,,! ,,hi/orical ,,jesus ,a ,,survey ,,( ,,positions ,,by ,,john ,m4 ,,rob]tson ,,issu$ ,,= ,,! ,,rationali/ ,,press ,,association1 ,,limit$ ,london3 ,,watts ,,co41 #ag ,,johnson',s ,,c\rt1 ,,fleet ,,/reet1 ,e4,c4 #aiaf ,,cont5ts ,,page ,preamble xi ,*apt] ,i4--,,! ,,sn>e ,,( ,,presupposition ,presupposition 9 sci5ce4 ,! ,cop]nican !ory4 ,! reception ( ,galileo1 ,h>vey1 & ,d>w94 ,bl9d+ effects ( s*ol>%ip4 ,! !ological record4 ,mutations ( ,*ri/ian op9ion4 ,def5ce ( ! belief 9 wit*craft4 ,leibnitz & ,newton4 ,criticism ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,p>vi%1 ,a/ruc1 ,voltaire1 ,col5so1 & ! pr(essional s*ol>s #a ,*apt] ,,ii4--,,modes ,,( ,,cons]vative ,,fallacy ,p]si/5ce ( ! !ological temp]4 ,ea* ab&on$ position fir/ def5d$ ) ! same fi]c5ess4 ,san] =ms ( cons]vatism4 ,p]si/5ce 9 presupposition4 ,canon ,+e on ,jesus & ,paul4 ,! logical hiatus4 ,mill's prec$5t4 ,8 di?yrambic mood & critical inadequacy4 ,disreg>d ( ! docum5t>y evid5ce4 ,ne$ to face ! real problem4 ,! sociological process4 ,mill's dictum contra/$ ) ^? ( ,newman & ,baur #f ,*apt] ,,iii4--,,illusions ,,z ,,to ,,gospel ,,e?ic ,mill's me?od & m9d non-hi/orical4 ,! hi/oric s5se4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,c>p5t]'s4 ,! concept ( sublimity4 ,god portraiture4 ,its limitations4 ,! ,gospel e?ic4 ,significance ( ! contradictions4 ,! p>able ( ! ,good ,sam>itan4 ,incompet5t v]dicts ( !ologians4 ,! /ory ( ,lycurgus & ,alc&]4 ,plut>* on =giv5ess ( enemies4 ,fanaticism ( ,*ri/ian e/imates ( antiquity #ah ,*apt] ,,iv4--,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,blu/] ,! hi/oric problem4 ,its treatm5t by a ,unit>ian cl]ic4 ,! me?od ( blu/]4 ,! real & ! pret5d$ "* ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,m>k4 ,wellhaus5's e/imate4 ,actual features ( primitive & popul> my?-lore4 ,biography 9 ,plut>*4 ,mr4 ,mc,cabe on ! ,m>can residuum4 ,! gospel figure4 ,doctr9al det]m9ants #cj ,*apt] ,v4--,,s*mi$el ,,& ,,d]ogatory ,,my? ,collapse ( ! !sis ( human *>act]i/ics4 ,! my? & ! hi/oricity ( ,h]akles4 ,! m consid]ate !sis ( ,s*mi$el3 argum5t f d]ogatory episodes4 ,kal?(f on ! human *>act]i/ics 9 ,ru? & ,jonah4 ,confusion ( ! new argum5t4 ,jesus introduc$ 9 ,m>k ) div9e *>act]i/ics4 ,! ,unit>ian blund] z to conv5tional & unconv5tional h]o-wor%ip4 ,jewi% & ,pagan h]oes & ,gods alike put 9 d]ogatory positions4 ,h]akles1 ,dionysos1 & ,apollo4 ,ne$ to apply an?ropological1 my?ological1 & hi]ological z well z ,n4 ,t4 s*ol>%ip4 ,gr\nds = a ,*ri/ian my? ( ! ,f\nd] z oppos$ by 8 family #dd ,*apt] ,,vi4--,,! ,,vision>y ,,evangel ,b4 ,weiss's ,primitive ,gospel4 ,its *>act]i/ics common to ,m>k4 ,! enigma ( ! evangel ( ! ,twelve4 ,t problem nev] rightly realiz$ by ! exegetes4 ,! allegorical explanations to be )held f ! p4 ,complete deficit ( hi/orical matt]4 ,! evangel ( ! ,twelve a my?4 ,real orig9 9 a rite1 n 9 an evangel4 ,! la/ hypo!sis3 a political evangel t c\ld n be lat] av[$4 ,incompatibility ( ?is view ) ! ,gospels4 ,composition ( ! record4 ,:y ! ,primitive ,gospel lack$ ! ,trag$y4 ,breakd[n ( ! tradition>y explanation4 ,or?odox av[als ( anomaly #ea ,*apt] ,,vii4--,,! ,,alleg$ ,,cons5sus ,,( ,,s*ol>s ,resort to ! my?-!ory =c$ by ! data4 ,unit>ian attitude to t4 ,appeal = acceptance ( ! cons5sus ( s*ol>s4 ,no su* cons5sus ev] atta9$4 ,dalman on 8 fell[-speciali/s4 ,8 own presuppositions4 ,pret5sions to solve hi/orical problems ?r\gh philology4 ,di/9ction betwe5 p$antry & sci5ce4 ,c&\r ( ,s*mi$el4 ,inadequacy ( 8 me?od4 ,resi/ance ( s*ol>%ip to sci5tific ?\ght4 ,col5so & ! ,zulu & ! or?odox resi/ance4 ,attack on ! ,new ,te/am5t s*ol>s by ,pr(essor ,blass #fb ,*apt] ,,viii4--,,cons]vative ,,positions ,modifications ( cons]vative attitude4 ,lack ( good fai? or ( compreh5sion4 ,samples ( misrepres5tation4 ,! ,unit>ian attitude4 ,treatm5t ( my?-solutions3 ! ,my? ( ! ,temptation4 ,dr4 ,?orburn's or?odox solution4 ,my?ology & psy*ology4 ,psy*ic det]m9ants ( resi/ance to new views4 ,attitude to heal+ p[]s ascrib$ to ,jesus4 ,=ce ( presupposition4 ,davidson's mu/4 #gd ,*apt] ,,ix4--,,blass ,,& ,,fl9d]s ,,petrie ,! attempt to f9d an imp]sonal te/ ( ! docum5t>y basis4 ,dr4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie on ,! ,gr[? ( ! ,gospels4 ,!ory ( selection & compilation f logia4 ,acceptance ( any item z e>ly4 ,! argum5t ( ,blass z to possibility ( real pr$ictions4 ,case ( ,savon>ola4 ,nature ( ! problem4 ,political anticipation v]sus prophecy4 ,inve/igation ( ! ,savon>ola case4 ,8 e>li] prophecies1 conditional & absolute #hb ,*apt] ,x4--,,! ,,savon>ola ,,fallacy ,comp>ison betwe5 ,savon>ola's pr$iction ( ! ,sack ( ,rome & ! gospel prophecy ( ! ,fall ( ,j]usalem4 ,normality ( ,savon>ola's vatic9ations4 ,hi/orical blund] ( ! ,blass s*ool z to m$ieval w>f>e4 ,frequ5cy ( sacrilege 9 ,*ri/ian w>4 ,! ,*ri/ian sack ( ,con/ant9ople #ic ,*apt] ,,xi4--,,! ,,logia ,,!ory ,,& ,,! ,,hi/orical ,,te/ ,blass on ! gospel prophecy3 analysis ( ! texts4 ,_! arbitr>y h&l+ by ,blass4 ,! ,nucleus !ory ( ,dr4 ,petrie4 ,its arbitr>y implications4 ,imp]sonal me?od ( selection n foll[$ by imp]sonal inf]5ce f ! results4 ,! logia !ory mu* m compatible ) ! my?-!ory ?an ) ! tradition4 ,te/ cases #ajd ,*apt] ,,xii4--,,failure ,,( ,,! ,,logia ,,!ory ,! sci5tific inf]5ce4 ,omission & inv5tion ( logia necess>ily to be inf]r$ z well z selection4 ,implicit ab&onm5t ( c]ta9 prophecies1 & result+ incoh]5ce ( ! argum5t4 ,rev]sion to ! fundam5tal issue betwe5 sup]naturalism & reason4 ,f9al futility ( ! attempt to v9dicate ! docum5ts4 ,possibilities z to curr5cy ( writt5 logia4 ,illu/ration f ,islam4 ,! mass ( incompatibilities 9 ! ,gospel ,tea*+4 ,possibilities ( g5u9e self-contradiction4 ,c>lyle & ,rusk94 ,mohamm$4 ,! gospels n ?us explicable4 ,damag+ implications ( ! logia !ory4 ,v>iety ( ,*ri/s4 ,papias4 ,b>u* & ,eno* #aac ,*apt] ,,xiii4--,,resurg5ce ,,( ,,! ,,hi/oric ,,problem ,! actually recov]$ logia ( ,oxyrhyn*us4 ,_! incompatibility ) ,dr4 ,petrie's assumption ( hi/oric g5u95ess = all4 ,! real process ( composition 9 ,luke's gospel4 ,motives = inv5tion4 ,! my? ( ! ,sev5ty ,disciples a sample & te/ case4 ,inadequacy alike ( ! docum5t>y !ory & t ( scatt]$ logia #abc ,*apt] ,,xiv4--,,or?odoxy ,,& ,,! ,,oral ,,hypo!sis ,! oral hypo!sis ( ! ,rev4 ,a4 ,wright4 ,8 approximations to ! lib]al *ronology z aga9/ ! ,blass s*ool4 ,8 c&\r4 ,hypo!sis ( fifty-two ,lessons4 ,ano!r selection !ory--selection f oral traditions locally *]i%$4 ,wide dep>tures ( ,mr4 ,wright f 8 !ory4 ,unacc\ntabl5ess ( apo/olic in=mation4 ,! tradition z to baptism4 ,problem ( ! duration ( ! ,m9i/ry1 & ( ! "o or f\r visits to ,j]usalem4 ,! oral hypo!sis1 l ! o!rs1 m compatible ) ! my?-!ory ?an ) ! tradition4 ,/& on ! ,resurrection #abi ,*apt] ,,xv4--,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,m4 ,,loisy ,m4 ,loisy & ! lib]al s*ool4 ,8 attitude to ! my?-!ory4 ,8 c]titudes4 ,disclaims biography1 & produces "o4 ,8 treatm5t ( ! leg5d4 ,! problem ( ! multitude ( heal+s4 ,collapse ( ! assumption 9 ! case ( ,naz>e?4 ,inconsi/5cy ( ,m4 ,loisy's me?od1 & weakness ( 8 solutions4 ,8 acceptance ( ! ,joseph leg5d4 ,! c>p5t]4 ,difficulty set up by ,orig54 ,! my? solution4 ,! son ( ,m>y4 ,dilemma set up by lat] passages4 ,problem ( ! ,messianic decl>ation ( ,pet]4 ,impossibility ( ! p]sonality set up by ,petr9e & anti-,petr9e records #ada ,*apt] ,,xvi4--,,! ,,trial ,,crux ,lax treatm5t ( ! ma9 problems by ,m4 ,loisy4 ,acceptance ( ! non-hi/orical z hi/orical4 ,! ,purification ( ! ,temple4 ,! ,agony4 ,approximation to ! true solution4 ,! prie/ly ,trial4 ,virtual ab&onm5t ( ! n>rative by ,m4 ,loisy4 ,illicit recon/ruction4 ,successive retreats ( ! lib]al s*ool4 ,surr5d] ( 7#a7 ! ,trial be=e ,h]od1 7#b7 ! ,johann9e record1 7#c7 ! ,trial be=e ! prie/s4 ,/& on ! ,trial be=e ,pilate4 ,unt5abl5ess ( t4 ,! ,roman ,trial admitt$ly a loose tradition4 ,impossible z record$4 ,a cle> solution suppli$ by ! my? !ory4 ,irreconcilable "* ( ! ,triumphal entry & ! unanim\s ho/ility ( ! p be=e ,pilate4 ,! ,b>abbas /ory admitt$ly unhi/orical4 ,its pres5ce acc\nt$ = only by ! my?-!ory #afa ,*apt] ,,xvii4--,,! ,,jesus-,,figure ,,( ,m4 ,,loisy ,! dilemma ( ! ,evangel ( ! ,twelve4 ,m4 ,loisy on ! ,tea*+ ( ,jesus z prep>ative = ! cult4 ,de/ructive effect ( 8 admissions z to ! tea*+ ( ,paul4 ,8 attitude t[>ds ! my?-!ory4 ,dem&+ def9it5ess1 he re/s 9 ! indef9ite4 ,8 self-contradictions4 ,8 ascription ( orig9ality to quot$ tea*+s4 ,incompatibility ( 8 ,tea*] & 8 ,messiah4 ,! tea*+ z to divorce n t ( "o expect+ a new ord]4 ,its prior curr5cy4 ,bases ( ! gospel e?ic4 ,! ,good ,sam>itan docum5t>ily a late creation #agc ,*apt] ,,xviii4--,,! ,,paul9e ,,problem ,m4 ,loisy on ! te/imony ( ,paul4 ,8 misconception z to its be>+s on ! my?-!ory4 ,van ,man5 help$ by 8 own !sis to accept ! hi/oricity ( ,jesus4 ,! my?-!ory q indep5d5t ( ! dat+ ( ! ,epi/les4 ,importance ( not+ t1 e>ly or late1 !y are int]polat$4 ,m4 ,loisy's treatm5t ( ! docum5t>y problem4 ,van ,man5's /rong case aga9/ ! ,epi/les4 ,ne$ to revise ! details ( ! *ronology4 ,also to ori5t ! my?-!ory aright4 ,inadequacy ( ! !ories ( ,kal?(f & ,kautsky #ahe ,*apt] ,,xix4--,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,discussion ,prospects ( controv]sy4 ,sl[ advance ( ! lib]al view4 ,id5tity ( ! f9al positions ( ,/rauss & ,loisy4 ,t5tative beg9n+s ( ! my?-!ory4 ,effects ( p]secution & ( ,/rauss's f9al dialectic4 ,s*weitz] on ! evolution f ,reim>us to ,wr$e4 ,bruno ,bau]4 ,claims = ! ,g]man temp]am5t4 ,ne$ = a truly sci5tific temp]4 ,effects ( ,bau]'s flaws ( mood & me?od4 ,s*weitz]'s am5ity & c&\r4 ,demon/rates ! %ortsight$ness ( ,g]man specialism4 ,s*weitz]'s ignorance conc]n+ ! my?-!ory 9 its lat] developm5ts4 ,8 laxities 9 rese>*4 ,8 own !sis #aic ,*apt] ,,xx4--,,! ,,gr\nd ,,cle>$ ,,= ,,! ,,my?-,,!ory ,! issue z betwe5 ,s*weitz] & ,wr$e4 ,ea* de/roys "o half ( ! lib]al case = hi/oricity4 ,s*weitz] confutes ,wr$e1 & !n puts a /ill m unt5able view4 ,8 acceptance ( ! triumphal entry into ,j]usalem z hi/orical4 ,8 ,jesus hail$ n z a ,messiah b z ,elias4 ,s*weitz]'s new view ( ! ,betrayal4 ,judas a reveal] ( 8 ,ma/]'s private claim to be ,messiah4 ,! multitude suppos$ to be ?us cle>$ ( ! *>ge ( fickl5ess4 ,s*weitz]'s fallacy z to ,messianic claims be+ blasphem\s4 ,8 s]vice to criticism by cle>+ ! gr\nd4 ,8 f9al e?ical & sociological confusion4 ,! =tunes ( ! my?-!ory 9 ,engl&4 ,e>ly adumbrations4 ,diff]5ce 9 mod]n _s & me?od1 result+ f e/abli%m5t ( an?ropology z a sci5ce4 ,lyell & ,tylor4 ,s*weitz]'s sci5tific temp]4 ,! my?-!ory4 ,! battlegr\nd ( ! future4 ,positions ( ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]4 ,c\nt]vail+ decl>ations by support]s ( ! my?-!ory4 ,! "q "o ( sci5ce1 n s5tim5t #bja ,conclusion #baa ,index #bag ,,preamble ,! problem ( ! hi/oricity ( ! ,jesus ( ! ,gospels has be5 discuss$ by me 9 l>ge sections ( two bulky books1 :i* 9 o!r sections deal ) matt]s only indirectly connect$ ) ?is1 :ile ev5 ! sections directly devot$ to ! problem cov] a good deal ( my?ological & an?ropological gr\nd :i* n _m read]s may c>e to ma/]4 ,! my? !ory develop$ 9 !m1 !re=e1 may n be readily grasp$ ev5 by op5-m9d$ read]s2 & ! *ampions ( tradition1 ( :atev] s*ool1 h a happy hunt+-gr\nd = desultory misrepres5tation & my/ification4 ,x has be5 felt to be exp$i5t1 !re=e1 by dis9t]e/$ read]s z well z by me1 to put ! problem 9 a cle>] =m & 9 a m concise compass4 ,! process ought to involve "s logical improvem5t1 z ! my?ological inve/igation made 9 ,*ri/ianity & ,my?ology _h be5 c>ri$ out indep5d5tly ( ! an?ropological inquiry made 9 ,pagan ,*ri/s1 & ! !ory evolv$ may well require unification4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! elem5t ( ,jewi% my?ology calls = full] developm5t4 ,& ! highly important developm5ts ( ! my? !ory by ,pr(essor ,drews & ,pr(essor ,w4 ,b4 ,smi? h to be consid]$ ) a view to co-ord9ation4 ,to su* a re-/atem5t1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 prelim9>y /eps are necess>y4 ,! gr\nd ne$s to be cle>$ 7#a7 ( priori notions z to ! subject matt]2 7#b7 ( mi/ak5 op9ions z to a suppos$ cons5sus ( critics2 & 7#c7 ( uncritical assumptions z to ! "* ( ! ,gospel n>ratives4 ,writ]s :o h n gone v deeply into problems ( normal hi/ory1 h[ev] !y may h specializ$ 9 ! ,biblical1 are /ill wont to ass]t t ! hi/oricity ( non-sup]natural data 9 ! ,sacr$ ,books is on all f\rs ) t ( ! subject matt] ( pr(ane hi/ory4 ,inde$ x is /ill common to he> x claim$ t ! ,resurrection is z well atte/$ z ! assass9ation ( ,julius ,cs>1 or ev5 bett]4 ,9 exactly ! same tone & _s did ! traditionali/s ( a previ\s g5]ation ass]t t ! /oppage ( ! sun & moon 9 ! int]e/ ( ,jo%ua 0 bett] atte/$ ?an any equally anci5t hi/orical n>rative4 ,^? :o h decid$ to ab&on ! sup]natural r$uce ! claim1 ( c\rse1 to ! hi/oricity ( ! ,trial & ,crucifixion2 b z to ^! !y confid5tly repeat ! old =mulas4 ,yet 9 po9t ( fact !y h made no su* critical scrut9y ( ev5 ^! items z hi/orians h long be5 us$ to make1 ) de/ructive results1 into _m episodes ( anci5t hi/ory--= in/ance1 ! battle ( ,!rmopyl & ! f\nd+ ( ! ,sp>tan con/itution by ,lycurgus4 ,m5 :o affect to dismiss ! my? !ory z an ungr\nd$ speculation are all ! :ile tak+ = grant$ ! hi/oricity ( a record :i* is a m]e tissue ( incr$ibilities4 ,x has be5 ju/ly rem>k$ t s]i\s risk ( error is set up ev5 by ! long-curr5t claim ( naturali/ critics to treat ! ,bible l any o!r book4 ,ev5 9 _! mean+ ! phrase %\ld h run3 l any o!r ,sacr$ ,book ( antiquity2 inasmu* z critical te/s & me?ods are call$ = 9 ! scrut9y ( su* books :i* d n apply 9 ! case ( o!rs4 ,b inasmu*1 fur!r1 z ! ,*ri/ian ,sacr$ ,books =m a problem by !mselves1 a k9d ( scrut9y :i* 9 ! case ( o!r books ( cult-hi/ory might sub/antially reveal all ! facts may "h easily fail to d s4 ,! unsuspect+ /ud5t1 com+ to a n>rative 9 :i* sup]natural details are m+l$ ) natural1 decides simply to reject ! =m] & take z hi/ory :at is left4 ,x is ! me?od ( ! amateur my?ologi/s ( anci5t ,greece1 d]id$ by ,socrates1 & *ronically resuscitat$ 9 all ages by m5 seek+ %ort cuts to c]titude :]e !y h no "r to any4 ,if ! n>rative ( ! ,trial & ,crucifixion1 ?us h&l$1 is f\nd to be /ill incr$ible 9 po9t ( "t-arrangem5t1 ! adaptor meets ! difficulty by r$uc+ ! "t-arrangem5t to probability & pres5t+ ! twice r$act$ result z inconte/able hi/ory4 ,all ?is1 z w be %[n 9 ! foll[+ pages1 is m]ely a begg+ ( ! "q4 ,a sci5tific analysis po9ts to a q diff]5t solution1 :i* ! naf hi/orical /ud5t has nev] consid]$4 ,he is /ill kept 9 c\nt5ance1 x is true1 by speciali/s ( ! highe/ /&+4 ,! av]age lib]al !ologian /ill employs ! explanatory me?od ( ,tol&2 & an?ropologi/s /ill (f] him support4 ,?us ,sir ,james ,fraz]1 by f> ! mo/ le>n$ collector ( my?o-an?ropological lore 9 8 age1 positively refuses to apply to ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian cult 8 own express rule ( my?ology--=mulat$ be=e him #a b indep5d5tly reit]at$ by him--t all peoples h inv5t$ my?s to expla9 :y !y obs]v$ c]ta9 cu/oms1 & t a graphic my? to expla9 a rite is presumptively a simple transcript ( a c]emony2 :i* is ! equival5t ( ! doctr9e ( ,rob]tson ,smi?1 t 9 almo/ e case ! my? 0 d]iv$ f ! ritual1 & n ! ritual f ! my?1 & ( ! doctr9e ( ,k4 ,o4 ,mll] t ! my?us sprang f ! wor%ip1 & n ! wor%ip f ! my?us4 ,:at ju/ification ,sir ,james c give = 8 refusal to act on 8 own pr9ciples is ( c\rse a matt] = full & c>eful consid]ation4 ,b at lea/ ! fact t he has to ju/ify ! refusal to apply 9 a mo/ important case "o ( ! be/-e/abli%$ g5]alizations ( comp>ative my?ology is n 9 ?is case a recomm5dation ( ! pr9ciple ( au?ority to sci5tific read]s4 ,g5]al phrases1 !n1 z to h[ religions mu/ h orig9at$ 9 ! p]sonal impression made by a ,f\nd] are n only unsci5tific presuppositions b are flatly contradictory1 9 ?is connection1 ( a rule sci5tifically rea*$ 9 ! dis9t]e/$ /udy ( anci5t hi]ology 9 g5]al4 ,x is a delusion1 aga91 to suppose1 z d "s s*ol>ly m51 t !re is su* a cons5sus ( view among ,new ,te/am5t s*ol>s z to put out ( c\rt any !ory t cancels ! traditionali/ assumption ( hi/oricity :i* is ! "o position t mo/ ( !m h 9 common4 ,z we %all see1 ! late/ exp]t s*ol>%ip1 pr(essionally recogniz$ z su*1 makes a clean sweep ( _! :ole "w2 b !y !mselves1 by _! insoluble divisions1 _h already discr$it$ x4 ,any c>eful collection ( _! views w %[ t ! innum]able & vital div]g5ces ( pr9ciple & me?od ( ! v>i\s s*ools1 & _! con/ant & emphatic disp>agem5t ( ea* o!r's conclusions1 po9t r to ! ne$ = a radically diff]5t !ory & me?od4 ,a !ory1 !re=e1 :i* cancels _! conflicts by %[+ t all ! data are r$ucible to ord] only :5 _! prim>y assumption is ab&on$1 is entitl$ to ! op5-m9d$ att5tion ( m5 :o pr(ess loyalty to ! _s ( sci5ce4 ,!re is ne$1 ?irdly1 to br+ home ev5 to _m read]s :o pr(ess su* loyalty1 ! ne$ = a really critical /udy ( ! ,gospels4 ,i h be5 blam$ by "s critics because1 hav+ f\nd t sixty ye>s' "w on ! docum5ts by ,new ,te/am5t s*ol>s yield$ no cle> light on ! problem ( orig9s1 ,i *ose to approa* t by way 7#a7 ( my?ology1 7#b7 ( extra-evangelical lit]ature & sect-hi/ory1 & 7#c7 ( an?ropology4 ,! "q ( ! ord] & composition ( ! ,gospels1 9 ! view ( ^! critics1 %\ld be ! fir/ /age 9 ! inquiry4 ,n[1 = ! ma9 purposes ( ! my?-!ory1 ! results rea*$ by su* an inve/igator z ,pr(essor ,s*mi$el 7 q suffici5t2 & ?\gh at _m po9ts textual que/ions _h to be consid]$1 x seem$ really n wor? :ile to discuss 9 detail ! quasi-hi/orical results claim$ by ! exegetes4 ,b x has become app>5t t a numb] ( read]s :o claim to be emancipat$ h let !mselves be put (f ) descriptions ( ! ,gospel-hi/ory :5 !y ought to h read x att5tively = !mselves4 ,a confid5t traditionali/1 dealt ) h]e9aft]1 writes ( ! pret5ti\s futilities into :i* we s readily drop :5 we talk ab\t !m ! ,gospels in/ead ( read+ !m4 ,! ju/ice ( ! obs]vation is unconsci\sly b abundantly illu/rat$ by himself2 & he c]ta9ly proves ! ne$ = induc+ pr(ess$ /ud5ts to read ) _! eyes op54 ,e>ly 9 #aiad !re 0 publi%$ a "w on ,! ,hi/orical ,*ri/1 by ,dr4 ,f4 ,c4 ,conybe>e1 9 :i*1 z aga9/ ! my? hypo!sis1 :i* he vitup]atively assail$1 a simple p]usal ( ! ,gospel ( ,m>k 7procurable1 z he po9t$ out1 = "o p5ny7 0 confid5tly prescrib$ z ! decisive antidote to all d\bts ( ! hi/oricity ( ! c5tral figure4 ,! positions put 7 ! conv5tional ones ( ! lib]al s*ool4 ,no note 0 tak5 ( ! lat] pr(essional criticism :i*1 )\t accept+ ! my?-!ory1 %att]s ! :ole fabric ( curr5t hi/oricity doctr9e4 ,b t is relatively a small matt]4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 treatise1 ,dr4 ,conybe>e ass]t$ ?ree times ov]1 ) fur!r embelli%m5ts1 t 9 ! ,gospel ( ,m>k ,jesus is pres5t$ q naturally z ! son ( ,joseph & 8 wife ,m>y1 & we le>n q incid5tally ! names ( 8 bro!rs & si/]s4 ,dr4 ,conybe>e's pr9t]s' pro(s1 he /at$1 _h be5 read = him by ,pr(essor ,a4 ,c4 ,cl>k4 ,i saw1 ,i ?9k1 fully tw5ty newspap] notices ( ! book2 & 9 n a s+le "o 0 !re any recognition ( ! gross & ?rice-repeat$ blund] above italiciz$1 to modify ! *orus ( uncritical ass5t4 ,a pr(ess$ ,rationali/ repeat$ & endors$ ,dr4 ,conybe>e's ass]tion4 ,ne$less to say1 n only did ,dr4 ,conybe>e n m5tion t ,joseph is nev] nam$ 9 ,m>k1 he nev] once allud$ to ! fact t 9 ! same ,gospel ,m>y is pres5t$ z n ! "m ( ,jesus2 & ! bro!rs & si/]s1 by implication1 z n 8 bro!rs & si/]s4 ,:5 aggressive s*ol>s & confid5t review]s ?us alike reveal t !y h n read ! ,gospels ) ! am\nt ( att5tion suppos$ to be be/[$ on !m by an intellig5t ,sunday-s*ool tea*]1 x is evid5tly inadvisable to take = grant$ any g5]al critical prep>ation ev5 among rationali/ic read]s4 ,be=e m5 c realize ! ne$ = a new !oretic int]pretation ( ! :ole1 !y mu/ be invit$ to note ! vital incongruities 7z ap>t f miracle /ories7 9 ea* ,gospel s+ly1 z ! lay ,free?9k]s ( an e>li] g5]ation did )\t pret5d+ to be s*ol>s4 ,^? ,rationali/s are ill-advis$ :o suppose t1 9 virtue ( hav+ li/5$ to latt]-day publici/s :o pr(ess to extract a non-sup]natural religion f ! sup]naturalisms ( ! pa/1 !y h rea*$ a high] & tru] /&po9t ?an t ( ! m5 :o made %e] tru? _! /&>d & _! ideal4 ,really s*ol>ly & scrupul\s advocates ( !ism are z zeal\s to expose ! hi/orical tru? z ! m5 :o put t fir/ & =emo/2 x is ! e?ical s5tim5tali/s :o put ! "q ( hi/oric tru? on "o side4 ,! fact t "s m5 ( sci5tific tra9+ 9 o!r fields jo9 at times 9 su* complac5t con/ructions does n alt] ! fact t !y are non-sci5tific4 ,! p]sonal equation ev5 ( a man ( sci5ce is n sci5ce4 ,on ^! z on o!r sides ( ! intellectual life1 op9ion ( /ore is cause ( want1 z ,bacon has x4 ,"s ( u :o 9 our te5s critically read ! sacr$ books fir/ & =emo/ to cle> our m9ds on ! g5]al "q ( sup]naturalism1 & !n proce$$ to try1 ) ! help ( ! docum5t>y s*ol>s1 to trace ! hi/ory ( religion z matt] ( an?ropology & sociology1 _h ! exp]i5ce ( be+ told by ,pr(essor ,huxley1 ^: own "w we _h foll[$1 t we 7 /ill at ! /&po9t ( ,voltaire4 ,lat] we _h ! edification ( see+ ,huxley expatiate ^u topics :i* _h long be5 /ale = ,secul>i/ audi5ces1 & labori\sly impugn ! /ory ( ! ,flood & ! miracle ( ! ,gad>5e sw9e 9 discursive debate ) ,glad/one1 ev5 mak+ sci5tific mi/akes 9 ! =m] connection4 ,9 view ( x all1 x seems /ill a s\nd discipl9e to treat all op9ions z = ev] op5 to revision1 & at ! same "t to d\bt :e!r ! acceptance ( any popul> =mula w place u 9 a position to disp>age unres]v$ly all our critical pr$ecessors4 ,if we f9d reason to dismiss z inadequate ! conclusions ( _m s*ol>s ( ! pa/1 or?odox & het]odox1 we are n !reby entitl$ to speak ( ! be/ ( !m o!rwise ?an z p[]ful m9ds & /r5u\s toil]s1 hamp]$ by "s ( _! errone\s assumptions 9 ! task ( reliev+ _! fell[s ( ! burd5 ( o!rs4 ,x is precisely ! habituation ( ! pr(essional s*ol>s to work+ 9 a special groove t has s ret>d$ ! progress ( ,new ,te/am5t criticism4 ,! re-discussion ( ! hi/oricity "q t has foll[$ ^u ! mod]n exposition ( ! my?-!ory has involv$ ! reit]ation by ! hi/oricity s*ool ( a set ( elem5t>y claims f ! long-discr$it$ int]polation 9 ,josephus & ! pagan te/imonies ( ,suetonius & ,tacitus2 & ,pr(essor ,w4 ,b4 ,smi? has _h to meet ^! ) a detail$ rebuttal su* z us$ to be made--( c\rse ) less c>e & fullness--on ! ord9>y ,engli% ,secul>i/ plat=m =ty or ev5 sev5ty ye>s ago4 ,less advanc$ s*ol>s once m beg9 to recognize ! nullity ( ! argum5t f ! fam\s passage 9 ! ,annals ( ,tacitus1 #b :i* 0 cle> to s _m unpret5d+ free?9k]s 9 ! pa/2 & to o!r ,gelehrt5 vom ,fa* x has to be aga9 po9t$ out t ! impulsore ,*re/o ( ,suetonius1 s f> f te/ify+ to ! pres5ce ( a ,*ri/ian multitude at ,rome "u ,n]o--a ?+ s incompatible ) _! own records--is r a datum = ! my?-!ory1 inasmu* z x posits a cult ( a ,*re/os or ,*ri/os out ( all connection ) ! ,*ri/ian movem5t4 ,! passage 9 ,josephus 0 giv5 up long ago by hundr$s ( or?odox s*ol>s z a palpable int]polation1 prov$ z su* by ! total sil5ce 9 reg>d to x ( e>ly ,fa!rs :o w\ld h rejoic$ to cite x if x _h be5 9 exi/5ce4 ,! device ( suppos+ x to be a ,*ri/ian modification ( a diff]5t te/imony by ,josephus is a resort ( despair1 :i* evades altoge!r ! fact ( ! rupture ( context made by ! passage--a feature only less sali5t 9 ! p>agraph ( ,tacitus4 ,b ev5 if !re 7 no reason to suspect ! latt] item ( be+ a late e*o f ,sulpicius ,sev]us1 :o is assum$ to h copi$ x1 no?+ c be prov$ f x = ! hi/oricity ( ! ,gospel ,jesus1 inasmu* z x does b set =? f a ho/ile /&po9t ! ord9>y ,*ri/ian acc\nt ( ! beg9n+s ( ! cult4 ,^? :o at ?is "t ( day f\nd ^u su* data are fur!r f an appreciation ( ! evid5tial problem ?an 7 _! or?odox pr$ecessors :o debat$ ! issue ) ,free?9k]s half a c5tury ago4 ,i h ?\ght x well1 !n1 to prec$e a re/atem5t ( ! my?-!ory ) a critical survey 9 :i* a numb] ( prelim9>y que/ions ( sci5tific me?od & critical e?ic are press$ ^u ^? :o w\ld deal ) ! ma9 problem aright2 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( controv]sy ) o!r critical s*ools is indulg$ 9 by way ( mak+ pla9 ! radical weakness ( all ! conv5tional positions4 ,! negative criticism1 c]ta9ly1 w n e/abli% 9 advance ! positive !ory3 t mu/ meet ! ordeal ( criticism l e o!r4 ,b ! prelim9>y discussion may at once s]ve to free f wa/e polemic ! con/ructive argum5t & gu>d read]s aga9/ br++ to t a delusive light f false assumptions4 ,a rec5t & m notori\s exhibition ( critical me?od by ,dr4 ,conybe>e has satisfi$ me t x is ne$less to (f] any fur!r sy/ematic exposure ( ! nullity ( 8 treatise1 ) :i* ,i _h dealt at "s l5g? 9 ,! ,lit]>y ,guide4 ,8 memorable attack ^u ! ,=eign ,secret>y1 & 8 /ill m memorable retractation1 may enable "s ( 8 laudatory review]s to realize ! k9d ( temp] & ! k9d ( scrut9y he br+s to be> ^u docum5ts & !ories t k9dle 8 passions4 ,all t 0 relevant 9 8 con/ructive process 0 really extract$1 ) misconceptions & blund]s & exagg]ations1 f ! works ( a few s*ol>s ( /&+ :o1 h[ev] inconclusive _! "w might be1 set him a controv]sial example :i* he 0 unable to foll[4 ,9 deal+ ) !m1 ,i h ! relief ( no long] deal+ ) him4 ,z to ! con/ructive argum5t f comp>ative my?ology1 an?ropology1 & hi]ology1 attack$ by him & o!rs ) app>5tly no grasp ( ! pr9ciples ( any ( ^! sci5ces1 objections may be be/ dealt ) incid5tally :]e !y arise 9 ! re/atem5t ( ! case4 ,= ! re/1 ,i c conceive t "s w say ! second ye> ( ! ,_w ,w> is no "t = ! discussion ev5 ( a great problem ( religi\s hi/ory4 ,i answ] t ! ,w> has actually be5 made ! pretext = endless religi\s discussions ( ! mo/ futile k9d1 rang+ betwe5 m$ieval miracle-mong]+ & ! l[e/ =ms ( j\rnali/ic *>latanism1 ) *ronic debates on !ism & on ! milit>y value ( fai? & pray]4 ,! newspap] discussions on !ism1 9 p>ticul>1 reveal a degree ( philosophic navet on ! !i/ic side :i* seems to indicate t t view ( ! univ]se has ( late ye>s be5 ab&on$ by mo/ m5 capable ( und]/&+ ! logical problem4 ,:5 dispute plays ?us uselessly at ! bidd+ ( emotion !re mu/ be "s s5iors1 or o!rs )held f w> s]vice1 :o 9 workless h\rs w\ld z lief face sob]ly an inquiry :i* digs t[>ds ! roots ( ! organiz$ religion ( ,europe4 ,if ! end ( ! se>* %\ld be ! conviction t t sy/em took %ape z naturally z any o!r cult ( ! anci5t _w1 & t ! sacrosanct records ( its orig9 are b products ( ! my?opoeic faculty ( man1 ! "t ( w>1 ) its s\l-%ak+ *all5ge to ! s5se ( reality1 may n be ! mo/ unfit = ! exp]i5ce4 ,,! ,,hi/orical ,,jesus ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,sn>e ,,( ,,presupposition ,he :o w\ld approa* ) an al]t m9d su* a "q z t ( ! hi/oric actuality ( ! ,gospel ,jesus w\ld d well to weigh a prelim9>y w>n+4 ,?\gh aft] f\r hundr$ ye>s ( *ronic sci5tific discov]y all m5 are suppos$ to "k ! intellectual dang] ( a confid5t & =egone rejection ( new !ories1 x is sc>cely likely t ! vogue ( su* error is at an end4 ,aft] all1 ap>t f ! special exp]i5ce 9 "q1 & f ! g5]al effect ( ! spread ( sci5ce1 ! av]age psy*osis ( m5 is n pr(\ndly diff]5t f :at x 0 9 ! two c5turies :i* pass$ be=e ! doctr9es ( ,cop]nicus f\nd g5]al acceptance4 ,n _m mod]n novelties ( ?\ght c s reasonably be met ) d]ision z 0 ! proposition t ! e>? moves r\nd ! sun4 ,let ! +5u\s read] try to make ! supposition t he _h be5 br\ght up 9 ignorance ( t tru?1 & )\t any tra9+ 9 a/ronomy1 & t 9 adolesc5ce or mature ye>s x _h be5 casually put to him z a non-au?oritative sugge/ion4 ,w\ld he h be5 quick to surmise t ! p>adox might be tru?8 ,let him next try to imag9e t he _h be5 educat$ by an ecc5tric gu>dian 9 ! ,ptolemaic cre$1 :i* acc\nt$ s plausibly = s _m sol> & /ell> ph5om5a1 & t until middle life he _h be5 kept unaw>e ( ! ,cop]nican h]esy4 ,c he be sure t1 meet+ x n z an accr$it$ doctr9e b z a novel hypo!sis1 he w\ld h be5 prompt to recognize t x 0 ! bett] solution8 ,if he c readily say ,yes1 ,i "k n :e!r 8 confid5ce is enviable or o!rwise4 ,read+ 9 ,sylve/]'s translation ( ! ,div9e ,weeks ( ,du ,b>tas1 :i* _h su* vogue 9 ! days ( ,james ,,vi1 ! confid5t d]ision & confutation ( ! helioc5tric !ory1 ,i really _c be sure t _h ,i liv$ 9 ^? days ,i %\ld h gone "r :]e ,bacon w5t wrong4 ,to a m]e hi/orical /ud5t1 n consci\s ( any orig9al insight into ! problems ( nature1 !re ought to be some?+ *a/5+ 9 ! recollection t e great advance 9 ! human grasp ( !m has be5 hotly or hil>i\sly d5\nc$ & d]id$2 & t n m]ely by ! av]age ignoramus1 b by ! mass ( ! exp]ts4 ,x 0 n ! peasants ( ,italy :o refus$ to look ?r\gh ,galileo's telescope--!y 7 n invit$ to2 x 0 ! academics1 deep 9 ,ari/otle4 ,x 0 n ! laity :o di/+ui%$ !mselves by reject+ ,h>vey's discov]y ( ! circulation ( ! blood2 x 0 all ! doctors above =ty !n liv+1 if we c believe a pr(essional say+4 ,& x 0 n m]ely ! humdrum ,bible-read]s :o sc\t$ geology = g5]ations1 or :o laugh$ consum$ly = decades ov] ! ann\ncem5t t ,d>w9 made out m5 to be desc5d$ f monkeys4 ,t !ory1 z x happ5$1 _h be5 unsci5tifically en\gh prop\nd$ long be=e ,d>w92 &1 albeit n gr\nd$ ^u any su* sci5tific rese>* z s]v$ to e/abli% ! ,d>w9ian !ory 9 a g5]ation1 yet happ5$ to be consid]ably ne>] rationality ?an ! ,semitic my? :i* figur$ = in/ruct$ ,*ri/5dom z ! absolute & div9ely reveal$ tru? on ! subject4 ,a recollection ( ! hate & fury ) :i* geologi/s l ,hugh ,mill] repell$ ! pla9 lesson ( _! own sci5ce :5 x 0 %[n to cla% ) ! sacr$ my?1 & a memory ( ! ro> ( d]ision & disgu/ :i* met ,d>w91 %\ld set reasonable m5 on _! gu>d :5 !y f9d !mselves fac$ by propositions :i* c h>dly seem m mon/r\s to ?is g5]ation ?an ^? o!rs did to our fa!rs & gr&fa!rs4 ,x is difficult1 aga91 )\t sugge/+ contempt ( t s*ol>%ip :i* z conc]n+ hi/orical problems is ! equival5t ( exp]im5tal rese>* 9 sci5ce1 to insi/ aright ^u ! bl9d+ t5d5cy ( pure s*ol>%ip 9 ! face ( a radically innovat+ doctr9e4 ,)\t s*ol>ly survey no su* doctr9e c ma9ta9 itself4 ,yet x is "o ( ! commone/ ( exp]i5ces to f9d ! accr$it$ s*ol>s among ! la/ to give an intellig5t he>+ to a new tru?4 ,only = a v few 0 skill 9 ! ,ptolemaic a/ronomy a good prep>ation t[>ds receiv+ ! ,cop]nican4 ,! errors ( ,cop]nicus--! inevitable errors ( ! pione]--s]v$ = g5]ations to e/abli% ! ,ptolemai/s 9 !irs4 ,& :]e religi\s usage goes h&-9-h& ) an error1 n "o man 9 a ?\s& c escape ! clut* ( ! d\ble habit4 ,h5ce ! special blackness ( ! !ological record 9 ! hi/ory ( culture4 ,9 ! pres5t day ! hide\s memory ( old crimes )holds ev5 ! cl]ical class z a :ole f ! desire to employ active p]secution2 b t ab/5tion--=c$ 9 any case--_c save ! class f ! special sn>e ( ! belief 9 ! possession ( fix$ & absolute tru?4 ,s9ce ! day :5 ,tyndale 0 burn$ = translat+ ! ,sacr$ ,books1 ,engli% ,*ri/ians h pass$ ?r\gh a doz5 phases ( fai?1 f ! crasse/ evangelicalism to ! hazie/ s5tim5talism1 & 9 all alike !y h felt1 mutatis mut&is1 ! same spontane\s av]sion to ! new doctr9e t di/urbs ! old4 ,:o w say t ! /]n ,tyndale1 _h he ev] be5 9 p[]1 w\ld n h made m>tyrs 9 8 turn8 ,! m>tyr ,latim] _h applaud$ ! m>tyrdom ( ,anabapti/s4 ,! m>tyr$ ,cranm] _h ass5t$ to m>tyrdoms 9 8 day1 ?\gh a man =giv+ en\gh 9 respect ( 8 own wrongs4 ,& if ! educat$ ,*ri/ians ( to-day h rea*$ a level at :i* !y c recognize z old delusions n only ! beliefs 9 relics & images & exorcisms1 once all sacrosanct1 b ! lit]al acceptance ( ,semitic & ,*ri/ian my?s & miracle-/ories1 to :om d !y ?9k !y owe ! deliv]ance8 ,to _! accr$it$ tea*]s8 ,n s4 ,no false belief f :i* m5 h be5 deliv]$ s9ce ! day ( ,cop]nicus has be5 dismiss$ )\t /r5u\s resi/ance f m5 ( le>n+1 & ev5 f m5 ( vigor\s capacity4 ,! belief 9 wit*craft 0 *ampion$ by ,bod91 "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful m9ds ( 8 day2 ,glanvill1 :o s\ght to ma9ta9 x 9 ,engl& aft] ! ,re/oration1 0 a man ( philosophical culture & a memb] ( ! ,royal ,society2 & he _h ! c\nt5ance ( ! ,platoni/ ,h5ry ,m & ! *emi/ ,boyle4 ,s great a man z ,leibnitz repuls$ ! cosmology ( ,newton on ! score t x expell$ ,god f ! univ]se4 ,x 0 n pr(essional !ologians :o inv5t$ ! high] criticism ( ! ,p5tateu*1 any m ?an !y introduc$ geology4 ,samuel ,p>vi%1 ! ,guild=d booksell]1 :o discov]$ 9 ! days ( ,walpole t ,deut]onomy belong$ to ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c41 is n record$ to h made any cl]ical conv]ts2 & ,a/ruc1 ! ,p>isian physician :o began ! discrim9ation betwe5 ! ,jehovi/ic & ,elohi/ic s\rces 9 ,g5esis 9 #agec1 made no s*ool 9 8 c\ntry or 8 "t4 ,voltaire1 no ,hebrai/1 demon/rat$ cle>ly en\gh t ! ,p5tateu*al tale ( ! tab]nacle 9 ! wild]ness 0 a fiction2 b ?ree toil+ g5]ations ( ,g]man speciali/s pass$ ! demon/ration by1 till a ,zulu conv]t set ! good ,bi%op ,col5so ^u apply+ to ! leg5d ! simple te/s ( 8 secul> ari?metic4 ,!n ! exp]ts began sl[ly to see ! po9t4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,modes ,,( ,,cons]vative ,,fallacy ,to all su* rem9d]s ! pres5t-day exp]t w reply1 belike1 t he does n ne$ !m4 ,he1 pr(it+ by ! pa/1 c commit no su* errors4 ,& yet1 h[ev] "r ! pres5t memb]s ( ! apo/olic succession ( tru?-monopoli/s may be1 !re is an a/oni%+ lik5ess 9 _! tone & temp] ov] ! la/ h]esy to t ( _! pr$ecessors1 d[n to ! tw5tie? g5]ation4 ,ang] & blu/]1 boa/+ & scold+1 sn>l & sne]1 come no less spontane\sly to ! tongues ( ! pr(essional def5d] ( ! pres5t m9imum ( cre$ ?an !y did to ^? ( ! full-blood$ bre$ ( ! ages ( ! maximum1 or ( ,calv9 & ,bonn]4 ,f ! def5ce ( ! real pres5ce ( ! ,god to t ( ! b>e p]sonal exi/5ce ( ! ,man is a long desc5t2 b !re is a s+ul> sam5ess 9 ! mann] ( ! controv]sy4 ,z _! exp]t ance/ors prov$ successively ! absolute tru? ( ! corporal pres5ce 9 ! waf]1 or ! humanity ( ! ,son aga9/ ^? :o dubb$ him m]ely div9e1 or 8 div9ity aga9/ ^? :o pron\nc$ him m]ely human1 or ! in]rancy ( ! ,gospels aga9/ ! blasphem]s :o po9t$ out ! contradictions1 or ! hi/oric c]ta9ty ( ! miracles & ! ,virg9 ,bir? & ! ,resurrection & ! ,asc5sion aga9/ ! mat]iali/s :o put su* ,*ri/ian my?s on a level ) ,pagan1 s d ! exp]t demon/rators ( ! b>e hi/oricity ( ! n[ undeifi$ ,god e/abli% by vitup]ation & d]ision1 declamation & contempt1 ! supreme c]ta9ty ( ! m9imum aft] all ! sup]natural c]ta9ties are gone4 ,ev5 z ,swiss patriots und]took to demon/rate somebody & some?+ beh9d ! leg5d ( ,william ,tell :5 x _h ceas$ to be possible to burn m5 at ! /ake = expos+ ! apple-my?1 s d ! desc5dants ( ! demon/rators ( ! real pres5ce n[ g ab\t to make cle> ! real exi/5ce4 ,i speak1 ( c\rse1 ( ! ruck ( ! v9dicators1 n ( ! believ]s2 & ,pr(essor ,s*mi$el & ,m4 ,loisy1 ,i tru/1 w n suspect me ( class+ !m ) m5 _m ( :om are z ho/ile to !m z to ! !sis :i* ^? s*ol>s seek by rational me?ods to confute4 ,pr(essor ,s*mi$el has ev5 av[$ t a pro( ( ! non-hi/oricity ( ! ,gospel ,jesus w\ld n affect 8 inn] religi\s op9ions2 & su* high deta*m5t has be5 atta9$ to by o!rs4 ,t civiliz$ s*ol>s cr$it1 & might at a p9* ma9ta9 9 debate1 ! hi/oricity ( ! ,gospel ,jesus z calmly z !y might ! hi/oricity ( ,lycurgus aga9/ its impugn]s1 ,i am well aw>e4 ,& to su* read]s1 if ,i h ! hon\r to obta9 any1 ,i address n a w>n+ b an appeal4 ,!re is an attitude t[>ds ! problem :i* incurs no reproa* on ! score ( tone & temp]1 & :i* w naturally recomm5d itself all ! m to m5 ( real culture1 b :i* yet1 ,i ?9k1 only illu/rates 9 ano!r way ! imm5se difficulty ( all-r\nd intellectual vigilance4 ,let me give an example 9 an extract f a r notewor?y pron\ncem5t ^u ! "q 9 h&3-- ,( ,paul's div9e ,ma/] no biography c ev] be writt54 ,we h a vivid impression ( an unique1 effulg5t p]sonality4 ,we h a consid]able body ( say+s :i* mu/ be g5u9e because !y are f> too great to h be5 inv5t$ by ,8 disciples1 &1 = ! re/1 :atev] royal robes & tributes ( devotion ! ,*ur* ( ,a4,d4 #gj-ajj ?\ght mo/ fitt+ = its k+4 ,! ,gospels are ! creation ( fai? & love3 fai? & love hold ! key to _! int]pretation4 7,canon ,+e1 art4 ,/4 ,paul 9 ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,jan41 #aiad1 p4 #de47 ,i am n "h conc]n$ to ask :e!r ! clos+ words are ! expression ( an or?odox belief2 or :at or?odoxy makes ( ! fur!r proposition t ,) ,/4 ,paul x is q diff]5t4 ,he is a sa9t )\t a lum9\s halo4 ,! idea seems to be t conc]n+ ! sa9t )\t a nimbus we c get at ! hi/orical tru?1 :ile 9 ! o!r case we _c--a proposition wor? or?odox att5tion4 ,b :at conc]ns ! op5-m9d$ inve/igator is ! logic ( ! words ,i h italiciz$4 ,x is obvi\s t !y proce$ 7#a7 on ! assumption t :at non-miracul\s biography ! ,gospels give is 9 ! ma9 absolutely tru/wor?y--t is to say1 t ! acc\nts ( ! disciples & ! tea*+ are hi/orical2 & 7#b7 on ! assumption t we are hi/orically held to ! traditional view t ! ,gospel say+s orig9at$ ) ! alleg$ ,f\nd] z !y purport4 ,x is necess>y to po9t out t ?is is n a licit hi/orical induction4 ,ev5 ,canon ,+e by implication admits t n all ! ,gospel say+s h ! quality :i* he reg>ds z c]tify+ au!nticity2 & on no reasonable gr\nd c he claim t ! o!rs mu/ h be5 inv5t$ by ! disciples4 ,! alt]native is spuri\s4 ,no "o is 9 a position to d5y t any giv5 say+ may h be5 inv5t$ by non-disciples4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 _m pr(essional !ologians are agre$ 9 trac+ to outside s\rces "s tol]ably f9e passages1 su* z ! address to ,j]usalem 7,mt4 xxiii1 #cg2 ,lk4 xiii1 #cd74 ,! critics 9 "q d n ascribe t deliv]ance to inv5tive disciples2 !y inf] x to h be5 a non-,*ri/ian docum5t4 ,_m o!r critics1 aga91 n[ pron\nce ! :ole ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt--reg>d$ by ,baur z signally g5u9e--a compilation f e>li] ,hebrew lit]ature1 ,biblical & o!r4 ,:i* !n are ! great say+s t c\ld n be ?us acc\nt$ =8 ,)\t specification !re c be no rational discussion ( ! problem2 & ev5 ! proposition ab\t ! exegetic function ( fai? & love affects to be 9 itself rational4 ,! pla9 tru? w\ld seem to be t ,canon ,+e has =m$ = himself no t5able critical position4 ,he has m]ely reit]at$ ! fallacy ( ,mill1 :o 9 8 ,?ree ,essays on ,religion 7pp4 #bec-ed7 wrote3-- ,:atev] else may be tak5 away f u by rational criticism1 ,*ri/ is /ill left2 a unique figure1 n m unlike all 8 precursors ?an all 8 foll[]s1 ev5 ^? :o _h ! direct b5efit ( 8 p]sonal tea*+4 ,x is ( no use to say t ,*ri/ z exhibit$ 9 ! ,gospels is n hi/orical1 & t we "k n h[ mu* ( :at is admirable has be5 sup]add$ by ! tradition ( 8 foll[]s4 ,! tradition ( foll[]s suffices to ins]t any numb] ( m>vels1 & may h ins]t$ all ! miracles :i* he is reput$ to h wr\ght4 ,b :o among 8 disciples or among _! proselytes 0 capable ( inv5t+ ! say+s ascrib$ to ,jesus1 or ( imag9+ ! life & "* reveal$ 9 ! ,gospels8 ,c]ta9ly n ! fi%]m5 ( ,galilee2 z c]ta9ly n ,/4 ,paul1 ^: "* & idiosyncrasies 7 ( a totally diff]5t sort2 /ill less ! e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s1 9 :om no?