,! ,=eign ,biblical ,libr>y4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,w4 ,,rob]tson ,,nicoll1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 #ab ,volumes4 ,l>ge cr[n #hvo4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,i4 ,/ill ,h\rs4 ,by ,,ri*>d ,,ro!4 ,translat$ by ,,jane ,t4 ,,/odd>t4 ,) an ,introductory ,essay by ! ,rev4 ,,john ,,macph]son1 ,m4,a4 ,,ii4 ,biblical ,comm5t>y on ! ,book ( ,psalms4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,franz ,,delitzs*1 ( ,leipzig4 ,f ! late/ edition specially revis$ by ! ,au?or4 ,translat$ by ! ,rev4 ,,david ,,eaton1 ,m4,a4 ,9 ?ree ,volumes4 ,,iii4 ,a ,manual ( ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,by ,,b]nh>d ,,weiss4 ,translat$ by ,miss ,,davidson4 ,9 #b ,vols4 ,,iv4 ,*ur* ,hi/ory4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,kurtz4 ,au?oriz$ ,translation1 f ! late/ ,revis$ ,edition1 by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,,macph]son1 ,m4,a4 ,9 #c ,vols4 ,v4 ,select$ ,s]mons ( ,s*lei]ma*]4 ,translat$ by ,,m>y ,f4 ,,wilson4 ,,vi4 ,a ,comm5t>y on ! ,book ( ,isaiah4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,franz ,,delitzs*4 ,translat$ by ! ,rev4 ,,james ,,d5ney1 ,b4,d4 ,9 #b ,vols4 ,,london3 ,,hodd] ,,& ,,/\ghton1 #bg1 ,,pat]no/] ,,r[4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,punctuation has be5 /&>diz$4 ,! ,table ( ,cont5ts has be5 updat$ to agree ) ! head+s & subhead+s ( ! text4 ,! symbol next to a date 0 n def9$ 9 ! text4 ,x appe>s to mean approximate ye> ( dea?4 ,*>act]s 9 small caps h be5 replac$ by all caps4 ,non-pr9table *>act]i/ics h be5 giv5 ! foll[+ translit]ation3 ,italic text3 -- text bold text3 -- text4 ,italics h be5 dropp$ on lead+ alpha *>act]s 7a4 b4 c47 to improv$ readability4 ,?is book 0 writt5 9 a p]iod :5 _m words _h n become /&>diz$ 9 _! spell+4 ,words may h multiple spell+ v>iations or inconsi/5t hyph5ation 9 ! text4 ,^! h be5 left un*ang$ unless indicat$ ) a ,transcrib]'s ,note4 ,_m names appe> ) multiple spell+ v>iations4 ,! mo/ common =m us$ has be5 add$ 9 brackets foll[+ alt]nate =ms to facilitate docum5t se>*+4 ,lat9 words & quotations are regul>ly italiciz$ 9 ! text4 ,italics h be5 add$ to words miss$ by ! pr9t]4 ,footnotes are numb]$ consecutively ?r\gh ! #c volumes & are id5tifi$ 9 ! text ) a numb] 9 brackets #b & h be5 accumulat$ 9 a s+le section at ! end ( ! text4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes are us$ :5 mak+ corrections to ! text or to provide additional in=mation = ! mod]n read]4 ,^! notes are n id5tifi$ 9 ! text1 b h be5 accumulat$ 9 a s+le section at ! end ( ! book4 ,,*ur* ,,hi/ory4 ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,kurtz4 ,,au?oriz$ ,,translation ,,f ,,late/ ,,revis$ ,,edition ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,,john ,,macph]son1 ,m4,a4 ,,9 ,,?ree ,,volumes4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,second ,,edition4 ,london3 ,,hodd] ,,& ,,/\ghton1 #bg1 ,,pat]no/] ,,r[4 ,,mdcccxci4 ,,butl] ,,tann]1 ,,! ,,selwood ,,pr9t+ ,,works1 ,,frome1 ,,& ,,london4 ,,preface4 ,! ,engli% read] is "h pres5t$ ) a translation ( ! n9? edition ( a "w :i* fir/ appe>$ 9 #ahdi1 & has obta9$ a mo/ di/+ui%$ place1 x might be said almo/ a monopoly1 z a text-book ( ,*ur* ,hi/ory 9 ! ,g]man ,univ]sities4 ,s9ce #ahej1 :5 ! second edition 0 issu$1 an ,engli% translation ( :i* has be5 widely us$ 9 ,brita9 & ,am]ica1 ,dr4 ,kurtz has giv5 great att5tion to ! improvem5t ( 8 book4 ,! increase ( size has n be5 caus$ by wordy amplification1 b by an urg5t necessity felt by ! au?or z he us$ ! va/ mat]ials t rec5t ye>s h spread out be=e ! hi/orical /ud5t4 ,9 #ahgj ,dr4 ,kurtz retir$ f 8 pr(essor%ip1 & has consci5ti\sly devot$ himself to br+ up ea* successive edition ( 8 text-book to ! po9t rea*$ by ! v late/ s*ol>%ip ( 8 own & o!r l&s4 ,9 8 ,preface to ! n9? edition ( #ahhe he claims to h made v special improvem5ts on ! pres5tation ( ! hi/ory ( ! fir/ ?ree c5turies1 :]e ample use is made ( ! brilliant rese>*es ( ,h>nack & o!r di/+ui%$ s*ol>s ( ! day4 ,9 ! ex]cise ( t discretion :i* has be5 all[$ him1 ! translator has v5tur$ ^u an innovation1 :i* he tru/s w be g5]ally recognis$ z a v important improvem5t4 ,! ,g]man edition has frequ5tly pages devot$ to ! lit]ature ( ! l>g] divisions1 & a consid]able space is ?us occupi$ at ! beg9n+ ( mo/ ( ! ord9>y sections1 z well z at ! close ( _m ( ! sub- sections4 ,! books nam$ 9 ^! li/s are almo/ exclusively ,g]man works & articles t h appe>$ 9 ,g]man p]iodicals4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t ! reproduction ( su* li/s 9 an ,engli% edition is utt]ly useless to ! ord9>y /ud5t & extremely repulsive to ! read]1 z x s]i\sly int]f]es ) ! cont9uity ( ! text4 ,! translator has !re=e v5tur$ :olly to cancel ^! li/s1 sub/itut+ c>efully select$ /&>d ,engli% works kn[n to himself f :i* detail$ in=mation on ! subjects treat$ ( 9 ! sev]al p>agraphs may be obta9$4 ,^! he has nam$ 9 footnotes at ! places :]e su* ref]5ces seem$ to be necess>y & mo/ likely to be useful4 ,^? /ud5ts :o "k ,g]man s ?or\ghly z to be able to ref] to books & articles by ,g]man speciali/s w f9d no difficulty 9 us+ ! ,g]man edition ( ,kurtz1 9 :i* copi\s li/s ( su* lit]ature are giv54 ,! fir/ ,engli% volume is a reproduction )\t retr5*m5t ( ! orig9al2 b 9 ! second volume an endeav\r has be5 made to r5d] ! text-book m conv5i5t & s]viceable to ,briti% & ,am]ican /ud5ts by slightly abridg+ "s ( ^? p>agraphs :i* give m9ute details ( ! ,re=mation "w 9 v>i\s ,g]man prov9ces4 ,b ev5 !re c>e has be5 tak5 n to omit any fact ( int]e/ or importance4 ,no pa9s h be5 sp>$ to give ! ,engli% edition a =m t may entitle x to occupy t front rank among /ud5ts' text-books ( ,*ur* ,hi/ory :i* ! orig9al und\bt$ly holds 9 ,g]many4 ,,john ,,macph]son4 ,,f9dhorn1 ,july1 #ahhh4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,introduction4 #a4 ,,idea ,,& ,,task ,,( ,,*ur* ,,hi/ory4 #b4 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,*ur* ,,hi/ory ,,accord+ ,,to ,,cont5ts4 7#a7 ,! ,v>i\s ,bran*es ,includ$ 9 a ,complete ,c\rse ( ,*ur* ,hi/ory4 7#b7 ,! ,sep>ate ,bran*es ( ,*ur* ,hi/ory4 #c4 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,*ur* ,,hi/ory ,,accord+ ,,to ,,p]iods4 #d4 ,,s\rces ,,& ,,auxili>ies ,,( ,,*ur* ,,hi/ory4 7#a7 ,lit]ature ( ! ,s\rces4 7#b7 ,lit]ature ( ! ,auxili>y ,sci5ces4 #e4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,g5]al ,,*ur* ,,hi/ory4 7#a7 ,d[n to ! ,re=mation4 7#b7 ,! #af? & #ag? ,c5turies4 7#c7 ,! #ah? ,c5tury4 7#d7 ,! #ai? ,c5tury4 7#e7 ,! #ai? ,c5tury--,cont9u$4 7#f7 ,! #ai? ,c5tury--,cont9u$4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,= ,,*ri/ianity4 ,! pre-,*ri/ian ,_w prep>+ ! way ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 #f4 ,,! ,,/&po9t ,,( ,,univ]sal ,,hi/ory4 #g4 ,,hea!nism4 7#a7 ,! ,religi\s ,"* ( ,hea!nism4 7#b7 ,! ,moral ,"* ( ,hea!nism4 7#c7 ,! ,intellectual ,culture 9 ,hea!nism4 7#d7 ,! ,hell5ic ,philosophy4 7#e7 ,! ,hea!n ,/ate4 #h4 ,,judaism4 7#a7 ,judaism "u special ,tra9+ ( ,god ?r\gh ! ,law & ,prophecy4 7#b7 ,judaism aft] ! ,cessation ( ,prophecy4 7#c7 ,! ,synagogues4 7#d7 ,ph>isees1 ,sadducees1 & ,ess5es4 #i4 ,,sam>itanism4 #aj4 ,,int]c\rse ,,betwe5 ,,judaism ,,& ,,hea!nism4 7#a7 ,influ5ce ( ,hea!nism ^u ,judaism4 7#b7 ,influ5ce ( ,judaism ^u ,hea!nism4 #aa4 ,,! ,,fulness ,,( ,,"t4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,beg9n+s4 ,! ,f\nd+ ( ! ,*ur* by ,*ri/ & ,8 ,apo/les4 #ab4 ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,beg9n+s4 ,i4 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,jesus4 #ac4 ,,jesus ,,*ri/1 ,,! ,,savi\r ,,( ,,! ,,_w4 7#a7 ,ye> ( ,bir? & ,ye> ( ,dea? ( ,jesus4 7#b7 ,e>lie/ ,non-,biblical ,witnesses to ,*ri/4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,apo/olic ,,age4 ,a4,d4 #cj-gj4 #ad4 ,,! ,,m9i/ry ,,( ,,! ,,apo/les ,,be=e ,,paul4 ,beg9n+ & ,close ( ,apo/olic ,age4 #ae4 ,,! ,,m9i/ry ,,( ,,! ,,apo/le ,,paul4 ,details ( ,paul's ,life4 #af4 ,,! ,,o!r ,,apo/les ,,aft] ,,! ,,appe>ance ,,( ,,! ,,apo/le ,,paul4 7#a7 ,! ,roman ,episcopate ( ,pet]4 7#b7 ,! ,apo/le ,john4 7#c7 ,james1 ! bro!r ( ! ,"l4 7#d7 ,! ,lat] ,leg5ds ( ! ,apo/les4 #ag4 ,,con/itution1 ,,wor%ip1 ,,& ,,discipl9e4 7#a7 ,! ,*>ismata ( ! ,apo/olic ,age4 7#b7 ,! ,con/itution ( ! ,"m ,*ur* at ,j]usalem4 7#c7 ,! ,con/itution ( ! ,paul9e ,*ur*es4 7#d7 ,! ,*ur* 9 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les4 7#e7 ,congregational & ,spiritual ,(fices4 7#f7 ,! ,"q ab\t ! ,orig9al ,position ( ! ,episcopate & ,presbyt]ate4 7#g7 ,*ri/ian ,wor%ip4 7#h7 ,*ri/ian ,life & ,ecclesia/ical ,discipl9e4 #ah4 ,,h]esies ,,9 ,,! ,,apo/olic ,,age4 7#a7 ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity & ! ,c\ncil ( ,apo/les4 7#b7 ,! ,apo/olic ,basis ( ,doctr9e4 7#c7 ,false ,tea*]s4 ,,fir/ ,,division4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,developm5t ( ! ,*ur* dur+ ! ,grco-,roman & ,grco-,byzant9e ,p]iods4 #ai4 ,,cont5t1 ,,di/ribution ,,& ,,b\nd>ies ,,( ,,^? ,,p]iods4 ,,fir/ ,,section4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,grco-,roman ,*ur* dur+ ! ,second & ,?ird ,c5turies 7,a4,d4 #gj-cbc74 #bj4 ,,cont5t1 ,,di/ribution ,,& ,,b\nd>ies ,,( ,,?is ,,p]iod4 7#a7 ,! ,po/-,apo/olic ,age4 7#b7 ,! ,age ( ! ,old ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 7#c7 ,! ,po9t ( ,transition f ! ,"o ,age to ! ,o!r4 ,i4 ,,! ,,relation%ip ,,( ,,extra-,,*ri/ian ,,paganism ,,& ,,judaism ,,to ,,! ,,*ur*4 #ba4 ,,! ,,spread ,,( ,,*ri/ianity4 #bb4 ,,p]secutions ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/ians ,,9 ,,! ,,roman ,,empire4 7#a7 ,claudius1 ,n]o & ,domitian4 7#b7 ,trajan & ,hadrian4 7#c7 ,anton9us ,pius & ,m>cus ,aurelius4 7#d7 ,septimius ,sev]us & ,maxim9us ,?rax4 7#e7 ,decius1 ,gallus & ,val]ian4 7#f7 ,diocletian & ,gal]ius4 7#g7 ,maxim9us ,daza1 ,max5tius & ,lic9ius4 #bc4 ,,controv]sial ,,writ+s ,,( ,,paganism4 7#a7 ,lucian's ,satire ,de ,morte ,p]egr9i4 7#b7 ,wor%ipp]s ( an ,ass4 7#c7 ,polemic prop]ly s-call$4 #bd4 ,attempt$ ,recon/ruction ( ,paganism4 7#a7 ,apollonius ( ,tyana4 7#b7 ,neo-platonism4 #be4 ,jewi% & ,sam>itan ,reaction4 7#a7 ,disciples ( ,john4 7#b7 ,! ,sam>itan ,h]esi>*s4 a4 ,dosi!us4 b4 ,simon ,magus4 c4 ,m5&]4 ,,ii4 ,,dang] ,,to ,,! ,,*ur* ,,f ,,pagan ,,& ,,jewi% ,,elem5ts ,,)9 ,,its ,,own ,,pale4 #bf4 ,,gno/icism ,,9 ,,g5]al4 7#a7 ,gno/icism4 7#b7 ,! ,problems ( ,gno/ic ,speculation4 7#c7 ,di/ribution4 7#d7 ,s\rces ( ,in=mation4 #bg4 ,,! ,,g5tile ,,*ri/ian ,,gno/icism4 7#a7 ,c]9?us4 7#b7 ,! ,gno/icism ( ,basilides4 7#c7 ,ir5u' ,sket* ( ,basilideanism4 7#d7 ,val5t9ian ,gno/icism4 7#e7 ,two ,divisions ( ! ,val5t9ian ,s*ool4 7#f7 ,! ,ophites & relat$ ,sects4 7#g7 ,! ,gnosis ( ! ,ophites4 7#h7 ,ant9omian & ,lib]t9e ,sects4 a4 ,! ,nicolaitans4 b4 ,! ,simonians4 c4 ,! ,c>pocratians4 d4 ,! ,prodicians4 7#i7 ,saturn9us4 7#aj7 ,tatian & ! ,encratites4 7#aa7 ,m>cion & ! ,m>cionites4 7#ab7 ,m>cion's ,disciples4 7#ac7 ,h]mog5es4 #bh4 ,,ebionism ,,& ,,ebionitic ,,gno/icism4 7#a7 ,naz>eans & ,ebionites4 7#b7 ,! ,elkesaites4 7#c7 ,! ,pseudo-,clem5t9e ,s]ies ( ,writ+s4 a4 ,homili ,,xx ,clem5tis4 b4 ,recognitiones ,clem5tis4 c4 ,epitom4 7#d7 ,! ,pseudo-,clem5t9e ,doctr9al ,sy/em4 #bi4 ,,mani*,,ism4 7#a7 ,! ,f\nd]4 7#b7 ,! ,sy/em4 7#c7 ,con/itution1 ,wor%ip1 & ,mission>iz+4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,doctr9al ,,developm5t ,,& ,,apologetical ,,activity ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*4 #cj4 ,,! ,,!ological ,,lit]ature ,,( ,,! ,,po/-,,apo/olic ,,age1 ,a4,d4 #gj-agj4 7#a7 ,! ,beg9n+s ( ,patri/ic ,lit]ature4 7#b7 ,! ,!ology ( ! ,po/-,apo/olic ,age4 7#c7 ,! s-call$ ,apo/olic ,fa!rs4 a4 ,clem5t ( ,rome4 7#d7 b4 ,b>nabas4 c4 ,pa/or ,h]mas4 7#e7 d4 ,ignatius1 ,bi%op ( ,antio*4 7#f7 e4 ,polyc>p1 ,bi%op ( ,smyrna4 f4 ,papias1 ,bi%op ( ,hi]apolis4 g4 ,epi/le to ,diognetus4 7#g7 ,! ,dida*e or ,tea*+ ( ! ,twelve ,apo/les4 7#h7 ,! ,writ+s ( ! ,e>lie/ ,*ri/ian ,apologi/s4 7#i7 ,extant ,writ+s ( ,apologi/s ( ! ,po/-,apo/olic ,age4 a4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr4 7#aj7 b4 ,tatian4 c4 ,a!nagoras4 d4 ,!ophilus1 ,bi%op ( ,antio*4 e4 ,h]mias4 #ca4 ,,! ,,!ological ,,lit]ature ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,ca?olic ,,age1 ,a4,d4 #agj-cbc4 7#a7 ,! ,!ological ,s*ools & ,t5d5cies4 #a4 ,,*ur* ,,fa!rs ,,writ+ ,,9 ,,greek4 7#b7 ,*ur* ,tea*]s ( ! ,asiatic ,type4 a4 ,ir5u4 7#c7 b4 ,hippolytus4 7#d7 ,! ,alex&rian ,*ur* ,tea*]s4 a4 ,pantnus4 b4 ,titus ,flavius ,clem5t4 7#e7 c4 ,orig54 7#f7 d4 ,dionysius ( ,alex&ria4 e4 ,gregory ,?aumaturgus4 f4 ,pamphilus4 7#g7 ,greek-speak+ ,*ur* ,tea*]s 9 o!r ,qu>t]s4 a4 ,hegesippus4 b4 ,caius ( ,rome4 7#h7 c4 ,sextus ,julius ,africanus4 7#i7 d4 ,me?odius4 e4 ,lucian ( ,samosata4 #b4 ,,*ur* ,,fa!rs ,,writ+ ,,9 ,,lat94 7#aj7 ,! ,*ur* ,tea*]s ( ,nor? ,africa4 ,t]tullian4 7#aa7 ,cyprian4 7#ab7 ,v>i\s ,ecclesia/ical ,writ]s us+ ! ,lat9 ,tongue4 a4 ,m9ucius ,felix4 b4 ,commodus4 c4 ,novatian4 d4 ,arnobius4 e4 ,victor9us ( ,pettau4 f4 ,lucius ,lactantius4 #cb4 ,,! ,,apocryphal ,,& ,,pseudepigraphical ,,lit]ature4 7#a7 ,pr(ess$ly ,old ,hea!n ,prophecies4 7#b7 ,old ,te/am5t ,pseudepigraphs4 a4 ,book ( ,eno*4 b4 ,assumptio ,mosis4 c4 ,f\r? ,book ( ,ezra4 d4 ,book ( ,jubilees4 7#c7 ,pseudepigraphs ( ,*ri/ian ,orig94 a4 ,hi/ory ( ,ass5a?4 b4 ,! ,te/am5ts ( ! ,,xii4 ,patri>*s4 c4 ,asc5sio ,isai & ,visio ,isai4 d4 ,spelunca !saurorum4 7#d7 ,new ,te/am5t ,apocrypha & ,pseudepigraphs4 ,i4 ,apocryphal ,gospels4 7#e7 ,,ii4 ,apocryphal ,hi/ories & ,leg5ds ( ! ,apo/les4 7#f7 ---- ,apocryphal ,monographs4 7#g7 ,,iii4 ,apo/olic ,epi/les4 ,,iv4 ,apocryphal ,apocalypses4 ,v4 ,apo/olical ,con/itutions4 7#h7 ,! ,acts ( ! ,m>tyrs4 #cc4 ,,! ,,doctr9al ,,controv]sies ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,ca?olic ,,age4 7#a7 ,! ,tr9it>ian ,que/ions4 7#b7 ,! ,alogians4 7#c7 ,! ,!odotians & ,artemonites4 7#d7 ,praxeas & ,t]tullian4 7#e7 ,! ,notians & ,hippolytus4 7#f7 ,b]yllus & ,orig54 7#g7 ,sabellius2 ,dionysius ( ,alex&ria2 ,dionysius ( ,rome4 7#h7 ,paul ( ,samosata4 7#i7 ,*iliasm4 ,,iv4 ,,con/itution1 ,,wor%ip1 ,,life ,,& ,,discipl9e4 #cd4 ,,! ,,inn] ,,organization ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*4 7#a7 ,! ,cont9uation ( ,*>ismatic ,end[m5ts into ,po/-,apo/olic ,times4 7#b7 ,! ,developm5t ( ! ,episcopal ,hi]>*y4 7#c7 ,! ,regul> ,ecclesia/ical ,(fices ( ! ,old ,ca?olic ,age4 7#d7 ,cl]gy & ,laity4 7#e7 ,! ,synods4 7#f7 ,p]sonal & ,epi/ol>y ,int]c\rse4 7#g7 ,! ,unity & ,ca?olicity ( ! ,*ur*4 7#h7 ,! ,roman ,primacy4 #ce4 ,,! ,,adm9i/ration ,,( ,,baptism4 7#a7 ,! ,prep>ation = ,receiv+ ,baptism4 7#b7 ,! ,baptismal ,=mula4 7#c7 ,! ,adm9i/ration ( ,baptism4 7#d7 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,baptism4 7#e7 ,! ,controv]sy ab\t ,h]etics' ,baptism4 #cf4 ,,public ,,wor%ip ,,& ,,its ,,v>i\s ,,p>ts4 7#a7 ,! ,agape4 7#b7 ,! ,missa ,cate*um5orum4 7#c7 ,! ,missa ,fidelium4 7#d7 ,! ,discipl9a ,arcani4 7#e7 ,! ,doctr9e ( ! ,"l's ,supp]4 7#f7 ,! ,sacrificial ,!ory4 7#g7 ,! ,use ( ,scripture4 7#h7 ,=mation ( a ,new ,te/am5t ,canon4 7#i7 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,inspiration4 7#aj7 ,hymnology4 #cg4 ,,fea/s ,,& ,,fe/ival ,,seasons4 7#a7 ,! ,fe/ivals ( ! ,*ri/ian ,ye>4 7#b7 ,! ,pas*al ,controv]sies4 7#c7 ,! ,ecclesia/ical ,in/itution ( ,fa/+4 #ch4 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,build+s ,,& ,,! ,,catacombs4 7#a7 ,! ,catacombs4 7#b7 ,! ,antiquities ( ! ,catacombs4 7#c7 ,pictorial ,art & ! ,catacombs4 7#d7 ,pictorial & ,arti/ic ,repres5tations4 a4 ,significant ,symbols4 b4 ,allegorical ,figures4 c4 ,p>abolic ,figures4 d4 ,hi/orical ,pictures ( ,o4 ,t4 ,types4 e4 ,figures f ! ,gospel ,hi/ory4 f4 ,liturgical ,figures4 #ci4 ,,life1 ,,mann]s1 ,,& ,,discipl9e4 7#a7 ,*ri/ian ,morals & ,mann]s4 7#b7 ,! ,p5it5tial ,discipl9e4 7#c7 ,asceticism4 7#d7 ,paul ( ,!bes4 7#e7 ,beg9n+ ( ,v5]ation ( ,m>tyrs4 7#f7 ,sup]/ition4 #dj4 ,,! ,,montani/ ,,re=mation4 7#a7 ,montanism 9 ,asia ,m9or4 7#b7 ,montanism at ,rome4 7#c7 ,montanism 9 ,proconsul> ,africa4 7#d7 ,! ,fundam5tal ,pr9ciple ( ,montanism4 7#e7 ,! ,attitude ( ,montanism t[>d ! ,*ur*4 #da4 ,,s*ismatic ,,divisions ,,9 ,,! ,,*ur*4 7#a7 ,! ,s*ism ( ,hippolytus at ,rome ab\t ,a4,d4 #bbj4 7#b7 ,! ,s*ism ( ,felicissimus at ,c>?age 9 ,a4,d4 #bej4 7#c7 ,! ,s*ism ( ! ,presbyt] ,novatian at ,rome 9 ,a4,d4 #bea4 7#d7 ,! ,s*ism ( ,meletius 9 ,egypt 9 ,a4,d4 #cjf4 ,,second ,,section4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,grco-,roman ,*ur* f ! #d?-#g? c5turies4 ,a4,d4 #cbc-fib4 ,i4 ,,*ur* ,,& ,,/ate4 #db4 ,,! ,,ov]?r[ ,,( ,,paganism ,,9 ,,! ,,roman ,,empire4 7#a7 ,! ,romi% ,leg5d ( ! ,baptism ( ,con/ant9e4 7#b7 ,con/ant9e ! ,great & 8 ,sons4 7#c7 ,julian ! ,apo/ate 7,a4,d4 #cfa-cfc74 7#d7 ,! ,lat] ,emp]ors4 7#e7 ,hea!n ,polemics & ,apologetics4 7#f7 ,! ,religion ( ! ,hypsi/>ians4 #dc4 ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,empire ,,& ,,! ,,ecclesia/ical ,,law4 7#a7 ,! ,jus ,circa ,sacra4 7#b7 ,! ,in/itution ( cum5ical ,synods4 7#c7 ,canonical ,ord9ances4 7#d7 ,pseudepigraphic ,*ur* ,ord9ances4 7#e7 ,! ,apo/olic ,*ur* ,ord9ances4 ,,ii4 ,,mona/icism1 ,,cl]icalism ,,& ,,hi]>*ism4 #dd4 ,,mona/icism4 7#a7 ,! ,biography ( ,/4 ,an?ony4 7#b7 ,! ,orig9 ( ,*ri/ian ,mona/icism4 7#c7 ,ori5tal ,mona/icism4 7#d7 ,we/]n ,mona/icism4 7#e7 ,in/itution ( ,nunn]ies4 7#f7 ,mona/ic ,asceticism4 7#g7 ,anti-,ecclesia/ical & ,h]etical ,mona/icism4 #de4 ,,! ,,cl]gy4 7#a7 ,tra9+ ( ! ,cl]gy4 7#b7 ,! ,injunction ( ,celibacy4 7#c7 ,lat] ,ecclesia/ical ,(fices4 7#d7 ,*ur* ,prop]ty4 #df;,a4 ,,! ,,patri>*al ,,con/itution ,,& ,,! ,,primacy4 7#a7 ,! ,patri>*al ,con/itution4 7#b7 ,! ,rivalry betwe5 ,rome & ,byzantium4 #df;,b4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,roman ,,*air ,,& ,,its ,,claims ,,to ,,! ,,primacy4 7#c7 ,f ,mel*iades to ,julius ,i41 ,a4,d4 #caj to ,a4,d4 #ceb4 7#d7 ,f ,lib]ius to ,ana/asius1 ,a4,d4 #ceb to ,a4,d4 #djb4 7#e7 ,f ,innoc5t ,i4 to ,zosimus1 ,a4,d4 #djb to ,a4,d4 #dah4 7#f7 ,f ,boniface ,i4 to ,sixtus ,,iii41 ,a4,d4 #dai to ,a4,d4 #ddj4 7#g7 ,f ,leo ! ,great to ,simplicius1 ,a4,d4 #ddj to ,a4,d4 #dhc4 7#h7 ,f ,felix ,,iii4 to ,boniface ,,ii41 ,a4,d4 #dhc to ,a4,d4 #ecb4 7#i7 ,f ,john ,,ii4 to ,pelagius ,,ii41 ,a4,d4 #ecb to ,a4,d4 #eij4 7#aj7 ,f ,gregory ,i4 to ,boniface ,v41 ,a4,d4 #eij to ,a4,d4 #fbe4 7#aa7 ,f ,honorius ,i4 to ,gregory ,,iii41 ,a4,d4 #fbe to ,a4,d4 #gda4 ,,iii4 ,,!ological ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,lit]ature4 #dg4 ,,! ,,!ological ,,s*ools ,,& ,,_! ,,mo/ ,,celebrat$ ,,repres5tatives4 7#a7 ,! ,!ological ,s*ools & ,t5d5cies4 a4 ,9 ! #d? & #e? c5turies4 b4 ,( ! #f? & #g? ,c5turies4 #a4 ,,! ,,mo/ ,,important ,,tea*]s ,,( ,,! ,,ea/]n ,,*ur*4 7#b7 ,! ,mo/ ,celebrat$ ,repres5tative ( ! ,old ,alex&rian ,s*ool----,eusebius4 7#c7 ,*ur* ,fa!rs ( ! ,new ,alex&rian ,s*ool4 a4 ,a?anasius4 7#d7 ---- ,! ,?ree ,great ,cappadocians4 b4 ,basil ! ,great4 c4 ,gregory ,nazianz54 d4 ,gregory ( ,nyssa4 7#e7 e4 ,apoll9>is4 f4 ,didymus ! ,bl9d4 7#f7 g4 ,mac>ius ,magnes4 h4 ,cyril1 ,patri>* ( ,alex&ria4 i4 ,isidore ( ,pelusium4 7#g7 ---- ,my/ics & ,philosoph]s4 k4 ,mac>ius ! ,great or ! ,eld]4 l4 ,m>cus ,eremita4 m4 ,synesius ( ,cyr5e4 n4 ,nemesius1 ,bi%op ( ,emesa4 o4 neas ( ,gaza4 7#h7 ,! ,antio*eans4 a4 ,eusebius ( ,emesa4 b4 ,diodorus ( ,t>sus4 c4 ,john ( ,antio* 7,*ryso/om74 7#i7 d4 ,!odore1 ,bi%op ( ,mopsue/ia4 e4 ,poly*ronius1 ,bi%op ( ,apamea4 f4 ,!odoret1 ,bi%op ( ,cyrus4 7#aj7 ,o!r ,tea*]s ( ! ,greek ,*ur* dur+ ! #d? & #e? ,c5turies4 a4 ,cyril1 ,bi%op ( ,j]usalem4 b4 ,epiphanius1 ,bi%op ( ,salamis4 c4 ,palladius4 d4 ,nilus4 7#aa7 ,greek ,*ur* ,fa!rs ( ! #f? & #g? ,c5turies4 a4 ,johannes ,philoponus4 b4 ,dionysius ! ,areopagite4 7#ab7 c4 ,leontius ,byzant9us4 d4 ,maximus ,confessor4 e4 ,johannes ,climacus4 f4 ,johannes ,mos*us4 g4 ,ana/asius ,s9aita4 7#ac7 ,syrian ,*ur* ,fa!rs4 a4 ,jacob ( ,nisibis4 b4 ,aphraates4 c4 ,ephraim ! ,syrian4 d4 ,ibas1 ,bi%op ( ,edessa4 e4 ,jacob1 ,bi%op ( ,edessa4 #b4 ,,! ,,mo/ ,,important ,,tea*]s ,,( ,,! ,,we/]n ,,*ur*4 7#ad7 f4 ,dur+ ! ,p]iod ( ! ,arian ,controv]sy4 a4 ,jul4 ,firmicus ,mat]nus4 b4 ,lucif] ( ,cal>is4 c4 ,m>ius ,victor9us4 d4 ,hil>y ( ,poiti]s4 e4 ,z5o1 ,bi%op ( ,v]ona4 f4 ,phila/]1 ,bi%op ( ,brescia4 g4 ,m>t9 ( ,t\rs4 7#ae7 g4 ,ambrose1 ,bi%op ( ,milan4 h4 ,ambrosia/]4 i4 ,pacianus1 ,bi%op ( ,b>celona4 7#af7 ,dur+ ! ,p]iod ( ,orig5i/ic ,controv]sy4 a4 ,j]ome4 7#ag7 b4 ,tyrannius ,ruf9us4 c4 ,sulpicius ,sev]us4 d4 ,pet] ,*rysologus1 ,bi%op ( ,rav5na4 7#ah7 ,! ,h]o ( ! ,sot]iological ,controv]sy--,augu/9e4 7#ai7 ,augu/9e's ,works4 a4 ,philosophical ,treatises4 b4 ,dogmatic ,treatises4 c4 ,controv]sial ,treatises4 d4 ,apologetical ,treatises4 e4 ,exegetical ,works4 7#bj7 ,augu/9e's ,disciples & ,fri5ds4 a4 ,paul9us1 ,deacon ( ,milan4 b4 ,paul ,orosius4 c4 ,m>ius ,m]cator4 d4 ,prosp] ,aquitanicus4 e4 ,cs>ius1 ,bi%op ( ,arelate4 f4 ,fulg5tius1 ,bi%op ( ,ruspe4 7#ba7 ,pelagians & semi-,pelagians4 ,i4 ,pelagius4 ,,ii4 ,semi-,pelagians or ,massilians4 a4 ,johannes ,cassianus4 b4 ,v9c5t ,l]95sis4 c4 ,eu*]ius1 ,bi%op ( ,lyons4 d4 ,salvianus1 ,presbyt] at ,m>seilles4 e4 ,fau/us ( ,rhegium4 f4 ,arnobius ! ,y\ng]4 7#bb7 ,! ,mo/ ,important ,*ur* ,tea*]s among ! ,roman ,popes4 a4 ,leo ! ,great4 b4 ,gelasius ,i4 c4 ,gregory ! ,great4 7#bc7 ,! ,cons]vators & ,cont9uators ( ,patri/ic ,culture4 a4 ,bo?ius4 b4 ,magnus ,aurelius ,cassiodorus4 c4 ,dionysius ,exiguus4 #dh4 ,,bran*es ,,( ,,!ological ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,*ri/ian ,,poetry4 7#a7 ,exegetical ,!ology4 7#b7 ,hi/orical ,!ology4 7#c7 ,sy/ematic ,!ology4 a4 ,apologetics4 b4 ,polemics4 c4 ,positive ,dogmatics4 d4 ,morals4 7#d7 ,practical ,!ology4 7#e7 ,*ri/ian ,poetry4 7#f7 ,*ri/ian ,lat9 ,poetry4 7#g7 ,poetry ( ,national ,syrian ,*ur*4 7#h7 ,! ,leg5d>y ,hi/ory ( ,cyprian4 ,,iv4 ,,doctr9al ,,controv]sies ,,& ,,h]esies4 #di4 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,doctr9e ,,g5]ally4 ,h]etical ,developm5ts4 #ej4 ,,! ,,tr9it>ian ,,controv]sy1 ,a4,d4 #cah-cha4 7#a7 ,prelim9>y ,victory ( ! ,homo\sia1 ,a4,d4 #cah-cbe4 7#b7 ,victory ( ,eusebianism1 ,a4,d4 #cbh-cef4 7#c7 ,victory ( ,homoi\sianism1 ,a4,d4 #ceg-cfa4 7#d7 ,f9al ,victory ( ! ,nic5e ,cre$1 ,a4,d4 #cfa-cha4 7#e7 ,! ,pneumatoma*ians1 ,a4,d4 #cfb-cha4 7#f7 ,! ,lit]ature ( ! ,controv]sy4 7#g7 ,po/-,nic5e ,developm5t ( ! ,dogma4 7#h7 ,s*isms 9 consequ5ce ( ! ,arian ,controv]sy4 ,i4 ,! ,meletian ,s*ism at ,antio*4 ,,ii4 ,! ,s*ism ( ! ,lucif]ians4 ,,iii4 ,! ,s*ism ( ,damasus & ,ursacius at ,rome4 #ea4 ,,! ,,orig5i/ ,,controv]sies1 ,a4,d4 #cid-dch4 7#a7 ,! ,monks ( ! ,scetic & ,nitrian ,des]ts4 7#b7 ,! ,controv]sy 9 ,pale/9e & ,italy1 ,a4,d4 #cid-cii4 7#c7 ,! ,controv]sy 9 ,alex&ria & ,con/ant9ople1 ,a4,d4 #cii-dch4 #eb4 ,,! ,,*ri/ological ,,controv]sy4 7#a7 ,! ,apoll9>ian ,controv]sy1 ,a4,d4 #cfb-cha4 7#b7 ,*ri/ology ( ! ,oppos+ ,!ological ,s*ools4 7#c7 ,! ,dyoprosopic or ,ne/orian ,controv]sy1 ,a4,d4 #dbh-ddd4 7#d7 ,! ,monophysite ,controv]sy4 ,i4 ,euty*ianism1 ,a4,d4 #ddd-dea4 7#e7 ,,ii4 ,imp]ial ,attempts at ,union1 ,a4,d4 #dea-eai4 7#f7 ,,iii4 ,ju/9ian's ,decrees1 ,a4,d4 #ebg-eec4 7#g7 ,,iv4 ,! ,monophysite ,*ur*es4 7#h7 ,! ,mono!lite ,controv]sy1 ,a4,d4 #fcc-fhj4 7#i7 ,! ,case ( ,honorius4 #ec4 ,,! ,,sot]iological ,,controv]sies1 ,a4,d4 #dab-ebi4 7#a7 ,prelim9>y ,hi/ory4 7#b7 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,augu/9e4 7#c7 ,pelagius & 8 ,doctr9e4 7#d7 ,! ,pelagian ,controv]sy1 ,a4,d4 #daa-dca4 7#e7 ,! ,semi-,pelagian ,controv]sy1 ,a4,d4 #dbg-ebi4 #ed4 ,,reappe>ance ,,& ,,remodell+ ,,( ,,e>li] ,,h]etical ,,sects4 7#a7 ,mani*ism4 7#b7 ,priscillianism1 ,a4,d4 #chc-efc4 ,v4 ,,wor%ip1 ,,life1 ,,discipl9e ,,& ,,morals4 #ee4 ,,wor%ip ,,9 ,,g5]al4 ,! ,age ( ,cyril ( ,alex&ria4 #ef4 ,,fe/ivals ,,& ,,seasons ,,= ,,public ,,wor%ip4 7#a7 ,! ,weekly ,cycle4 7#b7 ,h\rs & ,qu>t]ly ,fa/s4 7#c7 ,! ,reckon+ ( ,ea/]4 7#d7 ,! ,ea/] ,fe/ivals4 7#e7 ,! ,*ri/mas ,fe/ivals4 7#f7 ,! ,*ur* ,ye>4 7#g7 ,! ,*ur* ,fa/s4 #eg4 ,,wor%ip ,,( ,,sa9ts1 ,,relics ,,& ,,images4 7#a7 ,! ,wor%ip ( ,m>tyrs & ,sa9ts4 7#b7 ,! ,wor%ip ( ,m>y & ,anna4 7#c7 ,wor%ip ( ,angels4 7#d7 ,wor%ip ( ,images4 7#e7 ,wor%ip ( ,relics4 7#f7 ,! ,mak+ ( ,pilgrimages4 #eh4 ,,! ,,disp5sation ,,( ,,! ,,sacram5ts4 7#a7 ,adm9i/ration ( ,baptism4 7#b7 ,! ,doctr9e ( ! ,supp]4 7#c7 ,! ,sacrifice ( ! ,mass4 7#d7 ,! ,adm9i/ration ( ! ,"l's ,supp]4 #ei4 ,,public ,,wor%ip ,,9 ,,^w ,,& ,,symbol4 7#a7 ,! ,holy ,scriptures4 7#b7 ,! ,cre$s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,i4 ,! ,nicno-,con/ant9opolitan ,cre$4 ,,ii4 ,! ,apo/les' ,cre$4 ,,iii4 ,! ,a?anasian ,cre$4 7#c7 ,bible ,read+ 9 ,*ur* & ,prea*+4 7#d7 ,hymnology4 7#e7 ,psalmody & ,hymn ,music4 7#f7 ,! ,liturgy4 7#g7 ,liturgical ,ve/m5ts4 7#h7 ,symbolical ,acts 9 ,wor%ip4 7#i7 ,processions4 #fj4 ,,places ,,( ,,public ,,wor%ip1 ,,build+s ,,& ,,works ,,( ,,art4 7#a7 ,! ,basilica4 7#b7 ,secul> ,basilicas4 7#c7 ,! ,cupola ,/yle4 7#d7 ,accessory & ,special ,build+s4 7#e7 ,*ur* furniture4 7#f7 ,! ,graphic & ,pla/ic ,arts4 #fa4 ,,life1 ,,discipl9e ,,& ,,morals4 7#a7 ,*ur* ,discipl9e4 7#b7 ,*ri/ian ,m>riage4 7#c7 ,sickness1 ,dea? & ,burial4 7#d7 ,purgatory & ,masses = ,s\ls4 #fb4 ,,h]etical ,,re=m]s4 7#a7 ,audians & ,apo/olics4 7#b7 ,prote/s aga9/ ,sup]/ition & ,ext]nal ,obs]vances4 7#c7 ,prote/s aga9/ ! ,ov]-,e/imation ( ,doctr9e4 #fc4 ,,s*isms4 7#a7 ,! ,donati/ ,s*ism1 ,a4,d4 #caa-dae4 7#b7 ,! ,concilium ,qu9isextum1 ,a4,d4 #fib4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,outside ,,( ,,! ,,roman ,,empire4 #fd4 ,,mission>y ,,op]ations ,,9 ,,! ,,ea/4 7#a7 ,! ,e?iopic-,abyss9ian ,*ur*4 7#b7 ,! ,p]sian ,*ur*4 7#c7 ,! ,arm5ian ,*ur*4 7#d7 ,! ,ib]ians4 #fe4 ,,! ,,c\nt]-,,mission ,,( ,,! ,,mohamm$ans4 7#a7 ,! ,fundam5tal ,pr9ciple ( ,islam4 7#b7 ,! ,provid5tial ,place ( ,islam4 ,,?ird ,,section4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,gr,,co-,,byzant9e ,,*ur* ,,9 ,,! #h,,?-#ae,,? ,,c5turies 7,a4,d4 #fib-adec74 ,i4 ,developm5ts ( ! ,greek ,*ur* 9 ,comb9ation ) ! ,we/]n4 #ff4 ,,iconoclasm ,,( ,,! ,,byzant9e ,,*ur* 7,a4,d4 #gbf-hdb74 7#a7 ,leo ,,iii41 ! ,isaurian1 ,a4,d4 #gag-gda4 7#b7 ,con/ant9e ,v4 ,a4,d4 #gda-gge4 7#c7 ,leo ,,iv41 ,*az>us1 ,a4,d4 #gge-ghj4 7#d7 ,leo ,v41 ! ,arm5ian1 ,a4,d4 #hac-hbj4 #fg4 ,,division ,,betwe5 ,,greek ,,& ,,roman ,,*ur*es ,,& ,,attempts ,,at ,,union1 ,a4,d4 #heg-adec4 7#a7 ,f\ndation ( ! ,s*ism1 ,a4,d4 #hfg4 7#b7 ,leo ,,vi41 ! ,philosoph]1 ,a4,d4 #hhf-iaa4 7#c7 ,completion ( ! ,s*ism1 ,a4,d4 #ajed4 7#d7 ,attempts at ,reunion4 7#e7 ,&ronicus ,,iii4 ,palologus & ,b>laam4 7#f7 ,c\ncil ( ,flor5ce4 7#g7 ,decay ( ,byzant9e ,empire4 ,,ii4 ,developm5ts 9 ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* )\t ! ,co-op]ation ( ! ,we/]n4 #fh4 ,,!ological ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,lit]ature4 7#a7 ,revival ( ,classical ,/udies4 7#b7 ,ari/otle & ,plato4 7#c7 ,s*ola/icism & ,my/icism4 7#d7 ,! ,bran*es ( ,!ological ,sci5ce4 7#e7 ,di/+ui%$ ,!ologians4 7#f7 ,b>laam & ,josaphat4 #fi4 ,,doctr9al ,,controv]sies ,,9 ,,! #ab,,?-#ad,,? ,,c5turies4 7#a7 ,dogmatic ,que/ions4 7#b7 ,! ,hesy*a/ ,controv]sy1 ,a4,d4 #acda-acea4 #gj4 ,,con/itution1 ,,wor%ip ,,& ,,life4 7#a7 ,! ,ars5ian ,s*ism1 ,a4,d4 #abfb-acab4 7#b7 ,public ,wor%ip4 7#c7 ,mona/icism4 7#d7 ,endeav\rs at ,re=mation4 #ga4 ,,duali/ic ,,h]etics4 7#a7 ,! ,paulicians4 7#b7 ,! ,*ildr5 ( ! ,sun4 7#c7 ,! ,eu*ites4 7#d7 ,! ,bogomili4 #gb4 ,,! ,,ne/orian ,,& ,,monophysite ,,*ur*es ,,( ,,! ,,ea/4 7#a7 ,! ,p]sian ,ne/orians4 7#b7 ,monophysite ,*ur*es4 7#c7 ,! ,m>onites4 7#d7 ,! ,leg5d ( ,pre/] ,john4 #gc4 ,,! ,,slavonic ,,*ur*es ,,adh]+ ,,to ,,! ,,or?odox ,,greek ,,confession4 7#a7 ,slavs 9 ! ,greek ,prov9ces4 7#b7 ,! ,*az>i4 7#c7 ,! ,bulg>ians4 7#d7 ,! ,russian ,*ur*4 7#e7 ,russian ,sects4 7#f7 ,romi% ,ef=ts at ,union4 ,,second ,,division4 ,,! ,,hi/orical ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,g]man ,,& ,,roman ,,*ur* ,,dur+ ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4 #gd4 ,,"* ,,& ,,divisions ,,( ,,?is ,,p]iod ,,( ,,! ,,developm5t4 7#a7 ,! ,"* ( ,m$ival ,hi/ory4 7#b7 ,p]iods 9 ! ,*ur* ,hi/ory ( ! ,g]man-,roman ,middle ,ages4 ,,fir/ ,,section4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,g]man-,,roman ,,*ur* ,,f ,,! #d,,? ,,to ,,! #i,,? ,,c5tury 7,,d[n ,,to ,a4,d4 #iaa74 ,i4 ,f\nd+1 ,spread1 & ,limitation ( ! ,g]man ,*ur*4 #ge4 ,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,! ,,g]mans4 7#a7 ,! ,pr$isposition ( ! ,g]mans = ,*ri/ianity4 7#b7 ,unoppos$ ,adoption ( ,*ri/ianity4 7#c7 ,mode ( ,conv]sion 9 ! ,*ur* ( ^! ,times4 #gf4 ,,! ,,victory ,,( ,,ca?olicism ,,ov] ,,arianism4 7#a7 ,! ,go?s 9 ! l&s ( ! ,danube4 7#b7 ,! ,visigo?s 9 ,gaul & ,spa94 7#c7 ,! ,v&als 9 ,africa4 7#d7 ,! ,suevi4 7#e7 ,! ,burgundians4 7#f7 ,! ,rugians4 7#g7 ,! ,o/rogo?s4 7#h7 ,! ,longob>ds 9 ,italy4 7#i7 ,! ,franks 9 ,gaul4 #gg4 ,,victory ,,( ,,! ,,romi% ,,ov] ,,! ,,old ,,briti% ,,*ur*4 7#a7 ,! ,conv]sion ( ! ,iri%4 7#b7 ,! ,mission to ,scotl&4 7#c7 ,! ,peculi>ities ( ! ,celtic ,*ur*4 7#d7 ,! ,romi% ,mission to ! ,anglo-,saxons4 7#e7 ,celtic ,missions among ! ,anglo-,saxons4 7#f7 ,! ,celtic ,elem5t ,driv5 out ( ! ,anglo-,saxon ,*ur*4 7#g7 ,spread & ,ov]?r[ ( ! ,briti% ,*ur* on ! ,cont95t4 7#h7 ,ov]?r[ ( ! ,old ,briti% ,sy/em 9 ! ,iro-,scotti% ,*ur*4 #gh4 ,,! ,,conv]sion ,,& ,,romaniz+ ,,( ,,g]many4 7#a7 ,s\?-,we/]n ,g]many4 7#b7 ,s\?-,ea/]n ,g]many4 7#c7 ,nor?-,we/]n ,g]many4 7#d7 ,! ,mission>y ,"w ( ,boniface4 7#e7 ,! ,organization ,effect$ by ,boniface4 7#f7 ,h]esies ,confront$ by ,boniface4 7#g7 ,! ,end ( ,boniface4 7#h7 ,an ,e/imate ( ,boniface4 7#i7 ,! ,conv]sion ( ! ,saxons4 #gi4 ,,! ,,slavs ,,9 ,,g]man ,,c\ntries4 7#a7 ,! ,c>antanians & ,av>s4 7#b7 ,! ,moravian ,*ur*4 7#c7 ,! ,beg9n+s ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,bohemia4 #hj4 ,,! ,,sc&9avian ,,nations4 7#a7 ,ansg>4 7#b7 ,ansg>'s ,successor--,rimb]t4 #ha4 ,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,islam4 7#a7 ,islam 9 ,spa94 7#b7 ,islam 9 ,sicily4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,hi]>*y1 ,,! ,,cl]gy ,,& ,,! ,,monks4 #hb4 ,,! ,,papacy ,,& ,,! ,,c>ol+ians4 7#a7 ,! ,p]iod ( ! ,f\nd+ ( ! ,/ates ( ! ,*ur*4 7#b7 ,/eph5 ,,iii41 ,a4,d4 #gfh-ggb4 ,hadrian ,i41 ,a4,d4 #ggb-gie4 7#c7 ,*>lemagne & ,leo ,,iii41 ,a4,d4 #gie-haf4 7#d7 ,l\is ! ,pi\s & ! ,popes ( 8 ,"t4 7#e7 ,! ,sons ( ,l\is ! ,pi\s & ! ,popes ( _! ,days4 7#f7 ,! ,leg5d ( ! ,female ,pope ,joanna4 7#g7 ,ni*olas ,i4 & ,hadrian ,,ii4 7#h7 ,john ,,viii4 & 8 ,successors4 7#i7 ,! ,papacy & ! ,nationalities4 #hc4 ,,! ,,rank ,,( ,,metropolitan4 7#a7 ,! ,position ( ,metropolitans 9 ,g5]al4 7#b7 ,h9cm> ( ,rheims4 7#c7 ,metropolitans 9 o!r l&s4 #hd4 ,,! ,,cl]gy ,,9 ,,g5]al4 7#a7 ,! ,sup]ior ,cl]gy4 7#b7 ,! ,inf]ior ,cl]gy4 7#c7 ,compulsory ,celibacy4 7#d7 ,canonical life4 #he4 ,,mona/icism4 7#a7 ,b5$ict ( ,nursia4 7#b7 ,b5$ict ( ,aniane4 7#c7 ,nunn]ies4 7#d7 ,! ,great] ,mona/]ies4 7#e7 ,mona/ic ,practices among ! ,cl]gy4 7#f7 ,! ,/ylites4 #hf3 ,,! ,,prop]ty ,,( ,,*ur*es ,,& ,,mona/]ies4 7#a7 ,! ,rev5ues ( ,*ur*es & ,mona/]ies4 7#b7 ,! ,b5efice ,sy/em4 #hg4 ,,ecclesia/ical ,,legislation4 7#a7 ,old] ,collections ( ,ecclesia/ical ,law4 7#b7 ,! ,collection ( ,decretals ( ! ,pseudo-,isidore4 7#c7 ,details ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,=g]y4 7#d7 ,! ,edict & ,donation ( ,con/ant9e4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,& ,,! ,,p4 #hh4 ,,public ,,wor%ip ,,& ,,art4 7#a7 ,liturgy & ,prea*+4 7#b7 ,*ur* ,music4 7#c7 ,! ,sacrifice ( ! ,mass4 7#d7 ,! ,wor%ip ( ,sa9ts4 7#e7 ,times & ,places = ,public ,wor%ip4 7#f7 ,ecclesia/ical ,ar*itecture & ,pa9t+4 #hi4 ,,national ,,cu/oms1 ,,social ,,life ,,& ,,*ur* ,,discipl9e4 7#a7 ,sup]/ition4 7#b7 ,popul> ,education4 7#c7 ,*ri/ian ,popul> ,poetry4 7#d7 ,social ,condition4 7#e7 ,practice ( ,pubic ,law4 7#f7 ,*ur* ,discipl9e & ,p5it5tial ,ex]cises4 ,,iv4 ,,!ology ,,& ,,its ,,battles4 #ij4 ,,s*ol>%ip ,,& ,,!ological ,,sci5ce4 7#a7 ,rul]s ( ! ,c>ol+ian ,l9e4 ,*>lemagne1 ,a4,d4 #gfh-had4 ,l\is ! ,pi\s1 ,a4,d4 #had-hdj4 ,*>les ! ,bald1 ,a4,d4 #hdj-hgg4 7#b7 ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,!ologians ( ! ,pre-,c>ol+ian ,age4 #a4 ,m]ov+ian ,france4 #b4 ,s\? ( ! ,pyr5ees4 #c4 ,engl&4 7#c7 ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,!ologians ( ! ,age ( ,*>lemagne4 #a4 ,alcu94 #b4 ,paulus ,diaconus4 #c4 ,!odulf1 ,bi%op ( ,orleans4 #d4 ,paul9us1 ,patri>* ( ,aquileia & ,bi%op ,leidrad ( ,lyons4 #e4 ,hatto1 ,abbot ( ,rei*5au4 7#d7 ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,!ologians ( ! ,age ( ,l\is ! ,pi\s4 #a4 ,agob>d ( ,lyons4 #b4 ,claudius1 ,bi%op ( ,tur94 #c4 ,jonas ( ,orleans4 #d4 ,amal>ius ( ,metz4 #e4 ,*ri/ian ,dru?m>4 #f4 ,rabanus ,magn5tius ,maurus4 #g4 ,walafrid ,/rabo4 7#e7 ,! ,mo/ ,di/+ui%$ ,!ologians ( ! ,age ( ,*>les ! ,bald4 #a4 ,h9cm> ( ,rheims4 #b4 ,pas*asius ,radb]tus4 #c4 ,ratramnus4 #d4 ,florus ,magi/]4 #e4 ,haymo1 ,bi%op ( ,halb]/adt4 #f4 ,s]vatus ,lupus4 #g4 ,remigius ( ,aux]re4 #h4 ,regius ( ,prm4 7#f7 #i4 ,ana/asius ,biblio!c>ius4 #aj4 ,eulogius ( ,cordova4 7#g7 #aa4 ,joannes ,scotus ,erig5a4 7#h7 ,! ,mona/ic & ,ca!dral ,s*ools4 7#i7 ,v>i\s ,bran*es ( ,!ological ,sci5ce4 #a4 ,exegesis4 #b4 ,sy/ematic ,!ology4 #c4 ,practical ,!ology4 #d4 ,hi/orical ,!ology4 7#aj7 ,anglo-,saxon ,culture "u ,alfr$ ! ,great1 ,a4,d4 #hga-ija4 #ia4 ,,doctr9al ,,controv]sies4 7#a7 ,! ,adoptioni/ ,controv]sy1 ,a4,d4 #ghb-gii4 7#b7 ,controv]sy ab\t ! ,procession ( ! ,holy ,_s4 7#c7 ,! ,eu*>i/ic ,controv]sy1 ,a4,d4 #hdd4 7#d7 ,controv]sy ab\t ! ,conception ( ! ,virg94 7#e7 ,! ,pr$e/9>ian ,controv]sy ,a4,d4 #hdg-hfh4 7#f7 ,! ,tr9it>ian ,controv]sy1 ,a4,d4 #heg4 #ib4 ,,endeav\rs ,,aft] ,,re=mation4 7#a7 ,! ,c>ol+ian ,opposition to ,image ,wor%ip1 ,a4,d4 #gij-hbe4 7#b7 ,agob>d ( ,lyons & ,claudius ( ,tur94 ,,introduction4 #a4 ,,idea ,,& ,,task ,,( ,,*ur* ,,hi/ory4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* is to be def9$ z ! "o1 _m-bran*$ communion1 consi/+ ( all ^? :o confess t ,jesus ( ,naz>e? is ! ,*ri/ :o 9 ! fulness ( "t appe>$ z ! ,savi\r ( ! _w4 ,x is ! ,*ur*'s special task to r5d] ! sav+ "w ( ,*ri/ increas+ly fruitful = all nations & individuals1 "u all ! v>y+ conditions ( life & /ages ( culture4 ,x is ! task ( ,*ur* ,hi/ory to describe ! c\rse ( developm5t ?r\gh :i* ! ,*ur* z a :ole1 z well z its special dep>tm5ts & v>i\s in/itutions1 has pass$1 f ! "t ( its f\ndation d[n to our own day2 to %[ :at h be5 ! ,*ur*'s advances & retrogressions1 h[ x has be5 fur!r$ & h9d]$2 & to tell ! /ory ( its det]ioration & r5ewal4 #b4 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,*ur* ,,hi/ory ,,accord+ ,,to ,,cont5ts4 ,! treatm5t ( ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 on acc\nt ( its manifold ramifications1 dem&s a di/ribution ( its mat]ial1 on ! "o h&1 accord+ to def9ite p]iods1 dur+ :i* ! end hi!rto aim$ at 9 ! :ole c\rse ( developm5t has be5 practically atta9$1 s t ei!r entirely new ph5om5a ga9 prom95ce1 or else ! old g =? 9 an altoge!r diff]5t direction2 on ! o!r h&1 accord+ to ! v>i\s phases ( endeav\r & developm5t1 :i* 9 respect ( "t are evolv$ alongside ( "o ano!r4 ,:5 ?is la/-m5tion$ me?od ( division is adopt$1 we may /ill *oose betwe5 two diff]5t modes ( treatm5t4 ,fir/1 we may deal ) national *ur*es1 9 s f> z ^! are indep5d5t & h pursu$ "s special direction2 or ) p>ticul> *ur*es1 :i* h orig9at$ f ! splitt+ up ( ! *ur* univ]sal ov] "s important diff]5ce 9 doctr9e1 wor%ip1 & con/itution4 ,secondly1 we may gr\p our mat]ial accord+ to ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( hi/orical activity1 :i* are ess5tial to ! intellectual & spiritual life ( all national *ur*es & d5om9ations1 & are ?us common to all1 al?\gh 9 diff]5t *ur*es 9 *>act]i/ic ways & v>y+ degrees4 ,x foll[s h[ev] f ! v idea ( hi/ory1 especially f t ( ! univ]sal hi/ory ( ! *ur*1 t ! di/ribution accord+ to p]iods mu/ be ! lead+ feature ( ! entire exposition4 ,at ! same "t1 :atev] may n[ & aga91 9 accordance ) ! o!r pr9ciples ( arrangem5t1 be br\ght into prom95ce w be influ5c$ mat]ially by ! c\rse ( ! hi/ory & =mally by ! facility af=d$ = review by ! mode ( treatm5t pursu$4 #b4a4 ,! ,v>i\s ,bran*es ,includ$ 9 a ,complete ,c\rse ( ,*ur* ,hi/ory4--,! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* has und]tak5 ! task ( absorb+ all peoples & tongues4 ,h5ce x is possess$ ( an eag] desire to enl>ge its bord]s by ! conv]sion ( all non-,*ri/ian races4 ,! description ( :at helps or h9d]s ?is endeav\r1 ! hi/ory ( ! spread & limitation ( ,*ri/ianity1 is !re=e an ess5tial con/itu5t ( *ur* hi/ory4 ,s9ce1 fur!r1 ! *ur*1 9 ord] to secure its cont9u$ exi/5ce & well-be+1 mu/ /rive aft] a legally det]m9$ position outw>dly1 z well z a firm1 h>moni\s articulation1 comb9ation & ord] inw>dly1 x evid5tly also belongs to our sci5ce to give ! hi/ory ( ! ecclesia/ical con/itution1 bo? ( ! place :i* ! *ur* has 9 ! /ate1 & ! relation x be>s to ! /ate2 & also ( its own int]nal arrangem5ts by sup]ord9ation1 subord9ation1 & co-ord9ation1 & by *ur* discipl9e & legislation4 ,n less ess5tial1 nay1 ev5 m important = ! successful developm5t ( ! *ur*1 is ! con/ruction & e/abli%m5t ( sav+ tru?4 ,9 ,holy ,scripture ! *ur* inde$ has possession ( ! f\nta9 & /&>d1 z well z ! all-suffici5t p[] & fulness1 ( all sav+ k4 ,b ! words ( ,scripture are _s & life1 liv+ se$s ( k1 :i*1 "u ! c>e ( ! same ,_s :o s[s !m1 may & %all be develop$ s z to yield a h>ve/ :i* becomes ev] m & m abundant2 & !re=e ! fulness ( ! tru? :i* dwells 9 !m comes to be kn[n m simply1 cle>ly1 fully1 & becomes always m fruitful = all /ages & =ms ( culture1 = fai?1 = sci5ce1 & = life4 ,h5ce *ur* hi/ory is requir$ to describe ! con/ruction ( ! doctr9e & sci5ce ( ! *ur*1 to foll[ its c\rse & ! deviations f x into h]esy1 :5ev] ^! appe>4 ,! *ur* is1 fur!r1 9 ne$ ( a =m ( public wor%ip z a necess>y expression ( ! feel+s & emotions ( believ]s t[>d _! ,"l & ,god1 z a means ( edification & in/ruction4 ,! hi/ory ( ! wor%ip ( ! *ur* is !re=e also an ess5tial con/itu5t ( *ur* hi/ory4 ,x is also ! duty ( ! *ur* to introduce into ! practical life & cu/oms ( ! p t new spiritual en]gy ( :i* %e is possessor4 ,& ?us ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian life among ! p comes to be includ$ 9 *ur* hi/ory z a fur!r con/itu5t ( ! sci5ce4 ,fur!r1 !re is also includ$ "h1 9 consequ5ce ( ! nature & aim ( ,*ri/ianity z a leav5 7,matt4 xiii4 #cc71 an acc\nt ( ! effects produc$ ^u x by ! developm5t ( art 7( :i* v>i\s bran*es1 ar*itecture1 sculpture1 pa9t+1 music1 h a direct connexion ) ,*ri/ian wor%ip71 & likewise ^u national lit]ature1 philosophy1 & secul> sci5ce g5]ally2 & also1 conv]sely1 an e/imate ( ! influ5ce ( ^! =ms ( secul> culture ^u ! condition ( ! *ur* & religion mu/ n be omitt$4 ,! ord] ( succession 9 ! hi/orical treatm5t ( ^! phases "u :i* ! life ( ! *ur* is manife/$1 is n to be rigidly det]m9$ 9 ! same way = all ages aft] an ab/ract logical s*eme4 ,= ea* p]iod t ord] ( succession %\ld be adopt$ :i* w mo/ suitably give prom95ce to ^? matt]s :i* h come to ! front1 & s call = e>ly & detail$ treatm5t 9 ! hi/ory ( t age4 #b4b4 ,! ,sep>ate ,bran*es ( ,*ur* ,hi/ory4--,! con/itu5t p>ts ( *ur* hi/ory t h be5 already enum]at$ are ( su* importance t !y might also be treat$ z indep5d5t sci5ces1 & inde$ = ! mo/ "p !y h (t5 be5 s treat$4 ,9 ?is way1 n only is a m exact treatm5t ( details r5d]$ possible1 b also1 :at is m important1 ! p>ticul> sci5ce s limit$ c be con/ru$ 9 a natural mann] accord+ to pr9ciples furni%$ by itself4 ,! hi/ory ( ! spread & limitation ( ,*ri/ianity !n assumes a sep>ate =m z ! ,hi/ory ( ,missions4 ,! sep>ate hi/ory ( ! ecclesia/ical con/itution1 wor%ip1 & cu/oms is kn[n by ! "n ( ,*ri/ian ,ar*ology1 :i* is inde$1 9 respect ( title & cont5ts1 an undef9$ conglom]ation ( het]og5e\s elem5ts re/rict$ 9 a purely arbitr>y way to ! e>ly ages4 ,! treatm5t ( ?is dep>tm5t !re=e requires t we %\ld und]take ! sci5tific task ( di/+ui%+ ^! het]og5e\s elem5ts1 & arrang+ !m ap>t = sep>ate consid]ation2 ?us foll[+ ! c\rse ( _! developm5t d[n to ! pres5t day1 z ! hi/ory ( ! con/itution1 ( ! wor%ip1 & ( ! culture ( ! *ur*4 ,! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( doctr9e falls into f\r divisions3 a4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,doctr9es 9 ! =m ( a regul> hi/orical sket* ( ! doctr9al developm5t ( ! *ur*4 b4 ,symbolics1 :i* gives a sy/ematic repres5tation ( ! relatively f9al & conclud$ doctr9e ( ! *ur* z det]m9$ 9 ! public ecclesia/ical confessions or symbols = ! *ur* univ]sal & = p>ticul> sects3 ^! aga9 be+ comp>$ toge!r 9 ,comp>ative ,symbolics4 c4 ,patri/ics1 :i* deals ) ! subjective developm5t ( doctr9e z c>ri$ out by ! mo/ di/+ui%$ tea*]s ( ! *ur*1 :o are usually designat$ *ur* ,fa!rs1 & conf9$ to ! fir/ six or eight c5turies4 d4 ,&1 f9ally1 ! ,hi/ory ( ,!ology 9 g5]al1 or ! ,hi/ory ( ! p>ticul> ,!ological ,sci5ces1 :i* treats ( ! sci5tific conception & treatm5t ( !ology & its sep>ate bran*es accord+ to its hi/orical developm5t2 :ile ! ,hi/ory ( ,!ological ,lit]ature1 :i* :5 re/rict$ to ! age ( ! ,fa!rs is call$ ,patrology1 has to describe & e/imate ! :ole lit]>y activity ( ! *ur* accord+ to ! p]sons1 motives1 & t5d5cies t are pres5t 9 x4 ,z ! conclusion & result ( *ur* hi/ory at p>ticul> p]iods1 we h ! sci5ce ( ,ecclesia/ical ,/ati/ics1 :i* describes ! condition ( ! *ur* 9 respect ( all its int]e/s z x /&s at "s p>ticul> mom5t1 8l a slice cut cross-wise out ( its hi/ory40 ,! mo/ important works 9 ^! dep>tm5ts are ! foll[+3 a4 ,hi/ory ( ,missions4-- ,br[n1 8,hi/4 ( ,propag4 ( ,*ri/4 among ,hea!n s9ce ,re=mation40 #crd ,ed41 #c vols41 ,ed941 #ahed4 ,w>neck1 8,outl9es ( ,hi/4 ( ,prot4 ,miss40 ,ed941 #ahhd4 ,smi?1 8,%ort ,hi/4 ( ,*ri/4 ,miss40 ,ed941 #ahhd4 b4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,papacy4-- ,ranke1 8,hi/ory ( ,papacy 9 #af? & #ag? ,c5t40 #b vols41 ,lond41 #ahee4 ,plat9a 7,lib4 ( ,vatican71 8,lives ( ,popes40 7#adha74 ,trans4 by ,rycaut1 ,lond41 #afhe4 ,b[]1 8,hi/4 ( ,popes40 #g vols41 ,lond41 #agej4 ,bryce1 8,holy ,rom4 ,empire40 ,lond41 #ahff4 ,creighton1 8,hi/4 ( ,papacy dur+ ! ,re=mation40 ,vols4 ,i4-,,iv41 f ,a4,d4 #acgh-aeah1 ,lond41 #ahhb-ahhf4 ,janus1 8,pope & ! ,c\ncil40 ,lond41 #ahfi4 ,p5n+ton1 8,epo*s ( ! ,papacy40 ,lond41 #ahhb4 c4 ,hi/ory ( ,mona/icism4-- ,hosp9ianus ,hosp9ian1 8,de ,mona*is40 ,etc41 ,tigur41 #afji4 ,maitl&1 8,! ,d>k ,ages40 ,lond41 #ahdd4 d4 ,hi/ory ( ,c\ncils4-- ,hefele1 8,hi/4 ( ,c\ncils40 ,vols4 ,i4-,,iii41 to ,a4,d4 #dea1 ,ed941 #ahga-ahhc4 7,orig9al ,g]man "w br\ght d[n to ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t exclusive47 e4 ,*ur* law4-- ,haddan & ,/ubbs1 8,c\ncils & ,eccl4 ,docum5ts illu/4 ,eccl4 ,hi/4 ( ,gr4 ,brit4 & ,irel&40 #c vols41 ,lond41 #ahfi ff4 ,phillimore1 8,eccl4 ,law40 ,lond41 #ahgc4 f4 ,ar*ology4-- ,by ,ca?4 ,didron1 8,*ri/4 ,iconography2 or1 ,hi/4 ( ,*ri/4 ,art 9 ,m4 ,a40 ,lond41 #ahhf4 ,by ,prot4 ,b+ham1 8,antiq4 ( ,*ri/4 ,*ur*40 #i vols41 ,lond41 #ahde4 8,diction>y ( ,*ri/4 ,antiquities40 ,ed4 by ,smi? ,*ee?am1 #b vols41 ,lond41 #ahge ff4 g4 ,hi/ory ( ,doctr9es4-- ,ne&]1 8,hi/4 ( ,*ri/4 ,doct40 #b vols41 ,lond4 ,hag5ba*1 8,hi/4 ( ,*ri/4 ,doctr9es40 #c vols41 ,ed941 #ahhj f4 ,%$d1 8,hi/4 ( ,*ri/4 ,doc40 #b vols41 ,ed941 #ahfi4 h4 ,symbolics & ,polemics4-- ,w9]1 8,confessions ( ,*ri/5dom40 ,ed941 #ahgc4 ,s*aff1 8,cre$s ( ,*ri/5dom40 #c vols41 ,ed941 #ahgg ff4 ,mhl]1 8,symbolism3 an ,expos4 ( ! ,doct4 ,diff]5ces betwe5 ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants40 #b vols41 ,lond41 #ahdc4 i4 ,patrology & ,hi/ory ( ,!olog4 ,lit]ature4-- ,dup91 8,new ,hi/ory ( ,ecclesia/ical ,writ]s40 ,lond41 #afif4 ,cave1 8,script4 ,eccl4 ,hi/4 ,lit40 #b vols41 ,lond41 #affh4 ,fabricii1 8,biblio?4 ,grca40 #ad vols41 ,hamb41 #agje2 8,biblio?4 ,m$i et inf9 ,lat940 #f vols41 ,hamb41 #agcd4 ,teuffel1 8,hi/4 ( ,rom4 ,lit40 #b vols41 ,lond41 #ahgc4 k4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,!ological ,sci5ces4-- ,buddu1 8,isagoge ,hi/4 ,!ol4 ad ,!ol4 ,univ40 ,lps41 #agbg4 ,rbig]1 8,encyclopdia ( ,!ology40 #b vols41 ,ed941 #ahhd4 ,dorn]1 8,hi/4 ( ,prot4 ,!ol40 #b vols41 ,ed941 #ahga4 ,hi/ory ( ,exegesis4-- ,davidson1 8,sacr$ ,h]m5eutics2 includ+ ,hi/4 ( ,biblical ,int]pretation f e>lie/ ,fa!rs to ,re=mation40 ,ed941 #ahdc4 ,f>r>1 8,hi/4 ( ,int]pretation40 ,lond41 #ahhf4 ,hi/ory ( ,morals4-- ,wuttke's 8,*ri/ian ,e?ics40 ,vol4 ,i41 8,hi/4 ( ,e?ics40 ,ed941 #ahgc4 l4 ,biographies4-- 8,acta ,sanctorum40 #fc vols4 fol41 ,ant41 #afdc ff4 ,mabillon1 8,acta ,ss4 ord4 ,s4 ,b5$40 #i vols4 fol41 ,p>41 #afff ff4 ,flaccius ,flacius1 8,catalog4 ,te/ium ,v]itatis40 #aeee4 ,pip]1 8,lives ( ,lead]s ( ,*ur* ,univ]sal40 #b vols41 ,ed94 ,smi? & ,wace1 8,dict4 ( ,*r4 ,biog40 etc41 #d vols41 ,lond41 #ahgg ff4 #c4 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,*ur* ,,hi/ory ,,accord+ ,,to ,,p]iods4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w's culture ?ree hi/orical /ages ( univ]sal developm5t succe$ ea* o!r3 ! ,ori5tal1 ! ,franco-,g]man1 & ! ,teutono-,romanic4 ,! k+dom ( ,god _h to ent] ea* ( ^! & h 9 ea* a di/9ctive "*1 s t z compreh5sive a developm5t z possible might be secur$4 ,! hi/ory ( ! prep>ation = ,*ri/ianity 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,israeliti% !ocracy moves along ! l9es ( ,ori5tal culture4 ,! hi/ory ( ! beg9n+s ( ,*ri/ianity embraces ! hi/ory ( ! f\nd+ ( ! *ur* by ,*ri/ & ,8 ,apo/les4 ,^! two toge!r con/itute ,biblical hi/ory1 :i*1 z an indep5d5t bran* ( /udy receiv+ sep>ate treatm5t1 ne$ be "h treat$ m]ely 9 a brief1 introductory mann]4 ,?is holds true also ( ! hi/ory ( pagan culture alongside ( & subsequ5t to ! f\nd+ ( ! *ur*4 ,*ur* hi/ory1 /rictly s-call$1 ! developm5t ( ! already f\nd$ *ur*1 beg9s !re=e1 accord+ to our conception1 ) ! ,po/-,apo/olic ,age1 & f t po9t pursues its c\rse 9 ?ree pr9cipal divisions4 ,! anci5t *ur* completes its task by ?or\ghly assimilat+ ! elem5ts contribut$ by ! ,grco-,roman =ms ( civilization4 ,9 ! ,teutono-,romanic ,*ur* ( ! middle ages ! appropriation & amalgamation ( anci5t classical modes ( ?\ght ) mod]n t5d5cies awak5$ by its imm$iate surr\nd+s 7 c>ri$ out & complet$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! developm5t ( *ur* hi/ory s9ce ! ,re=mation has its impulse giv5 x by t ,teutono-,*ri/ian culture :i* _h maturity & an indep5d5t =m secur$ to x by ! ,re=mation4 ,?is di/ribution 9 accordance ) ! v>i\s =ms ( civilization seems to u s ess5tial1 t we propose to borr[ f x our pr9ciple = ! arrangem5t ( our *ur* hi/ory4 ,! *ronological di/ribution ( ! mat]ial may be repres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ outl9e3 ,i4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,prep>ation = ,*ri/ianity3 ,prep>ation = ,r$emption dur+ ! ,hebraic-,ori5tal /age ( civilization1 & ! con/ruction alongside ( x 9 ! univ]salism ( classical culture ( =ms t prep>$ ! way = ! com+ salvation4 ,,ii4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,beg9n+s ( ,*ri/ianity3 a sket* ( ! r$emption by ,*ri/ & ! f\nd+ ( ! ,*ur* ?r\gh ! prea*+ ( x by ! ,apo/les4 ,,iii4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,developm5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 on ! basis ( ! sket* ( ! r$emption giv5 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,beg9n+s3 ,a4 ,9 ! ,grco-,roman & ,grco-,byzant9e ,p]iod1 "u ,anci5t ,classical ,=ms ( ,civilization4 ,fir/ ,section1 ,a4,d4 #gj to ,a4,d4 #cbc1--;d[n to ! f9al victory ( ,*ri/ianity ov] ! ,grco-,roman paganism2 ! ,po/-,apo/olic & ,old ,ca?olic ,ages4 ,second ,section1 f ,a4,d4 #cbc to ,a4,d4 #fib1--;d[n to ! f9al close ( cum5ical developm5t ( doctr9e 9 ,a4,d4 #fhj1 & ! appe>ance ( :at prov$ a la/+ e/rangem5t betwe5 ! ,ea/]n & ! ,we/]n ,*ur*es 9 ,a4,d4 #fib1 :i* 0 soon foll[$ by ! alliance ( ! ,papacy ) ! ,franki% in/ead ( ! ,byzant9e empire2 ! cum5ico-,ca?olic ,*ur*1 or ! ,*ur* ( ! ,roman-,byzant9e ,empire4 ,?ird ,section1 f ,a4,d4 #fib to ,a4,d4 #adec1--;d[n to ! ov]?r[ ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,langui%+ & decay ( ! old *ur* life 9 ! ,byzant9e ,empire2 complete brea* & futile attempts at union betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,! ,*ur* ( ! ,byzant9e ,empire4 ,b4 ,9 ! ,m$ival ,p]iod1 "u ,teutono-,romanic ,=ms ( ,civilization4 ,fir/ ,section1 #d-i? c5t4--f ! fir/ beg9n+s ( ,teutonic *ur* life d[n to ! end ( ! ,c>lov+ian ,age1 ,a4,d4 #iaa4 ,! ,teutonic ,age4 ,second ,section1 #aj-ac? c5t4--d[n to ,boniface ,,viii41 ,a4,d4 #abid2 rise ( m$ival in/itutions--! ,papacy1 ,mona/icism1 ,s*ola/icism2 ,g]many 9 ! =egr\nd ( ! ecclesia/ico-political movem5t4 ,?ird ,section1 ! #ad-ae? c5t4--d[n to ! ,re=mation 9 ,a4,d4 #aeag2 det]ioration & collapse ( m$ival in/itutions2 ,france 9 ! =egr\nd ( ! ecclesia/ico-political movem5t4 ,c4 ,9 ! ,mod]n ,p]iod1 "u ! ,european ,=ms ( ,civilization4 ,fir/ ,section1 ! #af? c5t4 ,age ( ,evangelical-,prote/ant ,re=mation & ,roman ,ca?olic ,c\nt]-,re=mation4 ,second ,section1 ! #ag? c5t4 ,age ( ,or?odoxy on ! ,prote/ant side & cont9u$ endeav\rs aft] re/oration on ! side ( ,ca?olicism4 ,?ird ,section1 ! #ah? c5t4 ,age ( advanc+ ,illum9ism 9 bo? *ur*es1--,deism1 ,naturalism1 ,rationalism4 ,f\r? ,section1 ! #ai? c5t4 ,age ( re-awak5$ ,*ri/ian & ,ecclesia/ical life4 ,unionism1 ,confessionalism1 & ,lib]alism 9 conflict ) "o ano!r on ! ,prote/ant side2 ! revival ( ,ultramontanism 9 conflict ) ! civil p[] on ! ,ca?olic side4 ,9 opposition to bo? *ur*es1 widespread pan!i/ic1 mat]iali/ic1 & communi/ic t5d5cies4 #d4 ,,s\rces ,,& ,,auxili>ies ,,( ,,*ur* ,,hi/ory4#a ,! s\rces ( ,*ur* hi/ory are p>tly orig9al1 9 ! %ape ( inscriptions & e>ly docum5ts2 p>tly d]ivative1 9 ! %ape ( traditions & rese>*es 9 reg>d to primitive docum5ts t h mean:ile be5 lo/4 ,( great] importance to *ur* hi/ory ?an ! s-call$ dumb s\rces1 e4g4 *ur* build+s1 furniture1 pictures1 are ! inscriptions com+ d[n f ! e>lie/ times2 b ( ! v highe/ importance are ! extant (ficial docum5ts1 e4g4 acts & decisions ( ,*ur* ,c\ncils1 decrees & edicts ( ! ,popes1--decretals1 bulls1 briefs1--! pa/oral lett]s ( bi%ops1 civil enactm5ts & decrees reg>d+ ecclesia/ical matt]s1 ! rules ( ,spiritual ,ord]s1 mona/ic rules1 liturgies1 confessional writ+s1 ! epi/les ( influ5tial ecclesia/ical & civil (fic]s1 reports by eye witnesses1 s]mons & doctr9al treatises by ,*ur* tea*]s1 etc4 ,9 reg>d to matt]s n det]m9$ by any extant orig9al docum5ts1 e>li] or lat] fix$ traditions & hi/orical rese>*es mu/ take ! place ( ^? lo/ docum5ts4--,sci5ces ,auxili>y to ,*ur* ,hi/ory are su* z are indisp5sable = ! critical e/imat+ & sift+1 z well z = ! compreh5sive und]/&+ ( ! s\rces ( *ur* hi/ory4 ,to ?is class ! foll[+ bran*es belong3 ,diplomatics1 :i* tea*es h[ to e/imate ! g5u95ess1 complet5ess1 & cr$ibility ( ! docum5ts 9 "q2 ,philology1 :i* enables u to und]/& ! languages ( ! s\rces2 ,geography & ,*ronology1 :i* make u acqua9t$ ) ! sc5es & p]iods :]e & :5 ! incid5ts relat$ 9 ! orig9al docum5ts 7 enact$4 ,among auxili>y sci5ces 9 ! wid] s5se1 ! hi/ory ( ! ,/ate1 ( ,law1 ( ,culture1 ( ,lit]ature1 ( ,philosophy1 & ( ,univ]sal ,religion1 may also be includ$ z indisp5sable ow+ to _! intimate connection ) ecclesia/ical developm5t4 #d4a4 ,lit]ature ( ! ,s\rces4-- a4 ,inscriptions3 de ,rossi1 8,inscriptt4 *r4 urbis ,rom40 ,vols4 ,i4 ,,ii41 ,rome1 #aheg4 b4 ,collections ( ,c\ncils3 ,h>du9 ,h>d\91 8,conc4 coll40 7to ,a4,d4 #agae71 #ab vols41 ,p>41 #agae4 ,mansi1 8,conc4 nova et ampl4 coll40 #ca vols41 ,flor41 #agei4 c4 ,papal ,acts3 ,jaffe1 8,rege/a pont4 ,rom40 7to ,a4,d4 #aaih71 #b ed41 ,brl41 #ahha4 ,pot?a/1 8,rege/a pont4 ,rom40 7,a4,d4 #aaih-acjd71 #b ,vols41 ,brl41 #ahgc4 ,! ,papal ,decretals 9 8,corp4 jur4 ,canonici40 ed41 ,fri$b]g1 ,lips41 #ahgi4 8,bull>um1 diplom4 et privil4 ,,ss4 rom4 pont40 ,taur55sis editio1 #bd vols41 #aheg ff4 ,nussi1 8,conv5tiones de reb4 eccl4 int] s4 s$em et civ4 pot4 init40 ,mogunt41 #ahgj4 d4 ,mona/ic ,rules3 ,hol/5ii1 8,cod4 regul4 mon4 et4 c40 #f vols41 #agei4 e4 ,liturgies3 ,daniel1 8,cod4 liturg4 eccl4 univ40 #d vols41 ,leipz41 #ahdg ff4 ,hammond1 8,anci5t ,liturgies40 ,oxf41 #ahgh4 f4 ,symbolics3 ,kimmel1 8,ll4 ,symb4 eccl4 ,ori5t40 ,j5a41 #ahdc4 ,danz1 8,ll4 ,symb4 eccl4 ,rom4 ,ca?40 ,weim>1 #ahce4 ,hase1 8,ll4 ,symb4 eccl4 evang40 ,ed4 iii41 ,leipz41 #ahdj4 ,niemey]1 8,coll4 ,conf4 eccl4 ,ref40 ,leipz41 #ahdj4 ,s*aff1 8,cre$s ( ,*ri/5dom40 #c vols41 ,lond41 #ahhb4 g4 ,m>tyrologies3 ,ru9>t1 8,acta prim4 ,m>t40 #c vols41 #ahjb4 ,assemanni ,assemani1 8,acta ,,ss4 ,m>t4 ori5t4 et occid40 #b vols41 ,rome1 #agdh4 h4 ,greek & ,lat9 ,*ur* ,fa!rs & ,tea*]s3 ,migne1 8,patrologi currus completus40 ,s]4 ,i41 ,eccl4 ,grc41 #afb vols41 ,p>41 #aheg ff42 ,s]4 ,,ii41 ,eccl4 ,lat41 #bba vols41 ,p>41 #ahdd ff4 ,horoy1 8,m$ia vi biblio?4 patri/40 7f ,a4,d4 #abaf to #aefd71 ,p>is1 #ahgi4 8,corpus ,scriptorum eccl4 lat40 ,v9dob41 #ahff ff4 ,grabe1 8,spicilegium ,,ss4 ,pp4 et ,hrett40 ,sc4 ,i4-,,iii41 #c vols41 ,ox=d1 #afih4 ,r\?1 8,reliqui sac40 #d vols41 ,ox=d1 #ahad ff4 8,ante-,nic5e ,*ri/ian ,libr>y2 a collection ( all ! works ( ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* prior to ! ,c\ncil ( ,nica40 #bd vols41 ,ed941 #ahfg ff4 i4 ,anci5t ,writ]s ( ! ,ea/3 ,assemanus ,assemani1 8,biblio?4 ori5t40 #d vols41 ,rome1 #agai4 k4 ,byzant9e ,writ]s3 ,niebuhr1 8,corp4 scr4 hi/4 ,byz40 #dh vols41 ,bonn1 #ahbh ff4 ,sa?as1 8,biblio?4 ,grc4 ,m$4 vi40 ,vols4 ,i4-,,vi41 ,a!ns1 #ahgb ff4 #d4b4 ,lit]ature ( ! ,auxili>y ,sci5ces4-- a4 ,diplomatics3 ,mabillon1 8,de re diplomatic40 ,ed4 ii41 ,p>41 #agji4 b4 ,philology3 ,du ,fresne 7du ,cange71 8,gloss>ium ad scriptt4 m$4 et infim4 ,lat940 #f vols41 ,p>41 #agcc2 ,new ed41 ,h5s*el & ,favre1 9 c\rse ( publication4 ,du ,fresne1 8,gloss>ium1 ad scriptt4 m$4 et infim4 ,grc40 #b vols41 ,leyd51 #afhh4 ,suic]i1 8,!saurus ecclesia/4 e patribus grcis40 ,ed4 ii41 #b vols41 ,am/41 #agbh4 c4 ,geography & ,/ati/ics3 ,mi*4 le ,qui51 8,ori5s *ri/ianus 9 quatuor patri>*atus dige/us40 #c vols41 ,p>41 #agjd4 d4 ,*ronology3 ,nicolas1 8,! ,*ronology ( ,hi/ory40 #b ed41 ,lond41 #ahch4 8,l'art de v]ifi] les dates1 by d',ant9e40 ,etc41 ed4 by ,c\rcelles1 #ai vols41 ,p>41 #ahba-ahbd4 #e4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,g5]al ,,*ur* ,,hi/ory4 ,! e>lie/ writ] ( *ur* hi/ory prop]ly s call$ is ,eusebius1 ,bi%op ( ,cs>ea1 #cdj4 ,dur+ ! fif? c5tury c]ta9 memb]s ( ! ,greek ,*ur* cont9u$ 8 "w4 ,! ,we/]n ,*ur* did n s soon engage ^u und]tak+s ( t sort1 & 0 cont5t$ ) translations & reproductions ( ! mat]ials t _h come d[n f ! ,greeks in/ead ( ent]+ ^u orig9al inve/igations4 ,dur+ ! middle ages1 9 consequ5ce ( ! close connection subsi/+ betwe5 ,*ur* & ,/ate1 ! ,greek ,scriptores hi/ori ,byzant91 z well z ! ,lat9 national hi/ories1 biographies1 annals1 & *ronicles1 are ( ! v utmo/ importance z s\rces ( in=mation reg>d+ ! *ur* hi/ory ( _! times4 ,x 0 ! ,re=mation1 h[ev]1 t fir/ awak5$ & inspir$ ! _s ( true critical rese>* & sci5tific treatm5t ( *ur* hi/ory1 = ! appeal ( ! ,re=m]s to ! pure practices & in/itutions ( ! e>ly days ( ! *ur* dem&$ an au?oritative hi/orical exposition ( ! f\nd+ ( ! *ur*1 & ?is oblig$ ! ,ca?olic *ur* to engage ^u ! /udies necess>y = ?is end4 ,! ,lu!ran z well z ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 h[ev]1 d[n to ! middle ( ! #ag? c5tury1 7 satisfi$ ) ! volum9\s productions ( ! two great pione]s 9 ,*ur* hi/ory1 ,flacius & ,b>onius4 ,aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 emulation 9 ! /udy ( *ur* hi/ory 0 excit$1 :i* 0 und\bt$ly1 dur+ ! #ag? c5tury1 mo/ successfully prosecut$ 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! great] fre$om :i* prevail$ 9 ! ,gallican ,*ur*1 ^! /udies fl\ri%$ conspicu\sly 9 ,france1 & 7 pursu$ ) exceptional success by ! ,oratorians & ! ,ord] ( ,/4 ,maur4 ,! ,re=m$ !ologians1 especially 9 ,france & ! ,ne!rl&s1 did n rema9 f> beh9d !m 9 ! conte/4 ,?r\gh\t ! #ah? c5tury1 aga91 ! p]=mances ( ! ,lu!ran ,*ur* came to ! front1 :ile a laudable rivalry leads ! ,re=m$ to emulate _! excell5cies4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,ca?olics1 on ! o!r h&1 t zeal & capacity :i*1 dur+ ! #ag? c5tury1 _h won new laurels 9 ! field ( hon\r1 7 n[ sadly crippl$4 ,b z rationalism spread 9 ! doma9 ( doctr9e1 pragmatism spread 9 ! doma9 ( *ur* hi/ory1 :i* set = itself z ! highe/ ideal ( hi/orical writ+ ! art ( d$uc+ ev]y?