,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,d>w9 ,,on ,,philosophy ,& ,o!r ,essays 9 ,contempor>y ,?\ght ,,by ,,john ,,dewey ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,,h5ry ,,holt ,,& ,,company ,,copyright1 #aiaj1 ,,by ,,h5ry ,,holt ,,& ,,company ,publi%$ ,april1 #aiaj ,,preface ,an elaborate preface to a philosophic "w usually impresses "o z a la/ desp]ate ef=t on ! "p ( its au?or to convey :at he feels he has n q manag$ to say 9 ! body ( 8 book4 ,nev]!less1 a collection ( essays on v>i\s topics writt5 dur+ a s]ies ( ye>s may p]haps f9d room = an indep5d5t ^w to indicate ! k9d ( unity !y seem1 to _! writ]1 to possess4 ,probably e "o acqua9t$ ) pres5t philosophic ?\ght--f\nd1 ) "s notable exceptions1 9 p]iodicals r ?an 9 books--w\ld t]m x a philosophy ( transition & recon/ruction4 ,its v>i\s repres5tatives agree 9 :at !y oppose--! or?odox ,briti% empiricism ( two g5]ations ago & ! or?odox ,neo-,kantian idealism ( ! la/ g5]ation--r ?an 9 :at !y pr(f]4 ,! essays ( ?is volume belong1 ,i suppose1 to :at has come to be kn[n 7s9ce ! e>li] ( !m 7 writt57 z ! pragmatic phase ( ! new] movem5t4 ,n[ a rec5t ,g]man critic has describ$ pragmatism z1 8,epi/emologically1 nom9alism2 psy*ologically1 volunt>ism2 cosmologically1 en]gism2 metaphysically1 agno/icism2 e?ically1 meliorism on ! basis ( ! ,b5?am-,mill utilit>ianism40#a ,x may be t pragmatism w turn out to be all ( ?is =midable array2 b ev5 %\ld x1 ! "o :o ?us def9es x has h>dly come )9 e>%ot ( x4 ,= :atev] else pragmatism is or is n1 ! pragmatic _s is prim>ily a revolt aga9/ t habit ( m9d :i* disposes ( any?+ :atev]--ev5 s humble an affair z a new me?od 9 ,philosophy--by tuck+ x away1 aft] ?is fa%ion1 9 ! pigeon holes ( a fil+ cab9et4 ,!re are o!r vital phases ( contempor>y transition & revision2 !re are1 = example1 a new realism & naturali/ic idealism4 ,:5 ,i recall t ,i f9d myself m int]e/$ 7ev5 ?\gh _! repres5tatives might decl9e to reciprocate7 9 su* phases ?an 9 ! sy/ems m>k$ by ! labels ( our ,g]man critic1 ,i am confirm$ 9 a belief t aft] all x is bett] to view pragmatism q vaguely z "p & p>cel ( a g5]al movem5t ( intellectual recon/ruction4 ,= o!rwise we seem to h no rec\rse save to def9e pragmatism--z does our ,g]man au?or--9 t]ms ( ! v pa/ sy/ems aga9/ :i* x is a reaction2 or1 9 escap+ t alt]native1 to reg>d x z a fix$ rival sy/em mak+ l claim to complet5ess & f9ality4 ,& if1 z ,i believe1 "o ( ! m>k$ traits ( ! pragmatic movem5t is j ! surr5d] ( e su* claim1 h[ h we fur!r$ our und]/&+ ( pragmatism8 ,classic philosophies h to be revis$ because !y mu/ be squ>$ up ) ! _m social & intellectual t5d5cies t h reveal$ !mselves s9ce ^? philosophies matur$4 ,! conque/ ( ! sci5ces by ! exp]im5tal me?od ( inquiry2 ! injection ( evolution>y ideas into ! /udy ( life & society2 ! application ( ! hi/oric me?od to religions & morals z well z to in/itutions2 ! creation ( ! sci5ces ( 8orig9s0 & ( ! cultural developm5t ( mank9d--h[ c su* intellectual *anges occur & leave philosophy :at x 0 & :]e x 08 ,nor c philosophy rema9 an indiff]5t spectator ( ! rise ( :at may be t]m$ ! new individualism 9 art & lett]s1 ) its naturali/ic me?od appli$ 9 a religi\s1 almo/ my/ic _s to :at is primitive1 obscure1 v>i$1 in*oate1 & gr[+ 9 nature & human "*4 ,! age ( ,d>w91 ,helmholtz1 ,pa/eur1 ,ibs51 ,maet]l9ck1 ,rod91 & ,h5ry ,james mu/ feel "s uneas9ess until x has liquidat$ its philosophic inh]itance 9 curr5t intellectual co94 ,& to accuse ^? :o are conc]n$ 9 ?is transaction ( ignorant contempt = ! classic pa/ ( philosophy is to ov]look ! inspiration ! movem5t ( translation draws f ! fact t ! hi/ory ( philosophy has become only too well und]/ood4 ,any revision ( cu/om>y notions ) its elim9ation--in/ead ( 8solution0--( _m tradition>y problems _c hope1 h[ev]1 = any unity save t ( t5d5cy & op]ation4 ,elaborate & impos+ sy/em1 ! regim5t+ & uni=m+ ( ?\ghts1 are1 at pres5t1 evid5ce t we are assi/+ at a /age p]=mance 9 :i* borr[$--or hir$--figures are maneuv]+4 ,t5tatively & piecemeal mu/ ! recon/ruction ( our /ock notions proce$4 ,z a contribution to su* a revision1 ! pres5t collection ( essays is submitt$4 ,) "o or two exceptions1 _! ord] is t ( a rev]s$ *ronology1 ! lat] essays com+ fir/4 ,! facts reg>d+ ! conditions ( _! fir/ appe>ance are giv5 9 connection ) ea* essay4 ,i wi% to ?ank ! ,editors ( ! ,philosophical ,review1 ( ,m9d1 ( ! ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 ( ! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology1 & ,sci5tific ,me?ods1 & ( ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 & ! ,directors ( ! ,press ( ,*icago & ,columbia ,univ]sities1 respectively1 = p]mission to repr9t su* ( ! essays z appe>$ orig9ally "u _! sev]al auspices4 ,,john ,,dewey ,,columbia ,,univ]sity1 ,,new ,,york ,,city1 ,m>* #a1 #aiaj4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,d>w9ism ,,on ,,philosophy #a ,,nature ,,& ,,its ,,good3 ,a ,,conv]sation #bj ,,intellig5ce ,,& ,,morals #df ,,! ,,exp]im5tal ,,!ory ,,( ,,k #gg ,,! ,,intellectuali/ ,,crit]ion ,,= ,,tru? #aab ,a ,,%ort ,,cate*ism ,,conc]n+ ,,tru? #aed ,,beliefs ,,& ,,exi/5ces #afi ,,exp]i5ce ,,& ,,objective ,,idealism #aih ,,! ,,po/ulate ,,( ,,imm$iate ,,empiricism #bbf 8,,consci\sness0 ,,& ,,exp]i5ce #bdb ,,! ,,significance ,,( ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,k #bga ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,d>w9ism ,,on ,,philosophy#b ,i ,t ! publication ( ! 8,orig9 ( ,species0 m>k$ an epo* 9 ! developm5t ( ! natural sci5ces is well kn[n to ! layman4 ,t ! comb9ation ( ! v words orig9 & species embodi$ an intellectual revolt & introduc$ a new intellectual temp] is easily ov]look$ by ! exp]t4 ,! conceptions t _h reign$ 9 ! philosophy ( nature & k = two ?\s& ye>s1 ! conceptions t _h become ! famili> furniture ( ! m9d1 re/$ on ! assumption ( ! sup]iority ( ! fix$ & f9al2 !y re/$ ^u treat+ *ange & orig9 z signs ( defect & unreality4 ,9 lay+ h&s ^u ! sacr$ ark ( absolute p]man5cy1 9 treat+ ! =ms t _h be5 reg>d$ z types ( fixity & p]fection z orig9at+ & pass+ away1 ! 8,orig9 ( ,species0 introduc$ a mode ( ?9k+ t 9 ! end 0 b\nd to trans=m ! logic ( k1 & h5ce ! treatm5t ( morals1 politics1 & religion4 ,no wond]1 !n1 t ! publication ( ,d>w9's book1 a half c5tury ago1 precipitat$ a crisis4 ,! true nature ( ! controv]sy is easily conceal$ f u1 h[ev]1 by ! !ological clamor t att5d$ x4 ,! vivid & popul> features ( ! anti-,d>w9ian r[ t5d$ to leave ! impression t ! issue 0 betwe5 sci5ce on "o side & !ology on ! o!r4 ,su* 0 n ! case--! issue lay prim>ily )9 sci5ce itself1 z ,d>w9 himself e>ly recogniz$4 ,! !ological outcry he disc\nt$ f ! />t1 h>dly notic+ x save z x bore ^u ! 8feel+s ( 8 female relatives40 ,b = two decades be=e f9al publication he contemplat$ ! possibility ( be+ put d[n by 8 sci5tific pe]s z a fool or z crazy2 & he set1 z ! measure ( 8 success1 ! degree 9 :i* he %\ld affect ?ree m5 ( sci5ce3 ,lyell 9 geology1 ,hook] 9 botany1 & ,huxley 9 zoology4 ,religi\s consid]ations l5t f]vor to ! controv]sy1 b !y did n provoke x4 ,intellectually1 religi\s emotions are n creative b cons]vative4 ,!y atta* !mselves readily to ! curr5t view ( ! _w & consecrate x4 ,!y /eep & dye intellectual fabrics 9 ! see?+ vat ( emotions2 !y d n =m _! w>p & wo(4 ,!re is n1 ,i ?9k1 an in/ance ( any l>ge idea ab\t ! _w be+ indep5d5tly g5]at$ by religion4 ,al?\gh ! ideas t rose up l arm$ m5 aga9/ ,d>w9ism ow$ _! int5sity to religi\s associations1 _! orig9 & mean+ are to be s\ght 9 sci5ce & philosophy1 n 9 religion4 ,,ii ,few words 9 our language =e%ort5 intellectual hi/ory z mu* z does ! ^w species4 ,! ,greeks1 9 initiat+ ! intellectual life ( ,europe1 7 impress$ by *>act]i/ic traits ( ! life ( plants & animals2 s impress$ inde$ t !y made ^! traits ! key to def9+ nature & to expla9+ m9d & society4 ,& truly1 life is s wond]ful t a seem+ly successful read+ ( its my/]y might well lead m5 to believe t ! key to ! secrets ( heav5 & e>? 0 9 _! h&s4 ,! ,greek r5d]+ ( ?is my/]y1 ! ,greek =mulation ( ! aim & /&>d ( k1 0 9 ! c\rse ( "t embodi$ 9 ! ^w species1 & x controll$ philosophy = two ?\s& ye>s4 ,to und]/& ! intellectual face-ab\t express$ 9 ! phrase 8,orig9 ( ,species10 we mu/1 !n1 und]/& ! long dom9ant idea aga9/ :i* x is a prote/4 ,consid] h[ m5 7 impress$ by ! facts ( life4 ,_! eyes fell ^u c]ta9 ?+s slight 9 bulk1 & frail 9 /ructure4 ,to e appe>ance1 ^! p]ceiv$ ?+s 7 in]t & passive4 ,sudd5ly1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 ^! ?+s--h5ce=? kn[n z se$s or eggs or g]ms--beg9 to *ange1 to *ange rapidly 9 size1 =m1 & qualities4 ,rapid & ext5sive *anges occur1 h[ev]1 9 _m ?+s--z :5 wood is t\*$ by fire4 ,b ! *anges 9 ! liv+ ?+ are ord]ly2 !y are cumulative2 !y t5d con/antly 9 "o direction2 !y d n1 l o!r *anges1 de/roy or consume1 or pass fruitless into w&]+ flux2 !y realize & fulfil4 ,ea* successive /age1 no matt] h[ unlike its pr$ecessor1 pres]ves its net effect & also prep>es ! way = a full] activity on ! "p ( its successor4 ,9 liv+ be+s1 *anges d n happ5 z !y seem to happ5 else:]e1 any :i* way2 ! e>li] *anges are regulat$ 9 view ( lat] results4 ,?is progressive organization does n cease till !re is a*iev$ a true f9al t]m1 a 1 a complet$1 p]fect$ end4 ,?is f9al =m ex]cises 9 turn a pl5itude ( functions1 n ! lea/ notewor?y ( :i* is production ( g]ms l ^? f :i* x took its own orig91 g]ms capable ( ! same cycle ( self-fulfill+ activity4 ,b ! :ole miracul\s tale is n yet told4 ,! same drama is enact$ to ! same de/9y 9 c\ntless myriads ( individuals s sund]$ 9 "t1 s sev]$ 9 space1 t !y h no opportunity = mutual consultation & no means ( int]action4 ,z an old writ] qua9tly said1 8?+s ( ! same k9d g ?r\gh ! same =malities0--celebrate1 z x 71 ! same c]emonial rites4 ,?is =mal activity :i* op]ates ?r\gh\t a s]ies ( *anges & holds !m to a s+le c\rse2 :i* subord9ates _! aimless flux to its own p]fect manife/ation2 :i*1 leap+ ! b\nd>ies ( space & "t1 keeps individuals di/ant 9 space & remote 9 "t to a uni=m type ( /ructure & function3 ?is pr9ciple seem$ to give insight into ! v nature ( reality itself4 ,to x ,ari/otle gave ! "n1 4 ,?is t]m ! s*ola/ics translat$ z species4 ,! =ce ( ?is t]m 0 deep5$ by its application to ev]y?+ 9 ! univ]se t obs]ves ord] 9 flux & manife/s con/ancy ?r\gh *ange4 ,f ! casual drift ( daily wea!r1 ?r\gh ! unev5 recurr5ce ( seasons & unequal return ( se$ "t & h>ve/1 up to ! maje/ic sweep ( ! heav5s--! image ( et]nity 9 "t--& f ?is to ! un*ang+ pure & contemplative intellig5ce beyond nature lies "o unbrok5 fulfilm5t ( ends4 ,nature z a :ole is a progressive realization ( purpose /rictly comp>able to ! realization ( purpose 9 any s+le plant or animal4 ,! conception ( 1 species1 a fix$ =m & f9al cause1 0 ! c5tral pr9ciple ( k z well z ( nature4 ,^u x re/$ ! logic ( sci5ce4 ,*ange z *ange is m]e flux & lapse2 x insults intellig5ce4 ,g5u9ely to "k is to grasp a p]man5t end t realizes itself ?r\gh *anges1 hold+ !m !reby )9 ! metes & b\nds ( fix$ tru?4 ,completely to "k is to relate all special =ms to _! "o s+le end & good3 pure contemplative intellig5ce4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! sc5e ( nature :i* directly confronts u is 9 *ange1 nature z directly & practically exp]i5c$ does n satisfy ! conditions ( k4 ,human exp]i5ce is 9 flux1 & h5ce ! in/rum5talities ( s5se-p]ception & ( inf]5ce bas$ ^u obs]vation are condemn$ 9 advance4 ,sci5ce is compell$ to aim at realities ly+ beh9d & beyond ! processes ( nature1 & to c>ry on its se>* = ^! realities by means ( rational =ms transc5d+ ord9>y modes ( p]ception & inf]5ce4 ,!re are1 inde$1 b two alt]native c\rses4 ,we mu/ ei!r f9d ! appropriate objects & organs ( k 9 ! mutual int]actions ( *ang+ ?+s2 or else1 to escape ! infection ( *ange1 we mu/ seek !m 9 "s transc5d5t & sup]nal region4 ,! human m9d1 delib]ately z x 71 exhau/$ ! logic ( ! *angeless1 ! f9al1 & ! transc5d5t1 be=e x essay$ adv5ture on ! pa?less wa/es ( g5]ation & trans=mation4 ,we dispose all too easily ( ! ef=ts ( ! s*oolm5 to int]pret nature & m9d 9 t]ms ( real ess5ces1 hidd5 =ms1 & occult faculties1 =getful ( ! s]i\sness & dignity ( ! ideas t lay beh9d4 ,we dispose ( !m by laugh+ at ! fam\s g5tleman :o acc\nt$ = ! fact t opium put p to sleep on ! gr\nd x _h a dormitive faculty4 ,b ! doctr9e1 held 9 our own day1 t k ( ! plant t yields ! poppy consi/s 9 ref]r+ ! peculi>ities ( an individual to a type1 to a univ]sal =m1 a doctr9e s firmly e/abli%$ t any o!r me?od ( kn[+ 0 conceiv$ to be unphilosophical & unsci5tific1 is a survival ( precisely ! same logic4 ,?is id5tity ( conception 9 ! s*ola/ic & anti-,d>w9ian !ory may well sugge/ great] sympa?y = :at has become unfamili> z well z great] humility reg>d+ ! fur!r unfamili>ities t hi/ory has 9 /ore4 ,d>w9 0 n1 ( c\rse1 ! fir/ to "q ! classic philosophy ( nature & ( k4 ,! beg9n+s ( ! revolution are 9 ! physical sci5ce ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,:5 ,galileo said3 8,x is my op9ion t ! e>? is v noble & admirable by reason ( s _m & s diff]5t alt]ations & g5]ations :i* are incessantly made !re910 he express$ ! *ang$ temp] t 0 com+ ov] ! _w2 ! transf] ( int]e/ f ! p]man5t to ! *ang+4 ,:5 ,desc>tes said3 8,! nature ( physical ?+s is mu* m easily conceiv$ :5 !y are beheld com+ gradually into exi/5ce1 ?an :5 !y are only consid]$ z produc$ at once 9 a f9i%$ & p]fect /ate10 ! mod]n _w became self-consci\s ( ! logic t 0 h5ce=? to control x1 ! logic ( :i* ,d>w9's 8,orig9 ( ,species0 is ! late/ sci5tific a*ievem5t4 ,)\t ! me?ods ( ,cop]nicus1 ,kepl]1 ,galileo1 & _! successors 9 a/ronomy1 physics1 & *emi/ry1 ,d>w9 w\ld h be5 helpless 9 ! organic sci5ces4 ,b prior to ,d>w9 ! impact ( ! new sci5tific me?od ^u life1 m9d1 & politics1 _h be5 arre/$1 because betwe5 ^! ideal or moral int]e/s & ! inorganic _w int]v5$ ! k+dom ( plants & animals4 ,! gates ( ! g>d5 ( life 7 b>r$ to ! new ideas2 & only ?r\gh ?is g>d5 0 !re access to m9d & politics4 ,! influ5ce ( ,d>w9 ^u philosophy resides 9 8 hav+ conqu]$ ! ph5om5a ( life = ! pr9ciple ( transition1 & !reby fre$ ! new logic = application to m9d & morals & life4 ,:5 he said ( species :at ,galileo _h said ( ! e>?1 e pur si muove1 he emancipat$1 once = all1 g5etic & exp]im5tal ideas z an organon ( ask+ que/ions & look+ = explanations4 ,,iii ,! exact be>+s ^u philosophy ( ! new logical outlook are1 ( c\rse1 z yet1 unc]ta9 & in*oate4 ,we live 9 ! twilight ( intellectual transition4 ,"o mu/ add ! ra%ness ( ! prophet to ! /ubbornness ( ! p>tizan to v5ture a sy/ematic exposition ( ! influ5ce ^u philosophy ( ! ,d>w9ian me?od4 ,at be/1 we c b inquire z to its g5]al be>+--! effect ^u m5tal temp] & complexion1 ^u t body ( half-consci\s1 half-in/9ctive intellectual av]sions & pref]5ces :i* det]m9e1 aft] all1 our m delib]ate intellectual ent]prises4 ,9 ?is vague inquiry !re happ5s to exi/ z a k9d ( t\*/one a problem ( long hi/oric curr5cy t has also be5 mu* discuss$ 9 ,d>w9ian lit]ature4 ,i ref] to ! old problem ( design v]sus *ance1 m9d v]sus matt]1 z ! causal explanation1 fir/ or f9al1 ( ?+s4 ,z we h already se51 ! classic notion ( species c>ri$ ) x ! idea ( purpose4 ,9 all liv+ =ms1 a specific type is pres5t direct+ ! e>li] /ages ( gr[? to ! realization ( its own p]fection4 ,s9ce ?is purposive regulative pr9ciple is n visible to ! s5ses1 x foll[s t x mu/ be an ideal or rational =ce4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! p]fect =m is gradually approximat$ ?r\gh ! s5sible *anges1 x also foll[s t 9 & ?r\gh a s5sible realm a rational ideal =ce is work+ out its own ultimate manife/ation4 ,^! inf]5ces 7 ext5d$ to nature3 7a7 ,%e does no?+ 9 va92 b all = an ult]ior purpose4 7b7 ,)9 natural s5sible ev5ts !re is !re=e conta9$ a spiritual causal =ce1 :i* z spiritual escapes p]ception1 b is appreh5d$ by an enlight5$ reason4 7c7 ,! manife/ation ( ?is pr9ciple br+s ab\t a subord9ation ( matt] & s5se to its own realization1 & ?is ultimate fulfilm5t is ! goal ( nature & ( man4 ,! design argum5t ?us op]at$ 9 two directions4 ,purposefulness acc\nt$ = ! intelligibility ( nature & ! possibility ( sci5ce1 :ile ! absolute or cosmic "* ( ?is purposefulness gave sanction & wor? to ! moral & religi\s endeavors ( man4 ,sci5ce 0 und]p9n$ & morals au?oriz$ by "o & ! same pr9ciple1 & _! mutual agreem5t 0 et]nally gu>ante$4 ,?is philosophy rema9$1 9 spite ( sceptical & polemic outbur/s1 ! (ficial & ! regnant philosophy ( ,europe = ov] two ?\s& ye>s4 ,! expulsion ( fix$ fir/ & f9al causes f a/ronomy1 physics1 & *emi/ry _h inde$ giv5 ! doctr9e some?+ ( a %ock4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 increas$ acqua9tance ) ! details ( plant & animal life op]at$ z a c\nt]balance & p]haps ev5 /r5g!n$ ! argum5t f design4 ,! m>vel\s adaptations ( organisms to _! environm5t1 ( organs to ! organism1 ( unlike p>ts ( a complex organ--l ! eye--to ! organ itself2 ! =e%ad[+ by l[] =ms ( ! high]2 ! prep>ation 9 e>li] /ages ( gr[? = organs t only lat] _h _! function+--^! ?+s 7 increas+ly recogniz$ ) ! progress ( botany1 zoology1 paleontology1 & embryology4 ,toge!r1 !y add$ su* pre/ige to ! design argum5t t by ! late eighte5? c5tury x 01 z approv$ by ! sci5ces ( organic life1 ! c5tral po9t ( !i/ic & ideali/ic philosophy4 ,! ,d>w9ian pr9ciple ( natural selection cut /raight "u ?is philosophy4 ,if all organic adaptations are due simply to con/ant v>iation & ! elim9ation ( ^? v>iations :i* are h>mful 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce t is br\ght ab\t by excessive reproduction1 !re is no call = a prior intellig5t causal =ce to plan & preorda9 !m4 ,ho/ile critics *>g$ ,d>w9 ) mat]ialism & ) mak+ *ance ! cause ( ! univ]se4 ,"s naturali/s1 l ,asa ,gray1 favor$ ! ,d>w9ian pr9ciple & attempt$ to reconcile x ) design4 ,gray held to :at may be call$ design on ! in/allm5t plan4 ,if we conceive ! 8/ream ( v>iations0 to be itself int5d$1 we may suppose t ea* successive v>iation 0 design$ f ! fir/ to be select$4 ,9 t case1 v>iation1 /ruggle1 & selection simply def9e ! me*anism ( 8second>y causes0 ?r\gh :i* ! 8fir/ cause0 acts2 & ! doctr9e ( design is none ! worse (f because we "k m ( its modus op]&i4 ,d>w9 c\ld n accept ?is m$iat+ proposal4 ,he admits or r he ass]ts t x is 8impossible to conceive ?is imm5se & wond]ful univ]se includ+ man ) 8 capacity ( look+ f> backw>ds & f> into futurity z ! result ( bl9d *ance or necessity40#c ,b nev]!less he holds t s9ce v>iations are 9 useless z well z useful directions1 & s9ce ! latt] are sift$ out simply by ! /ress ( ! conditions ( /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ! design argum5t z appli$ to liv+ be+s is unju/ifiable2 & its lack ( support !re deprives x ( sci5tific value z appli$ to nature 9 g5]al4 ,if ! v>iations ( ! pigeon1 :i* "u artificial selection give ! p\t] pigeon1 are n preorda9$ = ! sake ( ! bre$]1 by :at logic d we argue t v>iations result+ 9 natural species are pre-design$8#d ,,iv ,s mu* = "s ( ! m obvi\s facts ( ! discussion ( design v]sus *ance1 z causal pr9ciples ( nature & ( life z a :ole4 ,we br\ght up ?is discussion1 y recall1 z a crucial in/ance4 ,:at does our t\*/one indicate z to ! be>+ ( ,d>w9ian ideas ^u philosophy8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! new logic outlaws1 flanks1 dismisses--:at y w--"o type ( problems & sub/itutes = x ano!r type4 ,philosophy =swe>s inquiry aft] absolute orig9s & absolute f9alities 9 ord] to explore specific values & ! specific conditions t g5]ate !m4 ,d>w9 conclud$ t ! impossibility ( assign+ ! _w to *ance z a :ole & to design 9 its p>ts indicat$ ! insolubility ( ! "q4 ,two radically diff]5t reasons1 h[ev]1 may be giv5 z to :y a problem is insoluble4 ,"o reason is t ! problem is too high = intellig5ce2 ! o!r is t ! "q 9 its v ask+ makes assumptions t r5d] ! "q mean+less4 ,! latt] alt]native is un]r+ly po9t$ to 9 ! celebrat$ case ( design v]sus *ance4 ,once admit t ! sole v]ifiable or fruitful object ( k is ! p>ticul> set ( *anges t g5]ate ! object ( /udy toge!r ) ! consequ5ces t !n fl[ f x1 & no intelligible "q c be ask$ ab\t :at1 by assumption1 lies outside4 ,to ass]t--z is (t5 ass]t$--t specific values ( p>ticul> tru?1 social bonds & =ms ( beauty1 if !y c be %[n to be g5]at$ by concretely kn[able conditions1 are mean+less & 9 va92 to ass]t t !y are ju/ifi$ only :5 !y & _! p>ticul> causes & effects h all at once be5 ga!r$ up into "s inclusive fir/ cause & "s exhau/ive f9al goal1 is intellectual atavism4 ,su* argum5tation is rev]sion to ! logic t expla9$ ! ext9ction ( fire by wat] ?r\gh ! =mal ess5ce ( aque\sness & ! qu5*+ ( ?ir/ by wat] ?r\gh ! f9al cause ( aque\sness4 ,:e!r us$ 9 ! case ( ! special ev5t or t ( life z a :ole1 su* logic only ab/racts "s aspect ( ! exi/+ c\rse ( ev5ts 9 ord] to r$uplicate x z a petrifi$ et]nal pr9ciple by :i* to expla9 ! v *anges ( :i* x is ! =malization4 ,:5 ,h5ry ,sidgwick casually rem>k$ 9 a lett] t z he grew old] 8 int]e/ 9 :at or :o made ! _w 0 alt]$ into int]e/ 9 :at k9d ( a _w x is anyway1 8 voic+ ( a common exp]i5ce ( our own day illu/rates also ! nature ( t intellectual trans=mation effect$ by ! ,d>w9ian logic4 ,int]e/ %ifts f ! :olesale ess5ce back ( special *anges to ! "q ( h[ special *anges s]ve & defeat concrete purposes2 %ifts f an intellig5ce t %ap$ ?+s once = all to ! p>ticul> intellig5ces :i* ?+s are ev5 n[ %ap+2 %ifts f an ultimate goal ( good to ! direct increm5ts ( ju/ice & happ9ess t intellig5t adm9i/ration ( exi/5t conditions may beget & t pres5t c>elessness or /upidity w de/roy or =ego4 ,9 ! second place1 ! classic type ( logic inevitably set philosophy ^u prov+ t life mu/ h c]ta9 qualities & values--no matt] h[ exp]i5ce pres5ts ! matt]--because ( "s remote cause & ev5tual goal4 ,! duty ( :olesale ju/ification inevitably accompanies all ?9k+ t makes ! mean+ ( special occurr5ces dep5d ^u some?+ t once & = all lies beh9d !m4 ,! habit ( d]ogat+ f pres5t mean+s & uses prev5ts our look+ ! facts ( exp]i5ce 9 ! face2 x prev5ts s]i\s ackn[l$gm5t ( ! evils !y pres5t & s]i\s conc]n ) ! goods !y promise b d n z yet fulfil4 ,x turns ?\ght to ! bus9ess ( f9d+ a :olesale transc5d5t rem$y = ! "o & gu>antee = ! o!r4 ,"o is rem9d$ ( ! way _m morali/s & !ologians greet$ ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s recognition ( an unkn[able en]gy f :i* well$ up ! ph5om5al physical processes )\t & ! consci\s op]ations )94 ,m]ely because ,sp5c] label$ 8 unkn[able en]gy 8,god10 ?is fad$ piece ( metaphysical goods 0 greet$ z an important & grateful concession to ! reality ( ! spiritual realm4 ,7 x n = ! deep hold ( ! habit ( seek+ ju/ification = ideal values 9 ! remote & transc5d5t1 surely ?is ref]5ce ( !m to an unkn[able absolute w\ld be despis$ 9 comp>ison ) ! demon/rations ( exp]i5ce t kn[able en]gies are daily g5]at+ ab\t u preci\s values4 ,! displac+ ( ?is :olesale type ( philosophy w d\btless n arrive by %e] logical dispro(1 b r by gr[+ recognition ( its futility4 ,7 x a ?\s& times true t opium produces sleep because ( its dormitive en]gy1 yet ! induc+ ( sleep 9 ! tir$1 & ! recov]y to wak+ life ( ! poison$1 w\ld n be !reby "o lea/ /ep =w>d$4 ,& 7 x a ?\s& times dialectically demon/rat$ t life z a :ole is regulat$ by a transc5d5t pr9ciple to a f9al inclusive goal1 none ! less tru? & error1 heal? & disease1 good & evil1 hope & fe> 9 ! concrete1 w\ld rema9 j :at & :]e !y n[ are4 ,to improve our education1 to ameliorate our mann]s1 to advance our politics1 we mu/ h rec\rse to specific conditions ( g5]ation4 ,f9ally1 ! new logic introduces responsibility into ! intellectual life4 ,to idealize & rationalize ! univ]se at l>ge is aft] all a confession ( inability to ma/] ! c\rses ( ?+s t specifically conc]n u4 ,z long z mank9d suff]$ f ?is impot5cy1 x naturally %ift$ a burd5 ( responsibility t x c\ld n c>ry ov] to ! m compet5t %\ld]s ( ! transc5d5t cause4 ,b if insight into specific conditions ( value & into specific consequ5ces ( ideas is possible1 philosophy mu/ 9 "t become a me?od ( locat+ & int]pret+ ! m s]i\s ( ! conflicts t occur 9 life1 & a me?od ( project+ ways = deal+ ) !m3 a me?od ( moral & political diagnosis & prognosis4 ,! claim to =mulate a priori ! legislative con/itution ( ! univ]se is by its nature a claim t may lead to elaborate dialectic developm5ts4 ,b x is also "o t removes ^! v conclusions f subjection to exp]im5tal te/1 =1 by def9ition1 ^! results make no diff]5ces 9 ! detail$ c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,b a philosophy t humbles its pret5sions to ! "w ( project+ hypo!ses = ! education & conduct ( m9d1 individual & social1 is !reby subject$ to te/ by ! way 9 :i* ! ideas x prop\nds "w out 9 practice4 ,9 hav+ mode/y =c$ ^u x1 philosophy also acquires responsibility4 ,d\btless ,i seem to h violat$ ! impli$ promise ( my e>li] rem>ks & to h turn$ bo? prophet & p>tizan4 ,b 9 anticipat+ ! direction ( ! trans=mations 9 philosophy to be wr\ght by ! ,d>w9ian g5etic & exp]im5tal logic1 ,i d n pr(ess to speak = any save ^? :o yield !mselves consci\sly or unconsci\sly to ?is logic4 ,no "o c fairly d5y t at pres5t !re are two effects ( ! ,d>w9ian mode ( ?9k+4 ,on ! "o h&1 !re are mak+ _m s9c]e & vital ef=ts to revise our traditional philosophic conceptions 9 accordance ) its dem&s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is z def9itely a recrudesc5ce ( absoluti/ic philosophies2 an ass]tion ( a type ( philosophic kn[+ di/9ct f t ( ! sci5ces1 "o :i* op5s to u ano!r k9d ( reality f t to :i* ! sci5ces give access2 an appeal ?r\gh exp]i5ce to some?+ t ess5tially goes beyond exp]i5ce4 ,?is reaction affects popul> cre$s & religi\s movem5ts z well z te*nical philosophies4 ,! v conque/ ( ! biological sci5ces by ! new ideas has l$ _m to proclaim an explicit & rigid sep>ation ( philosophy f sci5ce4 ,old ideas give way sl[ly2 = !y are m ?an ab/ract logical =ms & categories4 ,!y are habits1 pr$ispositions1 deeply engra9$ attitudes ( av]sion & pref]5ce4 ,moreov]1 ! conviction p]si/s--?\gh hi/ory %[s x to be a halluc9ation--t all ! que/ions t ! human m9d has ask$ are que/ions t c be answ]$ 9 t]ms ( ! alt]natives t ! que/ions !mselves pres5t4 ,b 9 fact intellectual progress usually occurs ?r\gh %e] ab&onm5t ( que/ions toge!r ) bo? ( ! alt]natives !y assume--an ab&onm5t t results f _! decreas+ vitality & a *ange ( urg5t int]e/4 ,we d n solve !m3 we get ov] !m4 ,old que/ions are solv$ by disappe>+1 evaporat+1 :ile new que/ions correspond+ to ! *ang$ attitude ( endeavor & pref]5ce take _! place4 ,d\btless ! greate/ dissolv5t 9 contempor>y ?\ght ( old que/ions1 ! greate/ precipitant ( new me?ods1 new int5tions1 new problems1 is ! "o effect$ by ! sci5tific revolution t f\nd its climax 9 ! 8,orig9 ( ,species40 ,,nature ,,& ,,its ,,good3 ,a ,,conv]sation#e ,a gr\p ( p are scatt]$ ne> "o ano!r1 on ! s&s ( an ocean bea*2 wraps1 baskets1 etc41 te/ify to a day's out+4 ,above ! hum ( ! v>i$ conv]sations are he>d ! mock sobs ( "o ( ! p>ty4 ,v>i\s voices4 ,:at's ! matt]1 ,eaton8 ,eaton4 ,matt] en\gh4 ,i 0 wat*+ a beautiful wave2 its l9es 7 p]fect2 at its cre/1 ! light gl9t+ ?r\gh its inf9itely v>i$ & delicate curves ( foam made a picture m ravi%+ ?an any dream4 ,& n[ x has gone2 x w nev] come back4 ,s ,i weep4 ,grimes4 ,t's "r1 ,eaton2 give x to !m4 ,( c\rse well-f$ & well-read p]sons--) _! possessions ( weal? & ( k bo? ga9$ at ! exp5se ( o!rs--f9ally get bor$2 !n !y wax s5tim5tal ov] _! bor$om & are worri$ ab\t 8,nature0 & its relation to life4 ,n ev]ybody takes x out t way1 ( c\rse2 "s take motor c>s & *ampagne = t tir$ feel+4 ,b ! re/--^? :o ar5't 9 t class f9ancially1 or :o consid] !mselves too ref9$ = t k9d ( relief--seek a new s5sation 9 speculat+ :y t brute old _w out !re w n /& = :at y call spiritual & ideal values--= %ort1 y\r egotisms4 ,! fact is t ! :ole discussion is only a symptom ( ! leisure class disease4 ,if y _h to "w to ! limit & beyond1 to keep s\l & body toge!r1 &1 m ?an t1 to keep alive ! s\l ( y\r family 9 its body1 y w\ld "k ! diff]5ce betwe5 y\r artificial problems & ! g5u9e problem ( life4 ,y\r philosophic problems ab\t ! relation ( 8! univ]se to moral & spiritual good0 exi/ only 9 ! s5tim5talism t g5]ates !m4 ,! g5u9e "q is :y social arrangem5ts w n p]mit ! amply suffici5t body ( natural res\rces to su/a9 all m5 & wom5 9 security & dec5t com=t1 ) a m>g9 = ! cultivation ( _! human in/9cts ( sociability1 love ( k & ( art4 ,z ,i read ,plato1 philosophy began ) "s s5se ( its ess5tially political basis & mission--a recognition t its problems 7 ^? ( ! organization ( a j social ord]4 ,b x soon got lo/ 9 dreams ( ano!r _w2 & ev5 ^? ( y philosoph]s :o pride y\rselves on be+ s advanc$ t y no long] believe 9 8ano!r _w10 are /ill liv+ & ?9k+ ) ref]5ce to x4 ,y may n call x sup]natural2 b :5 y talk ab\t a realm ( spiritual or ideal values 9 g5]al1 & ask ab\t its relation to ,nature 9 g5]al1 y h only *ang$ ! labels on ! bottles1 n ! cont5ts 9 !m4 ,= :at makes any?+ transc5d5tal--t is1 9 common language1 sup]natural--is simply & only alo(ness f practical affairs--:i* affairs 9 _! ultimate analysis are ! bus9ess ( mak+ a liv+4 ,eaton4 ,yes2 ,grimes has ab\t hit (f ! po9t ( my little p>able--9 "o ( its aspects at lea/4 ,9 matt]s ( daily life y say a man is 8(f10 m or less insane1 :5 he delib]ately goes on look+ = a c]ta9 k9d ( result f conditions :i* he has already f\nd to be su* t !y _c possibly yield x4 ,if he keeps on look+1 & !n goes ab\t m\rn+ because /age money won't buy beef/eaks1 or because he _c keep himself w>m by burn+ ! sea-s&s "h1 y dismiss him z a fool or a hy/]ic4 ,if y w\ld condesc5d to reason ) him at all1 y w\ld tell him to look = ! conditions t w yield ! results2 to occupy himself ) "s ( ! c\ntless goods ( life = :i*1 by intellig5tly direct$ se>*1 adequate means may be f\nd4 ,well1 be=e lun*1 ,moore 0 reit]at+ ! old tale4 8,mod]n sci5ce has completely trans=m$ our conceptions ( ,nature4 ,x has /ripp$ ! univ]se b>e n only ( all ! moral values :i* x wore alike to antique pagan & to our m$ieval ance/ors1 b also ( any reg>d1 any pref]5ce1 = su* values4 ,!y are m]e incid5ts1 transitory accid5ts1 9 h] ev]la/+ r$i/ribution ( matt] 9 motion2 l ! rise & fall ( ! wave ,i lam5t1 or l a s+le musical note t a scree*+1 rumbl+ railway tra9 might happ5 to emit40 ,?is is a "o-sid$ view2 b suppose x 7 all s1 :at is ! moral8 ,surely1 to *ange our /&po9t1 our angle ( vision2 to /op look+ = results among conditions t we "k w n yield !m2 to turn our gaze to ! goods1 ! values t exi/ actually & indubitably 9 exp]i5ce2 & consid] by :at natural conditions ^! p>ticul> values may be /r5g!n$ & wid5$4 ,insi/1 if y please1 t ,nature z a :ole does n /& = good z a :ole4 ,!n1 9 heav5's "n1 j because good is bo? s plural 7s 8num]\s07 & s p>tial1 b5d y\r en]gies ( intellig5ce & ( ef=t to select+ ! specific plural & p>tial natural conditions :i* w at lea/ r5d] values t we d h m secure & m ext5sive4 ,any o!r c\rse is ! way ( madness2 x is ! way ( ! spoilt *ild :o cries at ! sea%ore because ! waves d n /& /ill1 & :o cries ev5 m frantically 9 ! m\nta9s because ! hills d n melt & fl[4 ,b no4 ,moore & 8 s*ool w n h x s3 we mu/ 8g back ( ! returns40 ,all ?is sci5ce1 aft] all1 is a mode ( k4 ,exam9e k itself & f9d x implies a complete all-inclusive intellig5ce2 & !n f9d 7by tak+ ano!r tack7 t intellig5ce involves s5ti5cy1 feel+1 & also w4 ,h5ce y\r v physical sci5ce1 if y w only criticise x1 exam9e x1 %[s t its object1 me*anical nature1 is itself an includ$ & sup]s$$ elem5t 9 an all-embrac+ spiritual & ideal :ole4 ,& !re y are4 ,well1 ,i d n n[ insi/ t all ?is is m]e dialectic pre/idigitation4 ,no2 accept x2 let x g at its face value4 ,b :at ( x8 ,is any value m concretely & securely 9 life ?an x 0 be=e8 ,does ?is p]fect intellig5ce enable u to correct "o s+le mis-/ep1 "o paltry error1 "h & n[8 ,does ?is p]fect all-inclusive goodness s]ve to heal "o disease8 ,does x rectify "o transgression8 ,does x ev5 give ! slighte/ inkl+ ( h[ to g to "w at any ( ^! ?+s8 ,no2 x j tells y3 ,nev] m9d1 = !y are already et]nally correct$1 et]nally heal$ 9 ! et]nal consci\sness :i* alone is really ,real4 ,/op3 !re is "o evil1 "o pa91 :i* ! doctr9e mitigates--! hy/]ic s5tim5talism :i* is tr\bl$ because ! univ]se z a :ole does n su/a9 good z a :ole4 ,b t is ! only ?+ x alt]s4 ,! 8pa!tic fallacy0 ( ,rusk9 magnifi$ to ! n? p[] is ! motif ( mod]n idealism4 ,moore4 ,c]ta9ly nobody w accuse ,eaton ( t5d]-m9d$ness--except 9 8 logic1 :i*1 z c]ta9ly1 is n t\gh-m9d$4 ,8 excitem5t1 h[ev]1 conv9ces me t he has at lea/ an inkl+ t he is begg+ ! "q2 & l ! true pragmati/ t he is1 is try+ to prev5t by action 7to wit1 8 flood ( spee*7 8 false logic f becom+ articulate to him4 ,! "q be+ :e!r ! values we seem to appreh5d1 ! purposes we ent]ta91 ! goods we possess1 are any?+ m ?an transitory waves1 ,eaton meets x by say+3 8,oh1 ( c\rse1 !y are waves2 b don't ?9k ab\t t--j sit d[n h>d on ! wave or get ano!r wave to buttress x )60 ,no wond] he recomm5ds action in/ead ( ?9k+6 ,m5 h tri$ ?is me?od be=e1 z a c\nsel ( desp]ation or z cynical pessimism4 ,b x rema9$ = contempor>y pragmatism to label ! dr[n+ ( sorr[ 9 ! intoxication ( ?\ghtless action1 ! highe/ a*ievem5t ( philosophic me?od1 & to prea* wilful re/lessness z a doctr9e ( hope & illum9ation4 ,meantime1 ,i pref] to be t5d]-m9d$ 9 my attitude t[>d ,reality1 & to make t attitude m reasonable by a t\gh-m9d$ logic4 ,eaton4 ,i am will+ to be quiet long en\gh = y to translate y\r metaphor into logic1 & %[ h[ ,i h begg$ ! "q4 ,moore4 ,x is pla9 en\gh4 ,y bid u turn to ! cultivation1 ! nurture1 ( c]ta9 values 9 human life4 ,b ! "q is :e!r ^! are or are n values4 ,& t is a "q ( _! relation to ! ,univ]se--to ,reality4 ,if ,reality sub/antiates !m1 !n inde$ !y are values2 if x mocks & fl\ts !m--z x surely does if :at me*anical sci5ce calls ,nature be ultimate & absolute--!n !y are n values4 ,y & y\r k9d are really ! s5tim5tali/s1 because y are %e] subjectivi/s4 ,y say3 ,accept ! dream z real2 d n "q ab\t x2 add a little iridesc5ce to its fog & ext5d x till x obscure ev5 m ( ,reality ?an x naturally does1 & all is well6 ,i say3 ,p]haps ! dream is no dream b an intimation ( ! solide/ & mo/ ultimate ( all realities2 & a ?or\gh exam9ation ( :at ! positivi/1 ! mat]iali/1 accepts z solid1 namely1 sci5ce1 reveals z its own aim1 /&>d1 & presupposition t ,reality is "o all-exhau/ive spiritual ,be+4 ,eaton4 ,?is is ab\t ! way ,i ?\ght my begg+ ( ! "q w\ld turn out4 ,y insi/ ^u translat+ my position into t]ms ( y\r own2 ,i am n !n surpris$ to he> t x w\ld be a begg+ ( ! "q = y to hold my views4 ,my po9t is precisely t x is only z long z y take ! position t "s ,reality beyond--"s metaphysical or transc5d5tal reality--is necess>y to sub/antiate empirical values t y c ev5 discuss :e!r ! latt] are g5u9e or illusions4 ,drop ! presupposition t y read into ev]y?+ ,i say1 ! idea t ! reality ( ?+s z !y are is dep5d5t ^u some?+ beyond & beh9d1 & ! facts ( ! case j />e y 9 ! eyes3 ,goods are1 a multitude ( !m--b1 un=tunately1 evils also are2 & all grades1 pretty mu*1 ( bo?4 ,n ! contra/ & relation ( exp]i5ce 9 toto to some?+ beyond exp]i5ce drives m5 to religion & !n to philosophy2 b ! contra/ )9 exp]i5ce ( ! bett] & ! worse1 & ! consequ5t problem ( h[ to sub/antiate ! =m] & r$uce ! latt]4 ,until y set up ! notion ( a transc5d5tal reality at l>ge1 y _c ev5 raise ! "q ( :e!r goods & evils are1 or only seem to be4 ,! tr\ble & ! joy1 ! good & ! evil1 is t !y are2 ! hope is t !y may be regulat$1 guid$1 increas$ 9 "o direction & m9imiz$ 9 ano!r4 ,in/ead ( neglect+ ?\ght1 we 7,i mean ! pragmati/s7 exalt x1 because we say t intellig5t discrim9ation ( means & ends is ! sole f9al res\rce 9 ?is problem ( all problems1 ! control ( ! factors ( good & ill 9 life4 ,we say1 inde$1 n m]ely t t is :at intellig5ce does1 b r :at x is4 ,hi/orically1 x is q possible to %[ h[ "u c]ta9 social conditions ?is human & practical problem ( ! relation ( good & intellig5ce g5]at$ ! notion ( ! transc5d5tal good & ! pure reason4 ,z ,grimes rem9d$ u1 ,plato---- ,moore4 ,yes1 & ,protagoras--don't =get him2 = un=tunately we "k bo? ! orig9 & ! consequ5ces ( y\r doctr9e t be+ & seem+ are ! same4 ,we "k q well t pure empiricism leads to ! id5tification ( be+ & seem+1 & t is j :y e deeply moral & religi\s s\l f ! "t ( ,plato & ,ari/otle to ! pres5t has insi/$ ^u a transc5d5t reality4 ,eaton4 ,p]sonally ,i don't ne$ an absolute to enable me to di/+ui% betwe51 say1 ! good ( k9dness & ! evil ( sl&]1 or ! good ( heal? & ! evil ( valetud9>ianism4 ,9 exp]i5ce1 ?+s be> _! own specific *>act]s4 ,nor has ! absolute ideali/ z yet answ]$ ! "q ( h[ ! absolute reality enables him to di/+ui% betwe5 be+ & seem+ 9 "o s+le concrete case4 ,! tr\ble is t = him all ,be+ is on ! o!r side ( exp]i5ce1 & all exp]i5ce is seem+4 ,grimes4 ,i ?9k ,i he>d y m5tion hi/ory4 ,i wi% bo? ( y w\ld drop dialectics & g to hi/ory4 ,y w\ld f9d hi/ory to be a /ruggle = exi/5ce--= bread1 = a ro(1 = protect$ & n\ri%$ (fspr+4 ,y w\ld f9d hi/ory a picture ( ! masses always go+ "u--j miss+--9 ! /ruggle1 because o!rs h captur$ ! control ( natural res\rces1 :i* 9 !mselves1 if n z b5ign z ! eighte5? c5tury imag9$1 are at lea/ abundantly ample = ! ne$s ( all4 ,b because ( ! monopolization ( ,nature by a few p]sons1 mo/ m5 & wom5 only /ick _! heads above ! welt] j en\gh to cat* a glimpse ( bett] ?+s1 !n to be %ov$ d[n & "u4 ,! only problem ( ! relation ( ,nature to human good :i* is real is ! economic problem ( ! exploitation ( natural res\rces 9 ! equal int]e/s ( all1 in/ead ( 9 ! unequal int]e/s ( a class4 ,! problem y two m5 are discuss+ has no exi/5ce--& nev] _h any--outside ( ! heads ( a few metaphysicians4 ,! latt] w\ld nev] h am\nt$ to any?+1 w\ld nev] h _h any c>e] at all1 _h n %rewd monopoli/s or tyrants 7) ! skill t *>act]izes !m7 h se5 t ^! speculations ab\t reality & a transc5d5tal _w c\ld be di/ill$ into opiates & di/ribut$ among ! masses to make !m less rebelli\s4 ,t1 if y w\ld "k1 ,eaton1 is ! real hi/oric orig9 ( ! ideal _w beyond4 ,:5 y realize t1 y w p]ceive t ! pragmati/s are only half-way ov]4 ,y w see t practical que/ions are practical1 & are n to be solv$ m]ely by hav+ a !ory ab\t !ory diff]5t f ! traditional "o--:i* is all y\r pragmatism comes to4 ,moore4 ,if y mean t y\r own crass ,phili/9ism is all t pragmatism comes to1 ,i fancy y are ab\t "r4 ,=get t ! only end ( action is to br+ ab\t an approximation to ! complete inclusive consci\sness2 make1 z ! pragmati/s d1 consci\sness a means to action1 & "o =m ( ext]nal activity is j z good z ano!r4 ,art1 religion1 all ! g5]\s rea*es ( sci5ce :i* d n %[ up imm$iately 9 ! factory--^! ?+s become mean+less1 & all t rema9s is t h>d & dry satisfaction ( economic wants :i* is ,grimes's ideal4 ,grimes4 ,an ideal :i* exi/s1 by ! way1 only 9 y\r imag9ation4 ,i "k ( no m conv9c+ pro( ( ! futile irrelevancy ( idealism ?an ! damn+ way 9 :i* x n>r[s ! cont5t ( actual daily life 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o uphold idealism4 ,i sometimes ?9k ,i am ! only true ideali/4 ,if ! conditions ( an equitable & ample physical exi/5ce = all 7 once secur$1 ,i1 = "o1 h no fe>s z to ! bloom & h>ve/ ( art & sci5ce1 & all ! 8high]0 ?+s ( leisure4 ,life is int]e/+ en\gh = me2 give x a %[ = all4 ,ar?ur4 ,i f9d myself 9 a peculi> position 9 respect to ?is discussion4 ,an analysis ( :at is involv$ 9 ?is peculi>ity may ?r[ "s light on ! po9ts at issue1 = ,i h to believe t analysis & def9ition ( :at exi/s is ! ess5tial matt] bo? 9 resolution ( d\bts & 9 /eps at re=m4 ,= brevity1 n f conceit1 ,i w put ! peculi>ity to :i* ,i ref] 9 a p]sonal =m4 ,i d n believe = a mom5t 9 "s diff]5t ,reality beyond & beh9d ,nature4 ,i d n believe t a manipulation ( ! logical implications ( sci5ce c give results :i* are to be put 9 ! place ( ^? :i* ,sci5ce h]self yields 9 h] direct application4 ,i accept ,nature z some?+ :i* is1 n seems1 & ,sci5ce z h] fai?ful transcript4 ,yet because ,i believe ^! ?+s1 n 9 spite ( !m1 ,i believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( purpose & ( good4 ,h[ ,eaton c believe t fulfilm5t & ! increas+ realization ( purpose c exi/ 9 human consci\sness unless !y fir/ exi/ 9 ! _w :i* is reveal$ 9 t consci\sness is z mu* beyond me z h[ ,moore c believe t a manipulation ( ! me?od ( k c yield consid]ations ( a totally diff]5t ord] f ^? directly obta9$ by use ( ! me?od4 ,if purpose & fulfilm5t exi/ z natural goods1 !n1 & only !n1 c consci\sness itself be a fulfilm5t ( ,nature1 & be also a natural good4 ,any o!r view is inexplicable to s\nd ?9k+--save1 hi/orically1 z a product ( mod]n political individualism & lit]>y romanticism :i* h comb9$ to produce t ideali/ic philosophy accord+ to :i* ! m9d 9 kn[+ ! univ]se creates x4 ,! view t purpose & realization are pr(\ndly natural1 & t consci\sness--or1 if y w1 exp]i5ce--is itself a culm9ation & climax ( ,nature1 is n a new view4 ,=mulat$ by ,ari/otle1 x has always p]si/$ :]ev] ! traditions ( s\nd ?9k+ h n be5 obscur$ by romanticism4 ,! mod]n sci5tific doctr9e ( evolution confirms & specifies ! metaphysical insight ( ,ari/otle4 ,?is doctr9e sets =? 9 detail1 & 9 v]ifi$ detail1 z a g5u9e *>act]i/ic ( exi/5ce1 ! t5d5cy t[>d cumulative results1 ! def9ite tr5d ( ?+s t[>d culm9ation & a*ievem5t4 ,x describes ! univ]se z possess+1 9 t]ms ( & by "r ( its own subject-matt] 7n z an addition ( subsequ5t reflection71 diff]5ces ( value & importance--diff]5ces1 moreov]1 t ex]cise selective influ5ce ^u ! c\rse ( ?+s1 t is to say1 g5u9ely det]m9e ! ev5ts t occur4 ,x tells u t consci\sness itself is su* a cumulative & culm9at+ natural ev5t4 ,h5ce x is relevant to ! _w 9 :i* x dwells1 & its det]m9ations ( value are n arbitr>y1 n obit] dicta1 b descriptions ( ,nature h]self4 ,recall ! words ( ,sp5c] :i* ,moore quot$ ?is morn+3 8,!re is no pleasure 9 ! consci\sness ( be+ an inf9itesimal bubble on a globe t is inf9itesimal comp>$ ) ! totality ( ?+s4 ,^? on :om ! unpity+ ru% ( *anges inflicts suff]+s :i* are (t5 )\t rem$y1 f9d no consolation 9 ! ?\ght t !y are at ! m]cy ( bl9d =ces1--:i* cause indiff]5tly n[ ! de/ruction ( a sun & n[ ! dea? ( an animalcule4 ,contemplation ( a univ]se :i* is )\t conceivable beg9n+ or end & )\t intelligible purpose1 yields no satisfaction40 ,i am nave en\gh to believe t ! only "q is :e!r ! object ( our 8consci\sness10 ( our 8?\ght10 ( our 8contemplation10 is or is n z ! quotation /ates x to be4 ,if ! /atem5t be correct1 pragmatism1 l subjectivism 7( :i* ,i suspect x is only a v>iation1 putt+ emphasis ^u w in/ead ( idea71 is an invitation to close our eyes to :at is1 9 ord] to enc\rage ! delusion t ?+s are o!r ?an !y are4 ,b ! case is n s desp]ate4 ,speak+ dogmatically1 ! acc\nt giv5 ( ! univ]se is j--n true4 ,& ! doctr9e ( evolution ( :i* ,sp5c] pr(ess$ly made s mu* is ! evid5ce4 ,a univ]se describable 9 evolution>y t]ms is a univ]se :i* %[s1 n inde$ design1 b t5d5cy & purpose2 :i* exhibits a*ievem5t1 n inde$ ( a s+le end1 b ( a multiplicity ( natural goods at ^: apex is consci\sness4 ,no acc\nt ( ! univ]se 9 t]ms m]ely ( ! r$i/ribution ( matt] 9 motion is complete1 no matt] h[ true z f> z x goes1 = x ignores ! c>d9al fact t ! "* ( matt] 9 motion & ( its r$i/ribution is su* z cumulatively to a*ieve ends--to effect ! _w ( values we "k4 ,d5y ?is & y d5y evolution2 admit x & y admit purpose 9 ! only objective--t is1 ! only intelligible--s5se ( t t]m4 ,i d n say t 9 addition to ! me*anism !re are o!r ideal causes or factors :i* int]v5e4 ,i only insi/ t ! :ole /ory be told1 t ! "* ( ! me*anism be not$--namely1 t x is su* z to produce & su/a9 good 9 a multiplicity ( =ms4 ,me*anism is ! me*anism ( a*iev+ results4 ,to ignore ?is is to refuse to op5 our eyes to ! total aspects ( exi/5ce4 ,among ^! multiple natural goods1 ,i repeat1 is consci\sness itself4 ,"o ( ! ends 9 :i* ,nature g5u9ely t]m9ates is j aw>5ess ( itself--( its processes & ends4 ,= note ! implication z to :y consci\sness is a natural good3 n because x is cut (f & exi/s 9 isolation1 nor yet because we may1 pragmatically1 cut (f & cultivate c]ta9 values :i* h no exi/5ce beyond x2 b because x is good t ?+s %\ld be kn[n 9 _! own *>act]s4 ,& ?is view c>ries ) x a preci\s result3 to "k ?+s z !y are is to "k !m z culm9at+ 9 consci\sness2 x is to "k t ! univ]se g5u9ely a*ieves & ma9ta9s its own self-manife/ation4 ,a f9al ^w z to ! be>+ ( ?is view ^u ,grimes's position4 ,to conceive ( human hi/ory z a sc5e ( /ruggle ( classes = dom9ation1 a /ruggle caus$ by love ( p[] or gre$ = ga91 is ! v my?ology ( ! emotions4 ,:at we call hi/ory is l>gely non-human1 b s f> z x is human1 x is dom9at$ by intellig5ce3 hi/ory is ! hi/ory ( increas+ consci\sness4 ,n t intellig5ce is actually sov]eign 9 life1 b t at lea/ x is sov]eign ov] /upidity1 error1 & ignorance4 ,! ackn[l$gm5t ( ?+s z !y are--t is ! causal s\rce ( e /ep 9 progress4 ,our pres5t sy/em ( indu/ry is n ! product ( gre$ or tyrannic lu/ ( p[]1 b ( physical sci5ce giv+ ! ma/]y ov] ! me*anism ( ,nature's en]gy4 ,if ! exi/+ sy/em is ev] displac$1 x w be displac$ n by good int5tions & vague s5tim5ts1 b by a m ext5sive insight into ,nature's secrets4 ,mod]n s5tim5talism is revolt$ at ! frank naturalism ( ,ari/otle 9 say+ t "s are slaves by nature & o!rs free by nature4 ,b let socialism come to-morr[ & somebody--n anybody1 b "sbody--w be manag+ its ma*9]y & somebody else w be manag$ by ! ma*9]y4 ,i d n wond] t my sociali/ic fri5ds always imag9e !mselves active 9 ! fir/ capacity--p]haps by way ( comp5sation = do+ all ( ! imag9+ & none ( ! executive managem5t at pres5t4 ,b ^? :o are manag$1 :o are controll$1 des]ve at lea/ a mom5t's att5tion4 ,w\ld y n at once agree t if !re is any ju/ice at all 9 ^! positions ( relative inf]iority & sup]iority1 x is because ^? :o are capable by insight des]ve to rule1 & ^? :o are incapable on acc\nt ( ignorance1 des]ve to be rul$8 ,if s1 h[ d y diff]1 save v]bally1 f ,ari/otle8 ,or d y ?9k t all t m5 want 9 ord] to be m5 is to h _! bellies fill$1 ) assurance ( con/ant pl5ty & )\t too mu* antec$5t labor8 ,no2 believe me1 ,grimes1 m5 are m51 & h5ce _! aspiration is = ! div9e--ev5 :5 !y "k x n2 _! desire is = ! rul+ elem5t1 = intellig5ce4 ,till !y a*ieve t !y w /ill be discont5t$1 rebelli\s1 unruly--& h5ce rul$--%uffle y\r social c>ds z mu* z y may4 ,grimes 7aft] %rugg+ 8 %\ld]s contemptu\sly1 f9ally says73 ,!re is "o ?