,transcrib]'s notes3      italics       
conv]t$ to      bold conv]t$ to         
small caps conv]t$ to      gesp]rt      
conv]t$ to      page #cc 444he native   
ef=t fr$444 typo repair$ at             
444! native ef=t fre$444     illu/ration
 caption typo /ret*es repair$ at /ret*]s
     illu/ration caption typo c>briole  
repair$ at cabriole     'pat9e' is !    
,fr5* v]sion ( ! ,lat9_/,italian1       
& ,engli% ^w 'pat9a'     page #aa ^w    
scresc5t repair$ = cresc5t     ,?is book
 conta9s in/ances ( hyph5at$ &          
unhyph5at$ v>iants ( words4 ,all reta9$4
       ,,jacobean ,,furniture           
,illu/ration3 ,plate ,i--,,! ,,small    
,,jacobean ,,room ,,( ,,elegance ,,&    
,,intimacy       ,,jacobean ,,furniture 
,,&   ,,engli% ,,/yles ,,9 ,,oak ,,&    
,,walnut    ,,by   ,,hel5 ,,*ur*ill     
,,c&ee    ,au?or ( ,decorative ,/yles & 
,p]iods1   ,! ,tape/ry ,book1 ,etc4     
,,) ,,=ty-,,?ree ,,illu/rations         
,illu/ration    ,,new ,,york   ,,fr$]ick
 ,a4 ,,/okes ,,company   ,,publi%]s     

,copyright1 #aiaf1 by   ,fr$]ick ,a4    
,/okes ,company    ,all rights res]v$   
,,cont5ts     ,,*apt]                   
,,page      ,i ,e>ly ,jacobean ,/yles   
#c       ,james ,i ,cr[n$ #afjc4        
,,ii ,jacobean ,/yles to ,*>les ,,ii    
#ad    ,,iii ,! ,middle ( ! ,c5tury     
#bg         ,end ( ! ,pure ,jacobean4   
,,iv ,c>olean ,/yles or ! ,re/oration   
#cg       ,*>les ,,ii1 #affj to #afhe4  
,v ,! ,end ( ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury        
#dh         ,william & ,m>y1 #afhi-agjb4
     ,,illu/rations     ,,plate    ,i ,!
 small ,jacobean room ( elegance   &    
intimacy                                
,frontispiece                           
,,fac+                                  
,,page    ,,ii ,late ,tudor mantel      
#d    ,,iii ,late ,tudor b$             
#e    ,,iv ,l>ge oak *e/                
#f    ,v ,e>ly ,jacobean *e/ ( c>v$ oak 
#g    ,,vi ,oak *e/ ) draw]s            
#h    ,,vii ,oak /& & m>quetry cab9et   
#i    ,,viii ,gate-leg table1 =m+       
console ) gate   clos$                  

#aj    ,,ix ,oak *airs                  
#aa    ,x ,oak *e/ ( draw]s             
#ab    ,,xi ,e>ly ,jacobean cab9et      
#ac    ,,xii ,oak *airs                 
#af    ,,xiii ,spiral turn$ *air1       
*>act]i/ic ( fir/ half   ( ,c5tury      
#ag    ,,xiv ,oak cab9et1 dat$ #afec    
#bj    ,,xv ,oak gate-leg d9+ table     
#ba    ,,xvi ,oak day b$s               
#bd    ,,xvii ,/u>t *airs               
#be    ,,xviii ,m>quetry cab9et ab\t    
#agjj                       #bh    ,,xix
 ,walnut cab9et                         
#bi    ,,xx ,/u>t settee ) c>v+4 ,second
 half (   ,,xvii ,c5tury                
#db    ,,xxi ,*>les ,,ii *airs 9 v>y+   
/yles 9 c>v+       #dc    ,,xxii ,walnut
 s(a                                    
#dd    ,,xxiii ,gilt mirror1 "t ( ,*>les
 ,,ii                    #de    ,,xxiv  
,int]e/+ *air transitional betwe5 ,/u>t 
,/yles & ,william & ,m>y                
#dh    ,,xxv ,*airs 9 v>iants ( ,william
 & ,m>y               #di    ,,xxvi ,*e/
 ( draw]s 9 burr walnut v5e]            

#ej    ,,xxvii ,small walnut table      
#ea    ,,xxviii ,c>v$ *airs4 ,p]iod (   
,william & ,m>y         #eb    ,,xxix   
,walnut *airs1 ,william & ,m>y          
#ec    ,,xxx ,que5 ,anne s+le *air4     
,que5 ,anne arm   *air4 ,walnut ,que5   
,anne *airs                          #ed
    ,,xxxi ,que5 ,anne *air             
#ee     ,,jacobean ,,furniture          
,,*apt] ,i  ,,e>ly ,,jacobean ,,/yles   
,,james ,i ,,cr[n$ #afjc   ,:5 a passion
 = collect+ antique furniture fir/ swept
 ,am]ica1 & prizes 7 pluck$ f attics1   
cell>s & old b>ns1 ! eagle eye ( !      
amateur s\ght only ^? f9e pieces t 7    
made 9 ! age ( mahogany & sat9-wood4 ,e 
piece 0 dubb$ ,colonial ) ra%           
g5]alisation until ! "t :5 a little     
erudition apportion$ ! well-made        
di/9ctive furniture to its prop]        
classes4 ,!n e p]son ( culture became   
exp]t on eighte5? c5tury furniture1 & ! 
names ( ,*ipp5dale & 8 prolific mates   
fell glibly f all lips4  ,t mu*         
accompli%$1 ! collector & home-mak] !n  

?rew an intellig5t eye on ano!r page (  
hi/ory & realis$ t ! sev5te5? c5tury &  
c]ta9 bits ( oak & walnut t _h /ood     
neglect$1 belong$ to an equally int]e/+ 
p]iod ( ,am]ica's social developm5t4    
,all at once ! ^w ,jacobean 0 on e      
tongue1 z ,colonial _h be5 be=e4        
,attics1 cell>s & b>ns 7 se>*$ aga91 ?is
 "t = oak & walnut1 n mahogany1 & =     
heavy squ>e con/ruction1 n = b&y legs & 
delicate re/ra9t4 ,x 0 ! m>vell\s c>v$  
*e/ t fir/ ann\nc$ itself1 & !n a       
six-legg$ highboy1 & ! l[] "p ( a       
?\s&-legg$ table--:i* n[ we call a gate4
 ,^!1 we said ) inspiration1 are ! gods 
( ! fir/ settl]s2 mahogany is b mod]n   
/uff4  ,b ?is "t we 7 m savant ?an be=e1
 & in/ead ( />v+ our eag] m9ds on !     
occasional resurrect$ ,am]ican bit1 we  
w5t at once to ! s\rce1 to ,engl&1 & !re
 f\nd 9 abundance 7= ! long purse7 a    
*>m+ sequ5ce ( /yles cov]+ all ! times (
 our e>li] hi/ory z settl]s & colonis]s4
 ,?us 7 we able to id5tify ^! /range    
e>ly pieces ( our own & to recognise our

 qu>ry :5 f\nd 9 a du/y corn]4  ,t v old
 pieces /ill are f\nd1 pieces br\ght ov]
 "h 9 ! days ( _! mode1 is prov$ to any 
collector4 ,9 two t[ns on ,long ,isl&   
,s\nd ,i rec5tly f\nd = sale two        
six-legg$ highboys1 ,william & ,m>y1 & t
 great r>ity1 a /raight oak *air kn[n z 
a ,f>?+ale *air1 made )\t arms = !      
purpose ( accommodat+ ! enorm\s cr9ol9e 
or f>?+ale ( its day4 ,?is *air may h   
support$ ! /iffly dress$ ladies (       
,elizabe?'s c\rt1 s l x 0 to ! ,italian 
models ( ,tudor times4  ,illu/ration3   
,plate ,,ii--,,late ,,tudor ,,mantel    
,f a h\se built 9 #afjf1 :i* %[s a ton+ 
( ,tudor /yle into ,jacobean            
,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iii--,,late      
,,tudor ,,b$    ,) motifs :i* *>act]is$ 
e>ly ,jacobean c>v+1 dat$ #aeic  ,! pity
 ( x is1 t no soon] _h ! arti/ic eye ( !
 true collector begun to se>* = sev5te5?
 c5tury furniture ?an ! comm]cial eye ( 
! mod]n manufactur] began to make hide\s
 v>iations on its sali5t features4 ,he  
caught ! "n ( ,jacobean & to e piece (  

ill-drawn furniture he affix$ a spiral  
leg & ! ,/u>t "n2 or1 he set a s]p5t9e  
flat /ret*] & call$ 8 mahogany d9+ set1 
,william & ,m>y4 ,^! ta/eless ?+s fill  
our dep>tm5t /ores1 & x is !y t are     
rapidly fill+ ,am]ican homes4 ,& ! wor/ 
( x is1 t bo? buy]s & sell]s are />tl+ly
 yet pa!tically glib ) atta*+ hi/oric   
names to ! mongrel /uff1 & ?us are !y   
misl$4  ,new furniture mu/ be made1     
h[ev]1 or resort mu/ be _h to soap-boxes
 & hammocks4 ,! old models are ! be/ to 
foll[ = ! reason t ! pres5t is n an age 
( creation 9 ?is direction4 ,! /yli/ is 
always a hobby-rid]1 & ,i mu/ confess to
 t =m ( activity1 b x is always ) ! idea
 9 m9d to make & keep our homes         
beautiful4 ,& s ,i make ! plea to       
manufactur]s to /ick to old models (    
tri$ beauty1 & to buy]s to educate _!   
ta/e until !y reject a hybrid or mongrel
 movable ) ! same outrag$ s5se t !y     
reject a mongrel dog4  ,n[ let u pass   
?r\gh ! gate t leads to happy           
hunt+-gr\nds ( /udy :]e we f9d hi/oric  

m5 & wom51 bo? royal & common1 mak+ !   
times t call$ = ! furniture we n[ admire
 z deeply z !y admir$ x4  ,"o might     
almo/ say t s9ce ,h5ry ! ,eigh?'s       
introduction ( ! /yles ( ! ,italian     
,r5aissance into ,engl&1 t c\ntry has   
produc$ no orig9al /yle ( furniture4 ,b 
le/ ?is /atem5t be res5t$ by affront$   
savants & hurt s5tim5tali/s1 side by    
side ) t fact mu/ be plac$ ano!r1 t     
,engl& has play$ ^u ! /yles %e import$ )
 su* skill & grace t %e has ?us produc$ 
v>iants ( great & peculi> beauty4       
,engl& has tak5 ! furniture creations ( 
,europe ?r\gh ! c5turies & has impress$ 
!m ) h] national traits1 ) a result+    
beauty entirely h] own4 ,! effect is    
bewild]+ to all b ! /ud5t ( /yles1 = )\t
 /udy "o is (t5 unable to acc\nt = c]ta9
 alt]ations ( detail & con/ruction4 ,x  
_c be too (t5 repeat$ t z ea* nation 9  
turn adopt$ ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 t   
nation impress$ its own signet ^u !     
/yle4 ,?us came all ! v>iations4  ,x is 
to be rememb]$ t 9 ! case ( ,engl&1 !   

