,,lett]s ,,on ,,natural ,,magic1 ,,address$ ,,to ,,sir ,,walt] ,,scott1 ,,b>t4 ,,by ,,sir ,,david ,,brew/]1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,illu/ration3 ,?ree figures on hill-top salut+ sunrise ,,sev5? ,,edition4 ,,london3 ,,william ,,tegg ,,& ,co41 #he1 ,,que5 ,,/reet4 ,,*eapside4 #ahef4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,lett] ,i4 ,ext5t & int]e/ ( ! subject--,sci5ce employ$ by anci5t gov]nm5ts to deceive & enslave _! subjects--,influ5ce ( ! sup]natural ^u ignorant m9ds--,means employ$ by ! anci5t magicians to e/abli% _! au?ority--,d]iv$ f a k ( ! ph5om5a ( ,nature--,f ! influ5ce ( n>cotic drugs ^u ! victims ( _! delusion--,f e bran* ( sci5ce--,ac\/ics--,hydro/atics--,me*anic s--,optics--,m4 ,salv]te's "w on ! occult sci5ces--,object ( ! foll[+ lett]s ,page #a ,,lett] ,,ii4 ,! eye ! mo/ important ( our organs--,popul> description ( x--,! eye is ! mo/ f]tile s\rce ( m5tal illusions--,disappe>ance ( objects :5 _! images fall ^u ! base ( ! optic n]ve--,disappe>ance ( objects :5 se5 obliquely--,deceptions aris+ f view+ objects 9 a fa9t light--,lum9\s figures creat$ by pressure on ! eye1 ei!r f ext]nal causes or f ! fulness ( ! blood-vessels--,ocul> spectra or accid5tal col\rs--,rem>kable effects produc$ by int5se light--,influ5ce ( ! imag9ation 9 view+ ^! spectra--,rem>kable illusion produc$ by ?is affection ( ! eye--,duration ( impressions ( light on ! eye--,?aumatrope--,improvem5ts ^u x sugge/$--,disappe>ance ( halves ( objects or ( "o ( two p]sons--,ins5sibility ( ! eye to p>ticul> col\rs--,rem>kable optical illusion describ$ #h ,,lett] ,,iii4 ,subject ( spectral illusions--,rec5t & int]e/+ case ( ,mrs4 ,a4--,h] fir/ illusion affect+ ! e>--,spectral app>ition ( h] husb&--,spectral app>ition ( a cat--,app>ition ( a ne> & liv+ relation 9 grave-clo!s1 se5 9 a look+-glass--,o!r illusions1 affect+ ! e>--,spectre ( a deceas$ fri5d sitt+ 9 an easy-*air--,spectre ( a coa*-&-f\r fill$ ) skeletons--,accuracy & value ( ! prec$+ cases--,/ate ( heal? "u :i* !y arose--,spectral app>itions are pictures on ! ret9a--,! ideas ( memory & imag9ation are also pictures on ! ret9a--,g5]al views ( ! subject--,approximate explanation ( spectral app>itions #cg ,,lett] ,,iv4 ,sci5ce us$ z an in/rum5t ( impo/ure--,deceptions ) plane & concave mirrors practis$ by ! anci5ts--,! magician's mirror--,effects ( concave mirrors--,arial images--,images on smoke--,comb9ation ( mirrors = produc+ pictures f liv+ objects--,! my/]i\s dagg]--,anci5t miracles ) concave mirrors--,mod]n necromancy ) !m1 z se5 by ,cell9i--,description & effects ( ! magic lant]n--,improvem5ts ^u x--,phantasmagoric exhibitions ( ,philip/all & o!rs--,dr4 ,"y's arrangem5t ( l5ses1 c41 = ! ,phantasmagoria--,improvem5ts sugge/$--,catadioptrical phantasmagoria = produc+ ! pictures f liv+ objects--,me?od ( cutt+ (f p>ts ( ! figures--,kir*]'s my/]i\s h&-writ+ on ! wall--,8 holl[ cyl9drical mirror = arial images--,cyl9drical mirror = re-=m+ di/ort$ pictures--,mirrors ( v>iable curvature = produc+ c>icatures #ef ,,lett] ,v4 ,miscellane\s optical illusions--,conv]sions ( cameos into intaglios1 or elevations into depressions1 & ! rev]se--,explanation ( ?is class ( deceptions--,s+ul> effects ( illum9ation ) light ( "o simple col\r--,lamps = produc+ homog5e\s yell[ light--,me?ods ( increas+ ! effects ( ?is exhibition--,me?od ( read+ ! inscription ( co9s 9 ! d>k--,art ( deciph]+ ! effac$ inscription ( co9s--,explanation ( ^! s+ul> effects--,app>5t motion ( ! eyes 9 portraits--,rem>kable examples ( ?is--,app>5t motion ( ! features ( a portrait1 :5 ! eyes are made to move--,rem>kable exp]im5t ( brea?+ light & d>kness #ih ,,lett] ,,vi4 ,natural ph5om5a m>k$ ) ! m>vell\s--,spectre ( ! ,brock5 describ$--,analog\s ph5om5a--,arial spectres se5 9 ,cumb]l&--,fata ,morgana 9 ! ,/raits ( ,mess9a--,objects bel[ ! horizon rais$ & magnifi$ by refraction--,s+ul> example se5 at ,ha/+s--,dov] ,ca/le se5 ?r\gh ! hill on :i* x /&s--,erect & inv]t$ images ( di/ant %ips se5 9 ! air--,simil> ph5om5a se5 9 ! ,arctic regions--,en*ant$ coa/--,mr4 ,scoresby recognizes 8 fa!r's %ip by its arial image--,images ( c[s se5 9 ! air--,inv]t$ images ( horses se5 9 ,s\? ,am]ica--,lat]al images produc$ by refraction--,arial spectres by reflexion--,explanation ( ! prec$+ ph5om5a #abg ,,lett] ,,vii4 ,illusions dep5d+ on ! e>--,practis$ by ! anci5ts--,speak+ & s++ heads ( ! anci5ts--,exhibition ( ! ,invisible ,girl describ$ & expla9$--,illusions aris+ f ! difficulty ( det]m9+ ! direction ( s\nds--,s+ul> example ( ?is illusion--,nature ( v5triloquism--,exhibitions ( "s ( ! mo/ celebrat$ v5triloqui/s--,m4 ,/4 ,gille--,l\is ,brabant--,m4 ,alex&re--,capt4 ,lyon's acc\nt ( ,esquimaux v5triloqui/s #aeg ,,lett] ,,viii4 ,musical & h>monic s\nds expla9$--,p[] ( break+ glasses ) ! voice--,musical s\nds f ! vibration ( a column ( air--& ( solid bodies--,kaleidophone--,s+ul> ac\/ic figures produc$ on s& laid on vibrat+ plates ( glass--& on /ret*$ membranes--,vibration ( flat rul]s & cyl9d]s ( glass--,production ( sil5ce f two s\nds--,production ( d>kness f two lights--,explanation ( ^! s+ul> effects--,ac\/ic automaton--,droz's bleat+ %eep--,maill>det's s++-bird--,vaucanson's flute-play]--,8 pipe & tabor-play]--,b>on ,kempel5's talk+-eng9e--,kratz5/e9's speak+-ma*9e--,mr4 ,willis's rese>*es #agi ,,lett] ,,ix4 ,s+ul> effects 9 nature dep5d+ on s\nd--,p]man5t "* ( spee*--,influ5ce ( great elevations on ! "* ( s\nds1 & on ! p[]s ( spee*--,p[] ( s\nd 9 ?r[+ d[n build+s--,dog kill$ by s\nd--,s\nds greatly *ang$ "u p>ticul> circum/ances--,great audibility ( s\nds dur+ ! night expla9$--,s\nds dead5$ 9 m$ia ( diff]5t d5sities--,illu/rat$ 9 ! case ( a glass ( *ampagne--& 9 t ( new-fall5 sn[--,rem>kable e*oes--,rev]b]ations ( ?und]--,subt]ranean noises--,rem>kable "o at ! ,solfat]ra--,e*o at ! ,m5ai susp5sion bridge--,tempor>y deafness produc$ 9 div+-bells--,inaudibility ( p>ticul> s\nds to p>ticul> e>s--,vocal p[]s ( ! /atue ( ,memnon--,s\nds 9 granite rocks--,musical m\nta9 ( ,el-,nak\s #bab ,,lett] ,x4 ,me*anical inv5tions ( ! anci5ts few 9 numb]--,anci5t & mod]n feats ( /r5g?--,feats ( ,eckeb]g p>ticul>ly describ$--,g5]al explanation ( !m--,real feats ( /r5g? p]=m$ by ,?omas ,topham--,rem>kable p[] ( lift+ heavy p]sons :5 ! lungs are inflat$--,belzoni's feat ( su/a9+ pyramids ( m5--,deception ( walk+ along ! ceil+ 9 an inv]t$ position--,pneumatic app>atus 9 ! foot ( ! h\se-fly = enabl+ x to walk 9 opposition to gravity--,description ( ! analog\s app>atus employ$ by ! gecko liz>d = ! same purpose--,app>atus us$ by ! ,e*9eis remora1 or suck+-fi% #bdd ,,lett] ,,xi4 ,me*anical automata ( ! anci5ts--,mov+ tripods--,automata ( ,ddalus--,wood5 pigeon ( ,ar*ytas--,automatic clock ( ,*>lemagne--,automata made by ,turrianus = ,*>les ,v4--,camus's automatic c>riage made = ,l\is ,,xiv4--,deg5ne's me*anical peacock--,vaucanson's duck :i* ate & dige/$ its food--,du ,m\l9's automata--,b>on ,kempel5's automaton *ess-play]--,draw+ & writ+ automata--,maill>det's conjur]--,b5efits d]iv$ f ! passion = automata--,examples ( wond]ful ma*9]y = useful purposes--,duncan's tamb\r+ ma*9]y--,watt's /atue-turn+ ma*9]y--,babbage's calculat+ ma*9]y #bfd ,,lett] ,,xii4 ,wond]s ( *emi/ry--,orig91 progress1 & objects ( al*emy--,art ( brea?+ fire--,employ$ by ,b>*o*ebas1 ,eunus1 c4--,mod]n me?od--,art ( walk+ ^u burn+ coals & r$-hot iron1 & ( plung+ ! h&s 9 melt$ lead & boil+ wat]--,s+ul> prop]ty ( boil+ t>--,workm5 plunge _! h&s 9 melt$ copp]--,trial ( ordeal by fire--,ald9i's incombu/ible dresses--,examples ( _! wond]ful p[] 9 resi/+ flame--,p[] ( brea?+ & endur+ air ( high temp]atures--,exp]im5ts made by ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 ,sir ,*>les ,blagd51 & ,mr4 ,*antrey #bbg ,,lett] ,,xiii4 ,spontane\s combu/ion--,9 ! absorption ( air by p[d]$ *>coal--& ( hydrog5 by spongy plat9um--,dob]e9]'s lamp--,spontane\s combu/ion 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?--,burn+ cliffs--,burn+ soil--,combu/ion )\t flame--,spontane\s combu/ion ( human be+s--,c\ntess ,zang>i--,grace ,pett--,natural fire-temples ( ! ,guebres--,spontane\s fires 9 ! ,caspian ,sea--,spr+s ( inflammable gas ne> ,glasg[--,natural light-h\se ( ,m>acaybo--,new ela/ic fluids 9 ! cavities--( gems--,*emical op]ations go+ on 9 _! cavities--,explosions produc$ 9 !m by heat--,rem>kable *anges ( col\r f *emical causes--,effects ( ! nitr\s oxide or ,p>adise gas :5 brea!d--,rem>kable cases describ$--,conclusion #cac ,,lett]s ,,on ,,natural ,,magic2 ,,address$ ,,to ,,sir ,,walt] ,,scott1 ,,b>t4 ,,lett] ,i4 ,ext5t & int]e/ ( ! subject--,sci5ce employ$ by anci5t gov]nm5ts to deceive & enslave _! subjects--,influ5ce ( ! sup]natural ^u ignorant m9ds--,means employ$ by ! anci5t magicians to e/abli% _! au?ority--,d]iv$ f a k ( ! ph5om5a ( ,nature--,f ! influ5ce ( n>cotic drugs ^u ! victims ( _! delusion--,f e bran* ( sci5ce--,ac\/ics--,hydro/atics--,me*anic s--,optics--,m4 ,salv]te's "w on ! occult sci5ces--,object ( ! foll[+ lett]s4 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir ,,walt]1 ,z x 0 at y\r sugge/ion t ,i und]took to draw up a popul> acc\nt ( ^? prodigies ( ! mat]ial _w :i* h receiv$ ! appellation ( ,natural ,magic1 ,i h avail$ myself ( ! privilege ( introduc+ x "u ! %elt] ( y\r "n4 ,al?\gh ,i _c hope to produce a volume at all approa*+ 9 int]e/ to t :i* y h contribut$ to ! ,family ,libr>y1 yet ! popul> "* ( "s ( ! topics :i* belong to ?is bran* ( ,demonology may atone = ! defects ( ! foll[+ ,lett]s2 & ,i %all deem x no slight hon\r if !y %all be consid]$ z =m+ an appropriate supplem5t to y\r valuable "w4 ,! subject ( ,natural ,magic is "o ( great ext5t z well z ( deep int]e/4 ,9 its wide/ range1 x embraces ! hi/ory ( ! gov]nm5ts & ! sup]/itions ( anci5t times1--( ! means by :i* !y ma9ta9$ _! influ5ce ov] ! human m9d1--( ! assi/ance :i* !y d]iv$ f ! arts & ! sci5ces1 & f a k ( ! p[]s & ph5om5a ( nature4 ,:5 ! tyrants ( antiquity 7 unable or unwill+ to f\nd _! sov]eignty on ! affections & int]e/s ( _! p1 !y s\ght to entr5* !mselves 9 ! /rongholds ( sup]natural influ5ce1 & to rule ) ! delegat$ au?ority ( ,heav54 ,! pr9ce1 ! prie/1 & ! sage1 7 leagu$ 9 a d>k conspiracy to deceive & enslave _! species2 & man1 :o refus$ 8 submission to a be+ l himself1 became ! ob$i5t slave ( a spiritual despotism1 & will+ly b\nd himself 9 *a9s :5 !y seem$ to h be5 =g$ by ! gods4 ,?is sy/em ( impo/ure 0 greatly fav\r$ by ! ignorance ( ^! e>ly ages4 ,! human m9d is at all times fond ( ! m>vell\s1 & ! cr$ulity ( ! individual may be (t5 measur$ by 8 own atta*m5t to ! tru?4 ,:5 k 0 ! prop]ty ( only "o ca/e1 x 0 by no means difficult to employ x 9 ! subjugation ( ! great mass ( society4 ,an acqua9tance ) ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies1 & ! v>iations 9 ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e1 enabl$ its possessor to pr$ict a/ronomical & meteorological ph5om5a ) a frequ5cy & an accuracy :i* c\ld n fail to inve/ him ) a div9e "*4 ,! p[] ( br++ d[n fire f ! heav5s1 ev5 at times :5 ! electric influ5ce 0 itself 9 a /ate ( repose1 c\ld be reg>d$ only z a gift f heav54 ,! p[] ( r5d]+ ! human body ins5sible to fire 0 an irresi/ible in/rum5t ( impo/ure2 & 9 ! comb9ations ( *emi/ry1 & ! influ5ce ( drugs & soporific embrocations on ! human frame1 ! anci5t magicians f\nd _! mo/ available res\rces4 ,! secret use :i* 0 ?us made ( sci5tific discov]ies & ( rem>kable inv5tions1 has no d\bt prev5t$ _m ( !m f rea*+ ! pres5t times2 b ?\gh we are v ill in=m$ respect+ ! progress ( ! anci5ts 9 v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( ! physical sci5ces1 yet we h suffici5t evid5ce t almo/ e bran* ( k _h contribut$ its wond]s to ! magician's budget1 & we may ev5 obta9 "s insight into ! sci5tific acquirem5ts ( =m] ages1 by a dilig5t /udy ( _! fables & _! miracles4 ,! sci5ce ( ,ac\/ics furni%$ ! anci5t sorc]]s ) "s ( _! be/ deceptions4 ,! imitation ( ?und] 9 _! subt]ranean temples c\ld n fail to indicate ! pres5ce ( a sup]natural ag5t4 ,! gold5 virg9s ^: ravi%+ voices res\nd$ ?r\gh ! temple ( ,delphos2--! /one f ! riv] ,pactolus1 ^: trumpet notes sc>$ ! robb] f ! treasure :i* x gu>d$2--! speak+ head :i* utt]$ its oracul> responses at ,lesbos2 & ! vocal /atue ( ,memnon1 :i* began at ! break ( day to acco/ ! ris+ sun1--7 all deceptions d]iv$ f sci5ce1 & f a dilig5t obs]vation ( ! ph5om5a ( nature4 ,! pr9ciples ( ,hydro/atics 7 equally available 9 ! "w ( deception4 ,! m>vell\s f\nta9 :i* ,pl9y describes 9 ! isl& ( ,&ros z dis*>g+ w9e = sev5 days1 & wat] dur+ ! re/ ( ! ye>2--! spr+ ( oil :i* broke out 9 ,rome to welcome ! return ( ,augu/us f ! ,sicilian w>1--! ?ree empty urns :i* fill$ !mselves ) w9e at ! annual fea/ ( ,bac*us 9 ! city ( ,elis1--! glass tomb ( ,belus :i* 0 full ( oil1 & :i* :5 once empti$ by ,x]xes c\ld n aga9 be fill$1--! weep+-/atues1 & ! p]petual lamps ( ! anci5ts1--7 all ! obvi\s effects ( ! equilibrium & pressure ( fluids4 ,al?\gh we h no direct evid5ce t ! philosoph]s ( antiquity 7 skill$ 9 ,me*anics1 yet !re are indications ( _! k by no means equivocal 9 ! erection ( ! ,egyptian obelisks1 & 9 ! transportation ( huge masses ( /one1 & _! subsequ5t elevation to great heights 9 _! temples4 ,! p[]s :i* !y employ$1 & ! me*anism by :i* !y op]at$1 h be5 /udi\sly conceal$1 b _! exi/5ce may be inf]r$ f results o!rwise inexplicable2 & ! inf]5ce d]ives additional confirmation f ! me*anical arrangem5ts :i* seem$ to h =m$ a "p ( _! religi\s impo/ures4 ,:51 9 "s ( ! infam\s my/]ies ( anci5t ,rome1 ! un=tunate victims 7 c>ri$ (f by ! gods1 !re is reason to believe t !y 7 hurri$ away by ! p[] ( ma*9]y2 & :5 ,apollonius1 conduct$ by ! ,indian sages to ! temple ( _! god1 felt ! e>? ris+ & fall+ b5ea? 8 feet1 l ! agitat$ sea1 he 0 no d\bt plac$ ^u a mov+ floor capable ( imitat+ ! heav+s ( ! waves4 ,! rapid desc5t ( ^? :o consult$ ! oracle 9 ! cave ( ,trophonius1--! mov+ tripods :i* ,apollonius saw 9 ! ,indian temples1--! walk+ /atues at ,antium1 & 9 ! temple ( ,hi]apolis1--& ! wood5 pigeon ( ,ar*ytas1 are specim5s ( ! me*anical res\rces ( ! anci5t magic4 ,b ( all ! sci5ces ,optics is ! mo/ f]tile 9 m>vell\s exp$i5ts4 ,! p[] ( br++ ! remote/ objects )9 ! v grasp ( ! obs]v]1 & ( swell+ into gigantic magnitude ! almo/ invisible bodies ( ! mat]ial _w1 nev] fails to inspire ) a/oni%m5t ev5 ^? :o und]/& ! means by :i* ^! prodigies are accompli%$4 ,! anci5ts1 inde$1 7 n acqua9t$ ) ^? comb9ations ( l5ses & mirrors :i* con/itute ! telescope & ! microscope1 b !y mu/ h be5 famili> ) ! prop]ty ( l5ses & mirrors to =m erect & inv]t$ images ( objects4 ,!re is reason to ?9k t !y employ$ !m to effect ! app>ition ( _! gods2 & 9 "s ( ! descriptions ( ! optical displays :i* hall[$ _! anci5t temples1 we recognize all ! trans=mations ( ! mod]n phantasmagoria4 ,x w\ld be an int]e/+ pursuit to embody ! in=mation :i* hi/ory supplies respect+ ! fables & incantations ( ! anci5t sup]/itions1 & to %[ h[ f> !y c be expla9$ by ! sci5tific k :i* !n prevail$4 ,?is task has1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 be5 p]=m$ by ,m4 ,eusebe ,salv]te1 9 a "w on ! occult sci5ces :i* has rec5tly appe>$2 b not)/&+ ! +5uity & le>n+ :i* x displays1 ! individual facts are too scanty to support ! speculations ( ! au?or1 & ! descriptions are too meagre to satisfy ! curiosity ( ! read]4#a #a ,we mu/ caution ! "y read] aga9/ "s ( ! views giv5 9 ,m4 ,salv]te's "w4 ,9 8 anxiety to acc\nt = ev]y?+ miracul\s by natural causes1 he has ascrib$ to ! same orig9 "s ( ^! ev5ts 9 sacr$ hi/ory :i* ,*ri/ians _c b reg>d z ! result ( div9e ag5cy4 ,9 ! foll[+ lett]s ,i propose to take a wid] range1 & to ent] into m m9ute & popul> details4 ,! pr9cipal ph5om5a ( nature1 & ! lead+ comb9ations ( arts1 :i* be> ! impress ( a sup]natural "*1 w pass "u our review1 & our att5tion w be p>ticul>ly call$ to ^? s+ul> illusions ( s5se1 by :i* ! mo/ p]fect organs ei!r cease to p]=m _! functions1 or p]=m !m fai?lessly2 & :]e ! ef=ts & ! creations ( ! m9d pr$om9ate ov] ! direct p]ceptions ( ext]nal nature4 ,9 execut+ ?is plan1 ! task ( selection is r5d]$ extremely difficult by ! sup]abundance ( mat]ials1 z well z f ! v>iety ( judgm5ts = :i* ^! mat]ials mu/ be prep>$4 ,mod]n sci5ce may be reg>d$ z "o va/ miracle1 :e!r we view x 9 relation to ! ,almighty ,be+ by :om its objects & its laws 7 =m$1 or to ! feeble intellect ( man1 by :i* its dep?s h be5 s\nd$1 & its my/]ies explor$2 & if ! philosoph] :o is famili>iz$ ) its wond]s1 & :o has /udi$ !m z necess>y results ( g5]al laws1 nev] ceases to admire & adore _! ,au?or1 h[ great %\ld be _! effect ^u less gift$ m9ds1 :o mu/ ev] view !m 9 ! light ( inexplicable prodigies6--,man has 9 all ages s\ght = a sign f heav51 & yet he has be5 habitually bl9d to ! millions ( wond]s ) :i* he is surr\nd$4 ,if ! foll[+ pages %\ld contribute to abate ?is deplorable indiff]5ce to all t is gr& & sublime 9 ! univ]se1 & if !y %\ld inspire ! read] ) a portion ( t en?usiasm ( love & gratitude :i* c alone prep>e ! m9d = its f9al triumph1 ! lab\rs ( ! au?or w n h be5 :olly fruitless4 ,,lett] ,,ii4 ,! eye ! mo/ important ( our organs--,popul> description ( x--,! eye is ! mo/ f]tile s\rce ( m5tal illusions--,disappe>ance ( objects :5 _! images fall ^u ! base ( ! optic n]ve--,disappe>ance ( objects :5 se5 obliquely--,deceptions aris+ f view+ objects 9 a fa9t light--,lum9\s figures creat$ by pressure on ! eye1 ei!r f ext]nal causes or f ! fulness ( ! blood-vessels--,ocul> spectra or accid5tal col\rs--,rem>kable effects produc$ by int5se light--,influ5ce ( ! imag9ation 9 view+ ^! spectra--,rem>kable illusion produc$ by ?is affection ( ! eye--,duration ( impressions ( light on ! eye--,?aumatrope--,improvem5ts ^u x sugge/$--,disappe>ance ( halves ( objects or ( "o ( two p]sons--,ins5sibility ( ! eye to p>ticul> col\rs--,rem>kable optical illusion describ$4 ,( all ! organs by :i* we acquire a k ( ext]nal nature1 ! eye is ! mo/ rem>kable & ! mo/ important4 ,by our o!r s5ses ! in=mation we obta9 is comp>atively limit$4 ,! t\* & ! ta/e ext5d no f>!r ?an ! surface ( our own bodies4 ,! s5se ( smell is ex]cis$ )9 a v n>r[ sph]e1 & t ( recogniz+ s\nds is limit$ to ! di/ance at :i* we he> ! bur/+ ( a meteor & ! cra% ( a ?und]bolt4 ,b ! eye enjoys a b\ndless range ( obs]vation4 ,x takes cognizance n only ( o!r worlds belong+ to ! sol> sy/em1 b ( o!r sy/ems ( worlds inf9itely remov$ into ! imm5sity ( space2 & :5 aid$ by ! telescope1 ! inv5tion ( human wisdom1 x is able to discov] ! =ms1 ! ph5om5a1 & ! movem5ts ( bodies ^: di/ance is z inexpressible 9 language z x is inconceivable 9 ?\ght4 ,:ile ! human eye has be5 admir$ by ord9>y obs]v]s = ! beauty ( its =m1 ! p[] ( its movem5ts1 & ! v>iety ( its expression1 x has excit$ ! wond] ( philosoph]s by ! exquisite me*anism ( its int]ior1 & its s+ul> adaptation to ! v>iety ( purposes :i* x has to s]ve4 ,! eyeball is ne>ly globul>1 & is ab\t an in* 9 diamet]4 ,x is =m$ ext]nally by a t\gh opaque membrane call$ ! scl]otic coat1 :i* =ms ! :ite ( ! eye1 ) ! exception ( a small circul> portion 9 front call$ ! cornea4 ,?is portion is p]fectly transp>5t1 & s t\gh 9 its nature z to af=d a p[]ful resi/ance to ext]nal injury4 ,imm$iately )9 ! cornea1 & 9 contact ) x1 is ! aque\s hum\r1 a cle> fluid1 :i* occupies only a small "p ( ! front ( ! eye4 ,)9 ?is hum\r is ! iris1 a circul> membrane1 ) a hole 9 its c5tre call$ ! pupil4 ,! col\r ( ! eye resides 9 ?is membrane1 :i* has ! curi\s prop]ty ( contract+ & exp&+ s z to dim9i% or enl>ge ! pupil1--an effect :i* human +5uity has n be5 able ev5 to imitate4 ,beh9d ! iris is susp5d$ ! cry/all9e l5s1 9 a f9e transp>5t capsule or bag ( ! same =m ) itself4 ,x is !n succe$$ by ! vitre\s hum\r1 :i* resembles ! transp>5t :ite ( an egg1 & fills up ! re/ ( ! eye4 ,beh9d ! vitre\s hum\r1 !re is spread out on ! inside ( ! eyeball a f9e delicate membrane1 call$ ! ret9a1 :i* is an expansion ( ! optic n]ve1 ent]+ ! back ( ! eye & communicat+ ) ! bra94 ,a p]spective view & horizontal section ( ! left eye1 %[n 9 ! annex$ figure1 w convey a popul> idea ( its /ructure4 ,x is1 z x 71 a small cam]a obscura1 by means ( :i* ! pictures ( ext]nal objects are pa9t$ on ! ret9a1 &1 9 a way ( :i* we are ignorant1 x conveys ! impression ( !m to ! bra94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,?is wond]ful organ may be consid]$ z ! s5t9el :i* gu>ds ! pass betwe5 ! worlds ( matt] & ( _s1 & ?r\gh :i* all _! communications are int]*ang$4 ,! optic n]ve is ! *annel by :i* ! m9d p]uses ! h&-writ+ ( ,nature on ! ret9a1 & ?r\gh :i* x transf]s to t mat]ial tablet its decisions & its creations4 ,! eye is consequ5tly ! pr9cipal seat ( ! sup]natural4 ,:5 ! indications ( ! m>vell\s are address$ to u ?r\gh ! e>1 ! m9d may be />tl$ )\t be+ deceiv$1 & reason may succe$ 9 sugge/+ "s probable s\rce ( ! illusion by :i* we h be5 al>m$3 b :5 ! eye 9 solitude sees be=e x ! =ms ( life1 fre% 9 _! col\rs & vivid 9 _! outl9e2 :5 di/ant or dep>t$ fri5ds are sudd5ly pres5t$ to its view2 :5 visible bodies disappe> & reappe> )\t any intelligible cause2 & :5 x beholds objects1 :e!r real or imag9>y1 = ^: pres5ce no cause c be assign$1 ! conviction ( sup]natural ag5cy becomes1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 unavoidable4 ,h5ce x is n only an amus+ b a useful occupation to acquire a k ( ^? causes :i* are capable ( produc+ s /range a belief1 :e!r x arises f ! delusions :i* ! m9d practises ^u itself1 or f ! dext]ity & sci5ce ( o!rs4 ,i %all !re=e proce$ to expla9 ^? illusions :i* h _! orig9 9 ! eye1 :e!r !y are g5]al1 or only occasionally exhibit$ 9 p>ticul> p]sons1 & "u p>ticul> circum/ances4 ,!re are few p]sons aw>e t :5 !y look ) "o eye1 !re is "s p>ticul> object be=e !m to :i* !y are absolutely bl9d4 ,if we look ) ! "r eye1 ?is po9t is always ab\t #ae to ! "r ( ! object :i* we are view+1 or to ! "r ( ! axis ( ! eye or ! po9t ( mo/ di/9ct vision4 ,if we look ) ! left eye1 ! po9t is z f> to ! left4 ,9 ord] to be conv9c$ ( ?is curi\s fact1 :i* 0 discov]$ by ,m4 ,m>iotte1 place two col\r$ waf]s ^u a %eet ( :ite pap] at ! di/ance ( ?ree in*es1 & look at ! left-h& waf] ) ! "r eye at ! di/ance ( ab\t #aa or #ab in*es1 tak+ c>e to keep ! eye /raight above ! waf]1 & ! l9e :i* jo9s ! eyes p>allel to ! l9e :i* jo9s ! waf]s4 ,:5 ?is is done1 & ! left eye clos$1 ! "r-h& waf] w no long] be visible4 ,! same effect w be produc$ if we close ! "r eye & look ) ! left eye at ! "r-h& waf]4 ,:5 we exam9e ! ret9a to discov] to :at "p ( x ?is ins5sibility to light belongs1 we f9d t ! image ( ! invisible waf] has fall5 on ! base ( ! optic n]ve1 or ! place :]e ?is n]ve ent]s ! eye & exp&s itself to =m ! ret9a4 ,?is po9t is %[n 9 ! prec$+ figure by a convexity at ! place :]e ! n]ve ent]s ! eye4 ,b ?\gh light ( ord9>y int5sity makes no impression ^u ?is "p ( ! eye1 a v /rong light does1 & ev5 :5 we use c&les or highly lum9\s bodies 9 place ( waf]s1 ! body does n :olly disappe>1 b leaves beh9d a fa9t cl\dy light1 )\t1 h[ev]1 giv+ any?+ l an image ( ! object f :i* ! light proce$s4 ,:5 ! objects are :ite waf]s ^u a black gr\nd1 ! :ite waf] absolutely disappe>s1 & ! space :i* x cov]s appe>s to be completely black2 & z ! light :i* illum9ates a l&scape is n mu* diff]5t f t ( a :ite waf]1 we %\ld expect1 :e!r we use "o or bo? eyes1#b to see a black or a d>k spot ^u e l&scape1 )9 #ae ( ! po9t :i* mo/ p>ticul>ly attracts our notice4 ,! ,div9e ,artific]1 h[ev]1 has n left 8 "w ?us imp]fect4 ,?\gh ! base ( ! optic n]ve is ins5sible to light t falls directly ^u x1 yet x has be5 made susceptible ( receiv+ lum9\s impressions f ! p>ts :i* surr\nd x2 & ! consequ5ce ( ?is is1 t :5 ! waf] disappe>s1 ! spot :i* is occupi$1 9 place ( be+ black1 has always ! same col\r z ! gr\nd ^u :i* ! waf] is laid1 be+ :ite :5 ! waf] is plac$ ^u a :ite gr\nd1 & r$ :5 x is plac$ ^u a r$ gr\nd4 ,?is curi\s effect may be rudely illu/rat$ by comp>+ ! ret9a to a %eet ( blott+-pap]1 & ! base ( ! optic n]ve to a circul> portion ( x cov]$ ) a piece ( sponge4 ,if a %[] falls ^u ! pap]1 ! protect$ "p w n be wett$ by ! ra9 :i* falls ^u ! sponge t cov]s x1 b 9 a few seconds x w be z effectually wett$ by ! moi/ure :i* x absorbs f ! wet pap] ) :i* x is surr\nd$4 ,9 l mann] ! ins5sible spot on ! ret9a is /imulat$ by a borr[$ light1 & ! app>5t defect is s completely remov$1 t its exi/5ce c be det]m9$ only by ! exp]im5t already describ$4 #b ,:5 bo? eyes are op51 ! object ^: image falls ^u ! ins5sible spot ( ! "o eye is se5 by ! o!r1 s t1 ?\gh x is n invisible1 yet x w only be half z lum9\s &1 !re=e two d>k spots ought to be se54 ,( ! same "*1 b f> m g5]al 9 its effects1 & important 9 its consequ5ces1 is ano!r illusion ( ! eye :i* pres5t$ itself to me sev]al ye>s ago4 ,:5 ! eye is /eadily occupi$ 9 view+ any p>ticul> object1 or :5 x takes a fix$ direction :ile ! m9d is occupi$ ) any engross+ topic ( speculation or ( grief1 x sudd5ly loses sight (1 or becomes bl9d to1 objects se5 indirectly1 or ^u :i* x is n fully direct$4 ,?is takes place :e!r we use "o or bo? eyes1 & ! object :i* disappe>s w reappe> )\t any *ange 9 ! position ( ! eye1 :ile o!r objects w vani% & revive 9 succession )\t any app>5t cause4 ,if a sportsman1 = example1 is wat*+ ) int5se int]e/ ! motions ( "o ( 8 dogs1 8 companion1 ?\gh se5 ) p]fect cle>ness by indirect vision1 w vani%1 & ! light ( ! hea? or ( ! sky w close 9 ^u ! spot :i* he occupi$4 ,9 ord] to witness ?is illusion1 put a little bit ( :ite pap] on a gre5 clo?1 &1 )9 ?ree or f\r in*es ( x1 place a n>r[ /rip ( :ite pap]4 ,at ! di/ance ( twelve or eighte5 in*es1 fix "o eye /eadily ^u ! little bit ( :ite pap]1 & 9 a %ort "t a "p or ev5 ! :ole ( ! /rip ( pap] w vani% z if x _h be5 remov$ f ! gre5 clo?4 ,x w aga9 reappe>1 & aga9 vani%1 ! effect dep5d+ greatly on ! /ead9ess ) :i* ! eye is kept fix$4 ,?is illusion takes place :5 bo? ! eyes are op51 ?\gh x is easi] to obs]ve x :5 "o ( !m is clos$4 ,! same ?+ happ5s :5 ! object is lum9\s4 ,:5 a c&le is ?us se5 by indirect vision1 x nev] :olly disappe>s1 b x spreads itself out into a cl\dy mass1 ! c5tre ( :i* is blue1 encircl$ ) a bright r+ ( yell[ light4 ,?is inability ( ! eye to pres]ve a su/a9$ vision ( objects se5 obliquely1 is curi\sly comp5sat$ by ! great] s5sibility ( ^? p>ts ( ! eye t h ?is defect4 ,! eye has ! p[] ( see+ objects ) p]fect di/9ctness only :5 x is direct$ /raight ^u !m2 t is1 all objects se5 indirectly are se5 indi/9ctly3 b x is a curi\s circum/ance1 t :5 we wi% to obta9 a sight ( a v fa9t />1 su* z "o ( ! satellites ( ,saturn1 we c see x mo/ di/9ctly by look+ away f x1 & :5 ! eye is turn$ full ^u x x imm$iately disappe>s4 ,effects /ill m rem>kable are produc$ 9 ! eye :5 x views objects t are difficult to be se5 f ! small degree ( light ) :i* !y happ5 to be illum9at$4 ,! imp]fect view :i* we obta9 ( su* objects =ces u to fix ! eye m /eadily ^u !m2 b ! m ex]tion we make to asc]ta9 :at !y are1 ! great] difficulties d we enc\nt] to accompli% our object4 ,! eye is actually ?r[n into a /ate ( ! mo/ pa9ful agitation1 ! object w swell & contract1 & p>tly disappe>1 & x w aga9 become visible :5 ! eye has recov]$ f ! delirium into :i* x has be5 ?r[n4 ,?is ph5om5on may be mo/ di/9ctly se5 :5 ! objects 9 a room are illum9at$ ) ! feeble gleam ( a fire almo/ ext+ui%$2 b x may be obs]v$ 9 daylight by ! sportsman :5 he endeav\rs to m>k ^u ! monoton\s hea? ! p>ticul> spot :]e moor-game has alight$4 ,avail+ himself ( ! slighte/ diff]5ce ( t9t 9 ! adjac5t hea?1 he keeps 8 eye /eadily fix$ on x z he advances1 b :5ev] ! contra/ ( illum9ation is feeble1 he w inv>iably lose sight ( 8 m>k1 & if ! ret9a is capable ( tak+ x up1 x is only to lose x a second "t4 ,?is illusion is likely to be mo/ efficaci\s 9 ! d>k1 :5 !re is j suffici5t light to r5d] :ite objects fa9tly visible1 & to p]sons :o are ei!r timid or cr$ul\s mu/ prove a frequ5t s\rce ( al>m4 ,its influ5ce1 too1 is greatly aid$ by ano!r condition ( ! eye1 into :i* x is ?r[n dur+ p>tial d>kness4 ,! pupil exp&s ne>ly to ! :ole wid? ( ! iris1 9 ord] to collect ! feeble light :i* prevails2 b x is demon/rable t 9 ?is /ate ! eye _c accommodate itself to see ne> objects di/9ctly1 s t ! =ms ( p]sons & ?+s actually become m %ad[y & confus$ :5 !y come )9 ! v di/ance at :i* we c\nt ^u obta9+ ! be/ view ( !m4 ,^! affections ( ! eye are1 we are p]suad$1 v frequ5t causes ( a p>ticul> class ( app>itions :i* are se5 at night by ! "y & ! ignorant4 ,! spectres :i* are conjur$ up are always :ite1 because no o!r col\r c be se51 & !y are ei!r =m$ out ( inanimate objects :i* reflect m light ?an o!rs ar\nd !m1 or ( animals or human be+s ^: col\r or *ange ( place r5d]s !m m visible 9 ! d>k4 ,:5 ! eye dimly descries an inanimate object ^: diff]5t p>ts reflect diff]5t degrees ( light1 its bright] p>ts may enable ! spectator to keep up a cont9u$ view ( x2 b ! disappe>ance & reappe>ance ( its fa9t] p>ts1 & ! *ange ( %ape :i* ensues1 w necess>ily give x ! semblance ( a liv+ =m1 & if x occupies a position :i* is unapproa*able1 & :]e animate objects _c f9d _! way1 ! m9d w soon transf] to x a sup]natural exi/5ce4 ,9 l mann] a human figure %ad[$ =? 9 a feeble twilight may und]go simil> *anges1 & aft] be+ di/9ctly se5 :ile x is 9 a situation fav\rable = receiv+ & reflect+ light1 x may sudd5ly disappe> 9 a position fully be=e1 & )9 ! rea* (1 ! obs]v]'s eye2 & if ?is evanesc5ce takes place 9 a pa? or road :]e !re 0 no side-way by :i* ! figure c\ld escape1 x is n easy = an ord9>y m9d to efface ! impression :i* x _c fail to receive4 ,"u su* circum/ances we nev] ?9k ( di/ru/+ an organ :i* we h nev] f\nd to deceive u2 & ! tru? ( ! maxim t 8see+ is believ+0 is too univ]sally admitt$1 & too deeply root$ 9 our nature1 to admit on any occasion ( a s+le exception4 ,9 ^! obs]vations we h suppos$ t ! spectator be>s along ) him no fe>s or prejudices1 & is a fai?ful int]pret] ( ! ph5om5a pres5t$ to 8 s5ses2 b if he is himself a believ] 9 app>itions1 & unwill+ to receive an ocul> demon/ration ( _! reality1 x is n difficult to conceive ! picture :i* w be drawn :5 ext]nal objects are di/ort$ & c>icatur$ by ! imp]fect indications ( 8 s5ses1 & col\r$ ) all ! vivid hues ( ! imag9ation4 ,ano!r class ( ocul> deceptions h _! orig9 9 a prop]ty ( ! eye :i* has be5 v imp]fectly exam9$4 ,! f9e n]v\s fabric :i* con/itutes ! ret9a1 & :i* ext5ds to ! bra91 has ! s+ul> prop]ty ( be+ phosphoresc5t by pressure4 ,:5 we press ! eyeball outw>ds by apply+ ! po9t ( ! f+] betwe5 x & ! nose1 a circle ( light w be se51 :i* ,sir ,isaac ,newton describes z 8a circle ( col\rs l ^? 9 ! fea!r ( a peacock's tail40 ,he adds1 t 8if ! eye & ! figure rema9 quiet1 ^! col\rs vani% 9 a second ( "t2 b if ! f+] be mov$ ) a quav]+ motion1 !y appe> aga940 ,9 ! num]\s obs]vations :i* ,i h made on ^! lum9\s circles1 ,i h nev] be5 able to obs]ve any col\r b :ite1 ) ! exception ( a g5]al r$ t+e :i* is se5 :5 ! eyelids are clos$1 & :i* is produc$ by ! light :i* passes ?r\gh !m4 ,! lum9\s circles1 too1 always cont9ue :ile ! pressure is appli$1 & !y may be produc$ z readily aft] ! eye has be5 long 9 d>kness z :5 x has be5 rec5tly expos$ to light4 ,:5 ! pressure is v g5tly appli$1 s z to compress ! f9e pulpy sub/ance ( ! ret9a1 light is imm$iately creat$ :5 ! eye is 9 total d>kness2 & :5 9 ?is /ate light is all[$ to fall ^u x1 ! "p compress$ is m s5sible to light ?an any o!r "p1 & consequ5tly appe>s m lum9\s4 ,if we increase ! pressure1 ! eyeball1 be+ fill$ ) incompressible fluids1 w protrude all r\nd ! po9t ( pressure1 & consequ5tly ! ret9a at ! protrud$ "p w be compress$ by ! outw>d pressure ( ! conta9$ fluid1 :ile ! ret9a on ea* side1 namely1 "u ! po9t ( pressure & beyond ! protrud$ "p1 w be drawn t[>ds ! protrud$ "p or dilat$4 ,h5ce ! "p "u ! f+] :i* 0 orig9ally compress$ is n[ dilat$1 ! adjac5t p>ts compress$1 & ! m remote p>ts imm$iately )\t ?is dilat$ also4 ,n[ we h obs]v$1 t :5 ! eye is1 "u ^! circum/ances1 expos$ to light1 !re is a bright lum9\s circle %ad+ (f ext]nally & int]nally into total d>kness4 ,we are l$1 !re=e1 to ! important conclusions1 t :5 ! ret9a is compress$ 9 total d>kness x gives out light2 t :5 x is compress$ :5 expos$ to light1 its s5sibility to light is increas$2 & t :5 x is dilat$ "u exposure to light1 x becomes absolutely bl9d1 or ins5sible to all lum9\s impressions4 ,:5 ! body is 9 a /ate ( p]fect heal?1 ?is phosphoresc5ce ( ! eye %[s itself on _m occasions4 ,:5 ! eye or ! head receives a sudd5 bl[1 a bright fla% ( light %oots f ! eyeball4 ,9 ! act ( sneez+1 gleams ( light are emitt$ f ea* eye bo? dur+ ! inhalation ( ! air1 & dur+ its subsequ5t protrusion1 & 9 bl[+ air viol5tly ?r\gh ! no/rils1 two pat*es ( light appe> above ! axis ( ! eye & 9 front ( x1 :ile o!r two lum9\s spots unite into "o1 & appe> z x 7 ab\t ! po9t ( ! nose :5 ! eyes are direct$ to x4 ,:5 we turn ! eyeball by ! action ( its own muscles1 ! ret9a is affect$ at ! place :]e ! muscles are ins]t$1 & !re may be se5 opposite ea* eye1 & t[>ds ! nose1 two semicircles ( light1 & o!r two extremely fa9t t[>ds ! temples4 ,at p>ticul> times1 :5 ! ret9a is m phosphoresc5t ?an at o!rs1 ^! semicircles are exp&$ into complete circles ( light4 ,9 a /ate ( indisposition1 ! phosphoresc5ce ( ! ret9a appe>s 9 new & m al>m+ =ms4 ,:5 ! /oma* is "u a tempor>y d]angem5t accompani$ ) heada*e1 ! pressure ( ! blood-vessels ^u ! ret9a %[s itself1 9 total d>kness1 by a fa9t blue light float+ be=e ! eye1 v>y+ 9 its %ape1 & pass+ away at "o side4 ,?is blue light increases 9 int5sity1 becomes gre5 & !n yell[1 & sometimes rises to r$1 all ^! col\rs be+ frequ5tly se5 at once1 or ! mass ( light %ades (f into d>kness4 ,:5 we consid] ! v>iety ( di/9ct =ms :i* 9 a /ate ( p]fect heal? ! imag9ation c conjure up :5 look+ into a burn+ fire1 or ^u an irregul>ly %ad$ surface1#c x is easy to conceive h[ ! masses ( col\r$ light :i* float be=e ! eye may be m\ld$ by ! same p[] into ^? fanta/ic & natural %apes1 :i* s (t5 haunt ! c\* ( ! invalid1 ev5 :5 ! m9d reta9s its en]gy1 & is consci\s ( ! illusion "u :i* x lab\rs4 ,9 o!r cases1 tempor>y bl9dness is produc$ by pressure ^u ! optic n]ve1 or ^u ! ret9a2 & "u ! excitation ( fev] or delirium1 :5 ! physical cause :i* produces spectral =ms is at its height1 !re is sup]add$ a p[]ful influ5ce ( ! m9d1 :i* imp>ts a new "* to ! phantasms ( ! s5ses4 #c ,a v curi\s example ( ! influ5ce ( ! imag9ation 9 creat+ di/9ct =ms out ( an irregul>ly %ad$ surface1 is m5tion$ 9 ! life ( ,pet] ,heaman1 a ,sw$e1 :o 0 execut$ = piracy & murd] at ,lei? 9 #ahbb4 ,we give x 9 8 own words3-- 8,"o rem>kable ?+ 01 "o day z we m5d$ a sail1 x be+ a v ?9 "o1 aft] lay+ x ^u deck 9 folds1 ,i took ! t> bru% & t>r$ x ov] 9 ! places :i* ,i ?\ght ne$$ to be /r5g!n$4 ,b :5 we hoi/$ x up1 ,i 0 a/oni%$ to see t ! t> ,i _h put ^u x repres5t$ a gall[s & a man "u x )\t a head4 ,! head 0 ly+ beside him4 ,he 0 complete1 body1 ?ighs1 legs1 arms1 & 9 e %ape l a man4 ,n[1 ,i (t5times made rem>ks ^u x1 & repeat$ !m to ! o!rs4 ,i always said to !m all1 ,y may dep5d ^u x t some?+ w happ54 ,i aft]w>ds took d[n ! sail on a calm day1 & sew$ a piece ( canvas ov] ! figure to cov] x1 = ,i c\ld n be> to h x always be=e my eyes40 ,9 ord] to complete ! hi/ory ( ! illusions :i* orig9ate 9 ! eye1 x w be necess>y to give "s acc\nt ( ! ph5om5a call$ ocul> spectra1 or accid5tal col\rs4 ,if we cut a figure out ( r$ pap]1 &1 plac+ x on a %eet ( :ite pap]1 view x /eadily = "s seconds ) "o or bo? eyes fix$ on a p>ticul> "p ( x1 we %all obs]ve ! r$ col\r to become less brilliant4 ,if we !n turn ! eye f ! r$ figure ^u ! :ite pap]1 we %all see a di/9ct gre5 figure1 :i* is ! spectrum1 or accid5tal col\r ( ! r$ figure4 ,) diff]5tly col\r$ figures we %all obs]ve diff]5tly col\r$ spectra1 z 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ,,col\r ,,( ,,! ,,col\r ,,( ,,! ,,orig9al ,,figures4 ,,spectral ,,figures4 ,r$1 ,blui%-gre54 ,orange1 ,blue4 ,yell[1 ,indigo4 ,gre51 ,r$di%-violet4 ,blue1 ,orange-r$4 ,indigo1 ,orange-yell[4 ,violet1 ,yell[4 ,:ite1 ,black4 ,black1 ,:ite4 ,! two la/ ( ^! exp]im5ts1 viz41 :ite & black figures1 may be satisfactorily made by us+ a :ite m$allion on a d>k gr\nd1 & a black pr(ile figure4 ,! spectrum ( ! =m] w be f\nd to be black1 & t ( ! latt] :ite4 ,^! ocul> spectra (t5 %[ !mselves )\t any ef=t on our "p1 & ev5 )\t our k4 ,9 a highly pa9t$ room1 illum9at$ by ! sun1 ^? p>ts ( ! furniture on :i* ! sun does n directly fall h always ! opposite or accid5tal col\r4 ,if ! sun %9es ?r\gh a *9k 9 a r$ w9d[-curta91 its light w appe> gre51 v>y+ z 9 ! above table1 ) ! col\r ( ! curta92 & if we look at ! image ( a c&le1 reflect$ f ! wat] 9 a blue f+]-glass1 x w appe> yell[4 ,:5ev]1 9 %ort1 ! eye is affect$ ) "o prevail+ col\r1 x sees at ! same "t ! spectral or accid5tal col\r1 j z :5 a musical /r+ is vibrat+1 ! e> he>s at ! same "t its fundam5tal & its h>monic s\nds4 ,if ! prevail+ light is :ite & v /rong1 ! spectra :i* x produces are no long] black1 b ( v>i\s col\rs 9 succession4 ,if we look at ! sun1 = example1 :5 ne> ! horizon1 or :5 reflect$ f glass or wat] s z to mod]ate its brilliancy1 & keep ! eye ^u x /eadily = a few seconds1 we %all see1 ev5 = h\rs aft]w>ds1 & :e!r ! eyes are op5 or %ut1 a spectrum ( ! sun v>y+ 9 its col\rs4 ,at fir/1 ) ! eye op51 x is br[ni%-r$ ) a sky-blue bord]1 & :5 ! eye is %ut1 x is gre5 ) a r$ bord]4 ,! r$ becomes m brilliant1 & ! blue m vivid1 till ! impression is gradually worn (f2 b ev5 :5 !y become v fa9t1 !y may be reviv$ by a g5tle pressure on ! eyeball4 ,"s eyes are m susceptible ?an o!rs ( ^! spectral impressions1 & ,mr4 ,boyle m5tions an individual :o cont9u$ = ye>s to see ! spectre ( ! sun :5 he look$ ^u bright objects4 ,?is fact appe>$ to ,locke s int]e/+ & inexplicable1 t he consult$ ,sir ,isaac ,newton respect+ its cause1 & drew f him ! foll[+ int]e/+ acc\nt ( a simil> effect ^u himself3--8,! obs]vation y m5tion 9 ,mr4 ,boyle's book ( col\rs1 ,i once made ^u myself ) ! haz>d ( my eyes4 ,! mann] 0 ?is3 ,i look$ a v little :ile ^u ! sun 9 ! look+-glass ) my "r eye1 & !n turn$ my eyes into a d>k corn] ( my *amb]1 & w9k$1 to obs]ve ! impression made1 & ! circles ( col\rs :i* encompass$ x1 & h[ !y decay$ by degrees1 & at la/ vani%$4 ,?is ,i repeat$ a second & a ?ird "t4 ,at ! ?ird "t1 :5 ! phantasm ( light & col\rs ab\t x 7 almo/ vani%$1 int5d+ my fancy ^u !m to see _! la/ appe>ance1 ,i f\nd1 to my amazem5t1 t !y began to return1 & by little & little to become z lively & vivid z :5 ,i _h newly look$ ^u ! sun4 ,b :5 ,i ceas$ to int5d my face ^u !m1 !y vani%$ aga94 ,aft] ?is ,i f\nd t z (t5 z ,i w5t into ! d>k1 & int5d$ my m9d ^u !m1 z :5 a man looks e>ne/ly to see any?+ :i* is difficult to be se51 ,i c\ld make ! phantasm return )\t look+ any m ^u ! sun2 & ! (t5] ,i made x return1 ! m easily ,i c\ld make x return aga94 ,& at l5g?1 by repeat+ ?is )\t look+ any m ^u ! sun1 ,i made su* an impression on my eye1 t1 if ,i look$ ^u ! cl\ds1 or a book1 or any bright object1 ,i saw ^u x a r\nd bright spot ( light l ! sun1 &1 :i* is /ill /rang]1 ?\gh ,i look$ ^u ! sun ) my "r eye only1 & n ) my left1 yet my fancy began to make an impression ^u my left eye z well z ^u my "r4 ,= if ,i %ut my "r eye1 & look$ ^u a book or ! cl\ds ) my left eye1 ,i c\ld see ! spectrum ( ! sun almo/ z pla9 z ) my "r eye1 if ,i did b int5d my fancy a little :ile ^u x3 = at fir/1 if ,i %ut my "r eye1 & look$ ) my left1 ! spectrum ( ! sun did n appe> till ,i int5d$ my fancy ^u x2 b by repeat+1 ?is appe>$ e "t m easily4 ,& n[ 9 a few h\rs' "t ,i _h br\ght my eyes to su* a pass1 t ,i c\ld look ^u no bright object ) ei!r eye b ,i saw ! sun be=e me1 s t ,i dur/ nei!r write nor read2 b to recov] ! use ( my eyes1 %ut myself up 9 my *amb]1 made d>k1 = ?ree days toge!r1 & us$ all means 9 my p[] to direct my imag9ation f ! sun4 ,= if ,i ?\ght ^u him1 ,i pres5tly saw 8 picture1 ?\gh ,i 0 9 ! d>k4 ,b by keep+ 9 ! d>k2 & employ+ my m9d ab\t o!r ?+s1 ,i began1 9 ?ree or f\r days1 to h m use ( my eyes aga92 & by =be>+ to look ^u bright objects1 recov]$ !m pretty well2 ?\gh n s well b t1 = "s mon?s aft]1 ! spectrums ( ! sun began to return z (t5 z ,i began to m$itate ^u ! ph5om5a1 ev5 ?\gh ,i lay 9 b$ at midnight ) my curta9s drawn4 ,b n[ ,i h be5 well = _m ye>s1 ?\gh ,i am apt to ?9k1 if ,i dur/ v5ture my eyes1 ,i c\ld /ill make ! phantasm return by ! p[] ( my fancy4 ,?is /ory ,i tell y1 to let y und]/&1 t 9 ! obs]vation relat$ by ,mr4 ,boyle1 ! man's fancy probably concurr$ ) ! impression made by ! sun's light to produce t phantasm ( ! sun :i* he con/antly saw 9 bright objects40#d #d ,see ! ,ed9burgh ,encyclopdia1 ,art4 ,,accid5tal ,,col\rs4 ,i am n aw>e ( any effects t _h ! "* ( sup]natural hav+ be5 actually produc$ by ! causes above describ$2 b x is obvi\s1 t if a liv+ figure _h be5 project$ aga9/ ! /rong light :i* impr9t$ ^! durable spectra ( ! sun1 :i* might really happ5 :5 ! sol> rays are reflect$ f wat]1 & diffus$ by its ruffl$ surface1 ?is figure w\ld h necess>ily accompani$ all ! lum9\s spectres :i* ! fancy creat$4 ,ev5 9 ord9>y lights1 /range appe>ances may be produc$ by ev5 transi5t impressions2 & if ,i am n greatly mi/ak51 ! case :i* ,i am ab\t to m5tion is n only "o :i* may occur1 b :i* actually happ5$4 ,a figure dress$ 9 black1 & m\nt$ ^u a :ite horse1 0 rid+ along1 expos$ to ! bright rays ( ! sun1 :i*1 ?r\gh a small op5+ 9 ! cl\ds1 0 ?r[+ its light only ^u t "p ( ! l&scape4 ,! black figure 0 project$ aga9/ a :ite cl\d1 & ! :ite horse %one ) p>ticul> brilliancy by its contra/ ) ! d>k soil aga9/ :i* x 0 se54 ,a p]son int]e/$ 9 ! arrival ( su* a /rang] _h be5 = "s "t foll[+ 8 movem5ts ) int5se anxiety1 b1 ^u 8 disappe>ance beh9d a wood1 0 surpris$ to obs]ve ! spectre ( ! m\nt$ /rang] 9 ! =m ( a :ite rid] ^u a black /e$1 & ?is spectre 0 se5 = "s "t 9 ! sky1 or ^u any pale gr\nd to :i* ! eye 0 direct$4 ,su* an occurr5ce1 especially if accompani$ ) a suitable comb9ation ( ev5ts1 might1 ev5 9 mod]n times1 h =m$ a *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! m>vell\s4 ,x is a curi\s circum/ance1 t :5 ! image ( an object is impress$ ^u ! ret9a only = a few mom5ts1 ! picture :i* is left is exactly ( ! same col\r ) ! object4 ,if we look1 = example1 at a w9d[ at "s di/ance f ! eye1 & !n transf] ! eye quickly to ! wall1 we %all see x di/9ctly1 b mom5t>ily1 ) light panes & d>k b>s2 b 9 a space ( "t incalculably %ort1 ?is picture is succe$$ by ! spectral impression ( ! w9d[1 :i* w consi/ ( black panes & :ite b>s4 ,! simil> spectrum1 or t ( ! same col\r z ! object1 is f9ely se5 9 ! exp]im5t ( =m+ lum9\s circles by :irl+ r\nd a burn+ /ick1 9 :i* case ! circles are always r$4 ,9 virtue ( ?is prop]ty ( ! eye1 an object may be se5 9 _m places at once2 & we may ev5 exhibit at ! same in/ant ! two opposite sides ( ! same object1 or two pictures pa9t$ on ! opposite sides ( a piece ( c>d4 ,x 0 f\nd by a ,fr5* philosoph]1 ,m4 ,d',arcet1 t ! impression ( light cont9u$ on ! ret9a ab\t ! eigh? "p ( a second aft] ! lum9\s body 0 )drawn1 & ^u ?is pr9ciple ,dr4 ,p>is has con/ruct$ ! pretty little in/rum5t call$ ! ,?aumatrope1 or ! ,wond]-turn]4 ,x consi/s ( a numb] ( circul> pieces ( c>d1 ab\t two or ?ree in*es broad1 :i* may be twirl$ r\nd ) great velocity by ! application ( ! =e-f+] & ?umb ( ea* h& to pieces ( silk /r+ atta*$ to opposite po9ts ( _! circumf]5ce4 ,on ea* side ( ! circul> piece ( c>d is pa9t$ "p ( a picture1 or a "p ( a figure1 9 su* a mann] t ! two p>ts w\ld =m a gr\p or a :ole figure1 if we c\ld see bo? sides at once4 ,h>lequ91 = example1 is pa9t$ on "o side1 & ,columb9e on ! o!r1 s t by twirl+ r\nd ! c>d ! two are se5 at ! same "t 9 _! usual mode ( comb9ation4 ,! body ( a ,turk is drawn on "o side1 & 8 head on ! rev]se1 & by ! rotation ( ! c>d ! head is replac$ ^u 8 %\ld]s4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is illusion may be ext5d$ to _m o!r contrivances4 ,"p ( a s5t5ce may be writt5 on "o side ( a c>d1 & ! re/ on ! rev]se4 ,p>ticul> lett]s may be giv5 on "o side1 & o!rs ^u ! o!r1 or ev5 halves or p>ts ( ea* lett] may be put ^u ea* side1 or all ^! contrivances may be comb9$1 s t ! s5tim5t :i* !y express c be und]/ood only :5 all ! scatt]$ p>ts are unit$ by ! revolution ( ! c>d4 ,z ! revolv+ c>d is virtually transp>5t1 s t bodies beyond x c be se5 ?r\gh x1 ! p[] ( ! illusion might be greatly ext5d$ by introduc+ into ! picture o!r figures1 ei!r animate or inanimate4 ,! sett+ sun1 = example1 might be introduc$ into a l&scape2 "p ( ! flame ( a fire might be se5 to issue f ! crat] ( a volcano1 & cattle graz+ 9 a field might make "p ( ! revolution>y l&scape4 ,= su* purposes1 h[ev]1 ! =m ( ! in/rum5t w\ld require to be completely *ang$1 & ! rotation %\ld be effect$ r\nd a /&+ axis by :eels & p9ions1 & a scre5 plac$ 9 front ( ! revolv+ plane ) op5 comp>tm5ts or ap]tures1 ?r\gh :i* ! pr9cipal figures w\ld appe>4 ,_h ! pr9ciple ( ?is in/rum5t be5 kn[n to ! anci5ts1 x w\ld d\btless h =m$ a p[]ful eng9e ( delusion 9 _! temples1 & might h be5 m effective ?an ! optical means :i* !y seem to h employ$ = produc+ ! app>itions ( _! gods4 ,9 c]ta9 diseas$ conditions ( ! eye1 effects ( a v rem>kable k9d are produc$4 ,! faculty ( see+ objects d\ble is too common to be notic$ z rem>kable2 & ?\gh x may take place ) only "o eye1 yet1 z x g5]ally arises f a transi5t inability to direct ! axis ( bo? eyes to ! same po9t1 x excites little notice4 ,t /ate ( ! eye1 h[ev]1 9 :i* we lose sight ( half ( e object at :i* we look1 is m al>m+ & m likely to be ascrib$ to ! disappe>ance ( "p ( ! object ?an to a defect ( sight4 ,dr4 ,wolla/on1 :o exp]i5c$ ?is defect twice1 in=ms u t1 aft] tak+ viol5t ex]cise1 he 8sudd5ly f\nd t he c\ld see b half ( a man :om he met1 & t on attempt+ to read ! "n ( ,,johnson ov] a door1 he saw only ,,son1 ! comm5cem5t ( ! "n be+ :olly oblit]at$ f 8 view40 ,9 ?is in/ance1 ! "p ( ! object :i* disappe>$ 0 t[>ds 8 left2 b on a second occurr5ce ( ! same affection1 ! "p :i* disappe>$ 0 t[>ds 8 "r4 ,!re are _m occasions on :i* ?is defect ( ! eye might al>m ! p]son :o witness$ x = ! fir/ "t4 ,at c]ta9 di/ances f ! eye "o ( two p]sons w\ld necess>ily disappe>2 & by a slight *ange ( position ei!r 9 ! obs]v] or ! p]son obs]v$1 ! p]son t vani%$ w\ld reappe>1 :ile ! o!r w\ld disappe> 9 8 turn4 ,! circum/ances "u :i* ^! evanesc5ces w\ld take place c\ld n be suppos$ to occur to an ord9>y obs]v]1 ev5 if he %\ld be aw>e t ! cause _h its orig9 9 himself4 ,:5 a ph5om5on s /range is se5 by a p]son 9 p]fect heal?1 z x g5]ally is1 & :o has nev] _h occasion to di/ru/ ! te/imony ( 8 s5ses1 he c sc>cely ref] x to any o!r cause ?an a sup]natural "o4 ,among ! affections ( ! eye :i* n only deceive ! p]son :o is subject to !m1 b ^? also :o witness _! op]ation1 may be enum]at$ ! ins5sibility ( ! eye to p>ticul> col\rs4 ,?is defect is n accompani$ ) any imp]fection ( vision1 or connect$ ) any disease ei!r ( a local or a g5]al nature1 & x has hi!rto be5 obs]v$ 9 p]sons :o possess a /rong & a %>p sight4 ,mr4 ,hudd>t has describ$ ! case ( "o ,h>ris1 a %oemak] at ,m>yport 9 ,cumb]l&1 :o 0 subject to ?is defect 9 a v rem>kable degree4 ,he seems to h be5 ins5sible to e col\r1 & to h be5 capable ( recogniz+ only ! two opposite t9ts ( black & :ite4 8,8 fir/ suspicion ( ?is defect arose :5 he 0 ab\t f\r ye>s old4 ,hav+ by accid5t f\nd 9 ! /reet a *ild's /ock+1 he c>ri$ x to a neighb\r+ h\se to inquire = ! own]4 ,he obs]v$ ! p call x a r$ /ock+1 ?\gh he did n und]/& :y !y gave x t d5om9ation1 z he himself ?\ght x completely describ$ by be+ call$ a /ock+4 ,! circum/ance1 h[ev]1 rema9$ 9 8 memory1 &1 ) o!r subsequ5t obs]vations1 l$ him to ! k ( 8 defect4 ,he obs]v$ also1 t :5 "y1 o!r *ildr5 c\ld disc]n *]ries on a tree by "s pret5d$ diff]5ce ( col\r1 ?\gh he c\ld only di/+ui% !m f ! leaves by _! diff]5ce ( size & %ape4 ,he obs]v$ also1 t by means ( ?is diff]5ce ( col\r1 !y c\ld see ! *]ries at a great] di/ance ?an he c\ld1 ?\gh he c\ld see o!r objects at z great a di/ance z !y1 t is1 :]e ! sight 0 n assi/$ by ! col\r40 ,h>ris _h two bro!rs1 ^: p]ception ( col\rs 0 ne>ly z defective z 8 own4 ,"o ( ^!1 :om ,mr4 ,hudd>t exam9$1 con/antly mi/ook light gre5 = yell[1 & orange = grass gre54 ,mr4 ,scott has describ$1 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 8 own defect 9 p]ceiv+ col\rs4 ,he /ates t he does n "k any gre5 9 ! _w2 t a p9k col\r & a pale blue are p]fectly alike2 t he has (t5 ?\ght a full r$ & a full gre5 a good mat*2 t he is sometimes baffl$ 9 di/+ui%+ a full purple f a deep blue1 b t he kn[s light1 d>k1 & middle yell[s1 & all degrees ( blue except sky-blue4 8,i m>ri$ my daught] to a g5teel1 wor?y man1 a few ye>s ago2 ! day be=e ! m>riage1 he came to my h\se dress$ 9 a new suit ( f9e clo? clo!s4 ,i 0 mu* displeas$ t he %\ld come1 z ,i suppos$1 9 black1 & said t he %\ld g back to *ange 8 col\r4 ,b my daught] said1 ,no1 no2 ! col\r is v g5teel2 t x 0 my eyes t deceiv$ me4 ,he 0 a g5tleman ( ! law1 9 a f9e1 ri*1 cl>et-col\r$ dress1 :i* is z mu* black to my eyes z any black t ev] 0 dy$40 ,mr4 ,scott's fa!r1 8 mat]nal uncle1 "o ( 8 si/]s1 & h] two sons1 _h all ! same imp]fection4 ,dr4 ,ni*ol has record$ a case :]e a naval (fic] pur*as$ a blue uni=m coat & wai/coat ) r$ bree*es to mat* ! blue1 & ,mr4 ,h>vey describes ! case ( a tailor at ,plym\?1 :o on "o occasion repair$ an article ( dress ) crimson 9 place ( black silk1 & on ano!r pat*$ ! elb[ ( a blue coat ) a piece ( crimson clo?4 ,x des]ves to be rem>k$ t our celebrat$ c\ntrym51 ! late ,mr4 ,dugald ,/ew>t1 ,mr4 ,dalton1 & ,mr4 ,tr\ghton1 h a simil> difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ col\rs4 ,mr4 ,/ew>t discov]$ ?is defect :5 "o ( 8 family 0 admir+ ! beauty ( a ,sib]ian crab-apple1 :i* he c\ld n di/+ui% f ! leaves b by its =m & size4 ,mr4 ,dalton _c di/+ui% blue f p9k1 & ! sol> spectrum consi/s only ( two col\rs1 yell[ & blue4 ,mr4 ,tr\ghton reg>ds r$ ruddy p9ks1 & brilliant oranges1 z yell[s1 & gre5s z blues1 s t he is capable only ( appreciat+ blue & yell[ col\rs4 ,9 all ^? cases :i* h be5 c>efully /udi$1 at lea/ 9 ?ree ( !m1 9 :i* ,i h _h ! advantage ( mak+ p]sonal obs]vations1 namely1 ^? ( ,mr4 ,tr\ghton1 ,mr4 ,dalton1 & ,mr4 ,li/on1 ! eye is capable ( see+ ! :ole ( ! prismatic spectrum1 ! r$ space appe>+ to be yell[4 ,if ! r$ space consi/$ ( homog5e\s or simple r$ rays1 we %\ld be l$ to inf] t ! eyes 9 "q 7 n ins5sible to r$ light1 b 7 m]ely incapable ( discrim9at+ betwe5 ! impressions ( r$ & yell[ light4 ,i h lately %[n1 h[ev]1 t ! prismatic spectrum consi/s ( ?ree equal & co9cid5t spectra ( r$1 yell[1 & blue light1 & consequ5tly1 t mu* yell[ & a small portion ( blue light exi/ 9 ! r$ space2 & h5ce x foll[s1 t ^? eyes :i* see only two col\rs1 viz4 yell[ & blue1 9 ! spectrum1 are really ins5sible to ! r$ light ( ! spectrum1 & see only ! yell[ ) ! small portion ( blue ) :i* ! r$ is mix$4 ,! fa9tness ( ! yell[ light :i* is ?us se5 9 ! r$ space1 confirms ! op9ion t ! ret9a has n appreciat$ ! influ5ce ( ! simple r$ rays4 ,if "o ( ! two travell]s :o1 9 ! fable ( ! *ameleon1 are made to qu>rel ab\t ! col\r ( t s+ul> animal1 _h happ5$ to possess ?is defect ( sight1 !y w\ld h enc\nt]$ at e /ep ( _! j\rney1 new gr\nds ( diss5sion1 )\t ! *ance ( f9d+ an umpire :o c\ld pron\nce a satisfactory decision4 ,"u c]ta9 circum/ances1 inde$1 ! arbit] might set aside ! op9ions ( bo? ! disputants1 & r5d] x necess>y to appeal to "s high] au?ority1 ---- to beg he'd tell !m if he knew ,:e!r ! ?+ 0 r$ or blue4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,9 ! c\rse ( writ+ ! prec$+ obs]vations an ocul> illusion occurr$ to myself ( s extraord9>y a nature1 t ,i am conv9c$ x nev] 0 se5 be=e1 & ,i ?9k x f> f probable t x w ev] be se5 aga94 ,^u direct+ my eyes to ! c&les t 7 /&+ be=e me1 ,i 0 surpris$ to obs]ve1 app>5tly among my hair1 & ne>ly /raight above my head1 & f> )\t ! range ( vision1 a di/9ct image ( "o ( ! c&les incl9$ ab\t #de to ! horizon1 z %[n at ,a 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,! image 0 z di/9ct & p]fect z if x _h be5 =m$ by reflection f a piece ( mirror glass1 ?\gh ( c\rse mu* less brilliant1 & ! position ( ! image prov$ t x mu/ be =m$ by reflection f a p]fectly flat & highly poli%$ surface4 ,b :]e su* a surface c\ld be plac$1 & h[1 ev5 if x 7 fix$1 x c\ld reflect ! image ( ! c&le up ?r\gh my head1 7 difficulties n a little p]plex+4 ,?9k+ t x might be some?+ lodg$ 9 ! eyebr[1 ,i cov]$ x up f ! light1 b ! image /ill reta9$ its place4 ,i !n exam9$ ! eyela%es ) z little success1 & 0 driv5 to ! extreme supposition t a cry/allization 0 tak+ place 9 "s "p ( ! aque\s hum\r ( ! eye1 & t ! image 0 =m$ by ! reflection ( ! light ( ! c&le f "o ( ! cry/all9e faces4 ,9 ?is /ate ( unc]ta9ty1 &1 ,i may add1 ( anxiety1 = ?is la/ supposition 0 by no means an agreeable "o1 ,i set myself d[n to exam9e ! ph5om5on exp]im5tally4 ,i f\nd t ! image v>i$ its place by ! motion ( ! head & ( ! eyeball1 :i* prov$ t x 0 ei!r atta*$ to ! eyeball or occupi$ a place :]e x 0 affect$ by t motion4 ,^u incl9+ ! c&le at diff]5t angles1 ! image suff]$ correspond+ v>iations ( position4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ! exact place ( ! reflect+ sub/ance1 ,i n[ took an opaque circul> body & held x betwe5 ! eye & ! c&le till x eclips$ ! my/]i\s image4 ,by br++ ! body ne>] & ne>] ! eyeball till its %ad[ became suffici5tly di/9ct to be se51 x 0 easy to det]m9e ! locality ( ! reflector1 because ! %ad[ ( ! opaque body mu/ fall ^u x :5ev] ! image ( ! c&le 0 eclips$4 ,9 ?is way ,i asc]ta9$ t ! reflect+ body 0 9 ! upp] eyela%2 & ,i f\nd1 t1 9 consequ5ce ( be+ di/urb$1 x _h twice *ang$ its incl9ation1 s z to repres5t a v]tical c&le 9 ! horizontal position ,b1 & aft]w>ds 9 ! inv]t$ position ,c4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 ,i s\ght = x 9 va91 & ev5 ) ! aid ( a magnifi] ,i c\ld n discov] x4 ,at la/1 h[ev]1 ,mrs4 ,b41 :o possesses ! p]fect vision ( %ort-sight$ p]sons1 discov]$1 aft] repeat$ exam9ations1 betwe5 two eyela%es1 a m9ute speck1 :i*1 ^u be+ remov$ ) great difficulty1 turn$ out to be a *ip ( r$ wax n above ! hundr$? "p ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & hav+ its surface s p]fectly flat & s highly poli%$ t ,i c\ld see 9 x ! same image ( ! c&le1 by plac+ x extremely ne> ! eye4 ,?is *ip ( wax _h no d\bt receiv$ its flatness & its poli% f ! surface ( a seal1 & _h />t$ into my eye :5 break+ ! seal ( a lett]4 ,t ?is reflect+ sub/ance 0 ! cause ( ! image ( ! c&le1 _c admit ( a d\bt2 b ! wond] /ill rema9s h[ ! images :i* x =m$ occupi$ s my/]i\s a place z to be se5 )\t ! range ( vision1 & app>5tly ?r\gh ! head4 ,9 ord] to expla9 ?is1 let m n1 ,fig4 #b1 be a lat]al view ( ! eye4 ,! *ip ( wax 0 plac$ at m at ! root ( ! eyela%es1 & be+ ne>ly 9 contact ) ! out] surface ( ! cornea1 ! light ( ! c&le1 :i* x reflect$1 pass$ v obliquely ?r\gh ! pupil & fell ^u ! ret9a some:]e to ! left ( n1 v ne> :]e ! ret9a t]m9ates2 b a ray ?us fall+ obliquely on ! ret9a is se51 9 virtue ( ! law ( visible direction already expla9$1 9 a l9e n ,c p]p5dicul> to ! ret9a at ! po9t ne> n1 :]e ! ray fell4 ,h5ce ! c&le 0 necess>ily se5 ?r\gh ! head z x 7 ( ! obs]v]1 & )\t ! range ( ord9>y vision4 ,! comp>ative brightness ( ! reflect$ image /ill surprises me2 b ev5 ?is1 if ! image really 0 bright]1 may be expla9$ by ! fact1 t x 0 =m$ on a "p ( ! ret9a ^u :i* light _h nev] be=e fall51 & :i* may !re=e be suppos$ to be m s5sible1 ?an ! p>ts ( ! membrane 9 con/ant use1 to lum9\s impressions4 ,indep5d5t ( its int]e/ z an example ( ! m>vell\s 9 vision1 ! prec$+ fact may be consid]$ z a pro( t ! ret9a reta9s its p[] to its v t]m9ation ne> ! cili>y processes1 & t ! law ( visible direction holds true ev5 )\t ! range ( ord9>y vision4 ,x is !re=e possible t a reflect+ surface fav\rably plac$ on ! outside ( ! eye1 or t a reflect+ surface 9 ! inside ( ! eye1 may cause a lum9\s image to fall ne>ly on ! extreme m>g9 ( ! ret9a1 ! consequ5ce ( :i* w\ld be1 t x w\ld be se5 9 ! back ( ! head1 half way betwe5 a v]tical & a horizontal l9e4 ,,lett] ,,iii4 ,subject ( spectral illusions--,rec5t & int]e/+ case ( ,mrs4 ,a4--,h] fir/ illusion affect+ ! e>--,spectral app>ition ( h] husb&--,spectral app>ition ( a cat--,app>ition ( a ne> & liv+ relation 9 grave-clo!s1 se5 9 a look+-glass--,o!r illusions1 affect+ ! e>--,spectre ( a deceas$ fri5d sitt+ 9 an easy-*air--,spectre ( a coa*-&-f\r fill$ ) skeletons--,accuracy & value ( ! prec$+ cases--,/ate ( heal? "u :i* !y arose--,spectral app>itions are pictures on ! ret9a--,! ideas ( memory & imag9ation are also pictures on ! ret9a--,g5]al views ( ! subject--,approximate explanation ( spectral app>itions4 ,! prec$+ acc\nt ( ! diff]5t s\rces ( illusion to :i* ! eye is subject is n only useful z indicat+ ! probable cause ( any individual deception1 b x has a special importance 9 prep>+ ! m9d = und]/&+ ^? m vivid & p]man5t spectral illusions to :i* "s individuals h be5 ei!r occasionally or habitually subject4 ,9 ^! less] ph5om5a1 we f9d ! ret9a s p[]fully influ5c$ by ext]nal impressions1 z to reta9 ! view ( visible objects long aft] !y are )drawn3 we obs]ve x to be s excit$ by local pressures ( :i* we sometimes "k nei!r ! nature nor ! orig91 z to see 9 total d>kness mov+ & %apeless masses ( col\r$ light2 & we f9d1 z 9 ! case ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 & o!rs1 t ! imag9ation has ! p[] ( reviv+ ! impressions ( highly lum9\s objects1 mon?s & ev5 ye>s aft] !y 7 fir/ made4 ,f su* ph5om5a1 ! m9d feels x to be no viol5t transition to pass to ^? spectral illusions :i*1 9 p>ticul> /ates ( heal?1 h haunt$ ! mo/ intellig5t individuals1 n only 9 ! broad light ( day1 b 9 ! v he>t ( ! social circle4 ,?is curi\s subject has be5 s ably & fully treat$ 9 y\r ,lett]s on ,demonology1 t x w\ld be presumptu\s 9 me to resume any "p ( x on :i* y h ev5 t\*$2 b z x =ms a necess>y bran* ( a ,treatise on ,natural ,magic1 & z "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable cases on record has come )9 my own k1 ,i %all make no apology = giv+ a full acc\nt ( ! diff]5t spectral appe>ances :i* x embraces1 & ( add+ ! results ( a s]ies ( obs]vations & exp]im5ts on :i* ,i h be5 long occupi$1 ) ! view ( ?r[+ "s light on ?is rem>kable class ( ph5om5a4 ,a few ye>s ago1 ,i _h occasion to sp5d "s days "u ! same ro( ) ! lady to ^: case ,i h above ref]r$4 ,at t "t %e _h se5 no spectral illusions1 & 0 acqua9t$ ) ! subject only f ! int]e/+ volume ( ,dr4 ,hibb]t4 ,9 conv]s+ ) h] ab\t ! cause ( ^! app>itions1 ,i m5tion$1 t if %e %\ld ev] see su* a ?+1 %e might di/+ui% a g5u9e gho/1 exi/+ ext]nally1 & se5 z an ext]nal object1 f "o creat$ by ! m9d1 by m]ely press+ "o eye or /ra9+ !m bo?1 s z to see objects d\ble2 = 9 ?is case ! ext]nal object or suppos$ app>ition w\ld inv>iably be d\bl$1 :ile ! impression on ! ret9a creat$ by ! m9d w\ld rema9 s+le4 ,?is obs]vation recurr$ to h] m9d :5 %e un=tunately became subject to ! same illusions2 b %e 0 too well acqua9t$ ) _! nature to require any su* evid5ce ( _! m5tal orig92 & ! /ate ( agitation :i* g5]ally accompanies !m seems to h prev5t$ h] f mak+ ! exp]im5t z a matt] ( curiosity4 #a4 ,! fir/ illusion to :i* ,mrs4 ,a4 0 subject 0 "o :i* affect$ only ! e>4 ,on ! #bf? ( ,decemb]1 #ahcj1 ab\t half-pa/ f\r 9 ! aft]noon1 %e 0 /&+ ne> ! fire 9 ! hall1 & on ! po9t ( go+ up /airs to dress1 :5 %e he>d1 z %e suppos$1 h] husb&'s voice call+ h] by "n1 8---- ,come "h6 come to me60 ,%e imag9$ t he 0 call+ at ! door to h x op5$1 b ^u go+ !re & op5+ ! door %e 0 surpris$ to f9d no p]son !re4 ,^u return+ to ! fire1 %e aga9 he>d ! same voice call+ out v di/9ctly & l\dly1 8---- ,come1 come "h60 ,%e !n op5$ two doors ( ! same room1 & ^u see+ no p]son %e return$ to ! fire-place4 ,aft] a few mom5ts %e he>d ! same voice /ill call+1 8---- ---- ,come to me1 come6 come away60 9 a l\d1 pla9tive1 & some:at impati5t tone4 ,%e answ]$ z l\dly1 8,:]e are y8 ,i don't "k :]e y are20 /ill imag9+ t he 0 some:]e 9 se>* ( h]3 b receiv+ no answ]1 %e %ortly w5t up /airs4 ,on ,mr4 ,a4's return to ! h\se1 ab\t half an h\r aft]w>ds1 %e inquir$ :y he call$ to h] s (t51 & :]e he 02 & %e 01 ( c\rse1 greatly surpris$ to le>n t he _h n be5 ne> ! h\se at ! "t4 ,a simil> illusion1 :i* excit$ no p>ticul> notice at ! "t1 occurr$ to ,mrs4 ,a4 :5 resid+ at ,flor5ce ab\t t5 ye>s be=e1 & :5 %e 0 9 p]fect heal?4 ,:5 %e 0 undress+ aft] a ball1 %e he>d a voice call h] repeat$ly by "n1 & %e 0 at t "t unable to acc\nt = x4 #b4 ,! next illusion :i* occurr$ to ,mrs4 ,a4 0 ( a m al>m+ "*4 ,on ! #cj? ( ,decemb]1 ab\t f\r o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 ,mrs4 ,a4 came d[n /airs into ! draw+-room1 :i* %e _h quitt$ only a few m9utes be=e1 & on ent]+ ! room %e saw h] husb&1 z %e suppos$1 /&+ ) 8 back to ! fire4 ,z he _h gone out to take a walk ab\t half an h\r be=e1 %e 0 surpris$ to see him !re1 & ask$ him :y he _h return$ s soon4 ,! figure look$ fix$ly at h] ) a s]i\s & ?\ghtful expression ( c\nt5ance1 b did n speak4 ,suppos+ t 8 m9d 0 absorb$ 9 ?\ght1 %e sat d[n 9 an arm-*air ne> ! fire1 & )9 two feet at mo/ ( ! figure1 :i* %e /ill saw /&+ be=e h]4 ,z its eyes1 h[ev]1 /ill cont9u$ to be fix$ ^u h]1 %e said1 aft] ! lapse ( a few m9utes1 8,:y don't y speak1----80 ,! figure imm$iately mov$ (f t[>ds ! w9d[ at ! fur!r end ( ! room1 ) its eyes /ill gaz+ on h]1 & x pass$ s v close to h] 9 do+ s1 t %e 0 /ruck by ! circum/ance ( he>+ no /ep nor s\nd1 nor feel+ h] clo!s bru%$ aga9/1 nor ev5 any agitation 9 ! air4 ,al?\gh %e 0 n[ conv9c$ t ! figure 0 n h] husb&1 yet %e nev] = a mom5t suppos$ t x 0 any?