+ ,i l ab\t ,ar?ur3 he is frank4 ,he comes out ) :at y 9 all y\r he>ts really believe--!ory1 supreme & sublime4 ,all is to ! good 9 ?is be/ ( all possible worlds1 if only "s "o be def9+ & classify+ & syllogiz+1 accord+ to ! l9es already laid d[n4 ,ari/otle's ,god ( pure intellig5ce 7z he well knew7 0 ! glorification ( leisure2 & ,ar?ur's po9t ( view1 if ,ar?ur b knew x1 is z mu* ! intellectual snobb]y ( a leisure class economy1 z ! luxury & display he condemns are its mat]ial snobb]y4 ,!re is really no?+ m to be said4 ,moore4 ,to get back into ! game :i* ,grimes despises4 ,doesn't ,ar?ur practically say t ! univ]se is good because x culm9ates 9 intellig5ce1 & t intellig5ce is good because x p]ceives t ! univ]se culm9ates 9--itself8 ,&1 on ?is !ory1 are ignorance & error1 & consequ5t evil1 any less g5u9e a*ievem5ts ( ,nature ?an intellig5ce & good8 ,& on :at basis does he call by ! titles ( a*ievem5t & end t :i* at be/ is an inf9itesimally fragm5t>y & transitory episode8 ,i said ,eaton begg$ ! "q4 ,ar?ur seems to reg>d x z pro( ( a sup]ior intellig5ce 7"o :i* reali/ically takes ?+s z !y are7 to beg ! "q4 ,:at is ?is ,nature1 ?is univ]se 9 :i* evil is z /ubborn a fact z good1 9 :i* good is con/antly de/roy$ by ! v p[] t produces x1 9 :i* !re resides a tempor>y bird ( passage--consci\sness doom$ to ultimate ext9ction--:at is su* a ,nature 7all t ,ar?ur (f]s u7 save ! problem1 ! contradiction orig9ally 9 "q8 ,a complac5t optimism may gloss ov] its intr9sic self-contradictions1 b a m s]i\s m9d is =c$ to g beh9d & beyond ?is sc5e to a p]man5t good :i* includes & transc5ds goods defeat$ & hopes suborn$4 ,n because ideali/s h refus$ to note ! facts z !y are1 b precisely because ,nature is1 on its face1 su* a sc5e z ,ar?ur describes1 ideali/s h always held t x is b ,appe>ance1 & h attempt$ to m\nt ?r\gh x to ,reality4 ,/air4 ,i _h n ?\ght to say any?+4 ,my attitude is s diff]5t f t ( any "o ( y t x seem$ unnecess>y to inject ano!r v>y+ op9ion :]e already disagreem5t reigns4 ,b :5 ,ar?ur 0 speak+1 ,i felt t p]haps ?is disagreem5t exi/s precisely because ! solv5t ^w _h n be5 utt]$4 ,=1 at bottom1 all ( y agree ) ,ar?ur1 & t is ! cause ( y\r disagreem5t ) him & "o ano!r4 ,y h agre$ to make reason1 intellect 9 "s s5se1 ! f9al umpire4 ,b reason1 intellect1 is ! pr9ciple ( analysis1 ( division1 ( discord4 ,:5 ,i appeal to feel+ z ! ultimate organ ( unity1 & h5ce ( tru?1 y smile c\rte\sly2 say--or ?9k--my/icism2 & ! case = y is dismiss$4 ,words l feel+1 s5sation1 imm$iate appreciation1 self-communication ( ,be+1 ,i mu/ inde$ use :5 ,i try to tell ! tru? ,i see4 ,b ,i well "k h[ inadequate ! words are4 ,& :y8 ,because language is ! *os5 tool ( intellig5ce1 & h5ce inevitably bewraye? ! tru? x w\ld convey4 ,b rememb] t words are b symbols1 & t intellig5ce mu/ dwell 9 ! realm ( symbols1 & y realize a way out4 ,^! words1 s5sation1 feel+1 etc41 z ,i utt] !m are b invitations to woo y to put y\rselves into ! "o attitude t reveals tru?--an attitude ( direct vision4 ,! beatific vision8 ,yes1 & ,no4 ,no1 if y mean some?+ r>e1 extreme1 almo/ abnormal4 ,yes1 if y mean ! commone/ & mo/ conv9c+1 ! only conv9c+ self-imp>tation ( ! ultimate good 9 ! scale ( goods2 ! vision ( bless$ness 9 ,god4 ,= ?is doctr9e is empirical2 my/icism is ! he>t ( all positive empiricism1 ( all empiricism :i* is n m int]e/$ 9 d5y+ rationalism ?an 9 ass]t+ itself4 ,! my/ical exp]i5ce m>ks e man's realization ( ! supremacy ( good1 & h5ce measures ! di/ance t sep>ates him f pure mat]ialism4 ,& s9ce ! unmitigat$ mat]iali/ is ! r>e/ ( creatures1 & ! man ) fai? 9 an unse5 good ! commone/1 e man is a my/ic--& ! mo/ s 9 8 be/ mom5ts4 ,:at an idle contradiction t ,moore & ,ar?ur %\ld try to adduce pro(s ( ! supremacy ( ideal values 9 ! univ]se6 ,! sole possible pro( is ! pro( t actually exi/s--! direct unh9d]$ realization ( ^? values4 ,= ea* value br+s ) x ( necessity its own dep? ( be+4 ,let ! pride ( intellect & ! pride ( w cease _! clamor1 & 9 ! sil5ces ,be+ speaks its own f9al ^w1 n an argum5t or ext]nal gr\nd ( belief1 b ! self-imp>tation ( itself to ! s\l4 ,:o are ! prophets & tea*]s ( ! ages8 ,^? :o h be5 accessible at ! greate/ dep?s to ^! communications4 ,grimes4 ,i suppose t pov]ty--& possibly disease--are specially compet5t m9i/]s to ! spiritual vision8 ,! moral is obvi\s4 ,economic *anges are purely irrelevant1 because purely mat]ial & ext]nal4 ,inde$1 ^u ! :ole1 ef=ts at re=m are undesirable1 = !y di/ract att5tion f ! fact t ! f9al ?+1 ! vision ( good1 is totally disconnect$ f ext]nal circum/ance4 ,i d n say1 ,/air1 y p]sonally believe ?is2 b is n su* a quietism ! logical conclusion ( all my/icism8 ,/air4 ,?is is n s true z to say t 9 y\r ef=ts at re=m y are really inspir$ by ! div9e vision ( ju/ice2 & t ?is my/ic vision & n ! m]e increase ( quantity ( eatables & dr9kables is y\r animat+ motive4 ,grimes4 ,well1 to my m9d ?is :ole affair ( my/ical values & exp]i5ces comes d[n to a simple /raight-away proposition4 ,! subm]g$ masses d n occupy !mselves ) su* que/ions z ^? y are discuss+4 ,!y hav5't ! "t ev5 to consid] :e!r !y want to consid] !m4 ,nor does ! occasional free citiz5 :o ev5 n[ exi/s--a sporadic rem9d] & prophecy ( ultimate democracy--bo!r himself ab\t ! relation ( ! cosmos to value4 ,:y8 ,n f my/ic insight any m ?an f metaphysical pro(2 b because he has s _m o!r int]e/s t are wor? :ile4 ,8 fri5ds1 8 vocation & avocations1 8 books1 8 music1 8 club--^! ?+s engage him & !y rew>d him4 ,to multiply su* m5 ) su* int]e/s--t is ! g5u9e problem1 ,i repeat2 & x is a problem to be solv$ only ?r\gh an economic & mat]ial r$i/ribution4 ,eaton4 ,gladly1 ,/air1 d all ( u absolve ourselves f ! responsibility ( hav+ to create ! goods t life--call x ,god or ,nature or ,*ance--provides4 ,b we _c1 if we w\ld1 absolve ourselves f responsibility = ma9ta9+ & ext5d+ ^! goods :5 !y h happ5$4 ,to f9d x v wond]ful--z ,ar?ur does--t intellig5ce p]ceives values z !y are is trivial1 = x is only an elaborate way ( say+ t !y h happ5$4 ,to invite u1 ceas+ /ruggle & ef=t1 to commune ) ,be+ ?r\gh ! mom5ts ( insight & joy t life provides1 is to bid u to self-indulg5ce--to enjoym5t at ! exp5se ( ^? ^u :om ! burd5 ( conduct+ life's affairs falls4 ,= ev5 ! my/ics /ill ne$ to eat & dr9k1 be clo!d & h\s$1 & somebody mu/ d ^! unmy/ic ?+s4 ,& to ignore o!rs 9 ! int]e/ ( our own p]fection is n conducive to g5u9e unity ( ,be+4 ,intellig5ce is1 inde$1 z y say1 discrim9ation1 di/9ction4 ,b :y8 ,because we h to act 9 ord] to keep secure amid ! mov+ flux ( circum/ance1 "s slight b preci\s good t ,nature has be/[$2 & because1 9 ord] to act successfully1 we mu/ act aft] consci\s selection--aft] discrim9ation ( means & ends4 ,( c\rse1 all goods arrive1 z ,ar?ur says1 z natural results1 b s d all bads1 & all grades ( good & bad4 ,to label ! results t occur culm9ations1 a*ievem5ts1 & !n argue to a quasi-moral con/itution ( ,nature because %e effects su* results1 is to employ a logic :i* applies to ! life-cycle ( ! g]m t1 9 a*iev+ itself1 kills man ) mal>ia1 z well z to ! process ( human life t 9 rea*+ its fullness cuts %ort ! g]m-fulfilm5t4 ,x is putt+ ! c>t be=e ! horse to say t because ,nature is s con/itut$ z to produce results ( all types ( value1 !re=e ,nature is actuat$ by reg>d = diff]5ces ( value1 ,nature1 till x produces a be+ :o /rives & :o ?9ks 9 ord] t he may /rive m effectively1 does n "k :e!r x c>es m = ju/ice or = cruelty1 m = ! rav5\s wolf-l competition ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 or = ! improvem5ts incid5tally introduc$ ?r\gh t /ruggle4 ,lit]ally x has no m9d ( its own4 ,nor w\ld ! m]e introduction ( a consci\sness t pictur$ indiff]5tly ! sc5e out ( :i* consci\sness develop$1 add "o iota ( reason = attribut+ eulogi/ically to ,nature reg>d = value4 ,b :5 ! s5ti5t organism1 hav+ exp]i5c$ natural values1 good & bad1 beg9s to select1 to pref]1 & to make battle = its pref]5ce2 & 9 ord] t x may make ! mo/ gallant fight possible picks out & ga!rs toge!r 9 p]ception & ?\ght :at is favorable to its aims & :at ho/ile1 !n & !re ,nature has at la/ a*iev$ significant reg>d = good4 ,& ?is is ! same ?+ z ! bir? ( intellig5ce4 ,= ! hold+ an end 9 view & ! select+ & organiz+ out ( ! natural flux1 on ! basis ( ?is end1 conditions t are means1 is intellig5ce4 ,n1 !n1 :5 ,nature produces heal? or effici5cy or complexity does ,nature exhibit reg>d = value1 b only :5 x produces a liv+ organism t has settl$ pref]5ces & endeavors4 ,! m]e happ5+ ( complexity1 heal?1 adju/m5t1 is all t ,nature effects1 z rightly call$ accid5t z purpose4 ,b :5 ,nature produces an intellig5ce--ah1 !n1 inde$ ,nature has a*iev$ some?+4 ,n1 h[ev]1 because ?is intellig5ce imp>tially pictures ! nature :i* has produc$ x1 b because 9 human consci\sness ,nature becomes g5u9ely p>tial4 ,because 9 consci\sness an end is pref]r$1 is select$ = ma9t5ance1 & because intellig5ce pictures n a _w j z x is 9 toto1 b images =? ! conditions & ob/acles ( ! cont9u$ ma9t5ance ( ! select$ good4 ,= 9 an exp]i5ce :]e values are demon/rably prec>i\s1 an intellig5ce t is n a pr9ciple ( emphasis & valuation 7an intellig5ce :i* def9es1 describes1 & classifies m]ely = ! sake ( k17 is a pr9ciple ( /upidity & cata/rophe4 ,z = ,grimes1 x is inde$ true t problems are solv$ only :]e !y arise--namely1 9 action1 9 ! adju/m5ts ( behavior4 ,b1 = good or = evil1 !y c be solv$ !re only ) me?od2 & ultimately me?od is intellig5ce1 & intellig5ce is me?od4 ,! l>g]1 ! m human1 ! less te*nical ! problem ( practice1 ! m op5-ey$ & wide-view+ mu/ be ! correspond+ me?od4 ,i d n say t all ?+s t h be5 call$ philosophy p>ticipate 9 ?is me?od2 ,i d say1 h[ev]1 t a ca?olic & f>-sight$ !ory ( ! adju/m5t ( ! conflict+ factors ( life is--:atev] x be call$--philosophy4 ,& unless te*nical philosophy is to g ! way ( dogmatic !ology1 x mu/ loyally id5tify itself ) su* a view ( its own aim & de/9y4 ,,intellig5ce ,,& ,,morals#f 8,except ! bl9d =ces ( nature10 said ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e1 8no?+ moves 9 ?is _w :i* is n ,greek 9 its orig940 ,& if we ask :y ?is is s1 ! response comes t ! ,greek discov]$ ! bus9ess ( man to be pursuit ( good1 & intellig5ce to be c5tral 9 ?is que/4 ,! utmo/ to be said 9 praise ( ,plato & ,ari/otle is n t !y inv5t$ excell5t moral !ories1 b t !y rose to ! opportunity :i* ! spectacle ( ,greek life af=d$4 ,= ,a!ns pres5t$ an all b complete microcosm = ! /udy ( ! int]action ( social organization & individual "*4 ,a public life ( ri* div]sity 9 conc5trat$ & int5se spl5dor tra9$ ! civic s5se4 ,/rife ( faction & ! rapid oscillations ( types ( polity provid$ ! occasion = intellectual inquiry & analysis4 ,! c>e]s ( dramatic p]sonalities1 habits ( discussion1 ease ( legislative *ange1 facilities = p]sonal ambitions1 di/raction by p]sonal rivalries1 fix$ att5tion ^u ! elem5ts ( "*1 & ^u consid]ation ( ! effect ( individual "* on social vitality & /ability4 ,happy exemption f ecclesia/ic preoccupations1 susceptibility to natural h>mony1 & natural piety conspir$ ) frank & op5 obs]vation to ackn[l$gm5t ( ! rle play$ by natural conditions4 ,social in/ability & %ock made equally p]t95t & obvi\s ! rem>k t only intellig5ce c confirm ! values t natural conditions g5]ate1 & t intellig5ce is itself nurtur$ & matur$ only 9 a free & /able society4 ,9 ,plato ! resultant analysis ( ! mutual implications ( ! individual1 ! social & ! natural1 conv]g$ 9 ! ideas t morals & philosophy are "o3 namely1 a love ( t wisdom :i* is ! s\rce ( secure & social good2 t ma!matics & ! natural sci5ces focus$ ^u ! problem ( ! p]ception ( ! good furni% ! mat]ials ( moral sci5ce2 t logic is ! me?od ( ! pregnant organization ( social conditions ) respect to good2 t politics & psy*ology are sci5ces ( "o & ! same human nature1 tak5 fir/ 9 ! l>ge & !n 9 ! little4 ,s f> t l>ge & expansive vision ( ,plato4 ,b projection ( a bett] life mu/ be bas$ ^u reflection ( ! life already liv$4 ,! inevitable limitations ( ! ,greek city-/ate 7 inevitably wr\ght into ! texture ( moral !ory4 ,! bus9ess ( ?\ght 0 to furni% a sub/itute = cu/oms :i* 7 !n relax+ f ! pressure ( contact & int]c\rse )\t & ! friction ( /rife )94 ,reason 0 to take ! place ( cu/om z a guide ( life2 b x 0 to furni% rules z f9al1 z unalt]able z ^? ( cu/om4 ,9 %ort1 ! ?9k]s 7 fasc9at$ by ! aft]gl[ ( cu/om4 ,!y took = _! own ideal ! di/illation f cu/om ( its ess5ce--ends & laws :i* %\ld be rigid & inv>iable4 ,?us ,morals 0 set ^u ! track :i* x d>$ n leave = nigh tw5ty-five hundr$ ye>s3 se>* = ! f9al good1 & = ! s+le moral =ce4 ,ari/otle's ass]tions t ! /ate exi/s by nature1 & t 9 ! /ate alone does ! individual a*ieve indep5d5ce & complet5ess ( life1 are inde$ pregnant say+s4 ,b z utt]$ by ,ari/otle !y meant t1 9 an isolat$ /ate1 ! ,greek city-/ate1 set a g>l&$ isl& 9 ! wa/e sea ( b>b>oi1 a community indiff]5t :5 n ho/ile to all o!r social gr\p+s1 individuals atta9 _! full end4 ,9 a social unity :i* signifi$ social contraction1 contempt1 & antagonism1 9 a social ord] :i* despis$ int]c\rse & glorifi$ w>1 is realiz$ ! life ( excell5ce6 ,!re is likewise a pr(\nd say+ ( ,ari/otle's t ! individual :o o!rwise ?an by accid5t is n a memb] ( a /ate is ei!r a brute or a god4 ,b x is g5]ally =gott5 t else:]e ,ari/otle id5tifi$ ! highe/ excell5ce1 ! *ief virtue1 ) pure ?\ght1 & id5tify+ ?is ) ! div9e1 isolat$ x 9 lonely gr&eur f ! life ( society4 ,t man1 s f> z 9 him lay1 %\ld be godlike1 meant t he %\ld be non-social1 because supra-civic4 ,plato ! ideali/ _h %>$ ! belief t reason is ! div9e2 b he 0 also a re=m] & a radical & he w\ld h ^? :o atta9$ rational insight desc5d aga9 into ! civic cave1 & 9 its obscurity labor pati5tly = ! enlight5m5t ( its ble>-ey$ inhabitants4 ,ari/otle1 ! cons]vative & ! def9] ( :at is1 glori$ 9 ! exaltation ( intellig5ce 9 man above civic excell5ce & social ne$2 & !reby isolat$ ! life ( true/ k f contact ) social exp]i5ce & f responsibility = discrim9ation ( values 9 ! c\rse ( life4 ,moral !ory1 h[ev]1 accept$ f social cu/om m ?an its cataleptic rigidity1 its exclusive area ( common good1 & its unfructifi$ & irresponsible reason4 ,! city-/ate 0 a sup]ficial lay] ( cultur$ citiz5s1 cultur$ ?r\gh a p>ticipation 9 affairs made possible by relief f economic pursuits1 sup]impos$ ^u ! d5se mass ( s]fs1 artizans1 & labor]s4 ,= ?is division1 moral philosophy made itself spiritual sponsor1 & ?us took x up into its own be+4 ,plato wre/l$ valiantly ) ! class problem2 b 8 outcome 0 ! necessity ( decisive dem>cation1 aft] education1 ( ! masses 9 :om reason 0 asleep & appetite mu* awake1 f ! few :o 7 fit to rule because al]tly wise4 ,! mo/ g5]\sly imag9ative s\l ( all philosophy c\ld n f> outrun ! in/itutional practices ( 8 p & 8 times4 ,?is might h w>n$ 8 successors ( ! dang] ( des]t+ ! sob] pa? ( a critical disc]nm5t ( ! bett] & ! worse )9 contempor>y life = ! m excit+ adv5ture ( a f9al det]m9ation ( absolute good & evil4 ,x might h taught ! probability t "s brute residuum or unrationaliz$ social habit w\ld be erect$ into an apo!osis ( pure reason4 ,b ! lesson 0 n le>n$4 ,ari/otle promptly yield$ to ! besett+ s9 ( all philosoph]s1 ! idealization ( ! exi/5t3 he decl>$ t ! class di/9ctions ( sup]iority & inf]iority z betwe5 man & woman1 ma/] & slave1 lib]al-m9d$ & base me*anic1 exi/ & are ju/ifi$ by nature--a nature :i* aims at embodi$ reason4 ,:at1 f9ally1 is ?is ,nature to :i* ! philosophy ( society & ! individual s b\nd itself8 ,x is ! nature :i* figures 9 ,greek cu/oms & my?2 ! nature respl5d5t & adorn$ :i* confronts u 9 ,greek poetry & art3 ! animism ( savage man purg$ ( grossness & g5]aliz$ by un]r+ e/hetic ta/e into beauty & sy/em4 ,! my?s _h told ( ! loves & hates1 ! caprices & des]tions ( ! gods1 & beh9d !m all1 inevitable ,fate4 ,philosophy translat$ ^! tales into =mul ( ! brute fluctuation ( rapaci\s *ange held 9 b\nds by ! f9al & supreme end3 ! rational good4 ,! animism ( ! popul> m9d di$ to reappe> z cosmology4 ,repeat$ly 9 ?is c\rse we h he>d ( sci5ces :i* began z p>ts ( philosophy & :i* gradually won _! indep5d5ce4 ,ano!r /atem5t ( ! same hi/ory is t bo? sci5ce & philosophy began 9 subjection to my?ological animism4 ,bo? began ) acceptance ( a nature ^: irregul>ities display$ ! mean+less v>iability ( fooli% wants held )9 ! limits ( ord] & uni=mity by an und]ly+ movem5t t[>d a f9al & /able purpose4 ,& :5 ! sci5ces gradually assum$ ! task ( r$uc+ irregul> caprice to regul> conjunction1 philosophy bravely took ^u itself ! task ( sub/antiat+1 "u ! caption ( a spiritual view ( ! univ]se1 ! animi/ic survival4 ,d\btless ,socrates br\ght philosophy to e>?2 b 8 injunction to man to "k himself 0 incr$ibly compromis$ 9 its execution by ! fact t lat] philosoph]s subm]g$ man 9 ! _w to :i* philosophy 0 br\ght3 a _w :i* 0 ! heavy & sunk5 c5t] ( hi]>*ic heav5s locat$ 9 _! purity & ref9em5t z remotely z possible f ! gross & muddy ve/ure ( e>?4 ,! v>i\s limitations ( ,greek cu/om1 its ho/ile indiff]5ce to all outside ! n>r[ city-/ate1 its assumption ( fix$ divisions ( wise & bl9d among m51 its inability socially to utilize sci5ce1 its subord9ation ( human int5tion to cosmic aim--all ( ^! ?+s 7 work$ into moral !ory4 ,philosophy _h no active h& 9 produc+ ! condition ( b>b>ism 9 ,europe f ! fif? to ! fifte5? c5turies4 ,by an unwitt+ irony :i* w\ld h %ock$ none s mu* z ! lucid morali/s ( ,a!ns1 _! philosophic idealization1 "u captions ( ,nature & ,reason1 ( ! inh]5t limitations ( ,a!nian society & ,greek sci5ce1 furni%$ ! intellectual tools = def9+1 /&>diz+1 & ju/ify+ all ! fundam5tal clefts & antagonisms ( feudalism4 ,:5 practical conditions are n froz5 9 m5's imag9ation into cry/all9e tru?s1 !y are naturally fluid4 ,!y come & g4 ,b :5 intellig5ce fixes fluctuat+ circum/ances into f9al ideals1 petrifaction is likely to occur2 & philosophy gratuit\sly took ^u itself ! responsibility = ju/ify+ ! wor/ defects ( b>b>ian ,europe by %[+ _! necess>y connection ) div9e reason4 ,! division ( mank9d into ! two camps ( ! r$eem$ & ! condemn$ _h n ne$$ philosophy to produce x4 ,b ! ,greek cleavage ( m5 into sep>ate k9ds on ! basis ( _! position )9 or )\t ! city-/ate 0 us$ to rationalize ?is h>% intol]ance4 ,! hi]>*ic organization ( feudalism1 )9 *ur* & /ate1 ( ^? possess$ ( sacr$ rule & ^? ^: sole excell5ce 0 ob$i5ce1 did n require moral !ory to g5]ate or expla9 x4 ,b x took philosophy to furni% ! intellectual tools by :i* su* *ance episodes 7 emblazon$ ^u ! cosmic heav5s z a gr&iose spiritual a*ievem5t4 ,no2 x is all too easy to expla9 bitt] intol]ance & desire = dom9ation4 ,/ubborn z !y are1 x 0 only :5 ,greek moral !ory _h put und]nea? !m ! di/9ction betwe5 ! irrational & ! rational1 betwe5 div9e tru? & good & corrupt & weak human appetite1 t intol]ance on sy/em & e>?ly dom9ation = ! sake ( et]nal excell5ce 7 philosophically sanction$4 ,! heal? & welf>e ( ! body & ! secur+ = all ( a sure & a prosp]\s livelihood 7 n matt]s = :i* m$ieval conditions fo/]$ c>e 9 any case4 ,b moral philosophy 0 prevail$ ^u to damn ! body on pr9ciple1 & to relegate to insignificance z m]ely mundane & temporal ! problem ( a j indu/rial ord]4 ,circum/ances ( ! times bore ) suffici5t h>dness ^u successful sci5tific inve/igation2 b philosophy add$ ! conviction t 9 any case tru? is s sup]nal t x mu/ be sup]naturally reveal$1 & s important t x mu/ be au?oritatively imp>t$ & en=c$4 ,intellig5ce 0 div]t$ f ! critical consid]ation ( ! natural s\rces & social consequ5ces ( bett] & worse into ! *annel ( metaphysical subtleties & sy/ems1 acceptance ( :i* 0 made ess5tial to p>ticipation 9 ! social ord] & 9 rational excell5ce4 ,philosophy b\nd ! once erect =m ( human endeavor & progress to ! *>iot :eels ( cosmology & !ology4 ,s9ce ! ,r5aissance1 moral philosophy has repeat$ly rev]t$ to ! ,greek ideal ( natural excell5ce realiz$ 9 social life1 "u ! fo/]+ c>e ( intellig5ce 9 action4 ,! return1 h[ev]1 has tak5 place "u ! influ5ce ( democratic polity1 comm]cial expansion1 & sci5tific reorganization4 ,x has be5 a lib]ation m ?an a rev]sion4 ,?is comb9$ return & emancipation1 hav+ trans=m$ our practice ( life 9 ! la/ f\r c5turies1 w n be cont5t till x has writt5 itself cle> 9 our !ory ( t practice4 ,:e!r ! consequ5t revolution 9 moral philosophy be t]m$ pragmatism or be giv5 ! happi] title ( ! appli$ & exp]im5tal habit ( m9d is ( little acc\nt4 ,:at is ( mom5t is t intellig5ce has desc5d$ f its lonely isolation at ! remote edge ( ?+s1 :5ce x op]at$ z unmov$ mov] & ultimate good1 to take its seat 9 ! mov+ affairs ( m54 ,!ory may !re=e become responsible to ! practices t h g5]at$ x2 ! good be connect$ ) nature1 b ) nature naturally1 n metaphysically1 conceiv$1 & social life be *]i%$ 9 behalf ( its own imm$iate possibilities1 n on ! gr\nd ( its remote connections ) a cosmic reason & an absolute end4 ,!re is a notion1 m famili> ?an correct1 t ,greek ?\ght sacrific$ ! individual to ! /ate4 ,none has ev] kn[n bett] ?an ! ,greek t ! individual comes to himself & to 8 own only 9 association ) o!rs4 ,b ,greek ?\ght subject$1 z we h se51 bo? /ate & individual to an ext]nal cosmic ord]2 & !reby x inevitably re/rict$ ! free use 9 d\bt1 inquiry1 & exp]im5tation1 ( ! human intellig5ce4 ,! anima lib]a1 ! free m9d ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ( ,galileo & 8 successors1 0 ! c\nt]p>t ( ! dis9tegration ( cosmology & its animi/ic teleology4 ,! lectur] on political economy rem9d$ u t 8 subject began1 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 z a bran* ( e?ics1 ?\gh1 z he ha/5$ to %[1 x soon got into bett] association4 ,well1 ! same company 0 once kept by all ! sci5ces1 ma!matical & physical z well z social4 ,accord+ to all acc\nts x 0 ! integrity ( ! numb] "o & ! rectitude ( ! squ>e t attract$ ! att5tion ( ,py?agoras to ari?metic & geometry z promis+ fields ( /udy4 ,a/ronomy 0 ! project$ picture book ( a cosmic object lesson 9 morals1 ,dante's transcript ( :i* is none ! less lit]al because poetic4 ,if physics alone rema9$ outside ! moral fold1 :ile noble ess5ces r$eem$ *emi/ry1 occult =ces bless$ physiology1 & ! immat]ial s\l exalt$ psy*ology1 physics is ! exception t proves ! rule3 matt] 0 s inh]5tly immoral t no high-m9d$ sci5ce w\ld demean itself by contact ) x4 ,if we d n jo9 ) _m 9 lam5t+ ! /ripp+ f nature ( ^? ideali/ic prop]ties 9 :i* animism surviv$1 if we d n m\rn ! secession ( ! sci5ces f e?ics1 x is because ! ab&onm5t by intellig5ce ( a fix$ & /atic moral end 0 ! necess>y precondition ( a free & progressive sci5ce ( bo? ?+s & morals2 because ! emancipation ( ! sci5ces f ready made1 remote1 & ab/ract values 0 necess>y to make ! sci5ces available = creat+ & ma9ta9+ m & specific values "h & n[4 ,! div9e com$y ( mod]n m$ic9e & hygi5e is "o ( ! human epics yet to be writt52 b :5 compos$ x may prove no unwor?y companion ( ! m$ieval epic ( o!r worldly beatific visions4 ,! great ideas ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 t expansive epo* ( moral p]ception :i* ranks 9 illum9ation & f]vor along ) classic ,greek ?\ght1 ! great ideas ( ! indef9itely cont9u\s progress ( humanity & ( ! p[] & significance ( fre$ intellig5ce1 7 borne by a s+le "m--exp]im5tal inquiry4 ,! gr[? ( indu/ry & comm]ce is at once cause & effect ( ! gr[? 9 sci5ce4 ,democritus & o!r anci5ts conceiv$ ! me*anical !ory ( ! univ]se4 ,! notion 0 n only blank & repell5t1 because x ignor$ ! ri* social mat]ial :i* ,plato & ,ari/otle _h organiz$ into _! rival ideali/ic views2 b x 0 sci5tifically /]ile1 a piece ( dialectics4 ,contempt = ma*9es z ! acc\t]m5ts ( despis$ me*anics kept ! me*anical conception alo( f ^! specific & controllable exp]i5ces :i* alone c\ld fructify x4 ,?is conception1 !n1 l ! ideali/ic1 0 translat$ into a speculative cosmology & ?r[n l a va/ net ar\nd ! univ]se at l>ge1 z if to keep x f com+ to pieces4 ,x is f respect = ! lev]1 ! pulley1 & ! screw t mod]n exp]im5tal & ma!matical me*anics d]ives itself4 ,motion1 trac$ ?r\gh ! work+s ( a ma*9e1 0 foll[$ out into natural ev5ts & /udi$ j z motion1 n z a poor yet necess>y device = realiz+ f9al causes4 ,s /udi$1 x 0 f\nd to be available = new ma*9es & new applications1 :i* 9 creat+ new ends also promot$ new wants1 & !reby /imulat$ new activities1 new discov]ies1 & new inv5tions4 ,! recognition t natural en]gy c be sy/ematically appli$1 ?r\gh exp]im5tal obs]vation1 to ! satisfaction & multiplication ( concrete wants is d\btless ! greate/ s+le discov]y ev] import$ into ! life ( man--save p]haps ! discov]y ( language4 ,sci5ce1 borr[+ f indu/ry1 repaid ! debt ) int]e/1 & has made ! control ( natural =ces = ! aims ( life s inevitable t = ! fir/ "t man is reliev$ f ov]hang+ fe>1 ) its wolflike scramble to possess & accumulate1 & is fre$ to consid] ! m graci\s "q ( secur+ to all an ample & lib]al life4 ,! indu/rial life _h be5 condemn$ by ,greek exaltation ( ab/ract ?\ght & by ,greek contempt = labor1 z repres5t+ ! brute /ruggle ( c>nal appetite = its own satiety4 ,! indu/rial movem5t1 (fspr+ ( sci5ce1 re/or$ x to its c5tral position 9 morals4 ,:5 ,adam ,smi? made economic activity ! mov+ spr+ ( man's unremitt+ ef=t1 f ! cradle to ! grave1 to bett] 8 own lot1 he record$ ?is *ange4 ,& :5 he made sympa?y ! c5tral spr+ 9 man's consci\s moral endeavor1 he report$ ! effect :i* ! increas+ int]c\rse ( m51 due prim>ily to comm]ce1 _h 9 break+ d[n suspicion & jeal\sy & 9 lib]at+ man's k9dli] impulses4 ,democracy1 ! crucial expression ( mod]n life1 is n s mu* an addition to ! sci5tific & indu/rial t5d5cies z x is ! p]ception ( _! social or spiritual mean+4 ,democracy is an absurdity :]e fai? 9 ! individual z individual is impossible2 & ?is fai? is impossible :5 intellig5ce is reg>d$ z a cosmic p[]1 n an adju/m5t & application ( individual t5d5cies4 ,x is also impossible :5 appetites & desires are conceiv$ to be ! dom9ant factor 9 ! con/itution ( mo/ m5's *>act]s1 & :5 appetite & desire are conceiv$ to be manife/ations ( ! disord]ly & unruly pr9ciple ( nature4 ,to put ! intellectual c5t] ( gravity 9 ! objective cosmos1 outside ( m5's own exp]im5ts & te/s1 & !n to invite ! application ( individual intellig5ce to ! det]m9ation ( society1 is to invite *aos4 ,to hold t want is m]e negative flux & h5ce requires ext]nal fixation by reason1 & !n to invite ! wants to give free play to !mselves 9 social con/ruction & int]c\rse1 is to call d[n an>*y4 ,democracy is e/imable only ?r\gh ! *ang$ conception ( intellig5ce1 t =ms mod]n sci5ce1 & ( want1 t =ms mod]n indu/ry4 ,x is ess5tially a *ang$ psy*ology4 ,! sub/itution1 = a priori tru? & d$uction1 ( flu5t d\bt & inquiry meant tru/ 9 human nature 9 ! concrete2 9 individual hone/y1 curiosity1 & sympa?y4 ,! sub/itution ( mov+ comm]ce = fix$ cu/om meant a view ( wants z ! dynamics ( social progress1 n z ! pa?ology ( private gre$4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury inde$ turn$ s\r on t some:at complac5t optimism 9 :i* ! eighte5? c5tury re/$3 ! ideas t ! intellig5t self-love ( individuals w\ld conduce to social cohesion1 & competition among individuals u%] 9 ! k+dom ( social welf>e4 ,b ! conception ( a social h>mony ( int]e/s 9 :i* ! a*ievem5t by ea* individual ( 8 own fre$om %\ld contribute to a l p]fect+ ( ! p[]s ( all1 ?r\gh a frat]nally organiz$ society1 is ! p]man5t contribution ( ! indu/rial movem5t to morals--ev5 ?\gh s f> x be b ! contribution ( a problem4 ,intellectually speak+1 ! c5turies s9ce ! f\rte5? are ! true middle ages4 ,!y m>k ! transitional p]iod ( m5tal habit1 z ! s-call$ m$ieval p]iod repres5ts ! petrifaction1 "u *ang$ outw>d conditions1 ( ,greek ideas4 ,! consci\s articulation ( g5u9ely mod]n t5d5cies has yet to come1 & till x comes ! e?ic ( our own life mu/ rema9 undescrib$4 ,b ! sy/em ( morals :i* has come ne>e/ to ! reflection ( ! movem5ts ( sci5ce1 democracy1 & comm]ce1 is d\btless ! utilit>ian4 ,sci5tific1 aft] ! mod]n mode1 x c]ta9ly w\ld be4 ,newton's influ5ce dyes deep ! moral ?\ght ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! arrangem5ts ( ! sol> sy/em _h be5 describ$ 9 t]ms ( a homog5e\s matt] & motion1 work$ by two oppos$ & comp5sat+ =ces3 all because a me?od ( analysis1 ( g5]alization by analogy1 & ( ma!matical d$uction back to new empirical details _h be5 foll[$4 ,! imag9ation ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 a ,newtonian imag9ation2 & ?is no less 9 social ?an 9 physical matt]s4 ,hume proclaims t morals is ab\t to become an exp]im5tal sci5ce4 ,j z1 almo/ 9 our own day1 ,mill's int]e/ 9 a me?od = social sci5ce l$ him to re=mulate ! logic ( exp]im5tal inquiry1 s all ! great m5 ( ! ,enlight5m5t 7 9 se>* = ! organon ( morals :i* %\ld repeat ! physical triumphs ( ,newton4 ,b5?am notes t physics has _h its ,bacon & ,newton2 t morals has _h its ,bacon 9 ,helvtius1 b /ill awaits its ,newton2 & he leaves u 9 no d\bt t at ! mom5t ( writ+ he 0 ready1 mode/ly b firmly1 to fill ! wait+ ni*e ) its miss+ figure4 ,! indu/rial movem5t furni%$ ! concrete imag]y = ?is e?ical r5ovation4 ,! utilit>ians borr[$ f ,adam ,smi? ! notion t ?r\gh indu/rial ex*ange 9 a free society ! individual pursu+ 8 own good is l$1 "u ! guidance ( ! 8invisible h&10 to promote ! g5]al good m effectually ?an if he _h set out to d x4 ,?is idea 0 dress$ out 9 ! atomi/ic psy*ology :i* ,h>tley built out f ,locke--& 0 return$ at usuri\s rates to lat] economi/s4 ,f ! great ,fr5* writ]s :o _h s\ght to ju/ify & promote democratic individualism1 came ! conception t1 s9ce x is p]v]t$ political in/itutions :i* deprave individuals & br+ !m into ho/ility1 nation aga9/ nation1 class aga9/ class1 individual aga9/ individual1 ! great political problem is su* a re=m ( law & legislation1 civil & crim9al1 ( adm9i/ration1 & ( education z w =ce ! individual to f9d 8 own int]e/s 9 pursuits conduc+ to ! welf>e ( o!rs4 ,trem5d\sly effective z a tool ( criticism1 op]ative 9 abolition & elim9ation1 utilit>ianism fail$ to measure up to ! con/ructive ne$s ( ! "t4 ,its !oretical equalization ( ! good ( ea* ) t ( e o!r 0 practically p]v]t$ by its excessive int]e/ 9 ! middle & manufactur+ classes4 ,its speculative defect ( an atomi/ic psy*ology comb9$ ) ?is n>r[ness ( vision to make light ( ! con/ructive "w t ne$s to be done by ! /ate1 be=e all c h1 o!rwise ?an 9 "n1 an equal *ance to c\nt 9 ! common good4 ,?us ! age-long subord9ation ( economics to politics 0 rev5g$ 9 ! subm]g+ ( bo? politics & e?ics 9 a n>r[ !ory ( economic pr(it2 & utilit>ianism1 9 its or?odox desc5dants1 pr(f]$ ! disjo9t$ pieces ( a me*anism1 ) a monoton\s reit]ation t look$ at aright !y =m a beautifully h>moni\s organism4 ,prevision1 & to "s ext5t exp]i5ce1 ( ?is failure1 conjo9$ ) diff]+ social traditions & ambitions1 evok$ ,g]man idealism1 ! transc5d5tal morals ( ,kant & 8 successors4 ,g]man ?\ght /rove to pres]ve ! traditions :i* b\nd culture to ! pa/1 :ile revis+ ^! traditions to r5d] !m capable ( meet+ novel conditions4 ,x f\nd weapons at h& 9 ! conceptions borr[$ by ,roman law f ,/oic philosophy1 & 9 ! conceptions by :i* ,prote/ant humanism _h re-edit$ s*ola/ic ,ca?olicism4 ,grotius _h made ! idea ( natural law1 natural "r & obligation1 ! c5tral idea ( ,g]man morals1 z ?or\ghly z ,locke _h made ! individual desire = lib]ty & happ9ess ! focus ( ,engli% & !n ( ,fr5* speculation4 ,mat]ializ$ idealism is ! happy mon/rosity 9 :i* ! popul> dem& = vivid imag]y is mo/ easily reconcil$ ) ! equally /rong dem& = supremacy ( moral values2 & ! complete ideali/ic mat]ialism ( ,/oicism has always giv5 its ideas a practical influ5ce out ( all proportion to _! !oretical vogue z a sy/em4 ,to ! ,prote/ant1 t is ! ,g]man1 humani/1 ,natural ,law1 ! bond ( h>moni\s reason 9 nature1 ! spr+ ( social int]c\rse among m51 ! inw>d light ( individual consci5ce1 unit$ ,cic]o1 ,/4 ,paul1 & ,lu!r 9 bless$ union2 gave a rational1 n sup]rational basis = morals1 & provid$ room = social legislation :i* at ! same "t c\ld easily be held back f too ru?less application to dom9ant class int]e/s4 ,kant saw ! mass ( empirical & h5ce irrelevant detail t _h f\nd refuge )9 ?is lib]al & diffusive reason4 ,he saw t ! idea ( reason c\ld be made self-consi/5t only by /ripp+ x nak$ ( ^! empirical accretions4 ,he !n provid$1 9 8 critiques1 a some:at cumbr\s mov+ van = transf]r+ ! resultant pure or nak$ reason out ( nature & ! objective _w1 & = locat+ x 9 new qu>t]s1 ) a new /ock ( goods & new cu/om]s4 ,! new qu>t]s 7 p>ticul> subjects1 individuals2 ! /ock ( goods 7 ! =ms ( p]ception & ! functions ( ?\ght by :i* empirical flux is wov5 into durable fabrics2 ! new cu/om]s 7 a society ( individuals 9 :i* all are ends 9 !mselves4 ,!re ought to be an injunction issu$ t ,kant's say+ ab\t ,hume's awak5+ ( him %\ld n be quot$ save 9 connection ) 8 o!r say+ t ,r\sseau br\ght him to himself1 9 tea*+ him t ! philosoph] is ( less acc\nt ?an ! labor] 9 ! fields unless he contributes to human fre$om4 ,b none ! less1 ! new t5ant1 ! univ]sal reason1 & ! old home/ead1 ! empirical tumultu\s individual1 c\ld n get on toge!r4 ,reason became a m]e voice :i*1 hav+ no?+ 9 p>ticul> to say1 said ,law1 ,duty1 9 g5]al1 leav+ to ! exi/+ social ord] ( ! ,prussia ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great ! cong5ial task ( decl>+ j :at 0 obligatory 9 ! concrete4 ,! m>riage ( fre$om & au?ority 0 ?us celebrat$ ) ! und]/&+ t s5tim5tal primacy w5t to ! =m] & practical control to ! latt]4 ,! ef=t to =ce a univ]sal reason t _h be5 us$ to ! broad doma9s ( ! cosmos into ! cramp$ conf9es ( individuality conceiv$ z m]ely 8empirical10 a highly p>ticul>iz$ creature ( s5se1 c\ld h b "o result3 an explosion4 ,! products ( t explosion con/itute ! ,po/-,kantian philosophies4 ,x 0 ! "w ( ,hegel to attempt to fill 9 ! empty reason ( ,kant ) ! concrete cont5ts ( hi/ory4 ,! voice s\nd$ l ! voice ( ,ari/otle1 ,?omas ( ,aqu9o1 & ,sp9oza translat$ into ,swabian ,g]man2 b ! h&s 7 z ! h&s ( ,montesquieu1 ,h]d]1 ,condorcet1 & ! ris+ hi/orical s*ool4 ,! outcome 0 ! ass]tion t hi/ory is reason1 & reason is hi/ory3 ! actual is rational1 ! rational is ! actual4 ,x gave ! pleasant appe>ance 7:i* ,hegel did n /r5u\sly disc\rage7 ( be+ specifically an idealization ( ! ,prussian nation1 & incid5tally a sy/ematiz$ apologetic = ! univ]se at l>ge4 ,b 9 intellectual & practical effect1 x lift$ ! idea ( process above t ( fix$ orig9s & fix$ ends1 & pres5t$ ! social & moral ord]1 z well z ! intellectual1 z a sc5e ( becom+1 & x locat$ reason some:]e )9 ! /ruggles ( life4 ,un/able equilibrium1 rapid f]m5tation1 & a succession ( explosive reports are ?us ! *ief notes ( mod]n e?ics4 ,scepticism & traditionalism1 empiricism & rationalism1 crude naturalisms & all-embrac+ idealisms1 fl\ri% side by side--all ! m fl\ri%1 "o suspects1 because side by side4 ,sp5c] exults because natural sci5ce reveals t a rapid transit sy/em ( evolution is c>ry+ u automatically to ! goal ( p]fect man 9 p]fect society2 & 8 ,engli% ideali/ic contempor>y1 ,gre51 is s di/urb$ by ! removal f nature ( its moral qualities1 t he tries to %[ t ?is makes no diff]5ce1 s9ce nature 9 any case is con/itut$ & kn[n ?r\gh a spiritual pr9ciple :i* is z p]man5t z nature is *ang+4 ,an ,amiel g5teelly lam5ts ! decad5ce ( ! inn] life1 :ile 8 neighbor ,nietzs*e br&i%es 9 rude ec/asy ! bann] ( brute survival z a happy om5 ( ! f9al victory ( nobility ( m9d4 ,! reasonable conclusion f su* a sc5e is t !re is tak+ place a trans=mation ( attitude t[>ds moral !ory r ?an m]e propagation ( v>ieties among !ories4 ,! classic !ories all agre$ 9 "o reg>d4 ,!y all alike assum$ ! exi/5ce ( ! end1 ! summum bonum1 ! f9al goal2 & ( ! sep>ate moral =ce t moves to t goal4 ,morali/s h disput$ z to :e!r ! end is an aggregate ( pleasurable /ate ( consci\sness1 enjoym5t ( ! div9e ess5ce1 ackn[l$gm5t ( ! law ( duty1 or con=mity to environm5t4 ,s !y h disput$ z to ! pa? by :i* ! f9al goal is to be rea*$3 fe> or b5evol5ce8 rev]5ce = pure law or pity = o!rs8 self-love or altruism8 ,b ^! v controv]sies impli$ t !re 0 b ! "o end & ! "o means4 ,! trans=mation 9 attitude1 to :i* ,i ref]r$1 is ! gr[+ belief t ! prop] bus9ess ( intellig5ce is discrim9ation ( multiple & pres5t goods & ( ! v>i$ imm$iate means ( _! realization2 n se>* = ! "o remote aim4 ,! progress ( biology has accu/om$ our m9ds to ! notion t intellig5ce is n an outside p[] presid+ supremely b /atically ov] ! desires & ef=ts ( man1 b is a me?od ( adju/m5t ( capacities & conditions )9 specific situations4 ,hi/ory1 z ! lectur] on t subject told u1 has discov]$ itself 9 ! idea ( process4 ,! g5etic /&po9t makes u aw>e t ! sy/ems ( ! pa/ are nei!r fraudul5t impo/ures nor absolute revelations2 b are ! products ( political1 economic1 & sci5tific conditions ^: *ange c>ries ) x *ange ( !oretical =mulations4 ,! recognition t intellig5ce is prop]ly an organ ( adju/m5t 9 difficult situations makes u aw>e t pa/ !ories 7 ( value s f> z !y help$ c>ry to an issue ! social p]plexities f :i* !y em]g$4 ,b ! *ief impact ( ! evolution>y me?od is ^u ! pres5t4 ,!ory hav+ le>n$ :at x _c d1 is made responsible = ! bett] p]=mance ( :at ne$s to be done1 & :at only a broadly equipp$ intellig5ce c und]take3 /udy ( ! conditions out ( :i* come ! ob/acles & ! res\rces ( adequate life1 & develop+ & te/+ ! ideas t1 z work+ hypo!ses1 may be us$ to dim9i% ! causes ( evil & to buttress & exp& ! s\rces ( good4 ,?is program is inde$ vague1 b only unfamili>ity ) x c\ld lead "o to ! conclusion t x is less vague ?an ! idea t !re is a s+le moral ideal & a s+le moral motive =ce4 ,f ?is po9t ( view !re is no sep>ate body ( moral rules2 no sep>ate sy/em ( motive p[]s2 no sep>ate subject-matt] ( moral k1 & h5ce no su* ?+ z an isolat$ e?ical sci5ce4 ,if ! bus9ess ( morals is n to speculate ^u man's f9al end & ^u an ultimate /&>d ( "r1 x is to utilize physiology1 an?ropology1 & psy*ology to discov] all t c be discov]$ ( man1 8 organic p[]s & prop5sities4 ,if its bus9ess is n to se>* = ! "o sep>ate moral motive1 x is to conv]ge all ! in/rum5talities ( ! social arts1 ( law1 education1 economics1 & political sci5ce ^u ! con/ruction ( intellig5t me?ods ( improv+ ! common lot4 ,if we /ill wi% to make our peace ) ! pa/1 & to sum up ! plural & *ang+ goods ( life 9 a s+le ^w1 d\btless ! t]m happ9ess is ! "o mo/ apt4 ,b we %\ld aga9 ex*ange free morals = /]ile metaphysics1 if we imag9e t 8happ9ess0 is any less unique ?an ! individuals :o exp]i5ce x2 any less complex ?an ! con/itution ( _! capacities1 or any less v>iable ?an ! objects ^u :i* _! capacities are direct$4 ,to _m timid1 albeit s9c]e1 s\ls ( an e>li] c5tury1 ! decay ( ! doctr9e t all true & wor?ful sci5ce is k ( f9al causes seem$ fraught ) dang] to sci5ce & to morals4 ,! rival conception ( a wide op5 univ]se1 a univ]se )\t b\nds 9 "t or space1 )\t f9al limits ( orig9 or de/9y1 a univ]se ) ! lid (f1 0 a m5ace4 ,we n[ face 9 moral sci5ce a simil> crisis & l opportunity1 z well z %>e 9 a l dreadful susp5se4 ,! abolition ( a fix$ & f9al goal & causal =ce 9 nature did n1 z matt] ( fact1 r5d] rational conviction less important or less atta9able4 ,x 0 accompani$ by ! provision ( a te*nique ( p]si/5t & detail$ inquiry 9 all special fields ( fact1 a te*nique :i* l$ to ! detection ( unsuspect$ =ces & ! revelation ( undream$ ( uses4 ,9 l fa%ion we may anticipate t ! abolition ( ! f9al goal & ! s+le motive p[] & ! sep>ate & infallible faculty 9 morals1 w quick5 inquiry into ! div]sity ( specific goods ( exp]i5ce1 fix att5tion ^u _! conditions1 & br+ to light values n[ dim & obscure4 ,! *ange may relieve m5 f responsibility = :at !y _c d1 b x w promote ?\ghtful consid]ation ( :at !y may d & ! def9ition ( responsibility = :at !y d amiss because ( failure to ?9k /raight & c>efully4 ,absolute goods w fall into ! backgr\nd1 b ! "q ( mak+ m sure & ext5sive ! %>e ( all m5 9 natural & social goods w be urg5t1 a problem n to be escap$ nor evad$4 ,morals1 philosophy1 returns to its fir/ love2 love ( ! wisdom t is nurse1 z nature is "m1 ( good4 ,b x returns to ! ,socratic pr9ciple equipp$ ) a multitude ( special me?ods ( inquiry & te/+2 ) an organiz$ mass ( k1 & ) control ( ! arrangem5ts by :i* indu/ry1 law1 & education may conc5trate ^u ! problem ( ! p>ticipation by all m5 & wom51 up to _! capacity ( absorption1 9 all atta9$ values4 ,morals may !n well leave to poetry & to art1 ! task 7s un>ti/ically p]=m$ by philosophy s9ce ,plato7 ( ga!r+ toge!r & r\nd+ out1 into "o abid+ picture1 ! sep>ate & special goods ( life4 ,x may leave ?is task ) ! assurance t ! resultant syn!sis w n depict any f9al & all-inclusive good1 b w add j "o m specific good to ! enjoyable excell5cies ( life4 ,humor\s irony %9es ?r\gh mo/ ( ! h>% glances turn$ t[>ds ! idea ( an exp]im5tal basis & c>e] = morals4 ,"s %iv] 9 ! fe> t morals w be plung$ into an>*ic confusion--a view well express$ by a rec5t writ] 9 ! say+ t if ! a priori & transc5d5tal basis ( morals be ab&on$ 8we %all h m]ely ! same c]ta9ty t n[ exi/s 9 physics & *emi/ry06 ,else:]e lurks ! appreh5sion t ! progress ( sci5tific me?od w deliv] ! purposive fre$om ( man b\nd h& & foot to ! fatal decrees ( iron necessity1 call$ natural law4 ,! notion t laws gov]n & =ces rule is an animi/ic survival4 ,x is a product ( read+ nature 9 t]ms ( politics 9 ord] to turn ar\nd & !n read politics 9 ! light ( suppos$ sanctions ( nature4 ,?is idea pass$ f m$ieval !ology into ! sci5ce ( ,newton1 to :om ! univ]se 0 ! dom9ion ( a sov]eign ^: laws 7 ! laws ( nature4 ,f ,newton x pass$ into ! deism ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5ce x migrat$ into ! philosophy ( ! ,enlight5m5t1 to make its la/ /& 9 ,sp5c]'s philosophy ( ! fix$ environm5t & ! /atic goal4 ,no1 nature is n an un*angeable ord]1 unw9d+ itself maje/ically f ! reel ( law "u ! control ( deifi$ =ces4 ,x is an indef9ite cong]ies ( *anges4 ,laws are n gov]nm5tal regulations :i* limit *ange1 b are conv5i5t =mulations ( select$ portions ( *ange foll[$ ?r\gh a long] or %ort] p]iod ( "t1 & !n regi/]$ 9 /ati/ical =ms t are am5able to ma!matical manipulation4 ,t ?is device ( %or?& symbolization presages ! subjection ( man's intellig5t ef=t to fixity ( law & environm5t is int]e/+ z a culture survival1 b is n important = moral !ory4 ,savage & *ild delight 9 creat+ bogeys f :i*1 _! orig9 & /ructure be+ conv5i5tly conceal$1 int]e/+ ?rills & %udd]s may be _h4 ,civiliz$ man 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury outdid ^! bugaboos 9 8 image ( a fix$ univ]se hung on a ca/-iron framework ( fix$1 necess>y1 & univ]sal laws4 ,k ( nature does n mean subjection to pr$e/9ation1 b insight into c\rses ( *ange2 an insight :i* is =mulat$ 9 8laws10 t is1 me?ods ( subsequ5t proc$ure4 ,k ( ! process & conditions ( physical & social *ange ?r\gh exp]im5tal sci5ce & g5etic hi/ory has "o result ) a d\ble "n3 increase ( control1 & increase ( responsibility2 increase ( p[] to direct natural *ange1 & increase ( responsibility = its equitable direction t[>d full] good4 ,!ory locat$ )9 progressive practice in/ead ( reign+ /atically supreme ov] x1 means practice itself made responsible to intellig5ce2 to intellig5ce :i* rel5tlessly scrut9izes ! consequ5ces ( e practice1 & :i* exacts liability by an equally rel5tless publicity4 ,z long z morals occupies itself ) m]e ideals1 =ces & conditions z !y are w be good en\gh = 8practical0 m51 s9ce !y are !n left free to _! own devices 9 turn+ ^! to _! own acc\nt4 ,z long z morali/s plume !mselves ^u possession ( ! doma9 ( ! categorical imp]ative ) its b>e precepts1 m5 ( executive habits w always be at _! elb[s to regulate ! concrete social conditions ?r\gh :i* ! =m ( law gets its actual fill+ ( specific injunctions4 ,:5 fre$om is conceiv$ to be transc5d5tal1 ! co]cive re/ra9t ( imm$iate necessity w lay its h>% h& ^u ! mass ( m54 ,9 ! end1 m5 d :at !y c d4 ,!y refra9 f do+ :at !y _c d4 ,!y d :at _! own specific p[]s 9 conjunction ) ! limitations & res\rces ( ! environm5t p]mit4 ,! effective control ( _! p[]s is n ?r\gh precepts1 b ?r\gh ! regulation ( _! conditions4 ,if ?is regulation is to be n m]ely physical or co]cive1 b moral1 x mu/ consi/ ( ! intellig5t selection & det]m9ation ( ! environm5ts 9 :i* we act2 & 9 an intellig5t exaction ( responsibility = ! use ( m5's p[]s4 ,!ori/s inquire aft] ! 