,,on ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,our ,,educational ,,in/itutions ,,hom] ,,& ,,classical ,,philology ,by ,,fri$ri* ,,nietzs*e ,,translat$1 ,,) ,,introduction1 ,,by ,j4,m4 ,,k5n$y ,! ,complete ,works ( ,fri$ri* ,nietzs*e ,! ,fir/ ,complete & ,au?oris$ ,engli% ,translation ,edit$ by ,dr ,osc> ,levy ,volume ,?ree ,t4,n4 ,,f\lis #ac #ae ,,fr$]ick ,,/reet ,,ed9burgh3 ,,& ,,london #aiji ,,cont5ts ,,translator',s ,,introduction ,,au?or',s ,,preface ,,au?or',s ,,introduction ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,our ,,educational ,,in/itutions ,,fir/ ,,lecture ,,second ,,lecture ,,?ird ,,lecture ,,f\r? ,,lecture ,,fif? ,,lecture ,,hom] ,,& ,,classical ,,philology ,,translator',s ,,introduction ,on ! ,future ( our ,educational ,in/itutions compreh5ds a s]ies ( five lectures deliv]$ by ,nietzs*e :5 ,pr(essor ( ,classical ,philology at ,ble ,univ]sity4 ,z !y 7 prep>$ :5 he 0 only tw5ty-sev5 ye>s ( age1 we c sc>cely expect to f9d 9 !m t broad1 good ,european po9t ( view :i* we meet ) 9 8 lat] works4 ,^! lectures1 h[ev]1 are n only highly int]e/+ 9 !mselves2 b indisp5sable = ^? :o wi% to trace ! gradual developm5t ( ,nietzs*e's ?\ght4 ,nietzs*e's aim1 z is n[ pretty well kn[n1 0 ! elevation ( ! type man4 ,at ?is p]iod ( 8 life he believ$ t ?is end c\ld be be/ atta9$ by ! protection & c>eful developm5t ( m5 ( g5ius1 ,h5ce 8 antagonism 9 ! foll[+ lectures t[>ds ! purely "t-s]v+ ,g]man s*ools & colleges ( 8 age1 9 :i* culture 0 n only neglect$ b n ev5 kn[n--! "o aim ( ! tea*]s be+ to in/ruct ! pupils 9 ! art ( gett+ on1 ( play+ a successful "p 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ( becom+ useful citiz5s4 ,( c\rse1 ,nietzs*e 0 too little ( a wild re=m] to be adv]se to a s*ool+ ( ?is nature4 ,he freely admits t a bread-w9n+ education is necess>y = ! majority1 & t (ficials are necess>y to ! ,/ate2 b he adds t ev]y?+ le>nt z a prep>ation = tak+ "p 9 ! comm]cial or political battle ( life has no?+ to d ) culture4 ,true culture is only = a few select m9ds1 :i* x is necess>y to br+ toge!r "u ! protect+ ro( ( an in/itution t %all prep>e !m = culture1 & = culture only4 ,su* an in/itution1 he goes on to say1 does n yet exi/2 b we mu/ h x if ! delicate fl[] ( ! ,g]man m9d is no long] to be *ok$ by ! noxi\s we$s :i* h ga!r$ r\nd x4 ,z in/ances ( m9ds ?us *ok$1 ,nietzs*e m5tions ,less+1 ,w9ckelmann1 & ,s*ill]4 ,! /&>d ( culture to be aim$ at by ! man ( g5ius ,nietzs*e _h 9 m9d 0 to be f\nd 9 ! model lit]>y & arti/ic works :i* h come d[n to u f anci5t ,greece4 ,to und]/& ^! works1 ( c\rse1 ! classical au?ors _h to be /udi$ 9 ! orig9al1 & ! me?ods ( tea*+ !n 9 vogue paid too mu* att5tion to inconsequ5tial po9ts 7ie4g4_/i v>iant read+s7 in/ead ( deal+ ) ! subject 9 a broad-m9d$ philosophical _s4 ,nietzs*e endeav\r$ to c\nt]act ?is t5d5cy 9 ! ,hom] & ,classical ,philology1 8 inaugural address at ,ble ,univ]sity1 by outl9+ a mu* va/] conception ( philology ?an 8 fell[-tea*]s _h ev] dreamt (1 lay+ /ress ^u ! iarti/ic_/i results :i* w\ld accrue if ! sci5ce 7 appli$ on a wid] scale--results :i* w\ld be ( a mu* high] ord] ?an ^? obta9$ by ! n>r[ p$antry !n prevail+4 ,x is a v sup]ficial comm5t on ^! lectures to say t ,nietzs*e 0 m]ely ref]r+ to ! ,g]man s*ools & colleges ( 8 "t4 ,x w\ld be ev5 %all[] to sugge/ t 8 rem>ks d n apply to ! s*ools & tea*]s ( pres5t-day ,engl& & ,am]ica2 = we likewise d n possess ! cultural in/itution1 ! ireal_/i educational e/abli%m5t1 t ,nietzs*e long$ =4 ,broadly speak+1 ! ,engli% public s*ools1 ! old] ,engli% univ]sities1 & ! ,am]ican high s*ools1 tra9 _! s*ol>s to be useful to ! ,/ate3 ! mod]n univ]sities & ! rema9+ s*ools give t in/ruction9 bread-w9n+ :i* ,nietzs*e admits to be necess>y = ! majority2 b 9 no case is an attempt made to pick out a few high] m9ds & tra9 !m = culture4 ,our crude me?ods ( tea*+ ! classical languages are too well kn[n to be comm5t$ ^u2 & an insight into classical antiquity1 ) ! good ta/e1 ! firm pr9ciples1 & ! l(ty aims obta9$ !refrom1 is exactly :at our v>i\s educational in/itutions d n aim at giv+4 ,yet1 z ,nietzs*e truly says1 no progress 9 any o!r direction1 no matt] h[ brilliant1 c deliv] our /ud5ts f ! curse ( an education :i* adapts itself m & m to ! ne$s ( ! age1 & ?us loses all its p[] ( guid+ ! age4 ,let ! /ud5t :o1 z ! victim ( ?is sy/em1 suff]s m f x ?an 8 tea*]s c>e to admit1 read ! p>agraph on pp4 #acb & #acc conta9+ ! s5t5ces-- ,he feels t he c nei!r lead nor help himself4444 ,8 condition is undignifi$1 ev5 dreadful3 he keeps betwe5 ! two extremes ( "w at high pressure & a /ate ( melan*oly en]vation4444 ,he seeks consolation 9 ha/y & incessant action s z to hide himself f himself1 etc41 & !n let him confess t ,nietzs*e's insight into 8 psy*ology is pr(\nd & decisive4 ,! :ole p>agraph might h be5 writt5 by ,nietzs*e aft] a visit to pres5t-day ,engl&4 ,z be>+ ^u ! same subject1 ! read] w f9d x int]e/+ to comp>e ! lectures "h translat$ ) ,mat!w ,arnold's prose writ+s passim1 p>ticul>ly ! i,essays 9 ,criticism1 ,mix$ ,essays1_/i & i,culture & ,an>*y_/i4 ,j4 ,m4 ,,k5n$y4 ,,london1 ,may #aiji4 ,,preface4 ,! read] f :om ,i expect some?+ mu/ possess ?ree qualities3 he mu/ be calm & mu/ read )\t ha/e2 he mu/ n be ev] int]pos+ 8 own p]sonality & 8 own special culture2 & he mu/ n expect z ! ultimate results ( 8 /udy ( ^! pages t he w be pres5t$ ) a set ( new =mul4 ,i d n propose to furni% =mul or new plans ( /udy = ,gymnasia or o!r s*ools2 & ,i am mu* m incl9$ to admire ! extraord9>y p[] ( ^? :o are able to cov] ! :ole di/ance betwe5 ! dep?s ( empiricism & ! heights ( special culture-problems1 & :o aga9 desc5d to ! level ( ! drie/ rules & ! mo/ neatly express$ =mul4 ,i %all be cont5t if only ,i c asc5d a tol]ably l(ty m\nta91 f ! summit ( :i*1 aft] hav+ recov]$ my brea?1 ,i may obta9 a g5]al survey ( ! gr\nd2 = ,i %all nev] be able1 9 ?is book1 to satisfy ! vot>ies ( tabulat$ rules4 ,inde$1 ,i see a "t com+ :5 s]i\s m51 work+ toge!r 9 ! s]vice ( a completely rejuv5at$ & purifi$ culture1 may aga9 become ! directors ( a sy/em ( ev]yday in/ruction1 calculat$ to promote t culture2 & !y w probably be compell$ once m to draw up sets ( rules3 b h[ remote ?is "t n[ seems6 ,& :at may n happ5 mean:ile6 ,x is j possible t betwe5 n[ & !n all ,gymnasia--yea1 & p]haps all univ]sities1 may be de/roy$1 or h become s utt]ly trans=m$ t _! v regulations may1 9 ! eyes ( future g5]ations1 seem to be b ! relics ( ! cave-dwell]s' age4 ,?is book is int5d$ = calm read]s1--= m5 :o h n yet be5 drawn into ! mad headlong ru% ( our hurry-skurry+ age1 & :o d n exp]i5ce any idolatr\s delight 9 ?r[+ !mselves b5ea? its *>iot-:eels4 ,x is = m51 !re=e1 :o are n accu/om$ to e/imate ! value ( ev]y?+ accord+ to ! am\nt ( "t x ei!r saves or wa/es4 ,9 %ort1 x is = ! few4 ,^!1 we believe1 /ill h "t4 ,)\t any qualms ( consci5ce !y may improve ! mo/ fruitful & vigor\s h\rs ( _! day 9 m$itat+ on ! future ( our education2 !y may ev5 believe :5 ! ev5+ has come t !y h us$ _! day 9 ! mo/ dignifi$ & useful way1 namely1 9 ! m$itatio g5]is futuri4 ,no "o among !m has yet =gott5 to ?9k :ile read+ a book2 he /ill und]/&s ! secret ( read+ betwe5 ! l9es1 & is inde$ s g5]\s 9 :at he himself br+s to 8 /udy1 t he cont9ues to reflect ^u :at he has read1 p]haps long aft] he has laid ! book aside4 ,& he does ?is1 n because he wi%es to write a criticism ab\t x or ev5 ano!r book2 b simply because reflection is a pleasant pa/ime to him4 ,frivol\s sp5d?rift6 ,?\ art a read] aft] my own he>t2 = ?\ wilt be pati5t en\gh to accompany an au?or any di/ance1 ev5 ?\gh he himself _c yet see ! goal at :i* he is aim+1--ev5 ?\gh he himself feels only t he mu/ at all ev5ts hone/ly believe 9 a goal1 9 ord] t a future & possibly v remote g5]ation may come face to face ) t t[>ds :i* we are n[ bl9dly & in/9ctively grop+4 ,%\ld any read] demur & sugge/ t all t is requir$ is prompt & bold re=m2 %\ld he imag9e t a new organisation introduc$ by ! ,/ate1 7 all t is necess>y1 !n we fe> he w\ld h misund]/ood n only ! au?or b ! v nature ( ! problem "u consid]ation4 ,! ?ird & mo/ important /ipulation is1 t he %\ld 9 no case be con/antly br++ himself & 8 own culture =w>d1 aft] ! /yle ( mo/ mod]n m51 z ! correct /&>d & measure ( all ?+s4 ,we w\ld h him s highly educat$ t he c\ld ev5 ?9k meanly ( 8 education or despise x altoge!r4 ,only ?us w\ld he be able to tru/ entirely to ! au?or's guidance2 = x is only by virtue ( ignorance & 8 consci\sness ( ignorance1 t ! latt] c d>e to make himself he>d4 ,f9ally1 ! au?or w\ld wi% 8 read] to be fully alive to ! specific "* ( our pres5t b>b>ism & ( t :i* di/+ui%es u1 z ! b>b>ians ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 f o!r b>b>ians4 ,n[1 ) ?is book 9 8 h&1 ! writ] seeks all ^? :o may happ5 to be w&]+1 hi!r & ?i!r1 impell$ by feel+s simil> to 8 own4 ,all[ y\rselves to be discov]$--ye lonely ones 9 ^: exi/5ce ,i believe6 ,ye unselfi% ones1 suff]+ 9 y\rselves f ! corruption ( ! ,g]man _s6 ,ye contemplative ones :o _c1 ) ha/y glances1 turn y\r eyes swiftly f "o surface to ano!r6 ,ye l(ty ?9k]s1 ( :om ,ari/otle said t ye w&] ?r\gh life vacillat+ & inactive s long z no great hon\r or glori\s ,cause calle? y to de$s6 ,x is y ,i summon6 ,refra9 ?is once f seek+ refuge 9 y\r lairs ( solitude & d>k misgiv+s4 ,be?9k y t ?is book 0 fram$ to be y\r h]ald4 ,:5 ye %all g =? to battle 9 y\r full panoply1 :o among y w n rejoice 9 look+ back ^u ! h]ald :o ralli$ y8 ,,introduction4 ,! title ,i gave to ^! lectures ought1 l all titles1 to h be5 z def9ite1 z pla91 & z significant z possible2 n[1 h[ev]1 ,i obs]ve t ow+ to a c]ta9 excess ( precision1 9 its pres5t =m x is too %ort & consequ5tly mislead+4 ,my fir/ duty !re=e w be to expla9 ! title1 toge!r ) ! object ( ^! lectures1 to y1 & to apologise = be+ oblig$ to d ?is4 ,:5 ,i promis$ to speak to y conc]n+ ! future ( our educational in/itutions1 ,i 0 n ?9k+ especially ( ! evolution ( our p>ticul> in/itutions 9 ,ble4 ,h[ev] frequ5tly my g5]al obs]vations may seem to be> p>ticul> application to our own conditions "h1 ,i p]sonally h no desire to draw ^! inf]5ces1 & d n wi% to be held responsible if !y %\ld be drawn1 = ! simple reason t ,i consid] myself /ill f> too mu* an inexp]i5c$ /rang] among y1 & mu* too sup]ficially acqua9t$ ) y\r me?ods1 to pret5d to pass judgm5t ^u any su* special ord] ( s*ola/ic e/abli%m5ts1 or to pr$ict ! probable c\rse _! developm5t w foll[4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i "k full well "u :at di/+ui%$ auspices ,i h to deliv] ^! lectures--namely1 9 a city :i* is /riv+ to educate & enlight5 its inhabitants on a scale s magnific5tly out ( proportion to its size1 t x mu/ put all l>g] cities to %ame4 ,?is be+ s1 ,i presume ,i am ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t 9 a qu>t] :]e s mu* is done = ! ?+s ( :i* ,i wi% to speak1 p mu/ also ?9k a good deal ab\t !m4 ,my desire--yea1 my v fir/ condition1 !re=e1 w\ld be to become unit$ 9 _s ) ^? :o h n only ?\ght v deeply ^u educational problems1 b h also ! w to promote :at !y ?9k to be "r by all ! means 9 _! p[]4 ,&1 9 view ( ! difficulties ( my task & ! limit$ "t at my disposal1 to su* li/5]s1 alone1 9 my audi5ce1 %all ,i be able to make myself und]/ood--& ev5 !n1 x w be on condition t !y %all guess :at ,i c d no m ?an sugge/1 t !y %all supply :at ,i am compell$ to omit2 9 brief1 t !y %all ne$ b to be rem9d$ & n to be taught4 ,?us1 :ile ,i disclaim all desire ( be+ tak5 = an un9vit$ advis] on que/ions relat+ to ! s*ools & ! ,univ]sity ( ,ble1 ,i repudiate ev5 m emphatically /ill ! rle ( a prophet /&+ on ! horizon ( civilisation & pret5d+ to pr$ict ! future ( education & ( s*ola/ic organisation4 ,i c no m project my vision ?r\gh su* va/ p]iods ( "t ?an ,i c rely ^u its accuracy :5 x is br\ght too close to an object "u exam9ation4 ,) my title3 ,our ,educational ,in/itutions1 ,i wi% to ref] nei!r to ! e/abli%m5ts 9 ,ble nor to ! incalculably va/ numb] ( o!r s*ola/ic in/itutions :i* exi/ ?r\gh\t ! nations ( ! _w to-day2 b ,i wi% to ref] to ,g]man in/itutions ( ! k9d :i* we rejoice 9 "h4 ,x is _! future t w n[ engage our att5tion1 i4e4 ! future ( ,g]man elem5t>y1 second>y1 & public s*ools 7,gymnasi57 & univ]sities4 ,:ile pursu+ our discussion1 h[ev]1 we %all = once avoid all comp>isons & valuations1 & gu>d m especially aga9/ t flatt]+ illusion t our conditions %\ld be reg>d$ z ! /&>d = all o!rs & z surpass+ !m4 ,let x suffice t !y are our in/itutions1 t !y h n become a "p ( ourselves by m]e accid5t1 & 7 n laid ^u u l a g>m5t2 b t !y are liv+ monum5ts ( important /eps 9 ! progress ( civilisation1 9 "s respects ev5 ! furniture ( a bygone age1 & z su* l9k u ) ! pa/ ( our p1 & are su* a sacr$ & v5]able legacy t ,i c only und]take to speak ( ! future ( our educational in/itutions 9 ! s5se ( _! be+ a mo/ probable approximation to ! ideal _s :i* gave !m bir?4 ,i am1 moreov]1 conv9c$ t ! num]\s alt]ations :i* h be5 introduc$ into ^! in/itutions )9 rec5t ye>s1 ) ! view ( br++ !m up-to-date1 are = ! mo/ "p b di/ortions & ab]rations ( ! orig9ally sublime t5d5cies giv5 to !m at _! f\ndation4 ,& :at we d>e to hope f ! future1 9 ?is behalf1 p>takes s mu* ( ! nature ( a rejuv5ation1 a revivisc5ce1 & a ref9+ ( ! _s ( ,g]many t1 z a result ( ?is v process1 our educational in/itutions may also be indirectly rem\ld$ & born aga91 s z to appe> at once old & new1 :]eas n[ !y only pr(ess to be mod]n or up-to-date4 ,n[ x is only 9 ! _s ( ! hope above m5tion$ t ,i wi% to speak ( ! future ( our educational in/itutions3 & ?is is ! second po9t 9 reg>d to :i* ,i mu/ t5d] an apology f ! outset4 ,! prophet pose is su* a presumptu\s "o t x seems almo/ ridicul\s to d5y t ,i h ! int5tion ( adopt+ x4 ,no "o %\ld attempt to describe ! future ( our education1 & ! means & me?ods ( in/ruction relat+ !reto1 9 a prophetic _s1 unless he c prove t ! picture he draws already exi/s 9 g]m to-day1 & t all t is requir$ is ! ext5sion & developm5t ( ?is embryo if ! necess>y modifications are to be produc$ 9 s*ools & o!r educational in/itutions4 ,all ,i ask1 is1 l a ,roman h>uspex1 to be all[$ to /eal glimpses ( ! future out ( ! v entrails ( exi/+ conditions1 :i*1 9 ?is case1 means no m ?an to h& ! laurels ( victory to any "o ( ! _m =ces t5d+ to make itself felt 9 our pres5t educational sy/em1 despite ! fact t ! =ce 9 "q may be nei!r a fav\rite1 an e/eem$1 nor a v ext5sive "o4 ,i confid5tly ass]t t x w be victori\s1 h[ev]1 because x has ! /ronge/ & mightie/ ( all allies 9 nature h]self2 & 9 ?is respect x 7 well did we n =get t scores ( ! v fir/ pr9ciples ( our mod]n educational me?ods are ?or\ghly artificial1 & t ! mo/ fatal weaknesses ( ! pres5t day are to be ascrib$ to ?is artificiality4 ,he :o feels 9 complete h>mony ) ! pres5t /ate ( affairs & :o acquiesces 9 x z some?+ selb/v]/ndli*es1#a excites our envy nei!r 9 reg>d to 8 fai? nor 9 reg>d to t egregi\s ^w selb/v]/ndli*1 s frequ5tly he>d 9 fa%ionable circles4 ,he1 h[ev]1 :o holds ! opposite view & is !re=e 9 despair1 does n ne$ to fight any long]3 all he requires is to give himself up to solitude 9 ord] soon to be alone4 ,albeit1 betwe5 ^? :o take ev]y?+ = grant$ & ^! an*orites1 !re /& ! fight]s--t is to say1 ^? :o /ill h hope1 & z ! noble/ & sublime/ example ( ?is class1 we recognise ,s*ill] z he is describ$ by ,goe! 9 8 ,epilogue to ! ,bell4 ,bright] n[ gl['d 8 *eek1 & /ill m bright ,) t un*ang+1 ev] y\?ful gl[3-- ,t c\rage :i* o'ercomes1 9 h>d-f\ght fight1 ,soon] or lat] ev'ry e>?ly foe1-- ,t fai? :i* so>+ to ! realms ( light1 ,n[ boldly presse? on1 n[ b5de? l[1 ,s t ! good may "w1 wax1 ?rive ama91 ,s t ! day ! noble may atta94#b ,i %\ld l y to reg>d all ,i h j said z a k9d ( preface1 ! object ( :i* is to illu/rate ! title ( my lectures & to gu>d me aga9/ any possible misund]/&+ & unju/ifi$ criticisms4 ,& n[1 9 ord] to give y a r\gh outl9e ( ! range ( ideas f :i* ,i %all attempt to =m a judgm5t conc]n+ our educational in/itutions1 be=e proce$+ to disclose my views & turn+ f ! title to ! ma9 !me1 ,i %all lay a s*eme be=e y :i*1 l a coat ( arms1 w s]ve to w>n all /rang]s :o come to my door1 z to ! nature ( ! h\se !y are ab\t to ent]1 9 case !y may feel incl9$1 aft] hav+ exam9$ ! device1 to turn _! backs on ! premises t be> x4 ,my s*eme is z foll[s3-- ,two seem+ly antagoni/ic =ces1 equally delet]i\s 9 _! actions & ultimately comb9+ to produce _! results1 are at pres5t rul+ ov] our educational in/itutions1 al?\gh ^! 7 bas$ orig9ally ^u v diff]5t pr9ciples4 ,^! =ces are3 a /riv+ to a*ieve ! greate/ possible ext5sion ( education on ! "o h&1 & a t5d5cy to m9imise & to weak5 x on ! o!r4 ,! fir/-nam$ w\ld fa9 spread le>n+ among ! greate/ possible numb] ( p1 ! second w\ld compel education to r5\nce its highe/ & mo/ indep5d5t claims 9 ord] to subord9ate itself to ! s]vice ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 ! face ( ^! two antagoni/ic t5d5cies1 we c\ld b give ourselves up to despair1 did we n see ! possibility ( promot+ ! cause ( two o!r cont5d+ factors :i* are =tunately z completely ,g]man z !y are ri* 9 promises = ! future2 ,i ref] to ! pres5t movem5t t[>ds limit+ & conc5trat+ education z ! anti!sis ( ! fir/ ( ! =ces above m5tion$1 & t o!r movem5t t[>ds ! /r5g!n+ & ! indep5d5ce ( education z ! anti!sis ( ! second =ce4 ,if we %\ld seek a w>rant = our belief 9 ! ultimate victory ( ! two la/-nam$ movem5ts1 we c\ld f9d x 9 ! fact t bo? ( ! =ces :i* we hold to be delet]i\s are s oppos$ to ! et]nal purpose ( nature z ! conc5tration ( education = ! few is 9 h>mony ) x1 & is true1 :]eas ! fir/ two =ces c\ld succe$ only 9 f\nd+ a culture false to ! root4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,selb/v]/ndli* grant$ or self-und]/ood4 #b ,! ,poems ( ,goe!4 ,edg> ,alfr$ ,b[r+'s ,translation4 7,ed4 #ahec47 ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,our ,,educational ,,in/itutions4 ,,fir/ ,,lecture4 7,deliv]$ on ! #af? ( ,janu>y #ahgb47 ,ladies & ,g5tlem51--,! subject ,i n[ propose to consid] ) y is su* a s]i\s & important "o1 & is 9 a s5se s disquiet+1 t1 l y1 ,i w\ld gladly turn to any "o :o c\ld pr(f] "s in=mation conc]n+ x1--7 he ev] s "y1 7 8 ideas ev] s improbable--provid$ t he 7 able1 by ! ex]cise ( 8 own faculties1 to furni% "s satisfactory & suffici5t explanation4 ,x is j possible t he may h _h ! opportunity ( he>+ s\nd views express$ 9 ref]5ce to ! vex$ "q ( ! future ( our educational in/itutions1 & t he may wi% to repeat !m to y2 he may ev5 h _h di/+ui%$ tea*]s1 fully qualifi$ to =etell :at is to come1 &1 l ! h>uspices ( ,rome1 able to d s aft] an inspection ( ! entrails ( ! ,pres5t4 ,inde$1 y y\rselves may expect some?+ ( ?is k9d f me4 ,i happ5$ once1 9 /range b p]fectly h>mless circum/ances1 to ov]he> a conv]sation on ?is subject betwe5 two rem>kable m51 & ! m /rik+ po9ts ( ! discussion1 toge!r ) _! mann] ( h&l+ ! !me1 are s indelibly impr9t$ on my memory t1 :5ev] ,i reflect on ^! matt]s1 ,i inv>iably f9d myself fall+ into _! grooves ( ?\ght4 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 pr(ess to h ! same c\rage\s confid5ce :i* !y display$1 bo? 9 _! d>+ utt]ance ( =bidd5 tru?s1 & 9 ! /ill m d>+ conception ( ! hopes ) :i* !y a/oni%$ me4 ,x !re=e seem$ to me to be 9 ! highe/ degree important t a record ( ?is conv]sation %\ld be made1 s t o!rs might be incit$ to =m a judgm5t conc]n+ ! /rik+ views & conclusions x conta9s3 &1 to ?is end1 ,i _h special gr\nds = believ+ t ,i %\ld d well to avail myself ( ! opportunity af=d$ by ?is c\rse ( lectures4 ,i am well aw>e ( ! nature ( ! community to ^: s]i\s consid]ation ,i n[ wi% to comm5d t conv]sation--,i "k x to be a community :i* is /riv+ to educate & enlight5 its memb]s on a scale s magnific5tly out ( proportion to its size t x mu/ put all l>g] cities to %ame4 ,?is be+ s1 ,i presume ,i may take x = grant$ t 9 a qu>t] :]e s mu* is done = ! ?+s ( :i* ,i wi% to speak1 p mu/ also ?9k a good deal ab\t !m4 ,9 my acc\nt ( ! conv]sation already m5tion$1 ,i %all be able to make myself completely und]/ood only to ^? among my audi5ce :o w be able to guess :at ,i c d no m ?an sugge/1 :o w supply :at ,i am compell$ to omit1 & :o1 above all1 ne$ b to be rem9d$ & n taught4 ,li/51 !re=e1 ladies & g5tlem51 :ile ,i rec\nt my h>mless exp]i5ce & ! less h>mless conv]sation betwe5 ! two g5tlem5 :om1 s f>1 ,i h n nam$4 ,let u n[ imag9e ourselves 9 ! position ( a "y /ud5t--t is to say1 9 a position :i*1 9 our pres5t age ( bewild]+ movem5t & fev]i% excitability1 has become an almo/ impossible "o4 ,x is necess>y to h liv$ ?r\gh x 9 ord] to believe t su* c>eless self-lull+ & com=table indiff]5ce to ! mom5t1 or to "t 9 g5]al1 are possible4 ,9 ?is condition ,i1 & a fri5d ab\t my own age1 sp5t a ye> at ! ,univ]sity ( ,bonn on ! ,rh9e1--x 0 a ye> :i*1 9 its complete lack ( plans & projects = ! future1 seems almo/ l a dream to me n[--a dream fram$1 z x 71 by two p]iods ( gr[?4 ,we two rema9$ quiet & peaceful1 al?\gh we 7 surr\nd$ by fell[s :o 9 ! ma9 7 v diff]5tly dispos$1 & f "t to "t we exp]i5c$ consid]able difficulty 9 meet+ & resi/+ ! some:at too press+ advances ( ! "y m5 ( our own age4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 t ,i c look ^u ! /& we _h to take aga9/ ^! oppos+ =ces1 ,i _c help associat+ !m 9 my m9d ) ^? *ecks we are wont to receive 9 our dreams1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 we imag9e we are able to fly & yet feel ourselves held back by "s incompreh5sible p[]4 ,i & my fri5d _h _m rem9isc5ces 9 common1 & ^! dat$ f ! p]iod ( our boyhood upw>ds4 ,"o ( ^! ,i mu/ relate to y1 s9ce x =ms a sort ( prelude to ! h>mless exp]i5ce already m5tion$4 ,on ! occasion ( a c]ta9 j\rney up ! ,rh9e1 :i* we _h made toge!r "o summ]1 x happ5$ t he & ,i indep5d5tly conceiv$ ! v same plan at ! same h\r & on ! same spot1 & we 7 s /ruck by ?is unwont$ co9cid5ce t we det]m9$ to c>ry ! plan out =?)4 ,we resolv$ to f\nd a k9d ( small club :i* w\ld consi/ ( ourselves & a few fri5ds1 & ! object ( :i* w\ld be to provide u ) a /able & b9d+ organisation direct+ & add+ int]e/ to our creative impulses 9 art & lit]ature2 or1 to put x m pla9ly3 ea* ( u w\ld be pl$g$ to pres5t an orig9al piece ( "w to ! club once a mon?1--ei!r a poem1 a treatise1 an ar*itectural design1 or a musical composition1 ^u :i* ea* ( ! o!rs1 9 a fri5dly _s1 w\ld h to pass free & unre/ra9$ criticism4 ,we ?us hop$1 by means ( mutual correction1 to be able bo? to /imulate & to *a/5 our creative impulses &1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! success ( ! s*eme 0 su* t we h bo? always felt a sort ( respectful atta*m5t = ! h\r & ! place at :i* x fir/ took %ape 9 our m9ds4 ,?is atta*m5t 0 v soon trans=m$ into a rite2 = we all agre$ to g1 :5ev] x 0 possible to d s1 once a ye> to t lonely spot ne> ,rol&seck1 :]e on t summ]'s day1 :ile sitt+ toge!r1 lo/ 9 m$itation1 we 7 sudd5ly inspir$ by ! same ?\ght4 ,frankly speak+1 ! rules :i* 7 drawn up on ! =mation ( ! club 7 nev] v /rictly obs]v$2 b ow+ to ! v fact t we _h _m s9s ( omission on our consci5ce dur+ our /ud5t-ye> 9 ,bonn1 :5 we 7 once m on ! banks ( ! ,rh9e1 we firmly resolv$ n only to obs]ve our rule1 b also to gratify our feel+s & our s5se ( gratitude by rev]5tly visit+ t spot ne> ,rol&seck on ! day appo9t$4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 ) "s difficulty t we 7 able to c>ry our plans into execution2 =1 on ! v day we _h select$ = our excursion1 ! l>ge & lively /ud5ts' association1 :i* always h9d]$ u 9 our flights1 did _! utmo/ to put ob/acles 9 our way & to hold u back4 ,our association _h organis$ a g5]al holiday excursion to ,rol&seck on ! v day my fri5d & ,i _h fix$ ^u1 ! object ( ! out+ be+ to assemble all its memb]s = ! la/ "t at ! close ( ! half-ye> & to s5d !m home ) pleasant recollections ( _! la/ h\rs toge!r4 ,! day 0 a glori\s "o2 ! wea!r 0 ( ! k9d :i*1 9 our climate at lea/1 only falls to our lot 9 late summ]3 heav5 & e>? m]g$ h>moni\sly ) "o ano!r1 &1 gl[+ wondr\sly 9 ! sun%9e1 autumn fre%ness bl5d$ ) ! blue expanse above4 ,array$ 9 ! bright fanta/ic g>b 9 :i*1 amid ! gloomy fa%ions n[ reign+1 /ud5ts alone may indulge1 we bo>d$ a /eam] :i* 0 gaily decorat$ 9 our hon\r1 & hoi/$ our flag on its ma/4 ,f bo? banks ( ! riv] !re came at int]vals ! s\nd ( signal-guns1 fir$ accord+ to our ord]s1 ) ! view ( acqua9t+ bo? our ho/ 9 ,rol&seck & ! inhabitants 9 ! neighb\rhood ) our approa*4 ,i %all n speak ( ! noisy j\rney f ! l&+-/age1 ?r\gh ! excit$ & expectant little place1 nor %all ,i ref] to ! esot]ic jokes ex*ang$ betwe5 ourselves2 ,i also make no m5tion ( a fea/ :i* became bo? wild & noisy1 or ( an extraord9>y musical production 9 ! execution ( :i*1 :e!r z soloi/s or z *orus1 we all ultimately _h to %>e1 & :i* ,i1 z musical advis] ( our club1 _h n only _h to rehe>se1 b 0 !n =c$ to conduct4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ?is piece1 :i* grew ev] wild] & :i* 0 sung to ev] quick] "t1 ,i made a sign to my fri5d1 & j z ! la/ *ord rang l a yell ?r\gh ! build+1 he & ,i vani%$1 leav+ beh9d u a rag+ p&emonium4 ,9 a mom5t we 7 9 ! refre%+ & brea?less /illness ( nature4 ,! %ad[s 7 already l5g!n+1 ! sun /ill %one /eadily1 ?\gh x _h sunk a good deal 9 ! heav5s1 & f ! gre5 & glitt]+ waves ( ! ,rh9e a cool breeze 0 waft$ ov] our hot faces4 ,our solemn rite b\nd u only 9 s f> z ! late/ h\rs ( ! day 7 conc]n$1 & we !re=e det]m9$ to employ ! la/ mom5ts ( cle> daylight by giv+ ourselves up to "o ( our _m hobbies4 ,at t "t we 7 passionately fond ( pi/ol-%oot+1 & bo? ( u 9 lat] ye>s f\nd ! skill we _h acquir$ z amateurs ( great use 9 our milit>y c>e]4 ,our club s]vant happ5$ to "k ! some:at di/ant & elevat$ spot :i* we us$ z a range1 & _h c>ri$ our pi/ols !re 9 advance4 ,! spot lay ne> ! upp] bord] ( ! wood :i* cov]$ ! less] heights beh9d ,rol&seck3 x 0 a small unev5 plateau1 close to ! place we _h consecrat$ 9 memory ( its associations4 ,on a wood$ slope alongside ( our %oot+-range !re 0 a small piece ( gr\nd :i* _h be5 cle>$ ( wood1 & :i* made an ideal halt+-place2 f x "o c\ld get a view ( ! ,rh9e ov] ! tops ( ! trees & ! bru%wood1 s t ! beautiful1 undulat+ l9es ( ! ,sev5 ,m\nta9s & above all ( ! ,dra*5fels b\nd$ ! horizon aga9/ ! gr\p ( trees1 :ile 9 ! c5tre ( ! b[ =m$ by ! gli/5+ ,rh9e itself ! isl& ( ,nonn5wr? /ood out z if susp5d$ 9 ! riv]'s arms4 ,?is 0 ! place :i* _h become sacr$ to u ?r\gh ! dreams & plans we _h _h 9 common1 & to :i* we int5d$ to )draw1 lat] 9 ! ev5+1--nay1 to :i* we %\ld be oblig$ to )draw1 if we wi%$ to close ! day 9 accordance ) ! law we _h impos$ on ourselves4 ,at "o end ( ! little unev5 plateau1 & n v f> away1 !re /ood ! mighty trunk ( an oak-tree1 prom95tly visible aga9/ a backgr\nd q b>e ( trees & consi/+ m]ely ( l[ undulat+ hills 9 ! di/ance4 ,work+ toge!r1 we _h once c>v$ a p5tagram 9 ! side ( ?is tree-trunk4 ,ye>s ( exposure to ra9 & /orm _h slightly deep5$ ! *annels we _h cut1 & ! figure seem$ a welcome t>get = our pi/ol-practice4 ,x 0 already late 9 ! aft]noon :5 we rea*$ our improvis$ range1 & our oak-/ump ca/ a long & att5uat$ %ad[ across ! b>r5 hea?4 ,all 0 /ill3 ?anks to ! l(ty trees at our feet1 we 7 unable to cat* a glimpse ( ! valley ( ! ,rh9e bel[4 ,! peacefulness ( ! spot seem$ only to int5sify ! l\dness ( our pi/ol-%ots--& ,i _h sc>cely fir$ my second b>rel at ! p5tagram :5 ,i felt "s "o lay hold ( my arm & notic$ t my fri5d _h also "s "o beside him :o _h int]rupt$ 8 load+4 ,turn+ %>ply on my heels ,i f\nd myself face to face ) an a/oni%$ old g5tleman1 & felt :at mu/ h be5 a v p[]ful dog make a lunge at my back4 ,my fri5d _h be5 approa*$ by a some:at y\ng] man ?an ,i _h2 b be=e we c\ld give expression to our surprise ! old] ( ! two int]lop]s bur/ =? 