+ 9 hi/ory1 ev5 :at is highe/ & mo/ pr(\nd 9 x1 f ! co-op]ation ( =tune & passion1 arbitr>9ess & calculation4 ,x 0 only 9 ! #ai? c5tury1 :5 a return 0 made to ! c>eful inve/igation ( orig9al au?orities1 & x came to be reg>d$ z ! task ( ! hi/orian1 to give a conception & exposition ( ! sci5ce z objective z possible1 t ?is errone\s t5d5cy 0 arre/$4 #e4a4 ,d[n to ! ,re=mation4--,! *ur* hi/ory ( ,eusebius1 :i* rea*es d[n to ,a4,d4 #cbd1 0 to "s ext5t cont9u$ by 8 ,vita ,con/ant9i1 d[n to ,a4,d4 #ccg 7 #dg1 #b74 ,! *ur* hi/ory ( ,philo/orgius1 :i* rea*es f ,a4,d4 #cah-dbc1 com+ d[n to u only 9 fragm5ts quot$ by ,photius1 0 an ,arian p>ty production ( "s importance4 ,dur+ ! #e? c5tury1 h[ev]1 ! *ur* hi/ory ( ,eusebius 0 cont9u$ d[n to ,a4,d4 #dci by ! ,ca?olic ,socrates1 an advocate at ,con/ant9ople1 writt5 9 a simple & imp>tial /yle1 yet n altoge!r uncritical1 & ) a c]ta9 measure ( lib]ality2 & d[n to ,a4,d4 #dbc1 by ,sozom51 also an advocate at ,con/ant9ople1 :o 9 l>ge measure plagi>izes f ,socrates1 & is1 9 :at is 8 own1 uncritical1 cr$ul\s1 & fond ( retail+ anecdotes2 & d[n to ,a4,d4 #dbh by ,!odoret1 ,bi%op ( ,cyrus 9 ,syria1 :o produces mu* useful mat]ial 9 ! %ape ( orig9al au?orities1 conf9+ himself1 h[ev]1 l bo? ( 8 pr$ecessors1 almo/ exclusively to ! affairs ( ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*4 ,9 ! #f? c5tury1 ,!odorus1 read] at ,con/ant9ople1 made a collection ( extracts f ^! works1 cont9u+ ! hi/ory d[n to 8 own "t 9 ,a4,d4 #ebg4 ,( ?is we h only fragm5ts pres]v$ by ,nicephorus ,calli/i4 ,! cont9uation by ,evagrius ( ,antio*1 rea*+ f ,a4,d4 #dca-eid1 is *>act]iz$ by c>efulness1 le>n+1 & imp>tiality1 along ) zeal\s or?odoxy1 & an uncritical belief 9 ! m>vell\s4 ,collect$ editions ( all ^! works h be5 publi%$ by ,valesius 7,p>41 #afei71 & ,read+ 7,cantab41 #agbj71 9 ea* case 9 #c vols4 folio4--,9 ! ,lat9 ,*ur* ,ruf9us ( ,aquileia translat$ ! "w ( ,eusebius & enl>g$ x be=e ! cont9uations ( ! ?ree ,greek hi/orians _h appe>$1 c>ry+ x d[n to 8 own "t 9 ,a4,d4 #cie 9 an utt]ly uncritical fa%ion4 ,sulpicius ,sev]us1 a presbyt] ( ,gaul1 wrote ab\t ! same "t 8 ,hi/oria ,sacra1 9 two books1 f ! creation ( ! _w d[n to ,a4,d4 #djj4 ,9 ! #f? c5tury1 ,cassiodorus fus$ toge!r into "o treatise 9 #ab books1 by means ( extracts1 ! works ( ! ?ree ,greek cont9uators ( ,eusebius1 "u ! title ,hi/4 ecclesia/ica trip>tita1 :i*1 comb9$ ) ! hi/ory ( ,ruf9us1 rema9$ d[n to ! ,re=mation 9 common use z a text-book4 ,a *ur* hi/ory writt5 9 ! #f? c5tury 9 ,syriac1 by ! monophysite bi%op1 ,john ( ,ephesus1 morbidly fond ( ! miracul\s1 fir/ became kn[n to u 9 an abridg$ =m ( ! ?ird "p embrac+ ! hi/ory ( 8 own "t4 7,ed4 ,cureton1 ,oxf41 #ahec4 ,transl4 into ,engl4 by ,payne ,smi?1 ,ox=d1 #ahei47--;,belong+ to ! ,lat9 *ur* ( ! middle ages1 ,haymo ( ,halb]/adt des]ves to be nam$ z a writ] ( univ]sal hi/ory1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #hej1 lean+ ma9ly ^u ,ruf9us & ,cassiodorus4 ,! same too may be said ab\t ! "w entitl$1 ,libri ,,xiii4 hi/ori ecclesia/ic writt5 by ! ,abbot ,od]icus ,vitalis 9 ,norm&y1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #aaej1 :i* =ms ^u ! :ole ! mo/ cr$itable production ( ! middle ages4 ,9 ! #bd books ( ! ,*ur* hi/ory ( ! ,dom9ican & ,papal libr>ian1 ,tolomeo ( ,lucca1 compos$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #acae1 *ur* hi/ory is conceiv$ ( z if x 7 simply a hi/orical comm5t>y on ! ecclesia/ical laws & canons !n 9 =ce1 z an attempt1 t is1 to incorporate 9 ! hi/ory all ! fictions & falsifications1 :i* ,pseudo-,isidore 9 ! #i? c5tury 7 #hg1 #b-d71 ,gratian 9 ! #ab? c5tury1 & ,raimundus ,raimund de ,p5ne=ti ,p5na=te 9 ! #ac? c5tury 7 #ii1 #e71 _h wr\ght into ! ,canon law4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! #ae? c5tury1 "u ! influ5ce ( humanism !re 0 an awak5+ "h & !re to a s5se ( ! ne$ ( a critical proc$ure 9 ! doma9 ( *ur* hi/ory1 :i* _h be5 altoge!r want+ ?r\gh\t ! middle ages4 ,9 ! ,greek ,*ur* aga91 dur+ ! #ad? c5tury1 ,nicephorus ,calli/i ( ,con/ant9ople1 wrote a treatise on *ur* hi/ory1 rea*+ d[n to ,a4,d4 #faj1 devoid ( ta/e & )\t any indication ( critical p[]4 #e4b4 ,! #af? & #ag? ,c5turies4--,ab\t ! middle ( ! #af? c5tury ! ,lu!ran ,*ur* produc$ a volum9\s "w 9 *ur* hi/ory1 ! s-call$ ,magdeburg ,c5turies1 compos$ by a committee ( ,lu!ran !ologians1 at ! head ( :i* 0 ,mat?ias ,flacius1 ( ,illyria 9 ,magdeburg4 ,?is "w consi/$ ( #ac folio vols41 ea* ( :i* embrac$ a c5tury4 7,eccles4 ,hi/41 integram eccl4 ideam complect5s1 conge/a p] aliquot /udiosos et pios viros 9 urbe ,magdb4 ,bas41 #aeei-aegd47 ,!y re/ ?r\gh\t on c>eful /udies ( orig9al au?orities1 produce _m docum5ts t 7 previ\sly unkn[n1 &1 ) an unsp>+ly bitt] polemic aga9/ ! ,romi% doctr9al deg5]ation1 address !mselves ) special dilig5ce to ! hi/orical developm5t ( dogma4 ,9 answ] to !m ! ,romi% ,oratorian1 ,cs> ,b>onius1 produc$ 8 ,annales ecclesia/ici1 9 #ab vols4 folio1 rea*+ d[n to ,a4,d4 #aaih 7,rome1 #aehh-afjg74 ,?is "w moves entirely along ,roman ,ca?olic l9es & is q prejudic$ & p>tial1 & seeks 9 a ?or\ghly uncritical way1 by e species ( +5uity1 to ju/ify ,romi% positions2 yet1 z communicat+ _m hi!rto unkn[n1 & to o!rs inaccessible docum5ts1 x mu/ be reg>d$ z an important production4 ,x secur$ = its au?or ! c>d9al's hat1 & _h wellnigh rais$ him to ! *air ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,9 ! int]e/s ( a s*ol>ly & tru?-lov+ rese>*1 x 0 ke5ly criticis$ by ! ,franciscan ,an?ony ,pagi 7,critica hi/-*ronol4 #d vols41 ,antw41 #agje71 c>ri$ d[n 9 ! #ag? c5tury f ,a4,d4 #aaih-aefe1 9 #i vols4 by ,od]ic4 ,raynaldi1 9 ! #ah? c5tury f ,a4,d4 #aeff-aega1 9 #c vols4 by de ,lad]*i1 & 9 ! #ai? c5tury d[n to ,a4,d4 #aehe 9 #c vols4 by ,augu/ ,!9]4 ,a new edition 0 publi%$ by ,mansi 7#dc vols41 #agch ff471 ) ,raynaldi's cont9uation & ,pagi's criticism4--,dur+ ! #ag? c5tury ! ,fr5* ,ca?olic s*ol>s bore ! palm z writ]s ( ,*ur* hi/ory4 ,! c\rse 0 op5$ 9 g5]al *ur* hi/ory by ! ,dom9ican ,natalis ,alex&]1 a le>n$ man1 b writ+ a /iff s*ola/ic /yle 7,selecta hi/4 eccl4 capita et diss4 hi/4 *ron4 et dogm4 #bd vols41 ,p>41 #afgf ff474 ,?is fir/ edition1 on acc\nt ( its ,gallicanism 0 =bidd5 at ,rome2 a lat] "o by ,roncaglia ( ,lucca1 ) corrective notes1 0 all[$ to pass4 ,seba/4 le ,na9 de ,tillemont1 ) ! consci5ti\sness ( 8 ,jans5i/ fai?1 gave an acc\nt ( e>ly *ur* hi/ory 9 a clev]ly gr\p$ s]ies ( c>efully select$ au?orities 7,memoires p\r s]vir l'hi/4 eccl4 des six premi]s sicles1 ju/ifis p> les citations des auteurs orig9aux4 #af vols41 ,p>41 #afic ff474 ,bossuet wrote1 = ! in/ruction ( ! ,dauph91 :at ,hase has /yl$ 8an ecclesia/ical hi/ory ( ! _w ) eloqu5t dialectic & ) an insight into ! ways ( provid5ce1 z if ! wise ,bi%op ( ,meaux _h be5 9 ! secrets n only ( ! k+'s b also ( ,god's c\ncils0 7,disc\rs sur l'hi/4 univ]selle depuis le comm5cem5t du monde jusqu' l'empire de ,*>les ,m4 ,p>41 #afha74 ,claude ,fleury1 aim+ at edification1 proce$s 9 fl[+ & diffuse p]iods 7,hi/oire eccl/4 #bj vols41 ,p>41 #afia ff474--,! hi/ory ( ! ,fr5* ,*ur* 7,a4,d4 #aehj7 ascrib$1 probably errone\sly1 to ,!odore ,beza1 ! successor ( ,calv91 m>ks ! beg9n+ ( ! writ+ ( ecclesia/ical hi/ory 9 ! ,re=m$ ,*ur*4 ,dur+ ! #ag? c5tury x secur$ an em95ce 9 ! dep>tm5t ( *ur* hi/ory1 especially on acc\nt ( le>n$ special rese>*es 7 #afj1 #g71 b also to "s ext5t 9 ! doma9 ( g5]al *ur* hi/ory4 ,j4 ,h4 ,hott+] ov]load$ 8 ,hi/4 eccl/4 ,n4 ,t4 7#i vols41 ,fig41 #afea ff47 by dragg+ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,judaism1 & ,paganism1 & ev5 ( ,mohamm$anism1 ) mu* irrelevant matt] ( t sort4 ,sup]ior to x 7 ! works ( ,fri$r4 ,spanheim 7,summa hi/4 eccl4 ,leyd41 #afhi7 ,jas4 ,basnage 7,hi/4 de l'gl4 #b vols41 ,rotd41 #afii74 ,mo/ important ( all 7 ! ke5 criticism ( ! ,annals ( ,b>onius by ,isaac ,casaubon 7,ex]citt4 ,b>onian4 ,lond41 #afad71 & by ,sam4 ,basnage 7,ex]citt4 hi/4 crit4 ,traj41 #afib2 & ,annales polit4 eccl/4 #c vols41 ,rotd41 #agjf74 #e4c4 ,! #ah? ,c5tury4--,aft] ! publication ( ! ,magdeburg ,opus palm>e ! /udy ( *ur* hi/ory fell into ! backgr\nd 9 ! ,lu!ran ,*ur*4 ,x 0 ,george ,calixtus 7 ,a4,d4 #afeh7 & ! syncreti/ controv]sies :i* he occasion$ t aga9 awak5$ an int]e/ 9 su* pursuits4 ,gottfr4 ,arnold's colossal p>ty-spirit$ treatise entitl$ 8,unp>teiis*e ,kir*5- und ,ketz]hi/orie0 7#b vols4 fol41 ,frkf41 #afii71 :i* sc>cely recognis$ ,*ri/ianity except 9 h]esies & fanatical sects1 gave a p[]ful impulse to ! _s ( inve/igation & to ! g5]\s treatm5t ( oppon5ts4 ,?is bore fruit 9 ! ir5ical & conciliatory attempts ( ,weismann ( ,tb+5 7,introd4 9 memorabilia eccl/4 #b vols41 ,tb41 #agah74 ,! %9+ />1 h[ev]1 9 ! firmam5t ( *ur* hi/ory dur+ ! #ah? c5tury 0 ,j4 ,lor4 v4 ,mo%eim 9 ,helm/$t ,helm/adt & ,gtt+51 di/+ui%$ alike = ?or\gh inve/igation1 ) a div9atory p[] ( insight1 & by a brilliant execution & an arti/ic facility 9 ! use ( a noble ,lat9 /yle 7,in/itutionum hi/4 eccl/4 ,libri ,,iv4 ,helm/41 #agee2 transl4 into ,engli% by ,murdock1 ed4 by ,reid1 #aa? ed41 ,lond41 #ahhj74 ,j4 ,a4 ,cram]1 9 ,kiel1 translat$ ,bossuet's ,e9l4 9 die ,ges*4 d4 ,welt u4 d4 ,relig41 ) a cont9uation :i* gave a specially c>eful treatm5t ( ! !ology ( ! middle ages 7#g vols41 ,leipz41 #ageg ff474 ,j4 ,sal4 ,seml]1 9 ,halle1 %ook1 ) a morbidly sceptical criticism1 _m traditional views 9 ,*ur* hi/ory t _h previ\sly be5 reg>d$ z unassailable 7,hi/4 eccl4 selecta capita4 #c vols41 ,halle1 #agfg ff42 ,v]su* e4 fru*tb4 ,auszugs d4 ,k4 ,ges*4 #c vols41 ,halle1 #aggc ff474 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,jon4 ,matt4 ,s*rckh ( ,witt5b]g produc$ a gigantic "w on *ur* hi/ory1 :i* is *>act]iz$ by pati5t rese>*1 & gives1 9 s f> z ! means )9 8 rea* all[$1 a f>-sight$1 temp]ate1 & correct /atem5t ( facts 7,*ri/l4 ,k4 ,g4 #de vols41 ,leipz41 #aggb ff41 ! la/ two vols4 by ,tzs*irn]74 ,! ,wrtemburg ,wrttemb]g m9i/] ( /ate1 ,b>on von ,spittl]1 sket*$ a ,grundriss d] ,k4 ,ges*41 9 %ort & sm>tly express$ utt]ances1 :i* 9 _m cases 7 no bett] ?an c>icatures 7#e? ed4 by ,planck1 ,gtt41 #ahab74 ,9 8 foot/eps ,h5ke ( ,helm/$t ,helm/adt1 foll[$1 :o1 :ile mak+ full ackn[l$gm5t ( ! moral bless+ :i* _h be5 br\ght by true ,*ri/ianity to mank9d1 nev]!less describ$ ! 8,allg4 ,ges*4 d] ,kir*e0 z if x 7 a b$lam gall]y ( religi\s & moral ab]rations & /range developm5ts 7#f vols41 ,brsweig41 #aghh ff42 #e? ed4 revis$ & cont9u$ by ,vat] 9 #i vols474--,9 ! ,re=m$ ,*ur*1 ,h]m4 ,v5ema1 ( ,franek]1 ! ,mo%eim ( ?is *ur*1 di/+ui%$ himself by ! ?or\gh docum5t>y basis :i* he gave to 8 exposition1 writt5 9 a conciliatory _s 7,in/itutt4 hi/4 eccl4 ,v4 et ,n4 ,t4 #g vols41 ,leyd41 #aggg ff474 ,9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ,royko ( ,prague1 fav\r$ by ! re=m+ t5d5cies ( ! ,emp]or ,joseph ,,ii41 0 able ) impunity to give expression to 8 anti-hi]>*ical views 9 an almo/ cynically outspok5 /atem5t 7,e9l4 9 d4 *r4 ,rel4 u4 ,k4 ,g4 ,prague1 #aghh74 #e4d4 ,! #ai? ,c5tury4 ,9 8 ,h&b4 d4 *r4 ,k4 ,g41 publ4 9 #ahja 79 #bnd ed4 cont94 by ,rettb]g1 #g vols41 ,giess51 #ahcd71 ,*r4 ,s*midt ( ,giess5 expressly ma9ta9$ t ! supreme & inde$ ! only conditions ( a correct treatm5t ( hi/ory consi/$ 9 ! direct /udy ( ! orig9al docum5ts1 & a truly objective exhibition ( ! results d]iv$ !refrom4 ,by objectivity1 h[ev]1 he und]/ood indiff]5ce & coolness ( ! subject 9 ref]5ce to ! object1 :i* mu/ inevitably r5d] ! repres5tation h>d1 col\rless1 & lifeless4 ,giesel] ( ,gtt+51 #ahed1 comm5d$ ?is mode ( treatm5t by 8 excell5t execution1 & 9 8 ,lehrbu* 7#e vols41 ,bonn1 #ahbd-aheg2 ,engl4 transl4 8,comp5dium ( ,*ur* ,hi/ory40 #e vols41 ,ed9b41 #ahdf-ahef71 a ma/]-piece ( ! fir/ rank1 :i* supports1 expla9s & amplifies ! au?or's own admirably compress$ exposition by skilfully *os5 extracts f ! docum5ts1 toge!r ) orig9al & ?\ghtful criticism "u ! text4 ,a temp]ate1 objective1 & docum5t>y treatm5t ( *ur* hi/ory is also giv5 9 ! ,h&bu* ( ,engelh>dt ( ,erlang5 7#e vols41 ,erlang41 #ahcb ff474 ,among ! s-call$ ,comp5dia ! mo/ popul> 0 ! ,univ]salges*i*te d4 ,k4 by ,/udl91 ( ,gtt+5 7,hann41 #ahjg2 #e? ed4 by ,holzhaus51 #ahcc74 ,x 0 sup]s$$ by ! ,lehrbu* ( ,hase1 ( ,j5a 7,leipz41 #ahcd2 #aj? ed41 #ahgg2 ,engl4 transl4 f #g? ,g]m4 ed41 ,new ,york1 #ahee71 :i* is a g5]ally pregnant & arti/ically ta/eful exposition ) (t5 excell5t & /rik+ features1 subtle p]ception1 & ) ample ref]5ces to docum5t>y s\rces4 ,! ,vorlesung5 ( ,s*lei]ma*]1 #ahcd1 publi%$ aft] 8 dea? by ,bonell 7,brl41 #ahdj71 assume acqua9tance ) ! usual mat]ials1 & pres5t 9 a fragm5t>y mann] ! g5]al outl9es ( ! *ur*'s c\rse ( developm5t4 ,ni$n]'s ,lehrbu* 7#bnd ed41 ,brl41 #ahff71 is di/+ui%$ by a philosophical _s1 indep5d5t treatm5t1 imp>tial judgm5t1 & weal? ( cont5ts ) omission ( cu/om>y matt]1 b m>r$ by ! s*ola/ic /iffness & awkw>dness ( its /yle4 ,gfrr]'s 7 #ahfa7 ,kir*5ges*i*te 7#g vols4 rea*+ d[n to ,a4,d4 #ajjj1 ,/uttg41 #ahdj7 treats e>ly ,*ri/ianity z purely a product ( ! culture ( ! age1 & kn[s ( no mov+ pr9ciples 9 ! hi/orical developm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* b cl]ical self-seek+1 political int]e/s1 ma*9ations & intrigues4 ,nev]!less ! book1 especially 9 ! portion treat+ ( ! middle ages1 af=ds a fre% & lively acc\nt ( rese>*es among orig9al docum5ts & ( new results1 al?\gh ev5 "h ! au?or does n altoge!r re/ra9 8 undue fondness = ov] subtle comb9ations4 ,aft] 8 entrance into ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 8 lab\rs 9 ! doma9 ( *ur* hi/ory 7 limit$ to a volum9\s hi/ory ( ,gregory ,,vii41 :i* may be reg>d$ z a cont9uation ( 8 *ur* hi/ory1 ! e>li] "w hav+ only rea*$ d[n to t po9t4 ,baur ( ,tb+5 began ! publication ( monographical treatises on p>ticul> p]iods1 rea*+ d[n to ! ,re=mation 7#c vols41 #bnd ed41 ,tb41 #ahfj ff471 a cont9uation to ! end ( ! #ah? c5t4 7publi%$ by 8 son ,f4 ,baur1 #ahfc71 & also a fur!r volume treat+ ( ! #ai? c5t4 7publ4 by 8 son-9-law ,zell]1 #bnd ed41 #ahgg74 ,^! works ( ?is unwe>i$ inve/igator %[ ?or\gh ma/]y ( ! imm5se mass ( mat]ial1 ) subtle criticism & 9 _m cases ! fir/ e/abli%m5t ( new views4 ,bhr+]'s massive production 7,die ,kir*e ,*ri/i und ihre ,zeug51 od] ,kir*5ges*i*te 9 ,biographi54 #bd vols41 ,zur41 #ahdb2 #bnd ed41 ,zur41 #ahgc71 ^u ! basis ( an indep5d5t /udy ( ! sev]al ages d[n to ! ,re=mation1 *>act]izes by means ( detail$ portraiture ! p]sonalities prom95t dur+ ^! p]iods4 ,9 ! second edition1 ?or\ghly reca/ ) ! assi/ance ( 8 two sons1 !re is evid5ce ( a m /rictly critical rese>* & a judicial frame ( m9d1 s t ! pr$om9antly panegyrical "* ( ! fir/ edition is consid]ably modifi$4 ,ro!'s lectures1 edit$ aft] 8 dea?1 ) additions f 8 lit]>y rema9s1 by ,we+>t5 7#b vols41 ,hdlb41 #ahge7 are q fragm5t>y because ! usual hi/orical matt] 0 (t5 suppli$ f ,giesel]1 ,ne&]1 or ,hase4 ,! "w is ( great value 9 ! dep>tm5ts ( ! ,con/itution & ! ,life ( ! ,*ur*1 b 9 o!r respects does n at all satisfy ! expectations :i* "o might ent]ta9 respect+ productions be>+ su* an hon\r$ "n2 ?or\ghly solid & s*ol>ly1 h[ev]1 are ! un=tunately only sp>se & %ort notes ( ! le>n$ editor4 #e4e4 ,almo/ contemporane\sly ) ,giesel]1 ,aug4 ,ne&] ( ,b]l91 #ahej1 began ! publication ( 8 ,allg4 ,ges*4 d4 *r4 ,kir*e 9 xi4 divisions d[n to ,a4,d4 #adaf 7,ham41 #ahbd-aheb4 ,engl4 ,transl4 #i vols41 ,ed941 #ahdg-ahee71 by :i* gr\nd 0 brok5 9 ano!r direction4 ,p[]fully influ5c$ by ! religi\s movem5t1 :i* s9ce ! w>s ( indep5d5ce _h inspir$ ! noble/ spirits ( ,g]many1 & sympa?iz+ ) ,s*lei]ma*]'s !ology ( feel+1 he v9dicat$ ! rights ( subjective piety 9 ! sci5tific treatm5t ( *ur* hi/ory1 & s\ght to make x fruitful = edification z a comm5t>y ( va/ proportions on ! p>able ( ! leav54 ,) special delight he traces ! developm5ts ( ! inn] life1 %[s :at is ,*ri/ian 9 ev5 misconceiv$ & ecclesia/ically condemn$ manife/ations1 & feels = ! mo/ "p repell$ f objective ecclesia/icism1 z f an ossification ( ! ,*ri/ian life & ! cry/allization ( dogma4 ,9 ! same way he und]values ! significance ( ! political co-effici5ts1 & has little appreciation ( e/hetic & arti/ic influ5ces4 ,! exposition goes out too (t5 into we>isome details & gr[s some:at monoton\s1 b is on e side light$ up by fir/ h& acqua9tance ) ! orig9al s\rces4 ,8 s*ol>1 ,hag5ba* ( ,basel1 #ahgd1 put toge!r 9 a collect$ =m 8 lectures deliv]$ be=e a cultur$ public ^u sev]al p]iods ( *ur* hi/ory1 s z to furni% a treatise deal+ ) ! :ole field 7#g vols41 ,leipz41 #ahfh74 ,^! lectures are di/+ui%$ by an exposition lum9\s1 int]e/+1 sometimes r broad1 b always inspir$ by a w>m ,*ri/ian _s & by circumspect judgm5t1 incl9+ t[>ds a mild confessional latitud9>ianism4 ,:at1 ev5 on ! confessional & ecclesia/ical side1 _h be5 to "s ext5t pass$ ov] by ,ne&]1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 t5d5cy to t inw>dness t *>act]izes subjective & pectoral piety1 has be5 enl>g$ ^u by ,gu]icke ( ,halle1 #ahgh1 ano!r ( ,ne&]'s s*ol>s1 9 8 ,h&bu* 7#b vols41 ,leipz41 #ahcc2 #i? ed41 #c vols41 #ahff2 ,eng4 transl4 8,manual ( ,*4 ,hi/40 ,ed9b41 #aheg71 by ! contribution ( 8 own en?usia/ic e/imate ( ! ,lu!ran ,*ur* 9 a /rong b clumsy /atem5t2 beyond ?is1 h[ev]1 ! "o-sid$ness ( ,ne&]'s /&po9t is n ov]come1 & al?\gh1 alongside ( ,ne&]'s exposition1 ! mat]ials & e/imates ( o!r /&po9ts are dilig5tly us$1 & (t5 ! v words incorporat$1 ! g5]al result is n modifi$ 9 any ess5tial respect4 ,writt5 ) equal vig\r1 & be>+ ! impress ( a fre] ecclesia/ical _s1 ! ,h&bu* ( ,bruno ,l9dn] 7#c vols41 ,leipzig1 #ahdh ff47 pursues ) special dilig5ce ! c\rse ( ! hi/orical developm5t ( doctr9e1 & also emphasizes ! influ5ce ( political factors4 ,?is same end is attempt$ 9 detail$ treatm5t ) ample production ( au?oritative docum5ts 9 ! ,h&bu* ( ! au?or ( ! pres5t treatise 7vol4 ,i4 9 ?ree divisions1 9 a #bnd ed42 vol4 ,,ii4 #a1 d[n to ! end ( ! ,c>lov+ian ,era4 ,mitau1 #aheh ff474 ,milman 7#agia-ahfh7 an ,engli% *ur* hi/orian ( ! fir/ rank 78,hi/4 ( ,*r4 to ,abolit4 ( ,pag4 9 ,rom4 ,emp40 #c vols41 ,london1 #ahdj2 8,hi/ory ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity to ! ,pontificate ( ,ni*olas ,v40 #c vols41 ,london1 #ahed71 %[s himself1 especially 9 ! latt] "w1 le>n$1 lib]al & eloqu5t1 em95tly successful 9 sket*+ "* & pres5t+ vivid pictures ( ! g5]al culture & social conditions ( ! sev]al p]iods ) :i* he deals4 ,! ,vorlesung5 ( ,r4 ,hasse ,hase1 publi%$ aft] 8 dea? by ,khl] 7#bnd ed41 ,leipz41 #ahgb71 =m an unassum+ treatise1 :i* sc>cely pres5t any trace ( ! influ5ce ( ,hegel's tea*+ ^u _! au?or4 ,klln] ( ,giess5 writes an ,ordnung und ,ueb]si*t d] ,mat]i5 d] *r4 ,kir*5ges*i*te1 ,giess41 #ahfd1 a dilig5t1 well-arrang$1 & well pack$1 b some:at dry & =mless "w4 ,h4 ,s*mid ( ,erlang5 has enl>g$ 8 comp5di\s ,lehrbu* 7#bnd ed41 #ahef71 into a ,h&bu* ( two bulky volumes 7,erlang41 #ahhj72 & ,o4 ,zckl] ( ,greifswald has contribut$ to ! ,h&bu* d4 !olog4 ,wiss5s*aft5 7,erlang41 #ahhd2 #bnd ed41 #ahhe7 edit$ by him an excell5t *ronological summ>y ( *ur* hi/ory4 ,ebr>d's ,h&bu* 7#d vols41 ,erlang41 #ahfe ff47 endeav\rs to give adequate expression to ?is g5u9e _s ( ! ,re=m$ conception ( hi/orical writ+ by br++ *ur* hi/ory & ! hi/ory ( doctr9es into organic connection4 ,! attempt is !re made1 h[ev]1 z ,hase has express$ x1 ) a p>adoxical r ?an an or?odox t5d5cy4 ,! _s & m9d ( ! ,re=m$ ,*ur* are pres5t$ to u 9 a m temp]ate1 mild & imp>tial =m1 inspir$ by ! pectoralism ( ,ne&]1 9 ! ,h&bu* ( ,j4 ,j4 ,h]zog ( ,erlang51 #ahhb 7#c vols41 ,erlang41 #ahgf71 :i* assumes ! "n ( ,abriss or ,comp5dium4 ,?is "w set = itself ! some:at too ambiti\s aim ( supply+ ! place ( ! productions ( ,giesel] & ,ne&]1--:i*1 z too diffuse1 h un=tunately repell$ _m read]s--by a new treatise :i* %\ld set =? ! important advances 9 ! treatm5t ( *ur* hi/ory s9ce _! "t1 & give a m concise sket* ( univ]sal *ur* hi/ory4 ,! ,hi/oire du ,*ri/ianisme ( ,pr(4 ,*a/el ( ,g5eva1 7#e vols41 ,p>41 #ahha ff47 9 its e>li] volumes occupies ! /&po9t ( ,ne&]1 & we (t5 miss ! c>eful e/imation ( ! m important results ( lat] rese>*4 ,9 reg>d to mod]n *ur* hi/ory1 not)/&+ e ef=t aft] objectivity & imp>tiality1 !ological sympa?ies are q app>5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! compreh5sive ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* by ,philip ,s*aff 79 #h vols41 ,ed9b41 #ahhe1 rea*+ d[n to ,gregory ,,viii41 ,a4,d4 #ajgc71 ! ri* results ( rese>* subsequ5t to ! "t ( ,ne&] are fully & circumspectly wr\ght up 9 h>mony ) ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ,ne&]'s view ( hi/ory4 ,h]zog's ,real5cyclopdie fr prote/4 ,!ol4 u4 ,kir*e1 especially 9 its #bnd ed4 by ,h]zog & ,plitt1 & aft] ! dea? ( bo?1 by ,hauck 7#ah vols41 ,leipz41 #ahgg ff471 has won peculi> di/9ction 9 ! dep>tm5t ( *ur* hi/ory f ! contributions ( new & p[]ful writ]s4 ,li*t5b]g]1 =m]ly ,pr(4 ( ,!ol4 9 ,/rassburg1 n[ 9 ,p>is1 9 8 ,encyclopdie des sci5ces relig4 has produc$ a ,fr5* "w wor?y ( a place alongside t ( ,h]zog4 ,! ,diction>y ( ,*ri/ian ,biography1 ,lit]ature1 ,sects1 & ,doctr9es dur+ ! fir/ eight c5turies1 edit$ ) admirable circumspection & c>e by ,dr4 ,wm4 ,smi? & ,pr(4 ,wace1 comb9es ) a complet5ess & ri*ness ( cont5ts nev] rea*$ be=e1 a ?or\ghgo+ exam9ation ( ! orig9al s\rces4 7#d vols41 ,lond41 #ahgg ff47 ,we+>t5's ,*ronological ,tables = ,*ur* ,hi/ory 7,zeittafeln z4 ,k4,g4 #bnd ed41 ,brl41 #ahgd7 are mo/ useful to /ud5ts z ! late/ & be/ helps ( t k9d4 #e4f4 ,9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* ( ,g]many too a great activity has be5 display$ 9 ! realm ( *ur* hi/ory4 ,fir/ ( all 9 g5]al ,*ur* hi/ory we h ! diffuse "w ( ! conv]t von ,/olb]g 7,ges*4 d4 ,rel4 ,jesu1 #ae vols41 d[n to ,a4,d4 #dcj1 ,hamb41 #ahjf ff41 cont9u$ by von ,k]z1 vols4 #af-de1 & by ,bris*>1 vols4 #df-eb1 ,ma9z1 #ahbe-ahei71 spread+ out into hortatory & uncritical details4 ,! elegant "w ( ,kat]kamp 7,k4,g41 #e vols41 d[n to #aaec1 ,mn/41 #ahai ff47 foll[$ x1 inspir$ by a l mild _s1 b conceiv$ 9 a m /rictly sci5tific way4 ,lib]al1 s f> z t c\ld be )\t break+ ) ! hi]>*y1 is ! ,h&bu* d] ,k4,g4 7#c vols41 ,bonn1 #ahbf ff42 #f? ed4 by ,enn51 #b vols41 #ahfb71 by ,i4 ,ign4 ,ritt]4 ,! ample & detail$ ,ges*4 d4 ,*r4 ,rel4 u4 d4 ,k4 7#h vols41 d[n to #ajgc1 ,rav5sb41 #ahbd ff47 ( ,lo*]] rem9ds "o ( ,s*rckh's "w 9 o!r respects ?an t ( its volum9\sness4 ,a decid$ly ultramontane conception ( *ur* hi/ory1 ) frequ5t fla%es ( %>p wit1 fir/ appe>s 9 ,hortig's ,h&bu* 7#b vols41 ,l&%41 #ahbf74 ,dll+] 9 #ahbh publ4 z a #crd vol4 ( ?is "w a ,h&bu* d4 ,neu]n ,k4,g41 :i*1 ) a simil> t5d5cy1 assum$ a m e>ne/ tone4 ,?is !ologian aft]w>ds und]took a ?or\ghly new & indep5d5t "w ( a wid] range1 :i* /ill rema9s incomplete 7,ges*4 d4 *r4 ,k41 ,i4 #a1 #b1 p>tially d[n to ,a4,d4 #fcj1 ,l&%41 #ahcc-ahce74 ,?is "w ) o/5sible lib]ality expos$ ! notori\s fables ( ,romi% hi/orical lit]ature2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ) brilliant +5uity1 endeav\r$ c>efully to pres]ve intact ev]y?+ :i* on ultramontane pr9ciples & views might seem capable ( ev5 p>tial ju/ification4 ,8 ,lehrbu* 7,i4 ,,ii4 #a41 ,rgsb41 #ahcf ff471 rea*+ d[n only to ! ,re=mation1 treats ! matt] 9 a simil> way1 & conf9es itself to a simple /atem5t ( ackn[l$g$ facts4 ,9 ! meantime ,j4 ,a4 ,mhl]1 by 8 e>li] monographical works1 & /ill m decid$ly by 8 f>-rea*+ influ5ce z a ,pr(essor at ,tb+51 gave rise to an expectation ( ! op5+ up ( a new epo* 9 ! treatm5t ( ,ca?olic *ur* hi/ory4 ,he repres5t$ himself z 9 spiritual sympa?y ) ! =ms & means ( ,prote/ant sci5ce1 al?\gh 9 decid$ opposition & conflict ) its cont5ts1 ma9ta9+ 8 fai?ful adhesion to all elem5ts ess5tial to ,roman ,ca?olicism4 ,?is ma/]1 h[ev]1 0 prev5t$ by 8 e>ly dea?1 #ahch1 f issu+ 8 complete hi/ory4 ,?is 0 done almo/ ?irty ye>s aft] 8 dea? by ,gams1 :o publi%$ ! "w f 8 po/hum\s pap]s 7,k4 ,g41 #c vols41 ,rgsb41 #ahfg ff471 ) mu* ultramontane am5dm5t4 ,x %[s all ! defects ( su* pat*work1 ) "h & !re1 b relatively1 v few fruitful cases4 ,traces ( 8 influ5ce /ill appe> 9 ! _s :i* p]vades ! ,lehrb*] proce$+ f 8 s*ool1 by ,alzog 7 #ahgh7 & ,kraus4 ,! ,univ]salges*i*te d4 ,k41 by ,j4 ,alzog 7,ma9z1 #ahda2 #i? ed41 #b vols41 #ahgb2 transl4 into ,engl41 #c vols41 ,lond41 #ahgg71 01 9 its e>li] editions1 closely associat$ ) ! lectures ( 8 tea*]1 n a%am$ ev5 to draw f ,hase's fre%-sp>kl+ f\nta9s some?+ at times = 8 own yet r p>*$ mead[s1 b 9 8 lat] editions he became ev] m indep5d5t1 m ?or\gh 9 8 inve/igation1 m fre% & lively 9 8 exposition1 mak+ at ! same "t a praisewor?y endeav\r at mod]ation & imp>tiality ( judgm5t1 al?\gh 8 adhesion to ! ,ca?olic /&po9t gr[s m & m /rict till x rea*es its culm9ation 9 ! acceptance ( ! dogma ( ,papal ,infallibility4 ,! #aj? ed4 ( 8 "w appe>$ 9 #ahhb "u ! sup]vision ( ,kraus1 :o contribut$ mu* to its correction & completion4 ,! ,lehrbu* ( ,f4 ,xav4 ,kraus ( ,freiburg 7#bnd ed41 ,tri]1 #ahhb7 is )\t d\bt among all ! ,roman ,ca?olic h&books ( ! pres5t ! mo/ solid f a sci5tific po9t ( view1 & :ile diplomatically res]v$ & c>efully balanc$ 9 its expression ( op9ions1 "o ( ! mo/ lib]al1 & x is di/+ui%$ by a clev] z well z in/ructive mode ( treatm5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,wrzburgian !ologian1 ,j4 ,h]g5r!r 7s9ce #ahgi ,c>d9al & ,keep] ( ! ,papal ,ar*ives at ,rome71 :o repres5ts ! normal attitude ( implicit tru/ 9 ! ,vatican1 has publi%$ a ,h&bu* 7#b vols4 9 #d p>ts1 ,freib41 #ahgf ff42 #bnd ed41 #ahgi1 ) a supplem5t3 ,s\rces1 ,lit]at41 & ,f\ndations74 ,9 ?is "w he draws ^u ! ri* /ores ( 8 ackn[l$g$ s*ol>%ip1 :i*1 h[ev]1 (t5 /rangely =sakes him 9 treat+ ( ! hi/ory ( ,prote/ant !ology4 ,x is a skilful & in/ructive exposition1 & may v fitly be repres5t$ z 8a hi/ory ( ! *ur*1 yea1 ( ! :ole _w1 view$ ?r\gh correctly set ,romi% spectacles40 ,f> b5ea? him 9 sci5tific importance1 b 9 ob/9ate ultramontanism f> above him1 /&s ! ,lehrbu* ( ,h4 ,bruck ,brck 7#bnd ed41 ,ma9z1 #ahgg74 ,a f> m solid production is pres5t$ 9 ! ,diss]tatt4 select 9 hi/4 eccl/4 ( ,pr(4 ,b4 ,jungmann ( ,l\va91 :i* treat 9 *ronological succession ( p>ties & controv]sies prom95t 9 *ur* hi/ory1 especially ( ! hi/orical developm5t ( doctr9e1 9 a ?or\gh mann] & ) ref]5ce to orig9al docum5ts1 n )\t a prepossession 9 fav\r ( ,vaticanism 7vols4 i4-iii41 ,ratisb41 #ahhj-ahhc1 rea*+ d[n to ! end ( ! #i? c5t474 ,! ,kir*5lexikon ( ,wetz] & ,wette 7#ab vols41 ,freib41 #ahdg ff47 ga9$ a prom95t place on acc\nt ( ! articles on *ur* hi/ory contribut$ by ! mo/ em95t ,ca?olic s*ol>s1 conceiv$ = ! mo/ "p 9 ! sci5tific _s ( ,mhl]4 ,! v copi\s & ( its k9d admirably execut$ #bnd ed4 by ,kaul5 7,freib41 #ahhj ff471 "u ! auspices ( ,c>d4 ,h]g5r!r1 is conceiv$ 9 a f> m decid$ly ,papi/ic-,vatican _s1 :i* (t5 does n %r9k f ma9ta9+ & v9dicat+ ev5 ! mo/ gl>+ productions ( m$ival sup]/ition1 illusion & cr$ulity1 z gr\nd$ 9 indubitable hi/orical facts4 ,mu* m important is ! hi/orical rese>* 9 ! ,hi/4 ,jahrbu* d] ,grres-,gesells*aft1 edit$ f #ahhj by ,g4 ,hff]1 & f #ahhc by ,b4 ,grami*1 :i* pres5ts itself z 8a means ( reconciliation = ^? hi/orians ) :om ,*ri/ is ! middle po9t ( hi/ory & ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* ! ,god-orda9$ in/itution = ! education ( ! human race40--,9 ! ,fr5* ,*ur* ! foll[+ are ! mo/ important productions3 ! ,hi/4 de l'gl4 ( ,b]ault-,b]ca/el 7#bd vols41 ,p>41 #aggh ff471 :i* h _h _m ,fr5* cont9uators & also a ,g]man translator 7#bd vols41 ,vi5na1 #aghd ff472 ! ,hi/4 eccl/4 depuis la cration1 etc41 ( ,b>on ,h5rion1 ed4 by ,migne 7#be vols41 ,p>41 #aheb ff472 & ! v diffuse compilation1 :olly devot$ to ! glorification ( ! ,papacy & its in/itutions1 ,hi/4 univ]selle de l'gl4 ,ca?4 ( ! ,l\va9 ,fr5* ,abb ,rohrba*] 7#bi vols41 ,p>41 #ahdb ff42 ( :i* an ,engli% transl4 is 9 c\rse ( publication74 ,f9ally1 ! sci5tifically c>eful exposition ( ! ,old ,ca?olic ,j4 ,rieks1 ,ges*4 d4 *r4 ,k4 u4 d4 ,pap/?ums1 ,lahr41 #ahhb1 ?\gh 9 "s respects onesid$1 may be m5tion$ z des]v+ ( notice = its g5]al imp>tiality & love ( ! tru?4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,= ,,*ri/ianity4 ,! pre-,*ri/ian ,_w prep>+ ! way ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 #f4 ,,! ,,/&po9t ,,( ,,univ]sal ,,hi/ory4 ,! middle po9t ( ! epo*s & developm5ts ( ! human race is ! inc>nation ( ,god 9 ,*ri/4 ,) x beg9s1 ^u x re/s1 ! fulness ( ! "t 7,gal4 iv4 #d71 & t[>d x ! :ole pre-,*ri/ian hi/ory is direct$ z anticipatory or progressive4 ,?is prep>ation has its beg9n+ 9 ! v cradle ( humanity1 & is soon p>t$ 9 ! two directions ( ,hea!nism & ,judaism4 ,9 ! =m] case we h ! developm5t ( m]ely human p[]s & capacities2 9 ! latt] case ?is developm5t is c>ri$ on by cont9u\s div9e revelation4 ,bo? c\rses ( developm5t1 di/+ui%$ n only by ! means1 b also by ! task und]tak5 & ! end aim$ at1 run alongside ( "o ano!r1 until 9 ! fulness ( ! "t !y are unit$ 9 ,*ri/ianity & contribute !reto ! fruits & results ( :at 0 ess5tial & *>act]i/ic 9 _! sev]al sep>ate developm5ts4 #g4 ,,hea!nism4 ,! primitive race ( man1 surr\nd$ by ri* & luxuriant =ms ( nature1 put ?is abundance ( primeval p[] 9 ! place ( ! p]sonal & supramundane ,god4 ,surr\nd$ by su* an inexhau/ible fulness ( life & pleasures1 man came to look ^u nature z m wor?y ( sacrifice & rev]5ce ?an a p]sonal ,god remov$ f> (f into supramundane heights4 ,?us arose hea!nism z to its g5]al features3 a self-absorption into ! dep?s ( ! life ( nature1 a deification ( nature1 a wor%ipp+ ( nature 7,rom4 i4 #ba ff471 !re=e1 ! religion ( nature1 9 accordance ) :i*1 too1 its moral "* is det]m9$4 ,mo/ conspicu\sly by means ( its intellectual culture has hea!nism giv5 prelim9>y aid to ! *ur* = ! p]=m+ ( h] intellectual task4 ,& ev5 ! pagan empire1 ) its /riv+ aft] univ]sal dom9ion1 z well z ! active comm]cial int]c\rse 9 ! old hea!n _w1 contribut$ 9 prep>+ ! way ( ! *ur*4 #g4a4 ,! ,religi\s ,"* ( ,hea!nism4--,! hidd5 p[]s ( ! life ( nature & ! s\l1 n intellectually appreh5d$ 9 ! =m ( ab/ract k1 b laid hold ( 9 imm$iate practice1 & develop$ 9 speculation & my/icism1 9 natural magic & soo?say+1 & appli$ to all ! relations ( human life1 seem$ revelations ( ! et]nal _s ( nature1 &1 mo/ly by means ( ! int]v5tion ( prom95t p]sonalities & "u ! influ5ce ( v>i\s geographical & e?nographical peculi>ities1 produc$ manifold sy/ems ( ! religion ( nature4 ,common to all1 & deeply root$ 9 ! nature ( hea!nism1 is ! di/9ction betwe5 ! esot]ic religion ( ! prie/s1 & ! exot]ic religion ( ! p4 ,! =m] is ess5tially a speculative ideal pan!ism2 ! latt] is = ! mo/ "p a my?ical & c]emonial poly!ism4 ,! religi\s developm5t ( hea!nism has nev]!less be5 by no means /ripp$ ( all elem5ts ( tru?4 ,ap>t f casual remnants ( ! primitive div9e revelation1 :i*1 v>i\sly contort$ on _! transmission ?r\gh hea!n *annels1 may lie at ! f\ndation or be inwr\ght into its religi\s sy/ems1 ! ho?\se-l developm5t ( ! religion ( nature has anticipat$ _m a religi\s tru? :i*1 9 ! way ( div9e revelation1 c\ld only sl[ly & at a late p]iod come to maturity1 b has p]v]t$ & di/ort$ x to su* a degree t x 0 little bett] ?an a c>icature4 ,to ?is class belong1 = example1 ! pan!i/ic !ories ( ! ,tr9ity & ! ,inc>nation1 ! duali/ic ackn[l$gm5t ( ! reality ( evil1 etc4 ,to ?is also especially belongs ! (f]+ ( human victims :i* has be5 practis$ 9 all religions ( nature )\t exception1--a t]rible & to "s ext5t prophetic cry ( agony f ,god-=sak5 m51 :i* is fir/ ton$ d[n on ,golgo?a into hymns ( joy & ?anksgiv+4 ,witness is giv5 to ! p[] & en]gy1 ) :i* ! religions ( nature 9 ! "t ( _! bloom took possession ( & rul$ ov] ! m9ds & emotions ( m51 by ! o!rwise unexampl$ sacrifices & self-inflictions1 su* z hecatombs1 (f]+s ( *ildr51 mutilation1 pro/itution1 etc41 to :i* its vot>ies submitt$1 & n less ! almo/ irresi/ible *>m :i* x ex]cis$ aga9 & aga9 ^u ! p ( ,israel dur+ ! :ole c\rse ( _! e>li] hi/ory4 ,x also foll[s f ?is t ! religion ( hea!nism does n consi/ 9 nak$ lies & pure illusions4 ,!re are elem5ts ( tru? 9 ! lies1 :i* gave ?is p[] to ! religion ( nature4 ,!re are anticipations ( r$emption1 ?\gh ^! 7 demoniacally p]v]t$1 :i* imp>t$ to x ?is *>m4 ,!re are my/]i\s ph5om5a ( natural magic & soo?say+ :i* seem$ to e/abli% _! div9e "*4 ,b ! wor%ip ( nature _h ! fate ( all unnatural1 precoci\s developm5t4 ,! tru? 0 soon swall[$ up by ! lies1 ! p[] ( developm5t & life1 ( :i* m ?an c\ld possibly be giv5 0 dem&$1 0 soon consum$ & us$ up4 ,! blossoms fell be=e ! fruit _h set4 ,my/]ies & oracles1 magic & soo?say+1 became empty =ms1 or organs ( int5tional fraud & common rogu]y4 ,& s x came to pass t "o h>auspex c\ld n look ^u ano!r )\t laugh+4 ,unbelief mock$ ev]y?+1 sup]/ition assum$ its mo/ absurd & utt]ly s5seless =ms1 & religions ( an irrational mongrel type s\ght 9 va9 to quick5 aga9 a n]veless & s\lless hea!nism4 #g4b4 ,! ,moral ,"* ( ,hea!nism4--,religi\s "* & moral "* g always h& 9 h&4 ,?us1 too1 ! moral life among hea!n peoples 0 e>ne/1 p[]ful1 & true1 or lax1 defective1 & p]v]se1 9 ! same proportion z 0 ! religi\s life ( t same p]iod4 ,! moral faults ( hea!nism fl[ f its religi\s faults4 ,x 0 a religion ( ! pres5t1 to ^: gods !re=e 7 also unhesitat+ly ascrib$ all ! imp]fections ( ! pres5t4 ,9 ?is way religion lo/ all its p[] = rais+ m5 out ( ! mire & du/ surr\nd+ !m4 ,! p>tly immoral my?s sanction$ or excus$ by ! example ( ! gods ! grosse/ immoralities4 ,z ! type & patt]n ( reproductive p[] 9 ! deifi$ life ( nature1 ! gratification ( lu/ 0 (t5 made ! c5tral & ma9 po9t 9 div9e s]vice4 ,! idea ( pure humanity 0 :olly want+ 9 hea!nism4 ,x c\ld only rea* ! conception ( nationality1 & its virtues 7 only ! virtues ( citiz5s4 ,9 ! ,ea/ despotism cru%$1 & 9 ! ,we/ fi]ce national antipa?ies /ifl$ ! ackn[l$gm5t (1 univ]sal human rights & ! common rank ( m51 s t ! =eign] & ! slave 7 n admitt$ to h any claims4 ,z ! wor? ( man 0 measur$ only by 8 political position1 ! significance ( woman 0 :olly ov]look$ & repudiat$4 ,h] position 0 at mo/ only t ( ! maid ( ! man1 & 0 degrad$ to ! l[e/ dep?s 9 ! ,ea/ by reason ( ! preval5t polygamy4 ,not)/&+ all ^! great & f>-rea*+ moral faults1 hea!nism1 9 ! days ( its bloom & p[]1 at lea/ 9 ^? dep>tm5ts ( ! moral life1 su* z politics & municipal matt]s1 9 :i* pan!ism & poly!ism did n ex]t _! relax+ influ5ce1 _h /ill pres]v$ mu* high moral e>ne/ness & an a/oni%+ en]gy4 ,b :5 ! religion ( _! fa!rs1 r$uc$ to empt9ess & p[]lessness1 ceas$ to be ! s\l & be>] ( ^? dep>tm5ts ( life1 all moral p[] 0 also )drawn f !m4 ,! moral det]ioration rea*$ its culm9at+ po9t 9 ! dissolute age ( ! ,roman ,emp]ors4 ,9 ?is indescribable /ate ( moral deg5]ation1 ! *ur* f\nd hea!nism1 :5 x began its spiritual reg5]ation ( ! _w4 #g4c4 ,! ,intellectual ,culture 9 ,hea!nism4--,! intellectual culture ( hea!nism has won 9 reg>d to ! *ur* a tw(old significance4 ,on ! "o h& x af=ds a patt]n1 & on ! o!r x pres5ts a w>n+ beacon4 ,pagan sci5ce & art1 9 s f> z !y possess a g5]ally cultur+ influ5ce & pres5t to ! ,*ri/ian *ur* a special type = imitation1 are b ! ultimate results ( ! intellectual activity :i* manife/$ itself among ! ,greeks & ,romans 9 philosophy1 poetry & hi/orical writ+1 :i* h 9 two directions1 z to =m & z to cont5ts1 become ! model = ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 prep>+ & break+ up its way4 ,on ! "o side !y produc$ =ms = ! ex]cise ( ! intellectual life1 :i* by _! exactness & cle>ness1 by _! v>iety & _m-sid$ness1 af=d$ to ! new intellectual cont5ts ( ,*ri/ianity a means = its =mal exposition & expression4 ,b1 on ! o!r side1 !y also produc$1 f pr(\nd consid]ation ( & rese>* into nature & _s1 hi/ory & life1 ideas & reflections :i* v>i\sly =m$ an anticipation ( ! ideas ( r$emption & prep>$ ! soil = _! reception4 ,! influ5ce1 h[ev]1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* ori5tal =ms ( culture _h ^u ! developm5t & con/ruction ( ! hi/ory ( r$emption1 _h already exhau/$ itself ^u ,judaism4 ,:at ! symbolism ( ori5talism _h contribut$ to ,judaism1 namely ! =m 9 :i* ! div9e cont5ts communicat$ by ,old ,te/am5t prophesy %\ld be pres5t$ & unfold$1 ! dialectic ( classical hea!nism 0 to ,*ri/ianity1 9 :i* ! symbolic cov]+ ( ,judaism 0 to be torn (f & ! ?\ght ( div9e r$emption to be manife/$ & to be laid hold ( 9 its purely intellectual =m4 ,! influ5ce ( hea!nism ^u ! advanc+ *ur* 9 ! o!r direction z af=d+ a picture ( :at 0 to be avoid$1 0 repres5t$ n less by ,ea/]n culture ?an by ! classical culture ( ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,"h x 0 exclusively ! cont5ts1 & inde$ ! ungodly anti-,*ri/ian cont5ts1 ! specifically hea!n sub/ance ( ! pagan philosophy1 !osophy1 & my/]iosophy1 :i* by means ( tol]at$ =ms ( culture s\ght to p5etrate & completely paganize ,*ri/ianity4 ,to hea!nism1 highly cultur$ b plum+ itself 9 ! arrogance ( its sublime wisdom1 ,*ri/ianity1 by ^: sugge/ive pr(undity x _h be5 at fir/ attract$1 appe>$ altoge!r too simple1 unphilosophical1 unspeculative1 to satisfy ! suppos$ requirem5ts ( ! culture ( ! age4 ,!re 0 ne$$1 x 0 ?\ght1 fructification & enri*+ by ! collective wisdom ( ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/ be=e religion c\ld 9 tru? pres5t itself z absolute & p]fect4 #g4d4 ,! ,hell5ic ,philosophy4--,:at is true ( ,greek-,roman culture g5]ally on its mat]ial & =mal sides1 t x p[]fully influ5c$ ,*ri/ianity n[ budd+ into fl[]1 is preem95tly true ( ! ,greek ,philosophy4 ,reg>d$ z a prefiguration ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,greek philosophy pres5ts a negative side 9 s f> z x l$ to ! dissolution ( hea!nism1 & a positive side 9 s f> z x1 by furni%+ =m & cont5ts1 contribut$ to ! con/ruction ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,f its v orig9 ,hell5ic philosophy contribut$ to ! negative process by und]m9+ ! p's fai? 9 hea!nism1 prep>+ = ! ov]?r[ ( idolatry1 & lead+ hea!nism to take a despond5t view ( its own future4 ,x is ) ,socrates1 :o di$ 9 ,b4,c4 #cii1 t ! positive prefigur+ ( ,*ri/ianity on ! "p ( ,greek philosophy comes fir/ decid$ly into view4 ,8 humble confession ( ignorance1 8 f\nd+ ( ! claim to wisdom on ! 1 ! trac+ ( 8 deepe/ ?\ghts & ye>n+s back to div9e sugge/ions 78 71 8 grave resignation to circum/ances1 & 8 joyful hope 9 a m bless$ future1 may c]ta9ly be reg>d$ z fa9t anticipations & prophetic adumbrations ( ! ph5om5a ( ,*ri/ian fai? & life4 ,plato1 :o di$ ,b4,c4 #cdh1 ) indep5d5t speculative & poetic p[]1 wr\ght ! scatt]$ h9ts ( 8 tea*]'s wisdom into an organically articulat$ !ory ( ! univ]se1 :i* 9 its anticipatory pr(undity approa*$ m ne>ly to ! ,*ri/ian !ory ( ! univ]se ?an any o!r outside ! range ( revelation4 ,8 philosophy leads m5 to an appreciation ( 8 ,god-relat$ nature1 takes him pa/ ! visible & s5sible to ! et]nal prototypes ( all beauty1 tru? & goodness1 f :i* he has fall5 away1 & awak5s 9 him a pr(\nd long+ aft] 8 lo/ possessions4 ,9 reg>d to matt] ,ari/otle1 :o di$ ,b4,c4 #cbb1 does n /& s closely relat$ to ,*ri/ianity z ,plato1 b 9 reg>d to =m1 he has mu* m decid$ly influ5c$ ! logical ?9k+ & sy/ematiz+ ( lat] ,*ri/ian sci5ces4 ,9 ^! two1 h[ev]1 are rea*$ ! highe/ elevation ( ! philosophical ?9k+ ( ! ,greeks1 view$ 9 itself z well z 9 its positive & con/ructive influ5ce ^u ! *ur*4 ,z philosophy d[n to t "t1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 _h wr\ght = ! dissolution ( ! religion ( ! p1 x n[ proce$$ to "w its own ov]?r[1 & br\ght into ev] deep]1 full] & cle>] consci\sness ! despair+ e/imate ( ! _w reg>d+ itself4 ,?is is %[n mo/ significantly 9 ! ?ree s*ools ( philosophy :i* 7 mo/ widely spread at ! entrance ( ! *ur* into ! ,grco-,roman _w1 ,epicureanism1 ,/oicism1 & ,scepticism4 ,epicurus1 :o di$ ,b4,c4 #bga1 9 8 philosophy seeks ! highe/ good 9 pleasure1 recognises 9 ! _w only a play ( =tune1 reg>ds ! s\l z mortal1 & supposes t ! gods 9 _! blissful retirem5t no long] take any ?\ght ab\t ! _w4 ,/oicism1 f\nd$ by ,z5o1 :o di$ 9 ,b4,c4 #bfj1 ov] aga9/ ! ,epicurean deism set up a hylozoi/ic pan!ism1 made ! developm5t ( ! _w dep5d5t ^u ! unalt]able necessity ( fate1 :i* br+s ab\t a univ]sal conflagration1 out ( :i* aga9 a new _w spr+s to foll[ a simil> c\rse4 ,to look on pleasure ) contempt1 to scorn pa91 & 9 case ( necessity to end a fruitless life by suicide--^! con/itute ! core ( all wisdom4 ,:5 he has rea*$ su* a height 9 ! ma/]y ( self & ( ! _w ! wise man is 8 own god1 f9d+ 9 himself all t he ne$s4 ,f9ally1 9 conflict ) ,/oicism arose ! ,scepticism ( ! ,new ,academy1 at ! head ( :i* 7 ,arcesilaus :o di$ ,b4,c4 #bdj & ,c>neades :o di$ ,b4,c4 #abh4 ,?is s*ool r5\nc$ all k ( tru? z some?+ really unatta9able1 & 9 ! mod]ation 77 ( e op9ion plac$ ! sum ( !oretic wisdom1 :ile x reg>d$ ! sum ( all practical wisdom to consi/ 9 ! evid5ce ( e passionate or excit+ ef=t4 #g4e4 ,! ,hea!n ,/ate4--,9 ! gr& endeav\r ( hea!nism to r$eem itself by its own res\rces & accord+ to its own pleasure1 ! attempt 0 f9ally made by ! conc5tration ( all =ces into "o colossal might4 ,to ga!r into "o po9t all ! m5tal & bodily p[]s ( ! :ole human race1 & ?r\gh !m also all p[]s ( nature & ! products ( all zones & l&s1 & to put !m "u "o w1 & !n 9 ?is w to recognise ! p]sonal & visible repres5tation ( ! godhead--to ?is 0 hea!nism driv5 by an inn] necessity4 ,h5ce arose a /ruggle1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ! p]t9acity ) :i* x 0 c>ri$ on1 "o k+dom aft] ano!r 0 ov]?r[n1 until ! climax 0 rea*$ 9 ! ,roman empire4 ,yet ev5 ?is empire 0 brok5 & dissolv$ :5 oppos$ by ! spiritual p[] ( ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,l all ! endeav\rs ( hea!nism1 ?is /ruggle = absolute sov]eignty _h a tw(old aspect2 !re are !reby made prom95t m5's own ways & ,god's ways1 ! undiv9e aims ( m51 & ! bless$ results :i* ,god's gov]nm5t ( ! _w c\ld secure = !m4 ,we h "h to d fir/ ( all simply ) ! ,roman univ]sal empire1 b ! p[]s t rose 9 succession aft] x are only rejuv5ations & p[]ful cont9uations ( ! endeav\r ( ! e>li] p[]1 & s t is true ( e /ate :i* is true ( ! ,roman4 ,its significance z a prep>] ( ! way = ! *ur* is j ?is1 t 9 consequ5ce ( ! articulation ( ! _w into "o great /ate organisation1 ! v>i\s /ages & elem5ts ( culture f\nd among ! sev]al civiliz$ races hi!rto isolat$1 contribut$ n[ to "o univ]sal civilization1 & a rapid circulation ( ! new life-blood driv5 by ! *ur* ?r\gh ! ve9s ( ! nations 0 made possible & easy4 ,) special p[] & univ]sal success _h ! exploits ( ,alex&] ! ,great 9 ?is direction made a beg9n+1 :i* rea*$ p]fection "u ! ,roman empire4 ,! ev] advanc+ preval5ce ( "o language1 ! ,greek1 :i* at ! "t ( ! beg9n+ ( ! *ur* 0 spok5 & und]/ood 9 all qu>t]s ( ! ,roman empire1 :i* seem$1 l a tempor>y susp5sion ( ! doom ( ! confusion ( languages :i* accompani$ ! rise ( hea!nism 7,g54 xi471 to celebrate its return to ! div9e fav\r1 belongs also pre-em95tly to ^? prep>atory influ5ces4 ,& z ! hea!n /ate s\ght aft] ! conc5tration ( all might1 ,indu/ry & ,trade1 mov$ by ! same pr9ciple1 s\ght aft] ! conc5tration ( weal? & pr(it4 ,b z worldly ent]prise = its own ends made pa?s = univ]sal comm]ce ov] wa/es & seas1 & visit$ = purposes ( trade ! remote/ c\ntries & climes1 x s]v$ unwitt+ly & un9t5tionally ! high] purposes ( div9e grace by op5+ a way = ! spread ( ! message ( ! gospel4 #h4 ,,judaism4 ,9 a l& :i*1 l ! p !mselves1 comb9$ ! "* ( insul> exclusiv5ess ) t ( a c5tral position 9 ! anci5t _w1 ,israel1 on acc\nt ( ! "p :i* x 0 call$ to play 9 univ]sal hi/ory1 _h to be ! receiv] & communicator ( ,god's revelations ( ,8 salvation1 _h to live quiet & ap>t1 tak+ little to d ) ! _w's bus9ess2 hav+1 on ! o!r h&1 ! assurance f ,god's promise t disa/]s ?reat5$ by hea!ni% love ( conque/ & oppression w\ld be av]t$4 ,?is position & ?is task 71 inde$1 only too (t5 =gott54 ,only too (t5 did ! ,israelites mix !mselves up 9 worldly affairs1 ) :i* !y _h no conc]n4 ,only too (t5 by _! dep>ture f _! ,god did !y make !mselves l ! hea!n nations 9 religion1 wor%ip1 & conv]sation1 s t = correction & puni%m5t !y _h (t5 to be put "u a heavy yoke4 ,yet ! remnant ( ! holy se$ 7,isa4 iv4 #c2 vi4 #ac7 :i* 0 nev] :olly want+ ev5 9 times ( g5]al apo/asy1 z well z ! long-suff]+ & fai?fulness ( _! ,god1 ensur$ ! complete realisation ( ,israel's vocation1 ev5 ?\gh ! unspiritual mass ( ! p f9ally reject$ ! (f]$ r$emption4 #h4a4 ,judaism "u special ,tra9+ ( ,god ?r\gh ! ,law & ,prophecy4--,abraham 0 *os5 z a s+le individual 7,isa4 li4 #b71 &1 z ! creator ( some?+ new1 ,god call$ =? f an unfruitful womb ! se$ ( promise4 ,z savi\r & r$eem] f exi/+ mis]y ,he deliv]$ ! p ( promise f ! oppression ( ,egyptian slav]y4 ,9 ! ,holy ,l& ! family mu/ "w out its own developm5t1 b 9 ord] t ! family might be able unre/ra9$ly to exp& into a great nation1 x 0 necess>y t x %\ld fir/ g d[n into ,egypt4 ,moses l$ ! p ?us discipl9$ out ( ! =eign l&1 & gave !m a !ocratic con/itution1 law1 & wor%ip z means = ! accompli%m5t ( _! call+1 z a model & a s*oolma/] lead+ on to future p]fection 7,gal4 iii4 #bd2 ,heb4 x4 #a74 ,! go+ out ( ,egypt 0 ! bir? ( ! nation1 ! giv+ ( ! law at ,s9ai 0 its consecration z a holy nation4 ,jo%ua set =? ! la/ condition = an indep5d5t p1 ! possession ( a c\ntry comm5surate ) ! task ( ! nation1 a l& ( _! own t w\ld awak5 patriotic feel+s4 ,n[ ! !ocracy "u ! =m ( a purely popul> in/itution "u ! fo/]+ c>e ( ! prie/hood c\ld & %\ld h borne fruit1 b ! p]iod ( ! ,judges proves t ^? two factors ( developm5t 7 n suffici5t1 & s n[ two new ag5cies make _! appe>ance2 ! ,prophetic ord] z a di/9ct & regul> (fice1 con/itut$ = ! purpose ( be+ a m\? to ,god & a consci5ce to ! /ate1 & ! ,k+ly ord] = ! protect+ ( ! !ocracy aga9/ hurt f )\t & = ! e/abli%m5t ( peace )9 h] bord]s4 ,by ,david's successes ! !ocracy atta9$ unto a high degree ( political significance1 & by ,solomon's build+ ( ! temple ! typical =m ( wor%ip rea*$ ! highe/ po9t ( its developm5t4 ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( prophecy & royalty1 ! p1 ev] )draw+ !mselves m & m f _! true vocation1 7 n able outw>dly & inw>dly to ma9ta9 ! high level4 ,! division ( ! k+dom1 int]nal feuds & conflicts1 _! un!ocratic entanglem5t 9 ! affairs ( ! _w1 ! gr[+ t5d5cy to fall away f ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah & to engage 9 ! wor%ip ( high places1 & calves1 & nature1 call$ d[n incessantly ! div9e judgm5ts1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* !y fell a prey to ! hea!n4 ,yet ?is discipl9e 0 n 9 va94 ,cyrus decre$ _! return & _! indep5d5t organization1 & ev5 prophecy 0 grant$ = a "t to ! re/or$ community = its e/abli%m5t & consolidation4 ,"u ^! political developm5ts has prophecy1 9 addition to its imm$iate conc]n ) its own times 9 respect ( tea*+1 discipl9e1 & exhortation1 giv5 to ! promise ( future salvation its fulle/ expression1 br++ a bright ray ( com=t & hope to light up ! d>kness ( a gloomy pres5t4 ,! fad+ memories ( ! happy times ( ! brilliant victories ( ,david & ! glori\s peaceful reign ( ,solomon =m$ ! bases ( ! del9eations ( ! future ,messianic k+dom1 :ile ! disa/]s1 ! suff]+ & ! humiliation ( ! p dur+ ! p]iod ( _! decay gave an impulse to ,messianic long+s = a ,messiah suff]+ = ! s9s ( ! p & tak+ on ,himself all _! mis]y4 ,& n[1 aft] x _h effect$ its ma9 purpose1 prophecy 0 sil5c$1 to be reawak5$ only 9 a complete & f9al =m :5 ! fulness ( "t _h come4 #h4b4 ,judaism aft] ! ,cessation ( ,prophecy4--,! "t _h n[ come :5 ! *os5 p1 emancipat$ f ! imm$iate discipl9e ( div9e revelation1 b furni%$ ) ! results & exp]i5ces ( a ri* c\rse ( in/ruction1 & accompani$ by ! law z a s*oolma/] & by ! light ( ! prophetic ^w1 %\ld !mselves "w out ! purpose ( _! call+4 ,! w> ( ext]m9ation :i* ,antio*us ,epiphanes 9 8 hea!n fanaticism wag$ aga9/ ,judaism1 0 happily & victori\sly repell$1 & once m ! nation won its political indep5d5ce "u ! ,maccabees4 ,at la/1 h[ev]1 ow+ to ! increas+ corruption ( ! rul+ ,maccabean family1 !y 7 ensn>$ by ! craft ( ! ,roman empire4 ,! ,syrian religi\s p]secution & ! subsequ5t oppression ( ! ,romans r\s$ ! national _s & ! atta*m5t to ! religion ( _! fa!rs to ! mo/ extreme exclusiv5ess1 fanatical hatr$1 & pr\d scorn ( ev]y?+ =eign1 & conv]t$ ! ,messianic hope into a m]e political & frantically c>nal expectation4 ,true piety m & m disappe>$ 9 a punctili\s legalism & c]emonialism1 9 a conceit$ self-righte\sness & boa/ful confid5ce 9 _! own good works4 ,prie/s & scribes 7 eag]ly b5t on fo/]+ ?is t5d5cy & increas+ ! unsusceptibility ( ! masses = ! spirituality ( ! r$emption t 0 draw+ nigh1 by multiply+ & exagg]at+ ext]nal rules & by p]v]se int]pretation ( scripture4 ,b 9 spite ( all ^! p]v]t+ & f>-rea*+ t5d5cies1 !re 0 yet 9 quiet obscurity a sacr$ plantation ( ! true ,israel 7,john i4 #dg2 ,luke i4 #f2 ii4 #be1 #ch1 etc471 z a g>d5 ( ,god = ! fir/ reception ( salvation 9 ,*ri/4 #h4c4 ,! ,synagogues4--,! in/itution ( ! ,synagogues 0 ( ! greate/ importance = ! spread & developm5t ( po/-exilian ,judaism4 ,!y _h _! orig9 9 ! consci\sness t1 besides ! cont9uance ( ! symbolical wor%ip ( ! temple1 a m9i/ry ( ! ^w = edification by means ( ! revelation ( ,god 9 ! law & ! prophets 01 aft] ! )drawal ( prophecy1 all ! m a press+ ne$ & duty4 ,b !y also af=d$ a nurs]y = ! endeav\r to wid5 & contract ! law ( ,moses by ,rabb9ical rules1 = ! t5d5cy to ext]nal legalism & hypocrisy1 = ! national arrogance & ! c>nal ,messianic expectations1 :i* f !m pass$ ov] into ! life ( ! p4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! synagogues1 especially outside ( ,pale/9e1 among ! disp]sion1 won a f>-rea*+ significance = ! *ur* by reason ( _! mission>y t5d5cy4 ,= "h :]e e ,sabba? ! holy scripture ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 read 9 ! ,greek translation ( ! ,septuag9t & exp\nd$1 a conv5i5t opportunity 0 giv5 to hea!ns long+ = salvation to ga9 acqua9tance ) ! revelations & promises ( ,god 9 ! ,old ,cov5ant1 & "h !re 0 already a place = ! fir/ m9i/]s ( ! gospel1 f :i* !y c\ld deliv] _! message to an assembl$ multitude ( p f among ! ,jews & ,g5tiles4 7,s*r]1 8,hi/4 ( ! ,jewi% ,p 9 ! ,"t ( ,jesus ,*ri/40 ,div4 ii41 vol4 #b41 8,! ,s*ool & ,synagogue40 pp4 #dd-hi1 ,ed941 #ahhe47 #h4d4 ,ph>isees1 ,sadducees1 & ,ess5es4--,! /rict1 traditionally legali/ic1 c>nally p>ticul>i/ic t5d5cy ( ,po/-,exilian ,judaism _h its repres5tatives & support]s 9 ! sect ( ! ,ph>isees 71 71 s call$ because _! ma9 endeav\r 0 to ma9ta9 ! /ricte/ sep>ation f ev]y?+ hea!ni%1 =eign1 & c]emonially unclean4 ,by _! o/5tati\s display ( zeal = ! law1 _! contempt = ev]y?+ n ,jewi%1 _! democratic pr9ciples & _! arrogant patriotism1 !y won mo/ completely ! fav\r ( ! p2 !y %>$ ! evil =tunes ( ! ,maccabean pr9ces1 & became ! bitt]e/ enemies ( ! ,h]odians1 & ent]ta9$ a burn+ fanatical hatr$ to ! ,romans4 ,!y held sway 9 ! synagogues to su* an ext5t t ! names ,scribes & ,ph>isees 7 reg>d$ z almo/ synonym\s1 & ev5 9 ! ,sanh$rim !y secur$ _m seats4 ,9 ! times ( ,jesus ! s*ools ( ,hillel & ,%ammai cont5d$ ) "o ano!r1 ! =m] plead+ = some:at lax views1 especially 9 ref]5ce to divorce & ! obligation ( oa?s1 :ile ! latt] insi/$ ^u ! mo/ rigor\s int]pretation ( ! law4 ,bo?1 h[ev]1 7 agre$ 9 ! recognition ( oral tradition1 ! 1 z a b9d+ au?ority & an ess5tial supplem5t to ! law ( ,moses4 ,9 direct opposition to !m /& ! ,sadducees1 out ( sympa?y ) ! aspirations ( ! p1 & ab&on+ :olly ! sacr$ traditions1 & jo9+ !mselves 9 league ) ! ,h]odians & ,romans4 ,! "n orig9ally designat$ !m z desc5dants ( ! old temple ari/ocracy repres5t$ by ! family ( ! high prie/ ,zadok1 &1 9 consequ5ce ( ! simil>ity 9 s\nd betwe5 & 1 gave expression to _! claim to be reg>d$ z ess5tially & truly righte\s because ( _! outw>d adh]5ce to ! ,mosaic law4 ,proce$+ on ! pr9ciple t virtue z a free act ( man has 9 x its own wor? & rew>d1 j z vice has 9 x its own puni%m5t1 !y reject$ ! doctr9e ( a future judgm5t1 d5i$ ! doctr9e ( a resurrection1 ! exi/5ce ( angels & spirits1 & ! doctr9e ( ! div9e =ekn[l$ge4#b ,! ,ess5es1 n m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible1 b nam$ by ,philo1 ,josephus1 & ! eld] ,pl9y1 =m a ?ird sect4 ,_! "n 0 probably d]iv$ f 1 pi\s4 ,! orig9al g]m ( _! society is f\nd 9 di/9ct colonies on ! banks ( ! ,dead ,sea1 :i* kept ap>t f ! o!r ,jews1 & recognis$ ev5 among !mselves f\r diff]5t grades ( initiation1 ea* ord] be+ /rictly sep>at$ f ! o!rs4 ,a memb] 0 receiv$ only aft] a ?ree ye>s' novitiate1 & und]took to keep secret ! my/]ies ( ! ord]4 ,community ( goods 9 ! sev]al communities & clans1 meals 9 common accompani$ by religi\s c]emonies1 frequ5t pray]s 9 ! e>ly morn+ ) ! face direct$ to ! ris+ sun1 (t repeat$ wa%+s & cleans+s1 dilig5t application to agriculture & o!r peaceful occupations1 ab/a9+ f ! use ( fle% & w9e1 f trade & e w>like pursuit1 f slav]y & tak+ ( oa?s1 p]haps also ab/95ce f m>riage 9 ! high] ord]s1 7 ! ma9 conditions ( memb]%ip 9 _! association4 ,! ,sabba? 0 obs]v$ ) great /rictness1 b sacrifices ( blood 7 aboli%$1 & all ano9t+ ) oil 0 reg>d$ z pollut+4 ,!y /ill1 h[ev]1 ma9ta9$ connection ) ,judaism by s5d+ gifts to ! temple4 ,s f> ! ord] may fairly be reg>d$1 z x is by ,rits*l1 z a spiritualiz+ exagg]ation ( ! ,mosaic idea ( ! prie/ly "* t _h indep5d5tly gr[n up on ,jewi% soil1 & inde$ especially z an attempt to realize ! call+ set =? 9 ,exod4 xix4 #e1 #f1 & repudiat$ 9 ,exod4 xx4 #ai1 #bj1 unto all ,israelites to be a spiritual prie/hood4 ,b :51 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,ess5es1 accord+ to ,josephus1 consid]$ ! body z a prison 9 :i* ! s\l fall+ f its e!real exi/5ce is to be conf9$ until fre$ f its fett]s by dea? x returns aga9 to heav51 ?is c sc>cely be expla9$ z orig9at+ f any o!r ?an a hea!n s\rce1 especially f ! widely spread influ5ces ( ,neo-,py?agoreanism 7 #bd74 ,lucius 7#ahha7 d]ives ! "n & seeks _! orig9 f ! ,asidans1 ,*asidim1 or ,pi\s1 9 #a ,macc4 ii4 #db2 vii4 #ac2 & #b ,macc4 xiv4 #f4 ,v /rik+ too is ,hilg5feld's c>efully weigh$ & ably su/a9$ !ory 7,ketz]ges*41 pp4 #hg-adi71 t _! desc5t is to be trac$ f ! ,k5ite ,re*abites 7,j]4 xxxv42 ,judg4 i4 #af71 & _! "n f ! city ,g]asa1 we/ ( ! ,dead ,sea1 call$ 9 ,josephus also ,essa1 :]e ! ,re*abites1 ab&on+ _! t5t life1 =m$ a settlem5t4 ,9 ! "t ( ,josephus ! ,ess5es numb]$ ab\t f\r ?\s&4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! ,jewi% w>1 :i* br\ght di/ress ^u !m1 z well z ^u ! ,*ri/ians1 !y 7 l$ into fri5dly relations ) ,*ri/ianity2 b ev5 :5 adopt+ ! ,*ri/ian doctr9es1 !y /ill c>ri$ ) !m _m ( _! e>li] t5ets 7 #bh1 #b1 #c74c #i4 ,,sam>itanism4 ,! ,sam>itans1 :o came into exi/5ce at ! "t ( ! ov]?r[ ( ! k+dom ( ,israel1 f ! bl5d+ ( ,israeliti% & hea!ni% elem5ts1 desir$ fell[%ip ) ! ,jewi% colony t return$ f ! ,babyloni% captivity1 b 7 repell$ on acc\nt ( _! manifold compromises ) pagan practice4 ,& al?\gh an expell$ ,jew nam$ ,manasseh purifi$ _! religion z f> z possible ( hea!ni% elem5ts1 & gave !m a temple & ord] ( wor%ip on ,m\nt ,g]izim1 ?is only increas$ ! hatr$ ( ! ,jews aga9/ !m4 ,hold+ fa/ to ! ,judaism taught !m by ,manasseh1 ! ,sam>itans nev] adopt$ ! ref9em5ts & p]v]sions ( lat] ,judaism4 ,_! ,messianic expectations rema9$ pur]1 _! p>ticul>ism less sev]e4 ,:ile ?us r5d]$ capable ( =m+ a m imp>tial e/imate ( ,*ri/ianity1 !y 7 also incl9$ ^u ! :ole1 because ( ! hatr$ & contempt :i* !y _h to endure f ,ph>isaic ,judaism1 to look ) fav\r ^u ,*ri/ianity despis$ & p]secut$ z !y !mselves _h be5 7,john iv4 #da2 ,acts viii4 #e ff474 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! syncretic-hea!n elem5t1 :i* /ill fl\ri%$ 9 ,sam>itanism1 %[$ its opposition to ,*ri/ianity by positive reaction>y attempts 7 #be1 #b74d #aj4 ,,int]c\rse ,,betwe5 ,,judaism ,,& ,,hea!nism4 ,alex&] ! ,great's conque/ ( ! _w br\ght into connection ) "o ano!r ! mo/ div]se elem5ts ( culture 9 antiquity4 ,lea/ ( all c\ld ,judaism outside ( ,pale/9e1 ! diaspora1 liv+ amid ! influ5ces ( hea!n or ,hell5ic culture & ways ( view+ ?+s1 )draw itself f ! syncretic curr5t ( ! age4 ,! ,jews ( ,ea/]n ,asia ma9ta9$ a clos] connection & spiritual aff9ity ) ! exclusive ,pale/9ian ,rabb9ism1 & ! hea!n elem5t1 :i* "h p5etrat$ into _! religi\s conceptions1 became1 *iefly ?r\gh ! ,talmud1 ! common prop]ty ( po/-,*ri/ian ,judaism4 ,b hea!nism also1 contemptible z ,judaism appe>$ to x1 0 susceptible to ,jewi% influ5ces1 impress$ by ! deep] religi\s cont5ts ( ,judaism1 & ?\gh only sporadic1 in/ances ( su* influ5ce 7 by no means r>e4 #aj4a4 ,influ5ce ( ,hea!nism ^u ,judaism4--,?is rea*$ its greate/ /r5g? 9 ,egypt1 ! special c5tre & s\rce ( ! syncretic t5d5cies ( ! age4 ,=m+ = itself by means ( ! adoption ( ,greek culture & especially ( ! ,platonic philosophy a m univ]sal basis ( culture1 ,jewi% ,hell5ism fl\ri%$ 9 ,alex&ria4 ,aft] ,ari/obulus1 :o wrote 1 ab\t ,b4,c4 #agj1 n[ only f\nd 9 a fragm5t ( d\btful au?ority1 & ! au?or ( ! ,book ( ,wisdom1 ! *ief repres5tative ( ?is t5d5cy 0 ! ,alex&rian ,jew ,philo1 a contempor>y ( ,*ri/4 ,8 ,platonism enri*$ by elem5ts drawn f ,old ,te/am5t revelation & f ! doctr9es ( ! ,ess5es has on _m po9ts c>ri$ its speculation to ! v bord]s ( ,*ri/ianity1 & has =m$ a scaffold+ = ! ,*ri/ian philosophy ( ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs4 ,he taught t all nations h receiv$ a %>e ( div9e tru?1 b t ! actual f\nd] & fa!r ( all true philosophy 0 ,moses1 ^: legislation & tea*+ =m$ ! s\rce ( in=mation = ev5 ! ,greek ,philosophy & ,my/]iosophy4 ,b x is only by means ( allegorical int]pretation t su* dep?s c be discov]$4 ,god is 1 matt] 4 ,an int]m$iate _w1 correspond+ to ! ,platonic _w ( ideas1 is ! 1 consi/+ ( innum]able spirits & p[]s1 angels & s\ls ( m51 b b\nd toge!r into a unity 9 & issu+ f ! ,^w ( ,god1 :o z ! 0 embrac$ 9 ,god f et]nity1 com+ =? f ,god z ! = ! creation ( ! _w 7?