,,on ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,discov]y4 ,cambridge3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,c4 ,j4 ,,clay1 ,m4,a4 ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press4 ,,on ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,discov]y1 ,,*apt]s ,,hi/orical ,,& ,,critical2 ,,by ,,william ,,:ewell1 ,d4,d4 ,,ma/] ,,( ,,tr9ity ,,college1 ,,cambridge1 ,,& ,,correspond+ ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,in/itute ,,( ,,france4 ,,includ+ ,,! ,,completion ,,( ,,! ,,?ird ,,edition ,,( ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,! ,,inductive ,,sci5ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,h& pass+ tor* to h& ,,london3 ,,john ,w4 ,,p>k] ,,& ,,son1 ,,we/ ,,/r&4 #ahfj4 ,! foll[+ are ! late/ editions ( ! s]ies ( works :i* has be5 publi%$ connect$ ) ! pres5t subject3 ,hi/ory ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces1 #c ,vols4 #aheg4 ,hi/ory ( ,sci5tific ,ideas1 #b ,vols4 #aheh4 ,novum ,organon ,r5ovatum1 #a ,vol4 #aheh4 ,on ! ,philosophy ( ,discov]y1 #a ,vol4 #ahfj4 ,to ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces are app5d$ two ,indexes 79 ,vol4 #a471 an ,index ( ,prop] ,names1 & an ,index ( ,te*nical ,t]ms4 ,^! ,indexes1 & ! ,tables ( ,cont5ts ( ! o!r works1 w enable ! read] to ref] to any p]son or ev5t includ$ 9 ?is s]ies4 ,,preface ,! two works :i* ,i entitl$ ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces1 & ,! ,philosophy ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces1 7 int5d$ to pres5t to ! read] a view ( ! /eps by :i* ^? portions ( human k :i* are held to be mo/ c]ta9 & /able h be5 acquir$1 & ( ! philosophical pr9ciples :i* are involv$ 9 ^? /eps4 ,ea* ( ^! /eps 0 a sci5tific ,discov]y1 9 :i* a new conception 0 appli$ 9 ord] to b9d toge!r obs]v$ facts4 ,& ?\gh ! conjunction ( ! obs]v$ facts 0 9 ea* case an example ( logical ,induction1 x 0 n ! inductive process m]ely1 b ! novelty ( ! result 9 ea* case :i* gave its peculi> "* to ! ,hi/ory2 & ! ,philosophy at :i* ,i aim$ 0 n ! ,philosophy ( ,induction1 b ! ,philosophy ( ,discov]y4 ,9 ! pres5t edition ,i h describ$ ?is z my object 9 my ,title4 ,a great "p ( ! pres5t volume consi/s ( *apt]s :i* compos$ ! twelf? ,book ( ! ,philosophy 9 =m] editions1 :i* ,book 0 !n describ$ z a ',review ( ,op9ions on ! nature ( ,k & ! ,me?od ( seek+ x4' ,i h add$ to ?is "p sev]al new *apt]s1 on ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ! ,arabian ,philosoph]s1 ,francis ,bacon1 ,mr4 ,mill1 ,mr4 ,mansel1 ! late ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 & ! ,g]man philosoph]s ,kant1 ,fi*te1 ,s*ell+ & ,hegel4 ,i might1 if "t _h all[$1 h add$ a new *apt] on ,rog] ,bacon1 f\nd$ on 8 ,opus ,m9us & o!r works1 rec5tly publi%$ = ! fir/ "t "u ! direction ( ! ,ma/] ( ! ,rolls2 a valuable contribution to ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,b ! review ( ?is "w w\ld n mat]ially alt] ! e/imate ( ,rog] ,bacon :i* ,i _h d]iv$ f ! ,opus ,majus4 ,b besides ^! hi/orical & critical surveys ( ! philosophy ( o!rs1 ,i h v5tur$ to introduce "s new views ( my own2 namely1 views :i* be> ^u ! philosophy ( religion4 ,i h done s "u ! conviction t no philosophy ( ! univ]se c satisfy ! m9ds ( ?\ghtful m5 :i* does n deal ) su* que/ions z inevitably =ce !mselves on our notice1 respect+ ! ,au?or & ! ,object ( ! univ]se2 & also "u ! conviction t e philosophy ( ! univ]se :i* has any consi/5cy mu/ sugge/ answ]s1 at lea/ conjectural1 to su* que/ions4 ,no ,cosmos is complete f :i* ! "q ( ,deity is exclud$2 & all ,cosmology has a side turn$ t[>ds ,!ology4 ,?\gh ,i am aw>e !re=e h[ easy x is1 on ?is subject1 to give (f5ce & to incur obloquy1 ,i h n ?\ght x "r to ab/a9 f foll[+ out my philosophical pr9ciples to _! results 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( speculation4 ,! results d n diff] mat]ially f ^? at :i* _m pi\s & ?\ghtful speculators h arriv$ 9 previ\s ages ( ! _w2 ?\gh !y h "h1 z seems to me1 some?+ ( novelty 9 _! connection ) ! philosophy ( sci5ce4 ,b ?is po9t ,i will+ly leave to ! calm decision ( compet5t judges4 ,i h add$ 9 an ,app5dix v>i\s ,essays1 previ\sly publi%$ at diff]5t times1 :i* may s]ve p]haps to illu/rate "s po9ts ( ! hi/ory & philosophy ( sci5ce4 ,,tr9ity ,,lodge1 ,febru>y #h1 #ahef4 ,,on ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,discov]y4 ,,cont5ts4 ,! *apt]s m>k$ ?us 99 appe> n[ = ! fir/ "t4 ,! *apt]s m>k$ ?us h appe>$ 9 o!r works4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,,plato4 ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 99 ,,additional ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,plato4 #a4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,ideas4 #b4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ! ,"o & ,_m4 #c4 ,! notion ( ! nature & aim ( ,sci5ce4 #d4 ,! ,survey ( exi/+ ,sci5ces4 #e4 ,! ,con/itution ( ! human ,m9d4 ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,,ari/otle4 ,,*ap4 ,v4 99 ,,additional ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,ari/otle4 #a4 ,induction4 #b4 ,inv5tion4 #c4 ,! ,"o 9 ! ,_m4 #d4 ,! ,five ,words4 #e4 ,ari/otle's contribution to ! ,physical ,sci5ces4 #f4 ,ari/otle's ,a/ronomy4 #g4 ,ari/otle on ,classification4 #h4 ,f4 ,bacon on ,ari/otle4 #i4 ,discov]y ( ,causes4 #aj4 ,plato & ,ari/otle4 #aa4 ,ari/otle aga9/ ,plato's ,ideas4 ,,*ap4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,lat] ,,greeks4 ,,*ap4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,romans4 ,,*ap4 ,,viii4 99 ,,arabian ,,philosoph]s4 ,,*ap4 ,,ix4 ,,! ,,s*oolm5 ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4 ,,*ap4 ,x4 ,,! ,,innovators ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4 ,raymond ,lully4 ,,*ap4 ,,xi4 ,,! ,,innovators ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages--cont9u$4 ,rog] ,bacon4 ,,*ap4 ,,xii4 ,,! ,,revival ,,( ,,platonism4 #a4 ,causes ( ,delay 9 ! ,advance ( ,k4 #b4 ,causes ( ,progress4 #c4 ,h]molaus ,b>b>us1 c4 #d4 ,nicolaus ,cusanus4 #e4 ,manilius ,fic9us4 #f4 ,francis ,patricius4 #g4 ,picus1 ,agrippa1 c4 #h4 ,p>acelsus1 ,fludd1 c4 ,,*ap4 ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,!oretical ,,re=m]s ,,( ,,sci5ce4 #a4 ,b]n>d9us ,telesius4 #b4 ,?omas ,campanella4 #c4 ,&rew ,csalp9us4 #d4 ,giordano ,bruno4 #e4 ,pet] ,ramus4 #f4 ,! ,re=m]s 9 ,g5]al4 #g4 ,melanc?on4 ,,*ap4 ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,practical ,,re=m]s ,,( ,,sci5ce4 #a4 ,"* ( ! ,practical ,re=m]s4 #b4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 #c4 ,cop]nicus4 #d4 ,fabricius4 #e4 ,maurolycus4 #f4 ,b5$etti4 #g4 ,gilb]t4 #h4 ,galileo4 #i4 ,kepl]4 #aj4 ,ty*o4 ,,*ap4 ,,xv4 ,,francis ,,bacon4 #a4 7,i47 ,g5]al ,rem>ks4 #b4 ,common e/imate ( him4 #c4 ,we consid] only ,physical ,sci5ce4 #d4 ,he is plac$ at ! head ( ! *ange3 #e4 7,,ii47 ,he proclaims a ,new ,era2 #f4 7,,iii47 ,by a ,*ange ( ,me?od2 #g4 ,includ+ successive ,/eps2 #h4 ,gradually asc5d+4 #i4 7,,iv47 ,he contra/s ! ,old & ! ,new ,me?od4 #aj4 7,v47 ,has he neglect$ ,ideas8 #aa4 ,no4 #ab4 ,examples ( ,ideas treat$ by him4 #ac4 ,he has fail$ 9 apply+ 8 ,me?od2 #ad4 7,,vi47 ,to ! ,cause ( ,heat4 #ae4 ,he seeks ,causes be=e ,laws4 #af4 7,,vii47 ,8 ,te*nical ,=m wor?less4 #ag4 ,he is confus$ by words4 #ah4 ,8 ,in/ances4 #ai4 ,conta9 "s good ,sugge/ions4 #bj4 7,,viii47 ,8 ,idols4 #ba4 7,,ix47 ,8 view ( ,utility4 #bb4 7,x47 ,8 ,hopefulness4 #bc4 7,,xi47 ,8 ,piety4 ,,*ap4 ,,xvi4 99 ,,additional ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,francis ,,bacon4 #a4 ,mr4 ,ellis's views4 #b4 ,mr4 ,sp$d+'s views4 ,,*ap4 ,,xvii4 ,,f ,,bacon ,,to ,,newton4 #a4 ,h>vey4 #b4 ,desc>tes4 #c4 ,gass5di4 #d4 ,actual ,progress 9 ,sci5ce4 #e4 ,otto ,gu]icke1 c4 #f4 ,hooke4 #g4 ,royal ,society4 #h4 ,bacon's ,new ,atalantis4 #i4 ,c[ley4 #aj4 ,b>r[4 ,,*ap4 ,,xviii4 ,,newton4 #a4 ,animat+ effect ( 8 ,discov]ies4 #b4 ,!y confirm ,bacon's views4 #c4 ,newton %uns ,hypo!ses4 #d4 ,8 views ( ,inductive ,philosophy4 #e4 ,8 ,rules ( ,philosophiz+4 #f4 ,! ,fir/ ,rule4 #g4 ,:at is a ,true ,cause8 #h4 ,su* z are real8 #i4 ,or ^? :i* are prov$8 #aj4 ,use ( ! ,rule4 #aa4 ,rule o!rwise express$4 #ab4 ,! ,second ,rule4 #ac4 ,:at are ,ev5ts ( ! same k9d8 #ad4 ,! ,?ird ,rule3 #ae4 ,n safe4 #af4 ,! ,f\r? ,rule4 #ag4 ,occult ,qualities4 #ah4 ,ridicul$4 #ai4 ,di/9ction ( ,laws & ,causes4 ,,*ap4 ,,xix4 ,,locke ,,& ,,8 ,,fr5* ,,foll[]s4 #a4 ,cause ( ,locke's popul>ity4 #b4 ,s5sational ,s*ool4 #c4 ,8 inconsi/5cies4 #d4 ,condillac1 c4 #e4 ,importance ( ,language4 #f4 ,gr\nd ( ?is4 #g4 ,! ,encyclop$i/s4 #h4 ,helvetius4 #i4 ,value ( ,arts4 #aj4 ,t5d5cy to ,reaction4 ,,*ap4 ,,xx4 ,,! ,,reaction ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,s5sational ,,s*ool4 #a4 ,nisi intellectus ipse4 #b4 ,price's ,review4 #c4 ,/ew>t def5ds ,price4 #d4 ,ar*bi%op ,:ately4 #e4 ,l>omiguire4 #f4 ,m4 ,c\s94 #g4 ,m4 ,ampre4 #h4 ,8 ,classification ( ,sci5ces4 #i4 ,kant's ,re=m ( ,philosophy4 #aj4 ,its ,effect 9 ,g]many4 ,,*ap4 ,,xxi4 ,,fur!r ,,advance ,,( ,,! ,,s5sational ,,s*ool4 ,m4 ,augu/e ,comte4 #a4 ,m4 ,comte on ?ree ,/ates ( ,sci5ce4 #b4 ,m4 ,comte rejects ! ,se>* ( ,causes4 #c4 ,causes 9 ,physics4 #d4 ,causes 9 o!r ,sci5ces4 #e4 ,m4 ,comte's ,practical ,philosophy4 #f4 ,m4 ,comte on ,hypo!ses4 #g4 ,m4 ,comte's ,classification ( ,sci5ces4 ,,*ap4 ,,xxii4 ,,mr4 ,,mill',s ,,logic4 7,i47 ,:at is ,induction8 #a-ad4 7,,ii47 ,induction or ,description1 #ae-bc4 7,,iii47 ,9 ,discov]y a new ,conception is introduc$1 #bd-cg4 7,,iv47 ,mr4 ,mill's ,f\r ,me?ods ( ,inquiry1 #ch-dj4 7,v47 ,8 ,examples1 #da-dh4 7,,vi47 ,mr4 ,mill aga9/ ,hypo!ses1 #di1 #ej4 7,,vii47 ,aga9/ pr$iction ( ,facts1 #ea-ec4 7,,viii47 ,newton's ,v]a ,causa1 #ed1 #ee4 7,,ix47 ,successive ,g5]alizations1 #ef-fb4 7,x47 ,mr4 ,mill's ,hope f ,d$uctions1 #fc-fg4 7,,xi47 ,fundam5tal opposition ( our ,doctr9es1 #fh-ga4 7,,xii47 ,absurdities 9 ,mr4 ,mill's ,logic1 #gb-gd4 ,,*ap4 ,,xxiii4 99 ,,political ,,economy ,,z ,,an ,,inductive ,,sci5ce4 #a4 ,moral ,sci5ces4 #b4 ,political ,economy4 #c4 ,wages1 ,pr(its1 & ,r5ts4 #d4 ,premature ,g5]alizations4 #e4 ,correction ( ^! by ,induction--,r5t4 #f4 ,wages4 #g4 ,population4 ,,*ap4 ,,xxiv4 ,,mod]n ,,g]man ,,philosophy4 7,i47 ,sci5ce is ! ,idealization ( ,facts1 #a-h4 7,,ii47 ,successive ,g]man ,philosophies4 ,kant1 ,fi*te1 ,s*ell+1 ,hegel1 #i-af4 ,,*ap4 ,,xxv4 ,,! ,,fundam5tal ,,anti!sis ,,z ,,x ,,exi/s ,,9 ,,! ,,moral ,,_w4 ,moral ,progress is ! ,realization ( ,ideas4 ,,*ap4 ,,xxvi4 99 ,,( ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,! ,,inf9ite4 ,god is ,et]nal4 ,,*ap4 ,,xxvii4 99 ,,sir ,,william ,,hamilton ,,on ,,in]tia ,,& ,,weight4 #a4 ,prim>y & ,second>y ,qualities4 #b4 ,mean+ ( ! ,di/9ction4 #c4 ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton adds ,secundo-,prim>y4 #d4 ,in]tia4 #e4 ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's argum5ts & reply4 #f4 ,gravity4 ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's argum5ts & reply4 ,,*ap4 ,,xxviii4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,g]man ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,philosophy ,,9 ,,brita94 #a4 ,/ew>t on ,kant4 #b4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes on ,kant4 #d-f4 ,mr4 ,mansel on ,kant4 ,8 objection to our ,fundam5tal ,ideas1 & ,reply4 #g-aj4 ,new ,axioms are possible4 #aa-ac4 ,mr4 ,mansel's ,kantianism4 #ad-af4 ,axioms are n f exp]i5ce4 ,,*ap4 ,,xxix4 99 ,,necess>y ,,tru? ,,is ,,progressive4 ,objections consid]$4 ,,*ap4 ,,xxx4 99 ,,! ,,!ological ,,be>+ ,,( ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,discov]y4 #a-d4 ,h[ c necess>y tru?s be actual8 #e1 #f4 ,small ext5t ( necess>y tru?4 #g4 ,h[ did ?+s come to be z !y are8 #h4 ,view ( ! ,!i/4 #i-ab4 ,is ?is ,platonism8 #ac4 ,idea ( ,"t4 #ad1 #ae4 ,ideas ( ,=ce & ,matt]4 #af4 ,creation ( ,matt]4 #ag4 ,platonic ,ideas4 #ah-ba4 ,idea ( ,k9d4 #bb4 ,idea ( ,sub/ance4 #bc4 ,idea ( ,f9al ,cause4 #bd1 #be4 ,human immeasurably inf]ior to ,div9e4 #bf4 ,sci5ce advances t[>ds ! ,div9e ,ideas4 #bg4 ,recapitulation4 ,,*ap4 ,,xxxi4 99 ,,man',s ,,k ,,( ,,god4 #a1 #b4 ,op9ions4 #c4 ,f ,nature we le>n some?+ ( ,god4 #d-f4 ,?\gh b little4 #g1 #h4 ,f ourselves we le>n some?+ conc]n+ ,god4 #i-aa4 ,objections answ]$4 #ab4 ,creation4 #ac4 ,end ( ! ,_w4 #ad4 ,moral & ,!ological views ent]4 ,,*ap4 ,,xxxii4 99 ,,analogies ,,( ,,physical ,,& ,,religi\s ,,philosophy4 #a1 #b4 ,idealization ( ,facts & ,realization ( ,ideas2 #c1 #d4 ,bo? imp]fect4 #e1 #f4 ,div9e ,ideas p]fect4 #g-i4 ,realization ( ,div9e ,love4 #aj-ac4 ,realization ( ,div9e ,ju/ice4 #ad4 ,analogy ( ,physical & ,moral ,philosophy4 #ae1 #af4 ,sup]natural ,beg9n+1 ,middle1 & ,end indicat$4 #ag4 ,sugge/ion ( a ,future ,/ate4 #ah-bj4 ,confirmation f ! ,intellect ( ,man4 #ba4 ,f ! ,moral ,nature ( ,man4 ,,app5dix4 ,,page ,,app5d4 ,a4 ,,( ,,! ,,platonic ,,!ory ,,( ,,ideas #djc ,b4 ,,on ,,plato',s ,,survey ,,( ,,! ,,sci5ces #dag ,,bb4 ,,on ,,plato',s ,,notion ,,( ,,dialectic #dbi ,c4 ,,( ,,! ,,intellectual ,,p[]s ,,accord+ ,,to ,,plato #ddj ,d4 ,,criticism ,,( ,,ari/otle',s ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,induction #ddi ,e4 ,,on ,,! ,,fundam5tal ,,anti!sis ,,( ,,philosophy #dfb ,f4 ,,rem>ks ,,on ,a ,,review ,,( ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,! ,,inductive ,,sci5ces #dhb ,g4 ,,on ,,! ,,trans=mation ,,( ,,hypo!ses ,,9 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,sci5ce #dib ,h4 ,,on ,,hegel',s ,,criticism ,,( ,,newton',s ,,pr9cipia #ejd ,app5dix to ! ,memoir on ,hegel's ,criticism ( ,newton's ,pr9cipia #eac ,k4 ,,demon/ration ,,t ,,all ,,matt] ,,is ,,heavy #ebb ,,on ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,discov]y4 ,wr' ni*t das ,auge sonn5haft ,wie knnt5 wir das ,li*t erblick58 ,lebt' ni*t 9 uns des ,gottes eigne ,kraft ,wie knnte uns das ,gttli*e entzck58 ,,goe!4 ,7 no?+ sunlike 9 ! ,eye ,h[ c\ld we ,light itself descry8 ,7 no?+ godlike 9 ! ,m9d ,h[ c\ld we ,god 9 ,nature f9d8 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,by ! exam9ation ( ! elem5ts ( human ?\ght 9 :i* ,i h be5 engag$1 & by a consid]ation ( ! hi/ory ( ! mo/ cle> & c]ta9 p>ts ( our k1 ,i h be5 l$ to doctr9es respect+ ! progress ( t exact & sy/ematic k :i* we call ,sci5ce2 & ^! doctr9es ,i h endeav\r$ to lay be=e ! read] 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,sci5ces & ( ,sci5tific ,ideas4 ,! que/ions on :i* ,i h ?us v5tur$ to pron\nce h _h a /rong int]e/ = man f ! e>lie/ p]iod ( 8 intellectual progress1 & h be5 ! subjects ( lively discussion & bold speculation 9 e age4 ,i conceive t 9 ! doctr9es to :i* ^! rese>*es h conduct$ u1 we h a f> bett] hope t we possess a body ( p]man5t tru?s ?an ! e>li] essays on ! same subjects c\ld furni%4 ,= we h n tak5 our examples ( k at haz>d1 z e>li] speculators did1 & 7 almo/ compell$ to d2 b h drawn our mat]ials f ! va/ /ore ( unque/ion$ tru?s :i* mod]n sci5ce (f]s to u3 & we h =m$ our judgm5t conc]n+ ! nature & progress ( k by consid]+ :at su* sci5ce is1 & h[ x has rea*$ its pres5t condition4 ,b ?\gh we h ?us pursu$ our speculations conc]n+ k ) advantages :i* e>li] writ]s did n possess1 x is /ill bo? int]e/+ & in/ructive = u to reg>d ! op9ions ^u ?is subject :i* h be5 deliv]$ by ! philosoph]s ( pa/ times4 ,x is especially int]e/+ to see "s ( ! tru?s :i* we h endeav\r$ to exp\nd1 gradually dawn+ 9 m5's m9ds1 & assum+ ! cle> & p]man5t =m 9 :i* we c n[ contemplate !m4 ,i %all !re=e1 9 ! ensu+ *apt]s1 pass 9 review _m ( ! op9ions ( ! writ]s ( v>i\s ages conc]n+ ! mode by :i* man be/ acquires ! true/ k2 & ,i %all endeav\r1 z we proce$1 to appreciate ! real value ( su* judgm5ts1 & _! place 9 ! progress ( s\nd philosophy4 ,9 ?is e/imate ( ! op9ions ( o!rs1 ,i %all be guid$ by ^? g5]al doctr9es :i* ,i h1 z ,i tru/1 e/abli%$ 9 ! hi/ories already publi%$4 ,& )\t attempt+ "h to give any summ>y ( ^! doctr9es1 ,i may rem>k t !re are two ma9 pr9ciples by :i* speculations on su* subjects 9 all ages are connect$ & relat$ to ea* o!r2 namely1 ! opposition ( ,ideas & ,s5sations1 & ! di/9ction ( practical & speculative k4 ,! opposition ( ,ideas & ,s5sations is exhibit$ to u 9 ! anti!sis ( ,!ory & ,fact1 :i* are necess>ily consid]$ z di/9ct & ( opposite natures1 & yet necess>ily id5tical1 & con/itut+ ,sci5ce by _! id5tity4 ,9 l mann]1 al?\gh practical k is 9 sub/ance id5tical ) speculative1 7= all k is speculation17 !re is a di/9ction betwe5 ! two 9 _! hi/ory1 & 9 ! subjects by :i* !y are exemplifi$1 :i* di/9ction is q ess5tial 9 judg+ ( ! philosophical views ( ! anci5ts4 ,! alt]natives ( id5tity & div]sity1 9 ^! two anti!ses1--! successive sep>ation1 opposition1 & reunion ( pr9ciples :i* ?us arise1--h produc$1 7z !y may easily be imag9$ capable ( do+17 a long & v>i$ s]ies ( sy/ems conc]n+ ! nature ( k2 among :i* we %all h to guide our c\rse by ! aid ( ! views already pres5t$4 ,i am f> f und]tak+1 or wi%+1 to review ! :ole s]ies ( op9ions :i* ?us come "u our notice2 & ,i d n ev5 attempt to exam9e all ! pr9cipal au?ors :o h writt5 on su* subjects4 ,i m]ely wi% to select "s ( ! mo/ consid]able =ms :i*1 su* op9ions h assum$1 & to po9t out 9 "s measure ! progress ( tru? f age to age4 ,9 do+ ?is1 ,i c only endeav\r to seize "s ( ! mo/ prom95t features ( ea* "t & ( ea* /ep1 & ,i mu/ pass rapidly f classical antiquity to ^? :i* we h call$ ! d>k ages1 & f !m to mod]n times4 ,at ea* ( ^! p]iods ! modifications ( op9ion1 & ! speculations ) :i* !y 7 connect$1 =m$ a va/ & tangl$ maze1 ! byways ( :i* our plan does n all[ u to ent]4 ,we %all e/eem ourselves b too =tunate1 if we c discov] ! s+le track by :i* anci5t l$ to mod]n philosophy4 ,i mu/ also repeat t my survey ( philosophical writ]s is "h conf9$ to ?is "o po9t1--_! op9ions on ! nature ( k & ! me?od ( sci5ce4 ,i ) "s ef=t avoid ent]+ ^u o!r p>ts ( ! philosophy ( ^? au?ors ( :om ,i speak2 ,i kn[+ly pass by ^? portions ( _! speculations :i* are 9 _m cases ! mo/ int]e/+ & celebrat$2--_! op9ions conc]n+ ! human s\l1 ! ,div9e ,gov]nor ( ! _w1 ! f\ndations or lead+ doctr9es ( politics1 religion1 & g5]al philosophy4 ,i am desir\s t my read] %\ld be> ?is 9 m9d1 s9ce he mu/ o!rwise be (f5d$ ) ! scanty & p>tial view :i* ,i give 9 ?is place ( ! philosoph]s :om ,i enum]ate4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,plato4 ,!re w\ld be small advantage 9 beg9n+ our exam9ation e>li] ?an ! p]iod ( ! ,socratic ,s*ool at ,a!ns2 = al?\gh ! _s ( inquiry on su* subjects _h awak5$ 9 ,greece at an e>li] p]iod1 & al?\gh ! peculi> aptitude ( ! ,grecian m9d = su* rese>*es _h %[n itself repeat$ly 9 subtle di/9ctions & acute reason+s1 all ! positive results ( ^! e>ly ef=ts 7 conta9$ 9 a m def9ite =m 9 ! reason+s ( ! ,platonic age4 ,be=e t "t1 ! ,greeks did n possess pla9 & famili> examples ( exact k1 su* z ! tru?s ( ,ari?metic1 ,geometry1 ,a/ronomy & ,optics became 9 ! s*ool ( ,plato2 nor 7 ! anti!ses ( :i* we spoke above1 s di/9ctly & fully unfold$ z we f9d !m 9 ,plato's works4 ,! "q :i* h+es ^u "o ( ^! anti!ses1 occupies a prom95t place 9 sev]al ( ! ,platonic dialogues2 namely1 :e!r our k be obta9$ by means ( ,s5sation or ( ,ideas4 ,"o ( ! doctr9es :i* ,plato mo/ e>ne/ly inculcat$ ^u 8 c\ntrym5 01 t we d n "k conc]n+ s5sible objects1 b conc]n+ ideas4 ,! fir/ attempts ( ! ,greeks at metaphysical analysis _h giv5 rise to a s*ool :i* ma9ta9$ t mat]ial objects are ! only realities4 ,9 opposition to ?is1 arose ano!r s*ool1 :i* taught t mat]ial objects h no p]man5t reality1 b are ev] wax+ & wan+1 con/antly *ang+ _! sub/ance4 ,& h5ce1 z ,ari/otle says#a1 arose ! doctr9e ( ideas :i* ! ,platoni/s held4 ,= !y ass5t$ to ! op9ion ( ,h]aclitus1 t all s5sible objects are 9 a con/ant /ate ( flux4 ,s t if !re is to be any k & sci5ce1 x mu/ be conc]n+ "s p]man5t natures1 diff]5t f ! s5sible natures ( objects2 = !re c be no p]man5t sci5ce respect+ t :i* is p]petually *ang+4 ,x happ5$ t ,socrates turn$ 8 speculations to ! moral virtues1 & 0 ! fir/ philosoph] :o endeav\r$ to give univ]sal def9itions ( su* matt]s4 ,he wi%$ to reason sy/ematically1 & !re=e he tri$ to e/abli% def9itions1 = def9itions are ! basis ( sy/ematic reason+4 ,!re are two ?+s :i* may ju/ly be look$ ^u z /eps 9 philosophy due to ,socrates2 inductive reason+s1 & univ]sal def9itions2--bo? ( !m /eps :i* belong to ! f\ndations ( sci5ce4 ,socrates1 h[ev]1 did n make univ]sals1 or def9itions sep>able f ! objects2 b 8 foll[]s sep>at$ !m1 & ^! ess5ces !y t]m$ ,ideas4 ,& ! same acc\nt is giv5 by o!r writ]s#b4 ,"s exi/5ces are s5sible1 "s intelligible3 & accord+ to ,plato1 if we wi% to und]/& ! pr9ciples ( ?+s1 we mu/ fir/ sep>ate ! ideas f ! ?+s1 su* z ! ideas ( ,simil>ity1 ,unity1 ,numb]1 ,magnitude1 ,position1 ,motion3 second1 t we mu/ assume an absolute ,fair1 ,good1 ,j1 & ! l3 ?ird1 t we mu/ consid] ! ideas ( relation1 z ,k1 ,p[]3 recollect+ t ! ,?+s :i* we p]ceive h ?is or t appellation appli$ to !m because !y p>take ( ?is or t ,idea2 ^? ?+s be+ j :i* p>ticipate 9 ! idea ( ,! ,j1 ^? be+ beautiful1 :i* conta9 ! idea ( ,! ,beautiful4 ,& _m ( ! argum5ts by :i* ?is doctr9e 0 ma9ta9$ are to be f\nd 9 ! ,platonic dialogues4 ,?us ! op9ion t true k consi/s 9 s5sation1 :i* _h be5 ass]t$ by ,protagoras & o!rs1 is refut$ 9 ! ,!tetus3 &1 we may add1 s victori\sly refut$1 t ! argum5ts !re put =? h ev] s9ce ex]cis$ a /rong influ5ce ^u ! speculative _w4 ,x may be rem>k$ t 9 ! m9ds ( ,plato & ( ^? :o h s9ce pursu$ ! same pa?s ( speculation1 ! int]e/ ( su* discussions z ^? we are n[ ref]r+ to1 0 by no means limit$ to _! be>+ ^u m]e !ory2 b 0 closely connect$ ) ^? great que/ions ( morals :i* h always a practical import4 ,^? :o ass]t$ t ! only f\ndation ( k 0 s5sation1 ass]t$ also t ! only f\ndation ( virtue 0 ! desire ( pleasure4 ,& 9 ,plato1 ! metaphysical "p ( ! disquisitions conc]n+ k 9 g5]al1 ?\gh indep5d5t 9 its pr9ciples1 always seems to be subord9ate 9 its purpose to ! que/ions conc]n+ ! k ( our duty4 ,s9ce ,plato ?us look$ ^u ! ,ideas :i* 7 involv$ 9 ea* dep>tm5t ( k z =m+ its only ess5tial "p1 x 0 natural t he %\ld look ^u ! /udy ( ,ideas z ! true mode ( pursu+ k4 ,?is he himself describes 9 ! ,philebus#c4 ,! be/ way ( arriv+ at tru? is n v difficult to po9t out1 b mo/ h>d to pursue4 ,all ! arts :i* h ev] be5 discov]$1 7 reveal$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,x is a gift ( ! gods to man1 :i*1 z ,i conceive1 !y s5t d[n by "s ,prome!us1 z by ,prome!us !y gave u ! light ( fire2 & ! anci5ts1 m cle>-sight$ ?an we1 & less remov$ f ! gods1 h&$ d[n ?is tradition>y doctr9e3 t :atev] is said to be1 comes ( ,"o & ( ,_m1 & compreh5ds 9 itself ! ,f9ite & ! ,inf9ite 9 coalition 7be+ ,"o ,k9d1 & consi/+ ( ,inf9ite ,individuals74 ,& ?is be+ ! /ate ( ?+s1 we mu/1 9 ea* case1 endeav\r to seize ! ,"o ,idea 7! idea ( ! ,k9d7 z ! *ief po9t2 = we %all f9d t x is !re4 ,& :5 we h seiz$ ?is "o ?+1 we may !n consid] h[ x compreh5ds 9 itself two1 or ?ree1 or any o!r numb]2 &1 aga91 exam9e ea* ( ^! ramifications sep>ately2 till at la/ we p]ceive1 n only t ,"o is at ! same "t ,"o & ,_m1 b also h[ _m4 ,& :5 we h ?us fill$ up ! int]val betwe5 ! ,inf9ite & ! ,"o1 we may consid] t we h done ) ea* "o4 ,! gods !n1 z ,i h said1 taught u by tradition ?us to contemplate1 & to le>n1 & to tea* "o ano!r4 ,b ! philosoph]s ( ! pres5t day seize ^u ! ,"o1 at haz>d1 too soon or too late1 & !n imm$iately snat* at ! ,inf9ite2 b ! int]m$iate /eps escape !m1 9 :i* resides ! di/9ction betwe5 a truly logical & a m]e disputati\s discussion4 ,x w\ld seem t :at ! au?or "h describes z ! mo/ p]fect =m ( exposition1 is t :i* ref]s ea* object to its place 9 a classification conta9+ a complete s]ies ( subord9ations1 & :i* gives a def9ition ( ea* class4 ,we h repeat$ly rem>k$ t1 9 sci5ces ( classification1 ea* new def9ition :i* gives a t5able & di/9ct sep>ation ( classes is an important advance 9 our k2 b t su* def9itions are r ! la/ ?an ! fir/ /ep 9 ea* advance4 ,9 ! progress ( real k1 ^! def9itions are always ! results ( a labori\s /udy ( individual cases1 & are nev] arriv$ at by a pure ef=t ( ?\ght1 :i* is :at ,plato appe>s to h imag9$ z ! true mode ( philosophiz+4 ,& /ill less d ! advances ( o!r sci5ces consi/ 9 seiz+ at once ^u ! highe/ g5]ality1 & fill+ 9 aft]w>ds all ! int]m$iate /eps betwe5 t & ! special in/ances4 ,on ! contr>y1 z we h se51 ! asc5ts f p>ticul> to g5]al are all successive2 & ea* /ep ( ?is asc5t requires "t1 & lab\r1 & a pati5t exam9ation ( actual facts & objects4 ,x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be absurd to blame ,plato = hav+ inadequate views ( ! nature ( progressive k1 at ! "t :5 k c\ld h>dly be said to h begun its progress4 ,b we already f9d 9 8 speculations1 z appe>s 9 ! passages j quot$ f 8 writ+s1 sev]al po9ts br\ght into view :i* w require our cont9u$ att5tion z we proce$4 ,9 ov]look+ ! necessity ( a gradual & successive advance f ! less g5]al to ! m g5]al tru?s1 ,plato %>$ 9 a dimness ( vision#d :i* prevail$ among philosoph]s to ! "t ( ,francis ,bacon4 ,9 ?9k+ too slightly ( ! /udy ( actual nature1 he manife/$ a bias f :i* ! human intellect fre$ itself 9 ! vigor\s /ruggles :i* t]m9at$ ! d>k ages4 ,9 po9t+ out t all k implies a unity ( :at we obs]ve z manifold1 :i* unity is giv5 by ! m9d1 ,plato taught a lesson :i* has ( late be5 too obscurely ackn[l$g$1 ! recoil by :i* m5 repair$ _! long neglect ( facts hav+ c>ri$ !m = a :ile s f> z to ?9k t facts 7 ! :ole ( our k4 ,& 9 analys+ ?is pr9ciple ( ,unity1 by :i* we ?us connect s5sible ?+s1 into v>i\s ,ideas1 su* z ,numb]1 ,magnitude1 ,position1 ,motion1 he made a highly important /ep1 :i* x has be5 ! bus9ess ( philosoph]s 9 succe$+ times to complete & to foll[ out4 ,b ! efficacy ( ,plato's speculations 9 _! be>+ ^u physical sci5ce1 & ^u !ory 9 g5]al1 0 mu* weak5$ by ! confusion ( practical ) !oretical k1 :i* arose f ! e?ical prop5sities ( ! ,socratic s*ool4 ,9 ! ,platonic ,dialogues1 ,art & ,sci5ce are con/antly spok5 ( indiscrim9ately4 ,! skill possess$ by ! ,pa9t]1 ! ,ar*itect1 ! ,%oemak]1 is consid]$ z a j example ( human sci5ce1 no less ?an ! k :i* ! geomet] or ! a/ronom] possesses ( ! !oretical tru?s ) :i* he is conv]sant4 ,n only s2 b tradition>y & my?ological tales1 my/ical imag9ations & fanta/ical etymologies1 are mix$ up1 z no less *oice +r$i5ts1 ) ! mo/ acute logical analyses1 & ! mo/ exact conduct ( metaphysical controv]sies4 ,!re is no di/9ction made betwe5 ! k possess$ by ! !oretical psy*ologi/ & ! physician1 ! philosophical tea*] ( morals & ! legislator or ! adm9i/rator ( law4 ,?is1 inde$1 is ! less to be wond]$ at1 s9ce ev5 9 our own "t ! same confusion is v commonly made by p]sons n o!rwise ignorant or uncultur$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we may rem>k f9ally1 t ,plato's admiration ( ,ideas 0 n a b>r5 imag9ation1 ev5 s f> z reg>d$ physical sci5ce4 ,=1 z we h se5#e1 he _h a v important %>e 9 ! introduction ( ! !ory ( epicycles1 hav+ be5 ! fir/ to propose to a/ronom]s 9 a di/9ct =m1 ! problem ( :i* t !ory 0 ! solution2 namely1 to expla9 ! cele/ial ph5om5a by ! comb9ation ( equable circul> motions4 ,?is dem& ( an ideal hypo!sis :i* %\ld exactly express ! ph5om5a 7z well z !y c\ld !n be obs]v$71 & f :i*1 by ! int]position ( suitable /eps1 all special cases might be d$uc$1 falls 9 well ) ^? views respect+ ! prop] mode ( seek+ k :i* we h quot$ f ! ,philebus4 ,& ! ,idea :i* c\ld ?us repres5t & replace all ! p>ticul> ,facts1 be+ n only s\ght b f\nd1 we may readily suppose t ! philosoph] 01 by ?is ev5t1 /rongly confirm$ 9 8 p]suasion t su* an ,idea 0 inde$ :at ! inquir] ought to seek4 ,9 ?is conviction all 8 g5u9e foll[]s up to mod]n times h p>ticipat$2 & ?us1 ?\gh !y h avoid$ ! error ( ^? :o hold t facts alone are valuable z ! elem5ts ( our k1 !y h frequ5tly run into ! opposite error ( too mu* despis+ & neglect+ facts1 & ( ?9k+ t ! bus9ess ( ! inquir] aft] tru? 0 only a pr(\nd & con/ant contemplation ( ! conceptions ( 8 own m9d4 ,b ( ?is h]eaft]4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,metaph4 xii4 #d4 ,footnote #b3 ,diog4 ,la]t4 ,vit4 ,plat4 ,footnote #c3 ,t4 ii4 p4 #af1 c1 d4 ed4 ,bekk]1 t4 v4 p4 #dcg4 ,footnote #d3 ,see ! rem>ks on ?is phrase 9 ! next *apt]4 ,footnote #e3 ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,sc4 b4 iii4 c4 ii4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,additional ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,plato4 ,! lead+ po9ts 9 ,plato's writ+s :i* be> ^u ! philosophy ( discov]y are ^!3 #a4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,ideas4 #b4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ! ,"o & ! ,_m4 #c4 ,! notion ( ! nature & aim ( ,sci5ce4 #d4 ,! survey ( exi/+ ,sci5ces4 #a4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,ideas is an attempt to solve a problem :i* 9 all ages =ces itself ^u ! notice ( ?\ghtful m52 namely1 ,h[ c c]ta9 & p]man5t k be possible = man1 s9ce all 8 k mu/ be d]iv$ f transi5t & fluctuat+ s5sations8 ,& ! answ] giv5 by ?is doctr9e is1 t c]ta9 & p]man5t k is n d]iv$ f ,s5sations1 b f ,ideas4 ,!re are 9 ! m9d c]ta9 elem5ts ( k :i* are n d]iv$ f s5sation1 & are only imp]fectly exemplifi$ 9 s5sible objects2 & :5 we reason conc]n+ s5sible ?+s s z to obta9 real k1 we d s by consid]+ su* ?+s z p>tak+ ( ! qualities ( ! ,ideas conc]n+ :i* !re c be tru?4 ,! sci5ces ( ,geometry & ,ari?metic %[ t !re are tru?s :i* man c "k2 & ! ,doctr9e ( ,ideas expla9s h[ ?is is possible4 ,s f> ! ,doctr9e ( ,ideas answ]s its prim>y purpose1 & is a reply 7by no means ! lea/ intelligible & satisfactory reply7 to a "q /ill agitat$ among philosoph]s3 ,:at is ! gr\nd ( geometrical 7& o!r necess>y7 tru?8 ,b ,plato seems1 9 _m ( 8 writ+s1 to ext5d ?is doctr9e mu* fur!r2 & to assume1 n only ,ideas ( ,space & its prop]ties1 f :i* geometrical tru?s are d]iv$2 b ( ,relations1 z ! ,relations ( ,l & ,unlike1 ,great] & ,less2 & ( m]e mat]ial objects1 z ,tables & ,*airs4 ,n[ to assume ,ideas ( su* ?+s z ^! solves no difficulty & is support$ by no argum5t4 ,9 ?is respect ! ,ideal !ory is ( no value 9 ,sci5ce4 ,x is curi\s t we h a v acute refutation ( ! ,ideal !ory 9 ?is s5se1 n only 9 ,ari/otle1 ! op5 oppon5t ( ,plato on ?is subject1 b 9 ! ,platonic writ+s !mselves3 namely1 9 ! ,dialogue entitl$ ,p>m5ides2 :i*1 on ?is & on o!r acc\nts1 ,i consid] to be ! "w n ( ,plato1 b ( an oppon5t ( ,plato#f4 #b4 ,i h spok51 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 ( ,plato's doctr9e t tru? is to be obta9$ by disc]n+ ! ,"o 9 ! ,_m4 ,?is expression is us$1 x w\ld seem1 9 a some:at l>ge & fluctuat+ way1 to mean sev]al ?+s2 z = in/ance1 f9d+ ! "o k9d 9 _m individuals 7= in/ance1 ! "o idea ( dog 9 _m dogs72 or ! "o law 9 _m ph5om5a 7= in/ance1 ! ecc5trics & epicycles 9 _m planets74 ,9 any int]pretation1 x is too loose & indef9ite a rule to be ( mu* value 9 ! =mation ( sci5ces1 ?\gh x has be5 rec5tly aga9 prop\nd$ z important 9 mod]n times4 #c4 ,i h said1 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 t ,plato1 ?\gh he saw t sci5tific tru?s ( great g5]ality might be obta9$ & 7 to be arriv$ at by philosoph]s1 ov]look$ ! necessity ( a gradual & successive advance f ! less g5]al to ! m g5]al2 & ,i h describ$ ?is z a 'dimness ( vision4' ,i mu/ n[ ackn[l$ge t ?is is n a v appropriate phrase2 = n only no acut5ess ( vision c\ld h enabl$ ,plato to see t gradual g5]alization 9 sci5ce ( :i*1 z yet1 no example _h appe>$2 b x 0 v =tunate = ! progress ( tru?1 at t "t1 t ,plato _h imag9$ to himself ! object ( sci5ce to be g5]al & sublime tru?s :i* prove !mselves to be true by ! light ( _! own g5]ality & symmetry4 ,x is wor? :ile to illu/rate ?is notice ( ,plato by "s ref]5ces to 8 writ+s4 ,9 ! ,six? ,book ( ! ,republic1 ,plato treats ( ! !n exi/+ sci5ces z ! in/rum5ts ( a philosophical education4 ,among ! mo/ conspicu\s ( ^! is a/ronomy4 ,he !re ridicules ! notion t a/ronomy is a sublime sci5ce because x makes m5 look upw>d4 ,he ass]ts t ! really sublime sci5ce is t :i* makes m5 look at ! realities1 :i* are sugge/$ by ! appe>ances se5 9 ! heav5s3 namely1 ! sph]es :i* revolve & c>ry ! lum9>ies 9 _! revolutions4 ,n[ x 0 no d\bt ! det]m9$ se>* = su* realities z ^! :i* gave bir? to ! ,greek ,a/ronomy1 t fir/ & critical /ep 9 ! progress ( sci5ce4 ,plato1 by 8 exhortations1 if n by 8 sugge/ions1 contribut$ effectually1 z ,i conceive1 to ?is /ep 9 sci5ce4 ,9 ! same mann] he requires a sci5ce ( ,h>monics :i* %all be free f ! defects & inaccuracies :i* occur 9 actual in/rum5ts4 ,?is belief t ! univ]se 0 full ( ma!matical relations1 & t ^! 7 ! true objects ( sci5tific rese>*1 gave a vig\r1 l>g5ess ( m9d1 & confid5ce to ! ,greek speculators :i* no m cauti\s view ( ! problem ( sci5tific discov]y c\ld h suppli$4 ,x 0 well t ?is advanc$ gu>d 9 ! army ( discov]]s 0 fill$ ) indomitable c\rage1 b\ndless hopes1 & creative m9ds4 ,b we mu/ n =get t ?is disposition to :at ,bacon calls anticipation 0 full ( dang] z well z ( hope4 ,x l$ ,plato into error1 z x l$ ,kepl] aft]w>ds1 & _m o!rs 9 all ages ( sci5tific activity4 ,x l$ ,plato into error1 = in/ance1 :5 x l$ him to ass]t 79 ! ,timu7 t ! f\r elem5ts1 ,e>?1 ,air1 ,fire & ,wat]1 h1 = ! =ms ( _! p>ticles respectively1 ! ,cube1 ! ,icosah$ron1 ! ,pyramid1 & ! ,octah$ron2 & aga91 :5 x l$ him to despise ! practical controv]sies ( ! musicians ( 8 "t2 :i* controv]sies 71 9 fact1 ! pro( ( ! tru? ( ! ma!matical !ory ( ,h>monics4 ,& 9 l mann] x l$ ,kepl] into error :5 x l$ him to believe t he _h f\nd ! reason ( ! numb]1 size & motion ( ! planet>y orbits 9 ! application ( ! five regul> solids to ! frame ( ! univ]se#g4 ,h[ f> ! caution 9 =m+ hypo!ses :i* ,bacon's writ+s urge ^u u is m sev]e ?an suits ! pres5t prospects ( sci5ce1 we may h]eaft] consid]2 b x is pla9ly v conceivable t a boldness 9 ! inv5tion & application ( hypo!ses :i* 0 propiti\s to sci5ce 9 its infancy1 may be "o ( ! greate/ dang]s ( its m mature p]iod3 & fur!r1 t ! happy effect ( su* a temp] dep5d$ entirely ^u ! c&\r1 skill & lab\r ) :i* ! hypo!ses 7 comp>$ ) ! obs]v$ ph5om5a4 #d4 ,plato has giv5 a survey ( ! sci5ces ( 8 "t z ,francis ,bacon has ( 84 ,inde$ ,plato has giv5 two su* surveys3 "o1 9 ! ,republic1 9 review+1 z ,i h said1 ! elem5ts ( a philosophical education2 ! o!r 9 ! ,timu1 z ! portions ( a !ological view ( ! univ]se--su* z has be5 call$ a ,!odica1 a ju/ification ( ,god4 ,9 ! =m] passage ( ,plato1 ! sci5ces enum]at$ are ,ari?metic1 ,plane ,geometry1 ,solid ,geometry1 ,a/ronomy & ,h>monics#h4 ,9 ! ,timu we h a fur!r notice ( _m o!r subjects1 9 a way :i* is int5d$1 ,i conceive1 to include su* k z ,plato _h !n arriv$ at on ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! univ]se4 ,! subjects !re ref]r$ to are1 z ,i h else:]e /at$#i1 ^!3 light & heat1 wat]1 ice1 gold1 gems1 ru/ & o!r natural objects3--od\rs1 ta/e1 he>+1 lights1 col\r1 & ! p[]s ( s5se 9 g5]al3--! p>ts & organs ( ! body1 z ! bones1 ! m>r[1 ! bra91 fle%1 muscles1 t5dons1 ligam5ts & n]ves2 ! sk91 ! hair1 ! nails2 ! ve9s & art]ies2 respiration2 g5]ation2 & 9 %ort1 e obvi\s po9t ( physiology4 ,b ! op9ions ?us deliv]$ 9 ! ,timu on ! latt] subject h little to d ) ! progress ( real k4 ,! doctr9es1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* dep5d ^u geometrical & ari?metical relations are portions or preludes ( ! sci5ces :i* ! fulness ( "t br\ght =?4 #e4 ,i may1 z fur!r be>+ ^u ! ,platonic notion ( sci5ce1 notice ,plato's view ( ! con/itution ( ! human m9d4 ,accord+ to him ! ,ideas :i* are ! con/itu5ts ( sci5ce =m an ,intelligible ,_w1 :ile ! visible & tangible ?+s :i* we p]ceive by our s5ses =m ! ,visible ,_w4 ,9 ! visible _w we h %ad[s & reflections ( actual objects1 & by ^! %ad[s & reflections we may judge ( ! objects1 ev5 :5 we _c d s directly2 z :5 m5 9 a d>k cav]n judge ( ext]nal objects by ! %ad[s :i* !y ca/ into ! cav]n4 ,9 l mann] 9 ! ,intelligible ,_w !re are conceptions :i* are ! usual objects ( human ?\ght1 & ab\t :i* we reason2 b ^! are only %ad[s & reflections ( ! ,ideas :i* are ! real s\rces ( tru?4 ,& ! ,reason+ ,faculty1 ! ,discursive ,reason1 ! ,logos1 :i* ?us deals ) conceptions1 is subord9ate to ! ,intuitive ,faculty1 ! ,intuitive ,reason1 ! ,n\s1 :i* appreh5ds ,ideas#aj4 ,?is recognition ( a ,faculty 9 man :i* contemplates ! f\ndations--! ,fundam5tal ,ideas--( sci5ce1 & by appreh5d+ su* ,ideas1 makes sci5ce possible1 is cons5tane\s to ! philosophy :i* ,i h all along pres5t$1 z ! view taught u by a c>eful /udy ( ! hi/ory & nature ( sci5ce4 ,t new ,fundam5tal ,ideas are unfold$1 & ! ,intuitive ,faculty develop$ & enl>g$ by ! progress ( sci5ce & by an intimate acqua9tance ) its reason+s1 ,plato appe>s to h disc]n$ 9 "s measure1 ?\gh dimly4 ,& ?is is ! less wond]ful1 inasmu* z ?is gradual & successive ext5sion ( ! field ( ,intuitive ,tru?1 9 proportion z we become famili> ) a l>g] am\nt ( d]iv$ tru?1 is ev5 n[ accept$ by few1 ?\gh prov$ by ! reason+s ( ! greate/ sci5tific discov]]s 9 e age4 ,! lead+ defect 9 ,plato's view ( ! nature ( real sci5ce is 8 n see+ fully ! ext5t to :i* exp]i5ce & obs]vation are ! basis ( all our k ( ! univ]se4 ,he consid]s ! lum9>ies :i* appe> 9 ! heav5s to be n ! true objects ( a/ronomy1 b only "s imp]fect adumbration ( !m2--m]e diagrams :i* may assi/ u 9 ! /udy ( a high] tru?1 z beautiful diagrams might illu/rate ! tru?s ( geometry1 b w\ld n prove !m4 ,?is notion ( an a/ronomy :i* is an a/ronomy ( ,!ories & n ( ,facts1 is n t5able1 = ,!ories are ,facts4 ,!ories & ,facts are equally real2 true ,!ories are ,facts1 & ,facts are famili> ,!ories4 ,b :5 ,plato says t a/ronomy is a s]ies ( problems sugge/$ by visible ?+s1 he uses expressions q con=mable to ! true philosophy ( sci5ce2 & ! l is true ( all o!r sci5ces4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #f3 ,?is matt] is fur!r discuss$ 9 ! ,app5dix1 ,essay ,a4 ,footnote #g3 ,^! matt]s are fur!r discuss$ 9 ! ,app5dix1 ,essay ,b4 ,footnote #h3 ,see ,app5dix1 ,essay ,b4 ,footnote #i3 ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,sc4 b4 ii4 ,additions to #crd ,ed4 ,footnote #aj3 ,see ^! views fur!r discuss$ 9 ! ,app5dix1 ,essay ,c4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,ari/otle4 ,! views ( ,ari/otle ) reg>d to ! f\ndations ( human k are v diff]5t f ^? ( 8 tutor ,plato1 & are ev5 by himself put 9 opposition to !m4 ,he diss5ts altoge!r f ! ,platonic doctr9e t ,ideas are ! true mat]ials ( our k2 & aft] giv+1 respect+ ! orig9 ( ?is doctr9e1 ! acc\nt :i* we quot$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 he goes on to reason aga9/ x4 ,?us1 he says#aa1 !y devis$ ,ideas ( all ?+s :i* are spok5 ( z univ]sals3 mu* z if any "o hav+ to c\nt a numb] ( objects1 %\ld ?9k t he c\ld n d x :ile !y 7 few1 & %\ld expect to c\nt !m by mak+ !m m num]\s4 ,= ! k9ds ( ?+s are almo/ m num]\s ?an ! special s5sible objects1 by seek+ ! causes ( :i* !y 7 l$ to _! ,ideas4 ,he !n goes on to urge sev]al o!r reasons aga9/ ! assumption ( ,ideas & ! use ( !m 9 philosophical rese>*es4 ,ari/otle himself e/abli%es 8 doctr9es by tra9s ( reason+4 ,b reason+ mu/ proce$ f c]ta9 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples2 & ! "q !n arises1 ,:5ce are ^! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples obta9$8 ,to ?is he replies1 t !y are ! result ( ,exp]i5ce1 & he ev5 employs ! same te*nical expression by :i* we at ?is day describe ! process ( collect+ ^! pr9ciples f obs]v$ facts2--t !y are obta9$ by ,induction4 ,i h already quot$ passages 9 :i* ?is /atem5t is made#ab4 ,! way ( reason+1 he says#ac1 is ! same 9 philosophy1 & 9 any art or sci5ce3 we mu/ collect ! facts 7 71 & ! ?+s to :i* ! facts happ51 & mu/ h z l>ge a supply ( ^! z possible1 & !n we mu/ exam9e !m accord+ to ! t]ms ( our syllogisms4 444 ,!re are peculi> pr9ciples 9 ea* sci5ce2 & 9 ea* case ^! pr9ciples mu/ be obta9$ f exp]i5ce4 ,?us a/ronomical obs]vation supplies ! pr9ciples ( a/ronomical sci5ce4 ,= ! ph5om5a be+ rightly tak51 ! demon/rations ( a/ronomy 7 discov]$2 & ! same is ! case ) any o!r ,art or ,sci5ce4 ,s t if ! facts 9 ea* case be tak51 x is our bus9ess to con/ruct ! demon/rations4 ,= if 9 our natural hi/ory 7 7 we h omitt$ none ( ! facts & prop]ties :i* belong to ! subject1 we %all le>n :at we c demon/rate & :at we _c4 ,& aga9#ad1 ,x is manife/ t if any s5sation be want+1 !re mu/ be "s k want+1 :i* we are ?us prev5t$ f hav+4 ,= we acquire k ei!r by ,induction 77 or by ,demon/ration3 & ,demon/ration is f univ]sals1 b ,induction f p>ticul>s4 ,x is impossible to h univ]sal !oretical propositions except by ,induction3 & we _c make inductions )\t hav+ s5sation2 = s5sation has to d ) p>ticul>s4 ,x is easy to %[ t ,ari/otle uses ! t]m ,induction1 z we use x1 to express ! process ( collect+ a g5]al proposition f p>ticul> cases 9 :i* x is exemplifi$4 ,?us 9 a passage :i* we h already quot$#ae1 he says1 ,induction1 & ,syllogism f ,induction1 is :5 we attribute "o extreme t]m to ! middle by means ( ! o!r4 ,! import ( ?is te*nical phraseology w fur!r appe> by ! example :i* he gives3 ,we f9d t sev]al animals :i* are defici5t 9 bile are long-liv$1 z man1 ! horse1 ! mule2 h5ce we inf] t all animals :i* are defici5t 9 bile are long-liv$4 ,we may obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t bo? ,ari/otle's notion ( induction1 & _m o!r p>ts ( 8 philosophy1 are obscure & imp]fect1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 refus+ to contemplate ideas z some?+ di/9ct f s5sation4 ,x ?us happ5s t he always assumes ! ideas :i* ent] into 8 proposition z giv52 & consid]s x z ! philosoph]'s bus9ess to det]m9e :e!r su* propositions are true or n3 :]eas ! mo/ important feature 9 induction is1 z we h said1 ! introduction ( a new idea1 & n its employm5t :5 once introduc$4 ,t ! m9d 9 ?is mann] gives unity to t :i* is manifold1--t we are ?us l$ to speculative pr9ciples :i* h an evid5ce high] ?an any o!rs1--& t a peculi> sagacity 9 "s m5 seizes ^u ! conceptions by :i* ! facts may be b\nd into true propositions1--are doctr9es :i* =m no ess5tial "p ( ! philosophy ( ! ,/agirite1 al?\gh su* views are sometimes recogniz$1 m or less cle>ly1 9 8 expressions4 ,?us he says#af1 ,!re c be no k :5 ! s5sation does n cont9ue 9 ! m9d4 ,= ?is purpose1 x is necess>y bo? to p]ceive1 & to h "s unity 9 ! m9d 7 #ag 72 & _m su* p]ceptions hav+ tak5 place1 "s diff]5ce is !n p]ceiv$3 & f ! remembrance ( ^! arises ,reason4 ,?us f ,s5sation comes ,memory1 & f ,memory ( ! same ?+ (t5 repeat$ comes ,exp]i5ce3 = _m acts ( ,memory make up "o ,exp]i5ce4 ,& f ,exp]i5ce1 or f any ,univ]sal ,notion :i* takes a p]man5t place 9 ! m9d1--f ! unity 9 ! manifold1 ! same "s "o ?+ be+ f\nd 9 _m facts1--spr+s ! fir/ pr9ciple ( ,art & ( ,sci5ce2 ( ,art1 if x be employ$ ab\t production2 ( ,sci5ce1 if ab\t exi/5ce4 ,i w add to ?is1 ,ari/otle's notice ( ,sagacity2 s9ce1 al?\gh little or no fur!r ref]5ce is made to ?is quality 9 8 philosophy1 ! passage fixes our att5tion ^u an important /ep 9 ! =mation ( k4 ,sagacity 771 he says#ah1 is a hitt+ by guess 7 7 ^u ! middle t]m 7! conception common to two cases7 9 an inappreciable "t4 ,z = example1 if any "o see+ t ! bright side ( ! moon is always t[>ds ! sun1 sudd5ly p]ceives :y ?is is2 namely1 because ! moon %9es by ! light ( ! sun3--or if he sees a p]son talk+ ) a ri* man1 he guesses t he is borr[+ money2--or conjectures t two p]sons are fri5ds1 because !y are enemies ( ! same p]son4--,to consid] only ! fir/ ( ^! examples2--! conception "h introduc$1 t ( a body %9+ by ! light :i* ano!r ca/s ^u x1 is n conta9$ 9 ! obs]v$ facts1 b introduc$ by ! m9d4 ,x is1 9 %ort1 t conception :i*1 9 ! act ( induction1 ! m9d sup]adds to ! ph5om5a z !y are pres5t$ by ! s5ses3 & to inv5t su* appropriate conceptions1 su* eu/o*ies1 is1 inde$1 ! precise (fice ( inductive sagacity4 ,at ! end ( ?is "w 7! ,lat] ,analytics7 ,ari/otle ascribes our k ( pr9ciples to ,intellect 771 or1 z x appe>s necess>y to translate ! ^w1 ,intuition#ai4 ,s9ce1 ( our intellectual habits by :i* we aim at tru?1 "s are always true1 b "s admit ( be+ false1 z ,op9ion & ,reason+1 b ,sci5ce & ,intuition are always true2 & s9ce !re is no?+ :i* is m c]ta9 ?an ,sci5ce except ,intuition2 & s9ce ,pr9ciples are bett] kn[n to u ?an ! ,d$uctions f !m2 & s9ce all ,sci5ce is connect$ by reason+1 we _c h ,sci5ce respect+ ,pr9ciples4 ,consid]+ ?is !n1 & t ! beg9n+ ( ,demon/ration _c be ,demon/ration1 nor ! beg9n+ ( ,sci5ce1 ,sci5ce2 & s9ce1 z we h said1 !re is no o!r k9d ( tru?1 ,intuition mu/ be ! beg9n+ ( ,sci5ce4 ,:at is "h said1 is1 no d\bt1 9 accordance ) ! doctr9es :i* we h endeav\r$ to e/abli% respect+ ! nature ( ,sci5ce1 if by ?is ,intuition we und]/& t contemplation ( c]ta9 ,fundam5tal ,ideas1 :i* is ! basis ( all rigor\s k4 ,b not)/&+ ?is app>5t approximation1 ,ari/otle 0 f> f hav+ an habitual & practical possession ( ! pr9ciples :i* he ?us t\*es ^u4 ,he did n1 9 reality1 con/ruct 8 philosophy by giv+ ,unity to t :i* 0 manifold1 or by seek+ 9 ,intuition pr9ciples :i* might be ! basis ( ,demon/ration2 nor did he collect1 9 ea* subject1 fundam5tal propositions by an induction ( p>ticul>s4 ,he r endeav\r$ to divide ?an to unite2 he employ$ himself1 n 9 comb9+ facts1 b 9 analys+ notions2 & ! crit]ion to :i* he ref]r$ 8 analysis 01 n ! facts ( our exp]i5ce1 b our habits ( language4 ,?us 8 op9ions re/$1 n ^u s\nd inductions1 ga!r$ 9 ea* case f ! ph5om5a by means ( appropriate ,ideas2 b ^u ! loose & vague g5]alizations :i* are impli$ 9 ! common use ( spee*4 ,yet ,ari/otle 0 s f> consi/5t ) 8 own doctr9e ( ! d]ivation ( k f exp]i5ce1 t he made 9 almo/ e prov9ce ( human k1 a va/ collection ( su* special facts z ! exp]i5ce ( 8 "t suppli$4 ,^! collections are almo/ unrivall$1 ev5 to ! pres5t day1 especially 9 ,natural ,hi/ory2 9 o!r dep>tm5ts1 :5 to ! facts we mu/ add ! "r ,inductive ,idea1 9 ord] to obta9 tru?1 we f9d little ( value 9 ! ,ari/otelic works4 ,b 9 ^? p>ts :i* ref] to ,natural ,hi/ory1 we f9d n only an imm5se & v>i$ collection ( facts & obs]vations1 b a sagacity & acut5ess 9 classification :i* x is impossible n to admire4 ,?is inde$ appe>s to h be5 ! mo/ em95t faculty 9 ,ari/otle's m9d4 ,! influ5ce ( ,ari/otle 9 succe$+ ages w come "u our notice %ortly4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #aa3 ,metaph4 xii4 #d4 ,footnote #ab3 ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,sc4 b4 i4 c4 iii4 sect4 #b4 ,footnote #ac3 ,analyt4 ,prior4 i4 #cj4 ,footnote #ad3 ,analyt4 ,po/4 i4 #ah4 ,footnote #ae3 ,analyt4 ,prior4 ii4 #bc1 4 ,footnote #af3 ,analyt4 ,po/4 ii4 #ai4 ,footnote #ag3 ,b ! be/ read+ seems to be n b 3 & ! clause mu/ be r5d]$ bo? to p]ceive & to reta9 ! p]ception 9 ! m9d4 ,?is correction does n di/urb ! g5]al s5se ( ! passage1 t ! fir/ pr9ciples ( sci5ce are obta9$ by f9d+ ! ,"o 9 ! ,_m4 ,footnote #ah3 ,analyt4 ,po/4 i4 #cd4 ,footnote #ai3 ,ibid4 ii4 #ai4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,additional ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,ari/otle4 #a4 ,"o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s po9ts 9 ,ari/otle's doctr9es z be>+ ^u ! philosophy ( ,sci5ce is 8 acc\nt ( t mode ( atta9+ tru? :i* is call$ ,induction2 = we are accu/om$ to consid] ,induction z ! process by :i* our ,sci5ces h be5 =m$2 & we call !m collectively ! ,inductive ,sci5ces4 ,ari/otle (t5 speaks ( ,induction1 z = in/ance1 :5 he says t ,socrates introduc$ ! frequ5t use ( x4 ,b ! c>d9al passage on ?is subject is 9 8 ,analytics1 9 :i* he comp>es ,syllogism & ,induction z two modes ( draw+ conclusions#bj4 ,he !re says t all belief arises ei!r f ,syllogism or f ,induction3 & adds t ,induction is1 :5 by means ( "o extreme t]m we inf] ! o!r extreme to be true ( ! middle t]m4 ,! example :i* he gives is ?is3 kn[+ t p>ticul> animals are long-liv$1 z elephant1 horse1 mule2 & f9d+ t ^! animals agree 9 hav+ no gall-bladd]2 we inf]1 by ,induction1 t all animals :i* h no gall-bladd] are long-liv$4 ,?is may be done1 he says1 if ! middle & ! second extreme are conv]tible3 z ! foll[+ =mal /atem5t may %[4 ,elephant1 horse1 mule1 c4 are long-liv$4 ,elephant1 horse1 mule1 c4 are all gall-less4 ,if we might conv]t ?is proposition1 & say ,all gall-less animals are z elephant1 horse1 mule1 c43 we might inf] syllogi/ically t ,all gall-less animals are long-liv$4 ,& ?\gh we _c inf] ?is syllogi/ically1 we inf] x by ,induction1 :5 we h a suffici5t am\nt ( in/ances#ba4 ,i h already else:]e giv5 ?is acc\nt ( ,induction1 z a process employ$ 9 ! =mation ( our k#bb4 ,:at ,i h n[ to rem>k conc]n+ ,ari/otle is1 t x does n appe> to h occurr$ to him1 t 9 e/abli%+ su* a proposition z t :i* he gives z 8 in/ance1 ! ma9 difficulty is ! discov]y ( a middle t]m :i* w all[ u to frame su* a proposition z we ne$4 ,! zoologi/ :o want$ to "k :at k9d ( animals are long-liv$1 might guess long be=e he guess$ t ! abs5ce ( ! gall-bladd] suppli$ ! requisite middle t]m2 7if ! proposition 7 true2 :i* x is n47 ,& 9 l mann] 9 o!r cases1 x is difficult to f9d a middle t]m1 :i* enables u to collect a proposition by ,induction4 ,& h]e9 consi/s ! imp]fection ( 8 view ( ! subject2 :i* consid]s ! ma9 po9t to be ! pro( ( ! proposition :5 ! conceptions are giv51 :]eas ! ma9 po9t really is1 ! discov]y ( conceptions :i* w make a true proposition possible4 #b4 ,s9ce ! ma9 *>act]i/ic ( ! /eps :i* h occurr$ 9 ! =mation ( ! physical sci5ces1 is n m]ely t !y are propositions collect$ by ,induction1 b by ! introduction ( a new conception2 x has be5 sugge/$ t x is n a *>act]i/ic designation ( ^! ,sci5ces to call !m ,inductive ,sci5ces4 ,almo/ e discov]y involves 9 x ! introduction ( a new conception1 z ! elem5t ( a new proposition2 & ! novelty ( ! conception is m *>act]i/ic ( ! /ages ( discov]y ?an ! inductive application ( x4 ,h5ce z be>+ ^u ! ,philosophy ( ,discov]y1 ! /atem5ts ( ,ari/otle conc]n+ ,induction1 ?\gh acute & valuable1 are n s valuable z !y might seem4 ,ev5 ,francis ,bacon1 x has be5 ass]t$1 err$ 9 ! same way 7& ( c\rse ) less excuse7 9 ass]t+ ,induction1 ( a c]ta9 k9d1 to be ! great in/rum5t = ! promotion ( k1 & 9 ov]look+ ! necessity ( ! ,inv5tion :i* gives ,induction its value4 #c4 ,! inv5tion or discov]y ( a conception by :i* _m facts ( obs]vation are conjo9$ s z to make !m ! mat]ials ( a proposition1 is call$ 9 ,plato1 z we h se51 f9d+ ! ,"o 9 ! ,_m4 ,9 ! passage quot$ f ! ,lat] ,analytics1 ,ari/otle uses ! same expression1 & speaks v ju/ly respect+ ! =mation ( k4 ,inde$ ! ,titles ( ! *apt]s ( ?is & _m p>ts ( ,ari/otle's works w\ld lead u to expect j su* a ,philosophy ( ,discov]y z is ! object ( our /udy at pres5t4 ,?us we h1 ,anal4 ,po/4 ,b4 ,,ii4 *ap4 #ac3 ,h[ we are to hunt 77 ! pr$ications ( a ,def9ition4 ,*ap4 #ad3 ,precepts = ! inv5tion ( ,problems & ( a ,middle ,t]m3 & ! l4 ,b :5 we come to read ^! *apt]s1 !y conta9 little t is ( value1 & resolve !mselves mo/ly into p]mutations ( ,ari/otle's logical phraseology4 #d4 ,! "p ( ! ,ari/otelian philosophy :i* has mo/ p]man5tly reta9$ its place 9 mod]n ,sci5ces is a "p ( :i* a use has be5 made q diff]5t f t :i* 0 orig9ally contemplat$4 ,! ,five words :i* are expla9$ 9 ! ,introduction to ,ari/otle's ,categories3 namely1 ! words ,g5us1 ,species1 ,diff]5ce1 ,prop]ty1 ,accid5t1 7 introduc$ ma9ly t !y might be us$ 9 ! propositions ( :i* ,syllogisms consi/1 & might ?us be ! elem5ts ( reason+4 ,b x has s happ5$ t ^! words are r>ely us$ 9 ,sci5ces ( ,reason+1 b are abundantly & commonly us$ 9 ! ,sci5ces ( ,classification1 z ,i h expla9$ 9 speak+ ( ! ,classificatory ,sci5ces#bc4 #e4 ,( ,ari/otle's actual contributions to ! ,physical ,sci5ces ,i h spok5 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ^? ,sci5ces#bd4 ,i h#be /at$ t he conceiv$ ! globul> =m ( ! e>? s cle>ly & gave s =cibly ! argum5ts = t doctr9e1 t we may look ^u him z ! mo/ effective tea*] ( x4 ,also 9 ! ,app5dix to t ,hi/ory1 publi%$ 9 ! ?ird edition1 ,i h giv5 ,ari/otle's acc\nt ( ! ,ra9b[1 z a fur!r example ( 8 indu/ri\s accumulation ( facts1 & ( 8 liability to error 9 8 facts4 #f4 ,we d n f9d ,ari/otle s mu* impress$ z we might h expect$ by t great monum5t ( ,grecian +5uity1 ! !ory ( epicycles & exc5trics :i* 8 pr$ecessor ,plato urg$ s /rongly ^u ! att5tion ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,ari/otle proves1 z ,i h said1 ! globul> =m ( ! e>? by good & suffici5t argum5ts4 ,he also proves by argum5ts :i* seem to him q conclusive#bf1 t ! e>? is 9 ! c5t] ( ! univ]se1 & immoveable4 ,z to ! motions ( ! re/ ( ! planets1 he says little4 ,! que/ions ( _! ord]1 & _! di/ances1 & ! l1 belong1 he says1 to ,a/rology#bg4 ,he rem>ks only t ! revolution ( ! heav5 itself1 ! out]mo/ revolution1 is simple & ! quicke/ ( all3 t ! revolutions ( ! o!rs are sl[]1 ea* mov+ 9 a direction opposite to ! heav5 9 its own circle3 & t x is reasonable t ^? :i* are ne>e/ to ! fir/ revolution %\ld take ! longe/ "t 9 describ+ _! own circle1 & ^? t are fur!/ (f1 ! lea/ "t1 & ! int]m$iate ones 9 ! ord] ( _! di/ances1 z also ! ma!maticians %[4 ,9 ! ,metaphysics#bh he enum]ates ! circul> movem5ts :i* _h be5 introduc$ by ! a/ronom]s ,eudoxus & ,calippus = ! explanation ( ! ph5om5a pres5t$ by ! sun1 moon & planets4 ,^!1 he says1 am\nt to fifty-five2 & ?is1 he says1 mu/ be ! numb] ( ess5ces & pr9ciples :i* exi/ 9 ! univ]se4 #g4 ,9 ! ,sci5ces ( ,classification1 & especially 9 ! classification ( animals1 high] claims h be5 made = ,ari/otle1 :i* ,i h discuss$ 9 ! ,hi/ory#bi4 ,i h !re attempt$ to %[ t ,ari/otle's classification1 inasmu* z x enum]ates all ! p>ts ( animals1 may be said to conta9 ! mat]ials ( e subsequ5t classification3 b t x _c be said to anticipate any mod]n sy/em1 because ! diff]5t grades ( classification are n made subord9ate to "o ano!r z a sy/em ( classification requires4 ,i h ! satisfaction ( f9d+ ,mr4 ,ow5 agree+ ) me 9 ^! views#cj4 #h4 ,francis ,bacon's criticism on ,ari/otle :i* ,i h quot$ 9 ! ,app5dix to ! ,hi/ory#ca1 is sev]e1 & ,i ?9k evid5tly ! result ( prejudice4 ,he disp>ages ,ari/otle 9 comp>ison ) ! o!r philosoph]s ( ,greece4 ',_! sy/ems1' he says1 '_h "s sav\r ( exp]i5ce1 & nature1 & bodily ?+s2 :ile ! ,physics ( ,ari/otle1 9 g5]al1 s\nd only ( ,logical ,t]ms4 ',nor let anyone be mov$ by ?is3 t 9 8 books ,( ,animals1 & 9 8 ,problems1 & 9 o!rs ( 8 tracts1 !re is (t5 a quot+ ( exp]im5ts4 ,= he _h made up 8 m9d be=eh&2 & did n consult exp]i5ce 9 ord] to make "r propositions & axioms1 b :5 he _h settl$ 8 sy/em to 8 w1 he twi/$ exp]i5ce r\nd & made h] b5d to 8 sy/em4' ,i d n ?9k t ?is c be said ) any tru?4 ,i "k no in/ances 9 :i* ,ari/otle has twi/$ exp]i5ce r\nd1 & made h] b5d to 8 sy/em4 ,9 8 ,problems1 he is s f> f giv+ dogmatical solutions ( ! que/ions propos$1 t 9 mo/ cases1 he prop\nds two or ?ree solutions z m]e sugge/ions & conjectures4 ,& bo? 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,animals1 z ,i h said1 & 9 o!rs ( 8 works1 ! want ( sy/em gives !m an incoh]5t & tumultu>y "*1 :i* ev5 a false sy/em w\ld h advantage\sly remov$2 =1 z ,i h said else:]e1 x is easi] to translate a false sy/em into a true "o1 ?an to introduce sy/em into a mass ( confusion4 #i4 ,x is curi\s t a fundam5tal error into :i* ,ari/otle fell 9 8 view ( ! conditions :i* det]m9e ! =mation ( ,sci5ce is v ne>ly ! same z "o ( ,francis ,bacon's lead+ mi/akes4 ,ari/otle says1 t ,sci5ce consi/s 9 kn[+ ! causes ( ?+s1 z ,bacon aims at acquir+ a k ( ! =ms or ess5ces ( ?+s & _! qualities4 ,b ! hi/ory ( all ! sci5ces tea*es u t sci5ces d n beg9 ) su* k1 & t 9 few cases only d !y ev] atta9 to x4 ,sci5ces beg9 by a k ( ! laws ( ph5om5a1 & proce$ by ! discov]y ( ! sci5tific ideas by :i* ! ph5om5a are colligat$1 z ,i h %[n 9 o!r works#cb4 ,! discov]y ( causes is n beyond ! human p[]s1 z "s h taught4 ,^? :o ?us speak disreg>d ! lessons taught by ! hi/ory ( ,physical ,a/ronomy1 ( ,geology1 ( ,physical ,optics1 ,!rmotics & o!r sci5ces4 ,b ! discov]y ( causes1 & ( ! ess5tial =ms ( qualities1 is a triumph res]v$ = ! lat] /ages ( ea* ,sci5ce1 :5 ! k ( ! laws ( ph5om5a has already made great progress4 ,x 0 n to be expect$ t ,ari/otle w\ld disc]n ?is tru?1 :51 z yet1 !re 0 no ,sci5ce extant 9 :i* x _h be5 exemplifi$4 ,yet 9 ,a/ronomy1 ! !ory ( epicycles & exc5trics _h imm5se value1 & ev5 has /ill1 z repres5t+ ! laws ( ph5om5a2 :ile ! attempt to f9d 9 x1 z ,ari/otle wi%$ to d1 ! ultimate causes ( ! motions ( ! univ]se1 c\ld only mislead4 ,! ,ari/otelian maxim1 :i* s\nds s plausible1 & has be5 s g5]ally accept$1 t to "k truly is to "k ! causes ( ?+s1 is a bad guide 9 sci5tific rese>*4 ,in/ead ( x we might sub/itute ?is3 t ?\gh we may aspire to "k at la/ :y ?+s are1 we mu/ be cont5t = a long "t ) kn[+ h[ !y are4 #aj4 ,h5ce if we are ask$ :e!r ,plato or ,ari/otle _h ! tru] views ( ! nature & prop]ty ( ,sci5ce1 we mu/ give ! pref]5ce to ,plato2 = ?\gh 8 notion ( a real ,intelligible ,_w1 ( :i* ! ,visible _w 0 a fleet+ & *angeable %ad[1 0 extravagant1 yet x l$ him to seek to det]m9e ! =ms ( ! ,intelligible ,?+s1 :i* are really ! laws ( visible ph5om5a2 :ile ,ari/otle 0 l$ to pass lightly ov] su* laws1 because !y did n at once reveal ! causes :i* produc$ ! ph5om5a4 #aa4 ,ari/otle1 ?r\gh\t 8 works1 takes num]\s occasions to argue aga9/ ,plato's doctr9e ( ,ideas4 ,yet ^! ,ideas1 s f> z !y 7 ! ,intelligible ,=ms ( ,visible ,?+s1 7 really fit objects ( philosophical rese>*2 & ! se>* aft] !m _h a p[]ful influ5ce 9 promot+ ! progress ( ,sci5ce4 ,& we may see 9 ! effect ( ?is se>* ! answ] to _m ( ,ari/otle's /ronge/ argum5ts4 ,= in/ance1 ,ari/otle says t ,plato1 by way ( expla9+ ?+s1 adds to !m z _m ,ideas1 & t ?is is j z if a man hav+ to reckon a l>ge numb]1 7 to beg9 by add+ to x ano!r l>ge numb]4 ,x is pla9 t to ?is we may reply1 t ! adopt+ ! ,ideas ( ,cycles1 along ) ! motions ( ! ,planets1 does really expla9 ! motions2 & t ! ,cycles are n simply add$ to ! ph5om5a1 b include & sup]s$e ! ph5om5a3 a f9ite numb] ( ,cycles include & repres5t an inf9ite numb] ( sep>ate ph5om5a4 ,to ,ari/otle's argum5t t ,ideas _c be ! ,causes or ,pr9ciples ( ,?+s1 we %\ld reply1 t ?\gh !y _c be ?is1 !y may nev]!less be1 & mu/ be1 ! ,conditions & ,pr9ciples ( our ,k1 :i* is :at we want !m to be4 ,i h giv5 an acc\nt ( ! ma9 features ( ,ari/otle's philosophy1 s f> z x conc]ns ! ,physical ,sci5ces1 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces1 ,book ,i4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bj3 ,analyt4 ,prior4 ii4 #be4 ,footnote #ba3 ,see on ?is subject ,app5dix1 ,essay ,d4 ,footnote #bb3 ,see ! *apt] on ,c]ta9 ,*>act]i/ics ( ,sci5tific ,induction 9 ! ,phil4 ,ind4 ,sc4 or 9 ! ,nov4 ,org4 ,r5ov4 ,footnote #bc3 ,phil4 ,ind4 ,sc4 b4 viii4 c4 i4 art4 #aa1 or ,hi/4 ,sc4 ,id4 b4 viii4 ,footnote #bd3 ,b4 i4 c4 xi4 sect4 #b4 ,footnote #be3 ,b4 iii4 c4 i4 sect4 #i4 ,footnote #bf3 ,de ,clo1 ii4 #ac4 ,footnote #bg3 ,ibid4 ii4 #aj4 ,footnote #bh3 xii4 #h4 ,footnote #bi3 ,b4 xvi4 c4 vi4 ,footnote #cj3 ,on ! ,classification ( ,mammalia1 c43 a ,lecture deliv]$ at ,cambridge1 ,may #aj1 #ahei1 p4 #c4 ,footnote #ca3 ,b4 i4 c4 xi4 ,footnote #cb3 ,hi/ory ( ,sci5tific ,ideas1 & ,novum ,organum ,r5ovatum4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,lat] ,,greeks4 ,?us :ile ,plato 0 dispos$ to seek ! ess5ce ( our k 9 ,ideas alone1 ,ari/otle1 slight+ ?is s\rce ( tru?1 look$ to ,exp]i5ce z ! beg9n+ ( ,sci5ce2 & he attempt$ to obta91 by division & d$uction1 all t ,exp]i5ce did n imm$iately supply4 ,& ?us1 ) ^! two great names1 began t /ruggle ( opposite op9ions :i* has ev] s9ce t "t agitat$ ! speculative _w1 z m5 h urg$ ! claims ( ,ideas or ( ,exp]i5ce to our respect1 & z alt]nately ea* ( ^! elem5ts ( k has be5 elevat$ above its due place1 :ile ! o!r has be5 unduly depress$4 ,we %all see ! successive turns ( ?is balanc$ /ruggle 9 ! rema9+ portions ( ?is review4 ,b we may obs]ve t practically ! influ5ce ( ,plato pr$om9at$ r ?an t ( ,ari/otle1 9 ! rema9+ "p ( ! hi/ory ( anci5t philosophy4 ,x 01 inde$1 an habitual subject ( dispute among m5 ( lett]s1 :e!r ! s\rces ( true k are to be f\nd 9 ! ,s5ses or 9 ! ,m9d2 ! ,epicureans tak+ "o side ( ?is alt]native1 & ! ,academics ano!r1 :ile ! ,/oics 9 a c]ta9 mann] includ$ bo? elem5ts 9 _! view4 ,b none ( ^! sects %[$ _! p]suasion t ! mat]ials ( k 7 to be f\nd 9 ! doma9 ( ,s5se1 by seek+ !m !re4 ,no "o appe>s to h ?\ght ( foll[+ ! example ( ,ari/otle1 & ga!r+ toge!r a /ore ( obs]v$ facts4 ,we may except1 p]haps1 ass]tions belong+ to "s prov9ces ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 :i* 7 collect$ by v>i\s writ]s3 b 9 ^!1 ! mix$ "* ( ! /atem5ts1 ! want ( discrim9ation 9 ! e/imate ( evid5ce1 ! cr$ulity & love ( ! m>vell\s :i* ! au?ors = ! mo/ "p display$1 %[$ t in/ead ( improv+ ^u ! example ( ,ari/otle1 !y 7 w&]+ fur!r & fur!r f ! pa? ( real k4 ,& :ile !y ?us collect$1 ) s little judgm5t1 su* /atem5ts z (f]$ !mselves1 x h>dly appe>s to h occurr$ to any "o to enl>ge ! /ores ( obs]vation by ! aid ( exp]im5t2 & to le>n :at ! laws ( nature 71 by try+ :at 7 _! results 9 p>ticul> cases4 ,!y us$ no in/rum5ts = obta9+ an insight into ! con/itution ( ! univ]se1 except logical di/9ctions & discussions2 & proce$$ z if ! ph5om5a famili> to _! pr$ecessors mu/ conta9 all t 0 ne$$ z a basis = natural philosophy4 ,by ?us cont5t+ !mselves ) ! facts :i* ! e>li] philosoph]s _h contemplat$1 !y 7 l$ also to conf9e !mselves to ! ideas :i* ^? philosoph]s _h put =?4 ,= all ! mo/ rem>kable alt]natives ( hypo!sis1 s f> z !y c\ld be con/ruct$ ) a slight & common k ( ph5om5a1 _h be5 promulgat$ by ! acute & pr(\nd ?9k]s :o gave ! fir/ impulse to philosophy3 & x 0 n giv5 to man to add mu* to ! orig9al inv5tions ( _! m9ds till he _h und]gone anew a long discipl9e ( obs]vation1 & ( ?\ght employ$ ^u obs]vation4 ,?us ! lat] au?ors ( ! ,greek ,s*ools became little bett] ?an comm5tators on ! e>li]2 & ! commonplaces ) :i* ! diff]5t s*ools c>ri$ on _! debates1--! con/antly recurr+ argum5t1 ) its kn[n att5dant answ]1--! di/9ctions drawn f9] & f9] & lead+ to no?+1--r5d] ! speculations ( ^? times a s*ola/ic philosophy1 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* we employ ! t]m :5 we speak ( ! lab\rs ( ! middle ages4 ,x w be und]/ood t ,i n[ ref] to t :i* is "h my subject1 ! op9ions conc]n+ our k ( nature1 & ! me?ods 9 use = ! purpose ( obta9+ su* k4 ,:e!r ! moral speculations ( ! anci5t _w 7 ( ! same /ation>y k9d1 go+ _! r\nd 9 a limit$ circle1 l _! metaphysics & physics1 mu/ be consid]$ on "s o!r occasion4 #cc ,mr4 ,grote1 9 8 v int]e/+ discussion ( ,socrates's tea*+1 notices also#cd ! tea*+ ( ,hippocrates1 :i* he conceives to h 9 "o respect ! same t5d5cy z ! philosophy ( ,socrates2 namely1 to turn away f ! vague aggregate ( doctr9es & guesses :i* con/itut$ ! ,physical ,philosophy ( t "t1 & to pursue in/ead a special & m practical c\rse ( inquiry3 ,hippocrates select+ ,m$ic9e & ,socrates select+ ,e?ics4 ,by ?is limitation ( _! subject1 !y avoid$ "s ( ! errors ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,=1 z ,mr4 ,grote has also rem>k$1 ! e>li] speculators1 ,anaxagoras1 ,emp$ocles1 ,democritus1 ! ,py?agoreans1 all _h /ill pres5t to _! m9ds ! va/ & undivid$ problems :i* h be5 transmitt$ d[n f ! old poets2 b5d+ _! m9ds to ! inv5tion ( "s sy/em :i* w\ld expla9 !m all at once1 or assi/ ! imag9ation 9 conceiv+ bo? h[ ! ,kosmos fir/ began & h[ x cont9u$ to move on4 ,!re c\ld be no bett] rem$y = ?is ambiti\s error ( ! human m9d ?an to h a def9ite subject ( /udy1 su* z ! diseases & ! heal? ( ! human body4 ,accord+ly1 we see t ! /udy ( m$ic9e did draw its cultivators away f ?is anci5t b unpr(itable field4 ,hippocrates#ce condemns ^? :o1 z ,emp$ocles1 set !mselves to make out :at man 0 f ! beg9n+1 h[ he began fir/ to exi/1 & 9 :at mann] he 0 con/ruct$4 ,?is is1 he says1 no "p ( m$ic9e4 ,9 l mann] he blames & refutes ^? :o make "s simple elem5t1 ,hot1 or ,cold1 or ,moi/1 or ,dry1 ! cause ( diseases1 & give m$ical precepts pr(ess+ to be f\nd$ on ?is hypo!sis4 ,^! passages are m>k$ by ! prud5ce :i* practical /udy sugge/s to a calm & cle>-sight$ man4 ,!y c h>dly be said to h op5$ ! way to a ,sci5ce ( ,m$ic9e2 = 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we "h use ! ^w ,sci5ce1 namely1 a collection ( g5]al tru?s inf]r$ f facts by successive discov]]s1 we h ev5 yet no ,sci5ce ( ,m$ic9e4 ,! "q ) reg>d to ! numb] & nature ( ! ,elem5ts ( :i* bodies are compos$ began to be agitat$1 z we h se51 at a v e>ly p]iod ( ,greek philosophy1 & cont9u$ long to be reg>d$ z a *ief po9t ( physiological doctr9e4 ,9 ,gal5's "w we h a treatise entitl$1 ,on ! ,elem5ts accord+ to ,hippocrates2 & ! writ] expla9s#cf t ?\gh ,hippocrates has n writt5 any "w ) ! title ,on ! ,elem5ts1 yet t he has 9 8 ,treatise on ! ,nature ( ,man %[n 8 op9ion on t subject4 ,t ! doctr9e ( ! ,f\r ,elem5ts1 ,hot1 ,cold1 ,moi/1 ,dry1 subsi/$ long 9 ! s*ools1 we h evid5ce 9 ,gal54 ,he tells u#cg t :5 he 0 a /ud5t ( n9ete5 ye>s old a tea*] urg$ ?is lore ^u him1 & reg>d$ him z v cont5ti\s & p]v]se1 because he (f]$ objections to x4 ,8 acc\nt ( ! ,dialogue betwe5 him & ! tea*] is curi\s4 ,b 9 ,hippocrates ! doctr9e ( ^! f\r elem5ts is replac$1 9 a great measure1 by ! doctr9e ( ! ,f\r ,hum\rs ( :i* ! human body is con/itut$2 namely1 ,blood1 ,phlegm1 ,yell[ ,bile & ,black ,bile4 ,gal5 dwells ) emphasis ^u ,hippocrates's pro( t !re mu/ be m ?an "o su* elem5t#ch4 ,:at1 he asks1 is ! me?od ( f9d+ ! ,elem5ts ( bodies8 ,!re c1 9 my op9ion1 be no o!r ?an t :i* 0 introduc$ by ,hippocrates2 namely1 we mu/ inquire :e!r !re be only "o elem5t1 ev]y:]e ! same 9 k9d1 or :e!r !re are m ?an "o1 v>i\s & unlike ea* o!r4 ,& if ! ,elem5t be n "o only1 b sev]al1 v>i\s & dissimil>1 we mu/ inquire 9 ! second place1 h[ _m elem5ts !re are1 & :at1 & ( :at k9d !y are1 & h[ relat$ 9 _! association4 ,n[ t ! ,fir/ ,elem5t is n "o only ( :i* bo? our bodies & ^? ( all o!r creatures 7 produc$1 ,hippocrates %[s f ^! consid]ations4 ,& x is bett] fir/ to put d[n 8 own expressions & !n to exp\nd !m4 ',i ass]t t if man consi/$ ( "o elem5t only he c\ld n fall sick2 = !re w\ld be no?+ :i* c\ld d]ange 8 heal?1 if he 7 all ( "o ,elem5t4' ,! doctr9e ( ,"o ,elem5t did n prevail mu* aft] ! "t ( ,hippocrates3 ! doctr9e ( ,f\r ,elem5ts cont9u$1 z ,i h said1 long to hold possession ( ! ,s*ools1 b does n appe> z an important "p ( ! doctr9e ( ,hippocrates4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,f\r ,hum\rs 7,blood1 ,phlegm1 ,yell[ ,bile & ,black ,bile7 is m peculi>ly 81 & long reta9$ its place z a pr9ciple ( physiological ,sci5ce4 ,b we are "h n s mu* conc]n$ ) 8 discov]ies 9 m$ic9e z ) 8 views respect+ ! me?od ( acquir+ s\nd k1 & 9 ?is respect1 z has be5 said1 he recomm5ds by 8 practice a prud5t limitation ( ! field ( inquiry1 a rejection ( wide1 ambiti\s1 g5]al ass]tions1 & a practical /udy ( 8 prop] field4 ,9 ascrib+ ^! m]its to ,hippocrates's m$ical speculations z to ! e?ical speculations ( 8 contempor>y ,socrates1 we assign consid]able philosophical value to ,hippocrates1 no less ?an to ,socrates4 ,^! m]its 7 at t "t ! great virtues ( physical z well z ( e?ical philosophy4 ,b1 z ,mr4 ,grote well obs]ves1 ! community ( "* :i* !n subsi/$ betwe5 ! physical & e?ical speculations prevail+ at t "t1 ceas$ to obta9 9 lat] times4 ,inde$1 x ceas$ to exi/ j at t "t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! e/abli%m5t ( sci5tific a/ronomy by ! ex]tions ( ,plato & 8 contempor>ies4 ,f t "t ! ,common ,s5se 7z we call x7 ( a man l ,socrates1 ?\gh x might be a good guide 9 e?ics1 0 n a good guide 9 physics4 ,i h %[n else:]e#ci h[ ! ,common ,s5se ( ,socrates 0 wor?less 9 matt]s ( a/ronomy4 ,f t "t "o ( ! great intellectual lessons 01 t 9 ord] to und]/& ! ext]nal _w1 we mu/ inde$ obs]ve c>efully1 b we mu/ also guess boldly4 ,discov]y "h requir$ an inv5tive m9d l ,plato's to deal ) & arrange new & v>i$ facts4 ,b 9 e?ics all ! facts 7 old & famili>1 & ! g5]alizations ( language by :i* !y 7 gr\p$ z ,virtues & ,vices1 & ! l1 7 common & well-kn[n words4 ,"h 0 no room = inv5tion2 & ?us 9 ! e?ical speculations ( ,socrates or ( any o!r moral tea*]1 we are n to look = any contributions to ! ,philosophy ( ,discov]y4 ,nor d ,i f9d any?+ on ?is subject among lat] ,greek writ]s1 beyond ! comm5dation ( su* intellectual virtues z ,hippocrates & ,gal51 & o!r m$ical writ]s1 s*ool$ by ! practice ( _! art1 enjo9$ & prais$4 ,b be=e we quit ! anci5ts ,i w po9t out "s peculi>ities :i* may be notic$ 9 ! ,roman disciples ( ! ,greek philosophy4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #cc3 ,! rema9d] ( ?is *apt] is new 9 ! pres5t edition4 ,footnote #cd3 ,hi/4 ( ,greece1 ,"p ii4 *ap4 #fh4 ,footnote #ce3 ,de ,antiqua ,m$ic9a1 c4 #bj4 ,footnote #cf3 ,lib4 i4 c4 #i4 ,footnote #cg3 ,de ,elem4 i4 #f4 ,footnote #ch3 ,9 =m] editions ,i h n done ju/ice to ?is passage4 ,footnote #ci3 ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,sc4 ,addition to ,introduction 9 ,?ird ,edition4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,romans4 ,! ,romans _h no philosophy b t :i* !y borr[$ f ! ,greeks2 & :at !y ?us receiv$1 !y h>dly made entirely _! own4 ,! va/ & pr(\nd "q ( :i* we h be5 speak+1 ! relation betwe5 ,exi/5ce & our ,k ( :at exi/s1 !y nev] appe> to h fa?om$1 ev5 s f> z to disc]n h[ wide & deep x is4 ,9 ! developm5t ( ! ideas by :i* nature is to be und]/ood1 !y w5t no fur!r ?an _! ,greek ma/]s _h gone1 nor inde$ 0 m to be look$ =4 ,& 9 ! practical habit ( accumulat+ obs]v$ facts z mat]ials = k1 !y 7 mu* less discrim9at+ & m cr$ul\s ?an _! ,greek pr$ecessors4 ,! desc5t f ,ari/otle to ,pl9y1 9 ! judici\sness ( ! au?ors & ! value ( _! collections ( facts1 is imm5se4 ,s9ce ! ,romans 7 ?us s]vile foll[]s ( _! ,greek tea*]s1 & little acqua9t$ ) any example ( new tru?s collect$ f ! _w ar\nd !m1 x 0 n to be expect$ t !y c\ld h any j conception ( t long & magnific5t asc5t f "o set ( tru?s to o!rs ( high] ord] & wid] compass1 :i* ! hi/ory ( sci5ce began to exhibit :5 ! human m9d recov]$ its progressive habits4 ,yet "s dim pres5tim5t ( ! spl5did c>e] ?us de/9$ = ! intellect ( man appe>s f "t to "t to h aris5 9 _! m9ds4 ,p]haps ! circum/ance :i* mo/ p[]fully contribut$ to sugge/ ?is vision1 0 ! va/ intellectual progress :i* !y 7 !mselves consci\s ( hav+ made1 ?r\gh ! introduction ( ! ,greek philosophy2 & to ?is may be add$1 p]haps1 "s o!r features ( national "*4 ,_! temp] 0 too /ubborn to acquiesce 9 ! absolute au?ority ( ! ,greek philosophy1 al?\gh _! m9ds 7 n inv5tive en\gh to e/abli% a rival by its side4 ,& ! wond]ful progress ( _! political p[] _h giv5 !m a hope 9 ! progress ( man :i* ! ,greeks nev] possess$4 ,! ,roman1 z he believ$ ! =tune ( 8 ,/ate to be de/9$ = et]nity1 believ$ also 9 ! immortal de/9y & endless advance ( t ,intellectual ,republic ( :i* he _h be5 admitt$ a d5iz54 ,x is easy to f9d examples ( su* feel+s z ,i h endeav\r$ to describe4 ,! en?usiasm ) :i* ,lucretius & ,virgil speak ( physical k1 manife/ly arises 9 a great measure f ! delight :i* !y _h felt 9 becom+ acqua9t$ ) ! ,greek !ories4 ,me v]o primum dulces ante omnia ,mus ,qu>um sacra f]o +5ti p]culsus amore ,accipiant1 clique vias et sid]a mon/r5t1 ,defectus ,solis v>ios1 ,lunque labores6444 ,felix qui potuit r]um cognosc]e causas6 ,ye sacr$ ,muses1 ) ^: beauty fir'd1 ,my s\l is ravi%t & my bra9 inspir'd3 ,^: ,prie/ ,i am1 ^: holy fillets we>1 ,w\ld y y\r ,poet's fir/ petition he>1 ,give me ! ways ( w&'r+ />s to "k1 ,! dep? ( ,heav5 above & ,e>? bel[2 ,tea* me ! v>i\s lab\rs ( ! ,moon1 ,& :5ce proce$ ?' eclipses ( ! ,sun2 ,:y fl[+ ,tides prevail ^u ! ma91 ,& 9 :at d>k abyss !y %r9k aga92 ,:at %akes ! solid ,e>?2 :at cause delays ,! ,summ] ,nights2 & %ort5s ,w9t] ,days4444 ,happy ! man :o1 /udy+ ,nature's ,laws1 ,?r\gh kn[n effects c trace ! secret cause6 ,ovid#dj expresses a simil> feel+4 ,felices animos quibus hc cognosc]e primis ,inque domos sup]as sc&]e cura fuit6444 ,admov]e oculis di/antia sid]a no/ris !raque +5io supposu]e suo4 ,sic petitur clum3 non ut f]at ,ossam ,olympus ,summaque ,peliacus sid]a tanget apex4 ,?rice happy s\ls6 to :om 'twas giv5 to rise ,to tru?s l ^!1 & scale ! spangl$ skies6 ,f> di/ant />s to cle>e/ view !y br\ght1 ,& girdl$ e!r ) _! *a9 ( ?\ght4 ,s heav5 is rea*$3--n z ( old !y tri$ ,by m\nta9s pil$ on m\nta9s 9 _! pride4 ,& f ! :ole t5\r ( ^! & simil> passages1 x is evid5t t ! intellectual pleasure :i* arises f our fir/ introduction to a beautiful physical !ory _h a ma9 %>e 9 produc+ ?is en?usiasm at ! contemplation ( ! victories ( sci5ce2 al?\gh und\bt$ly ! moral philosophy1 :i* 0 nev] sep>at$ f ! natural philosophy1 & ! triumph ov] sup]/iti\s fe>s1 :i* a k ( nature 0 suppos$ to furni%1 add$ w>m? to ! feel+ ( exultation4 ,we may trace a simil> impression 9 ! ard5t expressions :i* ,pl9y#da makes use ( 9 speak+ ( ! e>ly a/ronom]s1 & :i* we h quot$ 9 ! ,hi/ory4 ,great m56 elevat$ above ! common /&>d ( human nature1 by discov]+ ! laws :i* cele/ial occurr5ces obey1 & by free+ ! wret*$ m9d ( man f ! fe>s :i* eclipses inspir$4 ,?is exult+ contemplation ( :at sci5ce _h done1 naturally l$ ! m9d to an anticipation ( fur!r a*ievem5ts /ill to be p]=m$4 ,expressions ( ?is feel+ occur 9 ,s5eca1 & are ( ! mo/ rem>kable k9d1 z ! foll[+ example w %[#db3 ,:y d we wond] t comets1 s r>e a ph5om5on1 h n yet _h _! laws assign$8--t we %\ld "k s little ( _! beg9n+ & _! end1 :5 _! recurr5ce is at wide int]vals8 ,x is n yet fifte5 hundr$ ye>s s9ce ,greece1 ,/ellis num]os et nom9a fecit1 'reckon$ ! />s1 & gave !m names4' ,!re are /ill _m nations :i* are acqua9t$ ) ! heav5s by sight only2 :i* d n yet "k :y ! moon disappe>s1 :y %e is eclips$4 ,x is b lately t among u philosophy has r$uc$ ^! matt]s to a c]ta9ty4 ,! day %all come :5 ! c\rse ( "t & ! lab\r ( a matur] age %all br+ to light :at is yet conceal$4 ,"o g5]ation1 ev5 if x devot$ itself to ! skies1 is n en\gh = rese>*es s ext5sive4 ,h[ !n c x be s1 :5 we divide ?is scanty all[ance ( ye>s into no equal %>es betwe5 our /udies & our vices8 ,^! ?+s !n mu/ be expla9$ by a long succession ( inquiries4 ,we h b j begun to "k h[ arise ! morn+ & ev5+ appe>ances1 ! /ations1 ! progressions1 & ! retrogradations ( ! fix$ />s :i* put !mselves 9 our way2--:i* appe>+ p]petually 9 ano!r & ano!r place compel u to be curi\s4 ,"s "o w h]eaft] demon/rate 9 :at region ! comets w&]2 :y !y move s f> asund] f ! re/2 ( :at size & nature !y are4 ,let u be cont5t ) :at we h discov]$3 let po/]ity contribute its %>e to tru?4 ,aga9 he adds#dc 9 ! same /ra93 ,let u n wond] t :at lies s deep is br\ght out s sl[ly4 ,h[ _m animals h become kn[n = ! fir/ "t 9 ?is age6 ,& ! memb]s ( future g5]ations %all "k _m ( :i* we are ignorant4 ,_m ?+s are res]v$ = ages to come1 :5 our memory %all h pass$ away4 ,! _w w\ld be a small ?+ inde$1 if x did n conta9 matt] ( inquiry = all ! _w4 ,eleusis res]ves some?+ = ! second visit ( ! wor%ipp]4 ,s too ,nature does n at once disclose all ,,h] my/]ies4 ,we ?9k ourselves initiat$2 we are b 9 ! ve/ibule4 ,! arcana are n ?r[n op5 )\t di/9ction & )\t res]ve4 ,?is age w see "s ?+s2 t :i* comes aft] u1 o!rs4 ,:ile we admire ! happy co9cid5ce ( ^! conjectures ) ! s\nde/ views :i* ! hi/ory ( sci5ce tea*es u1 we mu/ n =get t !y are m]ely conjectures1 sugge/$ by v vague impressions1 & associat$ ) v scanty conceptions ( ! laws ( nature4 ,s5eca's ,natural ,que/ions1 f :i* ! above extract is tak51 conta9s a s]ies ( diss]tations on v>i\s subjects ( ,natural ,philosophy2 z ,meteors1 ,ra9b[s1 ,lightn+s1 ,spr+s1 ,riv]s1 ,sn[1 ,hail1 ,ra91 ,w9d1 ,e>?quakes & ,comets4 ,9 ! :ole ( ^! diss]tations1 ! /atem5ts are loose1 & ! explanations ( little or no value4 ,p]haps x may be wor? our :ile to notice a case 9 :i* he ref]s to an obs]vation ( 8 own1 al?\gh 8 conclusion f x be errone\s4 ,he is argu+#dd aga9/ ! op9ion t ,spr+s arise f ! wat] :i* falls 9 ra94 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he says1 ,i1 a v dilig5t digg] 9 my v9ey>d1 affirm t no ra9 is s heavy z to moi/5 ! e>? to ! dep? ( m ?an t5 feet4 ,all ! moi/ure is consum$ 9 ?is out] cru/1 & desc5ds n to ! l[] "p4 ,we h "h some?+ ( ! nature ( an exp]im5t2 & inde$1 z we may readily conceive1 ! in/9ct :i* impels man to seek tru? by exp]im5t c nev] be altoge!r ext+ui%$4 ,s5eca's exp]im5t 0 depriv$ ( its value by ! indi/9ctness ( 8 ideas1 :i* l$ him to re/ 9 ! crude conception ( ! wat] be+ consum$ 9 ! sup]ficial cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,x is unnecess>y to pursue fur!r ! reason+s ( ! ,romans on su* subjects1 & we n[ proce$ to ! ages :i* succe$$ ! fall ( _! empire4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #dj3 ,lib4 i4 ,fa/4 ,footnote #da3 ,hi/4 ,nat4 i4 #ge4 ,footnote #db3 ,qu/4 ,nat4 vii4 #be4 ,footnote #dc3 ,qu/4 ,nat4 vii4 #cj1 #ca4 ,footnote #dd3 ,ibid4 iii4 #g4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,arabian ,,philosoph]s4 ,i h notic$ c]ta9 additions to ,physical ,sci5ce made by ! ,arabians2 namely1 9 ,a/ronomy#de4 ,! discov]y ( ! motion ( ! ,sun's ,apogee by ,albategnius1 & ! discov]y ( ! ,moon's ,v>iation by ,ab\l-,wefa2 & 9 ,optics#df ! ass]tion ( ,alhaz5 t ! angle ( refraction is n proportional to ! angle ( incid5ce1 z ,ptolemy _h suppos$3 & c]ta9 /eps 9 ! philosophy ( vision4 ,we mu/ also suppose1 z ! ,arabic ^w alkali rem9ds u1 t ! ,arabians contribut$ to lay ! f\ndations ( *emi/ry4 ,! "q :i* we h "h to ask is1 :e!r ! ,arabians made any /eps beyond _! pr$ecessors 9 ! philosophy ( discov]y4 ,& to ?is "q1 ,i conceive ! answ] mu/ be ?is3 t among !m z among ! ,greeks1 ^? :o practically obs]v$ nature1 & especially ^? :o made discov]ies 9 ,sci5ce1 mu/ h _h a practical acqua9tance ) "s ( ! maxims :i* are exemplifi$ 9 ! =mation ( ,sci5ce4 ,to discov] t ! ,apogee ( ! ,sun 0 #ag degrees di/ant f ! po9t :]e ,ptolemy _h plac$ x1 ,albategnius made c>eful obs]vations1 & ref]r$ !m to ! !ory ( ! ecc5tric1 s z to v]ify or correct t !ory4 ,& :51 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 ,arza*el f\nd ! ,apogee to be less advanc$ ?an ,albategnius _h f\nd x1 he proce$$ aga9 to correct ! !ory by introduc+ a new movem5t ( ! equ9octial po9ts1 :i* 0 call$ ! ,trepidation4 ,x appe>$ aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 t1 9 do+ ?is1 he _h _h too mu* confid5ce 9 ! obs]vations ( 8 pr$ecessors1 & t no su* movem5t z ! ,trepidation really exi/$4 ,9 l mann] to correct ,ptolemy's law ( refraction1 ,alhaz5 _h rec\rse to exp]im5t3 b he did n put 8 exp]im5ts 9 ! =m ( a ,table1 z ,ptolemy _h done4 ,if he _h done ?is1 he might possibly h discov]$ ! law ( s9es1 :i* ,snell aft]w>ds discov]$4 ,b ?\gh ! ,arabian philosoph]s ?us1 9 "s cases1 obs]v$ facts1 & ref]r$ ^? facts to g5]al ma!matical laws1 x does n appe> t !y 7 l$ to put 9 any new or /rik+ g5]al =m su* maxims z ?is3 ,t ! progress ( ,sci5ce consi/s 9 ! exact obs]vation ( facts & 9 colligat+ !m by ideas4 ,^? ( !m :o 7 dissatisfi$ ) ! exi/+ philosophy z b>r5 & useless 7= in/ance ,algazel#dg71 7 l$ to po9t at ! faults & contradictions ( t philosophy1 b did n attempt1 s f> z ,i "k1 to sub/itute = x any?+ bett]4 ,if !y reject$ ,ari/otle's ,organon1 !y did n attempt to con/ruct a new ,organon = !mselves4 ,inde$ !y d n appe> ev5 to h _h suffici5t confid5ce 9 ! real tru? ( ! a/ronomical !ories :i* !y _h adopt$ f ! ,greeks1 always to correct & ext5d ^? :]e _! obs]vations %[$ t !y requir$ correction & ext5sion4 ,sometimes !y did ?is1 b n g5]ally en\gh4 ,:5 ,arza*el f\nd by obs]vation ! ,apogee ( ! ,sun to be situat$ too f> back1 he v5tur$ to correct ,ptolemy's /atem5t ( its motion4 ,b :5 ,ab\l-,wefa _h really discov]$ ! ,v>iation ( ! ,moon's motion1 he did n express x by means ( an epicycle4 ,if he _h done s1 he w\ld h made x unnecess>y = ,ty*o ,brahe at a lat] p]iod to make ! same discov]y4 ,! moral ( ?is incid5t is ! same moral :i* we h p]petually to note z taught u at e /ep by ! hi/ory ( ,sci5ce3--namely1 ! necessity ( con/ant1 c>eful & exact obs]vation ( ,facts2 & ! advantage ( devis+ a ,!ory1 7ev5 if x h to be aft]w>ds reject$17 by :i* ! ,facts %all be b\nd toge!r into a coh]5t :ole4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #de3 ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,sc4 b4 iii4 c4 iv4 sect4 #h4 ,footnote #df3 ,ibid4 b4 ix4 c4 ii4 ,footnote #dg3 ,see ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,sc4 b4 iv4 c4 i4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,s*oolm5 ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4 ,9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,sci5ces ,i h devot$ a ,book to ! /ate ( ,sci5ce 9 ! middle ages1 & h endeav\r$ to analyse ! intellectual defects ( t p]iod4 ,among ! *>act]i/ic features ( ! human m9d dur+ ^? times1 ,i h notic$ ,indi/9ctness ( ,ideas1 a ,comm5tatorial ,_s1 ,my/icism1 & ,dogmatism4 ,! acc\nt !re giv5 ( ?is portion ( ! hi/ory ( man belongs1 9 reality1 r to ! ,hi/ory ( ,ideas ?an to ! ,hi/ory ( ,progressive ,sci5ce4 ,=1 z we h !re rem>k$1 !oretical ,sci5ce 01 dur+ ! p]iod ( :i* we speak1 almo/ entirely /ation>y2 & ! inve/igation ( ! causes ( su* a /ate ( ?+s may be consid]$ z a "p ( t review 9 :i* we are n[ engag$1 ( ! vicissitudes ( man's acqua9tance ) ! me?ods ( discov]y4 ,b :5 we (f]$ to ! _w a hi/ory ( sci5ce1 to leave s l>ge a *asm unexpla9$1 w\ld h made ! s]ies ( ev5ts seem defective & brok52 & ! survey ( ! ,middle ,ages 0 !re=e ins]t$4 ,i w\ld beg to ref] to t portion ( ! =m] "w ! read] :o wi%es = in=mation 9 addition to :at is "h giv54 ,! ,indi/9ctness ( ,ideas & ! ,comm5tatorial ,disposition ( ^? ages h already be5 "h br\ght "u our notice4 ,view$ ) ref]5ce to ! opposition betwe5 ,exp]i5ce & ,ideas1 on :i* po9t1 z we h said1 ! succession ( op9ions 9 a great measure turns1 x is cle> t ! comm5tatorial me?od belongs to ! ideal side ( ! "q3 = ! comm5tator seeks = su* k z he values1 by analys+ & illu/rat+ :at 8 au?or has said2 &1 cont5t ) ?is mat]ial ( speculation1 does n desire to add to x new /ores ( exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,& ) reg>d to ! two o!r features 9 ! "* :i* we gave to ^? ages1 we may obs]ve t ,dogmatism dem&s = philosophical !ories ! submission ( m9d1 due to ^? reveal$ religi\s doctr9es :i* are to guide our conduct & direct our hopes3 :ile ,my/icism elevates ideas into realities1 & (f]s !m to u z ! objects ( our religi\s reg>d4 ,?us ! ,my/icism ( ! middle ages & _! ,dogmatism alike arose f n discrim9at+ ! (fices ( !oretical & practical philosophy4 ,my/icism claim$ = ideas ! dignity & reality ( pr9ciples ( moral action & religi\s hope3 ,dogmatism impos$ !oretical op9ions respect+ speculative po9ts ) ! imp]ative tone ( rules ( conduct & fai?4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! opposite claims ( !ory & practice int]f]$ ) ! progress ( sci5ce by ! confusion !y ?us occasion$1 !y did s f> m by draw+ m5 away altoge!r f m]e physical speculations4 ,! ,*ri/ian religion1 ) its precepts1 its hopes1 & its promises1 became ! lead+ subject ( m5's ?\ghts2 & ! great active tru?s ?us reveal$1 & ! duties ?us enjo9$1 made all inquiries ( m]e curiosity appe> frivol\s & unwor?y ( man4 ,! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* sometimes philosophiz$ ill2 b f> m commonly !y 7 too int5t ^u ! great lessons :i* !y _h to tea*1 respect+ man's situation 9 ! eyes ( 8 ,heav5ly ,ma/]1 to philosophize at all respect+ ?+s remote f ! bus9ess ( life & ( no importance 9 man's spiritual conc]ns4 ,yet man has 8 intellectual z well z 8 spiritual wants4 ,he has faculties :i* dem& sy/ems & reasons1 z well z precepts & promises4 ,! ,*ri/ian doctor1 :o knew s mu* m ?an ! hea!n philosoph] respect+ ! ,creator & ,gov]nor ( ! univ]se1 0 n long cont5t to "k or to tea* less1 respect+ ! univ]se itself4 ,:ile x 0 /ill ma9ta9$ t ,!ology 0 ! only really important /udy1 ,!ology 0 s ext5d$ & s fa%ion$ z to include all o!r k3 & aft] no long "t1 ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* !mselves became ! au?ors ( sy/ems ( univ]sal k4 ,b :5 ?is happ5$1 ! comm5tatorial _s 0 /ill 9 its full vig\r4 ,! le>n$ ,*ri/ians c\ld n1 any m ?an ! lat] ,greeks or ! ,romans1 devise1 by ! m]e =ce ( _! own inv5tion1 new sy/ems1 full1 compreh5sive1 & connect$1 l ^? ( ! h]oic age ( philosophy4 ,! same m5tal t5d5cies :i* l$ m5 to look = speculative coh]5ce & complet5ess 9 ! view ( ! univ]se1 l$ !m also to admire & dwell ^u ! spl5did & acute speculations ( ! ,greeks4 ,!y 7 cont5t to f9d1 9 ^? immortal works1 ! answ]s to ! que/ions :i* _! curiosity prompt$2 & to seek :at fur!r satisfaction !y might require1 9 analys+ & unfold+ ! doctr9es promulgat$ by ^? great ma/]s ( k4 ,?us ! ,*ri/ian doctors became1 z to g5]al philosophy1 comm5tators ^u ! anci5t ,greek tea*]s4 ,among ^!1 !y select$ ,ari/otle z _! peculi> object ( admiration & /udy4 ,! va/ /ore1 bo? ( op9ions & facts1 :i* 8 works conta91 8 acute di/9ctions1 8 cog5t reasons 9 "s portions ( 8 speculations1 8 symmetrical sy/ems 9 almo/ all1 naturally comm5d$ him to ! m9ds ( subtle & curi\s m54 ,we may add t ,plato1 :o taught m5 to contemplate ,ideas sep>ate f ,?+s1 0 n s well fitt$ = g5]al acceptance z ,ari/otle1 :o reject$ ?is sep>ation4 ,= al?\gh ! due appreh5sion ( ?is opposition ( ,ideas & ,s5sations is a necess>y /ep 9 ! progress ( true philosophy1 x requires a cle>] view & a m balanc$ m9d ?an ! common h]d ( /ud5ts possess2 & ,ari/otle1 :o evad$ ! necess>y p]plexities 9 :i* ?is anti!sis involves u1 appe>$1 to ! temp] ( ^? times1 ! easi] & ! pla9] guide ( ! two4 ,! ,doctors ( ! middle ages hav+ ?us adopt$ ,ari/otle z _! ma/] 9 philosophy1 we %all n be surpris$ to f9d !m decl>+1 aft] him1 t exp]i5ce is ! s\rce ( our k ( ! visible _w4 ,b ?\gh1 l ! ,greeks1 !y ?us talk$ ( exp]im5t1 l ! ,greeks1 !y %[$ little disposition to discov] ! laws ( nature by obs]vation ( facts4 ,?is b>r5 & =mal recognition ( exp]i5ce or s5sation z "o s\rce ( k1 n be+ illu/rat$ by a practical /udy ( nature1 & by real !oretical tru?s obta9$ by su* a /udy1 rema9$ ev] vague1 wav]+1 & empty4 ,su* a m]e ackn[l$gm5t _c1 9 any times1 anci5t or mod]n1 be consid]$ z indicat+ a j appreh5sion ( ! true basis & nature ( sci5ce4 ,9 imp]fectly p]ceiv+ h[1 & h[ f>1 exp]i5ce is ! s\rce ( our k ( ! ext]nal _w1 ! tea*]s ( ! middle ages 7 9 ! d>k2 b s1 on ?is subject1 h be5 almo/ all ! writ]s ( all ages1 ) ! exception ( ^? :o 9 rec5t times h _h _! m9ds enlight5$ by contemplat+ philosophically ! mod]n progress ( sci5ce4 ,! op9ions ( ! doctors ( ! middle ages on su* subjects g5]ally _h ^? ( ,ari/otle = _! basis2 b ! subject 0 (t5 /ill fur!r analys$ & sy/ematiz$1 ) an acute & me?odical skill h>dly inf]ior to t ( ,ari/otle himself4 ,! ,/agirite1 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 ,physics1 _h made ! foll[+ rem>ks4 ,9 all bodies ( doctr9e :i* involve pr9ciples1 causes1 or elem5ts1 ,sci5ce & ,k arise f ! k ( ^!2 7= we !n consid] ourselves to "k respect+ any subject1 :5 we "k its fir/ cause1 its fir/ pr9ciples1 its ultimate elem5ts47 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t 9 seek+ a k ( nature1 we mu/ fir/ "k :at are its pr9ciples4 ,b ! c\rse ( our k is1 f ! ?+s :i* are bett] kn[n & m manife/ to u1 to ! ?+s :i* are m c]ta9 & evid5t 9 nature4 ,= ^? ?+s :i* are mo/ evid5t 9 tru?1 are n mo/ evid5t to u4 ,& consequ5tly we mu/ advance f ?+s obscure 9 nature1 b manife/ to u1 t[>ds ! ?+s :i* are really 9 nature m cle> & c]ta94 ,! ?+s :i* are fir/ obvi\s & app>5t to u are complex2 & f ^! we obta91 by analysis1 pr9ciples & elem5ts4 ,we mu/ proce$ f univ]sals to p>ticul>s4 ,= ! :ole is bett] kn[n to our s5ses ?an ! p>ts1 & = ! same reason1 ! univ]sal bett] kn[n ?an ! p>ticul>4 ,& ?us words signify ?+s 9 a l>ge & indiscrim9ate way1 :i* is aft]w>ds analys$ by def9ition2 z we see t ! *ildr5 at fir/ call all m5 fa!r1 & all wom5 "m1 b aft]w>ds le>n to di/+ui%4 ,!re are v>i\s ass]tions conta9$ 9 ?is extract :i* came to be consid]$ z /&>d maxims1 & :i* occur con/antly 9 ! writ]s ( ! middle ages4 ,su* are1 = in/ance1 ! maxim1 ,v] scire e/ p] causas scire2 ! rem>k1 t comp\nds are kn[n to u be=e _! p>ts1 & ! illu/ration f ! expressions us$ by *ildr54 ,( ! mode 9 :i* ?is subject 0 treat$ by ! s*oolm51 we may judge by look+ at passages ( ,?omas ,aqu9as :i* treat ( ! subject ( ! human und]/&+4 ,9 ! ,summa ,!ologi1 ! eighty-fif? ,"q is ,on ! mann] & ord] ( und]/&+1 :i* subject he consid]s 9 eight ,articles2 & ^! mu/1 ev5 n[1 be look$ ^u z exhibit+ _m ( ! mo/ important & int]e/+ po9ts ( ! subject4 ,!y are1 ,fir/1 ,:e!r our und]/&+ und]/&s by ab/ract+ ideas 7species7 f appe>ances2 ,second1 ,:e!r intelligible species ab/ract$ f appe>ances are relat$ to our und]/&+ z t :i* we und]/&1 or t by :i* we und]/&2 ,?ird1 ,:e!r our und]/&+ does naturally und]/& univ]sals fir/2 ,f\r?1 ,:e!r our und]/&+ c und]/& _m ?+s at once2 ,fif?1 ,:e!r our und]/&+ und]/&s by comp\nd+ & divid+2 ,six?1 ,:e!r ! und]/&+ c err2 ,sev5?1 ,:e!r "o p]son c und]/& ! same ?+ bett] ?an ano!r2 ,eigh?1 ,:e!r our und]/&+ und]/&s ! indivisible soon] ?an ! divisible4 ,& 9 ! discussion ( ! la/ po9t1 = example1 ref]5ce is made to ! passage ( ,ari/otle :i* we h already quot$4 ,x may seem1 he says1 t we und]/& ! indivisible be=e ! divisible2 = ! ,philosoph] says t we und]/& & "k by kn[+ pr9ciples & elem5ts2 b indivisibles are ! pr9ciples & elem5ts ( divisible ?+s4 ,b to ?is we may reply1 t 9 our receiv+ ( sci5ce1 pr9ciples & elem5ts are n always fir/2 = sometimes f ! s5sible effects we g on to ! k ( intelligible pr9ciples & causes4 ,we see t bo? ! objection & ! answ] are drawn f ,ari/otle4 ,we f9d ! same close imitation ( ,ari/otle 9 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 :o1 l ,aqu9as1 fl\ri%$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,alb]tus1 inde$1 wrote treatises correspond+ to almo/ all ^? ( ! ,/agirite1 & 0 call$ ! ,ape ( ,ari/otle4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 ,physics1 he says1 ,k does n always beg9 f t :i* is fir/ accord+ to ! nature ( ?+s1 b f t ( :i* ! k is easie/4 ,= ! human intellect1 on acc\nt ( its relation to ! s5ses 7propt] reflexionem quam habet ad s5sum71 collects sci5ce f ! s5ses2 & ?us x is easi] = our k to beg9 f t :i* we c appreh5d by s5se1 imag9ation1 & intellect1 ?an f t :i* we appreh5d by intellect alone4 ,we see t he has some:at sy/ematiz$ :at he has borr[$4 ,?is disposition to dwell ^u & sy/ematize ! lead+ doctr9es ( metaphysics assum$ a m def9ite & p]man5t %ape 9 ! opposition ( ! ,reali/s & ,nom9ali/s4 ,! opposition involv$ 9 ?is controv]sy is1 9 fact1 t fundam5tal anti!sis ( ,s5se & ,ideas ab\t :i* philosophy has always be5 engag$2 & ( :i* we h m>k$ ! manife/ation 9 ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,! "q1 ,:at is ! object ( our ?\ghts :5 we reason conc]n+ ! ext]nal _w8 mu/ occur to all speculative m9ds3 & ! difficulties ( ! answ] are manife/4 ,we mu/ reply1 ei!r t our own ,ideas1 or t ,s5sible ,?+s1 are ! elem5ts ( our k ( nature4 ,& !n ! scruples aga9 occur1--h[ we h any g5]al k if our ?\ghts are fix$ on p>ticul> objects2 &1 on ! o!r h&1--h[ we c atta9 to any true k ( nature by contemplat+ ideas :i* are n id5tical ) objects 9 nature4 ,! two opposite op9ions ma9ta9$ on ?is subject 71 on ! "o side1--t our g5]al propositions ref] to objects :i* are real1 ?\gh dive/$ ( ! peculi>ities ( individuals2 &1 on ! o!r side1--t 9 su* propositions1 individuals are n repres5t$ by any reality1 b b\nd toge!r by a "n4 ,^! two views 7 held by ! ,reali/s & ,nom9ali/s respectively3 & ?us ! ,reali/ manife/$ ! adh]5ce to ,ideas1 & ! ,nom9ali/ ! adh]5ce to ! impressions ( ,s5se1 :i* h always exi/$ z opposite yet correlative t5d5cies 9 man4 ,! ,reali/s 7 ! prevail+ sect 9 ! ,s*ola/ic times3 = example1 bo? ,?omas ,aqu9as & ,duns ,scotus1 ! ,angelical & ! ,subtle ,doctor1 held ?is op9ion1 al?\gh oppos$ to ea* o!r 9 _m ( _! lead+ doctr9es on o!r subjects4 ,& z ! ,nom9ali/1 fix+ 8 att5tion ^u s5sible objects1 is oblig$ to consid] :at is ! pr9ciple ( g5]alization1 9 ord] t ! possibility ( any g5]al proposition may be conceivable2 s on ! o!r h&1 ! ,reali/1 beg9n+ ) ! contemplation ( univ]sal ideas1 is compell$ to ask :at is ! pr9ciple ( individuation1 9 ord] t he may compreh5d ! application ( g5]al propositions 9 ea* p>ticul> in/ance4 ,?is inquiry conc]n+ ! pr9ciple ( individuation 0 accord+ly a problem :i* occupi$ all ! lead+ m9ds among ! ,s*oolm5#dh4 ,x w be app>5t f :at has be5 said1 t x is only "o ( ! _m =ms ( ! fundam5tal anti!sis ( ! ,ideas & ! ,s5ses1 :i* we h con/antly be=e u 9 ?is review4 ,! recognition ( ! d]ivation ( our k1 9 "p at lea/1 f ,exp]i5ce1 ?\gh always loose & incomplete1 appe>s (t5 to be indep5d5t ( ! ,p]ipatetic traditions4 ,?us ,ri*>d ( ,/4 ,victor1 a writ] ( contemplative !ology 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 says#di1 t !re are ?ree s\rces ( k1 exp]i5ce1 reason1 fai?4 ,"s ?+s we prove by exp]im5t1 o!rs we collect by reason+1 ! c]ta9ty ( o!rs we hold by believ+4 ,& ) reg>d to temporal matt]s1 we obta9 our k by actual exp]i5ce2 ! o!r guides belong to div9e k4 ,ri*>d also prop\nds a division ( human k :i* is cle>ly n d]iv$ directly f ! anci5ts1 & :i* %[s t consid]able att5tion mu/ h be5 paid to su* speculations4 ,he beg9s by lay+ d[n cle>ly & broadly ! di/9ction1 :i*1 z we h se51 is ( prim>y importance1 betwe5 practice & !ory4 ,practice1 he says1 includes sev5 me*anical arts2 ^? ( ! clo?i]1 ! arm\r]1 ! navigator1 ! hunt]1 ! physician1 & ! play]4 ,!ory is ?reefold1 div9e1 natural1 doctr9al2 & is ?us divid$ into ,!ology1 ,physics1 & ,ma!matics4 ,ma!matics1 he adds1 treats ( ! invisible =ms ( visible ?+s4 ,we h se5 t by _m pr(\nd ?9k]s ?is ^w =ms has be5 select$ z be/ fitt$ to describe ^? relations ( ?+s :i* are ! subject ( ma!matics4 ,aga91 ,physics discov]s causes f _! effects & effects f _! causes4 ,x w\ld n be easy at ! pres5t day to give a bett] acc\nt ( ! object ( physical sci5ce4 ,b ,ri*>d ( ,/4 ,victor makes ?is acc\nt /ill m rem>kably judici\s1 by ! examples to :i* he alludes2 :i* are e>?quakes1 ! tides1 ! virtues ( plants1 ! in/9cts ( animals1 ! classification ( m9]als1 plants & reptiles4 ,unde tremor t]ris1 qu vi m>ia alta tumescant1 ,h]b>um vires1 animos irasque f]>um1 ,omne g5us fruticum1 lapidum quoque1 reptiliumque4 ,he fur!r adds#ej1 ,physical sci5ce asc5ds f effects to causes1 & desc5ds aga9 f causes to effects4 ,?is decl>ation ,francis ,bacon himself might h adopt$4 ,x is true1 t ,ri*>d w\ld probably h be5 little able to produce any cle> & def9ite in/ances ( k1 9 :i* ?is asc5t & desc5t 7 exemplifi$2 b /ill ! /atem5t1 ev5 consid]$ z a m]e conjectural ?\ght1 conta9s a portion ( t sagacity & compreh5sive p[] :i* we admire s mu* 9 ,bacon4 ,ri*>d ( ,/4 ,victor1 :o liv$ 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 ?us exhibits m vig\r & indep5d5ce ( speculative p[] ?an ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 & ,duns ,scotus1 9 ! ?irte5?4 ,9 ! int]val1 ab\t ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury1 ! writ+s ( ,ari/otle _h become g5]ally kn[n 9 ! ,we/2 & _h be5 elevat$ into ! /&>d ( philosophical doctr9e1 by ! div9es m5tion$ above1 :o felt a rev]5t sympa?y ) ! sy/ematiz+ & subtle _s ( ! ,/agirite z soon z x 0 made manife/ to !m4 ,^! doctors1 foll[+ ! example ( _! great =]unn]1 r$uc$ e "p ( human k to a sy/ematic =m2 ! sy/ems :i* !y ?us fram$ 7 pres5t$ to m5's m9ds z ! only true philosophy1 & diss5t f !m 0 no long] consid]$ to be blameless4 ,x 0 an (f5ce aga9/ religion z well z reason to reject ! tru?1 & ! tru? c\ld be b "o4 ,9 ?is mann] arose t claim :i* ! ,doctors ( ! ,*ur* put =? to control m5's op9ions ^u all subjects1 & :i* we h spok5 ( 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,sci5ce z ! ,dogmatism ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 giv+ examples ( ?is *>act]i/ic4 ,we may take = in/ance a ,/atute ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 occasion$ by a ,bull ( ,pope ,john ,,xxi41 9 :i* x is enact$1 t no ,ma/] or ,ba*elor ( any faculty1 %all presume to read lectures ^u any au?or 9 a private room1 on acc\nt ( ! _m p]ils :i* may arise !refrom2 b %all read 9 public places1 :]e all may resort1 & may fai?fully report :at is !re taught2 except+ only books ( ,gramm> & ,logic1 9 :i* !re c be no presumption4 ,& c]ta9 errors ( ,brescian are condemn$ 9 a ,rescript#ea ( ! papal ,legate ,odo1 ) ! foll[+ expressions3 ,:]eas1 z we h be5 in=m$1 c]ta9 ,logical pr(essors treat+ ( ,!ology 9 _! disputations1 & ,!ologians treat+ ( ,logic1 contr>y to ! comm& ( ! law are n afraid to mix & conf\nd ! lots ( ! ,"l's h]itage2 we exhort & admoni% y\r ,univ]sity1 all & s+ul>1 t !y be cont5t ) ! l&m>ks ( ! ,sci5ces & ,faculties :i* our ,fa!rs h fix$2 & t hav+ due fe> ( ! curse pron\nc$ 9 ! law aga9/ him :o remove? 8 neighb\r's l&m>k1 y hold su* sob] wisdom accord+ to ! ,apo/les1 t ye may by no means incur ! blame ( innovation or presumption4 ,! acc\nt :i*1 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,sci5ce1 ,i gave ( ,dogmatism z a *>act]i/ic ( ! middle ages1 has be5 indignantly reject$ by a v pleas+ mod]n writ]1 :o has1 ) great feel+ & great dilig5ce1 br\ght into view ! m]its & beauties ( ^? times1 t]m$ by him ,ages ( ,fai?4 ,he urges#eb t religi\s au?ority 0 nev] claim$ = physical sci5ce3 & he quotes f ,?omas ,aqu9as1 a passage 9 :i* ! au?or prote/s aga9/ ! practice ( conf\nd+ op9ions ( philosophy ) doctr9es ( fai?4 ,we might quote 9 return ! ,rescript#ec ( ,/eph51 bi%op ( ,p>is1 9 :i* he decl>es t !re c be b "o tru?1 & rejects ! di/9ction ( ?+s be+ true accord+ to philosophy & n accord+ to ! ,ca?olic fai?2 & x might be add$1 t among ! errors condemn$ 9 ?is docum5t are "s ( ,?omas ,aqu9as himself4 ,we might fur!r obs]ve1 t if no physical doctr9es 7 condemn$ 9 ! times ( :i* we n[ speak1 ?is 0 because1 on su* subjects1 no new op9ions 7 promulgat$1 & n because op9ion 0 free4 ,z soon z new op9ions1 ev5 on physical subjects1 attract$ g5]al notice1 !y 7 prohibit$ by au?ority1 z we see 9 ! case ( ,galileo#ed4 ,b ?is dis9cl9ation to recognize philosophy z indep5d5t ( religion1 & ?is disposition to f9d 9 new !ories1 ev5 9 physical ones1 some?+ contr>y to religion or scripture1 are1 x w\ld seem1 v natural t5d5cies ( !ologians2 & x w\ld be unju/ to ass]t t ^! prop5sities 7 conf9$ to ! p]iods :5 ! au?ority ( papal ,rome 0 highe/2 or t ! _s :i* has 9 a great degree controll$ & remov$ su* habits 0 introduc$ by ! ,re=mation ( religion 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,we mu/ trace to o!r causes1 ! cle> & g5]al recognition ( ,philosophy1 z di/9ct f ,!ology1 & indep5d5t ( h] au?ority4 ,9 ! e>li] ages ( ! ,*ur*1 inde$1 ?is sep>ation _h be5 ackn[l$g$4 ,/4 ,augu/9 says1 ,a ,*ri/ian %\ld bew>e h[ he speaks on que/ions ( natural philosophy1 z if !y 7 doctr9es ( ,holy ,scripture2 = an infidel :o %\ld he> him deliv] absurdities c\ld n avoid laugh+4 ,?us ! ,*ri/ian w\ld be confus$1 & ! infidel b little edifi$2 = ! infidel w\ld conclude t our au?ors really ent]ta9$ ^! extravagant op9ions1 & !re=e !y w\ld despise !m1 to _! own et]nal ru94 ,!re=e ! op9ions ( philosoph]s %\ld nev] be propos$ z dogmas ( fai?1 or reject$ z contr>y to fai?1 :5 x is n c]ta9 t !y are s4 ,^! words are quot$ ) approbation by ,?omas ,aqu9as1 & x is said#ee1 are cit$ 9 ! same mann] 9 e encyclop$ical "w ( ! middle ages4 ,?is w>n+ ( g5u9e wisdom 0 aft]w>ds reject$1 z we h se52 & x is only 9 mod]n times t its value has aga9 be5 fully recogniz$4 ,& ?is improvem5t we mu/ ascribe1 ma9ly1 to ! progress ( physical sci5ce4 ,= a great body ( und5iable tru?s on physical subjects be+ accumulat$1 su* z _h no ref]5ce to nor connexion ) ! tru?s ( religion1 & yet su* z possess$ a /rong int]e/ = mo/ m5's m9ds1 x 0 impossible long] to d5y t !re 7 wide prov9ces ( k :i* 7 n includ$ 9 ! dom9ions ( ,!ology1 & ov] :i* %e _h no au?ority4 ,9 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 ! fundam5tal doctr9es ( me*anics1 hydro/atics1 optics1 magnetics1 *emi/ry1 7 e/abli%$ & promulgat$2 & along ) !m1 a va/ tra9 ( consequ5ces1 attractive to ! m9d by ! ideal relations :i* !y exhibit$1 & /rik+ to ! s5ses by ! p[] :i* !y gave man ov] nature4 ,"h 0 a region 9 :i* philosophy felt h]self entitl$ & impell$ to ass]t h] indep5d5ce4 ,f ?is region1 !re is a gradation ( subjects 9 :i* philosophy advances m & m t[>ds ! peculi> doma9 ( religion2 & at "s int]m$iate po9ts !re h be51 & probably w always be1 conflicts respect+ ! b\nd>y l9e ( ! two fields ( speculation4 ,= ! limit is vague & obscure1 & appe>s to fluctuate & %ift ) ! progress ( "t & k4 ,our bus9ess at pres5t is n ) ! :ole ext5t & limits ( philosophy1 b ) ! progress ( physical sci5ce m p>ticul>ly1 & ! me?ods by :i* x may be atta9$3 & we are endeav\r+ to trace hi/orically ! views :i* h prevail$ respect+ su* me?ods1 at v>i\s p]iods ( man's intellectual progress4 ,among ! mo/ conspicu\s ( ! revolutions :i* op9ions on ?is subject h und]gone1 is ! transition f an implicit tru/ 9 ! int]nal p[]s ( man's m9d to a pr(ess$ dep5d5ce ^u ext]nal obs]vation2 & f an unb\nd$ rev]5ce = ! wisdom ( ! pa/1 to a f]vid expectation ( *ange & improvem5t4 ,! orig9 & progress ( ?is disposition ( m9d2--! introduction ( a /ate ( ?+s 9 :i* m5 n only obta9$ a body ( inde/ructible tru?s f exp]i5ce1 & increas$ x f g5]ation to g5]ation1 b pr(ess$ly1 & we may say1 o/5tati\sly1 decl>$ su* to be ! s\rce ( _! k1 & su* _! hopes ( its de/9$ c>e]2--! rise1 9 %ort1 ( ,exp]im5tal ,philosophy1 n only z a habit1 b z a ,philosophy ( ,exp]i5ce1 is :at we mu/ n[ endeav\r to exhibit4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #dh3 ,see ! op9ion ( ,aqu9as1 9 ,deg]&o1 ,hi/4 ,com4 des ,sy/4 iv4 #dii2 ( ,duns ,scotus1 ibid4 iv4 #ebc4 ,footnote #di3 ,lib] ,exc]ptionum1 ,lib4 i4 c4 i4 ,footnote #ej3 ,tr4 ,ex4 ,lib4 i4 c4 vii4 ,footnote #ea3 ,t5neman1 viii4 #dfa4 ,footnote #eb3 ,mores ,ca?olici1 or ,ages ( ,fai?1 viii4 p4 #bdg4 ,footnote #ec3 ,t5neman1 viii4 #dfj4 ,footnote #ed3 ,if !re 7 any d\bt on ?is subject1 we might ref] to ! writ]s :o aft]w>ds que/ion$ ! supremacy ( ,ari/otle1 & :o ) "o voice ass]t t an infallible au?ority _h be5 claim$ = him4 ,?us ,laur5tius ,valla3 ,quo m9us f]5di sunt rec5tes ,p]ipatetici1 qui nullius sect hom9ibus int]dicunt lib]tate ab ,ari/otele diss5ti5di1 quasi sophos hic1 non philosophus4 ,pref4 9 ,dial4 7,t5neman1 ix4 #bi47 ,s ,ludovicus ,vives3 ,sunt ex philosophis et ex !ologis qui non solum quo ,ari/oteles p]v5it extremum esse aiunt natur1 s$ qu p]v5it eam rectissimam esse omnium et c]tissimam 9 natura viam4 7,t5neman1 ix4 #dc47 ,we might urge too1 ! evasions practis$ by philosophical ,re=m]s1 ?r\gh fe> ( ! dogmatism to :i* !y _h to submit2 = example1 ! prote/ation ( ,telesius at ! end ( ! ,proem to 8 "w1 ,de ,r]um ,natura3 ,nec tam51 si quid eorum qu nobis posita sunt1 sacris lit]is1 ,ca?olicve ecclesi decretis non cohreat1 t55dum id1 qu9 p5itus rejici5dum assev]amus cont5dimusque4 ,neque enim humana modo ratio quvis1 s$ ipse etiam s5sus illis po/hab5dus1 et si illis non congruat1 abneg&us omn9o et ipse etiam e/ s5sus4 ,footnote #ee3 ,ages ( ,fai?1 viii4 #bdg3 to ! au?or ( :i* ,i am oblig$ = ?is quotation4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,innovators ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4 ,raymond ,lully4 #a4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks4--,9 ! rise ( ,exp]im5tal ,philosophy1 und]/&+ ! t]m 9 ! way j n[ /at$1 two features h already be5 allud$ to3 ! disposition to ca/ (f ! preval5t rev]5ce = ! op9ions & me?ods ( prec$+ tea*]s ) an eag] expectation ( "s va/ advantage to be d]iv$ f a *ange2 & ! belief t ?is improvem5t mu/ be s\ght by draw+ our k f ext]nal obs]vation r ?an f m]e intellectual ef=ts2--! ,insurrection aga9/ ,au?ority1 & ! ,appeal to ,exp]i5ce4 ,^! two movem5ts 7 closely connect$2 b !y may easily be di/+ui%$1 & 9 fact1 p]sons 7 v prom95t 9 ! =m] "p ( ! task1 :o _h no compreh5sion ( ! latt] pr9ciple1 f :i* alone ! *ange d]ives its value4 ,!re 7 _m ,malcont5ts :o _h n ! temp]1 tal5t or k1 :i* fitt$ !m to be ,re=m]s4 ,! au?ority :i* 0 que/ion$1 9 ! /ruggle ( :i* we speak1 0 t ( ! ,s*ola/ic ,sy/em1 ! comb9ation ( ,philosophy ) ,!ology2 ( :i* ,ari/otle1 pres5t$ 9 ! =m & mann] :i* ! ,doctors ( ! ,*ur* _h impos$ ^u him1 is to be consid]$ ! repres5tative4 ,:5 !re 0 dem&$ ( m5 a submission ( ! m9d1 su* z ?is sy/em claim$1 ! natural love ( fre$om 9 man's bosom1 & ! speculative t5d5cies ( 8 intellect1 rose 9 rebellion1 f "t to "t1 aga9/ ! rul+ oppression4 ,we f9d 9 all p]iods ( ! s*ola/ic ages examples ( ?is disposition ( man to resi/ ov]/ra9$ au?ority2 ! t5d5cy be+ mo/ly1 h[ev]1 comb9$ ) a want ( solid ?\ght1 & %[+ itself 9 extravagant pret5sions & fanta/ical sy/ems put =w>ds by ! insurg5ts4 ,we h po9t$ out "o su* oppon5t#ef ( ! e/abli%$ sy/ems1 ev5 among ! ,arabian s*oolm51 a m s]vile race ?an ev] ! ,europeans 74 ,we may "h notice m especially an extraord9>y "* :o appe>$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & :o may be consid]$ z belong+ to ! ,prelude ( ! ,re=m 9 ,philosophy1 al?\gh he _h no %>e 9 ! ,re=m itself4 #b4 ,raymond ,lully4--,raymond ,lully is p]haps traditionally be/ kn[n z an ,al*emi/1 ( :i* art he appe>s to h be5 a cultivator4 ,b ?is 0 only "o ( ! _m impulses ( a _s ard5tly ?ir/y ( k & novelty4 ,he _h#eg1 9 8 y\?1 be5 a man ( pleasure1 b 0 driv5 by a sudd5 %ock ( feel+ to resolve on a complete *ange ( life4 ,he plung$ into solitude1 endeav\r$ to /ill ! remorse ( 8 consci5ce by pray] & p5ance1 & soon _h 8 s\l possess$ by visions :i* he conceiv$ 7 v\*saf$ to him4 ,9 ! feel+ ( religi\s en?usiasm ?us excit$1 he resolv$ to devote 8 life to ! diffusion ( ,*ri/ian tru? among ,hea!ns & ,mahom$ans4 ,= ?is purpose1 at ! age ( ?irty he betook himself to ! /udy ( ,gramm>1 & ( ! ,arabic language4 ,he brea!d e>ne/ supplications = an illum9ation f above2 & ^! 7 answ]$ by 8 receiv+ f heav51 z 8 admir]s decl>e1 8 ,ars ,magna by :i* he 0 able )\t lab\r or ef=t to le>n & apply all k4 ,! real /ate ( ! case is1 t he put himself 9 opposition to ! e/abli%$ sy/ems1 & prop\nd$ a ,new ,art1 f :i* he promis$ ! mo/ wond]ful results2 b t 8 ,art really is m]ely a mode ( comb9+ ideal conceptions )\t any ref]5ce to real s\rces ( k1 or any possibility ( real advantage4 ,9 a ,treatise address$1 9 ,a4,d4 #acaj1 to ,k+ ,philip ( ,france1 entitl$ ,lib] ,lam5tationis ,duodecim ,pr9cipiorum ,philosophi contra ,av]roi/as1 ,lully introduc$ ,philosophy1 accompani$ by h] twelve ,pr9ciples1 7,matt]1 ,=m1 ,g5]ation1 c47 utt]+ l\d compla9ts aga9/ ! prevail+ sy/em ( doctr9e2 & repres5ts h] z pres5t+ to ! k+ a petition t %e may be upheld & re/or$ by h] fav\rite1 ! ,au?or4 ,8 ,tabula ,g5]alis ad omnes ,sci5tias applicabilis 0 begun ! #ae? ,septemb]1 #abib1 9 ! ,h>b\r ( ,tunis1 & f9i%$ 9 #abic1 at ,naples4 ,9 ord] to frame an ,art ( ?us tabulat+ all exi/+ sci5ces1 & inde$ all possible k1 he divides into v>i\s classes ! conceptions ) :i* he has to deal4 ,! fir/ class conta9s n9e ,absolute ,conceptions3 ,goodness1 ,greatness1 ,duration1 ,p[]1 ,wisdom1 ,w1 ,virtue1 ,tru?1 ,maje/y4 ,! second class has n9e ,relative ,conceptions3 ,diff]5ce1 ,id5tity1 ,contr>iety1 ,beg9n+1 ,middle1 ,end1 ,majority1 ,equality1 ,m9ority4 ,! ?ird class conta9s n9e ,que/ions3 ,:e!r8 ,:at8 ,:5ce8 ,:y8 ,h[ great8 ,h[ circum/anc$8 ,:58 ,:]e8 & ,h[8 ,! f\r? class conta9s ! n9e ,mo/ ,g5]al ,subjects3 ,god1 ,angel1 ,heav51 ,man1 ,imag9ativum1 ,s5sitivum1 ,vegetativum1 ,elem5tativum1 ,in/rum5tativum4 ,!n come n9e ,prdicam5ts1 n9e ,moral ,qualities1 & s on4 ,^! conceptions are arrang$ 9 ! comp>tm5ts ( c]ta9 conc5tric moveable circles1 & give v>i\s comb9ations by means ( triangles & o!r figures1 & ?us propositions are con/ruct$4 ,x mu/ be cle> at once1 t real k1 :i* is ! union ( facts & ideas1 c nev] result f ?is ma*9]y = %ift+ ab\t1 jo9+ & disjo9+1 empty conceptions4 ,?is1 & all simil> s*emes1 g ^u ! supposition t ! logical comb9ations ( notions d ( !mselves compose k2 & t really exi/+ ?+s may be arriv$ at by a successive sy/em ( d]ivation f our mo/ g5]al ideas4 ,x is imag9$ t by di/ribut+ ! nom5clature ( ab/ract ideas accord+ to ! place :i* !y c hold 9 our propositions1 & by comb9+ !m accord+ to c]ta9 conditions1 we may obta9 =mul includ+ all possible tru?s1 & ?us fabricate a sci5ce 9 :i* all sci5ces are conta9$4 ,we ?us obta9 ! means ( talk+ & writ+ ^u all subjects1 )\t ! tr\ble ( ?9k+3 ! revolutions ( ! emblematical figures are sub/itut$ = ! op]ations ( ! m9d4 ,bo? ex]tion ( ?\ght1 & k ( facts1 become sup]flu\s4 ,& ?is reflection1 adds an intellig5t au?or#eh1 expla9s ! enorm\s numb] ( books :i* ,lully is said to h writt52 = he might h writt5 ^? ev5 dur+ 8 sleep1 by ! aid ( a mov+ p[] :i* %\ld keep 8 ma*9e 9 motion4 ,hav+ once devis$ ?is inv5tion = manufactur+ sci5ce1 ,lully v>i$ x 9 a ?\s& ways1 & foll[$ x into a v>iety ( developm5ts4 ,besides ,synoptical ,tables1 he employs ,g5ealogical ,trees1 ea* ( :i* he dignifies ) ! "n ( ! ,tree ( ,sci5ce4 ,! only requisite = ! application ( 8 ,sy/em 0 a c]ta9 agreem5t 9 ! numb]s ( ! classes into :i* diff]5t subjects 7 di/ribut$2 & z ?is symmetry does n really exi/ 9 ! op]ations ( our ?\ghts1 "s viol5ce 0 done to ! natural di/9ction & subord9ation ( conceptions1 9 ord] to fit !m = ! use ( ! sy/em4 ,?us ,lully1 :ile he pr(ess$ to tea* an ,art :i* 0 to %$ new light ^u e "p ( sci5ce1 0 9 fact employ$ 9 a p$antic & trifl+ repetition ( kn[n tru?s or truisms2 & :ile he compla9$ ( ! errors ( exi/+ me?ods1 he propos$ 9 _! place "o :i* 0 f> m empty1 b>r51 & wor?less1 ?an ! cu/om>y processes ( human ?\ght4 ,yet 8 me?od is spok5 (#ei ) "s praise by ,leibnitz1 :o inde$ r delight$ 9 ! region ( ideas & words1 ?an 9 ! _w ( realities4 ,b ,francis ,bacon speaks f> o!rwise & m ju/ly on ?is subject#fj4 ,x is n to be omitt$ t "s m51 swoll5 ) empt9ess r ?an k1 h lab\r$ to produce a c]ta9 ,me?od1 n des]v+ ! "n ( a legitimate ,me?od1 s9ce x is r a me?od ( impo/ure3 :i* yet is d\btless highly grateful to c]ta9 w\ld-be philosoph]s4 ,?is me?od scatt]s ab\t c]ta9 little drops ( sci5ce 9 su* a mann] t a smatt]] may make a p]v]se & o/5tati\s use ( !m ) a c]ta9 %[ ( le>n+4 ,su* 0 ! art ( ,lully1 :i* consi/$ ( no?+ b a mass & heap ( ! words ( ea* sci5ce2 ) ! int5tion t he :o c readily produce ! words ( any sci5ce %all be suppos$ to "k ! sci5ce itself4 ,su* collections are l a rag %op1 :]e y f9d a pat* ( ev]y?+1 b no?+ :i* is ( any value4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ef3 ,algazel4 ,see ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,sc4 b4 iv4 c4 i4 ,footnote #eg3 ,t5neman1 viii4 #hcj4 ,footnote #eh3 ,deg]&o1 iv4 #ece4 ,footnote #ei3 ,leibnitz's expressions are1 7,op4 t4 vi4 p4 #af73 ,qu& j'tais jeune1 je pr5ois quelque a l',art de ,lulle1 mais je crus y entrevoir bi5 des dfectuosits1 dont j'ai dit quelque *ose dans un petit ,essai d'coli] intitul ,de ,arte ,comb9atoria1 publi en #afff1 et qui a t rimprim aprs malgr moi4 ,mais comme je ne mprise ri5 facilem5t1 except les arts div9atoires que ne sont que des tromp]ies t\tes pures1 j'ai tr\v quelque *ose d'e/imable encore dans l',art de ,lulle4 ,footnote #fj3 ,works1 vii4 #bif4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,innovators ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages--,,cont9u$4 ,rog] ,bacon4 ,we n[ come to a philosoph] ( a v diff]5t "*1 :o 0 impell$ to decl>e 8 diss5t f ! reign+ philosophy by ! abundance ( 8 k1 & by 8 cle> appreh5sion ( ! mode 9 :i* real k _h be5 acquir$ & mu/ be increas$4 ,rog] ,bacon 0 born 9 #abad1 ne> ,il*e/]1 9 ,som]set%ire1 ( an old family4 ,9 8 y\? he 0 a /ud5t at ,ox=d1 & made extraord9>y progress 9 all bran*es ( le>n+4 ,he !n w5t to ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 z 0 at t "t ! cu/om ( le>n$ ,engli%m51 & !re receiv$ ! degree ( ,doctor ( ,!ology4 ,at ! p]suasion ( ,rob]t ,gro/te1 bi%op ( ,l9coln1 he ent]$ ! bro!rhood ( ,franciscans 9 ,ox=d1 & gave himself up to /udy ) extraord9>y f]v\r4 ,he 0 t]m$ by 8 bro!r monks ,doctor ,mirabilis4 ,we "k f 8 own works1 z well z f ! traditions conc]n+ him1 t he possess$ an intimate acqua9tance ) all ! sci5ce ( 8 "t :i* c\ld be acquir$ f books2 & t he _h made _m rem>kable advances by means ( 8 own exp]im5tal lab\rs4 ,he 0 acqua9t$ ) ,arabic1 z well z ) ! o!r languages common 9 8 "t4 ,9 ! title ( 8 works1 we f9d ! :ole range ( sci5ce & philosophy1 ,ma!matics & ,me*anics1 ,optics1 ,a/ronomy1 ,geography1 ,*ronology1 ,*emi/ry1 ,magic1 ,music1 ,m$ic9e1 ,gramm>1 ,logic1 ,metaphysics1 ,e?ics1 & ,!ology2 & judg+ f ^? :i* are publi%$1 ^! works are full ( s\nd & exact k4 ,he is1 ) good reason1 suppos$ to h discov]$1 or to h _h "s k (1 sev]al ( ! mo/ rem>kable inv5tions :i* 7 made g5]ally kn[n soon aft]w>ds2 z gunp[d]1 l5ses1 burn+ specula1 telescopes1 clocks1 ! correction ( ! cal5d>1 & ! explanation ( ! ra9b[4 ,?us possess+1 9 ! acquirem5ts & habits ( 8 own m9d1 abundant examples ( ! nature ( k & ( ! process ( inv5tion1 ,rog] ,bacon felt also a deep int]e/ 9 ! gr[? & progress ( sci5ce1 a _s ( inquiry respect+ ! causes :i* produc$ or prev5t$ its advance1 & a f]v5t hope & tru/ 9 its future de/9ies2 & ^! feel+s impell$ him to speculate wor?ily & wisely respect+ a ,re=m ( ! ,me?od ( ,philosophiz+4 ,! manuscripts ( 8 works h exi/$ = ne>ly six hundr$ ye>s 9 _m ( ! libr>ies ( ,europe1 & especially 9 ^? ( ,engl&2 & = a long p]iod ! v imp]fect portions ( !m :i* 7 g5]ally kn[n1 left ! "* & atta9m5ts ( ! au?or %r\d$ 9 a k9d ( my/]i\s obscurity4 ,ab\t a c5tury ago1 h[ev]1 8 ,opus ,majus 0 publi%$#fa by ,dr4 ,s4 ,jebb1 pr9cipally f a manuscript 9 ! ,libr>y ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl92 & ?is conta9$ mo/ or all ( ! sep>ate works :i* 7 previ\sly kn[n to ! public1 along ) o!rs /ill m peculi> & *>act]i/ic4 ,we are ?us able to judge ( ,rog] ,bacon's k & ( 8 views1 & !y are 9 e way well wor?y our att5tion4 ,! ,opus ,majus is address$ to ,pope ,clem5t ! ,f\r?1 :om ,bacon _h kn[n :5 he 0 legate 9 ,engl& z ,c>d9al-bi%op ( ,sab9a1 & :o admir$ ! tal5ts ( ! monk1 & piti$ him = ! p]secutions to :i* he 0 expos$4 ,on 8 elevation to ! papal *air1 ?is acc\nt ( ,bacon's lab\rs & views 0 s5t1 at ! e>ne/ reque/ ( ! pontiff4 ,besides ! ,opus ,majus1 he wrote two o!rs1 ! ,opus ,m9us & ,opus ,t]tium2 :i* 7 also s5t to ! pope1 z ! au?or says#fb1 on acc\nt ( ! dang] ( roads1 & ! possible loss ( ! "w4 ,^! works /ill exi/ unpubli%$1 9 ! ,cottonian & o!r libr>ies4 ,! ,opus ,majus is a "w equally wond]ful ) reg>d to its g5]al s*eme1 & to ! special treatises ) :i* ! outl9es ( ! plan are fill$ up4 ,! pr(ess$ object ( ! "w is to urge ! necessity ( a re=m 9 ! mode ( philosophiz+1 to set =? ! reasons :y k _h n made a great] progress1 to draw back att5tion to ! s\rces ( k :i* _h be5 unwisely neglect$1 to discov] o!r s\rces :i* 7 yet almo/ unt\*$1 & to animate m5 9 ! und]tak+1 by a prospect ( ! va/ advantages :i* x (f]$4 ,9 ! developm5t ( ?is plan1 all ! lead+ portions ( sci5ce are exp\nd$ 9 ! mo/ complete %ape :i* !y _h at t "t assum$2 & improvem5ts ( a v wide & /rik+ k9d are propos$ 9 "s ( ! pr9cipal ( ^! dep>tm5ts4 ,ev5 if ! "w _h _h no lead+ purpose1 x w\ld h be5 highly valuable z a treasure ( ! mo/ solid k & s\nde/ speculations ( ! "t2 ev5 if x _h conta9$ no su* details1 x w\ld h be5 a "w mo/ rem>kable = its g5]al views & scope4 ,x may be consid]$ z1 at ! same "t1 ! ,encyclop$ia & ! ,novum ,organon ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,s9ce ?is "w is ?us s important 9 ! hi/ory ( ,inductive ,philosophy ,i %all give1 9 a note1 a view#fc ( its divisions & cont5ts4 ,b ,i mu/ n[ endeav\r to po9t out m especially ! way 9 :i* ! v>i\s pr9ciples1 :i* ! re=m ( sci5tific me?od involv$1 are "h br\ght into view4 ,"o ( ! fir/ po9ts to be notic$ = ?is purpose1 is ! resi/ance to au?ority2 & at ! /age ( philosophical hi/ory ) :i* we "h h to d1 ?is means resi/ance to ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle1 z adopt$ & int]pret$ by ! ,doctors ( ! ,s*ools4 ,bacon's "w#fd is divid$ into ,six ,p>ts2 & ( ^! ,p>ts1 ! ,fir/ is1 ,( ! f\r univ]sal ,causes ( all ,human ,ignorance4 ,! causes ?us enum]at$#fe are3--! =ce ( unwor?y au?ority2--tradition>y habit2--! imp]fection ( ! undiscipl9$ s5ses2--& ! disposition to conceal our ignorance & to make an o/5tati\s %[ ( our k4 ,^! influ5ces involve e man1 occupy e condition4 ,!y prev5t our obta9+ ! mo/ useful & l>ge & fair doctr9es ( wisdom1 ! secret ( all sci5ces & arts4 ,he !n proce$s to argue1 f ! te/imony ( philosoph]s !mselves1 t ! au?ority ( antiquity1 & especially ( ,ari/otle1 is n infallible4 ,we f9d#ff _! books full ( d\bts1 obscurities1 & p]plexities4 ,!y sc>ce agree ) ea* o!r 9 "o empty "q or "o wor?less sophism1 or "o op]ation ( sci5ce1 z "o man agrees ) ano!r 9 ! practical op]ations ( m$ic9e1 surg]y1 & ! l arts ( ,secul> m54 ,inde$1 he adds1 n only ! philosoph]s1 b ! sa9ts h fall5 into errors :i* !y h aft]w>ds retract$1 & ?is he in/ances 9 ,augu/91 ,j]ome1 & o!rs4 ,he gives an admirable sket*#fg ( ! progress ( philosophy f ! ,ionic ,s*ool to ,ari/otle2 ( :om he speaks ) great applause4 ,yet1 he adds#fh1 ^? :o came aft] him correct$ him 9 "s ?+s1 & add$ _m ?+s to 8 works1 & %all g on add+ to ! end ( ! _w4 ,ari/otle1 he adds1 is n[ call$ peculi>ly#fi ! ,philosoph]1 yet !re 0 a "t :5 8 philosophy 0 sil5t & unreg>d$1 ei!r on acc\nt ( ! r>ity ( copies ( 8 works1 or _! difficulty1 or f envy2 till aft] ! "t ( ,mahomet1 :5 ,avic5na & ,av]roes1 & o!rs1 recall$ ?is philosophy into ! full light ( exposition4 ,& al?\gh ! ,logic & "s o!r works 7 translat$ by ,boe?ius f ! ,greek1 yet ! philosophy ( ,ari/otle fir/ receiv$ a quick increase among ! ,lat9s at ! "t ( ,mi*ael ,scot2 :o1 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l #abcj1 appe>$1 br++ ) him portions ( ! books ( ,ari/otle on ,natural ,philosophy & ,ma!matics4 ,& yet a small "p only ( ! works ( ?is au?or is translat$1 & a /ill small] "p is 9 ! h&s ( common /ud5ts4 ,he adds fur!r#gj 79 ! ,?ird ,"p ( ! ,opus ,majus1 :i* is a ,diss]tation on language71 t ! translations :i* are curr5t ( ^! writ+s1 are v bad & imp]fect4 ,) ^! views1 he is mov$ to express himself some:at impati5tly#ga respect+ ^! works3 ,if ,i _h1 he says1 p[] ov] ! works ( ,ari/otle1 ,i w\ld h !m all burnt2 = x is only a loss ( "t to /udy 9 !m1 & a cause ( error1 & a multiplication ( ignorance beyond expression4 ,! common h]d ( /ud5ts1 he says1 ) _! heads1 h no pr9ciple by :i* !y c be excit$ to any wor?y employm5t2 & h5ce !y mope & make asses ( !mselves ov] _! bad translations1 & lose _! "t1 & tr\ble1 & money4 ,! rem$ies :i* he recomm5ds = ^! evils1 are1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! /udy ( t only p]fect wisdom :i* is to be f\nd 9 ! sacr$ ,scripture#gb1 9 ! next place1 ! /udy ( ma!matics & ! use ( exp]im5t#gc4 ,by ! aid ( ^! me?ods1 ,bacon anticipates ! mo/ spl5did progress = human k4 ,he takes up ! /ra9 ( hope & confid5ce :i* we h notic$ z s peculi> 9 ! ,roman writ]s2 & quotes "s ( ! passages ( ,s5eca :i* we adduc$ 9 illu/ration ( ?is3--t ! attempts 9 sci5ce 7 at fir/ rude & imp]fect1 & 7 aft]w>ds improv$2--t ! day w come1 :5 :at is /ill unkn[n %all be br\ght to light by ! progress ( "t & ! lab\rs ( a long] p]iod2--t "o age does n suffice = inquiries s wide & v>i\s2--t ! p ( future times %all "k _m ?+s unkn[n to u2--& t ! "t %all arrive :5 po/]ity w wond] t we ov]look$ :at 0 s obvi\s4 ,bacon himself adds anticipations m peculi>ly 9 ! _s ( 8 own "t4 ,we h se51 he says1 at ! end ( ! "w1 h[ ,ari/otle1 by ! ways :i* wisdom tea*es1 c\ld give to ,alex&] ! empire ( ! _w4 ,& ?is ! ,*ur* ought to take into consid]ation aga9/ ! infidels & rebels1 t !re may be a sp>+ ( ,*ri/ian blood1 & especially on acc\nt ( ! tr\bles t %all come to pass 9 ! days ( ,anti*ri/2 :i* by ! grace ( ,god1 x w\ld be easy to obviate1 if prelates & pr9ces w\ld enc\rage /udy1 & jo9 9 se>*+ out ! secrets ( nature & art4 ,x may n be improp] to obs]ve "h t ?is belief 9 ! appo9t$ progress ( k1 is n comb9$ ) any ov]we5+ belief 9 ! unb\nd$ & indep5d5t p[] ( ! human intellect4 ,on ! contr>y1 "o ( ! lessons :i* ,bacon draws f ! /ate & prospects ( k1 is ! duty ( fai? & humility4 ,to him1 he says#gd1 :o d5ies ! tru? ( ! fai? because he is unable to und]/& x1 ,i w propose 9 reply ! c\rse ( nature1 & z we h se5 x 9 examples4 ,& aft] giv+ "s in/ances1 he adds1 ,^!1 & ! l1 ought to move m5 & to excite !m to ! reception ( div9e tru?s4 ,= if1 9 ! vile/ objects ( creation1 tru?s are f\nd1 be=e :i* ! inw>d pride ( man mu/ b[1 & believe ?\gh x _c und]/&1 h[ mu* m %\ld man humble 8 m9d be=e ! glori\s tru?s ( ,god6 ,he _h be=e said#ge3 ,man is incapable ( p]fect wisdom 9 ?is life2 x is h>d = him to asc5d t[>ds p]fection1 easy to glide d[nw>ds to falsehoods & vanities3 let him !n n boa/ ( 8 wisdom1 or extol 8 k4 ,:at he kn[s is little & wor?less1 9 respect ( t :i* he believes )\t kn[+2 & /ill less1 9 respect ( t :i* he is ignorant (4 ,he is mad :o ?9ks highly ( 8 wisdom2 he mo/ mad1 :o exhibits x z some?+ to be wond]$ at4 ,he adds1 z ano!r reason = humility1 t he has prov$ by trial1 he c\ld tea* 9 "o ye>1 to a poor boy1 ! m>r[ ( all t ! mo/ dilig5t p]son c\ld acquire 9 =ty ye>s' labori\s & exp5sive /udy4 ,to proce$ some:at m 9 detail ) reg>d to ,rog] ,bacon's views ( a ,re=m 9 ,sci5tific ,inquiry1 we may obs]ve t by mak+ ,ma!matics & ,exp]im5t ! two great po9ts ( 8 recomm5dation1 he direct$ 8 improvem5t to ! two ess5tial p>ts ( all k1 ,ideas & ,facts1 & ?us took ! c\rse :i* ! mo/ enlight5$ philosophy w\ld h sugge/$4 ,he did n urge ! prosecution ( exp]im5t1 to ! comp>ative neglect ( ! exi/+ ma!matical sci5ces & conception2 a fault :i* !re is "s gr\nd = ascrib+ to 8 great namesake & successor ,francis ,bacon3 /ill less did he cont5t himself ) a m]e prote/ aga9/ ! au?ority ( ! s*ools1 & a vague dem& = *ange1 :i* 0 almo/ all t 0 done by ^? :o put !mselves =w>d z re=m]s 9 ! int]m$iate "t4 ,rog] ,bacon holds 8 way /eadily betwe5 ! two poles ( human k2 :i*1 z we h se51 x is f> f easy to d4 ,!re are two modes ( kn[+1 says he#gf2 by argum5t1 & by exp]im5t4 ,argum5t concludes a "q2 b x does n make u feel c]ta91 or acquiesce 9 ! contemplation ( tru?1 except ! tru? be also f\nd to be s by exp]i5ce4 ,x is n easy to express m decid$ly ! cle>ly se5 union ( exact conceptions ) c]ta9 facts1 :i*1 z we h expla9$1 con/itutes real k4 ,"o l>ge division ( ! ,opus ,majus is ,on ! ,usefulness ( ,ma!matics1 :i* is %[n by a copi\s enum]ation ( exi/+ bran*es ( k1 z ,*ronology1 ,geography1 ! ,cal5d> & 79 a sep>ate ,"p7 ,optics4 ,!re is a *apt]#gg1 9 :i* x is prov$ by reason1 t all sci5ce requires ma!matics4 ,& ! argum5ts :i* are us$ to e/abli% ?is doctr9e1 %[ a mo/ j appreciation ( ! (fice ( ma!matics 9 sci5ce4 ,!y are su* z foll[s3--,t o!r sci5ces use examples tak5 f ma!matics z ! mo/ evid5t3--,t ma!matical k is1 z x 71 innate 9 u1 on :i* po9t he ref]s to ! well-kn[n dialogue ( ,plato1 z quot$ by ,cic]o3--,t ?is sci5ce1 be+ ! easie/1 (f]s ! be/ introduction to ! m difficult3--,t 9 ma!matics1 ?