9 ! foll[+ ?reat5+ & heat$ /ra93 ,no6 no6 he call$ to u1 no duels mu/ be f\ght "h1 b lea/ ( all mu/ y "y /ud5ts fight "o4 ,away ) ^! pi/ols & compose y\rselves4 ,be reconcil$1 %ake h&s6 ,:at8--& are y ! salt ( ! e>?1 ! intellig5ce ( ! future1 ! se$ ( our hopes--& are y n ev5 able to emancipate y\rselves f ! insane code ( hon\r & its viol5t regulations8 ,i w n ca/ any asp]sions on y\r he>ts1 b y\r heads c]ta9ly d y no cr$it4 ,y1 ^: y\? is wat*$ ov] by ! wisdom ( ,greece & ,rome1 & ^: y\?ful spirits1 at ! co/ ( enorm\s pa9s1 h be5 flood$ ) ! light ( ! sages & h]oes ( antiquity1--c y n refra9 f mak+ ! code ( knightly hon\r--t is to say1 ! code ( folly & brutality--! guid+ pr9ciple ( y\r conduct8--,exam9e x rationally once & = all1 & r$uce x to pla9 t]ms2 lay its pitiable n>r[ness b>e1 & let x be ! t\*/one1 n ( y\r he>ts b ( y\r m9ds4 ,if y d n regret x !n1 x w m]ely %[ t y\r head is n fitt$ = "w 9 a sph]e :]e great gifts ( discrim9ation are ne$ful 9 ord] to bur/ ! bonds ( prejudice1 & :]e a well-balanc$ und]/&+ is necess>y = ! purpose ( di/+ui%+ "r f wrong1 ev5 :5 ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m lies deeply hidd5 & is n1 z 9 ?is case1 s ridicul\sly obvi\s4 ,9 t case1 !re=e1 my lads1 try to g ?r\gh life 9 "s o!r hon\rable mann]2 jo9 ! army or le>n a h&icraft t pays its way4 ,to ?is r\gh1 ?\gh admitt$ly j1 flood ( eloqu5ce1 we repli$ ) "s irritation1 int]rupt+ ea* o!r cont9ually 9 s do+3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 y are mi/ak5 conc]n+ ! ma9 po9t2 = we are n "h to fight a duel at all2 b r to practise pi/ol-%oot+4 ,secondly1 y d n appe> to "k h[ a real duel is conduct$2--d y suppose t we %\ld h fac$ ea* o!r 9 ?is lonely spot1 l two highwaym51 )\t seconds or doctors1 etc4 etc48 ,?irdly1 ) reg>d to ! "q ( duell+1 we ea* h our own op9ions1 & d n require to be waylaid & surpris$ by ! sort ( in/ruction y may feel dispos$ to give u4 ,?is reply1 :i* 0 c]ta9ly n polite1 made a bad impression ^u ! old man4 ,at fir/1 :5 he he>d t we 7 n ab\t to fight a duel1 he survey$ u m k9dly3 b :5 we rea*$ ! la/ passage ( our spee*1 he seem$ s vex$ t he gr[l$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we began to speak ( our po9t ( view1 he quickly caught hold ( 8 companion1 turn$ %>ply r\nd1 & cri$ to u 9 bitt] tones3 ,p %\ld n h po9ts ( view1 b ?\ghts6 ,& !n 8 companion add$3 ,be respectful :5 a man su* z ?is ev5 makes mi/akes6 ,mean:ile1 my fri5d1 :o _h reload$1 fir$ a %ot at ! p5tagram1 aft] hav+ cri$3 ,look out6 ,?is sudd5 report beh9d 8 back made ! old man savage2 once m he turn$ r\nd & look$ s\rly at my fri5d1 aft] :i* he said to 8 companion 9 a feeble voice3 ,:at %all we d8 ,^! "y m5 w be ! dea? ( me ) _! fir+4--,y %\ld "k1 said ! y\ng] man1 turn+ to u1 t y\r noisy pa/imes am\nt1 z x happ5s on ?is occasion1 to an attempt ^u ! life ( philosophy4 ,y obs]ve ?is v5]able man1--he is 9 a position to beg y to desi/ f fir+ "h4 ,& :5 su* a man begs---- ,well1 8 reque/ is g5]ally grant$1 ! old man int]ject$1 survey+ u /]nly4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 we did n "k :at to make ( ! :ole matt]2 we c\ld n und]/& :at our noisy pa/imes c\ld h 9 common ) philosophy2 nor c\ld we see :y1 out ( reg>d = polite scruples1 we %\ld ab&on our %oot+-range1 & at ?is mom5t we may h appe>$ some:at undecid$ & p]turb$4 ,! companion notic+ our mom5t>y discomfiture1 proce$$ to expla9 ! matt] to u4 ,we are compell$1 he said1 to l+] 9 ?is imm$iate neighb\rhood = an h\r or s2 we h a r5dezv\s "h4 ,an em95t fri5d ( ?is em95t man is to meet u "h ?is ev5+2 & we _h actually select$ ?is peaceful spot1 ) its few b5*es 9 ! mid/ ( ! wood1 = ! meet+4 ,x w\ld really be mo/ unpleasant if1 ow+ to y\r cont9ual pi/ol-practice1 we 7 to be subject$ to an un5d+ s]ies ( %ocks2 surely y\r own feel+s w tell y t x is impossible = y to cont9ue y\r fir+ :5 y he> t he :o has select$ ?is quiet & isolat$ place = a meet+ ) a fri5d is "o ( our mo/ em95t philosoph]s4 ,?is explanation only succe$$ 9 p]turb+ u ! m2 = we saw a dang] ?reat5+ u :i* 0 ev5 great] ?an ! loss ( our %oot+-range1 & we ask$ eag]ly1 ,:]e is ?is quiet spot8 ,surely n to ! left "h1 9 ! wood8 ,t is ! v place4 ,b ?is ev5+ t place belongs to u1 my fri5d int]pos$4 ,we mu/ h x1 we cri$ toge!r4 ,our long-project$ celebration seem$ at t mom5t m important ?an all ! philosophies ( ! _w1 & we gave su* vehem5t & animat$ utt]ance to our s5tim5ts t 9 view ( ! incompreh5sible nature ( our claims we mu/ h cut a some:at ridicul\s figure4 ,at any rate1 our philosophical int]lop]s reg>d$ u ) expressions ( amus$ inquiry1 z if !y expect$ u to pr(f] "s sort ( apology4 ,b we 7 sil5t1 = we wi%$ above all to keep our secret4 ,?us we /ood fac+ "o ano!r 9 sil5ce1 :ile ! sunset dy$ ! tree-tops a ruddy gold4 ,! philosoph] contemplat$ ! sun1 8 companion contemplat$ him1 & we turn$ our eyes t[>ds our nook 9 ! woods :i* to-day we seem$ 9 su* great dang] ( los+4 ,a feel+ ( sull5 ang] took possession ( u4 ,:at is philosophy1 we ask$ ourselves1 if x prev5ts a man f be+ by himself or f enjoy+ ! select company ( a fri5d1--9 soo?1 if x prev5ts him f becom+ a philosoph]8 ,= we reg>d$ ! celebration ( our rite z a ?or\ghly philosophical p]=mance4 ,9 celebrat+ x we wi%$ to =m plans & resolutions = ! future1 by means ( quiet reflections we hop$ to light ^u an idea :i* w\ld once aga9 help u to =m & gratify our _s 9 ! future1 j z t =m] idea _h done dur+ our boyhood4 ,! solemn act d]iv$ its v significance f ?is resolution1 t no?+ def9ite 0 to be done1 we 7 only to be alone1 & to sit /ill & m$itate1 z we _h done five ye>s be=e :5 we _h ea* be5 inspir$ ) ! same ?\ght4 ,x 0 to be a sil5t solemnisation1 all rem9isc5ce & all future2 ! pres5t 0 to be z a hyph5 betwe5 ! two4 ,& fate1 n[ unfri5dly1 _h j /epp$ into our magic circle--& we knew n h[ to dismiss h]2--! v unusual "* ( ! circum/ances fill$ u ) my/]i\s excitem5t4 ,:il/ we /ood ?us 9 sil5ce = "s "t1 divid$ into two ho/ile gr\ps1 ! cl\ds above wax$ ev] r$d] & ! ev5+ seem$ to gr[ m peaceful & mild2 we c\ld almo/ fancy we he>d ! regul> brea?+ ( nature z %e put ! f9al t\*es to h] "w ( art--! glori\s day we _h j enjoy$2 :51 sudd5ly1 ! calm ev5+ air 0 r5t by a confus$ & boi/]\s cry ( joy :i* seem$ to come f ! ,rh9e4 ,a numb] ( voices c\ld be he>d 9 ! di/ance--!y 7 ^? ( our fell[-/ud5ts :o by t "t mu/ h tak5 to ! ,rh9e 9 small boats4 ,x occurr$ to u t we %\ld be miss$ & t we %\ld also miss some?+3 almo/ simultane\sly my fri5d & ,i rais$ our pi/ols3 our %ots 7 e*o$ back to u1 & ) _! e*o !re came f ! valley ! s\nd ( a well-kn[n cry int5d$ z a signal ( id5tification4 ,= our passion = %oot+ _h br\ght u bo? repute & ill-repute 9 our club4 ,at ! same "t we 7 consci\s t our behavi\r t[>ds ! sil5t philosophical c\ple _h be5 exceptionally ung5tlemanly2 !y _h be5 quietly contemplat+ u = "s "t1 & :5 we fir$ ! %ock made !m draw close up to ea* o!r4 ,we hurri$ up to !m1 & ea* 9 our turn cri$ out3 ,=give u4 ,t 0 our la/ %ot1 & x 0 int5d$ = our fri5ds on ! ,rh9e4 ,!y h und]/ood u1 d y he>8 ,if y insi/ ^u hav+ t place among ! trees1 grant u at lea/ ! p]mission to recl9e !re also4 ,y w f9d a numb] ( b5*es on ! spot3 we %all n di/urb y2 we %all sit q /ill & %all n utt] a ^w3 b x is n[ pa/ sev5 o'clock & we mu/ g !re at once4 ,t s\nds m my/]i\s ?an x is1 ,i add$ aft] a pause2 we h made a solemn v[ to sp5d ?is com+ h\r on t gr\nd1 & !re 7 reasons = ! v[4 ,! spot is sacr$ to u1 ow+ to "s pleasant associations1 x mu/ also inaugurate a good future = u4 ,we %all !re=e endeav\r to leave y ) no disagreeable recollections ( our meet+--ev5 ?\gh we h done mu* to p]turb & fright5 y4 ,! philosoph] 0 sil5t2 8 companion1 h[ev]1 said3 ,our promises & plans un=tunately compel u n only to rema91 b also to sp5d ! same h\r on ! spot y h select$4 ,x is left = u to decide :e!r fate or p]haps a _s has be5 responsible = ?is extraord9>y co9cid5ce4 ,besides1 my fri5d1 said ! philosoph]1 ,i am n half s displeas$ ) ^! w>like y\ng/]s z ,i 04 ,did y obs]ve h[ quiet !y 7 a mom5t ago1 :5 we 7 contemplat+ ! sun8 ,!y nei!r spoke nor smok$1 !y /ood /one /ill1 ,i ev5 believe !y m$itat$4 ,turn+ sudd5ly 9 our direction1 he said3 ,7 y m$itat+8 ,j tell me ab\t x z we proce$ 9 ! direction ( our common try/+-place4 ,we took a few /eps toge!r & w5t d[n ! slope into ! w>m balmy air ( ! woods :]e x 0 already mu* d>k]4 ,on ! way my fri5d op5ly reveal$ 8 ?\ghts to ! philosoph]1 he confess$ h[ mu* he _h fe>$ t p]haps to-day = ! fir/ "t a philosoph] 0 ab\t to /& 9 ! way ( 8 philosophis+4 ,! sage laugh$4 ,:at8 ,y 7 afraid a philosoph] w\ld prev5t y\r philosophis+8 ,?is might easily happ53 & y h n yet exp]i5c$ su* a ?+8 ,has y\r univ]sity life be5 free f exp]i5ce8 ,y surely att5d lectures on philosophy8 ,?is "q discomfit$ u2 =1 z a matt] ( fact1 !re _h be5 no elem5t ( philosophy 9 our education up to t "t4 ,9 ^? days1 moreov]1 we fondly imag9$ t ev]ybody :o held ! po/ & possess$ ! dignity ( a philosoph] mu/ p]=ce be "o3 we 7 inexp]i5c$ & badly in=m$4 ,we frankly admitt$ t we _h n yet belong$ to any philosophical college1 b t we w\ld c]ta9ly make up = lo/ "t4 ,!n :at1 he ask$1 did y mean :5 y spoke ( philosophis+8 ,said ,i1 ,we are at a loss = a def9ition4 ,b to all int5ts & purposes we meant ?is1 t we wi%$ to make e>ne/ endeav\rs to consid] ! be/ possible means ( becom+ m5 ( culture4 ,t is a good deal & at ! same "t v little1 gr[l$ ! philosoph]2 j y ?9k ! matt] ov]4 ,"h are our b5*es1 let u discuss ! "q exhau/ively3 ,i %all n di/urb y\r m$itations ) reg>d to h[ y are to become m5 ( culture4 ,i wi% y success &--po9ts ( view1 z 9 y\r duell+ que/ions2 br&-new1 orig9al1 & enlight5$ po9ts ( view4 ,! philosoph] does n wi% to prev5t y\r philosophis+3 b refra9 at lea/ f disconc]t+ him ) y\r pi/ol-%ots4 ,try to imitate ! ,py?agoreans to-day3 !y1 z s]vants ( a true philosophy1 _h to rema9 sil5t = five ye>s--possibly y may also be able to rema9 sil5t = five times fifte5 m9utes1 z s]vants ( y\r own future culture1 ab\t :i* y seem s conc]n$4 ,we _h rea*$ our de/9ation3 ! solemnisation ( our rite began4 ,z on ! previ\s occasion1 five ye>s ago1 ! ,rh9e 0 once m fl[+ b5ea? a light mi/1 ! sky seem$ bright & ! woods exhal$ ! same fragrance4 ,we took our places on ! f>!/ corn] ( ! mo/ di/ant b5*2 sitt+ !re we 7 almo/ conceal$1 & nei!r ! philosoph] nor 8 companion c\ld see our faces4 ,we 7 alone3 :5 ! s\nd ( ! philosoph]'s voice rea*$ u1 x _h become s bl5d$ ) ! ru/l+ leaves & ) ! buzz+ murmur ( ! myriads ( liv+ ?+s inhabit+ ! wood$ height1 t x almo/ seem$ l ! music ( nature2 z a s\nd x resembl$ no?+ m ?an a di/ant monoton\s pla9t4 ,we 7 inde$ undi/urb$4 ,"s "t elaps$ 9 ?is way1 & :ile ! gl[ ( sunset grew /eadily pal] ! recollection ( our y\?ful und]tak+ 9 ! cause ( culture wax$ ev] m vivid4 ,x seem$ to u z if we ow$ ! greate/ debt ( gratitude to t little society we _h f\nd$2 = x _h done m ?an m]ely supplem5t our public s*ool tra9+2 x _h actually be5 ! only fruitful society we _h _h1 & )9 its frame we ev5 plac$ our public s*ool life1 z a purely isolat$ factor help+ u 9 our g5]al ef=ts to atta9 to culture4 ,we knew ?is1 t1 ?anks to our little society1 no ?\ght ( embrac+ any p>ticul> c>e] _h ev] ent]$ our m9ds 9 ^? days4 ,! all too frequ5t exploitation ( y\? by ! ,/ate1 = its own purposes--t is to say1 s t x may re> useful (ficials z quickly z possible & gu>antee _! unconditional ob$i5ce to x by means ( excessively sev]e exam9ations--_h rema9$ q =eign to our education4 ,& to %[ h[ little we _h be5 actuat$ by ?\ghts ( utility or by ! prospect ( spe$y advancem5t & rapid success1 on t day we 7 /ruck by ! com=t+ consid]ation t1 ev5 !n1 we _h n yet decid$ :at we %\ld be--we _h n ev5 tr\bl$ ourselves at all on ?is head4 ,our little society _h s[n ! se$s ( ?is happy indiff]5ce 9 our s\ls & = x alone we 7 prep>$ to celebrate ! anniv]s>y ( its f\ndation ) he>ty gratitude4 ,i h already po9t$ out1 ,i ?9k1 t 9 ! eyes ( ! pres5t age1 :i* is s intol]ant ( any?+ t is n useful1 su* purposeless enjoym5t ( ! mom5t1 su* a lull+ ( "o's self 9 ! cradle ( ! pres5t1 mu/ seem almo/ incr$ible & at all ev5ts blamewor?y4 ,h[ useless we 76 ,& h[ pr\d we 7 ( be+ useless6 ,we us$ ev5 to qu>rel ) ea* o!r z to :i* ( u %\ld h ! glory ( be+ ! m useless4 ,we wi%$ to atta* no importance to any?+1 to h /rong views ab\t no?+1 to aim at no?+2 we want$ to take no ?\ght = ! morr[1 & desir$ no m ?an to recl9e com=tably l good-=-no?+s on ! ?re%old ( ! pres5t2 & we did--bless u6 --,t1 ladies & g5tlem51 0 our /&po9t !n6-- ,absorb$ 9 ^! reflections1 ,i 0 j ab\t to give an answ] to ! "q ( ! future ( our ,educational ,in/itutions 9 ! same self-suffici5t way1 :5 x gradually dawn$ ^u me t ! natural music1 com+ f ! philosoph]'s b5* _h lo/ its orig9al "* & travell$ to u 9 mu* m pi]c+ & di/9ct tones ?an be=e4 ,sudd5ly ,i became aw>e t ,i 0 li/5+1 t ,i 0 eavesdropp+1 & 0 passionately int]e/$1 ) bo? e>s ke5ly alive to e s\nd4 ,i nudg$ my fri5d :o 0 evid5tly some:at tir$1 & ,i :isp]$3 ,don't fall asleep6 ,!re is some?+ = u to le>n ov] !re4 ,x applies to u1 ev5 ?\gh x be n meant = u4 ,= in/ance1 ,i he>d ! y\ng] ( ! two m5 def5d+ himself ) great animation :ile ! philosoph] rebuk$ him ) ev] increas+ vehem5ce4 ,y are un*ang$1 he cri$ to him1 un=tunately un*ang$4 ,x is q incompreh5sible to me h[ y c /ill be ! same z y 7 sev5 ye>s ago1 :5 ,i saw y = ! la/ "t & left y ) s mu* misgiv+4 ,i fe> ,i mu/ once aga9 dive/ y1 h[ev] reluctantly1 ( ! sk9 ( mod]n culture :i* y h donn$ mean:ile2--& :at d ,i f9d b5ea? x8 ,! same immutable 'intelligible' "* =soo?1 accord+ to ,kant2 b un=tunately ! same un*ang$ 'intellectual' "*1 too--:i* may also be a necessity1 ?\gh n a com=t+ "o4 ,i ask myself to :at purpose h ,i liv$ z a philosoph]1 if1 possess$ z y are ( no mean intellig5ce & a g5u9e ?ir/ = k1 all ! ye>s y h sp5t 9 my company h left no deep] impression ^u y4 ,at pres5t y are behav+ z if y _h n ev5 he>d ! c>d9al pr9ciple ( all culture1 :i* ,i w5t to su* pa9s to inculcate ^u y dur+ our =m] intimacy4 ,tell me1--:at 0 t pr9ciple8 ,i rememb]1 repli$ ! scold$ pupil1 y us$ to say no "o w\ld /rive to atta9 to culture if he knew h[ incr$ibly small ! numb] ( really cultur$ p actually is1 & c ev] be4 ,& ev5 ?is numb] ( really cultur$ p w\ld n be possible if a prodigi\s multitude1 f reasons oppos$ to _! nature & only l$ on by an allur+ delusion1 did n devote !mselves to education4 ,x 7 !re=e a mi/ake publicly to reveal ! ridicul\s disproportion betwe5 ! numb] ( really cultur$ p & ! enorm\s magnitude ( ! educational app>atus4 ,"h lies ! :ole secret ( culture--namely1 t an innum]able ho/ ( m5 /ruggle to a*ieve x & "w h>d to t end1 o/5sibly 9 _! own int]e/s1 :]eas at bottom x is only 9 ord] t x may be possible = ! few to atta9 to x4 ,t is ! pr9ciple1 said ! philosoph]1--& yet y c\ld s f> =get y\rself z to believe t y are "o ( ! few8 ,?is ?\ght has occurr$ to y--,i c see4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is ! result ( ! wor?less "* ( mod]n education4 ,! rights ( g5ius are be+ democratis$ 9 ord] t p may be reliev$ ( ! lab\r ( acquir+ culture1 & _! ne$ ( x4 ,e "o wants if possible to recl9e 9 ! %ade ( ! tree plant$ by g5ius1 & to escape ! dreadful necessity ( work+ = him1 s t 8 procreation may be made possible4 ,:at8 ,are y too pr\d to be a tea*]8 ,d y despise ! ?rong+ multitude ( le>n]s8 ,d y speak contemptu\sly ( ! tea*]'s call+8 ,&1 ap+ my mode ( life1 w\ld y fa9 live 9 solit>y seclusion1 ho/ilely isolat$ f t multitude8 ,d y suppose t y c rea* at "o b\nd :at ,i ultimately _h to w9 = myself only aft] long & det]m9$ /ruggles1 9 ord] ev5 to be able to live l a philosoph]8 ,& d y n fe> t solitude w wreak its v5geance ^u y8 ,j try liv+ ! life ( a h]mit ( culture4 ,"o mu/ be bless$ ) ov]fl[+ weal? 9 ord] to live = ! good ( all on "o's own res\rces6 ,extraord9>y y\ng/]s6 ,!y felt x incumb5t ^u !m to imitate :at is precisely mo/ difficult & mo/ high1--:at is possible only to ! ma/]1 :5 !y1 above all1 %\ld "k h[ difficult & dang]\s ?is is1 & h[ _m excell5t gifts may be ru9$ by attempt+ x6 ,i w conceal no?+ f y1 sir1 ! companion repli$4 ,i h he>d too mu* f y\r lips at odd times & h be5 too long 9 y\r company to be able to surr5d] myself entirely to our pres5t sy/em ( education & in/ruction4 ,i am too pa9fully consci\s ( ! disa/r\s errors & abuses to :i* y us$ to call my att5tion--?\gh ,i v well "k t ,i am n /rong en\gh to hope = any success 7 ,i to /ruggle ev] s valiantly aga9/ !m4 ,i 0 ov]come by a feel+ ( g5]al disc\ragem5t2 my rec\rse to solitude 0 ! result nei!r ( pride nor arrogance4 ,i w\ld fa9 describe to y :at ,i take to be ! nature ( ! educational que/ions n[ attract+ su* enorm\s & press+ att5tion4 ,x seem$ to me t ,i mu/ recognise two ma9 directions 9 ! =ces at "w--two seem+ly antagoni/ic t5d5cies1 equally delet]i\s 9 _! action1 & ultimately comb9+ to produce _! results3 a /riv+ to a*ieve ! greate/ possible expansion ( education on ! "o h&1 & a t5d5cy to m9imise & weak5 x on ! o!r4 ,! fir/-nam$ w\ld1 = v>i\s reasons1 spread le>n+ among ! greate/ numb] ( p2 ! second w\ld compel education to r5\nce its highe/1 noble/ & sublime/ claims 9 ord] to subord9ate itself to "s o!r dep>tm5t ( life--su* z ! s]vice ( ! ,/ate4 ,i believe ,i h already h9t$ at ! qu>t] 9 :i* ! cry = ! greate/ possible expansion ( education is mo/ l\dly rais$4 ,?is expansion belongs to ! mo/ belov$ ( ! dogmas ( mod]n political economy4 ,z mu* k & education z possible2 !re=e ! greate/ possible supply & dem&--h5ce z mu* happ9ess z possible3--t is ! =mula4 ,9 ?is case utility is made ! object & goal ( education1--utility 9 ! s5se ( ga9--! greate/ possible pecuni>y ga94 ,9 ! qu>t] n[ "u consid]ation culture w\ld be def9$ z t po9t ( vantage :i* enables "o to 'keep 9 ! van ( "o's age1' f :i* "o c see all ! easie/ & be/ roads to weal?1 & ) :i* "o controls all ! means ( communication betwe5 m5 & nations4 ,! purpose ( education1 accord+ to ?is s*eme1 w\ld be to re> ! mo/ 'curr5t' m5 possible1--'curr5t' be+ us$ "h 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x is appli$ to ! co9s ( ! realm4 ,! great] ! numb] ( su* m51 ! happi] a nation w be2 & ?is precisely is ! purpose ( our mod]n educational in/itutions3 to help e "o1 z f> z 8 nature w all[1 to become 'curr5t'2 to develop him s t 8 p>ticul> degree ( k & sci5ce may yield him ! greate/ possible am\nt ( happ9ess & pecuni>y ga94 ,e "o mu/ be able to =m "s sort ( e/imate ( himself2 he mu/ "k h[ mu* he may reasonably expect f life4 ,! 'bond betwe5 intellig5ce & prop]ty' :i* ?is po9t ( view po/ulates has almo/ ! =ce ( a moral pr9ciple4 ,9 ?is qu>t] all culture is loa!d :i* isolates1 :i* sets goals beyond gold & ga91 & :i* requires "t3 x is cu/om>y to dispose ( su* ecc5tric t5d5cies 9 education z sy/ems ( ',high] ,egotism1' or ( ',immoral ,culture--,epicureanism4' ,accord+ to ! morality reign+ "h1 ! dem&s are q diff]5t2 :at is requir$ above all is 'rapid education1' s t a money-e>n+ creature may be produc$ ) all spe$2 !re is ev5 a desire to make ?is education s ?or\gh t a creature may be re>$ t w be able to e>n a great deal ( money4 ,m5 are all[$ only ! precise am\nt ( culture :i* is compatible ) ! int]e/s ( ga92 b t am\nt1 at lea/1 is expect$ f !m4 ,9 %ort3 mank9d has a necess>y "r to happ9ess on e>?--t is :y culture is necess>y--b on t acc\nt alone6 ,i mu/ j say some?+ "h1 said ! philosoph]4 ,9 ! case ( ! view y h describ$ s cle>ly1 !re arises ! great & awful dang] t at "s "t or o!r ! great masses may ov]leap ! middle classes & spr+ headlong into ?is e>?ly bliss4 ,t is :at is n[ call$ '! social "q4' ,x might seem to ^! masses t education = ! greate/ numb] ( m5 0 only a means to ! e>?ly bliss ( ! few3 ! 'greate/ possible expansion ( education' s enfeebles education t x c no long] conf] privileges or inspire respect4 ,! mo/ g5]al =m ( culture is simply b>b>ism4 ,b ,i d n wi% to int]rupt y\r discussion4 ,! companion cont9u$3 ,!re are yet o!r reasons1 besides ?is belov$ economical dogma1 = ! expansion ( education t is be+ /riv5 aft] s valiantly ev]y:]e4 ,9 "s c\ntries ! fe> ( religi\s oppression is s g5]al1 & ! dread ( its results s m>k$1 t p 9 all classes ( society long = culture & eag]ly absorb ^? elem5ts ( x :i* are suppos$ to scatt] ! religi\s in/9cts4 ,else:]e ! ,/ate1 9 its turn1 /rives "h & !re = its own pres]vation1 aft] ! greate/ possible expansion ( education1 because x always feels /rong en\gh to br+ ! mo/ det]m9$ emancipation1 result+ f culture1 "u its yoke1 & readily approves ( ev]y?+ :i* t5ds to ext5d culture1 provid$ t x be ( s]vice to its (ficials or soldi]s1 b 9 ! ma9 to itself1 9 its competition ) o!r nations4 ,9 ?is case1 ! f\ndations ( a ,/ate mu/ be suffici5tly broad & firm to con/itute a fitt+ c\nt]p>t to ! complicat$ ar*es ( culture :i* x supports1 j z 9 ! fir/ case ! traces ( "s =m] religi\s tyranny mu/ /ill be felt = a p to be driv5 to su* desp]ate rem$ies4 ,?us1 :]ev] ,i he> ! masses raise ! cry = an expansion ( education1 ,i am wont to ask myself :e!r x is /imulat$ by a gre$y lu/ ( ga9 & prop]ty1 by ! memory ( a =m] religi\s p]secution1 or by ! prud5t egotism ( ! ,/ate itself4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x seem$ to me t !re 0 yet ano!r t5d5cy1 n s clamor\s1 p]haps1 b q z =cible1 :i*1 hail+ f v>i\s qu>t]s1 0 animat$ by a diff]5t desire1--! desire to m9imise & weak5 education4 ,9 all cultivat$ circles p are 9 ! habit ( :isp]+ to "o ano!r words some?+ aft] ?is /yle3 t x is a g5]al fact t1 ow+ to ! pres5t frantic exploitation ( ! s*ol> 9 ! s]vice ( 8 sci5ce1 8 education becomes e day m accid5tal & m unc]ta94 ,= ! /udy ( sci5ce has be5 ext5d$ to su* int]m9able l5g?s t he :o1 ?\gh n exceptionally gift$1 yet possesses fair abilities1 w ne$ to devote himself exclusively to "o bran* & ignore all o!rs if he ev] wi% to a*ieve any?+ 9 8 "w4 ,%\ld he !n elevate himself above ! h]d by means ( 8 speciality1 he /ill rema9s "o ( !m 9 reg>d to all else1--t is to say1 9 reg>d to all ! mo/ important ?+s 9 life4 ,?us1 a speciali/ 9 sci5ce gets to resemble no?+ s mu* z a factory workman :o sp5ds 8 :ole life 9 turn+ "o p>ticul> screw or h&le on a c]ta9 in/rum5t or ma*9e1 at :i* occupation he acquires ! mo/ consummate skill4 ,9 ,g]many1 :]e we "k h[ to drape su* pa9ful facts ) ! glori\s g>m5ts ( fancy1 ?is n>r[ specialisation on ! "p ( our le>n$ m5 is ev5 admir$1 & _! ev] great] deviation f ! pa? ( true culture is reg>d$ z a moral ph5om5on4 ',fidelity 9 small ?+s1' 'dogg$ fai?fulness1' become expressions ( highe/ eulogy1 & ! lack ( culture outside ! speciality is flaunt$ abroad z a sign ( noble suffici5cy4 ,= c5turies x has be5 an und]/ood ?+ t "o allud$ to s*ol>s alone :5 "o spoke ( cultur$ m52 b exp]i5ce tells u t x w\ld be difficult to f9d any necess>y relation betwe5 ! two classes to-day4 ,= at pres5t ! exploitation ( a man = ! purpose ( sci5ce is accept$ ev]y:]e )\t ! slighte/ scruple4 ,:o /ill v5tures to ask1 ,:at may be ! value ( a sci5ce :i* consumes its m9ions 9 ?is vampire fa%ion8 ,! division ( lab\r 9 sci5ce is practically /ruggl+ t[>ds ! same goal :i* religions 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! _w are consci\sly /riv+ aft]1--t is to say1 t[>ds ! decrease & ev5 ! de/ruction ( le>n+4 ,t1 h[ev]1 :i*1 9 ! case ( c]ta9 religions1 is a p]fectly ju/ifiable aim1 bo? 9 reg>d to _! orig9 & _! hi/ory1 c only am\nt to self-immolation :5 transf]r$ to ! realm ( sci5ce4 ,9 all matt]s ( a g5]al & s]i\s nature1 & above all1 9 reg>d to ! highe/ philosophical problems1 we h n[ already rea*$ a po9t at :i* ! sci5tific man1 z su*1 is no long] all[$ to speak4 ,on ! o!r h&1 t adhesive & t5aci\s /ratum :i* has n[ fill$ up ! int]/ices betwe5 ! sci5ces--,j\rnalism--believes x has a mission to fulfil "h1 & ?is x does1 accord+ to its own p>ticul> lights--t is to say1 z its "n implies1 aft] ! fa%ion ( a day-lab\r]4 ,x is precisely 9 j\rnalism t ! two t5d5cies comb9e & become "o4 ,! expansion & ! dim9ution ( education "h jo9 h&s4 ,! newspap] actually /eps into ! place ( culture1 & he :o1 ev5 z a s*ol>1 wi%es to voice any claim = education1 mu/ avail himself ( ?is visc\s /ratum ( communication :i* cem5ts ! seams betwe5 all =ms ( life1 all classes1 all arts1 & all sci5ces1 & :i* is z firm & reliable z news pap] is1 z a rule4 ,9 ! newspap] ! peculi> educational aims ( ! pres5t culm9ate1 j z ! j\rnali/1 ! s]vant ( ! mom5t1 has /epp$ into ! place ( ! g5ius1 ( ! lead] = all "t1 ( ! deliv]] f ! tyranny ( ! mom5t4 ,n[1 tell me1 di/+ui%$ ma/]1 :at hopes c\ld ,i /ill h 9 a /ruggle aga9/ ! g5]al topsy-turvification ( all g5u9e aims = education2 ) :at c\rage c ,i1 a s+le tea*]1 /ep =w>d1 :5 ,i "k t ! mom5t any se$s ( real culture are s[n1 !y w be m]cilessly cru%$ by ! roll] ( ?is pseudo-culture8 ,imag9e h[ useless ! mo/ en]getic "w on ! "p ( ! individual tea*] mu/ be1 :o w\ld fa9 lead a pupil back into ! di/ant & evasive ,hell5ic _w & to ! real home ( culture1 :5 9 less ?an an h\r1 t same pupil w h rec\rse to a newspap]1 ! late/ novel1 or "o ( ^? le>n$ books1 ! v /yle ( :i* already be>s ! revolt+ impress ( mod]n b>b>ic culture---- ,n[1 sil5ce a m9ute6 int]ject$ ! philosoph] 9 a /rong & sympa!tic voice4 ,i und]/& y n[1 & ought nev] to h spok5 s crossly to y4 ,y are altoge!r "r1 save 9 y\r despair4 ,i %all n[ proce$ to say a few words ( consolation4 ,,second ,,lecture4 7,deliv]$ on ! #f? ( ,febru>y #ahgb47 ,,ladies ,,& ,,g5tlem51--,^? among y :om ,i n[ h ! pleasure ( address+ = ! fir/ "t & ^: only k ( my fir/ lecture has be5 d]iv$ f reports w1 ,i hope1 n m9d be+ introduc$ "h into ! middle ( a dialogue :i* ,i _h begun to rec\nt on ! la/ occasion1 & ! la/ po9ts ( :i* ,i mu/ n[ recall4 ,! philosoph]'s "y companion 0 j plead+ op5ly & confid5tially ) 8 di/+ui%$ tutor1 & apologis+ = hav+ s f> r5\nc$ 8 call+ z a tea*] 9 ord] to sp5d 8 days 9 com=tless solitude4 ,no suspicion ( sup]cili\sness or arrogance _h induc$ him to =m ?is resolve4 ,i h he>d too mu* f y\r lips at v>i\s times1 ! /raight=w>d pupil said1 & h be5 too long 9 y\r company1 to surr5d] myself bl9dly to our pres5t sy/ems ( education & in/ruction4 ,i am too pa9fully consci\s ( ! disa/r\s errors & abuses to :i* y 7 wont to call my att5tion2 & yet ,i "k t ,i am f> f possess+ ! requisite /r5g? to meet ) success1 h[ev] valiantly ,i might /ruggle to %att] ! bulw>ks ( ?is w\ld-be culture4 ,i 0 ov]come by a g5]al feel+ ( depression3 my rec\rse to solitude 0 n arrogance or sup]cili\sness4 ,:]eupon1 to acc\nt = 8 behavi\r1 he describ$ ! g5]al "* ( mod]n educational me?ods s vividly t ! philosoph] c\ld n help int]rupt+ him 9 a voice full ( sympa?y1 & cry+ words ( com=t to him4 ,n[1 sil5ce = a m9ute1 my poor fri5d1 he cri$2 ,i c m easily und]/& y n[1 & %\ld n h lo/ my pati5ce ) y4 ,y are altoge!r "r1 save 9 y\r despair4 ,i %all n[ proce$ to say a few words ( com=t to y4 ,h[ long d y suppose ! /ate ( education 9 ! s*ools ( our "t1 :i* seems to weigh s heavily ^u y1 w la/8 ,i %all n conceal my views on ?is po9t f y3 its "t is ov]2 its days are c\nt$4 ,! fir/ :o w d>e to be q /raight=w>d 9 ?is respect w he> 8 hone/y re-e*o$ back to him by ?