\ght & ^w74 ,! visible _w1 on acc\nt ( ! physical impot5ce ( matt]1 is an imp]fect repres5tation ( ! 1 etc4 ,on ! gr\nd ( ! writ+ ,de vita contemplativa attribut$ to ,philo1 ! ,!rapeut1 or wor%ipp]s ( ,god1 m5tion$ !re91 _h be5 reg>d$ z a contemplative ascetic sect relat$ to ! ,ess5es1 affect$ by an ,alex&rian philosophical _s1 liv+ a sort ( mona/ic life 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,alex&ria1 until ,lucius 7,/rassb41 #ahgi7 )drew !m f ! doma9 ( hi/ory to t ( ,utopian romance conceiv$ 9 support ( a special !ory4 ,?is s*ol> has prov$ t ! writ+ ref]r$ to _c possibly be assign$ to ,philo1 b mu/ h be5 compos$ ab\t ! end ( ! ?ird c5tury 9 ! int]e/ ( ,*ri/ian mona/icism1 = :i* x pres5t$ an idealiz+ apology4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 has be5 conte/$ by ,we+>t51 9 ,h]zog1 x4 #gfa1 on good gr\nds1 & ! orig9 ( ! book has be5 assign$ to a p]iod soon aft] ,philo1 :5 ,hell5i/ic ,judaism 0 subject$ to a great v>iety ( religi\s & philosophical influ5ces4#e #aj4b4 ,influ5ce ( ,judaism ^u ,hea!nism4--,! hea!n /ate %[$ itself g5]ally tol]ant t[>d ,judaism4 ,alex&] ! ,great & 8 successors1 ! ,ptolemies1 to "s ext5t also ! ,seleucid1 all[$ ! ,jews ! free ex]cise ( _! religion & v>i\s privileges1 :ile ! ,romans all[$ ,judaism to rank z a religio licita4 ,nev]!less ! ,jews 7 univ]sally despis$ & hat$4 ,tacitus calls !m despectissima p>s s]vi5tium1 tet]rima g5s2 & ev5 ! bett] class ( writ]s1 su* z ,mane?o1 ,ju/91 ,tacitus1 gave curr5cy to ! mo/ absurd /ories & malici\s calumnies aga9/ !m4 ,9 opposition to ^! ! ,jewi% hi/orian ,flavius ,josephus took pa9s to ov]come ! prejudices ( ,greeks & ,romans aga9/ 8 nation1 by pres5t+ to !m its hi/ory & in/itutions 9 ! mo/ fav\rable light4 ,b on ! o!r side1 ! ,greek translation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 call$ ! ,septuag9t1 z well z ! multitude ( ,jewi% synagogues1 :i* dur+ ! ,roman p]iod 7 scatt]$ ov] ! :ole _w1 af=d$ to e hea!n int]e/$ !re9 ! opportunity ( discov]+ by p]sonal exam9ation & inquiry ! *>act]i/ic pr9ciples ( ,judaism4 ,:51 !re=e1 we consid] ! utt]ly corrupt condition ( hea!nism1 we _c wond] t ,judaism1 9 spite ( all ! contempt t 0 ?r[n ^u x1 w\ld attract1 by reason ( its ho>y antiquity & ! sublime simplicity ( its cre$1 ! significance ( its wor%ip1 & its ,messianic promises1 _m ( ! bett] aspir+ hea!ns1 :o 7 no long] satisfi$ ) _! sorely degrad$ =ms ( religion4 ,& ?\gh inde$ only a few enroll$ !mselves z 8,proselytes ( ,righte\sness10 ent]+ ! ,jewi% community by submitt+ to ! rite ( circumcision1 ! numb] ( ! 8,proselytes ( ! ,gate0 :o )\t obs]v+ ! :ole ( ! c]emonial law und]took to ab&on _! idols & to wor%ip ,jehovah1 9 all ranks ( society1 mo/ly wom51 0 v consid]able1 & x 0 j among !m t ,*ri/ianity f\nd ! mo/ he>ty & fri5dly acceptance4 #aa4 ,,! ,,fulness ,,( ,,"t4 ,! fulness ( ! old5 "t _h come :5 ! dawn ( a new era bur/ =? ov] ! m\nta9s ( ,judea4 ,all t ,judaism & hea!nism _h be5 able to d 9 prep>+ ! way = ?is new era _h n[ be5 done4 ,hea!nism 0 itself consci\s ( its impot5ce & unfitness = satisfy+ ! religi\s ne$s ( ! human _s1 & :]ev] x _h n fall5 into dre>y unbelief or wild sup]/ition1 x /ruggl$ & agoniz$1 aspir+ aft] some?+ bett]4 ,9 ?is way negatively a pa? 0 prep>$ = ! *ur*4 ,9 sci5ce & art1 z well z 9 g5]al intellectual culture1 hea!nism _h produc$ some?+ great & imp]i%able2 & ineffectual z ^! 9 !mselves _h prov$ to re/ore aga9 to man ! peace :i* he _h lo/ & n[ s\ght aft]1 !y might become effectually helpful = su* purposes :5 made subs]vi5t to ! true salvation4 ,& s f> hea!nism 0 a positive help] to ! *ur*4 ,! impression t a crisis 9 ! _w's hi/ory 0 ne> at h& 0 univ]sal among ,jews & ,g5tiles4 ,! pr(\nd realization ( ! ne$ 0 a presage ( ! "t ( fulfilm5t4 ,all true ,israelites wait$ = ! promis$ ,messiah1 & ev5 9 hea!nism ! anci5t hope ( ! return ( ! ,gold5 ,age 0 aga9 br\ght to ! front1 & _h1 f ! sacr$ scriptures & synagogues ( ! ,jews1 obta9$ a new hold+ gr\nd & a def9ite direction4 ,! hea!n /ate1 too1 made its own contribution t[>d prep>+ ! way ( ! *ur*4 ,"o sceptre & "o language unit$ ! :ole _w1 a univ]sal peace prevail$1 & ! mo/ widely ext5d$ comm]cial int]c\rse gave opportunity = ! easy & rapid spread ( sav+ tru?4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,beg9n+s4 ,! ,f\nd+ ( ! ,*ur* by ,*ri/ & ,8 ,apo/les4 #ab4 ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,beg9n+s4 ,! propriety 9 a treatise on g5]al *ur* hi/ory ( sep>at+ ! ,times ( ,jesus & ! ,times ( ! ,apo/les1 closely connect$ !re)1 f ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,developm5t ( ! ,*ur*1 & giv+ to !m a di/9ct place "u ! title ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,beg9n+s1 re/s on ! fact t 9 ^? times we h ! g]ms & pr9ciples ( all t foll[s4 ,! unique capacity ( ! ,apo/les1 result+ f special enlight5m5t & end[m5t1 makes t :i* !y h done ( vital importance = all subsequ5t developm5t4 ,9 our e/imation ( ea* lat] =m ( ! *ur*'s exi/5ce we mu/ g back to ! doctr9e & practice ( ,*ri/ & ,8 ,apo/les z ! /&>d1 n z to a f9ally complet$ =m t has exhau/$ all possibilities ( developm5t1 & made all fur!r advance & gr[? impossible or useless1 b r z to ! au!ntic fre% g]ms & beg9n+s ( ! *ur*1 s t n only :at 9 lat] developm5t is f\nd to h exi/$ 9 ! same =m 9 ! beg9n+ is recognis$ z g5u9ely ,*ri/ian1 b also t :i* is se5 to be a developm5t & gr[? ( t primitive =m4 ,i4 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,jesus4 #ac4 ,,jesus ,,*ri/1 ,,! ,,savi\r ,,( ,,! ,,_w4 8,b :5 ! fulness ( ! "t 0 come1 ,god s5t =? ,8 ,son1 made ( a woman1 made "u ! law1 to r$eem !m t 7 "u ! law1 t we might receive ! adoption ( sons0 7,gal4 iv4 #d1 #e74 ,9 accordance ) prophetic ann\ncem5ts1 ,he 0 born 9 ,be?lehem z ! ,son ( ,david1 &1 aft] ,john ! ,bapti/1 ! la/ ( ! prophets ( ! ,old ,cov5ant1 _h prep>$ ,8 way by ! prea*+ ( rep5tance & ! baptism ( rep5tance1 ,he began 9 ! ?irtie? ye> ( ,8 age ,8 fulfilm5t by life & tea*+ ( ! law & ! prophets4 ,) twelve *os5 disciples ,he travell$ up & d[n ?r\gh ! l& ( ! ,jews1 prea*+ ! k+dom ( ,god1 help+ & heal+1 & by miracles & signs confirm+ ,8 div9e mission & doctr9e4 ,! ,ph>isees contradict$ & p]secut$ ,him1 ! ,sadducees disreg>d$ ,him1 & ! p vacillat$ betwe5 acclamations & execrations4 ,aft] ?ree ye>s' activity1 amid ! hosannas ( ! multitude1 ,he made ,8 royal entry into ! city ( ,8 k+ly ance/ors4 ,b ! same cr[d1 disappo9t$ 9 _! political & c>nal ,messianic expectations1 a few days lat] rais$ ! cry3 ,crucify ,him1 crucify ,him6 ,?us !n ,he suff]$ accord+ to ! graci\s good pleasure ( ! ,fa!r ! dea? ( ! cross = ! s9s ( ! _w4 ,! ,pr9ce ( life1 h[ev]1 c\ld n be hold5 ( dea?4 ,he bur/ ! gates ( ,hades1 z well z ! b>ri]s ( ! grave1 & rose aga9 ! ?ird day4 ,= =ty days ,he l+]$ "h bel[1 promis$ ,8 disciples ! gift ( ,8 ,holy ,_s1 & commission$ !m to prea* ! gospel to all nations4 ,!n ^u ,8 asc5sion ,he assum$ ! div9e =m ( :i* ,he _h empti$ ,himself dur+ ,8 inc>nation1 & sits n[ at ! "r h& ( p[] z ! ,head ( ,8 *ur* & ! ,"l ( all t is nam$ 9 heav5 & on e>?1 until visibly & 9 glory1 accord+ to ! promise1 ,he returns aga9 at ! re/itution ( all ?+s4 #ac4a4 ,9 reg>d to ! ye> ( ! bir? & ! ye> ( ! dea? ( ! ,r$eem] no absolutely c]ta9 result c n[ be atta9$4 ,! usual ,*ri/ian *ronology con/ruct$ by ,dionysius ,exiguus 9 ! six? c5tury1 fir/ employ$ by ! ,v5]able ,b$e1 & br\ght into (ficial use by ,*>lemagne1 assumes ! ye> #ged ,a4,u4,c4 z ! date ( ,*ri/'s bir?1 :i* is evid5tly wrong1 s9ce1 9 ,a4,d4 #gej or #gea1 ,h]od ! ,great 0 already dead4 ,zumpt takes ! sev5?1 o!rs ! ?ird1 f\r?1 or fif? ye> be=e our era4 ,! l5g? ( ,*ri/'s public m9i/ry 0 fix$ by _m ,*ur* ,fa!rs1 9 accordance ) ,isaiah lxi4 #a1 #b1 & ,luke iv4 #ai1 at "o ye>1 & x 0 consequ5tly assum$ t ,*ri/ 0 crucifi$ :5 ?irty ye>s ( age 7,luke iii4 #ba74 ,! synopti/s inde$ speak only ( "o passov]1 ! la/1 dur+ ,*ri/'s m9i/ry2 b ,john 7ii4 #ac2 vi4 #d2 xii4 #a7 speaks ( ?ree1 & also besides 7v4 #a7 ( a 4 #ac4b4 ,among ! non-biblical witnesses to ,*ri/ ! e>lie/ is probably a ,syrian ,epi/le ( ,m>a to 8 son ,s]apion1 writt51 accord+ to ,cureton 78,spicileg4 ,syriacum40 ,lond41 #ahee71 ab\t ,a4,d4 #gc4 ,! fa!r1 highly cultur$ 9 ,greek wisdom b dissatisfi$ ) x1 writes f exile words ( com=t & exhortation to 8 son1 9 :i* he places ,*ri/ alongside ( ,socrates & ,py?agoras1 & hon\rs him z ! wise ,k+1 by ^: dea? ! ,jews _h br\ght ^u !mselves ! swift ov]?r[ ( _! k+dom1 :o w\ld1 h[ev]1 al?\gh sla91 live = ev] 9 ! new l& :i* ,he has giv54 ,to ?is p]iod also belongs ! witness ( ! ,jewi% hi/orian ,josephus1 :i* 9 its probably g5u9e portions praises ,jesus z a work] ( miracles & tea*] ( wisdom1 & te/ifies to ,8 dea? on ! cross "u ,pilate1 z well z ! f\nd+ ( ! *ur* 9 ,8 "n4 ,di/9ctly & :olly spuri\s is ! ,correspond5ce ( ,*ri/ ) ,abg>1 ,pr9ce ( ,edessa1 :o entreats ,*ri/ to come to ,edessa to heal him & is com=t$ ( ! ,"l by ! s5d+ ( "o ( ,8 disciples aft] ,8 asc5sion4 ,?is docum5t 0 fir/ communicat$ by ,eusebius 7,hi/4 ,eccl41 i4 #ac7 f ! ,ar*ives ( ,edessa 9 a lit]al translation f ! ,syriac1 & is also to be f\nd 9 ! ,syrian book ,doctr9a ,addi 7 #cb1 #f74 ,( a simil> k9d are ! apocryphal ,acta ,pilati1 z well ! hea!n =m :i* has p]i%$ 7 #bb1 #g71 z ! ,*ri/ian =m :i* is /ill extant 7 #cb1 #d74 ,an ,epi/le ( ,l5tulus1 pret5d+ to be f a ,roman resid5t 9 ,pale/9e on t]ms ( intimacy ) ,pilate1 conta9+ a description ( ! appe>ance ( ,*ri/1 is quot$1 & ev5 !n z a =g]y1 by ,laur5tius ,valla 9 8 writ+ on ! ,donation ( ,con/ant9e4 ,s9ce 9 _m p>ticul>s x agrees ) ! description ( ! p]son ( ,*ri/ giv5 9 ! ,*ur* ,hi/ory by ,nicephorus ,calli/i 7 #e1 #a71 9 accordance ) ! type !n prevail+ among ,byzant9e pa9t]s1 x may fairly be reg>d$ z an apocryphal ,lat9 ret\*+ ( t description orig9at+ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,at ,edessa a picture ( ,*ri/ 0 kn[n to exi/ 9 ! f\r? c5tury 7accord+ to ! ,doctr4 ,addi71 :i* mu/ h be5 br\ght ?i!r by ! mess5g]s ( ,abg>1 :o _h pick$ x up 9 ,j]usalem4 ,dur+ ! f\r? c5tury m5tion is made ( a /atue ( ,*ri/1 fir/ ( all by ,eusebius1 :o himself _h se5 x4 ,?is 0 said to h be5 set up 9 ,paneas by ! woman cur$ ( ! issue ( blood 7,matt4 ix4 #bj74 ,x repres5ts a woman entreat+ help1 kneel+ be=e ! l(ty figure ( a man :o /ret*es out 8 h& to h]1 :ile at 8 feet a heal+ h]b spr+s up4 ,9 all probability1 h[ev]1 x 0 simply a votive figure d$icat$ to ! god ( heal+1 sculapius4 ,! leg5d t has be5 curr5t s9ce ! fif? c5tury ( ! sweat-m>k$ h&k]*ief ( ,v]onica--?is "n be+ d]iv$ ei!r f v]a icon1 ! true lik5ess1 or f ,b]nice or ,b]onice1 ! "n giv5 9 apocryphal leg5ds to ! woman ) ! issue ( blood1--on :i* ! face ( ! ,r$eem] :i* _h be5 wip$ by x 0 impr9t$1 probably arose ?r\gh ! transf]r+ to o!r incid5ts ! leg5d>y /ory ( ,edessa4 ,on ! occurr5ce ( simil> transf]5ces see #eg1 #e4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,apo/olic ,,age4 ,a4,d4 #cj-gj4 #ad4 ,,! ,,m9i/ry ,,( ,,! ,,apo/les ,,be=e ,,paul4 ,aft] ! ,apo/olate _h be5 aga9 by means ( ! lot rais$ to ! significant numb] ( twelve1 amid miracul\s manife/ations1 ! ,holy ,_s 0 p\r$ out on ! wait+ disciples z !y 7 assembl$ toge!r on ! day ( ,p5teco/1 t5 days aft] ! ,asc5sion ( ! ,"l4 ,x 0 ! bir?day ( ! *ur*1 & its fir/ memb]s 7 won by ! prea*+ ( ,pet] to ! wond]+ multitude4 ,by means ( ! m9i/ry ( ! ,apo/les1 :o at fir/ re/rict$ !mselves to ,j]usalem1 ! *ur* grew daily4 ,a ke5 p]secution1 h[ev]1 on ! "p ( ! ,jews1 beg9n+ ) ! execution ( ! deacon ,/eph51 scatt]$ !m ap>t1 s t ! k ( ! gospel 0 c>ri$ ?r\gh\t all ,pale/9e1 & d[n into ,phnicia & ,syria4 ,philip prea*$ ) peculi>ly happy results 9 ,sam>ia4 ,pet] soon began a c\rse ( visitation ?r\gh ! l& ( ,jews1 & at ,cs>ea receiv$ into ! *ur* by baptism ! fir/ ,g5tile family1 t ( ,cornelius1 hav+ be5 prep>$ = ?is be=eh& by a vision4 ,at ! same "t !re arose indep5d5tly at ,antio* 9 ,syria a ,*ri/ian congregation1 compos$ ( ,jews & ,g5tiles1 ?r\gh ! great eag]ness ( ! ,g5tiles = salvation4 ,! ,levite ,b>nabas1 a man ( /rong fai?1 0 s5t d[n f ,j]usalem1 took ^u himself ! c>e ( ?is *ur*1 & /r5g!n$ 8 own m9i/ry by secur+ ,paul1 ! conv]t$ ,ph>isee1 z 8 colleague4 ,?is great man1 "s ye>s be=e1 by ! appe>+ ( ,*ri/ to him on ! way to ,damascus1 _h be5 *ang$ f a fanatical p]secutor into a zeal\s fri5d & promot] ( ! int]e/s ( ! *ur*4 ,?us x came ab\t t ! ,apo/olic mission broke up into two diff]5t sections1 "o ( :i* 0 purely ,jewi% & _h = its c5tre & />t+ po9t ! "m *ur* at ,j]usalem1 :ile ! o!r1 issu+ f ,antio*1 address$ itself to a mix$ audi5ce1 & preem95tly to ! ,g5tiles4 ,x is difficult to det]m9e ) *ronological exactness ei!r ! beg9n+ 7 #ac1 #a7 or ! close ( ! ,apo/olic ,age4 ,/ill we _c be f> wrong 9 tak+ ,a4,d4 #cj z ! beg9n+ & ,a4,d4 #gj z ! close ( t p]iod4 ,! la/ p]fectly c]ta9 & unconte/$ date ( ! ,apo/olic ,age is ! m>tyrdom ( ! ,apo/le ,paul 9 ,a4,d4 #fd1 or p]haps ,a4,d4 #fg1 see #ae1 #a4 ,we h x on good evid5ce t ,james ! eld] di$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #dd1 & ,james ! ,j ab\t ,a4,d4 #fc 7 #af1 #c71 t ,pet] suff]$ m>tyrdom contemporane\sly ) ,paul 7 #af1 #a71 t ab\t ! same "t or n long aft] ! mo/ ( ! o!r ,apo/les _h be5 9 all probability already tak5 home1 at lea/ 9 reg>d to _! life & "w aft] ! days ( ,paul1 we h n ! slighte/ in=mation t c lay any claim to be reg>d$ z hi/orical4 ,! ,apo/le ,john =ms ! only exception to ?is /atem5t4 ,accord+ to important witnesses f ! middle & end ( ! second c5tury 7 #af1 #b71 he ent]$ ^u 8 special field ( lab\r 9 ,asia ,m9or aft] ! dea? ( ,paul1 & cont9u$ to live & lab\r !re1 ) ! tempor>y int]ruption ( an exile 9 ,patmos1 d[n to ! "t ( ,trajan1 ,a4,d4 #ih-aag4 ,b ! insuffici5t data :i* we possess reg>d+ ! nature1 "*1 ext5t1 success1 & consequ5ces ( 8 ,apo/olic activity !re are p>tly1 if n 9 !mselves altoge!r incr$ible1 int]e/+ only z anecdotes1 & p>tly :olly fabul\s1 & !re=e little fitt$ to ju/ify u1 simply on _! acc\nt1 9 assign+ ! end ( ! fir/ or ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury z ! close ( ! ,apo/olic ,age4 ,we are ?us br\ght back aga9 to ! ye> ( ,paul's dea? z indicat+ approximately ! close ( t p]iod4 ,b see+ t ! precise ye> ( ?is occurr5ce is matt] ( discussion1 ! adoption ( ! r\nd numb] #gj may be recomm5d$1 all ! m z ) ?is ye>1 9 :i* ! la/ remnant ( ,jewi% national indep5d5ce 0 lo/1 ! opposition betwe5 ,jewi% & ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity1 :i* _h prevail$ ?r\gh\t ! ,apo/olic ,age1 makes its appe>ance "u a new phase 7 #bh74 #ae4 ,,! ,,m9i/ry ,,( ,,! ,,apo/le ,,paul4 ,set ap>t to ! "w by ! *ur* by pray] & lay+ on ( h&s1 ,paul & ,b>nabas />t$ f ,antio* on _! fir/ mission>y j\rney to ,asia ,m9or1 ,a4,d4 #dh-ej4 ,not)/&+ mu* opposition & actual p]secution on ! "p ( ! enrag$ ,jews1 he f\nd$ mix$ *ur*es1 compos$ pr9cipally ( ,g5tile ,*ri/ians1 compris+ congregations at ,antio* 9 ,pisidia1 ,iconium1 ,ly/ra1 & ,d]be4 ,:5 ,paul und]took 8 second mission>y j\rney1 ,a4,d4 #eb-ee1 ,b>nabas sep>at$ himself f him because ( 8 refusal to accept ! company ( 8 nephew ,john ,m>k1 :o _h des]t$ !m dur+ _! fir/ j\rney1 & along ) ,m>k emb>k$ ^u an indep5d5t mission1 beg9n+ ) 8 native c\ntry ,cyprus2 ( ! success ( ?is mission no?+ is kn[n4 ,paul1 on ! o!r h&1 accompani$ by ,silas & ,luke1 ) :om at a lat] p]iod ,timo?y also 0 associat$1 pass$ ?r\gh ,asia ,m9or1 & w\ld !reaft] h return$ to ,antio* _h n a vision by night at ,troas l$ him to take %ip = ,europe4 ,!re he f\nd$ *ur*es at ,philippi1 ,!ssalonica1 ,b]ea1 ,a!ns1 & ,cor9?1 & !n return$ ?r\gh ,asia ,m9or to ,syria4 ,)\t any l5g!n$ int]val he ent]$ ^u 8 ?ird mission>y j\rney1 ,a4,d4 #ee-eh1 accompani$ by ,luke1 ,titus1 & ,timo?y4 ,! c5tre ( 8 m9i/]ial activity dur+ ?is p]iod 0 ,ephesus1 :]e he f\nd$ a *ur* ) a l>ge memb]%ip4 ,8 success 0 extraord9>y1 s t ! v exi/5ce ( hea!nism 9 ,asia ,m9or 0 s]i\sly imp]ill$4 ,driv5 away by ! upris+ ( a hea!n mob1 he travell$ ?r\gh ,mac$onia1 press$ on to ,illyricum1 visit$ ! *ur*es ( ,greece1 & !n w5t to ,j]usalem1 = ! p]=mance ( a v[4 ,"h 8 life1 ?reat5$ by ! excit$ ,jews1 0 sav$ by 8 be+ put 9 prison by ! ,roman capta91 & !n s5t d[n to ,cs>ea1 ,a4,d4 #eh4 ,an appeal to ,cs>1 to :i* z a ,roman citiz5 he 0 entitl$1 result$ 9 8 be+ s5t to ,rome1 :]e he1 beg9n+ ) ! spr+ ( ,a4,d4 #fa1 liv$ & prea*$ = sev]al ye>s1 endur+ a mild =m ( imprisonm5t4 ,! fur!r c\rse ( 8 life & m9i/ry rema9s s+ul>ly unc]ta94 ,( ! lat] lab\rs & =tunes ( ,paul's fell[-work]s we "k absolutely no?+4 ,x may be accept$ z a well au!nticat$ & inconte/able fact t ,paul suff]$ m>tyrdom at ,rome "u ,n]o4 ,?is is e/abli%$ by ! te/imony ( ,clem5t ( ,rome-- 1--& is fur!r expla9$ & confirm$ by ,dionysius ( ,cor9?1 quot$ 9 ,eusebius1 & by ,ir5u1 ,t]tullian1 ,caius ( ,rome 7 #af1 #a74 ,on ! o!r h& x is disput$ :e!r x may h happ5$ dur+ ! imprisonm5t spok5 ab\t 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 or dur+ a subsequ5t imprisonm5t4 ,accord+ to ! tradition ( ! *ur* giv5 curr5cy to by ,eusebius 7,hi/4 ,eccl41 ii4 #bb71 :i* ev5 9 our own "t has be5 ma9ta9$ by _m capable s*ol>s1 ,paul 0 releas$ f 8 fir/ ,roman imprisonm5t %ortly be=e ! outbur/ ( ,n]o's p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians 9 ,a4,d4 #fd 7 #bb1 #a71 & made a f\r? mission>y j\rney :i* 0 br\ght to a close by 8 be+ a second "t arre/$ & subsequ5tly behead$ at ,rome 9 ,a4,d4 #fg4 ,! pro(s1 h[ev]1 t are (f]$ 9 support ( ?is ass]tion are ( a v d\btful "*4 ,paul c]ta9ly 9 ,a4,d4 #eh _h ! int5tion 7,rom4 xv4 #bd1 #bh7 aft] a %ort visit to ,rome to proce$ to ,spa92 & :5 f 8 prison 9 ,rome he wrote to ,philemon 7v4 #bb7 & to ! ,philippians 7i4 #be2 ii4 #bd71 he believ$ t 8 *]i%$ hope ( yet rega9+ 8 lib]ty w\ld be realis$2 b !re is no fur!r m5tion ( a j\rney into ,spa91 = app>5tly o!r altoge!r diff]5t plans ( travel are 9 8 m9d4 ,& inde$ circum/ances may easily be conceiv$ z aris+ to bla/ su* hopes & produce 9 him t _s ( hopeless resignation1 :i* he gives expression to 9 #b ,tim4 iv4 #f ff4 ,b ! words ( ,clem5t ( ,rome1 *ap4 #e3 1 etc41 are too indef9ite & rhetorical to be tak5 z a c]ta9 te/imony on behalf ( a ,spani% mission>y j\rney4 ,! incomplete ref]5ce 9 ! ,muratorian ,fragm5t 7 #cf1 #h7 to a pr(ectio ,pauli ab ,urbe ad ,spaniam pr(icisc5tis may be ?\ght to af=d m direct te/imony1 b probably x is no?+ m ?an a rem9isc5ce ( ,rom4 xv4 #bd1 #bh4 ,mu* m important1 nay almo/ conclusive1 9 ! opposite direction1 is ! entire abs5ce1 n only f all ! patri/ic1 b also f all ! apocryphal1 lit]ature ( ! second & ?ird c5turies1 ( any allusion to a f\r? mission>y j\rney or a second imprisonm5t ( ! ,apo/le4 ,! ass]tion ( ,eusebius introduc$ by a vague c sc>cely be reg>d$ z outweigh+ ?is objection4 ,consequ5tly ! majority ( mod]n inve/igators h decid$ 9 fav\r ( ! !ory ( "o imprisonm5t4 ,b !n ! important "q arises z to :e!r ! ,epi/les to ,timo?y & ,titus1 claim+ to be ,paul9e1 ) ! j\rneys ref]r$ to or presuppos$ 9 !m1 & ! resid5ces ( ! ,apo/le & 8 two assi/ants1 c f9d a place 9 ! framework ( ! n>rative 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 & if s1 :at t place may be4 ,9 answ]+ ?is "q ^? inve/igators take div]se views4 ,( ^? :o _c surr5d] _! conviction t ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les are g5u9e1 "s assign !m to ! ,apo/le's resid5ce ( almo/ ?ree ye>s 9 ,ephesus1 o!rs to ! imprisonm5t 9 ,cs>ea :i* la/$ two ye>s & a half1 & o!rs to ! ,roman imprisonm5t ( almo/ ?ree ye>s4 ,o!rs aga91 look+ ^u su* exp$i5ts z inadmissible1 d5y ! au!nticity ( ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les1 ^! hav+ appe>$ to !m wor?y ( suspicion on o!r gr\nds4 #af4 ,,! ,,o!r ,,apo/les ,,aft] ,,! ,,appe>ance ,,( ,,! ,,apo/le ,,paul4 ,only 9 ref]5ce to ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ! ,apo/les h any tru/wor?y acc\nts rea*$ u4 ,james ! bro!r ( ,john1 at an e>ly p]iod1 9 ,a4,d4 #dd1 suff]$ a m>tyr's dea? at ,j]usalem4 ,pet] 0 oblig$ by ?is p]secution to quit ,j]usalem = a "t4 ,incl9ation & 8 special call+ m>k$ him out z ! ,apo/le ( ! ,jews 7,gal4 ii4 #g-i74 ,8 m9i/ry outside ( ,pale/9e 0 ex]cis$1 accord+ to #a ,pet4 i4 #a1 9 ! c\ntries r\nd ab\t ! ,black ,sea1 &1 accord+ to *ap4 v4 #ac1 ext5d$ to ,babylon4 ,! leg5d t1 contemporane\sly ) ! behead+ ( ,paul1 he suff]$ dea? by crucifixion "u ,n]o at ,rome 7,john xxi4 #ah1 #ai71 is d\btful2 & x is also que/ionable :e!r he ev] w5t to ,rome1 :ile ! /ory ( 8 hav+ d[n to ! "t ( 8 dea? be5 ,bi%op ( ,rome = tw5ty-five ye>s is :olly fabul\s4 ,john1 accord+ to ! tradition ( ! *ur*1 took up ,asia ,m9or z 8 special field ( lab\r aft] x _h be5 depriv$ ( its fir/ ,apo/le by ! m>tyr dea? ( ,paul1 fix+ 8 resid5ce at ,ephesus4 ,at ! head ( ! "m *ur* ( ,j]usalem /ood ,james ! ,j1 ! bro!r ( ! ,"l4 ,he seems nev] to h left ,j]usalem1 & 0 /on$ by ! ,jews betwe5 ,a4,d4 #fc-fi4 ,reg>d+ ! re/ ( ! ,apo/les & _! fell[-work]s we h only leg5d>y traditions ( an extremely untru/wor?y description1 & ev5 ^! h come d[n to u 9 v imp]fect & corrupt =ms4 #af4a4 ,! ,roman ,episcopate ( ,pet]4--,! tradition t ,pet]1 aft] hav+ = "s ye>s held ! (fice ( bi%op at ,antio*1 became fir/ ,bi%op ( ,rome1 hold+ ! (fice = tw5ty-five ye>s 7,a4,d4 #db-fg71 & suff]$ m>tyrdom at ! same "t ) ,paul1 _h its orig9 9 ! s]ies ( h]etical apocryphal writ+s1 out ( :i* sprang1 bo? ! romance ( ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies & ,recognitions 7 #bh1 #c71 & ! ,ebionite ,acts ( ,pet]2 b x atta9$ its complete =m only at ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury1 aft] x _h be5 transplant$ into ! soil ( ! *ur* tradition ?r\gh ! ,acta ,petri et ,pauli 7 #cb1 #f74 ,:at *iefly secur$ curr5cy & developm5t to ?is tradition 0 ! endeav\r1 ev] gr[+ 9 /r5g? 9 ,rome1 to v9dicate on behalf ( ! ,roman ,episcopate z ! legitimate successor & heir to all ! pr]ogatives alleg$ to h be5 conf]r$ on ,pet] 9 ,matt4 xvi4 #ah1 a title to primacy ov] all ! *ur*es 7 #cd1 #h2 #df1 #c ff474 ,b t ,pet] _h n really be5 9 ,rome z a prea*] ( ! gospel previ\s to ! ye> ,a4,d4 #fa1 :5 ,paul came to ,rome z a prison]1 is evid5t f ! abs5ce ( any ref]5ce to ! fact 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 writt5 9 ,a4,d4 #eh1 z well z 9 ! conclud+ *apt] ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,accord+ to ! ,acts1 ,pet] 9 ,a4,d4 #dd lay 9 prison at ,j]usalem1 & accord+ to ,gal4 ii41 he 0 /ill !re 9 ,a4,d4 #ea4 ,besides1 accord+ to ! unanim\s v]dict ( tradition1 z express$ by ,ir5u1 ,eusebius1 ,ruf9us1 & ! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions1 n ,pet]1 b ,l9us1 0 ! fir/ ,bi%op ( ,rome1 & x is only 9 reg>d to ! ord] ( 8 successors1 ,anacletus & ,clem5t1 t any real unc]ta9ty or discrepancy occurs4 ,?is1 inde$1 by no means prev5ts u f admitt+ an appe>ance ( ,pet] at ,rome result+ 9 8 m>tyrdom4 ,b ! te/imonies 9 fav\r !re( are n ( su* a k9d z to r5d] its hi/orical reality unque/ionable4 ,t ,babylon is m5tion$ 9 #a ,pet4 v4 #ac z ! place :]e ?is ,epi/le 0 compos$1 c sc>cely be us$ z a s]i\s argum5t1 s9ce ! supposition t ,babylon is a symbolical designation ( ,rome z ! c5tre ( anti-,*ri/ian hea!nism1 ?\gh q conceivable & widely curr5t 9 ! e>ly *ur*1 is n by any means demon/rable4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury1 ,clem5t ( ,rome relates ! m>tyrdom ( ,pet] z well z ( ,paul1 b he does n ev5 say t x took place at ,rome4 ,on ! o!r h&1 cle> & unmi/akable /atem5ts are f\nd 9 ,dionysius ( ,cor9?1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #agj1 !n 9 ,caius ( ,rome1 9 ,ir5u & ,t]tullian1 to ! effect t ,pet] & ,paul ex]cis$ _! m9i/ry toge!r & suff]$ m>tyrdom toge!r at ,rome4 ,^! /atem5ts1 h[ev]1 are int]wov5 ) obvi\sly false & fabul\s dates to su* a degree t _! cr$ibility is r5d]$ extremely d\btful4 ,nev]!less !y prove ?is mu*1 t already ab\t ! end ( ! second c5tury1 ! /ory ( ! two ,apo/les suff]+ m>tyrdom toge!r at ,rome 0 believ$1 & t "s1 ( :om ,caius tells u1 pr(ess$ to "k _! graves & to h _! bones 9 _! possession4 #af4b4 ,! ,apo/le ,john4--,soon aft] ! dea? ( ,paul1 ! ,apo/le ,john settl$ 9 ,ephesus1 & !re1 ) ! tempor>y break caus$ by 8 exile to ,patmos 7,rev4 i4 #i71 he cont9u$ to preside ov] ! *ur* ( ,asia ,m9or d[n to 8 dea? 9 ! "t ( ,trajan 7,a4,d4 #ih-aag74 ,?is re/s ^u ! *ur* tradition :i*1 accord+ to ,polycrates ( ,ephesus 7,eus41 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 v4 #bd7 & ,ir5u1 a s*ol> ( ,polyc>p's 7,eus41 iv4 #ad71 0 fir/ set =? dur+ ! ,ea/] controv]sies 7 #cg1 #b7 9 ! middle ( ! second c5tury by ,polyc>p ( ,smyrna1 & has be5 accept$ z unque/ionable ?r\gh all ages d[n to our own4 ,accord+ to ,ir5u 7,eus41 iii4 #ah71 8 exile occurr$ "u ,domitian2 ! ,syrian translation ( ! ,apocalypse1 :i* 0 made 9 ! six? c5tury1 assign$ x to ! "t ( ,n]o4 ,b see+ t1 except 9 ,rev4 i4 #aa1 nei!r 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t scriptures1 nor 9 ! extant writ+s & fragm5ts ( ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs ( ! second c5tury be=e ,ir5u1 is a resid5ce ( ! ,apo/le ,john at ,ephesus ass]t$ or assum$1 :]eas ,papias 7 #cj1 #f71 accord+ to ,georgius ,ham>tolus1 a *ronicl] ( ! #i? c5t41 :o _h read ! n[ lo/ "w ( ,papias1 expressly decl>es t ! ,apo/le ,john 0 sla9 8by ,jews0 7comp4 ,matt4 xx4 #bc71 :i* po9ts to ,pale/9e r ?an to ,asia ,m9or1 mod]n critics h d5i$ ! cr$ibility ( t ecclesia/ical tradition1 & h attribut$ its orig9 to a confusion betwe5 ! ,apo/le ,john & a c]ta9 ,john ! ,presbyt]1 ) :om we fir/ meet 9 ! ,papias-,fragm5t quot$ 9 ,eusebius z 4 ,o!rs aga91 :ile reg>d+ ! resid5ce ( ! ,apo/le at ,ephesus z well e/abli%$1 h s\ght1 on acc\nt ( diff]5ces 9 /yle /&po9t & g5]al mode ( ?\ght 9 ! ,johann9e ,apocalypse on ! "o h&1 & ! ,johann9e ,gospel & ,epi/les on ! o!r h&1 to assign !m to two di/9ct ( ! same "n1 & by assign+ ! ,apocalypse to ! ,presbyt] & ! ,gospel & ,epi/les to ! ,apo/le1 !y w\ld 9 ?is way acc\nt = ! resid5ce at ,ephesus4 ,?is is ! c\rse g5]ally tak5 by ! ,m$iation !ologians ( ,s*lei]ma*]'s s*ool4 ,! advanc$ lib]al critics ( ! s*ool ( ,baur assign ! ,apocalypse to ! ,apo/le & ! ,gospel & ,epi/les to ! ,presbyt]1 or else in/ead ( ! ,apo/le assume a ?ird ,john o!rwise unkn[n4 ,cons]vative or?odox !ology aga9 ma9ta9s ! unity ( au?or%ip ( all ! ,johannean writ+s1 expla9s ! div]sity ( "* disc]nible 9 ! diff]5t works by a *ange on ! "p ( ! ,apo/le f ! e>ly ,judo-,*ri/ian /&po9t 7,gal4 ii4 #i71 :i* is /ill ma9ta9$ 9 ! ,apocalypse1 to ! ideal univ]sali/ic /&po9t assum$ 9 ! ,gospel & ! ,epi/les1 & is incl9$ to id5tify ! ,presbyt] ( ,papias ) ! ,apo/le4 ,ev5 9 ,t]tullian we meet ) ! tradition t "u ,n]o ! ,apo/le _h be5 ?r[n into a vat ( boil+ oil1 & 9 ,augu/9e we are told h[ he empti$ a poison$ cup )\t suff]+ h>m4 ,x is a *>m+ /ory at lea/ t ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria tells ( ! fai?ful pa/oral c>e :i* ! ag$ ,apo/le took 9 a y\? :o _h fall5 s f> z to become a b&it *ief4 ,( su* a k9d1 too1 is ! /ory told ( ! ,apo/le by ,j]ome1 h[ 9 ! extreme weakness ( old age he _h to be c>ri$ into ! assemblies ( ! congregation1 & ) feeble acc5ts c\ld only :isp]1 ,little *ildr51 love "o ano!r4 ,accord+ to ,ir5u1 :5 by accid5t he met ) ! h]etic ,c]9?us 7 #bg1 #a7 9 ! ba?1 he imm$iately ru%$ out to avoid any contact ) him4 #af4c4 ,james1 ! bro!r ( ! ,"l4--,! "n ( ,james 0 borne by two ( ! twelve disciples ( ,jesus3 ,james1 ! son ( ,zeb$ee & bro!r ( ,john1 :o 0 put to dea? by ! comm& ( ,h]od ,agrippa ,i4 7,acts xii4 #b7 ab\t ,a4,d4 #dd1 & ,james1 son ( ,alphu1 ab\t :om we h no fur!r in=mation4 ,a ?ird ,james1 designat$ 9 ,gal4 i4 #ai ! bro!r ( ! ,"l1 :o accord+ to ,hegesippus 7,euseb41 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 ii4 #bc7 on acc\nt ( 8 scrupul\s fulfilm5t ( ! law receiv$ ! title ( ! ,j1 is met ) 9 ,acts xii4 #ag2 xv4 #ac2 xxi4 #ah1 & is recognis$ by ,paul 7,gal4 i4 #ai2 ii4 #i-ab7 z ! ,presid5t ( ! *ur* 9 ,j]usalem4 ,accord+ to ,hegesippus 7 #ca1 #g71 he 0 f 8 *ildhood a ,nazirite1 & %ortly be=e ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 ! ,jews at ! ,passov] hav+ desir$ ( him a te/imony aga9/ ,*ri/1 & he hav+ in/ead giv5 a p[]ful te/imony on ,8 behalf1 he 0 hurl$ d[n f a p9nacle ( ! temple1 /on$1 & at la/1 :ile pray+ = 8 enemies1 sla9 by ! bl[s ( a full]'s club4 ,accord+ to ,josephus1 h[ev]1 ,ananus1 ! high prie/1 aft] ! recall ( ! ,proconsul ,fe/us & be=e ! arrival ( 8 successor ,alb9us1 along ) o!r m5 ho/ile to ,james1 ha/ily condemn$ him & _h him /on$1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #fc4 ,9 reg>d to ! p]son ( ?is la/-nam$ ,james ?ree diff]5t !ories h be5 propos$4 a4 ,9 ! anci5t *ur*1 ! bro!rs ( ,jesus1 ( :om besides ,james o!r ?ree1 ,joses1 ,simon1 & ,judas1 are nam$1 7 reg>d$ und\bt$ly z /ep-bro!rs ( ,jesus1 sons ( ,joseph & ,m>y 7,matt4 i4 #be71 & ev5 ,t]tullian argues f ! exi/5ce ( bro!rs ( ! ,r$eem] accord+ to ! fle% aga9/ ! ,docetism ( ! ,gno/ics4 b4 ,soon1 h[ev]1 x came to be felt t ! idea t ,joseph _h conjugal int]c\rse ) ,m>y aft] ! bir? ( ,jesus 0 9 conflict ) ! ascetic t5d5cy n[ ris+ into fav\r1 & s to help !mselves out ( ?is emb>rassm5t1 x 0 assum$ t ! bro!rs ( ,jesus 7 sons ( ,joseph by a =m] wife4 c4 ,! want ( biblical f\ndation = ?is view 0 ! occasion ( its be+ ab&on$ 9 fav\r ( a !ory1 fir/ h9t$ at by ,j]ome1 accord+ to :i* ! expression bro!rs ( ,jesus is to be tak5 9 a wid] s5se z mean+ c\s9s1 & 9 ?is way ,james ! bro!r ( ! ,"l 0 id5tifi$ ) ,james ! son ( ,alphu1 "o ( ! twelve disciples1 & ! f\r or five ,jameses nam$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 7 r$uc$ to two1 ,james ! son ( ,zeb$ee & ,james son ( ,alphu4 ,x 0 specially urg$ f ,john xix4 #be t ,james ! son ( ,alphu 0 ! si/]'s son ( ,jesus' "m4 ,?is 0 done by a purely arbitr>y id5tification ( ! "n ,clopas or ,cleophas ) ! ,alphu ( ! ,synopti/s1 ! r5d]+ ( ! words by ! wife ( ,clopas1 & also ! assumption1 :i* is sc>cely conceivable1 t ! si/] ( ! "m ( ,jesus 0 also call$ ,m>y4 ,we %\ld !re=e 9 ?is passage reg>d ! si/] ( ! "m ( ,jesus & ,m>y wife ( ,clopas z two di/9ct p]sons4 ,9 t case ! wife ( ,alphu may h be5 call$ ,m>y & h _h two sons :o1 l two ( ! f\r bro!rs ( ,jesus1 7 nam$ ,james & ,joses 7,matt4 xxvii4 #ef2 ,m>k xv4 #dj2 ,luke xxiv4 #aj72 b ev5 !n1 9 ! ,james "h m5tion$1 we %\ld meet ) ano!r ,james o!rwise unkn[n1 diff]5t f ! ,james son ( ,alphu 9 ! li/ ( ! ,apo/les1 ^: "n occurs 9 ,luke xv4 #af & ,acts i4 #ac 9 ! phrase ,judas ( ,james1 :]e ! g5itive und\bt$ly means bro!r ( ,james son ( ,alphu4 ,& ?\gh 9 ,gal4 i4 #ai1 ,james ! bro!r ( ! ,"l seems to be call$ an ,apo/le1 :5 ?is is comp>$ ) ,acts xiv4 #ad1 x af=ds no pro( t he belong$ to ! numb] ( ! twelve4 ,b ! fact t ! bro!rs ( ,jesus are all & always expressly di/+ui%$ f ,8 twelve ,apo/les1 & =m a gr\p outw>dly & inw>dly ap>t f !m 7,matt4 xii4 #df2 ,m>k iii4 #ca2 ,luke viii4 #ai2 ,john ii4 #ab71 tells decid$ly aga9/ t idea4 ,9 ,john vii4 #c1 #e1 !y are1 at a "t :5 ,james son ( ,alphu & ,judas bro!r ( ,james 7 already 9 ! ,apo/olate1 describ$ z unbeliev+1 & only subsequ5tly to ! dep>ture ( ! ,"l1 :o aft] ,8 resurrection appe>$ to ,james 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #g71 d we meet !m1 ?\gh ev5 !n di/+ui%$ f ! twelve1 /&+ 9 ! close/ fell[%ip ) ! ,*ri/ian believ+ community 7,acts i4 #ad2 #a ,cor4 ix4 #e74 ,besides1 9 accordance ) ,matt4 xxviii4 #ai1 none ( ! twelve c\ld assume ! p]man5t presid5cy ( ! "m *ur*1 & ,hegesippus n only kn[s ( 1 & s surely ( m ?an two1 b makes ,james ent] ^u 8 (fice 9 ,j]usalem fir/ 4 #af4d4 ,! ,lat] ,leg5ds ( ! ,apo/les4--,! tradition t aft] ! ,"l's asc5sion ,8 disciples1 _! numb] hav+ be5 aga9 made up to twelve 7,acts i4 #ac71 9 fulfilm5t ( _! ,"l's comm& 7,matt4 xxviii4 #ah71 _h a special region = mission>y lab\r assign$ by lot to ea*1 & also ! o!r tradition1 accord+ to :i*1 be=e _! f9al dep>ture f ,j]usalem1 aft] a /ay !re = sev5 or twelve ye>s1 !y drew up by common agreem5t rules = wor%ip1 discipl9e & con/itution suit$ to ! requirem5ts ( univ]sal ,*ri/5dom1 took %ape ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 & gave occasion to ! orig9 ( _m apocryphal hi/ories ( ! ,apo/les 7 #cb1 #e1 #f71 z well z apocryphal books ( *ur* ord] 7 #dc1 #d1 #e74 ,:e!r any portion at all1 & if s1 h[ mu*1 ( ! v>i\s contradictory /atem5ts ( ! apocryphal hi/ories & leg5ds ( ! ,apo/les ab\t _! mission fields & sev]al =tunes c be reg>d$ z g5u9e tradition desc5d+ f ! ,apo/olic ,age1 mu/ be left undecid$4 ,9 any case1 ! leg5d>y drap]y & embelli%m5t ( casual g5u9e rem9isc5ces are 9 ! highe/ degree fanta/ic & fabul\s4 ,anci5t at lea/1 accord+ to ,eusebius1 are ! traditions ( ,?omas hav+ prea*$ 9 ,p>?ia1 ,&rew 9 ,scy?ia1 & ,b>?olomew 9 ,india2 :ile 9 lat] traditions ,?omas figures z ! ,apo/le ( ,india 7 #cb1 #e74 ,! /atem5t by ,eusebius1 support$ f _m anci5t au?orities1 t ! ,apo/le ,philip ex]cis$ 8 m9i/ry f ,hi]apolis 9 ,phrygia to ,asia ,m9or1 orig9at$ p]haps f ! conf\nd+ ( ! ,apo/le ) ! ,evangeli/ ( ! same "n 7,acts xxi4 #h1 #i74 ,a hi/ory ( ! ,apo/le ,b>nabas1 attribut$ to ,john ,m>k1 b 9 reality dat+ only f ! fif? c5tury1 atta*+ itself to ,acts xv4 #ci1 tells h[ he conduct$ 8 mission & suff]$ m>tyrdom 9 8 native c\ntry ( ,cyprus2 :ile ano!r set ( leg5ds1 probably belong+ to ! same p]iod1 makes him ! f\nd] ( ! *ur* ( ,milan4 ,john ,m>k1 si/]'s son ( ,b>nabas1 :o appe>s 9 ,col4 iv4 #aj2 #b ,tim4 iv4 #aa2 & ,philem4 #bd1 z ! fell[-lab\r] ( ! ,apo/le ,paul1 9 #a ,pet4 v4 #ac z companion ( ,pet] at ,babylon1 &1 accord+ to ,papias1 wrote 8 gospel at ,rome z ! amanu5sis ( ,pet]1 is hon\r$1 accord+ to ano!r v widely receiv$ tradition1 quot$ by ,eusebius f a ,*ronicle belong+ to ! end ( ! second c5tury1 f :i* also ,julius ,africanus drew in=mation1 z ! f\nd] & fir/ bi%op ( ! *ur* ( ,alex&ria1 etc41 etc4 #ag4 ,,con/itution1 ,,wor%ip1 ,,& ,,discipl9e4#f ,b\nd "u ,*ri/ its "o head into an articulat$ :ole1 ! *ur* ought by ! co-op]ation ( all its memb]s condition$ & det]m9$ by position1 tal5t1 & call+1 to build itself up & gr[ 7#a ,cor4 xii4 #ab ff42 ,eph4 i4 #bb f474 ,developm5t w ?us be secur$ to natural tal5t & ! spiritual call+ ?r\gh ! be/[m5t ( special gifts ( grace or *>ismata4 ,! fir/ =m ( ,*ri/ian *ur* fell[%ip1 9 ! ,jewi% z well z ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ian *ur*es1 0 ( a ?or\ghly free "*2 modell$ ^u1 & atta*$ to1 =ms ( organization already exi/+ & legitimiz$1 or1 at lea/1 tol]at$ by ! /ate1 b all ! :ile inspir$ & leav5$ by a free ,*ri/ian _s4 ,compell$ by ! necessity :i* is felt 9 all social f$]ations = ! recognis$ rank+ ( sup]iority1 inf]iority1 & equality1 9 :i* 8 own prop] sph]e & task w\ld be assign$ to ea* memb]1 & encroa*m5t & disord]l9ess prev5t$1 a collegial *ur* c\ncil 0 soon =m$ by a free compact1 ! memb]s ( :i*1 all possess$ ( equal rights1 7 call$ 9 consid]ation ( _! p]sonal "*1 & 9 consid]ation ( _! (ficial duties4 ,^u !m devolv$ especially att5tion & c>e 9 reg>d to all outw>d ?+s t might affect ! common int]e/s ( ! *ur*1 managem5t ( ! prop]ty :i* _h to be realis$ & sp5t on ! religi\s s]vices1 & ( ! means requir$ = ! support ( ! poor1 z well z ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice & ( discipl9e4 ,b alongside ( ^! 7 o!r m indep5d5t (fices1 ! hold]s ( :i* did n g =? l ! memb]s ( ! eld]%ip z ! *oice ( ! *ur*es1 b r _h ! spiritual edification ( ! *ur* assign$ !m z _! life "w by a special div9e call & a *>ismatic end[m5t ( ! gift ( tea*+4 ,to ?is class belong1 besides ,apo/les & help]s ( ! ,apo/les1 ,prophets1 ,pa/ors1 & ,tea*]s4 #ag4a4 ,! ,*>ismata ( ! ,apo/olic ,age are pres5t$ to u 9 #a ,cor4 xii4 #d ff4 z signs 71 v4 #g7 ( ! pres5ce ( ! ,_s ( ,god work+ 9 ! *ur*1 :i*1 atta*+ !mselves to natural end[m5t & imply+ a free p]sonal surr5d] to _! influ5ce1 & manife/+ !mselves 9 v>i\s degrees ( int5sity f ! natural to ! sup]natural1 qualifi$ c]ta9 memb]s ( ! *ur* ) ! p[]s necess>y & desirable = ! upbuild+ & ext5sion ( ! ,*ri/ian community4 ,9 v]ses #h-aa1 ! ,*>ismata are arrang$ 9 ?ree classes by means ( ! twice-repeat$ 4 #a4 ,gifts ( ,tea*+1 embrac+ ! & ! 4 #b4 ,complet5ess ( ,fai?1 or ) ! possession ( sup]natural p[]s = heal+ ! sick1 work+ miracles1 & prophesy+1 & alongside ( ! latt]1 = sift+ & prov+ x1 4 #c4 ,ec/atic speak+ ) tongues1 1 1 alongside ( :i* is plac$ ! int]pretation ( tongues necess>y = ! und]/&+ !re( 4 ,9 addition to ^! ?ree are m5tion$1 9 v]se #bh1 1 c>e ( ! poor1 ! sick & /rang]s1 & 1 *ur* gov]nm5t4 ,! ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 speak+ ) tongues & prophesy+ consi/s1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 xiv4 #a-ah1 9 ?is1 t :]eas ! latt] is repres5t$ z an inspiration by ! ,_s ( ,god1 act+ ^u ! consci\sness1 ! ( ! prophet1 & !re=e requir+ no fur!r explanation to r5d] x applicable = ! edification ( ! congregation1 ! =m] is repres5t$ z an ec/atic utt]ance1 :olly uncontroll$ by ! ( ! human in/rum5t1 yet employ+ ! human organs ( spee*1 1 :i* leaves ! assembl$ congregation out ( view & addresses itself directly to ,god1 s t 9 v]4 #ac-ae x is call$ a 1 be+ made intelligible to ! audi5ce only by means ( ! *>ismatic int]pretation ( m5 imm$iately act$ ^u = ! purpose by ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,9 ,rom4 xii4 #f-h1 al?\gh !re ! *>isms are enum]at$ 9 ev5 great] details1 s z to include ev5 ! %[+ ( m]cy ) *e]fulness1 ! is want+4 ,x w\ld ?us seem t ?is sort ( spiritual display1 if n exclusively 7,acts ii4 #d2 x4 #df2 xix4 #f2 ,m>k xvi4 #ag71 yet ) peculi> fondness1 :i* 0 by no means comm5d$ by ! ,apo/le1 0 fo/]$ 9 ! *ur* ( ,cor9?4 ,! ?or\ghly unique speak+ ) tongues :i* took place on ! fir/ ,p5teco/ 7,acts ii4 #f1 #aa7 is c]ta9ly n to be und]/ood z imply+ t ! ,apo/les _h be5 ei!r tempor>ily or p]man5tly qualifi$ to speak 9 ! sev]al languages & dialects ( ^? pres5t f all ! c\ntries ( ! disp]sion4 ,x probably means simply t ! p[] 0 conf]r$ ^u ! speak]s ( speak+ ) tongues & t at ! same "t an analog\s end[m5t ( ! int]pretation ( tongues 0 conf]r$ ^u ^? :o he>d 7,comp41 ,acts ii4 #ab1 #ae1 ) #a ,cor4 xiv4 #bb f4 74 #ag4b4 ,! ,con/itution ( ! ,"m ,*ur* at ,j]usalem4--,! notion :i* ga9$ curr5cy ?r\gh ,vitr+a's le>n$ "w 8,de synagoga vet]e10 publ4 #afif1 t ! con/itution ( ! ,apo/olic *ur* 0 m\ld$ ^u ! patt]n ( ! synagogues1 is n[ no long] s]i\sly ent]ta9$4 ,n only 9 reg>d to ! ,paul9e *ur*es :olly or *iefly compos$ ( ,g5tile ,*ri/ians1 b also 9 reg>d to ! ,pale/9ian *ur*es ( purely ,jewi% ,*ri/ians1 no evid5ce 9 support ( su* a !ory c be f\nd4 ,!re is no sort ( analogy betwe5 any (fice be>]s 9 ! *ur* & ! :o 7 ess5tially *>act]i/ic ( all ! synagogues bo? 9 ,pale/9e & among ! disp]sion 7,m>k v4 #bb2 ,luke viii4 #da1 #di2 ,acts xiii4 #ae2 xviii4 #h1 #ag71 nor d we f9d any?+ to correspond to ! or inf]ior (fic]s ( ! synagogue 7,luke iv4 #bj74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! (fice be>]s ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es1 :o1 consi/+1 accord+ to ,acts vi41 ( deacons1 & also aft]w>ds1 accord+ to ,acts xi4 #cj1 ( 1 or eld]s ( ! *ur* at ,j]usalem1 occupi$ a place alongside ( ! ,apo/les 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! *ur*1 are )\t any analogy 9 ! synagogues4 ,! ,jewi% m5tion$ 9 ,matt4 xxi4 #bc2 xxvi4 #c2 ,acts iv4 #e2 xxii4 #e1 etc41 did n ex]cise a m9i/ry ( tea*+ & edification 9 ! num]\s synagogues ( ,j]usalem1 b a legislatory1 judicial & civil au?ority ov] ! :ole ,jewi% commonweal? z memb]s ( ! ,sanh$rim1 ( *ief prie/1 scribes & eld]s4 ,betwe5 ev5 ^!1 h[ev]1 & ! eld]s ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* a f>-rea*+ diff]5ce exi/s4 ,! ,jewi% eld]s are inde$ repres5tatives ( ! p1 & h z su* a seat & vote 9 ! supreme c\ncil1 b no voice is all[$ to ! p !mselves4 ,9 ! c\ncil ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 on ! o!r h&1 ) ref]5ce to all important que/ions1 ! memb]%ip ( all believ]s is call$ toge!r = consultation & deliv]ance 7,acts vi4 #b-f2 xv4 #d1 #bb74 ,a compla9t on ! "p ( ! ,hell5i/ic memb]s ( ! *ur* t _! poor 7 be+ neglect$ l$ to ! election ( sev5 m5 :o %\ld c>e = ! poor1 n by ! ,apo/les1 b by ! *ur*4 ,?is is commonly b errone\sly reg>d$ z ! fir/ in/itution ( ! deacon%ip4 ,to ^? !n *os51 = :om ! ,acts 7xxi4 #h7 has no o!r designation ?an t ( 8! sev510 ! is c]ta9ly assign$3 b !y 7 n & 7 n call$ ,deacons 9 ! (ficial s5se any m ?an ! ,apo/les1 :o /ill cont9u$1 accord+ to v4 #d1 to ex]cise ! 4 ,:5 ! bitt] p]secution t foll[$ ! /on+ ( ,/eph5 _h scatt]$ ! *ur* abroad ov] ! neighb\r+ c\ntries1 !y also dep>t$ at ! same "t f ,j]usalem 7,acts viii4 #a71 & ,philip1 :o 0 n[ ! mo/ notable ( _! numb]1 (ficiat$ h5ce=? only z an evangeli/1 t is1 z an it9]ant prea*] ( ! gospel1 9 ! region ab\t 8 own h\se 9 ,cs>ea 7,acts viii4 #e2 xxi4 #h2 comp4 ,eph4 iv4 #aa2 #b ,tim4 iv4 #e74 ,^u ! reorganization ( ! *ur* at ,j]usalem1 ! ,apo/les beg9n+ m cle>ly to appreciate _! own special call+ 7,matt4 xxviii4 #ai71 gave !mselves m & m to ! prea*+ ( ! gospel ev5 outside ( ,j]usalem1 & ?us ! ne$ became urg5t ( an au?oritative c\rt = ! conduct+ ( ! affairs ( ! *ur* ev5 dur+ _! abs5ce4 ,9 ^! circum/ances x w\ld seem1 accord+ to ,acts xi4 #cj1 t ^? :o m9i/]$ to ! poor1 *os5 probably f among ! mo/ hon\rable ( ! fir/ believ]s 7,acts ii4 #da71 pass$ ov] into a self-con/itut$ college ( presbyt]s4 ,at ! head ( ?is college or bo>d /ood ,james1 ! bro!r ( ! ,"l 7,gal4 i4 #ai2 ii4 #i2 ,acts xii4 #ag2 xv4 #ac2 xxi4 #ae71 & aft] 8 dea?1 accord+ to ,hegesippus1 a ne> relation ( ! ,"l1 ,simeon1 son ( ,clopas1 z a desc5dant ( ,david1 0 unanim\sly *os5 z 8 successor4 ,! episcopal title1 h[ev]1 j l t ( ,deacon1 is fir/ met ) 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 ! region ( ! ,paul9e missions1 & 9 ! t]m9ology ( ! ,pale/9ian *ur*es we only he> ( presbyt]s z (fic]s ( ! *ur* 7,acts xv4 #d1 #f1 #bb2 xxi4 #ah2 ,james v4 #ad74 ,9 #a ,pet] v4 #b1 h[ev]1 al?\gh does n yet appe> z an (ficial title1 ! (ficial duty ( ! is assign$ to presbyt]s 7see #ag1 #f74 ,x is ,hegesippus1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ahj1 :o fir/ gives ! title ,bi%op ( ,j]usalem to ,james1 aft] ! ,clem5t9es 7 #bh1 #c7 _h already t5 ye>s previ\sly designat$ him 4 #ag4c4 ,! ,con/itution ( ! ,paul9e ,*ur*es4 ,f\nd+ ^u ! works ( ,momms5 & ,f\c>t1 fir/ ( all ,he9rici & soon aft]w>ds ! ,engli% !ologian ,hat*#g has wr\ght out ! !ory t ! con/itution ( ! *ur*es t 7 :olly or ma9ly compos$ ( ,g5tile ,*ri/ians 0 modell$ on ^? conv5i5t1 op5 or ela/ic rules ( associations "u :i* ! v>i\s ,hell5i/ic guilds prosp]$ s well 71 71--associations = ! naturalization & fo/]+ ( =eign1 (t5 ori5tal1 modes ( wor%ip4 ,9 ! same way1 too1 ! ,*ri/ian *ur* at ,rome1 = social & sacr$ purposes1 made use ( ! =ms ( association employ$ 9 ! ,collegia or ,sodalicia1 :i* 7 f\nd !re 9 l>ge numb]s1 especially ( ! fun]al societies 9 :i* bo? ( ^? purposes 7 comb9$ 7collegia fun]aticia74 ,9 bo? ^! cases1 !n1 ! *ur*1 by atta*+ itself to modes ( association already exi/+1 ackn[l$g$ by ! /ate1 or tol]at$ z h>mless1 assum$ a =m ( exi/5ce :i* protect$ x f ! suspicion ( ! gov]nm5t1 & at ! same "t af=d$ x space & "t = indep5d5t con/ruction 9 accordance ) its own special "* & _s4 ,z 9 ^? ,hell5ic associations all ranks1 ev5 ^? :i* 9 civil society 7 sep>at$ f "o ano!r by impassable b>ri]s1 f\nd admission1 & !n1 9 ! fram+ ( /atutes1 ! reception ( fell[ memb]s1 ! ex]cise ( discipl9e1 possess$ equal rights2 z1 fur!r1 ! full k ( _! my/]ies & %>+ 9 _! ex]cise 7 op5 only to ! initiat$ 771 yet 9 ! ex]cise ( exot]ic wor%ip ! doors 7 hospitably flung op5 ev5 to ! 2 z ^u c]ta9 days ^? belong+ to ! n>r[ circle jo9+ toge!r 9 p>tak+ ( a common fea/2 s too all ?is is f\nd 9 ! ,cor9?ian *ur*1 naturally inspir$ by a ,*ri/ian _s & enri*$ ) ,*ri/ian cont5ts4 ,! *ur* also has its religi\s common fea/ 9 its ,agape1 its my/]y 9 ! ,eu*>i/1 its initiation 9 baptism1 by ! adm9i/ration ( :i* ! div9e s]vice is divid$ into two p>ts1 "o esot]ic1 to be engag$ 9 only by ! baptiz$1 ! o!r exot]ic1 a s]vice t is op5 to ^? :o are n ,*ri/ians4 ,all ranks 7,gal4 iii4 #bh7 h ! same claim to admission to baptism1 all ! baptiz$ h equal rights 9 ! congregation 7see #ag1 #g74 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t ! connection betwe5 ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es & ^? hea!n associations is n s to be conceiv$ z if1 because 9 ! "o case di/9ctions ( rank 7 aboli%$1 s also !y 7 9 ! o!r2 or t1 because 9 ! "o case religi\s fe/ivals 7 obs]v$1 ?is gave ! fir/ h9t z to ! obs]vance ( ! ,*ri/ian ,agape2 or t1 because & 9 ! mann] 9 :i* !re a my/]i\s s]vice 0 celebrat$ f :i* all outside 7 /rictly exclud$1 s also "h 0 introduc$ an exclusive eu*>i/ic s]vice4 ,^! obs]vances are r to be reg>d$ z hav+ gr[n up indep5d5tly out ( ! inmo/ be+ ( ,*ri/ianity2 b ! *ur* hav+ f\nd c]ta9 in/itutions exi/+ inspir$ by a :olly diff]5t _s1 yet outw>dly analog\s & sanction$ by ! /ate1 x appropriat$1 z f> z practicable1 _! =ms ( social organization1 9 ord] to secure = itself ! advantages ( civil protection4 ,t ev5 on ! "p ( ! pagans1 d[n into ! la/ half ( ! second c5tury1 ! ,*ri/ian congregational fell[%ip 0 reg>d$ z a special k9d ( ! my/]y-communities1 is %[n by ,lucian's satire1 ,de morte ,p]egr9i 7 #bc1 #a71 :]e ! description ( ,*ri/ian communities1 9 :i* its h]o = a "t play$ a "p1 is full ( te*nical t]ms :i* 7 curr5t 9 ^? associations4 8,x is also10 says ,we+>t51 8expressly ackn[l$g$ 9 ,t]tullian's ,apologeticus1 c4 #ch1 #ci1 writt5 ab\t ,a4,d4 #aih1 t ev5 d[n to ! close ( ! second c5tury1 ! ,*ri/ian *ur* 0 organiz$ 9 accordance ) ! rules ( ! ,collegia fun]aticia1 s t x might claim f ! /ate ! privileges ( ! ,factiones licit4 ,! arrangem5ts = burial & ! ,*ri/ian in/itutions connect$ !re) are %[n to h be5 c>efully subsum$ "u =ms t 7 admitt$ to be legal40 #ag4d4 ,conf9+ ourselves meantime to ! olde/ & indisputably au!ntic epi/les ( ! ,apo/le1 we f9d t ! autonomy ( ! *ur* 9 respect ( organization1 gov]nm5t1 discipl9e1 & int]nal adm9i/ration is made prom95t z ! v basis ( ! con/itution4 ,he nev] int]f]es 9 ^? matt]s1 enjo9+ & prescrib+ by 8 own au?ority1 b always1 :e!r p]sonally or 9 _s1 only z associat$ ) _! assemblies 7#a ,cor4 v4 #c71 delib]at+ & decid+ 9 common ) !m4 ,?us 8 ,apo/olic importance %[s itself n 9 8 assum+ ! attitude ( a "l 7#b ,cor4 i4 #bd71 b t ( a fa!r 7#a ,cor4 iv4 #ad f471 :o seeks to lead 8 *ildr5 on to =m = !mselves indep5d5t & manly judgm5ts 7#a ,cor4 x4 #ae2 xi4 #ac74 ,regul> & fix$ *ur* (fic]s d n seem to h exi/$ 9 ,cor9? d[n to ! "t :5 ! fir/ ,epi/le 0 writt51 ab\t ,a4,d4 #eg4 ,a div]sity ( functions 7 1 #a ,cor4 xii4 #d7 is "h1 inde$1 already f\nd1 b n yet def9itely atta*$ to di/9ct & regul> (fices 7#a ,cor4 vi4 #a-f74 ,x is always yet a volunt>y und]tak+ ( su* m9i/ries on ! "o h&1 & ! recognition ( peculi> piety & fai?fulness1 lead+ to will+ submission on ! o!r h&1 out ( :i* ! idea ( (fice took its rise1 & f :i* x obta9$ its special "*4 ,?is is especially true ( a peculi> k9d ( m9i/ry 7,rom4 xvi4 #a1 #b7 :i* mu/ soon h be5 develop$ z some?+ indisp5sable to ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es ?r\gh\t ! ,hell5ic & ,roman regions4 ,we mean ! "p play$ by ! patron1 :i* 0 s deeply gr\nd$ 9 ! social life ( classical antiquity4 ,fre$m51 =eign]s1 prolet>ii1 c\ld n 9 !mselves hold prop]ty & _h no claim on ! protection ( ! laws1 b _h to be associat$ z ,cli5tes ) a ,patronus or ,patrona 7 & 7 :o 9 difficult circum/ances w\ld af=d !m c\nsel1 protection1 support1 & def5ce4 ,z 9 ! ,greek & ,roman associations = wor%ip ?is relation%ip _h long be=e tak5 root1 & 0 "o ( ! ?+s t contribut$ mo/ mat]ially to _! prosp]ity1 s also 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es ! ne$ = recognis+ & giv+ effect to x became all ! m urg5t 9 proportion z ! numb] ( memb]s increas+ = :om su* support 0 necess>y 7#a ,cor4 i4 #bf-bi74 ,phbe is w>mly recomm5d$ 9 ,rom4 xvi4 #a1 #b1 z su* a ,*ri/ian 1 at ,c5*rea1 ! port ( ,cor9?1 among ^: num]\s cli5ts ! ,apo/le himself is m5tion$4 ,_m inscriptions 9 ! ,roman catacombs te/ify to ! deep impress :i* ?is social s*eme made ^u ! organization1 especially ( ! ,roman *ur*1 d[n to ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury1 & to ! help :i* x gave 9 r5d]+ t *ur* p]man5t4 ,all ! m are we ju/ifi$ 9 connect+ !re) ! 7,rom4 xii4 #h71 & 9 giv+ ?is passage 9 connection ) ! prec$+ & succe$+ context ! mean+3 :oev] repres5ts any "o z patron let him d x ) dilig5ce4--,! gradual developm5t ( /at$ or indep5d5t congregational (fices1 aft] privileges & duties 7 di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r1 0 ?us br\ght ab\t p>tly by ! natural c\rse ( ev5ts1 & p>tly by ! endeav\r to make ! *ur* organization correspond ) ! ,greek & ,roman religi\s associations c\nt5anc$ by ! /ate by ! employm5t 9 x ( ! same or simil> =ms & names4 ,9 ! old] communities1 especially ^? 9 capital cities1 l ,!ssalonica1 ,cor9?1 ,rome1 etc41 ! heads ( ! families ( ! fir/ believ]s atta9$ an au?oritative position altoge!r unique1 z at ,cor9? ^? ( ! h\sehold ( ,/ephanas1 :o1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 xvi4 #ae1 z ! 4 ,su* hon\r1 too1 0 giv5 to ! mo/ s]viceable ( ! *os5 patrons & o!rs1 :o evid5tly possess$ ! gifts ( & 1 & ^? :o fir/ 9 an in=mal way _h dis*>g$ (ficial duties _h am5ds made !m ev5 aft] dea? by a =mal election4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! *ur*es t sprang up at a lat] p]iod 7 probably provid$ imm$iately ) su* (fices "u ! direction & ) ! cons5t ( ! ,apo/le or 8 apo/olic assi/ants 7#a ,tim4 v4 #i2 ,tit4 i4 #e74 #ag4e4 ,congregational & ,spiritual ,(fices4--,:ile !n1 d[n to ,a4,d4 #eg no ecclesia/ical (fices prop]ly s call$ z yet exi/$ at ,cor9?1 & no injunctions are giv5 by ! ,apo/le = _! def9ite introduction1 x is told u 9 ,acts xiv4 #bc t1 s e>ly z ,a4,d4 #ej1 :5 ,paul 0 return+ f 8 fir/ mission>y j\rney he orda9$ ) pray] & fa/+ eld]s or presbyt]s 9 ^? *ur*es ( ,asia ,m9or previ\sly f\nd$ by him4 ,n[ x is inde$ q conceivable t 9 ^! cases he adh]$ m closely to ! already exi/+ presbyt]ial con/itution ( ! "m *ur* at ,j]usalem 7,acts xi4 #cj71 ?an he did subsequ5tly 9 f\nd+ & giv+ a con/itution to ! *ur*es ( ! ,european cities :]e p]haps ! circum/ances & requirem5ts 7 entirely diff]5t4 ,b be ?is z x may1 x is q c]ta9 t ! ,apo/le on 8 dep>ture f lately =m$ *ur*es took c>e to leave !m 9 an organiz$ condition1 & ! au?or ( ! ,acts has giv5 expression to ! fact proleptically 9 t]ms ) :i* he 0 himself conv]sant & :i* 7 curr5t 9 8 "t4--,among ! ,paul9e epi/les :i* are sc>cely1 if at all1 object$ to by mod]n criticism ! fir/ to give c]ta9 in=mation reg>d+ di/9ct & indep5d5t congregational (fices1 toge!r ) ! names t _h be5 !n assign$ to ^! (fices1 is ! ,epi/le to ! ,philippians1 writt5 dur+ ! ,roman imprisonm5t ( ! ,apo/le4 ,9 *ap4 i4 #a1 he s5ds 8 apo/olic greet+ & bless+ 4#h ,! ,episcopate & ! ,diaconate make _! appe>ance "h z ! two categories ( congregational (fices1 ( bo? ( :i* !re are sev]al repres5tatives 9 ea* congregation4 ,x is 9 ! s-call$ ,pa/oral ,epi/les t = ! fir/ "t we f9d appli$ 9 ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ian communities ! title ( ,presbyt] :i* _h be5 ! usual designation ( ! presid5t 9 ! "m *ur* at ,j]usalem4 ,?is title1 j z 9 ,acts xx4 #ag1 #bh1 is und\bt$ly reg>d$ z id5tical ) t ( bi%op 77 & is us$ z an alt]native 7,tit4 i4 #e1 #g2 #a ,tim4 iii4 #a2 iv4 #ad2 v4 #ag1 #ai74 ,f ! practical id5tity ( ! qualifications ( bi%ops 7#a ,tim4 iii4 #a7 or ( deacons 7v4 #ab f471 x foll[s t _! call+s 7 ess5tially ! same2 & f ! etymological signification ( _! names1 x w\ld seem t !re 0 assign$ to ! bi%ops ! duty ( gov]n+1 adm9i/rat+ & sup]9t5d+1 to ! deacons t ( s]v+1 assi/+ & c>ry+ out details z subord9ate auxili>ies4 ,x is %[n by ,rom4 xvi4 #a1 t ev5 s e>ly z ,a4,d4 #eh1 ! ne$ ( a female ord] ( help]s _h be5 felt & 0 suppli$4 ,:5 ?is ord] _h at a lat] p]iod assum$ ! rank ( a regul> (fice1 x became ! rule t only wid[s above sixty ye>s ( age %\ld be *os5 7#a ,tim4 v4 #i74--,we are introduc$ to an altoge!r diff]5t ord] ( ecclesia/ical au?orities 9 ,eph4 iv4 #aa1 :]e we h nam$ 9 ! fir/ rank ,apo/les1 9 ! second ,prophets1 9 ! ?ird ,evangeli/s1 & 9 ! f\r? ,pa/ors & ,tea*]s4 ,:at is "h meant by ,apo/les & ,prophets is q evid5t 7 #cd1 #a74 ,f #b ,tim4 iv4 #e & ,acts xxi4 #h 7viii4 #e71 x foll[s t ,evangeli/s are it9]ant prea*]s ( ! gospel & assi/ants ( ! ,apo/les4 ,x is m difficult to det]m9e exactly ! functions ( ,pa/ors & ,tea*]s & _! relation to ! regul> congregational (fices4 ,_! introduction 9 ,eph4 iv4 #aa1 z toge!r con/itut+ a f\r? class1 z well z ! abs5ce ( ! t]m ,pa/or 9 ! p>allel passage1 #a ,cor4 xii4 #bh1 #bi1 presupposes su* a close connection ( ! two ord]s1 ! "o hav+ ! c>e ( s\ls1 ! o!r ! duties ( prea*+ & cate*iz+1 t we unhesitat+ly assume t bo? 71 if n always1 at lea/ g5]ally1 unit$ 9 ! same p]son4 ,!y h be5 usually id5tifi$ ) ! bi%ops or presbyt]s4 ,9 ,acts xx4 #ag1 #bh1 & 9 #a ,pet4 v4 #b-d1 presbyt]s are expressly call$ pa/ors4 ,! ord] ( ! 9 ,heb4 xiii4 #g1 1 has also be5 reg>d$ z id5tical ) t ( bi%ops4 ,9 reg>d to ! la/ nam$ ord] a confusion already appe>s 9 ,acts xv41 :]e m51 :o 9 v4 #bb are expressly di/+ui%$ f ! eld]s 7presbyt]s7 & 9 v4 #cb are rank$ z prophets1 are yet call$ 4 ,we %\ld also be l$ to conclude f #a ,cor4 xii4 #bh1 t ^? :o _h ! qualifications ( & 1 functions c]ta9ly belong+ to bi%ops or presbyt]s z adm9i/rative & diocesan (fic]s1 are yet p]sonally di/+ui%$ f ,apo/les1 ,prophets1 & ,tea*]s4 ,n[ x is explicitly enjo9$ 9 ,tit4 i4 #i t 9 ! *oice ( bi%ops special c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t !y h capacity = tea*+4 ,9 #a ,tim4 v4 #ag d\ble hon\r is dem&$ = ! 1 if !y also lab\r 4 ,?is passage1 h[ev]1 %[s tea*+ did n always & 9 all circum/ances1 or ev5 ex pr(esso belong to ! special functions ( ! presid5t ( ! congregation2 t x 0 r 9 special circum/ances1 :]e p]haps ^! gifts 7 n at all or n 9 suffici5t abundance else:]e to be f\nd1 t ^! duties ( tea*+ 7 und]tak5 9 addition to _! own prop] (ficial "w ( presid5cy 774 ,! divid+ l9e betwe5 ! two ord]s1 bi%ops & deacons on ! "o h&1 & pa/ors & tea*]s on ! o!r1 consi/s 9 ! fundam5tally diff]5t nature ( _! call+4 ,! =m] 7 congregational (fices1 ! latt]1 l ^? ( ,apo/les & ,prophets1 7 spiritual (fices4 ,! =m] 7 *os5 by ! congregation1 ! latt] _h1 l ! ,apo/les & ,prophets1 a div9e call1 ?\gh accord+ to ,james iii4 #a n )\t ! cons5t+ w ( ! individual1 & ! *>ismatic capacity = tea*+1 al?