+s z kn[n to u are id5tical ) ?+s z kn[n to nature3--,t we c "h entirely avoid d\bt & error1 & obta9 c]ta9ty & tru?3--,t ma!matics is prior to o!r sci5ces 9 nature1 because x takes cognizance ( quantity1 :i* is appreh5d$ by intuition1 7intuitu intellectus74 ,moreov]1 he adds#gh1 !re h be5 f\nd fam\s m51 z ,rob]t1 bi%op ( ,l9coln1 & ,bro!r ,adam ,m>%man 7de ,m>isco71 & _m o!rs1 :o by ! p[] ( ma!matics h be5 able to expla9 ! causes ( ?+s2 z may be se5 9 ! writ+s ( ^! m51 = in/ance1 conc]n+ ! ,ra9b[ & ,comets1 & ! g5]ation ( heat1 & climates1 & ! cele/ial bodies4 ,b und\bt$ly ! mo/ rem>kable portion ( ! ,opus ,majus is ! ,six? & la/ ,"p1 :i* is entitl$ ,de ,sci5tia exp]im5tali4 ,x is inde$ an extraord9>y circum/ance to f9d a writ] ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 n only recogniz+ exp]im5t z "o s\rce ( k1 b urg+ its claims z some?+ f> m important ?an m5 _h yet be5 aw>e (1 exemplify+ its value by /rik+ & j examples1 & speak+ ( its au?ority ) a dignity ( diction :i* s\nds l a =emurmur ( ! ,baconian s5t5ces utt]$ ne>ly f\r hundr$ ye>s lat]4 ,yet ?is is ! "* ( :at we "h f9d#gi4 ,exp]im5tal sci5ce1 ! sole mi/ress ( speculative sci5ces1 has ?ree great ,pr]ogatives among o!r p>ts ( k3 ,fir/ %e te/s by exp]im5t ! noble/ conclusions ( all o!r sci5ces3 ,next %e discov]s respect+ ! notions :i* o!r sci5ces deal )1 magnific5t tru?s to :i* ^! sci5ces ( !mselves c by no means atta93 h] ,?ird dignity is1 t %e by h] own p[] & )\t respect ( o!r sci5ces1 inve/igates ! secret ( nature4 ,! examples :i* ,bacon gives ( ^! ,pr]ogatives are v curi\s1 exhibit+1 among "s error & cr$ulity1 s\nd & cle> views4 ,8 lead+ example ( ! ,fir/ ,pr]ogative1 is ! ,ra9b[1 ( :i* ! cause1 z giv5 by ,ari/otle1 is te/$ by ref]5ce to exp]im5t ) a skill :i* is1 ev5 to u n[1 truly admirable4 ,! examples ( ! ,second ,pr]ogative are ?ree3--fir/1 ! art ( mak+ an artificial sph]e :i* %all move ) ! heav5s by natural influ5ces1 :i* ,bacon tru/s may be done1 ?\gh a/ronomy h]self _c d x--et tunc1 he says1 !saurum unius regis val]et hoc in/rum5tum2--secondly1 ! art ( prolong+ life1 :i* exp]im5t may tea*1 ?\gh m$ic9e has no means ( secur+ x except by regim5#hj2--?irdly1 ! art ( mak+ gold f9] ?an f9e gold1 :i* goes beyond ! p[] ( al*emy4 ,! ,?ird ,pr]ogative ( exp]im5tal sci5ce1 arts indep5d5t ( ! receiv$ sci5ces1 is exemplifi$ 9 _m curi\s examples1 _m ( !m :imsical traditions4 ,?us x is said t ! "* ( a p may be alt]$ by alt]+ ! air#ha4 ,alex&]1 x seems1 appli$ to ,ari/otle to "k :e!r he %\ld ext]m9ate c]ta9 nations :i* he _h discov]$1 z be+ irreclaimably b>b>\s2 to :i* ! philosoph] repli$1 ,if y c alt] _! air1 p]mit !m to live1 if n1 put !m to dea?4 ,9 ?is "p1 we f9d ! sugge/ion t ! fire-works made by *ildr51 ( saltpetre1 might lead to ! inv5tion ( a =midable milit>y weapon4 ,x c\ld n be expect$ t ,rog] ,bacon1 at a "t :5 exp]im5tal sci5ce h>dly exi/$1 c\ld give any precepts = ! discov]y ( tru? by exp]im5t4 ,b no?+ c be a bett] example ( ! me?od ( su* inve/igation1 ?an 8 inquiry conc]n+ ! cause ( ! ,ra9b[4 ,nei!r ,ari/otle1 nor ,avic5na1 nor ,s5eca1 he says1 h giv5 u any cle> k ( ?is matt]1 b exp]im5tal sci5ce c d s4 ,let ! exp]im5t] 7exp]im5tator7 consid] ! cases 9 :i* he f9ds ! same col\rs1 z ! hexagonal cry/als f ,irel& & ,india2 by look+ into ^! he w see col\rs l ^? ( ! ra9b[4 ,_m ?9k t ?is arises f "s special virtue ( ^! /ones & _! hexagonal figure2 let !re=e ! exp]im5t] g on1 & he w f9d ! same 9 o!r transp>5t /ones1 9 d>k ones z well z 9 light-col\r$4 ,he w f9d ! same effect also 9 o!r =ms ?an ! hexagon1 if !y be furr[$ 9 ! surface1 z ! ,iri% cry/als are4 ,let him consid] too1 t he sees ! same col\rs 9 ! drops :i* are da%$ f o>s 9 ! sun%9e2--& 9 ! spray ?r[n by a mill:eel2--& 9 ! dew-drops :i* lie on ! grass 9 a mead[ on a summ]-morn+2--& if a man takes wat] 9 8 m\? & projects x on "o side into a sunbeam2--& if 9 an oil-lamp hang+ 9 ! air1 ! rays fall 9 c]ta9 positions ^u ! surface ( ! oil2--& 9 _m o!r ways1 are col\rs produc$4 ,we h "h a collection ( in/ances1 :i* are almo/ all examples ( ! same k9d z ! ph5om5on "u consid]ation2 & by ! help ( a pr9ciple collect$ by induction f ^! facts1 ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[ 7 aft]w>ds really expla9$4 ,) reg>d to ! =m & o!r circum/ances ( ! b[ he is /ill m precise4 ,he bids u measure ! height ( ! b[ & ( ! sun1 to %[ t ! c5t] ( ! b[ is exactly opposite to ! sun4 ,he expla9s ! circul> =m ( ! b[1--its be+ indep5d5t ( ! =m ( ! cl\d1 its mov+ :5 we move1 its fly+ :5 we foll[1--by its consi/+ ( ! reflections f a va/ numb] ( m9ute drops4 ,he does n1 inde$1 trace ! c\rse ( ! rays ?r\gh ! drop1 or acc\nt = ! precise magnitude :i* ! b[ assumes2 b he approa*es to ! v]ge ( ?is "p ( ! explanation2 & mu/ be consid]$ z hav+ giv5 a mo/ happy example ( exp]im5tal inquiry into nature1 at a "t :5 su* examples 7 exce$+ly scanty4 ,9 ?is respect1 he 0 m =tunate ?an ,francis ,bacon1 z we %all h]eaft] see4 ,we "k b little ( ! biography ( ,rog] ,bacon1 b we h e reason to believe t 8 influ5ce ^u 8 age 0 n great4 ,he 0 suspect$ ( magic1 & is said to h be5 put into close conf9em5t 9 consequ5ce ( ?is *>ge4 ,9 8 "w he speaks ( ,a/rology z a sci5ce well wor? cultivat+4 ,b1 says he1 ,!ologians & ,decreti/s1 n be+ le>n$ 9 su* matt]s & see+ t evil z well z good may be done1 neglect & abhor su* ?+s1 & reckon !m among ,magic ,arts4 ,we h already se51 t at ! v "t :5 ,bacon 0 ?us rais+ 8 voice aga9/ ! habit ( bl9dly foll[+ au?ority1 & seek+ = all sci5ce 9 ,ari/otle1 ,?omas ,aqu9as 0 employ$ 9 fa%ion+ ,ari/otle's t5ets into t fix$ =m 9 :i* !y became ! great imp$im5t to ! progress ( k4 ,x w\ld seem1 inde$1 t some?+ ( a /ruggle betwe5 ! progressive & /ation>y p[]s ( ! human m9d 0 go+ on at ?is "t4 ,bacon himself says#hb1 ,nev] 0 !re s great an appe>ance ( wisdom1 nor s mu* ex]cise ( /udy 9 s _m ,faculties1 9 s _m regions1 z = ?is la/ =ty ye>s4 ,doctors are disp]s$ ev]y:]e1 9 e ca/le1 9 e burgh1 & especially by ! /ud5ts ( two ,ord]s1 7he means ! ,franciscans & ,dom9icans1 :o 7 almo/ ! only religi\s ord]s t di/+ui%$ !mselves by an application to /udy#hc17 :i* has n happ5$ except = ab\t =ty ye>s4 ,& yet !re 0 nev] s mu* ignorance1 s mu* error4 ,& 9 ! "p ( 8 "w :i* ref]s to ,ma!matics1 he says ( t /udy#hd1 t x is ! door & ! key ( ! sci5ces2 & t ! neglect ( x = ?irty or =ty ye>s has entirely ru9$ ! /udies ( ! ,lat9s4 ,accord+ to ^! /atem5ts1 "s *ange1 disa/r\s to ! =tunes ( sci5ce1 mu/ h tak5 place ab\t #abcj1 soon aft] ! f\ndation ( ! ,dom9ican & ,franciscan ,ord]s#he4 ,nor c we d\bt t ! adoption ( ! ,ari/otelian philosophy by ^! two ,ord]s1 9 ! =m 9 :i* ! ,angelical ,doctor _h sy/ematiz$ x1 0 "o ( ! ev5ts :i* mo/ t5d$ to def]1 = ?ree c5turies1 ! re=m :i* ,rog] ,bacon urg$ z a matt] ( cry+ necessity 9 8 own "t4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #fa3 ,fratris ,rog]i ,bacon1 ,ord9is ,m9orum1 ,opus ,majus1 ad ,clem5tem ,qu>tum1 ,pontificem ,romanum1 ex ,,ms4 ,codice ,dubl9i5si cum aliis quibusdam collato1 nunc primum edidit ,s4 ,jebb1 ,m4,d4 ,lond9i1 #agcc4 ,footnote #fb3 ,opus ,majus1 ,prf4 ,footnote #fc3 ,cont5ts ( ,rog] ,bacon's ,opus ,majus4 ,"p ,i4 ,on ! f\r causes ( human ignorance3--,au?ority1 ,cu/om1 ,popul> ,op9ion1 & ! ,pride ( suppos$ ,k4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,on ! s\rce ( p]fect wisdom 9 ! ,sacr$ ,scripture4 ,"p ,,iii4 ,on ! ,usefulness ( ,gramm>4 ,"p ,,iv4 ,on ! ,usefulness ( ,ma!matics4 7#a7 ,! necessity ( ,ma!matics 9 ,human ,?+s 7publi%$ sep>ately z ! ,specula ,ma!matica74 7#b7 ,! necessity ( ,ma!matics 9 ,div9e ,?+s4--#a4 ,?is /udy has occupi$ holy m53 #b4 ,geography3 #c4 ,*ronology3 #d4 ,cycles2 ! ,gold5 ,numb]1 c43 #e4 ,natural ,ph5om5a1 z ! ,ra9b[3 #f4 ,ari?metic3 #g4 ,music4 7#c7 ,! necessity ( ,ma!matics 9 ,ecclesia/ical ,?+s4--#a4 ,! ,c]tification ( ,fai?3 #b4 ,! ,correction ( ! ,cal5d>4 7#d7 ,! necessity ( ,ma!matics 9 ! ,/ate4--#a4 ,( ,climates3 #b4 ,hydrography3 #c4 ,geography3 #d4 ,a/rology4 ,"p ,v4 ,on ,p]spective 7publi%$ sep>ately z ,p]spectiva74 7#a7 ,! organs ( vision4 7#b7 ,vision 9 /raight l9es4 7#c7 ,vision reflect$ & refract$4 7#d7 ,de multiplicatione speci]um 7on ! propagation ( ! impressions ( light1 heat1 c47 ,"p ,,vi4 ,on ,exp]im5tal ,sci5ce4 ,footnote #fd3 ,op4 ,maj4 p4 #a4 ,footnote #fe3 ,ibid4 p4 #b4 ,footnote #ff3 ,ibid4 p4 #aj4 ,footnote #fg3 ,i w give a specim54 ,opus ,majus1 c4 viii4 p4 #ce3 ,^! two k9ds ( philosoph]s1 ! ,ionic & ,italic1 ramifi$ ?r\gh _m sects & v>i\s successors1 till !y came to ! doctr9e ( ,ari/otle1 :o correct$ & *ang$ ! propositions ( all 8 pr$ecessors1 & attempt$ to p]fect philosophy4 ,9 ! ,italic succession1 ,py?agoras1 ,ar*ytas ,t>5t9us & ,timu are mo/ prom95tly m5tion$4 ,b ! pr9cipal philosoph]s1 z ,socrates1 ,plato1 & ,ari/otle1 did n desc5d f ?is l9e1 b 7 ,ionics & true ,greeks1 ( :om ! fir/ 0 ,?ales ,milesius4444 ,socrates1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 9 8 #h? book1 is relat$ to h be5 a disciple ( ,ar*elaus4 ,?is ,socrates is call$ ! fa!r ( ! great philosoph]s1 s9ce he 0 ! ma/] ( ,plato & ,ari/otle1 f :om all ! sects ( philosoph]s desc5d$4444 ,plato1 fir/ le>n+ :at ,socrates & ,greece c\ld tea*1 made a labori\s voyage to ,egypt1 to ,ar*ytas ( ,t>5tum & ,timu1 z says ,j]ome to ,paul9us4 ,& ?is ,plato is1 accord+ to holy m51 pref]r$ to all philosoph]s1 because he has writt5 _m excell5t ?+s conc]n+ ,god1 & morality1 & a future life1 :i* agree ) ! div9e wisdom ( ,god4 ,& ,ari/otle 0 born be=e ! dea? ( ,socrates1 s9ce he 0 8 he>] = ?ree ye>s1 z we read 9 ! life ( ,ari/otle4444 ,?is ,ari/otle1 be+ made ! ma/] ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 s5t two ?\s& m5 into all regions ( ! e>?1 to se>* out ! nature ( ?+s1 z ,pl9y relates 9 ! #h? book ( 8 ,naturalia1 & compos$ a ?\s& books1 z we read 9 8 life4 ,footnote #fh3 ,ibid4 p4 #cf4 ,footnote #fi3 ,autonomatic4 ,footnote #gj3 ,op4 ,maj4 p4 #df4 ,footnote #ga3 ,see ,pref4 to ,jebb's edition4 ,! passages1 !re quot$1 h[ev]1 are n extracts f ! ,opus ,majus1 b 7app>5tly7 f ! ,opus ,m9us 7,,ms4 ,cott4 ,tib4 c4 #e47 ,si hab]em pote/atem supra libros ,ari/otelis1 ego fac]em omnes crem>i2 quia non e/ nisi temporis amissio /ud]e 9 illis1 et causa erroris1 et multiplicatio ignoranti ultra id quod valeat explic>i4444 ,vulgus /ud5tum cum capitibus suis non habet unde excitetur ad aliquid dignum1 et ideo languet et as99at circa male translata1 et tempus et /udium amittit 9 omnibus et exp5sas4 ,footnote #gb3 ,"p ii4 ,footnote #gc3 ,p>ts iv4 v4 & vi4 ,footnote #gd3 ,op4 ,maj4 p4 #dgf4 ,footnote #ge3 ,op4 ,maj4 p4 #ae4 ,footnote #gf3 ,ibid4 p4 #dde1 see also p4 #ddh4 ,sci5ti ali sciunt sua pr9cipia inv5ire p] exp]im5ta1 s$ conclusiones p] argum5ta facta ex pr9cipiis inv5tis4 ,si v]o debeant hab]e exp]i5tiam conclusionum su>um p>ticul>em et completam1 tunc oportet quod habeant p] adjutorium i/ius sci5ti nobilis 7exp]im5talis74 ,footnote #gg3 ,op4 ,maj4 p4 #fj4 ,footnote #gh3 ,ibid4 p4 #fd4 ,footnote #gi3 ,v]itates magnificas 9 t]m9is ali>um sci5ti>um 9 quas p] nullam viam possunt ill sci5ti1 hc sola sci5ti>um dom9a speculativ>um1 pote/ d>e4 ,op4 ,maj4 p4 #dfe4 ,footnote #hj3 ,"o ( ! +r$i5ts ( a prep>ation "h m5tion$1 is ! fle% ( a dragon1 :i* x appe>s is us$ z food by ! ,e?iopians4 ,! mode ( prep>+ ?is food _c fail to amuse ! read]4 ,:]e !re are good fly+ dragons1 by ! art :i* !y possess1 !y draw !m out ( _! d5s1 & h bridles & saddles 9 read9ess1 & !y ride ^u !m1 & make !m b\nd ab\t 9 ! air 9 a viol5t mann]1 t ! h>dness & t\ghness ( ! fle% may be r$uc$1 z bo>s are hunt$ & bulls are bait$ be=e !y are kill$ = eat+4 ,op4 ,maj4 p4 #dgj4 ,footnote #ha3 ,op4 ,maj4 p4 #dgc4 ,footnote #hb3 ,quot$ by ,jebb1 ,pref4 to ,op4 ,maj4 ,footnote #hc3 ,mo%eim1 ,hi/4 iii4 #afa4 ,footnote #hd3 ,op4 ,maj4 p4 #eg4 ,footnote #he3 ,mo%eim1 iii4 #afa4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,revival ,,( ,,platonism4 #a4 ,causes ( ,delay 9 ! ,advance ( ,k4--,9 ! insight possess$ by le>n$ m5 into ! me?od by :i* tru? 0 to be discov]$1 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies w5t backw>ds1 r ?an =w>ds1 f ! po9t :i* _h be5 rea*$ 9 ! ?irte5?4 ,rog] ,bacon _h urg$ !m to h rec\rse to exp]im5t2 b !y return$ ) additional & exclusive zeal to ! m fav\rite employm5t ( reason+ ^u _! own conceptions4 ,he _h call$ ^u !m to look at ! _w )\t2 b _! eyes =?) turn$ back ^u ! _w )94 ,9 ! con/ant oscillation ( ! human m9d betwe5 ,ideas & ,facts1 aft] hav+ = a mom5t t\*$ ! latt]1 x seem$ to sw+ back m impetu\sly to ! =m]4 ,n only 0 ! philosophy ( ,ari/otle firmly e/abli%$ = a consid]able p]iod1 b :5 m5 began to "q its au?ority1 !y attempt$ to set up 9 its place a philosophy /ill m purely ideal1 t ( ,plato4 ,x 0 n till ! actual progress ( exp]im5tal k = "s c5turies _h giv5 x a va/ accumulation ( =ce1 t x 0 able to break its way fully into ! circle ( speculative sci5ce4 ,! new ,platoni/ s*oolm5 _h to run _! c\rse1 ! practical discov]]s _h to prove _! m]it by _! works1 ! ,italian innovators _h to utt] _! aspirations = a *ange1 be=e ! second ,bacon c\ld truly decl>e t ! "t = a fundam5tal re=m 0 at l5g? arriv$4 ,x _c b seem /range1 to any "o :o attempts to trace ! g5]al outl9e ( ! intellectual progress ( man1 & :o consid]s him z "u ! guidance ( a ,provid5tial sway1 t he %\ld ?us be p]mitt$ to w&] s long 9 a wild]ness ( intellectual d>kness2 & ev5 to turn back1 by a p]v]se caprice z x might seem1 :5 on ! v bord] ( ! bright] & bett] l& :i* 0 8 de/9$ inh]itance4 ,we d n attempt to solve ?is difficulty3 b su* a c\rse ( ?+s naturally sugge/s ! ?\ght1 t a progress 9 physical sci5ce is n ! ma9 object ( man's c>e]1 9 ! eyes ( ! ,p[] :o directs ! =tunes ( our race4 ,we c easily conceive t x may h be5 necess>y to man's g5]al welf>e t he %\ld cont9ue to turn 8 eyes inw>ds ^u 8 own he>t & faculties1 till ,law & ,duty1 ,religion & ,gov]nm5t1 ,fai? & ,hope1 _h be5 fully incorporat$ ) all ! pa/ acquisitions ( human intellect2 r ?an t he %\ld h ru%$ on into a tra9 ( discov]ies t5d+ to *a9 him to ! objects & op]ations ( ! mat]ial _w4 ,! sy/ematic ,law#hf & philosophical ,!ology :i* acquir$ _! asc5dancy 9 m5's m9ds at ! "t ( :i* we speak1 kept !m engag$ 9 a region ( speculations :i* p]haps prep>$ ! way = a pr(\nd] & wid] civilization1 = a m elevat$ & spiritual "*1 ?an might h be5 possible )\t su* a prep>ation4 ,! great ,italian poet ( ! f\rte5? c5tury speaks ) /rong admiration ( ! f\nd]s ( ! sy/em :i* prevail$ 9 8 "t4 ,?omas1 ,alb]t1 ,gratian1 ,pet] ,lomb>d1 occupy di/+ui%$ places 9 ! ,p>adise4 ,! fir/1 :o is ! poet's in/ructor1 says1-- ,io fui degli agni della santa greggia ,*e ,dom5ico m5a p] camm9o ,u' b5 s'imp+ua se non si vaneggia4 ,que/o *e m' a de/ra piu vic9o ,frate e mae/ro fummi2 ed esso ,alb]to ,e di ,cologna1 ed io ,tomas d',aqu9o4444 ,quell' altro fiammeggi> esce del riso ,de ,grazian1 *e l'uno et l'altro =o ,ajut si *e piace 9 ,p>adiso4 ,i1 !n1 0 ( ! lambs t ,dom9ic ,leads1 = 8 sa9tly flock1 along ! way ,:]e well !y ?rive n swoln ) vanity4 ,he ne>e/ on my "r-h& bro!r 0 ,& ma/] to me2 ,alb]t ( ,cologne ,is ?is2 & ( ,aqu9um ,?omas1 ,i4444 ,t next respl5d5ce issues f ! smile ,( ,gratian1 :o to ei!r =um l5t ,su* help z fav\r w9s 9 ,p>adise4 ,x appe>s probable t nei!r poetry1 nor pa9t+1 nor ! o!r arts :i* require = _! p]fection a l(ty & spiritualiz$ imag9ation1 w\ld h appe>$ 9 ! noble & beautiful =ms :i* !y assum$ 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5tury1 if m5 ( g5ius _h1 at ! beg9n+ ( t p]iod1 made x _! ma9 bus9ess to discov] ! laws ( nature1 & to r$uce !m to a rigor\s sci5tific =m4 ,yet :o c d\bt t ! abs5ce ( ^! t\*+ & impressive works w\ld h left "o ( ! be/ & pure/ p>ts ( man's nature )\t its due nutrim5t & developm5t8 ,x may p]haps be a necess>y condition 9 ! progress ( man1 t ! ,arts :i* aim at beauty %\ld rea* _! excell5ce be=e ! ,sci5ces :i* seek speculative tru?2 & if ?is be s1 we inh]it1 f ! middle ages1 treasures :i* may well reconcile u to ! delay :i* took place 9 _! cultivation ( exp]im5tal sci5ce4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x is our bus9ess at pres5t to trace ! circum/ances ( ?is v l+]+ advance4 ,we h already notic$ ! conte/ ( ! ,nom9ali/s & ,reali/s1 :i* 0 "o =m1 ?\gh1 ) reg>d to sci5tific me?ods1 an unpr(itable "o1 ( ! anti!sis ( ,ideas & ,?+s4 ,?\gh1 !re=e1 ?is /ruggle cont9u$1 we ne$ n dwell ^u x4 ,! ,nom9ali/s d5i$ ! real exi/5ce ( ,ideas1 :i* doctr9e 0 to a great ext5t impli$ 9 ! prevail+ sy/ems2 b ! controv]sy 9 :i* !y ?us engag$1 did n lead !m to seek = k 9 a new field & by new me?ods4 ,! argum5ts :i* ,occam ! ,nom9ali/ opposes to ^? ( ,duns ,scotus ! ,reali/1 are m>k$ ) ! /amp ( ! same sy/em1 & consi/ only 9 p]mutations & comb9ations ( ! same elem5t>y conceptions4 ,x 0 n till ! impulse ( ext]nal circum/ances 0 add$ to ! discont5t1 :i* ! m /irr+ intellects felt t[>ds ! b>r5 dogmatism ( _! age1 t ! activity ( ! human m9d 0 aga9 call$ into full play1 & a new c>e] ( progression ent]$ ^u1 till !n undreamt (1 except by a few prophetic spirits4 #b4 ,causes ( ,progress4--,^! circum/ances 7 pr9cipally ! revival ( ,greek & ,roman lit]ature1 ! inv5tion ( ,pr9t+1 ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation1 & a great numb] ( curi\s discov]ies & inv5tions 9 ! arts1 :i* 7 soon succe$$ by important /eps 9 speculative physical sci5ce4 ,connect$ ) ! fir/ ( ^! ev5ts1 0 ! rise ( a p>ty ( le>n$ m5 :o express$ _! dissatisfaction ) ! ,ari/otelian philosophy1 z x 0 !n taught1 & manife/$ a /rong pref]5ce = ! views ( ,plato4 ,x is by no means suitable to our plan to give a detail$ acc\nt ( ?is new ,platonic s*ool2 b we may notice a few ( ! writ]s :o belong to x1 s f> at lea/ z to indicate its influ5ce ^u ! ,me?ods ( pursu+ sci5ce4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury#hg1 ! frequ5t int]c\rse ( ! mo/ cultivat$ p]sons ( ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ,empire1 ! increas$ /udy ( ! ,greek language 9 ,italy1 ! intellectual activity ( ! ,italian ,/ates1 ! discov]y ( manuscripts ( ! classical au?ors1 7 circum/ances :i* excit$ or n\ri%$ a new & zeal\s /udy ( ! works ( ,greek & ,roman g5ius4 ,! g5u9e writ+s ( ! anci5ts1 :5 pres5t$ 9 _! native life & beauty1 in/ead ( be+ se5 only 9 ^? lifeless fragm5ts & dull trans=mations :i* ! s*ola/ic sy/em _h exhibit$1 excit$ an int5se en?usiasm4 ,europe1 at t p]iod1 might be repres5t$ by ,plato's beautiful allegory1 ( a man :o1 aft] be+ long kept 9 a d>k cav]n1 9 :i* 8 k ( ! ext]nal _w is ga!r$ f ! images :i* /ream ?r\gh ! *9ks ( 8 prison1 is at la/ l$ =? into ! full blaze ( day4 ,x 0 inevitable t su* a *ange %\ld animate m5's ef=ts & enl>ge _! faculties4 ,greek lit]ature became m & m kn[n1 especially by ! influ5ce ( le>n$ m5 :o came f ,con/ant9ople into ,italy3 ^! tea*]s1 ?\gh !y hon\r$ ,ari/otle1 rev]5c$ ,plato no less1 & _h nev] be5 accu/om$ to foll[ ) s]vile submission ( ?\ght ei!r ^! or any o!r lead]s4 ,! effect ( su* influ5ces soon reveals itself 9 ! works ( t p]iod4 ,dante has wov5 into 8 ,div9a ,comm$ia "s ( ! ideas ( ,platonism4 ,petr>*1 :o _h =m$ 8 m9d by ! /udy ( ,cic]o1 & _h ?us be5 inspir$ ) a pr(\nd admiration = ! lit]ature ( ,greece1 le>nt ,greek f ,b>laam1 a monk :o came z ambassador f ! ,emp]or ( ! ,ea/ to ! ,pope1 9 #acci4 ,) ?is in/ructor1 ! poet read ! works ( ,plato2 /ruck by _! beauty1 he contribut$1 by 8 writ+s & 8 conv]sation1 to awake 9 o!rs an admiration & love = t philosoph]1 :i* soon became /rongly & ext5sively preval5t among ! le>n$ 9 ,italy4 #c4 ,h]molaus ,b>b>us1 c4--,along ) ! feel+ !re prevail$ also1 among ^? :o _h le>nt to reli% ! g5u9e beauties ( ! ,greek & ,lat9 writ]s1 a /rong disgu/ = ! b>b>isms 9 :i* ! s*ola/ic philosophy 0 clo!d4 ,h]molaus ,b>b>us#hh1 :o 0 born 9 #aded1 at ,v5ice1 & _h =m$ 8 ta/e by ! /udy ( classical lit]ature1 translat$1 among o!r le>n$ works1 ,!mi/ius's p>aphra/ic expositions ( ! ,physics ( ,ari/otle2 ) ! view ( try+ :e!r ! ,ari/otelian ,natural ,philosophy c\ld n be pres5t$ 9 good ,lat91 :i* ! s*ola/ic tea*]s d5i$4 ,9 8 ,preface he expresses great indignation aga9/ ^? philosoph]s :o h writt5 & disput$ on philosophical subjects 9 b>b>\s ,lat91 & 9 an uncultur$ /yle1 s t all ref9$ m9ds are repell$ f ^! /udies by we>9ess & disgu/4 ,!y h1 he says1 by ?is b>b>ism1 endeav\r$ to secure to !mselves1 9 _! own prov9ce1 a supremacy )\t rivals or oppon5ts4 ,h5ce !y ma9ta9 t ma!matics1 philosophy1 jurisprud5ce1 _c be exp\nd$ 9 correct ,lat92--t betwe5 ^! sci5ces & ! g5u9e ,lat9 language !re is a great gulf1 z betwe5 ?+s t _c be br\ght toge!r3 & on ?is gr\nd !y blame ^? :o comb9e ! /udy ( philology & eloqu5ce ) t ( sci5ce4 ,?is op9ion1 adds ,h]molaus1 p]v]ts & ru9s our /udies2 & is highly prejudicial & unwor?y 9 respect to ! /ate4 ,h]molaus awoke 9 o!rs1 z = in/ance1 9 ,john ,picus ( ,mir&ula1 ! same dislike to ! reign+ s*ool philosophy4 ,z an oppon5t ( ! same k9d1 we may add ,m>ius ,nizolius ( ,b]sallo1 a s*ol> :o c>ri$ 8 admiration ( ,cic]o to an exagg]at$ ext5t1 & :o 0 l$1 by a controv]sy ) ! def5d]s ( ! s*ola/ic philosophy1 to publi% 7#aeec7 a "w ,on ! ,true ,pr9ciples & ,true ,me?od ( ,philosophiz+4 ,9 ! title ( ?is "w1 he pr(esses to give ! true pr9ciples ( almo/ all arts & sci5ces1 refut+ & reject+ almo/ all ! false pr9ciples ( ! ,logicians & ,metaphysicians4 ,b al?\gh1 9 ! "w1 he attacks ! s*ola/ic philosophy1 he does little or no?+ to ju/ify ! l>ge pret5sions ( 8 title2 & he excit$1 x is said1 little notice4 ,x is !re=e curi\s t ,leibnitz %\ld h ?\ght x wor? 8 :ile to re-edit ?is "w1 :i* he did 9 #afgj1 add+ rem>ks ( 8 own4 #d4 ,nicolaus ,cusanus4--,)\t dwell+ ^u ?is opposition to ! s*ola/ic sy/em on ! gr\nd ( ta/e1 ,i %all notice some:at fur!r ^? writ]s :o put =w>ds ,platonic views1 z fitt$ to complete or to replace ! doctr9es ( ,ari/otle4 ,among ^!1 ,i may place ,nicolaus ,cusanus1 7s call$ f ,cus1 a village on ! ,moselle1 :]e he 0 born 9 #adja27 :o 0 aft]w>ds rais$ to ! dignity ( c>d9al4 ,we might1 inde$1 at fir/ be tempt$ to include ,cusanus among ^? p]sons :o 7 l$ to reject ! old philosophy by be+ !mselves ag5ts 9 ! progressive movem5t ( physical sci5ce4 ,= he publi%$1 be=e ,cop]nicus1 & indep5d5tly ( him1 ! doctr9e t ! e>? is 9 motion#hi4 ,b x %\ld be recollect$ t 9 ord] to see ! possibility ( ?is doctr9e1 & its claims to acceptance1 no new ref]5ce to obs]vation 0 requisite4 ,! ,helioc5tric ,sy/em 0 m]ely a new mode ( repres5t+ to ! m9d facts1 ) :i* all a/ronom]s _h long be5 famili>4 ,! sy/em might v easily h be5 embrac$ & inculcat$ by ,plato himself2 z inde$ x is said to h be5 actually taught by ,py?agoras4 ,! m]e adoption ( ! ,helioc5tric view1 !re=e1 )\t attempt+ to realize ! sy/em 9 detail1 z ,cop]nicus did1 _c entitle a writ] ( ! fifte5? c5tury to be look$ ^u z "o ( ! au?ors ( ! discov]ies ( t p]iod2 & we mu/ consid] ,cusanus z a speculative anti-,ari/otelian1 r ?an z a practical re=m]4 ,! title ( ,cusanus's book1 ,de ,doct ,ignoranti1 %[s h[ f> he 0 f agree+ ) ^? :o conceiv$ t1 9 ! works ( ,ari/otle1 !y _h a full & complete sy/em ( all human k4 ,at ! outset ( ?is book#ij1 he says1 aft] po9t+ out "s difficulties 9 ! receiv$ philosophy1 ,if1 !re=e1 ! case be s1 7z ev5 ! v pr(\nd ,ari/otle1 9 8 ,fir/ ,philosophy1 affirms17 t 9 ?+s mo/ manife/ by nature1 !re is a difficulty1 no less ?an = an owl to look at ! sun2 s9ce ! appetite ( k is n implant$ 9 u 9 va91 we ought to desire to "k t we are ignorant4 ,if we c fully atta9 to ?is1 we %all arrive at ,in/ruct$ ,ignorance4 ,h[ f> he 0 f plac+ ! s\rce ( k 9 exp]i5ce1 z oppos$ to ideas1 we may see 9 ! foll[+ passage#ia f ano!r "w ( 81 ,on ,conjectures4 ,conjectures mu/ proce$ f our m9d1 z ! real _w proce$s f ! inf9ite ,div9e ,reason4 ,= s9ce ! human m9d1 ! l(ty lik5ess ( ,god1 p>ticipates1 z x may1 9 ! fruitfulness ( ! creative nature1 x do? f itself1 z ! image ( ! ,omnipot5t ,=m1 br+ =? reasonable ?\ghts :i* h a similitude to real exi/5ces4 ,?us ! ,human ,m9d exi/s z a conjectural =m ( ! _w1 z ! ,div9e ,m9d is its real =m4 ,we h "h ! ,platonic or ideal side ( k put prom95tly & exclusively =w>ds4 #e4 ,m>silius ,fic9us1 c4--,a p]son :o _h mu* m influ5ce on ! diffusion ( ,platonism 0 ,m>silius ,fic9us1 a physician ( ,flor5ce4 ,9 t city !re prevail$1 at ! "t ( :i* we speak1 ! greate/ en?usiasm = ,plato4 ,george ,gemi/ius ,ple?o1 :5 9 att5dance ^u ! ,c\ncil ( ,flor5ce1 _h imp>t$ to _m p]sons ! doctr9es ( ! ,greek philosoph]2 &1 among o!rs1 _h infus$ a lively int]e/ on ?is subject into ! eld] ,cosmo1 ! head ( ! family ( ! ,m$ici4 ,cosmo =m$ ! plan ( f\nd+ a ,platonic academy4 ,fic9us#ib1 well in/ruct$ 9 ! works ( ,plato1 ,plot9us1 ,proclus1 & o!r ,platoni/s1 0 select$ to fur!r ?is object1 & 0 employ$ 9 translat+ ! works ( ^! au?ors into ,lat94 ,x is n to our pres5t purpose to consid] ! doctr9es ( ?is s*ool1 except s f> z !y be> ^u ! nature & me?ods ( k2 & !re=e ,i mu/ pass by1 z ,i h 9 o!r in/ances done1 ! great] "p ( _! speculations1 :i* relat$ to ! nature ( ,god1 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 ! pr9ciples ( ,goodness & ,beauty1 & o!r po9ts ( ! same ord]4 ,! object ( ^! & o!r ,platoni/s ( ?is s*ool1 h[ev]1 0 n to expel ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle by t ( ,plato4 ,_m ( !m _h come to ! conviction t ! highe/ ends ( philosophy 7 to be rea*$ only by br++ into accordance ! doctr9es ( ,plato & ( ,ari/otle4 ,( ?is op9ion 0 ,john ,picus1 ,c\nt ( ,mir&ula & ,concordia2 & "u ?is p]suasion he employ$ ! :ole ( 8 life 9 lab\r+ ^u a "w1 ,de ,concordi ,platonis et ,ari/otelis1 :i* 0 n complet$ at ! "t ( 8 dea?1 9 #adid2 & has nev] be5 publi%$4 ,b ab\t a c5tury lat]1 ano!r writ] ( ! same s*ool1 ,francis ,patricius#ic1 po9t+ out ! discrepancies betwe5 ! two ,greek tea*]s1 urg$ ! propriety ( depos+ ,ari/otle f ! supremacy he _h s long enjoy$4 ,n[ all ^! doctr9es1 & o!rs n a few1 he says#id1 s9ce !y are ,platonic doctr9es1 philosophically mo/ true1 & consonant ) ! ,ca?olic fai?1 :il/ ! ,ari/otelian t5ets are contr>y to ! fai?1 & philosophically false1 :o w n1 bo? z a ,*ri/ian & a ,philosoph]1 pref] ,plato to ,ari/otle8 ,& :y %\ld n h]eaft]1 9 all ! colleges & mona/]ies ( ,europe1 ! read+ & /udy ( ,plato be introduc$8 ,:y %\ld n ! philosophy ( ,ari/otle be =?) exil$ f su* places8 ,:y mu/ m5 cont9ue to dr9k ! mortal poison ( impiety f t s\rce8 ) mu* m 9 ! same /ra94 ,! ,platonic s*ool1 ( :i* we h spok51 _h1 h[ev]1 rea*$ its highe/ po9t ( prosp]ity be=e ?is "t1 & 0 already decl9+4 ,ab\t #aejj1 ! ,platoni/s appe>$ to triumph ov] ! ,p]ipatetics#ie2 b ! dea? ( _! great patron1 ,c>d9al ,bess>ion1 ab\t ?is "t1 & we may add1 ! holl[ness ( _! sy/em 9 _m po9ts1 & its want ( fitness = ! wants & expectations ( ! age1 turn$ m5's ?\ghts p>tly back to ! e/abli%$ ,ari/otelian doctr9es1 & p>tly =w>ds to s*emes ( bold] & fre%] promise4 #f4 ,francis ,patricius4--,patricius1 ( :om we h j spok51 0 "o ( ^? :o _h arriv$ at ! conviction t ! =mation ( a new philosophy1 & n m]ely ! re/oration ( an old "o1 0 ne$$4 ,9 #aeic1 appe>$ 8 ,nova de ,univ]sis ,philosophia2 & ! mode 9 :i* x beg9s#if c h>dly fail to rem9d u ( ! expressions :i* ,francis ,bacon soon aft]w>ds us$ 9 ! op5+ ( a "w ( ! same nature4 ,francis ,patricius1 be+ ab\t to f\nd anew ! true philosophy ( ! univ]se1 d>$ to beg9 by ann\nc+ ! foll[+ indisputable pr9ciples4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! resemblance betwe5 ,patricius & true inductive philosoph]s ends4 ,8 pr9ciples are b>r5 priori axioms2 & 8 sy/em has "o ma9 elem5t1 ,light1 7,lux1 or ,lum517 to :i* all op]ations ( nature are ref]r$4 ,9 g5]al cultivation1 & practical k ( nature1 he 0 di/+ui%$ among 8 contempor>ies4 ,9 v>i\s passages ( 8 works he relates#ig obs]vations :i* he _h made 9 ! c\rse ( 8 travels1 9 ,cyprus1 ,corfu1 ,spa91 ! m\nta9s ( ! ,mod5ese1 & ,dalmatia1 :i* 0 8 own c\ntry2 8 obs]vations relate to light1 ! saltness ( ! sea1 its flux & reflux1 & o!r po9ts ( a/ronomy1 meteorology1 & natural hi/ory4 ,he speaks ( ! sex ( plants#ih2 rejects judicial a/rology2 & notices ! a/ronomical sy/ems ( ,cop]nicus1 ,ty*o1 ,fraca/oro1 & ,torre4 ,b ! mode 9 :i* he speaks ( exp]im5ts proves1 :at inde$ is evid5t f ! g5]al s*eme ( 8 sy/em1 t he _h no due appreciation ( ! place :i* obs]vation mu/ hold 9 real & natural philosophy4 #g4 ,picus1 ,agrippa1 c4--,x _h be5 se5 9 ! lat] philosophical hi/ory ( ,greece1 h[ readily ! ideas ( ! ,platonic s*ool lead on to a sy/em ( unfa?omable & unb\nd$ my/icism4 ,john ,picus1 ( ,mir&ula#ii1 add$ to ! /udy ( ,plato & ! ,neoplatoni/s1 a mass ( allegorical int]pretations ( ! ,scriptures1 & ! dreams ( ! ,cabbala1 a ,jewi% sy/em#ajj1 :i* pret5ds to expla9 h[ all ?+s are an emanation ( ! ,deity4 ,to ?is 8 nephew1 ,francis ,picus1 add$ a ref]5ce to inw>d illum9ation#aja1 by :i* k is obta9$1 indep5d5tly ( ! progress ( reason+4 ,john ,reu*l91 or ,capnio1 born #adee2 ,john ,bapti/ ,helmont1 born #aegg2 ,francis ,m]curius ,helmont1 born #afah1 & o!rs1 succe$$ ,john ,picus 9 8 admiration ( ! ,cabbala3 :ile o!rs1 z ,jacob ,bhm51 re/$ ^u int]nal revelations l ,francis ,picus4 ,& ?us we h a s]ies ( my/ical writ]s1 cont9u$ into mod]n times1 :o may be consid]$ z ! successors ( ! ,platonic s*ool2 & :o all exhibit views altoge!r errone\s ) reg>d to ! nature & orig9 ( k4 ,among ! v>i\s dreams ( ?is s*ool are c]ta9 wide & loose analogies ( t]re/rial & spiritual ?+s4 ,?us 9 ! writ+s ( ,cornelius ,agrippa 7:o 0 born #adhg1 at ,cologne7 we h su* sy/ems z ! foll[+#ajb3--,s9ce !re is a ?reefold _w1 elem5tal1 cele/ial1 & intellectual1 & ea* l[] "o is gov]n$ by t above x1 & receives ! influ5ce ( its p[]s3 s t ! v ,ar*etype & ,supreme ,au?or transfuses ! virtues ( 8 omnipot5ce into u ?r\gh angels1 heav5s1 />s1 elem5ts1 animals1 plants1 /ones1--into u1 ,i say1 = ^: s]vice he has fram$ & creat$ all ^! ?+s2--! ,magi d n ?9k x irrational t we %\ld be able to asc5d by ! same degrees1 ! same worlds1 to ?is ,ar*etype ( ! _w1 ! ,au?or & ,fir/ ,cause ( all1 ( :om all ?+s are1 & f :om !y proce$2 & %\ld n only avail ourselves ( ^? p[]s :i* exi/ 9 ! nobl] works ( creation1 b also %\ld be able to attract o!r p[]s1 & add !m to ^!4 ,agrippa's "w1 ,de ,vanitate ,sci5ti>um1 may be said r to h a skeptical & cynical1 ?an a ,platonic1 "*4 ,x is a declamation#ajc1 9 a melan*oly mood1 aga9/ ! condition ( ! sci5ces 9 8 "t4 ,8 indignation at ! worldly success ( m5 :om he consid]$ inf]ior to himself1 _h1 he says1 metamorphos$ him into a dog1 z ! poets relate ( ,hecuba ( ,troy1 s t 8 impulse 0 to sn>l & b>k4 ,8 pr(ess$ purpose1 h[ev]1 0 to expose ! dogmatism1 ! s]vility1 ! self-conceit1 & ! neglect ( religi\s tru? :i* prevail$ 9 ! reign+ ,s*ools ( philosophy4 ,8 views ( ! nature ( sci5ce1 & ! modes ( improv+ its cultivation1 are too imp]fect & vague to all[ u to rank him among ! re=m]s ( sci5ce4 #h4 ,p>acelsus1 ,fludd1 c4--,! celebrat$ ,p>acelsus#ajd put himself =w>ds z a re=m] 9 philosophy1 & obta9$ no small numb] ( adh]5ts4 ,he 01 9 mo/ respects1 a %all[ & impud5t pret5d]2 & _h small k ( ! lit]ature or sci5ce ( 8 "t3 b by ! tone ( 8 speak+ & writ+ he manife/ly belongs to ! my/ical s*ool ( :i* we are n[ speak+4 ,p]haps by ! boldness ) :i* he propos$ new sy/ems1 & by connect+ ^! ) ! practical doctr9es ( m$ic9e1 he contribut$ some?+ to ! introduction ( a new philosophy4 ,we h se5 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,*emi/ry t he 0 ! au?or ( ! sy/em ( ,?ree ,pr9ciples1 7salt1 sulphur1 & m]cury17 :i* replac$ ! anci5t doctr9e ( ,f\r ,elem5ts1 & prep>$ ! way = a true sci5ce ( *emi/ry4 ,b ! salt1 sulphur1 & m]cury ( ,p>acelsus 7 n1 he tells 8 disciples1 ! visible bodies :i* we call by ^? names1 b c]ta9 invisible1 a/ral1 or sid]eal elem5ts4 ,! a/ral salt is ! basis ( ! solidity & incombu/ible p>ts 9 bodies2 ! a/ral sulphur is ! s\rce ( combu/ion & vegetation2 ! a/ral m]cury is ! orig9 ( fluidity & volatility4 ,& aga91 ^! ?ree elem5ts are analog\s to ! ?ree elem5ts ( man1--,body1 ,_s1 & ,s\l4 ,a writ] ( our own c\ntry1 belong+ to ?is my/ical s*ool1 is ,rob]t ,fludd1 or ,de ,fluctibus1 :o 0 born 9 #aega1 9 ,k5t1 & aft] pursu+ 8 /udies at ,ox=d1 travell$ = sev]al ye>s4 ,( all ! ,!osophi/s & ,my/ics1 he is by mu* ! mo/ le>n$2 & 0 engag$ 9 v>i\s controv]sies ) ,m]s5ne1 ,gass5di1 ,kepl]1 & o!rs4 ,he ?us br+s u 9 contact ) ! next class ( philosoph]s :om we h to consid]1 ! practical re=m]s ( philosophy2--^? :o fur!r$ ! cause ( sci5ce by mak+1 promulgat+1 or def5d+ ! great discov]ies :i* n[ began to occupy m54 ,he adopt$ ! pr9ciple1 :i* we h notic$ else:]e#aje1 ( ! analogy ( ! ,macrocosm & ,microcosm1 ! _w ( nature & ! _w ( man4 ,8 sy/em conta9s su* a mixture & confusion ( physical & metaphysical doctr9es z might be expect$ f 8 gr\nd-plan1 & f 8 s*ool4 ,inde$ 8 object1 ! g5]al object ( my/ical speculators1 is to id5tify physical ) spiritual tru?s4 ,yet ! influ5ce ( ! practical exp]im5tal philosophy :i* 0 n[ ga9+ gr\nd 9 ! _w may be trac$ 9 him4 ,?us he ref]s to exp]im5ts on di/illation to prove ! exi/5ce & relation ( ! regions ( wat]1 air1 & fire1 & ( ! spirits :i* correspond to !m2 & is conceiv$1 by "s p]sons#ajf1 to h anticipat$ ,torricelli 9 ! inv5tion ( ! ,b>omet]4 ,we ne$ no fur!r foll[ ! speculations ( ?is s*ool4 ,we see already abundant reason :y ! re=m ( ! me?ods ( pursu+ sci5ce c\ld n proce$ f ! ,platoni/s4 ,in/ead ( seek+ k by exp]im5t1 !y imm]s$ !mselves deep] ?an ev5 ! ,ari/otelians _h done 9 tradition>y lore1 or turn$ _! eyes inw>ds 9 se>* ( an int]nal illum9ation4 ,"s attempts 7 made to rem$y ! defects ( philosophy by a rec\rse to ! doctr9es ( o!r sects ( antiquity1 :5 m5 began to feel m di/9ctly ! ne$ ( a m connect$ & solid k ( nature ?an ! e/abli%$ sy/em gave !m4 ,among ^! attempts 7 ^? ( ,b]ig>d#ajg1 ,mag]nus1 & especially ,gass5di1 to br+ into repute ! philosophy ( ! ,ionian s*ool1 ( ,democritus & ( ,epicurus4 ,b ^! endeav\rs 7 po/]ior 9 "t to ! new impulse giv5 to k by ,cop]nicus1 ,kepl]1 & ,galileo1 & 7 influ5c$ by views aris+ out ( ! success ( ^! discov]ies1 & !y mu/1 !re=e1 be consid]$ h]eaft]4 ,9 ! mean "t1 "s indep5d5t ef=ts 7aris+ f speculative r ?an practical re=m]s7 7 made to ca/ (f ! yoke ( ! ,ari/otelian dogmatism1 & to appreh5d ! true =m ( t new philosophy :i* ! mo/ active & hopeful m9ds saw to be ne$$2 & we mu/ give "s acc\nt ( ^! attempts1 be=e we c commit ourselves to ! full /ream ( progressive philosophy4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #hf3 ,gratian publi%$ ! ,decretals 9 ! twelf? c5tury2 & ! ,canon & ,civil ,law became a regul> /udy 9 ! univ]sities soon aft]w>ds4 ,footnote #hg3 ,t5neman1 ix4 #d4 ,footnote #hh3 ,t5neman1 ix4 #be4 ,footnote #hi3 ,jam nobis manife/um e/ t]ram i/am 9 v]itate mov]i1 c4--,de ,doct ,ignoranti1 lib4 ii4 c4 xii4 ,footnote #ij3 ,de ,doct4 ,ignor4 lib4 i4 c4 i4 ,footnote #ia3 ,de ,conjecturis1 lib4 i4 c4 iii4 iv4 ,footnote #ib3 ,born 9 #adcc4 ,footnote #ic3 ,born #aebi1 di$ #aeig4 ,footnote #id3 ,ari/oteles ,exot]icus1 p4 #ej4 ,footnote #ie3 ,tirabos*i1 t4 vii4 pt4 ii4 p4 #daa4 ,footnote #if3 ,franciscus ,patricius1 novam v]am integram de univ]sis conditurus philosophiam1 sequ5tia uti v]issima prnunti>e e/ ausus4 ,prnunciata ord9e p]secutus1 div9is oraculis1 geometricis rationibus1 cl>issimisque exp]im5tis comprobavit4 ,ante primum nihil1 ,po/ primum omnia1 ,a pr9cipio omnia1 c4 ,8 o!r works are ,panaugia1 ,pancosmia1 ,diss]tations ,p]ipatetic4 ,footnote #ig3 ,tirabos*i1 t4 vii4 pt4 ii4 p4 #daa4 ,footnote #ih3 ,diss]t4 ,p]ip4 t4 ii4 lib4 v4 sub f94 ,footnote #ii3 ,t5neman1 ix4 #adh4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,t5neman1 ix4 #afg4 ,footnote #aja3 ,ibid4 #aeh4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,agrippa1 ,de ,occult4 ,phil4 lib4 i4 c4 l4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,writt5 9 #aebf4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,philip ,aurelius ,!ophra/us ,bomba/us von ,hoh5heim1 also call$ ,p>acelsus ,eremita1 born at ,e9si$l5 9 ,switz]l&1 9 #adic4 ,footnote #aje3 ,hi/4 ,sc4 ,id4 b4 ix4 c4 #b4 sect4 #a4 ,! ,my/ical ,s*ool ( ,biology4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,t5neman1 ix4 #bba4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,t5neman1 ix4 #bfe4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,!oretical ,,re=m]s ,,( ,,sci5ce4 ,we h already se5 t ,patricius1 ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ann\nc$ 8 purpose ( f\nd+ anew ! :ole fabric ( philosophy2 b t1 9 execut+ ?is plan1 he ran into wide & baseless hypo!ses1 sugge/$ by priori conceptions r ?an by ext]nal obs]vation2 & t he 0 fur!r misl$ by fanciful analogies resembl+ ^? :i* ! ,platonic my/ics lov$ to contemplate4 ,! same "t1 & ! p]iod :i* foll[$ x1 produc$ sev]al o!r essays :i* 7 ( ! same nature1 ) ! exception ( _! be+ free f ! peculi> t5d5cies ( ! ,platonic s*ool3 & ^! insurrections aga9/ ! au?ority ( ! e/abli%$ dogmas1 al?\gh !y did n directly sub/itute a bett] positive sy/em 9 ! place ( t :i* !y assail$1 %ook ! au?ority ( ! ,ari/otelian sy/em1 & l$ to its ov]?r[2 :i* took place z soon z ^! !oretical re=m]s 7 aid$ by practical re=m]s4 #a4 ,b]n>d9us ,telesius4--,italy1 always1 9 mod]n times1 f]tile 9 ! beg9n+s ( new sy/ems1 0 ! soil on :i* ^! innovators arose4 ,! e>lie/ & mo/ conspicu\s ( !m is ,b]n>d9us ,telesius1 :o 0 born 9 #aejh1 at ,cos5za1 9 ! k+dom ( ,naples4 ,8 /udies1 c>ri$ on ) great zeal & ability1 fir/ at ,milan & !n at ,rome1 made him well acqua9t$ ) ! k ( 8 times2 b 8 own reflections conv9c$ him t ! basis ( sci5ce1 z !n receiv$1 0 altoge!r errone\s2 & l$ him to attempt a re=m1 ) :i* view1 9 #aefe1 he publi%$1 at ,rome1 8 "w#ajh1 ,b]n>d9us ,telesius1 ( ,cos5za1 on ! ,nature ( ,?+s1 accord+ to pr9ciples ( 8 own4 ,9 ! preface ( ?is "w he gives a %ort acc\nt#aji ( ! tra9 ( reflection by :i* he 0 l$ to put himself 9 opposition to ! ,ari/otelian philosophy4 ,?is k9d ( autobiography occurs n unfrequ5tly 9 ! writ+s ( !oretical re=m]s2 & %[s h[ livelily !y felt ! novelty ( _! und]tak+4 ,aft] ! /orm & sack ( ,rome 9 #aebg1 ,telesius retir$ to ,padua1 z a peaceful seat ( ! muses2 & !re /udi$ philosophy & ma!matics1 ) great zeal1 "u ! direction ( ,j]ome ,amal?u & ,fr$]ic ,delph9us4 ,9 ^! /udies he made great progress2 & ! k :i* he ?us acquir$ ?rew a new light ^u 8 view ( ! ,ari/otelian philosophy4 ,he und]took a clos] exam9ation ( ! ,physical ,doctr9es ( ,ari/otle2 & z ! result ( ?is1 he 0 a/oni%$ h[ x c\ld h be5 possible t s _m excell5t m51 s _m nations1 & ev5 almo/ ! :ole human race1 %\ld1 = s long a "t1 h all[$ !mselves to be c>ri$ away by a bl9d rev]5ce = a tea*]1 :o _h committ$ errors s num]\s & grave z he p]ceiv$ to exi/ 9 ! philosoph]4 ,along ) ?is view ( ! insuffici5cy ( ! ,ari/otelian philosophy1 arose1 at an e>ly p]iod1 ! ?\ght ( erect+ a bett] sy/em 9 its place4 ,) ?is purpose he left ,padua1 :5 he _h receiv$ ! degree ( ,doctor1 & w5t to ,rome1 :]e he 0 enc\rag$ 9 8 design by ! approval & fri5dly exhortations ( di/+ui%$ m5 ( lett]s1 among/ :om 7 ,ubald9o ,b&9elli & ,giovanni della ,casa4 ,f ,rome he w5t to 8 native place1 :5 ! incid5ts & occupations ( a m>ri$ life = a :ile int]rupt$ 8 philosophical project4 ,b aft] 8 wife 0 dead1 & 8 elde/ son gr[n to manhood1 he resum$ ) ard\r ! s*eme ( 8 y\?2 aga9 /udi$ ! works ( ,ari/otle & o!r philosoph]s1 & compos$ & publi%$ ! fir/ two books ( 8 treatise4 ,! op5+ to ?is "w suffici5tly exhibits ! _s 9 :i* x 0 conceiv$4 ,its object is /at$ 9 ! title to be to %[1 t ! con/ruction ( ! _w1 ! magnitude & nature ( ! bodies conta9$ 9 x1 are n to be inve/igat$ by reason+1 :i* 0 done by ! anci5ts1 b are to be appreh5d$ by ! s5ses1 & collect$ f ! ?+s !mselves4 ,& ! ,proem is 9 ! same /ra94 ,!y :o be=e u h inquir$ conc]n+ ! con/ruction ( ?is _w & ( ! ?+s :i* x conta9s1 seem inde$ to h prosecut$ _! exam9ation ) protract$ vigils & great lab\r1 b nev] to h look$ at x4 ,& ?us1 he obs]ves1 !y f\nd no?+ b error4 ,?is he ascribes to _! presumption4 ,=1 z x 71 attempt+ to rival ,god 9 wisdom1 & v5tur+ to seek = ! pr9ciples & causes ( ! _w by ! light ( _! own reason1 & ?9k+ !y _h f\nd :at !y _h only inv5t$1 !y made an arbitr>y _w ( _! own4 ,we !n1 he adds1 n rely+ on ourselves1 & ( a dull] intellect ?an !y1 propose to ourselves to turn our reg>ds to ! _w itself & its p>ts4 ,! execution ( ! "w1 h[ev]1 by no means corresponds to ! ann\ncem5t4 ,! doctr9es ( ,ari/otle are inde$ attack$2 & ! objections to ^!1 & to o!r receiv$ op9ions1 =m a l>ge "p ( ! "w4 ,b ^! objections are support$ by priori reason+1 & n by exp]im5ts4 ,& ?us1 reject+ ! ,ari/otelian physics1 he proposes a sy/em at lea/ equally baseless2 al?\gh1 no d\bt1 grateful to ! au?or f its sweep+ & app>5tly simple "*4 ,he assumes ?ree pr9ciples1 ,heat1 ,cold1 & ,matt]3 ,heat is ! pr9ciple ( motion1 ,cold ( immobility1 & ,matt] is ! corporeal sub/ratum1 9 :i* ^! incorporeal & active pr9ciples produce _! effects4 ,x is easy to imag9e t1 by comb9+ & sep>at+ ^! ab/ractions 9 v>i\s ways1 a sort ( acc\nt ( _m natural ph5om5a may be giv52 b x is impossible to ascribe any real value to su* a sy/em4 ,! m]it ( ,telesius mu/ be consid]$ to consi/ 9 8 rejection ( ! ,ari/otelian errors1 9 8 p]ception ( ! necessity ( a re=m 9 ! me?od ( philosophiz+1 & 9 8 p]suasion t ?is re=m mu/ be f\nd$ on exp]im5ts r ?an on reason+4 ,:5 he said#aaj1 ,we propose to ourselves to turn our eyes to ! _w itself1 & its p>ts1 _! passions1 actions1 op]ations1 & species1 8 view ( ! c\rse to be foll[$ 0 "r2 b 8 purpose rema9$ b ill fulfill$1 by ! arbitr>y edifice ( ab/ract conceptions :i* 8 sy/em exhibits4 ,francis ,bacon1 :o1 ab\t half a c5tury lat]1 treat$ ! subject ( a re=m ( philosophy 9 a f> m p5etrat+ & ma/]ly mann]1 has giv5 u 8 judgm5t ( ,telesius4 ,9 8 view1 he takes ,telesius z ! re/or] ( ! ,atomic philosophy1 :i* ,democritus & ,p>m5ides taught among ! anci5ts2 & accord+ to 8 cu/om1 he pres5ts an image ( ?is philosophy 9 an adaptation ( a portion ( anci5t my?ology#aaa4 ,! ,cele/ial ,cupid1 :o ) ,clus1 0 ! p>5t ( ! ,gods & ( ! ,univ]se1 is exhibit$ z a repres5tation ( matt] & its prop]ties1 accord+ to ! ,democritean philosophy4 ,conc]n+ ,telesius1 says ,bacon1 we ?9k well1 & ackn[l$ge him z a lov] ( tru?1 a useful contributor to sci5ce1 an am5d] ( "s t5ets1 ! fir/ ( rec5t m54 ,b we h to d ) him z ! re/or] ( ! philosophy ( ,p>m5ides1 to :om mu* rev]5ce is due4 ,) reg>d to ?is philosophy1 he pron\nces a judgm5t :i* v truly expresses ! cause ( its ra%ness & empt9ess4 ,x is1 he says1 su* a sy/em#aab z naturally proce$s f ! intellect1 ab&on$ to its own impulse1 & n ris+ f exp]i5ce to !ory cont9u\sly & successively4 ,accord+ly1 he says t1 ,telesius1 al?\gh le>n$ 9 ! ,p]ipatetic philosophy 7if t 7 any?+71 :i* inde$1 he has turn$ aga9/ ! tea*]s ( x1 is h9d]$ by 8 affirmations1 & is m successful 9 de/roy+ ?an 9 build+4 ,! "w ( ,telesius excit$ no small notice1 & 0 plac$ 9 ! ,index ,expurgatorius4 ,x made _m disciples1 a consequ5ce probably due to its _s ( sy/em-mak+1 no less ?an to its promise ( re=m1 or its acut5ess ( argum5t2 = till trial & reflection h taught man mode/y & mod]ation1 he c nev] be cont5t to receive k 9 ! small successive in/alm5ts 9 :i* nature gives x =? to him4 ,x is ! mak]s ( l>ge sy/ems1 arrang$ ) an appe>ance ( complet5ess & symmetry1 :o1 pr9cipally1 give rise to ,s*ools ( philosophy4 #b4 7,?omas ,campanella74--,accord+ly1 ,telesius may be look$ ^u z ! f\nd] ( a ,s*ool4 ,8 mo/ di/+ui%$ successor 0 ,?omas ,campanella1 :o 0 born 9 #aefh1 at ,/ilo1 9 ,calabria4 ,he %[$ great tal5ts at an e>ly age1 prosecut+ 8 /udies at ,cos5za1 ! bir?-place ( ! great oppon5t ( ,ari/otle & re=m] ( philosophy4 ,he1 too1 has giv5 u an acc\nt#aac ( ! c\rse ( ?\ght by :i* he 0 l$ to become an innovator4 ,be+ afraid t n g5u9e tru?1 b falsehood 9 ! place ( tru?1 0 ! t5ant ( ! ,p]ipatetic ,s*ool1 ,i exam9$ all ! ,greek1 ,lat91 & ,arabic comm5tators ( ,ari/otle1 & hesitat$ m & m1 z ,i s\ght to le>n :e!r :at !y h said 7 also to be read 9 ! _w itself1 :i* ,i _h be5 taught by le>n$ m5 0 ! liv+ book ( ,god4 ,& z my doctors c\ld n satisfy my scruples1 ,i resolv$ to read all ! books ( ,plato1 ,pl9y1 ,gal51 ! ,/oics1 & ! ,democriteans1 & especially ^? ( ,telesius2 & to comp>e !m ) t fir/ & orig9al writ+1 ! _w2 t ?us f ! prim>y autograph1 ,i might le>n if ! copies conta9$ any?+ false4 ,campanella probably ref]s "h to an expression ( ,plato1 :o says1 ! _w is ,god's epi/le to mank9d4 ,& ?is image1 ( ! natural _w z an orig9al manuscript1 :ile human sy/ems ( philosophy are b copies1 & may be false ones1 became a fav\rite ?\ght ( ! re=m]s1 & appe>s repeat$ly 9 _! writ+s f ?is "t4 ,:5 ,i held my public disputation at ,cos5za1 ,campanella proce$s1 & /ill m1 :5 ,i conv]s$ privately ) ! bre?r5 ( ! mona/]y1 ,i f\nd little satisfaction 9 _! answ]s2 b ,telesius delight$ me1 on acc\nt ( 8 fre$om 9 philosophiz+1 & because he re/$ ^u ! nature ( ?+s1 & n ^u ! ass]tions ( m54 ,) ^! views & feel+s1 x is n wond]ful t ,campanella1 at ! e>ly age ( tw5ty-two 7#aeij17 publi%$ a "w rem>kable = ! bold promise ( its title3 ,?omas ,campanella's ,philosophy demon/rat$ to ! s5ses1 aga9/ ^? :o h philosophiz$ 9 an arbitr>y & dogmatical mann]1 n tak+ nature = _! guide2 9 :i* ! errors ( ,ari/otle & 8 foll[]s are refut$ f _! own ass]tions & ! laws ( nature3 & all ! imag9ations feign$ 9 ! place ( nature by ! ,p]ipatetics are altoge!r reject$2 ) a true def5ce ( ,b]n>d9 ,telesius ( ,cos5za1 ! greate/ ( philosoph]s2 confirm$ by ! op9ions ( ! anci5ts1 "h elucidat$ & def5d$1 especially ^? ( ! ,platoni/s4 ,?is "w 0 writt5 9 answ] to a book publi%$ aga9/ ,telesius by a ,neapolitan pr(essor nam$ ,m>ta2 & x 0 ! boa/ ( ! "y au?or t he _h only employ$ elev5 mon?s 9 ! composition ( 8 def5ce1 :ile 8 adv]s>y _h be5 engag$ elev5 ye>s 9 prep>+ 8 attack4 ,campanella f\nd a fav\rable reception 9 ! h\se ( ! ,m>*ese ,lavelli1 & !re employ$ himself 9 ! composition ( an additional "w1 entitl$ ,on ! ,s5se ( ,?+s & ,magic1 & 9 o!r lit]>y lab\rs4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are full ( ! indications ( an en?usia/ic temp]1 incl9$ to my/ical devotion1 & ( op9ions be>+ ! ca/ ( pan!ism4 ,= in/ance1 ! title ( ! book la/ quot$ sets =? z demon/rat$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! "w1 t ! _w is ! liv+ & intellig5t /atue ( ,god2 & t all its p>ts1 & p>ticles ( p>ts1 are end[$ "s ) a cle>]1 "s ) a m obscure s5se1 su* z suffices = ! pres]vation ( ea* & ( ! :ole4 ,besides ^! op9ions1 :i* c\ld n fail to make him obnoxi\s to ! religi\s au?orities1 ,campanella#aad engag$ 9 s*emes ( political revolution1 :i* involv$ him 9 dang] & calamity4 ,he took "p 9 a conspiracy1 ( :i* ! object 0 to ca/ (f ! tyranny ( ,spa91 & to make ,calabria a republic4 ,?is design 0 discov]$2 & ,campanella1 along ) o!rs1 0 ?r[n into prison & subject$ to torture4 ,he 0 kept 9 conf9em5t tw5ty-sev5 ye>s2 & at la/ obta9$ 8 lib]ation by ! int]position ( ,pope ,urban ,,viii4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 /ill 9 dang] f ! ,neapolitan ,inquisition2 & escap$ 9 disguise to ,p>is1 :]e he receiv$ a p5sion f ! k+1 & liv$ 9 int]c\rse ) ! mo/ em95t m5 ( lett]s4 ,he di$ !re 9 #afci4 ,campanella 0 a contempor>y ( ,francis ,bacon1 :om we mu/ consid] z belong+ to an epo* to :i* ! ,calabrian s*ool ( innovators 0 only a prelude4 ,i %all n !re=e fur!r foll[ ! connexion ( writ]s ( ?is ord]4 ,tobias ,adami1 a ,saxon writ]1 an admir] ( ,campanella's works1 employ$ himself1 ab\t #afbj1 9 adapt+ !m to ! ,g]man public1 & 9 recomm5d+ !m /rongly to ,g]man philosoph]s4 ,desc>tes1 & ev5 ,bacon1 may be consid]$ z successors ( ,campanella2 = !y too 7 !oretical re=m]s2 b !y enjoy$ ! advantage ( ! light :i* _h1 9 ! mean "t1 be5 ?r[n ^u ! philosophy ( sci5ce1 by ! great practical advances ( ,kepl]1 ,galileo1 & o!rs4 ,to ^! practical re=m]s we mu/ soon turn our att5tion3 b we may fir/ notice "o or two additional circum/ances belong+ to our pres5t subject4 ,campanella rem>ks t bo? ! ,p]ipatetics & ! ,platoni/s conduct$ ! le>n] to k by a long & circuit\s pa?1 :i* he wi%$ to %ort5 by sett+ out f ! s5se4 ,)\t speak+ ( ! me?ods :i* he propos$1 we may notice "o maxim#aae ( consid]able value :i* he prop\nds1 & to :i* we h already be5 l$4 ,we beg9 to reason f s5sible objects1 & def9ition is ! end & epilogue ( sci5ce4 ,x is n ! beg9n+ ( our kn[+1 b only ( our tea*+4 #c4 7,&rew ,csalp9us47--,! same maxim _h already be5 ann\nc$ by ,csalp9us1 a contempor>y ( ,telesius2 7he 0 born at ,arezzo 9 #aebj1 & di$ at ,rome 9 #afjc74 ,csalp9us is a great "n 9 sci5ce1 ?\gh pr(ess$ly an ,ari/otelian4 ,x has be5 se5 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,sci5ce#aaf1 t he =m$ ! fir/ great epo* ( ! sci5ce ( botany by 8 sy/ematic arrangem5t ( plants1 & t 9 ?is task he _h no successor = ne>ly a c5tury4 ,he also approa*$ ne> to ! great discov]y ( ! circulation ( ! blood#aag4 ,he takes a view ( sci5ce :i* includes ! rem>k t we h j quot$ f ,campanella3 ,we rea* p]fect k by ?ree /eps3 ,induction1 ,division1 ,def9ition4 ,by ,induction1 we collect lik5ess & agreem5t f obs]vation2 by ,division1 we collect unlik5ess & disagreem5t2 by ,def9ition1 we le>n ! prop] sub/ance ( ea* object4 ,induction makes univ]sals f p>ticul>s1 & (f]s to ! m9d all intelligible matt]2 ,division discov]s ! diff]5ce ( univ]sals1 & leads to species2 ,def9ition resolves species into _! pr9ciples & elem5ts#aah4 ,)\t ass]t+ ?is to be rigor\sly correct1 x is incomp>ably m true & philosophical ?an ! opposite view1 :i* repres5ts def9ition z ! beg9n+ ( our k2 & ! e/abli%m5t ( su* a doctr9e is a mat]ial /ep 9 inductive philosophy#aai4 #d4 7,giordano ,bruno47--,among ! ,italian innovators ( ?is "t we mu/ notice ! un=tunate ,giordano ,bruno1 :o 0 born at ,nola ab\t #aeej & burnt at ,rome 9 #afjj4 ,he is1 h[ev]1 a re=m] ( a diff]5t s*ool f ,campanella2 = he d]ives 8 philosophy f ,ideas & n f ,obs]vation4 ,he repres5ts himself z ! au?or ( a new doctr9e1 :i* he t]ms ! ,nolan ,philosophy4 ,he 0 a zeal\s promulgator & def5d] ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em ( ! univ]se1 z we h notic$ 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,sci5ce#abj4 ,campanella also wrote 9 def5ce ( t sy/em4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t a ?\ght :i* is (t5 quot$ f ,francis ,bacon1 occurs 9 ,bruno's ,c5a di ,c5]e1 publi%$ 9 #aehd2 ,i mean1 ! notion t ! lat] times are m ag$ ?an ! e>li]4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! dialogue1 ! ,p$ant1 :o is "o ( ! int]locutors1 says1 ,9 antiquity is wisdom2 to :i* ! ,philosophical ,"* replies1 ,if y knew :at y 7 talk+ ab\t1 y w\ld see t y\r pr9ciple leads to ! opposite result ( t :i* y wi% to inf]2--,i mean1 t we are old]1 & h liv$ long]1 ?an our pr$ecessors4 ,he !n proce$s to apply ?is1 by trac+ ! c\rse ( a/ronomy ?r\gh ! e>li] a/ronom]s up to ,cop]nicus4 #e4 7,pet] ,ramus47--,i w notice "o o!r re=m] ( ?is p]iod1 :o attack$ ! ,ari/otelian sy/em on ano!r side1 on :i* x 0 consid]$ to be mo/ impregnable4 ,?is 0 ,pet] ,ramus17born 9 ,pic>dy 9 #aeae17 :o v5tur$ to d5\nce ! ,logic ( ,ari/otle z unphilosophical & useless4 ,aft] %[+ an extraord9>y aptitude = ! acquirem5t ( k 9 8 y\?1 :5 he proce$$ to ! degree ( ,ma/] ( ,arts1 he a/oni%$ 8 exam9]s by *oos+ = ! subject ( ! requisite disputation ! !sis#aba1 t :at ,ari/otle has said is all wrong4 ,?is position1 s />tl+ 9 #aece1 he def5d$ = ! :ole day1 )\t be+ defeat$4 ,?is 01 h[ev]1 only a =mal academical ex]cise1 :i* did n necess>ily imply any p]man5t conviction ( ! op9ion ?us express$4 ,b 8 m9d 0 really lab\r+ to detect & rem$y ! errors :i* he ?us proclaim$4 ,f him1 z f ! o!r re=m]s ( ?is "t1 we h an acc\nt ( ?is m5tal /ruggle#abb4 ,he says1 9 a "w on ?is subject1 ,i w c&idly & simply expla9 h[ ,i 0 deliv]$ f ! d>kness ( ,ari/otle4 ,:51 accord+ to ! laws ( our univ]sity1 ,i _h sp5t ?ree ye>s & a half 9 ! ,ari/otelian philosophy1 & 0 n[ inve/$ ) ! philosophical laurel z a ,ma/] ( ,arts1 ,i took an acc\nt ( ! "t :i* ,i _h consum$ 9 ?is /udy1 & consid]$ on :at subjects ,i %\ld employ ?is logical art ( ,ari/otle1 :i* ,i _h le>nt ) s mu* lab\r & noise1 ,i f\nd x made me n m v]s$ 9 hi/ory or antiquities1 m eloqu5t 9 disc\rse1 m ready 9 v]se1 m wise 9 any subject4 ,alas = me6 h[ 0 ,i ov]p[]$1 h[ deeply did ,i groan1 h[ did ,i deplore my lot & my nature1 h[ did ,i deem myself to be by "s unhappy & dismal fate & frame ( m9d abhorr5t f ! ,muses1 :5 ,i f\nd t ,i 0 "o :o1 aft] all my pa9s1 c\ld reap no b5efit f t wisdom ( :i* ,i he>d s mu*1 z be+ conta9$ 9 ! ,logic ( ,ari/otle4 ,he !n relates t he 0 l$ to ! /udy ( ! ,dialogues ( ,plato1 & 0 delight$ ) ! k9d ( analysis ( ! subjects discuss$ :i* ,socrates is !re repres5t$ z execut+4 ,well1 he adds1 ,i began ?us to reflect )9 myself--7,i %\ld h ?\ght x impi\s to say x to ano!r7--,:at1 ,i pray y1 prev5ts me f socratiz+2 & f ask+1 )\t reg>d to ,ari/otle's au?ority1 :e!r ,ari/otle's ,logic be true & correct8 ,x may be t t philosoph] leads u wrong2 & if s1 no wond] t ,i _c f9d 9 8 books ! treasure :i* is n !re4 ,:at if 8 dogmas be m]e figm5ts8 ,d ,i n tease & torm5t myself 9 va91 try+ to get a h>ve/ f a b>r5 soil8 ,he conv9c$ himself t ! ,ari/otelian logic 0 wor?less3 & con/ruct$ a new sy/em ( ,logic1 f\nd$ ma9ly on ! ,platonic process ( exhau/+ a subject by analytical classification ( its p>ts4 ,bo? works1 8 ,animadv]sions on ,ari/otle1 & 8 ,logic1 appe>$ 9 #aedc4 ,! le>n$ _w 0 />tl$ & %ock$ to f9d a "y man1 on 8 fir/ entrance into life1 condemn+ z faulty1 fallaci\s1 & useless1 t "p ( ,ari/otle's works :i* _h always hi!rto be5 held z a ma/]piece ( philosophical acut5ess1 & z ! ,organon ( sci5tific reason+4 ,& 9 tru?1 x mu/ be grant$ t ,ramus does n appe> to h und]/ood ! real nature & object ( ,ari/otle's ,logic2 :ile 8 own sy/em c\ld n supply ! place ( ! old "o1 & 0 n ( mu* real value4 ,?is diss5t f ! e/abli%$ doctr9es 01 h[ev]1 n only condemn$ b puni%$4 ,! pr9t+ & sell+ ( 8 books 0 =bidd5 ?r\gh ,france2 & ,ramus 0 /igmatiz$ by a s5t5ce#abc :i* decl>$ him ra%1 arrogant1 impud5t1 & ignorant1 & prohibit$ f tea*+ logic & philosophy4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 aft]w>ds re/or$ to ! (fice ( pr(essor3 & ?\gh mu* attack$1 p]si/$ 9 8 plan ( re=m+1 n only ,logic b ,physics & ,metaphysics4 ,he made 8 position /ill m dang]\s by adopt+ ! re=m$ religion2 & dur+ ! unhappy civil w>s ( ,france1 he 0 depriv$ ( 8 pr(essor%ip1 driv5 f ,p>is1 & _h 8 libr>y plund]$4 ,he endeav\r$1 b 9 va91 to engage a ,g]man pr(essor1 ,s*egk1 to und]take ! re=m ( ! ,ari/otelian ,physics2 a portion ( k 9 :i* he felt himself n to be /rong4 ,unhappily = himself1 he aft]w>ds return$ to ,p>is1 :]e he p]i%$ 9 ! massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew 9 #aegb4 ,ramus's ma9 objection to ! ,ari/otelian ,logic is1 t x is n ! image ( ! natural process ( ?\ght2 an objection :i* %[s little philosophical insight2 = ! c\rse by :i* we obta9 k may well diff] f ! ord] 9 :i* our k1 :5 obta9$1 is exhibit$4 ,we h already se5 t ,ramus's contempor>ies1 ,csalp9us & ,campanella1 _h a wis] view2 plac+ def9ition z ! la/ /ep 9 kn[+1 b ! fir/ 9 tea*+4 ,b ! effect :i* ,ramus produc$ 0 by no means slight4 ,he aid$ p[]fully 9 turn+ ! m9ds ( m5 to "q ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle on all po9ts2 & _h _m foll[]s1 especially among ! ,prote/ants4 ,among ! re/1 ,milton1 our great poet1 publi%$ ,artis ,logic pl5ior ,in/itutio ad ,petri ,rami me?odum conc9nata2 b ?is "w1 appe>+ 9 #afgb1 belongs to a succe$+ p]iod4 #f4 7,! ,re=m]s 9 g5]al74--,x is impossible n to be /ruck ) ! s]ies ( mis=tunes :i* assail$ ! re=m]s ( philosophy ( ! p]iod we h _h to review4 ,rog] ,bacon 0 repeat$ly condemn$ & imprison$2 &1 n to speak ( o!rs :o suff]$ "u ! imputation ( magical arts1 ,telesius is said#abd to h be5 driv5 f ,naples to 8 native city by calumny & envy2 ,csalp9us 0 accus$ ( a!ism#abe2 ,campanella 0 imprison$ = tw5ty-sev5 ye>s & tortur$2 ,giordano ,bruno 0 burnt at ,rome z a h]etic2 ,ramus 0 p]secut$ dur+ 8 life1 & f9ally murd]$ by 8 p]sonal enemy ,jacques ,*>p5ti]1 9 a massacre ( :i* ! plea 0 religion4 ,x is true1 t = ! mo/ "p ^! mis=tunes 7 n pr9cipally due to ! attempts at philosophical re=m1 b 7 connect$ r ) politics or religion4 ,b we _c d\bt t ! _s :i* l$ m5 to assail ! receiv$ philosophy1 might readily incl9e !m to reject "s t5ets ( ! e/abli%$ religion2 s9ce ! b\nd>y l9e ( ^! subjects is difficult to draw4 ,& z we h se51 !re 0 9 mo/ ( ! p]sons ( :om we h spok51 n only a well-f\nd$ p]suasion ( ! defects ( exi/+ sy/ems1 b an eag] _s ( *ange1 & a sangu9e anticipation ( "s wide & l(ty philosophy1 :i* 0 soon to elevate ! m9ds & conditions ( m54 ,! mo/ un=tunate 71 = ! mo/ "p1 ! lea/ temp]ate & judici\s re=m]s4 ,patricius1 :o1 z we h se51 decl>$ himself aga9/ ! ,ari/otelian philosophy1 liv$ & di$ at ,rome 9 peace & hon\r#abf4 #g4 7,melanc?on47--,x is n easy to po9t out ) precision ! connexion betwe5 ! ef=ts at a ,re=m 9 ,philosophy1 & ! great ,re=mation ( ,religion 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! disposition to ass]t 7practically at lea/7 a fre$om ( ?9k+1 & to reject ! corruptions :i* tradition _h introduc$ & au?ority ma9ta9$1 naturally ext5d$ its influ5ce f "o subject to ano!r2 & especially 9 subjects s ne>ly connect$ z !ology & philosophy4 ,! ,prote/ants1 h[ev]1 did n reject ! ,ari/otelian sy/em2 !y only re=m$ x1 by go+ back to ! orig9al works ( ! au?or1 & by r$uc+ x to a con=mity ) ,scripture4 ,9 ?is re=m1 ,melanc?on 0 ! *ief au?or1 & wrote works on ,logic1 ,physics1 ,morals1 & ,metaphysics1 :i* 7 us$ among ,prote/ants4 ,on ! subject ( ! orig9 ( our k1 8 views conta9$ a v philosophical improvem5t ( ! ,ari/otelian doctr9es4 ,he recogniz$ ! importance ( ,ideas1 z well z ( ,exp]i5ce4 ,we c\ld n1 he says#abg1 proce$ to reason at all1 except !re 7 by nature innate 9 man c]ta9 fix$ po9ts1 t is1 pr9ciples ( sci5ce2--z ,numb]1 ! recognition ( ,ord] & ,proportion1 logical1 geometrical1 physical & moral ,pr9ciples4 ,physical pr9ciples are su* z ^!1--ev]y?+ :i* exi/s proce$s f a cause1--a body _c be 9 two places at once1--"t is a cont9u$ s]ies ( ?+s or ( motions1--& ! l4 ,x is n difficult to see t su* ,pr9ciples p>take ( ! nature ( ! ,fundam5tal ,ideas :i* we h attempt$ to arrange & enum]ate 9 a previ\s "p ( ?is "w4 ,be=e we proce$ to ! next *apt]1 :i* treats ( ! ,practical ,re=m]s ( ,sci5tific ,me?od1 let u = an in/ant look at ! /rong p]suasion impli$ 9 ! titles ( ! works ( ?is p]iod1 t ! "t ( a philosophical revolution 0 at h&4 ,telesius publi%$ ,de ,r]um ,natura juxta propria pr9cipia2 ,francis ,helmont1 ,philosophia vulg>is refutata2 ,patricius1 ,nova de ,univ]sis ,philosophia2 ,campanella1 ,philosophia s5sibus demon/rata1 adv]sus errores ,ari/otelis2 ,bruno pr(ess$ himself ! au?or ( a ,nolan ,philosophy2 & ,ramus ( a ,new ,logic4 ,! age ann\nc$ itself pregnant2 & ! eyes ( all :o took an int]e/ 9 ! intellectual =tunes ( ! race1 7 look+ eag]ly = ! expect$ (fspr+4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ajh3 ,b]n>d9i ,telesii ,cons5t9i ,de ,r]um ,natura juxta propria ,pr9cipia4 ,footnote #aji3 ,i take ?is acc\nt f ,t5neman3 ?is ,proem 0 omitt$ 9 subsequ5t editions ( ,telesius1 & is n 9 ! "o :i* ,i h consult$4 ,t5neman1 ,ges*4 d4 ,phil4 ix4 #bhj4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,proem4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,de ,pr9cipiis atque ,orig9ibus secundum fabulas ,cupid9is et ,cli3 sive ,p>m5idis et ,telesii et prcipu ,democriti ,philosophia tractata 9 ,fabula de ,cupid9e4 ,footnote #aab3 ,talia sunt qualia possunt esse ea qu ab intellectu sibi p]misso1 nec ab exp]im5tis cont95t] et gradatim sublevato1 pr(ecta vid5tur4 ,footnote #aac3 ,?om4 ,campanella de ,libris propriis1 z quot$ 9 ,t5neman1 ix4 #bia4 ,footnote #aad3 ,economi/i ,italiani1 t4 i4 p4 xxxiii4 ,footnote #aae3 ,t5neman1 ix4 #cje4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,sc4 b4 xvi4 c4 iii4 sect4 #b4 ,footnote #aag3 ,ibid4 b4 xvii4 c4 ii4 sect4 #a4 ,footnote #aah3 ,qu/4 ,p]ipat4 i4 #a4 ,footnote #aai3 ,t5neman1 ix4 #ajh4 ,footnote #abj3 ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,sc4 b4 v4 c4 iii4 sect4 #b4 ,footnote #aba3 ,t5neman1 ix4 #dbj4 ,qucunque ab ,ari/otele dicta ess5t comm5ticia esse4 ,freigius1 ,vita ,petri ,rami1 p4 #aj4 ,footnote #abb3 ,rami1 ,animadv4 ,ari/ot4 i4 iv4 ,footnote #abc3 ,see ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,sc4 b4 iv4 c4 iv4 sect4 #d4 ,footnote #abd3 ,t5neman1 ix4 #bcj4 ,footnote #abe3 ,ibid4 #ajh4 ,footnote #abf3 ,t5neman1 ix4 #bdf4 ,footnote #abg3 ,melanc?on1 ,de ,anima1 p4 #bjg1 quot$ 9 ,t5neman1 ix4 #aba4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,practical ,,re=m]s ,,( ,,sci5ce4 #a4 ,"* ( ! ,practical ,re=m]s4--,we n[ come to a class ( speculators :o _h p]haps a great] %>e 9 br++ ab\t ! *ange f /ation>y to progressive k1 ?an ^? writ]s :o s l\dly ann\nc$ ! revolution4 ,! mode 9 :i* ! philosoph]s ( :om we n[ speak produc$ _! impressions on m5's m9ds1 0 v diff]5t f ! proc$ure ( ! !oretical re=m]s4 ,:at ^! talk$ (1 !y did2 :at ^! promis$1 !y p]=m$4 ,:ile ! !ori/s conc]n+ k proclaim$ t great advances 7 to be made1 ! practical discov]]s w5t /eadily =w>ds4 ,:ile "o class spoke ( a complete ,re=m ( sci5tific ,me?ods1 ! o!r1 boa/+ little1 & (t5 ?9k+ little ( ,me?od1 prov$ ! novelty ( _! in/rum5t by obta9+ new results4 ,:ile ! metaphysicians 7 exhort+ m5 to consult exp]i5ce & ! s5ses1 ! physici/s 7 exam9+ nature by su* means ) unp>allel$ success4 ,& :ile ! =m]1 ev5 :5 !y did = a mom5t ref] to facts1 soon ru%$ back into _! own region ( ideas1 & tri$ at once to seize ! wide/ g5]alizations1 ! latt]1 fa/5+ _! att5tion ^u ! ph5om5a1 & try+ to r$uce !m to laws1 7 c>ri$ =w>ds by /eps measur$ & gradual1 su* z no conjectural view ( sci5tific me?od _h sugge/$2 b lead+ to tru?s z pr(\nd & compreh5sive z any :i* conjecture _h d>$ to anticipate4 ,! !oretical re=m]s 7 bold1 self-confid5t1 ha/y1 contemptu\s ( antiquity1 ambiti\s ( rul+ all future speculations1 z !y :om !y s\ght to depose _h rul$ ! pa/4 ,! practical re=m]s 7 cauti\s1 mode/1 sl[1 despis+ no k1 :e!r borr[$ f tradition or obs]vation1 confid5t 9 ! ultimate triumph ( sci5ce1 b impress$ ) ! conviction t ea* s+le p]son c\ld contribute a little only to its progress4 ,yet ?\gh ?us work+ r ?an speculat+1--deal+ ) p>ticul>s m ?an ) g5]als1--employ$ ma9ly 9 add+ to k1 & n 9 def9+ :at k is1 or h[ additions are to be made to x1--^! m51 ?\ghtful1 curi\s1 & ( compreh5sive m9ds1 7 con/antly l$ to important views on ! nature & me?ods ( sci5ce4 ,& ^! views1 ?us sugge/$ by reflections on _! own m5tal activity1 7 gradually incorporat$ ) ! m ab/ract doctr9es ( ! metaphysicians1 & _h a mo/ important influ5ce 9 e/abli%+ an improv$ philosophy ( sci5ce4 ,! indications ( su* views we mu/ n[ endeav\r to collect f ! writ+s ( ! discov]]s ( ! times prec$+ ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,"s ( ! e>lie/ ( ^! indications are to be f\nd 9 ^? :o dealt ) ,art r ?an ) ,sci5ce4 ,i h already endeav\r$ to %[ t ! advance ( ! arts :i* give u a comm& ov] ! p[]s ( nature1 is g5]ally prior to ! =mation ( exact & speculative k conc]n+ ^? p[]s4 ,b ,art1 :i* is ?us ! pr$ecessor ( ,sci5ce1 is1 among nations ( acute & active intellects1 usually its p>5t4 ,!re op]ates1 9 su* a case1 a speculative _s1 lead+ m5 to seek = ! reasons ( t :i* !y f9d !mselves able to d4 ,h[ sl[ly1 & ) :at repeat$ deviations m5 foll[ ?is lead+1 :5 "u ! influ5ce ( a p>tial & dogmatical philosophy1 ! late bir? & sl[ gr[? ( s\nd physical !ory %[s4 ,b at ! p]iod ( :i* we n[ speak1 we f9d m51 at l5g?1 proce$+ 9 ob$i5ce to ! impulse :i* ?us drives !m f practice to !ory2--f an acqua9tance ) ph5om5a to a free & intellig5t inquiry conc]n+ _! causes4 #b4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci4--,i h already not$1 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,sci5ce1 t ! ,indi/9ctness ( ,ideas1 :i* 0 long "o ma9 imp$im5t to ! progress ( sci5ce 9 ! middle ages1 0 fir/ rem$i$ among ar*itects & eng9e]s4 ,^! m51 s f> at lea/ z me*anical ideas 7 conc]n$1 7 compell$ by _! employm5ts to judge rightly ( ! relations & prop]ties ( ! mat]ials ) :i* !y _h to deal2 & w\ld h be5 *a/is$ by ! failure ( _! works1 if !y _h violat$ ! laws ( me*anical tru?4 ,x 0 n wond]ful1 !re=e1 t ^! laws became kn[n to !m fir/4 ,we h se51 9 ! ,hi/ory1 t ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ! celebrat$ pa9t]1 :o 0 also an eng9e]1 is ! fir/ writ] 9 :om we f9d ! true view ( ! laws ( equilibrium ( ! lev] 9 ! mo/ g5]al case4 ,?is arti/1 a man ( a lively & discursive m9d1 is l$ to make "s rem>ks#abh on ! =mation ( our k1 :i* may %[ ! op9ions on t subject t already (f]$ !mselves at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury#abi4 ,he expresses himself z foll[s3--,!ory is ! g5]al1 ,exp]im5ts are ! soldi]s4 ,! int]pret] ( ! artifices ( nature is ,exp]i5ce3 %e is nev] deceiv$4 ,our judgm5t sometimes is deceiv$1 because x expects effects :i* ,exp]i5ce refuses to all[4 ,& aga91 ,we mu/ consult ,exp]i5ce1 & v>y ! circum/ances till we h drawn f !m g5]al rules2 = x is %e :o furni%es true rules4 ,b ( :at use1 y ask1 are ^! rules2 ,i reply1 t !y direct u 9 ! rese>*es ( nature & ! op]ations ( art4 ,!y prev5t our impos+ ^u ourselves & o!rs by promis+ ourselves results :i* we _c obta94 ,9 ! /udy ( ! sci5ces :i* dep5d on ma!matics1 ^? :o d n consult nature b au?ors1 are n ! *ildr5 ( nature1 !y are only h] gr&*ildr54 ,%e is ! true tea*] ( m5 ( g5ius4 ,b see ! absurdity ( m56 ,!y turn up _! noses at a man :o pref]s to le>n f nature h]self r ?an f au?ors :o are only h] cl]ks4 ,9 ano!r place1 9 ref]5ce to a p>ticul> case1 he says1 ,nature beg9s f ! ,reason & ends 9 ,exp]i5ce2 b = all t1 we mu/ take ! opposite c\rse2 beg9 f ! ,exp]im5t & try to discov] ! ,reason4 ,leon>do 0 born =ty-six ye>s be=e ,telesius2 yet we h "h an e/imate ( ! value ( exp]i5ce f> m j & sub/antial ?an ! ,calabrian s*ool ev] rea*$4 ,! expressions conta9$ 9 ! above extracts1 are well wor?y our notice2--t exp]i5ce is nev] deceiv$2--t we mu/ v>y our exp]im5ts1 & draw f !m g5]al rules2--t nature is ! orig9al s\rce ( k1 & books only a d]ivative sub/itute2--) a lively image ( ! sons & gr&sons ( nature4 ,"s ( ^! ass]tions h be5 deem$1 & n )\t reason1 v simil> to ^? made by ,bacon a c5tury lat]4 ,yet x is probable t ! import ( su* expressions1 9 ,leon>do's m9d1 0 less cle> & def9ite ?an t :i* !y acquir$ by ! progress ( s\nd philosophy4 ,:5 he says t !ory is ! g5]al & exp]im5ts ! soldi]s1 he probably meant t !ory directs m5 :at exp]im5ts to make2 & _h n 9 8 m9d ! notion ( a !oretical ,idea ord]+ & brigad+ ! ,facts4 ,:5 he says t ,exp]i5ce is ! int]pret] ( ,nature1 we may recollect1 t 9 a m correct use ( ?is image1 ,exp]i5ce & ,nature are ! writ+1 & ! ,intellect ( man ! int]pret]4 ,we may add1 t ! cle> appreh5sion ( ! importance ( ,exp]i5ce l$1 9 ?is z 9 o!r cases1 to an unju/ depreciation ( ! value ( :at sci5ce ow$ to books4 ,leon>do w\ld h made little progress1 if he _h attempt$ to ma/] a complex sci5ce1 a/ronomy = in/ance1 by means ( obs]vation alone1 )\t ! aid ( books4 ,b 9 spite ( su* criticism1 ,leon>do's maxims %[ extraord9>y sagacity & insight2 & !y appe> to u ! m rem>kable1 :5 we see h[ r>e su* views are = a c5tury aft] 8 "t4 #c4 ,cop]nicus4--,= we by no means f9d1 ev5 9 ^? practical discov]]s to :om1 9 reality1 ! revolution 9 sci5ce1 & consequ5tly 9 ! philosophy ( sci5ce1 0 due1 ?is prompt & vigor\s recognition ( ! supreme au?ority ( obs]vation z a gr\nd ( belief2 ?is bold e/imate ( ! probable wor?lessness ( traditional k2 & ?is pla9 ass]tion ( ! reality ( !ory f\nd$ ^u exp]i5ce4 ,among su* discov]]s1 ,cop]nicus mu/ ev] hold a mo/ di/+ui%$ place4 ,! helioc5tric !ory ( ! univ]se1 e/abli%$ by him ) va/ lab\r & deep k1 01 = ! succe$+ c5tury1 ! field ( discipl9e & ex]tion ( all ! mo/ active speculative m9ds4 ,m51 dur+ t "t1 prov$ _! fre$om ( ?\ght1 _! hopeful _s1 & _! compreh5sive view1 by adopt+1 inculcat+1 & foll[+ out ! philosophy :i* ?is !ory sugge/$4 ,b 9 ! fir/ promulgation ( ! !ory1 9 ! works ( ,cop]nicus himself1 we f9d a f> m cauti\s & res]v$ temp]4 ,he does n1 inde$1 give up ! reality ( 8 !ory1 b he expresses himself s z to avoid %ock+ ^? :o might 7z "s aft]w>ds did7 ?9k x safe to speak ( x z an hypo!sis r ?an a tru?4 ,9 8 preface address$ to ! ,pope#acj1 aft] speak+ ( ! difficulties 9 ! old & receiv$ doctr9es1 by :i* he 0 l$ to 8 own !ory1 he says1 ,h5ce ,i began to ?9k ( ! mobility ( ! e>?2 & al?\gh ! op9ion seem$ absurd1 yet because ,i knew t to o!rs be=e me ?is lib]ty _h be5 conc$$1 ( imag9+ any k9ds ( circles 9 ord] to expla9 ! ph5om5a ( ! />s1 ,i ?\ght x w\ld also be readily grant$ me1 t ,i might try :e!r1 by suppos+ ! e>? to be 9 motion1 ,i might n arrive at a bett] explanation ?an !irs1 ( ! revolutions ( ! cele/ial orbs4 ,nor does he any:]e ass]t t ! seem+ absurdity _h become a c]ta9 tru?1 or betray any feel+ ( triumph ov] ! mi/ak5 belief ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,&1 z ,i h else:]e %[n1 8 disciples#aca indignantly & ju/ly def5d$ him f ! *>ge ( disrespect t[>ds ,ptolemy & o!r anci5t a/ronom]s4 ,yet ,cop]nicus is f> f compromis+ ! value or evid5ce ( ! great tru?s :i* he introduc$ to g5]al acceptance2 & f s9k+ 9 8 exposition ( 8 discov]ies bel[ ! temp] :i* _h l$ to !m4 ,8 quotation f ,ptolemy1 t ,he :o is to foll[ philosophy mu/ be a freeman 9 m9d1 is a gr& & noble maxim1 :i* x well became him to utt]4 #d4 ,fabricius4--,9 ano!r ( ! great discov]]s ( ?is p]iod1 ?\gh employ$ on a v diff]5t subject1 we disc]n mu* ( ! same temp]4 ,fabricius ( ,acquap5d5te#acb1 ! tutor & =]unn] ( our ,h>vey1 & "o ( t illu/ri\s s]ies ( ,paduan pr(essors :o 7 ! fa!rs ( anatomy#acc1 exhibits some?+ ( ! same respect = antiquity1 9 ! mid/ ( 8 orig9al speculations4 ,?us 9 a diss]tation#acd ,on ! ,action ( ! ,jo9ts1 he quotes ,ari/otle's ,me*anical ,problems to prove t 9 all animal motion !re mu/ be "s quiesc5t fulcrum2 & f9ds m]it ev5 9 ,ari/otle's ignorance4 ,ari/otle1 he says#ace1 did n "k t motion 0 produc$ by ! muscle2 & aft] /agg]+ ab\t f "o supposition to ano!r1 at la/ is compell$ by ! facts !mselves to recur to an innate _s1 :i*1 he conceives1 is contra/$1 & :i* pulls & pu%es4 ,& "h we _c help admir+ ! g5ius ( ,ari/otle1 :o1 ?\gh ignorant ( ! muscle1 inv5ts some?+ :i* produces ne>ly ! same effect z ! muscle1 namely1 contraction & pull+4 ,he !n1 ) great acut5ess1 po9ts out ! di/9ction betwe5 ,ari/otle's op9ions1 ?us fav\rably int]pret$1 & ^? ( ,gal54 ,9 all ?is1 we see some?+ ( ! wi% to f9d all tru?s 9 ! writ+s ( ! anci5ts1 b no?+ :i* mat]ially int]f]es ) fre$om ( inquiry4 ,! anatomi/s h 9 all ages & c\ntries be5 practically employ$ 9 seek+ k f obs]vation4 ,facts h ev] be5 to !m a subject ( c>eful & pr(itable /udy2 :ile ! ideas :i* ent] into ! wid] tru?s ( ! sci5ce1 are1 z we h se51 ev5 /ill involv$ 9 obscurity1 d\bt1 & conte/4 #e4 ,maurolycus4--,francis ,maurolycus ( ,messana1 ^: ma!matical works 7 publi%$ 9 #aege1 0 "o ( ! great improv]s ( ! sci5ce ( optics 9 8 "t4 ,9 8 ,preface to 8 ,treatise on ! ,sph]es1 he speaks ( previ\s writ]s on ! same subject2 & obs]ves t z !y h n sup]s$$ "o ano!r1 !y h n r5d]$ x unfit = any "o to treat ! subject afre%4 ,yet1 he says1 x is impossible to am5d ! errors ( all :o h prec$$ u4 ,?is w\ld be a task too h>d = ,atlas1 al?\gh he supports ! heav5s4 ,ev5 ,cop]nicus is tol]at$1 :o makes ! sun to be fix$1 & ! e>? to move r\nd x 9 a circle1 & :o is m wor?y ( a :ip or a sc\rge ?an ( a refutation4 ,! ma!maticians & a/ronom]s ( t "t 7 n ! p]sons mo/ s5sible ( ! progress ( physical k2 = ! basis ( _! sci5ce1 & a great "p ( its sub/ance1 7 conta9$ 9 ! writ+s ( ! anci5ts2 & till ! "t ( ,kepl]1 ,ptolemy's "w 01 v ju/ly1 look$ ^u z includ+ all t 0 ess5tial 9 ! sci5ce4 #f4 ,b5$etti4--,b ! writ]s on ,me*anics 7 naturally l$ to pres5t !mselves z innovators & exp]im5t]s2 = all t ! anci5ts _h taught conc]n+ ! doctr9e ( motion 0 errone\s2 :ile ^? :o s\ght _! k f exp]im5t1 7 con/antly l$ to new tru?s4 ,john ,bapti/ ,b5$etti1 a ,v5etian nobleman1 9 #aeii1 publi%$ 8 ,speculationum ,lib]1 conta9+1 among o!r matt]1 a treatise on ,me*anics1 9 :i* sev]al ( ! ,ari/otelian errors 7 refut$4 ,9 ! ,preface to ?is ,treatise1 he says1 ,_m au?ors h writt5 mu*1 & ) great ability1 on ,me*anics2 b s9ce nature is con/antly br++ to light some?+ ei!r new1 or be=e unnotic$1 ,i too wi%$ to put =? a few ?+s hi!rto unattempt$1 or n suffici5tly expla9$4 ,9 ! doctr9e ( motion he di/9ctly & at "s l5g? condemns & argues aga9/ all ! ,ari/otelian doctr9es conc]n+ motion1 weight1 & _m o!r fundam5tal pr9ciples ( physics4 ,b5$etti is also an adh]5t ( ! ,cop]nican doctr9e4 ,he /ates#acf ! enorm\s velocity :i* ! heav5ly bodies mu/ h1 if ! e>? be ! c5tre ( _! motions2 & adds1 :i* difficulty does n occur accord+ to ! beautiful !ory ( ! ,samian ,ari/>*us1 exp\nd$ 9 a div9e mann] by ,nicolas ,cop]nicus2 aga9/ :i* ! reasons alleg$ by ,ari/otle are ( no weight4 ,b5$etti ?r\gh\t %[s no want ( ! c\rage or ability :i* 7 ne$$ 9 ord] to rise 9 opposition aga9/ ! dogmas ( ! ,p]ipatetics4 ,he does n1 h[ev]1 ref] to exp]im5t 9 a v direct mann]2 inde$ mo/ ( ! facts on :i* ! elem5t>y tru?s ( me*anics re/1 7 kn[n & admitt$ by ! ,ari/otelians2 & !re=e c\ld n be adduc$ z novelties4 ,on ! contr>y1 he beg9s ) priori maxims1 :i* exp]i5ce w\ld n h confirm$4 ,s9ce1 he says#acg1 we h und]tak5 ! task ( prov+ t ,ari/otle is wrong 9 8 op9ions conc]n+ motion1 !re are c]ta9 absolute tru?s1 ! objects ( ! intellect kn[n ( !mselves1 :i* we mu/ lay d[n 9 ! fir/ place4 ,& !n1 z an example ( ^! tru?s1 he /ates ?is3 ,any two bodies ( equal size & figure1 b ( diff]5t mat]ials1 w h _! natural velocities 9 ! same proportion z _! weights2 :]e by _! natural velocities1 he means ! velocities ) :i* !y naturally fall d[nw>ds4 #g4 ,gilb]t4--,! greate/ ( ^! practical re=m]s ( sci5ce is our c\ntryman1 ,william ,gilb]t2 if1 inde$1 9 virtue ( ! cle> views ( ! prospects :i* 7 !n op5+ to sci5ce1 & ( ! me?ods by :i* h] future progress 0 to be secur$1 :ile he exemplifi$ ^? views by physical discov]ies1 he does n r des]ve ! /ill high] praise ( be+ at ! same "t a !oretical & a practical re=m]4 ,gilb]t's physical rese>*es & speculations 7 employ$ pr9cipally ^u subjects on :i* ! anci5ts _h kn[n little or no?+2 & on :i* !re=e x c\ld n be d\btful :e!r tradition or obs]vation 0 ! s\rce ( k4 ,su* 0 magnetism2 = ! anci5ts 7 b>ely acqua9t$ ) ! attractive prop]ty ( ! magnet4 ,its pol>ity1 includ+ repulsion z well z attraction1 its direction t[>ds ! nor?1 its limit$ v>iation f ?is direction1 its decl9ation f ! horizontal position1 7 all mod]n discov]ies4 ,gilb]t's "w#ach on ! magnet & on ! magnetism ( ! e>?1 appe>$ 9 #afjj2 & 9 ?is1 he repeat$ly ma9ta9s ! sup]iority ( exp]im5tal k ov] ! physical philosophy ( ! anci5ts4 ,8 preface op5s ?us3 ,s9ce 9 mak+ discov]ies & se>*+ out ! hidd5 causes ( ?+s1 /rong] reasons are obta9$ f tru/wor?y exp]im5ts & demon/rable argum5ts1 ?an f probable conjectures & ! dogmas ( ^? :o philosophize 9 ! usual mann]1 he has1 he says1 endeav\r$ to proce$ f common magnetical exp]im5ts to ! inw>d con/itution ( ! e>?4 ,z ,i h /at$ 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,magnetism#aci1 ,gilb]t's "w conta9s all ! fundam5tal facts ( t sci5ce1 s fully /at$1 t we h1 at ?is day1 little to add to !m4 ,he is n1 h[ev]1 by ! advance :i* he ?us made1 l$ to depreciate ! anci5ts1 b only to claim = himself ! same lib]ty ( philosophiz+ :i* !y _h enjoy$#adj4 ,to ^? anci5t & fir/ p>5ts ( philosophy1 ,ari/otle1 ,!ophra/us1 ,ptolemy1 ,hippocrates1 ,gal51 be all due hon\r2 f !m x 0 t ! /ream ( wisdom has be5 d]iv$ d[n to po/]ity4 ,b our age has discov]$ & br\ght to light _m ?+s :i* !y1 if !y 7 yet alive1 w\ld gladly embrace4 ,:]e=e we also %all n hesitate to exp\nd1 by probable hypo!ses1 ^? ?+s :i* by long exp]i5ce we h asc]ta9$4 ,9 ?is "w ! au?or n only adopts ! ,cop]nican doctr9e ( ! e>?'s motion1 b speaks#ada ( ! contr>y supposition z utt]ly absurd1 f\nd+ 8 argum5t ma9ly on ! va/ velocities :i* su* a supposition requires u to ascribe to ! cele/ial bodies4 ,dr4 ,gilb]t 0 physician to ,que5 ,elizabe? & to ,james ! ,fir/1 & di$ 9 #afjc4 ,"s "t aft] 8 dea? ! executors ( 8 bro!r publi%$ ano!r "w ( 81 ,de ,mundo no/ro ,sublun>i ,philosophia ,nova1 9 :i* simil> views are /ill m compreh5sively pres5t$4 ,9 ?is he says1 ,! two lords ( philosophy1 ,ari/otle & ,gal51 are held 9 wor%ip l gods1 & rule ! s*ools2--! =m] by "s de/9y obta9$ a sway & influ5ce among philosoph]s1 l t ( 8 pupil ,alex&] among ! k+s ( ! e>?2--,gal51 ) l success1 holds 8 triumph among ! physicians ( ,europe4 ,?is comp>ison ( ,ari/otle to ,alex&] 0 also tak5 hold ( by ,bacon4 ,nor is ,gilb]t an unwor?y precursor ( ,bacon 9 ! view he gives ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,sci5ce1 :i* occupies ! fir/ ?ree *apt]s ( 8 ,philosophy4 ,he traces ?is hi/ory f ! simplicity & ignorance ( ! anci5ts1 ?r\gh ! fabrication ( ! fable ( ! f\r elem5ts1 to ,ari/otle & ,gal54 ,he m5tions ) due disapproval ! ho/ ( comm5tators :i* succe$$1 ! al*emi/s1 ! %ipwreck ( sci5ce 9 ! deluge ( ! ,go?s1 & ! revival ( lett]s & g5ius 9 ! "t ( our gr&fa!rs4 ,?is lat] age1 he says1 has explod$ ! ,b>b>ians1 & re/or$ ! ,greeks & ,lat9s to _! pri/9e grace & hon\r4 ,x rema9s1 t if !y h writt5 aught 9 error1 ?is %\ld be rem$i$ by bett] & m productive processes 7frugif]is in/itutis71 n to be contemn$ = _! novelty2 7= no?+ :i* is true is really new1 b is p]fect f et]nity1 ?\gh to weak man x may be unkn[n27 & t ?us ,philosophy may be> h] fruit4 ,! read] ( ,bacon w n fail to recognize1 9 ^! ref]5ces to fruit-be>+ k1 a simil>ity ( expression ) ! ,novum ,organon4 ,bacon does n appe> to me to h done ju/ice to 8 contempor>y4 ,he n[h]e recognizes 9 ! lab\rs ( ,gilb]t a community ( purpose & _s ) 8 own4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he ca/s ^u him a reflection :i* he by no means des]ves4 ,9 ! ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+#adb1 he says1 ,ano!r error is1 t m5 h us$ to infect _! m$itations1 op9ions1 & doctr9es1 ) "s conceits :i* !y h mo/ admir$1 or "s sci5ces to :i* !y h mo/ appli$2 & giv5 all ?+s else a t9cture accord+ to !m1 utt]ly untrue & improp]4444 ,s h ! al*emi/s made a philosophy out ( a few exp]im5ts ( ! furnace2 & ,gilb]tus1 our c\ntryman1 ha? made a philosophy out ( ! obs]vations ( a load/one1 79 ! ,lat91 philosophiam etiam e magnete elicuit74 ,& 9 ! same mann] he m5tions him 9 ! ,novum ,organon#adc1 z af=d+ an example ( an empirical k9d ( philosophy1 :i* appe>s to ^? daily conv]sant ) ! exp]im5ts1 probable1 b to o!r p]sons incr$ible & empty4 ,b in/ead ( blam+ ,gilb]t = di/urb+ & n>r[+ sci5ce by a too con/ant ref]5ce to magnetical rules1 we might r c5sure ,bacon1 = n see+ h[ important 9 all natural philosophy are ^? laws ( attraction & repulsion ( :i* magnetical ph5om5a are ! mo/ obvi\s illu/ration4 ,we may f9d gr\nd = su* a judgm5t 9 ano!r passage 9 :i* ,bacon speaks ( ,gilb]t4 ,9 ! ,second ,book#add ( ! ,novum ,organon1 hav+ classifi$ motions1 he gives1 z "o k9d1 :at he calls1 9 8 figurative language1 motion = ga91 or motion ( ne$1 by :i* a body %uns het]og5e\s1 & seeks cognate bodies4 ,& he adds1 ,! ,electrical op]ation1 conc]n+ :i* ,gilb]t & o!rs s9ce him h made up su* a wond]ful /ory1 is no?+ less ?an ! appetite ( a body1 :i*1 excit$ by friction1 does n well tol]ate ! air1 & pref]s ano!r tangible body if x be f\nd ne>4 ,bacon's notion ( an appetite 9 ! body is c]ta9ly mu* less philosophical ?an ,gilb]t's1 :o speaks ( light bodies z drawn t[>ds amb] by c]ta9 mat]ial radii#ade2 & we might p]haps v5ture to say t ,bacon "h manife/s a want ( cle> me*anical ideas4 ,bacon1 too1 %[$ 8 inf]ior aptitude = physical rese>* 9 reject+ ! ,cop]nican doctr9e :i* ,gilb]t adopt$4 ,9 ! ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+#adf1 sugge/+ a hi/ory ( ! op9ions ( philosoph]s1 he says t he w\ld h ins]t$ 9 x ev5 rec5t !ories1 z ^? ( ,p>acelsus2 ( ,telesius1 :o re/or$ ! philosophy ( ,p>m5ides2 or ,patricius1 :o resublim$ ! fumes ( ,platonism2 or ,gilb]t1 :o br\ght back ! dogmas ( ,philolaus4 ,b ,bacon quotes#adg ) pleasure ,gilb]t's ridicule ( ! ,p]ipatetics' def9ition ( heat4 ,!y _h said1 t heat is t :i* sep>ates het]og5e\s & unites homog5e\s matt]2 :i*1 said ,gilb]t1 is z if any "o 7 to def9e man z t :i* s[s :eat & plants v9es4 ,galileo1 ano!r ( ,gilb]t's di/+ui%$ contempor>ies1 _h a high] op9ion ( him4 ,he says#adh1 ,i extremely admire & envy ?is au?or4 ,i ?9k him wor?y ( ! greate/ praise = ! _m new & true obs]vations :i* he has made1 to ! disgrace ( s _m va9 & fabl+ au?ors2 :o write1 n f _! own k only1 b repeat ev]y?+ !y he> f ! fooli% & vulg>1 )\t attempt+ to satisfy !mselves ( ! same by exp]i5ce2 p]haps t !y may n dim9i% ! size ( _! books4 #h4 ,galileo4--,galileo 0 cont5t ) ! active & successful practice ( exp]im5tal inquiry2 & did n dem& t su* rese>*es %\ld be made expressly subs]vi5t to t wid] & m ambiti\s philosophy1 on :i* ! au?or ( ! ,novum ,organon employ$ 8 p[]s4 ,b /ill x n[ becomes our bus9ess to trace ^? portions ( ,galileo's views :i* h ref]5ce to ! !ory1 z well z ! practice1 ( sci5tific inve/igation4 ,on ?is subject1 ,galileo did n ?9k m pr(\ndly1 p]haps1 ?an sev]al ( 8 contempor>ies2 b 9 ! livel9ess ( expression & illu/ration ) :i* he recomm5d$ 8 op9ions on su* topics1 he 0 unrivall$4 ,writ+ 9 ! language ( ! p1 9 ! attractive =m ( dialogue1 ) cle>ness1 grace1 & wit1 he did f> m ?an any ( 8 pr$ecessors _h done to r5d] ! new me?ods1 results1 & prospects ( sci5ce famili> to a wide circle ( read]s1 fir/ 9 ,italy1 & soon1 all ov] ,europe4 ,! pr9cipal po9ts inculcat$ by him 7 already becom+ famili> to m5 ( active & inquir+ m9ds2 su* z1--t k 0 to be s\ght f obs]vation1 & n f books2--t x 0 absurd to adh]e to1 & debate ab\t1 ! physical t5ets ( ,ari/otle & ! re/ ( ! anci5ts4 ,on p]sons :o foll[$ ?is latt] c\rse1 ,galileo fix$ ! epi!t ( ,pap] ,philosoph]s#adi2 because1 z he wrote 9 a lett] to ,kepl]1 ?is sort ( m5 fanci$ t philosophy 0 to be /udi$ l ! neid or ,odyssey1 & t ! true read+ ( nature 0 to be detect$ by ! collation ( texts4 ,no?+ s mu* %ook ! au?ority ( ! receiv$ sy/em ( ,physics z ! exp]im5tal discov]ies1 directly contradict+ x1 :i* ,galileo made4 ,by exp]im5t1 z ,i h else:]e /at$#aej1 he disprov$ ! ,ari/otelian doctr9e t bodies fall quickly or sl[ly 9 proportion to _! weight4 ,& :5 he _h inv5t$ ! telescope1 a numb] ( new discov]ies ( ! mo/ /rik+ k9d 7! inequalities ( ! moon's surface1 ! spots 9 ! sun1 ! moon-l phases ( ,v5us1 ! satellites ( ,jupit]1 ! r+ ( ,saturn17 %[$1 by ! evid5ce ( ! eyes1 h[ inadequate 7 ! conceptions1 & h[ errone\s ! doctr9es ( ! anci5ts1 respect+ ! con/itution ( ! univ]se4 ,h[ sev]e ! bl[ 0 to ! disciples ( ! anci5t s*ools1 we may judge by ! extraord9>y =ms ( def5ce 9 :i* !y tri$ to intr5* !mselves4 ,!y w\ld n look ?r\gh ,galileo's glasses2 !y ma9ta9$ t :at 0 se5 0 an illusion ( wit*craft2 & !y tri$1 z ,galileo says#aea1 ) logical argum5ts1 z if ) magical incantations1 to *>m ! new planets out ( ! sky4 ,no "o c\ld be bett] fitt$ ?an ,galileo = su* a w>f>e4 ,8 great k1 cle> intellect1 gaiety1 & light irony1 7) ! advantage ( be+ 9 ! "r17 enabl$ him to play ) 8 adv]s>ies z he pleas$4 ,?us :5 an ,ari/otelian#aeb reject$ ! discov]y ( ! irregul>ities 9 ! moon's surface1 because1 accord+ to ! anci5t doctr9e1 h] =m 0 a p]fect sph]e1 & held t ! app>5t cavities 7 fill$ ) an invisible cry/al sub/ance1 ,galileo repli$1 t he _h no objection to ass5t to ?is1 b t !n he %\ld require 8 adv]s>y 9 return to believe t !re 7 on ! same surface invisible cry/al m\nta9s t5 times z high z ^? visible ones :i* he _h actually obs]v$ & measur$4 ,we f9d 9 ,galileo _m ?\ghts :i* h s9ce become e/abli%$ maxims ( mod]n philosophy4 ,philosophy1 he says#aec1 is writt5 9 t great book1 ,i mean ! ,univ]se1 :i* is con/antly op5 be=e our eyes2 b x _c be und]/ood1 unless we fir/ "k ! language & le>n ! *>act]s 9 :i* x is writt54 ,) ?is ?\ght he comb9es "s o!r lively images4 ,"o ( 8 int]locutors says conc]n+ ano!r1 ,s>si p]haps ?9ks t philosophy is a book made up ( ! fancies ( m51 l ! ,iliad or ,orl&o ,furioso1 9 :i* ! matt] ( lea/ importance is1 t :at is writt5 be true4 ,& aga91 ) reg>d to ! sy/em ( au?ority1 he says1 ,i ?9k ,i discov] 9 him a firm belief t1 9 philosophiz+1 x is necess>y to lean ^u ! op9ion ( "s celebrat$ au?or2 z if our m9d mu/ necess>ily rema9 unfruitful & b>r5 till x be m>ri$ to ano!r man's reason4--,no1 he says1 ! case is n s4--,:5 we h ! decrees ( ,nature1 au?ority goes = no?+2 reason is absolute#aed4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ,galileo's controv]sies1 que/ions ( ! logic ( sci5ce came "u discussion4 ,v9c5zio di ,grazia object$ to a pro( f induction :i* ,galileo adduc$1 because all ! p>ticul>s 7 n enum]at$2 to :i* ! latt] ju/ly replies#aee1 t if induction 7 requir$ to pass ?r\gh all ! cases1 x w\ld be ei!r useless or impossible2--impossible :5 ! cases are innum]able2 useless :5 !y h ea* already be5 v]ifi$1 s9ce !n ! g5]al proposition adds no?+ to our k4 ,"o ( ! mo/ novel ( ! *>act]s :i* ,sci5ce assumes 9 ,galileo's h&s is1 t %e becomes cauti\s4 ,%e n only proce$s lean+ ^u ,exp]i5ce1 b %e is cont5t to proce$ a little way at a "t4 ,%e already beg9s to p]ceive t %e mu/ rise to ! heights ( k by _m small & sep>ate /eps4 ,! philosoph] is desir\s to "k mu*1 b resign$ to be ignorant = a "t ( t :i* _c yet be kn[n4 ,?us :5 ,galileo discov]$ ! true law ( ! motion ( a fall+ body#aef1 t ! velocity increases proportionally to ! "t f ! beg9n+ ( ! fall1 he did n insi/ ^u imm$iately assign+ ! cause ( ?is law4 ,! cause ( ! accel]ation ( ! motions ( fall+ bodies is n1 he says1 a necess>y "p ( ! inve/igation4 ,yet ! conception ( ?is accel]ation1 z ! result ( ! cont9u$ action ( ! =ce ( gravity ^u ! fall+ body1 c\ld h>dly fail to sugge/ itself to "o :o _h =m$ ! idea ( =ce4 ,9 l mann]1 ! tru? t ! velocities1 acquir$ by bodies fall+ d[n planes ( equal heights1 are all equal1 0 kn[n to ,galileo & 8 disciples1 long be=e he acc\nt$ = x#aeg1 by ! pr9ciple1 app>5tly s obvi\s1 t ! mom5tum g5]at$ is z ! mov+ =ce :i* g5]ates x4 ,he 0 n tempt$ to ru% at once1 f an exp]im5tal tru? to a univ]sal sy/em4 ,sci5ce _h le>nt t %e mu/ move /ep by /ep2 & ! gravity ( h] pace already indicat$ h] approa*+ maturity & h] consci\sness ( ! long pa? :i* lay be=e h]4 ,b besides ! g5u9e philosophical prud5ce :i* ?us )held ,galileo f leap+ ha/ily f "o inf]5ce to ano!r1 he _h p]haps a prepond]at+ incl9ation t[>ds facts2 & did n feel1 s mu* z "s o!r p]sons ( 8 "t1 ! ne$ ( r$uc+ !m to ideas4 ,he c\ld be> to contemplate laws ( motion )\t be+ urg$ by an uncontrollable desire to ref] !m to conceptions ( =ce4 #i4 ,kepl]4--,9 ?is respect 8 fri5d ,kepl] diff]$ f him2 = ,kepl] 0 re/less & unsatisfi$ till he _h r$uc$ facts to laws1 & laws to causes2 & nev] acquiesc$ 9 ignorance1 ?\gh he te/$ ) ! mo/ rigor\s scrut9y t :i* pres5t$ itself 9 ! %ape ( k to fill ! void4 ,x may be se5 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,a/ronomy#aeh ) :at p]sev]ance1 en]gy1 & f]tility ( inv5tion1 ,kepl] pursu$ 8 lab\rs1 7enliv5$ & reliev$ by ! mo/ curi\s freaks ( fancy17 ) a view ( discov]+ ! rules :i* regulate ! motions ( ! planet ,m>s4 ,he repres5ts ?is employm5t "u ! image ( a w>f>e2 & describes#aei 8 object to be to triumph ov] ,m>s1 & to prep>e = him1 z = "o altoge!r vanqui%$1 tabul> prisons & equat$ ecc5tric fett]s2 & :51 ! enemy1 left at home a despis$ captive1 _h bur/ all ! *a9s ( ! equations1 & brok5 =? ( ! prisons ( ! tables2--:5 x 0 buzz$ "h & !re t ! victory is va91 & t ! w> is rag+ anew z viol5tly z be=e2--t is1 :5 ! rules :i* he _h propos$ did n co9cide ) ! facts2--he by no means desi/$ f 8 attempts1 b sudd5ly s5t into ! field a res]ve ( new physical reason+s on ! r\t & disp]sion ( ! vet]ans1 t is1 tri$ new suppositions sugge/$ by su* views z he !n ent]ta9$ ( ! cele/ial motions4 ,8 ef=ts to obta9 ! =mal laws ( ! planet>y motions result$ 9 "s ( ! mo/ important discov]ies ev] made 9 a/ronomy2 & if 8 physical reason+s 7 = ! "t fruitless1 ?is arose only f ! want ( t discipl9e 9 me*anical ideas :i* ! m9ds ( ma!maticians _h /ill to und]go2 = ! great discov]ies ( ,newton 9 ! next g5]ation %[$ t1 9 reality1 ! next /ep ( ! advance 0 9 ?is direction4 ,among all ,kepl]'s fanta/ical expressions1 ! fundam5tal ?\ghts 7 s\nd & true2 namely1 t x 0 8 bus9ess1 z a physical inve/igator1 to discov] a ma!matical rule :i* gov]n$ & includ$ all ! special facts2 & t ! rules ( ! motions ( ! planets mu/ con=m to "s conception ( causation4 ,! same *>act]i/ics1--! conviction ( rule & cause1 p]sev]ance 9 seek+ ^!1 inv5tiv5ess 9 devis+ hypo!ses1 love ( tru? 9 try+ & reject+ !m1 & a lively ,fancy play+ ) ! ,reason )\t int]rupt+ h]1--appe> also 9 8 "w on ,optics2 9 :i* he tri$ to discov] ! exact law ( optical refraction#afj4 ,9 ?is und]tak+ he did n succe$ entirely2 nor does he pr(ess to h done s4 ,he ends 8 num]\s attempts by say+1 ,n[1 read]1 y & ,i h be5 deta9$ suffici5tly long :ile ,i h be5 attempt+ to collect into "o fagot ! measures ( diff]5t refractions4 ,9 ?is & 9 o!r expressions1 we see h[ cle>ly he appreh5d$ t colligation ( facts :i* is ! ma9 bus9ess ( ! practical discov]]4 ,& by 8 peculi> end[m5ts & habits1 ,kepl] exhibits an ess5tial portion ( ?is process1 :i* h>dly appe>s at all 9 ,galileo4 ,9 ord] to b9d toge!r facts1 !ory is requisite z well z obs]vation1--! cord z well z ! fagots4 ,& ! true !ory is (t51 if n always1 obta9$ by try+ sev]al & select+ ! "r4 ,n[ ( ?is portion ( ! discov]]'s ex]tions1 ,kepl] is a mo/ conspicu\s example4 ,8 f]tility 9 devis+ suppositions1 8 undaunt$ indu/ry 9 calculat+ ! results ( !m1 8 entire hone/y & c&\r 9 resign+ !m if ^! results disagre$ ) ! facts1 are a v in/ructive spectacle2 & are =tunately exhibit$ to u 9 ! mo/ lively mann] 9 8 own g>rul\s n>ratives4 ,galileo urg$ m5 by precept z well z example to beg9 _! philosophy f obs]vation2 ,kepl] taught !m by 8 practice t !y mu/ proce$ f obs]vation by means ( hypo!ses4 ,! "o insi/$ ^u facts2 ! o!r dealt no less copi\sly ) ideas4 ,9 ! practical1 z 9 ! speculative portion ( our hi/ory1 ?is anti!sis %[s itself2 al?\gh 9 ! practical "p we _c h ! two elem5ts sep>at$1 z 9 ! speculative we sometimes h4 ,9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,sci5ce#afa1 ,i h devot$ sev]al pages to ! intellectual "* ( ,kepl]1 inasmu* z 8 habit ( devis+ s great a multitude ( hypo!ses1 s fancifully express$1 _h l$ "s writ]s to look ^u him z an inquir] :o transgress$ ! mo/ fix$ rules ( philosophical inquiry4 ,?is op9ion has aris51 ,i conceive1 among ^? :o h =gott5 ! necessity ( ,ideas z well z ,facts = all !ory2 or :o h ov]look$ ! impossibility ( select+ & explicat+ our ideas )\t a good deal ( spontane\s play ( ! m9d4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 always be recollect$ t ,kepl]'s g5ius & fancy d]iv$ all _! sci5tific value f 8 g5u9e & unm+l$ love ( tru?4 ,^! qualities appe>$1 n only 9 ! judgm5t he pass$ ^u hypo!ses1 b also 9 matt]s :i* m imm$iately conc]n$ 8 reputation4 ,?us :5 ,galileo's discov]y ( ! telescope disprov$ sev]al op9ions :i* ,kepl] _h publi%$ & /r5u\sly ma9ta9$1 he did n hesitate a mom5t to retract 8 ass]tions & range himself by ! side ( ,galileo1 :om he vigor\sly support$ 9 8 w>f>e aga9/ ^? :o 7 incapable ( ?us *e]fully ackn[l$g+ ! triumph ( new facts ov] _! old !ories4 #aj4 ,ty*o4--,!re rema9s "o em95t a/ronom]1 ! fri5d & fell[-lab\r] ( ,kepl]1 :om we mu/ n sep>ate f him z "o ( ! practical re=m]s ( sci5ce4 ,i speak ( ,ty*o ,brahe1 :o is1 ,i ?9k1 n ju/ly appreciat$ by ! lit]>y _w 9 g5]al1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 hav+ made a retrograde /ep 9 t portion ( a/ronomical !ory :i* is mo/ famili> to ! popul> m9d4 ,?\gh he adopt$ ! ,cop]nican view ( ! motion ( ! planets ab\t ! sun1 he refus$ to ackn[l$ge ! annual & diurnal motion ( ! e>?4 ,b not)/&+ ?is mi/ake1 into :i* he 0 l$ by 8 int]pretation ( ,scripture r ?an ( nature1 ,ty*o mu/ ev] be "o ( ! greate/ names 9 a/ronomy4 ,9 ! philosophy ( sci5ce also1 ! influ5ce ( :at he did is f> f inconsid]able2 & especially its value 9 br++ into notice ^! two po9ts3--t n only are obs]vations ! beg9n+ ( sci5ce1 b t ! progress ( sci5ce may (t5 dep5d ^u ! obs]v]'s pursu+ 8 task regul>ly & c>efully = a long "t1 & ) well devis$ in/rum5ts2 & aga91 t obs]v$ facts (f] a succession ( laws :i* we discov] z our obs]vations become bett]1 & z our !ories are bett] adapt$ to ! obs]vations4 ,) reg>d to ! =m] po9t1 ,ty*o's obs]vatory 0 f> sup]ior to all t _h prec$$ x#afb1 n only 9 ! optical1 b 9 ! me*anical arrangem5ts2 a matt] ( almo/ equal consequ5ce4 ,& h5ce x 0 t 8 obs]vations inspir$ 9 ,kepl] t confid5ce :i* l$ him to all 8 lab\rs & all 8 discov]ies4 ,s9ce1 he says#afc1 ! div9e goodness has giv5 u 9 ,ty*o ,brahe an exact obs]v]1 f ^: obs]vations ?is error ( eight m9utes 9 ! calculations ( ! ,ptolemaic hypo!sis is detect$1 let u ackn[l$ge & make use ( ?is gift ( ,god3 & s9ce ?is error _c be neglect$1 ^! eight m9utes alone h prep>$ ! way = an entire re=m ( ,a/ronomy1 & are to be ! ma9 subject ( ?is "w4 ,) reg>d to ,ty*o's discov]ies respect+ ! moon1 x is to be recollect$ t besides ! fir/ inequality ( ! moon's motion1 7! equation ( ! c5tre1 aris+ f ! elliptical =m ( h] orbit17 ,ptolemy _h discov]$ a second inequality1 ! evection1 :i*1 z we h obs]v$ 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ?is subject#afd1 might h naturally sugge/$ ! suspicion t !re 7 /ill o!r inequalities4 ,9 ! middle ages1 h[ev]1 su* sugge/ions1 imply+ a con/ant progress 9 sci5ce1 7 little att5d$ to2 &1 we h se51 t :5 an ,arabian a/ronom]#afe _h really discov]$ ano!r inequality ( ! moon1 x 0 soon =gott51 because x _h no place 9 ! e/abli%$ sy/ems4 ,ty*o n only r$iscov]$ ! lun> inequality1 7! v>iation17 ?us once be=e won & lo/1 b also two o!r inequalities2 namely#aff1 ! *ange ( incl9ation ( ! moon's orbit z ! l9e ( nodes moves r\nd1 & an inequality 9 ! motion ( ! l9e ( nodes4 ,?us1 z ,i h else:]e said1 x appe>$ t ! discov]y ( a rule is a /ep to ! discov]y ( deviations f t rule1 :i* require to be express$ 9 o!r rules4 ,x became manife/ to a/ronom]s1 & ?r\gh !m to all philosoph]s1 t 9 ! application ( !ory to obs]vation1 we f9d1 n only ! /at$ ph5om5a1 = :i* ! !ory does acc\nt1 b also residual ph5om5a1 :i* are unacc\nt$ =1 & rema9 ov] & above ! calculation4 ,& x 0 se5 fur!r1 t ^! residual ph5om5a might be1 altoge!r or 9 "p1 exhau/$ by new !ories4 ,^! 7 valuable lessons2 & ! m valuable inasmu* z m5 7 n[ try+ to lay d[n maxims & me?ods = ! conduct ( sci5ce4 ,a revolution 0 n only at h&1 b _h really tak5 place1 9 ! great body ( real cultivators ( sci5ce4 ,! occasion n[ requir$ t ?is revolution %\ld be =mally recogniz$2--t ! new intellectual p[] %\ld be clo!d ) ! =ms ( gov]nm5t2--t ! new philosophical republic %\ld be ackn[l$g$ z a si/] /ate by ! anci5t dyna/ies ( ,ari/otle & ,plato4 ,!re 0 ne$$ "s great ,!oretical ,re=m]1 to speak 9 ! "n ( ! ,exp]im5tal ,philosophy2 to lay be=e ! _w a decl>ation ( its rights & a s*eme ( its laws4 ,& ?us our eyes are turn$ to ,francis ,bacon1 & o!rs :o l him attempt$ ?is great (fice4 ,we quit ^? augu/ & v5]able names ( discov]]s1 ^: appe>ance 0 ! prelude & ann\ncem5t ( ! new /ate ( ?+s !n op5+2 & 9 do+ s1 we may apply to !m ! language :i* ,bacon applies to himself#afg3-- 4 ,hail1 ,h]alds1 ,mess5g]s ( ,gods & ,m56 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #abh3 ,8 works h nev] be5 publi%$1 & exi/ 9 manuscript 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,in/itute at ,p>is4 ,"s extracts 7 publi%$ by ,v5turi1 ,essai sur les ,ouvrages de ,leon>d da ,v9ci4 ,p>is1 #agig4 ,footnote #abi3 ,leon>do di$ 9 #aebj1 at ! age ( #gh4 ,footnote #acj3 ,paul ,,iii4 9 #aedc4 ,footnote #aca3 ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,sc4 b4 v4 c4 ii4 ,footnote #acb3 ,born #aecg1 di$ #afai4 ,footnote #acc3 ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,sc4 b4 xvii4 c4 ii4 sect4 #a4 ,footnote #acd3 ,fabricius1 ,de ,motu ,locali1 p4 #ahb4 ,footnote #ace3 p4 #aii4 ,footnote #acf3 ,speculationum ,lib]1 p4 #aie4 ,footnote #acg3 ,ibid4 p4 #afi4 ,footnote #ach3 ,gulielmi ,gilb]ti1 ,colce/ri5sis1 ,m$ici ,lond95sis1 ,de ,magnete1 ,magneticisque ,corporibus1 et de ,magno ,magnete ,tellure1 ,physiologia ,nova1 plurimis et ,argum5tis et ,exp]im5tis demon/rata4 ,footnote #aci3 ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,sc4 b4 xii4 c4 i4 ,footnote #adj3 ,pref4 ,footnote #ada3 ,de ,magnete1 lib4 vi4 c4 #c1 #d4 ,footnote #adb3 ,nov4 ,org4 b4 i4 ,footnote #adc3 ,b4 i4 ,aph4 #fd4 ,footnote #add3 ,vol4 ix4 #ahe4 ,footnote #ade3 ,de ,magnete1 p4 #fj4 ,footnote #adf3 ,b4 iii4 c4 #d4 ,footnote #adg3 ,nov4 ,org4 b4 ii4 ,aph4 #dh4 ,footnote #adh3 ,dr9kwat]'s ,life ( ,galileo1 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #adi3 ,life ( ,galileo1 p4 #i4 ,footnote #aej3 ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,sc4 b4 vi4 c4 ii4 sect4 #e4 ,footnote #aea3 ,life ( ,galileo1 p4 #bi4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,ibid4 p4 #cc4 ,footnote #aec3 ,il ,saggiatore1 ii4 #bdg4 ,footnote #aed3 ,il ,saggiatore1 ii4 #bjj4 ,footnote #aee3 ,ibid4 i4 #eja4 ,footnote #aef3 ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,sc4 b4 vi4 c4 ii4 sect4 #b4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,sc4 b4 vi4 c4 ii4 sect4 #d4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,ibid4 b4 v4 c4 iv4 sect4 #a4 ,footnote #aei3 ,de ,/ell4 ,m>t4 p4 iv4 c4 #ea 7#afji72 ,dr9kwat]'s ,kepl]1 p4 #cc4 ,footnote #afj3 ,publi%$ #afjd4 ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,sc4 b4 ix4 c4 ii4 ,footnote #afa3 ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,sc4 b4 v4 c4 iv4 sect4 #a4 ,footnote #afb3 ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,sc4 b4 vii4 c4 vi4 sect #a4 ,footnote #afc3 ,de ,/ell4 ,m>t4 p4 #aa4 c4 #ai4 ,footnote #afd3 ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,sc4 b4 ii4 c4 iv4 sect4 #f4 ,footnote #afe3 ,ibid4 sect4 #h4 ,footnote #aff3 ,montucla1 i4 #eff4 ,footnote #afg3 ,de ,augm4 lib4 iv4 c4 #a4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,francis ,,bacon4 7,i47 #a4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks4--,x is a matt] ( "s difficulty to speak ( ! "* & m]its ( ?is illu/ri\s man1 z reg>ds 8 place 9 t philosophical hi/ory ) :i* we are "h engag$4 ,if we 7 to cont5t ourselves ) e/imat+ him accord+ to ! (fice :i*1 z we h j se51 he claims = himself#afh1 z m]ely ! h>b+] & ann\nc] ( a s\nd] me?od ( sci5tific inquiry ?an t :i* 0 recogniz$ be=e him1 ! task w\ld be comp>atively easy4 ,= we might select f 8 writ+s ^? passages 9 :i* he has deliv]$ op9ions & po9t$ out processes1 !n novel & /range1 b s9ce confirm$ by ! exp]i5ce ( actual discov]]s1 & by ! judgm5ts ( ! wise/ ( succe$+ philosoph]s2 & we might pass by1 )\t disrespect1 b )\t notice1 maxims & proposals :i* h n be5 f\nd available = use2--views s indi/9ct & vague1 t we are ev5 yet unable to pron\nce ^u _! ju/ice2--& b\ndless anticipations1 dictat$ by ! sangu9e hopes ( a noble & compreh5sive intellect4 ,b if we ?us r$uce ! philosophy ( ,bacon to t portion :i* ! subsequ5t progress ( sci5ce has rigor\sly v]ifi$1 we %all h to pass ov] _m ( ^? decl>ations :i* h excit$ mo/ notice 9 8 writ+s1 & %all lose sight ( _m ( ^? /rik+ ?\ghts :i* 8 admir]s mo/ love to dwell ^u4 ,= he is usually spok5 (1 at lea/ 9 ?is c\ntry1 z a tea*] :o n only comm5c$1 b 9 a great measure complet$1 ! ,philosophy ( ,induction4 ,he is consid]$1 n only z hav+ ass]t$ "s g5]al pr9ciples1 b laid d[n ! special rules ( sci5tific inve/igation2 z n only "o ( ! ,f\nd]s1 b ! supreme ,legislator ( ! mod]n ,republic ( ,sci5ce2 n only ! ,h]cules :o slew ! mon/]s t ob/ruct$ ! e>li] travell]1 b ! ,solon :o e/abli%$ a con/itution fitt$ = all future "t4 #b4 ,nor is x our purpose to d5y t ( su* praise he des]ves a %>e :i*1 consid]+ ! p]iod at :i* he liv$1 is truly a/oni%+4 ,b x is necess>y = u 9 ?is place to discrim9ate & select t portion ( 8 sy/em :i*1 be>+ ^u physical sci5ce1 has s9ce be5 confirm$ by ! actual hi/ory ( sci5ce4 ,_m ( ,bacon's mo/ impressive & captivat+ passages contemplate ! ext5sion ( ! new me?ods ( discov]+ tru? to intellectual1 to moral1 to political1 z well z to physical sci5ce4 ,& h[ f>1 & h[1 ! advantages ( ! inductive me?od may be secur$ = ^? important bran*es ( speculation1 x w at "s future "t be a highly int]e/+ task to exam9e4 ,b our plan requires u at pres5t to omit ! consid]ation ( ^!2 = our purpose is to le>n :at ! g5u9e c\rse ( ! =mation ( sci5ce is1 by trac+ x 9 ^? portions ( human k1 :i*1 by ! confession ( all1 are mo/ exact1 mo/ c]ta91 mo/ complete4 ,h5ce we mu/ "h d5y ourselves ! dignity & int]e/ :i* float ab\t all speculations 9 :i* ! great moral & political conc]ns ( m5 are involv$4 ,x _c be d\bt$ t ! comm&+ position :i* ,bacon occupies 9 m5's e/imation arises f 8 proclaim+ a re=m 9 philosophy ( s compreh5sive a nature2--a re=m :i* 0 to infuse a new _s into e "p ( k4 ,physical ,sci5ce has tranquilly & noiselessly adopt$ _m ( 8 sugge/ions2 :i* 71 inde$1 h] own natural impulses1 n borr[$ f him2 & %e is too deeply & satisfactorily absorb$ 9 contemplat+ h] results1 to talk mu* ab\t ! me?ods ( obta9+ !m :i* %e has ?us in/9ctively pursu$4 ,b ! philosophy :i* deals ) m9d1 ) mann]s1 ) morals1 ) polity1 is consci\s /ill ( mu* obscurity & p]plexity2 & w\ld gladly borr[ aid f a sy/em 9 :i* aid is s confid5tly promis$4 ,! aphorisms & phrases ( ! ,novum ,organon are f> m frequ5tly quot$ by metaphysical1 e?ical1 & ev5 !ological writ]s1 ?an !y are by ! au?ors ( works on physics4 #c4 ,aga91 ev5 z reg>ds physics1 ,bacon's fame re/s ^u some?+ besides ! novelty ( ! maxims :i* he promulgat$4 ,t a revolution 9 ! me?od ( sci5tific rese>* 0 go+ on1 all ! greate/ physical inve/igators ( ! sixte5? c5tury 7 fully aw>e1 z we h %[n 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,b _! writ+s convey$ ?is conviction to ! public at l>ge some:at sl[ly4 ,m5 ( lett]s1 m5 ( ! _w1 m5 ( rank1 did n become famili> ) ! ab/ruse works 9 :i* ^! views 7 publi%$2 & above all1 !y did n1 by su* occasional glimpses z !y took ( ! /ate ( physical sci5ce1 become aw>e ( ! magnitude & consequ5ces ( ?is *ange4 ,b ,bacon's l(ty eloqu5ce1 wide le>n+1 compreh5sive views1 bold pictures ( ! com+ /ate ( ?+s1 7 fitt$ to make m5 turn a f> m g5]al & e>ne/ gaze ^u ! pass+ *ange4 ,:5 a man ( 8 acquirem5ts1 ( 8 tal5ts1 ( 8 rank & position1 ( 8 gravity & caution1 p\r$ =? ! /ronge/ & l(tie/ expressions & images :i* 8 m9d c\ld supply1 9 ord] to depict ! ,great ,in/auration :i* he ann\nc$2--9 ord] to contra/ ! weakness1 ! bl9dness1 ! ignorance1 ! wret*$ness1 "u :i* m5 _h lab\r$ :ile !y foll[$ ! long beat5 track1 ) ! light1 ! p[]1 ! privileges1 :i* !y 7 to f9d 9 ! pa?s to :i* he po9t$2--x 0 impossible t read]s ( all classes %\ld n h _! att5tion arre/$1 _! m9ds /irr$1 _! hopes w>m$2 & %\ld n li/5 ) wond] & ) pleasure to ! /ra9s ( prophetic eloqu5ce 9 :i* s great a subject 0 pres5t$4 ,& :5 x 0 f\nd t ! prophecy 0 v]ifi$2 :5 x appe>$ t an imm5se *ange 9 ! me?ods ( sci5tific rese>* really _h occurr$2--t va/ additions to man's k & p[] _h be5 acquir$1 9 modes l ^? :i* _h be5 spok5 (2--t fur!r advances might be con/antly look$ =2--& t a progress1 seem+ly b\ndless1 0 go+ on 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! se] _h ?us po9t$2--x 0 natural t m5 %\ld hail him z ! lead] ( ! revolution2 t !y %\ld id5tify him ) ! ev5t :i* he 0 ! fir/ to ann\nce2 t !y %\ld look ^u him z ! au?or ( t :i* he _h1 z !y p]ceiv$1 s soon & s ?or\ghly compreh5d$4 #d4 ,= we mu/ rem>k1 t al?\gh 7z we h se57 he 0 n ! only1 nor ! e>lie/ writ]1 :o decl>$ t ! "t 0 come = su* a *ange1 he n only proclaim$ x m emphatically1 b und]/ood x1 9 its g5]al "*1 mu* m exactly1 ?an any ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,among ! maxims1 sugge/ions & anticipations :i* he ?rew out1 !re 7 _m ( :i* ! wisdom & ! novelty 7 alike /rik+ to 8 imm$iate successors2--!re are _m :i* ev5 n[1 f "t to "t1 we f9d fre% reason to admire1 = _! acut5ess & ju/ice4 ,bacon /&s f> above ! h]d ( loose & vision>y speculators :o1 be=e & ab\t 8 "t1 spoke ( ! e/abli%m5t ( new philosophies4 ,if we mu/ select "s "o philosoph] z ! ,h]o ( ! revolution 9 sci5tific me?od1 beyond all d\bt ,francis ,bacon mu/ occupy ! place ( hon\r4 ,we %all1 h[ev]1 no long] dwell ^u ^! g5]al consid]ations1 b %all proce$ to notice "s ( ! m peculi> & *>act]i/ic features ( ,bacon's philosophy2 & especially ^? views1 :i*1 occurr+ = ! fir/ "t 9 8 writ+s1 h be5 fully illu/rat$ & confirm$ by ! subsequ5t progress ( sci5ce1 & h become a portion ( ! p]man5t philosophy ( our times4 7,,ii47 #e4 ,a ,new ,era ann\nc$4--,! fir/ great feature :i* /rikes u 9 ,bacon's philosophical views is t :i* we h already notic$2--8 confid5t & emphatic ann\ncem5t ( a ,new ,era 9 ! progress ( sci5ce1 comp>$ ) :i* ! advances ( =m] times 7 poor & trifl+4 ,?is 0 ) ,bacon no loose & %all[ op9ion1 tak5 up on light gr\nds & involv+ only vague1 g5]al notions4 ,he _h satisfi$ himself ( ! ju/ice ( su* a view by a labori\s c\rse ( rese>* & reflection4 ,9 #afje1 at ! age ( =ty-f\r1 he publi%$ 8 ,treatise ( ! ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+1 9 :i* he takes a compreh5sive & spirit$ survey ( ! condition ( all bran*es ( k :i* _h be5 cultivat$ up to t "t4 ,?is "w 0 compos$ ) a view to t re=m ( ! exi/+ philosophy :i* ,bacon always _h be=e 8 eyes2 & 9 ! ,lat9 edition ( 8 works1 =ms ! ,fir/ ,"p ( ! ,in/auratio ,magna4 ,9 ! ,second ,"p ( ! ,in/auratio1 ! ,novum ,organon1 publi%$ 9 #afbj1 he m explicitly & confid5tly /ates 8 expectations on ?is subject4 ,he po9ts out h[ slightly & feebly ! exam9ation ( nature _h be5 pursu$ up to 8 "t1 & ) :at scanty fruit4 ,he notes ! indications ( ?is 9 ! v limit$ k ( ! ,greeks :o _h till !n be5 ! tea*]s ( ,europe1 9 ! compla9ts ( au?ors conc]n+ ! subtilty & obscurity ( ! secrets ( nature1 9 ! diss5sions ( sects1 9 ! abs5ce ( useful inv5tions result+ f !ory1 9 ! fix$ =m :i* ! sci5ces _h reta9$ = two ?\s& ye>s4 ,nor1 he adds#afi1 is ?is wond]ful2 = h[ little ( 8 ?\ght & lab\r has man be/[$ ^u sci5ce6 ,out ( tw5ty-five c5turies sc>ce six h be5 fav\rable to ! progress ( k4 ,& ev5 9 ^? fav\r$ times1 natural philosophy receiv$ ! smalle/ %>e ( man's att5tion2 :ile ! portion s giv5 0 m>r$ by controv]sy & dogmatism2 & ev5 ^? :o h be/[$ a little ?\ght ^u ?is philosophy1 h nev] made x _! ma9 /udy1 b h us$ x z a passage or drawbridge to s]ve o!r objects4 ,& ?us1 he says1 ! great ,"m ( ! ,sci5ces is ?ru/ d[n ) indignity to ! (fices ( a h&maid2 is made to m9i/] to ! lab\rs ( m$ic9e or ma!matics1 or to give ! fir/ prep>atory t+e to ! immature m9ds ( y\?4 ,= ^! & simil> consid]ations ( ! errors ( pa/ "t1 he draws hope = ! future1 employ+ ! same argum5t :i* ,demo/h5es uses to ! ,a!nians3 ,t :i* is wor/ 9 ! ev5ts ( ! pa/1 is ! be/ z a gr\nd ( tru/ 9 ! future4 ,= if y _h done all t became y1 & /ill _h be5 9 ?is condition1 y\r case might be desp]ate2 b s9ce y\r failure is ! result ( y\r own mi/akes1 !re is good hope t1 correct+ ! error ( y\r c\rse1 y may rea* a prosp]ity yet unkn[n to y4 7,,iii47 #f4 ,a *ange ( exi/+ ,me?od4--,all ,bacon's hope ( improvem5t inde$ 0 plac$ 9 an entire *ange ( ! ,me?od by :i* sci5ce 0 pursu$2 & ! boldness1 & at ! same "t 7! !n exi/+ /ate ( sci5ce be+ consid]$71 ! def9it5ess ( 8 views ( ! *ange t 0 requisite1 are truly rem>kable4 ,t all k mu/ beg9 ) obs]vation1 is "o great pr9ciple ( ,bacon's philosophy2 b ,i h>dly ?9k x necess>y to notice ! inculcation ( ?is maxim z "o ( 8 ma9 s]vices to ! cause ( s\nd k1 s9ce x _h1 z we h se51 be5 fully insi/$ ^u by o!rs be=e him1 & 0 gr[+ rapidly into g5]al acceptance )\t 8 aid4 ,b if he 0 n ! fir/ to tell m5 t !y mu/ collect _! k f obs]vation1 he _h no rival 9 8 peculi> (fice ( tea*+ !m h[ sci5ce mu/ ?us be ga!r$ f exp]i5ce4 ,x appe>s to me t by f> ! mo/ extraord9>y p>ts ( ,bacon's works are ^? 9 :i*1 ) extreme e>ne/ness & cle>ness1 he insi/s ^u a graduat$ & successive induction1 z oppos$ to a ha/y transit f special facts to ! highe/ g5]alizations4 ,! n9ete5? ,axiom ( ! ,fir/ ,book ( ! ,novum ,organon conta9s a view ( ! nature ( true sci5ce mo/ exact & pr(\nd1 &1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 at ! "t p]fectly new4 ,!re are two ways1 & c only be two1 ( seek+ & f9d+ tru?4 ,! "o1 f s5se & p>ticul>s1 takes a flight to ! mo/ g5]al axioms1 & f ^? pr9ciples & _! tru?1 settl$ once = all1 inv5ts & judges ( int]m$iate axioms4 ,! o!r me?od collects axioms f s5se & p>ticul>s1 asc5d+ cont9u\sly & by degrees1 s t 9 ! end x arrives at ! mo/ g5]al axioms2 ?is latt] way is ! true "o1 b hi!rto untri$4 ,x is to be rem>k$1 t 9 ?is passage ,bacon employs ! t]m axioms to express any propositions collect$ f facts by induction1 & ?us fitt$ to become ! />t+-po9t ( d$uctive reason+s4 ,h[ f> propositions s obta9$ may approa* to ! "* ( axioms 9 ! m rigor\s s5se ( ! t]m1 we h already 9 "s measure exam9$2 b t "q does n "h imm$iately conc]n u4 ,! truly rem>kable circum/ance is to f9d ?is recomm5dation ( a cont9u\s advance f obs]vation1 by limit$ /eps1 ?r\gh successive gradations ( g5]ality1 giv5 at a "t :5 speculative m5 9 g5]al _h only j begun to p]ceive t !y mu/ beg9 _! c\rse f exp]i5ce 9 "s way or o!r4 ,h[ exactly ?is description repres5ts ! g5]al /ructure ( ! s\nde/ & mo/ compreh5sive physical !ories1 all p]sons :o h /udi$ ! progress ( sci5ce up to mod]n times c be> te/imony2 b p]haps ?is /ructure ( sci5ce _c 9 any o!r way be made s app>5t z by ^? ,tables ( successive g5]alizations 9 :i* we h exhibit$ ! hi/ory & con/itution ( "s ( ! pr9cipal physical sci5ces1 9 ! ,*apt] ( a prec$+ "w :i* treats ( ! ,logic ( ,induction4 ,& ! view :i* ,bacon ?us took ( ! true progress ( sci5ce 0 n only new1 b1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 has nev] be5 adequately illu/rat$ up to ! pres5t day4 #g4 ,x is true1 z ,i obs]v$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 t ,galileo _h be5 l$ to see ! necessity1 n only ( proce$+ f exp]i5ce 9 ! pursuit ( k1 b ( proce$+ cauti\sly & gradually2 & he _h exemplifi$ ?is rule m ?an once1 :51 hav+ made "o /ep 9 discov]y1 he held back 8 foot1 = a "t1 f ! next /ep1 h[ev] tempt+4 ,b ,galileo _h n rea*$ ?is wide & comm&+ view ( ! successive subord9ation ( _m /eps1 all lead+ up at la/ to "s wide & simple g5]al tru?4 ,9 cat*+ sight ( ?is pr9ciple1 & 9 ascrib+ to x its due importance1 ,bacon's sagacity1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 wr\ght unassi/$ & unrivall$4 #h4 ,nor is !re any wav]+ or vagu5ess 9 ,bacon's ass]tion ( ?is important tru?4 ,he repeats x ov] & ov] aga92 illu/rates x by a great numb] ( ! mo/ lively metaphors & emphatic expressions4 ,?us he speaks ( ! successive floors 7tabulata7 ( induction2 & speaks ( ea* sci5ce z a pyramid#agj :i* has obs]vation & exp]i5ce = its basis4 ,no images c bett] exhibit ! relation ( g5]al & p>ticul> tru?s1 z our own ,inductive ,tables may s]ve to %[4 7,,iv47 #i4 ,comp>ison ( ! ,new & ,old ,me?od4 ,aga92 n less rem>kable is 8 contra/+ ?is true ,me?od ( ,sci5ce 7:ile x 0 almo/1 z he says1 yet untri$7 ) ! anci5t & vici\s ,me?od1 :i* began1 inde$1 ) facts ( obs]vation1 b ru%$ at once & ) no gradations1 to ! mo/ g5]al pr9ciples4 ,= ?is 0 ! c\rse :i* _h be5 actually foll[$ by all ^? speculative re=m]s :o _h talk$ s l\dly ( ! necessity ( beg9n+ our philosophy f exp]i5ce4 ,all ^! m51 if !y attempt$ to frame physical doctr9es at all1 _h caught up a few facts ( obs]vation1 & _h erect$ a univ]sal !ory ^u ! sugge/ions :i* ^! (f]$4 ,?is process ( illicit g5]alization1 or1 z ,bacon t]ms x1 ,anticipation ( ,nature 7anticipatio natur71 9 opposition to ! ,int]pretation ( ,nature1 he depicts ) s+ul> acut5ess1 9 its "* & causes4 ,^! two ways1 he says#aga1 bo? beg9 f s5se & p>ticul>s2 b _! discrepancy is imm5se4 ,! "o m]ely skims ov] exp]i5ce & p>ticul>s 9 a cursory transit2 ! o!r deals ) !m 9 a due & ord]ly mann]4 ,! "o1 at its v outset1 frames c]ta9 g5]al ab/ract pr9ciples1 b useless2 ! o!r gradually rises to ^? pr9ciples :i* h a real exi/5ce 9 nature4 ,! =m] pa?1 he adds#agb1 t ( illicit & ha/y g5]alization1 is "o :i* ! intellect foll[s :5 ab&on$ to its own impulse2 & ?is x does f ! requisitions ( logic4 ,= ! m9d has a ye>n+ :i* makes x d>t =? to g5]alities1 t x may h some?+ to re/ 92 & aft] a little dally+ ) exp]i5ce1 becomes we>y ( x2 & all ^! evils are augm5t$ by logic1 :i* requires ^! g5]alities to make a %[ ) 9 its disputations4 ,9 a sob]1 pati5t1 grave intellect1 he fur!r adds1 ! m9d1 by its own impulse1 7& m especially if x be n impell$ by ! sway ( e/abli%$ op9ions7 attempts 9 "s measure t o!r & true way1 ( gradual g5]alization2 b ?is x does ) small pr(it2 = ! intellect1 except x be regulat$ & aid$1 is a faculty ( unequal op]ation1 & altoge!r unapt to ma/] ! obscurity ( ?+s4 ,! pr(\nd & se>*+ wisdom ( ^! rem>ks appe>s m & m1 z we apply !m to ! v>i\s attempts :i* m5 h made to obta9 k2 :5 !y beg9 ) ! contemplation ( a few facts1 & pursue _! speculations1 z ^u mo/ subjects !y h hi!rto g5]ally done2 = almo/ all su* attempts h l$ imm$iately to "s process ( illicit g5]alization1 :i* introduces an int]m9able c\rse ( controv]sy4 ,9 ! physical sci5ces1 h[ev]1 we h ! fur!r ine/imable advantage ( see+ ! o!r side ( ! contra/ exemplifi$3 = _m ( !m1 z our inductive ,tables %[ u1 h gone on accord+ to ! mo/ rigor\s conditions ( gradual & successive g5]alization2 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is circum/ance 9 _! con/itution1 possess1 9 ea* "p ( _! /ructure1 a solid tru?1 :i* is always ready to /& ! sev]e/ te/s ( reason+ & exp]im5t4 ,we see h[ ju/ly & cle>ly ,bacon judg$ conc]n+ ! mode 9 :i* facts are to be employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( sci5ce4 ,?is1 inde$1 has ev] be5 deem$ 8 great m]it3 insomu* t _m p]sons appe> to appreh5d ! ma9 sub/ance ( 8 doctr9e to reside 9 ! maxim t facts ( obs]vation1 & su* facts alone1 are ! ess5tial elem5ts ( all true sci5ce4 7,v47 #aj4 ,ideas are necess>y4--,yet we h endeav\r$ to e/abli% ! doctr9e t facts are b "o ( two +r$i5ts ( k bo? equally necess>y2--t ,ideas are no less indisp5sable ?an facts !mselves2 & t except ^! be duly unfold$ & appli$1 facts are collect$ 9 va94 ,has ,bacon !n neglect$ ?is great portion ( 8 subject8 ,has he be5 l$ by "s p>tiality ( view1 or "s peculi>ity ( circum/ances1 to leave ?is curi\s & ess5tial elem5t ( sci5ce 9 its pri/9e obscurity8 ,0 he unaw>e ( its int]e/ & importance8 ,we may reply t ,bacon's philosophy1 9 its effect ^u 8 read]s 9 g5]al1 does n give due weight or due att5tion to ! ideal elem5t ( our k4 ,he is consid]$ z peculi>ly & em95tly ! ass]t] ( ! value ( exp]im5t & obs]vation4 ,he is always und]/ood to belong to ! exp]i5tial1 z oppos$ to ! ideal s*ool4 ,he is held up 9 contra/ to ,plato & o!rs :o love to dwell ^u t "p ( k :i* has its orig9 9 ! intellect ( man4 #aa4 ,nor c x be d5i$ t ,bacon has1 9 ! f9i%$ "p ( 8 ,novum ,organon1 put prom95tly =w>ds ! necess>y dep5d5ce ( all our k ^u ,exp]i5ce1 & said little ( its dep5d5ce1 equally necess>y1 ^u ! ,conceptions :i* ! intellect itself supplies4 ,x w appe>1 h[ev]1 on a close exam9ation1 t he 0 by no means ins5sible or c>eless ( ?is int]nal elem5t ( all connect$ speculation4 ,he held ! balance1 ) no p>tial or feeble h&1 betwe5 ph5om5a & ideas4 ,he urg$ ! ,colligation ( ,facts1 b he 0 n ! less aw>e ( ! value ( ! ,explication ( ,conceptions4 #ab4 ,?is appe>s pla9ly f "s rem>kable ,aphorisms 9 ! ,novum ,organon4 ,?us1 9 notic+ ! causes ( ! little progress !n made by sci5ce#agc1 he /ates ?is3--,9 ! curr5t ,notions1 all is uns\nd1 :e!r !y be logical or physical4 ,sub/ance1 quality1 action1 passion1 ev5 be+1 are n good ,conceptions2 /ill less are heavy1 light1 d5se1 r>e1 moi/1 dry1 g5]ation1 corruption1 attraction1 repulsion1 elem5t1 matt]1 =m1 & o!rs ( t k9d2 all are fanta/ical & ill-def9$4 ,& 9 8 attempt to exemplify 8 own sy/em1 he hesitates#agd 9 accept+ or reject+ ! notions ( elem5t>y1 cele/ial1 r>e1 z belong+ to fire1 s9ce1 z he says1 !y are vague & ill-def9$ notions 7notiones vag nec b5e t]m9at74 ,9 t "p ( 8 "w :i* appe>s to be complet$1 !re is n1 s f> z ,i h notic$1 any attempt to fix & def9e any notions ?us compla9$ ( z loose & obscure4 ,b yet su* an und]tak+ appe>s to h =m$ "p ( 8 plan2 & 9 ! ,abec$>ium ,natur#age1 :i* consi/s ( ! heads ( v>i\s portions ( 8 great s*eme1 m>k$ by lett]s ( ! alphabet1 we f9d ! titles ( a s]ies ( diss]tations ,on ! ,conditions ( ,be+1 :i* mu/ h _h = _! object ! elucidation ( div]s ,notions ess5tial to sci5ce1 & :i* w\ld h be5 contributions to ! ,explication ( ,conceptions1 su* z we h attempt$ 9 a =m] "p ( ?is "w4 ,?us "s ( ! subjects ( ^! diss]tations are2--,( ,mu* & ,little2--,( ,durable & ,transitory2--,( ,natural & ,mon/r\s2--,( ,natural & ,artificial4 ,:5 ! philosoph] ( induction came to discuss ^!1 consid]$ z conditions ( exi/5ce1 he c\ld n d o!rwise ?an develope1 limit1 me?odize1 & def9e ! ,ideas involv$ 9 ^! ,notions1 s z to make !m consi/5t ) !mselves1 & a fit basis ( demon/rative reason+4 ,8 task w\ld h be5 ( ! same nature z ours has be51 9 t "p ( ?is "w :i* treats ( ! ,fundam5tal ,ideas ( ! v>i\s classes ( sci5ces4 #ac4 ,?us ,bacon1 9 8 speculative philosophy1 took firmly hold ( bo? ! h&les ( sci5ce2 & if he _h complet$ 8 s*eme1 w\ld probably h giv5 due att5tion to ,ideas1 no less ?an to ,facts1 z an elem5t ( our k2 :ile 9 8 view ( ! g5]al me?od ( asc5d+ f facts to pr9ciples1 he display$ a sagacity truly wond]ful4 ,b we _c be surpris$1 t 9 attempt+ to exemplify ! me?od :i* he recomm5d$1 he %\ld h fail$4 ,= ! me?od c\ld be exemplifi$ only by "s important discov]y 9 physical sci5ce2 & great discov]ies1 ev5 ) ! mo/ p]fect me?ods1 d n come at comm&4 ,moreov]1 al?\gh ! g5]al /ructure ( 8 s*eme 0 correct1 ! precise import ( "s ( its details c\ld h>dly be und]/ood1 till ! actual progress ( sci5ce _h made m5 some:at famili> ) ! k9d ( /eps :i* x includ$4 7,,vi47 #ad4 ,bacon's ,example4--,accord+ly1 ,bacon's ,inquisition into ! ,nature ( ,heat1 :i* is giv5 9 ! ,second ,book ( ! ,novum ,organon z an example ( ! mode ( int]rogat+ ,nature1 _c be look$ ^u o!rwise ?an z a complete failure4 ,?is w be evid5t if we consid] t1 al?\gh ! exact nature ( heat is /ill an obscure & controv]t$ matt]1 ! sci5ce ( ,heat n[ consi/s ( _m important tru?s2 & t to none ( ^! tru?s is !re any approximation 9 ,bacon's essay4 ,f 8 process he arrives at ?is1 z ! =ma or true def9ition ( heat2--t x is an expansive1 re/ra9$ motion1 modifi$ 9 c]ta9 ways1 & ex]t$ 9 ! small] p>ticles ( ! body4 ,b ! /eps by :i* ! sci5ce ( ,heat really advanc$ 7 7z may be se5 9 ! hi/ory#agf ( ! subject7 ^!2--,! discov]y ( a measure ( heat or temp]ature 7! !rmomet]72 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! laws ( conduction & radiation2 ( ! laws ( specific heat1 lat5t heat1 & ! l4 ,su* /eps h l$ to ,ampre's hypo!sis#agg1 t heat consi/s 9 ! vibrations ( an impond]able fluid2 & to ,laplace's hypo!sis1 t temp]ature consi/s 9 ! int]nal radiation ( su* a fluid4 ,^! hypo!ses _c yet be said to be ev5 probable2 b at lea/ !y are s modifi$ z to include "s ( ! prec$+ laws :i* are firmly e/abli%$2 :]eas ,bacon's hypo!tical motion includes no laws ( ph5om5a1 expla9s no process1 & is inde$ itself an example ( illicit g5]alization4 #ae4 ,"o ma9 gr\nd ( ,bacon's ill =tune 9 ?is und]tak+ appe>s to be1 t he 0 n aw>e ( an important maxim ( inductive sci5ce1 t we mu/ fir/ obta9 ! measure & asc]ta9 ! laws ( ph5om5a1 be=e we endeav\r to discov] _! causes4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( !rmotics up to ! pres5t "t has be5 occupi$ ) ! =m] /ep1 & ! task is n yet complet$3 x is no wond]1 !re=e1 t ,bacon fail$ entirely1 :5 he s prematurely attempt$ ! second4 ,8 sagacity _h taught him t ! progress ( sci5ce mu/ be gradual2 b x _h n l$ him to judge adequately h[ gradual x mu/ be1 nor ( :at diff]5t k9ds ( inquiries1 tak5 9 due ord]1 x mu/ ne$s consi/1 9 ord] to obta9 success4 ,ano!r mi/ake1 :i* c\ld n fail to r5d] x unlikely t ,bacon %\ld really exemplify 8 precepts by any actual advance 9 sci5ce1 01 t he did n ju/ly appreciate ! sagacity1 ! inv5tive g5ius1 :i* all discov]y requires4 ,he conceiv$ t he c\ld sup]s$e ! necessity ( su* peculi> end[m5ts4 ,our me?od ( discov]y 9 sci5ce1 he says#agh1 is ( su* a nature1 t !re is n mu* left to acut5ess & /r5g? ( g5ius1 b all degrees ( g5ius & intellect are br\ght ne>ly to ! same level4 ,& he illu/rates ?is by comp>+ 8 me?od to a pair ( compasses1 by means ( :i* a p]son ) no manual skill may draw a p]fect circle4 ,9 ! same _s he speaks ( proce$+ by due rejections2 & appe>s to imag9e t :5 we h obta9$ a collection ( facts1 if we g on successively reject+ :at is false1 we %all at la/ f9d t we h1 left 9 our h&s1 t sci5tific tru? :i* we seek4 ,i ne$ n obs]ve h[ f> ?is view is remov$ f ! real /ate ( ! case4 ,! necessity ( a conception :i* mu/ be furni%$ by ! m9d 9 ord] to b9d toge!r ! facts1 c\ld h>dly h escap$ ! eye ( ,bacon1 if he _h cultivat$ m c>efully ! ideal side ( 8 own philosophy4 ,& any attempts :i* he c\ld h made to con/ruct su* conceptions by m]e rule & me?od1 mu/ h end$ 9 conv9c+ him t no?+ b a peculi> inv5tive tal5t c\ld supply t :i* 0 ?us n conta9$ 9 ! facts1 & yet 0 ne$$ = ! discov]y4 7,,vii47 #af4 ,8 ,failure4--,s9ce ,bacon1 ) all 8 acut5ess1 _h n div9$ circum/ances s important 9 ! =mation ( sci5ce1 x is n wond]ful t 8 attempt to r$uce ?is process to a ,te*nical ,=m is ( little value4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he says#agi1 we mu/ prep>e a natural & exp]im5tal hi/ory1 good & suffici5t2 9 ! next place1 ! in/ances ?us collect$ are to be arrang$ 9 ,tables 9 "s ord]ly way2 & !n we mu/ apply a legitimate & true induction4 ,& 9 8 example#ahj1 he fir/ collects a great numb] ( cases 9 :i* heat appe>s "u v>i\s circum/ances1 :i* he calls a ,mu/] ( ,in/ances be=e ! intellect1 7comp>5tia in/anti>um ad intellectum17 or a ,table ( ! ,pres5ce ( ! ?