\s&s ( c\rage\s s\ls4 ,=1 at bottom1 !re is a tacit und]/&+ betwe5 ! m nobly gift$ & m w>mly dispos$ m5 ( ! pres5t day4 ,e "o ( !m kn[s :at he has _h to suff] f ! condition ( culture 9 s*ools2 e "o ( !m w\ld fa9 protect 8 (fspr+ f ! ne$ ( endur+ simil> drawbacks1 ev5 ?\gh he himself 0 compell$ to submit to !m4 ,if ^! feel+s are nev] q hone/ly express$1 h[ev]1 x is ow+ to a sad want ( _s among mod]n p$agogues4 ,^! lack real initiative2 !re are too few practical m5 among !m--t is to say1 too few :o happ5 to h good & new ideas1 & :o "k t real g5ius & ! real practical m9d mu/ necess>ily come toge!r 9 ! same individuals1 :il/ ! sob] practical m5 h no ideas & !re=e fall %ort 9 practice4 ,let any "o exam9e ! p$agogic lit]ature ( ! pres5t2 he :o is n %ock$ at its utt] pov]ty ( _s & its ridicul\sly awkw>d antics is beyond be+ spoil$4 ,"h our philosophy mu/ n beg9 ) wond] b ) dread2 he :o feels no dread at ?is po9t mu/ be ask$ n to m$dle ) p$agogic que/ions4 ,! rev]se1 ( c\rse1 has be5 ! rule up to ! pres5t2 ^? :o 7 t]rifi$ ran away fill$ ) emb>rassm5t z y did1 my poor fri5d1 :ile ! sob] & fe>less ones spread _! heavy h&s ov] ! mo/ delicate te*nique t has ev] exi/$ 9 art--ov] ! te*nique ( education4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w n be possible mu* long]2 at "s "t or o!r ! upright man w appe>1 :o w n only h ! good ideas ,i speak (1 b :o 9 ord] to "w at _! realisation1 w d>e to break ) all t exi/s at pres5t3 he may by means ( a wond]ful example a*ieve :at ! broad h&s1 hi!rto active1 c\ld n ev5 imitate--!n p w ev]y:]e beg9 to draw comp>isons2 !n m5 w at lea/ be able to p]ceive a contra/ & w be 9 a position to reflect ^u its causes1 :]eas1 at pres5t1 s _m /ill believe1 9 p]fect good fai?1 t heavy h&s are a necess>y factor 9 p$agogic "w4 ,my de> ma/]1 said ! y\ng] man1 ,i wi% y c\ld po9t to "o s+le example :i* w\ld assi/ me 9 see+ ! s\ndness ( ! hopes :i* y s he>tily raise 9 me4 ,we are bo? acqua9t$ ) public s*ools2 d y ?9k1 = in/ance1 t 9 respect ( ^! in/itutions any?+ may be done by means ( hone/y & good & new ideas to aboli% ! t5aci\s & antiquat$ cu/oms n[ extant8 ,9 ?is qu>t]1 x seems to me1 ! batt]+-rams ( an attack+ p>ty w h to meet ) no solid wall1 b ) ! mo/ fatal ( /olid & slipp]y pr9ciples4 ,! lead] ( ! assault has no visible & tangible oppon5t to cru%1 b r a creature 9 disguise t c trans=m itself into a hundr$ diff]5t %apes &1 9 ea* ( ^!1 slip out ( 8 grasp1 only 9 ord] to reappe> & to conf\nd its enemy by c[>dly surr5d]s & feign$ retreats4 ,x 0 precisely ! public s*ools :i* drove me into despair & solitude1 simply because ,i feel t if ! /ruggle "h leads to victory all o!r educational in/itutions mu/ give 92 b t1 if ! re=m] be =c$ to ab&on 8 cause "h1 he may z well give up all hope 9 reg>d to e o!r s*ola/ic "q4 ,!re=e1 de> ma/]1 enlight5 me conc]n+ ! public s*ools2 :at c we hope = 9 ! way ( _! abolition or re=m8 ,i also hold ! "q ( public s*ools to be z important z y d1 ! philosoph] repli$4 ,all o!r educational in/itutions mu/ fix _! aims 9 accordance ) ^? ( ! public s*ool sy/em2 :atev] errors ( judgm5t x may suff] f1 !y suff] f also1 & if x 7 ev] purifi$ & rejuv5at$1 !y w\ld be purifi$ & rejuv5at$ too4 ,! univ]sities c no long] lay claim to ?is importance z c5tres ( influ5ce1 see+ t1 z !y n[ /&1 !y are at lea/1 9 "o important aspect1 only a k9d ( annex to ! public s*ool sy/em1 z ,i %all %ortly po9t out to y4 ,= ! mom5t1 let u consid]1 toge!r1 :at to my m9d con/itutes ! v hopeful /ruggle ( ! two possibilities3 ei!r t ! motley & evasive _s ( public s*ools :i* has hi!rto be5 fo/]$1 w completely vani%1 or t x w h to be completely purifi$ & rejuv5at$4 ,& 9 ord] t ,i may n %ock y ) g5]al propositions1 let u fir/ try to recall "o ( ^? public s*ool exp]i5ces :i* we h all _h1 & f :i* we h all suff]$4 ,"u sev]e exam9ation :at1 z a matt] ( fact1 is ! pres5t sy/em ( tea*+ ,g]man 9 public s*ools8 ,i %all fir/ ( all tell y :at x %\ld be4 ,ev]ybody speaks & writes ,g]man z ?or\ghly badly z x is j possible to d s 9 an age ( newspap] ,g]man3 t is :y ! gr[+ y\? :o happ5s to be bo? noble & gift$ has to be tak5 by =ce & put "u ! glass %ade ( good ta/e & ( sev]e l+ui/ic discipl9e4 ,if ?is is n possible1 ,i w\ld pref] 9 future t ,lat9 be spok52 = ,i am a%am$ ( a language s bungl$ & vitiat$4 ,:at w\ld be ! duty ( a high] educational in/itution1 9 ?is respect1 if n ?is--namely1 ) au?ority & dignifi$ sev]ity to put y\?s1 neglect$1 z f> z _! own language is conc]n$1 on ! "r pa?1 & to cry to !m3 ',take y\r own language s]i\sly6 ,he :o does n reg>d ?is matt] z a sacr$ duty does n possess ev5 ! g]m ( a high] culture4 ,f y\r attitude 9 ?is matt]1 f y\r treatm5t ( y\r "m-tongue1 we c judge h[ highly or h[ l[ly y e/eem art1 & to :at ext5t y are relat$ to x4 ,if y notice no physical loa?+ 9 y\rselves :5 y meet ) c]ta9 words & tricks ( spee* 9 our j\rnali/ic j>gon1 cease f /riv+ aft] culture2 = "h 9 y\r imm$iate vic9ity1 at e mom5t ( y\r life1 :ile y are ei!r speak+ or writ+1 y h a t\*/one = te/+ h[ difficult1 h[ /up5d\s1 ! task ( ! cultur$ man is1 & h[ v improbable x mu/ be t _m ( y w ev] atta9 to culture4' ,9 accordance ) ! _s ( ?is address1 ! tea*] ( ,g]man at a public s*ool w\ld be =c$ to call 8 pupil's att5tion to ?\s&s ( details1 & ) ! absolute c]ta9ty ( good ta/e1 to =bid _! us+ su* words & expressions1 = in/ance1 z3 'beanspru*51' 'v]e9nahm51' 'e9] ,sa*e ,re*nung trag51' 'die ,initiative ergreif51' 'selb/v]/ndli*1'#c etc41 cum tdio 9 inf9itum4 ,! same tea*] w\ld also h to take our classical au?ors & %[1 l9e = l9e1 h[ c>efully & ) :at precision e expression has to be *os5 :5 a writ] has ! correct feel+ 9 8 he>t & has be=e 8 eyes a p]fect conception ( all he is writ+4 ,he w\ld necess>ily urge 8 pupils1 "t & aga91 to express ! same ?\ght ev] m happily2 nor w\ld he h to abate 9 rig\r until ! less gift$ 9 8 class _h contract$ an unholy fe> ( _! language1 & ! o!rs _h develop$ great en?usiasm = x4 ,"h !n is a task = s-call$ '=mal' education#d ! education t5d+ to develop ! m5tal faculties1 z oppos$ to 'mat]ial' education1#e :i* is int5d$ to deal only ) ! acquisition ( facts1 e4g4 hi/ory1 ma!matics1 etc41 & "o ( ! utmo/ value3 b :at d we f9d 9 ! public s*ool--t is to say1 9 ! head-qu>t]s ( =mal education8 ,he :o und]/&s h[ to apply :at he has he>d "h w also "k :at to ?9k ( ! mod]n public s*ool z a s-call$ educational in/itution4 ,he w discov]1 = in/ance1 t ! public s*ool1 accord+ to its fundam5tal pr9ciples1 does n educate = ! purposes ( culture1 b = ! purposes ( s*ol>%ip2 &1 fur!r1 t ( late x seems to h adopt$ a c\rse :i* indicates r t x has ev5 disc>d$ s*ol>%ip 9 fav\r ( j\rnalism z ! object ( its ex]tions4 ,?is c be cle>ly se5 f ! way 9 :i* ,g]man is taught4 ,in/ead ( t purely practical me?od ( in/ruction by :i* ! tea*] accu/oms 8 pupils to sev]e self-discipl9e 9 _! own language1 we f9d ev]y:]e ! rudim5ts ( a hi/orico-s*ola/ic me?od ( tea*+ ! "m-tongue3 t is to say1 p deal ) x z if x 7 a dead language & z if ! pres5t & future 7 "u no obligations to x :atsoev]4 ,! hi/orical me?od has become s univ]sal 9 our "t1 t ev5 ! liv+ body ( ! language is sacrific$ = ! sake ( anatomical /udy4 ,b ?is is precisely :]e culture beg9s--namely1 9 und]/&+ h[ to treat ! quick z some?+ vital1 & x is "h too t ! mission ( ! cultur$ tea*] beg9s3 9 suppress+ ! urg5t claims ( 'hi/orical int]e/s' :]ev] x is above all necess>y to d prop]ly & n m]ely to "k prop]ly4 ,our "m-tongue1 h[ev]1 is a doma9 9 :i* ! pupil mu/ le>n h[ to d prop]ly1 & to ?is practical end1 alone1 ! tea*+ ( ,g]man is ess5tial 9 our s*ola/ic e/abli%m5ts4 ,! hi/orical me?od may c]ta9ly be a consid]ably easi] & m com=table "o = ! tea*]2 x also seems to be compatible ) a mu* l[] grade ( ability &1 9 g5]al1 ) a small] display ( en]gy & w on 8 "p4 ,b we %all f9d t ?is obs]vation holds good 9 e dep>tm5t ( p$agogic life3 ! simpl] & m com=table me?od always masqu]ades 9 ! disguise ( gr& pret5sions & /ately titles2 ! really practical side1 ! do+1 :i* %\ld belong to culture & :i*1 at bottom1 is ! m difficult side1 meets only ) disfav\r & contempt4 ,t is :y ! hone/ man mu/ make himself & o!rs q cle> conc]n+ ?is quid pro quo4 ,n[1 ap>t f ^! le>n$ inc5tives to a /udy ( ! language1 :at is !re besides :i* ! ,g]man tea*] is wont to (f]8 ,h[ does he reconcile ! _s ( 8 s*ool ) ! _s ( ! few t ,g]many c claim :o are really cultur$1--i4e4 ) ! _s ( its classical poets & arti/s8 ,?is is a d>k & ?orny sph]e1 into :i* "o _c ev5 be> a light )\t dread2 b ev5 "h we %all conceal no?+ f ourselves2 = soon] or lat] ! :ole ( x w h to be re=m$4 ,9 ! public s*ool1 ! repulsive impress ( our /hetic j\rnalism is /amp$ ^u ! /ill un=m$ m9ds ( y\?s4 ,"h1 too1 ! tea*] s[s ! se$s ( t crude & wilful mis9t]pretation ( ! classics1 :i* lat] on disports itself z art-criticism1 & :i* is no?+ b bumpti\s b>b>ity4 ,"h ! pupils le>n to speak ( our unique ,s*ill] ) ! sup]cili\sness ( prigs2 "h !y are taught to smile at ! noble/ & mo/ ,g]man ( 8 works--at ! ,m>quis ( ,posa1 at ,max & ,!kla--at ^! smiles ,g]man g5ius becomes inc5s$ & a wor?i] po/]ity w blu%4 ,! la/ dep>tm5t 9 :i* ! ,g]man tea*] 9 a public s*ool is at all active1 :i* is (t5 reg>d$ z 8 sph]e ( highe/ activity1 & is "h & !re ev5 consid]$ ! p9nacle ( public s*ool education1 is ! s-call$ ,g]man composition4 ,ow+ to ! v fact t 9 ?is dep>tm5t x is almo/ always ! mo/ gift$ pupils :o display ! greate/ eag]ness1 x ought to h be5 made cle> h[ dang]\sly /imulat+1 precisely "h1 ! task ( ! tea*] mu/ be4 ,g]man composition makes an appeal to ! individual1 & ! m /rongly a pupil is consci\s ( 8 v>i\s qualities1 ! m p]sonally w he d 8 ,g]man composition4 ,?is 'p]sonal do+' is urg$ on ) yet an additional fillip 9 "s public s*ools by ! *oice ( ! subject1 ! /ronge/ pro( ( :i* is1 9 my op9ion1 t ev5 9 ! l[] classes ! non-p$agogic subject is set1 by means ( :i* ! pupil is l$ to give a description ( 8 life & ( 8 developm5t4 ,n[1 "o has only to read ! titles ( ! compositions set 9 a l>ge numb] ( public s*ools to be conv9c$ t probably ! l>ge majority ( pupils h to suff] _! :ole lives1 ?r\gh no fault ( _! own1 ow+ to ?is premature dem& = p]sonal "w--= ! unripe procreation ( ?\ghts4 ,& h[ (t5 are n all a man's subsequ5t lit]>y p]=mances b a sad result ( ?is p$agogic orig9al s9 aga9/ ! intellect6 ,let u only ?9k ( :at takes place at su* an age 9 ! production ( su* "w4 ,x is ! fir/ individual creation2 ! /ill undevelop$ p[]s t5d = ! fir/ "t to cry/allise2 ! /agg]+ s5sation produc$ by ! dem& = self-reliance imp>ts a s$uctive *>m to ^! e>ly p]=mances1 :i* is n only q new1 b :i* nev] returns4 ,all ! d>+ ( nature is haul$ out ( its dep?s2 all vanities--no long] con/ra9$ by mighty b>ri]s--are all[$ = ! fir/ "t to assume a lit]>y =m3 ! "y man1 f t "t =w>d1 feels z if he _h rea*$ 8 consummation z a be+ n only able1 b actually invit$1 to speak & to conv]se4 ,! subject he selects obliges him ei!r to express 8 judgm5t ^u c]ta9 poetical works1 to class hi/orical p]sons toge!r 9 a description ( "*1 to discuss s]i\s e?ical problems q indep5d5tly1 or ev5 to turn ! se>*light inw>ds1 to ?r[ its rays ^u 8 own developm5t & to make a critical report ( himself3 9 %ort1 a :ole _w ( reflection is spread out be=e ! a/oni%$ "y man :o1 until !n1 _h be5 almo/ unconsci\s1 & is deliv]$ up to him to be judg$4 ,n[ let u try to picture ! tea*]'s usual attitude t[>ds ^! fir/ highly influ5tial examples ( orig9al composition4 ,:at does he hold to be mo/ repreh5sible 9 ?is class ( "w8 ,:at does he call 8 pupil's att5tion to8--,to all excess 9 =m or ?\ght--t is to say1 to all t :i*1 at _! age1 is ess5tially *>act]i/ic & individual4 ,_! really indep5d5t traits :i*1 9 response to ?is v premature excitation1 c manife/ !mselves only 9 awkw>dness1 crud5ess1 & grotesque features1--9 %ort1 _! individuality is reprov$ & reject$ by ! tea*] 9 fav\r ( an unorig9al dec5t av]age4 ,on ! o!r h&1 uni=m m$iocrity gets peevi% praise2 =1 z a rule1 x is j ! class ( "w likely to bore ! tea*] ?or\ghly4 ,!re may /ill be m5 :o recognise a mo/ absurd & mo/ dang]\s elem5t ( ! public s*ool curriculum 9 ! :ole f>ce ( ?is ,g]man composition4 ,orig9ality is dem&$ "h3 b ! only %ape 9 :i* x c manife/ itself is reject$1 & ! '=mal' education t ! sy/em takes = grant$ is atta9$ to only by a v limit$ numb] ( m5 :o complete x at a ripe age4 ,"h ev]ybody )\t exception is reg>d$ z gift$ = lit]ature & consid]$ z capable ( hold+ op9ions conc]n+ ! mo/ important que/ions & p1 :]eas ! "o aim :i* prop] education %\ld mo/ zeal\sly /rive to a*ieve w\ld be ! suppression ( all ridicul\s claims to indep5d5t judgm5t1 & ! inculcation ^u "y m5 ( ob$i5ce to ! sceptre ( g5ius4 ,"h a pomp\s =m ( diction is taught 9 an age :5 e spok5 or writt5 ^w is a piece ( b>b>ism4 ,n[ let u consid]1 besides1 ! dang] ( ar\s+ ! self-complac5cy :i* is s easily awak5$ 9 y\?s2 let u ?9k h[ _! vanity mu/ be flatt]$ :5 !y see _! lit]>y reflection = ! fir/ "t 9 ! mirror4 ,:o1 hav+ se5 all ^! effects at "o glance1 c\ld any long] d\bt :e!r all ! faults ( our public1 lit]>y1 & arti/ic life 7 n /amp$ ^u e fre% g5]ation by ! sy/em we are exam9+3 ha/y & va9 production1 ! disgraceful manufacture ( books2 complete want ( /yle2 ! crude1 *>act]less1 or sadly swagg]+ me?od ( expression2 ! loss ( e /hetic canon2 ! voluptu\sness ( an>*y & *aos--9 %ort1 ! lit]>y peculi>ities ( bo? our j\rnalism & our s*ol>%ip4 ,none b ! v fewe/ are aw>e t1 among _m ?\s&s1 p]haps only "o is ju/ifi$ 9 describ+ himself z lit]>y1 & t all o!rs :o at _! own risk try to be s des]ve to be met ) ,hom]ic laught] by all compet5t m5 z a rew>d = e s5t5ce !y h ev] _h pr9t$2--= x is truly a spectacle meet = ! gods to see a lit]>y ,hephai/os limp+ =w>d :o w\ld pret5d to help u to some?+4 ,to educate m5 to e>ne/ & inexorable habits & views1 9 ?is respect1 %\ld be ! highe/ aim ( all m5tal tra9+1 :]eas ! g5]al laiss] all] ( ! 'f9e p]sonality' c be no?+ else ?an ! hall-m>k ( b>b>ism4 ,f :at ,i h said1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be cle> t1 at lea/ 9 ! tea*+ ( ,g]man1 no ?\ght is giv5 to culture2 some?+ q diff]5t is 9 view1--namely1 ! production ( ! a=e-m5tion$ 'free p]sonality4' ,& s long z ,g]man public s*ools prep>e ! road = outrage\s & irresponsible scribbl+1 s long z !y d n reg>d ! imm$iate & practical discipl9e ( speak+ & writ+ z _! mo/ holy duty1 s long z !y treat ! "m-tongue z if x 7 only a necess>y evil or a dead body1 ,i %all n reg>d ^! in/itutions z belong+ to real culture4 ,9 reg>d to ! language1 :at is surely lea/ noticeable is any trace ( ! influ5ce ( classical examples3 t is :y1 on ! /r5g? ( ?is consid]ation alone1 ! s-call$ 'classical education' :i* is suppos$ to be provid$ by our public s*ool1 /rikes me z some?+ exce$+ly d\btful & confus$4 ,= h[ c\ld anybody1 aft] hav+ ca/ "o glance at ^? examples1 fail to see ! great e>ne/ness ) :i* ! ,greek & ! ,roman reg>d$ & treat$ 8 language1 f 8 y\? onw>ds--h[ is x possible to mi/ake "o's example on a po9t l ?is "o8--provid$1 ( c\rse1 t ! classical ,hell5ic & ,roman _w really did hov] be=e ! educational plan ( our public s*ools z ! highe/ & mo/ in/ructive ( all morals--a fact ,i feel v mu* incl9$ to d\bt4 ,! claim put =w>d by public s*ools conc]n+ ! 'classical education' !y provide seems to be m an awkw>d evasion ?an any?+ else2 x is us$ :5ev] !re is any "q rais$ z to ! compet5cy ( ! public s*ools to imp>t culture & to educate4 ,classical education1 inde$6 ,x s\nds s dignifi$6 ,x conf\nds ! aggressor & /aves (f ! assault--= :o c\ld see to ! bottom ( ?is bewild]+ =mula all at once8 ,& ?is has long be5 ! cu/om>y /rategy ( ! public s*ool3 f :i*ev] side ! w>-cry may come1 x writes ^u its %ield--n ov]load$ ) hon\rs--"o ( ^? confus+ cat*words1 su* z3 'classical education1' '=mal education1' 'sci5tific education'3--?ree glori\s ?+s :i* are1 h[ev]1 unhappily at logg]heads1 n only ) !mselves b among !mselves1 & are su* t1 if !y 7 compulsorily br\ght toge!r1 w\ld p]=ce br+ =? a culture-mon/]4 ,= a 'classical education' is some?+ s unhe>d (1 difficult & r>e1 & exacts su* complicat$ tal5t1 t only +5u\sness or impud5ce c\ld put x =w>d z an atta9able goal 9 our public s*ools4 ,! words3 '=mal education' belong to t crude k9d ( unphilosophical phraseology :i* "o %\ld d "o's utmo/ to get rid (2 = !re is no su* ?+ z '! opposite ( =mal education4' ,& he :o reg>ds 'sci5tific education' z ! object ( a public s*ool !reby sacrifices 'classical education' & ! s-call$ '=mal education1' at "o /roke1 z ! sci5tific man & ! cultur$ man belong to two diff]5t sph]es :i*1 ?\gh com+ toge!r at times 9 ! same individual1 are nev] reconcil$4 ,if we comp>e all ?ree ( ^! w\ld-be aims ( ! public s*ool ) ! actual facts to be obs]v$ 9 ! pres5t me?od ( tea*+ ,g]man1 we see imm$iately :at !y really am\nt to 9 practice1--t is to say1 only to subt]fuges = use 9 ! fight & /ruggle = exi/5ce &1 (t5 en\gh1 m]e means :]e) to bewild] an oppon5t4 ,= we are unable to detect any s+le feature 9 ?is tea*+ ( ,g]man :i* 9 any way recalls ! example ( classical antiquity & its glori\s me?ods ( tra9+ 9 languages4 ',=mal education1' h[ev]1 :i* is suppos$ to be a*iev$ by ?is me?od ( tea*+ ,g]man1 has be5 %[n to be :olly at ! pleasure ( ! 'free p]sonality1' :i* is z good z say+ t x is b>b>ism & an>*y4 ,& z = ! prep>ation 9 sci5ce1 :i* is "o ( ! consequ5ces ( ?is tea*+1 our ,g]mani/s w h to det]m9e1 9 all ju/ice1 h[ little ^! le>n$ beg9n+s 9 public s*ools h contribut$ to ! spl5d\r ( _! sci5ces1 & h[ mu* ! p]sonality ( individual univ]sity pr(essors has done s4--,put briefly3 ! public s*ool has hi!rto neglect$ its mo/ important & mo/ urg5t duty t[>ds ! v beg9n+ ( all real culture1 :i* is ! "m-tongue2 b 9 s do+ x has lack$ ! natural1 f]tile soil = all fur!r ef=ts at culture4 ,= only by means ( /]n1 arti/ic1 & c>eful discipl9e & habit1 9 a language1 c ! correct feel+ = ! greatness ( our classical writ]s be /r5g!n$4 ,up to ! pres5t _! recognition by ! public s*ools has be5 ow+ almo/ solely to ! d\btful /hetic hobbies ( a few tea*]s or to ! massive effects ( c]ta9 ( _! trag$ies & novels4 ,b ev]ybody %\ld1 himself1 be aw>e ( ! difficulties ( ! language3 he %\ld h le>nt !m f exp]i5ce3 aft] long seek+ & /ruggl+ he mu/ rea* ! pa? our great poets trod 9 ord] to be able to realise h[ lightly & beautifully !y trod x1 & h[ /iffly & swagg]+ly ! o!rs foll[ at _! heels4 ,only by means ( su* discipl9e c ! "y man acquire t physical loa?+ = ! belov$ & mu*-admir$ 'elegance' ( /yle ( our newspap] manufactur]s & noveli/s1 & = ! 'ornate /yle' ( our lit]>y m52 by x alone is he irrevocably elevat$ at a /roke above a :ole ho/ ( absurd que/ions & scruples1 su*1 = in/ance1 z :e!r ,au]ba* & ,gutzk[ are really poets1 = 8 disgu/ at bo? w be s great t he w be unable to read !m any long]1 & ?us ! problem w be solv$ = him4 ,let no "o imag9e t x is an easy matt] to develop ?is feel+ to ! ext5t necess>y 9 ord] to h ?is physical loa?+2 b let no "o hope to rea* s\nd /hetic judgm5ts along any o!r road ?an ! ?orny "o ( language1 & by ?is ,i d n mean philological rese>*1 b self-discipl9e 9 "o's "m-tongue4 ,ev]ybody :o is 9 e>ne/ 9 ?is matt] w h ! same sort ( exp]i5ce z ! recruit 9 ! army :o is compell$ to le>n walk+ aft] hav+ walk$ almo/ all 8 life z a dilettante or empirici/4 ,x is a h>d "t3 "o almo/ fe>s t ! t5dons are go+ to snap & "o ceases to hope t ! artificial & consci\sly acquir$ movem5ts & positions ( ! feet w ev] be c>ri$ out ) ease & com=t4 ,x is pa9ful to see h[ awkw>dly & heavily "o foot is set be=e ! o!r1 & "o dreads t "o may n only be unable to le>n ! new way ( walk+1 b t "o w =get h[ to walk at all4 ,!n x sudd5ly become noticeable t a new habit & a second nature h be5 born ( ! practis$ movem5ts1 & t ! assurance & /r5g? ( ! old mann] ( walk+ returns ) a little m grace3 at ?is po9t "o beg9s to realise h[ difficult walk+ is1 & "o feels 9 a position to laugh at ! untra9$ empirici/ or ! elegant dilettante4 ,our 'elegant' writ]s1 z _! /yle %[s1 h nev] le>nt 'walk+' 9 ?is s5se1 & 9 our public s*ools1 z our o!r writ]s %[1 no "o le>ns walk+ ei!r4 ,culture beg9s1 h[ev]1 ) ! correct movem5t ( ! language3 & once x has prop]ly begun1 x begets t physical s5sation 9 ! pres5ce ( 'elegant' writ]s :i* is kn[n by ! "n ( 'loa?+4' ,we recognise ! fatal consequ5ces ( our pres5t public s*ools1 9 t !y are unable to inculcate sev]e & g5u9e culture1 :i* %\ld consi/ above all 9 ob$i5ce & habituation2 & t1 at _! be/1 !y mu* m (t5 a*ieve a result by /imulat+ & k9dl+ sci5tific t5d5cies1 is %[n by ! h& :i* is s frequ5tly se5 unit+ s*ol>%ip & b>b>\s ta/e1 sci5ce & j\rnalism4 ,9 a v l>ge majority ( cases to-day we c obs]ve h[ sadly our s*ol>s fall %ort ( ! /&>d ( culture :i* ! ef=ts ( ,goe!1 ,s*ill]1 ,less+1 & ,w9ckelmann e/abli%$2 & ?is fall+ %ort %[s itself precisely 9 ! egregi\s errors :i* ! m5 we speak ( are expos$ to1 equally among lit]>y hi/orians--:e!r ,g]v9us or ,julian ,s*midt--z 9 any o!r company2 ev]y:]e1 inde$1 :]e m5 & wom5 conv]se4 ,x %[s itself mo/ frequ5tly & pa9fully1 h[ev]1 9 p$agogic sph]es1 9 ! lit]ature ( public s*ools4 ,x c be prov$ t ! only value t ^! m5 h 9 a real educational e/abli%m5t has n be5 m5tion$1 mu* less g5]ally recognis$ = half a c5tury3 _! value z prep>atory lead]s & my/ogogues ( classical culture1 guid$ by ^: h&s alone c ! correct road lead+ to antiquity be f\nd4 ,e s-call$ classical education c h b "o natural />t+-po9t--an arti/ic1 e>ne/1 & exact famili>ity ) ! use ( ! "m-tongue3 ?is1 toge!r ) ! secret ( =m1 h[ev]1 "o c seldom atta9 to ( "o's own accord1 almo/ ev]ybody requires ^? great lead]s & tutors & mu/ place himself 9 _! h&s4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no su* ?+ z a classical education t c\ld gr[ )\t ?is inf]r$ love ( =m4 ,"h1 :]e ! p[] ( disc]n+ =m & b>b>ity gradually awak5s1 !re appe> ! p9ions :i* be> "o to ! only real home ( culture--anci5t ,greece4 ,if ) ! solit>y help ( ^? p9ions we s\ght to rea* ^? f>-di/ant & diamond-/udd$ walls encircl+ ! /ronghold ( ,hell5ism1 we %\ld c]ta9ly n get v f>2 once m1 !re=e1 we ne$ ! same lead]s & tutors1 our ,g]man classical writ]s1 t we may be borne up1 too1 by ! w+-/rokes ( _! pa/ endeav\rs--to ! l& ( ye>n+1 to ,greece4 ,n a suspicion ( ?is possible relation%ip betwe5 our classics & classical education seems to h pi]c$ ! antique walls ( public s*ools4 ,philologi/s seem mu* m eag]ly engag$ 9 introduc+ ,hom] & ,sophocles to ! "y s\ls ( _! pupils1 9 _! own /yle1 call+ ! result simply by ! un*all5g$ euphemism3 'classical education4' ,let e "o's own exp]i5ce tell him :at he _h ( ,hom] & ,sophocles at ! h&s ( su* eag] tea*]s4 ,x is 9 ?is dep>tm5t t ! greate/ numb] ( deepe/ deceptions occur1 & :5ce misund]/&+s are inadv]t5tly spread4 ,9 ,g]man public s*ools ,i h nev] yet f\nd a trace ( :at might really be call$ 'classical education1' & !re is no?+ surpris+ 9 ?is :5 "o ?9ks ( ! way 9 :i* ^! in/itutions h emancipat$ !mselves f ,g]man classical writ]s & ! discipl9e ( ! ,g]man language4 ,nobody rea*es antiquity by means ( a leap into ! d>k1 & yet ! :ole me?od ( treat+ anci5t writ]s 9 s*ools1 ! pla9 comm5tat+ & p>aphras+ ( our philological tea*]s1 am\nts to no?+ m ?an a leap into ! d>k4 ,! feel+ = classical ,hell5ism is1 z a matt] ( fact1 su* an exceptional outcome ( ! mo/ en]getic fight = culture & arti/ic tal5t t ! public s*ool c\ld only h pr(ess$ to awak5 ?is feel+ ow+ to a v crude misund]/&+4 ,9 :at age8 ,9 an age :i* is l$ ab\t bl9dly by ! mo/ s5sational desires ( ! day1 & :i* is n aw>e ( ! fact t1 once t feel+ = ,hell5ism is r\s$1 x imm$iately becomes aggressive & mu/ express itself by indulg+ 9 an incessant w> ) ! s-call$ culture ( ! pres5t4 ,= ! public s*ool boy ( to-day1 ! ,hell5es z ,hell5es are dead3 yes1 he gets "s enjoym5t out ( ,hom]1 b a novel by ,spielhag5 int]e/s him mu* m3 yes1 he swall[s ,greek trag$y & com$y ) a c]ta9 reli%1 b a ?or\ghly mod]n drama1 l ,freitag's ',j\rnali/s1' moves him 9 q ano!r fa%ion4 ,9 reg>d to all anci5t au?ors he is r incl9$ to speak aft] ! mann] ( ! /hete1 ,h]mann ,grimm1 :o1 on "o occasion1 at ! end ( a tortu\s essay on ! ,v5us ( ,milo1 asks himself3 ',:at does ?is goddess's =m mean to me8 ,( :at use are ! ?\ghts %e sugge/s to me8 ,ore/es & ,o,edipus1 ,iphig5ia & ,antigone1 :at h !y 9 common ) my he>t8'--,no1 my de> public s*ool boy1 ! ,v5us ( ,milo does n conc]n y 9 any way1 & conc]ns y\r tea*] j z little--& t is ! mis=tune1 t is ! secret ( ! mod]n public s*ool4 ,:o w conduct y to ! l& ( culture1 if y\r lead]s are bl9d & assume ! position ( se]s not)/&+8 ,:i* ( y w ev] atta9 to a true feel+ = ! sacr$ s]i\sness ( art1 if y are sy/ematically spoil$1 & taught to /utt] indep5d5tly in/ead ( be+ taught to speak2 to /heticise on y\r own acc\nt1 :5 y ought to be taught to approa* works ( art almo/ pi\sly2 to philosophise )\t assi/ance1 :ile y ought to be compell$ to li/5 to great ?9k]s4 ,all ?is ) ! result t y rema9 et]nally at a di/ance f antiquity & become ! s]vants ( ! day4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! mo/ :olesome feature ( our mod]n in/itutions is to be f\nd 9 ! e>ne/ness ) :i* ! ,lat9 & ,greek languages are /udi$ ov] a long c\rse ( ye>s4 ,9 ?is way boys le>n to respect a gramm>1 lexicons1 & a language t con=ms to fix$ rules2 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( public s*ool "w !re is an exact k ( :at con/itutes a fault1 & no "o is tr\bl$ ) any ?\ght ( ju/ify+ himself e m9ute by appeal+ 7z 9 ! case ( mod]n ,g]man7 to v>i\s grammatical & or?ographical vag>ies & vici\s =ms4 ,if only ?is respect = language did n hang 9 ! air s1 l a !oretical burd5 :i* "o is pleas$ to ?r[ (f ! mom5t "o turns to "o's "m-tongue6 ,m (t5 ?an n1 ! classical ma/] makes pretty %ort "w ( ! "m-tongue2 f ! outset he treats x z a dep>tm5t ( k 9 :i* "o is all[$ t indol5t ease ) :i* ! ,g]man treats ev]y?