+ is m evid5t ?an t ! good :i* 0 9 !m 0 all d]iv$1 z !y always pr(ess$ t x 0 d]iv$1 f ! high] s\rce4 ,:at c\ld be add$ & int]polat$ by a disciple we may see 9 ! my/ical p>ts ( ,/4 ,john1 matt] import$ f ,philo & ! ,alex&rian ,platoni/s & put into ! m\? ( ! ,savi\r 9 long spee*es ab\t himself su* z ! o!r ,gospels conta9 n ! slighte/ ve/ige (1 ?\gh pret5d$ to h be5 deliv]$ on occasions ( ! deepe/ int]e/ & :5 8 pr9cipal foll[]s 7 all pres5t2 mo/ prom95tly at ! la/ supp]4 ,! ,ea/ 0 full ( m5 :o c\ld h /ol5 767 any quantity ( ?is poor /uff1 z ! multitud9\s ,ori5tal sects ( ,gno/ics aft]w>ds did4 ,b ab\t ! life & say+s ( ,jesus !re is a /amp ( p]sonal orig9ality comb9$ ) pr(undity ( insight :i*1 if we ab&on ! idle expectation ( f9d+ sci5tific precision :]e some?+ v diff]5t 0 aim$ at1 mu/ place ! ,prophet ( ,naz>e?1 ev5 9 ! e/imation ( ^? :o h no belief 9 8 inspiration1 9 ! v fir/ rank ( m5 ( sublime g5ius ( :om our species c boa/4 ,:5 ?is pre-em95t g5ius is comb9$ ) ! qualities ( probably ! greate/ moral re=m]1 & m>tyr to t mission1 :o ev] exi/$ on e>?1 religion sic _c be said to h made a bad *oice 9 pit*+ on ?is man z ! ideal repres5tative & guide ( humanity4444 ,add t1 to ! conception ( ! rational sceptic1 x rema9s a possibility t ,*ri/ actually 0 :at he suppos$ himself to be--n ,god1 = he nev] made ! smalle/ pret5sion to t "*1 & w\ld probably h ?\ght su* a pret5sion z blasphem\s z x seem$ to ! m5 :o condemn$ him--b a man *>g$ ) a special1 express1 & unique commission f ,god to lead mank9d to tru? & virtue4444 ,e9 hi/oris*] ,kopf hatte er ni*t1 is a ,g]man economi/'s criticism ( ,mill :i* ,i fe> w h to /& 9 o!r fields ?an t ( economics4 ,! man :o wrote ?is unmeasur$ di?yramb c nev] h read ! ,gospels & ! ,hebrew books ) critical att5tion2 & c nev] h reflect$ critically ^u 8 own words 9 ?is connection4 ,! assumption t ! fi%]m5 ( ,galilee c\ld n h atta9$ to ?\ghts :i* are expressly alleg$ to h be5 put =? by an untaught c>p5t] ( ,galilee is on ! face ( x a flight ( ?\ghtless declamation4 ,_h ,mill ev] critically read ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,apocrypha1 he mu/ h be5 aw>e t ! ma9 precepts ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 :i* are presumably among ! unspecifi$ objects ( 8 panegyric1 7 all !re be=eh&4 ,_h he tak5 ! tr\ble to inve/igate be=e writ+1 he c\ld h f\nd 9 ,h5nell's ,inquiry 7#ahch71 :i* popul>iz$ ! old rese>* ( ,s*oettg52 9 ,nork's ,rabb9is*e ,quell5 und ,p>allel5 7#ahci72 & 9 ,les ,orig9es du ,s]mon de la ,montagne by ,hippolyte ,rodrigues 7#ahfh71 a copi\s demon/ration ( ! ,jewi% curr5cy ( e moral idea 9 ! ,*ri/ian docum5t1 (t5 9 san] =ms4 ,& he ought to h kn[n f 8 own read+ t ! doctr9e ( =giv5ess = injuries1 :i* appe>s to be ! ma9 gr\nd = ! cu/om>y panegyric ( ! ,s]mon1 0 common to ,greeks & ,romans be=e ! ,gospels 7 compil$4 ,f ! duty ( giv+ alms freely--:i* is repeat$ly laid d[n 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t--to t ( ! s9 ( concupisc5ce & ! wrongness ( divorce = trivial causes1 e moral idea 9 ! ,s]mon _h be5 =mulat$ alike by ,jews & ,g5tiles be=eh&4 #c ,& if x be argu$ t ! compilation ( su* a set ( precepts ) a numb] ( religi\s dicta 7equally curr5t 9 non-,*ri/ian ,jewry7 is evid5ce ( a special e?ical or religi\s gift 9 ! compil]1 ! answ] is t precisely ! fact ( su* a compilation is ! dispro( ( ! ass]tion 9 ! ,gospels t ! :ole 0 deliv]$ z a s]mon on a m\nta94 ,a s]mon x nev] 0 & nev] c\ld be2 & if ! compil] 0 a man ( unique "* & qualification he 0 n ! ,gospel ,jesus b ! v type ( :i* ,mill d5i$ ! possibility6 ,t ! ,gospel e?ic is non-orig9al becomes m & m cle> ) e ext5sion ( relevant rese>*4 ,! ,te/am5ts ( ! ,twelve ,patri>*s1 writt5 betwe5 #aji & #ajf ,b4,c4 by a ,quieti/ ,ph>isee1 is f\nd to yield n only orig9s or anticipations = pseudo-hi/oric data 9 ! ,gospels b patt]ns = its moral doctr9e4 ,?us ! notion t ! ,twelve ,apo/les are to rule ov] ! tribes 9 ! ,messianic k+dom is m]ely an adaptation ( ! tea*+ 9 ! ,te/am5ts t ! twelve sons ( ,jacob are s to rule4 #d ,!re too appe>s = ! fir/ "t 9 ,jewi% lit]ature ! =mula on ,8 "r h&2 #e & a multitude ( close textual p>allels cle>ly te/ify to p]usal ( ! book by ! ,gospel-fram]s & ! epi/le-mak]s4 ,b above all is ! ,jewi% book ! orig9al = ! doctr9es ( =giv5ess & bro!rly love4 ,:]eas ! ,old ,te/am5t leaves /&+ ! e?ic ( rev5ge alongside ( ! prescription to =give "o's enemy1 ! ,te/am5ts give out :at a highly compet5t ,*ri/ian editor pron\nces to be ! mo/ rem>kable /atem5t on ! subject ( =giv5ess 9 all anci5t lit]ature4 ,!y %[ a wond]ful insight into ! true psy*ology ( ! "q4 ,s p]fect are ! p>allels 9 ?\ght & diction betwe5 ^! v]ses ,te/4 ,gad1 vi1 #c-g & ,luke xvii1 #c2 ,matt4 xviii1 #ae1 #ce1 t we mu/ assume our ,"l's acqua9tance ) !m4 ,! mean+ ( =giv5ess 9 bo? cases is ! highe/ & noble/ kn[n to u--namely1 ! re/or+ ! (f5d] to communion ) u1 :i* he _h =feit$ ?r\gh 8 (f5ce4444 ,we n[ see ! importance ( our text4 ,x %[s t pre-,*ri/ian ,judaism possess$ a noble sy/em ( e?ics on ! subject ( =giv5ess4 #f ,"h ! tribute goes to a ,ph>isee2 9 ano!r connection x r$\nds to ! o!r butt ( ,*ri/ian disp>agem5t1 ! ,scribes4 ,z our editor po9ts out1 ! collocation ( ! comm&s to love ,god & "o's neighb\r is ev5 9 ,luke 7x1 #be-bg7 assign$ n to ,jesus b to a ,scribe4 ,b ?is too is f\nd 9 ! ,te/am5ts4 ,t ! two great comm&m5ts 7 already conjo9$ 9 ! tea*+ ( ! ,scribes at ! "t ( our ,"l we may reasonably inf] f our text1 #g :i* 0 writt5 #adj ye>s e>li]1 & f ! acc\nt 9 ,luke4 #h ,& "h too1 a c5tury be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 we h a ,jewi% pr$ication ( ! salvation ( ! ,g5tiles1 #i 9 ! patroniz+ ,jewi% s5se4 ,x is only = m5 p>tly hypnotiz$ by sect>ian cre$ t !re c be any?+ surpris+ 9 ^! anticipations4 ,! notion t ,sacr$ ,books conta9 ! highe/ & r>e/ ?\ght ( _! respective p]iods is a delusion t any critical exam9ation ( probabilities w de/roy4 ,relatively high & r>e ?\ght does n f9d its way into ,sacr$ ,books2 :at ^! pres5t is b ! ?\ght t is p]ceptible & acceptable to ! majority1 or a /rong m9ority1 ( ! bett] p2 & x is nev] purifi$ ( grave imp]fection1 precisely because ^! nev] are4 ,p]fect e?ic is ! possession ( ! p]fect p1 an extremely r>e species4 ,! e?ic ( ! ,te/am5ts1 :i* is an obvi\s improvem5t on t ( av]age ,jewry1 is 9 turn imp]fect en\gh2 ev5 z t ( ! ,gospels rema9s /amp$ ) ,jewi% p>ticul>ism1 & is irretrievably blemi%$ by ! grotesquely iniquit\s doctr9e ( damnation = non-belief4 ,su* assev]ations z ,mill's1 con/antly repeat$ z !y are by educat$ m51 are simply expressions ( failure to compreh5d ! nature & ! possibilities ( life1 ( civilization1 ( hi/ory4 ,! !sis is t 9 a _w conta9+ no "o else capable ( elevat$ ?\ght1 moral or religi\s1 !re sudd5ly appe>$ a m>vell\sly inspir$ tea*]1 :o *ose a doz5 disciples incapable ( compreh5d+ 8 doctr9e1 & dur+ ! space ( "o or _m ye>s--no "o c settle :e!r "o or two or ?ree or f\r or t5 or tw5ty--w5t ab\t alt]nately work+ miracles & deliv]+ moral & religi\s say+s 7includ+ a doctr9e ( et]nal hell-fire = ! unrep5tant wick$1 among :om 7 includ$ all :o refus$ to accept ! new tea*+72 & t aft] ! execution ( ! tea*] on a *>ge ( blasphemy or s$ition ! _w f\nd itself 9 possession ( a sup]normal moral & religi\s code1 :i* con/itut$ ! greate/ moral re=m 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,! v conception is a *im]a4 ,9 a _w 9 :i* no "o c\ld indep5d5tly ?9k ! tea*]'s moral ?\ghts !re c\ld be no acceptance ( !m4 ,if ! code 0 pron\nc$ good1 x 0 s pron\nc$ 9 t]ms ( ! moral nature & moral convictions ( ^? :o made ! pron\ncem5t4 ,! v propag&i/s ( ! cre$ aft] a few g5]ations 7 f\nd meet+ ga9say]s ) ! =mula anima naturalit] ,*ri/iana4 ,*ri/ianity made its way precisely because 7#a7 x 0 a con/ruction f curr5t moral & religi\s mat]ial2 & because 7#b7 x adopt$ a sy/em ( economic organization already te/$ by ,jews & ,g5tiles2 & 7#c7 because its doctr9es 7 ascrib$ to a ,god1 n to a man4 ,any?+ l a moral r5ovation ( ! _w x nev] effect$2 t conception is a *im]a ( *im]as4 ,:ile ,mill1 ! amateur 9 matt]s ( religi\s rese>*1 :o sc>cely ev] read a !ological book1 #aj ascrib$ to ,*ri/ian morality a unique & orig9al quality1 ,newman1 ! ess5tially religi\s man1 delib]ately affirm$ ) ! ,rationali/s t ,!re is little 9 ! e?ics ( ,*ri/ianity :i* ! human m9d may n rea* by its natural p[]s1 & :i* "h or !re 444 has n 9 fact be5 anticipat$4 #aa ,& ,baur1 :o gave 8 life & 8 :ole p[]s to ! problem :i* ,mill assum$ to dispose ( by a di?yramb1 put 9 a s5t5ce ! hi/oric tru? :i* ,mill s completely fail$ to grasp3-- ,h[ soon w\ld ev]y?+ true & important t 0 taught by ,*ri/ianity h be5 relegat$ to ! ord] ( ! long-fad$ say+s ( ! noble humanit>ians & ?9k+ sages ( antiquity1 _h n its tea*+s become words ( et]nal life 9 ! m\? ( its ,f\nd]6 #ab ,& a di/+ui%$ ,scotti% !ologian & s*ol> has laid x d[n t !re is probably n a s+le moral precept 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,scriptures :i* is n sub/antially also 9 ! ,*9ese classics4 ,!re is c]ta9ly n an important pr9ciple 9 ,bi%op ,butl]'s e?ical tea*+s :i* _h n be5 explicitly set =? by ,m5cius 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! ,*9ese ?9k] ( t date _h anticipat$ ! entire moral !ory ( man's con/itution exp\nd$ s long aft]w>ds by ! mo/ fam\s ( ,engli% moral philosoph]s4 #ac ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,illusions ,,z ,,to ,,gospel ,,e?ic ,/rictly speak+1 ! :ole problem ( ! moral value & ! hi/orical effects ( ,*ri/ianity lies outside ! pres5t issue2 b we are =c$ to face x :5 ! "q ( ! tru? ( its hi/oric basis is dismiss$ by a pr(ess$ logician ) a rhetorical !sis to ! effect t religion _c be said to h made a bad *oice 9 pit*+ on ! p]sonality ( :i* he is *all5g$ to prove ! hi/oricity4 ,mill answ]s ! *all5ge by begg+ ! "q2 & :]e he 0 capable ( su* a c\rse multitudes1 lay & cl]ical1 w long cont9ue to be s4 ,= ,mill ! problem 0 some?+ extrane\s to 8 :ole way ( ?\ght4 ,broadly speak+1 he nev] h&l$ a hi/orical problem1 prop]ly s call$4 ,o!r def5d]s ( ! hi/oricity ( ,jesus1 9 turn1 *>ge a want ( hi/oric s5se ^u all :o v5ture to put ! hypo!sis t ! ,gospel ,jesus is a my?ical creation4 ,! *>ge has be5 repeat$ly made by m5 :o c make no pret5ce ( hav+ ev] indep5d5tly elucidat$ any hi/orical problem2 & 9 "o notable case1 t ( ,dr4 ,j4 ,e/l9 ,c>p5t]1 x is made by a s*ol> :o has committ$ himself to ! ass]tion ( ! hi/oricity ( ,kri%na4 ,su* resorts to blank assev]ation 9 su* matt]s are on all f\rs ) ! blank assev]ation t ! ,gospel ,jesus1 9 virtue ( ! tea*+s ascrib$ to him1 is a figure too sublime = human inv5tion4 ,! slighte/ reflection might obtrude ! ?\ght t x is precisely ! inv5t$ figure t c mo/ easily be made quasi-sublime4 ,is x pret5d$ t ,yahweh is n sublime8 ,is ! ,book ( ,job pret5d$ to be hi/orical8 ,! ,gospel ,jesus is nev] %[n to u save 9 a s]ies ( /atuesque pres5tm5ts1 heal+1 prea*+1 prophesy+1 bless+1 d5\nc+1 suff]+2 he is expressly deta*$ f dome/ic relation%ips2 ( 8 life ap>t f 8 ,messianic c>e] !re is n a ve/ige ( trace t is n nak$ly my?ical2 ( 8 m5tal processes !re is n an attempt at explanation save 9 glosses (t5 palpably incompet5t2 & ( 8 plan or purpose1 8 hopes or expectations1 no exegete has ev] fram$ a non-!ological !ory t w /& an h\r's exam9ation4 ,^? :o claim z an evid5ce ( uniqu5ess ! fact t he is nev] accus$ by ! evangeli/s ( any wrong act d b prove _! unprep>$ness to debate any ( ! problems involv$4 ,a figure pres5t$ z div9e1 9 a docum5t t aims at e/abli%+ a cult1 is ipso facto d5ud$ ( errancy s f> z ! judgm5t ( ! fram]s ( ! picture c c>ry !m4 ,b all t ! fram]s & r$actors ( ! ,gospels c\ld a*ieve 0 to outl9e a figure answ]+ to _! /&>ds ( p]fection1 free ( :at !y reg>d$ z s9 or error4 ,go+ to "w 9 an age & an environm5t 9 :i* ascetic pr9ciples 7 commonly posit$ z aga9/ normal practice1 !y gu>d ! ,god f e sugge/ion ( c>nal appetite2 & ! dialecticians ( fai? *ildi%ly ask u to contra/ him ) anci5t ,pagan deities ^: leg5ds are ! unsift$ survivals ( savage folklore4 ,z if any new ,sacr$ ,book 9 ! same age w\ld n h proce$$ on ! same /&>ds2 & z if ! religi\s ,jewi% lit]ature ( ! age ( ,*ri/ian beg9n+s 7 n z ascetic z ! o!r4 ,b inasmu* z ! compil]s ( ! ,gospels c\ld n transc5d ! moral /&>d ( _! "t1 !y con/antly obtrude its limitations & its blemi%es4 ,_h ,mill attempt$ any?+ beyond 8 di?yramb1 he w\ld h be5 h>d put to x to apply 8 ec/atic epi!ts to su* tea*+s z ^!3-- ,rep5t ye1 = ! k+dom ( heav5 is at h&4 ,till heav5 & e>? pass away1 "o jot or tittle %all 9 no wise pass away f ! law ( ,moses4 ,:osoev] %all say1 ,?\ fool1 %all be 9 dang] ( ! hell ( fire4 ,comp>e ,matt4 xxiii1 #ag3 ,ye fools & bl9d2 & ,luke xii1 #bj3 ,?\ fool1 ?is night ?y s\l %all be requir$ ( !e4 ,:osoev] %all m>ry h] ! woman divorc$ )\t good cause %all commit adult]y4 ,give to him t aske? !e4 ,lay n up = y\rselves treasures ^u ! e>?4 ,seek ye fir/ ,god's k+dom & 8 righte\sness2 & all ^! ?+s t 7 to be disreg>d$ %all be add$ unto y4 ,bew>e ( false prophets1 :i* come to y 9 %eep's clo?+1 b inw>dly are rav5+ wolves4 ,comp>e ! w>n+ aga9/ say+1 ,?\ fool4 ,g n into any way ( ! ,g5tiles1 & ent] n into any city ( ! ,sam>itans4 ,:osoev] %all n receive y1 444 z ye g =? out ( t h\se or t city1 %ake (f ! du/ ( y\r feet4 ,v]ily ,i say unto y1 x %all be m tol]able = ! l& ( ,sodom & ,gomorrah 9 ! day ( judgm5t ?an = t city4 ,i s5d y =? z %eep 9 ! mid/ ( wolves4 ,?9k n t ,i come to s5d peace on ! e>?3 ,i came n to s5d peace1 b a sword4444 ,he t love? fa!r or "m m ?an me is n wor?y ( me4 ,x %all be m tol]able = ,tyre & ,sidon 9 ! day ( judgm5t ?an = y ,*oraz9 & ,be?saida2 because ( non-acceptance ( ! tea*]4444 ,x %all be m tol]able = ! l& ( ,sodom 9 ! day ( judgm5t ?an = y4 ,e idle ^w t m5 %all speak1 !y %all give acc\nt !re( 9 ! day ( judgm5t4 ,!re=e speak ,i to !m 9 p>ables1 because see+ !y see n1 & he>+ !y he> n1 nei!r d !y und]/&4 ,9 ! end ( ! _w ! angels %all 444 sev] ! wick$ f ! righte\s1 & %all ca/ !m into ! furnace ( fire4 ,9 va9 d !y wor%ip me1 tea*+ z _! doctr9es ! precepts ( m54 ,is x n lawful = me to d :at ,i w ) m9e own8 retort = ! employ] :o pays ! same = a day's "w & = an h\r's4 ,if ye h fai? & d\bt n 444 ev5 if ye %all say unto ?is m\nta91 ,be ?\ tak5 up & ca/ into ! sea1 x %all be done4 ,& 8 "l comm5d$ ! unrighte\s /ew>d because he _h done wisely4444 ,& ,i say unto y1 ,make to y\rselves fri5ds by means ( ! mammon ( unrighte\sness2 t1 :5 x %all fail1 !y may receive y into ! et]nal tab]nacles4 ,i say unto y t unto ev]yone t ha? %all be giv52 b f him t ha? n %all be tak5 away ev5 t :i* he ha?4 ,& 8 "l 0 wro?1 & deliv]$ him to ! torm5tors4444 ,s also %all my heav5ly ,fa!r d unto y1 if ye =give n ev]yone 8 bro!r f y\r he>ts4 ,:5 su* a mass ( unmanageable doctr9es is =c$ on ! notice ( ! di?yrambi/s1 !re promptly beg9s a process ( elim9ation--! me?od ( ,arnold1 to :i* ,mill w\ld d\btless h subscrib$1 d5y+ z he did t ,jesus ev] claim$ to be ! ,son ( ,god4 ,:atev] is n sweetly reasonable 9 ! ,gospels1 said ,arnold1 _c be ! ^w ( ,jesus2 let u !n pick & *oose z we w4 ,& ju/ly en\gh may x be argu$ t we h be5 li/5+ to diff]5t voices4 ,x _c be ! same man :o prohibit$ all ang]1 veto+ ev5 ! use ( ,?\ fool1 & !n proce$$ to vitup]ate ,scribes & ,ph>isees 9 ! mass z sons ( hell2 to curse a b>r5 tree2 & to call ! err+ ,ye fools & bl9d--any m ?an x 0 ! same man :o said1 ,i am meek & l[ly 9 he>t1 & ,a great] ?an ,solomon is "h1 or annull$ precepts ( ! law aft] decl>+ t n a jot or tittle ( x %\ld pass away4 ,b ) :at semblance ( critical righte\sness %all x be pret5d$ t 9 a compilation ?us palpably composite x 0 ! tea*] :o said all ! "r ?+s & o!rs :o said all ! wrong1 :5 z a matt] ( docum5t>y fact ! bett] say+s c all be p>allel$ 9 old] or contempor>y writ+s8 ,t *all5ge is nev] s mu* z fac$ by ! di?yrambi/s2 to face x hone/ly w\ld be ! beg9n+ ( _! end4 ,"s seem prep>$ to /ake all on su* a tea*+ z ! p>able ( ! ,good ,sam>itan1 :i* actually tea*es t a man ( ! religi\sly despis$ race c\ld humanely succ\r "o ( ! despis+ race :5 religi\s m5 ( ! same race pass$ him by4 ,is ! p>able !n assimilat$ by ^? :o /ress x8 ,c !y conceive t a ,sam>itan c\ld s act8 ,if yes1 :y _c !y conceive t a ,sam>itan1 or ano!r ,jew ?an "o1 c\ld put =? su* a doctr9e8 ,"h is a /ory ( actual human-k9dness1 p>allel$ 9 a hundr$ tales & romances ( lat] times1 a /ory :i*1 appeal+ z x does to e read]1 may reasonably be believ$ to h be5 enact$ a ?\s& times by simple human be+s :o nev] he>d ( ! ,gospels4 ,yet we are ask$ to believe t only "o ,jewi% or ,g5tile m9d 9 ! age ( ,virgil 0 capable ( draw+ ! moral t ! k9dly & helpful s\l is ! true neighb\r1 & t ! good man w be neighb\rly to all2 s rebuk+ ! tribalism ( ! av]age ,jew4 ,:51 fifte5 ye>s ago1 ,i wrote ( ! mod]ate e?ical height ( ! p>able ( ! ,good ,sam>itan1 :i* is p>tly prec$5t$ 9 ,old ,te/am5t tea*+ ,deut4 xxiii1 #g--;an int]polation2 cp4 ! ,book ( ,ru?1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,c>p5t] indignantly repli$3 ,! field ( ,greek lit]ature is op52 w ,mr4 ,rob]tson take ! ,good ,sam>itan & f ,plato to ,plot9us f9d 8 mat*8 ,& ! ,rev4 ,?omas ,james ,?orburn1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 9 8 lat] "w ,jesus ! ,*ri/3 ,hi/orical or ,my?ical8 7#aiab71 wrote 7p4 #fh73-- ,dr4 ,e/l9 ,c>p5t] has invit$ 7we believe1 9 va967 ,mr4 ,rob]tson to produce an equal to ?is same p>able out ( ! :ole range ( ,greek lit]ature1 :i* und\bt$ly conta9s ! *oice/ tea*+ ( ! anci5t _w4 ,dr4 ,?orburn 9 8 bibliography cit$ ! fir/ & second 7#aiab7 editions ( ,pagan ,*ri/s2 he ?\ghtfully omitt$1 9 laun*+ 8 we believe1 9 va961 to asc]ta9 :e!r !re _h be5 a second edition ( ,*ri/ianity & ,my?ology1 9 :i* any reply ,i might h to make to ,dr4 ,c>p5t] might naturally be expect$ to appe>1 t critic hav+ *all5g$ ! proposition z put 9 ! fir/ edition4 ,a second edition _h appe>$1 9 #aiaj1 & !re ,i _h duly giv5 ! simple answ] :i* ! two le>n$ ,doctors ( ,div9ity1 s consci\s ( kn[+ all ,greek lit]ature f ,plato to ,plot9us1 7 unable to ?9k ( = !mselves4 ,! field ( ,greek lit]ature1 z ,dr4 ,c>p5t] ju/ly obs]ves1 is op52 & x w\ld h be5 fitt+ on 8 "p to p]ambulate a little !re94 ,! dem&$ in/ance lay to ! h& ( unle>n$ p 9 s famili> an au?or z ,plut>*--9 ! tale ( ,lycurgus & ,alc&]4 ,z ,dr4 ,?orburn & ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 h[ev]1 mu/ be suppos$ to h be5 ignorant ( t /ory1 x may be well to tell x briefly "h4 ,lycurgus hav+ greatly exasp]at$ ! ri* citiz5s by propos+ ! in/itution ( frugal common meals1 !y made a tumult & /on$ him 9 ! m>ket-place1 s t he _h to run = sanctu>y 9 a temple4 ,b "o ( 8 pursu]s1 a viol5t y\? nam$ ,alc&]1 caught up ) him1 &1 /rik+ him ) a club z he turn$ r\nd1 da%$ out "o ( 8 eyes4 ,lycurgus !n /ood calmly fac+ ! citiz5s1 lett+ !m see 8 ble$+ face1 & 8 eye de/roy$4 ,all :o saw him 7 fill$ ) %ame & remorse4 ,!y gave up ,alc&] to 8 m]cy1 & conduct$ ,lycurgus 9 procession to 8 h\se to %[ _! sympa?y4 ,he ?ank$ !m & dismiss$ !m1 b kept ,alc&] ) him4 ,he did him no h>m1 & us$ no reproa*ful words1 b kept him z 8 s]vant1 s5d+ away all o!rs4 ,& ,alc&]1 dwell+ ) ,lycurgus1 not+ 8 s]5ity ( temp] & simplicity ( life & 8 unwe>y+ lab\rs1 became 8 w>me/ admir]1 & ev] aft] told 8 fri5ds t ,lycurgus 0 ! be/ ( m54 ,9 "o v]sion ( ! tale ,lycurgus gave back 8 fre$om to ,alc&] 9 pres5ce ( ! citiz5s1 say+1 ,y gave me a bad citiz52 ,i give y back a good "o4 ,if our ,doctors ( ,div9ity are unable to see t ?is repres5ts a r>] /ra9 ( goodness ?an ! de$ ( ! ,good ,sam>itan1 !y mu/ be told t !y are lack+ 9 t v moral judgm5t ^u :i* !y plume !mselves4 ,=ev] sitt+ 9 ! *air ( judgm5t1 defam+ all :o diss5t f !m1 !y are e?ically less p]cipi5t ?an ! cultur$ laity4 ,?\s&s ( k9dly human be+s1 ,i repeat1 h succ\r$ w\nd$ /rang]s1 ev5 ^? ( ho/ile races2 & ! tone held ov] ! ,gospel p>able by "s ,*ri/ians is b ! measure ( _! misconception ( human nature4 ,_! sect>ian cre$ has br$ 9 !m a habit ( asp]s+ all humanity1 all "*1 save ! ,*ri/ian1 ?us /ultify+ ! v lesson ( _! p>able1 ! fram] ( :i* w\ld fa9 h taught m5 to transc5d ^! v fanaticisms4 ,!y w n be neighb\rs to ! pagan to ! ext5t ( cr$it+ him ) _! own appreciation ( magnanimity & human-k9dness2 !y _c ev5 discuss 8 claim )\t seek+ arrogantly to br[beat 8 fav\r]s4 ,=ev] acclaim+ ! beauty ( ! comm& to =give injuries1 !y _c ev5 debate )\t insol5ce :]e !y "k _! sect>ian claims are call$ 9 "q4 ,& ,i %all be agreeably disappo9t$ if !y proce$ to h&le ! tale ( ,lycurgus & ,alc&] )\t seek+ to demon/rate t someh[ x falls bel[ ! level ( ! ,gospels1 :]e1 z x happ5s1 ! endurance ( viol5ce & dea? by ! ,god-man is 9 effect pres5t$ z ,god-l4 ,b = t matt]1 ev5 ! (t-cit$ say+ ,fa!r1 =give !m1 occurs only 9 ,luke ( all ! ,gospels1 &1 be+ abs5t f two ( ! mo/ anci5t codices1 betrays itself z a late addition to ! text4 ,x may be ei!r ,jewi% or ,g5tile4 ,= ,plut>*1 ! ,sp>tan tale is some?+ edify+ & gratify+1 b he makes no p>ade ( x z a m>vel2 & 9 8 essay ,( ,pr(it+ by our ,enemies he speaks ( ! =giv5ess ( enemies z a ?+ n r>ely to be met )3-- ,to =be> to be rev5g$ ( an enemy if opportunity & occasion is (f]$1 & to let him g :5 he is 9 ?y h&s1 is a po9t ( great humanity & c\rtesy2 b him t ha? compassion ( him :5 he is fall5 into adv]sity1 succ\re? him 9 di/ress1 at 8 reque/ is ready to %[ goodwill to 8 *ildr51 & an affection to su/a9 ! /ate ( 8 h\se & family be+ 9 affliction1 :o do? n love = ?is k9dness1 nor praise ! goodness ( 8 nature8 7,holl&'s translation47 ,_h t passage appe>$ 9 a ,gospel1 h[ w\ld n our ,doctors ( ,div9ity h exclaim$ ov] ! moral sup]iority ( ,*ri/ian e?ic1 demon/rat+ t x alone appeal$ to ! he>t6 ,9 actual fact we f9d !m d5y+ t su* passages exi/4 ,! mo/ disgraceful in/ance kn[n to me appe>s to implicate an ,au/rian !ologian4 ,9 ! ,editor's ,=ewords to ! ,e>ly ,engli% ,text ,society's volume ( ,que5 ,elizabe?'s ,engli%+s !re is a note on ,plut>*'s ,de ,curiositate1 propos ( ,elizabe?'s translation ( t essay3-- ,9 ,de ,curiositate1 z well z 9 8 o!r writ+s1 ,plut>* proves himself to be a true ,/oic philosoph]1 to possess fir/-rate moral pr9ciples & great fe> ( ,god4444 ,8 religi\s views sometimes rem9d u1 l ^? ( ,s5eca1 ( ,*ri/ian tea*+2 b "h !re is always "o important omission--viz41 ! comm5dation ( *>ity or bro!rly love2 ( ?is ,*ri/ian virtue ! /oic1 s virtu\s 9 8 own relations1 kn[s absolutely no?+4 ,at ! close ( ! ,=ewords ! ,editor1 ,miss ,c>ol9e ,pemb]ton1 m5tions t ,! comm5ts on ! writ+s ( ,boe?ius & ,plut>* are by ,dr4 ,j4 ,s*5k1 ( ,m]an1 ,tyrol4 ,to ,dr4 ,s*5k1 !n1 mu/ app>5tly be cr$it$ ! high-wat] m>k 9 ,*ri/ian false-witness aga9/ paganism4 ,ei!r he did or he did n "k t ,plut>* 9 o!r writ+s _h giv5 full expression to ! e?ic ( bro!rly love4 ,if he did n "k1 he 0 n only fram+ a wanton libel 9 %e] ignorance b giv+ a p>ticul>ly deadly pro( ( 8 own de/itution ( ! v virtue he 0 s unctu\sly d5y+ to ! pagan4 ,a man devoid n m]ely ( *>ity b ( dec5t conc]n = simple ju/ice poses z a moral tea*] 9 virtue ( 8 ,*ri/ianism2 ev5 z ! pr(essional encomia/s ( ! p>able ( ! ,good ,sam>itan demon/rate _! own bl9dness to its mean+1 play+ ! ,levite to ! ,pagan4 ,plut>*1 s mu* bett] a man ?an 8 ,*ri/ian critic1 0 9 turn no innovator 9 e?ics4 ,z e /ud5t kn[s1 su* doctr9es z ^? above cit$ f him are f> old] ?an ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,five c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era ,confucius put ! law ( reciprocity 9 ! sane =m ( ! precept t we %\ld n d unto o!rs :at we w\ld n t !y %\ld d unto u4 ,are we to suppose t ! rule _h be5 left to ,confucius to inv5t8 ,*ri/ians :o _c con=m to x are n a%am$ to disp>age ! precept ( ,confucius z a negative tea*+1 imply+ t !re is a high] moral /ra9 9 _! =mula :i* prescribes ! do+ to o!rs :at we w\ld wi% !m to d to u4 ,!re1 if any diff]5ce ( code be really int5d$1 we are urg$ to conf] b5efits 9 ord] to h !m return$4 ,if no diff]5ce is int5d$1 ! disp>agem5t is m]e deceit4 ,9 ! anci5t ,h9du epic1 ! ,mahbhrata1 x is decl>$ t ,! ,gods reg>d ) delight ! man :o 444 :5 /ruck does n /rike aga91 & t ,! good1 :5 !y promote ! welf>e ( o!rs1 expect no reciprocity4 ,h[ long are we to li/5 to ! *ildi% claim t moral maxims :i* 9 ,india 7 deliv]$ mill5niums ago by =gott5 m5 7 framable 9 ,s5eca's day only 9 ,syria1 & !re only by "o unique & effulg5t p]sonality1 ^: m]e tea*+ lift$ humanity to new heights8 ,_h no nameless man or woman 9 ,greece ev] urg$ ! beauty ( non-retaliation be=e ,plato8 ,if cl]ics _c rise above ! old dis+5u\s sect>ian _s1 x is "t at lea/ t laym5 %\ld4 ,! m hi/oric compreh5sion a man has ( ! anci5t _w1 ( ,plut>*'s _w1 ) all its s9s & delusions1 ! less c he h>b\r ! notion ( ! moral miracle involv$ 9 ! !sis ( ! unique tea*]1 sudd5ly reveal+ to an amaz$ humanity heights ( moral aspiration be=e undreamt (4 ,& any consid]ate scrut9y ( ! logia ( ! ,gospels w inevitably =ce ! op5-m9d$ /ud5t to recognize multiplicity ( ?\ght & ideal1 & compel him to seek "s explanation4 ,an ef=t to deta* a possible p]sonality by ! elim9ation ( impossible adjuncts is ! next natural /ep4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,blu/] ,= anyone :o w sob]ly & fai?fully face ! facts !re mu/ soon] or lat] arise ! problem1 ,is !re any unify+ p]sonality beh9d ?is m$ley ( _m sets ( doctr9es1 _m voices1 _m s*ools8 ,ev5 if x 7 possible to piece toge!r f x a coh]5t body ( ei!r e?ical or religi\s ?\ght1 & jettison ! re/1 is !re any reason to believe t ! select$ matt] belongs to ! ,gospel ,tea*] ) ! ,twelve ,disciples1 crucifi$ on ! morn+ aft] ! ,passov] "u ,pontius ,pilate8 ,:5 ! cr[n+ doctr9e ( sacram5t & sacrifice is se5 to be b ! consummation ( a religi\s lore beg9n+ 9 prehi/oric & sy/ematic human sacrifice1 & traceable 9 a score ( anci5t cults1 is x possible to claim t ! palpably dramatic record ( ,la/ ,supp]1 ,agony1 ,betrayal1 ,trial1 & ,crucifixion is a hi/oric record ( a /range co9cid5ce betwe5 cult practice & biography8 ,& if t goes1 :at is left8 ,if1 says ,loisy1 ! condemnation ( ,jesus z pret5d$ ,messiah by ,pilate c\ld be put 9 d\bt1 "o w\ld h no motive = affirm+ ! exi/5ce ( ,*ri/4 #ad ,& x c6 ,"s1 assum+ to settle ! problem by rhetoric1 9 effect /& = a p]sonality )\t any pret5ce ( e/abli%+ :at ! p]sonality taught4 ,& ?is inexp5sive device w d\btless long cont9ue to be practis$ by ! l>ge class :o insi/ ^u solv+ all su* problems by in/9ct4 ,an example ( t proc$ure is af=d$ by an article head$ ,a ,b>r5 ,controv]sy1 by ! ,rev4 ,fr$]ick ,s9clair1 9 a magaz9e entitl$ ,fell[%ip1 ! organ ( ! ,free ,religi\s ,fell[%ip1 ,melb\rne1 issue ( ,m>*1 #aiae4 ,! controv]sy is c]ta9ly b>r5 en\gh z ,mr4 ,s9clair conducts x4 ,8 religi\s temp] is ( a famili> type4 ,x is a h>d task to prove ! obvi\s1 he beg9s2 & no obligation is laid on u to exam9e & refute ! evid5ces alleg$ 9 support ( ?is or t cock-&-bull !ory4 ,we c imag9e h[ ! rev]5d critic w\ld h %one 9 ! sixte5? or ! sev5te5? c5tury1 dispos+ ( ! ,cop]nican !ory1 :i* s presumptu\sly assail$ ! obvi\s4 ,true to 8 pr9ciples1 he does n hamp] himself by meet+ argum5ts or evid5ce4 ,my?ical !ories ab\t ,*ri/ h ab\t z mu* sci5tific value & importance z ! !ories ( ! ,baconians ab\t ,%akespe>e4 ,!y 444 are products 444 ( t p]v]t$ cr$ulity :i* w swall[ any?+1 s long z x is n or?odox2 & !y are be/ met by ! me?od ( satire adopt$ by ,:ately 9 8 ',hi/oric ,d\bts' on ,napoleon4 ,& yet our exp]t r5\nces t admirable in/rum5t 9 fav\r ( ! simpl] proc$ure vulg>ly kn[n z bluff4 ,he is 9 reality a good example ( ! psy*osis ( ! v ,baconism :i* he contemns1 & :i* he w\ld probably be q unable to confute4 ,an /hetic impression ( reality d]iv$ f a hypnotiz$ p]usal ( ,m>k1 & a feel+ t only "o man c\ld deliv] su* oracles1 are ! beg9n+ & end ( 8 dialectic & s*ol>ly /ock-9-trade2 ev5 z a consci\sness t ,bacon mu/ be ! au?or ( ! ,plays1 & t ! actor ,%akespe>e c\ld n h writt5 !m1 is ! beg9n+ & end ( ! ignorant polemic ( ! ,baconi/s4 ,to d him ju/ice1 x %\ld be not$ t ,mr4 ,s9clair w>ns 8 read]s bo? be=e & aft] 8 case t 8 h&l+ ( ! !me & _! prep>ation = e/imat+ x leave a great deal to be desir$ by ^? :o c>e to see appli$ ! me?od ( c>eful criticism4 ,/ill1 he is satisfi$ t x is adequate to ! p>ticul> "q we h be5 consid]+4 ,& ?is is h[ ,mr4 ,s9clair has consid]$3-- ,anyone :o w pay ?is controv]sy ! complim5t ( a few h\rs' consid]ation is advis$ to br+ 8 own judgm5t to be> on x 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,let him beg9 by tak+ a copy ( ,/4 ,m>k's ,gospel1 :i* is ! e>lie/ ( ! f\r1 9 ei!r ( ! ,engli% v]sions1 & read x ?r\gh1 p5cil 9 h&1 /rik+ out all ! miracul\s or quasi-miracul\s /ories4 ,!n1 ga!r+ up :at rema9s1 let him read x1 fir/ z a :ole1 !n s+ly1 episode by episode1 always keep+ ! eye ( ! imag9ation op51 dismiss+ z f> z possible any prepossessions1 & lett+ ! au?or make 8 own impression1 )\t ! int]f]+ (fices ( critic or comm5tator4 ,hav+ done ?is1 let ! read] ask ( himself ( ea* /ory3 ,is ?is a /ory :i* seems to belong to actual life1 to be told ( a real human be+1 ) di/9ct individuality1 or is x r a lit]>y inv5tion1 design$ to add some?+ to a conv5tional figure8 ,does ! n>rative move ) ! fre$om & v>iety ( life1 or does x fit into a conv5tional1 symmetrical design8 ,does ! writ]'s /yle & me?od ar\se ! suspicion ( lit]>y artifice8 ,mu/ "o say ( ?is or t /ory t its reality is ! reality ( life1 or ( an art :i* cunn+ly c\nt]feits life8 ,! op5-m9d$ read]1 ,i tru/1 w h>dly ne$ to be told t :at is "h done is to set a false problem & ignore ! real issue4 ,mr4 ,s9clair ei!r _c und]/& t issue or elects to evade x4 ,probably ! =m] is ! explanation4 ,no critic ( ! ,gospels1 s f> z ,i rememb]1 ev] sugge/$ t any ( !m cunn+ly c\nt]feits life2 & c]ta9ly no "o ev] pret5d$ t ,m>k #ae exhibits a conv5tional1 symmetrical design1 ?\gh ,wilke argu$ t x freely m\ld$ ! traditional hi/orical mat]ial 9 pursuance ( lit]>y aims1 & ,b4 ,weiss praises its lit]>y col\r+4 ,x is a heap ( unreal incid5t1 =tuit\sly collocat$1 #af & %[+ no?+ approa*+ to symmetrical design4 ,conv5tional raises ano!r "q2 9 ?is z 9 all ! ,gospels !re is pl5ty ( conv5tion4 ,let u b foll[ = a little ! simple me?od ( selection prescrib$ by ,mr4 ,s9clair1 & see :at we get4 ,:at we are to make ( ,m>k i1 #a-i1 is f> f cle>4 ,x sets =? ! adv5t ( ,john z ! fulfilm5t ( a prophecy--i4e41 a miracle2 & x describes 8 mission 9 ! balde/ conceivable summ>y1 save = ! s5t5ce3 ,& ,john 0 clo!d ) camel's hair1 & _h a lea!rn girdle ab\t 8 lo9s1 & did eat locu/s & wild honey4 ,is ?is conv5tion or reality8 ,i am n incl9$ to call x lit]>y artifice1 unless we are to apply t description to ! beg9n+ ( ! av]age nurs]y tale1 z p]haps we %\ld4 ,:at mu/ /rike ! inquir+ read] is t if we 7 to h a t\* ( reality ab\t ! ,bapti/ we %\ld be told some?+ ab\t 8 inn] hi/ory1 8 antec$5ts1 & :at he prea*$4 ,:at we are told is t he prea*$1 say+1 ,!re come? aft] me he t is mighti] ?an ,i4444 ,i baptiz$ y ) wat]2 b he %all baptize y ) ! ,holy ,_s4 ,if ?is "p ( ! n>rative has n be5 /ruck out by ,mr4 ,s9clair's neophytes z pla9ly belong+ to ! miracul\s1 ! next five v]ses presumably mu/ be4 ,! non-miracul\s n>rative beg9s at v4 #ad3-- ,n[1 aft] t ,john 0 deliv]$ up1 ,jesus came into ,galilee1 prea*+ ! ,gospel ( ,god1 & say+1 ,! "t is fulfill$1 & ! k+dom ( ,god is at h&2 rep5t ye1 & believe 9 ! ,gospel n a ^w ( :i* has be5 communicat$4 ,& pass+ along by ! sea ( ,galilee1 he saw ,simon & ,&rew ! bro!r ( ,simon ca/+ a net 9 ! sea2 = !y 7 fi%]s4 ,& ,jesus said unto !m1 ,come ye aft] me1 & ,i w make y to become fi%]s ( m54 ,& /raightway !y left ! nets1 & foll[$ him4 ,& go+ on a little fur!r1 he saw ,james ! son ( ,zeb$ee & ,john 8 bro!r1 :o also 7 9 ! boat m5d+ ! nets4 ,& /raightway he call$ !m2 & !y left _! fa!r ,zeb$ee 9 ! boat ) ! hir$ s]vants1 & w5t aft] him4 ,?is episode1 = ,mr4 ,s9clair1 seems to belong to real life1 to be told ( a real human be+ ) di/9ct individuality4 ,= critical read]s x is a primitive conv5tional n>rative1 told by a writ] :o has absolutely no hi/oric k to communicate4 ,( ! prea*+ ( ! ,savi\r he has no m to tell ?an ( ! prea*+ ( ! ,bapti/4 ,bo? are z purely conv5tional1 s f>1 z an ar*aic /atue ( ,h]mes4 ,( ! fre$om & v>iety ( life !re is n a trace2 ,mr4 ,s9clair1 :o pr(esses to f9d ^! qualities1 is talk+ 9 ! mann] ( a %[man at a fair4 ,! important process ( mak+ disciples resolves itself into a fairy tale3 ,come & ,i w make y fi%]s ( m52 & !y came4 ,a measure ( lit]>y artifice is p]haps to be assign$ to ! items ( ca/+ a net1 m5d+ ! net1 & left _! fa!r 9 ! boat ) ! hir$ s]vants2 #ag b x is ! lit]>y art ( a ?\s& fairy tales1 savage & civiliz$1 & /&s = ! me?od ( a n>rator :o is deal+ ) purely conv5tional figures1 n ) *>act]s conc]n+ :i* he has k4 ,! call+ ( ! fir/ disciples 9 ! reject$ ,f\r? ,gospel has mu* m semblance ( reality4 ,if ! cauti\s read] is sl[ to see ^! pla9 facts on ! po9t+ ( "o :o is av[$ly an unbeliev] 9 ! hi/oric tradition1 let him li/5 to a s*ol> ( ! highe/ em95ce1 :o1 aft] prov+ himself a ma/] 9 ,old ,te/am5t criticism1 set himself to specialize on ! ,new4 ,says ,wellhaus53 ,! ,gospel ( ,m>k1 9 its entirety1 lacks ! "* ( hi/ory4 #ah ,& he makes good 8 judgm5t 9 detail3-- ,names ( p]sons are r>e3 ev5 ,jairus is n nam$ 9 codex ,d4 ,among ! dramatis p]son x is only ,jesus :o di/9ctively speaks & acts2 ! antagoni/s provoke him2 ! disciples are only figures 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,b ( :at he liv$ by1 h[ he dwelt1 ate1 & drank1 bore himself ) 8 companions1 no?+ is v\*saf$4 ,x is told t he taught 9 ! synagogue on ! ,sabba?1 b no notion is giv5 ( ! h[2 we get only some?+ ( :at he said outside ! synagogue1 usually ?r\gh a special incid5t :i* elicits x4 ,! normal ?+s are nev] relat$1 only ! extraord9>y4444 ,! scant9ess ( ! tradition is rem>kable4 #ai ,! local connection ( ! ev5ts1 ! it9]>y1 leaves z mu* to be desir$ z ! *ronological2 seldom is ! transit indicat$ 9 ! *ange ( sc5e4 ,s+le incid5ts are (t5 set =? 9 a lively way1 & ?is )\t any unreal or m]ely rhetorical devices1 b !y are only anecdotally relat$1 r>i nantes 9 gurgite va/o4 ,!y d n am\nt to mat]ial = a life ( ,jesus4 ,& "o nev] gets ! impression t an attempt _h be5 made among ^? :o _h eat5 & drunk ) him to give o!rs a notion ( 8 p]sonality4 #bj ,wellhaus51 x is true1 f9ds sugge/ions ( a real & comm&+ p]sonality2 b !y are v scanty1 ! only concrete detail be+ ! wat*+ ! p z !y drop _! (f]+s into ! collect+-*e/6 ,passionate moral s5sibility di/+ui%es him4 ,he gives way to div9e feel+ 9 ang] aga9/ ! oppressors ( ! p & 9 sympa?y ) ! l[ly4 ,b "h too !re is qualification3-- ,b 9 ,m>k ?is motive = miracles seldom comes out4 ,!y are meant to be ma9ly displays ( ! ,messiah's p[]4 ,m>k does n write de vita et moribus ,jesu3 he has n ! aim ( mak+ 8 p]son di/+ui%able1 or ev5 intelligible4 ,x is lo/ = him 9 ! div9e vocation2 he means to %[ t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/4 #ba ,!n we h a significant balanc+ betwe5 ! p]ception t ,m>k is n hi/ory1 & t1 aft] all1 x is practically all !re is3-- ,already ! oral tradition :i* he f\nd _h be5 cond5s$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! /&po9t f :i* he set out4 ,he is sil5t on ?is & t :i* he c omit z be+ kn[n to 8 read]s--= in/ance1 ! names ( ! p>5ts ( ,jesus 7674 ,nev]!less1 he has left little t is prop]ly hi/orical = 8 successors to glean aft] him2 & :at !y "k 9 addition is ( d\btful wor?4444 ,:y is n some?+ m1 & some?+ m tru/wor?y1 report$ ( ! int]c\rse ( ! ,ma/] ) 8 disciples8 ,x w\ld r seem t ! n>rative tradition 9 ,m>k did n come directly f ! intimates ( ,jesus4 ,x has on ! :ole a some:at rude & demotic ca/1 z if x _h previ\sly by a long circulation 9 ! m\? ( ! p come to ! r\gh & dra/ic /yle 9 :i* x lies be=e u4444 ,m>k took up :at ! tradition c>ri$ to him4 ,su* is ! outcome ( a close exam9ation by an orig9al s*ol> :o takes = grant$ ! hi/oricity ( ,jesus4 ,x is a poor support to a pret5ce ( f9d+ a lifelike n>rative4 ,if ! read] "u ,mr4 ,s9clair's tutelage w at ?is po9t v>y 8 /udy some:at 7at ! co/ ( a few extra h\rs7 by read+ samples ( q primitive folk-lore--say ! ,hott5tot ,fables & ,tales collect$ by ,dr4 ,bleek1 9 :i* ! *>act]s are mo/ly1 b n always1 animals2 or "s ( ! fairy tales 9 ,gill's ,my?s & ,songs ( ! ,s\? ,pacific--& !n proce$ to ! tale ( ,tom ,tit ,tot1 z giv5 by ,mr4 ,edw>d ,clodd 9 ! dialect ( ,ea/ ,anglia1 he w p]haps beg9 to realize t unsophi/icat$ n>rators n only c b frequ5tly d give c]ta9 t\*es ( quasi-reality to episodes :i* no civiliz$ read] c suppose to h be5 real4 ,9 p>ticul> he w f9d 9 ! vivaci\s ,tom ,tit ,tot an am\nt ( ! fre$om & v>iety ( life 9 comp>ison ) :i* ! ar*aic /iffness & b>5ess ( ! ,gospel n>rative is z dumb-%[ beside drama4 ,& if he w next pay "s att5tion to ! n>rative ( ,hom]1 9 :i* ,zeus & ,hr are s mu* m life-l ?an a multitude ( ! human p]sonages ( ! epic1 & !n turn to see h[ ,plut>* writes pr(ess$ biography1 "s ( x absolutely my?ical1 b all ( x on a docum5t>y basis ( "s k9d1 he w p]haps beg9 to suspect t ,mr4 ,s9clair has n ev5 p]ceiv$ ! nature ( ! problem on :i* he pron\nces1 & s is n 9 a position to consid] x at all4 ,plut>* is ne>ly z circum/antial ab\t ,!seus & ,h]akles & ,romulus z ab\t ,solon4 ,b :5 he has real biographical mat]ial to g ^u z to real p]sonages he gives u a fre$om & v>iety ( life :i* is z f> z ! poles asund] f ! hi]atic figures ( ! ,*ri/ian ,gospel4 ,take 8 ,fabius ,maximus4 ,aft] ! p$igree1 ) its due t\* ( my?1 we read3-- ,8 own p]sonal nickname 0 ,v]rucosus1 because he _h a little w>t gr[+ on 8 upp] lip4 ,! "n ( ,ovicula1 signify+ %eep1 0 also giv5 him :ile yet a *ild1 because ( 8 sl[ & g5tle disposition4 ,he 0 quiet & sil5t1 v cauti\s 9 tak+ "p 9 *ildr5's games1 & le>n$ 8 lessons sl[ly & ) difficulty1 :i*1 comb9$ ) 8 easy oblig+ ways ) 8 comrades1 made ^? :o did n "k him ?9k t he 0 dull & /upid4 ,few !re 7 :o c\ld disc]n1 hidd5 9 ! dep?s ( 8 s\l1 8 glori\s & lion-l "*4 ,?is is biography1 accurate or o!rwise4 ,take aga9 ! ,life ( ,p]icles1 :]e aft] ! brief acc\nt ( p>5tage1 ) ! item ( ! "m's dream1 we get ?is3-- ,8 body 0 symmetrical1 b 8 head 0 long out ( all proportion2 = :i* reason 9 ne>ly all 8 /atues he is repres5t$ we>+ a helmet2 z ! sculptors did n wi%1 ,i suppose1 to reproa* him ) ?is blemi%4444 ,mo/ writ]s tell u t 8 tutor 9 music 0 ,damon1 ^: "n !y say %\ld be pron\nc$ ) ! fir/ syllable %ort4 ,ari/otle1 h[ev]1 says t he /udi$ "u ,py?ocleides4 ,?is ,damon1 x seems1 0 a sophi/ ( ! highe/ ord]4444 ,! biograph] :o s satisfies ,mr4 ,s9clair's s5se ( actuality has n "o ^w ( ?is k9d to say ( ! y\?1 upbr++1 bir?place1 or appe>ance ( ! ,tea*]1 :o = him 0 ei!r ,god or ,supreme ,man4 ,seek+ = ! alleg$ fre$om & v>iety ( life 9 ! n>rative1 we g on to read3-- ,& !y g into ,cap]naum2 & /raightway on ! sabba? day he ent]$ into ! synagogue & taught4 ,& !y 7 a/oni%$ at 8 tea*+3 = he taught !m z hav+ au?ority1 & n z ! scribes4 ,& /raightway !re 0 9 _! synagogue a man ) an unclean _s-- & /raightway we are back 9 ! miracul\s4 ,mr4 ,joseph ,mc,cabe1 :o 9 8 excell5t book on ! ,s\rces ( ! ,morality ( ! ,gospels av[s t he holds by ! belief 9 a hi/orical ,jesus1 ?