+ s\ght4 ,he !n adds a ,table ( its ,abs5ce 9 proximate cases1 conta9+ in/ances :]e heat does n appe>2 !n a ,table ( ,degrees1 9 :i* x appe>s ) great] or less int5sity4 ,he !n adds#aha1 t we mu/ try to exclude sev]al obvi\s suppositions1 :i* he does by ref]5ce to "s ( ! in/ances he has collect$2 & ?is /ep he calls ! ,exclusive1 or ! ,rejection ( ,natures4 ,he !n obs]ves1 7& ju/ly17 t :]eas tru? em]ges m easily f error ?an f confusion1 we may1 aft] ?is prep>ation1 give play to ! intellect1 7fiat p]missio intellectus17 & make an attempt at induction1 liable aft]w>ds to be correct$2 & by ?is /ep1 :i* he t]ms 8 ,fir/ ,v9demiation1 or ,in*oate ,induction1 he is l$ to ! proposition conc]n+ heat1 :i* we h /at$ above4 #ag4 ,9 all ! details ( 8 example he is un=tunate4 ,by propos+ to himself to exam9e at once into ! nature ( heat1 in/ead ( ! laws ( special classes ( ph5om5a1 he makes1 z we h said1 a fundam5tal mi/ake2 :i* is ! less surpris+ s9ce he _h be=e him s few examples ( ! "r c\rse 9 ! previ\s hi/ory ( sci5ce4 ,b fur!r1 8 collection ( in/ances is v loosely br\ght toge!r2 = he includes 9 8 li/ ! hot ta/e ( aromatic plants1 ! cau/ic effects ( acids1 & _m o!r facts :i* _c be ascrib$ to heat )\t a /udi\s laxity 9 ! use ( ! ^w4 ,& :5 he comes to t po9t :]e he p]mits 8 intellect its range1 ! conception ( motion ^u :i* x at once fa/5s1 appe>s to be select$ ) little *oice or skill1 ! sugge/ion be+ tak5 f flame#ahb1 boil+ liquids1 a bl[n fire1 & "s o!r cases4 ,if f su* examples we c\ld imag9e heat to be motion1 we ought at lea/ to h "s gradation to cases ( heat :]e no motion is visible1 z 9 a r$-hot iron4 ,x w\ld seem t1 aft] a l>ge collection ( in/ances _h be5 look$ at1 ! intellect1 ev5 9 its fir/ attempts1 ought n to h dwelt ^u su* an hypo!sis z ?is4 #ah4 ,aft] ^! /eps1 ,bacon speaks ( sev]al classes ( in/ances :i*1 s+l+ !m out ( ! g5]al & indiscrim9ate collection ( facts1 he t]ms ,in/ances ) ,pr]ogative3 & ^! he po9ts out z peculi> aids & guides to ! intellect 9 its task4 ,^! ,in/ances ) ,pr]ogative h g5]ally be5 mu* dwelt ^u by ^? :o h comm5t$ on ! ,novum ,organon4 ,yet1 9 reality1 su* a classification1 z has be5 obs]v$ by "o ( ! able/ writ]s ( ! pres5t day#ahc1 is ( little s]vice 9 ! task ( induction4 ,= ! in/ances are1 = ! mo/ "p1 class$1 n accord+ to ! ideas :i* !y involve1 or to any obvi\s circum/ance 9 ! facts ( :i* !y consi/1 b accord+ to ! ext5t or mann] ( _! influ5ce ^u ! inquiry 9 :i* !y are employ$4 ,?us we h ,solit>y ,in/ances1 ,migrat+ ,in/ances1 ,o/5sive ,in/ances1 ,cl&e/9e ,in/ances1 s t]m$ accord+ to ! degree 9 :i* !y exhibit1 or seem to exhibit1 ! prop]ty ^: nature we w\ld exam9e4 ,we h ,guide-,po/ ,in/ances1 7,in/anti ,crucis17 ,in/ances ( ! ,p>t$ ,road1 ( ! ,doorway1 ( ! ,lamp1 accord+ to ! guidance !y supply to our advance4 ,su* a classification is mu* ( ! same nature z if1 hav+ to tea* ! art ( build+1 we 7 to describe tools ) ref]5ce to ! am\nt & place ( ! "w :i* !y mu/ d1 in/ead ( po9t+ out _! con/ruction & use3--z if we 7 to in=m ! pupil t we mu/ h tools = lift+ a /one up1 tools = mov+ x sideways1 tools = lay+ x squ>e1 tools = cem5t+ x firmly4 ,su* an enum]ation ( ends w\ld convey little in/ruction z to ! means4 ,moreov]1 _m ( ,bacon's classes ( in/ances are vitiat$ by ! assumption t ! =m1 t is1 ! g5]al law & cause ( ! prop]ty :i* is ! subject ( inve/igation1 is to be look$ = directly 9 ! in/ances2 :i*1 z we h se5 9 8 inquiry conc]n+ heat1 is a fundam5tal error4 #ai4 ,yet 8 phraseology 9 "s cases1 z 9 ! in/antia crucis1 s]ves well to m>k ! place :i* c]ta9 exp]im5ts hold 9 our reason+s3 & _m ( ! special examples :i* he gives are full ( acut5ess & sagacity4 ,?us he sugge/s sw++ a p5dulum 9 a m9e1 9 ord] to det]m9e :e!r ! attraction ( ! e>? arises f ! attraction ( its p>ts2 & obs]v+ ! tide at ! same mom5t 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r ! motion ( ! wat] is expansive or progressive2 ) o!r +5i\s proposals4 ,^! m>ks ( g5ius may s]ve to c\nt]balance ! unfav\rable judgm5t ( ,bacon's aptitude = physical sci5ce :i* we are sometimes tempt$ to =m1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 false views on o!r po9ts2 z 8 rejection ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 & 8 und]valu+ ,gilb]t's magnetical speculations4 ,mo/ ( ^! errors arose f a too ambiti\s habit ( intellect1 :i* w\ld n be cont5t$ ) any except v wide & g5]al tru?s2 & f an indi/9ctness ( me*anical1 & p]haps1 9 g5]al1 ( ma!matical ideas3--defects :i* ,bacon's own philosophy 0 direct$ to rem$y1 & :i*1 9 ! progress ( "t1 x has rem$i$ 9 o!rs4 7,,viii47 #bj4 ,8 ,idols4--,hav+ ?us freely giv5 our judgm5t conc]n+ ! mo/ exact & def9ite portion ( ,bacon's precepts1 x _c be necess>y = u to discuss at any l5g? ! value ( ^? m vague & g5]al ,w>n+s aga9/ prejudice & p>tiality1 aga9/ intellectual indol5ce & presumption1 ) :i* 8 works ab\nd4 ,8 advice & exhortations ( ?is k9d are always express$ ) en]gy & po9t1 (t5 clo!d 9 ! happie/ =ms ( imag]y2 & h5ce x has come to pass1 t su* passages are p]haps m famili> to ! g5]al read] ?an any o!r "p ( 8 writ+s4 ,nor are ,bacon's c\nsels )\t _! importance1 :5 we h to d ) ^? subjects 9 :i* prejudice & p>tiality ex]cise _! peculi> sway4 ,que/ions ( politics & morals1 ( mann]s1 ta/e1 or hi/ory1 _c be subject$ to a s*eme ( rigor\s induction2 & ?\gh on su* matt]s we v5ture to ass]t g5]al pr9ciples1 ^! are commonly obta9$ ) "s degree ( insecurity1 & dep5d ^u special habits ( ?\ght1 n ^u m]e logical connexion4 ,"h1 !re=e1 ! intellect may be p]v]t$1 by mix+1 ) ! pure reason1 our greg>i\s affections1 or our individual prop5sities2 ! false sugge/ions involv$ 9 language1 or ! impos+ delusions ( receiv$ !ories4 ,9 ^! dim & complex labyr9?s ( human ?\ght1 ! ,idol ( ! ,tribe1 or ( ! ,d51 ( ! ,=um1 or ( ! ,!atre1 may occupy m5's m9ds ) delusive %apes1 & may obscure or p]v]t _! vision ( tru?4 ,b 9 t ,natural ,philosophy ) :i* we are "h conc]n$1 !re is little opportunity = su* influ5ces4 ,z f> z a physical !ory is complet$ ?r\gh all ! /eps ( a j induction1 !re is a cle> daylight diffus$ ov] x :i* leaves no lurk+-place = prejudice4 ,ea* "p c be exam9$ sep>ately & repeat$ly2 & ! !ory is n to be deem$ p]fect till x w be> ! scrut9y ( all s\nd m9ds alike4 ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 ,bacon1 by w>n+ m5 aga9/ ! idols ( fallaci\s images above spok5 (1 may h gu>d$ !m f dang]\s error1 8 precepts h little to d ) ,natural ,philosophy3 & we _c agree ) him :5 he says#ahd1 t ! doctr9e conc]n+ ^! idols be>s ! same relation to ! int]pretation ( nature z ! doctr9e conc]n+ sophi/ical p>alogisms be>s to common logic4 7,,ix47 #ba4 ,8 ,aim1 ,utility4--,!re is "o v prom95t feature 9 ,bacon's speculations :i* we mu/ n omit to notice2 x is a lead+ & con/ant object ) him to apply 8 k to ,use4 ,! insight :i* he obta9s into nature1 he w\ld employ 9 comm&+ nature = ! s]vice ( man4 ,he wi%es to h n only pr9ciples b works4 ,! phrase :i* be/ describes ! aim ( 8 philosophy is 8 own#ahe1 ,asc5d5do ad axiomata1 desc5d5do ad op]a4 ,?is disposition appe>s 9 ! fir/ aphorism ( ! ,novum ,organon1 & runs ?r\gh ! "w4 ,man1 ! m9i/] & int]pret] ( nature1 does & und]/&s1 s f> z he has1 9 fact or 9 ?\ght1 obs]v$ ! c\rse ( nature2 & he _c "k or d m ?an ?is4 ,x is n necess>y = u to dwell mu* ^u ?is turn ( m9d2 = ! :ole ( our pres5t inquiry goes ^u ! supposition t an acqua9tance ) ! laws ( nature is wor? our hav+ = its own sake4 ,x may be univ]sally true1 t ,k is ,p[]2 b we h to d ) x n z ,p[]1 b z ,k4 ,x is ! =mation ( ,sci5ce1 n ( ,art1 ) :i* we are "h conc]n$4 ,x may give a peculi> int]e/ to ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 to %[ h[ x con/antly t5ds to provide bett] & bett] = ! wants & com=ts ( ! body2 b t is n ! int]e/ :i* engages u 9 our pres5t inquiry into ! nature & c\rse ( philosophy4 ,! consid]ation ( ! means :i* promote man's mat]ial well-be+ (t5 appe>s to be inve/$ ) a k9d ( dignity1 by ! discov]y ( g5]al laws :i* x involves2 & ! satisfaction :i* rises 9 our m9ds at ! contemplation ( su* cases1 m5 sometimes ascribe1 ) a false +5uity1 to ! love ( m]e bodily enjoym5t4 ,b x is nev] difficult to see t ?is bas] & co>s] elem5t is n ! real s\rce ( our admiration4 ,^? :o hold t x is ! ma9 bus9ess ( sci5ce to con/ruct in/rum5ts = ! uses ( life1 appe> sometimes to be will+ to accept ! consequ5ce :i* foll[s f su* a doctr9e1 t ! fir/ %oemak] 0 a philosoph] wor?y ( ! highe/ admiration#ahf4 ,b ^? :o ma9ta9 su* p>adoxes1 (t51 by a happy inconsi/5cy1 make x _! own aim1 n to devise "s improv$ cov]+ = ! feet1 b to delight ! m9d ) acute speculations1 exhibit$ 9 all ! graces ( wit & fancy4 ,x has be5 said#ahg t ! key ( ! ,baconian doctr9e consi/s 9 two words1 ,utility & ,progress4 ,) reg>d to ! latt] po9t1 we h already se5 t ! hope & prospect ( a b\ndless progress 9 human k _h sprung up 9 m5's m9ds1 ev5 9 ! e>ly times ( imp]ial ,rome2 & 7 mo/ emphatically express$ by t v ,s5eca :o disda9$ to reckon ! wor? ( k by its value 9 food & clo?+4 ,& :5 we say t ,utility 0 ! great bus9ess ( ,bacon's philosophy1 we =get "o-half ( 8 *>act]i/ic phrase3 ,asc5d5do ad aximomata1 no less ?an desc5d5do ad op]a1 01 he repeat$ly decl>$1 ! s*eme ( 8 pa?4 ,he con/antly spoke1 we are told by 8 secret>y#ahh1 ( two k9ds ( exp]im5ts1 exp]im5ta fructif]a1 & exp]im5ta lucif]a4 ,aga92 :5 we are told by mod]n writ]s t ,bacon m]ely recomm5d$ su* induction z all m5 in/9ctively practise1 we ought to recollect 8 own e>ne/ & incessant decl>ations to ! contr>y4 ,! induction hi!rto practis$ is1 he says1 ( no use = obta9+ solid sci5ce4 ,!re are two ways#ahi1 hc via 9 usu e/1 alt]a v]a1 s$ int5tata4 ,m5 h con/antly be5 employ$ 9 anticipation2 9 illicit induction4 ,! intellect left to itself ru%es on 9 ?is road#aij2 ! conclusions s obta9$ are p]suasive#aia2 f> m p]suasive ?an inductions made ) due caution#aib4 ,b /ill ?is me?od mu/ be reject$ if we w\ld obta9 true k4 ,we %all !n at l5g? h gr\nd ( good hope = sci5ce :5 we proce$ 9 ano!r mann]#aic4 ,we mu/ rise1 n by a leap1 b by small /eps1 by successive advances1 by a gradation ( asc5ts1 try+ our facts1 & cle>+ our notions at e int]val4 ,! s*eme ( true philosophy1 accord+ to ,bacon1 is n obvi\s & simple1 b long & te*nical1 requir+ con/ant c>e & self-d5ial to foll[ x4 ,& we h se5 t1 9 ?is op9ion1 8 judgm5t is confirm$ by ! pa/ hi/ory & pres5t condition ( sci5ce4 ,aga92 x is by no means a j view ( ,bacon's "* to place him 9 contra/ to ,plato4 ,plato's philosophy 0 ! philosophy ( ,ideas2 b x 0 n left = ,bacon to set up ! philosophy ( ,facts 9 opposition to t ( ,ideas4 ,t _h be5 done fully by ! speculative re=m]s ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,bacon _h ! m]it ( %[+ t ,facts & ,ideas mu/ be comb9$2 & n only s1 b ( div9+ _m ( ! special rules & =ms ( ?is comb9ation1 :5 z yet !re 7 no examples ( !m1 ) a sagacity hi!rto q unp>allel$4 7,x47 #bb4 ,8 ,p]sev]ance4--,) ,bacon's unhappy political life we h "h no?+ to d4 ,b we _c b notice ) pleasure h[ fai?fully1 h[ p]sev]+ly1 h[ en]getically he dis*>g$ 8 great philosophical (fice ( a ,re=m] ( ,me?ods4 ,he _h conceiv$ ! purpose ( mak+ ?is 8 object at an e>ly p]iod4 ,:5 m$itat+ ! cont9uation ( 8 ,novum ,organon1 & speak+ ( 8 reasons = tru/+ t 8 "w w rea* "s complet5ess ( effect1 he says#aid1 ,i am by two argum5ts ?us p]suad$4 ,fir/1 ,i ?9k ?us f ! zeal & con/ancy ( my m9d1 :i* has n wax$ old 9 ?is design1 nor1 aft] s _m ye>s1 gr[n cold & indiff]5t2 ,i rememb] t ab\t =ty ye>s ago ,i compos$ a juv5ile "w ab\t ^! ?+s1 :i* ) great contrivance & a pomp\s title ,i call$ temporis p>tum maximum1 or ! mo/ consid]able bir? ( "t2 ,next1 t on acc\nt ( its usefulness1 x may hope ! ,div9e bless+4 ,9 /at+ ! gr\nds ( hope = future progress 9 ! sci5ces1 he says#aie3 ,"s hope may1 we conceive1 be m9i/]$ to m5 by our own example3 & ?is we say1 n = ! sake ( boa/+1 b because x is useful to be said4 ,if any despond1 let !m look at me1 a man among all o!rs ( my age mo/ occupi$ ) civil affairs1 nor ( v s\nd heal?1 7:i* br+s a great loss ( "t27 also 9 ?is attempt ! fir/ explor]1 foll[+ ! foot/eps ( no man1 nor communicat+ on ^! subjects ) any mortal2 yet1 hav+ /eadily ent]$ ^u ! true road & made my m9d submit to ?+s !mselves1 "o :o has1 9 ?is und]tak+1 made1 7z we ?9k17 "s progress4 ,he !n proce$s to speak ( :at may be done by ! comb9$ & m prosp]\s lab\rs ( o!rs1 9 t /ra9 ( noble hope & confid5ce1 :i* rises aga9 & aga91 l a *orus1 at int]vals 9 e "p ( 8 writ+s4 ,9 ! ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+ he _h said1 ,i c\ld n be true & con/ant to ! argum5t ,i h&le1 if ,i 7 n will+ to g beyond o!rs1 b yet n m will+ ?an to h o!rs g beyond me aga94 ,9 ! ,preface to ! ,in/auratio ,magna1 he _h plac$ among 8 po/ulates ^? expressions :i* h m ?an once w>m$ ! brea/ ( a philosophical re=m]#aif4 ,conc]n+ ourselves we speak n2 b z t\*+ ! matt] :i* we h 9 h&1 ?is we ask2--t m5 be ( good hope1 nei!r feign & imag9e to !mselves ?is our ,re=m z some?+ ( inf9ite dim5sion & beyond ! grasp ( mortal man1 :5 9 tru? x is ! end & true limit ( inf9ite error2 & is by no means unm9dful ( ! condition ( mortality & humanity1 n confid+ t su* a ?+ c be c>ri$ to its p]fect close 9 ! space ( a s+le age1 b assign+ x z a task to a succession ( g5]ations4 ,9 a lat] portion ( ! ,in/auratio he says3 ,we be> ! /ronge/ love to ! human republic our common c\ntry2 & we by no means ab&on ! hope t !re w arise & come =? "s man among po/]ity1 :o w be able to receive & dige/ all t is be/ 9 :at we deliv]2 & ^: c>e x w be to cultivate & p]fect su* ?+s4 ,!re=e1 by ! bless+ ( ! ,deity1 to t5d to ?is object1 to op5 up ! f\nta9s1 to discov] ! useful1 to ga!r guidance = ! way1 %all be our task2 & f ?is we %all nev]1 :ile we rema9 9 life1 desi/4 7,,xi47 #bc4 ,8 ,piety4--,we may add1 t ! _s ( piety z well z ( hope :i* is se5 9 ?is passage1 appe>s to h be5 habitual to ,bacon at all p]iods ( 8 life4 ,we f9d 9 8 works sev]al drafts ( portions ( 8 great s*eme1 & sev]al ( !m beg9 ) a pray]4 ,"o ( ^! entitl$1 9 ! edition ( 8 works1 ,! ,/ud5t's ,pray]1 appe>s to me to belong probably to 8 e>ly y\?4 ,ano!r1 entitl$ ,! ,writ]'s ,pray]1 is ins]t$ at ! end ( ! ,preface ( ! ,in/auratio1 z x 0 f9ally publi%$4 ,i w conclude my notice ( ?is wond]ful man by ins]t+ "h ^! two pray]s4 ,to ,god ! ,fa!r1 ,god ! ,^w1 ,god ! ,_s1 we p\r =? mo/ humble & he>ty supplications2 t he1 rememb]+ ! calamities ( mank9d1 & ! pilgrimage ( ?is our life1 9 :i* we we> out days few & evil1 w\ld please to op5 to u new refre%m5ts out ( ! f\nta9s ( 8 goodness = ! alleviat+ ( our mis]ies4 ,?is also we humbly & e>ne/ly beg1 t human ?+s may n prejudice su* z are div9e2 nei!r t1 f ! unlock+ ( ! gates ( s5se1 & ! k9dl+ ( a great] natural light1 any?+ ( incr$ulity1 or intellectual night1 may arise 9 our m9ds t[>ds div9e my/]ies4 ,b r1 t by our m9d ?or\ghly cleans$ & purg$ f fancy & vanities1 & yet subject & p]fectly giv5 up to ! ,div9e oracles1 !re may be giv5 unto fai? ! ?+s t are fai?'s4 ,?\1 ,o ,fa!r1 :o gave/ ! visible light z ! fir/-born ( ?y creatures1 & did/ p\r into man ! intellectual light z ! top & consummation ( ?y workman%ip1 be pleas$ to protect & gov]n ?is "w1 :i* com+ f ?y goodness1 returne? to ?y glory4 ,?\1 aft] ?\ had/ review$ ! works :i* ?y h&s _h made1 behelde/ t ev]y?+ 0 v good1 & ?\ did/ re/ ) complac5cy 9 !m4 ,b man1 reflect+ on ! works :i* he _h made1 saw t all 0 vanity & vexation ( _s1 & c\ld by no means acquiesce 9 !m4 ,:]e=e1 if we lab\r 9 ?y works ) ! sweat ( our br[s1 ?\ wilt make u p>tak]s ( ?y vision & ?y ,sabba?4 ,we humbly beg t ?is m9d may be /eadfa/ly 9 u2 & t ?\1 by our h&s1 & also by ! h&s ( o!rs on :om ?\ %alt be/[ ! same _s1 wilt please to convey a l>gess ( new alms to ?y family ( mank9d4 ,^! ?+s we comm5d to ?y ev]la/+ love1 by our ,jesus1 ?y ,*ri/1 ,god ) u4 ,am54 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #afh3 ,& 9 o!r passages3 ?us1 ,ego enim bucc9ator tantum pugnam non ineo4 ,nov4 ,org4 lib4 iv4 c4 i4 ,footnote #afi3 ,lib4 #a4 ,aphor4 #gh et seq4 ,footnote #agj3 ,aug4 ,sc4 ,lib4 iii4 c4 #d4 p4 #aid4 ,s 9 o!r places1 z ,nov4 ,org4 i4 ,aph4 #ajd4 ,de sci5tiis tum demum b5e sp]&um e/ qu&o p] scalam v]am et p] gradus cont9uos1 et non int]missos aut hiulcos a p>ticul>ibus asc5detur ad axiomata m9ora1 et de9de ad m$ia1 alia aliis sup]iora1 et po/remo demum ad g5]alissima4 ,footnote #aga3 ,nov4 ,org4 #a4 ,aph4 #bb4 ,footnote #agb3 ,ib4 ,aph4 #bj4 ,footnote #agc3 #a ,ax4 #ae4 ,footnote #agd3 ,nov4 ,org4 lib4 ii4 ,aph4 #ai4 ,footnote #age3 ,in/4 ,mag4 p>4 iii4 7vol4 viii4 p4 #bdd74 ,footnote #agf3 ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,sc4 b4 x4 c4 i4 ,footnote #agg3 ,ib4 c4 iv4 ,footnote #agh3 ,nov4 ,org4 lib4 i4 ,aph4 #fa4 ,footnote #agi3 ,nov4 ,org4 lib4 ii4 ,aph4 #aj4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,aph4 #aa4 ,footnote #aha3 ,aph4 #ae1 p4 #aje4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,page #aaj4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,h]s*el1 ,on ! ,/udy ( ,nat4 ,phil4 ,art4 #aib4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,nov4 ,org4 lib4 i4 ,aph4 #dj4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,nov4 ,org4 lib4 i4 ,ax4 #ajc4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,ed9b4 ,rev4 ,no4 cxxxii4 p4 #fe4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,ib4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,pref4 to ! ,nat4 ,hi/4 i4 #bdc4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,nov4 ,org4 lib4 i4 ,aph4 #ai4 ,footnote #aij3 ,ibid4 lib4 i4 ,aph4 #bj4 ,footnote #aia3 ,aph4 #bg4 ,footnote #aib3 ,ib4 #bh4 ,footnote #aic3 ,aph4 #ajd4 ,s ,aph4 #aje4 ,9 con/itu5do axiomate =ma inductionis alia quam adhuc 9 usu fuit excogit&a e/1 c4 ,footnote #aid3 ,ep4 ad ,p4 ,fulg5tium4 ,op4 x4 #ccj4 ,footnote #aie3 ,nov4 ,org4 i4 ,aph4 #aac4 ,footnote #aif3 ,see ! motto to ,kant's ,kritik d] ,re95 ,v]nunft4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,additional ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,francis ,,bacon4 ,francis ,bacon & 8 works h rec5tly be5 discuss$ & exam9$ by v>i\s writ]s 9 ,france & ,g]many z well z ,engl&#aig4 ,n to m5tion small] essays1 ,m4 ,b\illet has publi%$ a valuable edition ( 8 philosophical works2 ,c\nt ,joseph de ,mai/re wrote a sev]e critique ( 8 philosophy1 :i* has be5 publi%$ s9ce ! dea? ( ! au?or2 ,m4 ,*>les ,remusat has writt5 a lucid & discrim9at+ ,essay on ! subject2 & 9 ,engl& we h _h a new edition ( ! works publi%$1 ) a c>eful & ?\ghtful exam9ation ( ! philosophy :i* !y conta91 writt5 by "o ( ! editors3 a p]son especially fitt$ = su* an exam9ation by an acute intellect1 great acqua9tance ) philosophical lit]ature1 & a wide k ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,rob]t ,leslie ,ellis1 ! editor ( :om ,i speak1 di$ dur+ ! publication ( ! edition1 & be=e he _h done full ju/ice to 8 p[]s2 b he _h already writt5 v>i\s diss]tations on ,bacon's philosophy1 :i* accompany ! diff]5t ,treatises 9 ! new edition4 ,mr4 ,ellis has giv5 a m precise view ?an any ( 8 pr$ecessors _h done ( ! nature ( ,bacon's induction & ( 8 philosophy ( discov]y4 ,bacon's object 0 to discov] ! 'natures' or ess5ces ( ?+s1 9 ord] t he might reproduce ^! natures or ess5ces at w2 he conceiv$ t ^! natures 7 limit$ 9 numb]1 & manife/$ 9 v>i\s comb9ations 9 ! bodies :i* exi/ 9 ! univ]se2 s t by accumulat+ obs]vations ( !m 9 a multitude ( cases1 we may le>n by induction 9 :at !y d & 9 :at !y d n consi/2 ! ,induction :i* is to be us$ = ?is purpose consi/s 9 a great measure ( exclud+ ! cases :i* d n exhibit ! 'nature' 9 "q2 & by su* exclusion1 duly repeat$1 we h at la/ left 9 our h&s ! elem5ts ( :i* ! propos$ nature consi/s4 ,& ! k :i* is ?us obta9$ may be appli$ to reproduce ! ?+s s analys$4 ,z exhibit+ ?is view cle>ly we may take a passage 9 ! ,sylva ,sylv>um3 ,gold has ^! natures3 greatness ( weight1 clos5ess ( p>ts1 fixation1 pliantness or s(tness1 immunity f ru/1 col\r or t9cture ( yell[4 ,!re=e ! sure way1 ?\gh mo/ ab\t1 to make gold1 is to "k ! causes ( ! sev]al natures be=e rehe>s$1 & ! axioms conc]n+ ! same4 ,= if a man c make a metal1 t ha? all ^! prop]ties1 let m5 dispute :e!r x be gold or no4 ,he means t h[ev] !y dispute1 x is gold = all practical purposes4 ,= su* an ,induction z ?is1 ,bacon claims ! m]it bo? ( be+ c]ta91 & ( be+ ne>ly indep5d5t ( ! +5uity ( ! inquir]4 ,x is a me?od :i* enables all m5 to make exact discov]ies1 z a pair ( compasses enables all m5 to draw an exact circle4 ,n[ x is necess>y = u1 :o are explor+ ! progress ( ! true philosophy ( discov]y1 to say pla9ly t ?is "p ( ,bacon's speculation is errone\s & valueless4 ,no sci5tific discov]y ev] has be5 made 9 ?is way4 ,m5 h n obta9$ tru?s conc]n+ ! natural _w by seek+ = ! natures ( ?+s1 & by extract+ !m f ph5om5a by reject+ ! cases 9 :i* !y 7 n4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y h begun by asc]ta9+ ! laws ( ! ph5om5a2 & h !n gone on1 n by a me*anical me?od :i* levels all intellect1 b by special ef=ts ( ! brighte/ intellects to cat* hold ( ! ideas by :i* ^! laws ( ph5om5a might be int]pret$ & express$ 9 m g5]al t]ms4 ,^! two /eps1 ! f9d+ ! laws ( ph5om5a1 & f9d+ ! conceptions by :i* ^? laws c be express$1 are really ! c\rse ( discov]y1 z ! hi/ory ( sci5ce exhibits x to u4 ,bacon1 !re=e1 accord+ to ! view n[ pres5t$1 0 wrong bo? z to 8 object & z to 8 me?od4 ,he 0 wrong 9 tak+ = 8 object ! ess5ces ( ?+s1--! causes ( ab/ract prop]ties3 = ^! man _c1 or c v r>ely discov]2 & all ,bacon's +5uity 9 enum]at+ & classify+ ^! ess5ces & ab/ract prop]ties has l$1 & c\ld lead1 to no result4 ,! va/ results ( mod]n sci5ce h be5 obta9$1 n by seek+ & f9d+ ! ess5ces ( ?+s1 b by explor+ ! laws ( ph5om5a & ! causes ( ^? laws4 ,& ,bacon's me?od1 z well z 8 object1 is vitiat$ by a p]vad+ error3--! error ( suppos+ t to be done by me?od :i* mu/ be done by m9d2--t to be done by rule :i* mu/ be done by a flight beyond rule2--t to be ma9ly negative :i* is em95tly positive2--t to dep5d on o!r m5 :i* mu/ dep5d on ! discov]] himself2--t to be m]e prose :i* mu/ h a da% ( poetry2--t to be a "w ( m]e lab\r :i* mu/ be also a "w ( g5ius4 ,mr4 ,ellis has se5 v cle>ly & expla9$ v c&idly t ?is me?od ?us recomm5d$ by ,bacon has n l$ to discov]y4 ,x is1 he says1 nei!r to ! te*nical "p ( 8 me?od nor to ! details ( 8 view ( ! nature & progress ( sci5ce1 t 8 great fame is ju/ly ow+4 ,8 m]its are ( ano!r k9d4 ,!y belong to ! _s r ?an to ! positive precepts ( 8 philosophy4 ,z ! read] ( ! la/ *apt] w see1 ?is am\nts to mu* ! same z ! acc\nt :i* ,i _h giv5 ( ! positive results ( ,bacon's me?od1 & ! real value ( t portion ( 8 philosophy :i* he himself valu$ mo/4 ,b /ill !re rema91 z ,i h also not$1 portions ( ,bacon's speculations :i* h a great & endur+ value1 namely1 8 doctr9e t ,sci5ce is ! ,int]pretation ( ,nature1 8 di/9ction ( ?is ,int]pretation ( ,nature f ! vici\s & premature ,anticipation ( ,nature :i* _h g5]ally prevail$ till !n2 & ! recomm5dation ( a graduat$ & successive induction by :i* alone ! highe/ & mo/ g5]al tru?s 7 to be rea*$4 ,^! are po9ts :i* he urges ) great cle>ness & ) great e>ne/ness2 & ^! are important po9ts 9 ! true philosophy ( discov]y4 ,i may add t ,mr4 ,ellis agrees ) me 9 not+ ! inv5tion ( ! conception by :i* ! laws ( ph5om5a are int]pret$ z some?+ additional to ,induction1 bo? 9 ! common & 9 ! ,baconian s5se ( ! ^w4 ,he says 7,g5]al ,preface1 ,art4 #i71 ,9 all cases ?is process sci5tific discov]y involves an elem5t to :i* no?+ corresponds 9 ! ,tables ( ,comp>5ce & ,exclusion2 namely ! application to ! facts ( a pr9ciple ( arrangem5t1 an idea1 exi/+ 9 ! m9d ( ! discov]] antec$5tly to ! act ( induction4 ,x may be said t ?is pr9ciple or idea is aim$ at 9 ! ,baconian analysis4 ,& ?is is 9 "o s5se true3 b x mu/ be add$1 t ?is analysis1 if x be ?\ght "r to call x s1 is ( ! ess5ce ( ! discov]y :i* results f x4 ,to take = grant$ t x has be5 already effect$ is simply a petitio pr9cipii4 ,9 mo/ cases ! m]e act ( induction foll[s z a matt] ( c\rse z soon z ! appropriate idea has be5 introduc$4 ,& z an example he takes ,kepl]'s inv5tion ( ! ellipse1 z ! idea by :i* ,m>s's motions c\ld be r$uc$ to law2 mak+ ! same use ( ?is example :i* we h repeat$ly made ( x4 ,mr4 ,ellis may at fir/ sight appe> to express himself m fav\rably ?an ,i h done1 ) reg>d to ! value ( ,bacon's ,inquisitio 9 ,naturam ,calidi 9 ! ,second ,book ( ! ,novum ,organon4 ,he says ( "o "p ( x#aih3 ,bacon "h anticipates n m]ely ! ess5tial "* ( ! mo/ rec5t !ory ( heat1 b also ! k9d ( evid5ce by :i* x has be5 e/abli%$4444 ,! m]it ( hav+ p]ceiv$ ! true significance ( ! production ( heat by friction belongs ( "r to ,bacon4 ,b not)/&+ ?is1 ,mr4 ,ellis's g5]al judgm5t on ?is specim5 ( ,bacon's application ( 8 own me?od does n diff] ess5tially f m9e4 ,he exam9es ! ,inquisitio at "s l5g?1 & f9ally says3 ,if x 7 affirm$ t ,bacon1 aft] hav+ _h a glimpse ( ! tru? sugge/$ by "s obvi\s ph5om5a1 _h !n rec\rse1 z he himself expresses x1 to c]ta9 'diff]5ti inanes' 9 ord] to save ! ph5om5a1 ,i ?9k x w\ld be h>d to dispute ! tru? ( ! c5sure4 ,ano!r ( ! ,editors ( ?is edition 7,mr4 ,sp$d+7 fixes 8 att5tion ^u ano!r ( ! features ( ! me?od ( discov]y propos$ by ,bacon1 & is dispos$ to ?9k t ! propos$ me?od has nev] yet _h ju/ice done x1 because x has n be5 tri$ 9 ! way & on ! scale t ,bacon proposes#aii4 ,bacon recomm5d$ t a great collection ( facts %\ld be at once made & accumulat$1 reg>d+ e bran* ( human k2 & conceiv$ t1 :5 ?is _h be5 done by common obs]v]s1 philosoph]s might extract sci5tific tru?s f ?is mass ( facts by ! application ( a "r me?od4 ,?is sep>ation ( ! (fices ( ! obs]v] & discov]]1 ,mr4 ,sp$d+ ?9ks is %[n to be possible by su* practical examples z meteorological obs]vations1 made by ord9>y obs]v]s1 & r$uc$ to tables & laws by a c5tral calculator2 by hydrographical obs]vations made by %ips provid$ ) prop] in/ructions1 & r$uc$ to g5]al laws by ! man ( sci5ce 9 8 /udy2 by magnetical obs]vations made by _m p]sons 9 e "p ( ! _w1 & r$uc$ into subs]vi5ce to !ory by ma!maticians at home4 ,& to ?is our reply w be1 9 ! t]ms :i* ! hi/ory ( all ! ,sci5ces has taught u1 t su* me?ods ( proc$ure z ?is d n belong to ! ,epo* ( ,discov]y1 b to ! ,p]iod ( v]ification & application ( ! discov]y :i* foll[s4 ,:5 a !ory has be5 e/abli%$ 9 its g5]al =m1 our k ( ! di/ribution ( its ph5om5a 9 "t & space c be mu* promot$ by ord9>y obs]v]s scatt]$ ov] ! e>?1 & succe$+ ea* o!r 9 "t1 provid$ !y are furni%$ ) in/rum5ts & me?ods ( obs]vation1 duly con/ruct$ on ! pr9ciples ( sci5ce2 b su* obs]v]s _c 9 any degree sup]s$e ! discov]] :o is fir/ to e/abli% ! !ory1 & to introduce into ! facts a new pr9ciple ( ord]4 ,:5 ! laws ( nature h be5 caught sight (1 mu* may be done1 ev5 by ord9>y obs]v]s1 9 v]ify+ & exactly det]m9+ !m2 b :5 a real discov]y is to be made1 ?is sep>ation ( ! obs]v] & ! !ori/ is n possible4 ,9 ^? cases1 ! que/ion+ temp]1 ! busy sugge/ive m9d1 is ne$$ at e /ep1 to direct ! op]at+ h& or ! op5 gaze4 ,no possible accumulation ( facts ab\t mixture & heat1 collect$ 9 ! way ( bl9d trial1 c\ld h l$ to ! doctr9es ( *emi/ry1 or cry/allography1 or ! atomic !ory1 or voltaic & *emical & magnetic pol>ity1 or physiology1 or any o!r sci5ce4 ,inde$ n only is an exi/+ !ory requisite to supply ! obs]v] ) in/rum5ts & me?ods1 b )\t !ory he _c ev5 describe 8 obs]vations4 ,he says t he mixes an acid & an alkali2 b :at is an acid8 ,:at is an alkali8 ,h[ does he "k !m8 ,he classifies cry/als accord+ to _! =ms3 b till he has le>nt :at is di/9ctive 9 ! =m ( a cry/al1 he _c di/+ui% a cube f a squ>e prism1 ev5 if he _h a goniomet] & c\ld use x4 ,& ! l impossibility hangs ov] all ! o!r subjects4 ,to report facts = sci5tific purposes )\t "s aid f !ory1 is n only useless1 b impossible4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,sp$d+ says1 ,i c\ld wi% t m5 ( sci5ce w\ld apply !mselves e>ne/ly to ! solution ( ?is practical problem3 ,:at measures are to be tak5 9 ord] t ! greate/ v>iety ( judici\s obs]vations ( nature all ov] ! _w may be c>ri$ on 9 conc]t ^u a common plan & br\ght to a common c5tre3--he is urg+ ^u m5 ( sci5ce to d :at !y h always done1 s f> z !y h _h any p[]1 & 9 proportion z ! /ate ( sci5ce r5d]$ su* a proc$ure possible & pr(itable to sci5ce4 ,9 ,a/ronomy1 x has be5 done f ! times ( ! ,greeks & ev5 ( ! ,*aldeans1 hav+ be5 begun z soon z ! heav5s 7 r$uc$ to law at all4 ,9 meteorology1 x has be5 done ext5sively1 ?\gh to little purpose1 because ! wea!r has n yet be5 r$uc$ to rule4 ,m5 ( sci5ce h %[n h[ b>omet]s1 !rmomet]s1 hygromet]s1 & ! l1 may be con/ruct$2 & ^! may be n[ read by any "o z easily z a clock2 b ( t5 ?\s& meteorological regi/]s ?us kept by ord9>y obs]v]s1 :at good has come to sci5ce8 ,aga93 ,! laws ( ! tides h be5 9 a great measure det]m9$ by obs]vations 9 all p>ts ( ! globe1 because !ory po9t$ out :at 0 to be obs]v$4 ,9 l mann] ! facts ( t]re/rial magnetism 7 asc]ta9$ ) tol]able complet5ess by ext5d$ obs]vations1 !n1 & !n only1 :5 a mo/ recondite & pr(\nd bran* ( ma!matics _h po9t$ out :at 0 to be obs]v$1 & mo/ +5i\s in/rum5ts _h be5 devis$ by m5 ( sci5ce = obs]v+4 ,& ev5 ) ^!1 x requires an education to use ! in/rum5ts4 ,b 9 _m cases no education 9 ! use ( in/rum5ts devis$ by o!rs c sup]s$e ! necessity ( a !oretical & sugge/ive _s 9 ! inquir] himself4 ,he mu/ devise 8 own in/rum5ts & 8 own me?ods1 if he is to make any discov]y4 ,:at *emi/1 or inquir] ab\t pol>ities1 or ab\t optical laws yet undiscov]$1 c make any progress by us+ ano!r man's exp]im5ts & obs]vations8 ,he mu/ inv5t at e /ep ( 8 obs]vation2 & ! obs]v] & !ori/ c no m be dissev]$1 ?an ! body & s\l ( ! inquir]4 ,t p]sons ( mod]ate philosophical p[]s may1 :5 duly educat$1 make obs]vations :i* may be us$ by great] discov]]s ?an !mselves1 is true4 ,we h examples ( su* a subord9ation ( sci5tific (fices 9 a/ronomy1 9 geology1 & 9 _m o!r dep>tm5ts4 ,b /ill1 z ,i h said1 a v consid]able degree ( sci5tific education is ne$$ ev5 = ! subord9ate lab\r]s 9 sci5ce2 & ! m consid]able 9 proportion z sci5ce advances fur!r & fur!r2 s9ce e advance implies a k ( :at has already be5 done1 & requires a new precision or g5]ality 9 ! new po9ts ( inquiry4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #aig3 uvres ,philosophiques de ,bacon1 c4 p> ,m4 ,n4 ,b\illet1 #c ,tomes4 ,exam5 de la ,philosophie de ,bacon 7uvres ,po/humes du ,comte ,j4 de ,mai/re74 ,bacon1 sa ,vie1 son ,temps1 sa ,philosophie1 p> ,*>les de ,remusat4 ,hi/oire de la ,vie et des ,ouvrages de ,franois ,bacon1 p> ,j4 ,b4 de ,vaugelles4 ,franz ,baco von ,v]ulam1 von ,kuno ,fis*]4 ,! ,works ( ,francis ,bacon1 collect$ & edit$ by ,james ,sp$d+1 ,rob]t ,leslie ,ellis1 & ,d\glas ,d5on ,hea?4 ,footnote #aih3 ,note to ,aph4 xviii4 ,footnote #aii3 ,pref4 to ! ,p>asceue1 ,vol4 i4 p4 #chb4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,f ,,bacon ,,to ,,newton4 #a4 ,h>vey4--,we h already se5 t ,bacon 0 by no means ! fir/ mov] or pr9cipal au?or ( ! revolution 9 ! me?od ( philosophiz+ :i* took place 9 8 "t2 b only ! writ] :o proclaim$ 9 ! mo/ impressive & compreh5sive mann]1 ! s*eme1 ! pr(it1 ! dignity1 & ! prospects ( ! new philosophy4 ,^?1 !re=e1 :o aft] him1 took up ! same views are n to be consid]$ z 8 successors1 b z 8 fell[-lab\r]s2 & ! l9e ( hi/orical succession ( op9ions mu/ be pursu$ )\t special ref]5ce to any "o lead+ "*1 z ! pr9cipal figure ( ! epo*4 ,i resume ?is l9e1 by notic+ a contempor>y & fell[-c\ntryman ( ,bacon1 ,h>vey1 ! discov]] ( ! circulation ( ! blood4 ,?is discov]y 0 n publi%$ & g5]ally accept$ till ne> ! end ( ,bacon's life2 b ! anatomi/'s reflections on ! me?od ( pursu+ sci5ce1 ?\gh /rongly m>k$ ) ! "* ( ! revolution t 0 tak+ place1 belong to a v diff]5t s*ool f ! ,*ancellor's4 ,h>vey 0 a pupil ( ,fabricius ( ,acquap5d5te1 :om we notic$ among ! practical re=m]s ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,he ent]ta9$1 l 8 ma/]1 a /rong rev]5ce = ! great names :i* _h rul$ 9 philosophy up to t "t1 ,ari/otle & ,gal52 & 0 dispos$ r to recomm5d 8 own me?od by exhibit+ x z ! true int]pretation ( anci5t wisdom1 ?an to boa/ ( its novelty4 ,x is true1 t he assigns1 z 8 reason = publi%+ "s ( 8 rese>*es#bjj1 t by reveal+ ! me?od ,i use 9 se>*+ into ?+s1 ,i might propose to /udi\s m51 a new & 7if ,i mi/ake n7 a sur] pa? to ! atta9m5t ( k#bja2 b he soon proce$s to =tify himself ) ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle4 ,9 do+ ?is1 h[ev]1 he has ! v great m]it ( giv+ a liv+ & practical "* to tru?s :i* exi/ 9 ! ,ari/otelian works1 b :i* _h hi!rto be5 b>r5 & empty pr(essions4 ,we h se5 t ,ari/otle _h ass]t$ ! importance ( exp]i5ce z "o root ( k2 & 9 ?is _h be5 foll[$ by ! s*oolm5 ( ! middle ages3 b ?is ass]tion came ) v diff]5t =ce & effect f a man1 ! :ole ( ^: life _h be5 sp5t 9 obta9+1 by means ( exp]i5ce1 k :i* no man _h possess$ be=e4 ,9 ,h>vey's g5]al reflections1 ! necessity ( bo? ! elem5ts ( k1 s5sations & ideas1 exp]i5ce & reason1 is fully br\ght into view1 & rightly connect$ ) ! metaphysics ( ,ari/otle4 ,he puts ! anti!sis ( ^! two elem5ts ) great cle>ness4 ,univ]sals are *iefly kn[n to u1 = sci5ce is begot by reason+ f univ]sals to p>ticul>s2 yet t v compreh5sion ( univ]sals 9 ! und]/&+ spr+s f ! p]ception ( s+ul>s 9 our s5se4 ,aga91 he quotes ,ari/otle's app>5tly opposite ass]tions3--t made 9 8 ,physics#bjb1 t we mu/ advance f ?+s :i* are fir/ kn[n to u1 ?\gh confus$ly1 to ?+s m di/9ctly intelligible 9 !mselves2 f ! :ole to ! "p2 f ! univ]sal to ! p>ticul>2 & t made 9 ! ,analytics#bjc2 t ,s+ul>s are m kn[n to u & d fir/ exi/ accord+ to s5se3 = no?+ is 9 ! und]/&+ :i* 0 n be=e 9 ! s5se4 ,bo?1 he says1 are true1 ?\gh at fir/ !y seem to cla%3 = ?\gh 9 k we beg9 ) s5se1 s5sation itself is a univ]sal ?+4 ,?is he fur!r illu/rates2 & quotes ,s5eca1 :o says1 t ,art itself is no?+ b ! reason ( ! "w1 implant$ 9 ! ,arti/'s m9d3 & adds1 ! same way by :i* we ga9 an ,art1 by ! v same way we atta9 any k9d ( sci5ce or k :atev]2 = z ,art is a habit ^: object is some?+ to be done1 s ,sci5ce is a habit ^: object is some?+ to be kn[n2 & z ! =m] proce$e? f ! imitation ( examples1 s ?is latt]1 f ! k ( ?+s natural4 ,! s\rce ( bo? is f s5se & exp]i5ce2 s9ce b8 x is impossible t ,art %\ld be rightly pur*as$ by ! "o or ,sci5ce by ! o!r )\t a direction f ideas4 ,)\t "h dwell+ on ! relation ( ,art & ,sci5ce1 7v ju/ly /at$ by ,h>vey1 except t ideas exi/ 9 a v diff]5t =m 9 ! m9d ( ! ,arti/ & ! ,sci5ti/7 x w be se5 t ?is doctr9e1 ( sci5ce spr++ f exp]i5ce ) a direction f ideas1 is exactly t :i* we h repeat$ly urg$1 z ! true view ( ! subject4 ,f ?is view1 ,h>vey proce$s to inf] ! importance ( a ref]5ce to s5se 9 8 own subject1 n only = fir/ discov]+1 b = receiv+ k3 ,)\t exp]i5ce1 n o!r m5's b our own1 no man is a prop] disciple ( any "p ( natural k2 )\t exp]im5tal skill 9 anatomy1 he w no bett] appreh5d :at ,i %all deliv] conc]n+ g5]ation1 ?an a man born bl9d c judge ( ! nature & diff]5ce ( col\rs1 or "o born deaf1 ( s\nds4 ,if we d o!rwise1 we may get a humid & float+ op9ion1 b nev] a solid & infallible k3 z is happ5able to ^? :o see =eign c\ntries only 9 maps1 & ! b[els ( m5 falsely describ$ 9 anatomical tables4 ,& h5ce x comes ab\t1 t 9 ?is rank age1 we h _m sophi/]s & bookwrights1 b few wise m5 & philosoph]s4 ,he _h be=e decl>$ h[ unsafe & deg5]ate a ?+ x is1 to be tutor$ by o!r m5's comm5t>ies1 )\t mak+ trial ( ! ?+s !mselves2 especially s9ce ,nature's book is s op5 & legible4 ,we are "h rem9d$ ( ,galileo's condemnation ( ! pap] philosoph]s4 ,! tra9 ( ?\ght ?us express$ by ! practical discov]]s1 spread rapidly ) ! spread ( ! new k t _h sugge/$ x1 & soon became g5]al & unque/ion$4 #b4 ,desc>tes4--,su* op9ions are n[ among ! mo/ famili> & popul> ( ^? :i* are curr5t among writ]s & speak]s2 b we %\ld err mu* if we 7 to imag9e t aft] !y 7 once prop\nd$ !y 7 nev] resi/$ or contradict$4 ,inde$1 ev5 9 our own "t1 n only are su* maxims v (t5 practically neglect$ or =gott51 b ! opposite op9ions1 & views ( sci5ce q inconsi/5t ) ^? we h be5 expla9+1 are (t5 promulgat$ & widely accept$4 ,! philosophy ( pure ideas has its commonplaces1 z well z ! philosophy ( exp]i5ce4 ,& at ! "t ( :i* we speak1 ! =m] philosophy1 no less ?an ! latt]1 _h its great ass]t] & exp\nd]2 a man 9 8 own "t m admir$ ?an ,bacon1 reg>d$ ) m def]5ce by a l>ge body ( disciples all ov] ,europe1 & m p[]ful 9 /irr+ up m5's m9ds to a new activity ( inquiry4 ,i speak ( ,desc>tes1 ^: lab\rs1 consid]$ z a philosophical sy/em1 7 an endeav\r to revive ! me?od ( obta9+ k by reason+ f our own ideas only1 & to erect x 9 opposition to ! me?od ( obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,! ,c>tesian philosophy conta9$ an attempt at a c\nt]-revolution4 ,?us 9 ?is au?or's ,pr9cipia ,philosophi#bjd1 he says t he w give a %ort acc\nt ( ! pr9cipal ph5om5a ( ! _w1 n t he may use !m z reasons to prove any?+2 =1 adds he1 we desire to d$uce effects f causes1 n causes f effects2 b only 9 ord] t out ( ! innum]able effects :i* we le>n to be capable ( result+ f ! same causes1 we may det]m9e our m9d to consid] "s r ?an o!rs4 ,he _h be=e said1 ,! pr9ciples :i* we h obta9$ by pure priori reason+ are s va/ & s fruitful1 t _m m consequ5ces foll[ f !m ?an we see conta9$ 9 ?is visible _w1 & ev5 _m m ?an our m9d c ev] take a full survey (4 ,& he pr(esses to apply ?is me?od 9 detail4 ,?us 9 attempt+ to /ate ! ?ree fundam5tal laws ( motion1 he employs only priori reason+s1 & is 9 fact l$ into error 9 ! ?ird law :i* he ?us obta9s#bje4 ,& 9 8 ,dioptrics#bjf he pret5ds to d$uce ! laws ( reflection & refraction ( light f c]ta9 comp>isons 7:i* are1 9 tru?1 arbitr>y17 9 :i* ! radiation ( light is repres5t$ by ! motion ( a ball imp++ ^u ! reflect+ or refract+ body4 ,x might be repres5t$ z a curi\s in/ance ( ! caprice ( =tune1 :i* appe>s 9 sci5tific z 9 o!r hi/ory1 t ,kepl]1 pr(ess+ to d]ive all 8 k f exp]i5ce1 & ex]t+ himself ) ! greate/ en]gy & p]sev]ance1 fail$ 9 detect+ ! law ( refraction2 :ile ,desc>tes1 :o pr(ess$ to be able to despise exp]im5t1 obta9$ ! true law ( s9es4 ,b z we h /at$ 9 ! ,hi/ory#bjg1 ,desc>tes appe>s to h le>nt ?is law f ,snell's pap]s4 ,& :e!r ?is be s or n1 x is c]ta9 t not)/&+ ! pr(ession ( indep5d5ce :i* 8 philosophy made1 x 0 9 reality con/antly guid$ & in/ruct$ by exp]i5ce4 ,?us 9 expla9+ ! ,ra9b[ 79 :i* 8 portion ( ! discov]y m]its great praise7 he speaks#bjh ( tak+ a globe ( glass1 all[+ ! sun to %9e on "o side ( x1 & not+ ! col\rs produc$ by rays aft] two refractions & "o reflection4 ,& 9 _m o!r in/ances1 inde$ 9 all t relates to physics1 ! reason+s & explanations ( ,desc>tes & 8 foll[]s 71 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 direct$ by ! kn[n facts1 :i* !y _h obs]v$ !mselves or le>nt f o!rs4 ,b s9ce ,desc>tes ?us1 speculatively at lea/1 set himself 9 opposition to ! great re=m ( sci5tific me?od :i* 0 go+ on 9 8 "t1 h[1 x may be ask$1 did he acquire s /rong an influ5ce ov] ! mo/ active m9ds ( 8 "t8 ,h[ is x t he became ! f\nd] ( a l>ge & di/+ui%$ s*ool ( philosoph]s8 ,h[ is x t he n only 0 ma9ly in/rum5tal 9 depos+ ,ari/otle f 8 intellectual ?rone1 b = a "t appe>$ to h e/abli%$ himself ) almo/ equal p[]s1 & to h r5d]$ ! ,c>tesian s*ool z firm a body z ! ,p]ipatetic _h be58 ,! causes to be assign$ = ?is rem>kable result are1 ,i conceive1 ! foll[+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! physici/s ( ! ,c>tesian s*ool did1 z ,i h j /at$1 f\nd _! philosophy ^u exp]im5t1 & did n practically1 or inde$1 mo/ ( !m1 !oretically1 ass5t to _! ma/]'s boa/ ( %[+ :at ! ph5om5a mu/ be1 in/ead ( look+ to see :at !y are4 ,& z ,desc>tes _h really incorporat$ 9 8 philosophy all ! *ief physical discov]ies ( 8 own & prec$+ times1 & _h deliv]$1 9 a m g5]al & sy/ematic %ape ?an any "o be=e him1 ! pr9ciples :i* he ?us e/abli%$1 ! physical philosophy ( 8 s*ool 0 9 reality f> ! be/ !n curr5t2 & 0 an imm5se improvem5t ^u ! ,ari/otelian doctr9es1 :i* _h n yet be5 displac$ z a sy/em4 ,ano!r circum/ance :i* ga9$ him mu* fav\r1 0 ! bold & o/5tati\s mann] 9 :i* he pr(ess$ to beg9 8 philosophy by lib]at+ himself f all preconceiv$ prejudice4 ,! fir/ s5t5ce ( 8 philosophy conta9s ?is celebrat$ decl>ation3 ,s9ce1 he says1 we beg9 life z infants1 & h contract$ v>i\s judgm5ts conc]n+ s5sible ?+s be=e we possess ! entire use ( our reason1 we are turn$ aside f ! k ( tru? by _m prejudices3 f :i* x does n appe> t we c be any o!rwise deliv]$1 ?an if once 9 our life we make x our bus9ess to d\bt ( ev]y?+ 9 :i* we disc]n ! smalle/ suspicion ( unc]ta9ty4 ,9 ! face ( ?is sweep+ rejection or unhesitat+ scrut9y ( all preconceiv$ op9ions1 ! p[] ( ! anci5t au?orities & ma/]s 9 philosophy mu/ obvi\sly %r9k away2 & ?us ,desc>tes came to be consid]$ z ! great h]o ( ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,ari/otelian dogmatism4 ,b 9 addition to ^! causes1 & p]haps m p[]ful ?an all 9 procur+ ! ass5t ( m5 to 8 doctr9es1 came ! d$uctive & sy/ematic "* ( 8 philosophy4 ,= al?\gh all k ( ! ext]nal _w is 9 reality only to be obta9$ f obs]vation1 by inductive /eps1--m9ute1 p]haps1 & sl[1 & _m1 z ,galileo & ,bacon _h already taught2--! human m9d con=ms to ^! conditions reluctantly & un/eadily1 & is ev] ready to ru% to g5]al pr9ciples1 & !n to employ itself 9 d$uc+ conclusions f ^! by syn!tical reason+s2 a task grateful1 f ! di/9ctness & c]ta9ty ( ! result1 & ! accompany+ feel+ ( our own suffici5cy4 ,h5ce m5 readily ov]look$ ! prec>i\s "* ( ,desc>tes' fundam5tal assumptions1 9 _! admiration ( ! skill ) :i* a v>i$ & complex ,univ]se 0 evolv$ out ( !m4 ,& ! complete & sy/ematic "* ( ?is philosophy attract$ m5 no less ?an its logical connexion4 ,i may quote "h :at a philosoph]#bji ( our own "t has said ( ano!r writ]3 ,he ow$ 8 influ5ce to v>i\s causes2 at ! head ( :i* may be plac$ t g5ius = sy/em :i*1 ?\gh x cramps ! gr[? ( k1 p]haps f9ally atones = t mis*ief by ! zeal & activity :i* x r\ses among foll[]s & oppon5ts1 :o discov] tru? by accid5t :5 9 pursuit ( weapons = _! w>f>e4 ,a sy/em :i* attempts a task s h>d z t ( subject+ va/ prov9ces ( human k to "o or two pr9ciples1 if x pres5ts "s /rik+ in/ances ( con=mity to sup]ficial appe>ances1 is sure to delight ! fram]2 & = a "t to subdue & captivate ! /ud5t too entirely = sob] reflection & rigor\s exam9ation4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance consi/5cy passes = tru?4 ,:5 pr9ciples 9 "s in/ances h prov$ suffici5t to give an unexpect$ explanation ( facts1 ! delight$ read] is cont5t to accept z true all o!r d$uctions f ! pr9ciples4 ,speci\s premises be+ assum$ to be true1 no?+ m c be requir$ ?an logical inf]5ce4 ,ma!matical =ms pass curr5t z ! equival5t ( ma!matical c]ta9ty4 ,! unw>y admir] is satisfi$ ) ! complet5ess & symmetry ( ! plan ( 8 h\se1 unm9dful ( ! ne$ ( exam9+ ! firmness ( ! f\ndation & ! s\ndness ( ! mat]ials4 ,! sy/em-mak]1 l ! conqu]or1 long dazzles & ov]awes ! _w2 b :5 _! sway is pa/1 ! vulg> h]d1 unable to measure _! a/oni%+ faculties1 take rev5ge by trampl+ on fall5 greatness4 ,bacon %[$ 8 wisdom 9 8 reflections on ?is subject1 :5 he said t ,me?od1 c>ry+ a %[ ( total & p]fect k1 ha? a t5d5cy to g5]ate acquiesc5ce4 ,! ma9 value ( ,desc>tes' physical doctr9es consi/$ 9 _! be+ arriv$ at 9 a way inconsi/5t ) 8 own pr(ess$ me?od1 namely1 by a ref]5ce to obs]vation4 ,b ?\gh he did 9 reality beg9 f facts1 8 sy/em 0 nev]!less a gl>+ example ( t error :i* ,bacon _h call$ ,anticipation2 t illicit g5]alization :i* leaps at once f special facts to pr9ciples ( ! wide/ & remote/ k9d2 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! ,c>tesian doctr9e1 t ! _w is an absolute pl5um1 e "p be+ full ( matt] ( "s k9d1 & t all natural effects dep5d on ! laws ( motion4 ,aga9/ ?is fault1 to :i* ! human m9d is s prone1 ,bacon _h lift$ 8 w>n+ voice 9 va91 s f> z ! ,c>tesians 7 conc]n$2 z inde$1 to ?is day1 "o !ori/ aft] ano!r pursues 8 c\rse1 & turns a deaf e> to ! ,v]ulamian injunctions2 p]haps ev5 complac5tly boa/s t he f\nds 8 !ory ^u obs]vation2 & =gets t !re are1 z ! aphorism ( ! ,novum ,organon decl>es1 two ways by :i* ?is may be done2--! "o hi!rto 9 use & sugge/$ by our common t5d5cies1 b b>r5 & wor?less2 ! o!r almo/ untri$1 to be pursu$ only ) ef=t & self-d5ial1 b alone capable ( produc+ true k4 #c4 ,gass5di4--,?us ! lessons :i* ,bacon taught 7 f> f be+ g5]ally accept$ & appli$ at fir/4 ,! am\nt ( ! influ5ce ( ^! two m51 ,bacon & ,desc>tes1 ^u _! age1 has (t5 be5 a subject ( discussion4 ,! =tunes ( ! ,c>tesian s*ool h be5 9 "s measure trac$ 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,sci5ce4 ,b ,i may m5tion ! notice tak5 ( ^! two philosoph]s by ,gass5di1 a contempor>y & c\ntryman ( ,desc>tes4 ,gass5di1 z ,i h else:]e /at$#baj1 0 associat$ ) ,desc>tes 9 public op9ion1 z an oppon5t ( ! ,ari/otelian dogmatism2 b 0 n 9 fact a foll[] or pr(\nd admir] ( t writ]4 ,9 a ,treatise on ,logic1 ,gass5di gives an acc\nt ( ! ,logic ( v>i\s sects & au?ors2 treat+1 9 ord]1 ( ! ,logic ( ,z5o 7! ,eleatic71 ( ,euclid 7! ,meg>ean71 ( ,plato1 ( ,ari/otle1 ( ! ,/oics1 ( ,epicurus1 ( ,lullius1 ( ,ramus2 & to ^! he adds ! ,logic ( ,v]ulam1 & ! ,logic ( ,c>tesius4 ,we mu/ n1 he says1 on acc\nt ( ! celebrity x has obta9$1 pass ov] ! ,organon or ,logic ( ,francis ,bacon ,"l ,v]ulam1 ,high ,*ancellor ( ,engl&1 ^: noble purpose 9 our "t x has be51 to make an ,in/auration ( ! ,sci5ces4 ,he !n gives a brief acc\nt ( ! ,novum ,organon1 notic+ ! pr9cipal features 9 its rules1 & especially ! di/9ction betwe5 ! vulg> induction :i* leaps at once f p>ticul> exp]im5ts to ! m g5]al axioms1 & ! *a/is$ & gradual induction1 :i* ! au?or ( ! ,organon recomm5ds4 ,9 8 acc\nt ( ! ,c>tesian ,logic1 he ju/ly obs]ves1 t ,he too imitat$ ,v]ulam 9 ?is1 t be+ ab\t to build up a new philosophy f ! f\ndation1 he wi%$ 9 ! fir/ place to lay aside all prejudice3 & hav+ !n f\nd "s solid pr9ciple1 to make t ! gr\ndwork ( 8 :ole /ructure4 ,b he proce$s by a v diff]5t pa? f t :i* ,v]ulam foll[s2 = :ile ,v]ulam seeks aid f ?+s1 to p]fect ! cogitation ( ! intellect1 ,c>tesius conceives1 t :5 we h laid aside all k ( ?+s1 !re is1 9 our ?\ghts alone1 su* a res\rce1 t ! intellect may by its own p[] arrive at a p]fect k ( all1 ev5 ! mo/ ab/ruse ?+s4 ,! writ+s ( ,desc>tes h be5 mo/ admir$1 & 8 me?od mo/ comm5d$1 by ^? au?ors :o h employ$ !mselves ^u metaphysical r ?an physical subjects ( inquiry4 ,p]haps we might say t1 9 ref]5ce to su* subjects1 ?is me?od is n s vici\s z at fir/1 :5 contra/$ ) ! ,baconian induction1 x seems to be3 = x might be urg$ t ! ?\ghts f :i* ,desc>tes beg9s 8 reason+s are1 9 reality1 exp]im5ts ( ! k9d :i* ! subject requires u to consid]3 ea* su* ?\ght is a fact 9 ! intellectual _w2 & ( su* facts1 ! metaphysician seeks to discov] ! laws4 ,i %all n "h exam9e ! validity ( ?is plea2 b %all turn to ! consid]ation ( ! actual progress ( physical sci5ce1 & its effect on m5's m9ds4 #d4 ,actual progress 9 ,sci5ce4--,! practical discov]]s 7 inde$ v active & v successful dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :i* op5$ ) ,bacon's survey & exhortations4 ,! laws ( nature1 ( :i* m5 _h begun to obta9 a glimpse 9 ! prec$+ c5tury1 7 inve/igat$ ) zeal & sagacity1 & ! consequ5ce 0 t ! f\ndations ( mo/ ( ! mod]n physical sci5ces 7 laid4 ,t mode ( rese>* by exp]im5t & obs]vation1 :i* _h1 a little "t ago1 be5 a /range1 & to _m1 an unwelcome innovation1 0 n[ become ! habitual c\rse ( philosoph]s4 ,! revolution f ! philosophy ( tradition to ! philosophy ( exp]i5ce 0 complet$4 ,! great discov]ies ( ,kepl] belong$ to ! prec$+ c5tury4 ,!y are n1 ,i believe1 notic$1 ei!r by ,bacon or by ,desc>tes2 b !y gave a /rong impulse to a/ronomical & me*anical speculators1 by %[+ ! necessity ( a s\nd sci5ce ( motion4 ,su* a sci5ce ,galileo _h already begun to con/ruct4 ,at ! "t ( :i* ,i speak1 8 disciples#baa 7 /ill lab\r+ at ?is task1 & at o!r problems :i* rapidly sugge/$ !mselves4 ,!y _h already conv9c$ !mselves t air _h weight2 9 #afdc ,torricelli prov$ ?is practically by ! inv5tion ( ! ,b>omet]2 9 #afdg ,pascal prov$ x /ill fur!r by s5d+ ! ,b>omet] to ! top ( a m\nta94 ,pascal & ,boyle br\ght into cle> view ! fundam5tal laws ( fluid equilibrium2 ,boyle & ,m>iotte det]m9$ ! law ( ! compression ( air z regulat$ by its ela/icity4 ,otto ,gu]icke inv5t$ ! air-pump1 & by 8 ,madgeburg ,exp]im5ts on a vacuum1 illu/rat$ /ill fur!r ! effects ( ! air4 ,gu]icke pursu$ :at ,gilb]t _h begun1 ! obs]vation ( electrical ph5om5a2 & ^! two physici/s made an important /ep1 by detect+ repulsion z well z attraction 9 ^! ph5om5a4 ,gilb]t _h already laid ! f\ndations ( ! sci5ce ( ,magnetism4 ,! law ( refraction1 at :i* ,kepl] _h lab\r$ 9 va91 01 z we h se51 discov]$ by ,snell 7ab\t #afba71 & publi%$ by ,desc>tes4 ,m]s5ne _h discov]$ "s ( ! m important p>ts ( ! !ory ( ,h>monics4 ,9 sci5ces ( a diff]5t k9d1 ! same movem5t 0 visible4 ,*emical doctr9es t5d$ to assume a prop] degree ( g5]ality1 :5 ,sylvius 9 #afgi taught ! opposition ( acid & alkali1 & ,/ahl1 soon aft]1 ! phlogi/ic !ory ( combu/ion4 ,/5o _h rem>k$ ! mo/ important law ( cry/allography 9 #affi1 t ! angles ( ! same k9d ( cry/als are always equal4 ,9 ! sci5ces ( classification1 ab\t #afhj1 ,ray & ,morison 9 ,engl& resum$ ! attempt to =m a sy/ematic botany1 :i* _h be5 int]rupt$ = a hundr$ ye>s1 f ! "t ( ! memorable essay ( ,csalp9us4 ,! gr& discov]y ( ! circulation ( ! blood by ,h>vey ab\t #afai1 0 foll[$ 9 #afea by ,pecquet's discov]y ( ! c\rse ( ! *yle4 ,!re c\ld n[ no long] be any "q :e!r sci5ce 0 progressive1 or :e!r obs]vation c\ld lead to new tru?s4 ,among ^! cultivators ( sci5ce1 su* s5tim5ts z h be5 already quot$ became v famili>2--t k is to be s\ght f nature h]self by obs]vation & exp]im5t2--t 9 su* matt]s tradition is ( no =ce :5 oppos$ to exp]i5ce1 & t m]e reason+s )\t facts _c lead to solid k4 ,b ,i d n "k t we f9d 9 ^! writ]s any m special rules ( induction & sci5tific rese>* :i* h s9ce be5 confirm$ & univ]sally adopt$4 ,p]haps too1 z 0 natural 9 s great a revolution1 ! writ]s ( ?is "t1 especially ! second-rate ones1 7 some:at too prone to disp>age ! lab\rs & tal5ts ( ,ari/otle & ! anci5ts 9 g5]al1 & to ov]look ! ideal elem5t ( our k1 9 _! zeal\s /udy ( ph5om5a4 ,!y urg$1 sometimes 9 an exagg]at$ mann]1 ! sup]iority ( mod]n times 9 all t reg>ds sci5ce1 & ! supreme & sole importance ( facts 9 sci5tific inve/igations4 ,!re prevail$ among !m also a l(ty & dignifi$ tone ( speak+ ( ! condition & prospects ( sci5ce1 su* z we are accu/om$ to admire 9 ! ,v]ulamian writ+s2 = ?is1 9 a less degree1 is epidemic among ^? :o a little aft] 8 "t speak ( ! new philosophy4 #e4 ,otto ,gu]icke1 c4--,i ne$ n illu/rate ^! *>act]i/ics at any great l5g?4 ,i may z an example notice ,otto ,gu]icke's ,preface to 8 ,exp]im5ta ,magdeburgica 7#afgj74 ,he quotes a passage f ,kir*]'s ,treatise on ! ,magnetic ,art1 9 :i* ! au?or says1 ,h5ce x appe>s h[ all philosophy1 except x be support$ by exp]im5ts1 is empty1 fallaci\s1 & useless2 :at mon/rosities philosoph]s1 9 o!r respects ( ! highe/ & subtle/ g5ius1 may produce 9 philosophy by neglect+ exp]im5t4 ,?us ,exp]i5ce alone is ! ,dissolv] ( ,d\bts1 ! ,reconcil] ( ,difficulties1 ! sole ,mi/ress ( ,tru?1 :o holds a tor* be=e u 9 obscurity1 unties our knots1 tea*es u ! true causes ( ?+s4 ,gu]icke himself reit]ates ! same rem>k1 add+ t philosoph]s1 insi/+ ^u _! own ?\ghts & argum5ts m]ely1 _c come to any s\nd conclusion respect+ ! natural con/itution ( ! _w4 ,nor 7 ! ,c>tesians sl[ 9 tak+ up ! same tra9 ( reflection4 ,?us ,gilb]t ,cl>k :o1 9 #affj1 publi%$#bab a def5ce ( ,desc>tes' doctr9e ( a pl5um 9 ! univ]se1 speaks 9 a tone :i* rem9ds u ( ,bacon1 & inde$ 0 v probably caught f him3 ,natural philosophy =m]ly consi/$ entirely ( loose & mo/ d\btful controv]sies1 c>ri$ on 9 high-s\nd+ words1 fit r to delude ?an to in/ruct m54 ,b at la/ 7by ! fav\r ( ! ,deity7 !re %one =? "s m div9e intellects1 :o tak+ z _! c\nsellors reason & exp]i5ce toge!r1 exhibit$ a new me?od ( philosophiz+4 ,h5ce has be5 conceiv$ a /rong hope t philosoph]s may embrace1 n a %ad[ or empty image ( ,tru?1 b ,tru? h]self3 & t ,physiology 7,physics7 scatt]+ ^! controv]sies to ! w9ds1 w contract an alliance ) ,ma!matics4 ,yet ?is is h>dly ! "w ( "o age2 /ill less ( "o man4 ,yet let n ! m9d despond1 or d\bt n t1 "o p>ty ( inve/igators aft] ano!r foll[+ ! same me?od ( philosophiz+1 at la/1 "u good auguries1 ! my/]ies ( nature be+ daily unlock$ z f> z human feebl5ess w all[1 ,tru? may at la/ appe> 9 full1 & ^! nuptial tor*es may be light$4 ,z ano!r in/ance ( ! same k9d1 ,i may quote ! preface to ! ,fir/ volume ( ! ,transactions ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,p>is3 ,x is only s9ce ! pres5t c5tury1 says ! writ]1 t we c reckon ! revival ( ,ma!matics & ,physics4 ,m4 ,desc>tes & o!r great m5 h lab\r$ at ?is "w ) s mu* success1 t 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( lit]ature1 ! :ole face ( ?+s has be5 *ang$4 ,m5 h quitt$ a /]ile sy/em ( physics1 :i* = sev]al g5]ations _h be5 always at ! same po9t2 ! reign ( words & t]ms is pass$2 m5 w h ?+s2 !y e/abli% pr9ciples :i* !y und]/&1 !y foll[ ^? pr9ciples2 & ?us !y make progress4 ,au?ority has ceas$ to h m weight ?an ,reason3 t :i* 0 receiv$ )\t contradiction because x _h be5 long receiv$1 is n[ exam9$1 & (t5 reject$3 & philosoph]s h made x _! bus9ess to consult1 respect+ natural ?+s1 ,nature h]self r ?an ! ,anci5ts4 ,^! _h n[ become ! commonplaces ( ^? :o spoke conc]n+ ! c\rse & me?od ( ! ,sci5ces4 #f4 ,hooke4--,9 ,engl&1 z might be expect$1 ! influ5ce ( ,francis ,bacon 0 m directly visible4 ,we f9d _m writ]s1 ab\t ?is "t1 repeat+ ! tru?s :i* ,bacon _h proclaim$1 & 9 almo/ e case %[+ ! same imp]fections 9 _! views :i* we h notic$ 9 him4 ,we may take z an example ( ?is ,hooke's ,essay1 entitl$ ,a ,g5]al ,s*eme or ,idea ( ! pres5t /ate ( ,natural ,philosophy1 & h[ its defects may be rem$i$ by a ,me?odical proce$+ 9 ! mak+ ,exp]im5ts & collect+ ,obs]vations2 :]eby to compile a ,natural ,hi/ory z a solid basis = ! sup]/ructure ( true ,philosophy4 ,?is ,essay may be look$ ^u z an attempt to adapt ! ,novum ,organon to ! age :i* succe$$ its publication4 ,we h 9 ?is imitation1 z 9 ! orig9al1 an enum]ation ( v>i\s mi/akes & imp$im5ts :i* _h 9 prec$+ times prev5t$ ! progress ( k2 exhortations to exp]im5t & obs]vation z ! only solid basis ( ,sci5ce2 v +5i\s sugge/ions ( tra9s ( inquiry1 & modes ( pursu+ !m2 & a promise ( obta9+ sci5tific tru?s :5 facts h be5 duly accumulat$4 ,?is la/ "p ( 8 s*eme ! au?or calls a ,philosophical ,algebra2 & he appe>s to h imag9$ t x might answ] ! purpose ( f9d+ unkn[n causes f kn[n facts1 by means ( c]ta9 regul> processes1 9 ! same mann] z ,common ,algebra f9ds unkn[n f kn[n quantities4 ,b ?is "p ( ! plan appe>s to h rema9$ unexecut$4 ,! sugge/ion ( su* a me?od 0 a result ( ! ,baconian notion t inv5tion 9 a discov]] might be disp5s$ )4 ,we f9d ,hooke adopt+ ! phrases 9 :i* ?is notion is impli$3 ?us he speaks ( ! und]/&+ z be+ v prone to run into ! affirmative way ( judg+1 & want+ pati5ce to foll[ & prosecute ! negative way ( inquiry1 by rejection ( disagree+ natures4 ,& he foll[s ,bacon also 9 ! error ( attempt+ at once to obta9 f ! facts ! discov]y ( a nature1 in/ead ( inve/igat+ fir/ ! measures & ! laws ( ph5om5a4 ,i return to m g5]al notices ( ! c\rse ( m5's ?\ghts on ?is subject4 #g4 ,royal ,society4--,^? :o associat$ !mselves toge!r = ! prosecution ( sci5ce quot$ ,bacon z _! lead]1 & exult$ 9 ! progress made by ! philosophy :i* proce$$ ^u 8 pr9ciples4 ,?us 9 ,old5burg's ,d$ication ( ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london = #afgj1 to ,rob]t ,boyle1 he says2 ,i am in=m$ by su* z well rememb] ! be/ & wor/ days ( ! fam\s ,"l ,bacon1 t ?\gh he wrote 8 ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+ & 8 ,in/auratio ,magna 9 ! "t ( 8 greate/ p[]1 yet 8 greate/ reputation reb\nd$ fir/ f ! mo/ intellig5t =eign]s 9 _m p>ts ( ,*ri/5dom3 & aft] speak+ ( 8 practical tal5ts & 8 public employm5ts1 he adds1 mu* m ju/ly /ill may we wond] h[1 )\t any great skill 9 ,*emi/ry1 )\t mu* pret5ce to ! ,ma!matics or ,me*anics1 )\t optic aids or o!r eng9es ( late inv5tion1 he %\ld s mu* transc5d ! philosoph]s !n liv+1 9 judici\s & cle> in/ructions1 9 s _m useful obs]vations & discov]ies1 ,i ?9k ,i may say beyond ! records ( _m ages4 ,& 9 ! end ( ! ,preface to ! same volume1 he speaks ) great exultation ( ! advance ( sci5ce all ov] ,europe1 ref]r+ und\bt$ly to facts !n famili>4 ,& n[ let envy sn>l1 x _c /op ! :eels ( active philosophy1 9 no "p ( ! kn[n _w2--n 9 ,france1 ei!r 9 ,p>is or 9 ,ca52--n 9 ,italy1 ei!r 9 ,rome1 ,naples1 ,milan1 ,flor5ce1 ,v5ice1 ,bononia or ,padua2--9 none ( ! ,univ]sities ei!r on ?is or on t side ( ! seas1 ,madrid & ,lisbon1 all ! be/ spirits 9 ,spa9 & ,portugal1 & ! spaci\s & remote dom9ions to !m belong+2--! ,imp]ial ,c\rt & ! ,pr9ces ( ,g]many2 ! ,nor!rn ,k+s & _! be/ lum9>ies2 & ev5 ! froz5 ,muscovite & ,russian h all tak5 ! op]ative f]m5t3 & x works high & prevails e way1 to ! enc\ragem5t ( all s9c]e lov]s ( k & virtue4 ,aga91 9 ! ,preface = #afgb1 he pursues ! same ?\ght into detail3 ,we mu/ grant t 9 ! la/ age1 :5 op]ative philosophy began to recov] gr\nd1 & to tread on ! heels ( triumphant ,philology2 em]g5t adv5tures & great successes 7 enc\nt]$ by dang]\s oppositions & /rong ob/ructions4 ,galilu & o!rs 9 ,italy suff]$ extremities = _! cele/ial discov]ies2 & "h 9 ,engl& ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh1 :5 he 0 9 8 greate/ lu/r\s1 0 notori\sly sl&]$ to h erect$ a s*ool ( a!ism1 because he gave c\nt5ance to *emi/ry1 to practical arts1 & to curi\s me*anical op]ations1 & design$ to =m ! be/ ( !m into a college4 ,& ,que5 ,elizabe?'s ,gilb]t 0 a long "t e/eem$ extravagant = 8 magnetisms2 & ,h>vey = 8 dilig5t rese>*es 9 pursuance ( ! circulation ( ! blood4 ,b :5 our r5[n$ ,"l ,bacon _h demon/rat$ ! me?ods = a p]fect re/oration ( all p>ts ( real k2 & ! g5]\s & philosophical ,peireskius _h1 soon aft]1 agitat$ 9 all p>ts to r$eem ! mo/ in/ructive antiquities1 & to excite exp]im5tal essays & fre% discov]ies2 ! success became on a sudd5 /up5d\s2 & effective philosophy began to sp>kle1 & ev5 to fl[ into beams ( %9+ light all ov] ! _w4 ,! =mation ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london & ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces ( ,p>is1 f :i* proce$$ ! declamations j quot$1 7 among _m indications1 belong+ to ?is p]iod1 ( ! importance :i* /ates z well z individuals _h by ?is "t begun to atta* to ! cultivation ( sci5ce4 ,! ,engli% ,society 0 e/abli%$ almo/ imm$iately :5 ! re/oration ( ! mon>*y appe>$ to give a promise ( tranquillity to ! nation 79 #affj71 & ! ,fr5* ,academy v soon aft]w>ds 79 #afff74 ,^! measures 7 v soon foll[$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,obs]vatories ( ,p>is & ,gre5wi* 79 #affg & #afge72 :i* may be consid]$ to be a k9d ( public recognition ( ! a/ronomy ( obs]vation1 z an object on :i* x 0 ! advantage & ! duty ( nations to be/[ _! weal?4 #h4 ,bacon's ,new ,atalantis4--,:5 philosoph]s _h _! att5tion turn$ to ! b\ndless prospect ( increase to ! k & p[]s & pleasures ( man :i* ! cultivation ( exp]im5tal philosophy seem$ to promise1 x 0 natural t !y %\ld ?9k ( devis+ in/itutions & associations by :i* su* b5efits might be secur$4 ,bacon _h drawn a picture ( a society organiz$ ) a view to su* purpose1 9 8 fiction ( ! ,new ,atalantis4 ,! imag9>y tea*] :o expla9s ?is in/itution to ! inquir+ travell]1 describes x by ! "n ( ,solomon's ,h\se2 & says#bac1 ,! end ( our f\ndation is ! k ( causes & secret motions ( ?+s2 & ! enl>g+ ! b\nds ( ! human empire to effect+ ( ?+s possible4 ,&1 z p>ts ( ?is ,h\se1 he describes caves & wells1 *amb]s & t[]s1 ba?s & g>d5s1 p>ks & pools1 disp5satories & furnaces1 & _m o!r contrivances1 provid$ = ! purpose ( mak+ exp]im5ts ( _m k9ds4 ,he describes also ! v>i\s employm5ts ( ! ,fell[s ( ?is ,college1 :o take a %>e 9 its rese>*es4 ,!re are m]*ants ( light1 :o br+ books & inv5tions f =eign c\ntries2 depr$ators1 :o ga!r ! exp]im5ts :i* exi/ 9 books2 my/]y-m51 :o collect ! exp]im5ts ( ! me*anical arts2 pione]s or m9]s1 :o inv5t new exp]im5ts2 & compil]s1 :o draw ! exp]im5ts ( ! =m] into titles & tables1 to give ! bett] light = ! draw+ ( obs]vations & axioms out ( !m4 ,!re are also d[ry-m5 or b5efactors1 t ca/ ab\t h[ to draw out ( ! exp]im5ts ( _! fell[s ?+s ( use & practice = man's life2 lamps1 t direct new exp]im5ts ( a m p5etrat+ light ?an ! =m]2 inoculators1 t execute ! exp]im5ts s direct$4 ,f9ally1 !re are ! int]pret]s ( nature1 t raise ! =m] discov]ies by exp]im5ts into great] obs]vations 7t is1 m g5]al tru?s71 axioms & aphorisms4 ,^u ?is s*eme we may rem>k1 t fictiti\s z x undisguis$ly is1 x /ill s]ves to exhibit v cle>ly "s ( ! ma9 features ( ! au?or's philosophy3--namely1 8 /eady view ( ! necessity ( asc5d+ f facts to ! mo/ g5]al tru?s by sev]al /ages2--an exagg]at$ op9ion ( ! aid t c\ld be d]iv$ 9 su* a task f te*nical sep>ation ( ! ph5om5a & a di/ribution ( !m into tables2--a belief1 probably incorrect1 t ! (fices ( exp]im5t] & int]pret] may be entirely sep>at$1 & pursu$ by diff]5t p]sons ) a c]ta9ty ( obta9+ success6--& a /rong det]m9ation to make k con/antly subs]vi5t to ! uses ( life4 #i4 ,c[ley4--,ano!r project ( ! same k9d1 less ambiti\s b app>5tly m direct$ to practice1 0 publi%$ a little lat] 7#afeg7 by ano!r em95t man ( lett]s 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,i speak ( ,c[ley's ,proposition = ! ,advancem5t ( ,exp]im5tal ,philosophy4 ,he sugge/s t a ,college %\ld be e/abli%$ at a %ort di/ance f ,london1 end[$ ) a rev5ue ( f\r ?\s& p\nds1 & consi/+ ( tw5ty pr(essors ) o!r memb]s4 ,! objects ( ! lab\rs ( ^! pr(essors he describes to be1 fir/1 to exam9e all k ( nature deliv]$ to u f =m] ages & to pron\nce x s\nd or wor?less2 second1 to recov] ! lo/ inv5tions ( ! anci5ts2 ?ird1 to improve all arts t we n[ h2 la/ly1 to discov] o!rs t we yet h n4 ,9 ?is proposal we _c help m>k+ ! visible decl5sion f ,bacon's m philosophical view4 ,= we h "h only a v vague indication ( improv+ old arts & discov]+ new1 in/ead ( ! two cle> ,v]ulamian anti!ses1 ,exp]im5ts & ,axioms d$uc$ f !m1 on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r an asc5t to g5]al ,laws1 & a d]ivation1 f ^!1 ( ,arts = daily use4 ,moreov] ! prom95t place :i* ,c[ley has assign$ to ! v]ify+ ! k ( =m] ages & recov]+ ! lo/ inv5tions & dr[n$ l&s ( ! anci5ts1 implies a disposition to ?9k too highly ( tradition>y k2 a weakness :i* ,bacon's s*eme %[s him to h fully ov]come4 ,& ?us x has be5 up to ! pres5t day1 t ) all ,bacon's mi/akes1 9 ! philosophy ( sci5tific me?od few h come up to him1 & p]haps none h gone beyond him4 ,c[ley ex]t$ himself to d ju/ice to ! new philosophy 9 v]se z well z prose1 & 8 ,poem to ! ,royal ,society expresses 9 a v noble mann] ^? views ( ! hi/ory & prospects ( philosophy :i* prevail$ among ! m5 by :om ! ,royal ,society 0 f\nd$4 ,! f]tility & +5uity ( comp>ison :i* *>act]ize ,c[ley's poetry are well kn[n2 & ^! qualities are 9 ?is in/ance l>gely employ$ = ! embelli%m5t ( 8 subject4 ,_m ( ! comp>isons :i* he exhibits are apt & /rik+4 ,philosophy is a w>d ^: e/ate 7human k7 is1 9 8 nonage1 kept f him by 8 gu>dians & tutors2 7a case :i* ! anci5t rhetoricians 7 fond ( tak+ z a subject ( declamation27 & ^! wrong-do]s reta9 him 9 unju/ tutelage & con/ra9t = _! own purposes2 until ,bacon at la/1 a mighty man1 arose1 7,:om a wise ,k+1 & ,nature1 *ose ,"l ,*ancellor ( bo? _! laws17 ,& boldly und]took ! injur$ pupil's cause4 ,aga91 ,bacon is "o :o breaks a sc>ecr[ ,priapus :i* /&s 9 ! g>d5 ( k4 ,aga91 ,bacon is "o :o1 in/ead ( a picture ( pa9t$ grapes1 gives u real grapes f :i* we press ! ?ir/y s\l's refre%+ w9e4 ,aga91 ,bacon is l ,moses1 :o l$ ! ,hebrews =? f ! b>r5 wild]ness1 & asc5d$ ,pisgah2-- ,did on ! v bord] /& ,( ! ble/ promis$ l&1 ,& f ! m\nta9's top ( 8 exalt$ wit ,saw x himself & %[$ u x4 ,! poet h[ev] adds1 t ,bacon discov]$1 b did n conqu] ?is new _w2 & t ! m5 :om he addresses mu/ subdue ^! regions4 ,^! *ampions are !n +5i\sly comp>$ to ,gideon's b&3 ,_! old & empty pit*]s fir/ !y brake1 ,& ) _! h&s !n lift$ up ! light4 ,!re 7 /ill at ?is "t "s :o sne]$ at or condemn$ ! new philosophy2 b ! tide ( popul> op9ion 0 soon /rongly 9 its fav\r4 ,i h else:]e#bad notic$ a pasqu9ade ( ! poet ,boileau 9 #afhb1 direct$ aga9/ ! ,ari/otelians4 ,at ?is "t1 & inde$ = long aft]w>ds1 ! philosoph]s ( ,france 7 ,c>tesians4 ,! ,engli% m5 ( sci5ce1 al?\gh p>tially & = a "t !y accept$ "s ( ,desc>tes' op9ions1 = ! mo/ "p c>ri$ on ! re=m indep5d5tly1 & 9 pursuance ( _! own views4 ,& !y v soon f\nd a mu* great] lead] ?an ,desc>tes to place at _! head1 & to take z _! au?ority1 s f> z !y ackn[l$g$ au?ority1 9 _! speculations4 ,i speak ( ,newton1 ^: influ5ce ^u ! philosophy ( sci5ce ,i mu/ n[ consid]4 #aj4 ,b>r[4--,i w1 h[ev]1 fir/ m5tion "o o!r writ] :o may1 9 m ?an "o way1 be reg>d$ z ! pr$ecessor ( ,newton4 ,i speak ( ,isaac ,b>r[1 :om ,newton succe$$ z ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 & :o 9 8 ma!matical speculations approa*$ v ne> to ,newton's me?od ( ,fluxions4 ,he aft]w>ds 79 #afgc7 became ,ma/] ( ,tr9ity ,college1 :i* (fice he held till 8 dea? 9 #afgg4 ,b ! passages :i* ,i %all quote belong to an e>li] p]iod1 7:5 ,b>r[ 0 ab\t #bb ye>s old17 & may be reg>d$ z expressions ( ! op9ions :i* 7 !n curr5t among active-m9d$ & /udi\s "y m54 ,!y manife/ a complete famili>ity ) ! writ+s bo? ( ,bacon & ( ,desc>tes1 & a v j appreciation ( bo?4 ,! disc\rse ( :i* ,i speak is an academical ex]cise deliv]$ 9 #afeb1 on ! !sis ,c>tesiana hypo!sis haud satisfacit prcipuis natur phnom5is4 ,by ! ,c>tesian hypo!sis1 he does n mean ! hypo!sis t ! planets are mov$ by vortices ( e!rial matt]3 ,i believe t ?is ,c>tesian t5et nev] _h any disciples 9 ,engl&2 x c]ta9ly nev] took any hold ( ,cambridge4 ,by ! ,c>tesian hypo!sis1 ,b>r[ means ! doctr9e t all ! ph5om5a ( nature c be acc\nt$ = by matt] & motion2 & all[+ t ! motions ( ! planets are to be s acc\nt$ =1 7:i* is ,newtonian z well z ,c>tesian doctr9e17 he d5ies t ! ,c>tesian hypo!sis acc\nts = ! g5]ations1 prop]ties1 & specific op]ations ( animals1 plants1 m9]als1 /ones1 & o!r natural bodies1 9 do+ :i* he %[s a s\nd philosophical judgm5t4 ,b among ! p>ts ( ?is disc\rse mo/ be>+ on our pres5t purpose are ^? :]e he m5tions ,bacon4 ,aga9/ ,c>tesius1 he says1 ,i pit ! *ymi/s & o!rs1 b especially z ! =emo/ *ampion ( ?is battle1 our ,v]ulam1 a man ( great "n & ( great judgm5t1 :o condemn$ ?is philosophy be=e x 0 born4 ,he1 adds ,b>r[1 sev]al times 9 8 ,organon1 w>n$ m5 aga9/ all hypo!ses ( ?is k9d1 & notic$ be=eh& t !re 0 n mu* to be expect$ f ^? pr9ciples :i* are br\ght into be+ by viol5t ef=ts ( argum5tation f ! bra9s ( p>ticul> m53 = t1 z ^u ! ph5om5a ( ! />s1 v>i\s con/ructions ( ! heav5s may be devis$1 s also ^u ! ph5om5a ( ! ,univ]se1 /ill m dogmas may be f\nd$ & con/ruct$2 & yet all su* are m]e inv5tions3 & z _m philosophies ( ?is k9d z are or %all be extant1 s _m fictiti\s & !atrical worlds are made4 ,! ref]5ce is d\btless to ,aphorism ,,lxii4 ( ! ,fir/ ,book ( ! ,novum ,organon1 9 :i* ,bacon is speak+ ( 8 ,idols ( ! ,!atre4 ,aft] mak+ ! rem>k :i* ,b>r[ has adopt$1 ,bacon adds1 ,su* !atrical fables h also ?is 9 common ) ^? ( dramatic poets1 t ! dramatic /ory is m regul> & elegant ?an true hi/ories are1 & is made s z to be agreeable4 ,b>r[1 hav+ ?is 9 8 m9d1 goes on to say3 ,& ?\gh ,c>tesius has dress$ up ! /age ( 8 !atre m prettily ?an any o!r p]son1 & made 8 drama m l hi/ory1 /ill he is n exempt f ! l c5sure4 ,& he !n ref]s to ,c>tesius's own decl>ation1 t he did n le>n 8 sy/em f ?+s !mselves1 b tri$ to impose 8 own laws ^u ?+s2 ?us inv]t+ ! ord] ( true philosophy4 ,o!r p>ts ( ,bacon's "w to :i* ,b>r[ ref]s are ^? :]e he speaks ( ! ,=m1 or ,=mal ,cause ( a body1 & says t 9 comp>ison ) t1 ! ,effici5t ,cause & ! ,mat]ial ,cause are ?+s unimportant & sup]ficial1 & contribute little to true & active sci5ce#bae4 ,& aga91 8 classification ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( motions#baf1--! motus lib]tatis1 motus nexus1 motus cont9uitatis1 motus ad lucrum1 fug1 unionis1 congregationis2 & ! explanation ( electrical attraction 7ab\t :i* ,gilb]t & o!rs _h writt57 z motus ad lucrum4 ,^! passages %[ t ,b>r[ _h read ! ,novum ,organon 9 a c>eful & intellig5t mann]1 & presum$ 8 ,cambridge he>]s to be acqua9t$ ) ! "w4 ,nor is 8 judgm5t ( ,desc>tes less wise & philosophical4 ,he rejects1 z we h se51 8 sy/em z a true s*eme ( ! univ]se1 & condemns altoge!r 8 priori mode ( philosophiz+2 b ?is does n prev5t 8 accept+ ,desc>tes' real discov]ies1 & admir+ ! boldness & vig\r ( 8 attempts to re=m philosophy4 ,!re is1 9 ,b>r['s works1 academic v]se1 z well z prose1 on ! subject ( ! ,c>tesian hypo!sis4 ,9 ?is1 ,desc>tes himself is highly prais$1 ?\gh 8 doctr9es are v p>tially accept$4 ,! writ] says3 ,p>don u1 great ,c>tesius1 if ! ,muse resi/s y4 ,p>don6 ,we foll[ y1 ,inquir+ ,_s t y are1 :ile we reject y\r sy/em4 ,z y h taught u free ?\ght1 & brok5 d[n ! rule ( tyranny1 we undaunt$ly speculate1 ev5 9 opposition to y4 ,desc>tes is ev5 yet spok5 (1 especially by ,fr5* writ]s1 z ! p]son :o fir/ ass]t$ & e/abli%$ ! fre$om ( inquiry :i* is ! boa/ ( mod]n philosophy2 b ?is is said ) ref]5ce to metaphysics1 n to physics4 ,9 physical philosophy1 ?\gh he caught hold ( "s ( ! discov]ies :i* 7 !n com+ into view1 ! me?od 9 :i* he reason$ or pr(ess$ to reason 0 altoge!r vici\s2 & 01 z ,i h already said1 an attempt to undo :at ! re=m]s1 bo? !oretical & practical1 _h be5 do+3--to discr$it ! philosophy ( exp]i5ce1 & to re/ore ! reign ( priori sy/ems4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 n[1 too late to make any su* attempt2 & no?+ came ( x to int]rupt ! progress ( a bett] philosophy ( discov]y4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bjj3 ,anatomical ,ex]citations conc]n+ ! ,g5]ation ( ,liv+ ,creatures1 #afec4 ,preface4 ,footnote #bja3 ,he us$ simil> expressions 9 conv]sation4 ,george ,ent1 :o edit$ 8 ,g5]ation ( ,animals1 visit$ him1 at t "t resid+ n f> f ! city2 & f\nd him v int5t ^u ! p]scrutation ( nature's works1 & ) a c\nt5ance z *e]ful1 z m9d unp]turb$2 ,democritus-l1 *iefly se>*+ into ! cause ( natural ?+s4 ,9 ! c\rse ( conv]sation ! writ] said1 ,x ha? always be5 y\r *oice ab\t ! secrets ( ,nature1 to consult ,nature h]self4 ',tis true1 repli$ he2 & ,i h con/antly be5 ( op9ion t f !nce we might acquire n only ! k ( ^? less consid]able secrets ( ,nature1 b ev5 a c]ta9 admiration ( t ,supreme ,ess5ce1 ! ,creator4 ,& ?\gh ,i h ev] be5 ready to ackn[l$ge1 t _m ?+s h be5 discov]$ by le>n$ m5 ( =m] times2 yet d ,i /ill believe t ! numb] ( ^? :i* rema9 yet conceal$ 9 ! d>kness ( imp]ve/igable ,nature is mu* great]4 ,nay1 ,i _c =be> to wond]1 & sometimes smile at ^?1 :o p]suade !mselves1 t all ?+s 7 s consummately & absolutely deliv]$ by ,ari/otle1 ,gal51 or "s o!r great "n1 z t no?+ 0 left to ! sup]addition ( any t succe$$4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,lib4 i4 c4 #b1 #c4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,anal4 ,po/4 ii4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,p>s iii4 p4 #de4 ,footnote #bje3 ,see ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,sc4 b4 vi4 c4 ii4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,cap4 i4 ii4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,sc4 b4 ix4 c4 ii4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,meteorum1 c4 viii4 p4 #ahg4 ,footnote #bji3 ,mack9to%1 ,diss]tation on ,e?ical ,sci5ce4 ,footnote #baj3 ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,sc4 b4 vii4 c4 i4 ,footnote #baa3 ,ca/elli1 ,torricelli1 ,viviani1 ,baliani1 ,gass5di1 ,m]s5ne1 ,borelli1 ,cavall]i4 ,footnote #bab3 ,de ,pl5itud9e ,mundi1 9 qua def5ditur ,c>tesiana ,philosophia contra s5t5tias ,francisci ,baconi1 ,?4 ,hobbii et ,se?i ,w>di4 ,footnote #bac3 ,bacon's ,works1 vol4 ii4 #aaa4 ,footnote #bad3 ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,sc4 b4 vii4 c4 i4 ,footnote #bae3 ,nov4 ,org4 lib4 ii4 ,aph4 #b4 ,footnote #baf3 ,ib4 lib4 ii4 ,aph4 #de4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,newton4 #a4 ,bold & ext5sive z _h be5 ! anticipations ( ^? ^: m9ds 7 excit$ by ! promise ( ! new philosophy1 ! discov]ies ( ,newton respect+ ! me*anics ( ! univ]se1 br\ght into view tru?s m g5]al & pr(\nd ?an ^? e>li] philosoph]s _h hop$ or imag9$4 ,) ^! va/ accessions to human k1 m5's ?\ghts 7 aga9 set 9 action2 & philosoph]s made e>ne/ & v>i\s attempts to draw1 f ^! extraord9>y advances 9 sci5ce1 ! true moral ) reg>d to ! conduct & limits ( ! human und]/&+4 ,!y n only endeav\r$ to v]ify & illu/rate1 by ^! new portions ( sci5ce1 :at _h rec5tly be5 taught conc]n+ ! me?ods ( obta9+ s\nd k2 b !y 7 also l$ to speculate conc]n+ _m new & m int]e/+ que/ions relat+ to ?is subject4 ,!y saw1 = ! fir/ "t1 or at lea/ f> m cle>ly ?an be=e1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! inquiry into ! laws1 & into ! causes ( ph5om5a4 ,!y 7 tempt$ to ask1 h[ f> ! discov]y ( causes c\ld be c>ri$2 & :e!r x w\ld soon rea*1 or cle>ly po9t to1 ! ultimate cause4 ,!y 7 driv5 to consid] :e!r ! prop]ties :i* !y discov]$ 7 ess5tial prop]ties ( all matt]1 necess>ily & prim>ily involv$ 9 its ess5ce1 ?\gh reveal$ to u at a late p]iod by _! d]ivative effects4 ,^! que/ions ev5 n[ agitate ! ?\ghts ( speculative m54 ,"s ( !m h already1 9 ?is "w1 be5 discuss$1 or arrang$ 9 ! places :i* our view ( ! philosophy ( ^! subjects assigns to !m4 ,b we mu/ "h notice !m z !y occurr$ to ,newton himself & 8 imm$iate foll[]s4 #b4 ,! g5]al ,baconian notion ( ! me?od ( philosophiz+1--t x consi/s 9 asc5d+ f ph5om5a1 ?r\gh v>i\s /ages ( g5]alization1 to tru?s ( ! highe/ ord]1--receiv$1 9 ,newton's discov]y ( ! univ]sal mutual gravitation ( e p>ticle ( matt]1 t po9t$ actual exemplification1 = want ( :i* x _h hi!rto be5 almo/ ov]look$1 or at lea/ v vaguely und]/ood4 ,t great tru?1 & ! /eps by :i* x 0 e/abli%$1 af=d1 ev5 n[1 by f> ! be/ example ( ! successive asc5t1 f "o sci5tific tru? to ano!r1--( ! repeat$ transition f less to m g5]al propositions1--:i* we c yet produce2 z may be se5 9 ! ,table :i* exhibits ! relation ( ^! /eps 9 ,book ,,ii4 ( ! ,novum ,organon ,r5ovatum4 ,newton himself did n fail to recognize ?is feature 9 ! tru?s :i* he exhibit$4 ,?us he says#bag1 ,by ! way ( ,analysis we proce$ f comp\nds to +r$i5ts1 z f motions to ! =ces produc+ !m2 & 9 g5]al1 f effects to _! causes1 & f p>ticul> causes to m g5]al ones1 till ! argum5t ends 9 ! mo/ g5]al4 ,& 9 l mann] 9 ano!r ,qu]y#bah3 ,! ma9 bus9ess ( natural philosophy is to argue f ph5om5a )\t feign+ hypo!ses1 & to d$uce causes f effects1 till we come to ! ,fir/ ,cause1 :i* is c]ta9ly n me*anical4 #c4 ,newton appe>s to h _h a horror ( ! t]m hypo!sis1 :i* probably arose f 8 acqua9tance ) ! ra% & illicit g5]al assumptions ( ,desc>tes4 ,?us 9 ! passage j quot$1 aft] decl>+ t gravity mu/ h "s o!r cause ?an matt]1 he says1 ,lat] philosoph]s bani% ! consid]ation ( su* a cause out ( ,natural ,philosophy1 feign+ hypo!ses = expla9+ all ?+s me*anically1 & ref]r+ o!r causes to metaphysics4 ,9 ! celebrat$ ,s*olium at ! end ( ! ,pr9cipia he says1 ,:atev] is n d$uc$ f ! ph5om5a1 is to be t]m$ hypo!sis2 & hypo!ses1 :e!r metaphysical or physical1 or occult causes1 or me*anical1 h no place 9 exp]im5tal philosophy4 ,9 ?is philosophy1 propositions are d$uc$ f ph5om5a1 & r5d]$ g5]al by induction4 ,& 9 ano!r place1 he arre/s ! c\rse ( 8 own sugge/ions1 say+1 ,v]um hypo!ses non f+o4 ,i h already attempt$ to %[ t ?is is1 9 reality1 a sup]/iti\s & self-de/ructive _s ( speculation4 ,"s hypo!ses are necess>y1 9 ord] to connect ! facts :i* are obs]v$2 "s new pr9ciple ( unity mu/ be appli$ to ! ph5om5a1 be=e induction c be attempt$4 ,:at is requisite is1 t ! hypo!sis %\ld be close to ! facts1 & n connect$ ) !m by ! int]m$iation ( o!r arbitr>y & untri$ facts2 & t ! philosoph] %\ld be ready to resign x z soon z ! facts refuse to confirm x4 ,we h se5 9 ! ,hi/ory#bai1 t x 0 by su* a use ( hypo!ses1 t bo? ,newton himself1 & ,kepl]1 on ^: discov]ies ^? ( ,newton 7 bas$1 made _! discov]ies4 ,! suppositions ( a =ce t5d+ to ! sun & v>y+ inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance2 ( a mutual =ce betwe5 all ! bodies ( ! sol> sy/em2 ( ! =ce ( ea* body aris+ f ! attraction ( all its p>ts2 n to m5tion o!rs1 also prop\nd$ by ,newton1--7 all hypo!ses be=e !y 7 v]ifi$ z !ories4 ,x is relat$ t :5 ,newton 0 ask$ h[ x 0 t he saw into ! laws ( nature s mu* fur!r ?an o!r m51 he repli$1 t if x 7 s1 x result$ f 8 keep+ 8 ?\ghts /eadily occupi$ ^u ! subject :i* 0 to be ?us p5etrat$4 ,b :at is ?is occupation ( ! ?\ghts1 if x be n ! process ( keep+ ! ph5om5a cle>ly 9 view1 & try+1 "o aft] ano!r1 all ! plausible hypo!ses :i* seem likely to connect !m1 till at la/ ! true law is discov]$8 ,hypo!ses s us$ are a necess>y elem5t ( discov]y4 #d4 ,) reg>d to ! details ( ! process ( discov]y1 ,newton has giv5 u "s ( 8 views1 :i* are well wor?y ( notice1 on acc\nt ( _! com+ f him2 & :i* are real additions to ! philosophy ( ?is subject4 ,he speaks repeat$ly ( ! analysis & syn!sis ( obs]v$ facts2 & ?us m>ks c]ta9 /eps 9 sci5tific rese>*1 v important1 & n1 ,i ?9k1 cle>ly po9t$ out by 8 pr$ecessors4 ,?us he says#bbj1 ,z 9 ,ma!matics1 s 9 ,natural ,philosophy1 ! inve/igation ( difficult ?+s by ! me?od ( analysis ought ev] to prec$e ! me?od ( composition4 ,?is analysis consi/s 9 mak+ exp]im5ts & obs]vations1 & 9 draw+ g5]al conclusions f !m by induction1 & admitt+ ( no objections aga9/ ! conclusions1 b su* z are tak5 f exp]im5ts or o!r c]ta9 tru?s4 ,& al?\gh ! argu+ f exp]im5ts & obs]vations by induction be no demon/ration ( g5]al conclusions2 yet x is ! be/ way ( argu+ :i* ! nature ( ?+s admits (1 & may be look$ ^u z s mu* ! /rong]1 by h[ mu* ! induction is m g5]al4 ,& he !n obs]ves1 z we h quot$ above1 t by ?is way ( analysis we proce$ f comp\nds to +r$i5ts1 f motions to =ces1 f effects to causes1 & f less to m g5]al causes4 ,! analysis "h spok5 ( includes ! /eps :i* 9 our ,novum ,organon we call ! decomposition ( facts1 ! exact obs]vation & measurem5t ( ! ph5om5a1 & ! colligation ( facts2 ! necess>y int]m$iate /ep1 ! selection & explication ( ! appropriate conception1 be+ pass$ ov] by ,newton1 9 ! fe> ( seem+ to enc\rage ! fabrication ( hypo!ses4 ,! syn!sis ( :i* ,newton "h speaks consi/s ( ^? /eps ( d$uctive reason+1 proce$+ f ! conception once assum$1 :i* are requisite = ! comp>ison ( its consequ5ces ) ! obs]v$ facts4 ,?is1 8 /atem5t ( ! process ( rese>*1 is1 z f> z x goes1 p]fectly exact4 #e4 ,9 speak+ ( ,newton's precepts on ! subject1 we are naturally l$ to ! celebrat$ ,rules ( ,philosophiz+1 ins]t$ 9 ! second edition ( ! ,pr9cipia4 ,^! rules h g5]ally be5 quot$ & comm5t$ on ) an almo/ unque/ion+ rev]5ce4 ,su* ,rules1 com+ f su* an au?ority1 _c fail to be highly int]e/+ to u2 b at ! same "t1 we _c "h evade ! necessity ( scrut9iz+ _! tru? & value1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples :i* our survey ( ?is subject has br\ght into view4 ,! ,rules /& at ! beg9n+ ( t "p ( ! ,pr9cipia 7! ,?ird ,book7 9 :i* he inf]s ! mutual gravitation ( ! sun1 moon1 planets1 & all p>ts ( ea*4 ,!y are z foll[s3 ,rule ,i4 ,we are n to admit o!r causes ( natural ?+s ?an su* z bo? are true1 & suffice = expla9+ _! ph5om5a4 ,rule ,,ii4 ,natural effects ( ! same k9d are to be ref]r$ to ! same causes1 z f> z c be done4 ,rule ,,iii4 ,! qualities ( bodies :i* _c be increas$ or dim9i%$ 9 int5sity1 & :i* belong to all bodies 9 :i* we c in/itute exp]im5ts1 are to be held = qualities ( all bodies :atev]4 ,rule ,,iv4 ,9 exp]im5tal philosophy1 propositions collect$ f ph5om5a by induction1 are to be held z true ei!r accurately or approximately1 not)/&+ contr>y hypo!ses2 till o!r ph5om5a occur by :i* !y may be r5d]$ ei!r m accurate or liable to exception4 ,9 consid]+ ^! ,rules1 we _c help rem>k+1 9 ! fir/ place1 t !y are con/ruct$ ) an int5tional adaptation to ! case ) :i* ,newton has to deal1--! induction ( ,univ]sal ,gravitation2 & are int5d$ to protect ! reason+s be=e :i* !y /&4 ,?us ! fir/ ,rule is design$ to /r5g!n ! inf]5ce ( gravitation f ! cele/ial ph5om5a1 by describ+ x z a v]a causa1 a true cause2 ! second ,rule c\nt5ances ! doctr9e t ! planet>y motions are gov]n$ by me*anical =ces1 z t]re/rial motions are2 ! ?ird rule appe>s int5d$ to ju/ify ! ass]tion ( gravitation1 z a univ]sal quality ( bodies2 & ! f\r? conta9s1 along ) a g5]al decl>ation ( ! au?ority ( induction1 ! au?or's usual prote/ aga9/ hypo!ses1 levell$ at ! ,c>tesian hypo!ses especially4 #f4 ,( ! ,fir/ ,rule4--,we1 h[ev]1 mu/ consid] ^! ,rules 9 _! g5]al application1 9 :i* po9t ( view !y h (t5 be5 ref]r$ to1 & h _h v great au?ority all[$ !m4 ,"o ( ! po9ts :i* has be5 mo/ discuss$1 is t maxim :i* requires t ! causes ( ph5om5a :i* we assign %\ld be true causes1 v] caus4 ,( c\rse ?is does n mean t !y %\ld be ! true or "r cause2 = al?\gh x is ! philosoph]'s aim to discov] su* causes1 he w\ld be little aid$ 9 8 se>* ( tru?1 by be+ told t x is tru? :i* he is to seek4 ,! rule has g5]ally be5 und]/ood to prescribe t 9 attempt+ to acc\nt = any class ( ph5om5a1 we mu/ assume su* causes only1 z f o!r consid]ations1 we "k to exi/4 ,?us gravity1 :i* 0 employ$ 9 expla9+ ! motions ( ! moon & planets1 0 already kn[n to exi/ & op]ate at ! e>?'s surface4 ,n[ ! ,rule ?us int]pret$ is1 ,i conceive1 an injuri\s limitation ( ! field ( induction4 ,= x =bids u to look = a cause1 except among ! causes ) :i* we are already famili>4 ,b if we foll[ ?is rule1 h[ %all we ev] become acqua9t$ ) any new cause8 ,or h[ d we "k t ! ph5om5a :i* we contemplate d really arise f "s cause :i* we already truly "k8 ,if !y d n1 mu/ we /ill insi/ ^u mak+ !m dep5d ^u "s ( our kn[n causes2 or mu/ we ab&on ! /udy ( !m altoge!r8 ,mu/ we1 = example1 resolve to ref] ! action ( radiant heat to ! air1 r ?an to any peculi> fluid or e!r1 because ! =m] is kn[n to exi/1 ! latt] is m]ely assum$ = ! purpose ( explanation8 ,b :y %\ld we d ?is8 ,:y %\ld we n endeav\r to le>n ! cause f ! effects1 ev5 if x be n already kn[n to u8 ,we c inf] causes1 :i* are new :5 we fir/ become acqua9t$ ) !m4 ,*emical ,=ces1 ,optical ,=ces1 ,vital ,=ces1 are kn[n to u only by *emical & optical & vital ph5om5a2 mu/ we1 !re=e1 reject _! exi/5ce or ab&on _! /udy8 ,!y d n con=m to ! d\ble condition1 t !y %all be suffici5t & also real3 !y are true1 only s f> z !y expla9 ! facts1 b are !y1 !re=e1 un9telligible or useless8 ,are !y n highly important & in/ructive subjects ( speculation8 ,& if ! gravitation :i* rules ! motions ( ! planets _h n exi/$ at ! e>?'s surface2--if x _h be5 !re mask$ & conceal$ by ! sup]ior effect ( magnetism1 or "s o!r extrane\s =ce1--might n ,newton /ill h inf]r$1 f ,kepl]'s laws1 ! t5d5cy ( ! planets to ! sun2 & f _! p]turbations1 _! t5d5cy to ea* o!r8 ,8 discov]ies w\ld /ill h be5 imm5se1 if ! cause :i* he assign$ _h n be5 a v]a causa 9 ! s5se n[ contemplat$4 #g4 ,b :at d we mean by call+ gravity a true cause8 ,h[ d we le>n its reality8 ,( c\rse1 by its effects1 ) :i* we are famili>2--by ! weight & fall ( bodies ab\t u4 ,^! /rike ev5 ! mo/ c>eless obs]v]4 ,no "o c fail to see t all bodies :i* we come 9 contact ) are heavy2--t gravity acts 9 our neighb\rhood "h ^u e>?4 ,h5ce1 x may be said1 ?is cause is at any rate a true cause1 :e!r x expla9s ! cele/ial ph5om5a or n4 ,b if ?is be :at is meant by a v]a causa1 x appe>s /range to require t 9 all cases we %\ld f9d su* a "o to acc\nt = all classes ( ph5om5a4 ,is x reasonable or prud5t to dem& t we %all r$uce e set ( ph5om5a1 h[ev] m9ute1 or ab/ruse1 or complicat$1 to causes s obvi\sly exi/+ z to /rike ! mo/ incuri\s1 & to be famili> among m58 ,h[ c we expect to f9d su* v] caus = ! delicate & recondite ph5om5a :i* an exact & skilful obs]v] detects 9 *emical1 or optical1 or electrical exp]im5ts8 ,! facts !mselves are too f9e = vulg> appreh5sion2 _! relations1 _! symmetries1 _! measures require a previ\s discipl9e to und]/& !m4 ,h[ !n c _! causes be f\nd among ^? ag5cies ) :i* ! common unsci5tific h]d ( mank9d are famili>8 ,:at likelihood is !re t causes held = real by su* p]sons1 %all expla9 facts :i* su* p]sons _c see or _c und]/&8 ,aga93 if we give au?ority to su* a rule1 & require t ! causes by :i* sci5ce expla9s ! facts :i* %e notes & measures & analyses1 %all be causes :i* m51 )\t any special /udy1 h already come to believe 91 f ! effects :i* !y casually see ar\nd !m1 :at is ?is1 except to make our fir/ rude & unsci5tific p]suasions ! crit]ion & te/ ( our mo/ labori\s & ?\ghtful inf]5ces8 ,:at is x1 b to give to ignorance & ?\ghtlessness ! "r ( pron\nc+ ^u ! convictions ( int5se /udy & long-discipl9$ ?\ght8 ,electrical atmosph]es surr\nd+ electriz$ bodies1 7 at "o "t held to be a true cause ( ! effects :i* su* bodies produce4 ,^! atmosph]es1 x 0 said1 are obvi\s to ! s5ses2 we feel !m l a spid]'s web on ! h&s & face4 p9us _h to answ] su* p]sons1 by prov+ t !re are no atmosph]es1 no effluvia1 b only repulsion4 ,he ?us1 = a true cause 9 ! vulg> s5se ( ! t]m1 sub/itut$ an hypo!sis2 yet :o d\bts t :at he did 0 an advance 9 ! sci5ce ( electricity8 #h4 ,p]haps "s p]sons may be dispos$ to say1 t ,newton's ,rule does n enjo9 u to take ^? causes only :i* we cle>ly "k1 or suppose we "k1 to be really exi/+ & op]at+1 b only causes ( su* k9ds z we h already satisfi$ ourselves d exi/ 9 nature4 ,x may be urg$ t we are entitl$ to inf] t ! planets are gov]n$ 9 _! motions by an attractive =ce1 because we f9d1 9 ! bodies imm$iately subject to obs]vation & exp]im5t1 t su* motions are produc$ by attractive =ces1 = example1 by t ( ! e>?4 ,x may be said t we might on simil> gr\nds inf] =ces :i* unite p>ticles ( *emical comp\nds1 or deflect p>ticles ( light1 because we see adhesion & deflection produc$ by =ces4 ,b x is easy to %[ t ! ,rule1 ?us laxly und]/ood1 loses all significance4 ,x prohibits no hypo!sis2 = all hypo!ses suppose causes su* z1 9 "s case or o!r1 we h se5 9 action4 ,no "o w\ld ?9k ( expla9+ ph5om5a by ref]r+ !m to =ces & ag5cies altoge!r diff]5t f any :i* are kn[n2 = on ?is supposition1 h[ c\ld he pret5d to reason ab\t ! effects ( ! assum$ causes1 or und]take to prove t !y w\ld expla9 ! facts8 ,"s close simil>ity ) "s kn[n k9d ( cause is requisite1 9 ord] t ! hypo!sis may h ! appe>ance ( an explanation4 ,no =ces1 or virtues1 or sympa?ies1 or fluids1 or e!rs1 w\ld be exclud$ by ?is int]pretation ( v] caus4 ,lea/ ( all1 w\ld su* an int]pretation reject ! ,c>tesian hypo!sis ( vortices2 :i* und\bt$ly1 z ,i conceive1 ,newton int5d$ to condemn by 8 ,rule4 ,= t su* a case z a :irl+ fluid1 c>ry+ bodies r\nd a c5tre 9 orbits1 does occur1 is too obvi\s to require pro(4 ,e eddy+ /ream1 or bla/ t twirls ! du/ 9 ! road1 exhibits examples ( su* action1 & w\ld ju/ify ! assumption ( ! vortices :i* c>ry ! planets 9 _! c\rses2 z inde$1 )\t d\bt1 su* facts sugge/$ ! ,c>tesian explanation ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,! vortices1 9 ?is mode ( consid]+ ! subject1 are at ! lea/ z real a cause ( motion z gravity itself4 #i4 ,?us ! ,rule :i* enjo9s true causes1 is nugatory1 if we take v] caus 9 ! ext5d$ s5se ( any causes ( a real k9d1 & unphilosophical1 if we und]/& ! t]m ( ^? v causes :i* we famili>ly suppose to exi/4 ,b x may be said t we are to designate z true causes1 n ^? :i* are collect$ 9 a loose1 confus$ & prec>i\s mann]1 by undiscipl9$ m9ds1 f obvi\s ph5om5a1 b ^? :i* are ju/ly & rigor\sly inf]r$4 ,su* a cause1 x may be add$1 gravity is2 = ! facts ( ! d[nw>d pressures & d[nw>d motions ( bodies at ! e>?'s surface lead u1 by ! pla9e/ & /ricte/ induction1 to ! ass]tion ( su* a =ce4 ,n[ to ?is int]pretation ( ! ,rule !re is no objection2 b !n1 x mu/ be obs]v$1 t on ?is view1 t]re/rial gravity is inf]r$ by ! same process z cele/ial gravitation2 & ! cause is no m entitl$ to be call$ true1 because x is obta9$ f ! =m]1 ?an because x is obta9$ f ! latt] class ( facts4 ,we ?us obta9 an intelligible & t5able explanation ( a v]a causa2 b !n1 by ?is explanation1 its v]ity ceases to be di/+ui%able f its o!r condition1 t x suffices = ! explanation ( ! ph5om5a4 ,! assumption ( univ]sal gravitation acc\nts = ! fall ( a /one2 x also acc\nts = ! revolutions ( ! ,moon or ( ,saturn2 b s9ce bo? ^! explanations are ( ! same k9d1 we _c ) ju/ice make ! "o a crit]ion or condition ( ! admissibility ( ! o!r4 #aj4 ,b /ill1 ! ,rule1 s und]/ood1 is s f> f be+ unmean+ or frivol\s1 t x expresses "o ( ! mo/ important te/s :i* c be giv5 ( a s\nd physical !ory4 ,x is true1 ! explanation ( "o set ( facts may be ( ! same nature z ! explanation ( ! o!r class3 b !n1 t ! cause expla9s bo? classes1 gives x a v diff]5t claim ^u our att5tion & ass5t f t :i* x w\ld h if x expla9$ "o class only4 ,! v circum/ance t ! two explanations co9cide1 is a mo/ weighty presumption 9 _! fav\r4 ,x is ! te/imony ( two witnesses 9 behalf ( ! hypo!sis2 & 9 proportion z ^! two witnesses are sep>ate & indep5d5t1 ! conviction produc$ by _! agreem5t is m & m complete4 ,:5 ! explanation ( two k9ds ( ph5om5a1 di/9ct1 & n app>5tly connect$1 leads u to ! same cause1 su* a co9cid5ce does give a reality to ! cause1 :i* x has n :ile x m]ely acc\nts = ^? appe>ances :i* sugge/$ ! supposition4 ,?is co9cid5ce ( propositions inf]r$ f sep>ate classes ( facts1 is exactly :at we notic$ 9 ! ,novum ,organon ,r5ovatum 7b4 ii4 c4 #e1 sect4 #c71 z "o ( ! mo/ decisive *>act]i/ics ( a true !ory1 "u ! "n ( ,consili5ce ( ,inductions4 ,t ,newton's ,fir/ ,rule ( ,philosophiz+1 s und]/ood1 au?orizes ! inf]5ces :i* he himself made1 is really ! gr\nd on :i* !y are s firmly believ$ by philosoph]s4 ,?us :5 ! doctr9e ( a gravity v>y+ inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance f ! body1 acc\nt$ at ! same "t = ! relations ( times & di/ances 9 ! planet>y orbits & = ! am\nt ( ! moon's deflection f ! tang5t ( h] orbit1 su* a doctr9e became mo/ conv9c+3 or aga91 :5 ! doctr9e ( ! univ]sal gravitation ( all p>ts ( matt]1 :i* expla9$ s admirably ! inequalities ( ! moon's motions1 also gave a satisfactory acc\nt ( a ph5om5on utt]ly diff]5t1 ! precession ( ! equ9oxes4 ,& ( ! same k9d is ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! undulatory !ory ( light1 :5 ! assumption ( ! l5g? ( an undulation1 to :i* we are l$ by ! col\rs ( ?9 plates1 is f\nd to be id5tical ) t l5g? :i* expla9s ! ph5om5a ( diffraction2 or :5 ! hypo!sis ( transv]se vibrations1 sugge/$ by ! facts ( pol>ization1 expla9s also ! laws ( d\ble refraction4 ,:5 su* a conv]g5ce ( two tra9s ( induction po9ts to ! same spot1 we c no long] suspect t we are wrong4 ,su* an accumulation ( pro( really p]suades u t we h to d ) a v]a causa4 ,& if ?is k9d ( pro( be multipli$2--if we aga9 f9d o!r facts ( a sort uncontemplat$ 9 fram+ our hypo!sis1 b yet cle>ly acc\nt$ = :5 we h adopt$ ! supposition2--we are /ill fur!r confirm$ 9 our belief2 & by su* accumulation ( pro( we may be s f> satisfi$1 z to believe )\t conceiv+ x possible to d\bt4 ,9 ?is case1 :5 ! validity ( ! op9ion adopt$ by u has be5 repeat$ly confirm$ by its suffici5cy 9 un=ese5 cases1 s t all d\bt is remov$ & =gott51 ! !oretical cause takes its place among ! realities ( ! _w1 & becomes a true cause4 #aa4 ,newton's ,rule !n1 to avoid mi/akes1 might be ?us express$3 ,t we may1 provisorily1 assume su* hypo!tical cause z w acc\nt = any giv5 class ( natural ph5om5a2 b t :5 two diff]5t classes ( facts lead u to ! same hypo!sis1 we may hold x to be a true cause4 ,& ?is ,rule w r>ely or nev] mislead u4 ,!re are no in/ances1 9 :i* a doctr9e recomm5d$ 9 ?is mann] has aft]w>ds be5 discov]$ to be false4 ,!re h be5 hypo!ses :i* h expla9$ _m ph5om5a1 & kept _! gr\nd long1 & h aft]w>ds be5 reject$4 ,b ^! h be5 hypo!ses :i* expla9$ only "o class ( ph5om5a2 & _! fall took place :5 ano!r k9d ( facts 0 exam9$ & br\ght into conflict ) ! =m]4 ,?us ! sy/em ( ecc5trics & epicycles acc\nt$ = all ! obs]v$ motions ( ! planets1 & 0 ! means ( express+ & transmitt+ all a/ronomical k = two ?\s& ye>s4 ,b !n1 h[ 0 x ov]?r[n8 ,by consid]+ ! di/ances z well z motions ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,"h 0 a second class ( facts2 & :5 ! sy/em 0 adju/$ s z to agree ) ! "o class1 x 0 at v>iance ) ! o!r4 ,^! cycles & epicycles c\ld n be true1 because !y c\ld n be made a j repres5tation ( ! facts4 ,b if ! measures ( di/ance z well z ( position _h conspir$ 9 po9t+ out ! cycles & epicycles1 z ! pa?s ( ! planets1 ! pa?s s det]m9$ c\ld n h be5 o!rwise ?an _! real pa?s2 & ! epicyclical !ory w\ld h be51 at lea/ geometrically1 true4 #ab4 ,( ! ,second ,rule4--,newton's ,second ,rule directs t natural ev5ts ( ! same k9d are to be ref]r$ to ! same causes1 s f> z c be done4 ,su* a precept at fir/ appe>s to help u b little2 = all sy/ems1 h[ev] little solid1 pr(ess to con=m to su* a rule4 ,:5 any !ori/ und]takes to expla9 a class ( facts1 he assigns causes :i*1 accord+ to him1 w by _! natural action1 z se5 9 o!r cases1 produce ! effects 9 "q4 ,! ev5ts :i* he acc\nts = by 8 hypo!tical cause1 are1 he holds1 ( ! same k9d z ^? :i* su* a cause is kn[n to produce4 ,kepl]1 9 ascrib+ ! planet>y motions to magnetism1 ,desc>tes1 9 expla9+ !m by means ( vortices1 held t !y 7 ref]r+ cele/ial motions to ! causes :i* give rise to t]re/rial motions ( ! same k9d4 ,! "q is1 ,are ! effects ( ! same k9d8 ,?is once settl$1 !re w be no "q ab\t ! propriety ( assign+ !m to ! same cause4 ,b ! difficulty is1 to det]m9e :5 ev5ts are ( ! same k9d4 ,are ! motions ( ! planets ( ! same k9d ) ! motion ( a body mov+ freely 9 a curvil9e> pa?1 or d !y n r resemble ! motion ( a float+ body swept r\nd by a :irl+ curr5t8 ,! ,newtonian & ! ,c>tesian answ]$ ?is "q diff]5tly4 ,h[ !n c we apply ?is ,rule ) any advantage8 #ac4 ,to ?is we reply1 t !re is no way ( escap+ ?is unc]ta9ty & ambiguity1 b by obta9+ a cle> possession ( ! ideas :i* our hypo!sis involves1 & by reason+ rigor\sly f !m4 ,newton ass]ts t ! planets move 9 free pa?s1 act$ on by c]ta9 =ces4 ,! mo/ exact calculation gives ! close/ agreem5t ( ! results ( ?is hypo!sis ) ! facts4 ,desc>tes ass]ts t ! planets are c>ri$ r\nd by a fluid4 ,! m rigor\sly ! conceptions ( =ce & ! laws ( motion are appli$ to ?is hypo!sis1 ! m signal is its failure 9 reconcil+ ! facts to "o ano!r4 ,)\t su* calculation1 we c come to no decision betwe5 ! two hypo!ses4 ,if ! ,newtonian hold t ! motions ( ! planets are evid5tly ( ! same k9d z ^? ( a body describ+ a curve 9 free space1 & !re=e1 l t1 to be expla9$ by a =ce act+ ^u ! body2 ! ,c>tesian d5ies t ! planets d move 9 free space4 ,!y are1 he ma9ta9s1 imm]s$ 9 a pl5um4 ,x is only :5 x appe>s t comets pass ?r\gh ?is pl5um 9 all directions ) no imp$im5t1 & t no possible =m & motion ( its :irlpools c expla9 ! =ces & motions :i* are obs]v$ 9 ! sol> sy/em1 t he is compell$ to all[ ! ,newtonian's classification ( ev5ts ( ! same k9d4 ,?us x does n appe> t ?is ,rule ( ,newton c be int]pret$ 9 any di/9ct & positive mann]1 o!rwise ?an z enjo9+ t1 9 ! task ( induction1 we employ cle> ideas1 rigor\s reason+1 & close & fair comp>ison ( ! results ( ! hypo!sis ) ! facts4 ,^! are1 no d\bt1 important & fundam5tal conditions ( a j induction2 b 9 ?is injunction we f9d no peculi> or te*nical crit]ion by :i* we may satisfy ourselves t we are "r1 or detect our errors4 ,/ill1 ( su* g5]al prud5tial rules1 none c be m wise ?an "o :i* ?us1 9 ! task ( connect+ facts by means ( ideas1 recomm5ds t ! ideas be cle>1 ! facts1 correct1 & ! *a9 ( reason+ :i* connects !m1 )\t a flaw4 #ad4 ,( ! ,?ird ,rule4--,! ,?ird ,rule1 t qualities :i* are obs]v$ )\t exception be held to be univ]sal1 z ,i h already said1 seems to be int5d$ to au?orize ! ass]tion ( gravitation z a univ]sal attribute ( matt]4 ,we =m]ly /at$1 9 treat+ ( ,me*anical ,ideas#bba1 t ?is application ( su* a ,rule appe>s to be a mode ( reason+ f> f conclusive4 ,! ass]tion ( ! univ]sality ( any prop]ty ( bodies mu/ be gr\nd$ ^u ! reason ( ! case1 & n ^u any arbitr>y maxim4 ,is x int5d$ by ?is ,rule to prohibit any fur!r exam9ation h[ f> gravity is an orig9al prop]ty ( matt]1 & h[ f> x may be resolv$ into ! result ( o!r ag5cies8 ,we "k p]fectly well t ?is 0 n ,newton's int5tion2 s9ce ! cause ( gravity 0 a po9t :i* he propos$ to himself z a subject ( inquiry4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly be v unphilosophical to pret5d1 by ?is ,rule ( ,philosophiz+1 to prejudge ! "q ( su* hypo!ses z t ( ,mosotti1 ,t gravity is ! excess ( ! electrical attraction ov] electrical repulsion1 & yet to adopt ?is hypo!sis1 w\ld be to suppose electrical =ces m truly univ]sal ?an gravity2 = accord+ to ! hypo!sis1 gravity1 be+ ! inequality ( ! attraction & repulsion1 is only an accid5tal & p>tial relation ( ^! =ces4 ,nor w\ld x be all[able to urge ?is ,rule z a reason ( assum+ t d\ble />s are attract$ to ea* o!r by a =ce v>y+ accord+ to ! inv]se squ>e ( ! di/ance2 )\t exam9+1 z ,h]s*el & o!rs h done1 ! orbits :i* !y really describe4 ,b if ! ,rule is n available 9 su* cases1 :at is its real value & au?ority8 & 9 :at cases are !y exemplifi$8 #ae4 ,9 a =m] "w#bbb1 x 0 %[n t ! fundam5tal laws ( motion1 & ! prop]ties ( matt] :i* ^! involve1 are1 aft] a full consid]ation ( ! subject1 unavoidably assum$ z univ]sally true4 ,x 0 fur!r %[n1 t al?\gh our k ( ^! laws & prop]ties be ga!r$ f exp]i5ce1 we are /rongly impell$1 7"s philosoph]s ?9k1 au?oriz$17 to look ^u ^! z n only univ]sally1 b necess>ily true4 ,x 0 also /at$1 t ! law ( gravitation1 ?\gh its univ]sality may be deem$ probable1 does n app>5tly involve ! same necessity z ! fundam5tal laws ( motion4 ,b x 0 po9t$ out t ^! are "s ( ! mo/ ab/ruse & difficult que/ions ( ! :ole ( philosophy2 involv+ ! pr(\nd1 p]haps insoluble1 problem ( ! id5tity or div]sity ( ,ideas & ,?+s4 ,x _c1 !re=e1 be deem$ philosophical to cut ^! ,gordian knots by p]emptory maxims1 :i* enc\rage u to decide )\t r5d]+ a reason4 ,moreov]1 x appe>s cle> t ! reason :i* is r5d]$ = ?is ,rule by ! ,newtonians is q unt5able2 namely1 t we "k ext5sion1 h>dness1 & in]tia1 to be univ]sal qualities ( bodies by exp]i5ce alone1 & t we h ! same evid5ce ( exp]i5ce = ! univ]sality ( gravitation4 ,we h already obs]v$ t we _c1 ) any propriety1 say t we f9d by exp]i5ce all bodies are ext5d$4 ,?is c\ld n be a j ass]tion1 unless we conceive ! possibility ( our f9d+ ! contr>y4 ,b :o c conceive our f9d+ by exp]i5ce "s bodies :i* are n ext5d$8 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t ! reason giv5 = ! ,?ird ,rule ( ,newton involves a mi/ake respect+ ! nature & au?ority ( exp]i5ce4 ,& ! ,rule itself _c be appli$ )\t attempt+ to decide1 by ! casual limits ( obs]vation1 que/ions :i* necess>ily dep5d ^u ! relations ( ideas4 #af4 ,( ! ,f\r? ,rule4--,newton's ,f\r? ,rule is1 t ,propositions collect$ f ph5om5a by induction1 %all be held to be true1 not)/&+ contr>y hypo!ses2 b %all be liable to be r5d]$ m accurate1 or to h _! exceptions po9t$ out1 by additional /udy ( ph5om5a4 ,?is ,rule conta9s little m ?an a g5]al ass]tion ( ! au?ority ( induction1 accompani$ by ,newton's usual prote/ aga9/ hypo!ses4 ,! really valuable "p ( ! ,f\r? ,rule is t :i* implies t a con/ant v]ification1 &1 if necess>y1 rectification1 ( tru?s discov]$ by induction1 %\ld g on 9 ! sci5tific _w4 ,ev5 :5 ! law is1 or appe>s to be1 mo/ c]ta9ly exact & univ]sal1 x %\ld be con/antly exhibit$ to u afre% 9 ! =m ( exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,?is is necess>y1 9 ord] to discov] exceptions & modifications if su* exi/3 & if ! law be rigor\sly true1 ! contemplation ( x1 z exemplifi$ 9 ! _w ( ph5om5a1 w be/ give u t cle> appreh5sion ( its be>+s :i* may lead u to see ! gr\nd ( its tru?4 ,! conclud+ clause ( ?is ,f\r? ,rule appe>s1 at fir/1 to imply t all inductive propositions are to be consid]$ z m]ely provisional & limit$1 & nev] secure f exception4 ,b to judge ?us w\ld be to und]rate ! /ability & g5]ality ( sci5tific tru?s2 = :at man ( sci5ce c suppose t we %all h]eaft] discov] exceptions to ! univ]sal gravitation ( all p>ts ( ! sol> sy/em8 ,& x is pla9 t ! au?or did n int5d ! re/riction to be appli$ s rigor\sly2 = 9 ! ,?ird ,rule1 z we h j se51 he au?orizes u to inf] univ]sal prop]ties ( matt] f obs]vation1 & c>ries ! lib]ty ( inductive inf]5ce to its full ext5t4 ,! ,?ird ,rule appe>s to enc\rage u to ass]t a law to be univ]sal1 ev5 9 cases 9 :i* x has n be5 tri$2 ! ,f\r? ,rule seems to w>n u t ! law may be inaccurate1 ev5 9 cases 9 :i* x has be5 tri$4 ,nor is ei!r ( ^! sugge/ions errone\s2 b bo? ! univ]sality & ! rigor\s accuracy ( our laws are prov$ by ref]5ce to ,ideas r ?an to ,exp]i5ce2 a tru?1 :i*1 p]haps1 ! philosoph]s ( ,newton's "t 7 some:at dispos$ to ov]look4 #ag4 ,! disposition to ascribe all our k to ,exp]i5ce1 appe>s 9 ,newton & ! ,newtonians by o!r indications2 = in/ance1 x is se5 9 _! extreme dislike to ! anci5t expressions by :i* ! pr9ciples & causes ( ph5om5a 7 describ$1 z ! occult causes ( ! ,s*oolm51 & ! =ms ( ! ,ari/otelians1 :i* _h be5 adopt$ by ,bacon4 ,newton says#bbc1 t ! p>ticles ( matt] n only possess in]tia1 b also active pr9ciples1 z gravity1 f]m5tation1 cohesion2 he adds1 ,^! pr9ciples ,i consid] n z ,occult ,qualities1 suppos$ to result f ! ,specific ,=ms ( ?+s1 b z ,g5]al ,laws ( ,nature1 by :i* ! ?+s !mselves are =m$3 _! tru? appe>+ to u by ph5om5a1 ?\gh _! causes be n yet discov]$4 ,= ^! are manife/ qualities1 & _! causes only are occult4 ,& ! ,ari/otelians gave ! "n ( occult qualities1 n to manife/ qualities1 b to su* qualities only z !y suppos$ to lie hid 9 bodies1 & to ! unkn[n causes ( manife/ effects3 su* z w\ld be ! causes ( gravity1 & ( magnetick & electrick attractions1 & ( f]m5tations1 if we %\ld suppose t ^! =ces or actions arose f qualities unkn[n to u1 & incapable ( be+ discov]$ & made manife/4 ,su* occult qualities put a /op to ! improvem5t ( ,natural ,philosophy1 & !re=e ( late ye>s h be5 reject$4 ,to tell u t e species ( ?+s is end[$ ) an occult specific quality by :i* x acts & produces manife/ effects1 is to tell u no?+3 b to d]ive two or ?ree g5]al pr9ciples ( motion f ph5om5a1 & aft]w>ds to tell u h[ ! prop]ties & actions ( all corporeal ?+s foll[ f ^! manife/ pr9ciples1 w\ld be a great /ep 9 philosophy1 ?\gh ! causes ( ^? pr9ciples 7 n yet discov]$3 & !re=e ,i scruple n to propose ! pr9ciples ( motion above ma9ta9$1 !y be+ ( v g5]al ext5t1 & leave _! causes to be f\nd out4 #ah4 ,all t is "h said is highly philosophical & valuable2 b we may obs]ve t ! inve/igation ( specific =ms 9 ! s5se 9 :i* "s writ]s _h us$ ! phrase1 0 by no means a frivol\s or unmean+ object ( inquiry4 ,bacon & o!rs _h us$ =m z equival5t to law#bbd4 ,if we c\ld asc]ta9 t arrangem5t ( ! p>ticles ( a cry/al f :i* its ext]nal cry/all9e =m & o!r prop]ties arise1 ?is arrangem5t w\ld be ! int]nal =m ( ! cry/al4 ,if ! undulatory !ory be true1 ! =m ( light is transv]se vibrations3 if ! emission !ory be ma9ta9$1 ! =m ( light is p>ticles mov+ 9 /raight l9es1 & deflect$ by v>i\s =ces4 ,bo? ! t]ms1 =m & law1 imply an ideal connexion ( s5sible ph5om5a2 =m supposes matt] :i* is m\ld$ to ! =m2 law supposes objects :i* are gov]n$ by ! law4 ,! =m] t]m ref]s m precisely to exi/5ces1 ! latt] to occurr5ces4 ,! latt] t]m is n[ ! m famili>1 & is1 p]haps1 ! bett] metaphor3 b ! =m] also conta9s ! ess5tial anti!sis :i* belongs to ! subject1 & might be us$ 9 express+ ! same conclusions4 ,b occult causes1 employ$ 9 ! way 9 :i* ,newton describes1 _h c]ta9ly be5 v prejudicial to ! progress ( k1 by /opp+ inquiry ) a m]e ^w4 ,! absurdity ( su* pret5d$ explanations _h n escap$ ridicule4 ,! pret5d$ physician 9 ! com$y gives an example ( an occult cause or virtue4 ,mihi dem&atur ,a doctissimo ,doctore ,qu>e ,opium facit dormire3 ,et ego respondeo1 ,quia e/ 9 eo ,virtus dormitiva1 ,cujus natura e/ s5sus ass\pire4 #ai4 ,b ! mo/ valuable "p ( ! view pres5t$ to u 9 ! quotation j giv5 f ,newton is ! di/9ct sep>ation1 already notic$ z peculi>ly br\ght into prom95ce by him1 ( ! det]m9ation ( ! laws ( ph5om5a1 & ! inve/igation ( _! causes4 ,! maxim1 t ! =m] inquiry mu/ prec$e ! latt]1 & t if ! g5]al laws ( facts be discov]$1 ! result is highly valuable1 al?\gh ! causes rema9 unkn[n1 is extremely important2 & _h n1 ,i ?9k1 ev] be5 s /rongly & cle>ly /at$1 till ,newton bo? repeat$ly promulgat$ ! precept1 & add$ to x ! weight ( ! mo/ /rik+ examples4 ,we h se5 t ,newton1 along ) views ! mo/ j & important conc]n+ ! nature & me?ods ( sci5ce1 _h some?+ ( ! t5d5cy1 preval5t 9 8 "t1 to suspect or reject1 at lea/ speculatively1 all elem5ts ( k except obs]vation4 ,?is t5d5cy 01 h[ev]1 9 him s correct$ & re/ra9$ by 8 own wond]ful sagacity & ma!matical habits1 t x sc>cely l$ to any op9ion :i* we might n safely adopt4 ,b we mu/ n[ consid] ! cases 9 :i* ?is t5d5cy op]at$ 9 a m unbalanc$ mann]1 & l$ to ! ass]tion ( doctr9es :i*1 if consi/5tly foll[$1 w\ld de/roy ! v f\ndations ( all g5]al & c]ta9 k4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bag3 ,optics1 qu4 #ca1 ne> ! end4 ,footnote #bah3 ,qu4 #bh4 ,footnote #bai3 ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,sc4 b4 v4 & b4 vii4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,optics1 qu4 #ca4 ,footnote #bba3 ,hi/ory ( ,ideas1 b4 iii4 c4 x4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,ibid4 b4 iii4 c4 ix4 x4 xi4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,opticks1 qu4 #ca4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,nov4 ,org4 l4 ii4 ,aph4 #b4 ,licet enim 9 natura nihil exi/et prt] corpora individua1 ed5tia actus puros individuos ex lege2 9 doctr9is tam5 illa ipsa lex1 ejusque inquisitio1 et inv5tio1 et explicatio1 pro fundam5to e/ tam ad sci5dum quam ad op]&um4 ,eam autem legem1 ejusque p>agraphos1 =m>um nom9e intelligimus2 prs]tim cum hoc vocabulum invalu]it1 et famili>it] occurrat4 ,aph4 #ag4 ,eadem res e/ =ma calidi vel =ma lum9is1 et lex calidi aut lex lum9is4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,locke ,,& ,,8 ,,fr5* ,,foll[]s4 #a4 ,9 ! con/ant opposition & /ruggle ( ! s*ools ( philosophy1 :i* consid] our ,s5ses & our ,ideas respectively1 z ! pr9cipal s\rces ( our k1 we h se5 t at ! p]iod ( :i* we n[ treat1 ! t5d5cy 0 to exalt ! ext]nal & disp>age ! int]nal elem5t4 ,! disposition to ascribe our k to obs]vation alone1 _h already1 9 ,bacon's "t1 l$ him to dwell to a disproportionate degree ^u t half ( 8 subject2 & _h t+$ ,newton's expressions1 ?\gh x _h n biass$ 8 practice4 ,b ?is p>tiality soon assum$ a m prom95t %ape1 becom+ extreme 9 ,locke1 & extravagant 9 ^? :o pr(ess$ to foll[ him4 ,inde$ ,locke appe>s to owe 8 popul>ity & influ5ce z a popul> writ] ma9ly to 8 be+ "o ( ! fir/ to express1 9 a pla9 & unhesitat+ mann]1 op9ions :i* _h = "s "t be5 rip5+ 9 ! m9ds ( a l>ge portion ( ! cultivat$ public4 ,hobbes _h already promulgat$ ! ma9 doctr9es :i* ,locke aft]w>ds urg$1 on ! subject ( ! orig9 & nature ( our k3 b 9 him ^! doctr9es 7 comb9$ ) (f5sive op9ions on po9ts ( morals1 gov]nm5t1 & religion1 s t _! access to g5]al fav\r 0 imp$$3 & x 0 to ,locke t !y 7 indebt$ = ! ext5sive influ5ce :i* !y soon aft] obta9$4 ,locke ow$ ?is au?ority ma9ly to ! intellectual circum/ances ( ! "t4 ,al?\gh a writ] ( great m]it1 he by no means possesses su* metaphysical acut5ess or su* philosophical l>g5ess ( view1 or su* a *>m ( writ+1 z mu/ necess>ily give him ! high place he has held 9 ! lit]ature ( ,europe4 ,b he came at a p]iod :5 ! reign ( ,ideas 0 tott]+ to its fall4 ,all ! mo/ active & ambiti\s spirits _h gone ov] to ! new op9ions1 & 7 prep>$ to foll[ ! =tunes ( ! ,philosophy ( ,exp]im5t1 !n 9 ! mo/ prosp]\s & brilliant condition1 & full ( /ill bright] promise4 ,!re 71 inde$1 a few le>n$ & ?\ghtful m5 :o /ill rema9$ fai?ful to ! empire ( ,ideas2 p>tly1 x may be1 f a too fond atta*m5t to anci5t sy/ems2 b p>tly1 also1 because !y knew t !re 7 subjects ( va/ importance1 9 :i* exp]i5ce did n =m ! :ole f\ndation ( our k4 ,!y knew1 too1 t _m ( ! plausible t5ets ( ! new philosophy 7 revivals ( fallacies :i* _h be5 discuss$ & refut$ 9 anci5t times4 ,b ! advocates ( m]e exp]i5ce came on ) a va/ /ore ( weighty tru? among _! artill]y1 & ) ! en]gy :i* ! advance usually be/[s4 ,! ideal sy/em ( philosophy c\ld1 = ! pres5t1 make no effectual resi/ance2 ,locke1 by putt+ himself at ! head ( ! assault1 became ! h]o ( 8 day3 & 8 "n has be5 us$ z ! wat*word ( ^? :o adh]e to ! philosophy ( ! s5ses up to our own times4 #b4 ,locke himself did n ass]t ! exclusive au?ority ( ! s5ses 9 ! extreme unmitigat$ mann] 9 :i* "s :o call !mselves 8 disciples h done4 ,b ?is is ! common lot ( ! lead]s ( revolutions1 = !y are usually b\nd by "s ties ( affection & habit to ! previ\s /ate ( ?+s1 & w\ld n de/roy all traces ( t condition3 :ile _! foll[]s att5d1 n to _! inconsi/5t wi%es1 b to ! mean+ ( ! revolution itself2 & c>ry out1 to _! g5u9e & complete results1 ! pr9ciples :i* won ! victory1 & :i* h be5 br\ght out m %>p f ! conflict4 ,?us ,locke himself does n ass]t t all our ideas are d]iv$ f ,s5sation1 b f ,s5sation & ,reflection4 ,b x 0 easily se5 t1 9 ?is ass]tion1 two v het]og5e\s elem5ts 7 conjo9$3 t :ile to pron\nce ,s5sation ! orig9 ( ideas1 is a cle> decid$ t5et1 ! acceptance or rejection ( :i* det]m9es ! g5]al "* ( our philosophy2 to make ! same decl>ation conc]n+ ,reflection1 is 9 ! highe/ degree vague & ambigu\s2 s9ce reflection may ei!r be resolv$ into a m]e modification ( s5sation1 z 0 done by "o s*ool1 or may mean all t ! opposite s*ool opposes to s5sation1 "u ! "n ( ,ideas4 ,h5ce ! cle> & /rong impression :i* fa/5$ ^u m5's m9ds1 & :i* does 9 fact repres5t all ! sy/ematic & consi/5t "p ( ,locke's philosophy1 01 t 9 x all our ideas are repres5t$ z d]iv$ f ,s5sation4 #c4 ,we ne$ n sp5d mu* "t 9 po9t+ out ! inconsi/5cies into :i* ,locke fell2 z all mu/ fall into inconsi/5cies :o recognize no s\rce ( k except ! s5ses4 ,?us he ma9ta9s t our ,idea ( ,space is d]iv$ f ! s5ses ( sight & t\*2 our ,idea ( ,solidity f ! t\* alone4 ,our ,notion ( ,sub/ance is an unkn[n support ( unkn[n qualities1 & is illu/rat$ by ! ,indian fable ( ! tortoise :i* supports ! elephant1 :i* supports ! _w4 ,our ,notion ( ,p[] or ,cause is 9 l mann] got f ! s5ses4 ,& yet1 ?\gh ^! ideas are ?us m]e fragm5ts ( our exp]i5ce1 ,locke does n hesitate to ascribe to !m necessity & univ]sality :5 !y occur 9 propositions4 ,?us he ma9ta9s ! necess>y tru? ( geometrical prop]ties3 he ass]ts t ! resi/ance aris+ f solidity is absolutely insurm\ntable#bbe2 he conceives t no?+ %ort ( ,omnipot5ce c annihilate a p>ticle ( matt]#bbf2 & he has no misgiv+s 9 argu+ ^u ! axiom t ,e ?+ mu/ h a cause4 ,he does n p]ceive t1 ^u 8 own acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( our k1 we c h no "r to make any ( ^! ass]tions4 ,if our k ( ! tru?s :i* conc]n ! ext]nal _w 7 :olly d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 all t we c\ld v5ture to say w\ld be1--t geometrical prop]ties ( figures are true z f> z we h tri$ !m2--t we h se5 no example ( a solid body be+ r$uc$ to occupy less space by pressure1 or ( a mat]ial sub/ance annihilat$ by natural means2--& t :]ev] we h exam9$1 we h f\nd t e *ange has _h a cause4 ,exp]i5ce c nev] entitle u to decl>e t :at %e has n se5 is impossible2 /ill less1 t ?+s :i* %e c n see are c]ta94 ,locke himself int5d$ to ?r[ no d\bt ^u ! c]ta9ty ( ei!r human or div9e k2 b 8 pr9ciples1 :5 m5 disc>d$ ! temp] 9 :i* he appli$ !m1 & ! *ecks to _! misapplication :i* he conceiv$ t he _h provid$1 easily l$ to a v compreh5sive skepticism4 ,8 doctr9es t5d$ to dislodge f _! true bases ! mo/ indisputable p>ts ( k2 z1 = example1 pure & mix$ ma!matics4 ,x may well be suppos$1 !re=e1 t !y %ook ! f\ndations ( _m o!r p>ts ( k 9 ! m9ds ( common ?9k]s4 ,x 0 n long be=e ^! consequ5ces ( ! ov]?r[ ( ideas %[$ !mselves 9 ! speculative _w4 ,i h already 9 a previ\s "w#bbg m5tion$ ,hume's skeptical inf]5ces f ,locke's maxim1 t we h no ideas except ^? :i* we acquire by exp]i5ce2 & ! doctr9es set up 9 opposition to ?is by ! metaphysicians ( ,g]many4 ,i might trace ! progress ( ! s5sational op9ions 9 ,brita9 till ! reaction took place "h also3 b !y 7 s mu* m cle>ly & decid$ly foll[$ out 9 ,france1 t ,i %all pursue _! hi/ory 9 t c\ntry4 #d4 ,! ,fr5* ,foll[]s ( ,locke1 ,condillac1 c4--,mo/ ( ! ,fr5* writ]s :o adopt$ ,locke's lead+ doctr9es1 reject$ ! ,reflection1 :i* =m$ an anomal\s "p ( 8 philosophy1 & decl>$ t ,s5sation alone 0 ! s\rce ( ideas4 ,among ^! writ]s1 ,condillac 0 ! mo/ di/+ui%$4 ,he express$ ! lead+ t5et ( _! s*ool 9 a cle> & po9t$ mann] by say+ t ,all ideas are trans=m$ s5sations4 ,we h already consid]$ ?is phrase#bbh1 & ne$ n "h dwell ^u x4 ,op9ions su* z ^! t5d to annihilate1 z we h se51 "o ( ! two co-ord9ate elem5ts ( our k4 ,yet !y 7 f> f be+ s prejudicial to ! progress ( sci5ce1 or ev5 ( ! philosophy ( sci5ce1 z might h be5 anticipat$4 ,"o reason ( ?is 01 t !y 7 practically correct$1 especially among ! cultivators ( ,natural ,philosophy1 by ! /udy ( ma!matics2 = t /udy did really supply all t 0 requisite on ! ideal side ( sci5ce1 s f> z ! ideas ( space1 "t1 & numb]1 7 conc]n$1 & p>tly also ) reg>d to ! idea ( cause & "s o!rs4 ,& ! me?ods ( discov]y1 ?\gh ! philosophy ( !m made no mat]ial advance1 7 practically employ$ ) s mu* activity1 & 9 s _m v>i\s subjects1 t a c]ta9 k9d ( prud5ce & skill 9 ?is employm5t 0 v widely diffus$4 #e4 ,importance ( ,language4--,9 "o respect ?is s*ool ( metaphysicians r5d]$ a v valuable s]vice to ! philosophy ( sci5ce4 ,!y br\ght into prom95t notice ! great importance ( words & t]ms 9 ! =mation & progress ( k1 & po9t$ out t ! (fice ( language is n only to convey & pres]ve our ?\ghts1 b to p]=m ! analysis 9 :i* reason+ consi/s4 ,!y 7 l$ to ?is tra9 ( speculation1 9 a great measure1 by tak+ pure ma!matical sci5ce z _! /&>d example ( sub/antial k4 ,condillac1 reject+1 z we h said1 almo/ all ^? ideas on :i* univ]sal & demon/rable tru?s mu/ be bas$1 0 /ill n at all dispos$ to "q ! reality ( human k2 b 01 on ! contr>y1 a zeal\s admir] ( ! evid5ce & connexion :i* appe> 9 ^? sci5ces :i* h ! ideas ( space & numb] = _! f\ndation1 especially ! latt]4 ,he look$ = ! gr\nds ( ! c]ta9ty & reality ( ! k :i* ^! sci5ces conta92 & f\nd !m1 z he conceiv$1 9 ! nature ( ! language :i* !y employ4 ,! ,signs :i* are us$ 9 ari?metic & algebra enable u to keep /eadily 9 view ! id5tity ( ! same quantity "u all ! =ms :i*1 by composition & decomposition1 x may be made to assume2 & ^! ,signs also n only express ! op]ations :i* are p]=m$1 b sugge/ ! ext5sion ( ! op]ations accord+ to analogy4 ,algebra1 accord+ to him1 is only a v p]fect language2 & language answ]s its purpose ( lead+ u to tru?1 by possess+ ! *>act]i/ics ( algebra4 ,words are ! symbols ( c]ta9 gr\ps ( impressions or facts2 !y are s select$ & appli$ z to exhibit ! analogies :i* prevail among ^! facts2 & ^! analogies are ! tru?s ( :i* our k consi/s4 ,e language is an analytical me?od2 e analytical me?od is a language#bbi2 ^! 7 ! tru?s alike new & simple1 z he held1 :i* he conceiv$ t he _h demon/rat$4 ,! art ( speak+1 ! art ( writ+1 ! art ( reason+1 ! art ( ?9k+1 are only1 at bottom1 "o & ! same art#bcj4 ,ea* ( ^! op]ations consi/s 9 a succession ( analytical op]ations2 & words are ! m>ks by :i* we are able to fix our m9ds ^u ! /eps ( ?is analysis4 #f4 ,! analysis ( our impressions & notions does 9 reality lead to tru?1 n only 9 virtue ( ! id5tity ( ! :ole ) its p>ts1 z ,condillac held1 b also 9 virtue ( c]ta9 ,ideas :i* gov]n ! syn!sis ( our s5sations1 & :i* conta9 ! elem5ts ( univ]sal tru?s1 z we h all along endeav\r$ to %[4 ,b al?\gh ,condillac ov]look$ or reject$ ?is doctr9e1 ! importance ( words1 z m>k+ ! successive /eps ( ?is syn!sis & analysis1 is n less ?an he repres5t$ x to be4 ,e tru?1 once e/abli%$ by induction f facts1 :5 x is become famili> "u a brief & precise =m ( expression1 becomes itself a fact2 & is capable ( be+ employ$1 along ) o!r facts ( a l k9d1 z ! mat]ials ( fre% inductions4 ,9 ?is successive process1 ! t]m1 l ! cord ( a fagot1 bo? b9ds toge!r ! facts :i* x includes1 & makes x possible to manage ! assemblage z a s+le ?+4 ,on occasion ( mo/ discov]ies 9 sci5ce1 ! selection ( a te*nical t]m is an ess5tial "p ( ! proce$+4 ,9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,sci5ce1 we h _h num]\s opportunities ( rem>k+ ?is2 & ! ,li/ ( te*nical t]ms giv5 z an ,index to t "w1 ref]s u1 by almo/ e ^w1 to "o su* occasion4 ,& ^! t]ms1 :i* ?us h _h s l>ge a %>e 9 ! =mation ( sci5ce1 & :i* con/itute its language1 d also (f] ! means ( analyz+ its tru?s1 ea* into its con/itu5t tru?s2 & ^! into facts m special1 till ! orig9al f\ndations ( our mo/ g5]al propositions are cle>ly exhibit$4 ,! relations ( g5]al & p>ticul> tru?s are mo/ evid5tly repres5t$ by ! ,inductive ,tables giv5 9 ,book ,,ii4 ( ! ,novum ,organon ,r5ovatum4 ,b ea* /ep 9 ea* ( ^! ,tables has its prop] =m ( expression1 famili> among ! cultivators ( sci5ce2 & ! analysis :i* our ,tables display1 is commonly p]=m$ 9 m5's m9ds1 :5 x becomes necess>y1 by fix+ ! att5tion successively ^u a s]ies ( words1 n ^u ! l9es ( a ,table4 ,language (f]s to ! m9d su* a scale or ladd] z ! ,table (f]s to ! eye2 & s9ce su* ,tables pres5t to u1 z we h said1 ! ,logic ( ,induction1 t is1 ! =mal conditions ( ! s\ndness ( our reason+ f facts1 we may ) propriety say t a j analysis ( ! mean+ ( words is an ess5tial portion ( ,inductive ,logic4 ,9 say+ ?is1 we mu/ n =get t a decomposition ( g5]al tru?s into ideas1 z well z into facts1 belongs to our philosophy2 b ! po9t we h "h to rem>k1 is ! ess5tial importance ( words to ! latt] ( ^! processes4 ,& ?is po9t _h n ev] _h its due weight assign$ to x till ! "t ( ,condillac & o!r foll[]s ( ,locke1 :o pursu$ _! speculations 9 ! _s ,i h j describ$4 ,! doctr9e ( ! importance ( t]ms is ! mo/ consid]able addition to ! philosophy ( sci5ce :i* has be5 made s9ce ! "t ( ,bacon#bca4 #g4 ,! ,fr5* ,encyclop$i/s4--,! ,fr5* ,encyclopdie1 publi%$ 9 #agea1 ( :i* ,did]ot & ,dalemb]t 7 ! editors1 may be consid]$ z repres5t+ ! lead+ *>act]s ( ,european philosophy dur+ ! great] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! writ]s 9 ?is "w belong = ! mo/ "p to ! s*ool ( ,locke & ,condillac2 & we may make a few rem>ks ^u !m1 9 ord] to br+ into view "o or two po9ts 9 addition to :at we h already said ( t s*ool4 ,! ,disc\rs ,prlim9aire1 writt5 by ,dalemb]t1 is celebrat$ z conta9+ a view ( ! orig9 ( our k1 & ! connexion & classification ( ! sci5ces4 ,a t5d5cy ( ! speculations ( ! ,encyclop$i/s1 z ( ! ,s*ool ( ,locke 9 g5]al1 is to reject all ideal pr9ciples ( connexion among facts1 z some?+ :i* exp]i5ce1 ! only s\rce ( true k1 does n give4 ,h5ce all c]ta9 k consi/s only 9 ! recognition ( ! same ?+ "u diff]5t aspects1 or diff]5t =ms ( expression4 ,axioms are n ! result ( an orig9al relation ( ideas1 b ( ! use1 or x may be ! abuse#bcb1 ( words4 ,9 l mann]1 ! propositions ( ,geometry are a s]ies ( modifications1--( di/ortions1 s to speak1--( "o orig9al tru?2 mu* z if ! proposition 7 /at$ 9 ! successive =ms ( expression pres5t$ by a language :i* 0 con/antly gr[+ m & m artificial4 ,sev]al ( ! sci5ces :i* re/ ^u physical pr9ciples1 t is1 7says ! writ]17 tru?s ( exp]i5ce or simple hypo!ses1 h only an exp]im5tal or hypo!tical c]ta9ty4 ,imp5etrability add$ to ! idea ( ext5t is a my/]y 9 addition3 ! nature ( motion is a riddle = philosoph]s3 ! metaphysical pr9ciple ( ! laws ( p]cussion is equally conceal$ f !m4 ,! m pr(\ndly !y /udy ! idea ( matt] & ( ! prop]ties :i* repres5t x1 ! m obscure ?is idea becomes2 ! m completely does x escape !m4 #h4 ,?is is a v common /yle ( reflection1 ev5 d[n to our own times4 ,i h endeav\r$ to %[ t conc]n+ ! ,fundam5tal ,ideas ( space1 ( =ce & resi/ance1 ( sub/ance1 ext]nal quality1 & ! l1 we "k en\gh to make ^! ,ideas ! gr\nds ( c]ta9 & univ]sal tru?s2--en\gh to supply u ) axioms f :i* we c demon/ratively reason4 ,if m5 wi% = any o!r k ( ! nature ( matt] ?an t :i* ideas1 & facts con=mable to ideas1 give !m1 und\bt$ly _! desire w be fru/rat$1 & !y w be left 9 a my/]i\s vacancy2 = x does n appe> h[ su* k z !y ask = c\ld be k at all4 ,b 9 reality1 ?is compla9t ( our ignorance ( ! real nature ( ?+s proce$s f ! rejection ( ideas1 & ! assumption ( ! s5ses alone z ! gr\nd ( k4 ,obs]vation & calculation are ! only s\rces ( tru?3 ?is is ! motto ( ! s*ool ( :i* we n[ speak4 ,& its import am\nts to ?is3--t !y reject all ideas except ! idea ( numb]1 & recognize ! modifications :i* p>ts und]go by addition & subtraction z ! only modes 9 :i* true propositions are g5]at$4 ,! laws ( nature are assemblages ( facts3 ! tru?s ( sci5ce are ass]tions ( ! id5tity ( ?+s :i* are ! same4 ,by ! av[al ( almo/ all philosoph]s1 says a writ] ( ?is s*ool#bcc1 ! mo/ sublime tru?s1 :5 once simplifi$ & r$uc$ to _! l[e/ t]ms1 are conv]t$ into facts1 & !nce=? pres5t to ! m9d only ?is proposition2 ! :ite is :ite1 ! black is black4 ,^! /atem5ts are true 9 :at !y positively ass]t1 b !y involve error 9 ! d5ial :i* by implication !y convey4 ,x is true t obs]vation & demon/ration are ! only s\rces ( sci5tific tru?2 b !n1 demon/ration may be f\nd$ on o!r gr\nds besides ! elem5t>y prop]ties ( numb]4 ,x is true t ! !ory ( gravitation is b ! ass]tion ( a g5]al fact2 b ?is is s1 n because a s\nd !ory does n involve ideas1 b because our appreh5sion ( a fact does4 #i4 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic indication ( ! temp] ( ! ,encyclop$i/s & ( ! age to :i* !y belong1 is ! importance by !m assign$ to ^? practical ,arts :i* m9i/] to man's com=t & conv5i5ce4 ,n only1 9 ! body ( ! ,encyclop$ia1 are ! ,me*anical ,arts plac$ side by side ) ! ,sci5ces1 & treat$ at great l5g?2 b 9 ! ,prelim9>y ,disc\rse1 ! pref]5ce assign$ to ! lib]al ov] ! me*anical ,arts is treat$ z a prejudice#bcd1 & ! value ( sci5ce is spok5 ( z measur$ by its utility4 ,! discov]y ( ! ,m>9]'s ,compass is n less advantage\s to ! human race ?an ! explanation ( its prop]ties w\ld be to physics4--,:y %\ld we n e/eem ^? to :om we owe ! fusee & ! escapem5t ( wat*es z mu* z ! inv5tors ( ,algebra8 ,& 9 ! classification ( sci5ces :i* accompanies ! ,disc\rse1 ! lab\rs ( artisans ( all k9ds h a place4 ,?is classification ( ! v>i\s bran*es ( sci5ce conta9$ 9 ! ,diss]tation is (t5 spok5 (4 ,x has = its basis ! classification propos$ by ,bacon1 9 :i* ! p>ts ( human k are arrang$ accord+ to ! faculties ( ! m9d 9 :i* !y orig9ate2 & ^! faculties are tak51 bo? by ,bacon & by ,dalemb]t1 z ,memory1 ,reason1 & ,imag9ation4 ,! insuffici5cy ( ,bacon's arrangem5t z a sci5tific classification is s gl>+1 t ! adoption ( x1 ) only sup]ficial modifications1 at ! p]iod ( ! ,encyclop$ia1 is a rem>kable pro( ( ! want ( orig9al ?