+ sup]natural1 & 0 soon conv9c$ t x 0 a spectral illusion4 ,z soon z ?is conviction _h e/abli%$ itself 9 h] m9d1 %e recollect$ ! exp]im5t :i* ,i _h sugge/$1 ( try+ to d\ble ! object3 b be=e %e 0 able di/9ctly to d ?is1 ! figure _h retreat$ to ! w9d[1 :]e x disappe>$4 ,mrs4 ,a4 imm$iately foll[$ x1 %ook ! curta9s & exam9$ ! w9d[1 ! impression hav+ be5 s di/9ct & =cible t %e 0 unwill+ to believe t x 0 n a reality4 ,f9d+1 h[ev]1 t ! figure _h no natural means ( escape1 %e 0 conv9c$ t %e _h se5 a spectral app>ition l ^? record$ 9 ,dr4 ,hibb]t's "w1 & %e consequ5tly felt no al>m or agitation4 ,! appe>ance 0 se5 9 bright daylight1 & la/$ f\r or five m9utes4 ,:5 ! figure /ood close to h] x conceal$ ! real objects beh9d x1 & ! app>ition 0 fully z vivid z ! reality4 #c4 ,on ^! two occasions ,mrs4 ,a4 0 alone1 b :5 ! next phantasm appe>$ h] husb& 0 pres5t4 ,?is took place on ! #d? ( ,janu>y1 #ahcj4 ,ab\t t5 o'clock at night1 :5 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,a4 7 sitt+ 9 ! draw+-room1 ,mr4 ,a4 took up ! pok] to /ir ! fire1 & :5 he 0 9 ! act ( do+ ?is1 ,mrs4 ,a4 exclaim$1 8,:y !re's ! cat 9 ! room60 8,:]e80 ask$ ,mr4 ,a4 8,!re1 close to y10 %e repli$4 8,:]e80 he repeat$4 8,:y on ! rug1 to be sure1 betwe5 y\rself & ! coal-scuttle40 ,mr4 ,a41 :o _h /ill ! pok] 9 8 h&1 pu%$ x 9 ! direction m5tion$3 8,take c>e10 cri$ ,mrs4 ,a41 8take c>e1 y are hitt+ h] ) ! pok]40 ,mr4 ,a4 aga9 ask$ h] to po9t out exactly :]e %e saw ! cat4 ,%e repli$1 0,:y sitt+ up !re close to y\r feet on ! rug4 ,%e is look+ at me4 ,x is ,kitty--come "h1 ,kitty60--,!re 7 two cats 9 ! h\se1 "o ( :i* w5t by ?is "n1 & !y 7 r>ely if ev] 9 ! draw+-room4 ,at ?is "t ,mrs4 ,a4 _h no idea t ! sight ( ! cat 0 an illusion4 ,:5 %e 0 ask$ to t\* x1 %e got up = ! purpose1 & seem$ z if %e 7 pursu+ some?+ :i* mov$ away4 ,%e foll[$ a few /eps1 & !n said1 8,x has gone "u ! *air40 ,mr4 ,a4 assur$ h] x 0 an illusion1 b %e w\ld n believe x4 ,he !n lift$ up ! *air1 & ,mrs4 ,a4 saw no?+ m ( x4 ,! room 0 !n se>*$ all ov]1 & no?+ f\nd 9 x4 ,!re 0 a dog ly+ on ! he>?1 :o w\ld h betray$ great uneas9ess if a cat _h be5 9 ! room1 b he lay p]fectly quiet4 ,9 ord] to be q c]ta91 ,mr4 ,a4 rang ! bell1 & s5t = ! two cats1 bo? ( :i* 7 f\nd 9 ! h\sekeep]'s room4 #d4 ,ab\t a mon? aft] ?is occurr5ce1 ,mrs4 ,a41 :o _h tak5 a some:at fatigu+ drive dur+ ! day1 0 prep>+ to g to b$ ab\t elev5 o'clock at night1 &1 sitt+ be=e ! dress+-glass1 0 occupi$ 9 arrang+ h] hair4 ,%e 0 9 a li/less & dr[sy /ate ( m9d1 b fully awake4 ,:5 h] f+]s 7 9 active motion among ! papillotes1 %e 0 sudd5ly />tl$ by see+ 9 ! mirror ! figure ( a ne> relation1 :o 0 !n 9 ,scotl& & 9 p]fect heal?4 ,! app>ition appe>$ ov] h] left %\ld]1 & its eyes met h]s 9 ! glass4 ,x 0 envelop$ 9 grave-clo!s1 closely p9n$1 z is usual ) corpses1 r\nd ! head1 & "u ! *91 & ?\gh ! eyes 7 op51 ! features 7 solemn & rigid4 ,! dress 0 evid5tly a %r\d1 z ,mrs4 ,a4 rem>k$ ev5 ! punctur$ patt]n usually work$ 9 a peculi> mann] r\nd ! edges ( t g>m5t4 ,mrs4 ,a4 describ$ h]self z at ! "t s5sible ( a feel+ l :at we conceive ( fasc9ation1 compell+ h] = a "t to gaze on ?is melan*oly app>ition1 :i* 0 z di/9ct & vivid z any reflect$ reality c\ld be1 ! light ( ! c&les ^u ! dress+-table appe>+ to %9e fully ^u its face4 ,aft] a few m9utes1 %e turn$ r\nd to look = ! reality ( ! =m ov] h] %\ld]2 b x 0 n visible1 & x _h also disappe>$ f ! glass :5 %e look$ aga9 9 t direction4 #e4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ,m>*1 :5 ,mr4 ,a4 _h be5 ab\t a =tnight f home1 ,mrs4 ,a4 frequ5tly he>d him mov+ ne> h]4 ,ne>ly e night1 z %e lay awake1 %e di/9ctly he>d s\nds l 8 brea?+ h>d on ! pill[ by h] side1 & o!r s\nds su* z he might make :ile turn+ 9 b$4 #f4 ,on ano!r occasion1 dur+ ,mr4 ,a4's abs5ce1 :ile rid+ ) a neighb\r1 ,mr4----1 %e he>d 8 voice frequ5tly z if he 7 rid+ by 8 side4 ,%e he>d also ! tramp ( 8 horse's feet1 & 0 almo/ puzzl$ by he>+ him address h] at ! same "t ) ! p]son really 9 company4 ,8 voice made rem>ks on ! sc5]y1 improvem5ts1 c41 su* z he probably %\ld h done _h he be5 pres5t4 ,on ?is occasion1 h[ev]1 !re 0 no visible app>ition4 #g4 ,on ! #ag? ,m>*1 ,mrs4 ,a4 0 prep>+ = b$4 ,%e _h dismiss$ h] maid1 & 0 sitt+ ) h] feet 9 hot wat]4 ,hav+ an excell5t memory1 %e _h be5 ?9k+ ^u & repeat+ to h]self a /rik+ passage 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review1 :5 on rais+ h] eyes1 %e saw seat$ 9 a l>ge easy-*air be=e h] ! figure ( a deceas$ fri5d1 ! si/] ( ,mr4 ,a4 ,! figure 0 dress$ z _h be5 usual ) h]1 ) great neatness1 b 9 a g[n ( a peculi> k9d1 su* z ,mrs4 ,a4 _h nev] se5 h] we>1 b exactly su* z _h be5 describ$ to h] by a common fri5d z hav+ be5 worn by ,mr4 ,a4's si/] dur+ h] la/ visit to ,engl&4 ,mrs4 ,a4 paid p>ticul> att5tion to ! dress1 air1 & appe>ance ( ! figure1 :i* sat 9 an easy attitude 9 ! *air1 hold+ a h&k]*ief 9 "o h&4 ,mrs4 ,a4 tri$ to speak to x1 b exp]i5c$ a difficulty 9 do+ s2 & 9 ab\t ?ree m9utes ! figure disappe>$4 ,ab\t a m9ute aft]w>ds1 ,mr4 ,a4 came into ! room1 & f\nd ,mrs4 ,a4 slightly n]v\s1 b fully aw>e ( ! delusive nature ( ! app>ition4 ,%e describ$ x z hav+ all ! vivid col\r+ & app>5t reality ( life2 & = "s h\rs prec$+ ?is & o!r visions1 %e exp]i5c$ a peculi> s5sation 9 h] eyes1 :i* seem$ to be reliev$ :5 ! vision _h ceas$4 #h4 ,on ! #e? ,octob]1 betwe5 "o & two o'clock 9 ! morn+1 ,mr4 ,a4 0 awoke by ,mrs4 ,a41 :o told him t %e _h j se5 ! figure ( 8 deceas$ "m draw aside ! b$curta9s & appe> betwe5 !m4 ,! dress & ! look ( ! app>ition 7 precisely ^? 9 :i* ,mr4 ,a4's "m _h be5 la/ se5 by ,mrs4 ,a4 at ,p>is1 9 #ahbd4 #i4 ,on ! #aa? ,octob]1 :5 sitt+ 9 ! draw+-room1 on "o side ( ! fire-place1 %e saw ! figure ( ano!r deceas$ fri5d mov+ t[>ds h] f ! w9d[ at ! fur!r end ( ! room4 ,x approa*$ ! fire-place1 & sat d[n 9 ! *air opposite4 ,z !re 7 sev]al p]sons 9 ! room at ! "t1 %e describes ! idea upp]mo/ 9 h] m9d to h be5 a fe> le/ !y %\ld be al>m$ at h] />+1 9 ! way %e 0 consci\s ( do+1 at vacancy1 & %\ld fancy h] intellect disord]$4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ?is fe>1 & recollect+ a /ory ( a simil> effect 9 y\r "w on ,demonology1 :i* %e _h lately read1 %e summon$ up ! requisite resolution to enable h] to cross ! space be=e ! fire-place1 & seat h]self 9 ! same *air ) ! figure4 ,! app>ition rema9$ p]fectly di/9ct till %e sat d[n1 z x 71 9 its lap1 :5 x vani%$4 #aj4 ,on ! #bf? ( ! same mon?1 ab\t two ,p4,m41 ,mrs4 ,a4 0 sitt+ 9 a *air by ! w9d[ 9 ! same room ) h] husb&4 ,he he>d h] exclaim--0,:at h ,i se580 ,& on look+ at h]1 he obs]v$ a /range expression 9 h] eyes & c\nt5ance4 ,a c>riage-&-f\r _h appe>$ to h] to be driv+ up ! entrance-road to ! h\se4 ,z x approa*$1 %e felt incl9$ to g up /airs to prep>e to receive company1 b1 z if spellb\nd1 %e 0 unable to move or speak4 ,! c>riage approa*$1 & z x arriv$ )9 a few y>ds ( ! w9d[1 %e saw ! figures ( ! po/ilions & ! p]sons inside take ! gha/ly appe>ance ( skeletons & o!r hide\s figures4 ,! :ole !n vani%$ entirely1 :5 %e utt]$ ! above-m5tion$ exclamation4 #aa4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! #cj? ,octob]1 :5 ,mrs4 ,a4 0 sitt+ 9 h] own room ) a fav\rite dog 9 h] lap1 %e di/9ctly saw ! same dog mov+ ab\t ! room dur+ ! space ( ab\t a m9ute or r m4 #ab4 ,on ! #crd ,decemb]1 ab\t n9e ,p4,m41 :5 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,a4 7 sitt+ ne> ea* o!r 9 ! draw+-room occupi$ 9 read+1 ,mr4 ,a4 felt a pressure on 8 foot4 ,on look+ up he obs]v$ ,mrs4 ,a4's eyes fix$ ) a /rong & unnatural />e on a *air ab\t n9e or t5 feet di/ant4 ,^u ask+ h] :at %e saw1 ! expression ( h] c\nt5ance *ang$1 & ^u recov]+ h]self1 %e told ,mr4 ,a4 t %e _h se5 8 bro!r1 :o 0 alive & well at ! mom5t 9 ,london1 seat$ 9 ! opposite *air1 b dress$ 9 grave-clo!s1 & ) a gha/ly c\nt5ance1 z if sc>cely alive4 ,su* is a brief acc\nt ( ! v>i\s spectral illusions obs]v$ by ,mrs4 ,a4 ,9 describ+ !m ,i h us$ ! v words employ$ by h] husb& 9 8 communications to me on ! subject2#e & ! read] may be assur$ t ! descriptions are nei!r height5$ by fancy1 nor amplifi$ by inv5tion4 ,! high "* & intellig5ce ( ! lady1 & ! /ation ( h] husb& 9 society1 & z a man ( le>n+ & sci5ce1 w\ld au!nticate ! mo/ m>vell\s n>rative1 & satisfy ! mo/ scrupul\s m9d1 t ! case has be5 philosophically z well z fai?fully describ$4 ,9 n>rat+ ev5ts :i* we reg>d z ( a sup]natural "*1 ! m9d has a /rong t5d5cy to give m prom95ce to :at appe>s to itself ! mo/ wond]ful2 b f ! v same cause1 :5 we describe extraord9>y & inexplicable ph5om5a :i* we believe to be ! result ( natural causes1 ! m9d is prone to /rip !m ( _! mo/ m>vell\s po9ts1 & br+ !m d[n to ! level ( ord9>y ev5ts4 ,f ! v comm5cem5t ( ! spectral illusions se5 by ,mrs4 ,a41 bo? %e & h] husb& 7 well aw>e ( _! nature & orig91 & bo? ( !m paid ! mo/ m9ute att5tion to ! circum/ances :i* accompani$ !m1 n only ) ! view ( ?r[+ light ^u s curi\s a subject1 b = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ _! connection ) ! /ate ( heal? "u :i* !y appe>$4 #e ,ed9burgh ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,new ,s]ies1 ,no4 iv4 pp4 #bah1 #bai1 ,no4 vi41 p4 #bdd1 & ,no4 viii41 p4 #bfa4 ,z ! spectres se5 by ,nicolai & o!rs _h _! orig9 9 bodily indisposition1 x becomes int]e/+ to le>n ! /ate ( ,mrs4 ,a4's heal? :5 %e 0 "u ! influ5ce ( ^! illusions4 ,dur+ ! six weeks )9 :i* ! fir/ ?ree illusions took place1 %e _h be5 consid]ably r$uc$ & weak5$ by a tr\blesome c\gh1 & ! weakness :i* ?is occasion$ 0 increas$ by h] be+ prev5t$ f tak+ a daily tonic4 ,h] g5]al heal? _h n be5 /rong1 & long exp]i5ce has put x beyond a d\bt1 t h] indisposition arises f a disord]$ /ate ( ! dige/ive organs4 ,mrs4 ,a4 has naturally a morbidly s5sitive imag9ation1 :i* s pa9fully affects h] corporeal impressions1 t ! acc\nt ( any p]son hav+ suff]$ sev]e pa9 by accid5t or o!rwise1 occasionally produces acute tw+es ( pa9 9 ! correspond+ p>ts ( h] p]son4 ,! acc\nt1 = example1 ( ! amputation ( an arm w produce an in/antane\s & sev]e s5se ( pa9 9 h] own arm4 ,%e is subject to talk 9 h] sleep ) great flu5cy1 to repeat long passages ( poetry1 p>ticul>ly :5 %e is unwell1 & ev5 to cap v]ses = half an h\r toge!r1 nev] fail+ to quote l9es beg9n+ ) ! f9al lett] ( ! prec$+ "o till h] memory is exhau/$4 ,al?\gh x is n probable t we %all ev] be able to und]/& ! actual mann] 9 :i* a p]son ( s\nd m9d beholds spectral app>itions 9 ! broad light ( day1 yet we may arrive at su* a degree ( k on ! subject z to satisfy rational curiosity1 & to /rip ! ph5om5a ( e attribute ( ! m>vell\s4 ,ev5 ! vision ( natural objects pres5ts to u insurm\ntable difficulties1 if we seek to und]/& ! precise "p :i* ! m9d p]=ms 9 p]ceiv+ !m2 b ! philosoph] consid]s t he has giv5 a satisfactory explanation ( vision1 :5 he demon/rates t di/9ct pictures ( ext]nal objects are pa9t$ on ! ret9a1 & t ?is membrane communicates ) ! bra9 by means ( n]ves ( ! same sub/ance z itself1 & ( :i* x is m]ely an expansion4 ,"h we rea* ! gulf :i* human intellig5ce _c pass2 & if ! presumptu\s m9d ( man %all d>e to ext5d its speculations f>!r1 x w d x only to ev9ce its incapacity & mortify its pride4 ,9 8 admirable "w on ?is subject1 ,dr4 ,hibb]t has %[n t spectral app>itions are no?+ m ?an ideas or ! recollect$ images ( ! m9d1 :i*1 9 c]ta9 /ates ( bodily indisposition1 h be5 r5d]$ m vivid ?an actual impression1 or1 to use o!r words1 t ! pictures 9 ! 8m9d's eye0 are m vivid ?an ! pictures 9 ! body's eye4 ,?is pr9ciple has be5 plac$ by ,dr4 ,hibb]t beyond ! rea* ( d\bt2 b ,i propose to g mu* f>!r1 & to %[ t ! 8m9d's eye0 is actually ! body's eye1 & t ! ret9a is ! common tablet on :i* bo? classes ( impressions are pa9t$1 & by means ( :i* !y receive _! visual exi/5ce accord+ to ! same optical laws4 ,nor is ?is true m]ely 9 ! case ( spectral illusions2 x holds good ( all ideas recall$ by ! memory or creat$ by ! imag9ation1 & may be reg>d$ z a fundam5tal law 9 ! sci5ce ( pneumatology4 ,x w\ld be out ( place 9 a "w l ?is to adduce ! exp]im5tal evid5ce on :i* x re/s1 or ev5 to expla9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! exp]im5ts !mselves mu/ be conduct$3 b ,i may /ate 9 g5]al1 t ! spectres conjur$ up by ! memory or ! fancy h always a 8local habitation10 & t !y appe> 9 front ( ! eye1 & p>take 9 its movem5ts exactly l ! impressions ( lum9\s objects1 aft] ! objects !mselves are )drawn4 ,9 ! heal?y /ate ( ! m9d & body1 ! relative int5sity ( ^! two classes ( impressions on ! ret9a is nicely adju/$4 ,! m5tal pictures are transi5t & comp>atively feeble1 & 9 ord9>y temp]am5ts are nev] capable ( di/urb+ or effac+ ! direct images ( visible objects4 ,! affairs ( life c\ld n be c>ri$ on if ! memory 7 to intrude bright repres5tations ( ! pa/ into ! dome/ic sc5e1 or scatt] !m ov] ! ext]nal l&scape4 ,! two opposite impressions1 inde$1 c\ld n co-exi/3 ! same n]v\s fibre :i* is c>ry+ f ! bra9 to ! ret9a ! figures ( memory1 c\ld n at ! same in/ant be c>ry+ back ! impressions ( ext]nal objects f ! ret9a to ! bra94 ,! m9d _c p]=m two diff]5t functions at ! same in/ant1 & ! direction ( its att5tion to "o ( ! two classes ( impressions necess>ily produces ! ext9ction ( ! o!r3 b s rapid is ! ex]cise ( m5tal p[]1 t ! alt]nate appe>ance & disappe>ance ( ! two cont5d+ impressions are no m recogniz$ ?an ! successive obs]vations ( ext]nal objects dur+ ! tw9kl+ ( ! eyelids4 ,if we look = example at ! faade ( ,/4 ,paul's1 & )\t *ang+ our position call to m9d ! celebrat$ view ( ,mont ,blanc f ,lyons1 ! picture ( ! ca!dral1 ?\gh actually impress$ ^u ! ret9a1 is mom5t>ily lo/ sight ( by ! m9d1 exactly l an object se5 by indirect vision2 & dur+ ! in/ant ! recollect$ image ( ! m\nta91 t[]+ ov] ! subjac5t range1 is di/9ctly se51 b 9 a tone ( subdu$ col\r+ & indi/9ct outl9e4 ,:5 ! purpose ( its recall is answ]$1 x quickly disappe>s1 & ! picture ( ! ca!dral aga9 resumes ! asc5dancy4 ,9 d>kness & solitude1 :5 ext]nal objects no long] int]f]e ) ! pictures ( ! m9d1 !y become m vivid & di/9ct2 & 9 ! /ate betwe5 wak+ & sleep+ ! int5sity ( ! impressions approa*es to t ( visible objects4 ,) p]sons ( /udi\s habits1 :o are mu* occupi$ ) ! op]ations ( _! own m9ds1 ! m5tal pictures are mu* m di/9ct ?an 9 ord9>y p]sons2 & 9 ! mid/ ( ab/ract ?\ght1 ext]nal objects ev5 cease to make any impression on ! ret9a4 ,a philosoph] absorb$ 9 8 contemplations exp]i5ces a tempor>y privation ( ! use ( 8 s5ses4 ,8 *ildr5 or 8 s]vants w ent] ! room directly be=e 8 eyes )\t be+ se54 ,!y w speak to him )\t be+ he>d2 & !y w ev5 try to r\se him f 8 rev]ie )\t be+ felt2 al?\gh 8 eyes1 8 e>s1 & 8 n]ves actually receive ! impressions ( light1 s\nd1 & t\*4 ,9 su* cases1 h[ev]1 ! philosoph] is volunt>ily pursu+ a tra9 ( ?\ght on :i* 8 m9d is deeply int]e/$2 b ev5 ord9>y m51 n mu* addict$ to speculations ( any k9d1 (t5 p]ceive 9 _! m9d's eye ! pictures ( deceas$ or abs5t fri5ds1 or ev5 ludicr\s creations ( fancy1 :i* h no connexion :atev] ) ! tra9 ( _! ?\ghts4 ,l spectral app>itions !y are entirely involunt>y1 & ?\gh !y may h sprung f a regul> s]ies ( associations1 yet x is frequ5tly impossible to discov] a s+le l9k 9 ! *a94 ,if x be true1 !n1 t ! pictures ( ! m9d & spectral illusions are equally impressions ^u ! ret9a1 ! latt] w diff] 9 no respect f ! =m]1 b 9 ! degree ( vividness ) :i* !y are se52 & ^? frightful app>itions become no?+ m ?an our ord9>y ideas1 r5d]$ m brilliant by "s accid5tal & tempor>y d]angem5t ( ! vital functions4 ,_! v vividness1 too1 :i* is _! only *>act]i/ic1 is capable ( explanation4 ,i h already %[n t ! ret9a is r5d]$ m s5sible to light by volunt>y local pressure1 z well z by ! involunt>y pressure ( ! blood-vessels beh9d x2 & if1 by look+ at ! sun1 we impress ^u ! ret9a a col\r$ image ( t lum9>y1 :i* is se5 ev5 :5 ! eye is %ut1 we may by pressure alt] ! col\r ( t image1 9 consequ5ce ( hav+ increas$ ! s5sibility ( t "p ( ! ret9a on :i* x is impress$4 ,h5ce we may readily und]/& h[ ! vividness ( ! m5tal pictures mu/ be increas$ by analog\s causes4 ,9 ! case bo? ( ,nicolai & ,mrs4 ,a4 ! imm$iate cause ( ! spectres 0 a d]ang$ action ( ! /oma*4 ,:5 su* a d]angem5t is induc$ by poison1 or by sub/ances :i* act z poisons1 ! ret9a is peculi>ly affect$1 & ! ph5om5a ( vision are s+ul>ly *ang$4 ,dr4 ,pat\illet has describ$ ! case ( a family ( n9e p]sons :o 7 all driv5 mad by eat+ ! root ( ! hyoscyamus nig]1 or black h5bane4 ,"o ( !m leapt into a pond1 ano!r exclaim$ t 8 neighb\r w\ld lose a c[ 9 a mon?1 & a ?ird vocif]at$ t ! cr[n piece ( sixty p5ce w\ld 9 a %ort "t rise to five livres4 ,on ! foll[+ day !y _h all recov]$ _! s5ses1 b recollect$ no?+ ( :at _h happ5$4 ,on ! same day !y all saw objects d\ble1 &1 :at is /ill m rem>kable1 on ! ?ird day e object appe>$ to !m z r$ z sc>let4 ,n[ ?is r$ light 0 probably no?+ m ?an ! r$ phosphoresc5ce produc$ by ! pressure ( ! blood-vessels on ! ret9a1 & analog\s to ! masses ( blue1 gre51 yell[1 & r$ light1 :i* h be5 already m5tion$ z produc$ by a simil> pressure 9 heada*es1 aris+ f a disord]$ /ate ( ! dige/ive organs4 ,7 we to analyse ! v>i\s ph5om5a ( spectral illusions1 we %\ld discov] _m circum/ances fav\rable to ^! views4 ,9 ^? se5 by ,nicolai1 ! individual figures 7 always some:at pal] ?an natural objects4 ,!y sometimes grew m & m indi/9ct1 & became p]fectly :ite2 &1 to use 8 own words1 8he c\ld always di/+ui% ) ! greate/ precision phantasms f ph5om5a40 ,nicolai sometimes saw ! spectres :5 8 eyes 7 %ut1 & sometimes !y 7 ?us made to disappe>1--effects p]fectly id5tical ) ^? :i* arise f ! impressions ( v lum9\s objects4 ,sometimes ! figures vani%$ entirely1 & at o!r times only pieces ( !m disappe>$1 exactly con=mable to :at takes place ) objects se5 by indirect vision1 :i* mo/ ( ^? figures mu/ necess>ily h be54 ,among ! peculi>ities ( spectral illusions1 !re is "o :i* m]its p>ticul> att5tion1 namely1 t !y seem to cov] or conceal objects imm$iately beyond !m4 ,x is ?is circum/ance m ?an any o!r :i* gives !m ! "* ( reality1 & at fir/ sight x seems difficult ( explanation4 ,! di/9ctness ( any impression on ! ret9a is entirely indep5d5t ( ! accommodation ( ! eye to ! di/9ct vision ( ext]nal objects4 ,:5 ! eye is at re/1 & is n accommodat$ to objects at any p>ticul> di/ance1 x is 9 a /ate = see+ di/ant objects mo/ p]fectly4 ,:5 a di/9ct spectral impression1 !re=e1 is be=e x1 all o!r objects 9 its vic9ity w be se5 indi/9ctly1 = :ile ! eye is engross$ ) ! vision1 x is n likely to accommodate itself to any o!r object 9 ! same direction4 ,x is q common1 too1 = ! eye to see only "o ( two objects actually pres5t$ to x4 ,a sportsman :o has be5 9 ! practice ( %oot+ ) bo? 8 eyes op51 actually sees a d\ble image ( ! muzzle ( 8 f[l+-piece1 ?\gh x is only ) "o ( ^! images t he cov]s 8 game1 hav+ no p]ception :atev] ( ! o!r4 ,b !re is /ill ano!r pr9ciple ^u :i* only "o ( two objects may be se5 at a "t4 ,if we look v /eadily & cont9u\sly at a d\ble patt]n1 su* z ^? on a c>pet compos$ ( two s+le patt]ns ( diff]5t col\rs1 suppose r$ & yell[2 & if we direct ! m9d p>ticul>ly to ! contemplation ( ! r$ "o1 ! gre5 patt]n w sometimes vani% entirely1 leav+ ! r$ alone visible2 & by ! same process ! r$ "o may be made to disappe>4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 ! two patt]ns1 l ! two images1 may be se5 toge!r2 b if ! v same portion ( ! ret9a is excit$ by ! direct rays ( an ext]nal object1 :5 x is excit$ by a m5tal impression1 x c no m see !m bo? at ! same "t1 ?an a vibrat+ /r+ c give out two diff]5t fundam5tal s\nds4 ,x is q possible1 h[ev]1 t ! brighte/ p>ts ( a spectral figure may be di/9ctly se5 along ) ! brighte/ p>ts ( an object imm$iately beh9d x1 b !n ! bright p>ts ( ea* object w fall ^u diff]5t p>ts ( ! ret9a4 ,^! views are illu/rat$ by a case m5tion$ by ,dr4 ,ab]crombie4 ,a g5tleman1 :o 0 a pati5t ( 81 ( an irritable habit1 & liable to a v>iety ( uneasy s5sations 9 8 head1 0 sitt+ alone 9 8 d9+-room 9 ! twilight1 :5 ! door ( ! room 0 a little op54 ,he saw di/9ctly a female figure ent]1 wrapp$ 9 a mantle1 ) ! face conceal$ by a l>ge black bonnet4 ,%e seem$ to advance a few /eps t[>ds him1 & !n /op4 ,he _h a full conviction t ! figure 0 an illusion ( vision1 & he amus$ himself = "s "t by wat*+ x2 at ! same "t obs]v+ t he c\ld see ?r\gh ! figure s z to p]ceive ! lock ( ! door1 & o!r objects beh9d x4#f #f ,inquiries conc]n+ ! ,intellectual ,p[]s1 & ! ,inve/igation ( ,tru?4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahcj4 ,if ^! views be correct1 ! ph5om5a ( spectral app>itions are /ripp$ ( all _! t]ror1 :e!r we view !m 9 _! sup]natural "*1 or z indications ( bodily indisposition4 ,nicolai1 ev51 9 ^: case !y 7 accompani$ ) al>m+ symptoms1 d]iv$ pleasure f ! contemplation ( !m1 & he n only recov]$ f ! compla9t 9 :i* !y orig9at$1 b surviv$ !m = _m ye>s4--,mrs4 ,a41 too1 :o sees !m only at di/ant int]vals1 & ) :om !y h b a fleet+ exi/5ce1 w1 we tru/1 soon lose h] exclusive privilege1 :5 ! slight indisposition :i* gives !m bir? has subsid$4 ,,lett] ,,iv4 ,sci5ce us$ z an in/rum5t ( impo/ure--,deceptions ) plane & concave mirrors practis$ by ! anci5ts--,! magician's mirror--,effects ( concave mirrors--,arial images--,images on smoke--,comb9ation ( mirrors = produc+ pictures f liv+ objects--,! my/]i\s dagg]--,anci5t miracles ) concave mirrors--,mod]n necromancy ) !m1 z se5 by ,cell9i--,description & effects ( ! magic lant]n--,improvem5ts ^u x--,phantasmagoric exhibitions ( ,philip/all & o!rs--,dr4 ,"y's arrangem5t ( l5ses1 c41 = ! ,phantasmagoria--,improvem5ts sugge/$--,catadioptrical phantasmagoria = produc+ ! pictures f liv+ objects--,me?od ( cutt+ (f p>ts ( ! figures--,kir*]'s my/]i\s h&-writ+ on ! wall--,8 holl[ cyl9drical mirror = arial images--,cyl9drical mirror = re-=m+ di/ort$ pictures--,mirrors ( v>iable curvature = produc+ c>icatures4 ,9 ! prec$+ obs]vations man appe>s z ! victim ( 8 own delusions--z ! magician unable to ex]cise ! spirits :i* he has himself call$ into be+4 ,we %all n[ see him ! dupe ( preconc]t$ impo/ure--! slave ( 8 own ignorance--! pro/rate vassal ( p[] & sup]/ition4 ,i h already /at$ t ! mon>*s & prie/s ( anci5t times c>ri$ on a sy/ematic plan ( impos+ ^u _! subjects--a mode ( gov]nm5t :i* 0 9 p]fect accordance ) _! religi\s belief3 b x w sc>cely be believ$ t ! same delusions 7 practis$ aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 & t ev5 ! ,ca?olic sanctu>y 0 (t5 ! seat ( ^! unhall[$ ma*9ations4 ,nor 0 x m]ely ! l[ & cunn+ prie/ :o ?us s\ght to extort money & respect f ! mo/ ignorant ( 8 flock3 bi%ops & pontiffs !mselves wield$ ! magician's w& ov] ! diadem ( k+s & emp]ors1 &1 by ! pret5d$ exhibition ( sup]natural p[]1 made ! mightie/ pot5tates ( ,europe tremble ^u _! ?rones4 ,x 0 ! light ( sci5ce alone :i* dispell$ ?is moral & intellectual d>kness1 & x is entirely 9 consequ5ce ( its wide diffusion t we live 9 times :5 sov]eigns seek to reign only ?r\gh ! affections ( _! p1 & :5 ! m9i/] ( religion asks no o!r rev]5ce b t :i* is inspir$ by ! sanctity ( 8 (fice & ! purity ( 8 "*4 ,x 0 =tunate = ! human race t ! scanty k ( =m] ages af=d$ s few elem5ts ( deception4 ,:at a trem5d\s eng9e w\ld h be5 work$ aga9/ our species by ! v>i$ & p[]ful ma*9]y ( mod]n sci5ce6 ,man w\ld /ill h worn ! %ackles :i* x =g$1 & 8 noble _s w\ld /ill h groan$ b5ea? its fatal pressure4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! mo/ common1 z well z ! mo/ successful1 impositions ( ! anci5ts 7 ( an optical nature1 & 7 practis$ by means ( plane & concave mirrors4 ,x has be5 cle>ly %[n by v>i\s writ]s t ! anci5ts made use ( mirrors ( /eel1 silv]1 & a composition ( copp] & t91 l ^? n[ us$ = reflect+ specula4 ,x is also v probable1 f a passage 9 ,pl9y1 t glass mirrors 7 made at ,sidon2 b x is evid5t1 t1 unless ! object pres5t$ to !m 0 illum9at$ 9 a v high degree1 ! images :i* !y =m$ mu/ h be5 v fa9t & unsatisfactory4 ,! silv] mirrors1 !re=e1 :i* 7 univ]sally us$1 & :i* are sup]ior to ^? made ( any o!r metal1 are likely to h be5 mo/ g5]ally employ$ by ! anci5t magicians4 ,!y 7 made to give multipli$ & inv]t$ images ( objects1 t is1 !y 7 plane1 polygonal or _m-sid$1 & concave4 ,!re is "o prop]ty1 h[ev]1 m5tion$ by ,aulus ,gellius1 :i* has giv5 unnecess>y p]plexity to comm5tators4 ,he /ates t !re 7 specula1 :i*1 :5 put 9 a p>ticul> place1 gave no images ( objects1 b :5 c>ri$ to ano!r place1 recov]$ _! prop]ty ( reflection4#g ,m4 ,salv]te is ( op9ion t1 9 quot+ ,v>ro1 ,aulus ,gellius 0 n suffici5tly acqua9t$ ) ! subject1 & err$ 9 suppos+ t ! ph5om5on dep5d$ on ! place in/ead ( ! position ( ! mirror2 b ?is criticism is obvi\sly made ) ! view ( support+ an op9ion ( 8 own--t ! prop]ty 9 "q may be analog\s to ! ph5om5on ( pol>is$ light1 :i*1 at a c]ta9 angle1 refuses to suff] reflexion f p>ticul> bodies4 ,if ?is idea has any f\ndation1 ! mirror mu/ h be5 ( glass or "s o!r body n metallic1 or1 to speak m correctly1 !re mu/ h be5 two su* mirrors1 s nicely adju/$ n only to "o ano!r1 b to ! light incid5t ^u ea*1 t ! effect c\ld n possibly be produc$ b by a philosoph] ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! mod]n discov]y ( ! pol>isation ( light by reflexion4 ,)\t seek+ = s pr(\nd an explanation ( ! ph5om5on1 we may readily und]/& h[ a silv] mirror may in/antly lose its reflect+ p[] 9 a damp atmosph]e1 9 consequ5ce ( ! precipitation ( moi/ure ^u its surface1 & may imm$iately recov] x :5 transport$ into dri] air4 #g ,ut speculum 9 loco c]to positum nihil imag9et2 aliorsum translatum faciat imag9es4 ,aul4 ,gel4 ,noct4 ,attic41 lib4 xvi41 cap4 #ah4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,"o ( ! simple/ in/rum5ts ( optical deception is ! plane mirror1 & :5 two are comb9$ = ?is purpose x has be5 call$ ! magician's mirror4 ,an obs]v] 9 front ( a plane mirror sees a di/9ct image ( himself2 b if two p]sons take up a mirror1 & if ! "o p]son is z mu* to "o side ( a l9e p]p5dicul> to ! middle ( x z ! o!r is to ! o!r side1 !y w see ea* o!r1 b n !mselves4 ,if we n[ suppose ,,mc1 ,,cd1 ,,nc1 ,,cd to be ! p>titions ( two adjac5t ap>tm5ts let squ>e op5+s be made 9 ! p>titions at ,a & ,b1 above five feet above ! floor1 & let !m be fill$ ) plate glass1 & surr\nd$ ) a picture frame1 s z to h ! appe>ance ( two mirrors4 ,place two mirrors1 ,e1 ,f1 "o beh9d ea* op5+ at ,a & ,b1 incl9$ #de to ! p>tition ,,mn1 & s l>ge t a p]son look+ into ! plates ( glass at ,a & ,b w n see _! edges4 ,:5 ?is is done x is obvi\s t a p]son look+ into ! mirror ,a w n see himself1 b w see any p]son or figure plac$ at ,b4 ,if he believes t he is look+ into a common mirror at ,a1 8 a/oni%m5t w be great at see+ himself trans=m$ into ano!r p]son1 or into any liv+ animal t may be plac$ at ,b4 ,! success ( ?is deception w\ld be greatly increas$ if a plane mirror1 susp5d$ by a pulley1 c\ld be br\ght imm$iately beh9d ! plane glass at ,a1 & drawn up f x at pleasure4 ,! spectator at ,a1 hav+ previ\sly se5 himself 9 ?is moveable mirror1 w\ld be /ill m a/oni%$ :5 he aft]w>ds p]ceiv$ 9 ! same place a face diff]5t f 8 own4 ,by draw+ ! moveable mirror half up1 ! spectator at ,a might see half ( 8 own face jo9$ to half ( ! face plac$ at ,b2 b 9 ! pres5t day ! mo/ ignorant p]sons are s famili> ) ! prop]ties ( a look+-glass1 t x w\ld be v difficult to employ ?is k9d ( deception ) ! same success :i* mu/ h att5d$ x 9 a m illit]ate age4 ,! optical read] w easily see t ! mirror ,f & ! ap>tm5t ,,ncd are n absolutely necess>y = c>ry+ on ?is deception2 = ! v same effects w be produc$ if ! p]son at ,b is /ation$ at ,g1 & looks t[>ds ! mirror ,f 9 ! direction ,,gf4 ,z ! mirror ,f1 h[ev]1 mu/ be plac$ z ne> to ,a z possible1 ! p]son at ,g w\ld be too ne> ! p>tition ,,cn1 unless ! mirror ,f 0 extremely l>ge4 ,! effect ( ?is & e simil> deception is greatly increas$ :5 ! p]sons are illum9at$ ) a /rong light1 & ! re/ ( ! ap>tm5t z d>k z possible2 b :atev] precautions are tak51 & h[ev] skilfully plane mirrors are comb9$1 x is n easy to produce ) !m any v successful illusions4 ,! concave mirror is ! /aple in/rum5t ( ! magician's cab9et1 & mu/ always p]=m a pr9cipal "p 9 all optical comb9ations4 ,9 ord] to be q p]fect1 e concave mirror %\ld h its surface elliptical1 s t if any object is plac$ 9 "o focus ( ! ellipse1 an inv]t$ image ( x w be =m$ 9 ! o!r focus4 ,?is image1 to a spectator rightly plac$1 appe>s susp5d$ 9 ! air1 s t if ! mirror & ! object are hid f 8 view1 ! effect mu/ appe> to him almo/ sup]natural4 ,! me?od ( exhibit+ ! effect ( concave mirrors mo/ advantage\sly is %[n 9 ,fig4 #d1 :]e ,,cd is ! p>tition ( a room hav+ 9 x a squ>e op5+ ,,ef1 ! c5tre ( :i* is ab\t five feet above ! floor4 ,?is op5+ might be surr\nd$ ) a picture-frame1 & a pa9t+ :i* exactly fill$ x might be s connect$ ) a pulley t x c\ld be ei!r slipp$ aside1 or rais$ s z to leave ! frame empty4 ,a l>ge concave mirror ,,mn is !n plac$ 9 ano!r ap>tm5t1 s t :5 any object is plac$ at ,a1 a di/9ct image ( x may be =m$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! op5+ ,,ef4 ,let u suppose ?is object to be a pla/] ca/ ( any object made z :ite z possible1 & plac$ 9 an inv]t$ position at ,a4 ,a /rong light %\ld !n be ?r[n ^u x by a p[]ful lamp1 ! rays ( :i* are prev5t$ f rea*+ ! op5+ ,,ef4 ,:5 ?is is done1 a spectator plac$ at ,o w see an erect image ( ! /atue at ,b1 ! c5tre ( ! op5+1 /&+ 9 ! air1 & diff]+ f ! real /atue only 9 be+ a little l>g]1 :ile ! app>ition w be :olly invisible to o!r spectators plac$ at a little di/ance on ea* side ( him4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,if ! op5+ ,,ef is fill$ ) smoke1 ris+ ei!r f a *af+-di%1 9 :i* inc5se is burnt1 or made to issue 9 cl\ds f "s op5+ bel[1 ! image w appe> 9 ! middle ( ! smoke depict$ ^u x z ^u a gr\nd1 & capable ( be+ se5 by ^? spectators :o c\ld n see ! image ( ! air4 ,! rays ( light1 9 place ( proce$+ )\t ob/ruction to an eye at ,o1 are reflect$ z x 7 f ^? m9ute p>ticles ( :i* ! smoke is compos$1 9 ! same mann] z a beam ( light is r5d]$ m visible by pass+ ?r\gh an ap>tm5t fill$ ) du/ or smoke4 ,x has long be5 a fav\rite exp]im5t to place at ,a a :ite & /rongly illum9at$ human skull1 & to exhibit an image ( x amid ! smoke ( a *af+-di% at ,b2 b a m t]rific effect w\ld be produc$ if a small skeleton susp5d$ by invisible wires 7 plac$ z an object at ,a4 ,its image susp5d$ 9 ! air at ,b1 or pa9t$ ^u smoke1 c\ld n fail to a/oni% ! spectator4 ,! difficulty ( plac+ a liv+ p]son 9 an inv]t$ position1 z an object at ,a1 has no d\bt prev5t$ ! optical conjuror f avail+ himself ( s admirable a res\rce2 b ?is difficulty may be remov$ by employ+ a second concave mirror4 ,! second mirror may be s plac$ z to reflect t[>ds ,,mn ! rays proce$+ f an erect liv+ object1 & to =m an inv]t$ image ( ?is object at ,a4 ,an erect image ( ?is inv]t$ image w !n be =m$ at ,b1 ei!r susp5d$ 9 ! air1 or depict$ ^u a wrea? ( smoke4 ,?is arial image w exhibit ! precise =m & col\rs & movem5ts ( ! liv+ object1 & x w ma9ta9 its "* z an app>ition if any attempt is made by ! spectator to grasp its unsub/antial fabric4 ,a deception ( an al>m+ k9d1 call$ ! ,my/]i\s dagg]1 has be5 long a fav\rite exhibition4 ,if a p]son ) a drawn & highly poli%$ dagg]1 illum9at$ by a /rong light1 /&s a little f>!r f a concave mirror ?an its pr9cipal focus1 he w p]ceive 9 ! air betwe5 himself & ! mirror an inv]t$ & dim9i%$ image ( 8 own p]son1 ) ! dagg] simil>ly br&i%$4 ,if he aims ! dagg] at ! c5tre ( ! mirrors concavity1 ! two dagg]s w meet po9t to po9t1 &1 by pu%+ x /ill f>!r f him t[>ds ! mirror1 ! imag9>y dagg] w /rike at 8 he>t4 ,9 ?is case x is necess>y t ! direction ( ! real dagg] co9cides ) a diamet] ( ! sph]e ( :i* ! mirror is a "p2 b if its direction is on "o side ( t diamet]1 ! direction ( ! imag9>y dagg] w be z f> on ! o!r side ( ! diamet]1 & ! latt] w aim a bl[ at any p]son :o is plac$ 9 ! prop] position = receiv+ x4 ,if ! p]son :o be>s ! real dagg] is !re=e plac$ beh9d a scre51 or o!rwise conceal$ f ! view ( ! spectator1 :o is made to approa* to ! place ( ! image1 ! ?ru/ ( ! poli%$ /eel at 8 brea/ w n fail to produce a p[]ful impression4 ,! effect ( ?is exp]im5t w\ld no d\bt be increas$ by cov]+ ) black clo? ! p]son :o holds ! dagg]1 s t ! image ( 8 h& only %\ld be se51 z ! inv]t$ picture ( him w\ld take away f ! reality ( ! appe>ance4 ,by us+ two mirrors1 inde$1 ?is defect might be rem$i$1 & ! spectator w\ld witness an exact image ( ! assass9 aim+ ! dagg] at 8 life4 ,! common way ( mak+ ?is exp]im5t is to place a basket ( fruit above ! dagg]1 s t a di/9ct arial image ( ! fruit is =m$ 9 ! focus ( ! mirror4 ,! spectator1 hav+ be5 desir$ to take "s fruit f ! basket1 approa*es = t purpose1 :ile a p]son prop]ly conceal$ )draws ! real basket ( fruit ) "o h&1 & ) ! o!r advances ! dagg]1 ! image ( :i* be+ no long] cov]$ by ! fruit1 /rikes at ! body ( ! a/oni%$ spectator4 ,! p[]s ( ! concave mirror h be5 likewise display$ 9 exhibit+ ! app>ition ( an abs5t or deceas$ fri5d4 ,= ?is purpose1 a /rongly illum9at$ bu/ or picture ( ! p]son is plac$ be=e ! concave mirror1 & a di/9ct image ( ! picture w be se5 ei!r 9 ! air or among smoke1 9 ! mann] already describ$4 ,if ! backgr\nd ( ! picture is tempor>ily cov]$ ) lamp-black1 s t !re is no light ab\t ! picture b :at falls ^u ! figure1 ! effect w be m complete4 ,z 9 all exp]im5ts ) concave mirrors1 ! size ( ! arial image is to t ( ! real object z _! di/ances f ! mirror1 we may1 by v>y+ ! di/ance ( ! object1 increase or dim9i% ! size ( ! image4 ,9 do+ ?is1 h[ev]1 ! di/ance ( ! image f ! mirror is at ! same "t *ang$1 s t x w\ld quit ! place mo/ suitable = its exhibition4 ,?is defect may be remov$ by simultane\sly *ang+ ! place bo? ( ! mirror & ! object1 s t ! image may rema9 /ation>y1 exp&+ itself f a lum9\s spot to a gigantic size1 & aga9 pass+ ?r\gh all int]m$iate magnitudes1 till x vani%es 9 a cl\d ( light4 ,^? :o h /udi$ ! effects ( concave mirrors ( a small size1 & )\t ! precautions necess>y to ensure deception1 _c =m any idea ( ! magical effect produc$ by ?is class ( optical app>itions4 ,:5 ! in/rum5ts ( illusion are !mselves conceal$1--:5 all extrane\s lights b ^? :i* illum9ate ! real object are exclud$1--:5 ! mirrors are l>ge & well-poli%$1 & truly =m$1--! effect ( ! repres5tation on ignorant m9ds is altoge!r ov]p[]+2 :ile ev5 ^? :o "k ! deception1 & p]fectly und]/& its pr9ciples1 are n a little surpris$ at its effects4 ,! inf]iority 9 ! effects ( a common concave mirror to t ( a well-arrang$ exhibition is great] ev5 ?an t ( a p]spective picture1 hang+ 9 an ap>tm5t1 to ! same picture exhibit$ "u all ! impos+ accompanim5ts ( a dioramic repres5tation4 ,x c sc>cely be d\bt$1 t a concave mirror 0 ! pr9cipal in/rum5t by :i* ! hea!n gods 7 made to appe> 9 ! anci5t temples4 ,9 ! imp]fect acc\nts :i* h rea*$ u ( ^! app>itions1 we c trace all ! elem5ts ( an optical illusion4 ,9 ! anci5t temple ( ,h]cules at ,tyre1 ,pl9y m5tions t !re 0 a seat made ( a consecrat$ /one1 8f :i* ! gods easily rose40 ,esculapius (t5 exhibit$ himself to 8 wor%ipp]s 9 8 temple at ,t>sus2 & ! temple ( ,engu9um 9 ,sicily 0 celebrat$ z ! place :]e ! goddesses exhibit$ !mselves to mortals4 ,iambli*us actually in=ms u1 t ! anci5t magicians caus$ ! gods to appe> among ! vap\rs dis5gag$ f fire2 & :5 ! conjuror ,maximus t]rifi$ 8 audi5ce by mak+ ! /atue ( ,hecate laugh1 :ile 9 ! middle ( ! smoke ( burn+ inc5se1 he 0 obvi\sly deal+ ) ! image ( a liv+ object dress$ 9 ! co/ume ( ! sorc]ess4 ,! "* ( ^! exhibitions 9 ! anci5t temples is s admirably depict$ 9 ! foll[+ passage ( ,damascius1 quot$ by ,m4 ,salv]te1 t we recognise all ! optical effects :i* h be5 already describ$4 8,9 a manife/ation10 says he1 8:i* ought n to be reveal$ 444 !re appe>$ on ! wall ( ! temple a mass ( light1 :i* at fir/ seem$ to be v remote2 x trans=m$ itself1 9 com+ ne>]1 into a face evid5tly div9e & sup]natural1 ( a sev]e aspect1 b mix$ ) g5tl5ess1 & extremely beautiful4 ,accord+ to ! in/itutions ( a my/]i\s religion1 ! ,alex&rians hon\r$ x z ,osiris & ,adonis40 ,among m mod]n examples ( ?is illusion1 we may m5tion ! case ( ! ,emp]or ,basil ( ,mac$onia4 ,inconsolable at ! loss ( 8 son1 ?is sov]eign _h rec\rse to ! pray]s ( ! ,pontiff ,!odore ,santab>51 :o 0 celebrat$ = 8 p[] ( work+ miracles4 ,! ecclesia/ical conjuror exhibit$ to him ! image ( 8 belov$ son1 magnific5tly dress$ & m\nt$ ^u a sup]b *>g]3 ! y\? ru%$ t[>ds 8 fa!r1 ?rew himself into 8 arms1 & disappe>$4 ,m4 ,salv]te judici\sly obs]ves1 t ?is deception c\ld n h be5 p]=m$ by a real p]son :o imitat$ ! figure ( ! "y pr9ce4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is p]son1 betray$ by s rem>kable a resemblance1 & by ! trick ( ! exhibition1 c\ld n fail to h be5 discov]$ & d5\nc$1 ev5 if we c\ld expla9 h[ ! son c\ld be s in/antane\sly dis5tangl$ f 8 fa!r's embrace4 ,! emp]or1 9 %ort1 saw ! arial image ( a picture ( 8 son on horseback2 & z ! picture 0 br\ght ne>] ! mirror1 ! image advanc$ into 8 arms1 :5 x ( c\rse elud$ 8 affectionate grasp4 ,^! & o!r allusions to ! op]ations ( ! anci5t magic1 ?\gh suffici5tly indicative ( ! me?ods :i* 7 employ$1 are too meagre to convey any idea ( ! spl5did & impos+ exhibitions :i* mu/ h be5 display$4 ,a national sy/em ( deception1 int5d$ z an in/rum5t ( gov]nm5t1 mu/ h br\ght into requisition n m]ely ! sci5tific skill ( ! age1 b a v>iety ( subsidi>y contrivances calculat$ to a/oni% ! behold]1 to conf\nd 8 judgm5t1 to dazzle 8 s5ses1 & to give a pr$om9ant influ5ce to ! peculi> impo/ure :i* x 0 ?\ght desirable to e/abli%4 ,! gr&eur ( ! means may be inf]r$ f _! efficacy1 & f ! ext5t ( _! influ5ce4 ,?is defect1 h[ev]1 is1 to a c]ta9 degree1 suppli$ by an acc\nt ( a mod]n necromancy1 :i* has be5 left u by ! celebrat$ ,b5v5uto ,cell9i1 & 9 :i* he himself p]=m$ an active "p4 8,x happ5$10 says he1 8?r\gh a v>iety ( odd accid5ts1 t ,i made acqua9tance ) a ,sicilian prie/1 :o 0 a man ( g5ius1 & well v]s$ 9 ! ,lat9 & ,greek au?ors4 ,happ5+ "o day to h "s conv]sation ) him :5 ! subject turn$ ^u ! art ( necromancy1 ,i1 :o _h a great desire to "k some?+ ( ! matt]1 told him1 t ,i _h all my life felt a curiosity to be acqua9t$ ) ! my/]ies ( ?is art4 8,! prie/ made answ]1 #8t ! man mu/ be ( a resolute & /eady temp] :o ent]s ^u t /udy4' ,i repli$1 #8t ,i _h =titude & resolution en\gh1 if ,i c\ld b f9d an opportunity4' ,! prie/ subjo9$1 #8,if y ?9k y h ! he>t to v5ture1 ,i w give y all ! satisfaction y c desire4' ,?us we agre$ to ent] ^u a plan ( necromancy4 ,! prie/ "o ev5+ prep>$ to satisfy me1 & desir$ me to look out = a companion or two4 ,i invit$ "o ,v9c5zio ,romoli1 :o 0 my intimate acqua9tance3 he br\ght ) him a native ( ,pi/oia1 :o cultivat$ ! black art himself4 ,we repair$ to ! ,colosseo1 & ! prie/1 accord+ to ! cu/om ( necromanc]s1 began to draw circles ^u ! gr\nd1 ) ! mo/ impressive c]emonies imag9able3 he likewise br\ght hi!r asaftida1 sev]al preci\s p]fumes1 & fire1 ) "s compositions also1 :i* diffus$ noisome od\rs4 ,z soon z he 0 9 read9ess1 he made an op5+ to ! circle1 & hav+ tak5 u by ! h&1 ord]$ ! o!r necromanc]1 8 p>tn]1 to ?r[ ! p]fumes into ! fire at a prop] "t1 entru/+ ! c>e ( ! fire & p]fumes to ! re/2 & ?us he began 8 incantations4 ,?is c]emony la/$ above an h\r & a half1 :5 !re appe>$ sev]al legions ( devils1 insomu* t ! amphi!atre 0 q fill$ ) !m4 ,i 0 busy ab\t ! p]fumes1 :5 ! prie/1 p]ceiv+ !re 0 a consid]able numb] ( inf]nal spirits1 turn$ to me & said1 #8,b5v5uto1 ask !m some?+4' ,i answ]$1 #8,let !m br+ me into ! company ( my ,sicilian mi/ress ,angelica4' ,t night he obta9$ no answ] ( any sort2 b ,i _h receiv$ great satisfaction 9 hav+ my curiosity s f> indulg$4 ,! necromanc] told me x 0 requisite we %\ld g a second "t1 assur+ me t ,i %\ld be satisfi$ 9 :atev] ,i ask$2 b t ,i mu/ br+ ) me a pure1 immaculate boy4 8,i took ) me a y\? :o 0 9 my s]vice1 ( ab\t twelve ye>s ( age1 toge!r ) ! same ,v9c5zio ,romoli1 :o _h be5 my companion ! fir/ "t1 & "o ,agnol9o ,gaddi1 an intimate acqua9tance1 :om ,i likewise prevail$ on to assi/ at ! c]emony4 ,:5 we came to ! place appo9t$1 ! prie/ hav+ made 8 prep>ations z be=e1 ) ! same & ev5 m /rik+ c]emonies1 plac$ u )9 ! circle1 :i* he _h likewise drawn ) a m wond]ful art & 9 a m solemn mann] ?an at our =m] meet+4 ,?us1 hav+ committ$ ! c>e ( ! p]fumes & ! fire to my fri5d ,v9c5zio1 :o 0 assi/$ by ,agnol9o ,gaddi1 he put into my h& a p9taculo or magical *>t1 & bid me turn x t[>ds ! places t he %\ld direct me2 & "u ! p9taculo ,i held ! boy4 ,! necromanc]1 hav+ begun to make 8 trem5d\s invocations1 call$ by _! names a multitude ( demons :o 7 ! lead]s ( ! sev]al legions1 & que/ion$ !m1 by ! p[] ( ! et]nal uncreat$ ,god1 :o lives = ev]1 9 ! ,hebrew language1 z likewise 9 ,lat9 & ,greek2 insomu* t ! amphi!atre 0 almo/ 9 an in/ant fill$ ) demons m num]\s ?an at ! =m] conjuration4 ,v9c5zio ,romoli 0 busi$ 9 mak+ a fire1 ) ! assi/ance ( ,agnol9o1 & burn+ a great quantity ( preci\s p]fumes4 ,i1 by ! directions ( ! necromanc]1 aga9 desir$ to be 9 ! company ( my ,angelica4 ,! =m] !reupon turn+ to me said1--',"k1 !y h decl>$ t1 9 ! space ( a mon?1 y %all be 9 h] company4' 8,he ?us reque/$ me to /& resolutely by him1 because ! legions 7 n[ above a ?\s& m 9 numb] ?an he _h design$2 & besides1 ^! 7 ! mo/ dang]\s2 s t1 aft] !y _h answ]$ my "q1 x behov$ him to be civil to !m1 & dismiss !m quietly4 ,at ! same "t ! boy "u ! p9taculo 0 9 a t]rible fright1 say+1 t !re 7 9 t place a million ( fi]ce m51 :o ?reat5$ to de/roy u2 & t1 moreov]1 f\r arm$ giants ( enorm\s /ature 7 endeav\r+ to break into our circle4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 :il/ ! necromanc]1 trembl+ ) fe>1 endeav\r$ by mild & g5tle me?ods to dismiss !m 9 ! be/ way he c\ld1 ,v9c5zio ,romoli1 :o quiv]$ l an asp5 leaf1 took c>e ( ! p]fumes4 ,?\gh ,i 0 z mu* t]rifi$ z any ( !m1 ,i did my utmo/ to conceal ! t]ror ,i felt2 s t ,i greatly contribut$ to inspire ! re/ ) resolution2 b ! tru? is1 ,i gave myself ov] = a dead man1 see+ ! horrid fright ! necromanc] 0 94 ,! boy plac$ 8 head betwe5 8 knees & said1 #8,9 ?is po/ure w ,i die2 = we %all all surely p]i%4' ,i told him t all ^! demons 7 "u u1 & :at he saw 0 smoke & %ad[2 s bid him hold up 8 head & take c\rage4 ,no soon] did he look up ?an he cri$ out1 #8,! :ole amphi!atre is burn+1 & ! fire is j fall+ ^u u4' ,s cov]+ 8 eyes ) 8 h&s1 he aga9 exclaim$1 #8t de/ruction 0 inevitable1 & desir$ to see no m4' ,! necromanc] entreat$ me to h a good he>t1 & take c>e to burn prop] p]fumes2 ^u :i* ,i turn$ to ,romoli1 & bid him burn all ! mo/ preci\s p]fumes he _h4 ,at ! same "t ,i ca/ my eye ^u ,agnol9o ,gaddi1 :o 0 t]rifi$ to su* a degree t he c\ld sc>ce di/+ui% objects1 & seem$ to be half dead4 ,see+ him 9 ?is condition1 ,i said1 #8,agnol9o1 ^u ^! occasions a man %\ld n yield to fe>1 b %\ld /ir ab\t & give 8 assi/ance1 s come directly & put on "s m ( ^!4' ,! effects ( poor ,agnol9o's fe> 7 ov]p[]+4 ,! boy1 he>+ a crepitation1 v5tur$ once m to raise 8 head1 :51 see+ me laugh1 he began to take c\rage1 & said #8t ! devils 7 fly+ away ) a v5geance4' 8,9 ?is condition we /ay$1 till ! bell rang = morn+ pray]s4 ,! boy aga9 told u1 t !re rema9$ b few devils1 & ^! 7 at a great di/ance4 ,:5 ! magician _h p]=m$ ! re/ ( 8 c]emonies1 he /ripp$ (f 8 g[n1 & took up a wallet full ( books :i* he _h br\ght ) him4 8,we all w5t out ( ! circle toge!r1 keep+ z close to ea* o!r z we possibly c\ld1 especially ! boy1 :o _h plac$ himself 9 ! middle1 hold+ ! necromanc] by ! coat1 & me by ! cloak4 ,z we 7 go+ to our h\ses 9 ! qu>t] ( ,ban*i1 ! boy told u t two ( ! demons :om we _h se5 at ! amphi!atre w5t on be=e u leap+ & skipp+1 sometimes runn+ ^u ! ro(s ( ! h\ses1 & sometimes ^u ! gr\nd4 ,! prie/ decl>$1 t ?\gh he _h (t5 ent]$ magic circles1 no?+ s extraord9>y _h ev] happ5$ to him4 ,z we w5t along1 he w\ld fa9 p]suade me to assi/ ) him at consecrat+ a brook1 f :i*1 he said1 we %\ld d]ive imm5se ri*es2 we %\ld !n ask ! demons to discov] to u ! v>i\s treasures ) :i* ! e>? ab\nds1 :i* w\ld raise u to opul5ce & p[]2 b t ^! love-affairs 7 m]e follies1 f :5ce no good c\ld be expect$4 ,i answ]$1 #8t ,i w\ld readily h accept$ 8 proposal1 if ,i und]/ood ,lat94' ,he r$\bl$ 8 p]suasions1 assur+ me1 t ! k ( ! ,lat9 language 0 by no means mat]ial4 ,he add$1 t he c\ld h ,lat9 s*ol>s en\gh1 if he _h ?\ght x wor? :ile to look out = !m1 b t he c\ld nev] h met ) a p>tn] ( resolution & intrepidity equal to m9e1 & t ,i %\ld by all means foll[ 8 advice4 ,:il/ we 7 engag$ 9 ?is conv]sation we arriv$ at our respective h\ses1 & all t night dreamt ( no?+ b devils40 ,x is impossible to p]use ! prec$+ description )\t be+ satisfi$ t ! legions ( devils 7 n produc$ by any influ5ce ^u ! imag9ations ( ! spectators1 b 7 actual optical phantasms1 or ! images ( pictures or objects produc$ by "o or m concave mirrors or l5ses4 ,a fire is light$1 & p]fumes & inc5se are burnt1 9 ord] to create a gr\nd = ! images1 & ! behold]s are rigidly conf9$ )9 ! pale ( ! magic circle4 ,! concave mirror & ! objects pres5t$ to x hav+ be5 s plac$ t ! p]sons )9 ! circle c\ld n see ! arial image ( ! objects by ! rays deeply reflect$ f ! mirror1 ! "w ( deception 0 ready to beg94 ,! att5dance ( ! magician ^u 8 mirror 0 by no means necess>y4 ,he took 8 place along ) ! spectators )9 ! magic circle4 ,! images ( ! devils 7 all di/9ctly =m$ 9 ! air imm$iately above ! fire1 b none ( !m c\ld be se5 by ^? )9 ! circle4 ,! mom5t1 h[ev]1 t p]fumes 7 ?r[n into ! fire to produce smoke1 ! fir/ wrea? ( smoke t rose ?r\gh ! place ( "o or m ( ! images1 w\ld reflect !m to ! eyes ( ! spectator1 & !y c\ld aga9 disappe> if ! wrea? 0 n foll[$ by ano!r4 ,m & m images w\ld be r5d]$ visible z new wrea?s ( smoke arose1 & ! :ole gr\p w\ld appe> at once :5 ! smoke 0 uni=mly diffus$ ov] ! place occupi$ by ! images4 ,! 8compositions :i* diffus$ noisome od\rs0 7 int5d$ to intoxicate or /upify ! spectators1 s z to increase _! liability to deception1 or to add to ! real phantasms :i* 7 be=e _! eyes1 o!rs :i* 7 ! (fspr+ only ( _! own imag9ations4 ,x is n easy to ga!r f ! description :at p>ts ( ! exhibition 7 actually pres5t$ to ! eyes ( ! spectators1 & :at p>ts ( x 7 imag9$ by !mselves4 ,x is q evid5t t ! boy1 z well z ,agnol9o ,gaddi1 7 s ov]p[]$ ) t]ror t !y fanci$ _m ?+s :i* !y did n see2 b :5 ! boy decl>es t f\r arm$ giants1 ( an enorm\s /ature1 7 ?reat5+ to break into ! circle1 he gives an accurate description ( ! effect t w\ld be produc$ by pu%+ ! figures ne>] ! mirror1 & !n magnify+ _! images1 & caus+ !m to advance t[>ds ! circle4 ,al?\gh ,cell9i decl>es t he 0 trembl+ ) fe>1 yet x is q evid5t t he 0 n entirely ignorant ( ! ma*9]y :i* 0 at "w2 = 9 ord] to enc\rage ! boy1 :o 0 almo/ dead ) fe>1 he assur$ !m t ! devils 7 "u _! p[]1 & t 8:at he saw 0 smoke & %ad[40 ,mr4 ,roscoe1 f ^: ,life ( ,cell9i ! prec$+ description is tak51 draws a simil> conclusion f ! consolatory words address$ to ! boy1 & /ates t !y 8confirm him 9 ! belief1 t ! :ole ( ^! appe>ances1 l a phantasmagoria1 7 m]ely ! effects ( a magic lant]n produc$ on volumes ( smoke f v>i\s k9ds ( burn+ wood40 ,9 draw+ ?is conclusion1 ,mr4 ,roscoe has n adv]t$ to ! fact1 t ?is exhibition took place ab\t ! middle ( ! #af? c5tury1 :ile ! magic lant]n 0 n inv5t$ by ,kir*] till t[>ds ! middle ( ! #ag? c5tury2 ,cell9i hav+ di$ 9 #aegj1 & ,kir*] hav+ be5 born 9 #afja4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! effects describ$ c\ld be produc$ by ?is in/rum5t1 b we are n entitl$ to h rec\rse to any o!r means ( explanation b ^? :i* 7 kn[n to exi/ at ! "t ( ,cell9i4 ,if we suppose1 h[ev]1 t ! necromanc] ei!r _h a regul> magic lant]n1 or t he _h fitt$ up 8 concave mirror 9 a box conta9+ ! figures ( 8 devils1 & t ?is box ) its lights 0 c>ri$ home ) ! p>ty1 we c easily acc\nt = ! decl>ation ( ! boy1 8t z !y 7 go+ home to _! h\ses 9 ! qu>t] ( ,ban*i1 two ( ! demons :om we _h se5 at ! amphi!atre w5t on be=e u leap+ & skipp+1 sometimes runn+ ^u ! ro(s ( ! h\ses1 & sometimes ^u ! gr\nd40 ,! introduction ( ! magic lant]n z an optical in/rum5t suppli$ ! magicians ( ! #ag? c5tury ) "o ( _! mo/ valuable tools4 ,! use ( ! concave mirror1 :i* does n appe> to h be5 ev5 put up into ! =m ( an in/rum5t1 requir$ a sep>ate ap>tm5t1 or at lea/ t degree ( concealm5t :i* x 0 difficult on ord9>y occasions to comm&2 b ! magic lant]n1 conta9+ 9 a small compass its lamp1 its l5ses1 & its slid+ figures1 0 peculi>ly fitt$ = ! it9]ant conjuror1 :o _h nei!r ! means ( provid+ a less portable & m ext5sive app>atus1 nor ! p[] ( transport+ & erect+ x4 ,! magic lant]n %[n 9 ! annex$ figure consi/s ( a d>k lant]n1 ,,ab1 conta9+ a lamp ,g1 & a concave metallic mirror1 ,,mn1 & x is s con/ruct$ t :5 ! lamp is light$ n a ray ( light is able to escape f x4 ,into ! side ( ! lant]n is fitt$ a d\ble tube1 ,,cd1 ! out] half ( :i* ,d is capable ( mov+ )9 ! o!r half4 ,a l>ge plano-convex l5s ,c1 is fix$ at ! inn] end ( ! d\ble tube1 & a small convex l5s ,d1 at ! out] end2 & to ! fix$ tube ,,ce1 !re is jo9$ a groove ,,ef1 9 :i* ! slid]s conta9+ ! pa9t$ objects are plac$1 & ?r\gh :i* !y c be mov$4 ,ea* slid] conta9s a s]ies ( figures or pictures pa9t$ on glass ) highly transp>5t col\rs4 ,! direct light ( ! lamp ,g1 & ! light reflect$ f ! mirror ,,mn1 fall+ ^u ! illum9at+ l5s ,c1 is conc5trat$ by x s z to ?r[ a brilliant light ^u ! pa9t+ on ! slid]1 & z ?is pa9t+ is 9 ! conjugate focus ( ! convex l5s ,d1 a magnifi$ image ( x w be =m$ on a :ite wall or :ite clo? plac$ at ,,pq4 ,if ! l5s ,d is br\ght ne>] to ,,ef1 or to ! picture1 ! di/9ct image w be m magnifi$1 & w be =m$ at a great] di/ance f ,d1 s t if !re is any p>ticul> di/ance ( ! image :i* is m conv5i5t ?an ano!r1 or any p>ticul> size ( ! object :i* we wi%1 x c be obta9$ by v>y+ ! di/ance ( ! l5s ,d f ,,ef4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,:5 ! image is receiv$ on an opaque gr\nd1 z is commonly ! case1 ! spectators are plac$ 9 ! same room ) ! lant]n2 b1 = ! purposes ( deception1 x w\ld be necess>y to place ! lant]n 9 ano!r ap>tm5t l ! mirror 9 ,fig4 #d1 & to ?r[ ! magnifi$ pictures on a l>ge plate ( gr\nd glass1 or a transp>5t gauze scre51 /ret*$ across an op5+ ,,ef1 ,fig4 #d1 made 9 ! p>tition :i* sep>ates ! spectators f ! exhibitor4 ,! images might1 l ^? ( ! concave mirror1 be receiv$ ^u wrea?s ( smoke4 ,^! images are ( c\rse always inv]t$ 9 ref]5ce to ! position ( ! pa9t$ objects2 b 9 ord] to r5d] !m really erect1 we h only to inv]t ! slid]s4 ,! repres5tations ( ! magic lant]n nev] fail to excite a high degree ( int]e/1 ev5 :5 exhibit$ ) ! ord9>y app>atus2 b by us+ d\ble slid]s1 & v>y+ _! movem5ts1 v /rik+ effects may be produc$4 ,a smi?1 = example1 is made to hamm] ^u 8 anvil1--a figure is ?r[n into ! attitude ( t]ror by ! introduction ( a spectral app>ition1 & a tempe/ at sea is imitat$1 by hav+ ! sea on "o slid]1 & ! %ips on o!r slid]s1 to :i* an undulatory motion is communicat$4 ,! magic lant]n is susceptible ( great improvem5t 9 ! pa9t+ ( ! figures1 & 9 ! me*anism & comb9ation ( ! slid]s4 ,a pa9t$ figure1 :i* appe>s well execut$ to ! unassi/$ eye1 becomes a m]e daub :5 magnifi$ #ej or #ajj times2 & :5 we consid] :at k9d ( arti/s are employ$ 9 _! execution1 we ne$ n wond] t ?is optical in/rum5t has deg5]at$ into a m]e toy = ! amusem5t ( ! "y4 ,unless = public exhibition1 ! exp5se ( exce$+ly m9ute & spirit$ draw+s c\ld n be af=d$2 b ,i h no d\bt t if su* draw+s 7 execut$1 a great "p ( ! exp5se might be sav$ by engrav+ !m on wood1 & transf]r+ _! outl9e to ! glass slid]s4 ,a s]ies ( curi\s repres5tations might be effect$1 by ins]t+ glass plates conta9+ suitable figures 9 a tr\gh hav+ two ( its sides p>allel1 & made ( plate glass4 ,! tr\gh mu/ be introduc$ at ,,ef1 s t ! figure on ! glass is at ! prop] di/ance f ! object l5s ,d4 ,:5 ! tr\gh is fill$ ) wat]1 or ) any transp>5t fluid1 ! picture at ,,pq w be se5 ) ! same di/9ctness z if ! figure _h be5 introduc$ by itself into ! groove ,,ef2 b if any transp>5t fluid ( a diff]5t d5sity f wat] is mix$ ) x1 s z to comb9e ) x quickly or sl[ly1 ! appe>ance ( ! figure display$ at ,,pq w und]go s+ul> *anges4 ,if spirits ( w9e1 or any ard5t _s1 are mix$ ) ! wat]1 s z to produce ?r\gh\t its mass p>tial v>iations ( d5sity1 ! figure at ,,pq1 w be z x 7 brok5 d[n into a ?\s& p>ts1 & w recov] its cont9uity & di/9ctness :5 ! two fluids h comb9$4 ,if a fluid ( less d5sity ?an wat] is laid g5tly ^u ! wat]1 s z to mix ) x gradually1 & produce a regul> dim9ution ( d5sity d[nw>ds--or if sal9e sub/ances1 soluble 9 wat]1 are laid at ! bottom ( ! tr\gh1 ! d5sity w dim9i% upw>ds1 & ! figure w und]go ! mo/ curi\s elongations & contractions4 ,analog\s effects may be produc$ by ! application ( heat to ! surface or sides ( ! tr\gh1 s t we may effect at ! same "t bo? an increase & a dim9ution 9 ! d5sity ( ! wat]1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! magnifi$ images w und]go ! mo/ rem>kable trans=mations4 ,x is n necess>y to place ! glass plate :i* conta9s ! figure )9 ! tr\gh4 ,x may be plac$ 9 front ( x1 & by ?us creat+ z x 7 an atmosph]e ) local v>iations ( d5sity1 we may exhibit ! ph5om5a ( ! mirage & ( loom+1 9 :i* ! inv]t$ images ( %ips & o!r objects are se5 9 ! air1 z describ$ 9 ano!r lett]4 ,! p[] ( ! magic lant]n has be5 greatly ext5d$ by plac+ x on "o side ( ! transp>5t scre5 ( taffeta :i* receives ! images1 :ile ! spectators are plac$ on ! o!r side1 & by mak+ e "p ( ! glass slid]s opaque1 except+ ! "p :i* =ms ! figures4 ,h5ce all ! figures appe> lum9\s on a black gr\nd1 & produce a mu* great] effect ) ! same degree ( illum9ation4 ,an exhibition dep5d+ on ^! pr9ciples 0 br\ght out by ,m4 ,philip/all 9 #ahjb1 "u ! "n ( ! ,phantasmagoria1 & :5 x 0 %[n 9 ,london & ,ed9burgh1 x produc$ ! mo/ impressive effects ^u ! spectators4 ,! small !atre ( exhibition 0 light$ only by "o hang+ lamp1 ! flame ( :i* 0 drawn up into an opaque *imney or %ade :5 ! p]=mance began4 ,9 ?is 8d>kness visible0 ! curta9 rose & display$ a cave ) skeletons & o!r t]rific figures 9 relief ^u its walls4 ,! flick]+ light 0 !n drawn up b5ea? its %r\d1 & ! spectators 9 total d>kness f\nd !mselves 9 ! middle ( ?und] & lightn+4 ,a ?9 transp>5t scre5 _h1 unkn[n to ! spectators1 be5 let d[n aft] ! disappe>ance ( ! light1 & ^u x ! fla%es ( lightn+ & all ! subsequ5t appe>ances 7 repres5t$4 ,?is scre5 be+ half-way betwe5 ! spectators & ! cave :i* 0 fir/ %[n1 & be+ itself invisible1 prev5t$ ! obs]v]s f hav+ any idea ( ! real di/ance ( ! figures1 & gave !m ! entire "* ( arial pictures4 ,! ?und] & lightn+ 7 foll[$ by ! figures ( gho/s1 skeletons1 & kn[n individuals1 ^: eyes & m\? 7 made to move by ! %ift+ ( comb9$ slid]s4 ,aft] ! fir/ figure _h be5 exhibit$ = a %ort "t1 x began to gr[ less & less1 z if remov$ to a great di/ance1 & at la/ vani%$ 9 a small cl\d ( light4 ,out ( ?is same cl\d ! g]m ( ano!r figure began to appe>1 & gradually grew l>g] & l>g]1 & approa*$ ! spectators1 till x atta9$ its p]fect developm5t4 ,9 ?is mann] ! head ( ,dr4 ,frankl9 0 trans=m$ into a skull2 figures :i* retir$ ) ! fre%ness ( life came back 9 ! =m ( skeletons1 & ! retir+ skeletons return$ 9 ! drap]y ( fle% & blood4 ,! exhibition ( ^! transmutations 0 foll[$ by spectres1 skeletons1 & t]rific figures1 :i*1 in/ead ( rec$+ & vani%+ z be=e1 sudd5ly advanc$ ^u ! spectators1 becom+ l>g] z !y approa*$ !m1 & f9ally vani%$ by appe>+ to s9k into ! gr\nd4 ,! effect ( ?is "p ( ! exhibition 0 naturally ! mo/ impressive4 ,! spectators 7 n only surpris$ b agitat$1 & _m ( !m 7 ( op9ion t !y c\ld h t\*$ ! figures4 ,m4 ,rob]tson1 at ,p>is1 introduc$ along ) 8 pictures ! direct %ad[s ( liv+ objects1 :i* imitat$ co>sely ! appe>ance ( ^? objects 9 a d>k night or 9 moonlight4 ,all ^! ph5om5a 7 produc$ by v>y+ ! di/ance ( ! magic lant]n ,,ab1 ,fig #e1 f ! scre5 ,,pq1 :i* rema9$ fix$1 & at ! same "t keep+ ! image ^u ! scre5 di/9ct1 by increas+ ! di/ance ( ! l5s ,d f ! slid]s 9 ,,ef4 ,:5 ! lant]n approa*$ to ,,pq1 ! circle ( light ,,pq1 or ! section ( ! cone ( rays ,,pdq1 gradually dim9i%$1 & resembl$ a small bright cl\d1 :5 ,d 0 close to ! scre54 ,at ?is "t a new figure 0 put 91 s t :5 ! lant]n rec$$ f ! scre51 ! old figure seem$ to h be5 trans=m$ into ! new "o4 ,al?\gh ! figure 0 always at ! same di/ance f ! spectators1 yet1 ow+ to its gradual dim9ution 9 size1 x necess>ily appe>$ to be retir+ to a di/ance4 ,:5 ! magic lant]n 0 )drawn f ,,pq1 & ! l5s ,d at ! same "t br\ght ne>] to ,,ef1 ! image 9 ,,pq gradually increas$ 9 size1 & !re=e seem$ 9 ! same proportion to be approa*+ ! spectators4 ,sup]ior z ?is exhibition 0 to any repres5tation t _h be5 previ\sly made by ! magic lant]n1 x /ill lab\r$ "u sev]al imp]fections4 ,! figures 7 poorly drawn1 & 9 o!r respects n well execut$1 & no attempt :atev] 0 made to remove ! optical incongruity ( ! figures becom+ m lum9\s :5 !y retir$ f ! obs]v]1 & m obscure :5 !y approa*$ to him4 ,! v>iation ( ! di/ance ( ! l5s ,d f ! slid]s 9 ,,ef 0 n exactly adapt$ to ! motion ( ! lant]n to & f ! scre51 s t ! outl9e ( ! figures 0 n equally di/9ct dur+ _! v>iations ( magnitude4 ,dr4 ,?omas ,"y sugge/$ ! arrangem5t %[n 9 ,fig4 #f = exhibit+ ! phantasmagoria4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,! magic lant]n is m\nt$ on a small c> ,h1 :i* runs on :eels ,,ww4 ,! direct light ( ! lamp ,g1 & t reflect$ f ! mirror ,m1 is cond5s$ by ! illum9at+ l5ses ,,cc1 ^u ! transp>5t figures 9 ! opaque slid]s at ,e1 & ! image ( ^! figures is =m$ at ,,pq1 by ! object l5s ,d4 ,:5 ! c> ,h is drawn back on its :eels1 ! rod ,,ik br+s d[n ! po9t ,k1 & by means ( ! rod ,,kl1 pu%es ! l5s ,d ne>] to ! slid]s 9 ,,ef1 & :5 ! c> advances to ,,pq1 ! po9t ,k is rais$1 & ! rod ,,kl draws out ! l5s ,d f ! slid]1 s t ! image is always 9 ! conjugate focus ( ,d1 & !re=e di/9ctly pa9t$ on ! scre54 ,! rod ,,kn mu/ be equal 9 l5g? to ,,ik1 & ! po9t ,i mu/ be twice ! focal l5g? ( ! l5s ,d be=e ! object1 ,l be+ imm$iately "u ! focus ( ! l5s4 ,9 ord] to dim9i% ! brightness ( ! image :5 x gr[s small & appe>s remote1 ,dr4 ,"y contriv$ t ! support ( ! l5s ,d %\ld suff] a scre5 ,s to fall & int]cept a "p ( ! light4 ,?is me?od1 h[ev]1 has _m disadvantages1 & we are satisfi$1 t ! only way ( produc+ a v>iation 9 ! light correspond+ to ! v>iation 9 ! size ( ! image1 is to use a s+le illum9at+ l5s ,c1 & to cause x to approa* ,,ef1 & ?r[ less light ^u ! figures :5 ,d is remov$ f ,,ef1 & to make ,c rec$e f ,,ef :5 ,d approa*es to x4 ,! l5s ,c %\ld !re=e be plac$ 9 a mean position1 correspond+ to a mean di/ance ( ! scre51 & to ! ord9>y size ( ! figures1 & %\ld h ! p[] ( be+ remov$ f ! slid] ,,ef1 :5 a great] int5sity ( light is requir$ = ! images :5 !y are r5d]$ gigantic1 & ( be+ br\ght close to ,,ef :5 ! images are made small4 ,! size ( ! l5s ,c ought ( c\rse to be su* t ! section ( its cone ( rays at ,,ef is equal to ! size ( ! figure on ! slid] :5 ,c is at its greate/ di/ance f ! slid]4 ,! me?od recomm5d$ by ,dr4 ,"y = pull+ out & pu%+ 9 ! object l5s ,d1 accord+ z ! lant]n approa*es to or rec$es f ! scre51 is v +5i\s & effective4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 clumsy 9 itself1 & ! connexion ( ! lev]s ) ! scre51 & _! int]position betwe5 x & ! lant]n1 mu/ int]f]e ) ! op]ations ( ! exhibitor4 ,x is1 besides1 suit$ only to %ort di/ances betwe5 ! scre5 & ! lant]n2 = :5 t di/ance is consid]able1 z x mu/ sometimes require to be1 ! lev]s ,,kl1 ,,ki1 ,,kt1 w\ld b5d by ! lea/ /ra91 & become unfitt$ = _! purpose4 ,= ^! reasons ! me*anism :i* adju/s ! l5s ,d %\ld be mov$ by ! axle ( ! front :eels1 ! tube :i* conta9s ! l5s %\ld be kept at its greate/ di/ance f ,,ef by a sl5d] spr+1 & %\ld be press$ to its prop] di/ance by ! action ( a spiral cam suit$ to ! optical relation betwe5 ! two conjugate focal di/ances ( ! l5s4 ,sup]ior z ! repres5tations ( ! phantasmagoria are to ^? ( ! magic lant]n1 !y are /ill liable to ! defect :i* we h m5tion$1 namely1 ! necess>y imp]fection ( ! m9ute transp>5t figures :5 magnifi$4 ,?is defect _c be rem$i$ by employ+ ! mo/ skilful arti/s4 ,ev5 ,mi*ael ,angelo w\ld h fail$ 9 execut+ a figure an in* long ) transp>5t v>ni%es1 :5 all its imp]fections 7 to be magnifi$4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to p]fect ! art ( repres5t+ phantasms1 ! objects mu/ be liv+ ones1 & 9 place ( *alky ill-drawn figures1 mimick+ humanity by ! mo/ absurd ge/iculations1 we %all h phantasms ( ! mo/ p]fect del9eation1 clo!d 9 real drap]y1 & display+ all ! movem5ts ( life4 ,! app>atus by :i* su* objects may be us$1 may be call$ ! catadioptrical phantasmagoria1 z x op]ates bo? by reflexion & refraction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,! comb9ation ( mirrors & l5ses :i* seems be/ adapt$ = ?is purpose is %[n 9 ,fig4 #g1 :]e ,,ab is a liv+ figure plac$ be=e a l>ge concave mirror ,,mn1 by means ( :i* a dim9i%$ & inv]t$ image ( x is =m$ at ab4 ,if ,,pq is ! transp>5t scre5 ^u :i* ! image is to be %[n to ! spectators on ! "r h& ( x1 a l>ge l5s ,,ll mu/ be s plac$ be=e ! image ab1 z to =m a di/9ct & erect picture ( x at ,a,b ^u ! scre54 ,:5 ! image ,a,b is requir$ to be ! exact size ( ,,ab1 ! l5s ,,ll mu/ magnify ! small image ab z mu* z ! mirror ,,mn dim9i%es ! figure ,,ab4 ,! liv+ object ,,ab1 ! mirror ,,mn1 & ! l5s ,,ll1 mu/ all be plac$ 9 a moveable c> = ! purpose ( produc+ ! v>iations 9 ! size ( ! phantasms1 & ! trans=mations ( "o figure into ano!r4 ,! contrivance = adju/+ ! l5s ,,ll1 to give a di/9ct picture at diff]5t di/ances ( ! scre51 w1 ( c\rse1 be requir$ 9 ! pres5t app>atus4 ,9 ord] to give full effect to ! phantasms1 ! liv+ objects at ,,ab w require to be illum9at$ 9 ! /ronge/ mann]1 & %\ld always be dress$ ei!r 9 :ite or 9 v lum9\s col\rs2 &1 9 ord] to give !m relief1 a black clo? %\ld be /ret*$ at "s di/ance beh9d !m4 ,_m int]e/+ effects might also be produc$ by introduc+ at ,,ab f9e pa9t+s & bu/s4 ,x w\ld lead u into too wide a field 7 we to detail ! imm5se v>iety ( res\rces :i* ! sci5ce ( optics furni%es = su* exhibitions4 ,"o ( ^!1 h[ev]1 is too useful to be pass$ )\t notice4 ,if we int]pose a prism ) a small refract+ angle betwe5 ! image ab1 ,fig4 #g1 & ! l5s ,,ll1 ! "p ( ! figure imm$iately opposite to ! prism w be z x 7 deta*$ f ! figure1 & w be exhibit$ sep>ately on ! scre5 ,,pq4 ,let u suppose t ?is "p is ! head ( ! figure4 ,x may be deta*$ v]tically1 or lift$ f ! body z if x 7 cut (f1 or x may be deta*$ d[nw>ds & plac$ on ! brea/ z if ! figure 7 de=m$4 ,9 deta*+ ! head v]tically or lat]ally1 an opaque scre5 mu/ be appli$ to prev5t any "p ( ! head f be+ se5 by rays :i* d n pass ?r\gh ! prism2 b ?is & o!r practical details w soon occur to ^? :o put ! me?od to an exp]im5tal trial4 ,! application ( ! prism is %[n 9 ,fig4 #h1 :]e ab is ! inv]t$ image =m$ by a concave mirror1 ,,abc a prism ) a small refract+ angle ,,bca1 plac$ betwe5 ab & ! l5s ,,ll1 s a small opaque scre51 & ,,ab ! figure ) its head deta*$4 ,a h& may be made to grasp ! hair ( ! head1 & ! aspect ( dea? may be giv5 to x1 z if x _h be5 newly cut (f4 ,su* a repres5tation c\ld be easily made1 & ! effect ^u ! spectators w\ld be q ov]p[]+4 ,! lifeless head might !n be made to recov] its vitality1 & be safely replac$ ^u ! figure4 ,if ! head ,a ( ! liv+ object ,,ab1 ,fig4 #g1 is cov]$ ) black clo?1 ! head ( a p]son or ( an animal plac$ above ,a might be set ^u ! %\ld]s ( ! figure ,,ab by ! refraction ( a prism4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,:5 ! figure ab1 ,fig4 #h1 is ( v small dim5sions1 z 9 ! magic lant]n1 a small prism ( glass w\ld answ] ! purpose requir$ ( x2 b 9 public exhibitions1 :]e ! image ab mu/ be ( a consid]able size1 if =m$ by a concave mirror1 a v l>ge prism w\ld be necess>y4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 ?