affair is "o ( great int]e/ &           
complication4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury       
,pi/accio & 8 arti/ mates hurri$ f      
,italy at ! bidd+ ( ,h5ry ,,viii &      
plant$ _! classic patt]ns 9 ! ,briti%   
k+dom4 ,t 0 an infusion ( ! pure        
,r5aissance draw+ is visible b ) a g5]al
 flatt5+ ( ! relief blood ( !           
,r5aissance1 & x la/$ well into         
,elizabe?'s "t be=e ! ,anglo-,saxon     
temp]am5t alt]$ x *>act]i/ically4       
,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iv--,,l>ge ,,oak 
,,*e/    ,9 noble/ type ( e>ly ,jacobean
 c>v+  ,c\rtesy ( ,*>les  ,illu/ration3 
,plate ,v--,,e>ly ,,jacobean ,,*e/ ,,(  
,,c>v$ ,,oak  ,by ! "t ,james ,i1 9     
#afjc1 e/abli%$ ! ,/u>t reign1 ! /yle   
became m>k$ly ,briti%1 & ,briti% /yles  
call$ ,jacobean 9 complim5t to ,james'  
,lat9iz$ "n1 prevail$ until ano!r       
import$ fa%ion came along4 ,!n came     
ano!r & ano!r1 & s on ev5 until ! end ( 
,georgian /yles & ! beg9n+ ( ,victorian4
  ,! ,jacobean /yle develop$ s]5ely1    
play+ happy pranks ) itself1 alt]$ by   

me*anical inv5tions & by new woods1     
until ! second half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1
 :5 ,*>les ,,ii introduc$ /rong ,fr5*   
influ5ce & ,portuguese--:i* 0 n greatly 
diff]5t f ,spani%4 ,! ,fr5* influ5ce    
came lightly f ! light ladies ( !       
frivol\s c\rt1 & ! ,portuguese f ,*>les'
 que51 ,ca!r9e1 ^: home 0 ,braganza4    
,bombay z h] d[ry ?rew ,ea/]n col\rs &  
design into ! mle4  ,briti% /yles 7 n   
yet to be let alone1 = no soon] 0 !     
,fr5* way set ?an ! ,dut* patt]n appe>$1
 br\ght ov] by ,william & ,m>y4         
,delicately x came at fir/1 giv+ place =
 h9ts f ! c\rt ( ,l\is ,,xiv1 & !n 9    
full =ce by ! "t ,anne took ! sceptre 9 
#agjc4 ,& all ^! /yles import$ ?r\gh\t !
 sev5te5? c5tury1 :at 7 !y b ! sev]al   
int]pretations ( ! ,r5aissance z x 0    
express$ 9 ,france1 ,portugal1 & ,holl&8
 ,let n ! /ud5t /agg] "u ^!             
complications ( ,engli% /yles1 = al?\gh 
!re are yet m reasons = ! %apes &       
ornam5t ( furniture 9 ,engl& dur+ !     
sev5te5? c5tury !y are all bright )     

incid5ts ( k+s & c\rts4  ,tudor mon>*s  
/op 9 #afjc at ,elizabe?'s dea?1 b      
,tudor /yles 7 n at once outgr[n1 r !y  
l+] along f> into ! sev5te5? c5tury1    
heavily & elegantly reg>d+ ! newly ?ron$
 ,/u>ts & _! bewit*+ mann]s4 ,! ,tudor  
table1 = in/ance1 0 a s]i\s piece (     
furniture1 put toge!r z squ>ely &       
solidly z a h\se4 ,its endur+ qualities 
are prov$ by ! numb] ( ^! tables /ill   
extant :i*1 z refectory tables1 are !   
sm>t ?+ = ! d9+-room ( to-day4 ,bulb\s  
legs ) ,italian c>v+1 heavy squ>e       
/ret*]s l[ on ! gr\nd1 & draw-tops1 are 
! di/+ui%+ features4 ,x is ev5 sugge/$  
by ! erudite t ^! tables are ! la/      
flick] ( ! /yle left by ! ,romans dur+  
_! occupation ( ,engl&1 s l are !y to   
pictur$ tables ( ,rome at t "t4  ,to fix
 9 ! m9d c]ta9 important motifs us$ 9   
e>ly ,jacobean c>v+1 a pause may be made
 be=e ! f9e oak b$ pictur$ 9 ,plate #c1 
t we may discuss !m4 ,x is dat$ #aeic1  
t5 ye>s be=e ,james ,i1 b1 al?\gh       
,tudor1 x has c]ta9 decorative features1

 ! developm5t ( :i* 0 left to !         
,jacobean /yles ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4    
,note especially among ^! ! *>act]i/ic  
r\nd ar* sav\r+ ( ! ,norman1 ( :i* two  
are %[n on ! b$'s head4 ,^! ar*es frame 
a r\gh inlay :i* appe>s also on ! squ>e 
blocks ( ! te/]4 ,holly & bog oak 7 !   
fav\rite woods = ?is inlay on oak1 woods
 obdurate en\gh to make ! lab\r         
difficult4 ,! half-circle repeat is us$ 
freely z a m\ld+ on ! headbo>d1 & ?is   
develops 9 lat] furniture into an       
important motif4 ,! g5]al con/ruction ( 
?is b$ is noble 9 its proportions1 & 9  
all *anges ( fa%ion mu/ x /& ) ! dignity
 ( a temple4  ,illu/ration3 ,plate      
,,vi-,,oak ,,*e/ ,,) ,,draw]s    ,?is is
 c>v$ ) all ! *>act]i/ic motifs ( e>ly  
,jacobean   "w--! ar*1 ! guillo*e1 ! ,s 
curve 9 pairs  ,illu/ration3 ,plate     
,,vii--,,oak ,,/& ,,& ,,m>quetry        
,,cab9et    ,"h are comb9$ ! ,jacobean  
robu/ /r5g? & ,spani% ,moresque   detail
  ,z pictures on a scre5 melt "o into   
ano!r1 s /yles m]ge4 ,plate #f %[s a *e/

 full ( ,jacobean promise yet reta9+    
,tudor feel+4 ,! fact t x has draw]s "u 
! c(f] pron\nces x z a novelty ( ! e>ly 
sev5te5? c5tury1 & !re=e ,jacobean4  ,x 
especially well illu/rates ! patt]n =   
c>v+ t occupi$ work]s ?r\gh ! reign (   
,james ,i4 ,!re is ! ,norman ar*1 l[ &  
wide1 set on %ort supports :i* h n[ lo/ 
_! ar*itectural look ( a column4 ,!     
ar*es at ! ends h z ornam5t ! guillo*e1 
t l9e ( circles t s9u\sly proce$s ?r\gh 
all t "t4 ,! c>v+ j "u ! lid %[s !      
*>act]i/ic ,s curve 9 "o ( its _m       
v>ieties1 & ! l9e ( decoration j above !
 draw]s indicates ! developm5t ( !      
half-circle4 ,?us are %[n 9 ?is "o e>ly 
piece ! pr9cipal motifs ( ! c>v]s :o 7  
coax+ ! models ( a pa/ ,r5aissance into 
an expression t 0 entirely ,briti%4  ,! 
small oak cupbo>d on ,plate #aa is ano!r
 transition piece1 be+ 9 feel+ bo?      
,tudor & ,jacobean4 ,"h ! guillo*e is   
enl>g$ to =m a panel ornam5t1 & !       
acan?us becomes a long f]n frond to     
ornam5t ! uprights4 ,"o h>dly feels1    

h[ev]1 t ?is piece 0 ev] ! accompanim5t 
( elegant liv+1 al?\gh mu* antiquity    
gives its pres5t di/9ction4  ,cont9u+ ) 
! l[ r\nd ar* z an ornam5t 9 ! l[-relief
 c>v+ ( ,james' "t1 an example ( its use
 is giv5 9 ! fold+ gate-legg$ table :i* 
is ! prop]ty ( ! au?or 7,plate #h74 ,!  
turn$ legs f9i%$ ) squ>es1 top & bottom1
 are *>act]i/ic ( ! fir/ qu>t] ( !      
c5tury4 ,! ar* is "h us$ z an apron to  
give elegance1 & above is a draw] c>v$ )
 leaves4 ,9 con/ruction ?is table       
pres5ts ?ree sides to ! front1 z does ! 
cab9et j consid]$1 & its ,italian       
inspiration is evid5t4 ,l all old oak ( 
! "t1 x is put toge!r ) wood5 pegs1 &   
be>s ! m>vell\s pat9e ( "t4  ,_h ! *airs
 ( e>ly ,/u>t "t n be5 heavily made &   
squ>ely con/ruct$ we w\ld n h _h s _m   
examples ) :i* to gladd5 ! eye4 ,almo/  
)\t exception !y are v>iants ( !        
,italian1 orig9ality hav+ n !n appe>$   
possible to *air mak]s4 ,?ree ( ! f\r   
*airs 9 ! plates illu/rate ?is s well t 
x is wor? :ile to make a comp>ison ) old

 ,italian *airs4  ,illu/ration3 ,plate  
,,viii--,,gate-,,leg ,,table4 ,,=m+     
,,console ,,) ,,gate ,,clos$    ,! turn$
 legs ) squ>e bases & tops indicate date
 z e>ly   z #afaj4   ,! deep apron c>v$ 
) frett$ ar* is an unusual feature      
,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ix--,,oak ,,*airs
 ,e>ly ,,xvii    ,c5tury ,italian       
,inspiration  ,! *air on ,plate #i ) a  
cresc5t-%ap$ c>v+ on ! back _h its fir/ 
inspiration 9 ,v5ice1 t great port gett+
 ! idea f ! w>es ( ,con/ant9ople :i* !  
m]*ant %ips br\ght to h] ) prodigality4 
,all ( ^! *airs are ( ! squ>e           
con/ruction t endures1 & all h balu/]   
legs b ( diff]5t /yles ( turn+4 ,all are
 und]/ay$ ) hone/ /ret*]s1 b "o has !   
front /ret*] close to ! floor1 indicat+ 
a little e>li] mode4 ,! colonnade (     
ar*es =m+ ! back is ne>] its ,italian   
orig9 :]e a column supports ! ar* r ?an 
a bulb\s sp9dle4  ,"o m feature to note 
on ^! *airs1 t is common to bo? late    
,tudor & e>ly ,jacobean /yles1 is !     
decoration ( split sp9dles or p5dants   

appli$ to a flat surface4 ,?is          
decoration is a fav\rite = wood panell+1
 = *e/s ( draw]s & all l>ge pieces ab\t 
! middle ( ! c5tury4  ,we h b to call to
 m9d ! co/ume ( ,h5rietta ,m>ia1 ! que5 
( ,*>les ,i1 to realise :y ^! armless   
*airs 7 ! mo/ popul> ( ! "t2 ! volum9\s 
skirts ( ! ladies ( ! c\rt--:om o!rs    
imitat$--c\ld n h be5 squeez$ into an   
arm *air ) c\rtly grace4  ,! sort ( room
 9 :i* ?is furniture 0 set--h[ happy we 
( to-day w\ld be to h _! panell+6       
,occasionally an entire room is tak5 f  
"s old ,engli% home & set up 9 "o ( our 
,am]ican dwell+s1 su* z ! rooms n[ own$ 
by ,mr4 ,fr$]ick ,pratt & ,mr4 ,w4 ,r4  
,he>/4 ,& ?us we "k :at beauty surr\nd$ 
! ,engli% family ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago4  
,panell+ 9 squ>es cov]$ ! walls f floor 
to ceil+ or to a high level1 above :i*  
hung tape/ries or embroid]ies4 ,& z !   
ar*itect ( ! h\se compos$ ! panell+ x 0 
drawn ) su* skill z to miss ei!r        
hap-haz>d or monotony4  ,! l95-fold     
panel ( ,go?ic & e>ly ,tudor popul>ity 0

 no long] repeat$4 ,! true ,jacobean    
panel is small & squ>e ) c>v+ on !      
pila/]s & cornice 9 rooms ( elegance4   
,to ?is day no m home-l way ( treat+ !  
walls ( l>ge rooms has be5 devis$ ?an   
?is wood panell+1 :i* gives a s5se (    
seclusion & ( ri*ness t is nev] s well  
imp>t$ except by ! use ( tape/ry--& !   
comb9ation ( ! two ne>ly approa*es      
p]fection4  ,jacobean /yles1 s-call$1   
ext5d ?r\gh ! great] "p ( ! c5tury1 b   
ea* succe$+ ,/u>t m>k$ 8 special        
progress on !m4 ,! /yles ( ! fir/ k+s1  
,james ,i & 8 son ,*>les ,i1 lift$ !    
family movables f heav9ess to comp>ative
 lightness1 & grew away f ! ,r5aissance 
9 truly orig9al ways4 ,on ?is fact re/s 
mu* ( its int]e/4 ,! o!r great fact = u 
is t ^! ye>s ( ! fir/ ,/u>t k+s 7 ! ye>s
 ( ! fir/ ,am]ican colonisation4        
,illu/ration3 ,plate ,x--,,oak ,,*e/ ,,(
 ,,draw]s    ,an int]e/+ example ( !    
,jacobean use ( decorative m\ld+s       
,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xi--,,e>ly       
,,jacobean ,,cab9et    ,c>v$ & put      

toge!r ) wood5 pegs4 ,a guillo*e c>v+   
ornam5ts   ea* panel     ,,*apt] ,,ii   
,,jacobean ,,/yles ,,to ,,*>les ,,ii    
,brutally natural we may call ! e>li]   
*>act]s 9 ,engli% hi/ory1 b atta*$ to ! 
,/u>t "n !re is always poetic romance4  
,& )\t romance :at w\ld our lives be6 ,s
 :5 we sit 9 our lov$ libr>y or d9+-room
 at home1 embelli%$ by a few bits (     
furniture su* z ! ,/u>ts liv$ among1 ^? 
bits are l consolidat$ /ories1 ?+s to   
dream ab\t 9 ! h\rs ( ease4  ,james ,i &
 8 son ,*>les c>$ ab\t ?+s !y liv$ )1 & 
c>$1 too1 ab\t giv+ !m z mu* z possible 
a c]ta9 lightness ( effect1 9 revolt f  
,tudor bulk4 ,p]haps ! necessity =      
surpass+ /r5g? 0 wan+4 ,m5 no long] wore
 tons ( arm\r1 furniture 9 ! sev5te5?   
c5tury no long] j\rney$ f ca/le to      
ca/le4 ,inigo ,jones 0 at "w also1 ) 8  
m>vell\s tal5t at classical ar*itecture1
 sett+ a /&>d ( *e]ful elegance 9 design
 t light5$ ! ,tudor magnific5ce4  ,:5   
,james ,i began to rule 9 #afjc1 ,inigo 
,jones1 a lightsome "y man ( ?irty1 0   

employ$ by ! ,k+ z a compos] ( masques4 
,aft] develop+ 8 ar*itect's tal5t he    
produc$ ! palace at ,:itehall1 ,hatfield
 ,h\se & o!r resid5ces4 ,8 also 0 !     
inv5tion t ?rew ov] ! /eps to ! ,?ames !
 noble wat]-gate1 ,york ,/airs1 t /&s   
!re n[1 a record ( ! m]ry days :5 ladies
 & cavali]s1 all gay z fl[]s1 cross$ !  
gre5sw>d1 fil$ "u ?is ri*ly c>v$ ar*1 & 
7 h&$ into elegantly equipp$ b>ges on ! 
riv]4  ,:ile ?+s ( an arti/ic sort 7    
progress+ 9 ,engl&1 o!r ev5ts closely   
conc]n+ u 9 ,am]ica 7 also active4 ,!   
entire c5tury runs two p>allel l9es (   
hi/ory1 "o t ( ! gaiety ( ! h\se 9 p[]1 
! o!r t ( ! /ruggle ( ! p divid$ into   
religi\s sects4 ,:ile 'twas m]ry 9 !    
,hall1 :5 be>ds wagg$ all1 p]secution 0 
rife among religioni/s1 & ! ,puritans 7 
f9d+ x h>d to /ay 9 _! own lov$ l&4     
,?us came ! suff]]s to ,am]ica to plant 
new homes2 & ?us com+1 br\ght ) !m su*  
furniture z 0 9 vogue at ! "t ( migrat+4
 ,& s x happ5s t our e>lie/ bits (      
furniture1 *airs t support$ grim        

