,illu/ration3 7#a47 ,,goat4 ,illu/ration3 7#b47 ,,seal 7,,bold ,,gra974 ,illu/ration3 7#c47 ,,seal 7,,f9e ,,gra974 ,,lea!r ,,= ,,libr>ies4 ,,by ,e4 ,,wyndham ,,hulme1 ,j4 ,,gordon ,,p>k]1 ,a4 ,,seym\r-,,jones1 ,,cyril ,,dav5port1 ,,& ,f4 ,j4 ,,williamson ,,london3 ,publi%$ = ! ,s\nd ,lea!r ,committee ( ! ,libr>y ,association by ,,! ,,libr>y ,,supply ,co41 ,bridge ,h\se1 #aha1 ,que5 ,victoria ,/reet1 ,e4,c4 #aije4 ,,libr>y ,,association4 ,,con/itution ,,( ,,! ,,s\nd ,,lea!r ,,committee4 ,,cyril ,,dav5port1 ,briti% ,museum ,libr>y4 ,j4 ,p4 ,,edmond1 ,signet ,libr>y1 ,ed9burgh4 ,,dr4 ,j4 ,,gordon ,,p>k]1 ,london ,lea!r ,indu/ries ,laboratory1 ,b]mondsey4 ,e4 ,,wyndham ,,hulme1 ,pat5t ,(fice ,libr>y4 7,hon4 ,secret>y47 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,page ,hi/ory ( ,suma* ,tann+ 9 ,engl&1 ,degradation ( ! ,manufacture ( ,lea!r1 & ,hi/ory ( ! ,re=m ,movem5t4 ,by ,e4 ,,wyndham ,,hulme #e ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,causes ( ,decay 9 ,bookb9d+ ,lea!rs4 ,by ,j4 ,,gordon ,,p>k] #ae ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,prov5ance1 ,*>act]i/ics1 & ,values ( ,mod]n ,bookb9d+ ,lea!rs4 ,by ,a4 ,,seym\r-,,jones #bi ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,repair+ & ,b9d+ ( ,books = ,public ,libr>ies4 ,by ,,cyril ,,dav5port #ci ,,*apt] ,v4 ,specification = ! ,fitt+s ( a ,small ,b9d]y4 ,by ,f4 ,j4 ,,williamson #ea ,,index #ee ,! ,bancr(t ,libr>y ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ,b]keley ,,! ,,rog] ,,lev5son ,,memorial ,,fund ,,*apt] ,i4 ,hi/ory ( ,suma* ,tann+ 9 ,engl&1 ,degradation ( ! ,manufacture ( ,lea!r1 & ,hi/ory ( ! ,re=m ,movem5t4 ,,by ,e4 ,,wyndham ,,hulme4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,! section ( ! lea!r trade to :i* ?is ,h&book relates is t conc]n$ 9 ! manufacture ( light lea!rs tann$ ) a pale tannage prep>atory to be+ dy$4 ,b>k & mo/ o!r vegetable tann+ sub/ances leave a col\r on ! sk9 :i* _c be remov$ )\t detrim5t to ! durability ( ! lea!r2 ! ret5tion ( ! col\r1 h[ev]1 detracts f ! purity ( ! f9al col\r imp>t$ by ! dye4 ,! reputation 9 ! pa/ ( ! suma*-tann$ ,spani% lea!r 0 f\nd$ ^u ?is peculi> prop]ty ( suma* ( leav+ ! sk9 :ite1 & on ?is po9t ! wisdom ( ! anci5ts has be5 ju/ifi$ by ! results ( an exhau/ive s]ies ( exp]im5ts conduct$ by ! ,society ( ,arts' ,committee1 :i* h giv5 to suma* ! fir/ place 9 ! li/ ( tannages = light lea!rs4 ,! date ( ! introduction ( suma* tann+ into ,engl& may1 ) "s %[ ( probability1 be assign$ to ! ye> #aefe1 :5 a sev5 ye>s' monopoly pat5t 0 grant$ to two /rang]s1 ,rog] ,heuxt5bury & ,b>?olomew ,v]b]ick1 = ! manufacture ( ,spani% or beyond sea lea!r1 on ! condition t ! pat5tees %\ld employ "o native appr5tice = e =eign] 9 _! s]vice4 ,?is /ipulation indicates t ! indu/ry 0 a new "o4 ,foll[+ ! cu/om ( ! times1 ! sup]vision ( ! indu/ry 0 entru/$ to ! ,w>d5s ( ! ,company ( ,lea!rsell]s 9 ,london4 ,additional evid5ce ( ! use ( suma* at ?is p]iod is af=d$ by ano!r pat5t to a ,spani% ,jew1 ,rod]igo ,lopez1 "o ( ,elizabe?'s physicians4 ,by way ( settl+ h] doctor's bills ! ,que5 grant$ to ,lopez1 9 #aehd1 an exclusive lic5ce to import suma* & anise$ = t5 ye>s4 ,besides att5d+ ! ,que5 9 8 pr(essional capacity1 ,lopez 0 call$ ^u to act z int]pret] to ! ,portuguese pret5d]1 ,don ,antonio1 on 8 visit to ?is isl&4 ,z ! result ( "s misund]/&+ ) ,antonio1 ,lopez 0 induc$ to jo9 a conspiracy nom9ally aim$ aga9/ ! life ( ,antonio1 b actually direct$ aga9/ ! ,que51 & 9 #aeid ,lopez expiat$ 8 crimes at ,tyburn4 ,^? :o are curi\s 9 su* matt]s w be int]e/$ to trace 9 ! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice ! re-appe>ance ( our suma* m]*ant z ,%ylock1 :ile ! "n ( ,antonio is boldly reta9$ by ,%akespe>e = 8 h]o 7,cf4 ,s4 ,lee1 ,! ,orig9al ( ,%ylock1 9 ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 #ahhj74 ,aft] ! arre/ ( ,lopez1 8 grant 0 cont9u$ to ,r4 ,alex&] & ,r4 ,mompesson 7,pat5t ,roll1 #cf ,eliz41 p4 #aa74 ,9 ! ,*>t] ( ! ,lea!rsell]s' ,company1 dat$ #afjd1 ,spani% lea!r & o!r lea!rs dress$ or wr\ght 9 suma* or b>k are m5tion$4 ,9 #affj ! duty grant$ ^u import$ suma* 0 fix$ at #acs4 #d;d4 p] cwt4 ( #aab lbs41 & on dri$ myrobalans at #as4 #c;d4 p] lb41 ?us disprov+ ! /atem5t ( ,pr(4 ,?orold ,rog]s 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,prices 7,vol4 #e1 p4 #dad71 t oak b>k 0 ! only tann+ mat]ial us$ 9 ,engl& at ?is p]iod4 ,! e>lie/ description kn[n to ! writ] ( ! process ( suma*+ by sew+ up ! sk9s into bottles & all[+ ! fluid extract to p5etrate ! fibre by pressure1 is to be f\nd 9 #aged 9 ! ,diction>y ( ,arts & ,sci5ce 7,vol4 #c1 article ,morocco74 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! degradation ( ! manufacture ( light lea!rs1 ?\gh x at fir/ affect$ ! heavy lea!rs only1 0 ! introduction ( ! use ( sulphuric acid 9 #agfh by ,dr4 ,mc,bride ( ,dubl9 7,phil4 ,trans41 #aggh74 ,by sub/itut+ a vitriolic liquor = ! vegetable acids obta9$ by f]m5t+ bran1 rye1 or o!r c]eals1 ,dr4 ,mc,bride claim$ ?ree advantages3 7#a7 ,absolute control ov] ! degree ( acidity ( ! liquor1 :]eas organic s\r+ 0 tr\blesome & unc]ta92 7#b7 t ! sk9s 7 plump$ bett] by ! acid1 & t ! dang] ( injury to sk9s 7by bact]ial action7 0 avoid$2 7#c7 t ! process ( tann+ 0 mat]ially %ort5$4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! ,doctor succe$$ 9 conv9c+ fir/ ! ,dubl9 tann]s1 & %ortly aft]w>ds _! ,b]mondsey rivals1 ( ! sup]iority ( 8 me?ods1 :i*1 z already /at$1 7 int5d$ = heavy lea!rs only 7,encyclopdia ,britannica1 #agig1 article ,tann+74 ,hav+ once e/abli%$ its foot+ 9 ! tany>d ! use ( sulphuric acid 0 soon fur!r ext5d$4 ,) ! introduction ( anil9e dye/uffs ab\t #ahgj sulphuric acid came into univ]sal use z a means ( cle>+ ! sk9 be=e ent]+ ! dyeba?4 ,! effect ( ! introduction ( ! coal-t> col\rs 0 to revolutionise ! dye+ ( lea!r4 ,"u ! old rgime ( ! vegetable dye/uffs ! few /&>d %ades ( r$1 blue1 olive1 yell[1 & black 7 obta9$ on moroccos mordant$ ) alum1 :ile b>k-tann$ calf & %eep sk9s 71 z a rule1 left 9 _! natural br[ns & ornam5t$ by spr9kl+ or m>bl+4 ,! wide range ( col\rs (f]$ by ! new dye/uffs fasc9at$ ! public1 :i* accept$ ! new lea!rs )\t "q z to _! durability4 ,libr>ians began to insi/ ^u accuracy & uni=mity ( %ade1 reg>dless ( ! me?ods by :i* ^! results 7 obta9$4 ,yet1 ap>t f ! "q ( durability1 x is cle> t brilliancy ( col\r has be5 pur*as$ at too high a price4 ,"u ! old sy/em ( dye+ a ?9 sup]ficial lay] ( col\r 0 laid ov] ! natural :ite ( ! sk91 !reby obta9+ a v>iety & dep? ( col\r :i* is 9 /rik+ contra/ to ! dead uni=mity ( ! col\rs ( mod]n acid-bitt5 lea!rs4 ,h5ce ! re=m ( ! manufacture ( ! light lea!rs is support$ by /hetic z well z by practical consid]ations4 ,pass+ f ! doma9 ( *emi/ry to t ( me*anics1 ! ,committee ( ! ,society ( ,arts has emphasiz$ ! ne$ ( a return to s\nd] & less ru9\s me?ods ( deal+ ) lea!r2 b _! recomm5dations are s cle>ly set out 9 _! ,report t x is propos$ "h to t\* ^u "o po9t only1 viz41 ! artificial gra9+ ( lea!r4 ,! ,committee rem>k t1 :]eas _m examples ( s\nd %eepsk91 dat+ f ! #ae? c5tury to ! e>ly "p ( ! #ai? c5tury1 _h be5 br\ght to _! notice1 s9ce ab\t #ahfj %eepsk9 z %eepsk9 is h>dly to be f\nd4 ,n[1 ! decoration ( lea!r by ! impression ( patt]ns by me*anical pressure _h long be5 kn[n1 ! loz5ge patt]n ( e>ly russia lea!r hav+ be5 effect$ 9 ! #ah? c5tury by means ( engrav$ /eel cyl9d]s4 ,b 9 #ahea x occurr$ to an +5i\s me*anic t1 by means ( ! electroplate process1 an exact reproduction ( ! gra9 ( ! high]-pric$ sk9s might be communicat$ to %eepsk9 or o!r inf]ior lea!r :]eby ! sell+ value ( ! latt] w\ld be consid]ably enhanc$ 7,cf4 ,b]n>d's ,pat5t ,specification #ac1hjh ( #ahea1 & a modification ( ! same process 9 ,no4 #b1cia ( #ahee74 ,f ?is date1 !re=e1 %eepsk9 disappe>s f view only to reappe> z imitation morocco1 pigsk91 or o!r high]-pric$ lea!r4 ,s p]fectly does ! c\nt]feit sk9 imitate ! orig9al on ! b\nd volume t ! two c only be di/+ui%$ ) c]ta9ty by microscopic exam9ation4 ,libr>ians1 !re=e1 mu/ be> 9 m9d t a famili>ity ) ! natural *>act]i/ics ( ! ord9>y b9d+ lea!rs is no safe guide to ! "* ( ! lea!r ( a b9d+4 ,! utmo/ t c be said is t ! lea!r is ei!r g5u9e or else a rem>kably good c\nt]feit1 a conclusion :i*1 x is h>dly necess>y to say1 is n "o ( great value 9 practice4 ,z might h be5 suppos$1 ! rapid decay ( lea!r b9d+s 9 ! #ai? c5tury1 result+ f a comb9ation ( ! above malpractices1 ) ! att5dant evils ( heavy outlay ^u reb9d+1 cropp$ m>g9s1 & ill-mat*$ sets ^u ! %elves1 f "t to "t attract$ ! att5tion ( booklov]s & bookb9d]s2 b _! ef=ts to det]m9e ! causes ( ! det]ioration & to f9d a rem$y h until rec5tly met ) v little success4 ,9 #ahdb ! subject 0 inve/igat$ by ,pr(essors ,f>aday1 ,br&e1 & o!rs on behalf ( ! ,a!num ,club4 ,?is committee is l>gely responsible = ! sulphur 9 gas !ory--a !ory :i* 0 nev] :olly true1 ev5 at a p]iod :5 ! p]c5tage ( sulphur 9 coal gas 0 mu* high] ?an at pres5t 7,cf4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,arts1 #ahej-ei1 p4 #bae71 & :i* n[ has ceas$ to h any practical be>+ ^u ! matt]4 ,x %\ld be not$ t1 9 #ahea1 ,crace ,calv]t1 ! well-kn[n ,man*e/] *emi/1 came to a diff]5t conclusion4 ,aft] po9t+ out t decay 9 lea!r 0 obs]vable 9 libr>ies1 su* z ! ,*e?am ,libr>y1 9 :i* gas _h nev] be5 us$1 he /at$ t ! pres5ce ( sulphuric acid 9 lea!r b9d+s 0 attributable to "o or m ( ?ree causes3 7a7 to ! pollution ( ! atmosph]e by consumption ( coal 9 ! ,man*e/] factories2 7b7 to ! action ( gas fumes 9 unv5tilat$ rooms2 7c7 to ! use ( sulphuric acid by ! tann]s2 & he fur!r express$ 8 op9ion t ! seat ( ! disease w\ld be f\nd 9 irregul>ities 9 ! processes ( tann+--9 o!r words1 t ! disease 0 aggravat$ r ?an orig9at$ by ^! fir/ two causes 7,cf4 ,trans4 ,society ( ,arts1 ,vol4 #ea1 pp4 #abj-bb74 ,calv]t's views1 h[ev]1 met ) v little support4 ,9 #ahgg1 at ! ,conf]5ce ( ,libr>ians 9 ,london1 a proposal 0 made t a committee ( libr>ians & *emi/s %\ld deal ) ! matt]1 b no effect 0 giv5 to ! proposal4 ,t5 ye>s lat] a s]ies ( exp]im5ts on ! action ( gas fumes & heat 0 und]tak5 on behalf ( ! ,birm+ham ,libr>y by ,mr4 ,c4 ,t4 ,woodw>d 7,libr>y ,*ronicle1 #ahhg1 pp4 #be-bi74 ,/rips ( lea!r expos$ = #a1jjj h\rs to ! action ( gas fumes1 at temp]atures ( #acj & #adj ,fahr5heit1 %[$ a mean absorption ( sulphuric acid ( #agh p] c5t41 accompani$ by a m>k$ r$uction 9 _! /ret*+ capacity & break+ /ra94 ,! exp]im5ts on ! action ( heat alone 7 reg>d$ z inconclusive4 ,mr4 ,woodw>d sugge/$ t ! ,libr>y ,association %\ld und]take ! te/+ ( lea!rs1 & t libr>ians %\ld !reaft] employ only lea!r ( a giv5 /&>d2 b once m no?