\gh unable to assign to him ) confid5ce any "o utt]ance 9 ! record1 fatally anticipates ,mr4 ,s9clair by rem>k+ t ,if ! inquir] w try ! simple & int]e/+ exp]im5t ( elim9at+ f ! ,gospel ( ,m>k all ! episodes :i* ess5tially involve miracle1 he w f9d ! rema9d] ( ! n>rative amaz+ly paltry4 ,to :i* v]dict does ! indep5d5t read] beg9 to incl9e8 ,?us ! episodes cont9ue1 aft] ?ree p>agraphs ( ! miracul\s3-- ,& 9 ! morn+1 a great :ile be=e day1 he rose up & w5t out1 & dep>t$ into a des]t place1 & !re pray$4 ,& ,simon & !y t 7 ) him foll[$ aft] him2 & !y f\nd him1 & say unto him1 ,all are seek+ !e4 ,& he sai? unto !m1 ,let u g else:]e into ! next t[ns1 t ,i may prea* !re also2 = to ?is end came ,i =?4 ,& he w5t into _! synagogues ?r\gh\t all ,galilee1 prea*+ & ca/+ out devils4 ,x w\ld seem suffici5t to say t ,mr4 ,s9clair1 ) 8 fre$om & v>iety ( life1 is incapable ( critical reflection ^u :at he reads4 ,9 ! op5+ *apt] we h n a s+le t\* ( actuality2 ! ?ree mean+less & valueless t\*es ( detail 7a great :ile be=e day is ! ?ird7 s]ve only to reveal ! absolute deficit ( biographical k4 ,we h reit]at$ /atem5ts t !re 0 tea*+1 & n a syllable ( :at 0 taught4 ,! only utt]ances record$ 9 ! *apt] are p>ts ( ! miracle-episodes1 :i* we are suppos$ to ignore4 ,let u !n consid] ! critic's fur!r assev]ation3-- ,x w be obs]v$ t c]ta9 di/9ct traits appe> 9 ! c5tral figure1 & t ^! traits are n m]ely ^? ( ! conv5tional religi\s h]o1 b ! m simple human t\*es ( ang]1 pity1 indignation1 despond5cy1 exultation2 ^! scatt]$ t\*es1 ea* s vivid1 fuse into a natural & intelligible :ole4 ,! ,jesus ( ,m>k is a real man1 :o moves & speaks & feels l a man 767--a creature n too bright or good = human nature's daily food-- a notable v>iation f ! m famili> !sis ( ! sublime & unique figure ( curr5t polemic4 ,look+ = ! alleg$ details1 we f9d ,jesus call+ ! fif? disciple3 ,he sai? unto him1 ,foll[ me4 ,& he arose & foll[$ him--ano!r t\* ( fre$om & v>iety4 ,!n1 aft] a s]ies ( ,messianic utt]ances1 includ+ a pron\ncem5t aga9/ ,sabbat>ianism ( ! extrem] sort1 comes ! /ory ( ! heal+ ( ! )]$ h&1 ) its indignant allocution to !m 9 ! synagogue3 ,is x lawful on ! sabba? day to d good1 or to d h>m1 to save a life or to kill8 ,"h1 9 a miracle /ory1 we h an intelligible prote/ aga9/ ,sabbat>ianism3 is x ! prote/ or ! indignation t v\*es = ! actuality ( ! prote/+ figure8 ,nay1 if we are to elide ! miracul\s1 h[ are we to let ! allocution /&8 ,^! prote/s aga9/ ,sabbat>ianism1 z x happ5s1 are ! fir/ approximations to actuality 9 ! docum5t2 & z su* !y raise que/ions ( :i* ! in/9ctive s*ool appe> to h no glimpse1 b :i* we %all lat] h to consid] closely4 ,9 ! pres5t connection1 x may suffice to ask ! "q3 ,0 anti-,sabbat>ianism1 or 0 x n1 ! fir/ concrete issue rais$ by ! alleg$ ,tea*]8 ,9 ! case put1 is x likely to h be58 ,7 ! miracul\s heal+ ( disease1 & ! necessity ( fe$+ ! disciples1 ) ! coroll>y t ! ,son ( ,man 0 ,"l ( ! ,sabba?1 sali5t features 9 a popul> gospel ( rep5tance 9 view ( ! com+ ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god8 ,if s1 x is 9 flat negation ( ! insi/5ce on ! ma9t5ance ( ! law 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt 7,mt4 v1 #ag-bj71 :i* ?us becomes = u a lat] imposition on ! cultus ( a purely ,judaic pr9ciple1 9 antagonism to ! o!r4 ,t is to say1 a movem5t :i* began ) anti-,sabbat>ianism 0 aft] a "t jo9$ or direct$ by ,sabbat>ian ,judai/s1 = :om ! complete app>atus ( ! law 0 vital4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 recogniz+ t anti-,sabbat>ianism1 9 ! t]ms ( ! case1 0 n likely to be a prim>y elem5t 9 ! new tea*+1 t its fir/ obtrusion 9 ! alleg$ e>lie/ ,gospel is 9 an expressly ,messianic deliv]ance1 & its second 9 a miracle-/ory1 we proce$ to /rike out bo? items ^u ,mr4 ,s9clair's o/5sible pr9ciples1 we are depriv$ ( ! fir/ t\* ( indignation & ang] :i* w\ld o!rwise s]ve to support 8 v simple !sis4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,s*mi$el ,,& ,,d]ogatory ,,my? ,f ?is po9t onw>ds1 e /ep 9 ! inve/igation w be f\nd to convict ! ,unit>ian !sis ( absolute nullity4 ,x is inde$1 on ! face ( x1 an ignorant pron\ncem5t4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ang]1 pity1 indignation1 despond5cy1 exultation1 are all pres5t 9 ! my? ( ,h]akles1 ( :om ,diodorus ,siculus1 expressly di/+ui%+ betwe5 my?ology & hi/ory1 decl>es 7i1 #b7 t by ! confession ( all1 dur+ 8 :ole life he freely und]took great & cont9ual lab\rs & dang]s1 9 ord] t by do+ good to ! race ( m5 he might w9 immortal fame4 ,h]akles 01 9 fact1 a ,savi\r :o w5t ab\t do+ good4 #bb ,! hi/oricity ( ,h]akles is n on t score accept$ by in/ruct$ m52 ?\gh ,i h kn[n div9ity /ud5ts no less contemptu\s ov] ! description ( ! cognate ,samson saga z a sun my? ?an is ,mr4 ,s9clair ov] ! d5ial ( ! hi/oricity ( ,jesus4 ,s common a feature ( a hundr$ my?s1 inde$1 is ! set ( *>act]i/ics f\nd$ on1 t we may at once come to ! basis ( 8 argum5t1 a blund]+ reit]ation ( ! fam\s !sis ( ,pr(essor ,s*mi$el1 :o is ! sole s\rce ( ,mr4 ,s9clair's lat5t erudition4 ,! l9e ( inquiry "h sugge/$1 he expla9s1 has be5 work$ out 9 a pamphlet ( ,s*mi$el1 :i* w be f\nd 9 ! ,fell[%ip libr>y4 ,b ! dialectic :i* broadly avails = ! ,bible class w n s]ve _! in/ructor "h4 ,! ess5ce ( ! argum5t :i* ,pr(essor ,s*mi$el urges ) s*ol>like sobriety is ?us put by ,mr4 ,s9clair ) ! extravagance natural to 8 species3-- ,_m comp>e ,s*mi$el6 ( ! /ories repres5t him ,jesus 9 a light :i*1 f ! po9t ( view ( conv5tional h]o-wor%ip1 is ev5 d]ogatory2 8 fri5ds come to seize him z a madman2 he is e/rang$ f 8 own "m2 he c d no mighty "w 9 ! unsympa!tic atmosph]e ( 8 own native place4 ,! traditionali/ is "h unconsci\sly sub/itut+ a new & diff]5t argum5t = ! fir/4 ,hi!rto ! !sis has be5 t ( ! vividness ( ! record1 ! human t\*es1 ! speak+ & feel+ l a real man1 ! fre$om & v>iety ( life4 ,app>5tly he has _h a %ad[ ( misgiv+ ov] ^! simple crit]ia4 ,if1 inde$1 he _h giv5 an h\r to ! p]usal ( ,alb]t ,kal?(f's ,rise ( ,*ri/ianity1 in/ead ( proce$+ to vilip5d a lit]ature ( :i* he _h read no?+1 he w\ld h le>n$ t 8 prelim9>y !sis is !re anticipat$ & demoli%$4 ,kal?(f meets x by ! simple obs]vation t ! books ( ,ru? & ,jonah supply human t\*es & fre$om & v>iety ( life to a f> great] degree ?an does ! ,gospel /ory consid]$ z a life ( ,jesus2 ?\gh practically all s*ol>s are n[ agre$ t bo? ( ! =m] books are delib]ately plann$ fictions1 or e>ly novels ) a purpose4 ,ru? is skilfully fram$ to cont5d aga9/ ! ,jewi% bigotry ( race2 & ,jonah to sub/itute a humane ideal = ! f]oci\s "o embalm$ 9 s mu* ( ! sacr$ lit]ature4 ,yet s vividly are ! c5tral p]sonages portray$ t d[n till ! o!r day all ! g5]ations ( ,*ri/5dom1 educat$ & un$ucat$ alike1 accept$ !m unque/ion+ly z real records1 :atev] might be ?\ght by ! judici\s few ( ! miracle elem5t 9 ,jonah4 ,x is ?us o/5sibly q exp$i5t to sub/itute = ! simple !sis ( vividness 9 reg>d to ! second ,gospel ! q diff]5t argum5t t "s ( ! details exclude ! notion t ! au?or reg>d$ ,jesus z a sup]natural p]son4 ,b ?is !sis in/antly involves ! def5ce 9 fre% tr\ble1 besides break+ d[n utt]ly on its own m]its4 ,9 ! e>ly *apt]s ( ,m>k1 ,jesus is emphatically pres5t$ z a sup]normal p]son--! deity's belov$ ,son1 ! ,holy ,"o ( ,god1 :o has ! div9e p[] ( =giv+ s9s1 is "l ev5 ( ! sabba?1 & is hail$ by ! defeat$ spirits ( evil z ! ,son ( ,god1 & ! ,son ( ! ,mo/ ,high ,god4 ,ei!r ! conception ( ,jesus 9 ,m>k vi is compatible ) all ?is or x is n4 ,if n1 ! case collapses1 = ! d]ogatory episode mu/ be at once br&$ z an int]polation4 ,& if x be argu$ t ev5 z an int]polation x te/ifies at once to a non-sup]naturali/ view ( ! ,f\nd]'s function & a real k ( 8 life & actions1 we h only to give a li/ ( m or less my?ical names 9 rebuttal4 ,to claim t ! episode 9 ,m>k vi1 #a-f1 is d]ogatory f ! po9t ( view ( conv5tional h]o-wor%ip1 & !re=e presumptively hi/orical1 is to ignore alike ,jewi% & ,g5tile h]o-wor%ip4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ,adam1 ,noah1 ,abraham1 ,jacob1 ,judah1 ,moses1 ,a>on1 ,samson1 ,david1 & ,solomon are all successively plac$ 9 d]ogatory positions2 & ! ,pagan h]o-wor%ipp]s ( antiquity are equally ) ! ,jewi% recalcitrant to ,mr4 ,s9clair's conviction ( :at !y ought to d4 ,pr(essor ,s*mi$el is aw>e1 ?\gh ,mr4 ,s9clair app>5tly is n1 t ,h]akles 9 ! my? is repeat$ly plac$ 9 d]ogatory positions1 & is n only seiz$ z a madman b actually driv5 mad4 ,! read] :o w fur!r ext5d ,mr4 ,s9clair's brief curriculum to a p]usal ( ! ,bac* ( ,euripides w f9d t ! ,god1 :o 9 ano!r /ory is tempor>ily driv5 mad by ,juno1 is !re subject$ to ev5 great] indignities ?an ^? s triumphantly specifi$ by our hi]ologi/4 ,h]akles & ,dionysos1 we may be told1 7 only demigods1 n ,gods4 ,b ,pr(essor ,s*mi$el's !sis is t = ! writ] ( ,m>k or ( 8 orig9al docum5t ,jesus 0 only a holy man4 ,on ! o!r h&--to say no?+ ( ! my?s ( ,zeus & ,hr1 ,ars & ,aphrodit1 ,hephai/os & ,poseidon--,apollo1 c]ta9ly a ,god = ! fram]s ( 8 my?1 is !re actually repres5t$ z be+ bani%$ f heav5 & liv+ 9 a /ate ( s]vitude to ,admetus = n9e ye>s4 ,a ,god1 !n1 c\ld be conceiv$ 9 civiliz$ antiquity z und]go+ _m & s]i\s indignities4 ,^! simple priori argum5ts are apt to misc>ry ev5 9 ! h&s ( c>eful & scrupul\s s*ol>s l ,pr(essor ,s*mi$el1 :o h fail$ to realize t no am\nt ( textual s*ol>%ip c suffice to settle problems :i* 9 _! v nature involve fundam5tal issues ( an?ropology1 my?ology1 & hi]ology4 ,z ,pr(essor ,s*mi$el is nev] guilty ( br[beat+1 ,i make no disp>agem5t ( 8 solid "w on ! score t he has n tak5 acc\nt ( ^! fields 9 8 argum5t2 b :5 8 unt5able !sis is br&i%$ by m5 :o h nei!r 8 =m ( s*ol>%ip nor any o!r1 x is apt to incur summ>y h&l+4 ,else:]e ,i h exam9$ ,pr(essor ,s*mi$el's !sis 9 detail4 #bc ,"h x may suffice to po9t out 7#a7 z a=esaid1 t ! argum5t f d]ogatory treatm5t is n 9 ! lea/ a pro( t 9 an anci5t n>rative a p]sonage is n reg>d$ z sup]human2 7#b7 t a suff]+ ,messiah 0 expressly =mulat$ 9 ,jewi% lit]ature 9 ! pre-,*ri/ian p]iod2 #bd & 7#c7 t !re are extremely /rong gr\nds = inf]r+ purposive inv5tion--( t naf k9d :i* m>ks ! :ole mass ( e>ly hi]ology--9 ! v episodes ^u :i* he f\nds4 ,! fir/ concrete details ( ! ,f\nd]'s propag&a 9 ,m>k1 z we h se51 exhibit him z cla%+ ) ! ,judaic environm5t4 ,9 lat] episodes he cla%es ) x yet fur!r4 ,! d]ogatory episodes exhibit him z cla%+ ) 8 p]sonal environm5t1 8 family & k91 conc]n+ :om !re has be5 no m5tion :atev] at ! outset1 :]e we %\ld expect to f9d x4 ,all ?is is 9 l9e ) ! anti-,judaic elem5t ( ! ,gospel4 ,if at e>ly /ages 9 ! l>g] ,jesu9e movem5t !re 7 reasons :y ! ,f\nd] %\ld be repres5t$ z deta*+ himself f ! ,mosaic law2 z be+ misund]/ood & des]t$ by 8 disciples2 & z disp>ag+ ev5 ! li/5+ ,jewi% multitude 7conc]n+ :om ,m>k1 iv1 #aj sq41 makes him say t unto !m t are )\t1 all ?+s are done 9 p>ables1 t see+ !y may see & n p]ceive1 & he>+ !y may he> & n und]/&1 le/ haply !y %\ld turn aga91 & x %\ld be =giv5 !m71 is !re any?+ unlikely 9 8 be+ inv5tively repres5t$ z meet+ antipa!tic treatm5t f 8 family8 #be ,at a "t :5 s-call$ bro!rs ( ! ,"l o/5sibly claim$ au?ority 9 ! ,judo-,g5tile community1 an inv5t$ tale ( orig9al dome/ic ho/ility to ! ,tea*] w\ld be z likely z ! pres5ce ( au?orities s /yl$ is unlikely on ! assumption t ! /ory 9 ,m>k 0 all along curr5t4 ,! v fact t allusions to ! family ( ! ,"l sudd5ly appe> 9 a record :i* _h introduc$ him z a heav5ly mess5g]1 )\t m5tion ( home or k9dr$ or prep>ation1 tells :olly aga9/ ! orig9ality ( ! lat] details1 :i* 9 ! case ( ! nam+ ( ! c>p5t] & 8 "m h a polemic purpose4 #bf ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,vision>y ,,evangel ,all ?is applies1 ( c\rse1 to ! ,primitive ,gospel held to und]lie all ( ! synoptics1 ,m>k includ$--a datum :i* r$uces to comp>ative unimportance ! "q ( priority among ^!4 ,z collect$ by ! s*ool ( ,b]nh>d ,weiss1 #bg ! primitive ,gospel1 l ,m>k1 set out ) a non-hi/orical introduction ( ! ,messiah to be baptiz$ by ,john4 ,x !n gives ! temptation my? 9 full2 & imm$iately aft]w>ds ! ,tea*] is made to address to disciples 7:o h n previ\sly be5 m5tion$ or 9 any way acc\nt$ =7 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 ) v>iations1 & )\t any m\nt4 ,9 ?is place we h ! uncompromis+ insi/5ce on ! ,mosaic law2 & soon1 aft] "s miracles ( heal+ & "s ,messianic disc\rses1 includ+ ! liturgical ,come unto me all ye t lab\r1 we h ! ,sabbat>ian "q rais$ on ! miracle ( ! heal+ ( ! man ) ! dropsy1 b )\t ! argum5t f ! ,davidic eat+ ( ! %ewbread4 #bh ,!re is no m ( ! col\r ( hi/ory "h ?an 9 ,m>k3 s obvi\sly is x want+ 9 bo? t ! really consid]ate exegetes are driv5 to expla9 t hi/ory 0 n ! object 9 ei!r writ+4 ,9 bo? ! twelve are sudd5ly s5t--9 ! case ( ,m>k1 aft] a li/ ( twelve _h be5 ins]t$ )\t any ref]5ce to ! fir/ specifi$ five2 9 ! recon/ruct$ primitive docum5t )\t any li/ :atev]--to prea* ! blank gospel1 ,! k+dom ( ,god is at h&1 ) m5aces = ! non-recipi5t1 ! allocutions to ,*oraz9 & ,be?saida be+ "h made "p ( ! in/ructions to ! apo/les4 ,:at1 !n1 are ! disciples suppos$ to h prea*$8 ,:at _h ! ,tea*] prea*$ z an evangel ( ! ,k+dom8 ,! record has expressly repres5t$ t 8 p>ables 7 incompreh5sible to 8 own disciples2 & :5 !y ask = an explanation !y are told t ! p>ables are expressly meant to be un9telligible1 b t to !m an explanation is v\*saf$4 ,x is to ! effect t ! se$ is ! ^w4 ,:at ^w8 ,! ,k+dom8 ,! my/ic allegories on t head are av[$ly n = ! multitude3 !y c\ld n h be54 ,yet ^? allegories are ! sole explanations ev] af=d$ 9 ! ,gospels ( ! =mula ( ! ,k+dom :i* 0 to be ! purport ( ! evangel ( ! apo/les to ! multitude4 ,!y !mselves _h fail$ to und]/& ! p>ables2 & !y 7 =bidd5 to convey ! explanation4 ,:at1 !n1 _h !y to convey8 ,& t issue raises ano!r4 ,:y 7 !re disciples at all8 ,disciples are und]/ood to be prep>$ z p>ticipants 9 or propag&i/s ( somebody's tea*+--a lore ei!r exot]ic or esot]ic4 ,b no intelligible view has ev] be5 giv5 ( ! purpose ( ! ,gospel ,jesus 9 creat+ 8 gr\p ( ,twelve4 ,if we ask :at he taught !m1 ! only answ] giv5 by ! docum5ts is3 7#a7 ,ca/+ out devils2 7#b7 ,! mean+ ( p>ables :i* 7 meant to be un9telligible to ! p3 t is1 ei!r %e] ?aumaturgy or a tea*+ :i* 0 nev] to be pass$ on4 ,on ! economic life ( ! gr\p n "o gleam ( light is ca/4 ,judas c>ri$ a bag1 b z to :5ce came its cont5ts !re is no h9t4 ,! :ole concept hangs 9 ! air1 a baseless dream4 ,! my?-mak]s h n ev5 tri$ to make x plausible4 ,! problems ?us rais$ are n only n fac$ by ! or?odox exegetes2 !y are n se5 by !m4 ,!y take ! mo/ laudable pa9s to asc]ta9 :at ! primitive ,gospel 0 l1 &1 hav+ settl$ x to ! satisfaction ( a c]ta9 numb]1 !y re/ f _! lab\rs4 ,yet we are only at ! beg9n+ ( ! ma91 ! hi/oric problem1 f :i* ,baur recall$ ,/rauss to ! docum5t>y1 ) ! virtual promise t its solution w\ld cle> up ! o!r4 ,a high] criticism ?an t s-call$1 x is cle>1 mu/ set ab\t ! task2 & its fir/ conclusion1 ,i sugge/1 mu/ be t !re nev] 0 any ,*ri/ian evangel by ! ,*ri/ & ! ,twelve4 ,^! allegories ( ! ,k+dom are fram$ to conceal ! fact t ! gospel-mak]s _h no evangel to describe2 ?\gh x may be claim$ z a pro( ( _! =5sic simplicity t !y actually repres5t ! ,f\nd] z veto+ all popul> explanation ( ! v =mula :i* !y say he s5t 8 disciples to prea* to ! populace4 ,an idea ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 x may be argu$1 0 already curr5t among ! ,jews3 ! docum5ts ass]t t t 0 ! !me ( ! ,bapti/4 ,precisely1 b 0 ! evangel ( ,jesus !n simply ! evangel ( ,john1 :i* x 0 to sup]s$e8 ,& 0 ! evangel ( ,john only ! old evangel1 prea*$ by ,ph>isees & o!rs f ! "t ( ! ,maccabees onw>ds8 #bi ,:atev] x 01 :at is ! mean+ ( ! repeat$ ,gospel decl>ation t ! nature ( ! ,k+dom mu/ n be expla9$ to ! p8 ,!re is only "o inf]5ce4 ,! /ory ( ! s5d+ =? ( ! twelve is z pla9ly my?ical z is ,luke's /ory ( ! s5d+ =? ( ! sev5ty1 :i* ev5 ! or?odox exegetes ab&on z a symmetrical my?2 ?\gh !y reta9 ! allocution embodi$ 9 x4 ,:at is 9 !ory ! supreme episode 9 ! e>ly propag&a ( ! cult is f\nd to h nei!r hi/orical cont5t nor moral significance4 ,n only is !re n a ^w ( explanation ( ! =mula ( ! evangel1 !re is n a ^w ( description ( ! apo/les' exp]i5ce1 b simply ! usual negation ( k3-- ,& ! disciples return$ & told him all t !y _h done1 say+1 ,"l1 ev5 ! devils are subject unto u ?r\gh ?y "n4 ,& he said1 ,i beheld ,satan z lightn+ fall f heav52 behold ,i h giv5 y p[] to tread on s]p5ts & scorpions & ov] all ! p[] ( ! enemy2 not)/&+1 9 ?is rejoice n1 t ! spirits are subject unto y1 b rejoice because y\r names are writt5 9 heav54444 7,luke x1 #ag-bj1 ) ! disciples = ! sev5ty74 ,& ?is is hi/ory1 or :at ! e>ly ,*ri/ian lead]s ?\ght fit to put 9 place ( hi/ory1 = ,*ri/ian edification4 ,! disciples1 be x obs]v$1 _h exorciz$ 9 ! "n ( ,jesus :]e ,jesus _h nev] be51 a detail accept$ by ! fai?ful unsuspect+ly1 & temporiz$ ov] no less unsuspect+ly by ! lib]al s*ool1 b s]v+ = ! critical /ud5t to raise ! "q3 ,0 !re1 !n1 an old] cult ( a ,jesus-,god 9 ,pale/9e8 ,leav+ t problem = ! pres5t1 we c b note t ! report 9 effect tells t !re 0 no evangel to prea*4 ,to any reflect+ m9d1 x is ! utt]ance ( m5 :o _h no?+ to relate1 b are ins]t+ an empty framework1 :olly my?ical1 9 a void pa/4 ,!mselves rul$ by ! crude/ sup]/ition1 !y d b make ! ,div9e ,tea*] talk on _! own level1 babbl+ ( ,satan fall+ f heav51 & ( tread+ on s]p5ts4 ,all ! lab\rs ( ! g5]ations ( labori\s s*ol>s :o h /riv5 to get to ! f\ndations ( _! docum5ts h result$ 9 a pa/i*e :i* only ! m cle>ly reveals ! total abs5ce ( a hi/oric basis su* z ! ,gospels m circum/antially sugge/4 ,9 ! end we h nei!r hi/ory nor biography1 b an absolutely enigmatic evangel1 set 9 a miscellany ( miracles & ( disc\rses :i* are b devices to disguise ! fact t !re _h be5 no orig9al evangel to prea*4 ,if ! e>ly *ur* _h any cre$1 x 0 n ?is4 ,x orig9at$ 9 a rite1 n 9 an evangel4 ,"o hypo!sis might1 inde$1 be haz>d$ to save ! possibility ( an actual evangel by ! ,f\nd]4 ,if1 tak+ him to be hi/orical1 we assume him to h prea*$ a political doctr9e subv]sive ( ! ,roman rule1 & to h !reby met 8 dea?1 we c\ld und]/& t1 9 a lat] p]iod 9 :i* ! writ]s connect$ ) ! movem5t 7 mu* conc]n$ to conciliate ! ,romans1 x might h be5 felt exp$i5t1 & inde$ imp]ative1 to suppress ! facts4 ,!y w\ld n specify ! evangel1 because !y d>$ n4 ,on ?is view ! ,f\nd] 0 a ,messiah ( ! ord9>y ,jewi% type1 aim+ at ! re/oration ( ! ,jewi% ,/ate4 ,b su* a ,jesus w\ld n be ! ,jesus ( ! ,gospels at all4 ,he w\ld m]ely be a p]sonage ( ! same 7common7 "n1 :o 9 no way answ]$ to ! ,gospel figure1 b _h be5 :olly d5aturaliz$ to make him a cult-c5tre4 ,on ?is hypo!sis !re has be5 no escape f ! my?-!ory1 b m]ely a re/atem5t ( x4 ,a ,jesus put to dea? by ! ,romans z a rebel ,mahdi refuses to compose ) ! ,tea*] :o s5ds out 8 apo/les to prea* 8 evangel2 :o proclaims1 if any?+1 a purely spiritual k+dom2 & :o is put to dea? z seek+ to subv]t ! ,jewi% fai?1 ! ,roman gov]nor giv+ only a passive & reluctant ass5t4 ,on ! political hypo!sis1 z on ! my?-!ory "h put1 ! :ole ,gospel n>rative ( ! ,trag$y :i* e/abli%es ! cult rema9s my?ical4 ,we h b to proce$1 !n1 ) ! analysis :i* reveals ! mann] ( its composition & ( its inclusion 9 ! record4 ,x is admitt$ by ! recon/ructors t ! primitive ,gospel _h no conclusion1 tell+ no?+ ( ,la/ ,supp]1 ,agony1 ,betrayal1 ,crucifixion1 or ,resurrection4 ,x did n ev5 "n ,judas z ! betray]4 ,& !y expla9 t x 0 because ( lack+ ^! details t x pass$ out ( use1 sup]s$$ by ! ,gospels :i* gave !m4 ,z if ! conclusion1 7 x compil$ 9 ! same fa%ion1 c\ld n h be5 add$ to ! orig9al docum5t1 :i* ex hypo!si _h ! pre/ige ( priority4 ,:y ! compos] ( ! orig9al did n add ! requir$ *apt]s is a "q to :i* we get only ! mo/ futile answ]s1 z is natural :5 ! exegetes h n critically scrut9iz$ ! lat] matt]4 ,?us ev5 ,mr4 ,jolley is cont5t to say3-- ,! omission ( any acc\nt ( ! ,passion or ,resurrection is natural en\gh 9 a writ+ prim>ily int5d$ = ! ,*ri/ians ( ,juda1 "s ( !m witnesses ( ! ,crucifixion1 & all1 probably1 famili> ) ! incid5ts ( ! ,savi\r's ,judan m9i/ry1 z well z ) ! ev5ts prec$+ & foll[+ ! ,passion1 especially :5 we rememb] t ! au?or _h no int5tion 767 ( writ+ a biography4 #cj ,"h ! alleg$ fact t only "s _h se5 ! ,crucifixion1 :ile all knew all ab\t ! m9i/ry1 is giv5 z a reason :y ! m9i/ry %\ld be describ$ & ! ,crucifixion left undescrib$ & unm5tion$6 ,! problem ?us impossibly dispos$ ( is really ( capital importance4 ,any complete solution mu/ rema9 hypo!tical 9 ! nature ( ! case2 b at lea/ we are b\nd to recognize t ! ,primitive ,gospel may h _h a diff]5t conclusion1 z x may fur!r h conta9$ matt] n pres]v$ 9 ! synoptics4 ,t might well be a suffici5t gr\nd = its ab&onm5t by ! ,*ri/ian community2 & "s su* suspicion simply _c be exclud$1 ?\gh x _c be prov$4 ,b :atev] we may surmise z to :at may h be5 9 ! orig9al docum5t1 we c (f] a decisive reason :y ! exi/+ conclusion %\ld n h be5 "p ( x4 ,t conclusion is prim>ily extrane\s to any gospel1 & is n orig9ally a piece ( n>rative at all4 ,b]nh>d ,weiss ascribes to ,m>k ! orig9al n>rative ( ! clos+ ev5ts1 mak+ ,mat!w a simple copyi/--a matt] ( no ultimate importance1 see+ t x is ! same impossible & unhi/orical n>rative 9 bo? docum5ts4 ,l all ! o!r pr(essional exegetes1 ,b]nh>d ,weiss & 8 s*ool h fail$ to disc]n t ! docum5t reveals n only t x is n an orig9al n>rative at all1 b t x c\ld n possibly be a n>rative4 ,x 0 only 9 ! hi/ory ( ! passion1 writes ,weiss1 t ,m>k c\ld give a some:at connect$ acc\nt p>tly ( :at he himself _h se5 & p>tly ( :at he ga!r$ f ^? :o witness$ ! crucifixion4 #ca ,:e!r passion "h includes ! ,agony 9 ! ,g>d5 is n cle>3 z x is expressly di/+ui%$ f ! crucifixion1 :i* ,m>k by implication _h n se51 ! mean+ rema9s obscure4 ,l ! ord9>y traditionali/s1 ,weiss assumes t aft] ,pet]'s dea? ,m>k began to note d[n 8 recollections ( :at ! ,apo/le _h told him ( ! acts & disc\rses ( ,jesus4 ,suppos+ ?is to include ! record ( ! night ( ! ,betrayal1 :at 7 ,m>k's possible s\rces = ! description ( ! ,agony1 ) its pray]s1 its entrances & exits1 :5 ! only disciples pres5t are alleg$ to h be5 asleep8 ,x is ! inconceivable omission ( ! exegetes to face su* problems t =ces u f9ally to insi/ on _! s]i\s inadequacy 9 ?is reg>d4 ,!y labori\sly conduct an inve/igation up to ! po9t at :i* x leaves u1 m c]ta9ly ?an ev]1 fac+ ! incr$ible1 & !re !y leave x4 ,_! "w is done4 ,t ! /ory ( ! ,la/ ,night 0 nev] fram$ z a n>rative1 b is prim>ily a drama1 :i* ! ,gospel simply transcribes1 is manife/ 9 e section1 & is def9itely prov$ by ! v]ses 7,mk4 xiv1 #da-db7 9 :i*1 )\t an int]v5+ exit1 ,jesus says3 ,sleep on n[1 & take y\r re/4444 ,arise1 let u be go+4 ,! mom5t ! docum5t is realiz$ to be a transcript ( a drama x becomes cle> t ! ,sleep on n[1 & take y\r re/ %\ld be ins]t$ be=e ! o!rwise spee*less exit 9 v]se #dj1 :]e ! text says t !y wi/ n :at to answ] him4 ,two div]g5t spee*es h by an ov]sight 9 transcription be5 fus$ into "o4 ,t ! /ory ( ! trag$y is a sep>ate composition has be5 p>tly p]ceiv$ by critics ( diff]5t s*ools )\t draw+ any elucidat+ inf]5ce4 ,wellhaus5 pron\nces t ! ,passion _c be except$ f ! v]dict t ,m>k z a :ole lacks ! "* ( hi/ory4 ,no?+ is motiv$ & expla9$ by prelim9>ies4 #cb ,b we le>n z mu* ab\t ! week 9 ,j]usalem z ab\t ! ye> 9 ,galilee4 #cc ,& ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,wright gets fur!r1 ?\gh foll[+ a wrong track3-- ,! v fact t ,s4 ,m>k devotes six *apt]s out ( sixte5 to ev5ts :i* took place 9 ! prec9cts ( ,j]usalem makes me suspici\s4 ,important ?\gh ! passion 01 x seems to be n>rat$ at undue l5g?4 ,! proportions ( ! hi/ory are de/roy$4 #cd ,precisely4 ,! /ory ( ! ev5ts 9 ,j]usalem is no prop] "p ei!r ( a prim>y docum5t or ( ! fir/ or second ,gospel4 ,9 its detail x has no congruity ) ! scanty & incoh]5t n>rative ( ,m>k4 ,x is ( ano!r prov5ance1 al?\gh1 z ,wellhaus5 notes1 q z unhi/orical z ! re/4 ,! non-hi/oricity ( ! entire action is z pla9 z 9 ! case ( any episode 9 ! ,gospels4 ,judas is paid to betray a man :o c\ld easily h be5 arre/$ )\t any process ( betrayal2 & ! conduct+ ( ! trial imm$iately ^u ! arre/1 ?r\gh\t ! night1 ! v witnesses be+ s\ght = 9 ! d>kness1 is pla9 fiction1 explicable only by ! dramatic obligation to cont9u\s action4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,alleg$ ,,cons5sus ,,( ,,s*ol>s ,su* is ! hi/orical impasse at :i* op5-m9d$ /ud5ts f9d !mselves :5 !y w\ld f9ally frame a reason$ conception ( ! orig9 ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,! docum5t>y analysis hav+ yield$ results :i* absolutely repel ! accept$ tradition1 h[ev] d5ud$ ( sup]naturalism1 we are driv5 to seek a solution :i* %all be compatible ) ! data4 ,& "s ( u1 aft] sp5d+ _m ye>s 9 %ap+ a sequ5ce :i* %\ld reta9 ! figure ( ! ,f\nd] & 8 twelve disciples1 h f\nd ourselves =c$ /ep by /ep to ! conclusion t ^! are all alike products ( my?1 intelligible & explicable only z su*4 ,& :51 9 absolute loyalty to all ! clues1 ) no =egone conclusions to support--unless ! rejection ( sup]naturalism be c\nt$ su*--we t5tatively frame = ourselves a hypo!sis ( a remote orig9 9 a sacram5tal cult ( human sacrifice1 ) a probable ,jesus-,god = its c5tre 9 ,pale/9e1 we are n surpris$ at be+ met by ! k9d ( explosion t has met e /ep 9 ! dis9tegration ( traditional beliefs f ,cop]nicus to ,d>w94 ,! comp5di\s ,mr4 ,s9clair1 :o makes no pret5sion to h read any ( ! works sett+ =? ! new !ories1 ?us describes !m3-- ,! argum5ts ( ,baconians & my?omaniacs are alike made up ( ! m]e/ blund]s z to fact & ! %e]e/ misund]/&+ ( ! mean+ ( facts4 ,grotesque etymologies1 #ce arbitr>y & ta/eless em5dations ( texts1 =c$ p>allels1 unre/ra9$ lic5se ( conjecture1 ! sett+ ( conjecture above reasonably e/abli%$ fact1 *a9s ( argum5t 9 :i* e l9k is ( /raw1 appeals to anti-!ological bias & to ! mis]able egotism :i* sees h]oes ) ! eyes ( ! valet--^! are "s ( ! =midable evid5ces 9 def]5ce to :i* we are ask$ to rev]se ! v]dicts ( tradition1 s*ol>%ip1 & common s5se4 ,!y h nev] impos$ on anyone fairly conv]sant ) ! facts4 ,^? :o h n su* k may ei!r simply appeal to ! au?ority ( s*ol>s1 ,,or1 ,,bett] ,,/ill1 ,,support t au?ority by ex]ciz+ _! own ,,imag9ation ,,& ,,common ,,s5se4 ,t tirade has seem$ to me wor? pres]v+4 ,x is p]haps a monition to s*ol>s1 ^: function is some?+ high] ?an vitup]ation1 to note h[ _! inadequacies are s\ght to be ek$ out by zeal )\t ei!r s*ol>%ip or judgm5t1 &1 f9ally1 )\t intellectual s9c]ity4 ,! publici/ :o alt]nately tells ! unread t !y ought to accept ! v]dict ( s*ol>s1 & t x is bett] /ill to support t v]dict by unaid$ imag9ation & common s5se1 has giv5 u once = all 8 moral measure4 ,dismiss+ him z hav+ s]v$ 8 turn 9 illu/rat+ comp5di\sly ! temp] :i* survives 9 ,unit>ian z 9 ,tr9it>ian traditionalism1 we may conclude ?is prelim9>y survey ) a comm5t on ! proposition t we %\ld take ! v]dict ( s*ol>s4 ,x has be5 put by m51 !mselves s*ol>s 9 o!r fields1 :om to bracket ) ,mr4 ,s9clair w\ld be an imp]t95ce4 ,b ,i h always be5 puzzl$ by _! attitude4 ,!y proce$ ^u ?ree assumptions1 :i* are all alike delusions4 ,! fir/ is t !re is a cons5sus ( s*ol>s on ! details ( ?is problem4 ,! second is t ! pr(essional s*ol>s h a comm& ( a q recondite k z reg>ds ! c5tral issue4 ,! ?ird is t !re is su* a ?+ z pr(essional exp]tise 9 ! diagnosis ( ,gods1 ,demigods1 & real ,f\nd]s 9 religi\s hi/ory4 ,once m1 ! nature ( ! problem has n be5 realiz$4 ,let u take fir/ ! case ( a real s*ol> 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! t]m1 ,pr(essor ,gu/af ,dalman1 ( ,leipzig1 au?or ( ,! ,words ( ,jesus1 consid]$ 9 ! light ( ,po/-,biblical ,jewi% ,writ+s & ! ,aramaic ,language4 #cf ,to me1 ,pr(essor ,dalman appe>s to be an exp]t ( high compet5ce1 alike 9 ,hebrew & ,aramaic--a d\ble qualification possess$ by v few ( ^? to ^: v]dict we are told to b[4 ,by 8 acc\nt few previ\s exp]ts 9 ! same field h escap$ bad misc>riages1 z a h&ful ( exc]pts w %[3-- ,m4 ,fri$mann1 ,onkelos und ,akylas1 #ahif1 /ill holds fa/ to ! traditional op9ion t ev5 ,ezra _h an ,aramaic v]sion ( ! ,tora4 ,9 ?is he is mi/ak54 ,h4 ,laible1 9 ,dalman-,laible's ,jesus ,*ri/ 9 ! ,talmud1 etc41 incorrectly ref]s x ! phrase ba/>d ( a w$d$ wife to ,jesus4 ,! discussion treats m]ely ( ! def9ition ( ! t]m ba/>d4 ,adequate pro( = all ?ree p>ts ( ?is ass]tion ,a4 ,neubau]'s z to ! use ( ,aramaic 9 p>ts ( ,pale/9e is awant+4 ,f4 ,blass 444 *>act]izes z ,aramaisms idioms :i* 9 "s cases are equally good ,hebraisms1 & 9 o!rs are pure ,hebraisms & n ,aramaisms at all4 ,p4 ,w4 ,s*mi$el 444 does n succe$ 9 rea*+ any really t5able sep>ation ( ,aramaisms & ,hebraisms4 ,res* entirely ab&ons ! region ( :at is l+ui/ically admissible4444 ,& ! /atem5t ( ! same writ] t ?is 444 belongs v specially to ! epic /yle ( n>ration 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t is incompreh5sible4 ,! idioms discuss$ above 444 %[ at once ! incorrectness ( ,s*mi$el's cont5tion t ! n>rative /yle ( ! ,gospels & ! ,acts is ! be/ witness ( ! ,greek t 0 spok5 among ! ,jews4 ,! fact is t ! n>rative sections ( ! ,synopti/s h m ,hebrew features ?an ! disc\rses ( ,jesus communicat$ by !m4 ,su* a book z ,wns*e's ,neue ,beitrge1 by reason ( q sup]ficial & inaccurate ass]tions & faulty translations1 mu/ ev5 be *>act]iz$ z directly mislead+ & confus+4 ,! want ( due precaution 9 ! use made ( ! ,j]usalem ,t>gums ( ! ,p5tateu* by ,j4 ,t4 ,m>%all is "o ( ! ?+s :i* 7 b\nd to r5d] 8 ef=ts to reproduce ! ,aramaic ,gospel a failure4 ,h>nack supposes x to be an anci5t ,jewi% conception t ev]y?+ ( g5u9e value :i* successively appe>s ^u e>? has its exi/5ce 9 heav5--i4e41 x exi/s ) ,god--mean+ 9 ! cognition ( ,god1 & !re=e really4 ,b ?is idea mu/ be pron\nc$ ?or\ghly un-,jewi%1 at all ev5ts un-,pale/9ian1 al?\gh ! m$ieval ,kabbala c]ta9ly h>b\rs notions ( ?is sort4 ,holtzmann 444 !reby ev9ces m]ely 8 own ignorance ( ,jewi% legal processes4 ,especially mu/ 8 ,r4 ,h4 ,*>les's attempts at retranslation ( ! ,assumptio ,mosis be pron\nc$ almo/ ?r\gh\t a failure4 ,ev5 9 ! p]t95t obs]vations ( ,wellhaus5 & ,ne/le we feel ! abs5ce ( a c>eful sep>ation ( ,hebrew & ,aramaic possibilities4444 ,he ,wellhaus5 mu/ be rem9d$ t ! ,jewi% lit]ature to ?is day is /ill ma9ly compos$ 9 ,hebrew4 ,^! may suffice to illu/rate ! po9t4 ,few ( ! o!r exp]ts escape ,dalman's ,i?uriel spe>2 & z he frankly confesses pa/ blund]s ( 8 own1 x is n to be d\bt$ t "s ( ! o!rs h return$ 8 ?ru/s4 #cg ,suppos+ !n t ?is body ( exp]ts1 s _m ( !m deep 9 ,aramaic1 s oppos$ to ea* o!r on s _m issues cle>ly )9 ! field ( _! special /udies1 7 to unite 9 affirm+ ! hi/oricity ( ! ,gospel ,jesus1 :at w\ld _! cons5sus signify8 ,simply t !y 7 agre$ 9 affirm+ ! unkn[n1 ! improbable1 & ! unprovable1 :ile !y disput$ ov] ! kn[n4 ,_! special /udies d n give !m ! slighte/ special au?ority to pron\nce ^u su* an issue4 ,x is "o ( hi/oric inf]5ce ^u a mass ( data :i* !y among !m h made common prop]ty s f> z x 0 n s already1 9 ! ma9 docum5ts & 9 previ\s lit]ature4 ,dalman1 :o takes = grant$ ! hi/oricity ( ,jesus & app>5tly ( ! tradition 9 g5]al1 pron\nces 7p4 #i7 t ! actual disc\rses ( ,jesus 9 no way give ! impression t ,he _h gr[n up 9 rural solitude & seclusion4 ,x is true only t ,he1 l ! ,galileans g5]ally 9 t region1 w\ld h little contact ) lit]>y erudition4 ,if ,pr(essor ,dalman _c see t ! proposition 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce is extremely di/urb+ to ! traditional belief 9 its ,unit>ian =m1 & t ! second is a m]e petitio pr9cipii :i* _c save ! situation1 o!r p c see x4 ,8 s*ol>%ip gives him no em95t doma9 ov] logic2 & x does n require a k ( ,aramaic to detect ! weakness ( 8 reason+4 ,fifty exp]ts 9 ,aramaic c>ry no weight = a ?9k+ man on su* a non-l+ui/ic issue2 & he :o def]s to !m z if !y did is b ?r[+ away 8 bir?right4 ,:5 aga9 ,dalman writes 7p4 #fj7 t ,pet] mu/ h appe>$ 7,acts x1 #bd7 f a v e>ly date z a prea*] 9 ! ,greek language1 he aga9 raises an insoluble problem = ! traditionali/s ( all s*ools1 & 8 s*ol>ly /atus is q irrelevant to t4 ,:51 yet aga91 he writes 7p4 #ga7 t :at is firmly e/abli%$ is only ! fact t ,jesus spoke 9 ,aramaic to ! ,jews1 8 ma/]y ( ,aramaic has no?+ to d ) ! case4 ,he is m]ely tak+ = grant$ ! hi/oricity ( ! ma9 tradition2 & until he faces ! problems he has ignor$ 7hav+1 z he may fairly claim1 be5 occupi$ ) o!rs71 & repell$ ! criticisms :i* t tradition incurs1 8 vote on ! unconsid]$ issue has no m value to a rational judgm5t ?an any o!r4 ,i h seldom read a s*ol>ly treatise m satisfy+ ?an 8 )9 its special field1 or m provocative ( a/oni%m5t at ! ext5t to :i* specialism c close m5's eyes to ! problems :i* ov]lap or und]lie !irs4 ,& t is ! consid]ation t has to be realiz$ by ^? :o talk ( s*ol>%ip 7mean+ simply :at is call$ ,new ,te/am5t s*ol>%ip7 settl+ a hi/orical problem :i* turns ^u an?ropology1 my?ology1 hi]ology1 psy*ology1 & lit]>y & hi/orical sci5ce 9 g5]al4 ,on ^! sides ! s*ol>s 9 "q1 ,wir ,gelehrt5 vom ,fa*1 z ! ,g]man speciali/s call !mselves 9 ! ,g]man mann]1 are n exp]ts at all1 n ev5 amateurs1 inasmu* z !y h nev] ev5 realiz$ t ^? o!r sci5ces are involv$4 ,!y h fall5 into ! rle ( ! p$ant1 prop]ly s-call$1 :o presumes to regulate life by inapplicable k4 ,& ev5 ^? :o are :olly free ( ?is presumptu\s p$antry1 ! sob]1 c\rte\s1 & sane s*ol>s l ,pr(essor ,s*mi$el1 ^: c&\r enables him to contribute a preface to su* a book z ,pr(essor ,w4 ,b4 ,smi?'s ,d] vor*ri/li*e ,jesus1 to ^: !sis he does n ass5t--ev5 ^!1 z we h se51 c fail to realize ! scope ( ! problem to ! discussion ( :i* !y h contribut$4 ,pr(essor ,s*mi$el's c>eful argum5t f d]ogatory episodes 9 ! gospel ( ,m>k1 be x repeat$1 is n m]ely inconclusive2 x elicits a rebuttal :i* turns x into a defeat4 ,inadequate ev5 on ! textual side1 x is :olly fallaci\s on ! hi]ological & ! my?ological2 & no m ?an ! ord9>y cons]vative polemic does x recognize ! sociological problem involv$4 ,= ^? :o seek to /udy hi/ory compreh5sively & compreh5d+ly1 ! residuum ( ! cons]vative case is a blank incr$ibility4 ,ev5 ,dalman1 aft] ! close/ l+ui/ic & lit]>y analysis1 has left ! mean+ ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god a conundrum2 #ch & ! cons]vative case f9ally consi/s 9 ass]t+ t ,*ri/ianity z a public movem5t arose 9 ! simple ann\ncem5t ( t conundrum--! m]e utt]ance ( ! =mula--?r\gh\t ,pale/9e by a body ( twelve apo/les1 :o = ! re/ ca/ out devils1 z in/ruct$ by _! ,tea*]4 ,! s*ol>%ip :i* cont5t$ly re/s fac+ t vacu\s conception is a s*ol>%ip n qualifi$ f9ally to h&le a great hi/orical problem z su*4 ,x conducts itself exactly z did ,biblical s*ol>%ip s long 9 face ( ! revelations ( geology1 & z did ,hebrew s*ol>%ip s long ov] ! problem ( ! ,tab]nacle 9 ! wild]ness4 ,deeply le>n$ m51 9 ! latt] case1 w5t on = g5]ations solemnly re-writ+ hi/ory 9 ! t]ms ( ! re-arrang$ docum5ts1 :5 all ! :ile ! hi/ory 0 hi/oric my?--p]ceptible z su* to a ,zulu :o _h liv$ 9 a des]t4 ,& :5 ! ,zulu's tea*] prov$ ! case by simple ari?metic1 he met at ! h&s alike ( p$ants & ( pieti/s a volley ( malignant vitup]ation1 ! religi\s exp]t ,maurice excell+ _m ( ! mo/ or?odox 9 ! virul5ce ( 8 scorn2 :ile ! pontifical ,arnold1 f ! ,olympian height ( 8 amateurism1 sev]ely lectur$ ,col5so = n hav+ writt5 9 ,lat94 ,until ! s*ol>s & ! amateurs alike r5\nce _! own presumption1 _! ?rice /ultifi$ airs ( f9ality1 _! e/imate ( _! prejudice & _! p]sonal equation z a revelation f )91 & _! sac]dotal conviction t _! sci5ce is ! sci5ce ( e case1 !y w h to be unk9dly rem9d$ t !y are b blund]]s l o!r m51 t 9 _! own specialties !y convict ea* o!r ( errors )\t numb]1 & t ! only pa? to tru? is t ( ! et]nal free play & cla% ( all mann] ( criticism4 ,x is an exceptionally c&id or?odox s*ol> :o writes3 ,x is a law ( ! human m9d t combat+ error is ! be/ way to advance k4 ,!y :o h nev] jo9$ 9 controv]sy h no firm grasp ( tru?4 ,hateful & un*ri/ian z !ological disputes are apt to become1 !y h ?is m]it1 t !y op5 our eyes4 #ci ,let ! cons]vative disputants !n be cont5t to put _! !ses & _! argum5ts l o!r m51 to meet argum5t ) argum5t :5 !y c1 & to hold _! peace :5 !y h no?