\gh impracticable ) solid glass1 may be easily obta9$ by means ( two l>ge pieces ( plate glass made into a prismatic vessel & fill$ ) wat]4 ,two ( ! glasses ( a c>riage w9d[ w\ld make a prism capable ( d\bl+ ! :ole ( ! bu/ ( a liv+ p]son plac$ z an object at ,,ab1 ,fig4 #g1 s t two p]fectly simil> phantasms might be exhibit$4 ,9 ^? cases :]e ! images be=e ! l5s ,,ll are small1 !y may be d\bl$ & ev5 tripl$ by int]pos+ a well-prep>$ plate ( calc>e\s sp>1 t is1 cross$ by a ?9 film4 ,^! images w\ld possess ! s+ul> "* ( be+ oppositely col\r$1 & ( *ang+ _! di/ances & _! col\rs1 by slight v>iations 9 ! positions ( ! plate4#h #h ,see ,ed94 ,encyclopdia1 ,art4 ,,optics1 ,vol4 xv41 p4 #faa4 ,9 ord] to r5d] ! images :i* are =m$ by ! glass & wat] prisms z p]fect z possible1 x w\ld be easy to make !m a*romatic1 & ! figures might be multipli$ to any ext5t by us+ sev]al prisms1 hav+ _! refract+ edges p>allel1 = ! purpose ( giv+ a simil>ity ( position to all ! images4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,among ! in/rum5ts ( natural magic :i* 7 9 use at ! revival ( sci5ce1 !re 0 "o inv5t$ by ,kir*] = exhibit+ ! my/]i\s h&-writ+ on ! wall ( an ap>tm5t1 f :i* ! magician & 8 app>atus 7 exclud$4 ,! annex$ figure repres5ts ?is app>atus z giv5 by ,s*ottus4 ,! ap>tm5t 9 :i* ! spectators are plac$ is betwe5 ,,ll & ,,gh1 & !re is an op5 w9d[ 9 ! side next ,,ll1 ,,gh be+ ! inside ( ! wall opposite to ! w9d[4 ,^u ! face ( ! plane speculum ,,ef are writt5 ! words to be introduc$1 & :5 a l5s ,,ll is plac$ at su* a di/ance f ! speculum1 & ( su* a focal l5g?1 t ! lett]s & ! place ( _! repres5tation are 9 its conjugate foci1 a di/9ct image ( ! writ+ w be exhibit$ on ! wall at ,,gh4 ,! lett]s on ! speculum are ( c\rse inv]t$1 z se5 at ,,ef1 & :5 !y are illum9at$ by ! sun's rays ,s1 z %[n 9 ! figure1 a di/9ct image1 z ,s*ottus assures u1 may be =m$ at ! di/ance ( #ejj feet4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t1 ! speculum is by no means necess>y4 ,if ! lett]s are cut out ( an opaque c>d1 & illum9at$ by ! light ( ! sky 9 ! day1 or by a lamp dur+ night1 _! del9eation on ! wall w\ld be equally di/9ct4 ,9 ! daytime x w\ld be necess>y to place ! lett]s at "o end ( a tube or oblong box1 & ! l5s at ! o!r end4 ,z ?is deception is p]=m$ :5 ! spectators are unprep>$ = any su* exhibition1 ! w>n+ writt5 9 lum9\s lett]s on ! wall1 or any ^w associat$ ) ! fate ( ! individual obs]v]1 c\ld n fail to produce a s+ul> effect ^u 8 m9d4 ,! words might be magnifi$1 dim9i%$1 multipli$1 col\r$1 & oblit]at$1 9 a cl\d ( light1 f :i* !y might aga9 reappe> by ! me?ods already describ$1 z applicable to ! magic lant]n4 ,! art ( =m+ arial repres5tations 0 a great desid]atum among ! opticians ( ! #ag? c5tury4 ,vitellio & o!rs _h made _m unsuccessful attempts to produce su* images1 & ! speculations ( ,"l ,bacon on ! subject are too curi\s to be )held f ! read]4 8,x w\ld be well bolt$ out10 says he1 8:e!r great refractions may n be made ^u reflexions1 z well z ^u direct beams4 ,= example1 take an empty bas91 put an angel or :at y w into x2 !n g s f> f ! bas9 till y _c see ! angel1 because x is n 9 a "r l9e2 !n fill ! bas9 ) wat]1 & y %all see x out ( its place1 because ( ! refraction4 ,to proce$1 !re=e1 put a look+-glass into a bas9 ( wat]4 ,i suppose y %all n see ! image 9 a "r l9e or at equal angles1 b wide4 ,i "k n :e!r ?is exp]im5t may n be ext5d$1 s z y might see ! image & n ! glass1 :i*1 = beauty & /rang5ess1 7 a f9e pro(1 = !n y %\ld see ! image l a _s 9 ! air4 ,z1 = example1 if !re be a ci/]n or pool ( wat]1 y %all place ov] aga9/ x ! picture ( ! devil1 or :at y w1 s z t y d n see ! wat]4 ,!n put a look+-glass 9 ! wat]2 n[ if y c see ! devil's picture aside1 n see+ ! wat]1 x w\ld look l ! devil inde$4 ,!y h an old tale 9 ,ox=d1 t ,fri> ,bacon walk$ betwe5 two /eeples1 :i* 0 ?\ght to be done by glasses1 :5 he walk$ ^u ! gr\nd40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,kir*] also devot$ himself to ! production ( su* images1 & he has giv5 9 ! annex$ figure 8 me?od ( produc+ !m4 ,at ! bottom ( a poli%$ cyl9drical vessel ,,ab1 he plac$ a figure ,,cd1 :i* we presume mu/ h be5 highly illum9at$ f bel[1 & to ! spectators :o look$ into ! vessel 9 an oblique direction !re 0 exhibit$ an image plac$ v]tically 9 ! air z if x 7 asc5d+ at ! m\? ( ! vessel4 ,kir*] assures u t he once exhibit$ 9 ?is mann] a repres5tation ( ! ,asc5sion ( our ,savi\r1 & t ! images 7 s p]fect t ! spectators c\ld n be p]suad$1 till !y _h attempt$ to h&le !m1 t !y 7 n real sub/ances4 ,al?\gh ,kir*] does n m5tion x1 yet x is manife/ t ! orig9al figure ,,ab mu/ h be5 a de=m$ or anamorph\s draw+1 9 ord] to give a reflect$ image ( j proportions4 ,we d\bt1 inde$1 if ! repres5tation or ! figure 0 ev] exhibit$4 ,x is entirely incompatible ) ! laws ( reflexion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,among ! +5i\s & beautiful deceptions ( ! #ag? c5tury1 we mu/ enum]ate t ( ! re-=mation ( di/ort$ pictures by reflexion f cyl9drical & conical mirrors4 ,9 ^! repres5tations1 ! orig9al image f :i* a p]fect picture is produc$ is (t5 s completely di/ort$1 t ! eye _c trace 9 x ! resemblance to any regul> figure1 & ! greate/ degree ( wond] is ( c\rse excit$1 :e!r ! orig9al image is conceal$ or expos$ to view4 ,^! di/ort$ pictures may be drawn by /rict geometrical rules2 b ,i h %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa a simple & practical me?od ( execut+ !m4 ,let ,,mn be an accurate cyl9d] made ( t9-plate or ( ?ick pa/ebo>d4 ,out ( ! f>!r side ( x cut a small ap]ture abcd2 & out ( ! ne>] side cut a l>g] "o ,,abcd1 ! size ( ! picture to be di/ort$4 ,hav+ p]=at$ ! outl9e ( ! picture ) small holes1 place x on ! op5+ ,,abcd1 s t its surface may be cyl9drical4 ,let a c&le or a bright lum9\s object1 ! small] ! bett]1 be plac$ at ,s1 z f> beh9d ! picture ,,abcd z ! eye is aft]w>ds to be plac$ be=e x1 & ! light pass+ ?r\gh ! small holes w repres5t on a horizontal plane a di/ort$ image ( ! picture ,a,b,c,d1 :i*1 :5 sket*$ 9 outl9e ) a p5cil1 & %ad$ or col\r$1 w be ready = use4 ,if we n[ sub/itute a poli%$ cyl9drical mirror ( ! same size 9 place ( ,,mn1 !n ! di/ort$ picture1 :5 laid horizontally at ,a,b,c,d1 w be re/or$ to its orig9al /ate :5 se5 by reflexion at ,,abcd 9 ! poli%$ mirror4 ,x w\ld be an improvem5t on ?is me?od to place at ,,abcd a ?9 & flexible plate ( transp>5t mica1 hav+ drawn ^u x ) a %>p po9t1 or pa9t$ ^u x1 ! figure requir$4 ,! project$ image ( ?is figure at ,a,b,c,d may !n be accurately copi$4 ,! effect ( a cyl9drical mirror is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab1 :i* is copi$ f an old "o :i* we h se5 9 use4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,! me?od above describ$ is equally applicable to concave cyl9drical mirrors1 & to ^? ( a conical =m2 & x may also be appli$ to mirrors ( v>iable curvature1 :i* produce diff]5t k9ds ( di/ortions f diff]5t p>ts ( _! surfaces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,by employ+ a mirror ^: surface has a v>iable curvature l ,,abc1 ,fig4 #ac1 we obta9 an in/rum5t = produc+ an endless v>iety ( c>icatures1 all ( :i* are *>act]is$ by _! resemblance to ! orig9al4 ,if a figure ,,mn is plac$ be=e su* a mirror1 x w ( c\rse appe> di/ort$ & c>icatur$2 b ev5 if ! figure takes diff]5t di/ances & positions1 ! v>iations :i* ! image und]goes are nei!r suffici5tly num]\s nor rem>kable to af=d mu* amusem5t4 ,b if ! figure ,,mn is v ne> ! mirror1 s t new di/ortions are produc$ by ! diff]5t di/ances ( its diff]5t p>ts f ! mirror1 ! mo/ s+ul> c>icatures may be exhibit$4 ,if ! figure1 = example1 b5ds =w>ds 8 head & ! upp] "p ( 8 body1 !y w swell 9 size1 leav+ 8 l[] extremities %ort & sl5d]4 ,if x draws back ! upp] "p ( ! body & advances ! limbs1 ! opposite effect w take place4 ,9 l mann] diff]5t sides ( ! head1 ! "r or ! left side ( x1 ! br[ or ! *91 may be swell$ & contract$ at pleasure4 ,by /ret*+ out ! arms be=e ! body !y become l ^? ( an ourang-outang1 & by draw+ !m back !y dw9dle into half _! regul> size4 ,all ^! effects1 :i* dep5d *iefly on ! agility & skill ( ! p]=m]1 may be greatly increas$ by suitable di/ortions 9 8 own features & figure4 ,! family lik5ess1 :i* is ( c\rse nev] lo/ 9 all ! v>iety ( figures :i* are ?us produc$1 adds greatly to ! int]e/ ( ! exhibition2 & we h se5 individuals s annoy$ at recognis+ _! own lik5ess 9 ! hide\s =ms ( humanity :i* 7 ?us del9eat$1 t !y c\ld n be br\ght to contemplate !m a second "t4 ,if ! figure is inanimate1 l ! small ca/ ( a /atue1 ! effect is v curi\s1 z ! swell+ & contract+ ( ! p>ts & ! sudd5 *ange ( expression give a sort ( appe>ance ( vitality to ! image4 ,! inflexibility ( su* a figure1 h[ev]1 is unfav\rable to its trans=mation into c>icatures4 ,int]e/+ z ^! metamorphoses are1 !y lose 9 ! simplicity ( ! exp]im5t mu* ( ! wond] :i* !y c\ld n fail to excite if exhibit$ on a great scale1 :]e ! p]=m] is invisible1 & :]e x is practicable to give an arial repres5tation ( ! c>icatur$ figures4 ,?is may be done by means ( ! app>atus %[n 9 ,fig4 #g1i :]e we may suppose ,,ab to be ! r$uc$ image se5 9 ! reflect+ surface ,,abc1 ,fig4 #ac4aj ,by br++ ?is image ne>] ! mirror ,,mm1 ,fig4 #g1 a magnifi$ & inv]t$ image ( x may be =m$ at ab1 ( su* a magnitude z to give ! la/ image 9 ,,pq ! same size z life4 ,ow+ to ! loss ( light by ! two reflexions1 a v p[]ful illum9ation w\ld be requisite = ! orig9al figure4 ,if su* an exhibition 7 well got up1 ! effect ( x w\ld be v /rik+4 #i ,page #hf4 #aj ,page #if4 ,,lett] ,v4 ,miscellane\s optical illusions--,conv]sion ( cameos into intaglios1 or elevations into depressions1 & ! rev]se--,explanation ( ?is class ( deceptions--,s+ul> effects ( illum9ation ) light ( "o simple col\r--,lamps = produc+ homog5e\s yell[ light--,me?ods ( increas+ ! effect ( ?is exhibition--,me?od ( read+ ! inscription ( co9s 9 ! d>k--,art ( deciph]+ ! effac$ inscription ( co9s--,explanation ( ^! s+ul> effects--,app>5t motion ( ! eyes 9 portraits--,rem>kable examples ( ?is--,app>5t motion ( ! features ( a portrait1 :5 ! eyes are made to move--,rem>kable exp]im5t ( brea?+ light & d>kness4 ,9 ! prec$+ lett] ,i h giv5 an acc\nt ( ! mo/ important in/rum5ts ( ,natural ,magic :i* dep5d on optical pr9ciples3 b !re /ill rema9 sev]al miscellane\s ph5om5a on :i* ! /amp ( ! m>vell\s is deeply impress$1 & ! /udy ( :i* is pregnant ) in/ruction & amusem5t4 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s ( ^! is t false p]ception 9 vision by :i* we conceive depressions to be elevations1 & elevations depressions1 or by :i* intaglios are conv]t$ into cameos1 & cameos into intaglios4 ,?is curi\s fact seems to h be5 fir/ obs]v$ at "o ( ! e>ly meet+s ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 :5 "o ( ! memb]s1 9 look+ at a gu9ea ?r\gh a comp\nd microscope ( new con/ruction1 0 surpris$ to see ! head ^u ! co9 depress$1 :ile o!r memb]s c\ld only see x emboss$ z x really 04 ,:ile us+ telescopes & comp\nd microscopes1 ,dr4 ,gmel9 ( ,wurtemburg obs]v$ ! same fact4 ,! protub]ant p>ts ( objects appe>$ to him depress$1 & ! depress$ p>ts protub]ant3 b :at p]plex$ him extremely1 ?is illusion took place at "s times & n at o!rs1 9 "s exp]im5ts & n 9 o!rs1 & appe>$ to "s eyes & n to o!rs4 ,aft] mak+ a great numb] ( exp]im5ts1 ,dr4 ,gmel9 is said to h con/antly obs]v$ ! foll[+ effects3 ,:5ev] he view$ any object ris+ ^u a plane ( any col\r :atev]1 provid$ x 0 nei!r :ite nor %9+1 & provid$ ! eye & ! optical tube 7 directly opposite to x1 ! elevat$ p>ts appe>$ depress$1 & ! depress$ p>ts elevat$4 ,?is happ5$ :5 he 0 view+ a seal1 & z (t5 z he held ! tube ( ! telescope p]p5dicul>ly1 & appli$ x 9 su* a mann] t its :ole surface almo/ cov]$ ! la/ glass ( ! tube4 ,! same effect 0 produc$ :5 a comp\nd microscope 0 us$4 ,:5 ! object hung p]p5dicul>ly1 f a plane1 & ! tube 0 support$ horizontally & directly opposite to x1 ! illusion also took place1 & ! appe>ance 0 n alt]$ :5 ! object hung obliquely & ev5 horizontally4 ,dr4 ,gmel9 is said to h at la/ discov]$ a me?od ( prev5t+ ?is illusion1 :i* 0 by look+1 n t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! convexity1 b at fir/ to ! edges ( x only1 & !n gradually tak+ 9 ! :ole4 8,b :y ^! ?+s %\ld s happ51 he did n pret5d to det]m9e40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,! be/ me?od ( obs]v+ ?is deception is to view ! engrav$ seal ( a wat* ) ! eyepiece ( an a*romatic telescope1 or ) a comp\nd microscope1 or any comb9ation ( l5ses :i* inv]ts ! objects t are view$ ?r\gh x4#aa ,! depression 9 ! seal w imm$iately appe> an elevation1 l ! wax impression :i* is tak5 f x2 & ?\gh we "k x to be holl[1 & feel its concavity ) ! po9t ( our f+]1 ! illusion is s /rong t x cont9ues to appe> a protub]ance4 ,! cause ( ?is w be und]/ood f ,fig4 #ad1 :]e ,s is ! w9d[ ( ! ap>tm5t1 or ! light :i* illum9ates ! holl[ seal ,,lr1 ^: %ad$ side is ( c\rse on ! same side ,l ) ! light4 ,if we n[ inv]t ! seal1 ) "o or m l5ses1 s t x may look 9 ! opposite direction1 x w appe> to ! eye z 9 ,fig4 #ae1 ) ! %ad$ side ,l f>!/ f ! w9d[4 ,b z we "k t ! w9d[ is /ill on our left h&1 & t ! light falls 9 ! direction ,,rl1 & z ev]ybody ) its %ad$ side f>!/ f ! light mu/ necess>ily be convex or protub]ant1 we imm$iately believe t ! holl[ seal is n[ a cameo or bas-relief4 ,! pro( :i* ! eye ?us receives ( ! seal be+ rais$1 ov]comes ! evid5ce ( its be+ holl[1 d]iv$ f our actual k1 & f ! s5se ( t\*4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t ! deception takes place f our kn[+ ! real direction ( ! light :i* falls ^u ! seal2 = if ! place ( ! w9d[1 ) respect to ! seal1 _h be5 inv]t$ z well z ! seal itself1 ! illusion c\ld n h tak5 place4 #aa ,a s+le convex l5s w answ] ! purpose1 provid$ we hold ! eye six or eight in*es beh9d ! image ( ! seal =m$ 9 its conjugate focus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,9 ord] to expla9 ?is bett]1 let u suppose ! seal ,,lr1 ,fig4 #ad1 to be illum9at$ ) a c&le ,s1 ! place ( :i* we c *ange at pleasure4 ,if we inv]t ,,lr1 x w rise into a cameo1 z 9 ,fig4 #ae2 & if we !n place ano!r c&le ,s on ! o!r side ( x1 z 9 ,fig4 #af1 ! holl[ seal w be equally illum9at$ on all sides1 & x w s9k d[n into a cavity or intaglio4 ,if ! two c&les d n illum9ate ! seal equally1 or if any accid5tal circum/ance produces a belief t ! light is :olly or pr9cipally on "o side1 ! m9d w ent]ta9 a correspond+ op9ion respect+ ! /ate ( ! seal1 reg>d+ x z a holl[ if x believes ! light to come :olly or pr9cipally f ! "r h&1 & z a cameo if x believes ! light to come f ! left h&4 ,if we use a small telescope to inv]t ! seal1 & if we cov] up all ! c&le b ! flame1 & arrange ! exp]im5t s t ! c&le may be inv]t$ along ) ! image1 ! seal w /ill reta9 its concavity1 because ! %ad[ is /ill on ! same side ) ! illum9at+ body4 ,if we make ! same exp]im5ts ) ! rais$ impression ( ! seal tak5 ^u wax1 we %all obs]ve ! v same ph5om5a1 ! seal be+ depress$ :5 x alone is inv]t$1 & reta9+ its convexity :5 ! light is inv]t$ along ) x4 ,! illusion1 !re=e1 "u our consid]ation is ! result ( an op]ation ( our own m9ds1 :]eby we judge ( ! =ms ( bodies by ! k we h acquir$ ( light & %ad[4 ,h5ce ! illusion dep5ds on ! accuracy & ext5t ( our k on ?is subject2 & :ile "s p]sons are "u its influ5ce1 o!rs are entirely ins5sible to x4 ,:5 ! seal or holl[ cavity is n poli%$1 b gr\nd1 & ! surface r\nd x ( uni=m col\r & smoo?ness1 almo/ e p]son1 :e!r "y or old1 le>n$ or ignorant1 w be subject to ! illusion2 because ! y\nge/ & ! mo/ c>eless obs]v]s _c b "k t ! %ad[ ( a holl[ is always on ! side next ! light1 & ! %ad[ ( a protub]ance on ! side opposite to ! light2 b if ! object is ! rais$ impression ( a seal ^u wax1 ,i h f\nd t1 :5 inv]t$1 x /ill seem$ rais$ to ! ?ree y\nge/ ( six p]sons1 :ile ! ?ree elde/ 7 subject to ! deception4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,?is illusion may be dissipat$ by a process ( reason+ aris+ f ! introduction ( a new circum/ance 9 ! exp]im5t4 ,?us1 let ,,rl1 ,fig4 #ag1 be ! inv]t$ seal1 :i* consequ5tly appe>s rais$1 & let an opaque & unpoli%$ p91 ,a1 be plac$ on "o side ( ! seal4 ,its %ad[ w be ( c\rse opposite ! c&le z at ,b4 ,9 ?is case ! seal1 :i* _h become a cameo by its inv]sion1 w n[ s9k d[n into a cavity by ! introduction ( ! p9 & its %ad[2 = z ! p9 & its %ad[ are inv]t$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah1 :ile ! c&le reta9s its place1 ! %ad[ ( ! p9 fall+ 9 ! direction ,,ab is a /rong] pro( to ! eye t ! light is com+ f ! "r h&1 ?an ! actual k ( ! c&le be+ on ! left h&1 & !re=e ! cameo necess>ily s9ks into a cavity1 or ! %ad[ is n[ on ! same side z ! light4 ,?is exp]im5t w expla9 to u :y on "s occasions an acute obs]v] w elude ! deception1 :ile e o!r p]son is subject to x4 ,let u suppose t a p>ticle ( du/1 or a little bit ( wax1 capable ( giv+ a %ad[1 is adh]+ to ! surface ( ! seal1 an ord9>y obs]v] w take no notice ( ?is1 or if he does1 he w probably n make x a subject ( consid]ation1 & w !re=e see ! head on ! seal rais$ into a cameo2 b ! att5tive obs]v]1 notic+ ! little protub]ance1 & obs]v+ t its %ad[ lies to ! left ( x1 w in/antly inf] t ! light comes 9 t direction1 & w /ill see ! seal holl[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,i h already m5tion$ t 9 "s cases ev5 ! s5se ( t\* does n correct ! errone\s p]ception4 ,we ( c\rse feel t ! "p ( ! holl[ on :i* ! f+] is plac$ is actually holl[2 b if we look at ! o!r "p ( ! holl[ x w /ill appe> rais$4 ,by us+ two c&les yield+ diff]5t degrees ( light1 & ?us giv+ an unc]ta9ty to ! direction ( ! light1 we may weak5 ! illusion 9 any degree we *oose1 s z to ov]p[] x by t\*1 or by a process ( reason+4 ,i h _h occasion to obs]ve a s]ies ( analog\s ph5om5a aris+ f ! same cause1 b produc$ )\t any in/rum5t = inv]t+ ! object4 ,if ,,ab1 = example1 is a plate ( "m-(-pe>l1 & ,,lr a circul> or any o!r cavity 7,fig4 #ai7 gr\nd or turn$ 9 x1 !n if ?is cavity is illum9at$ by a c&le or a w9d[ at ,s1 9 place ( !re be+ a %ad[ ( ! m>g9 ,l ( ! holl[ next ! light1 z !re w\ld h be5 _h ! body be5 opaque1 a quantity ( bright refract$ light w appe> :]e !re w\ld h be5 a %ad[1 & ! re/ ( ! cavity w be comp>atively obscure1 z if x 7 9 %ade4 ,! necess>y consequ5ce ( ?is is1 t ! cavity w appe> z an elevation :5 se5 only by ! nak$ eye1 z x is only an elevat$ surface t c\ld h its mo/ lum9\s side at ,l4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,simil> illusions take place 9 c]ta9 pieces ( poli%$ wood1 *alc$ony1 & "m-(-pe>l1 :]e ! surface is p]fectly smoo?4 ,?is arises f !re be+ at t place a knot or gr[?1 or nodule1 ( diff]5t transp>5cy f ! surr\nd+ mass1 & ! cause ( x w be und]/ood f ,fig4 #bj4 ,let m o be ! surface ( a mahogany table1 m ,a o ,b a section ( ! table1 & m n o a section ( a knot m transp>5t ?an ! re/ ( ! mass4 ,ow+ to ! transp>5cy ( ! ?9 edge at o1 opposite to ! c&le ,s1 ! side o is illum9at$1 :ile ! re/ ( ! knot is comp>atively d>k1 s t1 on ! pr9ciples already expla9$1 ! spot m n o appe>s to be a holl[ 9 ! table4 ,f ?is cause arises ! appe>ance ( dimples 9 c]ta9 plates ( *alc$ony1 call$ hamm]$ *alc$ony1 ow+ to its hav+ ! look ( be+ dimpl$ ) a hamm]4 ,! surface on :i* ^! cavities are se5 is a section ( small sph]ical aggregations ( silice\s matt]1 :i* exhibit ! same ph5om5a z ! cavities 9 wood4 ,"m-(-pe>l pres5ts ! v same ph5om5a1 & x is inde$ s common 9 ?is sub/ance1 t x is ne>ly impossible to f9d a "m-(-pe>l button or c\nt] :i* seems to h its surface flat1 al?\gh !y are p]fectly s :5 exam9$ by ! t\*4 ,ow+ to ! diff]5t refraction ( ! incid5t light by ! diff]5t gr[?s ( ! %ell cut 9 diff]5t directions by ! artificial surface1 l ! annual gr[? ( wood 9 a dress$ plank1 ! surface has necess>ily an unequal & undulat+ appe>ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,among ! wond]s ( sci5ce !re are p]haps none m surpris+ ?an ! effects produc$ ^u col\r$ objects by illum9at+ !m ) homog5e\s light1 or light ( "o col\r4 ,! light :i* emanates f ! sun1 & by :i* all ! objects ( ! mat]ial _w are exhibit$ to u1 is compos$ ( ?ree diff]5t col\rs1 r$1 yell[1 & blue1 by ! mixture ( :i* 9 diff]5t proportions all ! v>i\s hues ( nature may be produc$4 ,^! ?ree col\rs1 :5 mix$ 9 ! proportion 9 :i* !y occur 9 ! sun's rays1 compose a purely :ite light2 b if any body on :i* ?is :ite light falls %all absorb1 or /op1 or deta9 )9 its sub/ance any "p ( any "o or m ( ^! simple col\rs1 x w appe> to ! eye ( t col\r :i* arises f ! mixture ( all ! rays :i* x does n absorb1 or ( t col\r :i* :ite light w\ld h if depriv$ ( ! col\rs :i* are absorb$4 ,sc>let clo?1 = example1 absorbs mo/ ( ! blue rays & _m ( ! yell[1 & h5ce appe>s r$4 ,yell[ clo? absorbs mo/ ( ! blue & _m ( ! r$ rays1 & !re=e appe>s yell[2 & blue clo? absorbs mo/ ( ! yell[ & r$ rays4 ,if we 7 to illum9ate ! sc>let clo? ) pure & unmix$ yell[ light1 x w\ld appe> yell[1 because ! sc>let clo? does n absorb all ! yell[ rays1 b reflects "s ( !m2 & if we illum9ate blue clo? ) yell[ light1 x w appe> ne>ly black1 because x absorbs all ! yell[ light1 & reflects almo/ none ( x4 ,b :atev] be ! nature & col\r ( ! bodies on :i* ! yell[ light falls1 ! light :i* x reflects mu/ be yell[1 = no o!r light falls ^u !m1 & ^? :i* are n capable ( reflect+ yell[ light mu/ appe> absolutely black1 h[ev] brilliant be _! col\r 9 ! light ( day4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,z ! me?ods n[ discov]$ ( produc+ yell[ light 9 abundance 7 n kn[n to ! anci5t conjurors1 nor ev5 to ^? ( lat] times1 !y h nev] avail$ !mselves ( ?is valuable res\rce4 ,x has be5 long kn[n t salt ?r[n into ! wick ( a flame produces yell[ light1 b ?is light is mix$ ) blue & gre5 rays1 & is1 besides1 s small 9 quantity1 t x illum9ates objects only t are 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! flame4 ,a me?od :i* ,i h f\nd capable ( produc+ x 9 abundance is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba1 :]e ,,ab is a lamp1 conta9+ at ,a a l>ge quantity ( alcohol & wat]1 or ard5t spirits1 :i* gradually desc5ds into a plat9a or metallic cup ,d4 ,?is cup is /rongly heat$ by a _s-lamp ,l1 inclos$ 9 a d>k lant]n1 & :5 ! dilut$ alcohol 9 ,d is inflam$1 x w burn ) a fi]ce & p[]ful yell[ flame4 ,if ! flame %\ld n be p]fectly yell[1 ow+ to an excess ( alcohol1 a proportion ( salt ?r[n into ! cup w answ] ! same purpose z a fur!r dilution ( ! alcohol4#ab #ab ,see ,ed9burgh ,transactions1 vol4 ix41 p4 #dce4 ,a mono*romatic lamp = produc+ yell[ light may be con/ruct$ mo/ effectually1 by employ+ a portable gas lamp1 conta9+ compress$ oil gas4 ,if we all[ ! gas to escape 9 a copi\s /ream1 & set x on fire1 x w =m an explosive mixture ) ! atmosph]ic air1 & w no long] burn ) a :ite flame1 b w emit a blui% & r$di% light4 ,! =ce ( ! issu+ gas1 or any accid5tal curr5t ( air1 is capable ( bl[+ out ?is flame1 s t x is necess>y to h a contrivance = su/a9+ x4 ,! me?od :i* ,i us$ = ?is purpose is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,a small gas tube a b c1 aris+ f ! ma9 burn] ,,mn ( ! gas lamp ,,pq1 t]m9ates above ! burn]1 & has a %ort tube d e1 moveable up & d[n )9 x1 s z to be gas-tight4 ,?is tube d e1 clos$ at e1 communicates ) ! holl[ r+ f g1 9 ! inside ( :i* f\r ap]tures are p]=at$ 9 su* a mann] z to ?r[ _! jets ( gas to ! apex ( a cone1 ( :i* f g is ! base4 ,:5 we cause ! gas to fl[ f ! burn] ,m1 by op5+ ! ma9 cock ,a1 x w ru% into ! tube a b c d1 & issue 9 small flames at ! f\r holes 9 ! r+ f g4 ,! size ( ^! flames is regulat$ by ! cock b4 ,! inflammation1 !re=e1 ( ! ignit$ gas w be su/a9$ by ^! f\r subsidi>y flames ?r\gh :i* x passes1 indep5d5t ( any agitation ( ! air1 or ( ! =ce ) :i* x issues f ! burn]4 ,on a project+ arm e h1 c>ry+ a r+ h1 ,i fix$ a broad coll>1 made ( co>se cotton wick1 :i* _h be5 previ\sly soak$ 9 a saturat$ solution ( common salt4 ,:5 ! gas 0 all[$ to escape at ,m1 ) su* =ce z to produce a long & broad column ( an explosive mixture ( gas & atmosph]ic air1 ! blui% flame occasion$ by ! explosion passes ?r\gh ! salt$ coll>1 & is conv]t$ by x into a mass ( homog5e\s yell[ light4 ,?is coll> w la/ a long "t )\t any fre% supply ( salt1 s t ! gas lamp w yield a p]man5t mono*romatic yell[ flame1 :i* w la/ z long z !re is gas 9 ! res]voir4 ,9 place ( a coll> ( cotton wick1 a holl[ cyl9d] ( sponge1 ) num]\s project+ tufts1 may be us$1 or a coll> may be simil>ly con/ruct$ ) asbe/os clo?1 &1 if ?\ght necess>y1 x might be suppli$ ) a sal9e solution f a capill>y f\nta94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,hav+ ?us obta9$ ! means ( illum9at+ any ap>tm5t ) yell[ light1 let ! exhibition be made 9 a room ) furniture ( v>i\s bright col\rs1 ) oil or wat]-col\r$ pa9t+s on ! wall4 ,! p>ty :i* is to witness ! exp]im5t %\ld be dress$ 9 a div]sity ( ! gaye/ col\rs2 & ! brighte/-col\r$ fl[]s & highly-col\r$ draw+s %\ld be plac$ on ! tables4 ,! room be+ at fir/ light$ ) ord9>y lights1 ! bright & gay col\rs ( ev]y?+ t x conta9s w be f9ely display$4 ,if ! :ite lights are n[ sudd5ly ext+ui%$1 & ! yell[ lamps light$1 ! mo/ appall+ metamorphosis w be exhibit$4 ,! a/oni%$ individuals w no long] be able to recognize ea* o!r4 ,all ! furniture 9 ! room1 & all ! objects :i* x conta9s1 w exhibit only "o col\r4 ,! fl[]s w lose _! hues4 ,! pa9t+s & draw+s w appe> z if !y 7 execut$ 9 ,*9a ink2 & ! gaye/ dresses1 ! brighte/ sc>lets1 ! pure/ lilacs1 ! ri*e/ blues1 & ! mo/ vivid gre5s1 w all be conv]t$ into "o monoton\s yell[4 ,! complexions ( ! p>ties1 too1 w suff] a correspond+ *ange4 ,"o pallid1 dea?-l yell[1 ---- l ! unnatural hue ,:i* autumn pa9ts ^u ! p]i%$ leaf1 w envelope ! "y & ! old1 & ! sall[ faces w alone escape f ! metamorphosis4 ,ea* individual d]ives m]rim5t f ! cadav]\s appe>ance ( 8 neighb\r1 )\t be+ s5sible t he is himself "o ( ! gho/ly assemblage4 ,if1 9 ! mid/ ( ! a/oni%m5t :i* is ?us creat$1 ! :ite lights are re/or$ at "o end ( ! room1 :ile ! yell[ lights are tak5 to ! o!r end1 "o side ( ! dress ( e p]son1 namely1 t next ! :ite light1 w be re/or$ to its orig9al col\rs1 :ile ! o!r side w reta9 its yell[ hue4 ,"o *eek w appe> 9 a /ate ( heal? & col\r1 :ile ! o!r reta9s ! pal5ess ( dea?2 &1 z ! individuals *ange _! position1 !y w exhibit ! mo/ extraord9>y trans=mations ( col\r4 ,if1 :5 all ! lights are yell[1 beams ( :ite light are transmitt$ ?r\gh a numb] ( holes1 l ^? 9 a sieve1 ea* lum9\s spot w re/ore ! col\r ( ! dress or furniture ^u :i* x falls1 & ! nanke5 family w appe> all mottl$ ov] ) e v>iety ( t9t4 ,if a magic lant]n is employ$ to ?r[ ^u ! walls or ^u ! dresses ( ! company lum9\s figures ( fl[]s or animals1 ! dresses w be pa9t$ ) ^! figures 9 ! real col\r ( ! dress itself4 ,^? alone :o appe>$ 9 yell[1 & ) yell[ complexions1 w1 to a great degree1 escape all ^! s+ul> *anges4 ,if r$ & blue light c\ld be produc$ ) ! same facility & 9 ! same abundance z yell[ light1 ! illum9ation ( ! ap>tm5t ) ^! lights 9 succession w\ld add to ! v>iety & wond] ( ! exhibition4 ,! r$ light might p]haps be procur$ 9 suffici5t quantity f ! nitrate & o!r salts ( /rontian2 b x w\ld be difficult to obta9 a blue flame ( suffici5t int5sity = ! suitable illum9ation ( a l>ge room4 ,brilliant :ite lights1 h[ev]1 might be us$1 hav+ = scre5s glass tr\ghs conta9+ a mass "o or two in*es ?ick ( a solution ( ! ammoniacal c>bonate ( copp]4 ,?is solution absorbs all ! rays ( ! spectrum b ! blue1 & ! int5sity ( ! blue light ?us produc$ w\ld increase 9 ! same proportion z ! :ite light employ$4 ,among/ ! num]\s exp]im5ts ) :i* sci5ce a/oni%es & sometimes ev5 /rikes t]ror into ! ignorant1 !re is none m calculat$ to produce ?is effect ?an t ( display+ to ! eye 9 absolute d>kness ! leg5d or inscription ^u a co94 ,to d ?is1 take a silv] co9 7,i h always us$ an old "o71 & aft] poli%+ ! surface z mu* z possible1 make ! p>ts ( x :i* are rais$ r\gh by ! action ( an acid1 ! p>ts n rais$1 or ^? :i* are to be r5d]$ d>ke/1 reta9+ _! poli%4 ,if ! co9 ?us prep>$ is plac$ ^u a mass ( r$-hot iron1 & remov$ into a d>k room1 ! inscription ^u x w become less lum9\s ?an ! re/1 s t x may be di/9ctly read by ! spectator4 ,! mass ( r$-hot iron %\ld be conceal$ f ! obs]v]'s eye1 bo? = ! purpose ( r5d]+ ! eye fitt] = obs]v+ ! effect1 & ( remov+ all d\bt t ! inscription is really read 9 ! d>k1 t is1 )\t receiv+ any light1 direct or reflect$1 f any o!r body4 ,if1 9 place ( poli%+ ! depress$ p>ts & r\gh5+ its rais$ p>ts1 we make ! rais$ p>ts poli%$ & r\gh5 ! depress$ p>ts1 ! inscription w n[ be less lum9\s ?an ! depress$ p>ts1 & we %all /ill be able to read x1 f its be+ z x 7 writt5 9 black lett]s on a :ite gr\nd4 ,! fir/ "t ,i made ?is exp]im5t1 )\t be+ aw>e ( :at w\ld be ! result1 ,i us$ a ,fr5* %ill+ ( ,l\is ,,xv41 & ,i 0 n a little surpris$ to obs]ve ^u its surface1 9 black lett]s1 ! inscription ,,b5$ictum ,,sit ,,nom5 ,,dei4 ,! mo/ surpris+ =m ( ?is exp]im5t is :5 we use a co9 f :i* ! inscription has be5 ei!r :olly oblit]at$1 or oblit]at$ 9 su* a degree z to be illegible4 ,:5 su* a co9 is laid ^u ! r$-hot iron1 ! lett]s & figures become oxidat$1 & ! film ( oxide radiat+ m p[]fully ?an ! re/ ( ! co91 ! illegible inscription may be n[ di/9ctly read1 to ! great surprise ( ! obs]v]1 :o _h exam9$ ! blank surface ( ! co9 previ\s to its be+ plac$ ^u ! hot iron4 ,! diff]5t appe>ances ( ! same co91 accord+ z ! rais$ p>ts are poli%$ or r\gh5$1 are %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc & #bd4 ,9 ord] to expla9 ! cause ( ^! rem>kable effects1 we mu/ notice a me?od :i* has be5 long kn[n1 ?\gh nev] expla9$1 ( deciph]+ ! inscriptions on worn-out co9s4 ,?is is done by m]ely plac+ ! co9 ^u a hot iron2 an oxidation takes place ov] ! :ole surface ( ! co91 ! film ( oxide *ang+ its t9t ) ! int5sity or cont9uance ( ! heat4 ,! p>ts1 h[ev]1 :]e ! lett]s ( ! inscription _h exi/$1 oxidate at a diff]5t rate f ! surr\nd+ p>ts1 s t ^! lett]s exhibit _! %ape1 & become legible 9 consequ5ce ( ! film ( oxide :i* cov]s !m hav+ a diff]5t ?ickness1 & !re=e reflect+ a diff]5t t9t f t ( ! adjac5t p>ts4 ,! t9ts ?us develop$ sometimes pass ?r\gh _m ord]s ( brilliant col\rs1 p>ticul>ly p9k & gre51 & settle 9 a bronze1 & sometimes a black t9t1 re/+ ^u ! inscription alone4 ,9 "s cases ! t9t left on ! trace ( ! lett]s is s v fa9t t x c j be se51 & may be entirely remov$ by a slight rub ( ! f+]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,:5 ! exp]im5t is (t5 repeat$ ) ! same co91 & ! oxidations successively remov$ aft] ea* exp]im5t1 ! film ( oxide cont9ues to dim9i%1 & at la/ ceases to make its appe>ance4 ,x recov]s ! prop]ty1 h[ev]1 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 ,:5 ! co9 is put ^u ! hot iron1 & consequ5tly :5 ! oxidation is ! greate/1 a consid]able smoke arises f ! co91 & ?is dim9i%es l ! film ( oxide by frequ5t repetition4 ,a co9 :i* _h ceas$ to emit ?is smoke1 smok$ slightly aft] hav+ be5 expos$ twelve h\rs to ! air4 ,i h f\nd1 f num]\s trials1 t x is always ! rais$ p>ts ( ! co91 & 9 mod]n co9s ! elevat$ l$ge r\nd ! inscription1 t become fir/ oxidat$4 ,9 an ,engli% %ill+ ( #ahaf1 ?is l$ge exhibit$ a brilliant yell[ t9t be=e x appe>$ on any o!r "p ( ! co94 ,if we use a uni=m & homog5e\s disc ( silv] t has nev] be5 hamm]$ or compress$1 its surface w oxidate equally1 provid$ all its p>ts are equally heat$4 ,9 ! process ( conv]t+ ?is disc into a co91 ! sunk p>ts h obvi\sly be5 mo/ compress$ by ! prom95t p>ts ( ! die1 & ! elevat$ p>ts lea/ compress$1 ! metal be+ 9 ! latt] left z x 7 9 its natural /ate4 ,! rais$ lett]s & figures on a co9 h !re=e less d5sity ?an ! o!r p>ts1 & ^! p>ts oxidate soon] or at a l[] temp]ature4 ,:5 ! lett]s ( ! leg5d are worn (f by friction1 ! p>ts imm$iately bel[ !m h also less d5sity ?an ! surr\nd+ metal1 & ! site z x 7 ( ! lett]s !re=e receives f heat a degree ( oxidation1 & a col\r diff]5t f t ( ! surr\nd+ surface4 ,h5ce we obta9 an explanation ( ! revival ( ! invisible lett]s by oxidation4 ,! same influ5ce ( diff]5ce ( d5sity may be obs]v$ 9 ! beautiful oxidations :i* are produc$ on ! surface ( highly-poli%$ /eel1 heat$ 9 contact ) air1 at temp]atures betwe5 #dcj & #fcj ( ,fahr5heit4#ac ,:5 ! /eel has h>d portions call$ p9s by ! workm51 ! uni=m t9t ( ! film ( oxide /ops ne> ^! h>d portions1 :i* always exhibit col\rs diff]5t f ^? ( ! re/ ( ! mass4 ,^! p>ts1 on acc\nt ( _! increas$ d5sity1 absorb ! oxyg5 ( atmosph]ic air less copi\sly ?an ! surr\nd+ portions4 ,h5ce we see ! cause :y /eel exp&$ by heat absorbs oxyg51 :i* :5 unit$ ) ! metal1 =ms ! col\r$ sup]ficial film4 ,z ! heat increases1 a great] quantity ( oxyg5 is absorb$1 & ! film increases 9 ?ickness4 #ac ,see ,ed9burgh ,encyclopdia1 ,art4 ,,/eel1 vol4 xviii41 p4 #chg4 ,^! obs]vations enable u to expla9 ! legibility ( inscriptions 9 ! d>k1 :e!r ! co9 is 9 a p]fect /ate1 or ! lett]s ( x worn (f4 ,all black or r\gh surfaces radiate light m copi\sly ?an poli%$ or smoo? surfaces1 & h5ce ! inscription is lum9\s :5 x is r\gh1 & obscure :5 x is poli%$1 & ! lett]s cov]$ ) black oxide are m lum9\s ?an ! adjac5t p>ts1 on acc\nt ( ! sup]ior radiation ( light by ! black oxide :i* cov]s !m4 ,by ! means n[ describ$1 invisible writ+ might be convey$ by impress+ x ^u a metallic surface1 & aft]w>ds eras+ x by gr9d+ & poli%+ t surface p]fectly smoo?4 ,:5 expos$ to a prop] degree ( heat1 ! secret w\ld display itself writt5 9 oxidat$ lett]s4 ,_m amus+ exp]im5ts might be made ^u ! same pr9ciple4 ,a s]ies ( curi\s & sometimes al>m+ deceptions1 arises f ! repres5tation ( objects 9 p]spective ^u a plane surface4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ^! dep5ds on ! pr9ciples :i* regulate ! app>5t direction ( ! eyes 9 a portrait4 ,dr4 ,wolla/on has ?\ght ?is subject ( suffici5t importance to be treat$ at "s l5g? 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions4 ,:5 we look at any p]son we direct to !m bo? our face & our eyes1 & 9 ?is position ! circul> iris w be 9 ! middle ( ! :ite ( ! eye ball1 or1 :at is ! same ?+1 !re w be ! same quantity ( :ite on ea* side ( ! iris4 ,if ! eyes are n[ mov$ to ei!r side1 :ile ! head rema9s fix$1 we %all readily judge ( ! *ange ( _! direction by ! great] or less quantity ( :ite on ea* side ( ! iris4 ,?is te/1 h[ev]1 accurate z x is1 enables u only to e/imate ! ext5t to :i* ! eyes deviate 9 direction f ! direction ( ! face to :i* !y belong4 ,b _! direction 9 ref]5ce to ! p]son :o views !m is entirely a diff]5t matt]2 & ,dr4 ,wolla/on is ( op9ion1 t we are n guid$ by ! eyes alone1 b are unconsci\sly aid$ by ! concurr5t position ( ! entire face4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,if a skilful pa9t] draws a pair ( eyes ) great correctness direct$ to ! spectator1 & deviat+ f ! g5]al position ( ! face z mu* z is usual 9 good portraits1 x is v difficult to det]m9e _! direction1 & !y w appe> to h diff]5t directions to diff]5t p]sons4 ,b :at is v curi\s1 ,dr4 ,wolla/on has %[n t ! same pair ( eyes may be made to direct !mselves ei!r to or f ! spectator by ! addition ( o!r features 9 :i* ! position ( ! face is *ang$4 ,?us1 9 ,fig4 #be1 ! pair ( eyes are look+ int5tly at ! spectator1 & ! face has a correspond+ direction2 b :5 we cov] up ! face 9 ,fig4 #be ) ! face 9 ,fig4 #bf1 :i* looks to ! "r1 ! eyes *ange _! direction1 & look to ! "r also4 ,9 l mann]1 eyes drawn orig9ally to look a little to ! "r or ! left ( ! spectator1 may be made to look directly at him by add+ suitable features4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,! nose is obvi\sly ! pr9cipal feature :i* produces ?is *ange ( direction1 z x is m subject to *ange ( p]spective ?an any ( ! o!r features2 b ,dr4 ,wolla/on has %[n by a v accurate exp]im5t1 t ev5 a small portion ( ! nose introduc$ ) ! features w c>ry ! eyes along ) x4 ,he obta9$ f\r exact copies ( ! same pair ( eyes look+ at ! spectator1 by transf]r+ !m ^u copp] f a /eel plate1 & hav+ add$ to ea* ( two pair ( !m a nose1 9 "o case direct$ to ! "r1 & 9 ! o!r to ! left1 & to ea* ( ! o!r two pair a v small portion ( ! upp] "p ( ! nose1 all ! f\r pair ( eyes lo/ _! front direction1 & look$ to ! "r or to ! left1 accord+ to ! direction ( ! nose1 or ( ! portion ( x :i* 0 add$4 ,b ! effect ?us produc$ is n limit$1 z ,dr4 ,wolla/on rem>ks1 to ! m]e *ange 9 ! direction ( ! eyes1 8= a total diff]5ce ( "* may be giv5 to ! same eyes by a due repres5tation ( ! o!r features4 ,a lo/ look ( dev\t ab/raction 9 an uplift$ c\nt5ance1 may be ex*ang$ = an appe>ance ( inquisitive ar*ness 9 ! le] ( a y\ng] face turn$ d[nw>ds & obliquely t[>ds ! opposite side10 z 9 ,fig4 #bg1 #bh4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is p]haps n an exact expression ( ! fact4 ,! new "* :i* is said to be giv5 to ! eyes is giv5 only to ! eyes 9 comb9ation ) ! new features1 or1 :at is probably m correct1 ! inquisitive ar*ness is 9 ! o!r features1 & ! eye does n belie x4 ,dr4 ,wolla/on has n notic$ ! conv]se ( ^! illusions1 9 :i* a *ange ( direction is giv5 to fix$ features by a *ange 9 ! direction ( ! eyes4 ,?is effect is f9ely se5 9 "s magic lant]n slid]s1 :]e a pair ( eyes is made to move 9 ! head ( a figure1 :i* inv>iably foll[s ! motion ( ! eyeballs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,hav+ ?us det]m9$ ! influ5ce :i* ! g5]al p]spective ( ! face has ^u ! app>5t direction ( ! eyes 9 a portrait1 ,dr4 ,wolla/on applies x to ! explanation ( ! well-kn[n fact1 t :5 ! eyes ( a portrait look at a spectator 9 front ( x !y w foll[ him1 & appe> to look at him 9 e o!r direction4 ,?is curi\s fact1 :i* has receiv$ less consid]ation ?an x m]its1 has be5 (t5 skilfully employ$ by ! noveli/1 9 al>m+ ! fe>s or excit+ ! c\rage ( 8 h]o4 ,on return+ to ! hall ( 8 ance/ors1 8 att5tion is p[]fully fix$ on ! grim portraits :i* surr\nd him4 ,! p>ts :i* !y h respectively p]=m$ 9 ! family hi/ory rise to 8 m9d3 8 own actions1 :e!r good or evil1 are call$ up 9 contra/1 & z ! pres]v] or ! de/roy] ( 8 l9e1 he /&s1 z x 71 9 judgm5t be=e !m4 ,8 imag9ation1 ?us excit$ by conflict+ feel+s1 transf]s a sort ( vitality to ! canvas1 & if ! p]sonages d n 8/>t f _! frames10 !y w at lea/ b5d ^u him _! fr[ns or _! approbation4 ,x is 9 va9 t he tries to evade _! scrut9y4 ,:]ev] he goes _! eyes eag]ly pursue him2 !y w seem ev5 to look at him ov] _! %\ld]s1 & he w f9d x impossible to %un _! gaze b by quitt+ ! ap>tm5t4 ,z ! spectator 9 ?is case *anges 8 position 9 a horizontal plane1 ! effect :i* we h describ$ is accompani$ by an app>5t dim9ution 9 ! bread? ( ! human face1 f only sev5 or eight in*es till x disappe>s at a great obliquity4 ,9 mov+1 !re=e1 f a front view to ! mo/ oblique view ( ! face1 ! *ange 9 its app>5t bread? is s sl[ t ! app>5t motion ( ! head ( ! figure is sc>cely recogniz$ z x foll[s ! spectator4 ,b if ! p]spective figure has a great bread? 9 a horizontal plane1 su* z a soldi] fir+ 8 musket1 an artill]yman 8 piece ( ordnance1 a b[man draw+ 8 b[1 or a lanc] pu%+ 8 spe>1 ! app>5t bread? ( ! figure w v>y f five to six feet or upw>ds till x disappe>s1 & !re=e ! *ange ( app>5t magnitude is suffici5tly rapid to give ! figure ! dread$ appe>ance ( turn+ r\nd1 & foll[+ ! spectator4 ,"o ( ! be/ examples ( ?is mu/ h be5 (t5 obs]v$ 9 ! =e%ort5$ figure ( a dead body ly+ horizontally1 :i* has ! appe>ance ( foll[+ ! obs]v] ) great rapidity1 & turn+ r\nd ^u ! head z ! c5tre ( motion4 ,! cause ( ?is ph5om5on is easily expla9$4 ,let u suppose a portrait ) its face & its eyes direct$ /raight 9 front1 s z to look at ! spectator4 ,let a /raight l9e be drawn ?r\gh ! tip ( ! nose & half way betwe5 ! eyes1 :i* we %all call ! middle l9e4 ,on ea* side ( ?is middle l9e !re w be ! same bread? ( head1 ( *eek1 ( *91 & ( neck1 & ea* iris w be 9 ! middle ( ! :ite ( ! eye4 ,if we n[ g to "o side1 ! app>5t horizontal bread? ( e "p ( ! head & face w be dim9i%$1 b ! p>ts on ea* side ( ! middle l9e w be dim9i%$ equally1 & at any position1 h[ev] oblique1 !re w be ! same bread? ( face on ea* side ( ! middle l9e1 & ! iris w be 9 ! c5tre ( ! :ite ( ! eyeball1 s t ! portrait pres]ves all ! *>act]s ( a figure look+ at ! spectator1 & mu/ necess>ily d s :]ev] he /&s4 ,?is explanation might be illu/rat$ by a picture :i* repres5ts ?ree artill]ym51 ea* fir+ a piece ( ordnance 9 p>allel directions4 ,let ! gun ( ! middle "o be po9t$ accurately to ! eye ( ! spectator1 s t he sees nei!r its "r side nor its left1 nor its upp] nor its "u side1 b directly d[n its muzzle1 s t if !re 0 an op5+ 9 ! bree* he w\ld see ?r\gh x4 ,9 l mann] ! spectator w see ! left side ( ! gun on 8 left h&1 & ! "r side ( ! gun on 8 "r h&4 ,if ! spectator n[ *anges 8 place1 & takes ev] su* an oblique position1 ei!r lat]ally or v]tically1 he mu/ /ill see ! same ?+2 because no?+ else is pres5t$ to 8 view4 ,! gun ( ! middle soldi] mu/ always po9t to 8 eye1 & ! o!r guns to ! "r & left ( him4 ,!y mu/ !re=e all ?ree seem to move z he moves1 & foll[ 8 eye 9 all its *anges ( place4 ,! same obs]vations are ( c\rse applicable to build+s & /reets se5 9 p]spective4 ,9 common portraits ! app>5t motion ( ! head is g5]ally r5d]$ indi/9ct by ! canvas be+ imp]fectly /ret*$1 z ! slighte/ concavity or convexity entirely de=ms ! face :5 ! obliquity is consid]able4 ,! deception is !re=e be/ se5 :5 ! pa9t+ is execut$ on a v flat bo>d1 & 9 col\rs suffici5tly vivid to repres5t e l9e 9 ! face ) tol]able di/9ctness at great obliquities4 ,?is di/9ctness ( outl9e is inde$ necess>y to a satisfactory exhibition ( ?is optical illusion4 ,! mo/ p]fect exhibition1 inde$1 t ,i ev] saw ( x 0 9 ! case ( a pa9t+ ( a %ip ^u a sign-bo>d execut$ 9 /rongly gilt l9es4 ,x conta9$ a view ( ! /]n & side ( a %ip 9 ! /ocks1 &1 ow+ to ! flatness ( ! bo>d & ! brightness ( ! l9es1 ! gradual developm5t ( ! figure1 f ! mo/ viol5t =e%ort5+ at great obliquities till x atta9$ its p]fect =m1 0 an effect :i* surpris$ e p]son t saw x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,! only o!r optical illusion :i* our limits w p]mit u to expla91 is ! v rem>kable exp]im5t ( :at may be truly call$ brea?+ light or d>kness4 ,let ,s be a c&le ^: light falls at an angle ( #ef #de ^u two glass plates ,a1 ,b1 plac$ close to ea* o!r1 & let ! reflect$ rays ,,ac1 ,,bd1 fall at ! same angle ^u two simil> plates1 ,c1 ,d1 b s plac$ t ! plane ( reflexion f ! latt] is at "r angles to ! plane ( reflexion f ! =m]4 ,an eye plac$ at ,e1 & look+ at ! same "t into ! two plates ,c & ,d1 w see v fa9t images ( ! c&le ,s1 :i* by a slight adju/m5t ( ! plates1 may be made to disappe> almo/ :olly all[+ ! plate ,c to rema9 z x is1 *ange ! position ( ,d1 till its incl9ation to ! ray ,,bd is dim9i%$ ab\t #c1 or made ne>ly #ec #aa4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! image t _h disappe>$ on look+ into ,d w be re/or$1 s t ! spectator at ,e1 ^u look+ into ! two mirrors ,c1 ,d1 w see no light 9 ,c1 because ! c&le has ne>ly disappe>$1 :ile ! c&le is di/9ctly se5 9 ,d4 ,if1 :ile ! spectator is look+ into ^! two mirrors1 ei!r he or ano!r p]son brea!s ^u !m g5tly & quickly1 ! brea? w revive ! ext+ui%$ image 9 ,c1 & w ext+ui% ! visible image 9 ,d4 ,! foll[+ is ! cause ( ?is s+ul> result4 ,! light ,,ac1 ,,bd1 is pol>iz$ by reflexion f ! plates ,a1 ,b1 because x is incid5t at ! pol>iz+ angle ( #ef #de = glass4 ,:5 we brea! ^u ! plates ,c1 ,d1 we =m ^u _! surface a ?9 film ( wat]1 ^: pol>iz+ angle is #ec #aa1 s t if ! pol>iz$ rays ,,ac1 ,,bd1 fell ^u ! plates ,c1 ,d1 at an angle ( #ec #aa1 ! c&le f :i* !y proce$$ w\ld n be visible1 or !y w\ld n suff] reflexion f ! plates ,c1 ,d4 ,at all o!r angles ! light w\ld be reflect$ & ! c&les visible4 ,n[ ! plate ,d is plac$ at an angle ( #ec #aa & ,c at an angle ( #ef #de1 s t :5 a film ( wat] is brea!d ^u !m ! light w be reflect$ f ! latt]1 & none f ! =m]2 t is1 ! act ( brea?+ ^u ! plates w re/ore ! invisible & ext+ui% ! visible image4 ,,lett] ,,vi4 ,natural ph5om5a m>k$ ) ! m>vell\s--,spectre ( ! ,brock5 describ$--,analog\s ph5om5a--,arial spectres se5 9 ,cumb]l&--,fata ,morgana 9 ! ,/raits ( ,mess9a--,objects bel[ ! horizon rais$ & magnifi$ by refraction--,s+ul> example se5 at ,ha/+s--,dov] ,ca/le se5 ?r\gh ! hill on :i* x /&s--,erect & inv]t$ images ( di/ant %ips se5 9 ! air--,simil> ph5om5a se5 9 ! ,arctic regions--,en*ant$ coa/--,mr4 ,scoresby recognizes 8 fa!r's %ip by its arial image--,images ( c[s se5 9 ! air--,inv]t$ image ( horses se5 9 ,s\? ,am]ica--,lat]al images produc$ by refraction--,arial spectres by reflexion--,explanation ( ! prec$+ ph5om5a4 ,among ! wond]s ( ! natural _w :i* are e day pres5t$ to u1 )\t ei!r excit+ our surprise or attract+ our notice1 "s are occasionally display$ :i* possess all ! *>act]s ( sup]natural ph5om5a4 ,9 ! names by :i* !y are famili>ly kn[n1 we recognize ! t]ror :i* !y inspir$1 & ev5 n[1 :5 sci5ce has r$uc$ !m to ! level ( natural ph5om5a1 & develop$ ! causes f :i* !y arise1 !y /ill reta9 _! primitive importance1 & are wat*$ by ! philosoph] ) z int5se an int]e/ z :5 !y 7 deem$ ! imm$iate effects ( ,div9e p[]4 ,among ^! ph5om5a we may enum]ate ! ,spectre ( ! ,brock51 ! ,fata ,morgana ( ! ,/raits ( ,mess9a1 ! ,spectre ,%ips :i* appe> 9 ! air1 & ! o!r extraord9>y effects ( ! ,mirage4#ad #ad ,9 ! ,sanscrit1 says ,b>on ,humboldt1 ! ph5om5on ( ! ,mirage is call$ ,mriga ,tri*na1 8?ir/ or desire ( ! antelope10 no d\bt because ?is animal ,mriga1 compell$ by ?ir/1 ,tri*na1 approa*es ^? b>r5 pla9s :]e1 f ! effect ( unequal refraction1 he ?9ks he p]ceives ! undulat+ surface ( ! wat]s4--,p]sonal ,n>rative1 vol4 iii41 p4 #eed4 ,! ,brock5 is ! "n ( ! l(tie/ ( ! ,h>tz m\nta9s1 a picturesque range :i* lies 9 ! k+dom ( ,hanov]4 ,x is elevat$ #c1cjj feet above ! sea1 & comm&s ! view ( a pla9 sev5ty leagues 9 ext5t1 occupy+ ne>ly ! two-hundr$? "p ( ! :ole ( ,europe1 & animat$ ) a population ( above five millions ( inhabitants4 ,f ! e>lie/ p]iods ( au!ntic hi/ory1 ! ,brock5 has be5 ! seat ( ! m>vell\s4 ,on its summits are /ill se5 huge blocks ( granite call$ ! ,sorc]]'s ,*air & ! ,alt>4 ,a spr+ ( pure wat] is kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,magic ,f\nta91 & ! ,anemone ( ! ,brock5 is di/+ui%$ by ! title ( ! ,sorc]]'s ,fl[]4 ,^! names are suppos$ to h orig9at$ 9 ! rites ( ! great idol ,cor?o1 :om ! ,saxons wor%ipp$ 9 secret on ! summit ( ! ,brock51 :5 ,*ri/ianity 0 ext5d+ h] b5ignant sway ov] ! subjac5t pla9s4 ,z ! locality ( ^! idolatr\s rites1 ! ,brock5 mu/ h be5 mu* frequ5t$1 & we c sc>cely d\bt t ! spectre :i* n[ s (t5 haunts x at sunrise mu/ h be5 obs]v$ f ! e>lie/ times2 b x is n[h]e m5tion$ t ?is ph5om5on 0 9 any way associat$ ) ! objects ( _! idolatr\s wor%ip4 ,"o ( ! be/ acc\nts ( ! spectre ( ! ,brock5 is t :i* is giv5 by ,m4 ,haue1 :o saw x on ! #bcrd ( ,may1 #agig4 ,aft] hav+ be5 on ! summit ( ! m\nta9 no less ?an ?irty times1 he _h at la/ ! good =tune ( witness+ ! object ( 8 curiosity4 ,! sun rose ab\t f\r o'clock 9 ! morn+ ?r\gh a s]5e atmosph]e4 ,9 ! s\?-we/1 t[>ds ,a*t]mann%ohe1 a brisk we/ w9d c>ri$ be=e x ! transp>5t vap\rs1 :i* _h n yet be5 cond5s$ into ?ick heavy cl\ds4 ,ab\t a qu>t] pa/ f\r he w5t t[>ds ! inn1 & look$ r\nd to see :e!r ! atmosph]e w\ld af=d him a free prospect t[>ds ! s\?-we/1 :5 he obs]v$ at a v great di/ance1 t[>ds ,a*t]mann%ohe1 a human figure ( a mon/r\s size4 ,8 hat hav+ be5 almo/ c>ri$ away by a viol5t gu/ ( w9d1 he sudd5ly rais$ 8 h& to 8 head to protect 8 hat1 & ! colossal figure did ! same4 ,he imm$iately made ano!r movem5t by b5d+ 8 body1--an action :i* 0 repeat$ by ! spectral figure4 ,m4 ,haue 0 desir\s ( mak+ fur!r exp]im5ts1 b ! figure disappe>$4 ,he rema9$1 h[ev]1 9 ! same position1 expect+ its return1 & 9 a few m9utes x aga9 made its appe>ance on ! ,a*t]mann%ohe1 :5 x mimick$ 8 ge/ures z be=e4 ,he !n call$ ! l&lord ( ! inn1 & hav+ bo? tak5 ! same position :i* he _h be=e1 !y look$ t[>ds ! ,a*t]mann%ohe1 b saw no?+4 ,9 a v %ort space ( "t1 h[ev]1 two colossal figures 7 =m$ ov] ! above em95ce1 & aft] b5d+ _! bodies & imitat+ ! ge/ures ( ! two spectators1 !y disappe>$4 ,reta9+ _! position1 & keep+ _! eyes /ill fix$ ^u ! same spot1 ! two gigantic spectres aga9 /ood be=e !m1 & 7 jo9$ by a ?ird4 ,e movem5t t !y made 0 imitat$ by ! ?ree figures1 b ! effect v>i$ 9 its int5sity1 be+ sometimes weak & fa9t1 & at o!r times /rong & well def9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,9 ! ye> #agih1 ,m4 ,jordan saw ! same ph5om5on at sunrise1 & "u simil> circum/ances1 b ) less di/9ctness1 & )\t any duplication ( ! figures4#ae #ae ,see ,j4 ,f4 ,gmel9's ,gott+is*5 ,j\rnal d] ,wiss5*aft51 vol4 i41 "p iii41 #agih4 ,ph5om5a p]fectly analog\s to ! prec$+1 ?\gh se5 "u less impos+ circum/ances1 h be5 (t5 witness$4 ,:5 ! spectator sees 8 own %ad[ opposite to ! sun ^u a mass ( ?9 fleecy vap\r pass+ ne> him1 x n only imitates all 8 movem5ts1 b its head is di/9ctly encircl$ ) a halo ( light4 ,! arial figure is (t5 n l>g] ?an life1 its size & its app>5t di/ance dep5d+1 z we %all aft]w>ds see1 ^u p>ticul> causes4 ,i h (t5 se5 a simil> %ad[ :5 ba?+ 9 a bright summ]'s day 9 an ext5sive pool ( deep wat]4 ,:5 ! f9e mud deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! pool is di/urb$ by ! feet ( ! ba!r1 s z to be dissem9at$ ?r\gh ! mass ( wat] 9 ! direction ( 8 %ad[1 8 %ad[ is no long] a %apeless mass =m$ ^u ! bottom1 b is a regul> figure =m$ ^u ! float+ p>ticles ( mud1 & hav+ ! head surr\nd$ ) a halo1 n only lum9\s1 b consi/+ ( di/9ct radiations4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ acc\nts ( arial spectres ) :i* we are acqua9t$ has be5 giv5 by ,mr4 ,james ,cl>ke1 9 8 ,survey ( ! ,lakes ( ,cumb]l&1 & ! accuracy ( ?is acc\nt 0 confirm$ by ! atte/ations ( two ( ! p]sons by :om ! ph5om5a 7 fir/ se54 ,on a summ]'s ev5+1 9 ! ye> #agdc1 :5 ,daniel ,/ricket1 s]vant to ,john ,wr51 ( ,wilton ,hall1 0 sitt+ at ! door along ) 8 ma/]1 !y saw ! figure ( a man ) a dog pursu+ "s horses along ,s\t]fell-side1 a place s extremely /eep1 t a horse c\ld sc>cely travel ^u x at all4 ,! figures appe>$ to run at an amaz+ pace1 till !y got out ( sight at ! l[] end ( ! ,fell4 ,on ! foll[+ morn+1 ,/ricket & 8 ma/] asc5d$ ! /eep side ( ! m\nta91 9 ! full expectation ( f9d+ ! man dead1 & ( pick+ up "s ( ! %oes ( ! horses1 :i* !y ?\ght mu/ h be5 ca/ :ile gallop+ at su* a furi\s rate4 ,_! expectations1 h[ev]1 7 disappo9t$4 ,no traces1 ei!r ( man or horse1 c\ld be f\nd1 & !y c\ld n ev5 discov] ^u ! turf ! s+le m>k ( a horse's ho(4 ,^! /range appe>ances se5 at ! same "t by two diff]5t p]sons 9 p]fect heal?1 c\ld n fail to make a deep impression on _! m9ds4 ,!y at fir/ conceal$ :at !y _h se51 b !y at l5g? disclos$ x1 & 7 laugh$ at = _! cr$ulity4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 on ! #bcrd ,june1 #agdd1 ,daniel ,/ricket1 :o 0 !n s]vant to ,mr4 ,lanca/]1 ( ,blakehills1 7a place ne> ,wilton ,hall1 & bo? ( :i* places are only ab\t half a mile f ,s\t]fell17 0 walk+1 ab\t sev5 o'clock 9 ! ev5+1 a little above ! h\se1 :5 he saw a troop ( horsem5 rid+ on ,s\t]fell-side1 9 pretty close ranks1 & at a brisk pace4 ,recollect+ ! ridicule t _h be5 ca/ ^u him ! prec$+ ye>1 he cont9u$ to obs]ve ! figures = "s "t 9 sil5ce2 b be+ at la/ conv9c$ t !re c\ld be no deception 9 ! matt]1 he w5t to ! h\se1 & in=m$ 8 ma/] t he _h some?+ curi\s to %[ him4 ,!y accord+ly w5t out toge!r2 b be=e ,/ricket _h po9t$ out ! place1 ,mr4 ,lanca/]'s son _h discov]$ ! arial figures4 ,! family 0 !n summon$ to ! spot1 & ! ph5om5a 7 se5 alike by !m all4 ,! eque/rian figures seem$ to come f ! l[e/ p>ts ( ,s\t]fell1 & became visible at a place call$ ,knott4 ,!y !n advanc$ 9 regul> troops along ! side ( ! ,fell1 till !y came opposite to ,blakehills1 :5 !y w5t ov] ! m\nta91 aft] describ+ a k9d ( curvil9eal pa?4 ,! pace at :i* ! figures mov$ 0 a regul> swift walk1 & !y cont9u$ to be se5 = upw>ds ( two h\rs1 ! approa* ( d>kness alone prev5t+ !m f be+ visible4 ,_m troops 7 se5 9 succession2 & frequ5tly ! la/ b "o 9 a troop quitt$ 8 position1 gallop$ to ! front1 & took up ! same pace ) ! re/4 ,! *anges 9 ! figures 7 se5 equally by all ! spectators1 & ! view ( !m 0 n conf9$ to ! f>m ( ,blakehills only1 b !y 7 se5 by e p]son at e cottage )9 ! di/ance ( a mile1 ! numb] ( p]sons :o saw !m am\nt+ to ab\t tw5ty-six4 ,! atte/ation ( ^! facts1 sign$ by ,lanca/] & ,/ricket1 be>s ! date ( ! #ba/ ,july1 #aghe4 ,^! extraord9>y sights 7 receiv$ n only ) di/ru/1 b ) absolute incr$ulity4 ,!y 7 n ev5 hon\r$ ) a place 9 ! records ( natural ph5om5a1 & ! philosoph]s ( ! day 7 nei!r 9 possession ( analog\s facts1 nor 7 !y acqua9t$ ) ^? pr9ciples ( atmosph]ical refraction ^u :i* !y dep5d4 ,! /range ph5om5a1 inde$1 ( ! ,fata ,morgana1 or ! ,ca/les ( ! ,fairy ,morgana1 _h be5 long be=e obs]v$1 & _h be5 describ$ by ,kir*] 9 ! #ag? c5tury1 b !y pres5t$ no?+ s my/]i\s z ! arial troop]s ( ,s\t]fell2 & ! g5]al *>act]s ( ! two ph5om5a 7 s unlike1 t ev5 a philosoph] might h be5 excus$ = ascrib+ !m to diff]5t causes4 ,?is s+ul> exhibition has be5 frequ5tly se5 9 ! /raits ( ,mess9a1 betwe5 ,sicily & ! coa/ ( ,italy1 & :5ev] x takes place1 ! p1 9 a /ate ( exultation1 z if x 7 n only a pleas+ b a lucky ph5om5on1 hurry d[n to ! sea1 exclaim+ ,morgana1 ,morgana6 ,:5 ! rays ( ! ris+ sun =m an angle ( #de on ! sea ( ,reggio1 & :5 ! surface ( ! wat] is p]fectly unruffl$1 ei!r by ! w9d or ! curr5t1 a spectator plac$ ^u an em95ce 9 ! city1 & hav+ 8 back to ! sun & 8 face to ! sea1 obs]ves ^u ! surface ( ! wat] sup]b palaces1 ) _! balconies & w9d[s1 l(ty t[]s1 h]ds & flocks graz+ 9 wood$ valleys & f]tile pla9s2 armies ( m5 on horseback & on foot1 ) multipli$ fragm5ts ( build+s1 su* z columns1 pila/]s1 & ar*es4 ,^! objects pass rapidly 9 succession along ! surface ( ! sea dur+ ! brief p]iod ( _! appe>ance4 ,! v>i\s objects ?us enum]at$ are pictures ( palaces & build+s actually exi/+ on %ore1 & ! liv+ objects are ( c\rse only se5 :5 !y happ5 to =m a "p ( ! g5]al l&scape4 ,if1 at ! "t t ^! ph5om5a are visible1 ! atmosph]e is *>g$ ) vap\r or d5se exhalations1 ! same objects :i* are depict$ ^u ! sea w be se5 also 9 ! air1 occupy+ a space :i* ext5ds f ! surface to ! height ( tw5ty-five feet4 ,^! images1 h[ev]1 are less di/9ctly del9eat$ ?an ! =m]4 ,if ! air is 9 su* a /ate z to deposit dew1 & is capable ( =m+ ! ra9b[1 ! objects w be se5 only on ! surface ( ! sea2 b !y all appe> fr+$ ) r$1 yell[1 & blue light1 z if !y 7 se5 ?r\gh a prism4 ,9 our own c\ntry1 & 9 our own times1 facts /ill m extraord9>y h be5 witness$4 ,f ,ha/+s1 on ! coa/ ( ,sussex1 ! cliffs on ! ,fr5* coa/ are fifty miles di/ant1 & !y are actually hid by ! convexity ( ! e>?2 t is1 a /raight l9e drawn f ,ha/+s to ! ,fr5* coa/ w\ld pass ?r\gh ! sea4 ,on ,w$nesday1 ! #bf? ( ,july1 #agih1 ab\t five o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 ,mr4 ,la?am1 a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society1 !n resid+ at ,ha/+s1 0 surpris$ to see a cr[d ( p runn+ to ! sea-side4 ,^u inquiry into ! cause ( ?is1 he le>n$ t ! coa/ ( ,france c\ld be se5 by ! nak$ eye1 & he imm$iately w5t d[n to witness s s+ul> a sight4 ,he di/9ctly saw ! cliffs ext5d+ = "s leagues along ! ,fr5* coa/1 & !y appe>$ z if !y 7 only a few miles (f4 ,!y gradually appe>$ m & m elevat$1 & seem$ to approa* ne>] to ! eye4 ,! sailors ) :om ,mr4 ,la?am walk$ along ! wat]s edge 7 at fir/ unwill+ to believe 9 ! reality ( ! appe>ance2 b !y soon became s ?or\ghly conv9c$ ( x1 t !y po9t$ out & nam$ to him ! diff]5t places :i* !y _h be5 accu/om$ to visit1 & :i* !y conceiv$ to be z ne> z if !y 7 sail+ at a small di/ance into ! h>b\r4 ,^! appe>ances cont9u$ = ne>ly an h\r1 ! cliffs sometimes appe>+ bright] & ne>]1 & at o!r times fa9t] & m remote4 ,mr4 ,la?am !n w5t ^u ! ea/]n cliff or hill1 :i* is ( consid]able height1 :51 z he rem>ks1 a mo/ beautiful sc5e pres5t$ itself to 8 view4 ,he beheld at once ,dung5ess1 ,dov] cliffs1 & ! ,fr5* coa/ all along f ,calais1 ,b\logne1 c41 to ,/4 ,vall]y1 &1 z "s ( ! fi%]m5 affirm$1 z f> we/ z ,dieppe4 ,) ! help ( a telescope1 ! ,fr5* fi%+-boats 7 pla9ly se5 at an*or1 & ! diff]5t col\rs ( ! l& ^u ! heights1 toge!r ) ! build+s1 7 p]fectly disc]nible4 ,mr4 ,la?am likewise /ates t ! cape ( l& call$ ,dung5ess1 :i* ext5ds ne>ly two miles into ! sea1 & is ab\t sixte5 miles 9 a /raight l9e f ,ha/+s1 appe>$ z if q close to x1 & ! vessels & fi%+-boats :i* 7 sail+ betwe5 ! two places appe>$ equally ne>1 & 7 magnifi$ to a high degree4 ,^! curi\s ph5om5a cont9u$ 89 ! highe/ spl5d\r0 till pa/ eight o'clock1 al?\gh a black cl\d _h = "s "t totally obscur$ ! face ( ! sun4 ,a ph5om5on no less m>vell\s 0 se5 by ,pr(essor ,v9ce1 ( ,cambridge1 & ano!r g5tleman1 on ! #f? ( ,augu/1 #ahjf1 at ,ramsgate4 ,! summits v w x y ( ! f\r turrets ( ,dov] ,ca/le are usually se5 ov] ! hill ,,ab1 ^u :i* x /&s1 ly+ betwe5 ,ramsgate & ,dov]2 b on ! day above-m5tion$1 at sev5 o'clock 9 ! ev5+1 :5 ! air 0 v /ill & a little hazy1 n only 7 ! tops v w x y ( ! f\r t[]s ( ,dov] ,ca/le se5 ov] ! adjac5t hill ,,ab1 b ! :ole ( ! ,ca/le1 m n r s1 appe>$ z if x 7 situat$ on ! side ( ! hill next ,ramsgate1 & ris+ above ! hill z mu* z usual4 ,?is ph5om5on 0 s v s+ul> & unexpect$1 t at fir/ sight ,dr4 ,v9ce ?\ght x an illusion2 b ^u cont9u+ 8 obs]vations1 he became satisfi$ t x 0 a real image ( ! ,ca/le4 ,^u ?is he gave a telescope to a p]son pres5t1 :o1 ^u att5tive exam9ation1 saw also a v cle> image ( ! ,ca/le z ! ,doctor _h describ$ x4 ,he cont9u$ to obs]ve x = ab\t tw5ty m9utes1 dur+ :i* "t ! appe>ance rema9$ precisely ! same2 b ra9 com+ on1 !y 7 prev5t$ f mak+ any fur!r obs]vations4 ,betwe5 ! obs]v]s & ! l& f :i* ! hill rises !re 0 ab\t six miles ( sea1 & f !nce to ! top ( ! hill !re 0 ab\t ! same di/ance4 ,_! own height above ! surface ( ! wat] 0 ab\t sev5ty feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,?is illusion d]iv$ great =ce f ! rem>kable circum/ance1 t ! hill itself did n appe> ?r\gh ! image1 z x might h be5 expect$ to d4 ,! image ( ! ca/le 0 v /rong & well def9$1 & ?\gh ! rays f ! hill beh9d x mu/ und\bt$ly h come to ! eye1 yet ! /r5g? ( ! image ( ! ca/le s f> obscur$ ! backgr\nd1 t x made no s5sible impression on ! obs]v]s4 ,_! att5tion 0 ( c\rse pr9cipally direct$ to ! image ( ! ca/le2 b if ! hill beh9d _h be5 at all visible1 ,dr4 ,v9ce conceives t x c\ld n h escap$ _! obs]vation1 z !y cont9u$ to look at x = a consid]able "t ) a good telescope4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,hi!rto our arial visions h be5 se5 only 9 _! erect & natural positions1 ei!r project$ aga9/ ! gr\nd or elevat$ 9 ! air2 b cases h occurr$ 9 :i* bo? erect & inv]t$ images ( objects h be5 se5 9 ! air1 sometimes s+ly1 sometimes comb9$1 sometimes :5 ! real object 0 invisible1 & sometimes :5 a "p ( x _h begun to %[ itself to ! spectator4 ,9 ! ye> #agic1 ,mr4 ,hudd>t1 :5 resid+ at ,allonby1 9 ,cumb]l&1 p]ceiv$ ! inv]t$ image ( a %ip b5ea? ! image1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cb2 b ,dr4 ,v9ce1 :o aft]w>ds obs]v$ ?is ph5om5on "u a great] v>iety ( =ms1 f\nd t ! %ip1 :i* 0 "h consid]$ ! real "o1 0 only an erect image ( ! real %ip1 :i* 0 at t "t b5ea? ! horizon1 & :olly invisible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,9 ,augu/1 #agih1 ,dr4 ,v9ce obs]v$ a great v>iety ( ^! arial images ( vessels approa*+ ! horizon4 ,sometimes !re 0 se5 only "o inv]t$ image above ! real %ip1 & ?is 0 g5]ally ! case :5 ! real %ip 0 full 9 view4 ,b :5 ! real %ip 0 j beg9 beg9n+ to %[ its top-ma/ above ! horizon1 z at ,a1 ,fig4 #cc1 two arial images ( x 7 se51 "o at ,b inv]t$1 & ! o!r 9 its natural position at ,c4 ,9 ?is case ! sea 0 di/9ctly visible betwe5 ! erect & inv]t$ images1 b 9 o!r cases ! hull ( ! "o image 0 imm$iately 9 contact ) ! hull ( ! o!r4 ,analog\s ph5om5a 7 se5 by ,capta9 ,scoresby :5 navigat+ ) ! %ip ,baff9 ! icy sea 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ,we/ ,gre5l&4 ,on ! #bh? ( ,june1 #ahbj1 he obs]v$ ab\t eighte5 sail ( %ips at ! di/ance ( t5 or fifte5 miles4 ,! sun _h %one dur+ ! day )\t ! int]position ( a cl\d1 & its rays 7 peculi>ly p[]ful4 ,! int5sity ( its light occasion$ a pa9ful s5sation 9 ! eyes1 :ile its heat s(t5$ ! t> 9 ! rigg+ ( ! %ip1 & melt$ ! sn[ on ! surr\nd+ ice ) su* rapidity t pools ( fre% wat] 7 =m$ on almo/ e place1 & ?