\gh n 9 ! same absolute measure4 ,! =m] 7 atta*$ to a p>ticul> congregation1 ! latt] 71 l ! ,apo/les & ,prophets1 fir/ ( all it9]ant tea*]s & _h1 l !m1 ! task ( build+ up ! *ur*es 7,eph4 iv4 #ab1 74 ,b1 :ile ! ,apo/les & ,prophets laid ! f\ndation ( ?is build+ on ,*ri/1 ! *ief corn] /one1 prea*]s & tea*]s _h to cont9ue build+ on ! f\ndation ?us laid 7,eph4 ii4 #bj74 ,a place & importance are und\bt$ly secur$ = ^! ?ree spiritual (fices1 9 s f> z cont9u$ it9]ant (fices1 by ! example ( ! ,"l 9 ,8 prelim9>y s5d+ =? ( ! twelve 9 ,matt4 x41 & ( ! sev5ty disciples 9 ,luke x4--,cont9uation1 #cd1 #a4 #ag4f4 ,! "q ab\t ! orig9al position ( ! ,episcopate & ,presbyt]ate1 z well z _! relation to "o ano!r1 has receiv$ ?ree diff]5t answ]s4 ,accord+ to ! ,roman ,ca?olic !ory1 :i* is also t ( ! ,anglican ,episcopal ,*ur*1 ! cl]ical1 hi]>*ical arrangem5t ( ! ?ird c5tury1 :i* gave to ea* ( ! l>g] communities a bi%op z its presid5t ) a numb] ( presbyt]s & deacons subject to him1 exi/$ z a div9e in/itution f ! beg9n+4 ,x is unequivocally te/ifi$ by ! ,new ,te/am5t1 &1 z appe>s f ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,clem5t ( ,rome 7*4 #db1 #dd1 #eg71 ! fact _h nev] be5 disput$ d[n to ! close ( ! fir/ c5tury1 t bi%ops & presbyt]s are id5tical4 ,! =ce ( ?is objection1 h[ev]1 is s\ght to be obviat$ by ! subt]fuge t :ile all bi%ops 7 inde$ presbyt]s1 all presbyt]s 7 n bi%ops4 ,! ineptitude ( su* an evasion is app>5t4 ,9 ,phil4 i4 #a ! ,apo/le1 ref]r+ to ?is "o p>ticul> *ur* greet$ n "o b sev]al bi%ops4 ,accord+ to ,acts xx4 #ag1 #bh1 all ! presbyt]s ( ! "o ,ephesian community are made bi%ops by ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,also1 ,tit4 i4 #e1 #g unconditionally excludes su* a di/9ction2 & accord+ to #a ,pet4 v4 #b1 all su* presbyt]s %\ld be 4--,9 opposition to ?is !ory1 :i* receiv$ ! sanction ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 ! ,old ,prote/ant !ologians ma9ta9$ ! orig9al id5tity ( ! two names & (fices4 ,9 support ( ?is !y c\ld ref] n only to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 b also to ,clem5t ( ,rome & ! ,tea*+ ( ! ,twelve ,apo/les 7 #cd1 #a71 :]e1 j z 9 ,phil4 i4 #a1 only bi%ops & deacons are nam$ z congregational (fic]s1 & z appo9t$ by ! free *oice ( ! congregation4 ,!y c also po9t to ! cons5sus ( ! mo/ respect$ *ur* fa!rs & *ur* tea*]s ( lat] times4 ,*ryso/om 7,hom4 ix4 9 ,ep4 ad ,tim47 says3 1 4 ,j]ome 7ad ,tit4 i4 #e7 says3 ,idem e/ presbyt] qui et episcopus et antequam diaboli in/9ctu /udia 9 religione fi]5t 444 communi presbyt]orum concilio gub]nantur ecclesi4 ,augu/9e1 & o!r *ur* fa!rs ( ! f\r? & fif? c5turies1 z well z ,urban ,,ii4 9 ,a4,d4 #ajia1 ,petrus ,pet] ,lomb>dus & ! ,decree ( ,gratian1 may all be ref]r$ to z support+ ! same view4 ,aft] su* an id5tification ( ! p]son & (fice1 ! exi/5ce ( ! two names mu/ be expla9$ f _! mean+ z words1 by assum+ t ! title 1 :i* arose among ! ,g5tile-,*ri/ian *ur*es1 po9t$ m to ! duty (ficially requir$1 :ile ! title 1 :i* arose among ! ,jewi%-,*ri/ian *ur*es1 po9t$ m to ! hon\rable "* ( ! p]son 7#a ,tim4 v4 #ag1 #ai74 ,! subsequ5t developm5t ( a mon>*ical episcopacy is q conceivable z hav+ tak5 place 9 ! natural c\rse ( ev5ts 7 #cd1 #b74--;,a ?ird !ory is t propos$ by ,hat*1 ( ,ox=d1 9 ,a4,d4 #ahha1 w>mly approv$ ( & vigor\sly c>ri$ out by ,h>nack4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory ! two names 9 "q answ] to a tw(old di/9ction t appe>s 9 ! *ur* c\rts3 on ! college ( presbyt]s 0 devolv$ ! gov]nm5t ( ! community1 ) adm9i/ration ( law & discipl9e2 on ! bi%ops & _! assi/ants ! sup]9t5d5ce & managem5t ( ! community 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! ^w1 includ+ its wor%ip1 & fir/ ( all & *iefly ! bro!rly c>e ( ! poor1 ! sick & /rang]s1 toge!r ) ! collect+1 keep+1 & disp5s+ ( money ne$ful = ^? ends4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ! two organizations 7 comb9$ into "o1 s9ce ! bi%ops1 on acc\nt ( _! em95tly important place & "w1 obta9$ 9 ! presbyt]y n only a simple seat & vote1 b by-&-by ! presid5cy & ! ca/+ vote4 ,9 e/abli%+ ?is !ory x is po9t$ out t 9 ! gov]nm5t & managem5t ( f$]ations ( t "t = social & religi\s purposes 9 c\ntry di/ricts or 9 cities1 9 imitation ( :i* ! organization ( ! ,*ri/ian communities 0 =m$1 ?is tw(old di/ribution is also f\nd1 & t especially ! adm9i/rators ( ! f9ances 9 ^! societies _h n only ! title ( 1 b _h also ! presid5t's seat 9 _! assemblies 71 71 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n altoge!r conclusive1 s9ce x is demon/rable t ?is title 0 also borne by judicial & political (ficials4 ,x is also po9t$ out on ! o!r h& t1 9 accordance ) ! modifi$ view pres5t$ 9 ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les1 ! ,acts1 & ! ,epi/le ( ,clem5t ( ,rome1 ! consci\sness ( ! orig9al div]sity ( call+ ( ! two (fices 7 ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! second c5tury1 inasmu* z (t5 a !oretical di/9ction betwe5 bi%ops & presbyt]s 9 ! way specifi$ 0 ass]t$4 ,n[1 9 ! fir/ place1 x c sc>cely be matt] ( dispute z to :e!r ! adm9i/ration ( prop]ty1 ) ! c>e ( ! poor 77 z ! pr9cipal task1 c\ld actually h won a place s sup]ior 9 respectability1 influ5ce & significance to t ( congregational gov]nm5t 771 or :e!r ! au?ority :i* embrac$ ! functions ( a judicial b5*1 a c\rt ( discipl9e1 & a c\rt ( equity did n r come to prepond]ate ov] t :i* 0 occupi$ 9 ! adm9i/ration ( prop]ty & ! c>e ( ! poor4 ,b above all we %all h to exam9e ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s1 z ! relatively olde/ witnesses to ! matt] ( fact z well z to ! usage ( ! language1 & see :at !y h to say on ! subject4 ,?is mu/ be done ev5 by ^? :o w\ld h ! composition ( ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les & ! ,acts remov$ out ( ! ,apo/olic ,age4 ,9 ^! writ+s1 h[ev]1 !re is n[h]e a firm & sure f\ndation af=d$ to t !ory4 ,x has1 inde$1 be5 suppos$ t 9 ,phil4 i4 #a m5tion is made only ( bi%ops & deacons because by !m ! pres5t f ! ,philippians _h be5 br\ght to ! ,apo/le4 ,b see+ t1 9 ! case ( !re actually exi/+ 9 ,philippi at ?is "t besides ! bi%ops a college ( presbyt]s1 ! omission ( ^! f ! greet+ 9 ?is epi/le1 ! *ief purpose ( :i* 0 to imp>t apo/olic com=t & enc\ragem5t1 & :i* only ref]s gratefully at ! close1 *4 iv4 #aj1 to ! contribution s5t1 w\ld h be5 damag+ to !m1 we mu/ assume t ! bi%ops ) _! assi/ants ! deacons 7 ! only (fice-be>]s !n exi/+ 9 t community4 ,?us ?is passage tells z mu* aga9/ z 9 fav\r ( ! limit+ ( ! episcopal (fice to economical adm9i/ration4 ,(t5 z m5tion is made 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ( an & a 9 & ov] ! community1 ?is nev] /&s 9 specific & exclusive relation to adm9i/ration ( prop]ty & c>e ( ! poor4 ,x is inde$ assum$ 9 ,acts xi4 #cj t c>e ( ! poor is a duty ( ! presbyt]2 s also ! *>ismatic c>+ = ! sick is requir$ ( presbyt]s 9 ,james v4 #ad2 & 9 #a ,pet4 v4 #b presbyt]s are describ$ z 2 9 #a ,pet4 ii4 #be ,*ri/ is spok5 ( z 2 9 ,acts i4 #bj ! apo/olic (fice is call$ 1 :ile 9 ,acts i4 #be & (t51 especially 9 ! ,paul9e epi/les1 x is designat$ a 4#i--;,cont9uation1 #cd1 #b4 #ag4g4 ,*ri/ian ,wor%ip4--,ev5 9 ,j]usalem1 :]e ! temple ord9ances 7 /ill obs]v$1 ! religi\s ne$s ( ! ,*ri/ian community dem&$ t sep>ate s]vices ( a di/9ctly ,*ri/ian "* %\ld be organiz$4 ,b j z ! ,jewi% s]vices ( t day consi/$ ( two p>ts--! m9i/ry ( ! ^w = purposes ( in/ruction & edification 9 ! synagogues1 & ! symbolic s]vice ( a typical & sacram5tal "* 9 ! temple1--! ,*ri/ian s]vice 0 9 l mann] f ! fir/ divid$ into a homiletical-didactic "p1 & a eu*>i/ic-sacram5tal "p4--,! ,homiletical & ,didactic "p1 on acc\nt ( ! pres5ce ( ^? :o 7 n ,*ri/ians1 mu/ h _h1 j l ! synagogue s]vice1 alongside ( its pr9cipal aim to in/ruct & edify ! congregation1 a def9ite & delib]ately plann$ mission>y t5d5cy4 ,! *ur* 9 ,j]usalem at ! fir/ held ^! morn+ s]vices 9 "o ( ! halls ( ! temple1 :]e ! p 7 wont to assemble = pray] 7,acts ii4 #df2 iii4 #a1 #aa72 b at a lat] p]iod !y 7 held 9 private h\ses4 ,9 ! ,g5tile *ur*es !y seem f ! fir/ to h be5 held 9 private h\ses or 9 halls r5t$ = ! purpose4 ,! s]vice consi/$ 9 read+ ( portions ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & at a lat] p]iod1 portions ( ! ,apo/olic ,epi/les & ,gospels1 & 9 connection !re)1 doctr9al & hortatory disc\rses1 ) pray] & s++ ( psalms4 ,x is m ?an probable t ! lib]ty ( tea*+1 :i* _h prevail$ 9 ! synagogues 7,luke ii4 #df2 iv4 #af2 ,acts xiii4 #ae71 0 also p]mitt$ 9 ! simil> assemblies ( ,jewi% ,*ri/ians 7,acts viii4 #d2 xi4 #ai2 ,james iii4 #a72 & x may be conclud$ f #a ,cor4 xiv4 #cd t ?is also 0 ! practice 9 ,g5tile-,*ri/ian congregations4 ,! app>5t contradiction ( wom5 z su* be+ =bidd5 to speak1 :ile 9 #a ,cor4 xi4 #e x seems to be all[$1 c only be expla9$ by suppos+ t 9 ! passage ref]r$ to ! woman spok5 ( z pray+ or prophesy+ is pray+ 9 an ec/asy1 t is1 speak+ ) tongues 7#a ,cor4 xiv4 #ac-ae71 or utt]+ prophetic ann\ncem5ts1 l ! daught]s ( ,philip 7,acts xxi4 #i71 & t ! p]mission applies only to su* cases1 ! exceptional nature ( :i*1 z well z _! tempor>y "*1 z *>ismatic & miracul\s gifts1 w\ld prev5t _! be+ us$ z prec$5ts = wom5 engag+ 9 regul> public disc\rse 7#a ,!ss4 v4 #ai74 ,9 #a ,cor4 xiv4 #bd ! 7synonym\s ) ! 9 ! /atutes ( ,hell5ic religi\s associations7 are m5tion$ z admitt$ along ) ! to ! didactic s]vices1 &1 accord+ to v4 #af1 !y _h a place assign$ to !m sep>ate f ! congregation prop]4 ,we are ?us l$ to see 9 !m ! un9itiat$ or n yet baptiz$ believ]s1 t is1 ! cate*um5s4--,! ,sacram5tal "p ( ! s]vice1 ! sep>ation ( :i* f ! didactic "p 0 r5d]$ necess>y on acc\nt alike ( its nature & purpose1 & is !re=e f\nd exi/+ 9 ! ,paul9e *ur*es z well z 9 ! *ur* ( ,j]usalem1 0 scrupul\sly re/rict$ 9 its obs]vance1 9 ,jewi% & ,g5tile *ur*es alike1 to ^? :o 7 9 ! full communion ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* 7,acts ii4 #df2 #a ,cor4 xi4 #bj-bc74 ,! celebration ( ! ,"l's ,supp] 7 1 #a ,cor4 xi4 #ba71 aft] ! patt]n ( ! meal ( in/itution1 consi/+ ( a meal p>tak5 ( 9 common1 accompani$ ) pray] & ! s++ ( a hymn1 :i* at a lat] p]iod 0 nam$ ! 1 z ! expression ( bro!rly love 7,jude v4 #ab71 0 ! c5tre & end ( ^! ev5+ s]vices4 ,! elem5ts 9 ! ,"l's ,supp] 7 consecrat$ to _! sacram5tal purpose by a pray] ( praise & ?anksgiv+ 71 #a ,cor4 xi4 #bd2 or 1 #a ,cor4 x4 #af71 toge!r ) a recital ( ! words ( in/itution :i* conta9$ a proclamation ( ! dea? ( ,*ri/ 7#a ,cor4 xi4 #bf74 ,?is pray] 0 foll[$ by ! kiss ( bro!rhood4#aj ,9 ! s]vice ( song !y us$ to all appe>ance besides ! psalms "s ,*ri/ian hymns & doxologies 7,eph4 v4 #ai2 ,col4 iii4 #af74aa--,! homiletical z well z ! eu*>i/ic s]vices 7 at fir/ held daily2 at a lat] p]iod at lea/ e ,sunday4#ab ,= v soon1 alongside ( ! ,sabba?1 & among ,g5tile ,*ri/ians1 in/ead ( x1 ! fir/ day ( ! week z ! day ( ,*ri/'s resurrection began to be obs]v$ z a fe/ival4#ac ,b !re is z yet no trace ( ! obs]vance ( o!r fe/ivals4 ,x _c be exactly prov$ t infant baptism 0 an ,apo/olic practice1 b x is n improbable t x 0 s4#ad ,baptism 0 adm9i/]$ by complete imm]sion 7,acts viii4 #ch7 9 ! "n ( ,*ri/ or ( ! ,tr9ity 7,matt4 xxviii4 #ai74 ,! *>ism ( heal+ ! sick 0 ex]cis$ by pray] & ano9t+ ) oil 7,jas4 v4 #ad74 ,on ! o!r h&1 confession ( s9 ev5 ap>t f ! public s]vice 0 recomm5d$ 7,jas4 v4 #af74 ,*>ismatic communication ( ! ,_s & admission to (fice 9 ! *ur*#ae 0 accompli%$ by pray] & lay+ on ( h&s4#af #ag4h4 ,*ri/ian ,life & ,ecclesia/ical ,discipl9e4--,9 accordance ) ! comm&m5t ( ! ,"l 7,john xiii4 #cd71 bro!rly love 9 opposition to ! selfi%ness ( ! natural life1 0 ! pr9ciple ( ! ,*ri/ian life4 ,! p[] ( y\?ful love1 fo/]$ by ! preval5t expectation ( ! spe$y return ( ! ,"l1 endeav\r$ at fir/ to f9d = itself a fitt+ expression 9 ! "m *ur* ( ,j]usalem by ! volunt>y det]m9ation to h _! goods 9 common1--an endeav\r :i* )\t prejudice ( its spiritual importance soon prov$ to be impracticable4 ,on ! o!r h& ! well-to-d ,g5tile *ur*es prov$ _! bro!rly love by collections = ^? orig9ally poor1 & especially = ! *ur* at ,j]usalem :i* _h suff]$ ! special mis=tune ( fam9e4 ,! ?ree invet]ate moral plagues ( ! anci5t _w1 contempt ( =eign nationalities1 degradation ( woman1 & slav]y1 7 ov]come1 accord+ to ,gal4 iii4 #bh1 by gradual elevation ( inw>d feel+ )\t any viol5t /ruggle aga9/ exi/+ laws & cu/oms1 & ! consci\sness ( common memb]%ip 9 ! "o head 9 heav5 hall[$ all ! relation%ips ( ! e>?ly life4 ,ev5 9 apo/olic times ! bright mirror ( ,*ri/ian purity 0 no d\bt dimm$ by spots ( ru/4 ,hypocrisy 7,acts v47 & v>iance 7,acts vi47 9 s+le cases appe>$ v e>ly 9 ! "m *ur*2 b ! =m] 0 puni%$ by a fe>fully sev]e judgm5t1 ! latt] 0 ov]come by love & sweet reasonabl5ess4 ,9 ! ri* ,g5tile *ur*es1 su* z ^? ( ,cor9? & ,!ssalonica1 a worldly _s 9 ! =m ( voluptu\sness1 selfi%ness1 pride1 etc41 made its appe>ance1 b 0 "h also root$ out by apo/olic exhortation & discipl9e4 ,if any "o caus$ public sc&al by s]i\s dep>ture f true doctr9e or ,*ri/ian conduct1 & 9 spite ( pa/oral c\nsel p]si/$ 9 8 error1 he 0 by ! judgm5t ( ! *ur* ca/ out1 b ! p5it5t 0 receiv$ aga9 aft] 8 s9c]ity _h be5 prov$ 7#a ,cor4 v4 #a2 #b ,cor4 ii4 #e74 #ah4 ,,h]esies ,,9 ,,! ,,apo/olic ,,age4#ag ,:5 ,*ri/ianity began its c>e] ( _w conque/ 9 ! prea*+ ( ! ,apo/le ,paul1 ! repres5tatives ( ! intellectual culture ( ! anci5t _w assum$ t[>d x an attitude1 ei!r ( utt] indiff]5ce1 or ( ke5 ho/ility1 or ( read9ess to accept ,*ri/ian elem5ts1 :ile reta9+ along ) ^! _m ( _! old notions4 ,f ?is mix+ ( het]og5e\s elem5ts a f]m5tation arose :i* 0 ! fruitful "m ( num]\s h]esies4 #ah4a4 ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity & ! ,c\ncil ( ,apo/les4--,! ,"l _h comm&$ ! disciples to prea* ! gospel to all nations 7,matt4 xxviii4 #ai71 & s !y c\ld n d\bt t ! :ole hea!n _w 0 call$ to receive ! *ur*'s h]itage2 b feel+ !mselves b\nd by utt]ances ( ! ,old ,te/am5t reg>d+ ! et]nal validity ( ! law ( ,moses1 & hav+ n yet p5etrat$ ! full significance ( ! say+ ( ,*ri/ 7,m>k v4 #ag71 !y ?\ght t incorporation into ,judaism by circumcision 0 /ill an indisp5sable condition ( reception into ! k+dom ( ,*ri/4 ,! ,hell5i/ ,/eph5 repres5t$ a m lib]al t5d5cy 7,acts vi4 #ad72 & ,philip1 also a ,hell5i/1 prea*$ at lea/ occasionally to ! ,sam>itans1 & ! ,apo/les recognis$ 8 "w by s5d+ d[n ,pet] & ,john 7,acts viii4 #ad74 ,on ! o!r h&1 x ne$$ an imm$iate div9e revelation to conv9ce ,pet] t a ,g5tile ?ir/+ = salvation 0 j z su* fit = ! k+dom ( ,god 7,acts x474 ,& ev5 ?is revelation rema9$ )\t any decisive influ5ce on actual mission>y ent]prise4 ,!y 7 ,hell5i/ic ,jews :o f9ally took ! bold /ep ( devot+ !mselves )\t res]ve to ! conv]sion ( ! ,g5tiles at ,antio* 7,acts xi4 #ai74 ,to fo/] ! movem5t !re ! ,apo/les s5t ,b>nabas1 :o ent]$ into x ) 8 :ole s\l1 & 9 ,paul associat$ ) himself a yet m capable work]4 ,aft] ! notable success ( _! fir/ mission>y j\rney _h v9dicat$ _! claim & call+ z ,apo/les ( ! ,g5tiles1 ! arrival ( ,jewi% zealots 9 ! ,antio*ean *ur* occasion$ ! s5d+ ( ,paul & ,b>nabas to ,j]usalem1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ea1 9 ord] f9ally to settle ?is important dispute4 ,at a ,c\ncil ( ! ,apo/les conv5$ !re ,pet] & ,james ! ,j deliv]$ ! decision t ,g5tile conv]ts %\ld only be requir$ to obs]ve c]ta9 legal re/rictions1 & ^!1 z x w\ld seem f ! conditions laid d[n 7,acts xv4 #bj71 ( a simil> k9d to ^? impos$ ^u proselytes ( ! gate4 ,an arrangem5t come to at ?is "t betwe5 ! two ,antio*ean ,apo/les & ,pet]1 ,james1 & ,john1 l$ to ! recognition ( ! =m] z ,apo/les ( ! ,g5tiles & ! latt] z ,apo/les ( ! ,jews 7,gal4 ii4 #a-aj74 ,nev]!less dur+ a visit to ,antio* ,pet] laid himself op5 to c5sure = practical inconsi/5cy & weak connivance ) ! fanaticism ( c]ta9 ,jewi% ,*ri/ians1 & _h to h ! tru? respect+ x v po9t$ly told him by ,paul 7,gal4 ii4 #aa-ad74 ,! de/ruction ( ! temple & ! consequ5t cessation ( ! entire ,jewi% wor%ip l$ to ! gradual disappe>ance ( non-sect>ian ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity & its amalgamation ) ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity4 ,! remnant ( ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity :i* /ill 9 ! alt]$ condition ( ?+s cont9u$ to cl+ to its pr9ciples & practice assum$ ev] m & m ! "* ( a sect1 & drift$ into op5 h]esy4 7,comp4 #bh74 #ah4b4 ,! ,apo/olic ,basis ( ,doctr9e4--,! ne$ ( fix+ ! apo/olically accr$it$ acc\nts ( ! life ( ! ,r$eem] by writt5 docum5ts1 l$ to ! orig9 ( ! ,gospels4 ,! cont9u$ connection ( ! mission>y ,apo/les ) ! *ur*es f\nd$ by !m1 or ev5 _! au?ority ( g5]al sup]9t5d5ce1 call$ =? ! apo/olic doctr9al epi/les4 ,a beg9n+ ( ! collection & g5]al circulation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s 0 made at an e>ly date by ! communication ( ^! be+ made by "o *ur* to ano!r 7,col4 iv4 #af74 ,!re 0 z yet no confession ( fai? z a /&>d ( or?odoxy1 b ! way 0 prep>$ by adopt+ ,matt4 xxviii4 #ai z a confession by c&idates = baptism4 ,paul set up ju/ification ?r\gh fai? alone 7,gal4 i4 #h1 #i71 & ,john1 ! inc>nation ( ,god 9 ,*ri/ 7#a ,john iv4 #c71 z indisp5sable elem5ts 9 a ,*ri/ian confession4 #ah4c4 ,false ,tea*]s4--,! fir/ enemy f )9 its own bord]s :i* ,*ri/ianity _h to confront 0 ! ord9>y ,ph>isaic ,judaism ) its /]eotyp$ traditional doctr9e1 its lifeless "w-righte\sness1 its unreasonable national prejudices1 & its p]v]sely c>nal ,messianic expectations4 ,its %ibbole? 0 ! obligation ( ! ,g5tiles to obs]ve ! ,mosaic c]emonial law1 ! ,sabba?1 rules ab\t meats1 circumcision1 z an indisp5sable condition ( salvation4 ,?is t5d5cy _h its orig9 9 ! "m *ur* ( ,j]usalem1 b 0 !re at a v e>ly date condemn$ by ! ,apo/olic ,c\ncil4 ,?is p>ty nev]!less pursu$ at all po9ts ! ,apo/le ,paul ) bitt] enmity & vile calumnies4 ,traces ( a manife/ation ( a ,sadducean or sceptical _s may p]haps already be f\nd 9 ! d5ial ( ! resurrection :i* 9 #a ,cor4 xv4 ,paul opposes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 at a v e>ly p]iod ,greek philosophy got mix$ up ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,apollos1 a philosophically cultur$ ,jew ( ,alex&ria1 _h at fir/ conceiv$ ( ,*ri/ianity f ! speculative side1 & _h 9 ?is =m prea*$ x ) eloqu5ce & success at ,cor9?4 ,paul did n conte/ ! admissibility ( ?is mode ( treatm5t4 ,he left x to ! v]dict ( hi/ory 7#a ,cor4 iii4 #aa-ad71 & w>n$ aga9/ an ov]-e/imation ( human wisdom 7#a ,cor4 ii4 #a-aj74 ,among _m ( ! seek]s aft] wisdom 9 ,cor9?1 little z ?is 0 int5d$ by ,apollos1 ! simple positive prea*+ ( ,paul lo/ on ?is acc\nt ! fav\r t x _h enjoy$ be=e4 ,9 ?is may be f\nd p]haps ! fir/ beg9n+s ( t f\rfold p>ty faction :i* arose 9 ! ,cor9?ian *ur* 7#a ,cor4 i474 ,! ,judai/s appeal$ to ! au?ority ( ! ,apo/le ,pet] 7 72 ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ians 7 divid$ into ! p>ties ( ,apollos & ( ,paul1 or by ! assumption ( ! pr\d "n 1 s\ght to free !mselves f ! recognition ( any ,apo/olic au?ority4 ,paul successfully opposes ^! divisions 9 8 ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians4 ,appreh5sion ( a ?reat5$ gr[? ( gno/ic tea*]s is fir/ express$ 9 ! ,apo/le ,paul's f>ewell addresses to ! eld]s ( ,asia ,m9or 7,acts xx4 #bi72 & 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,colossians1 z well z 9 ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les1 ?is is expressly oppos$ z manife/+ itself 9 ! adoption ( ori5tal !osophy1 magic1 & !urgy1 9 an arbitr>y asceticism t =bade m>riage & re/rict$ ! use ( food1 9 an imag9>y secret k ( ! nature & ord] ( ! heav5ly p[]s & spirits1 & ideali/ic volatiliz+ ( concrete ,*ri/ian doctr9es1 su* z t ( ! resurrection 7#b ,tim4 ii4 #ah74 ,9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,john1 aga91 t special =m ( ,gnosis is po9t$ out :i* d5i$ ! inc>nation ( ,god 9 ,*ri/ by means ( docetic conceptions2 & 9 ! ,second ,epi/le ( ,pet]1 z well z 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,jude1 we h att5tion call$ to ant9omian excresc5ces1 unbridl$ immorality & wanton lu/ 9 ! developm5t ( magical & !urgical views4 ,x %\ld n1 h[ev]1 be left unm5tion$1 t mod]n criticism has on _m gr\nds conte/$ ! au!nticity ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s j nam$1 & has assign$ ! fir/ appe>ance ( h]etical gnosis to ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury4 ,! ,nicolaitans ( ! ,apocalypse 7iii4 #e1 #ad1 #ae1 #bj7 appe> to h be5 an ant9omian sect ( ,g5tile ,*ri/ian orig91 spread m or less ?r\gh ! *ur*es ( ,asia ,m9or1 p]haps )\t any gno/ic backgr\nd1 :i* 9 direct & int5tional opposition to ! decision ( ! ,apo/olic ,c\ncil 7,acts xv4 #bi7 took "p 9 hea!n sacrificial fea/s 7comp4 #a ,cor4 x471 & ju/ifi$ or at lea/ apologiz$ = fle%ly impurity4 ,,fir/ ,,division4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,developm5t ( ! ,*ur* dur+ ! ,grco-,roman & ,grco-,byzant9e ,p]iods4 #ai4 ,,cont5t1 ,,di/ribution ,,& ,,b\nd>ies ,,( ,,^? ,,p]iods4 ,at ! v beg9n+ ( ! ,apo/olic ,age ! univ]sali/ic _s ( ,*ri/ianity _h already brok5 ?r\gh ! p>ticul>i/ic limitations ( ,judaism4 ,:5 once ! sub/antial tru? ( div9e salvation _h ca/ (f ! ,judai/ic husk 9 :i* ! k]nel _h rip5$1 ^? elem5ts ( culture :i* _h come to maturity 9 ! ,roman-,greek _w 7 appropriat$ z means = giv+ to ,*ri/ian ideas a full] & cle>] expression4 ,! task n[ to be und]tak5 0 ! developm5t ( ,*ri/ianity on ! l9es ( ,grco-,roman culture1 or ! expansion ( ! *ur*'s apo/olicity into ca?olicity4 ,! anci5t *ur* ( ! ,roman & ,byzant9e _w fulfill$ ?is task1 b 9 do+ s ! s\nd evangelical ca?olic developm5t enc\nt]$ at e po9t elem5ts ( a false1 because an unevangelical1 ,ca?olicism4 ,! c5tre1 !n1 ( all ! movem5ts ( ,*ur* ,hi/ory is to be f\nd 9 ! ,teutono-,roman-,slavic empire4 ,! ,roman *ur* pres]v$ & increas$ h] importance by atta*+ h]self to ?is new empire1 & und]tak+ its spiritual =mation & education4 ,! ,byzant9e *ur*1 on ! o!r h&1 fall+ into a /ate ( inw>d /agnation1 & press$ f )\t by ! =ces ( ,islam1 passes into decay z a national *ur*4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is fir/ /age ( ! developm5t ( ! *ur* falls into ?ree p]iods4 ,! fir/ p]iod rea*es d[n to ,con/ant9e ! ,great1 :o1 9 ,a4,d4 #cbc1 secur$ to ,*ri/ianity & ! *ur* a f9al victory ov] ,paganism4 ,! second p]iod br+s u d[n to ! close ( ! univ]sal ca?olic or cum5ical elaboration ( doctr9e atta9$ by ! *ur* "u its old classical =m ( culture1 t is1 d[n to ! close ( ! ,mono!lite controv]sy 7 #eb1 #h71 by ! ,six? cum5ical ,c\ncil at ,con/ant9ople 9 ,a4,d4 #fhj4 ,b inasmu* z ! ,concilium qu9i-sextum 9 ,a4,d4 #fib und]took simply ! completion ( ! "w ( ! two previ\s cum5ical synods ) ref]5ce to *ur* con/itution & wor%ip1 & z "h ! fir/ gr\nds 7 laid = ! great p>tition ( ! *ur* into ,ea/]n & ,we/]n 7 #fc1 #b71 we pref] to make ,a4,d4 #fib ! clos+ limit ( ! second p]iod4 ,! conclusion ( ! ?ird p]iod1 is f\nd 9 ! ov]?r[ ( ,con/ant9ople by ! ,turks 9 ,a4,d4 #adec4 ,! fir/ two p]iods are mo/ evid5tly di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r 9 respect ( ! outw>d condition ( ! *ur*4 ,be=e ! times ( ,con/ant9e1 x lives & develops its /r5g? amid ! oppression & p]secution ( ! pagan /ate2 "u ,con/ant9e ! /ate itself becomes ,*ri/ian & ! *ur* enjoys all ! advantages1 all ! c>e & fur!rance1 t e>?ly protection c af=d4 ,along ) all ?is worldly spl5d\r1 h[ev]1 a worldly disposition makes its way into ! *ur*1 & 9 ex*ange = its protection ( ! *ur* ! /ate assumes an autocratic lord%ip ov] x4 ,ev5 9 ! inn]1 & pre-em95tly doctr9al1 developm5t ( ! *ur* ! two p]iods ( ?is age are ess5tially di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r4 ,:ile x 0 ! *ur*'s endeav\r to adopt only ! =ms ( culture ( anci5t paganism1 :ile reject+ its godless sub/ance1 x too (t5 happ5$ t pagan ideas got mix$ up ) ,*ri/ianity1 & x 0 ?reat5$ ) a simil> dang] f ! side ( ,judaism4 ,x 0 !re=e ! special task ( ! *ur* dur+ ! fir/ p]iod to resi/ ! encroa*m5t ( anti-,*ri/ian ,jewi% & ,pagan elem5ts4 ,9 ! fir/ p]iod ! p]fect+ ( its own g5u9ely ,*ri/ian doctr9al cont5t 0 /ill a purely subjective matt]1 re/+ only on ! p]sonal au?ority ( ! p>ticul> *ur* tea*]s4 ,9 ! second p]iod1 on ! o!r h&1 ! *ur* univ]sal1 z repres5t$ by cum5ical synods ) full p[]1 proce$s to ! lay+ d[n & e/abli%+ ( an objective-ecclesia/ical1 cum5ical-ca?olic sy/em ( doctr9e1 con/itut+ an all-sid$ developm5t ( ! tru? 9 opposition to ! "o-sid$ developm5t ( subjective h]etical tea*+4 ,9 do+ s1 h[ev]1 ! culture ( ! old ,grco-,roman _w exhau/$ its p[]s4 ,! measure ( developm5t :i* ^! 7 capable ( af=d+ ! *ur* 0 n[ complet$1 & its future mu/ be look$ = among ! new nationalities ( ,teutonic1 ,romanic1 & ,slavic orig94 ,:ile ! ,byzant9e empire1 & ) x ! glory ( ! anci5t *ur* ( ! ,ea/ 0 press$ & ?reat5$ by ,islam1 a new empire arose 9 ! ,we/ 9 y\?ful vig\r & became ! organ ( a new phase ( developm5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! *ur*2 & :ile ! *ur* 9 ! ,we/ /ruggl$ aft] a new & high] po9t 9 h] developm5t1 ! ,ea/]n *ur* sank ev] deep] d[n "u outw>d oppression & inw>d weakness4 ,! p>tition ( ! *ur* into an ,ea/]n & a ,we/]n division1 :i* became imm95t at ! close ( ! second p]iod1 & 0 actually c>ri$ out dur+ ! ?ird p]iod1 cut (f ! *ur* ( ! ,ea/ f ! influ5ce ( ^? new vital =ces1 political z well z ecclesia/ical1 & :i* x might o!rwise1 p]haps1 h %>$ ) ! ,we/4 ,by ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,ea/-,roman empire ! la/ support ( its spl5d\r & ev5 ( its vital activity 0 tak5 away4 ,"h too ends ! hi/ory ( ! *ur* on ! l9es ( purely antique classical =ms ( culture4 ,! remnants ( ! *ur* ( ! ,ea/ 7 no long] capable ( any liv+ hi/orical developm5t "u ! oppression ( ! ,turki% rule4 ,,fir/ ,,section4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,grco-,roman ,*ur* dur+ ! ,second & ,?ird ,c5turies 7,a4,d4 #gj-cbc74ah #bj4 ,,cont5t1 ,,di/ribution ,,& ,,b\nd>ies ,,( ,,?is ,,p]iod4#ai ,z ! hi/ory ( ! beg9n+s ( ! *ur* has be5 treat$ by u "u two divisions1 s also ! fir/ p]iod ( ! hi/ory ( its developm5t may be simil>ly divid$ into ! ,po/-,apo/olic ,age1 :i* rea*es d[n to ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 & ! ,age ( ! ,old ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 :i* ends ) ! e/abli%m5t ( ! *ur* "u & by ,con/ant9e1 & at t po9t passes ov] into ! ,age ( ! cum5ical ,ca?olic or ,byzant9e-,roman ,imp]ial ,*ur*4--,z ! ,po/-,apo/olic ,age 0 occupi$ ) an endeav\r to appropriate & possess 9 a full] & m vigor\s mann] ! sav+ tru?s transmitt$ by ! ,apo/les1 & pres5ts z ! result ( its /ruggles1 errors1 & victories1 ! ,old ,ca?olic ,*ur* z a unity1 firmly b\nd f )91 /rictly free ( all compulsion f )\t1 s on ! basis ?us ga9$1 ! ,old ,ca?olic ,*ur* goes =w>d to new conflicts1 failures1 & successes1 by means ( :i* ! f\ndations are laid = ! future p]fect+ ( x ?r\gh its e/abli%m5t by ! /ate into ! cum5ical ,ca?olic ,imp]ial ,*ur*4#bj #bj4a4 ,! ,po/-,apo/olic ,age4--,! p]il to :i* ! *ur* 0 expos$ f ! introduction ( ,judai/ic & ,pagan elem5ts ) h] new conv]ts 0 mu* m s]i\s n only ?an ! ,jewi% _s ( p]secution1 cru%$ z x 0 into impot5ce ?r\gh ! ov]?r[ ( ,jewi% national indep5d5ce1 b also ?an ! p]secution ( anti-,*ri/ian paganism :i* at ?is "t 0 only engag$ ^u sporadically4 ,all ! m ?reat5+ 0 ?is p]il f ! peculi> position ( ! *ur* dur+ ?is age4 ,s9ce ! removal ( ! p]sonal guidance ( ! ,apo/les t control 0 want+ :i* only at a subsequ5t p]iod 0 won aga9 by ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,new ,te/am5t canon & ! lay+ d[n ( a normative rule ( fai?1 z well z by ! =mation ( a hi]>*ical-episcopal con/itution4 ,9 all ! conflicts1 !n1 t occupi$ ?is age1 ! fir/ & ma9 po9t 0 to gu>d ! integrity & purity ( traditional ,apo/olic ,*ri/ianity aga9/ ! anti-,*ri/ian ,jewi% & ,pagan ideas :i* new conv]ts endeav\r$ to import into x f _! e>li] religi\s life4 ,^? ,judaic ideas ?us import$ gave rise to ,ebionism2 ^? ,pagan ideas gave rise to ,gno/icism 7 #bf-bh74 ,& j z ! ,paul9e ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity1 9 s f> z x 0 embrac$ "u ?is p]iod 7 #cj1 #b71 secur$ ! victory ov] ! mod]ate & non-h]etical ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity1 ?is latt] became m & m assimilat$ to ! =m]1 & gradually pass$ ov] into x 7 #bh1 #a74 ,add to ?is ! ne$1 ev] m press+ly felt1 ( a sift+ ( ! n yet uni=mly recognis$ e>ly ,*ri/ian lit]ature t _h pass$ into ecclesia/ical use 7 #cf1 #g1 #h7 by means ( ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,new ,te/am5t canon2 t is1 ! ne$ ( a collection ( writ+s admitt$ to be ( ,apo/olic orig9 to occupy h5ce=? ! fir/ rank z a /&>d & f\ndation = ! purposes ( tea*+ & wor%ip1 & to =m a bulw>k aga9/ ! flood ( h]etical & non-h]etical ,pseudepigraphs t m5ac$ ! purity ( doctr9e 7 #cb74 ,fur!r1 ! no less press+ ne$ = ! con/ruction ( a univ]sally valid rule ( fai? 7 #ce1 #b71 z an intellectual bond ( union & m>k ( recognition = all *ur*es & believ]s scatt]$ ov] ! e>?'s surface4 ,!n aga91 9 ! victory t 0 be+ secur$ by ,episcopacy ov] ,presbyt]ianism1 & 9 ! introduction ( a ,synodal con/itution = c\nsel & resolution1 ! fir/ /age 9 ! =mation ( a hi]>*ical organization 0 rea*$ 7 #cd74 ,f9ally1 ! la/ dissolv+ action ( ?is age 0 ! suppression ( ! fanatical prophetic & fanatical rigori/ _s1 :i*1 rea*+ its climax 9 ,montanism1 direct$ itself ma9ly aga9/ ! t5d5cy already appe>+ on _m sides to tone d[n ! unfl9*+ sev]ity ( ecclesia/ical discipl9e1 to make modifications 9 con/itution1 life & conv]sation 9 accordance ) ! social cu/oms ( ! _w1 & to settle d[n ?r\gh disreg>d ( ! spe$y return ( ! ,"l1 s confid5tly expect$ by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 into an easy satisfaction 9 ! enjoym5t ( e>?ly possessions 7 #dj1 #e74 #bj4b4 ,! ,age ( ! ,old ,ca?olic ,*ur*4--,! designation ( ! univ]sal ,*ri/ian *ur* z ,ca?olic dates f ! "t ( ,ir5u1 t is1 f ! beg9n+ ( ?is second "p ( our fir/ p]iod4 ,?is "n *>act]izes ! *ur* z ! "o univ]sally 7' 7 spread & recognis$ f ! "t ( ! ,apo/les1 & s /igmatizes e opposition to ! "o *ur* t alone /&s on ! sure f\ndation ( holy scripture & pure apo/olic tradition1 z belong+ to ! manifold p>ticul>i/ic h]etical & s*ismatical sects4 ,! *ur* ( ?is p>ticul> age1 h[ev]1 has be5 designat$ ! ,old ,ca?olic ,*ur* z di/+ui%$ f ! cum5ical ,ca?olic *ur* ( ! foll[+ p]iod1 z well z f ! ,roman ,ca?olic & ,greek ,ca?olic *ur*es1 into :i* aft]w>ds ! cum5ical ,ca?olic *ur* 0 divid$4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is age1 ! h]etical z well z ! non-h]etical ,ebionism may be reg>d$ z virtually suppress$1 al?\gh "s scanty remnants ( x might yet be f\nd4 ,! mo/ brilliant p]iod ( ,gno/icism1 too1 :5 ! mo/ s]i\s dang] f ,paganism )9 ! ,*ri/ian pale 9 ! =m ( ,hell5ic & ,syro-,*aldaic ,!osophy & ,my/]iosophy ?reat5$ ! *ur*1 0 already pa/4 ,b 9 ,mani*ism 7 #bi7 !re appe>$1 dur+ ! second half ( ! ?ird c5tury1 a new p]il ( a no less ?reat5+ k9d1 inspir$ by ,p>seeism & ,buddhism1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! *ur* on ! gr\nd ( ! solid f\ndations already laid 0 able to resi/ ) p[]ful weapons4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ,pagan elem5t )9 ! *ur* ass]t$ itself m & m decid$ly 7 #ci1 #f7 by means ( ! intrusion ( magico-!urgical sup]/ition into ! ca?olic doctr9e ( ! efficacy ( ! *ur* sacram5ts & sacram5tal acts 7 #eh74 ,b n[ also1 ) ,m>cus ,aurelius1 ,paganism outside ( ,*ri/ianity z embodi$ 9 ! ,roman /ate1 beg9s ! w> ( ext]m9ation aga9/ ! *ur* t 0 ev] m & m ext5d+ h] b\nd>ies4 ,su* manife/ation ( ho/ility1 h[ev]1 0 n able to subdue ! *ur*1 b r l$1 "u & ?r\gh ,con/ant9e ! ,great1 to ! ,*ri/ianiz+ ( ! /ate & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! *ur*4 ,dur+ ! same "t ! episcopal & synodal-hi]>*ical organization ( ! *ur* 0 m fully develop$ by ! introduction ( an ord] ( ,metropolitans1 & !n 9 ! foll[+ p]iod x rea*$ its climax 9 ! olig>*ical ,p5t>*y ( ,patri>*s 7 #df1 #a71 & 9 ! in/itution ( cum5ical ,synods 7 #dc1 #b74 ,by ! condemnation & expulsion ( ,montanism1 9 :i* ! inn] developm5t ( ! ,po/-,apo/olic ,age rea*$ its special & di/9ctive conclusion1 ! endeav\r to naturalize ,*ri/ianity among ! social cu/oms ( ! worldly life 0 c]ta9ly legitimiz$ by ! *ur*1 & c\ld n[ be unre/rict$ly c>ri$ out 9 a wid] & m compreh5sive way4 ,9 ! ,tr9it>ian controv]sies1 too1 9 :i* sev]al prom95t !ologians engag$1 ! fir/ /ep 0 tak5 9 t cum5ical-ecclesia/ical elaboration ( doctr9e :i* occupi$ & dom9at$ ! :ole ( ! foll[+ p]iod 7 #di-eb74 #bj4c4 ,! ,po9t ( ,transition f ! ,"o ,age to ! ,o!r may unhesitat+ly be set d[n at ,a4,d4 #agj4 ,! foll[+ are ! mo/ important data 9 reg>d !reto4 ,! dea? ab\t ,a4,d4 #afe ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 :o m>ks ! highe/ po9t rea*$ 9 ! ,po/-,apo/olic ,age1 & =ms also ! transition to ! ,old ,ca?olic ,age2 & ,ir5u1 fl\ri%+ some:]e ab\t ,a4,d4 #agj1 :o 0 ! real inaugurator ( ?is latt] age4 ,besides ^! we come ^u ! beg9n+s ( ! ,tr9it>ian controv]sies ab\t ! ye> #agj4 ,f9ally1 ! rejection ( ,montanism f ! univ]sal ,ca?olic *ur* 0 effect$ ab\t ! ye> #agj by means ( ! ,synodal in/itution call$ into exi/5ce = t v purpose4 ,i4 ,,! ,,relation%ip ,,( ,,extra-,,*ri/ian ,,paganism ,,& ,,judaism ,,to ,,! ,,*ur*4#ba #ba4 ,,! ,,spread ,,( ,,*ri/ianity4 ,amid all ! p]secutions :i* ! *ur* dur+ ?is p]iod _h to suff] x spread ) rapid /rides ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,roman empire1 & ev5 f> beyond its limits4 ,edessa1 ! capital ( ! k+dom ( ,osrhone 9 ,mesopotamia1 _h1 z e>ly z ,a4,d4 #agj1 a ,*ri/ian pr9ce1 nam$ ,abg> ,b> ,maanu1 ^: co9s 7 ! fir/ to be> ! sign ( ! cross4 ,we f9d ,*ri/ianity ga9+ a foot+ contemporane\sly 9 ,p]sia1 ,m$ia1 ,bactria1 & ,p>?ia4 ,9 ! ?ird c5tury we f9d traces ( its pres5ce 9 ,arm5ia4 ,paul himself made 8 way into ,arabia 7,gal4 i4 #ag74 ,9 ! ?ird c5tury ,orig5 receiv$ an invitation f a 1 :o wi%$ to receive in=mation ab\t ,*ri/ianity4 ,at ano!r "t he accept$ a call f t c\ntry 9 ord] to settle an ecclesia/ical dispute 7 #cc1 #f74 ,f ,alex&ria1 :]e ,m>k _h ex]cis$ 8 m9i/ry1 ! ,*ri/ian fai? spread out into o!r portions ( ,africa1 into ,cyr5e & among ! ,coptic races1 neighb\r+ ^u ! ,egyptians prop]ly s-call$4 ,! *ur* ( proconsul> ,africa1 ) ,c>?age = its capital1 /ood 9 close connection ) ,rome4 ,mauretania & ,numidia _h1 ev5 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 s _m *ur*es1 t ,cyprian c\ld br+ toge!r at ,c>?age a ,synod ( eighty-sev5 bi%ops4 ,9 ,gaul !re 7 sev]al fl\ri%+ *ur*es compos$ ( colonies & tea*]s f ,asia ,m9or1 su* z ! *ur*es ( ,lyons1 ,vi5ne1 etc4 ,at a lat] p]iod sev5 mission>y tea*]s ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? came out ( ,italy into ,gaul1 among :om 0 ,dionysius1 kn[n z ,/4 ,d5is1 ! f\nd] ( ! *ur* at ,p>is4 ,! ,roman colonies 9 ! prov9ces ( ! ,rh9e & ! ,danube _h sev]al fl\ri%+ congregations z e>ly z ! ?ird c5tury4 ,! empt9ess & corruption ( paganism 0 ! negative1 ! div9e p[] ( ! gospel 0 ! positive1 means ( ?is wond]ful ext5sion4 ,?is div9e p[] 0 manife/$ 9 ! zeal & self-d5ial ( ,*ri/ian tea*]s & mission>ies 7 #cd1 #a71 9 ! life & walk ( ,*ri/ians1 9 ! bro!rly love :i* !y %[$1 9 ! /eadfa/ness & confid5ce ( _! fai?1 & above all 9 ! joyfulness ) :i* !y met ! cruelle/ ( dea?s by m>tyrdom4 ,! blood ( ! m>tyrs 0 ! se$ ( ! *ur*1 & x 0 n an unhe>d-( circum/ance t ! execution]s ( ^? ,*ri/ian witnesses became _! successors 9 ! noble army ( confessors4 #bb4 ,,p]secutions ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/ians ,,9 ,,! ,,roman ,,empire4#bb ,! ,law ( ! ,twelve ,tables _h already =bidd5 ! ex]cise ( =eign modes ( wor%ip )9 ! ,roman empire 7,religiones p]egr91 ,collegia illicita71 = religion 0 exclusively an affair ( ! /ate & ent]$ mo/ intimately into all civil & municipal relations1 & on ?is acc\nt :atev] endang]$ ! national religion 0 reg>d$ z necess>ily imp]ill+ ! /ate itself4 ,political consid]ations1 h[ev]1 l$ to ! grant+ to conqu]$ nations ! free use ( _! own =ms ( wor%ip4 ,?is concession did n mat]ially help ,*ri/ianity aft] x _h ceas$1 9 ! "t ( ,n]o1 to be regul>ly conf\nd$ by ! ,roman au?orities ) ,judaism1 z _h be5 ! case 9 ! "t ( ,claudius1 & ,judaism1 aft] ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 _h be5 %>ply di/+ui%$ f x4 ,x publicly proclaim$ its int5tion to completely dislodge all o!r religions1 & ! rapidity ) :i* x spread %[$ h[ en]getically its int5tions 7 c>ri$ out4 ,! close fell[%ip & bro!rl9ess t prevail$ among ,*ri/ians1 z well z _! exclusive1 & dur+ times ( p]secution ev5 secret assemblies1 ar\s$ ! suspicion t !y _h political t5d5cies4 ,_! )drawal f civil & milit>y s]vices on acc\nt ( ! pagan c]emonies connect$ ) !m1 especially _! refusal to burn inc5se be=e ! /atues ( ! emp]or1 also ! /eadfa/ness ( _! fai?1 :i* 0 pro( aga9/ all viol5ce & p]suasion alike1 _! retir$ness f ! _w1 etc41 7 reg>d$ z evid5ce ( _! indiff]5ce or ho/ility to ! g5]al well-be+ ( ! /ate1 z inv9cible /iff-neck$ness1 z contumacy1 s$ition1 & high treason4 ,! hea!n populace saw 9 ! ,*ri/ians ! sacrilegi\s enemies & despis]s ( _! gods2 & ! ,*ri/ian religion1 :i* 0 )\t temples1 alt>s & sacrifices1 seem$ to !m pure ,a!ism4 ,! mo/ horrible calumnies1 t 9 _! assemblies 7,agap7 ! vile/ immoralities 7 practis$ 7,concubitus dipodei71 *ildr5 sla9 & human fle% eat5 7,epul ,?ye/e1 comp4 #cf1 #e71 7 readily believ$4 ,all public mis=tunes 7 ?us attribut$ to ! wra? ( ! gods aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians1 :o treat$ !m ) contempt4 ,non pluit ,deus1 duc ad ,*ri/ianos6 ,! hea!n prie/s also1 ! temple s]vants & ! image mak]s 7 always ready 9 _! own common int]e/s to /ir up ! suspicions ( ! p4 ,"u su* circum/ances x is n to be wond]$ at t ! fire ( p]secution on ! "p ( ! hea!n p & ! hea!n /ate cont9u$ to rage = c5turies4 #bb4a4 ,claudius1 ,n]o & ,domitian4--,reg>d+ ! ,emp]or ,tib]ius 7,a4,d4 #ad-cg71 we meet 9 ,t]tullian ) ! und\bt$ly baseless tradition1 t1 impress$ by ! /ory told him by ,pilate1 he propos$ to ! ,s5ate to introduce ,*ri/ among ! gods1 & on ! rejection ( ?is proposal1 ?reat5$ ! accus]s ( ! ,*ri/ians ) puni%m5t4 ,! /atem5t 9 ,acts xviii4 #b1 t ! ,emp]or ,claudius 7,a4,d4 #da-ed7 expell$ f ,rome all ,jews & ) !m _m ,*ri/ians also1 is illu/rat$ 9 a v circum/antial mann] by ,suetonius3 ,claudius ,judos impulsore ,*re/o assidue tumultuantes ,roma expulit4 ,! tumults1 !re=e1 betwe5 ! ,jews & ! ,*ri/ians1 occurr+ ab\t ! ye> #ea or #eb1 gave occasion to ?is decree4 ,! fir/ p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians proce$+ f a ,roman rul] :i* 0 direct$ aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians z su*1 0 c>ri$ out by ! ,emp]or ,n]o 7,a4,d4 #ed-fh7 9 ! ye> #fd1 9 consequ5ce ( a n9e days' conflagration 9 ,rome1 ! orig9 ( :i* 0 commonly ascrib$ by ! p to ! ,emp]or himself4 ,n]o1 h[ev]1 laid ! blame ^u ! hat$ ,*ri/ians1 & p]petrat$ ^u !m ! mo/ +5i\sly devis$ cruelties4 ,sewn up 9 sk9s ( wild animals !y 7 ca/ out to be dev\r$ ( dogs2 o!rs 7 crucifi$1 or wrapt 9 t[ & besme>$ ) pit*1 !y 7 fix$ ^u %>p spikes 9 ! imp]ial g>d5s :]e ! p ga!r$ to behold gorge\s spectacles1 & set on fire to light5 up ! night 7,tac41 ,ann41 xv4 #dd74 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,n]o ! leg5d spread among ! ,*ri/ians1 t he 0 n dead b _h )drawn beyond ! ,euphrates1 soon to return z ,anti*ri/4 ,n]o's p]secution seems to h be5 limit$ to ,rome1 & to h end$ ) 8 dea?4--,x 0 "u ,domitian 7,a4,d4 #ha-if7 t individual ,*ri/ians 7 = ! fir/ "t subject$ to confiscation ( goods & bani%m5t = godlessness or ! refusal to con=m to ! national religion4 ,probably also1 ! execution ( 8 own c\s91 ! ,consul ,flavius ,clem5s ,clem5t1 on acc\nt ( 8 & 8 7,dio ,cass41 lxvii4 #ad71 z well z ! bani%m5t ( ,clem5s' ,clem5t's wife1 ,flavia ,domitilla 7,a4,d4 #ic71 0 really on acc\nt ( _! atta*m5t to ! ,*ri/ian fai? 7 #cj1 #c74 ,! latt] at lea/ is prov$ by two inscriptions 9 ! catacombs to h be5 und\bt$ly a ,*ri/ian4 ,domitian insi/$ ^u hav+ in=mation z to ! political significance ( ! k+dom ( ,*ri/1 & br\ght f ,pale/9e to ,rome two relatives ( ,jesus1 gr&sons ( ,jude1 ! bro!r ( ! ,"l1 b _! h&s horny ) lab\r satisfi$ him t 8 suspicions _h be5 unf\nd$4 ,! philan?ropic ,emp]or ,n]va 7,a4,d4 #if-ih7 recall$ ! exiles & did n li/5 to ^? :o clam\r$ bitt]ly aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians1 b ,*ri/ianity cont9u$ aft] z well z be=e a ,religo illicita1 or r 0 n[ reckon$ su*1 aft] x _h be5 m di/9ctly sep>at$ f ,judaism4#bc #bb4b4 ,trajan & ,hadrian4--,) ,trajan 7,a4,d4 #ih-aag71 :om hi/orians rightly describe z a j1 e>ne/1 & mild rul]1 ! p]secutions ( ! ,*ri/ians ent] ^u a new /age4 ,he r5ew$ ! old /rict prohibition ( secret societies1 hetr1 :i* c\ld easily be made to apply to ! ,*ri/ians4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is law ! y\ng] ,pl9y1 z ,gov]nor ( ,bi?ynia1 puni%$ ) dea? ^? :o 7 accus$ z ,*ri/ians1 if !y w\ld n abjure ,*ri/ianity4 ,b 8 d\bts be+ awak5$ by ! great numb] ( e rank & age & ( bo? sexes aga9/ :om accusations 7 br\ght1 & 9 consequ5ce ( a c>eful exam9ation1 :i* %[$ ! ,*ri/ians to be morally pure & politically undes]v+ ( suspicion & to be guilty only ( /ubborn atta*m5t to _! sup]/ition1 he ask$ def9ite in/ructions f ! ,emp]or4 ,trajan approv$ ( :at he _h done & :at he propos$2 ! ,*ri/ians 7 n to be s\ght aft] & anonym\s accusations 7 n to be reg>d$1 b ^? =mally compla9$ ( & convict$1 if !y /ubbornly refus$ to sacrifice to ! gods & burn inc5se be=e ! /atues ( ! ,emp]or 7 to be puni%$ ) dea? 7,a4,d4 #aab74 ,?is imp]ial rescript cont9u$ = a long "t ! legal /&>d = judicial proc$ure ) ref]5ce to ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! p]secution "u ,trajan ext5d$ ev5 to ,syria & ,pale/9e4 ,9 ,j]usalem ! ag$ bi%op ,simeon1 ! successor ( ,james1 accus$ z a ,*ri/ian & a desc5dant ( ,david1 aft] be+ cruelly sc\rg$1 di$ a m>tyr's dea? on ! cross 9 ,a4,d4 #ajg4 ,! m>tyrdom1 too1 ( ! ,antio*ean bi%op1 ,ignatius1 9 all probability took place dur+ ! reign ( ,trajan 7 #cj1 #e74 ,an edict ( tol]ation suppos$ to h be5 issu$ at a lat] p]iod by ,trajan1 a copy ( :i* exi/s 9 ,syriac & ,arm5ian1 is n[ prov$ to be apocryphal4--,dur+ ! reign ( ,hadrian 7,a4,d4 #aag-ach71 ! p began to c>ry out 9 a tumultu\s way ! execution ( ! ,*ri/ians on ! occasion ( ! hea!n fe/ivals4 ,on ! repres5tation ( ! proconsul ( ,asia1 ,s]5ius ,granianus1 ,hadrian issu$ a rescript address$ to 8 successor1 ,m9ucius ,fundanus1 aga9/ su* acts ( viol5ce1 b executions /ill cont9u$ c>ri$ out accord+ to ! =ms ( law4 ,! g5u95ess ( ! rescript1 h[ev]1 z giv5 at ! close ( ! fir/ ,apology ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 has be5 rec5tly disput$ by _m4 ,9 ,rome itself1 betwe5 ,a4,d4 #ace & ,a4,d4 #acg1 bi%op ,telesphorus1 ) _m o!r ,*ri/ians1 fell z victims ( ! p]secution4 ,! tradition ( ! f\r? c5tury1 t ,hadrian wi%$ to build a temple to ,*ri/1 is utt]ly )\t hi/orical f\ndation4 ,8 unfav\rable disposition t[>d ! ,*ri/ians cle>ly appe>s f ?is1 t he caus$ a temple ( ,v5us to be built ^u ! spot :]e ,*ri/ 0 crucifi$1 & a /atue ( ,jupit] to be erect$ on ! rock ( ! sepul*re1 9 ord] to pollute ^? places :i* ,*ri/ians held mo/ sacr$4 #bb4c4 ,anton9us ,pius & ,m>cus ,aurelius4--,"u ,anton9us ,pius 7,a4,d4#ach-afa71 ! tumultu\s *>ges ( ! p aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians1 on acc\nt ( visitations ( pe/il5ce 9 _m places1 7 r5ew$1 b ! mildly dispos$ emp]or s\ght to protect !m z mu* z possible f viol5ce4 ,! rescript1 h[ev]1 ,ad ,commune ,asi1 :i* be>s 8 "n is v probably ( ,*ri/ian au?or%ip4--,! p]secutions aga9 took a new turn "u ,m>cus ,aurelius 7,a4,d4 #afa-ahj7 :o 01 bo? z a man & a rul]1 "o ( ! noble/ figures ( antiquity4 ,9 ! pride ( 8 /oical wisdom1 h[ev]1 despis+ utt]ly ! en?usiasm ( ! ,*ri/ians1 he n only all[$ free scope to ! popul> hatr$1 b also introduc$ ! sy/em ( espionage1 giv+ to in=m]s ! confiscat$ prop]ty ( ! ,*ri/ians1 & ev5 p]mitt+ ! use ( torture1 9 ord] to compel !m to recant1 & ?us gave occasion to unexampl$ triumphs ( ,*ri/ian h]oism4 ,at ,rome1 ! noble ,apologi/ ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 d5\nc$ by 8 oppon5t ! philosoph] ,cresc5s1 aft] cruel & bloody sc\rg+1 di$ "u ! execution]'s axe ab\t ,a4,d4 #afe 7 #cj1 #i74--;,9 reg>d to a v sev]e p]secution endur$ by ! *ur* ( ,smyrna1 we possess an orig9al report ( x s5t f t *ur* to "o closely relat$ to x1 embelli%$ ) leg5d>y details or int]polat$1 :i* ,eusebius has incorporat$ 9 8 ,*ur* ,hi/ory4 ,! sub/ance ( x is a description ( ! glori\s m>tyr dea? ( _! ag$ bi%op ,polyc>p 7 #cj1 #f71 :o1 because he refus$ to curse ! ,"l :om he _h s]v$ = eighty-six ye>s1 0 made to m\nt ! fun]al pile1 & :ile rejoic+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! flames1 receiv$ ! cr[n ( m>tyrdom4 ,accord+ to ! /ory ! flames ga!r$ ar\nd him l a w9d-fill$ sail1 & :5 a soldi] pi]c$ him ) 8 sword1 sudd5ly a :ite dove flew up2 moreov] ! glorifi$ _s also appe>$ to a memb] ( ! *ur* 9 a vision1 clo!d 9 a :ite g>m5t4 ,eusebius places ! date ( ,polyc>p's dea? %ortly be=e ,a4,d4 #aff4 ,b s9ce x has be5 %[n by ,wadd+ton1 on ! basis ( an exam9ation ( rec5tly discov]$ inscriptions1 t ! proconsul ( ,asia1 ,/atius ,quadratus1 m5tion$ 9 ! report ( ! *ur* ( ,smyrna1 did n hold t (fice 9 ,a4,d4 #aff1 b 9 ,a4,d4 #aee-aef1 ! mo/ important au?orities h come to reg>d ei!r ,a4,d4 #aee or ,a4,d4 #aef z ! date ( 8 m>tyrdom4 ,/ill "s ^: op9ions are wor?y ( respect refuse to accept ?is view1 po9t+ out ! abs5ce ( t *ronological /atem5t f ! report 9 ,eusebius & to its irreconcilability ) ! o!rwise well-support$ facts1 t ,polyc>p 0 on a visit to ,rome 9 ,a4,d4 #aee 7 #cg1 #b71 & t ! reckon+ ( ! day ( 8 dea? 9 ! report z w\ld suit inde$ ! ,ea/] ( ,a4,d4 #aee1 z well z t ( ,a4,d4 #aff1 b n t ( ,a4,d4 #aef4 #bd ,! leg5d ( ! ,legio fulm9atrix1 t 9 ! w> aga9/ ! ,m>comanni 9 ,a4,d4 #agd ! pray]s ( ! ,*ri/ian soldi]s ( ?is legion call$ =? ra9 & ?und]1 & ?us sav$ ! ,emp]or & 8 army f ! dang] ( p]i%+ by ?ir/1 :]eupon ?is modifi$ law aga9/ ! accus]s ( ! ,*ri/ians 0 issu$1 has1 s f> z ! fir/ "p is conc]n$1 its f\ndation 9 hi/ory1 only t ! hea!n on ! o!r h& ascrib$ ! miracle to _! pray] to ,jupit] ,pluvius4 #be--,reg>d+ ! p]secution at ,lyons & ,vi5ne 9 ,a4,d4 #agg1 we also possess a contempor>y report f ! ,*ri/ian *ur* ( ^! places 7 #cb1 #h74 ,bi%op ,po?9us1 9 8 n9etie? ye>1 sank "u ! effects ( tortures cont9u$ dur+ _m days 9 a loa?some prison4 ,! "y & t5d] slave-girl ,bl&9a 0 sc\rg$1 h] body scor*$ ^u a r$-hot iron *air1 h] limbs torn by wild bea/s & at la/ h] life tak52 b "u all h] tortures %e cont9u$ to repeat h] joyful confession3 8,i am a ,*ri/ian & no?+ wick$ is tol]at$ among u40 ,"u simil> agonies ! boy ,ponticus1 9 8 fifte5? ye>1 %[$ simil> h]oism4 ,! dead bodies ( ! m>tyrs 7 laid 9 heaps ^u ! /reets1 until at la/ !y 7 burnt & _! a%es /rewn ^u ! ,rhone4 ,commodus 7,a4,d4 #ahj-aib71 ! son ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 :o 9 e o!r respect 0 utt]ly disreputable1 influ5c$ by 8 mi/ress ,m>cia1 %[$ himself incl9$1 by ! ex]cise ( 8 clem5cy1 to remit ! s5t5ces ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! p]secution at ,scillita 9 ,nor? ,africa1 dur+ ! fir/ ye> ( ! reign ( ,commodus1 9 :i* ! m>tyr ,sp]atus suff]$1 toge!r ) elev5 companions1 0 c>ri$ out 9 accordance ) ! edict ( ,m>cus ,aurelius4 #bb4d4 ,septimius ,sev]us & ,maxim9us ,?rax4--,septimius ,sev]us 7,a4,d4 #aic-baa71 :om a ,*ri/ian slave1 ,proculus1 _h heal$ ( a sickness by ano9t+ ) oil1 0 at fir/ decid$ly fav\rable to ! ,*ri/ians4 ,ev5 9 ,a4,d4 #aig1 aft] 8 triumphal entrance into ,rome1 he took !m "u 8 p]sonal protection :5 ! popul> clam\r1 :i* su* a celebration 0 fitt$ to excite1 0 rais$ aga9/ !m4 ,! judicial p]secution1 too1 :i* "s ye>s lat]1 ,a4,d4 #bjj1 8 deputy 9 ,nor? ,africa c>ri$ on aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians on ! basis ( exi/+ laws because !y refus$ to sacrifice to ! g5ius ( ! ,emp]or1 he may n h be5 able to prev5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he did himself1 9 ,a4,d4 #bjb1 issue an edict :i* =bade conv]sions to ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,! /orm ( p]secution !reby excit$ 0 direct$ !re=e fir/ ( all & especially aga9/ ! cate*um5s & ! neophytes1 b frequ5tly also1 ov]/epp+ ! lett] ( ! edict1 x 0 turn$ aga9/ ! old] ,*ri/ians4 ,! p]secution seems to h be5 limit$ to ,egypt & ,nor? ,africa4 ,at ,alex&ria ,leonidas1 ! fa!r ( ,orig51 0 behead$4 ,! female slave1 ,potamina1 celebrat$ z mu* = h] moral purity z = h] beauty1 0 accus$ by h] ma/]1 ^: evil passions %e _h refus$ to gratify1 z a ,*ri/ian1 & 0 giv5 ov] to ! gladiators to be abus$4 ,%e succe$$1 h[ev]1 9 def5d+ h]self f pollution1 & 0 !n1 along ) h] "m ,m>cella1 sl[ly dipp$ into boil+ pit*4 ,! soldi]1 ,basilides by "n1 :o %\ld h execut$ ! s5t5ce himself embrac$ ,*ri/ianity1 & 0 behead$4 ,! p]secution rag$ ) equal viol5ce & cruelty 9 ,c>?age4 ,a "y woman ( a noble family1 ,p]petua1 9 h] tw5ty-second ye>1 9 spite ( imprisonm5t & torture1 & ?\gh ! infant 9 h] arms & h] weep+ pagan fa!r appeal$ to h] he>t's affections1 cont9u$ true to h] fai?1 & 0 ?r[n to be toss$ on ! horns ( a wild c[1 & to die f ! dagg] ( a gladiator4 ,! slave girl ,felicitas :o1 9 ! same prison1 became a "m1 %[$ simil> c\rage amid simil> suff]+s4 ,p]secution sm\ld]$ on ?r\gh\t ! reign ( ,septimius1 %[+ itself 9 sep>ate sporadic outbur/s1 b 0 n r5ew$ "u 8 son & successor ,c>acalla 7,a4,d4 #baa-bag71 :o 9 o!r respects dur+ 8 reign /a9$ ) manifold cruelties1 did little to ! hon\r ( ^? ,*ri/ian influ5ces by :i* 9 8 e>lie/ y\? he _h be5 surr\nd$ 78lacte ,*ri/iano educatus10 ,t]t474--,t ,*ri/ianity %\ld h a place giv5 x among ! s5seless religions fav\r$ by ,elagabalus or ,heliogabalus 7,a4,d4 #bah-bbb71 0 an absurdity :i* nev]!less secur$ = x tol]ation & quiet4 ,8 second wife1 ,sev]9a or ,sev]a1 to :om ,hippolytus d$icat$ 8 treatise 1 0 ! fir/ empress fri5dly to ! ,*ri/ians4 ,alex&] ,sev]us 7,a4,d4 #bbb-bce71 embrac+ a noble eclecticism1 plac$ among 8 h\sehold gods ! image ( ,*ri/1 along ) ^? ( ,abraham1 ,orpheus1 & ,apollonius ( ,tyana1 & %[$ himself well dispos$ t[>d ! ,*ri/ians2 :ile at ! same "t 8 "m1 ,julia ,mamma1 enc\rag$ & fur!r$ ! s*ol>ly /udies ( ,orig54 ,! gold5 say+ ( ,*ri/1 ,luke vi4 #ca1 0 inscrib$ ^u ! gateway ( 8 palace4 ,8 murd]]1 ,maxim9us ,?rax 7,a4,d4 #bce-bch71 f v opposition to 8 pr$ecessor1 became at once ! enemy ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,cle>ly p]ceiv+ ! high importance ( ! cl]gy = ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! *ur*1 8 p]secut+ edict 0 direct$ solely aga9/ !m4 ,! imp]ial position :i* he _h usurp$1 h[ev]1 0 n suffici5tly secure to all[ him to c>ry out 8 int5tions to extremities4 ,"u ,gordianus ! ,*ri/ians _h re/1 & ,philip ! ,arabian 7,a4,d4 #bdd-bdi7 fav\r$ !m s op5ly & decid$ly1 t x came to be ?\ght t he himself _h be5 a ,*ri/ian4 #bb4e4 ,decius1 ,gallus & ,val]ianus ,val]ian4--,soon aft] ! accession ( ,decius 7,a4,d4 #bdi-bea71 9 ! ye> #bej1 a new p]secution broke out t la/$ )\t int]ruption = t5 ye>s4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ g5]al p]secution & 0 direct$ at fir/ aga9/ ! recognis$ heads ( ! *ur*es1 b by-&-by 0 ext5d$ m widely to all ranks1 & exce$$ all previ\s p]secutions by its ext5t1 ! delib]at5ess ( its plan1 ! rigid det]m9ation ) :i* x 0 conduct$1 & ! cruelties ( its execution4 ,decius 0 a prud5t rul]1 an e>ne/ man ( ! old s*ool1 endu$ ) an indomitable w4 ,b x 0 j ?is t drove him to ! conclusion t ,*ri/ianity1 z a godless sy/em & "o oppos$ to ! int]e/s ( ! /ate1 mu/ be summ>ily suppress$4 ,all possible means1 su* z confiscation ( goods1 bani%m5t1 sev]e tortures1 or dea?1 7 tri$ 9 ord] to induce ! ,*ri/ians to yield4 ,v _m spoil$ by ! long peace t !y _h enjoy$ gave way1 b on ! o!r h& cr[ds ( ,*ri/ians1 impell$ by a ye>n+ aft] ! cr[n ( m>tyrdom1 gave !mselves up joyfully to ! prison & ! /ake4 ,^? :o fell away1 ! lapsi1 7 classifi$ z ! ,?urificati or ,sacrificati1 :o to save _! lives _h burnt inc5se or sacrific$ to ! gods1 & ,libellatici1 :o )\t do+ ?is _h pur*as$ a c]tificate f ! magi/rates t !y _h done s1 & ,acta faci5tes1 :o _h issu$ docum5ts giv+ false /atem5ts reg>d+ _! ,*ri/ianity4 ,^? 7 call$ ,confessores :o publicly pr(ess$ ,*ri/ & rema9$ /eadfa/ "u p]secution1 b escap$ ) _! lives2 ^? 7 call$ ,m>tyrs :o witness+ ) _! blood1 suff]$ dea? = ! fai? !y pr(ess$4 ,! ,roman *ur* c\ld boa/ ( a :ole s]ies ( bi%ops :o fell victims to ! /orm ( p]secution3 ,fabianus ,fabian 9 ,a4,d4 #bej1 & ,cornelius 9 ,a4,d4 #bec1 probably also ,lucius 9 ,a4,d4 #bed1 & ,/ephanus 9 ,a4,d4 #beg4 ,& z 9 ,rome1 s also 9 ! prov9ces1 :ole troops ( confessors & m>tyrs met a joyful dea?1 n only f among ! cl]gy1 b also f among ! g5]al memb]s ( ! *ur*4--,!n aga91 "u ,gallus 7,a4,d4 #bea-bec71 ! p]secution cont9u$1 excit$ anew by plagues & fam9e1 b 0 9 _m ways re/rict$ by political emb>rassm5t4 ,val]ianus ,val]ian 7,a4,d4 #bec-bfj71 f be+ a fav\r] ( ! ,*ri/ians1 began f ,a4,d4 #beg1 "u ! influ5ce ( 8 fav\rite ,macrianus1 to %[ himself a det]m9$ p]secutor4 ,! ,*ri/ian pa/ors 7 at fir/ bani%$1 & s9ce ?is _h n ! desir$ effect1 !y 7 aft]w>ds puni%$ ) dea?4 ,at ?is "t1 too1 ! bi%op ( ,c>?age1 ,cyprian1 :o "u ,decius _h = a %ort season )drawn by flight into ! wild]ness1 won = himself ! m>tyr's cr[n4 ,s1 likewise1 9 ,a4,d4 #beh1 suff]$ ,sixtus ,,ii4 ( ,rome4 ,! ,roman bi%op 0 soon foll[$ by 8 deacon ,laur5tius1 a h]o among ,*ri/ian m>tyrs1 :o po9t$ ! av>ici\s gov]nor to ! sick1 ! poor & ! orphans ( ! congregation z ! treasures ( ! *ur*1 & 0 !n burnt alive on a fire ( gl[+ coal4 ,b ,val]ian's son1 ,galli5us 7,a4,d4 #bfj-bfh71 by an edict address$ to ! bi%ops1 aboli%$ ! special p]secut+ /atutes issu$ by 8 fa!r1 )\t1 h[ev]1 z he is (t5 errone\sly said to h done1 =mally recognis+ ,*ri/ianity z a ,religio licita4 ,! ,*ri/ians aft] ?is enjoy$ a =ty ye>s' re/2 = ! commonly report$ cruel p]secution ( ,*ri/ians "u ,claudius ,,ii41 7,a4,d4 #bfh-bgj7 has be5 prov$ to be a pure fable ( apocryphal ,acts ( ! ,m>tyrs2 & also ! p]secution plann$ by ,aurelian 7,a4,d4 #bgj-bge71 t[>d ! close ( 8 reign1 0 prev5t$ by 8 assass9ation committ$ by a pagan (fic]4 #bb4f4 ,diocletian & ,gal]ius4--,:5 ,diocletian 7,a4,d4 #bhd-cje7 0 proclaim$ ,emp]or by ! army 9 ,*alc$on1 he *ose ,nicom$ia 9 ,bi?ynia z 8 resid5ce1 & transf]r$ ! conduct ( ! w> to ! g5]al ,maximianus ,maximian ,h]culius ) ! title ( ,cs>1 :o1 aft] ! campaign _h be5 clos$ successfully 9 ,a4,d4 #bhf1 0 rais$ to ! rank ( ,augu/us or jo9t-,emp]or4 ,new h>assm5ts f )9 & f )\t l$ ! two ,emp]ors 9 ,a4,d4 #bhf to "n two ,cs>s1 or sub-,emp]ors1 :o by _! be+ adopt$ 7 assur$ ( succession to imp]ial rank4 ,diocletian assum$ ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,ea/1 & gave up ,illyricum z f> z ,pontus to 8 ,cs> & son-9-law ,gal]ius4 ,maximian und]took ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,we/1 & surr5d]$ ,gaul1 ,spa9 & ,brita9 to 8 ,cs>1 ,con/antius ,*lorus4 ,accord+ to ,m>tyrologies1 !re 0 a :ole legion1 call$ ,legio ,!baica1 t consi/$ ( ,*ri/ian soldi]s4 ,?is legion 0 orig9ally /ation$ 9 ! ,ea/1 b 0 s5t into ! w> aga9/ ! ,gauls1 because its memb]s refus$ to take "p 9 ! p]secution ( _! bre?r54 ,aft] suff]+ decimation twice ov] )\t any result1 x is said t ,maximian left ?is legion1 consi/+ ( #f1fjj m51 along ) its comm&] ,/4 ,maurice1 to be hewn d[n 9 ! pass ( ,agaunum1 n[ call$ ,/4 ,moritz1 9 ! ,canton ,valais4 ,accord+ to ,rettb]g1#bf ! hi/orical g]m ( ?is consi/s 9 a tradition report$ by ,!odoret z orig9at+ dur+ ! fif? or six? c5tury1 9 a lett] ( ,eu*]ius bi%op ( ,lyons1 ab\t ! m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,maurice1 :o z ,tribunus ,militum 0 execut$ at ,apamea along ) sev5ty soldi]s1 by ! ord]s ( ,maximian4 ,diocletian1 z ! eld] & supreme ,emp]or1 0 an active1 b5evol5t1 cle>-sight$ /atesman & rul]1 b also a zeal\s adh]5t ( ! old religion z reg5]at$ by ,neo-platonic influ5ces 7 #bd1 #b71 & z su* 0 incl9$ to hold ,*ri/ianity responsible = _m ( ! int]nal tr\bles ( 8 k+dom4 ,he 0 re/ra9$ f int]f]+ ) ! ,*ri/ians1 h[ev]1 by ! policy ( tol]ation :i* _h prevail$ s9ce ! "t ( ,galli5us1 z well z by 8 own b5evol5t disposition1 & n lea/ by ! political consid]ation ( ! va/ numb]s ( ! ,*ri/ian population4 ,8 own wife ,prisca & 8 daught] ,val]ia _h !mselves embrac$ ,*ri/ianity1 z well z v _m1 & ^! ! true/ & mo/ tru/wor?y1 ( ! memb]s ( 8 h\sehold4 ,yet ! incessant importunities & :isp]$ suspicions ( ,gal]ius 7 n )\t success4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #bih he issu$ ! decree1 t all soldi]s %\ld take "p 9 ! sacrificial rites1 & ?us oblig$ all ,*ri/ian soldi]s to )draw f ! army4 ,dur+ a long soj\rn 9 ,nicom$ia he f9ally prevail$ ^u ! ,emp]or to ord] a second g5]al p]secution2 yet ev5 !n ,diocletian p]si/$1 t 9 x no blood %\ld be %$4 ,?is p]secution op5$ 9 ,a4,d4 #cjc ) ! imp]ial comm& to de/roy ! /ately *ur* ( ,nicom$ia4 ,soon aft] an edict 0 issu$ =bidd+ all ,*ri/ian assemblies1 ord]+ ! de/ruction ( ! *ur*es1 ! burn+ ( ! sacr$ scriptures1 & depriv+ ,*ri/ians ( _! (fices & ( _! civil rights4 ,a ,*ri/ian tore up ! edict & 0 execut$4 ,fire broke out 9 ! imp]ial palace & ,gal]ius blam$ ! ,*ri/ians = ! fire1 & also *>g$ !m ) a conspiracy aga9/ ! life ( ! ,emp]or4 ,a p]secution !n began to rage ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,roman empire1 ,gaul1 ,spa9 & ,brita9 alone entirely escap+ ow+ to ! fav\r ( ,con/antius ,*lorus :o gov]n$ ^! regions4 ,all conceivable tortures & modes ( dea? 7 practis$1 & new & m horrible devices 7 inv5t$ f day to day4 ,diocletian1 :o surviv$ to ,a4,d4 #cac1 & ,maximian1 abdicat$ ! imp]ial rank :i* !y _h jo9tly held 9 ,a4,d4 #cje4 ,_! places 7 fill$ by ^? :o _h be5 previ\sly _! ,cs>s1 & ,gal]ius z n[ ! *ief ,augu/us proclaim$ z ,cs>s1 ,sev]us & ,maxim9us ,daza1 ! mo/ furi\s enemies ( ! ,*ri/ians t c\ld be f\nd1 s t ! /orm ( p]secution :i* _h already begun 9 "s measure to abate1 0 aga9 reviv$ 9 ,italy by ,sev]us & 9 ! ,ea/ by ,maxim9us4 ,!n 9 ord] to br+ all ,*ri/ians into inevitable contact ) idolatr\s rites1 ,gal]ius 9 ,a4,d4 #cjh _h all victuals 9 ! m>kets spr9kl$ ) w9e or wat] t _h be5 (f]$ to idols4 ,seiz$ ) a t]rible illness1 mortification beg9n+ 9 8 liv+ body1 he f9ally admitt$ ! uselessness ( all 8 ef=ts to root out ,*ri/ianity1 & %ortly be=e 8 dea?1 9 common ) 8 colleague1 he issu$ 9 ,a4,d4 #caa1 a =mal edict ( tol]ation1 :i* p]mitt$ to all ,*ri/ians ! free ex]cise ( _! religion & claim$ 9 return _! int]cession = ! emp]or & ! empire4--,dur+ ?is p]secution ( unexampl$ cruelty1 la/+ )\t int]mission = eight ye>s1 _m noble pro(s 7 giv5 ( ,*ri/ian h]oism & ( ! joy\sness t m>tyrdom inspir$4 ,! numb] ( ! ,lapsi1 ?