\ght & real philosophy at ! "t ( :i* we speak4 #aj4 ,we ne$ n trace fur!r ! op9ion :i* d]ives all our k f ! s5ses 9 its application to ! philosophy ( ,sci5ce4 ,its decl>$ aim is to r$uce all k to ! k ( ,facts2 & x rejects all inquiries :i* involve ! ,idea ( ,cause1 & simil> ,ideas1 describ+ !m z metaphysical1 or 9 "s o!r damnatory way4 ,x pr(esses1 inde$1 to disc>d all ,ideas2 b1 z we h long ago se51 "s ,ideas or o!r are inevitably includ$ ev5 9 ! simple/ ,facts4 ,accord+ly ! speculations ( ?is s*ool are compell$ to reta9 ! relations ( ,position1 ,succession1 ,numb] & ,resemblance1 :i* are rigor\sly ideal relations4 ,! philosophy ( ,s5sation1 9 ord] to be consi/5t1 ought to reject ^! ,ideas along ) ! re/1 & to d5y altoge!r ! possibility ( g5]al k4 ,:5 ! op9ions ( ! ,s5sational ,s*ool _h gone to an extreme l5g?1 a ,reaction naturally began to take place 9 m5's m9ds4 ,su* h be5 ! alt]nations ( op9ion1 f ! e>lie/ ages ( human speculation4 ,man may p]haps h exi/$ 9 an orig9al condition 9 :i* he 0 only aw>e ( ! impressions ( ,s5se2 b 8 fir/ attempts to analyse 8 p]ceptions br\ght "u 8 notice ,ideas z a sep>ate elem5t1 ess5tial to ! exi/5ce ( k4 ,ideas 7 !nce=? almo/ ! sole subject ( ! /udy ( philosoph]s2 ( ,plato & 8 disciples1 pr(ess$ly2 ( ,ari/otle1 & /ill m ( ! foll[]s & comm5tators ( ,ari/otle1 practically4 ,& ?is cont9u$ till ! "t ( ,galileo1 :5 ! au?ority ( ! ,s5ses aga9 began to be ass]t$2 = x 0 %[n by ! great discov]ies :i* 7 !n made1 t ! ,s5ses _h at lea/ "s %>e 9 ! promotion ( k4 ,z discov]ies m num]\s & m /rik+ 7 suppli$ by ,obs]vation1 ! _w gradually pass$ ov] to ! op9ion t ! %>e :i* _h be5 ascrib$ to ,ideas 9 ! =mation ( real k 0 altoge!r a delusion1 & t ,s5sation alone 0 true4 ,b :5 ?is 0 ass]t$ z a g5]al doctr9e1 bo? its manife/ falsity & its al>m+ consequ5ces r\s$ m5's m9ds1 & made !m recoil f ! extreme po9t to :i* !y 7 approa*+4 ,philosophy aga9 oscillat$ back t[>ds ,ideas2 & ov] a great "p ( ,europe1 9 ! cle>e/ & mo/ compreh5sive m9ds1 ?is regression f ! dogmas ( ! ,s5sational ,s*ool is at pres5t ! prevail+ movem5t4 ,we %all conclude our review by notic+ a few indications ( ?is /ate ( ?+s4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bbe3 ,essay1 b4 xi4 c4 iv4 sect4 #c4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,ibid4 c4 xiii4 sect4 #bb4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,hi/ory ( ,ideas1 b4 iii4 c4 iii4 ,mod]n ,op9ions respect+ ! ,idea ( ,cause4 ,footnote #bbh3 ,ibid4 b4 i4 c4 iv4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,langue des ,calculs1 p4 #a4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,grammaire1 p4 xxxvi4 ,footnote #bca3 ,s9ce ! selection & con/ruction ( t]ms is ?us a matt] ( s mu* consequ5ce 9 ! =mation ( sci5ce1 x is prop] t sy/ematic rules1 f\nd$ ^u s\nd pr9ciples1 %\ld be laid d[n = ! p]=mance ( ?is op]ation4 ,"s su* rules are accord+ly sugge/$ 9 b4 iv4 ( ! ,nov4 ,org4 ,r54 ,footnote #bcb3 ,disc4 ,prlim4 p4 viii4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,helvetius ,sur l',homme1 c4 xxiii4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,p4 xiii4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,! ,,reaction ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,s5sational ,,s*ool4 #a4 ,:5 ,locke's ,essay appe>$1 x 0 easily se5 t its t5d5cy 0 to urge1 9 a mu* m rigor\s s5se ?an _h previ\sly be5 usual1 ! anci5t maxim ( ,ari/otle1 adopt$ by ! s*oolm5 ( ! middle ages1 t no?+ exi/s 9 ! intellect b :at has ent]$ by ! s5ses4 ,leibnitz express$ 9 a po9t$ mann] ! limitation ) :i* ?is doctr9e _h always be5 und]/ood4 ,nihil e/ 9 intellectu quod non prius fu]it 9 s5su2--nempe1 he add$1 nisi intellectus ipse4 ,to ?is x has be5 object$#bce1 t we _c say t ! intellect is 9 ! intellect4 ,b ?is rem>k is obvi\sly frivol\s2 = ! faculties ( ! und]/&+ 7:i* are :at ! argum5t aga9/ ! ,s5sational ,s*ool requires u to res]ve7 may be said to be 9 ! und]/&+1 ) z mu* ju/ice z we may ass]t !re are 9 x ! impressions d]iv$ f s5se4 ,& :5 we take acc\nt ( ^! faculties1 & ( ! ,ideas to :i*1 by _! op]ation1 we necess>ily subord9ate our appreh5sion ( ph5om5a1 we are l$ to a refutation ( ! philosophy :i* makes ph5om5a1 unconnect$ by ,ideas1 ! s\rce ( all k4 ,! succe$+ oppon5ts ( ! ,lockian s*ool insi/$ ^u & develop$ 9 v>i\s ways ?is rem>k ( ,leibnitz1 or "s equival5t view4 #b4 ,x 0 by inquiries into ! f\ndations ( ,morals t ,engli% philosoph]s 7 l$ to "q ! tru? ( ,locke's !ory4 ,dr4 ,price1 9 8 ,review ( ! ,pr9cipal ,que/ions 9 ,morals1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #ageg1 ma9ta9$ t we _c ) propriety ass]t all our ideas to be d]iv$ f s5sation & reflection4 ,he po9t$ out1 v /eadily1 ! o!r s\rce4 ,! p[]1 ,i ass]t1 t und]/&s1 or ! faculty )9 u t disc]ns tru?1 & t comp>es all ! objects ( ?\ght & judges ( !m1 is a spr+ ( new ideas#bcf4 ,& he exhibits ! anti!sis 9 v>i\s =ms4 ,7 n s5se & k entirely diff]5t1 we %\ld re/ satisfi$ ) s5sible impressions1 su* z light1 col\rs & s\nds1 & inquire no fur!r ab\t !m1 at lea/ :5 ! impressions are /rong & vigor\s3 :]eas1 on ! contr>y1 we necess>ily desire "s fur!r acqua9tance ) !m1 & c nev] be satisfi$ till we h subject$ !m to ! survey ( reason4 ,s5se pres5ts p>ticul> =ms to ! m9d1 b _c rise to any g5]al ideas4 ,x is ! intellect t exam9es & comp>es ! pres5t$ =ms1 t rises above individuals to univ]sal & ab/ract ideas2 & ?us looks d[nw>d ^u objects1 takes 9 at "o view an inf9ity ( p>ticul>s1 & is capable ( discov]+ g5]al tru?s4 ,s5se sees only ! outside ( ?+s1 reason acqua9ts itself ) _! natures4 ,s5sation is only a mode ( feel+ 9 ! m9d2 b k implies an active & vital en]gy 9 ! m9d#bcg4 #c4 ,! necessity ( refut+ ,hume's inf]5ces f ! m]e s5sation sy/em l$ o!r writ]s to limit1 9 v>i\s ways1 _! ass5t to ,locke4 ,especially 0 ?is ! case ) a numb] ( intellig5t metaphysicians 9 ,scotl&1 z ,reid1 ,beattie1 ,dugald ,/ew>t1 & ,?omas ,br[n4 ,?us ,reid ass]ts#bch1 t ! acc\nt :i* ,mr4 ,locke himself gives ( ! ,idea ( ,p[] _c be reconcil$ to 8 fav\rite doctr9e1 t all our simple ideas h _! orig9 f s5sation or reflection4 ,reid rem>ks1 t our memory & our reason+ p[] come 9 = a %>e 9 ! orig9 ( ?is idea3 & 9 speak+ ( reason+1 he obvi\sly assumes ! axiom t e ev5t mu/ h a cause4 ,by succe$+ writ]s ( ?is s*ool1 ! assumption ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples1 to :i* our nature 9 su* cases irresi/ibly directs u1 is m cle>ly po9t$ out4 ,?us ,/ew>t def5ds ! =m ( expression us$ by ,price#bci3 ,a v>iety ( intuitive judgm5ts might be m5tion$1 involv+ simple ideas1 :i* x is impossible to trace to any orig9 b to ! p[] :i* enables u to =m ^! judgm5ts4 ,?us x is surely an intuitive tru? t ! s5sations ( :i* ,i am consci\s1 & all ^? ,i rememb]1 belong to "o & ! same be+1 :i* ,i call myself4 ,"h is an intuitive judgm5t involv+ ! simple idea ( ,id5tity4 ,9 l mann]1 ! *anges :i* ,i p]ceive 9 ! univ]se impress me ) a conviction t "s cause mu/ h op]at$ to produce !m4 ,"h is an intuitive judgm5t involv+ ! simple ,idea ( ,causation4 ,:5 we consid] ! adjac5t angles made by a /raight l9e /&+ ^u ano!r1 & p]ceive t _! sum is equal to two "r angles1 ! judgm5t we =m involves a simple idea ( ,equality4 ,to say1 !re=e1 t ! ,reason or ! ,und]/&+ is a s\rce ( new ideas1 is n s exceptionable a mode ( speak+ z has be5 sometimes suppos$4 ,accord+ to ,locke1 ,s5se furni%es our ideas1 & ,reason p]ceives _! agreem5ts & disagreem5ts4 ,b ! tru? is1 t ^! agreem5ts & disagreem5ts are 9 _m in/ances1 simple ideas1 ( :i* no analysis c be giv52 & ( :i* ! orig9 mu/ !re=e be ref]r$ to ,reason1 accord+ to ,locke's own doctr9e4 ,?is view1 accord+ to :i* ! ,reason or ,und]/&+ is ! s\rce ( c]ta9 simple ideas1 su* z ,id5tity1 ,causation1 ,equality1 :i* ideas are necess>ily involv$ 9 ! intuitive judgm5ts :i* we =m1 :5 we recognize fundam5tal tru?s ( sci5ce1 approa*es v ne> 9 effect to ! doctr9e :i* 9 sev]al works ,i h pres5t$1 ( ,fundam5tal ,ideas belong+ to ea* sci5ce1 & manife/+ !mselves 9 ! axioms ( ! sci5ce4 ,x may be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t by attempt+ to enum]ate ^! ideas & axioms1 s z to lay ! f\ndations ( ! :ole body ( physical sci5ce1 & by endeav\r+1 z f> z possible1 to simplify & connect ea* gr\p ( su* ,ideas1 ,i h at lea/ giv5 a m sy/ematic =m to ?is doctr9e4 ,i h1 moreov]1 trac$ x into _m consequ5ces to :i* x necess>ily leads1 b :i* d n appe> to h be5 contemplat$ by ! metaphysicians ( ! ,scot* s*ool4 ,b ,i gladly ackn[l$ge my obligations to ! writ]s ( t s*ool2 & ,i tru/ t 9 ! ne> agreem5t ( my views on su* po9ts ) !irs1 !re is gr\nd = believ+ ! sy/em ( philosophy :i* ,i h pres5t$1 to be t to :i* ! m9ds ( ?\ghtful m51 :o h m$itat$ on su* subjects1 are g5]ally t5d+4 #d4 ,z a fur!r in/ance t su* a t5d5cy is at "w1 ,i may make a quotation f an em95t ,engli% philosophical writ] ( ano!r s*ool4 ,if y w be at ! pa9s1 says ,ar*bi%op ,:ately#bdj1 c>efully to analyze ! simple/ description y he> ( any transaction or /ate ( ?+s1 y w f9d t ! process :i* almo/ inv>iably takes place is1 9 logical language1 ?is3 t ea* individual has 9 8 m9d c]ta9 major premises or pr9ciples relative to ! subject 9 "q2--t obs]vation ( :at actually pres5ts itself to ! s5ses1 supplies m9or premises2 & t ! /atem5t giv5 7& :i* is report$ z a ?+ exp]i5c$7 consi/s1 9 fact1 ( ! conclusions drawn f ! comb9ations ( ^! premises4 ,! major premises "h spok5 ( are ! ,fundam5tal ,ideas1 & ! ,axioms & ,propositions to :i* !y lead2 & :atev] is reg>d$ z a fact ( obs]vation is necess>ily a conclusion 9 :i* ^! propositions are assum$2 = ^! conta91 z we h said1 ! conditions ( our exp]i5ce4 ,our exp]i5ce con=ms to ^! axioms & _! consequ5ces1 :e!r or n ! connexion be /at$ 9 a logical mann]1 by means ( premises & a conclusion4 #e4 ,! same p]suasion is also sugge/$ by ! c\rse :i* ! /udy ( metaphysics has tak5 ( late ye>s 9 ,france4 ,9 t c\ntry1 z we h se51 ! ,s5sational ,sy/em1 :i* 0 consid]$ z ! necess>y consequ5ce ( ! revolution begun by ,locke1 obta9$ a m complete asc5dancy ?an x did 9 ,engl&2 & 9 t c\ntry too1 ! reaction1 among metaphysical & moral writ]s1 :5 its "t came1 0 m decid$ & rapid ?an x 0 among ,locke's own c\ntrym54 ,x w\ld appe> t ,m4 ,l>omiguire 0 "o ( ! fir/ to give expression to ?is feel+1 ( ! necessity ( a modification ( ! s5sational philosophy4 ,he began by pr(ess+ himself ! disciple ( ,condillac1 ev5 :ile he 0 almo/ unconsci\sly subv]t+ ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( t writ]4 ,& ?us1 z ,m4 ,c\s9 ju/ly obs]ves#bda1 8 op9ions _h ! m p[]ful effect f be+ pres5t$1 n z ?w>t+ & contradict+1 b z %>+ & foll[+ out ! _s ( 8 age4 ,m4 ,l>omiguire's "w1 entitl$ ,essai sur les ,facults de l',ame1 consi/s ( lectures giv5 to ! ,faculty ( ,lett]s ( ! ,academy ( ,p>is1 9 ! ye>s #ahaa1 #ahab & #ahac4 ,9 ! views :i* ^! lectures pres5t1 !re is mu* :i* ! au?or has 9 common ) ,condillac4 ,b he is l$ by 8 inve/igation to ass]t#bdb1 t x is n true t s5sation is ! sole fundam5tal elem5t ( our ?\ghts & our und]/&+4 ,att5tion also is requisite3 & "h we h an elem5t ( q ano!r k9d4 ,= s5sation is passive2 att5tion is active4 ,att5tion does n spr+ out ( s5sation2 ! passive pr9ciple is n ! reason ( ! active pr9ciple4 ,activity & passivity are two facts entirely diff]5t4 ,nor c ?is activity be def9$ or d]iv$2 be+1 z ! au?or says1 a fundam5tal idea4 ,! di/9ction is manife/ by its own nature2 & we may f9d evid5ce ( x 9 ! v =ms ( language4 ,to look is m ?an to see2 to he>k5 is m ?an to he>4 ,! ,fr5* language m>ks ?is di/9ction ) respect to o!r s5ses also4 ,on voit1 et l'on reg>de2 on ent5d1 et l'on c\te2 on s5t1 et l'on flaire2 on gte1 et l'on sav\re4 ,& ?us ! m]e s5sation1 or capacity ( feel+1 is only ! occasion on :i* ! att5tion is ex]cis$2 :ile ! att5tion is ! f\ndation ( all ! op]ations ( ! und]/&+4 ,! read] ( my works w h se5 h[ mu* ,i h insi/$ ^u ! activity ( ! m9d1 z ! necess>y basis ( all k4 ,9 all obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 ! m9d is active1 & by its activity appreh5ds all s5sations 9 subord9ation to its own ideas2 & ?us x becomes capable ( collect+ k f ph5om5a1 s9ce ideas involve g5]al relations & connexions1 :i* s5sations ( !mselves _c involve4 ,& ?us we see t1 9 ?is respect also1 our philosophy /&s at t po9t to :i* ! speculations ( ! mo/ reflect+ m5 h ( late con/antly be5 v]g+4 #f4 ,m4 ,c\s9 himself1 f :om we h quot$ ! above acc\nt ( ,l>omiguire1 %>es 9 ?is t5d5cy1 & has argu$ v en]getically & successfully aga9/ ! doctr9es ( ! ,s5sational ,s*ool4 ,he has made x 8 (fice once m to br+ into notice among 8 c\ntrym51 ! doctr9e ( ideas z ! s\rces ( k2 & has reviv$ ! /udy ( ,plato1 :o may /ill be consid]$ z "o ( ! great lead]s ( ! ideal s*ool4 ,b ! l>g] portion ( ,m4 ,c\s9's works ref]s to que/ions out ( ! rea* ( our pres5t review1 & x w\ld be unsuitable to dwell long] ^u !m 9 ?is place4 #g4 ,we turn to speculations m closely connect$ ) our pres5t subject4 ,m4 ,ampre1 a ,fr5* man ( sci5ce1 well entitl$ by 8 ext5sive k1 & l>ge & pr(\nd views1 to deal ) ! philosophy ( ! sci5ces1 publi%$ 9 #ahcd1 8 ,essai sur la ,philosophie des ,sci5ces1 ou ,exposition analytique d'une ,classification ,naturelle de t\tes les ,connaissances ,huma9es4 ,9 ?is rem>kable "w we see /rong evid5ce ( ! progress ( ! reaction aga9/ ! sy/em :i* d]ives our k f s5sation only4 ,! au?or />ts f a maxim1 t 9 class+ ! sci5ces1 we mu/ n only reg>d ! nature ( ! objects ab\t :i* ea* sci5ce is conc]n$1 b also ! po9t ( view "u :i* x consid]s !m3 t is1 ! ideas :i* ea* sci5ce involves4 ,m4 ,ampre also gives briefly 8 views ( ! intellectual con/itution ( man2 a subject on :i* he _h long & s$ul\sly employ$ 8 ?\ghts2 & ^! views are f> f belong+ to ! ,s5sational ,s*ool4 ,human ?\ght1 he says1 is compos$ ( ph5om5a & ( conceptions4 ,ph5om5a are ext]nal1 or s5sitive2 & int]nal1 or active4 ,conceptions are ( f\r k9ds2 primitive1 z space & motion1 duration & cause2 objective1 z our idea ( matt] & sub/ance2 onomatic1 or ^? :i* we associate ) ! g5]al t]ms :i* language pres5ts to u2 & explicative1 by :i* we asc5d to causes aft] a comp>ative /udy ( ph5om5a4 ,he tea*es fur!r1 t 9 d]iv+ ideas f s5sation1 ! m9d is n passive2 b ex]ts an action :i*1 :5 volunt>y1 is call$ att5tion1 b :5 x is1 z x (t5 is1 involunt>y1 may be t]m$ reaction4 ,i %all n dwell ^u ! exam9ation ( ^! op9ions#bdc2 b ,i may rem>k1 t bo? 9 ! recognition ( conceptions z an orig9al & ess5tial elem5t ( ! m9d1 & 9 giv+ a prom95t place to ! active function ( ! m9d1 9 ! orig9 ( our k1 ?is view approa*es to t :i* ,i h pres5t$ 9 prec$+ works2 al?\gh und\bt$ly ) consid]able diff]5ces4 #h4 ,! classification ( ! sci5ces :i* ,m4 ,ampre proposes1 is f\nd$ ^u a consid]ation ( ! sci5ces !mselves2 & is1 ! au?or conceives1 9 accordance ) ! conditions ( natural classifications1 z exhibit$ 9 ,botany & o!r sci5ces4 ,x is ( a m symmetrical k9d1 & exhibits m /eps ( subord9ation1 ?an t to :i* ,i h be5 l$2 x includes also practical ,art z well z !oretical ,sci5ce2 & x is ext5d$ to moral & political z well z physical ,sci5ces4 ,x w n be necess>y = me "h to exam9e x 9 detail3 b ,i may rem>k1 t x is ?r\gh\t a di*otom\s division1 ea* high] memb] be+ subdivid$ into two l[] ones1 & s on4 ,9 ?is way1 ,m4 ,ampre obta9s sci5ces ( ! ,fir/ ,ord]1 ea* ( :i* is divid$ into two sci5ces ( ! ,second1 & f\r ( ! ,?ird ,ord]4 ,?us ,me*anics is divid$ into ,c9ematics1 ,/atics1 ,dynamics1 & ,molecul> ,me*anics2 ,physics is divid$ into ,exp]im5tal ,physics1 ,*emi/ry1 ,/]eometry1 & ,atomology2 ,geology is divid$ into ,physical ,geography1 ,m9]alogy1 ,geonomy1 & ,!ory ( ! ,e>?4 ,)\t "h criticiz+ ^! divisions or _! pr9ciple1 ,i may obs]ve t ,c9ematics1 ! doctr9e ( motion )\t ref]5ce to ! =ce :i* produces x1 is a portion ( k :i* our inve/igation has l$ u also to see ! necessity ( erect+ into a sep>ate sci5ce2 & :i* we h t]m$ ,pure ,me*anism4 ,( ! divisions ( ,geology1 ,physical ,geography1 especially z expla9$ by ,m4 ,ampre1 is c]ta9ly a "p ( ! subject1 bo? important & tol]ably di/9ct f ! re/4 ,geonomy conta9s :at we h t]m$ 9 ! ,hi/ory1 ,descriptive ,geology2--! exhibition ( ! facts sep>ate f ! inquiry into _! causes2 :ile our ,physical ,geology agrees ) ,m4 ,ampre's ,!ory ( ! ,e>?4 ,m9]alogy appe>s to be plac$ by him 9 a diff]5t place f t :i* x occupies 9 our s*eme3 b 9 fact1 he uses ! t]m = a diff]5t sci5ce2 he applies x to ! classification n ( simple m9]als1 b ( rocks1 :i* is a sci5ce auxili>y to geology1 & :i* has sometimes be5 call$ ,petralogy4 ,:at we h t]m$ ,m9]alogy1 ,m4 ,ampre unites ) ,*emi/ry4 ,x belongs1 he says#bdd1 to ,*emi/ry1 & n to ,m9]alogy1 to inquire h[ _m atoms ( silicium & ( oxyg5 compose silica2 to tell u t its primitive =m is a rhomboh$ron ( c]ta9 angles1 t x is call$ qu>tz1 c42 leav+1 on "o h&1 to ,molecul> ,geometry ! task ( expla9+ ! diff]5t second>y =ms :i* may result f ! primitive =m2 & on ! o!r h&1 leav+ to ,m9]alogy ! (fice ( describ+ ! diff]5t v>ieties ( qu>tz1 & ! rocks 9 :i* !y occur1 accord+ z ! qu>tz is cry/alliz$1 transp>5t1 col\r$1 amorph\s1 solid1 or 9 s&4 ,b we may rem>k1 t by adopt+ ?is arrangem5t1 we sep>ate f ,m9]alogy almo/ all ! k1 & absolutely all ! g5]al k1 :i* books pr(ess+ to treat ( t sci5ce h usually conta9$4 ,! consid]ation ( ,m9]alogical ,classifications1 :i*1 z may be se5 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,sci5ce1 is s curi\s & in/ructive1 is =c$ into ! doma9 ( ,*emi/ry1 al?\gh _m ( ! p]sons :o figure 9 x 7 n at all prop]ly *emi/s4 ,& we lose1 9 ?is way1 ! advantage ( t peculi> (fice :i*1 9 our arrangem5t1 ,m9]alogy fills2 ( =m+ a rigor\s transition f ! sci5ces ( classification to ^? :i* consid] ! ma!matical prop]ties ( bodies2 & connect+ ! ext]nal *>act]s & ! int]nal con/itution ( bodies by means ( a sy/em ( important g5]al tru?s4 ,i conceive1 !re=e1 t our disposition ( ?is sci5ce1 & our mode ( apply+ ! "n1 are f> m conv5i5t ?an ^? ( ,m4 ,ampre4 #i4 ,we h se5 ! reaction aga9/ ! pure s5sational doctr9es op]at+ v p[]fully 9 ,engl& & 9 ,france4 ,b x 0 9 ,g]many t ^! doctr9es 7 mo/ decid$ly reject$2 & sy/ems 9 extreme opposition to ^! put =? ) confid5ce1 & receiv$ ) applause4 ,( ! au?ors :o gave ?is impulse to op9ions 9 t c\ntry1 ,kant 0 ! fir/1 & by f> ! mo/ important4 ,i h 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,ideas 7b4 iii4 c4 #c71 endeav\r$ to expla9 h[ he 0 ar\s$1 by ! skepticism ( ,hume1 to exam9e :]e9 ! fallacy lay :i* appe>$ to invalidate all reason+s f effect to cause2 & h[ ?is inquiry t]m9at$ 9 a conviction t ! f\ndations ( our reason+s on ?is & simil> po9ts 7 to be s\ght 9 ! m9d1 & n 9 ! ph5om5a2--9 ! subject1 & n 9 ! object4 ,! revolution 9 ! cu/om>y mode ( contemplat+ human k :i* ,kant's op9ions involv$1 0 mo/ complete4 ,he himself1 ) no small ju/ice1 comp>es#bde x ) ! *ange produc$ by ,cop]nicus's !ory ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,hi!rto1 he says1 m5 h assum$ t all our k mu/ be regulat$ by ! objects ( x2 yet all attempts to make out any?+ conc]n+ objects priori by means ( our conceptions1 7z = in/ance _! geometrical prop]ties7 mu/1 on ?is f\ndation1 be unavail+4 ,let u !n try :e!r we _c make out some?+ m 9 ! problems ( metaphysics1 by assum+ t objects mu/ be regulat$ by our k1 s9ce ?is agrees bett] ) t supposition1 :i* we are prompt$ to make1 t we c "k some?+ ( !m priori4 ,?is ?\ght is l t ( ,cop]nicus1 :o1 :5 he f\nd t no?+ 0 to be made ( ! ph5om5a ( ! heav5s s long z ev]y?+ 0 suppos$ to turn ab\t ! spectator1 tri$ :e!r ! matt] might n be bett] expla9$ if he made ! spectator turn1 & left ! />s at re/4 ,we may make ! same essay 9 metaphysics1 z to :at conc]ns our intuitive k respect+ objects4 ,if our appreh5sion ( objects mu/ be regulat$ by ! prop]ties ( ! objects1 ,i _c compreh5d h[ we c possibly "k any?+ ab\t !m priori4 ,b if ! object1 z appreh5d$ by u1 be regulat$ by ! con/itution ( our faculties ( appreh5sion1 ,i c readily conceive ?is possibility4 ,f ?is he inf]s t our exp]i5ce mu/ be regulat$ by our conceptions4 #aj4 ,?is view ( ! nature ( k soon sup]s$$ entirely ! doctr9es ( ! ,s5sational ,s*ool among ! metaphysicians ( ,g]many4 ,^! philosoph]s did n gradually modify & reject ! dogmas ( ,locke & ,condillac1 z 0 done 9 ,engl& & ,france#bdf2 nor did !y endeav\r to asc]ta9 ! ext5t ( ! empire ( ,ideas by a c>eful survey ( its sev]al prov9ces1 z we h be5 do+ 9 ?is s]ies ( works4 ,! ,g]man metaphysicians saw at once t ,ideas & ,?+s1 ! ,subjective & ! ,objective elem5ts ( our k1 71 by ,kant's sy/em1 br\ght into opposition & correlation1 z equally real & equally indisp5sable4 ,see+ ?is1 !y ru%$ at once to ! highe/ & mo/ difficult problem ( philosophy1--to det]m9e :at ?is correlation is2--to discov] h[ ,ideas & ,?+s are at ! same "t opposite & id5tical2--h[ ! _w1 :ile x is di/9ct f & indep5d5t ( u1 is yet1 z an object ( our k1 gov]n$ by ! conditions ( our ?\ghts4 ,! attempts to solve ?is problem1 tak5 9 ! wide/ s5se1 includ+ ! =ms :i* x assumes 9 ,morals1 ,politics1 ! ,arts1 & ,religion1 z well z 9 ! ,mat]ial ,sci5ces1 h1 s9ce t "t1 occupi$ ! mo/ pr(\nd speculators ( ,g]many2 & h giv5 rise to a numb] ( sy/ems1 :i*1 rapidly succe$+ ea* o!r1 h1 ea* 9 its day1 be5 look$ ^u z a complete solution ( ! problem4 ,to trace ! *>act]s ( ^! v>i\s sy/ems1 does n belong to ! bus9ess ( ! pres5t *apt]3 my task is end$ :5 ,i h %[n1 z ,i h n[ done1 h[ ! progress ( ?\ght 9 ! philosophical _w1 foll[$ f ! e>lie/ up to ! pres5t "t1 has l$ to t recognition ( ! co-exi/5ce & jo9t necessity ( ! two opposite elem5ts ( our k2 & :5 ,i h po9t$ out processes adapt$ to ! ext5sion ( our k1 :i* a true view ( its nature has sugge/$ or may sugge/4 ,! latt] portion ( ?is task occupies ! ,?ird ,book ( ! ,novum ,organon ,r5ovatum4 ,) reg>d to ! rec5t succession ( ,g]man sy/ems ( philosophy1 ,i %all add some?+ 9 a subsequ5t *apt]3 & ,i %all also v5ture to trace fur!r ?an ,i h yet done1 ! be>+ ( ! philosophy ( sci5ce ^u ! !ological view ( ! univ]se & ! moral & religi\s condition ( man4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bce3 ,see ,mr4 ,%>pe's ,essays4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,price's ,essays1 p4 #af4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,p4 #ah4 ,footnote #bch3 ,reid1 ,essays on ! ,p[]s ( ! ,human ,m9d1 iii4 #ca4 ,footnote #bci3 ,/ew>t1 ,outl9es ( ,moral ,phil4 p4 #ach4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,:ately1 ,polit4 ,econ4 p4 #gf4 ,footnote #bda3 ,c\s91 ,fragm5s ,philosophiques1 i4 #ec4 ,footnote #bdb3 ,ibid4 i4 #fg4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,see also ! vigor\s critique ( ,locke's ,essay1 by ,lemai/re1 ,soires de ,/4 ,pet]sb\rg4 ,footnote #bdd3 ,ampre1 ,essai1 p4 #baj4 ,footnote #bde3 ,kritik d] ,re95 ,v]nunft1 ,pref4 p4 xv4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,! s5sational sy/em nev] acquir$ 9 ,g]many ! asc5dancy :i* x obta9$ 9 ,engl& & ,france2 b ,i am compell$ "h to pass ov] ! hi/ory ( philosophy 9 ,g]many1 except s f> z x affects ourselves4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,fur!r ,,advance ,,( ,,! ,,s5sational ,,s*ool4 ,m4 ,,augu/e ,,comte4 ,i %all n[ take ! lib]ty ( notic+ ! views publi%$ by a contempor>y writ]2 n t x =ms "p ( my design to (f] any criticism ^u ! writ+s ( all ^? :o h treat$ ( ^? subjects on :i* we are n[ employ$2 b because we c m di/9ctly 9 ?is mann] po9t out ! contra/s & ultimate t5d5cies ( ! sev]al sy/ems ( op9ion :i* h come "u our survey3 & s9ce f among ^! sy/ems we h endeav\r$ to extract & secure ! portion ( tru? :i* rema9s 9 ea*1 & to reject ! re/1 we are l$ to po9t out ! errors on :i* our att5tion is ?us fix$1 9 rec5t z well z old] writ]s4 ,m4 ,augu/e ,comte publi%$ 9 #ahcj ! fir/1 & 9 #ahce ! second volume ( 8 ,c\rs de ,philosophie ,positive2 ( :i* ! aim is n mu* diff]5t f t ( ! pres5t "w1 s9ce z he /ates 7p4 viii47 su* a title z ! ,philosophy ( ! ,sci5ces w\ld describe a "p ( 8 object1 & w\ld be inappropriate only by exclud+ t portion 7n yet publi%$7 :i* ref]s to speculations conc]n+ social relations4 #a4 ,m4 ,comte on ,?ree ,/ates ( ,sci5ce4--,by employ+ ! t]m ,philosophie ,positive1 he wi%es to di/+ui% ! philosophy involv$ 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our sci5ces f ! previ\s =ms ( human k4 ,= accord+ to him1 ea* bran* ( k passes1 9 ! c\rse ( man's hi/ory1 ?r\gh ?ree diff]5t /ates2 x is fir/ !ological1 !n metaphysical1 !n positive4 ,by ! latt] t]m he implies a /ate :i* includes no?+ b g5]al repres5tations ( facts2--ph5om5a arrang$ accord+ to relations ( succession & resemblance4 ,?is positive philosophy rejects all inquiry aft] causes1 :i* inquiry he holds to be void ( s5se#bdg & inaccessible4 ,all su* conceptions belong to ! metaphysical /ate ( sci5ce :i* deals ) ab/ract =ces1 real entities1 & ! l4 ,/ill m completely does he reject1 z altoge!r antiquat$ & absurd1 ! !ological view ( ph5om5a4 ,inde$ he conceives#bdh t any "o's own consci\sness ( :at passes )9 himself is suffici5t to conv9ce him ( ! tru? ( ! law ( ! ?ree phases ?r\gh :i* k mu/ pass4 ,does n ea* ( u1 he says1 9 contemplat+ 8 own hi/ory1 recollect t he has be5 successively a !ologian 9 8 infancy1 a metaphysician 9 8 y\?1 & a physici/ 9 8 ripe age8 ,?is may easily be v]ifi$ = all m5 :o are up to ! level ( _! "t4 ,x is pla9 f su* /atem5ts1 & f ! :ole c\rse ( 8 "w1 t ,m4 ,comte holds1 9 _! mo/ rigor\s =m1 ! doctr9es to :i* ! speculations ( ,locke & 8 successors l$2 & :i* t5d$1 z we h se51 to ! exclusion ( all ideas except ^? ( numb] & resemblance4 ,z ,m4 ,comte refuses to admit into 8 philosophy ! fundam5tal idea ( ,cause1 he ( c\rse excludes mo/ ( ! o!r ideas1 :i* are1 z we endeav\r$ to %[1 ! f\ndations ( sci5ce2 su* z ! ideas ( ,m$ia by :i* second>y qualities are made kn[n to u2 ! ideas ( ,*emical ,attraction1 ( ,pol> ,=ces1 & ! l4 ,he w\ld r$uce all sci5ce to ! m]e expression ( laws ( ph5om5a1 express$ 9 =mul ( space1 "t1 & numb]2 & w\ld condemn z unmean+1 & z belong+ to an obsolete /ate ( sci5ce1 all endeav\rs to det]m9e ! causes ( ph5om5a1 or ev5 to ref] !m to any ( ! o!r ideas j m5tion$4 #b4 ,m4 ,comte rejects ! ,se>* ( ,causes4--,9 a previ\s "w#bdi ,i h %[n1 ,i tru/ decisively1 t x is ! g5u9e (fice ( sci5ce to inquire into ! causes z well z ! laws ( ph5om5a2--t su* an inquiry _c be avoid$2 & t x has be5 ! s\rce ( almo/ all ! sci5ce we possess4 ,i ne$ n "h repeat ! argum5ts !re urg$2 b ,i may make a rem>k or two ^u ,m4 ,comte's hypo!sis1 t all sci5ce is fir/ metaphysical & !n positive2 s9ce x is 9 virtue ( ?is hypo!sis t he rejects ! inve/igation ( causes1 z wor?y only ( ! infancy ( sci5ce4 ,all discussions conc]n+ ideas1 ,m4 ,comte w\ld condemn z metaphysical1 & w\ld consid] z m]e preludes to positive philosophy4 ,n[ ,i v5ture to ass]t1 on ! contr>y1 t discussions conc]n+ ideas1 & real discov]ies1 h 9 e sci5ce gone h& 9 h&4 ,!re is no sci5ce 9 :i* ! pret5d$ ord] ( ?+s c be po9t$ out4 ,!re is no sci5ce 9 :i* ! discov]ies ( ! laws ( ph5om5a1 :5 once begun1 h be5 c>ri$ on indep5d5tly ( discussions conc]n+ ideas4 ,!re is no sci5ce 9 :i* ! expression ( ! laws ( ph5om5a c at ?is "t disp5se ) ideas :i* h acquir$ _! place 9 sci5ce 9 virtue ( metaphysical consid]ations4 ,!re is no sci5ce 9 :i* ! mo/ active disquisitions conc]n+ ideas did n come aft]1 n be=e1 ! fir/ discov]y ( laws ( ph5om5a4 ,9 ,a/ronomy1 ! discov]y ( ! ph5om5al laws ( ! epicyclical motions ( ! heav5s l$ to assumptions ( ! metaphysical pr9ciple ( equable circul> motions3 ,kepl]'s discov]ies w\ld nev] h be5 made b = 8 metaphysical notions4 ,^! discov]ies ( ! laws ( ph5om5a did n lead imm$iately to ,newton's !ory1 because a c5tury ( metaphysical discussions 0 requisite z a prep>ation4 ,newton !n discov]$1 n m]ely a law ( ph5om5a1 b a cause2 & !re=e he 0 ! greate/ ( discov]]s4 ,! same is ! case 9 ,optics2 ! anci5ts possess$ "s %>e ( our k ( facts2 b m$dl$ little ) ! metaphysical reason+s ( ! subject4 ,9 mod]n times :5 m5 began to inquire into ! nature ( light1 !y soon ext5d$ _! k ( its laws4 ,:5 ?is s]ies ( discov]ies _h come to a pause1 a new s]ies ( brilliant discov]ies ( laws ( ph5om5a w5t on1 insep>ably connect$ ) a new s]ies ( views ( ! nature & cause ( light4 ,9 l mann]1 ! mo/ mod]n discov]ies 9 *emi/ry involve indisp5sably ! idea ( pol> =ces4 ,! metaphysics 79 ,m4 ,comte's s5se7 ( ea* subject advances 9 a p>allel l9e ) ! k ( physical laws4 ,! ,explication ( ,conceptions mu/ g on1 z we h already %[n1 at ! same rate z ! ,colligation ( ,facts4 ,m4 ,comte w say#bej t ,newton's discov]y ( gravitation only consi/s 9 exhibit+ ! a/ronomical ph5om5a ( ! univ]se z "o s+le fact "u diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,b ?is fact involves ! idea ( =ce1 t is1 ( cause4 ,& t ?is idea is n a m]e modification ( ! ideas ( "t & space1 we h %[n3 if x 7 s1 h[ c\ld x lead to ! axiom t attraction is mutual1 an indisp5sable "p ( ! ,newtonian !ory8 ,m4 ,comte says#bea t we d n "k :at attraction is1 s9ce we c only def9e x by id5tical phrases3 b ?is is j z true ( space1 or "t1 or motion2 & is 9 fact exactly ! *>act]i/ic ( a fundam5tal idea4 ,we d n obta9 su* ideas f def9itions1 b we possess !m n ! less truly because we _c def9e !m4 ,t ,m4 ,comte's hypo!sis is hi/orically false1 is obvi\s by su* examples z ,i h m5tion$4 ,metaphysical discussions h be5 ess5tial /eps 9 ! progress ( ea* sci5ce4 ,if we arbitr>ily reject all ^! portions ( sci5tific hi/ory z useless trifl+1 belong+ to ! fir/ rude attempts at k1 we %all n only di/ort ! progress ( ?+s1 b p]v]t ! pla9e/ facts4 ,( ?is we h an example 9 ,m4 ,comte's acc\nt ( ,kepl]'s me*anical speculations4 ,we h se51 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,physical ,a/ronomy1 t ,kepl]'s second law1 7t ! planets describe areas ab\t ! sun proportional to ! times17 0 prov$ by him1 by means ( calculations f\nd$ on ! obs]vations ( ,ty*o2 b t ! me*anical reason ( x 0 n assign$ till a lat] p]iod1 :5 x appe>$ z ! fir/ proposition ( ,newton's ,pr9cipia4 ,x is pla9 f ! writ+s ( ,kepl]1 t x 0 impossible = him to %[ h[ ?is law result$ f ! =ces :i* 7 9 action2 s9ce ! =ces :i* he consid]$ 7 n ^? t5d+ to ! c5tre1 :i* really det]m9e ! prop]ty 9 "q1 b =ces ex]t$ by ! sun 9 ! direction ( ! planet's motion1 )\t :i* =ces ,kepl] conceiv$ t ! motion c\ld n g on4 ,9 %ort1 ! /ate ( me*anical sci5ce 9 ,kepl]'s "t 0 su* t no demon/ration ( ! law c\ld be giv54 ,! t]ms 9 :i* su* a demon/ration mu/ be express$ _h n at t "t acquir$ a precise significance2 & x 0 9 virtue ( _m subsequ5t metaphysical discussions 7z ,m4 ,comte w\ld t]m !m7 t ^! t]ms became capable ( express+ s\nd me*anical reason+4 ,kepl] did inde$ pret5d to assign :at he call$ a physical pro( ( 8 law1 dep5d+ ^u ?is1 t ! sun's =ce is less at great] di/ances2 a condition :i* does n at all influ5ce ! result4 ,?us ,kepl]'s reason = 8 law proves no?+ b ! confusion ( ?\ght 9 :i* he 0 involv$ on su* subjects4 ,yet ,m4 ,comte assigns to ,kepl] ! cr$it ( hav+ prov$ ?is law by s\nd me*anical reason+1 z well z e/abli%$ x z a matt] ( fact#beb4 ,?is discov]y by ,kepl]1 he adds1 is ! m rem>kable1 inasmu* z x occurr$ be=e ! sci5ce ( dynamics _h really be5 creat$ by ,galileo4 ,we may rem>k t inasmu* z ,m4 ,comte p]ceiv$ ?is incongruity 9 ! facts z he /at$ !m1 x is ! m rem>kable t he did n exam9e !m m c>efully4 #c4 ,causes 9 ,physics4--,! condemnation ( ! inquiry into causes :i* is convey$ 9 ,m4 ,comte's notion ( ! ?ree /ages ( ,sci5ce1 he aga9 expresses m 9 detail1 9 /at+#bec :at he calls 8 ,fundam5tal !ory ( hypo!ses4 ,?is !ory is1 t we may employ hypo!ses 9 our natural philosophy1 b ^! hypo!ses mu/ always be su* z admit ( a positive v]ification4 ,we mu/ h no suppositions conc]n+ ! ag5ts by :i* effects are produc$4 ,all su* suppositions h an anti-sci5tific "*1 & c only imp$e ! real progress ( physics4 ,!re c be no use 9 ! e!rs & imag9>y fluids to :i* "s p]sons ref] ! ph5om5a ( heat1 light1 electricity & magnetism4 ,& 9 agreem5t ) ?is doctr9e1 ,m4 ,comte 9 8 acc\nt#bed ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,optics1 condemns1 z utt]ly unphilosophical & absurd1 bo? ! !ory ( emission & t ( undulation4 ,to ?is we reply1 t !ory ( "o k9d or o!r is indisp5sable to ! expression ( ! ph5om5a2 & t :5 ! laws are express$1 & app>5tly expla9$1 by means ( a !ory1 to =bid u to inquire :e!r x be really true or false1 is a p$antic & caprici\s limitation ( our k1 to :i* ! intellect ( man nei!r c nor %\ld submit4 ,if any "o holds ! adoption ( "o or o!r ( ^! !ories to be indiff]5t1 let him express ! laws ( ph5om5a ( diffraction 9 t]ms ( ! !ory ( emission#bee4 ,if any "o rejects ! doctr9e ( undulation1 let him po9t out "s o!r way ( connect+ d\ble refraction ) pol>ization4 ,& surely no man ( sci5ce w cont5d t ! beautiful bran* ( sci5ce :i* ref]s to t connexion is n a portion ( our positive k4 ,m4 ,comte's contempt = ! speculations ( ! undulationi/s seems to h prev5t$ 8 acqua9t+ himself ) _! reason+s1 & ev5 ) ! laws ( ph5om5a on :i* !y h reason$1 al?\gh ^! =m by f> ! mo/ /rik+ & beautiful addition :i* ,sci5ce has receiv$ 9 mod]n times4 ,he adduces1 z an insup]able objection to ! undulatory !ory1 a difficulty :i* is fully remov$ by calculation 9 e "w on ! subject3--! exi/5ce ( %ad[#bef4 ,he b>ely m5tions ! subject ( diffraction1 & ,"y's law ( int]f]5ces2--speaks ( ,fresnel z hav+ appli$ ?is pr9ciple to ! ph5om5a ( col\r$ r+s1 on :i* ! +5i\s lab\rs ( ,newton left mu* to desire2 z if ,fresnel's lab\rs on ?is subject _h be5 ! supplem5t ( ^? ( ,newton3 & aft] regrett+ t ?is pr9ciple ( int]f]5ces has n yet be5 di/9ctly dis5tangl$ f *emical conceptions on ! nature ( light1 concludes 8 *apt]4 ,he does n ev5 m5tion ! ph5om5a ( dipol>ization1 ( circul> & elliptical pol>ization1 or ( ! optical prop]ties ( cry/als2 discov]ies ( laws ( ph5om5a q z rem>kable z any :i* c be m5tion$4 ,m4 ,comte's fav\rite example ( physical rese>* is ,!rmotics1 & especially ,f\ri]'s rese>*es ) reg>d to heat4 ,x is %[n#beg 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,!rmotics1 t ! g5]al ph5om5a ( radiation requir$ ! assumption ( a fluid to express !m2 z appe>s 9 ! !ory ( ex*anges#beh4 ,& ! explanation ( ! pr9cipal laws ( radiation1 :i* ,f\ri] gives1 dep5ds ^u ! conception ( mat]ial molecul> radiation4 ,! flux ( caloric1 ( :i* ,f\ri] speaks1 _c be conceiv$ o!rwise ?an z imply+ a mat]ial fl[4 ,m4 ,comte apologizes#bei = ?is expression1 z too figurative1 & says t x m]ely indicates a fact4 ,b :at is ! fl[ ( a curr5t ( fluid except a fact8 ,& is x n evid5t t )\t su* expressions1 & ! ideas correspond+ to !m1 ,f\ri] c\ld nei!r h convey$ nor conceiv$ 8 !ory8 ,9 conclud+ ?is discussion x mu/ be recollect$1 t ?\gh x is a mo/ n>r[ & unt5able rule to say t we w admit no ag5cy ( e!rs & fluids into philosophy2 yet ! reality ( su* ag5ts is only to be held 9 ! way1 & to ! ext5t1 :i* ! laws ( ph5om5a indicate4 ,x is n only all[able1 b inevitable to assume1 z ! vehicle ( heat & light1 a m$ium possess+ "s ( ! prop]ties ( m famili> k9ds ( matt]4 ,b ! idea ( su* a m$ium1 :i* we possess1 & on :i* we _c b reason1 c be fully develop$ only by an assidu\s /udy ( ! cases 9 :i* x is applicable4 ,x may be1 t z sci5ce advances1 all our k may conv]ge to "o g5]al & s+le aspect ( ! univ]se4 ,we ab&on & reject ?is hope1 if we refuse to admit ^? ideas :i* mu/ be our /epp+-/ones 9 advanc+ to su* a po9t3 & we no less fru/rate su* an expectation1 if we all[ ourselves to imag9e t f our pres5t position we c /ride at once to ! summit4 #d4 ,causes 9 o!r ,sci5ces4--,b if x is1 9 ! sci5ces j m5tion$1 impracticable to r$uce our k to laws ( ph5om5a alone1 )\t ref]r+ to causes1 m$ia1 & o!r ag5cies2 h[ mu* m pla9ly is x impossible to conf9e our ?\ghts to ph5om5a1 & to laws ( succession & resemblance1 9 o!r sci5ces1 z *emi/ry1 physiology1 & geology8 ,:o %all =bid u1 or :y %\ld we be =bidd51 to inquire :e!r *emical & galvanic =ces are id5tical2 :e!r irritability is a peculi> vital p[]2 :e!r geological causes h be5 uni=m or p>oxysmal8 ,to exclude su* inquiries1 w\ld be to secure ourselves f ! poison ( error by ab/a9+ f ! banquet ( tru?3--x w\ld be to attempt to fe$ our m9ds ) ! meagre diet ( space & numb]1 because we may f9d too delightful a reli% 9 su* matt]s z cause & end1 symmetry & aff9ity1 organization & developm5t4 ,?us ,m4 ,comte's arrangem5t ( ! progress ( sci5ce z successively metaphysical & positive1 is contr>y to hi/ory 9 fact1 & contr>y to s\nd philosophy 9 pr9ciple4 ,nor is !re any bett] f\ndation = 8 /atem5t t !ological views are to be f\nd only 9 ! rude infant9e condition ( human k1 & vani% z sci5ce advances4 ,ev5 9 mat]ial sci5ces ?is is n ! case4 ,we h %[n 9 ! *apt] on ,f9al ,causes1 t physiologi/s h be5 direct$ 9 _! rem>ks by ! conviction ( a purpose 9 e "p ( ! /ructure ( animals2 & t ?is idea1 :i* _h its rise aft] ! fir/ obs]vations1 has gone on con/antly ga9+ /r5g? & cle>ness1 s t x is n[ ! basis ( a l>ge portion ( ! sci5ce4 ,we h se51 too1 9 ! ,book on ! paltiological sci5ces1 t ! rese>*es ( t class d by no means lead u to reject an orig9 ( ! s]ies ( ev5ts1 nor to suppose ?is orig9 to be includ$ 9 ! s]ies ( natural laws4 ,sci5ce has n at all %[n any reason = d5y+ ei!r ! creation or ! purpose ( ! univ]se4 ,?is is true ( ^? aspects ( ! univ]se :i* h become ! subjects ( rigor\s sci5ce3 b h[ small a portion ( ! :ole d !y =m6 ,especially h[ m9ute a proportion does our k be> to our ignorance1 if we admit into sci5ce1 z ,m4 ,comte advises1 only ! laws ( ph5om5a6 ,ev5 9 ! be/ explor$ fields ( sci5ce1 h[ few su* laws d we "k6 ,meteorology1 climate1 t]re/rial magnetism1 ! col\rs & o!r prop]ties ( bodies1 ! conditions ( musical & articulate s\nd1 & a ?\s& o!r facts ( physics1 are n def9$ by any kn[n laws4 ,9 physiology we may readily conv9ce ourselves h[ little we "k ( laws1 s9ce we c h>dly /udy "o species )\t discov]+ "s unguess$ prop]ty1 or apply ! microscope )\t see+ "s new /ructure 9 ! be/ kn[n organs4 ,& :5 we g on to social & moral & political matt]s1 we may well d\bt :e!r any "o s+le rigor\s rule ( ph5om5a has ev] be5 /at$1 al?\gh on su* subjects man's ideas h be5 busily & eag]ly work+ ev] s9ce 8 orig94 ,:at a wanton & baseless assumption x w\ld be1 !n1 to reject ^? sugge/ions ( a ,gov]nor ( ! univ]se :i* we d]ive f man's moral & spiritual nature1 & f ! in/itutions ( society1 because we fancy we see 9 ! small field ( our exi/+ positive k a t5d5cy to exclude !ological views6 ,because we c expla9 ! motion ( ! />s by a g5]al ,law :i* seems to imply no hyp]physical ag5cy1 & c trace a few m limit$ laws 9 o!r prop]ties ( matt]1 we are exhort$ to reject convictions irresi/ibly sugge/$ to u by our bodies & our s\ls1 by hi/ory & antiquities1 by consci5ce & human law4 #e4 ,m4 ,comte's practical philosophy4--,x is n m]ely z a speculative doctr9e t ,m4 ,comte urges ! necessity ( our ?us foll[+ ! guidance ( positive philosophy4 ,! fev]$ & revolution>y condition ( human society at pres5t arises1 accord+ to him#bfj1 f ! simultane\s employm5t ( ?ree k9ds ( philosophy radically incompatible2--!ological1 metaphysical1 & positive philosophy4 ,! rem$y = ! evil is to reject ! two =m]1 & to ref] ev]y?+ to t positive philosophy1 ( :i* ! de/9$ triumph _c be d\btful4 ,9 l mann]1 our ,european education#bfa1 /ill ess5tially !ological1 metaphysical1 & lit]>y1 mu/ be replac$ by a positive education1 suit$ to ! _s ( our epo*4 ,) ^! practical consequ5ces ( ,m4 ,comte's philosophy we are n "h conc]n$3 b ! notice ( !m may s]ve to %[ h[ entirely ! rejection ( ! !ological view p]vades 8 sy/em2 & h[ closely ?is rejection is connect$ ) ! pr9ciples :i* lead him also to reject ! fundam5tal ideas ( ! sci5ces z we h pres5t$ !m4 #f4 ,m4 ,comte on ,hypo!ses4--,9 ! detail ( ,m4 ,comte's "w1 ,i d n f9d any peculi> or novel rem>ks on ! induction by :i* ! sci5ces are =m$2 except we may notice1 z su*1 8 p]mission ( hypo!ses to ! inquir]1 already ref]r$ to4 ,!re c only be1 he says#bfb1 two g5]al modes fitt$ to reveal to u1 9 a direct & entirely rational mann]1 ! true law ( any ph5om5on2--ei!r ! imm$iate analysis ( ?is ph5om5on1 or its exact & evid5t relation to "s m ext5d$ law1 previ\sly e/abli%$2--9 a ^w1 induction1 or d$uction4 ,b bo? ^! ways w\ld c]ta9ly be insuffici5t1 ev5 ) reg>d to ! simple/ ph5om5on1 9 ! eyes ( any "o :o fully compreh5ds ! ess5tial difficulties ( ! intimate /udy ( nature1 if we did n (t5 beg9 by anticipat+ ! result1 & mak+ a provisory supposition1 at fir/ ess5tially conjectural1 ev5 ) respect to "s ( ! notions :i* con/itute ! f9al object ( inquiry4 ,h5ce ! introduction1 :i* is /rictly indisp5sable1 ( hypo!ses 9 natural philosophy4 ,we h already se5 t ! p]missio intellectus _h be5 notic$ z a requisite /ep 9 discov]y1 z long be=e z ! "t ( ,bacon4 #g4 ,m4 ,comte's ,classification ( ,sci5ces4--,i d n ?9k x necess>y to exam9e 9 detail ,m4 ,comte's views ( ! philosophy ( ! diff]5t sci5ces2 b x may illu/rate ! object ( ! pres5t "w1 to make a rem>k ^u 8 attempt to e/abli% a di/9ction betwe5 physical & *emical sci5ce4 ,?is di/9ction he makes to consi/ 9 ?ree po9ts#bfc2--t ,physics consid]s g5]al & ,*emi/ry special prop]ties2--t ,physics consid]s masses & ,*emi/ry molecules2--t 9 ,physics ! mode ( arrangem5t ( ! molecules rema9s con/ant1 :ile 9 ,*emi/ry ?is arrangem5t is necess>ily alt]$4 ,m4 ,comte h[ev] all[s t ^! l9es ( di/9ction are vague & insecure2 =1 among _m o!rs1 magnetism1 a special prop]ty1 belongs to physics1 & breaks d[n 8 fir/ crit]ion2 & molecul> attractions are a con/ant subject ( speculation 9 physics1 s t ! second di/9ction _c be insi/$ on4 ,to :i* we may add t ! great] portion ( *emi/ry does n att5d at all to ! arrangem5t ( ! molecules1 s t ! ?ird "* is q errone\s4 ,! real di/9ction ( ^! bran*es ( sci5ce is1 z we h se51 ! fundam5tal ideas :i* !y employ4 ,physics deals ) relations ( space1 "t1 & numb]1 m$ia1 & scales ( qualities1 accord+ to int5sity & o!r diff]5ces2 :ile *emi/ry has = its subject elem5ts & attractions z %[n 9 composition2 & pol>ity1 ?\gh 9 diff]5t s5ses1 belongs to bo?4 ,! failure ( ?is attempt ( ,m4 ,comte at di/+ui%+ ^! prov9ces ( sci5ce by _! objects1 may be look$ ^u z an illu/ration ( ! impossibility ( e/abli%+ a philosophy ( ! sci5ces on any o!r gr\nd ?an ! ideas :i* !y involve4 ,we h ?us trac$ to its extreme po9t1 s f> z ! nature ( sci5ce is conc]n$1 "o ( ^? two antagoni/ic op9ions1 ( :i* ! /ruggle began 9 ! outset ( philosophy1 & has cont9u$ dur+ ! :ole ( h] progress2--namely1 ! op9ions :i* respectively make our s5sations & our ideas ! orig9 ( our k4 ,! =m]1 if x be consi/5t ) itself1 mu/ consid] all k ( causes z impossible1 s9ce no s5sation c give u ! idea ( cause4 ,& :5 ?is op9ion is appli$ to sci5ce1 x r$uces x to ! m]e inve/igation ( laws ( ph5om5a1 accord+ to relations ( space1 "t1 & numb]4 ,i purposely ab/a91 z f> z possible1 f ! consid]ation ( ! o!r consequ5ces1 n /rictly belong+ to ! physical sci5ces1 :i* 7 drawn f ! doctr9e t all our ideas are only trans=m$ s5sations4 ,! mat]ialism1 ! a!ism1 ! s5suali/ morality1 ! an>*ical polity1 :i* "s ( ! disciples ( ! ,s5sational ,s*ool erect$ ^u ! fundam5tal dogmas ( _! sect1 d n belong to our pres5t subject1 & are matt]s too weighty to be treat$ ( z m]e accessories4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! above ,rem>ks 7 writt5 be=e ,i _h se5 ! ?ird volume ( ,m4 ,comte's "w1 or ! subsequ5t volumes4 ,b ,i d n f9d1 9 any?+ :i* ^? volumes conta91 any gr\nd = alt]+ :at ,i h writt54 ,inde$ !y are occupi$ altoge!r ) subjects :i* d n come )9 ! field ( my pres5t speculations4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bdg3 i4 p4 #ad4 ,footnote #bdh3 i4 p4 #g4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,sc4 b4 xi4 c4 vii4 ,footnote #bej3 ,p4 #ae4 ,footnote #bea3 ,p4 #af4 ,footnote #beb3 ,m4 ,comte's /atem5t is s entirely at v>iance ) ! fact t ,i mu/ quote x "h4 7,phil4 ,pos4 vol4 i4 p4 #gje47 ,le second ?orme gnral de dynamique consi/e dans le clbre et important pr9cipe des aires1 dont le premire ide e/ due ,kepl]1 qui dc\vrit et dmontra =te simplem5t cette proprit p\r le cas du m\vem5t d'une molecule unique1 ou en d'autres t]ms1 d'un corps dont t\s les po9ts se meuv5t id5tiquem5t4 ,kepl] tablit1 p> les considrations les plus lm5taires1 qui si la =ce acclratrice totale dont une molecule e/ anime t5d con/amm5t v]s un po9t fix1 le rayon vecteur du mobile dcrit aut\r de ce po9t des aires gales en temps egaux1 de telle sorte que l'aire dcrite au b\t d'un temps quelconque crot proportionellem5t ce temps4 ,il fit voir en outre que rciproquem5t1 si une semblable relation a t vrifie dans le m\vem5t d'un corps p> rapport un c]ta9 po9t1 c'e/ une preuve suffisante de l'action sur le corps d'un =ce dirige sans cesse v]s ce po9t4 ,!re is n a trace ( ! above propositions 9 ! "w ,de ,/ell ,m>tis1 :i* conta9s ,kepl]'s discov]y ( 8 law1 nor1 ,i am conv9c$1 9 any o!r ( ,kepl]'s works4 ,he is ev]y:]e con/ant to 8 conceptions ( ! magnetic virtue resid+ 9 ! sun1 by means ( :i* ! sun1 revolv+ on 8 axis1 c>ries ! planets r\nd ) him4 ,m4 ,comte's /atem5t s exactly expresses ,newton's propositions1 t "o is l$ to suspect "s extraord9>y mi/ake1 by :i* :at %\ld h be5 said ( ! "o 0 transf]r$ to ! o!r4 ,footnote #bec3 ,vol4 ii4 p4 #dcc4 ,footnote #bed3 ,vol4 ii4 #fdj4 ,footnote #bee3 ,i v5ture to (f] ?is problem2--to express ! laws ( ! ph5om5a ( diffraction )\t ! hypo!sis ( undulations2--z a *all5ge to any "o :o holds su* hypo!sis to be unphilosophical4 ,footnote #bef3 ii4 p4 #fda4 ,footnote #beg3 ii4 p4 #fgc4 ,footnote #beh3 ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,sc4 ii4 #dhi1 b4 x4 c4 i4 ,footnote #bei3 ii4 p4 #efa4 ,footnote #bfj3 i4 #ej4 ,footnote #bfa3 i4 #da4 ,footnote #bfb3 ii4 #dcc4 ,footnote #bfc3 ,phil4 ,pos4 ii4 #cib-cih4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,mr4 ,,mill',s ,,logic#bfd4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces 0 publi%$ 9 #ahcg1 & ! ,philosophy ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces 9 #ahdj4 ,9 #ahdc ,mr4 ,mill publi%$ 8 ,sy/em ( ,logic1 9 :i* he /ates t )\t ! aid d]iv$ f ! facts & ideas 9 my volumes1 ! correspond+ portion ( 8 own w\ld mo/ probably n h be5 writt51 & quotes p>ts ( :at ,i h said ) comm5dation4 ,he also1 h[ev]1 diss5ts f me on sev]al important & fundam5tal po9ts1 & argues aga9/ :at ,i h said !reon4 ,i conceive t x may t5d to br+ into a cle>] light ! doctr9es :i* ,i h tri$ to e/abli%1 & ! tru? ( !m1 if ,i discuss "s ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 u1 :i* ,i %all proce$ to d#bfe4 ,mr4 ,mill's "w has _h1 = a "w ( its ab/ruse "*1 a circulation s ext5sive1 & admir]s s num]\s & s f]v5t1 t x ne$s no comm5dation ( m9e4 ,b if my ma9 conc]n at pres5t _h n be5 ) ! po9ts 9 :i* ,mr4 ,mill diff]s f me1 ,i %\ld h _h great pleasure 9 po9t+ out passages1 ( :i* !re are _m1 9 :i* ,mr4 ,mill appe>s to me to h be5 v happy 9 promot+ or 9 express+ philosophical tru?4 ,!re is "o portion ( 8 "w inde$ :i* t5ds to give x an int]e/ ( a wid] k9d ?an belongs to t m]ely sci5tific tru? to :i* ,i purposely & resolutely conf9$ my speculations 9 ! works to :i* ,i h ref]r$4 ,mr4 ,mill has introduc$ into 8 "w a direct & ext5sive consid]ation ( ! modes ( deal+ ) moral & political z well z physical que/ions2 & ,i h no d\bt t ?is "p ( 8 book has1 = _m ( 8 read]s1 a m lively int]e/ ?an any o!r4 ,su* a compreh5sive s*eme seems to give to doctr9es respect+ sci5ce a value & a purpose :i* !y _c h1 s long z !y are re/rict$ to m]e mat]ial sci5ces4 ,i /ill reta9 ! op9ion1 h[ev]1 ^u :i* ,i =m]ly act$1 t ! philosophy ( sci5ce is to be extract$ f ! portions ( sci5ce :i* are univ]sally all[$ to be mo/ c]ta9ly e/abli%$1 & t ^? are ! physical sci5ces4 ,i am v f> f say+1 or ?9k+1 t !re is no su* ?+ z ,moral & ,political ,sci5ce1 or t no me?od c be sugge/$ = its promotion2 b ,i ?9k t by attempt+ at pres5t to include ! ,moral ,sci5ces 9 ! same =mul ) ! ,physical1 we op5 f> m controv]sies ?an we close2 & t 9 ! moral z 9 ! physical sci5ces1 ! fir/ /ep t[>ds %[+ h[ tru? is to be discov]$1 is to /udy "s portion ( x :i* is ass5t$ to s z to be beyond controv]sy4 #a4 ,:at is ,induction8--#a4 ,conf9+ myself1 !n1 to ! mat]ial sci5ces1 ,i %all proce$ to (f] my rem>ks on ,induction ) especial ref]5ce to ,mr4 ,mill's "w4 ,& 9 ord] t we may1 z ,i h said1 proce$ z intelligibly z possible1 let u beg9 by consid]+ :at we mean by ,induction1 z a mode ( obta9+ tru?2 & let u note :e!r !re is any diff]5ce betwe5 ,mr4 ,mill & me on ?is subject4 ,= ! purposes ( ! pres5t inquiry1 ,mr4 ,mill says 7i4 #cdgbff71 ,induction may be def9$ ! op]ation ( discov]+ & =m+ g5]al propositions3 mean+1 z appe>s by ! context1 ! discov]y ( !m f p>ticul> facts4 ,he else:]e 7i4 #cgj7 t]ms x g5]alization f exp]i5ce3 & aga9 he speaks ( x ) great] precision z ! inf]5ce ( a m g5]al proposition f less g5]al ones4 #b4 ,n[ to ^! def9itions & descriptions ,i ass5t z f> z !y g2 ?\gh1 z ,i %all h to rem>k1 !y appe> to me to leave unnotic$ a feature :i* is v important1 & :i* occurs 9 all cases ( ,induction1 s f> z we are conc]n$ ) x4 ,sci5ce1 !n1 consi/s ( g5]al propositions1 inf]r$ f p>ticul> facts1 or f less g5]al propositions1 by ,induction2 & x is our object to disc]n ! nature & laws ( ,induction 9 ?is s5se4 ,t ! propositions are g5]al1 or are m g5]al ?an ! facts f :i* !y are inf]r$1 is an indisp5sable "p ( ! notion ( ,induction1 & is ess5tial to any discussion ( ! process1 z ! mode ( arriv+ at ,sci5ce1 t is1 at a body ( g5]al tru?s4 #c4 ,i am oblig$ !re=e to diss5t f ,mr4 ,mill :5 he includes1 9 8 notion ( ,induction1 ! process by :i* we arrive at individual facts f o!r facts ( ! same ord] ( p>ticul>ity4 ,su* inf]5ce is1 at any rate1 n ,induction alone2 if x be ,induction at all1 x is ,induction appli$ to an example4 ,= in/ance1 x is a g5]al law1 obta9$ by ,induction f p>ticul> facts1 t a body fall+ v]tically d[nw>ds f re/1 describes spaces proportional to ! squ>es ( ! times4 ,b t a p>ticul> body w fall ?r\gh #af feet 9 "o second & #fd feet 9 two seconds1 is n an induction simply1 x is a result obta9$ by apply+ ! inductive law to a p>ticul> case4 ,b fur!r1 su* a process is (t5 n induction at all4 ,t a ball /rik+ ano!r ball directly w communicate to x z mu* mom5tum z ! /rik+ ball itself loses1 is a law e/abli%$ by induction3 b if1 f habit or practical skill1 ,i make "o billi>d-ball /rike ano!r1 s z to produce ! velocity :i* ,i wi%1 )\t kn[+ or ?9k+ ( ! g5]al law1 ! t]m ,induction _c !n be rightly appli$4 ,if ,i "k ! law & act ^u x1 ,i h 9 my m9d bo? ! g5]al induction & its p>ticul> application4 ,b if ,i act by ! ord9>y billi>d-play]'s skill1 )\t ?9k+ ( mom5tum or law1 !re is no ,induction 9 ! case4 #d4 ,?is di/9ction becomes ( importance1 9 ref]5ce to ,mr4 ,mill's doctr9e1 because he has ext5d$ 8 use ( ! t]m ,induction1 n only to ! cases 9 :i* ! g5]al induction is consci\sly appli$ to a p>ticul> in/ance2 b to ! cases 9 :i* ! p>ticul> in/ance is dealt ) by means ( exp]i5ce1 9 t rude s5se 9 :i* exp]i5ce c be ass]t$ ( brutes2 & 9 :i*1 ( c\rse1 we c 9 no way imag9e t ! law is possess$ or und]/ood1 z a g5]al proposition4 ,he has ?us1 z ,i conceive1 ov]look$ ! broad & ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 speculative k & practical action2 & has introduc$ cases :i* are q =eign to ! idea ( sci5ce1 alongside ) cases f :i* we may hope to obta9 "s views ( ! nature ( sci5ce & ! processes by :i* x mu/ be =m$4 #e4 ,?us 7ii4 #bcb7 he says1 ,?is inf]5ce ( "o p>ticul> fact f ano!r is a case ( induction4 ,x is ( ?is sort ( induction t brutes are capable4 ,& to ! same purpose he _h previ\sly said 7i4 #bea71 ,he ! burnt *ild :o %uns ! fire is n g5]aliz+3 he is inf]r+ a p>ticul> f p>ticul>s4 ,9 ! same way also1 brutes reason 444 n only ! burnt *ild1 b ! burnt dog1 dreads ! fire4 #f4 ,?is confusion1 7= su* x seems to me17 ( k ) practical t5d5cies1 is express$ m 9 detail 9 o!r places4 ,?us he says 7i4 #aah71 ,i _c dig ! gr\nd unless ,i h an idea ( ! gr\nd & ( a spade1 & ( all ! o!r ?+s ,i am op]at+ ^u4 #g4 ,?is appe>s to me to be a use ( words :i* c only t5d to confuse our idea ( k by oblit]at+ all t is di/9ctive 9 human k4 ,x seems to me q false to say t ,i _c dig ! gr\nd1 unless ,i h an idea ( ! gr\nd & ( my spade4 ,are we to say t we _c walk ! gr\nd1 unless we h an idea ( ! gr\nd1 & ( our feet1 & ( our %oes1 & ( ! muscles ( our legs8 ,are we to say t a mole _c dig ! gr\nd1 unless he has an idea ( ! gr\nd & ( ! sn\t & paws ) :i* he digs x8 ,are we to say t a pholas _c p]=ate a rock1 unless he h an idea ( ! rock1 & ( ! acid ) :i* he corrodes x8 #h4 ,?is appe>s to me1 z ,i h said1 to be a l9e ( speculation :i* c lead to no?+ b confusion4 ,! k conc]n+ :i* ,i wi% to inquire is human k4 ,& 9 ord] t ,i may h any *ance ( success 9 ! inquiry1 ,i f9d x necess>y to s+le out t k9d ( k :i* is especially & di/9ctively human4 ,h5ce1 ,i pass by1 9 ?is "p ( my inve/igation1 all ! k1 if x is to be s call$1 :i* man has 9 no o!r way ?an brutes h x2--all t m]ely %[s itself 9 action4 ,= ?\gh action may be modifi$ by habit1 & habit by exp]i5ce1 9 animals z well z 9 m51 su* exp]i5ce1 s long z x reta9s t m]ely practical =m1 is no "p ( ! mat]ials ( sci5ce4 ,k 9 a g5]al =m1 is alone k = t purpose2 & to t1 !re=e1 ,i mu/ conf9e my att5tion2 at lea/ till ,i h made "s progress 9 asc]ta9+ its nature & laws1 & am ?us prep>$ to comp>e su* k1--human k prop]ly s call$1--) m]e animal t5d5cies to action2 or ev5 ) practical skill :i* does n include1 z = ! mo/ "p practical skill does n include1 speculative k4 #i4 ,& ?us1 ,i accept ,mr4 ,mill's def9ition ( ,induction only 9 its fir/ & l>ge/ =m2 & reject1 z useless & mis*iev\s = our purposes1 8 ext5sion ( ! t]m to ! practical influ5ce :i* exp]i5ce ( "o fact ex]cises ^u a creature deal+ ) simil> facts4 ,su* influ5ce _c be resolv$ into ideas & induction1 )\t1 z ,i conceive1 mak+ all our subsequ5t inve/igation vague & het]og5e\s1 indef9ite & inconclusive4 ,if we mu/ speak ( animals z le>n+ f exp]i5ce1 we may at lea/ ab/a9 f apply+ to !m t]ms :i* imply t !y le>n1 9 ! same way 9 :i* m5 le>n a/ronomy f ! />s1 & *emi/ry f ! effects ( mixture & heat4 ,& ! same may be said ( ! language :i* is to be us$ conc]n+ :at m5 le>n1 :5 _! le>n+ m]ely %[s itself 9 action1 & does n exi/ z a g5]al ?\ght4 ,induction mu/ n be appli$ to su* cases4 ,induction mu/ be conf9$ to cases :]e we h 9 our m9ds g5]al propositions1 9 ord] t ! sci5ces1 :i* are our mo/ in/ructive examples ( ! process we h to consid]1 may be1 9 any def9ite & prop] s5se1 ,inductive ,sci5ces4 #aj4 ,p]haps "s p]sons may be incl9$ to say t ?is diff]5ce ( op9ion1 z to ! ext5t ( mean+ :i* is to be giv5 to ! t]m ,induction1 is a "q m]ely ( words2 a matt] ( def9ition only4 ,?is is a mode 9 :i* m5 9 our "t (t5 seem incl9$ to dispose ( philosophical que/ions2 ?us evad+ ! task ( =m+ an op9ion ^u su* que/ions1 :ile !y reta9 ! air ( look+ at ! subject f a m compreh5sive po9t ( view4 ,b z ,i h else:]e said1 su* que/ions ( def9ition are nev] que/ions ( def9ition m]ely4 ,a proposition is always impli$ along ) ! def9ition2 & ! tru? ( ! proposition dep5ds ^u ! settlem5t ( ! def9ition4 ,?is is ! case 9 ! pres5t in/ance4 ,we are speak+ ( ,induction1 & we mean t k9d ( ,induction by :i* ! sci5ces n[ exi/+ among m5 h be5 con/ruct$4 ,on ?is acc\nt x is1 t we _c include1 9 ! mean+ ( ! t]m1 m]e practical t5d5cies or practical habits2 = sci5ce is n con/ruct$ ( ^!4 ,no accumulation ( ^! w\ld make up any ( ! ackn[l$g$ sci5ces4 ,! elem5ts ( su* sci5ces are some?+ ( a k9d diff]5t f practical habits4 ,! elem5ts ( su* sci5ces are pr9ciples :i* we "k2 tru?s :i* c be contemplat$ z be+ true4 ,practical habits1 practical skill1 in/9cts & ! l1 appe> 9 action1 & 9 action only4 ,su* end[m5ts or acquirem5ts %[ !mselves :5 ! occasion = action arrives1 & !n1 %[ !mselves 9 ! act2 )\t be+ put1 or be+ capable ( be+ put1 9 ! =m ( tru?s contemplat$ by ! intellect4 ,b ! elem5ts & mat]ials ( ,sci5ce are necess>y tru?s contemplat$ by ! intellect4 ,x is by consi/+ ( su* elem5ts & su* mat]ials1 t ,sci5ce is ,sci5ce4 ,h5ce a use ( ! t]m ,induction :i* requires u to oblit]ate ?is di/9ction1 mu/ make x impossible = u to arrive at any consi/5t & intelligible view ( ! nature ( ,sci5ce1 & ( ! m5tal process by :i* ,sci5ces come into be+4 ,we mu/1 = ! purpose :i* ,mr4 ,mill & ,i h 9 common1 reta9 8 l>g] & m philosophical def9ition ( ,induction1--t x is ! inf]5ce ( a m g5]al proposition f less g5]al ones4 #aa4 ,p]haps1 aga91 "s p]sons may say1 t practical skill & practical exp]i5ce lead to sci5ce1 & may !re=e be includ$ 9 ! t]m ,induction1 :i* describes ! =mation ( sci5ce4 ,b to ?is we reply1 t ^! ?+s lead to sci5ce z occasions only1 & d n =m "p ( sci5ce2 & t sci5ce beg9s !n only :5 we look at ! facts 9 a g5]al po9t ( view4 ,?is di/9ction is ess5tial to ! philosophy ( sci5ce4 ,! rope-danc] may1 by 8 p]=mances1 sugge/1 to himself or to o!rs1 prop]ties ( ! c5t] ( gravity2 b ?is is s1 because man has a t5d5cy to speculate & to ?9k ( g5]al tru?s1 z well z a t5d5cy to dance on a rope on special occasions1 & to acquire skill 9 su* danc+ by practice4 ,! rope-danc] does n dance by ,induction1 any m ?an ! danc+ dog does4 ,to apply ! t]ms ,sci5ce & ,induction to su* cases1 c>ries u into ! regions ( metaphor2 z :5 we call birds ( passage wise meteorologi/s1 or ! bee a natural *emi/1 :o turns ! fl[]-du/ into honey4 ,?is is v well 9 poetry3 b = our purposes we mu/ avoid recogniz+ ^! cases z really belong+ to ! sci5ces ( meteorology & *emi/ry1--z really cases ( ,induction4 ,induction = u is g5]al propositions1 contemplat$ z su*1 d]iv$ f p>ticul>s4 ,sci5ce may result f exp]i5ce & obs]vation by ,induction2 b ,induction is n !re=e ! same ?+ z exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,induction is exp]i5ce or obs]vation consci\sly look$ at 9 a g5]al =m4 ,?is consci\sness & g5]ality are necess>y p>ts ( t k :i* is sci5ce4 ,& accord+ly1 on ! o!r h&1 sci5ce _c result f m]e ,in/9ct1 z di/+ui%$ f ,reason2 because ,in/9ct by its nature is n consci\s & g5]al1 b op]ates bl9dly & unconsci\sly 9 p>ticul> cases1 ! actor n see+ or ?9k+ ( ! rule :i* he obeys4 #ab4 ,a little fur!r on ,i %all endeav\r to %[ t n only a g5]al ?\ght1 b a g5]al ^w or phrase is a requisite elem5t 9 ,induction4 ,?is doctr9e1 ( c\rse1 /ill m decid$ly excludes ! case ( animals1 & ( m]e practical k 9 man4 ,a burnt *ild dreads ! fire2 b reason mu/ be unfold$1 be=e ! *ild le>ns to und]/& ! words fire w hurt y4 ,! burnt dog nev] ?us le>ns to und]/& words4 ,& ?is diff]5ce po9ts to an entirely diff]5t /ate ( ?\ght 9 ! two cases3 or r1 to a diff]5ce betwe5 a /ate ( rational ?\ght on ! "o h&1 & ( m]e practical in/9ct on ! o!r4 #ac4 ,besides ?is diff]5ce ( speculative ?\ght & practical in/9ct :i* ?us are1 z appe>s to me1 conf\nd$ 9 ,mr4 ,mill's philosophy1 9 su* a way z t5ds to de/roy all coh]5t views ( human k1 !re is ano!r set ( cases to :i* ,mr4 ,mill applies ! t]m ,induction1 & to :i* x appe>s to me to be altoge!r inapplicable4 ,he employs x to describe ! mode 9 :i* sup]/iti\s m51 9 ignorant ages1 7 l$ to ! op9ion t /rik+ natural ev5ts presag$ or accompani$ calamities4 ,?us he says 7i4 #chi71 ,! op9ion s long preval5t t a comet or any o!r unusual appe>ance 9 ! heav5ly regions 0 ! precursor ( calamities to mank9d1 or at lea/ to ^? :o witness$ x2 ! belief 9 ! oracles ( ,delphi & ,dodona2 ! reliance on a/rology1 or on ! wea!r-prophecies 9 almanacs2 7 d\btless inductions suppos$ to be gr\nd$ on exp]i5ce2 & he speaks ( ^! insuffici5t inductions be+ ext+ui%$ by ! /rong] inductions subsequ5tly obta9$ by sci5tific inquiry4 ,& 9 l mann]1 he says 9 ano!r place 7i4 #cfg71 ,let u n[ comp>e diff]5t pr$ictions3 ! fir/1 t eclipses w occur :5ev] "o planet or satellite is s situat$ z to ca/ its %ad[ ^u ano!r3 ! second1 t !y w occur :5ev] "s great calamity is imp5d+ ov] mank9d4 #ad4 ,n[ ,i _c see h[ any?+ b confusion c arise f apply+ ! t]m ,induction to sup]/iti\s fancies l ^? "h m5tion$4 ,!y are n imp]fect tru?s1 b entire falsehoods4 ,( t1 ,mr4 ,mill & ,i are agre$3 h[ !n c !y exemplify ! progress t[>ds tru?8 ,!y 7 n collect$ f ! facts by seek+ a law ( _! occurr5ce2 b 7 sugge/$ by an imag9ation ( ! ang] ( sup]ior p[]s %[n by su* deviations f ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature4 ,if we are to speak ( inductions to any purpose1 !y mu/ be su* inductions z repres5t ! facts1 9 "s degree at lea/4 ,x is n meant1 ,i presume1 t ^! op9ions are 9 any degree true3 to :at purpose !n are !y adduc$8 ,if ,i 7 to hold t my dreams pr$ict or con=m to ! motions ( ! />s or ( ! cl\ds1 w\ld ?is be an induction8 ,x w\ld be s1 z mu* "o z ^? "h s d5om9at$3 yet :at b confusion c\ld arise f class+ x among sci5tific tru?s8 ,mr4 ,mill himself has expla9$ 7ii4 #chi7 ! way 9 :i* su* delusions z ! prophecies ( almanac-mak]s1 & ! l1 obta9 cr$5ce2 namely1 by ! great] effect :i* ! positive in/ances produce on ord9>y m9ds 9 comp>ison ) ! negative1 :5 ! rule has once tak5 possession ( _! ?\ghts4 ,& ?is be+1 z he says1 ! recogniz$ explanation ( su* cases1 :y %\ld we n leave !m to _! due place1 & n conf\nd & p]plex ! :ole ( our inve/igation by elevat+ !m to ! rank ( inductions8 ,! v condemnation ( su* op9ions is t !y are n at all inductive4 ,:5 we h made any progress 9 our inve/igation ( ! nature ( sci5ce1 to attempt to drive u back to ! we>isome discussion ( su* elem5t>y po9ts z ^!1 is to make progress hopeless4 ,,ii4 ,induction or ,description8--#ae4 ,9 ! cases hi!rto notic$1 ,mr4 ,mill ext5ds ! t]m ,induction1 z ,i ?9k1 too widely1 & applies x to cases to :i* x is n rightly applicable4 ,i h n[ to notice a case ( an opposite k9d1 9 :i* he does n apply x :]e ,i d1 & condemns me = us+ x 9 su* a case4 ,i _h spok5 ( ,kepl]'s discov]y ( ! ,law1 t ! planets move r\nd ! sun 9 ellipses1 z an example ( ,induction4 ,! sep>ate facts ( any planet 7,m>s1 = in/ance17 be+ 9 c]ta9 places at c]ta9 times1 are all includ$ 9 ! g5]al proposition :i* ,kepl] discov]$1 t ,m>s describes an ellipse ( a c]ta9 =m & position4 ,?is appe>s to me a v simple b a v di/9ct example ( ! op]ation ( discov]+ g5]al propositions2 g5]al1 t is1 ) ref]5ce to p>ticul> facts2 :i* op]ation ,mr4 ,mill1 z well z myself1 says is ,induction4 ,b ,mr4 ,mill d5ies ?is op]ation 9 ?is case to be ,induction at all 7i4 #ceg74 ,i %\ld n h be5 prep>$ = ?is d5ial by ! previ\s p>ts ( ,mr4 ,mill's book1 = he _h said j be=e 7i4 #cej71 su* facts z ! magnitudes ( ! bodies ( ! sol> sy/em1 _! di/ances f ea* o!r1 ! figure ( ! e>? & its rotation 444 are prov$ indirectly1 by ! aid ( inductions f\nd$ on o!r facts :i* we c m easily rea*4 ,if ! figure ( ! e>? & its rotation are prov$ by ,induction1 x seems v /range1 & is to me q incompreh5sible1 h[ ! figure ( ! e>?'s orbit & its revolution 7& ( c\rse1 ( ! figure ( ,m>s's orbit & 8 revolution 9 l mann]17 are n also prov$ by ,induction4 ,no1 says ,mr4 ,mill1 ,kepl]1 9 putt+ toge!r a numb] ( places ( ! planet into "o figure1 only p]=m$ an act ( description4 ,?is descriptive op]ation1 he adds 7i4 #cei71 ,mr4 ,:ewell1 by an aptly *os5 expression1 has t]m$ ,colligation ( ,facts4 ,he goes on to comm5d my obs]vations conc]n+ ?is process1 b says t1 accord+ to ! old & receiv$ mean+ ( ! t]m1 x is n ,induction at all4 #af4 ,n[ ,i h already %[n t ,mr4 ,mill himself1 a few pages e>li]1 _h appli$ ! t]m ,induction to cases undi/+ui%able f ?is 9 any ess5tial circum/ance4 ,& ev5 9 ?is case1 he all[s t ,kepl] did really p]=m an act ( ,induction 7i4 #ceh71 namely1 9 conclud+ t1 because ! obs]v$ places ( ,m>s 7 correctly repres5t$ by po9ts 9 an imag9>y ellipse1 !re=e ,m>s w\ld cont9ue to revolve 9 t same ellipse2 & ev5 9 conclud+ t ! position ( ! planet dur+ ! "t :i* _h int]v5$ betwe5 ! two obs]vations mu/ h co9cid$ ) ! int]m$iate po9ts ( ! curve4 ,( c\rse1 9 ,kepl]'s ,induction1 ( :i* ,i speak1 ,i include all ?is2 all ?is is includ$ 9 speak+ ( ! orbit ( ,m>s3 a cont9u\s l9e1 a p]iodical motion1 are impli$ 9 ! t]m orbit4 ,i am unable to see :at w\ld rema9 ( ,kepl]'s discov]y1 if we take f x ^! conditions4 ,x w\ld n only n be an induction1 b x w\ld n be a description1 = x w\ld n recognize t ,m>s mov$ 9 an orbit4 ,are p>ticul> positions to be conceiv$ z po9ts 9 a curve1 )\t ?9k+ ( ! int]m$iate positions z belong+ to ! same curve8 ,if s1 !re is no law at all1 & ! facts are n b\nd toge!r by any intelligible tie4 ,9 ano!r place 7ii4 #bji7 ,mr4 ,mill returns to 8 di/9ction ( ,description & ,induction2 b )\t ?r[+ any additional light ^u x1 s f> z ,i c see4 #ag4 ,! only mean+ :i* ,i c discov] 9 ?is attempt$ di/9ction ( ,description & ,induction is1 t :5 p>ticul> facts are b\nd toge!r by _! relation 9 space1 ,mr4 ,mill calls ! discov]y ( ! connexion ,description1 b :5 !y are connect$ by o!r g5]al relations1 z "t1 cause & ! l1 ,mr4 ,mill t]ms ! discov]y ( ! connexion ,induction4 ,& ?is way ( mak+ a di/9ction1 w\ld fall 9 ) ! doctr9e ( o!r p>ts ( ,mr4 ,mill's book1 9 :i* he ascribes v peculi> attributes to space & its relations1 9 comp>ison ) o!r ,ideas1 7z ,i %\ld call !m74 ,b ,i _c see any gr\nd = ?is di/9ction1 ( connexion accord+ to space & o!r connexions ( facts4 ,to /& ^u su* a di/9ction1 appe>s to me to be ! way to miss ! g5]al laws ( ! =mation ( sci5ce4 ,= example3 ,! anci5ts discov]$ t ! planets revolv$ 9 recurr+ p]iods1 & ?us connect$ ! obs]vations ( _! motions accord+ to ! ,idea ( ,"t4 ,kepl] discov]$ t !y revolv$ 9 ellipses1 & ?us connect$ ! obs]vations accord+ to ! ,idea ( ,space4 ,newton discov]$ t !y revolv$ 9 virtue ( ! ,sun's attraction1 & ?us connect$ ! motions accord+ to ! ,idea ( ,=ce4 ,! fir/ & ?ird ( ^! discov]ies are recogniz$ on all h&s z processes ( ,induction4 ,:y is ! second to be call$ by a diff]5t "n8 or :at b confusion & p]plexity c arise f refus+ to class x ) ! o!r two8 ,x is1 y say1 ,description4 ,b su* ,description is a k9d ( ,induction1 & mu/ be spok5 ( z ,induction1 if we are to speak ( ,induction z ! process by :i* ,sci5ce is =m$3 = ! ?ree /eps are all1 ! second 9 ! same s5se z ! fir/ & ?ird1 9 co-ord9ation ) !m1 /eps 9 ! =mation ( a/ronomical sci5ce4 #ah4 ,b1 says ,mr4 ,mill 7i4 #cfc71 x is a fact surely t ! planet does describe an ellipse1 & a fact :i* we c\ld see if we _h adequate visual organs & a suitable position4 ,to ?is ,i %\ld reply3 ,let x be s2 & x is a fact1 surely1 t ! planet does move p]iodically3 x is a fact1 surely1 t ! planet is attract$ by ! sun4 ,/ill1 !re=e1 ! ass]t$ di/9ction fails to f9d a gr\nd4 ,p]haps ,mr4 ,mill w\ld rem9d u t ! elliptical =m ( ! orbit is a fact :i* we c\ld see if we _h adequate visual organs & a suitable position3 b t =ce is a ?+ :i* we _c see4 ,b ?is di/9ction also w n be> h&l+4 ,c we n see a tree bl[n d[n by a /orm1 or a rock bl[n up by gunp[d]8 ,d we n "h see =ce3--see x1 t is1 by its effects1 ! only way 9 :i* we ne$ to see x 9 ! case ( a planet1 = ! purposes ( our argum5t8 ,are n su* op]ations ( =ce1 ,facts :i* may be ! objects ( s5se8 & is n ! op]ation ( ! sun's ,=ce a ,fact ( ! same k9d1 j z mu* z ! elliptical =m ( orbit :i* results f ! action8 ,if ! latt] be surely a ,fact1 ! =m] is a ,fact no less surely4 #ai4 ,9 tru?1 z ,i h repeat$ly _h occasion to rem>k1 all attempts to frame an argum5t by ! exclusive or emphatic appropriation ( ! t]m ,fact to p>ticul> cases1 are necess>ily illusory & inconclusive4 ,!re is no def9ite & /able di/9ction betwe5 ,facts & ,!ories2 ,facts & ,laws2 ,facts & ,inductions4 ,inductions1 ,laws1 ,!ories1 :i* are true1 are ,facts4 ,facts involve ,inductions4 ,x is a fact t ! moon is attract$ by ! e>?1 j z mu* z x is a ,fact t an apple falls f a tree4 ,t ! =m] fact is collect$ by a m di/9ct & consci\s ,induction1 does n make x ! less a ,fact4 ,t ! orbit ( ,m>s is a ,fact--a true ,description ( ! pa?--does n make x ! less a case ( ,induction4 #bj4 ,!re is ano!r argum5t :i* ,mr4 ,mill employs 9 ord] to %[ t !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 m]e colligation :i* is description1 & induction 9 ! m prop] s5se ( ! t]m4 ,he notices ) comm5dation a rem>k :i* ,i _h made 7i4 #cfd71 t at diff]5t /ages ( ! progress ( sci5ce ! facts _h be5 successfully connect$ by means ( v diff]5t conceptions1 :ile yet ! lat] conceptions h n contradict$1 b includ$1 s f> z !y 7 true1 ! e>li]3 ?us ! anci5t ,greek repres5tation ( ! motions ( ! planets by means ( epicycles & ecc5trics1 0 to a c]ta9 degree ( accuracy true1 & is n negativ$1 ?\gh sup]s$$1 by ! mod]n repres5tation ( ! planets z describ+ ellipses r\nd ! sun4 ,& he !n reasons t ?is1 :i* is ?us true ( ,descriptions1 _c be true ( ,inductions4 ,he says 7i4 #cfg71 ,diff]5t descriptions !re=e may be all true3 b surely n diff]5t explanations4 ,he !n notices ! v>i\s explanations ( ! motions ( ! planets--! anci5t doctr9e t !y are mov$ by an inh]5t virtue2 ! ,c>tesian doctr9e t !y are mov$ by impulse & by vortices2 ! ,newtonian doctr9e t !y are gov]n$ by a c5tral =ce2 & he adds1 ,c x be said ( ^!1 z 0 said ( ! diff]5t descriptions1 t !y are all true z f> z !y g8 ,is x n true t "o only c be true 9 any degree1 & t ! o!r two mu/ be altoge!r false8 #ba4 ,& to ?is que/ion+1 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce compels me to reply v di/9ctly & positively1 9 ! way :i* ,mr4 ,mill appe>s to ?9k extravagant & absurd4 ,i am oblig$ to say1 ,und\bt$ly1 all ^! explanations may be true & consi/5t ) ea* o!r1 & w\ld be s if ea* _h be5 foll[$ out s z to %[ 9 :at mann] x c\ld be made consi/5t ) ! facts4 ,& ?is 01 9 reality1 9 a great measure done#bfg4 ,! doctr9e t ! heav5ly bodies 7 mov$ by vortices 0 successively modifi$1 s t x came to co9cide 9 its results ) ! doctr9e ( an inv]se-quadratic c5tripetal =ce1 z ,i h rem>k$ 9 ! ,hi/ory#bfh4 ,:5 ?is po9t 0 rea*$1 ! vortex 0 m]ely a ma*9]y1 well or ill devis$1 = produc+ su* a c5tripetal =ce1 & !re=e did n contradict ! doctr9e ( a c5tripetal =ce4 ,newton himself does n appe> to h be5 av]se to expla9+ gravity by impulse4 ,s little is x true t if ! "o !ory be true ! o!r mu/ be false4 ,! attempt to expla9 gravity by ! impulse ( /reams ( p>ticles fl[+ ?r\gh ! univ]se 9 all directions1 :i* ,i h m5tion$ 9 ! ,philosophy#bfi s f> f be+ inconsi/5t ) ! ,newtonian !ory1 t x is f\nd$ entirely ^u x4 ,& ev5 ) reg>d to ! doctr9e1 t ! heav5ly bodies move by an inh]5t virtue2 if ?is doctr9e _h be5 ma9ta9$ 9 any su* way t x 0 br\ght to agree ) ! facts1 ! inh]5t virtue mu/ h _h its laws det]m9$2 & !n1 x w\ld h be5 f\nd t ! virtue _h a ref]5ce to ! c5tral body2 & s1 ! inh]5t virtue mu/ h co9cid$ 9 its effect ) ! ,newtonian =ce2 & !n1 ! two explanations w\ld agree1 except s f> z ! ^w inh]5t 0 conc]n$4 ,& if su* a "p ( an e>li] !ory z ?is ^w inh]5t indicates1 is f\nd to be unt5able1 x is ( c\rse reject$ 9 ! transition to lat] & m exact !ories1 9 ,inductions ( ?is k9d1 z well z 9 :at ,mr4 ,mill calls ,descriptions4 ,!re is !re=e /ill no validity discov]able 9 ! di/9ction :i* ,mr4 ,mill attempts to draw betwe5 descriptions l ,kepl]'s law ( elliptical orbits1 & o!r examples ( induction4 #bb4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,mill goes on to comp>e :at he calls diff]5t pr$ictions--! fir/1 ! true explanation ( eclipses by ! %ad[s :i* ! planets & satellites ca/ ^u "o ano!r1 & ! o!r1 ! belief t !y w occur :5ev] "s great calamity is imp5d+ ov] mank9d1 ,i mu/ reply1 z ,i h /at$ already1 7,art4 #ag71 t to class su* sup]/itions z ! la/ ) cases ( ,induction1 appe>s to me to conf\nd all use ( words1 & to prev5t1 z f> z x goes1 all pr(itable ex]cise ( ?\ght4 ,:at possible advantage c result f comp>+ 7z if !y 7 alike7 ! relation ( two descriptions ( a ph5om5on1 ea* to a c]ta9 ext5t true1 & !re=e bo? consi/5t1 ) ! relation ( a sci5tific tru? to a false & baseless sup]/ition8 #bc4 ,b ,i may make ano!r rem>k on ?is example1 s /rangely introduc$4 ,if1 "u ! influ5ce ( fe> & sup]/ition1 m5 may make su* mi/akes ) reg>d to laws ( nature1 z to imag9e t eclipses port5d calamities1 are !y q secure f mi/akes 9 description8 ,d n ! v p]sons :o tell u h[ eclipses pr$ict disa/]s1 also describe to u fi]y swords se5 9 ! air1 & armies fight+ 9 ! sky8 ,s t ev5 9 ?is extreme case1 at ! v limit ( ! rational ex]cise ( human p[]s1 !re is no?+ to di/+ui% ,description f ,induction4 ,i %all n[ leave ! read] to judge :e!r ?is feature 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1--t sev]al views :i* appe> at fir/ q diff]5t are yet all true1--:i* ,mr4 ,mill calls a curi\s & int]e/+ rem>k ( m9e1 & :i* he all[s to be /rik+ly true ( ! ,inductions :i* he calls ,descriptions1 7i4 #cfd7 is1 z he says1 unequivocally false ( o!r ,inductions4 ,& ,i %all confide 9 hav+ g5]al ass5t ) me1 :5 ,i cont9ue to speak ( ,kepl]'s ,induction ( ! elliptical orbits4 ,i n[ proce$ to ano!r rem>k4 ,,iii4 ,9 ,discov]y a new ,conception is introduc$4-- #bd4 ,!re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ,mr4 ,mill & me 9 our view ( ! ess5tial elem5ts ( ?is ,induction ( ,kepl]1 :i* affects all o!r cases ( ,induction1 & :i* is1 ,i ?9k1 ! mo/ ext5sive & important ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 u4 ,i mu/ !re=e v5ture to dwell ^u x a little 9 detail4 ,i conceive t ,kepl]1 9 discov]+ ! law ( ,m>s's motion1 & 9 ass]t+ t ! planet mov$ 9 an ellipse1 did ?is2--he b\nd toge!r p>ticul> obs]vations ( sep>ate places ( ,m>s by ! notion1 or1 z ,i h call$ x1 ! conception1 ( an ellipse1 :i* 0 suppli$ by 8 own m9d4 ,o!r p]sons1 & he too1 be=e he made ?is discov]y1 _h pres5t to _! m9ds ! facts ( su* sep>ate successive positions ( ! planet2 b c\ld n b9d !m toge!r rightly1 because !y did n apply to !m ?is conception ( an ellipse4 ,to supply ?is conception1 requir$ a special prep>ation1 & a special activity 9 ! m9d ( ! discov]]4 ,he1 & o!rs be=e him1 tri$ o!r ways ( connect+ ! special facts1 none ( :i* fully succe$$4 ,to discov] su* a connexion1 ! m9d mu/ be conv]sant ) c]ta9 relations ( space1 & ) c]ta9 k9ds ( figures4 ,to discov] ! "r figure 0 a matt] requir+ rese>*1 inv5tion1 res\rce4 ,to hit ^u ! "r conception is a difficult /ep2 & :5 ?is /ep is once made1 ! facts assume a diff]5t aspect f :at !y _h be=e3 t done1 !y are se5 9 a new po9t ( view2 & ! cat*+ ?is po9t ( view1 is a special m5tal op]ation1 requir+ special end[m5ts & habits ( ?\ght4 ,be=e ?is1 ! facts are se5 z deta*$1 sep>ate1 lawless2 aft]w>ds1 !y are se5 z connect$1 simple1 regul>2 z p>ts ( "o g5]al fact1 & !reby possess+ innum]able new relations be=e unse54 ,kepl]1 !n1 ,i say1 b\nd toge!r ! facts by sup]9duc+ ^u !m ! conception ( an ellipse2 & ?is 0 an ess5tial elem5t 9 8 ,induction4 #be4 ,& !re is ! same ess5tial elem5t 9 all ,inductive discov]ies4 ,9 all cases1 facts1 be=e deta*$ & lawless1 are b\nd toge!r by a new ?\ght4 ,!y are r$uc$ to law1 by be+ se5 9 a new po9t ( view4 ,to cat* ?is new po9t ( view1 is an act ( ! m9d1 spr++ f its previ\s prep>ation & habits4 ,! facts1 9 o!r discov]ies1 are br\ght toge!r accord+ to o!r relations1 or1 z ,i h call$ !m1 ,ideas2--! ,ideas ( ,"t1 ( ,=ce1 ( ,numb]1 ( ,resemblance1 ( ,elem5t>y ,composition1 ( ,pol>ity1 & ! l4 ,b 9 all cases1 ! m9d p]=ms ! op]ation by an appreh5sion ( "s su* relations2 by s+l+ out ! "o true relation2 by comb9+ ! appreh5sion ( ! true relation ) ! facts2 by apply+ to !m ! ,conception ( su* a relation4 #bf4 ,9 previ\s writ+s1 ,i h n only /at$ ?is view g5]ally1 b ,i h foll[$ x into detail1 exemplify+ x 9 ! great] "p ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! pr9cipal ,inductive ,sci5ces 9 succession4 ,i h po9t$ out :at are ! ,conceptions :i* h be5 introduc$ 9 e prom95t discov]y 9 ^? sci5ces2 & h not$ to :i* ( ! above ,ideas1 or ( ! l ,ideas1 ea* belongs4 ,! p]=mance ( ?is task is ! (fice ( ! great] "p ( my ,philosophy ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces4 ,= t "w is1 9 reality1 no less hi/orical ?an ! ,hi/ory :i* prec$$ x4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces is ! hi/ory ( ! discov]ies1 ma9ly s f> z conc]ns ! ,facts :i* 7 br\ght toge!r to =m sci5ces4 ,! ,philosophy is1 9 ! fir/ t5 ,books1 ! hi/ory ( ! ,ideas & ,conceptions1 by means ( :i* ! facts 7 connect$1 s z to give rise to sci5tific tru?s4 ,x w\ld be easy = me to give a long li/ ( ! ,ideas & ,conceptions ?us br\ght into view1 b ,i may ref] any read] :o wi%es to see su* a li/1 to ! ,tables ( ,cont5ts ( ! ,hi/ory1 & ( ! fir/ t5 ,books ( ! ,philosophy4 #bg4 ,t ^! ,ideas & ,conceptions are really di/9ct elem5ts ( ! sci5tific tru?s ?us obta9$1 ,i conceive to be prov$ beyond d\bt1 n only by consid]+ t ! discov]ies nev] 7 made1 nor c\ld be made1 till ! "r ,conception 0 obta9$1 & by see+ h[ difficult x (t5 0 to obta9 ?is elem5t2 b also1 by see+ t ! ,idea & ! ,conception itself1 z di/9ct f ! ,facts1 01 9 almo/ e sci5ce1 ! subject ( long & ob/9ate controv]sies2--controv]sies :i* turn$ ^u ! possible relations ( ,ideas1 mu* m ?an ^u ! actual relations ( ,facts4 ,! fir/ t5 ,books ( ! ,philosophy to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 conta9 ! hi/ory ( a great numb] ( ^! controv]sies4 ,^! controv]sies make up a l>ge portion ( ! hi/ory ( ea* sci5ce2 a portion q z important z ! /udy ( ! facts2 & a portion1 at e /age ( ! sci5ce1 q z ess5tial to ! progress ( tru?4 ,m51 9 seek+ & obta9+ sci5tific k1 h always %[n t !y f\nd ! =mation ( "r conceptions 9 _! own m9ds to be an ess5tial "p ( ! process4 #bh4 ,moreov]1 ! pres5ce ( a ,conception ( ! m9d z a special elem5t ( ! inductive process1 & z ! tie by :i* ! p>ticul> facts are b\nd toge!r1 is fur!r indicat$1 by !re be+ "s special new t]m or phrase introduc$ 9 e induction2 or at lea/ "s t]m or phrase !nce=? /eadily appli$ to ! facts1 :i* _h n be5 appli$ to !m be=e2 z :5 ,kepl] ass]t$ t ,m>s mov$ r\nd ! sun 9 an elliptical orbit1 or :5 ,newton ass]t$ t ! planets gravitate t[>ds ! sun2 ^! new t]ms1 elliptical orbit1 & gravitate1 m>k ! new conceptions on :i* ! inductions dep5d4 ,i h 9 ! ,philosophy#bgj fur!r illu/rat$ ?is application ( te*nical t]ms1 t is1 fix$ & settl$ t]ms1 9 e inductive discov]y2 & h spok5 ( _! use 9 enabl+ m5 to proce$ f ea* su* discov]y to o!r discov]ies m g5]al4 ,b ,i notice ^! t]ms "h1 = ! purpose ( %[+ ! exi/5ce ( a conception 9 ! discov]]'s m9d1 correspond+ to ! t]m ?us introduc$2 :i* conception1 ! t]m is int5d$ to convey to ! m9ds ( ^? to :om ! discov]y is communicat$4 #bi4 ,b ?is elem5t ( discov]y1--"r conceptions suppli$ by ! m9d 9 ord] to b9d ! facts toge!r1--,mr4 ,mill d5ies to be an elem5t at all4 ,he says1 ( ,kepl]'s discov]y ( ! elliptical orbit 7i4 #cfc71 ,x sup]add$ no?+ to ! p>ticul> facts :i* x s]v$ to b9d toge!r2 yet he adds1 except inde$ ! k t a resemblance exi/$ betwe5 ! planet>y orbit & o!r ellipses2 t is1 except ! k t x 0 an ellipse2--precisely ! circum/ance 9 :i* ! discov]y consi/$4 ,kepl]1 he says1 ass]t$ z a fact t ! planet mov$ 9 an ellipse4 ,b ?is fact1 :i* ,kepl] did n add to1 b f\nd 9 ! motion ( ! planet 444 0 ! v fact1 ! sep>ate p>ts ( :i* _h be5 sep>ately obs]v$2 x 0 ! sum ( ! diff]5t obs]vations4 #cj4 ,t ! fact ( ! elliptical motion 0 n m]ely ! sum ( ! diff]5t obs]vations1 is pla9 f ?is1 t o!r p]sons1 & ,kepl] himself be=e 8 discov]y1 did n f9d x by add+ toge!r ! obs]vations4 ,! fact ( ! elliptical orbit 0 n ! sum ( ! obs]vations m]ely2 x 0 ! sum ( ! obs]vations1 se5 "u a new po9t ( view1 :i* po9t ( view ,kepl]'s m9d suppli$4 ,kepl] f\nd x 9 ! facts1 because x 0 !re1 no d\bt1 = "o reason2 b also1 = ano!r1 because he _h1 9 8 m9d1 ^? relations ( ?\ght :i* enabl$ him to f9d x4 ,we may illu/rate ?is by a famili> analogy4 ,we too f9d ! law 9 ,kepl]'s book2 b if we did n und]/& ,lat91 we %\ld n f9d x !re4 ,we mu/ le>n ,lat9 9 ord] to f9d ! law 9 ! book4 ,9 l mann]1 a discov]] mu/ "k ! language ( sci5ce1 z well z look at ! book ( nature1 9 ord] to f9d sci5tific tru?4 ,all ! discussions & controv]sies respect+ ,ideas & ,conceptions ( :i* ,i h spok51 may be look$ ^u z discussions & controv]sies respect+ ! gramm> ( ! language 9 :i* nature speaks to ! sci5tific m9d4 ,man is ! ,int]pret] ( ,nature2 n ! ,spectator m]ely1 b ! ,int]pret]4 ,! /udy ( ! language1 z well z ! m]e sight ( ! *>act]s1 is requisite 9 ord] t we may read ! inscriptions :i* are writt5 on ! face ( ! _w4 ,& ?is /udy ( ! language ( nature1 t is1 ( ! necess>y coh]5cies & d]ivations ( ! relations ( ph5om5a1 is to be pursu$ by exam9+ ,ideas1 z well z m]e ph5om5a2--by trac+ ! =mation ( ,conceptions1 z well z ! accumulation ( ,facts4 ,& ?is is :at ,i h tri$ to d 9 ! books already ref]r$ to4 #ca4 ,mr4 ,mill has n notic$1 9 any consid]able degree1 :at ,i h said ( ! =mation ( ! ,conceptions :i* ent] into ! v>i\s sci5ces2 b he has1 9 g5]al t]ms1 d5i$ t ! ,conception is any?+ diff]5t f ! facts !mselves4 ,if1 he says 7i4 #cja71 ! facts are rightly class$ "u ! conceptions1 x is because !re is 9 ! facts !mselves1 some?+ ( :i* ! conception is a copy4 ,b x is a copy :i* _c be made by a p]son )\t peculi> end[m5ts2 j z a p]son _c copy an ill-writt5 inscription1 s z to make x convey s5se1 unless he und]/& ! language4 ,conceptions1 ,mr4 ,mill says 7ii4 #bag71 d n develope !mselves f )91 b are impress$ f )\t4 ,b :at comes f )\t is n en\gh3 !y mu/ h bo? orig9s1 or !y _c make k4 ,! conception1 he says aga9 7ii4 #bba71 is n furni%$ by ! m9d till x has be5 furni%$ to ! m9d4 ,b x is furni%$ to ! m9d by its own activity1 op]at+ accord+ to its own laws4 ,no d\bt1 ! conception may be =m$1 & 9 cases ( discov]y1 mu/ be =m$1 by ! sugge/ion & excitem5t :i* ! facts !mselves produce2 & mu/ be s m\ld$ z to agree ) ! facts4 ,b ?is does n make x sup]flu\s to exam9e1 out ( :at mat]ials su* conceptions are =m$1 & h[ !y are capable ( be+ m\ld$ s z to express laws ( nature2 especially1 :5 we see h[ l>ge a %>e ?is "p ( discov]y--! exam9ation h[ our ideas c be modifi$ s z to agree ) nature1--holds1 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce4 #cb4 ,i h already 7,art4 #bh7 giv51 z evid5ce t ! conception ent]s z an elem5t 9 e induction1 ! con/ant introduction 9 su* cases1 ( a new fix$ t]m or phrase4 ,mr4 ,mill 7ii4 #bhb7 notices ?is introduction ( a new phrase 9 su* cases z important1 ?\gh he does n appe> will+ to all[ t x is necess>y4 ,yet ! necessity ( ! conception at lea/1 appe>s to result f ! consid]ations :i* he puts =w>d4 ,:at d>kness1 he says1 w\ld h be5 spread ov] geometrical demon/ration1 if :]ev] ! ^w circle is us$1 ! def9ition ( a circle 0 ins]t$ in/ead ( x4 ,if we want to make a p>ticul> comb9ation ( ideas p]man5t 9 ! m9d1 !re is no?+ :i* cl5*es x l a "n specially devot$ to express x4 ,9 my view1 ! new conception is ! nail :i* connects ! previ\s notions1 & ! "n1 z ,mr4 ,mill says1 cl5*es ! junction4 #cc4 ,i h above 7,art4 #cj7 ref]r$ to ! difficulty ( gett+ hold ( ! "r conception1 z a pro( t induction is n a m]e juxtaposition ( facts4 ,mr4 ,mill does n dispute t x is (t5 difficult to hit ^u ! "r conception4 ,he says 7i4 #cfj71 t a conception ( ! m9d is introduc$1 is inde$ mo/ c]ta91 & ,mr4 ,:ewell has rightly /at$ else:]e1 t to hit ^u ! "r conception is (t5 a f> m difficult1 & m m]itori\s a*ievem5t1 ?an to prove its applicability :5 obta9$4 ,b1 he adds1 a conception implies & corresponds to some?+ conceiv$2 & al?\gh ! conception itself is n 9 ! facts1 b 9 our m9d1 x mu/ be a conception ( some?+ :i* really is 9 ! facts4 ,b to ?is ,i reply1 t its be+ really 9 ! facts1 does n help u at all t[>ds k1 if we _c see x !re4 ,z ! poet says1 ,x is ! m9d t sees3 ! outw>d eyes ,pres5t ! object1 b ! m9d descries4 ,& ?is is true ( ! sight :i* produces k1 z well z ( ! sight :i* produces pleasure & pa91 :i* is ref]r$ to 9 ! ,tale4 #cd4 ,mr4 ,mill puts 8 view1 z oppos$ to m9e1 9 v>i\s ways1 b1 z w easily be und]/ood1 ! answ]s :i* ,i h to (f] are 9 all cases ne>ly to ! same effect4 ,?us1 he says 7ii4 #baf71 ! t>dy developm5t ( sev]al ( ! physical sci5ces1 = example1 ( ,optics1 ,electricity1 ,magnetism1 & ! high] g5]alizations ( ,*emi/ry1 ,mr4 ,:ewell ascribes to ! fact t mank9d _h n yet possess$ !mselves ( ! idea ( ,pol>ity1 t is1 ( opposite prop]ties 9 opposite directions4 ,b :at 0 !re to sugge/ su* an idea1 until by a sep>ate exam9ation ( sev]al ( ^! diff]5t bran*es ( k x 0 %[n t ! facts ( ea* ( !m did pres5t1 9 "s in/ances at lea/1 ! curi\s ph5om5a ( opposite prop]ties 9 opposite directions8 ,b on ?is ,i obs]ve1 t ^! facts did n1 nor d yet1 pres5t ?is conception to ord9>y m9ds4 ,! opposition ( prop]ties1 & ev5 ! opposition ( directions1 :i* are ?us appreh5d$ by pr(\nd cultivators ( sci5ce1 are ( an ab/ruse & recondite k9d2 & to conceive any "o k9d ( pol>ity 9 its prop] g5]ality1 is a process :i* few p]sons hi!rto appe> to h ma/]$2 /ill less1 h m5 9 g5]al come to conceive ( !m all z modifications ( a g5]al notion ( ,pol>ity4 ,! description :i* ,i h giv5 ( ,pol>ity 9 g5]al1 opposite prop]ties 9 opposite directions1 is ( itself a v imp]fect acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* correspond+ anti!ses are involv$ 9 ! portions ( sci5ce into :i* ,pol> relations ent]4 ,9 excuse ( its imp]fection1 ,i may say1 t ,i believe x is ! fir/ attempt to def9e ,pol>ity 9 g5]al2 b yet1 ! conception ( ,pol>ity has c]ta9ly be5 /rongly & effectively pres5t 9 ! m9ds ( _m ( ! sagaci\s m5 :o h discov]$ & unravell$ pol> ph5om5a4 ,!y attempt$ to convey ?is conception1 ea* 9 8 own subject1 sometimes by v>i\s & peculi> expressions1 sometimes by imag9>y me*anism by :i* ! anti!tical results 7 produc$2 _! mode ( express+ !mselves be+ (t5 defective or imp]fect1 (t5 conta9+ :at 0 sup]flu\s2 & _! mean+ 0 commonly v imp]fectly appreh5d$ by mo/ ( _! he>]s & read]s4 ,b /ill1 ! conception 0 !re1 gradually work+ itself into cle>ness & di/9ctness1 & 9 ! mean "t1 direct+ _! exp]im5ts1 & =m+ an ess5tial elem5t ( _! discov]ies4 ,s f> w\ld x be f a suffici5t /atem5t ( ! case to say1 t !y conceiv$ pol>ity because !y saw x2--t !y saw x z soon z x came into view2--& t !y describ$ x z !y saw x4 #ce4 ,! way 9 :i* su* conceptions acquire cle>ness & di/9ctness is (t5 by means ( ,discussions ( ,def9itions4 ,to def9e well a ?\ght :i* already ent]s into tra9s ( discov]y1 is (t5 a difficult matt]4 ,! bus9ess ( su* def9ition is a "p ( ! bus9ess ( discov]y4 ,^!1 & o!r rem>ks connect$ ) ^!1 :i* ,i _h made 9 ! ,philosophy1 ,mr4 ,mill has quot$ & adopt$ 7ii4 #bdb74 ,!y appe> to me to po9t v di/9ctly to ! doctr9e to :i* he refuses 8 ass5t1--t !re is a special process 9 ! m9d1 9 addition to ! m]e obs]vation ( facts1 :i* is necess>y at e /ep 9 ! progress ( k4 ,! ,conception mu/ be =m$ be=e x c be def9$4 ,! ,def9ition gives ! la/ /amp ( di/9ctness to ! ,conception2 & enables u to express1 9 a compact & lucid =m1 ! new sci5tific propositions into :i* ! new ,conception ent]s4 #cf4 ,s9ce ,mr4 ,mill ass5ts to s mu* ( :at has be5 said 9 ! ,philosophy1 ) reg>d to ! process ( sci5tific discov]y1 h[1 x may be ask$1 w\ld he express ^! doctr9es s z to exclude t :i* he ?9ks errone\s8 ,if he objects to our say+ t :5 we obta9 a new inductive tru?1 we connect ph5om5a by apply+ to !m a new ,conception :i* fits !m1 9 :at t]ms w\ld he describe ! process8 ,if he w n agree to say1 t 9 ord] to discov] ! law ( ! facts1 we mu/ f9d an appropriate ,conception1 :at language w\ld he use in/ead ( ?is8 ,?is is a natural "q2 & ! answ] _c fail to ?r[ light on ! relation 9 :i* 8 views & m9e /& to ea* o!r4 ,mr4 ,mill w\ld say1 ,i believe1 t :5 we obta9 a new inductive law ( facts1 we f9d some?+ 9 :i* ! facts resemble ea* o!r2 & t ! bus9ess ( mak+ su* discov]ies is ! bus9ess ( discov]+ su* resemblances4 ,?us1 he says 7( me17 7ii4 #baa71 8 ,colligation ( ,facts by means ( appropriate ,conceptions1 is b ! ord9>y process ( f9d+ by a comp>ison ( ph5om5a1 9 :at consi/s _! agreem5t or resemblance4 ,& ! ,me?ods ( exp]im5tal ,inquiry :i* he gives 7i4 #dej1 c471 proce$ ^u ! supposition t ! bus9ess ( discov]y may be ?us m prop]ly describ$4 #cg4 ,!re is no d\bt t :5 we discov] a law ( nature by induction1 we f9d "s po9t 9 :i* all ! p>ticul> facts agree4 ,all ! orbits ( ! planets agree 9 be+ ellipses1 z ,kepl] discov]$2 all fall+ bodies agree 9 be+ act$ on by a uni=m =ce1 z ,galileo discov]$2 all refract$ rays agree 9 hav+ ! s9es ( incid5ce & refraction 9 a con/ant ratio1 z ,snell discov]$2 all ! bodies 9 ! univ]se agree 9 attract+ ea* o!r1 z ,newton discov]$2 all *emical comp\nds agree 9 be+ con/itut$ ( elem5ts 9 def9ite proportions1 z ,dalton discov]$4 ,b x appe>s to me a mo/ scanty1 vague1 & incomplete acc\nt ( ^! /eps 9 sci5ce1 to say t ! au?ors ( !m discov]$ some?+ 9 :i* ! facts 9 ea* case agre$4 ,! po9t 9 :i* ! cases agree1 is ( ! mo/ div]se k9d 9 ! diff]5t cases--9 "s1 a relation ( space1 9 o!rs1 ! action ( a =ce1 9 o!rs1 ! mode ( composition ( a sub/ance2--& ! po9t ( agreem5t1 visible to ! discov]] alone1 does n come ev5 into 8 sight1 till aft] ! facts h be5 connect$ by ?\ghts ( 8 own1 & reg>d$ 9 po9ts ( view 9 :i* he1 by 8 m5tal acts1 places !m4 ,x w\ld seem to me n mu* m inappropriate to say1 t an (fic]1 :o discipl9es 8 m5 till !y move toge!r at ! ^w ( comm&1 does s by f9d+ some?+ 9 :i* !y agree4 ,if ! p[] ( cons5tane\s motion did n exi/ 9 ! individuals1 he c\ld n create x3 b t p[] be+ !re1 he f9ds x & uses x4 ,( c\rse ,i am aw>e t ! p>allel ( ! two cases is n exact2 b 9 ! "o case1 z 9 ! o!r1 t 9 :i* ! p>ticul> ?+s are f\nd to agree1 is some?+ =m$ 9 ! m9d ( him :o br+s ! agreem5t into view4 ,,iv4 ,mr4 ,mill's ,f\r ,me?ods ( ,inquiry4--#ch4 ,mr4 ,mill has n only ?us describ$ ! bus9ess ( sci5tific discov]y2 he has also giv5 rules = x1 f\nd$ on ?is description4 ,x may be expect$ t we %\ld be/[ "s att5tion ^u ! me?ods ( inquiry :i* he ?us proposes4 ,i presume t !y are reg>d$ by 8 admir]s z among ! mo/ valuable p>ts ( 8 book2 z c]ta9ly !y _c fail to be1 if !y describe me?ods ( sci5tific inquiry 9 su* a mann] z to be ( use to ! inquir]4 ,mr4 ,mill enjo9s f\r me?ods ( exp]im5tal inquiry1 :i* he calls ! ,me?od ( ,agreem5t1 ! ,me?od ( ,diff]5ce1 ! ,me?od ( ,residues1 & ! ,me?od ( ,concomitant ,v>iations#bga4 ,!y are all describ$ by =mul ( ?is k9d3--,let !re be1 9 ! obs]v$ facts1 comb9ations ( antec$5ts1 ,,abc1 ,,bc1 ,,ade1 c4 & comb9ations ( correspond+ consequ5ts1 abc1 bc1 ade1 c42 & let ! object ( inquiry be1 ! consequ5ce ( "s cause ,a1 or ! cause ( "s consequ5ce a4 ,! ,me?od ( ,agreem5t tea*es u1 t :5 we f9d by exp]im5t su* facts z abc ! consequ5t ( ,,abc1 & ade ! consequ5t ( ,,ade1 !n a is ! consequ5t ( ,a4 ,! ,me?od ( ,diff]5ce tea*es u t :5 we f9d su* facts z abc ! consequ5t ( ,,abc1 & bc ! consequ5t ( ,,bc1 !n a is ! consequ5t ( ,a4 ,! ,me?od ( ,residues tea*es u1 t if abc be ! consequ5t ( ,,abc1 & if we h already asc]ta9$ t ! effect ( ,a is a1 & ! effect ( ,b is b1 !n we may inf] t ! effect ( ,c is c4 ,! ,me?od ( ,concomitant ,v>iations tea*es u1 t if a ph5om5on a v>ies accord+ z ano!r ph5om5on ,a v>ies1 !re is "s connexion ( causation direct or indirect1 betwe5 ,a & a4 #ci4 ,^u ^! me?ods1 ! obvi\s ?+ to rem>k is1 t !y take = grant$ ! v ?+ :i* is mo/ difficult to discov]1 ! r$uction ( ! ph5om5a to =mul su* z are "h pres5t$ to u4 ,:5 we h any set ( complex facts (f]$ to u2 = in/ance1 ^? :i* 7 (f]$ 9 ! cases ( discov]y :i* ,i h m5tion$1--! facts ( ! planet>y pa?s1 ( fall+ bodies1 ( refract$ rays1 ( cosmical motions1 ( *emical analysis2 & :51 9 any ( ^! cases1 we w\ld discov] ! law ( nature :i* gov]ns !m1 or1 if any "o *ooses s to t]m x1 ! feature 9 :i* all ! cases agree1 :]e are we to look = our ,a1 ,b1 ,c & a1 b1 c8 ,nature does n pres5t to u ! cases 9 ?is =m2 & h[ are we to r$uce !m to ?is =m8 ,y say1 :5 we f9d ! comb9ation ( ,,abc ) abc & ,,abd ) abd1 !n we may draw our inf]5ce4 ,grant$3 b :5 & :]e are we to f9d su* comb9ations8 ,ev5 n[ t ! discov]ies are made1 :o w po9t out to u :at are ! ,a1 ,b1 ,c & a1 b1 c elem5ts ( ! cases :i* h j be5 enum]at$8 ,:o w tell u :i* ( ! me?ods ( inquiry ^? hi/orically real & successful inquiries exemplify8 ,:o w c>ry ^! =mul ?r\gh ! hi/ory ( ! sci5ces1 z !y h really gr[n up2 & %[ u t ^! f\r me?ods h be5 op]ative 9 _! =mation2 or t any light is ?r[n ^u ! /eps ( _! progress by ref]5ce to ^! =mul8 #dj4 ,mr4 ,mill's f\r me?ods h a great resemblance to ,bacon's ,pr]ogatives ( ,in/ances2 = example1 ! ,me?od ( ,agreem5t to ! ,in/anti ,o/5siv2 ! ,me?od ( ,diff]5ces to ! ,in/anti ,abs5ti 9 ,proximo1 & ! ,in/anti ,crucis2 ! ,me?od ( ,concomitant ,v>iations to ! ,in/anti ,migrantes4 ,& ) reg>d to ! value ( su* me?ods1 ,i believe all /udy ( sci5ce w conv9ce u m & m ( ! wisdom ( ! rem>ks :i* ,sir ,john ,h]s*el has made ^u !m#bgb4 ,x has always appe>$ to u1 we mu/ confess1 t ! help :i* ! classification ( in/ances "u _! diff]5t titles ( pr]ogative1 af=ds to inductions1 h[ev] j su* classification may be 9 itself1 is yet m app>5t ?an real4 ,! =ce ( ! in/ance mu/ be felt 9 ! m9d be=e x c be ref]r$ to its place 9 ! sy/em2 & be=e x c be ei!r ref]r$ or appreciat$ x mu/ be kn[n2 & :5 x is appreciat$1 we are ready en\gh to weave our web ( induction1 )\t greatly tr\bl+ ourselves :5ce x d]ives ! weight we ackn[l$ge x to h 9 our decisions4444 ,no d\bt su* in/ances z ^! are highly in/ructive2 b ! difficulty 9 physics is to f9d su*1 n to p]ceive _! =ce :5 f\nd4 ,v4 ,8 ,examples4--#da4 ,if ,mr4 ,mill's f\r me?ods _h be5 appli$ by him 9 8 book to a l>ge body ( conspicu\s & und\bt$ examples ( discov]y1 well select$ & well analys$1 ext5d+ along ! :ole hi/ory ( sci5ce1 we %\ld h be5 bett] able to e/imate ! value ( ^! me?ods4 ,mr4 ,mill has c]ta9ly (f]$ a numb] ( examples ( 8 me?ods2 b ,i hope ,i may say1 )\t (f5ce1 t !y appe> to me to be want+ 9 ! conditions :i* ,i h m5tion$4 ,z ,i h to ju/ify myself = reject+ ,mr4 ,mill's criticism ( doctr9es :i* ,i h put =w>d1 & examples :i* ,i h adduc$1 ,i may1 ,i tru/1 be all[$ to (f] "s critical rem>ks 9 return1 be>+ ^u ! examples :i* he has giv51 9 ord] to illu/rate 8 doctr9es & precepts4 #db4 ,! fir/ rem>k :i* ,i h to make is1 t a l>ge proportion ( 8 examples 7i4 #dhj1 c47 is tak5 f "o fav\rite au?or2 :o1 h[ev] great 8 m]it may be1 is too rec5t a writ] to h _h 8 discov]ies confirm$ by ! correspond+ inve/igations & se>*+ criticisms ( o!r lab\r]s 9 ! same field1 & plac$ 9 _! prop] & p]man5t relation to e/abli%$ tru?s2 ^! alleg$ discov]ies be+1 at ! same "t1 pr9cipally su* z deal ) ! mo/ complex & slipp]y portions ( sci5ce1 ! laws ( vital action4 ,?us ,mr4 ,mill has adduc$1 z examples ( discov]ies1 ,pr(4 ,liebig's doctr9e--t dea? is produc$ by c]ta9 metallic poisons ?r\gh _! =m+ indecomposable comp\nds2 t ! effect ( respiration ^u ! blood consi/s 9 ! conv]sion ( p]oxide ( iron into protoxide--t ! antiseptic p[] ( salt arises f its attraction = moi/ure--t *emical action is contagi\s2 & o!rs4 ,n[ suppos+ t we h no d\bt ( ! tru? ( ^! discov]ies1 we mu/ /ill obs]ve t !y _c wisely be cit$1 9 ord] to exemplify ! nature ( ! progress ( k1 till !y h be5 v]ifi$ by o!r *emi/s1 & work$ into _! places 9 ! g5]al s*eme ( *emi/ry2 especially1 s9ce x is tol]ably c]ta9 t 9 ! process ( v]ification1 !y w be modifi$ & m precisely def9$4 ,nor c ,i ?9k x judici\s to take s l>ge a proportion ( our examples f a region ( sci5ce 9 :i*1 ( all p>ts ( our mat]ial k1 ! conceptions bo? ( ord9>y p]sons1 & ev5 ( m5 ( sci5ce !mselves1 are mo/ loose & obscure1 & ! g5u9e pr9ciples mo/ conte/$2 :i* is ! case 9 physiology4 ,x w\ld be easy1 ,i ?9k1 to po9t out ! vague & indet]m9ate "* ( _m ( ! expressions 9 :i* ! above examples are prop\nd$1 z well z _! d\btful position 9 ! scale ( *emical g5]alization2 b ,i h said en\gh to %[ :y ,i _c give mu* weight to ^!1 z c>d9al examples ( ! me?od ( discov]y2 & !re=e ,i %all n exam9e 9 detail h[ f> !y support ,mr4 ,mill's me?ods ( inquiry4 #dc4 ,mr4 ,liebig supplies ! fir/ & ! majority ( ,mr4 ,mill's examples 9 *apt] ,,ix4 ( 8 ,book on ,induction4 ,! second is an example = :i* ,mr4 ,mill /ates himself to be indebt$ to ,mr4 ,alex&] ,ba92 ! law e/abli%$ be+ ?is1 t 7i4 #dhg7 electricity _c exi/ 9 "o body )\t ! simultane\s excitem5t ( ! opposite electricity 9 "s neighb\r+ body1 :i* ,mr4 ,mill also confirms by ref]5ce to ,mr4 ,f>aday's exp]im5ts on voltaic wires4 ,i confess ,i am q at a loss to und]/& :at !re is 9 ! doctr9e "h ascrib$ to ,mr4 ,ba9 :i* 0 n kn[n to ! electricians :o1 f ! "t ( ,frankl91 expla9$ ! ph5om5a ( ! ,leyd5 vial4 ,i may obs]ve also t ! m5tion ( an electrifi$ atmosph]e implies a hypo!sis long obsolete4 ,! ess5tial po9t 9 all ^? explanations 01 t ea* electricity produc$ by induction ! opposite electricity 9 neighb\r+ bodies1 z ,i h tri$ to make app>5t 9 ! ,hi/ory#bgc4 ,f>aday has1 m rec5tly1 illu/rat$ ?is univ]sal co-exi/5ce ( opposite electricities ) 8 usual felicity4 ,b ! conjunction ( ?is fact ) voltaic ph5om5a1 implies a non-recognition ( "s ( ! simple/ doctr9es ( ! subject4 ,s9ce1 x is said 7i4 #dhh71 common or ma*9e electricity1 & voltaic electricity may be consid]$ = ! pres5t purpose to be id5tical1 ,f>aday wi%$ to "k1 c4 ,i ?9k ,mr4 ,f>aday w\ld be mu* a/oni%$ to le>n t he consid]$ electricity 9 equilibrium1 & electricity 9 ! =m ( a voltaic curr5t1 to be1 = any purpose1 id5tical4 ,nor d ,i conceive t he w\ld ass5t to ! expression 9 ! next page1 t f ! nature ( a voltaic *>ge1 ! two opposite curr5ts necess>y to ! exi/5ce ( ea* o!r are bo? accommodat$ 9 "o wire4 ,mr4 ,f>aday has1 z x appe>s to me1 /udi\sly avoid$ ass5t+ to ?is hypo!sis4 #dd4 ,! next example is ! "o already s copi\sly dwelt ^u by ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 ,dr4 ,wells's rese>*es on ! production ( ,dew4 ,i h already said#bgd t ?is inve/igation1 al?\gh x has sometimes be5 prais$ z an orig9al discov]y1 0 9 fact only resolv+ ! ph5om5on into pr9ciples already discov]$ namely1 ! doctr9e ( a con/itu5t temp]ature ( vap\r1 ! diff]5t conduct+ p[] ( diff]5t bodies1 & ! l4 ,& ?is agrees 9 sub/ance ) :at ,mr4 ,mill says 7i4 #dig72 t ! discov]y1 :5 made1 0 corroborat$ by d$uction f ! kn[n laws ( aque\s vap\r1 ( conduction1 & ! l4 ,dr4 ,wells's rese>*es on ,dew t5d$ mu* 9 ?is c\ntry to draw att5tion to ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ,atmology2 & we may see1 9 ?is & 9 o!r examples :i* ,mr4 ,mill adduces1 t ! explanation ( special ph5om5a by means ( g5]al pr9ciples1 already e/abli%$1 has1 = common m9ds1 a great] *>m1 & is m complac5tly dwelt on1 ?an ! discov]y ( ! g5]al pr9ciples !mselves4 #de4 ,! next example1 7i4 #ejb7 is giv5 9 ord] to illu/rate ! ,me?od ( ,residues1 & is ! discov]y by ,m4 ,arago t a disk ( copp] affects ! vibrations ( ! magnetic ne$le4 ,b ?is app>5tly deta*$ fact af=ds little in/ruction comp>$ ) ! s+ul>ly sagaci\s rese>*es by :i* ,mr4 ,f>aday discov]$ ! cause ( ?is effect to reside 9 ! voltaic curr5ts :i* ! motion ( ! magnetic ne$le develop$ 9 ! copp]4 ,i h spok5 ( ?is discov]y 9 ! ,hi/ory#bge4 ,mr4 ,mill h[ev] is quot+ ,sir ,john ,h]s*el 9 ?us illu/rat+ ! ,me?od ( ,residues4 ,he rightly gives ! ,p]turbations ( ! ,planets & ,satellites z bett] examples ( ! me?od#bgf4 #df4 ,9 ! next *apt] 7c4 x47 ,mr4 ,mill speaks ( ,plurality ( causes & ( ! ,int]mixture ( effects1 & gives examples ( su* cases4 ,he "h tea*es 7i4 #eag7 t *emical syn!sis & analysis1 7z :5 oxyg5 & hydrog5 compose wat]1 & :5 wat] is resolv$ into oxyg5 & hydrog517 is prop]ly trans=mation1 b t because we f9d t ! weight ( ! comp\nd is equal to ! sum ( ! weights ( ! elem5ts1 we take up ! notion ( *emical composition4 ,i h endeav\r$ to %[#bgg t ! maxim1 t ! sum ( ! weights ( ! elem5ts is equal to ! weight ( ! comp\nd1 01 hi/orically1 n prov$ f exp]im5t1 b assum$ 9 ! reason+s ^u exp]im5ts4 #dg4 ,i h n[ made my rem>ks ^u ne>ly all ! examples :i* ,mr4 ,mill gives ( sci5tific inquiry1 s f> z !y consi/ ( k :i* has really be5 obta9$4 ,i may m5tion1 z po9ts :i* appe> to me to int]f]e ) ! value ( ,mr4 ,mill's ref]5ces to examples1 expressions :i* ,i _c reconcile ) j conceptions ( sci5tific tru?2 z :5 he says 7i4 #ebc71 "s o!r =ce :i* imp+es on ! fir/ =ce2 & v frequ5tly inde$1 ( ! tang5tial =ce1 z co-ord9ate ) ! c5tripetal =ce4 ,:5 he speaks 7ii4 #bj1 ,note7 ( ! doctr9e n[ univ]sally receiv$ t ! e>? is a great natural magnet ) two poles1 he does n recognize ! rec5t !ory ( ,gauss1 s rem>kably co9cid5t ) a va/ body ( facts#bgh4 ,inde$ 9 8 /atem5t1 he rejects no less ! e>li] views propos$ by ,halley1 !oriz$ by ,eul]1 & confirm$ by ,han/e51 :i* %[ t we are compell$ to assume at lea/ f\r poles ( t]re/rial magnetism2 :i* ,i _h giv5 an acc\nt ( 9 ! fir/ edition ( ! ,hi/ory4 ,!re are sev]al o!r cases :i* he puts1 9 :i*1 ! k spok5 ( n hav+ be5 yet acquir$1 he tells u h[ he w\ld set ab\t acquir+ x2 = in/ance1 if ! "q 7 7i4 #ebf7 :e!r m]cury be a cure = a giv5 disease2 or :e!r ! bra9 be a voltaic pile 7ii4 #ba72 or :e!r ! moon be inhabit$ 7ii4 #ajj72 or :e!r all cr[s are black 7ii4 #abd72 ,i confess t ,i h no expectation ( any advantage to philosophy f discussions ( ?is k9d4 #dh4 ,i w add also1 t ,i d n ?9k any light c be ?r[n ^u sci5tific me?ods1 at pres5t1 by gr\p+ along ) su* physical inquiries z ,i h be5 speak+ (1 speculations conc]n+ ! human m9d1 its qualities & op]ations4 ,?us he speaks 7i4 #ejh7 ( human *>act]s1 z exemplify+ ! effect ( plurality ( causes2 ( 7i4 #eah7 ! ph5om5a ( our m5tal nature1 :i* are analog\s to *emical r ?an to dynamical ph5om5a2 ( 7i4 #eah7 ! reason :y susceptible p]sons are imag9ative2 to :i* ,i may add1 ! passage :]e he says 7i4 #ddd71 let u take z an example ( a ph5om5on :i* we h no means ( fabricat+ artificially1 a human m9d4 ,^!1 & o!r l examples1 occur 9 ! "p ( 8 "w 9 :i* he is speak+ ( sci5tific inquiry 9 g5]al1 n 9 ! ,book on ! ,logic ( ! ,moral ,sci5ces2 & are1 ,i ?9k1 examples m likely to lead u a/ray ?an to help our progress1 9 discov]+ ! laws ( ,sci5tific ,inquiry1 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! t]m4 ,,vi4 ,mr4 ,mill aga9/ ,hypo!sis4--#di4 ,i w n[ pass f ,mr4 ,mill's me?ods1 illu/rat$ by su* examples z ^? :i* ,i h be5 consid]+1 to ! views respect+ ! conditions ( ,sci5tific ,induction to :i* ,i h be5 l$1 by su* a survey z ,i c\ld make1 ( ! :ole hi/ory ( ! pr9cipal ,inductive ,sci5ces2 & especially1 to ^? views to :i* ,mr4 ,mill (f]s 8 objections#bgi4 ,mr4 ,mill ?9ks t ,i h be5 too fav\rable to ! employm5t ( hypo!ses1 z means ( discov]+ sci5tific tru?2 & t ,i h c\nt5anc$ a laxness ( me?od1 9 all[+ hypo!ses to be e/abli%$1 m]ely 9 virtue ( ! accordance ( _! results ) ! ph5om5a4 ,i believe ,i %\ld be z cauti\s z ,mr4 ,mill1 9 accept+ m]e hypo!tical explanations ( ph5om5a1 9 any case 9 :i* we _h ! ph5om5a1 & _! relations1 plac$ be=e bo? ( u 9 an equally cle> light4 ,i h n accept$ ! ,undulatory !ory ( ,heat1 ?\gh recomm5d$ by s _m co9cid5ces & analogies#bhj4 ,b ,i see "s grave reasons = n giv+ any great weight to ,mr4 ,mill's admonitions2--reasons drawn f ! language :i* he uses on ! subject1 & :i* appe>s to me inconsi/5t ) ! conditions ( ! cases to :i* he applies x4 ,?us1 :5 he says 7ii4 #bb7 t ! condition ( a hypo!sis acc\nt+ = all ! kn[n ph5om5a is (t5 fulfill$ equally well by two conflict+ hypo!ses1 ,i c only say t ,i "k ( no su* case 9 ! hi/ory ( ,sci5ce1 :]e ! ph5om5a are at all num]\s & complicat$2 & t if su* a case 7 to occur1 "o ( ! hypo!ses might always be resolv$ into ! o!r4 ,:5 he says1 t ?is evid5ce 7! agreem5t ( ! results ( ! hypo!sis ) ! ph5om5a7 _c be ( ! smalle/ value1 because we _c h 9 ! case ( su* an hypo!sis ! assurance t if ! hypo!sis be false x mu/ lead to results at v>iance ) ! true facts1 we mu/ reply1 ) due submission1 t we h1 9 ! case spok5 (1 ! mo/ complete evid5ce ( ?is2 = any *ange 9 ! hypo!sis w\ld make x incapable ( acc\nt+ = ! facts4 ,:5 he says t if we give ourselves ! lic5se ( inv5t+ ! causes z well z _! laws1 a p]son ( f]tile imag9ation might devise a hundr$ modes ( acc\nt+ = any giv5 fact2 ,i reply1 t ! "q is ab\t acc\nt+ = a l>ge & complex s]ies ( facts1 ( :i* ! laws h be5 asc]ta9$3 & z a te/ ( ,mr4 ,mill's ass]tion1 ,i w\ld propose z a *all5ge to any p]son ( f]tile imag9ation to devise any "o o!r hypo!sis to acc\nt = ! p]turbations ( ! moon1 or ! col\r$ fr+es ( %ad[s1 besides ! hypo!sis by :i* !y h actually be5 expla9$ ) su* curi\s complet5ess4 ,?is *all5ge has be5 repeat$ly (f]$1 b nev] 9 any degree accept$2 & ,i ent]ta9 no appreh5sion t ,mr4 ,mill's supposition w ev] be v]ifi$ by su* a p]=mance4 #ej4 ,i see additional reason = mi/ru/+ ! precision ( ,mr4 ,mill's views ( t accordance ( ph5om5a ) ! results ( a hypo!sis1 9 sev]al o!rs ( ! expressions :i* he uses 7ii4 #bc74 ,he speaks ( a hypo!sis be+ a plausible explanation ( all or mo/ ( ! ph5om5a2 b ! case :i* we h to consid] is :]e x gives an exact repres5tation ( all ! ph5om5a 9 :i* its results c be trac$4 ,he speaks ( its be+ c]ta9 t ! laws ( ! ph5om5a are 9 "s measure analog\s to ^? giv5 by ! hypo!sis2 ! case to be dealt ) be+1 t !y are 9 e way id5tical4 ,he speaks ( ?is analogy be+ c]ta91 f ! fact t ! hypo!sis c be = a mom5t t5able2 z if any "o _h recomm5d$ a hypo!sis :i* is t5able only :ile a small "p ( ! facts are consid]$1 :5 x is inconsi/5t ) o!rs :i* a full] exam9ation ( ! case discloses4 ,i h no?+ to say1 & h said no?+1 9 fav\r ( hypo!ses :i* are n t5able4 ,he says !re are _m su* h>monies runn+ ?r\gh ! laws ( ph5om5a 9 o!r respects radically di/9ct2 & he gives z an in/ance1 ! laws ( light & heat4 ,i h nev] alleg$ su* h>monies z gr\nds ( !ory1 unless !y %\ld am\nt to id5tities2 & if !y %\ld d ?is1 ,i h no d\bt t ! mo/ sob] ?9k]s w suppose ! causes to be ( ! same k9d 9 ! two h>moniz+ in/ances4 ,if *lor9e1 iod9e & brome1 or sulphur & phosphorus1 h1 z ,mr4 ,mill says1 analog\s prop]ties1 ,i %\ld call ^! sub/ances analog\s3 b ,i c see no temptation to frame an hypo!sis t !y are id5tical 7:i* he seems to fe>71 s long z ,*emi/ry proves !m di/9ct4 ,b any hypo!sis ( an analogy 9 ! con/itution ( ^! elem5ts 7suppose1 = in/ance1 a resemblance 9 _! atomic =m or composition7 w\ld seem to me to h a fair claim to trial2 & to be capable ( be+ elevat$ f "o degree ( probability to ano!r by ! numb]1 v>iety1 & exactitude ( ! explanations ( ph5om5a :i* x %\ld furni%4 ,,vii4 ,aga9/ pr$iction ( ,facts4--#ea4 ,^! expressions ( ,mr4 ,mill h ref]5ce to a way 9 :i* hypo!ses may be corroborat$1 9 e/imat+ ! value ( :i*1 x appe>s t he & ,i diff]4 ,x seems to be ?\ght1 he says 7ii4 #bc71 t an hypo!sis ( ! sort 9 "q is entitl$ to a m fav\rable reception1 if1 besides acc\nt+ = ! facts previ\sly kn[n1 x has l$ to ! anticipation & pr$iction ( o!rs :i* exp]i5ce aft]w>ds v]ifi$4 ,& he adds1 ,su* pr$ictions & _! fulfilm5t are inde$ well calculat$ to /rike ! ignorant vulg>2 b x is /range1 he says1 t any consid]able /ress %\ld be laid ^u su* a co9cid5ce by sci5tific ?9k]s4 ,h[ev] /range x may seem to him1 !re is no d\bt t ! mo/ sci5tific ?9k]s1 f> m ?an ! ignorant vulg>1 h all[$ ! co9cid5ce ( results pr$ict$ by !ory ) fact aft]w>ds obs]v$1 to produce ! /ronge/ effects ^u _! conviction2 & t all ! be/-e/abli%$ !ories h obta9$ _! p]man5t place 9 g5]al acceptance 9 virtue ( su* co9cid5ces1 m ?an ( any o!r evid5ce4 ,x 0 n ! ignorant vulg> alone1 :o 7 /ruck by ! return ( ,halley's comet1 z an evid5ce ( ! ,newtonian !ory4 ,nor 0 x ! ignorant vulg>1 :o 7 /ruck ) ^? facts :i* did s mu* /rike m5 ( sci5ce1 z curi\sly felicit\s pro(s ( ! undulatory !ory ( light1--! production ( d>kness by two lum9\s rays int]f]+ 9 a special mann]2 ! refraction ( a s+le ray ( light into a conical p5cil2 & o!r complex yet precise results1 pr$ict$ by ! !ory & v]ifi$ by exp]im5t4 ,x mu/1 "o w\ld ?9k1 /rike all p]sons 9 proportion to _! ?\ghtfulness1 t :5 ,nature ?us does our bidd+1 %e ackn[l$ges t we h le>nt h] true language4 ,if we c pr$ict new facts :i* we h n se51 z well z expla9 ^? :i* we h se51 x mu/ be because our explanation is n a m]e =mula ( obs]v$ facts1 b a tru? ( a deep] k9d4 ,mr4 ,mill says1 ,if ! laws ( ! propagation ( light agree ) ^? ( ! vibrations ( an ela/ic fluid 9 s _m respects z is necess>y to make ! hypo!sis a plausible explanation ( all or mo/ ( ! ph5om5a kn[n at ! "t1 x is no?+ /range t !y %\ld accord ) ea* o!r 9 "o respect m4 ,no?+ /range1 if ! !ory be true2 b q unacc\ntable1 if x be n4 ,if ,i copy a long s]ies ( lett]s ( :i* ! la/ half-doz5 are conceal$1 & if ,i guess ^? aright1 z is f\nd to be ! case :5 !y are aft]w>ds uncov]$1 ?is mu/ be because ,i h made out ! import ( ! inscription4 ,to say1 t because ,i h copi$ all t ,i c\ld see1 x is no?+ /range t ,i %\ld guess ^? :i* ,i _c see1 w\ld be absurd1 )\t suppos+ su* a gr\nd = guess+4 ,! notion t ! discov]y ( ! laws & causes ( ph5om5a is a loose haphaz>d sort ( guess+1 :i* gives plausible explanations1 accid5tal co9cid5ces1 casual h>monies1 laws1 9 "s measure analog\s to ! true ones1 suppositions t5able = a "t1 appe>s to me to be a misappreh5sion ( ! :ole nature ( sci5ce2 z x c]ta9ly is inapplicable to ! case to :i* x is pr9cipally appli$ by ,mr4 ,mill4 #eb4 ,!re is ano!r k9d ( evid5ce ( !ories1 v closely approa*+ to ! v]ification ( untri$ pr$ictions1 & to :i*1 app>5tly1 ,mr4 ,mill does n atta* mu* importance1 s9ce he has borr[$ ! t]m by :i* ,i h describ$ x1 ,consili5ce1 b has appli$ x 9 a diff]5t mann] 7ii4 #ecj1 #efc1 #eij74 ,i h spok51 9 ! ,philosophy#bha1 ( ! ,consili5ce ( ,inductions1 z "o ( ! ,te/s ( ,hypo!ses1 & h exemplifi$ x by _m in/ances2 = example1 ! !ory ( univ]sal gravitation1 obta9$ by induction f ! motions ( ! planets1 0 f\nd to expla9 also t peculi> motion ( ! sph]oidal e>? :i* produces ! ,precession ( ! ,equ9oxes4 ,?is1 ,i h said1 0 a /rik+ & surpris+ co9cid5ce :i* gave ! !ory a /amp ( tru? beyond ! p[] ( +5uity to c\nt]feit4 ,i may comp>e su* occurr5ces to a case ( int]pret+ an unkn[n "*1 9 :i* two diff]5t inscriptions1 deciph]$ by diff]5t p]sons1 _h giv5 ! same alphabet4 ,we %\ld1 9 su* a case1 believe ) great confid5ce t ! alphabet 0 ! true "o2 & ,i w add1 t ,i believe ! hi/ory ( sci5ce (f]s no example 9 :i* a !ory support$ by su* consili5ces1 _h be5 aft]w>ds prov$ to be false4 #ec4 ,mr4 ,mill accepts 7ii4 #ba7 a rule ( ,m4 ,comte's1 t we may apply hypo!ses1 provid$ !y are capable ( be+ aft]w>ds v]ifi$ z facts4 ,i h a mu* high] respect = ,mr4 ,mill's op9ion ?an = ,m4 ,comte's#bhb2 b ,i d n ?9k t ?is rule w be f\nd ( any value4 ,x appe>s to me to be ta9t$ ) ! vice :i* ,i h already not$1 ( ?r[+ ! :ole bur!n ( explanation ^u ! unexpla9$ ^w fact--unexpla9$ 9 any p]man5t & def9ite opposition to !ory4 ,z ,i h said1 ! ,newtonian !ory is a fact4 ,e true !ory is a fact4 ,nor does ! di/9ction become m cle> by ,mr4 ,mill's examples4 ,! vortices ( ,desc>tes w\ld h be51 he says1 a p]fectly legitimate hypo!sis1 if x _h be5 possible by any mode ( explanation :i* we c\ld ent]ta9 ! hope ( possess+1 to br+ ! "q :e!r su* vortices exi/ or n1 )9 ! rea* ( our obs]v+ faculties4 ,b ?is 0 possible1 & 0 done4 ,! free passage ( comets ?r\gh ! spaces 9 :i* ^! vortices %\ld h be51 conv9c$ m5 t ^! vortices did n exi/4 ,9 l mann] ,mr4 ,mill rejects ! hypo!sis ( a lum9if]\s e!r1 because x c nei!r be se51 he>d1 smelt1 ta/$1 or t\*$4 ,x is a /range compla9t to make ( ! vehicle ( light1 t x _c be he>d1 smelt1 or ta/$4 ,its vibrations c be se54 ,! fr+es ( %ad[s = in/ance1 %[ its vibrations1 j z ! visible l9es ( waves ne> ! %ore %[ ! undulations ( ! sea4 ,:e!r ?is c be t\*$1 t is1 :e!r x resi/s motion1 is h>dly yet cle>4 ,i am f> f say+ !re are n difficulties on ?is po9t1 ) reg>d to all !ories :i* suppose a m$ium4 ,b !re are no m difficulties ( ?is k9d 9 ! undulatory !ory ( light1 ?an !re are 9 ,f\ri]'s !ory ( heat1 :i* ,m4 ,comte adopts z a model ( sci5tific inve/igation2 or 9 ! !ory ( voltaic curr5ts1 ab\t :i* ,mr4 ,mill appe>s to h no d\bt2 or ( electric atmosph]es1 :i*1 ?\gh g5]ally obsolete1 ,mr4 ,mill appe>s to fav\r2 = ?\gh x _h be5 said t we feel su* atmosph]es1 no "o _h said t !y h ! o!r attributes ( matt]4 ,,viii4 ,newton's ,v]a ,causa4--#ed4 ,mr4 ,mill conceives 7ii4 #ag7 t 8 own rule conc]n+ hypo!ses co9cides ) ,newton's ,rule1 t ! cause assum$ mu/ be a v]a causa4 ,b he all[s t ,mr4 ,:ewell 444 has _h little difficulty 9 %[+ t 8 7,newton's7 conception 0 nei!r precise nor consi/5t ) itself4 ,he also all[s t ,mr4 ,:ewell is cle>ly "r 9 d5y+ x to be necess>y t ! cause assign$ %\ld be a cause already kn[n2 else h[ c\ld we ev] become acqua9t$ ) new causes8 ,^! po9ts be+ agre$ ^u1 ,i ?9k t a little fur!r consid]ation w lead to ! conviction t ,newton's ,rule ( philosophiz+ w be/ become a valuable guide1 if we und]/& x z ass]t+ t :5 ! explanation ( two or m diff]5t k9ds ( ph5om5a 7z ! revolutions ( ! planets1 ! fall ( a /one1 & ! precession ( ! equ9oxes17 lead u to ! same cause1 su* a co9cid5ce gives a reality to ! cause4 ,we h1 9 fact1 9 su* a case1 a ,consili5ce ( ,inductions4 #ee4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,mill condemns me 7ii4 #bd7 7us+1 h[ev]1 expressions ( civility :i* ,i gladly ackn[l$ge17 = hav+ recogniz$ no mode ( ,induction except t ( try+ hypo!sis aft] hypo!sis until "o is f\nd :i* fits ! ph5om5a1 ,i mu/ beg to rem9d ! read]s ( our works1 t ,mr4 ,mill himself all[s 7i4 #cfc7 t ! process ( f9d+ a conception :i* b9ds toge!r obs]v$ facts is t5tative1 t x consi/s ( a succession ( guesses1 _m be+ reject$ until "o at la/ occurs fit to be *os54 ,i mu/ rem9d !m also t ,i h giv5 a ,section ^u ! ,te/s ( ,hypo!ses1 to :i* ,i h j ref]r$1--t ,i h giv5 v>i\s me?ods ( ,induction1 z ! ,me?od ( ,gradation1 ! ,me?od ( ,natural ,classification1 ! ,me?od ( ,curves1 ! ,me?od ( ,means1 ! ,me?od ( ,lea/ ,squ>es1 ! ,me?od ( ,residues3 all :i* ,i h illu/rat$ by conspicu\s examples f ! ,hi/ory ( ,sci5ce2 besides :i*1 ,i conceive t :at ,i h said ( ! ,ideas belong+ to ea* sci5ce1 & ( ! con/ruction & explication ( conceptions1 w po9t out 9 ea* case1 9 :at region we are to look = ! ,inductive ,elem5t 9 ord] to make new discov]ies4 ,i h already v5tur$ to say1 else:]e1 t ! me?ods :i* ,i h giv51 are z def9ite & practical z any o!rs :i* h be5 propos$1 ) ! great additional advantage ( be+ ! me?ods by :i* all great discov]ies 9 sci5ce h really be5 made4 ,,ix4 ,successive ,g5]alizations4--#ef4 ,!re is "o feature 9 ! con/ruction ( sci5ce :i* ,mr4 ,mill notices1 b to :i* he does n ascribe1 z ,i conceive1 its due importance3 ,i mean1 t process by :i* we n only asc5d f p>ticul> facts to a g5]al law1 b :5 ?is is done1 asc5d f ! fir/ g5]al law to o!rs m g5]al2 & s on1 proce$+ to ! highe/ po9t ( g5]alization4 ,?is "* ( ! sci5tific process 0 fir/ cle>ly po9t$ out by ,bacon1 & is "o ( ! mo/ noticeable in/ances ( 8 philosophical sagacity4 ,!re are1 he says1 two ways1 & c be only two1 ( seek+ & f9d+ tru?4 ,! "o f s5se & p>ticul>s1 takes a flight to ! mo/ g5]al axioms1 & f ^! pr9ciples & _! tru?1 settl$ once = all1 inv5ts & judges ( int]m$iate axioms4 ,! o!r me?od collects axioms f s5se & p>ticul>s1 asc5d+ cont9u\sly & by degrees1 s t 9 ! end x arrives at ! mo/ g5]al axioms3 mean+ by axioms1 laws or pr9ciples4 ,! /ructure ( ! mo/ complete sci5ces consi/s ( sev]al su* /eps1--floors1 z ,bacon calls !m1 ( successive g5]alization2 & ?us ?is /ructure may be exhibit$ z a k9d ( sci5tific pyramid4 ,i h con/ruct$ ?is pyramid 9 ! case ( ! sci5ce ( ,a/ronomy#bhc3 & ,i am gratifi$ to f9d t ! illu/ri\s ,humboldt approves ( ! design1 & speaks ( x z execut$ ) complete success#bhd4 ,! capability ( be+ exhibit$ 9 ?is =m ( successive g5]alizations1 aris+ f p>ticul>s upw>d to "s v g5]al law1 is ! condition ( all tol]ably p]fect sci5ces2 & ! /eps ( ! successive g5]alizations are commonly ! mo/ important ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! sci5ce4 #eg4 ,mr4 ,mill does n reject ?is process ( g5]alization2 b he gives x no conspicu\s place1 mak+ x only "o ( ?ree modes ( r$uc+ a law ( causation into o!r laws4 ,!re is1 he says 7i4 #eee71 ! subsumption ( "o law "u ano!r2 444 ! ga!r+ up ( sev]al laws into "o m g5]al law :i* includes !m all4 ,he adds aft]w>ds1 t ! g5]al law is ! sum ( ! p>tial ones 7i4 #eeg71 an expression :i* appe>s to me inadequate1 = reasons :i* ,i h already /at$4 ,! g5]al law is n ! m]e sum ( ! p>ticul> laws4 ,x is1 z ,i h already said1 _! am\nt 9 a new po9t ( view4 ,a new conception is introduc$2 ?us1 ,newton did n m]ely add toge!r ! laws ( ! motions ( ! moon & ( ! planets1 & ( ! satellites1 & ( ! e>?2 he look$ at !m altoge!r z ! result ( a univ]sal =ce ( mutual gravitation2 & !re9 consi/$ 8 g5]alization4 ,& ! l might be po9t$ out 9 o!r cases4 #eh4 ,i am ! m l$ to speak ( ,mr4 ,mill z n hav+ giv5 due importance to ?is process ( successive g5]alization1 by ! way 9 :i* he speaks 9 ano!r place 7ii4 #ebe7 ( ?is doctr9e ( ,bacon4 ,he conceives ,bacon to h be5 radically wrong :5 he enunciates1 z a univ]sal rule1 t induction %\ld proce$ f ! l[e/ to ! middle pr9ciples1 & f ^? to ! highe/1 nev] rev]s+ t ord]1 & consequ5tly1 leav+ no room = ! discov]y ( new pr9ciples by way ( d$uction#bhe at all4 #ei4 ,i conceive t ! ,inductive ,table ( ,a/ronomy1 to :i* ,i h already ref]r$1 %[s t 9 t sci5ce1--! mo/ complete :i* has yet exi/$1--! hi/ory ( ! sci5ce has gone on1 z to its g5]al movem5t1 9 accordance ) ! view :i* ,bacon's sagacity enjo9$4 ,! successive g5]alizations1 s f> z !y 7 true1 7 made by successive g5]ations4 ,i conceive also t ! ,inductive ,table ( ,optics %[s ! same ?+2 & ?is1 )\t tak+ = grant$ ! tru? ( ! ,undulatory ,!ory2 = ) reg>d to all ! /eps ( ! progress ( ! sci5ce1 l[] ?an t highe/ "o1 !re is1 ,i conceive1 no controv]sy4 #fj4 ,also1 ! ,sci5ce ( ,me*anics1 al?\gh ,mr4 ,mill m especially ref]s to x1 z a case 9 :i* ! highe/ g5]alizations 7= example ! ,laws ( ,motion7 7 ^? e>lie/ asc]ta9$ ) any sci5tific exactness1 w1 ,i ?9k1 on a m c>eful exam9ation ( its hi/ory1 be f\nd rem>kably to confirm ,bacon's view4 ,=1 9 t sci5ce1 we h1 9 ! fir/ place1 v conspicu\s examples ( ! vice ( ! me?od pursu$ by ! anci5ts 9 fly+ to ! highe/ g5]alizations fir/2 z :5 !y made _! false di/9ctions ( ! laws ( natural & viol5t motions1 & ( t]re/rial & cele/ial motions4 ,_m errone\s laws ( motion 7 ass]t$ ?r\gh neglect ( facts or want ( exp]im5ts4 ,& :5 ,galileo & 8 s*ool _h 9 "s measure succe$$ 9 discov]+ "s ( ! true laws ( ! motions ( t]re/rial bodies1 !y did n at once ass]t !m z g5]al3 = !y did n at all apply ^? laws to ! cele/ial motions4 ,z ,i h rem>k$1 all ,kepl]'s speculations respect+ ! causes ( ! motions ( ! planets1 w5t ^u ! supposition t ! ,fir/ ,law ( t]re/rial ,motion did n apply to cele/ial bodies2 b t1 on ! contr>y1 "s cont9ual =ce 0 requisite to keep up1 z well z to orig9ate1 ! planet>y motions4 ,nor did ,desc>tes1 ?\gh he enunciat$ ! ,laws ( ,motion ) m g5]ality ?an 8 pr$ecessors1 7b n ) exactness17 v5ture to tru/ ! planets to ^? laws2 on ! contr>y1 he inv5t$ 8 ma*9]y ( ,vortices 9 ord] to keep up ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,newton 0 ! fir/ :o ext5d$ ! laws ( t]re/rial motion to ! cele/ial spaces2 & 9 do+ s1 he us$ all ! laws ( ! cele/ial motions :i* _h previ\sly be5 discov]$ by m limit$ inductions4 ,to ^! in/ances1 ,i may add ! gradual g5]alization ( ! ,?ird ,law ( motion by ,huygh5s1 ! ,b]n\llis1 & ,h]man1 :i* ,i h describ$ 9 ! ,hi/ory#bhf z prec$+ t ,p]iod ( ,d$uction1 to :i* ! succe$+ n>rative#bhg is appropriat$4 ,9 ,me*anics1 !n1 we h a c>d9al example ( ! hi/orically gradual & successive asc5t ( sci5ce f p>ticul>s to ! mo/ g5]al laws4 #fa4 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,hydro/atics may appe> to (f] a m fav\rable example ( ! asc5t to ! mo/ g5]al laws1 )\t go+ ?r\gh ! int]m$iate p>ticul> laws2 & x is true1 ) ref]5ce to ?is sci5ce1 z ,i h obs]v$#bhh1 t x does exhibit ! peculi>ity ( our possess+ ! mo/ g5]al pr9ciples on :i* ! ph5om5a dep5d1 & f :i* _m cases ( special facts are expla9$ by d$uction2 :ile o!r cases _c be s expla9$1 f ! want ( pr9ciples int]m$iate betwe5 ! highe/ & ! l[e/4 ,& ,i h assign$1 z ! reason ( ?is peculi>ity1 t ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ! ,me*anics ( ,fluids 7 n obta9$ ) ref]5ce to ! sci5ce itself1 b by ext5sion f ! si/] sci5ce ( ! ,me*anics ( ,solids4 ,! two sci5ces are p>ts ( ! same ,inductive ,pyramid2 & hav+ rea*$ ! summit ( ?is ,pyramid on "o side1 we are tempt$ to desc5d on ! o!r f ! highe/ g5]ality to m n>r[ laws4 ,yet ev5 9 ?is sci5ce1 ! be/ "p ( our k is ma9ly compos$ ( inductive laws1 obta9$ by inductive exam9ation ( p>ticul> classes ( facts4 ,! m]e ma!matical inve/igations ( ! laws ( waves1 = in/ance1 h n l$ to any results s valuable z ! exp]im5tal rese>*es ( ,bremonti]1 ,emy1 ! ,web]s1 & ,mr4 ,scott ,russell4 ,& 9 l mann] 9 ,ac\/ics1 ! ,me*anics ( ,ela/ic ,fluids#bhi1 ! d$uctions ( ma!maticians made on g5]al pr9ciples h n done s mu* = our k1 z ! cases ( vibrations ( plates & pipes exam9$ exp]im5tally by ,*ladni1 ,sav>t1 ,mr4 ,:eat/one & ,mr4 ,willis4 ,we see !re=e1 ev5 9 ^! sci5ces1 no reason to slight ! wisdom :i* exhorts u to asc5d f p>ticul>s to int]m$iate laws1 r ?an to hope to d$uce ^! latt] bett] f ! m g5]al laws obta9$ once = all4 #fb4 ,mr4 ,mill himself inde$1 not)/&+ t he slights ,bacon's injunction to seek k by proce$+ f less g5]al to m g5]al laws1 has giv5 a v good reason :y ?is is commonly necess>y & wise4 ,he says 7ii4 #ebf71 ,be=e we attempt to expla9 d$uctively1 f m g5]al laws1 any new class ( ph5om5a1 x is desirable to h gone z f> z is practicable 9 asc]ta9+ ! empirical laws ( ^! ph5om5a2 s z to comp>e ! results ( d$uction1 n ) "o individual in/ance aft] ano!r1 b ) g5]al propositions expressive ( ! po9ts ( agreem5t :i* h be5 f\nd among _m in/ances4 ,=1 he adds ) great ju/ice1 if ,newton _h be5 oblig$ to v]ify ! !ory ( gravitation1 n by d$uc+ f x ,kepl]'s laws1 b by d$uc+ all ! obs]v$ planet>y positions :i* _h s]v$ ,kepl] to e/abli% ^? laws1 ! ,newtonian !ory w\ld probably nev] h em]g$ f ! /ate ( an hypo!sis4 ,to :i* we may add1 t x is c]ta91 f ! hi/ory ( ! subject1 t 9 t case ! hypo!sis w\ld nev] h be5 fram$ at all4 ,x4 ,mr4 ,mill's ,hope f ,d$uction4--#fc4 ,mr4 ,mill expresses a hope ( ! efficacy ( ,d$uction1 r ?an ,induction1 9 promot+ ! future progress ( ,sci5ce2 :i* hope1 s f> z ! physical sci5ces are conc]n$1 appe>s to me at v>iance ) all ! lessons ( ! hi/ory ( ^? sci5ces4 ,he says 7i4 #egi71 t ! advances h5ce=? to be expect$ ev5 9 physical1 & /ill m 9 m5tal & social sci5ce1 w be *iefly ! result ( d$uction1 is evid5t f ! g5]al consid]ations already adduc$3 ^! consid]ations be+1 t ! ph5om5a to be consid]$ are v complex1 & are ! result ( _m kn[n causes1 ( :i* we h to dis5tangle ! results4 #fd4 ,i _c b take a v diff]5t view f ?is4 ,i ?9k t any "o1 look+ at ! /ate ( physical sci5ce1 w see t !re are /ill a va/ mass ( cases1 9 :i* we d n at all "k ! causes1 at lea/1 9 _! full g5]ality2 & t ! k ( new causes1 & ! g5]alization ( ! laws ( ^? already kn[n1 c only be obta9$ by new inductive discov]ies4 ,except by new ,inductions1 equal1 9 _! efficacy = gr\p+ toge!r ph5om5a 9 new po9ts ( view1 to any :i* h yet be5 p]=m$ 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 h[ are we to solve su* que/ions z ^? :i*1 9 ! survey ( :at we already "k1 =ce !mselves ^u our m9ds8 ,su* z1 to take only a few ( ! mo/ obvi\s examples--,:at is ! nature ( ! connexion ( heat & light8 ,h[ does heat produce ! expansion1 liquefaction & vaporization ( bodies8 ,:at is ! nature ( ! connexion betwe5 ! optical & ! *emical prop]ties ( light8 ,:at is ! relation betwe5 optical1 cry/all9e & *emical pol>ity8 ,:at is ! connexion betwe5 ! atomic con/itution & ! physical qualities ( bodies8 ,:at is ! t5able def9ition ( a m9]al species8 ,:at is ! true relation ( ! app>5tly diff]5t types ( vegetable life 7monocotyl$ons1 dicotyl$ons1 & cryptogam\s plants78 ,:at is ! relation ( ! v>i\s types ( animal life 7v]tebrates1 articulates1 radiates1 c478 ,:at is ! numb]1 & :at are ! di/9ctions ( ! ,vital ,p[]s8 ,:at is ! int]nal con/itution ( ! e>?8 ,^!1 & _m o!r que/ions ( equal int]e/1 no "o1 ,i suppose1 expects to see solv$ by d$uction f pr9ciples already kn[n4 ,b we c1 9 _m ( !m1 see good hope ( progress by a l>ge use ( induction2 includ+1 ( c\rse1 copi\s & c>eful exp]im5ts & obs]vations4 #fe4 ,) su* que/ions be=e u1 z h n[ be5 sugge/$1 ,i c see no?