\s&s ( rills c>ri$ ! excess into ! sea4 ,!re 0 sc>cely a brea? ( w9d3 ! sea 0 z smoo? z a mirror4 ,! surr\nd+ ice 0 cr[d$ toge!r1 & exhibit$ e v>iety1 f ! smalle/ lumps to ! mo/ magnific5t %eets4 ,be>s trav]s$ ! fields & floes 9 unusual numb]s1 & _m :ales sport$ 9 ! recesses & op5+s among ! drift ice4 ,ab\t six 9 ! ev5+1 a light breeze at ,n4,w4 hav+ sprung up1 a ?9 /ratus or 8fog bank10 at fir/ consid]ably illum9at$ by ! sun1 appe>$ 9 ! same qu>t]1 & gradually rose to ! altitude ( ab\t a qu>t] ( a degree4 ,at ?is "t mo/ ( ! %ips navigat+ at ! di/ance ( t5 or fifte5 miles began to *ange _! =m & magnitude1 & :5 exam9$ by a telescope f ! ma/-head1 exhibit$ "s extraord9>y appe>ances1 :i* diff]$ at almo/ e po9t ( ! compass4 ,"o %ip _h a p]fect image1 z d>k & di/9ct z ! orig9al1 unit$ to its ma/-head 9 a rev]se position4 ,two o!rs pres5t$ two di/9ct inv]t$ images 9 ! air1 "o ( !m a p]fect figure ( ! orig9al1 & ! o!r want+ ! hull4 ,two or ?ree m 7 /rangely di/ort$1 _! ma/s appe>+ ( at lea/ twice _! prop] height1 ! top-gallant ma/ =m+ "o-half ( ! total elevation2 & o!r vessels exhibit$ an appe>ance totally diff]5t f all ! prec$+1 be+ z x 7 compress$1 9 place ( elongat$4 ,_! ma/s seem$ to be sc>cely "o-half ( _! prop] altitude1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* "o w\ld h suppos$ t !y 7 greatly heel$-to "o side1 or 9 ! position call$ c>e5+4 ,along ) all ! images ( ! %ips a reflexion ( ! ice1 sometimes 9 two /rata1 also appe>$ 9 ! air1 & ^! reflexions sugge/$ ! idea ( cliffs compos$ ( v]tical columns ( alaba/]4 ,on ! #ae?1 #af?1 & #ag? ( ! same mon?1 ,mr4 ,scoresby obs]v$ simil> ph5om5a1 sometimes ext5d+ cont9u\sly ?r\gh half ! circumf]5ce ( ! horizon1 & at o!r times appe>+ only 9 deta*$ spots 9 v>i\s qu>t]s4 ,! inv]t$ images ( di/ant vessels 7 (t5 se5 9 ! air1 :ile ! %ips !mselves 7 f> beyond ! rea* ( vision4 ,"s %ips 7 elevat$ to twice _! prop] height1 :ile o!rs 7 compress$ almo/ to a l9e4 ,hummocks ( ice 7 surpris+ly enl>g$1 & e prom95t object 9 a prop] position 0 ei!r magnifi$ or di/ort$4 ,b ( all ! ph5om5a witness$ by ,mr4 ,scoresby1 t ( ! ,en*ant$ ,coa/1 z x may be call$1 mu/ h be5 ! mo/ rem>kable4 ,?is s+ul> effect 0 se5 on ! #ah? ( ,july1 :5 ! sky 0 cle>1 & a tremul\s & p]fectly transp>5t vap\r 0 p>ticul>ly s5sible & pr(use3 at n9e o'clock 9 ! morn+1 :5 ! ph5om5on 0 fir/ se51 ! !rmomet] /ood at #db ,fahr42 b 9 ! prec$+ ev5+ x mu/ h be5 greatly l[]1 z ! sea 0 9 _m places cov]$ ) a consid]able pellicle ( new ice1--a circum/ance1 :i*1 9 ! v w>me/ "t ( ! ye>1 mu/ be consid]$ z q extraord9>y1 especially :5 x is kn[n t #aj f>!r to ! nor? no freez+ ( ! sea at ?is season _h ev] be=e be5 obs]v$4 ,hav+ approa*$ on ?is occasion s ne> ! unexplor$ %ore ( ,gre5l& t ! l& appe>$ di/9ct & bold1 ,mr4 ,scoresby 0 anxi\s to obta9 a draw+ ( x2 b on mak+ ! attempt he f\nd t ! outl9e 0 con/antly *ang+1 & he 0 induc$ to exam9e ! coa/ ) a telescope1 & to sket* ! v>i\s appe>ances :i* pres5t$ !mselves4 ,^! are %[n1 )\t any reg>d to _! prop] ord]1 9 ,fig4 #cd1 :i* we %all describe 9 ,mr4 ,scoresby's own words3 8,! g5]al telescopic appe>ance ( ! coa/ 0 t ( an ext5sive anci5t city ab\nd+ ) ! ru9s ( ca/les1 obelisks1 *ur*es1 & monum5ts1 ) o!r l>ge & conspicu\s build+s4 ,"s ( ! hills seem$ to be surm\nt$ by turrets1 battlem5ts1 spires1 & p9nacles2 :ile o!rs1 subject$ to "o or two reflexions1 exhibit$ l>ge masses ( rock1 app>5tly susp5d$ 9 ! air1 at a consid]able elevation above ! actual t]m9ation ( ! m\nta9s to :i* !y ref]r$4 ,! :ole exhibition 0 a gr& phantasmagoria4 ,sc>cely 0 any p>ticul> portion sket*$ be=e x *ang$ its appe>ance1 & assum$ ! =m ( an object totally diff]5t4 ,x 0 p]haps alt]nately a ca/le1 a ca!dral1 or an obelisk2 !n exp&+ horizontally1 & coalesc+ ) ! adjo9+ hills1 unit$ ! int]m$iate valleys1 ?\gh "s miles 9 wid?1 by a bridge ( a s+le ar*1 ( ! mo/ magnific5t appe>ance & ext5t4 ,not)/&+ ^! repeat$ *anges1 ! v>i\s figures repres5t$ 9 ! draw+ _h all ! di/9ctness ( reality2 & n only ! diff]5t /rata1 b also ! ve9s ( ! rocks1 ) ! wrea?s ( sn[ occupy+ rav9es & fissures1 =m %>p & di/9ct l9es1 & exhibit$ e appe>ance ( ! mo/ p]fect solidity40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable facts respect+ arial images pres5t$ itself to ,mr4 ,scoresby 9 a lat] voyage :i* he p]=m$ to ! coa/ ( ,gre5l& 9 #ahbb4 ,hav+ se5 an inv]t$ image ( a %ip 9 ! air1 he direct$ to x 8 telescope2 he 0 able to discov] x to be 8 fa!r's %ip1 :i* 0 at ! "t bel[ ! horizon4 8,x 010 says he1 8s well def9$1 t ,i c\ld di/+ui% by a telescope e sail1 ! g5]al rig ( ! %ip1 & its p>ticul> "*2 insomu*1 t ,i confid5tly pron\nc$ x to be my fa!r's %ip1 ! ,fame1 :i* x aft]w>ds prov$ to be2 ?\gh1 on comp>+ notes ) my fa!r1 ,i f\nd t our relative position1 at ! "t1 gave a di/ance f "o ano!r v ne>ly ?irty miles1 be+ ab\t sev5te5 miles beyond ! horizon1 & "s leagues beyond ! limit ( direct vision4 ,i 0 s /ruck ) ! peculi>ity ( ! circum/ance1 t ,i m5tion$ x to ! (fic] ( ! wat*1 /at+ my full conviction t ! ,fame 0 !n cruis+ 9 ! neighb\r+ inlet40 ,sev]al curi\s effects ( ! mirage 7 obs]v$ by ,b>on ,humboldt dur+ 8 travels 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,:5 he 0 resid+ at ,cumana1 he frequ5tly saw ! isl&s ( ,picuita & ,bora*a susp5d$ 9 ! air1 & sometimes ) an inv]t$ image4 ,on "o occasion he obs]v$ small fi%+-boats swimm+ 9 ! air1 dur+ m ?an ?ree or f\r m9utes1 above ! well-def9$ horizon ( ! sea2 & :5 !y 7 view$ ?r\gh a telescope1 "o ( ! boats _h an inv]t$ image accompany+ x 9 its movem5ts4 ,?is di/+ui%$ travell] obs]v$ simil> ph5om5a 9 ! b>r5 /eppes ( ! ,c>accas1 & on ! bord]s ( ! ,or9oco1 :]e ! riv] is surr\nd$ by s&y pla9s4 ,little hills & *a9s ( hills appe>$ susp5d$ 9 ! air1 :5 se5 f ! /eppes1 at ?ree or f\r leagues' di/ance4 ,palm-trees /&+ s+le 9 ! ,llanos appe>$ to be cut (f at bottom1 z if a /ratum ( air sep>at$ !m f ! gr\nd2 &1 z 9 ! ,african des]t1 pla9s de/itute ( vegetation appe>$ to be riv]s or lakes4 ,at ! ,mesa de ,pavona ,m4 ,humboldt & ,m4 ,bonpl& saw c[s susp5d$ 9 ! air at ! di/ance ( #ajjj toises1 & hav+ _! feet elevat$ #c' #bj0 above ! soil4 ,9 ?is case ! images 7 erect1 b ! travell]s le>n$ f good au?ority t inv]t$ images ( horses _h be5 se5 susp5d$ 9 ! air ne> ,calabozo4 ,9 all ^! cases ( arial spectres1 ! images 7 directly above ! real object2 b a curi\s case 0 obs]v$ by ,messrs4 ,jur9e & ,soret on ! #ag? ,septemb]1 #ahah1 :]e ! image ( ! vessel 0 on "o side ( ! real "o4 ,ab\t #aj ,p4,m4 a b>que at ! di/ance ( ab\t #djjj toises f ,bell]ive1 on ! lake ( ,g5eva1 0 se5 approa*+ to ,g5eva by ! left bank ( ! lake1 & at ! same "t an image ( ! sails 0 obs]v$ above ! wat]1 :i*1 in/ead ( foll[+ ! direction ( ! b>que1 sep>at$ f x1 & appe>$ to approa* ,g5eva by ! "r bank ( ! lake1 ! image mov+ f ea/ to we/1 :ile ! b>que mov$ f nor? to s\?4 ,:5 ! image fir/ sep>at$ f ! b>que !y _h bo? ! same magnitude1 b ! image dim9i%$ z x rec$$ f x1 & 0 r$uc$ to "o-half :5 ! ph5om5on disappe>$4 ,a v unusual example ( arial spectres occurr$ to ,dr4 ,a4 ,p4 ,bu*an :ile walk+ on ! cliff ab\t a mile to ! ea/ ( ,brighton1 on ! morn+ ( ! #bh? ( ,novemb]1 #ahjd4 8,:ile wat*+ ! ris+ ( ! sun10 says he1 8,i turn$ my eyes directly t[>ds ! sea1 j z ! sol> disk em]g$ f ! surface ( ! wat]1 & saw ! face ( ! cliff on :i* ,i 0 /&+ repres5t$ precisely opposite to me at "s di/ance on ! ocean4 ,call+ ! att5tion ( my companion to ?is appe>ance1 we disc]n$ our own figures /&+ on ! summit ( ! app>5t opposite cliff1 z well z ! repres5tation ( ! w9dmill ne> at h&4 8,! reflect$ images 7 mo/ di/9ct precisely opposite to :]e we /ood1 & ! false cliff seem$ to fade away1 & to draw ne> to ! real "o1 9 proportion z x rec$$ t[>ds ! we/4 ,?is ph5om5on la/$ ab\t t5 m9utes1 or till ! sun _h ris5 ne>ly 8 own diamet] above ! surface ( ! ocean4 ,! :ole !n seem$ to be elevat$ into ! air1 & successively disappe>$1 giv+ an impression v simil> to t :i* is produc$ by ! draw+ up ( a drop-sc5e 9 a !atre4 ,! horizon 0 cl\dy1 or p]haps x might ) m propriety be said t ! surface ( ! sea 0 cov]$ ) a d5se fog ( _m y>ds 9 height1 & :i* gradually rec$$ be=e ! rays ( ! sun40 ,an illusion ( a diff]5t k9d1 ?\gh n less int]e/+1 is describ$ by ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,hughes 9 8 ,travels 9 ,greece1 z se5 f ! summit ( ,m\nt tna4 8,i mu/ n =get to m5tion10 says he1 8"o extraord9>y ph5om5on1 :i* we obs]v$1 & = :i* ,i h se>*$ 9 va9 = a satisfactory solution4 ,at ! extremity ( ! va/ %ad[ :i* tna projects across ! isl&1 appe>$ a p]fect & di/9ct image ( ! m\nta9 itself elevat$ above ! horizon1 & dim9i%$ z if view$ 9 a concave mirror4 ,:]e or :at ! reflector c\ld be :i* exhibit$ ?is image1 ,i _c conceive2 we c\ld n be mi/ak5 9 its appe>ance1 = all our p>ty obs]v$ x1 & we _h be5 prep>$ = x be=eh& by our ,catanian fri5ds4 ,x rema9$ visible ab\t t5 m9utes1 & disappe>$ z ! %ad[ decreas$4 ,mr4 ,jones obs]v$ ! same ph5om5on1 z well z "s o!r fri5ds ) :om ,i conv]s$ ^u ! subject 9 ,engl&40 ,x is impossible to /udy ! prec$+ ph5om5a )\t be+ impress$ ) ! conviction1 t nature is full ( ! m>vell\s1 & t ! progress ( sci5ce & ! diffusion ( k are alone capable ( dispell+ ! fe>s :i* h] wond]s mu/ necess>ily excite ev5 9 enlight5$ m9ds4 ,:5 a spectre haunts ! c\* ( ! sick1 or foll[s ! susceptible vision ( ! invalid1 a consci\sness ( indisposition dive/s ! app>ition ( mu* ( its t]ror1 :ile its invisibility to surr\nd+ fri5ds soon /amps x ) ! impress ( a false p]ception4 ,! spectres ( ! conjuror1 too1 h[ev] skilfully !y may be rais$1 quickly lose _! sup]natural "*2 & ev5 ! mo/ ignorant behold] reg>ds ! mod]n magician z b an ord9>y man1 :o borr[s f ! sci5ces ! be/ work+ implem5ts ( 8 art4 ,b :51 9 ! mid/ ( solitude1 & 9 situations :]e ! m9d is undi/urb$ by sublun>y c>es1 we see our own image del9eat$ 9 ! air1 & mimick+ 9 gigantic p]spective ! t9y movem5ts ( humanity2--:5 we see troops 9 milit>y array p]=m+ _! evolutions on ! v face ( an almo/ inaccessible precipice--:51 9 ! eye ( day1 a m\nta9 seems to become transp>5t1 & exhibits on "o side ( x a ca/le :i* we "k to exi/ only on ! o!r2 :5 di/ant objects1 conceal$ by ! r\ndness ( ! e>?1 & beyond ! cognisance ( ! telescope1 are actually transf]r$ ov] ! int]v5+ convexity & pres5t$ 9 di/9ct & magnifi$ outl9e to our accurate exam9ation2--:5 su* v>i$ & /rik+ phantasms are se5 also by all ar\nd u1 & !re=e appe> 9 ! "* ( real ph5om5a ( nature1 our impressions ( sup]natural ag5cy c only be remov$ by a di/9ct & satisfactory k ( ! causes :i* gave !m bir?4 ,x is only )9 ! la/ =ty ye>s t sci5ce has br\ght ^! atmosph]ical spectres )9 ! circle ( h] dom9ion2 & n only are all _! ph5om5a susceptible ( di/9ct explanation1 b we c ev5 reproduce !m on a small scale ) ! simple/ elem5ts ( our optical app>atus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,9 ord] to convey a g5]al idea ( ! causes ( ^! ph5om5a1 let ,,abcd1 ,fig4 #ce1 be a glass tr\gh fill$ ) wat]1 & let a small %ip be plac$ at ,s4 ,an eye situat$ ab\t ,e1 w see ! top-ma/ ( ! %ip ,s1 directly ?r\gh ! plate ( glass ,,bd4 ,fix a convex l5s a ( %ort focus ^u ! plate ( glass ,,bd1 & a little above a /raight l9e ,,se jo9+ ! %ip & ! eye2 & imm$iately above ! convex l5s a place a concave "o b4 ,! eye w n[ see1 ?r\gh ! convex l5s a1 an inv]t$ image ( ! %ip at ,s1 & ?r\gh ! concave l5s b1 an erect image ( ! %ip at ,s1 repres5t+ 9 a g5]al way ! ph5om5a %[n 9 ,fig4 #cc4 ,b x w be ask$1 :]e are ! l5ses 9 nature to produce ^! effects8 ,?is "q is easily answ]$4 ,if we take a t9 tube ) glass plates at ea* end1 & fill x ) wat]1 & if we cool x on ! outside ) ice1 x w act l a concave l5s :5 ! cool+ effect has rea*$ ! axis2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 if we heat ! same tube fill$ ) wat]1 on ! outside1 x w act z a convex glass4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! d5sity ( ! wat] dim9i%es t[>ds ! c5tre1 & 9 ! second x increases t[>ds ! c5tre4 ,! v same effects are produc$ 9 ! air1 only a great] tract ( air is necess>y = %[+ ! effect produc$1 by heat+ & cool+ x unequally4 ,if we n[ remove ! l5ses a1 b1 & hold a heat$ iron horizontally above ! wat] 9 ! tr\gh ,,abc1 ! heat w gradually desc5d1 exp&+ or r5d]+ r>] ! upp] portions ( ! fluid4 ,if1 :5 ! heat has rea*$ )9 a little ( ! bottom1 we look ?r\gh ! tr\gh at ! %ip ,s 9 ! direction ,,es1 we %all see an inv]t$ image at ,s1 & an erect "o at ,s2 & if we hide f ! eye at ,e all ! %ip ,s1 except+ ! top-ma/1 we %all h an exact repres5tation ( ! ph5om5on 9 ,fig4 #cc4 ,! exp]im5t w succe$ bett] ) oil 9 place ( wat]2 & ! same result may be obta9$ )\t heat1 by p\r+ cle> syrup into ! glass tr\gh till x is ne>ly "o-?ird full1 & !n fill+ x up ) wat]4 ,! wat] w gradually incorporate ) ! syrup1 & produce1 z ,dr4 ,wolla/on has %[n1 a regul> gradation ( d5sity1 dim9i%+ f t ( ! pure syrup to t ( ! pure wat]4 ,simil> effects may be obta9$ by us+ masses ( transp>5t solids1 su* z glass1 rock-salt1 c4 ,n[ x is easy to conceive h[ ! *anges ( d5sity :i* we c ?us produce artificially may be produc$ 9 nature4 ,if1 9 s]5e wea!r1 ! surface ( ! sea is mu* cold] ?an ! air ( ! atmosph]e1 z x frequ5tly is1 & z x 0 to a v great degree dur+ ! ph5om5a describ$ by ,mr4 ,scoresby1 ! air next ! sea w gradually become cold] & cold]1 by giv+ out its heat to ! wat]2 & ! air imm$iately above w give out its heat to ! cool] air imm$iately bel[ x1 s t ! air f ! surface ( ! sea1 to a consid]able height upw>ds1 w gradually dim9i% 9 d5sity1 & !re=e mu/ produce ! v ph5om5a we h describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,! ph5om5on ( ,dov] ,ca/le se5 on ! ,ramsgate side ( ! hill1 0 produc$ by ! air be+ m d5se ne> ! gr\nd & above ! sea ?an at great] heights1 & h5ce ! rays proce$+ f ! ca/le rea*$ ! eye 9 curve l9es1 & ! cause ( its occupy+ its natural position on ! hill1 & n be+ se5 9 ! air1 0 t ! top ( ! hill itself1 9 consequ5ce ( be+ s ne> ! ca/le1 suff]$ ! same *ange f ! v>y+ d5sity ( ! air1 & !re=e ! ca/le & ! hill 7 equally elevat$ & reta9$ _! relative positions4 ,! reason :y ! image ( ! ca/le & hill appe>$ erect 01 t ! rays f ! top & bottom ( ! ca/le _h n cross$ be=e !y rea*$ ,ramsgate2 b z !y met at ,ramsgate1 an eye at a great] di/ance f ! ca/le1 & 9 ! pa? ( ! rays1 w\ld h se5 ! image inv]t$4 ,?is w be bett] und]/ood f ! prec$+ diagram1 :i* repres5ts ! actual progress ( ! rays1 f a %ip ,,sp1 conceal$ f ! obs]v] at ,e by ! convexity ( ! e>? ,,pqe4 ,a ray proce$+ f ! keel ( ! %ip ,p is refract$ into ! curve l9e ,p c x c ,e1 & a ray proce$+ f ! top-ma/ ,s1 is refract$ 9 ! direction ,s d x d ,e1 ! two rays cross+ at x1 & proce$+ to ! eye ,e ) ! ray f ! keel ,p upp]mo/2 h5ce ! %ip mu/ appe> inv]t$ z at s p4 ,n[ if ! eye ,e ( ! obs]v] _h be5 plac$ ne>] ! %ip z at x1 be=e ! rays cross$1 z 0 ! case at ,ramsgate1 x w\ld h se5 an erect image ( ! %ip rais$ a little above ! real %ip ,,sp4 ,rays ,s m1 ,s n1 proce$+ high] up 9 ! air1 are refract$ 9 ! directions ,s m m ,e1 ,s n n ,e1 b d n cross be=e !y rea* ! eye1 & !re=e !y af=d ! erect image ( ! %ip %[n at s p4 ,! arial troop]s se5 at ,s\t]fell 7 produc$ by ! v same process z ! spectre ( ,dov] ,ca/le1 hav+ be5 br\ght by unequal refraction f "o side ( ! hill to ! o!r4 ,x is n our bus9ess to discov] h[ a troop ( soldi]s came to be p]=m+ _! evolutions on ! o!r side ( ,s\t]fell2 b if !re 0 !n no road along :i* !y c\ld be m>*+1 x is highly probable t !y 7 troops ex]cis+ among ! hills 9 secret1 previ\sly to ! break+ out ( ! rebellion 9 #agde4 ,! image ( ! ,g5evese b>que :i* 0 se5 sail+ at a di/ance f ! real "o1 arose f ! same cause z ! images ( %ips 9 ! air2 ) ?is diff]5ce only1 t 9 ?is case ! /rata ( equal d5sity 7 v]tical or p]p5dicul> to ! wat]1 :]eas1 9 ! =m] cases !y 7 horizontal or p>allel to ! wat]4 ,! /ate ( ! air :i* produc$ ! lat]al image may be produc$ by a headl& or isl&1 or ev5 rocks1 ne> ! surface1 & cov]$ ) wat]4 ,^! headl&s1 isl&s1 or sunk5 rocks be+ p[]fully heat$ by ! sun 9 ! daytime1 w heat ! air imm$iately above !m1 :ile ! adjac5t air ov] ! sea w reta9 its =m] coolness & d5sity4 ,h5ce !re w necess>ily arise a gradation ( d5sity v>y+ 9 ! same horizontal direction1 or :]e ! l9es ( equal d5sity are v]tical4 ,if we suppose ! v same /ate ( ! air to exi/ 9 a horizontal plane :i* exi/s 9 a v]tical plane1 9 ,fig4 #cf1 !n ! same images w\ld be se5 9 a horizontal l9e1 viz41 an inv]t$ "o at s p1 & an erect "o at sp4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,g5evese b>que1 ! rays _h n cross$ be=e !y rea*$ ! eye1 & !re=e ! image 0 an erect "o4 ,_h ! real ,g5evese b>que be5 conceal$ by "s promontory or o!r cause f ! obs]vation ( ,messrs4 ,jur9e & ,soret1 !y might h atta*$ a sup]natural "* to ! spectral image1 especially if !y _h se5 x gradually decay1 & f9ally disappe> on ! /ill & unbrok5 surface ( ! lake4 ,no simil> fact _h be5 previ\sly obs]v$1 & !re 7 no circum/ances 9 ! case to h excit$ ! suspicion t x 0 ! spectre ( a real vessel produc$ by unequal refraction4 ,! spectre ( ! ,brock5 & o!r ph5om5a ( ! same k9d1 h ess5tially a diff]5t orig9 f ^? :i* arise f unequal refraction4 ,!y are m]ely %ad[s ( ! obs]v] project$ on d5se vap\r or ?9 fleecy cl\ds1 :i* h ! p[] ( reflect+ mu* light4 ,!y are se5 mo/ frequ5tly at sunrise1 because x is at t "t t ! vap\rs & cl\ds necess>y = _! production are mo/ likely to be g5]at$2 & !y c be se5 only :5 ! sun is ?r[+ 8 rays horizontally1 because ! %ad[ ( ! obs]v] w\ld o!rwise be ?r[n ei!r up 9 ! air1 or d[n ^u ! gr\nd4 ,if !re are two p]sons look+ at ! ph5om5on1 z :5 ,m4 ,haue & ! l&lord saw x toge!r1 ea* obs]v] w see 8 own image mo/ di/9ctly1 & ! head w be m di/9ct ?an ! re/ ( ! figure1 because ! rays ( ! sun w be m copi\sly reflect$ at a p]p5dicul> incid5ce3 & z1 f ?is cause1 ! light reflect$ f ! vap\r or cl\d becomes fa9t] f>!r f ! %ad[1 ! appe>ance ( a halo r\nd ! head ( ! obs]v] is frequ5tly visible4 ,m4 ,haue m5tions ! extraord9>y circum/ance ( ! two spectres ( him & ! l&lord be+ jo9$ by a ?ird figure1 b he un=tunately does n in=m u :i* ( ! two figures 0 d\bl$1 = x is impossible t a p]son c\ld h jo9$ _! p>ty unobs]v$4 ,x is v probable t ! new spectre =ms a natural addition to ! gr\p1 z we h repres5t$ x 9 ,fig4 #cj2 &1 if ?is 0 ! case1 x c\ld only h be5 produc$ by a duplication ( "o ( ! figures produc$ by unequal refraction4 ,! reflect$ spectre ( ,dr4 ,bu*an /&+ ^u ! cliff at ,brighton1 arose f a cause to :i* we h n yet adv]t$4 ,x 0 obvi\sly no %ad[1 = x is c]ta91 f ! locality1 t ! rays ( ! sun fell ^u ! face ( ! cliff & ^u 8 p]son at an angle ( ab\t #gc f ! p]p5dicul>1 s z to illum9ate !m /rongly4 ,n[1 !re are two ways 9 :i* su* an image may h be5 reflect$1 namely1 ei!r f /rata ( air ( v>iable d5sity1 or f a v]tical /ratum ( vap\r1 consi/+ ( exce$+ly m9ute globules ( wat]4 ,:5ev] light suff]s refraction1 ei!r 9 pass+ at once f "o m$ium into ano!r1 or f "o "p ( ! same m$ium into ano!r ( diff]5t d5sity1 a portion ( x suff]s reflexion4 ,if an object1 !re=e1 7 /rongly illum9at$1 a suffici5tly di/9ct image1 or r %ad[ ( x1 might be se5 by reflexion f /rata ( air ( diff]5t d5sity4 ,z ! temp]ature at :i* moi/ure is deposit$ 9 ! atmosph]e v>ies ) ! d5sity ( ! air1 !n at ! same temp]ature moi/ure might be deposit+ 9 a /ratum ( "o d5sity1 :ile no deposition is tak+ place 9 ! adjac5t /ratum ( a diff]5t d5sity4 ,h5ce !re w\ld exi/1 z x 7 9 ! air1 a v]tical wall or /ratum ( m9ute globules ( wat]1 f ! surface ( :i* a suffici5tly di/9ct image ( a highly illum9at$ object might be reflect$4 ,t ?is is possible may be prov$ by brea?+ ^u glass4 ,if ! p>ticles deposit$ ^u ! glass are l>ge1 !n no di/9ct reflection w take place2 b if ! p>ticles be v small1 we %all see a di/9ct image =m$ by ! surface ( ! aque\s film4 ,! ph5om5a ( ! ,fata ,morgana h be5 too imp]fectly describ$ to enable u to (f] a satisfactory explanation ( !m4 ,! arial images are obvi\sly ^? =m$ by unequal refraction4 ,! pictures se5 on ! sea may be ei!r ! arial images reflect$ f its surface1 or f a /ratum ( d5se vap\r1 or !y may be ! direct reflexions f ! objects !mselves4 ,! col\r$ images1 z describ$ by ,m9asi1 h nev] be5 se5 9 any analog\s ph5om5a1 & require to be bett] describ$ be=e !y c be submitt$ to sci5tific exam9ation4 ,! repres5tation ( %ips 9 ! air by unequal refraction has no d\bt giv5 rise 9 e>ly times to ^? sup]/itions :i* h prevail$ 9 diff]5t c\ntries respect+ 8phantom %ips10 z ,mr4 ,wa%+ton ,irv+ calls !m1 :i* always sail 9 ! eye ( ! w9d1 & pl\gh _! way ?r\gh ! smoo? sea1 :]e !re is n a brea? ( w9d ^u its surface4 ,9 8 beautiful /ory ( ! /orm %ip1 :i* makes its way up ! ,hudson aga9/ w9d & tide1 ?is elegant writ] has f9ely embodi$ "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ sup]/itions ( ! e>ly ,am]ican coloni/s4 ,! ,fly+ ,dut*man _h1 9 all probability1 a simil> orig92 & ! wiz>d beacon-keep] ( ! ,isle ( ,france1 :o saw 9 ! air ! vessels b\nd to ! isl& long be=e !y appe>$ 9 ! (f+1 mu/ h d]iv$ 8 p[] f a dilig5t obs]vation ( ! ph5om5a ( nature4 ,,lett] ,,vii4 ,illusions dep5d+ on ! e>--,practis$ by ! anci5ts--,speak+ & s++ heads ( ! anci5ts--,exhibition ( ! ,invisible ,girl describ$ & expla9$--,illusions aris+ f ! difficulty ( det]m9+ ! direction ( s\nds--,s+ul> example ( ?is illusion--,nature ( v5triloquism--,exhibitions ( "s ( ! mo/ celebrat$ v5triloqui/s--,m4 ,/4 ,gille--,l\is ,brabant--,m4 ,alex&re--,capt4 ,lyon's acc\nt ( ,esquimaux v5triloqui/s4 ,next to ! eye1 ! e> is ! mo/ f]tile s\rce ( our illusions1 & ! anci5t magicians seem to h be5 v successful 9 turn+ to _! purposes ! doctr9es ( s\nd4 ,9 ! ,labyr9? ( ,egypt1 :i* conta9$ twelve palaces & #aejj subt]rane\s ap>tm5ts1 ! gods 7 made to speak 9 a voice ( ?und]2 & ,pl9y1 9 ^: "t ?is s+ul> /ructure exi/$1 in=ms u1 t "s ( ! palaces 7 s con/ruct$ t _! doors c\ld n be op5$ )\t p]mitt+ ! peals ( ?und] to be he>d 9 ! int]ior4 ,:5 ,d>ius ,hy/aspes asc5d$ ! ?rone1 & all[$ 8 subjects to pro/rate !mselves be=e him z a god1 ! div9ity ( 8 "* 0 impress$ ^u 8 wor%ipp]s by ! bur/s ( ?und] & fla%es ( lightn+ :i* accompani$ _! devotion4 ,hi/ory has ( c\rse n in=m$ u h[ ^! effects 7 produc$2 b x is probable t1 9 ! subt]rane\s & vault$ ap>tm5ts ( ! ,egyptian labyr9?1 ! rev]b]at$ s\nds aris+ f ! m]e op5+ & %utt+ ( ! doors !mselves af=d$ a suffici5t imitation ( ord9>y ?und]4 ,9 ! palace ( ! ,p]sian k+1 h[ev]1 a m artificial imitation is likely to h be5 employ$1 & x is n improbable t ! me?od us$ 9 our mod]n !atres 0 kn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,a ?9 %eet ( iron1 ?ree or f\r feet long1 su* z t us$ = ,g]man /oves1 is held by "o corn] betwe5 ! f+] & ! ?umb1 & all[$ to hang freely by its own weight4 ,! h& is !n mov$ or %ak5 horizontally1 s z to agitate ! corn] 9 a direction at "r angles to ! surface ( ! %eet4 ,by ?is simple process a great v>iety ( s\nds may be produc$1 v>y+ f ! deep gr[l ( di/ant ?und] to ^? l\d & explosive bur/s :i* rattle 9 quick succession f cl\ds imm$iately ov] our heads4 ,! op]ator soon acquires great p[] ov] ?is in/rum5t1 s z to be able to produce f x any int5sity & "* ( s\nd t may be requir$4 ,! same effect may be produc$ by %eets ( t9-plate1 & by ?9 plates ( mica2 b1 on acc\nt ( _! small size1 ! s\nd is %ort] & m acute4 ,9 mod]n exhibitions an admirable imitation ( lightn+ is produc$ by ?r[+ ! p[d] ( ros91 or ! du/ ( lycopodium1 ?r\gh a flame2 & ! rattl+ %[]s ( ra9 :i* accompany ^! meteors are well imitat$ by a well-regulat$ %[] ( peas4 ,! pr9cipal pieces ( ac\/ic me*anism us$ by ! anci5ts 7 speak+ or s++ heads1 :i* 7 con/ruct$ = ! purpose ( repres5t+ ! gods1 or ( utt]+ oracul> responses4 ,among ^!1 ! speak+ head ( ,orpheus1 :i* utt]$ its responses at ,lesbos1 is "o ( ! mo/ fam\s4 ,x 0 celebrat$ n only ?r\gh\t ,greece1 b ev5 9 ,p]sia2 & x _h ! cr$it ( pr$ict+1 9 ! equivocal language ( ! hea!n oracles1 ! bloody dea? :i* t]m9at$ ! exp$ition ( ,cyrus ! ,great into ,scy?ia4 ,od91 ! mighty magician ( ! ,nor?1 :o import$ into ,sc&9avia ! magical arts ( ! ,ea/1 possess$ a speak+ head1 said to be t ( ! sage ,m9os1 :i* he _h en*as$ 9 gold1 & :i* utt]$ responses t _h all ! au?ority ( a div9e revelation4 ,! celebrat$ me*anic ,g]b]t1 :o fill$ ! papal *air ,a4,d4 #ajjj1 "u ! "n ( ,sylve/] ,,ii41 con/ruct$ a speak+ head ( brass4 ,alb]tus ,magnus is said to h execut$ a head 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :i* n only mov$ b spoke4 ,x 0 made ( e>!nw>e1 & ,?omas ,aqu9as is said to h be5 s t]rifi$ :5 he saw x1 t he broke x 9 pieces2 ^u :i* ! me*ani/ exclaim$1 8,!re goes ! lab\r ( ?irty ye>s60 ,x has be5 suppos$ by "s au?ors1 t 9 ! anci5t speak+-ma*9es ! deception is effect$ by means ( v5triloquism1 ! voice issu+ f ! juggl] himself2 b x is m probable t ! s\nd 0 convey$ by pipes f a p]son 9 ano!r ap>tm5t to ! m\? ( ! figure4 ,lucian1 inde$1 expressly in=ms u1 t ! impo/or ,alex&] made 8 figure ( sculapius speak1 by transmitt+ 8 voice ?r\gh ! gullet ( a crane to ! m\? ( ! /atue2 & t ?is me?od 0 g5]al appe>s f a passage 9 ,!odoretus1 :o assures u1 t 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 :5 ,bi%op ,!ophilus broke to pieces ! /atues at ,alex&ria1 he f\nd "s :i* 7 holl[1 & :i* 7 s plac$ aga9/ a wall1 t ! prie/ c\ld conceal himself beh9d !m2 & address ! ignorant spectators ?r\gh _! m\?s4 ,ev5 9 mod]n times1 speak+-ma*9es h be5 con/ruct$ on ?is pr9ciple4 ,! figure is frequ5tly a m]e head plac$ ^u a holl[ p$e/al1 :i*1 9 ord] to promote ! deception1 conta9s a pair ( bell[s1 a s\nd+-bo>d1 a cyl9d] & pipes suppos$ to repres5t ! organs ( spee*4 ,9 o!r cases ^! are disp5s$ )1 & a simple wood5 head utt]s its s\nds ?r\gh a speak+ trumpet4 ,at ! c\rt ( ,*>les ,,ii41 ?is deception 0 exhibit$ ) great effect by "o ,?omas ,irson1 an ,engli%man2 & :5 ! a/oni%m5t _h become v g5]al1 a popi% prie/ 0 discov]$ by "o ( ! pages 9 an adjo9+ ap>tm5t4 ,! que/ions _h be5 propos$ to ! wood5 figure by :isp]+ into its e>1 & ?is le>n$ p]sonage _h answ]$ !m all ) great ability1 by speak+ ?r\gh a pipe 9 ! same language 9 :i* ! que/ions 7 propos$4 ,pr(essor ,beckmann in=ms u t *ildr5 & wom5 7 g5]ally conceal$ ei!r 9 ! juggl]'s box or 9 ! adjac5t ap>tm5t1 & t ! juggl] gave !m e assi/ance by means ( signs previ\sly agre$ ^u4 ,:5 "o ( ^! exhibitions 0 %[n at ,gtt+51 ! ,pr(essor 0 all[$1 on ! promise ( secrecy1 to witness ! process ( deception4 ,he saw ! assi/ant 9 ano!r room1 /&+ be=e ! pipe ) a c>d 9 8 h&1 ^u :i* ! signs agre$ ^u _h be5 m>k$1 & he _h be5 introduc$ s privately into ! h\se t ev5 ! l&lady 0 ignorant ( 8 be+ !re4 ,an exhibition ( ! v same k9d has be5 br\ght =w>d 9 our own day1 "u ! "n ( ! ,invisible ,girl2 & z ! me*anism employ$ 0 extremely +5i\s1 & is well fitt$ to convey an idea ( ?is class ( deceptions1 we %all give a detail$ description ( x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,! ma*9]y1 z con/ruct$ by ,m4 ,*>les1 is %[n 9 fig4 #cg 9 p]spective1 & a plan ( x 9 ,fig4 #ch4 ,! f\r upright po/s ,a1 ,a1 ,a1 ,a1 are unit$ at top by a cross rail ,b1 ,b1 & by two simil> rails at bottom4 ,f\r b5t wires a1 a1 a1 a1 proce$$ f ! top ( ^! po/s1 & t]m9at$ at c4 ,a holl[ copp] ball ,m1 ab\t a foot 9 diamet]1 0 susp5d$ f ^! wires by f\r sl5d] rib&s b1 b1 b1 b1 & into ! copp] ball 7 fix$ ! extremities ( f\r trumpets ,t1 ,t1 ,t1 ,t1 ) _! m\?s outw>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,! app>atus n[ describ$ 0 all t 0 visible to ! spectator2 & ?\gh fix$ 9 "o spot1 yet x _h ! appe>ance ( a piece ( sep>ate ma*9]y1 :i* might h occupi$ any o!r "p ( ! room4 ,:5 "o ( ! spectators 0 reque/$ by ! exhibitor to propose "s "q1 he did x by speak+ into "o ( ! trumpets at ,t4 ,an appropriate answ] 0 !n return$ f all ! trumpets1 & ! s\nd issu$ ) suffici5t int5sity to be he>d by an e> appli$ to any ( !m1 & yet x 0 s weak t x appe>$ to come f a p]son ( v dim9utive size4 ,h5ce ! s\nd 0 suppos$ to come f an invisible girl1 ?\gh ! real speak] 0 a full-gr[n woman4 ,! invisible lady conv]s$ 9 diff]5t languages1 sang beautifully1 & made ! mo/ lively & appropriate rem>ks on ! p]sons 9 ! room4 ,?is exhibition 0 obvi\sly f> m wond]ful ?an ! speak+ heads :i* we h describ$1 z ! latt] inv>iably communicat$ ) a wall1 or ) a p$e/al ?r\gh :i* pipes c\ld be c>ri$ into ! next ap>tm5t4 ,b ! ball ,m & its trumpets communicat$ ) no?+ ?r\gh :i* s\nd c\ld be convey$4 ,! spectator satisfi$ himself by exam9ation t ! rib&s b1 b1 7 real rib&s1 :i* conceal$ no?+1 & :i* c\ld convey no s\nd2 & z he nev] conceiv$ t ! ord9>y piece ( frame-"w ,,ab c\ld be ( any o!r use ?an its app>5t "o ( support+ ! sph]e ,m1 & def5d+ x f ! spectators1 he 0 left 9 utt] amazem5t respect+ ! orig9 ( ! s\nd1 & 8 surprise 0 increas$ by ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! s\nds :i* 7 utt]$ & ^? ( ord9>y spee*4 ,?\gh ! spectators 7 ?us deceiv$ by _! own reason+1 yet ! process ( deception 0 a v simple "o4 ,9 two ( ! horizontal rail+s ,a1 ,a1 ,fig4 #ch1 opposite ! trumpet m\?s ,t1 !re 0 an ap]ture communicat+ ) a pipe or tube :i* w5t to ! v]tical po/ ,b1 & desc5d+ x1 z %[n at ,,taa1 ,fig4 #ci1 w5t b5ea? ! floor f f1 9 ! direction p p1 & ent]$ ! ap>tm5t ,n1 :]e ! invisible lady sat4 ,on ! side ( ! p>tition ab\t h1 !re 0 a small hole ?r\gh :i* ! lady saw :at 0 go+ on 9 ! exhibition-room1 & communications 7 no d\bt made to h] by signals f ! p]son :o att5d$ ! ma*9e4 ,:5 "o ( ! spectators ask$ a "q by speak+ into "o ( ! trumpets ,t1 ! s\nd 0 reflect$ f ! m\? ( ! trumpet back to ! ap]ture at ,a1 9 ! horizontal rail1 ,fig4 #ch1 & 0 di/9ctly convey$ along ! clos$ tube into ! ap>tm5t ,n4 ,9 l mann] ! answ] issu$ f ! ap]ture ,a1 & be+ reflect$ back to ! e> ( ! spectator by ! trumpet1 he he>d ! s\nds ) t *ange ( "* :i* !y receive :5 transmitt$ ?r\gh a tube & !n reflect$ to ! e>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,! surprise ( ! auditors 0 greatly increas$ by ! circum/ance1 t an answ] 0 return$ to que/ions put 9 a :isp]1 & also by ! conviction t nobody b a p]son 9 ! middle ( ! audi5ce c\ld obs]ve ! circum/ances to :i* ! invisible figure frequ5tly adv]t$4 ,al?\gh ! p]=mances ( speak+ heads 7 g5]ally effect$ by ! me?ods n[ describ$1 yet !re is reason to ?9k t ! v5triloqui/ sometimes presid$ at ! exhibition1 & deceiv$ ! audi5ce by 8 extraord9>y p[]s ( illusion4 ,!re is no species ( deception m irresi/ible 9 its effects ?an t :i* arises f ! unc]ta9ty ) :i* we judge ( ! direction & di/ance ( s\nds4 ,e p]son mu/ h notic$ h[ a s\nd 9 _! own e>s is (t5 mi/ak5 = "s l\d noise mod]at$ by ! di/ance f :i* x is suppos$ to come2 & ! sportsman mu/ h frequ5tly be5 surpris$ at ! exi/5ce ( musical s\nds humm+ remotely 9 ! ext5d$ hea?1 :5 x 0 only ! w9d s\nd+ 9 ! b>rel ( 8 gun4 ,! great proportion ( app>itions t haunt old ca/les & ap>tm5ts associat$ ) dea?1 exi/ only 9 ! s\nds :i* accompany !m4 ,! imag9ation ev5 ( ! bolde/ inmate ( a place hall[$ by sup]/ition1 w transf] "s trifl+ s\nd ne> 8 own p]son to a direction & to a di/ance v diff]5t f ! tru?1 & ! s\nd :i* o!rwise might h no peculi> complexion w d]ive ano!r "* f its new locality4 ,spurn+ ! idea ( a sup]natural orig91 he det]m9es to unmask ! spectre1 & grapple ) x 9 its d54 ,all ! inmates ( ! h\se are f\nd to be asleep--ev5 ! quadrup$s are 9 _! lair--!re is n a brea? ( w9d to ruffle ! lake t reflects ?r\gh ! casem5t ! recl9+ cresc5t ( ! night2 & ! massive walls 9 :i* he is enclos$ =bid ! idea t he has be5 di/urb$ by ! w>p+ ( panell+ or ! b5d+ ( p>titions4 ,8 se>* is va92 & he rema9s ma/] ( 8 own secret1 till he has ano!r opportunity ( inve/igation4 ,! same s\nd aga9 di/urbs him1 &1 modifi$ probably by 8 own position at ! "t1 x may p]haps appe> to come 9 a direction slightly diff]5t f ! la/4 ,8 se>*es are resum$1 & he is aga9 disappo9t$4 ,if ?is incid5t %\ld recur night aft] night ) ! same result--if ! s\nd %\ld appe> to dep5d ^u 8 own motions1 or be any h[ associat$ ) himself1 ) 8 pres5t feel+s1 or ) 8 pa/ hi/ory1 8 p]sonal c\rage w give way2 a sup]/iti\s dread1 at :i* he himself p]haps laughs1 w seize 8 m9d2 & he w r believe t ! s\nds h a sup]natural orig91 ?an t !y c\ld cont9ue to issue f a spot :]e he kn[s !re is no natural cause = _! production4 ,i h _h occasion to h p]sonal k ( a case mu* /rong] ?an t :i* has n[ be5 put4 ,a g5tleman1 devoid ( all sup]/iti\s feel+s1 & liv+ 9 a h\se free f any gloomy associations1 he>d night aft] night 9 8 b$-room a s+ul> noise1 unlike any ord9>y s\nd to :i* he 0 accu/om$4 ,he _h slept 9 ! same room = ye>s )\t he>+ x1 & he attribut$ x at fir/ to "s *ange ( circum/ances 9 ! ro( or 9 ! walls ( ! room1 b aft] ! /ricte/ exam9ation no cause c\ld be f\nd = x4 ,x occurr$ only once 9 ! night2 x 0 he>d almo/ e night1 ) few int]ruptions4 ,x 0 ov] 9 an in/ant1 & x nev] took place till aft] ! g5tleman _h gone to b$4 ,x 0 always di/9ctly he>d by 8 companion1 to ^: "t ( go+ to b$ x _h no relation4 ,x dep5d$ on ! g5tleman alone1 & x foll[$ him into ano!r ap>tm5t ) ano!r b$1 on ! opposite side ( ! h\se4 ,accu/om$ to su* inve/igations1 he made ! mo/ dilig5t b fruitless se>* into its cause4 ,! consid]ation t ! s\nd _h a special ref]5ce to him alone1 op]at$ ^u 8 imag9ation1 & he did n scruple to ackn[l$ge t ! recurr5ce ( ! my/]i\s s\nd produc$ a sup]/iti\s feel+ at ! mom5t4 ,_m mon?s aft]w>ds x 0 f\nd t ! s\nd arose f ! p>tial op5+ ( ! door ( a w>drobe :i* 0 )9 a few feet ( ! g5tleman's head1 & :i* _h be5 tak5 into ! o!r ap>tm5t4 ,?is w>drobe 0 almo/ always op5$ be=e he retir$ to b$1 & ! door be+ a little too tight1 x gradually =c$ itself op5 ) a sort ( dull s\nd1 resembl+ ! note ( a drum4 ,z ! door _h only />t$ half an in* out ( its place1 its *ange ( position nev] attract$ att5tion4 ,! s\nd1 inde$1 seem$ to come 9 a diff]5t direction1 & f a great] di/ance4 ,:5 s\nds s my/]i\s 9 _! orig9 are he>d by p]sons pr$ispos$ to a belief 9 ! m>vell\s1 _! influ5ce ov] ! m9d mu/ be v p[]ful4 ,an inquiry into _! orig91 if x is made at all1 w be made m 9 ! hope ( confirm+ ?an ( remov+ ! orig9al impression1 & ! un=tunate victim ( 8 own fe>s w also be ! will+ dupe ( 8 own judgm5t4 ,?is unc]ta9ty ) respect to ! direction ( s\nd is ! f\ndation ( ! art ( v5triloquism4 ,if we place t5 m5 9 a r[ at su* a di/ance f u t !y are includ$ 9 ! angle )9 :i* we _c judge ( ! direction ( s\nd1 & if 9 a calm day ea* ( !m speaks 9 succession1 we %all n be able ) clos$ eyes to det]m9e f :i* ( ! t5 m5 any ( ! s\nds proce$1 & we %all be incapable ( p]ceiv+ t !re is any diff]5ce 9 ! direction ( ! s\nds emitt$ by ! two out]mo/4 ,if a man & a *ild are plac$ )9 ! same angle1 & if ! man speaks ) ! acc5t ( a *ild )\t any correspond+ motion 9 8 m\? or face1 we %all necess>ily believe t ! voice comes f ! *ild2 nay1 if ! *ild is s di/ant f ! man t ! voice actually appe>s to u to come f ! man1 we %all /ill cont9ue 9 ! belief t ! *ild is ! speak]2 & ?is conviction w\ld acquire additional /r5g? if ! *ild fav\r$ ! deception1 by accommodat+ its features & ge/ures to ! words spok5 by ! man4 ,s p[]ful1 inde$1 is ! influ5ce ( ?is deception1 t if a jack-ass1 plac$ ne> ! man1 7 to op5 its m\?1 & %ake its head responsive to ! words utt]$ by 8 neighb\r1 we %\ld r believe t ! ass spoke ?an t ! s\nds proce$$ f a p]son ^: m\? 0 %ut1 & ! muscles ( ^: face 7 9 p]fect repose4 ,if our imag9ation 7 ev5 direct$ to a m>ble /atue or a lump ( inanimate matt]1 z ! s\rce f :i* we 7 to expect ! s\nds to issue1 we w\ld /ill be deceiv$1 & w\ld ref] ! s\nds ev5 to ^! lifeless objects4 ,! illusion w\ld be greatly promot$1 if ! voice 7 totally diff]5t 9 its tone & "* f t ( ! man f :om x really comes2 & if he occasionally speaks 9 8 own full & measur$ voice1 ! belief w be irresi/ible t ! assum$ voice proce$s f ! quadrup$ or f ! inanimate object4 ,:5 ! s\nds :i* are requir$ to proce$ f any giv5 object are su* z !y are actually calculat$ to yield1 ! process ( deception is extremely easy2 & x may be successfully execut$1 ev5 if ! angle betwe5 ! real & ! suppos$ direction ( ! s\nd is mu* great] ?an ! angle ( unc]ta9ty4 ,mr4 ,dugald ,/ew>t has /at$ "s cases 9 :i* deceptions ( ?is k9d 7 v p]fect4 ,he m5tions 8 hav+ se5 a p]son :o1 by c\nt]feit+ ! ge/iculations ( a p]=m] on ! viol91 :ile he imitat$ ! music by 8 voice1 rivet$ ! eyes ( 8 audi5ce on ! in/rum5t1 ?\gh e s\nd !y he>d proce$$ f 8 own m\?4 ,! late ,savile ,c>ey1 :o imitat$ ! :i/l+ ( ! w9d ?r\gh a n>r[ *9k1 told ,mr4 ,/ew>t t he _h frequ5tly practis$ ?is deception 9 ! corn] ( a c(fee-h\se1 & t he seldom fail$ to see "s ( ! company rise to exam9e ! tightness ( ! w9d[s1 :ile o!rs1 m int5t on _! newspap]s1 cont5t$ !mselves ) putt+ on _! hats & button+ _! coats4 ,mr4 ,/ew>t likewise m5tions an exhibition =m]ly common 9 "s ( ! cont95tal !atres1 :]e a p]=m] on ! /age display$ ! dumb-%[ ( s++ ) 8 lips & eyes & ge/ures1 :ile ano!r p]son unse5 suppli$ ! music ) 8 voice4 ,! deception 9 ?is case he f\nd to be at fir/ s complete z to impose ^u ! nice/ e> & ! quicke/ eye2 b 9 ! progress ( ! ent]ta9m5t1 he became di/9ctly s5sible ( ! imposition1 & sometimes wond]$ t x %\ld h misl$ him = a mom5t4 ,9 ?is case !re c be no d\bt t ! deception 0 at fir/ ! "w ( ! imag9ation1 & 0 n su/a9$ by ! ac\/ic pr9ciple4 ,! real & ! mock s+] 7 too di/ant1 & :5 ! influ5ce ( ! imag9ation subsid$1 ! true direction ( ! s\nd 0 discov]$4 ,?is detection ( ! impo/ure1 h[ev]1 may h aris5 f ano!r cause4 ,if ! mock s+] happ5$ to *ange ! position ( 8 head1 :ile ! real s+] made no correspond+ *ange 9 8 voice1 ! att5tive spectator w\ld at once notice ?is incongruity1 & discov] ! imposition4 ,9 _m ( ! feats ( v5triloquism ! p]=m] contrives1 "u "s pret5ce or o!r1 to conceal 8 face1 b v5triloqui/s ( great di/9ction1 su* z ,m4 ,alex&re1 practise _! art )\t any su* concealm5t4 ,v5triloquism loses its di/9ctive "* if its imitations are n p]=m$ by a voice f ! belly4 ,! voice1 inde$1 does n actually come f t region2 b :5 ! v5triloqui/ utt]s s\nds f ! l>ynx )\t mov+ ! muscles ( 8 face1 he gives !m /r5g? by a p[]ful action ( ! abdom9al muscles4 ,h5ce he speaks by means ( 8 belly1 al?\gh ! ?roat is ! real s\rce f :5ce ! s\nds proce$4 ,mr4 ,dugald ,/ew>t has d\bt$ ! fact1 t v5triloqui/s possess ! p[] ( fet*+ a voice f )93 he _c conceive :at aid c\ld be d]iv$ f su* an extraord9>y p[]2 & he consid]s t ! imag9ation1 :5 second$ by su* p[]s ( imitation z "s mimics possess1 is q suffici5t to acc\nt = all ! ph5om5a ( v5triloquism :i* he has he>d4 ,?is op9ion1 h[ev]1 is /rongly oppos$ by ! rem>k made to ,mr4 ,/ew>t himself by a v5triloqui/1 8t 8 art w\ld be p]fect1 if x 7 possible only to speak di/9ctly )\t any movem5t ( ! lips at all40 ,b1 indep5d5t ( ?is admission1 x is a matt] ( absolute c]ta9ty1 t ?is int]nal p[] is ex]cis$ by ! true v5triloqui/4 ,9 ! acc\nt :i* ! ,abb ,*apelle has giv5 ( ! p]=mances ( ,m4 ,/4 ,gille & ,l\is ,brabant1 he di/9ctly /ates t ,m4 ,/4 ,gille appe>$ to be absolutely mute :ile he 0 ex]cis+ 8 art1 & t no *ange 9 8 c\nt5ance c\ld be discov]$4#af ,he affirms1 also1 t ! c\nt5ance ( ,l\is ,brabant exhibit$ no *ange1 & t 8 lips 7 close & inactive4 ,m4 ,ri*]&1 :o att5tively wat*$ ! p]=mances ( ,m4 ,fitz-,james1 assures u t dur+ 8 exhibition !re 0 a di/5tion 9 ! epiga/ric region1 & t he c\ld n long cont9ue ! ex]tion )\t fatigue4 #af ,ed9burgh ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,no4 xviii41 p4 #bed4 ,! influ5ce ov] ! human m9d :i* ! v5triloqui/ d]ives f ! skilful practice ( 8 art is great] ?an t :i* is ex]cis$ by any o!r species ( conjuror4 ,! ord9>y magician requires 8 !atre1 8 accomplices1 & ! in/rum5ts ( 8 art1 & he enjoys b a local sov]eignty )9 ! prec9cts ( 8 own magic circle4 ,! v5triloqui/1 on ! contr>y1 has ! sup]natural always at 8 comm&4 ,9 ! op5 fields z well z 9 ! cr[d$ city1 9 ! private ap>tm5t z well z 9 ! public hall1 he c summon up innum]able spirits2 & ?\gh ! p]sons ( 8 fictiti\s dialogue are n visible to ! eye1 yet !y are unequivocally pres5t to ! imag9ation ( 8 auditors1 z if !y _h be5 %ad[$ =? 9 ! sil5ce ( a spectral =m4 ,9 ord] to convey "s idea ( ! influ5ce ( ?is illusion1 ,i %all m5tion a few well-au!nticat$ cases ( successful v5triloquism4 ,m4 ,/4 ,gille1 a groc] ( ,/4 ,g]ma9-en-,laye1 ^: p]=mances h be5 record$ by ! ,abb de la ,*apelle1 _h occasion to %elt] himself f a /orm 9 a neighb\r+ conv5t1 :]e ! monks 7 9 deep m\rn+ = a mu*-e/eem$ memb] ( _! community :o _h be5 rec5tly buri$4 ,:ile lam5t+ ov] ! tomb ( _! deceas$ bro!r ! slight hon\rs :i* _h be5 paid to 8 memory1 a voice 0 sudd5ly he>d to issue f ! ro( ( ! *oir bewail+ ! condition ( ! deceas$ 9 purgatory1 & reprov+ ! bro!rhood = _! want ( zeal4 ,! tid+s ( ?is sup]natural ev5t br\ght ! :ole bro!rhood to ! *ur*4 ,! voice f above repeat$ its lam5tations & reproa*es1 & ! :ole conv5t fell ^u _! faces1 & v[$ to make a rep>ation ( _! error4 ,!y accord+ly *ant$ 9 full *oir a ,de ,pr(undis1 dur+ ! int]vals ( :i* ! _s ( ! dep>t$ monk express$ 8 satisfaction at _! pi\s ex]cises4 ,! prior aft]w>ds inveigh$ aga9/ mod]n scepticism on ! subject ( app>itions1 & ,m4 ,/4 ,gille _h great difficulty 9 conv9c+ ! frat]nity t ! :ole 0 a deception4 ,on ano!r occasion1 a commission ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,p>is1 att5d$ by sev]al p]sons ( ! highe/ rank1 met at ,/4 ,g]ma9-en-,laye to witness ! p]=mances ( ,m4 ,/4 ,gille4 ,! real object ( _! meet+ 0 purposely )held f a lady ( ! p>ty1 :o 0 in=m$ t an arial _s _h lately e/abli%$ itself 9 ! neighb\rhood1 & t ! object ( ! assembly 0 to inve/igate ! matt]4 ,:5 ! p>ty _h sat d[n to d9n] 9 ! op5 air1 ! _s address$ ! lady 9 a voice :i* seem$ to come f above _! heads1 f ! surface ( ! gr\nd at a great di/ance1 or f a consid]able dep? "u h] feet4 ,hav+ be5 ?us address$ at int]vals dur+ two h\rs1 ! lady 0 firmly conv9c$ ( ! exi/5ce ( ! _s1 & c\ld ) difficulty be undeceiv$4 ,ano!r v5triloqui/1 ,l\is ,brabant1 :o _h be5 valet-de-*ambre to ,francis ,i41 turn$ 8 p[]s to a m pr(itable acc\nt4 ,hav+ fall5 9 love ) a ri* & beautiful heiress1 he 0 reject$ by h] p>5ts z an unsuitable mat* = _! daught]4 ,on ! dea? ( h] fa!r1 ,l\is paid a visit to ! wid[1 & he _h no soon] ent]$ ! h\se ?an %e he>d ! voice ( h] deceas$ husb& address+ h] f above1 8,give my daught] 9 m>riage to ,l\is ,brabant1 :o is a man ( l>ge =tune & excell5t "*4 ,i endure ! inexpressible torm5ts ( purgatory = hav+ refus$ h] to him4 ,obey ?is admonition1 & give ev]la/+ repose to ! s\l ( y\r poor husb&40 ,?is awful comm& c\ld n be resi/$1 & ! wid[ ann\nc$ h] compliance ) x4 ,z our conjuror1 h[ev]1 requir$ money = ! completion ( 8 m>riage1 he resolv$ to "w ^u ! fe>s ( "o ,cornu1 an old bank] at ,lyons1 :o _h amass$ imm5se weal? by usury & extortion4 ,hav+ obta9$ an int]view ) ! mis]1 he introduc$ ! subjects ( demons & spectres1 & ! torm5ts ( purgatory2 &1 dur+ an int]val ( sil5ce1 ! voice ( ! mis]'s deceas$ fa!r 0 he>d compla9+ ( 8 dreadful situation 9 purgatory1 & call+ ^u 8 son to rescue him f 8 suff]+s by enabl+ ,l\is ,brabant to r$eem ! ,*ri/ians t 7 enslav$ by ! ,turks4 ,! awe-/ruck mis] 0 also ?reat5$ ) et]nal damnation if he did n ?us expiate 8 own s9s2 b su* 0 ! grasp t ! bank] took ( 8 gold1 t ! v5triloqui/ 0 oblig$ to pay him ano!r visit4 ,on ?is occasion1 n only 8 fa!r b all 8 deceas$ relatives appeal$ to him 9 behalf ( 8 own s\l & !irs2 & su* 0 ! l\dness ( _! compla9ts1 t ! _s ( ! bank] 0 subdu$1 & he gave ! v5triloqui/ t5 ?\s& cr[ns to lib]ate ! ,*ri/ian captives4 ,:5 ! mis] 0 aft]w>ds undeceiv$1 he is said to h be5 s mortifi$ t he di$ ( vexation4 ,! v5triloqui/s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury made great additions to _! art1 & ! p]=mances ( ,m4 ,fitz-,james & ,m4 ,alex&re1 :i* mu/ h be5 se5 by _m ( our c\ntrym51 7 f> sup]ior to ^? ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,besides ! art ( speak+ by ! muscles ( ! ?roat & ! abdom51 )\t mov+ ^? ( ! face1 ^! arti/s _h n only /udi$ ) great dilig5ce & success ! modifications :i* s\nds ( all k9ds und]go f di/ance1 ob/ructions1 & o!r causes1 b _h acquir$ ! art ( imitat+ !m 9 ! highe/ p]fection4 ,! v5triloqui/ 0 !re=e able to c>ry on a dialogue 9 :i* ! dramatis voces1 z !y may be call$1 7 num]\s2 & :5 on ! outside ( an ap>tm5t1 he c\ld p]sonate a mob ) its inf9ite v>iety ( noise & vocif]ation4 ,_! influ5ce ov] an audi5ce 0 /ill fur!r ext5d$ by a s+ul> p[] ov] ! muscles ( ! body4 ,m4 ,fitz-,james actually succe$$ 9 mak+ ! opposite or correspond+ muscles act diff]5tly f ea* o!r2 & :ile "o side ( 8 face 0 m]ry & laugh+1 ! o!r 0 full ( sorr[ & 9 te>s4 ,at "o mom5t he 0 tall1 ?91 & melan*olic1 & aft] paus+ beh9d a scre51 he came out 8bloat$ ) obesity & /agg]+ ) fulness40 ,m4 ,alex&re possess$ ! same p[] ov] 8 face & figure2 & s /rik+ 0 ! contra/ ( two ( ^! =ms1 t an excell5t sculptor1 ,mr4 ,joseph1 has p]petuat$ !m 9 m>ble4 ,?is new acquirem5t ( ! v5triloqui/ enabl$ him1 9 8 own s+le p]son & ) 8 own s+le voice1 to repres5t ^u ! /age a dramatic composition :i* w\ld h requir$ ! assi/ance ( sev]al actors4 ,al?\gh only "o "* 9 ! piece c\ld be se5 at ! same "t1 yet !y all appe>$ dur+ its p]=mance1 & ! *ange ( face & figure on ! "p ( ! v5triloqui/ 0 s p]fect1 t 8 p]sonal id5tity c\ld n be recogniz$ 9 ! dramatis p]son4 ,?is deception 0 r5d]$ /ill m complete by a p>ticul> con/ruction ( ! dresses1 :i* enabl$ ! p]=m] to reappe> 9 a new "* aft] an int]val s %ort t ! audi5ce necess>ily believ$ t x 0 ano!r p]son4 ,x is a curi\s circum/ance t ,capta9 ,lyon f\nd among ! ,esquimaux ( ,igloolik v5triloqui/s ( no mean skill4 ,!re is mu* rivalry among ! pr(essors ( ! art1 :o d n expose ea* o!r's secrets1 & _! exhibitions d]ive great importance f ! r>ity ( _! occurr5ce4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( "o ( !m is s int]e/+ t we %all give ! :ole ( x 9 ,capta9 ,lyon's words3-- 8,among/ our ,igloolik acqua9tances 7 two females & a few male wiz>ds1 ( :om ! pr9cipal 0 ,toolemak4 ,?is p]sonage 0 cunn+ & intellig5t2 &1 :e!r pr(essionally1 or f 8 skill 9 ! *ase1 b p]haps f bo? reasons1 0 consid]$ by all ! tribe z a man ( importance4 ,z ,i inv>iably paid great def]5ce to 8 op9ion on all subjects connect$ ) 8 call+1 he freely communicat$ to me 8 sup]ior k1 & did n scruple to all[ ( my be+ pres5t at 8 int]views ) ,tornga1 or 8 patron _s4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 ,i took an e>ly opportunity ( reque/+ my fri5d to exhibit 8 skill 9 my cab94 ,8 old wife 0 ) him1 & by mu* flatt]y & an accid5tal display ( a glitt]+ knife & "s beads1 %e assi/$ me 9 obta9+ my reque/4 ,all light exclud$1 our sorc]] began *ant+ to 8 wife ) great vehem5ce1 & %e 9 return answ]$ by s++ ! ,amna-aya1 :i* 0 n discont9u$ dur+ ! :ole c]emony4 ,z f> z ,i c\ld he>1 he aft]w>ds began turn+ himself rapidly r\nd1 & 9 a l\d1 p[]ful voice vocif]at$ = ,tornga ) great impati5ce1 at ! same "t bl[+ & snort+ l a walrus4 ,8 noise1 impati5ce1 & agitation increas$ e mom5t1 & he at l5g? seat$ himself on ! deck1 v>y+ 8 tones1 & mak+ a ru/l+ ) 8 clo!s4 ,sudd5ly ! voice seem$ smo!r$1 & 0 s manag$ z to s\nd z if retreat+ b5ea? ! deck1 ea* mom5t becom+ m di/ant1 & ultimately giv+ ! idea ( be+ _m feet bel[ ! cab91 :5 x ceas$ entirely4 ,8 wife n[1 9 answ] to my qu]ies1 in=m$ me v s]i\sly1 t he _h div$1 & t he w\ld s5d up ,tornga4 ,accord+ly1 9 ab\t half a m9ute1 a di/ant bl[+ 0 he>d v sl[ly approa*+1 & a voice1 :i* diff]$ f t at fir/ he>d1 0 at times m+l$ ) ! bl[+1 until at l5g? bo? s\nds became di/9ct1 & ! old woman in=m$ me t ,tornga 0 come to answ] my que/ions4 ,i accord+ly ask$ sev]al que/ions ( ! sagaci\s _s1 to ea* ( :i* inquiries ,i receiv$ an answ] by two l\d claps on ! deck1 :i* ,i 0 giv5 to und]/& 7 fav\rable4 8,a v holl[1 yet p[]ful voice1 c]ta9ly mu* diff]5t f ! tones ( ,toolemak1 n[ *ant$ = "s "t1 & a /range jumble ( hisses1 groans1 %\ts1 & gabbl+s l a turkey1 succe$$ 9 rapid ord]4 ,! old woman sang ) increas$ en]gy2 & z ,i took x = grant$ t ?is 0 all int5d$ to a/oni% ! ,kabloona1 ,i cri$ repeat$ly t ,i 0 v mu* afraid4 ,?is1 z ,i expect$1 add$ fuel to ! fire1 until ! poor immortal1 exhau/$ by its own might1 ask$ leave to retire4 8,! voice gradually sank f our he>+ z at fir/1 & a v indi/9ct hiss+ succe$$2 9 its advance x s\nd$ l ! tone produc$ by ! w9d on ! brass *ord ( an olian h>p4 ,?is 0 soon *ang$ to a rapid hiss l t ( a rocket1 & ,toolemak ) a yell ann\nc$ 8 return4 ,i _h held my brea? at ! fir/ di/ant hiss+1 & twice exhau/$ myself1 yet our conjuror did n once respire1 & ev5 8 return+ & p[]ful yell 0 utt]$ )\t a previ\s /op or inspiration ( air4 8,light be+ admitt$1 our wiz>d1 z might be expect$1 0 9 a pr(use p]spiration1 & c]ta9ly mu* exhau/$ by 8 ex]tions1 :i* _h cont9u$ = at lea/ half an h\r4 ,we n[ obs]v$ a c\ple ( bun*es1 ea* consi/+ ( two /ripes ( :ite de]-sk91 & a long piece ( s9ew1 atta*$ to ! back ( 8 coat4 ,^! we _h n se5 be=e1 & 7 in=m$ t !y _h be5 sewn on by ,tornga :ile he 0 bel[40#ag #ag ,private ,j\rnal ( ,capta9 ,g4 ,f4 ,lyon4 ,london1 #ahbd1 pp4 #ceh1 #cfa4 ,capta9 ,lyon _h ! good =tune to witness ano!r ( ,toolemak's exhibitions1 & he 0 mu* /ruck ) ! wond]ful /ead9ess ( ! wiz>d ?r\gh\t ! :ole p]=mance1 :i* la/$ an h\r & a half4 ,he did n once appe> to move1 = he 0 s close to ! sk9 beh9d :i* ,capta9 ,lyon sat1 t if he _h done s he mu/ h p]ceiv$ x4 ,capta9 ,lyon did n he> ! lea/ ru/l+ ( 8 clo!s1 or ev5 di/+ui% 8 brea?+1 al?\gh 8 outcries 7 made ) great ex]tion4#ah #ah ,id4 p4 #cff4 ,,lett] ,,viii4 ,musical & h>monic s\nds expla9$--,p[] ( break+ glasses ) ! voice--,musical s\nds f ! vibration ( a column ( air--& ( solid bodies--,kaleidophone--,s+ul> ac\/ic figures produc$ on s& laid on vibrat+ plates ( glass--& on /ret*$ membranes--,vibration ( flat rul]s & cyl9d]s ( glass--,production ( sil5ce f two s\nds--,production ( d>kness f two lights--,explanation ( ^! s+ul> effects--,ac\/ic automaton--,droz's bleat+ %eep--,maill>det's s++-bird--,vaucanson's flute-play]--,8 pipe & tabor-play]--,b>on ,kempel5's talk+-eng9e--,kratz5/e9's speak+-ma*9e--,mr4 ,willis's rese>*es4 ,among ! discov]ies ( mod]n sci5ce1 !re are few m rem>kable ?an ^? :i* relate to ! production ( h>monic s\nds4 ,we are all famili> ) ! effects ( musical in/rum5ts1 f ! deep-ton$ voice ( ! organ to ! wiry %rill ( ! ,jew's h>p4 ,we sit entranc$ "u _! magical influ5ce1 :e!r ! e> is *>m$ ) ! melody ( _! s\nds1 or ! he>t agitat$ by ! sympa?ies :i* !y r\se4 ,b ?\gh we may admire _! ext]nal =m1 & ! skill ( ! arti/ :o con/ruct$ !m1 we nev] ?9k ( inquir+ into ! cause ( su* extraord9>y comb9ations4 ,s\nds ( all k9ds are convey$ to ! organ ( he>+ ?r\gh ! air2 & if ?is elem5t 7 to be de/roy$1 all nature w\ld be buri$ 9 ! deepe/ sil5ce4 ,noises ( e v>iety1 :e!r !y are musical or discordant1 high or l[1 move ?r\gh ! air ( our atmosph]e at ! surface ( ! e>? ) a velocity ( #ajij feet 9 a second1 or #gfe miles p] h\r2 b 9 sulphur\s acid gas s\nd moves only ?r\gh #gea feet 9 a second1 :ile 9 hydrog5 gas x moves ) ! great velocity ( #cjjj feet4 ,along fluid & solid bodies1 its progress is /ill m rapid4 ,?r\gh wat] x moves at ! rate ( #dgjh feet 9 a second1 ?r\gh t9 at ! rate ( #hage feet1 & ?r\gh iron1 glass1 & "s k9ds ( wood1 at ! rate ( #ah1ecj feet4 ,:5 a numb] ( s+le & sep>ate s\nds foll[ ea* o!r 9 rapid succession1 !y produce a cont9u$ s\nd1 9 ! same mann] z a cont9u\s circle ( light is produc$ by :irl+ r\nd a burn+ /ick be=e ! eye4 ,9 ord] t ! s\nd may appe> a s+le "o to ! e>1 ne>ly sixte5 sep>ate s\nds mu/ foll[ "o ano!r e second4 ,:5 ^! s\nds are exactly simil>1 & recur at equal int]vals1 !y =m a musical s\nd4 ,9 ord] to produce su* s\nds f ! air1 x mu/ receive at lea/ sixte5 equally di/ant impulses or /rokes 9 a second4 ,! mo/ common way ( produc+ ?is effect is by a /r+ or wire ,a ,b1 ,fig4 #dj1 /ret*$ betwe5 ! fix$ po9ts ,a1 ,b4 ,if ?is /r+ is tak5 by ! middle & pull$ aside1 or if x is sudd5ly /ruck1 x w vibrate betwe5 its two fix$ po9ts1 z %[n 9 ! figure1 pass+ alt]nately on ea* side ( its axis ,a ,b1 ! vibrations gradually dim9i%+ by ! resi/ance ( ! air till ! /r+ is br\ght to re/4 ,its vibrations1 h[ev]1 may be kept up1 by draw+ a ros9$ fiddle-b[ across x1 & :ile x is vibrat+ x w give out a s\nd correspond+ to ! rapidity ( its vibrations1 & aris+ f ! successive bl[s or impulses giv5 to ! air by ! /r+4 ,?is s\nd is call$ ! fundam5tal s\nd ( ! /r+1 & its acut5ess or %>pness increases ) ! numb] ( vibrations :i* ! /r+ p]=ms 9 a second4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,if we n[ t\* ! vibrat+ /r+ ,a ,b lightly ) ! f+]1 or ) a fea!r at ! middle po9t ,c1 ,fig4 #dj1 x w give out a m acute b fa9t] s\nd ?an be=e1 & :ile ! ext5t ( its vibrations is dim9i%$1 _! frequ5cy is d\bl$4 ,9 l mann]1 if we t\* ! /r+ ,a ,b1 ,fig4 #dj1 at a po9t ,c1 s t ,a ,c is "o-?ird ( ,a ,b1 ! note w be /ill m acute1 & correspond to ?rice ! numb] ( vibrations4 ,all ?is might h be5 expect$2 b ! wond]ful "p ( ! exp]im5t is1 t ! vibrat+ /r+ ,a ,b divides itself at ,c into two p>ts ,a ,c1 ,c ,b1 ! "p ,a ,c vibrat+ r\nd ,a & ,c z fix$ po9ts1 & ! "p ,c ,b r\nd ,c & ,b1 b always s t ! "p ,a ,c is at ! same di/ance on ! "o side ( ! axis ,a ,b z at ,a m ,c1 :ile ! "p ,c ,b is on ! o!r side1 z at ,c n ,b4 ,h5ce ! po9t ,c1 be+ always pull$ by equal & opposite =ces1 rema9s at re/ z if x 7 absolutely fix$4 ,?is /ation>y po9t is call$ a node1 & ! vibrat+ portions ,am ,c1 ,c n ,b loops4 ,! v same is true ( ! /r+ ,a ,b1 ! po9ts ,c & ,d be+ /ation>y po9ts2 & ^u ! same pr9ciple a /r+ may be divid$ into any numb] ( vibrat+ portions4 ,9 ord] to prove t ! /r+ is actually vibrat+ 9 ^! equal subdivisions1 we h only to place a piece ( light pap] ) a not* 9 x on diff]5t p>ts ( ! /r+4 ,at ! nodes ,c & ,d x w rema9 p]fectly at re/1 :ile at m or n 9 ! middle ( ! loops x w be ?r[n (f or viol5tly agitat$4 ,! acute s\nds giv5 out by ea* ( ! vibrat+ portions are call$ h>monic s\nds1 & !y accompany ! fundam5tal s\nd ( ! /r+ 9 ! v same mann] z we h already se5 t ! eye sees ! accid5tal or h>monic col\rs :ile x is affect$ ) ! fundam5tal col\r4 ,! subdivision ( ! /r+1 & consequ5tly ! production ( h>monic s\nds1 may be effect$ )\t t\*+ ! /r+ at all1 & by means ( a sympa!tic action convey$ by ! air4 ,if a /r+ ,a ,b1 = example1 ,fig4 #dj1 is at re/1 & if a %ort] /r+ ,a ,c1 "o ?ird ( its l5g?1 fix$ at ! two po9ts ,a & ,c1 is set vibrat+ 9 ! same room1 ! /r+ ,a ,b w be set vibrat+ 9 ?ree loops l ,a ,b1 giv+ out ! same h>monic s\nds z ! small /r+ ,a ,c4 ,x is ow+ to ?is prop]ty ( s\nd+ bodies t s+]s ) great p[] ( voice are able to break into pieces a l>ge tumbl] glass1 by s++ close to x its prop] fundam5tal note2 & x is f ! same sympa!tic communication ( vibrations t two p5dulum clocks fix$ to ! same wall1 or two wat*es ly+ ^u ! same table1 w take ! same rate ( go+1 ?