+ t belongs to 8 native soil4 ,! spl5did practice af=d$ by translat+ f "o language into ano!r1 :i* s improves & f]tilises "o's arti/ic feel+ = "o's own tongue1 is1 9 ! case ( ,g]man1 nev] conduct$ ) t fitt+ categorical /rictness & dignity :i* w\ld be above all necess>y 9 deal+ ) an undiscipl9$ language4 ,( late1 ex]cises ( ?is k9d h t5d$ to decrease ev] m & m3 p are satisfi$ to "k ! =eign classical tongues1 !y w\ld scorn be+ able to apply !m4 ,"h "o gets ano!r glimpse ( ! s*ol>ly t5d5cy ( public s*ools3 a ph5om5on :i* ?r[s mu* light ^u ! object :i* once animat$ !m1--t is to say1 ! s]i\s desire to cultivate ! pupil4 ,?is belong$ to ! "t ( our great poets1 ^? few really cultur$ ,g]mans1--! "t :5 ! magnific5t ,fri$ri* ,augu/ ,wolf direct$ ! new /ream ( classical ?\ght1 introduc$ f ,greece & ,rome by ^? m51 into ! he>t ( ! public s*ools4 ,?anks to 8 bold />t1 a new ord] ( public s*ools 0 e/abli%$1 :i* !nce=w>d 0 n to be m]ely a nurs]y = sci5ce1 b1 above all1 ! actual consecrat$ home ( all high] & nobl] culture4 ,( ! _m necess>y measures :i* ?is *ange call$ into be+1 "s ( ! mo/ important h be5 transf]r$ ) la/+ success to ! mod]n regulations ( public s*ools3 ! mo/ important ( all1 h[ev]1 did n succe$--! "o dem&+ t ! tea*]1 also1 %\ld be consecrat$ to ! new _s1 s t ! aim ( ! public s*ool has mean:ile consid]ably dep>t$ f ! orig9al plan laid d[n by ,wolf1 :i* 0 ! cultivation ( ! pupil4 ,! old e/imate ( s*ol>%ip & s*ol>ly culture1 z an absolute1 :i* ,wolf ov]came1 seems aft] a sl[ & spiritless /ruggle r to h tak5 ! place ( ! culture-pr9ciple ( m rec5t introduction1 & n[ claims its =m] exclusive rights1 ?\gh n ) ! same frankness1 b disguis$ & ) features veil$4 ,& ! reason :y x 0 impossible to make public s*ools fall 9 ) ! magnific5t plan ( classical culture lay 9 ! un-,g]man1 almo/ =eign or cosmopolitan nature ( ^! ef=ts 9 ! cause ( education3 9 ! belief t x 0 possible to remove ! native soil f "u a man's feet & t he %\ld /ill rema9 /&+2 9 ! illusion t p c spr+ direct1 )\t bridges1 into ! /range ,hell5ic _w1 by abjur+ ,g]man & ! ,g]man m9d 9 g5]al4 ,( c\rse "o mu/ "k h[ to trace ?is ,g]manic _s to its lair b5ea? its _m mod]n dress+s1 or ev5 b5ea? heaps ( ru9s2 "o mu/ love x s t "o is n a%am$ ( x 9 its /unt$ =m1 & "o mu/ above all be on "o's gu>d aga9/ conf\nd+ x ) :at n[ disports itself pr\dly z ',up-to-date ,g]man culture4' ,! ,g]man _s is v f> f be+ on fri5dly times ) ?is up-to-date culture3 & precisely 9 ^? sph]es :]e ! latt] compla9s ( a lack ( culture ! real ,g]man _s has surviv$1 ?\gh p]haps n always ) a graceful1 b m (t5 an ungraceful1 ext]ior4 ,on ! o!r h&1 t :i* n[ gr&iloqu5tly assumes ! title ( ',g]man culture' is a sort ( cosmopolitan aggregate1 :i* be>s ! same relation to ! ,g]man _s z ,j\rnalism does to ,s*ill] or ,mey]be] to ,bee?ov53 "h ! /ronge/ influ5ce at "w is ! fundam5tally & ?or\ghly un-,g]man civilisation ( ,france1 :i* is ap$ nei!r ) tal5t nor ) ta/e1 & ! imitation ( :i* gives ! society1 ! press1 ! art1 & ! lit]>y /yle ( ,g]many _! ph>isaical "*4 ,naturally ! copy n[h]e produces ! really arti/ic effect :i* ! orig9al1 gr[n out ( ! he>t ( ,roman civilisation1 is able to produce almo/ to ?is day 9 ,france4 ,let any "o :o wi%es to see ! full =ce ( ?is contra/ comp>e our mo/ not$ noveli/s ) ! less not$ ones ( ,france or ,italy3 he w recognise 9 bo? ! same d\btful t5d5cies & aims1 z also ! same /ill m d\btful means1 b 9 ,france he w f9d !m c\pl$ ) arti/ic e>ne/ness1 at lea/ ) grammatical purity1 & (t5 ) beauty1 :ile 9 _! e feature he w recognise ! e*o ( a correspond+ social culture4 ,9 ,g]many1 on ! o!r h&1 !y w /rike him z unorig9al1 flabby1 fill$ ) dress+-g[n ?\ghts & expressions1 unpleasantly spread out1 & !re)al possess+ no backgr\nd ( social =m4 ,at ! mo/1 ow+ to _! s*ol>ly mann]isms & display ( k1 he w be rem9d$ ( ! fact t 9 ,lat9 c\ntries x is ! arti/ically-tra9$ man1 & t 9 ,g]many x is ! abortive s*ol>1 :o becomes a j\rnali/4 ,) ?is w\ld-be ,g]man & ?or\ghly unorig9al culture1 ! ,g]man c n[h]e reckon ^u victory3 ! ,fr5*man & ! ,italian w always get ! bett] ( him 9 ?is respect1 :ile1 9 reg>d to ! clev] imitation ( a =eign culture1 ! ,russian1 above all1 w always be 8 sup]ior4 ,we are !re=e all ! m anxi\s to hold fa/ to t ,g]man _s :i* reveal$ itself 9 ! ,g]man ,re=mation1 & 9 ,g]man music1 & :i* has %[n its endur+ & g5u9e /r5g? 9 ! enorm\s c\rage & sev]ity ( ,g]man philosophy & 9 ! loyalty ( ! ,g]man soldi]1 :i* has be5 te/$ q rec5tly4 ,f x we expect a victory ov] t 'up-to-date' pseudo-culture :i* is n[ ! fa%ion4 ,:at we %\ld hope = ! future is t s*ools may draw ! real s*ool ( culture into ?is /ruggle1 & k9dle ! flame ( en?usiasm 9 ! y\ng] g5]ation1 m p>ticul>ly 9 public s*ools1 = t :i* is truly ,g]man2 & 9 ?is way s-call$ classical education w resume its natural place & recov] its "o possible />t+-po9t4 ,a ?or\gh re=mation & purification ( ! public s*ool c only be ! outcome ( a pr(\nd & p[]ful re=mation & purification ( ! ,g]man _s4 ,x is a v complex & difficult task to f9d ! bord]-l9e :i* jo9s ! he>t ( ! ,g]manic _s ) ! g5ius ( ,greece4 ,n1 h[ev]1 be=e ! noble/ ne$s ( g5u9e ,g]man g5ius snat* at ! h& ( ?is g5ius ( ,greece z at a firm po/ 9 ! torr5t ( b>b>ity1 n be=e a dev\r+ ye>n+ = ?is g5ius ( ,greece takes possession ( ,g]man g5ius1 & n be=e t view ( ! ,greek home1 on :i* ,s*ill] & ,goe!1 aft] enorm\s ex]tions1 7 able to fea/ _! eyes1 has become ! ,mecca ( ! be/ & mo/ gift$ m51 w ! aim ( classical education 9 public s*ools acquire any def9ition2 & !y at lea/ w n be to blame :o tea* ev] s little sci5ce & le>n+ 9 public s*ools1 9 ord] to keep a def9ite & at ! same "t ideal aim 9 _! eyes1 & to rescue _! pupils f t gli/5+ phantom :i* n[ all[s itself to be call$ 'culture' & 'education4' ,?is is ! sad plight ( ! public s*ool ( to-day3 ! n>r[e/ views rema9 9 a c]ta9 measure "r1 because no "o seems able to rea* or1 at lea/1 to indicate ! spot :]e all ^! views culm9ate 9 error4 ,no "o8 ! philosoph]'s pupil inquir$ ) a slight quav] 9 8 voice2 & bo? m5 7 sil5t4 ,,footnotes3 #c ,x is n practicable to translate ^! ,g]man solecisms by simil> in/ances ( ,engli% solecisms4 ,! read] :o is int]e/$ 9 ! subject w f9d pl5ty ( mat]ial 9 a book l ! ,ox=d ,k+'s ,engli%4 #d ,g]man3 ,=melle ,bildung4 #e ,g]man3 ,mat]ielle ,bildung4 ,,?ird ,,lecture4 7,deliv]$ on ! #bg? ( ,febru>y #ahgb47 ,ladies & ,g5tlem51--,at ! close ( my la/ lecture1 ! conv]sation to :i* ,i 0 a li/5]1 & ! outl9es ( :i*1 z ,i cle>ly recollect !m1 ,i am n[ try+ to lay be=e y1 0 int]rupt$ by a long & solemn pause4 ,bo? ! philosoph] & 8 companion sat sil5t1 sunk 9 deep dejection3 ! peculi>ly critical /ate ( t important educational in/itution1 ! ,g]man public s*ool1 lay ^u _! s\ls l a heavy burd51 :i* "o s+le1 well-mean+ individual is n /rong en\gh to remove1 & ! multitude1 ?\gh /rong1 n well mean+ en\gh4 ,our solit>y ?9k]s 7 p]turb$ by two facts3 by cle>ly p]ceiv+ on ! "o h& t :at might rightly be call$ classical education 0 n[ only a f>-(f ideal1 a ca/le 9 ! air1 :i* c\ld n possibly be built z a reality on ! f\ndations ( our pres5t educational sy/em1 & t1 on ! o!r h&1 :at 0 n[1 ) cu/om>y & unoppos$ euphemism1 po9t$ to z classical education c\ld only claim ! value ( a pret5ti\s illusion1 ! be/ effect ( :i* 0 t ! expression classical education /ill liv$ on & _h n yet lo/ its pa!tic s\nd4 ,^! two wor?y m5 saw cle>ly1 by ! sy/em ( in/ruction 9 vogue1 t ! "t 0 n yet ripe = a high] culture1 a culture f\nd$ ^u t ( ! anci5ts3 ! neglect$ /ate ( l+ui/ic in/ruction2 ! =c+ ( /ud5ts into le>n$ hi/orical pa?s1 in/ead ( giv+ !m a practical tra9+2 ! connection ( c]ta9 practices1 enc\rag$ 9 ! public s*ools1 ) ! objectionable _s ( our j\rnali/ic publicity--all ^! easily p]ceptible ph5om5a ( ! tea*+ ( ,g]man l$ to ! pa9ful c]ta9ty t ! mo/ b5eficial ( ^? =ces :i* h come d[n to u f classical antiquity are n yet kn[n 9 our public s*ools3 =ces :i* w\ld tra9 /ud5ts = ! /ruggle aga9/ ! b>b>ism ( ! pres5t age1 & :i* w p]haps once m trans=m ! public s*ools into ! ars5als & work%ops ( ?is /ruggle4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x w\ld seem 9 ! meantime z if ! _s ( antiquity1 9 its fundam5tal pr9ciples1 _h already be5 driv5 away f ! portals ( ! public s*ools1 & z if "h also ! gates 7 ?r[n op5 z widely z possible to ! be-flatt]$ & pamp]$ type ( our pres5t self-/yl$ ,g]man culture4 ,& if ! solit>y talk]s caught a glimpse ( a s+le ray ( hope1 x 0 t ?+s w\ld h to become /ill worse1 t :at 0 z yet div9$ only by ! few w\ld soon be cle>ly p]ceiv$ by ! _m1 & t !n ! "t = hone/ & resolute m5 = ! e>ne/ consid]ation ( ! scope ( ! education ( ! masses w\ld n be f> di/ant4 ,aft] a few m9utes' sil5t reflection1 ! philosoph]'s companion turn$ to him & said3 ,y us$ to hold out hopes to me1 b n[ y h done m3 y h wid5$ my intellig5ce1 & ) x my /r5g? & c\rage3 n[ inde$ c ,i look on ! field ( battle ) m h>dihood1 n[ inde$ d ,i rep5t ( my too ha/y flight4 ,we want no?+ = ourselves1 & x %\ld be no?+ to u h[ _m individuals may fall 9 ?is battle1 or :e!r we ourselves may be among ! fir/4 ,j because we take ?is matt] s s]i\sly1 we %\ld n take our own poor selves s s]i\sly3 at ! v mom5t we are fall+ "s "o else w grasp ! bann] ( our fai?4 ,i w n ev5 consid] :e!r ,i am /rong en\gh = su* a fight1 :e!r ,i c (f] suffici5t resi/ance2 x may ev5 be an hon\rable dea? to fall to ! accompanim5t ( ! mock+ laught] ( su* enemies1 ^: s]i\sness has frequ5tly seem$ to u to be some?+ ridicul\s4 ,:5 ,i ?9k h[ my contempor>ies prep>$ !mselves = ! highe/ po/s 9 ! s*ola/ic pr(ession1 z ,i myself h done1 !n ,i "k h[ we (t5 laugh$ at ! exact contr>y1 & grew s]i\s ov] some?+ q diff]5t---- ,n[1 my fri5d1 int]rupt$ ! philosoph]1 laugh+ly1 y speak z "o :o w\ld fa9 dive into ! wat] )\t be+ able to swim1 & :o fe>s some?+ ev5 m ?an ! m]e dr[n+2 n be+ dr[n$1 b laugh$ at4 ,b be+ laugh$ at %\ld be ! v la/ ?+ = u to dread2 = we are 9 a sph]e :]e !re are too _m tru?s to tell1 too _m =midable1 pa9ful1 unp>donable tru?s1 = u to escape hatr$1 & only fury "h & !re w give rise to "s sort ( emb>rass$ laught]4 ,j ?9k ( ! innum]able cr[d ( tea*]s1 :o1 9 all good fai?1 h assimilat$ ! sy/em ( education :i* has prevail$ up to ! pres5t1 t !y may *e]fully & )\t ov]-mu* delib]ation c>ry x fur!r on4 ,:at d y ?9k x w seem l to ^! m5 :5 !y he> ( projects f :i* !y are exclud$ b5eficio natur2 ( comm&s :i* _! m$iocre abilities are totally unable to c>ry out2 ( hopes :i* f9d no e*o 9 !m2 ( battles ! w>-cries ( :i* !y d n und]/&1 & 9 ! fight+ ( :i* !y c take "p only z dull & obtuse rank & file8 ,b1 )\t exagg]ation1 t mu/ necess>ily be ! position ( practically all ! tea*]s 9 our high] educational e/abli%m5ts3 & inde$ we _c wond] at ?is :5 we consid] h[ su* a tea*] orig9ates1 h[ he becomes a tea*] ( su* high /atus4 ,su* a l>ge numb] ( high] educational e/abli%m5ts are n[ to be f\nd ev]y:]e t f> m tea*]s w cont9ue to be requir$ = !m ?an ! nature ( ev5 a highly-gift$ p c produce2 & ?us an inord9ate /ream ( undesirables fl[s into ^! in/itutions1 :o1 h[ev]1 by _! prepond]at+ numb]s & _! in/9ct ( 'similis simile gaudet' gradually come to det]m9e ! nature ( ^! in/itutions4 ,!re may be a few p1 hopelessly unfamili> ) p$agogical matt]s1 :o believe t our pres5t pr(usion ( public s*ools & tea*]s1 :i* is manife/ly out ( all proportion1 c be *ang$ into a real pr(usion1 an ub]tas +5ii1 m]ely by a few rules & regulations1 & )\t any r$uction 9 ! numb] ( ^! in/itutions4 ,b we may surely be unanim\s 9 recognis+ t by ! v nature ( ?+s only an exce$+ly small numb] ( p are de/9$ = a true c\rse ( education1 & t a mu* small] numb] ( high] educational e/abli%m5ts w\ld suffice = _! fur!r developm5t1 b t1 9 view ( ! pres5t l>ge numb]s ( educational in/itutions1 ^? = :om 9 g5]al su* in/itutions ought only to be e/abli%$ mu/ feel !mselves to be ! lea/ facilitat$ 9 _! progress4 ,! same holds good 9 reg>d to tea*]s4 ,x is precisely ! be/ tea*]s--^? :o1 g5]ally speak+1 judg$ by a high /&>d1 are wor?y ( ?is hon\rable "n--:o are n[ p]haps ! lea/ fitt$1 9 view ( ! pres5t /&+ ( our public s*ools1 = ! education ( ^! unselect$ y\?s1 huddl$ toge!r 9 a confus$ heap2 b :o mu/ r1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 keep hidd5 f !m ! be/ !y c\ld give3 &1 on ! o!r h&1 by f> ! l>g] numb] ( ^! tea*]s feel !mselves q at home 9 ^! in/itutions1 z _! mod]ate abilities /& 9 a k9d ( h>moni\s relation%ip to ! dullness ( _! pupils4 ,x is f ?is majority t we he> ! ev]-res\nd+ call = ! e/abli%m5t ( new public s*ools & high] educational in/itutions3 we are liv+ 9 an age :i*1 by r++ ! *anges on its deaf5+ & cont9ual cry1 w\ld c]ta9ly give "o ! impression t !re 0 an unprec$5t$ ?ir/ = culture :i* eag]ly s\ght to be qu5*$4 ,b x is j at ?is po9t t "o %\ld le>n to he> aright3 x is "h1 )\t be+ disconc]t$ by ! ?und]+ noise ( ! education-mong]s1 t we mu/ confront ^? :o talk s tirelessly ab\t ! educational necessities ( _! "t4 ,!n we %\ld meet ) a /range disillusionm5t1 "o :i* we1 my good fri5d1 h (t5 met )3 ^? blatant h]alds ( educational ne$s1 :5 exam9$ at close qu>t]s1 are sudd5ly se5 to be trans=m$ into zeal\s1 yea1 fanatical oppon5ts ( true culture1 i4e4 all ^? :o hold fa/ to ! ari/ocratic nature ( ! m9d2 =1 at bottom1 !y reg>d z _! goal ! emancipation ( ! masses f ! ma/]y ( ! great few2 !y seek to ov]?r[ ! mo/ sacr$ hi]>*y 9 ! k+dom ( ! intellect--! s]vitude ( ! masses1 _! submissive ob$i5ce1 _! in/9ct ( loyalty to ! rule ( g5ius4 ,i h long accu/om$ myself to look ) caution ^u ^? :o are ard5t 9 ! cause ( ! s-call$ 'education ( ! p' 9 ! common mean+ ( ! phrase2 s9ce = ! mo/ "p !y desire = !mselves1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 absolutely unlimit$ fre$om1 :i* mu/ inevitably deg5]ate into some?+ resembl+ ! saturnalia ( b>b>ic times1 & :i* ! sacr$ hi]>*y ( nature w nev] grant !m4 ,!y 7 born to s]ve & to obey2 & e mom5t 9 :i* _! limp+ or crawl+ or brok5-w9d$ ?\ghts are at "w %[s u cle>ly out ( :i* clay nature m\ld$ !m1 & :at trade m>k %e br&$ !reon4 ,! education ( ! masses _c1 !re=e1 be our aim2 b r ! education ( a few pick$ m5 = great & la/+ works4 ,we well "k t a j po/]ity judges ! collective intellectual /ate ( a "t only by ^? few great & lonely figures ( ! p]iod1 & gives its decision 9 accordance ) ! mann] 9 :i* !y are recognis$1 enc\rag$1 & hon\r$1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 9 :i* !y are snubb$1 elb[$ aside1 & kept d[n4 ,:at is call$ ! 'education ( ! masses' _c be accompli%$ except ) difficulty2 & ev5 if a sy/em ( univ]sal compulsory education be appli$1 !y c only be rea*$ outw>dly3 ^? individual l[] levels :]e1 g5]ally speak+1 ! masses come into contact ) culture1 :]e ! p n\ri%es its religi\s in/9ct1 :]e x poetises its my?ological images1 :]e x keeps up its fai? 9 its cu/oms1 privileges1 native soil1 & language--all ^! levels c sc>cely be rea*$ by direct means1 & 9 any case only by viol5t demolition4 ,&1 9 s]i\s matt]s ( ?is k9d1 to ha/5 =w>d ! progress ( ! education ( ! p means simply ! po/ponem5t ( ?is viol5t demolition1 & ! ma9t5ance ( t :olesome unconsci\sness1 t s\nd sleep1 ( ! p1 )\t :i* c\nt]-action & rem$y no culture1 ) ! exhau/+ /ra9 & excitem5t ( its own actions1 c make any headway4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 :at ! aspiration is ( ^? :o w\ld di/urb ! heal?y slumb] ( ! p1 & cont9ually call out to !m3 ',keep y\r eyes op56 ,be s5sible6 ,be wise6' we "k ! aim ( ^? :o pr(ess to satisfy excessive educational requirem5ts by means ( an extraord9>y increase 9 ! numb] ( educational in/itutions & ! conceit$ tribe ( tea*]s orig9at$ !reby4 ,^! v p1 us+ ^! v means1 are fight+ aga9/ ! natural hi]>*y 9 ! realm ( ! intellect1 & de/roy+ ! roots ( all ^? noble & sublime pla/ic =ces :i* h _! mat]ial orig9 9 ! unconsci\sness ( ! p1 & :i* fitt+ly t]m9ate 9 ! procreation ( g5ius & its due guidance & prop] tra9+4 ,x is only 9 ! simile ( ! "m t we c grasp ! mean+ & ! responsibility ( ! true education ( ! p 9 respect to g5ius3 its real orig9 is n to be f\nd 9 su* education2 x has1 s to speak1 only a metaphysical s\rce1 a metaphysical home4 ,b = ! g5ius to make 8 appe>ance2 = him to em]ge f among ! p2 to portray ! reflect$ picture1 z x 71 ! dazzl+ brilliancy ( ! peculi> col\rs ( ?is p2 to depict ! noble de/9y ( a p 9 ! similitude ( an individual 9 a "w :i* w la/ = all "t1 !reby mak+ 8 nation itself et]nal1 & r$eem+ x f ! ev]-%ift+ elem5t ( transi5t ?+s3 all ?is is possible = ! g5ius only :5 he has be5 br\ght up & come to maturity 9 ! t5d] c>e ( ! culture ( a p2 :il/1 on ! o!r h&1 )\t ?is %elt]+ home1 ! g5ius w n1 g5]ally speak+1 be able to rise to ! height ( 8 et]nal flight1 b w at an e>ly mom5t1 l a /rang] wea!r-driv5 ^u a bleak1 sn[-cov]$ des]t1 sl9k away f ! inhospitable l&4 ,y a/oni% me ) su* a metaphysics ( g5ius1 said ! tea*]'s companion1 & ,i h only a hazy conception ( ! accuracy ( y\r similitude4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i fully und]/& :at y h said ab\t ! surplus ( public s*ools & ! correspond+ surplus ( high] grade tea*]s2 & 9 ?is reg>d ,i myself h collect$ "s in=mation :i* assures me t ! educational t5d5cy ( ! public s*ool mu/ "r itself by ?is v surplus ( tea*]s :o h really no?+ at all to d ) education1 & :o are call$ into exi/5ce & pursue ?is pa? solely because !re is a dem& = !m4 ,e man :o1 9 an unexpect$ mom5t ( enlight5m5t1 has conv9c$ himself ( ! s+ul>ity & inaccessibility ( ,hell5ic antiquity1 & has w>d$ (f ?is conviction aft] an exhau/+ /ruggle--e su* man kn[s t ! door lead+ to ?is enlight5m5t w nev] rema9 op5 to all com]s2 & he deems x absurd1 yea disgraceful1 to use ! ,greeks z he w\ld any o!r tool he employs :5 foll[+ 8 pr(ession or e>n+ 8 liv+1 %amelessly fumbl+ ) co>se h&s amid/ ! relics ( ^! holy m54 ,?is braz5 & vulg> feel+ is1 h[ev]1 mo/ common 9 ! pr(ession f :i* ! l>ge/ numb]s ( tea*]s = ! public s*ools are drawn1 ! philological pr(ession1 :]e=e ! reproduction & cont9uation ( su* a feel+ 9 ! public s*ool w n surprise u4 ,j look at ! y\ng] g5]ation ( philologi/s3 h[ seldom we see 9 !m t humble feel+ t we1 :5 comp>$ ) su* a _w z x 01 h no "r to exi/ at all3 h[ coolly & fe>lessly1 z comp>$ ) u1 did t "y brood build its mis]able ne/s 9 ! mid/ ( ! magnific5t temples6 ,a p[]ful voice f e nook & cranny %\ld r+ 9 ! e>s ( ^? :o1 f ! day !y beg9 _! connection ) ! univ]sity1 roam at w ) su* self-complac5cy & %amelessness among ! awe-inspir+ relics ( t noble civilisation3 ',h5ce1 ye un9itiat$1 :o w nev] be initiat$2 fly away 9 sil5ce & %ame f ^! sacr$ *amb]s6' ,b ?is voice speaks 9 va92 = "o mu/ to "s ext5t be a ,greek to und]/& a ,greek curse ( excommunication4 ,b ^! p ,i am speak+ ( are s b>b>ic t !y dispose ( ^! relics to suit !mselves3 all _! mod]n conv5i5ces & fancies are br\ght ) !m & conceal$ among ^? anci5t pill>s & tomb/ones1 & x gives rise to great rejoic+ :5 somebody f9ds1 among ! du/ & cobwebs ( antiquity1 some?+ t he himself _h slyly hidd5 !re n s v long be=e4 ,"o ( !m makes v]ses & takes c>e to consult ,hesy*ius' ,lexicon4 ,some?+ !re imm$iately assures him t he is de/9$ to be an imitator ( s*ylus1 & leads him to believe1 inde$1 t he 'has some?+ 9 common )' s*ylus3 ! mis]able poeta/]6 ,yet ano!r pe]s ) ! suspici\s eye ( a policeman into e contradiction1 ev5 into ! %ad[ ( e contradiction1 ( :i* ,hom] 0 guilty3 he fritt]s away 8 life 9 te>+ ,hom]ic rags to tatt]s & sew+ !m toge!r aga91 rags t he himself 0 ! fir/ to fil* f ! poet's k+ly robe4 ,a ?ird feels ill at ease :5 exam9+ all ! my/]i\s & orgia/ic sides ( antiquity3 he makes up 8 m9d once & = all to let ! enlight5$ ,apollo alone pass )\t dispute1 & to see 9 ! ,a!nian a gay & intellig5t b nev]!less some:at immoral ,apollonian4 ,:at a deep brea? he draws :5 he succe$s 9 rais+ yet ano!r d>k corn] ( antiquity to ! level ( 8 own intellig5ce6--:51 = example1 he discov]s 9 ,py?agoras a colleague :o is z en?usia/ic z himself 9 argu+ ab\t politics4 ,ano!r racks 8 bra9s z to :y ,o,edipus 0 condemn$ by fate to p]=m su* abom9able de$s--kill+ 8 fa!r1 m>ry+ 8 "m4 ,:]e lies ! blame6 ,:]e ! poetic ju/ice6 ,sudd5ly x occurs to him3 ,o,edipus 0 a passionate fell[1 lack+ all ,*ri/ian g5tl5ess--he ev5 fell into an unbecom+ rage :5 ,tiresias call$ him a mon/] & ! curse ( ! :ole c\ntry4 ,be humble & meek6 0 :at ,sophocles tri$ to tea*1 o!rwise y w h to m>ry y\r mo!rs & kill y\r fa!rs6 ,o!rs1 aga91 pass _! lives 9 c\nt+ ! numb] ( v]ses writt5 by ,greek & ,roman poets1 & are delight$ ) ! proportions #g3ac #ad3bf4 ,f9ally1 "o ( !m br+s =w>d 8 solution ( a "q1 su* z ! ,hom]ic poems consid]$ f ! /&po9t ( prepositions1 & ?9ks he has drawn ! tru? f ! bottom ( ! well ) ana & kata4 ,all ( !m1 h[ev]1 ) ! mo/ widely sep>at$ aims 9 view1 dig & burr[ 9 ,greek soil ) a re/lessness & a blund]+ awkw>dness t mu/ surely be pa9ful to a true fri5d ( antiquity3 & ?us x comes to pass t ,i %\ld l to take by ! h& e tal5t$ or tal5tless man :o feels a c]ta9 pr(essional incl9ation urg+ him on to ! /udy ( antiquity1 & h>angue him z foll[s3 ',"y sir1 d y "k :at p]ils ?reat5 y1 ) y\r little /ock ( s*ool le>n+1 be=e y become a man 9 ! full s5se ( ! ^w8 ,h y he>d t1 accord+ to ,ari/otle1 x is by no means a tragic dea? to be sla9 by a /atue8 ,does t surprise y8 ,"k1 !n1 t = c5turies philologi/s h be5 try+1 ) ev]-fail+ /r5g?1 to re-erect ! fall5 /atue ( ,greek antiquity1 b )\t success2 = x is a colossus ar\nd :i* s+le individual m5 crawl l pygmies4 ,! lev]age ( ! unit$ repres5tatives ( mod]n culture is utilis$ = ! purpose2 b x inv>iably happ5s t ! huge column is sc>cely m ?an lift$ f ! gr\nd :5 x falls d[n aga91 cru%+ b5ea? its weight ! luckless wights "u x4 ,t1 h[ev]1 may be tol]at$1 = e be+ mu/ p]i% by "s means or o!r2 b :o is !re to gu>antee t dur+ all ^! attempts ! /atue itself w n break 9 pieces6 ,! philologi/s are be+ cru%$ by ! ,greeks--p]haps we c put up ) ?is--b antiquity itself ?reat5s to be cru%$ by ^! philologi/s6 ,?9k t ov]1 y easy-go+ "y man2 & turn back1 le/ y too %\ld n be an iconocla/6' ,inde$1 said ! philosoph]1 laugh+1 !re are _m philologi/s :o h turn$ back z y s mu* desire1 & ,i notice a great contra/ ) my own y\?ful exp]i5ce4 ,consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 l>ge numb]s ( !m h conclud$ t x is hopeless & useless = !m to come into direct contact ) classical antiquity1 h5ce !y are incl9$ to look ^u ?is /udy z b>r51 sup]s$$1 out-(-date4 ,?is h]d has turn$ ) mu* great] ze/ to ! sci5ce ( language3 "h 9 ?is wide expanse ( virg9 soil1 :]e ev5 ! mo/ m$iocre gifts c be turn$ to acc\nt1 & :]e a k9d ( insipidity & dullness is ev5 look$ ^u z decid$ tal5t1 ) ! novelty & unc]ta9ty ( me?ods & ! con/ant dang] ( mak+ fanta/ic mi/akes--"h1 :]e dull regim5tal r\t9e & discipl9e are desid]ata--"h ! newcom] is no long] fright5$ by ! maje/ic & w>n+ voice t rises f ! ru9s ( antiquity3 "h e "o is welcom$ ) op5 arms1 includ+ ev5 him :o nev] arriv$ at any uncommon impression or notewor?y ?\ght aft] a p]usal ( ,sophocles & ,ari/ophanes1 ) ! result t !y end 9 an etymological tangle1 or are s$uc$ into collect+ ! fragm5ts ( out-(-!-way dialects--& _! "t is sp5t 9 associat+ & dissociat+1 collect+ & scatt]+1 & runn+ hi!r & ?i!r consult+ books4 ,& su* a usefully employ$ philologi/ w\ld n[ fa9 be a tea*]6 ,he n[ und]takes to tea* ! y\? ( ! public s*ools some?+ ab\t ! anci5t writ]s1 al?\gh he himself has read !m )\t any p>ticul> impression1 mu* less ) insight6 ,:at a dilemma6 ,antiquity has said no?+ to him1 consequ5tly he has no?+ to say ab\t antiquity4 ,a sudd5 ?\ght /rikes him3 :y is he a skill$ philologi/ at all6 ,:y did ^! au?ors write ,lat9 & ,greek6 ,& ) a light he>t he imm$iately beg9s to etymologise ) ,hom]1 call+ ,li?uanian or ,ecclesia/ical ,slavonic1 or1 above all1 ! sacr$ ,sanskrit1 to 8 assi/ance3 z if ,greek lessons 7 m]ely ! excuse = a g5]al introduction to ! /udy ( languages1 & z if ,hom] 7 lack+ 9 only "o respect1 namely1 n be+ writt5 9 pre-,indog]manic4 ,:oev] is acqua9t$ ) our pres5t public s*ools well kn[s :at a wide gulf sep>ates _! tea*]s f classicism1 & h[1 f a feel+ ( ?is want1 comp>ative philology & alli$ pr(essions h increas$ _! numb]s to su* an unhe>d-( degree4 ,:at ,i mean is1 said ! o!r1 x w\ld dep5d ^u :e!r a tea*] ( classical culture did n confuse 8 ,greeks & ,romans ) ! o!r peoples1 ! b>b>ians1 :e!r he c\ld nev] put ,greek & ,lat9 on a level ) o!r languages3 s f> z 8 classicalism is conc]n$1 x is a matt] ( indiff]5ce :e!r ! framework ( ^! languages concurs ) or is 9 any way relat$ to ! o!r languages3 su* a concurr5ce does n int]e/ him at all2 8 real conc]n is ) :at is n common to bo?1 ) :at %[s him t ^? two peoples 7 n b>b>ians z comp>$ ) ! o!rs--9 s f>1 ( c\rse1 z he is a true tea*] ( culture & models himself aft] ! maje/ic patt]ns ( ! classics4 ,i may be wrong1 said ! philosoph]1 b ,i suspect t1 ow+ to ! way 9 :i* ,lat9 & ,greek are n[ taught 9 s*ools1 ! accurate grasp ( ^! languages1 ! ability to speak & write !m ) ease1 is lo/1 & t is some?+ 9 :i* my own g5]ation di/+ui%$ itself--a g5]ation1 inde$1 ^: few surviv]s h by ?is "t gr[n old2 :il/1 on ! o!r h&1 ! pres5t tea*]s seem to impress _! pupils ) ! g5etic & hi/orical importance ( ! subject to su* an ext5t t1 at be/1 _! s*ol>s ultimately turn into little ,sanskriti/s1 etymological spitfires1 or reckless conjectur]s2 b n "o ( !m c read 8 ,plato or ,tacitus ) pleasure1 z we old folk c4 ,! public s*ools may /ill be seats ( le>n+3 n1 h[ev] ( ! le>n+ :i*1 z x 71 is only ! natural & involunt>y auxili>y ( a culture t is direct$ t[>ds ! noble/ ends2 b r ( t culture :i* might be comp>$ to ! hyp]trophical swell+ ( an unheal?y body4 ,! public s*ools are c]ta9ly ! seats ( ?is obesity1 if1 inde$1 !y h n deg5]at$ into ! abodes ( t elegant b>b>ism :i* is boa/$ ( z be+ ',g]man culture ( ! pres5t6' ,b1 ask$ ! o!r1 :at is to become ( t l>ge body ( tea*]s :o h n be5 end[$ ) a true gift = culture1 & :o set up z tea*]s m]ely to ga9 a livelihood f ! pr(ession1 because !re is a dem& = !m1 because a sup]fluity ( s*ools br+s ) x a sup]fluity ( tea*]s8 ,:]e %all !y g :5 antiquity p]emptorily ord]s !m to )draw8 ,mu/ !y n be sacrific$ to ^? p[]s ( ! pres5t :o1 day aft] day1 call out to !m f ! nev]-end+ columns ( ! press ',we are culture6 ,we are education6 ,we are at ! z5i?6 ,we are ! apexes ( ! pyramids6 ,we are ! aims ( univ]sal hi/ory6'--:5 !y he> ! s$uctive promises1 :5 ! %ameful signs ( non-culture1 ! plebeian publicity ( ! s-call$ 'int]e/s ( culture' are extoll$ = _! b5efit 9 magaz9es & newspap]s z an entirely new & ! be/ possible1 full-gr[n =m ( culture6 ,:i!r %all ! poor fell[s fly :5 !y feel ! pres5tim5t t ^! promises are n true--:]e b to ! mo/ obtuse1 /]ile sci5tificality1 t "h ! %riek ( culture may no long] be audible to !m8 ,pursu$ 9 ?is way1 mu/ !y n end1 l ! o/ri*1 by bury+ _! heads 9 ! s&8 ,is x n a real happ9ess = !m1 buri$ z !y are among dialects1 etymologies1 & conjectures1 to lead a life l t ( ! ants1 ev5 ?\gh !y are miles remov$ f true culture1 if only !y c close _! e>s tightly & be deaf to ! voice ( ! 'elegant' culture ( ! "t4 ,y are "r1 my fri5d1 said ! philosoph]1 b :5ce comes ! urg5t necessity = a surplus ( s*ools = culture1 :i* fur!r gives rise to ! necessity = a surplus ( tea*]s8--:5 we s cle>ly see t ! dem& = a surplus spr+s f a sph]e :i* is ho/ile to culture1 & t ! consequ5ces ( ?is surplus only lead to non-culture4 ,inde$1 we c discuss ?is dire necessity only 9 s f> z ! mod]n ,/ate is will+ to discuss ^! ?