives z ! etymology
 ( ?is ^w1  v]7o7-/abulum1 9 :i* 99u]   
8door04    #ahe ,see ,momms51 ,rm4      
,ges*4 ,bk4 ,i1 ,*4 ,,xv4    #ahf ,only 
^? -culum words 7 exam9$ :i* 7 n        
dim9utives4 ,"s ( ! words =m$ ) ?is     
suffix d h  dim9utive mean+1 b = a      
dim9utive to be =m$ on a v]b /em is     
impossible4    #ahg ,cf4 ,v>ro1 ,l+ua   
,lat9a1 #e1 ,art4 #afb4    #ahh ,see !  
article by ,pr(essors ,o]tel & ,morris  
on ,! ,nature  & ,orig9 (               
,indo-,european ,inflection1 ,h>v>d     
,class4 ,/ud41 ,vol4  ,,xvi1 p4 #hi4    
,,end ,,( ,,volume ,,"o                 
,,univ]sity ,,( ,,kansas ,,humani/ic    
,,/udies          ,,transcrib]',s       
,,notes3    ,?is text conta9s ,greek    
phrases 9 sev]al places & num]\s words  
& phrases 9 ,lat94 ,greek & ,lat9       
passages h be5 r5d]$ z  !y appe> 9 !    

orig9al publication4 ,no attempt has be5
 made to  make corrections4    ,obvi\s  
punctuation errors h be5 repair$4       
,occasional miss+  commas h be5 left    
un*ang$4 ,id5tifyable inconsi/5cies 9   
punctuation 9 head+s1 footnotes1 index1 
& bibliography h be5  repair$4          
,v>iations 9 hyph5ation & spell+1       
p>ticul>ly 9 ! use (  acc5t m>ks1 h1 = !
 mo/ "p1 be5 left un*ang$4 ,if x 0  cle>
 f ! pr$om9ance ( occurr5ces t !        
diff]5ce 0 due  to a typo & n ! int5t ( 
! au?or1 ! correction 0 made4  ,h[ev]1 !
 v>iations 7 frequ5tly ! result (       
ref]5ces or  quotes f diff]5t s\rces &  
!re= ! v>iations 7 left  z f\nd4 ,=     
in/ance1 ! read] w f9d ! foll[+         
v>iations  left z f\nd 9 ! orig9al3     
,bocca-dell'-,v]it also appe>s z        
,bocca-dell'-,v]ita2 ,m>riage  la ,mode 
sometimes appe>s z ,m>riage a  la ,mode2
 bo? ,lvy-,bruhl & ,levy-,bruhl are us$2
 ,de ,vulg>i ,eloquio is  also spell$   
,de ,vulg>io ,eloquio2 ,! ,rival ,queans
 is also giv5 z ,!  ,rival ,que5s4      

,spell+ ( non-dialect word+ 9 ! text 0  
made consi/5t :5  a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0
 f\nd 9 ?is book2 if no pr$om9ant       
pref]5ce 0 f\nd1 or if !re is only "o   
occurr5ce ( ! ^w1  spell+ 0 n *ang$4    
,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2
 occasional unbalanc$  quotation m>ks   
repair$4    ,! orig9al text has         
duplicate words 9 sev]al places4 ,=     
example1  ,page #cjh 444 8is only ! !   
ext5sion1 on ,lat9 soil02 ,page #adf 444
  8matt] to ea* ea* o!r04 ,^! h be5     
r5d]$ z f\nd )\t  correction4           
,because ( ! prop5sity 9 ?is text =     
quotations />t+ &  end+ 9 ! middle ( a  
s5t5ce1 ellipsis h be5 r5d]$  z f\nd 9 !
 text ) no assumptions made z to ! end+ 
(  s5t5ces )9 quotations4 ,ellipsis t   
are obvi\sly errors h  be5 /&>diz$ to   
common usage4 ,9 sev]al places )9 !     
,engli%  text & 9 ! ,lat9 phrases1      
p]iods h app>5tly be5 us$ to  repres5t  
miss+ lett]s 9 a ^w or "n4 ,^! h be5    
r5d]$  z f\nd 9 ! orig9al4    ,!re are  
sev]al typographical errors 9 sequ5tial 

numb]+ 9 !  ,app5dix = section #c1 !    
pap] on ,br[n+ & ,italian ,arts &       
,arti/s4 ,on page #bec1 ! section %[n 9 
! orig9al z 8,,iv4 ,pippa  ,passes40    
%\ld be numb]$ 8,,iii40 if prop]ly      
sequ5c$4 ,on page #beh1  ! section %[n 9
 ! orig9al z 8,,xx4 ,pac*i>otto & ,h[   
,he ,work$  9 ,di/emp]40 %\ld be numb]$ 
8,,xxiv40 if prop]ly sequ5c$4 ,on page  
#beg1 "u 8,,xx4 ,! ,r+ & ! ,book01 !    
numb]+ skips = 8#h0 to  8#aj01 leav+ out
 8#i04 ,all ^! h be5 repair$4    ,9 !   
,app5dix = section #c1 ! pap] on ,br[n+ 
& ,italian ,arts  & ,arti/s1 "s ( !     
,roman ,num]als are 9 p>5!sis4 ,ab\t a  
?ird ( !m h ! p]iod inside ! p>5!sis    
i4e4 7,,iii47 &  ab\t #b_/c h ! p]iod   
outside ! p>5!sis i4e4 7,,iii744 ,no    
attempt has be5 made to /&>dize ^!4 ,!y 
h be5 left z  f\nd 9 ! orig9al text4