\gh !y w\ld n agree ) "o ano!r if plac$ 9 sep>ate ap>tm5ts4 ,mr4 ,ellicott ev5 obs]v$ t ! p5dulum ( ! "o clock w /op t ( ! o!r1 & t ! /opp$ p5dulum w1 aft] a c]ta9 "t1 resume its vibrations1 & 9 its turn /op ! vibrations ( ! o!r p5dulum4 ,! production ( musical s\nds by ! vibrations ( a column ( air 9 a pipe is famili> to e p]son1 b ! extraord9>y me*anism by :i* x is effect$ is kn[n pr9cipally to philosoph]s4 ,a column ( air 9 a pipe may be set vibrat+ by bl[+ ov] ! op5 end ( x1 z is done 9 ,pan's pipes2 or by bl[+ ov] a hole 9 its side1 z 9 ! flute2 or by bl[+ ?r\gh an ap]ture call$ a re$1 ) a flexible tongue1 z 9 ! cl>ionet4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! nature ( ?is vibration1 let ,,ab1 ,fig4 #da1 be a pipe or tube1 & let u place 9 x a spiral spr+ ,,ab1 9 :i* ! coil or spire are at equal di/ances1 ea* end ( ! spiral be+ fix$ to ! end ( ! tube4 ,?is ela/ic spr+ may be suppos$ to repres5t ! air 9 ! pipe1 :i* is ( equal d5sity ?r\gh\t4 ,if we take hold ( ! spr+ at m1 & pu% ! po9t m t[>ds ,a & t[>ds ,b 9 succession1 x w give u a good idea ( ! vibration ( an ela/ic column ( air4 ,:5 m is pu%$ t[>ds ,a1 ! spiral spr+ w be compress$ or cond5s$1 z %[n at m ,a1 ,no4 #b1 :ile at ! o!r end x w be dilat$ or r>efi$1 z %[n at m ,b1 & 9 ! middle ( ! tube x w h ! same degree ( compression z 9 ,no4 #a4 ,:5 ! /r+ is drawn to ! o!r end ( ! tube ,b1 ! spr+ w be1 z 9 ,no4 #c1 cond5s$ at ! end ,b1 & dilat$ at ! end ,a4 ,n[ :5 a column ( air vibrates 9 a pipe ,,ab1 ! :ole ( x ru%es alt]nately f ,b to ,a1 z 9 ,no4 #b1 & f ,a to ,b z 9 ,no4 #c1 be+ cond5s$ at ! end ,a1 ,no4 #b1 & dilat$ or r>efi$ at ! end ,b1 :ile 9 ,no4 #c x is r>efi$ at ,a & cond5s$ at ,b1 pres]v+ its natural d5sity at ! middle po9t betwe5 ,a & ,b4 ,9 ! case ( ! spr+ ! ends ,,ab are alt]nately pu%$ outw>ds & pull$ inw>ds by ! spr+1 ! end ,a be+ pu%$ outw>ds 9 ,no4 #b1 & ,b pull$ inw>ds1 :ile 9 ,no4 #c ,a is pull$ inw>ds & ,b pu%$ outw>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,t ! air vibrat+ 9 a pipe is actually 9 ! /ate n[ describ$1 may be %[n by bor+ small holes 9 ! pipe1 & putt+ ov] !m pieces ( a f9e membrane4 ,! membrane opposite to ! middle "p betwe5 ,a & ,b :]e ! p>ticles ( ! air h ! greate/ motion1 w be viol5tly agitat$1 :ile at po9ts ne>] ! ends ,a & ,b x w be less & less affect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,let u n[ suppose two pipes1 ,,ab1 ,,bc1 to be jo9$ toge!r z 9 ,fig4 #db1 & to be sep>at$ by a fix$ p>tition at ,b2 & let a spiral spr+ be fix$ 9 ea*4 ,let ! spr+ ,,ab be n[ pu%$ to ! end ,a1 :ile ! spr+ ,,bc is pu%$ to ,c1 z 9 ,no4 #a1 & back aga91 z 9 ,no4 #b1 b always 9 opposite directions2 !n x is obvi\s t ! p>tition ,b is 9 ,no4 #a drawn 9 opposite directions t[>ds ,a & t[>ds ,c1 & always ) =ces equal to ea* o!r3 t is1 :5 ,b is drawn slightly t[>ds ,a1 :i* x is at ! beg9n+ ( ! motion1 x is also drawn slightly t[>ds ,c2 & :5 x is drawn =cibly t[>ds ,a1 z x is at ! end ( ! motion ( ! spr+1 x is also drawn =cibly t[>ds ,c4 ,if ! p>tition ,b1 !re=e1 is moveable1 x w /ill rema9 fix$ dur+ ! opposite excursions ( ! spiral spr+s2 nay1 if we remove ! p>tition1 & hook ! end ( "o spiral spr+ to ! end ( ! o!r1 ! node or po9t ( junction w rema9 /ation>y dur+ ! movem5ts ( ! spr+s1 because at e in/ant t po9t is drawn by equal & opposite =ces4 ,if ?ree1 f\r1 or five spiral spr+s are jo9$ 9 a simil> mann]1 we may conceive !m all vibrat+ betwe5 _! nodes 9 ! same mann]4 ,^u ! v same pr9ciples we may conceive a long column ( air )\t p>titions divid+ itself into two1 ?ree1 or f\r small] columns1 ea* ( :i* w vibrate betwe5 its nodes 9 ! same mann] z ! spiral spr+4 ,at ! middle po9t ( ea* small vibrat+ column1 ! air w be ( its natural d5sity1 l t ( ! atmosph]e2 :ile at ! nodes ,b1 c4 x w be 9 a /ate ( cond5sation & r>efaction alt]nately4 ,if1 :5 ! air is vibrat+ 9 "o column 9 ! pipe ,,ab1 z 9 ,fig4 #da1 ,no4 #b1 #c1 we conceive a hole made 9 ! middle1 ! atmosph]ic air w n ru% 9 to di/urb ! vibration1 because ! air )9 ! pipe & )\t x has exactly ! same d5sity4 ,nay1 if1 in/ead ( a s+le hole1 we 7 to cut a r+ out ( ! pipe at ! middle po9t1 ! column w\ld vibrate z be=e4 ,b if we bore a hole betwe5 ! middle & "o ( ! ends1 :]e ! vibrat+ column mu/ be ei!r 9 a /ate ( cond5sation or r>efaction1 ! air mu/ ei!r ru% out or ru% 91 9 ord] to e/abli% ! equilibrium4 ,! air opposite ! hole w !n be br\ght to ! /ate ( ! ext]nal air1 l t 9 ! middle ( ! pipe2 x w become ! middle ( a vibrat+ column3 & ! :ole column ( air1 in/ead ( vibrat+ z "o1 w vibrate z two columns1 ea* column vibrat+ ) twice ! velocity1 & yield+ h>monic s\nds along ) ! fundam5tal s\nd ( ! :ole columns1 9 ! same mann] z we h already expla9$ ) reg>d to vibrat+ /r+s4 ,by op5+ o!r holes we may subdivide a vibrat+ column into any numb] ( small] vibrat+ columns4 ,! holes 9 flutes1 cl>ionets1 c4 are made = ?is purpose4 ,:5 !y are all clos$ up1 ! air vibrates 9 "o column2 & by op5+ & %utt+ ! diff]5t holes 9 succession1 ! numb] ( vibrat+ columns is increas$ or dim9i%$ at pleasure1 & consequ5tly ! h>monic s\nds w v>y 9 a simil> mann]4 ,curi\s z ^! ph5om5a are1 !y are /ill surpass$ by ^? :i* are exhibit$ dur+ ! vibration ( solid bodies4 ,a rod or b> ( metal or glass may be made to vibrate ei!r longitud9ally or lat]ally4 ,an iron rod w vibrate longitud9ally1 l a column ( air1 if we /rike x at "o end 9 ! direction ( its l5g?2 or rub x 9 ! same direction ) a wett$ f+]1 & x w admit ! same fundam5tal note z a column ( air t5 or elev5 times z long1 because s\nd moves s mu* fa/] 9 iron ?an 9 air4 ,:5 ! iron rod is ?us vibrat+ along its l5g?1 ! v same *anges :i* we h %[n 9 ,fig4 #da1 z produc$ 9 a spiral spr+1 or 9 a column ( air1 take place 9 ! solid metal4 ,all its p>ticles move alt]nately t[>ds ,a & t[>ds ,b1 ! metal be+ 9 ! "o case cond5s$ at ! end to :i* ! p>ticles move1 & exp&$ at ! end f :i* !y move1 & reta9+ its natural d5sity 9 ! middle ( ! rod4 ,if we n[ hold ?is rod 9 ! middle1 by ! f+] & ?umb lightly appli$1 & rub x 9 ! middle ei!r ( ,,ab or ,,bc ) a piece ( clo? spr9kl$ ) p[d]$ ros91 or ) a well-ros9$ fiddle-b[ drawn across ! rod1 x w divide itself into two vibrat+ portions ,,ab1 ,,bc1 ea* ( :i* w vibrate1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #db1 l ! two adjac5t columns ( air1 ! section ( ! rod1 or ! p>ticles :i* compose t section at ,b1 be+ at p]fect re/4 ,by hold+ ! rod at any int]m$iate po9t betwe5 ,a & ,b1 s t ! di/ance f ,a to ! f+] & ?umb is "o-?ird1 "o-f\r?1 "o-fif?1 c4 ( ! :ole l5g? ,,ac1 & rubb+ "o ( ! divisions 9 ! middle1 ! rod w divide itself into #c1 #d1 #e1 c4 vibrat+ portions1 & give out correspond+ h>monic s\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,a rod ( iron may be made to vibrate lat]ally or transv]sely1 by fix+ "o end ( x firmly1 z 9 a vice1 & leav+ ! o!r free1 or by hav+ bo? ends free or bo? fix$4 ,:5 a rod1 fix$ at "o end & free at ! o!r1 is made to vibrate1 its mode ( vibrat+ may be r5d]$ evid5t to ! eye2 & = ! purpose ( do+ ?is1 ,mr4 ,:eat/one has contriv$ a curi\s in/rum5t1 call$ ! ,kaleidophone1 :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dc4 ,x consi/s ( a circul> base ( wood ,,ab1 ab\t n9e in*es 9 diamet] & "o in* ?ick1 & hav+ f\r brass sockets firmly fix$ into x at ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 & ,f4 ,into ^! sockets are screw$ f\r v]tical /eel rods ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 & ,f1 ab\t ?irte5 or f\rte5 in*es long2 "o be+ a squ>e rod1 ano!r a b5t cyl9drical "o1 & ! o!r two cyl9drical ones ( diff]5t diamet]s4 ,on ! extremities ( ^! rods are fix$ small quicksilv]$ glass beads1 ei!r s+ly or 9 gr\ps1 s t :5 ! in/rum5t is plac$ 9 ! light ( ! sun or 9 t ( a lamp1 bright images ( ! sun or flame are se5 reflect$ on ea* bead4 ,if any ( ^! rods is set vibrat+1 ^! lum9\s images w =m cont9u\s & return+ curve l9es 9 a /ate ( con/ant v>iation1 ea* diff]5t rod giv+ curves ( diff]5t *>act]s1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,! ,melodion1 an in/rum5t ( great p[]1 embrac+ five octaves1 op]ates by means ( ! vibrations ( metallic rods ( unequal l5g?s1 fix$ at "o end & free at ! o!r4#ai ,a n>r[ & ?9 plate ( copp] is screw$ to ! free extremity ( ea* rod1 & at "r angles to its l5g?2 & its surface is cov]$ ) a small piece ( felt1 impregnat$ ) ros94 ,?is n>r[ b& is plac$ ne> ! circumf]5ce ( a revolv+ cyl9d]1 &1 by t\*+ ! key1 x is made to desc5d till x t\*es ! revolv+ cyl9d]1 & gives out its s\nd4 ,! sweetness & p[] ( ?is in/rum5t are unrivall$2 & su* is ! "* ( its tones1 t p]sons ( a n]v\s temp]am5t are (t5 entirely ov]p[]$ by its effects4 #ai ,see ,ed9burgh ,encyclopdia1 ,art4 ,,sci5ce1 ,curiosities 91 ,vol4 xvii41 p4 #efc4 ,! vibrations ( plates ( metal or glass ( v>i\s =ms exhibit a s]ies ( ! mo/ extraord9>y ph5om5a1 :i* are capable ( be+ %[n by v simple means4 ,^! ph5om5a are display$ 9 an inf9ite v>iety ( regul> figures assum$ by s& or f9e lycopodium p[d]1 /rew$ ov] ! surface ( ! glass plate4 ,9 ord] to produce ^! figures1 we mu/ p9* or damp ! plate at "o or m places1 & :5 ! s& is /rew$ ^u its surface1 x is ?r[n into vibrations by draw+ a fiddle-b[ ov] diff]5t p>ts ( its circumf]5ce4 ,! me?od ( damp+ or p9*+ plates is %[n 9 ,fig4 #de4 ,9 ,no4 #a1 a squ>e plate ( glass ,,ab1 gr\nd smoo? at its edges1 is p9*$ by ! f+] & ?umb4 ,9 ,no4 #b1 a circul> plate is held by ! ?umb aga9/ ! top c ( a p]p5dicul> rod1 & damp$ by ! f+]s at two diff]5t po9ts ( its circumf]5ce4 ,9 ,no4 #c x is damp$ at ?ree po9ts ( its circumf]5ce2 c & d by ! ?umb & f+]1 & at e by press+ x aga9/ a fix$ ob/acle a b4 ,by means ( a clamp l t at ,no4 #d1 x may be damp$ at a great] numb] ( po9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,no #a ,no #b ,no #c ,no #d ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,no #a ,no #b ,no #c ,no #d ,if we take a squ>e plate ( glass1 su* z t %[n 9 ,fig4 #df1 ,no4 #a1 &1 p9*+ x at its c5tre1 draw ! fiddle-b[ ne> "o ( its angles1 ! s& w accumulate 9 ! =m ( a cross1 z %[n 9 ! figure1 be+ ?r[n (f ! p>ts ( ! plate t are 9 a /ate ( vibration1 & settl+ 9 ! nodes or p>ts :i* are at re/4 ,if ! b[ is drawn across ! middle ( "o ( ! edges1 ! s& w accumulate z 9 ,no4 #b4 ,if ! plate is p9*$ at ,n1 ,no4 #c1 & ! b[ appli$ at ,f & p]p5dicul> to ,,ab1 ! s& w arrange itself 9 ?ree p>allel l9es1 p]p5dicul> to a f\r? pass+ ?r\gh ,f & ,n4 ,b if ! po9t ,n1 :]e x is p9*$1 is a little f>!r f ! edge ?an 9 ,no4 #c1 ! p>allel l9es w *ange into curves z 9 ,no4 #d4 ,if ! plate ( glass is circul>1 & p9*$ at its c5tre1 & also at a po9t ( its circumf]5ce1 & if ! b[ is appli$ at a po9t #de f ! la/ po9t1 ! figure ( ! s& w be z 9 ,fig4 #dg1 ,no4 #a4 ,if ) ! same plate1 simil>ly p9*$1 ! b[ is drawn ov] a "p #cj f ! p9*$ po9t ( ! circumf]5ce1 ! s& w =m six radii z 9 ,no4 #b4 ,:5 ! c5tre ( ! plate is left free1 a diff]5t set ( figures is produc$1 z %[n 9 ,no4 #c & ,no4 #d4 ,:5 ! plate is p9*$ ne> its edge1 & ! b[ appli$ #de f ! po9t p9*$1 a circle ( s& w pass ?r\gh t po9t1 & two diamet]s ( s&1 at "r angles to ea* o!r1 w be =m$ z 9 ,no4 #c4 ,:5 a po9t ( ! circumf]5ce is press$ aga9/ a fix$ ob/acle1 & ! b[ appli$ #cj f t po9t1 ! figure 9 ,no4 #d is produc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #b4 ,no4 #c4 ,no4 #d4 ,if1 9 place ( a solid plate1 we /rew ! s& ov] a /ret*$ membrane1 ! s& w =m itself into figures1 ev5 :5 ! vibrations are communicat$ to ! membrane ?r\gh ! air4 ,9 ord] to make ^! exp]im5ts1 we mu/ /ret* a ?9 %eet ( wet pap]1 su* z vegetable pap]1 ov] ! m\? ( a tumbl]-glass ) a foot/alk1 & fix x to ! edges ) glue4 ,:5 ! pap] is dry1 a ?9 lay] ( dry s& is /rew$ ^u its surface4 ,if we place ?is membrane ^u a table1 & hold imm$iately above x1 & p>allel to ! membrane1 a plate ( glass vibrat+ s z to give any ( ! figures %[n 9 ,fig4 #dg1 ! s& ^u ! membrane w imitate exactly ! figure ^u ! glass4 ,if ! glass plate1 9 place ( vibrat+ horizontally1 is made to vibrate 9 an incl9$ position1 ! figures on ! membrane w *ange ) ! incl9ation1 & ! s& w assume ! mo/ curi\s arrangem5ts4 ,! figures ?us produc$ v>y ) ! size ( ! membrane1 ) its mat]ial1 its t5sion1 & its %ape4 ,:5 ! same figure occurs sev]al times 9 succession1 a brea? ^u ! pap] w *ange its degree ( t5sion1 & produce an entirely new figure1 :i*1 z ! tempor>y moi/ure evaporates1 w return to ! orig9al figure1 ?r\gh a numb] ( int]m$iate ones4 ,! pipe ( an organ at ! di/ance ( a few feet1 or ! notes ( a flute at ! di/ance ( half a foot1 w arrange ! s& on ! membrane into figures :i* p]petually *ange ) ! s\nd t is produc$4 ,! mann] 9 :i* flat rul]s & cyl9d]s ( glass p]=m _! vibrations is v rem>kable4 ,if a glass plate ab\t tw5ty-sev5 in*es long1 six-t5?s ( an in* broad1 & six hundr$?s ( an in* ?ick1 is held by ! edges betwe5 ! f+] & ?umb1 & has its l[] surface1 ne> ei!r end1 rubb$ ) a piece ( wet clo?1 s& laid ^u its upp] surface w arrange itself 9 p>allel l9es at "r angles to ! l5g? ( ! plate4 ,if ! place ( ^! l9es is m>k$ ) a dot ( ink1 & ! o!r side ( ! glass rul] is turn$ upw>ds1 & ! rul] made to vibrate z be=e1 ! s& w n[ accumulate 9 l9es int]m$iate betwe5 ! =m] l9es1 s t ! motions ( "o-half ! ?ickness ( ! glass rul] are precisely ! rev]se ( ^? ( ! correspond+ p>ts ( ! o!r half4 ,z ^! s+ul> ph5om5a h n yet be5 made available by ! sci5tific conjuror1 we mu/ be satisfi$ ) ?is brief notice ( !m2 b !re is /ill "o prop]ty ( s\nd1 :i* has its analogy also 9 light1 too rem>kable to be pass$ )\t notice4 ,?is prop]ty has m ( ! m>vell\s 9 x ?an any result )9 ! wide range ( ! sci5ces4 ,two l\d s\nds may be made to produce sil5ce1 & two /rong lights may be made to produce d>kness6 ,if two equal & simil> /r+s1 or ! columns ( air 9 two equal & simil> pipes1 p]=m exactly #ajj vibrations 9 a second1 !y w produce ea* equal waves ( s\nd1 & ^! waves w conspire 9 g5]at+ an un9t]rupt$ s\nd1 d\ble ( ei!r ( ! s\nds1 he>d sep>ately4 ,if ! two /r+s or ! two columns ( air are n 9 unison1 b ne>ly s1 z 9 ! case :]e ! "o vibrates #ajj & ! o!r #aja times 9 a second1 !n at ! fir/ vibration ! two s\nds w =m "o ( d\ble ! /r5g? ( ei!r2 b ! "o w gradually ga9 ^u ! o!r1 till at ! fiftie? vibration x has ga9$ half a vibration on ! o!r4 ,at ?is in/ant ! two s\nds w de/roy "o ano!r1 & an int]val ( p]fect sil5ce w take place4 ,! s\nd w in/antly comm5ce1 & gradually increase till x becomes l\de/ at ! hundr$? vibration1 :]e ! two vibrations conspire 9 produc+ a s\nd d\ble ( ei!r4 ,an int]val ( sil5ce w aga9 occur at ! #aej?1 #bej?1 #cej? vibration1 or e second1 :ile a s\nd ( d\ble ! /r5g? ( ei!r w be he>d at ! #bjj?1 #cjj?1 & #djj? vibration4 ,:5 ! unison is v defective1 or :5 !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! numb] ( vibrations :i* ! two /r+s or columns ( air p]=m 9 a second1 ! successive s\nds & int]vals ( sil5ce resemble a rattle4 ,) a p[]ful organ1 ! effect ( ?is exp]im5t is v f9e1 ! repetition ( ! s\nds w[--w[--w[--repres5t+ ! d\ble s\nd & ! int]val ( sil5ce :i* arise f ! total ext9ction ( ! two sep>ate s\nds4 ,! ph5om5on correspond+ to ?is 9 ! case ( light is p]haps /ill m surpris+4 ,if a beam ( r$ light issues f a lum9\s po9t1 & falls ^u ! ret9a1 we %all see di/9ctly ! lum9\s object f :i* x proce$s2 b if ano!r p5cil ( r$ light issues f ano!r lum9\s po9t1 anyh[ situat$1 provid$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 its di/ance & t ( ! o!r lum9\s po9t f ! po9t ( ! ret9a1 on :i* ! fir/ beam fell1 is ! #beh? ?\s&? "p ( an in*1 or exactly twice1 ?rice1 f\r times1 c41 t di/ance2 & if ?is second beam falls ^u ! same po9t ( ! ret9a1 ! "o light w increase ! int5sity ( ! o!r1 & ! eye w see twice z mu* light z :5 x receiv$ only "o ( ! beams sep>ately4 ,all ?is is no?+ m ?an :at might be expect$ f our ord9>y exp]i5ce4 ,b if ! diff]5ce 9 ! di/ances ( ! two lum9\s po9ts is only "o-half ( ! #beh? ?\s&? "p ( an in*1 or #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 times t di/ance1 ! "o light w ext+ui% ! o!r & produce absolute d>kness4 ,if ! two lum9\s po9ts are s situat$1 t ! diff]5ce ( _! di/ances f ! po9t ( ! ret9a is int]m$iate betwe5 #a & #a1 or #b & #b1 above ! #beh? ?\s&? "p ( an in*1 ! int5sity ( ! effect :i* !y produce w v>y f absolute d>kness to d\ble ! int5sity ( ei!r light4 ,at #a1 #b1 #c times1 c41 ! #beh? ?\s&? ( an in*1 ! int5sity ( ! two comb9$ lights w be equal only to "o ( !m act+ s+ly4 ,if ! lights1 9 place ( fall+ ^u ! ret9a1 fall ^u a %eet ( :ite pap]1 ! v same effect w be produc$1 a black spot be+ produc$ 9 ! "o case1 & a bright :ite "o 9 ! o!r1 & int]m$iate degrees ( brightness 9 int]m$iate cases4 ,if ! two lights are violet1 ! diff]5ce ( di/ances at :i* ! prec$+ ph5om5a w be produc$ w be ! #aeg? ?\s&? "p ( an in*1 & x w be int]m$iate betwe5 ! #beh? & ! #aeg? ?\s&? "p ( an in* = ! int]m$iate col\rs4 ,?is curi\s ph5om5on may be easily %[n to ! eye1 by admitt+ ! sun's light into a d>k room ?r\gh a small hole ab\t ! #dj? or #ej? "p ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & receiv+ ! light on a %eet ( pap]4 ,if we hold a ne$le or piece ( sl5d] wire 9 ?is light1 & exam9e its %ad[1 we %all f9d t ! %ad[ consi/s ( bright & d>k /ripes succe$+ ea* o!r alt]nately1 ! /ripe 9 ! v middle or axis ( ! %ad[ be+ a bright "o4 ,! rays ( light :i* are b5t into ! %ad[1 & :i* meet 9 ! v middle ( ! %ad[1 h exactly ! same l5g? ( pa?1 s t !y =m a bright fr+e ( d\ble ! int5sity ( ei!r2 b ! rays :i* fall ^u a po9t ( ! %ad[ at a c]ta9 di/ance f ! middle1 h a diff]5ce 9 ! l5g? ( _! pa?s1 correspond+ to ! diff]5ce at :i* ! lights de/roy ea* o!r1 s t a black /ripe is produc$ on ea* side ( ! middle bright "o4 ,at a great] di/ance f ! middle1 ! diff]5ce becomes su* z to produce a bright /ripe1 & s on1 a bright & a d>k /ripe succe$+ ea* o!r to ! m>g9 ( ! %ad[4 ,! explanation :i* philosoph]s h giv5 ( ^! /range ph5om5a is v satisfactory1 & may be easily und]/ood4 ,:5 a wave is made on ! surface ( a /ill pool ( wat]1 by plung+ a /one into x1 ! wave advances along ! surface1 :ile ! wat] itself is nev] c>ri$ =w>d1 b m]ely rises into a height & falls into a holl[1 ea* portion ( ! surface exp]i5c+ an elevation & a depression 9 its turn4 ,if we suppose two waves equal & simil> to be produc$ by two sep>ate /ones1 & if !y rea* ! same spot at ! same "t1 t is1 if ! two elevations %\ld exactly co9cide1 !y w\ld unite _! effects1 & produce a wave twice ! size ( ei!r2 b if ! "o wave %\ld be j s f> be=e ! o!r1 t ! holl[ ( ! "o co9cid$ ) ! elevation ( ! o!r1 & ! elevation ( ! "o ) ! holl[ ( ! o!r1 ! two waves w\ld oblit]ate or de/roy "o ano!r1 ! elevation z x 7 ( ! "o fill+ up half ! holl[ ( ! o!r1 & ! holl[ ( ! "o tak+ away half ! elevation ( ! o!r1 s z to r$uce ! surface to a level4 ,^! effects w be actually exhibit$ by ?r[+ two equal /ones into a pool ( wat]1 & x w be se5 t !re are c]ta9 l9es ( a hyp]bolic =m :]e ! wat] is q smoo?1 9 consequ5ce ( ! equal waves oblit]at+ "o ano!r1 :ile1 9 o!r adjac5t p>ts1 ! wat] is rais$ to a height correspond+ to bo? ! waves unit$4 ,9 ! tides ( ! ocean we h a f9e example ( ! same pr9ciple4 ,! two imm5se waves aris+ f ! action ( ! sun & moon ^u ! ocean produce our spr+-tides by _! comb9ation1 or :5 ! elevations ( ea* co9cide2 & our neap-tides1 :5 ! elevation ( ! "o wave co9cides ) ! depression ( ! o!r4 ,if ! sun & moon _h ex]t$ exactly ! same =ce ^u ! ocean1 or produc$ tide waves ( ! same size1 !n our neap-tides w\ld h disappe>$ altoge!r1 & ! spr+-tide w\ld h be5 a wave d\ble ( ! wave produc$ by ! sun & moon sep>ately4 ,an example ( ! effect ( ! equality ( ! two waves occurs 9 ! port ( ,bat%a1 :]e ! two waves arrive by *annels ( diff]5t l5g?s1 & actually oblit]ate ea* o!r4 ,n[1 z s\nd is produc$ by undulations or waves 9 ! air1 & z light is suppos$ to be produc$ by waves or undulations 9 an e!real m$ium1 fill+ all nature1 & occupy+ ! pores ( transp>5t bodies1 ! successive production ( s\nd & sil5ce by two l\d s\nds1 or ( light & d>kness by two bright lights1 may be expla9$ 9 ! v same mann] z we h expla9$ ! increase & ! oblit]ation ( waves =m$ on ! surface ( wat]4 ,if ?is !ory ( light be correct1 !n ! bread? ( a wave ( r$ light w be ! #beh? ?\s&? "p ( an in*1 ! bread? ( a wave ( gre5 light ! #bjg? ?\s&? "p ( an in*1 & ! bread? ( a wave ( violet light ! #aeg? ?\s&? "p ( an in*4 ,among ! wond]s ( mod]n skill1 we mu/ enum]ate ^? beautiful automata by :i* ! motions & actions ( man & o!r animals h be5 successfully imitat$4 ,i %all !re=e describe at pres5t "s ( ! mo/ rem>kable ac\/ic automata1 9 :i* ! production ( musical & vocal s\nds has be5 ! pr9cipal object ( ! arti/4 ,_m v +5i\s pieces ( ac\/ic me*anism h be5 f "t to "t exhibit$ 9 ,europe4 ,! celebrat$ ,swiss me*ani/1 ,m4 le ,droz1 con/ruct$ = ! ,k+ ( ,spa9 ! figure ( a %eep1 :i* imitat$ 9 ! mo/ p]fect mann] ! bleat+ ( t animal2 & likewise ! figure ( a dog wat*+ a basket ( fruit1 :i*1 :5 any ( ! fruit 0 tak5 away1 nev] ceas$ b>k+ till x 0 replac$4 ,! s++-bird ( ,m4 ,maill>det1 :i* he exhibit$ 9 ,ed9burgh _m ye>s ago1 is /ill m wond]ful4#bj ,an oval box1 ab\t ?ree in*es long1 0 set ^u ! table1 & 9 an in/ant ! lid flew up1 & a bird ( ! size ( ! humm+-bird1 & ( ! mo/ beautiful plumage1 />t$ f its ne/4 ,aft] flutt]+ its w+s1 x op5$ its bill & p]=m$ f\r diff]5t k9ds ( ! mo/ beautiful w>bl+4 ,x !n d>t$ d[n into its ne/1 & ! lid clos$ ^u x4 ,! mov+ p[] 9 ?is piece ( me*anism is said to h be5 spr+s :i* cont9u$ _! action only f\r m9utes4 ,z !re 0 no room )9 s small a figure = accommodat+ pipes to produce ! great v>iety ( notes :i* 7 w>bl$1 ! arti/ us$ only "o tube1 & produc$ all ! v>iety ( s\nds by %ort5+ & l5g!n+ x ) a moveable pi/on4 #bj ,a simil> piece ( me*anism _h be5 previ\sly made by ,m4 le ,droz4 ,+5i\s z ^! pieces ( me*anism are1 !y s9k into insignificance :5 comp>$ ) ! ma*9]y ( ,m4 ,vaucanson1 :i* _h previ\sly a/oni%$ all ,europe4 ,8 two pr9cipal automata 7 ! flute-play]1 & ! pipe & tabor-play]4 ,! flute-play] 0 complet$ 9 #agcf1 & :]ev] x 0 exhibit$ x produc$ ! greate/ s5sation4 ,:5 x came to ,p>is x 0 receiv$ ) great suspicion4 ,! ,fr5* savants recollect$ ! /ory ( ,m4 ,rais91 ! organi/ ( ,troyes1 :o exhibit$ an automaton play] ^u ! h>psi*ord1 :i* a/oni%$ ! ,fr5* c\rt by ! v>iety ( its p[]s4 ,! curiosity ( ! k+ c\ld n be re/ra9$1 & 9 consequ5ce ( 8 insi/+ ^u exam9+ ! me*anism1 !re 0 f\nd 9 ! figure a pretty little musician five ye>s ( age4 ,x 0 natural1 !re=e1 t a simil> piece ( me*anism %\ld be receiv$ ) "s di/ru/2 b ?is feel+ 0 soon remov$ by ,m4 ,vaucanson1 :o exhibit$ & expla9$ to a committee ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces ! :ole ( ! me*anism4 ,?is le>n$ body 0 a/oni%$ at ! +5uity :i* x display$2 & !y did n hesitate to /ate1 t ! ma*9]y employ$ = produc+ ! s\nds ( ! flute p]=m$ 9 ! mo/ exact mann] ! v op]ations ( ! mo/ exp]t flute-play]1 & t ! arti/ _h imitat$ ! effects produc$1 & ! means employ$ by nature1 ) an accuracy :i* exce$$ all expectation4 ,9 #agch1 ,m4 ,vaucanson publi%$ a memoir1 approv$ ( by ! ,academy1 9 :i* he gave a full description ( ! ma*9]y employ$1 & ( ! pr9ciples ( its con/ruction4 ,foll[+ ?is memoir1 ,i %all !re=e attempt to give z popul> a description ( ! automaton z c be done )\t l5g!n$ details & num]\s figures4 ,! body ( ! flute-play] 0 ab\t #e feet high1 & 0 plac$ ^u a piece ( rock1 surr\nd+ a squ>e p$e/al #d feet high by #c feet wide4 ,:5 ! panel :i* =m$ ! front ( ! p$e/al 0 op5$1 !re 0 se5 on ! "r a clock movem5t1 :i*1 by ! aid ( sev]al :eels1 gave a rotatory motion to a /eel axis ab\t #b feet long1 hav+ cranks at six equidi/ant po9ts ( its l5g?1 b ly+ 9 diff]5t directions4 ,to ea* crank 0 atta*$ a cord1 :i* desc5d$ & 0 fix$ by its o!r end to ! upp] bo>d ( a pair ( bell[s1 #b feet long & #f in*es wide4 ,six pair ( bell[s arrang$ along ! bottom ( ! p$e/al 7 !n wr\ght1 or made to bl[ 9 succession1 by turn+ ! /eel axis4 ,at ! upp] face ( ! p$e/al1 & ^u ea* pair ( bell[s is a d\ble pulley1 "o ( ^: rims is #c in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! o!r #a4 ,! cord :i* proce$s f ! crank coils r\nd ! small] ( ^! pulleys1 & t :i* is fix$ to ! upp] bo>d ( ! bell[s goes r\nd ! l>g] pulley4 ,by ?is means ! upp] bo>d ( ! bell[s is made to rise high] ?an if ! cords w5t directly f !m to ! cranks4 ,r\nd ! l>g] rims ( ?ree ( ^! pulleys1 viz4 ^? on ! "r h&1 !re are coil$ ?ree cords1 :i*1 by means ( sev]al small] pulleys1 t]m9ate 9 ! upp] bo>ds ( o!r ?ree pair ( bell[s plac$ on ! top ( ! box4 ,! t5sion ( ea* cord :5 x beg9s to raise ! bo>d ( ! bell[s to :i* x is atta*$1 gives motion to a lev] plac$ above x betwe5 ! axis & ! d\ble pulley 9 ! middle & l[] region ( ! box4 ,! o!r end ( ?is lev] keeps op5 ! valve 9 ! l[] bo>d ( ! bell[s1 & all[s ! air to ent] freely1 :ile ! upp] bo>d is ris+ to increase ! capacity ( ! bell[s4 ,by ?is means !re is n only p[] ga9$1 9 s f> z ! air ga9s easi] admission ?r\gh ! valve1 b ! flutt]+ noise produc$ by ! action ( ! air ^u ! valves is entirely avoid$1 & ! n9e pair ( bell[s are wr\ght ) great ease1 & )\t any concussion or noise4 ,^! n9e bell[s dis*>ge _! w9d into ?ree diff]5t & sep>ate tubes4 ,ea* tube receives ! w9d ( ?ree bell[s1 ! upp] bo>ds ( "o ( ! ?ree pair be+ load$ ) a weight ( f\r p\nds1 ^? ( ! second ?ree pair ) a weight ( two p\nds1 & ^? ( ! o!r ?ree pair ) no weight at all4 ,^! ?ree tubes asc5d$ ?r\gh ! body ( ! figure & t]m9at$ 9 ?ree small res]voirs plac$ 9 its trunk4 ,^! res]voirs 7 ?us unit$ into "o1 :i*1 asc5d+ into ! ?roat1 =m$ by its enl>gem5t ! cavity ( ! m\? t]m9at$ by two small lips1 :i* re/$ ^u ! :ole ( ! flute4 ,^! lips _h ! p[] ( op5+ m or less1 & by a p>ticul> me*anism1 !y c\ld advance or rec$e f ! hole 9 ! flute4 ,)9 ! cavity ( ! m\? !re is a small moveable tongue = op5+ & %utt+ ! passage = ! w9d ?r\gh ! lips ( ! figure4 ,! motions ( ! f+]s1 lips1 & tongue ( ! figure 7 produc$ by means ( a revolv+ cyl9d]1 ?irty in*es long & tw5ty-"o 9 diamet]4 ,by means ( pegs & brass /aples fix$ 9 fifte5 diff]5t divisions 9 its circumf]5ce1 fifte5 diff]5t lev]s1 simil> to ^? 9 a b>rel organ1 7 rais$ & depress$4 ,sev5 ( ^! regulat$ ! motions ( ! sev5 f+]s = /opp+ ! holes ( ! flute1 :i* !y did by means ( /eel *a9s ris+ ?r\gh ! body1 & direct$ by pulleys to ! %\ld]1 elb[1 & f+]s4 ,o!r ?ree ( ! lev]s communicat+ ) ! valves ( ! ?ree res]voirs1 regulat$ ! +ress ( ! air1 s z to produce a /rong] or a weak] tone4 ,ano!r lev] op5$ ! lips s z to give a free passage to ! air1 & ano!r contract$ !m = ! opposite purpose4 ,a ?ird lev] drew !m backw>ds f ! orifice ( ! flute1 & a f\r? pu%$ !m =w>d4 ,! rema9+ lev] enabl$ ! tongue to /op up ! orifice ( ! flute4 ,su* is a v brief view ( ! g5]al me*anism by :i* ! requisite motions ( ! flute-play] 7 produc$4 ,! airs :i* x play$ 7 probably equal to ^? execut$ by a liv+ p]=m]1 & its con/ruction1 z well z its p]=mances1 cont9u$ = _m ye>s to delight & a/oni% ! philosoph]s & musicians ( ,europe4 ,enc\rag$ by ! success ( ?is ma*9e1 ,m4 ,vaucanson exhibit$ 9 #agda o!r automata1 :i* 7 equally1 if n m1 admir$4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ! automaton duck1 :i* p]=m$ all ! motions ( t animal1 & n only ate its food1 b dige/$ x2#ba & ! o!r 0 8 pipe & tabor-play]1 a piece ( me*anism :i* requir$ all ! res\rces ( 8 f]tile g5ius4 ,hav+ begun ?is ma*9e be=e he 0 aw>e ( its peculi> difficulties1 he 0 (t5 ab\t to ab&on x 9 despair1 b 8 pati5ce & 8 +5uity comb9$1 enabl$ him n only to surm\nt e difficulty1 b to con/ruct an automaton :i* p]=m$ complete airs1 & greatly excell$ ! mo/ e/eem$ p]=m]s on ! pipe & tabor4 #ba ,see ,lett] ,,xi4 ,! figure /&s on a p$e/al1 & is dress$ l a danc+ %eph]d4 ,he holds 9 "o h& a flageolet1 & 9 ! o!r ! /ick ) :i* he beats ! tamb\r9e z an accompanim5t to ! airs ( ! flageolet1 ab\t tw5ty ( :i* x is capable ( p]=m+4 ,! flageolet has only ?ree holes1 & ! v>iety ( its tones dep5ds pr9cipally on a prop] v>iation ( ! =ce ( ! w9d1 & on ! diff]5t degrees ) :i* ! orifices are cov]$4 ,^! v>iations 9 ! =ce ( ! w9d requir$ to be giv5 ) a rapidity :i* ! e> c sc>cely foll[1 & ! articulation ( ! tongue 0 requir$ = ! quicke/ notes1 o!rwise ! effect 0 f> f agreeable4 ,z ! human tongue is n capable ( giv+ ! requisite articulations to a rapid succession ( notes1 & g5]ally slurs ov] "o-half ( !m1 ! automaton 0 ?us able to excel ! be/ p]=m]s1 z x play$ complete airs ) articulations ( ! tongue at e note4 ,9 con/ruct+ ?is ma*9e1 ,m4 ,vaucanson obs]v$ t ! flageolet mu/ be a mo/ fatigu+ in/rum5t = ! human lungs1 z ! muscles ( ! *e/ mu/ make an ef=t equal to fifty-six p\nds 9 ord] to produce ! highe/ notes4 ,a s+le ounce 0 suffici5t = ! l[e/ notes3 s t we may1 f ?is circum/ance1 =m an idea ( ! v>iety ( int]m$iate effects requir$ to be produc$4 ,:ile ,m4 ,vaucanson 0 engag$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ^! wond]ful ma*9es1 8 m9d 0 fill$ ) ! /range idea ( con/ruct+ an automaton conta9+ ! :ole me*anism ( ! circulation ( ! blood4 ,f "s birds :i* he made1 he 0 satisfi$ ( its practicability2 b z ! :ole vascul> sy/em requir$ to be made ( ela/ic gum or ca\t*\c1 x 0 suppos$ t x c\ld only be execut$ 9 ! c\ntry :]e ! ca\t*\c tree 0 indig5\s4 ,l\is ,,xvi4 took a deep int]e/ 9 ! execution ( ?is ma*9e4 ,x 0 agre$ t a skilful anatomi/ %\ld proce$ to ,guiana to sup]9t5d ! con/ruction ( ! blood-vessels1 & ! k+ _h n only approv$ (1 b _h giv5 ord]s =1 ! voyage4 ,difficulties1 h[ev]1 7 ?r[n 9 ! way1 ,vaucanson became disgu/$1 & ! s*eme 0 ab&on$4 ,! two automata :i* we h describ$ 7 pur*as$ by ,pr(essor ,bayreuss ( ,helm/adt2 b we h n be5 able to le>n :e!r or n !y /ill exi/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury a bold & almo/ successful attempt 0 made to con/ruct a talk+ automaton4 ,9 ! ye> #aggi1 ! ,imp]ial ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,/4 ,pet]sburgh propos$1 z ! subject ( "o ( _! annual prizes1 an inquiry into ! nature ( ! v[el s\nds1 ,a1 ,e1 ,i1 ,o1 & ,u1 & ! con/ruction ( an in/rum5t = artificially imitat+ !m4 ,?is prize 0 ga9$ by ,m4 ,kratz5/e91 :o %[$ t all ! v[els c\ld be di/9ctly pron\nc$ by bl[+ ?r\gh a re$ into ! l[] ends ( ! pipes ( ! annex$ figures1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dh1 :]e ! correspond+ v[els are m>k$ on ! diff]5t pipes4 ,! v[el ,i is pron\nc$ by m]ely bl[+ into ! pipe a b1 ( ! pipe m>k$ ,i1 )\t ! use ( a re$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,ab\t ! same "t t ,kratz5/e9 0 engag$ 9 ^! rese>*es1 ,m4 ,kempel5 ( ,vi5na1 a celebrat$ me*anician1 0 occupi$ ) ! same subject4 ,9 8 fir/ attempt he produc$ ! v[el s\nds1 by adapt+ a re$ ,r1 ,fig4 #di1 to ! bottom ( a funnel-%ap$ cavity ,a ,b1 & plac+ 8 h& 9 v>i\s positions )9 ! funnel4 ,?is contrivance1 h[ev]1 0 n fitt$ = 8 purpose1 b aft] long /udy1 & a dilig5t exam9ation ( ! organs ( spee*1 he contriv$ a holl[ oval box1 divid$ into two portions atta*$ by a h+e s z to resemble jaws4 ,?is box receiv$ ! s\nd :i* issu$ f ! tube connect$ ) ! re$1 & by op5+ & clos+ ! jaws1 he produc$ ! s\nds1 ,a1 ,o1 ,,ou1 & an imp]fect ,e1 b no indications ( an ,i4 ,aft] two ye>s' lab\r he succe$$ 9 obta9+ f diff]5t jaws ! s\nds ( ! consonants ,p1 ,m1 ,l1 & by means ( ^! v[els & consonants1 he c\ld compose syllables & words1 su* z mama1 papa1 aula1 lama1 mulo4 ,! s\nds ( two adjac5t lett]s1 h[ev]1 ran into ea* o!r1 & an aspiration foll[$ "s ( ! consonants2 s t1 in/ead ( papa1 ! ^w s\nd$ phaa-ph-a2 ^! difficulties he contriv$ ) mu* lab\r to surm\nt1 & he f\nd x necess>y to imitate ! human organs ( spee* by hav+ only "o m\? & "o glottis4 ,! m\? consi/$ ( a funnel1 or bell-%ap$ piece ( ela/ic gum1 :i* approximat$1 by its physical prop]ties1 to ! s(tness & flexibility ( ! human organs4#bb ,to ! m\?-piece 0 add$ a nose made ( two t9 tubes1 :i* communicat$ ) ! m\?4 ,:5 bo? ^! tubes 7 op51 & ! m\?-piece clos$1 a p]fect ,m 0 produc$2 & :5 "o 0 clos$ & ! o!r op51 an ,n 0 s\nd$4 ,m4 ,kempel5 c\ld h succe$$ 9 obta9+ ! f\r lett]s ,d1 ,g1 ,k1 ,t1 b1 by us+ a ,p in/ead ( !m1 & modify+ ! s\nd 9 a p>ticul> mann]1 he contriv$ to deceive ! e> by a tol]able resemblance ( ^! lett]s4 #bb ,_h ,m4 ,kempel5 kn[n ! mod]n discov]y ( giv+ glue any degree ( s(tness1 by mix+ x ) molasses or sug>1 :i* is always absorb+ moi/ure f ! atmosph]e1 he might h obta9$ a /ill m p]fect imitation ( ! human organs4 ,!re seems to be no d\bt t he at la/ 0 able to produce entire words & s5t5ces1 su* z op]a1 a/ronomy1 ,con/ant9opolis1 ,v\s tes mon ami1 ,je v\s aime de t\t mon cur1 ,v5ez avec moi ,p>is1 ,leopoldus secundus1 ,romanorum imp]ator semp] ,augu/us1 c41 b he nev] fitt$ up a speak+ figure2 & probably1 f be+ dissatisfi$ ) ! g5]al result ( 8 lab\rs1 he exhibit$ only to 8 private fri5ds ! effects ( ! app>atus1 :i* 0 fitt$ up 9 ! =m ( a box4 ,?is box 0 rectangul>1 & ab\t ?ree feet long1 & 0 plac$ ^u a table1 & cov]$ ) a clo?4 ,:5 any p>ticul> ^w 0 m5tion$ by ! company1 ,m4 ,kempel5 caus$ ! ma*9e to pron\nce x1 by introduc+ 8 h&s b5ea? ! clo?1 & app>5tly giv+ motion to "s p>ts ( ! app>atus4 ,mr4 ,?omas ,coll9son1 :o _h se5 ?is ma*9e 9 ,london1 m5tions1 9 a lett] to ,dr4 ,hutton1 t he aft]w>ds saw x at ,m4 ,kempel5's own h\se 9 ,vi5na1 & t he !n gave x ! same ^w to be pron\nc$ :i* he gave x 9 ,london1 viz4 ! ^w ,exploitation1 :i*1 he assures u1 x aga9 di/9ctly pron\nc$ ) ! ,fr5* acc5t4 ,m4 ,kratz5/e9 seems to h be5 equally unsuccessful2 = ?\gh he assur$ ,m4 de ,lal&e1 :5 he saw him 9 ,p>is1 9 #aghf1 t he _h made a ma*9e :i* c\ld speak pretty well1 & ?\gh he %[$ him "s ( ! app>atus by :i* x c\ld s\nd ! v[els1 & ev5 su* syllables z papa & mama1 yet !re is no reason to believe t he _h accompli%$ m ?an ?is4 ,! lab\rs ( ,kratz5/e9 & ,kempel5 h be5 rec5tly pursu$ ) great success by our +5i\s c\ntryman1 ,mr4 ,willis1 ( ,cambridge4 ,9 repeat+ ,kempel5's exp]im5t1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #di1 he us$ a %all[] cavity1 su* z t 9 ,fig4 #ej1 & f\nd t he c\ld entirely disp5se ) ! introduction ( ! h&1 & c\ld obta9 ! :ole s]ies ( v[els by slid+ a flat bo>d ,c ,d ov] ! m\? ( ! cavity4 ,mr4 ,willis !n conceiv$ ! idea ( adapt+ to ! re$ cyl9drical tubes1 ^: l5g? c\ld be v>i$ by slid+ jo9ts4 ,:5 ! tube 0 greatly less ?an ! l5g? ( a /opp$ pipe 9 unison ) ! re$1 x s\nd$ ,i1 & by increas+ ! l5g? ( ! tube1 x gave ,e1 ,a1 ,o1 & ,u1 9 succession4 ,b :at 0 v unexpect$1 :5 ! tube 0 s mu* l5g!n$ z to be #a times ! l5g? ( a /opp$ pipe 9 unison ) ! re$1 ! v[els began to be aga9 s\nd$ 9 an inv]t$ ord]1 viz4 ,u1 ,o1 ,a1 ,e1 & !n aga9 9 a direct ord]1 ,i1 ,e1 ,a1 ,o1 ,u1 :5 ! l5g? ( ! tube 0 equal to twice t ( a /opp$ pipe1 9 unison ) ! re$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,"s important discov]ies h be5 rec5tly made by ,m4 ,sav>t respect+ ! me*anism ( ! human voice2#bc & we h no d\bt t1 be=e ano!r c5tury is complet$1 a ,talk+ & a ,s++ ma*9e w be numb]$ among ! conque/s ( ,sci5ce4 #bc ,see ,ed9burgh ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,no4 viii41 p4 #bjj4 ,,lett] ,,ix4 ,s+ul> effects 9 nature dep5d+ on s\nd--,p]man5t "* ( spee*--,influ5ce ( great elevations on ! "* ( s\nds1 & on ! p[]s ( spee*--,p[] ( s\nd 9 ?r[+ d[n build+s--,dog kill$ by s\nd--,s\nds greatly *ang$ "u p>ticul> circum/ances--,great audibility ( s\nds dur+ ! night expla9$--,s\nds dead5$ 9 m$ia ( diff]5t d5sities--,illu/rat$ 9 ! case ( a glass ( *ampagne--& 9 t ( new-fall5 sn[--,rem>kable e*oes--,rev]b]ations ( ?und]--,subt]ranean noises--,rem>kable "o at ! ,solfat]ra--,e*o at ! ,m5ai susp5sion bridge--,tempor>y deafness produc$ 9 div+-bells--,inaudibility ( p>ticul> s\nds to p>ticul> e>s--,vocal p[]s ( ! /atue ( ,memnon--,s\nds 9 granite rocks--,musical m\nta9 ( ,el-,nak\s4 ,al?\gh1 among ! ph5om5a ( ! mat]ial _w1 !re is sc>cely "o :i*1 :5 well consid]$1 is n an object ( wond]1 yet ^? :i* we h be5 accu/om$ to witness f our infancy lose all _! int]e/ f ! frequ5cy ( _! occurr5ce1 :ile to ! natives ( o!r c\ntries !y are unceas+ objects ( a/oni%m5t & delight4 ,! inhabitant ( a tropical climate is conf\nd$ at ! sight ( fall+ sn[1 & he almo/ discr$its ! evid5ce ( 8 s5ses :5 he sees a froz5 riv] c>ry+ load$ waggons on its surface4 ,! diffusion ( k by books1 z well z by frequ5t communication betwe5 ! natives ( diff]5t qu>t]s ( ! globe1 has depriv$ ?is class ( local wond]s ( _! influ5ce1 & ! ,indian & ! ,sc&9avian c visit ea* o!r's l&s )\t any viol5t excitem5t ( surprise4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 !re are ph5om5a ( r>e occurr5ce1 ( :i* no description c convey ! idea1 & :i* cont9ue to be z deeply m>k$ ) ! m>vell\s z if !y _h be5 previ\sly unkn[n4 ,among ^! we may rank ! rem>kable modifications :i* s\nd und]goes 9 p>ticul> situations & "u p>ticul> circum/ances4 ,9 ! ord9>y int]c\rse ( life1 we recognize individuals z mu* by _! voice z by ! features ( _! face & ! =m ( _! body4 ,a fri5d :o has be5 long abs5t w (t5 /& be=e u z a /rang]1 till 8 voice supplies u ) ! full p[] ( recognition4 ,! br& impr9t$ by "t on 8 out] =m may h effac$ ! y\?ful image :i* ! memory _h *]i%$1 b ! orig9al "* ( 8 voice & its yet rememb]$ tones w rema9 unimpair$4 ,an old fri5d ) a new face is n m common 9 its moral ?an 9 its physical acceptation2 & ?\gh ! sagacity ( prov]bial wisdom has n suppli$ u ) ! c\nt]p>t 9 relation to ! human voice1 yet ! influ5ce ( its immutability ov] ! m9d has be5 record$ by ! poet 9 "s ( 8 mo/ p[]ful conceptions4 ,:5 ,manfr$ 0 unable to recognize 9 ! hectic phantom ( ,a/>te ! ende>$ l9eam5ts ( ! be+ :om he lov$1 ! m]e utt]ance ( 8 "n recall$ 8! voice :i* 0 8 music10 & inve/$ h] ) ! desir$ reality4 ,say on1 say on-- ,i live b 9 ! s\nd--,x is ?y voice6 ,,byron4 ,! p]man5ce ( "* ?us impress$ ^u spee* exi/s only 9 ^? regions to ^: atmosph]e our vocal organs are adapt$4 ,if ei!r ! speak] or ! he>] is plac$ 9 air diff]+ greatly 9 d5sity f t to :i* !y are accu/om$1 ! voice ( ! "o w emit diff]5t s\nds1 or ! same s\nds w produce a diff]5t impression on ! e> ( ! o!r4 ,b if bo? p>ties are plac$ 9 ?is new atmosph]e1 _! tones ( communication w suff] ! mo/ rem>kable *ange4 ,! two extreme positions1 :]e su* effects become suffici5tly /rik+1 are 9 ! compress$ air ( ! div+-bell1 :5 x is imm]s$ to a great dep? 9 ! sea1 or 9 ! r>efi$ atmosph]e :i* prevails on ! summit ( ! ,himalaya or ! ,&es4 ,9 ! region ( common life1 & ev5 at ! /ille/ h\r ( night1 ! e> seldom re/s f its toils4 ,:5 ! voice ( man & ! bu/le ( 8 lab\rs h ceas$1 ! s\nds ( insect life are r$\bl$2 ! night breeze awak5s among ! ru/l+ leaves1 & ! swell ( ! di/ant ocean1 & ! s\nds ( ! fall+ cat>act or ( ! murmur+ brook1 fill ! air ) _! pure & solemn music4 ,! sublimity ( deep sil5ce is n to be f\nd ev5 9 ! /eppes ( ! ,volga1 or 9 ! =e/s ( ! ,or9oco4 ,x c be felt only 9 ^? l(ty regions ,:]e ! tops ( ! ,&es1 ,%oot so>+ly =?4 ,z ! travell] rises above ! limit ( life & motion1 & ent]s ! region ( habitual solitude1 ! dea?-l sil5ce :i* prevails ar\nd him is r5d]$ /ill m /rik+ by ! dim9i%$ d5sity ( ! air :i* he brea!s4 ,! voice ( 8 fell[ travell] ceases to be he>d ev5 at a mod]ate di/ance1 & s\nds :i* w\ld /un ! e> at a l[] level make b a feeble impression4 ,! report ( a pi/ol on ! top ( ,mont ,blanc is no l\d] ?an t ( an ,indian crack]4 ,b :ile ! ?9ness ( ! air ?us subdues ! l\de/ s\nds1 ! voice itself und]goes a s+ul> *ange3 ! muscul> en]gy by :i* we speak exp]i5ces a great dim9ution1 & our p[]s ( utt]ance1 z well z our p[] ( he>+1 are ?us s+ul>ly modifi$4 ,7 ! magician1 !re=e1 :o is desir\s to impress ^u 8 victim or ^u 8 pupil ! conviction ( 8 sup]natural p[]1 to c>ry him1 "u ! injunction ( sil5ce1 ----------------------------- to brea! ,! difficult air ( ! ic$ m\nta9's top1 ,:]e ! birds d>e n build1 nor insect's w+ ,flit o'er ! h]bless granite1 he w\ld exp]i5ce little difficulty 9 ass]t+ 8 p[] ov] ! elem5ts1 & /ill less 9 subsequ5tly communicat+ ! same influ5ce to 8 companion4 ,b ?\gh ! air at ! tops ( our highe/ m\nta9s is sc>cely capable ( transmitt+ s\nds ( ord9>y int5sity1 yet s\nds ( extraord9>y p[] =ce _! way ?r\gh its mo/ att5uat$ /rata4 ,at elevations :]e ! air is ?ree ?\s& times m r>e ?an t :i* we brea!1 ! explosion ( meteors is he>d l ! s\nd ( cannon on ! surface ( ! e>?1 & ! :ole air is (t5 viol5tly agitat$ by ! s\nd4 ,?is fact alone may give u "s idea ( ! trem5d\s nature ( ! =ces :i* su* explosions create1 & x is =tunate = our species t !y are conf9$ to ! upp] regions ( ! atmosph]e4 ,if ! same explosions 7 to take place 9 ! d5se air :i* re/s ^u ! e>?1 our habitations & our lives w\ld be expos$ to ! mo/ imm95t p]il4 ,build+s h (t5 be5 ?r[n d[n by viol5t concussions ( ! air1 occasion$ ei!r by ! s\nd ( great guns or by l\d ?und]1 & ! mo/ s]i\s effects ^u human & animal life h be5 produc$ by ! same cause4 ,mo/ p]sons h exp]i5c$ ! /unn+ pa9 produc$ 9 ! e>1 :5 plac$ ne> a cannon t is dis*>g$4 ,deafness has frequ5tly be5 ! result ( su* sudd5 concussions1 &1 if we may reason f analogy1 dea? itself mu/ (t5 h be5 ! consequ5ce4 ,:5 peace 0 proclaim$ 9 ,london1 9 #afig1 two troops ( horse 7 dism\nt$ & drawn up 9 l9e 9 ord] to fire _! volleys4 ,opposite ! c5tre ( ! l9e 0 ! door ( a but*]'s %op1 :]e !re 0 a l>ge ma/iff dog ( great c\rage4 ,?is dog 0 sleep+ by ! fire1 b :5 ! fir/ volley 0 fir$1 x imm$iately />t$ up1 ran into ano!r room1 & hid itself "u a b$4 ,on ! fir+ ( ! second volley1 ! dog rose1 ran sev]al times ab\t ! room trembl+ viol5tly1 & app>5tly 9 great agony4 ,:5 ! ?ird volley 0 fir$1 ! dog ran ab\t once or twice ) great viol5ce & in/antly fell d[n dead1 ?r[+ up blood f 8 m\? & nose4 ,s\nds ( kn[n "* & int5sity are (t5 s+ul>ly *ang$ ev5 at ! surface ( ! e>?1 accord+ to ! /ate ( ! gr\nd & ! conditions ( ! cl\ds4 ,on ! ext5d$ hea?1 :]e !re are no solid objects capable ( reflect+ or modify+ s\nd1 ! sportsman mu/ frequ5tly h notic$ ! unacc\ntable v>iety ( s\nds :i* are produc$ by ! report ( 8 f[l+-piece4 ,sometimes !y are flat & prolong$1 at o!r times %ort & %>p1 & sometimes ! noise is s /range t x is ref]r$ to "s mi/ake 9 ! load+ ( ! gun4 ,^! v>iations1 h[ev]1 arise entirely f ! /ate ( ! air1 & f ! nature & proximity ( ! sup]jac5t cl\ds4 ,9 pure air ( uni=m d5sity ! s\nd is %>p & soon ov]1 z ! undulations ( ! air advance )\t any int]rupt+ ob/acles4 ,9 a foggy atmosph]e1 or :]e ! vap\rs produc$ by heat are se5 danc+ z x 7 9 ! air1 ! s\nd is dull & prolong$2 & :5 ^! cl\ds are imm$iately ov]-head1 a succession ( e*oes f !m produces a cont9u$ or rev]b]at+ s\nd4 ,:5 ! ,fr5* a/ronom]s 7 det]m9+ ! velocity ( s\nd by fir+ great guns1 !y obs]v$ t ! report 0 always s+le & %>p "u a p]fectly cle> sky1 b indi/9ct1 & att5d$ by a long-cont9u$ roll l ?und]1 :5 a cl\d cov]$ a consid]able "p ( ! horizon4 ,x is no d\bt ow+ to ! same cause1 namely1 ! reflexion f ! cl\ds1 t ! ?und] rolls ?r\gh ! heav5s1 z if x 7 produc$ by a succession ( electric explosions4 ,! great audibility ( s\nds dur+ ! night is a ph5om5on ( consid]able int]e/1 & "o :i* _h be5 obs]v$ ev5 by ! anci5ts4 ,9 cr[d$ cities or 9 _! vic9ity1 ! effect 0 g5]ally ascrib$ to ! re/ ( animat$ be+s2 :ile 9 localities :]e su* an explanation 0 inapplicable1 x 0 suppos$ to arise f a fav\rable direction ( ! prevail+ w9d4 ,b>on ,humboldt 0 p>ticul>ly /ruck ) ?is ph5om5on :5 he fir/ he>d ! ru%+ ( ! great cat>acts ( ! ,or9oco 9 ! pla9 :i* surr\nds ! ,mission ( ! ,apures4 ,^! s\nds he reg>d$ z ?ree times l\d] dur+ ! night ?an dur+ ! day4 ,"s au?ors ascrib$ ?is fact to ! cessation ( ! humm+ ( insects1 ! s++ ( birds1 & ! action ( ! w9d on ! leaves ( ! trees1 b ,m4 ,humboldt ju/ly ma9ta9s t ?is _c be ! cause ( x on ! ,or9oco1 :]e ! buzz ( insects is mu* l\d] 9 ! night ?an 9 ! day1 & :]e ! breeze nev] rises till aft] sunset4 ,h5ce he 0 l$ to ascribe ! ph5om5on to ! p]fect transp>5cy & uni=m d5sity ( ! air1 :i* c exi/ only at night aft] ! heat ( ! gr\nd has be5 uni=mly diffus$ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e4 ,:5 ! rays ( ! sun h be5 beat+ on ! gr\nd dur+ ! day1 curr5ts ( hot air ( diff]5t temp]atures1 & consequ5tly ( diff]5t d5sities1 are con/antly asc5d+ f ! gr\nd & mix+ ) ! cold air above4 ,! air ?us ceases to be a homog5e\s m$ium1 & e p]son mu/ h obs]v$ ! effects ( x ^u objects se5 ?r\gh x :i* are v indi/9ctly visible1 & h a tremul\s motion1 z if !y 7 8danc+ 9 ! air40 ,! v same effect is p]ceiv$ :5 we look at objects ?r\gh spirits & wat] t are n p]fectly mix$1 or :5 we view di/ant objects ov] a r$-hot pok] or ov] a flame4 ,9 all ^! cases ! light suff]s refraction 9 pass+ f a m$ium ( "o d5sity into a m$ium ( a diff]5t d5sity1 & ! refract$ rays are con/antly *ang+ _! direction z ! diff]5t curr5ts rise 9 succession4 ,analog\s effects are produc$ :5 s\nd passes ?r\gh a mix$ m$ium1 :e!r x consi/s ( two diff]5t m$iums or ( "o m$ium :]e portions ( x h diff]5t d5sities4 ,z s\nd moves ) diff]5t velocities ?r\gh m$ia ( diff]5t d5sities1 ! wave :i* produces ! s\nd w be p>tly reflect$ 9 pass+ f "o m$ium to ! o!r1 & ! direction ( ! transmission wave *ang$3 & h5ce 9 pass+ ?r\gh su* m$ia diff]5t portions ( ! wave w rea* ! e> at diff]5t times1 & ?us de/roy ! %>pness & di/9ctness ( ! s\nd4 ,?is may be prov$ by _m /rik+ facts4 ,if we put a bell 9 a receiv] conta9+ a mixture ( hydrog5 gas & atmosph]ic air1 ! s\nd ( ! bell c sc>cely be he>d4 ,dur+ a %[] ( ra9 or ( sn[1 noises are greatly dead5$2 & :5 s\nd is transmitt$ along an iron wire or an iron pipe ( suffici5t l5g?1 we actually he> two s\nds1 "o transmitt$ m rapidly ?r\gh ! solid1 & ! o!r m sl[ly ?r\gh ! air4 ,! same prop]ty is well illu/rat$ by an elegant & easily repeat$ exp]im5t ( ,*ladni's4 ,:5 sp>kl+ *ampagne is p\r$ into a tall glass till x is half full1 ! glass loses its p[] ( r++ by a /roke ^u its edge1 & emits only a disagreeable & puffy s\nd4 ,?is effect w cont9ue :ile ! w9e is fill$ ) bubbles ( air1 or z long z ! eff]vesc5ce la/s2 b :5 ! eff]vesc5ce beg9s to subside ! s\nd becomes cle>] & cle>]1 & ! glass r+s z usual :5 ! air-bubbles h vani%$4 ,if we reproduce ! eff]vesc5ce by /irr+ ! *ampagne ) a piece ( bread1 ! glass w aga9 cease to r+4 ,! same exp]im5t w succe$ ) o!r eff]vesc+ fluids4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! audibility ( s\nds t pass ov] homog5e\s & ov] mix$ m$ia is sometimes s rem>kable z to a/oni% ^? :o witness x4 ,! foll[+ fact is giv5 on ! evid5ce ( an (fic] :o obs]v$ x3--,:5 ! ,briti% & ! ,am]ican =ces 7 encamp$ on ea* side ( a riv]1 ! outpo/s 7 s ne>1 t ! =m ( individuals c\ld be easily di/+ui%$4 ,an ,am]ican drumm] made 8 appe>ance1 & began to beat 8 drum2 b ?\gh ! motion ( 8 arms 0 di/9ctly se51 n a s+le s\nd rea*$ ! e> ( ! obs]v]4 ,a coat+ ( sn[ t _h newly fall5 ^u ! gr\nd1 & ! ?ickness ( ! atmosph]e1 _h conspir$ to ob/ruct ! s\nd4 ,an effect ! v rev]se ( ?is is produc$ by a coat+ ( glaz$ or h>d5$ sn[1 or by an ext5d$ surface ( ice or wat]4 ,lieut5ant ,fo/] 0 able to c>ry on a conv]sation ) a sailor across ,port ,b[5 ,h>b\r1 a di/ance ( no less ?an a mile & a qu>t]1 & ! s\nd ( great guns has be5 he>d at di/ances v>y+ f #abj to #bjj miles4 ,ov] h>d & dry gr\nd ( a uni=m "*1 or :]e a ?9 soil re/s ^u a cont9u\s /ratum ( rock1 ! s\nd is he>d at a great di/ance1 & h5ce x is ! practice among _m ,ea/]n tribes to asc]ta9 ! approa* ( an enemy by apply+ ! e> to ! gr\nd4 ,_m rem>kable ph5om5a 9 ! natural _w are produc$ by ! reflexion & conc5tration ( s\nd4 ,e p]son is famili> ) ! ord9>y e*o :i* arises f ! reflexion ( s\nd f an ev5 surface1 su* z ! face ( a wall1 ( a h\se1 ( a rock1 ( a hill1 or ( a cl\d4 ,z s\nd moves at ! rate ( #ajij feet 9 a second1 & z ! s\nd :i* returns to ! p]son :o emits x has travell$ ov] a space equal to twice 8 di/ance f ! reflect+ surface1 ! di/ance 9 feet ( ! body :i* occasions ! e*o may be readily f\nd by multiply+ #ede by ! numb] ( seconds :i* elapse betwe5 ! emission ( ! s\nd & its return 9 ! =m ( an e*o4 ,?is k9d ( e*o1 :]e ! same p]son is ! speak] & ! he>]1 nev] takes place1 unless :5 ! obs]v] is imm$iately 9 front ( ! reflect+ surface1 or :5 a l9e drawn f 8 m\? to ! flat surface is ne>ly p]p5dicul> to x1 because 9 ?is case alone ! wave ( s\nd is reflect$ 9 ! v same direction f ! wall 9 :i* x rea*es x4 ,if ! speak] places himself on "o side ( ?is l9e1 !n ! e*o w be he>d mo/ di/9ctly by ano!r p]son z f> on ! o!r side ( x1 because ! waves ( s\nd are reflect$ l light1 s t ! angle ( incid5ce or ! incl9ation at :i* ! s\nd falls ^u ! reflect$ surface is equal to ! angle ( reflexion1 or ! incl9ation at :i* ! s\nd is return$ f ! wall4 ,if two p]sons1 !re=e1 are plac$ be=e ! reflect+ wall1 ! "o w he> ! e*o ( ! s\nd emitt$ by ! o!r1 & ob/acles may int]v5e betwe5 ^! two p]sons1 s t nei!r ( !m he>s ! direct s\nd emitt$ by ! o!r2 9 ! same mann] z ! same p]sons simil>ly plac$ be=e a look+-glass w\ld see ea* o!r di/9ctly by reflexion1 ?\gh objects might ob/ruct _! direct view ( ea* o!r4 ,hi!rto we h suppos$ t !re is only "o reflect+ surface1 9 :i* case !re w be only "o e*o2 b if !re are sev]al reflect+ surfaces1 z 9 ! case 9 an amphi!atre ( m\nta9s1 or dur+ a ?und]-/orm1 :]e !re are sev]al /rata or masses ( cl\ds2 or if !re are two p>allel or incl9$ surfaces betwe5 :i* ! s\nd c be repeat$ly reflect$1 or if ! surface is curv$1 s t ! s\nd reflect$ f "o "p falls ^u ano!r "p1 l ! sides ( a polygon inscrib$ 9 a circle1--9 all ^! cases !re w be num]\s e*oes1 :i* produce a v s+ul> effect4 ,no?+ c be m gr& & sublime ?an ! prim>y & second>y e*oes ( a piece ( ordnance dis*>g$ 9 an amphi!atre ( precipit\s m\nta9s4 ,! direct or prim>y e*oes f ea* reflect+ surface rea* ! e> 9 succession1 accord+ to _! diff]5t di/ances1 & ^! are ei!r bl5d$ ) or succe$$ by ! second>y e*oes1 :i* t]m9ate 9 a prolong$ gr[l1 end+ 9 absolute sil5ce4 ,( ! same "* are ! rev]b]at$ claps ( a ?und]bolt reflect$ f ! surr\nd+ cl\ds1 & dy+ away 9 ! di/ance4 ,! e*o :i* is produc$ by p>allel walls is f9ely illu/rat$ at ! ,m>quis ( ,simonetta's villa ne> ,milan1 :i* has be5 describ$ by ,addison & ,keysl]1 & :i* we believe is t describ$ by ,mr4 ,s\?well 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = #agdf4 ,p]p5dicul> to ! ma9 body ( ?is villa !re ext5d two p>allel w+s ab\t fifty-eight paces di/ant f ea* o!r1 & ! surfaces ( :i* are unbrok5 ei!r ) doors or w9d[s4 ,! s\nd ( ! human voice1 or r a ^w quickly pron\nc$1 is repeat$ above =ty times1 & ! report ( a pi/ol f fifty-six to sixty times4 ,! repetitions1 h[ev]1 foll[ 9 su* rapid succession t x is difficult to reckon !m1 unless e>ly 9 ! morn+ be=e ! equal temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e is di/urb$1 or 9 a calm1 /ill ev5+4 ,! e*oes appe> to be be/ he>d f a w9d[ 9 ! ma9 build+ betwe5 ! two project+ walls1 f :i* ! pi/ol also is fir$4 ,dr4 ,plot m5tions an e*o 9 ,wood/ock ,p>k :i* repeats sev5te5 syllables by day & tw5ty by night4 ,an e*o on ! nor? side ( ,%ipley *ur*1 9 ,sussex1 repeats tw5ty-"o syllables4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el m5tions an e*o 9 ! ,manfroni palace at ,v5ice1 :]e a p]son /&+ 9 ! c5tre ( a squ>e room ab\t tw5ty-five feet high1 ) a concave ro(1 he>s ! /amp ( 8 foot repeat$ a great _m times2 b z 8 position deviates f ! c5tre1 ! e*oes become feebl]1 & at a %ort di/ance entirely cease4 ,! same ph5om5on1 he rem>ks1 occurs 9 ! l>ge room ( ! libr>y ( ! museum at ,naples4 ,m4 ,g5efay has describ$1 z exi/+ ne> ,r\51 a curi\s oblique e*o :i* is n he>d by ! p]son :o emits ! s\nd4 ,a p]son :o s+s he>s only 8 own voice1 :ile ^? :o li/5 he> only ! e*o1 :i* sometimes seems to approa*1 & at o!r times seems to rec$e f ! e>2 "o p]son he>s a s+le s\nd1 ano!r sev]al s\nds1 & "o he>s x on ! "r1 & ano!r on ! left1 ! effect always *ang+ z ! he>] *anges 8 position4 ,dr4 ,bir* has describ$ an extraord9>y e*o at ,ros5ea?1 9 ,argyle%ire1 :i* c]ta9ly does n n[ exi/4 ,:5 eight or t5 notes 7 play$ ^u a trumpet1 !y 7 correctly repeat$1 b on a key a ?ird l[]4 ,aft] a %ort pause1 ano!r repetition ( ! notes 0 he>d 9 a /ill l[] tone1 & aft] ano!r %ort int]val !y 7 repeat$ 9 a /ill l[] tone4 ,9 ! same mann] z light is always lo/ by reflexion1 s ! waves ( s\nd are enfeebl$ by reflexion f ord9>y surfaces1 & ! e*o is 9 su* cases fa9t] ?an ! orig9al s\nd4 ,if ! reflect+ surface1 h[ev]1 is circul>1 s\nd may be cond5s$ & r5d]$ /rong] 9 ! same mann] z light4 ,i h se5 a f9e example ( ?is1 9 ! circul> turn ( a g>d5 wall ne>ly a mile di/ant f a weir across a riv]4 ,:5 ! air is pure & homog5e\s1 ! ru%+ s\nd ( ! wat] is reflect$ f ! holl[ surface ( ! wall1 & conc5trat$ 9 a focus1 ! place ( :i* ! e> c easily discov] f ! int5sity ( ! s\nd be+ !re a maximum4 ,a p]son n acqua9t$ ) ! locality conceives t ! ru%+ noise is on ! o!r side ( ! wall4 ,9 :isp]+ gall]ies1 or places :]e ! l[e/ :isp]s are c>ri$ to di/ances at :i* ! direct s\nd is inaudible1 ! s\nd may be convey$ 9 two ways1 ei!r by repeat$ reflexions f a curv$ surface 9 ! direction ( ! sides ( a polygon inscrib$ 9 a circle1 or :]e ! :isp]] is 9 ! focus ( "o reflect+ surface1 & ! he>] 9 ! focus ( ano!r reflect+ surface1 :i* is plac$ s z to receive ! reflect$ s\nds4 ,! fir/ ( ^! ways is exemplifi$ 9 ! :isp]+ gall]y ( ,/4 ,paul's1 & 9 ! octagonal gall]y ( ,gl\ce/] ca!dral1 :i* conveys a :isp] sev5ty-five feet across ! nave2 & ! second 9 ! bapti/]y ( a *ur* 9 ,pisa1 :]e ! ar*itect1 ,giovanni ,pisano1 is said to h con/ruct$ ! cupola on purpose4 ,! cupola has an elliptical =m1 & :5 "o p]son :isp]s 9 "o focus1 x is di/9ctly he>d by ! p]son plac$ 9 ! o!r focus1 b n by ^? :o are plac$ betwe5 !m4 ,! s\nd fir/ reflect$ passes across ! cupola1 & ent]s ! e>s ( ! int]m$iate p]sons1 b x is too feeble to be he>d till x has be5 cond5s$ by a second reflexion to ! o!r focus ( ellipse4 ,a naval (fic]1 :o travell$ ?r\gh ,sicily 9 ! ye> #ahbd1 gives an acc\nt ( a p[]ful :isp]+ place 9 ! ca!dral ( ,girg5ti1 :]e ! slighte/ :isp] is c>ri$ ) p]fect di/9ctness ?r\gh a di/ance ( two hundr$ & fifty feet1 f ! great we/]n door to ! cornice beh9d ! high alt>4 ,by an un=tunate co9cid5ce1 ! focus ( "o ( ! reflect+ surfaces 0 *os5 = ! place ( ! confessional2 & :5 ?is 0 accid5tally discov]$1 ! lov]s ( secrets resort$ to ! o!r focus1 & ?us became acqua9t$ ) confessions ( ! grave/ import4 ,?is divulg5ce ( sc&al cont9u$ = a consid]able "t1 till ! eag] curiosity ( "o ( ! dilettanti 0 puni%$1 by he>+ 8 wife's av[al ( h] own infidelity4 ,?is circum/ance gave publicity to ! :isp]+ peculi>ity ( ! ca!dral1 & ! confessional 0 remov$ to a place ( great] secrecy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,an e*o ( a v peculi> "* has be5 describ$ by ,sir ,john ,h]s*ell 9 8 ,treatise on ,s\nd1 z produc$ by ! susp5sion bridge across ! ,m5ai /rait 9 ,wales4 8,! s\nd ( a bl[ ) a hamm]10 says he1 8on "o ( ! ma9 pi]s1 is return$ 9 succession f ea* ( ! cross-beams :i* support ! road-way1 & f ! opposite pi] at a di/ance ( five hundr$ & sev5ty-six feet2 & 9 addition to ?is1 ! s\nd is _m times repeat$ betwe5 ! wat] & ! road-way4 ,! effect is a s]ies ( s\nds :i* may be ?us writt53 ! fir/ return is %>p & /rong f ! road-way ov]-head2 ! rattl+ :i* succe$s dies away rapidly1 b ! s+le rep]cussion f ! opposite pi] is v /rong1 & is succe$$ by a fa9t palpitation1 repeat+ ! s\nd at ! rate ( tw5ty-eight times 9 five seconds1 & :i*1 !re=e corresponds to a di/ance ( a hundr$ & eighty-f\r feet1 or v ne>ly ! d\ble int]val f ! road-way to ! wat]4 ,?us x appe>s t 9 ! rep]cussion betwe5 ! wat] & road-way1 t f ! latt] only affects ! e>1 ! l9e drawn f ! auditor to ! wat] be+ too oblique = ! s\nd to div]ge suffici5tly 9 t direction4 ,ano!r peculi>ity des]ves especial notice1 namely1 t ! e*o f ! opposite pi] is be/ he>d :5 ! auditor /&s precisely opposite to ! middle ( ! bread? ( ! pi]1 & /rikes j on t po9t4 ,z x deviates to "o or ! o!r side1 ! return is proportionally fa9t]1 & is sc>cely he>d by him :5 8 /ation is a little beyond ! extreme edge ( ! pi]1 ?\gh ano!r p]son1 /ation$ 7on ! same side ( ! wat]7 at an equal di/ance f ! c5tral po9t1 s z to h ! pi] betwe5 !m1 he>s x well40 ,a rem>kable subt]ranean e*o is (t5 he>d :5 ! ho(s ( a horse or ! :eels ( a c>riage pass ov] p>ticul> spots ( gr\nd4 ,?is s\nd is frequ5tly v simil> to t :i* is produc$ 9 pass+ ov] an ar* or vault1 & is commonly attribut$ to ! exi/5ce ( natural or artificial caves b5ea?4 ,z su* caves h (t5 be5 con/ruct$ 9 times ( w> z places ( security = p]sons & prop]ty1 _m unavail+ attempts h be5 made to discov] hidd5 treasures :]e _! locality seem$ to be indicat$ by subt]rane\s s\nds4 ,b ?\gh ^! s\nds are sometimes produc$ by excavations 9 ! gr\nd1 yet !y g5]ally arise f ! nature ( ! mat]ials ( :i* ! gr\nd is compos$1 & f _! mann] ( comb9ation4 ,if ! holl[ ( a road has be5 fill$ up ) brok5 rock1 or ) l>ge wat]worn /ones1 hav+ holl[s ei!r left entirely empty1 or fill$ up ) mat]ials ( diff]5t d5sity1 !n ! s\nd w be reflect$ 9 pass+ f ! loose to ! d5se mat]ials1 & !re w arise a great numb] ( e*oes rea*+ ! e> 9 rapid succession1 & =m+ by _! union a holl[ rumbl+ s\nd4 ,?is pr9ciple has be5 v successfully appli$ by ,sir ,john ,h]s*ell to expla9 ! subt]ranean s\nds ) :i* e travell] is famili> :o has visit$ ! ,solfat]ra1 ne> ,naples4 ,:5 ! gr\nd at a p>ticul> place is /ruck viol5tly by ?r[+ a l>ge /one aga9/ x1 a peculi> holl[ s\nd is di/9ctly he>d4 ,?is s\nd has be5 ascrib$ by "s geologi/s to ! exi/5ce ( a great vault communicat+ ) ! anci5t seat ( ! volcano1 by o!r writ]s to a rev]b]ation f ! surr\nd+ hills ) :i* x is ne>ly conc5tric1 & by o!rs to ! porosity ( ! gr\nd4 ,dr4 ,daub5y1 :o says t ! holl[ s\nd is he>d :5 any "p ( ! ,solfat]ra is /ruck1 acc\nts = x by suppos+ t ! hill is n made up ( "o entire rock1 b ( a numb] ( deta*$ blocks1 :i*1 hang+ z x 7 by ea* o!r1 =m a sort ( vault ov] ! abyss )9 :i* ! volcanic op]ations are go+ on4#bd ,mr4 ,=bes1 :o has giv5 ! late/ & mo/ int]e/+ description ( ?is s+ul> volcano1#be agrees 9 op9ion ) ,dr4 ,daub5y2 :ile ,mr4 ,scrope#bf & ,sir ,john ,h]s*ell concur 9 op9ion t no su* cavities exi/4 8,x seems mo/ probable10 says ! latt]1 8t ! holl[ rev]b]ation is no?+ m ?an an assemblage ( p>tial e*oes aris+ f ! reflexion ( successive portions ( ! orig9al s\nd1 9 its progress ?r\gh ! soil at ! innum]able half-coh]5t surfaces compos+ x3 7 ! :ole soil a mass ( s&1 ^! reflexions w\ld be s /rong & frequ5t z to de/roy ! :ole impulse 9 too %ort an int]val to all[ ( a di/+ui%able aft]-s\nd4 ,x is a case analog\s to t ( a /rong light ?r[n into a milky m$ium or smoky atmosph]e2 ! :ole m$ium appe>s to %9e ) a nebul\s undef9$ light4 ,?is is to ! eye :at su* a holl[ s\nd is to ! e>40#bg #bd ,description ( ,volcanoes1 p4 #agj4 #be ,ed9burgh ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,new ,s]ies1 ,no4 i41 p4 #abd4 #bf ,consid]ations on ,volcanoes1 & ,ed9burgh ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,no4 xx41 p4 #bfa1 & ,no4 xiv41 p4 #bfe4 #bg ,art4 ,,s\nd1 ,encycl4 ,metrop41 #aaj4 ,x has be5 rec5tly %[n by ,m4 ,sav>t1 t ! human e> is s extremely s5sible z to be capable ( appreciat+ s\nds :i* arise f ab\t tw5ty-f\r ?\s& vibrations 9 a second1 & consequ5tly t x c he> a s\nd :i* la/s only ! tw5ty-f\r ?\s&? "p ( a second4 ,vibrations ( su* frequ5cy af=d only a %rill squeak or *irp2 & ,dr4 ,wolla/on has %[n t !re are _m individuals ) _! s5se ( he>+ entire1 :o are altoge!r ins5sible to su* acute s\nds1 ?\gh o!rs are pa9fully affect$ by !m4 ,no?+1 z ,sir ,john ,h]s*ell rem>ks1 c be m surpris+ ?an to see two p]sons1 nei!r ( !m deaf1 ! "o compla9+ ( ! p5etrat+ %rillness ( a s\nd1 :ile ! o!r ma9ta9s !re is no s\nd at all4 ,dr4 ,wolla/on has also %[n t ?is is true also ( v grave s\nds2 s t ! he>+ or n he>+ ( musical notes at bo? extremities ( ! scale seems to dep5d :olly on ! pit* or frequ5cy ( vibration con/itut+ ! note1 & n ^u ! int5sity or l\dness ( ! noise4 ,?is affection ( ! e> sometimes appe>s 9 cases ( common deafness1 :]e a %rill tone ( voice1 su* z t ( wom5 & *ildr51 is (t5 bett] he>d ?an ! l\d & deep] tone ( m54 ,dr4 ,wolla/on rem>k$1 t :5 ! m\? & nose are %ut1 ! tympanum or drum ( ! e> may be s exhau/$ by a =cible attempt to take brea? by ! expansion ( ! *e/1 ! pressure ( ! ext]nal air ^u ! membrane gives x su* a t5sion1 t ! e> becomes ins5sible to grave tones1 )\t los+ 9 any degree ! p]ception ( %>p] s\nds4 ,dr4 ,wolla/on f\nd1 t aft] he _h got into ! habit ( mak+ ! exp]im5t1 s z to be able to produce a great degree ( exhau/ion1 8 e>s 7 ins5sible to all s\nds bel[ ,f1 m>k$ by ! bass clef4 8,if ,i /rike ! table be=e me10 says he1 8) ! end ( my f+]1 ! :ole bo>d s\nds ) a deep dull note4 ,if ,i /rike x ) my nail1 !re is also at ! same "t a %>p s\nd produc$ by quick] vibrations ( p>ts ar\nd ! po9t ( contact4 ,:5 ! e> is exhau/$1 x he>s only ! latt] s\nd1 )\t p]ceiv+ 9 any degree ! deep] note ( ! :ole table4 ,9 ! same mann]1 9 li/5+ to ! s\nd ( a c>riage1 ! deep] rumbl+ noise ( ! body is no long] he>d by an exhau/$ e>2 b ! rattle ( a *a9 or loose screw rema9s at lea/ z audible z be=e exhau/ion40 ,dr4 ,wolla/on supposes t ?is excessive t5sion ( ! drum ( ! e>1 :5 produc$ by ! compress$ air 9 ! div+-bell1 w also produce a correspond+ deafness to l[ tones4 ,?is curi\s exp]im5t has be5 s9ce made by ,dr4 ,colladon1 :5 desc5d+ 9 ! div+-bell at ,h[?1 9 #ahbj4 8,we desc5d$10 says he1 8s sl[ly t we did n notice ! motion ( ! bell2 b z soon z ! bell 0 imm]s$ 9 wat]1 we felt ab\t ! e>s & ! =ehead a s5se ( pressure1 :i* cont9u$ increas+ dur+ "s m9utes4 ,i did n1 h[ev]1 exp]i5ce any pa9 9 ! e>s2 b my companion suff]$ s mu* t we 7 oblig$ to /op our desc5t = a %ort "t4 ,to rem$y t inconv5i5ce1 ! workm5 in/ruct$ u1 aft] hav+ clos$ our no/rils & m\?1 to endeav\r to swall[1 & to re/ra9 our respiration = "s mom5ts1 9 ord] t1 by ?is ex]tion1 ! int]nal air might act on ! ,eu/a*ian tube4 ,my companion1 h[ev]1 hav+ tri$ x1 f\nd himself v little reliev$ by ?is rem$y4 ,aft] "s m9utes1 we resum$ our desc5t4 ,my fri5d suff]$ consid]ably2 he 0 pale2 8 lips 7 totally discol\r$2 8 appe>ance 0 t ( a man on ! po9t ( fa9t+2 he 0 9 involunt>y l[ spirits1 ow+1 p]haps1 to ! viol5ce ( ! pa91 add$ to t k9d ( appreh5sion :i* our situation unavoidably inspir$4 ,?is appe>$ to me ! m rem>kable1 z my case 0 totally ! rev]se4 ,i 0 9 a /ate ( excitem5t resembl+ ! effect ( "s spiritu\s liquor4 ,i suff]$ no pa92 ,i exp]i5c$ only a /rong pressure r\nd my head1 z if an iron circle _h be5 b\nd ab\t x4 ,i spoke ) ! workm51 & _h "s difficulty 9 he>+ !m4 ,?is difficulty ( he>+ rose to su* a height1 t dur+ ?ree or f\r m9utes ,i c\ld n he> !m speak4 ,i c\ld n1 inde$1 he> myself speak1 ?\gh ,i spoke z l\dly z possible2 nor did ev5 ! great noise caus$ by ! viol5ce ( ! curr5t aga9/ ! sides ( ! bell rea* my e>s40 ,! effect ?us describ$ by ,dr4 ,colladon is diff]5t f t anticipat$ by ,dr4 ,wolla/on4 ,he 0 n m]ely deaf to l[ tones1 b to all s\nds :atev]2 & ,i h f\nd1 by repeat$ exp]im5t1 t my own e>s become p]fectly ins5sible ev5 to ! %rill tones ( ! female voice1 & ( ! voice ( a *ild1 :5 ! drum ( ! e> is ?r[n into a /ate ( t5sion by yawn+4 ,) reg>d to s\nds ( high pit* at ! o!r extremity ( ! scale1 ,dr4 ,wolla/on has met ) p]sons1 ^: he>+ 0 9 o!r respects p]fect1 :o nev] he>d ! *irp+ ( ! ,gryllus campe/ris1 :i* commonly occurs 9 h$ges dur+ a summ]'s ev5+1 or t ( ! h\se-cricket1 or ! squeak ( ! bat1 or ! *irp+ ( ! common h\se-sp>r[4 ,! note ( ! bat is a full octave high] ?an t ( ! sp>r[2 & ,dr4 ,wolla/on believes t ! note ( "s insects may rea* "o octave m1 z !re are s\nds decid$ly high] ?an t ( a small pipe1 "o-f\r? ( an in* 9 l5g?1 :i* he conceives _c be f> f six octaves above ! middle ,e ( ! pian(orte4 8,! sudd5ness ( ! transition10 says ,dr4 ,wolla/on1 8f p]fect he>+ to total want ( p]ception1 occasions a degree ( surprise1 :i* r5d]s an exp]im5t on ?is subject ) a s]ies ( small pipes among sev]al p]sons r amus+4 ,x is curi\s to obs]ve ! *ange ( feel+ manife/$ by v>i\s individuals ( ! p>ty1 9 succession1 z ! s\nds approa* & pass ! limits ( _! he>+4 ,^? :o enjoy a tempor>y triumph are (t5 compell$ 9 _! turn to ackn[l$ge to h[ %ort a di/ance _! little sup]iority ext5ds40 ,9 conclud+ 8 int]e/+ pap] on ?is subject1 ,dr4 ,wolla/on conjectures t animals1 l ! grylli 7^: p[]s ( he>+ appe> to comm5ce ne>ly :]e ours t]m9ate71 may h ! p[] ( he>+ /ill %>p] s\nds :i* at pres5t we d n "k to exi/1 & t !re may be o!r insects hav+ no?+ 9 common ) u1 b :o are end[$ ) a p[] ( excit+1 & a s5se ( p]ceiv+1 vibrations :i* make no impression ^u our organs1 :ile _! organs are equally ins5sible to ! sl[] vibrations to :i* we are accu/om$4 ,) ! view ( /udy+ ! class ( s\nds inaudible to c]ta9 e>s1 we w\ld recomm5d x to ! "y naturali/ to exam9e ! s\nds emitt$ by ! insect tribe1 bo? 9 relation to _! effect ^u ! human e>1 & to ! me*anism by :i* !y are produc$4 ,! ,cicad or locu/s 9 ,nor? ,am]ica appe>1 f ! obs]vations ( ,dr4 ,hildre?1#bh to be furni%$ ) a bagpipe on :i* !y play a v>iety ( notes4 8,:5 any "o passes10 says he1 8!y make a great noise & scream+ ) _! air bladd] or bagpipes4 ,^! bags are plac$ "u1 & r beh9d1 ! w+s 9 ! axilla1 some?+ 9 ! mann] ( us+ ! bagpipes ) ! bags "u ! arms--,i c\ld comp>e !m to no?+ else2 &1 inde$1 ,i suspect ! fir/ inv5tor ( ! in/rum5t borr[$ 8 ideas f "s insect ( ?is k9d4 ,!y play a v>iety ( notes & s\nds1 "o ( :i* ne>ly imitates ! scream ( ! tree toad40 #bh ,ed9burgh ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,no4 xvii41 p4 #aeh4 ,among ! ac\/ic wond]s ( ! natural _w may be rank$ ! vocal p[]s ( ! /atue ( ,memnon1 ! son ( ,aurora1 :i* mod]n discov]ies h )drawn f among ! fables ( anci5t ,egypt4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is rem>kable /atue is involv$ 9 mu* obscurity4 ,al?\gh ,/rabo affirms t x 0 ov]turn$ by an e>?quake1 yet z ,egypt exhibits no traces ( su* a convulsion1 x has be5 g5]ally believ$ t ! /atue 0 mutilat$ by ,cambyses4 ,ph4 ,casselius1 9 8 diss]tation on vocal or speak+ /ones1 quotes ! rem>k ( ! s*olia/ 9 ,juv5al1 8t1 :5 mutilat$ by ,cambyses1 ! /atue1 :i* salut$ bo? ! sun & ! k+1 aft]w>ds salut$ only ! sun40 ,philo/ratus1 9 8 life ( ,apollo1 in=ms u1 t ! /atue look$ to ! ea/1 & t x spoke z soon z ! rays ( ! ris+ sun fell ^u its m\?4 ,pausanias1 :o saw ! /atue 9 its dismantl$ /ate1 says1 t x is a /atue ( ! sun1 t ! ,egyptians call x ,pham5ophis1 & n ,memnon1 & t x emits s\nds e morn+ at sunrise1 :i* c be comp>$ only to t ( ! break+ ( ! /r+ ( ! lyre4 ,/rabo speaks only ( a s+le s\nd :i* he he>d2 b ,juv5al1 :o _h probably he>d x (t5 dur+ 8 /ay 9 ,egypt1 describes x z if x emitt$ sev]al s\nds3 ,dimidio magic resonant ubi ,memnone *ord4 ,:]e brok5 ,memnon s\nds 8 magic /r+s4 ,! simple s\nds :i* issu$ f ! /atue 71 9 ! progress ( "t1 magnifi$ into intelligible words1 & ev5 into an oracle ( sev5 v]ses1 & ?is prodigy has be5 record$ 9 a ,greek inscription on ! left leg ( ! /atue4 ,b ?