8motive0 to morality1 to virtue & ! good1 "u su* circum/ances4 ,:at !n1 "o wond]s1 is _! conception ( ! make-up ( human nature & ( its relation to virtue & to goodness8 ,! pessimism t dictates su* a "q1 if x be ju/ifi$1 precludes any consid]ation ( morals4 ,! div]sion ( intellig5ce f discrim9ation ( plural & concrete goods1 f not+ _! conditions & ob/acles1 & f devis+ me?ods = hold+ m5 responsible = _! concrete use ( p[]s & conditions1 has done m ?an brute love ( p[] to e/abli% inequality & inju/ice among m54 ,x has done m1 because x has confirm$ ) social sanctions ! pr9ciple ( feudal dom9ation4 ,all m5 require moral sanctions 9 _! conduct3 ! cons5t ( _! k9d4 ,n gett+ x o!rwise1 !y g insane to feign x4 ,no man ev] liv$ ) ! exclusive approval ( 8 own consci5ce4 ,h5ce ! vacuum left 9 practical matt]s by ! remote irrelevancy ( transc5d5tal morals has to be fill$ 9 someh[4 ,x is fill$ 94 ,x is fill$ 9 ) class-codes1 class-/&>ds1 class-approvals--) codes :i* recomm5d ! practices & habits already curr5t 9 a giv5 circle1 set1 call+1 pr(ession1 trade1 indu/ry1 club1 or gang4 ,^! class-codes always lean back ^u & support !mselves by ! pr(ess$ ideal code4 ,?is latt] meets !m m ?an half-way4 ,be+ 9 its pret5se a !ory = regulat+ practice1 x mu/ demon/rate its practicability4 ,x is uneasy 9 isolation1 & travels ha/ily to meet ) compromise & accommodation ! actual situation 9 all its brute unrationality4 ,:]e ! pressure is greate/--9 ! habitual practice ( ! political & economic *iefta9s--!re x accommodates ! mo/4 ,class-codes ( morals are sanctions1 "u ! caption ( ideals1 ( uncriticis$ cu/oms2 !y are recomm5dations1 "u ! head ( duties1 ( :at ! memb]s ( ! class are already mo/ giv5 to do+4 ,if !re are to obta9 m equable & compreh5sive pr9ciples ( action1 exact+ a m imp>tial ex]cise ( natural p[] & res\rce 9 ! int]e/s ( a common good1 memb]s ( a class mu/ no long] re/ cont5t 9 responsibility to a class ^: traditions con/itute its consci5ce1 b be made responsible to a society ^: consci5ce is its free & effectively organiz$ intellig5ce4 ,9 su* a consci5ce alone w ! ,socratic injunction to man to "k himself be fulfill$4 ,,! ,,exp]im5tal ,,!ory ,,( ,,k#g ,x %\ld be possible to disc]n & describe a kn[+ z "o id5tifies any object1 conc]n1 or ev5t4 ,x mu/ h its own m>ks2 x mu/ (f] *>act]i/ic features--z mu* s z a ?und]-/orm1 ! con/itution ( a ,/ate1 or a leop>d4 ,9 ! se>* = ?is affair1 we are fir/ ( all desir\s = some?+ :i* is = itself1 contemporane\sly ) its occurr5ce1 a cognition1 n some?+ call$ k by ano!r & f )\t--:e!r ?is o!r be logician1 psy*ologi/1 or epi/emologi/4 ,! 8k0 may turn out false1 & h5ce no k2 b ?is is an aft]-affair2 x may prove to be ri* 9 fruitage ( wisdom1 b if ?is outcome be only wisdom aft] ! ev5t1 x does n conc]n u4 ,:at we want is j some?+ :i* takes itself z k1 rightly or wrongly4 ,i ,?is means a specific case1 a sample4 ,yet in/ances are prov]bially dang]\s--s navely & graci\sly may !y beg ! que/ions at issue4 ,our rec\rse is to an example s simple1 s mu* on its face z to be z innoc5t z may be ( assumptions4 ,?is case we %all gradually complicate1 m9dful at ea* /ep to /ate j :at new elem5ts are introduc$4 ,let u suppose a smell1 j a float+ odor4 ,?is odor may be an*or$ by suppos+ t x moves to action2 x />ts *anges t end 9 pick+ & enjoy+ a rose4 ,?is description is int5d$ to apply to ! c\rse ( ev5ts witness$ & rec\nt$ f )\t4 ,:at sort ( a c\rse mu/ x be to con/itute a k1 or to h some:]e )9 its c>e] t :i* des]ves ?is title8 ,! smell1 imprimis1 is !re2 ! movem5ts t x excites are !re2 ! f9al pluck+ & gratification are exp]i5c$4 ,b1 let u say1 ! smell is n ! smell ( ! rose2 ! result+ *ange ( ! organism is n a s5se ( walk+ & rea*+2 ! delici\s f9ale is n ! fulfilm5t ( ! movem5t1 &1 ?r\gh t1 ( ! orig9al smell2 8is n10 9 ea* case mean+ is 8n exp]i5c$ z0 su*4 ,we may take1 9 %ort1 ^! exp]i5ces 9 a brutely s]ial fa%ion4 ,! smell1 ,s1 is replac$ 7& displac$7 by a felt movem5t1 ,k1 ?is is replac$ by ! gratification1 ,g4 ,view$ f )\t1 z we are n[ reg>d+ x1 !re is ,s-,k-,g4 ,b f )91 = itself1 x is n[ ,s1 n[ ,k1 n[ ,g1 & s on to ! end ( ! *apt]4 ,n[h]e is !re look+ be=e & aft]2 memory & anticipation are n born4 ,su* an exp]i5ce nei!r is1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 a k1 nor does x ex]cise a cognitive function4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 we may be halt$4 ,if !re is any?+ pres5t 9 8consci\sness0 at all1 we may be told 7at lea/ we con/antly are s told7 !re mu/ be k ( x z pres5t--pres5t1 at all ev5ts1 9 8consci\sness40 ,!re is1 s x is argu$1 k at lea/ ( a simple appreh5sive type1 k ( ! acqua9tance ord]1 k t1 ev5 ?\gh n k :at4 ,! smell1 x is admitt$1 does n "k ab\t any?+ else1 nor is any?+ kn[n ab\t ! smell 7! same ?+1 p]haps72 b ! smell is kn[n1 ei!r by itself1 or by ! m9d1 or by "s subject1 "s unw9k+1 unremitt+ eye4 ,no1 we mu/ reply2 !re is no appreh5sion )\t "s 7h[ev] slight7 context2 no acqua9tance :i* is n ei!r recognition or expectation4 ,acqua9tance is pres5ce honor$ ) an escort2 pres5ce is introduc$ z famili>1 or an associate spr+s up to greet x4 ,acqua9tance always implies a little fri5dl9ess2 a trace ( re-kn[+1 ( anticipatory welcome or dread ( ! trait to foll[4 ,?is claim _c be dismiss$ z trivial4 ,if valid1 x c>ries ) x ! di/ance betwe5 be+ & kn[+3 & ! recognition ( an elem5t ( m$iation1 t is1 ( art1 9 all k4 ,?is disp>ity1 ?is transc5d5ce1 is n some?+ :i* holds ( our k1 ( f9ite k1 j m>k+ ! gap betwe5 our type ( consci\sness & "s o!r ) :i* we may contra/ x aft] ! mann] ( ! agno/ic or ! transc5d5tali/ 7:o hold s mu* prop]ty 9 jo9t own]%ip671 b exi/s because kn[+ is kn[+1 t way ( br++ ?+s to be> ^u ?+s :i* we call reflection--a manipulation ( ?+s exp]i5c$ 9 ! light "o ( ano!r4 8,feel+10 ,i read 9 a rec5t article1 8feel+ is imm$iately acqua9t$ ) its own quality1 ) its own subjective be+40#h ,h[ & :5ce ?is duplication 9 ! inw>ds ( feel+ into feel+ ! kn[] & feel+ ! kn[n8 into feel+ z be+ & feel+ z acqua9tance8 ,let u frankly d5y su* mon/]s4 ,feel+ is its own quality2 is its own specific 7:5ce & :y1 once m1 subjective87 be+4 ,if ?is /atem5t be dogmatism1 x is at lea/ wor? insi/5t decl>ation1 7 x only by way ( c\nt]-irritant to t o!r dogmatism :i* ass]ts t be+ 9 8consci\sness0 is always pres5ce = or 9 k4 ,s let u repeat once m1 t to be a smell 7or any?+ else7 is "o ?+1 to be kn[n z smell1 ano!r2 to be a 8feel+0 "o ?+1 to be kn[n z a 8feel+0 ano!r4#i ,! fir/ is ?+hood2 exi/5ce indubitable1 direct2 9 ?is way all ?+s are t are 9 8consci\sness0 at all4#aj ,! second is reflect$ be+1 ?+s indicat+ & call+ = o!r ?+s--some?+ (f]+ ! possibility ( tru? & h5ce ( falsity4 ,! fir/ is g5u9e imm$iacy2 ! second is 79 ! in/ance discuss$7 a pseudo-imm$iacy1 :i* 9 ! same brea? t x proclaims its imm$iacy smuggles 9 ano!r t]m 7& "o :i* is unexp]i5c$ bo? 9 itself & 9 its relation7 ! subject or 8consci\sness10 to :i* ! imm$iate is relat$4#aa ,b we ne$ n rema9 ) dogmatic ass]tions4 ,to be acqua9t$ ) a ?+ or ) a p]son has a def9ite empirical mean+2 we h only to call to m9d :at x is to be g5u9ely & empirically acqua9t$1 to h done =ev] ) ?is uncanny pres5ce :i*1 ?\gh b>e & simple pres5ce1 is yet kn[n1 & ?us is clo!d ^u & complicat$4 ,to be acqua9t$ ) a ?+ is to be assur$ 7f ! /&po9t ( ! exp]i5ce itself7 t x is ( su* & su* a "*2 t x w behave1 if giv5 an opportunity1 9 su* & su* a way2 t ! obvi\sly & flagrantly pres5t trait is associat$ ) fell[ traits t w %[ !mselves1 if ! lead+s ( ! pres5t trait are foll[$ out4 ,to be acqua9t$ is to anticipate to "s ext5t1 on ! basis ( prior exp]i5ce4 ,i am1 say1 b>ely acqua9t$ ) ,mr4 ,smi?3 !n ,i h no ext5d$ body ( associat$ qualities along ) ^? palpably pres5t1 b at lea/ "s "o sugge/$ trait occurs2 8 nose1 8 tone ( voice1 ! place :]e ,i saw him1 8 call+ 9 life1 an int]e/+ anecdote ab\t him1 etc4 ,to be acqua9t$ is to "k :at a ?+ is l 9 "s p>ticul>4 ,if "o is acqua9t$ ) ! smell ( a fl[] x means t ! smell is n j smell1 b rem9ds "o ( "s o!r exp]i5c$ ?+ :i* /&s 9 cont9uity ) ! smell4 ,!re is ?us suppli$ a condition ( control ov] or pur*ase ^u :at is pres5t1 ! possibility ( translat+ x into t]ms ( "s o!r trait n n[ s5sibly pres5t4 ,let u return to our example4 ,let u suppose t ,s is n j displac$ by ,k & !n by ,g4 ,let u suppose x p]si/s2 & p]si/s n z an un*ang$ ,s alongside ,k & ,g1 nor yet z fus$ ) !m into a new fur!r quale ,j4 ,= 9 su* ev5ts1 we h only ! type already consid]$ & reject$4 ,= an obs]v] ! new quale might be m complex1 or full] ( mean+1 ?an ! orig9al ,s1 ,k1 or ,g1 b might n be exp]i5c$ z complex4 ,we might ?us suppose a composite photograph :i* %\ld sugge/ no?+ ( ! complexity ( its orig9 & /ructure4 ,9 ?is case we %\ld h simply ano!r picture4 ,b we may also suppose t ! blur ( ! photograph sugge/s ! sup]imposition ( pictures & some?+ ( _! "*4 ,!n we get ano!r1 & = our problem1 mu* m fruitful k9d ( p]si/5ce4 ,we w imag9e t ! f9al ,g assumes ?is =m3 ,gratification-t]m9at+-movem5t-induc$-by -smell4 ,! smell is /ill pres5t2 x has p]si/$4 ,x is n pres5t 9 its orig9al =m1 b is repres5t$ ) a quality1 an (fice1 t ( hav+ excit$ activity & !reby t]m9at+ its c>e] 9 a c]ta9 quale ( gratification4 ,x is n ,s1 b 2 t is ,s ) an increm5t ( mean+ due to ma9t5ance & fulfilm5t ?r\gh a process4 ,s is no long] j smell1 b smell :i* has excit$ & !reby secur$4 ,"h we h a cognitive1 b n a cognitional ?+4 ,9 say+ t ! smell is f9ally exp]i5c$ z mean+ gratification 7?r\gh int]v5+ h&l+1 see+1 etc47 & mean+ x n 9 a hapless way1 b 9 a fa%ion :i* op]ates to effect :at is meant1 we retrospectively attribute intellectual =ce & function to ! smell--& ?is is :at is signifi$ by 8cognitive40 ,yet ! smell is n cognitional1 because x did n kn[+ly int5d to mean ?is2 b is f\nd1 aft] ! ev5t1 to h meant x4 ,nor aga9 is ! f9al exp]i5ce1 ! or trans=m$ ,s1 a k4 ,"h aga9 ! /atem5t may be *all5g$4 ,^? :o agree ) ! d5ial t b>e pres5ce ( a quale 9 8consci\sness0 con/itutes acqua9tance & simple appreh5sion1 may n[ turn aga9/ u1 say+ t exp]i5ce ( fulfilm5t ( mean+ is j :at we mean by k1 & ?is is j :at ! ( our illu/ration is4 ,! po9t is fundam5tal4 ,z ! smell at fir/ 0 pres5ce or be+1 less ?an kn[+1 s ! fulfilm5t is an exp]i5ce t is m ?an kn[+4 ,see+ & h&l+ ! fl[]1 enjoy+ ! full mean+ ( ! smell z ! odor ( j ?is beautiful ?+1 is n k because x is m ?an k4 ,z ?is may seem dogmatic1 let u suppose t ! fulfilm5t1 ! realization1 exp]i5ce1 is a k4 ,!n h[ %all x be di/+ui%$ f & yet class$ ) o!r ?+s call$ k1 viz41 reflective1 discursive cognitions8 ,su* kn[l$ges are :at !y are precisely because !y are n fulfilm5ts1 b int5tions1 aims1 s*emes1 symbols ( ov]t fulfilm5t4 ,k1 p]ceptual & conceptual1 ( a hunt+ dog is pr]equisite 9 ord] t ,i may really hunt ) ! h\nds4 ,! hunt+ 9 turn may increase my k ( dogs & _! ways4 ,b ! k ( ! dog1 qua k1 rema9s *>act]i/ically m>k$ (f f ! use ( t k 9 ! fulfilm5t exp]i5ce1 ! hunt4 ,! hunt is a realization ( k2 x alone1 if y please1 v]ifies1 validates1 k1 or supplies te/s ( tru?4 ,! prior k ( ! dog1 01 if y wi%1 hypo!tical1 lack+ 9 assurance or categorical c]ta9ty4 ,! hunt+1 ! fulfill+1 realiz+ exp]i5ce alone gives k1 because x alone completely assures2 makes fai? good 9 works4 ,n[ !re is & c be no objection to ?is def9ition ( k1 provid$ x is consi/5tly adh]$ to4 ,"o has z mu* "r to id5tify k ) complete assurance1 z ,i h to id5tify x ) any?+ else4 ,consid]able ju/ification 9 ! common use ( language1 9 common s5se1 may be f\nd = def9+ k z complete assurance4 ,b ev5 ^u ?is def9ition1 ! fulfill+ exp]i5ce is n1 z su*1 complete assurance1 & h5ce n a k4 ,assurance1 cognitive validation1 & gu>antee%ip1 foll[ f x1 b are n co9cid5t ) its occurr5ce4 ,x gives1 b is n1 assurance4 ,! concrete con/ruction ( a /ory1 ! manipulation ( a ma*9e1 ! hunt+ ) ! dogs1 is n1 s f> z x is fulfilm5t1 a confirmation ( mean+s previ\sly ent]ta9$ z cognitional2 t is1 is n contemporane\sly exp]i5c$ z su*4 ,to ?9k ( prior s*emes1 symbols1 mean+s1 z fulfill$ 9 a subsequ5t exp]i5ce1 is reflectively to pres5t 9 _! relations to "o ano!r bo? ! mean+s & ! exp]i5ces 9 :i* !y are1 z a matt] ( fact1 embodi$4 ,?is reflective attitude _c be id5tical ) ! fulfilm5t exp]i5ce itself2 x occurs only 9 retrospect :5 ! wor? ( ! mean+s1 or cognitive ideas1 is critically inspect$ 9 ! light ( _! fulfilm5t2 or x occurs z an int]ruption ( ! fulfill+ exp]i5ce4 ,! hunt] /ops 8 hunt+ z a fulfilm5t to reflect t he made a mi/ake 9 8 idea ( 8 dog1 or aga91 t 8 dog is ev]y?+ he ?\ght he 0--t 8 notion ( him is confirm$4 ,or1 ! man /ops ! actual con/ruction ( 8 ma*9e & turns back ^u 8 plan 9 correction or 9 admir+ e/imate ( its value4 ,! fulfill+ exp]i5ce is n ( itself k1 !n1 ev5 if we id5tify k ) fulness ( assurance or gu>antee4 ,moreov] x gives1 af=ds1 assurance only 9 ref]5ce to a situation :i* we h n yet consid]$4#ab ,be=e ! category ( confirmation or refutation c be introduc$1 !re mu/ be some?+ :i* means to mean some?+ & :i* !re=e c be gu>ante$ or nullifi$ by ! issue--& ?is is precisely :at we h n z yet f\nd4 ,we mu/ return to our in/ance & introduce a fur!r complication4 ,let u suppose t ! smell quale recurs at a lat] date1 & t x recurs nei!r z ! orig9al ,s nor yet z ! f9al b z an ,s' :i* is fat$ or *>g$ ) ! s5se ( ! possibility ( a fulfilm5t l unto 4 ,! ,s' t recurs is aw>e ( some?+ else :i* x means1 :i* x int5ds to effect ?r\gh an op]ation incit$ by x & )\t :i* its own pres5ce is abortive1 &1 s to say1 unju/ifi$1 s5seless4 ,n[ we h an exp]i5ce :i* is cognitional1 n m]ely cognitive2 :i* is contemporane\sly aw>e ( mean+ some?+ beyond itself1 in/ead ( hav+ ?is mean+ ascrib$ by ano!r at a lat] p]iod4 ,! odor kn[s ! rose2 ! rose is kn[n by ! odor2 & ! import ( ea* t]m is con/itut$ by ! relation%ip 9 :i* x /&s to ! o!r4 ,t is1 ! import ( ! smell is ! indicat+ & dem&+ relation :i* x su/a9s to ! enjoym5t ( ! rose z its fulfill+ exp]i5ce2 :ile ?is enjoym5t is j ! cont5t or def9ition ( :at ! smell consci\sly meant1 i4e41 meant to mean4 ,bo? ! ?+ mean+ & ! ?+ meant are elem5ts 9 ! same situation4 ,bo? are pres5t1 b bo? are n pres5t 9 ! same way4 ,9 fact1 "o is pres5t z-n-pres5t-9-!-same-way-9-:i*-!-o!r-is4 ,x is pres5t z some?+ to be r5d]$ pres5t 9 ! same way ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( an op]ation4 ,we mu/ n balk at a purely v]bal difficulty4 ,x sugge/s a v]bal inconsi/5cy to speak ( a ?+ pres5t-z-abs5t4 ,b all ideal cont5ts1 all aims 7t is1 ?+s aim$ at7 are pres5t 9 j su* fa%ion4 ,?+s c be pres5t$ z abs5t1 j z !y c be pres5t$ z h>d or s(t1 black or :ite1 six in*es or fifty rods away f ! body4 ,! assumption t an ideal cont5t mu/ be ei!r totally abs5t1 or else pres5t 9 j ! same fa%ion z x w be :5 x is realiz$1 is n only dogmatic1 b self-contradictory4 ,! only way 9 :i* an ideal cont5t c be exp]i5c$ at all is to be pres5t$ z n-pres5t-9-!-same-way 9 :i* some?+ else is pres5t1 ! latt] k9d ( pres5ce af=d+ ! /&>d or type ( satisfactory pres5ce4 ,:5 pres5t 9 ! same way x ceases to be an ideal cont5t4 ,n a contra/ ( b>e exi/5ce ov] aga9/ non-exi/5ce1 or ( pres5t consci\sness ov] aga9/ reality out ( pres5t consci\sness1 b ( a satisfactory ) an unsatisfactory mode ( pres5ce makes ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! 8really0 & ! 8ideally0 pres5t4 ,9 t]ms ( our illu/ration1 h&l+ & enjoy+ ! rose are pres5t1 b !y are n pres5t 9 ! same way t ! smell is pres5t4 ,!y are pres5t z go+ to be !re 9 ! same way1 ?r\gh an op]ation :i* ! smell /&s sponsor =4 ,! situation is inh]5tly an uneasy "o--"o 9 :i* ev]y?+ hangs ^u ! p]=mance ( ! op]ation indicat$2 ^u ! adequacy ( movem5t z a connect+ l9k1 or real adju/m5t ( ! ?+ mean+ & ! ?+ meant4 ,g5]aliz+ f ! in/ance1 we get ! foll[+ def9ition3 ,an exp]i5ce is a k1 if 9 its quale !re is an exp]i5c$ di/9ction & connection ( two elem5ts ( ! foll[+ sort3 "o means or int5ds ! pres5ce ( ! o!r 9 ! same fa%ion 9 :i* itself is already pres5t1 :ile ! o!r is t :i*1 :ile n pres5t 9 ! same fa%ion1 mu/ become s pres5t if ! mean+ or int5tion ( its companion or yoke-fell[ is to be fulfill$ ?r\gh ! op]ation x sets up4 ,,ii ,we n[ return briefly to ! "q ( k z acqua9tance1 & at great] l5g? to t ( k z assurance1 or z fulfilm5t :i* confirms & validates4 ,) ! recurr5ce ( ! odor z mean+ some?+ beyond itself1 !re is appreh5sion1 k t4 ,"o may n[ say ,i "k :at a rose smells l2 or ,i "k :at ?is smell is l2 ,i am acqua9t$ ) ! rose's agreeable odor4 ,9 %ort1 on ! basis ( a pres5t quality1 ! odor anticipates & =e/alls "s fur!r trait4 ,we h also ! conditions ( k ( ! confirmation & refutation type4 ,9 ! work+ out ( ! situation j describ$1 9 ! trans=mation1 self-indicat$ & self-dem&$1 ( ! t5sional into a h>moni\s or satisfactory situation1 fulfilm5t or disappo9tm5t results4 ,! odor ei!r does or does n fulfil itself 9 ! rose4 ,! smell z int5tion is borne out by ! facts1 or is nullifi$4 ,z has already be5 po9t$ out1 ! subsequ5t exp]i5ce ( ! fulfilm5t type is n prim>ily a confirmation or refutation4 ,its import is too vital1 too urg5t to be r$uc$ 9 itself j to ! value ( te/+ an int5tion or mean+4#ac ,b x gets 9 reflection j su* v]ificatory significance4 ,if ! smell's int5tion is unfulfill$1 ! discrepancy may ?r[ "o back1 9 reflection1 ^u ! orig9al situation4 ,int]e/+ developm5ts !n occur4 ,! smell meant a rose2 & yet x did n 7s x turns out7 mean a rose2 x meant ano!r fl[]1 or some?+1 "o c't j tell :at4 ,cle>ly !re is some?+ else :i* ent]s 92 some?+ else beyond ! odor z x 0 fir/ exp]i5c$ det]m9$ ! validity ( its mean+4 ,"h !n1 p]haps1 we h a transc5d5tal1 z di/9ct f an exp]im5tal ref]5ce8 ,only if ?is some?+ else makes no diff]5ce1 or no detectable diff]5ce1 9 ! smell itself4 ,if ! utmo/ obs]vation & reflection c f9d no diff]5ce 9 ! smell quales t fail & ^? t succe$ 9 execut+ _! int5tions1 !n !re is an outside controll+ & di/urb+ factor1 :i*1 s9ce x is outside ( ! situation1 c nev] be utiliz$ 9 k1 & h5ce c nev] be employ$ 9 any concrete te/+ or v]ify+4 ,9 ?is case1 kn[+ dep5ds ^u an extra-exp]im5tal or transc5d5tal factor4 ,b ?is v transc5d5tal quality makes bo? confirmation & refutation1 correction1 criticism1 ( ! pret5sions or mean+s ( ?+s1 impossible4 ,= ! conceptions ( tru? & error1 we mu/1 ^u ! transc5d5tal basis1 sub/itute ^? ( accid5tal success or failure4 ,sometimes ! int5tion *ances ^u "o1 sometimes ^u ano!r4 ,:y or h[1 ! gods only "k--& !y only if to !m ! extra-exp]im5tal factor is n extra-exp]im5tal1 b makes a concrete diff]5ce 9 ! concrete smell4 ,b =tunately ! situation is n "o to be ?us describ$4 ,! factor t det]m9es ! success or failure1 does in/itute a diff]5ce 9 ! ?+ :i* means ! object1 & ?is diff]5ce is detectable1 once att5tion1 ?r\gh failure1 has be5 call$ to ! ne$ ( its discov]y4 ,at ! v lea/1 x makes ?is diff]5ce3 ! smell is infect$ ) an elem5t ( unc]ta9ty ( mean+--& ?is z a "p ( ! ?+ exp]i5c$1 n = an obs]v]4 ,?is additional aw>5ess at lea/ br+s ab\t an additional w>9ess4 ,mean+ is m critical1 & op]ation m cauti\s4 ,b we ne$ n /op "h4 ,att5tion may be fully direct$ to ! subject ( smells4 ,smells may become ! object ( k4 ,!y may take1 pro tempore1#ad ! place :i* ! rose =m]ly occupi$4 ,"o may1 t is1 obs]ve ! cases 9 :i* odors mean o!r ?+s ?an j roses1 may volunt>ily produce new cases = ! sake ( fur!r inspection1 & ?us acc\nt = ! cases :]e mean+s _h be5 falsifi$ 9 ! issue2 discrim9ate m c>efully ! peculi>ities ( ^? mean+s :i* ! ev5t v]ifi$1 & ?us safegu>d & bulw>k to "s ext5t ! employ+ ( simil> mean+s 9 ! future4 ,sup]ficially1 x may !n seem z if odors 7 treat$ aft] ! fa%ion ( ,locke's simple ideas1 or ,hume's 8di/9ct ideas :i* are sep>ate exi/5ces40 ,smells app>5tly assume an indep5d5t1 isolat$ /atus dur+ ?is p]iod ( inve/igation4 8,s5sations10 z ! laboratory psy*ologi/ & ! analytic psy*ologi/ g5]ally /udies !m1 are examples ( j su* deta*$ ?+s4 ,b egregi\s error results if we =get t ?is seem+ isolation & deta*m5t is ! outcome ( a delib]ate sci5tific device--t x is simply a "p ( ! sci5tific te*nique ( an inquiry direct$ ^u secur+ te/$ conclusions4 ,j & only because odors 7or any gr\p ( qualities7 are p>ts ( a connect$ _w are !y signs ( ?+s beyond !mselves2 & only because !y are signs is x pr(itable & necess>y to /udy !m z if !y 7 complete1 self-enclos$ entities4 ,9 ! reflective det]m9ation ( ?+s ) ref]5ce to _! specifically mean+ o!r ?+s1 exp]i5ces ( fulfilm5t1 disappo9tm5t1 & go+ a/ray inevitably play an important & recurr5t rle4 ,!y also are reali/ic facts1 relat$ 9 reali/ic ways to ! ?+s t int5d to mean o!r ?+s & to ! ?+s int5d$4 ,:5 ^! fulfilm5ts & refusals are reflect$ ^u 9 ! det]m9ate relations 9 :i* !y /& to _! relevant mean+s1 !y obta9 a quality :i* is q lack+ to !m 9 _! imm$iate occurr5ce z j fulfilm5ts or disappo9tm5ts2 viz41 ! prop]ty ( af=d+ assurance & correction--( confirm+ & refut+4 ,tru? & falsity are n prop]ties ( any exp]i5ce or ?+1 9 & ( itself or 9 its fir/ int5tion2 b ( ?+s :]e ! problem ( assurance consci\sly ent]s 94 ,tru? & falsity pres5t !mselves z significant facts only 9 situations 9 :i* specific mean+s & _! already exp]i5c$ fulfilm5ts & non-fulfilm5ts are int5tionally comp>$ & contra/$ ) ref]5ce to ! "q ( ! wor?1 z to reliability ( mean+1 ( ! giv5 mean+ or class ( mean+s4 ,l k itself1 tru? is an exp]i5c$ relation ( ?+s1 & x has no mean+ outside ( su* relation1#ae any m ?an su* adjectives z com=table appli$ to a lodg+1 correct appli$ to spee*1 p]suasive appli$ to an orator1 etc41 h wor? ap>t f ! specific ?+s to :i* !y are appli$4 ,x w\ld be a great ga9 = logic & epi/emology1 if we 7 always to translate ! n\n 8tru?0 back into ! adjective 8true10 & ?is back into ! adv]b 8truly02 at lea/1 if we 7 to d s until we h famili>iz$ ourselves ?or\ghly ) ! fact t 8tru?0 is an ab/ract n\n1 summ>iz+ a quality pres5t$ by specific affairs 9 _! own specific cont5ts4 ,,iii ,i h attempt$1 9 ! =ego+ pages1 a description ( ! function ( k 9 its own t]ms & on its m]its--a description :i* 9 int5tion is reali/ic1 if by reali/ic we are cont5t to mean naturali/ic1 a description und]tak5 on ! basis ( :at ,mr4 ,santayana has well call$ 8foll[+ ! lead ( ! subject-matt]40 ,un=tunately at ! pres5t "t all su* und]tak+s cont5d ) a s]i\s extrane\s ob/acle4 ,accompli%+ ! und]tak+ has difficulties en\gh ( its own to reckon )2 & fir/ attempts are sure to be imp]fect1 if n radically wrong4 ,b at pres5t ! attempts are n1 = ! mo/ "p1 ev5 li/5$ to on _! own acc\nt1 !y are n exam9$ & criticis$ z naturali/ic attempts4 ,!y are comp>$ ) und]tak+s ( a :olly diff]5t nature1 ) an epi/emological !ory ( k1 & ! assumptions ( ?is extrane\s !ory are tak5 z a ready-made /&>d by :i* to te/ _! validity4 ,lit]ally ( c\rse1 8epi/emology0 means only !ory ( k2 ! t]m might !re=e h be5 employ$ simply z a synonym = a descriptive logic2 = a !ory t takes k z x f9ds x & attempts to give ! same k9d ( an acc\nt ( x t w\ld be giv5 ( any o!r natural function or occurr5ce4 ,b ! m]e m5tion ( :at might h be5 only acc5tuates :at is4 ,! ?+s t pass = epi/emology all assume t k is n a natural function or ev5t1 b a my/]y4 ,epi/emology />ts f ! assumption t c]ta9 conditions lie back ( k4 ,! my/]y w\ld be great en\gh if k 7 con/itut$ by non-natural conditions back ( k1 b ! my/]y is increas$ by ! fact t ! conditions are def9$ s z to be incompatible ) k4 ,h5ce ! prim>y problem ( epi/emology is3 ,h[ is k b]haupt1 k at l>ge1 possible8 ,because ( ! incompatibility betwe5 ! concrete occurr5ce & function ( k & ! conditions back ( x to :i* x mu/ con=m1 a second problem arises3 ,h[ is k 9 g5]al1 k b]haupt1 valid8 ,h5ce ! complete divorce 9 contempor>y ?\ght betwe5 epi/emology z !ory ( k & logic z an acc\nt ( ! specific ways 9 :i* p>ticul> beliefs t are bett] ?an o!r alt]native beliefs reg>d+ ! same matt]s are =m$2 & also ! complete divorce betwe5 a naturali/ic1 a biological & social psy*ology1 sett+ =? h[ ! function ( k is evolv$ out ( o!r natural activities1 & epi/emology z an acc\nt ( h[ k is possible anyh[4 ,x is out ( ! "q to set =? 9 ?is place 9 detail ! contra/ betwe5 transc5d5tal epi/emology & an exp]im5tal !ory ( k4 ,x may assi/ ! und]/&+ ( ! latt]1 h[ev]1 if ,i po9t out1 baldly & briefly1 h[1 out ( ! di/9ctively empirical situation1 !re arise ^? assumptions :i* make k a my/]y1 & h5ce a topic = a peculi> bran* ( philosophiz+4 ,z j po9t$ out1 epi/emology makes ! possibility ( k a problem1 because x assumes back ( k conditions incompatible ) ! obvi\s traits ( k z x empirically exi/s4 ,^! assumptions are t ! organ or in/rum5t ( k is n a natural object1 b "s ready-made /ate ( m9d or consci\sness1 some?+ purely 8subjective10 a peculi> k9d ( exi/5ce :i* lives1 moves1 & has its be+ 9 a realm diff]5t f ?+s to be kn[n2 & t ! ultimate goal & cont5t ( k is a fix$1 ready-made ?+ :i* has no organic connections ) ! orig91 purpose1 & gr[? ( ! attempt to "k x1 "s k9d ( ,d+-an-si* or absolute1 extra-empirical 8,reality40 7#a7 ,x is n difficult to see at :at po9t 9 ! developm5t ( natural k1 or ! signify+ ( "o ?+ by ano!r1 !re arises ! notion ( ! kn[+ m$ium z some?+ radically diff]5t 9 ! ord] ( exi/5ce f ! ?+ to be kn[n4 ,x arises subsequ5t to ! repeat$ exp]i5ce ( non-fulfilm5t1 ( fru/ration & disappo9tm5t4 ,! odor did n aft] all mean ! rose2 x meant some?+ q diff]5t2 & yet its indicative function 0 ex]cis$ s =cibly t we c\ld n help--or at lea/ did n help--believ+ 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! rose4 ,?is is a famili> & typical k9d ( exp]i5ce1 "o :i* v e>ly leads to ! recognition t 8?+s are n :at !y seem40 ,!re are two contra/$ me?ods ( deal+ ) ?is recognition3 "o is ! me?od indicat$ above 7p4 #ic74 ,we g m ?or\ghly1 pati5tly1 & c>efully into ! facts ( ! case4 ,we employ all sorts ( me?ods1 inv5t$ = ! purpose1 ( exam9+ ! ?+s t are signs & ! ?+s t are signifi$1 & we exp]im5tally produce v>i\s situations1 9 ord] t we may tell :at smells mean roses :5 roses are meant1 :at x is ab\t ! smell & ! rose t l$ u into error2 & t we may be able to discrim9ate ^? cases 9 :i* a susp5d$ conclusion is all t circum/ances admit4 ,we simply d ! be/ we c to regulate our sy/em ( signs s t !y become z in/ructive z possible1 utiliz+ = ?is purpose 7z indicat$ above7 all possible exp]i5ces ( success & ( failure1 & delib]ately in/itut+ cases :i* w ?r[ light on ! specific empirical causes ( success & failure4 ,n[ x s happ5s t :5 ! facts ( error 7 consci\sly g5]aliz$ & =mulat$1 namely 9 ,greek ?\ght1 su* a te*nique ( specific inquiry & rectification did n exi/--9 fact1 x h>dly c\ld come into exi/5ce until aft] error _h be5 seiz$ ^u z con/itut+ a fundam5tal anomaly4 ,h5ce ! me?od j outl9$ ( deal+ ) ! situation 0 impossible4 ,we c imag9e disconsolate gho/s will+ to po/pone any pr(ess$ solution ( ! difficulty till subsequ5t g5]ations h ?r[n m light on ! "q itself2 we c h>dly imag9e passionate human be+s ex]cis+ su* res]ve4 ,at all ev5ts1 ,greek ?\ght provid$ :at seem$ a satisfactory way out3 !re are two ord]s ( exi/5ce1 "o p]man5t & complete1 ! n\m5al region1 to :i* alone ! *>act]i/ic ( ,be+ is prop]ly applicable1 ! o!r transitory1 ph5om5al1 s5sible1 a region ( non-,be+1 or at lea/ ( m]e ,com+-to-be1 a region 9 :i* ,be+ is hopelessly mix$ ) non-,be+1 ) ! unreal4 ,! =m] alone is ! doma9 ( k1 ( tru?2 ! latt] is ! t]ritory ( op9ion1 confusion1 & error4 ,9 %ort1 ! contra/ )9 exp]i5ce ( ! cases 9 :i* ?+s successfully & unsuccessfully ma9ta9$ & execut$ ! mean+s ( o!r ?+s 0 erect$ into a :olesale diff]5ce ( /atus 9 ! intr9sic *>act]s ( ! ?+s involv$ 9 ! two types ( cases4 ,) ! beg9n+s ( mod]n ?\ght1 ! region ( ! 8unreal10 ! s\rce ( op9ion & error1 0 locat$ exclusively 9 ! individual4 ,! object 0 all real & all satisfactory1 b ! 8subject0 c\ld approa* ! object only ?r\gh 8 own subjective /ates1 8 8s5sations0 & 8ideas40 ,! ,greek conception ( two ord]s ( exi/5ce 0 reta9$1 b in/ead ( ! two ord]s *>act]iz+ ! 8univ]se0 itself1 "o 0 ! univ]se1 ! o!r 0 ! individual m9d try+ to "k t univ]se4 ,?is s*eme w\ld obvi\sly easily acc\nt = error & halluc9ation2 b h[ c\ld k1 tru?1 ev] come ab\t su* a basis8 ,! ,greek problem ( ! possibility ( error became ! mod]n problem ( ! possibility ( k4 ,putt+ ! matt] 9 t]ms t are indep5d5t ( hi/ory1 exp]i5ces ( failure1 disappo9tm5t1 non-fulfilm5t ( ! function ( mean+ & cont5tion may lead ! individual to ! pa? ( sci5ce--to m c>eful & ext5sive inve/igation ( ! ?+s !mselves1 ) a view to detect+ specific s\rces ( error1 & gu>d+ aga9/ !m1 & regulat+1 s f> z possible1 ! conditions "u :i* objects are be>]s ( mean+s beyond !mselves4 ,b impati5t ( su* sl[ & t5tative me?ods 7:i* insure n infallibility b increas$ probability ( valid conclusions71 by reason ( disappo9tm5t a p]son may turn epi/emologi/4 ,he may !n take ! discrepancy1 ! failure ( ! smell to execute its own int5d$ mean+1 z a :olesale1 r ?an z a specific fact3 z evid5ce ( a contra/ 9 g5]al betwe5 ?+s mean+ & ?+s meant1 in/ead ( z evid5ce ( ! ne$ ( a m cauti\s & ?or\gh inspection ( odors & execution ( op]ations indicat$ by !m4 ,"o may !n say3 ,woe is me2 smells are only my smells1 subjective /ates exi/+ 9 an ord] ( be+ made out ( consci\sness1 :ile roses exi/ 9 ano!r ord] made out ( a radically diff]5t sort ( /uff2 or1 odors are made out ( 8f9ite0 consci\sness z _! /uff1 :ile ! real ?+s1 ! objects :i* fulfil !m1 are made out ( an 8inf9ite0 consci\sness z _! mat]ial4 ,h5ce "s purely metaphysical tie has to be call$ 9 to br+ !m into connection ) ea* o!r4 ,& yet ?is tie does n conc]n k2 x does n make ! mean+ ( "o odor any m correct ?an t ( ano!r1 nor enable u to discrim9ate relative degrees ( correctness4 ,z a pr9ciple ( control1 ?is transc5d5tal connection is relat$ to all alike1 & h5ce condemns & ju/ifies all alike4#af ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! transc5d5tali/ almo/ inv>iably fir/ falls into ! psy*ological fallacy2 & !n hav+ himself tak5 ! psy*ologi/'s attitude 7! attitude :i* is int]e/$ 9 mean+s z !mselves self-inclos$ 8ideas07 accuses ! empirici/ :om he criticises ( hav+ confus$ m]e psy*ological exi/5ce ) logical validity4 ,t is1 he beg9s by suppos+ t ! smell ( our illu/ration 7& all ! cognitional objects = :i* ?is is us$ z a symbol7 is a purely m5tal or psy*ical /ate1 s t ! "q ( logical ref]5ce or int5tion is ! problem ( h[ ! m]ely m5tal c 8"k0 ! extra-m5tal4 ,b f a /rictly empirical po9t ( view1 ! smell :i* kn[s is no m m]ely m5tal ?an is ! rose kn[n4 ,we may1 if we please1 say t ! smell :5 involv+ consci\s mean+ or int5tion is 8m5tal10 b ?is t]m 8m5tal0 does n d5ote "s sep>ate type ( exi/5ce--exi/5ce z a /ate ( consci\sness4 ,x d5otes only ! fact t ! smell1 a real & non-psy*ical object1 n[ ex]cises an intellectual function4 ,?is new prop]ty involves1 z ,james has po9t$ out1 an additive relation--a new prop]ty possess$ by a non-m5tal object1 :5 t object1 occurr+ 9 a new context1 assumes a fur!r (fice & use4#ag ,to be 89 ! m9d0 means to be 9 a situation 9 :i* ! function ( int5d+ is directly conc]n$4#ah ,w n "s "o :o believes t ! kn[+ exp]i5ce is ab orig9e a /rictly 8m5tal0 ?+1 expla9 h[1 z matt] ( fact1 x does get a specific1 extra-m5tal ref]5ce1 capable ( be+ te/$1 confirm$1 or refut$8 ,or1 if he believes t view+ x z m]ely m5tal expresses only ! =m x takes = psy*ological analysis1 w he n expla9 :y he s p]si/5tly attributes ! inh]5tly 8m5tal0 *>act]ization ( x to ! empirici/ :om he criticises8 ,an object becomes mean+ :5 us$ empirically 9 a c]ta9 way2 &1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 ! exact "* & wor? ( ?is mean+ becomes an object ( solicitude4 ,b ! transc5d5tal epi/emologi/ ) 8 purely psy*ical 8mean+s0 & 8 purely extra-empirical 8tru?s0 assumes a ,deus ex ,ma*9a ^: me*anism is pres]v$ a secret4 ,& z if to add to ! arbitr>y "* ( 8 assumption1 he has to admit t ! transc5d5tal a priori faculty by :i* m5tal /ates get objective ref]5ce does n 9 ! lea/ help u to discrim9ate1 9 ! concrete1 betwe5 an objective ref]5ce t is false & "o t is valid4 7#b7 ,! c\nt]p>t assumption to t ( pure aborig9al 8m5tal /ates0 is1 ( c\rse1 t ( an ,absolute ,reality1 fix$ & complete 9 itself1 ( :i* our 8m5tal /ates0 are b>e transitory h9ts1 _! true mean+ & _! transc5d5t goal be+ ! ,tru? 9 r]um natura4 ,if ! organ & m$ium ( kn[+ is a self-inclos$ ord] ( exi/5ce diff]5t 9 k9d f ! ,object to be kn[n1 !n t ,object mu/ /& out !re 9 complete alo(ness f ! concrete purpose & proc$ure ( kn[+ x4 ,b if we g back to ! kn[+ z a natural occurr5ce1 capable ( description1 we f9d t j z a smell does n mean ,rose 9 g5]al 7or any?+ else at l>ge71 b means a specific gr\p ( qualities ^: exp]i5ce is int5d$ & anticipat$1 s ! function ( kn[+ is always express$ 9 connections betwe5 a giv5 exp]i5ce & a specific possible want$ exp]i5ce4 ,! 8rose0 t is meant 9 a p>ticul> situation is ! rose ( t situation4 ,:5 ?is exp]i5ce is consummat$1 x is a*iev$ z ! fulfilm5t ( ! conditions 9 :i* j t int5tion 0 ent]ta9$--n z ! fulfilm5t ( a faculty ( k or a mean+ 9 g5]al4 ,subsequ5t mean+s & subsequ5t fulfilm5ts may increase1 may enri* ! consummat+ exp]i5ce2 ! object or cont5t ( ! rose z kn[n may be o!r & full] next "t & s on4 ,b we h no "r to set up 8a rose0 at l>ge or 9 g5]al z ! object ( ! kn[+ odor2 ! object ( a k is always /rictly correlative to t p>ticul> ?+ :i* means x4 ,x is n some?+ :i* c be put 9 a :olesale way ov] aga9/ t :i* cognitively ref]s to x1 z :5 ! epi/emologi/ puts ! 8real0 rose 7object7 ov] aga9/ a m]ely ph5om5al or empirical rose :i* ?is smell happ5s to mean4 ,z ! mean+ gets m complex1 full]1 m f9ely discrim9at$1 ! object :i* realizes or fulfils ! mean+ gr[s simil>ly 9 quality4 ,b we _c set up a rose1 an object ( fulle/1 complete1 & exhau/ive cont5t z t :i* is really meant by any & e odor ( a rose1 :e!r x consci\sly meant to mean x or n4 ,! te/ ( ! cognitional rectitude ( ! odor lies 9 ! specific object :i* x sets out to secure4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( ! /atem5t t ! import ( ea* t]m is f\nd 9 its relation%ip to ! o!r4 ,x applies to object meant z well z to ! mean+4 ,fulfilm5t1 completion are always relative t]ms4 ,h5ce ! crit]ion ( ! tru? or falsity ( ! mean+1 ( ! adequacy1 ( ! cognitional ?+ lies )9 ! relation%ips ( ! situation & n )\t4 ,! ?+ t means ano!r by means ( an int]v5+ op]ation ei!r succe$s or fails 9 accompli%+ ! op]ation indicat$1 :ile ?is op]ation ei!r gives or fails to give ! object meant4 ,h5ce ! tru? or falsity ( ! orig9al cognitional object4 ,,iv ,f ?is excursion1 ,i return 9 conclusion to a brief g5]al *>act]ization ( ^? situations 9 :i* we are aw>e t ?+s mean o!r ?+s & are s critically aw>e ( x t1 9 ord] to increase ! probability ( fulfilm5t & to decrease ! *ance ( fru/ration1 all possible pa9s are tak5 to regulate ! mean+s t atta* to ?+s4 ,^! situations def9e t type ( kn[+ :i* we call sci5tific4 ,!re are ?+s t claim to mean o!r exp]i5ces2 9 :i* ! trait ( mean+ o!r objects is n discov]$ ab extra1 & aft] ! ev5t1 b is "p ( ! ?+ itself4 ,?is trait ( ! ?+ is z reali/ic1 z specific1 z any o!r ( its traits4 ,x is1 !re=e1 z op5 to inspection & det]m9ation z to its nature1 z is any o!r trait4 ,moreov]1 s9ce x is ^u ?is trait t assurance 7z di/9ct f accid5t7 ( fulfilm5t dep5ds1 an especial int]e/1 an absorb+ int]e/1 atta*es to its det]m9ation4 ,h5ce ! sci5tific type ( k & its gr[+ dom9ation ov] o!r sorts4 ,we employ mean+s 9 all int5tional con/ructions ( exp]i5ce--9 all anticipations1 :e!r arti/ic1 utilit>ian or te*nological1 social or moral4 ,! success ( ! anticipation is f\nd to dep5d ^u ! "* ( ! mean+4 ,h5ce ! /ress ^u a "r det]m9ation ( ^! mean+s4 ,s9ce !y are ! in/rum5ts ^u :i* fulfilm5t dep5ds s f> z t is controll$ or o!r ?an accid5tal1 !y become !mselves objects ( surpass+ int]e/4 ,= all p]sons at "s times1 & = "o class ( p]sons 7sci5ti/s7 at almo/ all times1 ! det]m9ation ( ! mean+s employ$ 9 ! control ( fulfilm5ts 7( act+ ^u mean+s7 is c5tral4 ,! exp]im5tal or pragmatic !ory ( k expla9s ! dom9at+ importance ( sci5ce2 x does n depreciate x or expla9 x away4 ,possibly pragmatic writ]s are to blame = ! t5d5cy ( _! critics to assume t ! practice !y h 9 m9d is utilit>ian 9 "s n>r[ s5se1 ref]r+ to "s preconceiv$ & inf]ior use--?\gh ,i _c recall any evid5ce = ?is admission4 ,b :at ! pragmatic !ory has 9 m9d is precisely ! fact t all ! affairs ( life :i* ne$ regulation--all values ( all types--dep5d ^u utilizations ( mean+s4 ,action is n to be limit$ to any?+ less ?an ! c>ry+ out ( ideas1 ?an ! execution1 :e!r /r5u\s or easeful1 ( mean+s4 ,h5ce ! surpass+ importance :i* comes to atta* to ! c>eful1 imp>tial con/ruction ( ! mean+s1 & to _! con/ant survey & resurvey ) ref]5ce to _! value z evid5c$ by exp]i5ces ( fulfilm5t & deviation4 ,t tru? d5otes tru?s1 t is1 specific v]ifications1 comb9ations ( mean+s & outcomes reflectively view$1 is1 "o may say1 ! c5tral po9t ( ! exp]im5tal !ory4 ,tru?1 9 g5]al or 9 ! ab/ract1 is a j "n = an exp]i5c$ relation among ! ?+s ( exp]i5ce3 t sort ( relation 9 :i* int5ts are retrospectively view$ f ! /&po9t ( ! fulfilm5t :i* !y secure ?r\gh _! own natural op]ation or incitem5t4 ,?us ! exp]im5tal !ory expla9s directly & simply ! absoluti/ic t5d5cy to translate concrete true ?+s into ! g5]al relation%ip1 ,tru?1 & !n to hypo/atize ?is ab/raction into id5tity ) real be+1 ,tru? p] se & 9 se1 ( :i* all transitory ?+s & ev5ts--t is1 all exp]i5c$ realities--are only %ad[y futile approximations4 ,?is type ( relation%ip is c5tral = man's w1 = man's consci\s endeavor4 ,to select1 to cons]ve1 to ext5d1 to propagate ^? mean+s :i* ! c\rse ( ev5ts has g5]at$1 to note _! peculi>ities1 to be 9 advance on ! al]t = !m1 to se>* = !m anxi\sly1 to sub/itute !m = mean+s t eat up our en]gy 9 va91 def9es ! aim ( rational ef=t & ! goal ( legitimate ambition4 ,! absoluti/ic !ory is ! transf] ( ?is moral or volunt>y law ( selective action into a quasi-physical 7t is1 metaphysical7 law ( indiscrim9ate be+4 ,id5tify metaphysical be+ ) significant excell5t be+--t is1 ) ^? relation%ips ( ?+s :i*1 9 our mom5ts ( deepe/ insight & l>ge/ survey1 we w\ld cont9ue & reproduce--& ! exp]im5tali/1 r ?an ! absoluti/1 is he :o has a "r to proclaim ! supremacy ( ,tru?1 & ! sup]iority ( ! life devot$ to ,tru? = its own sake ov] t ( 8m]e0 activity4 ,b to read back into an ord] ( ?+s :i* exi/s )\t ! p>ticipation ( our reflection & aim1 ! quality :i* def9es ! purpose ( our ?\ght & endeavor is at "o & ! same /roke to my?ologize reality & to deprive ! life ( ?\ghtful endeavor ( its gr\nd = be+4 ,,! ,,intellectuali/ ,,crit]ion ,,= ,,tru?#ai ,i ,among ! influ5ces t h work$ 9 contempor>y philosophy t[>ds dis9tegration ( intellectualism ( ! epi/emological type1 & t[>ds ! sub/itution ( a philosophy ( exp]i5ce1 ! "w ( ,mr4 ,bradley mu/ be s]i\sly c\nt$4 ,"o has1 = example1 only to comp>e 8 metaphysics ) ! two fundam5tal cont5tions ( ,t4 ,h4 ,gre51 namely1 t reality is a s+le1 et]nal1 & all-inclusive sy/em ( relations1 & t ?is sy/em ( relations is "o 9 k9d ) t process ( relat+ :i* con/itutes our ?9k+1 to be in/antly aw>e ( a *ang$ atmosph]e4 ,mu* ( ,bradley's writ+s is a su/a9$ & delib]ate polemic aga9/ intellectualism ( ! ,neo-,kantian type4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we f9d conjo9$ to ?is criticism an equally su/a9$ cont5tion t ! philosophic conception ( reality mu/ be bas$ on an exclusively intellectual crit]ion1 a crit]ion belong+ to & conf9$ to !ory1 we h a situation t is ?\ght-provok+4 ,! situation gr[s 9 int]e/ :5 x is rememb]$ t !re is a g5]al & gr[+ t5d5cy among ^? :o appeal 9 philosophy to a /rictly intellectuali/ic me?od ( def9+ 8reality10 to insi/ t ! reality rea*$ by ?is me?od has a sup]-intellectual cont5t3 t intellectual1 affectional1 & volitional features are all jo9$ & fus$ 9 8ultimate0 reality4 ,! curi\s "* ( ! situation is t ,reality is an 8absolute exp]i5ce0 ( :i* ! intellectual is simply "o p>tial & transmut$ mom5t4 ,yet ?is reality is atta9$ unto1 9 philosophic me?od1 by exclusive emphasis ^u ! intellectual aspect ( pres5t exp]i5ce & by sy/ematic exclusion ( exactly ! emotional1 volitional features :i* ) respect to cont5t are insi/$ ^u6 ,"u su* circum/ances ! cynically-m9d$ are mov$ to wond] :e!r ?is trem5d\s insi/5ce ^u "o factor 9 pres5t exp]i5ce at ! exp5se ( o!rs1 is n because ?is is ! only way to ma9ta9 ! notion ( 8,absolute ,exp]i5ce10 & to prev5t x f collaps+ into ord9>y ev]yday exp]i5ce4 ,?is p>adox is n peculi> to ,mr4 ,bradley4 ,look+ at ! ,neo-,kantian movem5t 9 ! broad 9 its mod]n =m1 "o might almo/ say t its prom95t feature is its insi/5ce ^u rea*+ a 8,reality0 t includes extra-intellectual factors & phases1 traits t are ideal 9 a moral & emotional s5se1 by an exclusive recognition ( ! function ( k 9 its isolation4 ,su* be+ ! case1 an exam9ation ( ,mr4 ,bradley's me?od & crit]ion may h f>-rea*+ implications4 ,fir/1 let u set be=e ourselves ! g5]al po9ts ( ,mr4 ,bradley's indictm5t ( intellectualism4#bj ,k or judgm5t works by means ( ?\ght2 x is pr$ication ( idea 7mean+7 ( exi/5ce z its subject4 ,its f9al aim is to effect a complete union or h>mony ( exi/5ce & mean+4 ,b x is =e-doom$ to failure1 = 9 realiz+ its end x mu/ employ means :i* contradict its own purpose4 ,?is inh]5t incapacity lurks 9 judgm5t ) respect to subject1 pr$icate1 & copula4 ,! pr$icate or mean+ necess>y to complete ! reality pres5t$ 9 ! subject c be ref]r$ to ! latt] & unit$ ) x only by be+ itself ali5at$ f exi/5ce4 ,x heals ! w\nds or defici5cies ( its own subject 7& 9 ! end all defici5cies are to ! mod]n ideali/ discrepancies7 only on condition ( inflict+ ano!r w\nd1--only by sund]+ mean+ f a prior union ) exi/5ce 9 "s o!r phase4 ,?is latt] exi/5ce1 !re=e1 is always left out 9 ! cold4 ,x is z if we want$ to get all ! clo? 9 ! _w into "o g>m5t & our only way ( accompli%+ ?is 7 to te> (f a portion f "o piece ( goods 9 ord] to pat* x on to ano!r4 ,! subject ( ! judgm5t1 moreov]1 z well z ! pr$icate1 /&s 9 ! way ( judgm5t fulfill+ its own task4 ,x has 8s5su\s inf9itude0 & x has 8imm$iacy10 b ^! two traits contradict ea* o!r4 ,! details ( ! subject always g beyond itself1 be+ indef9itely relat$ to some?+ beyond4 8,9 its giv5 cont5t x has relations :i* d n t]m9ate )9 t cont5t0 7ibid41 p4 #agf71 :ile 9 its imm$iacy x pres5ts an undivid$ union ( exi/5ce & mean+4 ,no subject c be m]e exi/5ce any m ?an x c be m]e mean+4 ,x is always exi/5t or embodi$ mean+4 ,z su* x claims individuality or ! "* ( a s+le subsi/5t :ole4 ,b ?is indisp5sable claim is inconsi/5t ) its ragg$-edg$ "*1 its indef9ite ext]nal ref]5ce1 :i* is indisp5sable to x z subject t x may require & receive fur!r mean+ f pr$ication4 ,) respect to ! copula ! foll[+ quotation f ! 8,pr9ciples0 ( ,logic 7p4 #aj7 may s]ve3 8,judgm5t prop] is ! act :i* ref]s ! ideal cont5t 7recogniz$ z su*7 to ! reality beyond ! act40 ,9 o!r words1 judgm5t z act 7& x is ! act :i* is express$ 9 ! copula7 mu/ always fall outside ( ! cont5t ( k z su*2 yet s9ce ?is act c]ta9ly falls )9 reality1 x w\ld h to be recogniz$ & /at$ by any k pret5d+ to compet5cy ) respect to reality z a :ole4 ,^! consid]ations1 /at$ 9 ?is way1 are highly te*nical & presuppose a k n m]ely ( ,mr4 ,bradley's own logic1 b also ( ! logical analysis ( k initiat$ by ,kant & c>ri$ on by ,h]b>t1 ,lotze1 & o!rs4 ,_! ma9 import may1 h[ev]1 be /at$ 9 comp>atively non-te*nical =m4 ,human exp]i5ce is full ( discrepancies4 ,7 exp]i5ce purely a matt] ( brute exi/5ce 7su* z we sometimes imag9e ! animals' exp]i5ce to be7 x w\ld be totally lack+ 9 mean+ & !re w\ld be no problems1 no ?9k+1 no occasion = ?9k+1 & h5ce no philosophy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if exp]i5ce 7 a complete1 tight-jo9t$ union ( exi/5ce & mean+1 !re w\ld be no dissatisfaction1 no problems1 no cause = ef=ts to pat* up defects & contradictions4 ,exi/5ces1 ?+s1 w\ld embody all ! mean+s t !y sugge/2 :ile ab/ract mean+s1 values t are m]ely ideal1 t are project$ or ?\ght ( b n fulfill$1 w\ld be totally unhe>d (4 ,b our exp]i5ce /&s 9 m>k$ contra/ to bo? ^! types ( exp]i5ce4 ,x is nei!r an affair ( mean+less exi/5ce nor ( exi/5ce self-lum9\s ) fulfill$ mean+4 ,all ?+s t we exp]i5ce h "s mean+1 b t mean+ is always s p>tially embodi$ 9 ?+s t we _c re/ 9 !m4 ,!y po9t beyond !mselves2 !y indicate mean+s :i* !y d n fulfil2 !y sugge/ values :i* !y fail to embody1 & :5 we g to o!r ?+s = ! fruition ( :at is d5i$1 we ei!r f9d ! same situation ( division ov] aga91 or we f9d ev5 m positive disappo9tm5t & fru/ration--we f9d contr>y mean+s set up4 ,n[ all ?9k+ gr[s out ( ?is discrepancy betwe5 exi/5ce & ! mean+ :i* x p>tially embodies & p>tially refuses1 :i* x sugge/s b decl9es to express4 ,yet ?9k+1 ! mode ( br++ exi/5ce & mean+ into h>mony ) ea* o!r1 always works by selection1 by ab/raction2 x sets up & projects mean+s :i* are ideal only1 footless1 9 ! air1 matt]s ( ?\ght only1 n ( s5ti5cy or imm$iate exi/5ce4 ,x emphasizes ! ideal ( a complet$ union ( exi/5ce & mean+1 b is helpless to effect x4 ,& ?is helplessness 7accord+ to ,mr4 ,bradley7 is n due to ext]nal pressure b to ! v /ructure ( ?\ght itself4 ,f e po9t ( view k op]ates "u conditions1 7& ^! n ext]nally impos$ b inh]5t 9 its own nature z judgm5t17 t r5d] x incapable ( realiz+ its aim ( complete union ( exi/5ce & mean+4 ,grant$ ! argum5t1 & x is difficult to imag9e a m s]i\s indictm5t aga9/ ! pret5sions ( philosophy to rea* 8,reality0 via ! exclusive pa? ( k4 ,! pres5ce ( contradiction is ,mr4 ,bradley's crit]ion = 8appe>ance10 j z its abs5ce is 8 crit]ion = 8reality40 ,x ?us goes )\t say+ t k & tru? :i* we c atta9 are matt]s ( appe>ance4 ,contradiction betwe5 exi/5ce & mean+ is its la/ ^w4 ,?is is n m]ely a logical d$uction f ,mr4 ,bradley's position1 b is expressly /at$ by him4 8,?us ! tru? belongs to exi/5ce1 b x does n z su* exi/4444 ,tru? %[s a dissection b nev] an actual life0 78,appe>ance & ,reality10 p4 #afg74 ,aga91 8e tru? is appe>ance s9ce 9 x we h divorce ( quality f be+0 7ibid41 p4 #ahg74 8,ev5 absolute tru? seems 9 ! end to turn out errone\s4444 ,int]nal discrepancy belongs irremovably to tru?'s prop] "*4444 ,tru? is "o aspect ( exp]i5ce & is !re=e made imp]fect & limit$ by :at x fails to include0 7ibid41 pp4 #edd-ede74 ,no?+ c\ld be m explicit z to ! inh]5tly contradictory "* ( tru?1 bo? z an ideal & z an accompli%$ fact2 no?+ m positive z to ! unreality or appe>ance-"* ( tru?4 ,we _c1 on ,mr4 ,bradley's me?od1 /op "h4 ,n only is k--work+ z x does ?r\gh ?\ght :i* is always p>tial1 selective1 ab/ractive--doom$ to failure 9 accompli%+ its task1 b ! exi/5ce ( ! contradiction betwe5 ! sugge/ion ( mean+s by exi/5ce & ?is realization 9 exi/5ce is itself due to ?\ght4 ,speak+ ( ?\ght he says3 8,! relational =m is a compromise on :i* ?