+ b a mo/ mis*iev\s n>r[+ ( ! field & enfeebl+ ( ! _s ( sci5tific ex]tion1 9 ! doctr9e t ,d$uction is ! great sci5tific "w ( ! pres5t & ( future ages2 & t ,a revolution is peaceably & progressively effect+ itself 9 philosophy ! rev]se ( t to :i* ,bacon has atta*$ 8 "n4 ,i tru/1 on ! contr>y1 t we h _m new laws ( nature /ill to discov]2 & t our race is de/9$ to obta9 a sight ( wid] tru?s ?an any we yet disc]n1 includ+1 z cases1 ! g5]al laws we n[ "k1 & obta9$ f ^! kn[n laws z !y mu/ be1 by ,induction4 #ff4 ,i c see1 h[ev]1 reasons = ! comp>atively great] fav\r ) :i* ,mr4 ,mill looks ^u ,d$uction1 9 ! views to :i* he has ma9ly direct$ 8 att5tion4 ,! explanation ( rem>kable ph5om5a by kn[n laws ( ,nature1 has1 z ,i h already said1 a great] *>m = _m m9ds ?an ! discov]y ( ! laws !mselves4 ,9 ! case ( su* explanations1 ! problem propos$ is m def9ite1 & ! solution m obvi\sly complete4 ,= ! process ( induction includes a my/]i\s /ep1 by :i* we pass f p>ticul>s to g5]als1 ( :i* /ep ! reason always seems to be inadequately r5d]$ by any words :i* we c use2 & ?is /ep to mo/ m9ds is n demon/rative1 z to few is x giv5 to p]=m x on a great scale4 ,b ! process ( explanation ( facts by kn[n laws is d$uctive1 & has at e /ep a =ce l t ( demon/ration1 produc+ a feel+ peculi>ly gratify+ to ! cle> intellects :i* are mo/ capable ( foll[+ ! process4 ,we may (t5 see in/ances 9 :i* ?is admiration = d$uctive skill appe>s 9 an extravagant measure2 z :5 m5 comp>e ,laplace ) ,newton4 ,nor %\ld ,i ?9k x my bus9ess to argue aga9/ su* a pref]5ce1 unless x 7 likely to leave u too well satisfi$ ) :at we "k already1 to *ill our hope ( sci5tific progress1 & to prev5t our mak+ any fur!r /r5u\s ef=ts to asc5d1 high] ?an we h yet done1 ! m\nta9-*a9 :i* limits human k4 #fg4 ,b !re is ano!r reason :i*1 ,i conceive1 op]ates 9 lead+ ,mr4 ,mill to look to ,d$uction z ! pr9cipal means ( future progress 9 k1 & :i* is a reason ( consid]able weight 9 ! subjects ( rese>* :i*1 z ,i conceive1 he ma9ly has 9 view4 ,9 ! /udy ( our own m9ds & ( ! laws :i* gov]n ! hi/ory ( society1 ,i d n ?9k t x is v likely t we %all h]eaft] arrive at any wid] pr9ciples ?an ^? ( :i* we already possess "s consid]able k2 & ?is1 = a special reason2 namely1 t our k 9 su* cases is n ga!r$ by m]e ext]nal obs]vation ( a collection ( ext]nal facts2 b acquir$ by att5tion to int]nal facts1 our own emotions1 ?\ghts1 & spr+s ( action2 facts are connect$ by ties exi/+ 9 our own consci\sness1 & n 9 m]e obs]v$ juxtaposition1 succession1 or similitude4 ,h[ ! "*1 = in/ance1 is influ5c$ by v>i\s causes1 7an example to :i* ,mr4 ,mill repeat$ly ref]s1 ii4 #eah1 c471 is an inquiry :i* may p]haps be be/ conduct$ by consid]+ :at we "k ( ! influ5ce ( education & habit1 gov]nm5t & occupation1 hope & fe>1 vanity & pride1 & ! l1 ^u m5's *>act]s1 & by trac+ ! v>i\s effects ( ! int]mixture ( su* influ5ces4 ,yet ev5 "h1 !re seems to be room = ! discov]y ( laws 9 ! way ( exp]im5tal inquiry3 = in/ance1 :at %>e race or family has 9 ! =mation ( "*2 a "q :i* c h>dly be solv$ to any purpose 9 any o!r way ?an by collect+ & class+ in/ances4 ,& 9 ! same way1 _m ( ! pr9ciples :i* regulate ! mat]ial weal? ( /ates1 are obta9$1 if n exclusively1 at lea/ mo/ cle>ly & securely1 by induction f l>ge surveys ( facts4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 ,i am q ready to admit t 9 ,m5tal & ,social ,sci5ce1 we are mu* less likely ?an 9 ,physical ,sci5ce1 to obta9 new tru?s by any process :i* c be di/9ctively t]m$ ,induction2 & t 9 ^? sci5ces1 :at may be call$ ,d$uctions f pr9ciples ( ?\ght & action ( :i* we are already consci\s1 or to :i* we ass5t :5 !y are felicit\sly pick$ out ( our ?\ghts & put into words1 mu/ h a l>ge %>e2 & ,i may add1 t ?is obs]vation ( ,mr4 ,mill appe>s to me to be important1 &1 9 its pres5t connexion1 new4 ,,xi4 ,fundam5tal opposition ( our doctr9es4--#fh4 ,i h made ne>ly all ! rem>ks :i* ,i n[ ?9k x ( any consequ5ce to make ^u ,mr4 ,mill's ,logic1 s f> z x be>s ^u ! doctr9es conta9$ 9 my ,hi/ory & ,philosophy4 ,& yet !re rema9s /ill unt\*$ "o great "q1 involv+ probably ! wide/ ( all ! diff]5ces betwe5 him & me4 ,i mean ! "q :e!r geometrical axioms1 7&1 z simil> 9 _! evid5ce to ^!1 all axioms17 be tru?s d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 or be necess>y tru?s 9 "s deep] s5se4 ,?is is "o ( ! fundam5tal que/ions ( philosophy2 & all p]sons :o take an int]e/ 9 metaphysical discussions1 "k t ! two opposite op9ions h be5 ma9ta9$ ) great zeal 9 all ages ( speculation4 ,to me x appe>s t !re are two di/9ct elem5ts 9 our k1 ,exp]i5ce1 )\t1 & ! ,m9d1 )94 ,mr4 ,mill d]ives all our k f ,exp]i5ce alone4 ,9 a "q ?us go+ to ! root ( all k1 ! opposite argum5ts mu/ ne$s cut deep on bo? sides4 ,mr4 ,mill _c d5y t our k ( geometrical axioms & ! l1 seems to be necess>y4 ,i _c d5y t our k1 axiomatic z well z o!r1 nev] is acquir$ )\t exp]i5ce4 #fi4 ,p]haps ord9>y read]s may despair ( foll[+ our reason+s1 :5 !y f9d t !y c only be made intelligible by suppos+1 on ! "o h&1 a p]son :o ?9ks di/9ctly & yet has nev] se5 or felt any ext]nal object2 & on ! o!r h&1 a p]son :o is transf]r$1 z ,mr4 ,mill supposes 7ii4 #aag71 to di/ant p>ts ( ! /ell> regions :]e ! ph5om5a may be entirely unlike ^? ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 & :]e ev5 ! axiom1 t e effect mu/ h a cause1 does n hold good4 ,nor1 9 tru?1 d ,i ?9k x necess>y "h to sp5d _m words on ?is subject4 ,probably1 = ^? :o take an int]e/ 9 ?is discussion1 mo/ ( ! argum5ts on ea* side h already be5 put =w>ds ) suffici5t repetition4 ,i h1 9 an ,essay on ! ,fundam5tal ,anti!sis ( ,philosophy1 & 9 "s accompany+ ,rem>ks1 pr9t$#bij at ! end ( ! second edition ( my ,philosophy1 giv5 my reply to :at has be5 said on ?is subject1 bo? by ,mr4 ,mill1 & by ! au?or ( a v able critique on my ,hi/ory & ,philosophy :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review 9 #ahda3 & ,i w n "h attempt to revive ! g5]al discussion4 #gj4 ,p]haps ,i may be all[$ to notice1 t 9 "o "p ( ,mr4 ,mill's "w :]e ?is subject is treat$1 !re is ! appe>ance ( "o ( ! p>ties to ! controv]sy pron\nc+ judgm5t 9 8 own cause4 ,?is inde$ is a temptation :i* x is especially difficult = an au?or to resi/1 :o writes a treatise ^u ,fallacies1 ! subject ( ,mr4 ,mill's fif? ,book4 ,9 su* a treatise1 ! writ] has an easy way ( dispos+ ( adv]se op9ions by class+ !m z ,fallacies1 & putt+ !m side by side ) op9ions univ]sally ackn[l$g$ to be false4 ,9 ?is way1 ,mr4 ,mill has dealt ) sev]al po9ts :i* are /ill1 z ,i conceive1 matt]s ( controv]sy 7ii4 #ceg1 c474 #ga4 ,b und\bt$ly1 ,mr4 ,mill has giv5 8 argum5t aga9/ my op9ions ) great di/9ctness 9 ano!r place 7i4 #cai74 ,9 ord] to %[ t x is m]ely habitual association :i* gives to an exp]im5tal tru? ! "* ( a necess>y tru?1 he quotes ! case ( ! laws ( motion1 :i* 7 really discov]$ f exp]im5t1 b are n[ look$ ^u z ! only conceivable laws2 & especially1 :at he conceives z ! r$uctio ad absurdum ( ! !ory ( inconceivabl5ess1 an op9ion :i* ,i _h v5tur$ to ?r[ out1 t if we c\ld conceive ! ,composition ( bodies di/9ctly1 we might be able to see t x is necess>y t ! modes ( _! composition %\ld be def9ite4 ,i d n ?9k t read]s 9 g5]al w see any?+ absurd 9 ! op9ion1 t ! laws ( ,me*anics1 & ev5 ! laws ( ! ,*emical ,composition ( bodies1 may dep5d ^u pr9ciples z necess>y z ! prop]ties ( space & numb]2 & t ?is necessity1 ?\gh n at all p]ceiv$ by p]sons :o h only ! ord9>y obscure & confus$ notions on su* subjects1 may be evid5t to a m9d :i* has1 by ef=t & discipl9e1 r5d]$ its ideas ( ,me*anical ,causation1 ,elem5t>y ,composition & ,diff]5ce ( ,k9d1 cle> & precise4 ,x may easily be1 ,i conceive1 t :ile su* necess>y pr9ciples are p]ceiv$ to be necess>y only by a few m9ds ( highly cultivat$ insight1 su* pr9ciples z ! axioms ( ,geometry & ,ari?metic may be p]ceiv$ to be necess>y by all m9ds :i* h any habit ( ab/ract ?\ght at all3 & ,i conceive also1 t ?\gh ^! axioms are br\ght into di/9ct view by a c]ta9 degree ( intellectual cultivation1 !y may /ill be mu* bett] describ$ z conditions ( exp]i5ce1 ?an z results ( exp]i5ce3--z laws ( ! m9d & ( its activity1 r ?an z facts impress$ ^u a m9d m]ely passive4 ,,xii4 ,absurdities 9 ,mr4 ,mill's ,logic4--#gb4 ,i w n pursue ! subject fur!r3 only1 z ! "q has aris5 respect+ ! absurdities to :i* ea* ( ! opposite doctr9es leads1 ,i w po9t out op9ions connect$ ) ?is subject1 :i* ,mr4 ,mill has /at$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( 8 book4 ,he holds 7i4 #cag7 t x is m]ely f habit t we are unable to conceive ! la/ po9t ( space or ! la/ in/ant ( "t4 ,he holds 7ii4 #cfj7 t x is /range t any "o %\ld rely ^u ! priori evid5ce t space or ext5sion is inf9ite1 or t no?+ c be made ( no?+4 ,he holds 7i4 #cjd7 t ! fir/ law ( motion is rigor\sly true1 b t ! axioms respect+ ! lev] are only approximately true4 ,he holds 7ii4 #aaj7 t !re may be sid]eal firmam5ts 9 :i* ev5ts succe$ ea* o!r at r&om1 )\t obey+ any laws ( causation2 al?\gh "o might suppose t ev5 if space & cause are bo? to h _! limits1 /ill !y might t]m9ate toge!r3 & !n1 ev5 on ?is bold supposition1 we %\ld no :]e h a _w 9 :i* ev5ts 7 casual4 ,he holds 7ii4 #aaa7 t ! axiom1 t e ev5t mu/ h a cause1 is e/abli%$ by means ( an induction by simple enum]ation3 & 9 l mann]1 t ! pr9ciples ( numb] & ( geometry are prov$ by ?is me?od ( simple enum]ation alone4 ,he ascribes ! pro( 7i4 #afb7 ( ! axiom1 ?+s :i* are equal to ! same are equal to ea* o!r1 to ! fact t ?is proposition has be5 p]petually f\nd true & nev] false4 ,he holds 7i4 #cch7 t ,9 all propositions conc]n+ numb]s1 a condition is impli$1 )\t :i* none ( !m w\ld be true2 & t condition is an assumption :i* may be false4 ,! condition is t #a #a4 #gc4 ,mr4 ,mill fur!r holds 7i4 #cji71 t x is a *>act]i/ic prop]ty ( geometrical =ms1 t !y are capable ( be+ pa9t$ 9 ! imag9ation ) a di/9ctness equal to reality3--t our ideas ( =ms exactly resemble our s5sations3 :i*1 x is impli$1 is n ! case ) reg>d to any o!r class ( our ideas2--t we ?us may h m5tal pictures ( all possible comb9ations ( l9es & angles1 :i* are z fit subjects ( geometrical exp]im5tation z ! realities !mselves4 ,he says1 t we "k t ! imag9>y l9es exactly resemble real ones2 & t we obta9 ?is k respect+ ! *>act]i/ic prop]ty ( ! idea ( space by exp]i5ce2 ?\gh x does n appe> h[ we c comp>e our ideas ) ! realities1 s9ce we "k ! realities only by our ideas2 or :y ?is prop]ty ( _! resemblance %\ld be conf9$ to "o class ( ideas alone4 #gd4 ,i h n[ made su* rem>ks z appe> to me to be necess>y1 on ! mo/ important p>ts ( ,mr4 ,mill's criticism ( my ,philosophy4 ,i hope ,i h avoid$ urg+ any ?+ 9 a cont5ti\s mann]2 z ,i h c]ta9ly writt5 ) no desire ( controv]sy1 b only ) a view to (f] to ^? :o may be will+ to receive x1 "s explanation ( portions ( my previ\s writ+s4 ,i h already said1 t if ?is _h n h be5 my especial object1 ,i c\ld ) pleasure h not$ ! passages ( ,mr4 ,mill's ,logic :i* ,i admire1 r ?an ! po9ts 9 :i* we diff]4 ,i w 9 a v few words ref] to "s ( ^! po9ts1 z ! mo/ agreeable way ( tak+ leave ( ! dispute4 ,i say !n t ,mr4 ,mill appe>s to me especially in/ructive 9 8 discussion ( ! nature ( ! pro( :i* is convey$ by ! syllogism2 & t 8 doctr9e1 t ! =ce ( ! syllogism consi/s 9 an inductive ass]tion1 ) an int]pretation add$ to x1 solves v happily ! difficulties :i* baffle ! o!r !ories ( ?is subject4 ,i ?9k t ?is doctr9e ( 8 is made /ill m in/ructive1 by 8 except+ f x ! cases ( ,scriptural ,!ology & ( ,positive ,law 7i4 #bfj71 z cases 9 :i* g5]al propositions1 n p>ticul> facts1 are our orig9al data4 ,i consid] also t ! recognition ( ,k9ds 7i4 #aff7 z classes 9 :i* we h1 n a f9ite b an inexhau/ible body ( resemblances among individuals1 & z gr\ps made by nature1 n by m]e def9ition1 is v valuable1 z /opp+ ! inroad to an endless tra9 ( false philosophy4 ,i conceive t he takes ! "r gr\nd 9 8 answ] to ,hume's argum5t aga9/ miracles 7ii4 #ahc73 & ,i admire ! acut5ess ) :i* he has criticiz$ ,laplace's t5ets on ! ,doctr9e ( ,*ances1 & ! c&\r ) :i* he has1 9 ! second edition1 ackn[l$g$ ov]sights on ?is subject made 9 ! fir/4 ,i ?9k t mu*1 ,i may almo/ say all1 :i* he says on ! subject ( ,language1 is v philosophical2 = in/ance1 :at he says 7ii4 #bch7 ( ! way 9 :i* words acquire _! mean+ 9 common use4 ,i especially admire ! acut5ess & =ce ) :i* he has %[n 7ii4 #bee7 h[ moral pr9ciples express$ 9 words deg5]ate into =mulas1 & yet h[ ! =mula _c be reject$ )\t a moral loss4 ,?is p]petual oscillation 9 spiritual tru?s1 z he happily t]ms x1 has nev]1 ,i ?9k1 be5 not$ 9 ! same broad mann]1 & is a subject ( mo/ in/ructive contemplation4 ,& ?\gh ,i h myself refra9$ f associat+ moral & political ) physical sci5ce 9 my /udy ( ! subject1 ,i see a great deal :i* is full ( promise = ! future progress ( moral & political k 9 ,mr4 ,mill's six? ,book1 ,on ! ,logic ( ! ,moral & ,political ,sci5ces4 ,ev5 8 arrangem5t ( ! v>i\s me?ods :i* h be5 or may be foll[$ 9 ! ,social ,sci5ce1--! ,*emical or ,exp]im5tal ,me?od1 ! ,geometrical or ,ab/ract ,me?od1 ! ,physical or ,concrete ,d$uctive ,me?od1 ! ,inv]se ,d$uctive or ,hi/orical ,me?od1 ?\gh 9 "s degree fanciful & =c$1 ab\nds ) valuable sugge/ions2 & 8 e/imate ( ! int]e/+ philosophy ( ! ,b5?am s*ool1 ! ma9 example ( ! geometrical me?od1 is int]e/+ & philosophical4 ,on "s future occasion1 ,i may1 p]haps1 v5ture into ! region ( :i* ,mr4 ,mill has ?us essay$ to map ! highways3 = x is f no despair ei!r ( ! great progress to be made 9 su* tru? z t "h ref]r$ to1 or ( ! effect ( philosophical me?od 9 arriv+ at su* tru?1 t ,i h1 9 :at ,i h n[ writt51 conf9$ myself to ! less captivat+ b m def9ite "p ( ! subject4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bfd3 ,a ,sy/em ( ,logic1 ,ratioc9ative & ,inductive1 be+ a connect$ view ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,evid5ce1 & ( ! ,me?ods ( ,sci5tific ,inve/igation4 ,by ,john ,/u>t ,mill4 ,footnote #bfe3 ,^! ,rem>ks 7 publi%$ 9 #ahdi1 "u ! title ,( ,induction1 ) especial ref]5ce to ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill's ,sy/em ( ,logic4 ,footnote #bff3 ,my ref]5ces are ?r\gh\t 7except :5 o!rwise express$7 to ! volume & ! page ( ,mr4 ,mill's fir/ edition ( 8 ,logic4 ,footnote #bfg3 ,on ?is subject see an ,essay ,on ! ,trans=mation ( ,hypo!ses1 giv5 9 ! ,app5dix4 ,footnote #bfh3 ,b4 vii4 c4 iii4 sect4 #c4 ,footnote #bfi3 ,b4 iii4 c4 ix4 art4 #g4 ,footnote #bgj3 ,b4 i4 c4 iii4 ,footnote #bga3 ,b4 iii4 c4 viii4 ,footnote #bgb3 ,disc\rse1 ,art4 #aib4 ,footnote #bgc3 ,b4 xi4 c4 xi4 ,footnote #bgd3 ,phil4 b4 xiii4 c4 ix4 art4 #g4 ,footnote #bge3 ,b4 xiii4 c4 viii4 ,footnote #bgf3 ,giv5 also 9 ! ,phil4 ,ind4 ,sc4 b4 xiii4 c4 vii4 sect4 #ag4 ,footnote #bgg3 ,ibid4 b4 vi4 c4 iv4 ,footnote #bgh3 ,see ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,sc4 b4 xii4 note ,d1 9 ! second edition4 ,footnote #bgi3 ,!re are "s po9ts 9 my doctr9es on ! subject ( ! ,classificatory ,sci5ces to :i* ,mr4 ,mill objects1 7ii4 #cad1 c471 b !re is no?+ :i* ,i ?9k x necess>y to rem>k "h1 except "o po9t4 ,aft] speak+ ( ,classification ( organiz$ be+s 9 g5]al1 ,mr4 ,mill notices 7ii4 #cba7 z an additional subject1 ! arrangem5t ( natural gr\ps into a ,natural ,s]ies2 & he says1 t all :o h attempt$ a !ory ( natural arrangem5t1 includ+ among ! re/ ,mr4 ,:ewell1 h /opp$ %ort ( ?is3 all except ,m4 ,comte4 ,on ?is ,i h to obs]ve1 t ,i /opp$ %ort (1 or r pass$ by1 ! doctr9e ( a ,s]ies ( organiz$ be+s1 because ,i ?\ght x bad & n>r[ philosophy3 & t ,i suffici5tly indicat$ t ,i did ?is4 ,9 ! ,hi/ory 7b4 xvi4 c4 vi47 ,i h spok5 ( ! doctr9e ( ,circul> ,progression prop\nd$ by ,mr4 ,macleay1 & h said1 s f> z ?is view negatives a m]e l9e> progression 9 nature1 :i* w\ld place ea* g5us 9 contact ) ! prec$+ & succe$+ ones1 & s f> z x requires u to att5d to ! m v>i$ & ramifi$ resemblances1 !re c be no d\bt t x is support$ by ! result ( all ! attempts to =m natural sy/ems4 ,& ) reg>d to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,cuvi] & ,m4 de ,bla9ville1 to :i* ,mr4 ,mill ref]s 7ii4 #cba71 ,i c]ta9ly _c ?9k t ,m4 ,comte's suffrage c add any weight to ! op9ion ( ei!r ( ^? great naturali/s4 ,footnote #bhj3 ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,sc4 b4 x4 note 7,,va7 9 ! second edition4 ,footnote #bha3 ,b4 xi4 c4 v4 art4 #aa4 ,footnote #bhb3 ,i h giv5 else:]e 7see la/ *apt]7 reasons :y ,i _c assign to ,m4 ,comte's ,philosophie ,positive any great value z a contribution to ! philosophy ( sci5ce4 ,9 ?is judgm5t ,i conceive t ,i am support$ by ! be/ philosoph]s ( our "t4 ,m4 ,comte owes1 ,i ?9k1 mu* ( ! notice :i* has be5 giv5 to him to 8 includ+1 z ,mr4 ,mill does1 ! sci5ce ( society & ( human nature 9 8 s*eme1 & to 8 boldness 9 deal+ ) ^!4 ,he appe>s to h be5 receiv$ ) def]5ce z a ma!matician3 b ,sir ,john ,h]s*el has %[n t a suppos$ a/ronomical discov]y ( 8 is a m]e assumption4 ,i conceive t ,i h %[n t 8 repres5tation ( ! hi/ory ( sci5ce is errone\s1 bo? 9 its details & 9 its g5]alities4 ,8 di/9ction ( ! ?ree /ages ( sci5ces1 ! !ological1 metaphysical1 & positive1 is n at all support$ by ! facts ( sci5tific hi/ory4 ,real discov]ies always involve :at he calls metaphysics2 & ! doctr9e ( f9al causes 9 physiology1 ! ma9 elem5t ( sci5ce :i* c prop]ly be call$ !ological1 is reta9$ at ! end1 z well z ! beg9n+ ( ! sci5ce1 by all except a peculi> s*ool4 ,footnote #bhc3 ,i h also1 9 ! same place1 giv5 ! ,inductive ,pyramid = ! sci5ce ( ,optics4 ,^! ,pyramids are necess>ily inv]t$ 9 _! =m1 9 ord] t1 9 read+ 9 ! ord9>y way1 we may proce$ to ! v]tex4 ,phil4 ,ind4 ,sc4 b4 xi4 c4 vi4 ,footnote #bhd3 ,cosmos1 vol4 ii4 note #ce4 ,footnote #bhe3 ,! read] w probably recollect t z ,induction means ! inf]5ce ( g5]al propositions f p>ticul> cases1 ,d$uction means ! inf]5ce by ! application ( g5]al propositions to p>ticul> cases1 & by comb9+ su* applications2 z :5 f ! mo/ g5]al pr9ciples ( ,geometry or ( ,me*anics1 we prove "s less g5]al !orem2 = in/ance1 ! numb] ( ! possible regul> solids1 or ! pr9ciple ( vis viva4 ,footnote #bhf3 ,b4 vi4 c4 v4 ,footnote #bhg3 c4 vi4 ,footnote #bhh3 ,hi/4 b4 vi4 c4 vi4 sect4 #ac4 ,footnote #bhi3 ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,sc4 b4 viii4 ,footnote #bij3 ,repr9t$ 9 ! ,app5dix to ?is volume4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,political ,,economy ,,z ,,an ,,inductive ,,sci5ce4 7,moral ,sci5ces47--#a4 ,bo? ,m4 ,comte & ,mr4 ,mill1 9 speak+ ( ! me?ods ( advanc+ sci5ce1 aim1 z ,i h said1 at ! ext5sion ( _! me?ods to moral subjects1 & aspire to sugge/ means = ! augm5tation ( our k ( e?ical1 political1 & social tru?s4 ,i h n "h v5tur$ ^u a l ext5sion ( my conclusions1 because ,i wi%$ to conf9e my views ( ! philosophy ( discov]y to ! cases 9 :i* all all[ t solid & p]man5t discov]ies h be5 made4 ,moreov] 9 ! case ( moral speculations1 we h to consid] n only obs]v$ ext]nal facts & ! ideas by :i* !y are colligat$1 b also int]nal facts1 9 :i* ! in/rum5t ( obs]vation is consci\sness1 & 9 :i* obs]vations & ideas are m+l$ toge!r1 & act & react 9 a peculi> mann]4 ,x may !re=e be d\bt$ :e!r ! me?ods :i* h be5 effectual 9 ! discov]y ( physical !ories w n require to be greatly modifi$1 or replac$ by processes altoge!r diff]5t1 :5 we w\ld make advances 9 e?ical1 political1 or social k4 ,9 e?ics1 at lea/1 x seems pla9 t we mu/ take our />t+-po9t n )\t b )9 u4 ,our m5tal p[]s1 our affections1 our reason1 & any o!r faculties :i* we h1 mu/ be ! basis ( our convictions4 ,& 9 ?is field ( k1 ! v =m ( our highe/ propositions is diff]5t f :at x is 9 ! physical sci5ces4 ,9 ,physics we exam9e :at is1 9 a =m m or less g5]al3 9 ,e?ics we seek to det]m9e :at ,,ought to be1 z ! highe/ rule1 :i* is supreme ov] all o!rs4 ,9 ?is case we _c expect ! me?ods ( physical discov]y to aid u4 ,b o!rs ( ! subjects :i* ,i h m5tion$1 ?\gh /rongly m>k$ & influ5c$ by ?is e?ical elem5t1 are /ill ( a mix$ "*1 & require also obs]vation ( ext]nal facts ( human1 individual1 & social conduct1 & g5]alizations d]iv$ f su* obs]vations4 ,! facts ( political con/itutions & social relations 9 communities ( m51 & ! hi/ories ( su* communities1 af=d l>ge bodies ( mat]ials = political & social sci5ce2 & x seems n at all unlikely t su* sci5ce may be gov]n$1 9 its =mation & progress1 by laws l ^? :i* gov]n ! physical sci5ces1 & may be /e]$ cle> ( errors & direct$ t[>ds tru?s by an att5tion to ! =ms :i* error & tru? h assum$ 9 ! mo/ /able & c]ta9 sci5ces4 ,! diff]5t =ms ( society1 & ! pr9cipal motives :i* op]ate ^u m5 reg>d$ 9 masses1 may be classifi$ z facts2 & ?\gh our consci\sness ( :at we ourselves are & ! affections :i* we ourselves feel are always at "w 9 our int]pretations ( su* facts1 yet ! k :i* we ?us obta9 may lead u to bodies ( k :i* we may call ,sci5ces1 & comp>e ) ! o!r sci5ces z to _! =m & maxims4 7,political ,economy47--#b4 ,among su* bodies ( k1 ,i may notice z a specim51 ! sci5ce ( ,political ,economy1 & may comp>e x ) o!r sci5ces 9 ! respects :i* h be5 ref]r$ to4 ,m4 ,comte has giv5 a few pages to ! discussion ( ?is sci5ce ( ,political ,economy#bia2 b :at he has said am\nts only to a few vague rem>ks on ,adam ,smi? & ,de/utt de ,tracy2 8 ma9 object be+1 x w\ld seem1 to introduce 8 usual =mula1 & to condemn all t has hi!rto be5 done 7) :i* !re is no evid5ce t he is adequately acqua9t$7 z wor?less1 because x is !ological1 metaphysical1 lit]>y1 & n positive4 ,mr4 ,mill has mu* m di/9ctly *>act]iz$ ! plan & =m ( ,political ,economy 9 8 sy/em#bib4 ,he reg>ds ?is sci5ce z t :i* deals ) ! results :i* take place 9 human society 9 consequ5ce ( ! desire ( weal?4 ,he expla9s1 h[ev]1 t x is only = ! sake ( conv5i5ce t "o ( ! motives :i* op]ate ^u man is ?us insulat$ & treat$ z if x 7 ! only "o3--t !re are o!r pr9ciples1 = in/ance1 ! pr9ciples on :i* ! progress ( population dep5ds1 :i* co-op]ate ) ! ma9 pr9ciple1 & mat]ially modify its results3 & he gives reasons :y ?is mode ( simplify+ ! /udy ( social ph5om5a t5ds to promote ! progress ( sy/ematic k4 ,in/ead ( discuss+ ^! reasons1 ,i w notice ! way 9 :i* ! speculations ( political economi/s h exemplifi$ t5d5cies to error1 & corrections ( ^? t5d5cies1 ( ! same nature z ^? :i* we h already notic$ 9 speak+ ( o!r sci5ces4 7,wages1 ,pr(its1 & ,r5t47--#c4 ,we may reg>d z "o ( ! fir/ important /eps 9 ?is sci5ce1 ,adam ,smi?'s rem>k1 t ! value or price ( any article b\ght & sold consi/s ( ?ree elem5ts1 ,wages1 ,pr(its1 & ,r5t4 ,"s ( ! mo/ important ( subsequ5t speculations 7 attempts to det]m9e ! laws ( ea* ( ^! ?ree elem5ts4 ,at fir/ x might be suppos$ t !re ought to be add$ to !m a f\r? elem5t1 ,mat]ials4 ,b ^u consid]ation x w be se5 t mat]ials1 z an elem5t ( price1 resolves itself into wages & r5t2 = all mat]ials d]ive _! value f ! lab\r :i* is be/[$ ^u !m4 ,! iron ( ! pl\gh%>e co/s j :at x co/s to s9k ! m9e1 dig up & smelt ! iron4 ,! wood ( ! frame co/s :at x co/s to cut d[n ! tree1 toge!r ) ! r5t ( ! gr\nd on :i* x gr[s4 7,premature ,g5]alizations47--#d4 ,b :at det]m9es ,wages8--,! am\nt ( p]sons seek+ "w1 t is1 speak+ loosely1 ! population2 & ! am\nt ( money :i* is devot$ to ! paym5t ( wages4 ,& :at det]m9es ! population8 ,x 0 repli$1--! means ( subsi/5ce4 ,& h[ does ! population t5d to increase8--,9 a geometrical ratio4 ,& h[ does ! subsi/5ce t5d to increase8--,at mo/ 9 an ari?metical ratio4 ,& h5ce x 0 inf]r$ t ! population t5ds con/antly to run beyond ! means ( subsi/5ce1 & w be limit$ by a ?reat5$ defici5cy ( ^! means4 ,& ! wages paid mu/ be su* z to =m ?is limit4 ,& !re=e ! wages paid w always be su* z j to keep up ! population 9 its ord9>y /ate ( progress4 ,"h 0 "o g5]al proposition :i* 0 ga!r$ f summ>y obs]vations ( society4 ,aga93 z to ,r5t3 ,adam ,smi? _h treat$ ,r5t z if x 7 a monopoly price--! result ( a monopoly ( ! l& by ! l&[n]s4 ,b subsequ5t writ]s acutely rem>k$ t l& is ( v>i\s degrees ( f]tility1 & !re is "s l& :i* b>ely pays ! cultivator1 if cultivat+ x he pay no r5t4 ,& r5t c be af=d$ = o!r l& only 9 s f> z x is bett] ?an ?is bad l&4 ,& ?us1 !re 0 obta9$ ano!r g5]al proposition2 t ! ,r5t ( good l& 0 j equal to ! excess ( its produce ov] ! wor/ cultivable l&4 ,n[ ^! two propositions are examples ( a ha/y & premature g5]alization1 l t f :i* ! sweep+ physical sy/ems ( antiquity 7 d]iv$4 ,!y 7 examples ( t process :i* ,francis ,bacon calls anticipation2 9 :i* we leap at once f a few facts to propositions ( ! highe/ g5]ality2 & suppos+ ^! to be securely e/abli%$1 proce$ to draw a body ( conclusions f !m1 & ?us frame a sy/em4 ,& :at is ! s\nd] & wis] mode ( proce$+ 9 ord] to obta9 a sci5ce ( su* ?+s8 ,we mu/ classify ! facts :i* we obs]ve1 & take c>e t we d n ascribe to ! facts 9 our imm$iate neighb\rhood or specially "u our notice1 a g5]ality ( preval5ce :i* does n belong to !m4 ,we mu/ proce$ by ! ladd] ( ,induction1 & be sure we h obta9$ ! n>r[] g5]alizations1 be=e we aspire to ! wide/4 7,correction ( !m by ,induction4 ,r5t47--#e4 ,= in/ance2 9 ! case ( ! latt] ( ! above two propositions--t ,r5t is ! excess ( ! produce ( good soils ov] ! wor/--t is ! case 9 ,engl& & ,scotl&2 b is x ! case 9 o!r c\ntries8 ,let u see4 ,:y is x ! case 9 ,engl&8 ,because if ! r5t dem&$ = good l& 7 m ?an ! excess ( ! produce ov] bad l&1 ! f>m] w\ld pref] ! bad l& z m ga9ful4 ,if ! r5t dem&$ = good l& 7 less ?an ! excess1 ! bad l& w\ld be ab&on$ by ! f>m]4 ,b all ?is goes ^u ! supposition t ! f>m] c remove f good l& to bad1 or f bad to good1 or apply 8 capital 9 "s o!r way ?an f>m+1 accord+ z x is m ga9ful4 ,?is is true 9 ,engl&2 b is x true all ov] ! _w8 ,by no means4 ,x is true 9 sc>cely any o!r "p ( ! _w4 ,9 almo/ e o!r "p ( ! _w ! cultivator is b\nd to ! l&1 s t he _c remove himself & 8 capital f x2 & _c1 because he is n satisfi$ ) 8 position ^u x1 seek & f9d a position & a subsi/5ce else:]e4 ,on ! contr>y1 he is b\nd by ! laws & cu/oms ( ! c\ntry1 by con/itution1 hi/ory & "*1 s t he _c1 or c only ) great difficulty1 *ange 8 plan & mode ( life4 ,& ?us ov] great "p ( ! _w ! fundam5tal supposition on :i* re/s ! above g5]alization respect+ ,r5t is altoge!r false4 ,an able political economi/#bic has tak5 ! /ep1 :i* z we h said1 s\nd philosophy w\ld h prescrib$3 he has classifi$ ! /ates ( society :i* exi/ or h exi/$ on ! e>?1 z !y be> on ?is po9t1 ! am\nt ( ,r5t4 ,he has classifi$ ! modes 9 :i* ! produce is1 9 diff]5t c\ntries & diff]5t /ages ( society1 divid$ betwe5 ! cultivator & ! proprietor3 & he f9ds t ! natural divisions are ^!3--,s]f ,r5ts1 t is1 lab\r r5ts paid by ! ,cultivator to ! ,l&[n]1 z 9 ,russia3 ,mtay] ,r5ts1 :]e ! produce is divid$ betwe5 ! ,cultivator & ! ,l&[n]1 z 9 ,c5tral ,europe3 ,ryot ,r5ts1 :]e a portion ( ! produce is paid to ! ,sov]eign z ,l&lord1 z 9 ,india3 ,cotti] ,r5ts1 :]e a money-r5t is paid by a ,cultivator :o raises 8 own subsi/5ce f ! soil2 & ,f>m]s' ,r5ts1 :]e a cov5ant$ ,r5t is paid by a p]son employ+ lab\r]s4 ,9 ?is la/ case alone is x true t ! ,r5t is equal to ! excess ( good ov] bad soils4 ,! error ( ! conclusion1 9 ?is case1 arises f assum+ ! mobility ( capital & lab\r 9 cases 9 :i* x is n moveable3 :i* is mu* z if me*anicians _h reason$ respect+ rigid bodies1 suppos+ !m to be fluid bodies4 ,b ! error ( me?od 0 9 n classify+ ! facts ( societies be=e jump+ to a conclusion :i* 0 to be applicable to all societies4 7,wages47--#f4 ,& 9 l mann] !re is an error ( ! same k9d 9 ! ass]tion ( ! o!r g5]al pr9ciples3--t wages are det]m9$ by ! capital :i* is =?com+ = ! paym5t ( wages2 & t population is det]m9$ 9 its progress by wages4 ,= !re is a va/ mass ( population on ! surface ( ! e>? :i* does n live ^u wages3 & ?\gh 9 ,engl& ! great] "p ( ! p lives ^u wages1 9 ! re/ ( ! _w ! "p t does s is small4 ,& 9 ?is case1 z 9 ! o!r1 we mu/ class ^! facts z !y exi/ 9 diff]5t nations1 be=e we c make ass]tions ( any wide g5]ality4 ,mr4 ,jones#bid class$ ! condition ( lab\r]s 9 diff]5t c\ntries 9 ! same inductive mann] 9 :i* he class$ ! t5ure ( l&4 ,he po9t$ out t !re are ?ree broad di/9ct classes ( !m3 ,unhir$ ,lab\r]s1 :o cultivate ! gr\nd :i* !y occupy1 & live on self-produc$ wages2 ,paid ,dep5dants1 :o are paid out ( ! rev5ue or income ( _! employ]s1 z ! milit>y reta9]s & dome/ic artizans ( feudal times 9 ,europe1 & ! great] "p ( ! p ( ,asia at ! pres5t day2 & ,hir$ ,lab\r]s1 :o are paid wages f capital4 ,?is la/ class1 ?\gh tak5 z belong+ to ! normal condition ( society by _m political economi/s1 is really ! exceptional case1 tak+ ! _w at l>ge2 & no propositions conc]n+ ! /ructure & relations ( ranks 9 society c h any wide g5]ality :i* are f\nd$ on a consid]ation ( ?is case alone4 7,population47--#g4 ,& aga93 ) reg>d to ! proposition t ! progress ( population dep5ds m]ely on ! rate ( wages1 a v little obs]vation ( diff]5t communities1 & ( ! same communities at diff]5t times1 w %[ t ?is is a v ra% & ha/y g5]alization4 ,:5 wages rise1 :e!r or n population %all und]go a correspond+ increase dep5ds ^u _m o!r circum/ances besides ?is s+le fact ( ! increase ( wages4 ,! effect ( a rise ( wages ^u population is affect$ by ! =m ( ! wages1 ! "t occupi$ by ! *ange1 ! in/itutions ( ! society "u consid]ation1 & o!r causes3 & a due classification ( ! conditions ( ! society accord+ to ^! circum/ances1 is requisite 9 ord] to obta9 any g5]al proposition conc]n+ ! effect ( a rise or fall ( wages ^u ! progress ( ! population4 ,& ?us ^? precepts ( ! philosophy ( discov]y :i* we h repeat$ s (t51 :i* are s simple1 & :i* seem s obvi\s1 h be5 neglect$ or violat$ 9 ! outset ( ,political ,economy z 9 s _m o!r sci5ces3--namely1 ! precepts t we mu/ classify our facts be=e we g5]alize1 & seek = n>r[] g5]alizations & inductions be=e we aim at ! wide/4 ,if ^! maxims _h be5 obey$1 !y w\ld h sav$ ! e>li] speculators on ?is subject f "s spl5did errors2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x may be said1 t if ^! e>li] speculators _h n be5 ?us bold1 ! sci5ce c\ld n s soon h assum$ t l>ge & /rik+ =m :i* made x s attractive1 & to :i* x probably owes a l>ge "p ( its progress4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bia3 ,phil4 ,pos4 t4 iv4 p4 #bfd4 ,footnote #bib3 ,logic1 b4 vi4 c4 #c4 ,footnote #bic3 ,jones1 ,on ,r5t1 #ahcc4 ,footnote #bid3 ,lit]>y ,rema9s1 #ahei4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,mod]n ,,g]man ,,philosophy#bie4 ,i4 ,sci5ce is ! ,idealization ( ,facts4 #a4 ,i h spok51 a few *apt]s back1 ( ! ,reaction aga9/ ! doctr9es ( ! ,s5sational ,s*ool 9 ,engl& & ,france4 ,9 ,g]many also !re 0 a ,reaction aga9/ ^! doctr9es2--b !re1 ?is movem5t took a direction diff]5t f its direction 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,omitt+ _m o!r names1 ,kant1 ,fi*te1 ,s*ell+ & ,hegel may be reg>d$ z ! writ]s :o m>k1 9 a prom95t mann]1 ?is ,g]manic l9e ( speculation4 ,! problem ( philosophy1 9 ! way 9 :i* !y conceiv$ x1 may be/ be expla9$ by ref]5ce to t ,fundam5tal ,anti!sis ( :i* ,i _h occasion to speak 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,sci5tific ,ideas#bif4 ,& 9 ord] to *>act]ize ! /eps tak5 by ^! mod]n ,g]man philosoph]s1 ,i mu/ return to :at ,i h said conc]n+ ! ,fundam5tal ,anti!sis4 ,?is ,anti!sis1 z ,i h !re rem>k$1 is /at$ 9 v>i\s ways3--z ! ,anti!sis ( ,?\ghts & ,?+s2 ( ,ideas & ,s5sations2 ( ,!ory & ,facts2 ( ,necess>y ,tru? & ,exp]i5ce2 ( ! ,subjective & ,objective elem5ts ( our k2 & 9 o!r phrases4 ,i h fur!r rem>k$ t ! elem5ts ?us spok5 (1 ?\gh oppos$1 are insep>able4 ,we _c h ! "o )\t ! o!r4 ,we _c h ?\ghts )\t ?9k+ ( ,?+s3 we _c h ?+s be=e u )\t ?9k+ ( !m4 ,fur!r1 x has be5 %[n1 ,i conceive1 t our k d]ives f ! =m] ( ^! two elem5ts1 namely our ,ideas1 its =m & "* ( k2 our ideas be+ ! necess>y ,=ms ( k1 :ile ! ,matt] ( our k 9 ea* case is suppli$ by ! appropriate p]ception or outw>d exp]i5ce4 ,?us our ,ideas ( ,space & ,"t are ! necess>y ,=ms ( our geometrical & ari?metical k2 & no s5sations or exp]i5ce are ne$$ z ! matt] ( su* k1 except 9 s f> z s5sation & exp]i5ce are ne$$ to evoke our ,ideas 9 any degree4 ,& h5ce ^! sci5ces are sometimes call$ ,=mal sci5ces4 ,all o!r ,sci5ces involve1 along ) ! exp]i5ce & obs]vation appropriate to ea*1 a developm5t ( ! ideal conditions ( k exi/+ 9 our m9ds2 & ,i h giv5 ! hi/ory1 bo? ( ?is developm5t ( ideas & ( ! matt] d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 9 two =m] works1 ! ,hi/ory ( ,sci5tific ,ideas1 & ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces4 ,i h !re trac$ ?is hi/ory ?r\gh ! :ole body ( ! physical sci5ces4 ,b ?\gh ,ideas & ,p]ceptions are ?us sep>ate elem5ts 9 our philosophy1 !y _c 9 fact be di/+ui%$ & sep>at$1 b are diff]5t aspects ( ! same ?+4 ,& ! only way 9 :i* we c approa* to tru? is by gradually & successively1 9 "o in/ance aft] ano!r1 advanc+ f ! p]ception to ! idea2 f ! fact to ! !ory4 #b4 ,i w\ld n[ fur!r obs]ve1 t 9 ?is progression f fact to !ory1 we advance 7:5 ! !ory is complete & completely possess$ by ! m9d7 f ! appreh5sion ( tru?s z actual to ! appreh5sion ( !m z necess>y2 & ?us ,facts :i* 7 orig9ally obs]v$ m]ely z ,facts become ! consequ5ces ( !ory1 & are ?us br\ght )9 ! doma9 ( ,ideas4 ,t :i* 0 a "p ( ! objective _w becomes also a "p ( ! subjective _w2 a necess>y "p ( ! ?\ghts ( ! !ori/4 ,& 9 ?is way ! progress ( true !ory is ! ,idealization ( ,facts4 ,?us ! ,progress ( ,sci5ce consi/s 9 a p]petual r$uction ( ,facts to ,ideas4 ,portions are p]petually transf]r$ f "o side to ano!r ( ! ,fundam5tal ,anti!sis3 namely1 f ! ,objective to ! ,subjective side4 ,! ,c5tre or ,fulcrum ( ! ,anti!sis is %ift$ by e movem5t :i* is made 9 ! advance ( sci5ce1 & is %ift$ s t ! ideal side ga9s some?+ f ! real side4 #c4 ,i w proce$ to illu/rate ?is ,proposition a little fur!r4 ,necess>y ,tru?s belong to ! ,subjective1 ,obs]v$ ,facts to ! ,objective side ( our k4 ,n[ 9 ! progress ( t exact speculative k :i* we call ,sci5ce1 ,facts :i* 7 at a previ\s p]iod m]ely ,obs]v$ ,facts1 come to be kn[n z ,necess>y ,tru?s2 & ! attempts at new advances 9 sci5ce g5]ally introduce ! repres5tation ( kn[n tru?s ( fact1 z includ$ 9 high] & wid] tru?s1 & !re=e1 s f>1 necess>y4 ,we may exemplify ?is progress 9 ! hi/ory ( ! sci5ce ( ,me*anics4 ,?us ! prop]ty ( ! lev]1 ! inv]se proportion ( ! weights & arms1 0 kn[n z a fact be=e ! "t ( ,ari/otle1 & kn[n z no m2 = he gives _m fanta/ical & inapplicable reasons = ! fact4 ,b 9 ! writ+s ( ,ar*im$es we f9d ?is fact br\ght )9 ! doma9 ( necess>y tru?4 ,x 0 !re transf]r$ f ! empirical to ! ideal side ( ! ,fundam5tal ,anti!sis2 & ?us a progressive /ep 0 made 9 sci5ce4 ,9 l mann]1 x 0 at fir/ tak5 by ,galileo z a m]e fact ( exp]i5ce1 t 9 a fall+ body1 ! velocity increases 9 proportion to ! "t2 b 8 foll[]s h se5 9 ?is ! necess>y effect ( ! uni=m =ce ( gravity4 ,9 l mann]1 ,kepl]'s empirical ,laws 7 %[n by ,newton to be necess>y results ( a c5tral =ce attract+ inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,& if x be /ill1 ev5 at pres5t1 d\btful :e!r ?is is ! necess>y law ( a c5tral =ce1 z "s philosoph]s h ma9ta9$ t x is1 we _c d\bt t if n[ or h]eaft]1 ^? philosoph]s c\ld e/abli% _! doctr9e z c]ta91 !y w\ld make an important /ep 9 sci5ce1 9 addition to ^? already made4 ,& ?us1 su* /eps 9 sci5ce are made1 :5ev] empirical facts are disc]n$ to be necess>y laws2 or1 if ,i may be all[$ to use a brief] expression1 :5ev] facts are idealiz$4 #d4 ,9 ord] to %[ h[ widely ?is /atem5t is applicable1 ,i w exemplify x 9 "s ( ! o!r sci5ces4 ,9 ,*emi/ry1 n to speak ( e>li] /eps 9 ! sci5ce1 :i* might be pres5t$ z in/ances ( ! same g5]al process1 we may rem>k t ! analyses ( v>i\s comp\nds into _! elem5ts1 accord+ to ! quantity ( ! elem5ts1 =m a va/ multitude ( facts1 :i* 7 previ\sly empirical only1 b :i* are r$uc$ to a law1 & !re=e to a c]ta9 k9d ( ideal necessity1 by ! discov]y ( _! be+ comp\nd$ accord+ to def9ite & multiple proportions4 ,& aga91 ?is v law ( def9ite proportions1 :i* may at fir/ be tak5 z a law giv5 by exp]i5ce only1 x has be5 attempt$ to make into a necess>y tru?1 by ass]t+ t bodies mu/ necess>ily consi/ ( atoms1 & atoms mu/ necess>ily comb9e 9 def9ite small numb]s4 ,& h[ev] d\btful ?is ,atomic ,!ory may at pres5t be1 x w n be que/ion$ t any *emical philosoph] :o c\ld e/abli% x1 or any o!r ,!ory :i* w\ld produce an equival5t *ange 9 ! aspect ( ! sci5ce1 w\ld make a great sci5tific advance4 ,& ?us1 9 ?is ,sci5ce also1 ! ,progress ( ,sci5ce consi/s 9 ! transf] ( facts f ! empirical to ! necess>y side ( ! anti!sis2 or1 z x 0 be=e express$1 9 ! idealization ( facts4 #e4 ,we may illu/rate ! same process 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,sci5ces4 ,! discov]y ( ! pr9ciple ( ,morphology 9 plants 0 ! r$uction ( a va/ mass ( ,facts to an ,idea2 z ,s*ill] said to ,g! :5 he expla9$ ! discov]y2 al?\gh ! latt]1 *]i%+ a horror ( ! t]m ,idea1 :i* p]haps is q z common 9 ,engl& z 9 ,g]many1 0 extremely vex$ at be+ told t he possess$ su* furniture 9 8 m9d4 ,! applications ( ?is ,pr9ciple to special cases1 = in/ance1 to ,euphorbia by ,br[n1 to ,res$a by ,l9dley1 h be5 attempts to idealize ! facts ( ^! special cases4 #f4 ,we may apply ! same view to /eps 9 ,sci5ce :i* are /ill "u discussion2--! "q be+1 :e!r an advance has really be5 made 9 sci5ce or n4 ,= in/ance1 9 ,a/ronomy1 ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis has be5 prop\nd$1 z an explanation ( _m ( ! obs]v$ ph5om5a ( ! ,univ]se4 ,if ?is ,hypo!sis c\ld be conceiv$ ev] to be e/abli%$ z a true ,!ory1 ?is mu/ be done by its tak+ into itself1 z necess>y p>ts ( ! :ole ,idea1 _m ,facts :i* h already be5 obs]v$2 su* z ! v>i\s =m ( nebul2--_m ,facts :i* x mu/ require a long c\rse ( ye>s to obs]ve1 su* z ! *anges ( nebul f "o =m to ano!r2--& _m facts :i*1 s f> z we c at pres5t judge1 are utt]ly at v>iance ) ! ,idea1 su* z ! motions ( satellites1 ! relations ( ! mat]ial elem5ts ( planets1 ! exi/5ce ( vegetable & animal life ^u _! surfaces4 ,b if all ^! ,facts1 :5 fully /udi$1 %\ld appe> to be includ$ 9 ! g5]al ,idea ( ,nebul> ,cond5sation accord+ to ! ,laws ( ,nature1 ! ,facts s idealiz$ w\ld und\bt$ly con/itute a v rem>kable advance 9 sci5ce4 ,b !n1 we are to recollect t we are n to suppose t ! ,facts w agree ) ! ,idea1 m]ely because ! ,idea1 consid]$ by itself1 & )\t c>efully att5d+ to ! ,facts1 is a l>ge & /rik+ ,idea4 ,& we are also to recollect t ! ,facts may be comp>$ ) ano!r ,idea1 no less l>ge & /rik+2 & t if we take into our acc\nt1 7z1 9 =m+ an ,idea ( ! ,c\rse ( ! ,univ]se1 we mu/ d17 n only vegetable & animal1 b also human life1 ?is o!r ,idea appe>s likely to take into x a f> l>g] portion ( ! kn[n ,facts1 ?an ! ,idea ( ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis4 ,! o!r ,idea :i* ,i speak ( is ! ,idea ( ,man z ! pr9cipal ,object 9 ! ,creation2 to ^: su/5ance & developm5t ! o!r p>ts ( ! ,univ]se are subs]vi5t z means to an end2 & al?\gh1 9 our attempts to include all kn[n ,facts 9 ?is ,idea1 we aga9 meet ) _m difficulties1 & f9d _m tra9s ( ,facts :i* h no app>5t congruity ) ! ,idea2 yet we may say t1 tak+ into acc\nt ! ,facts ( man's intellectual & moral condition1 & 8 hi/ory1 z well z ! m]e ,facts ( ! mat]ial _w1 ! difficulties & app>5t incongruities are f> less :5 we attempt to idealize ! ,facts by ref]5ce to ?is ,idea1 ( ,man z ! ,end ( ,creation1 ?an accord+ to ! o!r ,idea1 ( ! ,_w z ! result ( ,nebul> ,cond5sation1 )\t any conceivable ,end or ,purpose4 ,i am n[1 ( c\rse1 m]ely comp>+ ^! two views ( ! ,univ]se1 z suppos$ /eps 9 sci5ce1 accord+ to ! g5]al notion :i* ,i h j be5 endeav\r+ to expla91 t a /ep 9 sci5ce is "s ,idealization ( ,facts4 #g4 ,p]haps x w be object$1 t :at ,i h said ( ! ,idealization ( ,facts1 z ! mann] 9 :i* ! progress ( sci5ce goes on1 am\nts to no m ?an ! usual expressions1 t ! progress ( sci5ce consi/s 9 r$uc+ ,facts to ,!ories4 ,& to ?is ,i reply1 t ! advantage at :i* ,i aim1 by ! expression :i* ,i h us$1 is ?is1 to rem9d ! read]1 t ,fact & ,!ory1 9 e subject1 are n m>k$ by sep>ate & prom95t features ( diff]5ce1 b only by _! pres5t opposition1 :i* is a transi5t relation4 ,!y are relat$ to ea* o!r no o!rwise ?an z ! poles ( ! fundam5tal anti!sis3 ! po9t :i* sep>ates ^? poles %ifts ) e advance ( sci5ce2 & !n1 :at 0 ,!ory becomes ,fact4 ,z ,i h already said else:]e1 a true ,!ory is a ,fact2 a ,fact is a famili> ,!ory4 ,if we be> ?is 9 m9d1 we express ! view on :i* ,i am n[ insi/+ :5 we say t ! progress ( sci5ce consi/s 9 r$uc+ ,facts to ,!ories4 ,b ,i ?9k t speak+ ( ,ideas z oppos$ to ,facts1 we express m po9t$ly ! orig9al ,anti!sis1 & ! subsequ5t id5tification ( ! ,facts ) ! ,idea4 ,! expression appe>s to be simple & apt1 :5 we say1 = in/ance1 t ! ,facts ( ,geography are id5tifi$ ) ! ,idea ( globul> ,e>?2 ! ,facts ( ,planet>y ,a/ronomy ) ! ,idea ( ! ,helioc5tric sy/em2 & ultimately1 ) ! ,idea ( ,univ]sal ,gravitation4 #h4 ,we may fur!r rem>k1 t ?\gh by successive /eps 9 sci5ce1 successive ,facts are r$uc$ to ,ideas1 ?is process c nev] be complete4 ,h[ev] ! po9t may %ift :i* sep>ates ! two poles1 ! two poles w always rema94 ,h[ev]1 f> ! ideal elem5t may ext5d1 !re w always be some?+ beyond x4 ,h[ev] f> ! ph5om5a may be idealiz$1 !re w always rema9 "s :i* are n idealiz$1 & :i* are m]e ph5om5a4 ,?is also is impli$ by mak+ our expressions ref] to ! fundam5tal anti!sis3 = because ! anti!sis is fundam5tal1 its two elem5ts w always be pres5t2 ! objective z well z ! subjective4 ,& ?us1 9 ! contemplation ( ! univ]se1 h[ev] mu* we und]/&1 !re mu/ always be some?+ :i* we d n und]/&2 h[ev] f> we may trace necess>y tru?s1 !re mu/ always be ?+s :i* are to our appreh5sion arbitr>y3 h[ev] f> we may ext5d ! sph]e ( our int]nal _w1 9 :i* we feel p[] & see light1 x mu/ always be surr\nd$ by our ext]nal _w1 9 :i* we see no light1 & only feel resi/ance4 ,our subjective be+ is inclos$ 9 an objective %ell1 :i*1 ?\gh x seems to yield to our ef=ts1 cont9ues entire & imp5etrable beyond our rea*1 & ev5 enl>ges 9 its ext5t :ile x appe>s to give up to u a portion ( its sub/ance4 ,,ii4 ,successive ,g]man ,philosophies4 #i4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,fundam5tal ,anti!sis ( two elem5ts ( :i* ! union is involv$ 9 all k1 & ( :i* ! sep>ation is ! task ( all philosophy1 af=ds u a special & di/9ct mode ( criticiz+ ! philosophies :i* h succe$$ ea* o!r 9 ! _w2 & we may apply x to ! ,g]man ,philosophies ( :i* we h spok54 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,fundam5tal ,anti!sis is briefly ?is3 ,t 9 e act ( k 7#a7 !re are two opposite elem5ts :i* we may call ,ideas & ,p]ceptions2 b ( :i* ! opposition appe>s 9 v>i\s o!r anti!ses2 z ,?\ghts & ,?+s1 ,!ories & ,facts1 ,necess>y ,tru?s & ,exp]i5tial ,tru?s2 & ! l3 7#b7 t our k d]ives f ! =m] ( ^! elem5ts1 namely our ,ideas1 its =m & "* z k1 our ,ideas ( space & "t be+ ! necess>y =ms1 = in/ance1 ( our geometrical & ari?metical k2 7#c7 & 9 l mann]1 all our o!r k involv+ a developm5t ( ! ideal conditions ( k exi/+ 9 our m9ds3 7#d7 b t ?\gh ideas & p]ceptions are ?us sep>ate elem5ts 9 our philosophy1 !y _c1 9 fact1 be di/+ui%$ & sep>at$1 b are diff]5t aspects ( ! same ?+2 7#e7 t ! only way 9 :i* we c approa* to tru? is by gradually & successively1 9 "o in/ance aft] ano!r1 advanc+ f ! p]ception to ! idea2 f ! fact to ! !ory2 f ! appreh5sion ( tru?s z actual to ! appreh5sion ( !m z necess>y4 7#f7 ,?is successive & v>i\s progress f fact to !ory con/itutes ! hi/ory ( sci5ce2 7#g7 & ?is progress1 ?\gh always lead+ u ne>] to t c5tral unity ( :i* bo? ! idea & ! fact are emanations1 c nev] lead u to t po9t1 nor to any measurable proximity to x1 or def9ite compreh5sion ( its place & nature4 #aj4 ,n[ ! doctr9e be+ ?us /at$1 successive s5t5ces ( ! /atem5t conta9 successive /eps ( ,g]man philosophy1 z x has appe>$ 9 ! s]ies ( celebrat$ au?ors :om ,i h nam$4 ,ideas1 & ,p]ceptions or ,s5sations1 be+ reg>d$ z ! two elem5ts ( our k1 ,locke1 or at lea/ ! successors ( ,locke1 _h reject$ ! =m] elem5t1 ,ideas1 & pr(ess$ to resolve all our k into ,s5sation4 ,aft] ?is philosophy _h prevail$ = a "t1 ,kant expos$1 to ! entire conviction ( ! great body ( ,g]man speculators1 ! unt5able nature ( ?is acc\nt ( our k4 ,he taught 7"o ( ! fir/ s5t5ces ( ! above /atem5t7 t 7#b7 ,our k d]ives f our ,ideas its =m & "* z k2 our ,ideas ( space & "t be+1 = in/ance1 ! necess>y =ms ( our geometrical & ari?metical k4 ,fi*te c>ri$ /ill fur!r ?is view ( our k1 z d]iv$ f our ,ideas1 or f its nature z k2 & held t 7#c7 all our k is a developm5t ( ! ideal conditions ( k exi/+ 9 our m9ds 7"o ( our next foll[+ s5t5ces74 ,b :5 ! ideal elem5t ( our k 0 ?us exclusively dwelt ^u1 x 0 soon se5 t ?is ideal sy/em no m gave a complete explanation ( ! real nature ( k1 ?an ! old s5sational doctr9e _h done4 ,bo? elem5ts1 ,ideas & ,s5sations1 mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,& ?is 0 attempt$ by ,s*ell+1 :o1 9 8 e>li] works1 taught 7z we h also /at$ above7 t 7#d7 ,ideas & ,facts are diff]5t aspects ( ! same ?+3--?is ?+1 ! c5tral basis ( tru? 9 :i* bo? elem5ts are involv$ & id5tifi$1 be+1 9 ,s*ell+'s language1 ! ,absolute1 :ile ea* ( ! sep>ate elem5ts is subject$ to conditions aris+ f _! union4 ,b ?is ,absolute1 be+ a po9t inaccessible to u1 & inconceivable by u1 z our philosophy tea*es 7z above71 _c to any purpose be made ! basis ( our philosophy3 & accord+ly ?is ,philosophy ( ! ,absolute has n be5 m p]man5t ?an its pr$ecessors4 ,yet ! philosophy ( ,hegel1 :i* /ill has a wide & p[]ful sway 9 ,g]many1 is1 9 ! ma91 a developm5t ( ! same pr9ciple z t ( ,s*ell+2--! id5tity ( ! idea & ! fact2 & ,hegel's ,id5tity-,sy/em1 is r a m me?odical & te*nical exposition ( ,s*ell+'s ,philosophy ( ! ,absolute ?an a new sy/em4 ,b ,hegel traces ! manife/ation ( ! id5tity ( ! idea & fact 9 ! progress ( human k2 & ?us 9 "s measure approa*es to our doctr9e 7above /at$71 t 7#e7 ! way 9 :i* we approa* to tru? is by gradually & successively1 9 "o in/ance aft] ano!r1 t is1 hi/orically1 advanc+ f ! p]ception to ! idea1 f ! fact to ! !ory3 :ile at ! same "t ,hegel has n c>ri$ out ?is view 9 any compreh5sive or complete mann]1 s z to %[ t 7#f7 ?is process con/itutes ! hi/ory ( sci5ce3 & z ) ,s*ell+1 8 sy/em %[s an entire want ( ! conviction 7above express$ z "p ( our doctr9e71 7#g7 t we c nev]1 9 our speculations rea* or approa* to ! c5tral unity ( :i* bo? idea & fact are emanations4 #aa4 ,?is view ( ! relation ( ! ,s5sational ,s*ool1 ( ! ,s*ools ( ,kant1 ,fi*te1 ,s*ell+1 & ,hegel1 & ( ! fundam5tal defects ( all1 may be fur!r illu/rat$4 ,x w1 ( c\rse1 be und]/ood t our illu/ration is giv5 only z a slight & imp]fect sket* ( ^! philosophies2 b _! relation may p]haps become m app>5t by ! v brevity ) :i* x is /at$2 & ! object ( ! pres5t *apt] is n ! detail$ criticism ( sy/ems1 b ?is v relation ( sy/ems to ea* o!r4 ,! actual & ! ideal1 ! ext]nal & ! int]nal elem5ts ( k1 7 call$ by ! ,g]mans ! objective & ! subjective elem5ts respectively4 ,! =ms ( k & especially space & "t1 7 pron\nc$ by ,kant to be ess5tially subjective2 & ?is view ( ! nature ( k1 m fully unfold$ & ext5d$ to all k1 became ! subjective ideality ( ,fi*te4 ,b ! subjective & ! objective are1 z we h said1 9 _! ultimate & supreme =m1 "o2 & h5ce we are told ( ! subjective-objective1 a phrase :i* has also be5 employ$ by ,mr4 ,col]idge4 ,fi*te _h spok5 ( ! subjective elem5t z ! ,me1 7das ,i*72 & ( ! objective elem5t z ! ,n-me1 7das ,ni*t-,i*72 & has d$uc$ ! ,n-me f ! ,me4 ,s*ell+1 on ! contr>y1 lab\r$ ) great subtlety to d$uce ! ,me f ! ,absolute :i* includes bo?4 ,& ?is ,absolute1 or ,subjective-objective1 is spok5 ( by ,s*ell+ z unfold+ itself into endless o!r anti!ses4 ,x 0 held t f ! assumption ( su* a pr9ciple might be d$uc$ & expla9$ ! oppositions :i*1 9 ! contemplation ( nature1 pres5t !mselves at e /ep1 z lead+ po9ts ( g5]al philosophy3--= example1 ! opposition ( matt] z passive & active1 z dead & organiz$1 z unconsci\s or consci\s2 ! opposition ( individual & species1 ( w & moral rule4 ,& ?is anti!tical developm5t 0 c>ri$ fur!r by ,hegel1 :o taught t ! ,absolute ,idea developes itself s z to assume qualities1 limitations1 & seem+ oppositions1 & !n completes ! cycle ( its developm5t by return+ into unity4 #ab4 ,t !re is1 9 ! hi/ory ( ,sci5ce1 mu* :i* easily l5ds itself to su* a =mula1 ! views :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to exp\nd1 %[ & exemplify 9 detail4 ,b yet ! attempts to c>ry ?is view into detail by conjecture--by a sort ( div9ation--) little or no att5tion to ! hi/orical progress & actual condition ( k1 7& su* are ^? :i* h be5 made by ! philosoph]s :om ,i h m5tion$17 h l$ to arbitr>y & baseless views ( almo/ e bran* ( k4 ,su* oppositions & diff]5ces z are f\nd to exi/ 9 nature1 are assum$ z ! repres5tatives ( ! elem5ts ( necess>y anti!ses1 9 a mann] 9 :i* sci5tific tru? & inductive reason+ are altoge!r slight$4 ,?us1 ?is peculi> & necess>y anti!tical "* is assum$ to be display$ 9 attraction & repulsion1 9 c5tripetal & c5trifugal =ces1 9 a suppos$ positive & negative electricity1 9 a suppos$ positive & negative magnetism2 9 /ill m d\btful positive & negative elem5ts ( light & heat2 9 ! diff]5t elem5ts ( ! atmosph]e1 :i* are1 q gr\ndlessly1 assum$ to h a peculi> anti!tical "*3 9 animal & vegetable life3 9 ! two sexes2 9 gravity & light4 ,^! & _m o!rs1 are giv5 by ,s*ell+1 z in/ances ( ! radical opposition ( =ces & elem5ts :i* necess>ily p]vades all nature4 ,i conceive t ! het]og5e\s & errone\s pr9ciples involv$ 9 ^! views ( ! mat]ial _w %[ u h[ unsafe & mislead+ is ! philosophical assumption on :i* !y re/4 ,& ! ,triads ( ,hegel1 consi/+ ( ,!sis1 ,anti!sis1 & ,union1 are /ill m at v>iance ) all s\nd sci5ce4 ,?us we are told t matt] & motion are det]m9$ z in]tia1 impulsion1 fall2 t ,absolute ,me*anics det]m9es itself z c5tripetal =ce1 c5trifugal =ce1 univ]sal gravitation4 ,light1 x is taught1 is a second>y det]m9ation ( matt]4 ,light is ! mo/ intimate elem5t ( nature1 & might be call$ ! ,me ( nature3 x is limit$ by :at we may call negative light1 :i* is d>kness4 #ac4 ,9 ^! ra% & bl9d attempts to con/ruct physical sci5ce priori1 we may see h[ imp]fect ! ,hegelian doctr9es are z a complete philosophy4 ,9 ! views ( moral & political subjects ! results ( su* a s*eme are naturally less obvi\sly absurd1 & may (t5 be = a mom5t /rik+ & attractive1 z is usually ! case ) attempts to r$uce hi/ory to a =mula4 ,?us we are told t ! ,/ate appe>s "u ! foll[+ det]m9ations3--fir/ z "o1 sub/antial1 self-includ$3 next1 v>i$1 individual1 active1 dis5gag+ itself f ! sub/antial & motionless unity3 next1 z two pr9ciples1 altoge!r di/9ct1 & plac$ front to front 9 a m>k$ & active opposition3 !n1 aris+ out ( ! ru9s ( ! prec$+1 ! idea appe>s afre%1 "o1 id5tical1 h>moni\s4 ,& ! ,ea/1 ,greece1 ,rome1 ,g]many1 are decl>$ to be ! hi/orical =ms ( ^! successive det]m9ations4 ,:atev] am\nt ( real hi/orical col\r !re may be = ?is repres5tation1 x w h>dly1 ,i ?9k1 be accept$ z evid5ce ( a pr(\nd political philosophy2 b on su* p>ts ( ! subject ,i %all n "h dwell4 #ad4 ,i may obs]ve t 9 ! s]ies ( philosophical sy/ems n[ describ$1 ! two elem5ts ( ! ,fundam5tal ,anti!sis are alt]nately dwelt ^u 9 an exagg]at$ degree1 & !n conf\nd$4 ,! ,s5sational ,s*ool c\ld see 9 human k no?+ b facts3 ,kant & ,fi*te fix$ _! att5tion almo/ entirely ^u ideas3 ,s*ell+ & ,hegel assume ! id5tity ( ! two1 7a po9t we nev] c rea*17 z ! orig9 ( _! philosophy4 ,! ext]nal _w 9 ,locke's s*ool 0 all 9 all4 ,9 ! speculations ( ,kant ?is ext]nal _w became a dim & unkn[n region4 ,?+s 7 ackn[l$g$ to be some?+ 9 !mselves1 b :at1 ! philosoph] c\ld n tell4 ,besides ! phnom5on :i* we see1 ,kant ackn[l$g$ a n\m5on :i* we ?9k (2 b ?is assumption1 = su* x is1 ex]cises no influ5ce ^u 8 philosophy4 #ae4 ,we may = ! sake ( illu/ration imag9e to ourselves ea* sy/em ( philosophy z a ,drama 9 :i* ,?+s are ! ,dramatis ,p]son & ! ,idea :i* gov]ns ! sy/em is ! ,plot ( ! drama4 ,9 ,kant's ,drama1 ,?+s 9 !mselves are m]ely a k9d ( ',mute ,p]sonages1' 1 :i* /& on ! /age to be po9t$ at & talk$ ab\t1 b :i* d n tell u any?+1 or ent] into ! action ( ! piece4 ,fi*te c>ries ?is fur!r1 & if we g on ) ! same illu/ration1 we may say t he makes ! :ole drama into a k9d ( ,monologue2 9 :i* ! au?or tells ! /ory1 & m]ely names ! p]sons :o appe>4 ,if we w\ld /ill c>ry on ! image1 we may say t ,s*ell+1 go+ ^u ! pr9ciple t ! :ole ( ! drama is m]ely a progress to ! ,d5\em5t1 :i* d5\em5t conta9s ! result ( all ! prec$+ sc5es & ev5ts1 />ts ) ! la/ sc5e ( ! piece2 & br++ all ! *>act]s on ! /age 9 _! f9al attitudes1 w\ld elicit ! /ory f ?is4 ,:ile ! true mode ( proce$+ is1 to foll[ ! drama ,sc5e by ,sc5e1 le>n+ z mu* z we c ( ! ,action & ! ,*>act]s1 b kn[+ t we %all n be all[$ to see ! ,d5\em5t1 & t to d s is probably n ! lot ( our species on e>?4 ,s f> z any philosoph] has ?us foll[$ ! hi/orical progress ( ! gr& spectacle (f]$ to ! eyes ( speculative man1 9 :i* ! ,ph5om5a ( ,nature are ! ,sc5es1 & ! ,!ory ( !m ! ,plot1 he has tak5 ! c\rse by :i* k really has made its advances4 ,b ^? :o h p>tially done ?is1 h (t51 l ,hegel1 assum$ t !y _h div9$ ! :ole c\rse & end ( ! /ory1 & h ?us criticis$ ! sc5es & ! *>act]s 9 a _s q at v>iance ) t by :i* any real insight into ! import ( ! repres5tation c be obta9$4 ,if x be ask$ :i* position we c assign1 9 ?is dramatic illu/ration1 to ^? :o hold t all our k is d]iv$ f facts only1 & :o reject ! supposition ( ideas2 we may say t !y look on ) a belief t ! drama has no plot1 & t ^! sc5es are improvis$ )\t connexion or purpose4 #af4 ,i w only (f] "o m illu/ration ( ! relative position ( ^! successive philosophies4 ,kant comp>es ! *ange :i* he introduc$ into philosophy to ! *ange :i* ,cop]nicus introduc$ into a/ronomical !ory4 ,:5 ,cop]nicus f\nd t no?+ c\ld be made ( ! ph5om5a ( ! heav5s s long z ev]y?+ 0 made to turn r\nd ! spectator1 he tri$ :e!r ! matt] might n be bett] expla9$ if he made ! spectator turn1 & left ! />s at re/4 ,s ,kant conceives t our exp]i5ce is regulat$ by our own faculties1 z ! ph5om5a ( ! heav5s are regulat$ by our own motions4 ,b accept+ & c>ry+ out ?is illu/ration1 we may say t ,kant1 9 expla9+ ! ph5om5a ( ! heav5s by means ( ! motions ( ! e>?1 has almo/ =gott5 t ! planets h _! own prop] motions1 & has giv5 u a sy/em :i* h>dly expla9s any?+ besides broade/ appe>ances1 su* z ! annual & daily motions ( ! sun2 & t ,fi*te appe>s z if he wi%$ to d$uce all ! motions ( ! planets1 z well z ( ! sun1 f ! conditions ( ! spectator2--:ile ,s*ell+ goes to ! orig9 ( ! sy/em1 l ,desc>tes1 & is n cont5t to %[ h[ ! bodies move1 )\t also prov+ t f "s assum$ orig9al condition1 all ! movem5ts & relations ( ! sy/em mu/ necess>ily be :at !y are4 ,x may be t a !ory :i* expla9s h[ ! planets1 ) _! orbits & accompanim5ts1 h come into be+1 may (f] itself to bold speculators1 l ^? :o h fram$ & produc$ ! nebul> hypo!sis4 ,b ,i ne$ n rem9d my read]s ei!r h[ prec>i\s su* a hypo!sis is2 or1 t if x be capable ( be+ consid]$ probable1 its pro(s mu/ gradually dawn ^u u1 /ep by /ep1 age aft] age3 & t a sy/em ( doctr9e :i* assumes su* a s*eme z a c]ta9 & fundam5tal tru?1 & d$uces ! :ole ( a/ronomy f x1 mu/ ne$s be arbitr>y1 & liable to ! grave/ error at e /ep4 ,su* a prec>i\s & premature philosophy1 at be/1 is t ( ,s*ell+ & ,hegel2 especially z appli$ to ^? sci5ces 9 :i*1 by ! pa/ progress ( all sure k1 we are taught :at ! real cause & progress ( k is3 :ile at ! same "t we may all[ t all ^! =ms ( philosophy1 s9ce !y d recognize ! condition & motion ( ! spectator1 z a necess>y elem5t 9 ! explanation ( ! ph5om5a1 are a l>ge advance ^u ! ,ptolemaic s*eme--! view ( ^? :o appeal to ph5om5a alone z ! s\rce ( our k1 & say t ! sun1 ! moon1 & ! planets move z we see !m move1 & t all fur!r !ory is imag9>y & fanta/ical4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bie3 ,! sub/ance ( ?is & ! next *apt] 0 pr9t$ z a communication to ! ,cambridge ,phil4 ,soc4 9 #ahdj4 ,footnote #bif3 ,or 9 ! e>li] editions1 9 ! ,philosophy ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,! ,,fundam5tal ,,anti!sis ,,z ,,x ,,exi/s ,,9 ,,! ,,moral ,,_w4 #a4 ,we h hi!rto spok5 ( ! ,fundam5tal ,anti!sis z ! gr\nd ( our speculations conc]n+ ! mat]ial _w1 at lea/ ma9ly4 ,we h inde$ be5 l$ by ! physical sci5ces1 & especially by ,biology1 to ! bord]s ( ,psy*ology4 ,we h _h to consid] n only ! me*anical effects ( muscul> contraction1 b ! s5sations :i* ! n]ves receive & convey3--! way 9 :i* s5sations become p]ceptions2 ! way 9 :i* p]ceptions det]m9e actions4 ,9 ?is mann] we h be5 l$ to ! subject ( volition or w#big1 & ?is br+s u to a new field ( speculation1 ! moral nature ( man2 & ?is moral nature is a matt] n only ( speculative b ( practical int]e/4 ,on ?is subject ,i %all make only a few brief rem>ks4 #b4 ,ev5 9 ! mo/ purely speculative view1 ! moral aspect ( man's nature diff]s f ! aspect ( ! mat]ial univ]se1 9 ?is respect1 t 9 ! moral _w1 ext]nal ev5ts are gov]n$ 9 "s measure by ! human w4 ,:5 we speculate conc]n+ ! laws ( mat]ial nature1 we suppose t ! ph5om5a ( nature foll[ a c\rse & ord] :i* we may p]haps1 9 "s measure1 discov] & und]/&1 b :i* we _c *ange or control4 ,b :5 we consid] man z an ag5t1 we suppose him able to det]m9e "s at lea/ ( ! ev5ts ( ! ext]nal _w2 & ?us1 able to det]m9e ! actions ( o!r m51 & to lay d[n laws = !m4 ,he _c alt] ! prop]ties ( fire & metals1 /ones & fluids1 air & light2 b he c use fire & /eel s z to compel o!r m5's actions2 /one-walls & ocean-%ores s z to control o!r m5's motions2 gold & gems s z to h a hold on o!r m5's desires2 articulate s\nds & intelligible symbols s z to direct o!r m5's ?\ghts & move _! w4 ,!re is an ext]nal _w ( ,facts2 & 9 ?is1 ! ,facts are su* z he makes !m by 8 ,acts4 #c4 ,b besides ?is1 !re is also1 /&+ ov] aga9/ ?is ext]nal _w ( ,facts1 an int]nal _w ( ,ideas4 ,! ,moral ,acts )\t are ! results ( ,moral ,ideas )94 ,m5 h an ,idea ( ,ju/ice1 = in/ance1 accord+ to :i* !y are l$ to ext]nal acts1 z to use =ce1 to make a promise1 to p]=m a contract1 z individuals2 or to make w> & peace1 to enact laws & to execute !m1 z a nation4 #d4 ,"s su* int]nal moral ,idea necess>ily exi/s1 along ) all prop]ly human actions4 ,man feels n only pa9 & ang]1 b indignation & ! s5tim5t ( wrong1 :i* feel+s imply a moral idea ( "r & wrong4 ,aga91 :at he ?9ks ( z wrong1 he tries to prev5t2 :at he deems "r1 he attempts to realize4 ,! ,idea gives a "* to ! ,act2 ! ,act embodies ! ,idea4 ,9 ! moral _w z 9 ! natural _w1 ! ,anti!sis is univ]sal & insep>able4 ,x is an ,anti!sis ( insep>able elem5ts4 ,9 human action1 !re is ev] involv$ ! ,idea ( :at is "r1 & ! ext]nal ,act 9 :i* ?is idea is 9 "s measure embodi$4 #e4 ,b ! moral ,ideas1 su* z t ( ,ju/ice1 ( ,rightness1 & ! l1 are always embodi$ incompletely 9 ! _w ( ext]nal action4 ,al?\gh m5's actions are to a great ext5t gov]n$ by ! ,ideas ( ,ju/ice1 ,rightness & ! l2 7= x mu/ be recollect$ t we include 9 _! actions1 laws1 & ! en=cem5t ( laws27 yet !re is a l>ge portion ( human actions :i* is n gov]n$ by su* ideas3 7actions :i* result f m]e desire1 & violations ( law74 ,!re is a p]petual ,anti!sis ( ,ideas & ,facts1 :i* is ! fundam5tal basis ( moral z ( natural philosophy4 ,9 ! =m] z 9 ! latt] subject1 besides :at is ideal1 !re is an ,actual :i* ! ideal does n include4 ,?is ,actual is ! region 9 :i* ! results ( m]e desire1 ( caprice1 ( app>5t accid5t1 are f\nd4 ,x is ! region ( hi/ory1 z oppos$ to ju/ice2 x is ! region ( :at is1 z di/9ct f :at ought to be4 #f4 ,n[ :at ,i especially wi% "h to rem>k1 is ?is2--t ! progress ( man z a moral be+ consi/s 9 a con/ant ext5sion ( ! ,idea into ! region ( ,facts4 ,?is progress consi/s 9 mak+ human actions con=m m & m to ! moral ,ideas ( ,ju/ice1 ,rightness1 & ! l2 includ+ 9 human actions1 z we h said1 ,laws1 ! en=cem5t ( ,laws1 & o!r collective acts ( bodies ( m54 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,man z ,man consi/s 9 ?is ext5sion ( moral ,ideas into ! region ( ,facts4 ,x is n t ! actual hi/ory ( :at m5 d has always consi/$ 9 su* an ext5sion ( moral ,ideas2 = !re has ev] be51 9 ! actual do+s ( m51 a l>ge portion ( facts :i* _h no moral "*2 acts ( desire1 de$s ( viol5ce1 transgressions ( ackn[l$g$ law1 & ! l4 ,b su* ev5ts are n a "p ( ! g5u9e progress ( humanity4 ,!y d n belong to ! hi/ory ( man z man1 b to ! hi/ory ( man z brute4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are ev5ts :i* belong to ! hi/ory ( man z man1 ev5ts :i* belong to ! g5u9e progress ( humanity2 su* z ! e/abli%m5t ( j laws2 _! en=cem5t2 _! improvem5t by introduc+ into !m a full] measure ( moral ,ideas4 ,by su* means !re is a con/ant progress ( man z a moral be+4 ,by ?is realization ( moral ,ideas !re is a con/ant progress ( ,humanity4 #g4 ,i h made ?is reflection1 because x appe>s to me to br+ into view an analogy betwe5 ! ,progress ( ,sci5ce & ! ,progress ( ,man1 or ( ,humanity1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,i h us$ ! t]m4 ,9 bo? ^! l9es ( ,progress1 ,facts are m & m id5tifi$ ) ,ideas4 ,9 bo?1 !re is a fundam5tal ,anti!sis ( ,ideas & ,facts1 & progress consi/s 9 a con/ant advance ( ! po9t :i* sep>ates ! two elem5ts ( ?is ,anti!sis4 ,9 bo?1 ,facts are con/antly won ov] to ! doma9 ( ,ideas4 ,b /ill1 !re is a diff]5ce 9 ! two cases2 = 9 ! "o case ! ,facts are beyond our control4 ,we _c make !m o!r ?an !y are2 & all t we c d1 if we c d t1 is to %ape our ,ideas s t !y %all co9cide ) ! ,facts1 & /ill h ! manife/ connexion :i* belongs to !m z ,ideas4 ,9 ! o!r case1 ! ,facts are1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 9 our p[]4 ,!y are :at we make !m1 = !y are :at we d4 ,9 ?is case1 ! ,facts ought to come t[>ds ! ,ideas1 r ?an ! ,ideas t[>ds ! ,facts4 ,z we call$ ! =m] process ! ,idealization ( ,facts1 we may call ?is ! ,realization ( ,ideas2 & ! analogy :i* ,i h "h wi%$ to br+ into view may be express$ by say+1 t ! ,progress ( ,physical ,sci5ce consi/s 9 a con/ant successive ,idealization ( ,physical ,facts2 & ! ,progress ( man's ,moral ,be+ is a con/ant successive ,realization ( ,moral ,ideas4 #h4 ,?us ! necess>y co-exi/5ce ( an objective & a subjective elem5t belongs n only to human k1 z 0 be=e expla9$1 b also to human action4 ,! objective & ! subjective elem5t are insep>able 9 ?is case z 9 ! o!r4 ,we h always ! ,fact ( ,positive ,law1 along ) ! ,idea ( ,absolute ,ju/ice2 ! ,facts ( ,ga9 or ,loss1 along ) ! ,idea ( ,rights4 ,! ,idea ( ,ju/ice is insep>able f hi/orical facts1 = ju/ice gives to ea* 8 own1 & hi/ory det]m9es :at t is4 ,we _c ev5 conceive ju/ice )\t society1 or society )\t law1 & ?us 9 ! moral & 9 ! natural _w ! fundam5tal anti!sis is insep>able1 ev5 9 ?\ght4 ,! two elem5ts mu/ always subsi/2 = h[ev] f> ! moral ideas be realiz$ 9 ! _w1 !re w always rema9 mu* 9 ! _w :i* is n con=mable to moral ideas1 ev5 if x 7 only ?r\gh its necess>y dep5d5ce on an unmoral & immoral pa/4 ,z 9 ! physical _w s 9 ! moral1 h[ev] mu* ! ideal sph]e exp&s1 x is surr\nd$ by a region :i* is n con=mable to ! idea1 al?\gh 9 "o case ! expansion takes place by educ+ ideas out ( facts1 9 ! o!r1 by produc+ facts f ideas4 ,i %all h]eaft] v5ture to pursue fur!r ?is tra9 ( speculation1 b at pres5t ,i %all make "s rem>ks on writ]s :o may be reg>d$ z ! successors among/ ourselves ( ^! ,g]man s*ools ( ,philosophy4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #big3 ,phil4 ( ,biol4 c4 v4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,( ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,! ,,inf9ite4 ,9 ! la/ ,*apt] b "o ,i /at$ t ,s*ell+ prop\nd$ a ,philosophy ( ! ,absolute1 ! ,absolute be+ ! orig9al basis ( tru? 9 :i* ! two opposite elem5ts1 ,ideas & ,facts1 are id5tifi$1 & t ,hegel also f\nd$ 8 philosophy on ! ,id5tity ( ^! two elem5ts4 ,^! ,g]man philosophies appe> to me1 z ,i h v5tur$ to intimate1 ( small or no value 9 _! be>+ on ! hi/ory ( actual sci5ce4 ,i h 9 ! hi/ory ( ! sci5ces not$ in/ances 9 :i* ^! writ]s seem to me to misconceive altoge!r ! nature & mean+ ( ! facts ( sci5tific hi/ory2 z :]e#bih ,s*ell+ condemns ,newton's ,opticks z a fabric ( fallacies3 & :]e#bii ,hegel says t ! glory due to ,kepl] has be5 unju/ly transf]r$ to ,newton4 ,z x appe>s to me important t ,engli% philosoph]s %\ld =m a j e/imate ( ,hegel's capacity ( judg+ & pron\nc+ on ?is subject1 ,i w pr9t 9 ! ,app5dix a special discussion ( :at he has said respect+ ,newton's discov]y ( ! law ( gravitation4 ,rec5tly attempts h be5 made to expla9 to ,engli% read]s ^! sy/ems ( ,g]man philosophy1 & 9 ^! attempts !re are "s po9ts :i* may des]ve our notice z to _! be>+ on ! philosophy ( sci5ce4 ,i f9d "s difficulty 9 discuss+ ^! attempts1 = !y deal mu* ) phrases :i* appe> to me to (f] no grasp to man's p[] ( reason4 ,:at1 = in/ance1 is ! ,absolute1 :i* occupies a prom95t place 9 ^! expositions8 ,x is1 z ,i h /at$1 9 ,s*ell+1 ! c5tral basis ( tru? 9 :i* ?+s & ?\ghts are unit$ & id5tifi$4 ,to attempt to reason ab\t su* an ,absolute appe>s to me to be an entire misappreh5sion ( ! p[] ( reason4 ,aga92 "o ( ! mo/ em95t ( ! expositors has spok5 ( ea* sy/em ( ?is k9d z a ,philosophy ( ! ,uncondition$#cjj4 ,b :at1 we mu/ ask1 is ! ,uncondition$8 ,t :i* is subject to no conditions1 is subject to no conditions :i* di/+ui% x f any ?+ else1 & s1 _c be a matt] ( ?\ght4 ,b aga92 ?is ,absolute or ,uncondition$ is 7if ,i rightly und]/&7 said to be describ$ also by v>i\s o!r names2 unity1 id5tity1 sub/ance1 absolute cause1 ! inf9ite1 pure ?\ght1 c4 ,z ea* ( ^! t]ms expresses "s condition on :i* ! "n fixes our ?\ghts1 ,i _c und]/& :y !y %\ld any ( !m be call$ ! ,uncondition$2 & z !y express v diff]5t ?\ghts1 ,i _c und]/& :y !y %\ld be call$ by ! same "n4 ,f speculations />t+ f su* a po9t1 ,i c expect no?+ b confusion & p]plexity2 nor c ,i f9d t any?+ else has come ( !m4 ,!y appe> to me m b>r51 & m c]ta9 to be b>r51 ( any results :i* h any place 9 our real k1 ?an ! mo/ b>r5 speculations ( ! s*oolm5 ( ! middle ages3 :i* inde$ !y mu* resemble 9 all _! features--_! acut5ess1 _! le>n+1 _! ambiti\s aim1 & _! actual failure4 #b4 ,b leav+ ! ,absolute & ! ,uncondition$1 z notions :i* _c be dealt ) by our reason )\t be+ some?+ entirely diff]5t f _! def9itions1 we may turn = a mom5t to ano!r notion :i* is comb9$ ) !m by ! expositors ( :om ,i speak1 & :i* has "s be>+ ^u our positive sci5ce1 because x ent]s into ! reason+s ( ma!matics3 ,i mean ! notion ( ,inf9ite4 ,"s ( ^? :o hold t we c "k no?+ conc]n+ ! ,absolute & ! ,uncondition$1 7:i* !y pret5d to prove1 ?\gh conc]n+ su* words ,i d n conceive t any?+ c be true or false17 hold also t ! ,inf9ite is 9 ! same condition2--t we c "k no?+ conc]n+ :at is ,inf9ite2--!re=e1 ,i presume1 no?+ conc]n+ inf9ite space1 inf9ite "t1 inf9ite numb]1 or inf9ite degrees4 ,to disprove ?is doctr9e1 x might be suffici5t to po9t out t !re is a va/ mass ( ma!matical sci5ce :i* includes ! notion ( inf9ites1 & leads to a great body ( propositions conc]n+ ,inf9ites4 ,! :ole ( ! inf9itesimal calculus dep5ds ^u conceiv+ f9ite magnitudes divid$ into an inf9ite numb] ( p>ts3 ^! p>ts are inf9itely small1 & ( ^! p>ts !re are o!r inf9itesimal p>ts inf9itely small] /ill1 & s on1 z f> z we please to g4 ,& ev5 ^? me?ods :i* %un ! t]m inf9ite1 z ,newton's me?od ( ,ultimate ,ratios1 ! me?od ( ,indivisibles1 & ! me?od ( ,exhau/ions ( ! anci5t geomet]s1 d really involve ! notion ( inf9ite2 = !y imply a process cont9u$ )\t limit4 #c4 ,b p]haps x w be m useful to po9t out ! fallacies ( ! pret5d$ pro(s t we c "k no?+ conc]n+ ,inf9ity & inf9ite ?+s4 ,! argum5t (f]$ is1 t ( inf9ity we h no notion b ! negation ( a limit1 & t f ?is negative notion no positive result c be d$uc$4 ,b to ?is ,i reply3 ,x is n at all true t our notion ( :at is inf9ite is m]ely t x is t :i* has no limit4 ,we mu/ ask fur!r t :at8 t space8 t "t8 t numb]8--,& if t space1 t :at k9d ( space8 ,t l9e8 t surface8 t solid space8--,& if t l9e1 t l9e b\nd$ at "o end1 or n8 ,if t surface1 t surface b\nd$ on "o1 or on two1 or on ?ree sides8 or on none8 ,h[ev] any ( ^! que/ions are answ]$1 we may /ill h an inf9ite space4 ,till !y are answ]$1 we c ass]t no?+ ab\t ! space2 n because we c ass]t no?+ ab\t inf9ites2 b because we are n told :at k9d ( inf9ite we are talk+ (4 ,9 reality ! def9ition ( an ,inf9ite ,quantity is n negative m]ely1 b conta9s a positive "p z well4 ,we assume a quantity ( a c]ta9 k9d :i* may be augm5t$ by c>ry+ onw>d its limits 9 "o or m directions3 ?is is a f9ite quantity ( a giv5 k9d4 ,we !n--:5 we h ?us positively det]m9$ ! k9d ( ! quantity--suppose ! limit 9 "o or m directions to be annihilat$1 & ?us we h an inf9ite quantity4 ,b 9 ?is inf9ite quantity !re rema9 ! positive prop]ties f :i* we began1 z well z ! negative prop]ty1 ! negation ( a limit2 & ! positive prop]ties jo9$ ) ! negative prop]ty may & d supply gr\nds ( reason+ respect+ ! inf9ite quantity4 #d4 ,?is is lore s elem5t>y to ma!maticians t x appe>s almo/ pu]ile to dwell ^u x2 b ?is seems to h be5 ov]look$1 9 ! pro( t we c h no k conc]n+ inf9ites4 ,9 su* pro( x is assum$ z q evid5t1 t all inf9ites are equal4 ,yet1 z we h se51 inf9ites may diff] inf9itely among !mselves1 bo? 9 quantity & 9 k9d4 ,a ,g]man writ] is quot$#cja = an +5i\s pro( ( ?is k9d4 ,9 8 writ+s1 ! oppon5t is suppos$ to urge t a l9e ,,bac may be made inf9ite by c>ry+ ! extremity ,c inf9itely to ! "r1 & aga9 inf9ite by c>ry+ ! extremity ,b inf9itely to ! left2 & ?us ! l9e inf9itely ext5d$ bo? ways w\ld be d\ble ( ! l9e inf9ite on "o side only4 ,! suppos$ reply to ?is is1 t x _c be s1 because "o inf9ite is equal to ano!r3 & moreov] t :at is b\nd$ at "o end ,a1 _c be inf9ite3 bo? :i* assumptions are )\t ! smalle/ gr\nd4 ,t "o inf9ite quantity may be d\ble ( ano!r1 is j z cle> & c]ta9 z t "o f9ite quantity may4 ,= in/ance1 if "o leaf ( ! book :i* ! read] has be=e him 7 produc$ inf9itely upw>ds x w\ld be an inf9ite space1 ?\gh b\nd$ at ! bottom & at bo? sides4 ,if ! o!r leaf 7 9 l mann] produc$ inf9itely upw>ds x w\ld 9 l mann] be inf9ite2 & ! two toge!r1 ?\gh ea* inf9ite1 w\ld be d\ble ( ei!r ( !m4 #e4 ,z ,i h said1 inf9ite quantities are conceiv$ by conceiv+ f9ite quantities increas$ by ! transf] ( a c]ta9 limit1 & !n by negativ+ ?is limit altoge!r4 ,& ?us an inf9ite numb] is conceiv$ by assum+ ! s]ies #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 & s on1 up to a limit1 & !n remov+ ?is limit altoge!r4 ,& ?is %[s ! baselessness ( ano!r argum5t quot$ f ,w]5fels4 ,! oppon5t asks1 ,are !re 9 ! inf9ite l9e an inf9ite numb] ( feet8 ,!n 9 ! d\ble l9e !re mu/ be twice z _m2 & ?us ! =m] inf9ite numb] did n conta9 all ! 7possible7 unities2 7num]us inf9itus non omnes habet unitates1 s$ prt] eum concipi possunt totidem unitates1 quibus ille c>eat1 eique possunt addi74 ,to :i* ,i reply1 t ! def9ition ( an inf9ite numb] is n t x conta9s all possible unities3 b ?is--t ! progress ( num]ation be+ begun accord+ to a c]ta9 law1 goes on )\t limit4 ,& accord+ly x is easy to conceive h[ "o inf9ite numb] may be l>g] ?an ano!r inf9ite numb]1 9 any proportion4 ,if1 = in/ance1 we take1 in/ead ( ! progression ( ! natural numb]s #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 c4 & ! progression ( ! squ>e numb]s #a1 #d1 #i1 #af1 c4 any t]m ( ! latt] s]ies w be great] ?an ! correspond+ t]m ( ! o!r s]ies 9 a ratio con/antly increas+1 & ! inf9ite t]m ( ! "o1 inf9itely great] ?an ! correspond+ inf9ite t]m ( ! o!r4 #f4 ,9 ! same mann] we =m a conception ( inf9ite "t1 by suppos+ "t to beg9 n[1 & to g on1 aft] ! nature ( "t1 )\t limit2 or by go+ back 9 ?\ght f ! pres5t to a pa/ "t1 & by cont9u+ ?is retrogression )\t limit4 ,& ?us we h "t inf9ite a p>te ante & a p>te po/1 z ! phrase us$ to run2 & "t inf9ite bo? ways includes bo?1 & is ! mo/ complete notion ( et]nity4 #g4 ,p]haps ^? :o ?us ma9ta9 t we _c conceive any?+ inf9ite1 mean t we _c =m to ourselves a def9ite image ( any?+ inf9ite4 ,& ?is ( c\rse is true4 ,we _c =m to ourselves an image ( any?+ ( :i* "o ( ! *>act]i/ics is t x is1 9 a c]ta9 way1 unlimit$4 ,b ?is impossibility does n prev5t our reason+ ab\t inf9ite quantities2 comb9+ z elem5ts ( our reason+1 ! abs5ce ( a limit ) o!r positive *>act]s4 #h4 ,"o ( ! consequ5ces :i* is drawn by ! ass]tors ( ! doctr9e t we _c "k any?+ ab\t ,inf9ity1 is t we _c obta9 f sci5ce any k conc]n+ ,god3 ,& ,i h be5 ! m desir\s to %[ ! abs5ce ( pro( ( ?is doctr9e1 because ,i conceive t sci5ce does give u "s k1 ?\gh x be v little1 ( ! nature ( ,god3 z ,i %all endeav\r to %[ h]eaft]4 ,= in/ance1 ,i conceive t :5 we say t ,god is an et]nal ,be+1 ?is phraseology is n empty & unmean+4 ,x has be5 us$ by ! wise/ & mo/ ?\ghtful m5 9 all ages1 &1 z ,i conceive1 may be us$ ) undim9i%$1 or ) increas$ propriety1 aft] all ! light :i* sci5ce & philosophy h ?r[n ^u su* decl>ations4 ,! read] ( ,newton w recollect h[ emphatically he uses ?is expression along ) o!rs ( a cognate "*#cjb3 ,god is et]nal & inf9ite1 444 t is1 ,he endures f et]nity to et]nity1 & is pres5t f inf9ity to inf9ity4444 ,he is n et]nity & inf9ity1 b et]nal & inf9ite4 ,he is n duration & space1 b ,he endures & is pres5t4 ,he endures always1 & is pres5t ev]y:]e1 & by exi/+ always & ev]y:]e ,he con/itutes duration & space4 ,we %all see %ortly t ! view to :i* we are l$ may be v fitly express$ by ?is language4 ,b ,i w fir/ notice "s o!r aspects ( ?is philosophy4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bih3 ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,sc4 b4 ix4 c4 iii4 ,footnote #bii3 ,ibid4 b4 vii4 c4 ii4 ,footnote #cjj3 ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's ,note on ! ,philosophy ( ! ,uncondition$4 ,footnote #cja3 ,w]5fels 9 ,mr4 ,mansel's ,bampton ,lectures1 lect4 ii4 ,note #ae4 ,footnote #cjb3 ,s*olium ,g5]ale at ! end ( ! ,pr9cipia4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,sir ,,william ,,hamilton ,,on ,,in]tia ,,& ,,weight4 ,9 a prec$+ *apt] ,i h spok5 ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton z ! expositor1 to ,engli% read]s1 ( mod]n ,g]man sy/ems1 & especially ( ! s-call$ ,philosophy ( ! ,uncondition$4 ,b ! same writ] is also noticeable z a cont9uator ( ! speculations ( ,engli% & ,scotti% philosoph]s conc]n+ prim>y & second>y qualities2 & ^! speculations be> s f> ^u ! philosophy ( sci5ce t x is prop] to notice !m "h4 #a4 ,9 our survey ( ! sci5ces1 we h spok5 ( a class :i* we h t]m$ ! ,second>y ,me*anical ,sci5ces2 ^! be+ ! sci5ces :i* expla9 c]ta9 s5sible ph5om5a1 z s\nd1 light1 & heat1 by means ( a m$ium int]pos$ betwe5 ext]nal bodies & our organs ( s5se4 ,9 ^! cases1 we ascribe to bodies c]ta9 qualities3 we call !m resonant1 bright1 r$ or gre51 hot or cold4 ,b 9 ! sci5ces :i* relate to ^! subjects1 we expla9 ^! qualities by ! figure1 size & motions ( ! p>ts ( ! m$ium :i* int]v5es betwe5 ! object & ! e>1 eye1 or o!r s5sible organ4 ,& ^? =m] qualities1 s\nd1 w>m? & col\r1 are call$ second>y qualities ( ! bodies2 :ile ! latt]1 figure1 size & motion1 are call$ ! prim>y qualities ( body4 #b4 ,?is di/9ction1 9 its sub/ance1 is ( great antiquity4 ,! atomic !ory :i* 0 set up at an e>ly p]iod ( ,greek philosophy 0 an attempt to acc\nt = ! second>y qualities ( bodies by means ( _! prim>y qualities4 ,& ?is is really ! sci5tific gr\nd ( ! di/9ction4 ,^? are prim>y qualities or attributes ( body by means ( :i* we1 9 a sci5tific view1 expla9 & d]ive _! o!r qualities4 ,b ! explanation ( ! s5sible qualities ( bodies by means ( _! op]ation ?r\gh a m$ium has till n[ be5 v defective1 & is s /ill4 ,we h to a c]ta9 ext5t !ories ( ,s\nd1 ,light & ,heat1 :i* r$uce ^! qualities to scales & /&>ds1 & 9 "s measure acc\nt me*anically = _! diff]5ces & gradations4 ,b we h z yet no simil> !ory ( ,smells & ,ta/es4 ,/ill1 we d n d\bt t fragrance & flav\r are p]ceiv$ by means ( an a]ial m$ium 9 :i* od\rs float1 & a fluid m$ium 9 :i* sapid matt]s are dissolv$4 ,& ! special od\r & flav\r :i* are ?us p]ceiv$ mu/ dep5d ^u ! size1 figure1 motion1 numb]1 c4 ( ! p>ticles ?us convey$ to ! organs ( ta/e & smell3 t is1 ^? second>y qualities1 z well z ! o!rs1 mu/ dep5d ^u ! prim>y qualities ( ! p>ts ( ! m$ium4 #c4 ,9 ?is way ! di/9ction ( prim>y & second>y qualities is def9ite & precise4 ,b :5 m5 attempt to draw ! di/9ction by guess1 )\t any sci5tific pr9ciple1 ! sep>ation ( ! two classes is vague & v>i\s4 ,i h1 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,sci5tific ,ideas#cjc1 po9t$ out "s ( ! v>iations :i* are to be f\nd on ?is subject 9 ! writ+s ( philosoph]s4 ,sir ,william ,hamilton#cjd has giv5 an acc\nt ( _m m :i* he has comp>$ & analys$ ) great acut5ess4 ,he has %[n h[ ?is di/9ction is treat$1 among o!rs1 by ! anci5t atomi/s1 ,leucippus & ,democritus1 by ,ari/otle1 ,gal51 ,galileo1 ,desc>tes1 ,boyle1 ,malebran*e1 ,locke1 ,reid1 ,/ew>t1 ,roy]-,coll>d4 ,he !n proce$s to give 8 own view2 :i* is1 t we may mo/ prop]ly divide ! qualities ( bodies into ?ree classes1 :i* he calls ,prim>y1 ,secundo-prim>y1 & ,second>y4 ,! =m] he enum]ates z #a1 ,ext5sion2 #b1 ,divisibility2 #c1 ,size2 #d1 ,d5sity or ,r>ity2 #e1 ,figure2 #f1 ,incompressibility absolute2 #g1 ,mobility2 #h1 ,situation4 ,! ,secundo-prim>y are ,gravity1 ,cohesion1 ,in]tia1 ,repulsion4 ,! ,second>y are ^? commonly s call$1 ,col\r1 ,s\nd1 ,flav\r1 ,sav\r1 & ,tactical ,s5sation2 to :i* he says may be add$ ! muscul> & cutane\s s5sation :i* accompany ! p]ception ( ! ,secundo-prim>y qualities4 ,su*1 ?\gh less directly ! result ( =eign causes1 are ,titillation1 ,sneez+1 ,horripilation1 ,%udd]+1 ! feel+ ( :at is call$ ,sett+-!-tee?-on-edge1 c4 ,! ,secundo-prim>y qualities ,sir ,william ,hamilton traces 9 fur!r detail4 ,he expla9s t ) ref]5ce to ,gravity1 bodies are heavy or light4 ,) ref]5ce to ,cohesion1 !re are _m coord9ate pairs1 ( :i* he enum]ates ^!3--h>d & s(t2 firm & fluid1--! fluid be+ subdivid$ into ?ick & ?92 viscid & friable2 t\gh & brittle2 rigid & flexible2 fissile & infissile2 ductile & inductile2 retractile & irretractile2 r\gh & smoo?2 slipp]y & t5aci\s4 ,) ref]5ce to ,repulsion he gives ^! qualities3--compressible & incompressible2 ela/ic & inela/ic4 ,& ) ref]5ce to ,in]tia he m5tions only moveable & immoveable4 ,i d n see :at advantage is ga9$ to philosophy by su* an enum]ation ( qualities z ?is1 :i*1 aft] all1 does n pret5d to complet5ess2 nor d ,i see any?+ ei!r precise or fundam5tal 9 su* di/9ctions z t ( ela/icity1 a mode ( cohesion1 & ela/icity1 a mode ( repulsion4 ,b a "q 9 :i* our philosophy is really conc]n$ is h[ f> any ( ^! qualities are univ]sal qualities ( matt]4 ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton holds t !y are none ( !m necess>y qualities ( matt]1 & !re=e ( c\rse n univ]sal1 & argues ?is po9t at "s l5g?4 ,) reg>d to "o ( 8 ,secundo-prim>y qualities1 ,i w make "s rem>ks4 #d4 ,in]tia4--,9 discuss+ ! ,ideas :i* ent] into ! ,me*anical ,sci5ces#cje1 ,i h /at$ t ! ,idea ( ,=ce & ,resi/ance to ,=ce1 t is1 ( ,=ce & ,matt]1 are ! necess>y f\ndations ( ^? sci5ces4 ,=ce _c act )\t matt] to act on2 ,matt] _c exi/ )\t ,=ce to keep its p>ts toge!r & to keep x 9 its place4 ,b ,=ce act+ ^u matt] may ei!r be ,=ce produc+ re/1 or ,=ce produc+ motion4 ,if we consid] ,=ce produc+ motion1 ! motion produc$1 t is1 ! velocity produc$1 mu/ dep5d ^u ! quantity ( matt] mov$4 ,x _c be t ! same p[]1 act+ 9 ! same way1 %all produce ! same velocity by pu%+ a small pebble & a l>ge rock4 ,if ?is 7 s1 we c\ld h no sci5ce on su* matt]s4 ,x mu/ ne$s be t ! same =ce produces a small] velocity 9 ! l>g] body2 & ?is accord+ to "s measure ( its l>g5ess4 ,! measure ( ! degree 9 :i* ! body ?us resi/s ?is communication ( motion is in]tia4 ,& ! in]tia is necess>ily suppos$ to be proportional to ! quantity ( matt]1 because x is by ?is in]tia t ?is exi/5ce & quantity ( ! matt] is measur$4 ,if !re=e any ,sci5ce conc]n+ ,=ce & ,matt] is to exi/1 matt] mu/ h in]tia1 & ! in]tia mu/ be proportional to ! quantity ( matt]4 #e4 ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton1 9 opposition to ?is1 says1 t we c conceive a body occupy+ space1 & yet )\t attraction or repulsion = ano!r body1 & :olly indiff]5t to ?is or t position1 9 space1 to motion & to re/4 ,he inf]s !nce t in]tia is n a necess>y quality ( bodies4 ,to ?is ,i reply1 t ev5 if we c conceive su* bodies1 7:i* 9 fact man1 liv+ 9 a _w ( matt] _c conceive17 at any rate we _c conceive any sci5ce ab\t su* bodies4 ,if bodies 7 indiff]5t to motion & re/1 ,=ces c\ld n be measur$ by _! effects2 nor c\ld be measur$ or kn[n 9 any way4 ,su* bodies might float ab\t l cl\ds1 visible to ! eye1 b intangible1 & gov]n$ by no laws ( motion4 ,b if we h any sci5ce ab\t bodies1 !y mu/ be tangible1 & gov]n$ by laws ( motion4 ,n1 !n1 f any obs]v$ prop]ties ( bodies1 b f ! possibility ( any sci5ce ab\t bodies1 does x foll[ t all bodies h in]tia4 #f4 ,gravity4--,reason+ ( ! same k9d may be employ$ ab\t weight4 ,we c conceive1 x is urg$1 matt] )\t weight4 ,b ,i reply1 we _c conceive a sci5ce :i* deals ) matt] t has no weight3--a sci5ce1 ,i mean1 :i* deals ) ! quantity ( matt] ( bodies1 z aris+ f ! sum ( _! elem5ts4 ,= ! quantity ( matt] ( bodies is & mu/ be measur$ by ^? s5sible prop]ties ( matt] :i* und]go quantitative addition1 subtraction & division1 z ! matt] is add$1 subtract$1 & divid$4 ,! quantity ( matt] _c be kn[n 9 any o!r way4 ,b ?is mode ( measur+ ! quantity ( matt]1 9 ord] to be true at all1 mu/ be univ]sally true4 ,if x 7 only p>tially true--if "s k9ds ( matt] _h weight & o!rs _h n--! limits ( ! mode ( measur+ matt] by weight w\ld be arbitr>y3 & !re=e ! :ole proc$ure w\ld be arbitr>y1 & z a mode ( obta9+ philosophical tru?1 altoge!r futile4 ,b we suppose tru? respect+ ! composition ( bodies to be atta9able2 !re=e we mu/ suppose ! rule1 :i* is ! necess>y basis ( su* tru?1 to be itself true4 ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton has repli$ to ^! argum5ts1 b1 z ,i conceive1 )\t affect+ ! =ce ( !m4 ,i w repeat "h ! answ] :i* ,i h already giv5#cjf1 & w repr9t 9 ! ,app5dix ! ,memoir by :i* 8 objections 7 occasion$4 ,he says1 7#a71 t our reason+ assumes t we mu/ necess>ily h x 9 our p[] to asc]ta9 ! ,quantity ( ,matt]2 :]eas ?is may be a problem out ( ! rea* ( human det]m9ation4 ,to ?is ,i reply1 t my reason+ does assume t !re is a sci5ce1 or sci5ces1 :i* make ass]tions conc]n+ ! ,quantity ( ,matt]3 ,me*anics & ,*emi/ry are su* sci5ces4 ,my ass]tion is1 t to make su* sci5ces possible1 ,quantity ( ,matt] mu/ be proportional to ,weight4 ,if my oppon5t d5y t ,me*anics & ,*emi/ry c exi/ z sci5ce1 he may invalidate my pro(2 b n o!rwise4 7#b7 ,he says t !re are two conceivable ways ( e/imat+ ! ,quantity ( ,matt]3 by ! ,space occupi$1 & by ! ,weight or ,in]tia2 & t ,i assume ! second measure gratuit\sly4 ,to :i* ,i reply1 t ! mo/ elem5t>y /eps 9 ,me*anics & 9 ,*emi/ry contradict ! notion t ! ,quantity ( ,matt] is proportionate to ! ,space4 ,!y proce$ necess>ily on a di/9ction betwe5 ,space & ,matt]3--betwe5 m]e ,ext5sion & mat]ial ,sub/ance4 7#c7 ,he all[s t we _c make ! ,ext5sion ( a body ! measure ( ! ,quantity ( ,matt]1 because1 he says1 we d n "k if ! compress+ =ce is su* z to produce ! close/ compression4 ,t is1 he assumes a compress+ =ce1 assumes a close/ compression1 assumes a peculi> 7& v improbable7 atomic hypo!sis2 & all ?is1 to supply a reason :y we are n to believe ! fir/ simple pr9ciple ( ,me*anics & ,*emi/ry4 7#d7 ,he speaks ( a s]ies ( app>5t fluids 7z ,light or its vehicle1 ! ,calorific1 ! ,electro-galvanic1 & ,magnetic ag5ts7 :i* we c nei!r d5ude ( _! "* ( sub/ance1 nor clo! ) ! attribute ( weight4 ,to :i* my reply is1 t precisely because ,i _c clo! ^! ag5ts ) ! attribute ( ,weight1 ,i d d5ude !m ( ! "* ( ,sub/ance4 ,!y are n sub/ances1 b ag5cies4 ,^! ,impond]able ,ag5ts are n prop]ly call$ ,impond]able ,fluids4 ,?is ,i conceive t ,i h prov$2 & ! pro( is n %ak5 by d5y+ ! conclusion )\t %[+ any defect 9 ! reason+4 7#e7 ,f9ally1 my critic speaks ab\t a logical canon1 & ab\t a crit]ion ( tru?1 subjectively necess>y & objectively c]ta92 :i* matt]s ,i %all n wa/e ! read]'s "t by discuss+4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #cjc3 ,b4 iv4 c4 i4 ,footnote #cjd3 ,reid's ,works1 ,supplem5t>y ,diss]tation ,d4 ,footnote #cje3 ,hi/4 ,sc4 ,id4 b4 iii4 ,footnote #cjf3 ,hi/4 ,sc4 ,id4 b4 vi4 c4 iii4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,g]man ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,philosophy ,,9 ,,brita94 ,! philosophy ( ,kant1 z ,i h already said1 involv$ a def9ite doctr9e on ! subject ( ! ,fundam5tal ,anti!sis1 & a correction ( "s ( ! errors ( ,locke & 8 successors4 ,x 0 n h[ev] at fir/ fav\rably receiv$ among ,briti% philosoph]s1 & ^? :o accept$ x 7 judg$ some:at caprici\sly & capti\sly4 ,i w say a ^w on ^! po9ts#cjg4 #a4 7,/ew>t7--,dugald ,/ew>t1 9 8 ,diss]tation on ! ,progress ( ! ,moral ,sci5ces1 repeat$ly m5tions ,kant's speculations1 & always unfav\rably4 ,9 ,note ,i to ,"p ,i4 ( ! ,diss]tation he says1 ,9 our own times1 ,kant & 8 foll[]s seem to h ?\ght t !y _h ?r[n a /rong light on ! nature ( space & also ( "t1 :5 !y introduc$ ! ^w =m 7=m ( ! intellect7 z a common t]m applicable to bo?4 ,is n ?is to rev]t to ! s*ola/ic folly ( v]bal g5]alization8 ,& 9 ,"p ,,ii4 he gives a long & labori\s criticism ( a portion ( ,kant's speculations2 ( :i* ! _s may be collect$ f 8 describ+ !m z result+ 9 ! metaphysical conundrum1 t ! human m9d 7consid]$ z a n\m5on & n z a ph5om5on7 nei!r exi/s 9 space nor "t4 ,& aft] m5tion+ ,me9]s & ,h]d] along ) ,kant1 he adds1 ,i am a%am$ to say t 9 ,great ,brita9 ! only "o ( ^! names :i* has be5 mu* talk$ ( is ,kant4 ,& aga9 9 ,note ,,ee1 he translates "s portion ( ! ,g]man philosoph]1 add+1 t to ! expressions s employ$ he c atta* no mean+4 ,/ew>t1 9 8 criticism ( ,kant's doctr9es1 rem>ks t1 9 ass]t+ t ! human m9d possesses1 9 its own ideas1 an elem5t ( necess>y & univ]sal tru?1 n d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 ,kant _h be5 anticipat$ by ,price1 by ,cudwor?1 & ev5 by ,plato2 to ^: ,!tetus bo? ,price & ,cudwor? ref]1 z conta9+ views simil> to _! own4 ,& und\bt$ly ?is doctr9e ( ideas1 z indisp5sable s\rces ( necess>y tru?s1 0 promulgat$ & support$ by weighty argum5ts 9 ! ,!tetus2 & has ev] s9ce be5 held by _m philosoph]s1 9 opposition to ! contr>y doctr9e1 also ext5sively held1 t all tru? is d]iv$ f exp]i5ce4 ,b1 9 po9t+ out ?is circum/ance z dim9i%+ ! importance ( ,kant's speculations1 ,/ew>t did n suffici5tly consid] t doctr9es1 fundam5tally ! same1 may dis*>ge a v diff]5t (fice at diff]5t p]iods ( ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,plato's ,dialogues did n de/roy1 nor ev5 dim9i%1 ! value ( ,cudwor?'s ,immutable ,morality4 ,not)/&+ ,cudwor?'s publications1 ,price's doctr9es came out a little aft]w>ds ) ! air & ) ! effect ( novelties4 ,cudwor?'s ass]tion ( ideas did n prev5t ! rise ( ,hume's skepticism2 & x 0 ,hume's skepticism :i* gave occasion to ,kant's new ass]tion ( necess>y & univ]sal tru?1 & to 8 exam9ation into ! gr\nds ( ! possibility & reality ( su* tru?4 ,to ma9ta9 su* doctr9e aft] ! appe>ance ( int]m$iate speculations1 & ) ref]5ce to !m1 0 v diff]5t f ma9ta9+ x be=e2 & ?is is ! m]it :i* ,kant's admir]s claim = him4 ,nor c x be d5i$ t 8 writ+s produc$ an imm5se effect ^u ! mode ( treat+ su* que/ions 9 ,g]many2 & h _h1 ev5 9 ?is c\ntry1 an influ5ce f> beyond :at ,mr4 ,/ew>t w\ld h deem$ _! due4 #b4 7,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes47--,b z inju/ice has ?us be5 done to ,kant by conf\nd+ 8 case ) t ( 8 pr$ecessors ( l op9ions1 s on ! o!r h&1 inju/ice has also be5 done1 bo? to him & ^? :o h foll[$ him 9 ! ass]tion ( ideas1 by conf\nd+ _! case ) 84 ,?is inju/ice seems to me to be committ$ by a writ] on ! ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 :o has giv5 an acc\nt ( ! successive s*ools ( philosophy up to our own "t2--has assign$ to ,kant an important & prom95t place 9 ! rec5t hi/ory ( metaphysics2--b has /ill ma9ta9$ t ,kant's philosophy1 & inde$ e philosophy1 is & mu/ be a failure4 ,9 ord] to prove ?is !sis1 ! au?or naturally has to exam9e ,kant's doctr9es & ! reasons assign$ = !m1 & to po9t out :at he conceives to be ! fallacy ( ^! argum5ts4 ,?is accord+ly he pr(esses to d2 b z soon z he has ent]$ ^u ! argum5t1 he sub/itutes1 z 8 oppon5t1 = ! philosoph] ( ,knigsb]g1 a writ] ( our own "t & c\ntry1 :o does n pr(ess himself a ,kantian1 :o has be5 repeat$ly accus$1 ) :atev] ju/ice1 ( misrepres5t+ :at he has borr[$ f ,kant1 & ^: ma9 views are1 9 ! op9ion ( ! writ] himself1 v diff]5t f ,kant's4 ,mr4 ,lewes#cjh1 9 ! *apt] entitl$ ,exam9ation ( ,kant's ,fundam5tal ,pr9ciples1 aft] a prelim9>y /atem5t ( ! po9ts he int5ds to consid]1 says ,n[ to ! "q4 ,z ,kant confess$ly 0 l$ to 8 own sy/em by ! speculations ( ,hume1 & s on2 & =?) he introduces ! "n ( ,dr4 ,:ewell z ! writ] ^: views he has to criticize1 )\t /at+ h[ he connects him ) ,kant1 & goes on argu+ aga9/ him = a doz5 pages to ! end ( ! ,*apt]4 #c4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t ,i _h adopt$ "s ( ,kant's views1 or at lea/ "s ( 8 argum5ts4 ,! *apt]s#cji on ! ,ideas ( ,space & ,"t 9 ! ,philosophy ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces1 7 almo/ lit]al translations ( *apt]s 9 ! ,kritik d] ,re95 ,v]nunft4 ,yet ! au?or 0 *>g$ by a review] at ! "t1 ) expla9+ ^! doctr9es 9 a mann] incompatible ) ! cle> views ( ,emanuel ,kant4 ,x appe>$ to be assum$ by ! ,engli% admir]s ( ! ,kantian philosophy1 t ,kant's views 7 true & cle> 9 ,g]many1 b became unt5able :5 adopt$ 9 ,engl&4 #d4 7,mr4 ,mansel7--,b ! mo/ important ( my critics on ?is gr\nd is ,mr4 ,mansel1 :o has reviv$ ! c5sure ( my speculations z n do+ ju/ice to ! ,kantian philosophy4 ,x is mu* to be regrett$1 he says#caj1 t ,dr4 ,:ewell1 :o has made good use ( ,kantian pr9ciples 9 _m p>ts ( 8 ,philosophy ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces1 has n m accurately obs]v$ ,kant's di/9ction betwe5 ! necess>y laws "u :i* all m5 ?9k1 & ! cont+5t laws "u :i* c]ta9 m5 ?9k ( c]ta9 ?+s4 ,& fur!r on ,mr4 ,mansel1 aft] giv+ great praise to ! g5]al _s ( ! ,philosophy ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces1 says1 ,x is to be regrett$ t ! accuracy ( 8 !ory has be5 9 s _m in/ances vitiat$ by a /umble at ! ?re%old ( ! ,critical ,philosophy4 ,mr4 ,mansel is1 inde$1 by mu* ! mo/ zeal\s ,engli% ,kantian ^: writ+s ,i h se52--among ^?1 ,i mean1 :o h br\ght orig9al p[]s ( philosophical ?\ght to be> ^u su* subjects2 & h n be51 z "s h be51 enslav$ by an admiration ( ,g]man sy/ems1 j z bigott$ z ! contempt ( !m :i* o!rs feel4 ,& z ,mr4 ,mansel has /at$ di/9ctly "s ( ! po9ts 9 :i* he conceives t ,i h err$ 9 deviat+ f ! doctr9es ( ,kant1 ,i %\ld wi% to make a few rem>ks on ^? po9ts4 #e4 ,kant consid]s t ,space & ,"t are conditions ( p]ception1 & h5ce s\rces ( necess>y & univ]sal tru?4 ,dr4 ,:ewell agrees ) ,kant 9 plac+ 9 ! m9d c]ta9 s\rces ( necess>y tru?2 he calls ^! ,fundam5tal ,ideas1 & reckons1 besides ,space & ,"t1 o!rs1 z ,cause1 ,lik5ess1 ,sub/ance1 & sev]al m4 ,mr4 ,mill1 ! mo/ rec5t & able exp\nd] ( ! opposite doctr9e1 d]ives all tru?s f ,obs]vation1 & d5ies t !re is su* a sep>ate s\rce ( tru? z ,ideas4 ,mr4 ,mansel does n agree ei!r ) ,mr4 ,mill or ,dr4 ,:ewell2 he adh]es to ! orig9al ,kantian !sis1 t ,space & ,"t are s\rces ( necess>y tru?s1 b d5ies ! (fice to ! o!r ,fundam5tal ,ideas ( ,dr4 ,:ewell4 ,9 read+ :at has be5 said by ,mr4 ,mill1 ,mr4 ,mansel1 & o!r critics1 on ! subject ( :at ,i h call$ ,fundam5tal ,ideas1 ,i am l$ to p]ceive t ,i h express$ myself incauti\sly1 ) reg>d to ! id5tity ( "* betwe5 ! fir/ two ( ^! ,fundam5tal ,ideas1 namely1 ,space & ,"t1 & ! o!rs1 z ,=ce1 ,composition1 & ! l4 ,& ,i am desir\s ( expla9+1 to ^? :o take an int]e/ 9 ^! speculations1 h[ f> ,i claim = ! o!r ,fundam5tal ,ideas ! same "* & attributes z = ,space & ,"t4 #f4 ,! special & *>act]i/ic prop]ty ( all ! ,fundam5tal ,ideas is :at ,i h already m5tion$1 t !y are ! m5tal s\rces ( necess>y & univ]sal sci5tific tru?s4 ,i call !m ,ideas1 z be+ some?+ n d]iv$ f s5sation1 b gov]n+ s5sation1 & consequ5tly giv+ =m to our exp]i5ce2--,fundam5tal1 z be+ ! f\ndation ( k1 or at lea/ ( ,sci5ce4 ,& ! way 9 :i* ^? ,ideas become ! f\ndations ( ,sci5ce is1 t :5 !y are cle>ly & di/9ctly ent]ta9$ 9 ! m9d1 !y give rise to inevitable convictions or intuitions1 :i* may be express$ z ,axioms2 & ^! ,axioms are ! f\ndations ( ,sci5ces respective ( ea* ,idea4 ,! ,idea ( ,space1 :5 cle>ly possess$1 gives rise to geometrical ,axioms1 & is ?us ! f\ndation ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,geometry4 ,! ,idea ( ,me*anical ,=ce1 7a modification ( ! ,idea ( ,cause17 :5 cle>ly develop$ 9 ! m9d1 gives bir? to ,axioms :i* are ! f\ndation ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,me*anics4 ,! ,idea ( ,sub/ance gives rise to ! ,axiom :i* is univ]sally accept$1--t we _c1 by any process1 7= in/ance1 by *emical processes17 create or de/roy matt]1 b c only comb9e & sep>ate elem5ts2--& ?us gives rise to ! ,sci5ce ( ,*emi/ry4 #g4 ,n[ x may be obs]v$1 t 9 giv+ ?is acc\nt ( ! f\ndation ( ,sci5ce1 ,i lay /ress on ! condition t ! ,ideas mu/ be cle>ly & di/9ctly possess$4 ,! ,idea ( ,space mu/ be q cle> 9 ! m9d1 or else ! ,axioms ( ,geometry w n be se5 to be true3 !re w be no intuition ( _! tru?2 & = a m9d 9 su* a /ate1 !re c be no ,sci5ce ( ,geometry4 ,a man may h a confus$ & p]plex$1 or a vacant & in]t /ate ( m9d1 9 :i* x is n cle>ly app>5t to him1 t two /raight l9es _c inclose a space4 ,b ?is is n a frequ5t case4 ,! ,idea ( ,space is mu* m commonly cle> 9 ! m9ds ( m5 ?an ! o!r ,ideas on :i* sci5ce dep5ds1 z ,=ce1 or ,sub/ance4 ,x is mu* m common to f9d m9ds 9 :i* ^! latt] ,ideas are n s cle> & di/9ct z to make ! ,axioms ( ,me*anics or ( ,*emi/ry self-evid5t4 ,inde$ ! examples ( a /ate ( m9d 9 :i* ! ,ideas ( ,=ce or ( ,sub/ance are s cle> z to be made ! basis ( sci5ce1 are comp>atively few4 ,!y are ! examples ( m9ds sci5tifically cultivat$1 at lea/ to "s ext5t4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh ! ,axioms ( ,me*anics or ( ,*emi/ry may be1 9 _! own nature1 z evid5t z ^? ( ,geometry1 !y are n evid5t to s _m p]sons1 nor at s e>ly a p]iod ( intellectual or sci5tific culture4 ,& ?is be+ ! case1 x is n surpris+ t "s p]sons %\ld d\bt :e!r ^! ,axioms are evid5t at all2--%\ld ?9k t x is an error to ass]t t !re exi/1 9 su* sci5ces z ,me*anics or ,*emi/ry1 ,fundam5tal ,ideas1 fit to be class$ ) ,space1 z be+1 l x1 ! orig9 ( ,axioms4 ,9 speak+ ( all ! ,fundam5tal ,ideas z be+ alike ! s\rce ( ,axioms :5 cle>ly possess$1 )\t dwell+ suffici5tly ^u ! am\nt ( m5tal discipl9e :i* is requisite to give ! m9d ?is cle> possession ( mo/ ( !m2 & 9 n keep+ be=e ! read] ! diff]5t degrees ( evid5ce :i*1 9 mo/ m9ds1 ! ,axioms ( diff]5t sci5ces naturally h1 ,i h1 z ,i h said1 giv5 occasion to my read]s to misund]/& me4 ,i w po9t out "o or two passages :i* %[ t ?is misund]/&+ has occurr$1 & w try to remove x4 #h4 ,! "* ( axiomatic tru?s se5 by intuition is1 t !y are n only se5 to be true1 b to be necess>y2--t ! contr>y ( !m is n only false1 b inconceivable4 ,b ?is inconceivabl5ess dep5ds entirely ^u ! cle>ness ( ! ,ideas :i* ! axioms involve4 ,s long z ^? ,ideas are vague & indi/9ct1 ! contr>y ( an ,axiom may be ass5t$ to1 ?\gh x _c be di/9ctly conceiv$4 ,x may be ass5t$ to1 n because x is possible1 b because we d n see cle>ly :at is possible4 ,to a p]son :o is only beg9n+ to ?9k geometrically1 !re may appe> no?+ absurd 9 ! ass]tion1 t two /raight l9es may inclose a space4 ,& 9 ! same mann]1 to a p]son :o is only beg9n+ to ?9k ( me*anical tru?s1 x may n appe> to be absurd1 t 9 me*anical processes1 ,reaction %\ld be great] or less ?an ,action2 & s1 aga91 to a p]son :o has n ?\ght /eadily ab\t ,sub/ance1 x may n appe> inconceivable1 t by *emical op]ations1 we %\ld g5]ate new matt]1 or de/roy matt] :i* already exi/s4 ,"h !n we h a difficulty3--! te/ ( ,axioms is t ! contr>y ( !m is inconceivable2 & yet p]sons1 till !y h 9 "s measure /udi$ ! subject1 d n see ?is inconceivabl5ess4 ,h5ce our ,axioms mu/ be evid5t only to a small numb] ( ?9k]s2 & seem n to des]ve ! "n ( self-evid5t or necess>y tru?s4 ,?is difficulty has be5 /rongly urg$ by ,mr4 ,mill1 z support+ 8 view1 t all k ( tru? is d]iv$ f exp]i5ce4 ,& 9 ord] t ! opposite doctr9e1 :i* ,i h advocat$1 may n lab\r "u any disadvantages :i* really d n belong to x1 ,i mu/ expla91 t ,i d n by any means ass]t t ^? tru?s :i* ,i reg>d z necess>y1 are all equally evid5t to common ?9k]s1 or evid5t to p]sons 9 all /ages ( intellectual developm5t4 ,i may ev5 say1 t "s ( ^? tru?s :i* ,i reg>d z necess>y1 & ! necessity ( :i* ,i believe ! human m9d to be capable ( see+1 by due prep>ation & ?\ght1 are /ill su*1 t ?is am\nt ( prep>ation & ?\ght is r>e & peculi>2 & ,i w will+ly grant1 t to atta9 to & pres]ve su* a cle>ness & subtlety ( m9d z ?is intuition requires1 is a task ( no ord9>y difficulty & lab\r4 #i4 ,?is doctr9e1--t "s tru?s may be se5 by intuition1 b yet t ! intuition ( !m may be a r>e & difficult atta9m5t1--,i h n1 x w\ld seem1 convey$ ) suffici5t cle>ness to obviate misappreh5sion4 ,mr4 ,mill has notic$ a passage ( my ,philosophy on ?is subject1 :i* he has und]/ood 9 a s5se diff]5t f t :i* ,i int5d$4 ,speak+ ( ! two ,pr9ciples ( ,*emical ,sci5ce1--t comb9ations are def9ite 9 k9d1 & 9 quantity1--,i _h tri$ to elevate myself to ! po9t ( view 9 :i* ^! ,pr9ciples are se51 n only to be true1 b to be necess>y4 ,i 0 aw>e t ev5 ! pr(\nde/ *emi/s _h n v5tur$ to d ?is2 yet x appe>$ to me t !re 7 consid]ations :i* seem$ to %[ t any o!r rule w\ld imply t ! _w 0 a _w on :i* ! human m9d c\ld n employ itself 9 sci5tific speculation at all4 ,^! consid]ations ,i v5tur$ to put =w>ds1 n z views :i* c\ld at pres5t be g5]ally accept$1 b z views to :i* *emical philosophy appe>$ to me to t5d4 ,mr4 ,mill1 n unnaturally1 ,i mu/ admit1 suppos$ me to mean t ! two ,pr9ciples ( ,*emi/ry j /at$1 are self-evid5t1 9 ! same way & 9 ! same degree z ! ,axioms ( ,geometry are s4 ,i aft]w>ds expla9$ t :at ,i meant to d 01 to ?r[ out an op9ion1 t if we c\ld conceive ! composition ( bodies di/9ctly1 we might be able to see t x is necess>y t ! modes ( ?is composition %\ld be def9ite4 ,?is ,mr4 ,mill does n object to#caa3 b he calls x a great att5uation ( my =m] op9ion2 :i* he und]/ood to be t we1 7t is1 m5 9 g5]al17 already see1 or may see1 or ought to see1 ?is necessity4 ,su* a g5]al appreh5sion ( ! necessity ( def9ite *emical composition ,i c]ta9ly nev] reckon$ ^u2 & ev5 9 my own m9d1 ! ?\ght ( su* a necessity 0 r an anticipation ( :at ! intuitions ( philosophical *emi/s 9 ano!r g5]ation w\ld be1 ?an an ass]tion ( :at !y n[ are or ought to be2 mu* less did ,i expect t p]sons1 nei!r *emi/s nor philosoph]s1 w\ld already1 or p]haps ev]1 see t a proposition1 s rec5tly discov]$ to be true1 is n only true1 b necess>y4 #aj4 ,( ! be>+ ( ?is view on ! "q at issue betwe5 ,mr4 ,mill & me1 ,i may h]eaft] speak2 b ,i w n[ notice o!r p]sons :o h misund]/ood me 9 ! same way4 ,an able writ] 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review#cab has1 9 l mann]1 said1 ,dr4 ,:ewell seems to u to h gone mu* too f> 9 r$uc+ to necess>y tru?s :at assur$ly ! g5]ality ( mank9d w n feel to be s4 ,x is a fact :i* ,i d n at all conte/1 t ! g5]ality ( mank9d w n feel ! ,axioms ( ,*emi/ry1 or ev5 ( ,me*anics1 to be necess>y tru?s4 ,b ,i _h said1 n t ! g5]ality ( mank9d w\ld feel ?is necessity1 b 79 a passage j be=e quot$ by ! ,review]7 t ! m9d "u c]ta9 circum/ances atta9s a po9t ( view f :i* x c pron\nce me*anical 7& o!r7 fundam5tal tru?s to be necess>y 9 _! nature1 ?\gh disclos$ to u by exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,bo? ! ,ed9burgh ,review] & ,mr4 ,mansel appe> to hold a di/9ction betwe5 ! fundam5tal tru?s ( ,geometry1 & ^? ( ! o!r subjects :i* ,i h class$ ) !m4 ,! latt] says1 t p]haps metaphysicians may h]eaft] e/abli% ! exi/5ce ( o!r subjective conditions ( intuitions 7or1 z ,i %\ld call !m1 ,fundam5tal ,ideas17 besides ,space & ,"t1 b t 9 ass]t+ su* to exi/ 9 ! sci5ce ( ,me*anics1 ,i c]ta9ly g too f>3 & he gives z an in/ance my ,essay1--,demon/ration t all matt] is heavy4 ,i c]ta9ly did n expect t ! ,pr9ciples ass]t$ 9 t ,essay w\ld be ass5t$ to z readily or z g5]ally z ! ,axioms ( ,geometry2 b ,i conceive t ,i h !re prov$ t ,*emical ,sci5ce1 us+ ! balance z "o ( its implem5ts1 _c admit impond]able bodies among its elem5ts4 ,?is impossibility w1 ,i ?9k1 n only be f\nd to exi/ 9 fact1 b se5 to exi/ necess>ily1 by *emi/s1 9 proportion z !y advance t[>ds g5]al propositions ( ,*emical ,sci5ce 9 :i* ! s-call$ impond]able fluids ent]4 ,b ev5 if ,i be "r 9 ?is op9ion1 to h[ few w ?is necessity be made app>5t1 & h[ sl[ly w ! intuition spread6 ,i am z well aw>e z my critics1 t ! necessity w probably nev] be app>5t to ord9>y ?9k]s4 #aa4 ,?\gh ,mr4 ,mansel does n ackn[l$ge any subjective conditions ( intuition besides ,space & ,"t1 he does recognize o!r k9ds ( necessity1 :i* ,i %\ld equally ref] to ,fundam5tal ,ideas2 because !y are1 no less ?an ,space & ,"t1 ! f\ndations ( univ]sal & necess>y tru?s 9 sci5ce4 ,su* are#cac ! ,pr9ciple ( ,sub/ance2--,all ,qualities exi/ 9 "s subject3 & ! ,pr9ciple ( ,causality2-- ,e ,ev5t has its ,cause4 ,to ^! ,pr9ciples he ascribes a metaphysical necessity1 ! nature & gr\nds ( :i* he analyses ) great acut5ess4 ,b :at ,i h to obs]ve is1 t :atev] diff]5ces may be po9t$ out betwe5 ! gr\nds ( ! necessity1 9 ?is case ( metaphysical necessity1 & 9 t :i* ,mr4 ,mansel calls ma!matical necessity :i* belongs to ! ,conditions or ,ideas ( ,space & ( ,"t2 /ill1 x is n ! less true t ! ,ideas ( ,sub/ance & ( ,cause1 d af=d a f\ndation = necess>y tru?s1 & t on ^! tru?s are built ,sci5ces4 ,t e ,*ange mu/ h a ,cause1 ) ! correspond+ ,axioms1--t ! ,cause is kn[n by ! ,effect1 & ,measur$ by x1--is ! basis ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,me*anics4 ,t !re is a ,sub/ance to :i* qualities belong1 ) ! correspond+ ,axiom1--t we _c create or de/roy ,sub/ance1 ?\gh we may alt] ,qualities by comb9+ & sep>at+ ,sub/ances1--is ! basis ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,*emi/ry4 ,& t ?is doctr9e ( ! ,inde/ructibility ( ,sub/ance is a prim>y axiomatic tru?1 is c]ta92 bo? because x has be5 univ]sally tak5 = grant$ by m5 seek+ = g5]al tru?s2 & because x is n & _c be prov$ by exp]i5ce#cad4 ,s t ,i h "h1 ev5 accord+ to ,mr4 ,mansel's own /atem5t1 o!r gr\nds besides ,space & ,"t1 = necess>y tru?s 9 ,sci5ce4 #ab4 ,besides ma!matical & metaphysical necessity1 ,mr4 ,mansel recognizes also a logical necessity4 ,i w n pret5d to say t ?is k9d ( necessity is exactly repres5t$ by any ( ^? ,fundam5tal ,ideas :i* are ! basis ( ,sci5ce2 b yet ,i ?9k x w be f\nd t ?is logical necessity ma9ly op]ates ?r\gh ! attribution ( ,names to ?+s2 & t a l>ge portion ( its cog5cy arises f ^! maxims1--t names mu/ be s impos$ t ,g5]al ,propositions %all be possible1--& s t ,reason+ %all be possible4 ,n[ ^! maxims are really ! basis ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 & are s /at$ 9 ! ,philosophy ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces4 ,! =m] maxim is ! pr9ciple ( all ,classification2 & ?\gh we h no syllogisms 9 ,natural ,hi/ory1 ! app>atus ( g5us1 species1 diff]5tia1 & ! l1 :i* 0 introduc$ 9 ! analysis ( syllogi/ic reason+1 is really m con/antly appli$ 9 ,natural ,hi/ory ?an 9 any o!r sci5ce4 #ac4 ,besides ! diff]5t k9ds ( necessity :i* ,mr4 ,mansel ?us ackn[l$ges1 ,i d n see :y he %\ld n1 on 8 own pr9ciples1 recognize o!rs2 z inde$ he appe>s to me to d4 ,he ackn[l$ges1 ,i ?9k1 ! di/9ction ( ,prim>y & ,second>y qualities2 & ?is mu/ involve him 9 ! doctr9e t ,second>y ,qualities are necess>ily p]ceiv$ by means ( a ,m$ium4 ,aga93 he w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 ackn[l$ge t 9 organiz$ bodies1 ! p>ts exi/ = a ,purpose2 & ,purpose is an ,idea :i* _c be inf]r$ by reason+ f facts1 )\t be+ possess$ & appli$ z an ,idea4 ,s t !re w\ld1 ,i conceive1 exi/1 9 8 philosophy1 all ! gr\nds ( necess>y tru? :i* ,i h t]m$ ,fundam5tal ,ideas2 only t he w\ld fur!r subdivide1 classify1 & analyse1 ! k9ds & gr\nds ( ?is necessity4 ,9 ?is he w\ld d well2 & "s ( 8 di/9ctions & analyses ( ?is k9d are1 9 my judgm5t1 v in/ructive4 ,b ,i d n see :at objection !re c be to my putt+ toge!r all ^! k9ds ( necessity1 :5 my purpose requires x2 &1 inasmu* z !y all are ! bases ( ,sci5ce1 ,i may call !m by a g5]al "n2 = in/ance1 ,gr\nds ( ,sci5tific ,necessity2 & ^! are precisely :at ,i mean by ,fundam5tal ,ideas4 ,t "s /eady ?\ght1 & ev5 "s progress 9 ! con/ruction ( ,sci5ce1 is ne$$ 9 ord] to see ! necessity ( ! ,axioms ?us introduc$1 is true1 & is repeat$ly ass]t$ & illu/rat$ 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,sci5ces4 ,! necessity ( su* ,axioms is se51 b x is n se5 at fir/4 ,x becomes cle>] & cle>] to ea* p]son1 & cle> to "o p]son aft] ano!r1 z ! human m9d dwells m & m /eadily on ! sev]al subjects ( speculation4 ,!re are sci5tific tru?s :i* are se5 by intuition1 b ?is intuition is progressive4 ,?is is ! rem>k :i* ,i wi% to make 9 answ] to ^? ( my critics :o h object$ t tru?s :i* ,i h prop\nd$ z ,axioms1 are n evid5t to all4 #ad4 ,t ! ,axioms ( ,sci5ce are n evid5t to all1 is true en\gh1 & too true4 ,take ! ,axiom ( ,sub/ance3--t we may *ange ! condition ( a sub/ance 9 v>i\s ways1 b _c de/roy x4 ,?is has be5 assum$ z evid5t by philosoph]s 9 all ages2 b if we ask an ord9>y p]son :e!r a body c be de/roy$ by fire1 or dim9i%$1 w he unhesitat+ly reply1 t x _c8 ,x requires "s ?\ght to say#cae1 z ! philosoph] said1 t ! weight ( ! smoke is to be f\nd by subtract+ ! weight ( ! a%es f t ( ! fuel2 nay1 ev5 :5 ?is is said1 x appe>s1 at fir/1 r an epigram ?an a sci5tific tru?4 ,yet x is by ?9k+ only1 n by an exp]im5t1 t1 f a happy guess x becomes a sci5tific tru?4 ,& ! ?\ght is ! basis1 n ! result1 ( exp]im5tal tru?s2 = :i* reason ,i ascribe x to a ,fundam5tal ,idea4 ,& s1 su* tru?s are ! g5u9e gr[? ( ! human m9d2 n innate1 z if !y ne$$ n to gr[2 /ill less1 dead twigs pluck$ f exp]i5ce & /uck 9 f )\t2 n univ]sal1 z if !y grew up ev]y:]e2 b n ! less1 "u fav\rable circum/ances1 ! g5u9e gr[? ( ! sci5tific intellect4 #ae4 ,n only d ,i hold t ! ,axioms1 on :i* ! tru?s ( sci5ce re/1 gr[ f guesses into ,axioms 9 v>i\s ways1 & (t5 gradually1 & at diff]5t p]iods 9 diff]5t m9ds1 & p>tially1 ev5 9 ! end2 b ,i conceive t ?is may be %[n by ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 z hav+ really happ5$1 ) reg>d to all ! mo/ conspicu\s ( su* pr9ciples4 ,! sci5tific insight :i* enabl$ discov]]s to a*ieve _! exploits1 impli$ t !y 7 among ! fir/ to acquire an intuitive conviction ( ! ,axioms ( _! ,sci5ce3 ! controv]sies :i* =m s l>ge a portion ( ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 arise f ! /ruggles betwe5 ! cle>-sight$ & ! dimsight$1 betwe5 ^? :o 7 =w>ds & ^? :o 7 backw>ds 9 ! progress ( ideas2 & ^! controv]sies h v (t5 end$ 9 diffus+ g5]ally a cle>ness ( ?\ght1 on ! controv]t$ subject1 :i* at fir/1 ! few only1 or p]haps n ev5 !y1 possess$4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,sci5ce consi/s ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,ideas1 z well z ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,exp]i5ce & ,obs]vation4 ,! latt] portion ( ! subject =m$ ! pr9cipal matt] ( my ,hi/ory ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces2 ! =m] occupi$ a l>ge portion ( ! ,philosophy ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces#caf2 :i*1 ,i may p]haps be all[$ to expla91 is1 = ! mo/ "p1 a ,hi/orical ,"w no less ?an ! o!r2 & 0 writt5 9 a great measure1 at ! same "t1 & f ! same survey ( ! works ( sci5tific writ]s4 #af4 ,i am aw>e t ! explanation :i* ,i h giv51 may naturally provoke ! oppon5ts ( ! doctr9e ( sci5tific necessity to repeat _! ord9>y fundam5tal objections1 9 a =m adapt$ to ! expressions :i* ,i h us$4 ,!y may say1 ! fact t ^! s-call$ ,axioms ?us become evid5t only dur+ ! progress ( exp]i5ce1 proves t !y are d]iv$ f exp]i5ce3 !y may1 9 reply to our image1 say1 t tru?s are /uck into ! m9d by exp]i5ce1 z se$s are /uck into ! gr\nd2 & t to ma9ta9 t !y c gr[ "u any o!r conditions1 is to hold ! doctr9e ( spontane\s g5]ation1 :i* is equally unt5able 9 ! intellectual & 9 ! physical _w4 ,i %all n h[ev] "h resume ! g5]al discussion2 b %all only say briefly 9 reply1 t ,axioms1--= in/ance1 ?is ,axiom1 t mat]ial sub/ances _c be creat$ or annihilat$ by any process :i* we c apply1--?\gh x becomes evid5t 9 ! progress ( exp]i5ce1 _c be d]iv$ f exp]i5ce2 = x is a proposition :i* nev] has nor c be prov$ by exp]i5ce2 b :i*1 nev]!less1 has be5 always assum$ by m51 seek+ = g5]al tru?s1 z necess>ily true1 & z controll+ & correct+ all possible exp]i5ce4 ,& ) reg>d to ! image ( vegetable developm5t1 ,i may say1 t z su* developm5t implies bo? inh]5t =ms 9 ! liv+ se$1 & nutritive p[]s 9 e>? & air2 s ! developm5t ( our sci5tific ideas implies bo? a =mative p[]1 & mat]ials act$ on2 & t1 ?\gh ! analogy mu/ be v defective1 we conceive t we be/ foll[ x by plac+ ! =mative p[] 9 ! liv+ m9d1 & 9 ! ext]nal _w ! mat]ials act$ on3 :ile ! doctr9e t all tru? is d]iv$ f exp]i5ce only1 appe>s to reject altoge!r "o ( ^! elem5ts1 or to ass]t ! two to be "o4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #cjg3 ,! rem>ks conta9$ 9 ?is *apt] h = ! mo/ "p be5 already pr9t$ & circulat$ 9 a ,lett] to ! ,au?or ( ,prolegom5a ,logica1 #aheb4 ,footnote #cjh3 ,biographical ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 #ahdf4 ,9 a m rec5t edition ! au?or ( ?is "w has modifi$ 8 expressions1 b /ill employs himself 9 argu+ aga9/ ,dr4 ,:ewell1 9 ord] to ov]?r[ ,kant4 ,s f> z 8 argum5ts affect my philosophy1 !y are1 z ,i conceive1 answ]$ 9 ! v>i\s expositions :i* ,i h giv5 ( t philosophy4 ,footnote #cji3 ,b4 ii4 ,! ,philosophy ( ! ,pure ,sci5ces4 ,*ap4 ii4 ,( ! ,idea ( ,space4 ,*ap4 iii4 ,( "s peculi>ities ( ! ,idea ( ,space4 ,*ap4 vii4 ,( ! ,idea ( ,"t4 ,*ap4 viii4 ,( "s peculi>ities ( ! ,idea ( ,"t4 ,footnote #caj3 ,prolegom5a ,logica1 by ,h4 ,l4 ,mansel1 ,m4,a4 #ahea4 ,footnote #caa3 ,logic1 i4 p4 #bgc1 #crd edit4 ,footnote #cab3 ,no4 #aic1 p4 #bi4 ,footnote #cac3 ,prol4 ,log4 p4 #abc4 ,footnote #cad3 ,see ,phil4 ,ind4 ,sc4 b4 vi4 c4 iii4 ,footnote #cae3 ,kant4 ,footnote #caf3 ,republi%$ z ,! ,hi/ory ( ,sci5tific ,ideas4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,necess>y ,,tru? ,,is ,,progressive4 ,,objections ,,consid]$4 ,! doctr9e t necess>y tru? is progressive is a doctr9e v important 9 its be>+ ^u ! nature ( ! human m9d2 &1 z ,i conceive1 9 its !ological be>+ also4 ,b x is a doctr9e to :i* objections are likely to be made f v>i\s qu>t]s1 & ,i w consid] "s ( ^! objections4 #a4 ,necess>y tru?s1 x w be said1 _c increase 9 numb]4 ,new ones _c be add$ to ! old ones4 ,= necess>y tru?s are ^? ( :i* ! necessity is pla9 & evid5t to all mank9d--to ! common s5se ( man2 su* z ! axioms ( geometry4 ,b t :i* is evid5t to all mank9d mu/ be evid5t f ! fir/3 t :i* is pla9 to ! common s5se ( man _c require sci5tific discov]y3 t :i* is necess>ily true _c require accumulat$ pro(4 ,to ?is ,i reply1 t necess>y tru?s require = _! appreh5sion a c]ta9 gr[? & developm5t ( ! human m9d4 ,?\gh x is se5 t !y are necess>ily true1 ?is is se5 only by ^? :o ?9k /eadily & cle>ly1 & to ?9k /eadily & cle>ly on any k9d ( subject1 requires "t & att5tion2--requires m5tal culture4 ,?is may be se5 ev5 9 ! case ( ! axioms ( geometry4 ,^! axioms are self-evid5t3 b to :om are !y self-evid5t8 ,n to uncultur$ savages1 or "y *ildr52 or p]sons ( loose vague habits ( ?\ght4 ,to see ! tru? & necessity ( geometrical axioms1 we ne$ geometrical culture4 ,!re=e t any axioms are n evid5t )\t pati5t ?\ght & cont9u$ /udy ( ! subject1 does n disprove _! necessity4 ,pr9ciples may be axiomatic & necess>y1 al?\gh !y require "t1 & ! progress ( ?\ght & ( k1 to br+ !m to light4 ,& axioms may be ?us gradually br\ght to light by ! progress ( k4 ,nor is x difficult to give examples ( su* axioms1 o!r ?an geometrical4 ,!re is an axiom :i* has obta9$ curr5cy among ?\ghtful m5 f ! "t t man began to speculate ab\t himself & ! univ]se3--,e nihilo nil fit3 ,no?+ c be made ( no?+4 ,no mat]ial sub/ance c be produc$ or de/roy$ by natural causes1 ?\gh its =m & consi/5ce may be *ang$ indef9itely4 ,is n ?is an axiom8 a necess>y tru?8 ,yet x is n evid5t to all m5 at fir/1 & )\t m5tal culture4 ,at fir/ & be=e habits ( /eady & consi/5t ?\ght are =m$1 m5 ?9k famili>ly ( ! creation & de/ruction ( matt]4 ,only :5 ! m9d has receiv$ "s philosophical culture does x see ! tru? & necessity ( ! axiom ( sub/ance1 & !n x does see x4 ,& ! axioms on :i* ! sci5ce ( me*anics re/s1 t ! cause is measur$ by ! effects1 t reaction is equal & opposite to action1 & ! l1--are n ^! evid5t to a m9d cultivat$ by /eady ?\ght on su* subjects8 & d !y n require su* culture ( ! m9d 9 ord] to see !m8 ,are !y n obscure or unc]ta9 to ^? :o are n s cultur$1 t is to common ?9k]s3 to ! g5]al bulk ( mank9d8 ,?us !n x requires ! discipl9e ( ! sci5ce ( me*anics to enable ! m9d to see ! axioms ( t sci5ce4 ,& does n ?is g fur!r1 z sci5ce & ! c>eful /udy ( ! gr\nds ( sci5ce g fur!r8 ,to a p]son well discipl9$ 9 me*anical reason+ x has become1 n a conclusion1 b a pr9ciple1 t 9 me*anical action :at is ga9$ 9 p[] is lo/ 9 "t3 or t 9 any *ange1 ! =ce ga9$ is equal to ! =ce lo/1 s t new =ce _c be g5]at$1 any m ?an new matt]1 by natural *anges4 ,is ?is an axiom8 a necess>y fundam5tal tru?8 ,x appe>s s to at lea/ "o great ?9k] & discov]] n[ alive among u4 ,if x d n appe> s to u1 or n 9 ! same s5se1 may n ?is be because we h n yet rea*$ 8 po9t ( view8 ,may n ! conviction :i* is n[ 8 alone become h]eaft] ! conviction ( ! philosophical _w8 ,& :atev] ! case may be 9 ?is in/ance1 h !re n be5 examples ( ?is progress8 ,did n ,galileo & ! disciples ( ,galileo r$uce sev]al me*anical pr9ciples to ! "* ( necess>y tru?s1 aft] !y _h by exp]im5t & reason+ discov]$ !m to be actually true8 ,& h we n 9 ^! cases s _m pro(s t necess>y tru? is progressive1 along ) ! progress ( k8 #b4 ,b1 x w be said1 ! necess>y "* claim$ = su* tru?s is an illusion4 ,! propositions s br\ght into view are really e/abli%$ by obs]vation3 by ! /udy ( ext]nal facts3 & x is only ! effect ( habit & famili>ity :i* makes m5 ( sci5ce1 :5 !y well "k !m to be true1 ?9k !m to be necess>ily true4 ,!y are really ! results ( exp]i5ce1 z _! hi/ory %[s2 & !re=e _c be necess>y & priori tru?s4 ,to :i* ,i reply3 ,su* pr9ciples z ,i h m5tion$1--t mat]ial sub/ance _c be produc$ or de/roy$--t ! cause is measur$ by ! effect--t reaction is equal & opposite to action3 are n ! results ( exp]i5ce1 nor c be4 ,no exp]i5ce c prove !m2 !y are necess>ily assum$ z ! int]pretation ( exp]i5ce4 ,!y 7 n prov$ 9 ! c\rse ( sci5tific inve/igations1 b br\ght to light z su* inve/igations %[$ _! necessity4 ,!y are n ! results1 b ! conditions ( exp]im5tal sci5ces4 ,if ! ,axiom ( ,sub/ance 7 n true1 & 7 n assum$1 we c\ld n h su* a sci5ce z ,*emi/ry1 t is1 we c\ld h no k at all respect+ ! *anges ( =m ( sub/ances4 ,if ! ,axioms ( ,me*anics 7 n true & 7 n assum$1 we c\ld h no sci5ce ( ,me*anics1 t is1 no k ( ! laws ( =ce act+ on matt]4 ,x is n any special results ( ! sci5ce 9 su* cases2 b ! exi/5ce1 ! possibility1 ( any sci5ce1 :i* e/abli%es ! necessity ( ^! axioms4 ,!y are n ! consequ5ces ( k1 acquir$ f )\t1 b ! int]nal condition ( our be+ able to "k4 ,& :5 we are to "k conc]n+ any new subject conta9$ 9 ! univ]se1 x is n inconceivable nor /range t !re %\ld be new conditions ( our k4 ,x is n inconceivable or /range1 !re=e1 t z new sci5ces are =m$1 new axioms1 ! f\ndations ( su* sci5ces1 %\ld come into view4 ,z ! light ( cle> & def9ite k is k9dl$ 9 successive *amb]s ( ! univ]se1 x may disclose1 n only ! aspect ( ^? new ap>tm5ts1 b also ! =m & /ructure ( ! lamp :i* man is ?us all[$ to c>ry f po9t to po9t1 & to transmit f h& to h&4 ,& ?\gh ! space illum9$ to man's vision may always be small 9 comp>ison ) ! immeasurable abyss ( d>kness by :i* x is surr\nd$1 & ?\gh ! light may be dim & feeble1 z well z p>tial2 ?is ne$ n make u d\bt t1 s f> z we c by ! aid ( ?is lamp1 we see truly3 s f> z we disc]n ! necess>y laws ( ! univ]se1 ! laws are true1 & _! tru? is root$ 9 t 9 :i* ! be+ ( ! univ]se is root$4 ,&1 to dwell = a mom5t long] on ?is image1 we may also conceive t all t ?is lamp--! intellect ( man cultivat$ by sci5ce1--does1 by ! light :i* x gives1 is ?is--t x dispels a d>kness :i* is d>k = man alone1 & discloses to him "s ?+s 9 "s measure z all ?+s lie 9 cle> & p]fect light be=e ! eye ( ,god4 ,to ! ,div9e ,m9d all ! laws ( ! univ]se are pla9 & cle> 9 all _! multiplicity1 ext5t & dep?4 ,! human m9d is capable ( see+ "s ( ^! laws1 ?\gh only a few2 to "s ext5t1 ?\gh b a little way2 to "s dep?1 ?\gh nev] to ! bottom4 ,b ! ,human ,m9d1 c1 9 ! c\rse ( ages & g5]ations1 by ! long ex]cise ( ?\ght1 successfully employ$ 9 augm5t+ k1 improve its p[]s ( vision2 & may ?us come to see m laws ?an at fir/1 to trace _! ext5t m l>gely1 to und]/& !m m ?or\ghly2 & ?us ! inw>d intellectual light ( man may become broad] & broad] f age to age1 ?\gh ev] n>r[ :5 comp>$ ) complet5ess4 #c4 ,is x /range to any "o t inw>d light1 z well z outw>d k1 %\ld ?us increase 9 ! c\rse ( man's e>?ly c>e]8 t z k ext5ds1 ! f\ndations ( k %\ld exp&8 t z man goes on discov]+ new tru?s1 he %\ld also discov] some?+ conc]n+ ! conditions ( tru?8 ,is x wond]ful t z sci5ce is progressive ! philosophy ( sci5ce also %\ld be progressive8 t z we "k m ( ev]y?+ else1 we %\ld also come to "k m ( our p[]s ( kn[+8 ,?is does n seem to h be5 suppos$ by philosoph]s 9 g5]al2 or r1 !y h assum$ t !y c\ld come to "k m ab\t ! p[]s ( kn[+ by ?9k+ ab\t !m1 ev5 )\t tak+ into acc\nt ! light ?r[n ^u ! nature ( k by ! progress ( k4 ,f ,plato d[nw>ds1 ?r\gh ,ari/otle1 ?r\gh ! ,s*oolm51 to ,desc>tes1 to ,locke1 to ,kant1 ,s*ell+ & ,hegel1 philosoph]s h be5 p]petually endeav\r+ to explore ! nature1 ! f\ndations1 ! consequ5ces ( our k4 ,b s9ce ,plato1 sc>cely "o ( !m has ev] proce$$ z if new light 7 ?r[n ^u k by new k4 ,!y h1 _m or all ( !m1 attempt$ to e/abli% fundam5tal tru?s1 "s ( !m new fundam5tal tru?s1 ab\t ! human m9d & ! nature & conditions ( its k4 ,^! attempts %[ t !y d n d5y or d\bt t !re may be su* new fundam5tal tru?s4 ,su* new fundam5tal tru?s respect+ ! human m9d & respect+ k mu/ be1 9 _m cases at lea/1 7z x w be se5 t !y are1 on exam9+ ! sy/ems propos$ by ! philosoph]s j m5tion$17 se5 by _! own light to be true4 ,!y are new axioms 9 philosophy4 ,^! philosoph]s !re=e1 or _! disciples1 _c consi/5tly blame u = hold+ ! possibility ( new axioms be+ introduc$ into philosophy f age to age1 z !re arise philosoph]s m & m cle>-sight$4 #d4 ,b ?\gh !y h no gr\nd = reject+ our new axioms m]ely because !y are new1 we may h good gr\nd = d\bt+ ! value ( _! new axioms1 t is1 ( ! f\ndations ( _! sy/ems2 because !y are new tru?s ab\t k ga!r$ by m]ely explor+ ! old fields ( k4 ,we f\nd our hopes ( obta9+ a l>g] view ( ! con/itution ( ! human m9d ?an ! e>ly philosoph]s _h1 on ?is3--t we obta9 our view by /udy+ ! op]ation ( ! human m9d s9ce _! "t2 its progress 9 acquir+ a l>ge /ock ( unconte/$ tru?s & 9 obta9+ a wide & real k ( ! univ]se4 ,"h are new mat]ials :i* ! anci5ts _h n2 & :i* may !re=e ju/ify ! hope t we may build our philosophy high] ?an ! anci5ts did4 ,b mod]n philosoph]s :o use only ! same mat]ials z ! anci5t philosoph]s us$1 h n ! same gr\nds = hope :i* we h4 ,if !y borr[ all _! examples & illu/rations ( man's k ( ! univ]se1 f ! condition ( ! univ]se z exi/+ 9 ,space & ,"t1 t is1 f ! geometrical condition ( ! univ]se1 !y may fail to obta9 ! light :i* might be obta9$ if !y consid]$ t ! univ]se is also subject to conditions ( ,sub/ance1 ( ,cause & ,effect1 ( ,=ce & ,matt]3 is fill$ ) ,k9ds ( ?+s1 9 ^: /ructure we assume ,design & ,ends2 & s on2 & if !y reflect$ t ^! conditions or ,ideas are n m]e vague notions1 b ! bases ( sci5ces :i* all ?\ghtful p]sons all[ to be c]ta9 & real4 ,x is !n1 z ,i h said1 f tak+ advantage ( ! progressive "* :i* physical sci5ce1 9 ! hi/ory ( man1 has be5 f\nd to possess1 t ,i hope to le>n m ( ! nature & prospects ( ! human m9d & s\l1 ?an ^? c le>n :o /ill take _! /& on ! old limit$ gr\nd ( man's k4 ,! k ( ,geometry by ! ,greeks 0 ! />t+-po9t ( _! s\nd philosophy4 ,x %[$ t some?+ might be c]ta9ly kn[n1 & x %[$1 9 "s degree1 h[ x 0 kn[n4 ,x ?us refut$ ! skepticism :i* 0 de/roy+ philosophy1 & (f]$ specim5s ( solid tru? = ! philosoph] to analyse4 ,b ! ,greeks tri$ to g beyond geometry 9 _! k ( ! univ]se4 ,!y tri$ to con/ruct a sci5ce ( ,a/ronomy--( ,h>monics--( ,optics--( ,me*anics4 ,9 ! two =m] subjects1 !y succe$$ to a v consid]able ext5t4 ,! "q !n arose1 ,:at 0 ! philosophical import ( ^! new sci5ces8 ,:at light did !y ?r[ on ! nature ( ! univ]se1 on ! nature ( k1 on ! nature ( ! human m9d8 ,^! que/ions ,plato attempt$ to answ]4 ,he said t ! lesson ( ^! new sci5ces is ?is3--t ! univ]se is fram$ ^u ! ,div9e ,ideas2 t man c to a c]ta9 ext5t obta9 sight ( ^! ,ideas2 & t :5 he does ?is1 he kn[s conc]n+ ! univ]se4 ,& aga91 he also put ! matt] o!rwise3 !re is an ,intelligible ,_w1 ( :i* ! ,visible & ,s5sible _w is only a dim image4 ,sci5ce consi/s 9 und]/&+ ! ,intelligible ,_w1 :i* man is to a c]ta9 ext5t able to d1 by ! nature ( 8 und]/&+4 ,?is 0 ,plato's philosophy1 f\nd$ ^u ! progress :i* human k _h made up to 8 "t4 ,s9ce 8 "t1 k1 t is sci5ce1 has made a l>ge additional progress4 ,:at is ! philosophical lesson to be d]iv$ f ?is progress1 & f ! new prov9ces ?us add$ to human k8 ,?is is a "q :i* ,i h tri$ to answ]4 ,i am n aw>e t any "o s9ce ,plato has tak5 ?is l9e ( speculation2--,i mean1 has tri$ to spell out ! lesson ( philosophy :i* is taught u1 n by "o specim51 or a few only1 ( ! k respect+ ! univ]se :i* man has acquir$2 b by includ+ 9 8 survey all ! prov9ces ( human k1 & ! :ole hi/ory ( ea*4 ,at any rate1 :atev] any "o else may h done 9 ?is way1 x seems to me t new inf]5ces rema9 to be drawn1 ( ! nature ( ^? :i* ,plato drew3 & ^? ,i "h attempt to d$uce & to illu/rate4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,! ,,!ological ,,be>+ ,,( ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,discov]y4 ,t necess>y tru? is progressive2--t sci5ce is ! idealization ( facts1 & t ?is process goes on f age to age1 & advances ) ! advance ( sci5tific discov]y2--^! are doctr9es :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to e/abli% & to elucidate4 ,if ^! doctr9es are true1 !y are s important t ,i may be excus$ %\ld ,i return to !m aga9 & aga91 & trace _! consequ5ces 9 v>i\s directions4 ,especially ,i w\ld exam9e ! be>+ ( ^! doctr9es ^u our religi\s philosophy4 ,i h hi!rto ab/a9$ 9 a great measure f discuss+ religi\s doctr9es2 b su* a res]ve c>ri$ too f> mu/ deprive our philosophy ( all complet5ess4 ,no philosophy ( sci5ce c be complete :i* is n also a philosophy ( ! univ]se2 & no philosophy ( ! univ]se c satisfy ?