\gh ?is new faculty ( ! colossus 0 evid5tly ! contrivance ( ! ,egyptian prie/s1 yet we are n entitl$ f ?is to call 9 "q ! simple & p]fectly cr$ible fact t x emitt$ s\nds4 ,?is prop]ty1 inde$1 x seems to possess at ! pres5t day2 = we le>n1#bi t an ,engli% travell]1 ,sir ,a4 ,smi?1 accompani$ ) a num]\s escort1 exam9$ ! /atue1 & t at six o'clock 9 ! morn+ he he>d v di/9ctly ! s\nds :i* _h be5 s celebrat$ 9 antiquity4 ,he ass]ts t ?is s\nd does n proce$ f ! /atue1 b f ! p$e/al2 & he expresses 8 belief t x arises f ! impulse ( ! air ^u ! /ones ( ! p$e/al1 :i* are arrang$ s z to produce ?is surpris+ effect4 ,?is s+ul> description is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 confirm$ by ! description ( ,/rabo1 :o says1 t he 0 q c]ta9 t he he>d a s\nd :i* proce$$ ei!r f ! base1 or f ! colossus1 or f "s "o ( ! assi/ants4 ,z !re 7 no ,egyptian prie/s 9 ! escort ( ,sir ,a4 ,smi?1 we may n[ safely reject ?is la/1 &1 = _m c5turies1 ! mo/ probable hypo!sis4 #bi ,revue ,encyclopdique1 #ahba1 tome ix41 p4 #eib4 ,! explanation sugge/$ by ,sir ,a4 ,smi? _h be5 previ\sly giv5 9 a m specific =m by ,m4 ,dussaulx1 ! translator ( ,juv5al4 8,! /atue10 says he1 8be+ holl[1 ! heat ( ! sun heat$ ! air :i* x conta9$1 & ?is air1 issu+ at "s crevice1 produc$ ! s\nds ( :i* ! prie/s gave _! own int]pretation40 ,reject+ ?is explanation1 ,m4 ,langles1 9 8 diss]tation on ! vocal /atue ( ,memnon1 & ,m4 ,salv]te1 9 8 "w on ! occult sci5ces1 h ascrib$ ! s\nds entirely to ,egyptian prie/craft2 & h ev5 gone s f> z to describe ! me*anism by :i* ! /atue n only emitt$ s\nds1 b articulat$ di/9ctly ! intonations appropriate to ! sev5 ,egyptian v[els1 & consecrat$ to ! sev5 planets4 ,m4 ,langles conceives t ! s\nds may be produc$ by a s]ies ( hamm]s1 :i* /rike ei!r ! granite itself1 or sonor\s /ones l ^? :i* h be5 long us$ 9 ,*9a = musical in/rum5ts4 ,m4 ,salv]te improves ?is imp]fect app>atus1 by suppos+ t !re might be adapt$ to ^! hamm]s a clepsydra1 or wat]-clock1 or any o!r in/rum5t fitt$ to measure "t1 & s con/ruct$ z to put ! hamm]s 9 motion at sunrise4 ,n satisfi$ ) ?is supposition1 he conjectures t ! spr+ ( all ?is me*anism 0 to be f\nd 9 ! art ( conc5trat+ ! rays ( ! sun1 :i* 0 well kn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,betwe5 ! lips ( ! /atue1 or 9 "s less rem>kable "p ( x conceal$ f view by its height1 he conceives an ap]ture to be p]=at$1 conta9+ a l5s or a mirror capable ( cond5s+ ! rays ( ! ris+ sun ^u "o or m metallic lev]s1 :i* by _! expansion put 9 motion ! sev5 hamm]s 9 succession4 ,h5ce he expla9s :y ! s\nds 7 emitt$ only at sunrise1 & :5 ! sol> rays fell ^u ! m\? ( ! /atue1 & :y !y 7 nev] aga9 he>d till ! sun return$ to ! ea/]n horizon4 ,z a piece ( me*anism1 ?is contrivance is defective 9 n provid+ = ! *ange 9 ! sun's amplitude1 :i* is v consid]able ev5 9 ,egypt1 = z ! /atue & ! l5s are bo? fix$1 & z ! s\nds 7 he>d at all seasons ( ! ye>1 ! same l5s :i* ?rew ! ,midsumm] rays ( ! sun ^u ! hamm]s c\ld n possibly ?r[ ^u !m 8 rays 9 w9t]4 ,b ev5 if ! ma*9]y 7 p]fect1 x is obvi\s t x c\ld n h surviv$ ! mutilation ( ! /atue1 & c\ld n1 %ort ( a miracle1 h p]=m$ its "p 9 ! "t ( ,sir ,a4 ,smi?4 ,if we ab&on ! idea ( ! :ole be+ a trick ( ! prie/hood1 :i* has be5 g5]ally done1 & :i* ! rec5t obs]vations ( ,sir ,a4 ,smi? au?orise u to d1 we mu/ seek "s natural cause = ! ph5om5a simil> to t sugge/$ by ,dussaulx4 ,x is curi\s to obs]ve h[ ! /udy ( nature gradually dispels ! consecrat$ delusions ( ages1 & r$uces to ! level ( ord9>y facts :at "t _h inve/$ ) all ! *>act]s ( ! sup]natural3 & 9 ! pres5t case x is no less rem>kable t ! problem ( ! /atue ( ,memnon %\ld h be5 fir/ solv$ by means ( an obs]vation made by a solit>y travell] w&]+ on ! banks ( ! ,or9oco4 8,! granitic rock10 says ,b>on ,humboldt1 8on :i* we lay1 is "o ( ^? :]e travell]s on ! ,or9oco h he>d f "t to "t1 t[>ds sunrise1 subt]rane\s s\nds resembl+ ^? ( ! organ4 ,! mission>ies call ^! /ones loxas de musica4 #8,x is wit*craft1' said our "y ,indian pilot4 ,we nev] ourselves he>d ^! my/]i\s s\nds ei!r at ,c>i*ana ,vieja or 9 ! upp] ,or9oco3 b f in=mation giv5 u by witnesses wor?y ( belief1 ! exi/5ce ( a ph5om5on t seems to dep5d on a c]ta9 /ate ( ! atmosph]e _c be d5i$4 ,! %elves ( rock are full ( v n>r[ & deep crevices4 ,!y are heat$ dur+ ! day to ab\t #ej4 ,i (t5 f\nd _! temp]ature at ! surface dur+ ! night at #ci1 ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e be+ at #bh4 ,x may easily be conceiv$ t ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature betwe5 ! subt]rane\s & ! ext]nal air atta9s its maximum ab\t sunrise1 or at t mom5t :i* is at ! same "t f>!r f ! p]iod ( ! maximum ( ! heat ( ! prec$+ day4 ,may n ^! s\nds ( an organ1 !n1 :i* are he>d :5 a p]son sleeps ^u ! rock1 8 e> 9 contact ) ! /one1 be ! effect ( a curr5t ( air t issues out ?r\gh ! crevices8 ,does n ! impulse ( ! air aga9/ ! ela/ic spangles ( mica t int]cept ! crevices contribute to modify ! s\nds8 ,may we n admit t ! anci5t inhabitants ( ,egypt1 9 pass+ incessantly up & d[n ! ,nile1 _h made ! same obs]vation on "s rock ( ! ,!baid1 & t ! music ( ! rocks !re l$ to ! juggl]y ( ! prie/s 9 ! /atue ( ,memnon80 ,?is curi\s case ( ! production ( s\nds 9 granite rocks at sunrise might h be5 reg>d$ z a transatlantic wond] :i* 0 n applicable to ,egypt2 b by a s+ul> co9cid5ce ( obs]vation1 ,messrs4 ,jom>d1 ,jollois1 & ,devilli]s1 :o 7 travell+ 9 ,egypt ne>ly ab\t ! same "t t ,m4 ,humboldt 0 trav]s+ ! wilds ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 he>d1 at sunrise1 9 a monum5t ( granite1 situat$ ne> ! c5tre ( ! spot on :i* ! palace ( ,c>nac /&s1 a noise resembl+ t ( a break+ /r+1 ! v expression by :i* ,pausanias *>act]izes ! s\nd 9 ! ,memnonian granite4 ,! travell]s reg>d$ ^! s\nds z aris+ f ! transmission ( r>efi$ air ?r\gh ! crevices ( a sonor\s /one1 & !y 7 ( ! same op9ion ) ,humboldt1 t ^! s\nds might h sugge/$ to ! ,egyptian prie/s ! juggl]ies ( ! ,memnonium4 ,is x n /range t ! ,prussian & ! ,fr5* travell]s %\ld n h gone a /ep f>!r1 & solv$ ! problem ( two ?\s& ye>s1 by ma9ta9+ t ! s\nd ( ! /atue ( ,memnon 0 itself a natural ph5om5on1 or a granitic s\nd elicit$ at sunrise by ! v same causes :i* op]at$ on ! ,or9oco & 9 ! temple ( ,c>nac1 9 place ( reg>d+ x z a trick 9 imitation ( natural s\nds8 ,if1 z ,humboldt supposes1 ! anci5t inhabitants ( ,egypt _h1 9 pass+ incessantly up & d[n ! ,nile1 become famili> ) ! music ( ! granite rocks ( ! ,!baid1 h[ c\ld ! imitation ( su* natural & famili> s\nds be reg>d$ by ! prie/s z a means ( deceiv+ ! p8 ,!re c\ld be no?+ m>vell\s 9 a colossal /atue ( granite giv+ out ! v same s\nds t 7 giv5 out at ! same "t ( ! day by a granite rock2 & 9 place ( reckon+ x a sup]natural fact1 !y c\ld reg>d x 9 no o!r light ?an z ! duplicate ( a well-kn[n natural ph5om5on4 ,x is a m]e conjecture1 h[ev]1 t su* s\nds 7 common 9 ! ,!baid2 & x is !re=e probable t a granite rock1 possess+ ! prop]ty ( emitt+ s\nds at sunrise1 _h be5 discov]$ by ! prie/s1 :o 7 at ! same "t ! philosoph]s ( ,egypt1 & t ! block _h be5 employ$ 9 ! =mation ( ! ,memnonian /atue = ! purpose ( impress+ ^u x a sup]natural "*1 & enabl+ !m to ma9ta9 _! influ5ce ov] a cr$ul\s p4 ,! inquiries ( rec5t travell]s h enabl$ u to corroborate ^! views1 & to add ano!r rem>kable example ( ! influ5ce ( subt]rane\s s\nds ov] sup]/iti\s m9ds4 ,ab\t ?ree leagues to ! nor? ( ,tor 9 ,arabia ,petra1 is a m\nta91 )9 ! bosom ( :i* ! mo/ s+ul> s\nds h be5 he>d4 ,! ,arabs ( ! ,des]t ascribe ^! s\nds to a conv5t ( monks pres]v$ miracul\sly und]gr\nd2 & ! s\nd is suppos$ to be t ( ! ,nak\s1 a long n>r[ metallic rul] susp5d$ horizontally1 :i* ! prie/ /rikes ) a hamm] = ! purpose ( assembl+ ! monks to pray]4 ,a ,greek 0 said to h se5 ! m\nta9 op51 & to h desc5d$ into ! subt]ranean conv5t1 :]e he f\nd f9e g>d5s & delici\s wat]2 &1 9 ord] to give pro( ( 8 desc5t1 he produc$ "s fragm5ts ( consecrat$ bread1 :i* he pret5d$ to h br\ght f ! subt]ranean conv5t4 ,! inhabitants ( ,tor likewise decl>e t ! camels are n only fright5$1 b r5d]$ furi\s1 :5 !y he> ^! subt]rane\s s\nds4 ,m4 ,seetz51 ! fir/ ,european travell] :o visit$ ?is extraord9>y m\nta91 set out f ,wodyel ,nackel on ! #ag? ( ,june1 at five o'clock 9 ! morn+4 ,he 0 accompani$ by a ,greek ,*ri/ian & "s ,b$\9 ,arabs1 & aft] a qu>t] ( an h\r's walk !y rea*$ ! foot ( a maje/ic rock ( h>d s&-/one4 ,! m\nta9 itself 0 q b>e & entirely compos$ ( x4 ,he f\nd inscrib$ ^u ! rock sev]al ,greek & ,arab names1 & also "s ,koptic *>act]s1 :i* prov$ t x _h be5 resort$ to = c5turies4 ,ab\t noon ! p>ty rea*$ ! foot ( ! m\nta9s call$ ,nak\s1 :]e at ! foot ( a ridge !y beheld an insulat$ peak$ rock4 ,?is m\nta9 pres5t$ ^u two ( its sides two s&y declivities ab\t #aej feet high1 & s incl9$ t ! :ite & slightly adh]+ s& :i* re/s ^u its surface is sc>cely able to support itself2 & :5 ! scor*+ heat ( ! sun de/roys its feeble cohesion1 or :5 x is agitat$ by ! smalle/ motions1 x slides d[n ! two declivities4 ,^! declivities unite beh9d ! insulat$ rock1 =m+ an acute angle1 & l ! adjac5t surfaces1 !y are cov]$ ) /eep rocks :i* consi/ *iefly ( a :ite & friable free-/one4 ,! fir/ s\nd :i* greet$ ! e>s ( ! travell]s took place at an h\r & a qu>t] aft] noon4 ,!y _h climb$ ) great difficulty z f> z ! s&y declivity1 a height ( sev5ty or eighty feet1 & _h re/$ b5ea? ! rocks :]e ! pilgrims are accu/om$ to li/5 to ! s\nds4 ,:ile 9 ! act ( climb+1 ,m4 ,seetz5 he>d ! s\nd f b5ea? 8 knees1 & h5ce he 0 l$ to ?9k t ! slid+ ( ! s& 0 ! cause ( ! s\nd1 & n ! effect ( ! vibration :i* x occasion$4 ,at ?ree o'clock ! s\nd became l\d] & cont9u$ six m9utes1 & aft] hav+ ceas$ = t5 m9utes1 x 0 aga9 he>d4 ,! s\nd appe>$ to h ! greate/ resemblance to t ( ! humm+-top1 ris+ & fall+ l t ( an olian h>p4 ,believ+ t he _h discov]$ ! true orig9 ( ! s\nd1 ,m4 ,seetz5 0 anxi\s to repeat ! exp]im5t1 & ) ?is view he climb$ ) ! utmo/ difficulty to ! highe/ rocks1 & slid+ d[n z fa/ z he c\ld1 he endeav\r$1 ) ! help ( 8 h&s & feet1 to set ! s& 9 motion4 ,! effect ?us produc$ f> exce$$ 8 expectations1 & ! s& 9 roll+ b5ea? him made s l\d a noise1 t ! e>? seem$ to tremble to su* a degree t he /ates he %\ld c]ta9ly h be5 afraid if he _h be5 ignorant ( ! cause4 ,m4 ,seetz5 ?r[s out "s conjectures respect+ ! cause ( ^! s\nds4 ,does ! roll+ lay] ( s&1 says he1 act l ! fiddle-b[1 :i*1 on be+ rubb$ ^u a plate ( glass1 raises & di/ributes into regul> figures ! s& ) :i* ! plate is cov]$8 ,does ! adh]5t & fix$ lay] ( s& p]=m "h ! "p ( ! plate ( glass1 & ! neighb\r+ rocks t ( ! s\nd+ body8 ,we _c pret5d to answ] ^! que/ions1 b we tru/ t "s philosoph] compet5t to ! task w h an opportunity ( exam9+ ^! int]e/+ ph5om5a ) m att5tion1 & describ+ !m ) great] accuracy4 ,! only p]son1 s f> z ,i c le>n1 :o has visit$ ,el-,nak\s1 s9ce ! "t ( ,seetz51 is ,mr4 ,gray1 ( ,univ]sity ,college1 ,ox=d2 b he has n add$ mu* to ! in=mation acquir$ by 8 pr$ecessor4 ,dur+ ! fir/ visit :i* he made to ! place1 he he>d at ! end ( a qu>t] ( an h\r a l[ cont9u\s murmur+ s\nd b5ea? 8 feet1 :i* gradually *ang$ into pulsations z x became l\d]1 s z to resemble ! /rik+ ( a clock1 & at ! end ( five m9utes x became s /rong z to deta* ! s&4 ,return+ to ! spot next day1 he he>d ! s\nd /ill l\d] ?an be=e4 ,he c\ld n obs]ve any crevices by :i* ! ext]nal air c\ld p5etrate2 & z ! sky 0 s]5e & ! air calm1 he 0 satisfi$ t ! s\nds c\ld n arise f ?is cause4#cj #cj ,see ,ed9burgh ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,no4 xi41 p4 #aec1 & ,no4 xiii41 p4 #ea4 ,,lett] ,x4 ,me*anical inv5tions ( ! anci5ts few 9 numb]--,anci5t & mod]n feats ( /r5g?--,feats ( ,eckeb]g p>ticul>ly describ$--,g5]al explanation ( !m--,real feats ( /r5g? p]=m$ by ,?omas ,topham--,rem>kable p[] ( lift+ heavy p]sons :5 ! lungs are inflat$--,belzoni's feat ( su/a9+ pyramids ( m5--,deception ( walk+ along ! ceil+ 9 an inv]t$ position--,pneumatic app>atus 9 ! foot ( ! h\se-fly = enabl+ x to walk 9 opposition to gravity--,description ( ! analog\s app>atus employ$ by ! gecko liz>d = ! same purpose--,app>atus us$ by ! ,e*9eis remora1 or suck+-fi%4 ,! me*anical k ( ! anci5ts 0 pr9cipally !oretical1 & ?\gh !y seem to h con/ruct$ "s m9or pieces ( me*anism :i* 7 suffici5t to delude ! ignorant1 yet !re is no reason = believ+ t !y _h execut$ any ma*9]y t 0 capable ( excit+ mu* surprise1 ei!r by its +5uity or its magnitude4 ,! prop]ties ( ! me*anical p[]s1 h[ev]1 seem to h be5 successfully employ$ 9 p]=m+ feats ( /r5g? :i* 7 beyond ! rea* ev5 ( /rong m51 & :i* c\ld n fail to excite ! greate/ wond] :5 exhibit$ by p]sons ( ord9>y size4 ,firmus1 a native ( ,seleucia1 :o 0 execut$ by ! ,emp]or ,aurelian = esp\s+ ! cause ( ,z5obia1 0 celebrat$ = 8 feats ( /r5g?4 ,9 8 acc\nt ( ! life ( ,firmus1 :o liv$ 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 ,vopiscus in=ms u1 t he c\ld suff] iron to be =g$ ^u an anvil plac$ ^u 8 brea/4 ,9 do+ ?is he lay ^u 8 back1 & re/+ 8 feet & %\ld]s aga9/ "s support1 8 :ole body =m$ an ar*1 z we %all aft]w>ds m p>ticul>ly expla94 ,until ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! exhibition ( su* feats does n seem to h be5 common4 ,ab\t ! ye> #agjc1 a native ( ,k5t1 ( ! "n ( ,joyce1 exhibit$ su* feats ( /r5g? 9 ,london & o!r p>ts ( ,engl&1 t he receiv$ ! "n ( ! second ,samson4 ,8 own p]sonal /r5g? 0 v great2 b he _h also discov]$1 )\t ! aid ( !ory1 v>i\s positions ( 8 body 9 :i* m5 ev5 ( common /r5g? c\ld p]=m v surpris+ feats4 ,he drew aga9/ horses1 & rais$ enorm\s weights2 b z he actually exhibit$ 8 p[] 9 ways :i* ev9c$ ! enorm\s /r5g? ( 8 own muscles1 all 8 feats 7 ascrib$ to ! same cause4 ,9 ! c\rse ( eight or t5 ye>s1 h[ev]1 8 me?ods 7 discov]$1 & _m individuals ( ord9>y /r5g? exhibit$ a numb] ( 8 pr9cipal p]=mances1 ?\gh 9 a mann] greatly inf]ior to ,joyce4 ,"s "t aft]w>ds1 ,john ,*>les ,van ,eckeb]g1 a native ( ,h>zg]ode1 9 ,anhalt1 travell$ ?r\gh ,europe "u ! appellation ( ,samson1 exhibit+ v rem>kable examples ( 8 /r5g?4 ,?is1 we believe1 is ! same p]son ^: feats are p>ticul>ly describ$ by ,dr4 ,desaguli]s4 ,he 0 a man ( ! middle size1 & ( ord9>y /r5g?2 & z ,dr4 ,desaguli]s 0 conv9c$ t 8 feats 7 exhibitions ( skill & n ( /r5g?1 he 0 desir\s ( discov]+ 8 me?ods1 & ) ?is view he w5t to see him1 accompani$ by ! ,m>quis ( ,tullib>d9e1 ,dr4 ,alex&] ,/u>t1 & ,dr4 ,pr+le1 & 8 own me*anical op]ator4 ,!y plac$ !mselves r\nd ! ,g]man1 s z to be able to obs]ve accurately all t he did1 & _! success 0 s great t !y 7 able to p]=m mo/ ( ! feats ! same ev5+ by !mselves1 & almo/ all ! re/ :5 !y _h provid$ ! prop] app>atus4 ,dr4 ,desaguli]s exhibit$ "s ( ! exp]im5ts be=e ! ,royal ,society1 & has giv5 su* a di/9ct explanation ( ! pr9ciples on :i* !y dep5d1 t we %all endeav\r to give a popul> acc\nt ( !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 #a4 ,! p]=m] sat ^u an incl9$ bo>d ,a ,b1 plac$ ^u a frame ,c ,d ,e1 ) 8 feet abutt+ aga9/ ! upright bo>d ,c4 ,r\nd 8 lo9s 0 plac$ a /rong girdle ,f ,g1 to ! iron r+ ( :i* at ,g 0 fa/5$ a rope by means ( a hook4 ,! rope pass$ betwe5 8 legs ?r\gh a hole 9 ! bo>d ,c1 & sev]al m5 or two horses1 pull+ at ! o!r end ( ! rope1 7 unable to draw ! p]=m] out ( 8 place4 ,8 h&s at ,g seem$ to pull aga9/ ! m51 b !y 7 ( no advantage to him :atev]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 #b4 ,ano!r ( ! ,g]man's feats is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ec4 ,hav+ fix$ ! rope above-m5tion$ to a /rong po/ at ,a1 & made x pass ?r\gh a fix$ iron eye at ,b1 to ! r+ 9 8 girdle1 he plant$ 8 feet aga9/ ! po/ at ,b1 & rais$ himself f ! gr\nd by ! rope1 z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,he !n sudd5ly /ret*$ out 8 legs1 & broke ! rope1 fall+ back on a fea!r-b$ at ,c1 spread out to receive him4 #c4 ,9 imitation ( ,firmus1 he laid himself d[n on ! gr\nd1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ed1 & :5 an anvil ,a 0 plac$ ^u 8 brea/1 a man hamm]$ ) all 8 =ce ! piece ( iron ,b1 ) a sl$ge hamm]2 & sometimes two smi?s cut 9 two ) *isels a great cold b> ( iron laid ^u ! anvil4 ,at o!r times a /one ( huge dim5sions1 half ( :i* is %[n at ,c1 0 laid ^u 8 belly1 & brok5 ) a bl[ ( ! great hamm]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 #d4 ,! p]=m] !n plac$ 8 %\ld]s ^u "o *air & 8 heels ^u ano!r1 z 9 ,fig4 #ee1 =m+1 ) 8 backbone1 ?ighs1 & legs1 an ar* spr++ f its abutm5ts at ,a & ,b4 ,"o or two m5 !n /ood ^u 8 belly1 ris+ up & d[n :ile ! p]=m] brea!d4 ,a /one1 "o & a half feet long1 "o foot broad1 & half a foot ?ick1 0 !n laid ^u 8 belly1 & brok5 by a sl$ge-hamm]2 an op]ation :i* may be p]=m$ ) mu* less dang] ?an :5 8 back t\*$ ! gr\nd1 z 9 ,fig4 #ed4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 #e4 ,8 next feat 0 to lie d[n on ! gr\nd1 z 9 ,fig4 #ef2 a man be+ !n plac$ on 8 knees1 he draws 8 heels t[>ds 8 body1 &1 rais+ 8 knees1 he lifts up ! man gradually1 till hav+ br\ght 8 knees p]p5dicul>ly "u him1 z 9 ,fig4 #eg1 he raises 8 own body up1 & plac+ 8 arms r\nd ! man's legs1 he rises ) him1 & sets him d[n on "s l[ table or em95ce ( ! same height z 8 knees4 ,?is feat he sometimes p]=m$ ) two m5 9 place ( "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 #f4 ,! la/ & app>5tly ! mo/ wond]ful p]=mance ( ! ,g]man is %[n 9 ,fig4 #eh1 :]e he appe>s to raise a cannon ,a plac$ ^u a scale1 ! f\r ropes ( ! scale be+ fix$ to a rope or *a9 atta*$ to 8 girdle 9 ! mann] already describ$4 ,previ\s to ! fix+ ( ! ropes1 ! cannon & scale re/ ^u two roll]s ,b1 ,c2 b :5 all is ready1 ! two roll]s are knock$ f b5ea? ! scale1 & ! cannon is su/a9$ by ! /r5g? ( 8 lo9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,! ,g]man also exhibit$ 8 /r5g? 9 twi/+ into a screw a flat piece ( iron l ,a1 ,fig4 #ei4 ,he fir/ b5t ! iron into a "r angle z at ,b1 & !n wrapp+ 8 h&k]*ief ab\t its broad upp] end1 he held t end 9 8 left h&1 & ) 8 "r appli$ to ! o!r end1 twi/$ ab\t ! angul> po9t1 z %[n at ,c4 ,"l ,tullib>d9e succe$$ 9 do+ ! same ?+1 & ev5 untwi/$ "o ( ! irons :i* ! ,g]man _h twi/$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,x w\ld lead into details by no means popul> 7 ,i to give a m9ute explanation ( ! me*anical pr9ciples ^u :i* ^! feats dep5d4 ,a few g5]al obs]vations w p]haps be suffici5t = ord9>y read]s4 ,! feats ,nos4 #a1 #b1 & #f1 dep5d entirely on ! natural /r5g? ( ! bones ( ! pelvis1 :i* =m a d\ble ar*1 :i* x w\ld require an imm5se =ce to break1 by any ext]nal pressure direct$ to ! c5tre ( ! ar*2 & z ! legs & ?ighs are capable ( su/a9+ f\r or five ?\s& p\nds :5 !y /& q upright1 ! p]=m] has no difficulty 9 resi/+ ! =ce ( two horses1 or ( su/a9+ ! weight ( a cannon weigh+ two or ?ree ?\s& p\nds4 ,! feat ( ! anvil is c]ta9ly a v surpris+ "o4 ,! difficulty1 h[ev]1 really consi/s 9 su/a9+ ! anvil1 = :5 ?is is done1 ! effect ( ! hamm]+ is no?+4 ,if ! anvil 7 a ?9 piece ( iron1 or ev5 two or ?ree times heavi] ?an ! hamm]1 ! p]=m] w\ld be kill$ by a few bl[s2 b ! bl[s are sc>cely felt :5 ! anvil is v heavy1 = ! m matt] ! anvil has1 ! great] is its in]tia1 & x is ! less liable to be /ruck out ( its place2 = :5 x has receiv$ by ! bl[ ! :ole mom5tum ( ! hamm]1 its velocity w be s mu* less ?an t ( ! hamm]1 z its quantity ( matt] is great]4 ,:5 ! bl[1 inde$1 is /ruck1 ! man feels less ( ! weight ( ! anvil ?an he did be=e1 because 9 ! reaction ( ! /one all ! p>ts ( x r\nd ab\t ! hamm] rise t[>ds ! bl[4 ,?is prop]ty is illu/rat$ by ! well-kn[n exp]im5t ( lay+ a /ick ) its ends ^u two dr9k+-glasses full ( wat]1 & /rik+ ! /ick d[nw>ds 9 ! middle ) an iron b>4 ,! /ick w 9 ?is case be brok5 )\t break+ ! glasses or spill+ ! wat]4 ,b if ! /ick is /ruck upw>ds1 z if to ?r[ x up 9 ! air1 ! glasses w break if ! bl[ be /rong1 & if ! bl[ is n v quick1 ! wat] w be spilt )\t break+ ! glasses4 ,:5 ! p]=m] supports a man ^u 8 belly z 9 ,fig4 #ee1 he does x by means ( ! /rong ar* =m$ by 8 backbone1 & ! bones ( 8 legs & ?ighs4 ,if !re 7 room = !m1 he c\ld be> ?ree or f\r1 or1 9 _! /ead1 a great /one to be brok5 ) "o bl[4 ,a numb] ( feats ( real & extraord9>y /r5g? 7 exhibit$1 ab\t a c5tury ago1 9 ,london1 by ,?omas ,topham1 :o 0 five feet t5 in*es high1 & ab\t ?irty-"o ye>s ( age4 ,he 0 entirely ignorant ( any ( ! me?ods = mak+ 8 /r5g? appe> m surpris+1 & he (t5 p]=m$ by 8 own natural p[]s :at he le>n$ _h be5 done by o!rs by artificial means4 ,a di/ress+ example ( ?is occurr$ 9 8 attempt to imitate ! feat ( ! ,g]man ,samson1 by pull+ aga9/ horses4 ,ignorant ( ! me?od :i* we h already describ$1 he seat$ himself on ! gr\nd ) 8 feet aga9/ two /irrups1 & by ! weight ( 8 body he succe$$ 9 pull+ aga9/ a s+le horse2 b 9 attempt+ to pull aga9/ two horses1 he 0 lift$ out ( 8 place1 & "o ( 8 knees 0 %att]$ aga9/ ! /irrups1 s z to deprive him ( mo/ ( ! /r5g? ( "o ( 8 legs4 ,! foll[+ are ! feats ( real /r5g? :i* ,dr4 ,desaguli]s saw him p]=m3-- #a4 ,hav+ rubb$ 8 f+]s ) coal-a%es to keep !m f slipp+1 he roll$ up a v /rong & l>ge pewt] plate4 #b4 ,hav+ laid sev5 or eight %ort & /rong pieces ( tobacco-pipe on ! fir/ & ?ird f+]1 he broke !m by ! =ce ( 8 middle f+]4 #c4 ,he broke ! b[l ( a /rong tobacco-pipe plac$ betwe5 8 fir/ & ?ird f+]1 by press+ 8 f+]s toge!r sideways4 #d4 ,hav+ ?ru/ su* ano!r b[l "u 8 g>t]1 8 legs be+ b5t1 he broke x to pieces by ! t5dons ( 8 hams )\t alt]+ ! b5d+ ( 8 leg4 #e4 ,he lift$ ) 8 tee?1 & held 9 a horizontal position = a consid]able "t1 a table six feet long1 ) half a hundr$ weight hang+ at ! end ( x4 ,! feet ( ! table re/$ aga9/ 8 knees4 #f4 ,hold+ 9 8 "r h& an iron kit*5 pok] ?ree feet long & ?ree in*es r\nd1 he /ruck ^u 8 b>e left arm1 betwe5 ! elb[ & ! wri/1 till he b5t ! pok] ne>ly to a "r angle4 #g4 ,tak+ a simil> pok] & hold+ ! ends ( x 9 8 h&s1 & ! middle aga9/ ! back ( 8 neck1 he br\ght bo? ends ( x toge!r be=e him1 & he !n pull$ x almo/ /raight aga94 ,?is la/ feat 0 ! mo/ difficult1 because ! muscles :i* sep>ate ! arms horizontally f ea* o!r are n s /rong z ^? :i* br+ !m toge!r4 #h4 ,he broke a rope ab\t two in*es 9 circumf]5ce1 :i* 0 p>tly w\nd ab\t a cyl9d] f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 hav+ fa/5$ ! o!r end ( x to /raps t w5t ov] 8 %\ld]4 #i4 ,dr4 ,desaguli]s saw him lift a roll+-/one ( ab\t #hjjlb4 weight ) 8 h&s only1 /&+ 9 a frame above x1 & tak+ hold ( a frame fa/5$ to x4 ,h5ce ,dr4 ,desaguli]s gives ! foll[+ relative view ( ! /r5g?s ( individuals3-- ,/r5g? ( ! weake/ m5 #abelbs4 ,/r5g? ( v /rong m5 #djj ,/r5g? ( ,topham #hjj ,! weight ( ,topham 0 ab\t #bjj4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable & inexplicable exp]im5ts relative to ! /r5g? ( ! human frame1 :i* y h y\rself se5 & admir$1 is t 9 :i* a heavy man is rais$ ) ! greate/ facility1 :5 he is lift$ up ! in/ant t 8 own lungs & ^? ( ! p]sons :o raise him are inflat$ ) air4 ,?is exp]im5t 01 ,i believe1 fir/ %[n 9 ,engl& a few ye>s ago by ,major ,h4 :o saw x p]=m$ 9 a l>ge p>ty at ,v5ice1 "u ! direction ( an (fic] ( ! ,am]ican ,navy4 ,z ,major ,h4 p]=m$ x m ?an once 9 my pres5ce1 ,i %all describe z ne>ly z possible ! me?od :i* he prescrib$4 ,! heavie/ p]son 9 ! p>ty lies d[n ^u two *airs1 8 legs be+ support$ by ! "o & 8 back by ! o!r4 ,f\r p]sons1 "o at ea* leg & "o at ea* %\ld]1 !n try to raise him1 & !y f9d 8 dead weight to be v great1 f ! difficulty !y exp]i5ce 9 support+ him4 ,:5 he is replac$ 9 ! *air1 ea* ( ! f\r p]sons takes hold ( ! body z be=e1 & ! p]son to be lift$ gives two signals by clapp+ 8 h&s4 ,at ! fir/ signal he himself & ! f\r lift]s beg9 to draw a long & full brea?1 & :5 ! inhalation is complet$1 or ! lungs fill$1 ! second signal is giv5 = rais+ ! p]son f ! *air4 ,to 8 own surprise & t ( 8 be>]s1 he rises ) ! greate/ facility1 z if he 7 no heavi] ?an a fea!r4 ,on sev]al occasions ,i h obs]v$ t :5 "o ( ! be>]s p]=ms 8 "p ill1 by mak+ ! inhalation out ( "t1 ! "p ( ! body :i* he tries to raise is left z x 7 beh9d4 ,z y h repeat$ly se5 ?is exp]im5t1 & h p]=m$ ! "p bo? ( ! load & ( ! be>]1 y c te/ify h[ rem>kable ! effects appe> to all p>ties1 & h[ complete is ! conviction1 ei!r t ! load has be5 light5$1 or ! be>] /r5g!n$ by ! prescrib$ process4 ,at ,v5ice1 ! exp]im5t 0 p]=m$ 9 a mu* m impos+ mann]4 ,! heavie/ man 9 ! p>ty 0 rais$ & su/a9$ ^u ! po9ts ( ! =e-f+]s ( six p]sons4 ,major ,h4 decl>$ t ! exp]im5t w\ld n succe$ if ! p]son lift$ 7 plac$ ^u a bo>d1 & ! /r5g? ( ! individuals appli$ to ! bo>d4 ,he conceiv$ x necess>y t ! be>]s %\ld communicate directly ) ! body to be rais$4 ,i h n _h an opportunity ( mak+ any exp]im5ts relative to ^! curi\s facts2 b :e!r ! g5]al effect is an illusion1 or ! result ( kn[n or ( new pr9ciples1 ! subject m]its a c>eful inve/igation4 ,among ! rem>kable exhibitions ( me*anical /r5g? & dext]ity1 we may enum]ate t ( support+ pyramids ( m54 ,?is exhibition is a v anci5t "o4 ,x is describ$1 ?\gh n v cle>ly1 by ! ,roman poet ,claudian1 & x has d]iv$ "s importance 9 mod]n times1 9 consequ5ce ( its hav+ be5 p]=m$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,great ,brita9 by ! celebrat$ travell] ,belzoni1 be=e he ent]$ ^u ! m e/imable c>e] ( an explor] ( ,egyptian antiquities4 ,! simple/ =m ( ?is feat consi/s 9 plac+ a numb] ( m5 on ea* o!r's %\ld]s1 s t ea* r[ consi/s ( a man few] till !y =m a pyramid t]m9at+ 9 a s+le p]son1 ^u ^: head a boy is sometimes plac$ ) 8 feet upw>ds4 ,among ! displays ( me*anical dext]ity1 ?\gh n gr\nd$ on any sci5tific pr9ciple1 may be m5tion$ ! art ( walk+ along ! ceil+ ( an ap>tm5t ) ! head d[nw>ds4 ,?is exhibition1 :i* we h witness$ 9 "o ( ! ,london ,!atres1 nev] fail$ to excite ! wond] ( ! audi5ce1 al?\gh ! movem5ts ( ! inv]t$ p]=m] 7 n su* z to inspire u ) any high ideas ( ! me*anism by :i* !y 7 effect$4 ,! foll[+ 0 probably ! me?od by :i* ! p]=m] 0 c>ri$ along ! ceil+4 ,two p>allel grooves or op5+s 7 made 9 ! ceil+ at ! same di/ance z ! foot-tracks ( a p]son walk+ on s&4 ,^! grooves 7 n>r[] ?an ! human foot1 s z to p]mit a rope1 or *a91 or /rong wire1 atta*$ to ! feet ( ! p]=m]1 to pass ?r\gh ! ceil+1 :]e !y 7 held by two or m p]sons above x4 ,9 ?is way ! inv]t$ p]=m] might be c>ri$ along by a slid+ or %uffl+ motion1 simil> to t :i* is adopt$ 9 walk+ 9 ! d>k1 & 9 :i* ! feet are lift$ f ! gr\nd4 ,a m regul> motion1 h[ev]1 might be produc$ by a contrivance = atta*+ ! rope or *a9 to ! sole ( ! foot1 at ea* /ep1 & subsequ5tly deta*+ x4 ,9 ?is way1 :5 ! p]=m] is pull$ aga9/ ! ceil+ by 8 left foot1 he w\ld lift 8 "r foot1 & hav+ made a /ep ) x1 & plant$ x aga9/ ! grooves1 ! rope w\ld be atta*$ to x1 & :5 ! rope 0 deta*$ f ! left foot1 x w\ld make a simil> /ep1 :ile ! "r foot 0 pull$ aga9/ ! ceil+4 ,^! effects might be facilitat$ & r5d]$ m natural1 by atta*+ to ! body or to ! feet ( ! p]=m] /rong wires invisible to ! audi5ce1 & by us+ friction-:eels1 if a slid+ motion only is requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,a m sci5tific me?od ( walk+ ^u ! ceil+ is sugge/$ by ^? beautiful pneumatic contrivances by :i* insects1 fi%es1 & ev5 "s liz>ds are enabl$ to support ! weight ( _! bodies aga9/ ! =ce ( gravity4 ,! h\se-fly is well kn[n to h ! p[] ( walk+ 9 an inv]t$ position ^u ! ceil+s ( rooms1 z well z ^u ! smoo!/ surfaces4 ,9 ?is case ! fly does n re/ ^u its legs1 & mu/ !re=e adh]e to ! ceil+1 ei!r by "s glut9\s matt] ^u its feet1 or by ! aid ( "s app>atus giv5 x = t purpose4 ,9 exam9+ ! foot ( ! fly ) a p[]ful microscope1 x is f\nd to consi/ ( two concavities1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #fj & #fa1 ! fir/ ( :i* is copi$ f a draw+ by ,g4 ,adams1 publi%$ 9 #agdf1 & ! second by ,j4 ,c4 ,kell]1 a pa9t] at ,nuremb]g1 :o drew x = a "w publi%$ 9 #agff4 ,! au?or ( ?is "w ma9ta9s t ^! concavities are only us$ :5 ! fly moves horizontally1 & t1 :5 x moves p]p5dicul>ly or on ! ceil+1 !y are turn$ up out ( ! way1 & ! progressive motion is effect$ by fix+ ! claws %[n 9 ! figure into ! irregul>ities ( ! surface ^u :i* ! fly moves1 :e!r x is glass1 porcela91 or any o!r sub/ance4 ,sir ,ev]>d ,home1 h[ev]1 supposes1 ) great reason1 t ^! concave surfaces are 7l ! lea!rn suck]s us$ by *ildr5 = lift+ /ones7 employ$ to =m a vacuum1 s t ! foot adh]es1 z x 71 by suction to ! ceil+1 & enables ! insect to support itself 9 an inv]t$ position4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,?is conclusion ,sir ,ev]>d has be5 l$ to draw f an exam9ation ( ! foot ( ! ,lac]ta ,gecko4 ,sir ,joseph ,banks _h m5tion$ to him 9 ! ye> #ahae1 t ?is liz>d1 :i* is a native ( ! isl& ( ,java1 comes out 9 ! ev5+ f ! ro(s ( ! h\ses1 & walks d[n ! smoo? h>d-poli%$ *unam walls 9 se>* ( ! flies :i* settle ^u !m1 & :i* are its natural food4 ,:5 ,sir ,joseph 0 at ,batavia1 he amus$ himself 9 cat*+ ?is liz>d4 ,he /ood close to ! wall at "s di/ance f ! animal1 & by sudd5ly scrap+ ! wall ) a long flatt5$ pole1 he 0 able to br+ ! animal to ! gr\nd4 ,hav+ procur$ f ,sir ,joseph a v l>ge specim5 ( ! ,gecko1 :i* weigh$ #e ounces avoirdupois1 ,sir ,ev]>d ,home 0 enabl$ to asc]ta9 ! peculi> me*anism by :i* ! feet ( ?is animal h ! p[] ( keep+ hold ( a smoo? h>d p]p5dicul> wall1 & c>ry up s heavy a weight z t ( its body4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,! foot ( ! ,gecko has five toes 7z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fb71 & at ! end ( ea* ( !m1 except ! ?umb1 is a v %>p & highly-curv$ claw4 ,on ! "u surface ( ea* toe are sixte5 transv]se slits1 lead+ to z _m cavities or pockets1 ! dep? ( :i* is ne>ly equal to ! l5g? ( ! slit t =ms ! surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,?is /ructure is %[n 9 ,figs4 #fc & #fd1 ! =m] repres5t+ ! "u surface ( "o ( ! toes ( ! natural size1 & ! latt] a toe dissect$ & highly magnifi$1 to %[ ! appe>ance ( ! cavities 9 its "u surface1 _! fr+$ edge1 ! dep? ( ! cavities1 & ! small muscles by :i* !y are drawn op54 ,! edge ( ! pockets or cavities is compos$ ( r[s ( a beautiful fr+e :i* are appli$ to ! surface on :i* ! animal walks aga9/ gravity1 :ile ! pockets !mselves are pull$ up by ! muscles atta*$ to !m1 s z to =m ! cavities into suck]s4 ,?is /ructure ,sir ,ev]>d ,home f\nd to be> a consid]able resemblance to t portion ( ! head ( ! ,e*9eis ,remora1 or suck+-fi%1 by :i* x atta*es itself to ! %>k1 or ! bottoms ( %ips4 ,?is app>atus is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fe3 x is an oval =m1 & is surr\nd$ by a broad loose moveable edge1 capable ( apply+ itself closely to ! surface on :i* x is set4 ,x consi/s ( two r[s ( c>tilag9\s plates connect$ by "o edge to ! surface on :i* !y are plac$1 ! o!r1 on ! ext]nal edge1 be+ s]rat$ l t 9 ! cavities ( ! feet ( ! ,gecko4 ,! two r[s are sep>at$ by a ?9 ligam5t\s p>tition1 & ! plates1 be+ rais$ or depress$ by ! volunt>y muscles1 =m s _m vacua1 by means ( :i* ! adhesion ( ! fi% is effect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,^! beautiful contrivances ( ,div9e ,wisdom _c fail to arre/ ! att5tion & excite ! admiration ( ! read]2 b ?\gh !re c be little d\bt t !y are pneumatic suck]s wr\ght by ! volunt>y muscles ( ! animals to :i* !y belong1 yet we w\ld recomm5d ! fur!r exam9ation ( !m to ! att5tion ( ^? :o h good microscopes at _! comm&4 ,,lett] ,,xi4 ,me*anical automata ( ! anci5ts--,mov+ tripods--,automata ( ,ddalus--,wood5 pigeon ( ,ar*ytas--,automatic clock ( ,*>lemagne--,automata made by ,turrianus = ,*>les ,v4--,camus's automatic c>riage made = ,l\is ,,xiv4--,deg5ne's me*anical peacock--,vaucanson's duck :i* ate & dige/$ its food--,du ,m\l9's automata--,b>on ,kempel5's automaton *ess-play]--,draw+ & writ+ automata--,maill>det's conjur]--,b5efits d]iv$ f ! passion = automata--,examples ( wond]ful ma*9]y = useful purposes--,duncan's tamb\r+ ma*9]y--,watt's /atue-turn+ ma*9]y--,babbage's calculat+ ma*9]y4 ,we h already se5 t ! anci5ts _h atta9$ "s degree ( p]fection 9 ! con/ruction ( automata1 or pieces ( me*anism :i* imitat$ ! movem5ts ( man & ! l[] animals4 ,! tripods1 :i* ,hom]#ca m5tions z hav+ be5 con/ruct$ by ,vulcan = ! banquet+-hall ( ! gods1 advanc$ ( _! own accord to ! table1 & aga9 return$ to _! place4 ,self-mov+ tripods are m5tion$ by ,ari/otle2 & ,philo/ratus in=ms u1 9 8 life ( ,apollonius1 t ?is philosoph] saw & admir$ simil> pieces ( me*anism among ! sages ( ,india4 #ca ,iliad1 lib4 xviii41 #cgc-cgh4 ,ddalus enjoys also ! reputation ( hav+ con/ruct$ ma*9es t imitat$ ! motions ( ! human body4 ,"s ( 8 /atues are said to h mov$ ab\t spontane\sly2 & ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 & o!rs h relat$ t x 0 necess>y to tie !m1 9 ord] to prev5t !m f runn+ away4 ,ari/otle speaks ( a wood5 ,v5us1 :i* mov$ ab\t 9 consequ5ce ( quicksilv] be+ p\r$ into its int]ior2 b ,calli/ratus1 ! tutor ( ,demo/h5es1 /ates1 ) "s probability1 t ! /atues ( ,ddalus receiv$ _! motion f ! me*anical p[]s4 ,beckmann is ( op9ion t ! /atues ( ,ddalus diff]$ only f ^? ( ! e>ly ,greeks & ,egyptians 9 hav+ _! eyes op5 & _! feet & h&s free1 & t ! recl9+ po/ure ( "s1 & ! attitude ( o!rs1 8z if ready to walk10 gave rise to ! exagg]ation t !y possess$ ! p[] ( locomotion4 ,?is op9ion1 h[ev]1 _c be ma9ta9$ ) any %[ ( reason2 = if we apply su* a pr9ciple 9 "o case1 we mu/ apply x 9 all1 & ! m9d w\ld be left 9 a /ate ( utt] scepticism respect+ ! inv5tions ( anci5t times4 ,we are in=m$ by ,aulus ,gellius1 on ! au?ority ( ,favor9us1 t ,ar*ytas ( ,t>5tum1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t f\r hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 con/ruct$ a wood5 pigeon t 0 capable ( fly+4 ,favor9us relates t1 :5 x _h once alight$1 x c\ld n aga9 resume its flight2 & ,aulus ,gellius adds1 t x 0 susp5d$ by balanc+1 & animat$ by a conceal$ aura1 or _s4 ,among ! e>lie/ pieces ( mod]n me*anism 0 ! curi\s wat]-clock pres5t$ to ,*>lemagne by ! ,kaliph ,h>\n al ,ras*id4 ,9 ! dial-plate !re 7 twelve small w9d[s correspond+ ) ! divisions ( ! h\rs4 ,! h\rs 7 indicat$ by ! op5+ ( ! w9d[s1 :i* let out little metallic balls1 :i* /ruck ! h\r by fall+ ^u a braz5 bell4 ,! doors cont9u$ op5 till twelve o'clock1 :5 twelve little knights1 m\nt$ on horseback1 came out at ! same in/ant1 & aft] p>ad+ r\nd ! dial1 %ut all ! w9d[s & return$ to _! ap>tm5ts4#cb #cb ,annales ,loisiliani1 anno #hjg4 ,! next automata ( :i* any di/9ct acc\nt has be5 pres]v$ are ^? ( ! celebrat$ ,john ,mull]1 ,regiomontanus1 :i* h be5 m5tion$ by ,kir*]1 ,bapti/a ,porta1 ,gass5di1 ,lana1 & ,bi%op ,wilk9s4 ,?is philosoph] is said to h con/ruct$ an artificial eagle1 :i* flew to meet ! ,emp]or ,maximilian :5 he arriv$ at ,nuremb]g on ! #g? ,june1 #agdj4 ,aft] so>+ al(t 9 ! air1 ! eagle is /at$ to h met ! ,emp]or at "s di/ance f ! city1 & to h return$ & p]*$ ^u ! t[n gate1 :]e x wait$ 8 approa*4 ,:5 ! ,emp]or rea*$ ! gate1 ! eagle /ret*$ out its w+s1 & salut$ him by an incl9ation ( its body4 ,mull] is likewise report$ to h con/ruct$ an iron fly :i* 0 put 9 motion by :eel-"w1 & :i* flew ab\t & leapt ^u ! table4 ,at an ent]ta9m5t giv5 by ?is philosoph] to "s ( 8 famili> fri5ds1 ! fly flew f 8 h&1 & aft] p]=m+ a consid]able r\nd1 x return$ aga9 to ! h& ( its ma/]4 ,! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v41 aft] 8 abdication ( ! ?rone1 amus$ himself 9 8 lat] ye>s ) automata ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,! arti/ :om he employ$ 0 ,janellus ,turrianus ( ,cremona4 ,x 0 8 cu/om aft] d9n] to introduce ^u ! table figures ( arm$ m5 & horses4 ,"s ( ^! beat drums1 o!rs play$ ^u flutes1 :ile a ?ird set attack$ ea* o!r ) spe>s4 ,sometimes he let fly wood5 sp>r[s1 :i* flew back aga9 to _! ne/4 ,he also exhibit$ corn-mills s extremely small t !y c\ld be conceal$ 9 a glove1 yet s p[]ful t !y c\ld gr9d 9 a day z mu* corn z w\ld supply eight m5 ) food = a day4 ,! next piece ( me*anism ( suffici5t int]e/ to m]it our att5tion is t :i* 0 made by ,m4 ,camus1 = ! amusem5t ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 :5 a *ild4 ,x consi/$ ( a small coa*1 :i* 0 drawn by two horses1 & :i* conta9$ ! figure ( a lady )91 ) a footman & page beh9d4 ,:5 ?is ma*9e 0 plac$ at ! extremity ( a table ( ! prop] size1 ! coa*man smack$ 8 :ip1 & ! horses in/antly set (f1 mov+ _! legs 9 a natural mann]1 & draw+ ! coa* aft] !m3 :5 ! coa* rea*$ ! opposite edge ( ! table1 x turn$ %>ply at a "r angle1 & proce$$ along ! adjac5t edge4 ,z soon z x arriv$ opposite ! place :]e ! k+ sat1 x /opp$2 ! page desc5d$ & op5$ ! coa*-door2 ! lady alight$1 & ) a curtsey pres5t$ a petition1 :i* %e held 9 h] h& to ! k+4 ,aft] wait+ "s "t %e aga9 curtsi$ & re-ent]$ ! c>riage4 ,! page clos$ ! door1 & hav+ resum$ 8 place beh9d1 ! coa*man :ipp$ 8 horses & drove on4 ,! footman1 :o _h previ\sly alight$1 ran aft] ! c>riage & jump$ up beh9d into 8 =m] place4 ,n cont5t ) imitat+ ! movem5ts ( animals1 ! me*anical g5ius ( ! #ag? & #ah? c5turies v5tur$ to p]=m by :eels & p9ions ! functions ( vitality4 ,we are in=m$ by ,m4 ,lobat1 t ,g54 ,deg5nes1 a ,fr5* (fic] :o def5d$ ! colony ( ,/4 ,*ri/oph]'s aga9/ ! ,engli% =ces1 con/ruct$ a peacock :i* c\ld walk ab\t z if alive1 pick up gra9s ( corn f ! gr\nd1 dige/ !m z if !y _h be5 submitt$ to ! action ( ! /oma*1 & aft]w>ds dis*>g$ !m 9 an alt]$ =m4 ,deg5nes is said to h inv5t$ v>i\s ma*9es ( great use 9 navigation & gunn]y1 & to h con/ruct$ clocks )\t weights or spr+s4 ,! automaton ( ,deg5nes probably sugge/$ to ,m4 ,vaucanson ! idea ( con/ruct+ 8 celebrat$ duck1 :i* excit$ s mu* int]e/ ?r\gh\t ,europe1 & :i* 0 p]haps ! mo/ wond]ful piece ( me*anism t 0 ev] made4 ,vaucanson's duck exactly resembl$ ! liv+ animal 9 size & appe>ance4 ,x execut$ accurately all its movem5ts & ge/ures1 x ate & drank ) avidity1 p]=m$ all ! quick motions ( ! head & ?roat :i* are peculi> to ! liv+ animal1 &1 l x1 x muddl$ ! wat] :i* x drank ) its bill4 ,x produc$ also ! s\nd ( quack+ 9 ! mo/ natural mann]4 ,9 ! anatomical /ructure ( ! duck1 ! arti/ exhibit$ ! highe/ skill4 ,e bone 9 ! real duck _h its repres5tative 9 ! automaton1 & its w+s 7 anatomically exact4 ,e cavity1 apophysis1 & curvature 0 imitat$1 & ea* bone execut$ its prop] movem5ts4 ,:5 corn 0 ?r[n d[n be=e x1 ! duck /ret*$ out its neck to pick x up1 x swall[$ x1 dige/$ x1 & dis*>g$ x 9 a dige/$ condition4 ,! process ( dige/ion 0 effect$ by *emical solution1 & n by trituration1 & ! food dige/$ 9 ! /oma* 0 convey$ away by tubes to ! place ( its dis*>ge4 ,! automata ( ,vaucanson 7 imitat$ by "o ,du ,m\l91 a silv]smi?1 :o travell$ ) !m ?r\gh ,g]many 9 #ageb1 & :o di$ at ,mosc[ 9 #agfe4 ,beckmann in=ms u t he saw sev]al ( !m aft] ! ma*9]y _h be5 d]ang$2 b t ! artificial duck1 :i* he reg>d$ z ! mo/ +5i\s1 0 /ill able to eat1 dr9k1 & move4 ,its ribs1 :i* 7 made ( wire1 7 cov]$ ) duck's fea!rs1 & ! motion 0 communicat$ ?r\gh ! feet ( ! duck by means ( a cyl9d] & f9e *a9s l t ( a wat*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,+5i\s z all ^! ma*9es are1 !y s9k into insignificance :5 comp>$ ) ! automaton *ess-play]1 :i* = a long "t a/oni%$ & delight$ ! :ole ( ,europe4 ,9 ! ye> #agfi1 ,m4 ,kempel51 a g5tleman ( ,presburg 9 ,hung>y1 con/ruct$ an automaton *ess-play]1 ! g5]al appe>ance ( :i* is %[n 9 ! annex$ figures4 ,! *ess-play] is a figure z l>ge z life1 clo!d 9 a ,turki% dress1 sitt+ beh9d a l>ge squ>e *e/ or box1 ?ree feet & a half long1 two feet deep1 & two & a half high4 ,! ma*9e runs on ca/ors1 & is ei!r se5 on ! floor :5 ! doors ( ! ap>tm5t are ?r[n op51 or is :eel$ into ! room previ\sly to ! comm5cem5t ( ! exhibition4 ,! ,turki% *ess-play] sits on a *air fix$ to ! squ>e *e/3 8 "r arm re/s on ! table1 & 9 ! left he holds a pipe1 :i* is remov$ dur+ ! game1 z x is ) ?is h& t he makes ! moves4 ,a *ess-bo>d1 eighte5 in*es squ>e1 & be>+ ! usual numb] ( pieces1 is plac$ be=e ! figure4 ,! exhibitor !n ann\nces to ! spectators 8 int5tion ( %[+ !m ! me*anism ( ! automaton4 ,= ?is purpose he unlocks ! door ,a1 ,fig4 #ff1 & exposes to view a small cupbo>d l9$ ) black or d>k-col\r$ clo?1 & conta9+ cyl9d]s1 lev]s1 :eels1 p9ions1 & diff]5t pieces ( ma*9]y1 :i* h ! appe>ance ( occupy+ ! :ole space4 ,he next op5s ! door ,b1 ,fig4 #fg1 at ! back ( ! same cupbo>d1 & hold+ a light$ c&le at ! op5+1 he /ill fur!r displays ! inclos$ ma*9]y to ! spectators1 plac$ 9 front ( ,a1 ,fig4 #ff4 ,:5 ! c&le is )drawn1 ! door ,b is !n lock$2 & ! exhibitor proce$s to op5 ! draw] ,g ,g1 ,fig4 #ff1 9 front ( ! *e/4 ,out ( ?is draw] he takes a small box ( c\nt]s1 a set ( *ess-m51 & a cu%ion = ! support ( ! automaton's arm1 z if ?is 0 ! sole object ( ! draw]4 ,! two front doors ,c ,c1 ( ! l>ge cupbo>d1 ,fig4 #ff1 are !n op5$1 & at ! back-door ,d ( ! same cupbo>d1 ,fig4 #fg1 ! exhibitor applies a light$ c&le1 z be=e1 = ! purpose ( %[+ its int]ior1 :i* is l9$ ) d>k clo? l ! o!r1 & conta9s only a few pieces ( ma*9]y4 ,! *e/ is n[ :eel$ r\nd1 z 9 ,fig4 #fg3 ! g>m5ts ( ! figure are lift$ up1 & ! door ,e 9 ! trunk1 & ano!r door ,f 9 ! ?igh1 are op5$1 ! doors ,b & ,d hav+ be5 previ\sly clos$4 ,:5 ?is exhibition ( ! int]ior ( ! ma*9e is ov]1 ! *e/ is :eel$ back into its orig9al position on ! floor4 ,! doors ,a1 ,c1 ,c1 9 front1 & ! draw] ,g1 ,g1 are clos$ & lock$1 & ! exhibitor1 aft] occupy+ himself = "s "t at ! back ( ! *e/1 z if he 7 adju/+ ! me*anism1 removes ! pipe f ! h& ( ! figure1 & w9ds up ! ma*9]y4 ,! automaton is n[ ready to play1 & :5 an oppon5t has be5 f\nd among ! company1 ! figure takes ! fir/ move4 ,at e move made by ! automaton1 ! :eels ( ! ma*9e are he>d 9 action2 ! figure moves its head1 & seems to look ov] e "p ( ! *ess-bo>d4 ,:5 x gives *eck to its oppon5t1 x %akes its head ?rice1 & only twice :5 x *ecks ! que54 ,x likewise %akes its head :5 a false move is made1 replaces ! adv]s>y's piece on ! squ>e f :i* x 0 tak51 & takes ! next move itself4 ,9 g5]al1 ?\gh n always1 ! automaton w9s ! game4 ,dur+ ! progress ( ! game1 ! exhibitor (t5 /&s ne> ! ma*9e1 & w9ds x up l a clock1 aft] x has made t5 or twelve moves4 ,at o!r times he w5t to a corn] ( ! room1 z if x 7 to consult a small squ>e box1 :i* /ood op5 = ?is purpose4 ,! *ess-play+ ma*9e1 z ?us describ$1 0 exhibit$ aft] its completion 9 ,presburg1 ,vi5na1 & ,p>is1 to ?\s&s1 & 9 #aghc & #aghd x 0 exhibit$ 9 ,london & diff]5t p>ts ( ,engl&1 )\t ! secret ( its movem5ts hav+ be5 discov]$4 ,its +5i\s inv5tor1 :o 0 a g5tleman & a man ( education1 nev] pret5d$ t ! automaton itself really play$ ! game4 ,on ! contr>y1 he di/9ctly /at$1 8t ! ma*9e 0 a bagatelle1 :i* 0 n )\t m]it 9 po9t ( me*anism1 b t ! effects ( x appe>$ s m>vell\s only f ! boldness ( ! conception1 & ! =tunate *oice ( ! me?ods adopt$ = promot+ ! illusion40 ,^u consid]+ ! op]ations ( ?is automaton1 x mu/ h be5 obvi\s t ! game ( *ess 0 p]=m$ ei!r by a p]son enclos$ 9 ! *e/1 or by ! exhibitor himself4 ,! fir/ ( ^! hypo!ses 0 +5i\sly exclud$ by ! display ( ! int]ior ( ! ma*9e1 = z e "p conta9$ m or less ma*9]y1 ! spectator inv>iably conclud$ t ! smalle/ dw>f c\ld n be accommodat$ )91 & ?is idea 0 /r5g!n$ by ! circum/ance1 t no p]son ( ?is description c\ld be discov]$ 9 ! suite ( ! exhibitor4 ,h5ce ! conclusion 0 drawn1 t ! exhibitor actuat$ ! ma*9e ei!r by me*anical means convey$ ?r\gh its feet1 or by a magnet conceal$ 9 ! body ( ! exhibitor4 ,t me*anical communication 0 n =m$ betwe5 ! exhibitor & ! figure1 0 obvi\s f ! fact1 t no su* communication 0 visible1 & t x 0 n necess>y to place ! ma*9e on any p>ticul> "p ( ! floor4 ,h5ce ! op9ion became v preval5t t ! ag5t 0 a magnet2 b ev5 ?is supposition 0 exclud$1 = ! exhibitor all[$ a /rong & well-arm$ load/one to be plac$ ^u ! ma*9e dur+ ! progress ( ! game4 ,_h ! mov+ p[] be5 a magnet1 ! :ole action ( ! ma*9e w\ld h be5 d]ang$ by ! approximation ( a load/one conceal$ 9 ! pockets ( any ( ! spectators4 ,z ,b>on ,kempel5 himself _h admitt$ t !re 0 an illusion connect$ ) ! p]=mance ( ! automaton1 v>i\s p]sons resum$ ! orig9al conjecture1 t x 0 actuat$ by a p]son conceal$ 9 its int]ior1 :o ei!r play$ ! game ( *ess himself1 or p]=m$ ! moves :i* ! exhibitor indicat$ by signals4 ,a ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,freyh]e1 ( ,dresd51 publi%$ a book on ! subject 9 #aghi1 9 :i* he endeav\r$ to expla91 by col\r$ plates1 h[ ! effect 0 produc$2 & he conclud$1 8t a well-taught boy v ?9 & tall ( 8 age 7suffici5tly s t he c\ld be conceal$ 9 a draw] almo/ imm$iately "u ! *ess-bo>d71 agitat$ ! :ole40 ,9 ano!r pamphlet1 :i* _h be5 previ\sly publi%$ at ,p>is 9 #aghe1 ! au?or n only suppos$ t ! ma*9e 0 put 9 motion by a dw>f1 a fam\s *ess-play]2 b he goes s f> z to expla9 ! mann] 9 :i* he c\ld be accommodat$ )9 ! ma*9e4 ,! invisibility ( ! dw>f :5 ! doors 7 op5$ 0 expla9$ by 8 legs & ?ighs be+ conceal$ 9 two holl[ cyl9d]s1 :ile ! re/ ( 8 body 0 out ( ! box1 & hid by ! petticoats ( ! automaton4 ,:5 ! doors 7 %ut1 ! clacks produc$ by ! swivel ( a rat*et-:eel p]mitt$ ! dw>f to *ange 8 place1 & return to ! box unhe>d2 & :ile ! ma*9e is :eel$ ab\t ! room1 ! dw>f _h an opportunity ( %utt+ ! trap ?r\gh :i* he pass$ into ! ma*9e4 ,! int]ior ( ! figure 0 next %[n1 & ! spectators 7 satisfi$ t ! box conta9$ no liv+ ag5t4 ,al?\gh ^! views 7 v plausible1 yet !y 7 nev] g5]ally adopt$2 & :5 ! automaton 0 exhibit$ 9 ,great ,brita9 9 #ahai & #ahbj1 by ,m4 ,maelzel1 x excit$ z int5se an int]e/ z :5 x 0 fir/ produc$ 9 ,g]many4 ,!re c be little d\bt1 h[ev]1 t ! secret has be5 discov]$2 & an anonym\s writ] has %[n 9 a pamphlet1 entitl$ 8,an attempt to analyse ! ,automaton ,*ess-play] ( ,m4 ,kempel510 t x is capable ( accommodat+ an ord9>y siz$ man2 & he has expla9$ 9 ! cle>e/ mann] h[ ! inclos$ play] takes all ! diff]5t positions1 & p]=ms all ! motions :i* are necess>y to produce ! effects actually obs]v$4 ,! foll[+ is ! sub/ance ( 8 obs]vations3--,! draw] ,g ,g :5 clos$ does n ext5d to ! back ( ! *e/1 b leaves a space ,o1 beh9d x 7see ,figs4 #gd1 #ge1 & #gf71 f\rte5 in*es broad1 eight in*es high1 & ?ree feet elev5 in*es long4 ,?is space is nev] expos$ to ! view ( spectators4 ,! small cupbo>d se5 at ,a is divid$ into two p>ts1 by a door or scre5 ,i1 ,fig4 #gc1 :i* is moveable ^u a h+e1 & is s con/ruct$ t x closes at ! same in/ant t ,b is clos$4 ,! :ole ( ! front comp>tm5t z f> z ,i is occupi$ ) ! ma*9]y ,h4 ,! o!r comp>tm5t beh9d ,i is empty1 & communicates ) ! space ,o beh9d ! draw]1 ! floor ( ?is division be+ remov$4 ,! back ( ! great cupbo>d ,c ,c is d\ble1 & ! "p ,p ,q1 to :i* ! quadrants are atta*$1 moves on a jo9t ,q1 at ! upp] "p1 & =ms :5 rais$ an op5+ ,s1 betwe5 ! two cupbo>ds1 by c>ry+ ) x "p ( ! p>tition ,r1 :i* consi/s ( clo? tightly /ret*$4 ,! false back is %[n clos$ 9 ,fig4 #gd1 :ile ,fig4 #ge %[s ! same back rais$1 s z to =m ! op5+ ,s betwe5 ! *amb]s4 ,:5 ! spectator is all[$ to look into ! trunk ( ! figure by lift+ up ! dress1 z 9 ,fig4 #ge1 x w be obs]v$ t a great "p ( ! space is occupi$ by an inn] trunk ,n1 ,figs4 #ge1 #gf1 :i* passes (f to ! back 9 ! =m ( an ar*1 & conceals f ! spectators a portion ( ! int]ior4 ,?is inn] trunk ,n op5s & communicates ) ! *e/ by an ap]ture ,t1 ,fig4 #gg1 ab\t twelve in*es broad & fifte5 high4 ,:5 ! false back is rais$1 ! two cupbo>ds1 ! trunk ,n1 & ! space ,o beh9d ! draw]1 are all connect$ toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #fh4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #fi4 ,! con/ruction ( ! int]ior be+ ?us und]/ood1 ! *ess-play] may be introduc$ into ! *e/ ?r\gh ! slid+ panel ,u1 ,fig4 #gd4 ,he w !n raise ! false back ( ! l>ge cupbo>d1 & assume ! position repres5t$ by ! %ad$ figure 9 ,figs4 #fh & #fi4 ,?+s be+ 9 ?is /ate1 ! exhibitor is ready to beg9 8 process ( deception4 ,he fir/ op5s ! door ,a ( ! small cupbo>d1 & f ! cr[d$ & v +5i\s disposition ( ! ma*9]y )9 x1 ! eye is unable to p5etrate f> beyond ! op5+1 & ! spectator concludes1 )\t any hesitation1 t ! :ole ( ! cupbo>d is fill$1 z x appe>s to be1 ) simil> ma*9]y4 ,?is false conclusion is greatly corroborat$ by obs]v+ ! glimm]+ light :i* plays among ! :eel-"w :5 ! door ,b is op5$1 & a c&le held at ! op5+4 ,?is mode ( exhibit+ ! int]ior ( ! cupbo>d satisfies ! spectator also1 t no opaque body1 capable ( hold+ or conceal+ any ( ! p>ts ( a hidd5 ag5t1 is int]pos$ betwe5 ! light & ! obs]v]4 ,! door ,b is n[ lock$ & ! scre5 ,i clos$1 & z ?is is done at ! "t t ! light is )drawn1 x w :olly escape obs]vation4 ,! door ,b is s con/ruct$ z to close by its own weight1 b z ! head ( ! *ess-play] w soon be plac$ v ne> x1 ! secret w\ld be disclos$ if1 9 turn+ r\nd1 ! *e/ door %\ld by any accid5t fly op54 ,?is accid5t is prev5t$ by turn+ ! key1 &1 le/ ?is little circum/ance %\ld excite notice1 x w\ld probably be reg>d$ z accid5tal1 z ! keys 7 imm$iately want$ = ! o!r locks4 ,z soon z ! door ,b is lock$1 & ! scre5 ,i clos$1 ! secret is no long] expos$ to haz>d1 & ! exhibitor proce$s to lead ! m9ds ( ! spectators /ill f>!r f ! real /ate ( ?+s4 ,! door ,a is left op5 to confirm ! op9ion t no p]son is conceal$ )91 & t no?+ c take place 9 ! int]ior )\t be+ obs]v$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,! draw] ,,gg is n[ op5$1 app>5tly = ! purpose ( look+ at ! *ess-m51 cu%ion1 & c\nt]s1 :i* x conta9s2 b ! real object ( x is to give "t to ! play] to *ange 8 position1 z %[n 9 ! annex$ figure1 & to replace ! false back & p>tition prep>atory to ! op5+ ( ! great cupbo>d4 ,! *ess-play]1 z ! figure %[s1 occupies ) 8 body ! back comp>tm5t ( ! small cupbo>d1 :ile 8 legs & ?ighs are conta9$ 9 ! space ,o1 beh9d ! draw] ,,gg1 8 body be+ conceal$ by ! scre5 ,i1 & 8 limbs by ! draw] ,,gg4 ,! great cupbo>d ,,cc is n[ op5$1 & !re is s little ma*9]y 9 x1 t ! eye in/antly discov]s t no p]son is conceal$ 9 x4 ,to make ?is m c]ta91 h[ev]1 a door is op5$ at ! back1 & a light$ c&le held to x1 to all[ ! spectators to explore e corn] & recess4 ,! front doors ( ! great & small cupbo>d be+ left op51 ! *e/ is :eel$ r\nd to %[ ! trunk ( ! figure1 & ! bun* ( keys is all[$ to rema9 9 ! door ,d1 z ! app>5t c>elessness ( su* a proce$+ w help to remove any suspicion :i* may h be5 excit$ by ! lock+ ( ! door ,b4 ,:5 ! drap]y ( ! figure has be5 rais$1 & ! doors ,e & ,f 9 ! trunk & ?igh op5$1 ! *e/ is :eel$ r\nd aga9 into its orig9al position1 & ! doors ,e & ,f clos$4 ,9 ! mean "t ! play] )draws 8 legs f beh9d ! draw]1 z he _c s easily d ?is :5 ! draw] ,,gg is pu%$ 94 ,9 all ^! op]ations1 ! spectator flatt]s himself t he has se5 9 succession e "p ( ! *e/1 :ile 9 reality "s p>ts h be5 :olly conceal$ f 8 view1 & o!rs b imp]fectly %[n1 :ile at ! pres5t "t ne>ly half ( ! *e/ is exclud$ f view4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ga4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #gb4 ,:5 ! draw] ,g ,g is pu%$ 91 & ! doors ,a & ,c clos$1 ! exhibitor adju/s ! ma*9]y at ! back1 9 ord] to give "t to ! play] to take ! position %[n 9 a front view 9 ,fig4 #ga1 & 9 pr(ile 9 ,fig4 #gb4 ,9 ?is position he w exp]i5ce no difficulty 9 execut+ e movem5t made by ! automaton4 ,z 8 head is above ! *ess-bo>d1 he w see ?r\gh ! wai/coat ( ! figure1 z easily z ?r\gh a veil1 ! :ole ( ! pieces on ! bo>d1 & he c easily take up & put d[n a *ess-man )\t any o!r me*anism ?an t ( a /r+ communicat+ ) ! f+] ( ! figure4 ,8 "r h&1 be+ )9 ! *e/1 may be employ$ to keep 9 motion ! :eel-"w = produc+ ! noise :i* is he>d dur+ ! moves1 & to p]=m ! o!r movem5ts ( ! figure1 su* z t ( mov+ ! head1 tapp+ on ! *e/1 c4 ,a v +5i\s contrivance is adopt$ to facilitate ! introduction ( ! play]'s left arm into ! arm ( ! figure4 ,to p]mit ?is1 ! arm ( ! figure requires to be drawn backw>ds2 & = ! purpose ( conceal+1 & at ! same "t expla9+ ?is /ra9$ attitude1 a pipe is +5i\sly plac$ 9 ! automaton's h&4 ,= ?is reason ! pipe is n remov$ till all ! o!r arrangem5ts are complet$4 ,:5 e ?+ has be5 ?us prep>$1 ! pipe is tak5 f ! figure1 & ! exhibitor w9ds up1 z x 71 ! inclos$ ma*9]y1 = ! d\ble purpose ( impress+ ^u ! company ! belief t ! effect is produc$ by ma*9]y1 & ( giv+ a signal to ! play] to put 9 motion ! head ( ! automaton4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,?is +5i\s explanation ( ! *ess automaton is1 our au?or /ates1 greatly confirm$ by ! regul> & undeviat+ mode ( disclos+ ! int]ior ( ! *e/2 & he also %[s t ! facts :i* h be5 obs]v$ respect+ ! w9d+ up ( ! ma*9e1 8af=d positive pro( t ! axis turn$ by ! key is q free & unconnect$ ei!r ) a spr+ or weight1 or any sy/em ( ma*9]y40 ,9 ord] to make ! prec$+ description m intelligible1 ,i %all add ! foll[+ m detail$ explanation ( ! figures4 ,fig4 #ff is a p]spective view ( ! automaton se5 9 front ) all ! doors ?r[n op54 ,fig4 #fg is an elevation ( ! automaton1 z se5 f beh9d4 ,fig4 #fh is an elevation ( ! front ( ! *e/1 ! %ad$ figure repres5t+ ! inclos$ play] 9 8 fir/ position1 or :5 ! door ,a is op5$4 ,fig4 #fi is a side elevation1 ! %ad$ figure repres5t+ ! play] 9 ! same position4 ,fig4 #gj is a front elevation1 ! %ad$ figure %[+ ! play] 9 8 second position1 or t :i* he takes aft] ! door ,b & scre5 ,i are clos$1 & ! great cupbo>d op5$4 ,fig4 #ga is a front elevation1 ! %ad$ figure %[+ ! play] 9 8 ?ird position1 or t 9 :i* he plays ! game4 ,fig4 #gb is a side elevation %[+ ! figure 9 ! same position4 ,fig4 #gc is a horizontal section ( ! *e/ ?r\gh ! l9e ,,ww 9 ,fig4 #ga4 ,fig4 #gd is a v]tical section ( ! *e/ ?r\gh ! l9e ,,xx 9 ,fig4 #gc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,fig4 #ge is a v]tical section ?r\gh ! l9e ,,yy ,fig4 #ga1 %[+ ! false back clos$4 ,fig4 #gf is a simil> v]tical section %[+ ! false back rais$4 ,! foll[+ lett]s ( ref]5ce are employ$ 9 all ! figures3-- ,a4 ,front door ( ! small cupbo>d4 ,b4 ,back door ( ditto4 ,c ,c4 ,front doors ( l>ge cupbo>d4 ,d4 ,back door ( ditto4 ,e4 ,door ( ditto4 ,f4 ,door ( ! ?igh4 ,g ,g4 ,! draw]4 ,h4 ,ma*9]y 9 front ( ! small cupbo>d4 ,i4 ,scre5 beh9d ! ma*9]y4 ,k4 ,op5+ caus$ by ! removal ( "p ( ! floor ( ! small cupbo>d4 ,l4 ,a box :i* s]ves to conceal an op5+ 9 ! floor ( ! l>ge cupbo>d1 made to facilitate ! fir/ position2 & :i* also s]ves z a seat = ! ?ird position4 ,m4 ,a simil> box to receive ! toes ( ! play] 9 ! fir/ position4 ,n4 ,! inn] *e/ fill+ up "p ( ! trunk4 ,o4 ,! space beh9d ! draw]4 ,p ,q4 ,! false back turn+ on a jo9t at ,q4 ,r4 ,"p ( ! p>tition =m$ ( clo? /ret*$ tight1 :i* is c>ri$ up by ! false back to =m ! op5+ betwe5 ! *amb]s4 ,s4 ,! op5+ betwe5 ! *amb]s4 ,t4 ,! op5+ connect+ ! trunk & *e/1 :i* is p>tly conceal$ by ! false back4 ,u4 ,panel :i* is slipt aside to admit ! play]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,v>i\s pieces ( me*anism ( wond]ful +5uity h be5 con/ruct$ = ! purposes ( draw+ & writ+4 ,"o ( ^!1 inv5t$ by ,m4 ,le ,droz1 ! son ( ! celebrat$ ,droz ( ,*aux le ,fonds1 has be5 describ$ by ,mr4 ,coll9son4 ,! figure 0 ! size ( life4 ,x held 9 its h& a metallic /yle1 & :5 a spr+ 0 t\*$1 s z to release a det5t1 ! figure imm$iately began to draw ^u a c>d ( ,dut* vellum previ\sly laid "u its h&4 ,aft] ! draw+ 0 execut$ on ! fir/ c>d1 ! figure re/$4 ,o!r five c>ds 7 !n put 91 9 succession1 & ^u ^! x del9eat$ 9 ! same mann] diff]5t subjects4 ,on ! fir/ c>d x drew 8elegant portraits & lik5esses ( ! k+ & que5 fac+ ea* o!r20 & ,mr4 ,coll9son rem>ks1 t x 0 curi\s to obs]ve ) :at precision ! figure lift$ up its p5cil 9 its transition f "o po9t ( ! draw+ to ano!r1 )\t mak+ ! slighte/ mi/ake4 ,m4 ,maill>det has execut$ an automaton :i* bo? writes & draws4 ,! figure ( a boy kneel+ on "o knee holds a p5cil 9 8 h&4 ,:5 ! figure beg9s to "w1 an att5dant dips ! p5cil 9 ink1 & adju/s ! draw+-pap] ^u a brass tablet4 ,^u t\*+ a spr+1 ! figure proce$s to write1 & :5 ! l9e is f9i%$1 its h& returns to dot & /roke ! lett]s :5 necess>y4 ,9 ?is mann] x executes f\r beautiful pieces ( writ+ 9 ,fr5* & ,engli%1 & ?ree l&scapes1 all ( :i* occupy ab\t "o h\r4 ,"o ( ! mo/ popul> pieces ( me*anism :i* we h se5 is ! magician con/ruct$ by ,m4 ,maill>det = ! purpose ( answ]+ c]ta9 giv5 que/ions4 ,a figure dress$ l a magician appe>s seat$ at ! bottom ( a wall1 hold+ a w& 9 "o h&1 & a book 9 ! o!r4 ,a numb] ( que/ions ready prep>$ are inscrib$ on oval m$allions1 & ! spectator takes any ( ^! :i* he *ooses1 & to :i* he wi%es an answ]1 & hav+ plac$ x 9 a draw] ready to receive x1 ! draw] %uts ) a spr+ till ! answ] is return$4 ,! magician !n rises f 8 seat1 b[s 8 head1 describes circles ) 8 w&1 &1 consult+ ! book z if 9 deep ?\ght1 he lifts x t[>ds 8 face4 ,hav+ ?us appe>$ to pond] ov] ! propos$ "q1 he raises 8 w&1 & /rik+ ) x ! wall above 8 head1 two fold+-doors fly op51 & display an appropriate answ] to ! "q4 ,! doors aga9 close1 ! magician resumes 8 orig9al position1 & ! draw] op5s to return ! m$allion4 ,!re are tw5ty ( ^! m$allions1 all conta9+ diff]5t que/ions1 to :i* ! magician returns ! mo/ suitable & /rik+ answ]s4 ,! m$allions are ?9 plates ( brass ( an elliptical =m1 exactly resembl+ ea* o!r4 ,"s ( ! m$allions h a "q inscrib$ on ea* side1 bo? ( :i* ! magician answ]s 9 succession4 ,if ! draw] is %ut )\t a m$allion be+ put into x1 or if a blank m$allion1 viz41 "o :i* conta9s no "q1 is put into ! draw]1 ! magician rises1 consults 8 book1 %akes 8 head1 & resumes 8 seat4 ,! fold+-doors rema9 %ut1 & ! draw] is return$ empty4 ,if two m$allions are put into ! draw] toge!r1 an answ] is return$ only to ! l[] "o4 ,:5 ! ma*9]y is w\nd up1 ! movem5ts cont9ue ab\t an h\r1 dur+ :i* "t ab\t fifty que/ions may be answ]$4 ,! me?od by :i* ! diff]5t m$allions act$ ^u ! ma*9]y1 s z to produce ! prop] answ]s to ! que/ions :i* !y bore1 0 ( c\rse kept a secret by ! inv5tor1 b x 0 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,brock$on1 :o has k9dly communicat$ to me an acc\nt ( x4 ,^u exam9+ ! edge ( ! circul> m$allions1 ,mr4 ,brock$on discov]$ 9 all ( !m1 except ! blanks1 a small hole almo/ conceal$ by ! mill+4 ,?is l$ ,mr4 ,brock$on to exam9e ! receptacle = ! m$allion 9 ! draw]1 & he obs]v$ ! edge ( a p9 flu% ) ! edge ( ! receptacle1 :5ce ! p9 0 protrud$ by ! ma*9e into ! holes 9 ! m$allion1 ! dep? ( ! hole regulat+ ! answ]4 ,9 ord] to prove ?is1 ,mr4 ,b4 cut a slip f a c$> p5cil small en\gh to ent] easily ! holes 9 ! m$allion1 if he f\nd !m to be ( diff]5t dep?s4 ,z ! blank m$allions _h no hole1 & produc$ only a %ake ( ! magician's head1 ,mr4 ,b4 took a m$allion ) a "q1 & hav+ plugg$ ! hole ) a bit ( c$>1 he cut x flu%1 & hav+ plac$ x 9 ! receptacle1 ! conjuror %ook 8 head1 & ?us bore te/imony to ! tru? ( ,mr4 ,brock$on's discov]y4 ,m4 ,maill>det has con/ruct$ v>i\s o!r automata1 repres5t+ insects & o!r animals4 ,"o ( ^! 0 a spid] entirely made ( /eel1 :i* exhibit$ all ! movem5ts ( ! animal4 ,x ran on ! surface ( a table dur+ ?ree m9utes1 & to prev5t x f runn+ (f1 its c\rse always t5d$ t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! table4 ,he con/ruct$ likewise a cat]pill>1 a liz>d1 a m\se1 & a s]p5t4 ,! s]p5t crawls ab\t 9 e direction1 op5s its m\?1 hisses1 & d>ts out its tongue4 ,+5i\s & beautiful z all ^! pieces ( me*anism are1 & surpris+ z _! effects appe> ev5 to sci5tific spectators1 ! pr9cipal object ( _! inv5tors 0 to a/oni% & amuse ! public4 ,we %\ld =m an errone\s judgm5t1 h[ev]1 if we suppose t ?is 0 ! only result ( ! +5uity :i* !y display$4 ,! passion = automatic exhibitions1 :i* *>act]iz$ ! #ah? c5tury1 gave rise to ! mo/ +5i\s me*anical devices1 & introduc$ among ! high] ord]s ( arti/s habits ( nice & accurate execution 9 ! =mation ( ! mo/ delicate pieces ( ma*9]y4 ,! same comb9ation ( ! me*anical p[]s :i* made ! spid] crawl1 or :i* wav$ ! t9y rod ( ! magician1 contribut$ 9 future ye>s to purposes ( high] import4 ,^? :eels & p9ions1 :i* almo/ elud$ our s5ses by _! m9ut5ess1 re-appe>$ 9 ! /up5d\s me*anism ( our sp9n+-ma*9es & our /eam-eng9es4 ,! elem5ts ( ! tumbl+-puppet 7 reviv$ 9 ! *ronomet]1 :i* n[ conducts our navy ?r\gh ! ocean2 & ! %apeless :eel :i* direct$ ! h& ( ! draw+ automaton has s]v$1 9 ! pres5t age1 to guide ! movem5ts ( ! tamb\r+ eng9e4 ,^? me*anical wond]s1 :i* 9 "o c5tury enri*$ only ! conjuror :o us$ !m1 contribut$ 9 ano!r to augm5t ! weal? ( ! nation2 & ^? automatic toys1 :i* once amus$ ! vulg>1 are n[ employ$ 9 ext5d+ ! p[] & promot+ ! civilization ( our species4 ,9 :atev] way1 inde$1 ! p[] ( g5ius may inv5t or comb9e1 & to :atev] l[ or ev5 ludicr\s purposes t inv5tion or comb9ation may be orig9ally appli$1 society receives a gift :i* x c nev] lose2 & ?\gh ! value ( ! se$ may n be at once recogniz$1 & ?\gh x may lie long unproductive 9 ! ung5ial till ( human k1 x w "s "t or o!r evolve its g]m1 & yield to mank9d its natural & abundant h>ve/4 ,did ! limits ( s popul> a volume z ?is ought to be p]mit x1 ,i %\ld h proce$$ to give a g5]al description ( "s ( ^! extraord9>y pieces ( ma*9]y1 ! con/ruction & effects ( :i* nev] fail to /rike ! spectator ) surprise4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld lead me into a field too ext5sive1 & ,i %all !re=e conf9e myself to a notice ( ?ree v rem>kable pieces ( me*anism :i* are at pres5t v little kn[n to ! g5]al read]1 viz41 ! tamb\r+ ma*9e ( ,mr4 ,duncan1 ! /atue-turn+ ma*9e ( ,mr4 ,watt1 & ! calculat+ ma*9]y ( ,mr4 ,babbage4 ,! tamb\r+ ( musl9s1 or ! art ( produc+ ^u !m ornam5tal fl[]s & figures1 has be5 long kn[n & practis$ 9 ,brita9 z well z 9 o!r c\ntries2 b x 0 n long be=e ! ye> #agij1 t x became an object ( g5]al manufacture 9 ! we/ ( ,scotl&1 :]e x 0 *iefly c>ri$ on4 ,at fir/ x 0 "u ! direction ( =eign]s2 b _! aid 0 n long necess>y1 & x spe$ily ext5d$ to su* a degree z to occupy1 ei!r :olly or p>tially1 m ?an #bj1jjj females4 ,_m ( ^! lab\r]s liv$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,glasg[1 :i* 0 ! *ief seat ( ! manufacture2 b o!rs 7 scatt]$ ?r\gh e "p ( ,scotl&1 & suppli$ by ag5ts ) "w & money4 ,9 ,glasg[1 a tamb\r] ( ord9>y skill c\ld n 9 g5]al e>n m ?an five or six %ill+s a week by con/ant application2 b to a lab\r+ artisan1 :o _h sev]al daught]s1 ev5 ^! l[ wages =m$ a s\rce ( great weal?4 ,at ! age ( five ye>s1 a *ild capable ( h&l+ a ne$le 0 devot$ to tamb\r+1 ev5 ?