+ 0 done4 ,9 ! meantime ! reputation ( lea!r z a b9d+ mat]ial cont9u$ to dw9dle2 "o lea!r aft] ano!r 0 tri$1 f\nd want+1 & exclud$ f libr>y practice1 :ile v>i\s lea!r sub/itutes--buckram1 art l951 & imitation lea!rs1 gradually took its place4 ,x is due to ! ef=ts ( ,dr4 ,p>k] & ,pr(4 ,proct] betwe5 #ahih & #aijj t ! real facts ( ! case h be5 br\ght to light4 ,9 ! latt] ye>s an agitation 9 fav\r ( /&>d lea!r 0 set on foot by ,"l ,cobham1 ,mr4 ,cock]ell1 ,mr4 ,dav5port1 & o!rs1 :i* result$ 9 ! appo9tm5t by ! ,society ( ,arts ( a ,committee on ,lea!rs = ,bookb9d+1 ! co/ ( :i* 0 met by a grant f ! ,lea!rsell]s' ,company4 ,^u ! publication ( ! fir/ report ( ! above ,committee 9 #aija ! subject 0 tak5 up by ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,libr>y ,association1 & aft] sev]al pap]s _h be5 read at ! mon?ly meet+s 9 ,london & else:]e1 a ,committee 0 appo9t$ to asc]ta9 h[ f> ,memb]s ( ! ,association 7 prep>$ to accept a common /&>d = b9d+ lea!rs4 ,= ?is purpose 9 ,m>* #aijd1 close ^u #a1jjj circul>s 7 address$ to ! libr>ies ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom ask+ = a /atem5t ( _! views ^u ! foll[+ proposals1 among/ o!rs1 viz43 7a7 t ! ,c\ncil %\ld appo9t an (ficial analy/2 7b7 t !y %\ld publi% a h&book giv+ to memb]s ( ! ,association su* in=mation z w\ld enable !m to secure s\nd lea!r at a reasonable price4 ,! circul> meet+ ) a fav\rable reception1 ! ,c\ncil invit$ ,dr4 ,p>k] to draw up a scale ( fees = ! analysis ( lea!rs1 & ! scale hav+ be5 duly approv$1 ,dr4 ,p>k] 0 at once appo9t$ analy/ to ! ,association4 ,s9ce ! appo9tm5t ( ! ,committee abundant evid5ce has be5 =?com+ t at la/ ! re=m ( light lea!rs = bookb9d+ & uphol/]y is n[ 9 sight4 ,! ef=ts ( ! ,committee h be5 w>mly second$ by ! ,press4 ,9 ! rec5tly conclud$ ,gov]nm5t b9d+ contracts a clause has be5 ins]t$ enabl+ any dep>tm5t to obta9 /&>d lea!r & r5d]+ ! contractor liable to heavy p5alties = infr+em5t ( ! conditions ( ?is clause2 yet ! price paid = b9d+s 9 ?is lea!r is only fractionally increas$4 ,f ! outset ! ,committee h be5 assur$ ( ! support ( ! lead+ firms ( lea!r manufactur]s1 :o h recognis$ t1 if lea!r is to rega9 ! gr\nd :i* has be5 lo/1 x mu/ be by ! adoption ( a common /&>d ( manufacture & by ! introduction ( hone/ trade descriptions 9 ! retail trade4 ,h5ce :]e ! prov5ance ( ! lea!r is decl>$ & ! me?od ( its manufacture support$ by a writt5 gu>antee f ! lea!r manufactur]1 ! ne$ = p]iodical analysis ( samples is less urg5t4 ,b :]e ! bookb9d] is unwill+ or unable to /ate ! prov5ance ( 8 lea!rs rec\rse to *emical analysis is ! only safegu>d4 ,! libr>ian on 8 side w mat]ially assi/ ! b9d] by limit+ 8 dem& to lea!rs ( a few /&>d %ades & by ab/a9+ f insi/+ ^u accurate mat*+ to patt]n4 ,if ! piec+1 panell+ & lett]+ ( s]ials is kept uni=m1 a want ( uni=mity 9 ! %ade ( lea!r is n ( mu* practical mom5t4 ,9 ! meantime ! libr>ian %\ld keep a vigilant wat* = ! foll[+ symptoms ( det]ioration3-- 7a7 ,g5]al %abb9ess & t5d]ness ( lea!r1 especially at p>ts :]e ! lea!r is /ra9$ ov] ! cords on ! back or edges ( ! bo>ds4 ,probable cause3 ,sulphuric acid4 7b7 ,r$ rot 9 morocco4 ,on friction ! lea!r turns to a r$ p[d]4 ,probable cause3 ,a ,p]sian or ,ea/ ,indian half-br$ %eepsk9 has be5 suppli$ 9 place ( goat4 7c7 ,)]+ ( pigsk9 accompani$ by discoloration4 ,probable cause3 ,ov] pull+ d[n ( ! sk9 9 ! pu]+ process4 ,if ! pigsk9 has be5 dy$ 9 a bright %ade1 acid also is pres5t4 7d7 ,det]ioration & discoloration ( smoo? & light-col\r$ calfsk9s1 especially law calf4 ,probable cause3 ,use ( oxalic acid by ! bookb9d] to remove grease m>ks1 c4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,causes ( ,decay 9 ,bookb9d+ ,lea!rs4 ,,by ,j4 ,,gordon ,,p>k]4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,:y d mod]n lea!r b9d+s decay8 ,is x possible to obta9 a lea!r = bookb9d+ purposes z good & z durable z ! lea!r produc$ f ! #af? to #ah? c5tury8 ,^! are ! two problems :i* ! ,committee on ,bookb9d+ ,lea!r appo9t$ by ! ,society ( ,arts set !mselves to inve/igate4 ,=tunately we are able to solve bo? problems4 ,9 ! old5 days all sk9s 7 tann$ ) a liquor made f ei!r oak b>k or suma*1 & 9 "s cases a mixture ( ! two4 ,! sk9s us$ by ! tann] 7 usually obta9$ direct f ! but*]s4 ,aft] soak+ & cleans+ !y 7 !n lim$ = a p]iod suffici5tly long to loos5 ! hair4 ,aft] ! removal ( ! hair & sup]flu\s fle% & fat1 ! sk9s 7 wa%$ 9 sev]al *anges ( fre% s(t wat] to remove ! excess ( lime1 ! process be+ assi/$ by work+ ! sk9s ov] on a beam ) a blunt knife4 ,:5 9 suitable condition !y 7 br\ght into s\r1 old tan liquors4 ,!re 0 no hurry1 ! sk9s be+ sl[ly tann$ 9 weak infusions1 & :5 ! process 0 complete1 ! lea!r 0 simply wa%$ free f sup]flu\s tan1 dy$ ) wood or o!r vegetable dyes1 r9s$ free f excess ( dye-/uff1 & dri$ out4 ,! lea!r 0 aft]w>ds s(t5$ by /ret*+1 & poli%$ or glaz$ by bru%+ ! sk9 ov] ) oil1 soap1 beeswax1 or a solution ( "s moss4 ,su* lea!r lack$ ! high f9i%1 ! regul> col\r1 ! bright %ades ( mod]n lea!r1 b x la/$ fifty or "o hundr$ ye>s ) h>d we>1 &1 "u fav\rable conditions1 appe>s to be almo/ imp]i%able4 ,! f9i%1 or g5]al appe>ance1 ( lea!r cont9u$ to improve up to ab\t #ahej1 b aft] t date "s ( ! b9d+s exam9$ %[$ signs ( rapid det]ioration 9 quality4 ,?is det]ioration increas$ on b9d+s subsequ5t to #ahgj1 & probably #ge p] c5t4 ( ! lea!r us$ = bookb9d+ dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ei!r has already decay$ or w d s )9 a comp>atively %ort "t4 ,n[ to deal ) ! answ] to ! fir/ "q1 ,:y d mod]n lea!r b9d+s decay8 ,! *ief causes are z foll[s3-- #a4 ,! introduction ( tann+ mat]ials o!r ?an oak & suma*1 /rong] 9 tann+1 & m rapid 9 _! action4 ,_m ( ^! tann+ mat]ials are un/able1 & ! lea!r produc$ dis9tegrates on exposure to light & air4 #b4 ,! use ( dri$ & cur$ sk9s ( v>iable s\ndness import$ f abroad4 ,goat1 calf1 & %eep sk9s are import$ into ?is c\ntry f all ov] ! _w2 "s are simply dri$ 9 ! sun1 "s salt$1 :il/ o!rs are cur$ ) v>i\s +r$i5ts4 #c4 ,! use ( infusions ( acids & o!r blea*+ ag5ts to produce bright & ev5 %ades ( col\r4 #d4 ,! use ( sulphuric or o!r m9]al acids = ! purpose ( develop+ ! dep? ( col\r dur+ ! process ( dye+4 #e4 ,! %av+ & splitt+ ( sk9 = produc+ an ev5 sub/ance4 #f4 ,pr9t+ & emboss+ gra9s ^u lea!r1 toge!r ) o!r me?ods ( f9i%+ n[ 9 common use4 #g4 ,! /ripp+1 sc\r+1 s\r+1 & re-tann+ ( ,ea/ ,india lea!rs 7,p]sians74 #h4 ,! removal ( ! natural grease or n\ri%m5t ( ! sk94 ,^! eight causes1 al?\gh by no means exhau/ive1 are1 h[ev]1 ! *ief factors 9 ! det]ioration ( mod]n lea!r2 & 9 z few words z possible ,i w expla9 ! reason ( _! introduction & effect4 ,z ! indu/ry advanc$ !re 7 f\nd 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w tann+ mat]ials o!r ?an oak & suma*1 "s ( :i* 7 two1 ?ree1 or five times z ri* 9 tann9 z oak1 ?us mak+ infusions ( great] /r5g?1 & consequ5tly ( quick] action1 ) ! result t lea!r :i* =m]ly requir$ f ?ree to six mon?s to tan 0 turn$ out 9 almo/ z _m days1 or1 at ! mo/1 9 z _m weeks4 ,x 0 n realis$1 h[ev]1 t ^! diff]5t tann+ mat]ials conta9$ tann9s ( diff]5t qualities1 capable ( produc+ q a diff]5t lea!r to t produc$ by means ( oak or suma*4 ,! exp]ts :o sp5t mon?s te/+ & inve/igat+ ?is "q came to ! unanim\s conclusion t ! spe$ ( tannage or ! /r5g? ( ! tann+ liquor _h v little to d ) ! we>+ qualities ( ! lea!r produc$1 b f\nd t "s ( ^! new mat]ials conta9$ tann9s ( a diff]5t *emical nature f t ( suma*1 & t !y produc$ lea!r ( an un/able "*1 "s ( ! lea!rs und]go+ *ange 9 a few h\rs on exposure to /rong light & air4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s ( ! new tann+ mat]ials produc$ p]man5t lea!rs practically equal to suma*4 ,^? tann+ mat]ials1 !re=e1 :i* conta9$ tann9s ( ! cate*ol s]ies1 includ+ ! tann9s ( hemlock1 l>*1 quebra*o1 mangrove1 gambi]1 & turw>1 7 condemn$1 z all ^! mat]ials produce a lea!r :i* on exposure to light & air turns fir/ a r$ %ade ( col\r & aft]w>ds develops :at is n[ well kn[n by bookb9d]s & libr>ians z ! r$ decay1 :]e ! lea!r crumbles (f on application ( friction4 ,on ! o!r h&1 tann+ mat]ials ( ! pyrogallol class1 su* z suma*1 galls1 divi-divi1 myrobalans1 oak1 & *esnut1 produce a lea!r :i* is practically unaffect$ by light or air4 ,fur!r1 x 0 f\nd 9 e case :]e au!ntic b9d+s dat+ f ! #ac? c5tury onw>ds 7 exam9$ ! tann+ mat]ial us$ 0 "o ( ?is pyrogallol s]ies4 ,on ! o!r h&1 lea!rs :i* %[$ ! r$ decay 7 9 e case f\nd ei!r to h be5 tann$ ) tann+ mat]ials ( ! cate*ol s]ies1 or 7 rott$ ) acid4 ,! second cause ( tr\ble is ! manufacture ( lea!r f sk9s f di/ant l&s :i* h be5 improp]ly or insuffici5tly pres]v$ = export4 ,x (t5 happ5s t ! fibres h p>tly p]i%$ be=e ! tann] receives ! sk9s1 ! result+ lea!r is !re=e poor1 spongy1 & p>tially p]i%$1 mak+ ?9 lea!r1 :i* sometimes1 on acc\nt ( its ?9ness1 w cut up app>5tly economically = ! b9d]1 b n economically = ! libr>ian or ! own] ( books1 z ! lea!r _c possibly be z good or h z long life z lea!r manufactur$ f a s\nd sk94 ,bright ev5 %ades & light fancy