\ghtful m51 :i* does n include a ref]5ce to ! p[] by :i* ! univ]se came to be :at x is4 ,suppos+1 !n1 su* a ref]5ce to be admitt$1 let u see :at aspect our doctr9es give to x4 #a4 7,h[ c !re be necess>y tru?s conc]n+ ! actual univ]se87--,9 look+ at ! be>+ ( our doctr9e on ! philosophy ( ! univ]se1 we are met by a difficulty1 :i* is inde$1 only a =m] difficulty "u a new aspect4 ,:5 we are come to ! conclusion t sci5ce consi/s ( facts idealiz$1 we are l$ to ask1 ,h[ ?is c be8 ,h[ c facts be idealiz$8 ,h[ c t :i* is a fact ( ext]nal obs]vation become a result ( int]nal ?\ght8 ,h[ c t :i* 0 kn[n po/]iori become kn[n priori8 ,h[ c ! _w ( ?+s be id5tifi$ ) ! _w ( ?\ghts8 ,h[ c we discov] a necess>y connexion among m]e ph5om5a8 ,or to put ! matt] o!rwise3 ,h[ is x t ! d$uctions ( ! intellect are v]ifi$ 9 ! _w ( s5se8 ,h[ is x t ! tru?s ( sci5ce obta9$ priori are exemplifi$ 9 ! g5]al rules ( facts obs]v$ po/]iori8 ,h[ is x t facts1 9 sci5ce1 always d correspond to our ideas8 ,i h prop\nd$ ?is p>adox 9 v>i\s =ms1 because ,i wi% x to be se5 t x is1 at fir/ sight1 a real1 n m]ely a v]bal contradiction1 or at lea/ a difficulty4 ,if we c discov] ! solution ( ?is difficulty 9 any "o =m1 probably we c transpose ! answ] s z to suit ! o!r =ms ( ! "q4 #b4 ,suppose ! case to be z ,i h /at$ x2 t 9 "s sci5ces at lea/1 laws :i* 7 at fir/ facts ( obs]vation come to be se5 z necess>y tru?s2 & let u see to :at ?is am\nts 9 ! sev]al sci5ces4 ,x am\nts to ?is3 ! tru?s ( ,geometry1 su* z we disc]n !m by ! ex]cise ( our own ?\ghts1 are always v]ifi$ 9 ! _w ( obs]vation4 ,! laws ( space1 d]iv$ f our ,ideas1 are univ]sally true 9 ! ext]nal _w4 ,9 ! same way1 z to numb]3 ! laws or tru?s respect+ numb]1 :i* are d$uc$ f our ,idea ( ,numb]1 are univ]sally true 9 ! ext]nal _w4 ,9 ! same way1 z to ! sci5ce :i* deals ) matt] & =ce3 ! tru?s ( :i* ,i h spok5 z d]iv$ f ,ideas3--t action is equal to reaction2 & t causes are measur$ by _! effects2--are univ]sally v]ifi$ 9 all ! laws ( ph5om5a ( ! ext]nal _w1 :i* are disclos$ by ! sci5ce ( ,me*anics4 ,9 ! same way ) reg>d to ! composition & resolution ( bodies into _! elem5ts2 ! tru?s d]iv$ f our ,idea ( ,matt]3--t no composition or resolution c increase or dim9i% ! quantity ( matt] 9 ! _w1 & t ! prop]ties ( comp\nds are det]m9$ by _! composition2--are tru?s d]iv$ f ,ideas ( quantity ( matt]1 & ( composition & resolution2 b ^! tru?s are univ]sally v]ifi$ :5 we come to ! facts ( ,*emi/ry4 ,9 ! same way x is a tru? fl[+ f ! ,ideas ( ! ,k9ds ( ?+s1 7z ! possible subject ( g5]al propositions express$ 9 language17 t ! k9ds ( ?+s mu/ be def9ite2 & ?is law is v]ifi$ :5ev] we express g5]al propositions 9 g5]al t]ms3 = in/ance1 :5 we di/+ui% species 9 ,m9]alogy4 #c4 ,?is la/ example may appe> to mo/ read]s d\btful4 ,i h purposely pursu$ ! enum]ation till ,i came to a d\btful example1 because x is1 & ,i conceive always w be1 impossible to ext5d ?is g5]al view to all ! ,sci5ces4 ,on ! contr>y1 ?is doctr9e applies at pres5t to only a v few ( ! sci5ces1 ev5 9 ! eyes ( ^? :o hold ! exi/5ce ( ideal tru?s4 ,! doctr9e ext5ds at pres5t to a few only ( ! sci5ces1 ev5 if x ext5d to "o or two besides ^? :i* h be5 m5tion$--,geometry1 ,me*anics1 ,*emi/ry1 ,m9]alogy3 & ?\gh x may h]eaft] appe> t ,ideal ,tru?s are possible & atta9able = a few o!r sci5ces1 yet ! laws disclos$ by sci5ces :i* _c be r$uc$ to ideal elem5ts w1 ,i conceive1 always v f> outnumb] ^? :i* c be s r$uc$4 ,! great body ( our sci5tific k w always be k obta9$ by m]e obs]vation1 n k obta9$ by ! use ( !ories alone4 #d4 ,! survey ( ! hi/ory & philosophy ( ! ,sci5ces :i* we h attempt$ 9 previ\s works enables u to (f] a sort ( e/imate ( ! relative portions ( sci5ce :i* h & :i* h n ?us be5 idealiz$4 ,= ! ,aphorisms#cag :i* we h collect$ f t survey1 conta9 ,axioms :i* may be reg>d$ z ! ,ideal portions ( ! v>i\s sci5ces2 & ! inspection ( t s]ies ( aphorisms w %[ u to h[ su* a portion ( sci5ce1 any?+ ( ?is axiomatic or ideal "* c he appli$4 ,^! ,axioms are ! ,axioms ( ,geometry 7,aphorism ,,xxvi72 ( ,ari?metic 7,,xxxvi72 ( ,causation 7,,xlvii72 ( a m$ium = ! s5sation ( second>y qualities 7,,lviii71 & _! measure 7,,lxix72 ( ,pol>ity 7,,lxxii72 ( ,*emical ,aff9ity 7,,lxxvi72 ( ,sub/ance 7,,lxxvii72 ( ,atoms 7,,lxxix74 ,h we any axioms 9 ! sci5ces :i* succe$ ^! 9 our survey1 z ,botany1 ,zoology1 ,biology1 ,palontology8 ,!re is ! ,axiom ( ,symmetry 7,,lxxx72 ( ,k9d1 7already 9 "s measure spok5 (1 7,,lxxxiii772 ( ,f9al ,cause 7,,cv72 ( ,fir/ ,cause 7,,cxvi74 #e4 7,small ext5t ( necess>y tru?47--,x is easily se5 h[ small a portion ( ea* ( ^! latt] sci5ces is includ$ 9 ^! axioms3 :ile1 ) reg>d to ! sci5ces fir/ m5tion$1 ! ,axioms include1 9 a mann]1 ! :ole ( ! sci5ce4 ,! sci5ce is only ! consequ5ce ( ! ,axioms4 ,! :ole sci5ce ( ,me*anics is only ! developm5t ( ! ,axioms conc]n+ action & reaction1 & conc]n+ cause & its measures1 :i* ,i h m5tion$ z a "p ( our ,ideal k4 ,9 fact1 beg9n+ f ,geometry & ,ari?metic1 & go+ ?r\gh ! sci5ces ( ,me*anics1 ( ,second>y ,qualities1 & ( ,*emi/ry1 onw>ds to ! sci5ces :i* deal ) ,organiz$ ,be+s1 we f9d t our ideal tru?s occupy a small] & small] %>e ( ! sci5ces 9 succession1 & t ! va/ v>iety ( facts & ph5om5a :i* nature (f]s to u1 is less & less subject to any rules or pr9ciples :i* we c p]ceive to be necess>y4 ,b /ill1 t !re are pr9ciples1--necess>y pr9ciples1 :i* prevail univ]sally ev5 9 ^! high] p>ts ( ! natural sci5ces1--appe>s on a c>eful consid]ation ( ! axioms :i* ,i h m5tion$3--t 9 symmetrical natural bodies ! simil> p>ts are simil>ly affect$2--t e ev5t mu/ h a cause2--t !re mu/ be a ,fir/ ,cause1 & ! l4 #f4 ,x be+ e/abli%$1 !n1 t 9 ! progress ( sci5ce1 facts are idealiz$--t po/]iori tru?s become priori tru?s2--t ! _w ( ?+s is id5tifi$ ) ! _w ( ?\ghts to a c]ta9 ext5t2--to an ext5t :i* gr[s l>g] z we see into ! _w ( ?+s m cle>ly2 ! "q recurs :i* ,i h already ask$3 ,h[ c ?is be8 ,h[ c x be t ! _w )\t u is ?us 9 "s respects id5tical ) ! _w )9 u8--t is our "q4 #g4 7,h[ did ?+s come to be z !y are87--,x w\ld seem t we may make a /ep 9 ! solution ( ?is "q1 if we c answ] ?is o!r3 ,h[ did ! _w )\t u & ! _w )9 u come to be :at !y are8 ,to ?is "q1 two v diff]5t answ]s are return$ by ^? :o d & ^? :o d n believe 9 a ,supreme ,m9d or ,intellig5ce1 z ! cause & f\ndation ( ! _w4 ,^? :o d n believe t ! _w has = its cause & f\ndation a ,supreme ,intellig5ce1 or :o d n connect _! philosophy ) ?is belief1 w\ld reply to our inquiry1 t ! reason :y man's ?\ghts & ideas agree ) ! _w is1 t !y are borr[$ f ! _w2 & t ! p]suasion t ^! ,ideas & tru?s d]iv$ f !m h any orig9 except ! _w )\t u1 is an illusion4 ,on ?is view ,i %all n n[ dwell2 = ,i wi% to trace out ! consequ5ces ( ! opposite view1 t !re exi/s a ,supreme ,m9d1 :i* is ! cause & f\ndation ( ! univ]se4 ,^? :o hold ?is1 & :o also hold t ! human m9d c become possess$ ( necess>y tru?s1 if !y are ask$ h[ x is t ^! necess>y tru?s are univ]sally v]ifi$ 9 ! mat]ial _w1 w reply1 t x is s because ! ,supreme ,creative-,m9d has made x s to be3--t ! tru?s :i* exi/ or c be g5]at$ 9 man's m9d agree ) ! laws ( ! univ]se1 because ,he :o has made & su/a9s man & ! univ]se has caus$ !m to agree3--t our ,ideas correspond to ! ,facts ( ! _w1 & ! ,facts to our ,ideas1 because our ,ideas are giv5 u by ! same p[] :i* made ! _w1 & giv5 s t ^! c & mu/ agree ) ! _w s made4 #h4 7,view ( ! ,!i/74--,?is1 9 its g5]al =m1 w\ld be ! answ] ( ! !i/1 7s we may call him :o believes 9 a ,supreme ,intellig5t ,cause ( ! _w & ( man17 to ! que/ions :i* we h prop\nd$--! p]plexity or p>adox :i* we h tri$ to br+ into view4 ,b we mu/ endeav\r to trace ?is view--?is answ]--m into detail4 ,if a ,supreme ,intellig5ce be ! cause ( ! _w & ( ! ,laws :i* prevail among its ph5om5a1 ^! ,laws mu/ exi/ z ,acts ( t ,intellig5ce--z ,laws caus$ by ! ?\ghts ( ! ,supreme ,m9d--z ,ideas 9 ! ,m9d ( ,god4 ,& !n ! "q w\ld be1 ,h[ we are to conceive ^! ?\ghts1 ^! ,ideas1 to be at ! same "t ,div9e & human3--to be at ! same "t ,ideas 9 ! ,div9e ,m9d1 & necess>y tru?s 9 ! human m9d2 & ?is is ! "q :i* ,i w\ld n[ inquire into4 #i4 7,is ?is ,platonism87--,to ! t]ms 9 :i* ! inquiry is n[ prop\nd$ x may be object$ t ,i am tak+ = grant$ ! ,platonic doctr9e1 t ! _w is con/itut$ accord+ to ! ,ideas ( ! ,div9e ,m9d4 ,x may be said t ?is doctr9e is connect$ ) gross extravagancies ( speculation & fiction1 & has long be5 obsolete among s\nd philosoph]s4 ,to :i* ,i reply1 t if su* doctr9es h be5 pu%$ into extravagancies1 ) !m ,i h no?+ to d1 nor h ,i any disposition or wi% to revive !m4 ,b ,i d n conceive ! doctr9e1 to ! ext5t to :i* ,i h /at$ x1 to be at all obsolete3--t ! ,cause & ,f\ndation ( ! ,univ]se is a ,div9e ,m9d3 & f t doctr9e x necess>ily foll[s1 t ! laws ( ! ,univ]se are 9 ! ,ideas ( ! ,div9e ,m9d4 ,i w\ld !n1 z ,i h said1 exam9e ! consequ5ces ( ?is doctr9e1 9 ref]5ce to ! "q ( :i* ,i h spok54 ,& 9 ord] to d ?is1 x may help u1 if we consid] sep>ately ! be>+ ( ?is doctr9e ^u sep>ate portions ( our k ( ! univ]se2--sep>ately its be>+ ^u ! laws :i* =m ! subject-matt] ( diff]5t sci5ces3--if we take p>ticul> human ,ideas1 & consid] :at ! ,div9e ,ideas mu/ be ) reg>d to ea* ( !m4 #aj4 7,idea ( ,space47--,let u take1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! ,idea ( ,space4 ,conc]n+ ?is ,idea we possess necess>y tru?s2 namely1 ! ,axioms ( ,geometry2 &1 z necess>ily result+ f !m1 ! :ole body ( ,geometry4 ,& our =m] inquiry1 z n>r[$ )9 ! limits ( ?is ,idea1 w be1 ,h[ is x t ! tru?s ( ,geometry-- priori tru?s--are univ]sally v]ifi$ 9 ! obs]v$ ph5om5a ( ! univ]se8 ,& ! !i/'s answ] :i* we h giv5 w n[ assume ?is =m3--,?is is s because ! ,supreme ,m9d has con/itut$ & con/itutes ! univ]se accord+ to ! ,idea ( ,space4 ,! univ]se con=ms to ! ,idea ( ,space1 & ! ,idea ( ,space exi/s 9 ! human m9d2--is necess>ily evok$ & awak5$ 9 ! human m9d exi/+ 9 ! univ]se4 ,& s9ce ! ,idea ( ,space1 :i* is a con/itu5t ( ! univ]se1 is also a con/itu5t ( ! human m9d1 ! consequ5ces ( ?is ,idea 9 ! univ]se & 9 ! human m9d necess>ily co9cide2 t is1 ! spacial ,laws ( ! univ]se necess>ily co9cide ) ! spacial ,sci5ce :i* man elaborates out ( 8 m9d4 #aa4 ,to ?is x may be object$1 t we suppose ! ,idea ( ,space 9 ! ,div9e ,m9d 7accord+ to :i* ,idea1 among o!rs1 ! univ]se is con/itut$17 to be id5tical ) ! ,idea ( ,space 9 ! human m9d2 & ?is1 x may be urg$1 is too limit$ & mat]ial a notion ( ! ,div9e ,m9d to be accept$ by a rev]5t philosophy4 ,i reply1 t ,i suppose ! ,div9e ,idea ( ,space & ! human ,idea ( ,space to co9cide1 only s f> z ! human ,idea goes2 & t ! ,div9e ,idea may easily h s mu* m lum9\sness & compreh5siv5ess z ,div9e ,ideas may be suppos$ to h comp>$ ) human4 ,fur!r1 t ?is ,idea ( ,space1 ! fir/ ( ! ,ideas on :i* human sci5ce is f\nd$1 is ! mo/ lum9\s & compreh5sive ( su* ,ideas2 & !re are innum]able o!r ,ideas1 ! f\ndations ( sci5ces m or less complete1 :i* are extremely obscure & limit$ 9 ! human m9d1 b :i* mu/ be conceiv$ to be p]fectly cle> & unlimit$ly compreh5sive 9 ! ,div9e ,m9d4 ,& ?us1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! human & ! ,div9e ,m9d1 ev5 z to ! views :i* con/itute ! mo/ complete ( ! human sci5ces1 is z great 9 our view z 9 any o!r4 #ab4 ,t ! ,idea ( ,space 9 ! human m9d1 ?\gh suffici5tly cle> & compreh5sive to be ! s\rce ( necess>y tru?s1 is f> too obscure & limit$ to be reg>d$ z id5tical ) ! ,div9e ,idea1 w be pla9 to u1 if we call to m9d ! p]plexities :i* ! human m9d falls into :5 x speculates conc]n+ space inf9ite4 ,an ,intellig5ce 9 :i* all ^! p]plexities %\ld vani% by ! light ( ! ,idea itself1 w\ld be inf9itely elevat$ 9 cle>ness & compreh5siv5ess ( intellectual vision above human intellig5ce1 ev5 ?\gh its ,idea ( ,space %\ld co9cide ) ! human ,idea z f> z ! human ,idea goes4 ,i d n %r9k f say+1 !re=e1 t ! ,idea ( ,space :i* is a con/itu5t ( ! human m9d exi/+ 9 ! univ]se is1 z f> z x goes1 id5tical ) ! ,idea ( ,space :i* is a con/itu5t ( ! univ]se4 ,& ?is ,i give z ! answ] to ! "q1 ,h[ x is t ! necess>y tru?s ( ,geometry univ]sally co9cide ) ! relations ( ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se8 ,& ?is doctr9e1 x is to be rememb]$1 c>ries u to ! fur!r doctr9e1 t ! ,idea ( ,space 9 ! human m9d is1 s f> z x goes1 co9cid5t ) ! ,idea ( ,space 9 ! ,div9e ,m9d4 #ac4 7,idea ( ,"t47--,:at ,i h said ( ! ,idea ( ,space1 may be repeat$1 = ! mo/ "p1 ) reg>d to ! ,idea ( ,"t2 except t ! ,idea ( ,"t1 z su*1 does n give rise to a l>ge collection ( necess>y tru?s1 su* z ! propositions ( ,geometry4 ,"s philosoph]s reg>d ,numb] z a modification or d]ivative ( ! ,idea ( ,"t4 ,if we accept ?is view1 we h1 9 ! ,sci5ce ( ,ari?metic1 a body ( necess>y tru?s :i* fl[ f ! ,idea ( ,"t4 ,b ?is doctr9e1 :i*ev] way held1 does n be> mu* on ! "q ) :i* we are n[ conc]n$4 ,t :i* we d hold is1 t ! ,idea ( ,"t 9 ! human m9d is1 s f> z x goes1 co9cid5t ) ! ,idea ( ,"t 9 ! ,div9e ,m9d3 & t ?is is ! reason :y ! ev5ts ( ! univ]se1 z contemplat$ by u1 con=m to necess>y laws ( succession3 :ile at ! same "t we mu/ suppose t all ! p]plexities 9 ! ,idea ( ,"t :i* emb>rass ! human m9d--! p]plexities1 = in/ance1 :i* arise f contemplat+ a pa/ & a future et]nity1 are1 9 ! ,div9e ,m9d1 ext+ui%$ 9 ! ,light ( ! ,idea itself4 ,space & ,"t h1 & h g5]ally be5 reg>d$ z hav+1 peculi> pr]ogatives 9 our speculations conc]n+ ! con/itution ( ! univ]se4 ,we see & p]ceive all ?+s z subject to ! laws ( ,space & ,"t2 or r 7= ! t]m ,law does n "h satisfy u71 z be+ & happ5+ 9 space & 9 "t3 & probably mo/ p]sons w h no repugnance to ! doctr9e t ! ,div9e ,m9d1 z well z ! human1 s reg>ds !m1 & has s con/itut$ !m & u t !y mu/ be s reg>d$4 ,space & ,"t are human ,ideas :i* include all objects & ev5ts1 & are ! f\ndation ( all human ,sci5ce4 ,& we c conceive t ,space & ,"t are also ,div9e ,ideas :i* ! ,div9e ,m9d causes to include all objects & ev5ts1 & makes to be ! f\ndation ( all exi/5ce4 ,s f> z ^! ,ideas g1 our doctr9e is n difficult or new4 #ad4 7,ideas ( ,=ce & ,matt]47--,b :at are we to say ( ! ,ideas :i* come next 9 ! survey ( ! sci5ces1 ,=ce & ,matt]8 ,^! are human ,ideas--! f\ndations ( sev]al sci5ces--( ! me*anical sci5ces 9 p>ticul>4 ,b are !y ! f\ndations ( necess>y tru?s8 ,h we necess>y tru?s respect+ ,=ce & ,matt]8 ,we h endeav\r$ to prove t we h3--t c]ta9 fundam5tal propositions 9 ! ,sci5ce ( ,me*anics1 al?\gh1 hi/orically speak+1 !y 7 discov]$ by obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 are yet1 philosophically speak+1 necess>y propositions4 ,& be+ su*1 ! facts ( ! univ]se mu/ ne$s con=m to ^! propositions2 & ! reason :y !y d s1 we hold1 9 ?is z 9 ! =m] case1 to be1 t ^! ,ideas1 ,=ce & ,matt]1 are ,ideas 9 ! ,div9e ,m9d3--,ideas accord+ to :i* ! univ]se is1 by ! ,div9e ,cause1 con/itut$ & e/abli%$4 #ae4 ,t ,=ce & ,matt] are ,ideas exi/+ 9 ! ,div9e ,m9d1 & co9cid5t ) ! ,idea ( ,=ce & ,matt] 9 ! human m9d1 z f> z ^! g1 is a doctr9e :i* is important 9 our view ( ! univ]se 9 relation to its ,cause & ,f\ndation4 ,^! are v compreh5sive & fundam5tal ,ideas1 & !re are c]ta9 univ]sal relations among ext]nal ?+s :i* re/ ^u ^! ,ideas4 ,! two1 ,=ce & ,matt]1 are1 9 a c]ta9 way1 ! necess>y anti!sis & opposite condition ea* ( ! o!r4 ,=ce 7t is ,me*anical ,=ce1 ,pressure or ,impulse7 _c act )\t matt] to act ^u4 ,matt] 7t is ,body7 _c exi/ )\t ,=ce by :i* x is kept 9 its place1 by :i* its p>ts are held toge!r1 & by :i* x excludes e o!r body f ! place :i* x occupies4 ,we _c conceive ,=ce )\t ,matt]1 or ,matt] )\t ,=ce2 ! two are1 z ,action & ,reaction1 necess>ily co-ord9ate & coexi/5t4 ,9 e "p ( ! univ]se !y mu/ be s4 ,9 e "p ( ! univ]se1 if !re be mat]ial objects1 !re mu/ be ,=ce2 if !re be ,=ce1 !re mu/ be mat]ial objects4 ,our appreh5sion ( ?is univ]sal necessity arises f our hav+ ! ,ideas ( ,=ce & ,matt] :i* are human ,ideas4 ,! actuality ( ?is univ]sal anti!sis arises f ! ,ideas ( ,=ce & ,matt] be+ ,ideas 9 ! ,div9e ,m9d2--,ideas realiz$ z a "p ( ! fundam5tal con/itution ( ! univ]se4 ,t ,=ce & ,matt] are ?us among ! ,ideas 9 ! ,div9e ,m9d1 & t1 ) !m1 ! ,ideas ( ,=ce & ,matt] 9 ! human m9d1 reg>d$ 9 _! mo/ g5]al =m1 agree s f> z !y g1 is ano!r /ep 9 ! doctr9e :i* ,i am try+ to unfold4 ,t ! ,ideas ( ,=ce & ,matt] 9 ! ,div9e ,m9d are su* z to bani% by _! own light1 innum]able contradictions & p]plexities :i* d>k5 ^! ,ideas 9 ! human m9d1 is to be suppos$3 & ?us ! ,div9e ,m9d is inf9itely lum9\s & compreh5sive comp>$ ) ! human m9d4 #af4 7,creation ( ,matt]47--,x may p]haps be urg$1 z an objection to ?is doctr9e1 t x ass]ts ,matt] to be a necess>y con/itu5t ( ! univ]se1 & ?us involves ! ass]tion ( ! et]nity ( ,matt]4 ,b 9 reality ! doctr9e ass]ts ,matt] to be et]nal1 only 9 ! way 9 :i* "t & space are et]nal4 ,:e!r we hold t !re 0 a creation be=e :i* "t & space did n exi/1--) ! poet :o says ,ere ,"t & ,space 7 ,"t & ,space 7 n1-- is n ess5tial to our pres5t inquiry4 ,c]ta9ly we _c conceive su* a /ate1 & !re=e _c reason ab\t x4 ,we h no occasion "h to speak ( ,creation1 nor h spok5 ( x4 ,:at ,i h said is1 t ,space & ,"t1 ,=ce & ,matt] are univ]sal elem5ts1 pr9ciples1 con/itu5ts1 ( ! univ]se z x is--& necess>y ,ideas ( ! human m9d exi/+ 9 t univ]se4 ,if !re ev] 0 a ,creation be=e :i* ,matt] did n exi/1 x 0 a ,creation be=e :i* ,=ce did n exi/4 ,& 9 ! univ]se z x is1 ! two are necess>ily co-exi/5t 9 ! human ?\ght because !y are co-exi/5t 9 ! ,div9e ,?\ght :i* makes ! _w4 ,we apply !n to ,=ce & ,matt] ! doctr9e--! ,platonic doctr9e1 if any "o please s to call x1--t ! _w is con/itut$ accord+ to ! ,ideas ( ! ,div9e ,m9d1 & t ! human m9d appreh5ds ! inw>d & mo/ fundam5tal relations ( ! univ]se by %>+ 9 "s measure ( ^? same ,ideas4 #ag4 7,platonic ,ideas47--,b d we g on ) ,plato to ext5d ?is doctr9e ( ,ideas to all ! objects & all ! aspects ( objects :i* con/itute ! mat]ial univ]se8 ,d we say ) ,plato t !re is n only an ,idea ( a ,triangle by con=mity to :i* a figure is a triangle1 b an ,idea ( ,gold1 by con=mity to :i* a ?+ is gold1 & ,idea ( a ,table1 by con=mity to :i* a ?+ is a table8 ,we say none ( ^! ?+s4 ,we say no?+ :i* at all approa*es to !m4 ,we d n say t !re is an ,idea ( a ,triangle1 ! ar*etype ( all triangles2 we only say t man has an ,idea ( ,space1 :i* is an ,idea ( a fundam5tal reality2 & t !re=e f ?is ,idea fl[ real & univ]sal tru?s--ab\t triangles & o!r figures4 ,/ill less d we say t we h an ar*etypal ,idea ( ,gold1 or ( a ,metal 9 g5]al1 or ( any ( ! k9ds ( objects :i* exi/ 9 ! _w4 ,"h we "p company ) ,plato altoge!r4 ,b h we any ,ideas at all ) reg>d to objects :i* we ?us speak ( z sep>able into ,k9ds8 ,we c h k1--ev5 exact & g5]al k1 t is1 sci5ce--) reg>d to su* ?+s--) reg>d to plants & metals--gold & iron4 ,d we possess 9 our m9ds1 ) reg>d to ^? objects1 any ,ideas1 any univ]sal pr9ciples1 su* z we possess ) reg>d to geometrical figures or me*anical actions8 ,& if s1 are ^? human ,ideas v]ifi$ 9 ! univ]se1 z ! ,ideas hi!rto consid]$ are8 & d !y ?us af=d u fur!r examples ( ,ideas 9 ! human m9d :i* are also ,ideas 9 ! ,div9e ,m9d1 manife/$ 9 ! con/itution ( ! univ]se8 #ah4 7,idea ( ,k9ds47--,we answ] ,yes to ^! que/ions1 on ?is gr\nd3--! objects t exi/ 9 ! _w1 plants & metals1 gold & iron1 = example1 9 ord] t !y may be objects ) reg>d to :i* we c h any k1 mu/ be objects ( di/9ct & def9ite ?\ght4 ,plant mu/ diff] f metal1 gold f iron1 9 ord] t we may "k any?+ at all ab\t any ( ^! objects4 ,! diff]5ces by :i* su* objects diff] ne$ n necess>ily be express$ by def9itions1 z ! diff]5ce ( a triangle & a squ>e are express$2 b !re mu/ manife/ly be fix$ & def9ite diff]5ces1 9 ord] t we may h any k ab\t !m4 ,^! ,k9ds ( ?+s mu/ be s f> di/9ct & def9ite1 z to be objects ( di/9ct & def9ite ?\ght4 ,! ,k9ds ( natural objects mu/ diff]1 & we mu/ ?9k ( ?+s z ( diff]5t ,k9ds1 9 ord] t we may "k any?+ ab\t natural objects4 ,liv+ 9 a _w 9 :i* we ex]cise our ,intellect ^u ! natural objects :i* surr\nd u1 we mu/ reg>d !m z di/9ct f ea* o!r 9 ,k9d4 ,we mu/ h an ,idea ( ,k9ds ( natural objects4 #ai4 ,! ,idea ( a ,k9d involves ?is pr9ciple3 ,t :]e ! ,k9d diff]s ! ,prop]ties may diff]1 b s f> z ! ,k9d is ! same ! ,prop]ties contemplat$ 9 fram+ ! notion ( ea* ,k9d are ! same4 ,gold _c h ! di/9ctive prop]ties ( ,iron )\t be+ ,iron4 ,9 ! case ( human k1 ea* ,k9d is m>k$ by a ^w--a "n2 & ! doctr9e t ! notion ( ! ,k9d mu/ be s appli$ t ?is same ,k9d ( object %all h ! same prop]ties1 has be5 o!rwise express$ by say+ t ,names mu/ be s appli$ t g5]al propositions may be possible4 ,we mu/ s apply ! "n ( ,gold t we may be able to say1 gold has a specific gravity ( a c]ta9 am\nt & is ductile 9 a c]ta9 degree4 #bj4 ,b ?is condition ( ! names ( ,k9ds1--t !y mu/ be su* t g5]al propositions ab\t ^! ,k9ds ( objects %all be possible2--is x a necess>y result ( ! ,idea ( ,k9d8 ,& if s1 c ! ,idea ( ,k9d1 ?us imply+ ! use ( language1 & a condition dep5d+ on ! use ( language1 be an ,idea 9 ! ,div9e z well z 9 ! human m9d8 ,c x be1 9 ?is respect1 l ! ,ideas :i* we h already consid]$1 ,space & ,"t1 ,=ce & ,matt]8 ,we _c suppose t ! ,ideas :i* exi/ 9 ! ,div9e ,m9d imply1 9 ! ,supreme ,intellig5ce1 ! ne$ ( language1 l human language4 ,b !re is no incongruity 9 suppos+ t !y imply t :i* we take z ! condition ( su* language z we speak (1 namely1 di/9ct ?\ght4 ,!re is no?+ incongru\s 9 suppos+ t ! ,supreme ,intellig5ce reg>ds ! objects :i* exi/ 9 ! univ]se z di/9ct 9 ,k9d3 & t ! ,idea ( ,k9d 9 ! human m9d agrees ) ! ,idea ( ,k9d 9 ! ,div9e ,m9d1 z f> z x goes4 ,& z we h se51 ! ,idea ( ,prop]ties is correlative & coexi/5t ) ! ,idea ( ,k9d1 s t ! "o *ang+1 ! o!r *anges also4 ,!re is no?+ incongru\s 9 suppos+ t ! ,div9e ,m9d manife/s 9 ! univ]se ( :i* x is ! ,cause & ,f\ndation1 ^! two1 its co-ord9ate ,ideas3 & t ! human m9d sees t ^! two ,ideas are co-ord9ate & coexi/5t1 9 virtue ( its p>ticipat+ 9 ^! ,ideas ( ! ,div9e ,m9d4 ,! univ]se is full ( ?+s :i* man p]ceives d & mu/ diff] correspond+ly 9 k9d & 9 prop]ties2 & ?is is s1 because ! ,ideas ( v>i\s ,k9ds & v>i\s ,prop]ties are "p ( ! s*eme ( ! univ]se 9 ! ,div9e ,m9d4 #ba4 ,t ! ,ideas ( ,k9ds & ,prop]ties z coord9ate & int]dep5d5t1 ?\gh common1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 to ! human & ! ,div9e ,m9d1 are immeasurably m lum9\s1 p5etrat+ & compreh5sive 9 ! ,div9e ?an 9 ! human m9d1 is abundantly evid5t4 ,9 fact1 ?\gh man ass5ts to su* axioms z ^!1--t ! ,prop]ties ( ,?+s dep5d ^u _! ,k9ds1 & t ! ,k9ds ( ,?+s are det]m9$ by _! ,prop]ties1--yet ! nature ( connexion ( ,k9ds & ,prop]ties is a matt] 9 :i* man's m9d is all b :olly d>k1 & on :i* ! ,div9e ,m9d mu/ be p]fectly cle>4 ,= 9 h[ few cases--if inde$ 9 any "o--c we "k :at is ! ess5ce ( any ,k9d2--:at is ! real nature ( ! connexion betwe5 ! "* ( ! ,k9d & its ,prop]ties6 ,yet on ?is po9t we mu/ suppose t ! ,div9e ,intellect1 :i* is ! f\ndation ( ! _w1 is p]fectly cle>4 ,e ,k9d ( ?+1 e g5us & species ( object1 appe>s to ,him 9 its ess5tial "*1 & its prop]ties foll[ z necess>y consequ5ces4 ,he sees ! ess5ces ( ?+s ?r\gh all "t & ?r\gh all space2 :ile we1 sl[ly & pa9fully1 by obs]vation & exp]im5t1 :i* we _c idealize or c idealize only 9 ! mo/ fragm5t>y mann]1 make out a few ( ! prop]ties ( ea* ,k9d ( ?+4 ,our ,sci5ce "h is b a drop 9 ! ocean ( t tru?1 :i* is kn[n to ! ,div9e ,m9d b kept back f u2 b /ill1 t we c "k & d "k any?+1 arises f our tak+ hold ( t pr9ciple1 human z well z ,div9e1 t !re are diff]5ces ( ,k9ds ( ?+s1 & correspond+ diff]5ces ( _! prop]ties4 #bb4 7,idea ( ,sub/ance47--,i %all n attempt to enum]ate all ! ,ideas :i*1 be+ ?us a "p ( ! f\ndation ( ,sci5ce 9 ! human m9d & ( ,exi/5ce 9 ! univ]se1 are %[n to be at ! same "t ,ideas 9 ! ,div9e & 9 ! human m9d4 ,b !re is "o o!r ( :i* ! necess>y & univ]sal application is s unconte/$1 t x may well s]ve fur!r to exemplify our doctr9e4 ,9 all reason+s conc]n+ ! composition & resolution ( ! elem5ts ( bodies1 x is assum$ t ! quantity ( matt] _c be increas$ or dim9i%$ by any?+ :i* we c d to !m4 ,we h an ,idea ( ,sub/ance1 z some?+ :i* may h its qualities alt]$ by our op]ations ^u x1 b _c h its quantity *ang$4 ,& ?is ,idea ( ,sub/ance is univ]sally v]ifi$ 9 ! facts ( obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,inde$ x _c fail to be s2 = x regulates & det]m9es ! way 9 :i* we int]pret ! facts ( obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,x au?oriz$ ! philosoph] :o 0 ask$ ! weight ( a column ( smoke to reply1 ,subtract ! weight ( ! a%es f t ( ! fuel1 & y h ! weight ( ! smoke3 = 9 virtue ( t idea we assume t1 9 combu/ion1 or 9 any o!r op]ation1 all ! sub/ance :i* is subject$ to ! op]ation mu/ exi/ 9 ! result 9 "s =m or o!r4 ,n[ :y may we reasonably make ?is assumption1 & ?us1 z x 71 prescribe laws to ! univ]se8 ,our reply is1 ,because ,sub/ance is "o ( ! ,ideas accord+ to :i* ! univ]se is con/itut$4 ,! mat]ial ?+s :i* make up ! univ]se are sub/ance accord+ to ?is ,idea4 ,!y are sub/ance accord+ to ?is ,idea 9 ! ,div9e ,m9d1 & !y are sub/ance accord+ to ?is ,idea 9 ! human m9d1 because ! human m9d has ?is ,idea1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 9 common ) ! ,div9e ,m9d4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 ! o!r cases1 ! ,idea mu/ be immeasurably m cle> & compreh5sive 9 ! ,div9e ,m9d ?an 9 ! human4 ,! human ,idea ( sub/ance is full ( difficulty & p]plexity3 z = in/ance2 h[ a sub/ance c assume successively a solid1 fluid & airy =m2 h[ two sub/ances c be comb9$ s z entirely to p5etrate "o ano!r & h new qualities3 & ! l4 ,all ^! p]plexities & difficulties we mu/ suppose to vani% 9 ! ,div9e ,idea ( ,sub/ance4 ,b /ill !re rema9s 9 ! human1 z 9 ! ,div9e ,idea1 ! s\rce & root ( ! univ]sal tru?1 t ?\gh sub/ances may be comb9$ or sep>at$ or *ang$ 9 =m 9 ! processes ( nature or ( art1 no portion ( sub/ance c come into be+ or cease to be4 #bc4 7,idea ( ,f9al ,cause47--,!re is yet "o o!r ,idea :i* ,i %all m5tion1 ?\gh x is "o ab\t :i* difficulties h be5 rais$1 s9ce ! consid]ation ( su* difficulties may be in/ructive3 ! ,idea ( a purpose1 or z x is (t5 t]m$1 a ,f9al ,cause1 9 organiz$ bodies4 ,x has be5 held1 & rightly#cah1 t ! assumption ( a ,f9al ,cause ( ea* "p ( animals & plants is z inevitable z ! assumption ( an effici5t cause ( e ev5t4 ,! maxim1 t 9 organiz$ bodies no?+ is 9 va91 is z necess>ily true z ! maxim t no?+ happ5s by *ance4 ,i h else:]e#cai %[n fully t ?is ,idea is n d$uc$ f any special facts1 b is assum$ z a law gov]n+ all facts 9 organic nature1 direct+ ! rese>*es & int]pret+ ! obs]vations ( physiologi/s4 ,i h also rem>k$ t x is n at v>iance ) t o!r law1 t plants & t animals are con/ruct$ ^u g5]al plans1 ( :i* plans1 x may be1 we d n see ! necessity1 ?\gh we see h[ wide is _! g5]ality4 ,?is ,idea ( a purpose1--( a ,f9al ,cause1--!n1 ?us suppli$ by our m9ds1 is f\nd to be applicable ?r\gh\t ! organic _w4 ,x is 9 virtue ( ?is ,idea t we conceive animals & plants z subject to disease2 = disease takes place :5 ! p>ts d n fully answ] _! purpose2 :5 !y d n d :at !y ought to d4 ,h[ is x !n t we ?us f9d an ,idea :i* is suppli$ by our own m9ds1 b :i* is exemplifi$ 9 e "p ( ! organic _w8 ,"h p]haps ! answ] w be readily all[$4 ,x is because ?is ,idea is an ,idea ( ! ,div9e ,m9d4 ,!re is a ,f9al ,cause 9 ! con/itution ( ^! p>ts ( ! univ]se1 & !re=e we c int]pret !m by means ( ! ,idea ( ,f9al ,cause4 ,we c see a purpose1 because !re is a purpose4 ,is x too presumptu\s to suppose t we c ?us ent] into ! ,ends & ,purposes ( ! ,div9e ,m9d8 ,we will+ly grant & decl>e t x w\ld be presumptu\s to suppose t we c ent] into !m to any b a v small degree4 ,!y d\btless g immeasurably beyond our mode ( und]/&+ or conceiv+ !m4 ,b to a c]ta9 ext5t we c g4 ,we c g s f> z to see t !y are ,ends & ,purposes4 ,x is n a va9 presumption 9 u to suppose t we "k t ! eye 0 made = see+ & ! e> = he>+4 ,9 ?is ! mo/ pi\s ( m5 see no?+ impi\s3 ! mo/ cauti\s philosoph]s see no?+ ra%4 ,& t we c see ?us f> into ! designs ( ! ,div9e ,m9d1 arises1 we hold1 f ?is3--t we h an ,idea ( ,design & ( ,purpose :i*1 s f> z x is m]ely t1 is true2 & s f>1 is ,design & ,purpose 9 ! same s5se 9 ! "o case & 9 ! o!r4 ,i am v f> f hav+ exhau/$ ! li/ ( ,fundam5tal ,ideas :i* ! human m9d possesses & :i* h be5 made ! f\ndations ( ,sci5ces4 ,( all su* ,ideas1 ,i might g on to rem>k1 t !y are ( univ]sal validity & application 9 ! region ( ext]nal ,facts4 ,9 all ! cases ,i might g on to inquire1 ,h[ is x t man's ,ideas1 develop$ 9 8 int]nal _w1 are f\nd to co9cide univ]sally ) ! laws ( ! ext]nal _w8 ,by :at necessity1 on :at gr\nd does ?is happ58 ,& 9 all cases ,i %\ld h _h to reply1 t ?is happ5s1 & mu/ happ51 because ^! ,ideas ( ! human m9d are also ,ideas ( ! ,div9e ,m9d accord+ to :i* ! univ]se is con/itut$4 ,man has ^! ?\ghts1 & sees !m v]ifi$ 9 ! univ]se1 because ,god _h ^! ?\ghts & exemplifies !m 9 ! univ]se4 #bd4 7,human immeasurably inf]ior to ,div9e74--,b ( all ^! ,ideas1 ,i %\ld also h to rem>k1 t ! way 9 :i* man possesses !m is immeasurably obscure & limit$ 9 comp>ison ) ! way 9 :i* ,god mu/ be suppos$ to possess !m4 ,^! human ,ideas1 ?\gh cle> & real z f> z !y g1 9 e case run into obscurity & p]plexity1 f :i* ! ,ideas ( ! ,div9e ,m9d mu/ be suppos$ to be free4 ,9 e case1 man1 by foll[+ ! tra9 ( ?\ght involv$ 9 ea* ,idea1 runs into confusion & seem+ contradictions4 ,x may be t by ?9k+ m & m1 & by m & m /udy+ ! univ]se1 he may remove "s ( ?is confusion & solve "s ( ^! contradictions4 ,b :5 he has done 9 ?is way all t he c1 an immeasurable region ( confusion & contradiction w /ill rema92 nor c he ev] hope to advance v f>1 9 dispell+ ! d>kness :i* hangs ov] ! great] "p ( ! univ]se4 ,8 k1 8 sci5ce1 8 ,ideas1 ext5d only s f> z he c keep 8 foot+ 9 ! %all[ wat]s :i* lie on ! %ore ( ! va/ ocean ( unfa?omable tru?4 #be4 ,b fur!r1 we h n1 ev5 s1 exhau/$ our e/imate ( ! immeasurable di/ance betwe5 ! human m9d & ! ,div9e ,m9d3--v f> f x3 we h only spok5 ( ! smalle/ portion ( ! region ( tru?1--t ab\t :i* we h ,sci5ces & ,sci5tific ,ideas4 ,9 t region alone d we claim = man ! possession ( ,ideas ! cle>ness ( :i* has 9 x some?+ div9e4 ,b h[ n>r[ is ! prov9ce ( ,sci5ce comp>$ ) ! :ole doma9 ( human ?\ght6 ,we may enum]ate ! sci5ces ( :i* we h be5 speak+1 & :i* involve su* ,ideas z ,i h m5tion$4 ,h[ _m are !y8 ,geometry1 ,ari?metic1 ,*emi/ry1 ,classification1 ,physiology4 ,to ^! we might h add$ a few o!rs2 z ! sci5ces :i* deal ) ,light1 ,heat1 ,pol>ities2 ,geology & ! o!r ,paltiological ,sci5ces2 & !re our enum]ation at pres5t mu/ /op4 ,= we c h>dly z yet claim to h ,sci5ces1 9 ! rigor\s s5se 9 :i* we use ! t]m1 ab\t ! ,vital ,p[]s ( man1 8 ,m5tal ,p[]s1 8 hi/orical attributes1 z ,language1 ,society1 ,arts1 ,law1 & ! l4 ,on ^! subjects few philosoph]s w pret5d to exhibit to u ,ideas ( univ]sal validity1 prevail+ ?r\gh all ! range ( obs]vation4 ,yet all ^! ?+s proce$ accord+ to ,ideas 9 ! ,div9e ,m9d by :i* ! univ]se1 & by :i* man1 is con/itut$4 ,9 su* prov9ces ( k1 at lea/1 we h no difficulty 9 see+ or all[+ h[ bl9d man is ) reg>d to _! fundam5tal & con/itu5t pr9ciples2 h[ weak 8 reason2 h[ limit$ 8 view4 ,if on "s ( ! pla9e/ portions ( possible k1 man h ,ideas :i* may be reg>d$ z co9cid5t to a c]ta9 ext5t ) ^? by :i* ! univ]se is really con/itut$2 /ill on by f> ! l>ge/ portion ( ! ?+s :i* mo/ conc]n him1 he has no k b t :i* he d]ives f exp]i5ce1 & :i* he _c put 9 s g5]al a =m z to h any pret5sions to re/ x ^u a f\ndation ( connate ,ideas4 #bf4 7,sci5ce advances t[>ds ! ,div9e ,ideas47--,b !re is yet "o rem>k t5d+ some:at 9 ! opposite direction1 :i* ,i mu/ make1 z a "p ( ! view :i* ,i wi% to pres5t4 ,sci5ce1 9 ! rigor\s s5se ( ! t]m1 involves1 we h said1 ,ideas :i* to a c]ta9 ext5t agree ) ! ,ideas ( ! ,div9e ,m9d4 ,b sci5ce 9 t s5se is progressive2 new sci5ces are =m$ & old sci5ces ext5d$4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! ,ideas :i* man has1 & :i* agree ) ! ,ideas ( ! ,div9e ,m9d1 may receive additions to _! numb] f "t to "t4 ,?is may seem a bold ass]tion2 yet ?is is :at1 ) due re/riction1 we conceive to be true4 ,su* ,ideas z we h spok5 ( receive additions1 9 respect ( _! manife/ation & developm5t4 ,! ,ideas1 ! g]m ( !m at lea/1 7 9 ! human m9d be=e2 b by ! progress ( sci5tific ?\ght !y are unfold$ into cle>ness & di/9ctness4 ,t ?is takes place ) reg>d to sci5tific ,ideas1 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce abundantly %[s4 ,! ,ideas ( ,space & ,"t inde$1 7 cle> & di/9ct f ! fir/1 & accord+ly ! ,sci5ces ( ,geometry & ,ari?metic h exi/$ f ! e>lie/ times ( man's intellectual hi/ory4 ,b ! ,ideas ^u :i* ! ,sci5ce ( ,me*anics dep5ds1 hav+ be5 obscure 9 ! anci5t _w1 are become cle> 9 mod]n times4 ,! ,ideas ( ,composition & ,resolution h only 9 rec5t c5turies become s cle> z to be ! basis ( a def9ite sci5ce4 ,! ,idea ( ,sub/ance inde$ 0 always assum$1 ?\gh vaguely appli$ by ! anci5ts2 & ! ,idea ( a ,design or ,end 9 vital /ructures is at lea/ z old z ,socrates4 ,b ! ,idea ( ,pol>ities 0 nev] put =? 9 a di/9ct =m till q rec5tly2 & ! ,idea ( ,successive ,causation1 z appli$ 9 ,geology & 9 ! o!r ,paltiological ,sci5ces1 0 nev] sci5tifically appli$ till mod]n times3 & )\t attempt+ to prove ! po9t by enum]ation1 x w h>dly be d\bt$ t _m ,sci5tific ,ideas are cle> & di/9ct among mod]n m5 ( sci5ce :i* 7 n s 9 ! anci5t days4 ,n[ all su* sci5tific ,ideas are1 z ,i h be5 urg+1 po9ts on :i* ! human m9d is a reflex ( ! ,div9e ,m9d4 ,& !re=e 9 ! progress ( sci5ce1 we obta91 n inde$ new po9ts :]e ! human m9d reflects ! ,div9e1 b new po9ts :]e ?is reflection is cle> & lum9\s4 ,we d n ass]t t ! progress ( sci5ce c br+ into exi/5ce new elem5ts ( tru? 9 ! human m9d1 b x may br+ !m into view4 ,x _c add to ! *>act]s ( ,div9e orig9 9 ! human m9d1 b x may add to or unfold ! pro(s ( su* an orig94 ,& ?is is :at we conceive x does4 ,& ?\gh we d n conceive t ! ,ideas :i* sci5ce ?us br+s into view are ! mo/ important ( man's ?\ghts 9 o!r respects1 yet !y may1 & we conceive d1 supply a pro( ( ! ,div9e nature ( ! human m9d1 :i* pro( is ( peculi> cog5cy4 ,:at o!r pro(s may be collect$ f o!r tra9s ( human ?\ght1 we %all h]eaft] consid]4 #bg4 7,recapitulation47--,?is1 !n1 is ! argum5t to :i* we h be5 l$ by ! survey ( ! sci5ces 9 :i* we h be5 engag$3--,t ! human m9d c & does put =?1 out ( its natural /ores1 duly unfold$1 c]ta9 ,ideas z ! bases ( sci5tific tru?s3 ,^! ,ideas are univ]sally & con/antly v]ifi$ 9 ! univ]se3 ,& ! reason ( ?is is1 t !y agree ) ! ,ideas ( ! ,div9e ,m9d accord+ to :i* ! univ]se is con/itut$ & su/a9$3 ,! human m9d has ?us 9 x an elem5t ( resemblance to ! ,div9e ,m9d3 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t x looks ^u ! univ]se z ! ,div9e ,m9d does2 & !re=e x is t x c see a portion ( ! tru?3 ,& n only c ! human m9d ?us see a portion ( ! tru?1 z ! ,div9e ,m9d sees x3 b ?is portion1 ?\gh at pres5t immeasurably small1 & c]ta9 to be always immeasurably small comp>$ ) ! :ole ext5t ( tru? :i* ) great] intellectual p[]s1 he might disc]n1 nev]!less may increase f age to age4 ,?is is !n1 ,i conceive1 "o ( ! results ( ! progress ( sci5tific discov]y--! ,!ological ,result ( ! ,philosophy ( ,discov]y1 z x may1 ,i ?9k1 n unfitly be call$3--,t by e /ep 9 su* discov]y by :i* ext]nal facts assume ! aspect ( necess>y consequ5ces ( our ,ideas1 we obta9 a fre% pro( ( ! ,div9e nature ( ! human m9d3 ,& ?\gh ^! /eps1 h[ev] f> we may g 9 ?is pa?1 c c>ry u only a v little way 9 ! k ( ! univ]se1 yet t su* k1 s f> z we d obta9 x1 is ,div9e 9 its k9d1 & %[s t ! human m9d has some?+ ,div9e 9 its nature4 ,! progress by :i* ext]nal facts assume ! aspect ( necess>y consequ5ces ( our ,ideas1 we h t]m$ ! idealization ( facts2 & 9 ?is s5se we h said1 t ! progress ( sci5ce consi/s 9 ! ,idealization ( ,facts4 ,b !re is ano!r way 9 :i* ! op]ation ( man's m9d may be consid]$--an opposite view ( ! id5tification ( ,ideas ) ,facts2 :i* we mu/ consid]1 9 ord] to complete our view ( ! be>+ ( ! progress ( human ?\ght ^u ! nature ( man4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #cag3 ,giv5 9 ! ,novum ,organon ,r5ovatum4 ,footnote #cah3 ,nov4 ,org4 ,r54 ,aph4 cv4 ,footnote #cai3 ,hi/4 ,sc4 ,id4 b4 ix4 c4 vi4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,man',s ,,k ,,( ,,god4 #a4 ,man's p[]s & means ( k are s limit$ & imp]fect t he c "k little conc]n+ ,god4 ,x is well t m5 9 _! !ological speculations %\ld recollect t x is s1 & %\ld pursue all su* speculations 9 a mode/ & humble _s4 ,b ?is humility & mode/y defeat _! own ends1 :5 !y lead u to ?9k t we c "k no?+ conc]n+ ,god3 = to be mode/ & humble 9 deal+ ) ?is subject1 implies t we "k ?is1 at lea/1 t ,god is a prop] object ( mode/ & humble ?\ght4 #b4 ,"s philosoph]s h be5 l$1 h[ev]1 by an exam9ation ( man's faculties & ( ! nature ( be+1 to ! conclusion t man c "k no?+ conc]n+ ,god4 ,b we may v reasonably d\bt ! tru? ( ?is conclusion4 ,we may ask1 ,h[ c we "k t we c "k no?+8 ,if we c "k no?+1 we _c ev5 "k t4 ,x is mu* m reasonable to beg9 ) ?+s t we really d "k1 & to exam9e h[ f> su* k c c>ry u1 respect+ ,god1 z well z any?+ else4 ,?is is ! c\rse :i* we h be5 foll[+1 & its results are v f> f be+ trifl+ or unimportant4 ,9 ?us beg9n+ f :at we "k1 we />t f two po9ts1 on ea* ( :i* we h1 we conceive1 "s real & sure k3--namely1 ma!matical & physical k ( ! univ]se )\t u2 & a k ( our own moral & p]sonal nature )9 u4 #c4 7,f ,nature we le>n some?+ ( ,god47--,9 pursu+ ! fir/ l9e ( ?\ght1 we are l$ to reason ?us4 ,! univ]se is gov]n$ by c]ta9 ,ideas3 = in/ance1 ev]y?+ :i* exi/s & happ5s 9 ! univ]se1 exi/s & happ5s ,,9 ,space & ,"t4 ,:y is ?is8 ,x is1 we conceive1 because ,god has con/itut$ & con/itutes ! univ]se s t x may be s2 t is1 because ! ,ideas ( ,space & ( ,"t are ,ideas accord+ to :i* ,god has e/abli%$ & upholds ! univ]se4 ,b we may proce$ fur!r 9 ?is way1 z we h already said4 ,! univ]se n only exi/s 9 space & "t1 b x has 9 x sub/ances--mat]ial sub/ances3 or tak+ x collectively1 ,mat]ial ,sub/ance4 ,c we "k any?+ conc]n+ ?is sub/ance8 ,yes3 some?+ we c "k2 = we "k t mat]ial sub/ance _c be br\ght into be+ or annihilat$ by any natural process4 ,we h !n an ,idea ( ,sub/ance :i* is a ,law ( ! univ]se4 ,h[ is ?is8--,we reply1 t x is because our ,idea ( ,sub/ance is an ,idea on :i* ,god has e/abli%$ & upholds ! univ]se4 ,c we proce$ fur!r /ill8 ,c we disc]n any o!r ,ideas accord+ to :i* ! univ]se is con/itut$8 ,yes3 z we h already rem>k$1 we c disc]n sev]al1 ?\gh z we g on f "o to ano!r !y become gradually fa9t] 9 _! light1 less cog5t 9 _! necessity4 ,we c see t ,=ce z well z ,mat]ial ,sub/ance is an ,idea on :i* ! univ]se is con/itut$1 & t ,=ce & ,matt] are a necess>y & univ]sal anti!sis3 we c see t ! ,?+s :i* occupy ! univ]se mu/ be ( def9ite ,k9ds1 9 ord] t an intellig5t m9d may occupy itself ab\t !m1 & ?us t ! ,idea ( ,k9d is a con/itutive ,idea ( ! univ]se4 ,we c see t "s k9ds ( ?+s h life1 & our ,idea ( ,life is1 t e "p ( a liv+ ?+ is a means to an ,end2 & ?us we recognize ,end1 or ,f9al ,cause1 z an ,idea :i* prevails ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 & we recognize ?is ,idea z an ,idea accord+ to :i* ,god con/itutes & upholds ! univ]se4 ,s9ce we "k s mu* conc]n+ ! univ]se1 & s9ce e ,law ( ! univ]se :i* is a necess>y =m ( ?\ght ab\t ! univ]se mu/ exi/ 9 ! ,div9e ,m9d1 9 ord] t x may f9d a place 9 our m9ds1 h[ c we say t we c "k no?+ conc]n+ ! ,div9e ,m9d8 #d4 7,?\gh b ,little47--,b on ! o!r h&1 we easily see h[ little our k is1 comp>$ ) :at we d n "k4 ,ev5 ! p>ts ( our k :i* are ! cle>e/ are full ( p]plexities2 & ( ! ,laws ( ! univ]se1 includ+ liv+ z well z lifeless ?+s1 h[ small a portion d we "k at all6 ,ev5 ! p>ts ( our k :i* are ! cle>e/1 ,i say1 are full ( p]plexities4 ,inf9ite ,space & an inf9ite ,pa/1 an inf9ite ,future1--h[ helplessly our reason /ruggles ) ^! aspects ( our ,ideas6 ,& ) reg>d to ,sub/ance1 h[ did +5]able & inde/ructible sub/ance come into be+8 ,& ) reg>d to ,matt]1 h[ c passive ,matt] be endu$ ) liv+ =ce8 ,& ) reg>d to ,k9ds1 h[ immeasurably beyond our p[] ( kn[+ are _! numb]s & _! outw>d diff]5ces3 /ill m _! int]nal diff]5ces & c5tral ess5ce6 ,& ) reg>d to ! ,design :i* we see 9 ! organs ( liv+ ?+s1 ?\gh we c confid5tly say we see x1 h[ obscurely is x %[n1 & h[ mu* is our view ( x di/urb$ by o!r ,laws & ,analogies6 ,& ! ,life ( ?+s1 ! end to :i* su* ,design t5ds1 h[ full ( imp5etrable my/]ies is x6 or r h[ entirely a mass ( my/]y into :i* our p[]s ( k /rive 9 va9 to p5etrate6 ,!re is !re=e no dang] t by foll[+ ?is tra9 ( ?\ght we %\ld elevate our view ( man too high1 or br+ d[n ,god 9 our ?\ghts to ! lik5ess ( man4 ,ev5 if we 7 to suppose ! ,idea ( ! ,div9e ,m9d to be ( ! same k9d z ! ,ideas ( ! human m9d1 ! v few ,ideas ( ?is k9d1 :i* man possesses1 comp>$ ) ! :ole range ( ! univ]se1 & ! scanty l5g? to :i* he c foll[ ea*1 make 8 k s small & imp]fect1 t he has abundant reason to be mode/ & humble 9 8 contemplations conc]n+ ! ,intellig5ce t kn[s all & con/itutes all4 ,he c1 z ,i h already said1 wade b a few /eps into ! m>g9 ( ! b\ndless & unfa?omable ocean ( tru?4 #e4 ,b ! ,ideas ( ! ,div9e ,m9d mu/ necess>ily be diff]5t 9 k9d1 z well z 9 numb] & ext5t1 f ! ,ideas ( ! human m9d1 on ?is v acc\nt1 t !y are complete & p]fect4 ,! ,m9d :i* c conceive all ! p>ts & laws ( ! univ]se 9 all _! mutual be>+s1 fundam5tal reasons1 & remote consequ5ces1 mu/ be diff]5t 9 k9d1 z well z 9 ext5t1 f ! m9d :i* c only trace a few ( ^! p>ts1 & see ^! laws 9 a few ( _! aspects1 & _c s\nd ! :ole dep? ( any ( !m4 ,! ,div9e ,m9d diff]s f ! human1 9 ! way 9 :i* we mu/ ne$s suppose :at is ,div9e to diff] f :at is human4 #f4 ,x has sometimes be5 said t ! ,div9e ,m9d diff]s f ! human z ! ,inf9ite f ! f9ite4 ,& ?is has be5 giv5 z a reason :y we _c "k any?+ conc]n+ ,god2 = we _c1 x is said1 "k any?+ conc]n+ ! ,inf9ite4 ,our conception ( ! ,inf9ite be+ m]ely negative1 7! negation ( a limit17 makes all k ab\t x impossible4 ,b ?is is n truly said4 ,our conception ( ! ,inf9ite is n m]ely negative4 ,z ,i h else:]e rem>k$1 our conception ( ! ,inf9ite is positive 9 ?is way3--t 9 ord] to =m ?is conception1 we beg9 to foll[ a giv5 ,idea 9 a giv5 direction2 & !n1 hav+ ?us begun1 we suppose t ! progress ( ?\ght goes on 9 t direction )\t limit4 ,to arrive at our ,idea ( inf9ite space1 = example1 we mu/ det]m9e :at k9d ( space we mean1--l9e1 area or solid2 & f :at orig9 we beg93 & inf9ite space has diff]5t attributes z we take diff]5t beg9n+s 9 ?is way4 ,& s ) reg>d to ! k9ds ( inf9ity 7= !re are _m7 :i* belong to ! ,div9e ,m9d4 ,we h a few ,ideas :i* repres5t ! ,laws ( ! univ]se3--z ,space1 ,"t1 ,sub/ance1 ,=ce1 ,matt]1 ,k9d1 ,end2 ( su* ,ideas ! ,div9e ,m9d may h an inf9ite numb]4 ,^! ,ideas 9 ! human m9d are limit$ 9 dep? & cle>ness3 9 ! ,div9e ,m9d !y mu/ be inf9itely cle>] ?an ! cle>e/ human ,intuition2 inf9itely m pr(\nd ?an ! pr(\nde/ human ?\ght4 ,& 9 ?is way1 &1 z we %all see1 9 o!r ways also1 ! ,div9e ,m9d inf9itely transc5ds ! human m9d :5 mo/ fully in/ruct$ & unfold$4 ,9 ?is way & 9 o!r ways also1 ,i say4 ,= we h hi!rto spok5 ( ! human m9d only z contemplat+ ! ext]nal _w2--z disc]n+1 to a c]ta9 small ext5t1 ! laws ( ! univ]se4 ,we h spok5 ( ! _w ( ?+s )\t3 we mu/ n[ speak ( ! _w )9 u2--( ! _w ( our ?\ghts1 our be+1 our moral & p]sonal be+4 #g4 7,f ourselves we le>n some?+ conc]n+ ,god47--,we mu/ speak ( ?is3 = ?is is1 z ,i h said1 ano!r />t+ po9t & ano!r l9e 9 :i* we may proce$ f :at we "k1 & see h[ f> our k c>ries u1 & h[ f> x tea*es u any?+ conc]n+ ,god4 ,look+ at ourselves1 we p]ceive t we h to act1 z well z to contemplate3 we are practical z well z speculative be+s4 ,& trac+ ! nature & conditions ( our actions1 9 ! dep?s ( our ?\ght we f9d t !re is 9 ! aspect ( actions a supreme & inevitable di/9ction ( "r & wrong4 ,we _c help judg+ ( our actions z "r & wrong4 ,we ackn[l$ge t !re mu/ be su* a judgm5t appropriate to !m4 ,we h ^! ,ideas ( "r & wrong z attributes ( actions2 & ?us we are moral be+s4 #h4 ,& aga93 ! actions are our actions4 ,we act 9 ?is way or t4 ,& we are n m]e ?+s1 :i* move & *ange z !y are act$ on1 b :i* d n !mselves act1 z man acts4 ,i am n a ,?+ b a ,p]son2 & ! m5 ) :om ,i act1 :o act ) me--act 9 v>i\s ways t[>ds me1 well or ill--are also p]sons4 ,man is a p]sonal be+4 ,! ,ideas ( "r & wrong--! moral ,ideas ( man--are !n a "p ( ! s*eme ( ! univ]se to :i* man belongs4 ,c\ld !y be ?is1 if !y 7 n also a "p ( ! nature ( t ,div9e ,m9d :i* con/itutes ! univ]se8--,x w\ld seem n3 ! ,moral ,law ( ! univ]se mu/ be a ,law ( ! ,div9e ,m9d1 9 ord] t x may be a ,law felt & disc]n$ by man4 #i4 7,objection answ]$47--,b1 x may be object$1 ! ,moral ,law ( ! univ]se is a ,law 9 a diff]5t s5se f ! ,laws ( ! univ]se ( :i* we spoke be=e--! ma!matical & physical laws ( ! univ]se4 ,^? 7 laws accord+ to :i* ?+s are1 & ev5ts occur3 b ,moral ,laws are ,laws accord+ to :i* m5 ought to act1 & accord+ to :i* actions ought to be4 ,!re is a diff]5ce1 s t we _c reason f ! human to ! ,div9e ,m9d 9 ! same mann] 9 ?is case z 9 ! o!r4 ,true3 we _c reason 9 ! same mann]4 ,b we c reason /ill m confid5tly4 ,= ! ,law direct+ :at ought to be is ! ,supreme ,law1 & ! m9d :i* con/itutes ! ,supreme ,law is ! ,supreme ,m9d1 t is1 ! ,div9e ,m9d4 #aj4 ,t ! ,moral ,law is n v]ifi$ among m5 9 fact1 is n a gr\nd = d\bt+ t x is a ,law ( ! ,div9e ,m9d2 b x is a gr\nd = inquir+ :at consequ5ces ! ,div9e ,m9d has annex$ to ! violation ( ! ,law2 & 9 :at mann] ! supremacy ( ! ,law w be e/abli%$ 9 ! total c\rse ( ! hi/ory ( ! univ]se1 includ+1 x may be1 ! hi/ory ( o!r worlds ?an t 9 :i* we n[ live4 ,consid]+ h[ dimly & imp]fectly we see :at consequ5ces ! ,div9e ,gov]nor has annex$ to ! violation ( ! ,moral ,law1 ,he :o sees all ^! consequ5ces & has provid$ = ! e/abli%m5t ( ,8 ,law 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( ! human race1 mu/ be suppos$ to be inf9itely elevat$ above man 9 wisdom2--m ev5 9 virtue ( ?is aspect ( ,8 nature1 ?an 9 virtue ( t :i* is d]iv$ f ! contemplation ( ! univ]se4 #aa4 ,man is a p]son2 & 8 p]sonality is 8 highe/ attribute1 or at lea/1 t :i* makes all 8 highe/ attributes possible4 ,& ! highe/ attribute :i* belongs to ! f9ite m9ds :i* exi/ 9 ! univ]se mu/ exi/ also 9 ! ,inf9ite ,m9d :i* con/itutes ! univ]se z x is4 ,! ,div9e ,m9d mu/ reside 9 a ,div9e ,p]son4 ,& z man1 by 8 p]sonality1 acts 9 ob$i5ce to or 9 transgression ( a moral law1 s ,god1 by ,8 ,p]sonality1 acts 9 e/abli%+ ! ,law & 9 secur+ its supremacy 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( ! _w4 #ab4 7,creation47--,ackn[l$g+ a ,div9e ,m9d :i* is ! f\ndation & support ( ! _w z x is1 con/itut+ & uphold+ its laws1 x may be ask$1 ,does ?is view po9t to a beg9n+ ( ! _w8 ,0 !re a "t :5 ! ,div9e ,m9d call$ into be+ ! _w1 be=e non-exi/5t8 ,0 !re a ,creation ( ! _w8 ,i d n ?9k t an answ] to ?is "q1 giv5 ei!r way1 affects ! argum5t :i* ,i h be5 urg+4 ,! ,laws ( ! ,univ]se discov]able by ! human m9d1 are ! ,laws ( ! ,div9e ,m9d1 :e!r or n !re 0 a "t :5 ^! ,laws fir/ came into op]ation1 or fir/ produc$ ! _w :i* we see4 ,! argum5t respect+ ! nature ( ! ,div9e ,m9d is ! same1 :e!r or n we suppose a ,creation4 ,b1 9 po9t ( fact1 e "p ( our k ( ! ,univ]se does seem to po9t to a beg9n+4 ,e "p ( ! _w has be51 s f> z we c see1 =m$ by natural causes out ( some?+ diff]5t f :at x n[ is4 ,! ,e>?1 ) its l&s & seas1 teem+ ) innum]able =ms ( liv+ ?+s1 has be5 produc$ f an e>? =m$ ( o!r l&s & seas1 occupi$ ) q diff]5t =ms ( life3 & if we g f> en\gh back1 f an e>? 9 :i* !re 0 no life4 ,! />s :i* we call fix$ move & *ange2 ! nebul 9 _! %ape %[ t !y too are mov+ & *ang+4 ,! ,e>? 01 "s at lea/ hold1 produc$ by ! cond5sation ( a nebula4 ,! hi/ory ( man1 z well z ( o!rs ( its inhabitants1 po9ts to a beg9n+4 ,languages1 ,arts1 ,gov]nm5ts1 ,hi/ories1 all seem to h begun f a />t+-po9t1 h[ev] remote4 ,inde$ n only a beg9n+1 b a beg9n+ at no remote p]iod1 appe>s to be indicat$ by mo/ ( ! sci5ces :i* c>ry u backw>ds 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,b we mu/ all[1 on ! o!r h&1 t ?\gh all su* l9es ( rese>* po9t t[>ds a beg9n+1 none ( !m c be foll[$ up to a beg9n+4 ,all ! l9es conv]ge1 b all melt away be=e !y rea* ! po9t ( conv]g5ce4 ,z ,i h else:]e said#cbj1 9 no sci5ce has man be5 able to arrive at a beg9n+ :i* is homog5e\s ) ! kn[n c\rse ( ev5ts1 ?\gh we c (t5 g v f> back1 & limit ! hypo!ses respect+ ! orig94 ,we h1 9 ! impossibility ( ?us com+ to any conclusion by natural reason on ! subject ( creation1 ano!r evid5ce ( ! inf9itely limit$ nature ( ! human m9d1 :5 comp>$ ) ! ,creative or ,con/itutive ,div9e ,m9d4 #ac4 7,end ( ! ,_w47--,b if our natural reason1 aid$ by all t sci5ce c tea*1 c tell u no?+ respect+ ! orig9 & beg9n+ ( ?is _w1 /ill less c reason tell u any?+ ) reg>d to ! ,end ( ?is _w4 ,on ?is subject1 ! natural sci5ces are ev5 m b>r5 ( in/ruction ?an on ! subject ( ,creation4 ,yet we may say t z ! ,con/itution ( ! ,univ]se1 & its con=mity to a ,collection ( et]nal & immutable ,ideas z its elem5ts1 are n inconsi/5t ) ! supposition ( a ,beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c\rse ( ! _w1 s nei!r are !y inconsi/5t ) ! supposition ( an ,end4 ,inde$ x w\ld n be at all impossible t physical inquiries %\ld pres5t ! prospect ( an ,end1 ev5 m cle>ly ?an !y af=d ! retrospect ( a ,beg9n+4 ,if1 = in/ance1 x %\ld be f\nd t ! planets move 9 a resi/+ m$ium :i* con/antly ret>ds _! velocity1 & mu/ f9ally make !m fall 9 ^u ! c5tral sun1 !re w\ld be an end ( ! e>? z to its pres5t /ate4 ,we _c !re=e1 on ! gr\nds ( ,sci5ce1 d5y ei!r a ,beg9n+ or an ,end ( ! pres5t _w4 #ad4 ,b "h ano!r ord] ( consid]ations comes into play1 namely1 ^? d]iv$ f moral & !ological views ( ! _w4 ,on ^! we mu/1 9 conclusion1 say a few words4 ,x is v pla9 t ^! consid]ations may lead u to believe 9 a view ( ! ,beg9n+1 ,middle1 & ,end ( ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 v diff]5t f any?+ :i* ! m]e physical & natural sci5ces c disclose to u4 ,& ^! expressions to :i* ,i h be5 l$1 ! ,beg9n+1 ! ,middle1 & ! ,end ( ! _w's hi/ory accord+ to !ological views1 are full ( sugge/ions ( ! highe/ int]e/4 ,b ! int]e/ :i* belongs to ^! sugge/ions is ( a solemn & peculi> k9d2 & ! consid]ations to :i* su* sugge/ions po9t are bett]1 ,i ?9k1 kept ap>t f su* speculations z ^? ) :i* ,i h be5 conc]n$ 9 ! pres5t volume4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #cbj3 ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,sc4 b4 xviii4 c4 vi4 sect4 #e ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,,analogies ,,( ,,physical ,,& ,,religi\s ,,philosophy4 #a4 ,any ass]tion ( analogy betwe5 physical & religi\s philosophy w v prop]ly be look$ ^u ) great jeal\sy z likely to be =c$ & delusive2 & x is only 9 its mo/ g5]al aspects t a s\nd philosophy on ! two subjects c (f] any po9ts ( resemblance4 ,b 9 "s ( its g5]al conditions ! discov]y ( tru? 9 ! "o field ( k & 9 ! o!r may (f] c]ta9 analogies1 z well z diff]5ces1 :i* x may be in/ructive to notice2 & to "s su* aspects ( our philosophy ,i %all v5ture to ref]4 ,= ! physical sci5ces--! sci5ces ( obs]vation & speculation--! progress ( our exact & sci5tific k1 z ,i h repeat$ly said1 consi/s 9 r$uc+ ! objects & ev5ts ( ! univ]se to a con=mity ) ,ideas :i* we h 9 our own m9ds3--! ,ideas1 = in/ance1 ( ,space1 ,=ce1 ,sub/ance1 & ! l4 ,9 ?is s5se1 ! intellectual progress ( m5 consi/s 9 ! ,idealization ( ,facts4 #b4 ,9 moral subjects1 on ! o!r h&1 :]e man has n m]ely to obs]ve & speculate1 b also to act2--:]e he does n passively leave ! facts & ev5ts ( ! _w su* z !y are1 b tries actively to alt] !m & to improve ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s1 8 progress consi/s 9 do+ ?is4 ,he makes a moral advance :5 he succe$s 9 do+ :at he ?us attempts3--:5 he really improves ! /ate ( ?+s ) :i* he has to d by remov+ evil & produc+ good3--:5 he makes ! /ate ( ?+s1 namely1 ! relations betwe5 him & o!r p]sons1 8 acts & _! acts1 con=m m & m to ,ideas :i* he has 9 8 own m9d3--namely1 to ! ,ideas ( ,ju/ice1 ,b5evol5ce1 & ! l4 ,8 moral progress ?us consi/s 9 ! realization ( ,ideas4 ,& ?us we are l$ to ! ,aphorism1 z we may call x1 t ,man's ,intellectual ,progress consi/s 9 ! ,idealization ( ,facts1 & 8 ,moral ,progress consi/s 9 ! ,realization ( ,ideas4 #c4 ,b fur!r1 ?\gh t progress ( sci5ce :i* consi/s 9 ! idealization ( facts may be c>ri$ ?r\gh sev]al /ages1 & inde$1 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 has be5 c>ri$ ?r\gh _m /ages1 yet x is1 & always mu/ be1 a progress exce$+ly imp]fect & incomplete1 :5 comp>$ ) ! complet5ess to :i* its nature po9ts4 ,only a few sci5ces h made mu* progress2 none are complete2 mo/ h advanc$ only a /ep or two4 ,9 none h we r$uc$ all ! ,facts to ,ideas4 ,9 all or almo/ all ! unr$uc$ ,facts are f> m num]\s & ext5sive ?an ^? :i* h be5 r$uc$4 ,! g5]al mass ( ! facts ( ! univ]se are m]e facts1 unsubdu$ to ! rule ( sci5ce4 ,! ,facts are n ,idealiz$4 ,! intellectual progress is mis]ably scanty & imp]fect1 & w\ld be s1 ev5 if x 7 c>ri$ mu* fur!r ?an x is c>ri$4 ,h[ c we hope t x w ev] approa* to complet5ess8 #d4 ,& 9 l mann]1 ! moral progress ( man is /ill m mis]ably scanty & incomplete4 ,9 h[ small a degree has he 9 ?is s5se realiz$ 8 ,ideas6 ,9 h[ small a degree has he c>ri$ into real effect1 & embodi$ 9 ! relations ( society1 9 8 own acts & 9 ^? ( o!rs ) :om he is conc]n$1 ! ,ideas ( ,ju/ice & ,b5evol5ce & ! l6 ,h[ f> f a complete realization ( su* moral ,ideas are ! acts ( ! be/ m51 & ! relations ( ! be/ =ms ( society6 ,h[ f> f p]fection 9 ^! respects is man6 & h[ c]ta9 x is t he w always be v f> f p]fection6 ,f> bel[ ev5 su* p]fection z he c conceive1 he w always be 9 8 acts & feel+s4 ,! moral progress ( man1 ( ea* man1 & ( ea* society1 is1 z ,i h said1 mis]ably scanty & incomplete2 & :5 reg>d$ z ! realization ( 8 moral ,ideas1 its scant9ess & incomplet5ess become /ill m manife/ ?an be=e4 ,h5ce we are l$ to ano!r ,aphorism3--t man's progress 9 ! realization ( ,moral ,ideas1 & 8 progress 9 ! ,sci5tific idealization ( ,facts1 are1 & always w be1 exce$+ly scanty & incomplete4 #e4 ,b !re is ano!r aspect ( ,ideas1 bo? physical & moral1 9 :i* ?is scant9ess & incomplet5ess vani%4 ,9 ! ,div9e ,m9d1 all ! physical ,ideas are ent]ta9$ ) complete fulness & lum9\sness2 & x is because !y are s ent]ta9$ 9 ! ,div9e ,m9d1 & x is because ! univ]se is con/itut$ & fram$ ^u !m1 t we f9d !m v]ifi$ 9 e "p ( ! univ]se1 :5ev] we make our obs]vation ( facts & d$uce _! laws4 ,9 l mann] ! ,moral ,ideas exi/ 9 ! ,div9e ,m9d 9 complete fulness & lum9\sness2 & we are naturally l$ to believe & expect t !y mu/ be exemplifi$ 9 ! moral univ]se1 z completely & univ]sally z ! physical laws are exemplifi$ 9 ! physical univ]se4 ,is ?is s8 or "u :at conditions c we conceive ?is to be8 #f4 ,9 answ]+ ?is "q1 we mu/ consid] h[ f> ! moral1 /ill m ev5 ?an ! physical ,ideas ( ! ,div9e ,m9d1 are elevat$ above our human ,ideas2 b yet n s f> z to h no resemblance to our correspond+ human ,ideas2 = if ?is 7 s1 we c\ld n reason ab\t !m at all4 ,9 speak+ ( man's moral ,ideas1 ,b5evol5ce1 ,ju/ice1 & ! l1 we speak ( !m z belong+ to man's ,s\l1 r ?an to 8 ,m9d1 :i* we h commonly spok5 ( z ! seat ( 8 physical ,ideas4 ,a di/9ction is ?us (t5 made betwe5 ! intellectual & ! moral faculties ( man2 b on ?is di/9ction we "h lay no /ress4 ,we may speak ( man's ,m9d & ,s\l1 mean+ t "p ( 8 be+ 9 :i* are all 8 ,ideas1 intellectual & moral4 ,& n[ let u consid] ! "q :i* has j be5 ask$3--h[ we c conceive ! ,div9e ,b5evol5ce & ,ju/ice to be completely & univ]sally realiz$ 9 ! moral _w1 z ! ,ideas ( ,space1 ,"t1 c4 are 9 ! physical _w8 #g4 ,our ,ideas ( ,b5evol5ce1 ,ju/ice1 & ( o!r ,virtues1 may be elevat$ above _! orig9al n>r[ness1 & purifi$ f _! orig9al co>s5ess1 by moral culture2 z our ,ideas ( ,=ce & ,matt]1 ( ,sub/ance & ,elem5ts1 & ! l1 may be made cle> & conv9c+ by philosophical & sci5tific culture4 ,?is appe>s1 9 "s degree1 9 ! hi/ory ( moral t]ms1 z ! progress ( cle>ness & efficacy 9 ! ,idea ( ! mat]ial sci5ces appe>s 9 ! hi/ory ( ! t]ms belong+ to su* sci5ces4 ,?us among ! ,romans1 :ile !y conf9$ _! k9dly affections )9 _! own class1 a /rang] 0 univ]sally an enemy2 p]egr9us 0 synonym\s ) ho/is4 ,b at a lat] p]iod1 !y reg>d$ all m5 z hav+ a claim on _! k9dness2 & he :o felt & act$ on ?is claim 0 call$ humane4 ,?is mean+ ( ! ^w humanity %[s ! progress 79 _! ,ideas at lea/7 ( ! virtue :i* ! ^w humanity designates4 #h4 ,& z man c ?us rise to a po9t ( view :]e he sees t man is to be lov$ z man1 s ! humane & lov+ man inevitably assumes t ,god loves all m52 & ?us assumes t !re is1 or may be1 a love ( man 9 man's he>t1 :i* repres5ts & resembles 9 k9d1 h[ev] remote 9 degree1 ! love ( ,god to man4 ,b z 9 man's love ( man !re are v widely diff]5t /ages1 ris+ f ! n>r[ love ( a savage to 8 family or 8 tribe1 to ! wide/ & w>me/ feel+s ( ! mo/ enlight5$ & lov+ univ]sal philan?ropi/2--s mu/ we suppose t !re are /ages immeasurably wid] by :i* ,god's love ( man is m compreh5sive & m t5d] ?an any love ( man = man4 ,! religi\s philosoph] w fully ass5t to ! expressions ( ?is conviction deliv]$ by pi\s m5 9 all ages4 ,! et]nal ,god is ?y refuge1 & b5ea? !e are ! ev]la/+ arms4 ,:5 my fa!r & my "m =sake me ! ,"l take? me up1 is ! expression ( ,div9e ,love1 consi/5t ) philosophy z well z ) revelation4 ,b z ! ,div9e ,love is m compreh5sive & endur+ ?an any human love1 s is x 9 an immeasurably great] degree1 m enlight5$4 ,x is n a love t seeks m]ely ! pleasure & gratification ( its object2 t ev5 an enlight5$ human love does n d4 ,x seeks ! good ( its objects2 & su* a good z is ! greate/ good1 to an ,intellig5ce :i* c embrace all cases1 causes1 & cont+5cies4 ,to our limit$ und]/&+1 evil seems (t5 to be inflict$1 & ! good ( a "p seems inconsi/5t ) ! good ( ano!r "p4 ,our attempts to conceive a ,supreme & complete ,good provid$ = all ! creatures :i* exi/ 9 ! univ]se1 baffle & p]plex u1 ev5 m ?an our attempts to conceive inf9ite space1 inf9ite "t1 & an inf9ite *a9 ( causation4 ,b z ! mo/ c>eful att5tion :i* we c give to ! ,ideas ( ,space1 ,"t1 & ,causation conv9ces u t ^! ,ideas are p]fectly cle> & complete 9 ! ,div9e ,m9d1 & t our p]plexity & confusion on ^! subjects arise only f ! va/ di/ance betwe5 ! ,div9e ,m9d & our human m9d1 s is x reasonable to suppose ! same to be ! s\rce ( ! confusion :i* we exp]i5ce :5 we attempt to det]m9e :at mo/ conduces to ! good ( our fell[-creatures2 & :51 urg$ by love to !m1 we endeav\r to promote ?is good4 ,we c d little ( :at ,inf9ite ,love w\ld d1 yet are we n !reby disp5s$ f seek+ 9 "s degree to imitate ! work+ ( ,div9e ,love4 ,we c see b little ( :at ,inf9ite ,intellig5ce sees1 & ?is %\ld be "o s\rce ( confid5ce & com=t1 :5 we /umble ^u p]plexities produc$ by ! seem+ mixture ( good & evil 9 ! _w4 #i4 ,b :5 we ask ! que/ions :i* h already be5 /at$3 ,:e!r ?is ,inf9ite ,div9e ,love is realiz$ 9 ! _w1 & if s1 ,h[3 ,i conceive t we are irresi/ibly impell$ to reply to ! =m] "q1 t x is3 & we !n turn to ! latt]4 ,we are l$ to assume t !re is 9 ,god an ,inf9ite ,love ( man1 a creature 9 a c]ta9 degree ( a ,div9e nature4 ,we mu/1 z a consequ5ce ( ?is1 assume t ! ,love ( ,god to man1 necess>ily is1 9 ! end1 & on ! :ole1 completely & fully realiz$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,b :at is ! complete hi/ory ( ! _w6 ,is x t :i* consi/s 9 ! lives ( m5 su* z we see !m betwe5 _! bir? & _! dea?8 ,if ! m9ds or s\ls ( m5 are alive aft] ! dea? ( ! body1 t future life1 z well z ?is pres5t life1 belongs to ! hi/ory ( ! _w2--to t provid5tial hi/ory1 ( :i* ! totality1 z we h said1 mu/ be gov]n$ by ,inf9ite ,div9e ,love4 ,& 9 addition to all o!r reasons = believ+ t ! m9ds & s\ls ( m5 d ?us survive _! pres5t life1 is ?is3--t we ?us c conceive1 :at o!rwise x is difficult or impossible to conceive1 ! op]ation ( ,inf9ite ,love 9 ! :ole ( ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,if !re be a ,future ,/ate 9 :i* m5's s\ls are /ill "u ! au?ority & direction ( ! ,div9e ,gov]nor ( ! _w1 all t is "h want+ to complete ! s*eme ( a p]fect gov]nm5t ( ,intellig5t ,love may ?us be appli$3 all seem+ & p>tial evil may be absorb$ & ext+ui%$ 9 an ultimate & univ]sal good4 #aj4 ,! ,idea ( ,ju/ice z belong+ to ,god sugge/s to u "s ( ! same k9d ( reflexions z ^? :i* we h made respect+ ! ,div9e ,love4 ,we believe ,god to be j3 o!rwise1 z has be5 said1 ,he w\ld n be ,god4 ,& z we ?us1 f ! nature ( our m9ds & s\ls1 believe ,god to be j1 we mu/1 9 ?is belief1 und]/& ,ju/ice accord+ to ! ,idea :i* we h ( ,ju/ice2 t is1 9 "s measure1 accord+ to ! ,idea ( ,ju/ice1 z exemplifi$ 9 human actions & feel+s4 ,x w\ld be absurd to comb9e ! two propositions1 t we necess>ily believe t ,god is j1 & t by j1 we mean some?+ entirely diff]5t f ! common mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,b ?\gh ! ,div9e ,idea ( ,ju/ice mu/ necess>ily1 9 "s measure1 co9cide ) our ,idea ( ,ju/ice1 we mu/ believe 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r cases1 t ! ,div9e ,idea is immeasurably m pr(\nd1 compreh5sive1 & cle>1 ?an ! human ,idea4 ,ev5 ! human ,idea ( ,ju/ice is susceptible ( _m & l>ge progressive /eps1 9 ! way ( cle>ness1 consi/5cy1 & compreh5siv5ess4 ,9 ! moral hi/ory ( man ?is ,idea advances f ! h>d rig\r ( inflexible writt5 ,law to ! equitable e/imation ( ! real circum/ances ( ea* case2 x advances also f ! n>r[ ,law ( a s+le community to a l>g] ,law1 :i* includes & solves ! conflicts ( all su* ,laws4 ,fur!r1 ! adm9i/ration ( human ,law is always imp]fect1 (t5 errone\s1 9 consequ5ce ( man's imp]fect k ( ! facts ( ea* case1 & /ill m1 f 8 ignorance ( ! designs & feel+s ( ! actors4 ,if ! ,judge c\ld see into ! he>t ( ! p]son accus$1 & c\ld himself rise high] & high] 9 judicial wisdom1 he might exemplify ! ,idea ( ,ju/ice 9 a f> high] degree ?an has ev] yet be5 done4 #aa4 ,b all su* advance 9 ! improvem5t ( human ,ju/ice mu/ /ill be suppos$ to /op immeasurably %ort ( ! ,div9e ,ju/ice1 :i* mu/ include a p]fect k ( all m5's actions1 & all m5's he>ts & ?\ghts2 & a univ]sal application ( ! wise/ & mo/ compreh5sive ,laws4 ,& ! diff]5ce ( ! ,div9e & ( ! human ,idea ( ,ju/ice may1 l ! diff]5ces ( o!r ,div9e & human ,ideas1 include ! solution ( all ! p]plexities 9 :i* we f9d ourselves involv$ :5 we w\ld trace ! ,idea to all its consequ5ces4 ,! ,div9e ,idea is immeasurably elevat$ above ! human ,idea2 9 ! ,div9e ,idea all inconsi/5cy1 defect1 & incomplet5ess vani%1 & ,ju/ice includes 9 its adm9i/ration e man1 )\t any admixture ( inju/ice4 ,?is is :at we mu/ conceive ( ! ,div9e adm9i/ration1 s9ce ,god is p]fectly j4 #ab4 ,b "h1 z be=e1 we h ano!r conclusion sugge/$ to u4 ,we are1 by ! consid]ations j n[ spok5 (1 l$ to believe t1 9 ! ,div9e adm9i/ration ( ! _w is an adm9i/ration ( p]fect ,ju/ice2--t is1 su* is ! ,div9e ,adm9i/ration 9 ! end & on ! :ole1 tak+ into acc\nt ! :ole ( ! provid5tial hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,b ! c\rse ( ! _w1 tak+ into acc\nt only :at happ5s to man 9 ?is pres5t life1 is n1 we may v5ture to say1 a complete & entire adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 ,x (t5 happ5s t inju/ice is successful & triumphant1 ev5 9 ! end1 s f> z ! end is se5 "h4 ,x happ5s t wrong is done1 & is n rem$i$ or puni%$4 ,x happ5s t blameless & virtu\s m5 are subject$ to pa91 grief1 viol5ce1 & oppression1 & are n protect$1 extricat$1 or av5g$4 ,9 ! affairs ( ?is _w1 ! preval5ce ( inju/ice & wrong-do+ is s app>5t1 z to be a common subject ( compla9t3 & ?\gh ! compla9t may be exagg]at$1 & ?\gh a calm & compreh5sive view may (t5 disc]n comp5sat+ & rem$ial influ5ces :i* are n visible at fir/ sight1 /ill we _c reg>d ! lot ( happ9ess or mis]y :i* falls to ea* man 9 ?is _w & ?is life z apportion$ accord+ to a s*eme ( p]fect & univ]sal ju/ice1 su* z 9 our ?\ghts we _c b require ! ,div9e adm9i/ration to be4 #ac4 ,"h !n we are aga9 l$ to ! same conviction by reg>d+ ! ,div9e adm9i/ration ( ! _w z ! realization ( ! ,div9e ,ju/ice1 to :i* we 7 be=e l$ by reg>d+ x z ! realization ( ! ,div9e ,love4 ,s9ce ! ,idea is n fully or completely realiz$ 9 man's life 9 ?is pres5t _w1 ?is pres5t _w _c be ! :ole ( ! ,div9e ,adm9i/ration4 ,to complete ! realization ( ! ,idea ( ,ju/ice1 z an elem5t ( ! ,div9e ,adm9i/ration1 !re mu/ be a life ( man aft] 8 life 9 ?is pres5t _w4 ,if man's m9d & s\l1 ! "p ( him :i* is susceptible ( happ9ess & mis]y1 survive ?is pres5t life1 & be /ill subject to ! ,div9e ,adm9i/ration1 ! ,idea ( ,div9e ,ju/ice may /ill be completely realiz$1 not)/&+ all t "h looks l inju/ice or defective ju/ice2 & x belongs to ! ,idea ( ,ju/ice to rem$y & comp5sate1 n to prev5t wrong4 ,& ?us by ?is supposition ( a ,future ,/ate ( man's exi/5ce1 we are enabl$ to conceive t1 9 ! :ole ( ! ,div9e ,gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se1 all seem+ inju/ice & wrong may be f9ally correct$ & rectifi$1 9 an ultimate & univ]sal e/abli%m5t ( a reign ( p]fect ,righte\sness4 #ad4 ,admitt+ ! view ?us pres5t$1 we may aga9 disc]n a rem>kable analogy betwe5 :at we h call$ our physical ,ideas 7^? ( ,space1 ,"t1 ,cause1 ,sub/ance1 & ! l71 & our moral ,ideas1 7^? ( ,b5evol5ce1 ,ju/ice1 c474 ,9 bo? classes we mu/ suppose t our human ,ideas repres5t1 ?\gh v incompletely & at an immeasurable di/ance1 ! ,div9e ,ideas4 ,ev5 our physical ,ideas1 :5 pursu$ to _! consequ5ces1 are involv$ 9 a p]plexity & confusion f :i* ! ,div9e ,ideas are free4 ,our ,ideas ( ,b5evol5ce & ,ju/ice are /ill m full ( imp]fections & inconsi/5cy1 :5 we w\ld frame !m into a complete s*eme1 & yet f su* imp]fections & inconsi/5cy we mu/ suppose t ! ,div9e ,b5evol5ce & ,ju/ice are exempt4 ,our physical ,ideas we f9d 9 e case exactly exemplifi$ & realiz$ 9 ! univ]se1 & we acc\nt = ?is by consid]+ t !y are ! ,div9e ,ideas1 on :i* ! univ]se is con/itut$4 ,our moral ,ideas1 ! ,ideas ( ,b5evol5ce & ,ju/ice 9 p>ticul>1 mu/ also be realiz$ 9 ! univ]se1 z a s*eme ( ,div9e ,gov]nm5t4 ,b !y are n realiz$ 9 ! _w z con/itut$ ( man liv+ ?is pres5t life4 ,! ,div9e ,s*eme ( ! _w1 !re=e1 ext5ds beyond ?is pres5t life ( man4 ,if we c\ld include 9 our survey ! future life z well z ! pres5t life ( man1 & ! future c\rse ( ! ,div9e ,gov]nm5t1 we %\ld h a s*eme ( ! ,moral ,gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se1 9 :i* ! ,ideas ( ,p]fect ,b5evol5ce & ,p]fect ,ju/ice are z completely & univ]sally exemplifi$ & realiz$1 z ! ,ideas ( ,space1 ,"t1 ,cause1 ,sub/ance1 & ! l1 are 9 ! physical univ]se4 #ae4 ,!re is "o o!r rem>k be>+ ^u ?is analogy1 :i* seems to des]ve our att5tion4 ,z ,i h said 9 ! la/ *apt]1 ! s*eme ( ! _w1 z gov]n$ by our physical ,ideas1 seems to po9t to a ,beg9n+ ( ! _w1 or at lea/ ( ! pres5t c\rse ( ! _w3 & if we suppose a ,beg9n+1 our ?\ghts naturally turn to an ,end4 ,b if our physical ,ideas po9t to a ,beg9n+ & sugge/ an ,end1 d our ,ideas ( ,div9e ,b5evol5ce & ,ju/ice 9 any way l5d !mselves to ?is sugge/ion8--,p]haps we might v5ture to say t 9 "s degree !y d1 ev5 to ! eye ( a m]e philosophical reason4 ,p]haps our reason alone might sugge/ t !re is a progression 9 ! human race1 9 v>i\s moral attributes--9 art1 9 civilization1 & ev5 9 humanity & 9 ju/ice1 :i* implies a beg9n+4 ,& t at any rate !re is no?+ inconsi/5t ) our ,idea ( ! ,div9e ,gov]nm5t 9 ! supposition t ! hi/ory ( ?is _w has a ,beg9n+1 a ,middle & an ,end4 #af4 ,if !re=e !re %\ld be convey$ to u by "s *annel especially appropriat$ to ! communication & developm5t ( moral & religi\s ,ideas1 ! k t ! _w1 z a s*eme ( ,div9e ,gov]nm5t1 has a ,beg9n+1 a ,middle1 & an ,end1 ( a ,k9d1 or at lea/1 inve/$ ) circum/ances q diff]5t f any :i* our physical ,ideas c disclose to u1 !re w\ld be1 9 su* a belief1 no?+ at all inconsi/5t ) ! analogies :i* our philosophy--! philosophy ( our ,ideas illu/rat$ by ! :ole progress ( sci5ce--has impress$ ^u u4 ,on ! gr\nds ( ?is philosophy1 we ne$ f9d no difficulty 9 believ+ t z ! visible univ]se exhibits ! op]ation ( ! ,div9e ,ideas ( ,space1 ,"t1 ,cause1 ,sub/ance1 & ! l1 & discloses to u traces ( a ,beg9n+ ( ! pres5t mode ( op]ation1 s ! moral univ]se exhibits to u ! op]ation ( ! ,div9e ,b5evol5ce & ,ju/ice2 & t ^! ,div9e attributes wr\ght 9 a special & peculi> mann] 9 ! ,beg9n+2 int]pos$ 9 a peculi> & special mann] 9 ! ,middle2 & w aga9 act 9 a peculi> & special mann] 9 ! ,end ( ! _w4 ,& ?us ! conditions ( ! physical univ]se1 & ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,moral _w1 are bo?1 ?\gh 9 diff]5t ways1 a "p ( ! "w :i* ,god is c>ry+ on f ! ,beg9n+ ( ?+s to ! ,end--opus quod ,deus op]ator a pr9cipio usque ad f9em4 #ag4 ,we are l$ by su* analogies z ,i h be5 adduc+ to believe t ! :ole c\rse ( ev5ts 9 :i* ! m9ds & s\ls ( m5 survive ! pres5t life1 & are h]eaft] subject$ to ! ,div9e gov]nm5t 9 su* a way z to complete all t is "h defici5t 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 is a s*eme ( p]fect ,b5evol5ce & ,ju/ice4 ,n[1 c we disc]n 9 man's m9d or s\l itself any indication ( a de/9y l ?is8 ,are !re 9 u any p[]s & faculties :i* seem z if !y 7 de/9$ to immortality8 ,if !re be1 we h 9 su* faculties a /rong confirmation ( t belief 9 ! future life ( man :i* has already be5 sugge/$ to u z necess>y to r5d] ! ,div9e gov]nm5t conceivable4 #ah4 ,accord+ to our philosophy !re are p[]s & faculties :i* d ?us seem fitt$ to endure1 & n fitt$ to t]m9ate & be ext+ui%$4 ,! ,ideas :i* we h 9 our m9ds--! physical ,ideas1 z we h call$ !m1 accord+ to :i* ! univ]se is con/itut$1--agree1 z f> z !y g1 ) ! ,ideas ( ! ,div9e ,m9d1 se5 9 ! con/itution ( ! univ]se4 ,b ^! ,div9e ,ideas are et]nal & imp]i%able3 we !re=e naturally conclude t ! human m9d :i* includes su* elem5ts1 is also et]nal & imp]i%able4 ,s9ce ! m9d c take hold ( et]nal tru?s1 x mu/ be itself et]nal4 ,s9ce x is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! image ( ,god 9 its faculties1 x _c ev] cease to be ! image ( ,god4 ,:5 x has arriv$ at a /age 9 :i* x sees sev]al aspects ( ! univ]se 9 ! same =m 9 :i* !y pres5t !mselves to ! ,div9e ,m9d1 we _c suppose t ! ,au?or ( ! human m9d w all[ x & all its intellectual light to be ext+ui%$4 #ai4 ,& our conviction t ?is ext9ction ( ! human m9d _c take place becomes /rong] /ill1 :5 we consid] t ! m9d1 h[ev] imp]fect & scanty its disc]nm5t ( tru? may be1 is /ill capable ( a va/1 & ev5 ( an unlimit$ progress 9 ! pursuit & appreh5sion ( tru?4 ,! m9d is capable ( accept+ & appropriat+1 ?r\gh ! action ( its own ,ideas1 e /ep 9 sci5ce :i* has ev] be5 made--e /ep :i* %all h]eaft] be made4 ,c we suppose t ?is va/ & b\ndless capacity exi/s = a few ye>s only1 is unfold$ only into a few ( its simple/ consequ5ces1 & is !n consign$ to annihilation8 ,c we suppose t ! wond]ful p[]s :i* c>ry man on1 g5]ation by g5]ation1 f ! contemplation ( "o great & /rik+ tru? to ano!r1 are buri$ ) ea* g5]ation8 ,may we n r suppose t t m9d1 :i* is capable ( indef9ite progression1 is all[$ to exi/ 9 an inf9ite duration1 dur+ :i* su* progression may take place8 #bj4 ,i propose ?is argum5t z a gr\nd ( hope & satisfactory reflexion to ^? :o love to dwell on ! natural argum5ts = ! ,immortality ( ! ,s\l4 ,i d n attempt to foll[ x into detail4 ,i "k too well h[ little su* a cause c ga9 by ob/9ate & complicat$ argum5tation1 to attempt to urge ! argum5t 9 t mann]3 & probably diff]5t p]sons1 among ^? :o accept ! argum5t z valid1 w\ld give diff]5t answ]s to _m que/ions ( detail1 :i* naturally arise out ( ! acceptance ( ?is argum5t4 ,i w n "h attempt to solve1 or ev5 to prop\nd ^! que/ions4 ,my ma9 purpose 9 (f]+ ^! views & ?is argum5t at all1 is to give "s satisfaction to ^? :o w\ld ?9k x a sad & blank result ( ?is long survey ( ! nature & progress ( sci5ce 9 :i* we h be5 s long engag$ 7?r\gh ?is s]ies ( works71 t x %\ld 9 no way lead to a recognition ( ! ,au?or ( t _w ab\t :i* our ,sci5ce is1 & to ! high & consolatory hopes :i* lift man beyond ?is _w4 ,no survey ( ! univ]se c be at all satisfactory to ?\ghtful m51 :i* has n a !ological be>+2 nor c any view ( man's p[]s & means ( kn[+ be cong5ial to su* m51 :i* does n recognize an inf9ite de/9ation = ! m9d :i* has an inf9ite capacity2 an et]nal be+ ( ! ,faculty :i* c take a /eady hold ( et]nal be+4 #ba4 ,& z we may d]ive su* a conviction f our physical ,ideas1 s too may we no less f our moral ,ideas4 ,our m9ds appreh5d ,space & ,"t & ,=ce & ! l1 z ,ideas :i* are n dep5d5t on ! body2 & h5ce we believe t our m9ds %all n p]i% ) our bodies4 ,& 9 ! same mann] our s\ls conceive pure ,b5evol5ce & p]fect ,ju/ice1 :i* g beyond ! conditions ( ?is mortal life2 & h5ce we believe t our s\ls h to d ) a life beyond ?is mortal life4 ,x is m difficult to speak ( man's indef9ite moral progression ev5 ?an ( 8 indef9ite intellectual progression4 ,yet 9 e pa? ( moral speculation we h su* a progression sugge/$ to u4 ,we may beg91 = in/ance1 ) ! ord9>y feel+s & affections ( our daily nature3--,love1 ,hate1 ,scorn4 ,b :5 we w\ld elevate ! ,s\l 9 our imag9ation1 we asc5d above ^! ord9>y affections1 & take ! repulsive & ho/ile ones z fitt$ only to balance _! own influ5ces4 ,& ?us ! poet1 speak+ ( a morally poetical nature1 describes x3 ,! ,poet 9 a gold5 clime 0 born1 ,) gold5 />s above4 ,he felt ! hate ( hate1 ! scorn ( scorn1 ,! love ( love4 ,b ! l(ti] morali/ c rise high] ?an ?is1 & c1 & w1 reject altoge!r ,hate & ,scorn f 8 view ( man's bett] nature4 ,8 description w\ld r be-- ,! good man 9 a lov+ clime 0 born1 ,) lov+ />s above4 ,he felt sorr[ = hate1 pity = scorn1 ,& love ( love4 ,he w\ld1 9 8 conception ( su* a "*1 ascribe to x all ! virtues :i* result f ! control & ext9ction ( ^! repulsive & ho/ile affections3--! virtues ( magnanimity1 =giv+ness1 unselfi%ness1 self-devotion1 t5d]ness1 sweetness4 ,& ^! we c conceive 9 a high] & high] degree1 9 proportion z our own he>ts become t5d]1 =giv+1 pure & unselfi%4 ,& ?\gh 9 e human /age ( su* a moral pr(ici5cy1 we mu/ suppose t !re is /ill "s /ruggle ) ! rema9+ ve/iges ( our unk9d1 unju/1 angry & selfi% affections1 we c see no limit to ! ext5t to :i* ?is /ruggle may be successful2 no limit to ! degree 9 :i* ^! traces ( ! evil ( our nature may be worn out by an endur+ practice & habit ( our bett] nature4 ,& :5 we contemplate a human "* :i* has1 ?r\gh a long c\rse ( ye>s1 & ?r\gh _m trials & conflicts1 made a l>ge progress 9 ?is c>e] ( melioration1 & is /ill capable1 if "t be giv51 ( fur!r progress t[>ds moral p]fection1 is x n reasonable to suppose t ,he :o =m$ man capable ( su* progress1 & :o1 z we mu/ ne$s believe1 looks ) approval on su* progress :]e made1 w n all[ ! progress to /op :5 x has gone on to ! end ( man's %ort e>?ly life8 ,is x n r reasonable to suppose t ! pure & elevat$ & all-embrac+ affection1 ext+ui%+ all vices & includ+ all virtues1 to :i* ! good man ?us t5ds1 %all cont9ue to prevail 9 him z a p]man5t & ev]-dur+ condition1 9 a life aft] ?is8 ,b c man raise himself to su* a /age ( moral progress1 by 8 own ef=ts8 ,su* a progress is an approximation t[>ds ! p]fection ( moral ,ideas1 & !re=e an approximation t[>ds ! image ( ,god1 9 :om t p]fection resides3 is x n !n reasonable to suppose t man ne$s a ,div9e ,influ5ce to enable him to rea* ?is k9d ( moral complet5ess8 ,& is x n also reasonable to suppose t1 z he ne$s su* aid1 9 ord] t ! ,idea ( 8 moral progress may be realiz$1 s he w receive su* aid f ! ,div9e ,p[] :i* realizes ! ,idea ( ,div9e ,love 9 ! _w2 & to d s1 mu/ realize x 9 ^? human s\ls :i* are mo/ fitt$ = su* a purpose8 ,b ^! que/ions rem9d me h[ difficult1 & inde$1 h[ impossible x is to foll[ su* tra9s ( reflexion by ! light ( philosophy alone4 ,to answ] su* que/ions1 we ne$1 n ,religi\s ,philosophy only1 b ,religion3 & z ,i d n "h v5ture beyond ! doma9 ( philosophy1 ,i mu/1 h[ev] abruptly1 conclude4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,app5dix4 ,,app5dix ,a4 ,,( ,,! ,,platonic ,,!ory ,,( ,,ideas4 7,cam4 ,phil4 ,soc4 ,nov4 #aj1 #ahef47 ,?\gh ,plato has1 9 rec5t times1 _h _m read]s & admir]s among our ,engli% s*ol>s1 !re has be5 an air ( unreality & inconsi/5cy ab\t ! comm5dation :i* mo/ ( ^! pr(ess$ adh]5ts h giv5 to 8 doctr9es4 ,?is appe>s to be no capti\s criticism1 = in/ance1 :5 ^? :o speak ( him z immeasurably sup]ior 9 argum5t to 8 oppon5ts1 d n v5ture to produce 8 argum5ts 9 a def9ite =m z able to be> ! tug ( mod]n controv]sy2--:5 !y use 8 own ,greek phrases z ess5tial to ! exposition ( 8 doctr9es1 & speak z if ^! phrases c\ld n be adequately r5d]$ 9 ,engli%2--& :5 !y ass5t to ^? among ! sy/ems ( philosophy ( mod]n times :i* are ! mo/ cle>ly oppos$ to ! sy/em ( ,plato4 ,x seems n unreasonable to require1 on ! contr>y1 t if ,plato is to supply a philosophy = u1 x mu/ be a philosophy :i* c be express$ 9 our own language2--t 8 sy/em1 if we hold x to be well f\nd$1 %all compel u to d5y ! opposite sy/ems1 mod]n z well z anci5t2--& t1 s f> z we hold ,plato's doctr9es to be satisfactorily e/abli%$1 we %\ld be able to produce ! argum5ts = !m1 & to refute ! argum5ts aga9/ !m4 ,^! seem reasonable requirem5ts ( ! adh]5ts ( any philosophy1 & !re=e1 ( ,plato's4 ,i reg>d x z a =tunate circum/ance1 t we h rec5tly _h pres5t$ to u an exposition ( ,plato's philosophy :i* does con=m to ^? reasonable conditions2 & we may discuss ?is exposition ) ! less res]ve1 s9ce its accompli%$ au?or1 ?\gh belong+ to ?is g5]ation1 is no long] alive4 ,i ref] to ! ,lectures on ! ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,philosophy1 by ! late ,pr(essor ,butl] ( ,dubl94 ,9 ^! ,lectures1 we f9d an acc\nt ( ! ,platonic ,philosophy :i* %[s t ! writ] _h consid]$ x z1 :at x is1 an attempt to solve l>ge problems1 :i* 9 all ages =ce !mselves ^u ! notice ( ?\ghtful m54 ,9 ,lectures ,,viii4 & ,x41 ( ! ,second ,s]ies1 especially1 we h a /atem5t ( ! ,platonic ,!ory ( ,ideas1 :i* may be made a conv5i5t />t+ po9t = su* rem>ks z ,i wi% at pres5t to make4 ,i w transcribe ?is acc\nt2 omitt+1 z ,i d s1 ! expressions :i* ,pr(essor ,butl] uses1 9 ord] to pres5t ! !ory1 n z a dogmatical ass]tion1 b z a view1 at lea/ n extravagant4 ,= ?is purpose1 he says1 ( ! successive portions ( ! !ory1 t "o is n too absurd to be ma9ta9$2 t ano!r is n v extravagant ei!r2 t a ?ird is surely all[able2 t a f\r? pres5ts no incr$ible acc\nt ( ! subject2 t a fif? is no prepo/]\s notion 9 sub/ance1 & no unw>rantable =m ( phrase4 ,dive/$ ( ^! mode/ =mul1 8 acc\nt is z foll[s3 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #aag4 ,man's s\l is made to conta9 n m]ely a consi/5t s*eme ( its own notions1 b a direct appreh5sion ( real & et]nal laws beyond x4 ,^! real & et]nal laws are ?+s intelligible1 & n ?+s s5sible4 ,^! laws impress$ ^u creation by its ,creator1 & appreh5d$ by man1 are some?+ di/9ct equally f ! ,creator & f man1 & ! :ole mass ( !m may fairly be t]m$ ! ,_w ( ,?+s ,intelligible4 ,fur!r1 !re are qualities 9 ! supreme & ultimate ,cause ( all1 :i* are manife/$ 9 ,8 creation1 & n m]ely manife/$1 b1 9 a mann]--aft] be+ br\ght out ( 8 sup]-ess5tial nature into ! /age ( be+ :i* is bel[ him1 b next to him--are !n by ! causative act ( creation deposit$ 9 ?+s1 diff]5c+ !m "o f ! o!r1 s t ! ?+s p>take ( !m 771 communicate ) !m 774 ,! intellig5ce ( man1 excit$ to reflection by ! impressions ( ^! objects ?us 7?\gh !mselves transitory7 p>ticipant ( a div9e quality1 may rise to high] conceptions ( ! p]fections ?us fa9tly exhibit$2 & inasmu* z ^! p]fections are unque/ionably real exi/5ces1 & kn[n to be su* 9 ! v act ( contemplation1--?is may be reg>d$ z a direct intellectual app]ception ( !m1--a ,union ( ! ,reason ) ! ,ideas 9 t sph]e ( be+ :i* is common to bo?4 ,f9ally1 ! ,reason1 9 proportion z x le>ns to contemplate ! ,p]fect & ,et]nal1 desires ! enjoym5t ( su* contemplations 9 a m consummate degree1 & _c be fully satisfi$1 except 9 ! actual fruition ( ! ,p]fect itself4 ,^! suppositions1 tak5 toge!r1 con/itute ! ,!ory ( ,ideas4 ,9 rem>k+ ^u ! !ory ?us pres5t$1 ,i %all ab/a9 f any discussion ( ! !ological "p ( x1 z a subject :i* w\ld probably be consid]$ z unsuit$ to ! meet+s ( ?is ,society1 ev5 9 its mo/ purely philosophical =m4 ,b ,i conceive t x w n be inconv5i5t1 if x be n we>isome1 to discuss ! ,!ory ( ,ideas z an attempt to expla9 ! exi/5ce ( real k2 :i* ,pr(4 ,butl] v rightly consid]s z ! necess>y aim ( ?is & cognate sy/ems ( philosophy#cba4 ,i conceive1 !n1 t "o ( ! prim>y objects ( ,plato's ,!ory ( ,ideas is1 to expla9 ! exi/5ce ( real k1 t is1 ( demon/rat$ k1 su* z ! propositions ( geometry (f] to u4 ,9 ?is view1 ! ,!ory ( ,ideas is "o attempt to solve a problem1 mu* discuss$ 9 our times1 ,:at is ! gr\nd ( geometrical tru?8 ,i d n mean t ?is is ! :ole object ( ! ,!ory1 or ! highe/ ( its claims4 ,z ,i h said1 ,i omit its !ological be>+s2 & ,i am aw>e t !re are passages 9 ! ,platonic ,dialogues1 9 :i* ! ,ideas :i* ent] into ! appreh5sion & demon/ration ( geometrical tru?s are spok5 ( z subord9ate to ,ideas :i* h a !ological aspect4 ,b ,i h no d\bt t "o ( ! ma9 motives to ! con/ruction ( ! ,!ory ( ,ideas 01 ! desire ( solv+ ! ,problem1 ,h[ is x possible t man %\ld appreh5d necess>y & et]nal tru?s8 ,t ! tru?s are necess>y1 makes !m et]nal1 = !y d n dep5d on "t2 & t !y are et]nal1 gives !m at once a !ological be>+4 ,t ,plato1 9 attempt+ to expla9 ! nature & possibility ( real k1 _h 9 8 m9d geometrical tru?s1 z examples ( su* k is1 ,i ?9k1 evid5t f ! g5]al purport ( 8 disc\rses on su* subjects4 ,! advance ( ,greek geometry into a conspicu\s position1 at ! "t :5 ! ,h]aclitean sect 7 prov+ t no?+ c\ld be prov$ & no?+ c\ld be kn[n1 naturally sugge/$ ma!matical tru? z ! refutation ( ! skepticism ( m]e s5sation4 ,on ! "o side x 0 said1 we c "k no?+ except by our s5sations2 & t :i* we obs]ve ) our s5ses is con/antly *ang+2 or at any rate1 may *ange at any mom5t4 ,on ! o!r h& x 0 said1 we d "k geometrical tru?s1 & z truly z we "k !m1 t !y _c *ange4 ,plato 0 q alive to ! lesson1 & to ! importance ( ?is k9d ( tru?s4 ,9 ! ,m5o & 9 ! ,phd he ref]s to !m1 z illu/rat+ ! nature ( ! human m9d3 9 ! ,republic & ! ,timu he aga9 speaks ( tru?s :i* f> transc5d any?+ :i* ! s5ses c tea*1 or ev5 adequately exemplify4 ,! s5ses1 he argues 9 ! ,!tetus1 _c give u ! k :i* we h2 ! s\rce ( x mu/ !re=e be 9 ! m9d itself2 9 ! ,ideas :i* x possesses4 ,! impressions ( s5se are con/antly v>y+1 & incapable ( giv+ any c]ta9ty3 b ! ,ideas on :i* real tru? dep5ds are con/ant & inv>iable1 & ! c]ta9ty :i* arises f ^! is firm & inde/ructible4 ,ideas are ! p]man5t1 p]fect objects1 ) :i* ! m9d deals :5 x contemplates necess>y & et]nal tru?s4 ,!y belong to a region sup]ior to ! mat]ial _w1 ! _w ( s5se4 ,!y are ! objects :i* make up ! furniture ( ! ,intelligible ,_w2 ) :i* ! ,reason deals1 z ! ,s5ses deal ea* ) its appropriate ,s5sation4 ,b1 x w naturally be ask$1 :at is ! ,relation ( ,ideas to ! ,objects ( ,s5se8 ,"s connexion1 or relation1 x is pla91 !re mu/ be4 ,! objects ( s5se c sugge/1 & c illu/rate real tru?s4 ,?\gh ^! tru?s ( geometry _c be prov$1 _c ev5 be exactly exemplifi$1 by draw+ diagrams1 yet diagrams are ( use 9 help+ ord9>y m9ds to see ! pro(2 & to all m9ds1 may repres5t & illu/rate x4 ,& ?\gh our conclusions ) reg>d to objects ( s5se may be insecure & imp]fect1 !y h "s %[ ( tru?1 & !re=e "s resemblance to tru?4 ,:at does ?is arise f8 ,h[ is x expla9$1 if !re is no tru? except conc]n+ ,ideas8 ,to ?is ! ,platoni/ repli$1 t ! ph5om5a :i* pres5t !mselves to ! s5ses p>take1 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 ( ,ideas1 & ?us include s mu* ( ! nature ( ,ideas1 t !y include also an elem5t ( ,tru?4 ,! geometrical diagram ( ,triangles & ,squ>es :i* is drawn 9 ! s& ( ! floor ( ! ,gymnasium1 p>takes ( ! nature ( ! true ,ideal ,triangles & ,squ>es1 s t x pres5ts an imitation & sugge/ion ( ! tru?s :i* are true ( !m4 ,! real triangles & squ>es are 9 ! m9d3 !y are1 z we h said1 objects1 n 9 ! ,visible1 b 9 ! ,intelligible ,_w4 ,b ! ,visible ,triangles & ,squ>es make u call to m9d ! ,intelligible2 & ?us ! objects ( s5se sugge/1 &1 9 a way1 exemplify ! et]nal tru?s4 ,?is ,i conceive to be ! simple/ & directe/ gr\nd ( two prim>y p>ts ( ! ,!ory ( ,ideas2--,! ,et]nal ,ideas con/itut+ an ,intelligible ,_w2 & ! ,p>ticipation 9 ^! ,ideas ascrib$ to ! objects ( ! _w ( s5se4 ,& x is pla9 t s f>1 ! ,!ory meets :at1 ,i conceive1 0 its prim>y purpose2 x answ]s ! que/ions1 ,h[ c we h c]ta9 k1 ?\gh we _c get x f ,s5se8 &1 ,h[ c we h k1 at lea/ app>5t1 ?\gh imp]fect1 ab\t ! _w ( s5se8 ,b is ?is ! gr\nd on :i* ,plato himself re/s ! tru? ( 8 ,!ory ( ,ideas8 ,z ,i h said1 ,i h no d\bt t ^! 7 ! que/ions :i* sugge/$ ! ,!ory2 & x is p]petually appli$ 9 su* a mann] z to %[ t x 0 held by ,plato 9 ?is s5se4 ,b 8 applications ( ! ,!ory ref] v (t5 to ano!r "p ( x2--to ! ,ideas1 n ( ,triangles & ,squ>es1 ( space & its affections2 b to ! ,ideas ( ,relations--z ! ,relations ( ,l & ,unlike1 ,great] & ,less2 or to ?+s q diff]5t f ! ?+s ( :i* geometry treats1 = in/ance1 to ,tables & ,*airs1 & o!r matt]s1 ) reg>d to :i* no demon/ration is possible1 & no g5]al tru? 7/ill less necess>y an et]nal tru?7 capable ( be+ ass]t$4 ,i conceive t ! ,!ory ( ,ideas1 ?us ass]t$ & ?us support$1 /&s ^u v mu* weak] gr\nd ?an x does1 :5 x is ass]t$ conc]n+ ! objects ( ?\ght ab\t :i* necess>y & demon/rable tru?s are atta9able4 ,& 9 ord] to devise argum5ts aga9/ ?is "p ( ! ,!ory1 & to trace ! contradictions to :i* x leads1 we h no occasion to task our own +5uity4 ,we f9d x done to our h&s1 n only 9 ,ari/otle1 ! op5 oppon5t ( ! ,!ory ( ,ideas1 b 9 works :i* /& among ! ,platonic ,dialogues !mselves4 ,& ,i wi% especially to po9t out "s ( ! argum5ts aga9/ ! ,ideal ,!ory1 :i* are giv5 9 "o ( ! mo/ not$ ( ! ,platonic ,dialogues1 ! ,p>m5ides4 ,! ,p>m5ides conta9s a n>rative ( a ,dialogue held betwe5 ,p>m5ides & ,z5o1 ! ,eleatic ,philosoph]s1 on ! "o side1 & ,socrates1 along ) sev]al o!r p]sons1 on ! o!r4 ,x may be reg>d$ z divid$ into two ma9 portions2 ! fir/1 9 :i* ! ,!ory ( ,ideas is attack$ by ,p>m5ides1 & def5d$ by ,socrates2 ! second1 9 :i* ,p>m5ides discusses1 at l5g?1 ! ,eleatic doctr9e t ,all ?+s are ,"o4 ,x is ! =m] "p1 ! discussion ( ! ,!ory ( ,ideas1 to :i* ,i especially wi% to direct att5tion at pres5t3 & 9 ! fir/ place1 to t ext5sion ( ! ,!ory ( ,ideas1 to ?+s ( :i* no g5]al tru? is possible2 su* z ,i h m5tion$1 tables & *airs4 ,plato (t5 speaks ( a ,table1 by way ( example1 z a ?+ ( :i* !re mu/ be an ,idea1 n tak5 f any special ,table or assemblage ( ,tables2 b an ,ideal ,table1 su* t all ,tables are ,tables by p>ticipat+ 9 ! nature ( ?is ,idea4 ,n[ ! "q is1 :e!r !re is any =ce1 or inde$ any s5se1 9 ?is assumption2 & ?is "q is discuss$ 9 ! ,p>m5ides4 ,socrates is !re repres5t$ z v confid5t 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,ideas ( ! highe/ & l>ge/ k9d1 ! ,j1 ! ,fair1 ! ,good1 & ! l4 ,p>m5ides asks him h[ f> he foll[s 8 !ory4 ,is !re1 he asks1 an ,idea ( ,man1 :i* is di/9ct f u m58 an ,idea ( ,fire8 ( ,wat]8 ,9 tru?1 replies ,socrates1 ,i h (t5 hesitat$1 ,p>m5ides1 ab\t ^!1 :e!r we are to all[ su* ,ideas4 ,:5 ,plato _h proce$$ to tea* t !re is an ,idea ( a ,table1 ( c\rse he c\ld n reject su* ,ideas z ,man1 & ,fire1 & ,wat]4 ,p>m5ides1 proce$+ 9 ! same l9e1 pu%es him fur!r /ill4 ,d y d\bt1 says he1 :e!r !re are ,ideas ( ?+s app>5tly wor?less & vile8 ,is !re an ,idea ( a ,hair8 ( ,mud8 ( ,fil?8 ,socrates has n ! c\rage to accept su* an ext5sion ( ! !ory4 ,he says1 ,by no means4 ,^! are n ,ideas4 ,^! are no?+ m ?an j :at we see !m4 ,i h (t5 be5 p]plex$ :at to ?9k on ?is subject4 ,b aft] /&+ to ?is a :ile1 ,i h fl$ ! ?\ght1 = fe> ( fall+ into an unfa?omable abyss ( absurdities4 ,on ?is1 ,p>m5ides rebukes him = 8 want ( consi/5cy4 ,ah ,socrates1 he says1 y are yet "y2 & philosophy has n yet tak5 possession ( y z ,i ?9k %e w "o day d--:5 y w h le>n$ to f9d no?+ despicable 9 any ( ^! ?+s4 ,b n[ y\r y\? incl9es y to reg>d ! op9ions ( m54 ,x is inde$ pla91 t if we are to assume an ,idea ( a ,*air or a ,table1 we c f9d no b\nd>y l9e :i* w exclude ,ideas ( ev]y?+ = :i* we h a "n1 h[ev] wor?less or (f5sive4 ,& ?is is an argum5t aga9/ ! assumption ( su* ,ideas1 :i* w conv9ce mo/ p]sons ( ! gr\ndlessness ( ! assumption3--! m s1 z = ! assumption ( su* ,ideas1 x does n appe> t ,plato (f]s any argum5t :atev]2 nor does ?is assumption solve any problem1 or remove any difficulty#cbb4 ,p>m5ides1 !n1 _h reason to say t consi/5cy requir$ ,socrates1 if he assum$ any su* ,ideas1 to assume all4 ,& ,i conceive 8 reply to be to ?is effect2 & to be ?us a r$uctio ad absurdum ( ! ,!ory ( ,ideas 9 ?is s5se4 ,accord+ to ! op9ions ( ^? :o see 9 ! ,p>m5ides an exposition ( ,platonic doctr9es1 ,i believe t ,p>m5ides is conceiv$ 9 ?is passage1 to sugge/ to ,socrates :at is necess>y = ! completion ( ! ,!ory ( ,ideas4 ,b ^u ei!r supposition1 ,i wi% especially to draw ! att5tion ( my read]s to ! position ( sup]iority 9 ! ,dialogue 9 :i* ,p>m5ides is "h plac$ ) reg>d to ,socrates4 ,p>m5ides !n proce$s to prop\nd to ,socrates difficulties ) reg>d to ! ,ideal ,!ory1 9 ano!r ( its aspects2--namely1 :5 x assumes ,ideas ( ,relations ( ?+s2 & "h also1 ,i wi% especially to h x consid]$ h[ f> ! answ]s ( ,socrates to ^! objections are really satisfactory & conclusive4 ,tell me1 says he 7 #aj1 ,bekk]71 ,y conceive t !re are c]ta9 ,ideas1 & t ?+s p>tak+ ( ^! ,ideas1 are call$ by ! correspond+ names2--an ,idea ( ,lik5ess1 ?+s p>tak+ ( :i* are call$ ,l2--( ,greatness1 :5ce !y are ,great3 ( ,beauty1 :5ce !y are ,beautiful8 ,socrates ass5ts1 naturally3 ?is be+ ! simple & univ]sal /atem5t ( ! ,!ory1 9 ?is case4 ,b !n comes "o ( ! real difficulties ( ! ,!ory4 ,s9ce ! special ?+s p>ticipate ( ! ,g5]al ,idea1 has ea* got ! :ole ( ! ,idea1 :i* is1 ( c\rse1 ,"o2 or has ea* a "p ( ! ,idea8 ,=1 says ,p>m5ides1 c !re be any o!r way ( p>ticipation ?an ^! two8 ,socrates replies by a similitude3 ,! ,idea1 ?\gh ,"o1 may be :olly 9 ea* object1 z ! ,day1 "o & ! same1 is :olly 9 ea* place4 ,! physical illu/ration1 ,p>m5ides damages by mak+ x m physical /ill4 ,y are +5i\s1 ,socrates1 he says1 7 #aa7 9 mak+ ! same ?+ be 9 _m places at ! same "t4 ,if y _h a numb] ( p]sons wrapp$ up 9 a sail or web1 w\ld y say t ea* ( !m _h ! :ole ( x8 ,is n ! case simil>8 ,socrates _c d5y t x is4 ,b 9 ?is case1 ea* p]son has only a "p ( ! :ole2 & ?us y\r ,ideas are p>tible4 ,to ?is1 ,socrates is repres5t$ z ass5t+ 9 ! briefe/ possible phrase2 & ?us1 "h aga91 z ,i conceive1 ,p>m5ides reta9s 8 sup]iority ov] ,socrates 9 ! ,dialogue4 ,!re are _m o!r argum5ts urg$ aga9/ ! ,ideal ,!ory by ,p>m5ides4 ,! next is a consequ5ce ( ?is p>tibility ( ,ideas1 ?us suppos$ to be prov$1 & is +5i\s en\gh4 ,x is ?is3 ,if ! ,idea ( ,greatness be di/ribut$ among ?+s t are ,great1 s t ea* has a "p ( x1 ea* sep>ate ?+ w be ,great 9 virtue ( a "p ( ,greatness :i* is less ?an ,greatness itself4 ,is n ?is absurd8 ,socrates submissively all[s t x is4 ,& ! same argum5t is appli$ 9 ! case ( ! ,idea ( ,equality4 ,if ea* ( sev]al ?+s h a "p ( ! ,idea ( ,equality1 x w be ,equal to some?+1 9 virtue ( some?+ :i* is less ?an ,equality4 ,& 9 ! same way ) reg>d to ! ,idea ( ,smallness4 ,if ea* ?+ be small by hav+ a "p ( ! ,idea ( ,smallness1 ,smallness itself w be great] ?an ! small ?+1 s9ce t is a "p ( itself4 ,^! +5i\s results ( ! p>tibility ( ,ideas rem9d u ( ! +5uity %[n 9 ! ,greek geometry1 especially ! ,fif? ,book ( ,euclid4 ,!y are repres5t$ z n resi/$ by ,socrates 7 #ab73 ,9 :at way1 ,socrates1 c ?+s p>ticipate 9 ,ideas1 if !y _c d s ei!r integrally or p>tibly8 ,by my tro?1 says ,socrates1 x does n seem easy to tell4 ,p>m5ides1 :o completely takes ! conduct ( ! ,dialogue1 !n turns to ano!r "p ( ! subject & prop\nds o!r argum5ts4 ,:at d y say to ?is8 he asks4 ,!re is an ,ideal ,greatness1 & !re are _m ?+s1 sep>ate f x1 & ,great by virtue ( x4 ,b n[ if y look at ,greatness & ! ,great ?+s toge!r1 s9ce !y are all ,great1 !y mu/ be ,great 9 virtue ( "s high] ,idea ( ,greatness :i* includes bo?4 ,& ?us y h a ,second ,idea ( ,greatness2 & 9 l mann] y w h a ?ird1 & s on indef9itely4 ,?is also1 z an argum5t aga9/ ! sep>ate exi/5ce ( ,ideas1 ,socrates is repres5t$ z unable to answ]4 ,he replies int]rogatively3 ,:y1 ,p>m5ides1 is n ea* ( ^! ,ideas a ,?\ght1 :i*1 by its nature1 _c exi/ 9 any?+ except 9 ! ,m9d8 ,9 t case y\r consequ5ces w\ld n foll[4 ,?is is an answ] :i* *anges ! c\rse ( ! reason+3 b /ill1 n mu* to ! advantage ( ! ,ideal ,!ory4 ,p>m5ides is /ill ready ) v p]plex+ argum5ts4 7 #ac47 ,! ,ideas1 !n1 he says1 are ,?\ghts4 ,!y mu/ be ,?\ghts ( some?+4 ,!y are ,?\ghts ( some?+1 !n1 :i* exi/s 9 all ! special ?+s2 "s "o ?+ :i* ! ,?\ght p]ceives 9 all ! special ?+s2 & ?is "o ,?\ght ?us involv$ 9 all1 is ! ,idea4 ,b !n1 if ! special ?+s1 z y say1 p>ticipate 9 ! ,idea1 !y p>ticipate 9 ! ,?\ght2 & ?us1 all objects are made up ( ,?\ghts1 & all ?+s ?9k2 or else1 !re are ?\ghts 9 ?+s :i* d n ?9k4 ,?is argum5t drives ,socrates f ! position t ,ideas are ,?\ghts1 & he moves to ano!r1 t !y are ,p>adigms1 ,exempl>s ( ! qualities ( ?+s1 to :i* ! ?+s !mselves are l1 & _! be+ ?us l1 is _! p>ticipat+ 9 ! ,idea4 ,b "h too1 he has no bett] success4 ,p>m5ides argues ?us3 ,if ! ,object be l ! ,idea1 ! ,idea mu/ be l ! ,object4 ,& s9ce ! ,object & ! ,idea are l1 !y mu/1 accord+ to y\r doctr9e1 p>ticipate 9 ! ,idea ( ,lik5ess4 ,& ?us y h "o ,idea p>ticipat+ 9 ano!r ,idea1 & s on 9 inf9itum4 ,socrates is oblig$ to all[ t ?is demoli%es ! notion ( objects p>tak+ 9 _! ,ideas by lik5ess3 & t he mu/ seek "s o!r way4 ,y see !n1 ,o ,socrates1 says ,p>m5ides1 :at difficulties foll[1 if any "o ass]ts ! indep5d5t exi/5ce ( ,ideas6 ,socrates all[s t ?is is true4 ,& yet1 says ,p>m5ides1 y d n half p]ceive ! difficulties :i* foll[ f ?is doctr9e ( ,ideas4 ,socrates expresses a wi% to "k to :at ,p>m5ides ref]s2 & ! ag$ sage replies by expla9+ t if ,ideas exi/ indep5d5tly ( u1 we c nev] "k any?+ ab\t !m3 & t ev5 ! ,gods c\ld n "k any?+ ab\t man4 ,?is argum5t1 ?\gh some:at obscure1 is evid5tly /at$ ) p]fect e>ne/ness1 & ,socrates is repres5t$ z giv+ 8 ass5t to x4 ,& yet1 says ,p>m5ides 7end ( #ah71 if any "o gives up entirely ! doctr9e ( ,ideas1 h[ is any reason+ possible8 ,all ! way ?r\gh ?is discussion1 ,p>m5ides appe>s z va/ly sup]ior to ,socrates2 z see+ completely ! t5d5cy ( e l9e ( reason+1 :ile ,socrates is driv5 bl9dly f "o position to ano!r2 & z k9dly & graci\sly advis+ a "y man respect+ ! prop] aims ( 8 philosophical c>e]2 z well z cle>ly po9t+ out ! consequ5ces ( 8 assumptions4 ,no?+ c be m complete ?an ! high] position assign$ to ,p>m5ides 9 ! ,dialogue4 ,?is has n be5 ov]look$ by ! ,editors & ,comm5tators ( ,plato4 ,to take = example "o ( ! late/2 9 ,/e9h>t's ,introduction to ,hi]onymus ,mll]'s translation ( ,p>m5ides 7,leipzig1 #aheb71 p4 #bfa1 he says3 ,x /rikes u1 at fir/1 z /range1 t ,plato "h seems to come =w>d z ! assailant ( 8 own doctr9e ( ,ideas4 ,= ! difficulties :i* he makes ,p>m5ides prop\nd aga9/ t doctr9e are by no means sophi/ical or sup]ficial1 b sub/antial & to ! po9t4 ,moreov] !re is among all ^! objections1 :i* are p>tly d]iv$ f ! ,meg>ics1 sc>ce "o :i* does n appe> aga9 9 ! p5etrat+ & compreh5sive argum5tations ( ,ari/otle aga9/ ! ,platonic ,doctr9e ( ,ideas4 ,( c\rse1 bo? ?is writ] & o!r comm5tators on ,plato (f] some?+ z a solution ( ?is difficulty4 ,b ?\gh ^! explanations are subtle & +5i\s1 !y appe> to leave no satisfactory or p]man5t impression on ! m9d4 ,i mu/ av[ t1 to me1 !y appe> insuffici5t & empty2 & ,i _c help believ+ t ! solution is ( a m simple & direct k9d4 ,x may seem bold to ma9ta9 an op9ion diff]5t f t ( s _m em95t s*ol>s2 b ,i ?9k t ! solution :i* ,i (f]1 w d]ive confirmation f a consid]ation ( ! :ole ,dialogue2 & !re=e ,i %all v5ture to prop\nd x 9 a di/9ct & positive =m4 ,x is ?is3 ,i conceive t ! ,p>m5ides is n a ,platonic ,dialogue at all2 b ,antiplatonic1 or m prop]ly1 ,eleatic3 writt51 n by ,plato1 9 ord] to expla9 & prove 8 ,!ory ( ,ideas1 b by "s "o1 probably an admir] ( ,p>m5ides & ,z5o1 9 ord] to %[ h[ /rong 7 8 ma/]'s argum5ts aga9/ ! ,platoni/s & h[ weak _! objections to ! ,eleatic doctr9e4 ,i conceive t ?is view ?r[s an especial light on e "p ( ! ,dialogue1 z a brief survey ( x w %[4 ,p>m5ides & ,z5o come to ,a!ns to ! ,pana!naic fe/ival3 ,p>m5ides already an old man1 ) a silv] head1 dignifi$ & b5evol5t 9 8 appe>ance1 look+ five & sixty ye>s old3 ,z5o ab\t =ty1 tall & h&some4 ,!y are ! gue/s ( ,py?odorus1 outside ! ,wall1 9 ! ,c]amicus2 & !re !y are visit$ by ,socrates !n "y1 & o!rs :o wi% to he> ! writt5 disc\rses ( ,z5o4 ,^! disc\rses are explanations ( ! philosophy ( ,p>m5ides1 :i* he _h deliv]$ 9 v]se4 ,socrates is repres5t$ z %[+1 f ! fir/1 a disposition to criticize ,z5o's diss]tation v closely2 & )\t any prelude or prep>ation1 he applies ! ,doctr9e ( ,ideas to refute ! ,eleatic ,doctr9e t ,all ,?+s are ,"o4 7 #c47 ,:5 he _h he>d to ! end1 he begg$ to h ! fir/ ,proposition ( ! ,fir/ ,book read aga94 ,& !n1 ,h[ is x1 ,o ,z5o1 t y say1 ,t if ! ,?+s :i* exi/ are ,_m1 & n ,"o1 !y mu/ be at ! same "t l & unlike8 ,is ?is y\r argum5t8 ,or d ,i misund]/& y8 ,no1 says ,z5o1 y und]/& q rightly4 ,socrates !n turns to ,p>m5ides1 & says1 some:at rudely1 z x seems1 ,z5o is a great fri5d ( y\rs1 ,p>m5ides3 he %[s 8 fri5d%ip n only 9 o!r ways1 b also 9 :at he writes4 ,= he says ! same ?+s :i* y say1 ?\gh he pret5ds t he does n4 ,y say1 9 y\r poems1 t ,all ,?+s are ,"o1 & give /rik+ pro(s3 he says t exi/5ces are n _m1 & he gives _m & good pro(s4 ,y seem to so> above u1 b y d n really diff]4 ,z5o takes ?is sally good-hum\r$ly1 & tells him t he pursues ! sc5t ) ! ke5ness ( a ,laconian h\nd4 ,b1 says he 7 #f71 !re really is less ( o/5tation 9 my writ+ ?an y ?9k4 ,my ,essay 0 m]ely writt5 z a def5ce ( ,p>m5ides long ago1 :5 ,i 0 "y2 & is n a piece ( display compos$ n[ t ,i am old]4 ,& x 0 /ol5 f me by "s "o2 s t ,i _h no *oice ab\t publi%+ x4 ,"h we h1 z ,i conceive1 ,socrates already repres5t$ z plac$ 9 a disadvantage\s position1 by 8 abruptness1 rude allusions1 & read9ess to put bad int]pretations on :at is done4 ,= ?is1 ,z5o's g5tle pleasantry is a rebuke4 ,socrates1 h[ev]1 =?) ru%es into ! argum5t2 argu+1 z ,i h said1 = 8 own ,!ory4 ,tell me1 he says1 d y n ?9k !re is an ,idea ( ,lik5ess1 & an ,idea ( ,unlik5ess8 ,& t ev]y?+ p>takes ( ^! ,ideas8 ,! ?+s :i* p>take ( ,unlik5ess are unlike4 ,if all ?+s p>take ( bo? ,ideas1 !y are bo? l & unlike2 & :]e is ! wond]8 7 #g47 ,if y c\ld %[ t ,lik5ess itself 0 ,unlik5ess1 x w\ld be a prodigy2 b if ?+s :i* p>take ( ^! opposites1 h bo? ! opposite qualities1 x appe>s to me1 ,z5o1 to involve no absurdity4 ,s if ,on5ess itself 7 to be %[n to be ,man9ess 7,i hope ,i may use ?is ^w1 r ?an multiplicity7 ,i %\ld be surpris$2 b if any "o say t ,i am at ! same "t "o & _m1 :]e is ! wond]8 ,= ,i p>take ( man9ess3 my "r side is diff]5t f my left side1 my upp] f my "u p>ts4 ,b ,i also p>take ( ,on5ess1 = ,i am "h ,"o ( u sev54 ,s t bo? are true4 ,& s if any "o say t /ocks & /ones1 & ! l1 are bo? "o & _m1--n say+ t ,on5ess is ,man9ess1 nor ,man9ess ,on5ess1 he says no?+ wond]ful3 he says :at all w all[4 7 #h47 ,if !n1 z ,i said be=e1 any "o %\ld take sep>ately ! ,ideas or ,ess5ce ( ,?+s1 z ,lik5ess & ,unlik5ess1 ,man9ess & ,on5ess1 ,re/ & ,motion1 & ! l1 & !n %\ld %[ t ^! c mix & sep>ate aga91 ,i %\ld be wond]fully surpris$1 ,o ,z5o3 = ,i reckon t ,i h tol]ably well made myself ma/] ( ^! subjects#cbc4 ,i %\ld be mu* m surpris$ if any "o c\ld %[ me ?is contradiction involv$ 9 ! ,ideas !mselves2 9 ! object ( ! ,reason1 z well z 9 ,visible objects4 ,x may be rem>k$ t ,socrates deliv]s all ?is argum5tation ) ! repetitions :i* x involves1 & ! vehem5ce ( its mann]1 )\t wait+ = a reply to any ( 8 int]rogations2 in/ead ( mak+ e /ep ! result ( a concession ( 8 oppon5t1 z is ! case 9 ! ,dialogues :]e he is repres5t$ z triumphant4 ,e read] ( ,plato w recollect also t 9 ^? ,dialogues1 ! triumph ( temp] on ! "p ( ,socrates is repres5t$ z /ill m rem>kable ?an ! triumph ( argum5t4 ,no vehem5ce or rud5ess on ! "p ( 8 adv]s>ies prev5ts 8 calmly foll[+ 8 reason+2 & he p>ries co>s5ess by complim5t4 ,n[ 9 ?is ,dialogue1 x is rem>kable t ?is k9d ( triumph is giv5 to ! adv]s>ies ( ,socrates4 ,:5 ,socrates _h ?us deliv]$ himself1 says ,py?odorus1 ! n>rator ( ! conv]sation1 we ?\ght t ,p>m5ides & ,z5o w\ld bo? be angry4 ,b x 0 n s4 ,!y be/[$ entire att5tion ^u him1 & (t5 look$ at ea* o!r1 & smil$1 z 9 admiration ( ,socrates4 ,& :5 he _h end$1 ,p>m5ides said3 ',o ,socrates1 :at an admirable p]son y are1 = ! e>ne/ness ) :i* y reason6 ,tell me !n1 ,d y !n believe ! doctr9e to :i* y h be5 ref]r+2--t !re are c]ta9 ,ideas1 exi/+ indep5d5t ( ,?+s2 & t !re are1 sep>ate f ! ,ideas1 ,?+s :i* p>take ( !m8 ,& d y ?9k t !re is an ,idea ( ,lik5ess besides ! lik5ess :i* we h2 & a ,on5ess & a ,man9ess1 & ! l8 ,& an ,idea ( ! ,"r1 & ! ,good1 & ! ,fair1 & ( o!r su* qualities8' ,socrates says t he does hold ?is2 ,p>m5ides !n asks him1 h[ f> he c>ries ?is doctr9e ( ,ideas1 & prop\nds to him ! difficulties :i* ,i h already /at$2 & :5 ,socrates is unable to answ] him1 lets him (f 9 ! k9d b patroniz+ way :i* ,i h already describ$4 ,to me1 comp>+ ?is ) ! intellectual & moral attitude ( ,socrates 9 ! mo/ dramatic ( ! o!r ,platonic ,dialogues1 x is inconceivable1 t ?is repres5tation ( ,socrates %\ld be ,plato's4 ,x is j :at ,z5o w\ld h writt51 if he _h wi%$ to be/[ ^u 8 ma/] ,p>m5ides ! calm dignity & irresi/ible argum5t :i* ,plato assigns to ,socrates4 ,& ?is "* is kept up to ! end ( ! ,dialogue4 ,:5 ,socrates 7 #ai7 has ackn[l$g$ t he is at loss :i* way to turn = 8 philosophy1 ,p>m5ides und]takes1 ?\gh ) k9d words1 to expla9 to him by :at fundam5tal error 9 ! c\rse ( 8 speculative habits he has be5 misl$4 ,he says2 ,y try to make a complete ,!ory ( ,ideas1 be=e y h gone ?r\gh a prop] intellectual discipl9e4 ,! impulse :i* urges y to su* speculations is admirable--is div9e4 ,b y mu/ ex]cise y\rself 9 reason+ :i* _m ?9k trifl+1 :ile y are yet "y2 if y d n1 ! tru? w elude y\r grasp4 ,socrates asks submissively :at is ! c\rse ( su* discipl9e3 ,p>m5ides replies1 ,! c\rse po9t$ out by ,z5o1 z y h he>d4 ,& !n1 gives him "s in/ructions 9 :at mann] he is to te/ any propos$ ,!ory4 ,socrates is fright5$ at ! labori\sness & obscurity ( ! process4 ,he says1 ,y tell me1 ,p>m5ides1 ( an ov]:elm+ c\rse ( /udy2 & ,i d n well compreh5d x4 ,give me an example ( su* an exam9ation ( a ,!ory4 ,x is too great a lab\r1 says he1 = "o s old z ,i am4 ,well !n1 y1 ,z5o1 says ,socrates1 w y n give u su* an example8 ,z5o answ]s1 smil+1 t !y _h bett] get x f ,p>m5ides himself2 & jo9s 9 ! petition ( ,socrates to him1 t he w in/ruct !m4 ,all ! company unite 9 ! reque/4 ,p>m5ides comp>es himself to an ag$ racehorse1 br\ght to ! c\rse aft] long disuse1 & trembl+ at ! risk2 b f9ally cons5ts4 ,& z an example ( a ,!ory to be exam9$1 takes 8 own ,doctr9e1 t ,all ,?+s are ,"o1 c>ry+ on ! ,dialogue !nce=?1 n ) ,socrates1 b ) ,ari/oteles 7n ! ,/agirite1 b aft]w>ds "o ( ! ,?irty71 :om he *ooses z a y\ng] & m manageable respond5t4 ,! discussion ( ?is ,doctr9e is ( a v subtle k9d1 & x w\ld be difficult to make x intelligible to a mod]n read]4 ,nor is x necess>y = my purpose to attempt to d s4 ,x is pla9 t ! discussion is int5d$ s]i\sly1 z an example ( true philosophy2 & ea* /ep ( ! process is repres5t$ z irresi/ible4 ,! ,respond5t has no?+ to say b ,yes2 or ,no2 ,h[ s8 ,c]ta9ly2 ,x does appe>2 ,x does n appe>4 ,! discussion is c>ri$ to a mu* great] l5g? ?an all ! re/ ( ! ,dialogue2 & ! result ( ! reason+ is summ$ up by ,p>m5ides ?us3 ,if ,"o exi/1 x is ,no?+4 ,:e!r ,"o exi/ or d n exi/1 bo? ,x & ,o!r ,?+s bo? ) reg>d to ,!mselves & to ,ea* o!r1 ,all & ,ev]yway are & are n1 appe> & appe> n4 ,& ?is also is fully ass5t$ to2 & s ! ,dialogue ends4 ,i %all n pret5d to expla9 ! ,doctr9es !re exam9$ t ,"o exi/s1 or ,"o does n exi/1 nor to trace _! consequ5ces4 ,b ^! 7 ,=mul1 z famili> 9 ! ,eleatic s*ool1 z ,ideas 9 ! ,platonic2 & 7 und\bt$ly reg>d$ by ! ,meg>ic contempor>ies ( ,plato z q wor?y ( be+ discuss$1 aft] ! ,!ory ( ,ideas _h be5 ov]?r[n4 ,?is1 accord+ly1 appe>s to be ! purport ( ! ,dialogue2 & x is pursu$1 z we see1 )\t any bitt]ness t[>d ,socrates or 8 disciples2 b ) a p]suasion t !y 7 poor philosoph]s1 conceit$ talk]s1 & weak disputants4 ,! ext]nal circum/ances ( ! ,dialogue t5d1 ,i conceive1 to confirm ?is op9ion1 t x is n ,plato's4 ,! ,dialogue beg9s1 z ! ,republic beg9s1 ) ! m5tion ( a ,cephalus1 & two bro!rs1 ,glaucon & ,adimantus4 ,b ?is ,cephalus is n ! old man ( ! ,piru1 ( :om we h s *>m+ a picture 9 ! op5+ ( ! ,republic4 ,he is f ,clazom51 & tells u t 8 fell[-citiz5s are great lov]s ( philosophy2 a trait ( _! "* :i* does n appe> else:]e4 ,ev5 ! bro!rs ,glaucon & ,adimantus are n ! two bro!rs ( ,plato :o conduct ! ,dialogue 9 ! lat] books ( ! ,republic3 s at lea/ ,a/ argues1 :o holds ! g5u95ess ( ! ,dialogue4 ,?is ,glaucon & ,adimantus are mo/ wantonly introduc$2 = ! sole (fice !y h1 is to say t !y h a half-bro!r ,antiphon1 by a second m>riage ( _! "m4 ,no su* half-bro!r ( ,plato1 & no su* m>riage ( 8 "m1 are notic$ 9 o!r rema9s ( antiquity4 ,antiphon is repres5t$ z hav+ be5 ! fri5d ( ,py?odorus1 :o 0 ! ho/ ( ,p>m5ides & ,z5o1 z we h se54 ,& ,antiphon1 hav+ (t5 he>d f ,py?odorus ! acc\nt ( ! conv]sation ( 8 gue/s ) ,socrates1 reta9$ x 9 8 memory1 or 9 8 tablets1 s z to be able to give ! full report ( x :i* we h 9 ! ,dialogue ,p>m5ides#cbd4 ,to me1 all ?is looks l a clumsy imitation ( ! ,introductions to ! ,platonic ,dialogues4 ,i say no?+ ( ! *ronological difficulties :i* arise f br++ ,p>m5ides & ,socrates toge!r1 ?\gh !y are consid]able2 = !y h be5 expla9$ m or less satisfactorily2 & c]ta9ly 9 ! ,!tetus1 ,socrates is repres5t$ z say+ t he :5 v "y _h se5 ,p>m5ides :o 0 v old#cbe4 ,a!nu1 h[ev]#cbf1 reckons ?is among ,plato's fictions4 ,s*lei]ma*] gives up ! id5tification & relation ( ! p]sons m5tion$ 9 ! ,introduction z an unmanageable /ory4 ,i may add t ,i believe ,cic]o1 :o ref]s to s _m ( ,plato's ,dialogues1 n[h]e ref]s to ! ,p>m5ides4 ,a!nu does ref] to x2 & 9 do+ s blames ,plato = 8 co>se imputations on ,z5o & ,p>m5ides4 ,accord+ to our view1 ^! are ho/ile attempts to ascribe rud5ess to ,socrates or to ,plato4 ,/allbaum ackn[l$ges t ,ari/otle n[h]e ref]s to ?is ,dialogue4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #cba3 ,p4 #aaf4 ,no am\nt ( human k c be adequate :i* does n solve ! ph5om5a ( ^! absolute c]ta9ties4 ,footnote #cbb3 ,pr(4 ,butl]1 ,lect4 ix4 ,second ,s]ies1 p4 #acf1 appe>s to ?9k t ,plato _h suffici5t gr\nds 7( a !ological k9d7 = ! assumption ( su* ,ideas2 b ,i see no trace ( !m4 ,footnote #cbc3 ,i am aw>e t ?is translation is diff]5t f ! common translation4 ,x appe>s to me to be consi/5t ) ! habit ( ! ,greek language4 ,x slightly leans 9 fav\r ( my view2 b ,i d n conceive t ! argum5t w\ld be p]ceptibly weak]1 if ! common int]pretation 7 adopt$4 ,footnote #cbd3 ,9 ! ,fir/ ,alcibiades1 ,py?odorus is m5tion$ z hav+ paid #ajj m9 to ,z5o = 8 in/ructions 7#aai ,a74 ,footnote #cbe3 ,p4 #ahc e4 ,footnote #cbf3 ,deip4 xi4 c4 #ae1 p4 #aje4 ,,app5dix ,b4 ,,on ,,plato',s ,,survey ,,( ,,! ,,sci5ces4 7,cam4 ,phil4 ,soc4 ,,april #bc1 #ahee47 ,a survey by ,plato ( ! /ate ( ! ,sci5ces1 z exi/+ 9 8 "t1 may be reg>d$ z h>dly less int]e/+ ?an ,francis ,bacon's ,review ( ! condition ( ! ,sci5ces ( 8 "t1 conta9$ 9 ! ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+4 ,su* a survey we h1 9 ! sev5? book ( ,plato's ,republic2 & x w be in/ructive to exam9e :at ! ,sci5ces !n 71 & :at ,plato aspir$ to h !m become2 aid+ ourselves by ! light af=d$ by ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ,sci5ce4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is int]e/+ to note1 9 ! two writ]s1 ,plato & ,bacon1 ! same deep conviction t ! l>ge & pr(\nd philosophy :i* !y recomm5d$1 _h n1 9 _! judgm5t1 be5 pursu$ 9 an adequate & wor?y mann]1 by ^? :o _h pursu$ x at all4 ,! read] ( ,bacon w recollect ! passage 9 ! ,novum ,organon 7,lib4 ,i4 ,aphorism #hj7 :]e he speaks ) indignation ( ! way 9 :i* philosophy _h be5 degrad$ & p]v]t$1 by be+ appli$ z a m]e in/rum5t ( utility or ( e>ly education3 ,s t ! great "m ( ! ,sci5ces is ?ru/ d[n ) indignity to ! (fices ( a h&maid2--is made to m9i/] to ! lab\rs ( m$ic9e or ma!matics2 or aga91 to give ! fir/ prep>atory t+e to ! immature m9ds ( y\?#cbg4 ,9 ! l _s1 ,plato says 7,rep4 ,,vi4 #aa1 ,bekk]'s ed473 ,obs]ve h[ boldly & fe>lessly ,i set ab\t my explanation ( my ass]tion t philosoph]s ought to rule ! _w4 ,= ,i beg9 by say+1 t ! ,/ate mu/ beg9 to treat ! /udy ( philosophy 9 a way opposite to t n[ practis$4 ,n[1 ^? :o m$dle at all ) ?is /udy are put ^u x :5 !y are *ildr51 betwe5 ! lessons :i* !y receive 9 ! f>m-y>d & 9 ! %op#cbh2 & z soon z !y h be5 introduc$ to ! h>de/ "p ( ! subject1 are tak5 (f f x1 ev5 ^? :o get ! mo/ ( philosophy4 ,by ! h>de/ "p1 ,i mean1 ! discussion ( pr9ciples--,dialectic#cbi4 ,& 9 _! succe$+ ye>s1 if !y are will+ to li/5 to a few lectures ( ^? :o make philosophy _! bus9ess1 !y ?9k !y h done great ?+s1 z if x 7 some?+ =eign to ! bus9ess ( life4 ,& z !y advance t[>ds old age1 ) a v few exceptions1 philosophy 9 !m is ext+ui%$3 ext+ui%$ f> m completely ?an ! ,h]aclitean sun1 = !irs is n light$ up aga91 z t is e morn+3 allud+ to ! op9ion :i* 0 prop\nd$1 by way ( c>ry+ ! doctr9e ( ! unfixity ( s5sible objects to an extreme2 t ! ,sun is ext+ui%$ e night & light$ aga9 9 ! morn+4 ,9 opposition to ?is practice1 ,plato holds t philosophy %\ld be ! especial employm5t ( m5's m9ds :5 _! bodily /r5g? fails4 ,:at ,plato means by ,dialectic1 :i* he1 9 ! next ,book1 calls ! highe/ "p ( philosophy1 & :i* is1 ,i ?9k1 :at he "h means by ! h>de/ "p ( philosophy1 ,i may h]eaft] consid]3 b at pres5t ,i wi% to pass 9 review ! ,sci5ces :i* he speaks (1 z lead+ ! way to t highe/ /udy4 ,^! ,sci5ces are ,ari?metic1 ,plane ,geometry1 ,solid ,geometry1 ,a/ronomy & ,h>monics4 ,! view 9 :i* ,plato "h reg>ds ! ,sci5ces is1 z ! in/rum5ts ( t culture ( ! philosophical _s :i* is to make ! philosoph] ! fit & natural rul] ( ! p]fect ,/ate--! ,platonic ,polity4 ,x is held t to answ] ?is purpose1 ! m9d mu/ be in/ruct$ 9 some?+ m /able ?an ! k suppli$ by ! s5ses2--a k ( objects :i* are con/antly *ang+1 & :i* !re=e c be no real p]man5t ,k1 b only ,op9ion4 ,! real & p]man5t ,k :i* we ?us require is to be f\nd 9 c]ta9 sci5ces1 :i* deal ) tru?s necess>y & univ]sal1 z we %\ld n[ describe !m3 & :i* !re=e are1 9 ,plato's language1 a k ( t :i* really is#ccj4 ,?is is ! object ( ! ,sci5ces ( :i* ,plato speaks4 ,& h5ce1 :5 he introduces ,ari?metic1 z ! fir/ ( ! ,sci5ces :i* are to be employ$ 9 ?is m5tal discipl9e1 he adds 7,,vii4 #h7 t x mu/ be n m]e common ,ari?metic1 b a sci5ce :i* leads to speculative tru?s#cca1 se5 by ,intuition#ccb2 n an ,ari?metic :i* is /udi$ = ! sake ( buy+ & sell+1 z among tradesm5 & %opkeep]s1 b = ! sake ( pure & real ,sci5ce#ccc4 ,i %all n dwell ^u ! details ) :i* he illu/rates ?is view1 b proce$ to ! o!r ,sci5ces :i* he m5tions4 ,geometry is !n spok5 (1 z obvi\sly ! next ,sci5ce 9 ord]2 & x is ass]t$ t x really does answ] ! requir$ condition ( draw+ ! m9d f visible1 mutable ph5om5a to a p]man5t reality4 ,geomet]s inde$ speak ( _! visible diagrams1 z if _! problems 7 c]ta9 practical processes2 to erect a p]p5dicul>2 to con/ruct a squ>e3 & ! l4 ,b ?is language1 ?\gh necess>y1 is really absurd4 ,! figures are m]e aids to _! reason+s4 ,_! k is really a k n ( visible objects1 b ( p]man5t realities3 & ?us1 ,geometry is "o ( ! helps by :i* ! m9d may be drawn to ,tru?2 by :i* ! philosophical _s may be =m$1 :i* looks upw>ds in/ead ( d[nw>ds4 ,a/ronomy is sugge/$ z ! ,sci5ce next 9 ord]1 b ,socrates1 ! lead] ( ! dialogue1 rem>ks t !re is an int]m$iate ,sci5ce fir/ to be consid]$4 ,geometry treats ( plane figures2 ,a/ronomy treats ( solids 9 motion1 t is1 ( sph]es 9 motion2 = ! a/ronomy ( ,plato's "t 0 ma9ly ! doctr9e ( ! sph]e4 ,b be=e treat+ ( solids 9 motion1 we mu/ h a sci5ce :i* treats ( solids simply4 ,aft] tak+ space ( two dim5sions1 we mu/ take space ( ?ree dim5sions1 l5g?1 bread? & dep?1 z 9 cubes & ! l#ccd4 ,b su* a ,sci5ce1 x is rem>k$1 has n yet be5 discov]$4 ,plato notes z defici5t ?is bran* ( k2 to use ! expression employ$ by ,bacon on ! l occasions 9 8 ,review4 ,plato goes on to say1 t ! cultivators ( su* a sci5ce h n receiv$ due enc\ragem5t2 & t ?\gh scorn$ & />v$ by ! public1 & n recomm5d$ by any obvi\s utility1 x has /ill made great progress1 9 virtue ( its own attractiv5ess4 ,9 fact1 rese>*es 9 ,solid ,geometry _h be5 pursu$ ) great zeal by ,plato & 8 fri5ds1 & ) rem>kable success4 ,! five ,regul> ,solids1 ! ,tetrah$ron or ,pyramid1 ,cube1 ,octah$ron1 ,dodecah$ron & ,icosah$ron1 _h be5 discov]$2 & ! curi\s !orem1 t ( ,regul> ,solids !re c be j s _m1 ^! & no o!rs1 0 kn[n4 ,! doctr9e ( ^! ,solids 0 already appli$ 9 a way1 fanciful & arbitr>y1 no d\bt1 b +5i\s & lively1 to ! !ory ( ! ,univ]se4 ,9 ! ,timu1 ! elem5ts h ^! =ms assign$ to !m respectively4 ,e>? has ! ,cube3 ,fire has ! ,pyramid3 ,wat] has ! ,octah$ron3 ,air has ! ,icosah$ron3 & ! ,dodecah$ron is ! plan ( ! ,univ]se itself4 ,?is application ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,regul> ,solids %[s t ! k ( ^? figures 0 already e/abli%$2 & t ,plato _h a "r to speak ( ,solid ,geometry z a real & int]e/+ ,sci5ce4 ,& t ?is subject 0 s recondite & pr(\nd1--t ^! five ,regul> ,solids _h s little application 9 ! geometry :i* has a be>+ on man's ord9>y ?\ghts & actions1--made x all ! m natural = ,plato to suppose t ^! solids _h a be>+ on ! con/itution ( ! ,univ]se2 & we %all f9d t su* a belief 9 lat] times f\nd a ready acceptance 9 ! m9ds ( ma!maticians :o foll[$ 9 ! ,platonic l9e ( speculation4 ,plato next proce$s to consid] ,a/ronomy2 & "h we h an amus+ t\* ( philosophical drama4 ,glaucon1 ! he>] & pupil 9 ! ,dialogue1 is desir\s ( %[+ t he has pr(it$ by :at 8 in/ructor _h said ab\t ! real uses ( ,sci5ce4 ,he says ,a/ronomy is a v good bran* ( education4 ,x is su* a v useful sci5ce = seam5 & husb&m5 & ! l4 ,socrates says1 ) a smile1 z we may suppose3 ,y are v amus+ ) y\r zeal = utility4 ,i suppose y are afraid ( be+ condemn$ by ! good p ( ,a!ns = diffus+ ,useless ,k4 ,a little aft]w>ds ,glaucon tries to d bett]1 b /ill ) no great success4 ,he says1 ,y blam$ me = prais+ ,a/ronomy awkw>dly3 b n[ ,i w foll[ y\r lead4 ,a/ronomy is "o ( ! sci5ces :i* y require1 because x makes m5's m9ds look upw>ds1 & /udy ?+s above4 ,any "o c see t4 ,well1 says ,socrates1 p]haps any "o c see x except me--,i _c see x4 ,glaucon is surpris$1 b ,socrates goes on3 ,y\r notice ( '! /udy ( ?+s above' is c]ta9ly a v magnific5t "o4 ,y seem to ?9k t if a man b5ds 8 head back & looks at ! ceil+ he 'looks upw>ds' ) 8 m9d z well z 8 eyes4 ,y may be "r & ,i may be wrong3 b ,i h no notion ( any sci5ce :i* makes ! m9d look upw>ds1 except a sci5ce :i* is ab\t ! p]man5t & ! invisible4 ,x makes no diff]5ce1 z to t matt]1 :e!r a man gapes & looks up or %uts 8 m\? & looks d[n4 ,if a man m]ely look up & />e at s5sible objects1 8 m9d does n look upw>ds1 ev5 if he 7 to pursue 8 /udies swimm+ on 8 back 9 ! sea4 ,! ,a/ronomy1 !n1 :i* m]ely looks at ph5om5a does n satisfy ,plato4 ,he wants some?+ m4 ,:at is x8 z ,glaucon v naturally asks4 ,plato !n describes ,a/ronomy z a real sci5ce 7 #aa74 ,! v>iegat$ adornm5ts :i* appe> 9 ! sky1 ! visible lum9>ies1 we mu/ judge to be ! mo/ beautiful & ! mo/ p]fect ?+s ( _! k9d3 b s9ce !y are m]e visible figures1 we mu/ suppose !m to be f> inf]ior to ! true objects2 namely1 ^? sph]es :i*1 ) _! real proportions ( quickness & sl[ness1 _! real numb]1 _! real figures1 revolve & c>ry lum9>ies 9 _! revolutions4 ,^! objects are to be appreh5d$ by reason & m5tal conception1 n by vision4 ,& he !n goes on to say t ! v>i$ figures :i* ! skies pres5t to ! eye are to be us$ z diagrams to assi/ ! /udy ( t high] tru?2 j z if any "o 7 to /udy geometry by means ( beautiful diagrams con/ruct$ by ,ddalus or any o!r consummate arti/4 ,"h !n1 ,plato po9ts to a k9d ( a/ronomical sci5ce :i* goes beyond ! m]e arrangem5t ( ph5om5a3 an a/ronomy :i*1 x w\ld seem1 did n exi/ at ! "t :5 he wrote4 ,x is natural to inquire1 :e!r we c det]m9e m precisely :at k9d ( a/ronomical sci5ce he meant1 & :e!r su* sci5ce has be5 br\ght into exi/5ce s9ce 8 "t4 ,he gives u "s fur!r features ( ! philosophical a/ronomy :i* he requires4 ,z y d n expect to f9d 9 ! mo/ exquisite geometrical diagrams ! true evid5ce ( quantities be+ equal1 or d\ble1 or 9 any o!r relation3 s ! true a/ronom] w n ?9k t ! proportion ( ! day to ! mon?1 or ! mon? to ! ye>1 & ! l1 are real & immutable ?+s4 ,he w seek a deep] tru? ?an ^!4 ,we mu/ treat ,a/ronomy1 l ,geometry1 z a s]ies ( problems sugge/$ by visible ?+s4 ,we mu/ apply ! intellig5t portion ( our m9d to ! subject4 ,"h we really come 9 view ( a class ( problems :i* a/ronomical speculators at c]ta9 p]iods h propos$ to !mselves4 ,:at is ! real gr\nd ( ! proportion ( ! day to ! mon?1 & ( ! mon? to ! ye>1 ,i d n "k t any writ] ( great "n has tri$ to det]m9e3 b to ask ! reason ( ^! proportions1 namely1 t ( ! revolution ( ! e>? on its axis1 ( ! moon 9 its orbit1 & ( ! e>? 9 its orbit1 are que/ions j ( ! same k9d z to ask ! reason ( ! proportion ( ! revolutions ( ! planets 9 _! orbits1 & ( ! proportion ( ! orbits !mselves4 ,n[ :o has attempt$ to assign su* reasons8 ,( c\rse we %all answ]1 ,kepl]3 n s mu* 9 ! ,laws ( ! ,planet>y motions :i* be> 8 "n1 z 9 ! ,law :i* at an e>li] p]iod he ?\ght he _h discov]$1 det]m9+ ! proportion ( ! di/ances ( ! sev]al ,planets f ! ,sun4 ,&1 curi\sly en\gh1 ?is solution ( a problem :i* we may conceive ,plato to h _h 9 8 m9d1 ,kepl] gave by means ( ! ,five ,regul> ,solids :i* ,plato _h br\ght into notice1 & _h employ$ 9 8 !ory ( ! ,univ]se giv5 9 ! ,timu4 ,kepl]'s speculations on ! subject j m5tion$ 7 giv5 to ! _w 9 ! ,my/]ium ,cosmographicum publi%$ 9 #aeif4 ,9 8 ,preface1 he says ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> #aeie ,i brood$ ) ! :ole en]gy ( my m9d on ! subject ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em4 ,!re 7 ?ree ?+s 9 p>ticul> ( :i* ,i p]t9aci\sly s\ght ! causes2 :y !y are n o!r ?an !y are3 ! numb]1 ! size1 & ! motion ( ! orbits4 ,we see h[ /rongly he _h 8 m9d impress$ ) ! same ?\ght :i* ,plato _h s confid5tly utt]$3 t !re mu/ be "s reason = ^? proportions 9 ! s*eme ( ! ,univ]se :i* appe> casual & vague4 ,he 0 confid5t at ?is p]iod t he _h solv$ two ( ! ?ree que/ions :i* haunt$ him2--t he c\ld acc\nt = ! numb] & ! size ( ! planet>y orbits4 ,8 acc\nt 0 giv5 9 ?is way4--,! orbit ( ! ,e>? is a circle2 r\nd ! sph]e to :i* ?is circle belongs describe a dodecah$ron2 ! sph]e includ+ ?is w give ! orbit ( ,m>s4 ,r\nd ,m>s inscribe a tetrah$ron2 ! circle includ+ ?is w be ! orbit ( ,jupit]4 ,describe a cube r\nd ,jupit]'s orbit2 ! circle includ+ ?is w be ! orbit ( ,saturn4 ,n[ inscribe 9 ! ,e>?'s orbit an icosah$ron3 ! circle inscrib$ 9 x w be ! orbit ( ,v5us4 ,inscribe an octah$ron 9 ! orbit ( ,v5us2 ! circle inscrib$ 9 x w be ,m]cury's orbit4 ,?is is ! reason ( ! numb] ( ! planets2 & also ( ! magnitudes ( _! orbits4 ,^! proportions 7 only approximations2 & ! ,rule ?us ass]t$ has be5 %[n to be unf\nd$1 by ! discov]y ( new ,planets4 ,?is ,law ( ,kepl] has be5 repudiat$ by succe$+ ,a/ronom]s4 ,s f>1 !n1 ! ,a/ronomy :i* ,plato requires z a "p ( true philosophy has n be5 br\ght into be+4 ,b are we !nce to conclude t ! dem& = su* a k9d ( ,a/ronomy 0 a m]e ,platonic imag9ation8--0 a mi/ake :i* m rec5t & s\nd] views h correct$8 ,we c h>dly v5ture to say t4 ,= ! que/ions :i* ,kepl] ?us ask$1 & :i* he answ]$ by ! ass]tion ( ?is errone\s ,law1 are que/ions ( exactly ! same k9d z ^? :i* he ask$ & answ]$ by means ( ! true ,laws :i* /ill fa/5 8 "n ^u "o ( ! epo*s ( a/ronomical hi/ory4 ,if he 0 wrong 9 assign+ reasons = ! numb] & size ( ! planet>y orbits1 he 0 "r 9 assign+ a reason = ! proportion ( ! motions4 ,?is he did 9 ! ,h>monice ,mundi1 publi%$ 9 #afai3 :]e he e/abli%$ t ! squ>es ( ! p]iodic times ( ! diff]5t ,planets are z ! cubes ( _! mean di/ances f ! c5tral ,sun4 ,( ?is discov]y he speaks ) a natural exultation1 :i* succe$+ a/ronom]s h ?\ght well f\nd$4 ,he says3 ,:at ,i prophesi$ two & tw5ty ye>s ago z soon z ,i _h discov]$ ! five solids among ! heav5ly bodies2 :at ,i firmly believ$ be=e ,i _h se5 ! ,h>monics ( ,ptolemy2 :at ,i promis$ my fri5ds 9 ! title ( ?is book 7,on ! p]fect ,h>mony ( ! cele/ial motions71 :i* ,i nam$ be=e ,i 0 sure ( my discov]y2 :at sixte5 ye>s ago ,i reg>d$ z a ?+ to be s\ght2 t = :i* ,i jo9$ ,ty*o ,brahe1 = :i* ,i settl$ 9 ,prague1 = :i* ,i devot$ ! be/ "p ( my life to a/ronomical contemplations2 at l5g? ,i h br\ght to light1 & h recogniz$ its tru? beyond my mo/ sangu9e expectations4 7,h>m4 ,mundi1 ,lib4 ,v47 ,?us ! ,platonic notion1 ( an ,a/ronomy :i* deals ) doctr9es ( a m exact & det]m9ate k9d ?an ! obvi\s relations ( phnom5a1 may be f\nd to t5d ei!r to error or to tru?4 ,su* aspirations po9t equally to ! five regul> solids :i* ,kepl] imag9$ z det]m9+ ! planet>y orbits1 & to ! ,laws ( ,kepl] 9 :i* ,newton detect$ ! effect ( univ]sal gravitation4 ,! realities :i* ,plato look$ =1 z some?+ incomp>ably m real ?an ! visible lum9>ies1 are f\nd1 :5 we f9d geometrical figures1 epicycles & ecc5trics1 laws ( motion & laws ( =ce1 :i* expla9 ! appe>ances4 ,8 ,realities are ,!ories :i* acc\nt = ! ,ph5om5a1 ,ideas :i* connect ! ,facts4 ,b1 is ,plato "r 9 hold+ t su* ,realities z ^! are m real ?an ! ,ph5om5a1 & con/itute an ,a/ronomy ( a high] k9d ?an t ( m]e ,appe>ances8 ,to ?is we %all1 ( c\rse1 reply t ,!ories & ,facts h ea* _! reality1 b t ^! are realities ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,kepl]'s ,laws are z real z day & night2 ! =ce ( gravity t5d+ to ! ,sun is z real z ! ,sun2 b n m s4 ,true ,!ories & ,facts are equally real1 = true ,!ories are ,facts1 & ,facts are famili> ,!ories4 ,a/ronomy is1 z ,plato says1 a s]ies ( ,problems sugge/$ by visible ,?