\gh x c\ld n e>n m ?an a %ill+ or two 9 a week2 & ! consequ5ce ( ?is 01 t female *ildr5 7 tak5 f s*ool1 & r5d]$ totally unfit = any social or dome/ic duty4 ,! tamb\r+ population1 01 !re=e1 ( ! wor/ k9d1 & x mu/ h be5 reg>d$ z a bless+ r ?an z a calamity1 :5 ! "w :i* !y p]=m$ 0 entru/$ to regul> ma*9]y4 ,mr4 ,john ,duncan ( ,glasg[1 ! inv5tor ( ! tamb\r+ ma*9]y1 0 "o ( ^? un=tunate individuals :o b5efit _! species )\t b5efit+ !mselves1 & :o di$ 9 ! m]idian ( life1 ! victim ( pov]ty & ( national +ratitude4 ,he conceiv$ ! idea ( br++ into action a great numb] ( ne$les at ! same "t1 9 ord] to %ort5 ! process by manual lab\r2 b he at fir/ 0 p]plex$ ab\t ! div]sification ( ! patt]n4 ,?is difficulty1 h[ev]1 he soon surm\nt$ by employ+ two =ces at "r angles to ea* o!r1 :i* gave him a new =ce 9 ! direction ( ! diagonal ( ! p>allelogram1 ^: sides 7 =m$ by ! orig9al =ces4 ,8 fir/ ma*9e 0 v imp]fect2 b aft] two ye>s' /udy1 he =m$ a company1 at ^: exp5se six improv$ ma*9es 7 put 9 action1 & :o secur$ ! inv5tion by a pat5t4 ,at ?is "t ! idea ( r5d]+ ! ma*9e automatic _h sc>cely occurr$ to him2 b he aft]w>ds succe$$ 9 accompli%+ ?is great object1 & ! tamb\r+ ma*9es 7 plac$ "u ! surveillance ( a /eam-eng9e4 ,ano!r pat5t 0 tak5 = ^! improvem5ts4 ,! read] :o desires to h a m9ute acc\nt ( ^! improvem5ts1 & ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! ma*9]y1 w be amply gratifi$ by p]us+ ! inv5tor's own acc\nt ( ! ma*9]y 9 ! article ,,*a9work 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,encyclopdia4 ,at pres5t x w be suffici5t to /ate1 t ! musl9 to be tamb\r$ 0 susp5d$ v]tically 9 a frame1 :i* 0 capable ( be+ mov$ bo? 9 a v]tical & a horizontal direction4 ,sixty or m ne$les ly+ horizontally occupi$ a frame 9 front ( ! musl9 web4 ,ea* ( ^! work+ ne$les1 z !y are call$1 0 att5d$ by a fe$+-ne$le1 :i*1 by a circul> motion r\nd ! work+-ne$le1 lodg$ ^u ! /em ( ! latt] ! loop ( ! ?read4 ,! sixty ne$les !n p5etrat$ ! web1 &1 9 ord] t !y might return aga9 )\t injur+ ! fabric1 ! b>b or eye ( ! ne$le1 :i* resembl$ ! b>b ( a fi%+-hook1 0 %ut by a slid]4 ,! musl9 web !n took a new position by means ( ! ma*9]y t gave x its horizontal & v]tical motion1 s t ! sixty ne$les p5etrat$ x1 at _! next movem5t1 at ano!r po9t ( ! figure or fl[]4 ,?is op]ation w5t on till sixty fl[]s 7 complet$4 ,! web 0 !n slightly w\nd up1 t ! ne$les might be opposite t "p ( x on :i* !y 7 to "w ano!r r[ ( fl[]s4 ,! fl[]s 7 g5]ally at an in* di/ance1 & ! r[s 7 plac$ s t ! fl[]s =m$ :at are call$ diamonds4 ,!re 7 sev5ty-two r[s ( fl[]s 9 a y>d1 s t 9 e squ>e y>d !re 7 ne>ly #djjj fl[]s1 & 9 e piece ( t5 y>ds long #dj1jjj4 ,! numb] ( loops or /it*es 9 a fl[] v>i$ ) ! patt]n1 b on an av]age !re 7 ab\t ?irty4 ,h5ce ! numb] ( /it*es 9 a y>d 7 #abj1jjj1 & ! numb] 9 a piece is #a1bjj1jjj4 ,! av]age "w done 9 a week by "o ma*9e 0 fifte5 y>ds1 or #fj1jjj fl[]s1 or #a1hjj1jjj /it*es2 & by comp>+ ?is ) ! "w done by "o p]son ) ! h&1 x appe>$ t ! ma*9e enabl$ "o p]son to d ! "w ( tw5ty-f\r p]sons4 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s & important applications ( ma*9]y to ! arts :i* has be5 sugge/$ 9 mod]n times1 0 made by ! late ,mr4 ,watt1 9 ! con/ruction ( a ma*9e = copy+ or r$uc+ /atues & sculpture ( all k9ds4 ,! art ( multiply+ bu/s & /atues1 by ca/s 9 pla/] ( ,p>is1 has be5 ! means ( diffus+ a k ( ?is bran* ( ! f9e arts2 b f ! fragile nature ( ! mat]ial1 ! copies ?us produc$ 7 unfit = exposure to ! wea!r1 & !re=e ill calculat$ = ornam5t+ public build+s1 or = p]petuat+ ! memory ( public a*ievem5ts4 ,a ma*9e1 !re=e1 :i* is capable ( multiply+ ! lab\rs ( ! sculptor 9 ! durable mat]ials ( m>ble or ( brass 0 a desid]atum ( ! highe/ value1 & "o :i* c\ld h be5 expect$ only f a g5ius ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,dur+ _m ye>s ,mr4 ,watt c>ri$ on 8 lab\rs 9 secret1 & he conceal$ ev5 8 int5tion ( con/ruct+ su* a ma*9e4 ,aft] he _h made consid]able progress 9 its execution1 & _h ?\ght ( secur+ 8 inv5tion by a pat5t1 he le>n$ t an +5i\s individual 9 8 own neighb\rhood _h be5 long occupi$ 9 ! same pursuit2 & ,mr4 ,watt in=m$ me t he _h e reason to believe t ?is g5tleman 0 entirely ignorant ( 8 lab\rs4 ,a proposal 0 !n made t ! two inv5tors %\ld comb9e _! tal5ts1 & secure ! privilege by a jo9t pat5t2 b ,mr4 ,watt _h exp]i5c$ s frequ5tly ! fatal op]ation ( our pat5t laws1 t he saw _m difficulties 9 ! way ( su* an arrangem5t1 & he 0 unwill+1 at 8 advanc$ age1 to emb>k 9 a project s ext5sive1 & :i* seem$ to require = its successful prosecution all ! ard\r & ambition ( a y\?ful m9d4 ,! s*eme 0 !re=e ab&on$2 & su* is ! un=tunate op]ation ( our pat5t laws1 t ! circum/ance ( two individuals hav+ made ! same inv5tion has prev5t$ bo? f br++ x to p]fection1 & conf]r+ a great practical b5efit ^u _! species4 ,! ma*9e :i* ,mr4 ,watt _h con/ruct$ _h actually execut$ "s excell5t pieces ( "w4 ,i h se5 9 8 h\se at ,hea?field copies ( basso-relievos1 & complete /atues ( a small size2 & "s ( 8 fri5ds h 9 _! possession o!r specim5s ( its p]=mance4 ,( all ! ma*9es :i* h be5 con/ruct$ 9 mod]n times1 ! calculat+-ma*9e is d\btless ! mo/ extraord9>y4 ,pieces ( me*anism = p]=m+ p>ticul> ari?metical op]ations h be5 long ago con/ruct$1 b ^! be> no comp>ison ei!r 9 +5uity or 9 magnitude to ! gr& design conceiv$ & ne>ly execut$ by ,mr4 ,babbage4 ,great z ! p[] ( me*anism is kn[n to be1 yet we v5ture to say1 t _m ( ! mo/ intellig5t ( our read]s w sc>cely admit x to be possible t a/ronomical & navigation tables c be accurately comput$ by ma*9]y2 t ! ma*9e c itself correct ! errors :i* x may commit2 & t ! results ( its calculations1 :5 absolutely free f error1 c be pr9t$ (f1 )\t ! aid ( human h&s1 or ! op]ation ( human intellig5ce4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,babbage's ma*9e c d2 & z ,i h _h ! advantage ( see+ x actually calculate1 & ( /udy+ its con/ruction ) ,mr4 ,babbage himself1 ,i am able to make ! above /atem5t on p]sonal obs]vation4 ,! calculat+ ma*9e n[ con/ruct+ "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! inv5tor has be5 execut$ at ! exp5se ( ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t1 & is ( c\rse _! prop]ty4 ,x consi/s ess5tially ( two p>ts2 a calculat+ "p1 & a pr9t+ "p1 bo? ( :i* are necess>y to ! fulfilm5t ( ,mr4 ,babbage's views2 = ! :ole advantage w\ld be lo/ if ! computations made by ! ma*9e 7 copi$ by human h&s & transf]r$ to types by ! common process4 ,! great] "p ( ! calculat+ ma*9]y is already con/ruct$1 & exhibits workman%ip ( su* extraord9>y skill & beauty1 t no?+ approa*+ to x has be5 witness$4 ,9 ord] to execute x1 p>ticul>ly ^? p>ts ( ! app>atus :i* are dissimil> to any us$ 9 ord9>y me*anical con/ructions1 tools & ma*9]y ( great exp5se & complexity h be5 inv5t$ & con/ruct$2 & 9 _m in/ances contrivances ( s+ul> +5uity h be5 resort$ to :i* _c fail to prove ext5sively useful 9 v>i\s bran*es ( ! me*anical arts4 ,! draw+s ( ?is ma*9]y1 :i* =m a l>ge "p ( ! "w1 & on :i* all ! contrivance has be5 be/[$1 & all ! alt]ations made1 cov] upw>ds ( #djj squ>e feet ( surface1 & are execut$ ) extraord9>y c>e & precision4 ,9 s complex a piece ( me*anism1 9 :i* int]rupt$ motions are propagat$ simultane\sly along a great v>iety ( tra9s ( me*anism1 x might h be5 suppos$ t ob/ructions w\ld arise1 or ev5 incompatibilities occur1 f ! impracticability ( =esee+ all ! possible comb9ations ( ! p>ts2 b ?is d\bt has be5 entirely remov$1 by ! con/ant employm5t ( a sy/em ( me*anical notation inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,babbage1 :i* places di/9ctly 9 view1 at e in/ant1 ! progress ( motion ?r\gh all ! p>ts ( ?is or any o!r ma*9e1 & by writ+ d[n 9 tables ! times requir$ = all ! movem5ts1 ?is me?od r5d]s x easy to avoid all risk ( two opposite actions arriv+ at ! same in/ant at any "p ( ! eng9e4 ,9 ! pr9t+ "p ( ! ma*9e less progress has be5 made 9 ! actual execution ?an 9 ! calculat+ "p4 ,! cause ( ?is is ! great] difficulty ( its contrivance1 n = transf]r+ ! computations f ! calculat+ "p to ! copp] or o!r plate de/9$ to receive x1 b = giv+ to ! plate itself t numb] & v>iety ( movem5ts :i* ! =ms adopt$ 9 pr9t$ tables may call = 9 practice4 ,! practical object ( ! calculat+ eng9e is to compute & pr9t a great v>iety & ext5t ( a/ronomical & navigation tables1 :i* c\ld n be done )\t enorm\s intellectual & manual lab\r1 & :i*1 ev5 if execut$ by su* lab\r1 c\ld n be calculat$ ) ! requisite accuracy4 ,ma!maticians1 a/ronom]s1 & navigators1 d n require to be in=m$ ( ! real value ( su* tables2 b x may be prop] to /ate1 = ! in=mation ( o!rs1 t sev5te5 l>ge folio volumes ( log>i?mic tables alone 7 calculat$1 at an enorm\s exp5se1 by ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t2 & t ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t reg>d$ ^! tables to be ( su* national value1 t !y propos$ to ! ,fr5* ,bo>d ( ,longitude to pr9t an abridgem5t ( !m at ! jo9t exp5se ( ! two nations1 & (f]$ to advance #ejjjl4 = t purpose4 ,besides log>i?mic tables1 ,mr4 ,babbage's ma*9e w calculate tables ( ! p[]s & products ( numb]s1 & all a/ronomical tables = det]m9+ ! positions ( ! sun1 moon1 & planets2 & ! same me*anical pr9ciples h enabl$ him to integrate innum]able equations ( f9ite diff]5ces1 t is1 :5 ! equation ( diff]5ces is giv51 he c1 by sett+ an eng9e1 produce at ! end ( a giv5 "t any di/ant t]m :i* may be requir$1 or any succession ( t]ms comm5c+ at a di/ant po9t4 ,besides ! *eapness & cel]ity ) :i* ?is ma*9e w p]=m its "w1 ! absolute accuracy ( ! pr9t$ results des]ves especial notice4 ,by peculi> contrivances1 any small error produc$ by accid5tal du/1 or by any slight inaccuracy 9 "o ( ! :eels1 is correct$ z soon z x is transmitt$ to ! next1 & ?is is done 9 su* a mann] z effectually to prev5t any accumulation ( small errors f produc+ an errone\s figure 9 ! result4 ,9 ord] to convey "s idea ( ?is /up5d\s und]tak+1 we may m5tion ! effects produc$ by a small trial eng9e con/ruct$ by ! inv5tor1 & by :i* he comput$ ! foll[+ table f ! =mula x#b x #da4 ,! figures1 z !y 7 calculat$ by ! ma*9e1 7 n exhibit$ to ! eye z 9 slid+-rules & simil> in/rum5ts1 b 7 actually pres5t$ to ! eye on two opposite sites ( ! ma*9e1 ! numb] #chc1 = example1 appe>+ 9 figures be=e ! p]son employ$ 9 copy+4 ,table calculat$ by a small ,trial ,eng9e4 #da #aca #chc #gig #acgc #dc #aea #dba #hec #addg #dg #agc #dfa #iaa #aebc #ec #aig #ejc #iga #afja #fa #bbc #edg #ajcc #afha #ga #bea #eic #ajig #agfc #hc #bha #fda #aafc #ahdg #ig #cac #fia #abca #aicc #aac #cdg #gdc #acja #bjba ,:ile ! ma*9e 0 occupi$ 9 calculat+ ?is table1 a fri5d ( ! inv5tor und]took to write d[n ! numb]s z !y appe>$4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! copyi/ writ+ quickly1 he r m ?an kept pace ) ! eng9e1 b z soon z five figures appe>$1 ! ma*9e 0 at lea/ equal 9 spe$ to ! writ]4 ,at ano!r trial ?irty-two numb]s ( ! same table 7 calculat$ 9 ! space ( two m9utes & ?irty seconds2 & z ^! conta9$ eighty-two figures1 ! eng9e produc$ ?irty-?ree figures e m9ute1 or m ?an "o figure 9 e two seconds4 ,on ano!r occasion x produc$ =ty-f\r figures p] m9ute4 ,?is rate ( computation c\ld be ma9ta9$ = any l5g? ( "t2 & x is probable t few writ]s are able to copy ) equal spe$ = _m h\rs toge!r4 ,"s ( t class ( individuals :o envy all great m51 & d5y all great inv5tions1 h ignorantly /at$ t ,mr4 ,babbage's inv5tion is n new4 ,! same p]sons1 _h x suit$ _! purpose1 w\ld h ma9ta9$ t ! inv5tion ( spectacles 0 an anticipation ( ! telescope2 b ev5 ?is is m true ?an ! allegation t ! ari?metical ma*9es ( ,pascal & o!rs 7 ! types ( ,mr4 ,babbage's eng9e4 ,! object ( ^! ma*9es 0 entirely diff]5t4 ,_! highe/ functions 7 to p]=m ! op]ations ( common ari?metic4 ,mr4 ,babbage's eng9e1 x is true1 c p]=m ^! op]ations also1 & c extract ! roots ( numb]s1 & approximate to ! roots ( equations1 & ev5 to _! impossible roots4 ,b ?is is n its object4 ,its function1 9 contradi/9ction to t ( all o!r contrivances = calculat+1 is to embody 9 ma*9]y ! me?od ( diff]5ces1 :i* has nev] be=e be5 done2 & ! effects :i* x is capable ( produc+1 & ! works :i* 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s we expect to see x execute1 w place x at an inf9ite di/ance f all o!r ef=ts ( me*anical g5ius4#cc #cc ,a popul> acc\nt ( ?is eng9e w be f\nd 9 ,mr4 ,babbage's int]e/+ volume ,on ! ,economy ( ,manufactures1 lately publi%$4 ,,lett] ,,xii4 ,wond]s ( *emi/ry--,orig91 progress1 & objects ( al*emy--,art ( brea?+ fire--,employ$ by ,b>*o*ebas1 ,eunus1 c4--,mod]n me?od--,art ( walk+ ^u burn+ coals & r$-hot iron1 & ( plung+ ! h&s 9 melt$ lead & boil+ wat]--,s+ul> prop]ty ( boil+ t>--,workm5 plunge _! h&s 9 melt$ copp]--,trial ( ordeal by fire--,ald9i's incombu/ible dresses--,examples ( _! wond]ful p[] 9 resi/+ flame--,p[] ( brea?+ & endur+ air ( high temp]atures--,exp]im5ts made by ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 ,sir ,*>les ,blagd51 & ,mr4 ,*antrey4 ,*emi/ry has f its infancy be5 pre-em95tly ! sci5ce ( wond]s4 ,9 h] laboratory ! al*emi/ & ! magician h revell$ uncontroll$1 & f h] treasures 0 =g$ ! sceptre :i* 0 s long & s fatally wield$ ov] human reason4 ,! *anges :i* take place 9 ! bodies imm$iately ar\nd u are too few 9 numb] & too remote f obs]vation to excite mu* ( our notice2 b :5 ! sub/ances procur$ directly f nature1 or =m$ casually by art1 become objects ( inve/igation1 !y exhibit 9 _! simple or comb9$ actions ! mo/ extraord9>y effects4 ,! ph5om5a :i* !y display1 & ! products :i* !y =m1 s little resemble ^? ) :i* we are famili>1 t ! mo/ phlegmatic & ! lea/ speculative obs]v] mu/ h anticipat$ f !m ! creation ( new & valuable comp\nds4 ,x c sc>cely1 !re=e1 be a matt] ( surprise t m9ds ( ! highe/ ord]1 & spirits ( ! l(tie/ ambition1 %\ld h s\ght 9 ! transmutations ( *emi/ry = ^? spl5did products :i* 7 conceiv$ to be mo/ conducive to human happ9ess4 ,! disciple ( ,mammon grew pale ov] 8 crucible 9 8 ard\r to conv]t ! bas] metals into gold2 ! philosoph] p9$ 9 secret = ! univ]sal solv5t :i* might develop ! elem5ts ( ! preci\s /ones & yield to him ! means ( _! production2 & ! philan?ropi/ aspir$ aft] a univ]sal m$ic9e1 :i* might arre/ disease 9 its c\rse1 & prolong indef9itely ! life ( man4 ,to u1 :o live "u ! m]idian ( k1 su* expectations mu/ appe> z presumptu\s z !y 7 delusive2 b :5 we consid] t gold & silv] 7 actually produc$ by *emical processes f ! rude ores ( lead & copp]--t "s ( ! mo/ refractory bodies _h yield$ to ! dis9tegrat+ & solv5t p[]s ( *emical ag5ts1 & t ! m]curial prep>ations ( ! ,arabian physicians _h op]at$ l *>ms 9 ! cure ( diseases t _h resi/$ ! feeble m$ic9es ( ! times1 we may f9d "s apology = ! extravagant expectations ( ! al*emi/s4 ,an object ( l(ty pursuit1 ev5 if x be "o ( impossible atta9m5t1 is n unwor?y philosophical ambition4 ,?\gh we _c scale ! summit ( ! volcanic cone1 we may yet rea* its heav+ flanks2 & ?\gh we _c decompose its l(tie/ fires1 we may yet /udy ! lava :i* !y h melt$ & ! products :i* !y h sublim$4 ,9 l mann]1 ?\gh ! philosoph]'s /one has n be5 f\nd1 *emi/ry has d]iv$ ri* accessions f its se>*2--?\gh ! g5]al solv5t has n be5 obta9$1 yet ! diamond & ! gems h surr5d]$ to sci5ce _! adamant9e /r5g?2--& ?\gh ! elixir ( life has nev] be5 di/ill$1 yet o!r m$ic9es h soo!d ! 8ills :i* fle% is heir to10 & prolong$ 9 no slight degree ! av]age t]m ( our exi/5ce4 ,?us f> ! pursuits ( ! al*emi/ 7 hon\rable & useful2 b :5 8 call+ 0 foll[$1 z x soon 01 by m5 prodigal ( =tune & ( "*1 sci5ce became an in/rum5t ( crime2 secrets unatta9$ 7 b>t]$ = ! gold ( ! cr$ul\s & ! ignorant1 & books innum]able 7 compos$ to tea* ^! pret5d$ secrets to ! _w4 ,an intellectual reaction1 h[ev]1 soon took place2 & ^? v pr9ces :o _h s\ght to fill _! exhau/$ treasuries at ! furnace ( ! *emi/1 7 ! fir/ to enact laws aga9/ ! frauds :i* !y _h enc\rag$1 & to dispel ! illusions :i* _h s long deceiv$ _! subjects4 ,b ev5 :5 ! moral atmosph]e ( ,europe 0 ?us dis9fect$1 *emi/ry suppli$ ! magician ) 8 mo/ lucrative wond]s1 & ^? :o c\ld no long] delude ! public ) dreams ( weal? & longevity1 n[ s\ght to amuse & a/oni% !m by ! exhibition ( _! skill4 ,! n>r[ limits ( ?is volume w n p]mit me to give ev5 a g5]al view ( ^? extraord9>y effects :i* ?is popul> sci5ce c display4 ,i mu/ !re=e select f its inexhau/ible /ores ^? topics :i* are mo/ /rik+ 9 _! results1 & mo/ popul> 9 _! details4 ,"o ( ! mo/ anci5t feats ( magic 0 ! art ( brea?+ flame1--an art :i* ev5 n[ excites ! a/oni%m5t ( ! vulg>4 ,dur+ ! insurrection ( ! slaves 9 ,sicily1 9 ! second c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 a ,syrian nam$ ,eunus acquir$ by 8 k ! rank ( _! lead]4 ,9 ord] to e/abli% 8 influ5ce ov] _! m9ds1 he pret5d$ to possess miracul\s p[]4 ,:5 he wi%$ to inspire 8 foll[]s ) c\rage1 he brea!d flames or sp>ks among !m f 8 m\?1 at ! same "t t he 0 r\s+ !m by 8 eloqu5ce4 ,/4 ,j]ome in=ms u t ! ,rabbi ,b>*o*ebas1 :o head$ ! ,jews 9 _! la/ revolt aga9/ ,hadrian1 made !m believe t he 0 ! ,messiah1 by vomit+ flames f 8 m\?2 & at a lat] p]iod1 ! ,emp]or ,con/antius 0 ?r[n into a /ate ( al>m :5 ,val5t9ian in=m$ him t he _h se5 "o ( ! body-gu>ds brea?+ out fire & flames4 ,we are n acqua9t$ ) ! exact me?ods by :i* ^! effects 7 produc$2 b ,florus in=ms u t ,eunus fill$ a p]=at$ nut-%ell ) sulphur & fire1 & hav+ conceal$ x 9 8 m\?1 he brea!d g5tly ?r\gh x :ile he 0 speak+4 ,?is art is p]=m$ m simply by ! mod]n juggl]4 ,hav+ roll$ toge!r "s flax or hemp1 s z to =m a ball ! size ( a walnut1 he sets x on fire1 & all[s x to burn till x is ne>ly consum$3 he !n rolls r\nd x :ile burn+ "s additional flax1 & by ^! means ! fire may be reta9$ 9 x = a consid]able "t4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( 8 exhibition he introduces ! ball into 8 m\?1 & :ile he brea!s ?r\gh x ! fire is reviv$1 & a numb] ( burn+ sp>ks are project$ f 8 m\?4 ,^! sp>ks are too feeble to d any h>m1 provid$ he inhales ! air ?r\gh 8 no/rils4 ,! k9dr$ art ( walk+ on burn+ coals or r$-hot iron rem\nts to ! same antiquity4 ,! prie/esses ( ,diana at ,ca/abala 9 ,cappadocia 7 accu/om$1 accord+ to ,/rabo1 to walk ov] burn+ coals2 & at ! annual fe/ival :i* 0 held 9 ! temple ( ,apollo on ,m\nt ,soracte 9 ,etruria1 ! ,hirpi m>*$ ov] burn+ coals1 & on ?is acc\nt !y 7 exempt$ f milit>y s]vice1 & receiv$ o!r privileges f ! ,roman ,s5ate4 ,?is p[] ( resi/+ fire 0 ascrib$ ev5 by ,v>ro to ! use ( "s l9im5t ) :i* !y ano9t$ ! soles ( _! feet4 ,( ! same "* 0 ! art ( hold+ r$-hot iron 9 ! h&s or betwe5 ! tee?1 & ( plung+ ! h&s into boil+ wat] or melt$ lead4 ,ab\t ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 an ,engli%man ( ! "n ( ,ri*>dson r5d]$ himself fam\s by *ew+ burn+ coals1 p\r+ melt$ lead ^u 8 tongue1 & swall[+ melt$ glass4 ,t ^! effects are produc$ p>tly by deception1 & p>tly by a previ\s prep>ation ( ! p>ts subject$ to ! heat1 c sc>cely admit ( a d\bt4 ,! fusible metal1 compos$ ( m]cury1 t91 & bismu?1 :i* melts at a l[ temp]ature1 might easily h be5 sub/itut$ 9 place ( lead2 & fluids ( easy ebullition may h be5 us$ 9 place ( boil+ wat]4 ,a solution ( sp]maceti or sulphuric e!r1 t+$ ) alkanet root1 :i* becomes solid at #ej ( ,fahr5heit1 & melts & boils ) ! heat ( ! h&1 is suppos$ to be ! sub/ance :i* is us$ at ,naples :5 ! dri$ blood ( ,/4 ,janu>ius melts spontane\sly1 & boils ov] ! vessel :i* conta9s x4 ,b ev5 :5 ! fluid requires a high temp]ature to boil1 x may h o!r prop]ties1 :i* enable u to plunge our h&s into x ) impunity4 ,?is is ! case ) boil+ t>1 :i* boils at a temp]ature ( #bbj1 ev5 high] ?an t ( wat]4 ,mr4 ,dav5port in=ms u1 t he saw "o ( ! workm5 9 ! ,royal ,dock-y>d at ,*a?am imm]se 8 nak$ h& 9 t> ( t temp]ature4 ,he drew up 8 coat-sleeves1 dipp$ 9 8 h& & wri/1 br++ out fluid t>1 & p\r+ x (f f 8 h& z f a ladle4 ,! t> rema9$ 9 complete contact ) 8 sk91 & he wip$ x (f ) t[4 ,conv9c$ t !re 0 no deception 9 ?is exp]im5t1 ,mr4 ,dav5port imm]s$ ! entire l5g? ( 8 =e-f+] 9 ! boil+ cauldron1 & mov$ x ab\t a %ort "t be=e ! heat became inconv5i5t4 ,mr4 ,dav5port ascribes ?is s+ul> effect to ! sl[ness ) :i* ! t> communicates its heat1 :i* he conceives to arise f ! abundant volatile vap\r :i* is evolv$1 8c>ry+ (f rapidly ! caloric 9 a lat5t /ate1 & int]v5+ betwe5 ! t> & ! sk91 s z to prev5t ! m rapid communication ( heat40 ,he conceives also1 t :5 ! h& is )drawn1 & ! hot t> adh]+ to x1 ! rapidity ) :i* ?is vap\r is evolv$ f ! surface expos$ to ! air cools x imm$iately4 ,! workm5 in=m$ ,mr4 ,dav5port t1 if a p]son put 8 h& into ! cauldron ) 8 glove on1 he w\ld be dreadfully burnt2 b ?is extraord9>y result 0 n put to ! te/ ( obs]vation4 ,b ?\gh ! conjurors ) fire may h avail$ !mselves ( ^! s+ul> prop]ties ( individual bodies1 yet ! g5]al secret ( _! art consi/$ 9 r5d]+ ! sk9 ( ! expos$ p>ts call\s & ins5sible to heat1--an effect :i* may be produc$ by cont9ually compress+ or s+e+ !m till ! sk9 acquires a horny consi/5ce4 ,a pro( ( ?is op9ion is m5tion$ by ,beckmann1 :o assures u1 t 9 ,septemb]1 #agfe1 :5 he visit$ ! copp]-works at ,awe/ad1 "o ( ! workm51 brib$ by a little money to dr9k1 took "s ( ! melt$ copp] 9 8 h&1 &1 aft] %[+ x to ! company1 ?rew x aga9/ a wall4 ,he !n squeez$ ! f+]s ( 8 horny h& close to ea* o!r1 held x a few m9utes "u 8 arm-pit1 to make x p]spire1 z he said1 & tak+ x aga9 out1 drew x ov] a ladle fill$ ) melt$ copp]1 "s ( :i* he skimm$ (f1 & mov$ 8 h& backw>ds & =w>ds v quickly by way ( o/5tation4 ,dur+ ?is p]=mance1 ,m4 ,beckmann notic$ a smell l t ( s+$ horn or lea!r1 ?\gh ! h& ( ! workman 0 n burn$4 ,?is callosity ( ! sk9 may be effect$ by frequ5tly moi/5+ x ) dilute sulphuric acid4 ,"s allege t ! juices ( c]ta9 plants produce ! same effect1 :ile o!rs recomm5d ! frequ5t rubb+ ( ! sk9 ) oil4 ,! receipt giv5 by ,alb]tus ,magnus = ?is purpose 0 ( a diff]5t nature4 ,x consi/$ ( a non-conduct+ calc>e\s pa/e1 :i* 0 made to adh]e to ! sk9 by ! sap ( ! m>%-mall[1 ! slimy se$s ( ! flea-bane1 & ! :ite ( an egg4 ,z ! anci5ts 7 acqua9t$ ) ! incombu/ibility ( asbe/os or amian?us1 & ! art ( weav+ x into clo?1 x is highly probable t x 0 employ$ 9 ! p]=mance ( "s ( _! miracles1 & x is equally probable t x 0 subsequ5tly us$1 along ) "s ( ! processes already describ$1 9 enabl+ ! victims ( sup]/ition to und]go )\t haz>d ! trial ( ordeal by fire4 ,9 e c\ntry :]e ?is b>b>\s usage prevail$1 :e!r 9 ! sanctu>y ( ! ,*ri/ian idolat]1 or 9 ! pagan temple ( ! ,bram91 or "u ! wild orgies ( ! ,african savage1 ,provid5ce seems to h provid$ ! means ( meet+ x ) impunity4 ,9 ,ca?olic c\ntries ?is exculpatory judgm5t 0 grant$ *iefly to p]sons 9 weak heal?1 :o 7 incapable ( us+ arms1 & p>ticul>ly to monks & ecclesia/ics1 :o c\ld n avail !mselves ( ! trial by s+le combat4 ,! fire ordeal 0 conduct$ 9 ! *ur* "u ! inspection ( ! cl]gy3 mass 0 at ! same "t celebrat$1 & ! iron & ! victims 7 consecrat$ by ! spr9kl+ ( holy wat]4 ,! prep>atory /eps 7 also "u ! direction ( ! prie/s4 ,x 0 necess>y t ! accus$ %\ld be plac$ ?ree days & ?ree nights "u _! c>e1 bo? be=e & aft] ! trial4 ,"u ! pret5ce ( prev5t+ ! def5dant f prep>+ 8 h&s by art1 & 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! result ( ! ordeal1 8 h&s 7 cov]$ up & seal$ dur+ ! ?ree days :i* prec$$ & foll[$ ! fi]y application2 & x has be5 plausibly conjectur$ by ,beckmann1 t dur+ ! fir/ ?ree days ! prev5tive 0 appli$ to ^? :om !y wi%$ to acquit1 & t ! la/ ?ree days 7 requisite to br+ back ! h&s to _! natural condition4 ,9 ^! & o!r cases1 ! accus$ c\ld n h avail$ himself directly ( ! use ( asbe/os gloves1 unless we c\ld suppose !m s made z to imitate ! human sk9 at a di/ance2 b ! fibres ( t m9]al may h be5 imb$d$ 9 a pa/e :i* appli$ itself readily to all ! elevations & depressions ( ! sk94 ,9 our own times ! art ( def5d+ ! h&s & face1 & inde$ ! :ole body1 f ! action ( heat$ iron & int5se fire1 has be5 appli$ to ! nobl] purpose ( sav+ human life1 & rescu+ prop]ty f ! flames4 ,! revival & ! improvem5t ( ?is art we owe to ! b5evol5ce & ! +5uity ( ! ,*evali] ,ald9i ( ,milan1 :o has travell$ ?r\gh all ,europe to pres5t ?is valuable gift to 8 species4 ,sir ,h4 ,davy _h long ago %[n t a safety lamp = illum9at+ m9es1 conta9+ inflammable air1 might be con/ruct$ ( wire-gauze alone1 :i* prev5t$ ! flame )91 h[ev] l>ge or int5se1 f sett+ fire to ! inflammable air )\t4 ,?is valuable prop]ty1 :i* has be5 long 9 practical use1 he ascrib$ to ! conduct+ & radiat+ p[] ( ! wire-gauze1 :i* c>ri$ (f ! heat ( ! flame1 & depriv$ x ( its p[]4 ,! ,*evali] ,ald9i conceiv$ ! idea ( apply+ ! same mat]ial1 9 comb9ation ) o!r badly conduct+ sub/ances1 z a protection aga9/ fire4 ,! incombu/ible pieces ( dress :i* he uses = ! body1 arms1 & legs1 are =m$ out ( /rong clo?1 :i* has be5 /eep$ 9 a solution ( alum1 :ile ^? = ! head1 h&s1 & feet1 are made ( clo? ( asbe/os or amian?us4 ,! head-dress is a l>ge cap :i* envelops ! :ole head d[n to ! neck1 hav+ suitable p]=ations = ! eyes1 nose1 & m\?4 ,! /ock+s & cap are s+le1 b ! gloves are made ( d\ble amian?us clo?1 to enable ! fireman to take into 8 h& burn+ or r$ hot bodies4 ,! piece ( anci5t asbe/os clo? pres]v$ 9 ! ,vatican 0 =m$1 we believe1 by mix+ ! asbe/os ) o!r fibr\s sub/ances2 b ,m4 ,ald9i has execut$ a piece ( ne>ly ! same size1 n9e feet five in*es long & five feet ?ree in*es wide1 :i* is mu* /rong] ?an ! anci5t piece1 & possesses sup]ior qualities1 9 consequ5ce ( hav+ be5 wov5 )\t ! introduction ( any =eign sub/ance4 ,9 ?is manufacture ! fibres are prev5t$ f break+ by ! action ( /eam1 ! clo? is made loose 9 its fabric1 & ! ?reads are ab\t ! fiftie? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! metallic dress :i* is sup]add$ to ^! means ( def5ce consi/s ( five pr9cipal pieces1 viz4 a casque or cap1 ) a mask l>ge en\gh to leave a prop] space betwe5 x & ! asbe/os cap2 a cuirass ) its brassets2 a piece ( arm\r = ! trunk & ?ighs2 a pair ( boots ( d\ble wire-gauze2 & an oval %ield #e feet long by #b wide1 made by /ret*+ ! wire-gauze ov] a sl5d] frame ( iron4 ,all ^! pieces are made ( iron wire-gauze1 hav+ ! int]val betwe5 its ?reads ! tw5ty-fif? "p ( an in*4 ,9 ord] to prove ! efficacy ( ?is app>atus1 & inspire ! firem5 ) confid5ce 9 its protection1 he %[$ !m t a f+] fir/ envelop$ 9 asbe/os1 & !n 9 a d\ble case ( wire-gauze1 might be held a long "t 9 ! flame ( a _s-lamp or c&le be=e ! heat became inconv5i5t4 ,a fireman hav+ 8 h& )9 a d\ble asbe/os glove1 & its palm protect$ by a piece ( asbe/os clo?1 seiz$ ) impunity a l>ge piece ( r$-hot iron1 c>ri$ x delib]ately to ! di/ance ( #aej feet1 inflam$ /raw ) x1 & br\ght x back aga9 to ! furnace4 ,on o!r occasions ! fireman h&l$ blaz+ wood & burn+ sub/ances1 & walk$ dur+ five m9utes ^u an iron grat+ plac$ ov] flam+ fagots4 ,9 ord] to %[ h[ ! head1 eyes1 & lungs are protect$1 ! fireman put on ! asbe/os & wire-gauze cap1 & ! cuirass1 & held ! %ield be=e 8 brea/4 ,a fire ( %av+s 0 !n light$1 & kept burn+ 9 a l>ge rais$ *af+-di%2 ! fireman plung$ 8 head into ! middle ( ! flames ) 8 face to ! fuel1 & 9 t position w5t sev]al times r\nd ! *af+-di% = a p]iod long] ?an a m9ute4 ,9 a subsequ5t trial1 at ,p>is1 a fireman plac$ 8 head 9 ! middle ( a l>ge brazi] fill$ ) flam+ hay & wood1 z 9 ,fig4 #gg1 & resi/$ ! action ( ! fire dur+ five or six m9utes1 & ev5 t5 m9utes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4 ,9 ! exp]im5ts :i* 7 made at ,p>is 9 ! pres5ce ( a committee ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 two p>allel r[s ( /raw & bru%wood1 support$ by iron wires1 7 =m$ at ! di/ance ( ?ree feet f ea* o!r1 & ext5d$ ?irty feet 9 l5g?4 ,:5 ?is combu/ible mass 0 set on fire1 x 0 necess>y to /& at ! di/ance ( eight or t5 y>ds to avoid ! heat4 ,! flames f bo? ! r[s seem$ to fill up ! :ole space betwe5 !m1 & rose to ! height ( n9e or t5 feet4 ,at ?is mom5t six firem51 clo!d 9 ! incombu/ible dresses1 & m>*+ at a sl[ pace beh9d ea* o!r1 repeat$ly pass$ ?r\gh ! :ole l5g? betwe5 ! two r[s ( flame1 :i* 7 con/antly f$ ) additional combu/ibles4 ,"o ( ! firem5 c>ri$ on 8 back a *ild eight ye>s old1 9 a wick]-basket cov]$ ) metallic gauze1 & ! *ild _h no o!r dress ?an a cap made ( amian?9e clo?4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #ahbi1 a /ill m /rik+ exp]im5t 0 made 9 ! y>d ( ! b>racks ( ,/4 ,g]vais4 ,two t[]s 7 erect$ two /ories high1 & 7 surr\nd$ ) heaps ( inflam$ mat]ials1 consi/+ ( fagots & /raw4 ,! firem5 brav$ ! dang] ) impunity4 ,9 opposition to ! advice ( ,m4 ,ald9i1 "o ( !m1 ) ! basket & *ild1 ru%$ into a n>r[ place1 :]e ! flames 7 rag+ eight y>ds high4 ,! viol5ce ( ! fire 0 s great t he c\ld n be se51 :ile a ?ick black smoke spread ar\nd1 ?r[+ out a heat :i* 0 unsupportable by ! spectators4 ,! fireman rema9$ s long invisible t s]i\s d\bts 7 ent]ta9$ ( 8 safety4 ,he at l5g?1 h[ev]1 issu$ f ! fi]y gulf un9jur$1 & pr\d ( hav+ succe$$ 9 brav+ s great a dang]4 ,x is a rem>kable result ( ^! exp]im5ts1 t ! firem5 are able to brea! )\t difficulty 9 ! middle ( ! flames4 ,?is effect is ow+ n only to ! heat be+ int]cept$ by ! wire-gauze z x passes to ! lungs1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* its temp]ature becomes supportable1 b also to ! s+ul> p[] :i* ! body possesses ( resi/+ great heats1 & ( brea?+ air ( high temp]atures4 ,a s]ies ( curi\s exp]im5ts 7 made on ?is subject by ,m4 ,tillet 9 ,france1 & by ,dr4 ,=dyce & ,sir ,*>les ,blagd5 9 ,engl&4 ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 ,dr4 ,sol&]1 & ,sir ,*>les ,blagd5 ent]$ a room 9 :i* ! air _h a temp]ature ( #aih ,fahr41 & rema9$ t5 m9utes2 b z ! !rmomet] sank v rapidly1 !y resolv$ to ent] ! room s+ly4 ,dr4 ,sol&] w5t 9 alone1 & f\nd ! heat #baj1 & ,sir ,joseph ent]$ :5 ! heat 0 #baa4 ,?\gh expos$ to su* an elevat$ temp]ature1 _! bodies pres]v$ _! natural degree ( heat4 ,:5ev] !y brea!d ^u a !rmomet] x sank sev]al degrees3 e expiration1 p>ticul>ly if /rongly made1 gave a pleasant impression ( coolness to _! no/rils1 & _! cold brea? cool$ _! f+]s :5ev] x rea*$ !m4 ,on t\*+ 8 side1 ,sir ,*>les ,blagd5 f\nd x cold l a corpse1 & yet ! heat ( 8 body "u 8 tongue 0 #ih4 ,h5ce !y conclud$ t ! human body possesses ! p[] ( de/roy+ a c]ta9 degree ( heat :5 communicat$ ) a c]ta9 degree ( quickness4 ,?is p[]1 h[ev]1 v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t m$ia4 ,! same p]son :o exp]i5c$ no inconv5i5ce f air heat$ to #baa1 c\ld j be> rectifi$ spirits ( w9e at #acj1 cool+ oil at #abi1 cool+ wat] at #abc1 & cool+ quicksilv] at #aag4 ,a famili> in/ance ( ?is occurr$ 9 ! heat$ room4 ,all ! pieces ( metal !re1 ev5 _! wat*-*a9s1 felt s hot t !y c\ld sc>cely be> to t\* !m = a mom5t1 :ile ! air f :i* ! metal _h d]iv$ all its heat 0 only unpleasant4 ,messrs4 ,duhamel & ,tillet obs]v$1 at ,ro*ef\cault 9 ,france1 t ! girls :o 7 accu/om$ to att5d ov5s 9 a bakeh\se 7 capable ( endur+ = t5 m9utes a temp]ature ( #bgj4 ,! same g5tlem5 :o p]=m$ ! exp]im5ts above describ$ v5tur$ to expose !mselves to /ill high] temp]atures4 ,sir ,*>les ,blagd5 w5t into a room :]e ! heat 0 #a or #b above #bfj1 & rema9$ eight m9utes 9 ?is situation1 frequ5tly walk+ ab\t to all ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! room1 b /&+ /ill mo/ ( ! "t 9 ! coole/ spot1 :]e ! heat 0 above #bdj4 ,! air1 ?\gh v hot1 gave no pa91 & ,sir ,*>les & all ! o!r g5tlem5 7 ( op9ion t !y c\ld support a mu* great] heat4 ,dur+ sev5 m9utes ,sir ,c4 ,blagd5's brea?+ cont9u$ p]fectly good1 b aft] t "t he felt an oppression 9 8 lungs1 ) a s5se ( anxiety1 :i* induc$ him to leave ! room4 ,8 pulse 0 !n #add1 d\ble its ord9>y quickness4 ,9 ord] to prove t !re 0 no mi/ake respect+ ! degree ( heat indicat$ by ! !rmomet]1 & t ! air :i* !y brea!d 0 capable ( produc+ all ! well-kn[n effects ( su* a heat on inanimate matt]1 !y plac$ "s eggs & a beef-/eak ^u a t9 frame ne> ! !rmomet]1 b m di/ant f ! furnace ?an f ! wall ( ! room4 ,9 ! space ( tw5ty m9utes ! eggs 7 roa/$ q h>d1 & 9 =ty-sev5 m9utes ! /eak 0 n only dress$1 b almo/ dry4 ,ano!r beef-/eak1 simil>ly plac$1 0 r ov]done 9 ?irty-?ree m9utes4 ,9 ! ev5+1 :5 ! heat 0 /ill m elevat$1 a ?ird beef-/eak 0 laid 9 ! same place1 & z !y _h notic$ t ! effect ( ! hot air 0 greatly increas$ by putt+ x 9 motion1 !y blew ^u ! /eak ) a pair ( bell[s1 & ?us ha/5$ ! dress+ ( x to su* a degree t ! greate/ portion ( x 0 f\nd to be pretty well done 9 ?irte5 m9utes4 ,our di/+ui%$ c\ntryman1 ,sir ,f4 ,*antrey1 has v rec5tly expos$ himself to a temp]ature /ill high] ?an any :i* we h m5tion$4 ,! furnace :i* he employs = dry+ 8 m\lds is ab\t #ad feet long1 #ab feet high1 & #ab feet broad4 ,:5 x is rais$ to its highe/ temp]ature1 ) ! doors clos$1 ! !rmomet] /&s at #cej1 & ! iron floor is r$ hot4 ,! workm5 (t5 ent] x at a temp]ature ( #cdj1 walk+ ov] ! iron floor ) wood5 clogs1 :i* are ( c\rse *>r$ on ! surface4 ,on "o occasion ,sir ,f4 ,*antrey1 accompani$ by five or six ( 8 fri5ds1 ent]$ ! furnace1 &1 aft] rema9+ two m9utes1 !y br\ght out a !rmomet] :i* /ood at #cbj4 ,"s ( ! p>ty exp]i5c$ %>p pa9s 9 ! tips ( _! e>s1 & 9 ! septum ( ! nose1 :ile o!rs felt a pa9 9 _! eyes4 ,,lett] ,,xiii4 ,spontane\s combu/ion--,9 ! absorption ( air by p[d]$ *>coal--& ( hydrog5 by spongy plat9um--,dob]e9]'s lamp--,spontane\s combu/ion 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?--,burn+ cliffs--,burn+ soil--,combu/ion )\t flame--,spontane\s combu/ion ( human be+s--,c\ntess ,zang>i--,grace ,pett--,natural fire-temples ( ! ,guebres--,spontane\s fires 9 ! ,caspian ,sea--,spr+s ( inflammable gas ne> ,glasg[--,natural light-h\se ( ,m>acaybo--,new ela/ic fluids 9 _! cavities--( gems--,*emical op]ation go+ on 9 _! cavities--,explosions produc$ 9 !m by heat--,rem>kable *anges ( col\r f *emical causes--,effects ( ! nitr\s oxide ( ,p>adise gas :5 brea!d--,rem>kable cases describ$--,conclusion4 ,among ! wond]ful ph5om5a :i* *emi/ry pres5ts to u1 !re are few m rem>kable ?an ^? ( spontane\s combu/ion1 9 :i* bodies bo? animate & inanimate emit flames1 & are sometimes entirely consum$ by int]nal fire4 ,"o ( ! commone/ exp]im5ts 9 *emi/ry is t ( produc+ inflammation by mix+ two fluids p]fectly cold4 ,beck]1 we believe1 0 ! fir/ p]son :o discov]$ t ?is s+ul> effect 0 produc$ by mix+ oil ( vitriol ) oil ( turp5t9e4 ,borri*ios %[$ t aqua-=tis produc$ ! same effect z oil ( vitriol4 ,t\rne=t prov$ t _s ( nitre & oil ( sassafras took fire :5 mix$2 & ,homb]g discov]$ t ! same prop]ty 0 possess$ by _m volatile oils :5 mix$ ) _s ( nitre4 ,e p]son is famili> ) ! ph5om5a ( heat & combu/ion produc$ by f]m5tation4 ,ricks ( hay & /acks ( corn h be5 frequ5tly consum$ by ! heat g5]at$ dur+ ! f]m5tation produc$ f moi/ure2 & gunp[d]-magaz9es1 b>ns1 & pap]-mills h be5 (t5 burn$ by ! f]m5tation ( ! mat]ials :i* !y conta9$4 ,gal5 in=ms u t ! dung ( a pigeon is suffici5t to set fire to a h\se2 & he assures u t he has (t5 se5 x take fire :5 x _h become rott54 ,casati likewise relates1 on good au?ority1 t ! fire :i* consum$ ! great *ur* ( ,pisa 0 occasion$ by ! dung ( pigeons t _h = c5turies built _! ne/s "u its ro(4 ,among ! sub/ances subject to spontane\s combu/ion1 pulv]iz$ or f9ely-p[d]$ *>coal is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable4 ,dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s no few] ?an f\r cases ( ! spontane\s inflammation ( p[d]$ *>coal h tak5 place 9 ,france4 ,:5 *>coal is triturat$ 9 tuns ) bronze bruis]s1 x is r$uc$ into ! /ate ( ! f9e/ p[d]4 ,9 ?is condition x has ! appe>ance ( an unctu\s fluid1 & x occupies a space ?ree times less ?an x does 9 rods ( ab\t six in*es long4 ,9 ?is /ate ( extreme division x absorbs air mu* m readily ?an x does :5 9 rods4 ,?is absorption1 :i* is s sl[ z to require sev]al days = its completion1 is accompani$ ) a dis5gagem5t ( heat :i* rises f #cdj to #cfj ne>ly ( ,fahr5heit1 & :i* is ! true cause ( ! spontane\s inflammation4 ,! inflammation comm5ces ne> ! c5tre ( ! mass1 at ! dep? ( five or six in*es b5ea? its surface1 & at ?is spot ! temp]ature is always high] ?an at any o!r4 ,black *>coal1 /rongly di/ill$1 heats & inflames m easily ?an ! orange1 or t :i* is little di/ill$1 or ?an ! *>coal made 9 boil]s4 ,! mo/ inflammable *>coal mu/ h a mass ( at lea/ #fflbs4 avoirdupois1 9 ord] t x may be susceptible ( spontane\s inflammation4 ,) ! o!r less inflammable v>ieties1 ! inflammation takes place only 9 l>g] masses4 ,! inflammation ( p[d]$ *>coal is m active 9 proportion to ! %ortness ( ! int]val betwe5 its c>bonization & trituration4 ,! free admission ( air to ! surface ( ! *>coal is also indisp5sable to its spontane\s combu/ion4 ,colonel ,aub]t1 to :om we owe ^! int]e/+ results1 likewise f\nd t :5 sulphur & saltpetre are add$ to ! *>coal1 x loses its p[] ( inflam+ spontane\sly4 ,b z !re is /ill an absorption ( air & a g5]ation ( heat1 he is ( op9ion t x w\ld n be prud5t to leave ^! mixtures 9 too l>ge masses aft] trituration4#cd #cd ,see ,ed9burgh ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,new ,s]ies1 ,no4 viii4 p4 #bgd4 ,a species ( spontane\s combu/ion1 p]fectly analog\s to t n[ describ$1 b produc$ almo/ in/antane\sly1 0 discov]$ by ,pr(essor ,dob]e9] ( ,j5a 9 #ahbd4 ,he f\nd t :5 a jet ( hydrog5 gas 0 ?r[n ^u rec5tly prep>$ spongy plat9um1 ! metal became almo/ in/antly r$ hot1 & set fire to gas4 ,9 ?is case ! m9utely divid$ plat9um act$ ^u ! hydrog5 gas 9 ! same mann] z ! m9utely divid$ *>coal act$ ^u common air4 ,heat & combu/ion 7 produc$ by ! absorption ( bo? gases1 ?\gh 9 ! "o case ! effect 0 in/antane\s1 & 9 ! o!r 0 ! result ( a prolong$ absorption4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,?is beautiful prop]ty ( spongy plat9um 0 happily appli$ to ! con/ruction ( lamps = produc+ an in/antane\s light4 ,! =m giv5 to ! lamp by ,mr4 ,g>d5 ( ,london is %[n 9 ! annex$ figure1 :]e ,,ab is a globe ( glass1 fitt+ tightly into ano!r glass globe ,,cd by a gr\nd %\ld] m n4 ,! globe ,,ab t]m9ates 9 a holl[ tap]+ neck m n o p1 on ! l[] end ( :i* is plac$ a small cyl9d] ( z9c o p4 ,a brass tube a b c1 is fitt$ at a into ! neck ( ! globe ,,cd1 & ?r\gh ?is tube1 :i* is furni%$ ) a /op-cock d1 ! gas c escape at ! small ap]ture c4 ,a brass p9 c f1 c>ry+ a brass box ,p1 is made to slide ?r\gh a hole h1 s t ! brass box ,p1 9 :i* ! spongy plat9um is plac$1 c be set at any requir$ di/ance f ! ap]ture c4 ,if sulphuric acid1 dilut$ ) an equal quantity ( wat]1 is n[ p\r$ into ! vessel ,,ab by its m\? at ,s1 n[ clos$ ) a /opp]1 ! fluid w desc5d ?r\gh ! tube m n o p1 & if ! cock d is %ut1 x w compress ! air conta9$ 9 ,,cd4 ,! dilute acid ?us introduc$ into ,,cd w act ^u ! r+ ( z9c o p1 & g5]ate hydrog5 gas1 :i*1 aft] ! atmosph]ic air 9 ,,cd is let (f1 w gradually fill ! vessel ,,cd1 ! dilut$ acid be+ =c$ up ! tube o p m n1 into ! glass globe ,,ab4 ,! r+ ( z9c o p floats on a piece ( cork1 s t :5 ,,cd is full ( hydrog51 ! dilut$ acid does n t\* ! z9c1 & consequ5tly is prev5t$ f produc+ any m gas4 ,! in/ant1 h[ev]1 t any gas is let (f at c1 ! pressure ( ! fluid 9 ! globe ,,ab1 & tube m n o p1 ov]comes ! ela/icity ( ! rema9+ gas 9 ,,cd1 & =ces ! dilut$ acid up to ! z9c o p1 s z to enable x to produce m gas to supply :at has be5 us$4 ,! lamp be+ suppli$ ) hydrog5 9 ! mann] n[ describ$1 x is us$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! spongy plat9um 9 ,p be+ br\ght ne> c1 ! cock d is turn$1 & ! gas is ?r[n ^u ! plat9um4 ,an int5se heat is imm$iately produc$1 ! plat9um becomes r$-hot1 & ! hydrog5 inflames4 ,a tap] is !n light$ at ! flame1 & ! cock d is %ut4 ,pr(essor ,cumm+1 ( ,cambridge1 f\nd x necess>y to cov] up ! plat9um ) a cap aft] e exp]im5t4 ,?is +5i\s *emi/ likewise f\nd1 t1 ) plat9um foil ! #i1jjj? "p ( an in* ?ick kept 9 a close tube1 ! hydrog5 0 inflam$2 b :5 ! foil 0 only ! #f1jjj? ( an in* ?ick1 x 0 necess>y to raise x previ\sly to a r$ heat4 ,spontane\s combu/ion is a ph5om5on :i* occurs v frequ5tly & (t5 to a great ext5t )9 ! b[els ( ! e>?4 ,! heat by :i* x is occasion$ is produc$ by ! decomposition ( m9]al bodies & o!r causes4 ,?is heat increases 9 int5sity till x is capable ( melt+ ! solid mat]ials :i* are expos$ to x4 ,gases & aque\s vap\rs ( p[]ful ela/icity are g5]at$1 new fluids ( expansive en]gy imprison$ 9 cavities "u great pressure are set free1 & ^! trem5d\s ag5ts1 act+ "u ! repress+ =ces ( ! sup]9cumb5t /rata1 exhibit _! p[] 9 desolat+ e>?quakes2 or1 =c+ _! way ?r\gh ! sup]ficial cru/ ( ! globe1 !y wa/e _! fury 9 volcanic eruptions4 ,:5 ! ph5om5a ( spontane\s combu/ion take place ne> ! surface ( ! e>?1 its effects are ( a less dang]\s "*1 ?\gh !y frequ5tly give bir? to p]man5t conflagrations1 :i* no p[] c ext+ui%4 ,an example ( ?is mild] species ( spontane\s combu/ion has be5 rec5tly exhibit$ 9 ! burn+ cliff at ,weym\?2 & a /ill m int]e/+ "o exi/s at ?is mom5t ne> ! village ( ,bradley1 9 ,/af=d%ire4 ,! e>? is "h on fire1 & ?is fire has cont9u$ = ne>ly sixty ye>s1 & has resi/$ e attempt t has be5 made to ext+ui% x4 ,?is fire1 :i* has r$uc$ _m acres ( l& to a m]e calx1 arises f a burn+ /ratum ( coal ab\t f\r feet ?ick & eight or t5 y>ds deep1 to :i* ! air has free access1 9 consequ5ce ( ! ma9 coal hav+ be5 dug f b5ea? x4 ,! surface ( ! gr\nd is sometimes cov]$ = _m y>ds ) su* quantities ( sulphur t x c be easily ga!r$4 ,! calx has be5 f\nd to be an excell5t mat]ial = ! roads1 & ! workm5 :o collect x (t5 f9d l>ge b$s ( alum ( an excell5t quality4 ,a s+ul> species ( invisible combu/ion1 or ( combu/ion )\t flame1 has be5 frequ5tly notic$4 ,i h obs]v$ ?is ph5om5on 9 ! small gre5 wax tap]s 9 common use4 ,:5 ! flame is bl[n out1 ! wick w cont9ue r$-hot = _m h\rs2 & if ! tap] 7 regul>ly & c>efully uncoil$1 & ! room kept free f curr5ts ( air1 ! wick w\ld burn on 9 ?is way till ! :ole ( ! tap] is consum$4 ,! same effects are n produc$ :5 ! col\r ( ! wax is r$4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t ! wick1 aft] ! flame is bl[n out1 has suffici5t heat to conv]t ! wax into vap\r1 & ?is vap\r be+ consum$ )\t flame1 keeps ! wick at its r$ heat4 ,a v disagreeable vap\r is produc$ dur+ ?is imp]fect combu/ion ( ! wax4 ,pr(4 ,dob]e9]1 ( ,j5a1 obs]v$ t1 :5 ! alcohol 9 a _s ( w9e lamp 0 ne>ly exhau/$1 ! wick became c>boniz$1 & ?\gh ! flame disappe>$1 ! c>boniz$ "p ( ! wick became r$-hot1 & cont9u$ s :ile a drop ( alcohol rema9$1 provid$ ! air 9 ! room 0 undi/urb$4 ,on "o occasion ! wick cont9u$ r$-hot = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & a v disagreeable acid vap\r 0 =m$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4 ,on ^! pr9ciples dep5d ! lamp )\t flame :i* 0 orig9ally con/ruct$ by ,mr4 ,ellis4 ,x is %[n 9 ! annex$ figure1 :]e ,,ab is ! lamp1 & h a cyl9drical coil ( plat9um wire1 ! hundr$? "p ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,?is spiral is s plac$ t f\r or five ( ! twelve coils ( :i* ! cyl9d] consi/s are ^u ! wick1 & ! o!r sev5 or eight above x4 ,if ! lamp is light$1 & cont9ues burn+ till ! cyl9drical coil is r$-hot1 !n if ! flame is bl[n out1 ! vap\r :i* arises f ! alcohol w by its combu/ion keep ! coils above ! wick r$-hot1 & ?is r$ heat w 9 its turn keep up ! vaporization ( ! alcohol till ! :ole ( ! alcohol is consum$4 ,! heat ( ! wire is always suffici5t to k9dle a piece ( ,g]man fungus or saltpetre pap]1 s t a sulphur mat* may at any "t be light$4 ,mr4 ,gill f\nd t a wick compos$ ( twelve ?reads ( ! cotton y>n commonly us$ = lamps w require half an ounce ( alcohol to keep ! wire r$-hot = eight h\rs4 ,?is lamp has be5 kept burn+ = sixty h\rs2 b x c sc>cely be recomm5d$ = a b$-room1 z an acid vap\r is dis5gag$ dur+ ! burn+ ( ! alcohol4 ,:5 p]fumes are dissolv$ 9 ! alcohol1 !y are diffus$ ?r\gh ! ap>tm5t dur+ ! sl[ combu/ion ( ! vap\r4 ,a species ( combu/ion )\t flame1 & analog\s to t :i* has be5 describ$1 is exhibit$ 9 ! extraord9>y ph5om5on ( ! spontane\s combu/ion ( liv+ bodies4 ,t animal bodies are liable to int]nal combu/ion1 is a fact :i* 0 well kn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,_m cases :i* h be5 adduc$ z examples ( spontane\s combu/ion are m]ely cases ( individuals :o 7 highly susceptible ( /rong electrical excitation4 ,9 "o ( ^! cases1 h[ev]1 ,pet] ,bovi/eau ass]ts1 t ! sp>ks ( fire ?us produc$1 r$uc$ to a%es ! hair ( a "y man2 & ,john de ,viana in=ms u1 t ! wife ( ,dr4 ,freilas1 physician to ! ,c>d9al de ,royas1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,tol$o1 emitt$ by p]spiration an inflammable matt] ( su* a nature1 t :5 ! ribbon :i* %e wore ov] h] %ift 0 tak5 f h]1 & expos$ to ! cold air1 x in/antly took fire1 & %ot =? l gra9s ( gunp[d]4 ,pet] ,borelli has record$ a fact ( ! v same k9d respect+ a peasant ^: l95 took fire1 :e!r x 0 laid up 9 a box :5 wet1 or hung up 9 ! op5 air4 ,! same au?or speaks ( a woman :o1 :5 at ! po9t ( dea?1 vomit$ flames2 & ,?omas ,b>?ol9 m5tions ?is ph5om5on z hav+ (t5 happ5$ to p]sons :o 7 great dr9k]s ( w9e or br&y4 ,ezekiel de ,ca/ro m5tions ! s+ul> case ( ,alex&r9us ,megetius1 a physician1 f "o ( ^: v]tebr !re issu$ a fire :i* scor*$ ! eyes ( ! behold]s2 & ,krantzius relates1 t dur+ ! w>s ( ,godfrey ( ,b\illon1 c]ta9 p ( ! t]ritory ( ,nev]s 7 burn+ ) invisible fire1 & t "s ( !m cut (f a foot or a h& :]e ! burn+ began1 9 ord] to arre/ ! calamity4 ,nor h ^! effects be5 conf9$ to man4 ,9 ! "t ( ! ,roman consuls ,grac*us & ,juv5tius1 a flame is said to h issu$ f ! m\? ( a bull )\t do+ any injury to ! animal4 ,! read] w judge ( ! degree ( cr$it :i* may belong to ^! n>rations :5 he exam9es ! effects ( a simil> k9d :i* h tak5 place 9 less fabul\s ages1 & ne>] our own times4 ,john ,h5ry ,cohaus5 in=ms u t a ,poli% g5tleman 9 ! "t ( ! ,que5 ,bona ,s=za1 hav+ drunk two di%es ( a liquor call$ br&y-w9e1 vomit$ flames1 & 0 burn$ by !m1 & ,?omas ,b>?ol9#ce ?us describes a simil> accid5t3 8,a poor woman at ,p>is us$ to dr9k _s ( w9e pl5tifully = ! space ( ?ree ye>s1 s z to take no?+ else4 ,h] body contract$ su* a combu/ible disposition1 t "o night1 :5 %e lay d[n on a /raw c\*1 %e 0 all burn$ to a%es except h] skull & ! extremities ( h] f+]s40 ,john ,*ri/4 ,/urmius in=ms u1 9 ! ,g]man ,ephem]ides1 t 9 ! nor!rn c\ntries ( ,europe flames (t5 evaporate f ! /oma*s ( ^? :o are addict$ to ! dr9k+ ( /rong liquors2 & he adds1 8t sev5te5 ye>s be=e1 ?ree noblem5 ( ,c\rl& drank by emulation /rong liquors1 & two ( !m di$ scor*$ & suffocat$ by a flame :i* issu$ f _! /oma*s40 #ce ,acta ,m$ica et ,philosophica ,hafni5sia1 #afgc4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable cases ( spontane\s combu/ion is t ( ! ,c\ntess ,cornelia ,zang>i & ,b&i ( ,ces5a1 :i* has be5 m9utely describ$ by ! ,rev]5d ,joseph ,bian*9i1 a preb5d 9 ! city ( ,v]ona4 ,?is lady1 :o is 9 ! sixty-second ye> ( h] age1 retir$ to b$ 9 h] usual heal?4 ,"h %e sp5t above ?ree h\rs 9 famili> conv]sation ) h] maid1 & 9 say+ h] pray]s2 & hav+ at la/ fall5 asleep1 ! door ( h] *amb] 0 %ut4 ,z h] maid 0 n summon$ at ! usual h\r1 %e w5t into ! b$-room to wake h] mi/ress2 b receiv+ no answ]1 %e op5$ ! w9d[1 & saw h] corpse on ! floor 9 ! mo/ dreadful condition4 ,at ! di/ance ( f\r feet f ! b$ !re 0 a heap ( a%es4 ,h] legs1 ) ! /ock+s on1 rema9$ unt\*$1 & ! head1 half burn$1 lay betwe5 !m4 ,ne>ly all ! re/ ( ! body 0 r$uc$ to a%es4 ,! air 9 ! room 0 *>g$ ) float+ soot4 ,a small oil lamp on ! floor 0 cov]$ ) a%es1 b _h no oil 9 x2 & 9 two c&le/icks1 :i* /ood upright ^u a table1 ! cotton wick ( bo? ! c&les 0 left1 & ! tall[ ( bo? _h disappe>$4 ,! b$ 0 n injur$1 & ! blankets & %eets 7 rais$ on "o side1 z if a p]son _h ris5 up f x4 ,f an exam9ation ( all ! circum/ances ( ?is case1 x has be5 g5]ally suppos$ t an int]nal combu/ion _h tak5 place2 t ! lady _h ris5 f h] b$ to cool h]self1 & t1 9 h] way to op5 ! w9d[1 ! combu/ion _h ov]p[]$ h]1 & consum$ h] body by a process 9 :i* no flame 0 produc$ :i* c\ld set fire to ! furniture or ! floor4 ,! ,m>quis ,scipio ,maffei 0 in=m$ by an ,italian nobleman :o pass$ ?r\gh ,ces5a a few days aft] ?is ev5t1 t he he>d x /at$ 9 t t[n1 t ! ,c\ntess ,zang>i 0 9 ! habit1 :5 %e felt indispos$1 ( wa%+ all h] body ) camphorat$ _s ( w9e4 ,s rec5tly z #agdd1 a simil> example ( spontane\s combu/ion occurr$ 9 our own c\ntry1 at ,ipswi*4 ,a fi%]man's wife1 ( ! "n ( ,grace ,pett1 ( ! p>i% ( ,/4 ,clem5t's1 _h be5 9 ! habit = sev]al ye>s ( go+ d[n /airs e night1 aft] %e 0 half undress$1 to smoke a pipe4 ,%e did ?is on ! ev5+ ( ! #i? ( ,april1 #agdd4 ,h] daught]1 :o lay 9 ! same b$ ) h]1 _h fall5 asleep1 & did n miss h] "m till %e awak$ e>ly 9 ! morn+4 ,^u dress+ h]self1 & go+ d[n /airs1 %e f\nd h] "m's body ly+ on ! "r side1 ) h] head aga9/ ! grate1 & ext5d$ ov] ! he>?1 ) h] legs on ! deal floor1 & appe>+ l a block ( wood burn+ ) a gl[+ fire )\t flame4 ,^u qu5*+ ! fire ) two b[ls ( wat]1 ! neighb\rs1 :om ! cries ( ! daught] _h br\ght 91 7 almo/ /ifl$ ) ! smell4 ,! trunk ( ! un=tunate woman 0 almo/ burn$ to a%es1 & appe>$ l a heap ( *>coal cov]$ ) :ite a%es4 ,! head1 arms1 legs1 & ?ighs1 7 also mu* burn$4 ,!re 0 no fire :atev] 9 ! grate1 & ! c&le 0 burn$ out 9 ! socket ( ! c&le/ick1 :i* /ood by h]4 ,! clo!s ( a *ild on "o side ( h]1 & a pap] scre5 on ! o!r1 7 unt\*$3 & ! deal floor 0 nei!r s+$ nor discol\r$4 ,x 0 said t ! woman _h drunk pl5tifully ( g9 ov]night 9 welcom+ a daught] :o _h rec5tly return$ f ,gibralt>4 ,among ! ph5om5a ( ! natural _w :i* are relat$ to ^? ( spontane\s combu/ion1 are :at h be5 call$ ! natural fire-temples ( ! ,guebres1 & ! igne\s ph5om5a :i* are se5 9 _! vic9ity4 ,! anci5t sect ( ! ,guebres or ,p>sees1 di/+ui%$ f all o!r sects z ! wor%ipp]s ( fire1 _h _! orig9 9 ,p]sia2 b1 be+ scatt]$ by p]secution1 !y s\ght an asylum on ! %ores ( ,india4 ,^? :o refus$ to expatriate !mselves cont9u$ to inhabit ! %ores ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 & ! cities ( ,ispahan1 ,yezd1 & ,k]man4 ,_! great fire-temple1 call$ ,attu% ,kudda1 /&s 9 ! vic9ity ( ,badku1 "o ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ commodi\s ports on ! ,caspian4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ?is t[n ! e>? is impregnat$ ) naph?a1 an inflammable m9]al oil2 & ! inhabitants h no o!r fuel1 & no o!r light1 b :at is d]iv$ f ?is sub/ance4 ,! rema9s ( ! anci5t fire-temples ( ! ,guebres are /ill visible ab\t t5 miles to ! nor?-ea/ ( ! t[n4 ,! temple 9 :i* ! deity is wor%ipp$ "u ! =m ( fire1 is a space ab\t ?irty y>ds squ>e1 surr\nd$ ) a l[ wall1 & conta9+ _m ap>tm5ts4 ,9 ea* ( ^! a small volcano ( sulphure\s fire issues f ! gr\nd ?r\gh a furnace or funnel 9 ! %ape ( a ,h9doo alt>4 ,on clos+ ! funnel1 ! fire is in/antly ext+ui%$2 & by plac+ ! e> at ! ap]ture1 a holl[ s\nd is he>d1 accompani$ ) a /rong curr5t ( cold air1 :i* may be light$ at pleasure by hold+ to x any burn+ sub/ance4 ,! flame is ( a pale1 cle> col\r1 )\t any p]ceptible smoke1 & emits a highly sulphure\s vap\r1 :i* imp$es respiration1 unless :5 ! m\? is kept b5ea? ! level ( ! furnace4 ,?is action on ! lungs gives ! ,guebres a wan & emaciat$ appe>ance1 & oppresses !m ) a hectic c\gh1 :i* /rang]s also feel :ile brea?+ ?is insalubri\s atmosph]e4 ,= ab\t two miles 9 circumf]5ce1 r\nd ! pr9cipal fire1 ! :ole gr\nd1 :5 scrap$ to ! dep? ( two or ?ree in*es1 has ! s+ul> prop]ty ( be+ inflam$ by a burn+ coal4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 x does n communicate fire to ! adjac5t gr\nd3 b if ! e>? is dug up ) a spade1 & a tor* br\ght ne> x1 an ext5sive b in/antane\s conflagration takes place1 9 :i* h\ses h (t5 be5 de/roy$1 & ! lives ( ! p expos$ to imm95t dang]4 ,:5 ! sky is cle> & ! wea!r s]5e1 ! spr+s 9 _! ebullition d n rise high] ?an two or ?ree feet2 b 9 gloomy wea!r1 & dur+ ! preval5ce ( /ormy cl\ds1 ! spr+s are 9 a /ate ( ! greate/ ebullition1 & ! naph?a1 :i* (t5 takes fire spontane\sly at ! e>?'s surface1 fl[s burn+ 9 great quantities to ! sea1 :i* is frequ5tly cov]$ ) x1 9 a /ate ( flame1 to ! di/ance ( sev]al leagues f ! %ore4 ,besides ! fires 9 ! temple1 !re is a l>ge "o :i* spr+s f a natural cliff 9 an op5 situation1 & :i* cont9ually burns4 ,! g5]al space 9 :i* ?is volcanic fire is mo/ abundant is some:at less ?an a mile 9 circuit4 ,x =ms a l[ flat hill1 slop+ to ! sea1 ! soil ( :i* is a s&y e>?1 mix$ ) /ones4 ,mr4 ,=/] did n obs]ve any viol5t eruption ( flame 9 ! c\ntry ar\nd ! ,attu% ,kudda2 b ,k9neir in=ms u1 t ! :ole c\ntry r\nd ,badku has at times ! appe>ance ( be+ envelop$ 9 flames4 8,x (t5 seems10 he adds1 8z if ! fire roll$ d[n f ! m\nta9s 9 l>ge masses1 & ) incr$ible velocity2 & dur+ ! cle> moon%9e nights ( ,novemb] & ,decemb]1 a bright blue light is obs]v$ at times to cov] ! :ole we/]n range4 ,! fire does n consume2 & if a p]son f9ds himself 9 ! middle ( x1 no w>m? is felt40 ,! inhabitants apply ^! natural fires to dome/ic purposes1 by s9k+ a holl[ cane or m]ely a tube ( pap]1 ab\t two in*es 9 ! gr\nd1 & by bl[+ ^u a burn+ coal held ne> ! orifice ( ! tube1 !re issues a slight flame1 :i* nei!r burns ! cane nor ! pap]4 ,by means ( ^! canes or pap] tubes1 f :i* ! fire issues1 ! inhabitants boil ! wat] 9 _! c(fee-urns1 & ev5 cook diff]5t articles ( food4 ,! flame is put out by m]ely plugg+ up ! orifice4 ,! same tubes are employ$ = illum9at+ h\ses t are n pav$4 ,! smell ( naph?a is ( c\rse diffus$ ?r\gh ! h\se3 b aft] any p]son is accu/om$ to x1 x ceases to be disagreeable4 ,! inhabitants also employ ?is natural fire 9 calc9+ lime4 ,! quantity ( naph?a procur$ 9 ! pla9 to ! s\?-ea/ ( ,badku is enorm\s4 ,x is drawn f wells1 "s ( :i* yield f #a1jjj to #a1ejjlbs4 p] day4 ,z soon z ^! wells are empti$1 !y fill aga9 till ! naph?a rises to its orig9al level4#cf #cf ,see ,=/]'s ,travels1 & ,k9neir's ,geog4 ,memoir4 ,inflammable gases issu+ f ! e>? h be5 us$ bo? 9 ! old & ! new _w = dome/ic purposes4 ,9 ! salt m9e ( ,gottesgabe1 at ,rheims1 9 ! c\nty ( ,feckl5burg1 !re is a pit call$ ! ,pit ( ! ,w9d1 f :i* a con/ant curr5t ( inflammable gas has issu$ = sixty ye>s4 ,m4 ,ro$]1 ! inspector ( ! m9es1 has us$ ?is gas = two ye>s1 n only z a light1 b = all ! purposes ( dome/ic economy4 ,9 ! pits :i* are n work$1 he collects ! gas1 & conveys x 9 tubes to 8 h\se4 ,x burns ) a :ite & brilliant flame1 has a d5sity ( ab\t ,o4#ff1 & conta9s traces ( c>bonic acid gas & sulphurett$ hydrog54#cg #cg ,ed9burgh ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,no4 xv41 p4 #ahc4 ,ne> ! village ( ,fr$onia1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 on ! %ores ( ,lake ,erie1 are a numb] ( burn+ spr+s1 z !y are call$4 ,! inflammable gas :i* issues f ^! spr+s is convey$ 9 pipes to ! village1 :i* is actually light$ by !m4#ch #ch ,ed9burgh ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,no4 xv41 p4 #ahc4 ,9 ! ye> #ahbh a copi\s spr+ ( inflammable gas 0 discov]$ 9 ,scotl&1 9 ! b$ ( a rivulet :i* crosses ! nor? road betwe5 ,glasg[ & ,ed9burgh1 a little to ! ea/ ( ! sev5? mile-/one f ,glasg[1 & only a few hundr$ y>ds f ! h\se ( ,b$lay4 ,! gas is said to issue = m ?an half a mile along ! banks ( ! rivulet4 ,dr4 ,?ompson1 :o has analys$ ! gas1 saw x issu+ only )9 a space ab\t fifty y>ds 9 l5g?1 & ab\t half z mu* 9 bread?4 8,! emission ( gas 0 visible 9 a good _m places along ! declivity to ! rivulet 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( a small f>m-h\se4 ,! f>m] _h set ! gas on fire 9 "o place ab\t a y>d squ>e1 out ( :i* a great _m small jets 7 issu+4 ,x _h burnt )\t int]ruption dur+ five weeks1 & ! soil 7:i* 0 clay7 _h assum$ ! appe>ance ( p\nd$ brick all ar\nd4 8,! flame 0 yell[ & /rong1 & resembl$ p]fectly ! appe>ance :i* c>burett$ hydrog5 gas or fire-damp pres5ts :5 burnt 9 daylight4 ,b ! greate/ issue ( gas 0 9 ! rivulet itself1 di/ant ab\t tw5ty y>ds f ! place :]e ! gas 0 burn+4 ,! rivulet1 :5 ,i visit$ ! place1 0 swoll5 & muddy1 s z to prev5t its bottom f be+ se54 ,b ! gas issu$ up ?r\gh x 9 "o place ) great viol5ce1 z if x _h be5 9 a /ate ( compression "u ! surface ( ! e>?2 & ! ?ickness ( ! jet c\ld n be less ?an two or ?ree in*es 9 diamet]4 ,we set ! gas on fire z x issu$ ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,x burnt = "s "t ) a good deal ( spl5d\r2 b z ! rivulet 0 swoll51 & ru%+ along ) great impetuosity1 ! regul>ity ( ! issue 0 necess>ily di/urb$1 & ! gas 0 ext+ui%$40 ,dr4 ,?ompson f\nd ?is gas to consi/ ( two volumes ( hydrog5 gas1 & "o volume ( vap\r ( c>bon2 & z its specific gravity 0 #j4eee1 & z x issues 9 great abundance1 he rem>ks t x might be us$ = fill+ air-balloons4 8,7 we assur$10 he adds1 8t x w\ld cont9ue to issue 9 z great abundance z at pres5t1 x might be employ$ 9 light+ ! /reets ( ,glasg[40#ci #ci ,ed9burgh ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,no4 #a1 ,new ,s]ies1 p4 #ga-ge4 ,a v curi\s natural ph5om5on1 call$ ! ,lant]n or ,natural ,ligh?\se ( ,m>acaybo1 has be5 witness$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,a bright light is se5 e night on a m\nta9\s & un9habit$ spot on ! banks ( ! riv] ,catatumbo1 ne> its junction ) ! ,sulia4 ,x is easily di/+ui%$ at a great] di/ance ?an =ty leagues1 & z x is ne>ly 9 ! m]idian ( ! op5+ ( ! ,lake ( ,m>acaybo1 navigators are guid$ by x z by a light-h\se4 ,?is ph5om5on is n only se5 f ! sea-coa/1 b also f ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry--at ,m]ida1 = example1 :]e ,m4 ,palacios obs]v$ x = two ye>s4 ,"s p]sons h ascrib$ ?is rem>kable ph5om5on to a ?und]-/orm1 or to electrical explosions :i* might take place daily 9 a pass 9 ! m\nta9s2 & x has ev5 be5 ass]t$1 t ! roll+ ( ?und] is he>d by ^? :o approa* ! spot4 ,o!rs suppose x to be an air-volcano1 l ^? on ! ,caspian ,sea1 & t x is caus$ by asphaltic soils l ^? ( ,m5a4 ,x is m probable1 h[ev]1 t x is a sort ( c>burett$ hydrog51 z hydrog5 gas is dis5gag$ f ! gr\nd 9 ! same di/rict4#dj #dj ,humboldt's ,p]sonal ,n>rative1 vol4 iv4 p4 #bed1 note4 ,gr& z ! *emical op]ations are :i* are go+ on 9 ! great laboratory ( ,nature1 & al>m+ z _! effects appe> :5 !y are display$ 9 ! t]rors ( ! e>?quake & ! volcano1 yet !y are n m wond]ful to ! philosoph] ?an ! m9ute ?\gh analog\s op]ations :i* are (t5 at "w ne> our own p]sons1 unse5 & unhe$$4 ,x is n m]ely 9 ! b[els ( ! e>? t highly expansive elem5ts are imprison$ & re/ra9$1 & occasionally call$ into trem5d\s action by ! excitation ( heat & o!r causes4 ,fluids & vap\rs ( a simil> "* exi/ 9 ! v gems & preci\s /ones :i* sci5ce has contribut$ to luxury & to ! arts4 ,9 exam9+ ) ! microscope ! /ructure ( m9]al bodies1 ,i discov]$ 9 ! int]ior ( _m ( ! gems ?\s&s ( cavities ( v>i\s =ms & sizes4 ,"s _h ! %ape ( holl[ & regul>ly =m$ cry/als2 o!rs possess$ ! mo/ irregul> outl9e1 & consi/$ ( _m cavities & bran*es unit$ )\t ord]1 b all communicat+ ) ea* o!r4 ,^! cavities sometimes occurr$ s+ly1 b mo/ frequ5tly 9 gr\ps =m+ /rata ( cavities1 at "o "t p]fectly flat & at ano!r "t curv$4 ,sev]al su* /rata 7 (t5 f\nd 9 ! same specim51 sometimes p>allel to ea* o!r1 at o!r times incl9$1 & =m+ all v>ieties ( angles ) ! faces ( ! orig9al cry/al4 ,^! cavities1 :i* occurr$ 9 sapphire1 *rysob]yl1 topaz1 b]yl1 qu>tz1 ame?y/1 p]idot1 & o!r sub/ances1 7 sometimes suffici5tly l>ge to be di/9ctly se5 by ! nak$ eye1 b mo/ frequ5tly !y 7 s small z to require a high magnify+ p[] to be well se51 & (t5 !y 7 s exce$+ly m9ute1 t ! highe/ magnify+ p[]s 7 unable to exhibit _! outl9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,! great] numb] ( ^! cavities1 :e!r l>ge or small1 conta9$ two new fluids diff]5t f any hi!rto kn[n1 & possess+ rem>kable physical prop]ties4 ,^! two fluids are 9 g5]al p]fectly transp>5t & col\rless1 & !y exi/ 9 ! same cavity 9 actual contact1 )\t mix+ toge!r 9 ! slighte/ degree4 ,"o ( !m exp&s ?irty times m ?an wat]1 & at a temp]ature ( ab\t #hj ( ,fahr5heit x exp&s s z to fill up ! vacuity 9 ! cavity4 ,?is w be und]/ood f ! annex$ figure1 :]e ,a ,b ,c ,d is ! cavity1 m n p o ! highly expansible fluid 9 :i* at l[ temp]atures !re is always a vacuity ,v1 l an air-bubble 9 common fluids1 & ,a m n1 ,c o p1 ! second fluid occupy+ ! angles ,a & ,c4 ,:5 heat su* z t ( ! h& is appli$ to ! specim51 ! vacuity ,v gradually contracts 9 size1 & :olly vani%es at a temp]ature ( ab\t #hj1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ha4 ,! fluids are %ad$1 z 9 ^! two figures1 :5 !y are se5 by light reflect$ f _! surfaces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,:5 ! cavities are l>ge1 z 9 ,fig4 #hb1 comp>$ ) ! quantity ( expansible fluid m n p o1 ! heat conv]ts ! fluid into vap\r1 an effect :i* is %[n by ! circul> cavity ,v becom+ l>g] & l>g] till x fills ! :ole space m n o p4 ,:5 any ( ^! cavities1 :e!r !y are fill$ ) fluid or ) vap\r1 is all[$ to cool1 ! vacuity ,v reappe>s at a c]ta9 temp]ature4 ,9 ! fluid cavities ! fluid contracts1 & ! small vacuity appe>s1 :i* gr[s l>g] & l>g] till x resumes its orig9al size4 ,:5 ! cavities are l>ge1 sev]al small vacuities make _! appe>ance & gradually unite into "o1 ?