,pilgrim fa!rs1 tables :i* 7 set out by 
provid5t ,puritan mo!rs & maids1 are    
,jacobean 9 mode4 ,! *air ( ,eld]       
,brew/] :i* has asylum 9 ,h>t=d1 ,conn41
 is a f9e example ( ! heavy turn$ "w ( !
 day1 & num]\s oak *airs %[ ! /rap-"w & 
o!r l[-relief c>v+ s well kn[n 9 e>ly   
,jacobean pieces4  ,"o especial class ( 
*air 7,plate #ab7 :5 f\nd 9 ,engl& is   
call$ = "o ( its %ires1 ,york%ire1 b :5 
drawn f ,new ,engl& hid+ places1 we "n x
 a wa9scote *air4 ,! design ( ! back    
easily gives reason = ! "n1 = x is =m$ f
 a bit ( panell+ simil> to t 9 vogue =  
walls4 ,/olid & /rong are ^! *airs1     
squ>e-built & /ay$ ) f\r /rong /ret*]s1 
usually ne> ! floor4  ,! collector      
consid]s ! *>m irresi/ibly increas$ :5 !
 front /ret*] is well worn ) ! friction 
( _m feet1 ! re/+ feet ( a long         
procession t has walk$ d[n ! c5turies4  
,ev5 bett] is ! smoo?ness ( ! *air-arms 
:i* comes by contact ) ! human h&1 t    
re/less memb] ) a habit ( idly rubb+ an 
invit+ surface4 ,l all mak]s ( *airs1 ! 

anci5t cab9et-mak] left back-legs 9     
utilit>ian simplicity1 :ile he limit$   
v>iety to ! front-legs4 ,9 ?is type (   
*air1 turn+ gave ! usual ornam5tation4  
,?is balu/] effect _h _m v>ieties1 b all
 unit$ 9 f9i%+ ) a squ>e block at !     
bottom & :]e ! seat-frame met ! leg1 or 
:]e ! front /ret*] cross$1 if x 0 plac$ 
high4  ,! ornam5tation ( ! back 0 done )
 ! light _s t di/+ui%$ e>ly ,jacobean   
/yles f ! prec$+ ,italian models1 yet   
)\t ! elegance t appe>$ lat] 9 ! c5tury4
 ,^! *airs und\bt$ly h *>m & int]e/1 b z
 works ( art !y are n comp>able to ^?   
:i* prec$$1 nor to ^? :i* foll[$4 ,!y 71
 h[ev]1 di/9ctly ,engli%1 & z su*1 comm&
 int]e/4  ,illu/ration3 ,plate          
,,xii--,,oak ,,*airs    ,call$ bo?      
,wa9scote & ,york%ire *airs             
,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xiii--,,spiral   
,,turn$ ,,*air1 ,,*>act]i/ic ,,( ,,fir/ 
,,half ,,( ,,c5tury  ,a close /udy ( !  
motifs us$ by ! wood-c>v] %[s all !     
fav\rite l9es1 ! guillo*e1 t ev] int]e/+
 play ^u circles1 ! ,s curve 9 pairs1 ! 

r\nd$ ar*1 ! half-circle1 ! rose & !    
tulip4 ,cu%ions 7 a "p ( ! *air's       
equipm5t4 ,! tir$ ladies ( ! sev5te5?   
c5tury 7 n ask$ to recup]ate on a ?ick  
oak plank uns(t5$ by padd+4 ,loose      
cu%ions ( velvet & ( embroid]y 7 usual1 
= ?is 0 an age :5 h&some fabrics 7 made 
all ov] ,europe1 & freely us$ 9 fla%+   
blue & ruby r$ aga9/ ! oak4  ,ne>ly     
alli$ to ! wa9scote *air1 yet inf9itely 
m ref9$1 is ! *air ( spiral p>ts1 ) back
 & seat uphol/]$4 ,)\t arms x 0 fav\r$  
by ladies ( volum9\s petticoats :o      
patt]$ ab\t ! ?rones ( ,james ,i &      
,*>les ,i4 ,) arms x is sometimes call$ 
,cromwellian1 sugge/+ t ! d\ghty        
,dictator rul$ !refrom4 ,b ! au/]ity ( !
 wa9scote *air seems m fitt+ to 8       
resolute mann]4  ,?is turn$ *air ) its  
padd$ back & seat1 s (t5 dignifies our  
mod]n int]iors t x is wor? our :ile to  
"k ab\t x4 ,:ile ! wa9scote *air belong$
 m especially to cottage furniture :i* 0
 made all ov] ,engl& accord+ to v>y+    
local ta/e1 ?is *air 0 m or less ( an   

ari/ocrat1 & furni%$ ! halls ( weal?4   
,its orig9 is ,italian4 ,france us$ x   
freely1 b %e too got h] fir/ model f !  
,italians4 ,9 ! "t ^! *airs prevail$1   
,engl& outside ( ,london 0 scant (      
luxury4 ,! homes ( all b ! weal?ie/ 7   
%ort ( ! com=ts t ameliorate ! jolt (   
life's c> 9 ^! our mod]n days4  ,b !    
:ole c\ntry 0 spr9kl$ ) inns & tav]ns   
:]e9 7 ga!r$ su* luxuries z ! times     
af=d$1 & ?i!r w5t ! man ( ! family1 bor$
 by ! too rigid mann] ( ! home4 ,^? :o  
travell$1 too1 9 ! saddle or by lumb]+  
coa*1 fell happily into ! w>m embrace ( 
! *airs at ! hospitable inn at ea* /op  
on ! j\rney4 ,! po/-road made ! /r+1 !  
inns ! pe>ls1 & 9 ?is way ! surface (   
,engl& 0 cov]$ ) a net = ! delectation (
 ! re/less4 ,b old-"t descriptions ( !  
highways1 _! ruts & sl\ghs1 _! highwaym5
 ev51 %[ h[ labori\s 7 ! j\rney+s & h[ m
 ?an glad 7 travell]s to alight4  ,b5   
,jonson decl>$ a tav]n *air to be !     
?rone ( human felicity4 ,?us he spoke   
praise1 n only ( ! inn b ( su* furniture

 z pleases u 9 ^! days4 ,if1 !re=e1 any 
husb& ( to-day rebel aga9/ ! /iffness ( 
backs1 or weakness ( legs1 ( ! antique  
*airs at home1 let him be rem9d$ (      
,jonson's op9ion on ^! same *airs4  ,!  
*air ) spiral legs & o!r memb]s runs    
?r\gh ! l>g] half ( ! c5tury1 & has     
significant v>iations4 ,"o %[n on ,plate
 #ac has a female head on ! uprights ( !
 arms1 :i* repres5ts ,m>y ( ,mod5a4 ,!  
figure is giv5 at full l5g? 9 a model t 
our furniture manufactur]s h _m times   
repeat$4  ,:ile balu/] legs = *airs &   
o!r furniture 7 a product ( ! reign ( ! 
fir/ ,james1 we may set d[n ! m elegant 
spiral twi/ z an evid5ce ( a bett]      
develop$ ta/e = :i* a few lead]s 7      
responsible4 ,su* a man z ,inigo ,jones 
mu/ h influ5c$ widely ! public ta/e 9   
all lib]al arts4 ,al?\gh 8 examples 7   
set 9 ! l>g] art ( ar*itecture1 ! cr[d  
swagg]+ ab\t ! ,banquet+ ,hall1 :i* /ill
 excites our delight at ,:itehall1 mu/ h
 be5 inspir$ to introduce a da9ti] /yle 
at home4  ,x 0 9 #afbe t ,*>les ,i      

succe$$ 8 fa!r1 & soon aft] invit$ ,van 
,dyck to be ( ^? :o surr\nd$ ! royal    
p]son4 ,x sometimes seems to ! art-seek+
 t\ri/1 t ,*>les' patronage ( art _h z  
motive ! production ( an inf9ity (      
portraits ( 8 own mu*-frizz$1 mu*-dress$
 self4 ,b ap>t f pa9t+ portraits ( !    
,k+1 :i* ! model made a bit pa!tic1     
?r\gh ! attempt to associate maje/y )   
preciosity1 ,van ,dyck _h a l>ge "p 9   
improv+ ,engl&'s ta/e4 ,ano!r "n is t ( 
,sir ,francis ,crane1 he :o help$ 8     
royal ma/] ) ! noble art ( tape/ry-mak+ 
at ! ,mortlake ,works4  ,to cont9ue ) ! 
use ( ! spiral leg--z its mod]n use     
creates int]e/ 9 ! subject--x is f\nd z 
! support on ^? mo/ entic+ ( tables1 !  
gate-leg4 ,n t all gate-leg tables are  
?us made4 ,alas no1 economy travels     
heavily 9 all ages1 s ! less exp5sive   
balu/] turn+ prevail$4 ,b ! spiral is ! 
fav\rite & gives great value to ! old   
tables4 ,r>ely inde$ are !y to be f\nd  
at b>ga9s s9ce we 9 ,am]ica h tak5 to   
collect+ ,jacobean furni%+s4  ,gate-leg 

tables are labell$ ) ! "n ( ,cromwell by
 ^? lik+ to fix a date by atta*+ to x a 
rul]4 ,)\t d\bt1 ! great ,common] lean$ 
8 we>y elb[s on su* a table :5 ?+s w5t  
wrong1 or curv$ a smil+ lip above x--if 
he c\ld smile--:5 ! table 0 weight$ )   
sav\ry ,puritan vi&s4 ,b = _m ye>s be=e 
,cromwell1 ,engli% homes _h f\nd !      
gate-leg table a mobile & conv5i5t      
replac] ( ! massive refectory tables (  
,tudor or ,roman inspiration4  ,9 l>ge  
size ^! tables set a fea/ = ! family1 9 
small] draw+ !y held ! ev5+ light2 or1  
small] yet1 !y assi/$ ! h\se-"m at h]   
sew+4 ,! wond] is n t we ( to-day f9d !m
 invaluable1 b t mank9d ev] let !m g out
 ( fa%ion4 ,collect !m if y h ! purse1 b
 if y mu/ buy a mod]n copy1 rememb] t   
mahogany 0 n 9 use = furniture 9 ,engl& 
until ! c5tury aft]1 = mod]n            
manufactur]s fl\t *ronology & produce   
gate-leg tables 9 ! wood ( :i* !        
orig9als 7 nev] made4 ,!y ev5 lacqu] !m1
 9 defiance ( hi/ory4  ,illu/ration3    
,plate ,,xiv--,,oak ,,cab9et1 ,,dat$    