\ght /&s & :i* x develops40 ,& all ! p>ticul> ant9omies :i* he discusses are int]pret$ z hav+ _! basis 9 ! category ( relation 7ibid41 p4 #ahj74 ,9 8 section on ,appe>ance he goes ?r\gh v>i\s aspects & di/9ctions ( ! _w1 su* z prim>y & second>y qualities1 sub/ance & its prop]ties1 relation & qualitative elem5ts1 space & "t1 motion & *ange1 causation1 etc41 po9t+ out irreconcilable discrepancies 9 !m4 ,he does n1 9 a g5]aliz$ way1 expressly ref] !m to any common s\rce or root4 ,b x seems a fair inf]5ce t ! relational "* ( ?\ght is at ! bottom ( ! :ole tr\ble3 s t we h 9 ! cases m5tion$ precisely ! same situation 9 concreto :i* is set =? 9 ab/racto 9 ! discussion ( ?\ght4 ,! contradictions br\ght up are 9 e case resolv$ into ! fundam5tal discrepancy suppos$ to exi/ betwe5 relations & elem5ts relat$4 ,9 ea* case !re is ! ideal ( a f9al unity 9 :i* relations & elem5ts z su* disappe>1 :ile 9 e case ! nature ( relation is su* z to prev5t ! desir$ consummation4 ,9 at lea/ "o place1 x is expressly decl>$ t x is ! k function :i* is responsible = ! degradation ( reality to appe>ance4 8,we d n sugge/ t ! ?+ always itself is an appe>ance4 ,we mean its "* is su* t x becomes "o z soon z we judge x4 ,& ?is "* we h se5 ?r\gh\t our "w1 is ideality4 ,appe>ance consi/s 9 ! loos5ess ( cont5t f exi/5ce4444 ,& we h f\nd t ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! _w su* ideality prevails0 7ibid41 p4 #dhf1 italics n 9 ! orig9al74 ,x is n !n /rictly true t ! divorce ( mean+ & exi/5ce in/igates ?\ght2 r ?\ght is ! unruly memb] t creates ! divorce & !n engages 9 ! task 79 :i* x is self-condemn$ to failure7 ( try+ to e/abli% ! unity :i* x has gratuit\sly de/roy$4 ,?9k+1 self-consci\sness1 is disease ( ! nave unity ( ?\ghtless exp]i5ce4 ,on ! "o h& !re is a sy/ematic discr$it+ ( ! ultimate claims ( ! k function1 & ?is n f ext]nal physiological or psy*ological reasons su* z are sometimes alleg$ aga9/ its capacity1 b on ! basis ( its own int]ior logic4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 a /rictly logical crit]ion is delib]ately adopt$ & employ$ z ! fundam5tal & f9al crit]ion = ! philosophic conception ( reality4 ,long famili>ity has n dull$ my a/oni%m5t at f9d+ exactly ! same set ( consid]ations :i* 9 ! e>li] portion ( ! book are employ$ to condemn ?+s z exp]i5c$ by u to ! region ( ,appe>ance1 employ$ 9 ! latt] portion ( ! book to af=d a triumphant demon/ration ( ! exi/5ce & "* ( ,absolute ,reality4 ,! argum5t ,i take up fir/ on its =mal side1 & !n ) ref]5ce to mat]ial consid]ations4#ba ,! positive conception ( ,reality is rea*$ by ! conception t 8ultimate reality mu/ be su* t x does n contradict itself2 "h is an absolute crit]ion4 ,& x is prov$ absolute by ! fact t ei!r 9 endeavor+ to d5y x or ev5 9 attempt+ to d\bt x1 we tacitly assume its validity0 7ibid41 pp4 #acf-acg74 ,t is to say1 :5 "o sets out to ?9k "o mu/ avoid self-contradiction2 ?is avoidance1 or1 put positively1 ! atta9m5t ( consi/5cy1 h>mony1 is ! basic law ( all ?9k+4 ,s9ce 9 ?9k+ we set out to atta9 reality1 x foll[s t reality itself mu/ be self-consi/5t1 & t its self-consi/5cy det]m9es ! law ( ?\ght4 ,or1 z ,mr4 ,bradley aga9 puts ! matt]1 8,9 ord] to ?9k at all y mu/ subject y\rself to ! /&>d1 a /&>d :i* implies an absolute k ( reality2 & :ile y d\bt ?is1 y accept x1 & obey1 :ile y rebel0 7ibid41 p4 #aec74 ,! absolute k ref]r$ to is1 ( c\rse1 ! k ( ! ?or\ghly self-consi/5t1 non-contradictory "* ( reality4 ,e read] ( ,mr4 ,bradley's book kn[s h[ he goes on f ?is po9t to supply positive cont5t to reality2 to give an outl9e sket* ( ! *>act]s x mu/ possess & ! way 9 :i* x mu/ possess !m 9 ord] to ma9ta9 its ?or\ghly self-consi/5t "*4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 only ! /rictly =mal aspect ( ! matt] t ,i am "h conc]n$ )4 ,on ?is side we rea*1 ,i ?9k1 ! he>t ( ! matt] by ask+1 9 ref]5ce to ! fir/ quotation3 ,absolute = :at8 ,surely absolute = ! process "u consid]ation1 t is absolute = ?\ght4 ,b ! significance ( ?is absolute = ?\ght is1 "o may say1 8absolutely0 7s9ce we are "h confess$ly 9 ! realm j ( ?\ght7 det]m9$ by ! nature ( ?\ght itself4 ,n[ ?is nature has be5 already ref]r$ by consid]ations 8belong+ irremovably to tru?'s prop] "*10 to ! _w ( appe>ance & ( int]nal discrepancy4 ,yes1 "o may say 7speak+ =mally71 ! crit]ion ( ?\ght is absolute--t is to say absolute or f9al = ?\ght2 b h[ c "o imag9e t ?is 9 any way alt]s ! ess5tial nature & value ( ?\ght8 ,if k works by ?\ght1 & ?\ght in/itutes appe>ance ov] aga9/ reality1 any fur!r fact ab\t ?\ght--su* z a /atem5t ( its crit]ion--falls :olly )9 ! limits ( ?is situation4 ,x is comical to suppose t a special trait ( ?\ght c be employ$ to alt] ! fundam5tal & ess5tial nature ( ?\ght4 ,! crit]ion ( ?\ght mu/ be infect$ by ! nature ( ?\ght1 in/ead ( be+ a r$eem+ angel :i* at a critical juncture trans=ms ! fragile creature1 ?\ght1 into an ambassador ) p[] pl5ipot5ti>y to ! c\rt ( ! ,absolute4 ,!re really seems to be gr\nd = suppos+ t ! :ole argum5t turns on an ambiguity 9 ! use ( ! ^w 8absolute40 ,keep+ /rictly )9 ! limits ( ! argum5t1 x means no?+ m ?an t ?9k+ has a c]ta9 pr9ciple1 a law ( its own2 t x has an appropriate mode ( proc$ure :i* mu/ n be violat$4 ,x means1 9 %ort1 :atev] is f9ally controll+ = ! ?\ght-function4 ,b ,mr4 ,bradley imm$iately takes ! ^w to mean absolute 9 ! s5se ( describ+ a reality :i* by its v nature is totally contradi/+ui%$ f appe>ance--t is to say1 f ! realm ( ?\ght4 ,^u ! ambiguity ( a ^w1 ! sy/ematic indictm5t ( intellectualism becomes ! corn]/one ( a sy/ematically intellectuali/ic me?od ( conceiv+ reality6 ,mr4 ,bradley has himself recogniz$ ! seem+ contradiction betwe5 8 indictm5t ( ?\ght & 8 use ( ! crit]ion ( ?\ght z ! exclusive pa? to a philosophic notion ( ! real4 ,9 deal+ ) x1 he 7to my m9d7 comes )9 an ace ( /at+ a tru] doctr9e1 & also exhibits ev5 m cle>ly ! weakness ( 8 own position4 ,he goes s f> z to put ! foll[+ words into ! m\? ( an objector1 & to accept _! g5]al import3 8,all axioms1 z a matt] ( fact1 are practical 444 = none ( !m 9 ! end c am\nt to m ?an ! impulse to behave 9 a c]ta9 way4 ,& !y _c express m ?an ?is impulse1 toge!r ) ! impossibility ( satisfaction unless x is compli$ )0 7p4 #aea74 ,aft] accept+ ?is 7p4 #aeb7 he goes on to say3 8,take = example ! law ( avoid+ contradiction4 ,:5 two elem5ts w n rema9 quietly toge!r1 b collide & /ruggle1 we _c re/ satisfi$ ) t /ate4 ,our impulse is to alt] x &1 on ! !oretical side1 to br+ ! cont5t to su* %ape t ! v>iety rema9s peaceably 9 "o4 ,& ?is inability to re/ o!rwise & ?is t5d5cy to alt] 9 a c]ta9 way & direction is1 :5 reflect$ ^u & made explicit1 our axiom & our intellectual /&>d0 7p4 #aeb2 italics m9e74 ,! retort is obvi\s3 if ! intellectual crit]ion1 ! pr9ciple ( non-contradiction on :i* 8 :ole ,absolute ,reality re/s1 is itself a practical pr9ciple1 !n surely ! ultimate crit]ion = regulat+ intellectual und]tak+s is practical4 ,to ?is obvi\s answ] ,mr4 ,bradley makes reply z foll[s3 8,y may call ! intellect1 if y l1 a m]e t5d5cy to a movem5t1 b y mu/ rememb] t x is a movem5t ( a v special k9d4444 ,?9k+ is ! attempt to satisfy a special impulse1 & ! attempt implies an assumption ab\t reality4444 ,b :y1 x may be object$1 is ?is assumption bett] ?an :at holds = practice8 ,:y is ! !oretical to be sup]ior to ! practical end8 ,i h nev] said t ?is is s1 only "h1 t is1 9 metaphysics1 ,i mu/ be all[$ to reply1 we are act+ !oretically4444 ,! !oretical /&>d )9 !ory mu/ surely be absolute0 7p4 #aec4 ,! italics aga9 are m9e2 comp>e ) ! quotation ?is1 f p4 #dhe3 8,our attitude1 h[ev]1 9 metaphysics mu/ be !oretical40 ,s1 also1 p4 #aed1 8,s9ce metaphysics is m]e !ory & s9ce !ory f its nature mu/ be made by ! intellect1 x is "h ! intellect alone :i* is to be satisfi$074 ,grant t intellect is a special movem5t or mode ( practice2 grant t we are n m]ely act+ 7are we ev] m]ely act+87 b are 8specially occupi$ & !re=e subject to special conditions10 & ! problem rema9s :at special k9d ( activity is ?9k+8 :at is its exp]i5c$ diff]5tia f o!r k9ds8 :at is its comm]ce ) !m8 ,:5 ! problem is :at special k9d ( an activity is ?9k+ & ( :at nature is ! consi/5cy :i* is its crit]ion1 someh[ we d n get =w>d by be+ told t ?9k+ is a special mode ( practice & t its crit]ion is consi/5cy4 ,! unque/ion$ presupposition ( ,mr4 ,bradley is t ?9k+ is su* a :olly sep>ate activity 7! 8intellect alone0 :i* has to be satisfi$71 t to give x autonomy is to say t x1 & its crit]ion1 h no?+ to d ) o!r activities2 t x is 8indep5d5t0 z to crit]ion1 9 a way :i* excludes int]dep5d5ce 9 function & outcome4 ,unless ! t]m 8special0 be int]pret$ to mean isolat$1 to say t ?9k+ is a special mode ( activity no m nullifies ! proposition t x arises 9 a practical conte/ & op]ates = practical ends1 ?an to say t blacksmi?+ is a special activity1 negates its be+ "o connect$ mode ( indu/rial activity4 ,8 und]ly+ presupposition ( ! sep>ate "* ( ?\ght comes out 9 ! passage la/ quot$4 8,our impulse10 he says1 8is to alt] ! conflict+ situation &1 on ! !oretical side1 to br+ its cont5ts into peaceable unity40 ,if "o sub/itutes = ! ^w 8on0 ! ^w 8?r\gh10 "o gets a conception ( !ory & ( ?9k+ t does ju/ice to ! autonomy ( ! op]ation & yet s connects x ) o!r activities z to give x a s]i\s bus9ess1 real purpose1 & concrete responsibility & h5ce te/ibility4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! !oretical activity is simply ! =m t c]ta9 practical activities take aft] collid+1 z ! mo/ effective & fruitful way ( secur+ _! own h>monization4 ,! collision is n !oretical2 ! issue 9 8peaceable unity0 is n !oretical4 ,b !ory names ! type ( activity by :i* ! trans=mation f w> to peace is mo/ amply & securely effect$4#bb ,admit1 h[ev]1 ! =ce ( ,mr4 ,bradley's cont5tion on its own t]ms & see h[ futile is ! result4 ,x is q true1 z ,mr4 ,bradley says 7p4 #aec71 t if a man sits d[n to play ! metaphysical game1 he mu/ abide by ! rules ( ?9k+2 b if ?9k+ be already1 ) respect to reality1 an idle & futile game1 simply abid+ by ! rules does n give additional value to its /akes4 ,grant ! premises z to ! "* ( ?\ght1 & ! ass]tion ( ! f9al "* ( ! !oretical /&>d )9 metaphysics--s9ce metaphysics is a =m ( !ory--is a w>n+ aga9/ metaphysics4 ,if ! intellect involves self-contradiction1 x is ei!r impossible t x %\ld be satisfi$1 or else self-contradiction is its satisfaction4 ,,ii ,let u1 h[ev]1 turn f ,mr4 ,bradley's =mal pro( t ! crit]ion ( philosophic tru? mu/ be exclusively a canon ( =mal ?\ght4 ,let u ignore ! contradiction involv$ 9 fir/ mak+ ! "w ( ?\ght to be ! produc+ ( appe>ance & !n mak+ ! law ( ?is ?\ght ! law ( an ,absolute ,reality4 ,:at ab\t ! intellectuali/ crit]ion8 ,! intellectualism ( ,mr4 ,bradley's philosophy is repres5t$ 9 ! /atem5t t x is 8! !oretical /&>d :i* gu>antees t reality is a self-consi/5t sy/em0 7p4 #adh74 ,b h[ c ! fact t ! crit]ion ( ?9k+ is consi/5cy be employ$ to det]m9e ! nature ( ! consi/5cy ( its object8 ,consi/5cy 9 "o s5se1 consi/5cy ( reason+ ) itself1 we "k2 b :at is ! nature ( ! consi/5cy ( reality :i* ?is consi/5cy necessitates8 ,?9k+ )\t d\bt mu/ be logical2 b does x foll[ f ?is t ! reality ab\t :i* "o ?9ks1 & ab\t :i* "o mu/ ?9k consi/5tly if "o is to ?9k to any purpose1 mu/ itself be already logical8 ,! pivot ( ! argum5t is1 ( c\rse1 ! old ontological argum5t1 /ripp$ ( all !ological irrelevancies & r$uc$ to its fight+ weight z a metaphysical proposition4 ,^? :o "q ?is basic pr9ciple ( intellectualism w1 ( c\rse1 "q x "h4 ,!y w urge t1 in/ead ( ! consi/5cy ( 8reality0 re/+ on ! basis ( consi/5cy 9 ! reason+ process ! latt] d]ives its mean+ f ! mat]ial consi/5cy at :i* x aims4 ,!y w say t ! def9ition ( ! nature ( ! consi/5cy :i* is ! end ( ?9k+ & :i* prescribes its te*nique is to be rea*$ f inquiry into su* que/ions z ^!3 ,:at sort ( an activity 9 ! concrete is ?9k+8 :at are ! specific conditions :i* x has to fulfil8 :at is its use2 its relevancy2 its purport 9 pres5t concrete exp]i5ces8 ,! m x is insi/$ t ! !oretical /&>d--consi/5cy--is f9al )9 !ory1 ! m g]mane & ! m urg5t is ! "q3 ,:at !n 9 ! concrete is !ory8 & ( :at nature is ! mat]ial consi/5cy :i* is ! te/ ( its =mal consi/5cy8#bc ,take ! in/ance ( a man :o wi%es to d5y ! crit]ion ( self-consi/5cy 9 ?9k+4 ,is he refut$ by po9t+ to ! 8fact0 t et]nal reality is et]nally self-consi/5t8 ,w\ld n 8 obvi\s answ] to su* a mode ( refutation be3 8,:at ( x8 ,:at is ! relevancy ( t proposition to my proc$ure 9 ?9k+ "h & n[8 ,d\btless absolute reality may be a great numb] ( ?+s1 possibly v sublime & preci\s ?+s2 b :at ,i am conc]n$ ) is a p>ticul> job ( ?9k+1 & until y %[ me ! int]m$iate t]ms :i* l9k t job to ! ass]t$ self-consi/5t "* ( absolute reality1 ,i fail to see :at diff]5ce ?is d\btless :olly amiable trait ( reality has to make 9 :at ,i am "h & n[ conc]n$ )4 ,y might z well quote any o!r irrelevant fact1 su* z ! height ( ! ,empress ( ,*9a40 ,we take ano!r tack 9 deal+ ) ! man 9 "q4 ,we call 8 att5tion to 8 specific aim 9 ! situation ) ref]5ce to :i* he is ?9k+1 & po9t out ! conditions t h to be obs]v$ if t aim is to fulfil itself4 ,we %[ t if he does n obs]ve ! conditions impos$ by 8 aim 8 ?9k+ w g on s wildly z to defeat itself4 ,x is to consi/5cy ( means ) ! end ( ! concrete activity t we appeal4 8,try ?9k+10 we tell su* a man1 8exp]im5t ) x1 tak+ pa9s sometimes to h y\r reason+s consi/5t ) "o ano!r1 & at o!r times delib]ately introduc+ inconsi/5cies2 !n see :at y get 9 ! two cases & h[ ! result rea*$ is relat$ to y\r purpose 9 ?9k+40 ,we po9t out t s9ce t purpose is to rea* a settl$ conclusion1 t purpose w be defeat$ unless ! /eps ( reason+ are kept consi/5t ) "o ano!r4 ,we d n appeal f ! m]e consi/5cy ( ! reason+ process--! intellectual aspect ( ! matt]--to an absolute self-consi/5t reality2 b we appeal f ! mat]ial "* ( ! end to be rea*$ to ! type ( ! =mal proc$ure necess>y to accompli% x4 ,) all our he>t1 !n1 ! /&>d ( ?9k+ is absolute 7t is f9al7 )9 ?9k+4 ,b :at is ?9k+8 ,! /&>d ( blacksmi?+ mu/ be absolute )9 blacksmi?+1 b :at is blacksmi?+8 ,no prejudice prev5ts ackn[l$g+ t blacksmi?+ is "o practical activity exi/+ z a di/9ct & relevant memb] ( a l sy/em ( activities3 t x is because m5 use horses to transport p]sons & goods t horses ne$ to be %od4 ,! ultimate crit]ion ( blacksmi?+ is produc+ a good %oe1 b ! nature ( a good %oe is fix$1 n by blacksmi?+1 b by ! activities 9 :i* horses are us$4 ,! end is ultimate 7absolute7 = ! op]ation1 b ?is v f9ality is evid5ce t ! op]ation is n absolute & self-inclos$1 b is relat$ & responsible4 ,:y mu/ ! fact t ! end ( ?9k+ is ultimate = ?\ght /& on any diff]5t foot+8 ,let u !n1 by way ( exp]im5t1 foll[ ?is sugge/ion4 ,let u assume t among real objects 9 _! values & significances1 real oppositions & incompatibilities exi/2 t ^! conflicts are bo? tr\blesome 9 !mselves1 & ! s\rce ( all mann] ( fur!r difficulties--s mu* s t !y may be suspect$ ( be+ ! s\rce ( all man's woe1 ( all encroa*m5t ^u & de/ruction ( value1 ( good4 ,suppose t ?9k+ is1 n accid5tally b ess5tially1 a way1 & ! only way t proves adequate1 ( deal+ ) ^! pr$icam5ts--t be+ 89 a hole10 9 difficulty1 is ! fundam5tal 8pr$icam5t0 ( intellig5ce4 ,suppose :5 ef=t is made 9 a brute way to remove ^! oppositions & to secure an arrangem5t ( ?+s :i* means satisfaction1 fulfilm5t1 happ9ess1 t ! me?od ( brute attack1 ( try+ directly to =ce w>r+s into peace fails2 suppose !n an ef=t to effect ! trans=mation by an indirect me?od--by inquiry into ! disord]$ /ate ( affairs & by fram+ views1 conceptions1 ( :at ! situation w\ld be l 7 x r$uc$ to h>moni\s ord]4 ,f9ally1 suppose t ^u ?is basis a plan ( action is work$ out1 & t ?is plan1 :5 c>ri$ into ov]t effect1 succe$s inf9itely bett] ?an ! brute me?od ( attack 9 br++ ab\t ! desir$ consummation4 ,suppose aga9 ?is indirection ( activity is precisely :at we mean by ?9k+4 ,w\ld x n hold t h>mony is ! end & ! te/ ( ?9k+8 t obs]vations are p]t95t & ideas correct j 9 s f> z1 ov]tly act$ ^u1 !y succe$ 9 remov+ ! undesirable1 ! inconsi/5t4 ,b1 x is said1 ! v process ( ?9k+ makes a c]ta9 assumption reg>d+ ! nature ( reality1 viz41 t reality is self-consi/5t4 ,?is /atem5t puts ! end = ! beg9n+4 ,! assumption is n t 8reality0 is self-consi/5t1 b t by ?9k+ x may1 = "s special purpose1 or z respects "s concrete problem1 atta9 great] consi/5cy4 ,:y %\ld ! assumption reg>d+ 8reality0 be o!r ?an t specific realities ) :i* ?\ght is conc]n$ are capable ( receiv+ h>monization8 ,to say t ?\ght mu/ assume1 9 ord] to g on1 t reality already possesses h>mony is to say t ?\ght mu/ beg9 by contradict+ its own direct data1 & by assum+ t its concrete aim is va9 & illusory4 ,:y put ^u ?\ght ! onus ( introduc+ discrepancies into reality 9 ord] j to give itself ex]cise 9 ! gymna/ic ( remov+ !m8 ,! assumption t concrete ?9k+ makes ab\t 8reality0 is t ?+s j z !y exi/ may acquire ?r\gh activity1 guid$ by ?9k+1 a c]ta9 "* :i* x is excell5t = !m to possess2 & may acquire x m lib]ally & effectively ?an by o!r me?ods4 ,"o might z well say t ! blacksmi? c\ld n ?9k to any effect conc]n+ iron1 )\t a ,platonic ar*etypal horse%oe1 laid up 9 ! heav5s4 ,8 ?9k+ also makes an assumption ab\t pres5t1 giv5 reality1 viz41 t ?is piece ( iron1 ?r\gh ! ex]cise ( intellig5tly direct$ activity1 may be %ap$ into a satisfactory horse%oe4 ,! assumption is practical3 ! assumption t a specific ?+ may take on 9 a specific way a specific ne$$ value4 ,! te/1 moreov]1 ( ?is assumption is practical2 x consi/s 9 act+ ^u x to see if x w d :at x pret5ds x c d1 namely1 guide activities to ! requir$ result4 ,! assumption ab\t reality is n some?+ 9 addition to ! idea1 :i* an idea already 9 exi/5ce makes2 "s assumption ab\t ! possibility ( a *ange 9 ! /ate ( ?+s z exp]i5c$ is ! idea--& its te/ or crit]ion is :e!r ?is possible *ange c be effect$ :5 ! idea is act$ ^u 9 good fai?4 ,9 any case1 h[ mu* simpl] ! case becomes :5 we /ick by ! empirical facts4 ,accord+ to !m !re is no :olesale discrepancy ( exi/5ce & mean+2 !re is simply a 8loos5+0 ( ! two :5 objects d n fulfil our plans & meet our desires2 or :5 we project inv5tions & _c f9d imm$iately ! means = _! realization4 ,! 8collisions0 are nei!r physical1 metaphysical1 nor logical2 !y are moral & practical4 ,!y exi/ betwe5 an aim & ! means ( its execution4 ,consequ5tly ! object ( ?9k+ is n to effect "s :olesale & 8,absolute0 reconciliation ( mean+ & exi/5ce1 b to make a specific adju/m5t ( ?+s to our purposes & ( our purposes to ?+s at j ! crucial po9t ( ! crisis4 ,mak+ ! utmo/ concessions to ,mr4 ,bradley's acc\nt ( ! discrepancy ( mean+ & exi/5ce 9 our exp]i5ce1 to 8 /atem5t ( ! relation ( ?is to ! function ( judgm5t 7z involv+ namely an explicit /atem5t at once ( ! actual sund]+ & ! ideal union7 & to 8 acc\nt ( consi/5cy z ! goal & /&>d1 !re is /ill n a detail ( ! acc\nt t is n met amply & ) inf9itely m empirical w>rant by ! conception t ! 8collision0 9 :i* ?9k+ />ts & ! 8consi/5cy0 9 :i* x t]m9ates are practical & human4 ,,iii ,?is br+s u explicitly to ! "q ( tru?1 8tru?0 be+ confess$ly ! end & /&>d ( ?9k+4 ,i confess to be+ mu* at a loss to realize j :at ! intellectuali/s conceive to be ! relation ( tru? to ideas on "o side & to 8reality0 on ! o!r4 ,my difficulty occurs1 ,i ?9k1 because !y describe s little 9 analytical detail2 9 writ+ ( tru? !y seem r to be "u a /rong emotional influ5ce--z if !y 7 victims ( an uncritical pragmatism--:i* leaves mu* ( _! ?\ght to be guess$ at4 ,! implication ( _! discussions assigns ?ree di/9ct values to ! t]m 8tru?40 ,on ! "o h&1 tru? is some?+ :i* *>act]izes ideas1 !ories1 hypo!ses1 beliefs1 judgm5ts1 propositions1 ass]tions1 etc41--any?+ :atsoev] involv+ intellectual /atem5t4 ,f ?is /&po9t a crit]ion ( tru? means ! te/ ( ! wor? ( ! intellectual int5t1 import1 or claim ( any intellectual /atem5t z intellectual4 ,?is is an intelligible s5se ( ! t]m tru?4 ,9 ! second place1 x seems to be assum$ t a c]ta9 k9d ( reality is already1 ap>t f ideas or mean+s1 ,tru?1 & t ?is ,tru? is ! crit]ion ( t l[] & m unwor?y k9d ( tru? t may be possess$ or aim$ at by ideas4 ,b we d n /op "h4 ,! conception t all tru? mu/ h a crit]ion haunts ! intellectuali/1 s t ! reality1 :i*1 z contra/$ ) ideas1 is tak5 to be ,! ,tru? 7& ! crit]ion ( _! tru?7 is treat$ z if x itself _h to h support & w>rant f "s o!r ,reality1 ly+ back ( x1 :i* is its crit]ion4 ,?is1 !n1 gives ! ?ird type ( tru?1 ,! ,absolute ,tru?4 7,j :y ?is process %\ld n g on indef9itely is n cle>1 b ! necessity ( inf9ite regress may be emotionally prev5t$ by always ref]r+ to ?is la/ type ( tru? z ,absolute74 ,n[ ?is s*eme may be 8true10 b x is n self-explanatory or ev5 easily appreh5sible4 ,9 j :at s5se1 tru? is 7#a7 t to :i* ideas z ideas lay claim & yet is 7#b7 ,reality :i* z reality is ! crit]ion ( tru? ( ideas1 & yet aga9 is 7#c7 a ,reality :i* completely annuls & transc5ds all ref]5ce to ideas1 is n 9 ! lea/ cle> to me3 nor1 till bett] in=m$1 %all ,i believe x to be cle> to any "o4 ,9 8 m /rictly logical discussions1 ,mr4 ,bradley sets out f ! notion t tru? ref]s to intellectual /atem5ts & positions z su*4 ,b ! ,tru? soon becomes a sort ( transc5d5t ess5ce on its own acc\nt4 ,! id5tification ( reality & tru? on page #adf may be a m]e casual phrase1 b ! di/9ction drawn betwe5 validity & absolute tru? 7p4 #cfb71 & ! discussion ( ,degrees ( ,tru? & ,reality1 involve assumptions ( an id5tity ( tru? & reality4 ,tru? 9 ?is s5se turns out to be ! crit]ion = ! tru?1 ! tru?1 t is1 ( ideas4 ,b1 aga9 7p4 #ede71 a di/9ction is made betwe5 8,f9ite ,tru?10 t is1 a view ( reality :i* w\ld completely satisfy intellig5ce z su*1 & 8,absolute ,tru?10 :i* is obta9$ only by pass+ beyond intellig5ce--only :5 intellig5ce z su* is absorb$ 9 "s ,absolute 9 :i* x loses its di/9ctive "*4 ,x w\ld advance ! /ate ( discussion1 ,i am sure1 if !re 7 m explicit /atem5ts reg>d+ ! relations ( 8true idea10 8tru?10 8! crit]ion ( tru?0 & 8reality10 to "o ano!r4 ,a m explicit exposition also ( ! view t is held conc]n+ ! relation ( v]ification & tru? c\ld h>dly fail to be ( value4 ,n infrequ5tly ! intellectuali/ admits t ! process ( v]ification is exp]im5tal1 consi/+ 9 sett+ on foot v>i\s activities t express ! int5t ( ! idea & confirm or refute x accord+ to ! *anges effect$4 ,?is seems to mean t tru? is simply ! te/$ or v]ifi$ belief z su*4 ,b !n a curi\s res]vation is introduc$2 ! exp]im5tal process f9ds1 x is said1 t an idea is true1 :ile ! error ( ! pragmati/ is to take ! process by :i* tru? is f\nd z "o by :i* x is made4 ,! claim ( 8mak+ tru?0 is treat$ z blasphemy aga9/ ! v notion ( tru?3 su* are ! consequ5ces ( v5tur+ to translate ! ,lat9 8v]ification0 into ! ,engli% 8mak+ true40 ,if we face ! bogie ?us call$ up1 x w be f\nd t ! horror is l>gely s5tim5tal4 ,suppose we /ick to ! notion t tru? is a "* :i* belongs to a mean+ s f> z te/$ ?r\gh action t c>ries x to successful completion4 ,9 ?is case1 to make an idea true is to modify & trans=m x until x rea*es ?is successful outcome3 until x initiates a mode ( response :i* 9 its issue realizes its claim to be ! me?od ( h>moniz+ ! discrepancies ( a giv5 situation4 ,! mean+ is remade by con/antly act+ ^u x1 & by introduc+ into its cont5t su* *>act]s z are indicat$ by any result+ failures to secure h>mony4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 v]ification & tru? are two names = ! same ?+4 ,we call x 8v]ification0 :5 we reg>d x z process2 :5 ! developm5t ( ! idea is /rung out & expos$ to view 9 all t makes x true4 ,we call x 8tru?0 :5 we take x z product1 z process telescop$ & cond5s$4 ,suppose ! idea to be an inv5tion1 say ( ! telephone4 ,9 ?is case1 is n ! v]ification ( ! idea & ! con/ruction ( ! device :i* c>ries out its int5t "o & ! same8 ,9 ?is case1 does ! tru? ( ! idea mean any?+ else ?an t ! issue proves ! idea c be c>ri$ into effect8 ,!re are c]ta9 intellectuali/s :o are n ( ! absoluti/ type2 :o d n believe t all ( m5's aims1 designs1 projects1 t h to d ) action1 :e!r indu/rial1 social1 or moral 9 scope1 h be5 f all et]nity regi/]$ z already accompli%$ 9 reality4 ,h[ d su* p]sons dispose ( ?is problem ( ! tru? ( practical ideas8 ,is n ! tru? ( su* ideas an affair ( mak+ !m true by con/ruct+1 ?r\gh appropriate behavior1 a condition t satisfies ! requirem5ts ( ! case8 ,if1 9 ?is case1 tru? means ! effective capacity ( ! idea 8to make good10 :at is !re 9 ! logic ( ! case to =bid ! application ( analog\s consid]ations to any idea8 ,i he> a noise 9 ! /reet4 ,x sugge/s z its mean+ a /reet-c>4 ,to te/ ?is idea ,i g to ! w9d[ & ?r\gh li/5+ & look+ int5tly--! li/5+ & ! look+ be+ modes ( behavior--organize into a s+le situation elem5ts ( exi/5ce & mean+ :i* 7 previ\sly disconnect$4 ,9 ?is way an idea is made true2 t :i* 0 a proposal or hypo!sis is no long] m]ely a prop\nd+ or a guess4 ,if ,i _h n react$ 9 a way appropriate to ! idea x w\ld h rema9$ a m]e idea2 at mo/ a c&idate = tru? t1 unless act$ ^u ^u ! spot1 w\ld always h rema9$ a !ory4 ,n[ 9 su* a case--:]e ! end to be accompli%$ is ! discov]y ( a c]ta9 ord] ( facts--w\ld ! intellectuali/ claim t ap>t f ! =m+ & ent]ta9+ ( "s int]pretation1 ! category ( tru? has ei!r exi/5ce or mean+8 ,w he claim t )\t an orig9al practical uneas9ess introduc+ a practical aim ( inquiry !re mu/ h be51 :e!r or no1 an idea8 ,mu/ ! _w = "s purely intellectual reason be intellectually r$uplicat$8 ,c\ld n t occurr5ce :i* ,i n[ id5tify z a noisy /reet-c> h reta9$1 s f> z pure intellig5ce is conc]n$1 its unid5tifi$ /atus ( be+ m]e physical alt]ation 9 a va/ unid5tifi$ complex ( matt]-9-motion8 ,0 !re any intellectual necessity t compell$ ! ev5t to ar\se j ?is judgm5t1 t x meant a /reet-c>8 ,0 !re any physical or metaphysical necessity8 ,0 !re any necessity save a ne$ ( *>act]iz+ x = "s purpose ( our own8 ,& :y %\ld we be mealy-m\!d ab\t call+ ?is ne$ practical8 ,if ! necessity :i* l$ to ! =mation & developm5t ( an intellectual judgm5t 0 purely objective 7:e!r physical or metaphysical7 :y %\ld n ! ?+ h also to be *>act]iz$ 9 c\ntless millions ( o!r ways2 = example1 z to its di/ance f "s crat] 9 ! moon1 or its effect ^u ! circulation ( my blood1 or ^u my irascible neighbor's temp]1 or be>+ ^u ! ,monroe ,doctr9e8 ,9 %ort1 d n intellectual positions & /atem5ts mean new & significant ev5ts 9 ! treatm5t ( ?+s8 ,x is p]haps dang]\s to attempt to foll[ ! inn] work+s ( ! processes by :i* tru? is fir/ id5tifi$ ) "s sup]ior type ( ,reality1 & !n ?is ,tru? is tak5 z ! crit]ion ( ! tru? ( ideas2 :ile all ! "t x is held t tru? is some?+ already possess$ by ideas z purely intellectual4 ,b !re seems to be "s gr\nd = believ+ t ?is id5tification is due to a tw(old confusion1 "o hav+ to d ) ideas1 & ! o!r ) ?+s4 ,z to ! fir/ po9t3 ,aft] an idea is made true1 we naturally say1 9 retrospect1 8x 0 true all ! "t40 ,n[ ?is truism is q innocu\s z a truism1 be+ j a re/atem5t ( ! fact t ! idea has1 z matt] ( fact1 work$ successfully4 ,b x may be reg>d$ n z a truism b z furni%+ "s additional k2 z if x 71 inde$1 ! dawn+ ( a revelation reg>d+ tru?4 ,!n x is said t ! idea work$ or 0 v]ifi$ because x 0 already inh]5tly1 j z idea1 ! tru?2 ! pragmati/1 s x is said1 mak+ ! error ( suppos+ t x is true because x works4 ,if "o rememb]s t :at ! exp]im5tali/ means is t ! effective work+ ( an idea & its tru? are "o & ! same ?+--?is work+ be+ nei!r ! cause nor ! evid5ce ( tru? b its nature--x is h>d to see ! po9t ( ?is /atem5t4 ,a man "u peculi>ly prec>i\s circum/ances has be5 rescu$ f dr[n+4 ,a by-/&] rem>ks t n[ he is a sav$ man4 8,yes10 replies "s "o1 8b he 0 a sav$ man all ! "t1 & ! process ( rescu+1 :ile x gives evid5ce ( t fact1 does n con/itute x40 ,n[ ev5 su* a /atem5t z pure tautology1 z *>act]iz+ ! entire process 9 t]ms ( its issue1 is objectionable only 9 ! fact t1 l all tautology1 x seems to say some?+ b does n4 ,b if x be reg>d$ z reveal+ ! e>li] condition ( affairs1 ap>t f ! active process by :i* x 0 c>ri$ to a happy conclusion1 su* a /atem5t w\ld be mon/r\sly false2 & w\ld decl>e its falsity 9 ! fact t1 if act$ ^u1 ! man w\ld h be5 left to dr[n4 ,9 l fa%ion1 to say1 aft] ! ev5t1 t a giv5 idea 0 true all ! "t1 is to lose sight ( :at makes an idea an idea1 its hypo!tical "*2 & !reby delib]ately to trans=m x into brute dogma--some?+ to :i* no canon ( v]ification c ev] be appli$4 ,! intellectuali/ almo/ always treats ! pragmatic acc\nt z if x 71 f ! /&po9t ( ! pragmati/ z well z f 8 own1 a d5ial ( ! exi/5ce ( tru?1 :ile x is no?+ b a /atem5t ( its nature4 ,:5 ! intellectuali/ realizes ?is1 he w1 ,i hope1 ask himself3 ,:at1 !n1 on ! pragmatic basis is meant by ! proposition t an idea is true all ! "t8 ,if ! /atem5t t an idea 0 true all ! "t has no mean+ except t ! idea 0 "o :i* z matt] ( fact succe$$ ?r\gh action 9 a*iev+ its int5t1 m]e reit]ation t ! idea 0 true all ! "t or x c\ld n h succe$$1 does n take u f>4#bd ,on ! side ( ?+s1 reality is id5tifi$ ) tru?2 !n on ! pr9ciple t two ?+s t are equal to ! same ?+ are equal to ea* o!r1 tru? z idea & tru? z reality are tak5 to be "o & ! same ?+4 ,:]ev] !re is an improv$ or te/$ idea1 an idea :i* has made good1 !re is a concrete exi/5ce 9 ! way ( a complet$ or h>moniz$ situation4 ,! same activity :i* proves ! idea con/ructs an inh]5tly satisfi$ situation out ( an inh]5tly diss5ti5t "o1--= x is precisely ! capacity ( ! idea z an aim & me?od ( action to det]m9e su* trans=mation t is ! crit]ion ( its tru?4 ,n[ unless all ! elem5ts 9 ! situation are held /eadily 9 view1 ! specific way 9 :i* ! h>moniz$ reality af=ds ! crit]ion ( tru? 7namely1 ?r\gh its function ( be+ ! la/ t]m ( a process ( active det]m9ation7 is lo/ f sight2 & ! a*iev$ exi/5ce 9 its m]ely exi/5t "*1 ap>t f its practical or fulfilm5t "*1 is treat$ z ,! ,tru?4 ,b :5 ! reality is ?us sep>at$ f ! process by :i* x is a*iev$1 :5 x is tak5 j z giv51 x is nei!r tru? nor a crit]ion ( tru?4 ,x is a /ate ( facts l any o!r4 ,! a*iev$ telephone is a crit]ion ( ! validity ( a c]ta9 prior idea 9 s f> z x is ! fulfilm5t ( activities t embody ! nature ( t idea1 b j z telephone1 z a ma*9e actually 9 exi/5ce1 x is no m tru? nor crit]ion ( tru? ?an is a crack 9 ! wall or a cobble-/one on ! /reet4 ,! int]v5+ t]m t m$iates & completes ! confusion ( tru? ) ideas on "o h& & 8reality0 on ! o!r1 is1 ,i ?9k1 ! fact t ideas aft] !y h be5 te/$ 9 action are employ$ 9 ! developm5t & gr\nd+ ( fur!r beliefs4 ,!re are cases 9 :i* an idea ceases to exi/ z idea z soon z x is made true2 ?is is s z matt] ( fact & x is impossible to conceive any reason :y x %\ld n be s 9 po9t ( !ory4 ,su* is ! case1 ,i take x1 ) a l>ge "p--possibly ! major portion--( ! ideas t m$iate ! small] & transi5t crises ( daily practice4 ,i _c imag9e ! situation 9 :i* ! tru? to :i* ,i h ref]r$ above--! v]ification ( a c]ta9 idea ab\t a c]ta9 noise--w\ld ev] function aga9 z tru?--save z ,i h giv5 x a function 9 ?is pap] by us+ x z a corroboration ( a c]ta9 !ory4 ,su* ideas mo/ly cease1 giv+ way to a matt]-(-fact /atus3 say1 ! p]ception ( ! noisy /reet-c>4 ,"o at ! "t may say 8,my idea reg>d+ t noise 0 a true idea02 or "o may n ev5 g s f> z t1 he may j /op ) ! ev5tual p]ception4 ,b ! te/$ idea ne$ n ev] recur z a factor ( pro( 9 any o!r problem4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is conspicu\sly n ! case ) our sci5tific ideas4 ,9 its fir/ value1 ! idea or hypo!sis ( gravitation ent]ta9$ by ,newton1 /ood1 :5 v]ifi$1 on exactly ! same level z ! hypo!sis reg>d+ ! noise 9 ! /reet4 ,!oretically1 t tru? might h be5 s isolat$ t its tru? "* w\ld disappe> f ?\ght z soon z a c]ta9 factual condition 0 asc]ta9$4 ,b practically q ! opposite has happ5$4 ,! idea op]ates 9 _m o!r inquiries1 & op]ates no long] z m]e idea1 b z prov$ idea4 ,su* tru?s get an 8et]nal0 /atus2--"o irrespective ( application j n[ & "h1 because !re are s _m n[s & h]es 9 :i* !y are useful4 ,j z to say an idea 0 true all ! "t is a way ( say+ 9 retrospect t x has come out 9 a c]ta9 fa%ion1 s to say t an idea is 8et]nally true0 is to indicate prospective modes ( application :i* are indef9itely anticipat$4 ,its mean+1 !re=e1 is /rictly pragmatic4 ,x does n indicate a prop]ty inh]5t 9 ! idea z intellectualiz$ exi/5ce1 b d5otes a prop]ty ( use & employm5t4 ,always at h& :5 ne$$ is a good en\gh et]nal = reasonably m9d$ p]sons4 ,,iv ,i h gone f ! v g5]al consid]ations :i* occupi$ u 9 ! e>li] portions ( ?is article to matt]s :i* relatively at lea/ are specific4 ,i conclude ) a summ>y 9 ! hope t x may b9d toge!r ! e>li] & ! lat] p>ts ( ?is pap]4 #a4 ,! condition :i* antec$es & provokes any p>ticul> ex]cise ( reflective kn[+ is always "o ( discrepancy1 /ruggle1 8collision40 ,?is condition is practical1 = x involves ! habits & int]e/s ( ! organism1 an ag5t4 ,?is does n mean t ! /ruggle is m]ely p]sonal1 or subjective1 or psy*ological4 ,! ag5t or individual is "o factor 9 ! situation--n ! situation some?+ subsi/+ 9 ! individual4 ,! individual has to be id5tifi$ 9 ! situation1 be=e any situation c be ref]r$--z 9 psy*ology--to ! individual4 ,b ! discrepancy calls out & controls reflective kn[+ only z ! =tunes ( an ag5t are implicat$ 9 ! crisis4 ,c]ta9 elem5ts /& out z ob/acles1 z int]f]5ces1 z defici5cies--9 %ort z unsatisfactory & z requir+ some?+ = _! completion4 ,o!r elem5ts /& out z want$--z requir$1 z a satisfaction :i* does n exi/4 ,?is cla% 7an accompanim5t ( all desire7 betwe5 ! giv5 & ! want$1 betwe5 ! pres5t & ! abs5t1 is at once ! root & ! type ( t peculi> p>adoxical relation betwe5 exi/5ce & mean+ :i* ,bradley insi/s ^u z ! ess5ce ( judgm5t4 ,x is n irrational 9 ! s5se t we are deal+ ) appe>ance :olesale1 b x is non-rational--an evid5ce t we are deal+ ) a practical affair4 #b4 ,! intellectual or reflective & logical is a /atem5t ( ?is conflict3 an attempt to describe & def9e x4 ,x is1 z x 71 ! practical cla% held (f at arm's l5g? = inspection & inve/igation4 ,9 ?is way brute bl9d reaction aga9/ ! unsatisfactor9ess ( ! situation is susp5d$4 ,action is turn$ into ! *annel ( obs]v+1 ( inf]r+1 ( reason+1 or def9+ means & end4 ,x is ?is *ange 9 ! quality ( activity1 f directly ov]t1 to indirect1 or inquir+ ) view to /at+1 t con/itutes ! specific nature ( reflective practice to :i* ,mr4 ,bradley calls att5tion4 ,! discov]y ( ! nature ( ! conflict supplies mat]ials = ! fact or exi/5ce side ( ! judgem5t4 ,! conception or projection ( ! object 9 :i* ! conflict w\ld be t]m9at$ furni%es mat]ial = ! mean+ side ( ! judgm5t4 ,x is ideal because anticipatory1 j z ! fact side is exi/5tial1 because rem9isc5t or record+4 ,h5ce ! two are necess>ily bo? di/+ui%$ f & yet ref]r$ to ea* o!r3 only ?r\gh location ( a problem c a solution be conceiv$2 only 9 ref]5ce to ! int5t ( f9d+ a solution c ! elem5ts ( a problem be select$ & int]pret$4 ,9 orig9 & 9 de/9y1 ?is correlative det]m9ation ( exi/5ce & mean+ is t5tative & exp]im5tal4 ,! aim ( ! subject ( ! judgm5t is n to include all possible reality1 b to select ^? elem5ts ( a reality t are useful 9 locat+ ! s\rce & nature ( ! difficulty 9 h&4 ,! aim ( ! pr$icate is n to bun* all possible mean+ & ref] x 9 "o f9al act indiscrim9ately to all exi/5ce1 b to /ate ! /&po9t & me?od ?r\gh :i* ! difficulty ( ! p>ticul> situation may mo/ effectively be dealt )4 ,! selection ( :at is relevant to ! *>act]ization ( ! problem & ! projection ( ! me?od ( deal+ ) x are !oretic1 hypo!tic1 intellectual3--t is1 !y are t5tative ways ( view+ ! matt] = ! sake ( guid+1 economiz+1 & free+ ! activities ?r\gh :i* x may really be dealt )4 #c4 ,! crit]ion ( ! wor? ( ! idea is ?us ! capacity ( ! idea 7z a def9ition ( ! end or outcome 9 t]ms ( :at is likely to be s]viceable z a me?od7 to op]ate 9 fulfill+ ! object = ! sake ( :i* x 0 project$4 ,capacity ( op]ation 9 ?is fa%ion is ! te/1 measure1 or crit]ion ( tru?4 ,h5ce ! crit]ion is practical 9 ! mo/ ov]t s5se ( t t]m4 ,we may1 if we *oose1 reg>d ! object 9 :i* ! idea t]m9ates ?r\gh its use 9 guid+ action1 z ! crit]ion2 b if we s *oose1 x is at our p]il t we =get t ?is object s]ves z crit]ion 9 its capacity ( fulfilm5t & n z %e] objective exi/5ce4 #d4 ,difficulties ov]lap2 problems recur :i* resemble ea* o!r 9 ! k9d ( treatm5t !y dem& = solution4 ,v>i\s modes ( activity ) _! respective ends1 go+ on at "s "t m or less indep5d5tly1 get organiz$ into s+le compreh5sive sy/ems ( behavior4 ,! solution ( "o problem is f\nd to create difficulties else:]e2 or ! tru? t is made 9 ! solution ( "o problem is f\nd to af=d an effective me?od ( deal+ ) que/ions aris+ app>5tly f unalli$ s\rces4 ,?us c]ta9 te/$ ideas 9 p]=m+ a con/ant or recurr5t function secure a c]ta9 p]man5t /atus4 ,! prospective use ( su* tru?s1 ! satisfaction t we anticipate 9 _! employ1 ! assurance ( control t we feel 9 _! possession1 becomes relatively mu* m important ?an ! circum/ances "u :i* !y 7 fir/ made true4 ,9 becom+ p]man5t res\rces1 su* te/$ ideas get a g5]aliz$ en]gy ( position4 ,!y are tru?s 9 g5]al1 tru?s 89 !mselves0 or 9 ! ab/ract1 tru?s to :i* positive value is assign$ on _! own acc\nt4 ,su* tru?s are ! 8et]nal tru?s0 ( curr5t discussion4 ,!y naturally & prop]ly add to _! intellectual & to _! practical wor? a c]ta9 e/hetic quality4 ,!y are int]e/+ to contemplate1 & _! contemplation ar\ses emotions ( admiration & rev]5ce4 ,to make ^! emotions ! basis ( assign+ peculi> inh]5t sanctity to !m ap>t f _! w>rant 9 use1 is simply to give way to t mood :i* 9 primitive man is ! cause ( attribut+ magical efficacy to physical ?+s4 ,e/hetically su* tru?s are m ?an in/rum5talities4 ,b to ignore bo? ! in/rum5tal & ! e/hetic aspect1 & to ascribe values due to an in/rum5tal & e/hetic "* to "s int]ior & a priori con/itution ( tru? is to make feti%es ( !m4 ,we may n exagg]ate ! p]man5ce & /ability ( su* tru?s ) respect to _! recurr+ & prospective use4 ,x is only relatively t !y are un*ang+4 ,:5 appli$ to new cases1 us$ z res\rces = cop+ ) new difficulties1 ! olde/ ( tru?s are to "s ext5t remade4 ,inde$ x is only ?r\gh su* application & su* remak+ t tru?s reta9 _! fre%ness & vitality4 ,o!rwise !y are relegat$ to fa9t rem9isc5ces ( an antique tradition4 ,ev5 ! tru? t two & two make f\r has ga9$ a new mean+1 has _h its tru? 9 "s degree remade1 9 ! developm5t ( ! mod]n !ory ( numb]4 ,if we put ourselves 9 ! attitude ( a sci5tific inquir] 9 ask+ :at is ! mean+ ( tru? p] se1 !re spr+ up be=e u ^? ideas :i* are actively employ$ 9 ! ma/]y ( new fields1 9 ! organization ( new mat]ials4 ,?is is ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 tru? & dogma2 betwe5 ! liv+ & ! dead & decay+4 ,above all1 x is 9 ! region ( moral tru? t ?is p]ception /&s out4 ,moral tru?s t are n recreat$ 9 application to ! urg5cies ( ! pass+ h\r1 no matt] h[ true 9 ! place & "t ( _! orig91 are p]nici\s & mislead+1 i4e41 false4 ,& x is p]haps ?r\gh emphasiz+ ?is fact1 embodi$ 9 "o =m or ano!r 9 e sy/em ( morals & 9 e religion ( moral import1 t "o mo/ readily realizes ! "* ( tru?4 ,a ,,%ort ,,cate*ism ,,conc]n+ ,,tru?#be ,pupil4 ,i am desir\s1 respect$ tea*]1 ( =m+ an indep5d5t judgm5t conc]n+ ! novel !ory ( tru? t y are said to pr(ess4 ,my eag]ness is :ett$ because ! !ory z exp\nd$ to me by my old tea*]1 ,pr(essor ,purus ,intellectus1 s obvi\sly contrav5es common s5se1 sci5ce1 & philosophy t ,i d n und]/& h[ x c be advanc$ 9 good fai? by any reasonable man4 ,tea*]4 ,z y are already some:at acqua9t$ ) ! !ory 7or at lea/ ) :at x purports to be71 p]haps if y w set =? 9 ord] y\r objections1 x w appe> t ! !ory t y are acqua9t$ ) is n advanc$ by any reasonable p]sons1 & t by und]/&+ ! !ory z x is y w also be l$ to embrace x4 ,pupil3 ,objection ,"o4 ,pragmatism makes tru? a subjective affair1 namely ! satisfaction af=d$ individuals by ideas1 :ile ev]ybody kn[s t ! tru? ( ideas dep5ds ^u _! relation to ?+s4 ,tea*]3 ,reply4 ,if ,i 7 to reply t ,i hold to exi/5ces indep5d5t ( ideas1 exi/5ces prior to1 syn*ron\s )1 & subsequ5t to ideas1 t might seem to y to express only my p]sonal op9ion & to h no logical connection ) pragmatism4 ,s ,i beg to rem9d y t1 accord+ to pragmatism1 ideas 7judgm5ts & reason+s be+ includ$ = conv5i5ce 9 ?is t]m7 are attitudes ( response tak5 t[>d extra-ideal1 extra-m5tal ?+s4 ,in/9ct & habit express1 = in/ance1 modes ( response1 b modes inadequate = a progressive be+1 or = adaptation to an environm5t pres5t+ novel & unma/]$ features4 ,"u su* conditions1 ideas are _! surrogates4 ,! orig9 ( an idea is ?us 9 "s empirical1 extra-m5tal situation :i* provokes ideas z modes ( response1 :ile _! mean+ is f\nd 9 ! modifications--! 8diff]5ces0--!y make 9 ?is extra-m5tal situation4 ,_! validity is 9 turn measur$ by _! capacity to effect ! trans=mation !y int5d4 ,orig91 cont5t1 & value--all alike are extra-ideational4 ,! satisfaction ^u :i* ! pragmati/ dwells is j ! bett] adju/m5t ( liv+ be+s to _! environm5t effect$ by trans=mations ( ! environm5t ?r\gh =m+ & apply+ ideas4 ,pupil3 ,objection ,two4 ,b1 z ,i und]/& x & z y h y\rself confess$ 9 y\r language1 ^! ext]nal ?+s1 :ile !y may be ext]nal to ! p>ticul> idea 9 "q1 are empirical2 !y are j o!r exp]i5ces & s m5tal aft] all4 ,y hold1 ,i h be5 in=m$1 t tru? is an exp]i5c$ relation1 in/ead ( a relation betwe5 exp]i5ce & :at transc5ds x2 :y !n be mealy-m\!d 7p>don my eag]ness if x leads me a/ray7 9 admitt+ t ! :ole bus9ess is intra-m5tal8 ,tea*]3 ,reply4 ,y\r objection comb9es & confuses two ?+s4 ,to dis5tangle !m is to answ] ! objection4 7#a7 ,! notion ( transc5d5ce has a d\ble mean+2 fir/1 x d5otes t :i* lies inh]5tly & ess5tially beyond exp]i5ce4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! oppon5ts ( pragmatism h be5 =c$ by ! exig5cies ( _! ho/ility to resuscitate a doctr9e suppos$ly dead3 ! doctr9e ( unexp]i5ceable1 unkn[able 8,?+s 9 ,!mselves40 ,& z if ?is 7 n en\gh1 !y id5tify ,tru? ) relation%ip to ?is unkn[able4 ,!reby 9 behalf ( ! notion ( ,tru? 9 g5]al1 !y l& 9 scepticism ) ref]5ce to ! possibility ( any tru? 9 p>ticul>4 ,! pragmati/ is b\nd to d5y su* transc5d5ce4 7#b7 ,t he is !reby l&$ 9 pure subjectivism or ! r$uction ( e exi/5ce to ! purely m5tal1 foll[s only if exp]i5ce means only m5tal /ates4 ,! critic appe>s to hold ! ,humian doctr9e t exp]i5ce is made up ( /ates ( m9d1 ( s5sations & ideas4 ,x is !n = him to decide h[1 on 8 basis1 he escapes subjective idealism1 or 8m5talism40 ,! pragmati/ />ts f a mu* m commonplace notion ( exp]i5ce1 t ( ! pla9 man :o nev] dreams t to exp]i5ce a ?+ is fir/ to de/roy ! ?+ & !n to sub/itute a m5tal /ate = x4 ,m p>ticul>ly1 ! pragmati/ has insi/$ t exp]i5ce is a matt] ( functions & habits1 ( active adju/m5ts & re-adju/m5ts1 ( co-ord9ations & activities1 r ?an ( /ates ( consci\sness4 ,to criticise ! pragmati/ by read+ into him exactly ! notion ( exp]i5ce t he d5ies & replaces1 may be psy*ological & unreg5]ately 8pragmatic10 b x is h>dly 8intellectual40 ,pupil3 ,objection ,?ree4 ,y rem9d me1 curi\sly en\gh1 ( a cont5tion ( my old in/ructor to ! effect t ! pragmati/1 :5 criticis$1 always %ifts 8 gr\nd4 ,to avoid solipsism & subjectivism1 he falls back on ?+s indep5d5t ( ideas1 adduc+ !m 9 ord] to pass ^u ! tru? or falsity ( ! latt]4 ,b !reby he only cov]tly recognizes ! intellectuali/ic /&>d4 ,?us he sw+s unev5ly betwe5 a d5ial ( sci5ce & a clamor\s reit]ation1 9 new phraseology1 ( :at all philosoph]s hold4 ,tea*]3 ,reply4 ,y\r words h inde$ a famili> s\nd4 ,app>5tly1 ! av]age intellectuali/ has got s accu/om$ to tak+ tru? z a ,relation at ,l>ge1 )\t specification or analysis1 t any attempt at a concrete /atem5t ( j :at ! relation%ip is appe>s to be a d5ial ( ! relation itself2 9 :i* case1 he int]prets an occasional rem9d] f ! pragmati/ t ! latt] is1 aft] all1 attempt+ to specify ! nature ( ! relation1 to be a surr5d] ( ! pragmati/'s own case1 s9ce x admits aft] all t !re is "s relation6 ,h[ev] t may be1 ! pragmati/ holds t ! relation 9 "q is "o ( correspond5ce betwe5 exi/5ce & ?\ght2 b he holds t correspond5ce in/ead ( be+ an ultimate & unanalyzable my/]y1 to be def9$ by it]ation1 is precisely a matt] ( cor-respond5ce 9 its pla91 famili> s5se4 ,a condition ( dubi\s & conflict+ t5d5cies calls out ?9k+ z a me?od ( h&l+ x4 ,?is condition produces its own appropriate consequ5ces1 be>+ its own fruits ( weal & woe4 ,! ?\ghts1 ! e/imates1 int5ts1 & projects x calls out1 j because !y are attitudes ( response & ( attempt$ adju/m5t 7n m]e 8/ates ( consci\sness071 produce _! effects also4 ,! k9d ( int]lock+1 ( int]adju/m5t t !n occurs betwe5 ^! two sorts ( consequ5ces con/itutes ! correspond5ce t makes tru?1 j z failure to respond to ea* o!r1 to "w toge!r1 con/itutes mi/ake & error--mi%&l+ & w&]+4 ,?is acc\nt may1 ( c\rse1 be wrong--may involve a maladju/m5t ( consequ5ces--b ! error 9 ! acc\nt1 if x exi/s1 mu/ be specific & empirical1 & _c be locat$ by g5]al epi/emological accusations4 ,pupil3 ,objection ,f\r4 ,well1 ev5 admitt+ ?is v]sion ( pragmatism1 y _c d5y x /ill contrav5es common s5se2 =1 accord+ to y1 ! correspond5ce t con/itutes tru? does n exi/ till aft] ideas h work$1 :ile common s5se p]ceives & kn[s t x is ! antec$5t agreem5t ( ! ideas ) reality t enables !m to "w4 ,if y make ! tru? ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,c>bonif]\s age1 or ! l&+ ( ,columbus 9 #adib1 dep5d ^u a future work+ ( an idea ab\t !m1 y commit y\rself to ! mo/ fanta/ic ( philosophies4 ,tea*]3 ,reply4 ,may ,i recall to y\r att5tion ! accusation ( 8%ift+ gr\nd0 :5 h>d press$8 ,! intellectuali/ began1 if ,i rememb] correctly1 ) conceiv+ tru? z a relation ( ?\ght & exi/5ce2 has he n1 9 y\r la/ objection1 sub/itut$ = ?is conception an id5tification ( ! b>e exi/5ce or ev5t ) tru?8 ,:i* does he mean8 ,h[ w he h x8 ,! exi/5ce ( ! ,c>bonif]\s age1 ! discov]y ( ,am]ica by ,columbus are n tru?s2 !y are ev5ts4 ,"s conviction1 "s belief1 "s judgm5t ) ref]5ce to !m is necess>y to introduce ! category ( tru? & falsity4 ,& s9ce ! conviction1 ! judgm5t1 is z matt] ( fact subsequ5t to ! ev5t1 h[ c its tru? consi/ 9 ! k9d ( blank1 :olesale relation%ip ! intellectuali/ cont5ds =8 ,h[ c ! pres5t belief jump out ( its pres5t sk91 dive into ! pa/1 & l& ^u j ! "o ev5t 7t z pa/ is gone =ev]7 :i*1 by def9ition1 con/itutes its tru?8 ,i d n wond] ! intellectuali/ has mu* to say ab\t 8transc5d5ce0 :5 he comes to deal+ ) ! tru? ( judgm5ts ab\t ! pa/2 b :y does he n tell u h[ we manage to "k :5 "o ?