+ bett] to add ?an boa/s & declamation4 ,be=e ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! v s*ool :i* we are ask$ to reg>d z end[$ ) quasi-papal p[]s 9 matt]s ( hi/orical criticism 0 decl>$ by "o ( its lead+ repres5tatives 9 ,g]many to h be5 on a wrong track = fifty ye>s4 ,9 ! words ( ,pr(essor ,blass3-- ,pr(essor ,h>nack1 9 8 mo/ rec5t publication1 ev5 :ile /at+ t n[ ! tide has turn$1 & t !ology1 aft] hav+ /ray$ 9 ! d>kness & l$ o!rs into d>kness 7see ,matt4 xv1 #ad7 = ab\t fifty ye>s1 has n[ got a bett] insight into ?+s1 & has come to a tru] appreciation ( ! real tru/wor?9ess ( tradition1 /ill puts ,m>k's gospel betwe5 #fe & #gj ,a4,d41 ,mat!w's betwe5 #gj & #ge1 b ,luke's mu* lat]1 ab\t #gh-ic4 #dj ,& ,blass1 :o dates ,luke #ef or #fj1 goes on3-- ,has t confess$ly untru/wor?y guide ( laym51 sci5tific !ology1 aft] s _m errors committ$ dur+ fifty ye>s1 n[ ( a sudd5 become a tru/wor?y "o8 ,or h we good reason to mi/ru/ x z mu*1 or ev5 m ?an we _h be=e8 ,9 ord9>y life no sane p]son w\ld foll[ a guide :o confess$ to hav+ grossly misl$ him dur+ ! :ole =m] "p ( ! j\rney4 ,evid5tly t guide 0 ei!r utt]ly ignorant ( ! way1 or he _h "s views & aims ( 8 own1 ( :i* ! travell] 0 unaw>e1 & he _c be assum$ n[ to h acquir$ a full k1 or to h laid ^? views & aims :olly aside4 ,?us does "o ,gelehrt] vom ,fa* e/imate ! pret5sions ( a :ole sanh$rim ( ano!r ,fa*4 ,blass is a philologi/2 & incid5tally we h se5 h[ ano!r philologi/1 ,dalman1 h&les him 9 t capacity4 ,else:]e1 aft] ano!r fl+ at ! !ological s*ol>s--) a salvo ( praise to ,h>nack = 8 ,lukas d] ,arzt--& a comm5t on ! fa%ion 9 :i* e ,g]man critic swe>s by 8 ma/]1 he av[s t we classical philologi/s 444 h se5 simil> follies among ourselves 9 fair numb]4 #da ,x is mo/ true2 & ! philologi/s are z mu* divid$ z ! !ologians4 ,( c\rse1 x is n by philology t ,blass has rea*$ ! /&po9t f :i* he c contemn ! pr(essional !ologians4 ,he is really on ! same gr\nd z !y1 mak+ ! same prim>y assumptions ( hi/oricity3 ! only diff]5ce is t :ile !y1 foll[+ ! same hi/orical tradition1 yet scruple to accept prophecies z hav+ be5 actually made at ! "t assign$ to !m1 & feel b\nd to date ! prophecy aft] ! ev5t1 ! consi/5t philologi/ recognizes no su* obligation 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 & puts a r adroit b v uns*ol>ly argum5t on ! subject1 ) :i* we %all h to deal lat]4 ,b = ^? to :om ! exact dat+ ( ! ,gospels is a subsidi>y problem1 8 argum5t has only a subsidi>y int]e/2 & ! fact t he unque/ion+ly agrees ) 8 fl\t$ !ological colleagues 9 accept+ ! hi/oricity ( ,jesus gives no importance to _! cons5sus4 ,if1 z he says1 !y are 9 ! mass utt]ly untru/wor?y guides on any hi/orical issue 7an extravagance to :i*1 z a layman1 ,i d n subscribe71 _! agreem5t c be ( no value to him :]e he & !y co9cide4 ,aft] tell+ ,h>nack t m5 :o h confess$ly be5 a/ray = fifty ye>s h no "r to expect to be li/5$ to1 he makes mu* ( ,h>nack's support z to ! hi/oricity ( ! ,acts--a c\rse :i* w n impose ^u ?\ghtful read]s4 ,all ! :ile1 ( c\rse1 ,pr(essor ,blass is simply apply+ a revis$ hi/orical criticism to a s+le issue or set ( issues1 & ev5 if he *ance to be "r on ^! he has set up no new hi/orical me?od4 ,no m ?an ! o!rs has he recogniz$ ! c5tral hi/orical problem2 & he mu/ be well aw>e t t rev]sion to tradition ann\nc$ by ,h>nack1 & at ?is po9t acquiesc$ 9 by him1 _c = a mom5t be ma9ta9$ z a g5]al critical pr9ciple 9 reg>d to ! ,new ,te/am5t any m ?an 9 reg>d to ! ,old4 ,all t he c claim is t _m !ologians h confess$ly blund]$ s]i\sly on hi/orical problems4 ,b t is q en\gh to ju/ify u 9 admoni%+ ! m]e middlem5 & ! exp]ts alike to *ange ! tone ( absurd assurance ) :i* !y meet fur!r innovations ( hi/orical !ory4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,cons]vative ,,positions ,x is only j to confess t ! cons]vatives are already le>n+ to employ "s prud5tial exp$i5ts4 ,met by ! *all5ge to _! own nak$ly unt5able positions1 & (f]$ a con/ructive hypo!sis1 div]sely elaborat$ f v>i\s qu>t]s1 !y mo/ly evade ! discussion at ne>ly e po9t :]e ! impossible tradition is concretely confront$ by a ?9kable sub/itute1 & sp5d !mselves ov] ! remot] issues ( univ]sal my?ology4 ,habitually misrepres5t+ e argum5t f comp>ative my?ology z an ass]tion ( a hi/orical sequ5ce 9 ! comp>$ data1 !y expatiate ov] que/ions ( etymology1 & are l\d 9 _! outcry ov] a sugge/ion t a giv5 hi/orical sequ5ce may be surmis$ f data m or less obscure4 ,b to ! "q h[ ! evangel c\ld possibly h begun z ! record repres5ts1 or h[ ! consummation c\ld possibly h tak5 place z describ$1 !y ei!r attempt no answ] :atev] or (f] answ]s :i* are worse ?an evasions4 ,"o pr(essional disputant1 deal+ ) ! proposition t su* a judicial & police proc$ure z ! sy/ematic se>* = witnesses describ$ 9 ! ,gospel /ory ( ! ,trial c\ld n take place by night1 :5 an ,ea/]n city is z a city ( ! dead1 did n scruple to say t ! !sis am\nt$ to say+ t 9 an ,ea/]n city no?+ c\ld happ5 by night4 ,?is controv]siali/ is an in/ructor ( y\?1 & claims to be an in/ruct$ s*ol>4 ,& 8 is ! only answ] t ,i h se5 to ! *all5ge ) :i* x pr(esses to deal4 ,loisy agrees t ! *all5ge _c be met4 ,to ! hypo!sis t !re 0 a pre-,*ri/ian cult ( a ,jesus-,god1 ! traditionali/--above all1 ! ,unit>ian1 :o seems to feel ! p9* "h mo/ acutely--retorts ) a volley ( indignant contempt4 ,he c see no sign ( any su* cult4 ,9 ! m9d's eye he c see1 z a hi/oric process1 twelve ,apo/les creat+ a ,*ri/ian community by simply cry+ al\d t ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 is at h&1 excommunicat+ = ! aft] life ^? :o w n li/51 & all ! :ile assidu\sly ca/+ out devils4 ,8 records baldly tell him t ?is happ5$2 & we believe 9 baptism because we h se5 x done4 ,b :]eas1 9 ! nature ( ! case1 ! recon/ruction ( ! real hi/oric process mu/ be by t5tative inf]5ce f a v>iety ( data :i* = ! mo/ "p ! records z a matt] ( c\rse obscur$1 he makes l\d play ) ! simple fact t ! records lack ! requir$ cle> m5tion1 & br&s z unsupport$ conjecture ! !orem (f]$ 9 place ( ! pla9 untru? ) :i* he has s long be5 satisfi$4 ,9 8 own sift$ & primitive records we h ! n>ration ( ! c>ry+ ( ! ,div9e ,man to a height 7p9nacle ( ! temple only 9 ! suppos$ primitive ,gospel7 by ,satan = purposes ( temptation4 ,= a my?ologi/ ?is my? easily falls into l9e z a v>iant ( ! s]ies ( ,pan & ! "y ,zeus at ! alt> on ! m\nta9 top1 ,pan & ,apollo compet+ on ! top ( ,m\nt ,tmolus1 ,apollo & ,m>syas1 all d]iv+ f ! ,babylonian figures ( ! ,goat-,god 7,capricorn7 & ! ,sun-,god on ! ,m\nta9 ( ! ,_w1 repres5t+ ! />t+ ( ! sun on 8 ye>ly c\rse4 ,t assignm5t expla9s at once ! ,pagan my?s & ! ,*ri/ian1 :i* is ?us %[n to h borr[$ f ! my? mat]ial ( ! ,greco-,ori5tal _w 9 an e>ly docum5t>y /age4 ,*all5g$ to evade t solution1 he m5tions only ! ,pan-,zeus /ory1 says no?+ ( ! s]ies ( v>iants or ( ! ,babylonian orig9al1 & replies t he is unable to trace any real & fundam5tal connection betwe5 ! /ories4 ,9 ! ,buddhi/ n>rative :i* _h be5 cit$ z an analogue #db ! temptation to satisfy ! crav+s ( hung]1 ! prompt+s ( ambition1 & ! d\bts z to ! ov]rul+ ,provid5ce ( ,god1 are all want+4 ,9 ! ,roman /ory1 too1 ,pan1 z repres5t+ 9 satyr-=m ! l[] & animal prop5sities ( man1 is a v diff]5t be+ to ! ,hebrew ,satan2 moreov]1 !re is no tempt+ ( ,jupit]1 z !re is ( ,jesus4 ,jupit]1 likewise1 is :olly a god2 ,jesus is a sorely be/$ ,man1 al?\gh div9e4 ,!re is1 9 %ort1 n ! lea/ aff9ity betwe5 any ( ^! n>ratives beyond ! g5]al idea ( trial4 #dc ,& ?is figures z a refutation4 ,= our traditionali/1 comp>ative my?ology does n & _c exi/2 = him !re c be no fundam5tal connection betwe5 any two nom9al my?s unless !y are absolutely id5tical 9 all _! details2 & ! goat-foot$ ,pan & ! goat-foot$ ,satan 7c]ta9ly desc5d$ f ! ,goat-,god ,azazel7 are m]ely v diff]5t be+s1 ?\gh ,satan = ! lat] ,jews & ,jesui/s actually correspond$ to ,pan 7:o is n a m]e satyr = ! ,greeks7 n only 9 be+ ! _s ( concupisc5ce #dd b 9 be+ ! ,god ( ?is _w1 z ! ,gospel my? 9 effect %[s him to be4 ,& ?is exhibition ( ignorance ( e pr9ciple ( my?ology passes = s*ol>%ip1 & w be duly s c]tificat$ by ,sir ,william ,rob]tson ,nicoll1 :o und]takes to preside 9 t dep>tm5t1 z 9 politics1 ) ab\t equal qualifications4 ,by way ( con/ructive solution ( ! problem we h f ! apologi/ ?is3-- ,if a conjecture may be haz>d$ "h1 we %\ld be incl9$ to say t ! ,*ri/ian n>rative l>gely pres5ts1 9 picturesque & symbolic =m1 ! subjective exp]i5ces & d\bts ( ,jesus--:e!r ^! 7 ( int]nal orig9 m]ely1 or 7 sugge/$ ext]nally by "s malignant spiritual be+--z to ,8 capacities & p[] = ! great "w :i* ,he _h und]tak54 ,! ?or\ghly or?odox1 x w\ld appe>1 mu/ /ill be cat]$ =1 albeit only by ! concession ( ! possibility ( "s malignant spiritual be+1 :i* seems a gratuit\s slight to ! canonical ,satan1 ^: moral dignity _h imm$iately be=e be5 acclaim$4 ,b1 aft] expressly insi/+ on ! elem5ts ( temptation & ambition 9 ! /ory1 ) ! app>5t implication t ! "y ,tea*] may h _h a pass+ ambition to become a _w conqu]or1 our exegete1 9 conclusion1 collapses to ! position ( ! ,g]man exegetes :o1 ! o!r day1 7 /ill debat+ on ! spiritual int]pretation ( :at !y c\ld n p]ceive to be a pure my? ( art4 ,at ?is /age ( enlight5m5t we he> allusions to psy*ology1 ?\gh ,i h n yet met ) any explicit pret5ce t ! traditionali/ s*ol>s "k any?+ ab\t psy*ology t is n kn[n to ! re/ ( u4 ,9 any case1 ! sugge/ion may be haz>d$ t ! fir/ rese>*es !y make into psy*ology might usefully be direct$ to _! own1 :i* is a di/ress+ illu/ration ( ! survival ( ! intellectual me?ods ( ! anci5t apologi/s = ! ,v$as & = ! my?ology ( ! ,greeks4 ,a sev]e scrut9y ( psy*ic processes is inde$ highly necess>y 9 ?is z 9 s _m o!r disputes 9 :i* ! affections wre/le ) ! reason4 ,su* a process ( analysis gives u ! real causation ( ! te/imony borne by ,mill1 :i* is s widely typical4 ,= non-religi\s z = religi\s m9ds ! conception !y =m ( ! ,gospel ,jesus is commonly a resultant ( a few dom9ant impressions1 v>y+ 9 ea* case b all cognate4 ,jesus is figur$ fir/ to ! recipi5t _s z a bless$ babe 9 ! arms ( an idealiz$ "m1 & la/ z dy+ on ! cross1 cruelly tortur$ = no crime--! supreme example ( ! m>tyr$ philan?ropi/4 ,9 ! int]im he figures z comm&+ 8 dull disciples to ,suff] little *ildr5 to come unto me1 & z go+ ab\t do+ good1 all ! :ile prea*+ =giv5ess & bro!rly love4 ,no k ( ! impossibility ( mo/ ( ! p>ticul>iz$ cures w )hold ev5 in/ruct$ m5 f soo?+ _! s5sibilities by cr$it+ ! fav\rite figure ) "s vague heal+ p[] & talk+ ( ! possibilities ( fai? heal+1 ev5 z !y loosely accr$it "s elevat+ quality1 "s practical purport1 to ! vision>y evangel1 s absolutely my?ical t ! ,gospel writ]s c tell u n a ^w ( its matt]4 ,ev5 ,pr(essor ,s*mi$el1 expressly apply+ ! te/s ( naturalism1 negates ^? te/s at ! outset by tak+ = grant$ ! ,tea*]'s possession ( unquantifi$ psy*ic heal+ p[]s1 ?\gh ! n>ratives tw5ty times tell ( cures :i* _c possibly be describ$ z cases ( fai?-heal+4 #de ,if = ! sane inquir] ! absolute miracle /ories are false1 & ^! /ories are false1 by :at "r does he allot evid5tial value to :olesale allegations ( multitud9\s cures f ! same s\rces8 ,by ! sole "r ( 8 pr$ilections4 ,! measure :i* he metes to ! ?\s& prodigies 9 ,livy is nev] met$ to ^? ( ! ,gospels4 ,= him1 ^! are diff]5t ?+s1 be+ se5 9 ano!r atmosph]e4 ,9 m5 conc]n$ to be intellectually law-abid+1 ^! dialectic divagations are dec5tly veil$2 by o!rs !y are passionately flaunt$4 ,no recollection ( ! ang] ( ,plato at ^? :o d5i$ t ! ,sun & ,planets 7 div9e & bless$ be+s c )hold c]ta9 pr(ess$ s*ol>s f ! same angry folly 9 a simil> pr$icam5t4 ,b ev5 :]e !ological animus has be5 9 a mann] discipl9$ by ! long pr(essional battle ov] docum5t>y problems1 ! %e] lack ( logical *all5ge on fundam5tal issues has left all ! disputants alike1 d[n till ! o!r day1 tak+ = grant$ data to :i* !y _h no critical "r4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole debate1 ev5 9 ! case ( s*ol>s :o pr(ess to be loyal to induction1 we f9d t !re is a presupposition ^u :i* induction has no effect4 ,b]nh>d ,weiss1 quot+ f ,holtzmann ! pr(\ndly subv]sive proposition t ,*ri/ianity has be5 'book-le>n+' f ! beg9n+1 9 reply c only say1 ,god be prais$ t x is n s4 ,yet ! real effect ( 8 own rese>* is to %[ u mu*--to %[ t !re 0 no oral evangel1 t ! =mula ( ! k+dom ( heav5 is b a phrase to fill a blank4 ,ev5 c&id inquir]s :o see ! difficulty1 l ,samuel ,davidson1 leave x unsolv$4 ,says ,davidson3-- ,:5 we try to =m a correct view ( ,jesus's utt]ances reg>d+ ?is ,k+dom ( ,god1 we f9d !y h mu* vagu5ess & ambiguity4 ,_! diff]5ces also 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels & ! f\r? are s app>5t t ! latt] mu/ be left out ( acc\nt 9 any attempt to get a prop] sket* ( ,jesus's hopes4 ,8 apo/les & o!r e>ly report]s misund]/ood "s ( ,8 say+s1 mak+ !m crass]4 ,oral tradition m>r$ _! orig9al =m4 ,?is is specially ! case ) respect to ! en?usia/ic hopes ab\t ! k+dom ,he look$ =4 ,b z ! ideal did n become actual we mu/ re/ 9 ! great fact t ! ,*ri/ianity ,he introduc$ 0 ! nucleus ( a p]fect sy/em adapt$ to univ]sal humanity4 #df ,we mu/ d no su* ?+4 ,we mu/ draw a licit inf]5ce4 ,! alleg$ great fact is morally a *im]a1 & hi/orically a halluc9ation4 ,to admit t all ! evid5ce collapses1 & !n to posit ! vision>y gospel ) a mu/1 is to ab&on critical pr9ciple4 ,! mu/ is simply ! et]nal presupposition4 ,& ! *oice ( ! s9c]e /ud5t mu/ be betwe5 t negation ( sci5ce & a fre% sci5tific se>*1 f :i* ! presupposition1 z su*1 is exclud$4 ,if x c reappe> z a licit conclusion1 s be x4 ,b x has nev] yet s aris54 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,blass ,,& ,,fl9d]s ,,petrie ,a v int]e/+ attempt to br+ ! synoptic problem to a new critical te/ has latt]ly be5 made by ,dr4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie 9 8 "w1 ,! ,gr[? ( ! ,gospels z %[n by ,/ructural ,criticism 7#aiaj74 ,8 />t+ po9t is ! likelihood t logia1 analog\s to ! non-canonical fragm5ts discov]$ 9 rec5t ye>s1 7 ! orig9al mat]ial f :i* ! ,gospels 7 built up4 ,! hypo!sis is prima facie q legitimate1 !re be+ no?+ to repel x4 ,z he cont5ds1 !re is n[ evid5ce t writ+ 0 9 mu* m common use 9 "s p]iods ( antiquity ?an s*ol>s _h =m]ly suppos$2 & scraps ( writ+ by non-s*ol>ly p]sons1 he argues1 may h be5 widely curr5t 9 ! environm5t ) :i* we are conc]n$4 ,all ! :ile he is f\nd+ on data f ! ,egypt ( ! ?ird c5tury = a ,pale/9ian environm5t ( ! fir/2 & he is oblig$ to /ress ! po9t t ,mat!w ! tax-ga!r] 0 a pr(essional scribe1 :ile 8 argum5t runs t ,mat!w us$ ! deta*$ jott+s ( o!r p1 n 8 own4 ,b let u foll[ out 8 !sis3-- ,we _c d\bt writes ,dr4 ,petrie t su* 0 ! c\rse ( gr[? :5 we look at ! logia4 ,^? collections ( brief say+s c\ld h>dly h come into exi/5ce if full n>ratives & suffici5t /&>ds ( in=mation 9 ! ,gospels 7 already circulat+4 ,!y belong ess5tially to a prep>atory age1 :5 records 7 9 c\rse ( compilation4 ,b1 once writt5 out1 !y naturally surviv$ side by side ) ! ,gospels1 :i* _h only us$ a portion ( _! mat]ial4 #dg ,x is n q cle> :e!r ,dr4 ,petrie meant "h to claim n only t ! s-call$ ,logia ,ies\ publi%$ 9 #ahig & #aijd are ant]ior to & indep5d5t ( ! ,gospels 7?\gh f\nd only 9 ?ird-c5tury ,,mss471 b t !y are on ! same foot+ ( cr$ibility ) ! ,gospels4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 seems inevitably to foll[ f 8 position1 ?\gh x appe>s to sugge/ to him no difficulty ab\t ! g5]al hi/oricity ( ! ,gospel /ory1 :i* he too takes = grant$4 ,let u !n note ! problems rais$4 ,a ma9 feature ( ,dr4 ,petrie's inquiry is t1 foll[+ ,pr(essor ,blass1 he insi/s on mak+ ! pr$ictions ( ! fall ( ,j]usalem "p ( ! e>ly docum5t>y matt] collect$ 9 ! ,nucleus :i* = him is ! equival5t ( ,weiss's ,primitive ,gospel4 ,! argum5t ( ,blass #dh is drawn f ! case ( ,savon>ola1 :o 9 #adif pr$ict$ t ,rome w\ld be sack$1 & t horses w\ld be /abl$ 9 ! *ur*es1 z actually happ5$ 9 ! ye> #aebg4 ,if su* a prophecy c\ld be made & fulfill$ 9 "o case1 urges ,blass1 x might be 9 ano!r2 h5ce !re c be no rigor\s application ( ! canon1 ,omne vatic9ium po/ ev5tum1 :i* has be5 reli$ on by ! mod]n s*ool ( critical !ologians4 ,dr4 ,petrie appe>s to h made no inve/igation ( 8 own1 be+ cont5t to quote & support ,blass2 & ! po9t is well wor? critical consid]ation4 ,let u premise t sci5tific criticism1 :i* has no conc]n ) ,unit>ian pr$ilections1 /&s q imp>tially t[>ds ! "q ( ,gospel dates4 ,! mod]n t5d5cy to c>ry d[n ^? dates1 ei!r = ! :ole or = any p>ts ( ! ,gospels1 t[>ds or into ! second c5tury1 is orig9ally "p ( ! g5]al lib]al incl9ation to put a ,man 9 place ( a ,god1 ?\gh "s believ]s 9 ! ,god acquiesce z to ! lat5ess ( ! act ( writ+4 ,^? :o h c>ri$ on ! movem5t h always presuppos$ ! g5]al hi/oricity ( ! ,tea*]1 & h be5 conc]n$1 h[ev] unconsci\sly1 to f9d a hi/orical solution :i* sav$ t presupposition4 ,! rational critic1 mak+ only ! naturali/ presupposition1 is committ$ to no set ( docum5t>y dates4 ,& he is n at all committ$ to ! d5ial t an inductive hi/oric pr$iction1 z di/+ui%$ f a sup]naturali/ prophecy1 may be made & fulfill$4 ,_m h be54 ,mu* has be5 said ( ! m>vell\s presci5ce ( ,burke 9 pr$ict+ t ! an>*y ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution w\ld end 9 a tyranny4 ,he 0 9 fact m]ely inf]r+1 z he well might1 t :at _h happ5$ 9 ! hi/ory ( anci5t ,rome & 9 ! hi/ory ( ,engl& w\ld happ5 9 ,france4 ,by a simil> hi/orical me?od sev]al ,fr5* & o!r writ]s 9 ! eighte5? c5tury rea*$ ! =eca/ ( ! revolt ( ! ,am]ican colonies f ,brita9 )\t gett+ any cr$it = div9e inspiration4 ,& s1 p]haps1 might ,savon>ola at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury pr$ict a sack ( ,rome1 & a ,jew 9 ! fir/ c5tury a sack ( ,j]usalem4 ,b let u see :at ,savon>ola actually did4 ,he 01 s to speak1 a pr(essional prophet1 & :ile he pr$ict$ n only a sack ( ,rome b 8 own dea? by viol5ce1 he also1 by ! admission ( sympa!tic biograph]s1 put =? _m vatic9ations ( an entirely fanta/ic "*4 ,"h aga9 he might v well h a ,jewi% prototype4 ,= u ! fir/ "q is1 ,:at did he actually pr$ict 9 hi/ory1 & h[ & :y did he pr$ict x8 ,9 #adid he seems to h pr$ict$ ! ,fr5* invasion :i* took place 9 t ye>4 ,vill>i ass]ts t he did s 9 ! s]mons he prea*$ 9 ,l5t1 b admits t x is impossible to asc]ta9 ! precise nature ( ! s]mons 9 "q4 #di ,fa!r ,lucas goes fur!r1 & po9ts out t !re is no trace 9 !m ( ! alleg$ prophecy #ej :i* ,savon>ola 9 8 ,comp5dium ,revelationum 7#adie7 claims to h made b does n date4 ,vill>i fur!r admits t ! s]mons ( t ye> are s badly report$ z to h lo/ almo/ e *>act]i/ic ( ,savon>ola's /yle4 ,_! report]1 unable to keep pace ) ! prea*]'s words1 only jott$ d[n r\gh & fragm5t>y notes4 ,^! 7 aft]w>ds translat$ into b>b>\s dog-,lat9--by way ( giv+ !m a m lit]>y =m--& publi%$ 9 ,v5ice4 ,= ?is reason ,qutif & "s o!r writ]s ent]ta9$ d\bts ( _! au!nticity4 #ea ,vill>i nev]!less is satisfi$ ( x on int]nal gr\nds1 & we may accept 8 e/imate4 ,! ma9 allegation is t 9 #adid ,savon>ola1 :o _h = ye>s be5 prea*+ t national s9 w\ld elicit div9e *a/isem5t1 9 ^? ,l5t5 disc\rses1 & also 9 "s o!rs1 =etold ! com+ ( a new ,cyrus1 :o w\ld m>* ?r\gh ,italy 9 triumph1 )\t enc\nt]+ any ob/acles1 & )\t break+ a s+le lance4 ,we f9d num]\s records ( ^! pr$ictions1 & ! t]rors excit$ by !m1 9 ! hi/orians & biograph]s ( ! p]iod2 & ,fra ,b5$etto reports 8 ma/]'s words 9 ! foll[+ v]ses ?us lit]ally translat$3-- ,soon %alt ?\ see ea* tyrant ov]?r[n1 ,& all ,italy %alt ?\ see vanqui%$1 ,to h] %ame1 disgrace1 & h>m4 ,?\1 ,rome1 %alt soon be captur$3 ,i see ! blade ( wra? come ^u !e2 ,! "t is %ort1 ea* day flies pa/3 ,my ,"l w r5ovate ! ,*ur*1 ,& conv]t e b>b>ian p4 ,!re w be b "o fold & "o %eph]d4 ,b fir/ ,italy w h to m\rn1 ,& s mu* ( h] blood w be %$ ,t h] p %all ev]y:]e be ?9n$4 ,"h !re is obvi\s confusion1 ap>t f ! fact t ! pr$ict$ reg5]ation & unification ( ! *ur* nev] took place4 ,! invad] is to d no fight+1 & yet s mu* blood w be %$ t ev]y:]e ! p ( ,italy w be ?9n$4 ,are we1 !n1 to believe t ! ,cyrus pr$iction 0 made at ! same "t8 ,is !re n gr\nd = suspicion t x 0 int]polat$ po/ ev5tum1 9 ! ,lat9 report8 ,! only alt]native solution seems to be t ,vill>i or ! ,italian compil] has mix$ prophecies ( diff]5t ye>s4 ,9 8 s]mon ( ,novemb] #a1 #adid1 ,savon>ola speaks ( ! ,fr5* invasion z ! sc\rge he _h pr$ict$ #eb--;an odd way ( speak+ ( "o promis$ be=e z ! ,"l's ano9t$1 ev5 ?\gh ! ,fr5* ho/ is said to be l$ by ! ,"l4 ,9 any case 8 own claim to h pr$ict$ ( ,cyrus is unsupport$ by evid5ce1 &1 ev5 if accept$1 does n involve a date e>li] ?an #adic-d4 #ec ,to pr$ict ! invasion ( ,italy by ,*>les ,,viii ( ,france 9 ,l5t ( #adid1 or ev5 late 9 #adic1 0 easy en\gh4 #ed ,! invasion _h be5 fully prep>$1 & 0 expect$1 ev5 z 0 ! ,armada 9 ! ,engl& ( #aehh4 ,savon>ola 0 v likely to h inside k ( ! s*eme1 & ! ,pope positively *>g$ him ) hav+ help$ to eng9e] x4 ,flor5ce 9 effect receiv$ ,*>les z a fri5d4 ,!re _h be51 fur!r1 abundant discussion ( ! exp$ition bo? 9 ,france & ,italy long be=e x set out4 ,guicci>d9i tells t wise ,fr5*m5 7 v appreh5sive ab\t x1 & t ,f]d9& ( ,naples reckon$ t x mu/ fail4 ,fail x f9ally did4 ,savon>ola might ev5 pr$ict t ! invad] w\ld n be resi/$1 = !re 0 no =ce ready 9 ,italy to repel t l$ by ,*>les1 ) its great tra9 ( artill]y4 ,x is an extreme ov]sight ( ,vill>i's to allege #ee t 9 ! autumn1 unexpect$ly z a ?und]clap f a cle> sky1 came ! news t a flood ( =eign soldi]y 0 p\r+ d[n f ! ,alps to ! conque/ ( ,italy4444 ,all felt tak5 unaw>es4 ,?is ass]tion is completely explod$ by ! record ( ,guicci>d9i1 & no hi/orian w n[ endorse x4 ,lodovico ,s=za1 ,duke ( ,milan1 _h incit$ ,*>les to ! invasion2 ! prep>ations _h be5 op5 & ext5sive2 & !y _h be5 abundantly discuss$ bo? 9 ,france & ,italy4 #ef ,! /atem5t t ! ,fri> alone _h =ese5 ! future is absolute my?4 ,! fact rema9s t ! invasion 0 n resi/$1 & t ,rome 0 captur$ 9 ! s5se ( be+ ent]$ by ,*>les1 :o did no milit>y damage & m>*$ out aga94 ,b :5 ,*>les proce$$ to )draw f ,italy1 hav+ effect$ no?+1 a battle 0 f\ght & won by him4 ,x 0 two ye>s lat] t ,savon>ola1 act+ on 8 /&+ doctr9e t s9 9 high places mu/ elicit div9e v5geance1 resum$ 8 pr$ictions ( disa/] to ,rome1 ^: ,pope 0 8 enemy4 ,z x happ5$1 #adif 0 aga9 a ye> ( expect$ invasions4 ,*>les1 n[ ! ally ( ,flor5ce1 0 ann\nc$ to be prep>+ = a second inroad1 & ! appreh5sive ,s=za invit$ & fur!r$ ! int]v5tion ( ! emp]or ,maximilian z he _h be=e invit$ ,*>les4 ,pr$ictions 7 aga9 to be expect$2 at ,bologna at lea/ "o 0 actually made2 & ! prophet1 "o ,raffaele da ,fir5zuola1 0 tortur$ & bani%$4 #eg ,*>les gave up 8 plan1 b ,maximilian came1 albeit ) a small =ce1 & 0 welcom$ by ! ,pisans4 ,x 0 be=e ! com+ ( ,maximilian #eh t ,savon>ola resum$ 8 prophecy ( ! com+ sc\rge 9 a s]ies ( s]mons1 9 "o ( :i* he ann\nces t ,italy w be ov]:elm$ because %e is full ( sangu9>y de$s2 t ,rome w be besieg$ & trampl$ d[n2 & t because h] *ur*es h be5 full ( h>lots !y w be made /ables = horses & sw9e1 ! :i* w be less displeas+ to ,god ?an see+ !m made haunts ( pro/itutes4444 ,!n1 ,o ,italy1 tr\ble aft] tr\ble %all befall !e2 tr\bles ( w> aft] fam9e1 tr\bles ( pe/il5ce aft] w>4 ,aga91 9 ano!r s]mon3 ,!re w n be en\gh m5 left to bury ! dead2 nor means en\gh to dig graves4444 ,! dead w be heap$ 9 c>ts & on horses2 !y w be pil$ up & burnt4444 ,& ! p %all be s ?9n$ t few %all rema94 #ei ,at ! same "t he repeat$ly pr$ict$ 8 own dea? by viol5ce4 ,on ! latt] head he _h abundant reason = 8 =eca/4 ,on ! =m] x is v c]ta9 t he 0 n ?9k+ ( some?+ t 0 n to happ5 = ?irty ye>s4 ,aga9 & aga9 he assur$ 8 he>]s & 8 correspond5ts t 8 pr$ictions 7 to be fulfill$ 9 our "t4 ,t[>ds ! end ( #adif he describ$ himself z ,! s]vant ( ,*ri/ ,jesus1 s5t by him to ! city ( ,flor5ce to ann\nce ! great sc\rge :i* is to come ^u ,italy1 & especially ^u ,rome1 & :i* is to ext5d itself ov] all ! _w 9 our days & quickly4 #fj ,9 #adig1 9 a lett] to ,lodovico ,pittorio1 *ancellor to d',e/e1 aft] speak+ ( ! ,"l's pr$iction ( ! fall ( ,j]usalem1 he writes3 ,great tribulations are always i4e4 9 ! ,scriptures pr$ict$ _m ye>s be=e !y come4 ,yet ,i d n say t ! tribulations :i* ,i h =etold w be s long 9 com+2 nay1 !y w come soon2 inde$ ,i say t ! tribulation has already comm5c$4 #fa ,yet aga91 9 #adih1 he claims 9 a s]mon t a "p has come to pass1 not+ t 9 ,rome "o has lo/ a son--a ref]5ce to ! murd] ( ! ,duke ( ,g&ia1 son ( ! ,pope2 & add+ t y h se5 :o has di$ "h1 & ,i c\ld tell y1 an ,i w\ld1 :o is 9 hell--suppos$ to be a ref]5ce to ,b]n>do del ,n]o4 #fb ,all ?is 0 9 t]ms ( ,savon>ola's !ological & ,biblical conception ( ?+s1 ! rul+ political philosophy ( 8 age1 z ( _m be=e4 ,wick$ness & inju/ice1 fraud & oppression1 7 dom9ant 9 high places1 & ,god mu/ ( necessity puni%1 9 ! fa%ion 9 :i* he 0 con/antly describ$ z do+ s 9 ! ,sacr$ ,books1 f ! ,deluge d[nw>ds4 ,9 ,savon>ola's view ! cup ( ,rome's abom9ations 0 full1 & puni%m5t _h be5 e>n$ by ! m5 !n liv+1 9 p>ticul> by ,pope ,alex&]4 ,)9 two ye>s ,savon>ola _h be5 put to dea?1 aft] _m tortures2 & ,alex&] di$ 9 #aejc 7n by poison1 z ! tradition goes7 )\t hav+ se5 ! pr$ict$ desolation4 ,x 0 "u ! m respectable ( ! two ,m$icean ,popes t ,rome 0 twice sack$ 9 #aebg by ! =ces ( ,*>les ,v2 & ?\gh !re _h be5 inf9ite slaught] & pe/il5ce 9 ,italy1 ! reg5]ation & reunion ( ,*ri/5dom pr$ict$ by ,savon>ola did n foll[4 ,:5 no re=m :atev] _h foll[$ on ! ,fr5* invasion he _h expla9$ t 8 pr$iction 9 t case 0 subject to conditions4 ,yet he ann\nc$ t 8 prophecy ( ! conv]sion ( ! ,turks 0 unconditional1 decl>+ at ! close ( ! ,comp5dium ,revelationum t x w\ld be fulfill$ 9 fifte5 ye>s1 & assur+ 8 he>]s 9 #adie t "s ( !m w\ld live to see ! fulfilm5t4 #fc ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,savon>ola ,,fallacy ,our bus9ess1 ( c\rse1 is n to expose ! prophetic misc>riages ( ,savon>ola1 b simply to make cle> :at mann] ( ?+ 8 prophesy+ 04 #fd ,x 0 an in/ance ( a k9d ( vatic9ation z old z ,troy & ,j]usalem1 :i* _h gone on 9 ,*ri/5dom = c5turies4 ,long be=e 8 day religi\s m5 _h pr$ict$ w>s1 pe/il5ces1 fam9es1 & ! conv]sion ( ! ,turks4 #fe ,! w>s & plagues & fam9es 7 v safe progno/ications3 !y came 9 e decade4 ,& :5 we come to 8 alleg$ pr$iction ( ! sack ( ,rome we realize imm$iately1 n only t ! "o detail ( co9cid5ce is :olly =tuit\s1 b t1 l 8 pr$ecessors1 he 0 simply pr$ict+ a return ( common evils already exp]i5c$ a hundr$ times4 #ff ,! argum5t ( ,blass & o!rs on ?is topic1 confid5tly accept$ & endors$ by ,dr4 ,petrie1 works out z %e] my/ification4 ,!y lay special /ress on ! fact t 9 ! sack ( #aebg horses 7 /abl$ 9 ! *ur*es4 ,x is likely en\gh3 ! same ?+ has be5 done a ?\s& times 9 ! w>s ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,b ! argum5t has be5 v neglig5tly conduct$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ?\gh he tells ( inf9itely worse ?+s1 su* z ! :olesale violation ( wom51 includ+ nuns1 ! hi/orian ,guicci>d9i does n give ! detail ab\t ! horses4 ,t occurs 9 ! docum5t ,il ,sacco di ,roma1 ascrib$ latt]ly to 8 bro!r ,luigi1 :i* 0 fir/ pr9t$ 9 #affd4 ,/ill1 let u assume t ! pr9t+ 0 fai?ful4 ,if an int]polator _h meant to v9dicate ,savon>ola he w\ld presumably h not$ t ! prophet specifi$ n only horses b pigs1 :]eas ! n>rative says no?+ ( ! latt]4 ,we are ?us left ) ! item ( ! /abl+ ( horses 9 ! *ur*es4 ,"h we h to note t z reg>ds ! ma9 ev5t ,savon>ola is pr$ict+ a ?+ t _h repeat$ly happ5$ 9 ,ca?olic times1 & t z reg>ds ! m9or details he is speak+ ) 8 eye on ,jewi% hi/ory4 ,x 0 n ! m]e pres5ce ( horses & pigs 9 *ur*es t he meant to /ress1 b ! defilem5t t !y br\ght4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,jewi% ,temple ! abom9ation ( desolation _h be5 und]/ood to include ! defil+ ( ! alt> ) sw9e's fle%4 #fg ,?is1 9 all likelihood1 0 ! orig9 ( ,savon>ola's pr$iction z to ! br++ ( pigs into ! sanctu>y at ,rome1 :i*1 z we h se51 0 n fulfill$4 ,b !re 0 no?+ new ab\t a ,ca?olic sack ( ,rome4 ,! city _h be5 hide\sly sack$ & 9 l>ge "p de/roy$ "u ,gregory ,,vii 7#ajhd7 by ,rob]t ,guisc>d1 ! ,pope's ally1 aft] hav+ be5 captur$ )\t sack+ by ! ,g]man ,emp]or4 ,x j miss$ be+ sack$ by ,fr$]ick ,,ii 9 #abci4 ,9 #adac x 0 captur$ by ,ladislaus ( ,naples1 :o gave all ,flor5t9e prop]ty 9 ! city to pillage4 ,no "q ( h]esy arose 9 ^! episodes2 nor did ! =ces ( ! ,*ur* itself bl5* at ei!r sack or sacrilege4 ,fa5za 0 f\lly sack$ 9 #acgf by ,hawkwood1 call$ 9 = its def5ce by ! bi%op ( ,o/ia2 & 9 #acgg ! same condotti]e massacr$ ! population ( ,ces5a "u ! express & cont9u\s ord]s ( ,rob]t1 ,c>d9al ( ,g5eva1 ! papal legate1 aft]w>ds ! anti-pope ,clem5t ,,vii4 ,no m be/ial massacre took place 9 ! p&emonium ( ! f\rte5? c5tury2 & ! sack+ ( ! *ur*es & ! violation ( ! nuns 0 on ! scale ( ! blood%$4 #fh ,9 view ( ! endless atrocities ( ! w>s ( ! ,*ur* & ( ,*ri/5dom !re is a c]ta9 ripe absurdity ab\t ! exegetical comm5ts on ! subject ( ! sack ( ,rome 9 #aebg4 ,says ,blass3-- ,especially rem>kable is ?is1 t he ,savon>ola ext5ds ! deva/ation to ! *ur*es ( ,rome1 :i* 9 any ord9>y capture 767 by a ,ca?olic army w\ld h be5 sp>$1 b 9 ?is case 7 n at all respect$1 because a great "p ( ! conqu]+ army consi/$ ( ,g]man ,lu!rans1 = :om ! ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*es 7 r objects ( hatr$ & contempt ?an ( v5]ation4 ,n[ ,lu!ranism did n exi/ 9 #adif4 #fi ,& ,dr4 ,petrie adds3 ,su* a detail seem$ excessively unlikely be=e ! rise ( ,lu!ranism2 yet x came to pass4 #gj ,x is int]e/+ to realize ! notions held by s*ol>s ( su* /&+ 9 reg>d to ,european hi/ory aft] a c5tury signaliz$ by s mu* hi/oric rese>*2 & to f9d t su* an ignorant proposition z t j cit$ %\ld = ,dr4 ,petrie explode ! dogma t really fulfill$ prophecies #ga h be5 fram$ po/ ev5tum4 ,= c5turies be=e ,lu!r ! desecration ( *ur*es 0 a regul> feature 9 e ,*ri/ian w> ( any ext5t4 ,x is arguable1 p]haps1 t 9 ! sack ( ,rome ! ,g]man troops might h made a special display ( t mania = ordure z an in/rum5t ( w> ( :i* we h _h su* circum/antial acc\nts f ,belgium ( late1 & ( :i* simil> details h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! dome/ic hi/ory ( ,p>is s9ce #ahgj4 #gb ,b ! /abl+ ( horses 9 *ur*es 0 a famili> act ( w>f>e1 (t5 explicable by ! simple fact t ! horses ( an army c\ld n o!rwise be accommodat$4 ,! cl]ical *ronicl]s m5tion su* ?+s :5 !y c tell a tale ( ! div9e v5geance4 ,?us ,spelman tells h[ ,ri*>d1 ,rob]t1 & ,anesgot1 sons ( ,william ,sor5ge1 9 ! "t ( ,william ,duke ( ,norm&y1 wa/+ ! c\ntry ab\t ,say1 invad$ ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,g]vase1 lodg+ _! soldi]s !re1 & mak+ x a /able = _! horses4 ,god def]r$ n ! rev5ge4 #gc ,9 #ajih ! ,e>l ( ,%rewsbury made a dog-k5nel ( ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,fridank1 lay+ 8 h\nds 9 x = ! night-"t2 b 9 ! morn+ he f\nd !m mad4 #gd ,! putt+ ( cattle 9 *ur*es 0 sometimes a necessity ( def5sive w>f>e4 ,9 #aceh1 accord+ to ,jean de ,v5ette1 _m un=tifi$ villages 9 ,france made citadels ( _! *ur*es to def5d !mselves f brig&s2 #ge & 9 su* cases ! animals w\ld be tak5 indoors4 ,f9e *ur*es1 on ! o!r h&1 7 (t5 burn$ 9 ! w>s ( t p]iod4 #gf ,& :5 ! ,turks invad$ ,friuli 9 #adgg & #adgh1 burn+ & ravag+1 #gg !y 7 likely en\gh to h /abl$ _! horses 9 *ur*es4 ,x 0 probably ( ! ,turks t ,savon>ola 0 ?9k+1 pr$ict+ z he s con/antly did _! spe$y conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity4 ,lu!ranism c h _h v little to d ) ! matt]3 ! brutality ( ! ,g]man ,l&skne*ts 0 notori\s long be=e ,lu!r 0 he>d (4 ,b !re 0 no?+ specially ,g]man 9 ! matt] ei!r4 ,! ,italian condotti]i 9 g5]al 7 full ( contempt = all sacr$ ?+s4 #gh ,x is in/ructive to note t ,savon>ola pr$icts no?+ ( ! :olesale violation ( nuns & o!r wom5 :i* 0 to take place at ,rome z x _h done 9 a hundr$ o!r sacks ( cities3 he mu/ h kn[n t ^! ?+s happ5$2 b ! ?+ t appeal$ to 8 imag9ation 0 ! !ological pollution result+ f putt+ horses & pigs 9 *ur*es4 ,he 0 n pr$ict+3 he 0 rememb]+4 ,long be=e 8 "t1 besides1 ,*ur* ,c\ncils _h to pass edicts aga9/ ! use ( *ur*es z b>ns 9 "t ( peace4 ,x w be rememb]$ t 8 ma9 items are slaught]s1 fam9es1 & pe/il5ces4 ,!re 0 fam9e & pe/il5ce 9 ,flor5ce :5 he 0 prophesy+ 9 #adif2 !re 0 m 9 #adig2 #gi & a t]rible pe/il5ce _h visit$ ,v5ice dur+ ! ,turki% invasions ( #adgg & #adgh4 ,! prea*]'s description ( a plague 9 a city is an acc\nt ( :at _h happ5$ a doz5 times 9 ! hi/ory ( ,flor5ce1 be=e & aft] ! ,plague :i* figures 9 ! =efront ( ,boccaccio's ,decam]on4 ,prea*+ f ! text ( ,amos1 he arraigns ,italy & ,rome z ,amos arraigns ,israel & ,judah2 & 8 m5aces are ! m5aces ( ! ,hebrew prophet1 immeasurable slaught]s1 fam9e1 pe/il5ce1 & captivity1 ) ! old coroll>y ( reg5]ation & re/oration1 9 ! case ( ,italy & ! ,*ur* z 9 ! case ( ,israel4 ,& 8 add$ detail ( *ur* desecration is at once a ,biblical idea & a famili> item f ,*ri/ian hi/ory4 ,9 ! hi/oric crusade aga9/ ! ,albig5ses 9 #abji1 :5 ,bzi]s 0 captur$ & e human be+ !re9 sla91 sev5 ?\s& 71 by ! fam\s ord] ( ! ,papal ,legate1 #hj put to ! sword 9 ! great *ur* ( ,/4 ,m>y ,magdal5e1 to :i* !y _h fl$ = sanctu>y2 & ! :ole city1 ) its *ur*es1 0 burn$ to ! gr\nd4 ,dur+ ! ,hundr$ ,ye>s' ,w> betwe5 ,engl& & ,france1 says a social hi/orian1 a cl]ic-- 9 ! rural di/ricts ( ,france ! passage ( ! ravag]s 0 trac$ by black5$ ru9s1 by desecrat$ *ur*es1 by deva/at$ fields1 by ! mutilat$ bodies ( wom5 & *ildr54444 ,/range =ms ( disease :i* ! *ronicl]s ( ^? times sum up 9 ! names ( black dea?1 or plague1 7 born ( hung] & ov]leapt ! highe/ b>ri]s 444 & ran riot )9 ! ov]cr[d$ cities4 #ha ,9 ! w>s ( ,burgundy & ,france 9 ! fifte5? c5tury ,ca?olics habitually plund]$ ,ca?olic *ur*es4 ,at ! siege ( ,sa9t-,d5is 9 #adaa ! ,g]mans1 ! ,bretons1 & ! ,gascons promis$ !mselves ! pillage ( ! *ur* & ! treasures ( ! abbey4 #hb ,lat] ! ,engli%1 ! ,pic>ds1 & ! ,p>isians 444 ent]$ ! mona/]y 444 pillag$ ! ap>tm5ts ( ! inmates1 & c>ri$ away ! cups1 ! ut5sils1 all ! furniture4 #hc ,at ,soissons1 9 #adad1 ! ,g]mans1 ! ,bretons1 & ! ,gascons 7 z s _m wild bea/s4 ,! ,comte d',armagnac himself c\ld n re/ra9 !m4 ,aft] hav+ pillag$ ! h\ses !y set ^u ! conv5ts & ! *ur*es1 :]e ! wom5 _h tak5 refuge4 ,!y c\ld n escape ! brutality ( ! m5 ( w>2 ! holy ornam5ts1 ! reliqu>ies1 all 0 seiz$ )\t respect2 ! ho/ia1 ! bones ( ! m>tyr1 trodd5 "u foot4 ,nev] _h an army ( ,*ri/ians1 comm&$ by su* great seignors & =m$ ( s _m noble *evali]s1 committ$ su* horrors )9 ! memory ( man4 #hd ,! hi/orian is q mi/ak52 ! same horrors _h be5 _m times enact$1 & ev5 on a great] scale4 ,at ! sack ( ,con/ant9ople by ! ,*ri/ian crusad]s 9 #abjd1 ! ?ree ,we/]n bi%ops _h /rictly *>g$ ! crusad]s to respect ! *ur*es & ! p]sons ( ! cl]gy1 ! monks1 & ! nuns4 ,!y 7 talk+ to ! w9ds4 ,9 ! frantic excitem5t ( victory all re/ra9t 0 flung aside1 & ! w>riors ( ! cross ab&on$ !mselves ) f]oci\s gre$ to _! insatiable & fil?y lewdness4 ,) disgu/+ ge/ures & 9 %ameless attire an ab&on$ woman scream$ out a drunk5 song f ! patri>*al *air 9 ! *ur* ( ,sancta ,sophia4444 ,wret*es bl9d ) fury dra9$ (f draughts ( w9e f ! vessels ( ! alt>2 ! table ( oblation1 fam$ = its exquisite & co/ly workman%ip1 0 %att]$2 ! spl5did pulpit ) its silv] ornam5ts utt]ly defac$4 ,mules & horses 7 driv5 into ! *ur*es #he to be> away ! sacr$ treasures2 if !y fell !y 7 la%$ & goad$ till _! blood /ream$ ^u ! pavem5t4 ,:ile ! savages 7 employ$ ^u ^! appropriate tasks1 ! m dev\t 7 busy 9 ransack+ ! receptacles ( holy relics & lay+ up a goodly /ore ( wond]-work+ bones or tee? to be c>ri$ away to ! *ur*es ( ! great cities on ! ,rh9e1 ! ,loire1 or ! ,se9e4 #hf ,savon>ola 0 simply pr$ict+ = ,rome1 p]haps ) 8 eye on ! ,turks1 su* a fate z befell ,con/ant9ople at ,*ri/ian h&s1 reg>d+ bo? z acts ( div9e v5geance1 & expect+ ! capture ( ,rome to come soon4 ,he po9t$ to ! ,fr5* invasion--he well might--z %[+ :at 0 likely to happ54 #hg ,! practice ( *ur* desecration _h nev] ceas$ 9 ,*ri/5dom = a s+le g5]ation4 ,9 #acae ,edw>d ,bruce1 9 8 raid 9 ,irel&1 is report$ to h burn$ *ur*es & abbeys ) all ! p 9 !m1 & to h wreck$ & defac$ o!r *ur*es1 ) _! tombs & monum5ts4 ,dur+ ! c5turies betwe5 ! battle ( ,bannockburn & ! union ( ! ,engli% & ,scotti% cr[ns1 *ur*es1 ca!drals1 or abbeys 7 plund]$ or burn$ on bo? sides 9 ne>ly e great bord] raid4 ,fr5*m5 & ,burgundians wreck$ ea* o!r's *ur*es4 ,9 8 ?irte5? *apt] ,philip de ,comm9es tells ,( ! /orm+1 tak+1 & plund]+ ! city ( ,lige2 toge!r ) ! ru9 & de/ruction ( ! v *ur*es4 ,! ,duke ( ,burgundy set a battalion ( 8 gu>ds to def5d !m1 & kill$ "o soldi] ( ^? :o tri$ to ent]2 b lat] ! soldi]s =c$ an entrance1 & all 7 completely plund]$4 ,i myself1 says ,comm9es1 0 9 none b ! great *ur*1 b ,i 0 told s1 & saw ! m>ks ( x1 = :i* a long "t aft] ! ,pope excommunicat$ all su* z _h any goods belong+ to ! *ur*es 9 t city unless !y re/or$ !m2 & ! duke appo9t$ c]ta9 (fic]s to g up & d[n 8 c\ntry to see ! ,pope's s5t5ce put 9 execution4 #hh ,z late z #aebd1 9 ! c\rse ( ! campaign ( ,h5ry ,,viii 9 ,france1 two *ur*es 7 held & def5d$ z =tresses on ! ,fr5* side1 & captur$ by ! invad]s2 #hi & 9 #adhg ,p]ugia became a beleagu]$ =tress "u ! absolute despotism ( ! ,baglioni1 :o us$ ev5 ! ca!drals z b>racks4 #ij ,savon>ola c\ld n h miss$ he>+ ( t4 ,if !re 0 any?+ a/oni%+ = ,italians 9 ! desecration ( *ur*es at ! sack ( ,rome1 !y mu/ h _h %ort memories4 ,! conspiracy ( ! ,pazzi 9 #adgh1 9 :i* ,giuliano de' ,m$ici 0 sla9 dur+ high mass 9 ! ca!dral *ur* ( ,flor5ce1 _h be5 back$ by ! ,pope2 & ! sacrilege ( ! plann$ de$ 0 reckon$ s horrible t "o ( ! fir/ appo9t$ assass9s1 :o bl5*$ at x1 _h to be replac$ by prie/s1 :o _h transc5d$ su* scruples4 #ia ,on ! capture ( ,brescia by ! ,fr5* "u ,ga/on de ,foix 9 #aeab1 ?+s sacr$ & pr(ane1 ! goods1 ! hon\r1 & ! life ( ! inhabitants 7 = sev5 days deliv]$ up to ! gre$1 ! lu/1 & ! cruelty ( ! soldi]1 only ! nuns be+ sp>$4 #ib ,9 #aebf ! ,milanese told ! ,con/able ,b\rbon1 ! g5]al ( _! ally3-- ,fr$]ick ,b>b>ossa anci5tly desolat$ ?is city2 8 v5geance sp>$ nei!r ! inhabitants1 nor ! edifices1 nor ! walls2 b t 0 no?