#afec    ,decorat$ ) split sp9dles1 & ) 
inlay "m-(-pe>l1 ivory   & ebony4   ,!  
legs %[ t5d5cies n develop$ until ! next
 c5tury "u   ,que5 ,anne  ,illu/ration3 
,plate ,,xv--,,oak ,,gate-,,leg ,,d9+   
,,table    ,) oval top & r>ely          
proportion$ spiral legs4 ,a draw]       
di/+ui%es ! piece  ,s9ce ! fa%ion is =  
old tables 9 ! d9+-room1 ^! ,jacobean   
gate-leg tables are f\nd practical z    
well z beautiful4 ,! l>ge size1 ab\t f\r
 & a half feet wide by six feet long1   
accommodates a mod]ate family & pres5ts 
none ( ! inconv5i5ces t make c]ta9      
antiques m]e objects ( art or curios4 ,i
 mu/ confess to a ?rill ( delight :5    
sitt+ at su* an old oak bo>d set out )  
old lace & silv]1 n only = its obvi\s   
beauty1 b by ! ?\ght ( ! gr\ps :o h     
ga!r$ !re ?r\gh ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 gr\ps 
( v>y+ cu/oms1 v>y+ habits ( ?\ght1 v>y+
 fa%ions 9 dress1 yet human l ourselves1
 & prone to make ( ! d9+-table a circle 
( joy4  ,! inlaid cab9et on ,plate #aa  
is an ari/ocrat4 ,?\gh x is dat$ #afec x

 exhibits ! split sp9dles ( e>li] ye>s1 
& ^! are execut$ ) su* nice feel+ t !y  
accord well ) ! ,italian look ( ! piece4
 ,9 tru?1 its pr9cipal decoration is    
,italian1 an elaborate use ( inlay 9 "m 
( pe>l1 ivory & ebony4 ,its feet1 too1  
are entirely un-,engli%1 yet x rema9s a 
,jacobean piece ( ,engli% make4 ,!      
influ5ces always at "w 9 ,engl& left _! 
m>k on ! developm5t ( ,engli% /yles4    
,always & always a mon>* 0 m>ry+ a =eign
 wife1 or import+ a c\rt pa9t] or       
ar*itect1 & ^! folk naturally br\ght )  
!m ! fa%ions ( _! own c\ntries4 ,x seem$
 z ?\gh ! ,engli% knew t native art 0 n 
a fl[] ( ! fir/ ord] ( beauty & s 7     
mode/ ab\t x1 & ev] will+ to adopt ! art
 ( o!r c\ntries4  ,x is ! cu/om ( !     
inexact to include 9 ,jacobean furniture
 all ! /yles ( ! sev5te5? c5tury up to !
 "t ( ,william & ,m>y1 & ?is gives to   
su* loose classification an extraord9>y 
v>iety4 ,furniture does n die ) a mon>*1
 nor d new designs />t up 9 a night2    
goods la/ aft] ! ma/] has gone1 & ! new 

ma/] uses ! old /yle until a lat] "o has
 be5 evolv$4 ,james di$ & ,*>les ,i took
 8 place 9 ! ye> #afbe1 b ! light5+ &   
elaborat+ ( furniture came n all at     
once1 & dep5d$ z mu* on me*anical       
inv5tion & ! use ( new woods z on ! rise
 & fall ( mon>*s4  ,& yet1 z ! fir/ man 
to be pleas$ 0 ! k+1 & z ! k+ 9 ,*>les' 
case _h a light] nature ?an 8 =]unn]s & 
_h moreov] a ,cont95tal enc\rag+ ( t    
lightness1 we fancy we see an evid5ce ( 
gaiety1 ( jocundity1 9 ! furniture ( 8  
day4 ,he 0 a k+ :o int5d$ to take all ! 
privileges ( 8 /ate1 & "o ( ^! 0 to     
surr\nd himself ) beauty ( ! type t     
br\ght no rem9d]s ( h>d liv+ nor s]i\s  
?9k+1 no h9t ( grim ,puritan asceticism4
  ,s ! oak ( ,engl& :i* _h suppli$      
au/]ity 0 n[ c>v$ into %apes hi!rto     
unkn[n4 ,typical ( ! results ( elaborate
 oak c>v+ are ! *airs 9 ,plate #ag4 ,!  
arm-*air is a typical example ( a *air (
 ! middle ye>s ( ! c5tury1 & lat]4 ,"h !
 squ>e con/ruction ( ! *air is n alt]$ f
 ,tudor days1 b note h[ e "p has be5    

light5$1 until an elegance & beauty h   
be5 atta9$ :i* make x wor?y ( ! f9e/    
rooms ( any "t4 ,! c>v] :5 giv5 free re9
 has left little ( ! *air unt\*$4 ,legs1
 /ret*]s & uprights1 are all made ) a   
well proportion$ spiral1 & at ea* squ>e 
( jo9+ a rosette is c>v$4  ,"h also is  
se5 an innovation 9 ! ornam5tal /ret*]  
across ! front :i*1 in/ead ( be+ ne> !  
gr\nd1 is rais$ to a height out ( rea* (
 a ru?less boot :i* might m> its        
elaboration4 ,?is /ret*] %[s ! use ( !  
long curv+ palm 9 place ( ! classic     
acan?us1 & also introduces ! fat little 
*]ubs :i* ,fr5* design]s affect$4  ,o!r 
po9ts to notice are ! v op5 back1       
compos$ ( spirals & ?ree r[s ( c>v+4 ,x 
0 at ?is "t t pi]c$ c>v+ came into      
vogue1 s f> surpass+ 9 beauty ! wa9scote
 backs4  ,! incis+ ( ! seat-frame is    
ano!r peculi>ity ( ! middle ( ! c5tury4 
,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ matt] ( all is !  
can+4 ,wood5 seats 7 ! only ones hi!rto2
 al?\gh cu%ions _h be5 us$ to s(t5 !m1  
!y lack$ at be/ ! reciprocal quality t  

we call giv+4 ,spr+s 7 f> 9 ! future1 b 
a luxury-lov+ ari/ocracy seiz$ at once  
^u ?is amelioration4  ,!re is m or less 
quibbl+ ^u ! subject ( can+1 z to ! date
 ( its introduction4 ,no "o c fix x     
exactly1 :i* robs ! en?usia/ ( !        
pleasure ( ann\nc+ ) oracul> precision1 
t 8 *air is ( c]ta9 ye> because ( its   
can+4 ,! middle ( ! c5tury saw x1 ! fir/
 "p did n1 b x la/$ ?r\gh v>y+ /yles (  
furniture1 & is la/+ /ill4  ,its orig9  
is und\bt$ly ,ea/]n1 = ! t5aci\s spl9ts 
f :i* x is wov5 are f w>m] climes ?an   
,engl&'s4 ,& t br+s u aga9 to "o ( ^?   
little facts 9 hi/ory ( :i* our h\sehold
 gods are ev] rem9d+ u1 ! trade t unit$ 
,india ) ,portugal1 ,portugal ) ,fl&]s1 
& ! ,flemi% ) ,engl&4  ,! small *air 9 !
 ,plate is1 to ! c>eless eye1 a little  
si/] to ! l>g]1 b ! wise obs]v] notes at
 once ! sub/itution ( ! ,s curve heavy 9
 c>v+ = ! m elaborate pi]c$ palm4 ,also 
! cane panels 9 ! back1 & ! v decid$    
*ange 9 ! %ape ( ! front legs4 ,! heavy 
,s curves are ! same :i* lat] on ga9 9  

?ickness & evolve into ! ogee curve se5 
lat]1 & :i* is (t5 mi/ak5ly ascrib$ to  
,william & ,m>y1 al?\gh orig9at+ e>li] &
 receives ! "n ( ,james ,,ii4 ,arbitr>y 
names are h>d to make consi/5tly exact2 
dates are h>d to place on e piece1 b is 
x n en\gh to "k )9 a v few ye>s ! "t (  
mak+ ( "o's valuable antiques8          
,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xvi--,,oak ,,day 
,,b$s    ,c>v$ aft] mann] 9 vogue 9     
second half ( ,,xvii ,c5tury            
,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xvii--,,/u>t     
,,*airs    ,( light5$ con/ruction1 op5  
c>v+ & incis$ seat frame  ,to f9i% !    
scrut9y ( ! small] *air1 note ! curve ( 
! front legs1 ! fir/ attempt at des]t+ !
 /raight p]p5dicul> l9e ( con/ruction4  
,?is is ! beg9n+ ( an insidi\s ,fr5*    
influ5ce :i* prevail$ ?r\gh\t ! la/ ?ird
 ( ! c5tury4 ,x beautifi$1 ( c\rse1 z ! 
gift ( ,france to ! _w is ! luxe ( !    
eye1 b f ! "t ( its introduction dates !
 end ( ! furniture :i* 0 ( solely       
,engli% inv5tion4  ,s comes ! end ( ?is 
e>ly ,jacobean mode1 9 its be/ "t (     

fl[]+ :5 x 0 dr[n$ 9 a flood ( =eign    
influ5ce4 ,x 0 9 ! /yles prevail+ ?r\gh 
! reigns ( ! fir/ two ,/u>ts & (        
,cromwell1 t ,engl& express$ only h]self
 9 h] furniture4 ,x is ?is :i* makes !  
p]iods ri* ) orig9ality & ( peculi>     
int]e/4 ,:5 ! ,jacobean /yles began     
,%akespe>e 0 liv+ ^? sad ye>s ^:        
disillusion produc$ 8 lat] plays1 &     
,jacobean /yles 7 at _! height at !     
,re/oration :5 ,*>les ,,ii play$ ! "p ( 
k+ = 8 royal pleasure4     ,,*apt] ,,iii
  ,,! ,,middle ,,( ,,! ,,c5tury  ,,end  
,,( ,,! ,,pure ,,jacobean   ,two matt]s 
influ5c$ greatly ! furniture mak]s ( !  
middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,& ^! _h    
less to d ) k+s & c\rts ?an ) humble    
folk4 ,"o 0 ! inv5tion ( a saw1 ! k9d ( 
a saw t w\ld divide a plank into z _m ?9
 %eets ( wood z 7 desir$4 ,naturally1 ^?
 :o look$ ^u ^! ?9 %eets imag9$ new ways
 ( us+ !m = ! embelli%m5t ( furniture4  
,heavy c>v+ _h be5 almo/ ! only ornam5t 
:5 in*-?ick planks 7 ! usual mat]ial4   
,n[1 a wondr\s field ( possibilities lay

 be=e ! ambiti\s 9 ! way ( inlay & v5e]4
 ,possibly ,&r ,b\lle 9 ,france gave !  
inspiration1 b ev5 s ! ,engli% inlay is 
a matt] all by itself4 ,f ! inv5tion ( t
 saw arose a /yle ( decoration t        
develop$ f su* simplicity z ! r>e &     
occasional fl[] se5 on e>ly ,jacobean   
panels1 to ! exquisite elaboration kn[n 
z ! sea-we$ patt]n1 & o!r masses ( curv+
 filam5ts1 :i* f\nd highe/ p]fection 9 !
 la/ qu>t] ( ! c5tury4  ,! cab9ets on   
,plates #ah & #ai illu/rate ! almo/     
unbelievable f95ess ( ! "w4 ,9 ! l>g]   
cab9et ! inlay is drawn ) a free h& & is
 less *>act]i/ic ( ,engli% design ?an ! 
o!r1 except+ ! navet ( ! birds & trees1 
& ! c5tral panel :]e9 a gaily cap>ison$ 
y\? /rides a horse held by an           
inf9itesimal blackamoor--a bit ( !      
,ea/'s submission ?us not$4  ,:]ev] a   
pla9 surface 0 f\nd1 ! new ornam5t seiz$
 x4 ,cab9ets & *e/s ( draw]s (f]$ ! be/ 
opportunities1 b next to !m 7 tables4 ,!
 tops gave a f9e field--al?\gh !re is   
always a lack ( unity ( feel+ betwe5 a  

table mak] & a table us]4 ,! "o ?9ks !  
table %\ld be left inviolably empty1 !  
o!r reg>ds x z a re/ = books & bibelots4
 ,b !re is also ! draw] ( ! table & its 
apron1 s ^u ^! ! inlay designs 7 put 9  
all _! da9ty beauty ( design4  ,?is     
class ( "w mu/ n be 9 any way confus$ ) 
! ,dut* inlay ( a lat] epo* & :i* is    
imitat$ to-day ad nauseam4 ,if y h      
naught else to guide y 9 kn[+ ! old     
,engli% f mod]n ,dut*1 !re are ! %apes (
 ! pieces on :i* ! inlay is put1 besides
 ! patt]n ( ! "w4  ,! second matt] :i*  
made a *ange 9 ! g5]al aspect (         
furniture 9 ! second half ( ! sev5te5?  
c5tury 0 ! use ( walnut wood 9 place (  
oak4 ,x is a pretty bit ( hi/ory1 t ( ! 
ri*-ton$ walnut4 ,z f> back z           
,elizabe?'s day furniture ( t wood 0    
import$ f ,italy 9 all its beauty (     
design1 col\r & f9i%4 ,! wise que5 ord]$
 trees br\ght f ,italy & =e/s plant$1 t 
,engl& might h a supply ( ! admir$ wood4
 ,%e did n live to see ! trees ( use1 b 
9 ! c5tury foll[+ h]s1 x came sudd5ly   