\ght l&s /raight on ! devot$ head ( some?+ pa/ & gone1 :ile ano!r ?\ght comes d[n on ! wrong ?+ 9 ! pa/8 ,pupil4 ,well1 ( c\rse1 k ( ! pa/ is v my/]i\s1 b h[ is ! pragmati/ any bett] (f8 ,tea*]4 ,! reply to t may be inf]r$ f :at has already be5 said4 ,! pa/ ev5t has left effects1 consequ5ces1 t are pres5t & t w cont9ue 9 ! future4 ,our belief ab\t x1 if g5u9e1 mu/ also modify action 9 "s way & s h objective effects4 ,if ^! two sets ( effects int]lock h>moni\sly1 !n ! judgm5t is true4 ,if p]*ance ! pa/ ev5t _h no discov]able consequ5ces or our ?\ght ( x c "w out to no assignable diff]5ce any:]e1 !n !re is no possibility ( g5u9e judgm5t4 ,pupil4 ,y h1 p]haps1 anticipat$ my next objection1 :i* 0 t ^u ! pragmatic !ory 7by :i* tru? is con/itut$ by future consequ5ces7 !re are no tru?s ab\t :at is pa/ & gone1 s9ce 9 respect to t ideas c make no diff]5ce4 ,=1 ,i suppose1 y w\ld say t ! diff]5ce made is 9 ! effects t cont9ue1 s9ce ideas may "w out to facilitate or to confuse our relations to ^! effects4 ,nev]!less1 ,i am n q satisfi$4 ,= :5 ,i say x is true t x ra9$ ye/]day1 surely ! object ( my judgm5t is some?+ pa/1 n future1 :ile pragmatism makes all objects ( judgm5t future4 ,tea*]3 ,reply4 ,y confuse ! cont5t ( a judgm5t ) ! ref]5ce ( t cont5t4 ,! cont5t ( any idea ab\t ye/]day's ra9 c]ta9ly involves pa/ "t1 b ! di/9ctive or *>act]i/ic aim ( judgm5t is none ! less to give ?is cont5t a future ref]5ce & function4 ,pupil3 ,objection ,five4 ,b y\r argum5t requires an absurd id5tification ( tru? & v]ification4 ,to v]ify ideas is to f9d out t !y 7 already true2 or possess$ ( ! tru? relation prior to its discov]y 9 v]ification4 ,b ! pragmati/ holds t ! act ( f9d+ out t ideas are true creates ! ?+ t is f\nd4 ,9 %ort1 y confuse ! psy*ology ( f9d+ out ) ! reality f\nd out4 ,tea*]3 ,reply4 ,_m intellectuali/s h n[ gone s f> z to admit t v]ification is ! te/+ ( a judgm5t by ! consequ5ce x imports1 ! diff]5ce x makes--its work+4 ,b !y /ill d5y any organic connection betwe5 ! 8antec$5t0 tru? prop]ty ( ideas & ! v]ification 7or 8mak+ true07 process4 ,surely !y admit ei!r too mu* or too little4 7i7 ,if an idea ab\t a pa/ ev5t is already true because ( "s my/]i\s /atic correspond5ce t x possesses to t pa/ ev5t1 h[ 9 ! _w c its tru? be prov$ by ! future consequ5ces ( t idea8 ,:y is x t ! intellectuali/ has n produc$ any positive !ory ab\t ! relation ( v]ification to 8 notion ( tru?8 7ii7 ,moreov]1 if v]ification consi/s 9 ! exp]im5tal work+ out ( a belief1 ! intellectuali/ !reby admits t 8 own !ory ( tru? c be kn[n to be true only z x is v]ifi$ by its work+s4 ,b if ! !ory t tru? is a ready-made /atic prop]ty ( judgm5ts is true1 h[ 9 ! _w c x be v]ifi$ by mak+ any specific diff]5ces 9 ! c\rse ( ev5ts8 ,ev]y:]e we h to proce$ z if ! pragmatic !ory 7 ! "r "o4 7iii7 ,if he admits t ! pragmatic !ory ( v]ification is true1 :at mean+ rema9s to ! /atem5t t ! idea _h ! tru? prop]ty 9 advance8 ,:y1 simply t x _h ! prop]ty ( ability to "w--an ability reveal$ by its actual work+4 ,h[ c a giv5 fact be an objection to ! pragmatic !ory :5 t fact has a def9itely assignable mean+ on ! pragmatic !ory1 :ile ^u ! anti-pragmatic !ory x j has to be accept$ z an ultimate1 unanalyzable fact8 ,z to y\r rem>k ab\t v]ification be+ m]ely psy*ological1 ,i h some?+ to say4 ,colleagues ( m9e are /eadily at "w 9 v>i\s laboratories on v>i\s rese>*es1 =m+ hypo!ses1 exp]im5t+1 te/+1 corroborat+1 refut+1 modify+ ideas4 ,"o ( !m1 = example1 rec5tly put an imm5se p5dulum 9 place 9 ord] to repeat & te/ ,f\cault's exp]im5t ) ref]5ce to ! e>?'s rotation4 ,d y reg>d su* v]ification processes z m]ely psy*ological8 ,pupil4 ,i don't "k4 ,:y d y ask8 ,tea*]4 ,because if ! objector means t su* exp]im5tal prov+s are m]ely psy*ological1 he has ( c\rse relegat$ to ! m]ely psy*ological 7:]ev] t may be7 all ! te*nique ( all ! physical sci5ces--a r high price to pay = ! confutation ( ! pragmati/4 ,! intellectuali/ is ?us 9 ! dilemma ei!r ( conc$+ to ! pragmati/ ! :ole sph]e ( concrete sci5tific logic or else ( himself reg>d+ all sci5ce z m]ely subjective8 ,:i* horn does he *oose8 ,pupil3 ,objection ,six4 ,i notic$ a mom5t ago t y spoke ( ! pragmatic !ory ( tru? be+ true4 ,surely ! pragmati/ does n live up to 8 reputation ( hav+ a s5se ( humor :5 he claims ass5t to 8 !ory on ! gr\nd t x is true4 ,:at is ?is b to admit intellectualism8 ,tea*]3 ,reply4 ,my son1 we are evid5tly ne>+ ! end4 ,naturally1 ! pragmati/ claims 8 !ory to be true 9 ! pragmatic s5se ( tru?3 x works1 x cle>s up difficulties1 removes obscurities1 puts individuals into m exp]im5tal1 less dogmatic1 & less arbitr>ily sceptical relations to life2 aligns philosophic ) sci5tific me?od2 does away ) self-made problems ( epi/emology2 cl>ifies & reorganizes logical !ory1 etc4 ,he is q cont5t to h ! tru? ( 8 !ory consi/ 9 its work+ 9 ^! v>i\s ways1 & to leave to ! intellectuali/ ! pr\d possession ( a /atic1 unanalyzable1 unv]ifiable1 unwork+ prop]ty4 ,pupil3 ,objection ,sev54 ,nev]!less1 ! pragmati/ is always appeal+ to ! judgm5ts ( o!rs to corroborate 8 own judgm5t4 ,surely ?is admits ! pr9ciple ( a judgm5t t is correct1 true1 9 se4 ,tea*]3 ,reply4 ,! pragmati/ says t judgm5t is pragmatic1 i4e41 orig9at$ "u conditions ( ne$ = a survey & /atem5t1 & te/$ by effici5cy 9 meet+ ?is ne$4 ,& !n y ?9k y h refut$ him by say+ t any appeal to judgm5t is intellectuali/ic6 ,su* begg+ ( ! "q conv9ces me t ! radical difficulty ( ! intellectuali/ is t he conceives ( ! pragmati/ z beg9n+ ) a !ory ( tru?1 :5 9 reality ! latt] beg9s ) a !ory ab\t judgm5ts & mean+s ( :i* ! !ory ( tru? is a coroll>y4 ,pupil3 ,objection ,eight4 ,nev]!less1 y are endeavor+ to conv]t y\r oppon5t to a c]ta9 !ory4 ,surely t is an intellectual und]tak+1 & 9 !ory 7at lea/7 ! !oretical crit]ion1 z ,mr4 ,bradley has well said1 mu/ be supreme4 ,tea*]3 ,reply4 ,a little reflection w conv9ce y t y are go+ ar\nd 9 ! same old circle4 ,s9ce m5 h to act toge!r1 s9ce ! individual subsi/s 9 social bonds & activities1 to conv]t ano!r to a c]ta9 way ( look+ at ?+s is to make social ties & functions bett] adapt$1 m prosp]\s 9 _! work+s4 ,only if ! pragmati/ held ! intellectuali/'s position1 w\ld he appeal to o!r ?an :at is ultimately a practical ne$ & a practical crit]ion 9 endeavor+ to conv]t o!rs4 ,pupil3 ,objection ,n9e4 ,/ill ! pragmatic crit]ion1 be+ satisfactory work+1 is purely p]sonal & subjective4 ,:atev] works s z to please me is true4 ,ei!r ?is is y\r result 79 :i* case y\r ref]5ce to social relations only d5otes at bottom a numb] ( purely subjectivi/ic satisfactions7 or else y unconsci\sly assume an intellectual dep>tm5t ( our nature t has to be satisfi$2 & ^: satisfaction is tru?4 ,!reby y admit ! intellectuali/ic crit]ion4 ,tea*]3 ,reply4 ,we seem to h got back to our />t+-po9t1 ! nature ( satisfaction4 ,! intellectuali/ seems to ?9k t because ! pragmati/ insi/s ^u ! factor ( human want1 purpose1 & realization 9 ! mak+ & te/+ ( judgm5ts1 ! imp]sonal factor is !re=e d5i$4 ,b :at ! pragmati/ does is to insi/ t ! human factor mu/ "w itself out 9 co-op]ation ) ! environm5tal factor1 & t _! co-adaptation is bo? 8correspond5ce0 & 8satisfaction40 ,z long z ! human factor is ignor$ & d5i$1 or is reg>d$ z m]ely psy*ological 7:atev]1 once m1 t means71 ?is human factor w ass]t itself 9 irresponsible ways4 ,s long z1 p>ticul>ly 9 philosophy1 a flagrantly un*a/5$ pragmatism reigns1 we %all f9d1 z at pres5t1 ! mo/ ambiti\s intellectuali/ic sy/ems accept$ simply because ( ! p]sonal com=t !y yield ^? :o contrive & accept !m4 ,once recognize ! human factor1 & pragmatism is at h& to insi/ t ! believ] mu/ accept ! full consequ5ces ( 8 beliefs1 & t 8 beliefs mu/ be tri$ out1 ?r\gh act+ ^u !m1 to discov] :at is _! mean+ or consequ5ce4 ,till s te/$1 he insi/s t beliefs1 no matt] h[ noble & seem+ly edify+1 are dogmas1 n tru?s4 ,till ! te/+ has be5 work$ out v completely & pati5tly1 he holds 8 beliefs z b provisional1 z work+ hypo!ses1 z me?ods3--& he recognizes ! probability t1 z additional modes ( te/+ develop1 m & m s-call$ tru?s w be relegat$ to ! category ( work+ hypo!ses--till ! dogmatic m9d is cr[d$ out & />v$ out4 ,at pres5t1 ! ignor+ by philosoph]s ( ! "p play$ by p]sonal education1 temp]am5t1 & pref]5ce 9 _! philosophies is ! *ief s\rce ( pret5ti\sness & ins9c]ity 9 _! sy/ems1 & is ! gr\nd ( ! popul> disreg>d = !m4 ,pupil4 ,:at y say calls to m9d some?+ ( ,*e/]ton's t ,i read rec5tly3 8,i agree ) ! pragmati/s t app>5t objective tru? is n ! :ole matt]2 t !re is an au?oritative ne$ to believe ! ?+s t are necess>y to ! human m9d4 ,b ,i say t "o ( ^? necessities precisely is a belief 9 objective tru?4 ,pragmatism is a matt] ( human ne$s & "o ( ! fir/ ( human ne$s is to be some?+ m ?an a pragmati/40 ,y w\ld say1 if ,i und]/& y aright1 t to fall back ^u a suppos$ necessity ( ! 8human m9d0 to believe 9 c]ta9 absolute tru?s1 is to evade a prop] dem& = te/+ ! human m9d & all its works4 ,tea*]4 ,my son1 ,i am glad to leave ! la/ ^w ) y4 ,?is enfant t]rible ( intellectualism has reveal$ t ! *ief objection ( absoluti/s to ! pragmatic doctr9e ( ! p]sonal 7or 8subjective07 factor 9 belief is t ! pragmati/ has spill$ ! p]sonal milk 9 ! absoluti/'s cocoanut4 ,,beliefs ,,& ,,exi/5ces#bf ,i ,beliefs look bo? ways1 t[>ds p]sons & t[>d ?+s4 ,!y are ! orig9al ,mr4 ,fac+-bo?-ways4 ,!y =m or judge--ju/ify or condemn--! ag5ts :o ent]ta9 !m & :o insi/ ^u !m4 ,!y are ( ?+s ^: imm$iate mean+s =m _! cont5t4 ,to believe is to ascribe value1 impute mean+1 assign import4 ,! collection & int]action ( ^! appraisals & assessm5ts is ! _w ( ! common man1--t is1 ( man z an individual & n z a pr(essional be+ or class specim54 ,?us ?+s are *>act]s1 n m]e entities2 !y behave & respond & provoke4 ,9 ! behavior t exemplifies & te/s _! "*1 !y help & h9d]2 di/urb & pacify2 resi/ & comply2 are dismal & mir?ful1 ord]ly & de=m$1 que] & commonplace2 !y agree & disagree2 are bett] & worse4 ,?us ! human _w1 :e!r or no x h core & axis1 has pres5ce & transfiguration4 ,x means "h & n[1 n 9 "s transc5d5t sph]e4 ,x moves1 ( itself1 to v>i$ increm5tal mean+1 n to "s f> (f ev5t1 :e!r div9e or diabolic4 ,su* movem5t con/itutes conduct1 = conduct is ! work+ out ( ! commitm5ts ( belief4 ,t believ$ bett] is held to1 ass]t$1 affirm$1 act$ ^u4 ,! mom5ts ( its crucial fulfilm5t are ! natural 8transc5d5tals02 ! decisive1 ! critical1 /&>ds ( fur!r e/imation1 selection1 & rejection4 ,t believ$ worse is fl$1 resi/$1 trans=m$ into an in/rum5t = ! bett]4 ,*>act]s1 9 be+ cond5sations ( belief1 are ?us at once ! rem9d]s & ! progno/ications ( weal & woe2 !y concrete & !y regulate ! t]ms ( effective appreh5sion & appropriation ( ?+s4 ,?is g5]al regulative function is :at we mean 9 call+ !m *>act]s1 =ms4 ,= beliefs1 made 9 ! c\rse ( exi/5ce1 reciprocate by mak+ exi/5ce /ill f>!r1 by develop+ x4 ,beliefs are n made by exi/5ce 9 a me*anical or logical or psy*ological s5se4 8,reality0 naturally in/igates belief4 ,x appraises itself & ?r\gh ?is self-appraisal manages its affairs4 ,z ?+s are sur*>g$ valuations1 s 8consci\sness0 means ways ( believ+ & disbeliev+4 ,x is int]pretation2 n m]ely exi/5ce aw>e ( itself z fact1 b exi/5ce disc]n+1 judg+ itself1 approv+ & disapprov+4 ,?is d\ble outlook & connection ( belief1 its implication1 on "o side1 ) be+s :o suff] & endeavor1 &1 its complication on ! o!r1 ) ! mean+s & wor?s ( ?+s1 is its glory or its unp>donable s94 ,we _c keep connection on "o side & ?r[ x away on ! o!r4 ,we _c pres]ve significance & decl9e ! p]sonal attitude 9 :i* x is inscrib$ & op]ative1 any m ?an we c succe$ 9 mak+ ?+s 8/ates0 ( a 8consci\sness0 ^: bus9ess is to be an int]pretation ( ?+s4 ,beliefs are p]sonal affairs1 & p]sonal affairs are adv5tures1 & adv5tures are1 if y please1 %ady4 ,b equally discr$it$1 !n1 is ! univ]se ( mean+s4 ,= ! _w has mean+ z somebody's1 somebody's at a juncture1 tak5 = bett] or worse1 & y %all n h complet$ y\r metaphysics till y h told ^: _w is meant & h[ & :at =--9 :at bias & to :at effect4 ,"h is a cake t is _h only by eat+ x1 j z !re is dige/ion only = life z well z by life4 ,s f> ! /&po9t ( ! common man4 ,b ! pr(essional man1 ! philosoph]1 has be5 l>gely occupi$ 9 a sy/ematic ef=t to discr$it ! /&po9t ( ! common man1 t is1 to disable belief z an ultimately valid pr9ciple4 ,philosophy is %ock$ at ! frank1 almo/ brutal1 evocation ( beliefs by & 9 natural exi/5ce1 l wit*es out ( a des]t hea?--at a mode ( production :i* is nei!r logical1 nor physical1 nor psy*ological1 b j natural1 empirical4 ,= mod]n philosophy is1 z e college s5ior recites1 epi/emology2 & epi/emology1 z p]haps our books & lectures sometimes =get to tell ! s5ior1 has absorb$ ,/oic dogma4 ,passionless imp]turbability1 absolute deta*m5t1 complete subjection to a ready-made & f9i%$ reality--physical x may be1 m5tal x may be1 logical x may be--is its pr(ess$ ideal4 ,=swe>+ ! reality ( affection1 & ! gallantry ( adv5ture1 ! g5u95ess ( ! incomplete1 ! t5tative1 x has tak5 an oa? ( allegiance to ,reality1 objective1 univ]sal1 complete2 made p]haps ( atoms1 p]haps ( s5sations1 p]haps ( logical mean+s4 ,?is ready-made reality1 already includ+ ev]y?+1 mu/ ( c\rse swall[ & absorb belief1 mu/ produce x psy*ologically1 me*anically1 or logically1 accord+ to its own nature2 mu/ 9 any case1 in/ead ( acquir+ aid & support f belief1 resolve x into "o ( its own preorda9$ creatures1 mak+ a des]t & call+ x h>mony1 unity1 totality4#bg ,philosophy has dream$ ! dream ( a k :i* is o!r ?an ! propiti\s outgr[? ( beliefs t %all develop a=etime _! ult]ior implications 9 ord] to reca/ !m1 to rectify _! errors1 cultivate _! wa/e places1 heal _! diseases1 =tify _! feebl5esses3--! dream ( a k t has to d ) objects hav+ no nature save to be kn[n4 ,n t _! philosoph]s h admitt$ ! concrete realizability ( _! s*eme4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ass]tion ( ! absolute 8,reality0 ( :at is empirically unrealizable is a "p ( ! s*eme2 ! ideal ( a univ]se ( pure1 cognitional objects1 fix$ elem5ts 9 fix$ relations4 ,s5sationali/ & ideali/1 positivi/ & transc5d5tali/1 mat]iali/ & spirituali/1 def9+ ?is object 9 z _m diff]+ ways z !y h diff]5t conceptions ( ! ideal & me?od ( k1 are at "o 9 _! devotion to an id5tification ( ,reality ) some?+ t connects monopoli/ically ) passionless k1 belief purg$ ( all p]sonal ref]5ce1 orig91 & outlook4#bh ,:at is to be said ( ?is attempt to sev] ! cord :i* naturally b9ds toge!r p]sonal attitudes & ! mean+ ( ?+s8 ,?is mu* at lea/3 ! ef=t to extract mean+s1 values1 f ! beliefs t ascribe !m1 & to give ! =m] absolute metaphysical validity :ile ! latt] are s5t to w&] z scapegoats 9 ! wild]ness ( m]e ph5om5a1 is an attempt1 :i*1 z long z 8our int]e/'s on ! dang]\s edge ( ?+s10 w attract an admir+1 ev5 if suspici\s1 audi5ce4 ,moreov]1 we may admit t ! attempt to cat* ! univ]se ( imm$iate exp]i5ce1 ( action & passion1 com+ & go+1 to damn x 9 its pres5t body 9 ord] expressly to glorify its _s to all et]nity1 to validate ! mean+ ( beliefs by discr$it+ _! natural exi/5ce1 to attribute absolute wor? to ! int5t ( human convictions j because ( ! absolute wor?lessness ( _! cont5t--t ! p]=mance ( ?is feat ( virtuosity has develop$ philosophy to its pres5t wondr\s1 if =midable1 te*nique4 ,b c we claim m ?an a succs d'e/ime8 ,consid] aga9 ! nature ( ! ef=t4 ,! _w ( imm$iate mean+s1 ( ! _w empirically su/a9$ 9 beliefs1 is to be sort$ out into two portions1 metaphysically discont9u\s1 "o ( :i* %all alone be good & true 8,reality10 ! fit mat]ial ( passionless1 beliefless k2 :ile ! o!r "p1 t :i* is exclud$1 %all be ref]r$ exclusively to belief & treat$ z m]e appe>ance1 purely subjective1 impressions or effects 9 consci\sness1 or z t ludicr\sly abject mod]n discov]y--an epiph5om5on4 ,& ?is division into ! real & ! unreal is accompli%$ by ! v individual :om 8 own 8absolute0 results r$uce to ph5om5ality1 9 t]ms ( ! v imm$iate exp]i5ce :i* is infect$ ) wor?lessness1 & on ! basis ( pref]5ce1 ( selection t are decl>$ to be unreal6 ,c ! ?+ be done8 ,anyway1 ! snubb$ & exclud$ factor may always reass]t itself4 ,! v pu%+ x out ( 8,reality0 may b add to its pot5tial en]gy1 & invoke a m viol5t recoil4 ,:5 affections & av]sions1 ) ! beliefs 9 :i* !y record !mselves & ! ef=ts !y exact1 are r$uc$ to epiph5om5a1 danc+ an idle att5dance ^u a reality complete )\t !m1 to :i* !y va9ly /rive to accommodate !mselves by mirror+1 !n may ! emotions flagrantly bur/ =? ) ! claim t1 z a fri5d ( m9e puts x1 reason is only a fig leaf = _! nak$ness4 ,:5 "o man says t ne$1 unc]ta9ty1 *oice1 novelty1 & /rife h no place 9 ,reality1 :i* is made up :olly ( e/abli%$ ?+s behav+ by =egone rules1 !n may ano!r man be provok$ to reply t all su* fixities1 :e!r nam$ atoms or ,god1 :e!r !y be fixtures ( a s5sational1 a positivi/ic1 or an ideali/ic sy/em1 h exi/5ce & import only 9 ! problems1 ne$s1 /ruggles1 & in/rum5talities ( consci\s ag5ts & pati5ts4 ,= home rule may be f\nd 9 ! unwritt5 efficaci\s con/itution ( exp]i5ce4 ,t contemporane\sly we are 9 ! pres5ce ( su* a reaction is app>5t4 ,let u1 9 pursuit ( our topic1 inquire h[ x came ab\t & :y x takes ! =m t x takes4 ,?is consid]ation may n only occupy ! h\r1 b may help diagram "s future p>allelogram ( =ces4 ,! acc\nt calls = "s sket*+ 7#a7 ( ! hi/orical t5d5cies :i* h %ap$ ! situation 9 :i* a ,/oic !ory ( k claims metaphysical monopoly1 & 7#b7 ( ! t5d5cies t h furni%$ ! despis$ pr9ciple ( belief opportunity & means ( reass]tion4 ,,ii ,imag9ation readily travels to a p]iod :5 a gospel ( int5se1 &1 "o may say1 delib]ate passionate di/urbance appe>$ to be conqu]+ ! ,/oic ideal ( passionless reason2 :5 ! dem& = individual ass]tion by fai? aga9/ ! e/abli%$1 embodi$ objective ord] 0 seem+ly subdu+ ! idea ( ! total subord9ation ( ! individual to ! univ]sal4 ,by :at c\rse ( ev5ts came ab\t ! dramatic rev]sal1 9 :i* an e?ically conqu]$ ,/oicism became ! conqu]or1 epi/emologically1 ( ,*ri/ianity8 ,h[ are our imag9ations haunt$ by ! idea ( :at might h happ5$ if ,*ri/ianity _h f\nd ready to its h& intellectual =mulations correspond+ to its practical proclamations6 ,t ! ultimate pr9ciple ( conduct is affectional & volitional2 t ,god is love2 t access to ! pr9ciple is by fai?1 a p]sonal attitude2 t belief1 surpass+ logical basis & w>rant1 works out ?r\gh its own op]ation its own fulfill+ evid5ce3 su* 0 ! impli$ moral metaphysic ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b ?is implication ne$$ to become a !ory1 a !ology1 a =mulation2 & 9 ?is ne$1 x f\nd no rec\rse save to philosophies t _h id5tifi$ true exi/5ce ) ! prop] object ( logical reason4 ,=1 9 ,greek ?\ght1 aft] ! valuable mean+s1 ! mean+s ( indu/ry & art t appeal$ to su/a9$ & s]i\s *oice1 _h giv5 bir? & /atus to reflective reason1 reason d5i$ its ance/ry ( organiz$ endeavor1 & proclaim$ itself 9 its function ( self-consci\s logical ?\ght to be ! au?or & w>rant ( all g5u9e ?+s4 ,yet h[ ne>ly ,*ri/ianity _h f\nd prep>$ = x ! ne$$ means ( its own intellectual /atem5t6 ,we recall ,ari/otle's acc\nt ( moral kn[+1 & 8 def9ition ( man4 ,man z man1 he tells u1 is a pr9ciple t may be t]m$ ei!r desir+ ?\ght or ?9k+ desire4 ,n z pure intellig5ce does man "k1 b z an organization ( desires effect$ ?r\gh reflection ^u _! own conditions & consequ5ces4 ,:at if ,ari/otle _h only assimilat$ 8 idea ( !oretical to 8 notion ( practical k6 ,because practical ?9k+ 0 s human1 ,ari/otle reject$ x 9 favor ( pure1 passionless cognition1 some?+ sup]human4 ,?9k+ desire is exp]im5tal1 is t5tative1 n absolute4 ,x looks to ! future & to ! pa/ = help 9 ! future4 ,x is cont+5t1 n necess>y4 ,x d\bly relates to ! individual3 to ! individual ?+ z exp]i5c$ by an individual ag5t2 n to ! univ]sal4 ,h5ce desire is a sure sign ( defect1 ( privation1 ( non-be+1 & seeks surcease 9 some?+ :i* kn[s x n4 ,h5ce desir+ reason culm9at+ 9 beliefs relat+ to imp]fect exi/5ce1 /&s =ev] 9 contra/ ) passionless reason function+ 9 pure k1 logically complete1 ( p]fect be+4 ,i ne$ n rem9d y h[ ?r\gh ,neo-,platonism1 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 & ! ,s*ola/ic r5aissance1 ^! conceptions became imb$d$ 9 ,*ri/ian philosophy2 & :at a rev]sal occurr$ ( ! orig9al practical pr9ciple ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,belief is h5ce=? important because x is ! m]e antec$5t 9 a f9ite & fall5 _w1 a temporal & ph5om5al _w infect$ ) non-be+1 ( true k to be a*iev$ only 9 a _w ( complet$ ,be+4 ,desire is b ! self-consci\sness ( defect /riv+ to its own t]m9ation 9 p]fect possession1 ?r\gh p]fect k ( p]fect be+4 ,i ne$ n rem9d y t ! prima facie subord9ation ( reason to au?ority1 ( k to fai?1 9 ! m$ieval code1 is1 aft] all1 b ! logical result ( ! doctr9e t man z man 7s9ce only reason+ desire7 is m]ely ph5om5al2 & has 8 reality 9 ,god1 :o z ,god is ! complete union ( rational insight & be+--! t]m ( man's desire1 & ! fulfilm5t ( 8 feeble attempts at kn[+4 ,au?ority1 8fai?0 z x !n _h to be conceiv$1 meant j t ?is ,be+ comes ext]nally to ! aid ( man1 o!rwise hopelessly doom$ to mis]y 9 long drawn out error & non-be+1 & discipl9es him till1 9 ! next _w "u m favor+ auspices1 he may h 8 desires /ill$ 9 good1 & 8 fai? may yield to k3--= we =get t ! doctr9e ( immortality 0 n an app5dage1 b an integral "p ( ! !ory t s9ce k is ! true function ( man1 happ9ess is atta9$ only 9 k1 :i* itself exi/s only 9 a*ievem5t ( p]fect ,be+ or ,god4 ,= my "p1 ,i c b ?9k t m$ieval absolutism1 ) its provision = au?oritative sup]natural assi/ance 9 ?is _w & ass]tion ( sup]natural realization 9 ! next1 0 m logical1 z well z m humane1 ?an ! mod]n absolutism1 t1 ) ! same logical premises1 bids man f9d adequate consolation & support 9 ! fact t1 aft] all1 8 /riv+s are already et]nally fulfill$1 8 errors already et]nally transc5d$1 8 p>tial beliefs already et]nally compreh5d$4 ,! mod]n age is m>k$ by a refusal to be satisfi$ ) ! po/ponem5t ( ! ex]cise & function ( reason to ano!r & sup]natural sph]e1 & by a resolve to practise itself ^u its pres5t object1 nature1 ) all ! joys !reunto app]ta9+4 ,! pure intellig5ce ( ,ari/otle1 ?\ght ?9k+ itself1 expresses itself z free inquiry direct$ ^u ! pres5t conditions ( its own mo/ effective ex]cise4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! inh]5t relation ( ?\ght to be+ 0 pres]v$ intact1 b its practical locus 0 mov$ d[n f ! next _w to ?is4 ,sp9oza's 8,god or ,nature0 is ! logical outcome2 z is also 8 /rict correlation ( ! attribute ( matt] ) ! attribute ( ?\ght2 :ile 8 comb9ation ( ?or\gh di/ru/ ( passion & fai? ) complete fai? 9 reason & all-absorb+ passion = k is s classic an embodim5t ( ! :ole mod]n contradiction t x may awak5 admiration :]e less ?or\gh-pac$ =mulations call out irritation4 ,9 ! practical devotion ( pres5t intellig5ce to its pres5t object1 nature1 sci5ce 0 born1 & also its philosophical c\nt]p>t1 ! !ory ( k4 ,epi/emology only g5]aliz$ 9 its loose1 al?\gh n>r[ & te*nical way1 ! "q practically urg5t 9 ,europe3 ,h[ is sci5ce possible8 ,h[ c intellig5ce actively & directly get at its object8 ,meantime1 ?r\gh ,prote/antism ! values1 ! mean+s =m]ly *>act]iz+ ! next life 7! opportunity = full p]ception ( p]fect be+71 7 c>ri$ ov] into pres5t-day emotions & responses4 ,! dualism betwe5 fai? au?oritatively support$ z ! pr9ciple ( ?is life1 & k sup]naturally realiz$ z ! pr9ciple ( ! next1 0 transmut$ into ! dualism betwe5 intellig5ce n[ & "h occupi$ ) natural ?+s1 & ! affections & accompany+ beliefs1 n[ & "h realiz+ spiritual wor?s4 ,= a "t ?is dualism op]at$ z a conv5i5t division ( labor4 ,intellig5ce1 fre$ f responsibility = & preoccupation ) sup]natural tru?s1 c\ld occupy itself ! m fully & effici5tly ) ! _w t n[ is2 :ile ! affections1 *>g$ ) ! values evok$ 9 ! m$ieval discipl9e1 ent]$ into ! pres5t enjoym5t ( ! delectations previ\sly res]v$ = ! sa9ts4 ,directness took ! place ( sy/ematic int]m$iation2 ! pres5t ( ! future2 ! individual's emotional consci\sness ( ! sup]natural in/itution4 ,betwe5 sci5ce & fai?1 ?us conceiv$1 a b>ga9 0 /ruck4 ,h&s (f2 ea* to 8 own1 0 ! compact2 ! natural _w to intellig5ce1 ! moral1 ! spiritual _w to belief4 ,?is 7natural7 _w = k2 t 7sup]natural7 _w = belief4 ,?us ! anti!sis1 unexpress$1 ignor$1 )9 exp]i5ce1 betwe5 belief & k1 betwe5 ! purely objective values ( ?\ght & ! p]sonal values ( passion & volition1 0 m fundam5tal1 m det]m9+1 ?an ! opposition1 explicit & h>ass+1 )9 k1 betwe5 subject & object1 m9d & matt]4 ,?is lat5t antagonism work$ out into ! op54 ,9 sci5tific detail1 k encroa*$ ^u ! hi/oric traditions & op9ions ) :i* ! moral & religi\s life _h id5tifi$ itself4 ,x made hi/ory to be z natural1 z mu* its spoil1 z physical nature4 ,x turn$ itself ^u man1 & proce$$ remorselessly to acc\nt = 8 emotions1 8 volitions1 8 op9ions4 ,k1 9 its g5]al !ory1 z philosophy1 w5t ! same way4 ,x 0 pre-committ$ to ! old notion3 ! absolutely real is ! object ( k1 & h5ce is some?+ univ]sal & imp]sonal4 ,s1 :e!r by ! road ( s5sationalism or rationalism1 by ! pa? ( me*anicalism or objective idealism1 x came ab\t t concrete selves1 specific feel+ & will+ be+s1 7 relegat$ ) ! beliefs 9 :i* !y decl>e !mselves to ! 8ph5om5al40 ,,iii ,s mu* = ! situation aga9/ :i* "s contempor>y t5d5cies are a delib]ate prote/4 ,:at ( ! positive conditions t give u n m]e prote/1 l ! unreason+ revolt ( he>t aga9/ head f\nd at all epo*s1 b some?+ articulate & con/ructive8 ,! field is only too l>ge1 & ,i %all limit myself to ! evolution ( ! k /&po9t itself4 ,i %all sugge/1 fir/1 t ! progress ( intellig5ce direct$ ^u natural mat]ials has evolv$ a proc$ure ( k t r5d]s unt5able ! inh]it$ conception ( k2 &1 secondly1 t ?is result is re9=c$ by ! specific results ( "s ( ! special sci5ces4 #a4 ,fir/1 !n1 ! v use ( ! k /&po9t1 ! v expression ( ! k preoccupation1 has produc$ me?ods & te/s t1 :5 =mulat$1 intimate a radically diff]5t conception ( k1 & ( its relation to exi/5ce & belief1 ?an ! or?odox "o4 ,! "o ?+ t /&s out is t ?9k+ is inquiry1 & t k z sci5ce is ! outcome ( sy/ematically direct$ inquiry4 ,= a "t x 0 natural en\gh t inquiry %\ld be int]pret$ 9 ! old s5se1 z j *ange ( subjective attitudes & op9ions to make !m squ>e up ) a 8reality0 t is already !re 9 ready-made1 fix$1 & f9i%$ =m4 ,! rationali/ _h "o notion ( ! reality1 i4e41 t x 0 ( ! nature ( laws1 g5]a1 or an ord]$ sy/em1 & s ?\ght ( concepts1 axioms1 etc41 z ! indicat$ modes ( repres5tation4 ,! empirici/1 hold+ reality to be a lot ( little discrete p>ticul> lumps1 ?\ght ( disjo9t$ s5sations z its appropriate c\nt]p>t4 ,b bo? alike 7 ?or\gh con=mi/s4 ,if 8reality0 is already & completely giv51 & if k is j submissive acceptance1 !n1 ( c\rse1 inquiry is only a subjective *ange 9 ! human 8m9d0 or 9 8consci\sness10--^! be+ subjective & 8unreal40 ,b ! v developm5t ( ! sci5ces s]v$ to reveal a peculi> & intol]able p>adox4 ,epi/emology1 hav+ condemn$ inquiry once = all to ! region ( subjectivity 9 an invidi\s s5se1 f9ds itself 9 flat opposition 9 pr9ciple & 9 detail to ! assumption & to ! results ( ! sci5ces4 ,epi/emology is b\nd to d5y to ! results ( ! special sci5ces 9 detail any ult]ior objectivity j because !y always are 9 a process ( inquiry--9 solution4 ,:ile a man may n be halt$ at be+ told t 8 m5tal activities1 s9ce 81 are n g5u9ely real1 _m m5 w draw viol5tly back at be+ told t all ! discov]ies1 conclusions1 explanations1 & !ories ( ! sci5ces %>e ! same fate1 be+ ! products ( a discr$it$ m9d4 ,&1 9 g5]al1 epi/emology1 9 relegat+ human ?9k+ z inquiry to a m]ely ph5om5al region1 makes concrete approximation & con=mity to objectivity hopeless4 ,ev5 if x did squ>e itself up to & by 8reality0 x nev] c\ld be sure ( x4 ,! anci5t my? ( ,tantalus & 8 ef=t to dr9k ! wat] be=e him seems to be +5i\sly prophetic ( mod]n epi/emology4 ,! ?ir/i]1 ! ne$i] ( tru? ! human m9d1 & ! int5s] ! ef=ts put =? to slake itself 9 ! ocean ( be+ j beyond ! edge ( consci\sness1 ! m surely ! liv+ wat]s ( tru? rec$e6 ,:5 su* self-confess$ /]ility is jo9$ ) consi/5t d]ogation ( all ! special results ( ! special sci5ces1 "s "o is sure to raise ! cry ( 8dog 9 ! mang]10 or ( 8s\r grapes40 ,a revision ( ! !ory ( ?9k+1 ( inquiry1 w\ld seem to be inevitable2 a revision :i* %\ld cease try+ to con/rue k z an attempt$ approximation to a reproduction ( reality "u conditions t condemn x 9 advance to failure2 a revision :i* %\ld />t frankly f ! fact ( ?9k+ z inquir+1 & purely ext]nal realities z t]ms 9 inquiries1 & :i* %\ld con/rue validity1 objectivity1 tru?1 & ! te/ & sy/em ( tru?s1 on ! basis ( :at !y actually mean & d )9 inquiry4 ,su* a /&po9t promises ample rev5ge = ! long damnation & long] neglect to :i* ! pr9ciple ( belief has be5 subject$4 ,! :ole proc$ure ( ?9k+ z develop$ 9 ^? ext5sive & int5sive inquiries t con/itute ! sci5ces1 is b r5d]+ into a sy/ematic te*nique1 into an art delib]ately & delightfully pursu$1 ! r\gh] & crud] means by :i* practical human be+s h 9 all ages work$ out ! implications ( _! beliefs1 te/$ !m1 & endeavor$ 9 ! int]e/s ( economy1 effici5cy1 & fre$om1 to r5d] !m coh]5t ) "o ano!r4 ,belief1 %e]1 direct1 unmitigat$ belief1 reappe>s z ! work+ hypo!sis2 action t at once develops & te/s belief reappe>s 9 exp]im5tation1 d$uction1 demon/ration2 :ile ! ma*9]y ( univ]sals1 axioms1 a priori tru?s1 etc41 becomes a sy/ematization ( ! way 9 :i* m5 h always work$ out1 9 anticipation ( ov]t action1 ! implications ( _! beliefs1 ) a view to revis+ !m1 9 ! int]e/s ( obviat+ unfavorable1 & secur+ welcome consequ5ces4 ,obs]vation1 ) its ma*9]y ( s5sations1 measurem5ts1 etc41 is ! resurrection ( ! way 9 :i* ag5ts h always fac$ & tri$ to def9e ! problems t face !m2 tru? is ! union ( ab/ract po/ulat$ mean+s & ( concrete brute facts 9 a way t circumv5ts ! latt] by judg+ !m f a new /&po9t1 :ile x te/s concepts by us+ !m z me?ods 9 ! same active exp]i5ce4 ,x all comes to exp]i5ce p]sonally conduct$ & p]sonally consummat$4 ,let consci\sness ( ^! facts dawn a little m brightly ov] ! horizon ( epi/emological prejudices1 & x w be se5 t no?+ prev5ts admitt+ ! g5u95ess bo? ( ?9k+ activities & ( _! *>act]i/ic results1 except ! notion t belief itself is n a g5u9e +r$i5t ( exi/5ce--a notion :i* itself is n only a belief1 b a belief :i*1 unlike ! convictions ( ! common man & ! hypo!ses ( sci5ce1 f9ds its pr\d pro( 9 ! fact t x does n demean itself s unwor?ily z to "w4 ,once believe t beliefs !mselves are z 8real0 z any?+ else c ev] be1 & we h a _w 9 :i* unc]ta9ty1 d\btfulness1 really inh]e2 & 9 :i* p]sonal attitudes & responses are real bo? 9 _! own di/9ctive exi/5ce1 & z ! only ways 9 :i* an z yet undet]m9$ factor ( reality takes on %ape1 mean+1 value1 tru?4 ,if 8to wilful m5 ! injuries t !y !mselves procure1 mu/ be _! s*oolma/]s0--& all beliefs are wilful--!n by ! same tok5 ! propiti\s evolutions ( mean+1 :i* wilful m5 secure to an expectant univ]se1 mu/ be _! comp5sation & _! ju/ification4 ,9 a d\btful & ne$y univ]se elem5ts mu/ be begg>ly1 & ! developm5t ( p]sonal beliefs into exp]im5tally execut$ sy/ems ( actions1 is ! organiz$ bureau ( philan?ropy :i* conf]s ^u a travail+ univ]se ! mean+ = :i* x cries out4 ,! apo/rophe ( ! poet is above all to man ! ?9k]1 ! inquir]1 ! kn[]3 ,o ,dream]6 ,o ,desir]1 go] d[n ,unto untravel$ seas 9 untri$ %ips1 ,o cru%] ( ! unimag9$ grape1 ,on unconceivd lips4 #b4 ,biology1 psy*ology1 & ! social sci5ces pr(f] an impos+ body ( concrete facts t also po9t to ! rehabilitation ( belief--to ! int]pretation ( k z a human & practical outgr[? ( belief1 n to belief z ! /ate to :i* k is condemn$ 9 a m]ely f9ite & ph5om5al _w4 ,i ne$ n1 z ,i _c1 "h summ>ize ! psy*ological revision :i* ! notions ( s5sation1 p]ception1 conception1 cognition 9 g5]al h und]gone1 all to "o int5t4 8,motor0 is writ l>ge on _! face4 ,! te/imony ( biology is unambigu\s to ! effect t ! organic in/rum5ts ( ! :ole intellectual life1 ! s5se-organs & bra9 & _! connections1 h be5 develop$ on a def9itely practical basis & = practical aims1 = ! purpose ( su* control ov] conditions z w su/a9 & v>y ! mean+s ( life4 ,! hi/oric sci5ces are equally explicit 9 _! evid5ce t k z a sy/em ( in=mation & in/ruction is a cop]ative social a*ievem5t1 at all times socially ton$1 su/a9$1 & direct$2 & t logical ?9k+ is a reweav+ ?r\gh individual activity ( ?is social fabric at su* po9ts z are indicat$ by prevail+ ne$s & aims4 ,?is bulky & coh]5t body ( te/imony is n1 ( c\rse1 ( itself philosophy4 ,b x supplies1 at all ev5ts1 facts t h sci5tific back+1 & t are z wor?y ( reg>d z ! facts p]t95t to any sci5ce4 ,at ! pres5t "t ^! facts seem to h "s peculi> claim j because !y pres5t traits l>gely ignor$ 9 prior philosophic =mulations1 :ile ^? belong+ to ma!matics & physics h s l>gely wr\ght _! sweet w on sy/ems4 ,aga91 x w\ld seem z if 9 philosophies built delib]ately ^u ! k pr9ciple1 any body ( kn[n facts %\ld n h to clamor = sympa!tic att5tion4 ,su* be+ ! case1 ! reasons = rul+ psy*ology & sociology & alli$ sci5ces out ( compet5cy to give philosophic te/imony h m significance ?an ! b>e d5ial ( jurisdiction4 ,!y are evid5ces ( ! deep-root$ preconception t :atev] conc]ns a p>ticul> consci\s ag5t1 a want+1 /ruggl+1 satisfi$ & dissatisfi$ be+1 mu/ ( c\rse be only 8ph5om5al0 9 import4 ,?is av]sion is ! m sugge/ive :5 ! pr(ess$ ideali/ appe>s z ! special *ampion ( ! virg9ity ( pure k4 ,! ideali/1 s cont5t ) ! notion t consci\sness det]m9es reality1 provid$ x be done once = all1 at a jump & 9 lump1 is s uneasy 9 pres5ce ( ! idea t empirical consci\s be+s g5u9ely det]m9e exi/5ces n[ & "h6 ,"o is rem9d$ ( ! /ory told1 ,i ?9k1 by ,sp5c]4 ,"s committee _h organiz$ & cont5d$1 ?r\gh a long s]ies ( p>liam5ts1 = ! passage ( a measure4 ,at la/ "o ( _! meet+s 0 int]rupt$ ) news ( success4 ,con/]nation 0 ! result4 ,:at 0 to become ( ! occupation ( ! committee8 ,s1 "o asks1 :at is to become ( idealism at l>ge1 ( ! :olesale unspecifiable det]m9ation ( 8reality0 by or 9 8consci\sness10 if specific consci\s be+s1 ,john ,smi?s1 & ,susan ,smi?s 7to say no?+ ( _! animal relations71 be+s ) b[els & bra9s1 are f\nd to ex]cise influ5ce ^u ! "* & exi/5ce ( reals8 ,"o w\ld be almo/ ju/ifi$ 9 con/ru+ idealism z a ,pickwickian s*eme1 s will+ is x to idealize ! pr9ciple ( intellig5ce at ! exp5se ( its specific und]tak+s1 7 x n t ?is reluctance is ! necess>y outcome ( ! ,/oic basis & t5or ( idealism--its preoccupation ) logical cont5ts & relations 9 ab/raction f _! situs & function 9 consci\s liv+ be+s4 ,,iv ,i h sugge/$ to y ! nave conception ( ! relation ( beliefs to realities3 t beliefs are !mselves real )\t disc\nt1 manife/+ _! reality 9 ! usual prop] way1 namely1 by modify+ & %ap+ ! reality ( o!r ?+s1 s t !y connect ! bias1 ! pref]5ces & affections1 ! ne$s & endeavors ( p]sonal lives ) ! values1 ! *>act]s ascrib$ to ?+s3--! latt] ?us becom+ wor?y ( human acqua9tance & responsive to human int]c\rse4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by a sket* ( ! hi/ory ( ?\ght1 indicat+ h[ beliefs & all !y ins9uate 7 subject$ to preconceiv$ notions ( k & ( 8reality0 z a monopoli/ic possession ( pure intellect4 ,!n ,i trac$ "s ( ! motifs t make = reconsid]ation ( ! suppos$ uniquely exclusive relation ( logical k & 8reality02 motifs t make = a less invidi\sly sup]ior attitude t[>ds ! convictions ( ! common man4 ,9 conclud+1 ,i want to say a ^w or two to mitigate--= escape is impossible--"s misund]/&+s4 ,&1 to beg9 )1 :ile possible d\bts inevitably troop ) actual beliefs1 ! doctr9e 9 "q is n p>ticul>ly sceptical4 ,! radical empirici/1 ! humani/1 ! pragmati/1 label him z y w1 believes n 9 few] b 9 m 8realities0 ?an ! or?odox philosoph]s w>rant4 ,he is n conc]n$1 = example1 9 discr$it+ objective realities & logical or univ]sal ?9k+2 he is int]e/$ 9 su* a re9t]pretation ( ! sort ( 8reality0 :i* ^! ?+s possess z w accr$it1 )\t depreciation1 concrete empirical consci\s c5t]s ( action & passion4 ,my second rem>k is to ! opposite effect4 ,! int5t is n especially cr$ul\s1 al?\gh x />ts f & ends ) ! radical cr$ulity ( all k4 ,to suppose t because ! sci5ces are ultimately in/rum5tal to human beliefs1 we are !re=e to be c>eless ( ! mo/ exact possible use ( ext5sive & sy/ematic sci5tific me?ods1 is l suppos+ t because a wat* is made to tell pres5t "t1 & n to be an exempl> ( transc5d5t1 absolute "t1 wat*es might z well be made ( *eap /uffs1 casually wr\ght & clumsily put toge!r4 ,x is ! task ( tell+ pres5t "t1 ) all its urg5t implications1 t br+s home1 /eadies1 & enl>ges ! responsibility = ! be/ possible use ( intellig5ce1 ! in/rum5t4 ,= "o1 ,i h no int]e/ 9 ! old1 old s*eme ( d]ogat+ f ! wor? ( k 9 ord] to give an uncontroll$ field = "s special beliefs to run riot 91--be ^! beliefs ev5 fai? 9 immortality1 9 "s special sort ( a ,deity1 or 9 "s p>ticul> br& ( fre$om4 ,any "o ( our beliefs is subject to criticism1 revision1 & ev5 ultimate elim9ation ?r\gh ! developm5t ( its own implications by intellig5tly direct$ action4 ,because reason is a s*eme ( work+ out ! mean+s ( convictions 9 t]ms ( "o ano!r & ( ! consequ5ces !y import 9 fur!r exp]i5ce1 convictions are ! m1 n ! less1 am5able & responsible to ! full ex]cise ( reason4#bi ,?us we are put on ! road to t mo/ desirable ?+1--! union ( ackn[l$gm5t ( moral p[]s & dem&s ) ?or\ghgo+ naturalism4 ,no "o really wants to lame man's practical nature2 x is ! suppos$ exig5cies ( natural sci5ce t =ce ! h&4 ,no "o really be>s a grudge aga9/ naturalism = ! sake ( obscurantism4 ,x is ! ne$ ( "s sacr$ res]vation = moral int]e/s t co]ces4 ,we all want to be z naturali/ic z we c be4 ,b ! 8c be0 is ! rub4 ,if we set out ) a fix$ dualism ( belief & k1 !n ! uneasy fe> t ! natural sci5ces are go+ to encroa* & de/roy 8spiritual values0 haunts u4 ,s we build !m a citadel & =tify x2 t is1 we isolate1 pr(essionalize1 & !reby weak5 beliefs4 ,b if beliefs are ! mo/ natural1 & 9 t s5se1 ! mo/ metaphysical ( all ?+s1 & if k is an organiz$ te*nique = work+ out _! implications & int]relations1 = direct+ _! =mation & employ1 h[ unnecess>y1 h[ petty ! fe> & ! caution4 ,because fre$om ( belief is ours1 free ?\ght may ex]cise itself2 ! fre] ! ?\ght ! m sure ! emancipation ( belief4 ,hug "s special belief & "o fe>s k2 believe 9 belief & "o loves & cleaves to k4 ,we h "h1 too1 ! possibility ( a common und]/&+1 9 ?\ght1 9 language1 9 outlook1 ( ! philosoph] & ! common man4 ,:at w\ld n ! philosoph] give1 did he n h to "p ) "s ( 8 common humanity 9 ord] to jo9 a class8 ,does he n always1 :5 *all5g$1 ju/ify himself ) ! cont5tion t all m5 naturally philosophize1 & t he b does 9 a consci\s & ord]ly way :at leads to h>m :5 done 9 an indiscrim9ate & irregul> way8 ,if philosophy be at once a natural hi/ory & a logic--an art--( beliefs1 !n its te*nical ju/ification is at "o ) its human ju/ification4 ,! natural attitude ( man1 said ,em]son1 is believ+2 8! philosoph]1 aft] "s /ruggle1 hav+ only reasons = believ+40 ,let ! /ruggle !n enlight5 & enl>ge beliefs2 let ! reasons k9dle & eng5d] new beliefs4 ,f9ally1 x is n a solution1 b a problem :i* is pres5t$4 ,z philosoph]s1 our disagreem5ts z to conclusions are trivial comp>$ ) our disagreem5t z to problems4 ,to see ! problem ano!r sees1 9 ! same p]spective & at ! same angle--t am\nts to some?+4 ,agreem5t 9 solutions is 9 comp>ison p]functory4 ,to exp]i5ce ! same problem ano!r feels--t p]haps is agreem5t4 ,9 a _w :]e di/9ctions are z invidi\s z comp>isons are odi\s1 & :]e intellect works only by comp>ison & di/9ction1 pray :at is "o to d8 ,b beliefs are p]sonal matt]s1 & ! p]son1 we may /ill believe1 is social4 ,to be a man is to be ?9k+ desire2 & ! agreem5t ( desires is n 9 on5ess ( intellectual conclusion1 b 9 ! sympa?ies ( passion & ! concords ( action3--& yet significant union 9 affection & behavior may dep5d ^u a cons5sus 9 ?\ght t is secur$ only by discrim9ation & comp>ison4 ,,exp]i5ce ,,& ,,objective ,,idealism#cj ,i ,idealism z a philosophic sy/em /&s 9 su* a delicate relation to exp]i5ce z to invite att5tion4 ,9 its subjective =m1 or s5sationalism1 x claims to be ! la/ ^w ( empiricism4 ,9 its objective1 or rational =m1 x claims to make good ! defici5cies ( ! subjective type1 by emphasiz+ ! "w ( ?\ght t supplies ! factors ( objectivity & univ]sality lack+ 9 s5sationalism4 ,) ref]5ce to exp]i5ce z x n[ is1 su* idealism is half oppos$ to empiricism & half committ$ to x1--antagoni/ic1 s f> z exi/+ exp]i5ce is reg>d$ z ta9t$ ) a s5sational "*2 favorable1 s f> z ?is exp]i5ce is ev5 n[ prophetic ( "s f9al1 all-compreh5sive1 or absolute exp]i5ce1 :i* 9 tru? is "o ) reality4 ,t ?is comb9ation ( opposition to pres5t exp]i5ce ) devotion to ! cause ( exp]i5ce 9 ! ab/ract leaves objective idealism 9 a position ( un/able equilibrium f :i* x c f9d release only by eu?anasia 9 a ?or\gh-go+ empiricism seems evid5t4 ,"s ( ! reasons = ?is belief may be readily approa*$ by a summ>y sket* ( ?ree hi/oric episodes 9 :i* h em]g$ important conceptions ( exp]i5ce & its relation to reason4 ,! fir/ takes u to classic ,greek ?\ght4 ,"h exp]i5ce means ! pres]vation1 ?r\gh memory1 ( ! net result ( a multiplicity ( p>ticul> do+s & suff]+s2 a pres]vation t af=ds positive skill 9 ma9ta9+ fur!r practice1 & promise ( success 9 new em]g5cies4 ,! craft ( ! c>p5t]1 ! art ( ! physician are /&+ examples ( its nature4 ,x diff]s f in/9ct & bl9d r\t9e or s]vile practice because !re is "s k ( mat]ials1 me?ods1 & aims1 9 _! adju/m5t to "o ano!r4 ,yet ! m>ks ( its passive1 habitual orig9 are indelibly /amp$ ^u x4 ,on ! k side x c nev] aspire beyond op9ion1 & if true op9ion be a*iev$1 x is only by happy *ance4 ,on ! active side x is limit$ to ! accompli%m5t ( a special "w or a p>ticul> product1 foll[+ "s unju/ifi$1 because assum$1 me?od4 ,?us x contra/s ) ! true k ( reason1 :i* is direct appreh5sion1 self-reveal+ & self-validat+1 ( an et]nal & h>moni\s cont5t4 ,! regions 9 :i* exp]i5ce & reason respectively hold sway are ?us expla9$4 ,exp]i5ce has to d ) production1 :i*1 9 turn1 is relative to decay4 ,x deals ) g5]ation1 becom+1 n ) f9ality1 be+4 ,h5ce x is infect$ ) ! trait ( relative non-be+1 ( m]e imitativ5ess2 h5ce its multiplicity1 its logical inadequacy1 its relativity to a /&>d & end beyond itself4 ,reason1 p] contra1 has to d ) mean+1 ) significance 7ideas1 =ms71 t is et]nal & ultimate4 ,s9ce ! mean+ ( any?+ is ! wor?1 ! good1 ! end ( t ?+1 exp]i5ce pres5ts u ) p>tial & t5tative ef=ts to a*ieve ! embodim5t ( purpose1 "u conditions t doom ! attempt to inconclusiv5ess4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 its me$ ( reality 9 ! degree 9 :i* its results p>ticipate 9 mean+1 ! good1 reason4 ,f ?is classic p]iod1 !n1 comes ! anti!sis ( exp]i5ce z ! hi/orically a*iev$ embodim5ts ( mean+1 p>tial1 multiple1 insecure1 to reason z ! s\rce1 au?or1 & conta9] ( mean+1 p]man5t1 assur$1 unifi$4 ,idealism means ideality1 exp]i5ce means brute & brok5 facts4 ,t ?+s exi/ because ( & = ! sake ( mean+1 & t exp]i5ce gives u mean+ 9 a s]vile1 int]rupt$1 & inh]5tly defici5t way--su* is ! /&po9t4 ,exp]i5ce gives u mean+ 9 process ( becom+2 special & isolat$ in/ances 9 :i* x happ5s1 temporally1 to appe>1 r ?an mean+ pure1 undefil$1 indep5d5t4 ,exp]i5ce pres5ts purpose1 ! good1 /ruggl+ aga9/ ob/acles1 8involv$ 9 matt]40 ,j h[ mu* ! vogue ( mod]n neo-,kantian idealism1 pr(ess$ly built ^u a /rictly epi/emological in/ead ( ^u a cosmological basis1 is due1 9 days ( a decl9+ !ology1 to a vague s5se t affirm+ ! function ( reason 9 ! con/itution ( a kn[able _w 7:i* 9 its own con/itution z logically kn[able may be1 morally & spiritually1 any?+ y please71 c>ries ) x an assurance ( ! sup]ior reality ( ! good & ! beautiful z well z ( ! 8true10 x w\ld be h>d to say4 ,c]ta9ly unction seems to h desc5d$ ^u epi/emology1 9 apo/olic succession1 f classic idealism2 s t neo-,kantianism is r>ely )\t a tone ( edification1 z if feel+ itself ! patron ( man's spiritual int]e/s 9 contra/ to ! suppos$ crud5ess & ins5sitiv5ess ( naturalism & empiricism4 ,at all ev5ts1 we f9d "h "o elem5t 9 our problem3 ,exp]i5ce consid]$ z ! summ>y ( pa/ episodic adv5tures & happ5+s 9 relation to fulfill$ & adequately express$ mean+4 ,! second hi/oric ev5t c5t]s ab\t ! controv]sy ( innate ideas1 or pure concepts4 ,! issue is betwe5 empiricism & rationalism z !ories ( ! orig9 & validation ( sci5tific k4 ,! empirici/ is he :o feels t ! *ief ob/acle :i* prev5ts sci5tific me?od f mak+ way is ! belief 9 pure ?\ghts1 n d]iv$ f p>ticul> obs]vations & h5ce n responsible to ! c\rse ( exp]i5ce4 ,8 objection to ! 8high a priori road0 is t x introduces 9 irresponsible fa%ion a mode ( presum$ k :i* may be us$ at any turn to /& sponsor = m]e tradition & prejudice1 & ?us to nullify ! results ( sci5ce re/+ ^u & v]ifi$ by obs]vable facts4 ,exp]i5ce ?us comes to mean1 to use ! words ( ,peirce1 8t :i* is =c$ ^u a man's recognition w-he1 nill-he1 & %apes 8 ?\ghts to some?+ q diff]5t f :at !y naturally w\ld h tak540#ca ,! same def9ition is f\nd 9 ,james1 9 8 *apt] on ,necess>y ,tru?s3 8,exp]i5ce means exp]i5ce ( some?+ =eign suppos$ to impress u :e!r spontane\sly or 9 consequ5ce ( our own ex]tions & acts40#cb ,z ,peirce po9ts out1 ?is notion ( exp]i5ce z ! =eign elem5t t =ces ! h& ( ?