\gh /ill consid]able1 0 9 proportion v mu* less ?an "u ! ,decian p]secution4 ,h[ mu* tru?1 if any1 !re may h be5 9 ! lat] ass]tion ( ! ,donati/s 7 #fc1 #a71 t ev5 ! ,roman bi%op1 ,m>cell9us ,m>cellus 7,a4,d4 #bif-cjd71 & 8 presbyt]s1 ,mel*iades1 ,m>cellus & ,sylve/]1 :o 7 also 8 successors 9 ! bi%opric1 _h d5i$ ,*ri/ & sacrific$ to idols1 _c n[ be asc]ta9$4 ,augu/9e d5ies ! *>ge1 b ev5 ! ,felician ,catalogue ( ! ,popes reports t ,m>cell9us ,m>cellus dur+ ! p]secution became a ,?urificatus1 add+1 h[ev]1 ! ext5uation1 t he soon !reaft]1 seiz$ ) deep p5it5ce1 suff]$ m>tyrdom4 ,! comm& to deliv] up ! sacr$ writ+s gave rise to a new ord] ( apo/ates1 ! s-call$ ,traditores4 ,_m _h rec\rse to a subt]fuge by surr5d]+ h]etical writ+s in/ead ( ! sacr$ books & z su*1 b ! e>ne/ _s ( ! age treat$ ^! z no bett] ?an traditors4#bg #bb4g4 ,maxim9us ,daza1 ,max5tius & ,lic9ius4--,aft] ! dea? ( ,gal]ius 8 place 0 tak5 by ! ,dacian ,lic9ius1 :o %>$ ) ,maxim9us ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,ea/1 ! =m] tak+ ! ,european1 ! latt] ! ,asiatic "p along ) ,egypt4 ,con/antius ,*lorus _h di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #cjf1 & ,gal]ius _h giv5 to ! ,cs> ,sev]us ! empire ( ! ,we/4 ,b ! army proclaim$ ,con/ant9e1 son ( ,con/antius1 z ,emp]or4 ,he also e/abli%$ himself 9 ,gaul1 ,spa9 & ,brita94 ,!n also ,max5tius1 son ( ! abdicat$ emp]or ,maximian1 claim$ ! ,we/]n ,empire1 0 proclaim$ ,augu/us by ! ,prtorians1 recognis$ by ! ,roman s5ate1 & aft] ! ov]?r[ ( ,sev]us1 rul$ 9 ,italy & ,africa4--,! pagan fanaticism ( ,maxim9us prevail$ aga9/ ! tol]ation edict ( ,gal]ian4 ,he he>tily support$ ! attempt$ expulsion ( ,*ri/ians on ! "p ( sev]al prom95t cities1 & comm5d$ ! measure on braz5 tablets4 ,he =bade ! build+ ( *ur*es1 puni%$ _m ) f9es & di%on\r1 inflict$ 9 "s cases bodily pa9s & ev5 dea?1 & gave (ficial sanction to p]petrat+ ^u !m all sorts ( sc&al\s enormities4 ,! ,acta ,pilati1 a pagan pseudepigraph fill$ ) ! grosse/ sl&]s ab\t ! passion ( ,*ri/1 0 widely circulat$ by him & introduc$ z a read+-book = ! "y 9 ! public s*ools4 ,con/ant9e1 :o _h inh]it$ f 8 fa!r along ) 8 ,neo-platonic eclecticism 8 tol]ation ( ! ,*ri/ians1 secur$ to ! pr(essors ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? 9 8 realm ! mo/ p]fect quiet4 ,max5tius1 too1 at fir/ let !m alone2 b ! rivalry & enmity t 0 daily increas+ betwe5 him & ,con/ant9e1 ! fav\r] ( ! ,*ri/ians1 drew him into close connection ) ! pagan p>ty1 & into sympa?y ) _! p]secut+ _s4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #cab ,con/ant9e l$ 8 army ov] ! ,alps4 ,max5tius oppos$ him ) an army drawn up 9 ?ree divisions2 b ,con/ant9e press$ on victori\sly1 & %att]$ 8 oppon5t's =ces be=e ! gates ( ,rome4 ,betak+ himself to flight1 ,max5tius 0 dr[n$ 9 ! ,tib]1 & ,con/ant9e 0 !n sole rul] ov] ! entire ,we/]n ,empire4 ,at ,milan he _h a conf]5ce ) ,lic9ius1 to :om he gave 9 m>riage 8 si/] ,con/antia4 ,!y jo9tly issu$ an edict 9 ,a4,d4 #cac1 :i* gave tol]ation to all =ms ( wor%ip ?r\gh\t ! empire1 expressly p]mitt+ conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity1 & ord]+ ! re/oration to ! ,*ri/ians ( all ! *ur*es t _h be5 tak5 f !m4 ,soon !reaft] a decisive battle 0 f\ght betwe5 ,maxim9us & ,lic9ius4 ,! =m] 0 defeat$ & took to flight4 ,! fri5dly relations t _h subsi/$ betwe5 ,con/ant9e & ,lic9ius gave way gradually to e/rangem5t & 7 at la/ succe$$ by op5 ho/ility4 ,lic9ius by manife/+ zeal z a p]secutor id5tifi$ himself ) ! pagan p>ty1 & ,con/ant9e ?rew 9 8 lot ) ! ,*ri/ians4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #cbc a w> broke out betwe5 ^! two1 l a /ruggle = life & dea? betwe5 ,paganism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,lic9ius 0 ov]?r[n & ,con/ant9e 0 ma/] ( ! :ole empire 7 #db1 #b74 ,eusebius 9 8 ,vita ,con/ant9i reports1 on ! basis probably ( a sworn /atem5t ( ! emp]or1 t dur+ ! exp$ition aga9/ ,max5tius 9 ,a4,d4 #cab1 aft] pray+ = ! aid ( ! high] p[]s1 :5 ! sun 0 go+ d[n1 he saw 9 heav5 a %9+ cross 9 ! sun ) a bright inscription3 4 ,dur+ ! night ,*ri/ appe>$ to him 9 a dream1 & comm&$ him to take ! cross z 8 /&>d 9 battle & ) x to g into battle confid5t ( victory4 ,9 8 ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 ,eusebius makes no m5tion ( ?is tradition ( ! vision4 ,on ! o!r h& !re is "h ! fact1 conte/$ inde$ by critics1 t aft] ! victory ov] ,max5tius ! emp]or _h erect$ 8 /atue 9 ! ,roman ,=um1 ) ! cross 9 8 h&1 & be>+ ! inscription3 8,by ?is sign ( salvation h ,i deliv]$ y\r city f ! yoke ( ! tyrant4 0 ,?is only is c]ta91 t ! imp]ial /&>d1 :i* _h ! unexpla9$ "n ,lab>um1 bore ! sign ( ! cross ) ! monogram ( ! "n ( ,*ri/4 #bc4 ,,controv]sial ,,writ+s ,,( ,,paganism4 ,pagan writ]s 9 _! publi%$ works pass$ spiteful & contemptu\s judgm5ts ^u ,*ri/ians & ,*ri/ianity 7,tacitus1 ,pl9y1 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 & ! physician ,gal571 or1 l ! rhetorician ,fronto1 argu$ aga9/ !m ) viol5t invective2 :ile popul> wit ran riot 9 repres5t+ ,*ri/ianity by ^w & picture z ! dev\t wor%ip ( an ass4 ,b ev5 ! tal5t$ satiri/ ,lucian ( ,samosata 0 satisfi$ ) ridicul+ ! ,*ri/ians z s5seless fools4 ,! fir/ & also ! mo/ important ( all really pagan advocates 0 ,celsus1 :o 9 ! second c5tury1 ) brilliant subtlety & sca?+ s>casm s\ght to prove t ! religion ( ! ,*ri/ians 0 ! v climax ( unreason4 ,9 respect ( ability1 ke5ness & bitt]ness ( polemic he is closely foll[$ by ! ,neo-platoni/ ,porphyry4 ,f> b5ea? bo? /&s ,hi]ocles1 gov]nor ( ,bi?ynia4 ,aga9/ su* attacks ! mo/ fam\s ,*ri/ian tea*]s took ! field z ,apologi/s4 ,!y disprov$ ! calumnies & *>ges ( ! pagans1 dem&$ fair play = ! ,*ri/ians1 v9dicat$ ,*ri/ianity by ! demon/ration ( its inn] tru?1 ! witness borne to x by ! life & walk ( ,*ri/ians1 its e/abli%m5t by miracles & prophecies1 its agreem5t ) ! utt]ances & long+s ( ! mo/ pr(\nd philosoph]s1 ^: wisdom !y trac$ m$iately or imm$iately f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & on ! o!r h&1 !y s\ght to %[ ! no?+ness ( ! hea!n gods1 & ! religi\s z well z moral p]v]sity ( paganism4 #bc4a4 ,lucian's ,satire ,de ,morte ,p]egr9i takes ! =m ( an acc\nt giv5 by ,lucian to 8 fri5d ,cronius ( ! ,cynic ,p]egr9us ,proteus' burn+ ( himself dur+ ! ,olympic games ( ,a4,d4 #afe1 ( :i* he himself 0 a witness4 ,p]egr9us is describ$ z a l[1 contemptible man1 a p>ricide & guilty ( adult]y1 unnatural vice & drunk5ness1 :o hav+ fl$ f 8 home 9 ,pale/9e jo9$ ! ,*ri/ians1 le>nt _! 1 became _! prophet 7 #cd1 #a71 ,?ias>* 7 #ag1 #c7 & ,synagogeus1 & z su* exp\nd$ _! sacr$ writ+s1 ev5 himself compos$ & address$ to ! mo/ celebrat$ ,greek cities _m epi/les conta9+ new ord9ances & laws4 ,:5 ca/ into prison he 0 ! subject ( ! mo/ extravagant att5tions on ! "p ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,_! & 7deaconesses7 nurs$ him mo/ c>efully1 & 7,agap7 7 celebrat$ 9 8 prison1 !y load$ him ) pres5ts1 etc4 ,nev]!less on leav+ prison1 on acc\nt ( 8 hav+ eat5 a =bidd5 k9d ( meat 7fle% (f]$ to idols7 he 0 expell$ by !m4 ,he n[ ca/ himself into ! arms ( ! ,cynics1 travell$ z ! apo/le ( _! views ?r\gh ! :ole _w1 & end$ 8 life 9 8 mad ?ir/ = fame by volunt>ily ca/+ himself ^u ! fun]al pile4 ,lucian tells ) scornful sne] h[ ! sup]/iti\s p suppos$ t !re _h be5 an e>?quake & t an eagle flew up f 8 a%es cry+ out3 ,! e>? ,i h lo/1 to ,olympus ,i fly4 ,?is fable 0 believ$1 & ev5 yet x is said t sometimes ,p]egr9us w be se5 9 a :ite g>m5t z a _s4--,x is und\bt$ly record$ by ,aulus ,gellius t a ,cynic ,p]egr9us liv$ at ?is "t :om he describes z vir gravis et con/ans4 ,?is too is told by ! ,apologi/ ,tatian1 :o 9 him mocks at ! pret5sion on ! "p ( hea!n philosoph]s to emancipation f all wants4 ,b nei!r ( !m kn[s any?+ ab\t 8 ,*ri/ianity or 8 dea? by fire4 ,x is nev]!less conceivable t ,p]egr9us _h = "s "t connection ) ,*ri/ianity2 b )\t ?is assumption x seems likely t ,lucian 9 a satire :i*1 "u ! comb9$ influ5ce ( p]sonal & class antipa?ies1 aim$ fir/ & *iefly at /igmatiz+ ,cynicism 9 ! p]son ( ,p]egr9us1 %\ld place ,*ri/ianity alongside ( x z :at seem$ to him ) its contempt ( ! _w & self-d5ial to be a new1 p]haps a nobl]1 b /ill no?+ m ?an a species ( ,cynicism4 ,_m features 9 ! c>icature :i* he gives ( ! life1 do+s & dea? ( ,p]egr9us seem to h be5 d]iv$ by him f ! life ( ! ,apo/le ,paul z well z f ! acc\nt ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,ignatius1 & especially f t ( ,polyc>p 7 #bb1 #c74bh #bc4b4 ,wor%ipp]s ( an ,ass 7,as9>ii7 0 a t]m ( reproa* t 0 orig9ally & f e>ly times appli$ to ! ,jews4 ,!y n[ s\ght to h x transf]r$ to ! ,*ri/ians4 ,t]tullian tells ( a picture publicly exhibit$ 9 ,c>?age :i* repres5t$ a man clo!d 9 a toga1 ) ! e>s & ho( ( an ass1 hold+ a book 9 8 h&1 & _h ?is inscription3 ,deus ,*ri/ianorum ,ono*oetes4 ,?is "n is v>i\sly read4 ,if read z x means as9i sac]dos4 ,alongside ( ?is we may place ! picture1 belong+ probably to ! ?ird c5tury1 discov]$ 9 ,a4,d4 #aheh scrat*$ on a wall among ! ru9s ( a s*ool = ! imp]ial slaves1 t 7 !n excavat$4 ,x repres5ts a man ) an ass's head hang+ on a cross1 & b5ea? x ! c>icature ( a wor%ipp] ) ! words writt5 9 a s*oolboy's h&2 ,alexam5os wor%ips ,god 7,a4 72 evid5tly ! d]ision ( a ,*ri/ian y\? by a pagan companion4 ,! scrat*+ on ano!r wall gives u probably ! answ] ( ! ,*ri/ian3 ,alexam5os fidelis4 #bc4c4 ,polemic prop]ly s-call$4-- 7a7 ,! ( ,celsus is 9 great "p pres]v$ 9 ! answ] ( ,orig5 7 #ca1 #e74 ,he id5tifies ! au?or ) t ,celsus to :om ,lucian d$icat$ ! little "w ,alex&] or ,pseudomantis 9 :i* he s extols ! philosophy ( ,epicurus t x seems he mu/ be reg>d$ z an ,epicurean4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! philosophical /&po9t ( our ,celsus is t ( a ,platoni/ ! assumption ( ! id5tity ( ! two has be5 reg>d$ z unt5able4 ,b ev5 our ,celsus does n seem to h be5 a pure ,platoni/ b an ,eclectic1 & z su* might also %[ a c]ta9 measure ( fav\r to ! philosophy ( ,epicurus4 ,_! age is at lea/ ! same4 ,lucian wrote t treatise soon aft] ,a4,d4 #ahj1 & accord+ to ,keim1 ! 0 probably compos$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #agh4 ,almo/ ev]y?+ t mod]n oppon5ts d[n to our own day h advanc$ aga9/ ! gospel hi/ory & doctr9e is f\nd "h wr\ght out ) orig9al =ce & subtlety1 inspir$ ) burn+ hatr$ & bitt] irony1 & highly spic$ ) invective1 mock]y1 & wit4 ,fir/ ( all ! au?or introduces a ,jew :o repeats ! sl&]s curr5t among ! ,jews1 repres5t+ ,jesus z a vagabond impo/or1 ,8 "m z an adult]ess1 ,8 miracles & resurrection z ly+ fables2 !n ent]s a hea!n philosoph] :o proves t bo? ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity are absurd2 & f9ally1 ! conditions are set =? "u :i* alone ! ,*ri/ians might claim indulg5ce3 ! ab&onm5t ( _! exclusive attitude t[>d ! national religion & ! recognition ( x by _! tak+ "p 9 ! sacrifices appo9t$ by ! /ate4#bi 7b7 ,! ,neo-platoni/ ,porphyry1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #bgj1 z report$ by ,j]ome1 9 ! ,,xv4 ,book ( 8 po9ts to a numb] ( suppos$ contradictions 9 holy scripture1 calls att5tion to ! conflict betwe5 ,paul & ,pet] 7,gal4 ii471 expla9s ,daniel's prophecies z ,vatic9ia po/ ev5tum1 & c5sures ! allegorical int]pretation ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,al?\gh ev5 among ! ,*ri/ians !mselves ,porphyry z a philosoph] 0 highly e/eem$1 & not)/&+ contact at c]ta9 po9ts betwe5 8 e?ical & religi\s view ( ! _w & t ( ! ,*ri/ians1 p]haps j because ( ?is1 he is ! wor/ & mo/ dang]\s ( all _! pagan assailants4 ,aga9/ 8 controv]sial writ+s1 !re=e1 ! edict ( ,!odosius ,,ii4 ord]+ !m to be burnt 0 direct$ 9 ,a4,d4 #ddh 7 #db1 #d71 & ow+ to ! zeal ) :i* 8 works 7 de/roy$ ! great] "p ( ! treatises :i* quot$ f x = purposes ( controv]sy also p]i%$ ) x--! writ+s ( ,me?odius ( ,tyre 7 #ca1 #i71 ,eusebius ( ,cs>ea 7 #dg1 #b71 ,philo/orgius 7 #e1 #a7 & ,apoll9>is ! y\ng] 7 #dg1 #e74 ,( ^! accord+ to ,j]ome ^? ( ! la/ nam$ 7 ! mo/ important4 ,9 ! rec5tly discov]$ controv]sial treatise ( ,mac>ius ,magnes 7 #dg1 #f7 an unnam$ pagan philosoph] is combat$ ^: attacks1 *iefly direct$ aga9/ ! ,gospels1 to all appe>ance v]bally agree ) ! treatise ( ,porphyry1 or r1 p]haps1 ) t ( 8 plagi>i/ ,hi]ocles4 7c7 ,hi]ocles :o z gov]nor ( ,bi?ynia took an active "p 9 ! p]secution ( ,gal]ius1 wrote two books aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #cje1 :i* h also p]i%$4 ,eusebius' reply ref]s only to 8 repudiation ( ! equality assign$ to ,*ri/ & ,apollonius ( ,tyana 7 #bd1 #a74 ,:ile ! title ( 8 treatise is borr[$ f t ( ,celsus1 he has also accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,eusebius 9 great "p copi$ ! v words ( bo? ( 8 pr$ecessors4 #bd4 ,attempt$ ,recon/ruction ( ,paganism4 ,all its own m ?\ghtful adh]5ts _h long ackn[l$g$ t paganism mu/ und]go a ?or\gh re=m & recon/ruction if x 7 to cont9ue any long] 9 exi/5ce4 ,9 ! ,augu/an ,age an ef=t 0 made to bol/] up ,neopy?agoreanism by means ( !urgy & magic4 ,! *ief repres5tative ( ?is movem5t 0 ,apollonius ( ,tyana4 ,9 ! second c5tury an attempt 0 made to revivify ! secret rites ( ! anci5t my/]ies1 ( ,dea ,syra1 & ,mi?ras4 ,yet all ?is 0 n en\gh4 ,:at 0 ne$$ 0 ! sett+ up ( a pagan sy/em :i* w\ld meet ! religi\s crav+s ( m5 9 ! same measure z ,*ri/ianity ) its sup]naturalism1 mono!ism & univ]salism _h done1 & w\ld h ! absurdities & impurities t _h disfigur$ ! popul> religion /ripp$ (f4 ,su* a reg5]ation ( paganism 0 und]tak5 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury by ,neoplatonism4 ,b ev5 ?is 0 no m able ?an pagan polemics _h be5 to *eck ! victori\s c>e] ( ,*ri/ianity4 #bd4a4 ,apollonius ( ,tyana 9 ,cappadocia1 a contempor>y ( ,*ri/ & ! ,apo/les1 0 a philosoph]1 ascetic & magician e/eem$ among ! p z a work] ( miracles4 ,z an e>ne/ adh]5t ( ! doctr9e ( ,py?agoras1 :om he also imitat$ 9 8 dress & mann] ( life1 claim+ ! possession ( ! gifts ( prophecy & miracle work+1 he assum$ ! role ( a moral & religi\s re=m] ( ! pagan religion ( 8 fa!rs4 ,accompani$ by num]\s s*ol>s1 tea*+ & work+ miracles1 he travell$ ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! !n kn[n _w until he rea*$ ! wond]l& ( ,india4 ,he settl$ d[n at la/ 9 ,ephesus :]e he di$ at an advanc$ age1 hav+ at lea/ pass$ 8 n9ety-six? ye>4 ,at ! wi% ( ! ,empress ,julia1 wife ( ,septimius ,sev]us1 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 ,philo/ratus ! eld] compos$ 9 ! =m ( a romance 9 eight books bas$ ^u writt5 & oral s\rces1 a biography ( ,apollonius1 9 :i* he is repres5t$ z a hea!n c\nt]p>t ( ,*ri/1 :o is o!rwise completely ignor$1 excell+ ,him 9 complet5ess ( life1 doctr9e & miracul\s p[]s4#cj #bd4b4 ,9 ,neo-platonism1 by ! comb9ation ( all t 0 noble/ & be/ 9 ! exot]ic & esot]ic religion1 9 ! philosophy1 !osophy & !urgy ( e>li] & lat] times 9 ,ea/ & ,we/1 we are pres5t$ ) a univ]sal religion 9 :i* fai? & k1 philosophy & !ology1 !ory & practice1 7 s p]fectly unit$ & reconcil$1 & all religi\s ne$s s fully met1 t 9 comp>ison ) its weal? & fulness1 ! gnosis z well z ! fai?1 ! wor%ip & ! my/]ies ( ! ,*ri/ians mu/ h seem$ "o-sid$1 commonplace & incomplete4 ,! fir/ to introduce & comm5d ?is t5d5cy1 :i* 0 c>ri$ out 9 ?ree successive s*ools ( philosophy1 ! ,alex&rian-,roman1 ! ,syrian & ! ,a!nian1 0 ! ,alex&rian ,ammonius ,saccas1--?is surname be+ d]iv$ f 8 occupation z a port]4 ,he liv$ & taught 9 ,alex&ria till ab\t ,a4,d4 #bej4 ,he s\ght to comb9e 9 a high] unity ! ,platonic & ! ,ari/otelian philosophies1 giv+ to ! =m] a normative au?ority1 & he did n hesitate to enri* 8 sy/em by ! incorporation ( ,*ri/ian ideas4 ,8 k ( ,*ri/ianity came f ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria & f ,orig51 ^: tea*] 9 philosophy he _h be54 ,porphyry inde$ affirms t he _h previ\sly be5 himself a ,*ri/ian1 b _h at a lat] p]iod ( life return$ to paganism4--,! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( 8 s*ol>s1 & also ! mo/ tal5t$ & pr(\nd ( all ! ,neo-platoni/s1 0 ,plot9us1 :o 0 9 ,a4,d4 #bed a tea*] ( philosophy at ,rome1 & di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #bgj4 ,8 philosophico-!ological sy/em 9 its *>act]i/ic features is a comb9ation ( ! ,platonic anti!sis ( ! f9ite _w ( s5se & ! et]nal _w ( ideas ) ! /oical doctr9e ( ! _w s\l4 ,! et]nal gr\nd ( all be+ is ! "o supramundane1 un9telligible & indescribable good 7 1 71 f :i* all /ages ( be+ are radiat$ =?2 fir/2 _s or ! _w ( ideas 71 71 ! et]nal type ( all be+2 & !n1 f ?is ! _w s\l 772 & f ?is1 f9ally1 ! _w ( ph5om5a4 ,! out]mo/ fr+e ( ?is evolution1 ! =ms ( :i* ! fur!r !y are remov$ f ! orig9al gr\nd become m & m imp]fect1 is matt]1 j z ! %ad[ is ! out]mo/ fr+e ( ! light4 ,x is conceiv$ ( z ! f9ite1 ! fleet+1 ev5 z evil 9 itself4 ,b imp]fect z ! _w ( s5se is1 x is nev]!less ! vehicle ( ! ideal _w & 9 _m ways p5etrat$ by ! ideas1 & ! light+ up imp>t$ by ! ideas af=ds x its beauty4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ^? rays %9+ 9 f ! realm ( ideas1 a :ole va/ hi]>*y ( div9e =ms has aris51 ) c\ntless dmons good & bad1 :i* give room = ! incorporation ( all ! div9e be+s ( ! ,greek & ori5tal my?ologies4 ,9 ?is way my?s t 7 p>tly immoral & p>tly fanta/ic c be rehabilitat$ z symbolical cov]+s ( speculative ideas4 ,! s\ls ( m51 too1 orig9ate f ! et]nal _w s\l4 ,by _! transition1 h[ev]1 into ! _w ( s5se !y are hamp]$ & fett]$ by corporeity4 ,!y !mselves complete _! r$emption ?r\gh emancipation f ! bonds ( s5se by means ( asceticism & ! practice ( virtue4 ,9 ?is way !y secure a return into ! ideal _w & ! vision ( ! highe/ good1 sometimes z mom5ts ( ec/atic my/ical union ) t _w1 ev5 dur+ ?is e>?ly life1 b an et]nally unbrok5 cont9uance !re( is only atta9$ unto aft] complete emancipation f all ! bonds ( matt]4#ca--,plot9us' mo/ celebrat$ s*ol>1 :o also wrote 8 life1 & collect$ & arrang$ 8 lit]>y rema9s1 0 ,porphyry4 ,he also taught 9 ,rome & di$ !re 9 ,a4,d4 #cjd4 ,8 1 a collection ( oracul> utt]ances1 0 a positive supplem5t to 8 polemic aga9/ ,*ri/ianity 7 #bc1 #c71 & af=d$ to paganism a book ( revelation1 a hea!n bible1 z ,philo/ratus _h be=e s\ght to portray a hea!n savi\r4 ,( great] importance = ! developm5t ( m$ival s*ola/icism 0 8 ,comm5t>y on ! logical works ( ,ari/otle1 publi%$ 9 sev]al editions ( ! ,ari/otelian ,organon4--,8 s*ol> ,iambli*us ( ,*alcis 9 ,cle-,syria1 :o di$ ,a4,d4 #ccc1 0 ! f\nd] ( ! ,syrian s*ool4 ,! developm5t :i* he gave to ! ,neo-platonic doctr9e consi/$ *iefly 9 ! incorporation ( a fanta/ic ori5tal my?ology & !urgy4 ,?is also br\ght him ! reputation ( be+ a magician4--,f9ally1 ! ,a!nian s*ool _h 9 ,proclus1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #dhe1 its mo/ di/+ui%$ repres5tative4 ,:ile on ! "o h&1 he proce$$ along ! pa? op5$ by ,iambli*us to develop vag>ies ab\t dmons & !urgical fancies1 on ! o!r h&1 he gave to 8 s*ool an impulse 9 ! direction ( s*ol>ly & encyclopdic culture4--,! ,neo-platonic speculation ex]cis$ no small influ5ce on ! developm5t ( ,*ri/ian philosophy4 ,! philosophiz+ *ur* fa!rs1 ^: d>l+ 0 ,plato1 got acqua9tance ) 8 philosophical views f its relatively pure reproduction met ) 9 ! works ( ! old] ,neo-platoni/s4 ,! influ5ce ( _! my/ico-!osophic doctr9e1 especially z convey$ 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,pseudo-,dionysius 7 #dg1 #aa71 is p>ticul>ly disc]nible 9 ! ,*ri/ian my/icism ( ! middle ages1 & has be5 !nce transmitt$ to mod]n times4#cb #be4 ,jewi% & ,sam>itan ,reaction4 ,! ,judaism ( ! ,apo/olic ,age 9 its mo/ *>act]i/ic =m 0 ?or\ghly ho/ile to ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,ph>isees & ! mass ( ! p ) _! expectation ( a political ,messiah1 took (f5ce at a ,messiah crucifi$ by ! ,g5tiles 7#a ,cor4 i4 #ac72 _! national pride 0 w\nd$ by ! grant+ ( equality to ,sam>itans & hea!ns1 :ile _! legal righte\sness & %am piety 7 expos$ & c5sur$ by ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,on ! o!r side1 ! ,sadducees felt no less call$ ^u to fight to ! dea? aga9/ ,*ri/ianity ) its doctr9e ( ! resurrection 7,acts iv4 #b2 xxiii4 #f74 ,! same ho/ile feel+ g5]ally prevail$ among ! disp]sion4 ,! ,jewi% community at ,b]ea 7,acts xvii4 #b7 is prais$ z a pleas+ exception to ! g5]al rule4 ,f9ally1 9 ,a4,d4 #gj de/ruction fell ^u ! cov5ant p & ! holy city4 ,! ,*ri/ian *ur* ( ,j]usalem1 act+ ^u a w>n+ utt]$ by ! ,"l 7,matt4 xxiv4 #af71 f\nd a place ( refuge 9 ! m\nta9 city ( ,pella1 on ! o!r side ( ,jordan4 ,b :5 ! ,pseudo-,messiah1 ,b>-,co*ba 7,son ( a ,/>1 ,num4 xxiv4 #ag71 r\s$ all ,pale/9e aga9/ ! ,roman rule1 9 ,a4,d4 #acb1 ! ,pale/9ian ,*ri/ians :o refus$ to assi/ or recognise ! false ,messiah1 _h aga9 to endure a bloody p]secution4 ,b>-,co*ba 0 defeat$ 9 ,a4,d4 #ace4 ,hadrian n[ comm&$ t ^u pa9 ( dea? no ,jew %\ld ent] lia ,capitol9a1 ! ,roman colony f\nd$ by him on ! ru9s ( ,j]usalem4 ,f t "t !y 7 depriv$ ( all p[] & opportunity = direct p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,all ! great] 0 _! pleasure at ! p]secutions by ! hea!ns & _! zeal 9 urg+ ! pagans to extreme measures4 ,9 _! sem9>ies !y gave curr5cy to ! mo/ horrible lies & calumnies ab\t ,*ri/ & ! ,*ri/ians1 :i* also issu$ !nce among ! hea!ns4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 !y int5sifi$ _! own anti-,*ri/ian attitude & s\ght protection aga9/ ! advanc+ tide ( ,*ri/ianity by /rangl+ all spiritual movem5t "u a mass ( traditional int]pretations & judgm5ts ( m54 ,! ,s*ools ( ,tib]ias & ,babylon 7 ! nurs]ies ( ?is movem5t1 & ! ,talmud1 ! fir/ "p ( :i*1 ! ,mi%na1 _h its orig9 dur+ ?is p]iod1 m>ks ! completion ( ?is anti-,*ri/ian self-petrifaction ( ,judaism4 ,! disciples ( ,john1 too1 assum$ a ho/ile attitude t[>d ,*ri/ianity1 & =m$ a di/9ct set "u ! "n ( ,hem]obapti/s4 ,contemporane\sly ) ! fir/ successes ( ! ,apo/olic mission1 a curr5t set 9 among ! ,sam>itans calculat$ to *eckmate ,*ri/ianity by ! sett+ up ( new religions4 ,dosi!us1 ,simon ,magus & ,m5&] "h made _! appe>ance ) claims to ! ,messiah%ip1 & 7 at a lat] p]iod designat$ h]esi>*s by ! *ur* fa!rs1 :o believ$ t 9 !m !y f\nd ! g]ms ( ! ,gno/ic h]esy 7 #bf ff474 #be4a4 ,disciples ( ,john4--,ev5 aft] _! ma/] _h be5 behead$ ! disciples ( ,john ! ,bapti/ ma9ta9$ a sep>ate society ( _! own1 & reproa*$ ! disciples ( ,jesus because ( _! want ( /rict ascetic discipl9e 7,matt4 ix4 #ad1 etc474 ,! disciples ( ,john 9 ! ,acts 7xviii4 #be2 xix4 #a-g7 7 probably ,hell5i/ ,jews1 :o on _! visits to ! fea/s _h be5 po9t$ by ,john to ,*ri/1 ann\nc$ by him z ,messiah1 )\t hav+ any in=mation z to ! fur!r developm5ts ( ! ,*ri/ian community4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 h[ev]1 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies 7 #bh1 #c71 9 :i* ,john ! ,bapti/ is designat$ a 1 speaks ( gno/iciz+ disciples ( ,john1 :o may be id5tical ) ! ,hem]obapti/s1 t is1 ^? :o practise baptism daily1 ( ,eusebius 7,hi/4 ,eccl41 iv4 #bb74 ,!y orig9at$ probably f a coalition ( ,ess5es 7 #h1 #d7 & disciples ( ! ,bapti/ :o :5 orphan$ by ! dea? ( ,john p]si/5tly refus$ to jo9 ! disciples ( ,*ri/4--,we he> no m ( !m till ! ,c>melite mission>y ,john a ,jesu 9 ,p]sia came ^u a sect errone\sly call$ ,*ri/ians ( ,/4 ,john or ,nazoreans4#cc ,au!ntic in=mation ab\t ! doctr9e1 wor%ip & con/itution ( ?is sect t /ill numb]s "s hundr$ families1 0 fir/ obta9$ 9 ! #ai? c5tury by an exam9ation ( _! v compreh5sive sacr$ lit]ature1 writt5 9 an ,aramaic dialect v simil> to t ( ! ,babylonian ,talmud4 ,! mo/ important ( ^? writ+s ! s-call$ ,great ,book 7,sidra rabba71 also call$ ,g9za1 t is1 !saurus1 has be5 fai?fully reproduc$ by ,pet]mann "u ! title ,!saurus s4 ,lib] magnus1 etc41 #b vols41 ,b]l41 #ahfg4--;,among !mselves ! adh]5ts ( ?is sect 7 /yl$ ,m&ans1 aft] "o ( _! num]\s div9e be+s or ons1 ,m&a de *aje1 mean+ 4 ,9 _! extremely complicat$ religi\s sy/em1 resembl+ 9 _m respects ! ,ophite ,gnosis 7 #bg1 #f7 & ,mani*eism 7 #bi71 ?is on takes ! place ( ! heav5ly m$iator 9 ! salvation ( ! e>?ly _w4 ,among ^? )\t1 h[ev]1 !y call$ !mselves ,subba1 ,sabeans f or to baptize4 ,al?\gh !y _c be id5tifi$ "r (f ) ! ,disciples ( ,john & ,hem]obapti/s1 a hi/orical connection betwe5 !m1 c>ry+ ) x gno/ic & ori5tal-hea!n influ5ces1 is highly probable4 ,! "n ,sabean itself sugge/s ?is1 b /ill m ! position !y assign to ,john ! ,bapti/ z ! only true prophet ov] aga9/ ,abraham1 ,moses1 ,jesus1 & ,mohamm$4 ,z adh]5ts ( ,john ! ,bapti/ reject$ by ! ,jews ! old ,disciples ( ,john _h an anti-,jewi% "*1 & by _! own rejection ( ,*ri/ an anti-,*ri/ian "*4 ,by %ift+ _! resid5ce to ,babylon1 h[ev]1 !y became s dep5d5t on ! ,syro-,*aldean my?ology1 !osophy & !urgy1 t !y sank completely into paganism1 & s _! opposition to ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity increas$ into fanatical hatr$ & horrid calumniation4#cd #be4b4 ,! ,sam>itan ,h]esi>*s4 7a7 ,dosi!us 0 accord+ to ,orig5 a contempor>y ( ,jesus & ! ,apo/les1 & gave himself out z ! prophet promis$ 9 ,deut4 xviii4 #ah4 ,he insi/$ ^u a curi\sly /rict obs]vance ( ! ,sabba?1 & accord+ to ,epiphanius he p]i%$ mis]ably 9 a cave 9 consequ5ce ( an o/5tati\sly prolong$ fa/4 ,purely fabul\s are ! /ories ( ! ,pseudo-,clem5t9e writ+s 7 #bh1 #c7 :i* br+ him into contact ) ,john ! ,bapti/ z 8 s*ol> & successor1 & ) ,simon ,magus z 8 defeat$ rival4 ,m cr$ible is ! acc\nt ( an ,arabic-,sam>itan ,*ronicle1#ce accord+ to :i* ! sect ( ! ,do/anians at ! "t ( ,simon ,maccabu trac$ _! desc5t f a ,sam>itan tribe1 :ile also ! ,ca?olic h]esiologies 7 #bf1 #d7 reckon ! ,dosi!ans among ! pre-,*ri/ian sects4 ,accord+ to a /atem5t ( ,eulogius ( ,alex&ria record$ by ,photius1 ! ,dosi!ans & ,sam>itans 9 ,egypt 9 ,a4,d4 #ehh disput$ z to ! mean+ ( ,deut4 xviii4 #ah4 7b7 ,simon ,magus1 born1 accord+ to ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 at ,gitta 9 ,sam>ia1 appe>$ 9 8 native c\ntry z a soo?say] ) su* success t ! infatuat$ p hail$ him z ! 4 ,:5 ,philip ! ,deacon prea*$ ! gospel 9 ,sam>ia1 ,simon also receiv$ baptism f him1 b 0 /]nly d5\nc$ by ,pet] f :om he wi%$ to buy ! gift ( communicat+ ! ,_s 7,acts viii74 ,z to ! id5tity ( ?is man ) ,simon ! ,magician1 accord+ to ,josephus hail+ f ,cyprus1 :o induc$ ! ,h]odian ,drusilla to quit h] husb& & become ! wife ( ! ,gov]nor ,felix 7,acts xxiv4 #bd71 x c sc>cely claim to be m ?an a probability4 ,a va/ collection ( fabul\s leg5ds soon grew up ar\nd ! "n ( ,simon ,magus1 n only f ! ,g5tile-,*ri/ian & ,ca?olic side1 b also f ! ,jewi%-,*ri/ian & h]etical side2 ! latt] to be /ill met ) 9 ! ,pseudo-,clem5t9e ,homilies & ,recognitions1 :ile 9 ! ,acta ,petri et ,pauli1 we h ! ,ca?olic revision & reproduction ( ! no long] extant ,ebioni/ic ,acts ( ,pet] 7 #cb1 #f74 ,^! ,judaiz+ h]etics p>ticul>ly amus$ !mselves by mak+ a v slightly veil$ vile c>icature ( ! great ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles by transf]r+ to ! "n ( ! magician _m di/ort$ repres5tations ( occurr5ces 9 ! life & works ( ! ,apo/le ,paul4 ,?is repres5tation1 h[ev]1 0 recognis$ 9 ! ,acts above ref]r$ to & by ! *ur* fa!rs z orig9ally descriptive ( ,simon ,magus4 ,on ! basis ( ?is leg5d>y conglom]ate ,ir5u1 aft] ! example ( ,ju/91 describes him z ,magi/] ac prog5itor omnium hreticorum4 ,f a h\se ( ill fame 9 ,tyre he b\ght a slave girl ,hel5a1 to :om he assign$ ! role ( ! _w creat+ ( ,god4 ,! angels born ( h] = ! purpose ( creat+ ! _w _h rebell$ aga9/ h]2 %e 0 enslav$1 & 0 imprison$1 sometimes 9 ?is1 sometimes 9 t1 human body2 at "o "t 9 ! body ( ,hel5 ( ,troy1 & at la/ 9 t ( ! ,tyrian pro/itute4 ,9 ord] to r$eem h] & ) h] ! _w enslav$ by ! rebel angels1 ! supreme ,god 7 7 ,himself came d[n & assum$ ! =m ( man1 0 born unbegott5 ( man1 suff]$ 9 appe>ance 9 ,judea1 & reveals ,himself to ! ,sam>itans z ,fa!r1 to ! ,jews z ,son1 & to ! ,g5tiles z ! ,holy ,_s4 ,! salvation ( man consi/s simply 9 ackn[l$g+ ,simon & 8 ,hel5a z ! supreme gods4 ,by fai? only1 n by works1 is man ju/ifi$4 ,! law orig9at$ ) ! evil angels & 0 devis$ by !m m]ely to keep m5 9 bondage "u !m4 ,?is la/ po9t is evid5tly transf]r$ to ! magician p>tly f ! ,apo/le ,paul1 p>tly f ,m>cion 7 #bg1 #aa71 & is copi$ f ,ebionite s\rces4 ,! ,simon my? is specially ri* 9 leg5ds ab\t ! magician's resid5ce 9 ,rome1 to :i* place he _h betak5 himself aft] be+ (t5 defeat$ 9 disputation by ! ,apo/le ,pet]1 & :]e he 0 s successful t ! ,romans erect$ a column 9 8 hon\r on an isl& 9 ! ,tib]1 :i* ,ju/9 ,m>tyr himself is said to h se51 be>+ ! inscription3 ,simoni sancto ,deo4 ,! discov]y 9 ,a4,d4 #aegd ( ! column d$icat$ to ! ,sab9e god ( oa?s1 inscrib$ 8,semoni ,sanco ,deo ,fidio10 expla9s h[ su* a leg5d may h aris5 out ( a misund]/&+4 ,al?\gh by a successful piece ( juggl]y--decapitation & ris+ aga9 ! ?ird day1 hav+ sub/itut$ = himself a goat :om he _h bewit*$ to assume 8 appe>ance1 ^: head 0 cut (f--he won ! special fav\r ( ,n]o1 he 0 !reaft] 9 public disputation be=e ! emp]or unmask$ by ,pet]4 ,9 ord] to rehabilitate himself he (f]$ to prove 8 div9e p[] by asc5d+ up into heav54 ,= ?is purpose he m\nt$ a high t[]4 ,pet] adjur$ ! angel ( ,satan1 :i* c>ri$ him ?r\gh ! air1 & ! magician fell ) a cra% to ! gr\nd4 ,probably !re is "h transf]r$ to "o magician :at is told by ,suetonius 7,n]o1 xii47 & ,juv5al 7,sat4 iii4 #gi ff47 z happ5+ to a soo?say] 9 ,n]o's "t :o made an attempt to fly4 ,! s*ool ( ,baur 7 #ahb1 #g71 aft] ,baur himself _h discov]$ 9 ! ,simon ,magus ( ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies a c>icature ( ! ,apo/le ,paul1 has come to "q ! exi/5ce ( ! magician altoge!r1 & has attempt$ to acc\nt = ! my? z orig9at+ f ! hatr$ ( ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians to ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,support = ?is view is s\ght f ,acts viii41 ! (f]+ ( money by ! magician be+ reg>d$ z a malici\sly di/ort$ acc\nt ( ! contribution convey$ by ,paul to ! *ur* at ,j]usalem4#cf ,rec5tly1 h[ev]1 ,hilg5feld1 :o previ\sly ma9ta9$ ?is view1 has aga9 recognis$ z well gr\nd$ ! tradition ( ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs1 t ,simon 0 ! real au?or ( ! 1 & has c>ri$ out ?is idea 9 8 8,ketz]ges*i*te40 7c7 ,m5&] 01 accord+ to ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 a disciple ( ,simon4 ,subsequ5tly he und]took to play ! "p ( ! ,savi\r ( ! _w4 ,9 do+ s1 h[ev]1 he 0 always1 z ,ir5u rem>ks1 mode/ en\gh n to give himself out z ! supreme god1 b only z ! ,messiah s5t by ,him4 ,he taught1 h[ev]1 t any "o :o %\ld receive 8 baptism w\ld nev] become old or die4#cg ,,ii4 ,,dang] ,,to ,,! ,,*ur* ,,f ,,pagan ,,& ,,jewi% ,,elem5ts ,,)9 ,,its ,,own ,,pale4 #bf4 ,,gno/icism ,,9 ,,g5]al4#ch ,! ,judaism & paganism import$ into ! *ur* prov$ m dang]\s to x ?an ! /orm ( p]secution rag+ aga9/ x f )\t4 ,ebionism 7 #bh7 0 ! result ( ! attempt to incorporate into ,*ri/ianity ! n>r[ p>ticul>ism ( ,judaism2 ,h]etical ,gnosis or ,gno/icism 0 ! result ( ! attempt to bl5d ) ,*ri/ianity ! religi\s notions ( pagan my?ology1 my/]iology1 !osophy & philosophy4 ,^! two t5d5cies1 moreov]1 7 comb9$ 9 a ,gno/ic ,ebionism1 9 ! direction ( :i* ,ess5ism may be reg>d$ z a transitional /age 7 #h1 #d74 ,9 _m respects ,mani*ism 7 #bi71 :i* sprang up at a lat] p]iod1 is relat$ to ! ,gno/icism ( ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity1 b also 9 "* & t5d5cy widely diff]5t f x4 ,! *ur* _h to employ all h] p[]s to pres]ve h]self f ?is m$ley ( religi\s fancies & to purify h] fields f ! we$s t 7 be+ s[n on e side4 ,9 reg>d to ,ebionism & its gno/iciz+ developm5ts ?is 0 a comp>atively easy task4 ,! ,gno/icism ( ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity 0 mu* m difficult to deal )1 & al?\gh ! *ur* succe$$ 9 ov]com+ ! we$ 9 h] fields1 yet _m ( its se$s cont9u$ hidd5 = c5turies1 f :i* spr\ts grew up n[ & aga9 q unexpect$ly 7 #ed1 #ga1 #ajh74 ,?is /ruggle has nev]!less l$ to ! fur!rance ( ! *ur* 9 _m ways1 awak5+ 9 x a s5se ( sci5tific requirem5ts1 /irr+ x up to m vigor\s battl+ = ! tru?1 & end[+ x ) a m g5]\s & lib]al _s4 ,x _h le>nt to put a ,*ri/ian gnosis 9 ! place ( ! h]etical1 a "r & :olesome use ( speculation & philosophy1 ( poetry & art1 9 place ( _! misuse1 & ?us enabl$ ,*ri/ianity to realise its univ]sal de/9ation4 #bf4a4 ,gno/icism 0 deeply root$ 9 a p[]ful & *>act]i/ic intellectual t5d5cy ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,a p]si/5t conviction t ! anci5t _w _h exhau/$ itself & 0 no long] able to resi/ its ?reat5$ ov]?r[1 n[ prevail$ & drove ! deepe/ ?9k]s to adopt ! bolde/ & gr&e/ ,syncretism ! _w has ev] beheld1 9 ! bl5d+ ( all ! previ\sly isolat$ & het]og5e\s elem5ts ( culture z a f9al attempt at ! rejuv5at+ ( t :i* _h become old 7 #be74 ,ev5 )9 ! bord]s ( ! *ur* ?is ,syncretism fav\r$ by ! prevail+ _s ( ! age influ5c$ ^? ( sup]ior culture1 to :om ! *ur* doctr9e ( t age did n seem to make en\gh ( !osophical pr9ciples & speculative ?\ght1 :ile ! wor%ip ( ! *ur* seem$ dry & b>r54 ,out ( ! fus+ ( cosmological my?s & philosophemes ( ori5tal & ,greek paganism ) ,*ri/ian hi/orical elem5ts 9 ! crucible ( its own speculation1 !re arose num]\s sy/ems ( a high] fanta/ic sort ( religi\s philosophy1 :i* 7 includ$ "u ! common "n ( ,gno/icism4 ,! pagan elem5t is ^u ! :ole ! prevail+ "o1 inasmu* z 9 mo/ ,gno/ic sy/ems ,*ri/ianity is n repres5t$ z ! conclusion & completion ( ! developm5t ( salvation giv5 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 b (t5 m]ely z ! cont9uation & climax ( ! pagan religion ( nature & ! pagan my/]y wor%ip4 ,! attitude ( ?is h]etical gnosis t[>d holy scripture 0 v>i\s4 ,by means ( allegorical int]pretation "s endeav\r$ to prove _! sy/em f x2 o!rs pref]r$ to depreciate ! ,apo/les z falsifi]s ( ! orig9al purely gno/ic doctr9e ( ,*ri/1 or to remodel ! apo/olic writ+s 9 accordance ) _! own views1 or ev5 to produce a bible ( _! own aft] ! pr9ciples ( _! own s*ools 9 ! =m ( gno/ic pseudepigraphs4 ,) !m1 h[ev]1 = ! mo/ "p ! tradition ( anci5t wisdom z ! communicat$ secret doctr9e /ood high] ?an holy scripture4 ,ov] aga9/ ! h]etical gnosis1 an ecclesia/ical gnosis 0 develop$1 especially 9 ! ,alex&rian s*ool ( !ology 7,clem5t & ,orig51 #ca1 #d1 #e71 :i*1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 xii4 #h1 #i2 xiii4 #b1 0 e/eem$ & /riv5 aft] z1 9 contradi/9ction to fai?1 a high] /age 9 ! developm5t ( ! religi\s consci\sness4 ,! ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 ! two consi/$ 9 ?is1 t ! latt] 0 det]m9$1 inspir$ & gov]n$ by ! believ+ consci\sness ( ! univ]sal *ur*1 z gradually =mulat$ 9 ! *ur* confession1 :]eas ! =m]1 completely emancipat$ !refrom1 disport$ itself 9 ! unre/rict$ arbitr>9ess ( fanta/ic speculation4 #bf4b4 ,! ,problems ( ,gno/ic ,speculation are3 ! orig9 ( ! _w & ( evil1 z well z ! task1 means & end ( ! _w's developm5t4 ,9 solv+ ^! problems ! ,gno/ics borr[$ mo/ly f paganism ! !ory ( ! _w's orig91 & f ,*ri/ianity ! idea ( r$emption4 ,at ! basis ( almo/ all ,gno/ic sy/ems !re lies ! dualism ( ,god & matt] 772 only t matt] is reg>d$ sometimes 9 a ,platonic s5se z non-ess5tial & non-sub/antial 7 7 & h5ce )\t ho/ile opposition to ! godhead1 sometimes m 9 ! ,p>see s5se z inspir$ & dom9at$ by an evil pr9ciple1 & h5ce 9 viol5t opposition to ! good ,god4 ,9 work+ out ! !osophical & cosmological process x is ma9ly ! idea ( emanation 77 t is call$ into play1 :]eby f ! hidd5 ,god is d]iv$ a long s]ies ( div9e ess5ces 771 ^: inh]5t div9e p[] dim9i%es 9 proportion z !y are remov$ to a di/ance f ! orig9al s\rce ( be+4 ,^! ons !n make _! appe>ance z int]m$i>ies 9 ! creation1 developm5t & r$emption ( ! _w4 ,! sub/ratum out ( :i* ! _w is creat$ consi/s 9 a mixture ( ! elem5ts ( ! _w ( light 77 ) ! elem5ts ( matt] 77 by means ( nature1 *ance or conflict4 ,"o ( ! lea/ & weake/ ( ! ons1 :o is usually designat$ 1 aft] ! example ( ,plato 9 ! ,timu1 is br\ght =w>d z ! creator ( ! _w4 ,creation is ! fir/ /ep t[>d r$emption4 ,b ! ,demiurge _c or w n c>ry x out1 & s f9ally !re appe>s 9 ! fulness ( ! times "o ( ! highe/ ons z r$eem]1 9 ord] to secure p]fect emancipation to ! imprison$ elem5ts ( light by ! communication ( ! 4 ,see+ t matt] is d]iv$ f ! evil1 he appe>s 9 a seem+ body or at baptism id5tifies himself ) ! psy*ical ,messiah s5t by ! ,demiurge4 ,! dea? on ! cross is ei!r only an optical illusion1 or ! heav5ly ,*ri/1 return+ to ! pl]oma1 quits ! man ,jesus1 or gives ,8 =m to "s o!r man 7,simon ( ,cyr5e1 ,matt4 xxvii4 #cb7 s t he is crucifi$ in/ead ( ,him 7,docetism74 ,! s\ls ( m51 accord+ z ! pl]omatic or hylic pr$om9ates 9 !m1 are 9 _! nature1 ei!r ,pneumatic1 :i* alone are capable ( ! 1 or ,psy*ical1 :i* c only aspire to 1 or f9ally1 ,hylic 71 71 to :i* class ! great majority belongs1 :i*1 subject to ,satanic influ5ces1 s]ve only _! l[] desires4 ,r$emption consi/s 9 ! conque/ & exclusion ( matt]1 & is accompli%$ ?r\gh k 77 & asceticism4 ,x is !re=e a *emical1 r ?an an e?ical process4 ,see+ t ! orig9al seat ( evil is 9 matt]1 sanctification is driv5 f ! e?ical doma9 into ! physical1 & consi/s 9 battl+ ) matt] & )hold+ f mat]ial enjoym5ts4 ,! ,gno/ics 7 ?us orig9ally v /rict 9 _! moral discipl9e1 b (t5 !y ru%$ to ! o!r extreme1 to lib]t9ism & ant9omianism1 9 consequ5ce p>tly ( ! depreciation ( ! law ( ! ,demiurge1 p>tly ( ! t5d5cy to reb\nd f "o extreme to ! o!r1 & ju/ifi$ _! conduct on ! gr\nd ( 4 #bf4c4 ,di/ribution4--,giesel] gr\ps ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ian ,gno/ics accord+ to _! native c\ntries into ,egyptian or ,alex&rian1 ^: emanationi/ & duali/ic !ories 7 col\r$ by ,platonism1 & ! ,syrian1 ^: views 7 affect$ by ,p>seeism4--,ne&] divides ,gno/ic sy/ems into ,judai/ic & ,anti-,jewi%1 subdivid+ ! latt] into su* z incl9e to ,paganism1 & su* z /rive to appreh5d ,*ri/ianity 9 its purity & simplicity4--,hase arranges !m z ,ori5tal1 ,greek & ,*ri/ian4--,baur classifies ! ,gno/ic sy/ems z ^? :i* endeav\r to comb9e ,judaism & paganism ) ,*ri/ianity1 & ^? :i* oppose ,*ri/ianity to ^!4--,lipsius m>ks ?ree /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ,gno/icism3 ! bl5d+ ( ,asiatic my?s ) a ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian basis :i* took place 9 ,syria2 ! fur!r addition to ?is ( ,greek philosophy ei!r ,/oicism or ,platonism :i* 0 c>ri$ out 9 ,egypt2 & recurr5ce to ! e?ical pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! elevation ( above 4--,hilg5feld arranges 8 discussion ( ^! sy/ems 9 accordance ) _! place 9 ! e>ly h]esiologies4--,b none ( ^! arrangem5ts c be reg>d$ z 9 e respect satisfactory1 & inde$ x may be impossible to lay d[n any pr9ciple ( di/ribution ( su* a k9d4 ,!re are s _m fundam5tal elem5ts & ^! ( s div]se a "*1 t no "o s*eme ( division may suffice = an adequate classification ( all ,gno/ic sy/ems4 ,! difficulty 0 fur!r enhanc$ by ! contradiction1 approximation1 & confusion ( sy/ems1 & by _! con/ruction & recon/ruction1 ( :i* ,rome z ! capital ( ! _w 0 ! great c5tre4 #bf4d4 ,s\rces ( ,in=mation4--,abundant z ! lit]>y productions 7 :i* assum$ ! "n or else )\t ! "n develop$ ! pr9ciples ( ,gno/icism1 comp>atively little ( ?is lit]ature has be5 pres]v$4 ,we are ?us ma9ly dep5d5t ^u ! repres5tations ( its ca?olic oppon5ts1 & to !m also we owe ! pres]vation ( _m au!ntic fragm5ts4 ,! fir/ *ur* tea*] :o ex pr(esso deals ) ,gno/icism is ,ju/9 ,m>tyr 7 #cj1 #i71 ^: controv]sial treatise1 h[ev]1 z well z t ( ,hegesippus 7 #ca1 #g71 has be5 lo/4 ,! mo/ important ( extant treatises ( ?is k9d are ^? ( ,ir5u 9 five books ,adv4 hreses1 & ( ,hippolytus 1 ! s-call$ ,philosoph\m5a 7 #ca1 #c74 ,! 4 4 4 ( ,hippolytus is no long] extant 9 ! orig9al2 a ,lat9 translation ( x app>5tly exi/s 9 ! ,libellus adv4 omnes hreses1 :i* has be5 attribut$ to ,t]tullian4 ,toge!r ) ! "w ( ,ir5u1 x =m$ a qu]y = ! lat] h]esiologi/s1 ,epiphanius & ,phila/] 7 #dg1 #aj1 #ad71 :o 7 app>5tly unacqua9t$ ) ! lat] writt5 b m important & complete ,el5*us4 ,besides ^! %\ld be m5tion$ ! writ+s ( ,t]tullian 7 #ca1 #aj7 & ,!odoret 7 #dg1 #i7 ref]r+ to ?is controv]sy1 ! ,/romata ( ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 & ! publi%$ discussions ( ,orig5 7 #ca1 #d1 #e71 especially 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ,john1 also ! five ,dialogues ( ! ,pseudo-,orig5 7,adamantius7 aga9/ ! ,gno/ics f ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? c5tury2#ci & f9ally _m notices 9 ! ,*ur* ,hi/ory ( ,eusebius4 ,! /ill extant fragm5ts ( ! ,gno/ic ,apocryphal hi/orian ( ! ,apo/les af=d in=mation ab\t ! tea*+ & =ms ( wor%ip ( ! lat] syncretic vulg> ,gno/icism1 & also f ! v defective repres5tations ( !m 9 ! works ( _! ,ca?olic oppon5ts4 #bg4 ,,! ,,g5tile ,,*ri/ian ,,gno/icism4 ,9 ! old] h]etical ,gno/icism 7 #ah1 #c71 ,jewi%1 pagan1 & ,*ri/ian elem5ts are f\nd1 :i* are kept di/9ct1 or are amalgamat$ or aft] exam9ation are reject$1 :at rema9s be+ develop$1 consolidat$ & di/ribut$1 b 9 a confus$ bl5d+4 ,?is is ! case ) ,c]9?us4 ,9 ,basilides aga91 :o atta*es himself to ! doctr9es ( ,/oicism1 we h ,gno/icism develop$ "u ! influ5ce ( ,alex&rian culture2 & soon !reaft] 9 ,val5t9us1 :o builds on ,plato's philosophy1 x atta9s its ri*e/1 mo/ pr(\nd & noble/ expression4 ,f ! bl5d+ ( ,syro-,*aldan my?ology ) ,greek & ,hell5i/ic-,gno/ic !ories issue ! div]s ,ophite sy/ems4 ,ant9omian ,gno/icism ) loose practical morality 0 an outgr[? f ! contempt %[n to ! ,jewi% ,god t creat$ ! _w & gave ! law4 ,! g5u9ely ,syrian ,gno/icism ) its ,p>seei/-duali/ic rugg$ness 0 mo/ purely repres5t$ by ,saturn9us1 :ile 9 ,m>cion & 8 s*ol>s ! exagg]ation ( ! ,paul9e opposition ( law & grace l$ to a duali/ic contra/ ( ! ,god ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & ( ! ,new4 ,f ! middle ( ! second c5tury onw>ds !re appe>s 9 ! hi/orical developm5t ( ,gno/icism an ev]-increas+ t5d5cy to come to t]ms ) ! doctr9e ( ! *ur*4 ,?is is %[n by ! f\nd]s ( new sects1 ,m>cion1 ,tatian1 ,h]mog5es2 & also by _m elaborators ( e>ly sy/ems1 by ,h]acleon1 ,ptolomu & ,b>desanes :o develop$ ! ,val5t9ian sy/em1 9 ! s-call$ ,pi/is ,sophia1 z ! exposition ( ! ,ophite sy/em4 ,?is t5d5cy to seek reconciliation ) ! *ur* is also %[n 9 a k9d ( syncretic popul> or vulg> ,gno/icism :i* s\ght to atta* itself m closely to ! *ur* by ! composition ( apocryphal & pseudepigraphic ,gospels & ,acts ( ,apo/les "u biblical names & dates 7 #cb1 #d-f74--,! mo/ brilliant p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ,gno/icism 0 ! second c5tury1 comm5c+ ) ! age ( ,hadrian4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury !re 0 sc>cely "o ( ! m cultur$ congregations ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! ,roman empire & beyond ?is z f> z ,edessa1 t 0 n affect$ by x4 ,yet we nev] f9d ! numb]s ( regul> ,gno/ic congregations exce$+ t ( ! ,ca?olic4 ,soon !reaft] ! season ( decay set 94 ,its productive p[] 0 exhau/$1 & :ile1 on ! "o side1 x 0 driv5 back by ! ,ca?olic ecclesia/ical reaction1 on ! o!r h&1 9 respect ( congregational organization x 0 outrun & outbidd5 by ,mani*ism1 & also by ,m>cionism4 #bg4a4 ,c]9?us1 z ,ir5u says1 re/+ on ! te/imony ( ,polyc>p1 0 a y\ng] contempor>y ( ! ,apo/le ,john 9 ,asia ,m9or2 ! ,apo/le meet+ ! h]etic 9 a ba? ha/5$ out le/ ! build+ %\ld fall ^u ! enemy ( ! tru?4 ,9 8 ,gno/icism1 re/+ accord+ to ,hippolytus on a basis ( ,alex&rian-,greek culture1 we h ! transition f ! ,jewi%-,*ri/ian to a m ,g5tile ?an ,jewi%-,*ri/ian ,gno/ic /&po9t4 ,! cont9u$ hold ( ! =m] is se5 accord+ to ,epiphanius 9 ! ma9ta9+ ( ! necessity ( circumcision & ( ! obs]vances by ,*ri/ians ( ! law giv5 by disposition ( angels1 z also1 accord+ to ,caius ( ,rome1 :o reg>ds him z ! au?or ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ,apocalypse1 9 *ilia/ic expectations4 ,bo? ( ^!1 h[ev]1 7 probably int5d$ only 9 ! allegorical & spiritual s5se4 ,at ! same "t1 accord+ to ,ir5u & ,!odoret1 ! ess5tially ,gno/ic figure ( ! ,demiurge already appe>s 9 8 writ+s1 :o )\t kn[+ ! supreme ,god is yet useful to ,him z ! creator ( ! _w4 ,ev5 ,jesus1 ! son ( ,joseph & ,m>y1 knew him n1 until ! desc5d$ ^u him at 8 baptism4 ,be=e ! crucifixion1 :i* 0 a m]ely human mis*ance )\t any r$emptive significance1 ! ,*ri/ _h aga9 )drawn f him4 #bg4b4 ,! ,gno/icism ( ,basilides4--,basilides 77 0 a tea*] 9 ,alex&ria ab\t ,a4,d4 #abj-acj4 ,he pret5ds to d]ive ! gno/ic sy/em f ! notes ( ! esot]ic tea*+ ( ,*ri/ tak5 d[n by ! ,apo/le ,mat!w & an amanu5sis ( ,pet] call$ ,glaucias4 ,he also made use ( ,john's ,gospel & ,paul's ,epi/les to ! ,romans1 ,cor9?ians & ,ephesians4 ,he himself left beh9d #bd books & 8 equally tal5t$ son ,isidorus has left a treatise "u ! title 4 ,fragm5ts ( bo? are f\nd 9 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 two passages f ! fir/ are giv5 also 9 ! 8,acts ( ,disputation10 by ,ar*elaus ( ,casc> 7 #bi1 #a74 ,ir5u1 i4 #bd1 :o ref]s to him z a disciple ( ,m5&] 7 #be1 #b71 & ! ,pseudo-,t]tullian1 c4 #da1 ,epiphanius1 #ba1 & ,!odoret1 i4 #d1 describe 8 sy/em z grossly duali/ic & decid$ly emanationi/4 ,hippolytus1 vii4 #ad ff41 on ! o!r h&1 ) :om ,clem5t seems to agree1 describes x z a ?or\ghly moni/ic sy/em1 9 :i* ! !ogony is develop$ n by emanation f above d[nw>ds b by evolution f bel[ upw>ds4 ,?is latt] view :i* und\bt$ly pres5ts ?is sy/em 9 a m fav\rable light1--accord+ to ,baur1 ,uhlhorn1 ,jacobi1 ,mll]1 ,funk1 etc41 its orig9al =m3 accord+ to ,hilg5feld1 ,lipsius1 ,volkm>1 etc41 a lat] =m influ5c$ by lat] int]polations ( ,greek pan!i/ic ideas1--makes ! developm5t ( ,god & ! _w beg9 ) pure no?+3 4 ,! pr9ciple ( all developm5t is 1 :o out ( ,himself 7 7 calls *aos into be+4 ,?is *aos 0 /ill itself an 1 b yet also ! ^u :i* n[ ! z op]at$ attractively by 8 beauty4 ,! pneumatic elem5t 9 ! newly creat$ *aos is repres5t$ 9 a ?reefold son%ip 7 7 ( :i* ! fir/ & mo/ p]fect imm$iately aft] creation ) ! swiftness ( ?\ght takes its flight to ! happy realm ( non-exi/5ce1 ! ,pl]oma4 ,! second less p]fect son%ip /ruggles aft] ! fir/ 7h5ce call$1 71 b mu/1 on rea*+ ! bord]s ( ! happy realm1 ca/ aside ! less p]fect "p ( its be+1 :i* n[ z ! ,holy ,_s 7 7 =ms ! ve/ibule 77 or b\nd>y l9e betwe5 ! ,pl]oma 7 7 & ! cosmos1 & al?\gh sev]$ f ! son%ip1 /ill1 l a vessel out ( :i* sweet o9tm5t has be5 tak51 x be>s to ?is l[] _w "s ( ! p]fume adh]+ to x4 ,! ?ird son%ip be+ 9 ne$ ( purify+ mu/ /ill rema9 9 ! ,pansp]mia1 & is z su* ! subject ( future r$emption4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! greate/ ar*on z ! mo/ complete conc5tration ( all wisdom1 might & glory :i* 0 f\nd 9 ! psy*ical elem5ts ( *aos1 flew up to ! firmam5t z 4 ,he n[ fanci$ himself to be ! ,supreme ,god & rul] ( all ?+s1 & begot a son1 :o accord+ to ! pr$et]m9ation ( ! non-exi/+ excell$ him 9 insight & wisdom4 ,= himself & ,son1 hav+ ) !m besides six o!r unnam$ pr9cipalities1 he f\nd$ ! high] heav5s1 ! s- call$ ,ogdoas4 ,aft] him !re arose ( *aos a second inf]ior ,ar*on ) ! pr$icate 1 :o likewise begat a son mighti] ?an himself1 & f\nd$ a l[] heav5ly realm1 ! s-call$ ,hebdomas1 ! planet>y heav5s4 ,! re/ ( ! ,pansp]mia 0 ! develop$ 1 t is1 9 accordance ) ! natural pr9ciple implant$ 9 x by ! non-exi/5t 8at our /age0 7 ' 74 ,z ! "t drew ne> = ! manife/ation ( ! *ildr5 ( ,god1 t is1 ( m5 ^: pneumatical end[m5t 0 d]iv$ f ! ?ird son%ip1 ! son ( ! great ,ar*on ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ! fir/ devis$ ! sav+ plan ( ! ,pl]oma4 ,) fe> & trembl+ n[ ! great ,ar*on too ackn[l$g$ 8 error1 rep5t$ ( ?is self-exaltation & ) ! :ole ,ogdoas rejoic$ 9 ! s*eme ( salvation4 ,?r\gh him also ! son ( ! second ,ar*on is enlight5$1 & he in/ructs 8 fa!r1 :o n[ z ! ,god ( ! ,old ,te/am5t prep>es ! way = ! developm5t ( salvation by ! law & prophecy4 ,! beg9n+ is made by ,jesus1 son ( ! virg9 ,m>y1 :o fir/ himself absorb$ ! ray ( ! high] light1 & z 8! fir/born ( ! *ildr5 ( ,god0 became also ! ,savi\r 77 ( 8 bre?r54 ,8 suff]+s 7 necess>y = remov+ ! psy*ical & somatical elem5ts ( ! ,pansp]mia adh]+ to him4 ,!y 7 !re=e actual1 n m]e seem+ suff]+s4 ,8 bodily "p return$ to ! =mlessness out ( :i* x sprang2 8 psy*ical "p arose f ! grave1 b 9 8 asc5sion return$ into ! ,hebdomas1 :ile 8 pneumatic be+ belong+ to ! ?ird son%ip w5t up to ! happy seat ( ! 4 ,& z he1 ! fir/born1 s also all ! *ildr5 ( ,god1 h aft]w>ds to p]=m _! task ( secur+ ! highe/ possible developm5t & p]fection ( ! groan+ creation 7,rom4 viii4 #ai71 t is1 ( all s\ls :i* by _! nature are et]nally b\nd 8to our /age40 ,!n f9ally1 ,god w p\r ov] all ranks ( be+ beg9n+ f ! l[e/ ! great ignorance 7 7 s t no "o may be di/urb$ 9 _! bless$ness by ! k ( a high]4 ,?us ! re/itution ( all ?+s is accompli%$4--,! mild _s :i* p]vades ?is dogmatic sy/em pres]v$ f extravagances ( a rigori/ic or lib]t9e sort ! e?ical sy/em result+ f x4 ,m>riage 0 hon\r$ & reg>d$ z holy1 ?\gh celibacy 0 admitt$ to be helpful 9 free+ ! s\l f ! ?raldom ( fle%ly lu/s4 #bg4c4 ,! sy/em set =? by ,ir5u & o!rs1 z t ( ,basilides1 repres5ts ! ,supreme ,god z ,pat] innatus or 4 ,f him emanates ! 1 f ?is aga9 ! 1 f ?is ! 1 :o br+s =? & 4 ,f ! two la/ nam$ spr+ ! 1 & 1 :o ) numb] sev5 ( ! high] gods1 ! primal fa!r1 at _! head1 con/itute ! highe/ heav54 ,f ?is z its radiates =? a second spiritual _w1 & ! emanation cont9ues 9 ?is way1 until x is complet$ & exhau/s itself 9 ! numb] ( #cfe spiritual worlds or heav5s "u ! my/ic "n or :i* has 9 its lett]s ! num]ical value ref]r$ to4 ,?is la/ & mo/ imp]fect ( ^! spiritual worlds ) its sev5 planet spirits =ms ! heav5 visible to u4 ,?r\gh ?is ?ree hundr$ & sixty-five times repeat$ emanation ! ,pl]oma approa*es ! bord]s ( ! hyle1 a see?+ mass ( =ces wildly toss+ aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,^! ru% wildly aga9/ x1 snat* f x fragm5ts ( light & imprison !m 9 matt]4 ,f ?is mixture ! ,ar*on ( ! l[e/ heav5 9 fell[%ip ) 8 companions creates ! e>?1 & to ea* ( !m apportions by lot a nation1 res]v+ to himself ! ,jewi% nation :i* he seeks to raise above all o!r nations1 & s introduces envy & ambition into heav51 & w> & blood%$ ^u e>?4 ,f9ally1 ! ,supreme ,god s5ds 8 ,fir/-born1 ! 1 9 ord] to deliv] m5 f ! p[] ( ! angel t creat$ ! _w4 ,he assumes ! appe>ance ( a body1 & does _m miracles4 ,! ,jews det]m9$ ^u 8 dea?2 nev]!less !y crucifi$ in/ead ( him ,simon ! ,cyr5ian1 :o assum$ 8 %ape4 ,he himself return$ to 8 ,fa!r4 ,by means ( ! ,gnosis :i* he taught m5's s\ls are r$eem$1 :ile _! bodies p]i%4--,! developm5t ( "o ( ^! sy/ems into ! o!r might be mo/ simply expla9$ by assum+ t ! "o describ$ 9 ! ,el5*us ( ,hippolytus is ! orig9al & t its recon/ruction 0 br\ght ab\t by ! ov]p[]+ intrusion ( curr5t duali/ic1 emanationi/ic1 & docetic ideas4 ,all t _h !re be5 said ab\t ! great ,ar*on mu/ n[ be attribut$ to ! ,supreme ,god1 ! ,pat] innatus1 :ile ! inf]ior ar*on might keep 8 place z rul] ( ! l[e/ planet>y heav54 ,! #cfe spiritual worlds _h p]haps 9 ! o!r sy/em a place betwe5 ! two ,ar*ons1 = ev5 ,hippolytus1 vii4 #bf1 m5tions 9 addition ! #cfe heav5s to :i* also he gives ! "n ( ! great ,ar*on ,abrasax4--,x is a fact ( special importance t ev5 ,ir5u & ,epiphanius di/+ui% f ! g5u9e disciples ( ,basilides ! s-call$ ,pseudo-,basilideans z repres5t+ a lat] developm5t1 easily d$ucible f ! second b h>dly traceable f ! fir/ acc\nt ( ! sy/em4 ,t ) _! ,gnosis !y bl5d$ magic1 wit*craft & fanta/ic sup]/ition appe>s f ! importance :i* !y atta*$ to my/ic numb]s & lett]s4 ,_! lib]t9e practice c be d]iv$ f _! ant9omian contempt ( ,judaism z well z f ! !ory t _! bodies are doom$ to p]i%4 ,s1 too1 _! axiom t to suff] m>tyrdom = ! crucifi$1 :o 0 n inde$ ! real ,*ri/1 is fooli%1 may be d$uc$ f ! ,docetism ( _! sy/em4 ,abrasax gems :i* are /ill to be met ) 9 great numb]s & 9 great v>iety are to be attribut$ to ^! ,basilideans2 b ^! f\nd fav\r & 7 us$ z talismans n only among o!r ,gno/ic sects b also among ! ,al*ymi/s ( ! ,middle ,ages4 #bg4d4 ,val5t9ian ,gno/icism4--,val5t9us1 ! mo/ pr(\nd1 tal5t$ & imag9ative ( all ! ,gno/ics1 0 educat$ 9 ,alex&ria1 & w5t to ,rome ab\t ,a4,d4 #adj1 :]e1 dur+ a resid5ce ( m ?an tw5ty ye>s1 he presid$ ov] an influ5tial s*ool1 & ex]cis$ also a p[]ful influ5ce ^u o!r sy/ems4 ,he drew ! mat]ials = 8 sy/em p>tly f holy scripture1 especially f ! ,gospel ( ,john1 p>tly f ! esot]ic doctr9e ( a pret5d$ disciple ( ,paul1 ,!odades4 ,( 8 own volum9\s writ+s1 9 ! =m ( disc\rses1 epi/les & poems1 only a few fragm5ts are extant4 ,! report]s ( 8 tea*+1 ,ir5u1 ,hippolytus1 ,t]tullian1 ,epiphanius1 diff] greatly f "o ano!r 9 details1 & leave u 9 d\bt z to :at really belongs to 8 own doctr9e & :at to its developm5t by 8 disciples--,! fundam5tal idea ( 8 sy/em re/s on ! notion t accord+ to a law f\nd$ 9 ! dep?s ( ! div9e nature ! ons by emanation come into be+ z pairs1 male & female4 ,! pair+ ( ^! ons 9 a holy m>riage is call$ a ,syzygy4 ,) ?is is jo9$ ano!r *>act]i/ic notion1 t 9 ! hi/orical developm5t ( ! ,pl]oma ! orig9al types ( ! ?ree great crises ( ! e>?ly hi/ory1 ,creation1 ! ,fall1 & ,r$emption1 are met )4 ,on ! basis ( ?is he develops ! mo/ magnific5tly poetic epic ( a ,*ri/ian my?ological ,!ogony & ,cosmogony4 ,f ! or & its or 1 evolv+ 8 ?\ght hi!rto only 9 sil5t contemplation ( 8 own p]fection1 emanates ! fir/ & highe/ pair ( ons1 ! or :o alone ( all ons c be> to look into ! dep?s ( ! p]fection ( ! ,fa!r ( all1 & beside him 8 bride 4 ,f !m spr+ ! & z ! second pair1 & f ?is pair aga9 & z ! ?ird pair4 ,! & 8 ,ennoia1 ) ! fir/ & highe/ pair ( ons emanat+ = !m1 & ^! toge!r ) ! second ,tetras1 =m ! ,ogdoas4 ,! ,logos !n begets a fur!r remov$ circle ( five pairs1 ! ,decas1 & f9ally ! ,an?ropos begets ! la/ s]ies ( six pairs1 ! ,dodecas4 ,!re) ! ,pl]oma atta9s a prelim9>y completion4 ,a f9al b\nd>y is fix$ = x by ! emanat+ f ! ,fa!r ( all1 :o1 be+ alone rais$ above ! op]ation ( ! law ( ! ,syzygy1 is end[$ ) a tw(old 1 an 1 by means ( :i* he w>ds (f all f )\t t w\ld hurt1 & an 1 ! symbol ( :i* is ! cross1 ) :i* he ma9ta9s inw>d h>mony & ord]4 ,h[ necess>y ?is 0 is soon made app>5t4 ,= ! 1 ! la/ & lea/ memb] ( ! f\rte5 on pairs1 impell$ by burn+ desire1 te>s h]self away f h] p>tn]1 & seeks to plunge into ! ,by?os 9 ord] to embrace ! ,fa!r ( ,all himself4 ,%e is inde$ prev5t$ f ?is by ! ,horos2 b ! brea* 9 ! ,pl]oma has be5 made4 ,9 ord] to re/ore ! h>mony t has ?us be5 brok51 ! ,monog5es begets ) ,ale!ia a new on pair1 ! & ! :i* emancipates ! ,sophia f h] disord]ly1 passionate nature 771 cuts out ?is latt] f ! ,pl]oma1 b unites aga9 ! purifi$ ,sophia ) h] husb&1 & tea*es all ! ons ab\t ! ,fa!r's unapproa*able & incompreh5sible ess5ce1 & ab\t ! reason & end ( ! ,syzygies4 ,!n !y all1 amid hymns ( praise & ?anksgiv+1 pres5t an (f]+ to ! ,fa!r1 ea* "o ( ! be/ t he has1 & =m !re( an indescribably glori\s on-be+1 ! 1 & = 8 s]vice myriads ( augu/ angels1 :o b[ 9 wor%ip be=e him4--,! basis = ! orig9ation ( ! s5sible _w1 ! 1 consi/ ( ! ,en?ymesis eject$ f ! ,pl]oma into ! des]t1 void & sub/anceless ,k5oma1 :i* is by x = ! fir/ "t fill$ & vitaliz$4 ,x is an 1 an abortion1 :i* h[ev] reta9s /ill ! on nature ( its div9e pres5t1 & z su* be>s ! "n ( 77 or 774 ,h5ce ev5 ! bless$ spirits ( ! ,pl]oma c nev] =sake h]4 ,!y all suff] ) ! un=tunate1 until %e :o _h sprung f ! ,pl]oma is re/or$ to x purifi$ & matur$4 ,h5ce !y esp\se h]1 ! ,ektroma ( ! la/ & lea/ ( ! ons1 to ! ,ano-,sot]1 ! noble/1 mo/ glori\s & mo/ p]fect be+ 9 ! on-heav51 z h] r$eem] & future husb&4 ,he beg9s by com=t+ ! despond5t & ca/+ out f h] ! bas] affections4 ,among ! wor/1 fe>1 sorr[1 d\bt1 etc41 is f\nd ! basis ( ! hylic /age ( exi/5ce2 among ! bett]1 rep5tance1 desire1 hope1 etc41 t ( ! psy*ic /age ( exi/5ce 774 ,ov] ! be+s issu+ =? f ! =m] presides ,satan2 ov] ! psy*ical =ms ( be+1 z _! highe/ developm5t1 presides ! ,demiurge1 :o prep>es z 8 dwell+-place ! sev5 l[] heav5s1 ! ,hebdomas4 ,b ,a*amo? _h retir$ ) ! pneumatic sub/ratum /ill rema9+ 9 h] into ! 1 betwe5 ! ,pl]oma & ! l[] _w1 :5ce %e1 inspir$ by ! ,ano-,sot]1 op]ates ^u ! ,demiurge1 :o1 kn[+ no?+ ( h] exi/5ce1 has no anticipation !re(4 ,f ! du/ ( ! e>? & pneumatic se$1 :i* unobs]v$ %e conveys into x1 he =m$ man1 brea!d into him 8 own psy*ical brea? ( life1 & set him 9 p>adise1 t is1 9 ! ?ird ( 8 sev5 heav5s1 b bani%$ him to e>?1 :5 he disobey$ 8 comm&1 & in/ead ( 8 fir/ e!real g>m5t clo!d him 9 a mat]ial body4 ,:5 m5 _h spread ^u ! e>?1 !y develop$ ^! diff]5t natures3 ,pneumatical1 :i* free f ! bondage ( e outw>d law & n subject to ! impulses ( ! s5ses1 a law unto !mselves1 travel t[>d ! ,pl]oma2 next1 ! ,hylic1 :i*1 ho/ile to all _s & law1 & ! sport ( all lu/s & passions1 are doom$ to irrem$iable de/ruction2 & f9ally1 ! ,psy*ical1 :i* "u ! discipl9e ( outw>d law atta9 n inde$ to a p]fect div9e life1 b yet to outw>d righte\sness1 :ile on ! o!r h& !y may s9k d[n to ! rank & condition ( ! ,hylic natures4 ,! ,psy*ical natures 7 p>ticul>ly num]\s among ! ,jews4 ,!re=e ! ,demiurge *ose !m z 8 own1 & gave !m a /rict law & ?r\gh 8 prophets promis$ !m a future ,messiah4 ,! ,hylic natures :i* 7 f\nd mo/ly among ! hea!ns1 7 utt]ly hateful to him4 ,! ,pneumatical natures ) _! innate long+ aft] ! ,pl]oma1 he did n und]/& & !re=e disreg>d$2 b yet1 )\t kn[+ or design+ x1 he *ose _m ( !m = k+s1 prie/s1 & prophets ( 8 p1 & to 8 amazem5t he>d f _! lips prophecies ( a high] s\l1 :i* orig9at$ f ,a*amo?1 & :i* he did n und]/&4 ,:5 ! "t 0 fulfill$1 he s5t 8 ,messiah 9 ! p]son ( ,jesus4 ,:5 he 0 baptiz$ by ,john1 ! heav5 op5$ ov] him & ! ,ano-,sot] desc5d$ ^u him4 ,! ,demiurge saw x & 0 a/oni%$1 b submitt$ himself awe-/rick5 to ! w ( ! sup]ior deities4 ,! ,sot] rema9$ !n a ye> ^u ! e>?4 ,! ,jews1 refus+ to receive him1 nail$ 8 organ1 ! psy*ical ,messiah1 to a cross2 b 8 suff]+s 7 only app>5t suff]+s1 s9ce ! ,demiurge _h suppli$ him 9 8 orig9 ) an e!real & only seem+ly mat]ial body4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! "w ( ! ,ano-,sot] ! ,pneumatical natures by means ( ! ,gnosis taught by him1 b ! ,psy*ical natures by means ( ,pi/is1 atta9 unto p]fection aft] _! k9d4 ,:5 once ev]y?+ pneumatical & psy*ical :i* 0 b\nd up 9 matt]1 has be5 fre$ f x1 ! c\rse ( ! _w has rea*$ its end & ! long$-= "t ( ,a*amo?'s m>riage w h come4 ,accompani$ by myriads ( 8 angels1 ! ,sot] leads ! noble suff]] into ! ,pl]oma4 ,! pneumatical natures foll[ h]1 & z ! ,sot] is m>ri$ to ,a*amo?1 ! angels are m>ri$ to !m4 ,! ,demiurge goes ) 8 tri$ & r$eem$ sa9ts into ! 