into vogue4 ,imag9e ! delight ( ^? :o _h
 be5 work+ 9 ! m obdurate oak1 to feel  
?is f9]1 s(t] wood "u ! tool4           
,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xviii--,,m>quetry
 ,,cab9et ,,ab\t    #agjj ,%[+ ,dut*    
,indian influ5ce 9 its design & ornam5t 
,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xix--,,walnut    
,,cab9et    ,) v5e] & inlay ( seawe$    
patt]n %[+ ! extreme skill   ( cab9et   
work]s 9 ! second half ( ! ,,xvii       
c5tury4   ,drop h&les are noticeable    
,putt+ toge!r ! inv5tion ( ! saw :i*    
c\ld slice wood z ?9 z pap] z well z    
fret x into sea-we$1 & ! adoption (     
walnut wood1 /ill ano!r type ( beauty 9 
furniture 0 produc$1 t ( ! pla9         
l>ge-panell$ s*eme4 ,by cunn+ skill     
panels ( walnut v5e] 7 produc$ :]e !    
gra9 ( ! wood suppli$ ! design4 ,add to 
?is ! wond]ful f9i% ( ! cab9et-mak]1 & !
 piece _h ! beauty ( bronze & !         
simplicity ( classicism4 ,b no picture c
 give adequate idea ( ! beauty ( ! old  
burr walnut4 ,its bronze surface (      
innum]able tones1 all poli%$ by         

g5]ations ( c>ess+ h&s & nev] by v>ni%1 
mu/ be se5 & t\*$ to be appreciat$4 ,!  
pat9e ( "t is height5$ by ! pat9e (     
affection1 & bo? toge!r make ( ! pla9   
walnut furniture a ?+ ( appeal+ beauty  
to ^? :o love re/ra9t 9 ornam5t4  ,a ^w 
ab\t ?is ?+ we call pat9e4 ,x began 9 ^!
 old pieces ) ! orig9al f9i% ( ! old    
mak]1 :o1 hav+ done all ( ! "w himself1 
0 t5d]ly c>eful ( results4 ,?is e>ly    
necromanc] play$ on ! wood ( 8 preci\s  
meuble ) soo?+ oil1 ) tonic ( turp5t9e &
 ) protective wax4 ,) ! oil he f$ ! op5 
pores ( ! wood1 until all 7 fill$ aga9/ 
! attack ( less judici\s nutrim5t1 !n ) 
pung5t turp5t9e & fragrant hone/ wax1 he
 rubb$ pati5tly ! surfaces4 ,no v>ni%1 z
 he valu$ 8 art4 ,v>ni% z we "k x n[ 0 n
 9 8 laboratory4 ,x 0 n ne$$ :5 e man 0 
lavi% ( ! lab\r ( 8 h&4  ,?us 0 begun ! 
pat9e = :i* we collectors cry to-day4 ,b
 ! assi/ance ( ! h\sewife 0 a necess>y  
adjunct1 = nev] ?r\gh all ! c5turies mu/
 %e d o!r ?an rub ) oil & wax ! f9e old 
oak & walnut4 ,i h se5 ! "w ( c5turies  

de/roy$ by a mod]n v&al ) a c ( v>ni%4  
,! lawns ( ,engl& are made by c5turies (
 unremitt+ c>e4 ,! pat9e on old ,engli% 
furniture is br\ght ab\t by ! same      
virtue4 ,if !re be any :o d n value !   
r>e old f9i%1 !n = 8 h\sehold w>es !    
manufactur]s provide a vat ( v>ni% into 
:i* :ole sets ( *airs are dipp$ to avoid
 ev5 ! lab\r ( bru%+ on a coat ( ! %9y  
/uff4  ,r\ndhead & ,cavali] ea* _h to be
 suit$ ) furniture1 s ! v>y+ /yles1 !   
elaborate & ! pla91 met all requirem5ts4
 ,9 ! mid/ ( x all reign$ ,*>les1 !     
second ( ! ,/u>t k+s1 fo/]+ art ) 8     
wondr\s assi/ant ,van ,dyck1 & mak+ a   
?\s& mi/akes 9 ! art ( gov]nm5t1 yet ev]
 /&+ a romantic figure4 ,we feel an     
int]e/ 9 all t conc]n$ 8 life z a man1  
feel+ m pity ?an indignation at 8 futile
 desc5t ^u ,p>liam5t to pluck !refrom ! 
five memb]s :o (f5d$ him4 ,& :o does n1 
:5 9 ,london1 glance at 8 high-br$ m>ble
 effigy at ,:itehall ) a secret sympa?y 
= 8 mis]able end8 ,we all love a        
g5tleman1 & "t has no?+ to d ) effac+ t4

 ,! elegance ,*>les ,i introduc$ into 8 
"t delights u n[1 & we ?rill at ! ?\ght 
( own+ any ( ! f9e accessories ) :i* he 
or 8 nobles surr\nd$ !mselves4  ,aft]   
,*>les came ! ,commonweal?4 ,republican 
z we are1 we feel an unacc\ntable revolt
 aga9/ any sugge/ion ( ,cromwell's ta/e 
9 life's elegant accessories4 ,he 0 !   
great ,common]1 & z su* has no skill at 
dictat+ fa%ions = ari/ocrats4 ,s we     
accord to him a lea!r-cov]$ *air )      
spiral turn$ frame1 & a gate-leg table1 
feel+ he %\ld be grateful = ! aw>d1 z   
ev5 ^! ?+s 7 n ( 8 own inv5tion4  ,( !  
two great divisions1 ! ,cavali]s & !    
,r\ndheads1 ! ari/ocratic p>ty fell into
 subjection4 ,all t 0 au/]e came to !   
=e1 & all t _h ! *>m ( gaiety & mir?1   
elegance & extravagance1 0 disapprov$ by
 ^? 9 p[]4 ,cromwell's p]sonality did n 
inspire ! mak]s ( pretty kick%aws = my  
lady's b\doir1 nor luxuries = my "l's   
hall4 ,s no?+ 0 to be done by !         
cab9et-mak]s b to repeat ! previ\s      
/yles4  ,! asceticism ( ! ,puritan      

inspir$ no art 9 ! few ye>s ( ,r\ndhead 
rule1 b !re is no tell+ :at might h     
happ5$ _h ,cromwell /ay$ sev]al decades 
9 p[]4 ,at ! end he took mo/ k9dly to   
liv+ 9 ! royal palace ( ,hampton ,c\rt4 
,! quick assumption ( elegance ( ! begg>
 on horseback is prov]bial4 ,aft]       
,napoleon _h =gott5 8 orig91 no k+ 0 m  
acquisitive ?an he 9 ! matt] ( ?rones & 
palaces1 nor m insi/5t 9 ! matt] ( royal
 pomp4 ,b ,old ,noll did n live to rule 
l a pr9ce ( ! blood1 nor to develop a   
/yle ( luxuri\s liv+ t left a m>k on !  
lib]al arts4  ,! developm5t ( walnut    
furniture w5t imp]ceptibly on1 ) oak    
/ill mu* 9 use1 :5 all at once a new    
fact 9 hi/ory gave a new excuse = *anges
 9 ! mode4 ,! ,cromwells pass$ & ! p (  
,engl& took back ! ,h\se ( ,/u>t1 & did 
x ) su* en?usiasm t ev5 ! furniture     
reflect$ x at once4 ,b x is j ?is       
reflection ( ev5ts 9 ! art ( a p]iod t  
gives undy+ int]e/ to old /yles1 &      
especially to ^? anci5t pieces t are    
left f ! h&s :i* made !m & ^? :o fir/   

us$ !m 9 palace or cottage4  ,back1 !n1 
came ! old delight 9 royally born       
royalty1 9 be+ gov]n$ by a k+ & n by a  
common]4 ,) op5 arms ! k+ 0 welcom$1 &  
,cavali] families t _h be5 9 sad plight1
 blott$ out by confiscation &           
disapproval1 sprang lightly back to _!  
=m] places4 ,?is 0 ! "t ( ! ,re/oration1
 t "t :5 ,engl& adopt$ ! rott5ness ( !  
,cont95t to /imulate :atev] ( vice lay 9
 ! ,briton1 =gett+ to take ) x !        
fundam5tal good4 ,b ! naughty game 0 "o 
s prettily play$ t we nev] tire ( its   
rec\nt+4 ,& z x produc$ s _m *anges 9   
h\se furni%+s1 x mu/ be consid]$4  ,x 0 
9 #affj t ,*>les ,,ii 0 call$ to smile f
 ! ?rone on a pleas$ public4 ,x 0 ab\t t
 "t t a que5 0 *os5 = him1 ,ca!r9e (    
,braganza1 :o br\ght ) h]1 v naturally1 
"s goods ( h] own4  ,! /yles 9 ,engl& at
 ?is "t 7 especially ,engl&'s1 ! native 
ef=t fre$ f copy+ ,italy's ,r5aissance4 
,b on ?is fell a sudd5 avalan*e ( new   
ideas greatly at v>iance ) h] me?ods1 & 
f n[ on ! /yles ( ,engl& took           

inspiration f ! /yles ( ! ,cont95t1 & h 
ev] s9ce cont9u$ ! game4  ,b let ?is s9k
 into ! consci\sness3 ea* /yle adopt$   
takes on ! /rong *>act]i/ics ( ! c\ntry 
adopt+ !m4 ,if to orig9ate a decorative 
/yle 0 n ! natural impulse ( ,brita91 x 
0 h] tal5t to alt] t /yle 9 a way t     
express$ h] *>act]i/ics4 ,9 ! "t (      
,*>les ,,ii %e _h a love = ! light side 
( life1 c\pl$ ) prodigality & elegance1 
& ?is c be read to-day 9 ! relics ( ^?  
times4  ,ca!r9e ! ,que5 br\ght no *ildr5
 to inh]it ! ?rone--! ,duke ( ,york be+ 
accus$ ( hav+ select$ purposefully a    
b>r5 mate = 8 bro!r--b %e br\ght ,bombay
 z a d[]4 ,s1 ) h] ,portuguese furniture
 & h] ,ea/]n designs1 h] gifts turn$ !  
heads ( arti/s & artisans4 ,9 ,engl& are
 f\nd ^? *airs = :i* we g to ,portugal1 
yet !y 7 made 9 ,engl& 9 ! sev5te5?     
c5tury1 ! high-back /raight *air cov]$ )
 c>v$ lea!r 9 bo? back & seat1 put on ) 
a prodigality ( big nails1 & hav+ bronze
 spikes z a f9i% to ! uprights ( ! back4
 ,! flut$ foot came !n1 a sort (        

compromise betwe5 a claw & scroll1 &    
kn[n 9 our l& z a ,spani% foot1 & us$   
until ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,x is  
f\nd on mu* furniture ( e>ly ,colonial  
times prior to ,anne's day4  ,b p]haps !
 fir/ *ange 9 ,*>les' reign 0 se5 on !  
*airs ( pi]c$ c>v+ ( palm & ,s curve &  
*]ub1 ) can$ seats or backs4 ,! c>v+ on 
^! *airs at once took z its popul>      
device ! cr[n1 ! cr[n :i* _h be5 hidd5  
out ( sight 9 ! ye>s ( ! ,commonweal?4  
,z if to %[ ! weal? ( affection ) :i* x 
0 welcom$1 x 0 repeat$ z _m z five      
conspicu\s times on "o *air4 ,) :at     
complac5ce mu/ ,*>les h look$ ^u ?is    
g5tle flatt]y6  ,= ! ,que5's            
satisfaction !re 7 matt]s f ! ,ne> ,ea/ 
9 ! way ( ivory & ebony inlay1 c>v$     
ebony1 introductions ( small black be+s 
into designs1 always 9 obvi\s subjection
 to :ite ma/]s4 ,b ^! 7 exotics ( a sort
 t ,engli% ta/e pref]r$ to import r ?an 
manufacture4 ,ladies :o took to         
embroid]+ affect$ ! ,bombay designs &   
col\rs4  ,*>les ,,ii _h be5 reign+ b six

 ye>s :5 ! ,great ,fire swept away      
unc\ntable treasures 9 ! way (          
furniture4 ,to be sure1 !re 0 all ! re/ 
( ,engl&4 ,b at t "t ,london 0          
practically all ( elegant ,engl&4       
,c\ntry g5tlem5 _h e/ates & big h\ses1 b
 ow+ to ! impossibility ( transportation
 on ! always miry1 rutt$ roads1 !y w5t  
)\t ! luxuries ( t[n life4 ,s1 ) !      
,great ,fire ( ,london p]i%$ s mu* ( old
 oak & walnut furniture z to make       
collectors weep :o turn _! ?\ghts !reon4
  ,b z ! pho5ix rises unaba%$ f !       
flames1 s rose ! inspirations ( ,sir    
,*ri/oph] ,wr51 ,gr9l+ ,gibbons1 & (    
m9or arti/s & artisans4 ,wr5 rebuilt !  
fall5 monum5ts1 giv+ to ! _w 8 great ,/4
 ,paul's1 & a patt]n ( *ur* /eeple t    
climbs high 9 ,am]ican settlem5ts z well
 z all ?r\gh ,london2 & ! less] work]s  
gave m5 new patt]ns 9 b$s & *airs =     
repose1 & 9 tables = com=t+ vi&s1 =     
games1 or = ! gossip :i* 0 a deep game (
 ! day4     ,,*apt] ,,iv  ,,c>olean     
,,/yles ,,or ,,! ,,re/oration  ,,*>les  