col\rs previ\s to ! introduction ( acid blea*es 7 manufactur$ f suma*-tann$ sk9s only1 suma* alone produc+ a lea!r ( a light cream col\r1 & !re=e capable ( tak+ practically any %ade ( dye4 ,mo/ o!r tann+ mat]ials produc$ d>k f\ndations1 on :i* x 0 practically impossible to dye any b a d>k %ade4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 manufactur]s f\nd lea!r tann$ ) mat]ials *eap] ?an suma* c\ld be sc\r$ & blea*$ ) acids1 !n re-tann$ ) suma*1 ?us produc+ a light1 ev5-col\r$ lea!r1 :i* ) ! dye produc$ light %ades4 ,! *eape/1 & at ! same "t ! mo/ effective1 acid = ?is purpose 0 vitriol or sulphuric acid4 ,?is1 9 common ) o!r m9]al acids1 comb9es ) ! lea!r fibre1 ^u :i* x ex]cises a mo/ disa/r\s & dis9tegrat+ action1 & to ! use ( ?is acid1 ei!r z a blea*+ or cle>+ ag5t 9 ! tann+ process1 or 9 subsequ5t use 9 develop+ ! col\r 9 ! dye-ba?1 may be ascrib$ ! cause ( decay ( ov] #ij p] c5t4 ( mod]n bookb9d+ & uphol/]+ lea!r4 ,x is impossible to remove ^! acids f lea!r by any subsequ5t am\nt ( wa%+1 or )\t ! addition ( "s o!r *emical to expel !m4 ,rec5tly ! writ] treat$ "s lea!r ) sulphuric acid1 & aft] cutt+ ! lea!r up into small pieces1 wa%$ ! same 9 runn+ wat] = ?ree weeks2 at ! end ( t p]iod ! sulphuric acid 0 /ill tightly fix$ 9 ! fibres ( ! lea!r4 ,! introduction ( anil9e dyes in/ead ( ! old] process ( wood dyes made a great *ange 9 ! production ( bookb9d+ lea!r4 ,hundr$s ( new %ades ( col\r 7 produc$1 & ! process ( lea!r dye+ 0 simplifi$ & *eap5$4 ,b1 un=tunately1 9 ! use ( a c]ta9 class ( ^! dye-/uffs ! full dep? ( %ade c\ld n at t date be produc$ ^u ! lea!r except 9 ! pres5ce ( an acid4 ,"h1 aga91 !re=e1 sulphuric acid 0 introduc$ into ! lea!r dur+ ! process ( manufacture1 ?us increas+ ! proportion ( lea!r :i* conta9$ ?is dis9tegrat+ mat]ial4 ,x has frequ5tly be5 /at$ by lea!r dy]s & o!rs t a c]ta9 quantity ( sulphuric acid mu/ be us$ ) acid dye-/uffs1 o!rwise ! full dep? ( %ade _c be produc$1 & !y claim t )\t its use x is impossible to produce c]ta9 brilliant %ades ( col\r4 ,^! /atem5ts h be5 prov$ to be devoid ( f\ndation4 ,!re are sev]al sub/itutes = sulphuric acid :i* are h>mless 9 _! nature4 ,among ^! ,i may m5tion =mic1 acetic & lactic acids4 ,^! are organic acids :i* h no h>mful action on ! lea!r2 !y are easily wa%$ out1 & ev5 if any trace ( ^! acids be left 9 ! sk91 !y w evaporate4 ,=mic acid has ev5 be5 prov$ to be *eap] ?an sulphuric1 &1 moreov]1 is capable ( develop+ equal %ades 9 all cases1 & deep] & m brilliant %ades ( col\r ) "s dyes4 ,= ! pres5t1 h[ev]1 bookb9d]s1 & especially libr>ians1 are advis$ n to insi/ ^u brilliant %ades ( col\r4 ,! introduction ( ! splitt+ ma*9e & ! introduction ( a ma*9e = %av+ lea!r has und\bt$ly t5d$ to produce a l>ge quantity ( ?9 lea!r1 b x is impossible ei!r to %ave or to split a sk9 )\t cutt+ ! network ( fibres1 & ! /r5g? ( ! lea!r _c b be mat]ially decreas$4 ,lea!r is made up ( a complex sy/em ( fibres int]weav+ & int]tw9+ 9 e possible direction1 & ev5 ! small am\nt ( p>+ c>ri$ out by ! bookb9d] himself consid]ably impairs ! /r5g? & life ( ! b9d+4 ,h[ mu* m1 !re=e1 does ! splitt+ & %av+ t ! tann] c>ries out 9 ord] to br+ ! sk9 to an ev5 sub/ance de/roy ! /r5g? ( ! product4 ,suffici5t has be5 writt5 on ! pr9t+ ( morocco1 seal1 & pig gra9s ^u sk9s ( an inf]ior class1 b x _c be too /rongly po9t$ out to libr>ians t ! /r5g? ( emboss$ lea!r mu/ be impair$ :5 x is realis$ h[ ! emboss+ & pr9t+ is c>ri$ out4 ,! sk9s to be emboss$ are coat$ ov] 9 ! wet /ate ) a mixture ( dye1 size1 & o!r mat]ials1 & are !n pass$ betwe5 two hot electrotype roll]s4 ,?is embosses or pr9ts ^u ! sk9 ! requir$ gra92 at ! same "t x glues ! fibres ( ! lea!r toge!r1 prev5t+ ! free run :i* good sk9s %\ld possess1 & ! heat dries up ! lea!r1 r$uc+ its /r5g? v consid]ably4 ,i n[ come to ! /ripp+1 sc\r+1 s\r+1 & re-tann+ ( lea!r4 ,x is difficult to decide :e!r m damage is done 9 ?is process or 9 ! use ( m9]al acids 9 ! dye-ba?2 b x is c]ta9 t any lea!r :i* is /ripp$ ( its natural tann+ by use ( alkalies or blea*$ by an acid has lo/ at lea/ #ij p] c5t4 ( its we>+ & la/+ prop]ties4 ,?\s&s ( doz5s ( sk9s 9 ! r\gh tann$ condition rea* ! ,engli% m>ket f ,india1 ,au/ralia1 ,new ,zeal&1 & o!r p>ts4 ,^! are tann$ ) quebra*o1 mimosa1 or "s simil> tann+ mat]ial1 :]eas ! ,indian sk9s are ne>ly all tann$ ) turw> b>k & are ( a r$di%-fawn %ade ( col\r4 ,^! are pur*as$ by ! lea!r f9i%]s1 & are manufactur$ 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ord] to get rid ( ! r$di% col\r !y are fir/ soak$ 9 wat] & aft]w>ds drumm$ 9 a weak solution ( wa%+ soda1 borax1 or "s simil> alkali4 ,?is removes ! uncomb9$ tan f ! sk91 z well z tak+ out ! natural grease4 ,! sk9s em]ge f ! drum a d>k mahogany col\r2 !y are !n wa%$ 9 wat] & aft]w>ds s\r$ 9 a sulphuric acid ba?4 ,?is blea*es ! sk9 to a light bright %ade4 ,! f9i%] !n1 9 ord] to put back tann9 into ! sk9 ( a light col\r1 re-tans !m 9 suma* or a mixture ( suma* & oak4 ,!y are n[ kn[n z re-tann$ sk9s2 & aft] dry+1 are dy$ & f9i%$ 9 ! ord9>y mann]4 ,! %eep & goat sk9s are sold z roans or moroccos1 z ! case may be1 &1 z a rule1 no indication is giv5 t ^! are re-tann$ sk9s4 ,! re-tann$ ,indian sk9s1 h[ev]1 g5]ally leave ! factory z p]sian roans or p]sian morocco1 b z ! sk9s pass f ! manufactur] to ! m]*ant1 f ! m]*ant to ! small deal]1 ! ^w p]sian is g5]ally omitt$1 & !y rea* ! bookb9d] z moroccos or roans1 z ! case may be4 ,n[ ?is is ! mo/ important po9t = ! b9d]4 ,i w\ld g s f> z to say t x %\ld almo/ be a puni%able (f5ce to use ei!r p]sians or re-tann$ sk9s = bookb9d+ purposes1 z su* lea!r _c possibly la/ t5 ye>s if expos$ to light & air4 ,n only has ! sc\r+ & alkali a p]i%+ effect ^u ! lea!r1 b x is aft]w>ds made worse by ! treatm5t ) acid1 a blea*1 & ! fur!r addition ( acid to ! dye-ba?2 add$ to :i* ! alkal9e treatm5t removes ! natural grease or n\ri%m5t ( ! sk91 & x is well kn[n to ^? engag$ 9 ! lea!r trade t ! /r5g? & life ( a lea!r is at lea/ d\bl$ by a prop] n\ri%m5t ( ! lea!r ) a suitable fat4 ,!re=e1 if ! :ole ( ! natural fat is remov$1 ! lea!r rapidly dries1 x loses its ela/icity & spr+1 ! gra9 cracks1 & aft] keep+ 9 a dry libr>y = "s "t ! backs break "r (f ! books4 ,i h dealt ) ! eight *ief causes ( premature decay1 b be=e pass+ to ! o!r "p ( ?is pap] ,i mu/ also deal ) ! weaknesses ( ! bookb9d] z well z ^? ( ! lea!r manufactur]1 &1 = reasons /at$ above1 absolutely condemn ! undue p>+ ( lea!r1 ! blea*+ ( lea!r by means ( oxalic acid1 & ! use ( pat5t f9i%es & gl>es1 ! composition ( :i* is 9 mo/ cases a my/]y1 _m ( !m conta9+ acids1 o!rs conta9+ dry+ ag5ts :i* h almo/ z injuri\s an action ^u lea!r z ! vitriol us$ by ! tann]4 ,to rev]t to my orig9al !sis1 x is n only possible to obta9 a lea!r z good z any lea!r manufactur$ f ! #af? to #ah? c5tury1 b x is ev5 possible to get a bett] lea!r4 ,libr>ians1 9 draw+ up _! b9d+ specifications h only to d :at ! ,controll] ( ,h4,m4's ,/ation]y ,(fice is do+ = ! libr>ies "u 8 *>ge1 viz41 to provide "u suitable p5alties t lea!rs suppli$ by ! contractor %all be equal to samples %[n on patt]n c>ds prior to t5d]+ = ! contract1 & 9 addition to insi/ t su* lea!rs %all con=m to c]ta9 conditions laid d[n 9 ! ,report ( ! ,society ( ,arts' ,committee on ,bookb9d+1 :i* may be summ>is$ z foll[s3-- #a4 ,! b9d] und]takes n to use /ripp$ & re-tann$ lea!r1 :e!r p]sians 7,ea/ ,indian sk9s7 or f else:]e1 or to use lea!r emboss$ or gra9$ artificially to resemble morocco1 pigsk91 c4 #b4 ,he gu>antees 7or und]takes to produce ! gu>antee ( ! firm supply+ ! lea!r7 t all sk9s suppli$ 7#a7 are g5u9e z describ$2 7#b7 are tann$ ) pure suma* or galls1 or 9 ! case ( calf or %eep ) oak b>k1 or mixtures ( oak b>k & suma*2 7#c7 t no m9]al acid has be5 us$ ei!r 9 ! process ( tann+1 blea*+1 or dye+1 & t ! lea!r is free f acid or o!r injuri\s +r$i5t2 7#d7 t he w use no acid to cle> ! lea!r 9 ! process ( b9d+4 ,be=e draft+ 8 b9d+ specification ! libr>ian w\ld d well to consult ! excell5t ,note on ,bookb9d+ by ,mr4 ,d\glas ,cock]ell1 publi%$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,smi? & ,son1 at ! price ( #a;d4 ,special att5tion is drawn to ! diff]5ce ( ! co/ 9 b9d+ accord+ to ,specification ,i4 & ,,ii4 ( ! ,society ( ,arts' ,committee reproduc$ on pp4 #bj-bb ( ?is pamphlet1 & to ,mr4 ,cock]ell's rem>ks on pages #i1 etc4 ,! above /ipulations %\ld n make any sub/antial diff]5ce 9 price p] volume to ^? libr>ies :i* already h be5 us+ high-class lea!r tann$ 9 suma*1 b libr>ians :o h hi!rto be5 cont5t ) p]sians1 re-tann$ ,au/ralians1 & o!r *eap classes ( lea!r mu/ expect to pay a high] price = lea!r1 prop]ly tann$ & gu>ante$ to la/4 ,sev]al l>ge firms ( high reputation1 :o are n[ cat]+ = ! bookb9d+ trade1 h already turn$ out ?\s&s ( sk9s ( a satisfactory nature4 ,^! firms are n only anxi\s to fall 9 ) ! requirem5ts ( ! ,society ( ,arts' ,report1 b are desir\s ( remov+ ! di/ru/ :i* at pres5t exi/s ) reg>d to lea!r1 & to re9/ate ?is article z be+ ! /&>d & natural cov]+ = books4 ,= p]man5t we>1 :e!r = books or o!r purposes1 lea!r1 :5 prop]ly prep>$1 is )\t a rival bo? = appe>ance & durability4 ,x is only = ! *eap] class ( "w t lea!r sub/itutes are =midable z rivals4 ,) reg>d to /r5g?s ( v>i\s lea!rs1 x is some:at difficult to lay d[n a h>d-&-fa/ rule1 b 9 g5]al t]ms x may be /at$ t ! /ronge/ lea!r made is pigsk94 ,! fibres are t\gh1 some:at co>se1 b ( great /r5g?4 ,! only dang] is 9 ! p>+ d[n ( ! sk9 previ\s to use 9 ! b9d+1 & !re=e1 by reason ( its ?ickness1 x is well to only use pigsk9 = ! b9d+ ( l>ge1 heavy volumes :]e a ?ick lea!r c be us$ )\t detrim5t to ! appe>ance ( ! book4 ,seal probably comes next 9 /r5g?4 ,x is t\gh] ?an goat sk91 &1 by reason ( ! quantity ( natural grease :i* ^! sk9s conta91 w 9 mo/ cases rema9 pliable & we> long] ?an ! av]age morocco4 ,seal is closely foll[$ by goat sk94 ,a special feature ( goat is ! h>d gra9 :i* x possesses4 ,?is is specially to be recomm5d$ :]e mu* frictional we> is giv5 to ! book4 ,%eep & calf may be put on ab\t ! same foot+4 ,bo? are extremely pliable1 b ,i ?9k "o may safely /ate t books b\nd 9 %eepsk9 lea!r1 if t lea!r be f ! cross bre$1 ,wel%1 or o!r m\nta9 %eep1 w probably outla/ calf sk94 ,!re is no d\bt t calf has got into disrepute l>gely on acc\nt ( ! de/ructive processes us$ 9 ! f9i%+ & production ( ! s(t1 smoo?