\ght & controls its efficacy1 goes back to ,locke4 ,exp]i5ce is 8obs]vation employ$ ei!r ab\t ext]nal s5sible objects1 or ab\t ! int]nal op]ations ( our m9ds0#cc--;z furni%+ 9 %ort all ! valid data & te/s ( ?9k+ & k4 ,?is mean+1 ?9ks ,peirce1 %\ld be accept$ 8z a l&m>k :i* x w\ld be a crime to di/urb or displace40 ,! cont5tion ( idealism1 "h b\nd up ) rationalism1 is t p]ception & obs]vation _c gu>antee k 9 its honorific s5se 7sci5ce72 t ! peculi> diff]5tia ( sci5tific k is a con/ancy1 a univ]sality1 & necessity t contra/ at e po9t ) p]ceptual data1 & t indisp5sably require ! function ( conception4#cd ,9 %ort1 qualitative trans=mation ( facts 7data ( p]ception71 n _! me*anical subtraction & recomb9ation1 is ! diff]5ce betwe5 sci5tific & p]ceptual k4 ,"h ! problem :i* em]ges is1 ( c\rse1 ! significance ( p]ception & ( conception 9 respect to exp]i5ce4#ce ,! ?ird episode rev]ses 9 a curi\s mann] 7:i* confuses pres5t discussion7 ! notion ( exp]i5ce z a =eign1 ali51 co]cive mat]ial4 ,x reg>ds exp]i5ce z a =tuit\s association1 by m]ely psy*ic connections1 ( individuali/ic /ates ( consci\sness4 ,?is is due to ! ,humian developm5t ( ,locke4 ,! 8objects0 & 8op]ations10 :i* to ,locke 7 j giv5 & secur$ 9 obs]vation1 become %ift+ complexes ( subjective s5sations & ideas1 ^: app>5t p]man5cy is due to discov]able illusions4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is ! empiricism :i* made ,kant s uneasily toss 9 8 dogmatic slumb]s 7a toss+ t he took = an awak5+72 & :i*1 by reaction1 call$ out ! conception ( ?\ght z a function op]at+ bo? to elevate p]ceptual data to sci5tific /atus1 & also to conf] objective /atus1 or kn[able "*1 ^u ev5 s5sational data & _! associative comb9ations4#cf ,"h em]ges ! ?ird elem5t 9 our problem3 ,! function ( ?\ght z furni%+ objectivity to any exp]i5ce t claims cognitive ref]5ce or capacity4 ,summ+ up ! matt]1 idealism /&s =? ) its ass]tion ( ?\ght or reason z 7#a7 ! sponsor = all significance1 ideality1 purpose1 9 exp]i5ce1--! au?or ( ! good & ! beautiful z well z ! true2 7#b7 ! p[]1 locat$ 9 pure conceptions1 requir$ to elevate p]ceptive or obs]vational mat]ial to ! plane ( sci5ce2 & 7#c7 ! con/itution t gives objectivity1 ev5 ! semblance ( ord]1 sy/em1 connection1 mutual ref]5ce1 to s5sory data t )\t its assi/ance are m]e subjective flux4 ,,ii ,i beg9 ! discussion ) ! la/-nam$ function4 ,?\ght is "h conceiv$ z a priori1 n 9 ! s5se ( p>ticul> innate ideas1 b ( a function t con/itutes ! v possibility ( any objective exp]i5ce1 any exp]i5ce involv+ ref]5ce beyond its own m]e subjective happ5+4 ,i %all try to %[ t idealism is condemn$ to move back & =? betwe5 two inconsi/5t int]pretations ( ?is a priori ?\ght4 ,x is tak5 to mean bo? ! organiz$1 ! regulat$1 ! in=m$1 e/abli%$ "* ( exp]i5ce1 an ord] imman5t & con/itutional2 & an ag5cy :i* organizes1 regulates1 =ms1 syn!sizes1 a p[] op]ative & con/ructive4 ,& ! oscillation betwe5 & confusion ( ^! two div]se s5ses is necess>y to ,neo-,kantian idealism4 ,:5 ,kant comp>$ 8 "w 9 philosophy to t ( ! m5 :o introduc$ con/ruction into geometry1 & exp]im5tation into physics & *emi/ry1 ! po9t ( 8 rem>ks dep5ds ^u tak+ ! a priori wor? ( ?\ght 9 a regulative1 directive1 controll+ s5se1 ?\ght z consci\sly1 int5tionally1 mak+ an exp]i5ce diff]5t 9 a det]m9ate s5se & mann]4 ,b ! po9t ( 8 answ] to ,hume consi/s 9 tak+ ! a priori 9 ! o!r s5se1 z some?+ :i* is already imman5t 9 any exp]i5ce1 & :i* accord+ly makes no det]m9ate diff]5ce to any "o exp]i5ce z comp>$ ) any o!r1 or ) any pa/ or future =m ( itself4 ,! concept is treat$ fir/ z t :i* makes an exp]i5ce actually diff]5t1 controll+ its evolution t[>ds consi/5cy1 coh]5cy1 & objective reliability2 !n1 x is treat$ z t :i* has already effect$ ! organization ( any & e exp]i5ce t comes to recognition at all4 ,! fallacy f :i* he nev] em]ges consi/s 9 vibrat+ betwe5 ! def9ition ( a concept z a rule ( con/ructive syn!sis 9 a diff]5tial s5se1 & ! def9ition ( x z a /atic end[m5t lurk+ 9 8m9d10 & giv+ automatically a h>d & fix$ law = ! det]m9ation ( e exp]i5c$ object4 ,! a priori conceptions ( ,kant z imman5t fall1 l ! ra91 ^u ! j & ! unju/2 ^u error1 op9ion1 & halluc9ation4 ,b ,kant slides into ^! a priori functions ! pref]5tial values ex]cis$ by empirical reflective ?\ght4 ,! concept ( triangle1 tak5 geometrically1 means d\btless a det]m9ate me?od ( con/ru+ space elem5ts2 b to ,kant x also means some?+ t exi/s 9 ! m9d prior to all su* geometrical con/ructions & t unconsci\sly lays d[n ! law n only = _! consci\s elaboration1 b also = any space p]ception1 ev5 = t :i* takes a rectangle to be a triangle4 ,! fir/ ( ! mean+s is intelligible1 & m>ks a def9ite contribution to ! logic ( sci5ce4 ,b x is n 8objective idealism02 x is a contribution to a revis$ empiricism4 ,! second is a d>k say+4 ,t organization ( "s sort exi/s 9 e exp]i5ce ,i make no d\bt4 ,t isolation1 discrepancy1 ! fragm5t>y1 ! incompatible1 are br\ght to recognition & to logical function only ) ref]5ce to "s prior exi/5tial mode ( organization seems cle>4 ,& x seems equally cle> t reflection goes on ) pr(it only because ! mat]ials ) :i* x deals h already "s degree ( organization1 or exemplify v>i\s relation%ips4 ,z aga9/ ,hume1 or ev5 ,locke1 we may be duly grateful to ,kant = en=c+ ackn[l$gm5t ( ^! facts4 ,b ! ackn[l$gm5t means simply an improv$ & revis$ empiricism4 ,=1 be x not$1 ?is organization1 fir/1 is n ! "w ( reason or ?\ght1 unless 8reason0 be /ret*$ beyond all id5tification2 &1 secondly1 x has no sacrosanct or f9ally valid & wor?ful "*4 7#a7 ,exp]i5ce always c>ries ) x & )9 x c]ta9 sy/ematiz$ arrangem5ts1 c]ta9 classifications 7us+ ! t]m )\t intellectuali/ic prejudice71 coexi/5t & s]ial4 ,if we attribute ^! to 8?\ght0 !n ! /ructure ( ! bra9 ( a ,moz>t :i* he>s & comb9es s\nds 9 c]ta9 gr\p+s1 ! psy*o-physical visual habit ( ! ,greek1 ! locomotor app>atus ( ! human body 9 ! lay+-out & plott+ ( space is 8?\ght40 ,social in/itutions1 e/abli%$ political cu/oms1 effect & p]petuate modes ( reaction & ( p]ception t compel a c]ta9 gr\p+ ( objects1 elem5ts1 & values4 ,a national con/itution br+s ab\t a def9ite arrangem5t ( ! factors ( human action :i* holds ev5 physical ?+s toge!r 9 c]ta9 det]m9ate ord]s4 ,e successful economic process1 ) its elaborate divisions & adju/m5ts ( labor1 ( mat]ials & in/rum5ts1 is j su* an objective organization4 ,n[ x is "o ?+ to say t ?\ght has play$ a "p 9 ! orig9 & developm5t ( su* organizations1 & cont9ues to h a rle 9 _! judici\s employm5t & application2 x is ano!r to say t ^! organizations are ?\ght1 or are its exclusive product4 ,?\ght t functions 9 ^! ways is di/9ctively reflective ?\ght1 ?\ght z practical1 volitional1 delib]ately ex]cis$ = specific aims--?\ght z an act1 an art ( skill$ m$iation4 ,z reflective ?\ght1 its end is to t]m9ate its own fir/ & exp]im5tal =ms1 & to secure an organization :i*1 :ile x may evoke new reflective ?9k+1 puts an end to ! ?9k+ t secur$ ! organization4 ,z organizations1 z e/abli%$1 effectively controll+ arrangem5ts ( objects 9 exp]i5ce1 _! m>k is t !y are n ?\ghts1 b habits1 cu/oms ( action4#cg ,moreov]1 su* reflective ?\ght z does int]v5e 9 ! =mation & ma9t5ance ( ^! practical organizations h>ks back to prior practical organizations1 biological & social 9 nature4 ,x s]ves to valuate organizations already exi/5t z biological functions & in/9cts1 :ile1 z itself a biological activity1 x r$irects !m to new conditions & results4 ,recognize1 = example1 t a geometric concept is a practical locomotor function ( arrang+ /imuli 9 ref]5ce to ma9t5ance ( life activities br\ght into consci\sness1 & !n s]v+ z a c5t] ( reorganization ( su* activities to fre]1 m v>i$ flexible & valuable =ms2 recognize ?is1 & we h ! tru? ( ! ,kantian idea1 )\t its excresc5ces & miracles4 ,! concept is ! practical activity do+ consci\sly & artfully :at x _h a=etime done bl9dly & aimlessly1 & !reby n only do+ x bett] b op5+ up a fre] _w ( significant activities4 ,?\ght z su* a reorganization ( natural functions does naturally :at ,kantian =ms & s*ematizations d only sup]naturally4 ,9 a ^w1 ! con/ructive or organiz+ activity ( 8?\ght0 does n inh]e 9 ?\ght z a transc5d5tal function1 a =m or mode ( "s supra-empirical ego1 m9d1 or consci\sness1 b 9 ?\ght z itself vital activity4 ,& 9 any case we h pass$ to ! idea ( ?\ght z reflectively recon/ructive & directive1 & away f ! notion ( ?\ght z imman5tly con/itutional & organizational4 ,to make ?is passage & yet to ignore its exi/5ce & import is ess5tial to objective idealism4 7#b7 ,no f9al or ultimate validity atta*es to ^! orig9al arrangem5ts & in/itutionalizations 9 any case4 ,_! value is teleological & exp]im5tal1 n fix$ly ontological4 8,law & ord]0 are good ?+s1 b n :5 !y become rigidity1 & create me*anical uni=mity or r\t9e4 ,prejudice is ! acme ( ! a priori4 ,( ! a priori 9 ?is s5se we may say :at is always to be said ( habits & in/itutions3 ,!y are good s]vants1 b h>% & futile ma/]s4 ,organization z already effect$ is always 9 dang] ( becom+ a mortma92 x may be a way ( sacrific+ novelty1 flexibility1 fre$om1 creation to /atic /&>ds4 ,! curi\s ineffici5cy ( idealism at ?is po9t is evid5t 9 ! fact t g5u9e ?\ght1 empirical reflective ?\ght1 is requir$ precisely = ! purpose ( re-=m+ e/abli%$ & set =mations4 ,9 %ort1 7a7 a priori "* is no exclusive function ( ?\ght4 ,e biological function1 e motor attitude1 e vital impulse z ! c>ry+ vehicle ( exp]i5ce is ?us apriorily regulative 9 prospective ref]5ce2 :at we call app]ception1 expectation1 anticipation1 desire1 dem&1 *oice1 are pregnant ) ?is con/itutive & organiz+ p[]4 7b7 ,9 s f> z 8?\ght0 does ex]cise su* reorganiz+ p[]1 x is because ?\ght is itself /ill a vital function4 7c7 ,objective idealism dep5ds n only ^u ignor+ ! exi/5ce & capacity ( vital functions1 b ^u a pr(\nd confusion ( ! con/itutional a priori1 ! unconsci\sly dom9ant1 ) empirically reflective ?\ght4 ,9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! a priori is wor? :ile z an attribute ( ?\ght1 ?\ght _c be :at ! objective ideali/ def9es x z be+4 ,pla91 ord9>y1 ev]yday empirical reflections1 op]at+ z c5t]s ( inquiry1 ( sugge/ion1 ( exp]im5tation1 ex]cise ! valuable function ( regulation1 9 an auspici\s direction1 ( subsequ5t exp]i5ces4 ,! categories ( accompli%$ sy/ematization cov] alike ! j & ! unju/1 ! false & ! true1 :ile 7unlike ,god's ra97 !y ex]cise no specific or diff]5tial activity ( /imulation & control4 ,error & ineffici5cy1 z well z value & en]gy1 are embodi$ 9 our objective in/itutional classifications4 ,z a special favor1 w n ! objective ideali/ %[ h[1 9 "s "o s+le in/ance1 8 imman5t 8reason0 makes any diff]5ce z respects ! detection & elim9ation ( error1 or gives ev5 ! slighte/ assi/ance 9 discov]+ & validat+ ! truly wor?ful8 ,?is practical "w1 ! life blood ( intellig5ce 9 ev]yday life & 9 critical sci5ce1 is done by ! despis$ & reject$ matt] ( concrete empirical contexts & functions4 ,g5]aliz+ ! issue3 ,if ! imman5t organization be ascrib$ to ?\ght1 :y %\ld its "w be su* z to dem& cont9u\s correction & revision8 ,if specific reflective ?\ght1 z empirical1 be subject to all ! limitations suppos$ to inh]e 9 exp]i5ce z su*1 h[ c x assume ! burd5 ( mak+ good1 ( supplem5t+1 recon/ruct+1 & develop+ mean+s8 ,! logic ( ! case seems to be t ,neo-,kantian idealism gets its /atus aga9/ empiricism by fir/ accept+ ! ,humian idea ( exp]i5ce1 :ile ! express import ( its positive contribution is to %[ ! non-exi/5ce 7n m]ely ! cognitive invalidity7 ( any?+ describable z m]e /ates ( subjective consci\sness4 ,?us 9 ! end x t5ds to de/roy itself & to make way = a m adequate empiricism4 ,,iii ,9 ! above discussion1 ,i h unavoidably anticipat$ ! second problem3 ! relation ( conceptual ?\ght to p]ceptual data4 ,a di/9ct aspect /ill rema9s1 h[ev]4 ,p]ception1 z well z apriority1 is a t]m h>bor+ a fundam5tal ambiguity4 ,x may mean 7#a7 a di/9ct type ( activity1 pr$om9antly practical 9 "*1 ?\gh c>ry+ at its he>t important cognitive & e/hetic qualities2 or 7#b7 a di/9ctively cognitional exp]i5ce1 ! function ( obs]vation z explicitly logical--a factor 9 sci5ce qua sci5ce4 ,9 ! fir/ s5se1 z rec5t functional empiricism 7work+ 9 h>mony ) psy*ology1 b n itself peculi>ly psy*ological7 has abundantly %[n1 p]ception is prim>ily an act ( adju/m5t ( organism & environm5t1 diff]+ f a m]e reflex or in/9ctive adaptation 9 t1 9 ord] to comp5sate = ! failure ( ! in/9ctive adju/m5t1 x requires an objective or discrim9ative pres5tation ( conditions ( action3 ! negative conditions or ob/acles1 & ! positive conditions or means & res\rces4#ch ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is its cognitive phase4 ,9 s f> z ! mat]ial ?us pres5t$ n only s]ves z a direct cue to fur!r successful activity 7successful 9 ! ov]com+ ( ob/acles to ! ma9t5ance ( ! function ent]$ ^u7 b pres5ts auxili>y collat]al objects & qualities t give additional range & dep? ( mean+ to ! activity ( adju/m5t1 p]ceiv+ is e/hetic z well z intellectual4#ci ,n[ su* p]ception _c be made anti!tical to ?\ght1 = x may itself be sur*>g$ ) any am\nt ( imag9atively suppli$ & reflectively su/a9$ ideal factors--su* z are ne$$ to det]m9e & select relevant /imuli & to sugge/ & develop an appropriate plan & c\rse ( behavior4 ,! am\nt ( su* saturat+ intellectual mat]ial dep5ds ^u ! complexity & maturity ( ! behav+ ag5t4 ,su* p]ception1 moreov]1 is /rictly teleological1 s9ce x arises f an exp]i5c$ ne$ & functions to fulfil ! purpose indicat$ by ?is ne$4 ,! cognitional cont5t is1 inde$1 c>ri$ by affectional & int5tional contexts4 ,!n we h p]ception z sci5tific obs]vation4 ,?is involves ! delib]ate1 artful exclusion ( affectional & purposive factors z ex]cis+ mayhap a vitiat+ influ5ce ^u ! cognitive or objective cont5t2 or1 m /rictly speak+1 a trans=mation ( ! m ord9>y or 8natural0 emotional & purposive concomitants1 into :at ,ba9 calls 8neutral0 emotion1 & a purpose ( f9d+ out :at ! pres5t conditions ( ! problem are4 7,! practical feature is n ?us d5i$ or elim9at$1 b ! ov]we5+ influ5ce ( a pres5t dom9at+ end is avoid$1 s t *ange ( ! "* ( ! end may be effect$1 if f\nd desirable47 ,"h obs]vation may be oppos$ to ?\ght1 9 ! s5se t exact & m9ute description may be set ov] aga9/ int]pretation1 explanation1 !oriz+1 & inf]5ce4 ,9 ! wid] s5se ( ?\ght z equal+ reflective process1 ! "w ( obs]vation & description =ms a con/itu5t division ( labor )9 ?\ght4 ,! imp]sonal dem>cation & accurate regi/ration ( :at is objectively !re or pres5t occurs = ! sake 7a7 ( elim9at+ mean+ :i* is habitually b uncritically ref]r$1 & 7b7 ( gett+ a basis = a mean+ 7at fir/ purely inf]5tial or hypo!tical7 t may be consi/5tly ref]r$2 & t 7c71 re/+ ^u exam9ation & n ^u m]e a priori cu/om1 may wea!r ! /ra9 ( subsequ5t exp]i5ces4 ,b 9 s f> z ?\ght is id5tifi$ ) ! conceptual phase z su* ( ! entire logical function1 obs]vation is1 ( c\rse1 set ov] aga9/ ?\ght3 delib]ately1 purposely1 & artfully s4 ,x is n uncommon to he> x said t ! ,lockeian movem5t 0 all well en\gh = psy*ology1 b w5t a/ray because x invad$ ! field ( logic4 ,if we mean by psy*ology a natural hi/ory ( :at at any "t passes = k1 & by logic consci\s control 9 ! direction ( gr\nd$ assurance1 ?is rem>k appe>s to rev]se ! tru?4 ,z a natural hi/ory ( k 9 ! s5se ( op9ion & belief1 ,locke's acc\nt ( discrete1 simple ideas or mean+s1 :i* are comp\nd$ & !n di/ribut$1 does palpable viol5ce to ! facts4 ,b e l9e ( ,locke %[s t he 0 int]e/$ 9 k 9 its honorific s5se--controll$ c]ta9ty1 or1 :]e ?is is n feasible1 measur$ probability4 ,& to logic z an acc\nt ( ! way 9 :i* we by art build up a te/$ assurance1 a rationaliz$ conviction1 ,locke makes an important positive contribution4 ,! pity is t he incl9$ to take x = ! :ole ( ! logic ( sci5ce1#dj n see+ t x 0 b a correlative division ( labor to ! "w ( hypo!ses or inf]5ce2 & t he t5d$ to id5tify x ) a natural hi/ory or psy*ology4 ,! latt] t5d5cy expos$ ,locke to ! ,humian int]pretation1 & p]man5tly sidetrack$ ! positive contribution ( 8 !ory to logic1 :ile x l$ to t confusion ( an untrue psy*ology ) a logic valid )9 limits1 ( :i* ,mill is ! /&>d example4 ,9 analytic obs]vation1 x is a positive object to /rip (f all inf]5tial mean+ s f> z may be--to r$uce ! facts z ne>ly z may be to d]ationaliz$ data1 9 ord] to make possible a new & bett] rationalization4 ,9 & because ( ?is process1 ! p]ceptual data approa* ! limit ( a disconnect$ manifold1 ( ! brutely giv51 ( ! m]ely s5sibly pres5t2 :ile mean+ /&s out z a se>*$ = pr9ciple ( unification & explanation1 t is1 z a ?\ght1 a concept1 an hypo!sis4 ,! ext5t to :i* ?is is c>ri$ dep5ds :olly ^u ! "* ( ! specific situation & problem2 b1 speak+ g5]ally1 or ( limit+ t5d5cies1 "o may say x is c>ri$ to m]e obs]vation1 pure brute description1 on ! "o side1 & to m]e ?\ght1 t is hypo!tical inf]5ce1 on ! o!r4 ,s f> z ,locke ignor$ ?is in/rum5tal "* ( obs]vation1 he naturally evok$ & /r5g!n$ rationali/ic idealism2 he call$ =? its ass]tion ( ! ne$ ( reason1 ( concepts1 ( univ]sals1 to con/itute k 9 its eulogi/ic s5se4 ,b two contr>y errors d n make a tru?1 al?\gh !y sugge/ & det]m9e ! nature ( "s relevant tru?4 ,?is tru? is ! empirical orig91 9 a det]m9ate type ( situation1 ( ! contra/ ( obs]vation & conception2 ! empirical relevancy & ! empirical wor? ( ?is contra/ 9 controll+ ! "* ( subsequ5t exp]i5ces4 ,to suppose t p]ception z x concretely exi/s1 ei!r 9 ! e>ly exp]i5ces ( ! animal1 ! race1 or ! individual1 or 9 its lat] ref9$ & exp&$ exp]i5ces1 is id5tical ) ! %>ply analyz$1 objectively discrim9at$ & int]nally dis9tegrat$ elem5ts ( sci5tific obs]vation1 is a p]v]sion ( exp]i5ce2 a p]v]sion = :i*1 inde$1 pr(ess$ empirici/s set ! example1 b :i* idealism mu/ p]petuate if x is n to f9d its end 9 an improv$1 functional empiricism4#da ,,iv ,we come n[ to ! consid]ation ( ! ?ird elem5t 9 our problem2 ideality1 important & normative value1 9 relation to exp]i5ce2 ! anti!sis ( exp]i5ce z a t5tative1 fragm5t>y1 & ineffectual embodim5t ( mean+ ov] aga9/ ! p]fect1 et]nal sy/em ( mean+s :i* exp]i5ce sugge/s ev5 9 nullify+ & mutilat+4 ,t f ! memory /&po9t exp]i5ce pres5ts itself z a multiplicity ( episodic ev5ts ) j en\gh cont9uity among !m to sugge/ pr9ciples true 8on ! :ole0 or usually1 b )\t furni%+ in/ruction z to _! exact range & be>+1 seems obvi\s en\gh4 ,:y %\ld x n8 ,! motive :i* leads to reflection on pa/ exp]i5ce c\ld be satisfi$ 9 no o!r way4 ,cont9uities1 connect+ l9ks1 dynamic transitions drop out because1 = ! purpose ( ! recollection1 !y w\ld be h9drances if n[ repeat$2 or because !y are n[ available only :5 !mselves objectifi$ 9 def9ite t]ms & ?us giv5 a quasi indep5d5t1 a quasi atomi/ic /&+ ( _! own4 ,?is is ! only alt]native to :at ! psy*ologi/s t]m 8total rem9isc5ce10 :i*1 s f> z total1 leave u ) an elephant on our h&s4 ,unless we are go+ to h a :olesale revivification ( ! pa/1 giv+ u j ano!r emb>rass+ pres5t exp]i5ce1 illusory because irrelevant1 memory mu/ "w by retail--by summon+ di/9ct cases1 ev5ts1 sequ5ces1 prec$5ts4 ,dis-memb]+ is a positively necess>y "p ( re-memb]+4 ,b ! result+ disjecta membra are 9 no s5se exp]i5ce z x 0 or is2 !y are simply elem5ts held ap>t1 & yet t5tatively implicat$ toge!r1 9 pres5t exp]i5ce = ! sake ( its mo/ favorable evolution2 evolution 9 ! direction ( ! mo/ excell5t mean+ or value conceiv$4 ,if ! rememb]+ is efficaci\s & p]t95t1 x reveals ! possibilities ( ! pres5t2 t is to say1 x cl>ifies ! transitive1 trans=m+ "* t belongs inh]5tly to ! pres5t4 ,! dismemb]+ ( ! vital pres5t into ! disconnect$ pa/ is correlative to an anticipation1 an idealization ( ! future4 ,moreov]1 ! cont+5t "* ( ! pr9ciple or rule t em]ges f a survey ( cases1 in/ances1 z di/9ct f a fix$ or necess>y "*1 secures j :at is want$ 9 ! exig5cy ( a prospective idealization1 or ref9em5t ( excell5ce4 ,x is j ?is "* t secures flexibility & v>iety ( outlook1 t makes possible a consid]ation ( alt]natives & an attempt to select & to execute ! m wor?y among !m4 ,! fix$ or necess>y law w\ld mean a future l ! pa/--a dead1 an unidealiz$ future4 ,x is exasp]at+ to imag9e h[ completely diff]5t w\ld h be5 ,ari/otle's valuation ( 8exp]i5ce0 ) respect to its cont+5cy1 if he _h b once employ$ ! function ( develop+ & p]fect+ value1 in/ead ( ! function ( kn[+ an unalt]able object1 z ! /&>d by :i* to e/imate & measure intellig5ce4 ,! "o con/ant trait ( exp]i5ce f its crude/ to its mo/ mature =ms is t its cont5ts und]go *ange ( mean+1 & ( mean+ 9 ! s5se ( excell5ce1 value4 ,e exp]i5ce is 9-c\rse1#db 9 c\rse ( becom+ worse or bett] z to its cont5ts1 or 9 c\rse ( consci\s endeavor to su/a9 "s satisfactory level ( value aga9/ encroa*m5t or lapse4 ,9 ?is ef=t1 bo? prec$5t1 ! r$uction ( ! pres5t idealization1 ! anticipation ( ! possible1 ?\gh d\btful1 future1 em]ge4 ,)\t idealization1 t is1 )\t conception ( ! favorable issue t ! pres5t1 def9$ 9 t]ms ( prec$5ts1 may port5d 9 its transition1 ! recollection ( prec$5ts1 & ! =mulation ( t5tative rules is nons5se4 ,b )\t ! id5tification ( ! pres5t 9 t]ms ( elem5ts sugge/$ by ! pa/1 )\t recognition1 ! ideal1 ! value project$ z end1 rema9s in]t1 helpless1 s5tim5tal1 )\t means ( realization4 ,resembl+ cases & anticipation1 memory & idealization1 are ! correspond+ t]ms 9 :i* a pres5t exp]i5ce has its transitive =ce analyz$ into reciprocally p]t95t means & ends4 ,t an exp]i5ce w *ange 9 cont5t & value is ! "o ?+ c]ta94 ,h[ x w *ange is ! "o ?+ naturally unc]ta94 ,h5ce ! import ( ! art ( reflection & inv5tion4 ,control ( ! "* ( ! *ange 9 ! direction ( ! wor?ful is ! common bus9ess ( !ory & practice4 ,"h is ! prov9ce ( ! episodic recollection ( pa/ hi/ory & ( ! idealiz$ =esight ( possibilities4 ,! irrelevancy ( an objective idealism lies 9 ! fact t x totally ignores ! position & function ( ideality 9 su/a9$ & s]i\s endeavor4 ,7 values automatically inject$ & kept 9 ! _w ( exp]i5ce by any =ce n reflect$ 9 human memories & projects1 x w\ld make no diff]5ce :e!r ?is =ce 7 a ,sp5c]ian environm5t or an ,absolute ,reason4 ,did purpose ride 9 a cosmic automobile t[>d a pr$e/9$ goal1 x w\ld n cease to be physical & me*anical 9 quality because label$ ,div9e ,idea1 or ,p]fect ,reason4 ,! moral w\ld be 8let u eat1 dr9k1 & be m]ry10 = to-morr[--or if n ?is to-morr[1 !n ^u "s to-morr[1 unaffect$ by our empirical memories1 reflections1 inv5tions1 & idealizations--! cosmic automobile arrives4 ,spirituality1 ideality1 mean+ z purpose1 w\ld be ! la/ ?+s to pres5t !mselves if objective idealism 7 true4 ,values _c be bo? ideal & giv51 & _! 8giv50 "* is emphasiz$1 n trans=m$1 :5 !y are call$ et]nal & absolute4 ,b natural values become ideal ! mom5t _! ma9t5ance is dep5d5t ^u ! int5tional activities ( an empirical ag5t4 ,to suppose t values are ideal because !y are s et]nally giv5 is ! contradiction 9 :i* objective idealism has intr5*$ itself4 ,objective ontological teleology spells ma*9]y4 ,reflective & volitional1 exp]im5tal teleology alone spells ideality4#dc ,objective1 rationali/ic idealism breaks ^u ! fact t x c h no int]m$i>y betwe5 a brutally a*iev$ embodim5t ( mean+ 7physical 9 "* or else ( t peculi> quasi-physical "* :i* goes g5]ally by ! "n ( metaphysical7 & a total opposition ( ! giv5 & ! ideal1 connot+ _! mutual indiff]5ce & incapacity4 ,an empiricism t ackn[l$ges ! transitive "* ( exp]i5ce1 & t ackn[l$ges ! possible control ( ! "* ( ! transition by means ( intellig5t ef=t1 has abundant opportunity to celebrate 9 productive art1 g5ial morals1 & imp>tial inquiry ! grace & ! sev]ity ( ! ideal4 ,,! ,,po/ulate ,,( ,,imm$iate ,,empiricism#dd ,! criticisms made ^u t vital b /ill un=m$ movem5t v>i\sly t]m$ radical empiricism1 pragmatism1 humanism1 functionalism1 accord+ z "o or ano!r aspect ( x is upp]mo/1 h left me ) a conviction t ! fundam5tal diff]5ce is n s mu* 9 matt]s ov]tly discuss$ z 9 a presupposition t rema9s tacit3 a presupposition z to :at exp]i5ce is & means4 ,to d my little "p 9 cle>+ up ! confusion1 ,i %all try to make my own presupposition explicit4 ,! object ( ?is pap] is1 !n1 to set =? :at ,i und]/& to be ! po/ulate & ! crit]ion ( imm$iate empiricism4#de ,imm$iate empiricism po/ulates t ?+s--any?+1 ev]y?+1 9 ! ord9>y or non-te*nical use ( ! t]m 8?+0--are :at !y are exp]i5c$ z4 ,h5ce1 if "o wi%es to describe any?+ truly1 8 task is to tell :at x is exp]i5c$ z be+4 ,if x is a horse t is to be describ$1 or ! equus t is to be def9$1 !n mu/ ! horse-trad]1 or ! jockey1 or ! timid family man :o wants a 8safe driv]10 or ! zoologi/ or ! paleontologi/ tell u :at ! horse is :i* is exp]i5c$4 ,if ^! acc\nts turn out diff]5t 9 "s respects1 z well z congru\s 9 o!rs1 ?is is no reason = assum+ ! cont5t ( "o to be exclusively 8real10 & t ( o!rs to be 8ph5om5al02 = ea* acc\nt ( :at is exp]i5c$ w manife/ t x is ! acc\nt ( ! horse-deal]1 or ( ! zoologi/1 & h5ce w give ! conditions requisite = und]/&+ ! diff]5ces z well z ! agreem5ts ( ! v>i\s acc\nts4 ,& ! pr9ciple v>ies n a :it if we br+ 9 ! psy*ologi/'s horse1 ! logician's horse1 or ! metaphysician's horse4 ,9 ea* case1 ! nub ( ! "q is1 :at sort ( exp]i5ce is d5ot$ or indicat$3 a concrete & det]m9ate exp]i5ce1 v>y+1 :5 x v>ies1 9 specific real elem5ts1 & agree+1 :5 x agrees1 9 specific real elem5ts1 s t we h a contra/1 n betwe5 a ,reality1 & v>i\s approximations to1 or ph5om5al repres5tations ( ,reality1 b betwe5 diff]5t reals ( exp]i5ce4 ,& ! read] is begg$ to be> 9 m9d t f ?is /&po9t1 :5 8an exp]i5ce0 or 8"s sort ( exp]i5ce0 is ref]r$ to1 8"s ?+0 or 8"s sort ( ?+0 is always meant4 ,n[1 ?is /atem5t t ?+s are :at !y are exp]i5c$ to be is usually translat$ into ! /atem5t t ?+s 7or1 ultimately1 ,reality1 ,be+7 are only & j :at !y are kn[n to be or t ?+s are1 or ,reality is1 :at x is = a consci\s kn[]--:e!r ! kn[] be conceiv$ prim>ily z a p]ceiv] or z a ?9k] be+ a fur!r1 & second>y1 "q4 ,?is is ! root-p>alogism ( all idealisms1 :e!r subjective or objective1 psy*ological or epi/emological4 ,by our po/ulate1 ?+s are :at !y are exp]i5c$ to be2 &1 unless kn[+ is ! sole & only g5u9e mode ( exp]i5c+1 x is fallaci\s to say t ,reality is j & exclusively :at x is or w\ld be to an all-compet5t all-kn[]2 or ev5 t x is1 relatively & piecemeal1 :at x is to a f9ite & p>tial kn[]4 ,or1 put m positively1 kn[+ is "o mode ( exp]i5c+1 & ! prim>y philosophic dem& 7f ! /&po9t ( imm$iatism7 is to f9d out :at sort ( an exp]i5ce kn[+ is--or1 concretely h[ ?+s are exp]i5c$ :5 !y are exp]i5c$ z kn[n ?+s4#df ,by concretely is meant1 obvi\sly en\gh 7among o!r ?+s71 su* an acc\nt ( ! exp]i5ce ( ?+s z kn[n t w br+ out ! *>act]i/ic traits & di/9ctions !y possess z ?+s ( a kn[+ exp]i5ce1 z comp>$ ) ?+s exp]i5c$ e/hetically1 or morally1 or economically1 or te*nologically4 ,to assume t1 because f ! /&po9t ( ! k exp]i5ce ?+s are :at !y are kn[n to be1 !re=e1 metaphysically1 absolutely1 )\t qualification1 ev]y?+ 9 its reality 7z di/9ct f its 8appe>ance10 or ph5om5al occurr5ce7 is :at a kn[] w\ld f9d x to be1 is1 f ! imm$iati/'s /&po9t1 if n ! root ( all philosophic evil1 at lea/ "o ( its ma9 roots4 ,= ?is leaves out ( acc\nt :at ! k /&po9t is itself exp]i5c$ z4 ,i />t & am flu/]$ by a noise he>d4 ,empirically1 t noise is fe>some2 x really is1 n m]ely ph5om5ally or subjectively s4 ,t is :at x is exp]i5c$ z be+4 ,b1 :5 ,i exp]i5ce ! noise z a kn[n ?+1 ,i f9d x to be innoc5t ( h>m4 ,x is ! tapp+ ( a %ade aga9/ ! w9d[1 ow+ to movem5ts ( ! w9d4 ,! exp]i5ce has *ang$2 t is1 ! ?+ exp]i5c$ has *ang$--n t an unreality has giv5 place to a reality1 nor t "s transc5d5tal 7unexp]i5c$7 ,reality has *ang$1#dg n t tru? has *ang$1 b j & only ! concrete reality exp]i5c$ has *ang$4 ,i n[ feel a%am$ ( my fright2 & ! noise z fe>some is *ang$ to noise z a w9d-curta9 fact1 & h5ce practically indiff]5t to my welf>e4 ,?is is a *ange ( exp]i5c$ exi/5ce effect$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( cognition4 ,! cont5t ( ! latt] exp]i5ce cognitively reg>d$ is d\btless tru] ?an ! cont5t ( ! e>li]2 b x is 9 no s5se m real4 ,to call x tru]1 moreov]1 mu/1 f ! empirical /&po9t1 mean a concrete diff]5ce 9 actual ?+s exp]i5c$4#dh ,aga91 9 _m cases1 only 9 retrospect is ! prior exp]i5ce cognitionally reg>d$ at all4 ,9 su* cases1 x is only 9 reg>d to contra/$ cont5t 9 a subsequ5t exp]i5ce t ! det]m9ation 8tru]0 has =ce4 ,p]haps "s read] may n[ object t z matt] ( fact ! entire exp]i5ce is cognitive1 b t ! e>li] p>ts ( x are only imp]fectly s1 result+ 9 a ph5om5on t is n real2 :ile ! latt] "p1 be+ a m complete cognition1 results 9 :at is relatively1 at lea/1 m real4#di ,9 %ort1 a critic may say t1 :5 ,i 0 fright5$ by ! noise1 ,i knew ,i 0 fright5$2 o!rwise !re w\ld h be5 no exp]i5ce at all4 ,at ?is po9t1 x is necess>y to make a di/9ction s simple & yet s all-fundam5tal t ,i am afraid ! read] w be incl9$ to pooh-pooh x away z a m]e v]bal di/9ction4 ,b to see t to ! empirici/ ?is di/9ction is n v]bal1 b g5u9e1 is ! precondition ( any und]/&+ ( him4 ,! imm$iati/ mu/1 by 8 po/ulate1 ask :at is ! fright exp]i5c$ z4 ,is :at is actually exp]i5c$1 ,i-"k-,i-am-fright5$1 or ,i-am-fright5$8 ,i see absolutely no reason = claim+ t ! exp]i5ce mu/ be describ$ by ! =m] phrase4 ,9 all probability 7& all ! empirici/ logically ne$s is j "o case ( ?is sort7 ! exp]i5ce is simply & j ( fright-at-!-noise4 ,lat] "o may 7or may n7 h an exp]i5ce describable z ,i-"k-,i-am-7or-07 & improp]ly or prop]ly1 fright5$4 ,b ?is is a diff]5t exp]i5ce--t is1 a diff]5t ?+4 ,& if ! critic goes on to urge t ! p]son 8really0 mu/ h kn[n t he 0 fright5$1 ,i c only po9t out t ! critic is %ift+ ! v5ue4 ,he may be "r1 b1 if s1 x is only because ! 8really0 is some?+ n concretely exp]i5c$ 7^: nature accord+ly is ! critic's bus9ess72 & ?is is to dep>t f ! empirici/'s po9t ( view1 to attribute to him a po/ulate he expressly repudiates4 ,! mat]ial po9t may come out m cle>ly if ,i say t we mu/ make a di/9ction betwe5 a ?+ z cognitive1 & "o z cogniz$4#ej ,i %\ld def9e a cognitive exp]i5ce z "o t has c]ta9 be>+s or implications :i* induce1 & fulfil !mselves 91 a subsequ5t exp]i5ce 9 :i* ! relevant ?+ is exp]i5c$ z cogniz$1 z a kn[n object1 & is !reby trans=m$1 or reorganiz$4 ,! fright-at-!-noise 9 ! case cit$ is obvi\sly cognitive1 9 ?is s5se4 ,by description1 x induces an inve/igation or inquiry 9 :i* bo? noise & fright are objectively /at$ or pres5t$--! noise z a %ade-w9d fact1 ! fright z an organic reaction to a sudd5 ac\/ic /imulus1 a reaction t "u ! giv5 circum/ances 0 useless or ev5 detrim5tal1 a maladaptation4 ,n[1 pretty mu* all ( exp]i5ce is ( ?is sort 7! 8is0 mean+1 ( c\rse1 is exp]i5c$ z71 & ! empirici/ is false to 8 pr9ciple if he does n duly note ?is fact4#ea ,b he is equally false to 8 pr9ciple if he p]mits himself to be confus$ z to ! concrete diff]5ces 9 ! two ?+s exp]i5c$4 ,!re are two little words ?r\gh explication ( :i* ! empirici/'s position may be br\ght out--8z0 & 8t40 ,we may express 8 presupposition by say+ t ?+s are :at !y are exp]i5c$ z be+2 or t to give a j acc\nt ( any?+ is to tell :at t ?+ is exp]i5c$ to be4 ,by ^! words ,i want to indicate ! absolute1 f9al1 irr$ucible1 & inexpugnable concrete quale :i* ev]y?+ exp]i5c$ n s mu* has z is4 ,to grasp ?is aspect ( empiricism is to see :at ! empirici/ means by objectivity1 by ! elem5t ( control4 ,suppose we take1 z a crucial case = ! empirici/1 an out & out illusion1 say ( ,zlln]'s l9es4 ,^! are exp]i5c$ z conv]g5t2 !y are 8truly0 p>allel4 ,if ?+s are :at !y are exp]i5c$ z be+1 h[ c ! di/9ction be drawn betwe5 illusion & ! true /ate ( ! case8 ,!re is no answ] to ?is "q except by /ick+ to ! fact t ! exp]i5ce ( ! l9es z div]g5t is a concrete qualitative ?+ or t4 ,x is t exp]i5ce :i* x is1 & no o!r4 ,& if ! read] rebels at ! it]ation ( su* obvi\s tautology1 ,i c only reit]ate t ! realization ( ! mean+ ( ?is tautology is ! key to ! :ole "q ( ! objectivity ( exp]i5ce1 z t /&s to ! empirici/4 ,! l9es ( t exp]i5ce are div]g5t2 n m]ely seem s4 ,! "q ( tru? is n z to :e!r ,be+ or ,non-,be+1 ,reality or m]e ,appe>ance1 is exp]i5c$1 b z to ! wor? ( a c]ta9 concretely exp]i5c$ ?+4 ,! only way ( pass+ ^u ?is "q is by /ick+ 9 ! mo/ uncompromis+ fa%ion to t exp]i5ce z real4 ,t exp]i5ce is t two l9es ) c]ta9 cross-hat*+s are appreh5d$ z conv]g5t2 only by tak+ t exp]i5ce z real & z fully real1 is !re any basis =1 or way ( go+ to1 an exp]i5c$ k t ! l9es are p>allel4 ,x is 9 ! concrete ?+ z exp]i5c$ t all ! gr\nds & clues to its own intellectual or logical rectification are conta9$4 ,x is because ?is ?+1 aft]w>ds adjudg$ false1 is a concrete t1 t x develops into a correct$ exp]i5ce 7t is1 exp]i5ce ( a correct$ ?+--we re=m ?+s j z we re=m ourselves or a bad boy7 ^: full cont5t is n a :it m real1 b :i* is true or tru]4#eb ,if any exp]i5ce1 !n a det]m9ate exp]i5ce2 & ?is det]m9at5ess is ! only1 & is ! adequate1 pr9ciple ( control1 or 8objectivity40 ,! exp]i5ce may be ( ! vague/ sort4 ,i may n see any?+ :i* ,i c id5tify z a famili> object--a table1 a *air1 etc4 ,x may be d>k2 ,i may h only ! vague/ impression t !re is some?+ :i* looks l a table4 ,or ,i may be completely befogg$ & confus$1 z :5 "o rises quickly f sleep 9 a pit*-d>k room4 ,b ?is vagu5ess1 ?is d\btfulness1 ?is confusion is ! ?+ exp]i5c$1 &1 qua real1 is z 8good0 a reality z ! self-lum9\s vision ( an ,absolute4 ,x is n j vagu5ess1 d\btfulness1 confusion1 at l>ge or 9 g5]al4 ,x is ?is vagu5ess1 & no o!r2 absolutely unique1 absolutely :at x is4#ec ,:atev] ga9 9 cle>ness1 9 fullness1 9 tru5ess ( cont5t is exp]i5c$ mu/ gr[ out ( "s elem5t 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ?is exp]i5c$ z :at x is4 ,to return to ! illusion3 ,if ! exp]i5ce ( ! l9es z conv]g5t is illusory1 x is because ( "s elem5ts 9 ! ?+ z exp]i5c$1 n because ( some?+ def9$ 9 t]ms ( ext]nality to ?is p>ticul> exp]i5ce4 ,if ! illusor9ess c be detect$1 x is because ! ?+ exp]i5c$ is real1 hav+ )9 its exp]i5c$ reality elem5ts ^: own mutual t5sion effects its recon/ruction4 ,tak5 concretely1 ! exp]i5ce ( conv]g5t l9es conta9s )9 itself ! elem5ts ( ! trans=mation ( its own cont5t4 ,x is ?is ?+1 & n "s sep>ate tru?1 t clamors = its own re=m4 ,!re is1 !n1 f ! empirici/'s po9t ( view1 no ne$ to se>* = "s aborig9al t to :i* all successive exp]i5ces are atta*$1 & :i* is someh[ !reby und]go+ cont9u\s *ange4 ,exp]i5ce is always ( ?ats2 & ! mo/ compreh5sive & inclusive exp]i5ce ( ! univ]se t ! philosoph] himself c obta9 is ! exp]i5ce ( a *>act]i/ic t4 ,f ! empirici/'s po9t ( view1 ?is is z true ( ! exhau/ive & complete insight ( a hypo!tical all-kn[] z ( ! vague1 bl9d exp]i5ce ( ! awak5$ sleep]4 ,z reals1 !y /& on ! same level4 ,z trues1 ! latt] has by def9ition ! bett] ( x2 b if ?is insight is 9 any way ! tru? ( ! bl9d awak5+1 x is because ! latt] has1 9 its own det]m9ate quale1 elem5ts ( real cont9uity ) ! =m]2 x is1 ex hypo!si1 trans=mable ?r\gh a s]ies ( exp]i5c$ reals )\t break ( cont9uity1 into ! absolute ?\ght-exp]i5ce4 ,!re is no ne$ ( logical manipulation to effect ! trans=mation1 nor c\ld any logical consid]ation effect x4 ,if effect$ at all x is j by imm$iate exp]i5ces1 ea* ( :i* is j z real 7no m1 no less7 z ei!r ( ! two t]ms betwe5 :i* !y lie4 ,su*1 at lea/1 is ! mean+ ( ! empirici/'s cont5tion4 ,s1 :5 he talks ( exp]i5ce1 he does n mean "s gr&iose1 remote affair t is ca/ l a net ar\nd a succession ( fleet+ exp]i5ces2 he does n mean an indef9ite total1 compreh5sive exp]i5ce :i* someh[ engirdles an endless flux2 he means t ?+s are :at !y are exp]i5c$ to be1 & t e exp]i5ce is "s ?+4 ,f ! po/ulate ( empiricism1 !n 7or1 :at is ! same ?+1 f a g5]al consid]ation ( ! concept ( exp]i5ce71 no?+ c be d$uc$1 n a s+le philosophical proposition4#ed ,! read] may h5ce conclude t all ?is j comes to ! truism t exp]i5ce is exp]i5ce1 or is :at x is4 ,if "o attempts to draw conclusions f ! b>e concept ( exp]i5ce1 ! read] is q "r4 ,b ! real significance ( ! pr9ciple is t ( a me?od ( philosophical analysis--a me?od id5tical 9 k9d 7b diff]+ 9 problem & h5ce 9 op]ation7 ) t ( ! sci5ti/4 ,if y wi% to f9d out :at subjective1 objective1 physical1 m5tal1 cosmic1 psy*ic1 cause1 sub/ance1 purpose1 activity1 evil1 be+1 quality--any philosophic t]m1 9 %ort--means1 g to exp]i5ce & see :at ! ?+ is exp]i5c$ z4 ,su* a me?od is n spectacul>2 x p]mits ( no (fh& demon/rations ( ,god1 fre$om1 immortality1 nor ( ! exclusive reality ( matt]1 or ideas1 or consci\sness1 etc4 ,b x supplies a way ( tell+ :at all ^! t]ms mean4 ,x may seem insignificant1 or *ill+ly disappo9t+1 b only ^u condition t x be n work$4 ,philosophic conceptions h1 ,i believe1 outliv$ _! usefulness consid]$ z /imulants to emotion1 or z a species ( sanctions2 & a l>g]1 m fruitful & m valuable c>e] awaits !m consid]$ z specifically exp]i5c$ mean+s4 ,,note3 ,! reception ( ?is essay prov$ t ,i 0 unreasonably sangu9e 9 ?9k+ t ! foot-note ( w>n+1 app5d$ to ! title1 w\ld =f5d radical misappreh5sion4 ,i see n[ t x 0 unreasonable to expect t ! ^w 8imm$iate0 9 a philosophic writ+ c\ld be g5]ally und]/ood to apply to any?+ except k1 ev5 ?\gh ! body ( ! essay is a prote/ aga9/ su* limitation4 ,b ,i v5ture to repeat t ! essay is n a d5ial ( ! necessity ( 8m$iation10 or reflection1 9 k1 b is an ass]tion t ! inf]5tial factor mu/ exi/1 or mu/ occur1 & t all exi/5ce is direct & vital1 s t philosophy c pass ^u its nature--z ^u ! nature ( all ( ! re/ ( its subject-matt]--only by fir/ asc]ta9+ :at x exi/s or occurs z4 ,i v5ture to repeat also ano!r /atem5t ( ! text3 ,i d n mean by 8imm$iate exp]i5ce0 any aborig9al /uff out ( :i* ?+s are evolv$1 b ,i use ! t]m to indicate ! necessity ( employ+ 9 philosophy ! direct descriptive me?od t has n[ made its way 9 all ! natural sci5ces1 ) su* modifications1 ( c\rse1 z ! subject itself entails4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! text to imply t ?+s exi/ 9 exp]i5ce atomically or 9 isolation4 ,:5 x is said t a ?+ z cogniz$ is diff]5t f an e>li] non-cognitionally exp]i5c$ ?+1 ! say+ no m implies lack ( cont9uity betwe5 ! ?+s1 ?an ! obvi\s rem>k t a se$ is diff]5t f a fl[] or a leaf d5ies _! cont9uity4 ,! am\nt & k9d ( cont9uity or discret5ess t exi/s is to be discov]$ by recurr+ to :at actually occurs 9 exp]i5ce4 ,f9ally1 !re is no?+ 9 ! text t d5ies ! exi/5ce ( ?+s temporally prior to human exp]i5c+ ( !m4 ,inde$1 ,i %\ld ?9k x fairly obvi\s t we exp]i5ce mo/ ?+s z temporally prior to our exp]i5c+ ( !m4 ,! import ( ! article is to ! effect t we are n entitl$ to draw philosophic 7z di/9ct f sci5tific7 conclusions z to ! mean+ ( prior temporal exi/5ce till we h asc]ta9$ :at x is to exp]i5ce a ?+ z pa/4 ,^! f\r disclaim]s cov]1 ,i ?9k1 all ! misappreh5sions disclos$ 9 ! f\r or five controv]sial articles 7not$ bel[7 t ! orig9al essay evok$4 ,"o ( ^! articles 7t ( ,pr(essor ,woodbridge71 rais$ a po9t ( fact1 hold+ t cognitional exp]i5ce tells u1 )\t alt]ation1 j :at ! ?+s ( o!r types ( exp]i5ce are1 & 9 t s5se transc5ds o!r exp]i5ces4 ,?is is too fundam5tal an issue to discuss 9 a note1 & ,i cont5t myself ) rem>k+ t ) respect to x1 ! be>+ ( ! article is t ! issue mu/ be settl$ by a c>eful descriptive survey ( ?+s z exp]i5c$1 to see :e!r modifications d n occur 9 exi/5ces :5 !y are exp]i5c$ z kn[n2 i4e41 z true or false 9 "*4 ,! read] int]e/$ 9 foll[+ up ?is discussion is ref]r$ to ! foll[+ articles3 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ( ! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology1 & ,sci5tific ,me?ods1 two articles by ,bakewell1 p4 #ebj & p4 #fhg2 "o by ,bode1 p4 #feh2 "o by ,woodbridge1 p4 #egc2 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ( ! same ,j\rnal1 by ,leighton1 p4 #agd4 8,,consci\sness0 ,,& ,,exp]i5ce#ee ,e sci5ce 9 its f9al /&po9t & work+ aims is controll$ by conditions ly+ outside itself--conditions t subsi/ 9 ! practical life ( ! "t4 ,) no sci5ce is ?is z obvi\sly true z ) psy*ology4 ,tak5 )\t nicety ( analysis1 no "o w\ld d5y t psy*ology is specially occupi$ ) ! individual2 t x wi%es to f9d out ^? ?+s t proce$ peculi>ly f ! individual1 & ! mode ( _! connection ) him4 ,n[1 ! way 9 :i* ! individual is conceiv$1 ! value t is attribut$ to him1 ! ?+s 9 8 make-up t ar\se int]e/1 are n due at ! outset to psy*ology4 ,! sci5tific view reg>ds ^! matt]s 9 a reflect$1 a borr[$1 m$ium4 ,!y are reveal$ 9 ! light ( social life4 ,an autocratic1 an ari/ocratic1 a democratic society prop\nd su* diff]5t e/imates ( ! wor? & place ( individuality2 !y procure = ! individual z an individual su* diff]5t sorts ( exp]i5ce2 !y aim at ar\s+ su* diff]5t impulses & at organiz+ !m accord+ to su* diff]5t purposes1 t ! psy*ology aris+ 9 ea* mu/ %[ a diff]5t temp]4 ,9 ?is s5se1 psy*ology is a political sci5ce4 ,:ile ! pr(ess$ psy*ologi/1 9 8 consci\s proc$ure1 may easily cut 8 subject-matt] loose f ^! practical ties & ref]5ces1 yet ! />t+ po9t & goal ( 8 c\rse are none ! less socially set4 ,9 ?is conviction ,i v5ture to introduce to an audi5ce t c\ld h>dly be expect$ to be int]e/$ 9 ! te*nique ( psy*ology1 a te*nical subject1 hop+ t ! human mean+ may yet appe>4 ,!re is at pres5t a /rong1 app>5tly a gr[+ t5d5cy to conceive ( psy*ology z an acc\nt ( ! consci\sness ( ! individual1 consid]$ z some?+ 9 & by itself2 consci\sness1 ! assumption virtually runs1 be+ ( su* an ord] t x may be analyz$1 describ$1 & expla9$ 9 t]ms ( j itself4 ,! /atem5t1 z commonly made1 is t psy*ology is an acc\nt ( consci\sness1 qua consci\sness2 & ! phrase is suppos$ to limit psy*ology to a c]ta9 def9ite sph]e ( fact t may receive adequate discussion = sci5tific purposes1 )\t tr\bl+ itself ) :at lies outside4 ,n[ if ?is conception be true1 !re is no intimate1 no important connection ( psy*ology & philosophy at l>ge4 ,t philosophy1 ^: range is compreh5sive1 ^: problems are ca?olic1 %\ld be held d[n by a discipl9e ^: voice is z p>tial z its mat]ial is limit$1 is out ( ! range ( intellig5t discussion4 ,b !re is ano!r possibility4 ,if ! individual ( :om psy*ology treats be1 aft] all1 a social individual1 any absolute sett+ (f & ap>t ( a sph]e ( consci\sness z1 ev5 = sci5tific purposes1 self-suffici5t1 is condemn$ 9 advance4 ,all su* limitation1 & all inquiries1 descriptions1 explanations t g ) x1 are only prelim9>y4 8,consci\sness0 is b a symbol1 an anatomy ^: life is 9 natural & social op]ations4 ,to "k ! symbol1 ! psy*ical lett]1 is important2 b its necessity lies n )9 itself1 b 9 ! ne$ ( a language = read+ ! ?+s signifi$4 ,if ?is view be correct1 we _c be s sure t psy*ology is )\t l>ge philosophic significance4 ,:atev] mean+ ! individual has = ! social life t he bo? incorporates & animates1 t mean+ has psy*ology = philosophy4 ,?is problem is too important & too l>ge to suff] attack 9 an ev5+'s address4 ,yet ,i v5ture to consid] a portion ( x1 hop+ t su* ?+s z appe> w be useful clues 9 ent]+ wid] t]ritory4 ,we may ask :at is ! effect ^u psy*ology ( consid]+ its mat]ial z some?+ s di/9ct z to be capable ( treatm5t )\t involv+ l>g] issues4 ,9 ?is inquiry we take z repres5tative "s su* acc\nt ( ! sci5ce z ?is3 ,psy*ology deals ) consci\sness 8z su*0 9 its v>i\s modes & processes4 ,x aims at an isolation ( ea* su* z w p]mit accurate description3 at /atem5t ( its place 9 ! s]ial ord] su* z w enable u to /ate ! laws by :i* "o calls ano!r into be+1 or z w give ! natural hi/ory ( its orig91 matur+1 & dissolution4 ,x is bo? analytic & syn!tic--analytic 9 t x resolves ea* /ate into its con/itu5t elem5ts2 syn!tic 9 t x discov]s ! processes by :i* ^! elem5ts comb9e into complex :oles & s]ies4 ,x leaves alone--x %uts out--que/ions conc]n+ ! validity1 ! objective import ( ^! modifications3 ( _! value 9 convey+ tru?1 9 effect+ goodness1 9 con/itut+ beauty4 ,= x is j ) su* que/ions ( wor?1 ( validity1 t philosophy has to d4 ,"s su* view z ?is is held by ! great majority ( work+ psy*ologi/s to-day4 ,a v>iety ( reasons h conspir$ to br+ ab\t g5]al acceptance4 ,su* a view seems to enroll "o 9 ! ranks ( ! sci5tific m5 r ?an ( ! metaphysicians--& !re are ^? :o di/ru/ ! metaphysicians4 ,o!rs desire to take problems piecemeal & 9 detail1 avoid+ t excursion into ultimates1 into t nev]-end+ panorama ( new que/ions & new possibilities t seems to be ! fate ( ! philosoph]4 ,:ile no temp]ate m9d c d o!r ?an sympa?ize ) ?is view1 x is h>dly m ?an an exp$i5t4 ,=1 z ,mr4 ,james rem>ks1 aft] dispos+ ( ! "q ( free-w by relegat+ x to ! doma9 ( ! metaphysician3--8,metaphysics means only an unusually ob/9ate attempt to ?9k cle>ly & consi/5tly0--& cle>ness & consi/5cy are n ?+s to be put (f beyond a c]ta9 po9t4 ,:5 ! metaphysician *imes 9 ) ?is new-f\nd mode/y ( ! psy*ologi/1 s diff]5t f ! disposition ( ,locke & ,hume & ! ,mills1 salv+ 8 metaphysical consci5ce ) ! rem>k--x h>dly possesses ! dignity ( a conviction--t ! p>tial sci5ces1 j because !y are p>tial1 are n expect$ to be coh]5t ) !mselves nor ) "o ano!r2 :5 ! metaphysician1 ,i say1 praises ! psy*ologi/ = /ick+ to 8 la/1 we are rem9d$ t ano!r motive is also at "w4 ,!re is a half-consci\s irony 9 ?is abnegation ( psy*ology4 ,x is n ! fir/ "t t sci5ce has assum$ ! "w ( ,c9d]ella2 &1 s9ce ,mr4 ,huxley has happily rem9d$ h]1 %e is n altoge!r oblivi\s1 9 h] mode/y1 ( a possible future *eck to ! pride ( h] haughty si/]1 & ( a c]ta9 coronation t %all m>k h] com+ to h] own4 ,b1 be ! reasons z !y may1 !re is little d\bt ( ! fact4 ,almo/ all our work+ psy*ologi/s admit1 nay1 h]ald ?is limitation ( _! "w4 ,i am n presumptu\s en\gh to set myself aga9/ ?is array4 ,i too proclaim myself ( ^? :o believe t psy*ology has to d 7at a c]ta9 po9t1 t is7 ) 8consci\sness z su*40 ,b ,i d n believe t ! limitation is f9al4 ,q ! contr>y3 if 8consci\sness0 or 8/ate ( consci\sness0 be giv5 intelligible mean+1 ,i believe t ?is conception is ! op5 gateway into ! fair fields ( philosophy4 ,=1 note y1 ! phrase is an ambigu\s "o4 ,x may mean "o ?+ to ! metaphysician :o proclaims3 ,"h f9ally we h psy*ology recogniz+ h] due metes & b\nds1 giv+ bonds to trespass no m4 ,x may mean q ano!r ?+ to ! psy*ologi/ 9 8 "w--:atev] he may happ5 to say ab\t x4 ,x may be t ! psy*ologi/ deals ) /ates ( consci\sness z ! significant1 ! analyzable & describable =m1 to :i* he r$uces ! ?