\gh !y sometimes rema9 sep>ate4 ,9 deep cavities a v rem>kable ph5om5on accompanies ! reappe>ance ( ! vacuity4 ,at ! in/ant t ! fluid has acquir$ ! temp]ature at :i* x quits ! sides ( ! cavity1 an eff]vesc5ce or rapid ebullition takes place1 & ! transp>5t cavity is = a mom5t opaque1 ) an inf9ite numb] ( m9ute vacuities1 :i* in/antly unite into "o t goes on enl>g+ z ! temp]ature dim9i%es4 ,9 ! vap\r cavities ! vap\r is reconv]t$ by ! cold into fluid1 & ! vacuity ,v1 ,fig4 #hb1 gradually contracts till all ! vap\r has be5 precipitat$4 ,x is curi\s to obs]ve1 :5 a great numb] ( cavities are se5 at once 9 ! field ( ! microscope1 t ! vacuities all disappe> & reappe> at ! same in/ant4 ,:ile all ^! *anges are go+ on 9 ! expansive fluid1 ! o!r d5s] fluid at ,a & ,c1 ,fig4 #hj1 #ha1 rema9s un*ang$ ei!r 9 its =m or magnitude4 ,on ?is acc\nt ,i exp]i5c$ consid]able difficulty 9 prov+ t x 0 a fluid4 ,! improbability ( two fluids exi/+ 9 a transp>5t /ate 9 absolute contact1 )\t mix+ 9 ! slighte/ degree1 or act+ ^u ea* o!r1 induc$ _m p]sons to :om ,i %[$ ! ph5om5on to consid] ! l9es m n1 o p1 ,fig4 #hj1 #ha1 z a p>tition 9 ! cavity1 or ! spaces ,a m n1 o p ,c1 ei!r z fill$ ) solid matt]1 or z corn]s into :i* ! exp&+ fluid w\ld n p5etrate4 ,! regul> curvature1 h[ev]1 ( ! b\nd>y l9e m n1 o p1 & o!r facts1 r5d]$ ^! suppositions unt5able4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,?is difficulty 0 at la/ entirely remov$ by ! discov]y ( a cavity ( ! =m %[n 9 ! annex$ figure1 :]e ,a1 ,b1 & ,c are ?ree portions ( ! expansible fluid sep>at$ by ! int]position ( ! second fluid ,d ,e ,f4 ,! fir/ portion ,a ( ! expansible fluid _h f\r vacuities ,v1 ,x1 ,y1 ,z1 :ile ! o!r two portions ,b1 ,c1 _h no vacuity4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e if ! vacuities ( ! portions ,b1 ,c1 _h pass$ ov] to ,a1 ,i took an accurate draw+ ( ! appe>ances at a temp]ature ( #ej1 z %[n 9 ! figure1 & ,i wat*$ ! *anges :i* took place 9 rais+ ! temp]ature to #hc4 ,! portion ,a gradually exp&$ itself till x fill$ up all ! f\r vacuities ,v1 ,x1 ,y1 & ,z1 b z ! portions ,b1 ,c1 _h no vacuities1 !y c\ld exp& !mselves only by pu%+ back ! suppos$ second fluid ,d ,e ,f4 ,?is effect actually took place4 ,! d5se fluid quitt$ ! side ( ! cavity at ,f4 ,! two portions ,b1 ,c1 ( ! expansible fluid in/antly unit$1 & ! d5se fluid hav+ retreat$ to ! limit m n o1 its o!r limit advanc$ to p q r1 ?us prov+ x to be a real fluid4 ,?is exp]im5t1 :i* ,i h (t5 %[n to o!rs1 involves "o ( ^? r>e comb9ations ( circum/ances :i* nature sometimes pres5ts to u 9 ord] to illu/rate h] mo/ my/]i\s op]ations4 ,_h ! portions ,b1 ,c1 be5 accompani$1 z is usual1 ) _! vacuities1 ! int]pos$ fluid w\ld h rema9$ immoveable betwe5 ! two equal & opposite expansions2 b ow+ to ! accid5tal circum/ance ( ^! vacuities hav+ pass$ ov] into ! o!r bran* ,a ( ! cavity1 ! fluid yield$ to ! diff]5ce ( ! expansive =ces betwe5 :i* x lay1 & ?us exhibit$ its fluid "* to ! eye4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4 ,:5 we exam9e ^! cavities n>r[ly1 we f9d t !y are actually little laboratories1 9 :i* *emical op]ations are con/antly go+ on1 & beautiful optical ph5om5a cont9ually display+ !mselves4 ,let ,a ,b ,d ,c1 = example1 be ! summit ( a cry/alliz$ cavity 9 topaz1 ,s ,s repres5t+ ! d5se1 ,n ,n ! expansible fluid1 b\nd$ by a circul> l9e a b c d1 & ,v ,v ! vacuity 9 ! new fluid1 b\nd$ by ! circle e f g h4 ,if ! face ,a ,b ,d ,c is plac$ "u a comp\nd microscope1 s t light may be reflect$ at an angle less ?an t ( total reflexion1 & if ! obs]v] n[ looks ?r\gh ! microscope1 ! temp]ature ( ! room be+ #ej1 he w see ! second fluid ,s ,s %9+ ) a v feeble reflect$ light1 ! d5se fluid ,n ,n ) a light p]ceptibly bright]1 & ! vacuity ,v ,v ) a light ( consid]able brilliancy4 ,! b\nd>ies a b c d1 e f g h1 are m>k$ by a well-def9$ outl9e1 & also by ! conc5tric col\r$ r+s ( ?9 plates produc$ by ! extreme ?9ness ( ea* ( ! fluids at _! edges4 ,if ! temp]ature ( ! room is rais$ sl[ly to #eh1 a br[n spot w appe> at x 9 ! c5tre ( ! vacuity ,v ,v4 ,?is spot indicates ! comm5cem5t ( evaporation f ! expansible fluid bel[1 & arises f ! p>tial precipitation ( ! vap\r 9 ! ro( ( ! cavity4 ,z ! heat increases1 ! br[n spot enl>ges & becomes v d>k4 ,x is !n succe$$ by a :ite spot & "o or m col\r$ r+s rise 9 ! c5tre ( ! vacuity4 ,! vap\r !n seems to =m a drop1 & all ! r+s disappe> by retir+ to ! c5tre1 b only to reappe> ) new lu/re4 ,dur+ ! application ( heat1 ! circle e f g h contracts & dilates l ! pupil ( ! eye4 ,:5 ! vaporization is s feeble z to produce only a s+le r+ ( "o or two t9ts ( ! second ord]1 !y vani% in/antly by brea?+ ^u ! cry/al2 b :5 ! slight heat ( ! brea? rea*es ! fluid1 x ?r[s (f fre% vap\r1 & ! r+s aga9 appe>4 ,if a drop ( e!r is put ^u ! cry/al :5 ! r+s are 9 a /ate ( rapid play1 ! cold produc$ by its evaporation causes !m to disappe>1 till ! temp]ature aga9 rises4 ,:5 ! temp]ature is p]fectly uni=m1 ! r+s are /ation>y1 z %[n betwe5 ,v & ,v 9 fig4 #hd2 & x is int]e/+ to obs]ve ! fir/ r+ produc$ by ! vap\r swell+ out to meet ! fir/ r+ at ! m>g9 ( ! fluid1 & sometimes com+ s ne> x t ! d>ke/ p>ts ( bo? =m a broad black b&4 ,z ! heat increases1 ! vacuity ,v ,v dim9i%es & disappe>s at #gi1 exhibit+ _m curi\s ph5om5a1 :i* we h n room to describe4 ,hav+ fall5 ^u a me?od ( op5+ ! cavities1 & look+ at ! fluids1 ,i 0 able to exam9e _! prop]ties ) m att5tion4 ,:5 ! expansible fluid fir/ rises f ! cavity ^u ! surface ( ! topaz1 x nei!r rema9s /ill l ! fix$ oils1 nor disappe>s l evaporable fluids4 ,"u ! influ5ce1 no d\bt1 ( heat & moi/ure1 x is 9 a /ate ( con/ant motion1 n[ spread+ itself on a ?9 plate ov] a l>ge surface1 & n[ contract+ itself into a deep] & mu* less ext5d$ drop4 ,^! contractions & ext5sions are m>k$ by v beautiful optical ph5om5a4 ,:5 ! fluid has /ret*$ itself out into a ?9 plate1 x ceases to reflect light l ! ?9ne/ "p ( ! soap-bubble2 & :5 x is aga9 accumulat$ into a ?ick] drop1 x is cov]$ ) ?9 col\r$ r+s ( ?9 plates4 ,aft] p]=m+ ^! motions1 :i* sometimes la/ = t5 m9utes1 ! fluid sudd5ly disappe>s1 & leaves beh9d x a sort ( granul> residue4 ,:5 exam9+ ?is ) a s+le microscope1 x aga9 />t$ into a fluid /ate1 & ext5d$ & contract$ itself z be=e4 ,?is 0 ow+ to ! humidity ( ! h& :i* held ! microscope1 & ,i h be5 able to re/ore by moi/ure ! fluidity ( ^! gra9s tw5ty days aft] !y 7 =m$ f ! fluid4 ,?is portion 0 %[n to ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,flem+1 :o rem>k$1 t1 _h he obs]v$ x accid5tally1 he w\ld h ascrib$ its app>5t vitality to ! movem5ts ( "s ( ! animals ( ! g5us ,plan>ia4 ,aft] ! cavity has rema9$ op5 = a day or two1 ! d5se fluid comes out & quickly h>d5s into a transp>5t & yell[i% res9\s-look+ sub/ance1 :i* absorbs moi/ure1 ?\gh ) less avidity ?an ! o!r4 ,x is n volatiliz$ by heat1 & is insoluble 9 wat] & alcohol4 ,x readily dissolves1 h[ev]1 ) eff]vesc5ce 9 ! sulphuric1 nitric1 & muriatic acids4 ,! residue ( ! expansible fluid is volatiliz$ by heat1 & is dissolv$1 b )\t eff]vesc5ce1 9 ! above-m5tion$ acids4 ,! refractive p[] ( ! d5se fluid is ab\t #a4bie1 & ( ! expansible "o #a4aca4 ,! p>ticles ( ! d5se fluid h a v p[]ful attraction = ea* o!r & = ! m9]al :i* conta9s !m1 :ile ^? ( ! expansible fluid h a v slight attraction = "o ano!r1 & also = ! sub/ance ( ! m9]al4 ,h5ce ! two fluids nev] mix1 ! d5se fluid be+ attract$ to ! angles ( angul> cavities1 or fill+ ! n>r[ necks by :i* two cavities communicate4 ,! expansible fluid1 on ! o!r h&1 fills ! wide p>ts ( ! cavities1 & 9 deep & r\nd cavities x lies above ! d5se fluid4 ,:5 ! d5se fluid occupies ! necks :i* jo9 two cavities1 x p]=ms ! s+ul> function ( a fluid valve1 op5+ & %utt+ itself accord+ to ! expansions or contractions ( ! o!r fluid4 ,! fluid valves ?us exhibit$ 9 action may sugge/ "s useful h9ts to ! me*anic & ! philosoph]1 :ile !y af=d gr\nd ( curi\s speculation 9 ref]5ce to ! functions ( animal & vegetable bodies4 ,9 ! l>g] organizations ( ord9>y animals1 :]e gravity mu/ 9 g5]al ov]p[]1 or at lea/ modify1 ! influ5ce ( capill>y attraction1 su* a me*anism is nei!r necess>y nor appropriate2 b1 9 ! less] functions ( ! same animals1 & 9 almo/ all ! microscopic /ructures ( ! l[] _w1 :]e ! =ce ( gravity is entirely subject$ to ! m p[]ful en]gy ( capill>y =ces1 x is extremely probable t ! me*anism ( immiscible fluids & fluid valves is g5]ally adopt$4 ,9 sev]al cavities 9 m9]als ,i h f\nd cry/alliz$ & o!r bodies1 sometimes transp>5t cry/als1 sometimes black spicul> cry/als1 & sometimes black sph]es1 all ( :i* are moveable )9 ! cavity4 ,9 "s cavities ! two new fluids occur 9 an indurat$ /ate1 & o!rs ,i h f\nd to be l9$ ) a p[d]y matt]4 ,?is la/ class ( cavities occurr$ 9 topaz1 & !y 7 di/+ui%$ f all o!rs by ! extraord9>y beauty & symmetry ( _! =m4 ,"o ( ^! cavities repres5t$ a f9ely ornam5t$ sceptre1 &1 :at is /ill m s+ul>1 ! diff]5t p>ts ( :i* x is compos$ lay 9 diff]5t planes4 ,:5 ! gem :i* conta9s ! highly expansive fluid is /rong1 & ! cavity n ne> ! surface1 heat may be appli$ to x )\t dang]2 b 9 ! c\rse ( my exp]im5ts on ?is subject1 ! m9]al has (t5 bur/ ) a trem5d\s explosion1 & 9 "o case w\nd$ me on ! br[4 ,an accid5t ( ! same k9d occurr$ to a g5tleman :o put a cry/al into 8 m\? = ! purpose ( exp&+ ! fluid4 ,! specim5 bur/ ) great =ce & cut 8 m\?1 & ! fluid :i* 0 dis*>g$ f ! cavity _h a v disagreeable ta/e4 ,9 ! gems :i* are peculi>ly appropriat$ = female ornam5ts1 cavities conta9+ ! expansive fluid frequ5tly occur1 & if ^! cavities %\ld happ5 to be v ne> ! surface or ! edge ( ! /one1 ! fev] heat ( ! body might be suffici5t to bur/ !m ) an al>m+ & ev5 dang]\s explosion4 ,i h nev] he>d ( any su* accid5t hav+ occurr$2 b if x has1 or if x ev] %all occur1 & if its naturally m>vell\s "* %all be height5$ by any calamit\s results1 ! ph5om5a describ$ 9 ! prec$+ pages w /rip x ( its wond]4 ,!re are no facts 9 *emi/ry m int]e/+ ?an ^? :i* relate to ! *anges ( col\r1 :i* are produc$ by ! mixture ( fluids1 & to ! creation ( brilliant col\rs by ! comb9ation ( bodies 9 :i* no col\r+ matt] is visible4 ,facts ( ?is k9d are too common & too g5]ally kn[n to require to be notic$ 9 a "w l ?is4 ,! art ( produc+ su* *anges 0 kn[n to "s ( ! e>ly impo/ors1 :o endeav\r$ to obta9 a miracul\s sanction to _! p>ticul> dogmas4 ,m>cos1 ! head ( "o ( ! sects t wi%$ to engraft paganism ^u ,*ri/ianity1 is said to h fill$ ?ree transp>5t glasses ) :ite w9e1 & :ile he pray$1 ! w9e 9 "o ( ! glasses became r$ l blood1 t 9 ano!r became purple1 & t 9 ! ?ird sky-blue4 ,su* trans=mations pres5t no difficulty to ! *emi/4 ,!re are sev]al fluids1 su* z "s ( ! col\r$ juices ( plants1 :i* *ange _! col\r rapidly & )\t any additional +r$i5t3 & 9 o!r cases1 !re w\ld be no difficulty 9 mak+ additions to fluids :i* %\ld produce a *ange ( col\r at any requir$ in/ant4 ,a v rem>kable exp]im5t ( an analog\s nature has be5 publicly exhibit$ 9 mod]n times4 ,pr(essor ,beyruss1 :o liv$ at ! c\rt ( ! ,duke ( ,brunswick1 "o day pron\nc$ to 8 highness t ! dress :i* he wore %\ld dur+ d9n] became r$2 & ! *ange actually took place1 to ! a/oni%m5t ( ! pr9ce & ! re/ ( 8 gue/s4 ,m4 ,vogel1 :o has record$ ?is curi\s fact1 has n divulg$ ! secret ( ! ,g]man *emi/2 b he obs]ves1 t if we p\r lime-wat] into ! juice ( beet-root1 we %all obta9 a col\rless liquid2 & t a piece ( :ite clo? dipp$ 9 ?is liquid & dri$ rapidly1 w 9 a few h\rs become r$ by ! m]e contact ( air4 ,m4 ,vogel is also ( op9ion t ?is s+ul> effect w\ld be accel]at$ 9 an ap>tm5t :]e *ampagne or o!r fluids *>g$ ) c>bonic acid are p\r$ out 9 abundance4 ,among ! wond]s ( *emi/ry we mu/ numb] ! rem>kable effects produc$ ^u ! human frame by ! inhalation ( p>adise or intoxicat+ gas1 z x has be5 call$4 ,?is gas is kn[n to *emi/s by ! "n ( ! nitr\s oxide1 or ! gase\s oxide ( azote1 or ! protoxide ( nitrog54 ,x diff]s f atmosph]ic air only 9 ! proportion ( its +r$i5ts1 atmosph]ic air be+ compos$ ( tw5ty-sev5 p>ts ( oxyg51 & sev5ty-?ree ( nitrog51 :ile ! nitr\s oxide consi/s ( ?irty-sev5 p>ts ( oxyg51 & sixty-sev5 ( nitrog54 ,! mo/ conv5i5t way ( procur+ ! gas is to expose nitrate ( ammonia 9 a tubulat$ glass retort to ! heat ( an ,arg&'s lamp betwe5 #djj & #ejj ( ,fahr5heit4 ,! salt fir/ melts2 bubbles ( gas beg9 to rise f ! mass1 & 9 a %ort "t a brisk eff]vesc5ce takes place1 :i* cont9ues till all ! salt has disappe>$4 ,! products ( ?is op]ation are ! nitr\s oxide & wat]1 ! wat]y vap\r be+ cond5s$ 9 ! neck ( ! retort1 :ile ! gas is receiv$ ov] wat]4 ,! gas ?us obta9$ is g5]ally :ite1 & h5ce1 :5 x is to be us$ = ! purposes ( respiration1 x %\ld rema9 at lea/ an h\r ov] wat]1 :i* w absorb ! small quantity ( acid & ( nitrate ( ammonia :i* adh]e to x4 ,a p\nd ( ! nitrate ( ammonia w 9 ?is way yield five cubic feet ( gas fit = ! purpose ( inhalation4 ,x 0 discov]$ by ,sir ,humphrey ,davy1 t ?is gas c\ld be safely tak5 into ! lungs1 & t x 0 capable ( support+ respiration = a few m9utes4 ,9 mak+ ?is exp]im5t he 0 surpris$ to f9d t x produc$ a s+ul> species ( intoxication1 :i* he ?us describes3 8,i brea!d10 says he1 8?ree qu>ts ( oxide f & into a silk bag = m ?an half a m9ute )\t previ\sly clos+ my nose or exhau/+ my lungs4 ,! fir/ inspiration caus$ a slight degree ( gidd9ess4 ,?is 0 succe$$ by an uncommon s5se ( fulness 9 ! head1 accompani$ ) loss ( di/9ct s5sation & volunt>y p[]1 a feel+ analog\s to t produc$ 9 ! fir/ /age ( intoxication1 b unatt5d$ by pleasurable s5sations40 ,9 describ+ ! effects ( ano!r exp]im5t1 he says1 8,hav+ previ\sly clos$ my no/rils & exhau/$ my lungs1 ,i brea!d f\r qu>ts ( nitr\s oxide f & into a silk bag4 ,! fir/ feel+s 7 simil> to ^? produc$ 9 ! la/ exp]im5t1 b 9 less ?an half a m9ute1 ! respiration be+ cont9u$1 !y dim9i%$ gradually1 & 7 succe$$ by a highly pleasurable ?rill+1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! *e/ & ! extremities4 ,! objects ar\nd me became dazzl+1 & my he>+ m acute4 ,t[>ds ! la/ respiration ! ?rill+ increas$1 ! s5se ( muscul> p[] became great]1 & at la/ an irresi/ible prop5sity to action 0 indulg$ 94 ,i recollect b indi/9ctly :at foll[$2 ,i knew t my motions 7 v>i$ & viol5t4 ,^! effects v r>ely ceas$ aft] respiration4 ,9 t5 m9utes ,i _h recov]$ my natural /ate ( m9d4 ,! ?rill+ 9 ! extremities cont9u$ long] ?an ! o!r s5sations4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 made 9 ! morn+2 no languor or exhau/ion 0 consequ5t1 my feel+s ?r\gh ! day 7 z usual1 & ,i pass$ ! night 9 undi/urb$ repose40 ,9 giv+ an acc\nt ( ano!r exp]im5t ) ?is gas1 ,sir ,humphrey ?us describes 8 feel+s3 8,imm$iately aft] my return f a long j\rney1 be+ fatigu$1 ,i respir$ n9e qu>ts ( nitr\s oxide1 hav+ be5 precisely ?irty-?ree days )\t brea?+ any4 ,! feel+s 7 diff]5t f ^? ,i _h exp]i5c$ on =m] exp]im5ts4 ,aft] ! fir/ six or sev5 respirations1 ,i gradually began to lose ! p]ception ( ext]nal ?+s1 & a vivid & int5se recollection ( "s =m] exp]im5ts pass$ ?r\gh my m9d1 s t ,i call$ out1 #8,:at an annoy+ concat5ation ( ideas6'0 ,ano!r exp]im5t made by ! same di/+ui%$ *emi/ 0 att5d$ by /ill m rem>kable results4 ,he 0 %ut up 9 an airtight brea?+-box1 hav+ a capacity ( ab\t n9e & a half cubic feet1 & he all[$ himself to be habituat$ to ! excitem5t ( ! gas1 :i* 0 gradually introduc$4 ,aft] hav+ und]gone ?is op]ation = an h\r & a qu>t]1 dur+ :i* eighty qu>ts ( gas 7 ?r[n 91 he came out ( ! box & began to respire tw5ty qu>ts ( unm+l$ nitr\s oxide4 8,a ?rill+10 says he1 8ext5d+ f ! *e/ to ! extremities1 0 almo/ imm$iately produc$4 ,i felt a s5se ( tangible ext5sion highly pleasurable 9 e k9d2 my visible impressions 7 dazzl+ & app>5tly magnifi$2 ,i he>d di/9ctly e s\nd 9 ! room1 & ,i 0 p]fectly aw>e ( my situation4 ,by degrees1 z ! pleasurable s5sation increas$1 ,i lo/ all connexion ) ext]nal ?+s2 tra9s ( vivid visible images rapidly pass$ ?r\gh my m9d1 & 7 connect$ ) words 9 su* a mann] z to produce p]ceptions p]fectly novel4 ,i exi/$ 9 a _w ( newly connect$ & newly modifi$ ideas4 ,:5 ,i 0 awak5$ f ?is same deliri\s trance by ,dr4 ,k+lake1 :o took ! bag f my m\?1 indignation & pride 7 ! fir/ feel+s produc$ by ! sight ( ! p]sons ab\t me4 ,my emotions 7 en?usia/ic & sublime1 & = a mom5t ,i walk$ r\nd ! room1 p]fectly reg>dless ( :at 0 said to me4 ,z ,i recov]$ my =m] /ate ( m9d1 ,i felt an incl9ation to communicate ! discov]ies ,i _h made dur+ ! exp]im5t4 ,i endeav\r$ to recall ! ideas2 !y 7 feeble & indi/9ct4 ,"o recollection ( t]ms1 h[ev]1 pres5t$ itself1 & ) ! mo/ int5se belief & prophetic mann] ,i exclaim$ to ,dr4 ,k+lake1 #8,no?+ exi/s b ?\ghts2 ! univ]se is compos$ ( impressions1 ideas1 pleasures1 & pa9s6'0 ,^! rem>kable prop]ties induc$ sev]al p]sons to repeat ! exp]im5t ( brea?+ ?is exhil>at+ m$ic9e4 ,its effects 71 z might h be5 expect$1 v>i\s 9 diff]5t individuals2 b its g5]al effect 0 to produce 9 ! grave/ & mo/ phlegmatic ! highe/ degree ( exhil>ation & happ9ess unaccompani$ ) languor or depression4 ,9 "s x creat$ an irresi/ible disposition to laugh1 & 9 o!rs a prop5sity to muscul> ex]tion4 ,9 "s x impair$ ! intellectual functions1 & 9 sev]al x _h no s5sible effect1 ev5 :5 x 0 brea!d 9 ! pure/ /ate1 & 9 consid]able quantities4 ,x w\ld be an inquiry ( no slight int]e/ to asc]ta9 ! influ5ce ( ?is gas ov] p]sons ( v>i\s bodily temp]am5ts1 & ^u m9ds v>y+ 9 _! intellectual & moral "*4 ,al?\gh ,sir ,humphrey ,davy exp]i5c$ no unpleasant effects f ! inhalation ( ! nitr\s oxide1 yet su* effects are und\bt$ly produc$2 & !re is reason to believe t ev5 p]man5t *anges 9 ! con/itution may be induc$ by ! op]ation ( ?is rem>kable /imulant4 ,two v int]e/+ cases ( ?is k9d pres5t$ !mselves to ,pr(essor ,silliman1 ( ,yale ,college1 :5 ! nitr\s oxide 0 adm9i/]$ to "s ( 8 pupils4 ,! /ud5ts _h be5 9 ! habit1 = sev]al ye>s1 ( prep>+ ?is gas1 & adm9i/]+ x to "o ano!r1 & ^! two cases 7 ! only rem>kable ones :i* des]v$ to be record$4 ,we %all describe !m 9 ,pr(essor ,silliman's own words3-- 8,a g5tleman1 ab\t n9ete5 ye>s ( age1 ( a sangu9e temp]am5t1 & *e]ful temp]1 & 9 ! mo/ p]fect heal?1 inhal$ ! usual quantity ( ! nitr\s oxide1 :5 prep>$ 9 ! ord9>y mann]4 ,imm$iately 8 feel+s 7 uncommonly elevat$1 s t1 z he express$ x1 he c\ld n refra9 f danc+ & %\t+4 ,inde$ to su* a degree 0 he excit$1 t he 0 ?r[n into a frightful fit ( delirium1 & 8 ex]tions became s viol5t1 t aft] a :ile he sank to ! e>? exhau/$1 & !re rema9$1 until hav+ by quiet 9 "s degree recov]$ 8 /r5g?1 he aga9 arose1 only to r5ew ! mo/ convulsive muscul> ef=ts1 & ! mo/ pi]c+ screams & cries2 )9 a few mom5ts1 ov]p[]$ by ! int5sity ( ! p>oxysm1 he aga9 fell to ! gr\nd1 app>5tly s5seless1 & pant+ vehem5tly4 ,! long cont9uance & viol5ce ( ! affection al>m$ 8 companions1 & !y ran = pr(essional assi/ance4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 enc\rag$ by ! p]son to :om !y appli$ to hope t he w\ld come out ( 8 trance )\t injury2 b = ! space ( two h\rs ^! symptoms cont9u$2 he 0 p]fectly unconsci\s ( :at he 0 do+1 & 0 9 e respect l a maniac4 ,he /ates1 h[ev]1 t 8 feel+s vibrat$ betwe5 p]fect happ9ess & ! mo/ consummate mis]y4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! aft]noon1 & aft] ! fir/ viol5t effects _h subsid$1 he 0 compell$ to lie d[n two or ?ree times f excessive fatigue1 al?\gh he 0 imm$iately ar\s$ ^u any "o's ent]+ ! room4 ,! effects rema9$ 9 a degree = ?ree or f\r days1 accompani$ by a ho>s5ess1 :i* he attribut$ to ! ex]tion made :ile "u ! imm$iate influ5ce ( ! gas4 ,?is case %\ld produce a degree ( caution1 especially 9 p]sons ( a sangu9e temp]am5t1 :om1 mu* m frequ5tly ?an o!rs1 we h se5 pa9fully1 & ev5 al>m+ly affect$40 ,! o!r case describ$ by ,pr(essor ,silliman 0 t ( a man ( mature age1 & ( a grave & respectable "*4 8,= ne>ly two ye>s previ\s to 8 tak+ ! gas1 8 heal? _h be5 v delicate1 & 8 m9d frequ5tly gloomy & depress$4 ,?is 0 peculi>ly ! case = a few days imm$iately prec$+ t "t2 & 8 g5]al /ate ( heal? 0 su*1 t he 0 oblig$ almo/ entirely to discont9ue 8 /udies1 & 0 ab\t to h rec\rse to m$ical assi/ance4 ,9 ?is /ate ( bodily & m5tal debility1 he inspir$ ab\t ?ree qu>ts ( nitr\s oxide4 ,! consequ5ces 71 an a/oni%+ invigoration ( 8 :ole sy/em1 & ! mo/ exquisite p]ceptions ( delight4 ,^! 7 manife/$ by an uncommon disposition = pleasantry & mir?1 & by extraord9>y muscul> p[]4 ,! effects ( ! gas 7 felt )\t dim9ution = at lea/ ?irty h\rs1 & 9 a great] or less degree = m ?an a week4 8,b ! mo/ rem>kable effect 0 t ^u ! organs ( ta/e4 ,antec$5tly to tak+ ! gas1 he exhibit$ no peculi> *oice 9 ! articles ( food1 b imm$iately subsequ5t to t ev5t1 he manife/$ a ta/e = su* ?+s only z 7 sweet1 & = sev]al days ate no?+ b sweet cake4 ,inde$ ?is s+ul> ta/e 0 c>ri$ to su* excess1 t he us$ sug> & molasses1 n only ^u 8 bread & butt]1 & light] food1 b ^u 8 meat & vegetables4 ,?is he cont9ues to d ev5 at ! pres5t "t2 & al?\gh eight weeks h elaps$ s9ce he inspir$ ! gas1 he is /ill f\nd p\r+ molasses ov] beef1 fi%1 p\ltry1 potatoes1 cabbage1 or :atev] animal or vegetable food is plac$ be=e him4 8,8 heal? & spirits s9ce t "t h be5 uni=mly good1 & he attributes ! re/oration ( 8 /r5g? & m5tal en]gy to ! influ5ce ( ! nitr\s oxide4 ,he is entirely regul> 9 8 m9d1 & n[ exp]i5ces no uncommon exhil>ation1 b is habitually *e]ful1 :ile be=e he 0 z habitually grave1 & ev5 to a degree gloomy40 99 99 99 99 99 ,su* is a brief & g5]al acc\nt ( ! pr9cipal ph5om5a ( ,nature1 & ! mo/ rem>kable d$uctions ( sci5ce1 to :i* ! "n ( ,natural ,magic has be5 appli$4 ,if ^? :o h n hi!rto s\ght = in/ruction & amusem5t 9 ! /udy ( ! mat]ial _w1 %all h f\nd a portion ( ei!r 9 ! prec$+ pages1 !y w n fail to ext5d _! inquiries to o!r popul> dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce1 ev5 if !y are less m>k$ ) ! attributes ( ! m>vell\s4 ,9 e region ( space1 f ! inf9itely di/ant recesses ( ! heav5s to ! 8d>k unfa?om$ caves ( ocean10 ! ,almighty has erect$ monum5ts ( miracul\s gr&eur1 :i* proclaim ! p[]1 ! wisdom1 & ! b5efic5ce ( _! ,au?or4 ,! inscriptions :i* !y be>--! h&-writ+ :i* %9es ^u _! walls--appeal to ! und]/&+ & to ! affections1 & dem& ! admiration & ! gratitude ( e rational be+4 ,to rema9 will+ly ignorant ( ^! revelations ( ! ,div9e ,p[] is a crime next to t ( reject+ ! revelation ( ! ,div9e ,w4 ,k1 inde$1 is at once ! h&maid & ! companion ( true religion4 ,!y mutually adorn & support ea* o!r2 & beyond ! imm$iate circle ( our secul> duties1 !y are ! only objects ( rational ambition4 ,:ile ! calm d$uctions ( reason regulate ! ard\r ( ,*ri/ian zeal1 ! w>m? ( a holy en?usiasm gives a fix$ brightness to ! glimm]+ lights ( k4 ,x is "o ( ! d>ke/ spots 9 ! hi/ory ( man1 t ^! noble gifts h be5 s seldom comb9$4 ,9 ! "y m9d alone c ! two k9dr$ se$s be effectually s[n2 & among ! improvem5ts :i* "s ( our public in/itutions require1 we yet hope to witness a national sy/em ( in/ruction1 9 :i* ! volumes ( ,nature & ( ,revelation %all be simultane\sly p]us$4 ,d4 ,,brew/]4 ,,all]ly1 ,april #bd?1 #ahcb4 ,,! ,,end4 ,j4 ,,haddon1 ,,pr9t]1 ,,ca/le ,,/reet1 ,,f9sbury4 ,a ,,g5]al ,,descriptive ,catalogue ,,( ,,! ,,family ,,libr>y2 ,a ,,s]ies ,,( ,,orig9al ,,& ,,select ,,works4 ,! ,works sold sep>ate1 at #cs4 #f;d4 p] ,volume4 8,,books ,,t ,,y ,,may ,,c>ry ,,to ,,! ,,fire1 ,,& ,,hold ,,readily ,,9 ,,y\r ,,h&1 ,,are ,,! ,,mo/ ,,useful ,,aft] ,,all4 ,a ,,man ,,w ,,(t5 ,,look ,,at ,,!m1 ,,& ,,be ,,tempt$ ,,to ,,g ,,on1 ,,:5 ,,he ,,w\ld ,,h ,,be5 ,,fright5$ ,,at ,,books ,,( ,a ,,l>g] ,,size1 ,,& ,,( ,a ,,m ,,erudite ,,appe>ance40--,,dr4 ,,johnson4 8,,mr4 ,,murray',s ,libr>y4444 ,a v excell5t & always ent]ta9+ ,miscellany40--,ed9burgh ,review4 8,,mr4 ,,murray',s ,family ,libr>y4444 ,a title1 :i*1 f ! valuable & ent]ta9+ matt] ! collection conta9s1 z well z f ! c>eful /yle ( its execution1 x well des]ves4 ,no family1 inde$1 9 :i* !re are *ildr5 to be br\ght up1 ought to be )\t ?is ,libr>y1 z x furni%es ! readie/ res\rces = t education1 :i* ought to accompany or succe$ t ( ! bo>d+-s*ool or ! academy1 & is inf9itely m conducive ?an ei!r to ! cultivation ( ! intellect40--,mon?ly ,review4 ,,london3 ,,william ,,tegg ,,& ,co41 #he1 ,,que5 ,,/reet1 ,,*eapside4 ,,address4 ,x is a s\rce ( no inconsid]able gratification to f9d ! anticipations ) :i* ! ,,family ,,libr>y 0 comm5c$ exce$$ by its success1 & ! lib]al patronage be/[$ on x4 ,! be/ pro( ( ?is is ! fact t ( _m ( ! volumes m ?an #dj1jjj copies h be5 sold 9 ?is c\ntry alone4 ,x has be5 w>mly comm5d$ 9 ! j\rnals ( ,great ,brita91 9 ^? ( ,france1 ,g]many1 ,italy1 & o!r p>ts ( ,europe4 ,its g5]al e/imation is also prov$ by its hav+ be5 repr9t$ 9 ,am]ica1 & translat$ into mo/ ( ! ,cont95tal ,languages4 ,^u ! copyright alone ( ! ,works ( ! ,s]ies1 upw>ds ( #ab1jjj has be5 exp5d$1 & ! li/ ( ,contributors embraces ! di/+ui%$ names ( ,,sir ,,walt] ,,scott1 ,,b>t4 ,,mr4 ,,s\!y4 ,,mr4 ,,lockh>t4 ,,rev4 ,h4 ,h4 ,,milman4 ,,wa%+ton ,,irv+4 ,,allan ,,cunn+ham4 ,,mr4 ,,tytl]4 ,,rev4 ,j4 ,,williams4 ,,mr4 ,,b>r[ 7( ! ,admiralty74 ,,rev4 ,j4 ,j4 ,,blunt4 ,,rev4 ,e4 ,,sm$ley4 ,,rev4 ,g4 ,r4 ,,gleig4 ,,sir ,,david ,,brew/]4 ,,mr4 ,,col]idge4 ,,major ,,sir ,f4 ,b4 ,,head4 ,,mr4 ,,dav5port4 ,,mr4 ,,cr(ton ,,crok]4 ,,mr4 ,,l&]4 ,,cyrus ,,edmonds4 ,,mr4 ,,bucke4 ,w4 ,e4 ,,ayt\n4 ,,rev4 ,t4 ,,*etwode ,,eu/ace4 ,,mr4 ,,roscoe4 ,,sir ,,francis ,,palgrave4 ,) ! assi/ance ( p]sons ( su* em95t tal5t 0 comm5c$ ! design ( supply+ ! defici5cies ( ,engli% ,lit]ature1 by a s]ies ( ,/&>d ,works1 :i*1 ) excell5ce ( execution1 %\ld comb9e ! advantages ( l[ness ( price1 conv5i5ce ( size & =m1 & elegance ( illu/ration4 ,:ile ! mod]ate co/ has plac$ ! ,"w )9 ! rea* ( all classes ( ,read]s1 ! int]e/+ nature ( ! subjects1 & ! popul> mode ( treat+ !m1 r5d] x well suit$ = ! p]usal ( ,"y ,p]sons1 & calculat$ to /imulate 9 !m a ta/e = ,lit]ature & ,sci5ce4 ,9 ! beauty ( its ,embelli%m5ts1 ! ,,family ,,libr>y has surpass$ all its ,contempor>ies2 & no pa9s or co/ h be5 sp>$ to r5d] ea* ,volume z attractive ext]nally1 z x w prove ent]ta9+ & useful on p]usal4 ,) ^! recomm5dations1 ?is ,publication w be f\nd to des]ve a conspicu\s place 9 e well-select$ ,libr>y2 & z x may be pur*as$ 9 its complete /ate1 or sep>ate1 ea* "w be+ complete 9 itself1 x w furni% valuable ,lit]>y ,pres5ts1 adapt$ to ! means & ta/es ( all classes ( ,pur*as]s4 ,! ,volumes ( :i* ! ,,family ,,libr>y consi/s1 may be class$ "u ! foll[+ heads3-- ,biography4 ,,life ,,( ,,napoleon4 ,,! ,,c\rt ,,& ,,camp ,,( ,,buonap>te4 ,,lives ,,( ,,briti% ,,pa9t]s1 ,,sculptors1 ,,& ,,ar*itects4 ,,life ,,( ,,columbus4 ,,lives ,,& ,,adv5tures ,,( ,,! ,,companions ,,( ,,columbus4 ,,life ,,( ,,nelson4 ,,lives ,,( ,,briti% ,,physicians4 ,,life ,,( ,,bruce4 ,,lives ,,( ,,scotti% ,,wor?ies4 ,,life ,,( ,,sir ,,isaac ,,newton4 ,,life ,,( ,,pet] ,,! ,,great4 ,,life ,,& ,,times ,,( ,,wa%+ton4 ,,life ,,( ,,ali ,,pa%a4 ,,life ,,( ,,duke ,,( ,,m>lbor\gh4 ,,life ,,( ,,c]vantes4 ,,life ,,( ,,cic]o4 ,,life ,,( ,,ri*>d ,c,,ur ,,de ,,lion4 ,,life ,,( ,,mahomet4 ,,lives ,,( ,,ent]pris+ ,,m54 ,hi/ory4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,jews4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,india4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,v5ice4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,anglo-,,saxons4 ,,re=mation ,,9 ,,engl&4 ,,tytl]',s ,,g5]al ,,hi/ory4 ,,de ,,foe',s ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,plague ,,ye>4 ,,n>rative ,,( ,,napoleon',s ,,exp$ition ,,to ,,russia4 ,,! ,,ru9s ,,( ,,anci5t ,,cities4 ,,! ,,mut9y ,,at ,,! ,,nore4 ,voyages & ,travels4 ,,l&]',s ,,discov]ies ,,9 ,,africa4 ,,family ,,t\r ,,9 ,,holl&4 ,,n>rative ,,( ,,! ,,mut9y ,,( ,,! ,,b\nty4 ,,six ,,mon?s ,,9 ,,! ,,we/ ,,indies4 ,,eu/ace',s ,,classical ,,t\r ,,9 ,,italy4 ,/ate ,trials4 ,,trials ,,( ,,*>les ,,! ,,fir/ ,,& ,,! ,,regicides4 ,natural ,hi/ory & ,sci5ce4 ,a ,,popul> ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,insects4 ,,lett]s ,,on ,,natural ,,magic4 ,,demonology ,,& ,,wit*craft4 ,,wesley',s ,,natural ,,philosophy4 ,miscellane\s4 ,,salmagundi4 ,,by ,,wa%+ton ,,irv+4 ,,sket* ,,book4 ,,by ,,ditto4 ,,crok]',s ,,fairy ,,leg5ds4 ,,knick]bock]',s ,,new ,,york4 ,,sket*es ,,( ,,impo/ure ,,& ,,cr$ulity4 ,,*ronicles ,,( ,,london ,,bridge4 ,,n>ratives ,,( ,,p]il ,,& ,,suff]+4 ,,! ,,family ,,libr>y4 ,a ,,new ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,anglo-,,saxons4 ,by ,,sir ,,francis ,,palgrave4 ,) ,illu/rative ,woodcuts4 ,?is "w 7z ! preface m5tions7 0 int5d$ 9 imitation ( ! ,tales ( my ,gr&fa!r4 8,let me hope10 ! au?or says1 8t occasionally1 :il/ ! y\ng] bran*es f9d amusem5t 9 ! tales & adv5tures "h br\ght toge!r1 "s ( ! old] folks may n be unwill+ to take ?is little summ>y 9 h&1 z a tempor>y sub/itute = ! unmanageable folios produc$ by ! unwe>i$ indu/ry ( ,saville1 ,twysd51 & ,w>ton1 & ,wilk9s40 ,,! ,,re=mation ,,9 ,,engl&4 ,by ! ,,rev4 ,j4 ,j4 ,,blunt4 ,?is is a compact b lively & ent]ta9+ sket* ( ! ,re=mation1 & ! p]sonal hi/ory ( ! f\nd]s ( our ,national ,*ur*4 ,! ,re=mation is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ev5ts 9 our hi/ory1 :e!r 9 relation to politics or religion2 = its influ5ce 0 mo/ p[]ful ^u bo?4 ,! read+1 pr(ession1 & ta/e ( ! au?or h l$ him to reg>d x *iefly 9 ! latt] light2 &1 !re=e1 brief z ! sket* is1 x w n be f\nd ( ! nature ( an abridgm5t1 b a cont9u\s ?\gh succ9ct acc\nt ( ! rise1 progress1 & consummation ( t great revolution ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,?is book is includ$ 9 ! li/ ( works ( ! ,society = ,promot+ ,*ri/ian ,k4 ,,! ,,trials ,,( ,,*>les ,,! ,,fir/1 ,,& ,,( ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,regicides4 ,) ,biographies ( ,,brad%aw1 ,,ireton1 ,,h>rison1 c41 & ,illu/rative ,notes1 ,legal & ,hi/orical4 ,portrait1 ,views1 c4 ,a cle> & detail$ acc\nt ( ! mo/ rem>kable & important ( ,engli% ,causes ,clbres1 ) a n>rative ( ! di/+ui%+ ev5ts ( t int]e/+ p]iod ( our hi/ory4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,exp$ition ,,to ,,russia ,,und]tak5 ,,by ,,! ,,emp]or ,,napoleon4 ,by ,,g5]al ,,c\nt ,,philip ,,de ,,segur4 #b ,vols4 ,! e/abli%$ int]e/ creat$ by ,c\nt ,segur's hi/ory r5d]s any comm5dation va9--any anticipation ( its cont5ts ( no value4 ,:5 ^? recollections ( ! mo/ disa/r\s campaign ev] und]tak5 7 fir/ publi%$1 !y 7 *>g$ ) exagg]ation1 if n falsehood2 b a sev]e scrut9y has %[n t1 ) ! exception ( a few unimportant errors1 e /atem5t 9 ?is extraord9>y production is entitl$ to public confid5ce4 ,! translation made = ! ,family ,libr>y exhibits evid5ce ( ! utmo/ c>e1 & ! mis/atem5ts into :i* ! au?or inadv]t5tly fell are correct$ by ! translator4 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,john1 ,,duke ,,( ,,m>lboro'4 ,by ,,*>les ,,bucke4 ,editorial +5uity1 & economy 9 pr9t+1 h r$uc$ ! v>i$ annals ( ! great ,m>lbor\gh )9 ! grasp ( mod]ate lit]>y indu/ry4 ,! editor has drawn a fair & tru?ful picture ( ! m>tial ,duke1 laud+ 8 political & public virtues )\t conceal+ ^? blemi%es t 8 w>me/ advocates confess to be equivocal4 ,:5 ! balance betwixt good & evil is /ruck1 ,m>lbor\gh /&s out 9 bold relief 9 ! picture ( hi/ory2 & _h 8 brilliant victories be5 foll[$ by firm & hone/ treaties1 _! effects1 l ^? ( ,wat]loo1 w\ld h be5 felt 9 ! happ9ess ( ! ,briti% dom9ions4 ,,! ,,life ,,& ,,writ+s ,,( ,,miguel ,,de ,,c]vantes ,,saav$ra4 ,) ,lit]>y & ,hi/orical ,illu/rations by ,,?os4 ,,roscoe1 ,esq4 ,x is n /range t ! writ+s ( ,c]vantes1 ) ! exception ( ,don ,quixote1 %\ld h s long rema9$ unkn[n1 s9ce x 0 g5]ally ass]t$ t 8! ,spani>ds _h b "o good book1 t "o :i* _h made all ! o!rs ridicul\s40 ,! *ef-d'uvre is translat$ into e language ( ,europe1 :ile ! same au?or's plays & novels are seal$ aga9/ all b ,spani% s*ol>s2 & 8 *ivalr\s life1 previ\s to ?is publication1 buri$ 9 oblivion to :i* ! an>*y ( ,spa9 _h consign$ x4 ,c]vantes fl\ri%$ 9 ! reign ( ,philip ,,ii41 & 0 contempor>y ) ,lope de ,vega4 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,nelson4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,s\!y1 ,esq41 ,,ll4,d41 ,poet ,laureate1 c4 ,) num]\s ,woodcuts f ,designs by ,,george ,,cruik%ank1 engrav$ by ,,?ompson & ,,williams4 ,9 ord] to promote ! wi%es & int5tion ( ! au?or1 & to give ! "w ! wide/ circulation1 x has be5 pr9t$ 9 its pres5t =m1 at "o-?ird ( ! orig9al price1 ) embelli%m5ts by ! mo/ tal5t$ arti/s4 8,_m ,lives ( ,nelson h be5 writt51 b "o 0 yet want+1 cle> & concise en\gh to become a manual = ! "y sailor1 :i* he may c>ry ab\t ) him till he has treasur$ up ! example 9 8 memory & 9 8 he>t40--,au?or's ,preface4 8,a "w :i*1 z long z ! ,engli% language is und]/ood1 w be reg>d$ z "o ( ! f9e/ monum5ts t g5ius ev] rais$ to val\r40--,mon?ly ,review4 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,mahomet1 ,,f\nd] ,,( ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,islam1 ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,empire ,,( ,,! ,,s>ac5s4 ,by ,,rev4 ,,samuel ,,gre54 ,) ! exception ( ! religion ( ! ,gospel1 t ( ,mahomet has produc$ ! greate/ revolution record$ 9 hi/ory1 & effect$ ! greate/ *anges 9 ! /ate ( ! civiliz$ _w2 its hi/ory & "*1 !re=e1 become an object ( curiosity ) e enlight5$ m9d4 ,consid]$ z "p ( ! g5]al annals ( ! _w1 unconnect$ ) religion1 x furni%es mo/ int]e/+ records ( ! human race2 b view$ z "p ( ! *a9 ( pr$ict$ ev5ts1 hav+ a direct ref]5ce to ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 x urges a /rong] claim to our att5tion4 ,! ev5ts ( ,mahomet's life are to be f\nd 9 works inaccessible f _! co/l9ess1 disc\rag+ f _! bulk1 & sometimes writt5 9 ,ea/]n *>act]s4 ,?is volume is a compilation f ! mo/ au!ntic4 ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,an ,,exp$ition ,,to ,,explore ,,! ,,c\rse ,,& ,,t]m9ation ,,( ,,! ,,nig]4 ,by ,,ri*>d & ,,john ,,l&]4 ,) ,portraits1 ,engrav+s1 & a ,map1 %[+ ! c\rse ( ! ,nig]4 ,) slight enc\ragem5t f ! ,colonial ,(fice1 ^! "y m5 set out on an ent]prise :i* 9 all previ\s in/ances _h l$ to dea?2 & all :o knew ! nature ( ! climate1 & ! h>d%ips !y mu/ enc\nt]1 pr$ict$ t ! only news _! c\ntrym5 w\ld ev] receive conc]n+ !m1 w\ld be "s obscure rum\r ( _! de/ruction4 ,! n>rative %[s h[ (t5 su* pr$ictions 7 on ! po9t ( be+ v]ifi$4 ,!re is sc>cely a mis]y to be endur$ by human nature t ^! "y m5 h n enc\nt]$2 !y h be5 frequ5tly on ! br9k ( dea?--!y h be5 imprison$--!y h be5 sold z slaves--!y h be5 plund]$1 & oblig$ to swim = _! lives1 n sure1 9 ! end1 t !y 7 n swimm+ into great] dang]--&1 to cr[n ! :ole1 !y h be5 brutally treat$ & ne>ly sacrific$ to ! cupidity & rev5ge ( savages by "o ( _! own c\ntrym54 ,9 spite ( all ^! ob/acles1 by means ( pati5ce & p]sev]ance1 by en?usiasm & resignation1 by c\rage & long-suff]+1 !y f9ally triumph$ ov] e species ( resi/ance1 &1 :at is m1 completely ga9$ _! object4 ,! result ( ,capta9 ,clapp]ton's discov]ies 0 a v %rewd guess t ! ,nig] fl[$ we/w>d1 & into ! ,bight ( ,b594 ,) ! view ( asc]ta9+ ?is1 ! ,l&]s 7 set d[n at ! same po9t ( ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea :]e ! =m] exp$ition _h comm5c$4 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,m>cus ,,tullius ,,cic]o4 ,by ,j4 ,f4 ,,holl+s4 ,! "n ( ,cic]o himself--! univ]sal admiration ( 8 g5ius--! era 9 :i* he fl\ri%$--& ! "p he enact$1 br+ 8 memoirs )9 ! circle ( subjects suit$ to dome/ic education4 ,8 ,life1 by ,middleton1 is m acceptable to ! le>n$ ?an ! le>n]1 & ?is conclusion has l$ to ?is epitome1 9 :i* ! text conta9s ! un9t]rupt$ p]sonal memoir ( ! philosoph] 9 a popul> =m2 :ile su* in=mation z belongs m di/9ctively to ! dep>tm5t ( anci5t lit]ature is convey$ by means ( notes & ref]5ces4 ,,six ,,mon?s ,,9 ,,! ,,we/ ,,indies4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,nelson ,,col]idge1 ,m4,a4 ,?is little "w1 :i* has already receiv$ public approbation1 is calculat$ to amuse 9 no ord9>y degree1 = ! descriptions ( sc5]y are vivid1 ! pictures ( society graphic1 & ! adv5tures & anecdotes int]e/+ & v>i$4 ,,lives ,,( ,,! ,,mo/ ,,em95t ,,briti% ,,pa9t]s1 ,,sculptors1 ,,& ,,ar*itects4 ,by ,,allan ,,cunn+ham4 #f vols41 ) ,portraits ( ,?irty-two ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,briti% ,arti/s1 c4 ,! au?or has collect$ 9 six small volumes ! ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,engl&1 & ! ,lives1 ,*>act]s1 & ,works ( its ,pr(essors1--! mat]ials = :i* 7 previ\sly scatt]$ ?r\gh _m volumes4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 ^! biographies h be5 consid]$ a valuable acquisition to lit]ature2 & al?\gh ! critical obs]vations w r5d] !m valuable to ! /ud5t1 yet1 be+ free f ! dry te*nicalities ( virt1 & ab\nd+ ) p]sonal anecdote1 !y are n less allur+ to ! ord9>y read]4 ,! annals ( ,art1 & ! lives ( its foll[]s1 ?\gh defici5t 9 ! _s-/irr+ incid5ts ( ! w>rior & ! politician1 possess an int]e/ n less attractive4 ,! lab\rs & /ruggles ( g5ius1 ! success ( p]sev]ance1 & ! inutility ( natural tal5t sep>at$ f prud5ce1 z exemplifi$ 9 ^! biographies1 w af=d a useful moral lesson1 at ! same "t t ! p]usal ( ! /ories ( su* lives is a s\rce ( pleasure & ent]ta9m5t4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,jews4 ,by ,,rev4 ,h4 ,h4 ,,milman4 ,complete 9 #c vols4 ,) ,orig9al ,maps & ,woodcuts4 ,) ! exception ( ,josephus1 we h no hi/orian ( ! ,jews1 & he liv$ at a p]iod too remote & too limit$ to enable him to d ju/ice to 8 subject4 ,x is true1 _m ev5ts h be5 n>rat$ by ,roll91 & ! au?ors ( ! ,univ]sal ,hi/ory1 & notic$ by comm5tators1--b a n>rative at once ,*ri/ian & lib]al 9 its tone1 spirit$ & elegant 9 its language1 & depict+ ) some?+ l k9dr$ en?usiasm & eloqu5ce1 ! mann]s1 w>s1 religion1 & policy ( ! mo/ extraord9>y ( nations1 0 /ill want+4 ,! object ( ! pres5t "w is /rictly hi/orical1--yet x af=ds elucidation ( _m obscure passages 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 avails itself ( ! casual evid5ce ( hea!n writ]s2 & ?r[s new light on ! mann]s & cu/oms ( ! 8,un*ang+ ,ea/10 by ref]5ces to ! able/ mod]n travell]s4 ,,! ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,insects4 ,) v num]\s ,woodcuts4 #b vols4 ,! /udy ( ,natural ,hi/ory is at all times pleas+ & in/ructive2 ! object on ?is occasion has be5 to r5d] x d\bly captivat+ by a pla9 & simple /yle1 & by ! num]\s wood engrav+s4 ,! extravagant price ( books ( ,natural ,hi/ory has det]r$ _m1 & x is no exagg]ation to ass]t t ! in=mation & embelli%m5ts conta9$ 9 ^! volumes c\ld h>dly be pur*as$ 9 any o!r =m at a co/ ( less ?an sev]al p\nds4 ,,comp5dium ,,( ,,natural ,,philosophy3 ,a ,,survey ,,( ,,! ,,wisdom ,,( ,,god ,,9 ,,! ,,creation4 ,by ,,john ,,wesley4 ,a ,new ,edition1 by ,,rob]t ,,mudie4 #c ,vols4 ,john ,wesley's "n is a gu>antee = ! moral rectitude ( ! orig9al volumes1 z well z ! full in=mation :i* !y conta9$ at fir/ publication2 b s9ce t "t ! progress ( natural sci5ce has be5 great] ?an dur+ ! :ole previ\s p]iod ( human hi/ory4 ,foll[+ ,wesley's arrangem5t1 ! editor has incorporat$ ! mo/ rec5t discov]ies1 add+ _m new facts to ^? ( ,b>on ,cuvi]3 he has pursu$ ! hi/ory ( inv]tebrat$ animals d[n to ! v v]ge ( animal exi/5ce1 & annex$ a full acc\nt ( ! vegetable k+dom4 ,! re-edit$ "w1 !re=e1 is n only introductory on deta*$ portions ( nature to /ud5ts1 b recapitulatory to su* z h already consult$ ! details4 ,x may n be immat]ial to rem>k t1 :ile controv]t$ po9ts are /udi\sly avoid$1 ! v late/ discov]ies are introduc$1 & ! language employ$ is free f t te*nicality :i* may gratify p$antry ) out promot+ k4 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,ali ,,pa%a ,,( ,,tepel5i ,,vizi] ,,( ,,epirus4 ,by ,r4 ,a4 ,,dav5port4 ,x is a common error to imag9e t a great] numb] ( individuals rise 9 ,engl& ?an 9 o!r c\ntries2 m1 c]ta9ly1 atta9 weal? & respectability "u free ?an despotic gov]nm5ts2 b x is "u ! latt] only t ! v humble/ & mo/ illit]ate1 if possess$ ( c\rage & cunn+1 may approa* to ! /eps ( ! ?rone itself4 ,( ! num]\s examples :i* ,turki% hi/ory af=ds1 none ran a m celebrat$ c>e] ?an ,ali ,pa%a4 ,r5d]+ himself indep5d5t by a s]ies ( rebellions1 8 ?rone 0 support$ by ! blood ( ?\s&s2 yet1 not)/&+ ! means by :i* he acquir$ p[]1 ,napoleon treat$ ) him1--,"l ,byron 0 8 gue/1--& ,engl& accept$ 8 fri5d%ip4 ,turki% hi/ory1 be+ a record ( ! indulg5ce ( ! wor/ passions ( human nature1 is always a t]rible romance1 b ! life ( ,ali ,pa%a exce$s 9 guilt & horror ! mo/ infam\s p]iods ( ,ottoman hi/ory4 ,! great trag$y 9 :i* he p]=m$ s pr9cipal a "p1 0 conclud$ by 8 own assass9ation 9 ! ?rone-room ( 8 palace1 9 a mann] almo/ too m]ciful = su* a f]oci\s mon/]4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,briti% ,,india4 ,by ! ,,rev4 ,g4 ,r4 ,,gleig1 ,f4,r4,s4 #d ,vols4 ,) a ,map & #aj ,engrav+s4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,india 9 a portable =m1 & famili> /yle1 hav+ be5 consid]$ a desid]atum1 ! pres5t "w 0 und]tak54 ,x comm5ces ) ! e>ly annals & fir/ civilization ( ! ,h9doos1 traces ! progress & decl9e ( ! ,mahometan p[]1 & br+s ! hi/ory ( ! success ( ! ,briti% arms d[n to ! p]man5t e/abli%m5t ( ! ,india ,company1 & ! f\ndation ( t /up5d\s ,empire4 ,x is among ! annals ( ! ,ea/ t ! real ,romance ( ,hi/ory mu/ be s\ght4 ,9 ! v>iety ( m>vell\s incid5ts1 ! unexpect$ turn ( ev5ts1 ! sudd5 alt]nation ( =tune1 we might fancy we 7 read+ an ,ori5tal fable--a tale f ! ,arabian ,nights1 r ?an sob] hi/ory4 ,,sket*es ,,f ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,v5ice4 ,) eight ,views aft] ,pr\t1 tw5ty-n9e ,cuts aft] ,,titian1 ,maps1 etc4 ,few c explore = !mselves ! treasures ( ! ,italian ,*ronicles4 ,! au?or ( ?is "w has laid op5 _! /ores = ! b5efit ( ,engli% read]s1--glean+ f !m *>act]i/ic incid5ts1 amus+ /ories & anecdotes2 :ile he has su/a9$ all ! dignity ( hi/orical rese>*4 ,! writ] has avoid$ ! mi/akes into :i* m]e compil]s fall2--he has n sunk into a m]e annali/1 transcrib+ a dry regi/] ( facts1 b he ei!r passes ov] entirely1 or t\*es v slightly1 ev5ts ( m9or importance1 & res]ves himself = ^? m mom5t\s & int]e/+ transactions :i* require to be m fully display$4 ,! beauty ( /yle 9 :i* ^! volumes are writt5 has attract$ g5]al notice1 & ! applause ( ! mo/ compet5t judges1--9 ?is respect1 inde$1 !y yield to no "w ( ! s]ies4 ,,lett]s ,,on ,,demonology ,,& ,,wit*craft4 ,by ,,sir ,,walt] ,,scott1 ,,b>t4 ,no subject c\ld h be5 bett] adapt$ to ! lam5t$ au?or ( 8,wav]ley0 ?an 8! hi/ory ( t d>k *apt] ( human nature0 to :i* ?is volume is devot$4 ,sir ,walt] has giv5 suffici5t evid5ce 9 8 novels & romances ( 8 acqua9tance ) ! sup]/itions ( our own & remot] times4 ,9 ?is volume he has laid op5 ! /ores ( 8 memory & read+1 has cond5s$ & elucidat$ ! subject2 9 _m cases expla9+ by natural causes occurr5ces suppos$ to be sup]natural4 ,,lett]s ,,on ,,natural ,,magic4 ,,address$ ,,to ,,sir ,,walt] ,,scott4 ,by ,,sir ,,david ,,brew/]1 ,k4,g4,h4 ,a ,new ,edition1 ,illu/rat$ ) upw>ds ( #hj ,woodcuts4 ,! au?or ( ?is volume passes "u review 8! pr9cipal ph5om5a ( nature & ! lead+ con/ructions ( art :i* be> ! impress ( a sup]natural "*10 & m especially 8^? s+ul> illusions ( s5se by :i* ! mo/ p]fect organs ei!r fail to p]=m _! functions or p]=m !m fai?lessly1 & :]e ! ef=ts & ! creations ( ! m9d pr$om9ate ov] ! direct p]ceptions ( ext]nal nature40 ,^! are !mes full ( int]e/ & wor?y ( ! lab\r be/[$ ^u !m by ! philosophic au?or4 ,x is lam5table to ?9k h[ _m m9ds re/ cont5t$ ) ! mo/ unphilosophical apology = ignorance1 by designat+ ! acts !y d n exam9e1 wond]s or my/]ies1--:ile to ! mass ( m51 su* acts are inexplicable1 except on "s !ory ( sup]human ag5cy1 z absurd z x is errone\s4 ,! ,lett]s ( ,sir ,david ,brew/] w disabuse bo? classes4 ,to ! fir/1 he furni%es philosophical data = expla9+ _m hi!rto puzzl+ appe>ances--to ! la/1 he supplies ! means ( escape f absurdities calculat$ to reta9 !m 9 m5tal slav]y4 ,! eye & ! e> are ( c\rse ! great organs ( deception1 & accord+ly optical illusions occupy a consid]able portion ( ! volume4 ,! illusions dep5d+ on ! e> succe$1 & aft] ^!1 we are treat$ ) amus+ descriptions ( feats ( /r5g?1 ( me*anical automata1 & ( "s ( ! m popul> wond]s ( *emi/ry4 ,"u ea* ( ^! divisions1 anecdotes ( ! mo/ int]e/+ k9d illu/rate ! au?or's explanations1 & no subject1 9 itself grave & important1 0 ev] on ! :ole treat$ 9 a m amus+ mann]4 ,,life ,,& ,,times ,,( ,,wa%+ton4 ,by ,,cyrus ,r4 ,,edmonds4 #b ,vols4 ,z ! f\ndation ( ! ,am]ican ,republic is attributable to ,briti% error1 its hi/ory is id5tifi$ ) our own4 ,^? :o h relat$ ! ev5ts ( t memorable p]iod1 & drawn ! "* ( ! patriot-g5]al1 liv+ too ne> ! epo*1 7 dazzl$1 & discov]$ only ! beauty ( republican pr9ciples4 ,writt5 :5 p>ty-feel+ _h di$ away1 & limit$ mon>*y all[$ to v9dicate its sup]iority1 ,mr4 ,edmonds's ,life ( ,wa%+ton is free f t nationality :i* disfigures biography1 & fe>lessly def5ds ,briti% in/itutions aga9/ ! advocates ( democracy4 ,! m volum9\s memoirs ( ! virtu\s republican *ief ab\nd ) ,am]ican prejudices2 ^! volumes are ,engli% bo? 9 /yle & s5tim5t4 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,napoleon ,,buonap>te4 ,) #ae ,engrav+s on ,/eel & ,wood1 by ,,f9d5 & ,,?ompson2 ! ,woodcuts f ,designs by ,,geo4 ,,cruik%ank4 ,! fact t s9ce ! publication ( ?is "w1 ,,sev5-,,&-,,tw5ty ,,?\s& copies h be5 dispos$ ( 9 ?is c\ntry1 beside v>i\s editions 9 ,am]ica1--w speak m 9 its fav\r ?an ! mo/ artful & high-fl[n praise4 ,x is an epitome ( all t has be5 prov$ to be true conc]n+ ! c>e] ( ! mo/ extraord9>y man ( ! la/ ?\s& ye>s4 ,we possess$ no previ\s epitome ( 8 hi/ory2 & not)/&+ ! smallness ( space into :i* x is compress$1 ! n>rative is cle>4 ,! ,life ( ,napoleon1 d\bly int]e/+ :5 reliev$ ( ! t$i\sness ( useless detail1 has nev] be5 bett] told4 ,volumes s ri* 9 in=mation w be dev\r$ by y\?1 & are wor?y to be consult$ by ! mature/ read]4 ,! "w is writt5 ) fairness & imp>tiality1 free f p>ty-_s1 & ! au?or has int]wov5 ) 8 n>rative all ! new illu/rations & anecdotes furni%$ by ,b\rri5ne & ! o!r fa/-foll[+ memoirs ( ! ,fr5* press4 ,,! ,,ru9s ,,( ,,anci5t ,,cities4 ,by ,,*>les ,,bucke4 #b ,vols4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cities1 l m51 fl\ri% & decay1 & ea* possess _! annals4 ,! poetic conception ( p]sonify+ ^! brok5 records ( natural gr&eur orig9at$ ) ! editor himself2 b1 9 c>ry+ out 8 design1 he ackn[l$ges ,roll9 z 8 guide4 ,?is elegant & accurate writ] confesses t he does n hesitate to rifle ! cab9ets ( o!rs to enri* 8 own2 t he (t5 transcrib$ )\t quot+1 & introduc$ solid reflections borr[$ f ! /]l+ works ( o!rs4 ,?is compilation is also a beautiful bead-roll1 ! preci\s production ( _m m9ds3 x is a fair fabric ( co/ly mat]ials rais$ by a lit]>y ar*itect1 ^: indu/ry1 exp]i5ce1 & c&\r1 are already ackn[l$g$ by ! public4 ,,salmagundi2 ,,or1 ,,! ,,:im-,,:ams ,,& ,,op9ions ,,( ,,launcelot ,,lang/aff1 ,,esq4 ,) num]\s ,cuts by ,,george ,,cruik%ank4 ,! e>lie/ pa9t+s ( ! greate/ ma/]s sometimes diff] consid]ably f ^? ( _! matur] ye>s1 & n unfrequ5tly surpass !m 9 brilliancy & fre%ness4 ,if ! ,salmagundi ,pap]s be comp>$ ) ! subsequ5t works ( ! same au?or1 !y w n be f\nd inf]ior 9 orig9ality1 vivacity1 or virtu\s t5d5cy4 ,:ile satire is ! adopt$ weapon ( *a/isem5t1 x w\nds ! vici\s only4 8,we h10 say ! au?ors1 8no fe> ( ! c5sures ( ! wise1 good1 or fair1 = !y w ev] be sacr$ f our attacks4 ,we rev]5ce ! wise1 love ! good1 & adore ! fair3 we decl>e ourselves *ampions 9 _! cause--9 ! cause ( morality--& we ?r[ our gauntlet to all ! _w besides40 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,pet] ,,! ,,great4 ,by ,,john ,,b>r[1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,au?or ( ! 8,ev5tful ,hi/ory ( ! ,mut9y ( ! ,b\nty40 ,) ,portrait4 ,! au?or ( ?is ,biographical ,memoir has arrang$ ! scatt]$ fragm5ts ( ,hi/ories1 ,lives1 ,anecdotes1 & ,notices1 manuscript or pr9t1 ( "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y *>act]s t ev] appe>$ 9 ! _w1 9 any age or c\ntry2--be+ full ( contradictions1 yet consi/5t2 a promot] ( lit]ature1 arts1 & sci5ces1 yet )\t education2 8he gave a poli%10 says ,voltaire1 8to 8 nation1 & 0 himself a savage20 he taught 8 p ! art ( w>1 ( :i* he 0 himself ignorant2 f ! fir/ glance ( a cock-boat1 five hundr$ miles f ! sea1 he became an exp]t %ip-build]1 creat$ a fleet1 p>tly con/ruct$ ) 8 own h&s1 made himself an exp]t sailor1 a skilful pilot1 a great capta93 9 %ort1 he *ang$ ! mann]s1 ! habits1 ! laws ( ! p1 & ! v face ( ! c\ntry4 ,,sket*es ,,( ,,impo/ure1 ,,deception1 ,,& ,,cr$ulity4 ,cr$ulity is s compreh5sive a t]m1 t great] difficulties are enc\nt]$ 9 select+ ?an multiply+ examples4 ,^! 8,sket*es0 take an ext5sive range ov] ! ,pagan sup]/itions--tell ( pret5d$ ,messiahs1 false prophets1 & mock miracles--describe ,h9doo & o!r ,ori5tal deceptions 9 religi\s wor%ip--relate ( royal impo/ors1 milit>y /ratagems1 lit]>y *eats1 & comm]cial bubbles--unfold ! my/]ies ( !fts & =g]ies1 & conclude ) an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! delusions ( al*emy & m$ical frauds4 ,! "w may be consid]$ z a supplem5t to ,scott's 8,lett]s on ,demonology10 & ,brew/]'s on 8,natural ,magic40 ,,! ,,*ronicles ,,( ,,london ,,bridge4 ,by ,,an ,,antiqu>y4 ,illu/rat$4 ,?is is an orig9al "w1 & ! read] w at once p]ceive t ! 8,nom9is umbra0 ( 8,an ,antiqu>y0 conceals a m9d ( no ord9>y m\ld--! possessor ( no common /ore ( erudition4 ,a velvet cu%ion has be5 ! nucleus ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,re=m$ ,*ur*--a libr>y *air t ( a hi/ory ( lit]ature4 ,9 ?is volume ,london ,bridge is select$ z ! bond t is to b9d1 ! av5ue t is to lead f1 anci5t to mod]n ,london4 ,mu* valuable civic hi/ory & leg5d is "h adorn$ ) language1 precise1 classical1 & n]v\s2 :ile ! illu/rations1 fifty-six 9 numb]1 pres5t m p]fect rem9isc5ces ( society & mann]s 9 ! old5 "t ?an ! mo/ te*nical & lab\r$ descriptions4 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,alex&] ,,! ,,great4 ,by ! ,,rev4 ,,john ,,williams1 ,m4,a41 ,head ,ma/] ( ! ,ed9burgh ,academy4 ,map & ,woodcuts4 ,?is volume fills a blank 9 ! ,hi/orical ,libr>y1 & furni%es a capital s*ool-manual4 ,x is n conf9$ to ! m]e exploits ( ! ,mac$onian h]o1 b conta9s a ma/]ly view ( ! times 9 :i* he liv$1 & ( ! mann]s1 cu/oms1 etc4 ( ! ,greeks1 ,p]sians1 ,egyptians1 ,arabs1 & ,indians1 & o!r nations4 ,! :ole /ory is told 9 a mann] calculat$ to /imulate ! curiosity & r\se ! reflection ( ! y\?ful read]4 ,,! ,,sket* ,,book ,,( ,,ge(fry ,,crayon1 ,,esq4 #b ,vols4 ,_h ,mr4 ,irv+ left no o!r memorial ( 8 g5ius ?an ! ,sket* ,book1 x w\ld be alone suffici5t to a p$e/al 9 ! ,palat9e ,libr>y ( ! ,x,i,xth4 c5tury4 ,ju/ly may he cont5d ) ! 8,en*ant] ( ! ,nor?0 9 ! r>e quality ( /ory-tell+1 = nev] 0 a tale m pleasantly told ?an 8,! ,leg5d ( ! ,sleepy ,holl[40 ,nei!r is !re a m exquisitely beautiful or s5tim5tal fragm5t 9 all ! he>t-mov+ sc5es drawn by t able & amiable writ] ?an ,irv+'s sket* ( 8,! ,brok5 ,he>t40 ,,voyages ,,& ,,discov]ies ,,( ,,! ,,companions ,,( ,,columbus4 ,by ,,wa%+ton ,,irv+4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,! extraord9>y actions & adv5tures ( ^! m5 may be said to unite romance & tru?4 ,*ivalry _h left ! l&1 & laun*$ ^u ! deep 9 ! %ips ( ^! ,spani% discov]]s4 ,contempt ( dang]1 & =titude ( suff]+1 a passion = va9-glori\s exploit1 & a bigot$ zeal = ! propagation ( _! fai?1 are ! *>act]i/ics ( ^! m>9e h]oes4 ,! extravagant c>e] ( ! d>+ ,oj$a1 p>ticul>ly 8 adv5tures along ! coa/ ( ,t]ra ,firma1 & ! wild %ores ( ,cuba--! sad /ory ( ,nicuessa--! s+ul> cruise ( ,juan ,ponce de ,leon1 :o fell ^u ! coa/ ( ,florida1 9 8 se>* aft] an imag9>y f\nta9 ( y\?--& above all1 ! *equ]$ =tunes ( ,vasco ,nunez de ,balboa1 ^: discov]y ( ! ,pacific ,ocean =ms "o ( ! mo/ beautiful & /rik+ incid5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,new ,_w1--are s _m examples ( knight-errantry ^u ! high seas4 ,! *>m ( ,mr4 ,irv+'s /yle has nev] be5 display$ m /rik+ly ?an 9 ?is little manual ( true romance4 ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,hi/ory ,,f ,,! ,,creation ,,( ,,! ,,_w4 ,by ,,alex&] ,,fras] ,,tytl]1 ,,"l ,,woodh\selee4 #f ,vols4 ,p]haps few works 9 g5]al lit]ature 7 ev] produc$ m syn!tically1 or ) m vigilant caution ?an 8,! ,univ]sal ,hi/ory40 ,mr4 ,gilp9 reque/$ 8 mo/ le>n$ & judici\s fri5ds to criticize 8 ,,mss41 & = _m ye>s !y 7 submitt$ to ?is :olesome ordeal4 ,! ,univ]sal ,hi/ory at fir/ appe>$ 9 ! =m ( ,lectures1 & 0 receiv$ ) ! mo/ entire approbation ( ! /ud5ts4 ,! sket* ?us c>efully made = oral deliv]y 0 gradually fill$ up1 & ! picture complet$ 9 e "p4 ,! ,au?or's /yle is t]se1 lucid1 & n]v\s1 & 8 plan n only moral1 b m in/ructive ?an any hi!rto pursu$ 9 treat+ ( g5]al hi/ory4 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,sir ,,isaac ,,newton4 ,by ,,sir ,,david ,,brew/]1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,portrait & ,woodcuts4 ,?is is ! only ext5d$ life ( ! greate/ ( ,engli% philosoph]s4 ,9 attempt+ to fill up ?is gap 9 our philosophic & sci5tific lit]ature1 ,sir ,david ,brew/] has n only s\ght out1 f res\rces hi!rto unkn[n1 e fre% & novel p>ticul> reg>d+ 8 life1 b has giv5 ! mo/ lucid explanation ( ,newton's great discov]ies--& has endeav\r$ to r5d] ^! intelligible to all classes ( read]s4 ,a ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,! ,,plague ,,ye>4 ,by ,,daniel ,,de ,,foe4 ,a ,new ,edition1 ) ,hi/orical ,notes by ,e4 ,w4 ,,brayley1 ,f4,s4,a4 8,f ,de ,foe's ,hi/ory ( ! ,plague we may d]ive m in=mation ?an f all ! o!r publications on ! subject put toge!r4 ,he has collect$ all ! facts att5d+ ! rise1 progress1 & t]m9ation ( ! malady2 an accurate report ( ! numb] ( dea?s1 z publi%$ by au?ority2 a fai?ful acc\nt ( ! regulations adopt$ to arre/ & mitigate its fury4 ,b t :i* imp>ts life to ! :ole1 & =ms its di/+ui%+ feature1 is its descriptive imag]y4 ,! effects ^u ! affright$ m9ds ( ! inhabitants are depict$ ) all ! g5u9e pa?os ( nature1 )\t any aim at effect1 b ) ! ease & simplicity ( real life40 ,a ,,classical ,,t\r ,,?r\gh ,,italy4 ,by ! ,,rev4 ,t4 ,,*etwode ,,eu/ace4 ,sev5? ,edition4 ,) great ,additions & ,translations ( ! v>i\s ,quotations f ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,au?ors4 #c ,vols4 ,x 0 ! fate ( ,eu/ace1 l t ( ,bruce1 to see 8 lab\rs reject$1 & 8 v]acity impea*$2 nor did ^! pa9ful ins9uations orig9ate 9 ! *ance ( ignorance4 ,8 hone/y 0 also call$ 9 "q4 ,b tru? 9 bo? in/ances ev5tually prevail$1 & ! writ+s ( bo? ^! amiable b injur$ travell]s are n[ appeal$ to z /&>d works4 ,eu/ace's ,j\rney is n only ! mo/ accurate 9 topography1 ar*itecture1 & politics1 b is1 p> excell5ce1 ! classical t\r ?r\gh ?is l& ( poetry & pa9t+4 ,^? t\ri/s :o w\ld so> above ,eu/ace1 h va9ly s\ght to depreciate 8 le>n+4 ,^? ^: lot 0 ca/ bel[ him1 h ga!r$ f 8 ri* plumage2 b nei!r _h ! c\rage to pass him by 9 sil5ce4 ,9 ?is edition1 :i* is sold at "o-?ird ! co/ ( ! e>li] ones1 ! discov]ies made by excavation s9ce ! au?or's1 dea? h be5 introduc$4 ,,! ,,ev5tful ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,mut9y ,,& ,,piratical ,,seizure ,,( ,,! ,,b\nty4 ,by ,,john ,,b>r[1 ,esq41 ,secret>y to ! ,admiralty4 ,) ,five ,plates f ,orig9al ,sket*es4 8,! ,au?or ( ?is little volume has br\ght into "o connect$ view :at has hi!rto appe>$ only 9 deta*$ fragm5ts--& "s ( ^! n g5]ally accessible--! hi/orical n>rative ( an ev5t :i* deeply int]e/$ ! public at ! "t ( its occurr5ce1 & f :i* ! naval s]vice 9 p>ticul>1 9 all its ranks1 may /ill draw in/ructive & useful lessons4 8,! /ory 9 itself is replete ) int]e/4 ,we are taught by ! ,book ( ,sacr$ ,hi/ory1 t ! disob$i5ce ( our fir/ p>5ts entail$ on our globe ( e>? a s9ful & a suff]+ race2 9 our "t !re has sprung up f ! mo/ ab&on$ ( ?is s9ful family--f pirates1 mut9e]s1 & murd]]s--a little society1 :i*1 "u ! precepts ( t sacr$ volume1 is *>act]iz$ by religion1 morality1 & innoc5ce4 ,! discov]y ( ?is happy p1 z unexpect$ z x 0 accid5tal1 & all t reg>ds _! condition & hi/ory1 p>take s mu* ( ! romantic1 z to r5d] ! /ory n ill-adapt$ = an epic poem40--,au?or's ,preface4 ,,fairy ,,leg5ds ,,& ,,traditions ,,( ,,! ,,s\? ,,( ,,irel&4 ,by ,t4 ,,cr(ton ,,crok]4 ,) num]\s ,cuts4 ,fairy ,tales epitomize ! cu/oms1 & mann]s1 & sup]/itions ( a p 9 by-gone times1 & are !re=e valuable z auxili>y to ! int]pretation ( hi/ory4 ,mr4 ,crok]'s ,iri% ,leg5ds are ri* 9 t racy hum\r t *>act]izes 8 c\ntrym51 & appe> to h exhau/$ ! tradition>y treasures ( ! ,em]ald ,isle4 ,! ,illu/rations are also r$ol5t ( ,hib]nian wit & g5ius1--!y are spirit$ designs1 & 9 ! happie/ mann] ( ,messrs4 ,brooke & ,maclise1 ) ^: m]its ! public are famili>4 ,,! ,,life ,,& ,,times ,,( ,,ri*>d ,i4 ,,surnam$ ,c,,ur-,,de-,,lion1 ,,k+ ,,( ,,engl&4 ,by ,,william ,e4 ,,ayt\n1 ,au?or ( 8,bo?well10 a ,poem4 ,none ( our mon>*s has a*iev$ a wid] fame ?an ,cur-de-,lion1 yet 8 p]sonal hi/ory is ( all o!rs lea/ /udi$ or und]/ood4 ,all m5 "k t he rebell$ aga9/ 8 fa!r1 b comp>atively few are aw>e ( ! cause4 ,all "k t he conduct$ a crusade1 & enc\nt]$ ,salad92 b few are acqua9t$ ) ! ext5t ( 8 conque/s1 or ! causes :i* drove him back a fugitive to ,europe4 ,no p]iod ( ! romantic ages is m int]e/+1 or bett] entitl$ to a close exam9ation4 ,,n>ratives ,,( ,,p]il ,,& ,,suff]+4 ,by ,r4 ,a4 ,,dav5port4 #b ,vols4 ,?is wide field = ! display ( ta/e1 tal5t1 & g5]al acqua9tance ) ! hi/ory ( man 9 8 social "*1 has be5 occupi$ by ,mr4 ,dav5port1 a vet]an 9 elegant lit]ature2 & ! popul>ity :i* 8 selections f ! *ildr5 ( sorr[ has acquir$1 is equal to t ( 8 mo/ successful lab\rs4 ,9 collect+ s _m tales ( woe & ( ent]prise1 ! au?or disclaims ! m]e vanity ( hav+ produc$ a "w ( amusem5t2 he seeks to inculcate ! salut>y lesson1 8t !re are few ?+s t may n be accompli%$ by p]sev]ance & c\rage1 accompani$ by self-comm& & pres5ce ( m9d40 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,bruce1 ,,! ,,african ,,travell]4 ,by ,major ,sir ,,francis ,b4 ,,head1 ,au?or ( 8,r\gh ,notes10 c4 ,bruce's ,travels1 z orig9ally publi%$1 occupy five qu>to volumes1 mix$ up ) ,abyss9ian hi/ory1 & speculations on ,egyptian my?ology4 ,! au?or has contriv$ to compress into ?is little volume ! be/ p>ts ( ,bruce's ,life & volum9\s & exp5sive ,travels1 )\t omitt+ "o incid5t ( importance & int]e/4 ,he has v9dicat$ ! "* ( ,bruce1 by confront+ ! /atem5ts ( 8 accus]s ) ! te/imony ( lat] travell]s4 ,! n>rative _h be5 all[$ univ]sally to possess ! int]e/ ( a romance1 f ! graphic /yle 9 :i* he has describ$ 8 adv5tures & suff]+s1 & ! /range p & c\ntries :i* he visit$3 b ,major ,head has secur$ = ,bruce ! cr$it ( a tru/wor?y au?ority1 9 addition to ! reputation ( an ent]ta9+ n>rator4 ,,! ,,c\rt ,,& ,,camp ,,( ,,buonap>te4 ,) a full-l5g? portrait ( ,pr9ce ,talleyr&1 & o!r ,portraits4 ,?is volume is a suitable & indisp5sable companion to ! ,life ( ,napoleon4 ,x conta9s ! cream 8( _m hundr$ volumes10 9 ! %ape ( ,memoirs1 ,lives1 ,n>ratives1 ,anecdotes1 c41 connect$ ) ,buonap>te1 ) :i* ! press ( ,france has = fifte5 ye>s be5 teem+4 ,x pres5ts rapid1 b vigor\s sket*es ( ! ,emp]or's ,bro!rs1 ,wives1 ,si/]s1 ,m9i/]s1 ,m>%als1 & ,g5]als2 & ^? :o wi% = compet5t k ( 8,napoleon & 8 ,times10 w f9d no "w 9 ! ,engli% language :i* conveys su* in=mation 9 a m concise %ape or a m lively mann]4 ,,! ,,life ,,& ,,voyages ,,( ,,*ri/oph] ,,columbus4 ,by ,,wa%+ton ,,irv+4 ,abridg$ by him f 8 l>g] ,"w4 ,) ,portraits1 ,maps1 c4 ,?is little "w has become a univ]sal s*ool-book 9 ,am]ica4 ,x conta9s all t is mo/ important 9 ! orig9al1 9 a =m m cond5s$1 & m )9 ! rea* ( ! g5]al read]2 :ile ! /ory is told ) ! same _s & grace z 9 ! great "w4 ,z a book ( ent]ta9m5t1 x w be> comp>ison ) any biographical sket* ( ! age4 ,,lives ,,( ,,em95t ,,briti% ,,physicians4 ,) f9e ,portraits & ,woodcuts4 ,! ,lives ( ,physicians furni% a !me by no means defici5t 9 int]e/ & value4 ,f !m h proce$$ "s ( ! greate/ b5efactors ( ! human race2 _! hi/ory ab\nds 9 in/ances ( individuals1 :o1 obscure & small1 h1 by ! vig\r ( _! und]/&+ & _! p]sev]ance1 rais$ !mselves among ! great ( ! l&4 ,! memoirs ( ,cull51 ,hunt]1 & ,baillie1 af=d /rik+ examples ( tal5t & p]sev]ance triumph+ 9 ! mid/ ( difficulties4 ,( ! topics discuss$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is volume1 ! mo/ prom95t are--,! ,discov]y ( ! ,circulation ( ! ,blood1 by ,h>vey4 ,! ,sweat+ ,sickness 9 ! "t ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 ,a ,sket* ( ! ,great ,plague ( ,london1 9 #affd-e4 ,j5n]'s invaluable ,discov]y ( ,vacc9ation4 ,to ?is edition ! names ( ,clutt]buck1 ,p>is1 ,m]riman1 ,*amb]s1 & ,hal=d1 h be5 add$4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,new ,,york1 ,,f ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,,to ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,dut* ,,dyna/y4 ,by ,,di$ri* ,,knick]bock]4 ,plates aft] ,,cruik%ank4 ,?is is a satirical production1 9 :i* ! follies ( ! day are humor\sly depict$ 9 ! p]sons & co/ume ( ! anci5t ,dut* coloni/s :o f\nd$ ,new ,york4 ,! sc5e is local1 ! application direct$ to t city1 to rec5t occurr5ces 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ( measures ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,model ,republic4 ,! satire1 h[ev]1 is n p]sonal1 b aim$ at human "* & conduct1 & may1 !re=e1 be g5]ally felt4 ,,lives ,,( ,,individuals ,,:o ,,rais$ ,,!mselves ,,f ,,pov]ty ,,to ,,em95ce ,,or ,,=tune4 ,by ,r4 ,a4 ,,dav5port4 ,! object ( ?is "w is n m]ely to inculcate a moral lesson to y\?1 b to enc\rage virtue g5]ally by creat+ submission to ! law ( op9ion4 ,:5 mank9d p]ceive m]itori\s ex]tions 9 e rank rew>d$1 & 9 num]\s in/ances cr[n$ ) success1 !y are m /rongly support$ 9 _! resi/ance to difficulties1 & m boldly enc\nt] & conqu] !m4 ,?is s+le volume includes ! mo/ v>i$ memoirs2 :5ce x w appe> t indu/ry & p]sev]ance1 accompani$ by rectitude ( int5tion1 obta9 _! m]it$ rew>d 9 e civiliz$ nation ( our globe4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,mut9y ,,at ,,spi!ad ,,& ,,! ,,nore4 ,by ,j4 ,,neale1 ,esq41 ,au?or ( 8,cav5di%40 ,) an ,inquiry into its ,orig9 & ,treatm5t4 ,) a ,portrait ( ,,ri*>d ,,p>k]4 ,resi/ance to au?orities necess>ily enli/s s few abettors1 t1 ev5 :5 x orig9ates 9 cruelty1 inju/ice1 & injury1 its correction is dem&$ by ! voice ( ! nation4 ,to ?is feel+ mu/ be trac$ ! flagrant p>tiality ( our hi/orians 9 describ+ ! ,mut9y ( ! ,nore1 & _! misrepres5tation ( ! causes ( t calamity4 ,view$ at ?is di/ance ( "t1 x is rememb]$ z ! f\ndation ( t spl5did & p]fect discipl9e :i* has ev] s9ce p]vad$ & adorn$ ! fleet1 & z ! cause = aboli%+ ! despotic practice ( impressm5t4 ,b f ^! memorable movem5ts legislators may receive a lesson1 & le>n h[ mu* m fai?ful freem5 are ?an slaves to a /ate 9 dang]1 & m b9d+ ! ties ( gratitude & affection ?an ! t]ror ( tyranny4 ,?is is ! moral r$uc$ f ! ,mut9y ( ! ,nore 9 ! pres5t hi/ory4 ,,t\r ,,?r\gh ,,s\? ,,holl& ,,& ,,up ,,! ,,rh9e4 ,) #aj ,views1 f ,designs ( ,,lieut4-,,col4 ,,batty4 ,x is /range t ! hi/ory & condition ( ,holl& %\ld be s little kn[n1 & t x till n[ %\ld nev] h be5 made ! subject ( a popul> "w4 ,! object ( ?is little book is n m]ely to af=d ent]ta9m5t1 b to furni% t valuable & practical in=mation1 :i* w r5d] x a desirable guide-book to all :o are tempt$ to take a summ]'s trip across ,holl&1 up ! ,rh9e1 & ?r\gh ,belgium2 visit+ ,rott]dam1 ! ,hague1 ,am/]dam1 ,cologne1 ,cobl5tz1 ,frank=t1 ,brussels1 & ,antw]p4 ,,! ,,lives ,,( ,,scotti% ,,wor?ies4 ,by ,,patrick ,,fras] ,,tytl]1 ,esq4 #c ,vols4 8,tru? is /range1 /rang] ?an fiction40--,! romantic annals ( ,scotl&1 & ! *>act]s ( h] anci5t h]oes--,wallace1 ,bruce1 & ! l1--w g f> to conv]t ?is expression into an axiom4 ,,haddon1 ,,bro!rs1 ,,& ,,co41 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,ca/le ,,/reet1 ,,f9sbury4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$ & hyph5ation has be5 /&>dis$4 ,o!r v>iations 9 spell+ & punctuation rema9 un*ang$4 ,italics are repres5t$ ?us italic & bold ?us bold4