-gra9$ calf1 :i* has ( late ye>s become s popul>4 ,b9d]s mu/ und]/& t ! velvety f9i% c only be obta9$ by an undue pull+ d[n ( ! sk9 previ\s to ! tann+ process or an undue p>+ on ! "p ( ! b9d]4 ,bo? ,russia lea!r & vellum1 z b9d+ mat]ials1 h done good s]vice 9 ! pa/1 b h lo/ _! old reputation = durability4 ,= ! pres5t1 libr>ians are recomm5d$ to use ^! sk9s z little z possible4 ,a few words suffice to deal ) skiv] b9d+s4 ,^! are ! ?9 gra9 ( %eep & sometimes calf1 & are at _! be/ ab\t equal 9 /r5g? to ?9 notepap]1 _! :ole texture & fibr\s /ructure hav+ be5 split (f & _! nature de/roy$4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t ! det]ioration ( lea!r is n only caus$ by faulty manufacture or improp] treatm5t 9 ! dye-h\se or f9i%+ %op4 ,good b9d+s ( s\nd lea!r are frequ5tly de/roy$ by ! neglect ( c]ta9 elem5t>y precautions on ! "p ( ! libr>ian4 ,! subject is too l>ge to deal ) fully 9 ^! pages1 b libr>ians w\ld d well to /udy c>efully ! detail$ report ( ! ,society ( ,arts' ,committee4 ,b ! foll[+ elem5t>y rules %\ld be obs]v$3--,books %\ld n be expos$ to gas fumes1 or to ! direct rays ( ! sun2 ! temp]ature ( ! libr>y %\ld n exce$ #gj ,f41 ! upp] /rata %\ld be well v5tilat$1 & a !rmomet] %\ld be hung on ! same level z ! top %elves 9 ord] to advise ! libr>ian :e!r ! temp]ature is be+ kept )9 reasonable limits4 ,fre$om f damp is1 ( c\rse1 an ess5tial condition ( libr>y ar*itecture4 ,! "q ( lea!r pres]vative compositions is dealt ) 9 ano!r *apt]1 b too mu* _c be said aga9/ ! use ( v>i\s decoctions :i* are sold to libr>ians = coat+ & pres]v+ lea!r b9d+s4 ,_m ( ^! conta9 turp5t9e1 :i* has a dry+1 detrim5tal effect4 ,v>i\s o!r emulsions are on ! m>ket1 b al?\gh ^! give ! lea!r a s(t1 pleasant feel :5 appli$1 ?is soon dries up1 ! lea!r becom+ h>d & liable to crack4 ,!re may be "s suitable +r$i5ts = apply+ to lea!r b9d+s1 b ,i am ( ! op9ion t if a libr>y is n all[$ to get too hot1 & a pl5tiful supply ( pure1 dry air is always pres5t1 s\nd lea!r %\ld require no fur!r pres]vative4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,prov5ance1 ,*>act]i/ics1 & ,values ( ,mod]n ,bookb9d+ ,lea!rs4 ,,by ,a4 ,,seym\r-,,jones4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,to correctly locate ! s\rces ( sk9 supply suitable = bookb9d+ is n easy1 9 consequ5ce ( orig9al bre$s hav+ be5 transplant$ to equally suitable climes ov] ! seas4 ,9 _m cases purity ( bre$ has be5 ma9ta9$1 :ile 9 ! majority1 det]ioration has set 91 due to desire = heavi] bea/s3 !re=e ! purposes ( ?is *apt] w be be/ met if orig9al bre$s are describ$ & _! g5]al habitat locat$4 ,! animals :i* furni% sk9s suitable 9 quality & quantity to meet ! increas+ dem&s ( to-day are3 %eep1 goat1 calf1 seal1 & pig or hog4 ,o!r animals may produce sk9s good = bookb9d+1 b a description ( ! =ego+ w af=d ample illu/ration4 ,! %eepsk9 takes fir/ place 9 reg>d to quantity4 ,probably m ?an two-?irds ( mod]n comm]cial b9d+s are repres5t$ by ?is mu*-abus$ sk91 :i* is frequ5tly s skilfully manipulat$ z to deceive ev5 an exp]t1 t x is n :at x is repres5t$ to be4 ,aft] ! pelt has be5 split or cut 9 twa9--! gra9 "p aft] tann+ be+ t]m$ a skiv]1 & ! fle% aft] dress+ designat$ *amois--! =m] is s manipulat$ ) dyes1 f9i%es1 & emboss+1 t surface or gra9 detection is extremely difficult1 say1 betwe5 a true morocco or emboss$ skiv]4 ,mu* ( ?is s-call$ misrepres5tation has be5 creat$ by ! public1 :o ord] _! books to be cov]$ 9 lea!r1 :i* !y are pleas$ to ?9k is morocco1 or pig or seal1 :5 reflection %\ld tell !m t x _c be g5u9e at ! price !y h paid1 (t5 = book & b9d+ complete4 ,?is fak+ is v l>gely accompli%$ ^u %eepsk91 because x readily l5ds itself to su* alt]ations bo? by nature & price2 b :5 su* lea!rs are employ$ !y %\ld be correctly describ$ by ! b9d]4 ,%eepsk9s h a l>ge place 9 ! comm]cial bookb9d]ies & affections ( ! public at l>ge1 & !re is no reason :y !y %\ld n only hold _! gr\nd1 b succe$ 9 displac+ ! clo? imitations ( lea!r2 &1 provid$ ! sk9s are select$ f suitable bre$s1 !y %\ld f9d a place 9 ! b9d+ ( c]ta9 classes ( books int5d$ = p]man5t ref]5ce 9 libr>ies4 ,! %eep z a family are divid$ into two classes3 ! ,upl& & ,l[l& bre$s4 ,! ,upl& class inhabit ! m\nta9 ranges1 & :ile possess+ a %ort firm wool1 h a mass ( close ?ick hair und]nea?4 ,_! habits & life make ! "* ( meat & sk9 approa* a goat ne>] ?an any o!r animal4 ,! p>5t /ock are ! argali or wild %eep ( ! ,himalaya1 & ! ,musmon ( ! ,&es & ,si]ra ,nevadas4 ,full] p>ticul>s w be f\nd 9 ! ,royal ,natural ,hi/ory1 by ,ri*>d ,lydekk]1 ,b4,a41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,vol4 #b1 pp4 #bab to #bcd4 ,! ,upl& %eep ( to-day v>y 9 purity or clos5ess to ! p>5t /ock accord+ to ! s\rce ( supply4 ,9 c]ta9 ,mongolian1 ,arabian & ,wel% %eep x is n easy to discrim9ate betwe5 !m & a true goat1 aft] ! wool has be5 remov$4 ,x is ! sk9s ( su* %eep t are suitable = b9d+ books 9 libr>ies :]e price & h>d we> are a consid]ation4 ,%eep-graz+ c\ntries hav+ high altitudes w\ld be probable s\rces ( supply ( su* sk9s4 ,great ,brita91 ?r\gh ,wales1 ,cumb]l&1 ,we/morl&1 & ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl& provides _m millions ( sk9s a ye> to ! cotton sp9n+ trade1 = cov]+ draw+ roll]s1 an op]ation call+ = a h>d-we>+ gra9$ sk94 ,9 practice x has be5 f\nd t %eepsk9s yield ! mo/ la/+ results :5 tann$ sl[ly 9 oak-b>k liquors2 ! product is a tight] & m solid sk9 ?an :5 tann$ 9 suma*1 ?\gh suma* may be us$ 9 giv5 cases1 or a comb9ation ( bo?4 ,comm]cially valu$1 ! upl& %eepsk9s sell at prices v>y+ f #b-a_/b;d4 to #i;d4 p] squ>e foot1 :5 f9i%$ accord+ to ! ,society ( ,arts' ,bookb9d+ ,committee's ,report4 ,! ,l[l& bre$1 commonly kn[n z dome/ic %eep 7,ovis aries7 are f\nd :]ev] !re are graz+ l&s4 ,9 %eep graz+1 ! grazi]s' object v>ies4 ,x may be ! wool or ! fle%4 ,if ! =m]1 ! sk9 is usually unfav\rable = b9d+ purposes1 :ile if ! latt]1 a l>ge portion f9d _! way to ! %eepsk9 splitt]s1 :o by ma*9]y ( consid]able delicacy split ! sk9s into :at are kn[n 9 ! trade z gra9s & fle%es4 ,! gra9s alone int]e/ u1 be+ subsequ5tly tann$ into skiv]s4 ,?is class ( lea!r has its use 9 l[-price trade b9d+s ( flexible "*1 & z su* competes & comp>es 9 price & durability successfully ) any imitations4 ,to make skiv]s suitable 9 we>+ qualities x is advisable to take ! pla9 dy$ class1 reasonably /\t1 tann$ 9 suma*1 & dy$ )\t m9]al acid1 dri$ out ) a little /ret* left 91 & if !y are requir$ z t\gh z x is possible to obta9 a gra91 a little n\ri%+ mat]ial may be us$ to advantage4 ,by foll[+ ^! l9es x w r$uce ! risk ( imitations4 ,?\gh pa/e gra91 long gra91 & glaz$ skiv]s w /ill f9d a m>ket among b9d]s1 !y mu/ n be class$ among ! ,imitations4 ,skiv]s are sold f ab\t #a;d4 to #e;d4 p] squ>e foot4 ,be=e proce$+ fur!r x may be well to po9t out t ! sk9s f old or v "y animals %\ld be avoid$1 al?\gh old animals are a r>ity4 ,exceptionally l>ge sk9s 9 _! class %\ld be view$ ) suspicion1 likewise v small ones4 ,! =m] may indicate weakness1 & ! latt] want ( maturity4 ,?is mu/ 9 practice h a g5]al application4 ,! goat 7,g5us ,capra7 f9ds mo/ fav\r z furni%+ a suitable sk9 among b9d]s4 ,?is animal1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w goat exclusive1 belongs to ! ,old ,_w1 be+ conf9$ to ! area nor? ( ! s\!rn flanks ( ! ,himalaya1 ?\gh "o species is f\nd 9 ,egypt & ano!r 9 ,abyss9ia1 b q unkn[n 9 ! rema9d] ( ,africa4 ,9 ,am]ica ! t]m goat is appli$ to our rum9ant4 ,:ile be+ ess5tially a m\nta9 animal1 goat bre$+ has become a bus9ess to-day ?r\gh\t ! _w1 :i* has be5 laid "u contribution to supply ! enorm\s dem& :i* has be5 creat$ dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s by ! *rome glac kid manufactur]s1 "o mak] alone requir+ #e1jjj doz5 sk9s p] diem to keep 8 factory runn+ full4 ,! sk9s g5]ally employ$ = book purposes are ! ,european & ,nor!rn ,african supplies1 ?