+s ) u1 & is prep>$ to foll[ up its dem&s by =ce3 :i* ph5om5on c]ta9ly makes ! same impression ^u mo/ p z if !y 7 address$ by ! et]nal law ( ?+s4 ,= ! re/1 a ',culture-,/ate1' to use ! curr5t expression1 :i* makes su* dem&s1 is r a novelty1 & has only come to a 'self-und]/&+' )9 ! la/ half c5tury1 i4e4 9 a p]iod :5 7to use ! fav\rite popul> ^w7 s _m 'self-und]/ood' ?+s came into be+1 b :i* are 9 !mselves n 'self-und]/ood' at all4 ,?is "r to high] education has be5 tak5 s s]i\sly by ! mo/ p[]ful ( mod]n ,/ates--,prussia--t ! objectionable pr9ciple x has adopt$1 tak5 9 connection ) ! well-kn[n d>+ & h>dihood ( ?is ,/ate1 is se5 to h a m5ac+ & dang]\s consequ5ce = ! true ,g]man _s2 = we see endeav\rs be+ made 9 ?is qu>t] to raise ! public s*ool1 =mally sy/ematis$1 up to ! s-call$ 'level ( ! "t4' ,"h is to be f\nd all t me*anism by means ( :i* z _m s*ol>s z possible are urg$ on to take up c\rses ( public s*ool tra9+3 "h1 inde$1 ! ,/ate has its mo/ p[]ful inducem5t--! concession ( c]ta9 privileges respect+ milit>y s]vice1 ) ! natural consequ5ce t1 accord+ to ! unprejudic$ evid5ce ( /ati/ical (ficials1 by ?is1 & by ?is only1 c we expla9 ! univ]sal conge/ion ( all ,prussian public s*ools1 & ! urg5t & cont9ual ne$ = new ones4 ,:at m c ! ,/ate d = a surplus ( educational in/itutions ?an br+ all ! high] & ! majority ( ! l[] civil s]vice appo9tm5ts1 ! "r ( entry to ! univ]sities1 & ev5 ! mo/ influ5tial milit>y po/s into close connection ) ! public s*ool3 & all ?is 9 a c\ntry :]e bo? univ]sal milit>y s]vice & ! highe/ (fices ( ! ,/ate unconsci\sly attract all gift$ natures to !m4 ,! public s*ool is "h look$ ^u z an hon\rable aim1 & e "o :o feels himself urg$ on to ! sph]e ( gov]nm5t w be f\nd on 8 way to x4 ,?is is a new & q orig9al occurr5ce3 ! ,/ate assumes ! attitude ( a my/ogogue ( culture1 &1 :il/ x promotes its own ends1 x obliges e "o ( its s]vants n to appe> 9 its pres5ce )\t ! tor* ( univ]sal ,/ate education 9 _! h&s1 by ! flick]+ light ( :i* !y may aga9 recognise ! ,/ate z ! highe/ goal1 z ! rew>d ( all _! /riv+s aft] education4 ,n[ ?is la/ ph5om5on %\ld inde$ surprise !m2 x %\ld rem9d !m ( t alli$1 sl[ly und]/ood t5d5cy ( a philosophy :i* 0 =m]ly promot$ = reasons ( ,/ate1 namely1 ! t5d5cy ( ! ,hegelian philosophy3 yea1 x w\ld p]haps be no exagg]ation to say t1 9 ! subord9ation ( all /riv+s aft] education to reasons ( ,/ate1 ,prussia has appropriat$1 ) success1 ! pr9ciple & ! useful heirloom ( ! ,hegelian philosophy1 ^: apo!osis ( ! ,/ate 9 ?is subord9ation c]ta9ly rea*es its height4 ,b1 said ! philosoph]'s companion1 :at purposes c ! ,/ate h 9 view ) su* a /range aim8 ,= t x has "s ,/ate objects 9 view is se5 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! conditions ( ,prussian s*ools are admir$ by1 m$itat$ ^u1 & occasionally imitat$ by o!r ,/ates4 ,^! o!r ,/ates obvi\sly presuppose some?+ "h t1 if adopt$1 w\ld t5d t[>ds ! ma9t5ance & p[] ( ! ,/ate1 l our well-kn[n & popul> conscription4 ,:]e ev]yone pr\dly we>s 8 soldi]'s uni=m at regul> int]vals1 :]e almo/ e "o has absorb$ a uni=m type ( national culture ?r\gh ! public s*ools1 en?usia/ic hyp]boles may well be utt]$ conc]n+ ! sy/ems employ$ 9 =m] times1 & a =m ( ,/ate omnipot5ce :i* 0 atta9$ only 9 antiquity1 & :i* almo/ e "y man1 by bo? in/9ct & tra9+1 ?9ks x is ! cr[n+ glory & highe/ aim ( human be+s to rea*4 ,su* a comp>ison1 said ! philosoph]1 w\ld be q hyp]bolical1 & w\ld n hobble along on "o leg only4 ,=1 inde$1 ! anci5t ,/ate emphatically did n %>e ! utilit>ian po9t ( view ( recognis+ z culture only :at 0 directly useful to ! ,/ate itself1 & 0 f> f wi%+ to de/roy ^? impulses :i* did n seem to be imm$iately applicable4 ,= ?is v reason ! pr(\nd ,greek _h = ! ,/ate t /rong feel+ ( admiration & ?ankfulness :i* is s di/a/eful to mod]n m52 because he cle>ly recognis$ n only t )\t su* ,/ate protection ! g]ms ( 8 culture c\ld n develop1 b also t all 8 inimitable & p]5nial culture _h fl\ri%$ s luxuriantly "u ! wise & c>eful gu>dian%ip ( ! protection af=d$ by ! ,/ate4 ,! ,/ate 0 = 8 culture n a sup]visor1 regulator1 & wat*man1 b a vigor\s & muscul> companion & fri5d1 ready = w>1 :o accompani$ 8 noble1 admir$1 &1 z x 71 e!real fri5d ?r\gh disagreeable reality1 e>n+ 8 ?anks !re=4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n happ5 :5 a mod]n ,/ate lays claim to su* he>ty gratitude because x r5d]s su* *ivalr\s s]vice to ,g]man culture & art3 = 9 ?is reg>d its pa/ is z ignom9i\s z its pres5t1 z a pro( ( :i* we h b to ?9k ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! memory ( our great poets & arti/s is celebrat$ 9 ,g]man cities1 & h[ ! highe/ objects ( ^! ,g]man ma/]s are support$ on ! "p ( ! ,/ate4 ,!re mu/ !re=e be peculi> circum/ances surr\nd+ bo? ?is purpose t[>ds :i* ! ,/ate is t5d+1 & :i* always promotes :at is "h call$ 'education'2 & surr\nd+ likewise ! culture ?us promot$1 :i* subord9ates itself to ?is purpose ( ! ,/ate4 ,) ! real ,g]man _s & ! education d]iv$ !refrom1 su* z ,i h sl[ly outl9$ = y1 ?is purpose ( ! ,/ate is at w>1 hidd5ly or op5ly3 ! _s ( education1 :i* is welcom$ & enc\rag$ ) su* int]e/ by ! ,/ate1 & ow+ to :i* ! s*ools ( ?is c\ntry are s mu* admir$ abroad1 mu/ accord+ly orig9ate 9 a sph]e t nev] comes into contact ) ?is true ,g]man _s3 ) t _s :i* speaks to u s wondr\sly f ! inn] he>t ( ! ,g]man ,re=mation1 ,g]man music1 & ,g]man philosophy1 & :i*1 l a noble exile1 is reg>d$ ) su* indiff]5ce & scorn by ! luxuri\s education af=d$ by ! ,/ate4 ,?is _s is a /rang]3 x passes by 9 solit>y sadness1 & f> away f x ! c5s] ( pseudo-culture is swung backw>ds & =w>ds1 :i*1 amid/ ! acclamations ( 'educat$' tea*]s & j\rnali/s1 arrogates to itself its "n & privileges1 & metes out insult+ treatm5t to ! ^w ',g]man4' ,:y does ! ,/ate require t surplus ( educational in/itutions1 ( tea*]s8 ,:y ?is education ( ! masses on su* an ext5d$ scale8 ,because ! true ,g]man _s is hat$1 because ! ari/ocratic nature ( true culture is fe>$1 because ! p endeav\r 9 ?is way to drive s+le great individuals into self-exile1 s t ! claims ( ! masses to education may be1 s to speak1 plant$ d[n & c>efully t5d$1 9 ord] t ! _m may 9 ?is way endeav\r to escape ! rigid & /rict discipl9e ( ! few great lead]s1 s t ! masses may be p]suad$ t !y c easily f9d ! pa? = !mselves--foll[+ ! guid+ /> ( ! ,/ate6 ,a new ph5om5on6 ,! ,/ate z ! guid+ /> ( culture6 ,9 ! meantime "o ?+ consoles me3 ?is ,g]man _s1 :i* p are combat+ s mu*1 & = :i* !y h sub/itut$ a gaudily attir$ locum t55s1 ?is _s is brave3 x w fight & r$eem itself into a pur] age2 noble1 z x is n[1 & victori\s1 z x "o day w be1 x w always pres]ve 9 its m9d a c]ta9 pitiful tol]ation ( ! ,/ate1 if ! latt]1 h>d-press$ 9 ! h\r ( extremity1 secures su* a pseudo-culture z its associate4 ,= :at1 aft] all1 d we "k ab\t ! difficult task ( gov]n+ m51 i4e4 to keep law1 ord]1 quietness1 & peace among millions ( b\ndlessly egoi/ical1 unju/1 unreasonable1 di%on\rable1 envi\s1 malignant1 & h5ce v n>r[-m9d$ & p]v]se human be+s2 & ?us to protect ! few ?+s t ! ,/ate has conqu]$ = itself aga9/ covet\s neighb\rs & jeal\s robb]s8 ,su* a h>d-press$ ,/ate holds out its arms to any associate1 grasps at any /raw2 & :5 su* an associate does introduce himself ) fl[]y eloqu5ce1 :5 he adjudges ! ,/ate1 z ,hegel did1 to be an 'absolutely complete e?ical organism1' ! be-all & end-all ( e "o's education1 & goes on to indicate h[ he himself c be/ promote ! int]e/s ( ! ,/ate--:o w be surpris$ if1 )\t fur!r p>ley1 ! ,/ate falls ^u 8 neck & cries al\d 9 a b>b>ic voice ( full conviction3 ',yes6 ,?\ art education6 ,?\ art inde$ culture6' ,,f\r? ,,lecture4 7,deliv]$ on ! #e? ( ,m>* #ahgb47 ,,ladies ,,& ,,g5tlem51--,n[ t y h foll[$ my tale up to ?is po9t1 & t we h made ourselves jo9t ma/]s ( ! solit>y1 remote1 & at times abusive duologue ( ! philosoph] & 8 companion1 ,i s9c]ely hope t y1 l /rong swimm]s1 are ready to proce$ on ! second half ( our j\rney1 especially z ,i c promise y t a few o!r m>ionettes w appe> 9 ! puppet-play ( my adv5ture1 & t if up to ! pres5t y h only be5 able to d little m ?an endure :at ,i h be5 tell+ y1 ! waves ( my /ory w n[ be> y m quickly & easily t[>ds ! end4 ,9 o!r words we h n[ come to a turn+1 & x w\ld be advisable = u to take a %ort glance backw>ds to see :at we ?9k we h ga9$ f su* a v>i$ conv]sation4 ,rema9 9 y\r pres5t position1 ! philosoph] seem$ to say to 8 companion1 = y may *]i% hopes4 ,x is m & m cle>ly evid5t t we h no educational in/itutions at all2 b t we ought to h !m4 ,our public s*ools--e/abli%$1 x w\ld seem1 = ?is high object--h ei!r become ! nurs]ies ( a repreh5sible culture :i* repels ! true culture ) pr(\nd hatr$--i4e4 a true1 ari/ocratic culture1 f\nd$ ^u a few c>efully *os5 m9ds2 or !y fo/] a micrological & /]ile le>n+ :i*1 :ile x is f> remov$ f culture1 has at lea/ ?is m]it1 t x avoids t repreh5sible culture z well z ! true culture4 ,! philosoph] _h p>ticul>ly drawn 8 companion's att5tion to ! /range corruption :i* mu/ h ent]$ into ! he>t ( culture :5 ! ,/ate ?\ght itself capable ( tyrannis+ ov] x & ( atta9+ its ends ?r\gh x2 & fur!r :5 ! ,/ate1 9 conjunction ) ?is culture1 /ruggl$ aga9/ o!r ho/ile =ces z well z aga9/ ! _s :i* ! philosoph] v5tur$ to call ! true ,g]man _s4 ,?is _s1 l9k$ to ! ,greeks by ! noble/ ties1 & %[n by its pa/ hi/ory to h be5 /eadfa/ & c\rage\s1 pure & l(ty 9 its aims1 its faculties qualify+ x = ! high task ( free+ mod]n man f ! curse ( mod]nity--?is _s is condemn$ to live ap>t1 bani%$ f its inh]itance4 ,b :5 its sl[1 pa9ful tones ( woe res\nd ?r\gh ! des]t ( ! pres5t1 !n ! ov]lad5 & gaily-deck$ c>avan ( culture is pull$ up %ort1 horror-/rick54 ,we mu/ n only a/oni%1 b t]rify--su* 0 ! philosoph]'s op9ion3 n to fly %amefully away1 b to take ! (f5sive1 0 8 advice2 b he especially c\nsell$ 8 companion n to pond] too anxi\sly ov] ! individual f :om1 ?r\gh a high] in/9ct1 ?is av]sion = ! pres5t b>b>ism proce$$1 ,let x p]i%3 ! ,py?ian god _h no difficulty 9 f9d+ a new tripod1 a second ,py?ia1 s long1 at lea/1 z ! my/ic cold vap\rs rose f ! e>?4 ,! philosoph] once m began to speak3 ,be c>eful to rememb]1 my fri5d1 said he1 !re are two ?+s y mu/ n confuse4 ,a man mu/ le>n a great deal t he may live & take "p 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce2 b ev]y?+ t he z an individual le>ns & does ) ?is end 9 view has no?+ :atev] to d ) culture4 ,?is latt] only takes its beg9n+ 9 a sph]e t lies f> above ! _w ( necessity1 indig5ce1 & /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,! "q n[ is to :at ext5t a man values 8 ego 9 comp>ison ) o!r egos1 h[ mu* ( 8 /r5g? he uses up 9 ! endeav\r to e>n 8 liv+4 ,_m a "o1 by /oically conf9+ 8 ne$s )9 a n>r[ compass1 w %ortly & easily rea* ! sph]e 9 :i* he may =get1 &1 z x 71 %ake (f 8 ego1 s t he c enjoy p]petual y\? 9 a sol> sy/em ( timeless & imp]sonal ?+s4 ,ano!r wid5s ! scope & ne$s ( 8 ego z mu* z possible1 & builds ! mausoleum ( ?is ego 9 va/ proportions1 z if he 7 prep>$ to fight & conqu] t t]rible adv]s>y1 ,"t4 ,9 ?is in/9ct also we may see a long+ = immortality3 weal? & p[]1 wisdom1 pres5ce ( m9d1 eloqu5ce1 a fl\ri%+ outw>d aspect1 a r5[n$ "n--all ^! are m]ely turn$ into ! means by :i* an insatiable1 p]sonal w to live craves = new life1 ) :i*1 aga91 x hank]s aft] an et]nity t is at la/ se5 to be illusory4 ,b ev5 9 ?is highe/ =m ( ! ego1 9 ! enhanc$ ne$s ( su* a di/5d$ &1 z x 71 collective individual1 true culture is nev] t\*$ ^u2 & if1 = example1 art is s\ght aft]1 only its dissem9at+ & /imulat+ actions come into prom95ce1 i4e4 ^? :i* lea/ give rise to pure & noble art1 & mo/ ( all to l[ & degrad$ =ms ( x4 ,= 9 all 8 ef=ts1 h[ev] great & exceptional !y seem to ! onlook]1 he nev] succe$s 9 free+ himself f 8 own hank]+ & re/less p]sonality3 t illum9at$1 e!real sph]e :]e "o may contemplate )\t ! ob/ruction ( "o's own p]sonality cont9ually rec$es f him--& ?us1 let him le>n1 travel1 & collect z he may1 he mu/ always live an exil$ life at a remote di/ance f a high] life & f true culture4 ,= true culture w\ld scorn to contam9ate itself ) ! ne$y & covet\s individual2 x well kn[s h[ to give ! slip to ! man :o w\ld fa9 employ x z a means ( atta9+ to egoi/ic ends2 & if any "o *]i%es ! belief t he has firmly secur$ x z a means ( livelihood1 & t he c procure ! necessities ( life by its s$ul\s cultivation1 !n x sudd5ly /eals away ) noiseless /eps & an air ( d]isive mock]y4#f ,i w ?us ask y1 my fri5d1 n to conf\nd ?is culture1 ?is s5sitive1 fa/idi\s1 e!real goddess1 ) t useful maid-(-all-"w :i* is also call$ 'culture1' b :i* is only ! intellectual s]vant & c\nsellor ( "o's practical necessities1 wants1 & means ( livelihood ,e k9d ( tra9+1 h[ev]1 :i* holds out ! prospect ( bread-w9n+ z its end & aim1 is n a tra9+ = culture z we und]/& ! ^w2 b m]ely a collection ( precepts & directions to %[ h[1 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 a man may pres]ve & protect 8 own p]son4 ,x may be freely admitt$ t = ! great majority ( m5 su* a c\rse ( in/ruction is ( ! highe/ importance2 & ! m ardu\s ! /ruggle is ! m int5sely mu/ ! "y man /ra9 e n]ve to utilise 8 /r5g? to ! be/ advantage4 ,b--let no "o ?9k = a mom5t t ! s*ools :i* urge him on to ?is /ruggle & prep>e him = x are 9 any way s]i\sly to be consid]$ z e/abli%m5ts ( culture4 ,!y are in/itutions :i* tea* "o h[ to take "p 9 ! battle ( life2 :e!r !y promise to turn out civil s]vants1 or m]*ants1 or (fic]s1 or :olesale deal]s1 or f>m]s1 or physicians1 or m5 ) a te*nical tra9+4 ,! regulations & /&>ds prevail+ at su* in/itutions diff] f ^? 9 a true educational in/itution2 & :at 9 ! latt] is p]mitt$1 & ev5 freely held out z (t5 z possible1 ought to be consid]$ z a crim9al (f5ce 9 ! =m]4 ,let me give y an example4 ,if y wi% to guide a "y man on ! pa? ( true culture1 bew>e ( int]rupt+ 8 naive1 confid5t1 &1 z x 71 imm$iate & p]sonal relation%ip ) nature4 ,! woods1 ! rocks1 ! w9ds1 ! vulture1 ! fl[]s1 ! butt]fly1 ! meads1 ! m\nta9 slopes1 mu/ all speak to him 9 _! own language2 9 !m he mu/1 z x 71 come to "k himself aga9 9 c\ntless reflections & images1 9 a v>iegat$ r\nd ( *ang+ visions2 & 9 ?is way he w unconsci\sly & gradually feel ! metaphysical unity ( all ?+s 9 ! great image ( nature1 & at ! same "t tranquillise 8 s\l 9 ! contemplation ( h] et]nal endurance & necessity4 ,b h[ _m "y m5 %\ld be p]mitt$ to gr[ up 9 su* close & almo/ p]sonal proximity to nature6 ,! o!rs mu/ le>n ano!r tru? betimes3 h[ to subdue nature to !mselves4 ,"h is an end ( ?is naive metaphysics2 & ! physiology ( plants & animals1 geology1 inorganic *emi/ry1 =ce _! devotees to view nature f an altoge!r diff]5t /&po9t4 ,:at is lo/ by ?is new po9t ( view is n only a poetical phantasmagoria1 b ! in/9ctive1 true1 & unique po9t ( view1 in/ead ( :i* we h %rewd & clev] calculations1 &1 s to speak1 ov]rea*+s ( nature4 ,?us to ! truly cultur$ man is v\*saf$ ! ine/imable b5efit ( be+ able to rema9 fai?ful1 )\t a break1 to ! contemplative in/9cts ( 8 *ildhood1 & s to atta9 to a calmness1 unity1 consi/5cy1 & h>mony :i* c nev] be ev5 ?\ght ( by a man :o is compell$ to fight 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,y mu/ n ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ,i wi% to )hold all praise f our prim>y & second>y s*ools3 ,i hon\r ! sem9>ies :]e boys le>n ari?metic & ma/] mod]n languages1 & /udy geography & ! m>vell\s discov]ies made 9 natural sci5ce4 ,i am q prep>$ to say fur!r t ^? y\?s :o pass ?r\gh ! bett] class ( second>y s*ools are well entitl$ to make ! claims put =w>d by ! fully-fl$g$ public s*ool boy2 & ! "t is c]ta9ly n f> di/ant :5 su* pupils w be ev]y:]e freely admitt$ to ! univ]sities & positions "u ! gov]nm5t1 :i* has hi!rto be5 ! case only ) s*ol>s f ! public s*ools--( our pres5t public s*ools1 be x not$6#g ,i _c1 h[ev]1 refra9 f add+ ! melan*oly reflection3 if x be true t second>y & public s*ools are1 on ! :ole1 work+ s he>tily 9 common t[>ds ! same ends1 & diff] f ea* o!r only 9 su* a slight degree1 t !y may take equal rank be=e ! tribunal ( ! ,/ate1 !n we completely lack ano!r k9d ( educational in/itutions3 ^? = ! developm5t ( culture6 ,to say ! lea/1 ! second>y s*ools _c be reproa*$ ) ?is2 = !y h up to ! pres5t propiti\sly & hon\rably foll[$ up t5d5cies ( a l[] ord]1 b "o nev]!less highly necess>y4 ,9 ! public s*ools1 h[ev]1 !re is v mu* less hone/y & v mu* less ability too2 = 9 !m we f9d an in/9ctive feel+ ( %ame1 ! unconsci\s p]ception ( ! fact t ! :ole in/itution has be5 ignom9i\sly degrad$1 & t ! sonor\s words ( wise & apa!tic tea*]s are contradictory to ! dre>y1 b>b>ic1 & /]ile reality4 ,s !re are no true cultural in/itutions6 ,& 9 ^? v places :]e a pret5ce to culture is /ill kept up1 we f9d ! p m hopeless1 atrophi$1 & discont5t$ ?an 9 ! second>y s*ools1 :]e ! s-call$ 'reali/ic' subjects are taught6 ,besides ?is1 only ?9k h[ immature & un9=m$ "o mu/ be 9 ! company ( su* tea*]s :5 "o actually misund]/&s ! rigor\sly def9$ philosophical expressions 'real' & 'realism' to su* a degree z to ?9k !m ! contr>ies ( m9d & matt]1 & to int]pret 'realism' z '! road to k1 =mation1 & ma/]y ( reality4' ,i = my own "p "k ( only two exact contr>ies3 in/itutions = tea*+ culture & in/itutions = tea*+ h[ to succe$ 9 life4 ,all our pres5t in/itutions belong to ! second class2 b ,i am speak+ only ( ! fir/4 ,ab\t two h\rs w5t by :ile ! philosophically-m9d$ c\ple *att$ ab\t su* />tl+ que/ions4 ,night sl[ly fell 9 ! meantime2 & :5 9 ! twilight ! philosoph]'s voice _h s\nd$ l natural music ?r\gh ! woods1 x n[ rang out 9 ! pr(\nd d>kness ( ! night :5 he 0 speak+ ) excitem5t or ev5 passionately2 8 tones hiss+ & ?und]+ f> d[n ! valley1 & rev]b]at+ among ! trees & rocks4 ,sudd5ly he 0 sil5t3 he _h j repeat$1 almo/ pa!tically1 ! words1 we h no true educational in/itutions2 we h no true educational in/itutions6 :5 some?+ fell d[n j 9 front ( him--x might h be5 a fir-cone--& 8 dog b>k$ & ran t[>ds x4 ,?us int]rupt$1 ! philosoph] rais$ 8 head1 & sudd5ly became aw>e ( ! d>kness1 ! cool air1 & ! lonely situation ( himself & 8 companion4 ,well6 ,:at are we ab\t6 he ejaculat$1 x's d>k4 ,y "k :om we 7 expect+ "h2 b he hasn't come4 ,we h wait$ 9 va92 let u g4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i mu/ n[1 ladies & g5tlem51 convey to y ! impressions exp]i5c$ by my fri5d & myself z we eag]ly li/5$ to ?is conv]sation1 :i* we he>d di/9ctly 9 our hid+-place4 ,i h already told y t at t place & at t h\r we _h int5d$ to hold a fe/ival 9 commemoration ( some?+3 & ?is some?+ _h to d ) no?+ else ?an matt]s conc]n+ educational tra9+1 ( :i* we1 9 our own y\?ful op9ions1 _h g>n]$ a pl5tiful h>ve/ dur+ our pa/ life4 ,we 7 ?us dispos$ to rememb] ) gratitude ! in/itution :i* we _h at "o "t ?\ght out = ourselves at t v spot 9 ord]1 z ,i h already m5tion$1 t we might reciprocally enc\rage & wat* ov] "o ano!r's educational impulses4 ,b a sudd5 & unexpect$ light 0 ?r[n on all t pa/ life z we sil5tly gave ourselves up to ! vehem5t words ( ! philosoph]4 ,z :5 a travell]1 walk+ he$lessly across unkn[n gr\nd1 sudd5ly puts 8 foot ov] ! edge ( a cliff1 s x n[ seem$ to u t we _h ha/5$ to meet ! great dang] r ?an run away f x4 ,"h at ?is spot1 s memorable to u1 we he>d ! w>n+3 ,back6 ,n ano!r /ep6 ,"k y n :i!r y\r foot/eps t5d1 :i!r ?is deceitful pa? is lur+ y8 ,x seem$ to u t we n[ knew1 & our feel+ ( ov]fl[+ ?ankfulness impell$ u s irresi/ibly t[>ds our e>ne/ c\nsellor & tru/y ,eck>t1 t bo? ( u sprang up at ! same mom5t & ru%$ t[>ds ! philosoph] to embrace him4 ,he 0 j ab\t to move (f1 & _h already turn$ sideways :5 we ru%$ up to him4 ,! dog turn$ %>ply r\nd & b>k$1 ?9k+ d\btless1 l ! philosoph]'s companion1 ( an attempt at robb]y r ?an an enraptur$ embrace4 ,x 0 pla9 t he _h =gott5 u4 ,9 a ^w1 he ran away4 ,our embrace 0 a mis]able failure :5 we did ov]take him2 = my fri5d gave a l\d yell z ! dog bit him1 & ! philosoph] himself sprang away f me ) su* =ce t we bo? fell4 ,:at ) ! dog & ! m5 !re 0 a scramble t la/$ a few m9utes1 until my fri5d began to call out l\dly1 p>ody+ ! philosoph]'s own words3 ,9 ! "n ( all culture & pseudo-culture1 :at does ! silly dog want ) u8 ,h5ce1 y conf\nd$ dog2 y un9itiat$1 nev] to be initiat$2 ha/5 away f u1 sil5t & a%am$6 ,aft] ?is outbur/ matt]s 7 cle>$ up to "s ext5t1 at any rate s f> z !y c\ld be cle>$ up 9 ! d>kness ( ! wood4 ,oh1 x's y6 ejaculat$ ! philosoph]1 our duelli/s6 ,h[ y />tl$ u6 ,:at on e>? drives y to jump out ^u u l ?is at su* a "t ( ! night8 ,joy1 ?ankfulness1 & rev]5ce1 said we1 %ak+ ! old man by ! h&1 :il/ ! dog b>k$ z if he und]/ood1 we c't let y g )\t tell+ y ?is4 ,& if y are to und]/& ev]y?+ y mu/ n g away j yet2 we want to ask y ab\t s _m ?+s t lie heavily on our he>ts4 ,/ay yet a:ile2 we "k e foot ( ! way & c accompany y aft]w>ds4 ,! g5tleman y expect may yet turn up4 ,look ov] yond] on ! ,rh9e3 :at is t we see s cle>ly float+ on ! surface ( ! wat] z if surr\nd$ by ! light ( _m tor*es8 ,x is !re t we may look = y\r fri5d1 ,i w\ld ev5 v5ture to say t x is he :o is com+ t[>ds y ) all ^? lights4 ,& s mu* did we assail ! surpris$ old man ) our entreaties1 promises1 & fanta/ic delusions1 t we p]suad$ ! philosoph] to walk to & fro ) u on ! little plateau1 by le>n$ lumb] undi/urb$1 z my fri5d add$4 ,%ame on y6 said ! philosoph]1 if y really want to quote some?+1 :y *oose ,fau/8 ,h[ev]1 ,i w give 9 to y1 quotation or no quotation1 if only our "y companions w keep /ill & n run away z sudd5ly z !y made _! appe>ance1 = !y are l w-o'-!-wisps2 we are amaz$ :5 !y are !re & aga9 :5 !y are n !re4 ,my fri5d imm$iately recit$-- ,respect1 ,i hope1 w tea* u h[ we may ,our light] disposition keep at bay4 ,our c\rse is only zig-zag z a rule4 ,! philosoph] 0 surpris$1 & /ood /ill4 ,y a/oni% me1 y w-o'-!-wisps1 he said2 ?is is no quagmire we are on n[4 ,( :at use is ?is gr\nd to y8 ,:at does ! proximity ( a philosoph] mean to y8 ,= ar\nd him ! air is %>p & cle>1 ! gr\nd dry & h>d4 ,y mu/ f9d out a m fanta/ic region = y\r zig-zagg+ incl9ations4 ,i ?9k1 int]rupt$ ! philosoph]'s companion at ?is po9t1 ! g5tlem5 h already told u t !y promis$ to meet "s "o "h at ?is h\r2 b x seems to me t !y li/5$ to our com$y ( education l a *orus1 & truly 'ideali/ic spectators'--= !y did n di/urb u2 we ?\ght we 7 alone ) ea* o!r4 ,yes1 t is true1 said ! philosoph]1 t praise mu/ n be )held f !m1 b x seems to me t !y des]ve /ill high] praise---- ,"h ,i seiz$ ! philosoph]'s h& & said3 ,t man mu/ be z obtuse z a reptile1 ) 8 /oma* on ! gr\nd & 8 head buri$ 9 mud1 :o c li/5 to su* a disc\rse z y\rs )\t becom+ e>ne/ & ?\ghtful1 or ev5 excit$ & indignant4 ,self-accusation & annoyance might p]haps cause a few to get angry2 b our impression 0 q diff]5t3 ! only ?+ ,i d n "k is h[ exactly to describe x4 ,?is h\r 0 s well-tim$ = u1 & our m9ds 7 s well prep>$1 t we sat !re l empty vessels1 & n[ x seems z if we 7 fill$ to ov]fl[+ ) ?is new wisdom3 = ,i no long] "k h[ to help myself1 & if "s "o ask$ me :at ,i am ?9k+ ( do+ to-morr[1 or :at ,i h made up my m9d to d ) myself f n[ on1 ,i %\ld n "k :at to answ]4 ,= x is easy to see t we h up to ! pres5t be5 liv+ & educat+ ourselves 9 ! wrong way--b :at c we d to cross ov] ! *asm betwe5 to-day & to-morr[8 ,yes1 ackn[l$g$ my fri5d1 ,i h a simil> feel+1 & ,i ask ! same "q3 b besides t ,i feel z if ,i 7 fright5$ away f ,g]man culture by ent]ta9+ su* high & ideal views ( its task2 yea1 z if ,i 7 unwor?y to co-op]ate ) x 9 c>ry+ out its aims4 ,i only see a respl5d5t file ( ! highe/ natures mov+ t[>ds ?is goal2 ,i c imag9e ov] :at abysses & ?r\gh :at temptations ?is procession travels4 ,:o w\ld d>e to be s bold z to jo9 9 x8 ,at ?is po9t ! philosoph]'s companion aga9 turn$ to him & said3 ,don't be angry ) me :5 ,i tell y t ,i too h a some:at simil> feel+1 :i* ,i h n m5tion$ to y be=e4 ,:5 talk+ to y ,i (t5 felt drawn out ( myself1 z x 71 & inspir$ ) y\r ard\r & hopes till ,i almo/ =got myself4 ,!n a calm] mom5t arrives2 a pi]c+ w9d ( reality br+s me back to e>?--& !n ,i see ! wide gulf betwe5 u1 ov] :i* y y\rself1 z 9 a dream1 draw me back aga94 ,!n :at y call 'culture' m]ely tott]s mean+lessly ar\nd me or lies heavily on my brea/3 x is l a %irt ( mail t weighs me d[n1 or a sword t ,i _c wield4 ,our m9ds1 z we ?us argu$ ) ! philosoph]1 7 unanim\s1 &1 mutually enc\rag+ & /imulat+ "o ano!r1 we sl[ly walk$ ) him backw>ds & =w>ds along ! un5cumb]$ space :i* _h e>li] 9 ! day s]v$ u z a %oot+ range4 ,& !n1 9 ! /ill night1 "u ! peaceful light ( hundr$s ( />s1 we all broke out into a tirade :i* ran some:at z foll[s3-- ,y h told u s mu* ab\t ! g5ius1 we began1 ab\t 8 lonely & we>isome j\rney ?r\gh ! _w1 z if nature nev] exhibit$ any?+ b ! mo/ diametrical contr>ies3 9 "o place ! /upid1 dull masses1 act+ by in/9ct1 & !n1 on a f> high] & m remote plane1 ! great contemplat+ few1 de/9$ = ! production ( immortal works4 ,b n[ y call ^! ! apexes ( ! intellectual pyramid3 x w\ld1 h[ev]1 seem t betwe5 ! broad1 heavily burd5$ f\ndation up to ! highe/ ( ! free & un5cumb]$ peaks !re mu/ be c\ntless int]m$iate degrees1 & t "h we mu/ apply ! say+ natura non facit saltus4 ,:]e !n are we to look = ! beg9n+ ( :at y call culture2 :]e is ! l9e ( dem>cation to be drawn betwe5 ! sph]es :i* are rul$ f bel[ upw>ds & ^? :i* are rul$ f above d[nw>ds8 ,& if x be only 9 connection ) ^! exalt$ be+s t true culture may be spok5 (1 h[ are in/itutions to be f\nd$ = ! unc]ta9 exi/5ce ( su* natures1 h[ c we devise educational e/abli%m5ts :i* %all be ( b5efit only to ^! select few8 ,x r seems to u t su* p]sons "k h[ to f9d _! own way1 & t _! full /r5g? is %[n 9 _! be+ able to walk )\t ! educational crut*es necess>y = o!r p1 & ?us undi/urb$ to make _! way ?r\gh ! /orm & /ress ( ?is r\gh _w j l a phantom4 ,we kept on argu+ 9 ?is fa%ion1 speak+ )\t any great ability & n putt+ our ?\ghts 9 any special =m3 b ! philosoph]'s companion w5t ev5 fur!r1 & said to him3 ,j ?9k ( all ^! great g5iuses ( :om we are wont to be s pr\d1 look+ ^u !m z tri$ & true lead]s & guides ( ?is real ,g]man _s1 ^: names we commemorate by /atues & fe/ivals1 & ^: works we hold up ) feel+s ( pride = ! admiration ( =eign l&s--h[ did !y obta9 ! education y dem& = !m1 to :at degree d !y %[ t !y h be5 n\ri%$ & matur$ by bask+ 9 ! sun ( national education8 ,& yet !y are se5 to be possible1 !y h nev]!less become m5 :om we mu/ hon\r3 yea1 _! works !mselves ju/ify ! =m ( ! developm5t ( ^! noble spirits2 !y ju/ify ev5 a c]ta9 want ( education = :i* we mu/ make all[ance ow+ to _! c\ntry & ! age 9 :i* !y liv$4 ,h[ c\ld ,less+ & ,w9ckelmann b5efit by ! ,g]man culture ( _! "t8 ,ev5 less ?an1 or at all ev5ts j z little z ,bee?ov51 ,s*ill]1 ,goe!1 or e "o ( our great poets & arti/s4 ,x may p]haps be a law ( nature t only ! lat] g5]ations are de/9$ to "k by :at div9e gifts an e>li] g5]ation 0 fav\r$4 ,at ?is po9t ! old philosoph] c\ld n control 8 ang]1 & %\t$ to 8 companion3 ,oh1 y innoc5t lamb ( k6 ,y g5tle suck+ doves1 all ( y6 ,& w\ld y give ! "n ( argum5ts to ^? di/ort$1 clumsy1 n>r[-m9d$1 unga9ly1 crippl$ ?