+s2 & ! ,?\ghts 9 our own m9ds :i* br+ ! solutions ( ^! ,problems1 h a reality 9 ! ,?+s :i* sugge/ !m4 ,b if we try1 z ,plato does1 to sep>ate & oppose to ea* o!r ! ,a/ronomy ( ,appe>ances & ! ,a/ronomy ( ,!ories1 we attempt t :i* is impossible4 ,!re are no ,ph5om5a :i* d n exhibit "s ,law2 no ,law c be conceiv$ )\t ,ph5om5a4 ,! heav5s (f] a s]ies ( ,problems2 b h[ev] _m ( ^! ,problems we solve1 !re rema9 /ill innum]able ( !m unsolv$2 & ^! unsolv$ ,problems h solutions1 & are n diff]5t 9 k9d f ^? ( :i* ! extant solution is mo/ complete4 ,nor c we ju/ly di/+ui%1 ) ,plato1 ,a/ronomy into transi5t appe>ances & p]man5t tru?s4 ,! !ories ( ,a/ronomy are p]man5t1 & are manife/$ 9 a s]ies ( *anges3 b ! *ange is p]petual j because ! !ory is p]man5t4 ,! p]petual *ange is ! p]man5t !ory4 ,! p]petual *anges 9 ! positions & movem5ts ( ! planets1 = in/ance1 manife/ ! p]man5t ma*9]y3 ! ma*9]y ( cycles & epicycles1 z ,plato w\ld h said1 & z ,cop]nicus w\ld h agre$2 :ile ,kepl]1 ) a pr(\nd admiration = bo?1 w\ld h ass]t$ t ! motions might be repres5t$ by ellipses1 m exactly1 if n m truly4 ,! cycles & epicycles1 or ! ellipses1 are z real z space & "t1 9 :i* ! motions take place4 ,b we _c ju/ly say t space & "t & motion are m real ?an ! bodies :i* move 9 space & "t1 or ?an ! appe>ances :i* ^! bodies pres5t4 ,?us ,plato1 ) 8 t5d5cy to exalt ,ideas above ,facts1--to f9d a ,reality :i* is m real ?an ,ph5om5a1--to take hold ( a p]man5t ,tru? :i* is m true ?an tru?s ( obs]vation1--attempts :at is impossible4 ,he tries to sep>ate ! poles ( ! ,fundam5tal ,anti!sis1 :i*1 h[ev] anti!tical1 are insep>able4 ,at ! same "t1 we mu/ recollect t ?is t5d5cy to f9d a ,reality :i* is some?+ beyond appe>ance1 a p]man5ce :i* is involv$ 9 ! *anges1 is ! g5u9e spr+ ( sci5tific discov]y4 ,su* a t5d5cy has be5 ! cause ( all ! a/ronomical sci5ce :i* we possess4 ,x appe>$ 9 ,plato himself1 9 ,hipp>*us1 9 ,ptolemy1 9 ,cop]nicus1 & mo/ em95tly 9 ,kepl]2 & 9 him p]haps 9 a mann] m accordant ) ,plato's aspirations :5 he f\nd ! five ,regul> ,solids 9 ! ,univ]se1 ?an :5 he f\nd !re ! ,conic ,sections :i* det]m9e ! =m ( ! planet>y orbits4 ,! pursuit ( ?is t5d5cy has be5 ! s\rce ( ! mighty & successful lab\rs ( succe$+ a/ronom]s3 & ! anticipations ( ,plato on ?is head 7 m true ?an he himself c\ld h conceiv$4 ,:5 ! above view ( ! nature ( true a/ronomy has be5 propos$1 ,glaucon says3 ,t w\ld be a task mu* m labori\s ?an ! a/ronomy n[ cultivat$4 ,socrates replies3 ,i believe s3 & su* tasks mu/ be und]tak51 if our rese>*es are to be good = any?+4 ,aft] ,a/ronomy1 !re comes "u review ano!r ,sci5ce1 :i* is treat$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,x is pres5t$ z "o ( ! ,sci5ces :i* deal ) real ab/ract tru?2 & :i* are !re=e suit$ to t developm5t ( ! philosophic insight into ! highe/ tru?1 :i* is "h ,plato's ma9 object4 ,?is ,sci5ce is ,h>monics1 ! doctr9e ( ! ma!matical relations ( musical s\nds4 ,p]haps x may be m difficult to expla9 to a g5]al audi5ce1 ,plato's views on ?is ?an on ! previ\s subjects3 = ?\gh ,h>monics is /ill ackn[l$g$ z a ,sci5ce includ+ ! ma!matical tru?s to :i* ,plato "h ref]s1 ^! tru?s are less g5]ally kn[n ?an ^? ( geometry or a/ronomy4 ,py?agoras is report$ to h be5 ! discov]] ( ! c>d9al proposition 9 ?is ,ma!matics ( ,music3--namely1 t ! musical notes :i* ! e> recognizes z hav+ t def9ite & h>moni\s relation :i* we call an octave1 a fif?1 a f\r?1 a ?ird1 h also1 9 "s way or o!r1 ! num]ical relation ( #b to #a1 #c to #b1 #d to #c1 #e to #d4 ,i say "s way or o!r1 because ! /atem5ts ( anci5t writ]s on ?is subject are physically inexact1 b are "r 9 ! ess5tial po9t1 t ^? simple num]ical ratios are *>act]i/ic ( ! mo/ m>k$ h>monic relations4 ,! num]ical ratios really repres5t ! rate ( vibration ( ! air :5 ^? h>monics are produc$4 ,?is p]haps ,plato did n "k3 b he knew or assum$ t ^? num]ical ratios 7 c>d9al tru?s 9 h>mony3 & he conceiv$ t ! exactness ( ! ratios re/$ on gr\nds deep] & m intellectual ?an any te/imony :i* ! e> c\ld give4 ,?is is ! ma9 po9t 9 8 mode ( apply+ ! subject1 :i* w be be/ und]/ood by translat+ 7) "s abridgem5t7 :at he says4 ,socrates proce$s3 7 #aa ne> ! end47 ,motion appe>s 9 _m aspects4 ,x w\ld take a v wise man to enum]ate !m all3 b !re are two obvi\s k9ds4 ,"o :i* appe>s 9 a/ronomy1 7! revolutions ( ! heav5ly bodies17 & ano!r :i* is ! e*o ( t#cce4 ,z ! eyes are made = ,a/ronomy1 s are ! e>s made = ! motion :i* produces ,h>mony#ccf3 & ?us we h two si/] sci5ces1 z ! ,py?agoreans tea*1 & we ass5t4 7 #ab47 ,to avoid unnecess>y lab\r1 let u fir/ le>n :at !y c tell u1 & see :e!r any?+ is to be add$ to x2 reta9+ our own view on su* subjects3 namely ?is3--t ^? ^: education we are to sup]9t5d--real philosoph]s--are nev] to le>n any imp]fect tru?s3--any?+ :i* does n t5d to t po9t 7exact & p]man5t tru?7 to :i* all our k ought to t5d1 z we said conc]n+ a/ronomy4 ,n[ ^? :o cultivate music take a v diff]5t c\rse f ?is4 ,y may see !m tak+ imm5se pa9s 9 measur+ musical notes & int]vals by ! e>1 z ! a/ronom]s measure ! heav5ly motions by ! eye4 ,yes1 says ,glaucon1 !y apply _! e>s close to ! in/rum5t1 z if !y c\ld cat* ! note by gett+ ne> to x1 & talk ( "s k9d ( recurr5ces#ccg4 ,"s say !y c di/+ui% an int]val1 & t ?is is ! smalle/ possible int]val1 by :i* o!rs are to be measur$2 :ile o!rs say t ! two notes are id5tical3 bo? p>ties alike judg+ by ! e>1 n by ! intellect4 ,y mean1 says ,socrates1 ^? f9e musicians :o torture _! notes1 & screw _! pegs1 & p9* _! /r+s1 & speak ( ! result+ s\nds 9 gr& t]ms ( art4 ,we w leave !m1 & address our inquiries to our o!r tea*]s1 ! ,py?agoreans4 ,! expressions ab\t ! small int]val 9 ,glaucon's spee* appe> to me to ref] to a curi\s "q1 :i* we "k 0 discuss$ among ! ,greek ma!maticians4 ,if we take a key$ in/rum5t1 & asc5d f a key note by two octaves & a ?ird1 7say f ,a#a to ,c#c7 we arrive at ! same nom9al note1 z if we asc5d f\r times by a fif? 7,a#a to ,e#a1 ,e#a to ,b#b1 ,b#b to ,f#b1 ,f#b to ,c#c74 ,h5ce "o p>ty might call ?is ! same note4 ,b if ! ,octaves1 ,fif?s1 & ,?ird be p]fectly true int]vals1 ! notes arriv$ at 9 ! two ways w n be really ! same4 7,9 ! "o case1 ! note is 2 9 ! o!r 2 :i* are & #af_/ha1 or 9 ! ratio ( #ha to #hj74 ,?is small int]val by :i* ! two notes really diff]1 ! ,greeks call$ a ,comma1 & x 0 ! smalle/ musical int]val :i* !y recogniz$4 ,plato disda9s to see any?+ important 9 ?is controv]sy2 ?\gh ! controv]sy itself is really a curi\s pro( ( 8 doctr9e1 t !re is a ma!matical tru? 9 ,h>mony1 high] ?an in/rum5tal exactness c rea*4 ,he goes on to say3 ,! musical tea*]s are defective 9 ! same way z ! a/ronomical4 ,!y d inde$ seek numb]s 9 ! h>monic notes1 :i* ! e> p]ceives3 b !y d n asc5d f !m to ! ,problem1 ,:at are h>monic numb]s & :at are n1 & :at is ! reason ( ea*#cch8 ,t1 says ,glaucon1 w\ld be a sublime inquiry4 ,h we 9 ,h>monics1 z 9 ,a/ronomy1 any?+ 9 ! succe$+ ,hi/ory ( ! ,sci5ce :i* illu/rates ! t5d5cy ( ,plato's ?\ghts1 & ! value ( su* a t5d5cy8 ,x is pla9 t ! t5d5cy 0 ( ! same nature z t :i* induc$ ,kepl] to call 8 "w on ,a/ronomy ,h>monice ,mundi2 & :i* l$ to _m ( ! speculations ( t "w1 9 :i* h>monical are mix$ ) geometrical doctr9es4 ,& if we are dispos$ to judge sev]ely ( su* speculations1 z too fanciful = s\nd philosophy1 we may recollect t ,newton himself seems to h be5 will+ to f9d an analogy betwe5 h>monic numb]s & ! diff]5t col\r$ spaces 9 ! spectrum4 ,b ,i w say frankly1 t ,i d n believe !re really exi/s any h>monical relation 9 ei!r ( ^! cases4 ,nor c ! problem propos$ by ,plato be consid]$ z hav+ be5 solv$ s9ce 8 "t1 any fur!r ?an ! recurr5ce ( vibrations1 :5 _! ratios are s simple1 may be easily conceiv$ z affect+ ! e> 9 a peculi> mann]4 ,! imp]fection ( musical scales1 :i* ! comma indicates1 has n be5 remov$2 b we may say t1 9 ! case ( ?is problem1 z 9 ! o!r ultimate ,platonic problems1 ! duplication ( ! cube & ! quadrature ( ! circle1 ! impossibility ( a solution has be5 already e/abli%$4 ,! problem ( a p]fect musical scale is impossible1 because no p[] ( #b c be equal to a p[] ( #c2 & if we fur!r take ! multipli] #e1 ( c\rse x also _c br+ ab\t an exact equality4 ,?is impossibility ( a p]fect scale be+ recogniz$1 ! practical problem is :at is ! sy/em ( temp]am5t :i* w make ! scale be/ suit$ = musical purposes2 & ?is problem has be5 v fully discuss$ by mod]n writ]s4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #cbg3 ,acc$it et illud quod naturalis philosophia 9 iis ipsis viris1 qui ei incubu]unt1 vacantem et integrum hom9em1 prs]tim 8 rec5tioribus temporibus1 vix nacta sit2 nisi =te quis mona*i alicujus 9 cellula1 aut nobilis 9 villula lucubrantis1 exemplum addux]it2 s$ facta e/ demum naturalis philosophia in/> transitus cujusdam et ponti/]nii ad alia4 ,atque magna i/a sci5ti>um mat] ad (ficia ancill detrusa e/2 qu m$ic9 aut ma!maticis op]ibus m9i/rat1 et rursus qu adolesc5tium immatura +5ia lavat et imbuat velut t9ctura quadam prima1 ut aliam po/ea felicius et commodius excipiant4 ,footnote #cbh3 1 betwe5 h\se-keep+ & money-gett+4 ,footnote #cbi3 4 ,footnote #ccj3 ,! ,sci5ces are to draw ! m9d f t :i* gr[s & p]i%es to t :i* really is3 4 ,footnote #cca3 4 ,footnote #ccb3 4 ,footnote #ccc3 ,he adds & = ! sake ( w>2 ?is po9t ,i h pass$ by4 ,plato does n really ascribe mu* weight to ?is use ( ,sci5ce1 z we see 9 :at he says ( ,geometry & ,a/ronomy4 ,footnote #ccd3 1 4 ,footnote #cce3 4 ,footnote #ccf3 4 ,footnote #ccg3 4 ,footnote #cch3 1 c4 ,,app5dix ,,bb4 ,,on ,,plato',s ,,notion ,,( ,,dialectic4 7,cam4 ,phil4 ,soc4 ,,may #g1 #ahee47 ,! survey ( ! sci5ces1 ari?metic1 plane geometry1 solid geometry1 a/ronomy & h>monics--:i* is conta9$ 9 ! sev5? ,book ( ! ,republic 7 #f-ab71 & :i* has be5 discuss$ 9 ! prec$+ pap]1 repres5ts !m z in/rum5ts 9 an education1 ( :i* ! end is some?+ mu* high]--z /eps 9 a progression :i* is to g fur!r4 ,d y n "k1 says ,socrates 7 #ab71 t all ?is is m]ely a prelude to ! /ra9 :i* we h to le>n8 ,& :at t /ra9 is1 he =?) proce$s to indicate4 ,t ^! sci5ces d n suffice1 y mu/ be aw>e3 =--^? :o are ma/]s ( su* sci5ces--d !y seem to y to be good 9 dialectic8 2 ,9 tru?1 says ,glaucon1 !y are n1 ) v few exceptions1 s f> z ,i h fall5 9 ) !m4 ,& yet1 said ,i1 if p]sons _c give & receive a reason1 !y _c atta9 t k :i*1 z we h said1 m5 ought to h4 ,"h x is evid5t t to give & to receive a reason1 is a phrase employ$ z co9cid+1 9 a g5]al way at lea/1 ) be+ good 9 dialectic2 & accord+ly1 ?is is soon aft] ass]t$ 9 ano!r =m1 ! v]b be+ n[ us$ in/ead ( ! adjective4 ,x is dialectic discussion 1 :i* executes ! /ra9 :i* we h be5 prep>+4 ,x is fur!r said t x is a progress to cle> intellectual light1 :i* corresponds to ! progress ( bodily vision 9 proce$+ f ! d>k5$ cave describ$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,book to ! light ( day4 ,?is progress1 x is add$1 ( c\rse y call ,dialectic 4 ,plato fur!r says1 t o!r sci5ces _c prop]ly be call$ sci5ces4 ,!y beg9 f c]ta9 assumptions1 & give u only ! consequ5ces :i* foll[ f reason+ on su* assumptions4 ,b ^! assumptions !y _c prove4 ,to d s is n 9 ! prov9ce ( ea* sci5ce4 ,x belongs to a high] sci5ce3 to ! sci5ce ( ,real ,exi/5ces4 ,y call ! man ,dialectical1 :o requires a reason ( ! ess5ce ( ea* ?+#cci4 ,& z ,dialectic gives an acc\nt ( o!r real exi/5ces1 s does x ( t mo/ important reality1 ! true guide ( ,life & ( ,philosophy1 ! ,real ,good4 ,he :o _c foll[ ?is ?r\gh all ! w9d+s ( ! battle ( ,life1 kn[s no?+ to any purpose4 ,& ?us ,dialectic is ! p9nacle1 ! top /one ( ! edifice ( ! sci5ces#cdj4 ,dialectic is "h def9$ or describ$ by ,plato accord+ to ! subject ) :i* x treats1 & ! object ) :i* x is to be pursu$3 b 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,platonic ,dialogues1 ,dialectic appe>s r to imply a c]ta9 me?od ( inve/igation2--to describe ! =m r ?an ! matt] ( discussion2 & x w p]haps be wor? :ile to comp>e ^! diff]5t acc\nts ( ,dialectic4 7,phdrus47 ,"o ( ! c>d9al passages on ?is ,po9t is 9 ! ,phdrus1 & may be briefly quot$4 ,phdrus1 9 ! ,dialogue :i* be>s 8 "n1 appe>s at fir/ z an admir] ( ,lysias1 a celebrat$ writ] ( orations1 ! contempor>y ( ,plato4 ,9 ord] to expose ?is writ]'s /yle ( composition z frigid & %all[1 a specim5 ( x is giv51 & ,socrates n only criticises ?is1 b deliv]s1 z rival compositions1 two disc\rses on ! same subject4 ,( ^! disc\rses1 giv5 z ! inspiration ( ! mom5t1 ! fir/ is animat$ & vigor\s2 ! second goes /ill fur!r1 & clo!s its mean+ 9 a gorge\s dress ( poetical & my?ical images4 ,phdrus ackn[l$ges t 8 fav\rite is out%one2 & ,socrates !n proce$s to po9t out t ! real sup]iority ( 8 own disc\rse consi/s 9 its hav+ a dialectical /ructure1 b5ea? its outw>d aspect ( imag]y & en?usiasm4 ,he says3 7 #aji1 ,bekk]4 ,x is to be rememb]$ t ! subject ( all ! disc\rses 0 ,love1 "u c]ta9 suppos$ conditions47 ,! re/ ( ! p]=mance may be tak5 z play3 b !re 71 9 :at 0 ?us ?r[n out by a r&om impulse1 two features1 ( :i*1 if any "o c\ld r$uce ! effect to an art1 x w\ld be a v agreeable & useful task4 ,:at are !y8 ,phdrus asks4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,socrates replies1 ! tak+ a connect$ view ( ! scatt]$ elem5ts ( a subject1 s z to br+ !m into "o ,idea2 & ?us to give a def9ition ( ! subject1 s z to make x cle> :at we are speak+ (2 z 0 !n done 9 reg>d to ,love4 ,a def9ition 0 giv5 ( x1 :at x is3 :e!r ! def9ition 0 good or bad1 at any rate !re 0 a def9ition4 ,& h5ce1 9 :at foll[$1 we 7 able to say :at 0 cle> & consi/5t ) itself4 ,& :at1 ,phdrus asks1 0 ! o!r feature8 ,! divid+ ! subject into k9ds or elem5ts1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! ?+ itself3--n break+ its natural memb]s1 l a bad c>v] :o _c hit ! jo9t4 ,s ! two disc\rses :i* we h deliv]$1 took ! irrational "p ( ! m9d1 z _! common subject2 & z ! body has two diff]5t sides1 ! "r & ! left1 ) ! same names = its p>ts2 s ! two disc\rses took ! irrational portion ( man2 & ! "o took ! left-h& portion1 & divid$ ?is aga91 & aga9 subdivid$ x1 till1 among ! subdivisions1 x f\nd a left-h&$ k9d ( ,love1 ( :i* no?+ b ill 0 to be said4 ,:ile ! disc\rse t foll[$ out ! "r-h& side ( phr5zy1 7! irrational portion ( man's nature17 0 l$ to some?+ :i* bore ! "n ( ,love l ! o!r1 b :i* is div9e1 & 0 prais$ z ! s\rce ( ! greate/ bless+4 ,n[ ,i1 ,socrates goes on to say1 am a great admir] ( ^! processes ( division & compreh5sion1 by :i* ,i endeav\r to speak & to ?9k correctly4 ,& if ,i c f9d any "o :o is able to see cle>ly :at is by nature r$ucible to "o & manife/$ 9 _m elem5ts1 ,i foll[ 8 foot/eps z a div9e guide4 ,^? :o c d ?is1 ,i call--:e!r rightly or n1 ,god kn[s--b ,i h hi!rto be5 9 ! habit ( call+ !m dialectical m54 ,x is ( no consequ5ce to our pres5t purpose :e!r ei!r ( ! disc\rses ( ,socrates 9 ! ,phdrus1 or ! two toge!r1 z is "h assum$1 d conta9 a j division & subdivision ( t "p ( ! human s\l :i* is di/+ui%able f ,reason1 & d ?us exhibit1 9 its true relations1 ! affection ( ,love4 ,x is evid5t t division & subdivision ( ?is k9d is "h pres5t$ z1 9 ,plato's op9ion1 a mo/ valuable me?od2 & ^? :o c\ld successfully practise ?is me?od are ^? :om he admires z dialectical m54 ,?is is "h 8 ,dialectic4 7,sophi/es47 ,we are naturally l$ to ask :e!r ?is me?od ( divid+ a subject z ! be/ way ( exam9+ x1 be 9 any o!r "p ( ! ,platonic ,dialogues m fully expla9$ ?an x is 9 ! ,phdrus2 or :e!r any rules are giv5 = ?is k9d ( ,dialectic4 ,to ?is we may reply1 t 9 ! ,dialogue entitl$ ,! ,sophi/1 a me?od ( divid+ a subject1 9 ord] to exam9e x1 is expla9$ & exemplifi$ ) extraord9>y copi\sness & +5uity4 ,! object propos$ 9 t ,dialogue is1 to def9e :at a ,sophi/ is2 & ) t view1 ! pr9cipal speak]1 7:o is repres5t$ z an ,eleatic /rang]17 beg9s by fir/ exemplify+ :at is 8 me?od ( fram+ a def9ition1 & by apply+ x to def9e an ,angl]4 ,! c\rse foll[$1 ?\gh x n[ reads l a burlesque ( philosophical me?ods1 appe>s to h be5 at t "t a bona fide attempt to be philosophical & me?odical4 ,x proce$s ?us3 ,we h to inquire conc]n+ ,angl+4 ,is x an ,art8 ,x is4 ,n[ :at k9d ( art8 ,all art is an art ( mak+ or an art ( gett+3 7,poietic or ,ktetic47 ,x is ,ktetic4 ,n[ ! art ( gett+1 is ! art ( gett+ by ex*ange or by capture3 7,metabletic or ,*irotic47 ,gett+ by capture is by conte/ or by *ase3 7,agoni/ic or ,!reutic47 ,gett+ by *ase is a *ase ( lifeless or ( liv+ ?+s3 7! fir/ has no "n1 ! second is ,zoo!ric47 ,! *ase ( liv+ ?+s is ! *ase ( l& animals or ( wat] animals3 7,pezo!ric or ,enygro!ric47 ,*ase ( wat] animals is ( birds or ( fi%3 7,orni?o!reutic & ,halieutic47 ,*ase ( fi% is by inclos+ or by /rik+ !m3 7,h]co!ric or ,plectic47 ,we /rike !m by day ) po9t$ in/rum5ts1 or by night1 us+ tor*es3 7h5ce ! division ,anki/reutic & ,pyreutic47 ,( ,anki/reutic1 "o k9d consi/s 9 spe>+ ! fi% d[nw>ds f above1 ! o!r 9 twit*+ !m upw>ds f bel[3 7^! two arts are ,triodontic & ,aspalieutic47 ,& ?us we h1 :at we s\ght1 ! notion & ! description ( angl+3 namely t x is a ,ktetic1 ,*irotic1 ,!reutic1 ,zoo!ric1 ,enygro!ric1 ,halieutic1 ,plectic1 ,anki/reutic1 ,aspalieutic ,art4 ,sev]al o!r examples are giv5 ( ?is +5i\s mode ( def9ition1 b !y are all introduc$ ) ref]5ce to ! def9ition ( ! ,sophi/4 ,& x w fur!r illu/rate ?is me?od to %[ h[1 accord+ to x1 ! ,sophi/ is relat$ to ! ,angl]4 ,! ,sophi/ical ,art is an art ( gett+1 by capture1 liv+ ?+s1 namely m54 ,x is ?us a ,ktetic1 ,*irotic1 ,!reutic art1 & s f> agrees ) t ( ! ,angl]4 ,b "h ! two arts div]ge1 s9ce t ( ! ,sophi/ is ,pezo!ric1 t ( ! ,angl] ,enygro!ric4 ,to det]m9e ! ,sophi/ /ill m exactly1 obs]ve t ! *ase ( l& animals is ei!r ( tame animals 7includ+ man7 or ( wild animals3 7,hem]o!ric & ,agrio!ric47 ,! *ase ( tame animals is ei!r by viol5ce1 7z kidnapp+1 tyranny1 & w> 9 g5]al17 or by p]suasion1 7z by ! arts ( spee*27 t is1 x is ,biaio!ric or ,pi?anurgic4 ,! art ( p]suasion is a private or a public proce$+3 7,idio!reutic or ,demosio!reutic47 ,! art ( private p]suasion is accompani$ ) ! giv+ ( pres5ts1 7z lov]s d17 or ) ! receiv+ ( pay3 7?us x is ,dorophoric or ,mi/h>neutic47 ,to receive pay z ! result ( p]suasion1 is ! c\rse1 ei!r ( ^? :o m]ely e>n _! bread by supply+ pleasure1 namely flatt]]s1 ^: art is ,h$yntic2 or ( ^? :o pr(ess = pay to tea* virtue4 ,& :o are !y8 ,pla9ly ! ,sophi/s4 ,& ?us ,sophi/ic is t k9d ( ,ktetic1 ,*irotic1 ,!reutic1 ,zoo!ric1 ,pezo!ric1 ,hem]o!ric1 ,pi?anurgic1 ,idio!reutic1 ,mi/h>neutic art1 :i* pr(esses to tea* virtue1 & takes money on t acc\nt4 ,! same process is pursu$ along sev]al o!r l9es ( inquiry3 & at ! end ( ea* ( !m ! ,sophi/ is detect$1 involv$ 9 a numb] ( some:at obnoxi\s *>act]i/ics4 ,?is process ( division x w be obs]v$1 is at e /ep bifurcate1 or z x is call$1 di*otom\s4 ,appli$ z x is 9 ^! examples1 x is r ! vehicle ( satire ?an ( philosophy4 ,yet1 ,i h no d\bt t ?is bifurcate me?od 0 admir$ by "s ( ! philosoph]s ( ,plato's "t1 z a clev] & effective philosophical inv5tion4 ,we may ! m readily believe ?is1 inasmu* z "o ( ! mo/ acute p]sons ( our own "t1 :o has come ne>] ?an any o!r to ! anci5t heads ( sects 9 ! submission ) :i* 8 foll[]s h accept$ 8 doctr9es1 has tak5 up ?is ,di*otom\s ,me?od1 & prais$ x z ! only philosophical mode ( divid+ a subject4 ,i ref] to ,mr4 ,j]emy ,b5?am's ,*re/oma?ia 7publi%$ orig9ally 9 #ahaf71 9 :i* ?is exhau/ive bifurcate me?od1 z he calls x1 0 appli$ to classify sci5ces & arts1 ) a view to a s*eme ( education4 ,h[ exactly ! me?od1 z recomm5d$ by him1 agrees ) ! me?od illu/rat$ 9 ! ,sophi/1 an exam9ation ( any ( 8 examples w %[4 ,?us to take ,m9]alogy z an example3 accord+ to ,b5?am1 ,ontology is ,cnoscopic or ,idioscopic3 ! ,idioscopic is ,somatoscopic or ,pneumatoscopic2 ! ,somatoscopic is ,pososcopic or ,poioscopic3 ,poioscopic is ,physiurgoscopic or ,an?ropurgoscopic3 ,physiurgoscopic is ,uranoscopic or ,epigeoscopic3 ,epigeoscopic is ,abioscopic or ,embioscopic4 ,& ?us ,m9]alogy is ! ,sci5ce ,idioscopic1 ,somatoscopic1 ,poioscopic1 ,physiurgoscopic1 ,epigeoscopic1 ,abioscopic3 inasmu* z x is ! sci5ce :i* reg>ds bodies1 ) ref]5ce to _! qualities1--bodies1 namely1 ! works ( nature1 t]re/rial1 lifeless4 ,i conceive t ?is bifurcate me?od is n really philosophical or valuable3 b t is n our bus9ess "h4 ,:at we h to consid] is :e!r ?is is :at ,plato meant by ! t]m ,dialectic4 ,! g5]al description ( ,dialectic 9 ! ,sophi/es agrees v closely ) t quot$ f ! ,phdrus1 t x is ! sep>ation ( a subject accord+ to its natural divisions4 ,?us1 see 9 ! ,sophi/ ! passage #hc3 ,to divide a subject accord+ to ! k9ds ( ?+s1 s z nei!r to make ! same k9d diff]5t nor diff]5t k9ds id5tical1 is ! (fice ( ! ,dialectical ,sci5ce4 ,& ?is is illu/rat$ by obs]v+ t x is ! (fice ( ! sci5ce ( ,gramm> to det]m9e :at lett]s may be comb9$ & :at may n2 x is ! (fice ( ! sci5ce ( ,music to det]m9e :at s\nds diff]+ z acute & grave1 may be comb9$1 & :at may n3 & 9 l mann] x is ! (fice ( ! sci5ce ( ,dialectic to det]m9e :at k9ds may be comb9$ 9 "o subject & :at may n4 ,& ! pro( is /ill fur!r expla9$4 ,9 _m ( ! ,platonic ,dialogues1 ! ,dialectic :i* ,socrates is ?us repres5t$ z approv+1 appe>s to include ! =m ( ,dialogue1 z well z ! subdivision ( ! subject into its v>i\s bran*es4 ,socrates is pres5t$ z atta*+ s mu* importance to ?is =m1 t 9 ! ,protagoras 7 #fe7 he rises to dep>t1 because 8 oppon5t w n con=m to ?is practice4 ,& g5]ally 9 ,plato1 ,dialectic is oppos$ to ,rhetoric1 z a /r+ ( %ort que/ions & answ]s to a cont9u\s diss]tation4 ,x5ophon also seems to imply 7,mem4 ,,iv4 #e1 #aa7 t ,socrates includ$ 9 8 notion ( ,dialectic ! =m ( ,dialogue z well z ! division ( ! subject4 ,b t ! me?od ( close ,dialogue 0 n call$ ,dialectic by ! au?or ( ! ,sophi/1 we h good evid5ce 9 ! "w itself4 ,among o!r notions :i* are analys$ by ! bifurcate division "h exhibit$1 is t ( gett+ by conte/ 7,agoni/ic1 previ\sly giv5 z a division ( ,ktetic74 ,n[ gett+ by conte/ may be by peaceful trial ( sup]iority1 or by fight3 7,hamilletic or ,ma*elic74 ,! fight may be ( body aga9/ body1 or ( words aga9/ words3 ^! may be call$ ,bia/ic & ,amphisbetic4 ,! fight ( words ab\t "r & wrong1 may be by long disc\rses oppos$ to ea* o!r1 z 9 judicial cases2 or by %ort que/ions & answ]s3 ! =m] may be call$ ,dicanic1 ! latt] ,antilogic4 ,( ^! colloquies1 ab\t "r & wrong1 "s are natural & spontane\s1 o!rs artificial & /udi$3 ! =m] ne$ no special "n2 ! latt] are commonly call$ ,eri/ic4 ,( ,eri/ic colloquies1 "s are a s\rce ( exp5se to ^? :o hold !m1 "s ( ga93 t is1 !y are ,*rematoph?oric or ,*remati/ic3 ! =m]1 ! occupation ( ^? :o talk = pleasure's & = company's sake1 is ,adoles*ic1 wa/eful g>rulity2 ! latt]1 t ( ^? :o talk = ! sake ( ga91 is ,sophi/ic4 ,& ?us ,sophi/ic is an art ,eri/ic1 :i* is "p ( ,antilogic1 :i* is "p ( ,amphisbetic1 :i* is "p ( ,agoni/ic1 :i* is "p ( ,*irotic1 :i* is a "p ( ,ktetic4 7 #bc47 ,we may notice "h an indication t satire r ?an exact reason directs ^! analyses2 9 t ,sophi/ic1 :i* 0 be=e a "p ( ! !reutic bran* ( *irotic & ktetic1 is "h a "p ( ! o!r bran*1 agoni/ic4 ,b ! rem>k :i* ,i especially wi% to make "h is1 t ! art ( discuss+ po9ts ( "r & wrong by %ort que/ions & answ]s1 be+ "h br\ght into view1 is n call$ ,dialectic1 :i* we might h expect$2 b ,antilogic4 ,x w\ld seem !re=e t ! ,au?or ( ! ,sophi/ did n und]/& by ,dialectic su* a process z ,socrates describes 9 ,x5ophon2 7,mem4 ,,iv4 #e1 #aa1 #ab27 :]e he says x 0 call$ ,dialectic1 because x 0 foll[$ by p]sons divid+ ?+s into _! k9ds 9 conv]sation3 7 37or su* z ! ,socrates ( ,plato insi/$ ^u 9 ! ,protagoras & ! ,gorgias4 ,( ! two elem5ts :i* ! ,dialectical ,process ( ,socrates impli$1 ,division ( ! subject & ,dialogue1 ! au?or ( ! ,sophi/es does n claim ! "n ( ,dialectic = ei!r1 & seems to reject x = ! second4 ,b )\t insi/+ ^u ! "n1 are we to suppose t ! ,di*otom\s ,me?od ( ! ,sophi/es ,dialogue1 7,i may add ( ! ,politicus1 = ! me?od is ! same 9 ?is ,dialogue also17 is ! me?od ( division ( a subject accord+ to its natural memb]s1 ( :i* ,plato speaks 9 ! ,phdrus8 ,if ! ,sophi/es be ! "w ( ,plato1 ! answ] is difficult ei!r way4 ,if ?is me?od be ,plato's ,dialectic1 h[ came he to omit to say s !re8 h[ came he ev5 to seem to d5y x8 ,b on ! o!r h&1 if ?is di*otom\s division be a diff]5t process f ! division call$ ,dialectic 9 ! ,phdrus1 _h ,plato two me?ods ( division ( a subject8 & yet has he nev] spok5 ( !m z two1 or m>k$ _! di/9ction8 ,?is difficulty w\ld be remov$ if we 7 to adopt ! op9ion1 to :i* o!rs1 on o!r gr\nds1 h be5 l$1 t ! ,sophi/es1 ?\gh ( ,plato's "t1 is n ,plato's "w4 ,! gr\nds ( ?is op9ion are1--t ! doctr9es ( ! ,sophi/es are n ,platonic3 7! doctr9e ( ,ideas is /rongly impugn$ & weakly def5d$37 ,socrates is n ! pr9cipal speak]1 b an ,eleatic /rang]3 & !re is1 9 ! ,dialogue1 none ( ! dramatic "* :i* we g5]ally h 9 ,plato4 ,! ,dialogue seems to be ! "w ( "s ,eleatic oppon5t ( ,plato1 r ?an 84 7,rep4 ,b4 ,,vii47 ,b we c h no d\bt t ! ,phdrus conta9s ,plato's real view ( ! nature ( ,dialectic1 z to its =m2 let u see h[ ?is agrees ) ! view ( ,dialectic1 z to its matt] & object1 giv5 9 ! sev5? ,book ( ! ,republic4 ,accord+ to ,plato1 ,real ,exi/5ces are ! objects ( ! exact sci5ces 7z numb] & figure1 ( ,ari?metic & ,geometry74 ,! ?+s :i* are ! objects ( s5se transitory ph5om5a1 :i* h no reality1 because no p]man5ce4 ,dialectic deals ) ,realities 9 a m g5]al mann]4 ,?is doctr9e is ev]y:]e inculcat$ by ,plato1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ?is "p ( ! ,republic4 ,he does n tell u h[ we are to obta9 a view ( ! high] realities1 :i* are ! objects ( ,dialectic3 only he "h assumes t x w result f ! education :i* he enjo9s4 ,he says 7 #ac7 t ! ,dialectic ,process 7 7 alone leads to true sci5ce3 x makes no assumptions1 b goes to ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 t its doctr9es may be firmly gr\nd$3 & ?us x purges ! eye ( ! s\l1 :i* 0 imm]s$ 9 b>b>ic mud1 & turns x upw>d2 us+ = ?is purpose ! aid ( ! sci5ces :i* h be5 m5tion$4 ,b :5 ,glaucon inquires ab\t ! details ( ?is ,dialectic1 ,socrates says he w n !n answ] ! inquiry4 ,we may v5ture to say1 t x does n appe> t he _h any answ] ready4 ,let u consid] = a mom5t :at is said ab\t a philosophy r5d]+ a reason = ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ea* ,sci5ce1 :i* ! ,sci5ce itself _c d4 ,t !re is room = su* a bran* ( philosophy 9 "s sci5ces1 we easily see4 ,geometry1 = in/ance1 proce$s f ,axioms1 ,def9itions & ,po/ulates2 b by ! v nature ( ^! t]ms1 does n prove ^! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples4 ,^!--! ,axioms1 ,def9itions & ,po/ulates1--are1 ,i conceive1 :at ,plato "h calls ! ,hypo!ses ^u :i* ,geometry proce$s1 & = :i* x is n ! bus9ess ( ,geometry to r5d] a reason4 ,accord+ to him1 x is ! bus9ess ( ,dialectic to give a j acc\nt ( ^! ,hypo!ses4 ,:at !n is ,dialectic8 7,ari/otle47 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 well wor?y ( rem>k1 t ,ari/otle1 giv+ an acc\nt 9 _m respects diff]5t f t ( ,plato1 ( ! nature ( ,dialectic1 is /ill l$ 9 ! same mann] to consid] ,dialectic z ! bran* ( philosophy :i* r5d]s a reason = ,fir/ ,pr9ciples4 ,9 ! ,topics1 we h a di/9ction drawn betwe5 reason+ demon/rative1 & reason+ dialectical3 & ! di/9ction is ?is3--7,top4 ,i4 #a7 t demon/ration is by syllogisms f true fir/ pr9ciples1 or f true d$uctions f su* pr9ciples2 & t ! ,dialectical ,syllogism is t :i* syllogizes f probable propositions 7 74 ,& he adds t probable propositions are ^? :i* are accept$ by all1 or by ! greate/ "p1 or by ! wise4 ,9 ! next *apt]1 he speaks ( ! uses ( ,dialectic1 :i*1 he says1 are ?ree1 m5tal discipl9e1 debates1 & philosophical sci5ce4 ,& he adds 7,top4 ,i4 #b1 #f7 t x is also useful ) ref]5ce to ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples 9 ea* ,sci5ce3 = f ! appropriate ,pr9ciples ( ea* sci5ce we _c d$uce any?+ conc]n+ ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 s9ce ^! pr9ciples are ! beg9n+ ( reason+4 ,b f ! probable pr9ciples 9 ea* prov9ce ( sci5ce we mu/ reason conc]n+ ,fir/ ,pr9ciples3 & ?is is ei!r ! peculi> (fice ( ,dialectic1 or ! (fice mo/ appropriate to x2 = x is a process ( inve/igation1 & mu/ lead to ! ,pr9ciples ( all me?ods4 ,t a demon/rative sci5ce1 z su*1 does n expla9 ! orig9 ( its own ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 is und\bt$ly true4 ,geometry does n und]take to give a reason = ! ,axioms1 ,def9itions1 & ,po/ulates4 ,?is has be5 attempt$1 bo? 9 anci5t & 9 mod]n times1 by ! ,metaphysicians4 ,b ! ,metaphysics employ$ on su* subjects has n commonly be5 call$ ,dialectic4 ,! t]m has c]ta9ly be5 usually employ$ r z describ+ a ,me?od1 ?an z det]m9+ ! subject ( inve/igation4 ,( ! ,faculty :i* appreh5ds ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 bo? accord+ to ,plato & to ,ari/otle1 ,i w h]eaft] say a few words4 ,! object ( ! di*otom\s process pursu$ 9 ! ,sophi/es1 & its result 9 ea* case1 is a ,def9ition4 ,def9ition also 0 "o ( ! ma9 features ( ! inquiries pursu$ by ,socrates1 ,induction be+ ! o!r2 & inde$ 9 _m cases ,induction 0 a s]ies ( /eps :i* end$ 9 ,def9ition4 ,& ,ari/otle also taught a peculi> me?od1 ! object & result ( :i* 0 ! con/ruction ( ,def9itions3--namely 8 ,categories4 ,?is me?od is "o ( division1 b v diff]5t f ! divisions ( ! ,sophi/es4 ,8 me?od beg9s by divid+ ! :ole subject ( possible inquiry into t5 heads or ,categories--,sub/ance1 ,quantity1 ,quality1 ,relation1 ,place1 ,"t1 ,position1 ,habit1 ,action1 ,passion4 ,^! aga9 are subdivid$3 ?us ,quality is ,habit or ,disposition1 ,p[]1 ,affection1 ,=m4 ,& we h an example ( ! application ( ?is me?od to ! con/ruction ( a ,def9ition 9 ! ,e?ics2 :]e he det]m9es ,virtue to be a ,habit ) c]ta9 additional limitations4 ,?us ! ,induction ( ,socrates1 ! ,di*otomy ( ! ,eleatics1 ! ,categories ( ,ari/otle1 may all be consid]$ z me?ods by :i* we proce$ to ! con/ruction ( ,def9itions4 ,if1 by any me?od1 ,plato c\ld proce$ to ! con/ruction ( a ,def9ition1 or r ( an ,idea1 ( ! ,absolute ,realities on :i* ,fir/ ,pr9ciples dep5d1 su* a me?od w\ld correspond ) ! notion ( ,dialectic 9 ! ,republic4 ,& if x 0 a me?od ( division l ! ,eleatic or ,ari/otelic1 x w\ld correspond ) ! notion ( ,dialectic 9 ! ,phdrus4 ,t ,plato's notion1 h[ev]1 _c h be5 exactly ei!r ( ^! is1 ,i ?9k1 pla94 ,! colloquial me?od ( /imulat+ & te/+ ! progress ( ! /ud5t 9 ,dialectic is impli$1 9 ! sequel ( ?is discussion ( ! effect ( sci5tific /udy4 ,& ! me?od ( ,dialogue1 z ! in/rum5t ( in/ruction1 be+ ?us suppos$1 ! cont9uation ( ! acc\nt 9 ! ,republic1 implies t ,plato expect$ p]sons to be made dialectical by ! /udy ( ! exact sci5ces 9 a compreh5sive _s4 ,aft] insi/+ on ,geometry & o!r sci5ces1 he says 7,rep4 ,,vii4 #af73 ,! synoptical man is dialectical2 & he :o is n ! "o1 is n ! o!r4 ,b1 we may ask1 does a k ( sci5ces lead naturally to a k ( ,ideas1 z absolute realities f :i* ,fir/ ,pr9ciples fl[8 ,& suppos+ ?is to be true1 z ! ,platonic ,philosophy supposes1 is ! ,idea ( ! ,good1 z ! s\rce ( moral tru?s1 to be ?us atta9$ to8 ,t x is1 is ! tea*+ ( ,plato1 "h & else:]e2 b h ! speculations ( subsequ5t philosoph]s 9 ! same direction giv5 any confirmation ( ?is l(ty assumption8 ,9 reply to ?is inquiry1 ,i %\ld v5ture to say1 t ?is assumption appe>s to be a remnant ( ! ,socratic doctr9e f :i* ,plato began 8 speculations1 t ,virtue is a k9d ( k2 & t all attempts to v]ify ! assumption h fail$4 ,:at ,plato add$ to ! ,socratic notion 01 t ! inquiry aft] ,! ,good1 ! ,supreme ,good1 0 to be aid$ by ! analogy or sugge/ions ( ^? sci5ces :i* deal ) necess>y & et]nal tru?s2 ! supreme good be+ ( ! nature ( ^? necess>y & et]nal tru?s4 ,?is notion is a /rik+ "o1 z a sugge/ion1 b x has always fail$1 ,i ?9k1 9 ! attempts to "w x out4 ,^? :o 9 mod]n times1 z ,cudwor? & ,samuel ,cl>ke1 h suppos$ an analogy betwe5 ! necess>y tru?s ( ,geometry & ! tru?s ( ,morality1 ?\gh !y h us$ ! l expressions conc]n+ ! "o & ! o!r class ( tru?s1 h fail$ to convey cle> doctr9es & /eady convictions to _! read]s2 & h n[1 ,i believe1 few or no foll[]s4 ,! result ( our inve/igation appe>s to be1 t ?\gh ,plato add$ mu* to ! matt] by means ( :i* ! m9d 0 to be improv$ & discipl9$ 9 its rese>* aft] ,pr9ciples & ,def9itions1 he did n e/abli% any =m ( ,me?od accord+ to :i* ! inquiry mu/ be conduct$1 & by :i* x might be aid$4 ,! mo/ def9ite notion ( ,dialectic /ill rema9$ ! same ) ! orig9al in=mal view :i* ,socrates _h tak5 ( x1 z ,x5ophon tells u1 7,mem4 ,,iv4 #e1 #aa7 :5 he says3 ,he said t ,dialectic 7 7 0 s call$ because x is an inquiry pursu$ by p]sons :o take c\nsel toge!r1 sep>at+ ! subjects consid]$ accord+ to _! k9ds 774 ,he held accord+ly t m5 %\ld try to be well prep>$ = su* a process1 & %\ld pursue x ) dilig5ce3 by ?is means1 he ?\ght1 !y w\ld become good m51 fitt$ = responsible (fices ( comm&1 & truly dialectical 774 ,& ?is is1 ,i conceive1 ! answ] to ,mr4 ,grote's int]rogatory exclamation 7,vol4 ,,viii4 p4 #egg73 ,surely ! ,etymology "h giv5 by ,x5ophon or ,socrates ( ! ^w 77 _c be consid]$ z satisfactory4 ,! two notions1 ( inve/igatory ,dialogue1 & ,di/ribution ( notions accord+ to _! k9ds1 :i* are ?us ass]t$ to be connect$ 9 etymology1 71 among ! foll[]s ( ,socrates1 connect$ 9 fact2 ! dialectic dialogue 0 suppos$ to involve ( c\rse ! dialectic division ( ! subject4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #cci3 2 7 #ad74 ,footnote #cdj3 4 7 #ad74 ,,app5dix ,c4 ,,( ,,! ,,intellectual ,,p[]s ,,accord+ ,,to ,,plato4 7,cam4 ,phil4 ,soc4 ,,nov4 #aj1 #ahef47 ,9 ! ,sev5? ,book ( ,plato's ,republic1 we h c]ta9 sci5ces describ$ z ! in/rum5ts ( a philosophical & intellectual education2 & we h a c]ta9 o!r intellectual employm5t spok5 (1 namely1 ,dialectic1 z ! means ( c>ry+ ! m9d beyond ^! sci5ces1 & ( enabl+ x to see ! s\rces ( ^? tru?s :i* ! sci5ces assume z _! fir/ pr9ciples4 ,^! po9ts h be5 discuss$ 9 ! two prec$+ pap]s4 ,b ?is s*eme ( ! highe/ k9d ( philosophical education proce$s ^u a c]ta9 view ( ! nature & degrees ( k1 & ( ! p[]s by :i* we "k2 :i* view _h be5 pres5t$ 9 a great measure 9 ! ,six? ,book2 ?is view ,i %all n[ attempt to illu/rate4 ,to analyse ! kn[+ p[]s ( man is a task s difficult1 t we ne$ n be surpris$ if !re is mu* obscurity 9 ?is portion ( ,plato's writ+s4 ,b z a reason = exam9+ :at he has said1 we mu/ recollect t if !re be 9 x any?+ on ?is subject :i* 0 true !n1 x is true /ill2 & also1 t if we "k any tru? on t subject n[1 we %all f9d some?+ correspond+ to t tru? 9 ! be/ speculations ( sagaci\s anci5t writ]s1 l ,plato4 ,x may !re=e be wor? :ile to discuss ! ,platonic doctr9es on ?is matt]1 & to inquire h[ !y are to be express$ 9 mod]n phraseology4 ,plato's doctr9e w p]haps be mo/ cle>ly und]/ood1 if we beg9 by consid]+ ! diagram by :i* he illu/rates ! diff]5t degrees ( k#cda4 ,he sets out f ! di/9ction ( visible & intelligible ?+s4 ,!re are visible objects1 squ>es & triangles1 = in/ance2 b ^! are n ! squ>es & triangles ab\t :i* ! ,geomet] reasons4 ,! exactness ( 8 reason+ does n dep5d on ! exactness ( 8 diagrams4 ,he reasons f c]ta9 m5tal squ>es & triangles1 z he conceives & und]/&s !m4 ,?us !re are visible & !re are intelligible ?+s4 ,!re is a visible & an intelligible _w#cdb3 & !re are two diff]5t regions ab\t :i* our k is conc]n$4 ,n[ take a l9e divid$ into two unequal segm5ts to repres5t ^! two regions3 & aga91 divide ea* segm5t 9 ! same ratio4 ,! p>ts ( ea* segm5t are to repres5t diff]5ces ( cle>ness & di/9ctness1 & 9 ! visible _w ^! p>ts are ?+s & images4 ,by images ,i mean %ad[s1 & reflections 9 wat]1 & 9 poli%$ bodies2 & by ?+s1 ,i mean t ( :i* ^! images are ! resemblances2 z animals1 plants1 ?+s made by man4 ,?is diff]5ce corresponds to ! diff]5ce ( ,k & m]e ,op9ion2 & ! ,op9able is to ! ,kn[able z ! ,image to ! ,reality4 ,?is analogy is ass5t$ to by ,glaucon2 & ?us !re is assum$ a gr\nd = a fur!r con/ruction ( ! diagram4 ,n[1 he says1 we h to divide ! segm5t :i* repres5ts ,intelligible ,?+s 9 ! same way 9 :i* we h divid$ t :i* repres5ts ,visible ,?+s4 ,! "o "p mu/ repres5t ! k :i* ! m9d gets by deal+ z x 7 ) images1 & by reason+ d[nw>ds f ,pr9ciples2 ! o!r t :i* x has by deal+ ) ! ,ideas !mselves1 & go+ to ,fir/ ,pr9ciples4 ,! "o "p dep5ds ^u assumptions or hypo!ses#cdc1 ! o!r is unhypo!tical or absolute tru?4 ,"o k9d ( ,intelligible ,?+s1 !n1 is ,conceptions2 = in/ance1 geometrical conceptions ( figures1 by means ( :i* we reason d[nw>ds1 assum+ c]ta9 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples4 ,n[ ! o!r k9d ( ,intelligible ,?+s is ?is3--t :i* ! ,reason includes 9 virtue ( its p[] ( reason+1 :5 x reg>ds ! assumptions ( ! ,sci5ces z1 :at !y are1 assumptions only2 & uses !m z occasions & />t+ po9ts1 t f ^! x may asc5d to ! absolute1 71 unhypo!tical17 :i* does n dep5d ^u assumption1 b is ! orig9 ( sci5tific tru?4 ,! ,reason takes hold ( ?is fir/ pr9ciple ( tru?2 & avail+ itself ( all ! connections & relations ( ?is pr9ciple1 x proce$s to ! conclusion2 us+ no s5sible image 9 do+ ?is1 b contemplat+ ! ,ideas alone2 & ) ^! ,ideas ! process beg9s1 goes on1 & t]m9ates4 ,?is acc\nt ( ! matt] w probably seem to require at lea/ fur!r explanation2 & t accord+ly is ackn[l$g$ 9 ! ,dialogue itself4 ,glaucon says3 ,i appreh5d y\r mean+ 9 a c]ta9 degree1 b n v cle>ly1 = ! matt] is some:at ab/ruse4 ,y wi% to prove t ! k :i*1 by ! ,reason1 we acquire1 ( ,real ,exi/5ce & ,intelligible ,?+s1 is ( a high] degree ( c]ta9ty ?an ! k :i* belongs to :at are commonly call$ ,sci5ces4 ,su* sci5ces1 y say1 h c]ta9 assumptions = _! bases2 & ^! assumptions are1 by ! /ud5ts ( su* sci5ces1 appreh5d$1 n by ,s5se 7t is1 ! ,bodily ,s5ses71 b by a ,m5tal ,op]ation1--by ,conception4 ,b inasmu* z su* /ud5ts asc5d no high] ?an ! assumptions1 & d n g to ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,tru?1 !y d n seem to y to h true k--intuitive insight--,n\s--on ! subject ( _! reason+s1 ?\gh ! subjects are intelligible1 along ) _! pr9ciple4 ,& y call ?is habit & practice ( ! ,geomet]s & o!rs by ! "n ,conception1 n ,intuition#cdd2 tak+ ,conception to be some?+ betwe5 ,op9ion on ! "o side1 & ,intuitive ,insight on ! o!r4 ,y h expla9$ x well1 said ,i4 ,& n[ consid] ! f\r sections 7( ! l9e7 ( :i* we h spok51 z correspond+ to f\r affections 9 ! m9d4 ,intuition1 ! highe/2 ,conception1 ! next2 ! ?ird1 ,belief2 & ! f\r?1 ,conjecture 7f lik5esses72 & arrange !m 9 ord]1 s t !y may h m or less ( c]ta9ty1 z _! objects h m or less ( tru?#cde4 ,i und]/&1 said he4 ,i agree to :at y say1 & ,i arrange !m z y direct4 ,& s ! ,six? ,book ends3 & ! ,sev5? ,book op5s ) ! celebrat$ image ( ! ,cave1 9 :i* m5 are conf9$1 & see all ext]nal objects only by ! %ad[s :i* !y ca/ on ! walls ( _! prison4 ,& ?is imp]fect k ( ?+s is to ! true vision ( !m1 :i* is atta9$ by ^? :o asc5d to ! light ( day1 z ! ord9>y k ( m5 is to ! k atta9able by ^? ^: m9ds are purg$ & illum9at$ by a true philosophy4 ,conf9+ ourselves at pres5t to ! "p ( ,plato's speculations :i* we h m5tion$1 namely1 ! degrees ( k1 & ! division ( our kn[+ faculties1 we may und]/&1 & may 9 a great degree accept1 ,plato's s*eme4 ,we h already 79 ! prec$+ pap]s7 se5 t1 by ! k ( real ?+s1 he means1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! k ( univ]sal & necess>y tru?s1 su* z ,geometry & ! o!r exact sci5ces deal )4 ,^! we call sci5ces ( ,demon/ration2 & we are 9 ! habit ( contra/+ ! k :i* con/itutes su* sci5ces ) ! k obta9$ by ! ,s5ses1 by ,exp]i5ce or m]e ,obs]vation4 ,?is di/9ction ( ,demon/rative & ,empirical k is a c>d9al po9t 9 ,plato's s*eme also2 ! =m] alone be+ all[$ to des]ve ! "n ( ,k1 & ! latt] be+ only ,op9ion4 ,! ,objects ) :i* ,demon/ration deals may be t]m$ ,conceptions1 & ! objects ) :i* ,obs]vation or ,s5se has to d1 h[ev] mu* speculation may r$uce !m to m]e ,s5sations1 are commonly describ$ z ,?+s4 ,( ^! ,?+s1 !re may be ,%ad[s or ,images1 z ,plato says2 & z we may obta9 a c]ta9 k9d ( k1 namely ,op9ion or ,belief1 by see+ ! ,?+s !mselves1 we may obta9 an inf]ior k9d ( ,op9ion or ,belief by see+ _! ,images1 :i* k9d ( op9ion we may = ! mom5t call ,conjecture4 ,:e!r !n we reg>d ! di/9ctions ( k itself or ( ! objects ( x1 we h ?ree t]ms be=e u4 ,if we consid] ! k9ds ( k1 !y are ,demon/ration3 ,belief3 ,conjecture4 ,if ! objects ( ?is k1 !y are ,conceptions3 ,?+s3 ,images4 ,b 9 ea* ( ^! ,s]ies1 ! fir/ t]m is evid5tly want+3 = ,demon/ration supposes ,pr9ciples to reason f4 ,conceptions suppose "s basis 9 ! m9d :i* gives !m _! evid5ce4 ,:at !n is ! fir/ t]m 9 ea* ( ^! two ,s]ies8 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,demon/ration mu/ be se5 by ,intuition4 ,conceptions d]ive _! prop]ties f c]ta9 p[]s or attributes ( ! m9d :i* we may t]m ,ideas4 ,!re=e ! two s]ies are ,intuition3 ,demon/ration3 ,belief3 ,conjecture4 ,ideas3 ,conceptions3 ,?+s3 ,images4 ,plato fur!r tea*es t ! two =m] t]ms 9 ea* ,s]ies belong to ! ,intelligible1 ! two latt] to ! ,visible ,_w3 & he supposes t ! ratio ( ^! two prim>y segm5ts ( ! l9e is ! same z ! ratio 9 :i* ea* segm5t is divid$#cdf4 ,9 us+ ! t]m ,ideas to describe ! m5tal s\rces f :i* ,conceptions d]ive _! validity 9 demon/ration1 ,i am employ+ a phraseology :i* ,i h already introduc$ 9 ! ,philosophy ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces4 ,b indep5d5tly altoge!r ( ?is1 ,i d n see :at o!r t]m c\ld be employ$ to d5ote ! m5tal objects1 attributes1 or p[]s1 :atev] !y be1 f :i* ,conceptions d]ive _! evid5ce1 z ,demon/rative ,tru?s d]ive _! evid5ce f ,intuitive ,tru?s4 ,t ! ,s*eme j pres5t$ is ,plato's doctr9e on ?is subject1 ,i d n conceive !re c be any d\bt4 ,!re is a little want ( precision 9 8 phraseology1 aris+ f 8 mix+ toge!r ! two s]ies4 ,9 fact1 8 f9al s]ies ,nosis3 ,dianoia3 ,pi/is3 ,eikasia2 is made by putt+ 9 ! second place1 in/ead ( ,demon/ration1 :i* is ! process pursu$1 or ,sci5ce1 :i* is ! k obta9$1 ,conception1 :i* is ! object ) :i* ! m9d deals4 ,su* deviations f exact symmetry & correlation 9 speak+ ( ! faculties ( ! m9d1 are almo/ unavoidable 9 e language4 ,& !re is yet ano!r s\rce ( su* inaccuracies ( language2 = we h to speak1 n only ( ! process ( acquir+ k1 & ( ! objects ) :i* ! m9d deals1 b ( ! ,faculties ( ! m9d :i* are ?us employ$4 ,?us ,intuition is ! ,process2 ,ideas are ! ,object1 9 ! fir/ t]m ( our s]ies4 ,! ,faculty also we may call ,intuition2 b ! ,greek (f]s a di/9ction4 ,nosis is ! ,process ( ,intuition2 b ! ,faculty is ,n\s4 ,if we wi% to pres]ve ?is di/9ction 9 ,engli%1 :at mu/ we call ! ,faculty8 ,i conceive we mu/ call x ! ,intuitive ,reason1 a t]m well kn[n to our old] philosophical writ]s#cdg4 ,aga93 tak+ ! second t]m ( ! s]ies1 ,demon/ration is ! process1 ,sci5ce1 ! result2 & ,conceptions are ! objects ) :i* ! m9d deals4 ,b :at is ! ,faculty ?us employ$8 ,:at is ! ,faculty employ$ 9 ,demon/ration8 ,! same philosophical writ]s ( :om ,i spoke w\ld h answ]$ at once1 ! ,discursive ,reason2 & ,i d n "k t1 ev5 n[1 we c sugge/ any bett] t]m4 ,! ,faculty employ$ 9 acquir+ ! two l[] k9ds ( k1 ! ,faculty :i* deals ) ,?+s & _! ,images is1 ( c\rse1 ,s5se1 or ,s5sation4 ,! ass]tion ( a ,faculty ( ! m9d by :i* x appreh5ds ,tru?1 :i* ,faculty is high] ?an ! ,discursive ,reason1 z ! ,tru? appreh5d$ by x is high] ?an m]e ,demon/rative ,tru?1 agrees 7z x w at once occur to sev]al ( my read]s7 ) ! doctr9e taught & insi/$ ^u by ! late ,samuel ,taylor ,col]idge4 ,& s f> z he 0 ! means ( inculcat+ ?is doctr9e1 :i*1 z we see1 is ! doctr9e ( ,plato1 & ,i might add1 ( ,ari/otle1 & ( _m o!r philosoph]s1 let him h due hon\r4 ,b 9 8 desire to impress ! doctr9e ^u m5's m9ds1 he comb9$ x ) sev]al o!r t5ets1 :i* w n be> exam9ation4 ,he held t ! two ,faculties by :i* ^! two k9ds ( tru? are appreh5d$1 & :i*1 z ,i h said1 our philosophical writ]s call ! ,intuitive ,reason & ! ,discursive ,reason1 may be call$1 & ought to be call$1 respectively1 ,! ,reason & ,! ,und]/&+2 & t ! second ( ^! is ( ! nature ( ! ,in/9ct ( animals1 s z to be some?+ int]m$iate betwe5 ,reason & ,in/9ct4 ,^! op9ions1 ,i may v5ture to say1 are altoge!r errone\s4 ,! ,intuitive ,reason & ! ,discursive ,reason are n1 by any ,engli% writ]s1 call$ ! ,reason & ! ,und]/&+2 & accord+ly1 ,col]idge has _h to alt] all ! passages1 namely1 ^? tak5 f ,leighton1 ,h>r+ton1 & ,bacon1 f :i* 8 exposition proce$s4 ,! ,und]/&+ is s f> f be+ especially ! ,discursive or ,reason+ ,faculty1 t x is1 9 univ]sal usage1 & by our be/ writ]s1 oppos$ to ! ,discursive or ,reason+ ,faculty4 ,?us ?is is expressly decl>$ by ,sir ,john ,davis 9 8 poem ,on ! ,immortality ( ! ,s\l4 ,he says1 ( ! s\l1 ,:5 %e rates ?+s1 & moves f gr\nd to gr\nd1 ,! "n ( ,reason 7,ratio7 %e acquires f ?is3 ,b :5 by reason %e tru? ha? f\nd1 ,& /&e? fixt1 %e ,und]/&+ is4 ,in/ead ( ! ,reason be+ fix$1 & ! ,und]/&+ discursive1 z ,mr4 ,col]idge says1 ! ,reason is di/9ctively discursive2 t is1 x obta9s conclusions by runn+ f "o po9t to ano!r4 ,?is is :at is meant by ,discursus2 or1 tak+ ! full t]m1 ,discursus ,rationis1 ,disc\rse ( ,reason4 ,und]/&+ is fix$1 t is1 x dwells ^u "o view ( a subject1 & n ^u ! /eps by :i* t view is obta9$4 ,! v]b to reason1 implies ! sub/antive1 ! ,reason1 ?\gh x is n coext5sive ) x3 = z ,i h said1 !re is ! ,intuitive ,reason z well z ! ,discursive ,reason4 ,b x is by ! ,faculty ( ,reason t we are capable ( reason+2 ?\gh und\bt$ly ! practice or ! pret5ce ( reason+ may be c>ri$ s f> z to seem at v>iance ) reason 9 ! m famili> s5se ( ! t]m2 z is ! case also 9 ,fr5*4 ,moli]e's ,crisale says 79 ! ,femmes ,savantes71 ,raisonn] e/ l'emploi de t\te ma maison1 ,et le raisonnem5t en bannit la ,raison4 ,if ,mr4 ,col]idge's ass]tion 7 true1 t ! ,und]/&+ is ! discursive & ! ,reason ! fix$ faculty1 we %\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t ,! ,und]/&+ is ! faculty by :i* we reason1 & ! ,reason is ! faculty by :i* we und]/&4 ,b ?is is n s4 ,nor is ! ,und]/&+ ( ! nature ( ,in/9ct1 nor does x approa* ne>] ?an ! ,reason to ! nature ( ,in/9ct1 b ! contr>y4 ,! ,in/9cts ( animals be> a v obscure resemblance to any ( man's speculative ,faculties2 b s f> z !re is any su* resemblance1 ,in/9ct is an obscure image ( ,reason1 n ( ,und]/&+4 ,animals are said to act z if !y reason$1 r ?an z if !y und]/ood4 ,! v]b und]/& is especially appli$ to man z di/+ui%$ f animals4 ,mr4 ,col]idge tells a tale f ,hub]1 ( c]ta9 bees :i*1 to prev5t a piece ( honey f fall+1 balanc$ x by _! weight1 :ile !y built a pill> to support x4 ,!y did ?is by ,in/9ct1 n und]/&+ :at !y did2 m51 do+ ! same1 w\ld h und]/ood :at !y 7 do+4 ,our ,translation ( ! ,scriptures1 9 mak+ x ! special di/9ction ( man & animals1 t he has ,und]/&+ & !y h n1 speaks q consi/5tly ) good philosophy & good ,engli%4 ,mr4 ,col]idge's object 9 8 speculations is ne>ly ! same z ,plato's2 namely1 to decl>e t !re is a tru? ( a high] k9d ?an c be obta9$ by m]e reason+2 & also to claim1 z portions ( ?is high] tru?1 c]ta9 fundam5tal doctr9es ( ,morality4 ,among ^!1 ,mr4 ,col]idge places ! ,au?ority ( ,consci5ce1 & ,plato1 ! ,supreme ,good4 ,mr4 ,col]idge also holds1 z ,plato held1 t ! ,reason ( man1 9 its highe/ & mo/ compreh5sive =m1 is a portion ( a ,supreme & ,univ]sal ,reason2 & leads to ,tru?1 n 9 virtue ( its special attributes 9 ea* p]son1 b by its own nature4 ,_m ( ! op9ions :i* are comb9$ ) ^! doctr9es1 bo? 9 ,plato & 9 ,col]idge1 are su* z we %\ld1 ,i ?9k1 f9d x impossible to accept1 ^u a c>eful philosophical exam9ation ( !m2 b on ^! ,i %all n "h dwell4 ,i w only fur!r obs]ve1 t if any "o 7 to d\bt :e!r ! t]m is rightly r5d]$ ,intuitive ,reason1 we may f9d pro( ( ! propriety ( su* a r5d]+ 9 ! rem>kable discussion conc]n+ ! ,intellectual ,virtues1 :i* we h 9 ! ,six? ,book ( ! ,nicoma*ean ,e?ics4 ,x c h>dly be que/ion$ t ,ari/otle _h 9 8 m9d1 9 writ+ t passage1 ! doctr9es ( ,plato1 z exp\nd$ 9 ! passage j exam9$1 & simil> passages4 ,ari/otle !re says t !re are five ,intellectual ,virtues1 or ,faculties by :i* ! ,m9d aims at ,tru? 9 ass]t+ or d5y+3--namely1 ,art1 ,sci5ce1 ,prud5ce1 ,wisdom1 ,n\s4 ,9 ?is enum]ation1 pass+ ov] ,art1 ,prud5ce1 & ,wisdom1 z virtues :i* are ma9ly conc]n$ f practical life1 we h1 9 ! region ( speculative ,tru?1 a di/9ction prop\nd$ betwe5 ,sci5ce & ,n\s3 & ?is di/9ction is fur!r expla9$ 7c4 #f7 by ! rem>ks t ,sci5ce reasons ) ,pr9ciples2 & t ^! ,pr9ciples _c be giv5 by ,sci5ce1 because ,sci5ce reasons f !m2 nor by ,art1 nor ,prud5ce1 = ^! are conv]sant ) matt]s cont+5t1 n ) matt]s demon/rable2 nor c ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ! ,reason+s ( ,sci5ce be giv5 by ,wisdom1 = ,wisdom h]self has (t5 to reason f ,pr9ciples4 ,!re=e ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,demon/rative ,reason+ mu/ be giv5 by a peculi> ,faculty1 ,n\s4 ,z we h said1 ,intuitive ,reason is ! mo/ appropriate ,engli% t]m = ?is ,faculty4 ,! view ?us giv5 ( t high] k9d ( ,k :i* ,plato & ,ari/otle place above ord9>y ,sci5ce1 z be+ ! ,k ( & ,faculty ( le>n+ ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 w enable u to expla9 "s expressions :i* might o!rwise be misund]/ood4 ,socrates1 9 ! conclud+ "p ( ?is ,six? ,book ( ! ,republic1 says1 t ?is k9d ( k is t ( :i* ! ,reason 77 takes hold1 9 virtue ( its p[] ( reason+#cdh4 ,"h we are pla9ly n to und]/& t we arrive at ,fir/ ,pr9ciples by reason+3 = ! v opposite is true1 & is "h taught2--namely1 t ,fir/ ,pr9ciples are n :at we reason to1 b :at we reason f4 ,! mean+ ( ?is passage pla9ly is1 t ,fir/ ,pr9ciples are ^? ( :i* ! ,reason takes hold 9 virtue ( its p[] ( reason+2--!y are ! conditions :i* mu/ exi/ 9 ord] to make any reason+ possible3--!y are ! propositions :i* ! ,reason mu/ involve implicitly1 9 ord] t we may reason explicitly2--!y are ! intuitive roots ( ! dialectical p[]4 ,9 accordance ) ! views n[ expla9$1 ,plato's ,diagram may be ?us fur!r exp&$4 ,! t]m is n us$ 9 ?is "p ( ! ,republic2 b1 z is well kn[n1 occurs 9 its peculi> ,platonic s5se 9 ! ,t5? ,book4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,intelligible ,_w4 4 ,visible ,_w4 4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,object ,ideas ,conceptions ,?+s ,images 444 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,process ,intuition ,demon/ration ,belief ,conjecture ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,faculty,intuitive ,reason ,discursive ,reason ,s5sation ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #cda3 ,pol4 vi4 #ai4 ,footnote #cdb3 ,he adds1 ,?is oraton1 ?is visible _w1 ,i w n say has any connexion ) ouranon1 heav51 t ,i may n be accus$ ( play+ ^u words4 ,footnote #cdc3 ,x is pla9 t ,plato1 by ,hypo!ses1 9 ?is place1 means ! usual f\ndations ( ,ari?metic & ,geometry2 namely1 ,def9itions & ,po/ulates4 ,he says t ! ari?meticians & geomet]s take z hypo!ses 7h7 odd & ev51 & ! ?ree k9ds ( angles 7"r1 acute1 & obtuse72 & figures1 7z a triangle1 a squ>e17 & ! l4 ,i say 8 hypo!ses are ! ,def9itions & ,po/ulates1 n ! ,axioms3 = ! ,axioms ( ,ari?metic & ,geometry belong to ! ,high] ,faculty1 :i* asc5ds to ,fir/ ,pr9ciples4 ,b ?is ,faculty op]ates r 9 us+ ^! axioms ?an 9 enunciat+ !m4 ,x kn[s !m implicitly r ?an expresses !m explicitly4 ,footnote #cdd3 ' 4 ,footnote #cde3 ,! ,diagram1 z "h describ$1 w\ld be ?is3 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,intelligible ,_w4 ,visible ,_w4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,intuition4 ,conception4 ,?+s4 ,images4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,plato supposes ! :ole1 & ea* ( ! two p>ts1 to be divid$ 9 ! same ratio1 9 ord] t ! analogy ( ! division 9 ea* case may be repres5t$4 ,footnote #cdf3 ,! f\r segm5ts might be z #d3 #b3 #b3 #a2 or z #i3 #f3 #f3 #d2 or g5]ally1 z a3 ar3 ar3 ar#b4 ,footnote #cdg3 ,h5ce ! m9d ,reason receives ,intuitive or ,discursive4 ,,milton4 ,footnote #cdh3 4 ,,app5dix ,d4 ,,criticism ,,( ,,ari/otle',s ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,induction4 7,cam4 ,phil4 ,soc4 ,,feb4 #aa1 #ahej47 ,! ,cambridge ,philosophical ,society has will+ly admitt$ among its proce$+s n only contributions to sci5ce1 b also to ! philosophy ( sci5ce2 & x is to be presum$ t ?is will+ness w n be less if ! speculations conc]n+ ! philosophy ( sci5ce :i* are (f]$ to ! ,society involve a ref]5ce to anci5t au?ors4 ,induction1 ! process by :i* g5]al tru?s are collect$ f p>ticul> examples1 is "o ma9 po9t 9 su* philosophy3 & ! comp>ison ( ! views ( ,induction ent]ta9$ by anci5t & mod]n writ]s has already attract$ mu* notice4 ,i d n int5d n[ to g into ?is subject at any l5g?2 b !re is a c>d9al passage on ! subject 9 ,ari/otle's ,analytics1 7,analyt4 ,prior4 ,,ii4 #be7 :i* ,i wi% to expla9 & discuss4 ,i w fir/ translate x1 mak+ su* em5dations z are requisite to r5d] x intelligible & consi/5t1 ( :i* ,i %all aft]w>ds give an acc\nt4 ,i w numb] ! s5t5ces ( ?is *apt] ( ,ari/otle 9 ord] t ,i may aft]w>ds be able to ref] to !m readily4 #a4 ,we mu/ n[ proce$ to obs]ve t we h to exam9e n only syllogisms accord+ to ! a=esaid figures1--syllogisms logical & demon/rative1--b also rhetorical syllogisms1--&1 speak+ g5]ally1 any k9d ( pro( by :i* belief is influ5c$1 foll[+ any me?od4 #b4 ,all belief arises ei!r f ,syllogism or f ,induction3 we mu/ n[ !re=e treat ( ,induction4 #c4 ,induction1 & ! ,inductive ,syllogism1 is :5 by means ( "o extreme t]m we inf] ! o!r extreme t]m to be true ( ! middle t]m4 #d4 ,?us if ,a1 ,c1 be ! extremes1 & ,b ! mean1 we h to %[1 by means ( ,c1 t ,a is true ( ,b4 #e4 ,?us let ,a be long-liv$2 ,b1 t :i* has no gall-bladd]2 & ,c1 p>ticul> long-liv$ animals1 z elephant1 horse1 mule4 #f4 ,!n e ,c is ,a1 = all ! animals above nam$ are long-liv$4 #g4 ,also e ,c is ,b1 = all ^? animals are de/itute ( gall-bladd]4 #h4 ,if !n ,b & ,c are conv]tible1 & ! mean 7,b7 does n ext5d fur!r ?an extreme 7,c71 x necess>ily foll[s t e ,b is ,a4 #i4 ,= x 0 %[n be=e1 t1 if any two ?+s be true ( ! same1 & if ei!r ( !m be conv]tible ) ! extreme1 ! o!r ( ! ?+s pr$icat$ is true ( ! conv]tible 7extreme74 #aj4 ,b we mu/ conceive t ,c consi/s ( a collection ( all ! p>ticul> cases2 = ,induction is appli$ to all ! cases4 #aa4 ,b su* a syllogism is an inf]5ce ( a fir/ tru? & imm$iate proposition4 #ab4 ,= :5 !re is a mean t]m1 !re is a demon/rative syllogism ?r\gh ! mean2 b :5 !re is n a mean1 !re is pro( by ,induction4 #ac4 ,& 9 a c]ta9 way1 ,induction is contr>y to ,syllogism2 = ,syllogism proves1 by ! middle t]m1 t ! extreme is true ( ! ?ird ?+3 b ,induction proves1 by means ( ! ?ird ?+1 t ! extreme is true ( ! mean4 #ad4 ,& ,syllogism conclud+ by means ( a middle t]m is prior by nature & m usual to u2 b ! pro( by ,induction1 is m lum9\s4 ,i ?9k t ! *apt]1 ?us int]pret$1 is q coh]5t & intelligible2 al?\gh at fir/ !re seems to be "s confusion1 f ! au?or sometimes say+ t ,induction is a k9d ( ,syllogism1 & at o!r times t x is n4 ,! am\nt ( ! doctr9e is ?is4 ,:5 we collect a g5]al proposition by ,induction f p>ticul> cases1 z = in/ance1 t all animals de/itute ( gall-bladd] 7a*ol\s71 are long-liv$1 7if ?is proposition 7 true1 ( :i* h]eaft]17 we may express ! process 9 ! =m ( a ,syllogism1 if we w agree to make a collection ( p>ticul> cases our middle t]m1 & assume t ! proposition 9 :i* ! second extreme t]m occurs is conv]tible4 ,?us ! kn[n propositions are ,elephant1 horse1 mule1 c41 are long-liv$4 ,elephant1 horse1 mule1 c41 are a*ol\s4 ,b if we suppose t ! latt] proposition is conv]tible1 we %all h ^! propositions3 ,elephant1 horse1 mule1 c41 are long-liv$4 ,all a*ol\s animals are elephant1 horse1 mule1 c41 f :5ce we inf]1 q rigor\sly z to =m1 ,all a*ol\s animals are long-liv$4 ,?is mode ( putt+ ! ,inductive inf]5ce %[s bo? ! /rong & ! weak po9t ( ! illu/ration ( ,induction by means ( ,syllogism4 ,! /rong po9t is ?is1 t we make ! inf]5ce p]fect z to =m1 by includ+ an indef9ite collection ( p>ticul> cases1 elephant1 horse1 mule1 c41 9 a s+le t]m1 ,c4 ,! ,syllogism !n is ,all ,c are long-liv$4 ,all a*ol\s animals are ,c4 ,!re=e all a*ol\s animals are long-liv$4 ,! weak po9t ( ?is illu/ration is1 t1 at lea/ 9 "s in/ances1 :5 ! numb] ( actual cases is necess>ily indef9ite1 ! repres5tation ( !m z a s+le ?+ involves an unau?oriz$ /ep4 ,9 ord] to give ! reason+ :i* really passes 9 ! m9d1 we mu/ say ,elephant1 horse1 c41 are long-liv$4 ,all a*ol\s animals are z elephant1 horse1 c41 ,!re=e all a*ol\s animals are long-liv$4 ,?is z mu/ be introduc$ 9 ord] t ! all ,c ( ! fir/ proposition may be ju/ifi$ by ! ,c ( ! second4 ,?is /ep is1 ,i say1 necess>ily unau?oriz$1 :]e ! numb] ( p>ticul> cases is indef9ite2 z 9 ! in/ance be=e u1 ! species ( a*ol\s animals4 ,we d n "k h[ _m su* species !re are1 yet we wi% to be able to ass]t t all a*ol\s animals are long-liv$4 ,9 ! pro( ( su* a proposition1 put 9 a syllogi/ic =m1 !re mu/ necess>ily be a logical defect2 & ! above discussion %[s t ?is defect is ! sub/itution ( ! proposition1 ,all a*ol\s animals are z elephant1 c41 = ! conv]se ( ! exp]im5tally prov$ proposition1 elephant1 c41 are a*ol\s4 ,9 in/ances 9 :i* ! numb] ( p>ticul> cases is limit$1 ! necess>y exi/5ce ( a logical flaw 9 ! syllogi/ic translation ( ! process is n s evid5t4 ,b 9 tru?1 su* a flaw exi/s 9 all cases ( ,induction prop]3 7= ,induction by m]e enum]ation c h>dly be call$ ,induction74 ,i w1 h[ev]1 consid] = a mom5t ! in/ance ( a celebrat$ proposition :i* has (t5 be5 tak5 z an example ( ,induction1 & 9 :i* ! numb] ( p>ticul> cases is1 or at lea/ is at pres5t suppos$ to be1 limit$4 ,kepl]'s laws1 = in/ance ! law t ! planets describe ellipses1 may be reg>d$ z examples ( ,induction4 ,! law 0 inf]r$1 we w suppose1 f an exam9ation ( ! orbits ( ,m>s1 ,e>?1 ,v5us4 ,& ! syllogi/ic illu/ration :i* ,ari/otle gives1 w1 ) ! necess>y addition to x1 /& ?us1 ,m>s1 ,e>?1 ,v5us describe ellipses4 ,m>s1 ,e>?1 ,v5us are planets4 ,assum+ ! conv]tibility ( ?is la/ proposition1 & its univ]sality1 7:i* is ! necess>y addition 9 ord] to make ,ari/otle's syllogism valid7 we say ,all ! planets are z ,m>s1 ,e>?1 ,v5us4 ,:5ce x foll[s t all ! planets describe ellipses4 ,if1 in/ead ( ?is assum$ univ]sality1 ! a/ronom] _h made a real enum]ation1 & _h e/abli%$ ! fact ( ea* p>ticul>1 he w\ld be able to say ,saturn1 ,jupit]1 ,m>s1 ,e>?1 ,v5us1 ,m]cury1 describe ellipses4 ,saturn1 ,jupit]1 ,m>s1 ,e>?1 ,v5us1 ,m]cury are all ! planets4 ,& he w\ld obvi\sly be entitl$ to conv]t ! second proposition1 & !n to conclude t ,all ! planets describe ellipses4 ,b !n1 if ?is 7 giv5 z an illu/ration ( ,induction by means ( syllogism1 we %\ld h to rem>k1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! conclusion t all ! planets describe ellipses1 adds no?+ to ! major proposition1 t ,s41 ,j41 ,m41 ,e41 ,v41 m41 d s4 ,x is m]ely ! same proposition express$ 9 o!r words1 s long z ,s41 ,j41 ,m41 ,e41 ,v41 m41 are suppos$ to be all ! planets4 ,& 9 ! next place we h to make a rem>k :i* is m important2 t ! m9or1 9 su* an example1 mu/ g5]ally be ei!r a v prec>i\s tru?1 or1 z appe>s 9 ?is case1 a transitory error4 ,= t ! planets kn[n at any "t are all ! planets1 mu/ always be a d\btful ass]tion1 liable to be ov]?r[n to-night by an a/ronomical obs]vation4 ,& ! ass]tion1 z receiv$ 9 ,kepl]'s "t1 has be5 ov]?r[n4 ,= ,saturn1 ,jupit]1 ,m>s1 ,e>?1 ,v5us1 ,m]cury1 are n all ! planets4 ,n only h sev]al new ones be5 discov]$ at int]vals1 z ,uranus1 ,c]es1 ,juno1 ,pallas1 ,ve/a1 b we h new ones discov]$ e day2 & any conclusion dep5d+ ^u ?is premiss t ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ,g1 ,h1 to ,z are all ! planets1 is likely to be falsifi$ 9 a few ye>s by ! discov]y ( ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 c4 ,if1 !re=e1 ?is 7 ! syllogi/ic analysis ( ,induction1 ,kepl]'s discov]y re/$ ^u a false proposition2 & ev5 if ! analysis 7 n[ made con=mable to our pres5t k1 t induction1 analys$ z above1 w\ld /ill involve a proposition :i* to-morr[ may %[ to be false4 ,b yet no "o1 ,i suppose1 d\bts t ,kepl]'s discov]y 0 really a discov]y--! e/abli%m5t ( a sci5tific tru? on solid gr\nds2 or1 t x is a sci5tific tru? = u1 not)/&+ t we are con/antly discov]+ new planets4 ,!re=e ! syllogi/ic analysis ( x n[ discuss$ 7namely1 t :i* introduces simple enum]ation z a /ep7 is n ! "r analysis1 & does n repres5t ! gr\nds ( ! ,inductive ,tru?1 t all ! planets describe ellipses4 ,x may be said t all ! planets discov]$ s9ce ,kepl]'s "t con=m to 8 law1 & ?us confirm 8 discov]y4 ,?is we grant3 b !y only confirm ! discov]y1 !y d n make x2 !y are n its gr\ndwork4 ,x 0 a discov]y be=e ^! new cases 7 kn[n2 x 0 an inductive tru? )\t !m4 ,/ill1 an objector might urge1 if any "o ( ^! new planets _h contradict$ ! law1 x w\ld h ov]turn$ ! discov]y4 ,b ?is is too boldly said4 ,a discov]y :i* is s precise1 s complex 79 ! ph5om5a :i* x expla9s71 s support$ by innum]able obs]vations ext5d+ ?r\gh space & "t1 is n s easily ov]turn$4 ,if we f9d t ,uranus1 or t ,encke's comet1 deviates f ,kepl]'s & ,newton's laws1 we d n inf] t ^! laws mu/ be false2 we say t !re mu/ be "s di/urb+ cause 9 ^! cases4 ,we seek1 & we f9d ^! di/urb+ causes3 9 ! case ( ,uranus1 a new planet2 9 ! case ( ,encke's comet1 a resi/+ m$ium4 ,ev5 9 ?is case !re=e1 ?\gh ! numb] ( p>ticul>s is limit$1 ! ,induction 0 n made by a simple enum]ation ( all ! p>ticul>s4 ,x 0 made f a few cases1 & :5 ! law 0 disc]n$ to be true 9 ^!1 x 0 ext5d$ to all2 ! conv]sion & assum$ univ]sality ( ! proposition t ^! are planets1 giv+ u ! proposition :i* we ne$ = ! syllogi/ic exhibition ( ,induction1 all ! planets are z ^!4 ,i v5ture to say fur!r1 t x is pla91 t ,ari/otle did n reg>d ,induction z ! result ( simple enum]ation4 ,?is is pla91 9 ! fir/ place1 f 8 example4 ,any proposition ) reg>d to a special class ( animals1 _c be prov$ by simple enum]ation3 = ! numb] ( p>ticul> cases1 t is1 ( animal species 9 ! class1 is indef9ite at any p]iod ( zoological discov]y1 & mu/ be reg>d$ z inf9ite4 ,9 ! next place1 ,ari/otle says 7 #aj ( ! above extract71 ,we mu/ conceive t ,c consi/s ( a collection ( all ! p>ticul> cases2 = induction is appli$ to all ! cases4 ,we mu/ conceive 77 t ,c 9 ! major1 consi/s ( all ! cases1 9 ord] t ! conclusion may be true ( all ! cases2 b we _c obs]ve all ! cases4 ,b ! evid5t pro( t ,ari/otle does n contemplate 9 ?is *apt] an ,induction by simple enum]ation1 is ! contra/ 9 :i* he places ,induction & ,syllogism4 ,= ,induction by simple enum]ation /&s 9 no contra/ to ,syllogism4 ,! ,syllogism ( su* ,induction is q logical & conclusive4 ,b ,induction f a comp>atively small numb] ( p>ticul> cases to a g5]al law1 does /& 9 opposition to ,syllogism4 ,x gives u a tru?1--a tru? :i*1 z ,ari/otle says 7 #ad71 is m lum9\s ?an a tru? prov$ syllogi/ically1 ?\gh ,syllogism may be m natural & usual4 ,x gives u 7 #aa7 imm$iate propositions1 obta9$ directly f obs]vation1 & n by a *a9 ( reason+3 fir/ tru?s1 ! pr9ciples f :i* syllogi/ic reason+s may be d$uc$4 ,! ,syllogism proves by means ( a middle t]m 7 #ac7 t ! extreme is true ( a ?ird ?+3 ?us1 7a*ol\s be+ ! middle t]m73 ,a*ol\s animals are long-liv$3 ,all elephants are a*ol\s animals3 ,!re=e all elephants are long-liv$4 ,b ,induction proves by means ( a ?ird ?+ 7namely1 p>ticul> cases7 t ! extreme is true ( ! mean2 ?us 7a*ol\s1 /ill be+ ! middle t]m7 ,elephants are long-liv$3 ,elephants are a*ol\s animals3 ,!re=e a*ol\s animals are long-liv$4 ,x may be object$1 su* reason+ z ?is is q inconclusive3 & ! answ] is1 t ?is is precisely :at we1 & z ,i believe1 ,ari/otle1 are "h po9t+ out4 ,induction is inconclusive z reason+4 ,x is n reason+3 x is ano!r way ( gett+ at tru?4 ,z we h se51 no reason+ c prove su* an inductive tru? z ?is1 t all planets describe ellipses4 ,x is kn[n f obs]vation1 b x is n demon/rat$4 ,nev]!less1 no "o d\bts its univ]sal tru?1 7except1 z a=esaid1 :5 di/urb+ causes int]v5e74 ,& !nce1 ,induction is1 z ,ari/otle says1 oppos$ to syllogi/ic reason+1 & yet is a means ( discov]+ tru?3 n only s1 b a means ( discov]+ prim>y tru?s1 imm$iately d]iv$ f obs]vation4 ,i h else:]e taught t all ,induction involves a ,conception ( ! m9d appli$ to facts4 ,x may be ask$ :e!r ?is applies 9 su* a case z t giv5 by ,ari/otle4 ,& ,i reply1 t ,ari/otle's in/ance is a v in/ructive example ( :at ,i mean4 ,! ,conception :i* is appli$ to ! facts 9 ord] to make ! induction possible is ! want ( ! gall-bladd]2--& ,ari/otle supplies u ) a special t]m = ?is conception2 a*ol\s#cdi4 ,b1 x may be said1 t ! animals obs]v$1 ! elephant1 horse1 mule1 c41 are a*ol\s1 is a m]e fact ( obs]vation1 n a ,conception4 ,i reply t x is a ,select$ ,fact1 a fact select$ & comp>$ 9 sev]al cases1 :i* is :at we mean by a ,conception4 ,t !re is ne$$ = su* selection & comp>ison a c]ta9 activity ( ! m9d1 is evid5t2 b ?is also may become m cle> by dwell+ a little fur!r on ! subject4 ,suppose t ,ari/otle1 hav+ a desire to "k :at class ( animals are long-liv$1 _h dissect$ = t purpose _m animals2 elephants1 horses1 c[s1 %eep1 goats1 de] & ! l4 ,h[ _m resemblances1 h[ _m diff]5ces1 mu/ he h obs]v$ 9 _! anatomy6 ,he 0 v likely long 9 fix+ ^u any "o resemblance :i* 0 common to all ! long-liv$4 ,probably he tri$ sev]al o!r *>act]s1 be=e he tri$ ! pres5ce & abs5ce ( ! gall-bladd]3--p]haps1 try+ su* *>act]s1 he f\nd !m succe$ = a few cases1 & !n fail 9 o!rs1 s t he _h to reject !m z useless = 8 purpose4 ,all ! :ile1 ! abs5ce ( ! gall-bladd] 9 ! long-liv$ animals 0 a fact3 b x 0 ( no use to him1 because he _h n select$ x & drawn x =? f ! mass ( o!r facts4 ,he 0 look+ = a mean t]m to connect 8 fir/ extreme1 long-liv$1 ) 8 second1 ! special cases4 ,he s\ght ?is middle t]m 9 ! entrails ( ! _m animals :i* he us$ z extremes3 x 0 !re1 b he c\ld n f9d x4 ,! fact exi/$1 b x 0 ( no use = ! purpose ( ,induction1 because x did n become a special ,conception 9 8 m9d4 ,he consid]$ ! animals 9 v>i\s po9ts ( view1 x may be1 z rum9ant1 z horn$1 z ho($1 & ! contr>y2 b n z a*ol\s & ! contr>y4 ,:5 he look$ at animals 9 t po9t ( view1--:5 he took up t "* z ! gr\nd ( di/9ction1 he =?) imag9$ t he f\nd a sep>ation ( long-liv$ & %ort-liv$ animals4 ,:5 t ,fact became a ,conception1 he obta9$ an inductive tru?1 or1 at any rate1 an inductive proposition4 ,he obta9$ an inductive proposition by apply+ ! ,conception a*ol\s to 8 obs]vation ( animals4 ,?is ,conception divid$ !m into two classes2 & ^! classes 71 he fanci$1 long-liv$ & %ort-liv$ respectively4 ,t x 0 ! ,conception1 & n ! ,fact :i* enabl$ him to obta9 8 inductive proposition1 is fur!r pla9 f ?is1 t ! suppos$ ,fact is n a fact4 ,a*ol\s animals are n long]-liv$ ?an o!rs4 ,! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ! gall-bladd] is no "* ( longevity4 ,x is true1 t 9 "o famili> class ( animals1 ! h]bivor\s k9d1 !re is a sort ( fir/ seem+ ( ! tru? ( ,ari/otle's ass]t$ rule3 = ! horse & mule :i* h n ! gall-bladd] are long]-liv$ ?an ! c[1 %eep1 & goat1 :i* h x4 ,b if we pursue ! inve/igation fur!r1 ! rule soon fails4 ,! de]-tribe t want ! gall-bladd] are n long]-liv$ ?an ! o!r rum9at+ animals :i* h x4 ,& z a conspicu\s evid5ce ( ! falsity ( ! rule1 man & ! elephant are p]haps1 = _! size1 ! longe/-liv$ animals1 & ( ^!1 man has1 & ! elephant has n1 ! organ 9 "q4 ,! inductive proposition1 !n1 is false2 b :at we h ma9ly to consid] is1 :]e ! fallacy ent]s1 accord+ to ,ari/otle's analysis ( ,induction into ,syllogism4 ,= ! two premisses are /ill true2 t elephants1 c41 are long-liv$2 & t elephants1 c41 are a*ol\s4 ,& x is pla9 t ! fallacy comes 9 ) t conv]sion & g5]alization ( ! latt] proposition1 :i* we h not$ z necess>y to ,ari/otle's illu/ration ( ,induction4 ,:5 we say ,all a*ol\s animals are z elephants1 c41 t is1 z ^? 9 _! biological conditions1 we say :at is n true4 ,ari/otle's condition 7 #h7 is n compli$ )1 t ! middle t]m %all n ext5d beyond ! extreme4 ,= ! "* a*ol\s does ext5d beyond ! elephant & ! animals biologically resembl+ x2 x ext5ds to de]1 c41 :i* are n l elephants & horses1 9 ! po9t 9 "q4 ,& ?us1 we see t ! assum$ conv]sion & g5]alization ( ! m9or proposition1 is ! seat ( ! fallacy ( false ,inductions1 z x is ! seat ( ! peculi> logical "* ( true ,inductions4 ,z true ,inductive ,propositions _c be logically demon/rat$ by syllogi/ic rules1 s !y _c be discov]$ by any rule4 ,!re is no =mula = ! discov]y ( inductive tru?4 ,x is caught by a peculi> sagacity1 or p[] ( div9ation1 = :i* no precepts c be giv54 ,b f :at has be5 said1 we see t ?is sagacity %[s itself 9 ! discov]y ( propositions :i* are bo? true1 & conv]tible 9 ! s5se above expla9$4 ,bo? ^! /eps may be difficult4 ,! =m] is (t5 v labori\s3 & :5 ! lab\r has be5 exp5d$1 & a true proposition obta9$1 x may turn out useless1 because ! proposition is n conv]tible4 ,x 0 a matt] ( great lab\r to ,kepl] to prove 7f calculation ( obs]vations7 t ,m>s moves elliptically4 ,be=e he prov$ ?is1 he _h tri$ to prove _m simil> propositions3--t ,m>s mov$ accord+ to ! bisection ( ! ecc5tricity1--accord+ to ! vic>i\s hypo!sis1--accord+ to ! physical hypo!sis1--& ! l2 b none ( ^! 0 f\nd to be exactly true4 ,! proposition t ,m>s moves elliptically 0 prov$ to be true4 ,b /ill1 !re 0 ! "q1 ,is x conv]tible8 ,d all ! planets move z ,m>s moves8 ,?is 0 prov$1 7suppose17 to be true1 = ! ,e>? & ,v5us4 ,b /ill ! "q rema9s1 ,d all ! planets move z ,m>s1 ,e>?1 ,v5us1 d8 ,! inductive g5]aliz+ impulse boldly answ]s1 ,yes1 to ?is "q2 ?\gh ! rules ( ,syllogism d n au?orize ! answ]1 & ?\gh !re rema9 untri$ cases4 ,! inductive ,philosoph] tries ! cases z fa/ z !y occur1 9 ord] to confirm 8 previ\s conviction2 b if he _h to wait = belief & conviction till he _h tri$ e case1 he nev] c\ld h belief or conviction ( su* a proposition at all4 ,he is prep>$ to modify or add to 8 inductive tru? accord+ z new cases & new obs]vations in/ruct him2 b he does n fe> t new cases or new obs]vations w ov]turn an inductive proposition e/abli%$ by exact comp>ison ( _m complex & v>i\s ph5om5a4 ,ari/otle's example (f]s some:at simil> reflections4 ,he _h to e/abli% a proposition conc]n+ long-liv$ animals1 :i* %\ld be true1 & %\ld be susceptible ( g5]aliz$ conv]sion4 ,to prove t ! elephant1 horse & mule are de/itute ( gall-bladd] requir$1 at lea/1 ! lab\r ( anatomiz+ ^? animals 9 ! seat ( t organ4 ,b ?is lab\r 0 n en\gh2 = he w\ld f9d ^? animals to agree 9 _m o!r ?+s besides 9 be+ a*ol\s4 ,he mu/ h select$ t "* some:at at a v5ture4 ,& ! guess 0 wrong1 z a little m lab\r w\ld h %[n him2 if = in/ance he _h dissect$ de]3 = !y are a*ol\s1 & yet %ort-liv$4 ,a trial ( ?is k9d w\ld h %[n him t ! extreme t]m1 a*ol\s1 did ext5d beyond ! mean1 namely1 animals su* z elephant1 horse1 mule2 & !re=e1 t ! conv]sion 0 n all[able1 & t ! ,induction 0 unt5able4 ,9 tru?1 !re is no relation betwe5 bile & longevity#cej1 & ?is example giv5 by ,ari/otle ( g5]alization f induction is an un=tunate "o4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 discuss+ ?is passage ( ,ari/otle1 ,i h made two alt]ations 9 ! text1 "o ( :i* is necess>y on acc\nt ( ! fact2 ! o!r on acc\nt ( ! s5se4 ,9 ! receiv$ text1 ! p>ticul> examples ( long-liv$ animals giv5 are man1 horse1 & mule 7' 1 1 1 1 74 ,& x is aft]w>ds said t all ^! are a*ol\s3 7 1 1 74 ,b man has a gall-bladd]3 & ! fact 0 well kn[n 9 ,ari/otle's "t1 = in/ance1 to ,hippocrates2 s t x is n likely t ,ari/otle w\ld h made ! mi/ake :i* ! text conta9s4 ,b at any rate1 x is a mi/ake2 if n ( ! transcrib]1 ( ,ari/otle2 & x is impossible to reason ab\t ! passage1 )\t correct+ ! mi/ake4 ,! sub/itution ( = makes ! reason+ coh]5t2 b ( c\rse1 any o!r a*ol\s long-liv$ animal w\ld d s equally well4 ,! o!r em5dation :i* ,i h made is 9 #f4 ,9 ! receiv$ text #f & #g /& ?us3 #f4 ,!n e ,c is ,a1 = e a*ol\s animal is long-liv$ 7 1 74 #g4 ,also e ,c is ,b1 = all ,c is de/itute ( bile4 ,:5ce x may be inf]r$1 says ,ari/otle1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 t e ,b is ,a 7 7 t is1 t e a*ol\s animal is long-liv$4 ,b ?is conclusion is1 accord+ to ! common read+1 id5tical ) ! major premiss2 s t ! passage is manife/ly corrupt4 ,i correct x by sub/itut+ = 1 2 & ?us read+ = e ,c is long-liv$3 j z 9 ! p>allel s5t5ce1 #g1 we h 1 1 4 ,9 ?is way ! reason+ becomes q cle>4 ,! corrupt sub/itution ( = may h be5 made 9 v>i\s ways2 :i* ,i ne$ n sugge/4 ,z my bus9ess is ) ! s5se ( ! passage1 & z x makes no s5se )\t ! *ange1 & v good s5se ) x1 ,i _c hesitate to make ! em5dation4 ,& ^! em5dations be+ made1 ,ari/otle's view ( ! nature & =ce ( ,induction becomes1 ,i ?9k1 p]fectly cle> & v in/ructive4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,additional ,,note4 ,i take ! lib]ty ( add+ to ?is ,memoir ! foll[+ rem>ks1 = :i* ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,edle/on1 ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college4 ,sev]al ( ! e>li] editions ( ,ari/otle h in/ead ( 9 ! passage ref]r$ to 9 ! above pap]3 ex4 gr4 7#a7 ,! edition pr9t$ at ,basle1 #aeci 7aft] ,erasmus73 4 7#b7 ,basil 7,erasmus7 #aeej4 4 7#c7 ,burana's ,lat9 v]sion1 ,v5et4 #aeeb1 has omne enim ,c longvum4 7#d7 ,sylburg1 ,francf4 #aehg is pr9t$ 9 brackets ?us3 4 7#e7 ,s also 9 ,casaubon's edition1 #aeij4 7#f7 ,casaub4 #afje 1 7?\gh ! ,lat9 v]sion has vacans bile27 n 1 z ! edition ( #aeij4 7#g7 ,9 ! edition pr9t$ ,aurel4 ,allobr4 #afjg1 1 z 9 7#d7 & 7#e74 7#h7 ,du ,val's editions1 ,p>is1 #afai1 #afbi1 #afed 1 ?\gh 9 ,pacius's translation 9 ! adjac5t column we f9d vacans bile4 7#i7 ,9 ! critical notes to ,waitz's edition ( ! ,organon 7,lips4 #ahdd7 x is /at$ t po/ del4 4 n1 imply+ app>5tly1 t 9 ! ,,ms4 m>k$ n1 ! lett] 1 :i* _h be5 orig9ally writt5 aft] 1 _h be5 eras$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ passages ?r[ light ^u ! "q :e!r ought or ought n to be reta9$ 9 ! passage discuss$ 9 ! ,memoir4 7,a7 ,ari/ot4 ,de ,animalibus ,hi/or4 ,,ii4 #ae1 #i 7,bekk471 1 1 1 1 4444 1 444 7,b7 ,conf4 ,ib4 ,i4 #ag1 #aj1 #aa4 7,9 ! beg9n+ ( ,*ap4 #af1 he says t ! ext]nal ( man are 1 ' 4 1 1 4447 7,c7 ,id ,de ,"p4 ,animal4 ,,iv4 #b1 #b4 1 44444 1 ' 1 4 ' 1 ' 4 44444 7,d7 ,ib4 #aa4 1 4 ' 1 1 4 1 444 7,e7 ,! elephant & man are m5tion$ toge!r z long-liv$ animals 7,de ,long4 et ,brev4 ,vit1 ,,iv4 #b1 & ,de ,g5]at4 ,animal4 ,,iv4 #aj1 #b47 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ is ! import ( ^! passages3 7,a7 ,( vivip>\s quadrup$s1 ! de]1 roe1 horse1 mule1 ass1 seal1 & "s ( ! sw9e h n ! gall-bladd]4444 ,! elephant also has ! liv] )\t gall-bladd]1 c4 7,b7 ,! ext]nal p>ts ( man are well kn[n3 ! int]nal p>ts are f> f be+ s4 ,! p>ts ( man are 9 a great measure unkn[n2 s t we mu/ judge conc]n+ !m by ref]5ce to ! analogy ( o!r animals4444 7,c7 ,"s animals are altoge!r de/itute ( gall-bladd]1 z ! horse1 ! mule1 ! ass1 ! de]1 ! roe4444 ,b 9 "s k9ds x appe>s t "s h x1 & "s h x n1 z ! mice k9d4 ,& among ^! is man2 = "s m5 appe> to h a gall-bladd] on ! liv]1 & "s n to h "o4 ,& ?us !re is a d\bt z to ! species 9 g5]al2 = ^? :o h happ5$ to exam9e examples ( ei!r k9d1 hold t all ! cases are ( t k9d4 7,d7 ,^? ( ! anci5ts speak mo/ plausibly1 :o say t ! abs5ce ( ! gall-bladd] is ! cause ( long life2 look+ at animals ) unclov5 ho(1 & de]3 = ^! are de/itute ( gall-bladd]1 & live a long "t4 ,& fur!r1 ^? animals 9 :i* ! anci5ts _h n ! opportunity ( asc]ta9+ t !y h n ! gall-bladd]1 z ! dolph91 & ! camel1 are also long-liv$ animals4 ,x appe>s1 f ^! passages1 t ,ari/otle 0 aw>e t "s p]sons _h ass]t$ man to h a gall-bladd]1 b t he also conceiv$ ?is n to be univ]sally true4 ,he may h incl9$ to ! op9ion1 t ! opposite case 0 ! m usual1 & may h writt5 9 ! passage :i* ,i h be5 discuss+4 ,ano!r mi/ake ( 8 is ! reckon+ de] among long-liv$ animals4 ,x appe>s probable1 f ! context ( ! passages 7,c7 & 7,d71 t ! conjecture ( a connexion betwe5 abs5ce ( ! gall-bladd] & l5g? ( life 0 sugge/$ by "s su* notion z ?is3--t ! gall1 f its bitt]ness1 is ! cause ( irritation1 m5tal & bodily1 & t irritation is adv]se to longevity4 ,! op9ion is ascrib$ to ! anci5ts1 n claim$ by ,ari/otle z 8 own4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #cej3 ,mr4 ,ow51 to :om ,i am indebt$ = ! physiological "p ( ?is criticism1 tells me1 ,all mammalia h bile1 ! c>nivora 9 great] proportion ?an ! h]bivora3 ! gall-bladd] is a comp>atively unimportant accessory to ! bili>y app>atus2 adju/+ x to c]ta9 modifications ( /oma* & inte/9e3 !re is no relation betwe5 natural longevity & bile4 ,nei!r has ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ! gall-bladd] any connexion ) age4 ,man & ! elephant are p]haps = _! size ! longe/ liv$ animals1 & ! late/ at com+ to maturity3 "o has ! gall-bladd]1 & ! o!r n4 ,,app5dix ,e4 ,,on ,,! ,,fundam5tal ,,anti!sis ,,( ,,philosophy4 7,cam4 ,phil4 ,soc4 ,,feb4 #e1 #ahdd47 #a4 ,all p]sons :o h att5d$ 9 any degree to ! views g5]ally curr5t ( ! nature ( reason+ are famili> ) ! di/9ction ( necess>y tru?s & tru?s ( exp]i5ce2 & few su* p]sons1 or at lea/ few /ud5ts ( ma!matics1 require to h ?is di/9ction expla9$ or en=c$4 ,all geometricians are satisfi$ t ! geometrical tru?s ) :i* !y are conv]sant are necess>ily true3 !y n only are true1 b !y mu/ be true4 ,! mean+ ( ! t]ms be+ und]/ood1 & ! pro( be+ gone ?r\gh1 ! tru? ( ! proposition mu/ be ass5t$ to4 ,t p>allelograms ^u ! same base & betwe5 ! same p>allels are equal2--t angles 9 ! same segm5t are equal2--^! are propositions :i* we le>n to be true by demon/rations d$uc$ f def9itions & axioms2 & :i*1 :5 we h ?us le>nt !m1 we see c\ld n be o!rwise4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are o!r tru?s :i* we le>n f exp]i5ce2 z = in/ance1 t ! />s revolve r\nd ! pole 9 "o day2 & t ! moon goes ?r\gh h] phases f full to full aga9 9 ?irty days4 ,^! tru?s we see to be true2 b we "k !m only by exp]i5ce4 ,m5 nev] c\ld h discov]$ !m )\t look+ at ! />s & ! moon2 & hav+ s le>nt !m1 /ill no "o w pret5d to say t !y are necess>ily true4 ,= aught we c see1 ?+s might h be5 o!rwise2 & if we _h be5 plac$ 9 ano!r "p ( ! sol> sy/em1 !n1 accord+ to ! op9ions ( a/ronom]s1 exp]i5ce w\ld h pres5t$ !m o!rwise4 #b4 ,i take ! a/ronomical tru?s ( exp]i5ce to contra/ ) ! geometrical necess>y tru?s1 z be+ bo? ( a famili> def9ite sort2 we may easily f9d o!r examples ( bo? k9ds ( tru?4 ,! tru?s :i* reg>d numb]s are necess>y tru?s4 ,x is a necess>y tru?1 t #bg & #ch are equal to #fe2 t half ! sum ( two numb]s add$ to half _! diff]5ce is equal to ! great] numb]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 t sug> w dissolve 9 wat]2 t plants _c live )\t light2 & 9 %ort1 ! :ole body ( our k 9 *emi/ry1 physiology1 & ! o!r inductive sci5ces1 consi/s ( tru?s ( exp]i5ce4 ,if !re be any sci5ce :i* (f] to u tru?s ( an ambigu\s k9d1 ) reg>d to :i* we may = a mom5t d\bt :e!r !y are necess>y or exp]i5tial1 we w def] ! consid]ation ( !m till we h m>k$ ! di/9ction ( ! two k9ds m cle>ly4 #c4 ,"o mode 9 :i* we may express ! diff]5ce ( necess>y tru?s & tru?s ( exp]i5ce1 is1 t necess>y tru?s are ^? ( :i* we _c di/9ctly conceive ! contr>y4 ,we c v readily conceive ! contr>y ( exp]i5tial tru?s4 ,we c conceive ! />s mov+ ab\t ! pole or across ! sky 9 any k9d ( curves ) any velocities2 we c conceive ! moon always appe>+ dur+ ! :ole mon? z a lum9\s disk1 z %e might d if h] light 7 inh]5t & n borr[$4 ,b we _c conceive "o ( ! p>allelograms on ! same base & betwe5 ! same p>allels l>g] ?an ! o!r2 = we f9d t1 if we attempt to d ?is1 :5 we sep>ate ! p>allelograms into p>ts1 we h to conceive "o triangle l>g] ?an ano!r1 bo? hav+ all _! p>ts equal2 :i* we _c conceive at all1 if we conceive ! triangles di/9ctly4 ,we make ?is impossibility m cle> by conceiv+ ! triangles to be plac$ s t two sides ( ! "o co9cide ) two sides ( ! o!r2 & x is !n se51 t 9 ord] to conceive ! triangles unequal1 we mu/ conceive ! two bases :i* h ! same extremities bo? ways1 to be diff]5t l9es1 ?\gh bo? /raight l9es4 ,?is x is impossible to conceive3 we ass5t to ! impossibility z an axiom1 :5 x is express$ by say+1 t two /raight l9es _c inclose a space2 & ?us we _c di/9ctly conceive ! contr>y ( ! proposition j m5tion$ respect+ p>allelograms4 #d4 ,b x is necess>y1 9 apply+ ?is di/9ction1 to be> 9 m9d ! t]ms ( x2--t we _c di/9ctly conceive ! contr>y ( a necess>y tru?4 ,= 9 a c]ta9 loose1 indi/9ct way1 p]sons conceive ! contr>y ( necess>y geometrical tru?s1 :5 !y errone\sly conceive false propositions to be true4 ,?us1 ,hobbes errone\sly held t he _h discov]$ a means ( geometrically d\bl+ ! cube1 z x is call$1 t is1 f9d+ two mean proportionals betwe5 two giv5 l9es2 a problem :i* _c be solv$ by plane geometry4 ,hobbes n only propos$ a con/ruction = ?is purpose1 b ob/9ately ma9ta9$ t x 0 "r1 :5 x _h be5 prov$ to be wrong4 ,b !n1 ! discussion %[$ h[ indi/9ct ! geometrical conceptions ( ,hobbes 72 = :5 8 critics _h prov$ t "o ( ! l9es 9 8 diagram w\ld n meet ! o!r 9 ! po9t :i* 8 reason+ suppos$1 b 9 ano!r po9t ne> to x2 he ma9ta9$1 9 reply1 t "o ( ^! po9ts 0 l>ge en\gh to include ! o!r1 s t !y might be consid]$ z ! same po9t4 ,su* a mode ( conceiv+ ! opposite ( a geometrical tru?1 =ms no exception to ! ass]tion1 t ?is opposite _c be di/9ctly conceiv$4 #e4 ,9 l mann]1 ! indi/9ct conceptions ( *ildr5 & ( rude savages d n invalidate ! di/9ction ( necess>y & exp]i5tial tru?s4 ,*ildr5 & savages make mi/akes ev5 ) reg>d to numb]s2 & might easily happ5 to ass]t t #bg & #ch are equal to #fc or #fd4 ,b su* mi/akes _c make su* ari?metical tru?s cease to be necess>y tru?s4 ,:5 any p]son conceives ^! numb]s & _! addition di/9ctly1 by resolv+ !m into p>ts1 or 9 any o!r way1 he sees t _! sum is necess>ily #fe4 ,if1 on ! gr\nd ( ! possibility ( *ildr5 & savages conceiv+ some?+ diff]5t1 x be held t ?is is n a necess>y tru?1 x mu/ be held on ! same gr\nd1 t x is n a necess>y tru? t #g & #d are equal to #aa2 = *ildr5 & savages might be f\nd s unfamili> ) numb]s z n to reject ! ass]tion t #g & #d are #aj1 or ev5 t #d & #c are #f1 or #h4 ,b ,i suppose t no p]sons w\ld on su* gr\nds hold t ^! ari?metical tru?s are tru?s kn[n only by exp]i5ce4 #f4 ,necess>y tru?s are e/abli%$1 z has already be5 said1 by demon/ration1 proce$+ f def9itions & axioms1 accord+ to exact & rigor\s inf]5ces ( reason4 ,tru?s ( exp]i5ce are collect$ f :at we see1 also accord+ to inf]5ces ( reason1 b proce$+ 9 a less exact & rigor\s mode ( pro(4 ,! =m] dep5d ^u ! relations ( ! ideas :i* we h 9 our m9ds3 ! latt] dep5d ^u ! appe>ances or ph5om5a1 :i* pres5t !mselves to our s5ses4 ,necess>y tru?s are =m$ f our ?\ghts1 ! elem5ts ( ! _w )9 u2 exp]i5tial tru?s are collect$ f ?+s1 ! elem5ts ( ! _w )\t u4 ,! tru?s ( exp]i5ce1 z !y appe> to u 9 ! ext]nal _w1 we call ,facts2 & :5 we are able to f9d among our ideas a tra9 :i* w con=m !mselves to ! app>5t facts1 we call ?is a ,!ory4 #g4 ,?is di/9ction & opposition1 ?us express$ 9 v>i\s =ms2 z ,necess>y & ,exp]i5tial ,tru?1 ,ideas & ,s5ses1 ,?\ghts & ,?+s1 ,!ory & ,fact1 may be t]m$ ! ,fundam5tal ,anti!sis ( ,philosophy2 = almo/ all ! discussions ( philosoph]s h be5 employ$ 9 ass]t+ or d5y+1 expla9+ or obscur+ ?is anti!sis4 ,x may be express$ 9 _m o!r ways2 b is n difficult1 "u all ^! diff]5t =ms1 to recognize ! same opposition3 & ! same rem>ks apply to x "u its v>i\s =ms1 ) correspond+ modifications4 ,?us1 z we h already se51 ! anti!sis agrees ) t ( ,reason+ & ,obs]vation3 aga91 x is id5tical ) ! opposition ( ,reflection & ,s5sation3 aga91 s5sation deals ) ,objects2 facts involve ,objects1 & g5]ally all ?+s )\t u are ,objects3--,objects ( s5sation1 ( obs]vation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we ourselves :o ?us obs]ve objects1 & 9 :om s5sation is1 may be call$ ! ,subjects ( s5sation & obs]vation4 ,& ?is di/9ction ( ,subject & ,object is "o ( ! mo/ g5]al ways ( express+ ! fundam5tal anti!sis1 al?\gh n yet p]haps q famili> 9 ,engli%4 ,i %all n scruple h[ev] to speak ( ! ,subjective & ,objective elem5t ( ?is anti!sis1 :]e ! expressions are conv5i5t4 #h4 ,all ^! =ms ( anti!sis1 & ! famili> ref]5ces to !m :i* m5 make 9 all discussions1 %[ ! fundam5tal & necess>y "* ( ! anti!sis4 ,we c h no k )\t ! union1 no philosophy )\t ! sep>ation1 ( ! two elem5ts4 ,we c h no k1 except we h bo? impressions on our s5ses f ! _w )\t1 & ?\ghts f our m9ds )93--except we att5d to ?+s1 & to our ideas2--except we are passive to receive impressions1 & active to comp>e1 comb9e1 & m\ld !m4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 philosophy seeks to di/+ui% ! impressions ( our s5ses f ! ?\ghts ( our m9ds2--to po9t out ! diff]5ce ( ideas & ?+s2--to sep>ate ! active f ! passive faculties ( our be+4 ,! two elem5ts1 s5sations & ideas1 are bo? requisite to ! exi/5ce ( our k1 z bo? matt] & =m are requisite to ! exi/5ce ( a body4 ,b philosophy consid]s ! matt] & ! =m sep>ately4 ,! prop]ties ( ! =m are ! subject ( geometry1 ! prop]ties ( ! matt] are ! subject ( *emi/ry or me*anics4 #i4 ,b ?\gh philosophy consid]s ^! elem5ts ( k sep>ately1 !y _c really be sep>at$1 any m ?an c matt] & =m4 ,we _c exhibit matt] )\t =m1 or =m )\t matt]2 & j z little c we exhibit s5sations )\t ideas1 or ideas )\t s5sations2--! passive or ! active faculties ( ! m9d deta*$ f ea* o!r4 ,9 e act ( my k1 !re mu/ be conc]n$ ! ?+s :]e( ,i "k1 & ?\ghts ( me :o "k3 ,i mu/ bo? passively receive or h receiv$ impressions1 & ,i mu/ actively comb9e !m & reason on !m4 ,no appreh5sion ( ?+s is purely ideal3 no exp]i5ce ( ext]nal ?+s is purely s5sational4 ,if !y be conceiv$ z ?+s1 ! m9d mu/ h be5 awak5$ to ! conviction ( ?+s by s5sation3 if !y be conceiv$ z ?+s1 ! expressions ( ! s5ses mu/ h be5 b\nd toge!r by conceptions4 ,if we ?9k ( any ?+1 we mu/ recognize ! exi/5ce bo? ( ?\ghts & ( ?+s4 ,! fundam5tal anti!sis ( philosophy is an anti!sis ( insep>able elem5ts4 #aj4 ,n only _c ^! elem5ts be sep>ately exhibit$1 b !y _c be sep>ately conceiv$ & describ$4 ,! description ( !m mu/ always imply _! relation2 & ! names by :i* !y are d5ot$ w consequ5tly always be> a relative significance4 ,& ?us ! t]ms :i* d5ote ! fundam5tal anti!sis ( philosophy _c be appli$ absolutely & exclusively 9 any case4 ,we may illu/rate ?is by a consid]ation ( "s ( ! common modes ( express+ ! anti!sis ( :i* we speak4 ,! t]ms ,!ory & ,fact are (t5 emphatically us$ z oppos$ to ea* o!r3 & !y are rightly s us$4 ,b yet x is impossible to say absolutely 9 any case1 ,?is is a ,fact & n a ,!ory2 ?is is a ,!ory & n a ,fact1 mean+ by ,!ory1 true ,!ory4 ,is x a fact or a !ory t ! />s appe> to revolve r\nd ! pole8 ,is x a fact or a !ory t ! e>? is a globe revolv+ r\nd its axis8 ,is x a fact or a !ory t ! e>? revolves r\nd ! sun8 ,is x a fact or a !ory t ! sun attracts ! e>?8 ,is x a fact or a !ory t a load/one attracts a ne$le8 ,9 all ^! cases1 "s p]sons w\ld answ] "o way & "s p]sons ano!r4 ,a p]son :o has nev] wat*$ ! />s1 & has only se5 !m f "t to "t1 consid]s _! circul> motion r\nd ! pole z a !ory1 j z he consid]s ! motion ( ! sun 9 ! ecliptic z a !ory1 or ! app>5t motion ( ! inf]ior planets r\nd ! sun 9 ! zodiac4 ,a p]son :o has comp>$ ! measures ( diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>?1 & :o kn[s t ^! measures _c be conceiv$ di/9ctly )\t suppos+ ! e>? a globe1 consid]s its globul> =m a fact1 j z mu* z ! squ>e =m ( 8 *amb]4 ,a p]son to :om ! gr\nds ( believ+ ! e>? to revolve r\nd its axis & r\nd ! sun1 are z famili> z ! gr\nds = believ+ ! movem5ts ( ! mail-coa*es 9 ?is c\ntry1 conceives ! =m] ev5ts to be facts1 j z /eadily z ! latt]4 ,& a p]son :o1 believ+ ! fact ( ! e>?'s annual motion1 ref]s x di/9ctly to its me*anical c\rse1 conceives ! sun's attraction z a fact1 j z he conceives z a fact ! action ( ! w9d :i* turns ! sails ( a mill4 ,we see !n1 t 9 ^! cases we _c apply absolutely & exclusively ei!r ( ! t]ms1 ,fact or ,!ory4 ,!ory & ,fact are ! elem5ts :i* correspond to our ,ideas & our ,s5ses4 ,! ,facts are facts s f> z ! ,ideas h be5 comb9$ ) ! s5sations & absorb$ 9 !m3 ! ,!ories are ,!ories s f> z ! ,ideas are kept di/9ct f ! s5sations1 & s f> z x is consid]$ z /ill a "q :e!r !y c be made to agree ) !m4 ,a true ,!ory is a fact1 a ,fact is a famili> !ory4 ,9 l mann]1 if we take ! t]ms ,reason+ & ,obs]vation2 at fir/ sight !y appe> to be v di/9ct4 ,our obs]vation ( ! _w )\t u1 our reason+s 9 our own m9ds1 appe> to be cle>ly sep>at$ & oppos$4 ,b yet we %all f9d t we _c apply ^! t]ms absolutely & exclusively4 ,i see a book ly+ a few feet f me3 is ?is a matt] ( obs]vation8 ,at fir/1 p]haps1 we might be incl9$ to say t x cle>ly is s4 ,b yet1 all ( u1 :o h paid any att5tion to ! process ( vision1 & to ! mode 9 :i* we are enabl$ to judge ( ! di/ance ( objects1 & to judge !m to be di/ant objects at all1 "k t ?is judgm5t involves inf]5ces drawn f v>i\s s5sations2--f ! impressions on our two eyes2--f our muscul> s5sations2 & ! l4 ,^! inf]5ces are ( ! nature ( reason+1 z mu* z :5 we judge ( ! di/ance ( an object on ! o!r side ( a riv] by look+ at x f diff]5t po9ts1 & /epp+ ! di/ance betwe5 !m4 ,or aga93 we obs]ve ! sett+ sun illum9ate a gild$ wea!rcock2 b ?is is z mu* a matt] ( reason+ z :5 we obs]ve ! phases ( ! moon1 & inf] t %e is illum9at$ by ! sun4 ,all obs]vation involves inf]5ces1 & inf]5ce is reason+4 #aa4 ,ev5 ! simple/ t]ms by :i* ! anti!sis is express$ _c be appli$3 ideas & s5sations1 ?\ghts & ?+s1 subject & object1 _c 9 any case be appli$ absolutely & exclusively4 ,our s5sations require ideas to b9d !m toge!r1 namely1 ideas ( space1 "t1 numb]1 & ! l4 ,if n s b\nd toge!r1 s5sations d n give u any appreh5sion ( ?+s or objects4 ,all ?+s1 all objects1 mu/ exi/ 9 space & 9 "t--mu/ be "o or _m4 ,n[ space1 "t1 numb]1 are n s5sations or ?+s4 ,!y are some?+ diff]5t f1 & oppos$ to s5sations & ?+s4 ,we h t]m$ !m ideas4 ,x may be said !y are relations ( ?+s1 or ( s5sations4 ,b grant+ ?is =m ( expression1 /ill a relation is n a ?+ or a s5sation2 & !re=e we mu/ /ill h ano!r & opposite elem5t1 along ) our s5sations4 ,& yet1 ?\gh we h ?us ^! two elem5ts 9 e act ( p]ception1 we _c designate any portion ( ! act z absolutely & exclusively belong+ to "o ( ! elem5ts4 ,p]ception involves s5sation1 along ) ideas ( "t1 space1 & ! l2 or1 if any "o pref]s ! expression1 involves s5sations along ) ! appreh5sion ( relations4 ,p]ception is s5sation1 along ) su* ideas z make s5sation into an appreh5sion ( ?+s or objects4 #ab4 ,& z p]ception ( objects implies ideas1 z obs]vation implies reason+2 s1 on ! o!r h&1 ideas _c exi/ :]e s5sation has n be53 reason+ _c g on :5 !re has n be5 previ\s obs]vation4 ,?is is evid5t f ! necess>y ord] ( developm5t ( ! human faculties4 ,s5sation necess>ily exi/s f ! fir/ mom5ts ( our exi/5ce1 & is con/antly at "w4 ,obs]vation beg9s be=e we c suppose ! exi/5ce ( any reason+ :i* is n involv$ 9 obs]vation4 ,h5ce1 at :atev] p]iod we consid] our ideas1 we mu/ consid] !m z hav+ be5 already engag$ 9 connect+ our s5sations1 & z modifi$ by ?is employm5t4 ,by be+ s employ$1 our ideas are unfold$ & def9$1 & su* developm5t & def9ition _c be sep>at$ f ! ideas !mselves4 ,we _c conceive space )\t b\nd>ies or =ms2 n[ =ms involve s5sations4 ,we _c conceive "t )\t ev5ts :i* m>k ! c\rse ( "t2 b ev5ts involve s5sations4 ,we _c conceive numb] )\t conceiv+ ?+s :i* are numb]$2 & ?+s imply s5sations4 ,& ! =ms1 ?+s1 ev5ts1 :i* are ?us impli$ 9 our ideas1 hav+ be5 ! objects ( s5sation con/antly 9 e "p ( our life1 h modifi$1 unfold$ & fix$ our ideas1 to an ext5t :i* we _c e/imate1 b :i* we mu/ suppose to be ess5tial to ! processes :i* at pres5t g on 9 our m9ds4 ,we _c say t objects create ideas2 = to p]ceive objects we mu/ already h ideas4 ,b we may say1 t objects & ! con/ant p]ception ( objects h s f> modifi$ our ideas1 t we _c1 ev5 9 ?\ght1 sep>ate our ideas f ! p]ception ( objects4 ,we _c say ( any ideas1 z ( ! idea ( space1 or "t1 or numb]1 t !y are absolutely & exclusively ideas4 ,we _c conceive :at space1 or "t1 or numb] w\ld be 9 our m9ds1 if we _h nev] p]ceiv$ any ?+ or ?+s 9 space or "t4 ,we _c conceive ourselves 9 su* a condition z nev] to h p]ceiv$ any ?+ or ?+s 9 space or "t4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 j z little c we conceive ourselves becom+ acqua9t$ ) space & "t or numb]s z objects ( s5sation4 ,we _c reason )\t hav+ ! op]ations ( our m9ds affect$ by previ\s s5sations2 b we _c conceive reason+ to be m]ely a s]ies ( s5sations4 ,9 ord] to be us$ 9 reason+1 s5sation mu/ become obs]vation2 &1 z we h se51 obs]vation already involves reason+4 ,9 ord] to be connect$ by our ideas1 s5sations mu/ be ?+s or objects1 & ?+s or objects already include ideas4 ,& ?us1 z we h said1 none ( ! t]ms by :i* ! fundam5tal anti!sis is express$ c be absolutely & exclusively appli$4 #ac4 ,i n[ proce$ to make "o or two rem>ks sugge/$ by ! views :i* h ?us be5 pres5t$4 ,& fir/ ,i rem>k1 t s9ce1 z we h j se51 none ( ! t]ms :i* express ! fundam5tal anti!sis c be appli$ absolutely & exclusively1 ! absolute application ( ! anti!sis 9 any p>ticul> case c nev] be a conclusive or immoveable pr9ciple4 ,?is rem>k is ! m necess>y to be borne 9 m9d1 z ! t]ms ( ?is anti!sis are (t5 us$ 9 a vehem5t & p]emptory mann]4 ,?us we are (t5 told t su* a ?+ is a ,fact & n a ,!ory1 ) all ! emphasis :i*1 9 speak+ or writ+1 tone or italics or capitals c give4 ,we see f :at has be5 said1 t :5 ?is is urg$1 be=e we c e/imate ! tru?1 or ! value ( ! ass]tion1 we mu/ ask to :om is x a fact8 :at habits ( ?\ght1 :at previ\s in=mation1 :at ideas does x imply1 to conceive ! fact z a fact8 ,does n ! appreh5sion ( ! fact imply assumptions :i* may ) equal ju/ice be call$ !ory1 & :i* are p]haps false !ory8 9 :i* case1 ! fact is no fact4 ,did n ! anci5ts ass]t x z a fact1 t ! e>? /ood /ill1 & ! />s mov$8 & c any fact h /rong] app>5t evid5ce to ju/ify p]sons 9 ass]t+ x emphatically ?an ?is _h8 ,^! rem>ks are by no means urg$ 9 ord] to %[ t no fact c be c]ta9ly kn[n to be true2 b only to %[ t no fact c be c]ta9ly %[n to be a fact m]ely by call+ x a fact1 h[ev] emphatically4 ,!re is by no means any gr\nd ( g5]al skepticism ) reg>d to tru? involv$ 9 ! doctr9e ( ! necess>y comb9ation ( two elem5ts 9 all our k4 ,on ! contr>y1 ideas are requisite to ! ess5ce1 & ?+s to ! reality ( our k 9 e case4 ,! proportions ( geometry & ari?metic are examples ( k respect+ our ideas ( space & numb]1 ) reg>d to :i* !re is no room = d\bt4 ,! doctr9es ( a/ronomy are examples ( tru?s n less c]ta9 respect+ ! ext]nal _w4 #ad4 ,i rem>k fur!r1 t s9ce 9 e act ( k1 obs]vation or p]ception1 bo? ! elem5ts ( ! fundam5tal anti!sis are involv$1 & involv$ 9 a mann] insep>able ev5 9 our conceptions1 x mu/ always be possible to d]ive "o ( ^! elem5ts f ! o!r1 if we are satisfi$ to accept1 z pro( ( su* d]ivation1 t "o always co-exi/s ) & implies ! o!r4 ,?us an oppon5t may say1 t our ideas ( space1 "t1 & numb]1 are d]iv$ f our s5sations or p]ceptions1 because we nev] 7 9 a condition 9 :i* we _h ! ideas ( space & "t1 & _h n s5sations or p]ceptions4 ,b !n1 we may reply to ?is1 t we no soon] p]ceive objects ?an we p]ceive !m z exi/+ 9 space & "t1 & !re=e ! ideas ( space & "t are n d]iv$ f ! p]ceptions4 ,9 ! same mann]1 an oppon5t may say1 t all k :i* is involv$ 9 our reason+s is ! result ( exp]i5ce2 = in/ance1 our k ( geometry4 ,= e geometrical pr9ciple is pres5t$ to u by exp]i5ce z true2 beg9n+ ) ! simple/1 f :i* all o!rs are d]iv$ by processes ( exact reason+4 ,b to ?is we reply1 t exp]i5ce _c be ! orig9 ( su* k2 = ?\gh exp]i5ce %[s t su* pr9ciples are true1 x _c %[ t !y mu/ be true1 :i* we also "k4 ,we nev] h se51 z a matt] ( obs]vation1 two /raight l9es inclos+ a space2 b we v5ture to say fur!r1 )\t ! smalle/ hesitation1 t we nev] %all see x2 & if any "o 7 to tell u t1 accord+ to 8 exp]i5ce1 su* a =m 0 (t5 se51 we %\ld only suppose t he did n "k :at he 0 talk+ (4 ,no numb] ( acts ( exp]i5ce c add to ! c]ta9ty ( our k 9 ?is respect2 :i* %[s t our k is n made up ( acts ( exp]i5ce4 ,we _c te/ su* k by exp]i5ce2 = if we 7 to try to d s1 we mu/ fir/ "k t ! l9es ) :i* we make ! trial are /raight2 & we h no te/ ( /raightness bett] ?an ?is1 t two su* l9es _c inclose a space4 ,s9ce !n1 exp]i5ce c nei!r de/roy1 add to1 nor te/ our axiomatic k1 su* k _c be d]iv$ f exp]i5ce4 ,s9ce no "o act ( exp]i5ce c affect our k1 no numb]s ( acts ( exp]i5ce c make x4 #ae4 ,to ?is a reply has be5 (f]$1 t x is a *>act]i/ic prop]ty ( geometric =ms t ! ideas ( !m exactly resemble ! s5sations2 s t ^! ideas are z fit subjects ( exp]im5tation z ! realities !mselves2 & t by su* exp]im5tation we le>n ! tru? ( ! axioms ( geometry4 ,i might v reasonably ask ^? :o use ?is language to expla9 h[ a p>ticul> class ( ideas c be said to resemble s5sations2 h[1 if !y d1 we c "k x to be s2 h[ we c prove ?is resemblance to belong to geometrical ideas & s5sations2 & h[ x comes to be an especial *>act]i/ic ( ^?4 ,b ,i w put ! argum5t 9 ano!r way4 ,exp]im5t c only %[ :at is1 n :at mu/ be4 ,if exp]im5tation on ideas %[s :at mu/ be1 x is diff]5t f :at is commonly call$ exp]i5ce4 ,i may add1 t n only ! m]e use ( our s5ses _c %[ t ! axioms ( geometry mu/ be true1 b t1 )\t ! light ( our ideas1 x _c ev5 %[ t !y are true4 ,if we _h a segm5t ( a circle a mile long & an in* wide1 we %\ld h two l9es inclos+ a space2 b we c\ld n1 by see+ or t\*+ any "p ( ei!r ( !m1 discov] t x 0 a b5t l9e4 #af4 ,t ma!matical tru?s are n d]iv$ f exp]i5ce is p]haps /ill m evid5t1 if great] evid5ce be possible1 9 ! case ( numb]s4 ,we ass]t t #g & #h are #ae4 ,we f9d x s1 if we try ) c\nt]s1 or 9 any o!r way4 ,b we d n1 on t acc\nt1 say t ! k is d]iv$ f exp]i5ce4 ,we ref] to our conceptions ( sev51 ( eight1 & ( addition1 & z soon z we possess ^! conceptions di/9ctly1 we see t ! sum mu/ be fifte54 ,we _c be said to make a trial1 = we %\ld n believe ! app>5t result ( ! trial if x 7 diff]5t4 ,if any "o 7 to say t ! multiplication table is a table ( ! results ( exp]i5ce1 we %\ld "k t he c\ld n be able to g along ) u 9 our rese>*es into ! f\ndations ( human k2 nor1 inde$1 to pursue ) success any speculations on ! subject4 #ag4 ,attempts h also be5 made to expla9 ! orig9 ( axiomatic tru?s by ref]r+ !m to ! association ( ideas4 ,b ?is is "o ( ! cases 9 :i* ! ^w association has be5 appli$ s widely & loosely1 t no s5se c be atta*$ to x4 ,^? :o h writt5 ) any degree ( di/9ctness on ! subject1 h truly taught1 t ! habitual association ( ! ideas leads u to believe a connexion ( ! ?+s3 b !y h nev] told u t ?is association gave u ! p[] ( =m+ ! ideas4 ,association may det]m9e belief1 b x _c det]m9e ! possibility ( our conceptions4 ,! ,african k+ did n believe t wat] c\ld become solid1 because he _h nev] se5 x 9 t /ate4 ,b t accid5t did n make x impossible to conceive x s1 any m ?an x is impossible = u to conceive froz5 quicksilv]1 or melt$ diamond1 or liquefi$ air2 :i* we may nev] h se51 b h no difficulty 9 conceiv+4 ,if !re 7 a tropical philosoph] really incapable ( conceiv+ wat] solidifi$1 he mu/ h be5 br\ght into t m5tal condition by ab/ruse speculations on ! necess>y relations ( solidity & fluidity1 n by ! association ( ideas4 #ah4 ,to return to ! results ( ! nature ( ! ,fundam5tal ,anti!sis4 ,z by assum+ univ]sal & indissoluble connexion ( ideas ) p]ceptions1 ( k ) exp]i5ce1 z an evid5ce ( d]ivation1 we may ass]t ! =m] to be d]iv$ f ! latt]1 s might we1 on ! same gr\nd1 ass]t ! latt] to be d]iv$ f ! =m]4 ,we see all =ms 9 space2 & we might h5ce ass]t all =ms to be m]e modifications ( our idea ( space4 ,we see all ev5ts happ5 9 "t2 & we might h5ce ass]t all ev5ts to be m]ely limitations & b\nd>y-m>ks ( our idea ( "t4 ,we conceive all collections ( ?+s z two or ?ree1 or "s o!r numb]3 x might h5ce be ass]t$ t we h an orig9al idea ( numb]1 :i* is reflect$ 9 ext]nal ?+s4 ,9 ?is case1 z 9 ! o!r1 we are met at once by ! impossibility ( ?is be+ a complete acc\nt ( our k4 ,our ideas ( space1 ( "t1 ( numb]1 h[ev] di/9ctly reflect$ to u ) limitations & modifications1 mu/ be reflect$1 limit$ & modifi$ by some?+ diff]5t f !mselves4 ,we mu/ h visible or tangible =ms to limit space1 p]ceiv$ ev5ts to m>k "t1 di/+ui%able objects to exemplify numb]4 ,b /ill1 9 =ms1 & ev5ts1 & objects1 we h a k :i* !y !mselves _c give u4 ,= we "k1 )\t att5d+ to !m1 t :atev] !y are1 !y w con=m & mu/ con=m to ! tru?s ( geometry & ari?metic4 ,!re is an ideal portion 9 all our k ( ! ext]nal _w2 & if we 7 resolv$ to r$uce all our k to "o ( its two anti!tical elem5ts1 we might say t all our k consi/s 9 ! relation ( our ideas4 ,:]ev] !re is necess>y tru?1 !re mu/ be some?+ m ?an s5sation c supply3 & ! necess>y tru?s ( geometry & ari?metic %[ u t our k ( objects 9 space & "t dep5ds ^u necess>y relations ( ideas1 :atev] o!r elem5t x may involve4 #ai4 ,?is rem>k may be c>ri$ mu* fur!r ?an ! doma9 ( geometry & ari?metic4 ,our k ( matt] may at fir/ sight appe> to be altoge!r d]iv$ f ! s5ses4 ,yet we _c d]ive f ! s5ses our k ( a tru? :i* we accept z univ]sally c]ta92--namely1 t we _c by any process add to or dim9i% ! quantity ( matt] 9 ! _w4 ,?is tru? nei!r is nor c be d]iv$ f exp]i5ce2 = ! exp]im5ts :i* we make to v]ify x pre-suppose its tru?4 ,:5 ! philosoph] 0 ask$ :at 0 ! weight ( smoke1 he bade ! inquir] subtract ! weight ( ! a%es f ! weight ( ! fuel4 ,e "o :o ?9ks cle>ly ( ! *anges :i* take place 9 matt]1 ass5ts to ! ju/ice ( ?is reply3 & ?is1 n because any "o _h f\nd by trial t su* 0 ! weight ( ! smoke produc$ 9 combu/ion1 b because ! weight lo/ 0 assum$ to h gone into "s o!r =m ( matt]1 n to h be5 de/roy$4 ,:5 m5 began to use ! balance 9 *emical analysis1 !y did n prove by trial1 b took = grant$1 z self-evid5t1 t ! weight ( ! :ole mu/ be f\nd 9 ! aggregate weight ( ! elem5ts4 ,?us x is involv$ 9 ! idea ( matt] t its am\nt cont9ues un*ang$ 9 all *anges :i* take place 9 its consi/5ce4 ,?is is a necess>y tru?3 & ?us our k ( matt]1 z collect$ f *emical exp]im5ts1 is also a modification ( our idea ( matt] z ! mat]ial ( ! _w incapable ( addition or dim9ution4 #bj4 ,a simil> rem>k may be made ) reg>d to ! me*anical prop]ties ( matt]4 ,our k ( ^! is r$uc$1 9 our reason+s1 to pr9ciples :i* we call ! laws ( motion4 ,^! laws ( motion1 z ,i h endeav\r$ to %[#cea1 dep5d ^u ! idea ( ,cause1 & involve necess>y tru?s1 :i* are necess>ily impli$ 9 ! idea ( cause2--namely1 t e *ange ( motion mu/ h a cause--t ! effect is measur$ by ! cause2--t reaction is equal & opposite to action4 ,^! pr9ciples are n d]iv$ f exp]i5ce4 ,no "o1 ,i suppose1 w\ld d]ive f exp]i5ce ! pr9ciple1 t e ev5t mu/ h a cause4 ,e attempt to see ! traces ( cause 9 ! _w assumes ?is pr9ciple4 ,i d n say t ^! pr9ciples are ant]ior to exp]i5ce2 = ,i h already1 ,i hope1 %[n1 t nei!r ( ! two elem5ts ( our k is1 or c be1 ant]ior to ! o!r4 ,b ! two elem5ts are co-ord9ate 9 ! developm5t ( ! human m9d2 & ! ideal elem5t may be said to be ! orig9 ( our k ) ! m propriety ( ! two1 inasmu* z our k is ! relation ( ideas4 ,! o!r elem5t ( k1 9 :i* s5sation is conc]n$1 & :i* embodies1 limits1 & def9es ! necess>y tru?s :i* express ! relations ( our ideas1 may be prop]ly t]m$ exp]i5ce2 & ,i h1 9 ! discussion j quot$1 endeav\r$ to %[ h[ ! pr9ciples conc]n+ me*anical causation1 :i* ,i h j /at$1 are1 by obs]vation & exp]im5t1 limit$ & def9$1 s t !y become ! laws ( motion4 ,& ?us we see t su* k is d]iv$ f ideas1 9 a s5se q z g5]al & rigor\s1 to say ! lea/1 z t 9 :i* x is d]iv$ f exp]i5ce4 #ba4 ,i w take ano!r example ( ?is2 al?\gh x is "o less famili>1 & ! consid]ation ( x p]haps a little m difficult & obscure4 ,! objects :i* we f9d 9 ! _w1 = in/ance1 m9]als & plants1 are ( diff]5t k9ds2 & accord+ to _! k9ds1 !y are call$ by v>i\s names1 by means ( :i* we "k :at we mean :5 we speak ( !m4 ,! discrim9ation ( ^! k9ds ( objects1 accord+ to _! diff]5t =ms & o!r prop]ties1 is ! bus9ess ( *emi/ry & botany4 ,& ?is bus9ess ( discrim9ation1 & ( consequ5t classification1 has be5 c>ri$ on f ! fir/ p]iods ( ! developm5t ( ! human m9d1 by an indu/ri\s & compreh5sive s]ies ( obs]vations & exp]im5ts2 ! only way 9 :i* any portion ( ! task c\ld h be5 effect$4 ,b z ! f\ndation ( all ?is lab\r1 & z a necess>y assumption dur+ e "p ( its progress1 !re has be5 9 m5's m9ds ! pr9ciple1 t objects are s di/+ui%able by resemblances & diff]5ces1 t !y may be nam$1 & kn[n by _! names4 ,?is pr9ciple is involv$ 9 ! idea ( a ,"n2 & )\t x no progress c\ld h be5 made4 ,! pr9ciple may be briefly /at$ ?us3--,intelligible ,names ( k9ds are possible4 ,if we suppose ?is n to be s1 language c no long] exi/1 nor c\ld ! bus9ess ( human life g on4 ,if in/ead ( hav+ c]ta9 def9ite k9ds ( m9]als1 gold1 iron1 copp] & ! l1 ( :i* ! ext]nal =ms & *>act]s are con/antly connect$ ) ! same prop]ties & qualities1 !re 7 no connexion betwe5 ! appe>ance & ! prop]ties ( ! object2--if :at seem$ ext]nally iron might turn out to resemble lead 9 its h>dness2 & :at seem$ to be gold dur+ _m trials1 might at ! next trial be f\nd to be l copp]2 n only all ! uses ( ^! m9]als w\ld fail1 b !y w\ld n be di/+ui%able k9ds ( ?+s1 & ! names w\ld be unmean+4 ,& if ?is entire unc]ta9ty z to k9d & prop]ties prevail$ = all objects1 ! _w w\ld no long] be a _w to :i* language 0 applicable4 ,to man1 ?us unable to di/+ui% objects into k9ds1 & call !m by names1 all k w\ld be impossible1 & all def9ite appreh5sion ( ext]nal objects w\ld fade away into an inconceivable confusion4 ,9 ! v appreh5sion ( objects z intelligibly sort$1 !re is involv$ a pr9ciple :i* spr+s )9 u1 contemporane\s1 9 its efficacy1 ) our fir/ intellig5t p]ception ( ! k9ds ( ?+s ( :i* ! _w consi/s4 ,we assume1 z a necess>y basis ( our k1 t ?+s are ( def9ite k9ds2 & ! aim ( *emi/ry1 botany1 & o!r sci5ces is to f9d m>ks ( ^! k9ds2 & along ) ^!1 to le>n _! def9itely-di/+ui%$ prop]ties4 ,ev5 "h1 !re=e1 :]e s l>ge a portion ( our k comes f exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 we _c proce$ )\t a necess>y tru? d]iv$ f our ideas1 z our fundam5tal pr9ciple ( k4 #bb4 ,:at ! m>ks are1 :i* di/+ui% ! con/ant diff]5ces ( k9ds ( ?+s 7def9ite m>ks1 select$ f among _m uness5tial appe>ances71 & :at _! def9ite prop]ties are1 :5 !y are s di/+ui%$1 are p>ts ( our k to be le>nt f obs]vation1 by v>i\s processes2 = in/ance1 among o!rs1 by *emical analysis4 ,we f9d ! diff]5ces ( bodies1 z %[n by su* analysis1 to be ( ?is nature3--t !re are v>i\s elem5t>y bodies1 :i*1 comb9+ 9 diff]5t def9ite proportions1 =m k9ds ( bodies def9itely diff]5t4 ,b1 9 arriv+ at ?is conclusion1 we introduce a new idea1 t ( ,elem5t>y ,composition1 :i* is n extract$ f ! ph5om5a1 b suppli$ by ! m9d1 & introduc$ 9 ord] to make ! ph5om5a intelligible4 ,t ?is notion ( elem5t>y composition is n suppli$ by ! *emical ph5om5a ( combu/ion1 mixture1 c4 z m]ely an obs]v$ fact1 we see f ?is2 t m5 _h 9 anci5t times p]=m$ _m exp]im5ts 9 :i* elem5t>y composition 0 conc]n$1 & _h n se5 ! fact4 ,x nev] 0 truly se5 till mod]n times2 & :5 se51 x gave a new aspect to ! :ole body ( kn[n facts4 ,?is idea ( elem5t>y composition1 !n1 is suppli$ by ! m9d1 9 ord] to make ! facts ( *emical analysis & syn!sis intelligible z analysis & syn!sis4 ,& ?is idea be+ s suppli$1 !re ent]s into our k along ) x a correspond+ necess>y pr9ciple2--,t ! elem5t>y composition ( a body det]m9es its k9d & prop]ties4 ,?is is1 ,i say1 a pr9ciple assum$1 z a consequ5ce ( ! idea ( composition1 n a result ( exp]i5ce2 = :5 bodies h be5 divid$ into _! k9ds1 we take = grant$ t ! analysis ( a s+le specim5 may s]ve to det]m9e ! analysis ( all bodies ( ! same k9d3 & )\t ?is assumption1 *emical k ) reg>d to ! k9ds ( bodies w\ld n be possible4 ,x has be5 said t we take only "o exp]im5t to det]m9e ! composition ( any p>ticul> k9d ( body1 because we h a ?\s& exp]im5ts to det]m9e t bodies ( ! same k9d h ! same composition4 ,b ?is is n s4 ,our belief 9 ! pr9ciple t bodies ( ! same k9d h ! same composition is n e/abli%$ by exp]im5ts1 b is assum$ z a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! ideas ( ,k9d & ( ,composition4 ,if1 9 our exp]im5ts1 we f\nd t bodies suppos$ to be ( ! same k9d _h n ! same composition1 we %\ld n at all d\bt ( ! pr9ciple j /at$1 b conclude at once t ! bodies 7 n ( ! same k9d2--t ! m>ks by :i* ! k9ds are di/+ui%$ _h be5 wrongly /at$4 ,?is is :at has v frequ5tly happ5$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! inve/igations ( *emi/s & m9]alogi/s4 ,& ?us we h x1 n z an exp]i5tial fact1 b z a necess>y pr9ciple ( *emical philosophy1 t ! ,elem5t>y ,composition ( a body det]m9es its ,k9d & ,prop]ties4 #bc4 ,h[ bodies diff] 9 _! elem5t>y composition1 exp]im5t mu/ tea* u1 z we h already said1 t exp]im5t has taught u4 ,b z we h also said1 :atev] be ! nature ( ?is diff]5ce1 k9ds mu/ be def9ite1 9 ord] t language may be possible3 & h5ce1 :atev] be ! t]ms 9 :i* we are taught by exp]im5t to express ! elem5t>y composition ( bodies1 ! result mu/ be con=mable to ?is pr9ciple1 ,t ! diff]5ces ( elem5t>y composition are def9ite4 ,! law to :i* we are l$ by exp]im5t is1 t ! elem5ts ( bodies cont9ue 9 def9ite proportions accord+ to weight4 ,exp]im5ts add o!r laws2 z = in/ance1 t ( multiple proportions 9 diff]5t k9ds ( bodies compos$ ( ! same elem5ts2 b ( ^! we d n "h speak4 #bd4 ,we are ?us l$ to see t 9 our k ( me*anics1 *emi/ry1 & ! l1 !re are involv$ c]ta9 necess>y pr9ciples1 d]iv$ f our ideas1 & n f exp]i5ce4 ,b to ?is x may be object$1 t ! p>ts ( our k 9 :i* ^! pr9ciples are involv$ has1 9 hi/orical fact1 all be5 acquir$ by exp]i5ce4 ,! laws ( motion1 ! doctr9e ( def9ite proportions1 & ! l1 h all become kn[n by exp]im5t & obs]vation2 & s f> f be+ se5 z necess>y tru?s1 h be5 discov]$ by long-cont9u$ lab\rs & trials1 & ?r\gh innum]able vicissitudes ( confusion1 error1 & imp]fect tru?4 ,?is is p]fectly true3 b does n at all disprove :at has be5 said4 ,p]ception ( ext]nal objects & exp]i5ce1 exp]im5t & obs]vation are ne$$1 n only1 z we h said1 to supply ! objective elem5t ( all k--to embody1 limit1 def9e1 & modify our ideas2 b ?is int]c\rse ) objects is also requisite to unfold & fix our ideas !mselves4 ,z we h already said1 ideas & facts c nev] be sep>at$4 ,our ideas _c be ex]cis$ & develop$ 9 any o!r =m ?an 9 _! comb9ation ) facts1 & !re=e ! trials1 corrections1 controv]sies1 by :i* ! matt] ( our k is collect$1 is also ! only way 9 :i* ! =m ( x c be rightly fa%ion$4 ,exp]i5ce is requisite to ! cle>ness & di/9ctness ( our ideas1 n because !y are d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 b because !y c only be ex]cis$ ^u exp]i5ce4 ,& ?is consid]ation suffici5tly expla9s h[ x is t exp]im5t & obs]vation h be5 ! means1 & ! only means1 by :i* m5 h be5 l$ to a k ( ! laws ( nature4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 ! necess>y pr9ciples :i* fl[ f our ideas1 & :i* are ! basis ( su* k1 h n only be5 inevitably assum$ 9 ! c\rse ( su* inve/igations1 b h be5 (t5 expressly promulgat$ 9 words by cle>-m9d$ philosoph]s1 long be=e _! true int]pretation 0 assign$ by exp]im5t4 ,?is has happ5$ ) reg>d to su* pr9ciples z ^? above m5tion$2 ,t e ev5t mu/ h a cause2 ,t reaction is equal & opposite to action2 ,t ! quantity ( matt] 9 ! _w _c be increas$ or dim9i%$3 & !re w\ld be no difficulty 9 f9d+ simil> enunciations ( ! o!r pr9ciples above m5tion$2--,t ! k9ds ( ?+s h def9ite diff]5ces1 & t ^! diff]5ces dep5d ^u _! elem5t>y composition4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 x may be all[$1 t ! necess>y pr9ciples :i* are involv$ 9 ^? laws ( nature ( :i* we h a k become !n only cle>ly kn[n1 :5 ! laws ( nature are discov]$ :i* ?us involve ! necess>y ideal elem5t4 #be4 ,b s9ce ?is is all[$1 x may be fur!r ask$1 h[ we are to di/+ui% betwe5 ! necess>y pr9ciple :i* is d]iv$ f our ideas1 & ! law ( nature :i* is le>nt by exp]i5ce4 ,& to ?is we reply1 t ! necess>y pr9ciple may be kn[n by ! condition :i* we h already m5tion$ z belong+ to su* pr9ciples3 444 t x is impossible di/9ctly to conceive ! contr>y4 ,we _c conceive an ev5t )\t a cause1 except we ab&on all di/9ct idea ( cause2 we _c di/9ctly conceive two /raight l9es inclos+ space2 & if we seem to conceive ?is1 x is only because we conceive indi/9ctly4 ,we _c conceive #e & #c mak+ #g or #i2 if a p]son 7 to say t he c\ld conceive ?is1 we %\ld "k t he 0 a p]son ( immature or rude or bewild]$ ideas1 ^: conceptions _h no di/9ctness4 ,& ?us we may take x z ! m>k ( a necess>y tru?1 t we _c conceive ! contr>y di/9ctly4 #bf4 ,if x be ask$ :at is ! te/ ( di/9ct conception 7s9ce x is ^u ! di/9ctness ( conception t ! matt] dep5ds71 we may consid] :at answ] we %\ld give to ?is "q if x 7 ask$ ) reg>d to ! tru?s ( geometry4 ,if we d\bt$ :e!r anyone _h ^! di/9ct conceptions :i* enable him to see ! necess>y nature ( geometrical tru?1 we %\ld inquire if he c\ld und]/& ! axioms z axioms1 & c\ld foll[1 z demon/rative1 ! reason+s :i* are f\nd$ ^u !m4 ,if ?is 7 s1 we %\ld be ready to pron\nce t he _h di/9ct ideas ( space1 9 ! s5se n[ suppos$4 ,& ! same answ] may be giv5 9 any o!r case4 ,t reason] has di/9ct conceptions ( me*anical causes :o c see ! axioms ( me*anics z axioms1 & c foll[ ! demon/rations d]iv$ f !m z demon/rations4 ,if x be said t ! sci5ce1 z pres5t$ to him1 may be errone\sly con/ruct$2 t ! axioms may n be axioms1 & !re=e ! demon/rations may be futile1 we /ill reply1 t ! same might be said ) reg>d to geometry3 & yet t ! possibility ( ?is does n lead u to d\bt ei!r ( ! tru? or ( ! necess>y nature ( ! propositions conta9$ 9 ,euclid's ,elem5ts4 ,we may add fur!r1 t al?\gh1 no d\bt1 ! au?ors ( elem5t>y books maybe p]sons ( confus$ m9ds1 :o pres5t z axioms :at are n axiomatic tru?s2 yet t 9 g5]al1 :at is pres5t$ z an axiom by a ?\ghtful man1 ?\gh x may include "s false int]pretation or application ( our ideas1 w also g5]ally include "s pr9ciple :i* really is necess>ily true1 & :i* w\ld /ill be involv$ 9 ! axiom1 if x 7 correct$ s z to be true in/ead ( false4 ,& ?us we /ill say1 t if 9 any dep>tm5t ( sci5ce a man c conceive di/9ctly at all1 !re are pr9ciples ! contr>y ( :i* he _c di/9ctly conceive1 & :i* are !re=e necess>y tru?s4 #bg4 ,b on ?is x may be ask$1 :e!r tru? c ?us dep5d ^u ! p>ticul> /ate ( m9d ( ! p]son :o contemplates x2 & :e!r t c be a necess>y tru? :i* is n s to all m54 ,& to ?is we aga9 reply1 by ref]r+ to geometry & ari?metic4 ,x is pla9 t tru?s may be necess>y tru?s :i* are n s to all m51 :5 we include m5 ( confus$ & p]plex$ intellects2 = to su* m5 x is n a necess>y tru? t two /raight l9es _c inclose a space1 or t #ad & #ag are #ca4 ,x ne$ n be wond]$ at1 !re=e1 if to su* m5 x does n appe> a necess>y tru? t reaction is equal & opposite to action1 or t ! quantity ( matt] 9 ! _w _c be increas$ or dim9i%$4 ,& ?is view ( k & tru? does n make x dep5d ^u ! /ate ( m9d ( ! /ud5t1 any m ?an geometrical k & geometrical tru?1 by ! confession ( all1 dep5d ^u t /ate4 ,we "k t a man _c h any k ( geometry )\t s mu* ( att5tion to ! matt] ( ! sci5ce1 & s mu* ( c>e 9 ! managem5t ( 8 own ?\ghts1 z is requisite to keep 8 ideas di/9ct & cle>4 ,b we d n1 on t acc\nt1 ?9k ( ma9ta9+ t geometrical tru? dep5ds m]ely ^u ! /ate ( ! /ud5t's m9d4 ,we conceive t he kn[s x because x is true1 n t x is true because he kn[s x4 ,we are n surpris$ t att5tion & c>e & repeat$ ?\ght %\ld be requisite to ! cle> appreh5sion ( tru?4 ,= su* c>e & su* repetition are requisite to ! di/9ctness & cle>ness ( our ideas3 & yet ! relations ( ^! ideas1 & _! consequ5ces1 are n produc$ by ! ef=ts ( att5tion or repetition :i* we ex]t4 ,!y are 9 !mselves some?+ :i* we may discov]1 b _c make or *ange4 ,! idea ( space1 = in/ance1 :i* is ! basis ( geometry1 _c give rise to any d\btful propositions4 ,:at is inconsi/5t ) ! idea ( space _c be truly obta9$ f our ideas by any ef=ts ( ?\ght or curiosity2 if we blund] into any conclusion inconsi/5t ) ! idea ( space1 our k1 s f> z ?is goes1 is no k3 any m ?an our obs]vation ( ! ext]nal _w w\ld be k1 if1 f ha/e or inatt5tion1 or imp]fection ( s5se1 we 7 to mi/ake ! object :i* we see be=e u4 #bh4 ,b fur!r3 n only has tru? ?is reality1 :i* makes x indep5d5t ( our mi/akes1 t x mu/ be :at is really consi/5t ) our ideas2 b also1 a fur!r reality1 to :i* ! t]m is m obvi\sly applicable1 aris+ f ! pr9ciple already expla9$1 t ideas & p]ceptions are insep>able4 ,= s9ce1 :5 we contemplate our ideas1 !y h be5 frequ5tly embodi$ & exemplifi$ 9 objects1 & ?us h be5 fix$ & modifi$2 & s9ce ?is comp\nd aspect is t "u :i* we con/antly h !m be=e u1 & free f :i* !y _c be exhibit$2 our attempts to make our ideas cle> & di/9ct w con/antly lead u to contemplate !m z !y are manife/$ 9 ^? ext]nal =ms 9 :i* !y are involv$4 ,?us 9 /udy+ geometrical tru?1 we %all be l$ to contemplate x z exhibit$ 9 visible & tangible figures2--n z if ^! c\ld be s\rces ( tru?1 b z enabl+ u m readily to comp>e ! aspects :i* our ideas1 appli$ to ! _w ( objects1 may assume4 ,& ?us we h an additional indication ( ! reality ( geometrical tru?1 9 ! necess>y possibility ( its be+ capable ( be+ exhibit$ 9 a visible or tangible =m4 ,& yet ev5 ?is te/ by no means sup]s$es ! necessity ( di/9ct ideas1 9 ord] to a k ( geometrical tru?4 ,= 9 ! case ( ! duplication ( ! cube by ,hobbes1 m5tion$ above1 ! diagram :i* he drew made two po9ts appe> to co9cide1 :i* did n really1 & by ! nature ( our idea ( space1 co9cide2 & ?us confirm$ him 9 8 error4 ,?us ! insep>able nature ( ! ,fundam5tal ,anti!sis ( ,ideas & ,?+s gives reality to our k1 & makes objective reality a corrective ( our subjective imp]fections 9 ! pursuit ( k4 ,b ?is objective exhibition ( k c by no means sup]s$e a complete developm5t ( ! subjective condition1 namely1 di/9ctness ( ideas4 ,& t !re is a subjective condition1 by no means makes k altoge!r subjective1 & ?us deprives x ( reality2 because1 z we h said1 ! subjective & ! objective elem5ts are insep>ably b\nd toge!r 9 ! fundam5tal anti!sis4 #bi4 ,x w\ld be easy to apply ^! rem>ks to o!r cases1 = in/ance1 to ! case ( ! pr9ciple we h j m5tion$1 t ! diff]5ces ( elem5t>y composition ( diff]5t k9ds ( bodies mu/ be def9ite4 ,we h /at$ t ?is pr9ciple is necess>ily true2--t ! contr>y proposition _c be di/9ctly conceiv$4 ,b by :om8 ,evid5tly1 accord+ to ! prec$+ reason+1 by a p]son :o di/9ctly conceives ,k9ds1 z m>k$ by intelligible names1 & ,composition1 z det]m9+ ! k9ds ( bodies4 ,p]sons new to *emical & classificatory sci5ce may n possess ^! ideas di/9ctly2 or r1 _c possess !m di/9ctly2 & !re=e _c appreh5d ! impossibility ( conceiv+ ! opposite ( ! above pr9ciple2 j z ! s*oolboy _c appreh5d ! impossibility ( ! numb]s 9 8 multiplication table be+ o!r ?an !y are4 ,b ?is inaptitude to conceive1 9 ei!r case1 does n alt] ! necess>y "* ( ! tru?3 al?\gh1 9 "o case1 ! tru? is obvi\s to all except s*oolboys & ! l1 & ! o!r is probably n cle> to any except ^? :o h att5tively /udi$ ! philosophy ( elem5t>y compositions4 ,at ! same "t1 ?is diff]5ce ( appreh5sion ( ! tru? 9 diff]5t p]sons does n make ! tru? d\btful or dep5d5t ^u p]sonal qualifications2 = 9 proportion z p]sons atta9 to di/9ct ideas1 !y w see ! tru?2 & _c1 ) su* ideas1 see any?+ z tru? :i* is n tru?4 ,:5 ! relations ( elem5ts 9 a comp\nd become z famili> to a p]son z ! relations ( factors 9 a multiplication table1 he w !n see :at are ! necess>y axioms ( *emi/ry1 z he n[ sees ! necess>y axioms ( ari?metic4 #cj4 ,!re is also "o o!r rem>k :i* ,i w "h make4 ,9 ! progress ( sci5ce1 bo? ! elem5ts ( our k are con/antly exp&$ & augm5t$4 ,by ! ex]cise ( obs]vation & exp]im5t1 we h a p]petual accumulation ( facts1 ! mat]ials ( k1 ! objective elem5t4 ,by ?\ght & discussion1 we h a p]petual developm5t ( man's ideas go+ on3 !ories are fram$1 ! mat]ials ( k are %ap$ into =m2 ! subjective elem5t is evolv$2 & by ! necess>y co9cid5ce ( ! objective & subjective elem5ts1 ! matt] & ! =m1 ! !ory & ! facts1 ea* ( ^! processes fur!rs & corrects ! o!r3 ea* elem5t m\lds & unfolds ! o!r4 ,n[ x foll[s1 f ?is con/ant developm5t ( ! ideal portion ( our k1 t we %all con/antly be br\ght 9 view ( new ,necess>y ,pr9ciples1 ! expression ( ! conditions belong+ to ! ,ideas :i* ent] into our exp&+ k4 ,^! pr9ciples1 at fir/ dimly se5 & hesitat+ly ass]t$1 at la/ become cle>ly & pla9ly self-evid5t4 ,su* is ! case ) ! pr9ciples :i* are ! basis ( ! laws ( motion4 ,su* may soon be ! case ) ! pr9ciples :i* are ! basis ( ! philosophy ( *emi/ry4 ,su* may h]eaft] be ! case ) ! pr9ciples :i* are to be ! basis ( ! philosophy ( ! connect$ & relat$ pol>ities ( *emi/ry1 electricity1 galvanism1 magnetism4 ,t k is possible 9 ^! cases1 we "k2 t our k may be r$uc$ to pr9ciples1 gradually m simple1 we also "k2 t we h rea*$ ! la/ /age ( simplicity ( our pr9ciples1 few cultivators ( ! subject w be dispos$ to ma9ta92 & t ! additional /eps :i* lead t[>ds v simple & g5]al pr9ciples w also lead to pr9ciples :i* recomm5d !mselves by a k9d ( axiomatic "*1 ^? :o judge f ! analogy ( ! pa/ hi/ory ( sci5ce w h>dly d\bt4 ,t ! pr9ciples ?us axiomatic 9 _! =m1 d also express "s relation ( our ideas1 ( :i* exp]im5t & obs]vation h giv5 a true & real int]pretation1 is ! doctr9e :i* ,i h "h attempt$ to e/abli% & illu/rate 9 ! mo/ cle> & und\bt$ ( ! exi/+ sci5ces2 & ! evid5ce ( ?is doctr9e 9 ^? cases seems to be unexceptionable1 & to leave no room to d\bt t su* is ! univ]sal type ( ! progress ( sci5ce4 ,su* a doctr9e1 z we h n[ se51 is closely connect$ ) ! views "h pres5t$ ( ! nature ( ! ,fundam5tal ,anti!sis ( ,philosophy1 :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to illu/rate4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #cea3 ,hi/4 ,sc4 ,ind4 b4 iii4 ,,app5dix ,f4 ,,rem>ks ,,on ,a ,,review ,,( ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,! ,,inductive ,,sci5ces4 ,tr9ity ,lodge1 ,april #aa?1 #ahdd4 ,,my ,,de> ,,h]s*el1 ,be+ ab\t to s5d y a copy ( a pap] on a philosophical "q j pr9t$ 9 ! ,transactions ( our ,cambridge ,society1 ,i am tempt$ to add1 z a private communication1 a few ,rem>ks on ano!r aspect ( ! same "q4 ,^! ,rem>ks ,i ?9k ,i may prop]ly address to y4 ,!y w ref] to an ,article 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review = ,june1 #ahda1 respect+ my ,hi/ory & ,philosophy ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces2 & )\t assign+ any o!r reason1 ,i may say t ! int]e/ ,i "k y to take 9 speculations on su* subjects makes me confid5t t y w give a reasonable att5tion to :at ,i may h to say on ! subject ( t ,article4 ,) ! ,reviewal itself1 ,i am s f> f hav+ any qu>rel1 t :5 x appe>$ ,i receiv$ x z af=d+ all t ,i hop$ f ,public ,criticism4 ,! degree & ! k9d ( admiration be/[$ ^u my works by a writ] s famili> ) sci5ce1 s compreh5sive 9 8 views1 & s equitable 9 8 decisions1 z ! ,review] manife/ly 01 ,i accept$ z giv+ my "w a /amp ( ackn[l$g$ value :i* few o!r h&s c\ld h be/[$4 ,y may p]haps recollect1 h[ev]1 t ! ,review] diss5t$ altoge!r f "s ( ! g5]al views :i* ,i _h ma9ta9$1 & especially f a g5]al view :i* is also1 9 ! ma91 t pres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ ,memoir1 namely1 t1 besides ,facts1 ,ideas are an indisp5sable s\rce ( our k2 t ,ideas are ! gr\nd ( necess>y tru?2 t ! ,idea ( ,space1 9 p>ticul>1 is ! gr\nd ( ! necess>y tru?s ( geometry4 ,?is "q1 & especially z limit$ to ! la/ =m1 w be ! subject ( my ,rem>ks 9 ! fir/ place2 & ,i wi% to consid] ! ,review]'s objections ) ! respect :i* _! subtlety & dep? ( ?