\gh _m o!r s\rces are equally suitable4 ,goat sk9s1 on acc\nt ( _! firm nature are be/ tann$ 9 pure suma* 7,sicilian74 ,"t has conclusively prov$ ?is po9t4 ,9 ! ,ryl&s ,libr>y 9 ,man*e/] 7,eng47 are two heavy volumes b\nd 9 pla9 undy$ suma*-tann$ goat-sk9s :i* 7 b\nd 9 ,spa9 9 ! #af? c5tury1 & are to-day 9 a p]fect /ate ( pres]vation4 ,! ,nig] sk9s 7mix$ goat & %eep7 :i* h f\nd fav\r among c]ta9 bookb9d]s are produc$ f a bre$ ( ,egyptian goats1 tann$ & prep>$ by ,nig]ian natives ) a species ( nut-galls :i* gives !m t peculi> close1 tight feel1 & :5 su* firmness is requir$ 9 ,european /ock x may be equally effectively produc$ ) oak b>k4 ,! l>ge proportion ( s-call$ moroccos (f]$ to-day are made f sk9s tann$ 9 ,ea/ ,india ) a cate*ol tann94 ,x is un=tunate t ?is tannage has fail$ to )/& ! te/s suppli$ by ! ,sci5tific ,committee appo9t$ by ! ,society ( ,arts on ,bookb9d+ ,lea!rs1 because x excludes f ! ,b9d+ ,trade a v useful & *eap supply ( pretty look+ & feel+ sk9 ready to h& = f9i%+ 9 moroccos4 ,:ile condemn$ = p]man5t libr>y "w--t is1 gu>ante$ lea!rs--! writ] sees no reason :y su* lea!rs may n safely be us$ = ,l5d+ ,libr>y "w1 :]e ! life ( a b9d+ is n expect$ to run m ?an t5 ye>s1 provid$ ! surplus tan is wa%$ out & replac$ by "s n\ri%+ mat]ial 7fat71 & 9 all processes inorganic acids & alkalis are avoid$4 ,goat-sk9s diff] f o!r animals ma9ly 9 ! pron\nc$ gra9 =mations1 :ile ! texture ( ! sk9 is clos] & firm] ?an a %eep1 ! gra9 is h>d]1 m scale l1 ! papill betwe5 :i* ! hair-holes are situate are mo/ m>k$1 & x is _! =mation :i* produces dur+ ! op]ation ( bo>d+ ! gra9$ morocco ) its beautiful nodules4 ,if ^! nodules or gra9s are bold & l>ge x indicates a ?ick sk9 orig9ally4 ,su* gra9s _c be expect$ ^u a ?9 sk9--x implies ei!r ov]-r$uction 7%av+7 9 sub/ance or emboss+4 ,?9 sk9s w produce a small %ortlike gra94 ,if ! gra9 is f9e on a l>ge sk9 x may h be5 r$uc$ too mu* 9 sub/ance1 & !reby loses mo/ ( its muscul> /ructure & /r5g?4 ,x is necess>y :5 buy+ moroccos1 :i* are n only exp5sive b are expect$ to yield longevity & be h>d we>+1 to obta9 a manufactur]'s gu>antee t ! sk9s are g5u9e goat 7,g5us ,capra7 & n m\nta9 %eep 7,argali7 or ba/>ds1 & t !y h be5 prep>$ 9 accordance ) ! ,society ( ,arts' ,report on ,bookb9d+4 ,9 value ! moroccos v>y consid]ably 9 price1 accord+ to sub/ance1 size1 quality1 & "*4 ,! sk9s are g5]ally b\ght 9 ! dry pelt /ate ) hair on at p] lb41 ! l>ge1 plump1 well-flay$ sk9s comm&+ high] prices ?an less fav\r$ ones4 ,9 ?is /ate x is difficult to detect gra9 faults1 consequ5tly to ! manufactur] x is some:at ( a speculation1 & unless he is well in=m$ 9 8 trade he /&s to lose heavily4 ,g5]ally speak+ ! prime cle> gra9s g into bright col\rs at high] prices ?an defective gra9s1 :i* c be hidd5 by d>k] col\r ) ! aid ( a suitable f9i%4 ,= example1 ! col\r ( ! ,nig] sk9s previ\sly ref]r$ to is an excell5t "o = hid+ gra9 defects4 ,! am\nt ( absolutely p]fect sk9s is small1 b ! rema9d] are good sk9s 9 _! class = half-b\nd "w4 ,! p]fect sk9s w realise up to #bs4 #f;d4 p] squ>e foot1 & accord+ to quality & col\r ! balance w range d[n to #h;d4 p] squ>e foot4 ,calf sk9s h long be5 fav\r$ = bookb9d+1 b ?r\gh mu* v>iety ( tannages & faulty selection ( sk9s h be5 br\ght some:at into disrepute = p]man5t "w1 b if prep>$ by sl[ tann+ 9 oak b>k or suma* !re is no reason :y !y %\ld n be re9/at$4 ,und\bt$ly ! calf is fav\r$ by ,nature ) ! f9e/ & silkie/ gra9s ( all animals1 & ?\gh too t5d] = r\gh usage1 is nev]!less1 if suitably n\ri%$1 capable ( /&+ great] we> ?an x is cr$it$ )4 ,calf sk9s = bookb9d+ are ! product ( ! dome/ic ox 7,bos taurus71 & z ?is useful animal is br$ ! _w ov]1 we are n want+ 9 supplies1 nor is "o l& m fav\r$ ?an ano!r4 ,if ! pr9ciple is accept$ t small books require small ?9 sk9s1 z ! books increase 9 size s %\ld ! sk9s & sub/ance1 a great difficulty w be ov]come1 because 9 buy+ calf "o ( ! fatal mi/akes made is ! /ipulation t l>ge sk9s mu/ be ?94 ,if ?is is insi/$ ^u !y mu/ be split or %av$ ( all _! muscul> tissue till m]ely ! gra9 or skiv] is left4 ,a reasonable am\nt ( %av+ is p]missible1 b splitt+ is disa/r\s4 ,calf sk9s are inv>iably free f gra9 faults1 s t = delicate %ades ( col\r !y are p>ticul>ly suitable4 ,! gra9 does n l5d itself to any v def9ite =mation 9 bo>d+ 7gra9+71 !re=e calf by pref]5ce %\ld be left smoo?4 ,9 ! raw /ate !y are pur*as$ by ! p\nd1 & su* co/ be+ a gov]n+ factor 9 sell+1 ! price :5 f9i%$ may v>y f #h;d4 to #as4 #h;d4 p] squ>e foot4 ,! sk9s ( seal 7family ,phocid7 are mo/ useful = bookb9d+1 possess+ special features1 viz43 ev5ness ( quality ?r\gh\t1 !re be+ no flanky or abdom9al p>ts1 extremely durable & produc+ pretty gra9s ei!r co>se or f9e1 dep5d5t ^u ! sub/ance & "* ( ! sk9s4 ,! s\rces ( supply are ,russia1 ,norway1 ,spitzb]g51 ,gre5l&1 ,labrador1 & ,newf\ndl&1 ! l>ge/ supply com+ f ! latt] place4 ,isolat$ supplies h be5 %ipp$ f ! ,falkl& ,isl&s & ,ant>ctic4 ,^! are ! true or e>less seals 7family ,phocid71 commonly call$ hair seals 9 contradi/9ction to ! fur or e>$ seal 7family ,ot>id7 :i* inhabit ! ,pacifics4 ,z a lea!r = bookwork :5 tann$ ) a pyrogallol tannage x is s(t & k9d to ! t\*1 hav+ few equals & no sup]iors4 ,x is ess5tially a h>d-we>+ lea!r & 9 ?is respect only equall$ by c]ta9 classes ( goat-sk9s & pig or hog sk9s4 ,! gra9$ sk9s exhibit a gra9 :i* sp>kles 9 a mann] :i* is peculi>ly *>act]i/ic & abs5t 9 o!r gra9$ lea!rs4 ,! value ( seal-sk9s1 f9i%$1 ranges f #aj;d4 to #bs4 p] squ>e foot4 ,! =m] are useful = half-b\nd books4 ,f9ally1 pig or hog sk9s h play$ an important "p 9 anci5t b9d+s ( all sizes1 & prov$ _! great value z a h>d we>+ cov] by com+ d[n to u 9 a rem>kable /ate ( pres]vation1 ev5 on v heavy tomes4 ,b1 regretfully1 "s discr$it has be5 ca/ ^u ?is spl5did sk91 p>tly due to ignorance 9 manufacture1 also to ! v clev] imitations4 ,x is1 p]haps1 "o ( ! easie/ sk9s to reproduce 9 its gra9 features & solid "*1 ?\gh ! imitations are easily detect$ by imm]s+ a piece ( ! suspect$ lea!r 9 wat] until saturat$1 !n pull+ x out ) ! h&s to /ret* :5 ! gra91 :i* is produc$ by emboss+1 w disappe>1 :ile ! true hog gra9 w rema9 %[+ cle> hair holes ?r\gh f gra9 to fle%4 ,a hog-sk9 may be said to be practically fibreless1 approa*+ ne>] to a piece ( t\gh gri/le ?an any?+ else4 ,9 ! raw /ate ! sk9s are %ipp$ f s\!rn ,europe1 ,danubian & ,balkan ,/ates1 ,*9a & ! ,ea/ g5]ally1 :ile ,nor? ,am]ica has an almo/ unlimit$ supply1 b ,scotl& produces ! f9e/ & mo/ e/eem$4 ,9 size !y v>y consid]ably1 l all sk9 supplies1 b a mo/ useful sk9 = b9d]s' use w conta9 ab\t #aa to #ab squ>e feet4 ,sl[ oak-b>k tann+ is mo/ suitable = ?is class ( sk94 ,suma* may ) advantage be employ$ aft] tann+ to prep>e !m = ! dress+ or f9i%+ process1 b no me*anical or *emical means %\ld be employ$ to ov]come a too gri/ly nature1 o!rwise its unique capacity to )/& ! act ( attrition is proportionately decreas$1 or if "s simil> means are adopt$ to atta9 ev5ness ( %ade 9 dye+1 ! same result may be expect$3 !re=e1 s f> z x is practicable1 ?is sk9 %\ld be us$ 9 its natural /ate1 if full durability is requir$4 ,pigsk9s conta9+ #aa to #ab squ>e feet may be pur*as$1 accord+ to _! quality & degree ( manufacture1 f #h;d4 to #as4 #d;d4 p] squ>e foot4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,repair+ & ,b9d+ ( ,books = ,public ,libr>ies4 ,,by ,,cyril ,,dav5port4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,:at ) bad pap] & bad lea!r1 ! libr>ian ( ! pres5t is confront$ ) two s]i\s problems4 ,9 spite ( ! ,society ( ,arts' adv]se criticism 9 #ahih1 mu* pap] is /ill made ( me*anical wood pulp1 & m badly ov]load$ ) clay1 9 bo? cases caus+ mu* anxiety & exp5diture to ! libr>ian :o attempts to cope successfully ) ! defect4 ,! s(t1 spongy leaves1 l blott+-pap]1 t are *iefly compos$ ( wood pulp1 c be/ be dealt ) 9 ! v exp5sive way ( inlay+ ea* page 9 a surr\nd ( s\nd1 true pap]4 ,b !re is ano!r exp$i5t1 :i* ,i h n tri$1 :i* may to "s ext5t be useful2 x is to enclose ea* leaf )9 a network ( f9e op5 silk net1 made on purpose4 ,9 ei!r case re-sew+ & re-b9d+ is necess>y4 ,) reg>d to ! clay-lad5 pap] on :i* _m books are pr9t$1 ! case is equally s]i\s & equally co/ly4 ,f9e monotone illu/rations produc$ by ! half-tone me?od1 & col\r illu/rations produc$ by ! ?ree-col\r process1 are n[ always made on ?is sort ( pap]1 :i* has a beautifully f9e & ev5 surface4 ,! pap]1 h[ev]1 w n all[ any /it*+ to keep x 9 place1 s x rapidly falls out4 ,!n x has ei!r to be inlaid 9 a s\nd pap] surr\nd or else entirely m\nt$ on a s\nd piece ( pap] or jaconet2 & if !re are _m plates ?is involves re-b9d+ & an ugly ?ick5+ ( ! book4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a new me?od1 :i* may prove ( real value3 ! actual pr9t is made on a v ?9 pap]1 :i* is at once laid d[n on a s\nd %eet4 ,all ^! op]ations are exp5sive z at pres5t provid$ = 9 mo/ libr>ies4 ,!y require great c>e & skill1 & take a long "t2 & x may safely be said t any tru/wor?y b9d] entru/$ ) su* "w1 :i* is q out ( ! ord9>y s*$ule1 is fully ju/ifi$ 9 *>g+ highly = x4 ,! necess>y mat]ials are1 h[ev]1 q simple1 s t if !re %\ld be a skill$ b9d] on ! /aff1 all su* "w c practically be done & c\nt$ at ! co/ ( "t-"w only--an imm5se sav+4 ,!re are num]\s o!r small accid5ts :i* befall books 9 all public libr>ies ab\t :i* ! same ?+s may be said--accid5tal ink-spots1 leaves cru%$ f a fall1 torn places1 cut places1 damp or wet m>ks f\nd out 9 "t2 all ^! are exp5sive to s5d out & *eap to d on ! premises4 ,besides ?is1 9 _m cases su* z ink-/a9s or wet an imm$iate treatm5t is (t5 q successful1 :]eas a delay$ treatm5t c r>ely be s4 ,all ?is comes "u ! category ( small repairs2 b !re are o!r matt]s :i* rank a little high] 9 ! bookb9d+ _w :i* c also be easily & effectively done by a resid5t b9d] ) few appliances4 ,9 all libr>ies !re are a numb] ( pamphlets & ?9 books :i* come "u ! usual b9d]'s s*$ule at a fair price1 b :i*1 if dealt ) by ! /abb$ me?od on ! premises1 w be equally /rong at ab\t "o-?ird ! co/4 ,an ord9>y octavo p]iodical1 measur+ #aj by #g in*es1 & #a-a_/d in*es ?ick1 c1 ) ! help ( a *eap /abb+ ma*9e1 be /rongly & effectively b\nd = ab\t #aj;d41 ) bo>ds1 clo? back1 pap] sides1 & lett]$ 9 h& type on a pap] label4 ,i %[$ a specim5 to ! ,libr>y ,association on ,dec4 #ah1 #aijb1 :5 ,i read a pap] on ! subject1 & x 0 mu* approv$4 ,i d n advise ! /abb+ = a book ( value1 b x does admirably = unimportant books1 & is quick & easy to d4 ,x might be wor? po9t+ out t 9 b9d+ 9 ?is way a collection ( pamphlets ( ! same size1 ! collection c easily be tak5 to pieces = ins]tion ( a new piece1 if requir$1 )\t fur!r injury to ! pamphlets already /abb$4 ,next to ?is comes b9d+ prop]1 books sewn ) sewn-9 b&s or flexible1 !n prop]ly =w>d$ & f9i%$4 ,?is is all skill$ "w1 & if any libr>y is able to af=d x !re is no "q b t a l>ge sav+ w\ld be effect$1 bo? 9 money & 9 effici5cy1 if x w\ld set up a small b9d]y ( its own4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t x w\ld n be wise to set up su* a b9d]y unless "s memb] ( ! sup]ior /aff has gone ?r\gh ! b9d+ %ops & is able to b9d a book prop]ly himself4 ,n4,b4--,9 ,london ! practical k is v difficult to obta91 z ! ,te*nical ,education ,bo>d ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil does n admit amateurs4 ,)\t ?is k x is impossible to "k :e!r a book is truly or fraudul5tly b\nd4 ,a v common fault is t b9d]s w n draw ! ends ( ! b&s ( a book prop]ly 9 to ! bo>ds4 ,!y cut (f ! ends ( ! b&s or scrape !m s ?9 t !y are ( no /r5g?