+s8 ,yes1 ,i h j n[ be5 li/5+ to ! fruits ( "s ( ?is pres5t-day culture1 & my e>s are /ill r++ ) ! s\nd ( hi/orical 'self-und]/ood' ?+s1 ( ov]-wise & pitiless hi/orical reason+s6 ,m>k ?is1 ?\ unpr(an$ ,nature3 ?\ ha/ gr[n old1 & = ?\s&s ( ye>s ?is />ry sky has spann$ ! space above !e--b ?\ ha/ nev] yet he>d su* conceit$ &1 at bottom1 mis*iev\s *att] z ! talk ( ! pres5t day6 ,s y are pr\d ( y\r poets & arti/s1 my good ,teutons8 ,y po9t to !m & brag ab\t !m to =eign c\ntries1 d y8 ,& because x has giv5 y no tr\ble to h !m among/ y1 y h =m$ ! pleasant !ory t y ne$ n conc]n y\rselves fur!r ) !m8 ,isn't t s1 my inexp]i5c$ *ildr53 !y come ( _! own free w1 ! /ork br+s !m to y6 ,:o w\ld d>e to m5tion a midwife6 ,y des]ve an e>ne/ tea*+1 eh8 ,y %\ld be pr\d ( ! fact t all ! noble & brilliant m5 we h m5tion$ 7 prematurely suffocat$1 worn out1 & cru%$ ?r\gh y1 ?r\gh y\r b>b>ism8 ,y ?9k )\t %ame ( ,less+1 :o1 on acc\nt ( y\r /upidity1 p]i%$ 9 battle aga9/ y\r ludicr\s gods & idols1 ! evils ( y\r !atres1 y\r le>n$ m51 & y\r !ologians1 )\t once d>+ to lift himself to ! height ( t immortal flight = :i* he 0 br\ght into ! _w4 ,& :at are y\r impressions :5 y ?9k ( ,w9ckelmann1 :o1 t he might rid 8 eyes ( y\r grotesque fatu\sness1 w5t to beg help f ! ,jesuits1 & ^: disgraceful religi\s conv]sion recoils ^u y & w always rema9 an ineffaceable blemi% ^u y8 ,y c ev5 "n ,s*ill] )\t blu%+6 ,j look at 8 picture6 ,! fi]y1 sp>kl+ eyes1 look+ at y ) disda91 ^? flu%$1 dea?-l *eeks3 c y le>n no?+ f all t8 ,9 him y _h a beautiful & div9e play?+1 & ?r\gh x 0 de/roy$4 ,& if x _h be5 possible = y to take ,goe!'s fri5d%ip away f ?is melan*oly1 ha/y life1 hunt$ to premature dea?1 !n y w\ld h cru%$ him ev5 soon] ?an y did4 ,y h n r5d]$ assi/ance to a s+le "o ( our great g5iuses--& n[ ^u t fact y wi% to build up ! !ory t none ( !m %all ev] be help$ 9 future8 ,= ea* ( !m1 h[ev]1 up to ?is v mom5t1 y h always be5 ! 'resi/ance ( ! /upid _w' t ,goe! speaks ( 9 8 ,epilogue to ! ,bell2 t[>ds ea* ( !m y act$ ! "p ( apa!tic dull>ds or jeal\s n>r[-he>ts or malignant egoti/s4 ,9 spite ( y !y creat$ _! immortal works1 aga9/ y !y direct$ _! attacks1 & ?anks to y !y di$ s prematurely1 _! tasks only half accompli%$1 blunt$ & dull$ & %att]$ 9 ! battle4 ,:o c tell to :at ^! h]oic m5 7 de/9$ to atta9 if only t true ,g]man _s _h ga!r$ !m toge!r )9 ! protect+ walls ( a p[]ful in/itution8--t _s :i*1 )\t ! help ( "s su* in/itution1 drags out an isolat$1 debas$1 & degrad$ exi/5ce4 ,all ^? great m5 7 utt]ly ru9$2 & x is only an insane belief 9 ! ,hegelian 'reasonabl5ess ( all happ5+s' :i* w\ld absolve y ( any responsibility 9 ! matt]4 ,& n ^? m5 alone6 ,indictm5ts are p\r+ =? aga9/ y f e intellectual prov9ce3 :e!r ,i look at ! tal5ts ( our poets1 philosoph]s1 pa9t]s1 or sculptors--& n only 9 ! case ( gifts ( ! highe/ ord]--,i ev]y:]e see immaturity1 ov]/ra9$ n]ves1 or prematurely exhau/$ en]gies1 abilities wa/$ & nipp$ 9 ! bud2 ,i ev]y:]e feel t 'resi/ance ( ! /upid _w1' 9 o!r words1 y\r guilt9ess4 ,t is :at ,i am talk+ ab\t :5 ,i speak ( lack+ educational e/abli%m5ts1 & :y ,i ?9k ^? :i* at pres5t claim ! "n 9 su* a pitiful condition4 ,:oev] is pleas$ to call ?is an 'ideal desire1' & ref]s to x z 'ideal' z if he 7 try+ to get rid ( x by prais+ me1 des]ves ! answ] t ! pres5t sy/em is a sc&al & a disgrace1 & t ! man :o asks = w>m? 9 ! mid/ ( ice & sn[ mu/ inde$ get angry if he he>s ?is ref]r$ to z an 'ideal desire4' ,! matt] we are n[ discuss+ is conc]n$ ) cle>1 urg5t1 & palpably evid5t realities3 a man :o kn[s any?+ ( ! "q feels t !re is a ne$ :i* mu/ be se5 to1 j l cold & hung]4 ,b ! man :o is n affect$ at all by ?is matt] mo/ c]ta9ly has a /&>d by :i* to measure ! ext5t ( 8 own culture1 & ?us to "k :at ,i call 'culture1' & :]e ! l9e %\ld be drawn betwe5 t :i* is rul$ f bel[ upw>ds & t :i* is rul$ f above d[nw>ds4 ,! philosoph] seem$ to be speak+ v heat$ly4 ,we begg$ him to walk r\nd ) u aga91 s9ce he _h utt]$ ! latt] "p ( 8 disc\rse /&+ ne> ! tree-/ump :i* _h s]v$ u z a t>get4 ,= a few m9utes n a ^w m 0 spok54 ,sl[ly & ?\ghtfully we walk$ to & fro4 ,we did n s mu* feel a%am$ ( hav+ br\ght =w>d su* fooli% argum5ts z we felt a k9d ( re/itution ( our p]sonality4 ,aft] ! heat$ &1 s f> z we 7 conc]n$1 v unflatt]+ utt]ance ( ! philosoph]1 we seem$ to feel ourselves ne>] to him--t we ev5 /ood 9 a p]sonal relation%ip to him4 ,= s wret*$ is man t he nev] feels himself br\ght into su* close contact ) a /rang] z :5 ! latt] %[s "s sign ( weakness1 "s defect4 ,t our philosoph] _h lo/ 8 temp] & made use ( abusive language help$ to bridge ov] ! gulf creat$ betwe5 u by our timid respect = him3 & = ! sake ( ! read] :o feels 8 indignation ris+ at ?is sugge/ion let x be add$ t ?is bridge (t5 leads f di/ant h]o-wor%ip to p]sonal love & pity4 ,&1 aft] ! feel+ t our p]sonality _h be5 re/or$ to u1 ?is pity gradually became /rong] & /rong]4 ,:y 7 we mak+ ?is old man walk up & d[n ) u betwe5 ! rocks & trees at t "t ( ! night8 ,&1 s9ce he _h yield$ to our entreaties1 :y c\ld we n h ?\ght ( a m mode/ & unassum+ mann] ( hav+ ourselves in/ruct$1 :y %\ld ! ?ree ( u h contradict$ him 9 su* clumsy t]ms8 ,= n[ we saw h[ ?\ghtless1 unprep>$1 & baseless 7 all ! objections we _h made1 & h[ greatly ! e*o ( ! pres5t 0 he>d 9 !m1 ! voice ( :i*1 9 ! prov9ce ( culture1 ! old man w\ld fa9 n h he>d4 ,our objections1 h[ev]1 7 n purely intellectual ones3 our reasons = prote/+ aga9/ ! philosoph]'s /atem5ts seem$ to lie else:]e4 ,!y arose p]haps f ! in/9ctive anxiety to "k :e!r1 if ! philosoph]'s views 7 c>ri$ into effect1 our own p]sonalities w\ld f9d a place 9 ! high] or l[] division2 & ?is made x necess>y = u to f9d "s argum5ts aga9/ ! mode ( ?9k+ :i* robb$ u ( our self-/yl$ claims to culture4 ,p1 h[ev]1 %\ld n argue ) companions :o feel ! weight ( an argum5t s p]sonally2 or1 z ! moral 9 our case w\ld h be53 su* companions %\ld n argue1 %\ld n contradict at all4 ,s we walk$ on beside ! philosoph]1 a%am$1 compassionate1 dissatisfi$ ) ourselves1 & m ?an ev] conv9c$ t ! old man 0 "r & t we _h done him wrong4 ,h[ remote n[ seem$ ! y\?ful dream ( our educational in/itution2 h[ cle>ly we saw ! dang] :i* we _h hi!rto escap$ m]ely by good luck1 namely1 giv+ ourselves up body & s\l to ! educational sy/em :i* =c$ itself ^u our notice s entic+ly1 f ! "t :5 we ent]$ ! public s*ools up to t mom5t4 ,h[ !n _h x come ab\t t we _h n tak5 our places 9 ! *orus ( its admir]s8 ,p]haps m]ely because we 7 real /ud5ts1 & c\ld /ill draw back f ! r\gh-&-tumble1 ! pu%+ & /ruggl+1 ! re/less1 ev]-break+ waves ( publicity1 to seek refuge 9 our own little educational e/abli%m5t2 :i*1 h[ev]1 "t w\ld h soon swall[$ up also4 ,ov]come by su* reflections1 we 7 ab\t to address ! philosoph] aga91 :5 he sudd5ly turn$ t[>ds u1 & said 9 a s(t] tone-- ,i _c be surpris$ if y "y m5 behave ra%ly & ?\ghtlessly2 = x is h>dly likely t y h ev] s]i\sly consid]$ :at ,i h j said to y4 ,don't be 9 a hurry2 c>ry ?is "q ab\t ) y1 b d at any rate consid] x day & night4 ,= y are n[ at ! p>t+ ( ! ways1 & n[ y "k :]e ea* pa? leads4 ,if y take ! "o1 y\r age w receive y ) op5 arms1 y w n f9d x want+ 9 hon\rs & decorations3 y w =m units ( an enorm\s rank & file2 & !re w be z _m p l-m9d$ /&+ beh9d y z 9 front ( y4 ,& :5 ! lead] gives ! ^w x w be re-e*o$ f rank to rank4 ,= "h y\r fir/ duty is ?is3 to fight 9 rank & file2 & y\r second3 to annihilate all ^? :o refuse to =m "p ( ! rank & file4 ,on ! o!r pa? y w h b few fell[-travell]s3 x is m ardu\s1 w9d+ & precipit\s2 & ^? :o take ! fir/ pa? w mock y1 = y\r progress is m we>isome1 & !y w try to lure y ov] into _! own ranks4 ,:5 ! two pa?s happ5 to cross1 h[ev]1 y w be r\ghly h&l$ & ?ru/ aside1 or else %unn$ & isolat$4 ,n[1 take ^! two p>ties1 s diff]5t f ea* o!r 9 e respect1 & tell me :at mean+ an educational e/abli%m5t w\ld h = !m4 ,t enorm\s horde1 cr[d+ onw>ds on ! fir/ pa? t[>ds its goal1 w\ld take ! t]m to mean an in/itution by :i* ea* ( its memb]s w\ld become duly qualifi$ to take 8 place 9 ! rank & file1 & w\ld be purg$ ( ev]y?+ :i* might t5d to make him /rive aft] high] & m remote aims4 ,i don't d5y1 ( c\rse1 t !y c f9d pomp\s words ) :i* to describe _! aims3 = example1 !y speak ( ! 'univ]sal developm5t ( free p]sonality ^u a firm social1 national1 & human basis1' or !y ann\nce z _! goal3 ',! f\nd+ ( ! peaceful sov]eignty ( ! p ^u reason1 education1 & ju/ice4' ,an educational e/abli%m5t = ! o!r & small] company1 h[ev]1 w\ld be some?+ va/ly diff]5t4 ,!y w\ld employ x to prev5t !mselves f be+ sep>at$ f "o ano!r & ov]:elm$ by ! fir/ huge cr[d1 to prev5t _! few select spirits f los+ sight ( _! spl5did & noble task ?r\gh premature we>9ess1 or f be+ turn$ aside f ! true pa?1 corrupt$1 or subv]t$4 ,^! select spirits mu/ complete _! "w3 t is ! raison d'tre ( _! common in/itution--a "w1 inde$1 :i*1 z x 71 mu/ be free f subjective traces1 & mu/ fur!r rise above ! transi5t ev5ts ( future times z ! pure reflection ( ! et]nal & immutable ess5ce ( ?+s4 ,& all ^? :o occupy places 9 t in/itution mu/ co-op]ate 9 ! endeav\r to eng5d] m5 ( g5ius by ?is purification f subjectiv5ess & ! creation ( ! works ( g5ius4 ,n a few1 ev5 ( ^? ^: tal5ts may be ( ! second or ?ird ord]1 are suit$ to su* co-op]ation1 & only :5 s]v+ 9 su* an educational e/abli%m5t z ?is d !y feel t !y are truly c>ry+ out _! life's task4 ,b n[ x is j ^! tal5ts ,i speak ( :i* are drawn away f ! true pa?1 & _! in/9cts e/rang$1 by ! cont9ual s$uctions ( t mod]n 'culture4' ,! egoti/ic emotions1 weaknesses1 & vanities ( ^! few select m9ds are cont9ually assail$ by ! temptations unceas+ly murmur$ into _! e>s by ! _s ( ! age3 ',come ) me6 ,!re y are s]vants1 reta9]s1 tools1 eclips$ by high] natures2 y\r own peculi> *>act]i/ics nev] h free play2 y are ti$ d[n1 *a9$ d[n1 l slaves2 yea1 l automata3 "h1 ) me1 y w enjoy ! fre$om ( y\r own p]sonalities1 z ma/]s %\ld1 y\r tal5ts w ca/ _! lu/re on y\rselves alone1 ) _! aid y may come to ! v front rank2 an innum]able tra9 ( foll[]s w accompany y1 & ! applause ( public op9ion w yield y m pleasure ?an a nobly-be/[$ comm5dation f ! height ( g5ius4' ,ev5 ! v be/ ( m5 n[ yield to ^! temptations3 & x _c be said t ! decid+ factor "h is ! degree ( tal5t1 or :e!r a man is accessible to ^! voices or n2 b r ! degree & ! height ( a c]ta9 moral sublimity1 ! in/9ct t[>ds h]oism1 t[>ds sacrifice--& f9ally a positive1 habitual ne$ ( culture1 prep>$ by a prop] k9d ( education1 :i* education1 z ,i h previ\sly said1 is fir/ & =emo/ ob$i5ce & submission to ! discipl9e ( g5ius4 ,( ?is discipl9e & submission1 h[ev]1 ! pres5t in/itutions call$ by c\rtesy 'educational e/abli%m5ts' "k no?+ :atev]1 al?\gh ,i h no d\bt t ! public s*ool 0 orig9ally int5d$ to be an in/itution = s[+ ! se$s ( true culture1 or at lea/ z a prep>ation = x4 ,i h no d\bt1 ei!r1 t !y took ! fir/ bold /eps 9 ! wond]ful & /irr+ times ( ! ,re=mation1 & t aft]w>ds1 9 ! era :i* gave bir? to ,s*ill] & ,goe!1 !re 0 aga9 a gr[+ dem& = culture1 l ! fir/ protub]ance ( t w+ spok5 ( by ,plato 9 ! ,pha$rus1 :i*1 at e contact ) ! beautiful1 be>s ! s\l al(t into ! upp] regions1 ! habitations ( ! gods4 ,ah1 began ! philosoph]'s companion1 :5 y quote ! div9e ,plato & ! _w ( ideas1 ,i d n ?9k y are angry ) me1 h[ev] mu* my previ\s utt]ance may h m]it$ y\r disapproval & wra?4 ,z soon z y speak ( x1 ,i feel t ,platonic w+ ris+ )9 me2 & x is only at int]vals1 :5 ,i act z ! *>iote] ( my s\l1 t ,i h any difficulty ) ! resi/+ & unwill+ horse t ,plato has also describ$ to u1 ! 'crook$1 lumb]+ animal1 put toge!r anyh[1 ) a %ort1 ?ick neck2 flat-fac$1 & ( a d>k col\r1 ) grey eyes & blood-r$ complexion2 ! mate ( insol5ce & pride1 %ag-e>$ & deaf1 h>dly yield+ to :ip or spur4'#h ,j ?9k h[ long ,i h liv$ at a di/ance f y1 & h[ all ^? temptations y speak ( h endeav\r$ to lure me away1 n p]haps )\t "s success1 ev5 ?\gh ,i myself may n h obs]v$ x4 ,i n[ see m cle>ly ?an ev] ! necessity = an in/itution :i* w enable u to live & mix freely ) ! few m5 ( true culture1 s t we may h !m z our lead]s & guid+ />s4 ,h[ greatly ,i feel ! dang] ( travell+ alone6 ,& :5 x occurr$ to me t ,i c\ld save myself by flight f all contact ) ! _s ( ! "t1 ,i f\nd t ?is flight itself 0 a m]e delusion4 ,cont9u\sly1 ) e brea? we take1 "s am\nt ( t atmosph]e circulates ?r\gh e ve9 & art]y1 & no solitude is lonesome or di/ant en\gh = u to be out ( rea* ( its fogs & cl\ds4 ,:e!r 9 ! guise ( hope1 d\bt1 pr(it1 or virtue1 ! %ades ( t culture hov] ab\t u2 & we h be5 deceiv$ by t juggl]y ev5 "h 9 ! pres5ce ( a true h]mit ( culture4 ,h[ /eadfa/ly & fai?fully mu/ ! few foll[]s ( t culture--:i* might almo/ be call$ sect>ian--be ev] on ! al]t6 ,h[ !y mu/ /r5g!n & uphold "o ano!r6 ,h[ adv]sely w\ld any errors be criticis$ "h1 & h[ sympa!tically excus$6 ,& ?us1 tea*]1 ,i ask y to p>don me1 aft] y h lab\r$ s e>ne/ly to set me 9 ! "r pa?6 ,y use a language :i* ,i d n c>e =1 my fri5d1 said ! philosoph]1 & "o :i* rem9ds me ( a diocesan conf]5ce4 ,) t ,i h no?+ to d4 ,b y\r ,platonic horse pleases me1 & on its acc\nt y %all be =giv54 ,i am will+ to ex*ange my own animal = y\rs4 ,b x is gett+ *illy1 & ,i don't feel incl9$ to walk ab\t any m j n[4 ,! fri5d ,i 0 wait+ = is inde$ fooli% en\gh to come up "h ev5 at midnight if he promis$ to d s4 ,b ,i h wait$ 9 va9 = ! signal agre$ ^u2 & ,i _c guess :at has delay$ him4 ,= z a rule he is punctual1 z we old m5 are wont1 to be1 some?+ t y "y m5 n[adays look ^u z old-fa%ion$4 ,b he has left me 9 ! lur* = once3 h[ annoy+ x is6 ,come away ) me6 ,x's "t to g6 ,at ?is mom5t some?+ happ5$4 ,,footnotes3 #f ,x w be app>5t f ^! words t ,nietzs*e is /ill "u ! influ5ce ( ,s*op5hau]4--,,tr4 #g ,?is prophecy has come true4--,,tr4 #h ,pha$rus2 ,j[ett's translation4 ,,fif? ,,lecture4 7,deliv]$ on ! #bcrd ( ,m>* #ahgb47 ,,ladies ,,& ,,g5tlem51--,if y h l5t a sympa!tic e> to :at ,i h told y ab\t ! heat$ argum5t ( our philosoph] 9 ! /illness ( t memorable night1 y mu/ h felt z disappo9t$ z we did :5 he ann\nc$ 8 peevi% int5tion4 ,y w rememb] t he _h sudd5ly told u he wi%$ to g2 =1 hav+ be5 left 9 ! lur* by 8 fri5d 9 ! fir/ place1 &1 9 ! second1 hav+ be5 bor$ r ?an animat$ by ! rem>ks address$ to him by 8 companion & ourselves :5 walk+ backw>ds & =w>ds on ! hillside1 he n[ app>5tly want$ to put an end to :at appe>$ to him to be a useless discussion4 ,x mu/ h seem$ to him t 8 day _h be5 lo/1 & he w\ld h lik$ to blot x out ( 8 memory1 toge!r ) ! recollection ( ev] hav+ made our acqua9tance4 ,& we 7 ?us r unwill+ly prep>+ to dep>t :5 some?+ else sudd5ly br\ght him to a /&/ill1 & ! foot he _h j rais$ sank hesitat+ly to ! gr\nd aga94 ,a col\r$ flame1 mak+ a crackl+ noise = a few seconds1 attract$ our att5tion f ! direction ( ! ,rh9e2 & imm$iately foll[+ ^u ?is we he>d a sl[1 h>moni\s call1 q 9 tune1 al?\gh pla9ly ! cry ( num]\s y\?ful voices4 ,t's 8 signal1 exclaim$ ! philosoph]1 s my fri5d is really com+1 & ,i hav5't wait$ = no?+1 aft] all4 ,x w be a midnight meet+ inde$--b h[ am ,i to let him "k t ,i am /ill "h8 ,come6 ,y\r pi/ols2 let u see y\r tal5t once aga96 ,did y he> ! sev]e rhy?m ( t melody salut+ u8 ,m>k x well1 & answ] x 9 ! same rhy?m by a s]ies ( %ots4 ,?is 0 a task well suit$ to our ta/es & abilities2 s we load$ up z quickly z we c\ld & po9t$ our weapons at ! brilliant />s 9 ! heav5s1 :il/ ! e*o ( t pi]c+ cry di$ away 9 ! di/ance4 ,! reports ( ! fir/1 second1 & ?ird %ots s\nd$ %>ply 9 ! /illness2 & !n ! philosoph] cri$ ,false "t6 z our rhy?m 0 sudd5ly int]rupt$3 =1 l a lightn+ fla%1 a %oot+ /> tore its way across ! cl\ds aft] ! ?ird report1 & almo/ involunt>ily our f\r? & fif? %ots 7 s5t aft] x 9 ! direction x _h tak54 ,false "t6 said ! philosoph] aga91 :o told y to %oot />s6 ,!y c fall well en\gh )\t y6 ,p %\ld "k :at !y want be=e !y beg9 to h&le weapons4 ,& !n we once m he>d t l\d melody f ! wat]s ( ! ,rh9e1 inton$ by num]\s & /rong voices4 ,!y und]/& u1 said ! philosoph]1 laugh+1 & :o inde$ c\ld resi/ :5 su* a dazzl+ phantom comes )9 range8 ,hu%6 int]rupt$ 8 fri5d1 :at sort ( a company c x be t returns ! signal to u 9 su* a way8 ,i %\ld say !y 7 betwe5 tw5ty & =ty /rong1 manly voices 9 t cr[d--& :]e w\ld su* a numb] come f to greet u8 ,!y don't appe> to h left ! opposite bank ( ! ,rh9e yet2 b at any rate we mu/ h a look at !m f our own side ( ! riv]4 ,come along1 quickly6 ,we 7 !n /&+ ne> ! top ( ! hill1 y may rememb]1 & our view ( ! riv] 0 int]rupt$ by a d>k1 ?ick wood4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z ,i h told y1 f ! quiet little spot :i* we _h left we c\ld h a bett] view ?an f ! little plateau on ! hillside2 & ! ,rh9e1 ) ! isl& ( ,nonn5wr? 9 ! middle1 0 j visible to ! behold] :o pe]$ ov] ! tree-tops4 ,we !re=e set (f ha/ily t[>ds ?is little spot1 tak+ c>e1 h[ev]1 n to g too quickly = ! philosoph]'s com=t4 ,! night 0 pit* d>k1 & we seem$ to f9d our way by in/9ct r ?an by cle>ly di/+ui%+ ! pa?1 z we walk$ d[n ) ! philosoph] 9 ! middle4 ,we _h sc>cely rea*$ our side ( ! riv] :5 a broad & fi]y1 yet dull & unc]ta9 light %ot up1 :i* pla9ly came f ! opposite side ( ! ,rh9e4 ,^? are tor*es1 ,i cri$1 !re is no?+ sur] ?an t my comrades f ,bonn are ov] yond]1 & t y\r fri5d mu/ be ) !m4 ,x is !y :o sang t peculi> song1 & !y h d\btless accompani$ y\r fri5d "h4 ,see6 ,li/56 ,!y are putt+ (f 9 little boats4 ,! :ole tor*light procession w h arriv$ "h 9 less ?an half an h\r4 ,! philosoph] jump$ back4 ,:at d y say8 he ejaculat$1 y\r comrades f ,bonn--/ud5ts--c my fri5d h come "h ) /ud5ts8 ,?is "q1 utt]$ almo/ wra?fully1 provok$ u4 ,:at's y\r objection to /ud5ts8 we dem&$2 b !re 0 no answ]4 ,x 0 only aft] a pause t ! philosoph] sl[ly began to speak1 n address+ u directly1 z x 71 b r "s "o 9 ! di/ance3 ,s1 my fri5d1 ev5 at midnight1 ev5 on ! top ( a lonely m\nta91 we %all n be alone2 & y y\rself are br++ a pack ( mis*ief-mak+ /ud5ts along ) y1 al?\gh y well "k t ,i am only too glad to get out ( ! way ( hoc g5us omne4 ,i don't q und]/& y1 my fri5d3 x mu/ mean some?+ :5 we arrange to meet aft] a long sep>ation at su* an out-(-!-way place & at su* an unusual h\r4 ,:y %\ld we want a cr[d ( witnesses--& su* witnesses6 ,:at calls u toge!r to-day is lea/ ( all a s5tim5tal1 s(t-he>t$ necessity2 = bo? ( u le>nt e>ly 9 life to live alone 9 dignifi$ isolation4 ,x 0 n = our own sakes1 n to %[ our t5d] feel+s t[>ds ea* o!r1 or to p]=m an unrehe>s$ act ( fri5d%ip1 t we decid$ to meet "h2 b t "h1 :]e ,i once came sudd5ly ^u y z y sat 9 maje/ic solitude1 we might e>ne/ly delib]ate ) ea* o!r l knights ( a new ord]4 ,let !m li/5 to u :o c und]/& u2 b :y %\ld y br+ ) y a ?rong ( p :o don't und]/& u6 ,i don't "k :at y mean by su* a ?+1 my fri5d6 ,we did n ?9k x prop] to int]rupt ! dissatisfi$ old grumbl]2 & z he came to a melan*oly close we did n d>e to tell him h[ greatly ?is di/ru/ful repudiation ( /ud5ts vex$ u4 ,at la/ ! philosoph]'s companion turn$ to him & said3 ,i am rem9d$ ( ! fact t ev5 y at "o "t1 be=e ,i made y\r acqua9tance1 occupi$ po/s 9 sev]al univ]sities1 & t reports conc]n+ y\r int]c\rse ) ! /ud5ts & y\r me?ods ( in/ruction at ! "t are /ill 9 circulation4 ,f ! tone ( resignation 9 :i* y h j ref]r$ to /ud5ts _m w\ld be incl9$ to ?9k t y _h "s peculi> exp]i5ces :i* 7 n at all to y\r lik+2 b p]sonally ,i r believe t y saw & exp]i5c$ 9 su* places j :at e "o else saw & exp]i5c$ 9 !m1 b t y judg$ :at y saw & felt m ju/ly & sev]ely ?an any "o else4 ,=1 dur+ ! "t ,i h kn[n y1 ,i h le>nt t ! mo/ notewor?y1 in/ructive1 & decisive exp]i5ces & ev5ts 9 "o's life are ^? :i* are ( daily occurr5ce2 t ! greate/ riddle1 display$ 9 full view ( all1 is se5 by ! fewe/ to be ! greate/ riddle1 & t ^! problems are spread ab\t 9 e direction1 "u ! v feet ( ! pass]s-by1 = ! few real philosoph]s to lift up c>efully1 !nce=? to %9e z diamonds ( wisdom4 ,p]haps1 9 ! %ort "t n[ left u be=e ! arrival ( y\r fri5d1 y w be good en\gh to tell u some?+ ( y\r exp]i5ces ( univ]sity life1 s z to close ! circle ( obs]vations1 to :i* we 7 involunt>ily urg$1 respect+ our educational in/itutions4 ,we may also be all[$ to rem9d y t y1 at an e>li] /age ( y\r rem>ks1 gave me ! promise t y w\ld d s4 ,/>t+ ) ! public s*ool1 y claim$ = x an extraord9>y importance3 all o!r in/itutions mu/ be judg$ by its /&>d1 accord+ z its aim has be5 propos$2 &1 if its aim happ5s to be wrong1 all ! o!rs h to suff]4 ,su* an importance _c n[ be adopt$ by ! univ]sities z a /&>d2 =1 by _! pres5t sy/em ( gr\p+1 !y w\ld be no?+ m ?an in/itutions :]e public s*ool /ud5ts might g ?r\gh f9i%+ c\rses4 ,y promis$ me t y w\ld expla9 ?is 9 great] detail lat] on3 p]haps our /ud5t fri5ds c be> witness to t1 if !y *anc$ to ov]he> t "p ( our conv]sation4 ,we c te/ify to t1 ,i put 94 ,! philosoph] !n turn$ to u & said3 ,well1 if y really did li/5 att5tively1 p]haps y c n[ tell me :at y und]/& by ! expression '! pres5t aim ( our public s*ools4' ,besides1 y are /ill ne> en\gh to ?is sph]e to judge my op9ions by ! /&>d ( y\r own impressions & exp]i5ces4 ,my fri5d in/antly answ]$1 quickly & sm>tly1 z 0 8 habit1 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,until n[ we _h always ?\ght t ! sole object ( ! public s*ool 0 to prep>e /ud5ts = ! univ]sities4 ,?is prep>ation1 h[ev]1 %\ld t5d to make u indep5d5t en\gh = ! extraord9>ily free position ( a univ]sity /ud5t2#i = x seems to me t a /ud5t1 to a great] ext5t ?an any o!r individual1 has m to decide & settle = himself4 ,he mu/ guide himself on a wide1 utt]ly unkn[n pa? = _m ye>s1 s ! public s*ool mu/ d its be/ to r5d] him indep5d5t4 ,i cont9u$ ! argum5t :]e my fri5d left (f4 ,x ev5 seems to me1 ,i said1 t ev]y?+ = :i* y h ju/ly blam$ ! public s*ool is only a necess>y means employ$ to imbue ! y\?ful /ud5t ) "s k9d ( indep5d5ce1 or at all ev5ts ) ! belief t !re is su* a ?+4 ,! tea*+ ( ,g]man composition mu/ be at ! s]vice ( ?is indep5d5ce3 ! individual mu/ enjoy 8 op9ions & c>ry out 8 designs e>ly1 s t he may be able to travel alone & )\t crut*es4 ,9 ?is way he w soon be enc\rag$ to produce orig9al "w1 & /ill soon] to take up criticism & analysis4 ,if ,lat9 & ,greek /udies prove insuffici5t to make a /ud5t an en?usia/ic admir] ( antiquity1 ! me?ods ) :i* su* /udies are pursu$ are at all ev5ts suffici5t to awak5 ! sci5tific s5se1 ! desire = a m /rict causality ( k1 ! passion = f9d+ out & inv5t+4 ,only ?9k h[ _m "y m5 may be lur$ away = ev] to ! attractions ( sci5ce by a new read+ ( "s sort :i* !y h snat*$ up ) y\?ful h&s at ! public s*ool6 ,! public s*ool boy mu/ le>n & collect a great deal ( v>i$ in=mation3 h5ce an impulse w gradually be creat$1 accompani$ ) :i* he w cont9ue to le>n & collect indep5d5tly at ! univ]sity4 ,we believe1 9 %ort1 t ! aim ( ! public s*ool is to prep>e & accu/om ! /ud5t always to live & le>n indep5d5tly aft]w>ds1 j z be=eh& he mu/ live & le>n dep5d5tly at ! public s*ool4 ,! philosoph] laugh$1 n altoge!r good-natur$ly1 & said3 ,y h j giv5 me a f9e example ( t indep5d5ce4 ,& x is ?is v indep5d5ce t %ocks me s mu*1 & makes any place 9 ! neighb\rhood ( pres5t-day /ud5ts s disagreeable to me4 ,yes1 my good fri5ds1 y are p]fect1 y are mature2 nature has ca/ y & brok5 up ! m\lds1 & y\r tea*]s mu/ surely gloat ov] y4 ,:at lib]ty1 c]titude1 & indep5d5ce ( judgm5t2 :at novelty & fre%ness ( insight6 ,y sit 9 judgm5t--& ! cultures ( all ages run away4 ,! sci5tific s5se is k9dl$1 & rises out ( y l a flame--let p be c>eful1 le/ y set !m alight6 ,if ,i g fur!r into ! "q & look at y\r pr(essors1 ,i aga9 f9d ! same indep5d5ce 9 a great] & ev5 m *>m+ degree3 nev] 0 !re a "t s full ( ! mo/ sublime indep5d5t folk1 nev] 0 slav]y m dete/$1 ! slav]y ( education & culture includ$4 ,p]mit me1 h[ev]1 to measure ?is indep5d5ce ( y\rs by ! /&>d ( ?is culture1 & to consid] y\r univ]sity z an educational in/itution & no?+ else4 ,if a =eign] desires to "k some?+ ( ! me?ods ( our univ]sities1 he asks fir/ ( all ) emphasis3 ',h[ is ! /ud5t connect$ ) ! univ]sity8' ,we answ]3 ',by ! e>1 z a he>]4' ,! =eign] is a/oni%$4 ',only by ! e>8' he repeats4 ',only by ! e>1' we aga9 reply4 ,! /ud5t he>s4 ,:5 he speaks1 :5 he sees1 :5 he is 9 ! company ( 8 companions :5 he takes up "s bran* ( art3 9 %ort1 :5 he lives he is indep5d5t1 i4e4 n dep5d5t ^u ! educational in/itution4 ,! /ud5t v (t5 writes d[n some?+ :ile he he>s2 & x is only at ^! r>e mom5ts t he hangs to ! umbilical cord ( 8 alma mat]4 ,he himself may *oose :at he is to li/5 to2 he is n b\nd to believe :at is said2 he may close 8 e>s if he does n c>e to he>4 ,?is is ! 'acroamatic' me?od ( tea*+4 ,! tea*]1 h[ev]1 speaks to ^! li/5+ /ud5ts4 ,:atev] else he may ?9k & d is cut (f f ! /ud5t's p]ception by an imm5se gap4 ,! pr(essor (t5 reads :5 he is speak+4 ,z a rule he wi%es to h z _m he>]s z possible2 he is n cont5t to h a few1 & he is nev] satisfi$ ) "o only4 ,"o speak+ m\?1 ) _m e>s1 & half z _m writ+ h&s--!re y h to all appe>ances1 ! ext]nal academical app>atus2 ! univ]sity eng9e ( culture set 9 motion4 ,moreov]1 ! proprietor ( ?is "o m\? is sev]$ f & indep5d5t ( ! own]s ( ! _m e>s2 & ?is d\ble indep5d5ce is en?usia/ically designat$ z 'academical fre$om4' ,& aga91 t ?is fre$om may be broad5$ /ill m1 ! "o may speak :at he likes & ! o!r may he> :at he likes2 except t1 beh9d bo? ( !m1 at a mode/ di/ance1 /&s ! ,/ate1 ) all ! int5tness ( a sup]visor1 to rem9d ! pr(essors & /ud5ts f "t to "t t x is ! aim1 ! goal1 ! be-all & end-all1 ( ?is curi\s speak+ & he>+ proc$ure4 ,we1 :o mu/ be p]mitt$ to reg>d ?is ph5om5on m]ely z an educational in/itution1 w !n in=m ! inquir+ =eign] t :at is call$ 'culture' 9 our univ]sities m]ely proce$s f ! m\? to ! e>1 & t e k9d ( tra9+ = culture is1 z ,i said be=e1 m]ely 'acroamatic4' ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 n only ! he>+1 b also ! *oice ( :at to he> is left to ! indep5d5t decision ( ! lib]al-m9d$ & unprejudic$ /ud5t1 & s9ce1 aga91 he c )hold all belief & au?ority f :at he he>s1 all tra9+ = culture1 9 ! true s5se ( ! t]m1 rev]ts to himself2 & ! indep5d5ce x 0 ?\ght desirable to aim at 9 ! public s*ool n[ pres5ts itself ) ! highe/ possible pride z 'academical self-tra9+ = culture1' & /ruts ab\t 9 its brilliant plumage4 ,happy times1 :5 y\?s are clev] & cultur$ en\gh to tea* !mselves h[ to walk6 ,unsurpassable public s*ools1 :i* succe$ 9 implant+ indep5d5ce 9 ! place ( ! dep5d5ce1 discipl9e1 subord9ation1 & ob$i5ce implant$ by =m] g5]ations t ?\ght x _! duty to drive away all ! bumpti\sness ( indep5d5ce6 ,d y cle>ly see1 my good fri5ds1 :y ,i1 f ! /&po9t ( culture1 reg>d ! pres5t type ( univ]sity z a m]e app5dage to ! public s*ool8 ,! culture in/ill$ by ! public s*ool passes ?r\gh ! gates ( ! univ]sity z some?