\ght well des]ve4 ,! ,review] makes objections to ! acc\nt :i* ,i h giv5 ( ! s\rce :5ce geometrical tru? d]ives its *>act]s ( be+ necess>y & univ]sal2 b he is n "o ( ^? metaphysicians :o d5y ^? *>act]s to ! tru?s ( geometry4 ,he all[s 9 ! mo/ ample mann] t ! tru?s ( geometry are necess>y4 ,! "q betwe5 u !re=e is f :at ?is "* is d]iv$4 ,! ,review] pref]s1 inde$1 to h x consid]$ t ! "q is n conc]n+ ! necessity1 b1 z he says1 ! univ]sality ( ^! tru?s2 or r1 ! nature & gr\nds ( our conviction ( _! univ]sality4 ,he might h said1 ) equal ju/ice1 ! nature & gr\nds ( our conviction ( _! necessity4 ,= 8 objection to ! t]m necessity 9 ?is case--t all ! propositions ab\t realities are necess>ily true1 s9ce e reality mu/ be consi/5t ) itself1 7p4 #bjf7--;does n apply to our conviction ( necessity1 s9ce we may n be able to see :at are ! prop]ties ( real ?+s2 & !re=e may h no conviction ( _! necessity4 ,x may be a necess>y prop]ty ( salt to be soluble1 b we see no su* necessity2 & !re=e ! ass]tion ( su* a prop]ty is n "o ( ! necess>y tru?s ) :i* we are "h conc]n$4 ,b to turn back to ! necess>y or univ]sal tru?s ( geometry1 & ! gr\nd ( ^? attributes3 ,! ma9 diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,au?or & ! ,review] is br\ght into view1 :5 ! ,review] discusses ! g5]al argum5t :i* ,i _h us$1 9 ord] to %[ t tru?s :i* we see to be necess>y & univ]sal _c be d]iv$ f exp]i5ce4 ,! argum5t is ?is1-- ,exp]i5ce mu/ always consi/ ( a limit$ numb] ( obs]vations2 & h[ev] num]\s ^! may be1 !y c %[ no?+ ) reg>d to ! inf9ite numb] ( cases 9 :i* ! exp]im5t has n be5 made4444 ,tru?s c only be kn[n to be g5]al1 n univ]sal1 if !y dep5d ^u exp]i5ce alone4 ,exp]i5ce _c be/[ t univ]sality :i* %e h]self _c h2 nor t necessity ( :i* %e has no compreh5sion4 7,phil4 i4 pp4 #fj1 #fa47 ,"h is t :i* mu/ be consid]$ z ! c>d9al argum5t on ?is subject4 ,x is !re=e important to att5d to ! answ] :i* ! ,review] makes to x4 ,he says1-- ,we conceive t a full answ] to ?is argum5t is af=d$ by ! nature ( ! inductive prop5sity1--by ! irresi/ible impulse ( ! m9d to g5]alize ad inf9itum1 :5 no?+ 9 ! nature ( limitation or opposition (f]s itself to ! imag9ation2 & by our involunt>y application ( ! law ( cont9uity to fill up1 by ! same ideal sub/ance ( tru?1 e int]val :i* uncontradict$ exp]i5ce may h left blank 9 our inductive conclusion4 7p4 #bjg47 ,n[ "h we h two rival explanations ( ! same ?+1--! conviction ( ! univ]sality ( geometrical tru?s4 ,! "o explanation is1 t ?is univ]sality is impos$ ^u su* tru?s by _! involv+ a c]ta9 elem5t1 d]iv$ f ! univ]sal mode ( activity ( ! m9d :5 appreh5d+ su* tru?s1 :i* elem5t ,i h t]m$ an ,idea4 ,! o!r explanation is1 t ?is univ]sality arises f ! inductive prop5sity--f ! irresi/ible impulse to g5]alize ad inf9itum--f ! involunt>y application ( ! law ( cont9uity--f ! fill+ up all int]vals ) ! same ideal sub/ance ( tru?4 ,) reg>d to ^! two explanations1 ,i may obs]ve1 t s f> z !y are ?us /at$ !y d n necess>ily diff]4 ,!y bo? agree 9 express+ ?is2 t ! gr\nd ( ! univ]sality ( geometrical tru?s is a c]ta9 law ( ! m9d's activity1 :i* det]m9es its proc$ure :5 x is conc]n$ 9 appreh5d+ ! ext]nal _w4 ,"o explanation says1 t we impress ^u ! ext]nal _w ! relations ( our ideas1 & ?us believe m ?an we see1--! o!r says1 t we h an irresi/ible impulse to introduce into our conviction a relation betwe5 :at we d obs]ve & :at we d n1 namely1 to g5]alize ad inf9itum f :at we d see4 ,"o explanation says1 t we p]ceive all ext]nal objects z includ$ 9 absolute ideal space1--! o!r1 t we fill up ! int]vals ( ! objects :i* we p]ceive ) ! same ideal sub/ance ( tru?4 ,bo? sets ( expressions may p]haps be admissible2 & if admitt$1 may be und]/ood z express+ ! same op9ions1 or op9ions :i* h mu* 9 common4 ,! ,au?or's expressions h ! advantage1 :i* ought to belong to !m1 z ! expressions employ$ 9 a sy/ematic "w1 ( be+ fix$ expressions1 te*nical phrases1 int5tionally select$1 uni=mly & /eadily employ$ :5ev] ! occasion recurs4 ,! ,review]'s expressions are m lively & figurative1 & su* z well become an occasional composition2 b h>dly su* z c\ld be sy/ematically appli$ to ! subject 9 a regul> treatise4 ,we c\ld n1 z a /&>d & te*nical phrase1 talk ( fill+ up ! int]vals ( obs]vation ) ! same ideal sub/ance ( tru?2 & ! inevitable impulse to g5]alize w\ld h>dly suffici5tly express t we g5]alize accord+ to a c]ta9 idea1 namely1 ! idea ( space4 ,p]haps t :i* is sugge/$ to u z ! common import ( ! two sets ( expressions may be convey$ by "s o!r phrase1 9 a mann] free f ! objections :i* lie aga9/ bo? ! ,au?or's & ! ,critic's t]ms4 ,p]haps ! m5tal idea gov]n+ our exp]i5ce1 & ! irresi/ible impulse to g5]alize our obs]vation1 may bo? be sup]s$$ by our speak+ ( a law ( ! m9d's activity1 :i* is really impli$ 9 bo?4 ,!re op]ates1 9 obs]v+ ! ext]nal _w1 a law ( ! m9d's activity1 by :i* x connects its obs]vations2 & ?is law ( ! m9d's activity may be spok5 ( ei!r z ! idea ( space1 or z ! irresi/ible impulse to g5]alize ! relations ( space :i* x obs]ves4 ,& ?is expression--! laws ( ! m9d's activity--?us oppos$ to t m]ely passive function by :i* ! m9d receives ! impressions ( s5se1 may be appli$ to o!r ideas z well z to ! idea ( space1 & to ! impulse to g5]alize 9 o!r tru?s z well z ^? ( geometry4 ,s f>1 x w\ld seem1 t ! ,au?or & ! ,critic may be br\ght into mu* ne>] agreem5t ?an at fir/ seem$ likely1 ) reg>d to ! gr\nds ( ! necessity & univ]sality 9 our k4 ,b ev5 if we adopt ?is conciliatory sugge/ion1 & speak ( ! necessity & univ]sality ( c]ta9 tru?s z aris+ f ! laws ( ! m9d's activity1 we _c1 )\t produc+ great confusion1 all[ ourselves to say1 z ! ,critic says1 t ^! tru?s are ?us d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 or f obs]vation4 ,x w1 ,i say1 be f\nd fatal to all philosophical precision ( ?\ght & language1 to say t ! fundam5tal tru?s ( geometry1 ! axioms1 ) ! conviction ( _! necess>y tru?1 are d]iv$ f exp]i5ce4 ,let u take any axiomatic tru? ( geometry1 & ask ourselves if ?is is n s4 ,x is1 = example1 an axiom 9 geometry t if a /raight l9e cut "o ( two p>allel /raight l9es1 x mu/ cut ! o!r also4 ,is ?is tru? d]iv$ or d]ivable f obs]vation ( actual p>allel l9es1 & a l9e cutt+ !m1 exhibit$ to our s5ses8 ,let ^? :o say t we d acquire ?is tru? by obs]vation1 imag9e to !mselves ! mode 9 :i* ! obs]vation mu/ be made4 ,we h be=e u two p>allel /raight l9es1 & we see t a /raight l9e :i* cuts ! "o cuts ! o!r also4 ,we see ?is aga9 9 ano!r case1 x may be ! angles & ! di/ances be+ diff]5t1 & 9 a ?ird1 & 9 a f\r?2 & s on2 & g5]aliz+1 we are irresi/ibly l$ to believe ! ass]tion to be univ]sally true4 ,b c any "o really imag9e ?is to be ! mode 9 :i* we arrive at ?is tru?8 ,we see1 says ?is explanation1 two p>allel /raight l9es1 cut by a ?ird4 ,b h[ d we "k t ! obs]v$ l9es are p>allel8 ,if we apply any te/ ( p>allelism1 we mu/ assume "s prop]ty ( p>allels1 & ?us involve "s axiom on ! subject1 :i* we h no m "r to assume ?an ! "o n[ "u consid]ation4 ,we %\ld ?us de/roy our explanation z an acc\nt ( ! mode ( arriv+ at indep5d5t geometrical axioms4 ,b probably ^? :o w\ld give su* an explanation w\ld n d ?is4 ,!y w\ld n suppose t 9 obs]v+ ?is prop]ty ( p>allels we try by measurem5t :e!r ! l9es are p>allel4 ,!y w\ld say1 ,i conceive1 t we suppose l9es to be p>allel1 & t !n we see t ! /raight l9e :i* cuts ! "o mu/ cut ! o!r4 ,t :5 we make ?is supposition1 we are p]suad$ ( ! tru? ( ! conclusion1 is c]ta94 ,b :at ,i h to rem>k is1 t ?is be+ s1 ! conclusion is ! result1 n ( obs]vation1 b ( ! hypo!sis4 ,! geometrical tru? "h spok5 (1 aft] ?is admission1 no long] fl[s f exp]i5ce1 b f supposition4 ,x is n t we asc]ta9 ! l9es to be p>allel1 & !n f9d t !y h ?is prop]ty3 b we suppose ! l9es to be p>allel1 & !re=e !y h ?is prop]ty4 ,?is is n a tru? ( exp]i5ce4 ,?is1 x may be said1 is s evid5t t x _c h be5 ov]look$ by a v acute reason]1 su* z y describe y\r ,critic to be4 ,:at1 x may be ask$1 is ! answ] :i* he gives to s palpable an objection z ?is8 ,h[ does he und]/& 8 ass]tion t we le>n ! tru? ( geometrical axioms f exp]i5ce 7p4 #bjh71 s z to make x t5able on 8 own pr9ciples8 ,:at acc\nt does he give ( ! orig9 ( su* axioms :i* makes !m 9 any s5se to be d]iv$ f exp]i5ce8 ,9 ju/ice to ! ,review]'s fairness 7:i* is unimpea*able ?r\gh\t 8 argum5tation7 x mu/ be /at$ t he does give an acc\nt 9 :i* he pr(esses to %[ h[ ?is is done4 ,& ! ma9 /ep ( 8 explanation consi/s 9 introduc+ ! conception ( direction1 & unity ( direction4 ,he says 7p4 #bjh71 ,! unity ( direction1 or t we _c m>* f a giv5 po9t by m ?an "o pa? direct to ! same object1 is a matt] ( practical exp]i5ce1 long be=e x c by possibility become matt] ( ab/ract ?\ght4 ,we might ask "h1 z 9 ! =m] case1 h[ ?is c be a matt] ( exp]i5ce1 except we h "s indep5d5t te/ ( directness8 & we might dem& to "k :at ?is te/ is4 ,or d we n r1 "h z 9 ! o!r case1 suppose ! directness ( ! pa?2 & is n ! s+l5ess ( ! direct pa? a consequ5ce1 n ( its obs]v$ =m1 b ( its hypo!tical directness2 & ?us by no means a result ( exp]i5ce8 ,b we may put our rem>k ^u ?is d$uction ( ! geometrical axiom 9 ano!r =m4 ,we g5]alize1 x is said1 ! obs]vations :i* we h made ev] s9ce we 7 born4 ,b ?is t]m g5]alize is f> too vague to pass = an explanation1 )\t be+ itself expla9$4 ,we are impell$ to believe t to be true 9 g5]al :i* we see to be true 9 p>ticul>4 ,b h[ d we see any tru?8 ,h[ d we pick out any proposition ) respect to a diagram :i* we see be=e u8 ,we see 9 p>ticul>1 & /ate 9 g5]al1 "s tru? respect+ /raight l9es1 or p>allel l9es1 or conc]n+ direction4 ,b :]e d we f9d ! conception ( /raightness1 or p>allelism1 or direction8 ,^! conceptions are n ^u ! surface ( ?+s4 ,! *ild does n1 f 8 bir?1 see /raightness & p>allelism s z to "k t he sees !m4 ,h[ !n does 8 exp]i5ce be> ^u a proposition 9 :i* ^! conceptions are involv$8 ,x is said t x is a matt] ( exp]i5ce long be=e x is a matt] ( ab/ract ?\ght4 ,b h[ c !re be any exp]i5ce by :i* we le>n ^! prop]ties ( a /raight l9e1 till our ?\ghts are at lea/ s ab/ract z to conceive :at /raightness is8 ,if x be said t ?is conception gr[s ) our exp]i5ce1 & is gradually unfold$ ) our unfold+ mat]ials ( k1 s z to give import & significance to !m3 ,i ne$ make no objection to su* a /atem5t1 except ?is--t ?is p[] ( unfold+ out ( ! m9d conceptions :i* give mean+ to our exp]i5ce1 is some?+ 9 addition to ! m]e employm5t ( our s5ses ^u ! ext]nal _w4 ,x is :at ,i h call$ ! ideal "p ( our k4 ,x implies1 n only an impulse to g5]alize f exp]i5ce1 b also an impulse to =m conceptions by :i* g5]alization is possible4 ,x requires1 n only t no?+ %\ld oppose ! t5d5cy1 b t ! direction 9 :i* ! t5d5cy is to op]ate %\ld be det]m9$ by ! laws ( ! m9d's activity2 by an int]nal1 n by an ext]nal ag5cy4 ,"o ma9 gr\nd on :i* ! ,review] is dispos$ to qu>rel ) & reject sev]al ( ! expressions us$ 9 ! ,philosophy2--su* z t space is an idea1 a =m ( our p]ception1 & ! l1--is ?is2 t su* expressions appe> to deprive ! ext]nal _w ( its reality2 to make x1 or at lea/ mo/ ( its prop]ties1 a creation ( ! obs]v+ m9d4 ,he quotes ! foll[+ argum5t :i* is urg$ 9 ! ,philosophy1 9 ord] to prove t space is n a notion obta9$ f exp]i5ce3 ,exp]i5ce gives u in=mation conc]n+ ?+s )\t u1 b our appreh5d+ !m z )\t u takes = grant$ _! exi/5ce 9 space4 ,exp]i5ce acqua9ts u ) ! =m1 position1 magnitude1 c4 ( p>ticul> objects1 b t !y h =m1 position1 magnitude1 pre-supposes t !y are 9 space4 ,f ?is /atem5t he altoge!r diss5ts4 ,no1 says he1 ! reason :y we appreh5d ?+s z )\t u is t !y are )\t u4 ,we take = grant$ t !y exi/ 9 space1 because !y d s exi/1 & because su* _! exi/5ce is a matt] ( direct p]ception1 :i* c nei!r be expla9$ 9 words nor contrav5$ 9 imag9ation3 because1 9 %ort1 space is a reality1 & n a m]e matt] ( conv5tion or imag9ation4 ,n[1 if by call+ space an idea1 we sugge/ any d\bt ( its reality & ( ! reality ( ! ext]nal _w1 we c]ta9ly run ! risk ( mislead+ our read]s2 = ! ext]nal _w is real if any?+ be real3 ! bodies :i* exi/ 9 space are ?+s1 if ?+s are any:]e to be f\nd4 ,t bodies d exi/ 9 space1 & t t is ! reason :y we appreh5d !m z exi/+ 9 space1 ,i readily grant4 ,b ,i conceive t ! t]m ,idea ought n to sugge/ any su* d\bt ( ! reality ( ! k 9 :i* x is involv$4 ,ideas are always1 9 our k1 conjo9$ ) facts4 ,our real k is k1 because x involves ideas1 real1 because x involves facts4 ,we appreh5d ?+s z exi/+ 9 space because !y d s exi/3 & our idea ( space enables u s to obs]ve !m1 & s to conceive !m4 ,b we want1 fur!r1 a reason :y1 appreh5d+ !m z !y are1 we also appreh5d1 t 9 c]ta9 relations !y c\ld n be o!rwise 7t two /raight l9e> objects c\ld n inclose a space1 = in/ance74 ,?is circum/ance is no way acc\nt$ = by say+ t we appreh5d !m z !y are2 & is1 ,i presume to say1 inexplicable1 except by suppos+ t x arises f "s prop]ty ( ! obs]v+ m9d3--an ,idea1 z ,i h t]m$ x1--an irresi/ible ,impulse to g5]alize1 z ! ,review] expresses x4 ,or1 z ,i h sugge/$1 we may adopt a ?ird phrase1 a ,law ( ! m9d's activity3 & 9 ord] t no "q may rema91 :e!r we ascribe reality to ! objects & relations :i* we obs]ve1 we may describe x z a ,law ( ! m9d's activity 9 appreh5d+ :at is4 ,& ?us ! real exi/5ce ( ! object1 & ! ideal elem5t :i* our appreh5sion ( x introduces1 w\ld bo? be cle>ly ass]t$4 ,i am ready to use expressions :i* recognize ! reality ( space & o!r ext]nal ?+s m emphatically ?an ^? expressions :i* ,i h employ$ 9 ! ,philosophy1 if expressions c be f\nd :i*1 :ile !y d ?is1 enable u to expla9 ! possibility ( k1 & to analyze ! /ructure ( tru?4 ,x is1 inde$1 extremely difficult to f9d1 9 speak+ ( ?is subject1 expressions :i* are satisfactory4 ,! reality ( ! objects :i* we p]ceive is a pr(\nd1 app>5tly an insoluble problem#ceb4 ,we _c b suppose t exi/5ce is some?+ diff]5t f our k ( exi/5ce3--t :i* exi/s1 does n exi/ m]ely 9 our kn[+ t x does3--tru? is tru? :e!r we "k x or n4 ,yet h[ c we conceive tru?1 o!rwise ?an z some?+ kn[n8 ,h[ c we conceive ?+s z exi/+1 )\t conceiv+ !m z objects ( p]ception8 ,ideas & ,?+s are con/antly oppos$1 yet necess>ily co-exi/5t4 ,h[ !y are ?us opposite & yet id5tical1 is ! ultimate problem ( all philosophy4 ,! successive phases ( philosophy h consi/$ 9 sep>at+ & aga9 unit+ ^! two opposite elem5ts2 9 dwell+ sometimes ^u ! "o & sometimes ^u ! o!r1 z ! pr9cipal or orig9al or only elem5t2 & !n 9 discov]+ t su* an acc\nt ( ! /ate ( ! case 0 insuffici5t4 ,k requires ideas4 ,reality requires ?+s4 ,ideas & ?+s co-exi/4 ,tru? is1 & is kn[n4 ,b ! complete explanation ( ^! po9ts appe>s to be beyond our rea*4 ,at lea/ x is n necess>y = ! purposes ( our philosophy4 ,! sep>ation ( ideas & s5sations 9 ord] to discov] ! conditions ( k is our ma9 task4 ,h[ ideas & s5sations are unit$ s z to =m ?+s1 does n s imm$iately conc]n u4 ,i h /at$ t we may1 )\t giv+ up any mat]ial portion ( ! ,philosophy ( ,sci5ce to :i* ,i h be5 l$1 express ! conclusions 9 o!r phraseology2 & t in/ead ( say+ t all our k involves c]ta9 ,fundam5tal ,ideas1 ! s\rces f :i* all univ]sal tru? is d]iv$1 we may say t !re are c]ta9 ,laws ( ,m5tal ,activity accord+ to :i* alone all ! real relations ( ?+s are appreh5d$4 ,if ?is alt]ation 9 ! phraseology w make ! doctr9es m g5]ally intelligible or acceptable1 !re is no reason :y x %\ld n be adopt$4 ,b ,i may rem>k1 t a ma9 purpose ( ! ,philosophy 0 n m]ely to prove t !re are su* ,fundam5tal ,ideas or ,laws ( m5tal activity1 b to enum]ate ^? ( !m :i* are involv$ 9 ! exi/+ sci5ces2 & to /ate ! fundam5tal tru?s to :i* ! fundam5tal ideas lead4 ,?is 0 ! task :i* 0 attempt$2 & if ?is h be5 execut$ ) any tol]able success1 x may p]haps be receiv$ z a contribution to ! philosophy ( sci5ce1 ( :i* ! value is n small1 9 :atev] t]ms x be express$4 ,& ?is enum]ation ( fundam5tal ideas1 & ( tru?s d]iv$ f !m1 mu/ h some?+ to correspond to x1 9 any o!r mode ( express+ t view ( ! nature ( k :i* we are l$ to adopt4 ,if in/ead ( ,fundam5tal ,ideas1 we speak ( ,impulses ( g5]alization1 or ( ,laws ( m5tal activity1 we mu/ /ill di/+ui% su* ,impulses1 or su* ,laws1 accord+ to ! di/9ctions ( ideas to :i* ! survey ( sci5ce l$ u4 ,we %all ?us h a s]ies ( gr\ps ( ,laws1 or ( classes ( g5]aliz+ ,impulses1 correspond+ to ! s]ies ( ,fundam5tal ,ideas already giv54 ,if we employ ! language ( ! ,review]1 we %all h "o g5]aliz+ ,impulse :i* sugge/s relations ( ,space2 ano!r :i* directs u to prop]ties ( ,numb]s2 ano!r :i* deals ) ,"t2 ano!r ) ,cause3 ano!r :i* gr\ps objects accord+ to ,lik5ess2 ano!r :i* sugge/s a purpose z a necess>y relation among !m2 to :i* may be add$1 ev5 :ile we conf9e ourselves to ! physical sci5ces1 sev]al o!rs1 z may be se5 9 ! ,philosophy4 ,n[ :5 ! fundam5tal conditions & elem5ts ( tru? are ?us arrang$ into gr\ps1 x is n a matt] ( s mu* consequ5ce to decide :e!r ea* gr\p %all be said to be b\nd toge!r by an idea or by an impulse ( g5]alization2 z x is to see t1 if ?is happ5 9 virtue ( ideas1 "h are s _m di/9ct ideas :i* ent] into ! /ructure ( sci5ce1 & give univ]sality to its matt]2 & aga91 if ?is happ5 9 virtue ( an irresi/ible impulse ( g5]alization 9 ea* case1 we h s _m diff]5t k9ds ( impulses ( g5]alization4 ,! ma9 purpose 9 ! ,philosophy 0 to analyze sci5tific tru? into its conditions & elem5ts2 & ,i did n cont5t myself ) say+ t ^? elem5ts are ,s5sations & ,ideas2 ! ,ideas be+ t elem5t :i* makes univ]sal k conceivable & possible4 ,i w5t fur!r3 ,i enum]at$ ! ,ideas :i* ?us ent] into sci5ce4 ,i %[$ t 9 ! sci5ces :i* ,i pass$ 9 review1 ! mo/ acute & pr(\nd inquir]s _h tak5 = grant$ t c]ta9 tru?s 9 ea* sci5ce are ( univ]sal & necess>y validity1 & ,i endeav\r$ to select ! idea 9 :i* ?is univ]sality & necessity resid$1 & to sep>ate x f all o!r ideas involv$ 9 o!r sci5ces4 ,if !re=e x be ?\ght bett] to say t ^? pr9ciples 9 ea* sci5ce ^u :i*1 z ^u ! axioms 9 geometry1 ! univ]sality & necessity ( sci5tific tru? dep5ds1 are arriv$ at1 n by ideas1 b by an irresi/ible impulse ( g5]alization1 ^? :o employ su* phraseology1 if !y make a classification ( su* impulses correspond+ to my classification ( ideas1 w /ill adopt ! great] "p ( my philosophy1 alt]+ only ! phraseology4 ,or if1 z ,i sugge/$1 in/ead ( ,fundam5tal ,ideas1 we use ! phrase ,laws ( ,m5tal ,activity1 !n our prim>y intellectual ,code--! ,con/itution ( our m9ds1 z x may be t]m$--w consi/ ( a ,body ( ,laws ( :i* ! ,titles correspond ) ! ,fundam5tal ,ideas ( ! ,philosophy4 ,my object 01 f ! writ+s ( ! mo/ sagaci\s & pr(\nd philosoph]s :o h lab\r$ on ea* sci5ce1 to extract su* a code1 su* a con/itution4 ,if ,i h 9 any degree succe$$ 9 ?is1 ! result mu/ h a reality & a value indep5d5tly ( all =ms ( expression4 ,/ill ,i d n ?9k t any language c ev] s]ve = su* legislation1 9 :i* ! two elem5ts ( tru? are n di/+ui%$4 ,ev5 if we adopt ! phraseology :i* ,i h j employ$1 we %all h to recollect t ,law & ,fact mu/ be kept di/9ct1 & t ! ,con/itution has its ,pr9ciples z well z its ,hi/ory4 ,b ,i w n long] deta9 y by seek+ o!r modes ( express+ ! ,fundam5tal ,anti!sis to :i* ! accompany+ ,memoir ref]s4 ,! ,rem>ks :i* ,i "h s5d y 7 writt5 ?ree ye>s ago1 on ! appe>ance ( ! ,review :i* ,i h quot$4 ,if ,i succe$ 9 obta9+ = !m a few m9utes' att5tion f y & a few o!r fri5ds1 ,i %all be glad t !y h be5 pres]v$4 ,i am1 my de> ,h]s*el1 always truly y\rs1 ,w4 ,,:ewell4 ,p4,s4 ,i h ab/a9$ f s5d+ y a l>ge portion ( my ,rem>ks z orig9ally writt54 ,i _h gone on to %[ t1 9 my ,philosophy1 ,i _h n only enum]at$ & analyz$ a great numb] ( diff]5t ,fundam5tal ,ideas :i* belong to ! diff]5t exi/+ sci5ces1 b t ,i _h also %[n 9 :at mann] ^! ideas ent] into _! respective sci5ces2 namely1 by ! /atem5t or use ( ,axioms1 :i* involve ! ideas1 & :i* =m ! basis ( ea* sci5ce :5 sy/ematically exhibit$4 ,a numb] ( ^! ,axioms belong+ to mo/ ( ! physical sci5ces1 are /at$ 9 ! ,philosophy4 ,i might h add$ also t ,i h attempt$ to classify ! hi/orical /eps by :i* su* ,axioms are br\ght into view & appli$4 ,b x is n necess>y to dwell ^u ^! po9ts1 9 ord] to illu/rate ! diff]5ce & ! agreem5t betwe5 ! ,review] & me4 ,sir ,john ,f4 ,w4 ,h]s*el1 ,b>t4 c4 ,,app5dix ,g4 ,,on ,,! ,,trans=mation ,,( ,,hypo!ses ,,9 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,sci5ce4 7,cam4 ,phil4 ,soc4 ,,may #ai1 #ahea47 #a4 ,! hi/ory ( sci5ce sugge/s ! reflection t x is v difficult = ! same p]son at ! same "t to d ju/ice to two conflict+ !ories4 ,take = example ! ,c>tesian hypo!sis ( vortices & ! ,newtonian doctr9e ( univ]sal gravitation4 ,! adh]5ts ( ! e>li] op9ion resi/$ ! evid5ce ( ! ,newtonian !ory ) a degree ( ob/9acy & capti\sness :i* n[ appe>s to u q m>vell\s3 :ile on ! o!r h&1 s9ce ! complete triumph ( ! ,newtonians1 !y h be5 unwill+ to all[ any m]it at all to ! doctr9e ( vortices4 ,x _c b seem /range1 to a calm obs]v] ( su* *anges1 t 9 a matt] :i* dep5ds ^u ma!matical pro(s1 ! :ole body ( ! ma!matical _w %\ld pass ov]1 z 9 ?is & simil> cases !y seem to h done1 f an op9ion confid5tly held1 to its opposite4 ,no d\bt ?is mu/ be1 9 "p1 ascrib$ to ! la/+ effects ( education & e>ly prejudice4 ,! old op9ion passes away ) ! old g5]ation3 ! new !ory gr[s to its full vig\r :5 its cong5ital disciples gr[ to be ma/]s4 ,john ,b]n\lli cont9ues a ,c>tesian to ! la/2 ,daniel1 8 son1 is a ,newtonian f ! fir/4 ,newton's doctr9es are adopt$ at once 9 ,engl&1 = !y are ! solution ( a problem at :i* 8 contempor>ies h be5 lab\r+ = ye>s4 ,!y f9d no adh]5ts 9 ,france1 :]e ,desc>tes is suppos$ to h already expla9$ ! con/itution ( ! _w2 & ,font5elle1 ! secret>y ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,p>is1 dies a ,c>tesian sev5ty ye>s aft] ! publication ( ,newton's ,pr9cipia4 ,?is is1 no d\bt1 a "p ( ! explanation ( ! p]t9acity ) :i* op9ions are held1 bo? be=e & aft] a sci5tific revolution3 b ?is is n ! :ole1 nor p]haps ! mo/ in/ructive aspect ( ! subject4 ,!re is ano!r feature 9 ! *ange1 :i* expla9s1 9 "s degree1 h[ x is possible t1 9 subjects1 ma9ly at lea/ ma!matical1 & !re=e claim+ demon/rative evid5ce1 ma!maticians %\ld hold diff]5t & ev5 opposite op9ions4 ,& ! object ( ! pres5t pap] is to po9t out ?is feature 9 ! successions ( !ories1 & to illu/rate x by "s prom95t examples drawn f ! hi/ory ( sci5ce4 #b4 ,! feature to :i* ,i ref] is ?is2 t :5 a preval5t !ory is f\nd to be unt5able1 & consequ5tly1 is succe$$ by a diff]5t1 or ev5 by an opposite "o1 ! *ange is n made sudd5ly1 or complet$ at once1 at lea/ 9 ! m9ds ( ! mo/ t5aci\s adh]5ts ( ! e>li] doctr9e2 b is effect$ by a trans=mation1 or s]ies ( trans=mations1 ( ! e>li] hypo!sis1 by means ( :i* x is gradually br\ght ne>] & ne>] to ! second2 & ?us1 ! def5d]s ( ! anci5t doctr9e are able to g on z if /ill ass]t+ _! fir/ op9ions1 & to cont9ue to press _! po9ts ( advantage1 if !y h any1 aga9/ ! new !ory4 ,!y borr[1 or imitate1 & 9 "s way accommodate to _! orig9al hypo!sis1 ! new explanations :i* ! new !ory gives1 ( ! obs]v$ facts2 & ?us !y ma9ta9 a sort ( v]bal consi/5cy2 till ! orig9al hypo!sis becomes inextricably confus$1 or breaks d[n "u ! weight ( ! auxili>y hypo!ses ?us fa/5$ ^u x1 9 ord] to make x consi/5t ) ! facts4 ,?is (t5-occurr+ c\rse ( ev5ts might be illu/rat$ f ! hi/ory ( ! a/ronomical !ory ( epicycles & ecc5trics1 z is well kn[n4 ,b my pres5t purpose is to give "o or two brief illu/rations ( a some:at simil> t5d5cy f o!r p>ts ( sci5tific hi/ory2 & 9 ! fir/ place1 f t "p :i* has already be5 ref]r$ to1 ! battle ( ! ,c>tesian & ,newtonian sy/ems4 #c4 ,! "p ( ! ,c>tesian sy/em ( vortices :i* is mo/ famili>ly kn[n to g5]al read]s is ! explanation ( ! motions ( ! planets by suppos+ !m c>ri$ r\nd ! sun by a k9d ( :irlpool ( fluid matt] 9 :i* !y are imm]s$3 & ! explanation ( ! motions ( ! satellites r\nd _! prim>ies by simil> subord9ate :irlpools1 turn+ r\nd ! prim>y1 & c>ri$1 along ) x1 by ! prim>y vortex4 ,b x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t a "p ( ! ,c>tesian hypo!sis :i* 0 consid]$ q z important z ! cosmical explanation1 0 ! explanation :i* x 0 held to af=d ( t]re/rial gravity4 ,t]re/rial gravity 0 ass]t$ to arise f ! motion ( ! vortex ( subtle matt] :i* revolv$ r\nd ! e>?'s axis & fill$ ! surr\nd+ space4 ,x 0 ma9ta9$ t by ! rotation ( su* a vortex1 ! p>ticles ( ! subtle matt] w\ld ex]t a c5trifugal =ce1 & by virtue ( t =ce1 t5d to rec$e f ! c5t]3 & x 0 held t all bodies :i* 7 ne> ! e>?1 & !re=e imm]s$ 9 ! vortex1 w\ld be press$ t[>ds ! c5t] by ! ef=t ( ! subtle matt] to rec$e f ! c5t]#cec4 ,^! two assum$ effects ( ! ,c>tesian vortices--to c>ry bodies 9 _! /ream1 z /raws are c>ri$ r\nd by a :irlpool1 & to press bodies to ! c5t] by ! c5trifugal ef=t ( ! :irl+ matt]--mu/ be consid]$ sep>ately1 because !y 7 modifi$ sep>ately1 z ! progress ( discussion drove ! ,c>tesians f po9t to po9t4 ,! =m] effect inde$1 ! dragg+ =ce ( ! vortex1 z we may call x1 w\ld n be> work+ out on me*anical pr9ciples at all2 = z soon z ! law ( motion 0 ackn[l$g$ 7:i* ,desc>tes himself 0 "o ( ! l\de/ 9 proclaim+71 t a body 9 motion keeps all ! motion :i* x has1 & receives 9 addition all t is impress$ ^u x2 z soon1 9 %ort1 z philosoph]s reject$ ! notion ( an in]tness 9 matt] :i* con/antly ret>ds its movem5ts1--x 0 pla9 t a planet p]petually dragg$ onw>ds 9 its orbit by a fluid mov+ quick] ?an itself1 mu/ be p]petually accel]at$2 & !re=e c\ld n foll[ ^? con/antly-recurr+ cycles ( quick] & sl[] motion :i* ! planets exhibit to u4 ,! ,c>tesian ma!maticians1 !n1 left unt\*$ ! calculation ( ! progressive motion ( ! planets2 &1 cl++ to ! assumption t a vortex w\ld produce a t5d5cy ( bodies to ! c5t]1 made v>i\s successive ef=ts to con/ruct _! vortices 9 su* a mann] t ! c5tripetal =ces produc$ by !m %\ld co9cide ) ^? :i* ! ph5om5a requir$1 & !re=e ( c\rse1 9 ! end1 ) ^? :i* ! ,newtonian !ory ass]t$4 ,9 tru?1 ! ,c>tesian vortex 0 a bad piece ( ma*9]y = produc+ a c5tral =ce3 f ! fir/1 objections 7 made to ! suffici5cy ( its me*anism1 & mo/ ( ^! objections 7 v unsatisfactorily answ]$1 ev5 grant+ ! additional ma*9]y :i* its def5d]s dem&$4 ,"o =midable objection 0 soon />t$1 & cont9u$ to ! la/ to be ! torm5t ( ! ,c>tesians4 ,if t]re/rial gravity1 x 0 urg$1 arise f ! c5trifugal =ce ( a vortex :i* revolves ab\t ! e>?'s axis1 t]re/rial gravity ought to act 9 planes p]p5dicul> to ! e>?'s axis1 in/ead ( t5d+ to ! e>?'s c5t]4 ,?is objection 0 tak5 by ,james ,b]n\lli#ced1 & by ,huygh5s#cee n long aft] ! publication ( ,desc>tes's ,pr9cipia4 ,huygh5s 7:o adopt$ ! !ory ( vortices ) modifications ( 8 own7 supposes t !re are p>ticles ( ! fluid matt] :i* move ab\t ! e>? 9 e possible direction1 )9 ! sph]ical space :i* includes t]re/rial objects2 & t ! great] "p ( ^! motions be+ 9 sph]ical surfaces conc5tric ) ! e>?1 produces a t5d5cy t[>ds ! e>?'s c5t]4 ,?is 0 a proc$ure tol]ably arbitr>y1 b x 0 ! be/ :i* c\ld be done4 ,saur91 a little lat]#cef1 gave ne>ly ! same solution ( ?is difficulty4 ,! solution1 id5tify+ a vortex ( "s k9d ) a c5tral =ce1 made ! hypo!sis ( vortices applicable :]ev] c5tral =ces exi/$2 b !n1 9 return1 x depriv$ ! image ( a vortex ( all t cle>ness & simplicity :i* _h be5 its fir/ great recomm5dation4 ,b /ill !re rema9$ difficulties n less =midable4 ,accord+ to ?is explanation ( gravity1 s9ce ! t5d5cy ( bodies to ! e>?'s c5t] arose f ! sup]ior c5trifugal =ce ( ! :irl+ matt] :i* pu%$ !m inw>d z wat] pu%es a light body upw>d1 bodies ought to t5d m /rongly to ! c5t] 9 proportion z !y are less d5se4 ,! r>e/ bodies %\ld be ! heavie/2 contr>y to :at we f9d4 ,desc>tes's orig9al solution ( ?is difficulty has a c]ta9 degree ( +5uity4 ,accord+ to him 7,pr9cip4 ,,iv4 #bc7 a t]re/rial body consi/s ( p>ticles ( ! ?ird elem5t1 & ! m x has ( su* p>ticles1 ! m x excludes ! p>ts ( ! cele/ial matt]1 f ! revolution ( :i* matt] gravity arises2 & !re=e ! d5s] is ! t]re/rial body1 & ! heavi] x w be4 ,b ?\gh ?is might satisfy him1 x c\ld n satisfy ! ma!maticians :o foll[$ him1 & tri$ to r$uce 8 sy/em to calculation on me*anical pr9ciples4 ,= h[ c\ld !y d ?is1 if ! cele/ial matt]1 by ! op]ation ( :i* ! ph5om5a ( =ce & motion 7 produc$1 0 s entirely diff]5t f ord9>y matt]1 :i* alone _h suppli$ m5 ) exp]im5tal illu/rations ( me*anical pr9ciples8 ,9 ord] t ! cele/ial matt]1 by its :irl+1 might produce ! gravity ( heavy bodies1 x 0 me*anically necess>y t x mu/ be v d5se2 & d5se 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! t]m2 = x 0 by reg>d+ d5sity 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! t]m t ! me*anical necessity _h be5 e/abli%$4 ,! ,c>tesians tri$ to escape ?is result 7,huygh5s1 ,pesanteur1 p4 #afa1 & ,john ,b]n\lli1 ,n\velles ,p5ses1 ,art4 #ca7 by say+ t !re 7 two mean+s ( d5sity & r>ity2 t "s fluids might be r>e by hav+ _! p>ticles f> asund]1 o!rs1 by hav+ _! p>ticles v small ?\gh 9 contact4 ,b x is difficult to ?9k t !y c\ld1 z p]sons well acqua9t$ ) me*anical pr9ciples1 satisfy !mselves ) ?is di/9ction2 = !y c\ld h>dly fail to see t ! me*anical effect ( any portion ( fluid dep5ds ^u ! total mass mov$1 n on ! size ( its p>ticles4 ,attempts made to exemplify ! vortices exp]im5tally only %[$ m cle>ly ! =ce ( ?is difficulty4 ,huygh5s _h f\nd t c]ta9 bodies imm]s$ 9 a :irl+ fluid t5d$ to ! c5t] ( ! vortex4 ,b :5 ,saulmon#ceg a little lat] made simil> exp]im5ts1 he _h ! mortification ( f9d+ t ! heavie/ bodies _h ! greate/ t5d5cy to rec$e f ! axis ( ! vortex4 ,! result is1 z ! ,secret>y ( ! ,academy 7,font5elle7 says1 exactly ! opposite ( :at we c\ld h wi%$1 = ! ,c>tesian sy/em ( gravity3 b we are n to despair2 sometimes 9 su* rese>*es disappo9tm5t leads to ultimate success4 ,b1 pass+ by ?is difficulty1 & assum+ t 9 "s way or o!r a c5tripetal =ce arises f ! c5trifugal =ce ( ! vortex1 ! ,c>tesian ma!maticians 7 naturally l$ to calculate ! circum/ances ( ! vortex on me*anical pr9ciples2 especially ,huygh5s1 :o _h successfully /udi$ ! subject ( c5trifugal =ce4 ,accord+ly1 9 8 little treatise on ! ,cause ( ,gravitation 7p4 #adc71 he calculates ! velocity ( ! fluid matt] ( ! vortex1 & f9ds t1 at a po9t 9 ! equator1 x is #ag times ! velocity ( ! e>?'s rotation4 ,x may naturally be ask$1 h[ x comes to pass t a /ream ( fluid1 d5se en\gh to produce ! gravity ( bodies by its c5trifugal =ce1 mov+ ) a velocity #ag times t ( ! e>? 7& !re=e mov+ r\nd ! e>? 9 #he m9utes71 does n sweep all t]re/rial objects be=e x4 ,b to ?is ,huygh5s _h already repli$ 7p4 #acg71 t !re are p>ticles ( ! fluid mov+ 9 all directions1 & !re=e t !y neutralize ea* o!r's action1 s f> z lat]al motion is conc]n$4 ,& ?us1 z e>ly z ?is treatise ( ,huygh5s1 t is1 9 ?ree ye>s f ! publication ( ,newton's ,pr9cipia1 a vortex is made to mean no?+ m ?an "s ma*9]y or o!r = produc+ a c5tral =ce4 ,& ?is is s mu* ! case1 t ,huygh5s comm5ds 7p4 #afe71 z confirm+ 8 own calculation ( ! velocity ( 8 vortex1 ,newton's pro( t at ! ,moon's orbit ! c5tripetal =ce is equal to ! c5trifugal2 & t ?us1 ?is =ce is less ?an ! c5tripetal =ce at ! e>?'s surface 9 ! inv]se proportion ( ! squ>es ( ! di/ances4 ,john ,b]n\lli1 9 ! same mann]1 b ) f> less cle>ness & less c&\r1 has treat$ ! hypo!sis ( vortices z be+ pr9cipally a hypo!tical cause ( c5tral =ce4 ,he _h repeat$ occasions giv5 him ( prop\nd+ 8 inv5tions = propp+ up ! ,c>tesian doctr9e1 by ! subjects propos$ = prizes by ! ,p>is ,academy ( ,sci5ces2 9 :i* competition ,c>tesian speculations 7 fav\rably receiv$4 ,?us ! subject ( ! ,prize ,essays = #agcj 01 ! explanation ( ! ,elliptical ,=m ( ! planet>y orbits & ( ! ,motion ( _! ,aphelia1 & ! prize 0 assign$ to ,john ,b]n\lli1 :o gave ! explanation on ,c>tesian pr9ciples4 ,he expla9s ! elliptical figure1 n z ,desc>tes himself _h done1 by suppos+ ! vortex :i* c>ries ! planet r\nd ! sun to be itself squeez$ into an elliptical =m by ! pressure ( contigu\s vortices2 b he supposes ! planet1 :ile x is c>ri$ r\nd by ! vortex1 to h a limit$ oscillatory motion to & f ! c5t]1 produc$ by its be+ orig9ally1 n at ! di/ance at :i* x w\ld float 9 equilibrium 9 ! vortex1 b above or bel[ t po9t4 ,on ?is supposition1 ! planet w\ld oscillate to & f ! c5t]1 ,b]n\lli says1 l ! m]cury :5 d]ang$ 9 a b>omet]3 & x is evid5t t su* an oscillation1 comb9$ ) a motion r\nd ! c5t]1 might produce an oval curve1 ei!r ) a fix$ or ) a moveable aphelion4 ,all ?is h[ev] m]ely am\nts to a possibility t ! oval may be an ellipse1 n to a pro( t x w be s2 nor does ,b]n\lli advance fur!r4 ,x 0 necess>y t ! vortices %\ld be adju/$ 9 su* a mann] z to acc\nt = ,kepl]'s laws2 & ?is 0 to be done by mak+ ! velocity ( ea* /ratum ( ! vortex dep5d 9 a suitable mann] on its radius4 ,! ,abb de ,molires attempt$ ?is on ! supposition ( elliptical vortices1 b c\ld n reconcile ,kepl]'s fir/ two laws1 ( equal elliptical areas 9 equal times1 ) 8 ?ird law1 t ! squ>es ( ! p]iodic times are z ! cubes ( ! mean di/ances#ceh4 ,b]n\lli1 ) 8 circul> vortices1 c\ld accommodate ! velocities at diff]5t di/ances s t !y %\ld expla9 ,kepl]'s laws4 ,he pret5d$ to prove t ,newton's inve/igations respect+ vortices 79 ! n9? ,section ( ! ,second ,book ( ! ,pr9cipia7 7 me*anically errone\s2 & 9 tru?1 x mu/ be all[$ t1 besides sev]al arbitr>y assumptions1 !re are "s errors ( reason+ 9 !m4 ,b = ! mo/ "p1 ! m enlight5$ ,c>tesians 7 cont5t to accept ,newton's acc\nt ( ! motions & =ces ( ! sol> sy/em z "p ( _! s*eme2 & to say only t ! hypo!sis ( vortices expla9$ ! orig9 ( ! ,newtonian =ces2 & t ?us !irs 0 a philosophy ( a high] k9d4 ,?us x is ass]t$ 7,mm4 ,acad4 #agcd71 t ,m4 de ,molires reta9s ! beautiful !ory ( ,newton entire1 only he r5d]s x 9 a sort less ,newtonian1 by dis5tangl+ x f attraction1 & transf]r+ x f a vacuum into a pl5um4 ,?is pl5um1 ?\gh n its native region1 frees x f ! ne$ ( attraction1 :i* is all ! bett] = x4 ,^! po9ts 7 ! ma9 *>ms ( ! ,c>tesian doctr9e 9 ! eyes ( its foll[]s2--! gett+ rid ( attractions1 :i* 7 repres5t$ z a revival ( ! ,ari/otelian occult qualities1 sub/antial =ms1 or :atev] else 0 ! mo/ disp>ag+ way ( describ+ ! bad philosophy ( ! d>k ages#cei2--;& ! provid+ "s mat]ial int]m$ium1 by means ( :i* a body may affect ano!r at a di/ance2 & ?us avoid ! reproa* urg$ aga9/ ! ,newtonians1 t !y made a body act :]e x 0 n4 ,& we are ! less call$ ^u to d5y t ?is la/ feature 9 ! ,newtonian !ory 0 a difficulty1 inasmu* z ,newton himself 0 nev] unwill+ to all[ t gravity might be m]ely an effect produc$ by "s ult]ior cause4 ,) su* admissions on ! two sides1 x is pla9 t ! ,newtonian & ,c>tesian sy/ems w\ld co9cide1 if ! hypo!sis ( vortices c\ld be modifi$ 9 su* a way z to produce ! =ce ( gravitation4 ,all attempts to d ?is1 h[ev]1 fail$3 & ev5 ,john ,b]n\lli1 ! mo/ ob/9ate ( ! ma!matical *ampions ( ! vortices1 0 oblig$ to give !m up4 ,9 8 ,prize ,essay = #agcd1 7on ! ,incl9ations ( ! ,planet>y ,orbits#cfj17 he says 7,art4 ,,viii471 ,! gravitation ( ! ,planets t[>ds ! c5t] ( ! ,sun & ! weight ( bodies t[>ds ! c5t] ( ! e>? has n1 = its cause1 ei!r ! attraction ( ,m4 ,newton1 or ! c5trifugal =ce ( ! matt] ( ! vortex accord+ to ,m4 ,desc>tes2 & he !n goes on to ass]t t ^! =ces are produc$ by a p]petual torr5t ( matt] t5d+ to ! c5t] on all sides1 & c>ry+ all bodies ) x4 ,su* a hypo!sis is v difficult to refute4 ,x has be5 tak5 up 9 m mod]n times by ,le ,sage#cfa1 ) "s modifications2 & may be made to acc\nt = ! pr9cipal facts ( ! univ]sal gravitation ( matt]4 ,! great difficulty 9 ! way ( su* a hypo!sis is1 ! ov]:elm+ ?\ght ( ! :ole univ]se fill$ ) torr5ts ( an invisible b mat]ial & tangible sub/ance1 ru%+ 9 e direction 9 inf9itely prolong$ /raight l9es & ) imm5se velocity4 ,:5ce c su* matt] come1 & :i!r c x g8 ,:]e c be its p]petual & inf9itely di/ant f\nta91 & :]e ! ocean into :i* x p\rs itself :5 its inf9ite c\rse is end$8 ,a revolv+ :irlpool is easily conceiv$ & easily suppli$2 b ! c5tral torr5t ( ,b]n\lli1 ! inf9ite /reams ( p>ticles ( ,le ,sage1 are an explanation f> m inconceivable ?an ! ?+ expla9$4 ,b h[ev] ! hypo!sis ( vortices1 or "s hypo!sis sub/itut$ = x1 0 adju/$ to expla9 ! facts ( attraction to a c5t]1 ?is 0 really ne>ly all t 0 meant by a vortex or a t\rbillon1 :5 ! sy/em 0 appli$4 ,?us 9 ! case ( ! la/ act ( homage to ! ,c>tesian !ory :i* ! ,fr5* ,academy r5d]$ 9 ! di/ribution ( its prizes1 ! designation ( a ,c>tesian ,essay 9 #agda 7along ) ?ree ,newtonian ones7 z wor?y ( a prize = an explanation ( ! ,tides2 ! diff]5ce ( high & l[ wat] 0 n expla9$1 z ,desc>tes has expla9$ x1 by ! pressure1 on ! ocean1 ( ! t]re/rial vortex1 =c$ into a /rait :]e x passes "u ! ,moon2 b ! wat]s 7 suppos$ to rise t[>ds ! ,moon1 ! t]re/rial vortex be+ di/urb$ & brok5 by ! ,moon1 & !re=e less effective 9 =c+ !m d[n4 ,& 9 giv+ an acc\nt ( a ,t\rmal9e f ,ceylon 7,acad4 ,sc4 #agag71 :5 x has be5 asc]ta9$ t x attracts & repels sub/ances1 ! writ] adds1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 ,x w\ld seem t x has a vortex4 ,z ano!r example1 ! ela/icity ( a body 0 ascrib$ to vortices betwe5 its p>ticles3 & 9 g5]al1 z ,i h said1 a vortex impli$ :at we n[ imply by speak+ ( a c5tral =ce4 #d4 ,9 ! same mann] vortices 7 ascrib$ to ! ,magnet1 9 ord] to acc\nt = its attractions & repulsions4 ,b we may note a circum/ance :i* gave a special turn to ! hypo!sis ( vortices z appli$ to ?is subject1 & :i* may s]ve z a fur!r illu/ration ( ! mann] 9 :i* a transition may be made f "o to ! o!r ( two rival hypo!ses4 ,if iron fil+s be br\ght ne> a magnet1 9 su* a mann] z to be at lib]ty to assume ! position :i* its pol> action assigns to !m2 7= in/ance1 by /rew+ !m ^u a %eet ( pap] :ile ! two poles ( ! magnet are close bel[ ! pap]27 !y w arrange !mselves 9 c]ta9 curves1 ea* proce$+ f ! ,n4 to ! ,s4 pole ( ! magnet1 l ! m]idians 9 a map ( ! globe4 ,x is easily %[n1 on ! supposition ( magnetic attraction & repulsion1 t ^! magnetic curves1 z !y are t]m$1 are ea* a curve ^: tang5t at e po9t is ! direction ( a small l9e or p>ticle1 z det]m9$ by ! attraction & repulsion ( ! two poles4 ,b if we suppose a magnetic vortex con/antly to fl[ out ( "o pole & into ! o!r1 9 /reams :i* foll[ su* curves1 x is evid5t t su* a vortex1 be+ suppos$ to ex]cise mat]ial pressure & impulse1 w\ld arrange ! iron fil+s 9 correspond+ /reams1 & w\ld ?us produce ! ph5om5on :i* ,i h describ$4 ,& ! hypo!sis ( c5tral torr5ts ( ,b]n\lli or ,le ,sage :i* ,i h ref]r$ to1 w\ld1 9 its application to magnets1 really become ?is hypo!sis ( a magnetic vortex1 if we fur!r suppose t ! matt] ( ! torr5ts :i* proce$ to "o pole & f ! o!r1 m+les its /reams1 s z at ea* po9t to produce a /ream 9 ! result+ direction4 ,( c\rse we %all h to suppose two sets ( magnetic torr5ts2--a boreal torr5t1 proce$+ to ! nor? pole1 & f ! s\? pole ( a magnet2 & an au/ral torr5t proce$+ to ! s\? & f ! nor? pole3--& ) ^! suppositions1 we make a transition f ! hypo!sis ( attraction & repulsion1 to ! ,c>tesian hypo!sis ( vortices1 or at lea/1 torr5ts1 :i* det]m9e bodies to _! magnetic positions by impulse4 ,( c\rse x is to be expect$ t1 9 ?is z 9 ! o!r case1 :5 we foll[ ! hypo!sis ( impulse into detail1 x w ne$ to be load$ ) s _m subsidi>y hypo!ses1 9 ord] to accommodate x to ! ph5om5a1 t x w no long] seem t5able4 ,b ! plausibility ( ! hypo!sis 9 its fir/ application _c be d5i$3--=1 x may be obs]v$1 ! two opposite /reams w\ld c\nt]act ea* o!r s z to produce no local motion1 only direction4 ,& ?is case may put u on our gu>d aga9/ o!r sugge/ions ( =ces act+ 9 curve l9es1 :i* may at fir/ sight appe> to be disc]n$ 9 magnetic & electric ph5om5a4 ,probably su* curve l9es w all be f\nd to be only result+ l9es1 aris+ f ! direct action & comb9ation ( elem5t>y attraction & repulsion4 #e4 ,!re is ano!r case 9 :i* x w\ld n be difficult to devise a mode ( transition f "o to ! o!r ( two rival !ories2 namely1 9 ! case ( ! emission !ory & ! undulation !ory ( ,light4 ,inde$ sev]al /eps ( su* a transition h already appe>$ 9 ! hi/ory ( optical speculation2 & ! conclusive objection to ! emission !ory ( light1 z to ! ,c>tesian !ory ( vortices1 is1 t no am\nt ( additional hypo!ses w reconcile x to ! ph5om5a4 ,its def5d]s _h to g on add+ "o piece ( ma*9]y aft] ano!r1 z new classes ( facts came into view1 till x became m complex & unme*anical ?an ! !ory ( epicycles & ecc5trics at its wor/ p]iod4 ,o!rwise1 z ,i h said1 !re 0 no?+ to prev5t ! emission !ory f migrat+ into ! undulatory !ory1 & z ! !ory ( vortices did into ! !ory ( attraction4 ,= ! emissioni/s all[ t rays may int]f]e2 & t ^! int]f]5ces may be modifi$ by alt]nate fits 9 ! rays2 n[ ^! fits are already a k9d ( undulation4 ,!n aga9 ! ph5om5a ( pol>iz$ light %[ t ! fits or undulations mu/ h a transv]se "*3 & !re is no reason :y emitt$ rays %\ld n be subject to fits ( transv]se modification z well z to any o!r fits4 ,9 %ort1 we may add to ! emitt$ rays ( ! "o !ory1 all ! prop]ties :i* belong to ! undulations ( ! o!r1 & ?us acc\nt = all ! ph5om5a on ! emission !ory2 ) ?is limitation only1 t ! emission w h no %>e 9 ! explanation1 & ! undulations w h ! :ole4 ,if1 in/ead ( conceiv+ ! univ]se full ( a /ation>y e!r1 we suppose x to be full ( e!rial p>ticles mov+ 9 e direction2 & if we suppose1 9 ! "o case & 9 ! o!r1 ?is e!r to be susceptible ( undulations proce$+ f e lum9\s po9t2 ! results ( ! two hypo!ses w be ! same2 & all we %all h to say is1 t ! supposition ( ! emissive motion ( ! p>ticles is sup]flu\s & useless4 #f4 ,?is view ( ! mann] 9 :i* rival !ories pass into "o ano!r appe>s to be s unfamili> to ^? :o h only slightly att5d$ to ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 t ,i h ?\ght x might be wor? :ile to illu/rate x by a few examples4 ,x might be said1 = in/ance1 by su* p]sons#cfb1 ,ei!r ! planets are n mov$ by vortices1 or !y d n move by ! law by :i* heavy bodies fall4 ,x is impossible t bo? op9ions c be true4 ,b x appe>s1 by :at has be5 said above1 t ! ,c>tesians did hold bo? op9ions to be true2 & "o ) j z mu* reason z ! o!r1 on _! assumptions4 ,x might be said 9 ! same mann]1 ,ei!r x is false t ! planets are made to describe _! orbits by ! above quasi-,c>tesian !ory ( ,b]n\lli1 or x is false t !y obey ! ,newtonian !ory ( gravitation4 ,b ?is w\ld be said q errone\sly2 = if ! hypo!sis ( ,b]n\lli be true1 x is s because x agrees 9 its result ) ! !ory ( ,newton4 ,x is n only possible t bo? op9ions may be true1 b x is c]ta9 t if ! fir/ be s1 ! second is4 ,x might be said aga91 ,ei!r ! planets describe _! orbits by an inh]5t virtue1 or accord+ to ! ,newton !ory4 ,b ?is aga9 w\ld be errone\s1 = ! ,newtonian doctr9e decid$ no?+ z to :e!r ! =ce ( gravitation 0 inh]5t or n4 ,cotes held t x 01 ?\gh ,newton /rongly prote/$ aga9/ be+ suppos$ to hold su* an op9ion4 ,! ^w inh]5t is no "p ( ! physical !ory1 & w be ass]t$ or d5i$ accord+ to our metaphysical views ( ! ess5tial attributes ( matt] & =ce4 ,( c\rse1 ! possibility ( two rival hypo!ses be+ true1 "o ( :i* takes ! explanation a /ep high] ?an ! o!r1 is n affect$ by ! impossibility ( two contradictory ass]tions ( ! same ord] ( g5]ality be+ bo? true4 ,if !re be a new-discov]$ comet1 & if "o a/ronom] ass]ts t x w return once 9 e tw5ty ye>s1 & ano!r1 t x w return once 9 e ?irty ye>s1 bo? _c be "r4 ,b if an a/ronom] says t ?\gh its int]val 0 9 ! la/ in/ance #cj ye>s1 x w only be #bj ye>s to ! next return1 9 consequ5ce ( p]turbation & resi/ance1 he may be p]fectly "r4 ,& ?us1 :5 diff]5t & rival explanations ( ! same ph5om5a are held1 till "o ( !m1 ?\gh long def5d$ by +5i\s m51 is at la/ driv5 out ( ! field by ! pressure ( facts1 ! defeat$ hypo!sis is trans=m$ be=e x is ext+ui%$4 ,be=e x has disappe>$1 x has be5 modifi$ s z to h all palpable falsities squeez$ out ( x1 & subsidi>y provisions add$1 9 ord] to reconcile x ) ! ph5om5a4 ,x has1 9 %ort1 be5 p5etrat$1 infiltrat$1 & metamorphos$ by ! surr\nd+ m$ium ( tru?1 be=e ! m]ely arbitr>y & errone\s residuum has be5 f9ally eject$ out ( ! body ( p]man5t & c]ta9 k4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ceb3 ,^! rem>ks 7 writt5 9 #ahda4 ,! accompany+ ,memoir conta9s a fur!r discussion ( ?is problem4 ,,app5dix ,h4 ,,on ,,hegel',s ,,criticism ,,( ,,newton',s ,,pr9cipia4 7,cam4 ,phil4 ,soc4 ,,may #ba1 #ahdi47 ,! ,newtonian doctr9e ( univ]sal gravitation1 z ! cause ( ! motions :i* take place 9 ! sol> sy/em1 is s entirely e/abli%$ 9 our m9ds1 & ! fallacy ( all ! ord9>y argum5ts aga9/ x is s cle>ly und]/ood among u1 t x w\ld und\bt$ly be deem$ a wa/e ( "t to argue su* que/ions 9 ?is place1 s f> z physical tru? is conc]n$4 ,b s9ce 9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 !re are tea*]s ( philosophy ^: reputation & influ5ce are v great1 & :o are sometimes ref]r$ to among our own c\ntrym5 z ! au?ors ( new & valuable views ( tru?1 & :o yet reject ! ,newtonian op9ions1 & d5y ! validity ( ! pro(s commonly giv5 ( !m1 x may be wor? :ile to att5d = a few m9utes to ! decl>ations ( su* tea*]s1 z a feature 9 ! pres5t condition ( ,european philosophy4 ,i ! m readily assume t ! ,cambridge ,philosophical ,society w n ?9k a communication on su* a subject devoid ( int]e/1 9 consequ5ce ( ! fav\rable reception :i* x has giv5 to philosophical speculations /ill m ab/ract1 :i* ,i h on previ\s occasions (f]$ to x4 ,i w !re=e proce$ to make "s rem>ks on ! op9ions conc]n+ ! ,newtonian doctr9e ( gravitation1 deliv]$ by ! celebrat$ ,hegel1 ( ,b]l91 ?an :om no philosoph] 9 mod]n1 & p]haps h>dly any ev5 9 anci5t times1 has _h 8 tea*+ receiv$ ) m rev]5tial submission by 8 disciples1 or be5 foll[$ by a m num]\s & zeal\s b& ( s*ol>s b5t ^u diffus+ & apply+ 8 pr9ciples4 ,! passages to :i* ,i %all pr9cipally ref] are tak5 f "o ( 8 works :i* is call$ ! ,encyclopdia 7,encyklopdie71 ( :i* ! ,fir/ ,"p is ! ,sci5ce ( ,logic1 ! ,second1 ! ,philosophy ( ,nature1 ! ,?ird1 ! ,philosophy ( ,_s4 ,! ,second ,"p1 ) :i* ,i am "h conc]n$1 has = an alit] title1 ,lectures on ,natural ,philosophy 7,vorlesung5 b] ,natur-philosophie71 & w\ld ?r\gh its :ole ext5t (f] abundant mat]ial = criticism1 by ref]r+ x to pr9ciples ) :i* we are "h famili>3 b ,i %all = ! pres5t conf9e myself to t "p :i* ref]s to ! subject :i* ,i h m5tion$1 ! ,newtonian ,doctr9e ( ,gravitation1 #bfi1 #bgj1 ( ! "w4 ,nor %all ,i1 ) reg>d to ?is "p1 ?9k x necess>y to give a cont9u\s & complete criticism ( all ! passages be>+ ^u ! subject2 b only su* specim5s1 & su* rem>ks !reon1 z may suffice to %[ 9 a g5]al mann] ! value & ! "* ( ,hegel's decl>ations on su* que/ions4 ,i d n pret5d to (f] "h any op9ion ^u ! value & "* ( ,hegel's philosophy 9 g5]al3 b ,i ?9k x n unlikely t "s impression on t head may be sugge/$ by ! exam9ation1 "h (f]$1 ( "s po9ts 9 :i* we c h no d\bt :]e ! tru? lies2 & ,i am n at all p]suad$ t a l exam9ation ( _m o!r p>ts ( ! ,hegelian ,encyclopdia1 w\ld n confirm ! impression :i* we %all receive f ! p>ts n[ to be consid]$4 ,hegel bo? criticises ! ,newtonian doctr9es1 or :at he /ates z su*2 & also1 n d5y+ ! tru? ( ! laws ( ph5om5a :i* he ref]s to1 = in/ance ,kepl]'s laws1 (f]s 8 own pro( ( ^! laws4 ,i %all make a few brief rem>ks on ea* ( ^! portions ( ! pages be=e me4 ,& ,i w\ld beg x to be und]/ood t :]e ,i may happ5 to put my rem>ks 9 a %ort1 & :at may seem a p]emptory =m1 ,i d s = ! sake ( sav+ "t2 kn[+ t among u1 ^u subjects s famili>1 a few words w suffice4 ,= ! same reason1 ,i %all take passages f ,hegel1 n 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y occur1 b 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y be/ illu/rate :at ,i h to say4 ,i %all d ,hegel no inju/ice by ?is mode ( proce$+3 = ,i w annex a fai?ful translation1 s f> z ,i c make "o1 ( ! :ole ( ! passages ref]r$ to1 ) ! context4 ,no "o w be surpris$ t a ,g]man1 or inde$ any lov] ( sci5ce1 %\ld speak ) admiration ( ! discov]y ( ,kepl]'s laws1 z a great ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,a/ronomy1 & a glori\s di/9ction to ! discov]]4 ,b to say t ! glory ( ! discov]y ( ! pro( ( ^! laws has be5 unju/ly transf]r$ f ,kepl] to ,newton1 is q ano!r matt]4 ,?is is :at ,hegel says 7a7#cfc4 ,& we h to consid] ! reasons :i* he assigns = say+ s4 ,he says 7b7 t x is all[$ by ma!maticians t ! ,newtonian ,=mula maybe d]iv$ f ! ,kepl]ian laws1 & h5ce he seems to inf] t ! ,newtonian law is n an additional tru?4 ,t is1 he does n all[ t ! discov]y ( ! cause :i* produces a c]ta9 ph5om5al law is any?+ additional to ! discov]y ( ! law itself4 ,! ,newtonian =mula may be d]iv$ f ! ,kepl]ian law4 ,x 0 pr(ess$ly s d]iv$2 b d]iv$ by introduc+ ! ,idea ( ,=ce1 :i* ,idea & its consequ5ces 7 n introduc$ & develop$ till aft] ,kepl]'s "t4 ,! ,newtonian =mula may be d]iv$ f ! ,kepl]ian law4 ,& ! ,kepl]ian law may be d]iv$1 & 0 d]iv$1 f ! obs]vations ( ! ,greek a/ronom]s & _! successors2 b 0 n ! less a new & great discov]y on t acc\nt4 ,b let u see :at he says fur!r ( ?is d]ivation ( ! ,newtonian =mula f ! ,kepl]ian ,law4 ,x is evid5t t by call+ x a =mula1 he means to imply1 :at he also ass]ts1 t x is no new law1 b only a new =m 7& a bad "o7 ( a previ\sly kn[n tru?4 ,h[ is ! ,newtonian =mula1 t is1 ! law ( ! inv]se squ>es ( ! c5tral =ce1 d]iv$ f ! ,kepl]ian law ( ! cubes ( ! di/ances proportional to ! squ>es ( ! times8 ,?is1 says ,hegel1 is ! imm$iate d]ivation4 7c74--,by ,kepl]'s law1 ,a be+ ! di/ance & ,t ! p]iodic "t1 ,a#c_/,t#b is con/ant4 ,b ,newton calls ,a_/,t#b univ]sal gravitation2 :5ce x easily foll[s t gravitation is inv]sely z ,a#b4 ,?is is ,hegel's way ( repres5t+ ,newton's pro(4 ,read+ x1 any "o :o _h nev] read ! ,pr9cipia might suppose t ,newton def9$ gravitation to be ,a_/,t#b4 ,we1 :o h read ! ,pr9cipia1 "k t ,newton proves t 9 circles1 ! c5tral =ce 7n ! univ]sal gravitation7 is z ,a_/,t#b3 t he proves ?is1 by sett+ out f ! idea ( =ce1 z t :i* deflects a body f ! tang5t1 & makes x describe a curv$ l9e3 & t 9 ?is way1 he passes f ,kepl]'s laws ( m]e motion to 8 own law ( ,=ce4 ,b ,hegel does n see any value 9 ?is4 ,su* a mode ( treat+ ! subject he says 7i7 (f]s to u a tangl$ web1 =m$ ( ! ,l9es ( ! m]e geometrical con/ruction1 to :i* a physical mean+ ( indep5d5t =ces is giv54 ,t a measure ( =ces is f\nd 9 su* l9es z ! sagitta ( ! arc describ$ 9 a giv5 "t1 7n su* a mean+ arbitr>ily giv5 to !m17 is c]ta9ly true1 & is v di/9ctly prov$ 9 ,newton1 & 9 all our elem5t>y books4 ,b1 says ,hegel1 z fur!r %[+ ! artificial nature ( ! ,newtonian =mul1 7h7 ,analysis has long be5 able to d]ive ! ,newtonian expression & ! laws !re) connect$ out ( ! ,=m ( ! ,kepl]ian ,laws2 an ass]tion1 to v]ify :i* he ref]s to ,francur's ,mcanique4 ,?is is app>5tly 9 ord] to %[ t ! l9es ( ! ,newtonian con/ruction are sup]flu\s4 ,we "k v well t analysis does n always ref] to visible repres5tations ( su* l9es3 b we "k too1 7& ,francur w\ld te/ify to ?is also17 t ! analytical pro(s conta9 equival5ts to ! ,newtonian l9es4 ,we1 9 ?is place1 are too famili> ) ! sub/itution ( analytical = geometrical pro(s1 to be l$ to suppose t su* a sub/itution affects ! sub/ance ( ! tru? prov$4 ,! conv]sion ( ,newton's geometrical pro(s ( 8 discov]ies into analytical processes by succe$+ writ]s1 has n made !m cease to be discov]ies3 & accord+ly1 ^? :o h tak5 ! mo/ prom95t %>e 9 su* a conv]sion1 h be5 ! mo/ ard5t admir]s ( ,newton's g5ius & good =tune4 ,s mu* = ,newton's comp>ison ( ! ,=ces 9 diff]5t circul> orbits1 & = ,hegel's p[] ( und]/&+ & criticis+ x4 ,n[ let u look at ! motion 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same elliptical orbit1 z a fur!r illu/ration ( ! value ( ,hegel's criticism4 ,9 an elliptical orbit ! velocity alt]nately increases & dim9i%es4 ,?is foll[s necess>ily f ,kepl]'s law ( ! equal description ( ! areas1 & s ,newton expla9s x4 ,hegel1 h[ev]1 treats ( ?is accel]ation & ret>dation z a sep>ate fact1 & talks ( ano!r explanation ( x1 f\nd$ ^u ,c5tripetal & ,c5trifugal ,=ce 7o74 ,:]e he f9ds ?is explanation1 ,i "k n2 c]ta9ly n 9 ,newton1 :o 9 ! second & ?ird section ( ! ,pr9cipia expla9s ! v>iation ( ! velocity 9 a q diff]5t mann]1 z ,i h said2 & n[h]e1 ,i ?9k1 employs c5trifugal =ce 9 8 explanations4 ,h[ev]1 ! notion ( c5trifugal z act+ along ) c5tripetal =ce is introduc$ 9 "s treatises1 & may und\bt$ly be us$ ) p]fect tru? & propriety4 ,h[ f> ,hegel c judge :5 x is s us$1 we may see f :at he says ( ! confusion produc$ by su* an explanation1 :i* is1 he says1 a maximum4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he speaks ( ! motion be+ uni=mly accel]at$ & ret>d$ 9 an elliptical orbit1 :i*1 9 any exact use ( ! ^w uni=mly1 x is n4 ,b pass+ by ?is1 he proce$s to criticise an explanation1 n ( ! v>iable velocity ( ! body 9 its orbit1 b ( ! alt]nate access & recess ( ! body to & f ! c5t]4 ,let u ov]look ?is confusion also1 & see :at is ! value ( 8 criticism on ! explanation4 ,he says 7p71 accord+ to ?is explanation1 9 ! motion ( a planet f ! aphelion to ! p]ihelion1 ! c5trifugal is less ?an ! c5tripetal =ce2 & 9 ! p]ihelion itself ! c5tripetal =ce is suppos$ sudd5ly to become great] ?an ! c5trifugal2 & s1 ( c\rse1 ! body re-asc5ds to ! aphelion4 ,n[ ,i w n say t ?is explanation has nev] be5 giv5 9 a book pr(ess+ to be sci5tific2 b ,i h nev] se5 x giv52 & x nev] c h be5 giv5 b by a v ignorant & fooli% p]son4 ,x goes ^u ! utt]ly unme*anical supposition t ! approa* ( a body to ! c5t] at any mom5t dep5ds solely ^u ! excess ( ! c5tripetal ov] ! c5trifugal =ce2 & rev]sely4 ,b ! mo/ elem5t>y k ( me*anics %[s u t :5 a body is mov+ obliquely to ! di/ance f ! c5t]1 x approa*es to or rec$es f ! c5t] 9 virtue ( ?is obliquity1 ev5 if no =ce at all act4 ,& ! total approa* to ! c5t] is ! approa* due to ?is cause1 plus ! approa* due to ! c5tripetal =ce1 m9us ! recess due to ! c5trifugal =ce4 ,at ! aphelion1 ! c5tripetal is great] ?an ! c5trifugal =ce2 & h5ce ! motion becomes oblique2 & !n1 ! body approa*es to ! c5t] on bo? acc\nts1 & approa*es on acc\nt ( ! obliquity ( ! pa? ev5 :5 ! c5trifugal has become great] ?an ! c5tripetal =ce1 :i* x becomes be=e ! body rea*es ! p]ihelion4 ,?is reason+ is s elem5t>y1 t :5 a p]son :o _c see ?is1 writes on ! subject ) an air ( au?ority1 ,i d n see :at c be done b to po9t out ! ov]sight & leave x4 ,b !re is1 says ,hegel 7q71 ano!r way ( expla9+ ! motion by means ( c5tripetal & c5trifugal =ces4 ,! two =ces are suppos$ to increase & decrease gradually1 accord+ to diff]5t laws4 ,9 ?is case1 !re mu/ be a po9t :]e !y are equal1 & 9 equilibrio2 & ?is be+ ! case1 !y w always cont9ue equal1 = !re w be no reason = _! go+ out ( equilibrium4 ,?is1 :i* is put z ano!r mode ( explanation1 is1 9 fact1 ! same mode2 =1 z ,i h already said1 ! c5trifugal =ce1 :i* is less ?an ! c5tripetal at ! aphelion1 becomes ! great] ( ! two be=e ! p]ihelion2 & !re is an int]m$iate position1 at :i* ! two =ces are equal4 ,b at ?is po9t1 is !re no reason :y1 be+ equal1 ! =ces %\ld become unequal8 ,reason abundant3 = ! body1 be+ !re1 moves 9 a l9e oblique to ! di/ance1 & s *anges its di/ance2 & ! c5tripetal & c5trifugal =ce1 dep5d+ ^u ! di/ance by diff]5t laws1 !y =?) become unequal4 ,b ^! modes ( explanation1 by means ( ! c5tripetal & c5trifugal =ces & _! relation1 are n necess>y to ,newton's doctr9e1 & are n[h]e us$ by ,newton2 & und\bt$ly mu* confusion has be5 produc$ 9 o!r m9ds1 z well z ,hegel's1 by speak+ ( ! c5trifugal =ce1 :i* is a m]e intr9sic geometrical result ( a body's curvil9e> motion r\nd a c5t]1 9 conjunction ) c5tripetal =ce1 :i* is an extr9sic =ce1 act+ ^u ! body & urg+ x to ! c5t]4 ,nei!r ,newton1 nor any intellig5t ,newtonian1 ev] spoke ( ! c5tripetal & c5trifugal =ce z two di/9ct =ces bo? extr9sic to ! motion1 :i* ,hegel accuses !m ( do+4 7n7 ,i h spok5 ( ! ?ird & second ( ,kepl]'s laws2 ( ,newton's explanations ( !m1 & ( ,hegel's criticism4 ,let u n[1 9 ! same mann]1 consid] ! fir/ law1 t ! planets move 9 ellipses4 ,newton's pro( t ?is 0 ! result ( a c5tral =ce v>y+ inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 0 ! solution ( a problem at :i* 8 contempor>ies _h lab\r$ 9 va91 & is commonly look$ ^u z an important /ep4 ,b1 says ,hegel1 7d7 ! pro( gives a conic section g5]ally1 :]eas ! ma9 po9t :i* ought to be prov$ is1 t ! pa? ( ! body is an ellipse only1 n a circle or any o!r conic section4 ,c]ta9ly if ,newton _h prov$ t a planet _c move 9 a circle1 7:i* ,hegel says he ought to h done71 8 sy/em w\ld h p]plex$ a/ronom]s1 s9ce !re are planets :i* move 9 orbits h>dly di/+ui%able f circles1 & ! v>iation ( ! extremity f planet to planet %[s t !re is no?+ to prev5t ! exc5tricity vani%+ & ! orbit becom+ a circle4 ,b1 says ,hegel aga91 7e7 ! conditions :i* make ! pa? to be an ellipse r ?an any o!r conic section1 are empirical & extrane\s2--! suppos$ casual /r5g? ( ! impulsion orig9ally receiv$4 ,c]ta9ly ! circum/ances :i* det]m9e ! am\nt ( exc5tricity ( a planet's orbit are d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 or r1 obs]vation4 ,x is n a "p ( ,newton's sy/em to det]m9e priori :at ! exc5tricity ( a planet's orbit mu/ be4 ,a sy/em t pr(esses to d ?is w und\bt$ly be "o v diff]5t f 84 ,& z our k ( ! exc5tricity is d]iv$ f obs]vation1 x is1 9 t s5se1 empirical & casual4 ,! /r5g? ( ! orig9al impulsion is a hypo!tical & imp>tial way ( express+ ?is result ( obs]vation4 ,& z we see no reason :y ! exc5tricity %\ld be ( any c]ta9 magnitude1 we see none :y ! fraction :i* expresses ! exc5tricity %\ld n become z l>ge z unity1 t is1 :y ! orbit %\ld n become a p>abola2 & accord+ly1 "s ( ! bodies :i* revolve ab\t ! same appe> to move 9 orbits ( ?is =m3 s little is ! motion 9 an ellipse1 z ,hegel says1 7f7 ! only ?+ to be prov$4 ,b ,hegel himself has (f]$ pro( ( ,kepl]'s laws1 to :i*1 consid]+ 8 objections to ,newton's pro(s1 we _c help turn+ ) "s curiosity4 ,& fir/1 let u look at ! pro( ( ! ,proposition :i* we h be5 consid]+1 t ! pa? ( a planet is necess>ily an ellipse4 ,i w translate ,hegel's language z well z ,i c2 b )\t answ]+ = ! correctness ( my translation1 s9ce x does n appe> to me to con=m to ! fir/ condition ( translation1 ( be+ intelligible4 ,! translation h[ev]1 su* z x is1 may help u to =m "s op9ion ( ! validity & value ( ,hegel's pro(s z comp>$ ) ,newton's4 7r7 ,= absolutely uni=m motion1 ! circle is ! only pa?4444 ,! circle is ! l9e return+ into itself 9 :i* all ! radii are equal2 !re is1 = x1 only "o det]m9+ quantity1 ! radius4 ,b 9 free motion1 ! det]m9ation accord+ to space & to "t come into view ) diff]5ces4 ,!re mu/ be a diff]5ce 9 ! spatial aspect 9 itself1 & !re=e ! =m requires two det]m9+ quantities4 ,h5ce ! =m ( ! pa? return+ into itself is an ellipse4 ,n[ ev5 if we c\ld reg>d ?is z reason+1 ! conclusion does n 9 ! smalle/ degree foll[4 ,a curve return+ into itself & det]m9$ by two quantities1 may h innum]able =ms besides ! ellipse2 = in/ance1 any oval =m :atev]1 besides t ( ! conic section4 ,b :y mu/ ! curve be a curve return+ into itself8 ,hegel has pr(ess$ to prove ?is previ\sly 7m7 f ! det]m9ation ( p>ticul>ity & individuality ( ! bodies 9 g5]al1 s t !y h p>tly a c5t] 9 !mselves1 & p>tly at ! same "t _! c5t] 9 ano!r4 ,)\t seek+ to f9d any precise mean+ 9 ?is1 we may ask :e!r x proves ! impossibility ( ! orbits ) moveable apses1 7:i* d n return into !mselves17 su* z ! planets 7affect$ by p]turbations7 really d describe1 & su* z we "k t bodies mu/ describe 9 all cases1 except :5 ! =ce v>ies exactly z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance8 ,x appe>s to d s3 & x proves ?is impossibility ( kn[n facts at lea/ z mu* z x proves any?+4 ,let u n[ look at ,hegel's pro( ( ,kepl]'s second law1 t ! elliptical sectors swept by ! radius vector are proportional to ! "t4 ,x is ?is3 7s74 ,9 ! circle1 ! arc or angle :i* is includ$ by ! two radii is indep5d5t ( !m4 ,b 9 ! motion ( a planet z det]m9$ by ! conception1 ! di/ance f ! c5t] & ! arc run ov] 9 a c]ta9 "t mu/ be comp\nd$ 9 "o det]m9ation1 & mu/ make out a :ole4 ,?is :ole is ! sector1 a space ( two dim5sions4 ,& h5ce ! arc is ess5tially a ,function ( ! radius vector2 & ! =m] 7! arc7 be+ unequal1 br+s ) x ! inequality ( ! radii4 ,z 0 said 9 ! =m] case1 if we c\ld reg>d ?is z reason+1 x w\ld n prove ! conclusion1 b only1 t ! arc is "s function or o!r ( ! radii4 ,hegel inde$ (f]s 7t7 a reason :y !re mu/ be an arc involv$4 ,?is arises1 he says1 f ! det]m9at5ess ( ! nature ( motion1 at "o :ile z "t 9 ! root1 at ano!r :ile z space 9 ! squ>e4 ,b "h ! quadratic "* ( ! space is1 by ! return+ ( ! l9e ( motion into itself1 limit$ to a sector4 ,probably my read]s h _h a suffici5t specim5 ( ,hegel's mode ( deal+ ) ^! matt]s4 ,i w h[ev] add 8 pro( ( ,kepl]'s ?ird law1 t ! cubes ( ! di/ances are z ! squ>es ( ! times4 ,hegel's pro( 9 ?is case 7u7 has a ref]5ce to a previ\s doctr9e conc]n+ fall+ bodies1 9 :i* "t & space h1 he says1 a relation to ea* o!r z root & squ>e4 ,fall+ bodies h[ev] are ! case ( only half-free motion1 & ! det]m9ation is incomplete4 ,b 9 ! case ( absolute motion1 ! doma9 ( free masses1 ! det]m9ation atta9s its totality4 ,! "t z ! root is a m]e empirical magnitude3 b z a compon5t ( ! develop$ ,totality1 x is a ,totality 9 itself3 x produces itself1 & !re9 has a ref]5ce to itself4 ,& 9 ?is process1 ,"t1 be+ itself ! dim5sionless elem5t1 only comes to a =mal id5tity ) itself & rea*es ! squ>e3 ,space1 on ! o!r h&1 z a positive ext]nal relation1 comes to ! full dim5sions ( ! conception ( space1 t is1 ! cube4 ,! ,realization ( ! two conceptions 7space & "t7 pres]ves _! orig9al diff]5ce4 ,?is is ! ?ird ,kepl]ian law1 ! relation ( ! ,cubes ( ! di/ances to ! squ>es ( ! times4 ,& ?is1 he adds1 7v7 ) rem>kable complac5cy1 repres5ts simply & imm$iately ! reason ( ! ?+3--:ile on ! contr>y1 ! ,newtonian ,=mula1 by means ( :i* ! ,law is *ang$ into a ,law = ! ,=ce ( ,gravity1 %[s ! di/ortion & inv]sion ( ,reflexion1 :i* /ops half-way4 ,i am n able to assign any precise mean+ to ! ,reflexion1 :i* is "h us$ z a t]m ( condemnation1 applicable especially to ! ,newtonian doctr9e4 ,x is repeat$ly appli$ 9 ! same mann] by ,hegel4 ,?us he says1 7g7 t :at ,kepl] expresses 9 a simple & sublime mann] 9 ! =m ( ,laws ( ! ,cele/ial ,motions1 ,newton has metamorphos$ into ! ,reflexion-,=m ( ! ,=ce ( ,gravitation4 ,?\gh ,hegel ?us d5ies ,newton all m]it ) reg>d to ! explanation ( ,kepl]'s laws by means ( ! gravitation ( ! planets to ! sun1 he all[s t to ! ,kepl]ian ,laws ,newton add$ ! ,pr9ciple ( ,p]turbations 7k74 ,?is ,pr9ciple he accepts to a c]ta9 ext5t1 trans=m+ ! expression ( x aft] 8 peculi> fa%ion4 ,x lies1 he says1 7l7 9 ?is3 t matt] 9 g5]al assigns a c5t] = itself3 ! collective bodies ( ! sy/em recognise a ref]5ce to _! sun1 & all ! individual bodies1 accord+ to ! relative positions into :i* !y are br\ght by _! motions1 =m a mom5t>y relation ( _! gravity t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,?is mu/ appe> to u a v loose & insuffici5t way ( /at+ ! ,pr9ciple ( ,p]turbations1 b loose z x is1 x recognises t ! ,p]turbations dep5d ^u ! gravity ( ! planets "o to ano!r1 & to ! sun4 ,& if ! ,p]turbations dep5d ^u ^! =ces1 "o c h>dly suppose t any "o :o all[s ?is w d5y t ! prim>y undi/urb$ motions dep5d ^u ^! =ces1 & mu/ be expla9$ by means ( !m2 yet ?is is :at ,hegel d5ies4 ,x is evid5t1 on look+ at ,hegel's mode ( reason+ on su* subjects1 t 8 views approa* t[>ds ^? ( ,ari/otle & ! ,ari/otelians2 accord+ to :i* motions 7 divid$ into natural & unnatural2--! cele/ial motions 7 circul> & uni=m 9 _! nature2--& ! l4 ,p]haps x may be wor? :ile to %[ h[ completely ,hegel adh]es to ^! anci5t views1 by an extract f ! additions to ! ,articles on ,cele/ial ,motions1 made 9 ! la/ edition ( ! ,encyclopdia4 ,he says 7w71 ,! motion ( ! heav5ly bodies is n a be+ pull$ ?is way & t1 z is imag9$ 7by ! ,newtonians74 ,!y g along1 z ! anci5ts said1 l bless$ gods4 ,! cele/ial con=mity is n su* a "o z has ! pr9ciple ( re/ or motion ext]nal to itself4 ,x is n "r to say because a /one is in]t1 & ! :ole e>? consi/s ( /ones1 & ! o!r heav5ly bodies are ( ! same nature z ! e>?1 !re=e ! heav5ly bodies are in]t4 ,?is conclusion makes ! prop]ties ( ! :ole ! same z ^? ( ! "p4 ,impulse1 ,pressure1 ,resi/ance1 ,friction1 ,pull+1 & ! l1 are valid only = o!r ?an cele/ial matt]4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ?is is a v diff]5t doctr9e f t ( ,newton4 ,i w only add to ^! specim5s ( ,hegel's physics1 a specim5 ( ! logic by :i* he refutes ! ,newtonian argum5t :i* has j be5 adduc$2 namely1 t ! cele/ial bodies are matt]1 & t matt]1 z we see 9 t]re/rial matt]1 is in]t4 ,he says 7x71 ,d\btless bo? are matt]1 z a good ?\ght & a bad ?\ght are bo? ?\ghts2 b ! bad "o is n !re=e good1 because x is a ?\ght4 ,,app5dix ,,to ,,! ,,memoir ,,on ,,hegel',s ,,criticism ,,( ,,newton',s ,,pr9cipia4 ,,hegel4 ,encyclopdia 7#bnd ,ed4 #ahbg71 ,"p ,,xi4 p4 #bej4 ,c4 ,absolute ,me*anics4 #bfi4 ,gravitation is ! true & det]m9ate conception ( mat]ial ,corporeity1 :i* 7,conception7 is realiz$ to ! ,idea 7zur ,idee74 ,g5]al ,corporeity is sep>able ess5tially into p>ticul> ,bodies1 & connects itself ) ! ,elem5t ( ,individuality or subjectivity1 z app>5t 7ph5om5al7 pres5ce 9 ! ,motion1 :i* by ?is means is imm$iately a sy/em ( sev]al ,bodies4 ,univ]sal gravitation mu/1 z to itself1 be recognis$ z a pr(\nd ?\ght1 al?\gh x 0 pr9cipally z appreh5d$ 9 ! sph]e ( ,reflexion t x em95tly attract$ notice & confid5ce on acc\nt ( ! quantitative det]m9ations !re) connect$1 & 0 suppos$ to f9d its confirmation 9 ,exp]im5ts 7,erfahrung7 pursu$ f ! ,sol> ,sy/em d[n to ! ph5om5a ( ,capill>y ,tubes4--,b ,gravitation contradicts imm$iately ! ,law ( ,in]tia1 = 9 virtue ( x 7,gravitation7 matt] t5ds out ( itself to ! o!r 7matt]74--,9 ! ,conception ( ,weight1 !re are1 z has be5 %[n1 involv$ ! two elem5ts--,self-exi/5ce1 & ,cont9uity1 :i* takes away self-exi/5ce4 ,^! elem5ts ( ! ,conception1 h[ev]1 exp]i5ce a fate1 z p>ticul> =ces1 correspond+ to ,attractive & ,repulsive ,=ce1 & are !reby appreh5d$ 9 ne>] det]m9ation1 z ,c5tripetal & ,c5trifugal ,=ce1 :i* 7,=ces7 l weight1 act ^u ,bodies1 indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 & are suppos$ to come 9 contact accid5tally 9 a ?ird ?+1 ,body4 ,by ?is means1 :at !re is ( pr(\nd 9 ! ?\ght ( univ]sal weight is aga9 r$uc$ to no?+2 & ,conception & ,reason _c make _! way into ! doctr9e ( absolute motion1 s long z ! s highly-priz$ discov]ies ( ,=ces are dom9ant !re4 ,9 ! conclusion :i* conta9s ! ,idea ( ,weight1 namely1 conta9s ?is ,idea z ! ,conception :i*1 9 ! case ( motion1 ent]s into ext]nal ,reality ?r\gh ! p>ticul>ity ( ! ,bodies1 & at ! same "t into ?is ,reality & into _! ,ideality & self-reg>d+ ,reflexion1 7,reflexion-9-si*71 ! rational id5tity & insep>ability ( ! elem5ts is involv$1 :i* at o!r times are repres5t$ z indep5d5t4 ,motion itself1 z su*1 has only its mean+ & exi/5ce 9 a sy/em ( sev]al bodies1 & ^?1 su* z /& 9 relation to ea* o!r accord+ to diff]5t det]m9ations4 #bgj4 ,z to :at conc]ns bodies 9 :i* ! conception ( gravity 7weight7 is realiz$ free by itself1 we say t !y h = ! det]m9ations ( _! diff]5t nature ! elem5ts 7mom5te7 ( _! conception4 ,"o conception ( ?is k9d is ! univ]sal c5t] ( ! ab/ract ref]5ce ( a body to itself4 ,opposite to ?is conception /&s ! imm$iate1 extr9sic1 c5t]less ,individuality1 appe>+ z ,corporeity simil>ly indep5d5t4 ,^? ,bodies h[ev] :i* are p>ticul>1 :i* /& 9 ! det]m9ation ( extr9sic1 & at ! same "t ( intr9sic relation1 are c5t]s = !mselves1 & also h a ref]5ce to ! fir/ z to _! ess5tial unity4 ,! ,planet>y ,bodies1 z ! imm$iately concrete1 are 9 _! exi/5ce ! mo/ complete4 ,m5 are accu/om$ to take ! ,sun z ! mo/ excell5t1 inasmu* z ! und]/&+ pref]s ! ab/ract to ! concrete1 & 9 l mann] ! fix$ />s are e/eem$ high] ?an ! ,bodies ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,c5t]less ,corporeity1 z belong+ to ext]nality1 naturally sep>ates itself into ! opposition ( ! lun> & ! comet>y ,body4 ,! laws ( absolutely free motion1 z is well kn[n1 7 discov]$ by ,kepl]2--a discov]y ( immortal fame4 ,kepl] has prov$ ^! laws 9 ?is s5se1 t = ! empirical data he f\nd _! 7a7 g5]al expression4 ,s9ce !n1 7a7 x has become a common way ( speak+ to say t ,newton fir/ f\nd out ! pro( ( ^! ,laws4 ,x has r>ely happ5$ t fame has be5 m unju/ly transf]r$ f ! fir/ discov]] to ano!r p]son4 ,on ?is subject ,i make ! foll[+ rem>ks4 #a4 ,t x is all[$ by ,ma!maticians t ! ,newtonian 7b7 ,=mul may be d]iv$ f ! ,kepl]ian ,laws4 ,! completely imm$iate d]ivation is ?is3 ,9 ! ?ird ,kepl]ian 7c7 ,law1 ,a#c_/,t#b is ! con/ant quantity4 ,?is be+ put z ,a4,a#b_/,t#b & call+1 ) ,newton1 ,a_/,t#b univ]sal ,gravitation1 8 expression ( ! effect ( gravity 9 ! reciprocal ratio ( ! squ>e ( ! di/ances is obvi\s4 7d7 #b4 ,t ! ,newtonian pro( ( ! ,proposition t a body subject$ to ! ,law ( ,gravitation moves ab\t ! c5tral body 9 an ,ellipse1 gives a ,conic ,section g5]ally1 :ile ! ma9 ,proposition :i* ought to be prov$ is t ! fall ( su* a ,body is n a ,circle or any o!r ,conic ,section1 b an ,ellipse only4 ,moreov]1 !re are objections :i* may be made aga9/ ?is pro( 9 itself 7,pr9c4 ,ma?4 ,i4 #a4 ,sect4 ,,ii4 7e7 ,prop4 #a72 & al?\gh x is ! f\ndation ( ! ,newtonian ,!ory1 analysis has no long] any ne$ ( x4 ,! conditions :i* 9 ! sequel make ! pa? ( ! ,body to a det]m9ate ,conic ,section1 are ref]r$ to an empirical circum/ance1 namely1 a p>ticul> position ( ! ,body at a det]m9$ mom5t ( "t1 & 7f7 ! casual /r5g? ( an impulsion :i* x is suppos$ to h receiv$ orig9ally2 s t ! circum/ance :i* makes ! ,curve be an ,ellipse1 :i* alone ought to be ! ?+ prov$1 is extrane\s to ! ,=mula4 #c4 ,t ! ,newtonian ,law ( ! s-call$ ,=ce ( ,gravitation is 9 l mann] only prov$ f exp]i5ce by ,induction4 7g7 ,! sum ( ! diff]5ce is ?is1 t :at ,kepl] express$ 9 a simple & sublime mann] 9 ! ,=m ( ,laws ( ! ,cele/ial ,motions1 ,newton has metamorphos$ into ! ,reflection-,=m ( ! ,=ce ( ,gravitation4 ,if ! ,newtonian ,=m has n only its conv5i5ce b its necessity 9 ref]5ce 7h7 to ! analytical me?od1 ?is is only a diff]5ce ( ! ma!matical =mul2 ,analysis has long be5 able to d]ive ! ,newtonian expression1 & ! ,propositions !re) connect$1 out ( ! ,=m ( ! ,kepl]ian ,laws2 7on ?is subject ,i ref] 7i7 to ! elegant exposition 9 ,francur's ,trait ,elm4 de ,mcanique1 ,liv4 ,,ii4 ,*4 xi4 n4 #d47--,! old me?od ( s-call$ pro( is conspicu\s z (f]+ to u a tangl$ web1 =m$ ( ! ,l9es ( ! m]e geometrical con/ruction1 to :i* a physical mean+ ( indep5d5t ,=ces is giv52 & ( empty ,reflexion-det]m9ations ( ! already m5tion$ ,accel]at+ ,=ce & ,vis ,in]ti1 & especially ( ! relation ( ! s-call$ gravitation itself to ! c5tripetal =ce & c5trifugal =ce1 & s on4 ,! rem>ks :i* are "h made w\ld und\bt$ly h ne$ ( a fur!r explication to %[ h[ well f\nd$ !y are3 9 a ,comp5dium1 propositions ( ?is k9d :i* d n agree ) t :i* is assum$1 c only h ! %ape ( ass]tions4 ,inde$1 s9ce !y contradict su* high au?orities1 !y mu/ appe> z some?+ worse1 z presumptu\s ass]tions4 ,i w n1 on ?is subject1 support myself by say+1 by ! bye1 t an int]e/ 9 ^! subjects has occupi$ me = #be ye>s2 b x is m precisely to ! purpose to rem>k1 t ! di/9ctions & det]m9ations :i* ,ma!matical ,analysis introduces1 & ! c\rse :i* x mu/ take accord+ to its me?od1 is altoge!r diff]5t f t :i* a physical reality mu/ h4 ,! ,presuppositions1 ! ,c\rse1 & ! ,results1 :i* ! ,analysis necess>ily has & gives1 rema9 q extrane\s to ! consid]ations :i* det]m9e ! physical value & ! signification ( ^? det]m9ations & ( t c\rse4 ,to ?is x is t att5tion %\ld be direct$4 ,we h to d ) a consci\sness relative to ! delug+ ( physical ,me*anics ) an inconceivable 7unsgli*57 ,metaphysic1 :i*--contr>y to exp]i5ce & conception--has ^? ma!matical det]m9ations alone = its s\rce4 ,x is recogniz$ t :at ,newton--besides ! f\ndation ( ! analytical treatm5t1 ! developm5t ( :i*1 by ! bye1 has ( itself r5d]$ sup]flu\s1 or inde$ reject$ mu* :i* belong$ to ,newton's ess5tial ,pr9ciples & glory--has add$ to ! ,kepl]ian ,laws is ! ,pr9ciple ( ,p]turbations1--a ,pr9ciple ^: importance we may "h accept ?us f> 7hi] 9 7k7 s(]n anzufhr5 i/72 namely1 s f> z x re/s ^u ! ,proposition t ! s-call$ attraction is an op]ation ( all 7l7 ! individual p>ts ( bodies1 z be+ mat]ial4 ,x lies 9 ?is1 t matt] 9 g5]al assigns a c5t] = itself 7si* das c5trum setzt71 & ! figure ( ! body is an elem5t 9 ! det]m9ation ( its place2 t collective bodies ( ! sy/em recognize a ref]5ce to _! ,sun 7si* ihre ,sonne setz571 b also ! individual bodies !mselves1 accord+ to ! relative position ) reg>d to ea* o!r into :i* !y come by _! g5]al motion1 =m a mom5t>y relation ( _! gravity 7s*w]e7 t[>ds ea* o!r1 & are relat$ to ea* o!r n only 9 ab/ract spatial relations1 b at ! same "t assign to !mselves a jo9t c5t]1 :i* h[ev] is aga9 resolv$ into ! g5]al c5t] 9 ! univ]sal sy/em4 7m7 ,z to :at conc]ns ! features ( ! pa?1 to %[ h[ ! fundam5tal det]m9ations ( ,free ,motion are connect$ ) ! ,conception1 _c "h be und]tak5 9 a satisfactory & detail$ mann]1 & mu/ !re=e be left to its fate4 ,! pro( f reason ( ! quantitative det]m9ations ( free motion c only re/ ^u ! det]m9ations ( ,conceptions ( space & "t1 ! elem5ts ^: relation 7intr9sic n extr9sic7 motion is4 ,t1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! motion 9 g5]al is a motion return+ into itself1 is f\nd$ on ! det]m9ation ( p>ticul>ity & individuality ( ! bodies 9 g5]al 7 #bfi71 s t p>tly !y h a c5t] 9 !mselves1 & p>tly at ! same "t _! c5t] 9 ano!r4 ,^! are ! det]m9ations ( ,conceptions :i* =m ! basis ( ! false repres5tatives ( 7n7 ,c5tripetal ,=ce & ,c5trifugal ,=ce1 z if ea* ( ^! 7 self-exi/+1 extrane\s to ! o!r1 & indep5d5t ( x2 & z if !y only came 9 contact 9 _! op]ations & consequ5tly ext]nally4 ,!y are1 z has already be5 m5tion$1 ! ,l9es :i* mu/ be drawn = ! ma!matical det]m9ations1 trans=m$ into physical realities4 ,fur!r1 ?is motion is uni=mly accel]at$1 7&--z return+ into itself--9 turn uni=mly ret>d$74 ,9 motion z free1 ,"t & ,space ent] z diff]5t ?+s :i* are to make 7o7 !mselves effective 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! motion 7 #bff1 note74 ,9 ! s-call$ ,explanation ( ! uni=mly accel]at$ & ret>d$ motion1 by means ( ! alt]nate decrease & increase ( ! magnitude ( ! ,c5tripetal ,=ce & ,c5trifugal ,=ce1 ! confusion :i* ! assumption ( 7p7 su* indep5d5t ,=ces produces is at its greate/ height4 ,accord+ to ?is explanation1 9 ! motion ( a ,planet f ! ,aphelion to ! ,p]ihelion1 ! c5trifugal is less ?an ! c5tripetal =ce1 & on ! contr>y1 9 ! ,p]ihelion itself1 ! c5trifugal =ce is suppos$ to become great] ?an ! c5tripetal4 ,= ! motion f ! ,p]ihelion to ! ,aphelion1 ?is repres5tation makes ! =ces pass into ! opposite relation 9 ! same mann]4 ,x is app>5t t su* a sudd5 conv]sion ( ! prepond]ance :i* a =ce has obta9$ ov] ano!r1 into an inf]iority to ! o!r1 _c be any?+ tak5 out ( ! nature ( ,=ces4 ,on ! contr>y x mu/ be conclud$1 t a prepond]ance :i* "o ,=ce has obta9$ ov] ano!r mu/ n only be pres]v$1 b mu/ g onw>ds to ! complete annihilation ( ! o!r ,=ce1 & ! motion mu/ ei!r1 by ! ,prepond]ance ( ! ,c5tripetal ,=ce1 proce$ till x ends 9 re/1 t is1 9 ! ,collision ( ! ,planet ) ! ,c5tral 7q7 ,body1 or till by ! ,prepond]ance ( ! ,c5trifugal ,=ce x ends 9 a /raight l9e4 ,b n[1 if 9 place ( ! sudd5ness ( ! conv]sion1 we suppose a gradual increase ( ! ,=ce 9 "q1 !n1 s9ce r ! o!r ,=ce ought to be assum$ z increas+1 we lose ! opposition :i* is assum$ = ! sake ( ! explanation2 & if ! increase ( ! "o is assum$ to be diff]5t f t ( ! o!r1 7:i* is ! case 9 "s repres5tations17 !n !re is f\nd at ! mean di/ance betwe5 ! apsides a po9t 9 :i* ! ,=ces are 9 equilibrio4 ,& ! transition ( ! ,=ces out ( ,equilibrium is a ?+ j z little )\t any suffici5t reason z ! a=esaid sudd5ness ( inv]sion4 ,& 9 ! :ole ( ?is k9d ( explanation1 we see t ! mode ( rem$y+ a bad mode ( deal+ ) a subject leads to new] & great] confusion4--,a simil> confusion makes its appe>ance 9 ! explanation ( ! phnom5on t ! p5dulum oscillates m sl[ly at ! equator4 ,?is phnom5on is ascrib$ to ! ,c5trifugal ,=ce1 :i* x is ass]t$ mu/ !n be great]2 b x is easy to see t we may j z well ascribe x to ! augm5t$ gravity1 inasmu* z t holds ! p5dulum m /rongly to ! p]p5dicul> l9e ( re/4 #bdj4 7r7 ,& n[ fir/1 z to :at conc]ns ! ,=m ( ! ,pa?1 ! ,circle only c be conceiv$ z ! pa? ( an absolutely uni=m motion4 ,conceivable1 z p express x1 no d\bt x is1 t an increas+ & dim9i%+ motion %\ld take place 9 a circle4 ,b ?is conceivabl5ess or possibility means only an ab/ract capability ( be+ repres5t$1 :i* leaves out ( sight t ,det]m9ate ,?+ on :i* ! "q turns4 ,! ,circle is ! l9e return+ into itself 9 :i* all ! radii are equal1 t is1 x is completely det]m9$ by means ( ! radius4 ,!re is only "o ,det]m9ation1 & t is ! :ole ,det]m9ation4 ,b 9 free motion1 9 :i* ! ,det]m9ations accord+ to space & accord+ to "t come into view ) ,diff]5ces1 9 a qualitative relation to ea* o!r1 ?is ,relation appe>s 9 ! spatial aspect z a ,diff]5ce !re( 9 itself1 :i* !re=e requires two ,det]m9ations4 ,h]eby ! ,=m ( ! pa? return+ into itself is ess5tially an ,ellipse4 7s7 ,! ab/ract ,det]m9ations :i* produces ! circle appe>s also 9 ?is way1 t ! arc or angle :i* is includ$ by two ,radii is indep5d5t ( !m1 a magnitude ) reg>d to !m completely empirical4 ,b s9ce 9 ! motion z det]m9$ by ! ,conception1 ! di/ance f ! c5t]1 & ! arc :i* is run ov] 9 a c]ta9 "t1 mu/ be compreh5d$ 9 "o det]m9at5ess1 & make out a :ole1 ?is is ! sector1 a space-det]m9ation ( two dim5sions3 9 ?is way1 ! arc is ess5tially a ,function ( ! ,radius ,vector2 & ! =m] 7! arc7 be+ unequal1 br+s ) x ! inequality ( ! ,radii4 ,t ! det]m9ation ) reg>d to ! space by means ( ! 7t7 "t appe>s z a ,det]m9ation ( two ,dim5sions1--z a ,sup]ficies-,det]m9ation1--agrees ) :at 0 said be=e 7 #bff7 respect+ ,fall+ ,bodies1 ) reg>d to ! exposition ( ! same ,det]m9at5ess1 at "o :ile z ,"t 9 ! root1 at ano!r :ile z ,space 9 ! ,squ>e4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! ,quadratic "* ( ! space is1 by ! return+ ( ! ,l9e ( motion into itself1 limit$ to a ,sector4 ,^! are1 z may be se51 ! g5]al pr9ciples on :i* ! ,kepl]ian ,law1 t 9 equal times equal sectors are cut (f1 re/s4 ,?is ,law becomes1 z is cle>1 only ! relation ( ! arc to ! ,radius ,vector1 & ! ,"t ent]s !re z ! ab/ract ,unity1 9 :i* ! diff]5t ,sectors are comp>$1 because z ,unity x is ! ,det]m9+ ,elem5t4 ,b ! fur!r relation is t ( ! ,"t1 n z ,unity1 b z a ,quantity 9 g5]al1--z ! "t ( ,revolution--to ! magnitude ( ! ,pa?1 or1 :at is ! same ?+1 ! di/ance f ! c5t]4 ,z ,root & ,squ>e1 we saw t ,"t & ,space _h a relation to ea* o!r1 9 ! case ( ,fall+ ,bodies1 ! case ( half-free motion--because t motion is det]m9$ on "o side by ! conception1 on 7u7 ! o!r by ext]nal conditions4 ,b 9 ! case ( absolute motion--! doma9 ( free masses--! det]m9ation atta9s its ,totality4 ,! ,"t z ! ,root is a m]e empirical magnitude2 b z a compon5t 7mom5t7 ( ! develop$ ,totality1 x is a ,totality 9 itself1--x produces itself1 & !re9 has a ref]5ce to itself2 z ! ,dim5sionless ,elem5t 9 itself1 x only comes to a =mal id5tity ) itself1 ! ,squ>e2 ,space1 on ! o!r h&1 z ! positive ,di/ribution 7auss]e9&]7 comes to ! ,dim5sion ( ! ,conception1 ! ,,cube4 ,_! 7v7 ,realization pres]ves _! orig9al diff]5ce4 ,?is is ! ?ird ,kepl]ian ,law1 ! relation ( ! ,cubes ( ! ,di/ances to ! ,squ>es ( ! ,times2--a ,law :i* is s great on ?is acc\nt1 t x repres5ts s simply & imm$iately ,reason z belong+ to ! ?+3 :ile on ! contr>y ! ,newtonian ,=mula1 by means ( :i* ! ,law is *ang$ into a ,law = ! ,=ce ( ,gravity1 %[s ! ,di/ortion1 ,p]v]sion & ,inv]sion ( ,reflexion :i* /ops half-way4 ,additions to new ,edition4 #bfi4 ,! c5t] has no s5se )\t ! circumf]5ce1 nor ! circumf]5ce )\t ! c5t]4 ,?is makes all physical hypo!ses vani% :i* sometimes proce$ f ! c5t]1 sometimes f ! p>ticul> bodies1 & sometimes assign ?is1 sometimes t1 z ! orig9al cause ( motion 444 ,x is silly 7lppis*7 to suppose t ! c5trifugal =ce1 z a t5d5cy to fly (f 9 a ,tang5t1 has be5 produc$ by a lat]al projection1 a projectile =ce1 an impulse :i* !y h reta9$ ev] s9ce !y set out on _! j\rney 7von ,haus aus74 ,su* casualty ( ! motion produc$ by ext]nal causes belongs to in]t matt]2 z :5 a /one fa/5$ to a ?read :i* is ?r[n transv]sely tries to fly f ! ?read4 ,we are n to talk 9 ?is way ( ,=ces4 ,if we w speak ( ,=ce1 !re is "o ,=ce1 ^: elem5ts d n 7w7 draw bodies to diff]5t sides z if !y 7 two ,=ces4 ,! motion ( ! heav5ly bodies is n a be+ pull$ ?is way or t1 su* z is ?us imag9$2 x is free motion3 !y g along1 z ! anci5ts said1 z bless$ ,gods 7sie geh5 als selige ,gtt] e9h]74 ,! cele/ial corporeity is n su* a "o z has ! pr9ciple ( re/ or motion ext]nal to itself4 ,because /one is in]t1 & all ! e>? consi/s ( /ones1 & ! o!r heav5ly bodies are ( ! same nature1--is a conclusion :i* makes ! prop]ties ( ! :ole ! same z ^? ( ! "p4 ,impulse1 ,pressure1 ,resi/ance1 ,friction1 ,pull+1 & ! l1 are valid 7x7 only = an exi/5ce ( matt] o!r ?an ! cele/ial4 ,d\btless t :i* is common to ! two is matt]1 z a good ?\ght & a bad ?\ght are bo? ?\ghts2 b ! bad "o is n !re=e good1 because x is a ?\ght4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #cec3 ,c>tes4 ,pr9cip4 iv4 #bc4 ,footnote #ced3 ,jac4 ,b]n\lli1 ,n\velles ,p5ses sur le ,sy/me de ,m4 ,desc>tes1 op4 t4 i4 p4 #bci 7#afhf74 ,footnote #cee3 ,de la ,cause de la ,pesanteur 7#afhi71 p4 #ace4 ,footnote #cef3 ,j\rnal des ,savans1 #agjc4 ,mm4 ,acad4 ,p>4 #agji4 ,bulf+]1 9 #agbf 7,acad4 ,petrop471 conceiv$ t by mak+ a sph]e revolve at ! same "t ab\t two axes at "r angles to ea* o!r1 e p>ticle w\ld describe a great circle2 b ?is is n s4 ,footnote #ceg3 ,acad4 ,p>4 #agad1 ,hi/4 p4 #ajf4 ,footnote #ceh3 ,acad4 ,p>4 #agcc4 ,footnote #cei3 ,acad4 ,sc4 #agji4 ,if we ab&on ! cle> pr9ciples ( me*anics1 ! writ] says1 t\te la lumire que n\s p\vons avoir e/ te9te1 et n\s voil replongs de n\veau dans les anci5nes tnbres du ,p]ipatetisme1 dont le ,ciel n\s veuille pres]v]6 ,x 0 also object$ to ! ,newtonian sy/em1 t x did n acc\nt = ! rem>kable facts1 t all ! motions ( ! prim>y planets1 all ! motions ( ! satellites1 & all ! motions ( rotation1 includ+ t ( ! sun1 are 9 ! same direction1 & ne>ly 9 ! same plane2 facts :i* h be5 urg$ by ,laplace z s /rongly recomm5d+ ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis2 & t hypo!sis is1 9 tru?1 a hypo!sis ( vortices respect+ ! orig9 ( ! sy/em ( ! _w4 ,footnote #cfj3 ,n\velle ,physique ,cle/e1 ,op4 t4 iii4 p4 #afc4 ,! deviation ( ! orbits ( ! planets f ! plane ( ! sun's equator 0 ( c\rse a difficulty 9 ! sy/em :i* suppos$ t !y 7 c>ri$ r\nd by ! vortices :i* ! sun's rotation caus$1 or at lea/ r5d]$ evid5t4 ,b]n\lli's explanation consi/s 9 suppos+ ! planets to h a sort ( leeway 7drive des vaisseaux7 9 ! /ream ( ! vortex4 ,footnote #cfa3 ,see ,hi/4 ,sc4 ,ideas1 b4 iii4 c4 ix4 ,art4 #g4 ,footnote #cfb3 ,see ,mill's ,logic1 vol4 i4 p4 #caa1 #bnd ed4 ,footnote #cfc3 ,^! lett]s ref] to passages 9 ! ,translation annex$ to ?is ,memoir4 ,,app5dix ,k4 ,,demon/ration ,,t ,,all ,,matt] ,,is ,,heavy4 7,cam4 ,phil4 ,soc4 ,,feb4 #bb1 #ahda47 ,! discussion ( ! nature ( ! gr\nds & pro(s ( ! mo/ g5]al propositions :i* ! physical sci5ces include1 belongs r to ,metaphysics ?an to t c\rse ( exp]im5tal & ma!matical inve/igation by :i* ! sci5ces are =m$4 ,b su* discussions seem by no means unfitt$ to occupy ! att5tion ( ! cultivators ( physical sci5ce4 ,! ideal1 z well z ! exp]im5tal side ( our k mu/ be c>efully /udi$ & scrut9iz$1 9 ord] t its true import may be se52 & ?is prov9ce ( human speculation has be5 p]haps ( late unju/ly depreciat$ & neglect$ by m5 ( sci5ce4 ,yet x c be prosecut$ 9 ! mo/ advantage\s mann] by !m only3 = no "o c speculate securely & rightly respect+ ! nature & pro(s ( ! tru?s ( sci5ce )\t a /eady possession ( "s l>ge & solid portions ( su* tru?s4 ,a man mu/ be a ma!matician1 a me*anical philosoph]1 a natural hi/orian1 9 ord] t he may philosophize well conc]n+ ma!matics1 & me*anics1 & natural hi/ory2 & ! m]e metaphysician :o )\t su* prep>ation & fitness sets himself to det]m9e ! gr\nds ( ma!matical or me*anical tru?s1 or ! pr9ciples ( classification1 w be liable to be l$ into error at e /ep4 ,he mu/ speculate by means ( g5]al t]ms1 :i* he w n be able to use z in/rum5ts ( discov]+ & convey+ philosophical tru?1 because he _c1 9 8 own m9d1 habitually & famili>ly1 embody _! import 9 special examples4 ,act+ ^u su* views1 ,i h already laid be=e ! ,philosophical ,society ( ,cambridge essays on su* subjects z ,i "h ref] to2 especially a memoir ,on ! ,nature ( ! ,tru? ( ! ,laws ( ,motion1 :i* 0 pr9t$ by ! ,society 9 its ,transactions4 ,?is memoir appe>s to h excit$ 9 o!r places1 notice ( su* a k9d z to %[ t ! m9ds ( _m speculative p]sons are ready = & incl9$ t[>ds ! discussion ( su* que/ions4 ,i am !re=e ! m will+ to br+ "u consid]ation ano!r subject ( a k9d closely relat$ to ! "o j m5tion$4 ,! g5]al que/ions :i* all su* discussions sugge/1 are 79 ! exi/+ phase ( ,engli% philosophy7 :e!r c]ta9 propos$ sci5tific tru?s1 7z ! laws ( motion17 be necess>y tru?s2 & if !y are necess>y1 7:i* ,i h attempt$ to %[ t 9 a c]ta9 s5se !y are17 on :at gr\nd _! necessity re/s4 ,^! que/ions may be discuss$ 9 a g5]al =m1 z ,i h else:]e attempt$ to %[4 ,b x may be in/ructive also to foll[ ! g5]al argum5ts into ! =m :i* !y assume 9 special cases2 & to exhibit1 9 a di/9ct %ape1 ! incongruities into :i* ! opposite false doctr9e leads u1 :5 appli$ to p>ticul> examples4 ,?is accord+ly is :at ,i propose to d 9 ! pres5t memoir1 ) reg>d to ! proposition /at$ at ! head ( ?is pap]1 namely1 t all matt] is heavy4 ,at fir/ sight x may appe> a doctr9e altoge!r unt5able to ass]t t ?is proposition is a necess>y tru?3 =1 x may be urg$1 we h no difficulty 9 conceiv+ matt] :i* is n heavy2 s t matt] )\t weight is a conception n inconsi/5t ) itself2 :i* x mu/ be if ! rev]se 7 a necess>y tru?4 ,x may be add$1 t ! possibility ( conceiv+ matt] )\t weight 0 %[n 9 ! controv]sy :i* end$ 9 ! d[nfall ( ! phlogi/on !ory ( *emical composition2 = "s ( ! reason]s on ?is subject ass]t$ phlogi/on to be a body ) positive levity in/ead ( gravity1 :i* hypo!sis1 h[ev] false1 %[s t su* a supposition is possible4 ,aga91 x may be said t weight & in]tia are two sep>ate prop]ties ( matt]3 t ma!maticians measure ! quantity ( matt] by ! in]tia1 & t we le>n by exp]im5t only t ! weight is proportional to ! in]tia2 ,newton's exp]im5ts ) p5dulums ( diff]5t mat]ials hav+ be5 made ) ?is v object4 ,i proce$ to reply to ^! argum5ts4 ,& fir/1 z to ! possibility ( conceiv+ matt] )\t weight1 & ! argum5t !nce d$uc$1 t ! univ]sal gravity ( matt] is n a necess>y tru?1 ,i rem>k1 t x is inde$ j1 to say t we _c ev5 di/9ctly conceive ! contr>y ( a necess>y tru? to be true2 b t ?is impossibility c be ass]t$ only ( ^? p]fectly di/9ct conceptions :i* result f a complete developm5t ( ! fundam5tal idea & its consequ5ces4 ,till we rea* ?is /age ( developm5t1 ! obscurity & indi/9ctness may prev5t our p]ceiv+ absolute contradictions1 ?\gh !y exi/4 ,we h abundant /ore ( examples ( ?is1 ev5 9 geometry & ari?metic2 :]e ! tru?s are univ]sally all[$ to be necess>y1 & :]e ! relations :i* are impossible1 are also inconceivable1 t is1 n conceivable di/9ctly4 ,su* relations1 ?\gh n di/9ctly conceivable1 /ill (t5 appe> conceivable & possible1 ow+ to ! indi/9ctness ( our ideas4 ,:o1 at ! fir/ outset ( 8 geometrical /udies1 sees any impossibility 9 suppos+ ! side & ! diagonal ( a squ>e to h a common measure8 ,yet !y c be rigor\sly prov$ to be incomm5surable1 & !re=e ! attempt di/9ctly to conceive a common measure ( !m mu/ fail4 ,! attempts at ! geometrical duplication ( ! cube1 & ! suppos$ solutions1 7z t ( ,hobbes17 h involv$ absolute contradictions2 yet ?is has n prev5t$ _! be+ long & ob/9ately ent]ta9$ by m51 ev5 ( m9ds acute & cle> 9 o!r respects4 ,& ! same might be %ewn to be ! case 9 ari?metic4 ,x is pla91 !re=e1 t we _c1 f ! suppos$ possibility ( conceiv+ matt] )\t weight1 inf] t ! contr>y may n be a necess>y tru?4 ,our p[] ( judg+1 f ! compatibility or incompatibility ( our conceptions1 :e!r c]ta9 propositions respect+ ! relations ( ideas are true or n1 mu/ dep5d entirely1 z ,i h said1 ^u ! degree ( developm5t :i* su* ideas h und]gone 9 our m9ds4 ,"s ( ! relations ( our conceptions on any subject are evid5t ^u ! fir/ /eady contemplation ( ! fundam5tal idea by a s\nd m9d3 ^! are ! axioms ( ! subject4 ,o!r propositions may be d$uc$ f ! axioms by /rict logical reason+4 ,^! propositions are no less necess>y ?an ! axioms1 ?\gh to common m9ds _! evid5ce is v diff]5t4 ,yet z we become famili> ) ! /eps by :i* ^! ult]ior tru?s are d$uc$ f ! axioms1 _! tru? also becomes evid5t1 & ! contr>y becomes inconceivable4 ,:5 a p]son has famili>iz$ himself ) ! fir/ tw5ty-six propositions ( ,euclid1 & n till !n1 x becomes evid5t to him1 t p>allelograms on ! same base & betwe5 ! same p>allels are equal2 & he _c ev5 conceive ! contr>y4 ,:5 he has a little fur!r cultivat$ 8 geometrical p[]s1 ! equality ( ! squ>e on ! hypo!nuse ( a "r-angl$ triangle to ! squ>es on ! sides1 becomes also evid5t2 ! /eps by :i* x is demon/rat$ be+ s famili> to ! m9d z to be appreh5d$ )\t a consci\s act4 ,& ?us1 ! contr>y ( a necess>y tru? _c be di/9ctly conceiv$2 b ! incapacity ( =m+ su* a conception is a condition :i* dep5ds ^u cultivation1 be+ intimately connect$ ) ! p[] ( rapidly & cle>ly p]ceiv+ ! connection ( ! necess>y tru? "u consid]ation ) ! elem5t>y pr9ciples on :i* x dep5ds4 ,& ?us1 aga91 x may be t !re is an absolute impossibility ( conceiv+ matt] )\t weight2 b !n1 ?is impossibility may n be app>5t1 till we h trac$ our fundam5tal conceptions ( matt] into "s ( _! consequ5ces4 ,! "q !n occurs1 :e!r we c1 by any /eps ( reason+1 po9t out an inconsi/5cy 9 ! conception ( matt] )\t weight4 ,?is ,i conceive we may d1 & ?is ,i %all attempt to %[4 ,! g5]al mode ( /at+ ! argum5t is ?is3--! quantity ( matt] is measur$ by ^? s5sible prop]ties ( matt] :i* und]go quantitative addition1 subtraction & division1 z ! matt] is add$1 subtract$ & divid$4 ,! quantity ( matt] _c be kn[n 9 any o!r way4 ,b ?is mode ( measur+ ! quantity ( matt]1 9 ord] to be true at all1 mu/ be univ]sally true4 ,if x 7 only p>tially true1 ! limits )9 :i* x is to be appli$ w\ld be arbitr>y2 & !re=e ! :ole proc$ure w\ld be arbitr>y1 &1 z a me?od ( obta9+ philosophical tru?1 altoge!r futile4 ,we may unfold ?is argum5t fur!r4 ,let ! contr>y be suppos$1 ( t :i* we ass]t to be true3 namely1 let x be suppos$ t :ile all o!r k9ds ( matt] are heavy 7& ( c\rse heavy 9 proportion to ! quantity ( matt]71 !re is "o k9d ( matt] :i* is absolutely de/itute ( weight2 z1 = in/ance1 phlogi/on1 or any o!r elem5t4 ,!n :]e ?is weightless elem5t 7z we may t]m x7 is mix$ ) weighty elem5ts1 we %all h a comp\nd1 9 :i* ! weight is no long] proportional to ! quantity ( matt]4 ,if1 = example1 #b measures ( heavy matt] unite ) "o measure ( phlogi/on1 ! weight is z #b1 & ! quantity ( matt] z #c4 ,9 all su* cases1 !re=e1 ! weight ceases to be ! measure ( ! quantity ( matt]4 ,& z ! proportion ( ! weighty & ! weightless matt] may v>y 9 innum]able degrees 9 su* comp\nds1 ! weight af=ds no crit]ion at all ( ! quantity ( matt] 9 !m4 ,& ! smalle/ admixture ( ! weightless elem5t is suffici5t to prev5t ! weight f be+ tak5 z ! measure ( ! quantity ( matt]4 ,b on ?is hypo!sis1 h[ are we to di/+ui% su* comp\nds f bodies consi/+ purely ( heavy matt]8 ,h[ are we to satisfy ourselves t !re is n1 9 e body1 "s admixture1 small or great1 ( ! weightless elem5t8 ,if we call ?is elem5t phlogi/on1 h[ %all we "k t ! bodies ) :i* we h to d are1 any ( !m1 absolutely free f phlogi/on8 ,we _c ref] to ! weight = any su* assurance2 = by supposition ! pres5ce & abs5ce ( phlogi/on makes no diff]5ce 9 ! weight4 ,nor c any o!r prop]ties secure u at lea/ f a v small admixture2 = to ass]t t a mixture ( #a 9 #ajj or #a 9 #aj ( phlogi/on w\ld always manife/ itself 9 ! prop]ties ( ! body1 mu/ be an arbitr>y proc$ure1 till we h prov$ ?is ass]tion by exp]im5t3 & we _c d ?is till we h le>nt "s mode ( measur+ ! quantities ( matt] 9 bodies & p>ts ( bodies2 :i* is exactly :at we "q ! possibility (1 9 ! pres5t hypo!sis4 ,?us1 if we assume ! exi/5ce ( an elem5t1 phlogi/on1 devoid ( weight1 we _c be sure t e body does n conta9 "s portion ( ?is elem5t2 :ile we see t if !re be an admixture ( su* an elem5t1 ! weight is no long] any crit]ion ( ! quantity ( matt]4 ,& ?us we h prov$1 t if !re be any k9d ( matt] :i* is n heavy1 ! weight c no long] avail u1 9 any case or to any ext5t1 z a measure ( ! quantity ( matt]4 ,i may rem>k1 t ! same conclusion is easily ext5d$ to ! case 9 :i* phlogi/on is suppos$ to h absolute levity2 = 9 t case1 a c]ta9 mixture ( phlogi/on & ( heavy matt] w\ld h no weight1 & might be sub/itut$ = phlogi/on 9 ! prec$+ reason+4 ,i may rem>k1 also1 t ! same conclusion w\ld foll[ by ! same reason+1 if any k9d ( matt]1 in/ead ( be+ void ( weight1 7 heavy1 inde$1 b n s heavy1 9 proportion to its quantity ( matt]1 z o!r k9ds4 ,on all ^! hypo!ses !re w\ld be no possibility ( measur+ quantity ( matt] by weight at all1 9 any case1 or to any ext5t4 ,b x may be urg$1 t we h n yet r$uc$ ! hypo!sis ( matt] )\t weight to a contradiction2 = t ma!maticians measure quantity ( matt]1 n by weight1 b by ! o!r prop]ty1 ( :i* we h spok51 in]tia4 ,to ?is ,i reply1 t1 practically speak+1 quantity ( matt] is always measur$ by weight1 bo? by me*anicians & *emi/s3 & z we h prov$ t ?is proc$ure is utt]ly insecure 9 all cases1 on ! hypo!sis ( weightless matt]1 ! practice re/s ^u a conviction t ! hypo!sis is false4 ,& yet ! practice is univ]sal4 ,e exp]im5t] measures quantity ( matt] by ! balance4 ,no "o has ev] ?\ght ( measur+ quantity ( matt] by its in]tia practically3 no "o has con/ruct$ a measure ( quantity ( matt] 9 :i* ! matt] produces its indications ( quantity by its motion4 ,:5 we h to take into acc\nt ! in]tia ( a body1 we inquire :at its weight is1 & assume ?is z ! measure ( ! in]tia2 b we nev] take ! contr>y c\rse1 & asc]ta9 ! in]tia fir/ 9 ord] to det]m9e by t means ! weight4 ,b x may be ask$1 ,is x n !n true1 & an important sci5tific tru?1 t ! quantity ( matt] is measur$ by ! in]tia8 ,is x n true1 & prov$ by exp]im5t1 t ! weight is proportional to ! in]tia8 ,if ?is be n ! result ( ,newton's exp]im5ts m5tion$ above1 :at1 x may be dem&$1 d !y prove8 ,to ^! que/ions ,i reply3 ,x is true t quantity ( matt] is measur$ by ! in]tia1 = x is true t in]tia is z ! quantity ( matt]4 ,?is tru? is inde$ "o ( ! laws ( motion4 ,t weight is proportional to in]tia is prov$ by exp]im5t1 z f> z ! laws ( motion are s prov$3 & ,newton's exp]im5ts prove "o ( ! laws ( motion1 s f> z any exp]im5ts c prove !m1 or are ne$$ to prove !m4 ,t in]tia is proportional to weight1 is a law equival5t to t law :i* ass]ts1 t :5 pressure produces motion 9 a giv5 body1 ! velocity produc$ 9 a giv5 "t is z ! pressure4 ,= if ! velocity be z ! pressure1 :5 ! body is giv51 ! velocity w be con/ant if ! in]tia also be z ! pressure4 ,= ! in]tia is und]/ood to be t prop]ty ( bodies to :i*1 cet]is p>ibus1 ! velocity impress$ is inv]sely proportional4 ,"o body has twice z mu* in]tia z ano!r1 if1 :5 ! same =ce acts ^u x = ! same "t1 x acquires b half ! velocity4 ,?is is ! fundam5tal conception ( in]tia4 ,9 ,newton's p5dulum exp]im5ts1 ! pressure produc+ motion 0 a c]ta9 resolv$ "p ( ! weight1 & 0 proportional to ! weight4 ,x appe>$ by ! exp]im5ts1 t :atev] 7 ! mat]ial ( :i* ! p5dulum 0 =m$1 ! rate ( oscillation 0 ! same2 t is1 ! velocity acquir$ 0 ! same4 ,h5ce ! in]tia ( ! diff]5t bodies mu/ h be5 9 ea* case z ! weight3 & ?us ?is ass]tion is true ( all diff]5t k9ds ( bodies4 ,?us x appe>s t ! ass]tion1 t in]tia is univ]sally proportional to weight1 is equival5t to ! law ( motion1 t ! velocity is z ! pressure4 ,! conception ( in]tia 7( :i*1 z we h said1 ! fundam5tal conception is1 t ! velocity impress$ is inv]sely proportional to ! in]tia17 connects ! two propositions s z to make !m id5tical4 ,h5ce our argum5t ) reg>d to ! univ]sal gravity ( matt] br+s u to ! above law ( motion1 & is prov$ by ,newton's exp]im5ts 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* t law ( motion is s prov$4 ,p]haps "s p]sons might conceive t ! id5tity ( weight & in]tia is obvi\s at once2 = bo? are m]ely resi/ance to motion2--in]tia1 resi/ance to all motion 7or *ange ( motion7--weight1 resi/ance to motion upw>ds4 ,b !re is a diff]5ce 9 ^! two k9ds ( resi/ance to motion4 ,in]tia is in/antane\s1 weight is cont9u\s resi/ance4 ,any mom5t>y impulse :i* acts ^u a free body ov]comes its in]tia1 = x *anges its motion2 & ?is *ange once effect$1 ! in]tia opposes any return to ! =m] condition1 z well z any additional *ange4 ,! in]tia is ?us ov]come by a mom5t>y =ce4 ,b ! weight c only be ov]come by a cont9u\s =ce l itself4 ,if an impulse act 9 opposition to ! weight1 x may = a mom5t neutralize or ov]come ! weight2 b if x be n cont9u$1 ! weight resumes its effect1 & re/ores ! condition :i* exi/$ be=e ! impulse act$4 ,b weight n only produces re/1 :5 x is resi/$1 b motion1 :5 x is n resi/$4 ,weight is measur$ by ! reaction :i* w\ld balance x2 b :5 unbalanc$1 x produces motion1 & ! velocity ( ?is motion increases con/antly4 ,n[ :at det]m9es ! velocity ?us produc$ 9 a giv5 "t1 or its rate ( increase8 ,:at det]m9es x to h "o magnitude r ?an ano!r8 ,to ?is we mu/ evid5tly reply1 ! in]tia4 ,:5 weight produces motion1 ! in]tia is ! reaction :i* makes ! motion det]m9ate4 ,! accumulat$ motion produc$ by ! action ( unbalanc$ weight is z det]m9ate a condition z ! equilibrium produc$ by balanc$ weight4 ,9 bo? cases ! condition ( ! body act$ on is det]m9$ by ! opposition ( ! action & reaction4 ,h5ce in]tia is ! reaction :i* opposes ! weight1 :5 unbalanc$4 ,b by ! conception ( action & reaction1 7z mutually det]m9+ & det]m9$17 !y are measur$ by ea* o!r3 & h5ce ! in]tia is necess>ily proportional to ! weight4 ,b :5 we h rea*$ ?is conclusion1 ! orig9al objection may be aga9 urg$ aga9/ x4 ,x may be said1 t !re mu/ be "s fallacy 9 ?is reason+1 = x proves a /ate ( ?+s to be necess>y :5 we c s easily conceive a contr>y /ate ( ?+s4 ,is x d5i$1 ! oppon5t may ask1 t we c readily imag9e a /ate ( ?+s 9 :i* bodies h no weight8 ,is n ! uni=m t5d5cy ( all bodies 9 ! same direction n only n necess>y1 b n ev5 true8 ,= !y d 9 reality t5d1 n ) equal =ces 9 p>allel l9es1 b to a c5t] ) unequal =ces1 accord+ to _! position3 & we c conceive ^! diff]5ces ( int5sity & direction 9 ! =ce to be great] ?an !y really are2 & c ) equal ease suppose ! =ce to disappe> altoge!r4 ,to ?is ,i reply1 t c]ta9ly we may conceive ! weight ( bodies to v>y 9 int5sity & direction1 & by an additional ef=t ( imag9ation1 may conceive ! weight to vani%3 b t 9 all ^! suppositions1 ev5 9 ! extreme "o1 we mu/ suppose ! rule to be univ]sal4 ,if any bodies h weight1 all bodies mu/ h weight4 ,if ! direction ( weight be diff]5t 9 diff]5t po9ts1 ?is direction mu/ /ill v>y accord+ to ! law ( cont9uity2 & ! same is true ( ! int5sity ( ! weight4 ,= if ?is 7 n s1 ! re/ & motion1 ! velocity & direction1 ! p]man5ce & *ange ( bodies1 z to _! me*anical condition1 w\ld be arbitr>y & incoh]5t3 !y w\ld n be subject to me*anical ideas2 t is1 n to ideas at all3 & h5ce ^! conditions ( objects w\ld 9 fact be inconceivable4 ,9 ord] t ! univ]se may be possible1 t is1 may fall "u ! conditions ( intelligible conceptions1 we mu/ be able to conceive a body at re/4 ,b ! re/ ( bodies 7except 9 ! absolute negation ( all =ce7 implies ! equilibrium ( opposite =ces4 ,& "o ( ^! opposite =ces mu/ be a g5]al =ce1 z weight1 9 ord] t ! univ]se may be gov]n$ by g5]al conditions4 ,& ?is g5]al =ce1 by ! conception ( =ce1 may produce motion1 z well z equilibrium2 & ?is motion aga9 mu/ be det]m9$1 & det]m9$ by g5]al conditions2 :i* _c be1 except ! communication ( motion be regulat$ by an in]tia proportional to ! weight4 ,b x w be ask$1 ,is x !n pret5d$ t ,newton's exp]im5t1 by :i* x 0 int5d$ to prove in]tia proportional to weight1 does really prove no?+ b :at may be demon/rat$ priori8 ,c\ld we "k1 )\t exp]im5t1 t all bodies1--gold1 iron1 wood1 cork1--h in]tia proportional to _! weight8 ,& to ?is we reply1 t exp]im5t holds ! same place 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is1 z ( ! o!r fundam5tal doctr9es ( me*anics4 ,int]c\rse ) ! ext]nal _w is requisite = develop+ our ideas2 measurem5t ( ph5om5a is ne$$ to fix our conceptions & to r5d] !m precise3 b ! result ( our exp]im5tal /udies is1 t we rea* a position 9 :i* our convictions d n re/ ^u exp]im5t4 ,we le>n by obs]vation tru?s ( :i* we aft]w>ds see ! necessity4 ,?is is ! case ) ! laws ( motion1 z ,i h repeat$ly endeav\r$ to %[4 ,! same w appe> to be ! case ) ! proposition1 t bodies ( diff]5t k9ds h _! in]tia proportional to _! weight4 ,= bodies ( ! same k9d h _! in]tia proportional to _! weight1 bo? quantities be+ proportional to ! quantity ( matt]4 ,& if we compress ! same quantity ( matt] into half ! space1 nei!r ! weight nor ! in]tia is alt]$1 because ^! dep5d on ! quantity ( matt] alone4 ,b 9 ?is way we obta9 a body ( twice ! d5sity2 & 9 ! same mann] we obta9 a body ( any o!r d5sity4 ,!re=e :atev] be ! d5sity1 ! in]tia is proportional to ! quantity ( matt]4 ,b ! me*anical relations ( bodies _c dep5d ^u any diff]5ce ( k9d1 except a diff]5ce ( d5sity4 ,= if we suppose any fundam5tal diff]5ce ( me*anical nature 9 ! p>ticles or compon5t elem5ts ( bodies1 we are l$ to ! same conclusion1 ( arbitr>y1 & !re=e impossible1 results1 :i* we d$uc$ f ?is supposition ) reg>d to weight4 ,!re=e all bodies ( diff]5t d5sity1 & h5ce1 all bodies :atev]1 mu/ h _! in]tia proportional to _! weight4 ,h5ce we see1 t ! propositions1 t all bodies are heavy1 & t in]tia is proportional to weight1 necess>ily foll[ f ^? fundam5tal ideas :i* we unavoidably employ 9 all attempts to reason conc]n+ ! me*anical relations ( bodies4 ,?is conclusion may p]haps appe> ! m />tl+ to _m1 because !y h be5 accu/om$ to expect t fundam5tal ideas & _! relations %\ld be self-evid5t at our fir/ contemplation ( !m4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is f> f be+ ! case1 z ,i h already %[n4 ,x is n ! fir/1 b ! mo/ complete & develop$ condition ( our conceptions :i* enables u to see :at are axiomatic tru?s 9 ea* prov9ce ( human speculation4 ,our fundam5tal ideas are necess>y conditions ( k1 univ]sal =ms ( intuition1 inh]5t types ( m5tal developm5t2 !y may ev5 be t]m$1 if any "o *ooses1 results ( connate intellectual t5d5cies2 b we _c t]m !m innate ideas1 )\t call+ up a l>ge array ( false op9ions4 ,= innate ideas 7 consid]$ z capable ( composition1 b by no means ( simplification3 z mo/ p]fect 9 _! orig9al condition2 z to be f\nd1 if any :]e1 9 ! mo/ un$ucat$ & mo/ uncultivat$ m9ds2 z ! same 9 all ages1 nations1 & /ages ( intellectual culture2 z capable ( be+ ref]r$ to at once1 & made ! basis ( our reason+s1 )\t any special acut5ess or ef=t3 9 all :i* circum/ances ! ,fundam5tal ,ideas ( :i* we h spok51 are oppos$ to ,innate ,ideas s und]/ood4 ,i %all n1 h[ev]1 "h prosecute ?is subject4 ,i w only rem>k1 t ,fundam5tal ,ideas1 z we view !m1 are n only n innate1 9 any usual or useful s5se1 b !y are n necess>ily ultimate elem5ts ( our k4 ,!y are ! results ( our analysis s f> z we h yet prosecut$ x2 b !y may !mselves subsequ5tly be analys$4 ,x may h]eaft] appe>1 t :at we h treat$ z diff]5t ,fundam5tal ,ideas h1 9 fact1 a connexion1 at "s po9t bel[ ! /ructure :i* we erect ^u !m4 ,= in/ance1 we treat ( ! me*anical ideas ( =ce1 matt]1 & ! l1 z di/9ct f ! idea ( sub/ance4 ,yet ! pr9ciple ( measur+ ! quantity ( matt] by its weight1 :i* we h d$uc$ f me*anical ideas1 is appli$ to det]m9e ! sub/ances :i* ent] into ! composition ( bodies4 ,! idea ( sub/ance supplies ! axiom1 t ! :ole quantity ( matt] ( a comp\nd body is equal to ! sum ( ! quantities ( matt] ( its elem5ts4 ,! me*anical ideas ( =ce & matt] lead u to inf] t ! quantity bo? ( ! :ole & its p>ts mu/ be measur$ by _! weights4 ,sub/ance may1 = "s purposes1 be describ$ z t to :i* prop]ties belong2 matt] 9 l mann] may be describ$ z t :i* resi/s =ce4 ,! =m] involves ! ,idea ( p]man5t ,be+2 ! latt]1 ! ,idea ( ,causation4 ,!re may be "s elevat$ po9t ( view f :i* ^! ideas may be se5 to run toge!r4 ,b ev5 if ?is be s1 x w by no means affect ! validity ( reason+s f\nd$ ^u ^! notions1 :5 duly det]m9$ & develop$4 ,if we once adopt a view ( ! nature ( k :i* makes necess>y tru? possible at all1 we ne$ be little emb>rass$ by f9d+ h[ closely connect$ diff]5t necess>y tru?s are2 & h[ (t51 9 explor+ t[>ds _! roots1 diff]5t bran*es appe> to spr+ f ! same /em4 ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,app5dix4 ,cambridge3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,c4 ,j4 ,,clay1 ,m4,a4 ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press4 ,,works ,,by ,,william ,,:ewell1 ,d4,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,ma/] ,,( ,,tr9ity ,,college1 ,,cambridge4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,inductive ,,sci5ces4 ,?ird & ,*eap] ,edition4 ,?ree ,volumes1 ,small ,octavo1 #bds4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,ideas1 be+ ! ,fir/ ,"p ( a ,?ird ,edition ( ! ,philosophy ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces1 ) ,additions4 ,two ,volumes1 #ads4 ,,novum ,,organon ,,r5ovatum2 be+ ! ,second ,"p ( a ,?ird ,edition ( ! ,philosophy ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces4 ,) l>ge ,additions4 #gs4 ,,indications ,,( ,,! ,,creator3 ,!ological ,extracts f ! ,hi/ory & ! ,philosophy ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces4 ,second ,edition4 #es4 #f;d4 ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,morality1 ,,includ+ ,,polity4 ,?ird ,edition1 ) a ,supplem5t4 ,two ,volumes1 #aes4 ,,lectures ,,on ,,sy/ematic ,,morality4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,lectures ,,on ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,moral ,,philosophy ,,9 ,,engl&4 #hs4 ,,( ,a ,,lib]al ,,education ,,9 ,,g5]al1 & ) ,p>ticul> ,ref]5ce to ! ,/udies ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,p>ts ,i4 & ,,ii41 9 ,"o ,volume1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,"p ,,iii41 sew$1 #bs4 ,,on ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,engli% ,,univ]sity ,,education4 ,second ,edition4 #es4 ,,college ,,*apel ,,s]mons4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,notes ,,on ,,g]man ,,*ur*es4 ,?ird ,edition4 #abs4 ,,! ,,me*anical ,,euclid4 ,fif? ,edition4 #es4 ,,! ,,me*anics ,,( ,,eng9e]+4 #is4 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,limits4 ,octavo1 #is4 ,,conic ,,sections4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,dr4 ,,:ewell4 ,,butl]',s ,,?ree ,,s]mons ,,on ,,human ,,nature1 & a ,diss]tation on ,virtue2 ) a ,preface & ,syllabus4 ,?ird ,edition4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,butl]',s ,,six ,,s]mons ,,on ,,moral ,,subjects4 ,) ,preface & ,syllabus4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,london3 ,,john ,w4 ,,p>k] ,,& ,,son1 ,,we/ ,,/r&4 ,new ,books & ,new ,editions1 ,publi%$ by ,john ,w4 ,p>k] & ,son1 ,we/ ,/r&4 ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 f ! ,fall ( ,wolsey to ! ,dea? ( ,elizabe?4 ,fif? & ,six? ,volumes1 conta9+ ! ,reigns ( ,edw>d ! ,six? & ,m>y4 ,by ,j4 ,,an?ony ,,fr\de4 ,9 ! ,press4 ,a ,second ,edition ( ! ,fir/ ,f\r ,volumes1 conta9+ ! ,reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 #bl4 #ads4 ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 dur+ ! ,reign ( ,george ! ,?ird4 ,by ,w4 ,,massey1 ,m4,p4 ,vols4 ,i4 & ,,ii4 #abs4 ea*4 ,! ,?ird ,volume 9 ! ,press4 ,hi/ory ( ,civilization 9 ,engl&4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,?omas ,,buckle4 ,! ,fir/ ,volume4 ,octavo4 ,second ,edition4 #bas4 ,fri5ds 9 ,c\ncil4 ,second ,s]ies4 ,! ,second ,edition4 ,two ,volumes4 #ads4 ,fri5ds 9 ,c\ncil4 ,fir/ ,s]ies4 ,new ,edition4 ,two ,volumes4 #is4 ,on ,lib]ty4 ,,by ,,john ,,/u>t ,,mill4 ,! ,second ,edition4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,! ,recreations ( a ,c\ntry ,p>son2 ,essays ,p>o*ial1 ,ar*itectural1 /hetical1 ,moral1 ,social1 & ,dome/ic4 ,be+ a ,selection f ! ,contributions ( ,a4 ,k4 ,h4 ,b4 to ,fras]'s ,magaz9e4 #is4 ,major ,hodson's ,twelve ,ye>s ( a ,soldi]'s ,life 9 ,india4 ,edit$ by 8 ,bro!r1 ! ,rev4 ,,george ,h4 ,,hodson1 ,m4,a4 ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,?ird ,edition1 ) ,additions1 & a ,portrait1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,! ,sa9t's ,trag$y4 ,by ,,*>les ,,k+sley1 ,*apla9 9 ,ord9>y to ! ,que54 ,! ,?ird ,edition4 ,foolscap ,octavo4 #es4 ,on ! ,classification & ,geographical ,di/ribution ( ,mammalia3 ,on ! ,gorilla1 ,on ! ,ext9ction & ,transmutation ( ,species4 ,by ,,ri*>d ,,ow51 ,f4,r4,s4 ,octavo4 #es4 ,! ,odes ( ,horace4 ,translat$ into ,engli% ,v]se1 ) a ,life & ,notes4 ,by ,,!odore ,,m>t94 #gs4 #f;d4 ,arund9es ,cami4 ,edit$ by ! ,rev4 ,,h5ry ,,drury1 ,m4,a4 ,canon ( ,salisbury1 ,*apla9 to ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,! ,fif? & ,*eap] ,edition4 ,! ,new ,cratylus4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,donaldson1 ,d4,d4 ,classical ,exam9] 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,london4 ,! ,?ird ,edition1 ,revis$ ?r\gh\t & consid]ably ,enl>g$4 #bjs4 ,night ,lessons f ,scripture4 ,compil$ by ! ,au?or ( ',amy ,h]b]t4' ,demy1 ,r$ ,edges4 #cs4 ,paley's ,evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,) ,annotations by ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,dubl94 ,octavo4 #is4 ,paley's ,moral ,philosophy4 ,) ,annotations by ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,dubl94 ,octavo4 #gs4 ,! ,good ,news ( ,god4 ,s]mons by ,,*>les ,,k+sley1 ,*apla9 9 ,ord9>y to ! ,que54 ,! ,second ,edition4 #fs4 ,s]mons on ! ,atonem5t & o!r ,subjects1 prea*$ be=e ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,by ,e4 ,,h>old ,,br[ne1 ,m4,a4 ,norrisian ,pr(essor ( ,div9ity 9 ! ,univ]sity2 ,canon ( ,exet]4 ,octavo4 #es4 ,an ,exposition ( ! ,?irty-n9e ,articles1 ,hi/orical & ,doctr9al4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,h>old ,,br[ne4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,octavo1 #afs4 ,critical & ,grammatical ,comm5t>y on ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians4 ,by ,,*>les ,j4 ,,ellicott1 ,b4,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,div9ity1 ,k+'s ,college1 ,london4 ,! ,second ,edition1 ,enl>g$4 #hs4 #f;d4 ,lately ,publi%$3 ,i4 ,galatians4 ,second ,edition1 ,enl>g$4 #hs4 #f;d4 ,,ii4 ,pa/oral ,epi/les4 ,second ,edition4 ,9 ! ,press4 ,,iii4 ,philippians1 ,colossians1 & ,philemon4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,iv4 ,!ssalonians4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,peloponnesus3 ,notes ( ,/udy & ,travel4 ,by ,w4 ,g4 ,,cl>k1 ,m4,a4 ,fell[ & ,tutor ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,revolutions 9 ,engli% ,hi/ory4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,vaughan1 ,d4,d4 ,! ,fir/ ,volume1 ,revolutions ( ,race4 #aes4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,lit]ature ( ,anci5t ,greece4 ,f ! ,manuscripts ( ! late ,pr(essor ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]4 ,! fir/ half ( ! ,translation by ! ,"r ,hon4 ,sir ,,george ,,cornewall ,,lewis1 ,b>t4 ,m4,p4 ,! rema9d] ( ! ,translation1 & ! ,completion ( ! ,"w1 by ,,john ,,william ,,donaldson1 ,d4,d4 ,?ree ,volumes1 ,octavo4 #cfs4 ,! new portion sep>ately1 ,two ,volumes1 #bjs4 ,soldi]s & _! ,sci5ce4 ,by ,capta9 ,,brabazon1 ,r4,a4 #gs4 ,essays writt5 9 ! ,int]vals ( ,bus9ess4 ,! ,sev5? ,edition4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,companions ( ,my ,solitude4 ,! ,fif? ,edition4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,on ! ,/udy ( ,words4 ,by ,,ri*>d ,,*5evix ,,tr5*1 ,d4,d4 ,dean ( ,we/m9/]4 ,! ,n9? ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 #ds4 ,a ,select ,gloss>y ( ,engli% ,words us$ =m]ly 9 ,s5ses diff]5t f _! ,pres5t4 ,by ,,ri*>d ,,*5evix ,,tr5*1 ,d4,d4 ,dean ( ,we/m9/]4 ,! ,second ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,improv$4 #ds4 ,intellectual ,education1 & its ,influ5ce on ! ,"* & ,happ9ess ( ,wom54 ,by ,,emily ,,%irreff4 ,octavo4 #ajs4 ,! ,cloi/] ,life ( ! ,emp]or ,*>les ! ,fif?4 ,by ,,william ,,/irl+1 ,m4,p4 ,! ,?ird ,edition4 #hs4 ,man & ,8 ,dwell+ ,place4 ,an ,essay t[>ds ! ,int]pretation ( ,nature4 #is4 ,diss]tations & ,discussions1 ,political1 ,philosophical & ,hi/orical4 ,by ,,john ,,/u>t ,,mill4 ,two ,volumes4 ,octavo4 #bds4 ,( ! ,plurality ( ,worlds4 ,an ,essay4 ,! ,fif? ,edition4 #fs4 ,bacon's ,essays4 ,) ,annotations by ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,dubl94 ,! ,f\r? ,edition4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,extracts f ,jean ,paul ,ri*t]4 ,translat$ by ,lady ,,*att]ton4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,%ipwrecks ( ! ,royal ,navy4 ,by ,w4 ,o4 ,s4 ,,gilly4 ,) ,preface by ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,gilly4 ,! ,?ird ,edition4 #es4 ,! ,k+dom & ,p ( ,siam2 ) a ,n>rative ( ! ,mission to t ,c\ntry4 ,by ,sir ,,john ,,b[r+1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,two ,volumes1 ) ,illu/rations & ,map4 #cbs4 ,! ,spani% ,conque/ 9 ,am]ica1 & its ,relation to ! ,hi/ory ( ,slav]y1 & to ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,colonies4 ,by ,,ar?ur ,,helps4 ,octavo4 ,volumes ,i4 ,,ii4 #bhs4 ,volume ,,iii4 #afs4 ,notes on ,hospitals4 ,by ,,flor5ce ,,night+ale4 ,! ,second ,edition4 #es4 ,! ,m$it]ranean2 ,a ,memoir ,hi/orical1 ,geographical1 & ,nautical4 ,by ,admiral ,w4 ,h4 ,,smy?1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,octavo4 #aes4 ,lectures on ,a/ronomy4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,moseley1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,canon ( ,bri/ol4 ,! ,f\r? ,edition4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,elem5ts ( ,*emi/ry4 ,by ,,william ,,all5 ,,mill]1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry1 ,k+'s ,college1 ,london4 ,complete 9 ,?ree ,p>ts1 ) num]\s ,illu/rations4 #b4 #fs4 #f;d4 ,manual ( ,human ,microscopic ,anatomy4 ,by ,,alb]t ,k,,llik]4 ,) #bhi ,illu/rations4 ,octavo4 ,lectures on ! ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,physic4 ,by ,,?omas ,,watson1 ,m ,d4 ,physician ,extraord9>y to ! ,que54 ,f\r? ,edition1 revis$4 ,two ,volumes4 ,octavo4 #cds4 ,anatomy1 ,descriptive & ,surgical4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,gray1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,lectur] on ,anatomy at ,/4 ,george's ,hospital4 ,) #cfc l>ge ,woodcuts1 f ,orig9al ,draw+s4 ,royal ,octavo1 #ghb pages4 #bhs4 ,practical ,geodesy3 ,*a9 ,survey+1 ,survey+ ,in/rum5ts1 ,levell+1 ,trigonometry1 & ,m9+2 ,m>itime1 ,e/ate1 ,p>o*ial1 & ,railroad ,survey+4 ,by ,,butl] ,,williams1 ,c4,e4 ,! ,?ird ,edition1 revis$4 ,octavo4 #hs4 #f;d4 ,manual ( ,geographical ,sci5ce4 ,"p ! ,second1 ,descriptive ,geography1 conta9+ ,anci5t ,geography1 by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,l4 ,,bevan1 ,m4,a4 ,vic> ( ,hay1 ,brecon4 ,m>itime ,discov]y & ,mod]n ,geography1 by ! ,rev4 ,c4 ,g4 ,,nicolay1 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,) ,copi\s ,index4 ,octavo4 #aes4 ,! ,fir/ ,"p1 ,octavo1 #ajs4 #f;d4 conta9s3 ,ma!matical ,geography1 by ,m4 ,o',,bri51 ,m4,a4 ,physical ,geography1 by ,d4 ,t4 ,,an/$1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,*>tography1 by ,j4 ,,jackson1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,geographical ,t]m9ology1 by ,rev4 ,c4 ,g4 ,,nicolay4 ,! ,in/itutes ( ,ju/9ian2 ) ,engli% ,introduction1 ,translation1 & ,notes4 ,by ,,?omas ,c4 ,,s&>s1 ,m4,a4 late ,fell[ ( ,oriel ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,! ,second ,edition1 revis$4 ,octavo4 #aes4 ,pr9ciples ( ,political ,economy4 ,by ,,john ,,/u>t ,,mill4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,two ,volumes4 ,octavo4 #cjs4 ,! ,s5ses & ! ,intellect4 ,! ,emotions & ! ,w3 complet+ a ,sy/ematic ,exposition ( ! ,human ,m9d4 ,by ,,alex&] ,,ba91 ,m4,a41 ,exam9] 9 ,logic & ,moral ,philosophy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,london4 ,octavo4 #aes4 ea*4 ,babrii ,fabul sope1 e ,codice ,manuscripto ,p>tem ,secundam nunc primum edidit ,,georgius ,,cornewall ,,lewis1 ,a4,m41 dis ,*ri/i1 9 ,univ]sitate ,oxoni5si1 ,alumnus ,honor>ius4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,babrii ,fabul sope1 cum ,fabul>um dep]dit>um ,fragm5tis1 rec5suit et brevit] illu/ravit ,,georgius ,,cornewall ,,lewis1 ,m4,a4 #es4 #f;d4 ,! ,*oephor ( s*ylus2 ) ,notes4 ,by ,,john ,,con+ton1 ,m4,a4 ,pr(essor ( ,lat91 ,ox=d4 #fs4 ,notes ^u ,?ucydides4 ,by ,,john ,g4 ,,%epp>d1 ,m4,a4 ,head ,ma/] ( ,kidd]m9/] ,s*ool1 & ,,lewis ,,evans1 ,m4,a4 ,head ,ma/] ( ,s&ba* ,s*ool4 ,books ,i4 & ,,ii4 #hs4 ,! ,e?ics ( ,ari/otle4 ,by ,sir ,,alex&] ,,grant1 ,b>t41 ,m4,a4 ,! ,fir/ ,volume1 ! ,essays1 #hs4 #f;d4 ,! ,second ,volume1 ,books ,i4--,,vi41 ) ,notes1 #abs4 ,! ,politics ( ,ari/otle2 ) ,introduction1 ,essays1 ,notes1 & ,index4 ,by ,r4 ,,congreve1 ,m4,a4 #afs4 ,platonis ,philebus2 ) ,introduction1 & ,notes1 ,critical & ,explanatory4 ,by ,,*>les ,,badham1 ,d4,d41 ,head ,ma/] ( ,birm+ham & ,edgba/on ,propriet>y ,s*ool4 #es4 ,phdrus1 ,lysis1 & ,protagoras ( ,plato1 lit]ally translat$4 ,by ,j4 ,,wright1 ,m4,a4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,! ,greek ,te/am5t2 ) ,notes1 ,grammatical & ,exegetical4 ,by ,w4 ,,web/]1 ,m4,a41 ( ,k+'s ,college1 ,london2 & ,w4 ,f4 ,,wilk9son1 ,m4,a41 ,vic> ( ,/4 ,w]burgh1 ,d]by4 ,volume ,i41 conta9+ ! ,f\r ,gospels & ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 #bjs4 ,synonyms ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,by ,r4 ,,*5evix ,,tr5*1 ,d4,d4 ,dean ( ,we/m9/]4 ,f\r? ,edition4 #es4 ,select ,private ,orations ( ,demo/h5es2 ) ,engli% ,notes4 ,by ,c4 ,t4 ,,p5rose1 ,m4,a4 #ds4 ,! ,frogs ( ,ari/ophanes2 ) ,engli% ,notes4 ,by ,rev4 ,h4 ,p4 ,,cookesley1 ,m4,a4 #gs4 ,ari/ophanes4 ,edit$1 ) ,notes & ,index1 by ,h4 ,a4 ,,hold51 ,m4,a41 ,head ,ma/] ( ,ipswi* ,s*ool4 #aes4 ,! ,plays sep>ately1 #as4 ea*2 ,notul ,critic & ,onoma/icon4 #ds4 ,greek ,v]ses ( ,%rewsbury ,s*ool2 ) ,acc\nt ( ! ,iambic ,metre1 & ,ex]cises 9 ,greek ,tragic ,s5>ii4 ,edit$ by ,dr4 ,,k5n$y1 ,head ,ma/]4 #hs4 ,antigone ( ,sophocles1 9 ,greek & ,engli%2 ) ,notes4 ,by ,dr4 ,,donaldson4 #is4 ,agamemnon ( s*ylus1 9 ,greek & ,engli%2 ) ,notes4 ,by ,j4 ,,con+ton1 ,m4,a4 #gs4 #f;d4 s*ylus translat$ into ,engli% ,v]se2 ) ,notes1 ,life ( s*ylus1 & ,disc\rse on ,greek ,trag$y4 ,by ,j4 ,s4 ,,blackie1 ,pr(essor ( ,greek1 ,ed9burgh4 ,two ,volumes1 #dfs4 ,! ,alce/is ( ,euripides2 ) ,notes4 ,by ,j4 ,h4 ,,monk1 ,d4,d41 ,bi%op ( ,gl\ce/] & ,bri/ol4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,p9d>2 ) ,notes4 ,by ,dr4 ,,donaldson4 #afs4 ,hom]ic ,ballads4 ,! ,text1 ) ,translation 9 ,v]se1 & ,notes4 ,by ,dr4 ,,mag9n4 #fs4 ,mll]'s ,diss]tations on ! ,eum5ides ( s*ylus4 ,second ,edition4 #fs4 #f;d4 ,c4 ,cornelii ,taciti ,op]a ad ,codices ,antiquissimos comm5t>io critico edidit ,,franciscus ,,ritt]1 ,pr(essor ,bonn5sis4 ,f\r ,volumes1 ,octavo4 #bhs4 ,prop]tius2 ) ,engli% ,notes4 ,by ,f4 ,a4 ,,paley1 ,editor ( s*ylus4 ,octavo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,plautus3 ,aulul>ia2 ) ,notes4 ,by ,j4 ,,hildy>d1 ,b4,d4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,plautus3 ,m5*mei2 ) ,notes4 ,by ,j4 ,,hildy>d1 ,b4,d4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,long] ,ex]cises 9 ,lat9 ,prose ,composition2 ) a ,comm5t>y & ,rem>ks on ! be/ mode ( =m+ a correct ,lat9 ,/yle4 ,by ,dr4 ,,donaldson4 #fs4 #f;d4 ,elem5ts ( ,logic4 ,by ,,ri*>d ,,:ately1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,dubl94 ,cr[n #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,octavo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,elem5ts ( ,rhetoric4 ,by ,,ar*bi%op ,,:ately4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,octavo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,sy/em ( ,logic1 ,ratioc9ative & ,inductive4 ,by ,,john ,,/u>t ,,mill4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,two ,volumes1 ,octavo4 #bes4 ,an ,hi/orical & ,explanatory ,treatise on ! ,book ( ,common ,pray]4 ,by ,w4 ,g4 ,,humphry1 ,b4,d41 late ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,second ,edition1 enl>g$4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,*ur*man's ,guide3 ,a ,copi\s ,index ( ,s]mons & o!r ,works1 by em95t ,*ur* ( ,engl& ,div9es2 dige/$ & arrang$ accord+ to _! subjects4 ,by ,j4 ,,=/]1 ,m4,a4 ,octavo4 #gs4 ,on ,public ,read+3 ,g>rick's ,mode ( ,read+ ! ,liturgy2 ) ,notes1 & a ,disc\rse on ,public ,read+4 ,by ,r4 ,,cull1 ,tutor 9 ,elocution4 #es4 #f;d4 ,! ,*ur*man's ,!ological ,diction>y4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,ed51 ,m4,a41 ,*apla9 to ! ,bi%op ( ,norwi*4 ,demy #abmo4 #es4 ,,london3 ,,john ,w4 ,,p>k] ,,& ,,son1 ,,we/ ,,/r&4 ,annotat$ ,edition ( ! ,engli% ,poets1 ,,) ,,introductions1 ,,notes1 ,,& ,,memoirs1 ,hi/orical1 ,biographical & ,critical1 ,,by ,,rob]t ,,bell4 ,,9 ,,volumes1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,ea*1 ,,b\nd ,,9 ,,clo?4 ,,anci5t ,,poems1 ,,ballads1 ,,& ,,songs ,,( ,,! ,,peasantry4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,gre5e ,,& ,,m>l[e4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,e>ly ,,ballads ,,illu/rative ,,( ,,hi/ory1 ,,traditions1 ,,& ,,cu/oms4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,b5 ,,jonson4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,*auc]4 ,eight ,volumes1 #bjs4 ,,butl]4 ,?ree ,volumes1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,?omson4 ,two ,volumes1 #es4 ,,dryd54 ,?ree ,volumes1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,%akspe>e4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,c[p]4 ,?ree ,volumes4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,surrey1 ,,m9or ,,contemporane\s ,,poets1 ,,& ,,buckhur/4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,songs ,,f ,,! ,,dramati/s2 f ! fir/ regul> ,com$y to ! close ( ! #ah? ,c5tury4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,wyatt4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,oldham4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,wall]4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,london3 ,,john ,w4 ,,p>k] ,,& ,,son1 ,,we/ ,,/r&4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,o!r v>iations 9 spell+1 punctuation & hyph5ation rema9 un*ang$4 ,9 ! ,table ( ,cont5ts ,*ap4 ,,xv4 item #c4 is n li/$4 ,9 ! ,table ( ,cont5ts ,*ap4 ,,xxviii4 item #e4 ,italics are repres5t$ ?us italics4 ,! id5tification ( ! app5dices skips ,i & ,j4