,,ii1 #affj ,,to #afhe   ,if x 0 to !   
,que5 ( ,*>les ,,ii t ! ,c>olean p]iod (
 furniture ow$ its ,portuguese /ra9 & ! 
evid5ce ( /range ?+s f ! ,ea/1 x 0 f a  
woman ( q ano!r sort t ! pr$om9at+      
influ5ce came4 ,fr5* /yles 7 ! vogue at 
c\rt1 n because ! ,que51 poor dull      
woman1 wi%$ x1 b because ,l\ise de      
,qu]\ailles 0 ! /rong influ5ce1 & ) h]  
adv5t came follies & fa%ions en\gh to   
please ! light side ( "o ( ! lighte/ (  
mon>*s4 ,france1 9 ! p]son ( ,l\is      
,,xiv1 felt t ,engl& w\ld be> wat*+ :ile
 a ,/u>t /rutt$ & flirt$1 oppress$ &    
vacillat$4 ,& ! ,fr5* ways ( ^? days be+
 direct$ by su* craft z t ( ! a/ute     
,c>d9al ,maz>91 a woman 0 s5t f ,france 
to *>m ! ,k+ & /ay clos] beside ! ?rone 
?an any man c\ld bide4  ,*>les creat$ ! 
light & lovely ,l\ise ! ,du*ess (       
,portsm\? & ! "m ( ! little ,duke (     
,ri*mond2 &1 t s mu* ( extravagant      
beauty might be royally h\s$1 he sp5t   
mu* "t & m money 9 fitt+ h] ap>tm5ts at 
,:itehall4 ,?ree times 7 !y demoli%$ at 

h] :im1 ! extravagant fitt+s fail+ to   
suit h] insatiable caprice4  ,su*       
proc$ure 0 hotly /imulat+ to arti/s &   
artisans4 ,9 ! fir/ attempt !y s\ght to 
produce _! be/1 b see+ x displease1 !y 7
 la%$ on to m & yet m subtle ef=t until 
at la/ ! pretty lady ( too mu* p[] _h   
=c$ ! production ( elegant new /yles :i*
 smack$ ( h] native ,france4 ,?us w5t by
 ! bo>d ! ef=ts ( ,engli% /yles to rema9
 ,engli%1 & ?us began t long habit (    
keep+ an eye on ,fr5* designs4  ,we ?9k 
( ,*>les ,,ii z a figure-head ( romance1
 because ! rosy mi/ ( poetic fancy cl+s 
to ! memb]s ( ! ,/u>t family f ,m>y (   
,scots d[n to--b n includ+--t ,duke (   
,york :o m9c$ ab\t ! ?rone ( ,*>les ,,ii
 ) 8 s\l conc5trat$ on secur+ f 8 bro!r 
8 own p]sonal advancem5t4  ,! horrors ( 
,*>les' reign1 ! ,bloody ,assizes1 !    
,monm\? incid5t1 8 neglect to recognise 
! s]i\sness ( 8 responsibilities1 all ^!
 ?+s are lo/ 9 ! elegant frivolity ( !  
life l$ at 8 c\rt4 ,c>es1 ennuis1       
trag$ies1 7 flick$ aside by :ite h&s    

?ru/ f brocades & lace1 & a m]ry measure
 0 ! antidote = s\l-sickness4  ,^? :o   
made music or danc$ to x1 ^? :o rhym$ 7!
 naughti] ! bett]7 & sang _! v]ses1 ^?  
:o l$ at toa/s & fea/+1 ^? :o wore !    
ri*e/ dress1 7 ! p]sons ( importance "u 
! patronage ( ,*>les ,,ii1 9 ! "t ( !   
,re/oration4  ,nell ,gwynn1 %e ( ! quick
 smile & quick te>1 & vuln]able he>t1 0 
( ! ,k+'s fav\r to ! ext5t ( hon\r+ him 
) ! little ,duke ( ,/4 ,albans2 & on h] 
,*>les lavi%$ accessories ( elegant liv+
 simil> to ^? he be/[$ on ,l\ise de     
,qu]\ailles4 ,! bewit*+ actress liv$ h] 
quickly *ang+ moods among ! furniture t 
n[ graces our mod]n rooms "h on ?is side
 ( ! wat]4  ,we 7 n import+ _m ( ^?     
elegances 9 #affd4 ,t 0 ! date :5       
,*>les' bro!r ,james1 ,duke ( ,york1    
left ! luxuri\s c\rt at ,london & came  
to give royal dignity to ! little       
,am]ican t[n ( ,new ,am/]dam on ! day :5
 its ,dut* dom9ion end$ & ! city 0      
re-*ri/5$ ,new ,york4  ,:ile consid]+ ! 
fasc9at+ wom5 ( ! c\rt1 ,hort5sia       

,manc9i1 = :om beautiful furni%+s 7     
made1 mu/ /& z ! mo/ allur+ ( !m all    
because %e ev] eludes ! critic or       
dissector4 ,some:at ( h] uncle ,c>d9al  
,maz>9 0 9 h] a/ute secretiv5ess1 b a   
baffl+ quality all h] own made h] pro(  
aga9/ surr5d]+ h] s\l to any man's prob+
 or to any man's *>m4 ,s ri* %e 0 t     
money c\ld n tempt2 s clev]1 ) ,italian 
wit add$ to ,italian culture1 t none    
c\ld surpass h] 9 rep>tee or disc\rse2 s
 full ( my/]y 0 h] d>k & piquant beauty 
t all might envy h]--yet s passionately 
unhappy1 t none w\ld wi% to ex*ange )   
h]4  ,add to ! li/ ( wom5 ,b>b>a ,palm]1
 ,du*ess ( ,clevel&1 :o repres5t$ a     
heavy voluptu\sness & a prolific        
mo!rhood = ! ,k+1 & we see ! wom5 fav\r$
 by ! ,k+'s artisans1 & = :om !         
beautiful furni%+s ( ! "t 7 produc$4    
,?\gh ,*>les ,,ii _h no royal factories 
su* z ,l\is ,,xiv 0 conduct+ 9 ,france1 
pl5ty ( ri* objects ( art 7 yield$ by ! 
work]s4 ,t a/oni%+ ab]ration ( ta/e1    
silv] furniture1 _h a vogue at ?is "t1 !

 ,k+ consid]+ 8 fav\rite wor?y ( su*    
extravagance4 ,x mu/ h be5 ugly by its  
inappropriat5ess1 h[ev] pretty 0 ! woman
 x s]v$4  ,l\ise de ,qu]\ailles _h h]s  
set 9 a room l9$ all ) mirror glass1 :i*
 at t "t 0 an exp5sive novelty4 ,b x    
pleas$ ! ,k+ to w&] into ! ap>tm5t ( 8  
fav\rite satellite & see ! lovely image 
( ! ,du*ess ( ,portsm\? sitt+ among h]  
silv] movables1 reflect$ s _m times 9 ! 
walls t ! _w seem$ peopl$ only )        
adorable wom54 ,nell ,gwynn also _h h]  
mirror room4  ,x 0 ! ,duke ( ,buck+ham  
:o made ! mirror-l9$ room possible by   
e/abli%+ a factory = mirrors4 ,previ\s  
to ?is "t !y 7 exce$+ r>e 9 ,engl&4 ,n[ 
a leaf 0 tak5 f ,italy's books & mirrors
 7 made at home1 ) bevell$ edges1 & also
 ) bright blue glass fram+1 inside !    
wood5 frame4  ,gr9l+ ,gibbons 0 at "w on
 8 c>v+s & inv5tions1 & we h record (   
him z a decorator 9 a lett] 9 :i* he    
tells 8 lady cli5t3 ,i holp all ?+s w   
please y4 ,x 0 ! ye> aft] ! ,great      
,fire1 #affg1 t ,gibbons began to make a

 feature ( ! g>l&s & swags ( fl[]s &    
fruit1 c>v$ ) excessive exub]ance1 t are
 associat$ ) 8 "n & t ( ,que5 ,anne 9   
decoration4 ,to ga9 8 effects he us$ !  
f9e s(t limewood z yield+ to 8 tool     
almo/ l a pla/ic /uff4  ,9 social ,engl&
 ,ba? play$ an important "p1 & ?i!r w5t 
= new sc5es ! m]ry gossip+ cr[d = _!    
r\ts & ari/ocratic c>\s+4 ,?is 0 ! "t ( 
! s$an-*air1 ( ! dropp$ note1 ! flirt$  
h&k]*ief1 ! rais$ eyebr[ & ! quick      
eye-fla%1 all full ( poignant mean+s (  
_! own4 ,life 0 a pretty game1 insi/5tly
 a pretty "o1 & foll[+ ! mode1 its      
accessories 7 pretty4 ,at ,ba? ! same   
elegant cr[d play$ z 9 ,london1         
transf]r$ by %ock+ly primitive coa*es   
ov] outrage\sly rutt$ roads4 ,! wond] is
 !y ev] c>$ to und]take su* h>d%ips z ^?
 impos$ on travell]s 9 ,engl& 9 !       
sev5te5? c5tury4 ,b at ,ba? we see !m1  
at ! fam\s spas1 ) ,nell ,gwynn1 way-w>d
 & ard5t1 *>m+ ! m51 slight$ by ! wom54 
,to be specific ab\t ! furniture /yles (
 ! times is satisfactory to ! /ud5t1 to 

! desir$ end t old pieces may be kn[n f 
imitation1 & t good adaptations may be  
di/+ui%$ f bad4 ,9 g5]al x may be said t
 lightness cont9u$ to be ! ideal 9      
con/ruction1 p>ticul>ly 9 *airs &       
tables1 & t c>v+s grew ev] f9] 9        
workman%ip4 ,*air backs also grew n>r[] 
& high]4 ,can+ 0 reta9$1 b seats 7 cov]$
 ) a squab cu%ion1 or uphol/]$4 ,a m9ute
 exam9ation ( ! *airs on ,plate #ba     
leads to ! detection ( c]ta9            
*>act]i/ics4 ,?is ,plate %[s a          
p>ticul>ly good example ( ! *airs z !y  
dep>t f ! fa%ion :i* prevail$ imm$iately
 be=e ! ,fire1 & z !y m]g$ into ! /yle (
 ,william & ,m>y4  ,^! *airs h details 9
 common ) *airs t prec$$ !m1 b z a :ole1
 !y are entirely diff]5t4 ,!y d n tell !
 same /ory1 convey ! same message1 z !  
*airs ( ,*>les ,i1 = example4 ,& t %[s !
 subtle p[] ( furniture to express ! _s 
( ! times 9 :i* x 0 made4 ,feel+ is a ^w
 = ! s]i\s collector4 ,ability to read  
feel+ am\nts almo/ to a tal5t1 & is     
c]ta9ly an in/9ct4 ,^? :o possess x "k  

)\t rec\rse to detail :]e to place a    
piece ( furniture nev] enc\nt]$ be=e1 & 
?is ev5 ?\gh x be "o ( ^? erratic pieces
 t appe> 9 all p]iods4 ,! feel+1 !n1 (  
^! *airs is ,fr5*1 b a transplant$      
,fr5*1 gr[+ "u ali5 influ5ce4           
,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xx--,,/u>t       
,,settee ,,) ,,c>v+4 ,,second ,,half    
,,( ,,xvii ,,c5tury  ,illu/ration3      
,plate ,,xxi--,,*>les ,,ii ,,*airs ,,(  
,,v>y+ ,,/yles ,,9                ,,c>v+
  ,desc5d+ ^u details1 ! %ape ( ! legs  
is s mu* at v>iance ) ^? ( ! prec$+     
fa%ion t !y seem to alt] ! s*eme (      
con/ruction4 ,by means ( ! *ange f a    
/raight l9e to a curve ! *air loses 9   
hone/y & 9 balance :ile gr[+ 9 elegance4
  ,ano!r po9t to notice is ! *ange 9 !  
arrangem5t ( /ret*]s1 also ! lift+ f !  
floor ( ! elaborate front /ret*] :i* is 
made to mat* ! ornam5tal top ( ! *air   
back4 ,! seat-frame reta9s ! incis+ ( ! 
=m] fa%ion1 & ! squ>e blocks at po9ts ( 
int]section c>ry ! famili> c>v$ rosette4
 ,! backs h /rong po9ts ( int]e/4 ,!    