+ ready & entire1 & ) its own p>ticul> claims3 x dem&s1 x gives laws1 x sits 9 judgm5t4 ,d n1 !n1 let y\rselves be deceiv$ 9 reg>d to ! cultur$ /ud5t2 = he1 9 s f> z he ?9ks he has absorb$ ! bless+s ( education1 is m]ely ! public s*ool boy z m\ld$ by ! h&s ( 8 tea*]3 "o :o1 s9ce 8 academical isolation1 & aft] he has left ! public s*ool1 has !re=e be5 depriv$ ( all fur!r guidance to culture1 t f n[ on he may beg9 to live by himself & be free4 ,free6 ,exam9e ?is fre$om1 ye obs]v]s ( human nature6 ,erect$ ^u ! s&y1 crumbl+ f\ndation ( our pres5t public s*ool culture1 its build+ slants to "o side1 trembl+ be=e ! :irlw9d's bla/4 ,look at ! free /ud5t1 ! h]ald ( self-culture3 guess :at 8 in/9cts are2 expla9 him f 8 ne$s6 ,h[ does 8 culture appe> to y :5 y measure x by ?ree graduat$ scales3 fir/1 by 8 ne$ = philosophy2 second1 by 8 in/9ct = art2 & ?ird1 by ,greek & ,roman antiquity z ! inc>nate categorical imp]ative ( all culture8 ,man is s mu* encompass$ ab\t by ! mo/ s]i\s & difficult problems t1 :5 !y are br\ght to 8 att5tion 9 ! "r way1 he is impell$ betimes t[>ds a la/+ k9d ( philosophical wond]1 f :i* alone1 z a fruitful soil1 a deep & noble culture c gr[ =?4 ,8 own exp]i5ces lead him mo/ frequ5tly to ! consid]ation ( ^! problems2 & x is especially 9 ! tempe/u\s p]iod ( y\? t e p]sonal ev5t %9es ) a d\ble gleam1 bo? z ! exemplification ( a triviality &1 at ! same "t1 ( an et]nally surpris+ problem1 des]v+ ( explanation4 ,at ?is age1 :i*1 z x 71 sees 8 exp]i5ces encircl$ ) metaphysical ra9b[s1 man is1 9 ! highe/ degree1 9 ne$ ( a guid+ h&1 because he has sudd5ly & almo/ in/9ctively conv9c$ himself ( ! ambiguity ( exi/5ce1 & has lo/ ! firm support ( ! beliefs he has hi!rto held4 ,?is natural /ate ( great ne$ mu/ ( c\rse be look$ ^u z ! wor/ enemy ( t belov$ indep5d5ce = :i* ! cultur$ y\? ( ! pres5t day %\ld be tra9$4 ,all ^! sons ( ! pres5t1 :o h rais$ ! bann] ( ! 'self-und]/ood1' are !re=e /ra9+ e n]ve to cru% d[n ^! feel+s ( y\?1 to cripple !m1 to mislead !m1 or to /op _! gr[? altoge!r2 & ! fav\rite means employ$ is to p>alyse t natural philosophic impulse by ! s-call$ hi/orical culture4 ,a /ill rec5t sy/em1#aj :i* has won = itself a _w-wide sc&al\s reputation1 has discov]$ ! =mula = ?is self-de/ruction ( philosophy2 & n[1 :]ev] ! hi/orical view ( ?+s is f\nd1 we c see su* a naive recklessness 9 br++ ! irrational to 'rationality' & 'reason' & mak+ black look l :ite1 t "o is ev5 incl9$ to p>ody ,hegel's phrase & ask3 ',is all ?is irrationality real8' ,ah1 x is only ! irrational t n[ seems to be 'real1' i4e4 really do+ some?+2 & to br+ ?is k9d ( reality =w>d = ! elucidation ( hi/ory is reckon$ z true 'hi/orical culture4' ,x is into ?is t ! philosophical impulse ( our "t has pupat$ itself2 & ! peculi> philosoph]s ( our univ]sities seem to h conspir$ to =tify & confirm ! "y academicians 9 x4 ,x has ?us come to pass t1 9 place ( a pr(\nd int]pretation ( ! et]nally recurr+ problems1 a hi/orical--yea1 ev5 philological--balanc+ & que/ion+ has ent]$ into ! educational ar5a3 :at ?is or t philosoph] has or has n ?\ght2 :e!r ?is or t essay or dialogue is to be ascrib$ to him or n2 or ev5 :e!r ?is p>ticul> read+ ( a classical text is to be pref]r$ to t4 ,x is to neutral preoccupations ) philosophy l ^! t our /ud5ts 9 philosophical sem9>ies are /imulat$2 :5ce ,i h long accu/om$ myself to reg>d su* sci5ce z a m]e ramification ( philology1 & to value its repres5tatives 9 proportion z !y are good or bad philologi/s4 ,s x has come ab\t t philosophy itself is bani%$ f ! univ]sities3 :]e) our fir/ "q z to ! value ( our univ]sities f ! /&po9t ( culture is answ]$4 ,9 :at relation%ip ^! univ]sities /& to art _c be ackn[l$g$ )\t %ame3 9 none at all4 ,( arti/ic ?9k+1 le>n+1 /riv+1 & comp>ison1 we d n f9d 9 !m a s+le trace2 & no "o w\ld s]i\sly ?9k t ! voice ( ! univ]sities w\ld ev] be rais$ to help ! advancem5t ( ! high] national s*emes ( art4 ,:e!r an individual tea*] feels himself to be p]sonally qualifi$ = art1 or :e!r a pr(essorial *air has be5 e/abli%$ = ! tra9+ ( /heticis+ lit]>y hi/orians1 does n ent] into ! "q at all3 ! fact rema9s t ! univ]sity is n 9 a position to control ! "y academician by sev]e arti/ic discipl9e1 & t x mu/ let happ5 :at happ5s1 willy-nilly--& ?is is ! cutt+ answ] to ! immode/ pret5sions ( ! univ]sities to repres5t !mselves z ! highe/ educational in/itutions4 ,we f9d our academical 'indep5d5ts' gr[+ up )\t philosophy & )\t art2 & h[ c !y !n h any ne$ to 'g 9 =' ! ,greeks & ,romans8--= we ne$ n[ no long] pret5d1 l our =efa!rs1 to h any great reg>d = ,greece & ,rome1 :i*1 besides1 sit en?ron$ 9 almo/ inaccessible lonel9ess & maje/ic ali5ation4 ,! univ]sities ( ! pres5t "t consequ5tly give no he$ to almo/ ext9ct educational pr$ilections l ^!1 & f\nd _! philological *airs = ! tra9+ ( new & exclusive g5]ations ( philologi/s1 :o on _! "p give simil> philological prep>ation 9 ! public s*ools--a vici\s circle :i* is useful nei!r to philologi/s nor to public s*ools1 b :i* above all accuses ! univ]sity = ! ?ird "t ( n be+ :at x s pomp\sly proclaims itself to be--a tra9+ gr\nd = culture4 ,take away ! ,greeks1 toge!r ) philosophy & art1 & :at ladd] h y /ill rema9+ by :i* to asc5d to culture8 ,=1 if y attempt to clamb] up ! ladd] )\t ^! helps1 y mu/ p]mit me to in=m y t all y\r le>n+ w lie l a heavy burd5 on y\r %\ld]s r ?an furni%+ y ) w+s & be>+ y al(t4 ,if y hone/ ?9k]s h hon\rably rema9$ 9 ^! ?ree /ages ( intellig5ce1 & h p]ceiv$ t1 9 comp>ison ) ! ,greeks1 ! mod]n /ud5t is unsuit$ to & unprep>$ = philosophy1 t he has no truly arti/ic in/9cts1 & is m]ely a b>b>ian believ+ himself to be free1 y w n on ?is acc\nt turn away f him 9 disgu/1 al?\gh y w1 ( c\rse1 avoid com+ into too close proximity ) him4 ,=1 z he n[ is1 he is n to blame3 z y h p]ceiv$ him he is ! dumb b t]rible accus] ( ^? :o are to blame4 ,y %\ld und]/& ! secret language spok5 by ?is guilty innoc5t1 & !n y1 too1 w\ld le>n to und]/& ! inw>d /ate ( t indep5d5ce :i* is p>ad$ outw>dly ) s mu* o/5tation4 ,n "o ( ^! noble1 well-qualifi$ y\?s has rema9$ a /rang] to t re/less1 tir+1 p]plex+1 & debilitat+ ne$ ( culture3 dur+ 8 univ]sity t]m1 :5 he is app>5tly ! only free man 9 a cr[d ( s]vants & (ficials1 he atones = ?is huge illusion ( fre$om by ev]-gr[+ inn] d\bts & convictions4 ,he feels t he c nei!r lead nor help himself2 & !n he plunges hopelessly into ! workaday _w & endeav\rs to w>d (f su* feel+s by /udy4 ,! mo/ trivial bu/le fa/5s itself ^u him2 he s9ks "u 8 heavy burd54 ,!n he sudd5ly pulls himself toge!r2 he /ill feels "s ( t p[] )9 him :i* w\ld h enabl$ him to keep 8 head above wat]4 ,pride & noble resolutions ass]t !mselves & gr[ 9 him4 ,he is afraid ( s9k+ at ?is e>ly /age into ! limits ( a n>r[ pr(ession2 & n[ he grasps at pill>s & rail+s alongside ! /ream t he may n be swept away by ! curr5t4 ,9 va96 = ^! supports give way1 & he f9ds he has clut*$ at brok5 re$s4 ,9 l[ & despond5t spirits he sees 8 plans vani% away 9 smoke4 ,8 condition is undignifi$1 ev5 dreadful3 he keeps betwe5 ! two extremes ( "w at high pressure & a /ate ( melan*oly en]vation4 ,!n he becomes tir$1 lazy1 afraid ( "w1 fe>ful ( ev]y?+ great2 & hat+ himself4 ,he looks into 8 own brea/1 analyses 8 faculties1 & f9ds he is only pe]+ into holl[ & *aotic vacuity4 ,& !n he once m falls f ! heights ( 8 eag]ly-desir$ self-k into an ironical scepticism4 ,he dive/s 8 /ruggles ( _! real importance1 & feels himself ready to und]take any class ( useful "w1 h[ev] degrad+4 ,he n[ seeks consolation 9 ha/y & incessant action s z to hide himself f himself4 ,& ?us 8 helplessness & ! want ( a lead] t[>ds culture drive him f "o =m ( life into ano!r3 b d\bt1 elevation1 worry1 hope1 despair--ev]y?+ fl+s him hi!r & ?i!r z a pro( t all ! />s above him by :i* he c\ld h guid$ 8 %ip h set4 ,!re y h ! picture ( ?is glori\s indep5d5ce ( y\rs1 ( t academical fre$om1 reflect$ 9 ! highe/ m9ds--^? :i* are truly 9 ne$ ( culture1 comp>$ ) :om t o!r cr[d ( indiff]5t natures does n c\nt at all1 natures t delight 9 _! fre$om 9 a purely b>b>ic s5se4 ,= ^! latt] %[ by _! base smugness & _! n>r[ pr(essional limitations t ?is is ! "r elem5t = !m3 aga9/ :i* !re is no?+ to be said4 ,_! com=t1 h[ev]1 does n c\nt]-balance ! suff]+ ( "o s+le "y man :o has an incl9ation = culture & feels ! ne$ ( a guid+ h&1 & :o at la/1 9 a mom5t ( discont5t1 ?r[s d[n ! re9s & beg9s to despise himself4 ,?is is ! guiltless innoc5t2 = :o has saddl$ him ) ! unbe>able burd5 ( /&+ alone8 ,:o has urg$ him on to indep5d5ce at an age :5 "o ( ! mo/ natural & p]emptory ne$s ( y\? is1 s to speak1 a self-surr5d]+ to great lead]s & an en?usia/ic foll[+ 9 ! foot/eps ( ! ma/]s8 ,x is repulsive to consid] ! effects to :i* ! viol5t suppression ( su* noble natures may lead4 ,he :o surveys ! greate/ support]s & fri5ds ( t pseudo-culture ( ! pres5t "t1 :i* ,i s greatly dete/1 w only too frequ5tly f9d among !m su* deg5]ate & %ipwreck$ m5 ( culture1 driv5 by inw>d despair to viol5t enmity aga9/ culture1 :51 9 a mom5t ( desp]ation1 !re 0 no "o at h& to %[ !m h[ to atta9 x4 ,x is n ! wor/ & mo/ insignificant p :om we aft]w>ds f9d act+ z j\rnali/s & writ]s = ! press 9 ! metamorphosis ( despair3 ! _s ( "s well-kn[n m5 ( lett]s might ev5 be describ$1 & ju/ly1 z deg5]ate /ud5tdom4 ,h[ else1 = example1 c we reconcile t once well-kn[n '"y ,g]many' ) its pres5t deg5]ate successors8 ,"h we discov] a ne$ ( culture :i*1 s to speak1 has gr[n mut9\s1 & :i* f9ally breaks out into ! passionate cry3 ,i am culture6 ,!re1 be=e ! gates ( ! public s*ools & univ]sities1 we c see ! culture :i* has be5 driv5 l a fugitive away f ^! in/itutions4 ,true1 ?is culture is )\t ! erudition ( ^? e/abli%m5ts1 b assumes nev]!less ! mi5 ( a sov]eign2 s t1 = example1 ,gutzk[ ! noveli/ might be po9t$ to z ! be/ example ( a mod]n public s*ool boy turn$ /hete4 ,su* a deg5]ate man ( culture is a s]i\s matt]1 & x is a horrify+ spectacle = u to see t all our s*ol>ly & j\rnali/ic publicity be>s ! /igma ( ?is deg5]acy ^u x4 ,h[ else c we d ju/ice to our le>n$ m51 :o pay untir+ att5tion to1 & ev5 co-op]ate 9 ! j\rnali/ic corruption ( ! p1 h[ else ?an by ! ackn[l$gm5t t _! le>n+ mu/ fill a want ( _! own simil> to t fill$ by novel-writ+ 9 ! case ( o!rs3 i4e4 a flight f "o's self1 an ascetic extirpation ( _! cultural impulses1 a desp]ate attempt to annihilate _! own individuality4 ,f our deg5]ate lit]>y art1 z also f t it* = scribbl+ ( our le>n$ m5 :i* has n[ rea*$ su* al>m+ proportions1 wells =? ! same sigh3 ,oh t we c\ld =get ourselves6 ,! attempt fails3 memory1 n yet suffocat$ by ! m\nta9s ( pr9t$ pap] "u :i* x is buri$1 keeps on repeat+ f "t to "t3 ',a deg5]ate man ( culture6 ,born = culture & br\ght up to non-culture6 ,helpless b>b>ian1 slave ( ! day1 *a9$ to ! pres5t mom5t1 & ?ir/+ = some?+--ev] ?ir/+6' ,oh1 ! mis]able guilty innoc5ts6 ,= !y lack some?+1 a ne$ t e "o ( !m mu/ h felt3 a real educational in/itution1 :i* c\ld give !m goals1 ma/]s1 me?ods1 companions2 & f ! mid/ ( :i* ! invigorat+ & uplift+ brea? ( ! true ,g]man _s w\ld inspire !m4 ,?us !y p]i% 9 ! wild]ness2 ?us !y deg5]ate into enemies ( t _s :i* is at bottom closely alli$ to _! own2 ?us !y pile fault ^u fault high] ?an any =m] g5]ation ev] did1 soil+ ! clean1 desecrat+ ! holy1 canonis+ ! false & spuri\s4 ,x is by !m t y c judge ! educational /r5g? ( our univ]sities1 ask+ y\rselves1 9 all s]i\sness1 ! "q3 ,:at cause did y promote ?r\gh !m8 ,! ,g]man p[] ( inv5tion1 ! noble ,g]man desire = k1 ! qualify+ ( ! ,g]man = dilig5ce & self-sacrifice--spl5did & beautiful ?+s1 :i* o!r nations envy y2 yea1 ! f9e/ & mo/ magnific5t ?+s 9 ! _w1 if only t true ,g]man _s ov]spread !m l a d>k ?und]cl\d1 pregnant ) ! bless+ ( =?com+ ra94 ,b y are afraid ( ?is _s1 & x has !re=e come to pass t a cl\d ( ano!r sort has ?r[n a heavy & oppressive atmosph]e ar\nd y\r univ]sities1 9 :i* y\r noble-m9d$ s*ol>s brea! we>ily & ) difficulty4 ,a tragic1 e>ne/1 & in/ructive attempt 0 made 9 ! pres5t c5tury to de/roy ! cl\d ,i h la/ ref]r$ to1 & also to turn ! p's looks 9 ! direction ( ! high welk9 ( ! ,g]man _s4 ,9 all ! annals ( our univ]sities we _c f9d any trace ( a second attempt1 & he :o w\ld impressively demon/rate :at is n[ necess>y = u w nev] f9d a bett] example4 ,i ref] to ! old1 primitive ,burs*5s*aft4#aa ,:5 ! w> ( lib]ation 0 ov]1 ! "y /ud5t br\ght back home ! unlook$-= & wor?ie/ trophy ( battle--! fre$om ( 8 fa!rl&4 ,cr[n$ ) ?is laurel he ?\ght ( some?+ /ill nobl]4 ,on return+ to ! univ]sity1 & f9d+ t he 0 brea?+ heavily1 he became consci\s ( t oppressive & contam9at$ air :i* ov]hung ! culture ( ! univ]sity4 ,he sudd5ly saw1 ) horror-/ruck1 wide-op5 eyes1 ! non-,g]man b>b>ism1 hid+ itself 9 ! guise ( all k9ds ( s*ola/icism2 he sudd5ly discov]$ t 8 own lead]less comrades 7 ab&on$ to a repulsive k9d ( y\?ful intoxication4 ,& he 0 exasp]at$4 ,he rose ) ! same aspect ( pr\d indignation z ,s*ill] may h _h :5 recit+ ! ,robb]s to 8 companions3 & if he _h prefac$ 8 drama ) ! picture ( a lion1 & ! motto1 '9 tyrannos1' 8 foll[] himself 0 t v lion prep>+ to spr+2 & e 'tyrant' began to tremble4 ,yes1 if ^! indignant y\?s 7 look$ at sup]ficially & timor\sly1 !y w\ld seem to be little else ?an ,s*ill]'s robb]s3 _! talk s\nd$ s wild to ! anxi\s li/5] t ,rome & ,sp>ta seem$ m]e nunn]ies comp>$ ) ^! new spirits4 ,! con/]nation rais$ by ^! "y m5 0 inde$ f> m g5]al ?an _h ev] be5 caus$ by ^? o!r 'robb]s' 9 c\rt circles1 ( :i* a ,g]man pr9ce1 accord+ to ,goe!1 is said to h express$ ! op9ion3 ',if he _h be5 ,god1 & _h =ese5 ! appe>ance ( ! ,robb]s1 he w\ld n h creat$ ! _w4' ,:5ce came ! incompreh5sible int5sity ( ?is al>m8 ,= ^? "y m5 7 ! brave/1 pure/1 & mo/ tal5t$ ( ! b& bo? 9 dress & habits3 !y 7 di/+ui%$ by a magnanim\s recklessness & a noble simplicity4 ,a div9e comm& b\nd !m toge!r to seek h>d] & m pi\s sup]iority3 :at c\ld be fe>$ f !m8 ,to :at ext5t ?is fe> 0 m]ely deceptive or simulat$ or really true is some?+ t w probably nev] be exactly kn[n2 b a /rong in/9ct spoke out ( ?is fe> & out ( its disgraceful & s5seless p]secution4 ,?is in/9ct hat$ ! ,burs*5s*aft ) an int5se hatr$ = two reasons3 fir/ ( all on acc\nt ( its organisation1 z be+ ! fir/ attempt to con/ruct a true educational in/itution1 &1 secondly1 on acc\nt ( ! _s ( ?is in/itution1 t e>ne/1 manly1 /]n1 & d>+ ,g]man _s2 t _s ( ! m9]'s son1 ,lu!r1 :i* has come d[n to u unbrok5 f ! "t ( ! ,re=mation4 ,?9k ( ! fate ( ! ,burs*5s*aft :5 ,i ask y1 ,did ! ,g]man univ]sity !n und]/& t _s1 z ev5 ! ,g]man pr9ces 9 _! hatr$ appe> to h und]/ood x8 ,did ! alma mat] boldly & resolutely ?r[ h] protect+ arms r\nd h] noble sons & say3 ',y mu/ kill me fir/1 be=e y t\* my *ildr58' ,i he> y\r answ]--by x y may judge :e!r ! ,g]man univ]sity is an educational in/itution or n4 ,! /ud5t knew at t "t at :at dep? a true educational in/itution mu/ take root1 namely1 9 an inw>d r5ovation & inspiration ( ! pure/ moral faculties4 ,& ?is mu/ always be repeat$ to ! /ud5t's cr$it4 ,he may h le>nt on ! field ( battle :at he c\ld le>n lea/ ( all 9 ! sph]e ( 'academical fre$om'3 t great lead]s are necess>y1 & t all culture beg9s ) ob$i5ce4 ,& 9 ! mid/ ( victory1 ) 8 ?\ghts turn$ to 8 lib]at$ fa!rl&1 he made ! v[ t he w\ld rema9 ,g]man4 ,g]man6 ,n[ he le>nt to und]/& 8 ,tacitus2 n[ he grasp$ ! signification ( ,kant's categorical imp]ative2 n[ he 0 enraptur$ by ,web]'s ,lyre & ,sword songs4#ab ,! gates ( philosophy1 ( art1 yea1 ev5 ( antiquity1 op5$ unto him2 & 9 "o ( ! mo/ memorable ( bloody acts1 ! murd] ( ,kotzebue1 he rev5g$--) p5etrat+ insight & en?usia/ic %ort-sight$ness--8 "o & only ,s*ill]1 prematurely consum$ by ! opposition ( ! /upid _w3 ,s*ill]1 :o c\ld h be5 8 lead]1 ma/]1 & organis]1 & ^: loss he n[ bewail$ ) su* he>tfelt res5tm5t4 ,= t 0 ! doom ( ^? promis+ /ud5ts3 !y did n f9d ! lead]s !y want$4 ,!y gradually became unc]ta91 discont5t$1 & at v>iance among !mselves2 unlucky indiscretions %[$ only too soon t ! "o indisp5sability ( p[]ful m9ds 0 lack+ 9 ! mid/ ( !m3 &1 :ile t my/]i\s murd] gave evid5ce ( a/oni%+ /r5g?1 x gave no less evid5ce ( ! grave dang] aris+ f ! want ( a lead]4 ,!y 7 lead]less--!re=e !y p]i%$4 ,= ,i repeat x1 my fri5ds6 ,all culture beg9s ) ! v opposite ( t :i* is n[ s highly e/eem$ z 'academical fre$om'3 ) ob$i5ce1 ) subord9ation1 ) discipl9e1 ) subjection4 ,& z lead]s mu/ h foll[]s s also mu/ ! foll[]s h a lead]--"h a c]ta9 reciprocal pr$isposition prevails 9 ! hi]>*y ( spirits3 yea1 a k9d ( pre-e/abli%$ h>mony4 ,?is et]nal hi]>*y1 t[>ds :i* all ?+s naturally t5d1 is always ?reat5$ by t pseudo-culture :i* n[ sits on ! ?rone ( ! pres5t4 ,x endeav\rs ei!r to br+ ! lead]s d[n to ! level ( its own s]vitude or else to ca/ !m out altoge!r4 ,x s$uces ! foll[]s :5 !y are seek+ _! pr$e/9$ lead]1 & ov]comes !m by ! fumes ( its n>cotics4 ,:51 h[ev]1 9 spite ( all ?is1 lead] & foll[]s h at la/ met1 w\nd$ & sore1 !re is an impassion$ feel+ ( rapture1 l ! e*o ( an ev]-s\nd+ lyre1 a feel+ :i* ,i c let y div9e only by means ( a simile4 ,h y ev]1 at a musical rehe>sal1 look$ at ! /range1 %rivell$-up1 good-natur$ species ( m5 :o usually =m ! ,g]man or*e/ra8 ,:at *anges & fluctuations we see 9 t caprici\s goddess '=m'6 ,:at noses & e>s1 :at clumsy1 danse macabre movem5ts6 ,j imag9e = a mom5t t y 7 deaf1 & _h nev] dream$ ( ! exi/5ce ( s\nd or music1 & t y 7 look+ ^u ! or*e/ra z a company ( actors1 & try+ to enjoy _! p]=mance z a drama & no?+ m4 ,undi/urb$ by ! idealis+ effect ( ! s\nd1 y c\ld nev] see en\gh ( ! /]n1 m$ieval1 wood-cutt+ movem5t ( ?is comical spectacle1 ?is h>moni\s p>ody on ! homo sapi5s4 ,n[1 on ! o!r h&1 assume t y\r musical s5se has return$1 & t y\r e>s are op5$4 ,look at ! hone/ conductor at ! head ( ! or*e/ra p]=m+ 8 duties 9 a dull1 spiritless fa%ion3 y no long] ?9k ( ! comical aspect ( ! :ole sc5e1 y li/5--b x seems to y t ! _s ( t$i\sness spreads out f ! hone/ conductor ov] all 8 companions4 ,n[ y see only torpidity & flabb9ess1 y he> only ! trivial1 ! rhy?mically inaccurate1 & ! melodi\sly trite4 ,y see ! or*e/ra only z an indiff]5t1 ill-hum\r$1 & ev5 we>isome cr[d ( play]s4 ,b set a g5ius--a real g5ius--9 ! mid/ ( ?is cr[d2 & y in/antly p]ceive some?+ almo/ incr$ible4 ,x is z if ?is g5ius1 9 8 lightn+ transmigration1 _h ent]$ into ^! me*anical1 lifeless bodies1 & z if only "o demoniacal eye gleam$ =? out ( !m all4 ,n[ look & li/5--y c nev] li/5 en\gh6 ,:5 y aga9 obs]ve ! or*e/ra1 n[ l(tily /orm+1 n[ f]v5tly wail+1 :5 y notice ! quick tight5+ ( e muscle & ! rhy?mical necessity ( e ge/ure1 !n y too w feel :at a pre-e/abli%$ h>mony !re is betwe5 lead] & foll[]s1 & h[ 9 ! hi]>*y ( spirits ev]y?+ impels u t[>ds ! e/abli%m5t ( a l organisation4 ,y c div9e f my simile :at ,i w\ld und]/& by a true educational in/itution1 & :y ,i am v f> f recognis+ "o 9 ! pres5t type ( univ]sity4 ,f a few ,,ms4 notes writt5 d[n by ,nietzs*e 9 ! spr+ & autumn ( #ahgb1 & /ill pres]v$ 9 ! ,nietzs*e ,ar*ives at ,weim>1 x is evid5t t he at "o "t int5d$ to add a six? & sev5? lecture to ! five j giv54 ,^! notes1 al?\gh includ$ 9 ! late/ edition ( ,nietzs*e's works1 are utt]ly lack+ 9 int]e/ & cont9uity1 be+ m]ely head+s & sub-head+s ( sections 9 ! propos$ lectures4 ,!y d n1 inde$1 occupy m ?an two pr9t$ pages1 & 7 deem$ too fragm5t>y = translation 9 ?is edition4 ,,footnotes3 #i ,! read] may be rem9d$ t a ,g]man univ]sity /ud5t is subject to v few re/rictions1 & t mu* great] lib]ty is all[$ him ?an is p]mitt$ to ,engli% /ud5ts4 ,nietzs*e did n approve ( ?is extraord9>y fre$om1 :i*1 9 8 op9ion1 l$ to intellectual lawlessness4--,,tr4 #aj ,hegel's4--,,tr4 #aa ,a ,g]man /ud5ts' association1 ( lib]al pr9ciples1 f\nd$ = patriotic purposes at ,j5a 9 #ahac4 #ab ,web] set "o or two ( ,krn]'s ,lyre & ,sword songs to music4 ,! read] w rememb] t ^! lectures 7 deliv]$ :5 ,nietzs*e 0 only 9 8 tw5ty-eigh? ye>4 ,l ,goe!1 he aft]w>ds fre$ himself f all patriotic trammels & prejudices1 & aim$ at a g5]al ,european culture4 ,lu!r1 ,s*ill]1 ,kant1 ,krn]1 & ,web] did n cont9ue to be ! objects ( 8 v5]ation = long1 inde$1 !y 7 aft]w>ds viol5tly attack$ by him1 & ! sup]ficial /ud5t :o speaks ( inconsi/5cy may be rem9d$ ( ,nietzs*e's phrase 9 /anza #ab ( ! epilogue to ,beyond ,good & ,evil3 ,nur w] si* w&elt1 bleibt mit mir v]w&t2 i4e4 only ! *ang+ ones h any?+ 9 common ) me4--,,tr4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hom] ,,& ,,classical ,,philology4 7,inaugural ,address deliv]$ at ,ble ,univ]sity1 #bh? ( ,may #ahfi47 ,at ! pres5t day no cle> & consi/5t op9ion seems to be held reg>d+ ,classical ,philology4 ,we are consci\s ( ?is 9 ! circles ( ! le>n$ j z mu* z among ! foll[]s ( t sci5ce itself4 ,! cause ( ?is lies 9 its _m-sid$ "*1 9 ! lack ( an ab/ract unity1 & 9 ! inorganic aggregation ( het]og5e\s sci5tific activities :i* are connect$ ) "o ano!r only by ! "n ,philology4 ,x mu/ be freely admitt$ t philology is to "s ext5t borr[$ f sev]al o!r sci5ces1 & is mix$ toge!r l a magic potion f ! mo/ outl&i% liquors1 ores1 & bones4 ,x may ev5 be add$ t x likewise conceals )9 itself an arti/ic elem5t1 "o :i*1 on /hetic & e?ical gr\nds1 may be call$ imp]atival--an elem5t t acts 9 opposition to its purely sci5tific behavi\r4 ,philology is compos$ ( hi/ory j z mu* z ( natural sci5ce or /hetics3 hi/ory1 9 s f> z x endeav\rs to compreh5d ! manife/ations ( ! individualities ( peoples 9 ev] new images1 & ! prevail+ law 9 ! disappe>ance ( ph5om5a2 natural sci5ce1 9 s f> z x /rives to fa?om ! deepe/ in/9ct ( man1 t ( spee*2 /hetics1 f9ally1 because f v>i\s antiquities at our disposal x endeav\rs to pick out ! s-call$ classical antiquity1 ) ! view & pret5sion ( excavat+ ! ideal _w buri$ "u x1 & to hold up to ! pres5t ! mirror ( ! classical & ev]la/+ /&>ds4 ,t ^! :olly diff]5t sci5tific & /hetico-e?ical impulses h be5 associat$ "u a common "n1 a k9d ( %am mon>*y1 is %[n especially by ! fact t philology at e p]iod f its orig9 onw>ds 0 at ! same "t p$agogical4 ,f ! /&po9t ( ! p$agogue1 a *oice 0 (f]$ ( ^? elem5ts :i* 7 ( ! greate/ educational value2 & ?us t sci5ce1 or at lea/ t sci5tific aim1 :i* we call philology1 gradually develop$ out ( ! practical call+ orig9at$ by ! exig5cies ( t sci5ce itself4 ,^! philological aims 7 pursu$ sometimes ) great] ard\r & sometimes ) less1 9 accordance ) ! degree ( culture & ! developm5t ( ! ta/e ( a p>ticul> p]iod2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! foll[]s ( ?is sci5ce are 9 ! habit ( reg>d+ ! aims :i* correspond to _! sev]al abilities z ! aims ( philology2 :5ce x comes ab\t t ! e/imation ( philology 9 public op9ion dep5ds ^u ! weight ( ! p]sonalities ( ! philologi/s6 ,at ! pres5t "t--t is to say1 9 a p]iod :i* has se5 m5 di/+ui%$ 9 almo/ e dep>tm5t ( philology--a g5]al unc]ta9ty ( judgm5t has increas$ m & m1 & likewise a g5]al relaxation ( int]e/ & p>ticipation 9 philological problems4 ,su* an undecid$ & imp]fect /ate ( public op9ion is damag+ to a sci5ce 9 t its hidd5 & op5 enemies c "w ) mu* bett] prospects ( success4 ,& philology has a great _m su* enemies4 ,:]e d we n meet ) !m1 ^! mock]s1 always ready to aim a bl[ at ! philological moles1 ! animals t practise du/-eat+ ex pr(esso1 & t grub up & eat = ! elev5? "t :at !y h already eat5 t5 times be=e4 ,= oppon5ts ( ?is sort1 h[ev]1 philology is m]ely a useless1 h>mless1 & in(f5sive pa/ime1 an object ( laught] & n ( hate4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is a b\ndless & infuriat$ hatr$ ( philology :]ev] an ideal1 z su*1 is fe>$1 :]e ! mod]n man falls d[n to wor%ip himself1 & :]e ,hell5ism is look$ ^u z a sup]s$$ & h5ce v insignificant po9t ( view4 ,aga9/ ^! enemies1 we philologi/s mu/ always c\nt ^u ! assi/ance ( arti/s & m5 ( arti/ic m9ds2 = !y alone c judge h[ ! sword ( b>b>ism sweeps ov] ! head ( e "o :o loses sight ( ! unutt]able simplicity & noble dignity ( ! ,hell5e2 & h[ no progress 9 comm]ce or te*nical indu/ries1 h[ev] brilliant1 no s*ool regulations1 no political education ( ! masses1 h[ev] widespread & complete1 c protect u f ! curse ( ridicul\s & b>b>ic (f5ces aga9/ good ta/e1 or f annihilation by ! ,gorgon head ( ! classici/4 ,:il/ philology z a :ole is look$ on ) jeal\s eyes by ^! two classes ( oppon5ts1 !re are num]\s & v>i$ ho/ilities 9 o!r directions ( philology2 philologi/s !mselves are qu>rell+ ) "o ano!r2 int]nal diss5sions are caus$ by useless disputes ab\t prec$5ce & mutual jeal\sies1 b especially by ! diff]5ces--ev5 enmities--compris$ 9 ! "n ( philology1 :i* are n1 h[ev]1 by any means naturally h>monis$ in/9cts4 ,sci5ce has ?is 9 common ) art1 t ! mo/ ord9>y1 ev]yday ?+ appe>s to x z some?+ entirely new & attractive1 z if metamorphos$ by wit*craft & n[ se5 = ! fir/ "t4 ,life is wor? liv+1 says art1 ! beautiful temptress2 life is wor? kn[+1 says sci5ce4 ,) ?is contra/ ! s he>tr5d+ & dogmatic tradition foll[s 9 a !ory1 & consequ5tly 9 ! practice ( classical philology d]iv$ f ?is !ory4 ,we may consid] antiquity f a sci5tific po9t ( view2 we may try to look at :at has happ5$ ) ! eye ( a hi/orian1 or to arrange & comp>e ! l+ui/ic =ms ( anci5t ma/]pieces1 to br+ !m at all ev5ts "u a morphological law2 b we always lose ! wond]ful creative =ce1 ! real fragrance1 ( ! atmosph]e ( antiquity2 we =get t passionate emotion :i* in/9ctively drove our m$itation & enjoym5t back to ! ,greeks4 ,f ?is po9t onw>ds we mu/ take notice ( a cle>ly det]m9$ & v surpris+ antagonism :i* philology has great cause to regret4 ,f ! circles ^u ^: help we mu/ place ! mo/ implicit reliance--! arti/ic fri5ds ( antiquity1 ! w>m support]s ( ,hell5ic beauty & noble simplicity--we he> h>% voices cry+ out t x is precisely ! philologi/s !mselves :o are ! real oppon5ts & de/roy]s ( ! ideals ( antiquity4 ,s*ill] upbraid$ ! philologi/s ) hav+ scatt]$ ,hom]'s laurel cr[n to ! w9ds4 ,x 0 none o!r ?an ,goe! :o1 9 e>ly life a support] ( ,wolf's !ories reg>d+ ,hom]1 recant$ 9 ! v]ses-- ,) subtle wit y took away ,our =m] adoration3 ,! ,iliad1 y may u say1 ,0 m]e conglom]ation4 ,?9k x n crime 9 any way3 ,y\?'s f]v5t adoration ,leads u to "k ! v]ity1 ,& feel ! poet's unity4 ,! reason ( ?is want ( piety & rev]5ce mu/ lie deep]2 & _m are 9 d\bt z to :e!r philologi/s are lack+ 9 arti/ic capacity & impressions1 s t !y are unable to d ju/ice to ! ideal1 or :e!r ! _s ( negation has become a de/ructive & iconocla/ic pr9ciple ( !irs4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ev5 ! fri5ds ( antiquity1 possess$ ( su* d\bts & hesitations1 po9t to our pres5t classical philology z some?+ que/ionable1 :at influ5ce may we n ascribe to ! outbur/s ( ! reali/s & ! claptrap ( ! h]oes ( ! pass+ h\r8 ,to answ] ! latt] on ?is occasion1 especially :5 we consid] ! nature ( ! pres5t assembly1 w\ld be highly injudici\s2 at any rate1 if ,i d n wi% to meet ) ! fate ( t sophi/ :o1 :5 9 ,sp>ta1 publicly und]took to praise & def5d ,h]akles1 :5 he 0 int]rupt$ ) ! qu]y3 ,b :o !n has f\nd fault ) him8 ,i _c help ?9k+1 h[ev]1 t "s ( ^! scruples are /ill s\nd+ 9 ! e>s ( n a few 9 ?is ga!r+2 = !y may /ill be frequ5tly he>d f ! lips ( noble & arti/ically gift$ m5--z ev5 an upright philologi/ mu/ feel !m1 & feel !m mo/ pa9fully1 at mom5ts :5 8 spirits are d[nca/4 ,= ! s+le individual !re is no deliv]ance f ! diss5sions ref]r$ to2 b :at we cont5d & inscribe on our bann] is ! fact t classical philology1 z a :ole1 has no?