4 ,b f ! dep?s ( ! ,hyle breaks =? a hidd5 fire :i* utt]ly consumes ! ,hylic natures & ! ,hyle itself4#dj #bg4e4 ,accord+ to ,hippolytus ! ,val5t9ian s*ool split up into two p>ties--an ,italian p>ty1 ! lead]s ( :i*1 ,h]acleon & ,ptolemu ,ptolemy1 7 at ,rome1 & an ,ea/]n p>ty to :i* ,axionicus & ,b>desanes belong$4 ,h]acleon ( ,alex&ria 0 a man ( a pr(\ndly religi\s temp]am5t1 :o 9 8 speculation incl9$ consid]ably t[>d ! doctr9e ( ! *ur*1 & ev5 wrote ! fir/ comm5t>y on ! ,gospel ( ,john1 ( :i* _m fragm5ts are pres]v$ 9 ,orig5's comm5t>y on t gospel4 ,ptolemu ,ptolemy drew ev5 clos] ?an 8 ma/] to ! *ur* doctr9e4 ,epiphanius quotes a lett] ( 8 to 8 pupil ,flora 9 :i*1 aft] ,m>cion's example 7see #bg1 #aa71 ! di/9ction ( ! div9e & ! demiurgical 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ! relation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t to ! ,new1 are discuss$4 ,a position midway betwe5 t ( ! ,we/ & ( ! ,ea/ is app>5tly repres5t$ by ,m>cus & 8 s*ool4 ,he comb9$ ) ! doctr9e ( ,val5t9us ! ,py?agorean & cabbali/ic my/icism ( numb]s & lett]s1 & jo9$ !reto magical & soo?say+ arts4 ,8 foll[]s1 ! ,m>cosians1 _h a =m ( wor%ip full ( c]emonial obs]vances1 ) a tw(old baptism1 a psy*ical "o 9 ! ,kato-,*ri/us = ! =giv5ess ( s9s1 & a pneumatical "o = affiance ) ! future heav5ly syzygy4 ,( ! ,antio*ean ,axionicus we "k no?+ b ! "n4 ,( f> great] importance 0 ,b>desanes1 :o fl\ri%$ accord+ to ,eusebius 9 ! "t ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 b is assign$ by au!ntic ,syrian docum5ts to ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury4 ,! *ief s\rces ( in=mation ab\t 8 doctr9e are ! #ef rhym+ disc\rses ( ,ephraem ,ephraim aga9/ ! h]etics4 ,liv+ at ! c\rt & enjoy+ ! fav\r ( ! k+ ( ,edessa1 he nev] attack$ 9 8 s]mons ! doctr9al sy/em ( ! *ur*1 b spread 8 ,gno/ic views built ^u a ,val5t9ian basis 9 l(ty hymns ( :i*1 besides num]\s fragm5ts 9 ,ephraem ,ephraim1 "s are pres]v$ 9 ! apocryphal ,acta ,?omae 7 #cb1 #f74 ,among 8 volum9\s writ+s !re 0 a controv]sial treatise aga9/ ! ,m>cionites 7see #bg1 #aa74 ,9 a ,dialogue1 1 attribut$ to him1 b probably belong+ to "o ( 8 disciples nam$ ,philippus1 f :i* ,eusebius 7,prp4 ,ev4 vi4 #aj7 quotes a passage1 ! ,syrian orig9al ( :i*1 8,! ,book ( ! ,laws ( ! ,l&10 0 only rec5tly discov]$1#da a/rology & fatalism are combat$ f a ,*ri/ian /&po9t1 al?\gh ! au?or is /ill himself dom9at$ by _m ,zoroa/rian ideas4 ,h>monius1 ! highly gift$ son ( ,b>desanes1 di/+ui%$ himself by ! composition ( hymns 9 a simil> _s4 #bg4f4 ,! ,ophites & relat$ ,sects4--,! multi=m ,ophite ,gnosis is 9 g5]al *>act]iz$ by fanta/ic comb9ations ( ,syro-,*aldaic my?s & ,biblical hi/ory ) ,greek my?ology1 philosophy & my/]iosophy4 ,9 all its =ms ! s]p5t 71 7 plays an important "p1 sometimes z ,kakodemon1 sometimes z ,aga?odemon4 ,?is arose f ! place t ! s]p5t _h 9 ! ,egyptian & ,asiatic cosmology z well z 9 ! e>ly biblical hi/ory4 ,"o ( ! olde/ =ms ( ,ophitism is describ$ by ,hippolytus1 :o gives to its repres5tatives ! "n ( ,naass5es1 f 4 ,! =mless orig9al ess5ce1 1 reveal$ himself 9 ! fir/ m51 1 ,adam1 ,cadmon1 9 :om ! pneumatic1 psy*ical & hylic pr9ciples 7 /ill pres5t toge!r4 ,z ! in/rum5t 9 creation he is call$ ,logos or ,h]mes4 ,! s]p5t is rev]$ z ,aga?odemon2 x proce$s f ! ,logos1 transmitt+ ! /ream ( life to all creatures4 ,*ri/1 ! r$eem]1 is ! e>?ly repres5tative ( ! fir/ man1 & br+s peace to all ! ?ree /ages ( life1 because he1 by 8 tea*+1 directs e "o to a mode ( life 9 accordance ) 8 nature4--,! ,se?ites1 accord+ to ,hippolytus1 taught t !re 7 two pr9ciples3 an upp] "o1 1 an "u "o1 1 & betwe5 ^! 1 ! atmosph]e t moves & causes motion4 ,f a bl5d+ ( light ) d>kness arose *aos1 9 :i* ! pneuma awak5$ life4 ,!n f *aos sprang ! s\l ( ! _w z a s]p5t1 :i* became ! ,demiurge4 ,man _h a ?reefold developm5t3 hylic or mat]ial 9 ,ca91 psy*ical 9 ,abel1 & pneumatical 9 ,se?1 :o 0 ! fir/ ,gno/ic4--,! f\nd]s ( ! ,p]ates1 :o 7 already kn[n to ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 are call$ by ,hippolytus ,euphrates & ,celbes4 ,_! "n implies t !y )drew f ! _w ( s5se 9 ord] to secure et]nal life "h bel[1 4 ,! orig9al div9e unity1 !y taught1 _h develop$ into a ,tr9ity3 1 & 1 ! ,fa!r1 ! ,son1 & ! ,hyle4 ,! ,son is ! _w s]p5t t moves & quick5s all ?+s 7 74 ,x is 8 task to re/ore ev]y?+ t has sunk d[n f ! two high] worlds into ! l[]1 & is held fa/ by its ,ar*on4 ,sometimes he turns himself s]p5t-l to 8 ,fa!r & assumes 8 div9e attributes1 sometimes to ! l[] _w to communicate !m to x4 ,9 ! %ape ( a s]p5t he deliv]s ,eve f ! law ( ! ,ar*on4 ,all :o are outlaw$ by ?is ,ar*on1 ,ca91 ,nimrod1 etc41 belong to him4 ,moses1 too1 is an adh]5t ( 81 :o erect$ 9 ! wild]ness ! heal+ braz5 s]p5t to repres5t him1 :ile ! fi]y bit+ s]p5t ( ! des]t repres5t ! demons ( ! ,ar*on4 ,! ,ca9ites1 spok5 ( by ,ir5u & ,epiphanius1 7 closely connect$ ) ! ,p]ates4 ,all ! m5 *>act]iz$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t z godless are e/eem$ by !m g5u9e pneumatical be+s & m>tyrs = ! tru?4 ,! fir/ :o di/+ui%$ himself 9 conflict ) ! ,god ( ! ,jews 0 ,ca92 ! la/ :o l$ ! /ruggle on to victory1 by br++ ! psy*ical ,messiah ?r\gh 8 pr(\nd sagacity to ! cross1 0 ,judas ,isc>iot4 ,! ,gno/ic ,ju/9 is kn[n to u only ?r\gh ,hippolytus1 :o draws 8 in=mation f a ,book ( ,b>u*4 ,he taught t f ! orig9al ess5ce1 or 1 1 emanat$ a male pr9ciple1 1 1 :i* _h a pneumatical nature1 & a female pr9ciple1 1 1 :i* 0 above man 7psy*ical7 & bel[ ! s]p5t 7hylic74 ,f ! union ( ?is pair sprang twelve 1 :o _h 9 !m ! fa!r's nature1 & twelve 1 on :om ! "m's nature 0 impress$4 ,toge!r !y =m$ ,p>adise1 9 :i* ,b>u*1 an angel ( ,elohim1 repres5t$ ! tree ( life1 & ,naas1 an ,edem-angel1 repres5t$ ! tree ( k4 ,! ,elohim-angel =m$ man out ( ! du/ ( ,p>adise2 ,edem gave him a s\l1 ,elohim gave him a _s4 ,press+ upw>d by means ( 8 pneumatical nature ,elohim rais$ himself to ! bord]s ( ! realms ( light4 ,! ,aga?os took him & set him at 8 "r h&4 ,! =sak5 ,edem av5g$ himself by giv+ p[] to ,naas to grieve ! _s ( ,elohim 9 man4 ,he tempt$ ,eve to commit adult]y ) him1 & got ,adam to commit unnatural vice ) him4 ,9 ord] to %[ ! griev$ _s ( man ! way to heav51 ,elohim s5t ,b>u* fir/ to ,moses & aft]w>ds to o!r ,prophets ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 b ,naas fru/rat$ all 8 ef=ts4 ,ev5 f among ! hea!n ,elohim rais$ up prophets1 su* z ,h]cules :om he s5t to fight aga9/ ! twelve ,edem-angels 78 twelve lab\rs71 b "o ( !m nam$ ,babel or ,aphrodite robb$ ev5 ?is div9e h]o ( 8 p[] 7a rem9isc5ce ( ! /ory ( ,omphale74 ,f9ally1 ,elohim s5t ,b>u* to ! peasant boy ,jesus1 son ( ,joseph & ,m>y4 ,he resi/$ all ! temptations ( ,naas1 :o !re=e got him nail$ ^u ! cross4 ,jesus comm5d$ 8 _s into ! h&s ( ! ,fa!r1 into ^: heav5 he asc5d$1 leav+ 8 body & s\l ) ,edem4 ,s1 aft] 8 example1 d all ! pi\s4 #bg4g4 ,! ,gnosis ( ! ,ophites1 describ$ by ,ir5u1 etc41 is di/+ui%$ f t ( ! e>li] ,naas5es ,naass5es by its incorporation ( ,val5t9ian & duali/ic or ,saturn9ian 7see #bg1 #i7 ideas4 ,f ! ,by?os :o1 z ! prim>y be+1 is also call$ ! fir/ man1 ,adam ,cadmon1 emanates ! ?\ght1 1 ( himself z ! second man or son ( man1 & f him ! ,holy ,_s or ! ,ano-,sophia1 :o 9 turn be>s ! ,ano-,*ri/us & ,a*amo?4 ,! latt]1 an imp]fect be+ ( light1 :o is also call$ 1 :i* accord+ to ,epiphanius means 1 drives ab\t ?r\gh ! d>k ocean ( *aos1 ov] :i* ! productive "m1 ! ,holy ,_s1 broods1 9 ord] to f\nd = himself 9 x an indep5d5t _w ( 8 own4 ,!re d5se matt] unites ) ! elem5t ( light & d>k5s x to su* a degree t ev5 ! consci\sness ( its own div9e orig9 beg9s to fade away f x4 ,9 ?is condition ( e/rangem5t f ,god %e produces ! ,demiurge1 ,jaldabao?1 1 son ( *aos2 & he1 a wick$ z well z limit$ be+1 full ( arrogance & pride1 det]m9es t he himself alone w be "l & ma/] 9 ! _w :i* he creates4 ,?is br+s ,a*amo? to p5it5t delib]ation4 ,by ! vigor\s ex]cise ( all ! p[]s ( light dwell+ 9 h]1 & /r5g!n$ by a gleam ( light f above1 %e succe$s 9 rais+ h]self f ! realm ( *aos into ! 4 ,nev]!less ,jaldabao? br\ght =? six /> spirits or planets aft] 8 own image1 & plac$ himself z ! sev5? at _! head4 ,b !y too ?9k ( rebell+4 ,enrag$ at ?is ,jaldabao? glances wildly ^u ! deep-ly+ slime ( ! ,hyle2 8 frightfully di/ort$ c\nt5ance is mirror$ 9 ?is refuse ( *aos2 ! image !re comes to life & =ms ,ophiomorphus or ,satan4 ,by ord] ( ,jaldabao? ! /> spirits make man2 b !y produce only an awkw>d spiritless be+ t creeps along ! gr\nd4 ,9 ord] to quick5 x & make x /& erect ! ,demiurge brea!s into x 8 own brea?1 b !reby deprives himself ( a great "p ( t pneumatical elem5t :i* he _h f 8 "m4 ,! s-call$ fall1 9 :i* ,ophiomorphus or ! s]p5t 0 only ! unconsci\s in/rum5t ( ,a*amo?1 is 9 tru? ! beg9n+ ( ! r$emption ( man1 ! advance to self-consci\sness & moral fre$om4 ,b z a puni%m5t = 8 disob$i5ce ,jaldabao? drove him out ( ! high] mat]ial _w1 ,p>adise1 into ! l[]1 :]e he 0 expos$ to ! annoyances ( ,ophiomorphus1 :o also br\ght ! majority ( mank9d1 ! hea!ns1 "u 8 au?ority1 :ile ! ,jews s]v$ ,jaldabao?1 & only a small numb] ( pneumatical natures by ! help ( ,a*amo? kept !mselves free f bo?4 ,! prophets :om ,jaldabao? s5t to 8 p1 7 at ! same "t unconsci\s organs ( ,a*amo?1 :o also s5t d[n ! ,ano-,*ri/us f ! ,pl]oma ^u ! ,messiah1 ^: k+dom is yet to spread among all nations4 ,jaldabao? n[ let 8 own ,messiah be crucifi$1 b ! ,ano-,*ri/us 0 already )drawn f him & _h set himself unse5 at ! "r h& ( ! ,demiurge1 :]e he deprives him & 8 angels ( all ! light elem5t :i* !y /ill _h 9 !m1 & ga!rs r\nd himself ! pneumatical f among mank9d1 9 ord] to lead !m into ! ,pl]oma4--,! late/ & at ! same "t ! noble/ product ( ,ophite ,gno/icism is ! ,pi/is ,sophia1#db appe>+ 9 ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury1 ) a /rong t9cture ( ,val5t9ianism4 ,x treats ma9ly ( ! fall1 rep5tance1 & compla9t ( ,sophia1 & ( ! my/]ies t purify = r$emption1 (t5 approa*+ v closely ! doctr9e ( ! *ur*4 #bg4h4 ,ant9omian & ,lib]t9e ,sects4--,! lat] repres5tatives ( ,alex&rian ,gno/icism on acc\nt ( ! ant9omian t5d5cy ( _! sy/em fell = ! mo/ "p into gross immorality1 :i* excus$ itself on ! gr\nd t ! pneumatical m5 mu/ ?r[ contempt ^u ! law ( ! ,demiurge1 1 7:5ce !y 7 also call$ ,antitactes71 & t by ! practice ( fle%ly lu/s "o mu/ weak5 & slay ! fle%1 1 s z to ov]come ! p[]s ( ! ,hyle4 ,! f\r foll[+ sects may be m5tion$ z ^? :i* ma9ta9$ su* views4-- a4 ,! ,nicolaitans1 :o 9 ord] to give !mselves ! sanction ( primitive ,*ri/ianity s\ght to trace _! desc5t f ,nicolaus ,nicolas ! ,deacon 7,acts vi4 #e74 ,b :ile !y h really no connection ) him1 !y are j z little to be id5tifi$ ) ! ,nicolaitans ( ! ,apocalypse 7 #ah1 #c74 b4 ,9 a simil> way ! ,simonians s\ght to atta* !mselves to ,simon ,magus 7 #be1 #b74 ,!y gave to ! fables associat$ ) ! "n ( ,simon a speculative basis borr[$ f ! c5tral idea ( ! philosophy ( ,h]aclitus1 t ! pr9ciple ( all ?+s 7 7 is fire4 ,f x 9 ?ree syzygies1 & 1 & 1 & 1 proce$ ! six roots ( ! sup]s5sible _w1 & subsequ5tly ! correspond+ six roots ( ! s5sible _w1 ,heav5 & e>?1 ,sun & moon1 ,air & wat]1 9 :i* unlimit$ =ce is pres5t z 1 1 & 4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr 0 already acqua9t$ ) ?is sect1 & also ,hippolytus1 :o quotes _m passages f _! *ief treatise1 entitl$1 & reports sc&al\s ?+s ab\t _! f\l wor%ip4 c4 ,! ,c>pocratians4 ,9 ! sy/em ( _! f\nd] ,c>pocrates1 :o liv$ at ,alex&ria 9 ! fir/ half ( ! second c5tury1 ,god is ! et]nal ,m\ld1 ! unity )\t di/9ctions1 f :om all be+ fl[s & to :om all returns aga94 ,f ,him ! revolt$4 ,by ! creation ( ! _w !y e/abli%$ a di/9ct ord] ( exi/5ce ap>t f ,god & consolidat$ x by ! law issu+ f !m & ! national religions ( ,jews & ,g5tiles f\nd$ by !m4 ,?us true religion or ! way ( return = ! human _s into ! ,"o & ,all consi/s !oretically 9 ,gnosis1 practically 9 emancipation f ! comm&s ( ! ,demiurge & 9 a life 4 ,! di/9ction ( good & bad actions re/s m]ely on human op9ions4 ,man is r$eem$ by fai? & love4 ,9 ord] to be able to ov]come ! p[]s t creat$ ! _w1 he is 9 ne$ ( magic :i* is intimately connect$ ) ,gnosis4 ,e human _s :o has n fully atta9$ to ?is end ( all religi\s endeav\r1 is subject$1 until he rea*es x1 to ! assumption ( "o bodily =m aft] ano!r4 ,among ! h]oes ( humanity :o ) special en]gy & success h assail$ ! k+dom ( ! ,demiurge by contempt ( 8 law & spread ( ! true ,gnosis1 a p>ticul>ly conspicu\s place is assign$ to ,jesus1 ! son ( ,joseph4 ,:at he 0 = ! ,jews1 ,orpheus1 ,py?agoras1 ,plato1 etc41 7 = ! ,g5tiles4 ,to ! tal5t$ son ( ,c>pocrates1 nam$ ,epiphanes1 :o di$ 9 8 sev5te5? ye>1 aft] impress+ ^u 8 fa!r's ,gno/ic sy/em a b\ndless communi/ic & lib]t9e t5d5cy ) community ( goods & wives1 8 foll[]s erect$ a temple at ,cephalonia1 9 :i* !y set up = div9e hon\rs ! /atues ( ,*ri/ & ! ,greek philosoph]s4 ,at ! close ( _! ,agap1 !y indulg$ 9 ,concubitus promiscuus4 d4 ,! ,prodicians fl\ri%$ ab\t ! "t ( ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 & 7 connect$1 p]haps1 ?r\gh _! f\nd] ,prodicus1 ) ! ,c>pocratians4 ,9 ord] to prove _! dom9ion ov] ! s5sible _w !y 7 wont to appe> 9 _! assemblies nak$1 & h5ce are also call$ ,adamites4 ,s soon z !y succe$$ 9 ?us rea*+ ! /ate ( innoc5ce t _h prec$$ ! fall1 !y ma9ta9$ t z pneumatical k+'s sons !y 7 rais$ above all law & entitl$ to indulge 9 unbridl$ lu/4 #bg4i4 ,saturn9us1 or ,satornilus ( ,antio*1 accord+ to ,ir5u1 a disciple ( ,m5&]1 0 "o ( ! olde/ ,syrian ,gno/ics1 dur+ ! age ( ,hadrian1 & ! "o 9 ^: sy/em ( ,dualism ! mo/ decid$ traces ( ,p>see col\r+ is f\nd4 ,f ! ! _s _w ( ! k+dom ( light emanates 9 successive /ages4 ,on ! l[e/ /age /& ! sev5 planet spirits1 1 at _! head ! creator ( ! _w & ! god ( ! ,jews4 ,b f et]nity ov] aga9/ ! realm ( light /&s ! ,hyle 9 viol5t opposition "u ! rule ( ,satanas4 ,! sev5 /> spirits ?9k to f\nd !re9 a k+dom free & indep5d5t ( ! ,pl]oma1 & = ?is purpose make an inroad ^u ! k+dom ( ! ,hyle1 & seize ^u a "p ( x4 ,!re=e !y =m ! s5sible _w & create man z keep] !re( aft] a fair model s5t by ! good ,god ( :i* !y _h a dim vision4 ,b !y c\ld n give him ! upright =m4 ,! supreme ,god !n takes pity ^u ! wret*$ creature4 ,he s5ds d[n a sp>k ( light into x :i* fills x ) pneumatical life & makes x /& up4 ,b ,satanas set a hylic race ( m5 ov] aga9/ ?is pneumatical race1 & p]secut$ ! latt] incessantly by demons4 ,! ,jewi% god !n plans to r$eem ! p]secut$ by a ,messiah1 & inspires prophets to ann\nce 8 com+4 ,b ,satan1 too1 has 8 prophets1 & ! ,jewi% god is n p[]ful en\gh to make 8 views prevail ov] 8 enemy's4 ,f9ally ! good ,god s5ds to ! e>? ! ,aeon on 1 9 :at has ! appe>ance ( a body1 9 ord] t he z may tea* ! pneumatical h[ to escape1 by ,gnosis & asceticism1 ab/a9+ f m>riage & ! eat+ ( fle%1 n only ! attacks ( ,satan1 b also ! dom9ion ( ! ,jewi% god & 8 /> spirits1 h[ to emancipate !mselves f all connection ) matt]1 & to raise !mselves into ! realm ( light4 #bg4aj4 ,tatian & ! ,encratites4--,! ,assyrian ,tatian1 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity at ,rome by ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 makes 8 appe>ance z a zeal\s apologi/ ( ! fai? 7 #cj1 #aj74 ,9 8 lat] ye>s1 h[ev]1 j z 9 ! case ( ,m>cion1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 exagg]ation ( ! ,paul9e anti!sis ( fle% & _s1 law & grace1 he 0 l$ to prop\nd a !ory ( ! duali/ic opposition betwe5 ! god ( ! law1 ! ,demiurge1 & ! god ( ! gospel1 :i* f\nd expression 9 a ,gno/ic-ascetic sy/em1 completely break+ away f ! ,ca?olic *ur*1 & rea*+ its conclusion 9 ! hyp]ascetic sect ( ! ,encratites t arose 9 ,rome ab\t ,a4,d4 #agb4 ,he n[ became head & lead] ( ?is sect1 :i*1 ) its fanatical dem& ( complete ab/95ce f m>riage1 f all eat+ ( fle% & all spiritu\s liquors1 won 8 approval1 & p]haps f him receiv$ its fir/ dogmatic ,gno/ic impress4 ,( ,tatian's ,gno/ic writ+s1 & 1 only "s fragm5ts1 ) scanty notices ( 8 ,gno/ic sy/em1 are pres]v$4 ,8 duali/ic opposition ( ! god ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! god ( ! ,new ,te/am5t _c h meant a ?or\gh ho/ility1 = he makes ! ,demiurge sitt+ 9 d>kness address himself to ! supreme ,god 9 ! language ( pray]1 8,let !re be light40 ,he decl>es1 h[ev]1 t ,adam1 z ! au?or ( ! fall1 is incapable ( r$emption4--,8 foll[]s 7 also call$ 1 ,aqu>ii1 because at ! ,supp] !y us$ wat] in/ead ( w9e4 ,see ,lit4 at #cj1 #aj4 #bg4aa4 ,m>cion & ! ,m>cionites4--,m>cion ( ,s9ope 9 ,pontus1 :o di$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #agj1 01 accord+ to ,t]tullian1 a ri* %ipma/] :o1 on 8 arrival 9 ,rome1 9 8 e>ly en?usiasm = ! fai?1 be/[$ ^u ! ,*ur* !re a ri* pres5t1 b 0 aft]w>ds excommunicat$ by x z a h]etic4 ,accord+ to ! ,pseudo-,t]tullian & o!rs he 0 ! son ( a bi%op :o excommunicat$ him = incont95ce ) "o "u ! v[ ( virg9ity4 ,! /ory may possibly be bas$ ^u a lat] misund]/&+ ( ! *>ge ( corrupt+ ! *ur* z ! pure bride ( ,*ri/4 ,he 0 a man ( a fi]y & en]getic "*1 b also r\gh & ecc5tric1 ( a ?or\ghly practical t5d5cy & ) little speculative tal5t4 ,he 0 probably driv5 by ! h>d inw>d /ruggles ( 8 spiritual life1 some:at simil> to ^? ?r\gh :i* ,paul _h pass$1 to a full & he>ty conception ( ! free grace ( ,god 9 ,*ri/2 b conceiv$ ( ! opposition betwe5 law & gospel1 :i* ! ,apo/le br\ght into h>mony by 8 !ory ( ! pdogogical (fice ( ! law1 z purely ho/ile & irreconcileable4 ,at ,rome 9 ,a4,d4 #adj1 ! ,syrian ,gno/ic ,c]do1 :o already di/+ui%$ betwe5 ! 8good0 ,god ( ,*ri/ianity & ! 8j0 ,god ( ,judaism1 ga9$ an influ5ce ov] him4 ,he consequ5tly develop$ = himself a ,gno/ic sy/em1 ! dom9at+ idea ( :i* 0 ! irreconcilable opposition ( righte\sness & grace1 law & gospel1 ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,he repudiat$ ! :ole ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & set =? ! opposition betwe5 ! two ,te/am5ts 9 a special treatise entitl$ ,anti!ses4 ,he ackn[l$g$ only ,paul z an ,apo/le1 s9ce all ! re/ _h fall5 back into ,judaism1 & ( ! :ole ,new ,te/am5t he admitt$ only t5 ,paul9e epi/les1 exclud+ ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les & ! ,epi/les to ! ,hebrews1 & admitt+ ! ,gospel ( ,luke only 9 a mutilat$ =m4#dc ,m>cion w\ld "k no?+ ( a secret doctr9e & tradition & reject$ ! allegorical int]pretation s mu* fav\r$ by ! ,gno/ics1 z well z ! !ory ( emanation & ! subord9ation ( ,pi/is "u ,gnosis4 ,:ile o!r ,gno/ics =m$ n *ur*es b only s*ools ( select b&s ( ?9k]s1 or at mo/ only small ga!r+s1 ,m>cion1 aft] va9ly try+ to re=m ! ,ca?olic *ur* 9 accordance ) 8 exagg]at$ ,paul9ism1 set himself to e/abli% a well organis$ ecclesia/ical sy/em1 ! memb]s ( :i* 7 arrang$ z ,p]fecti or ,electi & ,cate*um5i4 ,( ! =m] he requir$ a /rict asceticism1 ab/95ce f m>riage1 & re/riction 9 food to ! simple/ & lea/ possible4 ,he all[$ ! ,cate*um5s1 h[ev]1 9 opposition to ! ,ca?olic practice 7 #ce1 #a71 to take "p 9 all ! s]vices1 :i* 7 conduct$ 9 ! simple/ possible =ms4 ,! moral e>ne/ness & ! practical t5d5cy ( 8 movem5t secur$ him _m adh]5ts1 ( :om _m congregations ma9ta9$ _! exi/5ce = a mu* long] "t ?an ! memb]s ( o!r ,gno/ic sects1 ev5 d[n to ! sev5? c5tury4 ,none ( ! f\nd]s ( ! old ,gno/ic sects 7 m closely connect$ 9 life & doctr9e to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* ?an ,m>cion1 & yet1 or p]haps j = t reason1 none ( !m 7 oppos$ by x s (t51 s eag]ly & s bitt]ly4 ,ev5 ,polyc>p1 on 8 arrival 9 ,rome 7 #cg1 #b71 9 reply to ,m>cion's "q :e!r he knew him1 said3 4--,! g5]al scope & "* ( ! ,sy/em ( ,m>cion h be5 v>i\sly e/imat$4 ,all old] ecclesia/ical controv]siali/s1 ,ju/91 ,rhodon 9 ,eusebius1 ,t]tullian & ,ir5u1 9 _! description & refutation ( x seem to recognise only two pr9ciples 771 :i* /& 9 opposition to "o ano!r1 z & 4 ,! latt] appe>s z creator ( ! _w1 or ,demiurge1 ! god ( ! ,jews1 ! giv] ( ! law1 unable1 h[ev]1 by 8 law to save ! ,jews & det] !m f break+ x1 or to lead back ! ,g5tiles to ! obs]vance ( x4 ,!n ( 8 free grace ! 8good0 ,god1 previ\sly q unkn[n1 det]m9$ to r$eem m5 f ! p[] ( ! ,demiurge4 ,= ?is purpose he s5ds 8 ,logos into ! _w ) ! semblance ( a body4 ,by way ( accommodation he gives himself out z ! ,messiah ( ! ,jewi% god1 proclaims ! =giv5ess ( s9s ?r\gh free grace1 communicates to all :o believe ! p[]s ( ! div9e life1 is at ! in/igation ( ! angry ,demiurge nail$ to ! cross to suff] dea? 9 appe>ance only1 prea*es to ,g5tiles imprison$ 9 ,hades1 bani%es ! ,demiurge to ,hades1 & orda9s ! ,apo/le ,paul z tea*] ( believ]s4--,! lat] h]esiologi/s1 h[ev]1 ,hippolytus1 9 8 ,el5*us1 ,epiphanius1 ,!odoret1 & especially ! ,arm5ian ,esnig 7 #fd1 #c71 are equally agre$ 9 say+ t ,m>cion recognis$ ?ree pr9ciples 772 t besides ! good ,god & ! righte\s ,god he admitt$ an evil pr9ciple1 ! ,hyle conc5trat$ 9 ,satan1 s t ev5 ! pre-,*ri/ian developm5t ( ! _w 0 view$ f ! /&po9t ( a duali/ic conflict betwe5 div9e p[]s4 ,! righte\s ,god & ! ,hyle1 z a quasi female pr9ciple1 unit$ ) "o ano!r 9 creat+ ! _w1 & :5 ! =m] saw h[ fair ! e>? 01 he resolv$ to p x ) m5 creat$ ( 8 own lik5ess4 ,= ?is purpose ! ,hyle at 8 reque/ af=d$ him du/1 f :i* he creat$ man1 inspir+ him ) 8 own _s4 ,bo? div9e p[]s rejoic$ ov] man z p>5ts ov] a *ild1 & %>$ 9 8 wor%ip4 ,b ! ,demiurge s\ght to ga9 undivid$ au?ority ov] man1 & s comm&$ ,adam1 "u pa9 ( dea?1 to wor%ip him alone1 & ! ,hyle av5g$ himself by produc+ a multitude ( idols to :om ! majority ( ,adam's desc5dants1 fall+ away f ! ,god ( ! law1 gave rev]5ce4--,! h>moniz+ ( ^! two acc\nts may be accompli%$ by assum+ t ! old] ,*ur* ,fa!rs1 9 _! conflict ) ,m>cion _h will+ly re/rict$ !mselves to ! mo/ important po9t 9 ! ,m>cionite sy/em1 its *>act]i/ic opposition ( ! ,gods ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 pass+ ov] ! po9ts 9 :i* x agre$ m or less ) o!r ,gno/ic sy/ems2 or by assum+ t lat] ,m>cionites1 su* z ,prepon 7 #bg1 #ab71 9 consequ5ce ( ! palpable defectiv5ess & inadequacy ( ! orig9al sy/em ( two pr9ciples1 7 l$ to give x ! fur!r developm5t t has be5 describ$4#dd #bg4ab4 ,! speculative weakness & imp]fection ( 8 sy/em l$ ,m>cion's ,disciples to exp& & remodel x 9 _m ways4 ,two ( ^!1 ,lucanus & ,m>cus1 are pre-em95t z remodell]s ( ! sy/em1 into :i* !y import$ v>i\s elem5ts f t ( ,saturn9us4 ,! ,assyrian ,prepon plac$ ! 8righte\s0 ,logos z ?ird pr9ciple betwe5 ! 8good0 ,god & ! 8evil0 ,demiurge4 ,( all ! m nameful ,m>cionites1 ,apelles1 :o di$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #ahj1 incl9$ mo/ ne>ly to ! *ur* doctr9e4 ,eusebius tells ab\t a ,disputation :i* took place 9 ,rome betwe5 him & ,rhodon1 a disciple ( ,tatian4 ,at ! head ( 8 ess5tially moni/ic sy/em ,apelles places ! z ! 4 ,?is ,god1 besides a high] heav5ly _w1 _h creat$ an ord] ( angels1 ( :om ! fir/ & mo/ em95t1 ! s-call$ ,angelus inclytus or gloriosus z ,demiurge made ! e>?ly _w aft] ! image & to ! glory ( ! supreme ,god4 ,b ano!r angel1 ! 1 corrupt$ 8 creation1 :i* 0 already 9 itself imp]fect1 by br++ =? ! 1 ) :i* he clo!d ! s\ls entic$ d[n f ! upp] _w4 ,x 0 he1 too1 :o spoke to ,moses out ( ! burn+ bu%1 & z ! god ( ! ,jews gave ! law f ,s9ai4 ,! ,demiurge soon rep5t$ ( 8 ill-fat$ p]=mance1 & pray$ ! supreme ,god to s5d 8 ,son z r$eem]4 ,*ri/ appe>$1 liv$1 wr\ght & suff]$ 9 a real body4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 ! t he assum$1 b a s9less body compos$ out ( ! f\r elem5ts :i* he gave back to ! elem5ts on 8 asc5sion to heav54 ,t[>ds ! close ( 8 life ,apelles seems1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! my/ic revelations ( a prophetess1 ,phil\m5a1 ^: he publi%$1 to h m & m r5\nc$ 8 ,gno/ic views4 ,he _h already admitt$ 9 8 ,disputation ) ,rhodon1 t ev5 on ! ,ca?olic plat=m "o may be sav$1 = ! ma9 ?+ is fai? 9 ! crucifi$ ,*ri/ & ! do+ ( 8 works4 ,he w\ld ev5 h be5 prep>$ to subscribe to ! ,mono!ism ( ! *ur*1 _h he n be5 h9d]$ by ! opposition betwe5 ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,new4 #bg4ac4 ,! pa9t] ,h]mog5es 9 ,nor? ,africa1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #bjj1 :om ,t]tullian oppos$1 took (f5ce at ! ,ca?olic doctr9e ( creation z well z at ! ,gno/ic !ory ( emanation1 because x made ,god ! au?or ( evil4 ,he !re=e assum$ an et]nal *aos1 f ^: /riv+ aga9/ ! creative & =mative influ5ce ( ,god he expla9$ ! orig9 ( ev]y?+ evil & vile4 #bh4 ,,ebionism ,,& ,,ebionitic ,,gno/icism4#de ,! ,jewi%-,*ri/ianity t ma9ta9$ sep>ation f ,g5tile-,*ri/ianity ev5 aft] ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,holy ,city & its temple1 assum$ p>tly a m]ely sep>ati/1 p>tly a decid$ly h]etical "*4 ,bo? t5d5cies _h 9 common ! ass]tion ( ! cont9u$ obligation to obs]ve ! :ole ( ! ,mosaic law4 ,b :ile ! =m] limit$ ?is obligation to ! ,*ri/ians ( ,jewi% desc5t z ! peculi> /em & k]nel ( ! new ,messianic community1 & all[$ ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ians z ,proselytes ( ! ,gate to omit ^? obs]vances1 ! latt] w\ld tol]ate no su* concession & outran ! ,old ,te/am5t mono!ism by a b>r5 mon>*ianism t d5i$ ! div9ity ( ,*ri/ 7 #cc1 #a74 ,at a lat] p]iod ! two p>ties 7 di/+ui%$ z ,naz>eans & ,ebionites4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! ,ebionites describ$ to u by ,epiphanius we h a =m ( ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity p]meat$ by ,gno/ic elem5ts4 ,^! ,ebionites1 settl+ along ) ! ,ess5es 7 #h1 #d7 on ! ea/]n %ores ( ! ,dead ,sea1 came to be kn[n "u ! "n ( ,elkesaites4 ,9 ! ,pseudo-,clem5t9e s*eme ( doctr9e1 ?is ,ebionitic ,gnosis 0 c>ri$ out 9 detail & wr\ght up into a compreh5sive & ri*ly develop$ sy/em4 #bh4a4 ,naz>eans & ,ebionites4--,t]tullian & ) him mo/ ( ! lat] ,*ur* ,fa!rs d]ive ! "n ,ebionite f ,ebion1 a f\nd] ( ! sect4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ,giesel]1 h[ev]1 ! "n has g5]ally be5 ref]r$ to ! ,hebrew ^w mean+ poor1 9 allusion p>tly to ! actual pov]ty ( ! *ur* ( ,j]usalem 7,gal4 ii4 #aj71 p>tly to ! association ( ! t]ms poor & pi\s 9 ! ,psalms & ,prophets 7comp4 ,matt4 v4 #c74 ,m9ucius ,felix1 c4 xxxvi4 te/ifies t ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ians 7 also s designat$ by ^? )\t3 ,cet]um quod pl]ique 8,paup]es0 dicimur1 non e/ infamia no/ra1 s$ gloria4 ,rec5tly1 h[ev]1 ,hilg5feld has recurr$ to ! patri/ic d]ivation ( ! "n4--,9 ,ir5u ! "n ,ebioni makes its fir/ appe>ance 9 lit]ature1 & t z a designation ( ,jewi% ,*ri/ians z h]etics :o admitt$ only a ,gospel accord+ to ,mat!w1 probably ! s-call$ ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews 7 #cb1 #d71 br&$ ! ,apo/le ,paul z an apo/ate1 insi/$ ^u ! /rict obs]vance ( ! ,jewi% law1 & taught on ,*ri/ological que/ions 8consimilit] ut ,c]9?us et ,c>pocrates0 7 #bg1 #a1 #h71 :ile !y d5i$ t ,*ri/ 0 born ( a virg91 & reg>d$ ,him z a m]e man4 ,orig5 7 ,a4,d4 #bdc7 embrac$ all ,jewi% ,*ri/ians "u ! "n b did n d5y ! exi/5ce ( two v diff]5t p>ties among !m 7 & 74 ,eusebius does ! same4 ,j]ome aga9 is ! fir/ to di/+ui% ! m mod]ate p>ty by ! "n ,naz>eans 7,acts xxiv4 #e7 f ! m extreme :o are designat$ ,ebionites4 ,?is too is ! practice ( ,augu/9e & ,!odoret4 ,! =m] p>ty ackn[l$g$ ! virg9 bir? ( ,*ri/ & s ,8 div9e orig91 assign$ to ,paul 8 place z ,apo/le to ! ,g5tiles1 & made no dem& ( ,g5tile ,*ri/ians t !y %\ld obs]ve ! c]emonial law ( ,moses1 al?\gh !y believ$ t !y !mselves 7 b\nd !reby4 ,! latt] aga9 reg>d$ x z absolutely necess>y to salvation1 & also held t ,*ri/ 0 ! ,messiah1 b only a man1 son ( ,joseph by ,m>y1 end[$ ) div9e p[]s 9 ,8 baptism4 ,8 ,messianic "w1 accord+ to !m1 consi/$ 9 ,8 fulfill+ by ,8 tea*+ ! ,mosaic law4 ,8 dea? 0 an (f5ce to !m1 b !y took com=t f ! promise ( ,8 com+ aga91 :5 !y look$ = ! sett+ up ( an e>?ly ,messianic k+dom4 ,paul 0 depreciat$ by !m & made ( little acc\nt4 ,ebionites ( bo? p>ties cont9u$ to exi/ 9 small numb]s d[n to ! fif? c5tury1 especially 9 ,pale/9e & ,syria4 ,bo? h[ev] _h sunk by ! middle ( ! second c5tury into almo/ utt] insignificance4 ,! scanty rema9s ( writ+s issu+ f ! p>ty prove t especially ! non-h]etical ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity be=e ! close ( ?is c5tury _h 9 great "p ab&on$ its national ,jewi% "*1 & !re) its sep>ate position z a religi\s sect1 & by adopt+ ! views ( ! ,paul9e ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity 7 #cj1 #b7 became gradually amalgamat$ ) x4#df #bh4b4 ,! ,elkesaites4--,indep5d5t acc\nts ( ?is sect 9 sub/antial agreem5t ) "o ano!r are giv5 by ,hippolytus 9 8 ,el5*us1 by ,orig5 z quot$ 9 ,eusebius1 & by ,epiphanius4 ,_! designation has also l$ ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs to assume a sect f\nd] ( ! "n ( ,elxai or ,el*asai1 :o is said to h liv$ 9 ! "t ( ,hadrian4 ,! memb]s ( ! sect !mselves d]iv$ _! "n f 1 1 ! hidd5 p[] ( ,god op]at+ 9 !m1 t is1 ! ,holy ,_s1 ! ( ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies4 ,probably x 0 ! title ( a book sett+ =? _! esot]ic doctr9e1 :i* circulat$ only among ^? b\nd "u oa? to secrecy4 ,orig5 says t ! book 0 suppos$ to h fall5 d[n f heav52 ,hippolytus says t x 0 held to h be5 reveal$ by an angel :o 0 ! ,son ( ,god himself4 ,elxai obta9$ x f ! ,s]ians 9 ,p>?ia & communicat$ x to ! ,sobiai1 probably f 2 !n ! ,syrian ,alcibiades br\ght x f ,apamea to ,rome 9 ! ?ird c5tury4 ,! doctr9al sy/em ( ! ,elkesaites 0 v v>iable1 & is repres5t$ by ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs ref]r$ to z a confus$ mixture ( ,*ri/ian elem5ts ) ! legalism ( ,judaism1 ! asceticism ( ,ess5ism1 & ! naturalism ( paganism1 & exhibit+ a special pr$ilection = a/rological & magical fancies4 ,! law 0 reg>d$ z b9d+1 especially ! precepts conc]n+ ! ,sabba? & circumcision1 b ! sacrificial wor%ip 0 ab&on$1 & ! portions ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ref]r+ to x z well z o!r p>ts4 ,_! doctr9e ( baptism v>i$ f t ( baptism once adm9i/]$ to t ( a baptism by (t repeat$ wa%+s on days especially indicat$ by a/rological signs4 ,baptism 0 = ! =giv5ess ( s9s & also = ! magical cure ( ! sick4 ,x 0 adm9i/]$ 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r & ! ,son1 & 9 addition !re 7 sev5 witnesses call$1 ! five elem5ts1 toge!r ) oil & salt1 ! latt] z repres5tative ( ! ,"l's ,supp]1 :i* 0 celebrat$ ) salt & bread )\t w9e4 ,eat+ ( fle% 0 =bidd51 b m>riage 0 all[$ & highly e/eem$4 ,_! ,*ri/ology pres5t$ ! appe>ance ( unsettl$ f]m5tation4 ,on ! "o h& ,*ri/ 0 reg>d$ z an angel1 & inde$ z ! 1 ( gigantic size1 #if miles high1 & #bd miles broad2 b on ! o!r h&1 !y taught also a repeat$ inc>nation ( ,*ri/ z ! ,son ( ,god1 ! f9al ,"o be+ ! ,*ri/ born ( ! virg94 ,he repres5ts ! male pr9ciple1 & by 8 side1 z ! female pr9ciple1 /&s ! ,holy ,_s4 ,d5ial ( ,*ri/ 9 times ( p]secution seem$ to !m q all[able4 ,at ! "t ( ,epiphanius1--:o id5tifies !m ) ! ,sampseans1 ^: "n 0 d]iv$ f ! sun1 because 9 pray] !y turn$ to ! sun1 call$ also 1--!y _h = ! mo/ "p _! resid5ce r\nd ab\t ! ,dead ,sea1 :]e !y got mix$ up ) ! ,ess5es ( t region4--,m rec5tly ! ,elkesaites h be5 br\ght into connection ) ! /ill extant sect ( ! ,sabeans or ,m&eans 7 #be1 #a74 ,^! ,sabeans1 f mean+ 1 1 are designat$ by ! m$ival ,arabic writ]s ,mogtasilah1 ^? :o wa% !mselves1 & ,el*asai* is nam$ z _! f\nd]1 & z tea*+ ! exi/5ce ( two pr9ciples a male & a female4 #dg #bh4c4 ,! ,pseudo-,clem5t9e ,s]ies ( ,writ+s =ms a lit]ature ( a romantic hi/orico-didactic description :i* orig9at$ betwe5 ,a4,d4 #afj & #agj4 a4 ,! s-call$ ,homili ,,xx ,clem5tis#dh 7 prefac$ by two lett]s to ! ,apo/le ,james at ,j]usalem4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is f ,pet] enjo9+ secrecy 9 reg>d to ! 8,k]ugma0 s5t !re)4 ,! second is f ,clem5t ( ,rome aft] ! dea? ( ,pet]1 tell+ h[ he z ! f\nd] & fir/ bi%op ( ! *ur* ( ,rome _h orda9$ ,clem5t z 8 successor1 & _h *>g$ him to draw up ^? acc\nts ( 8 own c>e] & ( ! addresses & disputations ( ,pet] :i* he _h he>d :ile ! ,apo/le pursu$ & cont5d$ ) ,simon ,magus1 & to s5d !m to ,james z head ( ! *ur*1 8bi%op ( bi%ops1 :o rul$ ! *ur* ( ,j]usalem & all ! *ur*es10 t !y might be c]tifi$ by him4 ,! hi/orical framework ( ! book repres5ts a di/+ui%$ ,roman ( philosophical culture & ( noble bir?1 nam$ ,clem5t1 z receiv+ 8 fir/ acqua9tance ) ,*ri/ianity at ,rome1 & !n z go+ =? on 8 travels to ,judea z an eag] seek] aft] ! tru?4 ,at ,alex&ria 7 #af1 #d7 ,b>nabas conv9ces him ( ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ,clem5t foll[s him to ,cs>ea :]e he li/5s to a great debate betwe5 ,pet] & ,simon ,magus 7 #be1 #b74 ,simon defeat$ betakes himself to flight1 b ,pet] foll[s him1 accompani$ by ,clem5t & two :o _h be5 disciples ( ! magician1 ,niceta & ,aquila4 ,?\gh he goes aft] him f place to place1 ,pet] does n get hold ( ,simon1 b f\nds *ur*es all along 8 r\te4 ,on ! way ,clem5t tells him h[ long be=e 8 "m1 ,mattidia1 & 8 two bro!rs _h gone on a j\rney to ,a!ns1 & h[ 8 fa!r1 ,fau/us1 _h gone 9 se>* ( !m1 & no trace ( any ( !m _h ev] be5 f\nd4 ,soon !reaft] ! "m is met )1 & !n x is discov]$ t ,niceta & ,aquila are ! lo/ bro!rs ,fau/9us & ,fau/9ianus4 ,at ! baptism ( ! "m ! fa!r also is re/or$4 ,f9ally at ,laodicea ,pet] & ,simon engage a second "t 9 a f\r-days' disputation :i* ends z ! fir/4 ,! /ory concludes ) ,pet]'s arrival at ,antio*4 b4 ,! t5 books ( ! s-call$ ,recognitiones ,clem5tis1#di pres5t u aga9 ) ! ,clem5t ( ! hi/orical romance1 ! hi/orical "h ov]%ad[+ ! didactic1 & a clos] connection ) *ur* doctr9e be+ "h ma9ta9$4 ,critical exam9ations ( ! relations betwe5 ! two sets ( writ+s h m & m e/abli%$ ! view t an old] ,jewi%-,*ri/ian ,gno/ic "w lay at ! basis ( bo?4 ,?is orig9al docum5t seems to h be5 us$ contemporane\sly1 b 9 a p]fectly indep5d5t mann] 9 ! composition ( bo?2 ! ,homilies us+ ! mat]ials 9 an anti-,m>cionite int]e/ 7 #bg1 #aa71 ! ,recognitions us+ !m 9 su* a way z to give z little (f5ce z possible to _! ,ca?olic read]s4 ,/ill x is que/ionable :e!r ?is orig9al docum5t1 :i* probably bore ! title ( 1 embrac$ 9 its e>lie/ =m ! dome/ic romance ( ,clem5t1 or only treat$ ( ! disputation ( ,pet] ) ,simon at ,cs>ea1 & 0 fir/ enl>g$ by addition ( ! giv+ ! /ory ( ,pet]'s travels 774 c4 ,f9ally1 extracts f ! ,homilies1 wor?less & ( no indep5d5t significance1 are extant 9 ! =m ( two ,greek ,epitom 7ed4 ,dressel1 ,lps41 #ahei74 ,equally unimportant is ! ,syrian ,epitome1 edit$ by ,lag>de1 ,lps41 #ahfa1 a compilation f ! ,recognitions & ! ,homilies4 ,all ! ?ree writ]s ( ! ,epitomes _h an int]e/ only 9 ! romantic n>rative4 #bh4d4 ,! ,pseudo-,clem5t9e ,doctr9al ,sy/em is repres5t$ 9 ! mo/ complete & mo/ orig9al mann] 9 ! ,homilies4 ,9 ! conv]sations1 addresses1 & debates !re report$ ! au?or develops 8 own religi\s views1 & by putt+ !m 9 ! m\? ( ! ,apo/le ,pet] seeks to get !m recognis$ z g5u9e unadult]at$ primitive ,*ri/ianity1 :ile all ! doctr9es ( ,ca?olic ,paul9ism :i* he objects to1 z well z ^? ( h]etical ,gno/icism & especially ( ,m>cionism1 are put into ! m\? ( ,simon ,magus1 ! primitive h]etic2 & !n an attempt is made at a c]ta9 reconciliation & comb9ation ( all ^! views1 ! evil be+ inde$ cont5d$ aga9/1 b an elem5t ( tru? be+ recognis$ 9 !m all4 ,he directs 8 ,polemics aga9/ ! poly!ism ( vulg> paganism1 ! allegorical int]pretation by philosoph]s ( pagan my?s1 ! doctr9e ( ! creation ( ! _w out ( no?+ & ! sacrificial wor%ip ( ,judaism1 aga9/ ! hypo/atic ,tr9ity ( ,ca?olicism1 ! *iliasm ( ! ,ebionites1 ! pagan naturali/ic elem5t 9 ,elkesaism1 ! dualism1 ! doctr9e ( ! ,demiurge1 ! ,docetism & ,ant9omianism ( ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ian ,gno/ics4 ,he attempts 9 8 ,ironies to po9t out ! ,ebionitic id5tity ( g5u9e ,*ri/ianity ) g5u9e ,judaism1 emphasizes ! ,ess5ic-,elkesaitic dem& to ab/a9 f eat+ fle%1 to obs]ve frequ5t fa/s1 div]s wa%+s & volunt>y pov]ty 7?r\gh a recomm5dation ( e>ly m>riages71 z well z ! ,ca?olic doctr9e ( ! necessity ( baptism = ! =giv5ess ( s9s1 & ju/ifies ! ,gno/ic t5d5cy ( 8 times by sett+ up a sy/em ( doctr9e ( :i* ! c5tral idea is ! connection ( ,/oical ,pan!ism ) ,jewi% ,!ism1 & is itself ?or\ghly duali/ic3 ,god ! et]nal pure ,be+ 0 orig9ally a unity ( & 1 & 8 life consi/$ 9 ext5sion & contraction1 & 1 ! symbol ( :i* ! human he>t 0 a lat] copy4 ,! result ( su* an 0 ! sep>ation ( & 1 :]e) a beg9n+ ( ! developm5t ( ! _w 0 made4 ,! is ?us repres5t$ z 1 also call$ or 2 ! is repres5t$ z or :i* f\r times p>ts asund] 9 tw(old opposition ( ! elem5ts4 ,satan spr+s f ! mix+ ( ^! elem5ts1 & is ! univ]sal s\l ( ! 4 ,! has !reby become & 4 ,?us ! ,monas has unfold$ itself into a ,dyas1 z ! fir/ l9k ( a long *a9 ( contra/$ pairs or ,syzygies1 9 ! fir/ s]ies ( :i* ! l>ge & male /&s opposite ! small & female1 heav5 & e>?1 day & night1 etc4 ,! la/ ,syzygy ( ?is s]ies is ,adam z ! true male1 & ,eve z ! false female prophet4 ,9 ! second s]ies t relation _h come to be j rev]s$1 ,ca9 & ,abel1 ,i%mael & ,isaac1 etc4 ,9 ! protopla/s ?is opposition ( tru? & falsehood1 ( good & evil1 0 /ill a physical & necess>y "o2 b 9 _! desc5dants1 because bo? elem5ts ( _! p>5ts are mix$ up 9 !m1 x becomes an e?ical "o1 condition+ & requir+ fre$om ( self-det]m9ation4 ,mean:ile ,satan tempt$ m5 to error & s92 b ! true prophet 7 7 9 :om ! div9e dwelt z & 1 always leads !m back aga9 into ! true way ( ,gnosis & ! fulfilm5t ( ! law4 ,9 ,adam1 ! orig9al prophet1 :o _h taught :ole & full tru?1 he _h at fir/ appe>$1 return+ aga9 aft] e new obscuration & disfigurem5t ( 8 doctr9e "u v>y+ names & =ms1 b always anew proclaim+ ! same tru?4 ,8 special manife/ations 7 9 ,eno*1 ,noah1 ,abraham1 ,isaac1 ,jacob1 ,moses1 & f9ally1 9 ,*ri/4 ,alongside ( !m all1 h[ev]1 /& false prophets inspir$ by ! _s ( lies1 to :om ev5 ,john ! ,bapti/ belongs1 & 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t _m ( _! doctr9es & prophecies h slipp$ 9 along ) ! true prophecy4 ,! transition f ! orig9al pan!i/ic to ! subsequ5t !i/ic /&po9t1 9 :i* ,god is repres5t$ z p]sonal creator ( ! _w1 lawgiv]1 & gov]nor1 seems to h be5 introduc$ by means ( ! primitive p>tition ( ! div9e be+ into & 4 ,9 va91 h[ev]1 d we seek an explanation ( ! contradiction t1 on ! "o h&1 ! end ( ! developm5t ( ! _w is repres5t$ z ! sep>ation ( ! evil f ! good = ! et]nal puni%m5t ( ! =m]1 b on ! o!r h&1 z a return1 ?r\gh ! purification ( ! "o & ! de/ruction ( ! o!r1 ( all into ! div9e be+1 ! 4 ,equally irreconcilable is ! ass]tion ( ! unconditional necessity ( ,*ri/ian baptism ) ! ass]tion ( ! equality ( all /ages ( revelation4 #bi4 ,,mani*,,ism4 ,mani*ism makes its appe>ance 9 ,p]sia ab\t ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury1 indep5d5tly ( ! ,g5tile-,*ri/ian ,gno/icism ( ! ,roman empire1 :i* 0 m or less "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,greek philosophy ( ! second c5tury1 b be>+ und\bt$ connection ) ,m&ism 7 #be1 #a71 & ,elkesaism 7 #bh1 #b74 ,9 pr9ciple & t5d5cy1 x 0 at v>i\s po9ts1 z e4g4 9 its !ory ( emanation1 its doceticism1 etc41 connect$ ) ,gno/icism1 b 0 di/+ui%$ !refrom pre-em95tly by us+ ,*ri/ian sot]iological ideas & modes ( ?\ght z a m]e v>ni% = ori5tal pagan or ,babylonian-,*aldaic !osophy1 putt+ ?is 9 place ( ,platonic or ,/oical notions :i* are q =eign to x1 bas+ ! sy/em on ,p]sian dualism & impregnat+ x ) elem5ts f ,buddhi/ e?ics4 ,ano!r po9t 9 :i* x is di/+ui%$ f ,gno/icism is t x does n pres5t itself z an esot]ic =m ( religion meant only = ! few specially gift$ spirits1 b di/9ctly endeav\rs to build up a community ( its own ) a regul>ly articulat$ con/itution & a well organiz$ ritual4 #bi4a4 ,! ,f\nd]4--,:at ! ,greek & ,lat9 ,fa!rs 7,titus ( ,bo/ra1 ,epiphanius1 ,augu/9e1 etc47 say ab\t ! p]son & hi/ory ( ! f\nd] ( ?is sect is d]iv$ ma9ly f an acc\nt ( a disputation :i* a bi%op ,ar*elaus ( ,casc> 9 ,mesopotamia is said to h held ) ,manes or ,mani*u4 ,?is docum5t is writt5 9 ,syriac & dates ab\t ,a4,d4 #cbj1 b x is simply a polemical "w "u ! guise ( a debate betwe5 m5 ) hi/orical names4 ,^! 8,acts0 h come d[n to u 9 a v corrupt ,lat9 v]sion1 & conta91 especially 9 _! hi/orical allusions1 mu* t is incr$ible & leg5d>y1 :ile 9 _! repres5tation ( ! doctr9e ( ,manes !y are mu* m des]v+ ( confid5ce4 ,accord+ to !m ! orig9 ( ,mani*ism is to be attribut$ to a f> travell$ ,s>ac5 craftsman1 nam$ ,scy?ianus1 :o liv$ 9 ! age ( ! ,apo/les4 ,8 disciple1 ,t]eb9?us1 :o subsequ5tly 9 ,babylon took ! "n ,buddas1 & affirm$ t he _h be5 born ( a virg91 wrote at ! ma/]'s dictation f\r books1 ,my/]ia1 ,capitula1 ,evangelium1 ,!saurus1 :i* aft] 8 dea? came into ! possession ( a fre$ slave1 ,cubricus or ,corbicus4 ,?is man made ! wisdom taught !re9 8 own1 develop$ x m fully1 appe>$ 9 ,p]sia z ! f\nd] ( a new religion1 & call$ himself ,manes4 ,he 0 ev5 receiv$ at c\rt1 b 8 failure to heal a pr9ce 0 us$ by ! jeal\s magicians to secure 8 ov]?r[4 ,he escap$1 h[ev]1 f prison1 & f\nd a safe hid+ place 9 ,arabion1 an old ca/le 9 ,mesopotamia4 ,mean:ile he _h got access to ! sacr$ writ+s ( ! ,*ri/ians & borr[$ mu* f !m = ! fur!r developm5t ( 8 sy/em4 ,he n[ gave himself out z ! ,p>aclete promis$ by ,*ri/1 & by means ( lett]s & mess5g]s develop$ a great activity 9 ! dissem9ation ( 8 views1 especially among ,*ri/ians4 ,?is l$ to ! disputation ( ,ar*elaus above ref]r$ to1 9 :i* ,manes suff]$ utt] defeat4 ,he 0 soon !reaft] seiz$ by ord] ( ! ,p]sian k+1 flay$ alive1 & 8 /uff$ sk9 publicly exhibit$ z a w>n+4 ,! reports 9 ,p]sian docum5ts ( ! n9? & t5? c5turies ?\gh lat] seem mu* m cr$ible1 & ! dates d]ivable f ,manes' own writ+s & ^? ( 8 disciples quot$ 9 ,arabic docum5ts ( ! t5? & elev5? c5turies1 are q wor?y ( acceptance4#ej ,accord+ to !m ,fatak ! fa!r ( ,manes1 call$ 9 a ,greek oa? =mula /ill extant1 0 desc5d$ f a noble ,p]sian family 9 ,hamadan or ,ecbatana1 m>ri$ a pr9cess ( ! ,p>?ian ,as>cidae1 n long be=e ?is1 9 ,a4,d4 #bbf1 driv5 out by ! ,p]sian ,sassanid1 & settl$ d[n ) h] at ,ctesiphon1 ! ,p>?ian capital4 ,"h he met ) ! ,mogtasilah1 ,m&eans or ,elkesaites 7 #bh1 #b71 !n remov$ to ,s\!rn ,*aldea1 & tra9$ 8 son1 born 9 ,a4,d4 #baf1 ) great c>e 9 ?is fai?4 ,b ev5 9 8 twelf? ye> ,manes receiv$ a div9e revelation1 :i* orda9$ him to be ! f\nd] ( a new religion1 & 9 8 tw5ty-f\r? ye> he 0 commission$ to prea* ?is religion publicly4 ,on 8 fir/ appe>ance 9 ,p]sia1 on ! coronation day ( k+ ,sapor ,i41 9 ,a4,d4 #bdb1 he met ) s little support t he f\nd x necess>y to keep away f ! ,p]sian empire = sev]al decades1 :i* he sp5t 9 =eign l&s develop+ 8 sy/em & successfully prosecut+ mission>y "w4 ,x 0 only ab\t ! end ( ,sapor's reign 7 ,a4,d4 #bgb7 t he v5tur$ aga9 to return4 ,he won ov] to 8 views ! k+'s bro!r ,p]oz & ?r\gh him f\nd fav\r tempor>ily ) ,sapor1 :i*1 h[ev]1 soon aga9 turn$ into dislike4 ,sapor's successor1 ,hormuz or ,hormisdas ,i41 seem$ incl9$ to be tol]ant t[>d him4 ,= ?is v reason ,bahram or ,b>anes ,i4 %[$ himself all ! m ho/ile1 & _h him crucifi$ 9 ,a4,d4 #bgf1 8 body flay$1 & ! sk9 /uff$ ) /raw ?r[n out at ! gate ( ! city4 ,! two acc\nts may1 accord+ to ,kessl]1 be br\ght into h>mony ?us4 ,! "n ,scy?ianus 0 giv5 to ,fatak z com+ f ,p>?ia or ,scy?ia4 ,t]eb9?us1 a corruption ( ! ,aramaic t>bi?a1 sapl+1 0 giv5 orig9ally z ,nom5 appell4 to ! son ( ,fatak1 & 0 aft]w>ds misund]/ood & reg>d$ z ,nom5 propr4 ( an additional memb] ( ! family1 int]m$iate betwe5 ,fatak & ,manes4 ,9 ! ,lat9 ,cubricus1 h[ev]1 we meet ) a scornful r5d]+ ( 8 orig9al "n1 :i* he1 on 8 ent]+ indep5d5tly on 8 "w1 ex*ang$ = ! "n ,manes4#ea ,! "n ,buddas seems to indicate "s sort ( connection ) ,buddhism4 ,we also meet ) ! f\r ,t]eb9?us books among ! sev5 *ief works ( ,manes catalogu$ 9 ! ,fihri/4 ,accord+ to a ,p]sian docum5t ! ,evangelium bore ! title ,ert5ki ,mani1 0 compos$ by ,manes 9 a cave 9 ,turke/an1 9 :i* he /ay$ = a long "t dur+ 8 bani%m5t1 & 0 adorn$ ) beautiful illu/rations1 & pass$ = a book s5t d[n to him direct f heav54 #bi4b4 ,! ,sy/em4--,! diff]5t sets ( docum5ts give v diff]5t acc\nts ( ! religi\s sy/em ( ,mani*ism4 ,?is is n occasion$ s mu* by errone\s tradition or misconception z by ! v>y+ /ages ?r\gh :i* ! doctr9e ( ,manes pass$4 ,9 ,we/]n & ,*ri/ian l&s x took on a ri*] ,*ri/ian col\r+ ?an 9 ,ea/]n & pagan c\ntries4 ,9 all its =ms1 h[ev]1 we meet ) a gr\ndwork ( magical dualism4 ,z 9 ,p>seeism1 ,ahriman & 8 ,devas /& oppos$ to ,ormuzd & 8 ,ame%asp5tas & ,iz$s1 s also "h f all et]nity a lum9\s e!r surr\nd+ ! realm ( light1 ! ,t]ra lucida1 ( ! good ,god1 ) 8 twelve ons & c\ntless be+s ( light1 /&s oppos$ to ! realm ( d>kness1 ! ,t]ra pe/if]a1 ) ,satan & 8 demons4 ,ea* ( ! two k+doms consi/s ( five elem5ts3 ! =m] ( bright light1 quick5+ fire1 cle> wat]1 hot air1 s(t w9d2 ! latt] ( lurid flame1 scor*+ fire1 grimy slime1 d>k cl\ds1 rag+ tempe/4 ,9 ! "o1 p]fect concord1 goodness1 happ9ess1 & spl5d\r prevail2 9 ! o!r1 wild1 *aotic & de/ructive waves da% confus$ly ab\t4 ,clo?+ himself 9 a borr[$ ray ( light1 ,satan prep>$ himself = a robb] campaign 9 ! realm ( light4 ,9 ord] to keep him (f ! ,fa!r ( ,lights caus$ to emanate f him ! 8,"m ( ,life10 & plac$ h] z a wat*] on ! bord]s ( 8 realm4 ,%e br\ght =? ! fir/ man 7 71 :o arm$ ) ! five pure elem5ts engag$ 9 battle ) ! demons4 ,:5 he sank be=e _! furi\s onslaught1 ,god s5t a newly emanat$ on = 8 deliv]ance1 ! 8liv+ _s0 7 71 :o fre$ him & vanqui%$ ! demons4 ,b a portion ( ! e!real sub/ance ( ! fir/ man1 8 arm\r ( light1 _h be5 already dev\r$ by ! demoniac ,hyle1 & z ! ,jesus patibilis1 1 rema9s imprison$ 9 x4 ,out ( ! elem5ts ( light :i* he sav$ ! liv+ ,_s n[ =ms ! ,sun & ,moon1 & settles !re ! fir/ man z ,jesus impatibilis1 1 :ile out ( ! ,hyle impregnat$ ) elem5ts ( light he con/ructs ! pres5t e>?ly _w1 9 ord] gradually to deliv] ! fragm5ts ( light b\nd up 9 x1 ! ,jesus patibilis or ! s\l ( ! _w1 & to fit !m = re/oration to _! et]nal home4 ,! fir/ man dwell+ 9 ! sun & ! ,holy ,_s en?ron$ 9 ! lum9\s e!r h to fur!r & direct ?is process ( purification4 ,! sun & moon are ! two light-%ips1 lucid naves1 :i* ! light p>ticles wr5*$ out ( ! _w fur!r increase4 ,! zodiac ) its twelve signs op]ates 9 ?is direction l a revolv+ :eel ) twelve buckets1 :ile ! small] %ip1 z new moon1 receives !m1 & z full moon empties !m aga9 into ! sun1 :i* introduces !m into ! realm ( light4 ,9 ord] to *eck ?is process ( purification ,satan1 out ( ! ,hyle & ! imprison$ p>ticles ( light1 ( :i* he /ill _h possession1 made ,adam & ,eve aft] 8 own image & t ( ! fir/ man1 & incit$ !m to fle%ly lu/s & c>nal int]c\rse1 s t ! light ( _! s\l became dim & weak1 & m & m ! body became its gloomy prison4 ,8 demons1 moreov]1 7 cont9ually busy+ !mselves 9 fa/5+ ! *a9s ( d>kness m tightly ab\t _! desc5dants by means ( ! false religions ( ,judaism & paganism4 ,!re=e at la/ ! ,jesus impatibilis1 clo!d ) ! appe>ance ( a body1 desc5d$ f ! sun to ! e>?1 to in/ruct m5 ab\t _! s\ls & ! means & end ( _! r$emption4 ,! suff]+s & dea? inflict$ ^u him by ! ,pr9ce ( ,d>kness 7 only 9 appe>ance4 ,! dea? ( ! cross & ! resurrection 7 only s5sible repres5tations ( ! ov]?r[ & f9al victory ( ! ,jesus patibilis4 ,z 9 ! macrocosm ( ! e>?ly _w !re is set =? ! emancipation ( ?is suff]+ ,*ri/ f ! bonds ( hylic matt]1 s also 9 ! microcosm repres5t$ 9 ea* individual man1 we h ! dom9ion ( ! _s ov] ! fle%1 ! r$emption ( ! s\l ( light f ! prison ( ! body1 & its return to ! realm ( light1 conceiv$ ( z ! end & aim ( all endeav\r4 ,! me?od = atta9+ ?is consi/s 9 ! greate/ possible ab/95ce f all connection & int]c\rse ) ! _w ( s5se2 ! ,signaculum oris 9 p>ticul> dem&s absolute ab/95ce f all animal food & re/riction 9 ! use ev5 ( vegetable food1 = 9 ! slaught]+ ( ! animal all elem5ts ( light are ) ! life )drawn f its fle%1 & only hylic elem5ts rema91 :]eas 9 vegetable f>e ! sub/ances ( light !re pres5t contribute to ! /r5g!n+ ( ! light 9 ! man's own s\l4 ,w9e & all intoxicat+ dr9ks z 8,satan's gall0 are /rictly =bidd51 z well z animal food4 ,! ,signaculum manuum prohibits all injur+ ( animal or plant life1 all avoidable contact ) or "w ^u matt]1 because ! mat]ial is !reby /r5g!n$4 ,! ,signaculum s9us =bids all s5sual pleasure & c>nal int]c\rse4 ,! s\ls ( ^? m5 :o h p]fectly satisfi$ ! ?reefold injunction1 return at dea? imm$iately into ! bless$ home ( light4 ,^? :o only p>tially obs]ve !m mu/1 by transmigration ( ! s\l into o!r bodies1 ( animals1 plants or m51 9 proportion to ! degree ( purification atta9$ unto1 t is1 by metempsy*osis1 h ! purify+ process c>ri$ to p]fection4 ,b all :o h n ent]$ ^u ! way ( sanctification1 are f9ally deliv]$ ov] unres]v$ly to ,satan & hell4 ,! ,apo/les greatly misund]/ood & falsifi$ ?is doctr9e ( ,*ri/2 b 9 ! p]son ( ,manes ! promis$ ,p>aclete appe>$1 :o taught x aga9 9 its orig9al purity4 ,= ! mo/ "p ,manes accept$ ! ,paul9e epi/les 9 :i* ! doctr9es ( ! groan+ creation & ! opposition ( fle% & _s mu/ h be5 peculi>ly acceptable to him2 all ! m decid$ly did he reject ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 & vigor\sly did he oppose ! acc\nt :i* x gave ( ! outp\r+ ( ! ,holy ,_s z 9 conflict ) 8 doctr9e ( ! ,p>aclete4 ,accord+ to ! ,fihri/1 ,manes di/+ui%$ f ! ,jesus impatibilis :o z true r$eem] desc5d$ to e>? 9 ! appe>ance ( a body1 ! hi/orical ,jesus z prophet ( ! ,devil1 & ! false ,messiah :o = ! puni%m5t ( 8 wick$ness suff]$ actual dea? on ! cross in/ead ( ! true ,jesus4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t he :olly reject$4 ,! god ( ! ,jews 0 ) him ! ,pr9ce ( ,d>kness2 ! prophets ) ,moses at _! head 7 ! mess5g]s ( ! ,devil4 ,z 8 own true precursors--! precursors ( ! ,p>aclete--he nam$ ,adam1 ,se?1 ,noah1 ,abraham1 ,buddha1 & ,zoroa/]4 #bi4c4 ,con/itution1 ,wor%ip1 & ,mission>iz+4--,manes 0 /ill reg>d$ aft] 8 dea? z ! invisibly pres5t head 7,pr9ceps7 ( ! *ur*4 ,at ! head ( ! hi]>*ical ord] z 8 visible repres5tative /ood an ,imam or ,pope1 :o resid$ at ,babylon4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 appo9t$ by ,manes himself be=e 8 dea?1 0 nam$ ,sis or ,sis9ius4 ,! ,mani*an m9i/ry 0 di/ribut$ "u him into twelve ,magi/ri & sev5ty-two ,bi%ops1 ) presbyt]s & deacons 9 numb]s z requir$4 ,! congregations consi/$ ( ,cate*um5s 7,auditores7 & ,elect 7,electi1 ,p]fecti74 ,! latt] 7 /rictly b\nd to obs]ve ! ?reefold ,signaculum4 ,! ,auditores br\ght !m ! food necess>y = ! support ( _! life & out ( ! abundance ( _! hol9ess !y procur$ p>don to ^! imp]fect ones = _! unavoidable violation ( m9]al & vegetable life 9 mak+ ?is provision4 ,! ,auditores 7 also all[$ to m>ry & ev5 to eat animal food2 b by volunt>y r5unciation ( ?is p]mission !y c\ld secure entrance into ! ranks ( ! ,electi4 ,! wor%ip ( ! ,mani*ans 0 simple1 b ord]ly4 ,!y address$ _! pray]s to ! sun & moon4 ,! ,sunday 0 hall[$ by absolute fa/+1 & ! day ( common wor%ip 0 d$icat$ to ! hon\r ( ! _s ( ! sun2 b on ,monday ! ,electi by !mselves celebrat$ a secret s]vice4 ,at _! annual *ief fe/ival1 t ( ! ,pulpit 771 on ! day ( _! f\nd]'s dea?1 !y ?rew !mselves d[n ^u ! gr\nd 9 ori5tal fa%ion be=e a beautifully adorn$ *air ( /ate1 ! symbol ( _! dep>t$ ma/]4 ,! five /eps lead+ up to x repres5t$ ! five hi]>*ical decrees ( ! ,electi1 ,diaconi1 ,presbyt]i1 ,episcopi & ,magi/ri4 ,baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp]1 ! =m] ) oil1 ! latt] ) bread )\t w9e1 belong$ to ! secret wor%ip ( ! ,p]fect4 ,oil & bread 7 reg>d$ z ! mo/ lum9\s be>]s ( ! univ]sal s\l 9 ! vegetable _w4--,not)/&+ ! viol5t p]secution :i* aft] ! execution ( ,manes 0 rais$ aga9/ ! adh]5ts ( 8 doctr9e ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,p]sian empire1 _! numb] increas$ rapidly 9 all qu>t]s1 especially 9 ! ,ea/1 b also 9 ! ,we/1 9 ,syria1 ,pale/9e1 ,egypt1 etc4 ,proconsul> ,africa became ! c5tre ( its ,we/]n propag&a2 & !nce x spread into ,italy & ,spa94 ,9 ,a4,d4 #bij ,diocletian issu$ an edict by :i* ! ,proconsul ( ,africa 0 requir$ to burn ! lead]s ( ?is sect1 d\bly dang]\s z spr++ f ! ho/ile ,p]sian empire1 along ) _! books1 to execute ) ! sword its p]si/5t adh]5ts1 or s5d !m to "w 9 ! qu>ries1 & confiscate _! goods4--,cont9uation at #ed1 #a4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,doctr9al ,,developm5t ,,& ,,apologetical ,,activity ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*4#eb #cj4 ,,! ,,!ological ,,lit]ature ,,( ,,! ,,po/-,,apo/olic ,,age1 ,a4,d4 #gj-agj4ec ,! lit]>y rema9s ( ! s-call$ ,apo/olic ,fa!rs con/itute ! fir/ fruits ( ,patri/ic-,*ri/ian lit]ature4 ,^! are 9 respect ( numb] & scope insignificant1 &1 inasmu* z !y _h _! orig91 f ! special individual circum/ances ( _! writ]s1 !y 7 compos$ = ! mo/ "p 9 ! =m ( epi/les4 ,! old traditional view t ! au?ors ( ^! treatises _h enjoy$ ! imm$iate fell[%ip & in/ruction ( ! ,apo/les is at once too n>r[ & too wide4 ,among ^! writ+s mu/ be includ$ fir/ ( all ! rec5tly discov]$ 8,tea*+ ( ! ,twelve ,apo/les40 ,ab\t ,a4,d4 #acj1 :5 ,*ri/ianity 0 mak+ its way among ! ranks ( ! cultur$1 ,*ri/ian writ]s began to feel !mselves call$ ^u to engage ) paganism 9 a lit]>y w>f>e def5sive & (f5sive1 9 ord] to repel ! *>ges & calumnies rais$ aga9/ _! religion & to demon/rate its inn] wor? 9 opposition to ! moral & religi\s degradation ( hea!nism4 ,^! writ+s _h a m !ological & sci5tific "* ?an ^? ( ! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs1 :i* _h m ( a practical & hortatory t5d5cy4 ,! works ( ^! ,apologi/s /ill extant af=d int]e/+ & significant glimpses ( ! life1 doctr9e1 & ?9k+ ( ! ,*ri/ians ( t age1 :i* b = ^! writ+s w\ld h be5 almo/ unkn[n4 #cj4a4 ,! ,beg9n+s ( ,patri/ic ,lit]ature4--,accord+ to ! e/abli%$ rule ( ! *ur* we h to di/+ui% betwe5 ,new ,te/am5t & ,patri/ic lit]ature 9 ?is way3 to ! =m] belongs ^? writ+s to :i*1 z compos$ by ,apo/les or at lea/ "u ,apo/olic au?ority1 ! anci5t *ur* assign$ an objectively fundam5tal & regulative significance = fur!r ecclesia/ical developm5t2 :ile 9 ! latt] we h repres5t$ ! subjective conception & e/imation :i* ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs made ( ! ,*ri/ian message ( salvation & ! /ructure !y re>$ ^u ?is f\ndation4 ,! s-call$ ,apo/olic ,fa!rs may be reg>d$ z occupy+ a position midway betwe5 ! two & =m+ a transition f ! "o to ! o!r1 or z !mselves con/itut+ ! fir/ fruits ( ,patri/ic lit]ature4 ,inde$ z reg>ds ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s !mselves ! anci5t *ur* 0 long unc]ta9 & undecid$ z to ! selection ( !m f ! multitude ( contempor>y writ+s2#ed & ,eusebius /ill designat$ sev]al ( ! books t 7 subsequ5tly def9itely recognis$ 2 :ile mod]n criticism has n only repeat$ su* d\bts z to ! g5u95ess ( ^! writ+s b has ext5d$ ^! d\bts to o!r books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,b ev5 ?is criticism _c d5y ! hi/orical significance assign$ above to ^? ,new ,te/am5t books conte/$ by x1 ev5 ?\gh x may feel oblig$ to reject ! acc\nt ( !m giv5 by ! anci5t *ur*1 & to assign _! composition to ! ,po/-,apo/olic ,age4--,:5 we turn to ! s-call$ ,apo/olic ,fa!rs1 on clos] exam9ation ! usual designation z well z ! cu/om>y enum]ation ( sev5 names z belong+ to ! gr\p w be f\nd too n>r[ because exclud+ ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s compos$ by disciples ( ! ,apo/les1 & too wide because includ+ names :i* h no claim to be reg>d$ z disciples or contempor>ies ( ! ,apo/les1 & embrac+ writ+s ( :i* ! au!nticity is 9 "s cases cle>ly disprov$1 9 o!r cases d\btful or at lea/ only problematical4 ,we come ^u firm gr\nd :5 we proce$ to deal ) ! ,apologi/s ( ! age ( ,hadrian4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 till ! p]iod ( ! ,old ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #agj1 t ! lit]>y compositions ( ! ,*ri/ians became broad5$1 deep5$ & univ]saliz$ by a full] appropriation & appreciation ( ! elem5ts ( ,grco-,lat9 culture1 s z to =m an all-sid$ univ]sal ,*ri/ian lit]ature repres5tative ( ,*ri/ianity z a univ]sal religion4 #cj4b4 ,! ,!ology ( ! ,po/-,apo/olic ,age4--,by f> ! great] numb] ( ! ecclesia/ical writ]s ( ?is p]iod belong to ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ian p>ty4 ,h5ce we might suppose t x w\ld reflect ! ,paul9e type ( doctr9e1 if n 9 its full dep? & complet5ess1 yet at lea/ 9 its m significant & *>act]i/ic features4 ,?is expectation1 h[ev]1 is n altoge!r realis$4 ,among ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs ( ?is age we r f9d an unconsci\s det]ioration ( ! orig9al doctr9e ( ,paul reveal+ itself z a smoo?+ d[n & belittl+ or z an ignor+ ( ! g5u9e ,paul9ism1 :i*1 !re=e1 z ! result ( ! /ruggle aga9/ ! ,gno/ic t5d5cy1 only 9 "p ov]come1 0 = ! fir/ "t fully recognis$ & prov$ f9ally victori\s 9 ! ,re=mation ( ! #af? c5tury4 ,on ! "o h&1 we see t ^! writ]s1 if !y d n completely ignore ! position & task assign$ to ,israel z ! *os5 p ( ,god1 m9imise _! importance & (t5 fail to appreciate ! pdagogical significance ( ! ,mosaic law 7,gal4 iii4 #bd71 s t its c]emonial p>ts are ref]r$ to misund]/&+1 want ( s5se1 & folly1 or are attribut$ ev5 to demoniacal sugge/ion4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 ev5 ! gospel itself is reg>d$ aga9 z a new & high] law1 purifi$ f t c]emonial ta9t1 & h5ce ! task ( ! ante-mundane ,son ( ,god1 begott5 = ! purpose ( creat+ ! _w1 b n[ also manife/ 9 ! fle%1 f ^: influ5ce ^u ,old ,te/am5t prophets z well z ^u ! sages ( paganism all revelations ( pre-,*ri/ian ,judaism z well z all ( true k 9 paganism h sprung1 is pre-em95tly conceiv$ ( z t ( a div9e tea*] & lawgiv]4 ,9 ?is way !re 0 impress$ ^u ! ,old ,ca?olic ,*ur* z x grew up out ( ,paul9e ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity a legali/ic moral t5d5cy t 0 q =eign to ! orig9al ,paul9ism1 & ! righte\sness ( fai? taught by ! ,apo/le :5 repres5t$ z ob$i5ce to ! 