radical *ange is 9 ! uprights1 :i*1     
in/ead ( be+ wide1 flat c>v+s ( leafage1
 are gracefully design$ po/s4 ,a long   
/ep 9 ! way ( beauty 0 made :5 ?is /yle 
( back 0 adopt$1 a treatm5t :i* develop$
 lat] 9 ! c5tury into ! exquisite c>v$  
backs1 :i* ev5 exce$$ ! ,fr5* 9 graceful
 inv5tion4 ,an exam9ation ( ! *airs (   
#afhe w %[ ! p]fection ( ! /yle :i* 0   
begun by ,*>les ,,ii1 adopt$ by ,james  
,,ii & fur!r develop$ "u ,william &     
,m>y4  ,to cont9ue ! lesson ( ! *airs1 x
 0 "h t ! old flat ,s curve began to    
alt] into ! ri*]1 m robu/ ,c curve4 ,!  
leg ( *airs c>v$ 9 ,c scrolls foll[s !  
%ape ( ! curves1 & furniture ( ?is      
patt]n has exce$+ *>m1 especially :5 !  
front /ret*] has be5 treat$ by an       
inspir$ h&4 ,mu* s\ght are ! *airs &    
s(as ( ?is p]iod1 & :5 cov]$ )          
ne$le-po9t are ke5ly valu$ = use 9 !    
sup]b liv+-room :i* 9 mod]n homes (t5   
takes place ( ! draw+-room4  ,happy     
inde$ is ! collector :o c f9d su* an old
 ,engli% s(a z t 9 ! ,metropolitan      

,museum on ,plate #bb4 ,x is entirely   
*>act]i/ic1 & %[s n only ! int]e/+      
fa%ion 9 c>v+1 b ! l>ge advance 9       
uphol/]+4 ,su* com=table "w 0 unkn[n    
be=e ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ,if we h    
curiosity z to ! appe>ance ( ! g5tlefolk
 :o us$ su* furniture1 ! embroid]$ cov] 
( ?is piece %[s lovely woman 9 h] h\rs (
 ease1 & mank9d hov]+ ne> ) a wi% to    
please4 ,b ?is v embroid]y %[s h[       
difficult a matt] x 0 = ! ,engli% to    
draw ) true h& & free1 a purely         
decorative motive2 = outside ! figures (
 ! m$allions1 ! :ole ?+ is mean+less &  
)\t consi/5cy4  ,illu/ration3 ,plate    
,,xxii--,,walnut ,,s(a    ,c>v$ 9 ,c    
curves1 "t ( ,james ,,ii cov]$ ) petit  
po9t   embroid]y  ,illu/ration3 ,plate  
,,xxiii--,,gilt ,,mirror4 ,,"t ,,(      
,,*>les ,,ii    ,:5 mirrors 7 freely    
made 9 ,engl&  ,= a clue to !           
inspiration ( ,engli% "w 9 ! la/ qu>t] (
 ! c5tury1 :i* embraces t ( ,*>les'     
reign1 t ( ,james ,,ii & ( ,william &   
,m>y1 x is advisable to turn a ke5 eye  

on ! arti/ic & political actions (      
,france4 ,! ,great ,l\is 0 on ! ?rone1 &
 ! great ,le ,brun 0 ! lead] 9 !        
decorative art ( ! day4  ,"o ( !        
political mi/akes ( ,l\is ,,xiv 0 !     
,revocation ( ! ,edict ( ,nantes1 t     
edict :i* _h protect$ f p]secution s    
l>ge a numb] ( ,prote/ant work]s 9 !    
lib]al arts4 ,among ^! p 7 tape/ry      
weav]s1 silk weav]s1 glass work]s1 wood 
c>v]s1 memb]s ( all ! crafts t          
contribute to ! beauty ( ! home4        
,ev5tually !y came to ,engl& = safe     
hav54  ,x is impossible to ov]-e/imate !
 b5efit to ,engl& 9 an /hetic way ( !   
adv5t ( all ^! skill$ work]s1 m5 ^:     
equal 7 to be f\nd 9 no o!r c\ntry4     
,l\is ,,xiv _h made a royal hobby (     
exquisite furni%+s4 ,he _h plac$ _!     
manufacture among ! royal pleasures &   
also among ! /ate duties4 ,he _h        
glorifi$ ! art ( furni%+ z x _h nev]    
be=e be5 done1 by ! magnific5t          
in/itution ( ! ,gobel9s factory4 ,"h m5 
le>n$ _! craft--an inf9ite v>iety (     

crafts--& a*iev$ p]fection4 ,all at once
 _m ( ^! work]s 7 =c$ to flee or meet   
dea? "u ! new dictum ( ! ,k+4 ,& ?us    
,engl& receiv$ ! outca/s to h] own      
enri*m5t4  ,"o ( ! indu/ries 9 :i*      
,engl& 0 beh9d ! ,cont95t 0 !           
manufacture ( silk4 ,! ,fr5* refugees 7 
soon e/abli%$ 9 ,london at              
,spitalfields1 reproduc+ ! magic weaves 
!y _h =m]ly made = ! imp]i\s pleasure ( 
! royal fav\rites 9 ,france4 ,sat9s1    
brocades1 taffetas ( wondr\s dye &      
lu/re1 fl[$ f ! looms ( ! able weav]s :o
 ?us dr[n$ _! no/algia 9 excess ( a lov$
 & famili> occupation4  ,"o result ( ?is
 mass ( beautiful mat]ial be+ ?r[n to a 
delight$ public1 0 ! *ange made 9 !     
fa%ion ( int]ior wall-treatm5t4 ,!      
beautiful oak panell+ ( o!r days        
oppress$ ) its s]i\sness ! light mood ( 
,*>les ,,ii & 8 light companions4 ,! gay
 %e5 ( silk 0 m sympa!tic & enliv5+4 ,on
 ! walls1 !n1 w5t ! silk4 ,9 ,anne's "t 
! panels grew l>g]1 !n became a wa9scot 
& sank to ! height ( a man's bewigg$ &  

caprici\s head2 !n l[]$ to a *air's     
height = ! ,georgian era4 ,& above fl[$ 
! graci\s l9es ( silk5 fabrics conceal+ 
all ! walls1 made 9 ,spitalfields by !  
,fr5* refugees & _! foll[]s4  ,! pretty 
,du*ess ( ,portsm\? _h h] rooms hung )  
silk & ) wondr\s tape/ries f ,france1   
?\gh ,engl& made bo? silks & tape/ries4 
,b$s ( ! day reta9$ ! high po/s & te/]  
or canopy1 heavily drap$1 & ! b$ 0      
simil>ly cov]$4 ,! b$ 0 c>v$1 ev5 to !  
te/]1 9 ,fr5* inspiration1 & 0 elegant  
inde$4 ,9 su* a b$ came ! ,k+ at la/ to 
lie 9 mortal illness 9 ! palace at      
,:itehall1 :]e ! lovely ,l\ise _h fir/  
place by ! royal invalid1 :ile ! ,que5 0
 treat$ z a negligible quantity4 ,!     
,du*ess ( ,clevel&1 t o!r fav\rite1 0 n 
f> 9 ! backgr\nd1 & ! ,k+ 9 8 la/ h\rs  
rememb]$ /ill ano!r :5 he implor$3      
,don't let poor ,nell />ve4     ,,*apt] 
,v  ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,sev5te5?        
,,c5tury  ,,william ,,& ,,m>y4          
#afhi-agjb   ,,! /yle nam$ = ,william & 
,m>y embraces all ! *anges t occurr$ f  

late ,c>olean days until ! "t ( ,anne1 &
 ev5 includes "s ( ! models & details t 
are giv5 ! "n ( t que54 ,dut* influ5ce  
comes l>gely into bo?1 b 0 /rong] 9 !   
/yle kn[n z ,que5 ,anne's4 ,mix$ up )   
o!r influ5ces 7 ^? n only ( ,holl& b ( !
 c\ntries ) :i* h] political life 0     
conc]n$4 ,spa9 contribut$ c]ta9 details1
 & z = ! ,dut* connections ) ! ,ne> & ! 
,f> ,ea/1 !y suppli$ an inf9ity (       
inspiration4  ,no?+ m piquant to !      
decorative _s c\ld be imag9$ ?an !      
fanta/ic motifs ( ,indian & ,*9ese      
importation4 ,to u1 surfeit$ z we are f 
babyhood ) ,*9ese toys & ,indian /uffs1 
x is h>d to look ^u ^! ?+s z />tl+      
novelties4 ,b 9 ^? days ( less travel !y
 7 delici\s exotics4 ,among p]sons (    
fa%ion1 !re 0 a rage = ! liv+ evid5ces (
 ! /range ,ea/1 & m ?an popul> z pets 9 
! draw+-room became ! exotic monkey & ! 
vivid p>rot4 ,if ^! creatures1 lea%$ to 
a /&>d1 c\ld be t5d$ by a t9y black     
human1 !n fa%ion 0 pleas$ to an infant9e
 joy\sness4  ,illu/ration3 ,plate       

,,xxiv--,,int]e/+ ,,*air ,,transitional 
,,betwe5                ,,/u>t ,,/yles  
,,& ,,william ,,& ,,m>y  ,illu/ration3  
,,*airs ,,9 ,,v>iants ,,( ,,william ,,& 
,,m>y                 ,cov]$ ) petit    
po9t ( ! "t  ,illu/ration3 ,,william ,,&
 ,,m>y ,,can$ ,,*airs1 ,,"o ,,) ,,flut$ 
,,spani%                ,,foot          
,plate ,,xxv  ,e %ip t came 9 f f>      
,ea/]n c\ntries br\ght wise p>rots & t9y
 frisk+ monkeys1 & ^! 7 valu$ by        
decorative arti/s = models1 z well z by 
my lady to pique gay conv]sation 9 h]   
draw+-room4  ,william & ,m>y /yles1 l   
all ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 are at pres5t 9
 high vogue 9 ,am]ica1 & = ?is reason x 
int]e/s u to /udy !m4 ,!y come 9 aft] ! 
use ( oak has pass$ its vogue1 & :5     
walnut prevails1 al?\gh woods ( light]  
col\r1 su* z pe>wood & sycamore1 are    
employ$4 ,9 *airs & s(as1 c>v+ prevails 
z decoration2 b 9 cab9ets & tables1 !   
pref]5ce is = v5e] & = inlay4  ,at ?is  
"t occurs a *ange 9 ! /yle ( cab9ets4   
,hi!rto !y _h be5 clos$ cupbo>ds2 n[1   

because ( ! fa%ion = collect+ ,delft *9a
 f ,holl&1 a ne$ came = cab9ets t w\ld  
display ! collector's treasure4 ,z      
furniture mak]s ev] express ! :ims &    
ne$s ( ! day1 s !y at once inv5t$ !     
cab9et ) %elf-top protect$ by glass4 ,a 
feature ( ! design is ! hood$ top1 s    
*>act]i/ic ( ,william & ,m>y4  ,two     
types ( c>v+ prevail$ 9 *airs 9 ! la/   
tw5ty ye>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 t ( !   
brok5 ,c curve1 orig9at+ "u ,*>les ,,ii1
 & t ( great elaboration :i* 9 "s       
respects caught its details f ! ,fr5*4  
,a /udy ( ! plates w %[ t ! po/-l       
upright :i* flanks ! back is reta9$ 9   
bo? cases4 ,examples ( f9e c>v+ "u      
,william & ,m>y %[ ! free fancy ( !     
design] & ! skill ( ! work] :o 0        
possibly ! design] z well4 ,b ! orig9al 
*airs mu/ be se5 to ga9 any idea ( !    
beauty ( col\r & f9i%4 ,! :ole be>s !   
look ( bronze t has be5 poli%$ ) c>ess+ 
h&s = c5turies4  ,! %ape ( ! leg 9 ^!   
f9ely c>v$ *airs is to be notic$1 z x is
 fa!r$ by ! *air-leg 9 vogue "u ,l\is   

,,xiv 9 ,france1 & 9 slight v>iations x 
prevails all ?r\gh ! ,william & ,m>y    
p]iod4 ,x is noticeable by a pe>-%ap$   
enl>gem5t ne> ! top4 ,! ,spani% foot is 
(t5 se5 on ?is /yle4  ,petit po9t1 gros 
po9t1 or m]e cross-/it* embroid]y y may 
call x1 0 a fa%ionable occupation = dame
 & damsel4 ,9 ,*>les ,,ii's "t ! /uff$  
high-relief /ump "w pleas$ ! c\rt4      
,sorry /uff x looks n[1 mu* l ! c\rt    
ladies ( t "t1 9 t its col\r & gilt are 
gone & its false art is pitifully       
expos$4 ,b ! good hone/ embroid]y 9 wool
 & silk /ill /&s1 & is aga9 trem5d\sly 9
 vogue4  ,illu/ration3 ,plate           
,,xxvi--,,*e/ ,,( ,,draw]s ,,9 ,,burr   
,,walnut ,,v5e]    ,m\nt$ on legs1 us$ 9
 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! ,,xvii c5tury          
,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxvii--,,small   
,,walnut ,,table    ,) spiral legs &    
inlay4 ,"h is se5 ! beg9n+ ( ! flat     
s]p5t9e /ret*]  ,x 0 ,madame de ,ma9t5on
 :o gave su* inspiration to ! "w 9      
,france t ,engl& copi$4 ,h] s*ool at ,/4
 ,cyr1 :i* %e conduct$ solely = !       