--?is is done s t ! jo9t %\ld look q flat4 ,! result is t :5 ! clo?1 buckram1 or lea!r ) :i* ! back is cov]$1 gives way1 (f come ! bo>ds2 ! book is !n s5t to a b9d]1 :o /icks a new /rip ( lea!r along ! back1 & lett]s x1 & *>ges ! same z = re-b9d+1 ! op]ation is done by "o's own b9d] ) own lea!r1 co/+ ab\t a few p5ce only4 ,9 a prop]ly =w>d$ book ) ! b&s prop]ly drawn 91 ! bo>ds are v securely fa/5$ & may well rema9 s = hundr$s ( ye>s1 irrespective ( :atev] sub/ance is us$ to cov] ! back4 ,if ! sew+ ( an old book is /ill s\nd1 b ! ends ( ! b&s are brok5 (f1 new b&s c be add$ by means ( tape glu$ ov] ! old ones & !n fa/5$ on to ! bo>ds & prop]ly cov]$ ) a new bit ( lea!r4 ,sometimes :5 !y are s\nd1 ! rema9+ ends ( old b&s w be> a new bit sewn on to !m4 ,9 all repairs c>e %\ld be tak5 to mat* any old lea!r t c be reta9$ z ne>ly z possible4 ,! prop] sew+ & =w>d+ ( ! book is ! integral "p ( ! b9d+1 ! out] cov]+ is ( little real use except = ! protection ( ! ?reads :i* 9 ! case ( a flexible sewn book w\ld soon we> ?r\gh if n enclos$4 ,! out] cov]+ ( a book1 h[ev]1 has great decorative possibilities & has be5 = c5turies a mu* valu$ field = design]s1 jewell]s1 enamell]s1 goldsmi?s1 & work]s 9 bl9d & gold tool+4 ,mu* f9e decorative "w done on mod]n calf & bright col\r$ lea!rs w probably p]i% 9 a v few ye>s4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 ( quality & s\ndness ( ! lea!r us$ = cov]+ ! prop] sew+ ( a book is ( mu* importance4 ,!re is /rong ne$ = s\nd lea!r1 :i* is difficult to get1 & ord9>y p]sons1 ev5 bookb9d]s & libr>ians !mselves1 _c by a simple inspection discrim9ate betwe5 new good lea!r & new bad lea!r because !re is no app>5t diff]5ce4 ,we are 9 ! h&s ( our lea!r m]*ants1 & al?\gh sev]al firms are n[ will+ to sell lea!rs "u gu>antee ( fre$om f sulphuric acid1 all are n yet s incl9$4 ,i %\ld advise all libr>ians :o d _! own b9d+ to accept no lea!r )\t a writt5 gu>antee ( fre$om f sulphuric acid1 & ev5 !n ,i %\ld s5d a cutt+ to ,dr4 ,p>k] = exam9ation4 ,) reg>d to ! trade aspect ( employ+ a b9d] directly to "w on a "t agreem5t1 ,i am au?oritatively in=m$ t1 provid$ ! workman is paid ! full trade union wage1 & prop]ly locat$1 !re is no objection to 8 employm5t 9 ?is mann]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z ,i h h9t$ be=e1 ,i ?9k t su* a workman requires "s skill$ sup]vision1 s "h1 aga91 ,i w\ld urge t 9 e libr>y "o ( ! sup]ior /aff %\ld be a compet5t b9d] himself4 ,giv5 su* a skill$ sup]visor & a small body ( skill$ b9d]s "u 8 au?ority1 !re is no d\bt :atev] t mu* money w\ld be sav$ 9 ! adm9i/ration ( any libr>y1 & a multitude ( invaluable small repairs w\ld be possible1 :i* "u ord9>y conditions mu/ be left alone to accumulate & get worse & worse4 ,i am pleas$ to say t !re are already valuable corroborations ( ?is view 9 actual work+1 & ,i am p]mitt$ to cite ! case ( ! ,hull ,public ,libr>y1 ^: report on ! b9d+ = #aija is be=e me4 ,dur+ ?is ye> ,i f9d t ! "w done compris$-- #c1jbd volumes b\nd 7all sizes1 av]age #as4 #f-a_/e;d4 p] volume74 #bdg volumes re-sewn 7) new sides to #aac volumes74 #cjf-a_/b doz5 volumes lett]$ & #aad-a_/b doz5 volumes alt]ations 9 numb]s4 #df read+ cases made4 ,repairs1 maps & sundries4 ,! co/ ( ! above "w 0-- s4 d4 ,,wages #baj #d #d ,,mat]ials-- s4 d4 ,millbo>ds #be #h #d ,clo? #aa #b #d ,tapes #c #c #j ,pa/e & glue #c #af #f ,calico #g #aj #b ,gold leaf #d #i #c ,lea!rs #da #h #f ,?read #e #b #a ,gas1 c>riage1 c4 #i #h #f ,end pap]s #g #h #f ---------- #aah #ag #b ------------ #cbi #a #f ,! m]e enum]ation ( ^! mat]ials %[s ! imm5se value ( ! sy/em1 enabl+ ! adm9i/ration to accompli% numb]s ( small repairs1 ea* ( :i* w\ld h co/ v mu* m if !y _h be5 done by an outside bookb9d]4 ,! report = #aijb is simil>1 b ! sum sp5t is #cif #as4 #aa;d41 & ! "w done 0-- #c1gef volumes b\nd 7all sizes7 av]age #as4 #g-a_/c;d4 p] volume4 #f1ija volumes lett]$ & #a1jih volumes alt]ations 9 numb]s4 ,maps m\nt$ & repairs4 ,9 #aijc we f9d an exp5diture ( #cig #gs4 #d;d41 & "w done-- #c1dfe volumes b\nd1 all sizes 7#as4 #h-a_/g;d4 p] vol474 #fcc re-cas$4 #a1fig repair$ & glu$ up4 #c1bda numb]$1 & #bbd volumes numb]s alt]$4 #gg read+ cases made4 #ej boxes = application =ms made4 #ehi %eets ( ordnance maps m\nt$ & repair$4 ,! increas$ co/ 9 b9d+ is pr9cipally ow+ to extra lab\r incurr$ 9 prep>+ ! books = sew+1 necess>y 9 consequ5ce ( ! poor quality ( pap] on :i* books are n[ pr9t$1 & ! me?od ( sew+ adopt$ by publi%]s4 ,"h we beg9 to f9d ! result ( ! bad pap] ( to-day1 & we mu/ also note ! w>n+ to publi%]s conta9$ 9 ! la/ p>agraph4 ,i c ?or\ghly endorse x1 & ,i "k t n9e out ( t5 new books are s badly put toge!r t x takes a long "t & mu* tr\ble to pull !m to pieces be=e !y c be prop]ly sewn4 ,= #aijd !re is an exp5diture ( #daf #afs4 #f;d41 & ! "w done--#d1ceb volumes b\nd 7av]age co/ #as4 #h-a_/b;d4 p] vol471 & v>i\s items ( m\nt+ ordnance maps1 always a v exp5sive op]ation1 re-sew+1 lett]+1 & miscellane\s repairs1 all v necess>y &1 if s5t out1 v co/ly4 ,x w be not$ t ! co/ ( b9d+ p] volume is /eadily increas+1 & ?is n because ! "w is bett] done1 b because ( ! bad quality ( ! pap] & sew+ z s5t out by publi%]s4 ,books are s5t out fa/5$ by little wire clips1 :i* ru/1 & h to be v c>efully extract$ be=e a book c be prop]ly sewn4 ,^! little clips are abom9ations1 & ! process ( remov+ !m1 h[ev] c>efully done1 is likely to cause damage :i* mu/ be repair$ 9 its turn4 ,!n ma*9e sew+ has n yet rea*$ its f9al /age2 !re is a difficulty ab\t ! return ( "o ( ! ?reads1 & x is clumsily br\ght back by te>+ ?r\gh ! upp] & l[] extremities ( ea* section4 ,?is damage is glu$ up & hidd5 by a head-b& /uck on1 b :5 ! book is pull$ s t x may be prop]ly sewn1 ! torn p>ts h to be labori\sly m5d$4 ,my ?anks are due to ,mr4 ,william ,f4 ,lawton1 ! libr>ian ( ! ,hull ,public ,libr>ies1 :o has mo/ c\rte\sly giv5 me ! p>ticul>s ,i ask$ him =2 & he tells me fur!r t 8 books are all half-b\nd1 mo/ly 9 sealsk9--a v valuable lea!r2 also t he is gett+ a f> bett] b9d+ bo? z reg>ds ! quality ( ! mat]ials us$ & ! highe/ av]age he m5tions1 #as4 #h-a_/b;d4 p] volume = a satisfactory b9d+ mu/ be some?+ ( a revelation to mo/ libr>ians1 ^: av]age1 ev5 if !y employ ! *eape/ b9d] 9 _! neighb\rhood1 mu/ be v mu* high] ?an ?is1 & 9 all likelihood ! "w & mat]ials n 9 any way ne> ! same /&>d ( excell5ce4 ,!re is ano!r po9t ab\t an old libr>y :i* is ( mu* importance1 & = :i* ! s]vices ( a regul> work+ b9d] are invaluable4 ,?is is ! p]iodical clean+ & poli%+ ( books4 ,x is no use to try to clean old books ) wat]2 x w d m h>m ?an good4 ,b until "s compet5t *emi/ *ooses to sugge/ a prop] dress+1 x w be f\nd t a good furniture poli% is excell5t = ! purpose4 ,among ! sev]al skill$ memb]s employ$ 9 my libr>y1 "o ( ! be/ is always clean+ & poli%+ old books2 9 fact1 old lea!r really requires "s sort ( fe$+ to keep x 9 s\nd condition1 & ! /ate ( p]fect repair 9 :i* numb]s ( #ae? c5tury books & books ( ab\t t date /ill are is a rem>kable te/imony to ! excell5ce ( old sy/ems ( prep>+ lea!r & its p]man5ce if c>efully kept4 ,calf1 vellum1 & goat-sk9 all la/ spl5didly1 b all d bett] if kept 9 ! d>k & "u glass2 & x mu/ nev] be =gott5 t damp is "o ( ! wor/ enemies ( bo? pap] & lea!r4 ,bookcases %\ld nev] t\* an out] wall1 b a v5tilation space %\ld always be left betwe5 ! wall & ! back ( ! bookcase4 ,?is %\ld ev5 be done :5 ! bookcase abuts on an inn] wall4 ,book%elves %\ld nev] be clean$ or wa%$ ) wat]--only use furniture poli%2 & vellum books %\ld be kept ) _! backs inw>ds1 ! title1 if necess>y1 be+ writt5 on ! =e-edge4 ,old vellum books 7 usually kept s 9 old5 times1 z light makes vellum brittle l egg-%ell4 ,books %\ld be close en\gh on a %elf to support ea* o!r2 !y %\ld n be all[$ to flop ab\t2 if !y are !re w be a t5d5cy to fall away f ! upp] b&s1 especially 9 ! case ( l>ge books4 ,a simple angle iron1 ! l[] w+ be+ ins]t$ "u ! la/ few books on a %elf n full1 w enable ! books to be kept always at ! prop] lat]al pressure4 ,big books1 su* z newspap]s1 %\ld h a /rong h&le loop ( lea!r b\nd 91 com+ out ab\t ! middle ( ! back4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,specification = ! ,fitt+s ( a ,small ,b9d]y4 ,,by ,f4 ,j4 ,,williamson4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,! foll[+ practical h9ts may be f\nd useful :5 repairs are requir$ to books 9 libr>ies4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 necess>y t ! libr>ian or 8 assi/ants %\ld ga9 "s te*nical k ( bookb9d+1 z ?is w enable !m to execute small repairs1 :i*1 if promptly done1 w probably prev5t ! exp5se ( reb9d+4 ,! repair+ room or small b9d]y %\ld be n less ?an #ab feet squ>e1 & %\ld h a good natural light4 ,! plant requir$ w be z foll[s3-- ,approximate ,co/4 ------------ s4 d4 ,"o cutt+ press1 pl\gh1 p9 & two knives #a #ab #j ,"o close tub & cov] #a #ae #j ,"o /abb+ ma*9e #a #h #j ,"o sew+ press & keys #j #aj #j ,"o pair ( millbo>d %e>s #j #ah #f ,"o pair ( %e>s #j #b #f ,"o p>+ knife #j #j #g ,"o cutt+-out knife #j #j #g ,"o back+ hamm] #j #b #f ,"o knock+-d[n iron #j #c #f ,two bone fold]s 7?9 & ?ick7 #j #j #aj ,"o pa/e tub #j #c #j ,"o glue pot #j #c #j ,two pa/e bru%es 7small & l>ge7 #j #e #j ,two glue bru%es 7small & l>ge7 #j #e #j ,two pairs ( back+ bo>ds 7octavo & folio7 #j #b #j ,a,two pairs ( press+ bo>ds 7qu>to & folio7 #j #g #j ,"o iron nipp+ press1 #ah by #ab #e #e #j or ,"o wood5 nipp+ press1 #ah by #ab #a #ae #j ,"o rag/one #j #j #e ,"o s&/one #j #j #c ,"o /eel /raight-edge #j #b #j ,"o squ>e #j #b #j ,"o wood5 tr9dle #j #j #f ,a ,a few /\t millbo>ds ( ! same size z ! wood5 press+ bo>ds w be requir$ = plac+ betwe5 ! books :5 m ?an "o book is press$ at a "t1 ! wood5 press+ bo>ds be+ us$ = ! top & bottom books4 ,^! c be made by pa/+ toge!r two t5p5ny millbo>ds2 l9e ea* side ) /\t smoo? pap]1 trim ! edges ( ! bo>ds1 s t !y are squ>e4 ,to repair torn leaves4--,pa/e ! edges ( ! p>ts torn v neatly1 us+ a little pa/e1 place a piece ( tissue pap] "u ! torn "p1 c>efully jo9 ! p>ts1 & place ano!r piece ( tissue pap] ov] ! jo9t2 !n place a piece ( pap] ea* side ( ! leaf1 & put a weight ^u x until ! "p is dry1 !n take away ! loose tissue pap]4 ,to ins]t a loose leaf4--,flatt5 ! back edge ( ! leaf1 !n place a /rip ( pap] ab\t #a_/h in* f ! edge1 & pa/e t "p v neatly1 ins]t x 9 ! book1 plac+ x z close to ! back z possible1 close ! book1 & place a weight ^u x = ab\t ?ree h\rs4 ,to replace books 9 _! cov]s4--,if ! cov] ( a book is s\nd1 ! book c be ins]t$ aga9 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,if x is necess>y1 re-sew ! book on tapes1 put new end pap]s made ) a /rip ( wide l95 9 ! fold1 sew ^! on ! book & trim !m1 pa/e ! tapes on ! end pap]s1 knock up ! edges ( ! book z ev5ly z possible 7z !y w n be cut7 & glue ! back1 us+ ! glue sp>+ly1 & place a ?9 piece ( l95 r\nd ! back ext5d+ ab\t #a in* on ea* end pap]2 put ! book "u a weight until ! glue is almo/ dry1 !n r\nd x & aft]w>ds back x slightly2 place ! book aga9 "u a weight until ! glue is q dry1 glue ! back aga91 & place ! book squ>ely 9 ! old cov]2 place a piece ( pap] r\nd ! back ( ! cov]1 & rub x d[n ) ! bone fold] until ! back ( ! cov] /icks well to ! book4 ,aft] ab\t ?ree h\rs ! glue w be dry1 & ! book c !n be pa/$ d[n2 op5 ! cov]s & pa/e ! end pap] fac+ ! bo>d1 us+ ! bru% f ! c5tre to ! edges2 close ! cov]s & put ! book 9 ! nipp+ press--! press+ bo>ds %\ld be plac$ c>efully aga9/ ! grooves & n ^u !m2 leave ! book 9 ! press = ab\t twelve h\rs4 ,:5 a book does n require re-sew+1 new end pap]s %\ld be made z /at$ & sewn on ! book if x has be5 sewn on tapes2 if ! book has n be5 sewn on tapes1 ! end pap]s %\ld be edg$ on 9 ! same mann] z ! loose leaf1 & 9 ^! in/ances ! l95 %\ld be plac$ 9 ! fold ( ! end pap]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,old books :i* h be5 b\nd 9 lea!r g5]ally require repairs to ! corn]s & ! back1 ^! be+ ! p>ts :i* fir/ %[ signs ( decay4 ,c>efully cut away ! ragg$ edges ( ! old lea!r along ! jo9ts at ! back & also ! corn]s2 /rip ! lea!r (f ! back & soak x (f if necess>y1 s t ! back is q clean2 also take away ! old lea!r f ! corn]s1 lift up ! edges ( ! lea!r along ! jo9ts & also at ! corn]s ab\t #a in*1 turn ! lea!r back1 & place a ?9 piece ( wood5 tr9dle "u ! fold1 & p>e ! edges ( ! lea!r neatly2 if ! millbo>d at ! corn]s is brok51 op5 ! edges & rub 9 "s glue1 press ! edges toge!r1 &1 :5 ne>ly dry1 hamm] !m flat on ! knock+-d[n iron1 obta9 "s lea!r to mat* ! old b9d+1 put a new back1 also corn]s :]e necess>y1 on ! book1 p>+ ! edges ( ! lea!r neatly2 aft] ^! are q dry1 ! edges ( ! old lea!r %\ld be pa/$ d[n to ov]lap ! new lea!r2 wa% any sme>s ( pa/e away1 & press ! book lightly 9 ! nipp+ press2 new end pap]s %\ld be edg$ 9 z 9 ! case ( ! loose leaf3 trim !m to ! size ( ! book & !n pa/e !m d[n1 b ) ! bo>ds op5 until !y are q dry2 place ei!r a t9 or a glaz$ c>dbo>d inside ! cov]s1 & keep ! book press$ 9 ! nipp+ press = ab\t six h\rs4 ,,index4 ,acetic ,acid4 ,see ,acids1 organic4 ,acids1 m9]al1 #bj1 #ba ---- ---- ,see also ,sulphuric acid4 ---- organic2 sulphuric acid sub/itut$ =1 #h1 #i ----1 ---- ,use (1 advocat$1 #ba ,anil9e dyes4 ,see ,lea!r1 dye+4 ,a!num ,club ,committee on lea!r decay1 #aa ,b9d]ies1 private2 fitt+ & adm9i/ration1 #da-ed ,b9d+ contracts1 #ac1 #bd1 #be ,b9d+ specifications1 model1 #be ,bookb9d+1 education 91 want ( provision =1 #dc ,bookb9d+ 9 ,public ,libr>ies4 ,see ,b9d]ies1 private4 ,bookb9d+ lea!rs4 ,see ,lea!r2 & "u names ( sk9s1 e4g41 ,goatsk91 c4 ,book clean+ & poli%+4 ,see ,lea!r pres]vative compositions4 ,books2 replac+ )9 cov]s1 #dc1 #eb1 #ec ,book-sew+2 /abb+ process = pamphlets1 #db1 #dc ---- ---- ,mod]n me?ods1 #dc1 #dd ,calv]t1 ,c41 on decay ( lea!r1 #aa ,cate*ol tann9s condemn$4 ,see ,tann9s4 ,calfsk91 #bf1 #cf ,cock]ell1 ,d43 ,note on ,bookb9d+1 #be ,damp1 influ5ce ^u lea!r1 #bg1 #dh ,dav5port1 ,c43 ,repair+ & ,b9d+ ( ,books = ,public ,libr>ies4 ,*ap4 ,,iv41 #da-dh ,decay ( lea!r4 ,see ,lea!r1 decay4 ,dye+ lea!r4 ,see ,lea!r1 dye+4 ,=mic acid4 ,see ,acids1 organic4 ,gas fumes2 influ5ce ^u lea!r1 #aa1 #ab ,goatsk91 #bf1 #cd-cf ,gra9+1 artificial1 ( lea!r4 ,see ,lea!r1 artificial gra9+4 ,heat2 action ^u lea!r1 #aa1 #ab1 #bg ,hogsk94 ,see ,pigsk94 ,hull ,public ,libr>y2 ,reports on private b9d]y1 #de-dg ,hulme1 ,e4 ,w43 ,hi/ory ( ,suma* ,tann+1 c4 ,*ap4 ,i41 #g-ad ,jones1 ,a4 ,s43 ,prov5ance1 c41 ( ,bookb9d+ ,lea!rs4 ,*ap4 ,,iii41 #ca-ch ,lactic acid4 ,see ,acids1 organic4 ,lawton1 ,w4 ,f4 ,see ,hull ,public ,libr>y4 ,lea!r1 artificial gra9+ (1 #aj1 #bb1 #ca ---- b9d+s2 conditions = pres]v+1 #bg ----1 decay (2 hi/ory1 #aj-ab ----1 ---- symptoms1 #ac1 #ad ----1 ---- reasons1 #ah-bd ---- dye+2 old & new sy/ems comp>$1 #i1 #bj1 #ba ---- e>ly manufacture1 #ag ---- f9i%es1 #bd ---- pres]vative compositions1 #bg1 #dg1 #dh ,lea!rs1 retann$2 process describ$ & condemn$1 #bb-bd ----1 ---- conditionally recomm5d$1 #cd1 #ce ---- split1 #bb1 #bf1 #cc ,lea!rsell]s' ,company2 sup]vision ( suma* tann+ 9 #aefe1 #g ---- ---- ,grant to ,society ( ,arts' ,committee1 #ab ,light1 influ5ce ^u lea!r1 #bg1 #dh ,lopez1 ,r41 orig9al ( ,%ylock1 #g1 #h ,mc,bride1 ,dr41 introduces use ( sulphuric acid 9 #agfh1 #h1 #i ,morocco gra91 #ce ---- ---- artificial4 ,see ,lea!r1 artificial gra9+ (4 ,moroccos4 ,see ,goatsk92 ,nig] sk92 ,lea!rs1 retann$4 ,myrobalans1 duty on1 9 #affj1 #h ,nig] sk91 #cd ,oxalic acid1 use (1 by b9d]s1 #ad1 #bd ,pap]1 clay-load$1 m\nt+1 #da1 #db ,p>k]1 ,j4 ,g43 ,causes ( ,lea!r ,decay4 ,*ap4 ,,ii41 #ag-bg ----1 ---- appo9t$ ,analy/ to ! ,l4,a41 #ab1 #ac ,p]sians4 ,see ,lea!rs1 retann$4 ,pigsk91 *>act]i/ics1 c41 #bf1 #cg1 #ch ---- decay1 #ad ,pyrogallol tann9s4 ,see ,tann9s4 ,russia lea!r1 #bf ,sealsk91 #bf1 #cg ,%eepsk91 #bf1 #ca-cc ,%ylock1 orig9al (1 #h ,skiv]s4 ,see ,lea!rs1 split4 ,society ( ,arts' ,committee on ,lea!rs1 appo9tm5t1 #ab ---- ---- ---- ,recomm5dations1 passim4 ,s\nd ,lea!r ,committee2 appo9tm5t1 #ab ,spani% lea!r1 suma*-tann$1 #g ,/ation]y ,(fice4 ,see ,b9d+ contracts4 ,sulphuric acid1 fir/ us$ 9 #agfh1 #h1 #i ---- ---- ,see also ,acids1 m9]al4 ,suma* tann+1 hi/ory1 #g1 #h ,tann9s2 pyrogallols di/+ui%$ f cate*ols1 #ai1 #bj ,vellum1 #bf1 #dh ,williamson1 ,f4 ,j43 ,specification = ! ,fitt+s ( a ,small ,b9d]y4 ,*ap4 ,v41 #ea-ed ,woodw>d1 ,c4 ,t43 ,exp]im5ts on action ( gas fumes & heat1 #aa ,,adv]tisem5ts4 ,,index ,,to ,,adv]tisem5ts4 ,bookb9d]s3 ,bant+1 ,george ,f41 x ,birdsall ,son1 xi ,bookb9d]s' ,co-op]ative ,society1 ,ltd41 xii ,*appell1 ,r4 ,d41 ,co41 xii ,eyre ,spottiswoode1 xiii ,gray1 ,john ,p41 ,son1 xiv ,mudie ,co41 x ,riley1 ,b41 ,co41 ,ltd41 ix ,smi?1 ,w4 ,h41 ,son1 xii ,lea!r ,analysis1 ii ,lea!r ,import]s3 ,gray1 ,john ,p41 ,son1 xiv ,lea!r ,manufactur]s3 ,bev+tons ,sons1 iii ,de$1 ,john ,s41 ,sons1 ,ltd41 v ,g>n>1 ,james1 ,sons1 vii ,gibbs1 ,geo41 ,son1 vii ,gryffe ,tann]y ,co41 ix ,m]$i?-,jones1 ,j41 ,sons1 ,ltd41 vi ,muir1 ,john1 ,son1 iv ,ri*>dson1 ,edw>d ,james1 v ,lea!r 7,bookb9d+7 ,m]*ants3 ,eyre ,spottiswoode1 xiii ,lea!r ,trades ,review1 viii ,sumac ,import]s3 ,tig] ,sumac ,co41 x ,:5 correspond+ ) ,adv]tis]s1 please m5tion ,,lea!r ,,= ,,libr>ies4 ,lea!r ,analysis4 ,"u an arrangem5t ent]$ into betwe5 ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,libr>y ,association & ,dr4 ,j4 ,gordon ,p>k]1 _! ,(ficial ,exam9] ( ,lea!r1 ! foll[+ ,scale ( ,fees has be5 agre$ ^u3-- ,special ,fee ,usual ,fee4 to ,memb]s4 -------- ----------- s4 d4 s4 d4 ,te/ = ,pres5ce ( ,injuri\s ,acids #j #aj #f #j #e #j ,quantitative ,e/imation ( ,acids #a #a #j #j #g #f ,nature ( ,tannage1 if ,pure ,suma* #j #aj #f #j #e #j ,full ,microscopic ,exam9ation #a #a #j #j #e #j ,full ,exam9ation & ,report on ,sample ( ,lea!r #b #b #j #a #j #j ,samples ( ,lea!r1 n less ?an six squ>e in*es1 may n[ be s5t to ,dr4 ,j4 ,,gordon ,,p>k]1 ,h]old's ,in/itute1 ,drummond ,road1 ,b]mondsey4 ,correspond5ce on above may be address$ to ! ,hon4 ,sec41 ,s\nd ,lea!r ,committee ( ! ,libr>y ,association1 ,:itcomb ,h\se1 ,:itcomb ,/reet1 ,w4,c4 ,,bev+tons ,,sons1 ,,neck+] ,,mills1 ,b]mondsey1 ,london1 ,s4,e4 ,manufactur]s (-- ,illu/ration ,seal ,lea!r = ,books1 ,calf lea!r = ,books1 ,goat lea!r = ,books1 ---- & ---- ,%eep ,lea!r = ,books4 ,gu>ante$ ,suma*-,tann$ & free f ,m9]al ,acids4 -- ,,e ,,sk9 ,,/amp$4 -- ,see ,samples ( our ,goat1 ,seal1 & ,calf 7#a-d7 on ,end ,cov]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pigsk9 ,,= ,,book ,,b9d+4 ,,muir',s ,illu/ration3 ,,pigsk9 ,,bei?4,n4,b4 ,we fir/ introduc$ ?is mat]ial to ! notice ( ,bookb9d]s "s #be ye>s ago4 ,s9ce !n x has /eadily increas$ 9 popul>ity1 z its durability & utility h be5 demon/rat$ by ?is te/ ( a qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,,:]ev] ,,h>d ,,we> ,,is ,,want$ ,,pigsk9 ,,is ,,! ,,"r ,,?