+ 9 comp>ison ) ! evils we n[ suff]4 ,! b>b>ism ( an enemy is less insupportable ?an ! unju/ cruelty ( a fri5d 444 our mis]ies h endur$ m ?an a mon?2 !y increase e h\r2 &1 l ! damn$1 we suff]1 )\t hope1 evils :i* be=e ?is "t ( calamity we believ$ to be beyond human endurance4 #ic ,guicci>d9i te/ifies t ! ,spani>ds ( ! emp]or's =ces _h be5 m cruel ?an ! ,g]mans1 #id violat+ ! wom5 & r$uc+ to rags ! m5 ( _! own allies4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,logia ,,!ory ,,& ,,! ,,hi/orical ,,text ,s mu* = ! especially rem>kable fact t *ur*es 7 desecrat$ 9 ! sack ( ,rome 9 #aebg1 & t ,savon>ola %\ld 9 #adif h pr$ict$ su* ?+s = 8 own day4 ,we h se5 t 8 pr$iction 0 n a =eca/ ( ! ev5t1 t he _h no idea ( ! causation ( ! ultimate sack ( ,rome1 t he really prophesi$ an e>ly ev5t1 & t he 0 simply ann\nc+ spe$y div9e v5geance aft] ! mann] ( ! ,hebrew & _m previ\s ,*ri/ian prophets4 ,:at gr\nd = argum5t1 !n1 does 8 case furni% = an inf]5ce z to ! date ( ! quasi-prophecy ( ! fall ( ,j]usalem 9 ! ?ird ,gospel8 ,blass1 despite 8 especially rem>kable argum5t1 puts 8 case pretty l[3-- ,accid5tally1 y w say1 ! ev5t 9 #aebg correspond$ ) ! prophecy4 ,b t is n my po9t1 :e!r x 0 accid5tal1 or ! prophet _h really =ese5 ! ev5t2 = 9 ! case ( ! prophecies record$ by ,luke y may raise ! same controv]sy if y l4 #ie ,:at !n 7 ! mann] & ! matt] ( ! prophecy 9 ,luke8 ,! ,messiah expressly gr\nds 8 pr$iction ^u ! non-acceptance by ,j]usalem ( him & 8 mission3-- ,if ?\ ,j]usalem had/ only kn[n 9 ?is day ! ?+s :i* belong unto peace6 b n[ !y are hid f ?9e eyes4 ,= ! days %all come ^u !e :5 ?9e enemies %all ca/ up a bank ab\t !e1 & compass !e r\nd1 & keep !e 9 on e side1 & %all da% !e to ! gr\nd1 & ?y *ildr5 )9 !e2 & !y %all n leave 9 !e "o /one on ano!r 7,luke xix1 #db-dd74 ,b :5 ye see ,j]usalem compass$ ) armies1 !n "k t h] desolation is at h&4 ,!n let !m t are 9 ,juda flee unto ! m\nta9s4444 ,= ^! are days ( v5geance1 t all ?+s :i* are writt5 may be fulfill$4444 ,& !y %all fall by ! edge ( ! sword1 & %all be l$ captive into all ! nations1 & ,j]usalem %all be trodd5 d[n ( ! ,g5tiles1 until ! times ( ! ,g5tiles be fulfill$4 ,& !re %all be signs 9 sun & moon & />s4444 ,& !n %all !y see ! ,son ( ,man com+ 9 a cl\d ) p[] & great glory4 ,b :5 ^! ?+s beg9 to come to pass1 look up1 & lift up y\r heads2 because y\r r$emption drawe? nigh 7id4 xxi1 #bj-bh74 ,i d n ?9k1 says ,blass1 t ei!r ! =m] or ! latt] ( ^! =etell+s is v di/9ct1 s9ce !re are nei!r names giv5 nor peculi> circum/ances indicat$2 only ! common ord] ( ev5ts is describ$4444 ,t w c]ta9ly n hold 9 respect ( ! %all n leave 9 !e "o /one on ano!r1 or ! ca/ up a bank ab\t !e1 :i* is a di/9ct specification ( ! ,roman siege me?od ( #gj4 ,b let u foll[ up ! implication1 :i* is t a ,jewi% vatic9ator1 m9dful ( ,daniel1 might ab\t ! ye> #cj s pr$ict ! ev5ts ( ! ye> #gj1 & a _w ( o!r ev5ts :i* nev] happ5$1 )\t a/oni%+ u m ?an does ,savon>ola4 ,z we %all see1 n only ! circum/antial details b ! rema9d] ( ! pr$iction completely exclude ! idea ( =tuit\s real vatic9ation1 ev5 if x be argu$ t prophecies ( q vision>y prodigies may conceivably h be5 made at any date4 ,z to ! prophecy ( ! fall ( ! temple1 :i* is common to ! ?ree synoptics1 ! ,pr(essor leaves x out ( ! pres5t discussion1 see+ t ! lib]al !ologians are will+ to let x /& z a prophecy ante ev5tum4 ,c]ta9ly he may well contemn su* a critical me?od4 ,! prophecy z to ! temple1 & t 9 ,mat!w 7xxiv1 #c-ca7 & ,m>k 7xiii1 #c-bg7 z to ! sequ5ce ( w>1 p]secution1 diss5sion1 false prophets1 evangelization ( ! :ole _w1 ! abom9ation ( desolation 9 ! holy place1 false ,*ri/s 7twice specifi$71 signs & wond]s1 & ! f9al cosmic cata/rophe--all ?is is c]ta9ly on all f\rs1 critically consid]$1 ) ! presages 9 ,luke4 ,b h[ %all rational criticism be induc$ to take ! :ole mass ( quasi-vatic9ation z ! utt]ance ( a w&]+ ?aumaturg ( ! ye> #cj8 ,x is idle = ,pr(essor ,blass to expla9 to u t :5 ,luke makes ,jesus say ,j]usalem %all be trodd5 d[n ( ! ,g5tiles1 ) m]e rem9isc5ce ( ! ,septuag9t ,daniel1 & ,mat!w & ,m>k make him speak ) exact ref]5ce to ,sept4 ,dan4 ix1 end1 !y are cit+ indep5d5tly f _! orig9al4 ,_! orig9al may j h be5 ! cit$ passage 9 ,daniel1 ) no int]v5+ docum5t4 ,x is self-evid5t1 says ! ,pr(essor1 #if t ! real spee* ( ,*ri/ mu/ h be5 long] ?an we read x n[ 9 any ,gospel4 ,t !sis _c be self-evid5t ( :i* ! subject invites & admits a :olly diff]5t explanation2 & ! mu/ is a sample ( ! ,pr(essor's critical e?ic4 ,simil>ly ,dr4 ,petrie assumes t !re 7 any numb] ( logia curr5t1 all g5u9e1 & t ! gospel-mak]s simply cite f !m :]ev] !y are f\nd appropriate to ! circum/ances ( ! mom5t4 ,^! episodes1 ?us br\ght into prom95ce by ! conditions ( ! "t1 7 !re=e incorporat$ 9 ! ,nucleus1 or 9 ! gospels :i* grew ^u t4 #ig ,x n[ behoves u to consid] t int]e/+ developm5t ( traditionali/ !ory4 ,! ,nucleus1 be x expla9$1 is ,dr4 ,petrie's sub/itute = ! ,primitive ,gospel ( ! s*ool ( ,b4 ,weiss1 & is con/ruct$ by ! simple & c]ta9ly q objective process ( select+ ev]y?+ t is common to all ?ree synoptics 9 a p>allel text--t is1 occurr+ 9 all ?ree 9 ! same ord]4 ,?is is ! /ructural te/1 & x yields a docum5t :i* does n1 l ! ,weiss selection1 end be=e ! ,la/ ,supp]1 b goes on to ! ,resurrection4 ,b ?is ,nucleus1 be x not$1 0 practically complete almo/ imm$iately aft] ! ,f\nd]'s dea?4 ,! close sugge/s a docum5t drawn up )9 a few mon?s ( ! f9al ev5ts4 #ih ,h[1 !n1 ,dr4 ,petrie c speak ( logia incorporat$ 9 ! ,nucleus 9 respect ( ! conditions ( ! "t1 is n v cle>4 ,by 8 acc\nt ! preval5t ,*ri/ian idea ab\t ! ye> #cj1 dur+ ! ,m9i/ry1 0 ! prop] und]/&+ ( ! law1 :i* 0 n yet abrogat$ 9 any p>ticul>4 ,at ?is /age1 accord+ly1 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt w\ld be ! prom95t logion4 ,& :5 we notice h[ ! fulfill+ ( ! law is ! ma9 !me ( ! nucleus1 & h[ little ev5 ( ! complet$ ,gospels ref] to ! ,g5tile problems1 we mu/ see h[ devoid ( hi/oric s5se is ! ana*ronism ( suppos+ ! ma9 body ( ! ,gospels to h orig9at$ z late z ! ,g5tile p]iod #ii i4e4 #fj-gj64 ,b 9 #dj-ej1 ) ! spread ( ! ,*ur*1 z set =? 9 ! ,acts1 ! ,sam>itans 7 welcom$1 & ,g5tile proselytes su* z ! c5turion ,cornelius2 :]eupon ! suitable logia w\ld be add$ to ! ,gospels curr5t4 ,!n 9 #ej-fj1 :5 ! ,g5tiles began to ent] 9 decisive numb]s1 !re 0 a special mean+ 9 ! p>able ( ! ,prodigal ,son1 & 9 ! subjection to k+s & rul]s2 h5ce fur!r embodim5ts4 ,!n1 aft] ! fall ( ,j]usalem 9 #gj1 ,*ri/ianity lo/ its s5se ( any tie to ,judaism4 ,x w be admitt$ t ?is is a /irr+ *ange f ! run ( ,new ,te/am5t criticism ( ! pa/ sev5ty ye>s4 ,t criticism m or less unconsci\sly recogniz$ ! problem set up by ! entire ignorance ( gospel tea*+ reveal$ 9 ! ,paul9e & o!r epi/les4 ,dr4 ,petrie1 foll[+ ,pr(essor ,blass 9 an unhesitat+ acceptance ( ! n>rative ( ! ,acts1 simply ignores ! ,paul9e problem altoge!r4 ,he boldly cr$its ! ,*ur* ) a ,gospel be=e ,paul's conv]sion1 &1 l o!r traditionali/s1 supplies ,paul1 ! gospel-less1 ) a physician1 ,luke1 :o _h collect$ f ! scatt]$ mass ( logia m gospel ?an anybody else6 ,?us has ! p5dulum swung back to ! fur!/ extreme f t at :i* m5 c>ri$ d[n ! ,gospel dates to accommodate ! data4 ,z to *ronology1 ,dr4 ,petrie is practically at ! or?odox /&po9t ( ,pr(essor ,salmon4 #ajj ,an objective & o/5sibly sci5tific me?od1 involv+ no elem5t ( p]sonal bias or pref]5ce1 is employ$ to make a selection f ! ,gospels :i* %all pres5t z x 7 ma!matically or /ati/ically ! e>lie/ elem5ts 9 ! synoptics4 ,on t selection1 h[ev]1 !re is br\ght to be> no fur!r critical pr9ciple :atev]4 ,x is assum$ t x mu/ all come f ! traditional f\nd]1 a mass ( ^: utt]ances mu/ h be5 committ$ by auditors to writ+ z !y 7 deliv]$ 7! p[] to write be+ held to be common 9 ,galilee & ,judea 9 ! fir/ c5tury because x 0 common 9 ,egypt 9 ! ?ird72 & a nucleus collection ( ^! sep>ate docum5ts mu/ h be5 made soon aft] ! crucifixion1 & !re & !n w\nd up4 ,at any rate1 su* a collection is yield$ by select+ ! gr\ps or blocks ( matt] :i* occur 9 all ?ree synoptics 9 ! same ord]2 & ?is mu/ h be5 made ab\t ! ye> #cj1 because x is ma9ly occupi$ ) ! problems ( ! law1 & v little ) ! ,g5tile problems :i* s soon began to come to ! front4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,acts is "h tak5 z unassailable gr\nd1 l ! ma9 ,gospel record4 ,two comm5ts "h at once sugge/ !mselves4 ,dr4 ,petrie's l9e ( con/ruction might ) p]fect congruity be employ$ to yield evid5ce t ! assum$ orig9al ,tea*] 0 ma9ly conc]n$ ) problems ( ! law2 & 7#b7 ! inf]r$ multitude ( orig9al float+ dicta may ) imm5se ga9 9 plausibility be transmut$ into a s]ies ( int]polations made by diff]5t h&s long aft] ! suppos$ ,f\nd]'s dea?4 ,= :at critical "r has ,dr4 ,petrie to subsume a /ore ( float+ ,jesu9e dicta :i* suppli$ ! ,*ur*1 9 its *ang+ circum/ances1 = ?ree or f\r decades1 ) suitable p>ables & tea*+s to meet e new problem8 ,if y pr(ess to seek a /rictly imp]sonal pr9ciple ( selection1 :y n apply a /rictly imp]sonal pr9ciple ( inf]5ce f ! result8 ,obvi\sly ! additional logia are f> m likely to h be5 inv5t$ ?an f\nd4 ,su* a *ronic w9dfall ( papyri is a suffici5tly fanta/ic hypo!sis on ! face ( x1 9 no way ju/ifiable f ! rec5t discov]y ( a few enigmatic scraps t _h n be5 embodi$1 & sugge/ no community ( ?\ght ) ^? embodi$4 ,b ev5 if we all[ ! probable exi/5ce ( _m float+ leaves1 :]e is ! likelihood t _! say+s all came f ! same ,tea*]8 ,9 ! t]ms ( ! hypo!sis1 he occupi$ himself ma9ly ) ! law 7unless ! lo/ logia outbulk ! sav$71 :ile at ! same "t he duly provid$ = ! ,sam>itans & ! ,g5tiles6 ,8 disciples & apo/les1 none!less1 paid no att5tion to ^! latt] provisions until !y f\nd t su* provisions 7 really necess>y to accommodate ! ?rong+ conv]ts6 ,all ?is is v awkw>dly sugge/ive ( ! ,moslem say+ t ! ,khalif ,om> 0 _m a "t ( a c]ta9 op9ion1 & ! ,koran 0 reveal$ accord+ly4 #aja ,x w\ld inde$ h be5 a rem>kable exp]i5ce = ! evangeli/ to discov] ! logion 7,mt4 xvi1 #ag-ai7 z to ! f\nd+ ( ! ,*ur* on ! rock ( ,pet] :5 a ,petr9e claim _h to be sub/antiat$4 ,to ! eye ( ,dr4 ,r5del ,h>ris1 an or?odox b a c&id s*ol>1 ! rock text sugge/s an adaptation ( a passage 9 ! ,odes ( ,solomon 9 :i* ,god's rock is ! f\ndation n ( ! ,*ur* b ( ! ,k+dom4 #ajb ,su* probabilities ,dr4 ,petrie nev] consid]s4 ,let u see h[ ,dr4 ,petrie's me?od expla9s ,mat!w x1 #e3 ,g n into any way ( ! ,g5tiles1 & ent] n into any city ( ! ,sam>itans4 ,x occurs only 9 ,mat!w3 ,luke gives ! p>able ( ! ,good ,sam>itan1 ) its fl+s at ! lawy] & at ! ,jews 9 g5]al2 & 9 ,john ! ,f\nd] makes ,sam>itan conv]ts4 ,! anti-,g5tile text ,dr4 ,petrie nev] discusses6 ,yet 8 me?od does n p]mit him to exclude x4 ,x belongs to 8 six? class1 ( say+s & episodes :i* only occur 9 "o ,gospel4 ,^! classes are almo/ entirely 9 ,mat!w & ,luke1 & are ! accretions :i* 7 add$ aft] ! ,gospels _h f9ally p>t$ company4 #ajc ,s t aft] ! ,g5tile p]iod _h set 91 ,mat!w1 ! "o pr(essional scribe among ! apo/les1 someh[ f\nd a logion ,ies\ :i* suit$ ! ne$ ( ! ,*ur* to exclude ,sam>itans & ,g5tiles1 :ile ,luke f\nd ano!r :i* suit$ ! ne$ to welcome !m4 ,& yet1 9 respect ( its v purport1 ! anti-,g5tile & anti-,sam>itan tea*+ ought1 if g5u9e1 to belong1 on ,dr4 ,petrie's g5]al pr9ciple1 to ! e>lie/ collection ( all4 ,su* is ! dilemma to :i* we are l$ by ! /rictly /ati/ical me?od ( selection1 conduct$ )\t any high] light4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,failure ,,( ,,! ,,logia ,,!ory ,to ! op5-m9d$ read] x mu/ be already pla9 t1 unless we are to be l$ into m]e *aos1 !re mu/ at once be add$ to ! /ati/ical te/ ei!r ! proviso t giv5 say+s may = ! purposes ( c]ta9 sections ( ! ,*ur* h be5 left out 9 c]ta9 ,gospels1 or t = ! purposes ( c]ta9 sections !y may h be5 inv5t$4 ,& ! mom5t su* a concession is made1 ! prim>y assumption ( necess>y au!nticity is de/roy$4 ,if ! anti-,sam>itan precept is ! utt]ance ( ! ,f\nd]1 ! pro-,sam>itan p>able is n2 or else ! ,f\nd] 0 lit]ally all ?+s to all m54 ,if ei!r c\ld be foi/$ on a gospel1 any?+ c\ld be2 & ! futile hi/orical argum5t to save ! pr$iction ( ! fall ( ,j]usalem--an argum5t proce$+1 z we h se51 on a q uncritical view ( "o un9ve/igat$ & loosely describ$ case--becomes d\bly irrelevant4 ,dr4 ,petrie's ,nucleus ( triple tradition conta9s ! prophecy3-- ,! ,son ( ,man %all be betray$ unto ! *ief prie/s & unto ! scribes1 & !y %all condemn him to dea?1 & %all deliv] him to ! ,g5tiles to mock1 & to sc\rge1 & to crucify him2 & ! ?ird day he %all rise aga94 ,is t to be salv$ z hi/orical1 on ! pretext t ,blass has by ! case ( ,savon>ola explod$ ! dogma ( omne vatic9ium po/ ev5tum1 or is to be salv$ by ! plea t ,savon>ola1 l ,l9coln1 pr$ict$ 8 own dea? at ! h&s ( 8 enemies8 ,& if prud5ce p]=ce ab&ons t c\rse1 :y 0 ! vagu] prophecy ab\t ,j]usalem s\ght to be salv$ at all8 ,:y 0 n ! miracle pr$iction includ$ 9 ! ,savon>ola argum5t8 ,consid]$ z a :ole1 ! o!r is n at all a b>e pr$iction ( ! sack+ ( a city1 =tuit\sly fulfill$ =ty ye>s aft] utt]ance3 x is a ,messianic judgm5t1 c>ry+ a :ole es*atology b\nd up ) x4 #ajd ,& ! fact t diff]5t gospels give x diff]5tly is n to be rationally expla9$ by ,pr(essor ,blass's device ( say+ t ,jesus mu/ h said a great deal m /ill1 & t ,luke select$ :at w\ld appeal to ,g5tiles1 :ile ,mat!w & ,m>k omitt$ :at w\ld give pa9 to ,jews4 ,?is conception ( evangeli/s play+ fa/ & loose ) ! kn[n div9e oracles to suit m5's susceptibilities ought to be di/urb+ to any believ]'s moral s5se2 :ile t ( a set ( propag&i/s inv5t+ oracles to suit _! own religi\s aim puts ! ,gospel-mak]s 9 a l9e ) ! :ole succession ( ,jewi% & e>ly ,*ri/ian fram]s ( supposititi\s docum5ts1 z m5 ( _! age1 well-mean+1 n>r[1 delud$1 devot$4 ,we h come back to ! fundam5tal issue betwe5 au?orit>ian sup]naturalism & free reason4 ,if ! pr$iction ( ! betrayal1 ! trial1 ! sc\rg+1 ! mock+1 ! crucifixion1 & ! resurrection is to /&1 !re ne$ be no m discussion ov] miracles or any?+ else4 ,x is writt51 & !re an end4 ,biblical criticism has once m become blasphemy4 ,if reason is to h any access to ! matt]1 ! pr$iction mu/ fall z a fiction2 & if ! explod$ argum5t f ,savon>ola is to be reviv$1 x w h to be re/rict$ to ! case ( ! pr$iction to :i* x 0 s prud5tially appli$4 ,b if "o hopeless prophecy is to be dropp$ z po/ ev5tum1 x is m]e irrelevance to debate ov] ano!r :i* is only 9 "o select$ & isolat$ aspect less hopeless1 :ile z a :ole x is equally s4 ,savon>ola's pr$iction ( ! fall ( ,rome 0 "o ( _m1 motiv$ by religion & invit$ by ! absolute fact ( previ\s invasions1 ( :i* ! la/ _h occurr$ only two ye>s be=e4 ,! "o concrete detail 9 :i* x 0 fulfill$ 0 simply a specification ( a common feature 9 ! w>f>e ( ! age4 ,ano!r invasion ( ,italy 0 believ$ to be imm95t1 & actually took place 9 ! ye> ( ! prophecy1 )\t fulfill+ t 9 any detail4 ,! ,gospel prophecy is ,messianic1 devoid ( political motivation1 accompani$ by a :ole app>atus ( ,*ri/ian es*atology1 & back$ by o!r pr$ictions ( pure miracle4 ,! details ( ! siege & ! sequel are z pla9ly suppli$ aft] ! ev5t z ^? ( ! betrayal1 ! mock]y1 ! sc\rg+1 ! crucifixion1 & ! resurrection4 ,to hold by "o set ( pr$ictions & ab&on ! o!r is m]e critical trifl+4 ,ev5 or?odox critics give up ! e>ly *apt]s ( ,luke z late accretions4 ,:at k9d ( cr$it is x t is to be sav$ by mak+ him ! fai?ful *ronicl] ( a real prophecy8 ,! pr$iction ( ! fall ( ! temple1 :i* is 9 ! ,nucleus z be+ common 9 matt] & ord] to all ?ree synoptics1 is 9 no bett] case4 ,on ,dr4 ,petrie's pr9ciple1 x is "o ( ! e>lie/ accept$ say+s--t is1 x 0 embodi$ :5 ! ,jesui/ movem5t 0 pre-occupi$ ov] ! law1 & yet x did n di/urb t pre-occupation4 ,on 8 !ory1 x %\ld n h appe>$ 9 ! ,nucleus at all1 or 9 any ,gospel until ! occasion arose4 ,?us incompatible ) ,dr4 ,petrie's own !ory1 x is equally incompatible ) any critical pr9ciple4 ,?is is a concrete ,messianic prophecy1 n to be salv$ by any juggl+ ) m]e hi/oriography4 ,9 ! t]ms ( ! case1 x 0 made at a "t :5 !re 0 no politically visible reason = mak+ x1 #aje & is n 9 ! lea/ to be expla9$ z 7 ! vatic9ations ( ,savon>ola4 ,on ! pr9ciples ( ,pr(essor ,blass1 x ought to h be5 f> too pa9ful = pres]vation by m5 adh]+ to ! ,jewi% law4 ,x is q ?9kable1 ( c\rse1 t ! compil]s ( ! ,gospels may h f\nd su* quasi-pr$ictions already committ$ to writ+1 & m]ely embodi$ !m4 ,b t admission only c>ries u back to ! problem ( au!nticity4 ,if any curr5t scrap ( pap] conc]n+ ,jesus or ! ,"l c\ld ?us secure canonicity1 :at tru/ is to be put 9 ! canon8 ,x is record$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,islam t ,abu ,da\d1 :o collect$ "s half-a-million traditions conc]n+ ,mohamm$1 reject$ all b #d1hjj1 :i* includ$ ! au!ntic1 ^? :i* seem to be au!ntic1 & ^? :i* are ne>ly s4 #ajf ,?is aga91 x may be argu$1 proves t false traditions d n negate ! hi/oricity ( ! p]sonage !y conc]n4 ,& t is cle>ly true4 ,!re may conceivably h be5 a ,tea*] 9 ^: m\? _m inv5t$ say+s 7 put ev5 9 8 lifetime4 ,b :5 we ?us come to ! hi/oricity problem1 !re is simply no su* basis 9 ! ,gospels z we h 9 ! life ( ! confess$ly ,illit]ate ,prophet4 ,! ,gospel life beg9s & ends 9 miracle1 & x yields no intelligible evangel ap>t f t o/5sibly f\nd$ on ! sacrificial dea?--! dea?1 t is1 ( ! ,god4 ,ap>t f ! sacram5tal rite1 ! :ole body ( ! ,tea*+ is b a mass ( incompatibilities1 tell+ ( a doz5 /&po9ts1 legalism & anti-legalism1 ,judaism & ,g5tilism1 ,davidism & non-,davidism1 asceticism & ! contr>y1 a meek ,messiah & "o claim+ to be great] ?an ,solomon1 a ,tea*] veto+ invective & "o freely indulg+ 9 x1 a popul> & unexpla9$ ,gospel = ! masses :o are decl>$ to be purposely exclud$ f compreh5sion ( t v ,gospel1 :]e( ! esot]ic explanations yield no?+ t c\ld apply to ! alleg$ propag&a4 ,ev5 self-contradictions1 x may be argu$1 d n negate ! au!nticity ( a tea*+4 ,c>lyle & ,busk9 ab\nd 9 !m2 :o escapes !m8 ,_m passages 9 ! ,koran are contradict$ or abrogat$ by o!rs1 #bbe v]ses be+ cancell$ by lat] ones4 #ajg ,"h inde$ !re is pla9 gr\nd = critical d\bt2 & "s ( u mu/ emphatically decl9e to accept ,muir's v]dict1 endors+ ,von ,hamm]'s1 t we may ^u ! /ronge/ presumption affirm t e v]se 9 ! ,koran is ! g5u9e & unalt]$ composition ( ,mohamm$ himself4 #ajh ,b ev5 if we are satisfi$ t ,mohamm$ 9 8 long life delib]ately modifi$ 8 doctr9e1 !re is no room = su* an explanation 9 ! case ( a tea*] :o is nev] once said to av[ modification1 & ^: :ole tea*+ c>e] o/5sibly cov]s b a ye> 9 ! synoptic record4 ,z ! tradition /&s1 :e!r read ) ,unit>ian or ) ,tr9it>ian assumptions1 x is a m]e mosaic ( enigma & contradiction4 ,if ! ,tea*] nev] call$ himself ! ,son ( ,god 9 a miracul\s s5se1 h[ came ! m5 = :om 8 ^w 0 law1 & :o 9 ! t]ms ( ! !sis knew 8 life hi/ory & p>5tage if any "o did1 to call him s8 ,9 ,dr4 ,petrie's ,nucleus1 ! triple tradition1 ! ,f\nd] does assure 8 disciples t 9 ! reg5]ation he w sit 9 ! ?rone ( glory1 & !y on twelve ?rones1 judg+ ! twelve tribes4 ,:at room is !re = ,g5tilism "h8 ,& if d[nright miracle & miracul\s pr$iction alike be giv5 up z unhi/orical1 on :at gr\nds c we give cr$5ce to ?is z a really deliv]$ oracle8 ,on ! o!r h&1 no fundam5tal difficulty rema9s :5 we recognize t ! :ole ,gospel record is ! composite result ( a process ( mak+ a life hi/ory = a ,god4 ,! comm& ( ! ,messiah to ,pet] to keep sil5ce z to 8 ,messianic "* is q intelligible z provid+ at once ! claim by ,jesus & an explanation ( ! fact t no su* ,messianic movem5t 0 hi/orically record$4 ,! blank enigma ( ! e>ly popul> evangel is solv$ :5 we realize t !re _h be5 no su* evangel2 t ! cult _h really gr[n out ( ! anci5t sacram5tal rite2 t ! gr[+ movem5t _h to evolve a quasi-biography :5 ! ,god ( ! rite 0 to be develop$ into a ,messiah2 & t ! ,judaism ( ! old ,messianic idea _h to be transmut$ into univ]salism :5 ! cult came to a ,g5tile gr[?4 ,all ! contradictory texts fall 7m or less cle>ly7 into _! ord]s z survivals ( ! div]g5t sects =m$ by ! *ang+ situation--or1 let u say1 ( ^? *ang+ ne$s ( ! wid5+ cult :i* ,dr4 ,petrie s arbitr>ily makes a gr\nd = ! m]e selection ( dicta f a float+ mass ( writt5 notes1 b :i* may s mu* m rationally be tak5 z gr\nds = produc+ ! requir$ oracle4 ,t !re 7 su* scatt]$ & float+ oracles1 inde$1 we are n critically entitl$ to d5y4 ,! ,judo-,greek _w 0 inde$ famili> ) oracles ( ! ,"l4 ,! ,gospel ,jesus is made to pr$ict t !re w\ld come aft] him _m say+ ,i am ,*ri/2 & :ile ! traditionali/ mu/ accept ?is z true pr$iction1 ! hi/orian mu/ pron\nce t v>i\s ,*ri/s or quasi-,*ri/s did come4 ,we h "s ( _! names & _! brief secul> hi/ory4 #aji ,ea* ( ^! m5 w\ld be ! ,"l = 8 foll[]s2 & "s ( !m1 surely1 prop\nd$ "s tea*+4 ,! ,gospel e?ic ( reciprocity1 we "k1 0 put 9 a san] =m by ,hillel2 did he get x f ! ,jesui/s8 ,*ri/ian s*ol>s d n claim z mu*4 #aaj ,!re is no ,messianic item 9 ! ,gospels1 ap>t f ! lore ( ! sacram5t1 :i* may n h be5 9 ! leg5d ( any ,*ri/4 ,z x happ5s1 ! be/ au!nticat$ say+ ( ! ,"l is "o :i* no ,*ri/ian n[ accepts--! fanta/ic mill5>ian pr$iction giv5 by ,papias1 :o _h x f ! eld]s :o saw ,john1 ! disciple ( ! ,"l1 & textually quot$ by ,ir5u1 :o is practically corroborat$ by ,eusebius4 ,! latt]1 x is true1 pron\nces ,papias v limit$ 9 8 compreh5sion2 #aaa b has n ! same ?+ be5 said _m times ( ! disciples by believ]s 9 ! gospel ,jesus8 ,! logion pres]v$ f ,papias1 we "k1 is 9 ! ,apocalypse ( ,b>u*1 :i* imitat$ ! ,book ( ,eno*1 bo? ( :i* are full ( oracles ( ! ,"l4 ,b ?is only proves t oracles pass+ curr5t 9 o!r qu>t]s & ( ano!r s\rce c\ld pass curr5t ) dev\t ,jesui/s z oracles ( ,jesus4 ,! ,apocalypse ( ,b>u* is pron\nc$ by ,canon ,*>les1 :o has s ably edit$ t & o!r rema9s ( ,jewi% lit]ature ( ! same age1 a beautiful book1 almo/ ! la/ noble utt]ance ( ,judaism be=e x plung$ 9 ! d>k & oppressive ye>s t foll[$ ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem2 a book writt5 :5 brea?+ ?\ght & burn+ ^w _h /ill _! home 9 ,pale/9e1 & ! h& ( ! ,jewi% arti/ 0 /ill ma/] ( its anci5t cunn+4 #aab ,x 0 admitt$ly long m widely curr5t 9 ,*ri/ian ?an 9 ,jewi% circles1 & fell into discr$it only :5 x 0 felt to conta9 an implicit polemic aga9/ ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is to its e>ly ,*ri/ian vogue t we owe its pres]vation 9 a ,syriac translation made f ! ,greek3 ( ! ,hebrew orig9al e l9e has p]i%$1 save a few /ill surviv+ 9 rabb9ic writ+s4 ,:o c say h[ _m o!r su* ,jewi% books may n h furni%$ items = ! compil]s ( ! ,gospels8 ,! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt we "k is a ,judaic compilation2 & ! ,slavonic ,eno* conta9s sets ( beatitudes closely analog\s to ^? ( ! ,s]mon4 ,to ! traditionali/ ^! ?+s are matt]s ( pr(\nd p]plexity2 = ! rational critic !y are evid5ces = ! naturali/ conception ( ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,resurg5ce ,,( ,,! ,,hi/orical ,,problem ,:5 ! selection !ory is appli$ to ! logia actually recov]$ at ,oxyrhyn*us x conspicu\sly fails to squ>e ^! ) ! traditionali/ assumption4 ,on ,dr4 ,petrie's pr9ciple !y 7 left out ( ! ,nucleus & ,gospels alike because !y met no ne$ ( ! ,*ri/ian organization4 ,t is to say1 oracles ( ! ,son ( ,god 7 simply ignor$ by ! apo/les & ! organiz]s because !y did n s]ve any useful purpose4 ,indep5d5t criticism f9ds 9 !m pla9 m>ks ( ,judaism1 ( ,gno/icism1 ( ,*ri/ian h]esy1 & ( a ,*ri/ism irreconcilable ) ! ,gospel record4 #aac ,logion iv1 iii1 a1 runs3 ,i /ood 9 ! mid/ ( ! _w1 & 9 fle% ,i 0 se5 ( !m2 & ,i f\nd all drunk51 & none f\nd ,i a?ir/ among !m sc4 = ! ^w--! say+ ( a retrospective ,*ri/1 no long] 9 ! fle%1 su* z we f9d 9 ! ,gno/ic ,pi/is ,sophia & ! ,odes ,( ,solomon4 #aad ,on ! traditionali/ view ?is at lea/ mu/ be tol]ably late2 :at !n does ! selection argum5t ga9 f ! recov]$ papyri8 ,b x f>es no bett] :5 confront$ ) ! op5+ *apt]s ( ,luke4 ,= ! ,blass s*ool ^! are to be dat$ #ej-fj4 ,already ,luke's _m #aae _h drawn up _! n>ratives2 & ^!1 we are to suppose1 includ$ ! miracle /ory ( ! bir? ( ,john1 ! ,annunciation1 ! k9%ip & int]c\rse ( ,elizabe? & ,m>y1 ! prep>ation ( ,john 9 ! des]t1 a diff]5t acc\nt ( ! bir? at ,be?lehem1 ! appe>ance ( ! ,div9e ,*ild 9 ! ,temple1 & all ! re/ ( x2 b no m5tion ( ! flight into ,egypt4 ,we are ask$ to believe t all ^! add$ n>ratives 7 curr5t among ! fai?ful f ! fir/1 b t ,m>k & ,mat!w did n see fit to include !m 9 _! ,gospels1 ?\gh ,mat!w saw reason to tell ( ! flight into ,egypt1 & ,luke to suppress x4 ,:atev] may be ! outcome ( ! lib]al me?od ( h&l+ ! ,gospels1 x is safe to say t ?is w nev] appease ! critical _s4 ,! gospel ( ! ,infancy ?us embodi$ 9 ,luke is visibly cognate ) ! apocryphal gospels :i* 7 nev] all[$ into ! canon1 b 7 m or less popul> 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,a compromise betwe5 traditionalism & ! /ati/ical me?od may set up ! position t ! /ories 7 curr5t f ! fir/1 al?\gh all fictiti\s2 b ?is involves ! awkw>d consequ5ce t ! :ole atmosph]e f ! fir/ is "o ( unre/ra9$ inv5tion4 ,w\ld ! inv5tors ( all ^! my?s h any scruple ab\t putt+ 9 ! m\? ( ! ,"l any m$ley ( tea*+s collect$ f ! pres5t & ! pa/8 ,luke ins]ts ! episode ( ! mission ( ! sev5ty1 ) ! usual lack ( "t measurem5t1 betwe5 ! mission ( ! twelve & ! decisive visit to ,j]usalem4 ,9 ?is n>rative1 ! twelve br+ back no message1 m]ely report+ :at ?+s !y _h done4 ,_! mission is 9 effect made ( no acc\nt3 we read ( m miracles1 pr$ictions ( ! approa*+ trag$y1 ! ,transfiguration1 & a s]ies ( episodes disp>ag+ ! disciples2 & !n we come ^u ! mission ( ! sev5ty1 :o are s5t two & two be=e 8 face into e city & place :i!r he himself 0 ab\t to come4 ,to ! sev5ty is n[ ascrib$ ! joyful report :i* ! ,weiss s*ool calmly assign to ! ,primitive ,gospel1 & ascribe to ! return+ twelve1 ?\gh ,mat!w & ,m>k h no m5tion ( x4 ,?us ,luke is 9 effect repres5t$ z connect+ ) a new mission /ory a result :i* he f\nd connect$ 9 ! primitive /ory ) ! mission ( ! twelve1 :ile ,mat!w & ,m>k _h se5 fit to suppress ! result altoge!r4 ,:at ga9 9 cr$ibility1 !n1 is effect$ by sub/itut+ ! selection !ory = "o 9 :i* ! ?ird evangeli/ is implicitly repres5t$ z a fram] ( fiction8 ,= ,dr4 ,petrie1 ! /ory ( ! sev5ty is a logion ignor$ by ! fir/ two ,gospel-mak]s1 presumably z s]v+ no purpose1 albeit "o ( ! mo/ important items 9 ! hi/ory4 ,:at k9d ( n>rators1 !n1 7 ! m5 :o pass$ x ov]8 ,! alt]natives are equally de/ructive to cr$5ce3 on ei!r view we are deal+ ) m5 :o w\ld inv5t any?+ or suppress any?+4 ,& yet ! subject ( ! missions lies at ! core ( ! hi/orical problem4 ,to ! eye ( rational criticism x is an evolv+ leg5d4 ,if we take ,m>k z ! fir/ selector or collector1 we h ! twelve s5t =? by two & two )\t money or supplies2 ) au?ority ov] unclean spirits2 & ) no specifi$ message :atev]1 ?\gh ! twelve are to make a solemn & m9atory te/imony aga9/ ^? :o refuse to he> !m4 ,& !y w5t out1 & prea*$ t m5 %\ld rep5t4 ,& !y ca/ out _m devils1 & ano9t$ ) oil _m t 7 sick1 & heal$ !m4 ,!y make no report4 ,9 ,mat!w1 simil>ly1 ! twelve are emp[]$ to ca/ out spirits & heal diseases1 & are s5t =? ) a p]emptory veto on any visit to ,sam>itans or ,g5tiles1 to prea*1 say+1 ,! k+dom ( heav5 is at h&4 ,heal ! sick1 raise ! dead1 cleanse ! lep]s1 ca/ out devils3 freely ye receiv$1 freely give4 ,z 9 ,m>k1 !y are to g unfurni%$2 & are to )hold _! peace f ! unwor?y1 te/ify+ z a=esaid4 ,!n ensues a long disc\rse1 ) no explanation ( ! k+dom ( heav51 ?\gh ! mission]s are to proclaim ^u ! h\setops :at !y he> 9 ! e>4 ,!n1 :5 ,jesus _h made an end ( comm&+ 8 twelve disciples1 he dep>t$ !nce to tea* & prea* 9 _! cities4 ,( ! mission !re is n ano!r ^w3 ! disciples are n ev5 m5tion$ z return+4 ,^u ?is k9d ( basis ,luke erects a new /ructure4 ,! twelve are s5t =? to exorcise1 heal1 & prea*1 unfurni%$2 & z be=e !y are to give te/imony aga9/ ^? :o w n receive !m4 ,& !y dep>t$1 & w5t ?r\gh\t ! villages1 prea*+ ! ,gospel1 & heal+ ev]y:]e4 ,& ! apo/les1 :5 !y 7 return$1 decl>$ unto him :at ?+s !y _h done4 ,! /ory is n suppress$1 & x is suppli$ ) a conclusion2 b x is on ! mission ( ! sev5ty t /ress is visibly laid3 !y return ) joy1 & are told to rejoice t _! names are writt5 9 heav54 ,9 t same h\r he rejoic$ 9 ! ,holy ,_s2 & aft] ! disc\rse on ! ,fa!r & ! ,son #aaf ! disciples are privately told t _m prophets & k+s _h desir$ 9 va9 to see & he> :at !y _h se5 & he>d4 ,9 face ( all ?is ! me?ods ( ! ,b]nh>d ,weiss s*ool & ! selection !ory are alike invalid4 ,!y furni% no explanation4 ,! ?ird ,gospel is simply sub/itut+ a mission to ! ,g5tiles = a mission to ! ,jews1 "u cov] ( a /ory ( a prep>atory mission to all ! places t 7 to be visit$ by ! ,tea*] on 8 way to 8 dea? at ,j]usalem4 ,! sev5ty--9 "s ,,mss4 sev5ty-two--/& = ! sev5ty or sev5ty-two peoples into :om1 by ,jewi% tradition1 mank9d 0 divid$4 ,! notion t a g5u9e logion ( ?is k9d 0 all along ly+ ready to be us$ is surely fanta/ic4 ,x is a plann$ my?1 ek+ out ! ma9 my?4 ,x yields only ! same ,gospel ( "o phrase1 n meant to be und]/ood by ! he>]s4 ,b x c>ries 9 symbol a provision = ! ,g5tiles2 & imm$iately ^u x !re foll[s ! /ory ( ! ,good ,sam>itan1 demon/rat+ t ! real tie among m5 is n nationality b humanity1 & impea*+ ! fanaticism & hypocrisy ( ! ,jewi% lead]s4 ,fac+ once m ! %>p anti!sis betwe5 ?is & ! /rictly ,judaic comm& 9 ,mat!w1 we dismiss z a futility ! notion t ! same tea*] deliv]$ bo? ab\t ! same "t1 & t ! pro-,g5tile compil] m]ely select$ "o & dropp$ ! o!r4 ,! two say+s are fram$ = two s*ools or two sects2 & x is idle to see hi/ory 9 ei!r4 ,if ! deifi$ ,tea*] _h deliv]$ ! fir/1 ! second w\ld h be5 a d>+ blasphemy4 ,!y are alike b m5's c\nsels ascrib$ to ! ,"l4 ,to ?is conclusion we are always driv54 ,! />t+-po9t ( ! div]g+ sects mu/ be look$ = 9 some?+ else ?an a body ( oracul> tea*+ ( any k9d4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,or?odoxy ,,& ,,! ,,oral ,,hypo!sis ,! div]g+ s*ools ( docum5t>y con/ruction be+ ?us alike unable to yield a coh]5t notion ei!r ( ! process ( ,gospel-mak+ or ( ! beg9n+s ( ! cultus1 x is n surpris+ to f9d yet a ?ird s*ool ( s*ol>ly int]pretation und]tak+ to d bett]1 & to build on an oral basis :]e o!rs h va9ly built on docum5ts4 ,?is !ory1 long ago pr$om9ant 9 ,g]many1 #aag is latt]ly repres5t$ 9 ,engl& by ! ,rev4 ,ar?ur ,wright1 au?or ( ,! ,composition ( ! ,gospels1 a ,synopsis ( ! ,gospels1 & ,"s ,new ,te/am5t ,problems4 ,writ+ be=e ! appe>ance ( ,dr4 ,petrie's treatise1 ,mr4 ,wright did n contemplate t developm5t ( ! lat] s*ool :i* gives ! e>lie/ possible dates = ! ,gospels2 b we may feel sure t he w\ld give x small qu>t]4 ,himself ess5tially or?odox1 & mak+ )\t "q all ! prim>y assumptions ( hi/oricity1 he dates ! ,epi/le ( ,james be=e ! ye> #ej1 ,paul's ,epi/les to ! ,!ssalonians 9 ! ye> #eb2 ,m>k ab\t #gj2 ,mat!w n mu* lat]2 ,luke 9 #hj2 & ,john lat] /ill4 #aah ,he is n ti$ to ! synoptics3 :5 !y become unmanageable he vigor\sly rectifies !m by ! aid ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,b on 8 own l9es he is s c&id t he c always be read ) pleasure2 & 8 argum5ts are well wor? consid]ation4 ,mr4 ,wright's !ory1 9 brief1 is t ! ,gospels1 "o & all1 repres5t ! late consignm5t to pap] ( matt] pres]v$ f ! fir/ 9 ! ,*ri/ian cate*etical s*ools1 giv5 by ! apo/les & pres]v$ by _! pupils 9 ! ,rabb9ical fa%ion4 ,z ,mat!w divides plausibly into fifty-"o lessons1 & ,m>k 9 ! ,we/cott & ,hort text into =ty-eight p>agraphs1 x is sugge/$ t ! plan 9 bo? cases _h be5 to atta9 to a set ( fifty-"o or fifty-two2 & ,if !re really 0 an attempt to provide e ,sunday ) a ,gospel ( its own1 we %all und]/& :y ! =mation ( ,gospel sections proce$$ rapidly at fir/ & !n ceas$2 we %all und]/& :y all our ,gospels are s %ort & conta9 s little :i* is n ess5tial2 we %all und]/& h[ ,s4 ,m>k's ord] became fix$4 #aai ,?is plausible b dang]\s detail1 h[ev]1 is n insi/$ on2 :at is ess5tial is ! datum ( long oral tradition4 ,or?odox z he is1 too1 ,mr4 ,wright holds t ,luke i2 ii2 iii1 #bc-ch1 are comp>atively late additions1 :i* nev] =m$ "p ( ! primitive oral tea*+4 #abj ,?us he c summ>ily get rid ( a numb] ( incr$ibilities :i* ! o!r s*ools m prud5tly leave to be excis$ by ! read] z he sees fit4 ,b we %all f9d him mak+ a /\t fight = _m o!rs4 ,on ! oral !ory e ,*ur* _h its own tradition1 #aba diff]+ bo? 9 cont5ts & word+ f t ( o!r ,*ur*es1 & 9 p>ticul> exhibit+ mu* mixture & _m say+s ( ,*ri/ :i* are n 9 our ,gospels at all #abb--;an int]e/+ approximation1 9 effect1 to ! !ory ( scatt]$ leaflets4 ,?us is to be acc\nt$ = ! endless v>iety 9 ,gospel phras+ & detail4 ,= ,mr4 ,wright1 fur!r1 x is inconceivable t any evangeli/ left out any?+ he knew (4 ,! common idea 7be=e ,dr4 ,petrie7 t !y pick$ & select$ :at 0 specially adapt$ to _! read]s1 ,i mo/ confid5tly reject4 #abc ,mat!w w\ld gladly h giv5 ! p>able ( ! ,prodigal ,son1 & ,luke ! /ory ( ! ,syropho5ician woman1 :i* w\ld s well h suit$ 8 purpose4 #abd ,he did n give x because he _h nev] he>d ( x4 ,?us1 9 brief1 ,mr4 ,wright posits mu* tea*+ lo/ ev5 f ! oral tradition1 z ,dr4 ,petrie posits _m lo/ leaflets4 ,b ,mr4 ,wright's conception ( ! oral tradition1 ^u scrut9y1 becomes disquiet+ to ! critical s5se4 ,9 "o place1 discuss+ ,lu!r's e/imate ( ! ,epi/le ( ,james z an epi/le ( /raw1 he rem>ks--) a great deal m tru?1 ,i fancy1 ?an he dreams (--t ,james's ,epi/le is ,*ri/ianity 9 swaddl+-clo!s4 #abe ,aga91 ! op5+ v]ses ( ,john's ,gospel reveal a dep? ( k to :i* ,s4 ,james nev] atta9$4 ,n t ,s4 ,james w\ld h contradict$ !m or d\bt$ _! tru?4 ,b x is "o ?+ to see tru? :5 x is set be=e y2 x is ano!r to set x =? y\rself4 ,!re is su* a ?+ z lat5t k4 #abf ,yet on ! same page ) ! swaddl+-clo!s passage ,mr4 ,wright has said1 ) reg>d to ,m>k's omission ( ! words1 ,come unto me all ye t lab\r & are heavy lad51 & ,i w give y re/3-- ,0 x humility t made him delib]ately omit !m z too good = s insignificant a creature z himself to record8 ,or 0 x a consci\s or unconsci\s feel+ t !y 7 unsuit$ to 8 read]s8 ,a man ) su* prepo/]\s humility 0 ill-equipp$ = ! "w ( an evangeli/4 ,read]s s un*ri/ian w\ld n value a ,gospel4 ,:at n[ becomes ( ! two pres5tm5ts ( ,james & ,john8 ,bo? mu/ presumably h kn[n mo/ t 0 to be kn[n1 ex hypo!si4 ,yet ,james has n a ^w ( specifically ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 &1 save 9 two s5t5ces1 "o ( :i* has e appe>ance ( int]polation1 :ile ! o!r is only less suspici\s1 no m5tion ( ,jesus4 ,john1 on ! o!r h&1 z an apo/le 7:e!r or n ! belov$ "o71 mu/ on ! !ory h he>d _m ( ! say+s giv5 9 ! synoptics1 :i* he does n report4 ,:y does he n8 ,_h he nev] he>d ( ! ,come unto me allocution8 ,c\ld he conceivably h put x aside f a prepo/]\s humility8 ,if he _h n he>d t1 _h he n he>d ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 or any ( ! p>able-solutions giv5 9 ! synoptics z specially address$ to ! twelve disciples8 ,c ,mr4 ,wright1 hold+ by ! c5tral tradition ( ,jesus & ! twelve1 believe t ,john _h he>d none ( ! tea*+s :i* he does n repeat8 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 he admits :olesale suppression 9 ,john's case1 :at becomes ( ! argum5t above cit$8 ,x matt]s little t ,mr4 ,wright cr$its ,john ) evolv+ ! ,logos doctr9e out ( 8 own pr(\nd m$itation1 & ) hav+ rem\ld$ ! say+s ( ,jesus :i* he does give4 ,t is a /&+ device ( exegesis1 ,unit>ian & ,tr9it>ian alike2 & by 8 acc\nt ! g5]al oral tradition did ! same ?+ indef9itely4 ,b all ! :ile ,mr4 ,wright is go+ a great deal fur!r4 ,he alt]nately insi/s t e evangeli/ told all he knew1 & assumes t ! two evangeli/s :o are alleg$ to h be5 apo/les did n4 ,if1 he writes-- ,if1 z becomes increas+ly probable1 a ,johann9e c\rse ( tea*+ 0 extant 9 comp>atively e>ly times1 x is n /range t1 z ,s4 ,john dealt *iefly ) ! ,judan m9i/ry1 ,s4 ,pet] %\ld h refus$ to intrude into 8 bro!r ,apo/le's doma94 ,!y may h agre$ at ! outset to divide ! "w ?us betwe5 !m4 ,x is impossible to reconcile ?is ) ,mr4 ,wright's !ory ( ! inclusiv5ess ( ! evangeli/s4 ,:y %\ld n ,m>k d :at ,mat!w & ,john did 9 ! t]ms ( ! case8 ,( c\rse ?is is n ! true critical solution2 ! imm$iate "q is ! consi/5cy ( ,mr4 ,wright's critical pr9ciples4 ,to ! eye ( unbiass$ criticism ! ,come unto me logion is n a possible oracle at all2 x is an un9tellig5tly ins]t$ liturgical =mula f ! my/]ies1 misplac$ & mean+less z a public tea*+4 #abg ,z reg>ds ! fair hi/orical inf]5ce f ! wide diff]5ce betwe5 ! synoptic ,gospels & ! f\r?1 x is n possible to accept any ( ,mr4 ,wright's solutions1 tri$ by 8 own te/s4 ,to sugge/ t ,john _h n he>d ( ! ,virg9 ,bir? /ory is = him impossible1 unless he po/-dates t z he does ! bir?-/ories 9 ,luke4 ,if he foll[s t c\rse1 :at c he make ( ! #ac? *apt] ( ,john1 a palpable int]polation or sub/itution betwe5 ! #ab? & ! #ad?1 :i* =m a sequ5ce t ! #ac? absolutely breaks8 #abh ,if t int]polation be admitt$1 :at exactly is left to fight =8 ,9 any case1 ! implication t ,mat!w1 ! apo/le1 _h n he>d ( :at ,john decl>es to be ! fir/ miracle1 or ( ! rais+ ( ,laz>us1 is z de/ructive ( e traditionali/ assumption z is ! implication t ,john ! ,apo/le _h n he>d ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 or ( ! p>ables ( ! my/]y ( ! k+dom4 ,m>k & ,luke expressly decl>e t ,john 0 pres5t at ! rais+ ( ,jairus' daught]2 & ! f\r? ,gospel makes no m5tion ( x4 ,x 0 p]haps to meet cruces ( ?is k9d t ,mr4 ,wright makes ,john & ,pet] divide betwe5 !m ! portions ( ! m9i/ry2 b su* a device simply de/roys1 z we h se51 ano!r ma9 "p ( 8 case4 ,mr4 ,wright may well reject ! !sis ( ,mr4 ,halcombe1 :o1 sev]ely condemn+ mod]n criticism1 produces a mod]n criticism ( 8 own1 :i* makes ,john's ,gospel ! fir/--ano!r ( ! hopeless devices ( traditionali/ critics to escape f ! imbroglio ( ! tradition4 ,mr4 ,halcombe gravely reasons t ! be/ ,gospel came fir/2 & ,mr4 ,wright pron\nces t su* a plan ( composition seems unwor?y ( ,god & incr$ible 9 man4 #abi ,b 8 own !ory pres5ts only a diff]5t set ( incr$ibilities4 ,he accepts )\t a misgiv+ ! mo/ /agg]+ anomalies4 ,if x 7 n = a s+le incid5tal /atem5t 9 ,s4 ,john 7iv1 #a1 #b71 he writes1 we %\ld h conclud$ confid5tly t ! sacram5t ( holy baptism 0 fir/ in/itut$ aft] ! ,resurrection4 ,john's /atem5t is 9 fact ! sole intimation t ,jesus or ! disciples ev] baptiz$ at all2 & x is ei!r a design$ or r$act$ equivoque or a flat contradiction 9 t]ms3-- ,:5 !re=e ! ,"l knew t ! ,ph>isees _h he>d t ,jesus 0 mak+ & baptiz+ m disciples ?an ,john 7al?