+ :atsoev] to d ) ! qu>rels & bick]+s ( its individual disciples4 ,! entire sci5tific & arti/ic movem5t ( ?is peculi> c5taur is b5t1 ?\gh ) cyclopic sl[ness1 ^u bridg+ ov] ! gulf betwe5 ! ideal antiquity--:i* is p]haps only ! magnific5t blossom+ ( ! ,teutonic long+ = ! s\?--& ! real antiquity2 & ?us classical philology pursues only ! f9al end ( its own be+1 :i* is ! fus+ toge!r ( prim>ily ho/ile impulses t h only =cibly be5 br\ght toge!r4 ,let u talk z we w ab\t ! unatta9ability ( ?is goal1 & ev5 designate ! goal itself z an illogical pret5sion--! aspiration = x is v real2 & ,i %\ld l to try to make x cle> by an example t ! mo/ significant /eps ( classical philology nev] lead away f ! ideal antiquity1 b to x2 & t1 j :5 p are speak+ unw>rantably ( ! ov]?r[ ( sacr$ %r9es1 new & m wor?y alt>s are be+ erect$4 ,let u !n exam9e ! s-call$ ,hom]ic "q f ?is /&po9t1 a "q ! mo/ important problem ( :i* ,s*ill] call$ a s*ola/ic b>b>ism4 ,! important problem ref]r$ to is ! "q ( ! p]sonality ( ,hom]4 ,we n[ meet ev]y:]e ) ! firm op9ion t ! "q ( ,hom]'s p]sonality is no long] timely1 & t x is q a diff]5t ?+ f ! real ,hom]ic "q4 ,x may be add$ t1 = a giv5 p]iod--su* z our pres5t philological p]iod1 = example--! c5tre ( discussion may be remov$ f ! problem ( ! poet's p]sonality2 = ev5 n[ a pa9/ak+ exp]im5t is be+ made to recon/ruct ! ,hom]ic poems )\t ! aid ( p]sonality1 treat+ !m z ! "w ( sev]al diff]5t p]sons4 ,b if ! c5tre ( a sci5tific "q is rightly se5 to be :]e ! swell+ tide ( new views has ris5 up1 i4e4 :]e individual sci5tific inve/igation comes into contact ) ! :ole life ( sci5ce & culture--if any "o1 9 o!r words1 indicates a hi/orico-cultural valuation z ! c5tral po9t ( ! "q1 he mu/ also1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,hom]ic criticism1 take 8 /& ^u ! "q ( p]sonality z be+ ! really fruitful oasis 9 ! des]t ( ! :ole argum5t4 ,= 9 ,hom] ! mod]n _w1 ,i w n say has le>nt1 b has exam9$1 a great hi/orical po9t ( view2 &1 ev5 )\t n[ putt+ =w>d my own op9ion z to :e!r ?is exam9ation has be5 or c be happily c>ri$ out1 x 0 at all ev5ts ! fir/ example ( ! application ( t productive po9t ( view4 ,by x s*ol>s le>nt to recognise cond5s$ beliefs 9 ! app>5tly firm1 immobile figures ( ! life ( anci5t peoples2 by x !y = ! fir/ "t p]ceiv$ ! wond]ful capability ( ! s\l ( a p to repres5t ! conditions ( its morals & beliefs 9 ! =m ( a p]sonality4 ,:5 hi/orical criticism has confid5tly seiz$ ^u ?is me?od ( evaporat+ app>5tly concrete p]sonalities1 x is p]missible to po9t to ! fir/ exp]im5t z an important ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ces1 )\t consid]+ :e!r x 0 successful 9 ?is in/ance or n4 ,x is a common occurr5ce = a s]ies ( /rik+ signs & wond]ful emotions to prec$e an epo*-mak+ discov]y4 ,ev5 ! exp]im5t ,i h j ref]r$ to has its own attractive hi/ory2 b x goes back to a surpris+ly anci5t era4 ,fri$ri* ,augu/ ,wolf has exactly indicat$ ! spot :]e ,greek antiquity dropp$ ! "q4 ,! z5i? ( ! hi/orico-lit]>y /udies ( ! ,greeks1 & h5ce also ( _! po9t ( greate/ importance--! ,hom]ic "q--0 rea*$ 9 ! age ( ! ,alex&rian gramm>ians4 ,up to ?is "t ! ,hom]ic "q _h run ?r\gh ! long *a9 ( a uni=m process ( developm5t1 ( :i* ! /&po9t ( ^? gramm>ians seem$ to be ! la/ l9k1 ! la/1 inde$1 :i* 0 atta9able by antiquity4 ,!y conceiv$ ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey z ! creations ( "o s+le ,hom]2 !y decl>$ x to be psy*ologically possible = two su* diff]5t works to h sprung f ! bra9 ( "o g5ius1 9 contradiction to ! ,*orizontes1 :o repres5t$ ! extreme limit ( ! scepticism ( a few deta*$ individuals ( antiquity r ?an antiquity itself consid]$ z a :ole4 ,to expla9 ! diff]5t g5]al impression ( ! two books on ! assumption t "o poet compos$ !m bo?1 s*ol>s s\ght assi/ance by ref]r+ to ! seasons ( ! poet's life1 & comp>$ ! poet ( ! ,odyssey to ! sett+ sun4 ,! eyes ( ^? critics 7 tirelessly on ! look\t = discrepancies 9 ! language & ?\ghts ( ! two poems2 b at ?is "t also a hi/ory ( ! ,hom]ic poem & its tradition 0 prep>$1 accord+ to :i* ^! discrepancies 7 n due to ,hom]1 b to ^? :o committ$ 8 words to writ+ & ^? :o sang !m4 ,x 0 believ$ t ,hom]'s poem 0 pass$ f "o g5]ation to ano!r viva voce1 & faults 7 attribut$ to ! improvis+ & at times =getful b>ds4 ,at a c]ta9 giv5 date1 ab\t ! "t ( ,pisi/ratus1 ! poems :i* _h be5 repeat$ orally 7 said to h be5 collect$ 9 manuscript =m2 b ! scribes1 x is add$1 all[$ !mselves to take "s lib]ties ) ! text by transpos+ "s l9es & add+ extrane\s matt] "h & !re4 ,?is entire hypo!sis is ! mo/ important 9 ! doma9 ( lit]>y /udies t antiquity has exhibit$2 & ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! dissem9ation ( ! ,hom]ic poems by ^w ( m\?1 z oppos$ to ! habits ( a book-le>n$ age1 %[s 9 p>ticul> a dep? ( anci5t sagacity wor?y ( our admiration4 ,f ^? times until ! g5]ation t produc$ ,fri$ri* ,augu/ ,wolf we mu/ take a jump ov] a long hi/orical vacuum2 b 9 our own age we f9d ! argum5t left j z x 0 at ! "t :5 ! p[] ( controv]sy dep>t$ f antiquity1 & x is a matt] ( indiff]5ce to u t ,wolf accept$ z c]ta9 tradition :at antiquity itself _h set up only z a hypo!sis4 ,x may be rem>k$ z mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ?is hypo!sis t1 9 ! /ricte/ s5se1 ! p]sonality ( ,hom] is treat$ s]i\sly2 t a c]ta9 /&>d ( inn] h>mony is ev]y:]e presuppos$ 9 ! manife/ations ( ! p]sonality2 & t1 ) ^! two excell5t auxili>y hypo!ses1 :atev] is se5 to be bel[ ?is /&>d & oppos$ to ?is inn] h>mony is at once swept aside z un-,hom]ic4 ,b ev5 ?is di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic1 9 place ( wi%+ to recognise ! sup]natural exi/5ce ( a tangible p]sonality1 asc5ds likewise ?r\gh all ! /ages t lead to t z5i?1 ) ev]-increas+ en]gy & cle>ness4 ,individuality is ev] m /rongly felt & acc5tuat$2 ! psy*ological possibility ( a s+le ,hom] is ev] m =cibly dem&$4 ,if we desc5d backw>ds f ?is z5i?1 /ep by /ep1 we f9d a guide to ! und]/&+ ( ! ,hom]ic problem 9 ! p]son ( ,ari/otle4 ,hom] 0 = him ! flawless & untir+ arti/ :o knew 8 end & ! means to atta9 x2 b !re is /ill a trace ( infantile criticism to be f\nd 9 ,ari/otle--i4e41 9 ! naive concession he made to ! public op9ion t consid]$ ,hom] z ! au?or ( ! orig9al ( all comic epics1 ! ,m>gites4 ,if we g /ill fur!r backw>ds f ,ari/otle1 ! inability to create a p]sonality is se5 to increase2 m & m poems are attribut$ to ,hom]2 & e p]iod lets u see its degree ( criticism by h[ mu* & :at x consid]s z ,hom]ic4 ,9 ?is backw>d exam9ation1 we in/9ctively feel t away beyond ,h]odotus !re lies a p]iod 9 :i* an imm5se flood ( great epics has be5 id5tifi$ ) ! "n ( ,hom]4 ,let u imag9e ourselves z liv+ 9 ! "t ( ,pisi/ratus3 ! ^w ,hom] !n compreh5d$ an abundance ( dissimil>ities4 ,:at 0 meant by ,hom] at t "t8 ,x is evid5t t t g5]ation f\nd itself unable to grasp a p]sonality & ! limits ( its manife/ations4 ,hom] _h n[ become ( small consequ5ce4 ,& !n we meet ) ! weighty "q3 ,:at lies be=e ?is p]iod8 ,has ,hom]'s p]sonality1 because x _c be grasp$1 gradually fad$ away into an empty "n8 ,or _h all ! ,hom]ic poems be5 ga!r$ toge!r 9 a body1 ! nation naively repres5t+ itself by ! figure ( ,hom]8 ,0 ! p]son creat$ out ( a conception1 or ! conception out ( a p]son8 ,?is is ! real ,hom]ic "q1 ! c5tral problem ( ! p]sonality4 ,! difficulty ( answ]+ ?is "q1 h[ev]1 is increas$ :5 we seek a reply 9 ano!r direction1 f ! /&po9t ( ! poems !mselves :i* h come d[n to u4 ,z x is difficult = u at ! pres5t day1 & necessitates a s]i\s ef=t on our "p1 to und]/& ! law ( gravitation cle>ly--t ! e>? alt]s its =m ( motion :5 ano!r heav5ly body *anges its position 9 space1 al?\gh no mat]ial connection unites "o to ! o!r--x likewise co/s u "s tr\ble to obta9 a cle> impression ( t wond]ful problem :i*1 l a co9 long pass$ f h& to h&1 has lo/ its orig9al & highly conspicu\s /amp4 ,poetical works1 :i* cause ! he>ts ( ev5 ! greate/ g5iuses to fail :5 !y endeav\r to vie ) !m1 & 9 :i* unsurpassable images are held up = ! admiration ( po/]ity--& yet ! poet :o wrote !m ) only a holl[1 %aky "n1 :5ev] we d lay hold on him2 n[h]e ! solid k]nel ( a p[]ful p]sonality4 ,= :o w\ld wage w> ) ! gods3 :o1 ev5 ) ! "o god8 asks ,goe! ev51 :o1 ?\gh a g5ius1 /rove 9 va9 to solve t my/]i\s problem ( ! ,hom]ic inaccessibility4 ,! conception ( popul> poetry seem$ to lead l a bridge ov] ?is problem--a deep] & m orig9al p[] ?an t ( e s+le creative individual 0 said to h become active2 ! happie/ p1 9 ! happie/ p]iod ( its exi/5ce1 9 ! highe/ activity ( fantasy & =mative p[]1 0 said to h creat$ ^? immeasurable poems4 ,9 ?is univ]sality !re is some?+ almo/ intoxicat+ 9 ! ?\ght ( a popul> poem3 we feel1 ) arti/ic pleasure1 ! broad1 ov]p[]+ lib]ation ( a popul> gift1 & we delight 9 ?is natural ph5om5on z we d 9 an uncontrollable cat>act4 ,b z soon z we exam9e ?is ?\ght at close qu>t]s1 we involunt>ily put a poetic mass ( p 9 ! place ( ! poetis+ s\l ( ! p3 a long r[ ( popul> poets 9 :om individuality has no mean+1 & 9 :om ! tumultu\s movem5t ( a p's s\l1 ! intuitive /r5g? ( a p's eye1 & ! unabat$ pr(usion ( a p's fantasy1 7 once p[]ful3 a r[ ( orig9al g5iuses1 atta*$ to a "t1 to a poetic g5us1 to a subject-matt]4 ,su* a conception ju/ly made p suspici\s4 ,c\ld x be possible t t same ,nature :o s sp>+ly di/ribut$ h] r>e/ & mo/ preci\s production--g5ius--%\ld sudd5ly take ! notion ( lavi%+ h] gifts 9 "o sole direction8 ,& "h ! ?orny "q aga9 made its appe>ance3 ,c\ld we n get along ) "o g5ius only1 & expla9 ! pres5t exi/5ce ( t unatta9able excell5ce8 ,& n[ eyes 7 ke5ly on ! look\t = :atev] t excell5ce & s+ul>ity might consi/ (4 ,impossible = x to be 9 ! con/ruction ( ! complete works1 said "o p>ty1 = ?is is f> f faultless2 b d\btless to be f\nd 9 s+le songs3 9 ! s+le pieces above all2 n 9 ! :ole4 ,a second p>ty1 on ! o!r h&1 %elt]$ !mselves b5ea? ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle1 :o especially admir$ ,hom]'s div9e nature 9 ! *oice ( 8 entire subject1 & ! mann] 9 :i* he plann$ & c>ri$ x out4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is con/ruction 0 n cle>ly se51 ?is fault 0 due to ! way ! poems 7 h&$ d[n to po/]ity & n to ! poet himself--x 0 ! result ( ret\*+s & int]polations1 ow+ to :i* ! orig9al sett+ ( ! "w gradually became obscur$4 ,! m ! fir/ s*ool look$ = inequalities1 contradictions1 p]plexities1 ! m en]getically did ! o!r s*ool bru% aside :at 9 _! op9ion obscur$ ! orig9al plan1 9 ord]1 if possible1 t no?+ might be left rema9+ b ! actual words ( ! orig9al epic itself4 ,! second s*ool ( ?\ght ( c\rse held fa/ by ! conception ( an epo*-mak+ g5ius z ! compos] ( ! great works4 ,! fir/ s*ool1 on ! o!r h&1 wav]$ betwe5 ! supposition ( "o g5ius plus a numb] ( m9or poets1 & ano!r hypo!sis :i* assum$ only a numb] ( sup]ior & ev5 m$iocre individual b>ds1 b also po/ulat$ a my/]i\s dis*>g+1 a deep1 national1 arti/ic impulse1 :i* %[s itself 9 individual m9/rels z an almo/ indiff]5t m$ium4 ,x is to ?is latt] s*ool t we mu/ attribute ! repres5tation ( ! ,hom]ic poems z ! expression ( t my/]i\s impulse4 ,all ^! s*ools ( ?\ght />t f ! assumption t ! problem ( ! pres5t =m ( ^! epics c be solv$ f ! /&po9t ( an /hetic judgm5t--b we mu/ await ! decision z to ! au?oris$ l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! man ( g5ius & ! poetical s\l ( ! p4 ,are !re *>act]i/ic diff]5ces betwe5 ! utt]ances ( ! man ( g5ius & ! poetical s\l ( ! p8 ,?is :ole contra/1 h[ev]1 is unju/ & mislead+4 ,!re is no m dang]\s assumption 9 mod]n /hetics ?an t ( popul> poetry & individual poetry1 or1 z x is usually call$1 arti/ic poetry4 ,?is is ! reaction1 or1 if y w1 ! sup]/ition1 :i* foll[$ ^u ! mo/ mom5t\s discov]y ( hi/orico-philological sci5ce1 ! discov]y & appreciation ( ! s\l ( ! p4 ,= ?is discov]y prep>$ ! way = a com+ sci5tific view ( hi/ory1 :i* 0 until !n1 & 9 _m respects is ev5 n[1 a m]e collection ( mat]ials1 ) ! prospect t new mat]ials w\ld cont9ue to be add$1 & t ! huge1 ov]fl[+ pile w\ld nev] be sy/ematically arrang$4 ,! p n[ und]/ood = ! fir/ "t t ! long-felt p[] ( great] individualities & wills 0 l>g] ?an ! pitifully small w ( an individual man2#a !y n[ saw t ev]y?+ truly great 9 ! k+dom ( ! w c\ld n h its deepe/ root 9 ! inefficaci\s & ephem]al individual w2 &1 f9ally1 !y n[ discov]$ ! p[]ful in/9cts ( ! masses1 & diagnos$ ^? unconsci\s impulses to be ! f\ndations & supports ( ! s-call$ univ]sal hi/ory4 ,b ! newly-light$ flame also ca/ its %ad[3 & ?is %ad[ 0 none o!r ?an t sup]/ition already ref]r$ to1 :i* popul> poetry set up 9 opposition to individual poetry1 & ?us enl>g$ ! compreh5sion ( ! p's s\l to t ( ! p's m9d4 ,by ! misapplication ( a tempt+ analogical inf]5ce1 p _h rea*$ ! po9t ( apply+ 9 ! doma9 ( ! intellect & arti/ic ideas t pr9ciple ( great] individuality :i* is truly applicable only 9 ! doma9 ( ! w4 ,! masses h nev] exp]i5c$ m flatt]+ treatm5t ?an 9 ?us hav+ ! laurel ( g5ius set ^u _! empty heads4 ,x 0 imag9$ t new %ells 7 =m+ r\nd a small k]nel1 s to speak1 & t ^? pieces ( popul> poetry orig9at$ l avalan*es1 9 ! drift & fl[ ( tradition4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 ready to consid] t k]nel z be+ ( ! smalle/ possible dim5sions1 s t !y might occasionally get rid ( x altoge!r )\t los+ any?+ ( ! mass ( ! avalan*e4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ! text itself & ! /ories built r\nd x are "o & ! same ?+4 #a ,( c\rse ,nietzs*e saw aft]w>ds t ?is 0 n s4--,,tr4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 su* a contra/ betwe5 popul> poetry & individual poetry does n exi/ at all2 on ! contr>y1 all poetry1 & ( c\rse popul> poetry also1 requires an int]m$i>y individuality4 ,?is mu*-abus$ contra/1 !re=e1 is necess>y only :5 ! t]m individual poem is und]/ood to mean a poem :i* has n gr[n out ( ! soil ( popul> feel+1 b :i* has be5 compos$ by a non-popul> poet 9 a non-popul> atmosph]e--some?+ :i* has come to maturity 9 ! /udy ( a le>n$ man1 = example4 ,) ! sup]/ition :i* presupposes poetis+ masses is connect$ ano!r3 t popul> poetry is limit$ to "o p>ticul> p]iod ( a p's hi/ory & aft]w>ds dies out--:i* inde$ foll[s z a consequ5ce ( ! fir/ sup]/ition ,i h m5tion$4 ,accord+ to ?is s*ool1 9 ! place ( ! gradually decay+ popul> poetry we h arti/ic poetry1 ! "w ( individual m9ds1 n ( masses ( p4 ,b ! same p[]s :i* 7 once active are /ill s2 & ! =m 9 :i* !y act has rema9$ exactly ! same4 ,! great poet ( a lit]>y p]iod is /ill a popul> poet 9 no n>r[] s5se ?an ! popul> poet ( an illit]ate age4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is n 9 ! way !y orig9ate1 b x is _! diffusion & propagation1 9 %ort1 tradition4 ,?is tradition is expos$ to et]nal dang] )\t ! help ( h&writ+1 & runs ! risk ( includ+ 9 ! poems ! rema9s ( ^? individualities ?r\gh ^: oral tradition !y 7 h&$ d[n4 ,if we apply all ^! pr9ciples to ! ,hom]ic poems1 x foll[s t we ga9 no?+ ) our !ory ( ! poetis+ s\l ( ! p1 & t we are always ref]r$ back to ! poetical individual4 ,we are ?us confront$ ) ! task ( di/+ui%+ t :i* c h orig9at$ only 9 a s+le poetical m9d f t :i* is1 s to speak1 swept up by ! tide ( oral tradition1 & :i* is a highly important con/itu5t "p ( ! ,hom]ic poems4 ,s9ce lit]>y hi/ory fir/ ceas$ to be a m]e collection ( names1 p h attempt$ to grasp & =mulate ! individualities ( ! poets4 ,a c]ta9 me*anism =ms "p ( ! me?od3 x mu/ be expla9$--i4e41 x mu/ be d$uc$ f pr9ciples--:y ?is or t individuality appe>s 9 ?is way & n 9 t4 ,p n[ /udy biographical details1 environm5t1 acqua9tances1 contempor>y ev5ts1 & believe t by mix+ all ^! +r$i5ts toge!r !y w be able to manufacture ! wi%$-= individuality4 ,b !y =get t ! punctum sali5s1 ! indef9able individual *>act]i/ics1 c nev] be obta9$ f a comp\nd ( ?is nature4 ,! less !re is kn[n ab\t ! life & times ( ! poet1 ! less applicable is ?is me*anism4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we h m]ely ! works & ! "n ( ! writ]1 x is almo/ impossible to detect ! individuality1 at all ev5ts1 = ^? :o put _! fai? 9 ! me*anism 9 "q2 & p>ticul>ly :5 ! works are p]fect1 :5 !y are pieces ( popul> poetry4 ,= ! be/ way = ^! me*anicians to grasp individual *>act]i/ics is by p]ceiv+ deviations f ! g5ius ( ! p2 ! ab]rations & hidd5 allusions3 & ! few] discrepancies to be f\nd 9 a poem ! fa9t] w be ! traces ( ! individual poet :o compos$ x4 ,all ^? deviations1 ev]y?+ dull & bel[ ! ord9>y /&>d :i* s*ol>s ?9k !y p]ceive 9 ! ,hom]ic poems1 7 attribut$ to tradition1 :i* ?us became ! scapegoat4 ,:at 0 left ( ,hom]'s own individual "w8 ,no?+ b a s]ies ( beautiful & prom95t passages *os5 9 accordance ) subjective ta/e4 ,! sum total ( /hetic s+ul>ity :i* e individual s*ol> p]ceiv$ ) 8 own arti/ic gifts1 he n[ call$ ,hom]4 ,?is is ! c5tral po9t ( ! ,hom]ic errors4 ,! "n ( ,hom]1 f ! v beg9n+1 has no connection ei!r ) ! conception ( /hetic p]fection or yet ) ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey4 ,hom] z ! compos] ( ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey is n a hi/orical tradition1 b an /hetic judgm5t4 ,! only pa? :i* leads back beyond ! "t ( ,pisi/ratus & helps u to elucidate ! mean+ ( ! "n ,hom]1 takes its way on ! "o h& ?r\gh ! reports :i* h rea*$ u conc]n+ ,hom]'s bir?place3 f :i* we see t1 al?\gh 8 "n is always associat$ ) h]oic epic poems1 he is on ! o!r h& no m ref]r$ to z ! compos] ( ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey ?an z ! au?or ( ! ,!bais or any o!r cyclical epic4 ,on ! o!r h&1 aga91 an old tradition tells ( ! conte/ betwe5 ,hom] & ,hesiod1 :i* proves t :5 ^! two names 7 m5tion$ p in/9ctively ?\ght ( two epic t5d5cies1 ! h]oic & ! didactic2 & t ! signification ( ! "n ,hom] 0 includ$ 9 ! mat]ial category & n 9 ! =mal4 ,?is imag9>y conte/ ) ,hesiod did n ev5 yet %[ ! fa9te/ pres5tim5t ( individuality4 ,f ! "t ( ,pisi/ratus onw>ds1 h[ev]1 ) ! surpris+ly rapid developm5t ( ! ,greek feel+ = beauty1 ! diff]5ces 9 ! /hetic value ( ^? epics cont9u$ to be felt m & m3 ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey arose f ! dep?s ( ! flood & h rema9$ on ! surface ev] s9ce4 ,) ?is process ( /hetic sep>ation1 ! conception ( ,hom] gradually became n>r[]3 ! old mat]ial mean+ ( ! "n ,hom] z ! fa!r ( ! h]oic epic poem1 0 *ang$ into ! /hetic mean+ ( ,hom]1 ! fa!r ( poetry 9 g5]al1 & likewise its orig9al prototype4 ,?is trans=mation 0 contempor>y ) ! rationali/ic criticism :i* made ,hom] ! magician out to be a possible poet1 :i* v9dicat$ ! mat]ial & =mal traditions ( ^? num]\s epics z aga9/ ! unity ( ! poet1 & gradually remov$ t heavy load ( cyclical epics f ,hom]'s %\ld]s4 ,s ,hom]1 ! poet ( ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey1 is an /hetic judgm5t4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 by no means affirm$ aga9/ ! poet ( ^! epics t he 0 m]ely ! imag9>y be+ ( an /hetic impossibility1 :i* c be ! op9ion ( only v few philologi/s inde$4 ,! majority cont5d t a s+le individual 0 responsible = ! g5]al design ( a poem su* z ! ,iliad1 & fur!r t ?is individual 0 ,hom]4 ,! fir/ "p ( ?is cont5tion may be admitt$2 b1 9 accordance ) :at ,i h said1 ! latt] "p mu/ be d5i$4 ,& ,i v mu* d\bt :e!r ! majority ( ^? :o adopt ! fir/ "p ( ! cont5tion h tak5 ! foll[+ consid]ations into acc\nt4 ,! design ( an epic su* z ! ,iliad is n an entire :ole1 n an organism2 b a numb] ( pieces /rung toge!r1 a collection ( reflections arrang$ 9 accordance ) /hetic rules4 ,x is c]ta9ly ! /&>d ( an arti/'s greatness to note :at he c take 9 ) a s+le glance & set out 9 rhy?mical =m4 ,! inf9ite pr(usion ( images & incid5ts 9 ! ,hom]ic epic mu/ =ce u to admit t su* a wide range ( vision is next to impossible4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 a poet is unable to obs]ve arti/ically ) a s+le glance1 he usually piles conception on conception1 & endeav\rs to adju/ 8 *>act]s accord+ to a compreh5sive s*eme4 ,he w succe$ 9 ?is all ! bett] ! m he is famili> ) ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( /hetics3 he w ev5 make "s believe t he made himself ma/] ( ! entire subject by a s+le p[]ful glance4 ,! ,iliad is n a g>l&1 b a bun* ( fl[]s4 ,z _m pictures z possible are cr[d$ on "o canvas2 b ! man :o plac$ !m !re 0 indiff]5t z to :e!r ! gr\p+ ( ! collect$ pictures 0 inv>iably suitable & rhy?mically beautiful4 ,he well knew t no "o w\ld ev] consid] ! collection z a :ole2 b w\ld m]ely look at ! individual p>ts4 ,b t /r++ toge!r ( "s pieces z ! manife/ations ( a grasp ( art :i* 0 n yet highly develop$1 /ill less ?or\ghly compreh5d$ & g5]ally e/eem$1 _c h be5 ! real ,hom]ic de$1 ! real ,hom]ic epo*-mak+ ev5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ?is design is a lat] product1 f> lat] ?an ,hom]'s celebrity4 ,^?1 !re=e1 :o look = ! orig9al & p]fect design are look+ = a m]e phantom2 = ! dang]\s pa? ( oral tradition _h rea*$ its end j z ! sy/ematic arrangem5t appe>$ on ! sc5e2 ! disfigurem5ts :i* 7 caus$ on ! way c\ld n h affect$ ! design1 = ?is did n =m "p ( ! mat]ial h&$ d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,! relative imp]fection ( ! design mu/ n1 h[ev]1 prev5t u f see+ 9 ! design] a diff]5t p]sonality f ! real poet4 ,x is n only probable t ev]y?+ :i* 0 creat$ 9 ^? times ) consci\s /hetic insight1 0 inf9itely inf]ior to ! songs t sprang up naturally 9 ! poet's m9d & 7 writt5 d[n ) in/9ctive p[]3 we c ev5 take a /ep fur!r4 ,if we include ! s-call$ cyclic poems 9 ?is comp>ison1 !re rema9s = ! design] ( ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey ! indisputable m]it ( hav+ done some?+ relatively great 9 ?is consci\s te*nical compos+3 a m]it :i* we might h be5 prep>$ to recognise f ! beg9n+1 & :i* is 9 my op9ion ( ! v fir/ ord] 9 ! doma9 ( in/9ctive creation4 ,we may ev5 be ready to pron\nce ?is syn!tisation ( great importance4 ,all ^? dull passages & discrepancies--deem$ ( su* importance1 b really only subjective1 :i* we usually look ^u z ! petrifi$ rema9s ( ! p]iod ( tradition--are n ^! p]haps m]ely ! almo/ necess>y evils :i* mu/ fall to ! lot ( ! poet ( g5ius :o und]takes a composition virtually )\t a p>allel1 &1 fur!r1 "o :i* proves to be ( incalculable difficulty8 ,let x be not$ t ! insight into ! mo/ div]se op]ations ( ! in/9ctive & ! consci\s *anges ! position ( ! ,hom]ic problem2 & 9 my op9ion ?r[s light ^u x4 ,we believe 9 a great poet z ! au?or ( ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey--b n t ,hom] 0 ?is poet4 ,! decision on ?is po9t has already be5 giv54 ,! g5]ation t inv5t$ ^? num]\s ,hom]ic fables1 t poetis$ ! my? ( ! conte/ betwe5 ,hom] & ,hesiod1 & look$ ^u all ! poems ( ! epic cycle z ,hom]ic1 did n feel an /hetic b a mat]ial s+ul>ity :5 x pron\nc$ ! "n ,hom]4 ,?is p]iod reg>ds ,hom] z belong+ to ! ranks ( arti/s l ,orpheus1 ,eumolpus1 ,ddalus1 & ,olympus1 ! my?ical discov]]s ( a new bran* ( art1 to :om1 !re=e1 all ! lat] fruits :i* grew f ! new bran* 7 ?ankfully d$icat$4 ,& t wond]ful g5ius to :om we owe ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey belongs to ?is ?ankful po/]ity3 he1 too1 sacrific$ 8 "n on ! alt> ( ! primeval fa!r ( ! ,hom]ic epic1 ,hom]os4 ,up to ?is po9t1 g5tlem51 ,i ?9k ,i h be5 able to put be=e y ! fundam5tal philosophical & /hetic *>act]i/ics ( ! problem ( ! p]sonality ( ,hom]1 keep+ all m9or details rigor\sly at a di/ance1 on ! supposition t ! prim>y =m ( ?is widespread & honeycomb$ m\nta9 kn[n z ! ,hom]ic "q c be mo/ cle>ly obs]v$ by look+ d[n at x f a f>-(f height4 ,b ,i h also1 ,i imag9e1 recall$ two facts to ^? fri5ds ( antiquity :o take su* delight 9 accus+ u philologi/s ( lack ( piety = great conceptions & an unproductive zeal = de/ruction4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ^? great conceptions--su*1 = example1 z t ( ! indivisible & inviolable poetic g5ius1 ,hom]--7 dur+ ! pre-,wolfian p]iod only too great1 & h5ce inw>dly altoge!r empty & elusive :5 we n[ try to grasp !m4 ,if classical philology goes back aga9 to ! same conceptions1 & once m tries to p\r new w9e into old bottles1 x is only on ! surface t ! conceptions are ! same3 ev]y?+ has really become new2 bottle & m9d1 w9e & ^w4 ,we ev]y:]e f9d traces ( ! fact t philology has liv$ 9 company ) poets1 ?9k]s1 & arti/s = ! la/ hundr$ ye>s3 :5ce x has n[ come ab\t t ! heap ( a%es =m]ly po9t$ to z classical philology is n[ turn$ into fruitful & ev5 ri* soil4#b #b ,nietzs*e p]ceiv$ lat] on t ?is /atem5t 01 un=tunately1 n ju/ifi$4--,,tr4 ,& !re is a second fact :i* ,i %\ld l to recall to ! memory ( ^? fri5ds ( antiquity :o turn _! dissatisfi$ backs on classical philology4 ,y hon\r ! immortal ma/]pieces ( ! ,hell5ic m9d 9 poetry & sculpture1 & ?9k y\rselves s mu* m =tunate ?an prec$+ g5]ations1 :i* _h to d )\t !m2 b y mu/ n =get t ?is :ole fairyl& once lay buri$ "u m\nta9s ( prejudice1 & t ! blood & sweat & ardu\s lab\r ( innum]able foll[]s ( our sci5ce 7 all necess>y to lift up t _w f ! *asm into :i* x _h sunk4 ,we grant t philology is n ! creator ( ?is _w1 n ! compos] ( t immortal music2 b is x n a m]it1 & a great m]it1 to be a m]e virtuoso1 & let ! _w = ! fir/ "t he> t music :i* lay s long 9 obscurity1 despis$ & undeciph]able8 ,:o 0 ,hom] previ\sly to ,wolf's brilliant inve/igations8 ,a good old man1 kn[n at be/ z a natural g5ius1 at all ev5ts ! *ild ( a b>b>ic age1 replete ) faults aga9/ good ta/e & good morals4 ,let u he> h[ a le>n$ man ( ! fir/ rank writes ab\t ,hom] ev5 s late z #aghc3 ,:]e does ! good man live8 ,:y did he rema9 s long incognito8 ,apropos1 c't y get me a silh\ette ( him8 ,we dem& ?anks--n 9 our own "n1 = we are b atoms--b 9 ! "n ( philology itself1 :i* is inde$ nei!r a ,muse nor a ,grace1 b a mess5g] ( ! gods3 & j z ! ,muses desc5d$ ^u ! dull & torm5t$ ,boeotian peasants1 s ,philology comes into a _w full ( gloomy col\rs & pictures1 full ( ! deepe/1 mo/ incurable woes2 & speaks to m5 com=t+ly ( ! beautiful & godlike figure ( a di/ant1 rosy1 & happy fairyl&4 ,x is "t to close2 yet be=e ,i d s a few words ( a p]sonal "* mu/ be add$1 ju/ifi$1 ,i hope1 by ! occasion ( ?is lecture4 ,x is b "r t a philologi/ %\ld describe 8 end & ! means to x 9 ! %ort =mula ( a confession ( fai?2 & let ?is be done 9 ! say+ ( ,s5eca :i* ,i ?us rev]se-- ,philosophia facta e/ qu philologia fuit4 ,by ?is ,i wi% to signify t all philological activities %\ld be enclos$ & surr\nd$ by a philosophical view ( ?+s1 9 :i* ev]y?+ individual & isolat$ is evaporat$ z some?+ dete/able1 & 9 :i* great homog5e\s views alone rema94 ,n[1 !re=e1 t ,i h enunciat$ my philological cre$1 ,i tru/ y w give me cause to hope t ,i %all no long] be a /rang] among y3 give me ! assurance t 9 work+ ) y t[>ds ?is end ,i am wor?ily fulfill+ ! confid5ce ) :i* ! highe/ au?orities ( ?is community h hon\r$ me4