+s he is /udy+4 ,n t !y are t exi/5ce1 b t !y are its indications1 its clues1 9 %ape = h&l+ by sci5tific me?ods4 ,s1 = example1 does ! paleontologi/ "w4 ,^? curi\sly %ap$ & m>k$ =ms to :i* he is devot$ are n life1 nor are !y ! lit]al t]m9i ( 8 endeavor2 b ?r\gh !m z signs & records he con/rues a life4 ,& aga91 ! pa9t]-arti/ might well say t he is conc]n$ only ) color$ pa9ts z su*4 ,yet none ! less ?r\gh !m z regi/]s & indices1 he reveals to u ! my/]ies ( sunny mead[1 %ady =e/1 & twilight wave4 ,^! are ! ?+s-9-!mselves ( :i* ! oils on 8 palette are ph5om5a4 ,s ! preoccupation ( ! psy*ologi/ ) /ates ( consci\sness may signify t !y are ! m$ia1 ! concrete conditions to :i* he purposely r$uces 8 mat]ial1 9 ord]1 ?r\gh !m1 z me?odological helps1 to get at & und]/& t :i* is any?+ b a /ate ( consci\sness4 ,to him1 h[ev]1 :o insi/s ^u ! fix$ & f9al limitation ( psy*ology1 ! /ate ( consci\sness is n ! %ape "s fact takes f ! exig5cy ( inve/igation2 x is lit]ally ! full fact itself4 ,x is n an int]v5+ t]m2 x b\nds ! horizon4 ,"h1 !n1 ! issue def9es itself4 ,i conceive t /ates ( consci\sness 7& ,i hope y w take ! phrase broadly en\gh to cov] all ! specific data ( psy*ology7 h no exi/5ce be=e ! psy*ologi/ beg9s to "w4 ,he br+s !m into exi/5ce4 ,:at we are really aft] is ! process ( exp]i5ce1 ! way 9 :i* x arises & behaves4 ,we want to "k its c\rse1 its hi/ory1 its laws4 ,we want to "k its v>i\s typical =ms2 h[ ea* orig9ates2 h[ x is relat$ to o!rs2 ! "p x plays 9 ma9ta9+ an inclusive1 exp&+1 connect$ c\rse ( exp]i5ce4 ,our problem z psy*ologi/s is to le>n its modus op]&i1 its me?od4 ,! paleontologi/ is aga9 summon$ to our aid4 ,9 a giv5 di/rict he f9ds a great numb] & v>iety ( footpr9ts4 ,f ^! he goes to "w to con/ruct ! /ructure & ! life habits ( ! animals t made !m4 ,! tracks exi/ und\bt$ly2 !y are !re2 b yet he deals ) !m n z f9al exi/5ces b z signs1 ph5om5a 9 ! lit]al s5se4 ,imag9e ! he>+ t ! critic w\ld receive :o %\ld in=m ! paleontologi/ t he is transc5d+ 8 field ( sci5tific activity2 t 8 conc]n is ) footpr9ts z su*1 aim+ to describe ea*1 to analyze x into its simple/ =ms1 to comp>e ! diff]5t k9ds ) "o ano!r s z to detect common elem5ts1 & f9ally1 !reby1 to discov] ! laws ( _! arrangem5t 9 space6 ,yet ! imm$iate data are footpr9ts1 & footpr9ts only4 ,! paleontologi/ does 9 a way d all ^! ?+s t our imag9>y critic is urg+ ^u him4 ,! diff]5ce is n t he arbitr>ily lugs 9 o!r data2 t he inv5ts entities & faculties t are n !re4 ,! diff]5ce is 9 8 /&po9t4 ,8 int]e/ is 9 ! animals1 & ! data are treat$ 9 :atev] way seems likely to s]ve ?is int]e/4 ,s ) ! psy*ologi/4 ,he is cont9ually & p]=ce occupi$ ) m9ute & empirical inve/igation ( special facts--/ates ( consci\sness1 if y please4 ,b ^! nei!r def9e nor exhau/ 8 sci5tific problem4 ,!y are 8 footpr9ts1 8 clues ?r\gh :i* he places be=e himself ! life-process he is /udy+--) ! fur!r diff]5ce t 8 footpr9ts are n aft] all giv5 to him1 b are develop$ by 8 inve/igation4#ef ,! supposition t ^! /ates are someh[ exi/5t by !mselves & 9 ?is exi/5ce provide ! psy*ologi/ ) ready-made mat]ial is j ! supreme case ( ! 8psy*ological fallacy03 ! confusion ( exp]i5ce z x is to ! "o exp]i5c+ ) :at ! psy*ologi/ makes out ( x ) 8 reflective analysis4 ,! psy*ologi/ beg9s ) c]ta9 op]ations1 acts1 functions z 8 data4 ,if ^! fall out ( sight 9 ! c\rse ( discussion1 x is only because hav+ be5 tak5 = grant$1 !y rema9 to control ! :ole developm5t ( ! inquiry1 & to af=d ! /]l+ m$ium ( r$emption4 ,acts su* z p]ceiv+1 rememb]+1 int5d+1 lov+ give ! po9ts ( dep>ture2 !y alone are concrete exp]i5ces4 ,to und]/& ^! exp]i5ces1 "u :at conditions !y arise1 & :at effects !y produce1 analysis into /ates ( consci\sness occurs4 ,& ! modes ( consci\sness t are figur$ rema9 un>rang$ & unimportant1 save z !y may be translat$ back into acts4 ,to rememb] is to d some?+1 z mu* z to %oe a horse1 or to *]i% a keepsake4 ,to propose1 to obs]ve1 to be k9dly affection$1 are t]ms ( value1 ( practice1 ( op]ation2 j z dige/ion1 respiration1 locomotion express functions1 n obs]vable 8objects40 ,b !re is an object t may be describ$3 lungs1 /oma*1 leg-muscles1 or :atev]4 ,?r\gh ! /ructure we pres5t to ourselves ! function2 x appe>s laid out be=e u1 spread =? 9 detail--objectifi$ 9 a ^w4 ,! anatomi/ :o devotes himself to ?is detail may1 if he please 7& he probably does please to conc5trate 8 devotion7 ignore ! function3 to discov] :at is !re1 to analyze1 to measure1 to describe1 gives him outlet en\gh4 ,b nev]!less x is ! function t fix$ ! po9t ( dep>ture1 t prescrib$ ! problem & t set ! limits1 physical z well z intellectual1 ( subsequ5t inve/igation4 ,ref]5ce to function makes ! details discov]$ o!r ?an a jumble ( incoh]5t trivialities4 ,"o might z well devote himself to ! m9ute description ( a squ>e y>d ( des]t soil 7 x n = ?is translation4 ,/ates ( consci\sness are ! morphology ( c]ta9 functions4#eg ,:at is true ( analysis1 ( description1 is true equally ( classification4 ,kn[+1 will+1 feel+1 "n /ates ( consci\sness n 9 t]ms ( !mselves1 b 9 t]ms ( acts1 attitudes1 f\nd 9 exp]i5ce4#eh ,explanation1 ev5 ( an 8empirical sort0 is z impossible z det]m9ation ( a 8/ate0 & its classification1 :5 we rigidly conf9e ourselves to modifications ( consci\sness z a self-exi/5t4 ,s5sations are always def9$1 classifi$1 & expla9$ by ref]5ce to conditions :i*1 accord+ to ! !ory1 are extrane\s--s5se-organs & /imuli4 ,! :ole physiological side assumes a ludicr\sly anomal\s aspect on ?is basis4#ei ,:ile exp]im5tation is reta9$1 & ev5 made mu* (1 x is at ! co/ ( logical coh]5ce4 ,to exp]im5t ) ref]5ce to a b>e /ate ( consci\sness is a p]=mance ( :i* "o _c imag9e ! nature1 to say no?+ ( do+ x2 :ile to exp]im5t ) ref]5ce to acts & ! conditions ( _! occurr5ce is a natural & /raight=w>d und]tak+4 ,su* simple processes z association are concretely inexplicable :5 we assume /ates ( consci\sness z exi/5ces by !mselves4 ,z rec5t psy*ology te/ifies1 we aga9 h to resort to conditions t h no place nor call+ on ! basis ( ! !ory--! pr9ciple ( habit1 ( neural action1 or else "s connection 9 ! object4#fj ,we h only to note t !re are two oppos+ s*ools 9 psy*ology to see 9 :at an unsci5tific /atus is ! subject4 ,we h only to consid] t ^! two s*ools are ! result ( assum+ /ates ( consci\sness z exi/5ces p] se to locate ! s\rce ( ! sci5tific sc&al4 ,no matt] :at ! topic1 :e!r memory or association or att5tion or ef=t1 ! same dualisms pres5t !mselves1 ! same necessity ( *oos+ betwe5 two s*ools4 ,"o1 lo/ 9 ! di/9ctions t x has develop$1 d5ies ! function because x c f9d objectively pres5t$ only /ates ( consci\sness4 ,s x abrogates ! function1 reg>d+ x z a m]e aggregate ( su* /ates1 or z a purely ext]nal & factiti\s relation betwe5 !m4 ,! o!r s*ool1 recogniz+ t ?is proc$ure expla9s away r ?an expla9s1 ! values ( exp]i5ce1 attempts to ev5 up by decl>+ t c]ta9 functions are !mselves imm$iately giv5 data ( consci\sness1 exi/+ side by side ) ! 8/ates10 b indef9itely transc5d+ !m 9 wor?1 & appreh5d$ by "s high] organ4 ,s aga9/ ! elem5t>y cont5ts & ext]nal associations ( ! analytic s*ool 9 psy*ology1 we h ! complicat$ ma*9]y ( ! intellectuali/ s*ool1 ) its pure self-consci\sness z a s\rce ( ultimate tru?s1 its hi]>*y ( intuitions1 its ready-made faculties4 ,to be sure1 ^! 8spiritual faculties0 are n[ l>gely r$uc$ to "s "o compreh5sive =m--,app]ception1 or ,w1 or ,att5tion1 or :atev] ! fa%ionable t]m may be4 ,b ! pr9ciple rema9s ! same2 ! assumption ( a function z a giv5 exi/5t1 di/+ui%able 9 itself & act+ ^u o!r exi/5ces--z if ! functions dige/ion & vision 7 reg>d$ z sep>ate f organic /ructures1 someh[ act+ ^u !m f ! outside s z to br+ co-op]ation & h>mony into !m6#fa ,?is division into psy*ological s*ools is z reasonable z w\ld be "o ( botani/s into rooti/s & fl[]i/s2 ( ^? proclaim+ ! root to be ! rudim5t>y & ess5tial /ructure1 & ^? ass]t+ t s9ce ! function ( se$-be>+ is ! ma9 ?+1 ! fl[] is really ! controll+ 8syn!tic0 pr9ciple4 ,bo? s5sationali/ & intellectuali/ suppose t psy*ology has "s special sph]e ( 8reality0 or ( exp]i5ce m>k$ (f = x )9 :i* ! data are j ly+ ar\nd1 self-exi/5t & ready-made1 to be pick$ up & assort$ z pebbles await ! visitor on ! bea*4 ,bo? alike fail to recognize t ! psy*ologi/ fir/ has exp]i5ce to deal )2 ! same exp]i5ce t ! zoologi/1 geologi/1 *emi/1 ma!matician1 & hi/orian deal )1 & t :at *>act]izes 8 specialty is n "s data or exi/5ces :i* he may call uniquely 8 own2 b ! problem rais$--! problem ( ! c\rse ( ! acts t con/itute exp]i5c+4 ,"h psy*ology gets its rev5ge ^u ^? :o w\ld rule x out ( possession ( important philosophical be>+4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! l>g] "p ( ! que/ions t are be+ discuss$ 9 curr5t epi/emology & :at is t]m$ metaphysic ( logic & e?ic arise out ( 7& are hopelessly compromis$ by7 ?is orig9al assumption ( 8consci\sness z su*0--9 o!r words1 are provok$ by ! exact reason t is giv5 = d5y+ to psy*ology any ess5tial mean+ = epi/emology & metaphysic4 ,su* is ! irony ( ! situation4 ,! epi/emologi/'s problem is1 inde$1 usually put z ! "q ( h[ ! subject c s f> 8transc5d0 itself z to get valid assurance ( ! objective _w4 ,! v phraseology 9 :i* ! problem is put reveals ! ?or\ghness ( ! psy*ologi/'s rev5ge4 ,j & only because exp]i5ce has be5 r$uc$ to 8/ates ( consci\sness0 z indep5d5t exi/5ces1 does ! "q ( self-transc5d5ce h any mean+4 ,! entire epi/emological indu/ry is "o--%all ,i say x--( a ,sisyphean nature4 ,mutatis mut&is1 ! same holds ( ! metaphysic ( logic1 e?ic1 & e/hetic4 ,9 ea* case1 ! basic problem has come to be h[ a m]e /ate ( consci\sness c be ! vehicle ( a sy/em ( tru?1 ( an objectively valid good1 ( beauty :i* is o!r ?an agreeable feel+4 ,we may1 inde$1 excuse ! psy*ologi/ = n c>ry+ on ! special inquiries t are ! bus9ess ( logical1 e?ical1 & e/hetical philosophy2 b c we excuse ourselves = =c+ 8 results into su* a %ape z to make philosophic problems s arbitr>y t !y are soluble only by arbitr>ily wr5*+ sci5tific facts8 ,und\bt$ly we are betwe5 two fires4 ,9 plac+ ^u psy*ology ! responsibility ( discov]+ ! me?od ( exp]i5ce1 z a sequ5ce ( acts & passions1 d we n de/roy j t limitation to concrete detail :i* n[ con/itutes x a sci5ce8 ,w n ! psy*ologi/ be ! fir/ to repudiate ?is attempt to mix him up 9 matt]s philosophical8 ,we ne$ only to keep 9 m9d ! specific facts involv$ 9 ! t]m ,c\rse or ,process ( ,exp]i5ce to avoid ?is dang]4 ,! imm$iate preoccupation ( ! psy*ologi/ is ) v def9ite & empirical facts--que/ions l ! limits ( audition1 ( ! orig9 ( pit*1 ( ! /ructure & conditions ( ! musical scale1 etc4 ,j s ! imm$iate affair ( ! geologi/ is ) p>ticul> rock-/ructures1 ( ! botani/ ) p>ticul> plants1 & s on4 ,b ?r\gh ! collection1 description1 location1 classification ( rocks ! geologi/ is l$ to ! spl5did /ory ( _w-=m+4 ,! limit$1 fix$1 & sep>ate piece ( "w is dissolv$ away 9 ! flu5t & dynamic drama ( ! e>?4 ,s1 ! plant leads ) inevitabl5ess to ! :ole process ( life & its evolution4 ,9 =m1 ! botani/ /ill /udies ! g5us1 ! species1 ! plant--h>dly1 inde$1 t2 r ! special p>ts1 ! /ructural elem5ts1 ( ! plant4 ,9 reality1 he /udies life itself2 ! /ructures are ! indications1 ! signature ?r\gh :i* he r5d]s transp>5t ! my/]y ( life gr[+ 9 ! *ang+ _w4 ,x 0 d\btless necess>y = ! botani/ to g ?r\gh ! ,l9nean p]iod--! p]iod ( engagem5t ) rigid detail & fix$ classifications2 ( te>+ ap>t & piec+ toge!r2 ( ?r[+ all emphasis ^u peculi>ities ( numb]1 size1 & appe>ance ( matur$ /ructure2 ( reg>d+ *ange1 gr[?1 & function z ext]nal1 m or less int]e/+1 atta*m5ts to =m4 ,exam9ation ( ?is p]iod is in/ructive2 !re is mu* 9 contempor>y inve/igation & discussion t is almo/ unpleasantly rem9isc5t 9 its sugge/iv5ess4 ,! psy*ologi/ %\ld pr(it by ! int]v5+ hi/ory ( sci5ce4 ,! conception ( evolution is n s mu* an additional law z x is a face-ab\t4 ,! fix$ /ructure1 ! sep>ate =m1 ! isolat$ elem5t1 is h5ce=? at be/ a m]e /epp+-/one to k ( process1 & :5 n at its be/1 m>ks ! end ( compreh5sion1 & betok5s failure to grasp ! problem4 ,) ! *ange 9 /&po9t f self-includ$ exi/5ce to includ+ process1 f /ructural unit ( composition to controll+ unity ( function1 f *angeless =m to movem5t 9 gr[?1 ! :ole s*eme ( values is trans=m$4 ,faculties are def9ite directions ( developm5t2 elem5ts are products t are />t+-po9ts = new processes2 b>e facts are indices ( *ange2 /atic conditions are modes ( accompli%$ adju/m5t4 ,n t ! concrete1 empirical ph5om5on loses 9 wor?1 mu* less t unv]ifiable 8metaphysical0 entities are imp]t95tly introduc$2 b t our aim is ! discov]y ( a process ( actions 9 its adaptations to circum/ance4 ,if we apply ?is evolution>y logic 9 psy*ology1 :]e %all we /op8 ,que/ions ( limits ( /imuli 9 a giv5 s5se1 say he>+1 are 9 reality que/ions ( tempor>y arre/s1 adju/m5ts m>k+ ! favorable equilibrium ( ! :ole organism2 !y connect ) ! "q ( ! use ( s5sation 9 g5]al & auditory s5sations 9 p>ticul> = life-habits2 ( ! orig9 & use ( localiz$ & di/+ui%$ p]ception2 & ?is1 9 turn1 involves )9 itself ! :ole "q ( space & "t recognition2 ! significance ( ! ?+-&-quality exp]i5ce1 & s on4 ,& :5 we are told t ! "q ( ! orig9 ( space exp]i5ce has no?+ at all to d ) ! "q ( ! nature & significance ( ! space exp]i5c$1 ! /atem5t is simply evid5ce t ! "o :o makes x is /ill at ! /atic /&po9t2 he believes t ?+s1 t relations1 h exi/5ce & significance ap>t f ! p>ticul> conditions "u :i* !y come into exp]i5ce1 & ap>t f ! special s]vice r5d]$ 9 ^? p>ticul> conditions4 ,( c\rse1 ,i am f> f say+ t e psy*ologi/ mu/ make ! :ole j\rney4 ,ea* individual may contract1 z he pleases1 = any section or subsection he pref]s2 & und\bt$ly ! well-be+ ( ! sci5ce is advanc$ by su* division ( labor4 ,b psy*ology goes ov] ! :ole gr\nd f detect+ e di/9ct act ( exp]i5c+1 to see+ :at ne$ calls out ! special organ fitt$ to cope ) ! situation1 & discov]+ ! ma*9]y ?r\gh :i* x op]ates to keep a-go+ ! c\rse ( action4 ,b1 ,i %all be told1 ! wall t divides psy*ology f philosophy _c be s easily treat$ z non-exi/5t4 ,psy*ology is a matt] ( natural hi/ory1 ev5 ?\gh x may be admitt$ t x is ! natural hi/ory ( ! c\rse ( exp]i5ce4 ,b philosophy is a matt] ( values2 ( ! criticism & ju/ification ( c]ta9 validities4 ,"o deals1 x is said1 ) g5esis1 ) conditions ( temporal orig9 & transition2 ! o!r ) analysis1 ) et]nal con/itution4 ,i %all h to repeat t j ?is rigid sep>ation ( g5esis & analysis seems to me a survival f a pre-evolution>y1 a pre-hi/oric age4 ,x indicates n s mu* an assur$ b>ri] betwe5 philosophy & psy*ology z ! di/ance divid+ philosophy f all sci5ce4 ,= ! lesson t ma!maticians fir/ le>n$1 t physics & *emi/ry pond]$ ov]1 9 :i* ! biological discipl9es 7 f9ally tutor$1 is t sure & delicate analysis is possible only ?r\gh ! pati5t /udy ( conditions ( orig9 & developm5t4 ,! me?od ( analysis 9 ma!matics is ! me?od ( con/ruction4 ,! exp]im5tal me?od is ! me?od ( mak+1 ( foll[+ ! hi/ory ( production2 ! t]m 8cause0 t has 7:5 tak5 z an exi/5t entity7 s hung on ! heels ( sci5ce z to imp$e its progress1 has univ]sal mean+ :5 read z condition ( appe>ance 9 a process4 ,&1 z already intimat$1 ! conception ( evolution is no m & no less ! discov]y ( a g5]al law ( life ?an x is ! g5]alization ( all sci5tific me?od4 ,ev]y:]e analysis t _c proce$ by exam9+ ! successive /ages ( its subject1 f its beg9n+ up to its culm9ation1 t _c control ?is exam9ation by discov]+ ! conditions "u :i* successive /ages appe>1 is only prelim9>y4 ,x may fur!r ! inv5tion ( prop] tools ( inquiry1 x may help def9e problems1 x may s]ve to sugge/ valuable hypo!ses4 ,b z sci5ce x brea!s an air already ta9t$4 ,!re is no way to sort out ! results fl[+ f ! subject-matt] itself f ^? introduc$ by ! assumptions & presumptions ( our own reflection4 ,n s ) natural hi/ory :5 x is wor?y ( its "n4 ,"h ! analysis is ! unfold+ ( ! exi/5ce itself4 ,its di/9ctions are n pigeon-holes ( our conv5i5ce2 !y are /akes t m>k ! p>t+ ( ! ways 9 ! process itself4 ,its classifications are n a grasp at factors resi/+ fur!r analysis2 !y are ! pati5t trac+s ( ! pa?s pursu$4 ,no?+ is m out ( date ?an to suppose t int]e/ 9 g5esis is int]e/ 9 r$uc+ high] =ms to crud] ones3 x is int]e/ 9 locat+ ! exact & objective conditions "u :i* a giv5 fact appe>s1 & 9 relation to :i* accord+ly x has its mean+4 ,no?+ is m nave ?an to suppose t 9 pursu+ 8natural hi/ory0 7t]m ( scorn 9 :i* yet resides ! dignity ( ! _w-drama7 we simply le>n some?+ ( ! temporal conditions "u :i* a giv5 value appe>s1 :ile its own et]nal ess5tial quality rema9s z opaque z be=e4 ,nature kn[s no su* divorce ( quality & circum/ance4 ,?+s come :5 !y are want$ & z !y are want$2 _! quality is precisely ! response !y give to ! conditions t call = !m1 :ile ! fur!rance !y af=d to ! movem5t ( _! :ole is _! mean+4 ,! sev]ance ( analysis & g5esis1 in/ead ( s]v+ z a ready-made te/ by :i* to try out ! empirical1 temporal ev5ts ( psy*ology f ! rational abid+ con/itution ( philosophy1 is a br& ( philosophic dualism3 ! supposition t values are ext]nally obtrud$ & /atically set 9 irrelevant rubbi%4 ,!re are ^? :o w admit t 8/ates ( consci\sness0 are b ! cross-sections ( fl[ ( behavior1 arre/$ = inspection1 made 9 ord] t we may recon/ruct exp]i5ce 9 its lifehi/ory4 ,yet 9 ! k ( ! c\rse & me?od ( our exp]i5ce1 !y w hold t we are f> f ! doma9 prop] ( philosophy4 ,exp]i5ce1 !y say1 is j ! hi/oric a*ievem5t ( f9ite individuals2 x tells ! tale ( approa* to ! treasures ( tru?1 ( p>tial victory1 b l>g] defeat1 9 lay+ hold ( ! treasure4 ,b1 !y say1 reality is n ! pa? to reality1 & record ( devi\s w&]+s 9 ! pa? is h>dly a safe acc\nt ( ! goal4 ,psy*ology1 9 o!r words1 may tell u some?+ ( h[ we mortals lay hold ( ! _w ( ?+s & tru?s2 ( h[ we appropriate & assimilate its cont5ts2 & ( h[ we react4 ,x may trace ! issues ( su* approa*es & appreh5sions ^u ! c\rse ( our own individual de/9ies4 ,b x _c wisely ignore nor sanely d5y ! di/9ction betwe5 ^! individual /riv+s & a*ievem5ts1 & ! 8,reality0 t subsi/s & supports its own /ructure outside ^! f9ite futilities4 ,! processes by :i* we turn ov] ,! ,reality into t]ms ( our fragm5t>y unconclud$1 inconclusive exp]i5ces are s extr9sic to ! ,reality itself z to h no reveal+ p[] ) ref]5ce to x4 ,!re is ! ordo ad univ]sum1 ! subject ( philosophy2 !re is ! ordo ad individuum1 ! subject ( psy*ology4 ,"s su* assumption z ?is lies lat5t1 ,i am conv9c$1 9 all =swe>+s ( ! k9%ip ( psy*ology & philosophy4 ,two conceptions hang toge!r4 ,! op9ion t psy*ology is an acc\nt only & f9ally ( /ates ( consci\sness1 & !re=e c ?r[ no light ^u ! objects ) :i* philosophy deals1 is tw9 to ! doctr9e t ! :ole consci\s life ( ! individual is n organic to ! _w4 ,! philosophic basis & scope ( ?is doctr9e lie beyond exam9ation "h4 ,b ev5 9 pass+ "o _c avoid rem>k+ t ! doctr9e is almo/ nev] consi/5tly held2 ! doctr9e logically c>ri$ out leads s directly to intellectual & moral scepticism t ! !ory usually pref]s to "w 9 ! d>k backgr\nd z a disposition & temp] ( ?\ght r ?an to make a frank /atem5t ( itself4 ,ev5 9 ! half-he>t$ expositions ( ! process ( human exp]i5ce z some?+ m]ely annex$ to ! reality ( ! univ]se1 we are br\ght face to face to ! consid]ation ) :i* we set out3 ! dep5d5ce ( !ories ( ! individual ^u ! position at a giv5 "t ( ! individual practical & social4 ,! doctr9e ( ! accid5tal1 futile1 transitory significance ( ! individual's exp]i5ce z comp>$ ) et]nal realities2 ! notion t at be/ ! individual is simply realiz+ = & 9 himself :at already has fix$ complet5ess 9 itself is congru\s only ) a c]ta9 intellectual & political s*eme & mu/ modify itself z t %ifts4 ,:5 su* re>rangem5t comes1 our e/imate ( ! nature & importance ( psy*ology w mirror ! *ange4 ,:5 man's comm& ( ! me?ods t control action 0 prec>i\s & di/urb$2 :5 ! tools t subject ! _w ( ?+s & =ces to use & op]ation 7 r>e & clumsy1 x 0 unavoidable t ! individual %\ld submit 8 p]ception & purpose blankly to ! blank reality beyond4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 ext]nal au?ority mu/ reign2 ! belief t human exp]i5ce 9 itself is approximate1 n intr9sic1 is inevitable4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 ref]5ce to ! individual1 to ! subject1 is a resort only = expla9+ error1 illusion1 & unc]ta9ty4 ,! necessity ( ext]nal control & ext]nal r$emption ( exp]i5ce reports itself 9 a l[ valuation ( ! self1 & ( all ! factors & phases ( exp]i5ce t spr+ f ! self4 ,t ! psy*ology ( m$ievalism %\ld appe> only z a portion ( its !ology ( s9 & salvation is z obvi\s z t ! psy*ology ( ! ,greeks %\ld be a *apt] ( cosmology4 ,z aga9/ all ?is1 ! ass]tion is v5tur$ t psy*ology1 supply+ u ) k ( ! behavior ( exp]i5ce1 is a conception ( democracy4 ,its po/ulate is t s9ce exp]i5ce fulfils itself 9 individuals1 s9ce x adm9i/]s itself ?r\gh _! in/rum5tality1 ! acc\nt ( ! c\rse & me?od ( ?is a*ievem5t is a significant & indisp5sable affair4 ,democracy is possible only because ( a *ange 9 intellectual conditions4 ,x implies tools = gett+ at tru? 9 detail1 & day by day1 z we g along4 ,only su* possession ju/ifies ! surr5d] ( fix$1 all-embrac+ pr9ciples to :i*1 z univ]sals1 all p>ticul>s & individuals are subject = valuation & regulation4 ,)\t su* possession1 x is only ! c\rage ( ! fool t w\ld und]take ! v5ture to :i* democracy has committ$ itself--! ord]+ ( life 9 response to ! ne$s ( ! mom5t 9 accordance ) ! asc]ta9$ tru? ( ! mom5t4 ,mod]n life involves ! deification ( ! "h & ! n[2 ( ! specific1 ! p>ticul>1 ! unique1 t :i* happ5s once & has no measure ( value save su* z x br+s ) itself4 ,su* deification is mon/r\s feti%ism1 unless ! deity be !re2 unless ! univ]sal lives1 moves1 & has its be+ 9 exp]i5ce z individualiz$4#fb ,?is conviction ( ! value ( ! individualiz$ f9ds its fur!r expression 9 psy*ology1 :i* und]takes to %[ h[ ?is individualization proce$s1 & 9 :at aspect x pres5ts itself4 ,( c\rse1 su* a conception means some?+ = philosophy z well z = psy*ology2 possibly x involves = philosophy ! l>g] measure ( trans=mation4 ,x involves surr5d] ( any claim on ! "p ( philosophy to be ! sole s\rce ( "s tru?s & ! exclusive gu>dian ( "s values4 ,x means t philosophy be a me?od2 n an assurance company1 nor a knight errant4 ,x means an alignm5t ) sci5ce4 ,philosophy may n be sacrific$ to ! p>tial & sup]ficial clamor ( t :i* sometimes (fici\sly & pret5ti\sly exhibits itself z ,sci5ce4 ,b !re is a s5se 9 :i* philosophy mu/ g to s*ool to ! sci5ces2 mu/ h no data save su* z x receives at _! h&s2 & be hospitable to no me?od ( inquiry or reflection n ak9 to ^? 9 daily use among ! sci5ces4 ,z long z x claims = itself special t]ritory ( fact1 or peculi> modes ( access to tru?1 s long mu/ x occupy a dubi\s position4 ,yet ?is claim x has to make until psy*ology comes to its own4 ,!re is some?+ 9 exp]i5ce1 some?+ 9 ?+s1 :i* ! physical & ! biological sci5ces d n t\*2 some?+1 moreov]1 :i* is n j m exp]i5ces or m exi/5ces2 b )\t :i* _! mat]ials are inexp]i5c$1 unrealiz$4 ,su* sci5ces deal only ) :at might be exp]i5c$2 ) ! cont5t ( exp]i5ce1 provid$ & assum$ !re be exp]i5ce4 ,x is psy*ology :i* tells u h[ ?is possible exp]i5ce loses its b>ely hypo!tical "*1 & is /amp$ ) categorical unque/ion$ exp]i5c$ness2 h[1 9 a ^w1 x becomes "h & n[ 9 "s uniquely individualiz$ life4 ,"h is ! necess>y transition ( sci5ce into philosophy2 a passage t c>ries ! v]ifi$ & solid body ( ! "o into ! l>ge & free =m ( ! o!r4 ,,note3 ,i h let ?is pap] /& mu* z writt51 ?\gh n[ consci\s t mu* m is cr[d$ into x ?an c\ld prop]ly be pres5t$ 9 "o pap]4 ,! drift ( ! t5 ye>s f '#ii to '#ji has made1 ,i v5ture to believe1 = increas$ cle>ness 9 ! ma9 positions ( ! pap]3 ,! revival ( a naturali/ic realism1 ! d5ial ( ! exi/5ce ( 8consci\sness10 ! developm5t ( functional & dynamic psy*ology 7accompani$ by av]sion to int]pretation ( functions z faculties ( a s\l-sub/ance7--all ( ^! t5d5cies are sympa!tic ) ! aim ( ! pap]4 ,!re is ano!r reason = lett+ x /&3 ! new functional & pragmatic empiricism pr(f]$ 9 ?is volume has be5 con/antly object$ to on ! gr\nd t its conceptions ( k & v]ification lead only to subjectivism & solipsism4 ,! pap] may indicate t ! id5tification ( exp]i5ce ) b>e /ates ( consci\sness repres5ts ! /&po9t ( ! critic1 n ( ! empiricism criticis$1 & t x is = him1 n = me1 to fe> ! subjective implications ( su* a position4 ,! pap] also cle>ly raises ! "q z to h[ f> ! isolation ( 8consci\sness0 f nature & social life1 :i* *>act]izes ! proc$ure ( _m psy*ologi/s ( to-day1 is responsible = keep+ alive q unreal problems 9 philosophy4 ,,! ,,significance ,,( ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,k#fc ,x is n[ some?+ ov] a c5tury s9ce ,kant call$ ^u philosoph]s to cease _! discussion reg>d+ ! nature ( ! _w & ! pr9ciples ( exi/5ce until !y _h arriv$ at "s conclusion reg>d+ ! nature ( ! kn[+ process4 ,b /ud5ts ( philosophy "k t ,kant =mulat$ ! "q 8h[ k is possible0 r ?an creat$ x4 ,z matt] ( fact1 reflective ?\ght = two c5turies be=e ,kant _h be5 pr9cipally int]e/$ 9 j ?is problem1 al?\gh x _h n g5]aliz$ its own int]e/4 ,kant br\ght to consci\sness ! controll+ motive4 ,! discussion1 bo? 9 ,kant himself & 9 8 successors1 (t5 seems s*ola/ic1 lo/ 9 useless subtlety1 s*ola/ic argum5t1 & te*nical di/9ctions4 ,)9 ! la/ decade 9 p>ticul> !re h be5 signs ( a gr[+ we>9ess z to epi/emology1 & a t5d5cy to turn away to m f]tile fields4 ,! int]e/ %[s signs ( exhau/ion4 ,/ud5ts ( philosophy w recognize :at ,i mean :5 ,i say t ?is gr[+ conviction ( futility & consequ5t di/a/e are associat$ ) ! outcome ( ! fam\s dictum ( ,kant1 t p]ception )\t conception is bl9d1 :ile conception )\t p]ception is empty4 ,! :ole c\rse ( reflection s9ce ,kant's "t has t5d$ to ju/ify ?is rem>k4 ,! s5sationali/ & ! rationali/ h work$ !mselves out4 ,pretty mu* all /ud5ts are conv9c$ t we c r$uce k nei!r to a set ( associat$ s5sations1 nor yet to a purely rational sy/em ( relations ( ?\ght4 ,k is judgm5t1 & judgm5t requires bo? a mat]ial ( s5se p]ception & an ord]+1 regulat+ pr9ciple1 reason2 s mu* seems c]ta91 b we d n get any fur!r4 ,s5sation & ?\ght !mselves seem to /& out m rigidly oppos$ to ea* o!r 9 _! own natures ?an ev]4 ,:y bo? are necess>y1 & h[ two su* oppos$ factors cop]ate 9 br++ ab\t ! unifi$ result ( sci5ce1 becomes m & m ( a my/]y4 ,x is ! cont9ual runn+ up aga9/ ?is situation :i* acc\nts = ! flagg+ ( int]e/ & ! desire to direct en]gy :]e x w h m outcome4 ,?is situation creates a condition favorable to tak+ /ock ( ! "q z x /&s2 to inquir+ :at ?is int]e/1 prolong$ = ov] ?ree c5turies1 9 ! possibility & nature ( k1 /&s =2 :at ! conviction z to ! necessity ( ! union ( s5sation & ?\ght1 toge!r ) ! inability to rea* conclusions reg>d+ ! nature ( ! union1 signifies4 ,i propose !n to raise ?is ev5+ precisely ?is "q3 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ! problem ( k8 ,:at is its mean+1 n simply = reflective philosophy or 9 t]ms ( epi/emology itself1 b :at is its mean+ 9 ! hi/orical movem5t ( humanity & z a "p ( a l>g] & m compreh5sive exp]i5ce8 ,my !sis is p]haps suffici5tly indicat$ 9 ! m]e tak+ ( ?is po9t ( view4 ,x implies t ! ab/ractness ( ! discussion ( k1 its remot5ess f ev]yday exp]i5ce1 is "o ( =m1 r ?an ( sub/ance4 ,x implies t ! problem ( k is n a problem t has its orig91 its value1 or its de/9y )9 itself4 ,! problem is "o :i* social life1 ! organiz$ practice ( mank9d1 has _h to face4 ,! seem+ly te*nical & ab/ruse discussion ( ! philosoph]s results f ! =mulation & /atem5t ( ! "q4 ,i sugge/ t ! problem ( ! possibility ( k is b an aspect ( ! "q ( ! relation ( kn[+ to act+1 ( !ory to practice4 ,! di/9ctions :i* ! philosoph]s raise1 ! oppositions :i* !y erect1 ! we>y treadmill :i* !y pursue betwe5 s5sation & ?\ght1 subject & object1 m9d & matt]1 are n inv5t$ ad hoc1 b are simply ! concise reports & cond5s$ =mula ( po9ts ( view & practical conflicts hav+ _! s\rce 9 ! v nature ( mod]n life1 conflicts :i* mu/ be met & solv$ if mod]n life is to g on its way untr\bl$1 ) cle> consci\sness ( :at x is ab\t4 ,z ! philosoph] has receiv$ 8 problem f ! _w ( action1 s he mu/ return 8 acc\nt !re = audit+ & liquidation4 ,m especially1 ,i sugge/ t ! t5d5cy ( all ! po9ts at issue to precipitate 9 ! opposition ( s5sationalism & rationalism is due to ! fact t s5sation & reason /& = ! two =ces cont5d+ = ma/]y 9 social life3 ! radical & ! cons]vative4 ,! reason t ! conte/ does n end1 ! reason = ! necessity ( ! comb9ation ( ! two 9 ! resultant /atem5t1 is t bo? factors are necess>y 9 action2 "o /&s = /imulus1 = initiative2 ! o!r = control1 = direction4 ,i _c hope1 9 ! "t at my comm& ?is ev5+1 to ju/ify ^! wide & sweep+ ass]tions reg>d+ ei!r ! orig91 ! "w1 or ! f9al de/9y ( philosophic reflection4 ,i simply hope1 by ref]5ce to "s ( ! *ief p]iods ( ! developm5t ( philosophy1 to illu/rate to y some?+ ( :at ,i mean4 ,at ! outset we take a long scope 9 our survey & pres5t to ourselves ! epo* :5 philosophy 0 /ill consci\sly1 & n simply by implication1 human1 :5 reflective ?\ght _h n develop$ its own te*nique ( me?od1 & 0 9 no dang] ( be+ caught 9 its own ma*9]y--! "t ( ,socrates4 ,:at does ! ass]tion ( ,socrates t an unexam9$ life is n "o fit to be l$ by man2 :at does 8 injunction 8,"k ?yself0 mean8 ,x means t ! corporate motives & gu>antees ( conduct are break+ d[n4 ,we h got away f ! "t :5 ! individual c\ld bo? regulate & ju/ify 8 c\rse ( life by ref]5ce to ! ideals inc>nate 9 ! habits ( ! community ( :i* he is a memb]4 ,! "t ( direct & !re=e unconsci\s union ) corporate life1 f9d+ !re9 /imuli1 codes1 & values1 has dep>t$4 ,! developm5t ( indu/ry & comm]ce1 ( w> & politics1 has br\ght face to face communities ) diff]5t aims & div]se habits2 ! developm5t ( my? & animism into crude b g5u9e sci5tific obs]vation & imag9ation has trans=m$ ! physical wid5+ ( ! horizon1 br\ght ab\t by comm]ce & int]c\rse1 into an intellectual & moral expansion4 ,! old supports fail precisely at ! "t :5 !y are mo/ ne$$--be=e a wid5+ & m complex sc5e ( action4 ,:]e1 !n1 %all ! ag5t ( action turn8 ,! 8,"k ?yself0 ( ,socrates is ! reply to ! practical problem :i* confront$ ,a!ns 9 8 day4 ,inve/igation into ! true ends & wor?s ( human life1 sift+ & te/+ ( all compet+ ends1 ! discov]y ( a me?od :i* %\ld validate ! g5u9e & dismiss ! spuri\s1 _h h5ce=? to d = man :at consolidat$ & incorporate cu/om _h hi!rto pres5t$ z a free & preci\s gift4 ,) ,socrates ! "q is z direct & practical z ! "q ( mak+ "o's liv+ or ( gov]n+ ! /ate2 x is inde$ ! same "q put 9 its g5]al =m4 ,x is a "q t ! flute play]1 ! cobbl]1 & ! politician mu/ face no m & no less ?an ! reflective philosoph]4 ,! "q is address$ by ,socrates to e individual & to e gr\p ) :i* he comes 9 contact4 ,because ! "q is practical x is individual & direct4 ,x is a "q :i* e "o mu/ face & answ] = himself1 j z 9 ! ,prote/ant s*eme e individual mu/ face & solve = himself ! "q ( 8 f9al de/9y4 ,yet ! v attitude ( ,socrates c>ri$ ) x ! elem5ts ( its own de/ruction4 ,socrates c\ld only raise ! "q1 or r dem& ( e individual t he raise x = himself4 ,( ! answ] he decl>$ himself to be z ignorant z 0 any "o4 ,! result c\ld be only a %ift+ ( ! c5t] ( int]e/4 ,if ! "q is s all-important1 & yet ! wise/ ( all m5 mu/ confess t he only kn[s 8 own ignorance z to its answ]1 ! inevitable po9t ( fur!r consid]ation is ! discov]y ( a me?od :i* %all enable ! "q to be answ]$4 ,?is is ! significance ( ,plato4 ,! problem is ! absolutely inevitable outgr[? ( ! ,socratic position2 & yet x c>ri$ ) x j z inevitably ! sep>ation ( philosoph] f %oemak] & /atesman1 & ! relegation ( !ory to a position remote = ! "t be+ f conduct4 ,if ! ,socratic comm&1 8,"k ?yself10 runs aga9/ ! dead wall ( inability to conduct ?is k1 "s "o mu/ take ^u himself ! discov]y ( h[ ! requisite k may be obta9$4 ,a new pr(ession is born1 t ( ! ?9k]4 ,at ?is "t ! means1 ! discov]y ( h[ ! aims & wor?s ( ! self may be kn[n & measur$1 becomes1 = ?is class1 an end 9 itself4 ,!ory is ultimately to be appli$ to practice2 b 9 ! meantime ! !ory mu/ be work$ out z !ory or else no application4 ,?is repres5ts ! peculi> equilibrium & ! peculi> po9t ( contradiction 9 ! ,platonic sy/em4 ,all philosophy is simply = ! sake ( ! organization & regulation ( social life2 & yet ! philosoph]s mu/ be a class by !mselves1 work+ out _! peculi> problems ) _! own p>ticul> tools4 ,) ,ari/otle ! attempt$ balance fail$4 ,social life is dis9tegrat+ beyond ! po9t ( hope ( a successful reorganization1 & ?9k+ is becom+ a fasc9at+ pursuit = its own sake4 ,! _w ( practice is n[ ! _w ( compromise & ( adju/m5t4 ,x is relative to p>tial aims & f9ite ag5ts4 ,! sph]e ( absolute & endur+ tru? & value c be rea*$ only 9 & ?r\gh ?\ght4 ,! "o :o acts compromises himself ) ! animal desire t inspires 8 action & ) ! ali5 mat]ial t =ms its /uff4 ,9 two %ort g5]ations ! divorce ( philosophy f life1 ! isolation ( reflective !ory f practical conduct1 has complet$ itself4 ,s great is ! irony ( hi/ory t ?is sudd5 & effective outcome 0 ! result ( ! attempt to make ?\ght ! in/rum5t ( action1 & action ! manife/ation ( tru? rea*$ by ?9k+4 ,b ?is /atem5t mu/ n be tak5 too lit]ally4 ,x is impossible t m5 %\ld really sep>ate _! ideas f _! acts4 ,if we look ahead a few c5turies we f9d t ! philosophy ( ,plato & ,ari/otle has accompli%$1 9 an indirect & unconsci\s way1 :at p]haps x c\ld nev] h effect$ by ! m imm$iate & practical me?od ( ,socrates4 ,philosophy became an organ ( vision1 an in/rum5t ( int]pretation2 x furni%$ ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! _w 0 se5 & ! c\rse ( life e/imat$4 ,philosophy di$ z philosophy1 to rise z ! set & b5t ( ! human m9d4 ,?r\gh a ?\s& & devi\s & r\ndab\t *annels1 ! ?\ghts ( ! philosoph]s filt]$ ?r\gh ! /rata ( human consci\sness & conduct4 ,?r\gh ! tea*+s ( gramm>ians1 rhetoricians1 & a v>iety ( educational s*ools1 !y 7 spread 9 dilut$ =m ?r\gh ! :ole ,roman ,empire & 7 aga9 precipitat$ 9 ! common =ms ( spee*4 ,?r\gh ! e>ne/ness ( ! moral propag&a ( ! ,/oics !y became ! work+ rules ( life = ! m /r5u\s & e>ne/ spirits4 ,?r\gh ! speculations ( ! ,sceptics & ,epicureans !y became ! *ief reliance & consolation ( a l>ge numb] ( highly cultur$ individuals amid social turmoil & political dis9tegration4 ,all ^! influ5ces & _m m f9ally summ$ !mselves up 9 ! two great m$ia ?r\gh :i* ,greek philosophy f9ally fix$ ! intellectual horizon ( man1 det]m9$ ! values ( its p]spective1 & met$ out ! b\nd>ies & divisions ( ! sc5e ( human action4 ,^! two influ5ces 7 ! developm5t ( ,*ri/ian !ology & moral !ory1 & ! organization ( ! sy/em ( ,roman jurisprud5ce4 ,!re is p]haps no m fasc9at+ *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( humanity ?an ! sl[ & tortu\s processes by :i* ! ideas set 9 motion by t ,a!nian citiz5 :o fac$ dea? z s]5ely z he conv]s$ ) a fri5d1 f9ally became ! intellectually organiz+ c5t]s ( ! two great movem5ts t bridge ! span betwe5 anci5t civilization & mod]n4 ,z ! p]sonal & imm$iate =ce & en?usiasm ( ! movem5t initiat$ by ,jesus began to gr[ fa9t] & ! comm&+ influ5ce ( 8 own p]sonality comm5c$ to dim1 ! ideas ( ! _w & ( life1 ( ,god & ( man1 elaborat$ 9 ,greek philosophy1 s]v$ to trans=m moral en?usiasm & p]sonal devotion to ! r$emption ( humanity1 into a spl5did & coh]5t view ( ! univ]se2 a view t resi/$ all dis9tegrat+ influ5ces & ga!r$ into itself ! p]man5t ideas & progressive ideals ?us f> develop$ 9 ! hi/ory ( man4 ,we h only a fa9t idea ( h[ ?is 0 accompli%$1 or ( ! ?or\ghness ( ! "w done4 ,we h p]haps ev5 m inadequate conceptions ( ! great organiz+ & c5traliz+ "w done by ,greek ?\ght 9 ! political sph]e4 ,:5 ! milit>y & adm9i/rative g5ius ( ,rome br\ght ! :ole _w 9 subjection to itself1 ! mo/ press+ ( practical problems 0 to give unity ( practical aim & h>mony ( work+ ma*9]y to ! va/ & confus$ mass ( local cu/om & tradition1 religi\s1 social1 economic1 & intellectual1 z well z political4 ,9 ?is juncture ! great adm9i/rators & lawy]s ( ,rome seiz$ ) avidity ^u ! results ( ! intellectual analysis ( social & political relations elaborat$ 9 ,greek philosophy4 ,c>+ naught = ^! results 9 _! reflective & !oretical "*1 !y saw 9 !m ! possible in/rum5t ( introduc+ ord] into *aos & ( trans=m+ ! confus$ & conflict+ m$ley ( practice & op9ion into a h>moni\s social /ructure4 ,roman law1 t =m$ ! v]tebral column ( civilization = a ?\s& ye>s1 & :i* articulat$ ! out] ord] ( life z di/9ctly z ,*ri/ianity controll$ ! inn]1 0 ! outcome4 ,?\ght 0 once m 9 unity ) action1 philosophy _h become ! in/rum5t ( conduct4 ,mr4 ,bosanquet makes ! pregnant rem>k 8t ! weakness ( m$ieval sci5ce & philosophy are connect$ r ) excess ( practice ?an ) excess ( !ory4 ,! subord9ation ( philosophy to !ology is a subord9ation ( sci5ce to a =mulat$ conception ( human welf>e4 ,its ess5ce is pres5t1 n :]ev] !re is metaphysics b :]ev] ! _s ( tru? is subord9at$ to any preconceiv$ practical int5t40 78,hi/ory ( ,e/hetics10 p4 #adf47 ,once m ! irony ( hi/ory displays itself4 ,?\ght has become practical1 x has become ! regulator ( individual conduct & social organization1 b at ! exp5se ( its own fre$om & p[]4 ,! def9+ *>act]i/ic ( m$ievalism 9 /ate & 9 *ur*1 9 political & spiritual life1 is t tru? pres5ts itself to ! individual only ?r\gh ! m$ium ( organiz$ au?ority4 ,!re 0 a hi/orical necessity on ! ext]nal z well z ! int]nal side4 ,we h n ! remote/ way ( imag9+ :at ! outcome w\ld f9ally h be5 if1 at ! "t :5 ! intellectual /ructure ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* & ! legal /ructure ( ! ,roman ,empire _h got !mselves ?or\ghly organiz$1 ! b>b>ians _h n made _! inroads & seiz$ ^u all ?is accumulat$ & consolidat$ weal? z _! own legitimate prey4 ,b ?is 0 :at did happ54 ,z a result1 tru?s orig9ally develop$ by ! free/ possible criticism & inve/igation became ext]nal1 & impos$ !mselves ^u ! mass ( individuals by ! m]e weight ( au?oritative law4 ,! ext]nal1 transc5d5tal1 & sup]natural "* ( spiritual tru? & ( social control dur+ ! ,middle ,ages is naught b ! mirror1 9 consci\sness1 ( ! relation exi/+ betwe5 ! eag]1 gre$y1 undiscipl9$ horde ( b>b>ians on "o side1 & ! conc5trat$ a*ievem5ts ( anci5t civilization on ! o!r4 ,!re 0 no way out save t ! ke5 b>b>ian :et 8 appetite ^u ! ri* banquet spread be=e him4 ,b !re 0 equally no way out s f> z ! cont9uity ( civilization 0 conc]n$ save t ! v fullness & ri*ness ( ?is banquet set limits to ! appetite1 & f9ally1 :5 assimilat$ & dige/$1 x be trans=m$ into ! fle% & blood1 ! muscles & s9ew ( him :o sat at ! fea/4 ,?us ! b>b>ian ceas$ to be a b>b>ian & a new civilization arose4 ,b ! "t came :5 ! "w ( absorption 0 fairly complete4 ,! nor!rn b>b>ians _h eat5 ! food & drunk ! w9e ( ,grco-,roman civilization4 ,! au?oritative tru? embodi$ 9 m$ieval /ate & *ur* succe$$1 9 pr9ciple1 9 discipl9+ ! untra9$ masses4 ,its v success issu$ its own dea? w>rant4 ,to say t x _h succe$$ means t ! new p _h f9ally eat5 _! way into ! he>t ( ! ideas (f]$ !m1 _h got f !m :at !y want$1 & 7 h5ce=? prep>$ to g _! own way & make _! own liv+4 ,"h a new rhy?m ( ! movem5t ( ?\ght & action beg9s to %[ itself4 ,! beg9n+ ( ?is *ange 9 ! sw+ ( ?\ght & action =ms ! transition f ! ,middle ,ages to ! mod]n times4 ,x is ! epo* ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,! individual comes to a new bir? & ass]ts 8 own individuality & dem&s 8 own rights 9 ! way ( feel+1 do+1 & kn[+ = himself4 ,sci5ce1 art1 religion1 political life1 mu/ all be made ov] on ! basis ( recogniz+ ! claims ( ! individual4 ,p>don me ^! commonplaces1 b !y are necess>y to ! c\rse ( ! argum5t4 ,by hi/oric fallacy we (t5 suppose1 or imag9e t we suppose1 t ! individual _h be5 pres5t z a possible c5t] ( action all ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages1 b ?r\gh "s ext]nal & arbitr>y int]f]5ce _h be5 weight$ d[n by political & intellectual despotism4 ,all ?is inv]ts ! true ord] ( ! case4 ,! v possibility ( ! individual mak+ su* unlimit$ dem&s = himself1 claim+ to be ! legitimate c5t] ( all action & /&>d = all organization1 0 dep5d5t1 z ,i h already indicat$1 ^u ! int]v5+ m$ievalism4 ,save z hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ?is p]iod ( trem5d\s discipl9e1 & hav+ gradually work$ ov] into 8 own habits & purposes ! tru?s embodi$ 9 ! *ur* & /ate t controll$ 8 conduct1 ! individual c\ld be only a s\rce ( disord] & a di/urb] ( civilization4 ,! v ma9t5ance ( ! spiritual welf>e ( mank9d 0 b\nd up 9 ! ext5t to :i* ! claim ( tru? & reality to be univ]sal & objective1 f> above all individual feel+ & ?\ght1 c\ld make itself valid4 ,! logical realism & univ]salism ( s*ola/ic philosophy simply reflect ! actual subjection ( ! individual to t associat$ & corporate life :i*1 9 cons]v+ ! pa/1 provid$ ! pr9ciple ( control4 ,b ! eag]1 hungry b>b>ian 0 !re1 implicat$ 9 ?is univ]salism4 ,he mu/ be active 9 receiv+ & 9 absorb+ ! tru? au?oritatively dol$ out to him4 ,ev5 ! mo/ rigid =ms ( m$ieval ,*ri/ianity c\ld n avoid po/ulat+ ! individual w z hav+ a c]ta9 initiative ) ref]5ce to its own salvation4 ,! impulses1 ! appetite1 ! in/9ct ( ! individual 7 all assum$ 9 m$ieval morals1 religion1 & politics4 ,! imag9$ m$ieval tyranny took !m = grant$ z completely z does ! mod]n h]ald ( lib]ty & equality4 ,b ! m$ieval civilization knew t ! "t _h n come :5 ^! appetites & impulses c\ld be tru/$ to "w !mselves out4 ,!y mu/ be controll$ by ! incorporate tru?s inh]it$ f ,a!ns & ,rome4 ,! v logic ( ! relation%ip1 h[ev]1 requir$ t ! "t come :5 ! individual makes 8 own ! objective & univ]sal tru?s4 ,he is n[ ! incorporation ( tru?4 ,he n[ has ! control z well z ! /imulus ( action )9 himself4 ,he is ! /&>d & ! end1 z well z ! initiator & ! effective =ce ( execution4 ,j because ! au?oritative tru? ( m$ievalism has succe$$1 has fulfill$ its function1 ! individual c beg9 to ass]t himself4 ,contra/ ?is critical p]iod1 f9d+ its expression equally 9 ! art ( ! ,r5aissance1 ! revival ( le>n+1 ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation1 & political democracy1 ) ,a!ns 9 ! "t ( ,socrates4 ,!n individuals felt _! own social life dis9tegrat$1 dissolv+ "u _! v feet4 ,! problem 0 h[ ! value ( t social life 0 to be ma9ta9$ aga9/ ! ext]nal & int]nal =ces t 7 ?reat5+ x4 ,! problem 0 on ! side nei!r ( ! individual nor ( progress2 save z ! individual 0 se5 to be an int]v5+ in/rum5t 9 ! recon/ruction ( ! social unity4 ,b ) ! individual ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 x 0 n 8 own intimate community life :i* 0 slipp+ away f him4 ,x 0 an ali5 & remote life :i* _h f9ally become 8 own2 :i* _h pass$ ov] into 8 own inn] be+4 ,! problem 0 n h[ a unity ( social life %\ld be cons]v$1 b :at ! individual %\ld d ) ! weal? ( res\rces ( :i* he f\nd himself ! rightful heir & adm9i/rator4 ,! problem look$ out ^u ! future1 n back to ! pa/4 ,x 0 h[ to create a new ord]1 bo? ( modes ( individual conduct & =ms ( social life t %\ld be ! appropriate manife/ations ( ! vigor\s & ri*ly end[$ individual4 ,h5ce ! conception ( progress z a rul+ idea2 ! conception ( ! individual z ! s\rce & /&>d ( rights2 & ! problem ( k1 7 all born toge!r4 ,giv5 ! fre$ individual1 :o feels call$ ^u to create a new heav5 & a new e>?1 & :o feels himself gift$ ) ! p[] to p]=m ! task to :i* he is call$3--& ! dem& = sci5ce1 = a me?od ( discov]+ & v]ify+ tru?1 becomes imp]i\s4 ,! individual is h5ce=? to supply control1 law1 & n simply /imulation & initiation4 ,:at does ?is mean b t in/ead ( any long] receiv+ or assimilat+ tru?1 he is n[ to se>* = & create x8 ,hav+ no long] ! tru? impos$ by au?ority to rely ^u1 !re is no res\rce save to secure ! au?ority ( tru?4 ,! possibility ( gett+ at & utiliz+ ?is tru? becomes !re=e ! und]ly+ & condition+ problem ( mod]n life4 ,/range z x may s\nd1 ! "q :i* 0 =mulat$ by ,kant z t ( ! possibility ( k1 is ! fundam5tal political problem ( mod]n life4 ,sci5ce & metaphysics or philosophy1 ?\gh seem+ (t5 to be at w>1 ) _! respective adh]5ts (t5 ?r[+ jibes & slurs at ea* o!r1 are really ! mo/ intimate allies4 ,! philosophic movem5t is simply ! com+ to consci\sness ( ?is claim ( ! individual to be able to discov] & v]ify tru? = himself1 & !reby n only to direct 8 own conduct1 b to become an influ5tial & decisive factor 9 ! organization ( life itself4 ,mod]n philosophy is ! =mulation ( ?is cre$1 bo? 9 g5]al & 9 its m specific implications4 ,we (t5 =get t ! te*nical problem 8h[ k is possible10 also means 8h[ k is possible02 h[1 t is1 %all ! individual be able to back himself up by tru? :i* has no au?ority save t ( its own intr9sic tru?fulness4 ,sci5ce1 on ! o!r h&1 is simply ?is g5]al fai? or cre$ ass]t+ itself 9 detail2 x is ! practical fai? at "w engag$ 9 subjugat+ ! =eign t]ritory ( ignorance & falsehood /ep by /ep4 ,if ! ultimate outcome dep5ds ^u ?is detail$ & concrete "w1 we mu/ n =get t ! e>ne/ness & c\rage1 z well z ! intellig5ce & cle>ness ) :i* ! task has be5 und]tak51 h dep5d$ l>gely ^u ! wid]1 ev5 if vagu]1 op]ation ( philosophy4 ,b ! /ud5t ( philosophy kn[s m ?an t ! problem ( k has be5 ) increas+ urg5cy & def9it5ess ! p]si/5t & compreh5sive problem4 ,s consci\s is he ( ! two oppos$ !ories reg>d+ ! nature ( sci5ce1 t he (t5 =gets ! und]ly+ bond ( unity ( :i* we h be5 speak+4 ,^! two oppos+ s*ools are ^? :i* we "k z ! s5sationali/ & ! intellectuali/1 ! empirici/ & ! rationali/4 ,admitt+ t ! dom9ance ( ! "q ( ! possibility & nature ( k is at bottom a fundam5tal "q ( practice & ( social direction1 is ?is di/9ction any?+ m ?an ! cla% ( s*ola/ic op9ions1 a rivalry ( ideas mean+less = conduct8 ,i ?9k x is4 ,hav+ made s _m sweep+ ass]tions ,i mu/ v5ture "o m4 ,fanciful & =c$ z x may seem1 ,i w\ld say t ! s5sational & empirical s*ools repres5t 9 consci\s & reflective =m ! cont9uation ( ! pr9ciple ( ! nor!rn & b>b>ian side ( m$ieval life2 :ile ! intellectuali/ & ! rationali/ /& = ! consci\s elaboration ( ! pr9ciple involv$ 9 ! ,grco-,roman tradition4 ,once m1 z ,i _c hope to prove1 let me exp& & illu/rate4 ,! s5sationali/ has /ak$ himself ^u ! possibility ( expla9+ & ju/ify+ k by conceiv+ x z ! gr\p+ & comb9ation ( ! qualities directly giv5 u 9 s5sation4 ,! special reasons advanc$ 9 support ( ?is position are suffici5tly te*nical & remote4 ,b ! motive :i* has kept ! s5sationali/ at "w1 :i* animat$ ,hobbes & ,locke1 ,hume & ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 ,voltaire & ,did]ot1 0 a human n a s*ola/ic "o4 ,x 0 ! belief t only 9 s5sation d we get any p]sonal contact ) reality1 & h5ce1 any g5u9e gu>antee ( vital tru?4 ,?