\gh ,jesus himself baptiz$ n1 b 8 disciples71 he left ,juda1 & dep>t$ aga9 into ,galilee4 ,! exegesis :i* c take ?is = a hi/orical datum1 & compose x ) ! !ory ( an oral tradition 9 :i* baptism ei!r by ,jesus or by 8 disciples nev] appe>s1 is really outside s]i\s discussion4 ,! proposition t1 giv5 ! ma9 tradition1 ei!r ,jesus or ! disciples baptiz$ freely1 & t yet nei!r ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 nor ,luke ev] he>d ( x1 is a m]e fl\t+ ( ! critical reason to :i* x pr(esses to appeal4 ,& !re is no alt]native save an hone/ confession t ! record is incr$ible4 ,! :ole ,*ri/ian tradition ( baptism breaks d[n on exam9ation1 z does ! record ( ! acceptance ( ! high] mission ( ,jesus by ,john1 foll[$ by /atem5ts affirm+ ! cont9uance ( ,john's movem5t & tea*+ alongside ( ! ,jesu9e4 ,mr4 ,wright is sev]e on ! or?odox h>moni/s 9 g5]al4 ,if ,i am "r1 he rem>ks1 ! exhau/+ lab\rs & tortu\s explanations ( ! h>moni/s1 9 _! endeav\r to reconcile :at _c be reconcil$1 h be5 wa/$4 #acj ,t is exactly :at ! att5tive read] mu/ regretfully say ( ,mr4 ,wright's own recon/ructions4 ,8 h&l+ ( ! problems ( ! date ( ! crucifixion & ! duration ( ! ,m9i/ry is a w>n+ to e /ud5t :o desires to be loyal to critical pr9ciple4 ,by 8 f9al admission1 no "o c tell :e!r ! ,m9i/ry la/$ "o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 t51 or tw5ty ye>s4 ,he frankly rejects ,sir ,william ,ramsay's attempt to salve z hi/ory ,luke's /ory ( ! c5sus4 ,! alleg$ proc$ure1 he sees1 is simply impossible--,s4 ,luke evid5tly has some:at misund]/ood ! situation--& he solves ! problem by ?r[+ ov] ,luke's op5+ *apt]s z late accretions4 ,b ! "q ( ! duration ( ! ,m9i/ry1 :i* is b\nd up ) t ( ! date ( ! crucifixion1 & ?us lies at ! v c5tre ( ! :ole hi/oric problem1 he is cont5t to leave z insoluble1 yet )\t a misgiv+ z to ! hi/oricity ( ! record4 ,john makes ,jesus g f\r times to ,j]usalem2 :ile 9 ! synoptics we note ! extraord9>y fact t !y d n br+ ,*ri/ to ,j]usalem until ,he ent]$ x to be crucifi$4 #aca ,john puts ! cleans+ ( ! temple at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,m9i/ry1 & ! synoptics place x at ! close4 ,or?odox exegesis !n assumes two cleans+s1 b su* a repetition is1 to say ! lea/1 highly improbable1 = ,mr4 ,wright4 ,:at end w\ld su* a repetition s]ve8 ,& if repeat$1 :y %\ld n ,s4 ,m>k or ,s4 ,john h told u s8 #acb ,:y1 inde$6 ,s ,mr4 ,wright sugge/s t ! synoptics may h telescop$ sev]al ye>s into "o4 ,ev5ts 9 real life move mu* m sl[ly4 #acc ,!y c]ta9ly d6 ,yet1 on ! o!r h&1 ! "o-ye> m9i/ry w\ld solve _m difficulties4 ,x is ! only s*eme :i* reconciles ,s4 ,luke1 ,s4 ,mat!w1 & ,s4 ,john4 ,n improbably x is true3 ! m ,i consid] x1 ! m attractive x appe>s4 #acd ,su*1 evid5tly1 0 ! view ( ! ,*ri/ian & o!r ,gno/ics4 ,b ,ir5u1 ! fir/ ,fa!r to h&le ! problem1 decl>$ = a m9i/ry ( ab\t tw5ty ye>s1 f\nd+ n only on ! quotation 9 ,john1 ,?\ art n yet fifty ye>s old1 b on ! fact t all ! eld]s :o _h kn[n ,john ! disciple ( ! ,"l 9 ,asia witness t he gave !m ?is tradition4 #ace ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ,mr4 ,wright's op9ion1 t5 ye>s is ! utmo/ l5g? to :i* we c /ret* ! m9i/ry )\t ?r[+ ov]bo>d ,s4 ,luke's *ronology altoge!r4 #acf ,yet ,bi%op ,we/cott decl>$ conc]n+ ! record ( ,ir5u t1 h[ev] /range x may appe>1 "s su* view is n inconsi/5t ) ! only fix$ hi/orical dates :i* we h ) reg>d to ! ,"l's life1 ! date ( ,8 bir?1 ,8 baptism1 & ! bani%m5t ( ,pilate4 ,?us turns ! kaleidoscope ( ! tradition ( :i* ,h>nack has latt]ly affirm$ ! ess5tial rightness1 ) a few important exceptions4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to po9t out t ! oral hypo!sis1 l ! docum5t>y & t ( scatt]$ logia1 is m compatible ) ! negative ?an ) ! affirmative answ] on ! "q ( hi/oricity4 ,contradictions & anomalies irreconcilable ) ! assumption ( a real hi/orical process pres5t n difficulty b confirmation to ! !ory ( a fictiti\s production1 :e!r docum5t>y or oral1 to e/abli% a trans=m+ cult1 supply+ a quasi-hi/orical basis :]e none su* exi/$4 ,contradictory episodes & dicta /& = div]g+ sects & movem5ts4 ,save = incid5tal concessions1 all ! traditioni/ s*ools alike ignore ! gr\nds = inf]r+ a long-cont9u$ modification ( ! ,gospels at _m h&s2 ?\gh1 :5 ,celsus late 9 ! second c5tury alleg$ ! common practice ( int]polation1 ,orig5 c\ld only expla9 t x 0 ! "w ( h]etics4 ,su* a proc$ure is = ! rational critic only ! natural cont9uance ( ! me?od ( =mation4 ,ov] ! po9t ^u :i* ,mr4 ,wright mo/ completely div]ges f ! v>i\s ,unit>ian s*ools--8 acceptance ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel z ess5tially hi/orical--we ne$ n "h conc]n ourselves4 ,^? :o c accept ! ,f\r? & ! ,synoptics _c be suppos$ to admit ! application ( criticism to fundam5tals at all1 h[ev] critically !y may h&le second>y issues4 ,& !y h _! def5ce4 ,! lib]aliz]s :o see t ! ,f\r? z a :ole is a "w ( inv5tion1 mak+ free play ) previ\s mat]ial1 & yet _c conceive t ! synoptics _h be=eh& foll[$ a simil> me?od1 c make no claim to critical consi/5cy4 ,!y m]ely realize t ! ,f\r? & ! ,synoptics _c all be records ( a real ,life & ,tea*+1 & !y decide to reject ! la/ r ?an ! prior docum5ts4 ,! argum5t f vividness & lifelike detail simply goes by ! bo>d4 ,9 ! f\r? ,gospel !re are _m m lifelike details ?an 9 ! second2 b t is n all[$ to c\nt4 ,= ! rational inquir]1 h[ev]1 ! fact rema9s t ! dismissal ( ! f\r? ,gospel is a beg9n+ ( hi/orical z di/9ct f docum5t>y discrim9ation2 & x is to ^? :o h made su* a beg9n+ t a fur!r critical argum5t falls to be address$4 ,mr4 ,wright1 fac+ a *aos ( doctr9al contradictions & *ronological div]g5ces1 falls back tru/+ly on ! reflection t aft] all we are n sav$ by ! ,gospels1 b by ,*ri/4 ,he has no misgiv+ z to ! evangeli/s be+ inspir$4 ,inspiration quick5s _! spiritual p]ception1 b does n altoge!r pres]ve !m f errors ( fact3 e4g4 ,mt4 i1 #i1 #aa2 ,mk4 iii1 #bf2 ,lk4 ii1 #b2 ,john xii1 #c2 ,acts v1 #cf2 vii1 #af4 #acg ,p]haps ,mr4 ,wright w\ld grant "s doz5s m ( errors ( fact if press$2 b 8 fai? w\ld n be modifi$ unless he %\ld be %ak5 on ! resurrection4 ,hi/ory z well z criticism leaves u no room to "q ?is4 ,on s sure a f\ndation is our mo/ holy fai? erect$4 #ach ,= ,mr4 ,wright t is supremely c]ta9 :i* a myriad ,*ri/ian s*ol>s n[ f9d incr$ible4 ,& we c b take our leave ( him ) ! "q ( ! ,jew ( ,celsus1 ,did ,jesus come into ! _w = ?is purpose1 t we %\ld n believe 9 him8 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,m4 ,,loisy ,turn+ away1 s to speak1 to ! ,g5tiles1 we conc5trate our case 9 c\nt]+ t ( ! emancipat$ def5d]s ( ! hi/oricity ( ! ,f\nd]1 z put by ,m4 ,loisy1 ! equal ( any ( ! ,g]man or ,engli% pr(essionals 9 s*ol>ly compet5ce1 & ! sup]ior ( "s ( !m 9 c&\r4 ,precisely because ,ca?olicism yields lea/ prep>ation = ! "w ( critical sci5ce1 "o :o sl[ly makes 8 way out ( x into ! lib]al position is reasonably to be cr$it$ ) a special capacity = ! task4 ,& he is on ! :ole ! mo/ useful !ori/ = ! purposes ( ! lib]al s*ool1 inasmu* z he is prep>$ to give up _m docum5t>y items to :i* o!rs ne$lessly cl+4 ,none!less1 ,m4 ,loisy is a confid5t *ampion ( ! hi/oricity ( ! gospel ,jesus4 ,he does n inde$ comb9e 8 summ>y pres5tm5t ( 8 case ) a discussion ( ! my? !ory--t he is cont5t to put aside 9 mass ) ! epi!t sup]ficial2 b he puts 8 own con/ruction all ! m unres]v$ly4 ,x is int]e/+ to note 8 c]titudes4 ,no "o ( 8 s*ool1 p]haps1 has m frequ5tly claim$ indubitability on po9ts ( inf]5ce4 ,= in/ance3-- ,! adv5t ( ,jesus 9 ! "t ( ! procurator ,pontius ,pilate is a fact z c]ta9 z a ?\s& o!r facts on ! subject ( :i* no "o dreams ( rais+ ! slighte/ suspicion2 x is n d\btful t he ann\nc$ ! spe$y com+ ( ! k+dom ( ,god 444 s9ce t idea 444 :i* is ! fundam5tal idea ( ! prea*+ ( ,*ri/ 9 ! synoptics1 0 inconte/ably t ( 8 fir/ disciples & ,paul4444 ,great z are ! real obscurities ( ! evangelical hi/ory1 !y are less num]\s ?an !y seem1 & )\t d\bt also less consid]able on ! important po9ts4 ,paul 444 does n say t ,jesus pr$ict$ 8 dea? & resurrection4 ,he does n ev5 say :at 0 ! gr\nd = 8 execution2 b x does n seem d\btful t ?is gr\nd 0 precisely ! ann\ncem5t ( t k+dom ( ,god :i* ! apo/les & ,paul himself prea*$4 ,paul & ! o!r apo/les practis$ exorcisms 9 ! "n ( ,jesus on c]ta9 pati5ts4 ,x is told t ,jesus _h done ! same1 & )\t d\bt he _h really done x1 ) /ill m assurance & m success ?an 8 disciples4 ,he ,jesus )\t d\bt nev] frequ5t$ ! s*ools ( ! rabb9s4 ,8 family 0 c]ta9ly pi\s4 ,"o fact is c]ta91 t a seizure 0 conc]t$ ( :i* he ,judas 0 ! pr9cipal ag5t4 ,x 0 )\t d\bt arrang$ at ! h\se ( ! high prie/ at e>lie/ daylight t !y %\ld cont5t !mselves ) d5\nc+ ! ,galilean prophet to ! ,roman au?ority4 ,)\t d\bt he ,jesus expect$ to 8 la/ mom5t ! succ\r :i* only dea? c\ld br+ him4 ,x 0 ,pet]1 x w\ld seem1 :o fir/ obta9$ ! pro( & ! def9itive c]ta9ty ( ! resurrection t fai? call$ =4 ,"o day1 at dawn1 fi%+ on ! lake ( ,tib]ias1 he saw ,jesus4 ,already1 )\t d\bt1 he _h assembl$ ar\nd him ! o!r disciples4 #aci ,x is enviable to be s sans d\te on s _m po9ts 9 a n>rative ( :i* s mu* has _h to be ab&on$ z my?4 ,! odd ?+ is t ) all ^! c]titudes ,m4 ,loisy introduces 8 book ) ! decl>ation1 ,we mu/ il faut n[ r5\nce writ+ ! life ( ,jesus4 ,all ! critics agree 9 recogniz+ t ! mat]ials are insuffici5t = su* an ent]prise4 #adj ,& !n1 aft] an introduction 9 :i* he conte/s ! view t no?+ c be writt5 ) c]ta9ty1 he gives u a ,life ( ,jesus :i* is simply ,r5an revis$6 ,x is c]ta9ly brief2 b t is because he is cont5t to say only :at he ?9ks !re is to say1 :]eas 8 pr$ecessors 7 at m or less pa9s to emb$ ! ?9 ?read ( biography 9 a l>ge mat ( non-biographical mat]ial4 ,m4 ,loisy seems to h become a little confus$ 9 ! process ( prefix+ a critical introduction to ?ree *apt]s ( ! =m] introduction to 8 comm5t>y on ! synoptics4 ,! pres5t little book1 he writes1 does n pret5d to be t hi/ory :i* x is impossible to recov]4 ,naturally n4 ,b x pr(f]s a ,life ( ,jesus all ! same4 ,m4 ,loisy is q satisfi$ t !re 0 a ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 son ( ,joseph1 a work] 9 wood1 c>p5t]1 furniture mak]1 :eelwright4 #ada ,& ,jesus foll[$ orig9ally ! same pr(ession4 ,:5 he began 8 prea*+ ( ! spe$y com+ ( ! heav5ly k+dom1 8 "m ,m>y 0 a wid[1 ) num]\s *ildr54 ,x is n c]ta9 t ,jesus 0 ! elde/4444 ,x 0 probably ,john ! ,bapti/ :o1 unkn[+ly1 awoke ! vocation ( ! "y c>p5t] ( ,naz>e?4 ,! crisis :i* trav]s$ ,juda _h evok$ a prophet4444 ,?is prea*+ ( t]ror made a great impression4444 ,john 0 usually on ! ,jordan1 baptiz+ 9 ! riv] ^? t\*$ by 8 burn+ words4 ,jesus 0 drawn l _m o!rs4444 ,he 0 baptiz$1 & rema9$ "s "t 9 ! des]t4 ,& s x goes on4 ,:at appe>s mo/ probable is t ,jesus _h already pass$ "s "t 9 solitude4 ,a "t ( reflection & ( prep>ation 0 indisp5sable betwe5 ! life ( ! c>p5t] & ! manife/ation ( ! prea*] ( ! evangel4 ,pu%$ to ! des]t by ! s5tim5t ( 8 vocation1 ,jesus 0 b\nd 7devait7 to be pursu$ by a m & m cle> consci\sness ( t vocation4 ,?us ,m4 ,loisy c aft] all exp& 8 s\rces4 ,x 0 aft] ! imprisonm5t ( ! ,bapti/ t ,jesus felt he 0 to replace him1 & by ! bett] title because he felt himself pr$e/9$ to become ! human *ief ( ! ,k+dom1 !re to fill ! function ( ,messiah4 ,b almo/ 9 spite ( himself he work$ miracles4 ,f 8 fir/ /ay at ,cap]naum ! sick 7 br\ght to him to heal2 &1 fe>+ t ! ?aumaturg might hurt ! prea*] ( ! ,k+dom1 he left ! place1 only to be foll[$ up & =c$ to make cures4 ,he op]at$ ) a peculi> efficacy on ! category ( pati5ts suppos$ to be specially possess$ by ! demon4444 ,he spoke to !m ) au?ority1 & calm return$1 at lea/ = a "t1 to ^? tr\bl$ & unquiet s\ls4 ,z to ! great] cures1 ,m4 ,loisy obs]ves t p]haps !re 0 ascrib$ to ! heal] ! revivification ( a dead maid54 ,on ! in/antane\s cures ( lep]s & ! bl9d he naturally says no?+ :atev]4 ,! dilemma ( ,m4 ,loisy "h recalls t ( ,pr(essor ,s*mi$el ov] ! same problem4 ,! latt]1 claim+ t x w\ld be difficult to d5y heal+ p[]s to ,jesus1 9 view ( ! te/imonies1 is fa9 to argue t ! ,heal]'s p]sonal claim 7,mt4 xi1 #e2 ,lk4 vii1 #bb2 n 9 ,mk47 to h heal$ ! sick1 ! bl9d1 ! deaf1 ! lep]s1 & rais$ ! dead1 meant only a spiritual m9i/ration1 inasmu* z ! claim concludes3 ! poor also h ! ,gospel prea*$ to !m4 ,on ?is view ! assum$ heal+ p[] really c\nts = no?+2 & ! la/ clause1 :i* ,s*mi$el cont5ds w\ld be an anti-climax if ! heal+s 7 real1 becomes absolutely an anti-climax ( ! mo/ hopeless k9d4 ,"o day m5 w dismiss su* confusions by not+ t ! !ory ( spiritual heal+1 an attempt to evade ! mass ( miracle1 is only miracle-mong]+ ( ano!r k9d4 ,are we to take x t reg5]ation ( ! morally dead1 deaf1 bl9d1 & lepr\s is to be effect$ :olesale by a little prea*+8 ,did ! ,*ri/ian community !n consi/ :olly or ma9ly ( ^!8 ,m4 ,loisy 9 turn bl5*es at a claim 9 :i* rais+ ! dead figures z a cu/om>y ?+1 ) cures ( leprosy & bl9dness2 & he too falls back on ! spiritual int]pretation1 #adb fail+ to note ! flat fallacy ( mak+ ! prea*+ to ! poor at once a contra/ & a climax to ! spiritual heal+s1 :i* also1 on ! hypo!sis1 are precisely matt]s ( prea*+4 ,! ,tea*] is made to say3 ,i raise ! spiritually dead1 & cure ! spiritually lepr\s1 deaf1 & bl9d1 by prea*+ to !m3 to ! poor ,i j prea*4 ,s*mi$el does n see t ! prea*+ ( ! ,gospel to ! poor is add$ z ! "o ?+ t c\ld be said to be done = !m1 :o w\ld o!rwise h _h no b5efit2 & t on 8 own view he ought to treat ?is z a late addition4 ,on ! contr>y1 he insi/s t ! evangeli/s c\ld n h ?\ght ( add+ x2 & t x makes an excell5t climax if we take ! heal+s to be purely spiritual4 ,! rational argum5t w\ld be1 ( c\rse1 t ! fir/ writ] did make ! ,"l talk figuratively2 & t a lat] r$actor1 tak+ ! words lit]ally1 add$ ! item ( ! poor1 :i* he c\ld n h done if he took !m figuratively4 ,b ! irr$ucible fallacy is ! assumption t z a figurative claim ! spee* is hi/oric1 "o ord] ( miracle be+ held all[able :5 ano!r is n4 ,s*mi$el has exemplifi$ 8 own say+ t ) v few exceptions all critics fall into ! v grave error ( imm$iately accept+ a ?+ z true z soon z !y h f\nd !mselves able to trace x to a 's\rce'4 #adc ,x does n 9 ! lea/ foll[ t by sub/itut+ spiritual = physical miracle we acquire a "r to claim hi/oricity4 ,& by ! claim we simply cancel ! fame ( ! records4 ,m4 ,loisy1 committ+ himself to "s acts ( heal+ :]e ,s*mi$el1 aft] accept+ ! g5]al claim1 commits himself to none1 balances vaguely betwe5 acts ( fai?-heal+ s-call$ & cures ( %e] insanity1 & accepts ! tradition ( an unfruitful po9t at ,naz>e?4 #add ,a prophet is n )\t hon\r1 save 9 8 own c\ntry & among 8 own k91 & 9 8 own h\se1 ,jesus _h said be=e ! disda9ful a/oni%m5t ( 8 fell[-citiz5s & ! incr$ulity ( 8 family2 & he c\ld "w no miracle 9 t place4 ,m4 ,loisy1 x w be obs]v$1 "h assumes t we are deal+ ) real cures1 & tacitly rejects ! qualify+ clauses 9 ,m>k vi1 #e1 & ,mat!w xiii1 #eh1 z he well may4 ,!y are inde$ /amp$ ) manipulation4 ,he c\ld !re d no mighty "w save t he laid 8 h&s ^u a few sick folk & heal$ !m1 says ! fir/2 he did n _m mighty works !re because ( _! unbelief1 says ! o!r4 ,su* passages raise 9 an acute =m ! "q h[ any /atem5t 9 ! ,gospels c reasonably be tak5 z hi/orical4 ,:at 7 ! alleg$ mighty works done else:]e save acts ( heal+ ! sick8 ,& h[ _m cases = su* heal+ w\ld naturally be pres5t$ by "o small hamlet8 ,if1 aga91 all ! heal+s 7 spiritual1 :at are we left ) beyond ! truism t s9n]s :o did n believe 7 unbeliev+8 ,z ! modifications produce pure c\nt]-s5se1 x is critically p]missible to surmise t !y 7 lack+ 9 ! fir/ copies1 & 7 ins]t$ m]ely to gu>d aga9/ pr(ane cavils4 ,b z ! :ole episode is f\nd only 9 ,mat!w & ,m>k1 x _c figure 9 ,dr4 ,petrie's ,nucleus2 & = simil> reasons x is abs5t f ! ,primitive ,gospel ( ! s*ool ( ,b]nh>d ,weiss4 ,m4 ,loisy1 recogniz+ t x is ! k9d ( item t ,luke w\ld avoid = tactical reasons1 is loyal en\gh to accept x z hi/orical )\t ! modify+ words1 & seeks no bett] explanation ?an t giv5 9 ! cit$ words ( ,jesus4 ,= ^? :o aim at a rational compreh5sion ( ! docum5ts1 ! critical induction is t ! /ory 0 ins]t$ = a reason2 & ! explanation :i* satisfies ,m4 ,loisy is s ill-consid]$ t x only emphasizes ! ne$4 ,a prophet is likely to be look$ at askance by 8 own p3 yes1 if he be an unimpressive "o2 b ^u :at critical pr9ciples is ,m4 ,loisy entitl$ to assume1 z he con/antly does1 t ! hi/oric ,jesus made a pr(\nd & ineffaceable impression ^u all :o came 9 contact ) him1 f ! mom5t ( 8 call to 8 disciples1 & t nev]!less he _h n made ! slighte/ impression ( sup]iority ^u 8 own k9sm5 & fell[-villag]s1 up to ! age ( ?irty8 ,h[ c su* propositions coh]e8 ,jesus has only to leave ,naz>e? & to comm& m5 to foll[ him1 9 ord] to be rev]5tly recogniz$ z a ,sup]man3 = ,m4 ,loisy1 x is 8 m]e p]sonality t creates ! fai? :i*1 aft] 8 dea?1 makes 8 adh]5ts proclaim him z a re-aris5 ,god4 ,is ?is ! k9d ( p]sonality t 9 an ea/]n village w\ld be kn[n m]ely z t ( ! c>p5t]1 or ! c>p5t]'s son8 ,m4 ,loisy1 x is true1 claims t ,jesus _h ne$$ a p]iod ( solitude & m$itation 9 ! des]t to make him a tea*]1 ?us p>tly imply+ t be=e t exp]i5ce ! de/9$ prophet might n be recognizable z su*4 ,b is x a hi/oric proposition t ! %ort "t ( solitude _h work$ a complete trans=mation8 ,0 a q normal or commonplace p]sonality capable ( su* a transfiguration 9 a natural s5se8 ,t ! critic _h n ev5 ask$ himself ! "q is made pla9 by 8 complete failure to raise ! cognate "q 9 reg>d to ! m>vell\s heal+ p[]s ) :i* he unhesitat+ly cr$its ! tea*]1 on ! /r5g? ( ! :olly sup]naturali/ te/imony ( ! ,gospels4 ,^! p[]s1 accord+ to ,m4 ,loisy1 7 also ! in/antane\s result ( ! %ort p]iod ( solitude 9 ! des]t4 ,:at pret5sions c su* a !ory make to be 9 con=mity ) hi/orical pr9ciples8 ,_c ,m4 ,loisy see t he has only be5 miracle-mong]+ ) a diff]5ce8 ,x is bad en\gh t we %\ld be ask$ to take = grant$1 on ! /r5g? ( a typically ,ea/]n record ( :olesale ?aumaturgy1 a real natural gift = heal+ a v>iety ( n]v\s disord]s4 ,b a natural gift ( su* a k9d at lea/ presupposes "s process ( developm5t4 ,m4 ,loisy oblivi\sly asks u to believe t all ( a sudd5 a man :o _h ?r\gh\t 8 life %[n no abnormal p[]s or qualities :atev]1 began to ex]cise !m ^u ! l>ge/ scale almo/ imm$iately aft] he _h left 8 native village4 ,n[1 :atev] view be tak5 ( ! cynical =mula t a prophet has no hon\r 9 8 own village1 x is idle to ask u to believe t a great heal] has none4 ,! local heal] ( any sort has an easy op5+2 & ! r$act$ ,gospels indicate uneasy recognition ( ! pla9 tru? t ,jesus ne$$ only to heal ! sick at ,naz>e? z else:]e to conqu] unbelief4 ,x 0 precisely ! cures t1 9 ! ,gospel /ory1 _h won him fame 9 ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,m4 ,loisy has m]ely burk$ ! problem4 ,a little lat] he takes z hi/orical ! t]rible invectives pron\nc$ aga9/ ,cap]naum & ! neighb\r+ cities1 :i* he attempts to expla94 ,aft] all1 ! multitude _h n gone beyond a b5evol5t curiosity1 q ready to trans=m itself into an ironical incr$ulity4 ,!y _h se5 ! miracles2 !y await$ meantime ! k+dom1 )\t o!rwise prep>+ = x2 & z ! k+dom did n come !y incl9$ less & less to believe 9 x4 ,s !y 7 doom$ to a t]rible judgm5t = _! fai?lessness4 ,b :y !n 0 no?+ said ( ! :olly unbeliev+ ,naz>e?8 #ade ,if ! t[ns :i* w\ld n receive ! disciples 7 to be te/ifi$ aga9/1 :at %\ld be ! fate ( ! ho/ile bir?place8 ,be=e su* problems1 ! me?od ( lib]al accommodation "h z always breaks d[n4 ,to ! eye ( ! evolutioni/ !re is no great my/]y4 ,! av[al t ! ,f\nd] ei!r c\ld n or did n "w wond]s at ,naz>e? might s]ve any "o ( sev]al conceivable purposes4 ,x might meet ! cavils ( ^? :o 9 a lat] day f\nd & said t no?+ 0 kn[n at ,naz>e? ( a wond]-work+ ,jesus :o _h dwelt !re2 ev5 z ! (t5-repeat$ /ory ( ! comm& to heal$ p]sons to keep sil5ce c\ld avail to turn ! attacks ( inve/igat+ d\bt]s 9 reg>d to ! miracul\s cures4 ,or x might s]ve ei!r to impugn ! pret5sions ( ^? :o at "o /age ( ! movem5t call$ !mselves ,naz>5es 9 ! s5se ( foll[]s ( ! man ( ,naz>e?1 or to include ! bir?place ) ! family & ! disciples 9 t disp>agem5t ( ! ,jewi% surr\nd+s :i* w\ld arise /ep = /ep ) ! spread ( ! ,g5tile movem5t4 ,any ( ^! explanations is reasonable beside ! !sis t a man gift$ ) m>vell\s heal+ p[]s1 sudd5ly develop$ )\t any previ\s sign ( !m1 c\ld ei!r f9d no "o 9 8 own village to let him try !m1 or to recognize !m ev5 :5 appli$ !re1 :ile ! c\ntry r\nd ab\t1 ex hypo!si1 0 r++ ) 8 fame4 ,& ! criticism :i* puts u (f ) su* solutions is really n well entitl$ to impute sup]ficiality to ^? :o reject x4 ,! :ole c>p5t] /ory1 9 :i* ,m4 ,loisy sees no difficulty1 is "o ( ! weake/ ( ! ,gospel attempts at circum/antiality4 ,a trade or call+ = ! ,messiah1 z a true ,jew1 0 p]haps z requisite 9 ! eyes ( "s ,jews z ei!r a ,davidic desc5t or an argum5t to prove t ,davidic desc5t 0 = ! ,messiah unnecess>y--bo? ( :i* requirem5ts ! ,gospels meet4 ,e good ,jew1 we are told1 0 requir$ to h a h&icraft or pr(ession4 ,a ,b5-,joseph1 aga91 0 call$-= to meet ! requirem5t1 common among ! ,sam>itans b n conf9$ to !m1 ( a ,messiah s nam$4 #adf ,b h[ came x t ! c>p5t] ( ,m>k is only ! c>p5t]'s son 9 ,mat!w8 ,we c conceive ! ,g5tiliz+ ,luke putt+ bo? /atem5ts aside z ill-suit$ to 8 purpose1 8 ,jesus be+ a ,god compet+ ) ,g5tile ,gods2 b if !re really 0 an e>ly k t ,jesus 0 a c>p5t]1 :y %\ld ,mat!w m9imize x8 ,& h[ came x t ,orig5 #adg knew ( no ,gospel curr5t 9 ! *ur*es 9 :i* ,jesus 0 describ$ z a c>p5t]8 ,9 ?is matt]1 z ab\t ! ,infancy g5]ally1 ! apocryphal gospels are z ri* 9 detail z ! canonical are poor4 ,aga9 & aga9 does ,joseph figure 9 !m z a work+ c>p5t]1 or pl\gh-mak]1 or h\se-build]4 #adh ,! words ( ,orig5 might imply t x 0 f "s su* s\rce t ,celsus drew 8 /atem5t t ,jesus 0 a c>p5t]2 & yet none ( ! pres]v$ apocrypha speaks ( ,jesus z work+ at c>p5try save by way ( su* miracles z t ( ! elongation ( ! piece ( wood4 ,hav+ reg>d to ! my?ical aspect ( ! :ole1 we sugge/ an easily mis9t]pret$ ,gno/ic s\rce = ! basis4 ,= "s s*ools ( ! ,gno/ics1 ! ,jewi% ,god 0 ! ,demi\rgos1 ! ,artisan or ,creator1 a subord9ate be+ 9 _! div9e hi]>*y4 ,! ^w c\ld mean an artisan ( any k9d2 & ar*itector1 ! t]m 9 ! ,lat9 v]sion ( ,?omas1 po9ts to a reflex ( ! idea ( creator :i* atta*$ to ! ,gno/ic t]m4 ,t ! doctr9e ( ! ,demi\rgos 0 already curr5t 9 ,jewi% circles be=e ! p]iod commonly assign$ to ,*ri/ian ,gno/icism has be5 %[n ) mu* probability by ,dr4 ,s4 ,k>ppe4 ,9 a ,talmudic passage giv5 z cit$ by ,rabbi ,jo*anan b5 ,saccai be=e ! middle ( ! fir/ c5tury1 ,c4,e41 !re is d5unciation ( ^? :o sp>e n ! glory ( ! ,creator2 & o!r passages int]pret ?is 9 ! s5se ( a h]esy :i* dim9i%es ,god & s[s division betwe5 ,israel & 8 ,god4 #adi ,debate ( ?is k9d em]ges ) ! "n ( ! ,judo-,*ri/ian h]etic ,c]9?us4 ,= him1 ,jesus1 ?\gh naturally born1 0 ent]$ at 8 baptism by ,*ri/1 ! son n ( ! ,jewi% ,god1 ! ,demi\rgos1 b ( ! ,supreme ,god4 #aej ,!re might well be1 h[ev]1 r\nd ,c]9?us1 :o reta9$ ,jewi% lean+s1 ,jews :o held to ! ,judo-,*ri/ian prim>y position t ,jesus 0 ! son ( ,yahweh4 ,by "s e>ly ,gno/ics he c\ld h>dly fail to be s nam$4 ,c\ld n !n ! ,gno/ic ,son ( ! ,demi\rgos1 ! ,artific]1 become = m lit]al ,*ri/i/s son ( ! c>p5t]1 ev5 z ! my/ic seamless robe ( ,pagan my? became = "s a g>m5t :i* _h to be cut 9 pieces to be divid$8 ,met by su* sugge/ions1 ,m4 ,loisy tells u t we are sup]ficial4 ,b is he o!rwise8 ,is he n simply evad+ 8 problem8 ,c he see no?+ /range 9 ! sudd5 m5tion ( ! c>p5t] 9 a prim>y gospel :i* _h set out ) a div9e p]sonage & _h nev] m5tion$ 8 p>5ts or upbr++8 ,on ! my?ic !ory ! app>ition ( ! ,messiah )\t antec$5ts is precisely :at 0 to be expect$2 if !re 0 any cle> ,jewi% expectation on ! po9t1 x 0 t he %\ld come unlook$ =1 unh]ald$ save1 on "o view1 by ,elias4 #aea ,?us ! ,gospel record fits into ! my? !ory f ! outset1 :ile on ! assumption ( hi/oricity x is b a s]ies ( enigmas4 ,hold+ by t assumption1 ,m4 ,loisy is =c$ to viol5t measures to reconcile ! isolat$ ,m>can m5tion ( ! son ( ,m>y & bro!r ( ,james & ,joses & ,judas & ,simon ) ! repeat$ m5tions 9 ! clos+ *apt]s ( 7#a7 ,m>y ! "m ( ,james ! less & ( ,joses & ,salome2 :o :5 he 0 9 ,galilee foll[$ ,jesus & m9i/]$ unto him2 7#b7 ,m>y ! "m ( ,joses2 & 7#c7 ,m>y ! "m ( ,james & ,salome4 ,9 ^! clos+ *apt]s ?is ,m>y ! "m ( ,james & ,joses & ,salome figures fir/ z simply "o :o foll[$ & m9i/]$ to ,jesus1 !n z ! "m ( ,joses1 !n z ! "m ( ,james & ,salome1 b nev] z ! "m ( ,jesus4 ,by :at "r does ,m4 ,loisy extract 8 c]titude f ! prior text8 ,8 simple c\rse is to decide t ,m>y ! "m ( ,james & ( ,joses & ( ,salome 9 ! clos+ *apt]s is n ,m>y ! "m ( ,james & ,joses & ,judas & ,simon 9 *apt] vi4 ,c]ta9 ,fa!rs1 he _h not$ 9 8 great "w on ! ,synoptics 7cit+ 9 p>ticul> ,*ryso/om71 desir\s ( mak+ ! synoptics accord ) ,john1 id5tify ,m>y ! "m ( ,james & ,joses 9 *4 xv ) ! "m ( ,jesus2 b x is evid5t t if ! synoptics _h ?\ght ( ! "m ( ! ,savi\r !y w\ld n h ?us designat$ h]4 #aeb ,precisely6 ,& if ! ,gospel ( ,m>k 9 its orig9al =m _h conta9$ ! passage 9 *apt] vi1 h[ c\ld x possibly h spok5 9 *apt] xv ( a ,m>y ! "m ( ,james & ,joses )\t indicat+ ei!r t %e 0 or 0 n ! same ,m>y8 ,w\ld x h delib]ately specifi$ two ,m>ies1 ea* ! "m ( a ,james & a ,joses1 )\t a ^w ( diff]5tiation8 ,to ! fai?ful critic !re is only "o c\rse op54 ,he is b\nd to conclude t ! passage 9 *apt] vi is a late int]polation1 ! "w ( an inv5tor :o _h p]haps ei!r accept$ or anticipat$ ! ,johann9e record t ,m>y ! "m ( ,jesus 0 pres5t at ! crucifixion1 b :o did n--p]haps 9 8 copy ( ,m>k c\ld n--completely c>ry out 8 purpose by mak+ ! ,m>y at ! crucifixion ! "m ( ! crucifi$ ,"l4 ,we are n "h conc]n$ ) ! exegesis ( ^? ,fa!rs :o desir$ to save ! p]petual virg9ity ( ,m>y2 our bus9ess is simply ) ! texts4 ,& we c b say t if1 ) ,m4 ,loisy1 we make ! ,m>y ( *apt] xv ano!r ,m>y ?an h] ( *apt] vi1 we are b\nd on ! same pr9ciple to f9d a ?ird & a f\r? ,m>y 9 ! "m ( ,joses 7xv1 #dg7 & ! "m ( ,james & ,salome 7xvi1 #a74 #aec ,x w really n d4 ,! my?ological !ory1 :i* traces ! m\rn+ ,m>ies to an anci5t liturgy ( a ,god-sacrifice & f9ds ! "m-,m>y ( *apt] vi an ali5 elem5t1 may seem to ,m4 ,loisy sup]ficial1 b x meets a problem :i* he simply evades4 ,! only s]i\s difficulties = ,m4 ,loisy1 app>5tly1 are ! miracles & ! prophecies4 ,on ! latt] he makes no use ( ! ,savon>ola argum5t2 & 9 8 small] "w he ignores ! rock text2 b = him ! sc5e ( ,cs>ea ,philippi1 ) ! ,messianic confession ( ,pet]1 seems ?or\ghly hi/oric2 & on ! o!r h& ! /ory ( ,pet]'s d5ial ( 8 ,ma/] causes him no misgiv+4 ,= a rational read]1 ! conception ( ! %am$ ,pet] figur+ soon aft]w>ds z ! m]ciless judge & sup]natural slay] ( ! unhappy ,ananias is extremely indige/ible4 ,! p]sonage ?us evolv$ is n only dete/able b incr$ible4 ,h[ c\ld ! c[>d apo/le figure prim>ily & cont9u\sly z a pill> ( ! ,*ur* describ$8 ,h>nack's me?od1 z ,pr(essor ,blass compla9s1 #aed treats ! d5igration ( ,pet] z ! result ( ! /rife betwe5 ! ,judaiz+ & ! ,g5tiliz+ sections ( ! e>ly ,*ur*2 x is ! natural hypo!sis4 ,)\t x we are left to ! dete/able & impossible figure ( ! apo/le :o d5ies 8 ,"l & has no m]cy = a weak bro!r :o m]ely keeps back "p ( a sum ( money :5 pr(ess+ freely to donate ! :ole4 ,! critical read] w pref] to foll[ ,h>nack4 ,b if we give up ! /ory ( ! ,d5ial1 h[ %all we reta9 ^? :i* exalt & glorify ! ,judaiz+ apo/le8 ,if we give up ,mat!w's rock texts1 ) :at consi/5cy c we take z pure hi/ory ! episode 9 ,m>k 9 :i* ,pet]1 fir/ ( ! twelve1 decl>es ,?\ art ! ,*ri/1 elicit+ ! *>ge to tell no man ( him1 foll[$ by ! pr$iction ( dea? & resurrection1 spok5 op5ly8 ,! episode 9 ,m>k passes into1 & 9 ,mat!w is foll[$ by1 ! fi]ce rebuke to ! expo/ulat+ ,pet]1 ,get !e beh9d me1 ,satan1 = ?\ m9de/ n ! ?+s ( ,god1 b ! ?+s ( m5--a /range sequel to ,mat!w's ,bless$ art ?\1 ,simon ,b>-,jonah2 = fle% & blood ha? n reveal$ x unto !e1 b my ,fa!r :i* is 9 ,heav54 ,?is is "o ( ! passages t =ce ! conclusion ei!r t ,m>k _h be=e him ! full] record1 9 ,mat!w or else:]e1 & turn$ x f a ,petr9e to an anti-,petr9e purpose1 or t a r$actor did s4 ,!re is no escape f ! evid5ce t we are deal+ ) two %>ply conflict+ con/ructions4 ,! ,bless$ art ?\ passage & ! ,satan passage w n coh]e4 ,:i* came fir/8 ,_h ,luke ei!r be=e him8 ,8 ,get !e beh9d me1 ,satan 7iv1 #h2 ,a4,v471 address$ to ! devil 9 ! ,temptation1 is eject$ f ! revis$ text z be+ abs5t f mo/ ( ! anci5t codices2 & its pres5ce 9 ! ,alex&r9e sugge/s an attempt to get 9 some:]e a say+ :i* o!rwise _h no place 9 ! ?ird ,gospel4 ,! abs5ce alike ( ! bless+ & ! asp]sion on ,pet] sets up ! surmise t bo? are q late1 & t ! ins]tion ( "o elicit$ ! o!r4 ,aga9 & aga9 we f9d 9 ! ,gospels su* traces ( a /rife ov] ,petr9e pret5sions4 ,9 ! /ory ( ! ,d5ial1 :i* we h f\nd s incompatible ) ! attitude ascrib$ to ,pet] 9 ! ,acts1 ev]yone s9ce ,/rauss has recogniz$ a process ( r$action & int]polation4 ,m4 ,loisy1 say+ no?+ ( ! c5tral problem1 av[$ly f9ds 9 ,m>k a manipulation1 delib]ate & ill-manag$1 ( a m simple /atem5t4 #aee ,?is might h suffic$ to put him on 8 gu>d2 b all he has to say1 aft] r$uc+ ! confus$ details to ! inf]r$ simpl] /atem5t1 is t if !re is 9 any "p ( ! second ,gospel a p]sonal recollection ( ,pet] x is ! /ory ( ! d5ial 9 ! =m 9 :i* ,m>k f\nd x4 #aef ,:i* makes sad havoc ( ! ,pet]-,m>k tradition2 = ! /ory ( ! d5ial betrays itself z a late anti-,petr9e inv5tion1 z a=esaid4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,trial ,,crux ,?us lax 9 8 treatm5t ( ! subsidi>y hi/orical problems1 ,m4 ,loisy is ( necessity accommodat+ :5 he faces ^? :i* he recognizes to be c5tral4 ,ov] ! /ory ( ! purification ( ! temple--:i* ,orig5 f\nd at once unju/ifiable & signally miracul\s1 s9ce x 0 inconceivable t s great a multitude %\ld h yield$ to ! m]e attack ( "o man ) a sc\rge ( small cords--he has aga9 no misgiv+s4 ,he feels t "s su* /ory 0 ne$$ to motive ! prie/ly action aga9/ ,jesus4 #aeg ,9 ! /ory ( ! a/oni%+ sophism ascrib$ to ,jesus on ! subject ( ! tribute to ,cs> he sees only clev]ness 7habilet72 & yet he accepts z hi/orical--aga9 by necessity ( 8 !sis--,jesus's admission t he claim$ to be k+ ( ! ,jews4 ,9 ! /ory ( ! betrayal he sees fit1 docilely foll[+ ,br&t1 to allege a little confus$ fight+1 "s bl[s giv5 & receiv$ ov] & above ! cutt+ (f ( ! e> ( ,mal*us1 an imag9$ item :i* he f9ds 9 none ( ! ,gospels4 ,ov] ! pray]s ( ! ,"l :ile ! disciples slept he _h hesitat$ 9 8 comm5t>y2 #aeh fall+ back on ! notable av[al t ! sort ( incoh]5ce :i* results f describ+ a sc5e :i* pass$ :ile ! witnesses 6 7 asleep is )\t d\bt to be expla9$ by ! orig9 & "* ( ! n>rative r ?an by a neglig5ce ( ! n>rator4 ,= once1 ,i unres]v$ly ass5t to ! sans d\te4 ,q unwitt+ly1 ,m4 ,loisy has put himself 9 l9e ) our my?ical !ory1 :i* po/ulates a drama z ! orig9 ( ! n>rative4 ,all ! same1 he accepts ! n>rative z hi/ory2 & he sees no?+ 9 ! fusion ( ! two spee*es3 ,sleep on4444 ,x is en\gh4444 ,arise n[1444 ?\gh he rejects ! proposal ( ,bleek1 ,volkm>1 & ,wellhaus5 to turn ,sleep on into an int]rogation1 #aei & admits t ! ,x is en\gh is an uncle> & v insuffici5t transition f ,sleep on to ,arise4 ,once m1 :i* is ! m sup]ficial1 ?is lame h&l+ or ! recognition ( a transcrib$ drama ) two spee*es comb9$ because ( ! omission ( an exit & an entrance1 9 :at ,m4 ,loisy admits to be a highly dramatic mise en scne8 ,b x is ov] ! trial 9 ! h\se ( ! high prie/ t ,m4 ,loisy mo/ a/oni%+ly r$acts ! n>rative4 ,9 8 comm5t>y he recognizes t ,mat!w's /ory1 9 :i* ! scribes & ! eld]s are already ga!r$ toge!r 9 ! dead ( night :5 ,jesus is br\ght = trial1 & ! /ory ( ,m>k1 9 :i* !y come toge!r ) ! high prie/1 are equally incr$ible2 & t ! /ory ( ! que/ = witnesses 9 ! night is /ill m s4 ,once aga9 we h a sans d\te ) :i* we c agree4 ,! nocturnal proc$ure1 no d\bt1 did n take place4 #afj ,recogniz+ fur!r t a ,jewi% blasphem] 0 by ! ,levitical law to be /on$1 n crucifi$1 he simply gives up ! :ole n>rative z a product ( ! ,*ri/ian tradition1 b5t on saddl+ ! ,jews r ?an ! ,romans ) ! responsibility ( ! crucifixion4 #afa ,9 8 small] "w he simply cuts ! knot & alleges3-- ,z soon z ! fir/ daylight _h come 7ds les premi]s lueurs du j\r71 a reunion 0 held at ! h\se ( 7*ez7 ! *ief prie/1 :]e x 0 )\t d\bt 6 arrang$ t !y %\ld cont5t !mselves ) d5\nc+ ! ,galilean prophet to ! ,roman au?ority z a di/urb] & a false ,messiah4 ,b x 0 necess>y to arrange ! t]ms ( ! accusation & di/ribute ! rles1 to get toge!r & prep>e ! witnesses4 ,^! measures 7 soon tak54 ,z soon z morn+ _h come 7ds le mat97 ! prie/s br\ght _! prison] *a9$ be=e ! tribunal ( ,pontius ,pilate4 #afb ,"o c]ta9ly _c call ?is manipulation ( ! texts sup]ficial4 ,x is %e] delib]ate dissolution & recon/ruction ( ! n>rative1 by way ( sub/itut+ some?+ m plausible = ! incr$ible orig9al1 :5 all ! :ile ! cr$ibility ( ! orig9al is ! !sis ma9ta9$4 ,& yet ev5 ! recon/ruction is s ?\ghtlessly manag$ t we get only a slightly less impossible acc\nt4 ,only a s*ol> :o nev] foll[$ ! details ( a legal process c\ld sugge/ t ! task ( hunt+ up witnesses & arrang+ a proc$ure c\ld be c>ri$ ?r\gh betwe5 e>lie/ dawn & morn+4 ,& = ! headlong ha/e ( su* a proc$ure1 only an h\r or s aft] ! arre/ ( ! prison]1 no explanation is ev5 sugge/$4 ,a viol5t impossibility 9 ! record1 de/ructive ( all fai? 9 its hi/oricity at ?is po9t1 is s\ght to be sav$ by a viol5t r$action :i* simply makes hay ( ! v docum5ts f\nd$ on4 ,& ?is illicit viol5ce is resort$ to because ,m4 ,loisy recognizes t if he is to reta9 a hi/orical ,jesus at all he mu/ br+ ! :ole trial /ory into a hi/orical %ape4 ,he c]ta9ly _h cause to take dra/ic measures4 ,long ago x 0 po9t$ out t by ,jewi% law a prison] mu/ n be condemn$ to dea? on ! day ( 8 trial3 ,judicia de capitalibus f9iunt eodem die si s9t ad absolutionem2 si v]o s9t ad damnationem1 f9iuntur die sequ5te4 #afc ,?is might alone suffice to br+ into d\bt ! prie/ly trial2 to say no?+ ( ! mod]n ,jewi% prote/ t a capital prosecution & execution on ei!r ! day aft] or ! day ( ! ,passov]1 at ! in/ance ( ! ,high ,prie/1 0 un?9kable4 #afd ,!re 7 good reasons1 !n1 = seek+ to f\nd on ! trial be=e ,pilate4 ,let u n[ survey broadly ! process ( hi/orical criticism ?us f>4 #a4 ,at an e>ly /age ! recon/ructors gave up z pure fiction ! ?ird trial be=e ,h]od1 :i* appe>s solely 9 ,luke4 ,!y did n ask :at hi/orical k1 or :at s5se ( hi/ory1 c h exi/$ 9 a community among :i* su* an absolute inv5tion f\nd ready curr5cy4 #b4 ,! next /ep 0 to reject z unhi/orical ! n>rative ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 9 :i* ,jesus 7a7 is exam9$ by ,annas ! high prie/1 b 9 no s5se tri$2 7b7 is !n s5t b\nd to ,caiaphas ! high prie/2 7c7 is imm$iately pass$ on f ,caiaphas to ,pilate1 :o exam9es him )9 doors :ile ! prie/s rema9 outside1 !re be+ ?us no ,jewi% witnesses2 7d7 tells ,pilate ,my k+dom is n ( ?is _w1 & conv9ces him t he is n puni%able4 ,reject+ ?is acc\nt1 z !y well might1 ! recon/ructors fail$ to ask !mselves :at su* an inv5tion signifies4 #c4 ,next disappe>s ! s-call$ hi/orical n>rative ( ! trial be=e ! high prie/ & *ief prie/s 9 ! synoptics4 #afe ,t 9 turn1 tak5 on its m]its1 is f\nd flagrantly incr$ible2 & n[ ,m4 ,loisy 9 effect puts x aside1 r$uc+ x to a fundam5tally diff]5t =m4 ,?ree ( ! trial /ories are ?us 9 turn reject$ z hopelessly unhi/orical4 ,& n[ we are invit$ to reg>d z inconte/able ! f\r?1 ! trial be=e ,pilate z relat$ 9 ! synoptics2 ! ,johann9e v]sion be+ dismiss$ z fiction4 ,9 ! sci5tific s5se ( ! ^w #aff ! reject$ /ories h be5 class$ z my?s4 ,& /ill we are told t ! my?-!ory is outside discussion4 ,yet1 ev5 9 com+ to ! trial be=e ,pilate1 ,m4 ,loisy has to beg9 by not+ ! improbability t ! entire sanh$rim %\ld h att5d$ x1 z is alleg$ by ! synoptics4 ,9 ! m9ds ( ! evangeli/s ! sanh$rim repres5ts ! ,jews1 & x 0 ! ,jews :o caus$ ! dea? ( ,jesus4 ,h5ce ! g5]al expressions :i* ! r$actors us$ ! m will+ly because !y 7 v incompletely in=m$ on ! facts4 #afg ,/ill1 ! trial mu/ /& good4 ,judas goes ! way ( my?2 b ! un9telligible proc$ure ( ,pilate mu/ be salv$4 ,) 8 g5]al loyalty to ! facts z he sees !m ,m4 ,loisy notes1 ) ,br&t1 t 9 ! synoptics z 9 ,john !re is no ,jesui/ eye-witness or auditor to report = ! fai?ful :at took place4 ,"h beg9 ! gaps 9 ! ,passion-hi/ory1 rem>ks ,br&t4 #afh ,tradition c\ld le>n only by indirect ways ! g5]al features ( ! int]rogation & ! pr9cipal incid5ts :i* pass$ betwe5 ! morn+ ( ,friday & ! h\r ( ! crucifixion1 says ,loisy4 #afi ,! /ud5t really conc]n$ to get at hi/ory is compell$ to pron\nce t ! record ?us av[$ to be ma9ly guesswork is my?4 ,let u take ! report z we h x 9 ,m>k3-- ,& /raightway aft] ! condemnation by ! prie/s 9 ! morn+ ! *ief prie/s1 ) ! eld]s & scribes & ! :ole c\ncil1 held a consultation1 & b\nd ,jesus & c>ri$ him away1 & deliv]$ him up to ,pilate4 ,& ,pilate ask$ him1 ,art ?\ ! ,k+ ( ! ,jews8 ,& he answ]+ sai? unto him1 ,?\ saye/4444 ,& ,pilate aga9 ask$ him1 say+1 ,answ]e/ ?\ no?+8 behold h[ _m ?+s !y accuse !e (4 ,b ,jesus no m answ]$ any?+2 insomu* t ,pilate m>vell$4 ,to ?is meagre record1 9 :i* a capital case is c>ri$ be=e ! gov]nor )\t ! slighte/ docum5t>y prelim9>ies1 & 9 :i* he beg9s to int]rogate be=e a ^w has be5 said ab\t ! indictm5t1 ,mat!w adds no?+ save ! /ory ( ,pilate's wife's dream1 :i* ! recon/ructors are fa9 to dismiss2 :ile ,luke1 :o sees fit to premise specific *>ges ( anti-,roman s$ition1 foll[s !m up simply by ,pilate's "q & ,jesus's ass5t+ answ]2 & !n1 q un9telligibly1 makes ,pilate decl>e unto ! *ief prie/s & ! multitudes1 ,i f9d no fault 9 ?is man4 ,:at c x mean8 ,all ! exegetes n[ agree t ! ,?