8new law0 pass$ ov] aga9 unobs]v$ into a righte\sness ( works4 ,r$emption & reconciliation are inde$ /ill always admitt$ to be condition$ by ! dea? ( ,*ri/ & _! appropriation to be by ! fai? ( ! individual2 b ?is fai? is at bottom no?+ m ?an ! conviction ( ! div9ity ( ! p]son & doctr9e ( ! new lawgiv] evid5c+ itself 9 rep5tance & r5d]+ ( practical ob$i5ce1 & 9 confid5t expectation ( ! second com+ ( ,*ri/1 & 9 a sure confid5ce ( a %>e 9 ! life ev]la/+4--,! introduction ( ?is legali/ic t5d5cy into ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 0 n occasion$ by ! influ5ce ( ,jewi% ,*ri/ian legalism1 nor c x be expla9$ z ! result ( a compromise effect$ betwe5 ,jewi% ,*ri/ian ,petr9ism & ,g5tile ,*ri/ian ,paul9ism1 :i* 7 suppos$ by ,baur1 ,s*wegl]1 etc41 to h be51 dur+ ! ,apo/olic ,age1 irreconcilably ho/ile to "o ano!r4 ,?is has be5 already prov$ by ,rits*l1 :o *>ges its intrusion r ^u ! inability ( ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity fully to und]/& ! ,old ,te/am5t bases ( ! ,paul9e doctr9e4 ,by means ( a c>eful analysis ( ! undisput$ writ+s ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr & by a comp>ison ( ^! ) ! writ+s ( ! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs1 ,engelh>dt has prov$ t any?+ extra-1 un-1 or anti-,paul9e 9 ! ,*ri/ianity ( ^! ,fa!rs has n s mu* an ,ebionitic-,jewi% ,*ri/ian1 b r a pagan-philosophic1 s\rce4 ,he %[s t ! preval5t religio-moral mode ( ?\ght ( ! cultur$ paganism ( t age reappe>s 9 t =m ( ,*ri/ianity n only z an inability to rea* a pr(\nd und]/&+ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 b also j z mu* z a m9imis+ & depreciat+1 or disda9+ ( s _m *>act]i/ic features ( ! ,paul9e doctr9al re/+ on ,old ,te/am5t f\ndations4 #cj4c4 ,! s-call$ ,apo/olic ,fa!rs4#ee-- a4 ,clem5t ( ,rome 0 "o ( ! fir/ ,roman bi%ops1 probably ! ?ird 7 #af1 #a74 ,! op9ion t he is to be id5tifi$ ) ! ,clem5t nam$ 9 ,phil4 iv4 #c is absolutely unsupport$4 ,! sam5ess ( age & resid5ce 9 "s small measure fav\rs ! id5tify+ him ) ,tit4 ,flav4 ,clem5s ,clem5t1 ! consul1 & c\s9 ( ! ,emp]or1 :o on acc\nt ( 8 ,*ri/ianity 787 0 execut$ 9 ,a4,d4 #ie 7 #bb1 #a74 ,besides a multitude ( o!r writ+s :i* subsequ5tly assum$ 8 well-kn[n "n 7 #bh1 #c2 #dc1 #d71 !re are ascrib$ to him two s-call$ ,epi/les to ! ,cor9?ians1 ( :i* h[ev]1 ! second c]ta9ly is n 84 ,! ,fir/ ,epi/le :i* 9 ! anci5t *ur* 0 consid]$ wor?y to be us$ 9 public wor%ip1 0 aft]w>ds lo/1 b fragm5ts ( x 7 recov]$ 9 ,a4,d4 #afbh 9 ! s-call$ ,codex ,alex&r9us 7 #aeb1 #b71 toge!r ) a portion ( ! s-call$ 8,second ,epi/le40 ,rec5tly h[ev] bo? writ+s 7 f\nd 9 a complete =m by ,bry5nius1 ,metropolitan ( ,s]r 9 ,mac$onia1 9 a ,j]usalem ,codex ( ,a4,d4 #ajef discov]$ at ,con/ant9ople & publi%$ by him4#ef ,9 ! foll[+ ye> a ,codex ( ! ,syrian ,new ,te/am5t at ,cambridge 0 m closely exam9$1#eg & 9 x !re 0 f\nd a complete ,syriac translation ( bo? writ+s ins]t$ betwe5 ! ,ca?olic & ! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 :ile 9 ,codex ,alex&r9us !y are plac$ aft] ! ,apocalypse4 ,! 8,fir/0 ,epi/le1 ! date ( :i* is g5]ally giv5 z ,a4,d4 #ic-ie1 does n give ! au?or's "n1 b is assign$ to ,clem5t ( ,rome by ,dionysius ( ,cor9? 9 ,a4,d4 #agj1 z quot$ 9 ,eusebius1 & by ,ir5u1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 & ,orig51 & describ$ z writt5 f ,rome 9 "n ( ! *ur* ( t place to ! *ur* ( ,cor9?1 c\nsell+ peace & unity4 ,9 ! passage c4 #eh-fc1 =m]ly want+ b n[ re/or$1 ! exhortation passes into a long pray] ) int]cessions = ^? 9 au?ority & = ! *ur* accord+ to :at 0 p]haps already ! cu/om>y =m ( public pray] 9 ,rome4 ,bo? *ur*es1 ^? ( ,rome & ,cor9?1 are admitt$ )\t dispute to h be5 ,g5tile ,*ri/ian *ur*es1 :i* _h accept$ ! ,paul9e type ( doctr9e1 )\t h[ev] fully fa?om+ or und]/&+ x4 ,b ,pet] also occupies a position ( equal hon\r alongside ( ,paul1 & n[h]e does any trace appe> ( a consci\sness ( any opposition betwe5 ! two apo/les4 ,! div9e son%ip ( ! ,r$eem] & ,8 consequ5t univ]sal sov]eignty are ! basis ( ! ,*ri/ian confession1 b no sort ( develop$ doctr9e ( ! div9ity ( ,*ri/ is "h f\nd1 & ev5 ,8 pre-exi/5ce is affirm$ only z ! presupposition ( ! view t ,he 0 already op]ative 9 ! prophets by ,8 _s4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t1 allegorically & typically int]pret$1 is !re=e ! s\rce & pro( ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e4 ,( a p>ticul> election ( ,israel ! au?or kn[s no?+4 ,*ri/ians z su*1 :e!r desc5d$ f ,g5tiles or f ,jews1 are ! *os5 p ( ,god2 ,abraham by reason ( 8 fai? is _! fa!r2 & x is only by fai? 9 ! ,almighty ,god t m5 ( all ages h be5 ju/ifi$ be=e ,god4--,9 ! s-call$ ,second 8,epi/le0 ! complet$ =m ( ! second half proves :at ! less complete =m r5d]$ probable1 t x is no ,epi/le b a s]mon1 & inde$ ! olde/ specim5 ( a s]mon1 t we "h possess4 ,! au?or1 :o deliv]$ x some:]e ab\t ,a4,d4 #add-aej1 wrote x out fir/ = 8 own use1 & !n = ! *ur*4 ,z x has 9 its !ological views _m po9ts ( contact ) ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas 7 #cj1 #d71 ,h>nack ?9ks x probable t a y\ng] ,clem5t ( ,rome m5tion$ by ,h]mas may be ! au?or2 :ile ,hilg5feld is incl9$ to reg>d x z a y\?ful "w ( ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 7 #ca1 #d74 ,x conta9s a =cible exhortation to ?or\gh rep5tance & conv]sion 9 accordance ) ! comm& ( ,*ri/1 ) a ref]5ce to ! judgm5t & ! future glory4 ,?is %[s 9 a rem>kable way :at rapid progress _h be5 made f ! religio-moral mode ( ?\ght ( cultur$ paganism t[>d moraliz+ legalism1 & ! smoo?+ d[n ( ,*ri/ianity !reby introduc$ into ! ,g5tile-,*ri/ian ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 dur+ ! half c5tury betwe5 ! composition ( ! ,epi/le ( ,clem5t & ?is ,clem5t9e disc\rse4 ,= 9 ! latt] already ! gospel is repres5t$ z a new law1 a high] div9e doctr9e ( virtue & rew>d1 9 :i* alms1 fa/s1 & pray] appe> z specially m]itori\s works4 ,! righte\sness t avails ) ,god is /ill inde$ d]iv$ f fai?1 b ?is fai? is r$uc$ to a belief 9 ! future recomp5se ( et]nal life4 ,*ri/ z ,son ( ,god is conceiv$ ( by ! au?or z a pneumatical heav5ly be+1 creat$ be=e ! _w1 :o1 s5t by ,god into ! _w = man's r$emption1 took ^u ,him human 4 ,b besides ,him1 he also kn[s a second pneumatical hypo/asis creat$ be=e ! _w1 8be=e sun & moon10 ! 1 :i*1 z ! heav5ly body ( ,*ri/1 is at ! same "t ! presupposition = ! mak+ ( ! _w re/or$ by ,8 "w ( salvation4 ,= ! creation ( ?is div9e pair ( ons1 t is1 ( ,*ri/ z ! & ( ! *ur* z ,8 heav5ly 1 ! au?or ref]s to ! acc\nt ( ! creation 9 ,g54 i4 #bg4 ,( passages quot$ z say+s ( ,*ri/ sev]al are n to be f\nd 9 our ,gospels4 #cj4d4 b4 ,! ,epi/le kn[n by ! "n ( ,paul's travell+ companion ,b>nabas 7,acts iv4 #cf7 0 fir/ recov]$ 9 ! #ag? c5tury4 ,! fir/ #d *apt]s 7 add$ f an old ,lat9 translation1 till 9 ! #ai? c5tury ! ,codex ,s9aiticus ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & rec5tly also ! ,j]usalem ,codex ( ,bry5nius above ref]r$ to1 suppli$ ! complete ,greek text4#eh ,! date ( ! epi/le has be5 v>i\sly assign$ to ! age ( ,domitian1 to t ( ,n]va1 to t ( ,hadrian2 & is plac$ by ,h>nack betwe5 ,a4,d4 #if & ,a4,d4 #abe4 ,its extravagant allegorical int]pretation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t betrays its ,alex&rian orig91 & 9 ,g5tile-,*ri/ian depreciation ( ! c]emonial law ( ! ,old ,te/am5t x goes s f> z to attribute ! conception & actual composition ( its books to diabolical inspiration4 ,x admits inde$ a cov5ant engagem5t betwe5 ,god & ,israel1 b ma9ta9s t ?is 0 imm$iately t]m9at$ by ,moses' break+ ( ! tables ( ! law4 ,all ?+s consid]$ ! composition ( ?is ,epi/le by ,b>nabas is sc>cely conceivable4 ,?is 0 ackn[l$g$ by ,eusebius :o c\nt$ x among ! 1 & by ,j]ome1 :o plac$ x among ! ,apocrypha4 ,= ! re/1 h[ev]1 its type ( doctr9e is 9 ess5tial agreem5t ) t ( ,paul1 ?\gh x fails to p5etrate ! dep?s ( apo/olic tru?4 ,x is at lea/ decid$ly free f any ta9t ( t legali/ic-moral conception ( ,*ri/ianity :i* is s /rongly mask$ 9 ! disc\rse ( ,clem5t4 ,! div9e son%ip1 pre-exi/5ce1 & _w-creat+ activity ( ,*ri/ is expressly ackn[l$g$ & taught1 ?\gh !re is yet no ref]5ce to ! doctr9e ( ! ,logos4 c4 ,! prophetical writ+ kn[n to u z ,pa/or ,h]m ,h]mas1#ei :i* 0 fir/ errone\sly attribut$ by ,orig5 to ,h]mas ! s*ol> ( ,paul at ,rome 7,rom4 xvi4 #ad71 0 s highly e/eem$ 9 ! anci5t *ur* t x 0 us$ 9 public l ! canonical books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,ir5u quotes x z holy scripture2 ,clem5t & ,orig5 reg>d$ x z inspir$1 & ! ,african *ur* ( ! #crd c5tury includ$ x 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t canon4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,muratorian canon 7 #cf1 #h7 _h already rank$ x among ! ,apocrypha t might be us$ 9 private b n 9 public wor%ip4 ,! book owes its title to ! circum/ance t 9 x an angel appe>s 9 ! =m ( a %eph]d in/ruct+ ,h]mas4 ,x conta9s f\r visions1 9 :i* ! *ur*1 :i* 1 appe>s to ! au?or z an old woman giv+ in/ruction 772 x conta9s also twelve ,m&ata ( ! angel1 & f9ally1 t5 ,similitud9es or p>ables4 ,! ,g5tile-,*ri/ian orig9 ( ! au?or is %[n by ! position :i* he assigns to ! *ur* z coeval ) ! creation ( ! _w & z at fir/ embrac+ all mank9d4 ,! s5d+ ( ! ,son ( ,god into ! _w has = its end n ! f\nd+ b only ! r5ew+ & p]fect+ ( ! *ur*1 & ! twelve tribes to :i* ! ,apo/les 7 to prea* ! gospel are 8! twelve peoples :o dwell on ! :ole e>?0 7comp4 ,deut4 xxxii4 #h74 ,9 all ! ?ree p>ts ! book takes ! =m ( a cont9u\s e>ne/ call to rep5tance 9 view ( ! e>ly com+ aga9 ( ,*ri/1 dom9at$ ?r\gh\t by t same legali/ic conception ( ! ,gospel t we meet ) 9 ! disc\rse ( ,clem5t4 ,inde$ ?is is m fully c>ri$ out1 = x tea*es t ! true p5it5t is able n only to live a p]fectly righte\s life1 b also 9 good works1 su* z fa/s1 alms1 etc41 to d m ?an fulfil ! comm&s ( ,god1 & 9 ?is way to w9 = himself a high] measure ( ! div9e fav\r & et]nal bless$ness4 ,9 ,h]mas we f9d no trace ( any application ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,logos to ! p]son ( ,*ri/1 & ! ideas ( ! ,son ( ,god & ! ,holy ,_s are confus$ ) "o ano!r4 ,! ,son ( ,god z ! ,holy ,_s is 2 at ,8 sugge/ion & by ,8 means ,god creat$ ! _w2 ?r\gh ,him ,he be>s1 su/a9s1 & upholds x2 & by ,him ,he r$eems x by means ( ,8 inc>nation1 = ! ,son ( ,god z ! ,holy ,_s desc5ds ^u ! man ,jesus 9 ,8 baptism4 ,f its prophetical utt]ances1 its eag] expectation ( ! e>ly return ( ! ,"l1 & its promises ( a new outp\r+ ( ! ,_s = ! quick5+ ( ! *ur* already become too worldly1 ! book may be *>act]iz$ z a precursor ( ! ,montani/ movem5t 7 #dj71 al?\gh on que/ions ( practical morality1 su* z second m>riages1 m>tyrdom1 fa/+1 etc41 x exhibits a mild] t5d5cy ?an t ( ,montani/ic rigorism1 & 9 ref]5ce to p5it5tial discipl9e 7 #ci1 #b71 :ile ackn[l$g+ ! inadmissibility ( absolution = a mortal s9 committ$ aft] baptism1 x nev]!less1 ow+ to ! ne>ness ( ! second com+1 all[s to be proclaim$ by ! angel a repeat$1 ?\gh only %ort1 space = rep5tance4 ,! date ( ! composition ( ?is book is /ill matt] ( controv]sy4 ,s9ce ,h]mas is comm&$ 9 ! second vision to s5d a copy ( 8 book to 8,clem5t0 9 ord] to secure its fur!r circulation1 mo/ ( ! e>li] s*ol>s1 & among ! mod]ns specially ,zahn1 id5tify+ ?is ,clem5t ) ! celebrat$ ,roman ,presbyt]-,bi%op ( t "n1 fix its date at some:]e ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajj4 ,rec5tly1 h[ev]1 ,h>nack1 v4 ,gebh>dt1 & o!rs h rightly assign$ mu* great] importance to ! te/imony ( ! ,muratorian canon1 accord+ to :i* x 0 writt5 some:]e betwe5 ,a4,d4 #acj-afj1 8nup]rime temporibus no/ris 9 urbe ,roma10 by ,h]mas1 ! bro!r ( ! ,roman bi%op ,pius 7,a4,d4 #aci-aed74 #cj4e4 d4 ,ignatius1 ,bi%op ( ,antio*1 is said to h be5 a pupil ( ! ,apo/le ,john1 ?\gh no evid5ce ( ?is c be produc$ f ! ,epi/les ascrib$ to him4 ,! ,acta m>tyrii sancti ,ignatii1 extant 9 five p>ts1 are purely leg5d>y & full ( contradictory /atem5ts4 ,accord+ to a lat] docum5t1 t ( ! ,byzant9e *ronograph] ,joh4 ,malalas1 at ! "t ( ! ,p>?ian w> dur+ ! visit ( ,trajan to ,antio* 9 ,a4,d4 #aae1 soon aft] an e>?quake _h be5 exp]i5c$ !re1 he 0 torn asund] by lions 9 ! circus z a despis] ( ! gods4 ,accord+ to ! m>tyrologies he 0 transport$ to ,rome & suff]$ ?is fate !re1 z usually suppos$ 9 ,a4,d4 #aae1 9 ! op9ion ( ,wiesel] & o!rs 9 ,a4,d4 #ajg 7,lightfoot says betwe5 ,a4,d4 #ajj-aah71 accord+ to ,h>nack soon aft] ,a4,d4 #acj4fj ,! epi/les to v>i\s *ur*es & "o to ,polyc>p ascrib$ to him h come d[n to u 9 ?ree rec5sions diff]+ f "o ano!r 9 ext5t1 numb] & "*4 ,!re is a %ort] ,greek rec5sion conta9+ sev51 a l>g] ,greek =m1 ) expansions introduc$ = a purpose1 conta9+ ?irte5 epi/les1 twelve by & "o to ,ignatius1 & ! %orte/ ( all 9 a ,syriac translation conta9+ ?ree epi/les1 ^? to ! ,romans1 to ! ,ephesians1 & to ,polyc>p4#fa ,accord+ to ! fir/-nam$ rec5sion1 ,ignatius is repres5t$ z writ+ all 8 epi/les dur+ 8 m>tyr j\rney to ,rome1 b no ref]5ce to ?is is made 9 ! ,syrian rec5sion4 ,vigor\s polemic aga9/ ,judai/ic & ,docetic h]esy1 undaunt$ confession ( ! div9ity ( ,*ri/1 & unwe>i$ exhortation to recognise ! bi%op z ! repres5tative ( ,*ri/1 :ile ! presbyt]s are describ$ z ! successors ( ! ,apo/les1 di/+ui% ^! epi/les f all o!r writ+s ( ?is age1 especially 9 ! two ,greek rec5sions1 & h l$ _m critics to "q _! g5u95ess4 ,buns51 ,lipsius1 ,rits*l1 etc41 reg>d$ ! ,syrian rec5sion1 9 :i* ! hi]>*ical t5d5cy 0 m 9 ! backgr\nd1 z ! orig9al & au!ntic =m4 ,uhlhorn1 ,d/]dieck1 ,zahn1 ,funk1 ,lightfoot1 ,h>nack1 etc41 pref] ! %ort] ,greek rec5sion1 & view ! ,syrian =m z abbreviat$ p]haps = liturgical purposes1 ,baur1 ,hilg5feld1 ,volkm>1 etc41 d5y ! g5u95ess ( all ?ree4 ,b ev5 on ?is assumption1 9 det]m9+ ! date ( ! composition ( ! two %ort] rec5sions1 to :i*ev] ( !m we may ascribe priority & orig9ality1 we _c on int]nal gr\nds put !m lat] ?an ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 :]eas ! l>g] ,greek rec5sion p>aphras$ & exp&$ into ?irte5 epi/les belongs c]ta9ly to a mu* lat] date 7 #dc1 #d74fb #cj4f4 e4 ,polyc>p1 ,bi%op ( ,smyrna1 _h also be5 accord+ to ,ir5u orda9$ to ?is (fice by ! ,apo/le ,john4 ,he di$ at ! /ake "u ,m>cus ,aurelius 7,anton9us ,pius87 9 ,a4,d4 #aff 7or ,a4,d4 #aee7 at an extreme old age 7 #bb1 #c74 ,we possess an epi/le ( 8 to ! ,philippians ( practical cont5ts important on acc\nt ( its ,new ,te/am5t quotations4 ,its g5u95ess1 h[ev]1 has be5 conte/$ by mod]n criticism4 ,x /&s & falls ) ! sev5 ,ignatian epi/les1 z x occupies common gr\nd ) !m4 ,we h a leg5d>y biography ( ,polyc>p by ,pionius dat+ f ! #d? c5tury1 :i* is reproduc$ 9 ,lightfoot's "w4 f4 ,papias1 ,bi%op ( ,hi]apolis 9 ,galatia1 0 also1 accord+ to ,ir5u1 a pupil ( ! ,apo/le ,john4 ,?is /atem5t1 h[ev]1 9 ! op9ion ( ,eusebius & _m mod]ns1 re/s ^u a confusion betwe5 ! ,apo/le & ano!r ,john1 :om ,papias himself di/+ui%es by ! title 7 #af1 #b74 ,he is said to h suff]$ dea? z a m>tyr "u ,m>cus ,aurelius1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #afc4 ,) great dilig5ce he collect$ m$iately & imm$iately f ! m\?s ( ! 1 t is1 f su* z _h int]c\rse ) ! ,apo/les1 or _h be51 l ! above-m5tion$ ,john ! ,presbyt]1 1 oral traditions ab\t ! disc\rses ( ! ,"l1 & set d[n ! results ( 8 inquiries 9 a writ+ entitl$ 4 ,a passage quot$ by ,eusebius 9 8 ,*4 ,hi/41 iii4 #bi1 f ! preface ( ?is treatise has giv5 rise to a lively controv]sy z to :e!r ,papias 0 a pupil ( ! ,apo/le ,john & 0 acqua9t$ ) ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,ano!r fragm5t on ! hi/ory ( ! orig9 ( ! ,gospels ( ,mat!w & ,m>k has occasion$ a dispute z to :e!r only ^! two ,gospels 7 kn[n to him4 ,f9ally1 !re is pres]v$ 9 ,ir5u a passage giv+ a reput$ say+ ( ,*ri/ reg>d+ ! fanta/ically ri* fruitfulness ( ! e>? dur+ ! ?\s& ye>s' reign 7 #cc1 #i74 ,he s revels 9 fanta/ic & s5su\s *ilia/ic dreams t ,eusebius1 :o _h previ\sly spok5 ( him z a le>n$ & well-read man1 is driv5 to pass ^u him ! h>% judgm5t3 4#fc g4 ,f9ally1 we mu/ "h include an epi/le to a c]ta9 ,diognetus by an unkn[n writ]1 :o has describ$ himself z 4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 among ^: writ+s ?is epi/le got ins]t$1 _c possibly h be5 ! au?or1 z bo? 8 /yle & 8 po9t ( view are diff]5t4 ,! epi/le controv]ts 9 a spirit$ mann] ! objections ( ,diognetus to ,*ri/ianity1 views ! pagan deities n1 l ! o!r ,*ur* ,fa!rs1 z demons1 b z unsub/antial phantoms1 expla9s ! ,old ,te/am5t in/itutions z human1 & s 9 "p fooli% enactm5ts1 & ma9ta9s ke5ly & det]m9$ly ! op9ion t ,god = ! fir/ "t reveal$ ,himself to man 9 ,*ri/4 ,he ?us1 z ,drseke ?9ks1 to "s ext5t fav\rs ! ,m>cionite view ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 s t he reg>ds x z n improbable t our epi/le 0 compos$ by a disciple ( ,m>cion1 "o p]haps l ,apelles1 :o 9 ! c\rse ( ! lat] developm5t ( ! s*ool _h reject$ _m ( 8 ma/]'s crudities 7 #bg1 #ab74 ,he addresses 8 disc\rse to ,diognetus1 ! /oical philosoph] :o boa/s ( ,m>cus ,aurelius z 8 ma/]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,ov]beck assigns its composition to ! ,po/-,con/ant9e ,age1 & ! ,fr5* s*ol> ,d\lcet1 sett+ x d[n to ! age ( ,hadrian1 ?9ks he has discov]$ ! au?or to be ! ,a!nian philosoph] ,ari/ides4 ,?is idea has be5 m fully c>ri$ out by ,kihn1 :o endeav\rs to make out n only ! id5tity ( ! au?or1 b t ( him to :om ! epi/le is address$3 1 8,almighty son ( ,zeus10 t is1 ,hadrian4 #cj4g4 ,! ,dida*e or ,tea*+ ( ! ,twelve ,apo/les4--,! celebrat$ little treatise be>+ ! title 0 discov]$ by ,bry5nius 7!n metropolitan ( ,s]r1 n[ ( ,nicom$ia7 9 ! ,j]usalem ,codex1 to :i* we also owe ! p]fect text ( ! two s-call$ ,epi/les ( ,clem5t1 & x 0 edit$ by ?is s*ol> ) prolegom5a & notes 9 ,greek1 at ,con/ant9ople 9 #ahhc4 ,x at once set 9 motion _m le>n$ p5s 9 ,g]many1 ,france1 ,holl&1 ,engl&1 & ,nor? ,am]ica4--,eusebius1 :o fir/ expressly names x 9 8 li/ ( ,new ,te/am5t writ+s z 1 :i* ,ruf9us r5d]s by ,doctr9a qu dicitur ,app41 places x 9 ! close/ connection ) ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas among ! 7 #cf1 #h74 ,f\r ye>s lat] ,a?anasius ranks x z 4 along ) ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 giv+ x ! fir/ place1 z a ,new ,te/am5t supplem5t correspond+ to ! ,old ,te/am5t 7 #ei1 #a74 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria quot+ a passage f x uses ! =mula1 1 & ?us treats x z holy scripture4 ,9 ,orig5 aga9 no sort ( ref]5ce to x has z yet be5 f\nd4 ,f ! #ci? ,fe/ival ,epi/le ( ,a?anasius1 ,a4,d4 #cfg1 :i* ranks x1 z we h j se51 z a ,new ,te/am5t supplem5t l ! ,old ,te/am5t ,anag9oskom5a1 we "k t x l ^! 7 us$ at ,alex&ria 9 ! in/ruction ( cate*um5s4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 accord+ to ,ruf9us1 :5 enum]at+ 9 8 ,expos4 ,symb4 ,ap4 ! ,a?anasian ,anag9oskom5a1 we f9d alongside ( ,h]mas1 in/ead ( ! ,dida*e1 ! 8,two ,ways10 ,du vi vel ,judicium secundum ,petrum4 ,j]ome1 too1 9 8 ,de vir4 ill41 m5tions among ! pseudo-,petr9e writ+s a ,judicium ,petri4 ,we h "h no d\bt a ,lat9 translation or rec5sion ( ! fir/ six *apt]s ( ! ,dida*e beg9n+ ) ! words3 1 ^! two ways be+ ! way ( life & ! way ( dea?4 ,! second title in/ead ( ! twelve ,apo/les names _! spokesman ,pet] z ! reput$ au?or ( ! treatise4 ,soon aft] ! "t ( ,a?anasius our tract pass$ out ( ! view ( ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs1 b x reappe>s 9 ! ,ecclesia/ical ,con/itutions ( ! #d? c5tury 7 #dc1 #d1 #e71 ( :i* x =m$ ! root & /em4 ,! ,dida*e itself1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be rank$ among ! pseudepigraphs1 = x nev] claims to h be5 writt5 by ! twelve ,apo/les or by _! spokesman ,pet]4--,bry5nius & o!rs1 f ! int5tional prom95ce giv5 to ! twelve ,apo/les 9 ! title & f ! legali/ic moraliz+ _s t p]vades ! book1 felt !mselves ju/ifi$ 9 seek+ its orig9 9 ,jewi%-,*ri/ian circles4 ,b ?is moraliz+ "* x %>es ) ! o!r ,g5tile-,*ri/ian writ+s ( ! ,po/-,apo/olic ,age 7 #cj1 #b71 & ! re/riction ( ! t]m 8,apo/les0 by ! ^w 8twelve0 0 occasion$ by ?is1 t ! it9]ant prea*]s ( ! gospel ( t "t1 :o 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t are call$ ,evangeli/s 7 #ag1 #e7 7 n[ call$ ,apo/les z cont9uators ( ! ,apo/les' mission>y lab\rs1 & also ! exclusion ( ! ,apo/le ,paul is to be expla9$ by ! consid]ation t ! book is f\nd$ ^u ! say+s ( ! ,"l1 ! tradition ( :i* has come to u only ?r\gh ! twelve4 ,x has be5 rightly ma9ta9$ on ! o!r h& by ,h>nack1 t ! au?or mu/ r h belong$ to ,g5tile-,*ri/ian circles :i* repudiat$ all communion ) ! ,jews ev5 9 matt]s ( m]e =m2 = 9 *ap4 viii4 #a1 #b1 re/+ ^u ,matt4 vi4 #e1 #af1 he =bids fa/+ ) ! hypocrites1 8! ,jews10 or p]haps 9 ! s5se ( ,gal4 ii4 #ac1 ! ,jewi%-,*ri/ians1 on ,monday & ,?ursday1 in/ead ( ,w$nesday & ,friday accord+ to ! ,*ri/ian cu/om 7 #cg1 #c71 & us+ ,jewi% pray]s in/ead ( ! ,"l's ,pray]4 ,! address ( ! title3 is to be und]/ood accord+ to ! analogy ( ,rom4 xi4 #ac2 ,gal4 ii4 #ab-ad2 & ,eph4 iii4 #a4 ,! au?or wi%es 9 z brief1 lucid1 easily compreh5d$1 & easily rememb]$ =m z possible1 to ga!r toge!r = ,*ri/ians conv]t$ f hea!nism ! mo/ important rules = _! moral1 religi\s & congregational life 9 accordance ) ! precepts ( ! ,"l z communicat$ by ! twelve ,apo/les1 & 9 do+ s furni%es u ) a valuable 8comm5t>y on ! e>lie/ witnesses = ! life1 type ( doctr9e1 int]e/s & ord9ances ( ! ,g5tile-,*ri/ian *ur*es 9 ! pre-,ca?olic age40 ,z to ! date ( its composition1 its connection ) ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas & ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas indicates ! p]iod )9 :i* x mu/ fall1 = ! connection is s close t x mu/ h employ$ !m or !y mu/ h employ$ x4 ,h[ev]1 n only is ! age ( ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 z well z t ( ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 /ill undet]m9$1 b x is also disput$ :e!r "o or o!r ( ^! two or ! ,dida*e has priority & orig9ality4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,dida*e itself 9 almo/ all its data & presuppositions be>s s di/9ct an impress ( an ar*aic "* t "o feels oblig$ to assign its date z ne> ! ,apo/olic ,age z possible4 ,h>nack :o feels compell$ to ascribe priority n only to ! ,pseudo-,b>nabas1 b also to ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 fixes its date betwe5 ,a4,d4 #adj-afe1 aft] ,h]mas & be=e ,m>cion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,zahn & ,funk1 ,le*l]1 ,taylor1 etc41 give ! ,dida*e priority ev5 ov] ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas4 ,! place z well z ! "t ( ! composition ( ?is "w is matt] ( dispute4 ,^? :o ma9ta9 its ,jewi%-,*ri/ian orig9 ?9k ( ! s\!rn l&s to ! ea/ or we/ ( ! ,jordan2 o!rs ?9k ( ,syria4 ,on acc\nt ( its connection ) ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 & ) ref]5ce to ,clem5t & ,a?anasius 7see above71 ,h>nack has decid$ = ,egypt1 &1 on acc\nt ( its agreem5t ) ! ,sahidic translation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 omitt+ ! doxology f ,matt4 v4 #ac1 he fixes m exactly ^u ,upp] ,egypt4 ,! objection t ! designation ( ! gra9 ( :i* ! bread = ! ,"l's ,supp] is made 9 ! eu*>i/ic pray] giv5 9 *ap4 ix4 #d z 1 does n correspond ) t gr[n !re1 is s\ght to be set aside ) ! sc>cely satisfactory rem>k t 8! orig9 ( ! eu*>i/ic pray] does n decide ! orig9 ( ! :ole treatise40 ,t ! book1 h[ev]1 does n be> 9 itself any specifically ,alex&rian impress1 su* z1 e4g41 is und5iably met ) 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 has be5 admitt$ by ,h>nack4#fd #cj4h4 ,! ,writ+s ( ! ,e>lie/ ,*ri/ian ,apologi/s#fe are lo/4 ,at ! head ( ?is b& /ood ,quadratus ( ,a!ns1 :o address$ a treatise 9 def5ce ( ! fai? to ,hadrian1 9 :i* among o!r ?+s he %[s t he himself 0 acqua9t$ ) "s :om ,jesus _h cur$ or rais$ f ! dead4 ,no trace ( ?is "w c be f\nd aft] ! #g? c5tury4 ,8 contempor>y1 ,ari/ides ! philosoph]1 9 ,a!ns aft] 8 conv]sion address$ to ! same emp]or an ,apology t has be5 prais$ by ,j]ome4 ,a fragm5t ( an ,arm5ian translation ( ?is treatise1 :i* accord+ to its sup]scription belongs to ! #e? c5tury1 0 f\nd 9 a codex ( ! #aj? c5tury by ! ,me*it>i/s at ,s4 ,lazz>o1 & 0 edit$ by !m along ) a ,lat9 translation4 ,?is fragm5t treats ( ! nature ( ,god z ! et]nal creator & rul] ( all ?+s1 ( ! f\r classes ( m51--b>b>ians :o are sprung f ,belos1 ,*ronos1 etc41 ,greeks f ,zeus1 ,danaus1 ,hell5os1 etc41 ,jews f ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob1 & ,*ri/ians f ,*ri/1--& ( ,jesus ,*ri/ z ! ,son ( ,god born ( a ,jewi% virg91 :o s5t ,8 twelve ,apo/les into all ! _w to tea* ! nations wisdom4 ,?is probably =m$ ! beg9n+ ( ! ,apology4 ,! antique "* ( its po9t ( view & ! complete abs5ce ( any ref]5ce to ! ,logos doctr9e or to any h]etical tea*+1 l5ds great probability to ! au!nticity ( ?is fragm5t1 al?\gh ! designation ( ! "m ( ,jesus z ! 8be>] ( ,god0 mu/ be a lat] int]polation 7comp4 #eb1 #c74 ,! g5u95ess ( ! second piece1 h[ev]1 tak5 f ano!r ,arm5ian ,codex1--an anti-docetic homily1 ,de ,latronis clamore et ,crucifixi responsione 7,luke xxiii4 #db71 :i* f ! words ( ,*ri/ & ^? crucifi$ ) ,him proves ,8 div9ity--is bo? on ext]nal & on int]nal gr\nds extremely d\btful4 ,accord+ to ! ,arm5ian editor ?is ,codex has ! title3 ,by ! ,a!nian philosoph] ,ari/eas4 ,?is is expla9$ z a corruption ( ! "n ,ari/ides1 b rec5tly ano!r ,ca?olic s*ol>1 ,dr4 ,vett]1 on close exam9ation f\nd t ! "n 0 really t ( ,ari/ides4--,to a p]iod n mu* lat] mu/ be assign$ ! apologetic dialogue betwe5 ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ian ,jason & ! ,alex&rian ,jew ,papiscus1 9 :i* ! pro( f prophecy 0 specially emphasiz$1 & ! 9 pr9cipio ( ,g54 i4 #a 0 int]pret$ z mean+ 9 filio4 ,! pagan controv]siali/ ,celsus is ! fir/ to m5tion ?is treatise4 ,he consid]s x1 on acc\nt ( its allegorical fancies1 n s mu* fitt$ to cause laught] z pity & contempt1 & s reg>ds x z unwor?y ( any s]i\s reply4 ,orig51 too1 e/eem$ x ( little consequ5ce4 ,subsequ5tly1 h[ev]1 9 ! #e? c5tury1 x obta9$ high repute & 0 deem$ wor?y ( a ,lat9 translation by ! ,african bi%op ,celsus4 ,! controv]siali/ ,celsus1 & also ,orig51 ,j]ome1 & ! ,lat9 translator1 d n "n ! writ]4 ,8 "n is fir/ giv5 by ,maximus ,confessor z ,ari/on ( ,pella4 ,h>nack has r5d]$ x extremely probable t 9 ! 8,alt]catio ,simonis ,judi et ,!ophili ,*ri/iani0 discov]$ 9 ! #ah? c5tury1 report$ on by ,g5nadius 7 #dg1 #af71 & ascrib$ by him to a c]ta9 ,evagrius1 we h a sub/antially correct ,lat9 reproduction ( ! old ,greek dialogue1 9 :i* ev]y?+ t is told u ab\t ! e>li] docum5t is met )1 & :i*1 ?\gh writt5 9 ! #e? c5tury1 9 its ways ( look+ at ?+s & its me?ods ( pro( moves )9 ! circle ( ! ,apologi/s ( ! #bnd c5tury4 ,9 x1 j z 9 ^? e>ly treatises ! me?od ( pro( is :olly 9 accordance ) ! ,old ,te/am5t2 by x e answ] ( ! ,*ri/ian to ! ,jew is support$2 at la/ ! ,jew is conv]t$ & asks = baptism1 :ile he reg>ds ! ,*ri/ians z lator salutis & grotorum bone m$ice ) a play probably ^u ! ^w & f ?is x is conceivable h[ ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria suppos$ ,luke1 ! physician1 to be ! au?or ( ! treatise4 ,h>nack's conclusion is significant inasmu* z x l5ds a new confirmation to ! fact t ! non-h]etical ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity ( ! middle ( ! second c5tury _h already completely adopt$ ! dogmatic views ( ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity4 ,claudius ,apoll9>is1 bi%op ( ,hi]apolis1 & ! rhetorician ,miltiades ( ,a!ns address$ v fam\s apologies to ! emp]or ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,melito ( ,s>dis 0 also a highly e/eem$ apologi/1 & a volum9\s writ] 9 _m o!r dep>tm5ts ( !ological lit]ature4#ff ,! elaborate introduction to ! my/ical int]pretation ( scripture by inve/igat+ ! my/ical mean+ ( biblical names & words publi%$ 9 ,pitra's 8,spicileg4 ,solesm40 ,,ii4 ,,iii41 z 8,clavis ,melitonis10 belongs to ! lat] p]iod ( ! middle ages4 ,melito's six books ( ,eclogues deal ) ! ,old ,te/am5t z a witness = ,*ri/ & ,*ri/ianity1 :]e he takes z 8 basis n ! ,,lxx4 b ! ,hebrew canon 7 #cf1 #a74fg #cj4i4 ,extant ,writ+s ( ,apologi/s ( ! ,po/-,apo/olic ,age4 a4 ,! e>lie/ & mo/ celebrat$ ( ^! is ,ju/9 ,m>tyr4#fh ,born at ,%e*em 7,flavia ,neapolis7 ( ,greek p>5ts1 he 0 drawn to ! ,platonic doctr9e ( ,god & to ! ,/oical !ory ( e?ics1 m ?an to any ( ! o!r philosophical sy/ems to :i*1 z a pagan1 he turn$ 9 ! se>* aft] tru?4 ,b full satisfaction he fir/ f\nd 9 ! prophets & apo/les1 to :om he 0 direct$ by an unkn[n v5]able old man1 :om he once met by ! sea-side4 ,he n[ 9 8 ?irtie? ye> ca/ (f 8 philosoph]'s cloak & adopt$ ,*ri/ianity1 ( :i* he became a zeal\s def5d]1 b !reby call$ d[n ^u himself ! passionate hatr$ ( ! pagan sages4 ,8 bitt]e/ enemy 0 ! ,cynic ,cresc5s 9 ,rome1 :o aft] a public disputation ) him1 did all he c\ld to compass 8 de/ruction4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #afe1 "u ,m>cus ,aurelius1 ,ju/9 0 condemn$ at ,rome to be sc\rg$ & behead$4--,8 two ,apologies1 address$ to ,anton9us ,pius & 8 son ,m>cus ,aurelius are c]ta9ly g5u9e4 ,( ^!1 h[ev]1 ! %ort] "o1 ! s-call$ second ,apology is probably only a sort ( app5dix to ! fir/4 ,8 ,dialogus cum ,tryphone ,judo is probably a free r5d]+ ( a disputation :i* actually occurr$4 ,except a few fragm5ts1 8 h be5 lo/4 ,x is disput$ :e!r t 0 an integral "p ( ! ( :i* he himself makes m5tion1 or a lat] indep5d5t "w4 ,! foll[+ are ( m ?an d\btful au!nticity3 ! 7,cohortatio ad ,grcos71 :i* seeks to prove t n by ! poets nor by ! philosoph]s1 b only by ,moses & ! prophets c ! true k ( ,god be f\nd1 & t :atev] tru? is spok5 by ! =m]1 !y _h borr[$ f ! latt]2 also1 ! %ort] 7,oratio ad ,grcos71 on ! irrationality & immorality ( ! pagan my?ology2 fur!r1 ! %ort treatise 1 :i* proves ! vanity ( poly!ism f ! admissions ( hea!n poets & philosoph]s2 & a fragm5t 4--,ju/9's !ology is ( ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ian type1 q free f any ,ebionitic ta9t1 incl9+ r to ! speculation & e?ics ( ,greek philosophy & to an ,alex&rian-,hell5i/ic conception & exposition ( scripture4 ,to ^! s\rces ev]y?+ may be trac$ 9 :i* he unconsci\sly dep>ts f biblical ,paul9ism & ,ca?olic or?odoxy4 ,!n 9 8 idea ( ,god & creation1 he has n q ov]come ! p>tly pan!i/ic1 p>tly duali/ic1 pr9ciples d]iv$ f ! ,platonic philosophy4 ,he %[s traces ( ,alex&rian influ5ces 9 8 conception ( ! p]son & "w ( ,*ri/1 to :om he assigns m]ely ! role ( a div9e tea*]1 :o has made kn[n ! true idea ( ,god ! ,creator1 ( righte\sness1 & ( et]nal life1 & has won p[] by dea?1 resurrection & asc5sion1 & w give evid5ce ( x by ,8 com+ aga9 to rew>d ! righte\sness ( ! sa9ts ) immortal bless$ness4 ,he 0 also l$ into doctr9al ab]rations 9 ! an?ropological doma91 because 8 idea ( fre$om & virtue borr[$ f ,greek philosophy prev5t$ him f fully grasp+ ! ,paul9e doctr9e ( s94 ,8 !ory ( morals1 ) its legali/ic t5d5cy & its righte\sness ( works1 0 gr\nd$ n 9 ,judaism b 9 ,/oicism4 ,8 *iliasm1 too1 is n ,ebionitic b is imm$iately d]iv$ f scripture1 & has less significance = 8 speculation ?an ! o!r es*atological pr9ciples ( ,resurrection1 ,judgm5t1 & ,recomp5ce4 ,8 ,*ri/ianity consi/s ess5tially ( only ?ree elem5ts3 ,wor%ip ( ! true ,god1 a virtu\s life accord+ to ! comm&m5ts ( ,*ri/1 & belief 9 rew>ds & puni%m5ts h]eaft]4 ,ov] aga9/ ! pagan philosophy x repres5ts itself z ! true philosophy1 & ov] aga9/ ! ,mosaic law z ! new law fre$ f ! fett]s ( c]emonialism4 ,ev5 9 ! natural man1 9 consequ5ce ( ! div9e reason t is innate 9 him1 !re dwells ! p[] ( liv+ z a ,*ri/ian3 ,abraham & ,elias1 ,socrates & ,h]aclitus1 etc41 h to su* a degree liv$ accord+ to reason t !y mu/ be call$ ,*ri/ians4 ,b ev5 !y possess$ only 1 only a 2 = ! div9e reason dwells 9 m5 only z 2 9 ,*ri/ alone z ! inc>nate ,logos x dwells z or 4 ,he is ! only true ,son ( ,god1 pre-mundane b n et]nal1 ! 1 or ! 1 by :om ,god 9 ! beg9n+ creat$ all ?+s4 ,! ,fa!r alone is 1 & ! ,logos only a div9e be+ ( ! second rank1 a 1 to :om1 h[ev]1 z su*1 wor%ip %\ld be r5d]$4 ,9 ,ju/9's !ological speculation ! ,holy ,_s /&s q 9 ! backgr\nd1 ?\gh ! baptismal & congregational ,tr9it>ian confession oblig$ him to assign to ! ,_s ! rank ( an indep5d5t div9e be+1 :om ! ,logos _h us$ = ! enlight5+ ( ,8 prophets4 ,ju/9 too kn[s no?+ ( a p>ticul> election ( ,israel z ! p ( ,god2 ) him ! ,*ri/ians z su* are ! true ,israel1 ! p ( ,god1 ! *ildr5 ( ! fai? ( ,abraham4 ,f ! ,old ,te/am5t he proves ! div9ity ( ! p]son & doctr9e ( ,*ri/1 & f ! 7 #cf1 #g7 he d]ives 8 in=mation ab\t ! hi/orical life1 tea*+1 & works ( ,jesus4 ,! ,gospel ( ,john1 al?\gh nev] m5tion$1 0 n unkn[n to him1 b x appe>$ to him m z a doctr9al & hortatory treatise ?an z a hi/orical docum5t1 & und\bt$ly 8 ,logos doctr9e is connect$ ) t ( ,john4 ,he %[s himself famili> ) ! ,epi/les ( ,paul1 al?\gh he nev] expressly quotes f !m4 #cj4aj4 b4 ,tatian1 a ,greek born 9 ,assyria 7accord+ to ,zahn1 a ,semite7 :ile engag$ z a rhetorician at ,rome1 0 won to ,*ri/ianity by ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 accord+ to ,h>nack ab\t ,a4,d4 #aej4 ,z ! fruit ( y\?ful zeal1 he publi%$ an ,apologetical 1 9 :i* he treats ! ,greek paganism & its culture ) )]+ scorn = ev5 its noble/ manife/ations1 & %>$ ) 8 tea*] ! hatr$ & p]secution ( ! philosoph] ,cresc5s4 ,8 lat] writt5 7 #cf1 #g7 0 a ,gospel h>mony1 9 :i* ! removal ( all ref]5ce to ! desc5t ( ,jesus f ! se$ ( ,david1 accord+ to ! fle%1 object$ to by ,!odoret1 0 occasion$ p]haps m by antipa?y to ,ebionism ?an by any sympa?y ) ,gno/icism4 ,zahn affirms1 :ile ,h>nack decid$ly d5ies1 t ?is "w 0 orig9ally compos$ 9 ,syriac4 ,! exclusive use by ! ,syrians ( ! ,greek "n ,diatess>on seems to af=d a /rong argum5t = a ,greek orig9al4 ,its g5]al agreem5t ) ! read+s ( ! s-call$ ,itala 7 #cf1 #h7 witnesses to ! ,we/ z ! place ( its composition4 ,! introduction ( a ,syriac translation ( x into *ur* use 9 ! ,ea/ is to be expla9$ by a long] resid5ce ( ! au?or 9 8 ea/]n home2 & its neglect on ! "p ( _m ( ! ,greek & ,lat9 ,*ur* ,fa!rs1 & ev5 _! complete ignorance ( x1 may be acc\nt$ = by ! fact t1 :ile 9 ! f> ,ea/ x 0 unsuspect$1 else:]e x came to be br&$ z h]etical 7 #bg1 #aj74fi c4 ,a!nagoras1 ab\t ^: life we h no au!ntic in=mation1 9 ,a4,d4 #agg address$ 8 7,int]cessio7 to ,m>cus ,aurelius1 9 :i* he cle>ly & conv9c+ly disproves ! hide\s calumnies ( ,a!ism1 dipodean atrocities1 ,?ye/ean fea/s 7 #bb71 & extols ! excell5ce ( ,*ri/ianity 9 life & doctr9e4 ,9 ! treatise he proves1 f ! g5]al philosophical r ?an di/9ctively ,*ri/ian /&po9t1 ! necessity ( resurrection f ! vocation ( man 9 connection ) ! wisdom1 omnipot5ce & righte\sness ( ,god4 d4 ,!ophilus1 ,bi%op ( ,antio* 7 aft] ,a4,d4 #ahj71 0 by bir? a pagan4 ,8 writ+ is "o ( ! mo/ excell5t apologetical treatises ( ?is p]iod4 ,autolycus 0 "o ( 8 hea!n acqua9tances4 ,8 comm5t>ies & controv]sial works h be5 lo/4 ,zahn1 inde$1 has s\ght to prove t an extant ,lat9 ,comm5t>y on select$ passages f ! f\r ,gospels 9 ! allegorical /yle belong+ to ! fir/ half ( ! #crd c5tury1 & be>+ ! "n ( ,!ophilus ( ,antio*1 is a sub/antially fai?ful translation ( ! au!ntic ,greek orig9al ( ,a4,d4 #agj4 ,he has also call$ att5tion to ! great importance ( ?is comm5t>y1 n only = ! olde/ hi/ory ( ! ,canon1 ,text & ,exposition1 b also = t ( ! *ur* life1 ! developm5t ( doctr9e & ! ecclesia/ical con/itution1 especially ( ! mona/icism already appe>+ 9 ^? e>ly times4 ,b :ile ,zahn rea*$ ^? wond]ful results f a conviction t ! v]bal co9cid5ces ( ! ,lat9 ,*ur* ,fa!rs ( ! #crd to ! #e? c5turies ) ! suppos$ ,!ophilus comm5t>y 7 examples ( _! borr[+ f x1 ,h>nack has conv9c+ly prov$ t ?is s-call$ comm5t>y is r to be reg>d$ z a compilation f ^! same ,lat9 ,*ur* ,fa!rs made at ! e>lie/ dur+ ! second half ( ! #e? c5tury4 e4 ,f9ally1 an o!rwise unkn[n au?or ,h]mias wrote "u ! title 7,irrisio g5tilium philos47 a %ort abusive treatise1 9 a witty b sup]ficial /yle1 ( :i* ! fundam5tal pr9ciple is to be f\nd 9 #a ,cor4 iii4 #ai4 #ca4 ,,! ,,!ological ,,lit]ature ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,ca?olic ,,age1 ,a4,d4 #agj-cbc4 ,f ab\t ,a4,d4 #agj1 dur+ ! ,old ,ca?olic ,age1 sci5tific !ology 9 conflict ) ,judaiz+1 paganiz+ & mon>*iani/ic h]etics progress$ 9 a m vigor\s & compreh5sive mann] ?an 9 ! apologetical & polemical attempt at self-def5ce ( ,po/-,apo/olic ,times4 ,?r\gh\t ?is p]iod1 h[ev]1 ! zeal = apologetics cont9u$ unabat$1 b also 9 o!r directions1 especially 9 ! dep>tm5t ( dogmatics1 important contributions 7 made to !ological sci5ce4 ,:ile ^! developm5ts 7 9 progress1 !re arose )9 ! ,ca?olic *ur* ?ree diff]5t !ological s*ools1 ea* ) "s special *>act]i/ic ( its own1 ! ,asiatic1 ! ,alex&rian1 & ! ,nor? ,african4 #ca4a4 ,! ,!ological ,s*ools & ,t5d5cies4--,! ,s*ool ( ,asia ,m9or 0 ! outcome ( ,john's m9i/ry !re1 & 0 di/+ui%$ by firm grasp ( scripture1 solid fai?1 conciliatory treatm5t ( ^? )9 & en]getic polemic aga9/ h]etics4 ,its num]\s tea*]s1 highly e/eem$ 9 ! anci5t *ur*1 are kn[n to u only by "n1 & 9 _m cases ev5 ! "n has p]i%$4 ,only two ( _! disciples resid5t 9 ! ,we/--,ir5u & ,hippolytus--are m fully kn[n4 ,a yet great] influ5ce1 m widely felt & m endur+1 0 t ( ! ,alex&rian ,s*ool4#gj ,mo/ ( its tea*]s 7 di/+ui%$ by classical culture1 a philosophical _s1 d>+ speculativ5ess & creative p[]4 ,_! special task 0 ! con/ruction ( a true ecclesia/ical gnosis ov] aga9/ ! false h]etical gnosis1 & s ! mo/ celebrat$ tea*]s ( ?is s*ool h n escap$ ! *>ge ( unevangelical speculative t5d5cies4 ,! nurs]y ( ?is !ological t5d5cy 0 especially ?is ,cate*etical ,s*ool ( ,alex&ria :i* f an in/itution = ! tra9+ ( educat$ ,cate*um5s _h gr[n up into a !ological sem9>y4 ,! ,nor? ,african ,s*ool by its realism1 a ?or\ghly practical t5d5cy1 =m$ ! direct anti!sis ( ! idealism & speculative endeav\rs ( ! ,alex&rian4 ,x repudiat$ classical sci5ce & philosophy z fitt$ to lead into error1 b laid special /ress ^u ! purity ( ,apo/olic tradition1 & insi/$ ) all emphasis ^u hol9ess ( life & /rict asceticism4--,f9ally1 our p]iod also embraces ! fir/ beg9n+s ( ! ,antio*ean ,s*ool1 ^: f\nd]s 7 ! two presbyt]s ,doro!us & ,lucian4 ,! latt] especially gave to ! s*ool 9 its e>li] days ! t5d5cy to critical & grammatico-hi/orical exam9ation ( scripture4 ,at ,edessa1 too1 z e>ly z ! end ( ! #bnd c5tury1 we f9d a ,*ri/ian s*ool exi/+4 #a4 ,,*ur* ,,fa!rs ,,writ+ ,,9 ,,greek4 #ca4b4 ,*ur* ,tea*]s ( ! ,asiatic ,type4 a4 ,ir5u1 a pupil ( ,polyc>p1 0 a native ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,accord+ to ! ,vita ,polyc>pi ( ,pionius he liv$ 9 ,rome at ! "t ( ,polyc>p's dea? z a tea*]1 & x is n improbable t he _h gone !re 9 company ) 8 ma/] 7 #cg1 #b74 ,subsequ5tly he settl$ 9 ,gaul1 & held ! (fice ( presbyt] at ,lyons4 ,dur+ 8 abs5ce at ,rome z ! be>] ( a tract by ! imprison$ confessors ( ,lyons on ! ,montani/ controv]sy to ! ,roman bi%op ,eleu!rus1 ,po?9us1 ! ag$ bi%op ( ,lyons1 fell a victim to ! dreadful p]secution ( ,m>cus ,aurelius :i* rag$ 9 ,gaul4 ,ir5u succe$$ him z bi%op 9 ,a4,d4 #agh4 ,ab\t ! "t & mann] ( 8 dea? no?+ c]ta9 is kn[n4 ,j]ome1 inde$1 once q casually designates him a m>tyr1 b s9ce none ( ! e>li] ,*ur* ,fa!rs1 :o speak ( him1 "k any?+ ( ?is1 x _c be ma9ta9$ ) any confid5ce4 ,g5tl5ess & mod]ation1 comb9$ ) e>ne/ness & decision1 z well z ! mo/ lively int]e/ 9 ! ca?olicity ( ! *ur* & ! purity ( its doctr9e accord+ to scripture & tradition1 7 ! qualities t make him ! mo/ important & tru/wor?y witness to 8 own age1 & l$ to 8 be+ recognis$ 9 all times z "o ( ! able/ & mo/ influ5tial tea*]s ( ! *ur* & a mo/ successful oppon5t ( h]etical ,gno/icism4 ,8 *ief "w aga9/ ! ,gno/ics3 7,adv4 hreses7 9 #e books1 is ma9ly an ex pr(esso direct$ aga9/ ! ,val5t9ians & ! s*ools ( ,ptolemy & ,m>cus ,!re is app5d$ to x1 beyond :at _h be5 propos$ at ! beg9n+1 a %ort discussion ( ! views ( o!r ,gno/ics1 ! basis ( :i* may be f\nd 9 an old] treatise1 p]haps 9 ! ,syntagma ( ,ju/94 ,! la/ f\r books give ! express scripture pro(s to su/a9 ! g5]al confutation1 )\t do+ ?is1 h[ev]1 9 a complete mann]2 at ! same "t !re is rapid movem5t amid _m digressions & excursuses4 ,?is "w has come d[n to u 9 a complete =m only 9 an old translation lit]ally r5d]$ 9 b>b>\s ,lat91 ev5 to ! reproduction ( misund]/ood words1 :i* 0 us$ z e>ly z by ,t]tullian 9 8 treatise aga9/ ! ,val5t9ians4 ,we are indebt$ to ! writ+s ( ! h]esiologi/s ,hippolytus & ,epiphanius = ! pres]vation ( _m rem>kable fragm5ts ( ! orig9al1 ) or )\t ! au?or's "n4 ,( 8 o!r writ+s we h only a few fa9t rem9isc5ces4 ,two epi/les address$ to ! ,roman presbyt] ,flor9us combat ! ,val5t9ian h]esy to :i* ,flor9us 0 incl9$4 ,dur+ ! controv]sy ab\t ,ea/] 7 #cg1 #b7 he wrote sev]al epi/les ( a conciliatory "*1 especially "o to ,bla/us 9 ,rome1 an adh]5t ( ! ,asiatic practice1 & 9 ! "n ( ! :ole ,gallic *ur*1 he address$ a lett] to ! ,roman bi%op1 ,victor1 & aft]w>ds a second lett] 9 8 own "n4#ga #ca4c4 b4 ,hippolytus1 a presbyt] & aft]w>ds s*ismatical bi%op at ,rome1 ?\gh sc>cely to be designat$ ( ,asia ,m9or1 b r a ,lyonese1 if n a ,roman pupil ( ,ir5u1 belong$ to ! same !ological s*ool4 ,he 0 celebrat$ = 8 compreh5sive le>n+ & lit]>y atta9m5ts1 & yet 8 c>e] until q rec5tly 0 involv$ 9 ! greate/ obscurity4 ,eusebius1 :o is ! fir/ to ref] to him1 places him 9 ! age ( ,alex4 ,sev]us 7,a4,d4 #bbb-bce71 calls him a bi%op1 )\t1 h[ev]1 nam+ 8 suppos$ ori5tal diocese1 :i* ev5 ,j]ome 0 unable to det]m9e4 ,! ,lib]ian li/ ( ,popes ( ,a4,d4 #ced1 describes him z ,yppolytus presbyt] :o 0 burnt 9 ,s>d9ia ab\t ,a4,d4 #bce along ) ! ,roman bi%op1 ,pontianus 7 #da1 #a74 ,9 ! fif? c5tury1 ! ,roman *ur* gave him hon\r z a m>tyr4 ,! poet ,prud5tius 7 ,a4,d4 #dac7 :o himself saw ! crypt 9 :i* 8 bones 7 laid & :i* 9 ! book ( 8 m>tyrdom 0 pictorially repres5t$1 celebrat$ 8 c>e] 9 song4 ,accord+ to him ,hippolytus 0 an adh]5t ( ! ,novatian s*ism 7 #da1 #c71 b return$ to ! ,ca?olic *ur* & suff]$ m>tyrdom at ,portus ne> ,rome4 ,accord+ to 8 own /atem5t quot$ by ,photius he 0 a he>] ( ! doctr9al disc\rses ( ,ir5u4 ,a /atue repres5t+ him 9 a sitt+ po/ure :i* 0 exhum$ at ,rome 9 ,a4,d4 #aeea1 has on ! back ( ! seat a li/ ( 8 writ+s along ) an ,ea/] cycle ( sixte5 ye>s drawn up by him 7 #ef1 #c74 ,f9ally1 !re 0 f\nd among ! works ( ,orig5 a treatise on ! v>i\s philosophical sy/ems entitl$ ,philosoph\m5a1 :i* pr(esses to be ! fir/ book ( a writ+ 9 t5 books f\nd 9 ,greece 9 ,a4,d4 #ahdb1 4 ,/>t+ f ! position1 & seek+ to e/abli% x1 t ! h]etics h got _! doctr9es n f holy scripture1 b f a/rology1 pagan my/]ies & ! ,greek philosoph]s1 ?is treatise is g5]ally ( great importance n only = ! hi/ory ( ! h]esies ( ! ,gno/ics & ,mon>*ians1 b also = ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,! ,engli% editor1 ,e4 ,mill] 7,oxon41 #ahea71 attribut$ ! au?or%ip ( ! :ole to ,orig51 :i*1 h[ev]1 f ! complete diff]5ce ( /yle1 po9t ( view & position 0 soon prov$ to be unt5able4 ,s9ce ! writ] admits t he 0 himself ! au?or ( a book 1 & ,photius ascribes a book ) ! same title to ! ,roman ,caius 7 #ca1 #g71 ,baur attributes to ! latt] ! composition ( ! ,el5*us4 ,photius1 h[ev]1 f\nds 8 op9ion simply ^u an apocryphal note on ! m>g9 ( 8 copy ( ! book4 ,incomp>ably m important are ! evid5ces = ! ,hippolytus au?or%ip1 :i* is n[ almo/ univ]sally admitt$4 ,! ,el5*us is n1 inde$1 enum]at$ 9 ! li/ ( works on ! /atue4 ,! book 1 h[ev]1 appe>s !re1 & x conta9s ! /atem5t t its au?or also wrote ! ,el5*us4 ,! au?or ( ! ,el5*us also /ates t he _h previ\sly writt5 a simil> "w 9 a %ort] =m1 & ,photius describes su* a %ort] writ+ ( ,hippolytus1 dat+ f ! "t ( 8 int]c\rse ) ,ir5u1 "u ! title 4 ,lipsius has made x appe> extremely probable t 9 ! ,libellus adv4 omnes hreticos app5d$ to ,t]tullian's ,de prscriptione hreticorum1 & s usually /yl$ a treatise ( ! ,pseudo-,t]tullian1 we h an abbreviat$ ,lat9 reproduction ( t "w2 = ?is "o z well z ! o!r beg9s ) ,dosi!us & ends ) ,notus1 & bo? deal ) ?irty-two h]esies4 ,epiphanius & ,phila/rius ,phila/] h us$ x l>gely 9 _! h]esiological works4 ,! discussion 9 ! ,el5*us agrees !re) 9 _m passages b also 9 _m is ess5tially diff]5t1 :i*1 h[ev]1 :5 we consid] ! mu* lat] date ( ! fir/ nam$ treatise af=ds no conv9c+ evid5ce aga9/ ! !ory t bo? are by "o au?or4 ,! ,el5*us !reby w9s a high importance z giv+ in=mation ab\t ! condition ( ! ,roman *ur* dur+ ! fir/ decades ( ! #crd c5tury1 ab\t ! position ( ! au?or :o describes himself 9 8 treatise z a pupil ( ,ir5u1 ab\t 8 own & 8 oppon5ts' way ( view+ ?+s1 & ab\t 8 conflict ) !m lead+ to s*ism1 ?\gh all is told f ! /&po9t ( an int]e/$ p>ty 7 #cc1 #e2 #da1 #a74 ,a consid]able fragm5t direct$ aga9/ ! errors ( ,notus 7 #cc1 #e7 0 p]haps orig9ally a "p ( 8 ,syntagma1--?\gh n p]haps ( ! anonym\s1 s-call$ ,little ,labyr9? aga9/ ! ,artemonites 7 #cc1 #c7 or probably aga9/ ! ,mon>*ians g5]ally1 f :i* ,eusebius makes ext5sive quotations1 especially ab\t ! ,!odotians4 ,?is "w is ascrib$ by ,photius to ! ,roman ,caius1 b )\t d\bt wrongly4 ,great probability has be5 giv5 to ! rec5tly advanc$ idea t ?is book too may h be5 writt5 by ,hippolytus4#gb #ca4d4 ,! ,alex&rian ,*ur* ,tea*]s4 a4 ,! fir/ ( ! tea*]s ( ! cate*etical s*ool at ,alex&ria kn[n by "n 0 ,pantnus1 :o _h =m]ly be5 a ,/oic philosoph]4 ,ab\t ,a4,d4 #aij he und]took a mission>y j\rney into ,s\!rn ,arabia or ,india1 & di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #bjb aft] a mo/ successful & useful life4 ,j]ome says ( him3 ,hujus multi quidem 9 s4 ,scri4 ex/ant ,comm5t>ii1 s$ ,magis viva voce ecclesiis pr(uit4 ,( 8 writ+s none are pres]v$4 b4 ,titus ,flavius ,clem5s ,clem5t 0 ! pupil ( ,pantnus & 8 successor at ! cate*etical s*ool 9 ,alex&ria4 ,on 8 travels und]tak5 9 ! se>* = k he came to ,alex&ria z a le>n$ pagan philosoph]1 :]e probably ,pantnus ga9$ an influ5ce ov] him & 0 ! means ( 8 conv]sion4 ,dur+ ! p]secution "u ,septimius ,sev]us 9 ,a4,d4 #bjb he s\ght 9 flight to escape ! rage ( ! hea!ns1 9 accordance ) ,matt4 x4 #bc4 ,b he cont9u$ unwe>i$ly by writ+ & disc\rse to promote ! int]e/s ( ! *ur* till 8 dea? 9 ,a4,d4 #bbj4 ,! mo/ important & mo/ compreh5sive ( 8 writ+s is ! "w 9 ?ree p>ts ( :i* ! fir/ "p entitl$ 7,cohortatio ad ,grcos7 ) great exp5diture ( le>n+ seeks to prep>e ! m9ds ( ! hea!n = ,*ri/ianity by prov+ ! vanity ( hea!nism2 ! second "p1 9 ?ree books1 ) a ,hymnus 9 ,salvatorem atta*$1 gives an introduction to ! ,*ri/ian life2 & ! ?ird "p1 7,/romata71 t is1 pat*work1 s-call$ f ! aphori/ic /yle & ! v>iety ( its cont5ts1 9 eight books1 sett+ =? ! deep ?+s ( ,*ri/ian gnosis1 b 9 ! =m r ( a collection ( mat]ials ?an a c>efully elaborat$ treatise4 ,! little tractate 7,quis dives salvetur7 %[s h[ ev5 weal? may be made contributory to salvation4 ,among 8 lo/ treatises ! mo/ important 0 ! 9 eight books1 an expository review ( ! cont5ts ( holy scripture4#gc #ca4e4 c4 ,great z 0 ! reputation ( ,clem5t1 he 0 f> out/ripp$ by 8 pupil & successor ,orig51 ackn[l$g$ by pagan & ,*ri/ian contempor>ies to be a miracle ( s*ol>%ip4 ,on acc\nt ( 8 indomitable dilig5ce1 he 0 nam$ 4 ,celebrat$ z a philosoph]1 philologi/1 critic1 exegete1 dogmati/1 apologi/1 polemi/1 etc41 po/]ity has ) equal "r hon\r$ him z ! actual f\nd] ( an ecclesia/ical & sci5tific !ology1 & reproa*$ him z ! orig9ator ( _m h]etical op9ions 7 #ea2 #eb1 #f74 ,he 0 born ( ,*ri/ian p>5ts at ,alex&ria ab\t ,a4,d4 #ahe1 0 educat$ "u 8 fa!r ,leonidas1 ,pantnus & ,clem5t1 :ile /ill a boy enc\rag$ 8 fa!r :5 he suff]$ z a m>tyr "u ,septimius ,sev]us 9 ,a4,d4 #bjb1 became ! support ( 8 helpless "m & 8 six orphan$ si/]s1 & 0 call$ 9 ,a4,d4 #bjc by bi%op ,demetrius to be tea*] ( ! cate*etical s*ool4 ,9 ord] to qualify himself = ! duties ( 8 new call+1 he engag$ eag]ly 9 ! /udy ( philosophy "u ! ,neo-,platoni/ ,ammonius ,saccas4 ,8 mode ( life 0 extremely simple & f 8 y\? he 0 a /rict ascetic4 ,9 8 eag] /riv+ aft] ,*ri/ian p]fection he _h himself emasculat$1 f a misund]/&+ ( ,matt4 xix4 #ab1 b aft]w>ds he admitt$ t t 0 a wrong /ep4 ,8 fame advanc$ f day to day4 ,ab\t ,a4,d4 #baa he visit$ ,rome4 ,accept+ an hon\rable invitation 9 ,a4,d4 #bae he wr\ght = a long "t z a mission>y 9 ,arabia1 he 0 !n appo9t$ by ! celebrat$ ,julia ,mamma 7 #bb1 #d7 to ,antio* 9 ,a4,d4 #bah2 & 9 ,a4,d4 #bcj und]took 9 ! int]e/ ( ! *ur* a j\rney to ,greece ?r\gh ,pale/9e1 :]e ! bi%ops ( ,cs>ea & ,j]usalem admitt$ him to ! rank ( a presbyt]4 ,8 own bi%op1 ,demetrius1 jeal\s ( ! daily increas+ fame ( ,orig5 & feel+ t 8 episcopal rights _h be5 infr+$ ^u1 recall$ him1 & _h him at two ,alex&rian ,synods1 9 ,a4,d4 #bca & #bcb1 arraign$ & excommunicat$ = h]esy1 self-mutilation & contempt ( ! ecclesia/ical laws ( 8 (fice4 ,orig5 n[ w5t to ,cs>ea1 & !re1 hon\r$ & protect$ by ! ,emp]or1 ,philip ! ,arabian1 op5$ a !ological s*ool4 ,8 lit]>y activity "h rea*$ its climax4 ,b "u ,decius he 0 ca/ into prison at ,tyre1 9 ,a4,d4 #bed1 & di$ 9 consequ5ce ( t]rible tortures :i* he endur$ h]oically4--,( 8 num]\s writ+s#gd only a comp>atively small numb]1 b ^? ( great value1 are pres]v$2 "s 9 ! orig9al1 o!rs only 9 a ,lat9 translation4 #a4 ,to ! dep>tm5t ( ,biblical ,criticism belongs ! fruit ( tw5ty-sev5 ye>s' lab\r1 ! s-call$ ,hexapla1 t is1 a plac+ side by side ! ,hebrew text ( ! ,o4,t4 7fir/ 9 ,hebr4 & !n 9 ! ,gr4 lett]s7 & ! exi/+ ,greek translations ( ! ,,lxx41 ,aquila1 ,symma*us & ,!odotion2 by ! addition 9 "s books ( o!r anonym\s translations1 x came to be an ,octopla or ,enneapla4 ,by critical m>ks on ! m>g9 all v>iations 7 c>efully indicat$4 ,! enorm\s bulk ( fifty volumes h9d]$ its circulation by means ( transcripts2 b ! orig9al lay 9 ! libr>y at ,cs>ea op5 to ! inspection ( all1 until lo/1 probably 9 ! sack ( ! city by ! ,arabians 9 ,a4,d4 #fec4ge #b4 ,8 ,exegetical works consi/ ( or %ort s*olia on sep>ate difficult passages1 or complete comm5t>ies on :ole books ( ! bible1 & or practical expository lectures4 ,orig51 aft] ! example ( ! ,rabb9i/s & ,hell5i/s1 gave a decid$ pref]5ce to ! allegorical me?od ( int]pretation4 ,9 e scripture passage he di/+ui%$ a ?reefold s5se1 z 1 1 1 fir/ a lit]al1 & !n a tw(old high] s5se1 ! tropical or moral1 & ! pneumatical or my/ical4 ,he 0 n j a despis] ( ! lit]al s5se1 b ! unfold+ ( ! my/ical s5se seem$ to him ( inf9itely great] importance4 ,all hi/ory 9 ! bible is a picture ( ?+s 9 ! high] _w4 ,mo/ incid5ts occurr$ z !y are told2 b "s1 ! lit]al conception ( :i* w\ld be unwor?y or irrational1 are m]ely typical1 )\t any outw>d hi/orical reality4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t language is typical 9 a tw(old s5se3 = ! ,new ,te/am5t hi/ory & = ! heav5ly realities4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t language is typical only ( ! latt]4 ,he reg>d$ ! :ole bible z inspir$1 ) ! exception ( ! books add$ by ! ,,lxx41 b ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 a high] degree ?an ! ,old4 ,b ev5 ! ,new ,te/am5t _h defects :i* w only be ov]come by ! revelation ( et]nity4 #c4 ,to ! dep>tm5t ( ,dogmatics belongs 8 f\r books 7,de ,pr9cipiis71 :i* h come d[n to u 9 a ,lat9 translation ( ,ruf9us ) arbitr>y int]polations4 ,8 9 t5 books :i* s\ght to h>monize ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ) ,greek philosophy is lo/1 & also 8 num]\s writ+s aga9/ ! h]etics4 ,8 compreh5sive apologetical "w 9 eight books1 ,contra ,celsum 7 #bc1 #c71 has come d[n to u complete4#gf ,gregory ( ,nazianzus ,nazianz5 & ,basil ! ,great made a book entirely f 8 writ+s "u ! title 1 :i* conta9s _m passages f lo/ treatises1 & a valuable orig9al fragm5t f 8 4 ,8 pr9cipal doctr9al *>act]i/ics are ! foll[+3 ,!re is a tw(old revelation1 ! primitive revelation 9 consci5ce to :i* ! hea!n owe _! 1 & ! hi/orical revelation 9 holy scripture2 !re are ?ree degrees ( religi\s k1 t ( ! 1 an unreason$ acceptance ( ! tru?1 wr\ght by ,god imm$iately 9 ! he>t ( m51 t ( or to :i* ! reason+ m9d ( man c rea* by ! speculative developm5t ( scripture revelation 9 8 life1 & f9ally1 t ( or 1 ! vision ( ,god1 ! full enjoym5t ( :i* is atta9$ unto only h]eaft]4 ,= 8 doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1 see #cc1 #f4 ,8 cosmological1 angelological & an?ropological views repres5t a mixture ( ,platonic1 ,gno/ic & spirituali/ic ideas1 & run out into v>i\s het]odoxies2 ?us1 he believes 9 timeless or et]nal creation1 an ante-temporal fall ( human s\ls1 _! imprisonm5t 9 e>?ly bodies1 he d5ies ! resurrection ( ! body1 he believ$ 9 ! animation & ! ne$ & capacity ( r$emption ( ! />s & />-spirits1 9 ! re/oration ( all spirits to _! orig9al1 ante-temporal bless$ness & hol9ess1 4 #d4 ,( 8 ,ascetical ,works1 ! treatise ) an admirable exposition ( ! ,"l's pray]1 & a h be5 pres]v$4 ,( 8 num]\s epi/les1 ! ,epi/ola ad ,julium ,africanum def5ds aga9/ 8 correspond5t ! g5u95ess ( ! hi/ory ( ,susannah4 #ca4f4 d4 ,among ! successors ( ,orig5 9 ! s*ool ( ,alex&ria ! mo/ celebrat$1 f ab\t ,a4,d4 #bcb1 0 ,dionysius ,alex&r9us ( ,alex&ria4 ,he 0 rais$ to ! rank ( bi%op 9 ,a4,d4 #bdg1 & di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #bfe4 ,9 speculative p[] he 0 inf]ior to 8 tea*] ,orig54 ,8 special gift 0 t ( 4 ,he 0 hon\r$ by 8 own contempor>ies ) ! title ( ,! ,great4 ,dur+ ! ,decian p]secution he manife/$ wisdom & good s5se z well z c\rage & /eadfa/ness4 ,! ecclesia/ical conflicts ( 8 age af=d$ abundant opportunities = te/+ 8 noble & g5tle "*1 z well z 8 fai?ful atta*m5t to ! *ur* & zeal = ! purity ( its doctr9e1 & on all h&s 8 self-d5y+ amiability wr\ght 9 ! int]e/s ( peace4 ,( 8 mu*-prais$ writ+s1 exegetical1 ascetical1 polemical 7 #cc1 #i71 apologetical 7 aga9/ ! ,atomism ( ,democritus & ,epicurus71 & dogmatical 7 #cc1 #g71 only fragm5ts are pres]v$1 mo/ly f 8 ,epi/les 9 quotations by ,eusebius4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 "o %ort tract complete address$ to ,novatian at ,rome 7 #ca1 #ab71 conta9+ an e>ne/ entreaty t he %\ld ab&on 8 s*ismatic rigorism4 e4 ,gregory ,?aumaturgus 0 "o ( ,orig5's pupils at ,cs>ea4 ,orig5 0 ! means ( conv]t+ ! tru?-seek+ hea!n y\? to ,*ri/ianity1 & ,gregory clung to 8 tea*] ) ! w>me/ affection4 ,he subsequ5tly became bi%op ( 8 native city ( ,neo-,cs>ea1 & 0 able on 8 dea?-b$ 9 ,a4,d4 #bgj to com=t himself ) ! reflection t he left to 8 successor no m unbeliev]s 9 ! city ?an 8 pr$ecessor _h left him ( believ]s 7_! numb] 0 sev5te574 ,he 0 call$ ! second ,moses & ! p[] ( work+ miracles 0 ascrib$ to him4 ,we h f 8 p5 a panegyric on ,orig51 an ,epi/le on ,*ur* ,discipl9e1 a 1 a ,confession ( ,fai? important = ! hi/ory ( ! ,ante-,nic5e p]iod 7 #ej1 #a73 4 ,two o!r tracts 9 a ,syrian translation are ascrib$ to him3 ,to ,philagrius on ,consub/antiality1 & ,to ,!opompus on ! ,passibility ( ,god4 ,drseke1 h[ev]1 id5tifies ! fir/-nam$ ) ,oratio #de ( ,gregory ,nazianzus ,nazianz5 & assigns to him ! au?or%ip4#gg f4 ,! le>n$ presbyt] ,pamphilus ( ,cs>ea1 ! fri5d ( ,eusebius 7 #dg1 #b7 & f\nd] ( a !ological sem9>y & ! celebrat$ libr>y ( ,cs>ea1 :o di$ z a m>tyr "u ,maxim9us1 belongs to ?is gr\p4 ,8 ,old ,te/am5t ,comm5t>ies h be5 lo/4 ,9 prison he f9i%$ 8 "w 9 five books :i* he und]took jo9tly ) ,eusebius1 ! ,apology = ,orig51 to :i* ,eusebius indep5d5tly add$ a six? book4 ,only ! fir/ book is pres]v$ 9 ,ruf9us' ,lat9 translation4 #ca4g4 ,greek-speak+ ,*ur* ,tea*]s 9 o!r ,qu>t]s4 a4 ,hegesippus wrote 8 five books 1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ahj1 dur+ ! age ( ! ,roman bi%op ,eleu!rus4 ,f 8 k ( ! ,hebrew language1 lit]ature & traditions ,eusebius concludes t he 0 a ,jew by bir?4 ,he himself says di/9ctly t 9 ,a4,d4 #aee dur+ ! "t ( bi%op ,anicetus he 0 /ay+ 9 ,rome1 & t on 8 way ?i!r he visit$ ,cor9?4 ,! op9ion =m]ly curr5t t 8 ,hypomnemata consi/$ ( a collection ( hi/orical traditions f ! "t ( ! ,apo/les d[n to ! age ( ! writ]1 & s might be call$ a sort ( ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 arose f ! hi/orical "* ( ! cont5ts ( eight quotations made f ?is treatise by ,eusebius 9 8 own ,*ur* ,hi/ory4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n borne out by ! fact t :at ,hegesippus tells 9 8 detail$ n>rative ( ! end ( ,james ! ,j 7 #af1 #c7 occurs1 n 9 ! fir/ or second b 9 ! fif? & la/ book ( 8 treatise4 ,moreov]1 among writ]s aga9/ ! h]etics or ,gno/ics1 ,eusebius enum]ates 9 ! fir/ place "o ,hegesippus1 hav+ x w\ld seem 8 ,hypomnemata 9 view4 ,f ?is circum/ance1 9 conjunction ) ev]y?