\ght is pale1 & remote f ! concrete /uff ( k & exp]i5ce4 ,x only =mulates & duplicates2 x only divides & recomb9es t fullness ( vivid reality got directly & at fir/ h& 9 s5se exp]i5ce4 ,reason1 comp>$ ) s5se1 is indirect1 emasculate1 & fad$4 ,moreov]1 reason & ?\ght 9 _! v g5]ality seem to lie beyond & outside ! individual4 ,9 ?is remot5ess1 :5 !y claim any f9al value1 !y violate ! v fir/ pr9ciple ( ! mod]n consci\sness4 ,:at is ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( mod]n life1 unless x be precisely t ! individual %all n simply get1 & reason ab\t1 tru? 9 ! ab/ract1 b %all make x 8 own 9 ! mo/ intimate & p]sonal way8 ,he has n only to "k ! tru? 9 ! s5se ( kn[+ ab\t x1 b he mu/ feel x4 ,:at is s5sation b ! answ] to ?is dem& = ! mo/ individual & intimate contact ) reality8 ,%[ me a s5sationali/ & ,i w %[ y n only "o :o believes t he is on ! side ( concret5ess & def9it5ess1 z aga9/ wa%$-out ab/ractions & mi/y g5]al notions3 b also "o :o believes t he is id5tifi$ ) ! cause ( ! individual z di/9ct f t ( ext]nal au?ority4 ,we h only to g to our ,locke & our ,mill to see t opposition to ! innate & ! a priori 0 felt to be opposition to ! deification ( h]$it>y prejudice & to ! reception ( ideas )\t exam9ation or criticism4 ,p]sonal contact ) reality ?r\gh s5sation seem$ to be ! only safegu>d f op9ions :i*1 :ile masqu]ad+ 9 ! guise ( absolute & et]nal tru?1 7 9 reality b ! prejudices ( ! pa/ become s +ra9$ z to insi/ ^u be+ /&>ds ( tru? & action4 ,positively z well z negatively1 ! s5sationali/s h felt !mselves to repres5t ! side ( progress4 ,9 its suppos$ et]nal "*1 a g5]al notion /&s ready made1 fix$ =ev]1 )\t ref]5ce to "t1 )\t ! possibility ( *ange or div]sity4 ,z di/9ct f ?is1 ! s5sation repres5ts ! nev]-fail+ eruption ( ! new4 ,x is ! novel1 ! unexpect$1 t :i* _c be reason$ out 9 et]nal =mula1 b mu/ be hit ^u 9 ! ev]-*ang+ fl[ ( our exp]i5ce4 ,x ?us repres5ts /imulation1 excitation1 mom5tum onw>ds4 ,x gives a con/ant prote/ aga9/ ! assumption ( any !ory or belief to possess f9ality2 & x supplies ! ev]-r5ew$ pres5tation ( mat]ial out ( :i* to build up new objects & new laws4 ,! s5sationali/ appe>s to h a good case4 ,he /&s = vividness & def9it5ess aga9/ ab/raction2 = ! engagem5t ( ! individual 9 exp]i5ce z aga9/ ! remote & g5]al ?\ght ab\t exp]i5ce2 & = progress & = v>iety aga9/ ! et]nal fix$ monotony ( ! concept4 ,b :at says ! rationali/8 ,:at value has exp]i5ce1 he inquires1 if x is simply a *aos ( dis9tegrat$ & float+ dbris8 ,:at is ! wor? ( p]sonality & individuality :5 !y are r$uc$ to crudity ( brute feel+ & %e] int5sity ( impulsive reaction8 ,:at is !re left 9 progress t we %\ld desire x1 :5 x has become a m]e unregulat$ flux ( transitory s5sations1 com+ & go+ )\t reasonable motivation or rational purpose8 ,?us ! intellectuali/ has endeavor$ to frame ! /ructure ( k z a well-ord]$ economy1 :]e reason is sov]eign1 :]e ! p]man5t is ! /&>d ( ref]5ce = ! *ang+1 & :]e ! individual may always escape f 8 own m]e individuality & f9d support & re9=cem5t 9 a sy/em ( relations t lies outside ( & yet gives validity to 8 own pass+ /ates ( consci\sness4 ,?us ! rationali/s hold t we mu/ f9d 9 a univ]sal intellig5ce a s\rce ( tru? & gu>antee ( value t is s\ght 9 va9 9 ! confus$ & fl[+ mass ( s5sations4 ,! rationali/1 9 mak+ ! concept or g5]al idea ! all-important ?+ 9 k1 believes himself to be ass]t+ ! int]e/s ( ord] z aga9/ de/ructive caprice & ! lic5se ( mom5t>y :im4 ,he f9ds t 8 cause is b\nd up ) t ( ! discov]y ( tru? z ! necess>y in/rum5t & me?od = action4 ,only by ref]5ce to ! g5]al & ! rational c ! individual f9d p]spective1 secure direction = 8 appetites & impulses1 & escape f ! uncontroll$ & ru9\s reactions ( 8 own imm$iate t5d5cy4 ,! concept1 once m1 9 its v g5]ality1 9 its elevation above ! int5sities & conflicts ( mom5t>y passions & int]e/s1 is ! cons]v] ( ! exp]i5ce ( ! pa/4 ,x is ! wisdom ( ! pa/ put into capitaliz$ & fund$ =m to enable ! individual to get away f ! /ress & competition ( ! ne$s ( ! pass+ mom5t4 ,x m>ks ! diff]5ce betwe5 b>b>ism & civilization1 betwe5 cont9uity & dis9tegration1 betwe5 ! sequ5ce ( tradition t is ! necessity ( intellig5t ?\ght & action1 & ! r&om & confus$ excitation ( ! h\r4 ,:5 we ?us consid] n ! details ( ! positions ( ! s5sationali/ & rationali/1 b ! motives t h induc$ !m to assume ^! positions1 we discov] :at is meant 9 say+ t ! "q is /ill a practical1 a social "o1 & t ! two s*ools /& = c]ta9 "o-sid$ factors ( social life4 ,if we h on "o side ! dem& = fre$om1 = p]sonal initiation into exp]i5ce1 = v>iety & progress1 we h on ! o!r side ! dem& = g5]al ord]1 = cont9u\s & organiz$ unity1 = ! cons]vation ( ! de>ly b\ght res\rces ( ! pa/4 ,?is is :at ,i mean by say+ t ! s5sationali/ ab/racts 9 consci\s =m ! position & t5d5cy ( ! ,g]manic elem5t 9 mod]n civilization1 ! factor ( appetite & impulse1 ( ke5 enjoym5t & satisfaction1 ( /imulus & initiative4 ,j s ! rationali/ erects into consci\s ab/raction ! pr9ciple ( ! ,grco-,roman _w1 t ( control1 ( sy/em1 ( ord] & au?ority4 ,t ! pr9ciples ( fre$om & ord]1 ( pa/ & future1 or cons]vation & progress1 ( incitem5t to action & control ( t incitation1 are correlative1 ,i %all n /op to argue4 ,x may be wor? :ile1 h[ev]1 to po9t out t exactly ! same correlative & mutually implicat+ connection exi/s betwe5 s5sationalism & rationalism1 consid]$ z philosophical acc\nts ( ! orig9 & nature ( k4 ,! /r5g? ( ea* s*ool lies 9 ! weakness ( its oppon5t4 ,! m ! s5sationali/ appe>s to succe$ 9 r$uc+ k to ! associations ( s5sation1 ! m he creates a dem& = ?\ght to introduce backgr\nd & relation%ip4 ,! m consi/5t ! s5sationali/1 ! m op5ly he reveals ! s5sation 9 its own nak$ness cry+ al\d = a clo?+ ( value & mean+ :i* mu/ be borr[$ f reflective & rational int]pretation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! m reason & ! sy/em ( relations t make up ! function+ ( reason are magnifi$1 ! m is felt ! ne$ ( s5sation to br+ reason into "s fruitful contact ) ! mat]ials ( exp]i5ce4 ,reason mu/ h ! /imulus ( ?is contact 9 ord] to be incit$ to its "w & to get mat]ials to op]ate )4 ,! cause1 !n1 :y nei!r s*ool c come to re/ 9 itself is precisely t ea* ab/racts "o ess5tial factor ( conduct4 ,?is sugge/s1 f9ally1 t ! next move 9 philosophy is precisely to transf] att5tion f ! details ( ! position assum$1 & ! argum5ts us$ 9 ^! two s*ools1 to ! practical motives t h unconsci\sly controll$ ! discussion4 ,! positions h be5 suffici5tly elaborat$4 ,)9 ! pa/ "o hundr$ ye>s1 )9 especially ! la/ g5]ation1 ea* has succe$$ 9 fully /at+ its case4 ,! result1 if we rema9 at ?is po9t1 is practically a deadlock4 ,ea* c make out its case aga9/ ! o!r4 ,to /op at su* a po9t is a pat5t absurdity4 ,if we are to get out ( ! cul-de-sac x mu/ be by br++ into consci\sness ! tacit ref]5ce to action t all ! "t has be5 ! controll+ factor4 ,9 a ^w1 ano!r great rhy?mic movem5t is se5 to be approa*+ its end4 ,! dem& = sci5ce & philosophy 0 ! dem& = tru? & a sure /&>d ( tru? :i* ! new-born individual might employ 9 8 ef=ts to build up a new _w to af=d free scope to ! p[]s /irr+ )9 him4 ,! urg5cy & acut5ess ( ?is dem& caus$1 = ! "t be+1 ! transf] ( att5tion f ! nature ( practice to t ( k4 ,! highly !oretical & ab/ract "* ( mod]n epi/emology1 comb9$ ) ! fact t ?is highly ab/ract & !oretic problem has cont9u\sly engag$ ! att5tion ( ?\ght = m ?an ?ree c5turies1 is1 to my m9d1 pro( positive t ! "q ( k 0 = ! "t be+ ! po9t 9 :i* ! "q ( practice c5t]$1 & ?r\gh :i* x mu/ f9d outlet & solution4 ,we return1 !n1 to our op5+ problem3 ! mean+ ( ! "q ( ! possibility ( k rais$ by ,kant a c5tury ago1 & ( 8 ass]tion t s5sation )\t ?\ght is bl9d1 ?\ght )\t s5sation empty4 ,once m ,i recall to ! /ud5t ( philosophy h[ ?is ass]tion ( ,kant has haunt$ & det]m9$ ! c\rse ( philosophy 9 ! int]v5+ ye>s--h[ 8 solution at once seems inevitable & unsatisfactory4 ,x is inevitable 9 t no "o c fairly d5y t bo? s5se & reason are implicat$ 9 e fruitful & significant /atem5t ( ! _w2 unconv9c+ because we are aft] all left ) ^! two oppos$ ?+s /ill at w> ) ea* o!r1 plus ! miracle ( _! f9al comb9ation4 ,:5 ,i say t ! only way out is to place ! :ole mod]n indu/ry ( epi/emology 9 relation to ! conditions t gave x bir? & ! function x has to fulfil1 ,i mean t ! unsatisfactory "* ( ! entire neo-,kantian movem5t lies 9 its assumption t k gives bir? to itself & is capable ( af=d+ its own ju/ification4 ,! solution t is always s\ght & nev] f\nd s long z we deal ) k z a self-suffic+ purveyor ( reality1 reveals itself :5 we conceive ( k z a /atem5t ( action1 t /atem5t be+ necess>y1 moreov]1 to ! successful ongo+ ( action4 ,! entire problem ( m$ieval philosophy is t ( absorption1 ( assimilation4 ,! result 0 ! creation ( ! individual4 ,h5ce ! problem ( mod]n life is t ( recon/ruction1 re=m1 reorganization4 ,! entire cont5t ( exp]i5ce ne$s to be pass$ ?r\gh ! alembic ( individual ag5cy & realization4 ,! individual is to be ! be>] ( civilization2 b ?is involves a remak+ ( ! civilization t he be>s4 ,?us we h ! dual "q3 ,h[ c ! individual become ! organ ( corporate action8 ,h[ c he make ov] ! tru? au?oritatively embodi$ 9 in/itutions ( *ur* & /ate into frank1 heal?y1 & direct expressions ( ! simple act ( free liv+8 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ c civilization pres]ve its own integral value & import :5 subord9at$ to ! ag5cy ( ! individual in/ead ( ex]cis+ supreme sway ov] him8 ,! "q ( k1 ( ! discov]y & /atem5t ( tru?1 gives ! answ] to ?is "q2 & x alone gives ! answ]4 ,admitt+ t ! practical problem ( mod]n life is ! ma9t5ance ( ! moral values ( civilization ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! insight & decision ( ! individual1 ! problem is =$oom$ to futile failure save z ! individual 9 p]=m+ 8 task c "w ) a def9ite & controllable tool4 ,?is tool is sci5ce4 ,b ?is v fact1 con/itut+ ! dignity ( sci5ce & measur+ ! importance ( ! philosophic !ory ( k1 conf]r+ ^u !m ! religi\s value once atta*+ to dogma & ! discipl9>y significance once belong+ to political rules1 also sets _! limit4 ,! s]vant is n above 8 ma/]4 ,:5 a !ory ( k =gets t its value re/s 9 solv+ ! problem out ( :i* x has aris51 viz41 t ( secur+ a me?od ( action2 :5 x =gets t x has to "w out ! conditions "u :i* ! individual may freely direct himself )\t loss to ! hi/oric values ( civilization--:5 x =gets ^! ?+s x beg9s to cumb] ! gr\nd4 ,x is a luxury1 & h5ce a social nuisance & di/urb]4 ,( c\rse1 9 ! v nature ( ?+s1 e means or in/rum5t w = a :ile absorb att5tion s t x becomes ! end4 ,inde$ x is ! end :5 x is an indisp5sable condition ( onw>d movem5t4 ,b :5 once ! means h be5 work$ out !y mu/ op]ate z su*4 ,:5 ! nature & me?od ( k are fairly und]/ood1 !n int]e/ mu/ transf] itself f ! possibility ( k to ! possibility ( its application to life4 ,! s5sationali/ has play$ 8 "p 9 br++ to effective recognition ! dem& 9 valid k = individuality ( exp]i5ce1 = p]sonal p>ticipation 9 mat]ials ( k4 ,! rationali/ has s]v$ 8 "t 9 mak+ x cle> once = all t valid k requires organization1 & ! op]ation ( a relatively p]man5t & g5]al factor4 ,! ,kantian epi/emologi/ has =mulat$ ! claims ( bo? s*ools 9 def9+ judgm5t z ! relation ( p]ception & conception4 ,b :5 x goes on to /ate t ?is relation is itself k1 or c be f\nd 9 k1 x /ultifies itself4 ,k c def9e ! p]cept & elaborate ! concept1 b _! union c be f\nd only 9 action4 ,! exp]im5tal me?od ( mod]n sci5ce1 its erection into ! ultimate mode ( v]ification1 is simply ?is fact obta9+ recognition4 ,only action c reconcile ! old1 ! g5]al1 & ! p]man5t ) ! *ang+1 ! individual1 & ! new4 ,x is action z progress1 z developm5t1 mak+ ov] ! weal? ( ! pa/ into capital ) :i* to d an enl>g+ & fre] bus9ess1 t alone c f9d its way out ( ! cul-de-sac ( ! !ory ( k4 ,ea* ( ! old] movem5ts pass$ away because ( its own success1 fail$ because x did its "w1 di$ 9 accompli%+ its purpose4 ,s also ) ! mod]n philosophy ( k2 !re mu/ come a "t :5 we h s mu* k 9 detail1 & und]/& s well its me?od 9 g5]al1 t x ceases to be a problem4 ,x becomes a tool4 ,if ! problem ( k is n intr9sically mean+less & absurd x mu/ 9 c\rse ( "t be solv$4 ,!n ! dom9at+ int]e/ becomes ! use ( k2 ! conditions "u :i* & ways 9 :i* x may be mo/ organically & effectively employ$ to direct conduct4 ,?us ! ,socratic p]iod recurs2 b recurs ) ! deep5$ mean+ ( ! int]v5+ we>y ye>s ( /ruggle1 confusion1 & conflict 9 ! gr[? ( ! recognition ( ! ne$ ( pati5t & specific me?ods ( int]rogation4 ,s1 too1 ! au?oritative & in/itutional tru? ( s*ola/icism recurs1 b recurs borne up ^u ! vigor\s & consci\s %\ld]s ( ! fre$ individual :o is aw>e ( 8 own intr9sic relations to tru?1 & :o glories 9 8 ability to c>ry civilization--n m]ely to c>ry x1 b to c>ry x on4 ,?us ano!r sw+ 9 ! rhy?m ( !ory & practice beg9s4 ,h[ does ?is conc]n u z philosoph]s8 ,= ! _w x means t philosophy is h5ce=? a me?od & n an orig9al f\nta9 head ( tru?1 nor an ultimate /&>d ( ref]5ce4 ,b :at is involv$ = philosophy itself 9 ?is *ange8 ,i make no claims to be+ a prophet1 b ,i v5ture "o m & f9al unprov$ /atem5t1 believ+1 ) all my he>t1 t x is ju/ifi$ bo? by ! mov+ logic ( ! situation1 & by ! signs ( ! times4 ,i ref] to ! gr[+ transf] ( int]e/ f metaphysics & ! !ory ( k to psy*ology & social e?ics--includ+ 9 ! latt] t]m all ! relat$ concrete social sci5ces1 s f> z !y may give guidance to conduct4 ,!re are ^? :o see 9 psy*ology only a p>ticul> sci5ce :i* !y are pleas$ to t]m purely empirical 7unless x happ5 to re/ate 9 *ang$ phraseology ! metaphysics ) :i* !y are famili>74 ,!y see 9 x only a m or less incoh]5t mass ( facts1 int]e/+ because relat+ to human nature1 b bel[ ! natural sci5ces 9 po9t ( c]ta9ty & def9it5ess1 z also f> bel[ pure philosophy z to compreh5siv5ess & ability to deal ) fundam5tal issues4 ,b if ,i may be p]mitt$ to dramatize a little ! position ( ! psy*ologi/1 he c well af=d to cont9ue pati5tly at "w1 unm9dful ( ! occasional sup]cili\s sne]s ( ! epi/emologi/4 ,! cause ( mod]n civilization /&s & falls ) ! ability ( ! individual to s]ve z its ag5t & be>]4 ,& psy*ology is naught b ! acc\nt ( ! way 9 :i* individual life is ?us progressively ma9ta9$ & reorganiz$4 ,psy*ology is ! attempt to /ate 9 detail ! ma*9]y ( ! individual consid]$ z ! in/rum5t & organ ?r\gh :i* social action op]ates4 ,x is ! answ] to ,kant's dem& = ! =mal phase ( exp]i5ce--h[ exp]i5ce z su* is con/itut$4 ,j because ! :ole burd5 & /ress1 bo? ( cons]v+ & advanc+ exp]i5ce is m & m ?r[n ^u ! individual1 ev]y?+ :i* %$s light ^u h[ ! individual may wea!r ! /ress & assume ! burd5 is preci\s & imp]i\s4 ,social e?ics 9 inclusive s5se is ! correlative sci5ce4 ,deal+ n ) ! =m or mode or ma*9]y ( action1 x attempts r to make out its fill+ & make up ! values t are necess>y to con/itute an exp]i5ce :i* is wor? :ile4 ,! sociologi/1 l ! psy*ologi/1 (t5 pres5ts himself z a camp foll[] ( g5u9e sci5ce & philosophy1 pick+ up scraps "h & !re & piec+ !m toge!r 9 some:at ( an aimless fa%ion--=tunate inde$1 if n vague & ov]-ambiti\s4 ,yet social e?ics repres5ts ! attempt to translate philosophy f a g5]al & !re=e ab/ract me?od into a work+ & specific me?od2 x is ! *ange f inquir+ into ! nature ( value 9 g5]al to inquir+ z to ! p>ticul> values t ought to be realiz$ 9 ! life ( e "o1 & z to ! conditions :i* r5d] possible ?is realization4 ,!re are ^? :o w see 9 ?is conception ( ! outcome ( a f\r-hundr$-ye> discussion conc]n+ ! nature & possibility ( k a d]ogation f ! high e/ate ( philosophy4 ,!re are o!rs :o w see 9 x a sign t philosophy1 aft] w&]+ aimlessly hi!r & yon 9 a wild]ness )\t purpose or outcome1 has f9ally come to its s5ses--has giv5 up metaphysical absurdities & unv]ifiable speculations1 & become a purely positive sci5ce ( ph5om5a4 ,b !re are yet o!rs :o w see 9 ?is movem5t ! fulfilm5t ( its vocation1 ! cle> consci\sness ( a function t x has always /riv5 to p]=m2 & :o w welcome x z a ju/ification ( ! long c5turies :5 x appe>$ to sit ap>t1 f> f ! common conc]ns ( man1 busi$ ) disc\rse ( ess5ce & cause1 absorb$ 9 argum5t conc]n+ subject & object1 reason & s5sation4 ,to su* ?is outcome w appe> ! inevitable sequel ( ! say+ ( ,socrates t 8an unexam9$ life is n "o fit to be l$ by man02 & a bett] response to 8 injunction 8,"k ?yself40 ,,! ,,end ,,index ,absolutism1 #ah1 #be1 #ih1 #ajb1 #aji-aaj1 #aba-abc1 #acj-acb2 ,essay ,,iv41 #adb-aec1 #agf1 #ahj-aha ,acqua9tance1 & k1 #gi-hb ,action1 & problem ( k1 ,essay ,,xi41 #bga-cjd ,a priori1 #bjf-bac1 #bib-bid ,appe>ance1 & reality1 #bf-bh1 #aah-aba ,ari/otle1 ref]r$ to1 #e1 #cb1 #ce1 #cg1 #dh1 #ej1 #gh1 #bba1 #bgh ,assurance1 #he-hh ,aw>5ess1 #ic ,behavior1 & intellig5ce1 #dd ,belief1 ,essay ,,vi41 #afi-aig ,bosanquet1 ,b41 #bha ,bradley1 ,f4 ,h41 ,essay ,,iv41 #aab-aec ,*ange1 its suppos$ unreality1 #a2 9 mod]n sci5ce1 #h-i2 & law1 #gb2 & ?\ght1 #acc2 ( tru?1 #aec2 ( exp]i5ce1 #bbb-bbd1 #bei-bfj2 ,*ri/ianity1 metaphysic (1 #agh ,cognitive1 #hd-he1 #bcj-bcc ,conflict1 & ?9k+1 #aaf-aag1 #abf-abg1 #acb1 #adh-adi ,consi/5cy1 z crit]ion1 #abh-acf ,consci\sness1 z end ( nature1 #cd-ce2 is p>tial1 #dc2 & k1 #gi-hj1 #ajb1 #aga2 ,essay ,x41 #bdb-bgj2 non-exi/5ce (1 #bdg-bdh ,correspond5ce1 #aeh ,cosmology1 & morals1 #ed ,cu/om1 z backgr\nd ( morals1 #dh1 #eb ,d>w91 8 influ5ce on philosophy1 ,essay ,i41 #a-ai2 quot$1 #b1 #ab ,democracy1 moral mean+ (1 #ei-fj1 #bff-bfg ,desc>tes1 #h ,design1 see ,teleology ,economic ,/ruggle1 #ba1 #bi1 #ce1 #da1 #ej ,economics1 influ5ces on morals1 #eg-ei ,empiricism1 #bjj-bjb2 ,essay ,,ix41 #bbf-bda1 #bhi-bia ,epi/emology1 v]sus logic1 #ie-ajg1 #agb1 #ahe1 #bja1 #bif-bih ,error1 & becom+1 #ajj ,evolution1 ( species1 #a1 #h2 & design1 #ab-ac2 & teleology1 #cb-ce2 & intellig5ce1 #db-dc ,exp]i5ce1 ,essay ,,vii41 #aih-bbe ,exp]im5t1 & k1 ,essay ,,iv41 #gg-aaa ,feel+1 #hj-ha ,f9al ,cause1 see ,teleology ,functions1 true data ( psy*ology1 #bej-bee ,galileo1 #h ,g5esis1 & value1 #bfa-bfd ,good1 is concrete & plural1 #ae-ag1 #bc1 #bg2 ( ,nature1 ,essay ,,ii41 #bj-de2 & evolution1 #ca-ce1 #dc2 & my/icism1 #ci1 #db2 ,greek view (1 #df-ej2 m$ieval view (1 #eb-ed2 z fix$1 #fg ,gordon1 ,k41 #bae n4 ,gray1 ,asa1 on evolution & design1 #ab ,happ9ess1 nature (1 #fi ,hegel1 #fe1 #agd n4 ,hobbes1 #bjc n4 ,hume1 #hb n41 #bjd n4 ,idealism1 #bh1 #ch1 #aia2 ,essay ,,vii41 #aih-bbe1 #bbh ,ideality1 #hi1 #abj1 #bai-bbe ,ideas1 nature (1 #acd1 #aee2 _! v]ification1 #ada ff42 are hypo!tical1 #add1 #aej-aea1 #ahg ,individual1 #bdd1 #bfe-fh1 #bhe1 #big ,intellectualism1 ,essay ,,iv41 #aab-aec1 #aei ,intellig5ce1 is discrim9ative1 #ci1 #db1 #ge2 is ! good ( nature1 #dd2 & ,morals1 ,essay ,,iii41 #df-gf2 cosmic & p]sonal1 #ee1 #ei2 z biological in/rum5t1 #fh2 indirection ( activity1 #acc1 #adi ,introspection1 #bej n4 ,james1 ,wm41 #ajd1 #aid n41 #bjb1 #bbb n41 #bdf ,judgm5t1 ,bradley's !ory (1 #aad-aag2 ( ! pa/1 #afj-fa1 #afe2 ,kant's !ory (1 #bgb ,kant1 #fc-fe1 #bjf-bac1 #bga ,k1 its prop] object1 #f1 #aj1 #ad2 & nature1 #da2 & fre$om1 #gc2 ,! ,exp]im5tal ,!ory (1 ,essay ,,iv41 #gg-aaa2 def9$1 #ij2 & inquiry1 #ahd-ahi2 ,essay ,,xi41 problem (1 #bga-cjd ,locke1 #ic1 #bjb-bjd1 #bag-bah ,ma9e1 ,sir ,h5ry1 quot$1 #df ,mean+1 & k1 #hg-ij2 & judgm5t1 #aaf-aag1 #bjj ,me*anism1 #bc1 #cd1 #eg ,memory1 #bbj ,moore1 ,a4 ,w41 #ia n4 ,morals1 ,essay ,,iii41 #df-gf ,my/icism1 #ch-dj1 #db ,naturalism1 #aie ,nature1 teleology (1 #aj2 ,! ,good (1 ,essay ,,ii41 #bj-de2 animi/ic "* (1 #ea2 *ange 91 #gb ,newton1 influ5ce (1 #fa1 #gb ,organization1 ( exp]i5ce1 #bjh-baa ,p]ception1 ambiguity ( t]m1 #bad-bai ,philosophy1 *anges 91 #ad-ai2 political nature (1 #ba2 def9$1 #de2 & sci5ce1 #ea2 & psy*ology1 #ahi-aia2 ,essay ,x41 #bdb-bgj ,plato1 #ba1 #dg1 #di1 #gb1 #bai n41 #bgh ,pragmatism1 #be1 #ca1 #cc1 #ee1 #ie n41 #aji1 #acj n41 #add2 ,essay ,v41 #aed-afh1 #aic ,psy*ical1 #ha n41 #ajd ,psy*ology1 & philosophy1 ,essay ,x41 #bdb-bgj1 #cja ,rationalism1 ,essay ,,xi41 #bga-cjd 8,reality10 #ih1 #aje1 #aac1 #abi1 #afi n41 #agb1 #bbh1 #bfd ,relation1 & appe>ance1 #aai-abj ,santayana1 ,g41 #if1 #bbd n4 ,sci5ces1 develop$ out ( morals1 #ef2 & indu/ry1 #eg-eh2 z mode ( k1 #ajh2 & philosophy1 #bfh-bgj1 #bhg ,s5sation1 #id1 #bfb n4 ,s5sationalism1 ,essay ,,xi41 #bga-cjd ,social ,e?ics1 #cjb-cjd ,socrates1 #ea1 #gf1 #bge1 #cjd ,species1 equival5t to s*ola/ic =m1 #c-d2 z et]nal & teleological1 #d-e2 basis ( k1 #f-g ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t1 #af1 #cc1 #ff ,sp9oza1 #aha ,/oicism1 #agb1 #bgi ,/u>t1 ,h4 ,w41 #bad n4 ,subjective1 #ih1 #aee1 #bjd n41 #bgj ,teleology1 ( life1 #d2 ( nature1 #aj1 #cb2 basis ( idealism1 #aa2 concrete1 #ae1 #bb2 & evolution1 #cb-ce2 subjective1 #bbc-bbd ,!ory1 #abd-abg ,?9k+1 practical "* (1 #abd-abg ,tol/oi1 #agc n4 ,transc5d5ce1 ( k1 #ajc n41 #aef-aeg ,transc5d5tal1 & sup]natural1 #bb1 #bi1 #bhb2 view ( k1 #bd1 #bg2 fre$om1 #gd ,tru?1 crit]ion (1 #ib1 #ie1 #ajg-aaa2 ,essay ,,iv41 #aab-aec2 absolute1 #acg2 id5tifi$ ) exi/5ce1 #ach1 #ade2 et]nal1 #adg1 #aeb2 ,essay ,v41 #aed-afh2 #bcj-bca1 #bcg1 #bhb ,utilit>ianism1 #fb ,v]ification1 mak+ true1 #aci ff41 #afb-afd ,woodbridge1 ,f4 ,j4 ,e41 #ajd n41 #bdj n4 ,,footnotes #a ,! affair is ev5 m port5t\s 9 ! ,g]man ) its capital lett]s & s]ies ( muses3 8,gewiss i/ d] ,pragmatismus erk5ntnis/heoretis* ,nom9alismus1 psy*ologis* ,volunt>ismus1 naturphilosophis* ,en]gismus1 metaphysis* ,agno/icismus1 e?is* ,meliorismus auf ,grundlage des ,b5?am-,mills*5 ,utilit>ismus40 #b ,a lecture 9 a c\rse ( public lectures on 8,*>les ,d>w9 & ,8 ,influ5ce on ,sci5ce10 giv5 at ,columbia ,univ]sity 9 ! w9t] & spr+ ( #aiji4 ,repr9t$ f ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly = ,july1 #aiji4 #c 8,life & ,lett]s10 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #bhb2 cf4 #bhe4 #d 8,life & ,lett]s10 ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #adf1 #agj1 #bde2 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #bhc-hd4 ,see also ! clos+ portion ( 8 8,v>iations ( ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication40 #e ,repr9t$ f ! ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 ,,vii41 ,no4 #d1 ,july1 #aiji4 #f ,a public lecture deliv]$ at ,columbia ,univ]sity 9 ,m>*1 #aijh1 "u ! title ( 8,e?ics10 9 a s]ies ( lectures on 8,sci5ce1 ,philosophy1 & ,art40 ,repr9t$ f a monograph publi%$ by ! ,columbia ,univ]sity ,press4 #g ,repr9t$1 ) consid]able *ange 9 ! arrangem5t & 9 ! matt] ( ! latt] portion1 f ,m9d1 ,vol4 ,,xv41 ,n4,s41 ,july1 #aijf4 #h ,i mu/ rem9d ! read] aga9 ( a po9t already sugge/$4 ,x is ! id5tification ( pres5ce 9 consci\sness ) k z su* t leads to sett+ up a m9d 7ego1 subject7 :i* has ! peculi> prop]ty ( kn[+ 7only s (t5 x kn[s wrong671 or else t leads to supply+ 8s5sations0 ) ! peculi> prop]ty ( survey+ _! own entrails4 ,giv5 ! correct feel+ t k involves relation%ip1 !re be+1 by supposition1 no o!r ?+ to :i* ! ?+ 9 consci\sness is relat$1 x is =?) relat$ to a s\l sub/ance1 or to its gho/ly (fspr+1 a 8subject10 or to 8consci\sness0 itself4 #i ,let u fur!r recall t ?is !ory requires ei!r t ?+s pres5t %all already be psy*ical ?+s 7feel+s1 s5sations1 etc471 9 ord] to be assimilat$ to ! kn[+ m9d1 subject to consci\sness2 or else translates g5u9ely nave realism into ! miracle ( a m9d t gets outside itself to lay its gho/ly h&s ^u ! ?+s ( an ext]nal _w4 #aj ,?is means t ?+s may be pres5t z kn[n1 j z !y be pres5t z h>d or s(t1 agreeable or disgu/+1 hop$ = or dread$4 ,! m$iacy1 or ! art ( int]v5tion1 :i* *>act]izes k1 indicates precisely ! way 9 :i* kn[n ?+s z kn[n are imm$iately pres5t4 #aa ,if ,hume _h _h a ti! ( ! int]e/ 9 ! flux ( p]ceptions & 9 habit--pr9ciples ( cont9uity & ( organization--:i* he _h 9 di/9ct & isolat$ exi/5ces1 he might h sav$ u bo? f ,g]man ,erk5ntnis/heorie1 & f t mod]n miracle play1 ! psy*ology ( elem5ts ( consci\sness1 t "u ! gis ( sci5ce1 does n hesitate to h psy*ical elem5ts comp\nd & bre$1 & 9 _! agile intangibility put to %ame ! p]=mances ( _! less acrobatic c\s9s1 physical atoms4 #ab ,9 o!r words1 ! situation z describ$ is n to be confus$ ) ! case ( hunt+ on purpose to te/ an idea reg>d+ ! dog4 #ac ,dr4 ,moore1 9 an essay 9 8,contributions to ,logical ,!ory0 has br\ght out cle>ly1 on ! basis ( a criticism ( ! !ory ( mean+ & fulfilm5t advanc$ 9 ,royce's 8,_w & ,individual10 ! full consequ5ces ( ?is di/9ction4 ,i quote "o s5t5ce 7p4 #cej73 8,surely !re is a pretty disc]nible diff]5ce betwe5 exp]i5ce z a purposive idea1 & ! exp]i5ce :i* fulfils ?is purpose4 ,to call !m bo? #8ideas' is at lea/ confus+40 ,! text above simply adds t !re is also a disc]nible & important diff]5ce betwe5 exp]i5ces :i*1 de facto1 are purpos+ & fulfill+ 7t is1 are se5 to be su* ab extra71 & ^? :i* meant to be su*1 & are f\nd to be :at !y meant4 #ad ,! association ( sci5ce & philosophy ) leisure1 ) a c]ta9 economic surplus1 is n accid5tal4 ,x is practically wor? :ile to po/pone practice2 to sub/itute !oriz+1 to develop a new & fasc9at+ mode ( practice4 ,b x is ! excess a*ievem5t ( practice :i* makes ?is po/ponem5t & sub/itution possible4 #ae ,x is ! failure to grasp ! c\pl+ ( tru? ( mean+ ) a specific promise1 und]tak+1 or int5tion express$ by a ?+ :i* und]lies1 s f> z ,i c see1 ! criticisms pass$ ^u ! exp]im5tal or pragmatic view ( ! tru?4 ,x is ! same failure :i* is responsible = ! :olly at l>ge view ( tru? :i* *>act]izes ! absoluti/s4 #af ,! belief 9 ! metaphysical transc5d5ce ( ! object ( k seems to h its real orig9 9 an empirical transc5d5ce ( a v specific & describable sort4 ,! ?+ mean+ is "o ?+2 ! ?+ meant is ano!r ?+1 & is 7z already po9t$ out7 a ?+ pres5t$ z n giv5 9 ! same way z is ! ?+ :i* means4 ,x is some?+ to be s giv54 ,no am\nt ( c>eful & ?or\gh inspection ( ! indicat+ & signify+ ?+s c remove or annihilate ?is gap4 ,! probability ( correct mean+ may be increas$ 9 v>y+ degrees--& ?is is :at we mean by control4 ,b f9al c]titude c nev] be rea*$ except exp]im5tally--except by p]=m+ ! op]ations indicat$ & discov]+ :e!r or no ! int5d$ mean+ is fulfill$ 9 propria p]sona4 ,9 ?is exp]im5tal s5se1 tru? or ! object ( any giv5 mean+ is always beyond or outside ( ! cognitional ?+ t means x4 ,error z well z tru? is a necess>y function ( kn[+4 ,b ! non-empirical acc\nt ( ?is transc5d5t 7or beyond7 relation%ip puts all ! error 9 "o place 7our k71 & all ! tru? 9 ano!r 7absolute consci\sness or else a ?+-9-itself74 #ag ,comp>e 8 essay1 8,does ,consci\sness ,exi/80 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology1 & ,sci5tific ,me?ods1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #dhj4 #ah ,comp>e ! essay on ! 8,problem ( ,consci\sness10 by ,pr(essor ,woodbridge1 9 ! ,g>man ,memorial ,volume1 entitl$ 8,/udies 9 ,philosophy & ,psy*ology40 #ai ,repr9t$1 ) _m *anges1 f an article 9 ,m9d1 ,vol4 ,,xvi41 ,n4,s41 ,july #aijg4 ,al?\gh ! *anges h be5 made to r5d] ! article less te*nical1 x /ill rema9s1 ,i fe>1 too te*nical to be intelligible to ^? n famili> ) rec5t discussions ( logical !ory4 #bj ,i foll[ *iefly ,*apt] ,,xv4 ( 8,appe>ance & ,reality0--! *apt] on 8,?\ght & ,reality40 #ba ,! crux ( ! argum5t is conta9$ 9 ,*apt]s ,,xiii4 & ,,xiv41 on ! 8,g5]al ,nature ( ,reality40 #bb ,! same po9t comes out 9 ,mr4 ,bradley's treatm5t ( ! way 9 :i* ! practical dem& = ! good or satisfaction is to be tak5 acc\nt ( 9 a philosophical conception ( ! nature ( reality4 ,he admits t x comes 92 b holds t x ent]s n directly1 b because if left outside x indirectly introduces a feature ( 8discont5t0 on ! intellectual side 7see p4 #aee74 ,?is1 z an argum5t = ! supremacy ( ! isolat$ !oretical /&>d1 loses all its =ce if we cease to conceive ( intellect z f ! />t an indep5d5t function1 & realize t intellectual discont5t is ! practical conflict becom+ delib]ately aw>e ( itself z ! mo/ effective means ( its own rectification4 #bc ,?is sugge/s t _m ( ! /ock argum5ts aga9/ pragmatism fail to take its cont5tion s]i\sly en\gh4 ,!y proce$ f ! assumption t x is an acc\nt ( tru? :i* leaves unt\*$ curr5t notions ( ! nature ( intellig5ce4 ,b ! ess5tial po9t ( pragmatism is t x bases its *ang$ acc\nt ( tru? on a *ang$ conception ( ! nature ( intellig5ce1 bo? z to its objective & its me?od4 ,n[ ?is diff]5t acc\nt ( intellig5ce may be wrong1 b controv]sy :i* leaves /&+ ! conv5tionally curr5t !ories ab\t ?\ght & m]ely discusses 8tru?0 w n g f>4 ,s9ce tru? is ! adequate fulfilm5t ( ! function ( intellig5ce1 ! "q turns on ! nature ( ! latt]4 #bd ,su* a /atem5t z1 = example1 ,mr4 ,bradley's 7,m9d1 ,vol4 ,,xiii41 ,no4 #ea1 ,n4,s41 p4 #c1 article on 8,tru? & ,practice07 8,! idea works 444 b is able to "w because ,i h *os5 ! "r idea0 surely loses any argum5tative =ce x may seem to h1 :5 x is recall$ t1 ^u ! !ory argu$ aga9/1 ability to "w & rightness are "o & ! same ?+4 ,if ! word+ is *ang$ to read 8,! idea is able to "w because ,i h *os5 an idea :i* is able to "w0 ! "q-begg+ "* ( ! impli$ criticism is evid5t4 ,! *ange ( phraseology also may sugge/ ! crucial & pregnant "q3 ,h[ does any "o "k t an idea is able to "w except+ by sett+ x at "w8 #be ,a pap] read 9 ! spr+ ( #aiji be=e ! ,philosophical ,club ( ,smi? ,college & n previ\sly publi%$4 #bf ,read z ! ,presid5tial ,address at ! fif? annual meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,association1 at ,cambridge1 ,decemb] #bh1 #aije1 & repr9t$ ) v]bal revisions f ! ,philosophical ,review1 ,vol4 ,,xv41 ,m>*1 #aijf4 ,! sub/itution ( ! ^w 8,exi/5ces0 = ! ^w 8,realities0 79 ! orig9al title7 is due to a subsequ5t recognition on my "p t ! eulogi/ic hi/oric associations ) ! ^w 8,reality0 7aga9/ :i* ! pap] 0 a prote/7 infect$ ! int]pretation ( ! pap] itself1 s t ! use ( "s m colorless ^w 0 desirable4 #bg ,s9ce writ+ ! above ,i h read ! foll[+ words ( a c&idly unsympa!tic fri5d ( philosophy3 8,nei!r philosophy nor sci5ce c in/itute man's relation to ! univ]se1 because su* reciprocity mu/ h exi/$ be=e any k9d ( sci5ce or philosophy c beg92 s9ce ea* inve/igates ph5om5a by means ( ! intellect1 & indep5d5t ( ! position & feel+ ( ! inve/igator2 :]eas ! relation ( man to ! univ]se is def9$1 n by ! intellect alone1 b by 8 s5sitive p]ception aid$ by all 8 spiritual p[]s4 ,h[ev] mu* "o may assure & in/ruct a man t all real exi/5ce is an idea1 t matt] is made up ( atoms1 t ! ess5ce ( life is corporality or w1 t heat1 light1 movem5t1 electricity1 are diff]5t manife/ations ( "o & ! same en]gy1 "o _c !reby expla9 to a be+ ) pa9s1 pleasures1 hopes1 & fe>s 8 position 9 ! univ]se40 ,tol/oi1 essay on 8,religion & ,morality10 9 8,essays1 ,lett]s1 & ,miscellanies40 #bh ,hegel may be except$ f ?is /atem5t4 ,! habit ( int]pret+ ,hegel z a ,neo-,kantian1 a ,kantian enl>g$ & purifi$1 is a purely ,anglo-,am]ican habit4 ,?is is no place to ent] into ! intricacies ( ,hegelian exegesis1 b ! subord9ation ( bo? logical mean+ & ( me*anical exi/5ce to ,gei/1 to life 9 its own develop+ movem5t1 w\ld seem to /& out 9 any unbias$ view ( ,hegel4 ,at all ev5ts1 ,i wi% to recognize my own p]sonal debt to ,hegel = ! view set =? 9 ?is pap]1 )\t1 ( c\rse1 imply+ t x repres5ts ,hegel's own int5tion4 #bi ,!re w ( c\rse come 9 "t ) ! developm5t ( ?is po9t ( view an organon ( beliefs4 ,! signs ( a g5u9e z aga9/ a simulat$ belief w be /udi$2 belief z a vital p]sonal reaction w be discrim9at$ f habitual1 incorporate1 unque/ion$ 7because unconsci\sly ex]cis$7 traditions ( social classes & pr(essions4 ,9 8 8,w to ,believe0 ,pr(essor ,james has already laid d[n two traits ( g5u9e belief 7viz41 8=c$ option10 & acceptance ( responsibility = results7 :i* are almo/ always ignor$ 9 criticisms 7really c>icatures7 ( 8 position4 ,9 ! light ( su* an organon1 "o might come to d\bt :e!r belief 91 say1 immortality 7z di/9ct f hope on "o side & a sort ( intellectual balance ( probability ( op9ion on ! o!r7 c g5u9ely exi/ at all4 #cj ,repr9t$1 ) slight v]bal *anges1 f ! ,philosophical ,review1 ,vol4 ,,xv4 7#aijf74 #ca ,c4 ,s4 ,peirce1 ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,,xvi41 p4 #aej4 #cb ,psy*ology1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #fah4 #cc 8,essay conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+10 ,book ,,ii41 ,*apt] ,,ii41 #b4 ,locke d\btless d]iv$ ?is notion f ,bacon4 #cd ,x is h>dly necess>y to ref] to ! /ress plac$ ^u ma!matics1 z well z ^u fundam5tal propositions 9 logic1 e?ics1 & cosmology4 #ce ,( c\rse !re are int]nal hi/oric connections betwe5 exp]i5ce z effective 8memory10 & exp]i5ce z 8obs]vation40 ,b ! motivation & /ress1 ! problem1 has q %ift$4 ,x may be rem>k$ t ,hobbes /ill writes "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,ari/otelian conception4 8,exp]i5ce is no?+ b ,memory0 78,elem5ts ( ,philosophy10 ,"p ,i41 ,*apt] ,i41 #b71 & h5ce is oppos$ to sci5ce4 #cf ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 anticipations ( ,hume 9 ,locke4 ,b to reg>d ,lockeian exp]i5ce z equival5t to ,humian is to p]v]t hi/ory4 ,locke1 z he 0 to himself & to ! c5tury succe$+ him1 0 n a subjectivi/1 b 9 ! ma9 a common s5se objectivi/4 ,x 0 ?is t gave him 8 hi/oric influ5ce4 ,b s completely has ! ,hume-,kant controv]sy dom9at$ rec5t ?9k+ t x is con/antly project$ backw>d4 ,)9 a few weeks ,i h se5 ?ree articles1 all insi/+ t ! mean+ ( ! t]m exp]i5ce mu/ be subjective1 & /at+ or imply+ t ^? :o take ! t]m objectively are subv]t]s ( e/abli%$ usage6 ,b a casual /udy ( ! diction>y w reveal t exp]i5ce has always meant 8:at is exp]i5c$10 obs]vation z a s\rce ( k1 z well z ! act1 fact1 or mode ( exp]i5c+4 ,9 ! ,ox=d ,diction>y1 ! 7obsolete7 s5se ( 8exp]im5tal te/+10 ( actual 8obs]vation ( facts & ev5ts10 & 8! fact ( be+ consci\sly affect$ by an act0 h almo/ contemporane\s dat+s1 viz41 #achd1 #acgg1 & #achb respectively4 ,a usage almo/ m objective ?an ! second1 ! ,baconian use1 is 8:at has be5 exp]i5c$2 ! ev5ts t h tak5 place )9 ! k ( an individual1 a community1 mank9d at l>ge1 ei!r dur+ a p>ticul> p]iod or g5]ally40 ,?is dates back to #afjg4 ,let u h no m capti\s criticisms & pla9ts bas$ on ignorance ( l+ui/ic usage4 ,?is pi\s wi% has n be5 met4 ,j4 ,d41 #aiji4 #cg ,! relation%ip ( organization & ?\ght is precisely t :i* we f9d psy*ologically typifi$ by ! rhy?mic functions ( habit & att5tion1 att5tion be+ always1 ab quo1 a sign ( ! failure ( habit1 &1 ad quem1 a recon/ructive modification ( habit4 #ch ,comp>e1 = example1 ,dr4 ,/u>t's pap] 9 ! 8,/udies 9 ,logical ,!ory10 pp4 #bec-bef4 ,i may "h rem>k t ,i rema9 totally unable to see h[ ! int]pretation ( objectivity to mean controll+ conditions ( action 7negative & positive z above7 d]ogates at all f its nave objectivity1 or h[ x connotes cognitive subjectivity1 or is 9 any way incompatible ) a common-s5se reali/ic !ory ( p]ception4 #ci ,= ?is sugge/$ int]pretation ( ! e/hetic z surpris+1 or un9t5d$1 gratuit\s collat]al re9=cem5t1 see ,gordon1 8,psy*ology ( ,mean+40 #dj ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n /rictly true1 s9ce ,locke goes f> to supply ! means ( 8 own correction 9 8 acc\nt ( ! 8workman%ip ( ! und]/&+40 #da ,plato1 especially 9 8 8,!tetus10 seems to h begun ! proc$ure ( bla/+ ! good "n ( p]ceptive exp]i5ce by id5tify+ a late & in/rum5tal di/9ction1 hav+ to d ) logical control1 ) all exp]i5ce :atsoev]4 #db ,comp>e ,james1 8,cont9u\s transition is "o sort ( conjunctive relation2 & to be a radical empirici/ means to hold fa/ to ?is conjunctive relation ( all o!rs1 = ?is is ! /rategic po9t1 ! position ?r\gh :i*1 if a hole be made1 all ! corruptions ( dialectics & all ! metaphysical fictions p\r into our philosophy40--,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology1 & ,sci5tific ,me?ods1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #ecf4 #dc ,"o ( ! n lea/ ( ! _m m]its ( ,santayana's 8,life ( ,reason0 is ! consi/5cy & vigor ) :i* is upheld ! doctr9e t significant idealism means idealization4 #dd ,repr9t$1 ) v slight *ange1 f ! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology1 & ,sci5tific ,me?ods1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,no4 #ae1 ,july1 #aije4 #de ,all labels are1 ( c\rse1 obnoxi\s & mislead+4 ,i hope1 h[ev]1 ! t]m w be tak5 by ! read] 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x is =?) expla9$1 & n 9 "s m usual & famili> s5se4 ,empiricism1 z h]e9 us$1 is z antipodal to s5sationali/ic empiricism1 z x is to transc5d5talism1 & = ! same reason4 ,bo? ( ^! sy/ems fall back on some?+ :i* is def9$ 9 non-directly-exp]i5c$ t]ms 9 ord] to ju/ify t :i* is directly exp]i5c$4 ,h5ce ,i h criticis$ su* empiricism 7,philosophical ,review1 ,vol4 ,,xi41 ,no4 #d1 p4 #cfd7 z ess5tially absoluti/ic 9 "*2 & also 78,/udies 9 ,logical ,!ory10 pp4 #cj1 #eh7 z an attempt to build up exp]i5ce 9 t]ms ( c]ta9 me?odological *ecks & cues ( atta9+ c]ta9ty4 #df ,i hope ! read] w n !re=e assume t f ! empirici/'s /&po9t k is ( small wor? or import4 ,on ! contr>y1 f ! empirici/'s /&po9t x has all ! wor? :i* x is concretely exp]i5c$ z possess+--:i* is simply trem5d\s4 ,b ! exact nature ( ?is wor? is a ?+ to be f\nd out 9 describ+ :at we mean by exp]i5c+ objects z kn[n--! actual diff]5ces made or f\nd 9 exp]i5ce4 #dg ,s9ce ! non-empirici/ believes 9 ?+s-9-!mselves 7:i* he may t]m 8atoms10 8s5sations10 transc5d5tal unities1 a priori concepts1 an absolute exp]i5ce1 or :atev]71 & s9ce he f9ds t ! empirici/ makes mu* ( *ange 7z he mu/1 s9ce *ange is cont9u\sly exp]i5c$7 he assumes t ! empirici/ means 8 own non-empirical ,realities are 9 cont9ual flux1 & he naturally %udd]s at hav+ 8 div9ities s viol5tly treat$4 ,b1 once recognize t ! empirici/ doesn't h any su* ,realities at all1 & ! entire problem ( ! relation ( *ange to reality takes a v diff]5t aspect4 #dh ,x w\ld lead u aside f ! po9t to try to tell j :at is ! nature ( ! exp]i5c$ diff]5ce we call tru?4 ,pr(essor ,james's rec5t articles may well be consult$4 ,! po9t to be> 9 m9d "h is j :at sort ( a ?+ ! empirici/ mu/ mean by true1 or tru] 7! n\n ,tru? is1 ( c\rse1 a g5]ic "n = all cases ( 8,trues074 ,! adequacy ( any p>ticul> acc\nt is n a matt] to be settl$ by g5]al reason+1 b by f9d+ out :at sort ( an exp]i5ce ! tru?-exp]i5ce actually is4 #di ,i say 8relatively10 because ! transc5d5tali/ /ill holds t f9ally ! cognition is imp]fect1 giv+ u only "s symbol or ph5om5on ( ,reality 7:i* is only 9 ! ,absolute or 9 "s ,?+-9-,itself7--o!rwise ! curta9-w9d fact w\ld h z mu* ontological reality z ! exi/5ce ( ! ,absolute itself3 a conclusion at :i* ! non-empirici/ p]horresces1 = no reason obvi\s to me--save t x w\ld put an end to 8 transc5d5talism4 #ej ,9 g5]al1 ,i ?9k ! di/9ction betwe5 -ive & -ed "o ( ! mo/ fundam5tal ( philosophic di/9ctions1 & "o ( ! mo/ neglect$4 ,! same holds ( -tion & -+4 #ea ,:at is criticis$1 n[ z 8g5eticism0 7if ,i may co9 ! ^w7 & n[ z 8pragmatism0 is1 9 its tru?1 j ! fact t ! empirici/ does take acc\nt ( ! exp]i5c$ 8drift1 occasion1 & contexture0 ( ?+s exp]i5c$--to use ,hobbes's phrase4 #eb ,p]haps ! po9t w\ld be cle>] if express$ 9 ?is way3 ,except z subsequ5t e/imates ( wor? are introduc$1 8real0 means only exi/5t4 ,! eulogi/ic connotation t makes ! t]m ,reality equival5t to true or g5u9e be+ has great pragmatic significance1 b its confusion ) reality z exi/5ce is ! po9t aim$ at 9 ! above p>agraph4 #ec ,"o does n s easily escape m$ieval ,realism z "o ?9ks4 ,ei!r e exp]i5c$ ?+ has its own det]m9at5ess1 its own unsub/itutable1 unr$eemable reality1 or else 8g5]als0 are sep>ate exi/5ces aft] all4 #ed ,except+1 ( c\rse1 "s negative ones4 ,"o c\ld say t c]ta9 views are c]ta9ly n true1 because1 by hypo!sis1 !y ref] to non5tities1 i4e41 non-empiricals4 ,b ev5 "h ! empirici/ mu/ g sl[ly4 ,f 8 own /&po9t1 ev5 ! mo/ pr(ess$ly transc5d5tal /atem5ts are1 aft] all1 real z exp]i5ces1 & h5ce negotiate "s transaction ) facts4 ,= ?is reason1 he _c1 9 !ory1 reject !m 9 toto1 b has to %[ concretely h[ !y arose & h[ !y are to be correct$4 ,9 a ^w1 8 logical relation%ip to /atem5ts t pr(ess to relate to ?+s-9-!mselves1 unkn[ables1 inexp]i5c$ sub/ances1 etc41 is precisely t ( ! psy*ologi/ to ! ,zlln] l9es4 #ee ,deliv]$ z a public address be=e ! ,philosophic ,union ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 ) ! title 8,psy*ology & ,philosophic ,me?od10 ,may1 #ahii1 & publi%$ 9 ! ,univ]sity ,*ronicle = ,augu/1 #ahii4 ,repr9t$1 ) slight v]bal *anges1 mo/ly excisions4 #ef ,?is is a fact n )\t its be>+s ^u ! "q ( ! nature & value ( introspection4 ,! objection t introspection 8alt]s0 ! reality & h5ce is untru/wor?y1 mo/ writ]s dispose ( by say+ t1 aft] all1 x ne$ n alt] ! reality s v mu*--n beyond repair--& t1 moreov]1 memory assi/s 9 re/or+ ! ru9s4 ,x w\ld be simpl] to admit ! fact3 t ! purpose ( introspection is precisely to effect ! "r sort ( alt]ation4 ,if introspection %\ld give u ! orig9al exp]i5ce aga91 we %\ld j be liv+ ?r\gh ! exp]i5ce ov] aga9 9 direct fa%ion2 z psy*ologi/s we %\ld n be =w>d$ "o bit4 ,reflection ^u ?is obvi\s proposition may br+ to light v>i\s o!r matt]s wor?y ( note4 #eg ,?us to divorce 8/ructure psy*ology0 f 8function psy*ology0 is to leave u )\t possibility ( sci5tific compreh5sion ( function1 :ile x deprives u ( all /&>d ( ref]5ce 9 select+1 obs]v+1 & expla9+ ! /ructure4 #eh ,! foll[+ answ] may fairly be anticipat$3 8,?is is true ( ! op]ations cit$1 b only because complex processes h be5 select$4 ,su* a t]m z #8kn[+' does ( c\rse express a function involv+ a sy/em ( intricate ref]5ces4 ,b1 = t v reason1 we g back to ! s5sation :i* is ! g5u9e type ( ! #8/ate ( consci\sness' z su*1 pure & unadult]ate & unsophi/icat$40 ,! po9t is l>ge = a footnote1 b ! foll[+ consid]ations are in/ructive3 7#a7 ,! same psy*ologi/ w g on to in=m u t s5sations1 z we exp]i5ce !m1 are networks ( ref]5ce--!y are p]ceptual1 & m or less conceptual ev54 ,f :i* x w\ld appe> t :atev] else !y are or are n1 ! s5sations1 = :i* self-inclos$ exi/5ce is claim$1 are n /ates ( consci\sness4 ,& 7#b7 we are told t ^! are rea*$ by sci5tific ab/raction 9 ord] to acc\nt = complex =ms4 ,f :i* x w\ld appe> t !y are hypo!cat$ z products ( int]pretation & = purposes ( fur!r int]pretation4 ,only ! delusion t ! m complex =ms are j aggregates 7in/ead ( be+ acts1 l see+1 hop+1 etc47 prev5ts recognition ( ! po9t 9 "q--t ! 8/ate ( consci\sness0 is an in/rum5t ( inquiry or me?odological appliance4 #ei ,on ! o!r h&1 if :at we are try+ to get at is j ! c\rse & proc$ure ( exp]i5c+1 ( c\rse any consid]ation t helps di/+ui% & make compreh5sible t process is ?or\ghly p]t95t4 #fj ,x may avoid misund]/&+ if ,i anticipate "h a subsequ5t rem>k3 t my po9t is n 9 ! lea/ t 8/ates ( consci\sness0 require "s 8syn!tic unity0 or faculty ( sub/antial m9d to effect _! association4 ,q ! contr>y2 = ?is !ory also admits ! 8/ates ( consci\sness0 z exi/5ces 9 !mselves also4 ,my cont5tion is t ! 8/ate ( consci\sness0 z su* is always a me?odological product1 develop$ 9 ! c\rse & = ! purposes ( psy*ological analysis4 #fa ,! 8functions0 are 9 tru? ord9>y ev]yday acts & attitudes3 see+1 smell+1 talk+1 li/5+1 rememb]+1 hop+1 lov+1 fe>+4 #fb ,?is is p]haps a suitable mom5t to allude to ! abs5ce1 9 ?is discussion1 ( ref]5ce to :at is sometimes t]m$ rational psy*ology--! assumption ( a sep>ate1 sub/antializ$ ego1 s\l1 or :atev]1 exi/+ side by side ) p>ticul> exp]i5ces & 8/ates ( consci\sness10 act+ ^u !m & act$ ^u by !m4 ,9 ignor+ ?is & conf9+ myself to ! 8/ates ( consci\sness0 !ory & ! 8natural hi/ory0 !ory1 ,i may appe> n only to h unduly n>r[$ ! conc]ns at issue1 b to h weak5$ my own po9t1 z ?is doctr9e seems to (f] a special vantage gr\nd :5ce to def5d ! close relation%ip ( psy*ology & philosophy4 ,! 8n>r[+10 if su* x be1 w h to pass--f limits ( "t & o!r matt]s4 ,b ! o!r po9t ,i _c conc$e4 ,! indep5d5tly exi/+ s\l re/ricts & degrades individuality1 mak+ ( x a sep>ate ?+ outside ( ! full fl[ ( ?+s1 ali5 to ?+s exp]i5c$ & consequ5tly 9 ei!r me*anical or miracul\s relations to !m4 ,x is vitiat$ by j ! quality already object$ to--t psy*ology has a sep>ate piece ( reality apportion$ to x1 in/ead ( occupy+ itself ) ! manife/ation & op]ation ( any & all exi/5ces 9 ref]5ce to concrete action4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 ! 8/ates ( consci\sness0 attitude is a mu* m hopeful & fruitful "o4 ,x ignores c]ta9 consid]ations1 to be sure2 & :5 x turns its ignor+ into d5ial1 x leaves u ) curi\s hi]oglyphics4 ,b aft] all1 !re is a key2 ^! symbols c be read2 !y may be translat$ into t]ms ( ! c\rse ( exp]i5ce4 ,:5 ?us translat$1 selfhood1 individuality1 is nei!r wip$ out nor set up z a miracul\s & =eign entity2 x is se5 z ! unity ( ref]5ce & function involv$ 9 all ?+s :5 fully exp]i5c$--! pivot ab\t :i* !y turn4 #fc ,deliv]$ be=e ! ,philosophical ,club ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan1 9 ! w9t] ( #ahig1 & repr9t$ ) slight *ange f a monograph 9 ! 8,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,contributions to ,philosophy10 #ahig4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,punctuation1 hyph5ation1 & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ?is book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2 occasional unbalanc$ quotation m>ks reta9$4 ,ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7 reta9$4 ,index n *eck$ = prop] alphabetization or correct page ref]5ces4 ,page #bd3 8transgression0 0 mispr9t$ z 8trangression02 *ang$ "h4 ,page #ci3 8bewraye?0 0 pr9t$ t way4 ,page #aeh3 8cor-respond5ce0 0 pr9t$ ) ! hyph54