\ saye/ ( ,jesus has ! =ce ( ,i am4 #agj ,by av[+ t he call$ himself ,k+ ( ! ,jews he committ$ a v grave (f5ce t[>ds ,rome1 unless he expla9$ ! title 9 a my/ic s5se2 & ! records exclude any su* explanation4 ,9 ,m>k & ,mat!w ! effect is ! same3 ,pilate f9ds no guilt1 & proposes release2 b yields to ! multitude & ! prie/s4 ,c\ld any s]i\s /ud5t br+ himself to reg>d ?is z hi/ory unless he presuppos$ ! hi/oricity ( ! crucifixion & 0 ready to let pass any semblance ( motivation = x8 ,once m we mu/ affirm t ! docum5ts m]ely reveal entire ignorance ( any judicial proc$ure4 ,pilate f9ally puts to dea? a ,jewi% prison] at ! reque/ ( ! sanh$rim & ! multitude on a *>ge = :i* he f9ds no evid5ce4 ,t ,pilate %\ld make light ( a ,jew's life is inde$ easily to be believ$3 he is exhibit$ to u by ,josephus z an entirely ru?less ,roman2 b bo? ! synoptics & ! f\r? ,gospel pres5t him 9 an entirely diff]5t light2 & no record or comm5t>y makes x intelligible t ! ,roman gov]nor %\ld crucify a politically un(f5d+ ,jew = a purely ecclesia/ical ,jewi% (f5ce4 ,! (f5ce aga9/ ,rome he is expressly repres5t$ z f9d+ imag9>y2 & yet on ! o!r h& ! (f5ce z av[$ is v real4 ,by ! me?od ( m]e accommodation or p>tial critical rationalism ! ascription ( ! prosecution to ! ,jews is acc\nt$ = z ! result ( ! lat] develop$ anti-,judaism ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,b on t view :at hi/orical basis h we left8 ,if ! lat] ,*ri/ians c\ld inv5t ! trial & ! ,resurrection1 :at 0 to prev5t _! inv5t+ ! crucifixion8 ,m4 ,loisy admits t if ! trial goes ! hi/oricity ( ,jesus goes ) x2 !n ! crucifixion becomes my?4 ,to say t ?is is impossible is to beg ! "q3 ! my? !ory (f]s ! solution4 ,giv5 ! datum ( an orig9al cult-sacram5t :i* _h gr[n out ( an anci5t ritual-sacrifice1 ! crucifixion is ! fir/ /ep t[>ds ! e/abli%m5t ( a biography ( ,jesus4 ,a trial & a condemnation1 aga91 are necess>y prelim9>ies to t2 & :5 we critically exam9e ^! we f9d t !y are pat5tly unhi/orical4 ,^u no !ory ( hi/oricity c _! contradictions & impossibilities be expla9$4 ,once we make ! hypo!sis1 h[ev]1 t ! crucifixion is itself my?1 ! imbroglio becomes intelligible4 ,:at we d "k hi/orically is t ! e>ly ,*ri/i/s includ$ ,judaiz]s & ,g5tiliz]s2 ?is is e/abli%$ by ! sect-hi/ory1 ap>t f ! ,acts & ! ,epi/les4 ,= ! ,judaiz]s an execution by ! ,romans 0 necess>y2 = ! ,g5tiliz]s1 :o 7 b\nd to gu>d aga9/ (ficial ,roman res5tm5t1 & ^: ho/ility to ! ,jews 0 progressive1 a ,jewi% prosecution 0 equally necess>y4 ,9 ! surviv+ my/]y-play1 pr$om9antly a ,g5tile p]=mance z x n[ /&s 9 ! ,gospels1 an impossible ,jewi% trial is foll[$ by an equally impossible ,roman trial1 9 :i* ,jesus by doctr9al necessity av[s t he is ,k+ ( ! ,jews1 !reby salv+ 8 ,messiah%ip2 :ile1 to keep ! guilt on ,jewi% %\ld]s & to exclude ! suspicion ( anti-,roman bias1 ,pilate is made to disclaim all responsibility4 ,su* is1 briefly1 ! outcome ( ! my? !ory4 ,^u :at o!r !ory c ! docum5ts be expla9$8 ,^u :at o!r !ory1 aga91 c we expla9 ! va/ contra/ betwe5 ! triumphal entry into ,j]usalem a few days be=e & ! absolute unanimity ( ! prie/-l$ multitude 9 dem&+ ! execution ( ,jesus aga9/ ! wi% ( ,pilate8 ,! recon/ructors accept bo? items1 ) arbitr>y modifications1 z hi/orical2 ?\gh ! /ory ( ! entry is prec$$ by a my?ical item ab\t ! *oice ( ! ass-foal :]eon nev] man _h sat1 #aga :i* is mu* m /ress$ & develop$ ?an ! ma9 po9t4 ,we are ask$ to believe t ,jesus on 8 entry is en?usia/ically acclaim$ by a great multitude z ,son ( ,david & ,k+ ( ,israel2 & t a few days lat] n a voice is rais$ to save 8 life4 ,g5tiliz+ ,*ri/ians c\ld easily cr$it su* ?+s ( ! ,jews4 ,c a hi/orical /ud5t d s8 ,= ! =m] x 0 en\gh t 9 ! n>rative ! ,messiah%ip ( ! ,"l _h be5 publicly accept$2 coh]5ce 0 n requir$4 ,b hi/oricity means coh]5ce4 ,la/ ( all1 ! item ( ,b>abbas1 "o ( ! elaborate irrelevancies :i* leap to ! eye 9 a n>rative s de/itute ( ess5tials1 turns out to c>ry a curi\s corroboration to ! my?-!ory4 ,?is is n ! place to develop ! probable k9%ip ( ! ,b>abbas ( ! ,gospels ) ! 7misspelt7 ,k>abbas #agb ( ,philo2 b we may note ! probable reason = ! introduction ( ! "n into ! my?4 ,z ! /ory /&s1 x s]ves m]ely to height5 ! guilt ( ! ,jews1 mak+ !m 9 mass save ! life ( a murd]] r ?an t ( ! div9e ,savi\r4 ,! :ole /ory is pla9ly unhi/orical3 nei!r ^! details nor ^? :i* foll[1 rem>ks ,m4 ,loisy 7aft] not+ ! extremely vague indications "u an appe>ance ( precision 9 reg>d to ! antec$5ts ( ,b>abbas71 seem discussible f ! po9t ( view ( hi/ory4 #agc ,9 po9t ( fact1 ,pilate is made to release an o/5sible r+lead] ( m5 :o 9 ! insurrection unspecifi$ _h committ$ murd]1 ?us mak+ 8 action d\bly inconceivable4 ,:y 0 su* an item introduc$ at all8 ,x is n a case = v confid5t explanation2 b :5 we note t ,b>abbas means ,son ( ! ,fa!r2 t ! ,k>abbas ( ,philo is treat$ z a mock-k+2 & t ! read+ ,jesus ,b>abbas 9 ,matt1 xxvii1 #af1 #ag1 0 long ! accept$ "o 9 ! anci5t *ur*1 #agd we are /rongly l$ to inf] 7#a7 t ! =mula ,jesus ! ,son ( ! ,fa!r 0 well kn[n among ! fir/ ,*ri/ians z be+ connect$ ) a popul> rite--else h[ c\ld su* a /range p]plexity be introduc$ into ! text8--& 7#b7 t ! real reason = introduc+ x 0 t ^? anti-,*ri/ians :o knew ( ! "n & rite 9 "q us$ _! k aga9/ ! fai?4 ,! way to rebut !m 0 to pres5t ,jesus ,b>abbas n only z a murd]] b z ! man actually releas$ to ! ,jewi% p in/ead ( ,jesus ! ,*ri/1 propos$ to be releas$ by ,pilate4 ,aga91 !n1 on ! my?ical !ory1 we f9d a mean+ & a sane solution :]e ! hi/orical !ory c (f] none4 ,sir ,james ,fraz]'s hypo!sis t ! /ory ( ! triumphal entry may pres]ve a tradition ( a mock-royal procession = a de/9$ victim is only a p>tial solution2 & 8 fur!r hypo!sis ( a /rangely ignor$ co9cid5ce betwe5 a ,b>abbas rite & ! actual crucifixion ( ! ,*ri/ian ,son ( ! ,fa!r is b a sacrifice ( my?ological pr9ciple to ! assumption ( hi/oricity4 ,! conception ( ,jesus z sacrific$ lies at ! core ( e>ly ,*ri/ian cult-propag&a4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,jesus-,,figure ,,( ,m4 ,,loisy ,x is ! same1 f9ally1 ) ! /ory ( ! orig9al evangel z ) ! /ory ( ! trag$y2 ,m4 ,loisy fails to come )9 sight ( hi/oricity 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r4 ,hav+ fall5 back on ! !sis1 s popul>iz$ by ,r5an1 t fai? 9 ! necess>y resurrection ( ! ,messiah creat$ ! leg5d ( ! empty tomb & ! div9e app>itions1 he proce$s to =mulate ! ,tea*+ :i* _h creat$ ! fai?4 ,! hi/oric cre$ ( ,*ri/ianity is ?us figur$ z a pyramid pois$ on ! apex ( a halluc9ation2 b we are assur$ t ! halluc9ation result$ f ! greatness ( ! ,p]sonality ( ! sla9 ,tea*]4 ,tak+ no note ( any o!r conception ( a possible orig9ation ( ! cult1 ,m4 ,loisy pron\nces t to expla9 x we mu/ hold t ! gr\p ( adh]5ts _h be=e ! crucifixion evolv$ a religi\s life suffici5tly deep to su/a9 ! feel+ t ! dea? ( ! ,ma/] 0 an accid5t1 grave no d\bt 6 & p]turb+1 b rep>able2 #age & to expla9 ?is religi\s life he goes back to ! ,ma/]'s doctr9e4 ,& ! mom5t he beg9s 8 exposition he vacillates anew ov] ! old dilemma3-- ,jesus pursu$ a "w1 n ! propagation ( a belief2 he did n expla9 !oretically ! ,k+dom ( ,heav51 he prep>$ its com+ by exhort+ m5 to rep5t4 ,nev]!less ev5 ! "w ( ,jesus atta*es itself to ! idea ( ! cele/ial k+dom2 x def9es itself 9 t idea1 :i* presupposes1 implies1 or involves ) x o!r ideas4 ,x is ?is comb9ation ( ideas famili> to ,*ri/ t we mu/ recon/ruct ) ! help ( ! ,gospels4444 ,! idea ( ! k+dom ( ,god is1 9 a s5se1 all ! ,gospel2 b x is also all ,judaism4444 #agf ,exactly4 ,jesus1 9 effect1 prea*$ j :at ! ,bapti/ is said to h prea*$2 only )\t baptism4 ,! monition to rep5t 0 simply ! monition ( all ! prophets & all ! es*atologi/s2 & x _h n ! attraction ( baptism :i* ! evangel ( ! ,bapti/ 0 said to h4 ,s t ! ,twelve1 on ! %[+ ( ,m4 ,loisy1 w5t ?r\gh ,jewry utt]+ only "o famili> phrase--& ca/+ out devils--& doom+ ^? :o refus$ to he> !m4 ,&1 by _! own report1 x 0 9 ca/+ out devils t !y _h _! success4 ,! simple "n ( ,jesus1 accord+ to ! ,gospels1 avail$ = t :]e he _h nev] appe>$ 9 p]son4 ,yet1 aga91 ! "n is us$ by non-adh]5ts = ! same purpose 7,mk4 ix1 #ch74 ,& /ill ,m4 ,loisy confid5tly claims t !re is no trace ( a pre-,*ri/ian ,jesus cult 9 ,pale/9e6 #agg ,conc]n+ ! nullity ( ! orig9al evangel he is q unwitt+ly explicit :5 he is resi/+ ! my? !ory2 albeit 9 ! act ( contradict+ himself3-- ,paul1 inde$1 proclaims se rclame du an immortal ,*ri/1 or m exactly a ,*ri/ dead & re-aris51 n ! ,jesus prea*+ ! evangel 9 ,galilee & at ,j]usalem4 ,b 8 attitude is easy to expla94444 ,he 0 aw>e ( ! circum/ances ( ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 & ( :at 0 prea*$ by 8 foll[]s4444 ,if he boa/$ ( hav+ le>n$ no?+ f ! old sic apo/les1 x 0 t1 9 reality1 he _h nev] be5 at _! s*ool4444 ,b he 0 able il lui arrive also to affirm ! con=mity ( 8 tea*+ ) !irs3 t is :at he did 9 ! passage 444 t\*+ ! dea? & resurrection ( ,jesus4 ,paul conv]t$ _h no?+ to dem& ( ! fir/ apo/les ( ,jesus1 because he knew already :at !y _h prea*$4 #agh ,s t ! doctr9e ( an immortal or resurrect$ ,*ri/ 0 ! sole doctr9e ( ! ,apo/les4 ,!re 0 no o!r evangel4 ,& ?is doctr9e1 :i* _h j be5 decl>$ to be born ( ! p]sonal impression made by ,jesus on 8 foll[]s1 is also ! doctr9e ( ,paul1 :o _h nev] se5 ,jesus4 ,! prim>y evangel hav+ ?us simply disappe>$1 we rev]t to ! ,jesu9e ,tea*+ 7address$ 9 l>ge "p only to ! disciples7 :i* _h =m$ among disciples & adh]5ts su* a religi\s life z s]v$ to develop ! conviction t ! ,ma/] c\ld n really die1 & s prep>$ ! f\ndation ^u :i* ,paul built hi/oric ,*ri/ianity4 #agi ,we h se5 h[ ,m4 ,loisy vacillates ov] ! ,f\nd]'s conception ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god 9 relation to 8 moral tea*+4 ,:5 x is a "q ( a my? !ory1 ,m4 ,loisy insi/s ^u exactitude4 ,9 ord] t ! !sis %\ld be su/a9able1 x w\ld be necess>y t a well-def9$ my? %\ld h exi/$ 9 "s ,jewi% sect4 #ahj ,b !re is no call = well-def9$ pro(s or notions :5 x is a "q ( def5d+ ! tradition4 ,= our critic1 ,jesus is fir/ & =emo/ an int5se believ] 9 a miracul\s adv5t ( t ,k+dom :i* _h come simply to mean ! sov]eignty ( ,god4 #aha ,ev5 ?is conception is ( necessity vague to ! la/ degree3-- ,! primitive nationalism subsi/$ at lea/ 9 ! framework cadre & ! ext]ior economy ( ! k+dom ( ,god2 x ma9ta9$ itself also 9 jusque dans ! evangel ( ,jesus4 ,at ! same "t ! k+dom ( ,god is n a simple moral re=m1 to safegu>d ! law ( ! cele/ial ,sov]eign & gu>antee ! happ9ess ( ! fai?ful4 ,! action ( ,yahweh 444 gov]ns ! entire univ]se4444 ,! cosmological tradition develop$ ! idea ( a def9ite triumph ( light ov] d>kness1 ( ord] ov] *aos1 a triumph :i* 0 to be ! f9al victory ( good ov] evil4444 ,! t]re/rial k+doms 444 7 to disappe>1 to give place to ! reign ( ,israel1 :i* 0 ! reign ( ! j1 ! reign ( ,god4 ,9 ?is great in/auration ( ! div9e ord]1 9 ?is reg5]ation ( ! univ]se1 ! div9e ju/ice 0 to manife/ itself by ! resurrection ( all ! true fai?ful4 #ahb ,?is trans=mation1 !n--! long curr5t dream ( ,jewry--0 to be a va/ miracle1 & 9 t miracle ,jesus believ$ he 0 to play ! "p ( ! ,messiah1 ! div9e repres5tative4 ,t expectation su/a9$ him till ! mom5t ( 8 dea?4 #ahc ,nev]!less 8 idea ( ! reign ( ,god 0 n a patriotic halluc9ation or ! dream ( an excit$ exalt my/ic4 ,! reign ( ,god is ! reign ( ju/ice4 #ahd 7,z if ! second s5t5ce prov$ ! fir/47 ,& yet1 all ! :ile3 ,on ! :ole1 ! ,gospel e?ic is no m consi/5t ?an ! hope ( ! k+dom4444 ,consid]$ 9 !mselves1 z ! ,gospel makes !m kn[n to u1 !y are n my?ic b my/ic4 #ahe ,?us help$ to a def9ite conception1 we turn to ! e?ic1 :i* we h se5 to be 9 ! ma9 a compilation f ,jewi% lit]ature4 ,?is fact ,m4 ,loisy admits1 only to d5y t x has any significance3-- ,he opposes ! voice ( 8 consci5ce to ! tradition ( ! doctors4 ,!re lies precisely ! orig9ality ( 8 tea*+1 :i*1 if "o recompos$ ! mat]ials piece by piece1 c\ld be f\nd scatt]$ 9 ! ,biblical writ+s or 9 ! say+s ( ! rabbis4 ,l e man :o speaks to m51 ,jesus takes 8 ideas 9 ! common treasure ( 8 environm5t & 8 "t2 b z to :at he makes ( x p\r le p>ti qu'il en tire "o does n say t x proce$s f any "o4 ,?is indep5d5ce results1 probably1 at once f 8 "* & f ! circum/ances ( 8 education4 #ahf ,?us1 z reg>ds ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 ! act ( collect+ a numb] ( e?ical precepts & maxims f ! curr5t lit]ature & lore ( "o's p & curtly en\nc+ !m1 )\t developm5t1 is a pro( ( supreme moral orig9ality1 & is to be reg>d$ z oppos+ ! voice ( "o's consci5ce to tradition4 ,_h ! rabbis1 !n1 no consci5ce8 ,0 _! e?ic a m]e tradition1 ev5 :5 !y gave out or orig9at$ ! maxims ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt8 ,0 ,hillel b a m\?-piece ( ! law8 ,m4 ,loisy mu/ 9 ju/ice p>don u = av[+ t s f> he has b duplicat$ a worn-out p>alogism1 & t he has evad$ ! pla9 docum5t>y fact t ! ,s]mon is a lit]>y compilation1 #ahg & n a disc\rse at all4 ,& :5 we turn to specific tea*+s1 8 comm5t>y does b compel u to ask h[ ! tea*+ :i* he insi/s ^u tak+ z g5u9ely utt]$ by ! ,tea*] c be associat$ ) ! ,messiani/ he has be5 describ+4 ,accept+ z g5u9e ! /ory ( ! woman tak5 9 adult]y1 n[ bracket$ 9 ! ,engli% ,revis$ ,v]sion z be+ abs5t f ! mo/ anci5t manuscripts1 b presumably f\nd 9 ! lo/ ,gospel ( ! ,hebrews1 #ahh he rem>ks t ! elect ( ! k+dom mu/ n use m>riage2 !y 7 to be z ! angels 9 heav52 #ahi & at ! same "t he describes ! veto on divorce z a trait s p]sonal to ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/1 & s difficult to compreh5d if "o d5ies all orig9ality to t tea*+4 #aij ,t is to say1 ! believ] 9 ! spe$y end ( all m>riage relations1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( a new & angelic life = all :o survive1 occupi$ himself e>ne/ly ) ! re/riction or abolition ( divorce6 ,at o!r junctures ,m4 ,loisy is ready to see h[ ! doctr9es ( sections & movem5ts 9 ! lat] ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 7 introduc$ into ! ,gospels4 ,he w n admit ( su* an explanation "h4 ,does he !n see a supreme moral inspiration 9 ! ,montani/s & o!r ,*ri/ian sect>ies :o set _! faces aga9/ ! sexual in/9ct8 ,has he =gott5 ! text 9 ,mala*i 7ii1 #ad-af71 veto+ a he>tless divorce8 ,& has he nev] he>d ( ! say+ ( ,rabbi ,eliez]1 e*o$ else:]e 9 ! ,talmud1 t ! alt> %$s te>s ov] him :o puts away 8 fir/ wife8 ,is ! moral orig9ality ( ! ,gospel tea*+ to be e/abli%$ by m]ely ignor+ all previ\s tea*+ to ! same effect8 ,b x is h>dly necess>y ?us to rev]t to ! "q ( ! e?ical orig9ality ( ! ,gospel tea*+3 ! ess5tial issue "h is ! impossible comb9ation pres5t$ to u by ,m4 ,loisy z 8 hi/orical ,jesus4 ,)\t any sign ( misgiv+ he (f]s u ! figure ( a my/ic await+ ! imm95t end ( ! old ord] ( ?+s & ! sub/itution ( a new & heav5ly ord]1 d\bl$ ) a morali/ deeply preoccupi$ ov] c]ta9 details ( ! vani%+ life & a prescription = _! regulation 9 ! future 9 :i* !y 7 n to exi/4 ,m4 ,loisy is1 inde$1 liable to be c5sur$ by ! or?odox & ! lib]als alike = 8 explicit av[al t ,x is v sup]flu\s to seek 9 ! ,gospel a doctr9e ( social economy1 or ev5 a program ( moral conduct = individual exi/5ces :i* 7 to g on accord+ to ! ord] ( nature1 9 ! indef9ite sequ5ce ( humanity4 #aia ,?is seems to ov]look ! passage 7,mt4 xxv1 #cd-df7 9 :i* et]nal life is promis$ to ^? :o succ\r ! di/ress$4 ,su* a rule = conduct does seem to indicate "s reg>d = ! cont9uance ( life on ! normal l9es4 ,x is1 we "k1 a simple adaptation f ! ritual ( ! ,egyptian ,book ( ! ,dead1 b x has _h f _m comm5tators ev5 su* praise = orig9ality z ,m4 ,loisy has be/[$ on ! ,tea*+ 9 g5]al4 ,su* tea*+ is1 9 po9t ( fact1 q undes]v+ ( praise = spirituality1 inasmu* z x 9 effect recomm5ds b5evol5ce z a way ( secur+ et]nal life4 ,he :o succ\rs ! di/ress$ on ! motive s suppli$ is pla9ly a long way bel[ ! ,good ,sam>itan or ! simple compassionate human be+ ( ev]yday life4 ,b ?is is really ! gr\nd-note ( all ! ,gospel e?ic4 ,! ,beatitudes are promises ( comp5satory bliss2 &1 inde$1 9 a sy/em :i* f\nds ^u immortality !re is no escape f ?is k9d ( motivation4 ,! ,pagan appeal1 made alt]nately to nobl5ess & to conc]n = good repute among "o's fell[s1 is cle>ly on ! high] plane1 & w\ld t5d to ma9ta91 s f> z m]e moral appeal c1 a nobl] type ( human be+4 ,x is n ev5 cle>1 9 ! light ( ! g5]al ,judaism ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,k+dom1 :e!r "o ( ^! my bre?r5 c mean m ?an "o ( ! fai?4 ,b h[ev] t may be1 we h to note t = ,m4 ,loisy ! promise ( rew>d at ! judgm5t = help giv5 to ! di/ress$ is n a ,jesu9e utt]ance4 ,x occurs only 9 ,mat!w2 & we may readily agree t1 if su* an allocution 7 really deliv]$ by ! alleg$ ,f\nd]1 x c\ld n conceivably h be5 left to "o collector to pres]ve x4 ,! r$actor ( ! fir/ ,gospel1 comm5ts ,m4 ,loisy 9 8 be/ critical ve91 ?\ght he ought to put ?is "h to complete 8 collection ( in/ructions conc]n+ ! p>\sia & ! great judgm5t4 ,x is 444 a piece 9 :i* is develop$1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! la/ judgm5t1 ! ^w ( ! ,"l3 ',he t receive? y receive? me4' ,s t a tea*+ :i* /ill makes a great impression on ! ,*ri/ian consci\sness is confess$ly b a developm5t by an unkn[n h& ( a b>e ,messianic phrase4 ,x has be5 visibly arrang$ to close ! compilation ( disc\rses & p>ables made "h by ! r$actor ( ! fir/ ,gospel4 #aib ,yet :5 we come to ! p>able ( ! ,good ,sam>itan1 :i* occurs only 9 ,luke1 & :i* also _c be conceiv$ z be+ delib]ately omitt$ by ! previ\s evangeli/s if x _h be5 utt]$ by ! ,ma/]1 ,m4 ,loisy indulges 9 a v long disc\rse t reads l a pres]v$ s]mon1 only to conclude t ! p>able ( ! ,sam>itan ?us (f]s itself z "o ( ! mo/ au!ntic te/imonies un tmoignage au!ntique entre t\s ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus4 ,x is cle> t ! evangeli/ has n inv5t$ x1 b t he has f\nd x ready made1 & t he has only giv5 x a frame1 9 8 fa%ion4 #aic ,x is ) a c]ta9 emb>rassm5t ov] ! spectacle ( a good s*ol>'s divagation t "o proce$s to po9t to ! absolute non sequitur 9 ,m4 ,loisy's comm5t4 ,suppos+ we agree t ! evangeli/ f\nd ! p>able ready made1 :]e9 is ?is case diff]5tiat$ f t ( ! passage 9 ,mat!w la/ not$8 ,t is at lea/ z likely to h be5 f\nd ready made2 yet x is n 9 t case claim$ by ,m4 ,loisy t ! passage is !re=e a record ( a real ,jesu9e utt]ance4 ,he sees t x is a pat*1 a developm5t4 ,n[1 ! p>able ( ! ,good ,sam>itan is a pla9 docum5t>y pat*1 an ins]tion )\t context1 betwe5 ! address ( ,jesus to ! disciples aft] t to ! return$ ,sev5ty 7^: mission ,m4 ,loisy _h some:at n]v\sly dismiss$ z ! evangeli/'s figurative frame = ! evangeliz+ ( ! pagans #aid7 & ! resumption3 ,n[1 z !y w5t on _! way4444 ,x is impossible to imag9e a m palpable ins]tion4 ,fir/ ! my?ic ,sev5ty1 ! creation ( a ,g5tiliz+ ,*ri/ian1 make _! report on ! exact l9es ( ! report ( ! ,twelve2 !n ,jesus addresses !m2 !n he rejoices 9 ! ,holy ,_s4 ,!n1 turn+ to ! disciples1 he said privately1 ,bless$ are ! eyes :i* see ! ?+s t ye see4444 ,?is la/ sugge/s an e>li] allocution to ! ,twelve :i* has _h to be turn$ into a private spee* to !m to di/+ui% x f ! reply to ! ,sev5ty4 #aie ,b h[ev] t may be1 ! natural sequel is v]se #ch1 ,n[1 z !y w5t on _! way4444 ,& x is betwe5 ^! po9ts ( natural connection t we get ! p>able episode beg9n+3 ,& behold1 a c]ta9 lawy] /ood up & tempt$ him4444 ,well may ,m4 ,loisy say t ! episode is a ?+ f\nd ready made2 x has c]ta9ly no place 9 ! orig9al docum5t4 ,b x 0 made by a lat] h&1 & x 0 ins]t$ ei!r by him :o made x or by him :o f\nd x4 ,x is ! "w ( a ,g5tiliz]1 aim+ at ,jewi% prie/s & ,levites1 & 9 a less degree at ! scribes1 :om he treats z comp>atively op5 to in/ruction4 ,x is "p ( ! ,g5tiliz+ propag&a :i* evolv$ ! /ory ( ! mission ( ! ,sev5ty1 & x is naturally ins]t$ aft] t episode4 ,b to admit t to be a "w ( r$action & to call ! p>able a g5u9e ,jesu9e utt]ance is only to give "o m di/ress+ illu/ration ( ! common collapse ( ! simple/ pr9ciples ( docum5t>y criticism "u ! sway ( cons]vative prepossession4 ,m4 ,loisy reta9s ! p>able ( ! ,good ,sam>itan z ,jesu9e simply because he feels t to ab&on x is to come ne> mak+ an end ( ! claim = ! moral orig9ality ( ! ,gospels4 ,x is probably f a ,g5tile h&1 ?\gh x may conceivably h come f an enlight5$ ,jew4 ,& s we f9d ,m4 ,loisy1 ) all 8 s*ol>ly pa9/ak+ & 8 laudable measure ( c&\r1 pres5t+ u f9ally ) an uncritical result4 ,8 hi/orical ,jesus w n coh]e4 ,x is a bl5d ( e>ly ,judaic es*atology ) lat] e?ical common s5se1 e>ly ,judaic humanity & p>ticul>ism ) lat] ,g5tile univ]salism2 ev5 z ! ,gospels are a mosaic ( a doz5 o!r div]g+ & conflict+ t5d5cies1 e>ly & late4 ,"o c expla9 to oneself ,jesus1 exclaims ,m4 ,loisy2 "o _c expla9 to oneself ^? :o inv5t$ him4 #aif ,let ! read] judge = himself :e!r ,m4 ,loisy has giv5 u any explanation2 & :e!r1 aft] our survey1 !re is any sci5tific difficulty 9 ! conception ( an imag9>y p]sonage produc$1 l an ideal photograph result+ f a :ole s]ies ( sup]impos$ portraits1 by ! cont9u$ travail ( g5]ations ( m5 v>i\sly b5t on pictur+ a ,messiah = _! hopes1 a ,god = _! salvation1 & a ,tea*] = _! lives4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,! ,,paul9e ,,problem ,h[ mu* ,m4 ,loisy is sway$ by prepossession may be fur!r ga!r$ f 8 argum5tation ov] ! te/imony ( ,paul 9 connection ) 8 criticism ( ! my? !ory4 ,pr(essor ,drews1 he rem>ks1 does n foll[ ^? :o conte/ ! au!nticity ( ! ,epi/les1 ?\gh ! int]e/ ( 8 !sis imp]i\sly dem&s x2 & aga93 ,paul is a dang]\s witness = ! my?ic hypo!sis4 #aig ,x may be wor? :ile = me "h to note t a /udy ( ! ,paul9e epi/les1 on ! view t ! f\r 7 probably g5u9e 9 ! ma91 0 a det]m9+ factor 9 my own resort to ! my?ical hypo!sis4 ,! critical situation creat$ by realiz+ t ,paul practically knew no?+ ( ! ,gospel n>ratives save ! deta*able item ( ! resurrection 0 = me almo/ exactly analog\s to t creat$ by realiz+ t ! ,israel ( ! ,book ( ,judges knew no?+ ( ! ,p5tateu*al life 9 ! wild]ness4 ,s f> f be+ a witness aga9/ ! my? !ory1 ! ,paul9e lit]ature 0 "o ( ! fir/ cle> gr\nds = t !ory4 ,! s*ool ( ,van ,man5 c realize1 :at ,m4 ,loisy _c1 t ! spuri\sness ( ! :ole ,paul9e lit]ature1 s f> f be+ imp]i\sly requir$ by ! my? !ory1 sets up = t a c]ta9 complication4 #aih ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,van ,man5 took exactly ! conv]se view to t ( ,m4 ,loisy3-- ,he 0 at bottom a man ( cons]vative "*1 & x 0 only ) great reluctance t he f\nd himself compell$ to ab&on ! ,paul consecrat$ by tradition4 ,b :51 z a man ( sci5ce1 he _h once made ?is sacrifice to 8 convictions1 8 belief 9 an hi/orical ,jesus receiv$ a fre% accession ( /r5g?2 n[ at l5g? ! exi/5ce ( ,jesus _h become probable4 ,if ! lett]s 7 writt5 a c5tury lat] ?an ! "t :5 ,jesus liv$1 !n 8 deification 9 ! ,paul9e lett]s ceases to be s a/oni%+4 #aii ,decid$ly ,m4 ,loisy _h be5 some:at sup]ficial 9 8 e/imate ( ! t5d5cies ( ! argum5t ov] ,paul4 ,n[1 ! my? !ory1 z x happ5s1 is nei!r made nor m>r$ by any decision z to ! spuri\sness ( ! ,paul9e lett]s4 ,! crucial po9t is t1 :e!r e>ly or late--& ! dat+ ( !m z pseudepigrapha is a difficult matt]--! c>d9al epi/les h be5 int]polat$4 ,?is became cle> to me at an e>ly /age 9 my /udies1 indep5d5tly ( any previ\s criticism4 ,t ! two passages1 #a ,cor4 xi1 #bc-bh2 xv1 #c-aa1 are int]polations1 & t 9 ! second case ! int]polation has be5 add$ to1 are z cle> results ( pure docum5t>y analysis z any 9 ! :ole field ( ! discussion4 #bjj ,& :5 ,m4 ,loisy ascribes to ,pr(essor ,drews an entirely gratuit\s hypo!sis ( int]polation1 & implies t su* hypo!ses are set up because ! texts are extremely awkw>d = ! my?ic !ory1 #bja he is himself misl$ by 8 p>ti pris4 ,:]eas ,i came to my conclusions #bjb z to int]polation :ile work+ t[>ds ! my? !ory1 exactly ! same conclusions z m9e1 ,i aft]w>ds f\nd1 _h be5 previ\sly rea*$ by at lea/ "o cont95tal s*ol> #bjc :o _h n ! my?ic !ory 9 view2 & lat] by o!rs #bjd :o equally /ood alo( f x4 ,m4 ,loisy w\ld d well to ask himself :e!r x is n he :o is uncritically sway$ by 8 presuppositions1 & :e!r ! m5 to :om he imputes su* bias are n ! really dis9t]e/$ critics4 ,9 reg>d to ! text ( #a ,cor4 xv1 #c sq41 he describes z surpris+ ! argum5t t ! acc\nt ( ! appe>ance ( ,jesus to five hundr$ at once is %[n to be late by its abs5ce f ! ,gospels4 ,?is v sil5ce ( ! evangeli/s1 he insi/s1 r5d]s unplausible invraisemblable ! entirely gratuit\s hypo!sis ( an int]polation4 #bje ,"o is driv5 to wond] :at conception ,m4 ,loisy has =m$ ( ! mann] ( ! compilation ( ! ,gospels4 ,on 8 view1 ,paul _h v e>ly put 9 curr5cy ! record t ! ris5 ,jesus _h appe>$ to above five hundr$ bre?r5 at once2 yet ?is record1 s welcome to ! ,*ur*1 0 nev] ins]t$ 9 ! ,gospels4 ,:y n8 ,9 ,m4 ,loisy's op9ion1 "o ( !m1 at lea/1 0 p5n$ or r$act$ 9 ! ,paul9e int]e/3-- ,"o may )\t d\bt 444 affirm t ! olde/ ( ! synoptics1 ! ,gospel ( ,m>k1 0 compos$1 9 a c]ta9 measure1 9 fav\r ( ,paul4444 ,! same ,gospel seems to h ! consci\s purpose ( l[]+ ! ,galilean disciples to ! advantage ( ,paul & 8 disciples4 #bjf ,& :ile ,m4 ,loisy ju/ly rejects1 z oppos$ to ! int]nal evid5ce1 ! claim t ,luke is ! intimate ( ,paul1 & ev5 d5ies t ! ?ird ,gospel is really ,paul9e 9 t5d5cy1 #bjg he w h>dly say t x is anti-,paul9e1 or likely on t or any o!r score to repel an important item ( te/imony to ! appe>ances ( ! ris5 ,jesus1 suppli$ by su* an au?ority z ! ,apo/le to ! ,g5tiles4 ,he c give no reason :atev]1 !n1 :y ! five hundr$ item %\ld appe> nei!r 9 ,gospels nor ,acts4 ,x is 9 po9t ( fact to be tak5 z a v late int]polation inde$4 ,& if ,m4 ,loisy1 z 9 duty b\nd1 w\ld b note ! sequ5ce3 !n to ! twelve2 !n 444 to above five hundr$ 444 !n to all ! apo/les1 he might1 z simple critic1 see t !re h be5 successive tamp]+s4 ,z to ! g5u95ess & ! dat+ ( ! epi/les1 x may be well at ?is po9t to put ! issue cle>ly4 ,! g5]al case ( ,van ,man5 is decid$ly /rong2 & ! entire abs5ce f ! ,acts ( any m5tion ( any public epi/le by ,paul is all 9 ,van ,man5's fav\r4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,romans is s f> dissolv$ "u criticism t x might be class$ z nei!r ,paul9e nor an epi/le4 #bjh ,t !re are late lit]>y elem5ts 9 ! re/ ( ! c>d9al f\r ,i h myself argu$1 #bji indep5d5tly ( ! "q ( ! int]polations ( quasi-hi/ory4 ,= a free hi/orical /ud5t !re c be no prim>y "q ( h[ ! dat+ ( ! epi/les w affect ! problem ( ! hi/oricity ( ,jesus3 ! problem is to be sci5tifically solv$ on its m]its4 ,b :ile ! s*ool ( ,van ,man5 fail to recognize int]polations 9 ! epi/les z !y /&1 & to revise _! *ronology 9 ! light ( t fact1 !y are po/pon+ ! critical settlem5t4 ,t ! rejection ( all ! ,paul9e epi/les z pseudepigraphic is n at all a c\nt] /roke to ! my? !ory is %[n by ,mr4 ,:ittak]'s def9ite acceptance ( bo? positions4 ,van ,man5 0 premature on ! hi/oricity "q4 ,assur$ly !re is mu* to be done be=e ! my? !ory c be r$uc$ to a def9itive sci5tific =m4 ,x is to be hop$ t1 free z x is f p]v]t+ commitm5ts1 x may be develop$ r m rapidly ?an ! lib]al !ory ( ! human ,*ri/1 :i* has be5 on ! /ocks = ov] a hundr$ ye>s )\t secur+ any high] measure ( unanimity ?an exi/s among ! ,*ri/ian sects4 ,b x c h no rapid acceptance4 ,que/ions ( my? analogies--always op5 to ! p]v]se h&l+ ( m5 :o _c or w n see t 9 my?ology & an?ropology claims ( analogy are n claims ( d]ivation--are apt to be obscure at be/2 & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! hypo!sis ( a pre-,*ri/ian ,jesus cult has be5 admitt$ f ! outset to be difficult4 ,& ! sociological hi/ory ( ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity1 to :i* ! my? "q is b prep>atory1 has /ill to be writt54 ,9 ?is direction too !re may be complications4 ,pa/or ,kal?(f's v important treatise on ,! ,rise ( ,*ri/ianity puts ! !ory t ! ,*ur* began z a communi/ic body2 & ,k>l ,kautsky1 9 8 ,d] ,ursprung des ,*ri/5?ums 7#aijh71 has vigor\sly develop$ t conception4 ,x has "s /rong gr\nds1 & x is beset by v s]i\s difficulties1 :i* ,kautsky1 ,i ?9k1 has n met4 ,:5 he d5ies t !re 7 ,hell5i/ic exp]im5ts & propag&as :i* 9 a lat] p]iod c\ld h set "s ,*ri/ian en?usia/s ^u inv5t+ a communi/ic beg9n+ = ! ,*ur*1 he seems to ignore 8 own argum5t f ! ,epi/le ( ,james1 & evid5ce :i* he c\ld h f\nd 9 ,kal?(f4 ,b unless ! communi/ic !ory 7adumbrat$ long ago 9 ,de ,qu9cey's ra% !sis t ! ,ess5es 7 ! fir/ ,*ri/ians7 is press$ z giv+ ! :ole orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 x rema9s a "p r ( ! sociological problem ?an ( ! hi]ological inquiry4 ,& ,i d n ?9k t ,kal?(f1 _h he liv$1 w\ld h s press$ x4 ,he saw1 ,i ?9k1 t !re is a prim>y religi\s factor & problem1 & t ! o!r is second>y4 ,!re 0 a sacram5tal cult be=e !re c\ld be any communism4 ,:5 ! orig9 ( ! cult is made fairly cle> ! "q ( communism may be settl$4 ,b ! ,acts is a v dubi\s basis = a hi/orical !ory1 & ! ,epi/le ( ,james tells r ( ,ebionism ?an ( communism4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,ebionites & ! ,naz>5es1 :i* = me 0 "o ( ! po9ts ( rev]sion to a my? !ory1 seems to be ! true />t+ po9t = ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,discussion ,9 all ?+s1 f9ally1 "o mu/ be prep>$ = a b\ndless op]ation ( ! _s ( controv]sy1 :i* is z x 7 ! atmosph]e ( intellectual progress1 &1 l ! physical atmosph]e1 is trav]s$ by mu* du/1 _m gu/s1 & _m p]si/5t curr5ts4 ,an inf9ite quantity ( m]e insol5ce & m]e p]sonal asp]sion arises r\nd e problem t di/urbs widespread prejudice3 we h se5 "s ( x ev5 9 a survey :i* aims solely at br++ out ! ma9 argum5ts on our issue4 ,& :]e a body ( doctr9e is relat$ to an economic f\ndation1 controv]sy is sure to be specially protract$4 ,?is has already be5 abundantly se5 9 ! developm5t ( ! lib]al view ( ! human ,*ri/1 ( :i* ,m4 ,loisy may be tak5 z an advanc$ repres5tative2 :ile ,pr(essor ,s*mi$el may rank z an expon5t too advanc$ to be o!rwise ?an suspect = "s ( ! s*ool4 ,x is in/ructive to realize t ,m4 ,loisy /&s to-day v mu* :]e ,/rauss did eighty ye>s ago4 ,:at 0 !n revolution>y h]esy is n[ become a v respectable =m ( pr(essional !ology4 ,only 9 8 old age did ,/rauss himself realize to :at philosophical conclusions 8 critical me?od l$2 & on ! hi/oricity "q he seems to h made no s]i\s advance at all4 ,*all5g$ by ,ullmann to say :e!r1 on 8 !ory1 ! ,*ur* creat$ ! ,*ri/ ( ! ,gospels or he ! ,*ur*1 ,/rauss repli$ t ! alt]native 0 false1 & t bo? ?+s _h happ5$2 ! ,*ri/ be+ creat$ by ! fai? ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* fai? 9 turn 0 creat$ by ! p]son ( ! hi/orical ,jesus4 ,f t gyratory position he nev] really dep>t$2 & t is ! position ( ,m4 ,loisy to-day4 ,if x has tak5 eighty ye>s to yield only t am\nt ( progress1 ?r\gh a :ole libr>y ( labori\s s*ol>ly lit]ature1 !re c be no great weight left 9 ! appeal to s*ol>ly au?ority4 ,! au?ority ( to-day is ! h]etic ( our gr&fa!rs' day4 ,x is = ! radical innovator1 on ! o!r h&1 to le>n ! lesson :i* 0 n duly le>n$ by 8 pr$ecessors1 unless x be t 9 "s cases !y 7 m]ely sil5c$ by or?odox ho/ility4 ,:ile _m ,free?9k]s1 probably1 _h come privately to ! view ( ^? intimates ( ,bol+broke :o are ref]r$ to by ,voltaire z d5y+ ! hi/oricity ( ,jesus1 ! two writ]s :o fir/ gave ,european vogue to ! proposition1 ,dupuis & ,volney1 /ak$ ev]y?+ on ! a/ronomical elem5ts ( ! cult1 & on ! *ief my?-analogies ) ,pagan religions4 ,_! argum5t 0 bo? s\nd & important1 s f> z x w5t2 b = lack ( inve/igation on ! ,jewi% side ( ! problem1 & ( ! necess>y analysis ( ! ,gospels1 !y fail$ to make any s]i\s impression on ! s*ol>s1 especially z s _m ,free?9k+ critics1 d[n to ,reim>us & ,voltaire1 treat$ ! hi/oricity ( ,jesus z c]ta94 #baj ,& :5 an anonym\s ,g]man writ] 9 #agii publi%$ a treatise on ,revelation & ,my?ology 9 :i*1 accord+ to ,/rauss1 he posit$ ! :ole life ( ,jesus z pre-conceiv$ 9 ,jewi% my? & speculation1 he made no impression on an age busily & va9ly occupi$ ) ! s-call$ rationaliz+ ( my?s & miracles by r$uc+ !m to natural ev5ts misund]/ood4 ,lat]1 ano!r--or ! same8--anonym\s ,g]man1 also cit$ by ,/rauss1 9 a review article condemn$ e attempt to f9d a hi/orical basis = ! ,gospel my?s2 b 9 bo? cases ! anonymity suffici5tly told ( ! g5]al res5tm5t aga9/ any su* view4 ,& :5 ,/rauss himself1 ! fir/ to h&le ! problem ) an approa* to sci5tific ?or\ghness1 n only adh]$ to ! c5tral assumption ( hi/oricity1 b argu$ confid5tly t ! my?ical dissolution ( s _m ( ! details made no diff]5ce to fai?1 x 0 natural t int]e/ 9 8 und]tak+ %\ld slack54 ,! fact t x _h ru9$ 8 c>e] w\ld p]haps c\nt = /ill m4 ,fre$om ( academic discussion 9 ,g]many has nev] meant any m9imiz+ ( pi\s malice2 & ,/rauss all 8 life long _h to be> 8 cross = ! (f5ce ( a new advance 9 hi/orical sci5ce4 ,dr4 ,alb]t ,s*weitz]1 :o = almo/ ! fir/ "t1 aft] ,s*mi$el1 has br\ght ! note ( am5ity into ! argum5t = hi/oricity z aga9/ ! negative1 rem>ks t ! greate/ ,lives ( ,jesus are ^? :i* h be5 writt5 ) hate--to wit1 ^? by ,reim>us & ,/rauss4 ,reim>us1 :om ,dr4 ,s*weitz] g5ially ov]rates1 0 inde$ giv5 to invective aga9/ my?ological p]sonages1 f ,moses d[nw>d2 b hate is a /range t]m to apply to ! calm & judicial proc$ure ( ,/rauss4 ,z well ascribe to hate ! rise ( ,unit>ianism4 ,if hate is to be ! t]m = ,/rauss's mood1 :at epi!t is left = t ( 8 oppon5ts1 :o1 z ,dr4 ,s*weitz] relates1 circl$ him ) unsleep+ malignity to ! end1 & s\ght to o/racize ! cl]ical fri5d ( 8 y\? :o deliv]$ an address ov] 8 grave8 ,x is only hi/oric religion t c fo/] & su/a9 su* hates z ^!4 ,x is true t ,bruno ,bau]1 :o s sudd5ly advanc$ ^u ,/rauss's position1 detect+ new elem5ts ( my?ic con/ruction 9 ! ,gospels1 & arriv+ t5 ye>s lat] at ! def9ite doctr9e ( non-hi/oricity1 exhibit$ a play ( /orm & /ress 9 ! e>li] "p ( 8 inquiry4 ,he revil$ at t /age1 n ! ,jesus ^: life he 0 inve/igat+1 b ! !ologians :o _h s conf\nd$ confusion4 ,^! outbreaks ( bitt]ness1 ,dr4 ,s*weitz] admits1 are to be expla9$ by ! feel+ ( repulsion :i* ,g]man apologetic !ology inspir$ 9 e g5u9ely hone/ & ?\ghtful man by ! me?ods :i* x adopt$ 9 oppos+ ,/rauss4 #baa ,add t ! same me?ods 7 be+ employ$ t[>ds ,bau]1 & ! case is p]haps simplifi$4 ,) ^! cases be=e him1 & ) ! record to write ( a hundr$ & ?irty ye>s ( admitt$ly abortive discussion1 ,dr4 ,s*weitz] c\ld n =go an exordium 9 praise ( ! ,g]man temp]am5t :i* _h s wond]fully kept ! discussion go+4 ,su* a record seems a surpris+ gr\nd = national pride2 b x may be grant$ him t ! ,g]man temp]am5t w nev] lack mat]ial = self-panegyric1 :i* appe>s to be ! brea? ( its no/rils4 ,to ^?1 h[ev]1 = :om sci5ce is indep5d5t ( nationality1 ! lesson has a some:at diff]5t aspect4 ,:at has be5 lack+ is sci5tific ?or\ghness4 ,bruno ,bau]'s flaws ( mood & me?od 7 su* t 8 m radical p5etration ( ! problem at c]ta9 po9ts made no su* impression z did ! ord]ly & temp]ate proc$ure ( ,/rauss4 ,"o might suppose t betwe5 ! "w ( ,/rauss & t ( ,bau] !re lay n five b fifty ye>s--! critical "w ( a :ole g5]ation4 #bab ,bau]'s ',criticism ( ! ,gospel ,hi/ory' is wor? a good doz5 ,lives ( ,jesus1 because 8 "w1 z we are only n[ com+ to recognize1 aft] half a c5tury1 is ! able/ & mo/ complete collection ( ! difficulties ( ! ,life ( ,jesus :i* is any:]e to be f\nd4 #bac ,b 8 mood & 8 me?od n only made him fail to e/abli% 8 my?ical !ory2 !y meant misc>riage 9 ! v conception ( x--a m]e sub/itution ( a subjective notion = ! me?od ( inductive sci5ce4 ,bau]'s f9al way ( putt+ ! !ory m]ely discr$its x4 ,he decides t ! :ole my? 0 ! creation ( "o evangeli/1 :]eby he %[s t he is no my?ologi/4 ,he nev] rea*$ ! true my? basis4 ,aft] all1 ! ,g]man temp]am5t seems to fall %ort1 at "s r ess5tial po9ts1 ( ! faculty = solv+ great hi/orical problems2 "o feels x some:at acutely :5 ,dr4 ,s*weitz] comes to ! und]tak+ himself4 ,! great m]it ( ,s*weitz]'s book is its manly & g5ial tone2 ?\gh1 z ?is is freely be/[$ on ! mo/ extreme h]etics1 he may make ano!r impression :5 he speaks ( ! inconceivable /upidity ( ! av]age ,life ( ,jesus 9 ! treatm5t ( ! connection ( ev5ts4 ,:at 8 book ma9ly demon/rates is ! labori\s futility ( ! age-long discussion ma9ta9$ by ! pr(essional !ologians ( ,g]many4 ,:5 he comes to ! late/ developm5ts1 :i* are b ext5sions ( ! common-s5se analyses ( ,bruno ,bau]1 he is full ( admiration = criticisms :i*1 ,i c te/ify1 h occurr$ spontane\sly to unpret5d+ ,free?9k]s ) no claim to special tra9+4 ,"s ( ! mo/ important my? elem5ts 9 ! ,gospels--= in/ance1 ! /ory ( ,b>abbas--he does n ev5 glance at1 hav+ app>5tly1 l ! o!r speciali/s1 nev] realiz$ t !re is any?+ !re to expla94 ,by ,dr4 ,s*weitz]'s acc\nt1 ! great mass ( ! ,g]man speciali/s = a c5tury pa/ h be5 unable to see contradictions & incompatibilities 9 ! ,gospels :i* leap to ! eyes2 to himself1 ,wr$e's /atem5t ( "s ( !m appe>s to be a revelation4 ,x w\ld seem t ! simple old ,secul>i/ me?od ( expos+ ^! _h cov]$ gr\nd :i* = ! speciali/s 0 :olly unexplor$4 ,?us x comes ab\t t ! my? !ory1 address$ to m5 :o _h nev] realiz$ ! "* ( _! own p]petually conn$ docum5ts1 f>$ z x might h done if address$ to ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t4 ,( no my?-!ories save ^? ( ,bruno ,bau] & ,pa/or ,kal?(f1 :i* alike ignore ! clues ( my?ology & an?ropology1 does ,dr4 ,s*weitz] seem to h any k4 ,he is capable ( giv+ a s5seless acc\nt ( a book he has n se51 &1 x may be1 ( "o he has se54 ,( ,*ri/ianity & ,my?ology he alleges t accord+ to t "w ! ,*ri/-my? is m]ely a =m ( ! ,kri%na-my?--a proposition :i* tells only ( absolute ignorance conc]n+ ! book4 ,if1 z ,i suspect1 he has no bett] gr\nd = 8 acc\nt ( ,h5nell's ,inquiry z no?+ m ?an ,v5tur9i's ',non-miracul\s ,hi/ory ( ! ,great ,prophet ( ,naz>e?' trick$ out ) a fanta/ic p>aph]nalia ( le>n+1 #bad x speaks ill = ! regul> function+ ( 8 critical consci5ce4 ,b :]e he has to deal ) concrete argum5ts he is /raight=w>d1 al]t1 & readily appreciative2 & 8 survey z a :ole leads up to a complete dismissal ( ! :ole "w ( ! lib]al s*ool s-call$4 ,9 8 summ+-up1 ! only critical *oice left is betwe5 complete scepticism & complete es*atology--t is1 betwe5 ! av[al t !re is no evid5ce = a hi/orical ,jesus1 & ! conviction t ! hi/orical ,jesus 0 purely & simply a ,jewi% h]o & dream]1 ^: entire doctr9e 0 ! adv5t ( ! k+dom ( ,god1 ! end+ ( ! old ord]1 9 :i* consummation he secretly believ$ he 0 to figure z ! ,messiah4 ,! b>e /atem5t ( ! proposition h>dly reveals its significance4 ,dr4 ,s*weitz]'s dream] is n ,m4 ,loisy's1 :o is conceiv$ z hav+ _h some?