purpose ( giv+ happ9ess & education to  
p5niless daught]s ( fall5 ari/ocrats1 at
 t s*ool ! "y girls execut$ "w t ranks )
 objects ( art4 ,a well-kn[n ,am]ican   
collector has a l>ge s(a execut$ ?us "u 
! h& ( ,madame de ,ma9t5on :i* repres5ts
 sc5es f a play ( ,molire's1 ! piece    
hav+ also be5 giv5 by ^! same "y girls1 
!n ! c>toons drawn by an arti/ ( high   
tal5t4  ,s petit po9t 0 almo/ a high art
 9 ,france 9 ! "t ( ,william & ,m>y1 &  
,engl& did h] be/ to foll[ ! f9e patt]n 
set h]4 ,if1 9 judg+ :e!r ?is "w be     
,fr5* or ,engli%1 ! m9d hesitates1 x is 
well to take ! eye f ! m$allions & /udy 
h[ ! design] fill$ ! big field outside4 
,9 ,fr5* draw+ ! :ole is a h>moni\s     
composition2 9 ! ,engli%1 ! h& is crude 
& unc]ta91 & ! motifs mean+less1 ?\gh   
bold1 )\t coh]5ce or co-ord9ation4      
,n[adays ! lady :o wi%es to embroid] a  
*air gets f ,p>is a m$allion already    
complete & fills 9 ! surr\nd+ t]ritory  
at h] pleasure4 ,x w\ld seem t ! ladies 
9 ,engl& did ! same 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1

 b ) less ta/e4  ,among m9or po9ts (    
int]e/1 ^? little po9ts us$ by ! amateur
 9 id5tify+1 is ! m>k$ *ange 9 ! /ret*]4
 ,away back 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 z se5
 on *airs & tables1 x 0 heavy1 made (   
squ>e ?ree-or f\r-in* oak1 & plac$ almo/
 on ! gr\nd4 ,! fir/ *ange 0 9 us+ ?9n] 
wood2 ! next 0 9 giv+ ! /ret*] a look ( 
ornam5tal lightness by turn+4 ,:5 ?is   
happ5$ ! front /ret*] ( *airs 0 lift$ f 
! gr\nd to sp>e x ! heavy we> app>5t 9  
old] pieces4 ,:5 c>v+ attack$ ! /ret*]1 
!n x 0 plac$ well out ( ! way ( h>m1 & x
 took on ! ornam5tal effect ( ! *air's  
back4 ,! ,portuguese /yle ( /ret*] copi$
 closely ! c>v+ on ! top ( ! back 9     
graceful curves4  ,x 0 :5 ! l>g] pieces 
( furniture took on a c]ta9 lightness ( 
effect t a *ange 9 _! /ret*]s occurr$1 &
 ?is 0 9 ! p]iod ( ,william & ,m>y4 ,!  
/ret*] became wide1 flat & s]p5t9e4 ,9  
*airs x w&]$ diagonally f ! legs1 meet+ 
9 ! c5tre4 ,9 tables its %ape 0 regulat$
 by ! size ( ! table top4 ,9 *e/s (     
draw]s x wav]$ f leg to leg ( ! six :i* 

l %ort po/s support$ ! weight4 ,if !    
piece ( furniture 0 inlaid ^! flat      
/ret*]s (f]$ f9e opportunity = cont9u+ !
 "w4  ,/rangely en\gh ! /ret*]1 9 *airs 
at lea/1 disappe>$ at j ! "t x 0 mo/    
ne$$4 ,t 0 at ! introduction ( ! curv$  
or cabriole leg1 9 ! e>ly days ( ,que5  
,anne4 ,^? :o "k by exp]i5ce h[ frail ! 
curve makes ?is sort ( con/ruction1 sigh
 ) regret t ! f9e old ,que5 ,anne pieces
 ( _! collection _c be consi/5tly /ay$  
accord+ to ! old] me?od4  ,illu/ration3 
,plate ,,xxviii--,,c>v$ ,,*airs4 ,,p]iod
 ,,( ,,william ,,& ,,m>y    ,) all ! f9e
 *>act]i/ics ( ! c>v$ designs ( ! "t    
,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxix--,,walnut   
,,*airs1 ,,william ,,& ,,m>y    ,) !    
exquisitely c>v$ backs1 /ret*]s & legs  
*>act]i/ic   ( ! "t  ,x 0 9 ! int]e/+ "t
 ( ,william & ,m>y t ! kneehole desk    
made its appe>ance4 ,a c]ta9 en*ant+    
clums9ess m>ks ^! desks f lat] products 
on ! same l9e1 & a decid$ flav\r (      
,*9ese con/ruction4 ,su* a desk 0       
rec5tly root$ out ( ! d>k 9 an obscure  

,connecticut t[n1 x hav+ be5 br\ght ov] 
9 ! e>ly days1 &1 n be+ mahogany1 has   
la9 despis$ by local deal]s until "o m  
kn[l$geable ?an 8 fell[s discov]$ t x 0 
,elizabe?an6  ,a contribution made by   
,*9a 0 ! art ( lacqu]+4 ,al?\gh x 0 n 9 
! fulness ( its vogue until ! c5tury _h 
turn$ ! corn] 9 ,que5 ,anne's reign1 x  
_h its beg9n+s 9 ! e>li] importations ( 
lacqu] & ! desire ( ! cab9et-mak]s to   
imitate ! import$ art4  ,v>ni% z we "k x
 _h nev] be5 9 use1 else _h we miss$ !  
wond]ful h& poli% on old oak & walnut t 
_c be imitat$4 ,& :5 x appe>$ x 0 only  
to use x 9 ! ,*9ese mann]1 z a ?ick     
lacqu] ov] pa9t$ or relief ornam5t4 ,z !
 art ( lacqu]+ grew1 cab9ets ( great    
elaboration became fa%ionable1 & ^! 7 9 
_m cases import$ f ,*9a z ! cunn+       
h&icraft ( ! ,*9ese exce$$ t ( ! ,engli%
 9 mak+ t9y draw]s & tea-box effects4   
,!n ^! pieces 7 s5t to ,engl& :]e !y 7  
pa9t$ & lacqu]$ by ladies z a fa%ionable
 pa/ime1 & 7 set on elaborate c>v$ /&s (
 gilt 9 a /yle sav\r+ m ( ,gr9l+        

,gibbons ?an ( ,*9a1--:i* is ! true     
acc\nt+ ( ! puzzl+ comb9ation ( lacqu] &
 gold c>v+4  ,! metal m\nts or h>dw>e ( 
furniture ?r\gh\t ! sev5te5? c5tury 0   
simple beyond necessity1 yet ?is        
simplicity has its *>m4 ,9 e>lie/ days1 
iron locks & h+es ( a ,go?ic prud5ce z  
to size & invuln]ability1 u%]$ 9 !      
c5tury1 b x 0 /ill ! "t ( ,%akespe>e1 & 
t "t ?rew a glance back to ! ,go?ic j   
left beh9d4  ,knobs 7 ne$$ z draw]s     
appe>$1 & ^! 7 conv5i5tly & logically   
made ( wood1 & 7 cut 9 facets l a       
diamond4 ,b ! prevail+ metal m\nt = !   
re/ ( ! c5tury 0 ! little drop h&le t   
resembles no?+ s mu* z a lady's long    
e>r+4 ,x is f\nd on old ,jacobean       
cab9ets1 side-tables1 & all pieces hav+ 
draw]s & cupbo>ds4 ,its orig9 is old    
,spani%1 & t smacks always ( ,moori%4 ,)
 unusual fidelity ?is little drop h&le  
clung until "u ,que5 ,anne 7#agjc7 !    
fa%ion *ang$ to ! wide ornam5tal plate )
 looplike h&le1 & t 9 turn s]v$1 ) b    
slight v>iations1 ?r\gh\t ! c5tury4     

,illu/ration3 ,,que5 ,,anne ,,s+le      
,,*air    ,made ( walnut ) c>v$ motives 
gild$4   ,?is type ( *air %[s ! /rong   
effect ( ,*9ese motifs1   especially on 
! legs4  ,illu/ration3 ,,que5 ,,anne    
,,arm ,,*air    ,uphol/]$ 9 gros po9t ) 
splat black & ,dut* %ell on   curv$     
legs4     ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art1 
,new ,york  ,illu/ration3 ,,walnut      
,,que5 ,,anne ,,*airs    ,) cabriole leg
 & claw & ball foot adapt$ f ,*9ese     
,spani%   lea!r set on ) innum]able     
nails elegantly cov]s ! tall]4   ,^!    
*airs =e%ad[ ! ,georgian /yles4         
,plate ,,xxx  ,illu/ration3 ,plate      
,,xxxi--,,que5 ,,anne ,,*air    ,)      
m>quetry back & c>v$ cabriole leg ) ho( 
& s]p5t9e   /ret*] ,c\rtesy ( ,p4 ,w4   
,fr5*  ,9 summ+ up ! sev5te5? c5tury z a
 :ole1 x seems to %[ a ,briti% & insul> 
attempt to =m its own /yles1 to dress   
its homes & palaces 9 a ,briti% way1    
reg>dless ( :at ! _w else-:]e 0 do+4    
,bits ( outside product came drift+     
across ! ,*annel1 b ^! 7 n treat$ ) too 

great s]i\sness4 ,!y 7 nev] adopt$      
intact ) all ! feel+ ( =eign ?\ght %9+ f
 _! elegant surfaces1 b r 7 cut ap>t &  
c]ta9 bits 7 us$ to tack onto ! m       
,briti% "w4 ,& x is j "h t is f\nd !    
secret ( ! *>m :i* lies 9 old ,engli%   
furniture4 ,x is ! endeav\r ( ,engl& to 
tell h] own /ory1 & h] /ory is          
necess>ily diff]5t f t ( ,france1       
,portugal1 ,spa91 ,holl&1 ! ,ea/4 ,s1   
al?\gh %e borr[s motifs f =eign l&s1 x  
is only to indicate h] hi/orical        
connection ) !m & n to make a witless   
copy ( _! w>es4  ,?is holds true ev5 at 
! "t :5 two great arti/s dom9at$ !      
decorative arts 9 ,europe1 ,rub5s & ,le 
,brun1 & t decorative mon>*1 ,l\is      
,,xiv1 rul$ art z well z politics4 ,yet 
! insul>ity ( ,engl& kept h]1 happily1 f
 realis+ ! f9e fl[]+ ( ,fr5* art to     
imitate x1 &1 in/ead1 %e express$ h] own
 /urdy *>act]i/ic developm5t4  ,& s we  
love ! evid5ces ( s9c]ity & ! pursuit ( 
beauty t our ,engli% ance/ors made = u1 
& 9 our homes ( ease1 ) ^! ?+s ab\t u1  

we l to dream ( ! m5 & wom5 :o creat$ & 
us$ ^! dignifi$ "t-kiss$ old pieces4 ,& 
9 dream+ we =get ! frailty & cruelty (  
c\rts & rul]s & ?9k on ! nobility &     
c\rage ( ! less] yet great] folk :o laid
 ! f\ndation ( our c\ntry4  ,,! ,,end   
,,table ,,( ,,int]e/+ ,,dates   ,james  
,i4 #afjc to #afbe       ,%akespe>e di$ 
#afaf     ,fir/ ,am]ican ,colonies1     
,yorkt[n1 #afjg     ,fir/ ,am]ican      
,colonies1 ,plym\?1 #afbj   ,*>les ,i4  
#afbe to #afdi       ,inigo ,jones1     
,ar*itect1 di$ #afea     ,van ,dyck1    
c\rt pa9t]     ,sir ,francis ,crane     
,commonweal? ,"u ,cromwell1 #afdi to    
#affj  ,*>les ,,ii4 #affj to #afhe      
,! ,re/oration ,que5 ,ca!r9e (          
,braganza1 #affj     ,bombay ,influ5ce &
 ,ea/ ,india ,company1 #affj     ,great 
,fire ( ,london1 #afff     ,sir         
,*ri/oph] ,wr51 #afcb-agbc     ,/4      
,paul's comm5c$1 #afge     ,gr9l+       
,gibbons1 #afdh-agbf     ,mirror        
,factory1 #afgc     ,*atswor? ,built1   
#afgj   ,james ,,ii4 #afhe to #afhh     

,revocation ( ,edict ( ,nantes1 #afhe   
,spitalfields ,silk ,factories1 #afhe   
,william & ,m>y4 #afhi to #agjb         
,daniel ,morot     ,hampton ,c\rt1      
pr9cipal p>ts built   ,que5 ,anne4 #agjb
 to #agad