+ ,,9 ,,! ,,"r ,,place4 ,x is n a fibr\s sub/ance z o!r lea!r is1 b naturally ( a compact1 gri/ly "*4 ,:5 skilfully tann$ & treat$ = ! purpose1 x unque/ionably is ! be/ ( bookb9d+ lea!r4 ,see ,sample ( our ,pigsk9 on ,end ,cov]4 ,available 9 all col\rs & sub/ances4 ,please write = full p>ticul>s4 ,,john ,,muir ,,son1 ,,tann]s ,,& ,,curri]s1 ,,bei?1 ,,scotl&4 7,e/abli%$ a ,c5tury ago47 ,(fices3 #c1 ,,arundel ,,/reet1 ,,/r&1 ,,london1 ,w4,c4 ,telephone3 #dffi ,,g]r>d4 ,pigsk9 ,tyre ,factory = ,vehicles & ,motors3 #ahc1 ,,b[ ,,road1 ,,london1 ,e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,john ,s4 ,,de$ ,,sons1 ,ltd4 ,manufactur]s ( ,be/ ,quality ,suma*-,tann$ ,,moroccos ,,& ,,calf ,& o!r ,classes ( ,bookb9d+ ,lea!rs4 ,factories ,eagle ,lea!r ,works1 ,mit*am & ,c>%alton1 ,surrey4 ,middlesex - - ,ar?ur ,/reet1 ,london1 ,w4,c4 ,all ,communications to be address$ to ,c5tral ,works & ,(fices #ia1 ,,new ,,ox=d ,,/41 ,,london1 ,w4,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,f9e ,,lea!rs ,,= ,,bookb9d+4 ,illu/ration ,speciality 444 ,,seals4 ,,cape ,,goats4 ,,col\r$ ,,calf4 ,illu/ration ,mak]s also ( ,be/ ,flexible ,sk9 ,glue & 44 ,roll] ,compo4 44 ,,edw>d ,,james ,,ri*>dson ,,elswick ,,lea!r ,,works1 ,,newca/le-,,on-,,tyne4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,,m]$i?-,,jones ,,sons1 ,ltd41 ,,cambrian ,,lea!r ,,works1 ,,wrexham4 ,,manufactur]s ,,( ,bookb9d]s' ,lea!rs4 ,gu>ante$ to be dress$ on ! l9es recomm5d$ by ! ,society ( ,arts ,report1 & free f ,m9]al ,acids4 ,,speciality3 ,,wel% ,,%eep4 ,see ,sample ( our ,%eepsk9 on ,end ,cov]4 ,patt]ns & ,prices on application4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,an ,,effective ,,b9d+6 ,,skiv]s4 ,suma*-,tann$ ,split ,%eep & ,lamb ,sk9s4 ,,specially ,,adapt$ ,,= ,,pocket ,,editions ,,& ,,small ,,volumes4 ,,only ,,engli% ,,& ,,scot* ,,sk9s ,,us$4 ,,james ,,g>n> ,,sons1 ,! ,grange1 ,,b]mondsey1 ,,london1 ,s4,e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,geo4 ,,gibbs ,,son1 #bi1 ,,/4 ,,bride ,,/reet1 ,,london4 ,,factories3-- ,,mit*am ,,common1 ,,surrey1 ,,& ,,long ,,lane1 ,,b]mondsey4 ,,manufactur]s ,,( ,,e ,,description ,,( ,,col\r$ ,,hides1 ,,calf1 ,,morocco1 ,,roan1 ,,pigsk91 & ,,skiv] ,,lea!rs4 ,,also ,,:ite ,,& ,,col\r$ ,,vellums1 ,,=els ,,& ,,p>*m5ts ,,= ,,bookb9d]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,j\rnal ,,9 ,,e ,,s5se ,,( ,,! ,,t]m4 ,,! ,,*ampion ,,& ,,support] ,,( ,,! ,,true ,,int]e/s ,,( ,,! ,,lea!r ,,trade4 ,,! ,,lea!r ,,trades' ,,review4 ,,! ,,organ ,,( ,,! ,,hide1 ,,tann+1 ,,lea!r ,,& ,,k9dr$ ,,trades4 ,a ,,practical ,,& ,,?or\ghly ,,up-,,to-,,date ,,pap]1 ,,& ,,indisp5s>le ,,to ,,all ,,lea!r ,,m51 ,,bo? ,,employ]s ,,& ,,employ,s4 ,,e ,,issue ,,well ,,wor? ,a ,,:ole ,,ye>',s ,,subscription4 ,,unequall$ ,,z ,,an ,,adv]tis+ ,,m$ium4 ,,_w-,,wide ,,circulation4 ,,te*nical ,,& ,,sci5tific ,,articles ,,by ,,! ,,lead+ ,,exp]ts ,,9 ,,all ,,! ,,bran*es ,,( ,,! ,,lea!r ,,indu/ry4 ,,late/ ,,& ,,mo/ ,,reliable ,,news4 ,,annual ,,subscription3 ,,t5 ,,%ill+s 7#eb ,,weekly ,,numb]s ,,po/ ,,free74 ,,(fice3 #bd1 ,,m>k ,,lane1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pig ,,sk9s ,,9 ,,! ,,cru/ ,,= ,,bookb9d+ ,,lea!r ,,manufactur]s ,w>rant$ ,free ( ,m9]al ,acid4 ,,gryffe ,,tann]y ,,company1 ,,bridge ,,( ,,weir1 ,ne> ,,glasg[1 ,,scotl&4 ,telegrams3 ,,gryffe1 ,bridge ( ,weir4 ,national ,telephone3 ,no4 #h1 ,bridge ( ,weir4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b4 ,,riley ,co41 ,ltd41 ,,libr>y ,,bookb9d]s & ,,speciali/s4 ,be/ ,"w1 ,be/ ,mat]ials1 & ,promptness1 ) ,l[e/ ,prices4 ,,pigsk9s ,,& ,,moroccos ,gu>ante$ free f ,injuri\s ,acid4 ,,pat5t ,,sew+ ,,& ,,flexibility4 ,catalogues1 ,price ,li/s1 & ,quotations by return po/4 ,,note ,,address3-- ,works3 ,,we/gate1 ,,hudd]sfield4 ,london ,(fice3 #cgf1 ,,/r&1 ,w4,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,messrs4 ,,mudie ,co4 ,und]take all ,classes ( ,b9d+ = ei!r ,,public or ,,private ,,libr>ies4444 ,,! ,,be/ ,,"w & ,,be/ ,,mat]ials only4 ,no ,imitation ,lea!rs us$4444 ,,*>ges ,,= ,,l>ge ,,or ,,small ,,quantities ,,on ,,application4 ,address ,,manag]1 ,,bookb9d+ ,,dep>tm5t1 ,,mudie',s ,,libr>y1 ,,new ,,ox=d ,,/reet1 ,,london4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,important ,,to ,,libr>ians4 ,,george ,f4 ,,bant+1 ,danem]e ,works1 ,danem]e ,/reet1 ,putney 7,hi!rto trad+ z ,j4 ,,bant+ ,,son1 ,,*elsea71 ,speciali/ 9 ,public ,libr>y ,bookb9d+4 ,! only b9d] 9 ,london :o has made a speciality ( ,public ,libr>y ,bookb9d+4 ,te/imonials f ,cu/om]s = ,cont9u\s ,"w = #ah ye>s4 ,,books ,,b\nd ,,9 ,,s\nd ,,lea!r ,,z ,,p] ,,society ,,( ,,arts ,,recomm5dation4 ,a ,trial ,ord] w prove t ,books ,b\nd by me are ,b\nd once = ,all4 99 99 99 99 99 ,telegrams & ,cables3 ,,clean+1 ,,eccles4 ,code3 ,a4,b4,c41 #e? ,ed4 ,/ores3 ,,london4 ,,liv]pool4 ,,! ,,tig] ,,sumac ,,company4 ,,tig] ,,regi/]$ ,,br&4 ,,?omas ,,atk91 ,proprietor4 ,,eccles1 ,,engl&4 ,purity & #bf p] c5t4 m9imum ,tann9 gu>ante$ by ,i4,a4,l4,t4,c4 ,analysis4 ,analy/1 ,dr4 ,,&rew ,,turnbull1 #c1 ,"l ,/reet1 ,liv]pool1 ^: det]m9ation 9 e case mu/ be f9al4 ,av]age ,te/ ( all our ,%ipm5ts f ,septemb] #a1 #aijd1 to ,july #ca1 #aije1 #big1 or #ad p] c5t4 beyond our gu>antee4 ,free copy ( ,analysis giv5 ) ord]s = #aj ,tons & upw>ds4 ,%ipm5ts made c4i4f4 f ,pal]mo to any port 9 ! _w4 ,,/ocks ,,kept ,,9 ,,liv]pool ,,& ,,london ,,= ,,! ,,home ,,trade4 ,a ,,special ,,sumac ,,= ,,! ,,f9e/ ,,lea!rs4 ,ag5ts--,messrs4 ,,poppleton1 ,,gibbs ,co41 #d-e1 ,lea!r ,m>ket1 ,london1 ,s4,e4 ,sole ,ag5ts = ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal&--,messrs4 ,,james ,,h>die ,co41 ,melb\rne4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,birdsall ,,son ,,nor?ampton1 ,high-,class1 ,g5]al1 & ,miscellane\s ,,bookb9d]s4 ,,an ,,old-,,e/abli%$ ,,bus9ess ) a l5g!n$ reputation1 & 9 ! h&s ( ! proprietors' family = ! pa/ #aac ye>s4 ,! build+s n[ cov] #bj1jjj squ>e feet ( gr\nd4 ,,! ,,?or\ghness ( ! old h&icraftsman1 ) ! skill ( mod]n exp]t workman%ip4 ,,s\nd ,,& ,,durable ,,engli% ,,lea!r free f de/ructive acids4 ,,reliures ,,de ,,luxe & ,,art ,,b9d+s ( ! highe/ quality1 ei!r to orig9al designs1 or z reproductions ( e>ly /yles4 ,,private ,,& ,,public ,,libr>y ,,b9d+s ( e description4 ,pat5tees ( ,bibli(ortis ,b9d+s = books subject to exceptional we>4 ,,special ,,b9d+s 9 g5]al con=mity ) ! specifications ( ! ,society ( ,arts4 ,,repair+1 ,,rem\nt+1 & ,,re/or+ ( ,old ,b9d+s4 ,wa%+ & ,repair+ ( ,old ,books4 ,imp]fect ,leaves made up 9 facsimile1 c41 c4 ,,two ,,firepro( ,,/rong ,,rooms = ! bett] security ( valuable books4 ,,! ,,p]sonal ,,att5tion ( ! f\r ,messrs4 ,birdsall is giv5 to ! intricate & (t5 difficult detail ( ?is bus9ess4 ,_! ef=ts are second$ by a l>ge & exp]t manag+ /aff1 s t an exceptional am\nt ( exp]i5c$ sup]vision is available1 & a high /&>d ( effici5cy is !reby ma9ta9$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,messrs4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,smi? ,,son ,,execute ,,ord]s ,,= ,,all ,,/yles ,,( ,,bookb9d+ ,,9 ,,_! ,,own ,,work%ops ,,"u ,,! ,,direction ,,( ,,d\glas ,,cock]ell ,,!y ,,are ,,mak+ ,a ,,speciality ,,( ,,c>ry+ ,,out ,,exactly ,,! ,,recomm5dations ,,( ,,! ,,committee ,,( ,,! ,,society ,,( ,,arts ,,on ,,lea!r ,,= ,,bookb9d+ ,,books ,,= ,,b9d+ ,,may ,,be ,,h&$ ,,9 ,,at ,,any ,,( ,w4 ,h4 ,,smi? ,,son',s ,,book/alls ,,or ,,bran*es ,,or ,,s5t ,,direct ,,to ,,_! ,,b9d+ ,,dep>tm5t ,,pamphlet ,,price ,,li/ ,,s5t ,,on ,,application ,,goldsmi? ,,/4 ,,drury ,,lane ,,london1 ,w4,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,bookb9d]s' ,co-op]ative ,society1 ,ltd41 7,) ,co-p>tn]%ip ( ! ,work]s47 #ag1 ,,bury ,,/reet4 ,,bloomsbury1 ,w4,c4 ,e/abli%$ #ahhe4 ,! above ,society is not$ = s\nd1 reliable "w1 & b9ds = _m public in/itutions1 & also has an ext5sive private connection4 ,special ,t]ms quot$ = ,s*ool & ,college ,libr>ies4 ,,nig] ,,morocco ,,b9d+s ,a ,,speciality4 ,books ,b\nd 9 accordance ) ,society ( ,arts recomm5dations4 ,all "w entru/$ to u is "u ! sup]vision ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,,watson1 ,manag]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,our ,,flexo ,,bookb9d+ ensures ,,/r5g?1 ,,durability1 & ,,flexibility3 ,?ree important requisites4 ,,portfolios ( e description made at ! %orte/ notice4 ,,mss4 c>efully ,b\nd4 ,,old ,,& ,,r>e ,,books ,re/or$1 ,wa%$1 & ,clean$ )\t use ( ,acids4 ,r4 ,d4 ,,*appell ,co41 ,g5]al ,libr>y ,bookb9d]s1 #be1 ,,/4 ,,john',s ,,squ>e1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,eyre ,spottiswoode's ,,pure ,,suma* ,,tann$ ,,lea!r4 ,suppli$ 9 a v>iety ( col\rs4 ,n only free f acid1 b /r5g!n$ & enri*$ by a process :i* fully satisfies ! conditions prescrib$ by ! ,committee ( ! ,society ( ,arts4 ,analys$ by ,gordon ,p>k]1 & c]tifi$ to be pure ,suma* tann$ & free f acid4 ,facsimile ( ,illu/ration ,/amp$ on e sk9 ,gu>antee suppli$4 ,b9d+3 und]tak5 9 ?is ,special ,lea!r 7z us$ = ! ,briti% ,museum7 at a nom9al increase on ! rates *>g$ = ord9>y lea!r4 ,,eyre ,,spottiswoode1 ,ea/ ,h>d+ ,/reet1 ,e4,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration ,e/abli%$ #ahdg4 ,e/abli%$ #ahdg4 ,special ,appo9tm5t4 ,illu/ration ,be/ ,appo9t$ ,b9d]y 9 ,ea/ ,anglia ,,special ,,att5tion ,,to ,,libr>y ,,books ,john ,p4 ,gray ,son1 ,arti/ic ,g5]al ,,bookb9d]s1 ,nat4 ,tel43 #jbfb4 #aj1 ,gre5 ,/reet1 ,cambridge4 ,,nig] ,,morocco1 ,be+ import]s ( ?is excell5t ,lea!r1 direct f ,kano1 ,nor!rn ,nig]ia1 we are 9 a position to supply ! trade & public 9 g5]al ) good sk9s at reasonable prices4 ,,e>ly ,,p>i% ,,regi/]s ,,skilfully ,,re/or$1 ,c4 ,illu/ration ,john ,p4 ,gray ,son's reputation is a gu>antee = ! be/ ,workman%ip & ,mat]ials at ,mod]ate ,prices4 ,illu/ration3 7#d47 ,,calf4 ,illu/ration3 7#e47 ,,%eep 7,,roll] ,,basil74 ,illu/ration3 7#f47 ,,pig4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,9 ! text v]sion1 text 9 italics & und]l9$ text has be5 transcrib$ us+ ! und]l9e symbol4 ,text 9 bold has be5 transcrib$ ) equals symbols4 ,!re is "s inconsi/5t hyph5ation4 ,?is has be5 left z pr9t$4 p4#aj4 s9ce ab\t #ahfj skeepsk9 *ang$ to %eepsk94 p4#dc4 books sewn ) sawn-9 b&s *ang$ to sewn-94 ,index4 ,sulphuric acid #h1f ,!re is no m>k$ p4#f4 ,x is mo/ likely t ! ref]5ce is to p4#i & ?is has be5 correct$4