+ to tea* to 8 disciples1 & ev5 to ! multitude4 ,dr4 ,s*weitz]'s ,jesus has1 inde$1 disciples = no assignable reason1 b he is expressly decl>$ to be no ,tea*]1 ev5 z ,wr$e's ,tea*] is expressly decl>$ to be no ,messiah4 ,! jo9t result is to leave ! gr\nd tol]ably cle> = ! sci5tific my? !ory1 ( :i* ,dr4 ,s*weitz] has n come )9 sight1 hav+ omitt$ to inquire ab\t x4 ,z he sums up3-- ,suppos+ t only a half--nay1 only a ?ird--( ! critical argum5ts :i* are common to ,wr$e & ! ,sket* ( ! ,life ( ,jesus by ,s*weitz] are s\nd1 !n ! mod]n hi/orical view ( ! hi/ory is :olly ru9$4 ,! read] ( ,wr$e's book _c help feel+ t "h no qu>t] is giv52 & any "o :o goes c>efully ?r\gh ! pres5t writ]'s ,sket* mu/ come to see t betwe5 ! mod]n hi/orical & ! es*atological life ( ,jesus no compromise is possible4 #bae ,let u see1 !n1 to :at ! es*atological !ory am\nts1 consid]$ z a residual hi/orical explanation4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,! ,,gr\nd ,,cle>$ ,,= ,,! ,,my? ,,!ory ,! issue z betwe5 ,s*weitz] & ,wr$e comes to ?is4 ,wr$e sees t ! ,messiah%ip is a creation foll[+ ^u ! belief 9 ! resurrection1 & only uncritically d$ucible f ! docum5ts4 ,= him1 ,jesus is a ,tea*] :o 0 made into a ,messiah by 8 foll[]s aft] 8 dea?1 ! ,gospels be+ manipulat$ to conceal ! fact t he made no ,messianic claims4 ,s*weitz] sees t ! ,tea*+ ,jesus is a docum5t>y con/ruction2 & t1 unless ! ,crucifi$ ,"o _h "s ,messianic idea1 ! ,gospel /ory z a :ole crumbles to no?+4 ,& he asks3-- ,b h[ did ! appe>ance ( ! ris5 ,jesus sudd5ly become = !m ! disciples a pro( ( ,8 ,messiah%ip & ! basis ( _! es*atology8 ,t ,wr$e fails to expla91 & s makes ?is ev5t an hi/orical miracle :i* 9 reality is h>d] to believe ?an ! sup]natural ev5t4 #baf ,s be x3 ,wr$e's !sis is "h1 aft] all1 "p ( ! common cont5t ( ! lib]al ideal1 :i* _c /&4 ,b h[ does 8 critic make good ! conv]se ( a w\ld-be ,messiah :o 0 no ,tea*]1 b yet _h disciples1 & 0 f9ally crucifi$ = mak+ a secret ,messianic claim8 ,! answ] is too nave to be guess$4 ,accept+1 9 defiance ( e sugge/ion ( common s5se1 ! /ory ( ! triumphal entry into ,j]usalem1 ,dr4 ,s*weitz] decides t ! episode 0 ,messianic = ,jesus1 b n ,messianic = ! p4 ,) no au?ority save ! docum5ts :i* at ?is po9t he radically & recklessly alt]s1 he decides t ! multitude _h hail$ ,jesus z ! ,prophet1 z ,elias1 :atev] ! texts may say2 & ,jesus1 feel+ he 0 ! ,messiah1 play$ ) 8 ,messianic self-consci\sness all ! :ile4 ,:y1 !n1 0 he put to dea?8 ,simply because ,judas betray$ 8 secret to ! prie/s6 ,dr4 ,s*weitz] c see well en\gh ! futility ( ! betrayal /ory z x /&s1 inasmu* z ,judas is paid to d :at 0 n requir$--id5tify+ a well-kn[n public figure4 ,b r ?an admit my? "h he w inv5t a bett] /ory = himself1 & we get ?is3 ,jesus _h dropp$ ,messianic h9ts to 8 disciples1 & ,judas sold ! in=mation4 ,& all ! :ile none ( ! o!r disciples knew ?is1 ?\gh at ! trial ! prie/s w5t among ! p & induc$ !m n to agree to ! ,procurator's proposal4 ,h[8 ,by tell+ !m :y ,he 0 condemn$2 by reveal+ to !m ! ,messianic secret4 ,t makes him at once f a prophet wor?y ( hon\r into a delud$ en?usia/ & blasphem]4 #bag ,9 ! "n ( ! ,prophet1 figs6 ,dr4 ,s*weitz] has1 he believes1 sav$ ! "* ( ! mob ( ,j]usalem at la/2 & by :at a device6 ,by assum+ t to claim to be ! ,messiah 0 to blaspheme1 :i* x c]ta9ly 0 n2 #bah & by assum+ t ! mob :o _h 7on ,s*weitz]'s view7 acclaim$ an ,elias w\ld be /ruck dumb ) horror on be+ told t ,elias claim$ to be ! ,messiah4 ,! secret ( ?is psy*osis is 9 ,dr4 ,s*weitz]'s sole possession1 z is ! explanation ( ! total abs5ce ( 8 /atem5t f all ! lit]ature produc$ by ! g5]ation :i*1 on 8 assumption1 knew all ab\t ! case4 ,& ?is is :at is left aft] a survey ( ! ,g]man exegesis f ,reim>us to ,wr$e4 ,x is to be fe>$ t nei!r ! s*ol>s nor ! laity w accept ei!r ( ,dr4 ,s*weitz]'s alt]natives1 & t ! nature ( 8 own pre/idigitatory solution may t5d some:at to weak5 ! effect ( 8 indictm5t ( ! kaleidoscopic process :i* has hi!rto pass$ z a solution among ! exp]ts4 ,dr4 ,s*weitz] seems to realize all absurdities save 8 own4 ,none ! less1 he has done a critical s]vice 9 argu+ d[n all ! re/1 ?\gh ev5 9 8 f9al v]dict he exhibits symptoms ( ! sacr$ disease1 ! !ologian's malady ( self-contradiction3-- ,! ,jesus ( ,naz>e? :o came =w>d publicly z ! ,messiah1 :o prea*$ ! e?ic ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 :o f\nd$ ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 ^u e>?1 & di$ to give ,8 "w its f9al consecration1 nev] _h any exi/5ce4 ,he is a figure design$ by rationalism1 #bai end[$ ) life by lib]alism1 & clo!d by mod]n !ology 9 an hi/orical g>b4444 ,he passes by our "t & returns to 8 own4444 ,! hi/orical f\ndation ( ,*ri/ianity z built up by rationali/ic1 by lib]al1 & by mod]n !ology no long] exi/s2 b t does n mean t ,*ri/ianity has lo/ its hi/orical f\ndation4444 ,jesus means some?+ to our _w because a mighty spiritual =ce /reams =? f ,him & fl[s ?r\gh our "t also #bbj4444 ,loves me1 loves me n1 z ! little girls say 9 c\nt+ ! fl[] petals4 ,we seem entitl$ to sugge/ 9 ! int]e/s ( simple sci5ce1 z di/+ui%$ f ,g]manic ,kultur1 t temp]am5t might p]haps usefully be left out ( ! debate2 & t ! "q ( :at ,jesus /&s = may be left ov] till we h settl$ :e!r ! film pres5t$ to u by ,dr4 ,s*weitz] c /& betwe5 u & a sci5tific criticism :i* ass5ts to all ( 8 v]dict save ! res]vation 9 fav\r ( 8 own !sis4 ,meantime1 let u n seem to sugge/ t ! ,engli% h&l+ ( ! hi/orical problem dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury has be5 any m sci5tific ?an ! ,g]man4 ,h5nell's treatm5t ( x 0 b a simplification ( ,/rauss's2 & ,?omas ,scott's ,life ( ,jesus 0 b an hone/ attempt to solidify ,r5an4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury little 0 a*iev$ beyond ! indisp5sable weak5+ ( ! reign ( sup]/ition by critical propag&a4 ,9 e>ly ,victorian ,engl&1 :]e ,free?\ght _h be5 left to unpr(essional freelances1 /ill liable to brutal prosecution1 an anonym\s attempt 0 made to c>ry ! matt] fur!r 9 a curi\s book entitl$ ,! ,exi/5ce ( ,*ri/ ,disprov$ by ,irresi/ible ,evid5ce1 9 a ,s]ies ( ,lett]s by a ,g]man ,jew4 ,x be>s no date1 b seems to h be5 publi%$ betwe5 #ahda & #ahdi1 appe>+ s]ially 9 ?irty p5ny weekly numb]s1 pr9t$ 9 ,birm+ham1 & publi%$ 9 ,london by ,he!r+ton4 ,z ,he!r+ton1 :o di$ 9 #ahdi1 0 imprison$ 9 #ahdj = ! blasphem\s libel ( publi%+ ,haslam's ,lett]s to ! ,cl]gy1 b n e>li] or lat] on any simil> *>ge1 he w\ld seem to h be5 all[$ to publi% ?is )\t mole/ation4 ,ab\t ! au?or ,i h no in=mation4 ,he writes ,engli% flu5tly & idiomatically1 & _h read ,/rauss 9 ! orig9al4 ,b ?\gh he presses aga9/ ,h5nell ! argum5t f ! case ( ,apollos1 latt]ly develop$ by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,b4 ,smi? ) su* s*ol>ly skill1 ! book z a :ole has little p]suasive p[]4 ,! au?or is "o ( ! viol5t & vehem5t m5 :o alone1 9 ! day ( p]secution1 7 likely to haz>d su* a !sis2 & he does x ) an am\nt ( vocif]ation mu* 9 excess ( 8 critical ef=t or 8 k4 ,x made1 & c\ld make1 no impression :atev] on ! educat$ _w2 & ,i nev] met any ,free?9k] :o _h se5 or he>d ( x4 ,x is 9 ano!r _s1 & 9 ! light ( a f> great] accumulation ( evid5ce ?an 0 available 9 ! fir/ half ( ! la/ c5tury1 t ! my?ical !ory has be5 re/at$ 9 our day4 ,9 p>ticul> x proce$s ^u a treasury ( an?ropological lore :i* 0 lack+ to ,bruno ,bau]1 z x 0 to ,ghillany1 :o 0 s mu* bett] fitt$ ?an ,bau] to pr(it by su* light4 ,z k ( ! pa/ gradually arranges itself into sci5ce1 & ! malice ( religi\s resi/ance rec$es f po9t to po9t be=e ! sapp+ process ( culture1 ! temp] ( ! :ole debate und]goes a transmutation4 ,aft] a g5]ation 9 :i* a ,lyell c\ld only 9 privacy av[ 8 views z to ! antiquity ( man1 came t 9 :i* ,tylor1 )\t polemic1 c\ld e/abli% an an?ropological me?od t 0 to mean ! r$uction ( all religi\s ph5om5a1 on a new l9e1 to ! /atus ( natural ph5om5a4 ,& ev5 ! malice ( ! bigot$ fai?ful1 :i* w subsi/ :ile ! fai? endures1 falls into its place z "o ( ^!1 equally ) ! malice ( ! conv5tional !ori/s :o meet ! exposure ( _! unt5able positions ) asp]sion 9 defect ( argum5t4 ,b ! fact t a rec5t ,g]man exegete has be5 f\nd capable ( fac+ ! problem 9 a _s ( sci5tific c&\r & good temp]1 & ) some?+ ( ! old-"t deta*m5t :i* made ,ros5kranz m>vel at ,c>lyle's tone t[>ds ,did]ot1 may be a promise ( a m g5]al resort to civiliz$ controv]sial me?ods4 ,9 any case1 ! fact t a tra9$ ,new ,te/am5t critic1 und]tak+ to e/abli% ! hi/oricity ( ,jesus1 has affirm$ ! sci5tific failure ( all ! prec$+ attempts1 & (f]$ a hi/oric residuum :i* few w ?9k wor? an h\r's consid]ation1 seems a suffici5t demon/ration t ! my?ical !ory is ! real battlegr\nd ( ! future4 ,9 t connection x is int]e/+ to note t ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 :o has s w>mly cont5d$ t1 z hi/ory _c be expla9$ )\t ! influ5ce ( great m51 we mu/ accept ! hi/oricity ( ,jesus1 #bba latt]ly prop\nds a t5tative !ory ( a hi/oric orig9al = ,osiris1 :om he supposes to h be5 p]haps evolv$ f ! idealiz$ p]sonality ( an anci5t ,k+ ,kh5t1 buri$ at ,abydos4 #bbb ,x is a m]e sugge/ion1 & x at once evokes ! rem9d] t1 on ! !ori/'s own g5]al pr9ciples1 ,k+ ,kh5t may be reg>d$ z hav+ be5 !ocratically id5tifi$ ) ! already exi/+ ,god4 ,h[ev] t may be1 ! hypo!sis does no?+ to save ,sir ,james's irrelevant plea ab\t ! op]ation ( great m5 & extraord9>y m9ds 9 ! f\nd+ ( all religions1 = he does n sugge/ t ,k+ ,kh5t's c>e] 9 any way resembl$ ! my? ( ,osiris1 or t he fir/ taught ! ?+s ,osiris is said to h taught4 ,s t1 9 ! case ( ,osiris z ( ,jesus1 ! requir$ great m5 & extraord9>y m9ds may /ill1 9 ! t]ms ( ! claim1 be ins]t$ at any po9t r ?an 9 ! p]sonage nam$ or sugge/$ z ,f\nd]4 #bbc ,if we agree to call ! compil] ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt & ! p>ables ( ! ,k+dom & ! ,prodigal ,son & ! ,good ,sam>itan great m5 & extraord9>y m9ds1 ,sir ,james's v simple argum5t is turn$4 ,& we %\ld /ill be left ask+ :o 7 ! hi/oric f\nd]s ( ! cults ( ,zeus & ,brahma & ,attis & ,adonis1 ,dionysos & ,h]akles & ,kri%na & ,aphrodite & ,artemis4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z x happ5s1 t v sugge/ion z to ,k+ ,kh5t po9ts afre% to ! my? !ory z ! solution ( ! ,gospel problem4 ,no?+ em]ges (t5] 9 ,sir ,james's great survey ?an ! anci5t connection betwe5 k+%ip & liability to sacrifice4 ,x w n avail to close (f t connection by claim+ ,k+ ,kh5t z a pot5tate ( an age aft] t ( sacrific$ k+s4 ,! sacrificial pa/ w\ld /ill h to be tak5 into acc\nt 9 expla9+ ! deification ( ,k+ ,kh5t4 ,& x is j an analog\s process t is sugge/$ 9 our !ory ( ! ,jesus my?4 ,a long s]ies ( sla9 ,jesuses1 ritually put to dea? at an annual sacram5t = ! s9s ( _m1 is ! ultimate an?ropological gr\nd giv5 = ! special cultus out ( :i* grew ! my?ical biography ( ! ,gospels4 ,& if ,sir ,james rema9s satisfi$ ) 8 *>ge t 9 putt+ su* a !ory we flatt] ! vanity ( ! vulg>1 we may be p]mitt$ to ask him :i* l9e ( propag&a is likelie/ to appeal to ! multitude4 ,let him1 9 8 turn1 be on 8 gu>d aga9/ ! vulg>ity :i* seeks support 9 sci5ce f popul> prejudice4 ,z to 8 pron\ncem5t t ! !ory :i* he s inexp5sively attacks w f9d no fav\r ) ! philosophic hi/orian1 "o mu/ j po9t out t x does n lie ) him to draw up ! conclusions ( philosophic hi/ory outside ( 8 own great dep>tm5t1 or ev51 = t matt]1 9 t dep>tm5t4 ,8 own hi/orical g5]alizations1 :5 !y seek to pass f ! /rictly an?ropological to ! sociological /atus1 w (t5 really n be> ! slighte/ critical analysis4 ,!y express at times an entire failure to realize ! nature ( a hi/orical process1 (f]+ z !y d m]e *ance speculations :i* pat5tly conflict ) ! :ole mass ( ! evid5ce he has himself collect$4 ,x is n an isolat$ op9ion t by su* abortive attempts at philosophic hi/ory he has t5d$ to less5 ! usefulness ev5 ( t collection1 = :i* all /ud5ts are 8 grateful debtors4 ,9 %ort1 he w\ld d well to turn f 8 ill-tim$ incursion into dogmatics to ! relevant problem :i* he has =c$ ^u s _m ( 8 read]s--namely1 ,:at has become ( 8 my?ological maxim t ! ritual prec$es ! my?8 ,:ile ! pr(ess$ my?ologi/ rejects ! application ( ! my? !ory to ! curr5t religion 9 ! "n ( philosophic hi/ory1 /ud5ts o/5sibly m conc]n$ ab\t religion reject ! hi/oricity !ory 9 ! "n ( _! religi\s ideals1 f9d+ 9 ! my? !ory ! v9dication ( ^!4 ,?us ,pr(essor ,drews has f ! fir/ connect$ ! argum5t ( 8 ,das ,*ri/usmy! ) a claim to reg5]ate religion by free+ x f an?ropomorphism2 & ,i h se5 o!r !i/ic pron\ncem5ts to ! same effect2 to say no?+ ( ! decl>ations ( s*ol>ly ,*ur*m5 t = !m ! ,jesus ( ! ,gospels is a ,god or no?+1 & t = !m ! hi/oricity argum5t has no religi\s value4 ,su* positions seem to me1 equation = equation1 v suffici5tly to balance ! bias ( ,sir ,james ,fraz]4 ,= my own "p1 ,i am cont5t to ma9ta9 ! !ory 9 ! "n ( sci5ce1 & x is by sci5tific te/s t ,i invite ! read] to try x4 ,,conclusion ,en\gh has n[ be5 said to make x cle> to ! op5-m9d$ read] t ! my?-!ory is no wanton *all5ge to belief 9 a cle> & cr$ible hi/orical n>rative4 ,x is n ! advocates ( ! my?-!ory :o h rais$ ! issue4 ,! tr\ble began ) ! attempts ( ! believ]s to solve _! own difficulties4 ,be=e ! rise ( criticism s-call$ we f9d !m hat+ & burn+ ea* o!r 9 _! qu>rels ov] ! mean+ ( _! c5tral sacram5t4 ,z soon z criticism began to "w on ! problem ( ! miracles & ! contradictions 9 ! n>ratives ( ^!1 !y set !mselves to frame ,h>monies ( ! ,gospels :i* only br\ght into cle>] relief _! discordance4 ,aft] ! spread ( sci5tific views _h %ak5 ! belief 9 miracles1 !y set !mselves1 /ill z believ]s1 to frame explanatory ,lives ( ,jesus 9 :i* miracles 7 dissolv$ into halluc9ations or natural episodes misund]/ood2 &1 z be=e1 no two explanations co9cid$4 ,a cons5sus ( s*ol>s has nev] exi/$4 ,x 0 aft] a :ole g5]ation ( ,g]man s*ol>s _h lab\r$ to extract a hi/orical ,jesus f ! ,gospel mosaic t ,/rauss produc$ 8 p[]ful & su/a9$ argum5t to %[ t mo/ ( ! sep>ate episodes :i* !y _h arbitr>ily /riv5 to r$uce to hi/ory 7 b op]ations ( ! my?opoeic faculty1 proce$+ ^u ! mass ( ,jewi% prophecy & leg5d "u ! impulse ( ! ,messianic idea4 ,/rauss 0 no wanton cavill]1 b a great critic1 =c$ to 8 "w by ! failure ( a multitude ( ,gelehrt5 vom ,fa* to extract a cr$ible result f :at !y admitt$ to be1 z x /ood1 a hi/ory 9 l>ge "p incr$ible4 ,/rauss1 9 turn1 believ+ at once 9 a residual hi/orical ,jesus & 9 ! p]fect suffici5cy ( a m]e ideal p]sonage z a /&>d = m5's lives & a basis = _! *ur*es1 left b a new enigma to 8 successors4 ,he _h /ripp$ ! nom9al ,f\nd] ( a mass ( my?ic accretions1 b1 attempt+ no new portrait1 left him und5iably m %ad[y ?an be=e4 ,lat] lib]al criticism1 tacitly accept+ ,/rauss's negations1 set itself anew to extract f ! ,gospels1 by a process ( m or less consci5ti\s docum5t>y analysis1 ! real ,jesus :om ! critics & he agre$ to h exi/$4 ,r5an und]took to d z mu* 9 8 fam\s romance2 & ,g]man critics1 :o s *>act]iz$ 8 "w1 produc$ = _! "p only mu* dull] romances1 devoid ( ,r5an's wi/ful arti/ic *>m4 ,&1 z be=e1 e biograph] 9 turn demurr$ to ! results ( ! o!rs4 ,x is ! result ( ! utt] inadequacy ( all ^! attempts to solve ! hi/orical problem1 & ( ! ev]-gr[+ s5se ( ! inadequacy ( a m]e leg5d>y con/ruction to =m a code = human life & a basis = a cosmic philosophy1 t indep5d5t inquir]s 9 v>i\s c\ntries h set ab\t f9d+ out ! real hi/orical process ( ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity1 dismiss+ ! worn-out conv5tion4 ,small-m9d$ cons]vatives at once exclaim1 & w d\btless g on say+1 t ^? :o ?us expla9 away ! hi/orical ,jesus1 are mov$ by _! antipa?y to ,*ri/ianity1 & to !ism 9 g5]al4 ,! ass]tion is *ildi%ly false4 ,"o ( ! lead+ expon5ts ( ! my?-!ory gives 8 !ism--or pan!ism--z ! prim>y inspiration ( 8 "w4 ,! pres5t writ]1 z he has m ?an once expla9$1 began by way ( writ+ a sociological hi/ory ( ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity on ! f\ndation ( a hi/orical ,jesus ) twelve disciples--?is long aft] com+ to a completely naturali/ic view ( religion1 :i* exclud$ !ism4 ,f su* a po9t ( view !re 0 no priori objection :atev] to a hi/orical ,jesus4 ,at "o "t he sket*$ a hypo!sis ( sev]al successive ,jesuses4 ,! intangibility ( any hi/orical ,jesus 0 ! conclusion sl[ly =c$ by a long attempt to cle> ! hi/orical />t+-po9t1 suppos$ to be irr$ucible4 ,s9ce t discov]y 0 rea*$1 ! discr$it+ ( ! conv5tional view has be5 c>ri$ to ! v]ge ( nihilism by m5 :o /ill posit a hi/orical ,jesus1 b critically elim9ate ne>ly e accept$ detail1 leav+ only a *oice betwe5 two %ad[y & elusive hi/orical concepts1 ev5 less t5able ?an ^? !y reject4 ,9 ! works ( ,s*weitz] & ,wr$e1 !re is lit]ally m direct & detail$ de/ruction ( ,gospel-my? ?an _h be5 attempt$ by almo/ any advocate ( ! my?-!ory :o _h prec$$ !m2 ?\gh1 z we h se51 x is n difficult to c>ry ! process fur!r4 ,9 ! "n ( ! hi/oricity claim1 !y h gone on elim9at+ "o by "o my? elem5ts :]e ! my?-!ori/s _h be5 cont5t to recognize my? 9 mass4 ,he :o w\ld re-e/abli% ! hi/orical ,jesus has to combat1 fir/ & =emo/1 ! late/ sci5tific *ampions ( ! belief 9 ! hi/oricity4 ,^? ,engli% critics :o1 l ,dr4 ,conybe>e1 h declaim$ s l\dly ( a cons5sus ( critics & ( hi/orical common-s5se on ! side ( a hi/orical ,*ri/1 are simply fulm9at+ f ! /&po9t ( ! ,g]man lib]alism ( ?irty ye>s ago4 ,n9e-t5?s ( :at !y viol5tly affirm has be5 def9itely & de/ructively reject$ by ! late/ ,g]man repres5tatives ( ! critical class1 9 ! v "n ( ! def5ce ( ! hi/oricity ( ,jesus4 ,or?odox ,g]mans1 on ! o!r h&1 h be5 po9t+ out t ! lib]al view is no long] mod]n1 ! really mod]n criticism hav+ %[n t ! ,gospel-figure is a ,god-figure or no?+4 ,va9ly !y hope to re9=ce or?odoxy by ! op]ations ( a /rict critical me?od4 #bbd ,our ,engli% lib]al-cons]vatives1 all ! :ile1 are fight+ ) obsolete 7,g]man7 weapons1 & 9 total ignorance ( ! real c\rse ( ! campaign 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,9 su* circum/ances1 ^? ( u :o did our ?9k+ = ourselves1 )\t wait+ = new ,g]man leads1 h p]haps "s "r to appeal anew to read]s to d ! same4 ,!re is no race qu>rel involv$4 ,b p]haps ^? /ud5ts 9 ! ,engli%-speak+ c\ntries :o 9 ! pa/ h be5 wont to foll[ ! ,g]man leads ( ! g5]ation be=e _! own1 may n[ realize t !y 7 unduly diffid5t1 & proce$ to make t use ( _! own faculties :i* ,g]mans 7 always mak+ f "t to "t4 ,,notes #a ,see ,*ri/ianity & ,my?ology1 #bnd ed4 p4 #agi1 note4 #b ,t is1 ev5 suppos+ ! ,annals to be g5u9e4 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,b4 ,smi? speaks ( a cont5tion ( late t !y are =g$ by ,poggio ,bracciol9i1 b ref]s only to ! "w ( ,ross1 #ahgh4 ,! !sis has be5 f> m effici5tly ma9ta9$ 9 a s]ies ( works by ,ho*>t 7#ahij1 etc471 :i* are wor? ,pr(essor ,smi?'s att5tion4 #c ,see ! collection ( illu/rations 9 ,mr4 ,joseph ,mc,cabe's ,s\rces ( ! ,morality ( ! ,gospels 7,r4 ,p4 ,a41 #aiad71 & 8 excell5t *apt] on ,! ,p>ables ( ! ,gospel & ! ,talmud4 #d ,! ,te/am5ts ( ! ,twelve ,patri>*s1 ed4 by ,r4 ,h4 ,*>les1 #aijh1 pp4 lxxx1 #ig1 #abb1 #bac1 #bad4 #e ,id4 pp4 lxxxi1 #bac4 #f ,id4 pp4 xciii-xciv4 #g ,id4 ,te/4 ,iss4 v1 #b2 ,dan4 v1 #c2 ,iss4 vii1 #f4 #h ,id4 p4 xcv4 #i ,id4 p4 #baj sq4 #aj ,ba91 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 p4 #aci4 #aa ,lett] to ,w4 ,s4 ,lilly1 cit$ 9 8 ,claims ( ,*ri/ianity1 #ahid1 pp4 #cj-ca4 #ab ,das ,*ri/5?um 444 d] drei er/5 ,jahrhund]te1 #ahec1 pp4 #ce-cf4 7,eng4 trans1 i1 #ch47 #ac ,pr(4 ,fl9t 9 ,/4 ,giles ,lectures on ,! ,fai?s ( ! ,_w1 #ahhb1 p4 #dai4 #ad ,jsus et la tradition vanglique1 #aiaj1 p4 #de4 #ae ,x %\ld be expla9$ t 9 us+1 = conv5i5ce sake1 ! traditional ascriptions ( ! f\r ,gospels1 ,i d n = a mom5t admit t ^! hold good ( ! ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,luke1 & ,john ( ! tradition4 ,9 n "o case is t tradition hi/orically valid4 #af ,! ,rev4 ,a4 ,wright 7,n4 ,t4 ,problems1 #ahih1 p4 #ae7 pron\nces x completely un*ronological4 ,s&ay acquiesces 7id41 p4 #agg74 #ag ,su* details1 impos$ on an o!rwise empty n>rative1 sugge/ a pictorial basis1 z does ! acc\nt ( ! ,bapti/4 ,/rauss cites ! ,hebrew my?-prec$5t ( ! call+ ( ,eli%a f ! pl\gh by ,elijah4 #ah ,e9leitung 9 die drei er/5 ,evangeli51 #aije1 p4 #ea4 #ai ,id4 p4 #dg4 #bj ,id4 p4 #ea4 #ba ,id4 p4 #eb4 #bb ,note ! id5tity ( t]ms1 eu]geton 9 ,acts 7x1 #ch71 eu]getesas 9 ,diodorus4 #bc ,*ri/ianity & ,my?ology1 #bnd ed4 p4 #dda sq42 ,pagan ,*ri/s1 #bnd ed4 pp4 #bbi-bcf4 ,a notably effective criticism is pass$ on ! !sis 9 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,b4 ,smi?'s ,ecce ,deus1 p4 #agg sq4 ,mr4 ,s9clair1 ( c\rse1 does n dream ( meet+ su* replies4 #bd ,:at else is signifi$ by ,acts iii1 #ah2 xvii1 #c8 #be ,dr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,smi? sees 9 ! /ory a m]e symboliz+ ( ! rejection ( ,jesus by ! ,jews4 ,?is may v well be ! case4 #bf ,dr4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie ev5 inf]s a late ref]5ce to ! ,virg9-,bir?4 ,! ,gr[? ( ! ,gospels1 #aiaj1 p4 #hf4 ,?is ,loisy rejects4 #bg ,see ! useful "w ( ,mr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,jolley1 ,! ,synoptic ,problem = ,engli% ,read]s1 #ahic4 #bh ,yet ,b4 ,weiss _h cont5d$ 7,manual1 ,eng4 tr4 ii1 #bbd7 t ,m>k ii1 #bd ff41 #bh1 mu/ be tak5 f a l>g] collection ( say+s 9 :i* ! utt]ances ( ,jesus respect+ ! keep+ ( ! ,sabba? 7 put toge!r 7,matt4 xii1 #b-h74 #bi ,cp4 ,dr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,*>les1 ,! ,book ( ,jubilees1 #aijb1 p4 xiv4 #cj ,"w cit$1 p4 #id4 #ca ,manual ( ,introd4 to ! ,n4 ,t41 ,eng4 tr4 #ahhh1 ii1 #bfa4 #cb ,e9leitung1 p4 #ea4 #cc ,id4 p4 #di4 #cd ,"s ,n4 ,t4 ,problems1 #ahih1 p4 #agf4 #ce ,i h wa/$ a good deal ( "t 9 read+ & 9 confut+ ! ,baconians1 b only 9 "o or two ( !m h ,i met ) any etymologies4 ,_! doctr9e _h no su* orig91 & 9 no way re/s on etymologies4 ,n once h ,i se5 9 _! books an appeal to anti-!ological bias1 & h>dly ev] an em5dation1 ?\gh !re are pl5ty ( =c$ p>allels4 ,nor are etymologies prim>y elem5ts 9 any =m ( ! my? !ory4 ,mr4 ,s9clair seems to unpack 8 m\? ) words 9 t]ms ( a ,%akespe>ean =mula4 #cf ,eng4 trans4 by ,pr(4 ,d4 ,m4 ,kay1 #aijb4 #cg ,wellhaus5 notably does--,e9leitung 9 die drei er/5 ,evangeli51 #aije1 pp4 #ci-da4 ,dr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,*>les1 :o 9 8 ma/]ly introduction to ! ,assumption ( ,moses indicates s _m blund]s ( ,g]man s*ol>s1 may be reckon$ q able to criticize ,dalman 9 8 turn4 #ch ,cp4 ,s*e*t]1 ,"s ,aspects ( ,rabb9ic ,!ology1 #aiji1 pp4 #fe-ff4 #ci ,rev4 ,a4 ,wright1 ,"s ,new ,te/am5t ,problems1 p4 #bab4 #dj ,blass1 ,philology ( ! ,gospels1 #ahih1 p4 #ce4 #da ,die ,ent/ehung und d] ,*>akt] uns]] ,evangeli51 #aijg1 p4 #i4 #db ,) ! cu/om>y bad fai? ( ! or?odox apologi/1 ,dr4 ,?orburn repres5ts z a sudd5 *ange ( !sis ! proposition t ! ,*ri/ian n>rative is m]ely an e?ical adaptation ( ! ,greek /ory1 because t proposition foll[s on ! rem>k t ! ,*ri/ian my? might fairly be reg>d$ z x actually has be5 z a lat] sophi/ication ( ! ,buddhi/ my?4 ,on ?is might !re _h actually foll[$1 9 ! text quot$1 ! /atem5t3 ,!re are fairly decisive reasons1 h[ev]1 = conclud+ t ! ,*ri/ian /ory 0 evolv$ on ano!r l9e4 ,?is s5t5ce ,dr4 ,?orburn conceals f 8 read]s4 ,!re _h be5 no *ange ( !sis :atev]4 #dc ,rev4 ,dr4 ,t4 ,j4 ,?orburn1 ,jesus ! ,*ri/3 ,hi/orical or ,my?ical81 p4 #bca4 #dd ,dr4 ,?orburn appe>s to be :olly unaw>e ( ?is fact ( ,jewi% !ology4 ,see ,dr4 ,s*e*t]'s ,"s ,aspects ( ,rabb9ic ,!ology1 #aiji1 *4 xv2 ,kalis*1 ,comm4 on ,leviticus1 ii1 #cjd4 #de ,! ,nemesis ( ?is uncritical me?od appe>s 9 its developm5t at ! h&s ( ,dr4 ,conybe>e3 ,t ,jesus 0 a successful exorci/ we ne$ n d\bt1 nor t he work$ innum]able fai? cures 7,my?1 ,magic1 & ,morals1 #bnd4 ed41 p4 #adb74 ,su* a writ] ne$ n d\bt any?+ he wants to believe4 ,9 p>ticul> he ne$ n d\bt t ! disciples 7 successful exorci/s also4 #df ,introd4 to ! ,n4 ,t41 #crd4 ed41 i1 #d4 #dg ,"w cit$1 p4 #g4 #dh ,put 9 ! ,neue ,kir*li*e ,zeits*rift1 #ahif1 p4 #ifd sq42 & ,philology ( ! ,gospels1 #ahih1 pp4 #da-dc4 ,pr(essor ,blass has work$ ?is argum5t dilig5tly4 ,see 8 ,die ,ent/ehung und d] ,*>akt] uns]] ,evangeli51 #aijg1 p4 #bd4 #di ,vill>i1 ,life ( ,savon>ola1 ,eng4 trans4 #a-vol4 ed4 p4 #ahe4 #ej ,h]b]t ,lucas1 ,s4,j41 ,fra ,girolamo ,savon>ola1 #bnd ed4 #aijf1 p4 #aaf4 ,fa!r ,lucas does n d5y t su* a s]mon might possibly h be5 prea*$ late 9 #adic4 ,cp4 p4 #aah4 #ea ,life ( ,savon>ola1 z cit$1 p4 #ahf4 #eb ,vill>i1 p4 #bad4 #ec ,see ! inve/igation ( ,fa!r ,lucas1 pp4 #aad-ah4 #ed ,i _h writt5 ?is1 & ! confutation ( ,vill>i1 be=e read+ ! "w ( ,fa!r ,lucas4 #ee ,z cit$1 p4 #ahi4 ,fa!r ,lucas comm5ts m mildly on ! mis/atem5t2 b x is really a grave dep>ture f hi/orical tru?4 #ef ,cp4 ,lucas1 p4 #aag note4 #eg ,lucas1 p4 #abi note4 #eh ,?is1 aga91 he might well expect1 z he av[s t he _h correspond5ts 9 ,g]many :o applaud$ 8 attitude t[>ds ! ,papacy4 ,vill>i1 pp4 #dci1 #eai1 #fji4 ,b ,maximilian 0 invit$ by ,s=za 9 ! "n ( ! ,papal ,league1 by way ( =e/all+ ,*>les4 ,id4 p4 #deh4 #ei ,vill>i1 pp4 #daa-ac4 ,cp4 ,p]r5s's ,jrome ,savon>ole1 #ahed1 ii1 #hh sq41 #ie sq42 ,lucas1 p4 #bja4 #fj ,manife/o ,a tutti li ,*ri/iani2 ,lucas1 p4 #bcf4 #fa ,id4 p4 #bef4 #fb ,id4 p4 #bgh4 #fc ,lucas1 p4 #gj4 #fd ,nor are we "h conc]n$ ) ! "q ( ,savon>ola's s9c]ity4 ,on t head x may be not$ t ,p]r5s ! ,rationali/ & ,lucas ! sympa!tic & mod]ate ,ca?olic are v mu* at "o4 #fe ,lucas1 p4 #fi note4 ,comp>e ! ref]5ces ( ,lucas & ^? ( ,vill>i 7p4 #cag7 = rese>*es on ! subject4 #ff ,cp4 ,p]r5s1 z cit$1 ii1 #id4 #fg #a ,mac4 i1 #dg1 #ed1 #ei4 #fh ,refs4 9 ,de ,pott]1 ,l',esprit de l'glise1 #ahba1 iv1 #ie-ih4 #fi ,philology ( ! ,gospels1 p4 #dc4 #gj ,gr[? ( ! ,gospels1 p4 #de4 #ga ,pr(ess$ prophecies1 t is1 n political calculations4 #gb ,! sy/ematic deposition ( ordure 9 ! draw]s ( commodes 9 #ahgj1 9 b$s & rooms & on piles ( food 9 #aiad1 is a hi/orical fact4 ,z to ! sack ( ,rome1 ,cant's acc\nt is3 ,delle bolle papali /abbiano i cavalli 7,i/oria degli ,italiani1 ed4 #ahgf1 ix1 #cgb74 #gc ,hi/ory ( ,sacrilege1 #afih1 p4 #aac4 #gd ,id4 p4 #abb4 #ge ,zell]1 ,l'hi/oire de ,france raconte p> les contempora9s1 vol4 #ba1 p4 #ajb4 #gf ,id4 vol4 #bb1 p4 #ag4 #gg ,sismondi-,toccagni1 ,/oria delle repub4 ital41 #aheb1 iv1 #abc4 #gh ,burckh>dt1 ,r5aissance 9 ,italy1 ,eng4 tr41 ed4 #ahib1 p4 #bc4 #gi ,vill>i1 pp4 #dfc1 #ecb1 #eed-ee4 #hj ,slay all6 ,god w "k 8 own6 #ha ,rev4 ,w4 ,d5ton1 ,engl& 9 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury1 #ahhh1 pp4 #ha-hb4 #hb ,b>ante1 ,hi/oire des ducs de ,b\rgogne1 ed4 #g;ime1 iii1 #bcd4 #hc ,id4 ib4 p4 #bdh4 #hd ,id4 ib4 p4 #daf4 #he ,?is detail1 f ,niketas1 is also giv5 by ,gibbon1 *4 lx1 ne> end1 & by ,mi*aud1 ,hi/4 des ,croisades1 iii 7#ahag71 #aed-ee4 ,mills omits x4 ,mi*aud1 l ,cant1 /resses ! po9t ( ordure4 ,s does ,fleury1 ,hi/4 ccles41 xvi1 #adi4 #hf ,rev4 ,sir ,g4 ,w4 ,cox1 ,! ,crusades1 #h? ed4 p4 #aeg4 #hg ,p]r5s1 ii1 #ie4 #hh ,memoirs ( ,philip de ,comm9es1 ,bohn trans4 i1 #aeh4 #hi ,hall's ,*ronicle1 ,h54 ,,viii1 ed4 #aeej1 fol4 #aab4 #ij ,burckh>dt1 ,r5aissance 9 ,italy1 ,eng4 tr4 ed4 #ahib1 p4 #bi4 #ia ,p]r5s1 ,hi/4 de ,flor5ce1 #adcd-aeca1 i1 #che4 #ib ,guicci>d9i1 lib4 x1 c4 #d4 #ic ,id4 xvii1 #c4 #id ,?\gh 9 report+ ! sack ( ,rome he makes ! ,g]mans behave ! m brutally z reg>ds ! c>d9als4 #ie ,philology ( ! ,gospels1 p4 #da4 #if ,z cit$1 p4 #df4 #ig ,"w cit$1 p4 #cd4 #ih ,id4 p4 #dj4 #ii ,id4 p4 #ch4 #ajj ,hi/or4 ,introd4 to ! ,n4 ,t41 #d? ed4 #ahhi1 p4 #aaa4 #aja ,nldeke1 ,sket*es f ,ea/]n ,hi/ory1 #ahib1 p4 #bh4 #ajb ,! ,odes & ,psalms ( ,solomon1 ed4 ,r5del ,h>ris1 #aiji1 pp4 #gd1 #aah4 #ajc ,"w cit$1 p4 #di4 #ajd ,b\sset 7,! ,anti-,*ri/ ,leg5d1 ,eng4 tr4 p4 #bc7 assumes1 ) _m rec5t expositors1 t ! di/9ctly apocalyptic "p ( ,matt4 xxiv & ,m>k xiii is a fragm5t ( =eign orig9 introduc$ amid g5u9e utt]ances ( ! ,"l4 ,x is also evid5t t1 comp>$ ) t ( ,m>k1 ! text ( ,mat!w is ! orig9al4 ,"h we h ! old /rategy ( compromise4 #aje ,! ass]tion ( ,dr4 ,conybe>e 7,my?1 ,magic1 & ,morals1 p4 #df71 t ! de/ruction ( ! temple 0 an ev5t :i* any cle>-sight$ obs]v] ( ! gr[+ ho/ility betwe5 ,jew & ,roman mu/ h =ese51 is *>act]i/ic ( t writ]'s way ( int]pret+ docum5ts4 ,a second read+ may p]haps yield him ano!r impression4 ,=ty ye>s ( non-fulfilm5t is a preci\s pro( ( ! mu/4 #ajf ,muir & ,weir1 ,life ( ,mohamm$1 ed4 #aiab1 p4 xlii4 #ajg ,muir & ,weir1 z cit$1 p4 xxvi4 #ajh ,id4 p4 xxviii4 ,contra/ ! pron\ncem5ts ( ,palm]1 ,ku551 & ,ni*olson1 cit$ 9 ! au?or's ,hi/ory ( ,free?\ght1 #crd ed4 i1 #bej4 #aji ,josephus1 ,antiq4 xx1 #e1 #a2 ,bel4 ,jud41 vii1 #aa2 ,dio ,cassius1 lxix2 ,orosius1 vii1 #ab4 #aaj ,e4g4 ! or?odox ,ewald1 ,ges*i*te ,*ri/us' und se9] ,zeit1 #cte ,ausg4 p4 #ca note4 #aaa ,/upidity is ascrib$ to him by ,blass 7,ent/ehung1 p4 #h71 :o on 8 own pr9ciples has no "r :atev] to reject su* a tradition4 #aab ,comp>e ) ?is av[al ( an or?odox s*ol>1 ,mill's assumption ( ! total abs5ce ( g5ius 9 ,pale/9e ap>t f ,jesus4 #aac ,see ! collection ( op9ions 9 ,dr4 ,*>les ,taylor's ,! ,oxyrhyn*us ,logia & ! ,apocryphal ,gospels1 #ahii1 pp4 #ae-ai1 #bc1 #bd1 #be1 #bg1 #ci1 #db1 etc4 #aad ,^! logia1 x %\ld be not$1 are always ascrib$ to ,ies4 ,! full "n ,ies\s is nev] giv51 & !re is no cognom54 #aae ,_m1 says ,blass 7,ent/ehung1 p4 #aa71 may mean #c1 #d1 #e1 or ev5 m4 #aaf ,codices ,a & ,c preface ?is ) ,& turn+ to 8 disciples1 he said4 #aag ,/rauss speaks ( x z hav+ be5 firmly e/abli%$4 ,das ,leb5 ,jesu1 ,e9l4 #i1 end4 #aah ,"s ,new ,te/am5t ,problems1 #ahih1 pp4 #aig-ih4 #aai ,id4 p4 #ad4 #abj ,id4 p4 #ae4 #aba ,else:]e 7p4 #bjj7 ,mr4 ,wright speaks ( ! traditions z circulat$ 9 an oral =m f v e>ly times2 b he does n appe> to mean ?is 9 ! natural s5se4 #abb ,id4 p4 #ajb4 #abc ,id4 p4 #bac4 #abd ,w\ld x8 ,= ,loisy x is /amp$ ) ,jewi% exclusiv5ess4 ,! dog m]ely gets a compassionate crumb4 #abe ,id4 p4 #bji4 #abf ,id4 p4 #bae4 #abg ,see ,*ri/ianity & ,my?ology1 #bnd ed4 p4 #chh4 #abh ,! ,arise1 let u g h5ce1 at ! end ( *4 #ad1 is ano!r int]polation :i* has no mean+ 9 ! context4 #abi ,"w cit$1 p4 #bji4 #acj ,id4 p4 #agh4 #aca ,id4 p4 #age4 #acb ,id4 p4 #agg4 #acc ,id4 p4 #agf4 #acd ,id4 p4 #aia4 #ace ,id4 p4 #ahf4 #acf ,id4 p4 #ahg4 #acg ,id4 pp4 #bbb1 #bbc4 #ach ,id4 p4 #abc4 #aci ,jsus et la tradition vanglique1 #aiaj1 pp4 #i1 #ab1 #cf1 #dj1 #ef1 #eg1 #ii1 #ajb1 #aje1 #aac4 #adj ,s1 = in/ance1 ,w]nle3 ,on ! basis ( ^! olde/ s\rces we c write no biography1 no s-call$ ,life ( ,jesus 7,die ,quell5 des ,leb5s ,jesu1 #aije1 p4 #hb74 #ada ,"w cit$1 p4 #ef sq4 #adb ,les vangiles1 i1 #ffc sq4 #adc ,encyc4 ,bib4 z cit$1 col4 #a1hgb4 #add ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! ,gospels d n specify ,naz>e?1 b speak simply ( 8 own c\ntry 7patris74 ,pr(essor ,burkitt1 recogniz+ ! mass ( difficulties 9 reg>d to ,naz>e?1 sugge/s t t "n is a lit]>y error1 & t ! patris ( ,jesus 0 ,*oraz9 7,proc4 ( ,brit4 ,acad4 vol4 v1 #aiab1 pp4 #ag-ah74 #ade ,see above1 p4 #adg1 note1 z to ! !ory ( ,pr(4 ,burkitt1 t ,jesus 0 born at ,*oraz94 ,on t view1 ! unbeliev+ bir?place 0 d5\nc$4 #adf ,/rauss1 9 po9t+ to ?is detail 9 ,jewi% ,messianism 7,das ,leb5 ,jesu1 ,abs*n4 ,,iii1 ,kap4 i1 #aab7 ab/a9$ f /ress+ x on ! score t !re are no c]ta9 traces ( x be=e ! ,babylonian ,gem>a1 ! compilation ( :i* took place 9 ! ,*ri/ian era1 & ! book ,soh>1 ( :i* ! age is d\btful4 ,pr9cipal ,drummond 7,! ,jewi% ,messiah1 #ahgg1 p4 #ceg7 fur!r agre$1 ) ,gfrr]1 t ! doctr9e ( a ,messiah ,b5-,joseph is extremely unlikely to h be5 pre-,*ri/ian4 ,! obvi\s answ] is t x is ov]:elm+ly unlikely to h be5 po/-,*ri/ian6 ,b t !sis is app>5tly n n[ ma9ta9$ ev5 by or?odox s*ol>s4 ,b\sset1 :o 9 8 confus$ way sugge/s t ! notion ( a suff]+ & dy+ ,messiah w\ld seem to h be5 sugge/$ by disputations ) ! ,*ri/ians 7,! ,anti-,*ri/ ,leg5d1 #ahif1 p4 #ajc71 av[s imm$iately t ,wns*e traces a v di/9ct application ( ,ze*>iah xii1 #aj1 to ! ,messiah ,b5 ,joseph 9 ! ,j]usalem ,talmud2 & goes on to sugge/ t ! notions ( ! two witnesses & ! two ,messiahs may re/ ^u a common s\rce1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is /ill to be s\ght fur!r back ?an ,jewi% tradition4 #adg ,aga9/ ,celsus1 vi1 #cf1 end4 #adh ,protevang41 ix1 #a2 ,pseud4 ,matt41 x1 #a2 xxxvii1 #a sq42 ,hi/4 ( ,joseph ! ,c>p5t]2 ,?omas1 #a/4 ,gr4 =m1 xiii1 #a sq42 #bnd ,gr4 =m1 xi1 #a sq42 ,lat4 xi1 #b sq42 ,arabic ,gosp4 ( ! ,infancy1 xxxviii1 xxxix4 #adi ,k>ppe1 ,essais de critique et d'hi/oire de philosophie1 #aijb1 pp4 #ea-eb4 #aej ,ir5u1 ,ag4 ,h]esies1 i1 #bf2 ,hippolytus1 ,ref4 ( all ,h]esies1 vii1 #ba4 ,see ,baur1 ,das ,*ri/5?um1 p4 #agd4 7,eng4 trans4 i1 #aii47 ,! fact t ,c]9?us is ! e>lie/ kn[n ,*ri/ian ,gno/ic1 be+ traditionally associat$ ) ! ,apo/le ,john 7,euseb4 ,hi/4 ,eccl4 iii1 #bh7 goes f> to support ,dr4 ,k>ppe's view t ,gno/icism ent]$ ,*ri/ianity f ! ,jewi% side4 #aea ,cp4 ,apoc4 ( ,b>u*1 xxix1 #c2 #d ,esdras1 vii1 #bh2 xiii1 #cb2 ,john1 vii1 #bg2 ,ju/91 ,dial4 cum ,tryph41 #h2 & ,*>les's note on ,apoc4 ( ,b>u*1 z cit$1 giv+ ^! & o!r ref]5ces4 ,see also ,s*odde's ed4 ( ! ,book ( ,eno*1 pp4 #dg1 #eg2 & ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,j4 ,deane's ,pseudepigrapha1 #ahia1 p4 #ag4 #aeb ,les vangiles synoptiques1 #aijg-h1 ii1 #fig4 #aec ,! v>y+ designations1 c]ta9ly1 po9t to repeat$ additions to ! text4 ,b ! "q arises :e!r ! ,m>ia he ,iose or ,m>ia ,iose ( ,mk4 xv1 #dg1 may h be5 meant to specify ,m>y ! wife ( ,joseph4 #aed ,ent/ehung1 p4 #bb4 ,( c\rse ,h>nack's me?od is really only a developm5t ( ,baur's4 #aee ,les vangiles synoptiques1 ii1 #fag4 #aef ,id4 p4 #fah4 #aeg ,jsus et la tradition1 p4 #ib4 #aeh ,les vangiles synoptiques1 ii1 #efb4 #aei ,id4 p4 #egj4 #afj ,id4 p4 #eii4 #afa ,id4 p4 #faj4 #afb ,jsus et la tradition1 p4 #ajb4 #afc ,babl4 ,sanh$r91 ap4 ,lightfoot1 cit$ by ,/rauss4 #afd ,comp>e ! o!r ,jewi% decl>ations collect$ by ,br&t1 ,die evangelis*e ,ges*i*te1 #ahic1 p4 #aej sq4 #afe ,9 ,luke ! high prie/ is n 9 ! /ory1 & ! *ief prie/s & o!rs take z well z try ! prison]4 #aff ,see ,*ri/ianity & ,my?ology1 #bnd ed4 pp4 xviii1 #b1 #abb2 ,pagan ,*ri/s1 #bnd ed4 p4 #bhg1 note #d4 #afg ,les vangiles1 ii1 #fbd4 #afh ,die evangelis*e ,ges*i*te1 #ahic1 p4 #hh4 #afi ,les vangiles1 ii1 #fcb4 #agj ,e4g4 ,dalman1 ,! ,words ( ,jesus1 p4 #cab2 ,br&t1 ,die evangelis*e ,ges*i*te1 p4 #hi2 ,loisy1 ,les vangiles1 ii1 #eag1 note2 #fjd1 note2 #fcc4 #aga ,?is is ! "o ( ! two /ories pref]r$ by ! lib]al s*ool1 :o dismiss ! /ory ( ! two asses z a v]bal halluc9ation r ?an recognize a zodiacal my?4 ,x makes no f9al diff]5ce4 ,! ass ! foal ( an ass1 9 _! exegesis1 /ill means an unbrok5 colt1 an impossible /e$ = a procession4 #agb ,see ,pagan ,*ri/s1 #bnd ed41 & ,*ri/ianity & ,my?ology1 #bnd ed41 p] index4 #agc ,les vangiles1 ii1 #fdc4 #agd ,ni*olson1 ,! ,gospel ,accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 #ahgi1 pp4 #ada-db4 #age ,jsus et la tradition1 p4 #aad4 #agf ,id4 pp4 #aag-ah4 #agg ,a propos d'hi/oire des religions1 #aiaa1 pp4 #bgd-bha4 #agh ,id4 pp4 #bif-ig4 #agi ,id4 p4 #cad4 #ahj ,id4 p4 #bhj4 #aha ,s ,dalman 7,! ,words ( ,jesus1 p4 #id sq471 z well z ,loisy4 ,!y agree t k+dom ( heav5 0 only a m rev]5t way ( say+ ! same ?+4 7,jsus et la tradition1 p4 #abh47 #ahb ,jsus et la tradition1 pp4 #abe-bf4 #ahc ,id4 p4 #aje4 ,cp4 p4 #afh4 #ahd ,a propos d'hi/oire des religions1 p4 #bhg4 #ahe ,id4 pp4 #bhh-hi4 #ahf ,jsus et la tradition1 p4 #acf4 #ahg ,s*mi$el pron\nces x a conglom]ate4 ,encyc4 ,bib4 art4 ,gospels1 col4 #a1hhf4 #ahh ,see ,ni*olson1 ,! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 #ahgi1 p4 #eb sq4 #ahi ,jsus et la tradition1 p4 #adc4 #aij ,id4 ib4 & ,a propos d'hi/oire des religions1 p4 #bhh4 #aia ,jsus et la tradition1 p4 #ada4 #aib ,les vangiles synoptiques1 ii1 #dhb-hc4 #aic ,id4 ii1 #ceg4 #aid ,id4 i1 #aeb4 #aie ,see above1 p4 #abg4 #aif ,a propos d'hi/oire des religions1 p4 #bij4 #aig ,a propos d'hi/oire des religions1 pp4 #bia1 #cjd4 #aih ,dr4 ,g4 ,a4 van d5 ,b]gh van ,eys+a1 ,radical ,views ab\t ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,eng4 tr4 #aiab1 p4 #ajb4 #aii ,id4 pp4 #aja-b4 #bjj ,see ,*ri/ianity & ,my?ology1 #bnd ed4 pp4 #cda1 #ceg4 #bja ,a propos d'hi/oire des religions1 p4 #bid4 #bjb ,fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahhf4 #bjc ,j4 ,w4 ,/raatman1 9 ,critical ,/udies on ,fir/ ,cor9?ians1 #ahfc-fe1 cit$ by ,mr4 ,:ittak]4 #bjd ,w4 ,seuf]t1 ,d] ,ursprung und die ,b$eutung des ,apo/olates1 #ahhg1 p4 #df2 ,sir ,g4 ,w4 ,cox1 lect4 9 ,religi\s ,sy/ems ( ! ,_w1 #crd ed4 p4 #bdb4 #bje ,a propos d'hi/oire des religions1 p4 #bie4 #bjf ,id4 p4 #caj4 #bjg ,les vangiles1 i1 #agb1 #agc4 ,contra/ ! case put long ago by ,zell]1 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahge1 i1 #abi-cj4 #bjh ,comp>e1 h[ev]1 ! elaborate essay ( ,pr(4 ,g4 ,a4 ,deissmann1 9 8 ,bible ,/udies 7,eng4 tr4 #aija71 on ,lett]s & ,epi/les1 p4 #dh4 #bji ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity1 #bnd ed4 p4 #d4 #baj ,wiel& 0 some?+ ( a ,free?9k]2 b :5 ,napoleon 9 ! fam\s int]view moot$ ! problem rais$ by ,dupuis & ,volney1 ,wiel& treat$ x z pure absurdity4 ,he 0 !n an old man4 #baa ,! ,que/ ( ! ,hi/orical ,jesus 7,eng4 tr4 ( ,von ,reim>us zu ,wr$e71 #aiaj1 p4 #aec4 #bab ,s*weitz]1 p4 #aea4 #bac ,id4 p4 #aei4 #bad ,"w cit$1 p4 #afa4 #bae ,id4 p4 #cbi4 #baf ,id4 p4 #cdc4 #bag ,id4 p4 #cie4 #bah ,comp>e ,dalman1 ,! ,words ( ,jesus1 p4 #cac4 #bai ,i4e41 ! old ,g]man rationalism s-call$1 ! !ological me?od ( compromise ) reason4 #bbj ,id4 pp4 #cif-ig4 #bba ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 #crd ed4 7vols4 v & vi ( #crd ed4 ( ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh7 i1 #cab1 note4 ,see ! passage discuss$ 9 ,*ri/ianity & ,my?ology1 #bnd ed4 p4 #bha4 #bbb ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 z cit$1 ii1 #ai sq41 & pref4 to vol4 i4 #bbc ,comp>e ,pr(4 ,w4 ,b4 ,smi?'s criticism ( ! great man !ory z put by ,von ,sod5--,ecce ,deus1 p4 #i sq4 #bbd ,see ! bro*ure ( ,pr(4 ,r4 ,h4 ,grtzma*]1 ,i/ das lib]ale ,jesusbild mod]n8 #aijg4