+ else quot$ f & told ab\t him by ,eusebius1 we may ) great probability conclude t ! purpose ( 8 writ+ 0 to confute ! h]esies ( 8 age4 ,9 do+ s he traces !m p>tly to ,g5tile s\rces1 b p>tly & ma9ly to pre-,*ri/ian ,jewi% h]esies1 sev5 ( :i* are enum]at$4 ,he treats 9 ! fir/ ?ree books ( ! s-call$ ,gno/ics & _! relations to hea!nism & false ,judaism4 ,!n 9 ! f\r? book he discusses ! h]etical ,apocrypha &1 z contra/$ ) !m1 ! or?odox ecclesia/ical writ+s1 m5tion+ among !m expressly ! ,epi/le ( ,clem5s ,clem5t ,romanus ( ,rome to ! ,cor9?ians4 ,f9ally1 9 ! fif? book1 he proves f ! ,apo/olic succession ( ! lead]s ( ! *ur*1 ! unity & tru? ( ecclesia/ically transmitt$ doctr9e4 ,! hi/orical value ( 8 writ+1 ow+ to ! confusion & want ( critical p[] %[n 9 ! in/ances ref]r$ to1 _c be plac$ v high4 ,! s*ool ( ,baur1 m p>ticul>ly ,s*wegl] 7see #bj71 atta*$ great] importance to him z a suppos$ repres5tative ( ! anti-,paul9e ,judaism ( 8 "t4 ,! value ( 8 te/imony 9 ?is direction1 h[ev]1 is r$uc$ by 8 ackn[l$gm5t ( ! ,epi/le ( ,clem5t t accords s high a place to ! ,apo/le ,paul4 ,8 relations to ,rome & ,cor9?1 ) 8 judgm5t on ! g5]al unity ( fai? 9 ! *ur* ( 8 age1 prove t he w\ld be by no means dispos$ to repudiate ! ,apo/le ,paul 9 fav\r ( any ,ebionitic t5d5cy4 b4 ,caius ( ,rome1 a contempor>y ( bi%op ,zephyr9us ab\t ,a4,d4 #baj1 0 "o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s oppon5ts ( ,montanism4 ,eusebius :o *>act]izes him z & 1 quotes f\r times f 8 n[ lo/ controv]sial tract 9 dialogue =m aga9/ ,proclus ! ,roman ,montani/ lead]4 #ca4h4 c4 ,sextus ,julius ,africanus1 accord+ to ,suidas a native ( ,libya1 took "p1 z he says himself 9 8 1 9 ! campaign ( ,septimius ,sev]us aga9/ ,osrhone 9 ,a4,d4 #aie1 became intimate ) ! ,*ri/ian k+ ,maanu ,,viii4 ( ,edessa1 :om 9 8 ,*ronographies he calls 1 & 0 (t5 companion 9 hunt+ to 8 son & successor ,maanu ,,ix4 ,ab\t ,a4,d4 #bbj we f9d him1 accord+ to ,eusebius & o!rs1 9 ,rome at ! head ( an embassy f ,nicopolis or ,emmaus 9 ,pale/9e petition+ = ! re/oration ( t city4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ,orig5 address+ him ab\t ,a4,d4 #bbg z x has be5 ra%ly conclud$ t he 0 !n a presbyt] or at lea/ ( cl]ical rank4 ,! five books1 1 7 8 fir/ & mo/ important "w4 ,?is "w :i* 0 kn[n p>tly 9 ! orig9al1 p>tly 9 ! citations f x 9 ! ,eusebian ,*ronicle 7 #dg1 #b71 toge!r ) its ,lat9 cont9uation by ,j]ome prov$ a ma9 s\rce ( in=mation 9 g5]al hi/ory dur+ ! ,byzant9e p]iod & ! ,lat9 ,middle ,age4 ,beg9n+ ) ! creation ( ! _w & fix+ ! :ole c\rse ( ! _w's developm5t at #f1jjj ye>s1 he set ! middle po9t ( ?is p]iod to ! age ( ,peleg 7,g54 x4 #be71 & 9 accordance ) ! *ronology ( ! ,,lxx4 & reckon+ by ,olympiads1 proce$$ to syn*ronize biblical & pr(ane hi/ory4 ,he assign$ ! bir? ( ,*ri/ to ! middle ( ! six? ( ! ?\s& ye> p]iods1 at ! close ( :i* he probably expect$ ! beg9n+ ( ! mill5nium4 ,f ! fragm5ts pres]v$ by lat] ,byzant9e *ronicl]s1 ,gelz] has attempt$ to reproduce z f> z possible ! orig9al "w1 c>efully indicat+ its s\rces & au?orities4 ,( ! o!r works ( ,africanus we h 9 a complete =m only an ,epi/le to ,orig51 8a real gem ( brilliant criticism spic$ ) a g5tle t\* ( f9e irony0 7,gelz]71 :i* combats ! au!nticity & cr$ibility ( ! ,pseudo-,daniel's hi/ory ( ,susannah4 ,we h also a fragm5t quot$ 9 ,eusebius f an ,epi/le to a c]ta9 ,ari/ides1 :i* attempts a reconciliation ( ! g5ealogies 9 ,matt4 & ,luke by di/+ui%+ & ) ref]5ce to ,deut4 xxv4 #e4 ,accord+ to ,eusebius 8! *ronologi/ ,julius ,africanus10 accord+ to ,suidas 8,orig5's fri5d ,africanus ) ! prnom5 ,sextus10 is also ! au?or ( ! s call$ 7embroid]y71 a great compreh5sive "w ( :i* only fragm5ts h be5 pres]v$1 9 :i* all mann] ( wond]ful ?+s f ! life ( nature & m51 ab\t agriculture1 cattle bre$+1 w>f>e1 etc41 7 record$1 s t x _h ! second>y title 4 ,! excessive details ( pagan sup]/ition "h report$1 mu* ( :i*1 su* z t relat+ to ! secret wor%ip ( ,v5us1 0 di/9ctly immoral1 & its dep5d5ce on ! secret writ+s ( ! ,egyptians seem n[ z h>d to reconcile ) ! /&po9t ( a believ+ ,*ri/ian1 z ) ! %>pness ( intellect %[n 9 8 criticism ( ! lett] ( ,susannah4 ,x has !re=e be5 assum$ t alongside ( ! ,*ri/ian *ronologi/ ,julius ,africanus !re 0 a pagan ,julius ,africanus :o wrote ! 1--or1 see+ ! id5tity ( ! two is /rongly evid5c$ bo? on int]nal & ext]nal gr\nds1 ! composition ( ! is assign$ to a p]iod :5 ! au?or 0 /ill a hea!n4 ,! facts1 h[ev]1 t ! ,*ronicles close ) ,a4,d4 #bba & t ! is d$icat$ to ,alex4 ,sev]us 7,a4,d4 #bbb-bce71 seem to gu>antee ! e>li] composition ( ! ,*ronicles4 ,! au?or ( ! 1 too1 by 8 quotation ( ,ps4 xxxiv4 #i ) ! =mula 1 %[s himself a ,*ri/ian1 & on ! o!r h&1 ! au?or ( ! ,*ronicles says t at great co/ he _h made himself acqua9t$ 9 ,egypt ) a celebrat$ secret book4 #ca4i4 d4 ,me?odius bi%op ( ,olympus 9 ,lycia1 subsequ5tly at ,tyre1 a man highly e/eem$ 9 8 day1 di$ z a m>tyr 9 ,a4,d4 #caa4 ,he 0 a decid$ oppon5t ( ! spiritualism prevail+ 9 ! s*ool ( ,orig54 ,8 is a dialogue betwe5 sev]al virg9s reg>d+ ! excell5ce ( virg9ity writt5 9 eloqu5t & gl[+ language 7transl4 9 ,ante-,nic5e ,lib41 ,ed941 #ahgj74 ,( 8 o!r works only outl9es & fragm5ts are pres]v$ by ,epiphanius & ,photius4 ,to ^! belong 1 a polemic aga9/ ! ,platonic-,gno/ic doctr9e ( ! et]nity ( matt] z ! ultimate gr\nd & cause ( s91 :i* are to be s\ght r 9 ! misuse ( human fre$om2 ! dialogues & 1 ! =m] ( :i* combats ,orig5's doctr9e ( ! resurrection1 & ! latt] 8 doctr9e ( creation4 ,8 controv]sial treatise aga9/ ,porphyry 7 #bc1 #c7 has be5 completely lo/4 e4 ,! m>tyr ,lucian ( ,samosata1 born & br\ght up 9 ,edessa1 0 presbyt] ( ,antio* & co-f\nd] ( ! !ological s*ool !re t became s fam\s 7 #dg1 #a71 :]e he1 depos$ by a ,syrian ,synod ( ,a4,d4 #bfi1 & p]secut$ by ! ,emp]or ,aurelian 9 ,a4,d4 #bgb1 z support] ( bi%op ,paul ( ,samosata 7 #cc1 #h71 ma9ta9$ 8 position "u ! ?ree foll[+ bi%ops 7till ,a4,d4 #cjc7 ap>t f ! (ficial *ur*1 & di$ a pa9ful m>tyr's dea? "u ! ,emp]or ,maxim9us 9 ,a4,d4 #cab4 ,t secession1 h[ev]1 0 occasion$ less p]haps ?r\gh doctr9al & ecclesia/ical1 ?an ?r\gh national & political1 anti-,roman & ,syrian sympa?ies ) 8 h]etical c\ntrym5 ( ,samosata4 ,= ?\gh 9 ! ,arian controv]sy 7 #ej1 #a7 ,lucian und\bt$ly appe>s z ! fa!r ( t ,tr9it>ian-,*ri/ological view fir/ recognis$ & combat$ z h]etical 9 8 pupil ,arius 9 ,a4,d4 #cah1 ?is 0 c]ta9ly ess5tially diff]5t f ! doctr9e ( ! ,samosatian4 ,ab\t ,lucian's lit]>y activity only ! scantie/ in=mation has come d[n to u4 ,8 mo/ fam\s "w 0 8 critical revision ( ! ,text ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 :i* accord+ to ,j]ome 0 (ficially sanction$ 9 ! dioceses ( ! ,patri>*s ( ,antio* & ,con/ant9ople1 & ?us probably lies at ! basis ( ,!odoret's & ,*ryso/om's exegetical writ+s4 ,ruf9us' ,lat9 translation ( ,eusebius' ,*ur* ,hi/ory gives an extract f ! 8,apologetical ,disc\rse0 9 :i* he seems to h op5ly confess$ & v9dicat$ 8 ,*ri/ian fai? be=e 8 hea!n judge4 #b4 ,,*ur* ,,fa!rs ,,writ+ ,,9 ,,lat94 #ca4aj4 ,! ,*ur* ,tea*]s ( ,nor? ,africa4--,qu9tus ,septimius ,flor5s ,t]tullianus ,t]tullian 0 ! son ( a hea!n c5turion ( ,c>?age1 di/+ui%$ z an advocate & rhetorician1 conv]t$ some:at late 9 life1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #aij1 &1 aft] a long resid5ce 9 ,rome1 made presbyt] at ,c>?age 9 ,a4,d4 #bbj4 ,he 0 ( a fi]y & en]getic "*1 9 8 writ+s z well z 9 8 life pre-em95tly a man ( =ce1 ) burn+ en?usiasm = ! tru? ( ! gospel1 unsp>+ly rigor\s t[>d himself & o!rs4 ,8 8,punic /yle0 is t]se1 pictorial & rhetorical1 8 ?\ghts are orig9al1 brilliant & pr(\nd1 8 eloqu5ce transport+1 8 dialectic cle> & conv9c+1 8 polemic cru%+1 enliv5$ ) %>p wit & bit+ s>casm4 ,he %[s himself ! ?or\ghly accompli%$ juri/ 9 8 use ( legal t]m9ology & also 9 ! acut5ess ( 8 d$uctions & demon/rations4 ,fanatically oppos$ to hea!n philosophy1 ?\gh himself tra9$ 9 ! k ( x1 a zeal\s oppon5t ( ,gno/icism1 9 fav\r ( /rict asceticism & ho/ile to e =m ( worldl9ess1 he f9ally atta*$ himself1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #bbj1 to ! p>ty ( ! ,montani/s 7 #dj1 #c74 ,"h he f\nd ! =m ( religion 9 :i* 8 :ole mann] ( ?\ght & feel+1 ! en]gy ( 8 w1 ! w>m? ( 8 emotions1 8 /rong & =ceful imag9ation1 8 incl9ation to rigor\s asceticism1 8 love ( bald realism1 c\ld be develop$ 9 all p[] & fulness1 )\t let or h9drance4 ,if amid all 8 en?usiasm = ,montanism he kept cle> ( _m ( its absurdities1 he _h = ?is to ?ank 8 own /rong common s5se1 & also1 mu* z he affect$ to despise x1 8 e>ly sci5tific tra9+4 ,he at fir/ wrote 8 compositions 9 ,greek1 b aft]w>ds exclusively 9 ,lat91 into :i* he also translat$ ! mo/ important ( 8 e>li] writ+s4 ,he is p]haps n ! fir/ :o treat$ ( ! ,*ri/ian tru? 9 ?is language 7 #ca1 #ab;a71 b he has be5 rightly recognis$ z ! actual creator ( ecclesia/ical ,lat94 ,8 writ+s may be divid$ into ?ree gr\ps4 a4 ,apologetical & ,controv]sial ,treatises aga9/ ,jews & ,pagans1 :i* belong to 8 pre-,montani/ p]iod4 ,! mo/ important & in/ructive ( ^! is ! ,apologeticus adv4 ,g5tes1 address$ to ! ,roman gov]nor4 ,a reproduction ( ?is "w int5d$ = ! g5]al public1 less le>n$1 b m vigor\s1 sca?+ & uncompromis+1 is ! treatise 9 two books entitl$ ,ad ,nationes4 ,9 ! "w ,ad ,scapulam1 :o z ,proconsul ( ,africa "u ,septimius ,sev]us _h p]secut$ ! ,*ri/ians ) unsp>+ cruelty1 he calls him to acc\nt = ?is ) all e>ne/ness & pla9ness ( spee*4 ,9 ! book1 ,de te/imonio anim he c>ries out m fully ! ?\ght already express$ 9 ! ,apologeticus c4 #ag ( ! ,anima humana naturalit] *ri/iana1 & proves 9 an +5i\s mann] t ,*ri/ianity alone meets ! religi\s ne$s ( humanity4 ,! book ,adv4 ,judos _h its orig9 o/5sibly 9 a public disputation ) ! ,jews1 9 :i* ! int]ruptions ( 8 audi5ce int]f]es ) ! fl[ ( 8 disc\rse4 b4 ,controv]sial ,treatises aga9/ ! ,h]etics4 ,9 ! tract ,de prscriptione hreticorum he proves t ! ,ca?olic *ur*1 because 9 prescriptive possession ( ! field s9ce ! "t ( ! ,apo/les1 is entitl$ on ! legal gr\nd ( prscriptio to be reliev$ ( ! task ( advanc+ pro( ( h] claims1 :ile ! h]etics on ! o!r h& are b\nd to e/abli% _! pret5sions4 ,a h]esiological app5dix to ?is book has be5 errone\sly attribut$ to ,t]tullian 7see #ca1 #c74 ,he combats ! ,gno/ics 9 ! writ+s3 ,de baptismo 7aga9/ ! ,gno/ic rejection ( wat] baptism72 ,adv4 ,h]mog5em2 ,adv4 ,val5t9ianos2 ,de anima 7an ,anti-,gno/ic treatise1 :i* ma9ta9s ! creaturel9ess1 yea1 ! mat]iality ( ! s\l1 traces its orig9 to sexual int]c\rse1 & its mortality to ,adam's s972 ,de c>ne ,*ri/i 7,anti-,docetic73 ,de resurrectione c>nis ,scorpiace 7an antidote to ! scorpion-poison ( ! ,gno/ic h]esy72 f9ally1 ! five books1 ,adv4 ,m>cionem4 ,! book ,adv4 ,praxeam is direct$ aga9/ ! ,patripassians 7 #cc1 #d74 ,9 ?is "w 8 realism rea*es its climax at c4 #g 9 ! /atem5t3 8,quis enim negabit1 ,deum corpus esse1 etsi ,deus spiritus e/8 ,spiritus enim corpus sui g5]is 9 sua effigie10--:]e1 h[ev]1 he is c>eful to /ate t ) him corpus & sub/antia are id5tical ideas1 s t he c also say 9 c4 #aj de c>ne ,*ri/i3 8,omne quod e/1 corpus e/ sui g5]is4 ,nihil e/ incorporate nisi quod non e/40 c4 ,practical & ,ascetical ,treatises4 ,8 pre-,montani/ writ+s are *>act]iz$ by mod]ation z comp>$ ) ! fanatical rigorism & scornful bitt]ness aga9/ ! ,psy*ical1 i4e4 ! ,ca?olics1 display$ 9 ^? ( ! ,montani/ p]iod4 ,to ! =m] class belong3 ,de oratione 7exposition ( ! ,"l's ,pray]72 ,de baptismo 7necessity ( wat] baptism1 disapproval ( infant baptism72 ,de pnit5tia2 ,de idolatria2 ,ad ,m>tyres2 ,de spectaculis2 ,de cultu fem9>um 7aga9/ fem99e love ( dress72 ,de pati5tia2 ,ad uxorem 7a sort ( te/am5t = 8 wife1 ) ! exhortation aft] 8 dea? n to m>ry aga91 b at lea/ 9 no case to m>ry an unbeliev]74 ,to ! ,montani/ p]iod belong3 ,de virg9ibus vel&is2 ,de corona militis 7def5d+ a ,*ri/ian soldi] :o suff]$ imprisonm5t = refus+ to we> ! soldi]'s cr[n72 ,de fuga 9 p]secutione 7:i* ) fanatical decision is decl>$ to be a r5unciation ( ,*ri/ianity72 ,de exhortatione ca/itatis & ,de monogamia 7bo? aga9/ second m>riages :i* are treat$ z =nication & adult]y72 ,de pudicitia 7recall+ 8 mild] op9ion giv5 9 8 e>li] treatise ,de pnit5tia1 t e mortal s9 is left to ! judgm5t ( ,god1 ) ! possibility ( reconciliation72 ,de jejuniis adv4 ,psy*icos 7v9dication ( ! fa/+ discipl9e ( ! ,montani/s1 #dj1 #d72 ,de pallio 7an essay full ( wit & hum\r 9 answ] to ! taunts ( 8 fell[-citiz5s ab\t 8 ?r[+ (f ! toga & donn+ ! philosoph]'s mantle1 i4e4 ! ,pallium1 :i* ev5 ! ,ascetics might we>74#gh #ca4aa4 ,?ascius ,ccilius ,cyprianus ,cyprian1 desc5d$ f a celebrat$ pagan family 9 ,c>?age1 0 at fir/ a tea*] ( rhetoric1 !n1 aft] 8 conv]sion 9 ,a4,d4 #bde1 a presbyt] & f ,a4,d4 #bdh bi%op 9 8 native city4 ,dur+ ! ,decian p]secution ! hatr$ ( ! hea!n mob express$ itself 9 ! cry ,cyprianum ad leonem2 b he )drew himself = a "t 9 flight into ! des]t 9 ,a4,d4 #bej1 f :5ce he guid$ ! affairs ( ! *ur* by 8 ,epi/les1 & return$ 9 ! foll[+ ye> :5 respite _h be5 giv54 ,! di/urbances t _h mean:ile aris5 af=d$ him abundant opportunity = ! ex]cise ( t wisdom & g5tl5ess :i* *>act]iz$ him1 & ! e>ne/ness1 en]gy & mod]ation ( 8 nature1 z well z 8 ,*ri/ian tact & prud5ce all /ood him 9 good /ead 9 deal+1 on ! "o h&1 ) ! fall5 :o s\ght re/oration1 & on ! o!r1 ! rigor\s s*ismatics :o oppos$ !m 7 #da1 #b74 ,:5 p]secution aga9 broke out "u ,val]ian 9 ,a4,d4 #beg he 0 bani%$ to ! des]t ,curubis1 & :5 he return$ to 8 oppress$ p 9 ,a4,d4 #beh1 he 0 behead$4 ,8 epo*-mak+ significance lies n s mu* 9 8 !ological productions z 9 8 en]getic & successful /ruggle = ! unity ( ! *ur* z repres5t$ by ! mon>*ical position ( ! episcopate1 & 9 8 mak+ salvation absolutely dep5d5t ^u submission to episcopal au?ority1 z well z 9 ! p[]ful impetus giv5 by him to ! t5d5cy to view ecclesia/ical piety z an opus op]atum 7 #ci74 ,z a !ologian & writ] he ma9ly atta*es himself to ! giant ,t]tullian1 ^: ?\ghts he reproduces 9 8 works1 ) ! excision1 h[ev]1 ( _! ,montani/ extravagances4 ,j]ome relates t no day pass$ 9 :i* he did n call to 8 amanu5sis3 ,da magi/rum6 ,9 orig9ality1 pr(undity1 =ce & fulness ( ?\ght1 z well z 9 speculative & dialectic gifts1 he /&s inde$ f> bel[ ,t]tullian1 b 9 lucidity & easy fl[ ( language & pleasant exposition he f> surpasses him4 ,8 eighty-"o ,epi/les are ( supreme importance = ! ,*4 ,hi/4 ( 8 times1 & next to !m 9 value is ! treatise 8,de unitate ecclesi0 7 #cd1 #g74 ,8 ,lib] ad ,donatum s4 de gratia ,dei1 ! fir/ writ+ produc$ aft] 8 conv]sion1 conta9s treatises on ! lead+s ( ,god's grace & ! bless$ness ( ! ,*ri/ian life z contra/$ ) ! blackness ( ! life ( ! pagan _w4 ,! ,apologetical writ+s ,de idolorum vanitate & ,te/imonia adv4 ,judos1 ,,ii4 iii41 h no claims to indep5d5ce & orig9ality4 ,?is applies also m or less to 8 ascetical tracts3 ,de habitu virg9um1 ,de mortalitate1 ,de exhortatione m>tyrii1 ,de lapsis1 ,de oratione dom9ica1 ,de bono pati5ti1 ,de zelo et livore1 etc4 ,8 "w ,de op]e et eleemosynis specially contribut$ to ! spread ( ! doctr9e ( ! m]it ( works4#gi #ca4ab4 ,v>i\s ,ecclesia/ical ,writ]s us+ ! ,lat9 ,tongue4 a4 ,! ,roman attorney ,m9ucius ,felix1 probably ( ,cirta 9 ,africa1 wrote "u ! title ( ,octavius a brilliant ,apology1 express$ 9 a f9e ,lat9 diction1 9 ! =m ( a conv]sation betwe5 8 two fri5ds ! ,*ri/ian ,octavius & ! hea!n ,ccilius1 :i* result$ 9 ! conv]sion ( ! latt]4 ,x is matt] ( dispute :e!r x 0 compos$ be=e or aft] ,t]tullian's ,apologeticus1 & to :i* ( ! two ! orig9 ( ?\ghts & expressions common to bo? is to be assign$4 ,rec5tly ,eb]t has ma9ta9$ ! op9ion t ,m9ucius is ! old]1 & ?is view has obta9$ _m adh]5ts2 :]eas ! contr>y !ory ( ,s*ultze has rea*$ its climax 9 assign+ ! composition ( ! ,octavius to ,a4,d4 #cjj-cjc1 s t he is oblig$ to ascribe ! ,octavius z well z ! ,apologeticus to a compil] ( ! f\r? or fif? c5tury1 plagi>iz+ f ,cyprian's treatise ,de idolorum vanitate6 b4 ,commodianus ,commodus1 born at ,gaza1 0 won to ,*ri/ianity by read+ holy scripture1 & wrote ab\t ,a4,d4 #bej 8 ,in/ructiones adv4 ,g5tium ,deos1 consi/+ ( eighty acro/ic poems 9 rhym+ hexamet]s & sc>cely intelligible1 b>b>\s ,lat94 ,8 ,c>m5 apologeticum adv4 ,jud4 et ,g5t4 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 #aheb4 c4 ,! writ+s ( 8 contempor>y ! s*ismatical ,novatian ( ,rome 7 #da1 #c7 %[ him to h be5 a man ( no ord9>y dogmatical & exegetical ability4 ,8 ,lib] de ,tr9itate s4 de ,regula fidei is direct$ 9 a subord9ationi/ s5se aga9/ ! ,mon>*ians 7 #cc74 ,! ,epi/ola de cibis ,judaici repudiates any obligation on ! "p ( ,*ri/ians to obs]ve ! ,old ,te/am5t laws ab\t food2 & ! ,epi/ola ,cl]i ,romani advocates mild] measures 9 ! p5it5tial discipl9e4 d4 ,arnobius 0 born at ,sicca 9 ,africa1 :]e he 0 engag$ z a tea*] ( eloqu5ce ab\t ,a4,d4 #cjj4 ,= a long "t he 0 ho/ilely incl9$ t[>d ,*ri/ianity1 b und]w5t a *ange ( m9d by means ( a vision 9 a dream4 ,! bi%op di/ru/$ him & _h misgiv+s ab\t admitt+ him to baptism1 b he conv9c$ him ( ! hone/y ( 8 int5tions by compos+ ! sev5 books ( ,disputationes adv4 ,g5tes4 ,?is treatise betrays ev]y:]e defective und]/&+ ( ! ,*ri/ian tru?2 b he is m successful 9 combat+ ! old religion ?an 9 def5d+ ! new4 e4 ,! bi%op ,victor9us ( ,pettau 7,petavium 9 ,/yria71 :o di$ a m>tyr dur+ ! ,diocletian p]secution 9 ,a4,d4 #cjc1 wrote comm5t>ies on ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t books t are no long] extant4 ,only a fragm5t ,de fabrica mundi on ,g54 i4 & ,s*olia on ! ,apocalypse h be5 pres]v$4 f4 ,lucius ,clius ,firmianus ,lactantius 7 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ccj71 probably ( ,italian desc5t1 b a pupil ( ,arnobius 9 ,africa1 0 appo9t$ by ,diocletian tea*] ( ,lat9 eloqu5ce at ,nicom$ia4 ,at t place ab\t ,a4,d4 #cja he 0 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity & resign$ 8 (fice on ! outbreak ( ! p]secution4 ,con/ant9e ! ,great subsequ5tly committ$ to him ! education ( 8 son ,crispus1 :o1 at 8 fa!r's comm&1 0 execut$ 9 ,a4,d4 #cbf4 ,f 8 writ+s he seems to h be5 amiable & unassum+1 a man ( wide read+1 lib]al culture & a w>m he>t4 ,! purity ( 8 ,lat9 /yle & ! eloqu5ce ( 8 composition1 9 :i* he excels all ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs1 has won = him ! hon\rable "n ( ! ,*ri/ian ,cic]o4 ,we (t5 miss 9 8 writ+s grip1 dep? & acut5ess ( ?9k+2 especially 9 _! !ological sections we meet ) _m imp]fections & mi/akes4 ,he 0 n only c>ri$ away by a fanatical *iliasm1 b adopt$ also _m op9ions ( a ,mani*an sort4 ,! ,in/itutiones div9 9 sev5 bks41 a complete exposition & def5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 is 8 pr9cipal "w4 ,! ,epitome div4 in/4 is an ab/ract ( ! l>g] works prep>$ by himself ) ! addition ( _m new ?\ghts4 ,8 book ,de mortibus p]secutorum 7,engl4 trans4 by ,dr4 ,burnett1 8,relation ( ! ,dea? ( ! ,primitive ,p]secutors40 ,am/]dam1 #afhg71 conta9s a rhetorically col\r$ description ( ! e>li] p]secutions z well z ( ^? witness$ by himself dur+ 8 resid5ce 9 ,nicom$ia4 ,x is ( great importance = ! hi/ory ( ! p]iod b mu/ be c>efully sift$ ow+ to its /rongly p>tisan "*4 ,n only ! joy ( ! m>tyrs b also ! pro( ( a div9e ,nemesis 9 ! lives ( ! p]secutors are reg>d$ z demon/rat+ ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! tract ,de ira ,dei seeks to prove ! failure ( ,greek philosophy to comb9e ! ideas ( ju/ice & goodness 9 its conception ( ,god4 ,! book ,de opificio ,dei proves f ! wond]ful /ructure ( ! human body ! wisdom ( div9e provid5ce4 ,j]ome praises him z a poet2 b ( ! poems ascrib$ to him only "o on ! bird phnix1 :i*1 z x rises into life out ( its own a%es is reg>d$ z a symbol ( immortality & ! resurrection1 c lay any claim to au!nticity4 #cb4 ,,! ,,apocryphal ,,& ,,pseudepigraphical ,,lit]ature4#hj ,! practice1 s widely spread 9 pre-,*ri/ian times among pagans & ,jews1 ( publi%+ treatises z orig9al & primitive div9e revelations :i* _h no claim to su* a title f\nd fav\r among ,*ri/ians ( ! fir/ c5turies1 & 0 cont9u$ f> d[n into ! ,greek & ,lat9 ,middle ,ages4 ,! majority ( ! apocryphal or anonym\s & pseudepigraphic writ+s 7 issu$ 9 support ( h]esies ,ebionite or ,gno/ic4 ,_m1 h[ev]1 7 free f h]etical ta9t & 7 simply und]tak5 = ! purpose ( glorify+ ,*ri/ianity by :at 0 !n reg>d$ z a h>mless pia fraus ?r\gh a vatic9ia po/ ev5tum1 or ( fill+ up blanks 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ) my?s & fables already exi/+ or else devis$ = ! occasion4 ,!y took ! subjects ( _! romances p>tly f ! field ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & p>tly f ! field ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 ! =m ( ,gospels1 ,acts1 ,apo/olic ,epi/les & ,apocalypses4 ,a numb] ( !m are pr(ess$ly drawn f ! prophecies ( old hea!n se]s4 ,( great] importance1 especially = ! hi/ory ( ! con/itution1 wor%ip & discipl9e ( ! *ur* are ! ,eccles4 ,con/itutions put =? "u ! names ( ,apo/les4 ,num]\s apocryphal ,acts ( ,m>tyrs are = ! mo/ "p utt]ly useless z hi/orical s\rces4 #cb4a4 ,pr(ess$ly ,old ,hea!n ,prophecies4--,( ^! ! ,sibyll9e ,writ+s occupy ! mo/ conspicu\s place4 ,! ,grco-,roman leg5d ( ! ,sibyls1 7ol4 = 71 i4e4 prophetesses ( pagan antiquity1 0 wr\ght up at a v e>ly p]iod 9 ! int]e/s ( ,judaism & aft]w>ds ( ,*ri/ianity1 especially ( ,ebionite h]esy4 ,! extant collection ( su* oracles 9 f\rte5 books 7 compil$ 9 ! #e? or #f? c5tury4 ,x conta9s 9 ,greek v]ses prophecies p>tly purely ,jewi%1 p>tly ,jewi% wr\ght up by a ,*ri/ian h&1 p>tly orig9ally ,*ri/ian1 ab\t ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 ! life & suff]+s ( ,*ri/1 ! p]secutions ( ,8 disciples & ! /ages 9 ! f9al developm5t ( ,8 k+dom4 ,! ,*ri/ian p>ticipation 9 ! composition ( ! ,sibyll9e oracles began 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 soon aft] ! irruption ( ,vesuvius 9 ,a4,d4 #gi1 & cont9u$ d[n to ! #e? c5tury4 ,! ,apologi/s1 especially ,lactantius1 made su* abundant use ( ^! prophecies t ! hea!ns nicknam$ !m ,sibylli/s4--,( ! prophecies ab\t ! com+ ( ,*ri/ ascrib$ to an anci5t ,p]sian se]1 ,hy/aspes1 none h be5 pres]v$4 #cb4b4 ,old ,te/am5t ,pseudepigraphs4#ha--,^! are mo/ly ( ,jewi% ,orig91 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 _m 7 held by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians 9 high e/eem4 a4 ,to ?is class belongs pre-em95tly ! ,book ( ,eno*1 writt5 orig9ally 9 ,hebrew 9 ! la/ c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 quot$ 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,jude1 & recov]$ only 9 an ,e?iopic translation 9 ,a4,d4 #ahba4 ,9 its pres5t =m 9 :i* a great numb] ( old] writ+s ab\t ,eno* & ,noah h be5 wr\ght up1 ! book embraces acc\nts ( ! fall ( a c]ta9 "p ( ! angels 7,g54 vi4 #a-d2 ,jude #f2 & #b ,pet4 ii4 #d71 also /atem5ts ( ! holy angels ab\t ! my/]ies ( heav5 & hell1 ! e>? & p>adise1 ab\t ! com+ ( ! ,messiah1 etc4 b4 ,! ,assumptio ,mosis 771 f :i*1 accord+ to ,orig51 ! ref]5ce to ! dispute betwe5 ,mi*ael & ,satan ab\t ! body ( ,moses 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,jude is tak51 0 discov]$ by ! libr>ian ,c]iani at ,milan4 ,he f\nd ! fir/ "p ( ?is book 9 an old ,lat9 translation & publi%$ x 9 ,a4,d4 #ahfj4 ,9 ! ex]cise ( 8 (ficial gift ,moses prophesies to ,jo%ua ab\t ! future =tunes ( 8 nation d[n to ! appe>+ ( ! ,messiah4 ,! second "p1 :i* is want+1 dealt ) ! translation ( ,moses4 ,! exact date ( its composition is n det]m9$1 b x may be p]haps assign$ to ! fir/ ,*ri/ian c5tury4 c4 ,! s-call$ ,f\r? ,book ( ,ezra is fir/ ref]r$ to by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria4 ,x is an ,apocalypse aft] ! mann] ( ! ,book ( ,daniel4 ,x 0 probably writt5 orig9ally 9 ,greek b we possess only translations3 a ,lat9 "o & f\r ori5tal ones--,e?iopic1 ,arabic1 ,syriac & ,arm5ian4 ,f ^! ori5tal translations ! blanks 9 ! ,lat9 v]sion h be5 suppli$1 & its lat] ,*ri/ian int]polations h be5 detect$4 ,! angel ,uriel 9 sev5 visions makes kn[n to ! weep+ ,ezra ! signs ( ! approa*+ de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 ! decay ( ! ,roman empire1 ! f\nd+ ( ! ,messianic k+dom1 etc4 ,! fif? vision ( ! eagle ) twelve w+s & ?ree heads seems to fix ! date ( its composition to ! "t ( ,domitian4 d4 ,9 ! ye> #ahdc ! mission>y ,krapff s5t to ,tb+5 ! title ( an ,e?iopic ,codex1 9 :i* ,ewald recognis$ ! writ+ ref]r$ to frequ5tly by ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs z ! ,book ( ,jubilees 77 or ! ,little ,g5esis 774 ,?is book1 writt5 probably ab\t ,a4,d4 #ej or #fj1 is a complete summ>y ( ! ,jewi% leg5d>y matt] ab\t ! e>ly biblical hi/ory f ! creation d[n to ! entrance into ,canaan1 divid$ into fifty jubilee p]iods4 ,! "n ,little ,g5esis 0 giv5 x1 not)/&+ its l>ge dim5sions1 z indicat+ a ,g5esis ( ! second rank4#hb #cb4c4 ,! foll[+ ,pseudepigraphs are ( ,*ri/ian ,orig94 a4 ,! %ort romantic ,hi/ory ( ,ass5a?1 daught] ( ,potiph> & wife ( ,joseph 7,g54 xli4 #de74 ,its ma9 po9t is ! conv]sion ( ,ass5a? by an angel4 b4 ,! ,te/am5ts ( ! ,,xii4 ,patri>*s1 aft] ! /yle ( ,g54 xlix41 writt5 9 ,greek 9 ! #bnd c5t41 & quot$ by ,orig54 ,z 9 ! *apt] ( ,g54 ref]r$ to p>t+ c\nsels are put 9 ! m\? ( ,jacob1 !y are "h ascrib$ to 8 twelve sons4 ,^! disc\rses embrace prophecies ( ! com+ ( ,*ri/ & ,8 aton+ suff]+s & dea?1 /atem5ts ab\t baptism & ! ,"l's supp]1 ab\t ! great ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles1 ! rejection ( ! ,o4,t4 cov5ant p & ! election ( ! ,g5tiles1 ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem & ! f9al completion ( ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,! book is ?us a clev]ly compil$ & compreh5sive h&book ( ,*ri/ian fai?1 life & hope4 c4 ,( ! ,asc5sio ,isai 77 & ! ,visio ,isai 77 traces are to be f\nd z e>ly z 9 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr & ,t]tullian4 ,! ,greek orig9al is lo/4 ,dillmann publi%$ an old ,e?iopic v]sion 7,lps41 #ahgg71 & ,giesel] an old ,lat4 text 7,gtt41 #ahcb74 ,its ,cabbali/ic col\r+ comm5d$ x to ! ,gno/ics4 ,9 its fir/ "p1 borr[$ f an old ,jewi% docum5t1 x tells ab\t ! m>tyrdom ( ,isaiah :o 0 sawn asund] by ,k+ ,manasseh2 9 its second "p1 entitl$ ,visio ,isai x is told h[ ! prophet 9 an ec/asy 0 l$ by an angel ?r\gh ! sev5 heav5s & _h reveal$ to him ! secrets ( ! div9e c\nsels reg>d+ ! inc>nation ( ,*ri/4 d4 ,a collection 9 ,syriac belong+ p]haps to ! #e? or #f? c5tury 9 :i* o!r leg5ds ab\t e>ly ages are kept toge!r1 is call$ ,spelunca !saurorum4 ,we are "h told ab\t ! sepul*re ( ! patri>* ,lame* & ! treasures pres]v$ !re f :i* ! wise m5 obta9$ ! gifts :i* !y pres5t$ to ! infant ,savi\r4 ,! ,e?iopic ,vita ,adami is an expansion ( ! book j ref]r$ to4 ,?is book is manife/ly a leg5d>y acc\nt ( ! *anges wr\ght ^u all relations ( life 9 our fir/ p>5ts by means ( ! fall 7h5ce ! title3 8,conflict ( ,adam & ,eve071 & ,golgo?a is nam$ z ,adam's bury+ place4 ,a second & %ort] "p treats ( ! ,se?ite patri>*s d[n to ,noah4 ,! /ill %ort] ?ird "p relates ! po/-diluvian hi/ory d[n to ! "t ( ,*ri/4#hc #cb4d4 ,new ,te/am5t ,apocrypha & ,pseudepigraphs4--,! ,gno/ics especially produc$ ^! 9 great abundance4 ,epiphanius speaks ( !m z numb]+ ?\s&s4 ,b ! ,ca?olics1 too1 7 unable to resi/ ! temptation to build up ! tru? by ^! d\btful means4 ,i4 ,apocryphal ,gospels4 #a4 ,complete ,gospels exi/$ 9 consid]able numb]s1 i4e4 embrac+ ! p]iod ( ,*ri/'s e>?ly lab\rs1 m or less corrupt$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ,gno/ic or ,ebionitic h]esy1 or indep5d5tly compos$ ,gospels2 b only ( a few ( ^! d we possess any k4#hd ,! mo/ important ( ^! are ! foll[+3 ,! ,gosp4 ( ! ,egyptians1 e/eem$ by ! ,encratites1 accord+ to ,orig5 "o ( ! writ+s ref]r$ to 9 ,luke i4 #a2 also ! ,gosp4 ( ! ,,xii4 ,apo/les1 g5]ally call$ by ! ,fa!rs 4 ' orig9ally writt5 9 ,aramaic2 & f9ally1 ! ,gosp4 ( ,m>cion 7 #bg1 #aa74 ,! mo/ important ( ^! is ! ,gospel ( ! ,hebrews1 on acc\nt ( its relation to our canonical ,gospel ( ,mat!w1 :i* is g5]ally suppos$ to h be5 writt5 orig9ally 9 ,aramaic4#he ,j]ome :o translat$ ! ,hebrew ,gospel says ( x3 ,vocatur a pl]isque ,mat?i au!nticum2 b ?is is n 8 own op9ion1 nor 0 x t ( ,orig5 & ,eusebius4 ,! extant fragm5ts %[ _m div]g5ces z well z _m simil>ities1 p>tly 9 ! =m ( apocryphal amplifications1 p>tly ( *anges made = dogmatic reasons4 #b4 ,gospels deal+ ) p>ticul> ,p]iods--ref]r+ to ! days prec$+ ! bir? ( ,jesus & ! p]iod ( ! infancy or to ! clos+ days ( ,8 life1 :]e ! h]etical elem5ts are want+ or are subord9at$ to ! g5]al int]e/s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,( ^! !re 0 a l>ge numb] & mu* ( _! leg5d>y or fabul\s mat]ial1 especially ab\t ! family hi/ory ( ! "m ( ,jesus 7 #eg1 #b71 has pass$ ov] into ! tradition ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,among !m may be m5tion$2 a4 ,! ,protevangel4 ,jacobi m9oris1 p]haps ! olde/1 c]ta9ly ! mo/ e/eem$ & mo/ widely spread1 writt5 9 ,greek1 beg9n+ ) ! /ory ( ,m>y's bir? & rea*+ d[n to ! dea? ( ! *ildr5 ( ,be?lehem2 b4 ,! ,ev4 ,pseudo ,mat?i1 simil> 9 its cont5ts1 b cont9u$ d[n to ! p]iod ( ,jesus' y\?1 & n[ exi/+ only 9 a ,lat4 translation2 c4 ,! ,ev4 de nativitate ,m>i1 only 9 ,lat41 conta9+ ! hi/ory ( ,m>y d[n to ! bir? ( ,jesus2 d4 ,! ,hi/4 ,josephi fabri lign>ii d[n to 8 dea?1 dat+ probably f ! #d? c5t41 only n[ 9 an ,arabic v]sion2 e4 ,! ,ev4 ,infanti ,salvatoris1 only 9 ,arabic1 a compilation ) no p>ticul> dogmatic t5d5cy2 f4 ,also ! s-call$ ,asc5sion ( ,m>y 7 #eg1 #b7 soon became ! subject ( apocryphal treatm5t1 = :i* ,john 0 claim$ z ! au?ority 7,john xix4 #bf71 & is pres]v$ 9 sev]al ,greek1 ,syriac1 ,arabic & ,lat9 manuscripts2 g4 ,! ,ev4 ,nicodemi 7,john xix4 #ci7 9 ,greek & ,lat4 conta9s two ,jewi% writ+s ( ! #bnd c5tury4 ,! fir/ "p consi/s ( ! ,ge/a or ,acta ,pilati4 ,!re c be no d\bt ( its id5tity ) ! ,acta ,pilati quot$ by ,ju/91 ,t]t41 ,euseb41 ,epiph4 ,x conta9s ! /ories ( ! canonical ,gospels v>i\sly amplifi$ & an acc\nt ( ! judicial proce$+s evid5tly int5d$ to demon/rate ,jesus' innoc5ce ( ! *>ges br\ght aga9/ ,him by ,8 enemies4 ,! second "p1 be>+ ! title ,desc5sus ,*ri/i ad inf]os1 is ( mu* lat] orig91 tell+ ( ! desc5t ( ,*ri/ into ,hades along ) two ( ! sa9ts :o rose ) him 7,matt4 xxvii4 #eb71 ,leucius & ,c>9us1 sons ( ,simeon 7,luke ii4 #be74hf #cb4e4 ,,ii4 ,! num]\s ,apocryphal ,hi/ories & ,leg5ds ( ! ,apo/les 7 p>tly ( h]etical1 & p>tly ( ,ca?olic1 orig94 ,:ile ! =m] h 9 view ! e/abli%+ ( _! h]etical doctr9es & peculi> =ms ( wor%ip1 con/itution & life by repres5t+ !m z ,apo/olic in/itutions1 ! latt] arose mo/ly out ( a local patriotic int5tion to secure to p>ticul> *ur*es ! glory ( be+ f\nd$ by an ,apo/le4 ,^? inspir$ by ,gno/ic influ5ces f> exce$ 9 importance & numb] n only ! ,ebionitic b also ! g5u9ely ,ca?olic4 ,! ,mani*ans especially produc$ _m & succe$$ 9 circulat+ !m widely4 ,! m _! hi/orico-romantic cont5ts p&]$ to ! ta/e ( t age = fanta/ic tales ( miracles & visions ! sur] 7 !y to f9d access among ,ca?olic circles4--,a collection ( su* hi/ories "u ! title ( 0 receiv$ z canonical by ,gno/ics & ,mani*ans1 & ev5 by _m ( ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs4 ,augu/9e fir/ nam$ z its suppos$ au?or "o ,leucius4 ,we f9d ?is "n "s decades lat] 9 ,epiphanius z t ( a pupil ( ,john & oppon5t ( ! ,ebionite ,*ri/ology1 & also 9 ,pacianus ( ,b>celona z t ( "o falsely claim$ z an au?ority by ! ,montani/s4 ,accord+ to ,photius ?is collection embrac$ ! ,acts ( ,pet]1 ,john1 ,&rew1 ,?omas & ,paul1 & ! au?or's full "n 0 ,leucius ,c>9us1 :o also appe>s 9 ! second "p ( ! ,acta ,pilati1 b 9 q o!r circum/ances & surr\nd+s4 ,t all ! five books 7 compos$ by "o au?or is n probable2 p]haps orig9ally only ! ,acts ( ,john bore ! "n ( ,leucius1 :i* 0 subsequ5tly transf]r$ to ! :ole4 ,zahn's view1 on ! o!r h&1 is1 t ! 1 especially ! ,acts ( ,john1 0 writt5 "u ! falsely assum$ "n ( ,john's pupil ,leucius1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #acj1 at a "t :5 ! ,gno/ics _h n yet be5 sep>at$ f ! ,*ur* z a h]etical sect1 0 ev5 at a lat] p]iod accept$ z g5u9e by ! ,ca?olic *ur* tea*]s not)/&+ ! objectionable "* ( mu* ( its cont5ts1 its modal docetic ,*ri/ology & encratite ,e?ics ) contempt ( m>riage1 rejection ( animal food & ! use ( w9e & ! dem& ( volunt>y pov]ty1 & held 9 high e/eem z a s\rce ( ! second rank = ! ,apo/olic hi/ory4 ,lipsius consid]s t x 0 compos$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ! vulg> ,gno/icism 7 #bg7 9 ! second half ( ! #bnd1 or fir/ half ( ! #crd c5t41 & proves t f ,eusebius d[n to ,photius1 :o br&s x z 1 ! ,ca?olic *ur* tea*]s )\t exception speak ( x z h]etical & godless1 & t ! frequ5t patri/ic ref]5ces to ! ,hi/ori ecclesia/ici d n apply to x b to ,ca?olic modifications ( x1 :i* 7 reg>d$ z ! g5u9e & g5]ally cr$ible orig9al writ+ ( ,leucius :i* 7 wick$ly falsifi$ by ! ,mani*ans4--,ca?olic modifications ( p>ticul> ,gno/ic 1 z well z indep5d5t ,ca?olic writ+s ( ?is sort 9 ,greek are /ill pres]v$ 9 ,,ms4 9 great numb]s & h = ! mo/ "p be5 pr9t$4 ,! ,hi/4 c]tam9is apo/olici 9 t5 books1 :i* ! suppos$ pupil ( ! ,apo/les ,abdias1 fir/ bi%op ( ,babylon1 wrote 9 ,hebrew1 0 translat$ by 8 pupil ,eutropius into ,greek & by ,julius ,africanus into ,lat94#hg--,!y are all useless = det]m9+ ! hi/ory ( ! ,apo/olic ,age1 al?\gh abundantly s us$ 9 ! ,ca?olic *ur* tradition4 ,= ! hi/ory ( doctr9es & sects1 ! hi/ory ( ! canon1 wor%ip1 ecclesia/ical cu/oms & modes ( ?\ght dur+ ! #bnd-#d? c5ts41 !y are ( ! utmo/ importance4 #cb4f4 ,f ! _m apocryphal monographs /ill pres]v$ on ! life1 works & m>tyrdom ( ! biblical ,apo/les & _! coadjutors1 9 addition to ! ,pseudo-,clem5t9es already discuss$ 9 #bh1 #c1 ! foll[+ are ! mo/ important4 a4 ,! ,greek ,acta ,petri et ,pauli4 ,^! describe ! j\rneys ( ,paul to ,rome1 ! disputation ( ! two ,apo/les at ,rome ) ,simon ,magus1 & ! ,roman m>tyrdom ( bo?1 & con/itute ! s\rce ( ! traditions reg>d+ ,pet] & ,paul :i* are at ! pres5t day reg>d$ 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* z hi/orical4 ,^! ,acts1 h[ev]1 z ,lipsius has %[n1 are n an orig9al "w1 b date f ab\t ,a4,d4 #afj1 & consi/ ( a ,ca?olic reproduction ( ,ebionite or ,anti-,paul9e1 ,acts ( ,pet]1 ) additions f ,g5tile-,*ri/ian traditions ( ,paul4 ,! ,acts ( ,pet] take up ! /ory :]e ! ,pseudo-,clem5t9es end1 z may be se5 ev5 f _! ,ca?olic reproduction1 = !y make ,simon ,magus1 foll[$ ev]y:]e & ov]come by ! ,apo/le ,pet]1 at la/ seek refuge 9 ,rome1 :]e1 aga9 unmask$ by ,pet]1 he met a mis]able end 7 #be1 #b74 ,z ! :i* =m$ ! basis ( ! ,pseudo-,clem5t9e writ+s combats ! specifically ,paul9e doctr9es z d]iv$ f ,simon ,magus 7 #bh1 #d71 s ! ,acts ( ,pet] id5tify him ev5 p]sonally ) ,paul1 = !y malici\sly & spitefully assign well-kn[n facts f ! ,apo/le's life to ,simon ,magus1 :i* are bona fide 9 ! ,ca?olic reproduction assum$ to be g5u9e works ( ,simon4--,! ,gno/ic ,acts ( ,pet] & ,acts ( ,paul _h wr\ght up ! curr5t ,ebionite & ,ca?olic traditions ab\t ! do+s & m>tyr dea?s ( ! two ,apo/les ) fanciful adornm5ts & embelli%m5ts aft] ! /yle & 9 ! int]e/s ( ,gno/icism4 ,a consid]able fragm5t ( ^!1 purifi$ inde$ by ,ca?olic h&s1 is pres]v$ to u 9 ! ,passio ,petri et ,pauli1 to :i* is atta*$ ! "n ( ,l9us1 ! pret5d$ successor ( ,pet]4 ,! =tunes ( ! two ,apo/les are relat$ q indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r3 ,paul makes 8 appe>ance at ,rome only aft] ! dea? ( ,pet]4 ,( ! non-h]etical ,acts ( ,paul :i* accord+ to ,eusebius 7 9 e>li] times receiv$ 9 _m *ur*es z holy scripture 7 #cf1 #h71 no trace has z yet be5 discov]$4 b4 ,among ! ,greek ,acts ( ,john1 ! remnants ( ! ,leucian pres]v$ 9 _! orig9al =m des]ve to be fir/ m5tion$4 ,accord+ to ,zahn1 !y are "o ( ! e>lie/ witnesses = ! g5u95ess ( ! ,gospel ( ,john1 & give ! dea?bl[ to ! !ory t ) & aft] ! ,apo/le ,john1 !re 0 9 ,ephesus ano!r ,john ! ,presbyt] di/9ct f him 7 #af1 #b74 ,lipsius1 on ! o!r h&1 places _! composition 9 ! second half ( ! #bnd c5t41 & deprives !m ( t significance = ! life ( ! ,apo/le1 b admits _! great value = a k ( doctr9es1 pr9ciples & =ms ( wor%ip ( ! vulg> ,gno/icism !n widely spread4 ,! 1 greatly e/eem$ 9 ! ,greek *ur*1 & (t5 translat$ into o!r languages1 writt5 9 ! #e? c5t4 by a ,ca?olic h& & ascrib$ to ,pro*oros ,pro*orus ! deacon ( ,j]usalem 7,acts vi4 #e71 is a poetic romance ) num]\s rais+s f ! dead1 exorcisms1 etc41 almo/ :olly ! creation ( ! writ]'s own imag9ation1 )\t a trace ( any encratite t5d5cy l ! ,leucian & )\t any p>ticul> doctr9al significance4 c4 ,to ! same age & ! same ,gno/ic p>ty z ! ,leucian ,acts ( ,john1 belong ! ,acts ( ,&rew pres]v$ 9 _m fragm5ts & circulat$ 9 v>i\s ,ca?olic reproductions4 ,( ^! latt] ! mo/ e/eem$ 7 ! ,acts ( ,&rew & ,mat!w 9 ! city ( ! cannibals4 d4 ,! ,ca?olic reproductions 9 ,greek & ,syriac t h come d[n to u ( ! ,leucian ,acts ( ,?omas are ( special value because ( ! _m ,gno/ic elem5ts :i*1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,greek1 h be5 all[$ to rema9 un*ang$ 9 ! v imp]fectly purifi$ text4 ,! sc5e ( ! ,apo/le's activity is said to be ,india4 ,! c5tral po9t 9 8 prea*+ to s9n]s is ! doctr9e t only by complete ab/95ce f m>riage & concub9age c we become at la/ ! p>tn] ( ! heav5ly bridegroom 7 #bg1 #d74 ,a highly poetical hymn on ! m>riage ( ,sophia 7,a*amo?7 is left 9 ! ,greek text unalt]$1 :ile ! ,syriac text puts ! *ur* 9 place ( ,sophia4 ,!n we h two poetical consecration pray]s = baptism & ! eu*>i/1 9 :i* ! ,syriac sub/itut$ ,*ri/ = ,a*amo?4 ,b besides1 ev5 9 ! ,syriac text1 a gr&ly swell+ hymn1 :i* is want+ 9 ! ,greek text1 romances ab\t ! =tunes ( ! s\l1 :i*1 s5t f heav5 to e>? to fet* a pe>l wat*$ by ! s]p5t =gets its heav5ly orig9 & call+1 & only rememb]s ?is aft] repeat$ rem9d]s f heav51 etc4 ,guts*mi$ has %[n x to be probable t ! hi/ory gr\ndwork ( ! ,acts ( ,?omas is borr[$ f old] ,buddhi/ leg5ds 7 #fh1 #f74 e4 ,! ,acta ,pauli et ,!cla1 accord+ to ,t]tullian & ,j]ome1 7 compos$ by a presbyt] ( ,asia ,m9or :o1 c>ri$ away by ! mania = lit]>y =g+1 excus$ himself by say+ t he _h writt5 ,pauli amore1 b 0 = ?is nev]!less depriv$ ( 8 (fice4 ,accord+ to ^! ,acts ,!cla1 ! betro!d bride ( a "y man ( importance at ,iconium1 0 won to ,*ri/ianity by a s]mon ( ,paul on cont95ce z a condition ( a future glori\s resurrection1 =sook h] bridegroom1 devot$ h]self to p]petual virg9ity1 & atta*$ h]self =?) to ! ,apo/le ^: bodily pres5ce is describ$ z contemptible1--little1 bald-head$1 l>ge nose1 & b&y legs1--b light$ up ) heav5ly grace4 ,l$ twice to m>tyrdom %e 0 sav$ by miracul\s div9e int]position1 fir/ f ! flames ( ! pile1 !n1 aft] hav+ baptiz$ h]self 9 ! "n ( ,*ri/ by plung+ into a pit full ( wat]1 f ! rage ( dev\r+ animals2 :]eupon ,paul1 recognis+ t sort ( baptism 9 an em]g5cy z valid1 s5t h] =? ) ! commission3 ,g h5ce & tea* ! ^w ( ,god6 ,aft] conv]t+ & in/ruct+ _m1 %e di$ 9 peace 9 ,seleucia4 ,al?\gh ,j]ome treats our book z apocryphal1 ! leg5ds ( ,!cla z giv5 9 x 7 reg>d$ 9 ! ,we/ z g5u9e1 & ,/4 ,!cla 0 hon\r$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! ,lat9 middle ages next to ! "m ( ,jesus z ! mo/ p]fect patt]n ( virg9ity4 ,9 ! ,greek *ur* :]e we meet ) ! "n fir/ 9 ! ,symposium ( ,me?odius1 ! book rema9$ unsuspect$ & its h]o9e1 z & 1 0 hon\r$ /ill m en?usia/ically ?an 9 ! ,we/4 f4 ,! ,syriac ,doctr9a ,addi ,apo/4 0 accord+ to its own /atem5t deposit$ 9 ! libr>y ( ,edessa1 b allusions to lat] p]sons & circum/ances %[ t x c\ld n h be5 writt5 be=e ,a4,d4 #bhj 7accord+ to ,zahn ab\t ,a4,d4 #bgj-bij2 acc4 to ,lipsius n be=e ,a4,d4 #cfj74 ,x assigns ! f\nd+ ( ! *ur* ( ,edessa1 :i* is prov$ to h be5 n e>li] ?an ,a4,d4 #agj1 accord+ to local tradition to ! ,apo/le ,addai ,addi 79 ,euseb4 & else:]e1 ,?addeus3 comp4 ,matt4 x4 #c2 ,m>k iii4 #ah71 :om x repres5ts z "o ( ! sev5ty disciples & z hav+ be5 s5t by ,?omas to ,abg> ,u*omo 9 accordance ) ,*ri/'s promise 7 #ac1 #b74hh #cb4g4 ,,iii4 ,apo/olic ,epi/les4 ,! apocryphal ,epi/le ( ,paul to ! ,laodiceans 7,col4 iv4 #af71 & t to ! ,cor9?ians sugge/$ by ! /atem5t 9 #a ,cor4 v4 #i1 are spiritless compilations f ! canonical ,epi/les4 ,f ! ,correspond5ce ( ,paul ) ,s5eca1 quotations are made by ,j]ome & ,augu/9e4 ,x embraces f\rte5 %ort epi/les4 ,! idea ( fri5dly relations betwe5 ^! two m5 sugge/$ by ,acts xviii4 #ab1 ,gallio be+ ,s5eca's bro!r1 =ms ! motive = ! fiction4 ,,iv4 ,! apocryphal ,apocalypses t h be5 pres]v$ are ( little value4 ,an ,apocalypsis ,petri 0 kn[n to ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria4 ,! ,apoc4 ,pauli is bas$ on #b ,cor4 xii4 #b4 ,v4 ,apo/olical ,con/itutions1 comp4 #dc1 #d1 #e4hi #cb4h4 ,! ,acts ( ! ,m>tyrs4--,( ! num]\s pr(ess$ly contempor>y acc\nts ( celebrat$ m>tyrs ( ! #bnd & #crd c5ts41 ^? adopt$ by ,eusebius 9 8 ,*ur* ,hi/ory may be accept$ z g5u9e2 especially ! ,epi/le ( ! ,*ur* ( ,smyrna to ! ,*ur* at ,philomelium ab\t ! p]secution :i* x suff]$ 7 #bb1 #c72 also ! ,report ( ! ,*ur* at ,lyons & ,vi5ne to ! ,*ri/ians 9 ,asia & ,phrygia ab\t ! p]secution "u ,m>cus ,aurelius 9 ,a4,d4 #agg 7 #bb1 #c72 & an ,epi/le ( ,dionysius ,bi%op ( ,alex&ria to ,fabian ( ,antio* ab\t ! ,alex&rian m>tyrs & confessors dur+ ! ,decian p]secution4 ,! ,acts ( ! ,m>tyrs ( ,scillita are also g5u9e 7 #bb1 #c72 s too ! ,montani/ic ,hi/ory ( ! suff]+s ( ,p]petua1 ,felicitas1 & _! companions 7 #bb1 #d2 #dj1 #c72 z well z ! ,acta s4 ,cypriani4 ,! ma9 "p ( ! ,m>tyrdom ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr by ,simeon ,metaphr4 7 #fh1 #d7 belongs probably to ! #bnd c5t4 ,! ,m>tyrdom ( ,ignatius 7 #cj1 #e7 pr(ess$ly by 8 companions 9 8 la/ j\rney to ,rome1 & ! ,m>tyrdom ( ,symph]osa 9 ! ,tib]1 :o 0 put to dea? ) h] sev5 sons "u ,hadrian1 z well z all o!r ,acts ( ! ,m>tyrs pr(ess$ly belong+ to ! fir/ f\r c5turies1 are ( m ?an d\btful au!nticity4 #cc4 ,,! ,,doctr9al ,,controv]sies ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,ca?olic ,,age4#ij ,! developm5t ( ! sy/em ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e mu/ become a necessity :5 ,*ri/ianity meet+ ) pagan culture 9 ! =m ( sci5ce is call$ ^u to def5d h] claim to be ! univ]sal religion4 ,9 ! fir/ ?ree c5turies1 h[ev]1 !re 0 z yet no (ficial con/ruction & e/abli%m5t ( ecclesia/ical doctr9e4 ,!re mu/ fir/ be a c]ta9 measure ( free subjective developm5t & wre/l+ ) antagoni/ic views4 ,a univ]sally ackn[l$g$ organ is want+1 su* z t subsequ5tly f\nd 9 ! cum5ical ,c\ncils4 ,! p]secutions all[$ no "t & peace = ?is2 & ! *ur* _h en\gh to d 9 ma9ta9+ :at is specifically ,*ri/ian 9 opposition to ! intrusion ( su* anti-,*ri/ian1 ,jewi% & ,pagan elem5ts z s\ght to ga9 a foot+ 9 ,ebionism & ,gno/icism4 ,on ! o!r h&1 friction & controv]sy )9 ! *ur* _h already begun z a prep>ation = ! con/ruction ( ! ecclesia/ical sy/em ( doctr9e4 ,! ,tr9it>ian controv]sy 0 by f> ! mo/ important1 :ile ! ,*ilia/ic discussions 7 ( significance = ,es*atology4 #cc4a4 ,! ,tr9it>ian ,que/ions4--,! discussion 0 ma9ly ab\t ! relation ( ! div9e 7! unity ( ,god7 to ! 7! ,tr9it>ian be+ & movem5t ( ,god74 ,!n ! relation ( ! ,son or ,logos to ! ,fa!r came decid$ly to ! front4 ,f ! "t :5 ! m exact det]m9ation ( ?is relation%ip came to be discuss$1 t[>d ! end ( ! #bnd c5t41 ! mo/ em95t tea*]s ( ! ,ca?olic *ur* ma9ta9$ /\tly ! p]sonal indep5d5ce ( ! ,logos--,hypo/asianism4 ,b ! necessity = keep+ ?is view 9 h>mony ) ! mono!i/ic doctr9e ( ,*ri/ianity l$ to _m errors & vacillations4 ,adopt+ ,philo's di/9ction ( & 7 #aj1 #a71 !y = ! mo/ "p reg>d$ ! hypo/asiz+ z condition$ fir/ by ! creat+ ( ! _w & z com+ =? n z a necess>y & et]nal elem5t 9 ! v life ( ,god b z a free & temporal act ( ! div9e w4 ,! prop] ess5ce ( ! ,godhead 0 id5tifi$ r ) ! ,fa!r1 & all attributes ( ! ,godhead 7 ascrib$ to ! ,son n 9 a :olly equal measure z to ! ,fa!r1 = ! ^w ( ,*ri/3 8! ,fa!r is great] ?an ,i0 7,john xiv4 #bh71 0 appli$ ev5 to ! pre-exi/5t /ate ( ,*ri/4 ,/ill great] 0 ! unc]ta9ty reg>d+ ! ,holy ,_s4 ,! idea ( ,8 p]sonality & indep5d5ce 0 f> less securely e/abli%$2 ,he 0 mu* m decid$ly subord9at$1 & ! functions ( inspiration & sanctification prop] to ,him 7 ascrib$ to ,*ri/1 or ,he 0 simply id5tifi$ ) ! ,son ( ,god4 ,! result1 h[ev]1 ( su* subord9ationi/ hypo/asianism 0 t1 on ! "o h&1 _m *ur* tea*]s laid undue /ress on ! fundam5tal anti-pagan doctr9e ( ! unity ( ,god1 j z on ! o!r h&1 _m _h indulg$ 9 exagg]at$ /atem5ts ab\t ! div9ity ( ,*ri/4 ,x seem$ !re=e desirable to set aside altoge!r ! "q ( ! p]sonal di/9ction ( ! ,son & ,_s f ! ,fa!r4 ,?is happ5$ ei!r 9 ! way cle>ly fav\r$ by ! ,ebionites :o reg>d$ ,*ri/ z a m]e man1 :o1 l ! prophets1 ?\gh 9 a mu* high] measure1 _h be5 endu$ ) div9e wisdom & p[] 7dynamic ,mon>*ianism71 or 9 a way m accordant ) ! ,*ri/ian mode ( ?\ght1 admitt+ t ! fulness ( ! ,godhead dwelt 9 ,*ri/1 & ei!r id5tify+ ! ,logos ) ! ,fa!r 7,patripassianism71 or see+ 9 ,him only a mode ( ! activity ( ! ,fa!r 7modal ,mon>*ianism74 ,mon>*ianism 9 all ^! =ms 0 pron\nc$ h]etical by all ! mo/ illu/ri\s fa!rs ( ! #crd c5t41 & hypo/asianism 0 decl>$ or?odox4 ,b ev5 "u hypo/asianism an elem5t ( error crept 9 at a lat] p]iod 9 ! =m ( subord9ationism1 & modal ,mon>*ianism approa*$ ne>] to ! *ur* doctr9e by adopt+ ! doctr9e ( sam5ess ( ess5ce 77 9 ,son & ,fa!r4 ,! or?odox comb9ation ( ! two opposites 0 rea*$ 9 ! #crd c5t1 9 homo\sian hypo/asianism1 b only 9 ! #d? c5t4 atta9$ univ]sal acceptance 7 #ej74 #cc4b4 ,! ,alogians4--,soon aft] ,a4,d4 #agj 9 ,asia ,m9or we meet ) ! ,alogians z ! fir/ decid$ oppon5ts f )9 ! *ur* ( ,logos doctr9e laid d[n 9 ! ,gospel by ,john & ! writ+s ( ! ,apologi/s4 ,!y />t$ 9 diametrical opposition to ! *iliasm ( ! ,montani/s & _! claims to prophetic gifts1 & 7 ?us l$ n only to repudiate ! ,apocalypse b also ! ,gospel ( ,john2 ! =m] on acc\nt ( its *ilia/-prophetic cont5ts :i* embrac$ s mu* t 0 un9telligible1 yea absurd & untrue2 ! latt]1 fir/ ( all on acc\nt ( ! use ! ,montani/s made ( its doctr9e ( ! ,p>aclete 9 support ( _! prophetic claims 7 #dj1 #a71 b also on acc\nt ( its seem+ contradictions ( & dep>tures f ! n>ratives ( ! ,synopti/s1 & f9ally1 on acc\nt ( its ,logos doctr9e 9 :i* ! imm$iate transition f ! inc>nation ( ! ,logos to ! active life ( ,*ri/ probably seem$ to !m too closely resembl+ docetic ,gno/icism4 ,!y !re=e attribut$ to ! ,gno/iciz+ ,judai/1 ,c]9?us1 ! au?or%ip bo? ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel & ( ! ,apocalypse4 ,( _! own ,*ri/ological !ories we h no exact in=mation4 ,ir5u & ,hippolytus deal mildly ) !m & recognise !m z memb]s ( ! ,ca?olic *ur*4 ,x is ,epiphanius :o fir/ gives !m ! equivocal designation ( ,alogians 7:i* may ei!r be 8d5i]s ( ! ,logos0 or 8! irrational071 d5\nc+ !m z h]etical reject]s ( ! ,logos doctr9e & ! ,logos-,gospel4 ,?is is ! fir/ in/ance :i* we h ( hi/orical criticism be+ ex]cis$ 9 ! ,*ur* ) ref]5ce to ! biblical books4 #cc4c4 ,! ,!odotians & ,artemonites4--,epiphanius describes ! sect ( ! ,!odotians at ,rome z an 4 ,! ma9 s\rce ( in=mation ab\t !m is ! ,little ,labyr9? 7 #ca1 #c71 & next to x ,hippolytus 9 8 ,syntagma1 quot$ by ! ,pseudo-,t]tullian & ,epiphanius1 & 9 8 ,el5*us4 ,! f\nd] ( ?is sect1 ,!odotus 1 ! ,tann]1 a man well tra9$ 9 ,greek culture1 came ,a4,d4 #aij to ,byzantium :]e1 dur+ ! p]secution1 he d5i$ ,*ri/1 & on ?is acc\nt *ang$ 8 resid5ce to ,rome & devot$ himself "h to ! spread ( 8 dynamic ,mon>*ianism4 ,he ma9ta9$ 1--,spiritu quidem sancto natum ex virg9e1 s$ hom9em nudum nulla alia pr ct]is nisi sola ju/it auctoritate4 ,he s\ght to ju/ify 8 views by a "o-sid$ int]pretation ( scripture passages ref]r+ to ! human nature ( ,*ri/4#ia ,b s9ce he ackn[l$g$ ! sup]natural bir? ( ,*ri/ z well z ! g5u95ess ( ! ,gospel ( ,john1 & 9 o!r respects agre$ ) 8 oppon5ts1 he c\ld /ill repres5t himself z /&+ on ! basis ( ! ,old ,ca?olic ,regula fidei 7 #ce1 #b74 ,nev]!less ! ,roman bi%op ,victor 7,a4,d4 #ahi-aii7 excommunicat$ him & 8 foll[]s4 ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ among 8 disciples 0 a second ,!odotus 1 ! ,money-*ang]4 ,by an exegesis ( ,heb4 v4 #f1 #aj2 vi4 #bj2 vii4 #c1 #ag1 he s\ght to prove t ,mel*is$ec 0 & m glori\s ?an ,*ri/2 ! =m] 0 ! orig9al type1 ! latt] only ! copy2 ! =m] 0 int]cessor be=e ,god = ! angels1 ! latt] only = m52 ! orig9 ( ! =m] is secret1 because truly heav5ly1 t ( ,*ri/ op51 because born ( ,m>y4 ,! lat] h]esiologi/s !re=e designate 8 foll[]s ,mel*is$ecians4 ,lay+ hold ^u ! !ory :i*1 accord+ to ,epiphanius1 0 held ev5 by ,ca?olics1 & also1 l ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 id5tify+ ! ,son ( ,god ) ! ,holy ,_s t desc5d$ 9 baptism on ! man ,jesus1 ,!odotus seems f ^? two po9ts ( view to h proce$$ to tea*1 t ! hi/orical ,*ri/1 because op]at$ ^u only dynamically by ! ,holy ,_s or ! ,son ( ,god1 0 inf]ior to ! purely heav5ly ,mel*is$ec :o 0 himself ! v et]nal ,son ( ,god4 ,! reproa*es direct$ aga9/ ! ,!odotians by _! oppon5ts 7 ma9ly ^!3 t in/ead ( ! usual allegorical exegesis !y us$ only a lit]al & grammatical1 t !y practis$ an arbitr>y sy/em ( ,textual criticism1 & t in/ead ( hold+ to ! philosophy ( ! div9e ,plato1 !y took _! wisdom f ! empirici/s 7,ari/otle1 ,euclid1 ,gal51 etc471 & s\ght by su* objectionable means to support _! h]etical views4 ,we h ?us probably to see 9 !m a gr\p ( ,roman !ologians1 :o1 t[>ds ! close ( ! #bnd c5t4 & ! beg9n+ ( ! #crd c5t4 ma9ta9$ exegetical & critical pr9ciples ess5tially ! same z ^? :i* ! ,antio*ean s*ool ) great] cle>ness & def9it5ess set =? t[>d ! end ( ! #crd c5t4 7 #ca1 #a2 #dg1 #a74 ,! attempt1 h[ev]1 :i* !y made to f\nd an indep5d5t sect 9 ,rome ab\t ,a4,d4 #baj 0 an utt] failure4 ,accord+ to ! report ( ! ,little ,labyr9?1 !y succe$$ 9 gett+ = _! bi%op a weak-m9d$ confessor call$ ,natalius4 ,haunt$ by visions ( judgm5t & beat5 sore "o night by good angels till 9 a mis]able plight1 he ha/$ on ! foll[+ morn+ to ca/ himself at ! feet ( bi%op ,zephyr9us 7,a4,d4 #aii-bag71 successor ( ,victor1 & %[+ 8 /ripes he begg$ = m]cy & re/oration4--,! la/ ( ! repres5tatives ( ! ,!odotians 9 ,rome1 & t too "u ?is same ,zephyr9us1 0 a c]ta9 ,artemon or ,artemas4 ,he & 8 foll[]s ma9ta9$ t _! own doctr9e 7:i* _c be v exactly det]m9$ b 0 also ( ! dynamic ord]7 _h be5 recognis$ 9 ,rome z or?odox f ! "t ( ! ,apo/les d[n to t ( bi%op ,victor1 & 0 fir/ condemn$ by 8 successor ,zephyr9us4 ,?is ass]tion _c be said to be altoge!r )\t f\ndation 9 view1 on ! "o h&1 ( ! agreem5t above ref]r$ to betwe5 ,!odotus ! y\ng] & ! ,roman ,h]mas1 & on ! o!r h&1 ( ! fact t ! ,roman bi%ops ,zephyr9us & ,calli/us _h pass$ ov] to ,notian ,modalism4 ,artemon mu/ h liv$ at lea/ until ,a4,d4 #bfj1 :5 ,paul ( ,samosata 7 #cc1 #h71 :o also ma9ta9$ fell[%ip ) ! excommunicat$ ,artemonites 9 ,rome1 conduct$ a correspond5ce ) him4 #cc4d4 ,praxeas & ,t]tullian4--,patripassianism1 :i* repres5t$ ! ,fa!r ,himself z becom+ man & suff]+ 9 ,*ri/1 may be *>act]iz$ z ! precursor & fir/ crude =m ( ,modalism4 ,x also _h its orig9 dur+ ! #bnd c5t41 9 t same intellectually active *ur* ( ,asia ,m9or1 & f !nce ! movem5t spread to ,rome1 :]e aft] a long & bitt] /ruggle x secur$ a foot+ 9 ! #crd c5t4--,praxeas1 a confessor ( ,asia ,m9or & oppon5t ( ,montanism1 0 its fir/ repres5tative at ,rome1 :]e unoppos$ he exp\nd$ 8 views ab\t ,a4,d4 #aij4 ,z he support$ ! ,roman bi%op ,victor 9 8 condemnation ( ,montanism 7 #dj1 #b71 s he seems to h won ! bi%op's approval = 8 ,*ri/ological !ory4#ib ,p]haps also ! excommunication :i* 0 at ?is "t utt]$ aga9/ ! dynamic ,mon>*ian1 ,!odotus ! ,eld]1 0 ! result ( ! bi%op's *ange ( views4 ,f ,rome ,praxeas betook himself1 ma9ly 9 ! int]e/ ( 8 ,anti-,montani/ crusade1 to ,c>?age1 & !re also won adh]5ts to 8 ,*ri/ology4 ,mean:ile1 h[ev]1 ,t]tullian return$ to ,c>?age1 & z a conv]t to ,montanism1 hurl$ aga9/ ,praxeas & 8 foll[]s a controv]sial treatise1 9 :i* he laid b>e ) acute dialectic ! weaknesses & inconsi/5cies1 z well z ! dang]\s consequ5ces ( _! !ory4 ,j l ! ,alogians1 ,praxeas & 8 adh]5ts refus$ to admit ! doctr9e ( ! ,logos into _! ,*ri/ology1 & fe>$ t x 9 connection ) ! doctr9e ( ! hypo/asis w\ld give an advantage to ,gno/icism4 ,9 ! int]e/s ( mono!ism1 z well z ( ! wor%ip ( ,*ri/1 !y ma9ta9$ ! p]fect id5tity ( ,fa!r & ,son4 ,god became ! ,son by ! assumption ( ! fle%2 "u ! concept ( ! ,fa!r !re=e falls ! div9ity1 ! _s2 "u t ( ! ,son1 ! humanity1 ! fle% ( ! ,r$eem]4--,t]tullian himself 9 8 ,hypo/asianism _h n :olly got beyond ! idea ( subord9ationism1 b he made an important advance 9 ?is direction by assum+ ?ree /ages 9 ! hypo/asiz+ ( ! ,son 7,filiatio74 ,! fir/ /age is ! et]nal imman5t /ate ( be+ ( ! ,son 9 ! ,fa!r2 ! second is ! =?com+ ( ! ,son alongside ( ! ,fa!r = ! purpose ( creat+ ! _w2 & ! ?ird is ! go+ =? ( ! ,son into ! _w by means ( ! inc>nation4 #cc4e4 ,! ,notians & ,hippolytus4--,! ,patripassian /&po9t 0 ma9ta9$ also by ,notus ( ,smyrna1 :o summ$ up 8 ,*ri/ological views 9 ! s5t5ce3 ! ,son ( ,god is ,8 own1 & n ano!r's ,son4 ,"o ( 8 pupils1 ,epigonus1 9 ! "t ( bi%op ,zephyr9us br\ght ?is doctr9e to ,rome1 :]e a ,notian sect 0 =m$ ) ,cleom5es at its head4 ,sabellius too1 :o 9 ,a4,d4 #bae came to ,rome f ,ptolemais 9 ,egypt1 atta*$ himself to x1 b aft]w>ds con/ruct$ an indep5d5t sy/em ( doctr9e 9 ! =m ( a m speculative ,modalism4 ,! mo/ vigor\s oppon5t ( ! ,notians 0 ! celebrat$ presbyt] ,hippolytus 7 #ca1 #c74 ,he /rongly insi/$ ^u ! hypo/asis ( ! ,son & ( ! ,_s1 & claim$ = !m div9e wor%ip4 ,b inasmu* z he ma9ta9$ 9 all its /rictness ! unity ( ,god1 he too 0 unable to avoid subord9at+ ! ,son "u ! ,fa!r4 ,! ,son1 he taught1 ow$ ,8 hypo/asiz+ to ! w ( ! ,fa!r2 ! ,fa!r comm&s & ! ,son obeys2 ! p]fect ,logos 0 ! ,son f et]nity1 b 1 ' 1 !re=e 9 a hypo/asis1 :i* ,he became only at ! creation ( ! _w1 s t ,he became p]fect ,son fir/ 9 ! inc>nation4 ,bi%op ,zephyr9us1 on ! o!r h&1 0 n incl9$ to be> h>d ^u ! ,notians1 b s\ght 9 ! int]e/s ( peace "s meet+-po9t = ! two p>ties4 ,! conflagration fairly broke out "u 8 successor1 ,calli/us 7,a4,d4 #bag-bbb2 comp4 #da1 #a74 ,believ+ t tru? & error 7 to be f\nd on bo? sides he def9$ 8 own position ?us3 ,god is a _s )\t p>ts1 fill+ all ?+s1 giv+ life to all1 :o z su* is call$ ,logos1 & only 9 respect ( "n is di/+ui%$ z ,fa!r & ,son4 ,! ,pneuma become inc>nate 9 ! ,virg9 is p]sonally & ess5tially id5tical ) ! ,fa!r4 ,t :i* has !reby become manife/1 ! man ,jesus1 is ! ,son4 ,x !re=e _c be said t ! ,fa!r z su* has suff]$1 b r t ! ,fa!r has suff]$ 9 & ) ! ,son4 ,decid$ly ,mon>*ian z ?is =mula ( compromise und\bt$ly is1 x seems to h af=d$ ! bridge ^u :i* ! (ficial ,roman !ology cross$ ov] to ! homo\sian ,hypo/asianism :i* =ty ye>s lat] won ! day 7 #cc1 #g74 ,among ! oppos+ p>ties x f\nd no acceptance4 ,hippolytus d5\nc$ ! bi%op z a ,notian1 :ile ! ,notians nicknam$ him a ,dy!i/4 ,! result 0 t ! two p>ty lead]s1 ,sabellius & ,hippolytus1 7 excommunicat$4 ,! latt] =m$ ! company ( 8 adh]5ts 9 ,rome into a s*ismatic sect4 #cc4f4 ,b]yllus & ,orig54--,b]yllus ( ,bo/ra#ic 9 ,arabia also belong$ to ! ,patripassians2 b he m>ks ! transition to a nobl] ,modalism1 = ?\gh he refuses to ! deity ( ,*ri/ ! 1 he designates x 1 & sees 9 x a new =m ( ! manife/ation 77 ( ,god4 ,9 reg>d to him an ,arabian ,synod 0 held 9 ,a4,d4 #bdd1 to :i* ,orig5 0 invit$4 ,conv9c$ by him ( 8 error1 ,b]yll ,b]yllus retract$4--,all previ\s repres5tatives ( ! hypo/asis ( ! ,logos _h und]/ood 8 hypo/atiz+ z happ5+ 9 "t = ! purpose ( ! creation & ! inc>nation4 ,orig5 remov$ ?is re/riction :5 he enunciat$ ! proposition3 ,! ,son is f et]nity begott5 ( ! ,fa!r & s f et]nity an hypo/asis4 ,! g5]ation ( ! ,son took n place simply z ! condition ( creation1 b z ( itself necess>y1 = :]e !re is light !re mu/ be ! %$d+ =? ( rays4 ,b because ! life ( ,god is b\nd to no "t1 ! objectiviz+ ( ,8 life 9 ! ,son mu/ also lie outside ( all "t4 ,x is n !re=e an act ( ,god accompli%$ once & = ev]1 b an et]nally cont9u$ ex]cise ( liv+ p[] 7 74 ,orig5 did n inde$ get beyond subord9ationism1 b he re/rict$ x )9 ! n>r[e/ possible limits4 ,he condemns ! expression t ! ,son is 1 b only 9 opposition to ! ,gno/ic !ories ( emanation4 ,he ma9ta9$ a 1 b only 9 opposition to ! 9 ! ,patripassian s5se4 ,he tea*es a g5]ation ( ! ,son 1 b only because he sees 9 ,him ! objectifi$ div9e w4 ,he calls ,him a 1 b only 9 s f> z ,he is 1 n 1 ?\gh inde$ ! ,son is 1 1 4 ,?us :at he tea*es is n a subord9ation ( ess5ce or nature1 b only ( exi/5ce or orig94 #cc4g4 ,sabellius & ,dionysius ( ,alex4 & ,dionysius ( ,rome4--,we h already se5 t ,sabellius _h f\nd$ 9 ,rome a speculative ,mani*an sy/em1 :i* f\nd mu* fav\r among ! bi%ops ( 8 native region4 ,8 assign+ an ess5tial & necess>y place 9 8 sy/em to ! ,holy ,_s indicates an important advance4 ,god is a unity 77 admitt+ ( no di/9ctions1 re/+ 9 ,himself z com+ =? out ( ,himself 7= ! purpose ( creation7 z 4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! _w's developm5t ! ,monas = ! sake ( r$emption assumes necess>ily ?ree diff]5t =ms ( be+ 7 71 ea* ( :i* embraces 9 x ! complete fulness ( ! ,monas4 ,!y are n 1 b 1 masks1 we might say roles1 :i* ! ,god :o manife/s ,himself 9 ! _w assumes 9 succession4 ,aft] ! prosopon ( ! ,fa!r accompli%$ its "w 9 ! giv+ ( ! law1 x fell back into its orig9al condition2 advanc+ aga9 ?r\gh ! inc>nation z ,son1 x returns by ! asc5sion into ! absolute be+ ( ! ,monas2 x reveals itself f9ally z ! ,holy ,_s to return aga91 aft] secur+ ! p]fect sanctification ( ! *ur*1 into ! ,monas t kn[s no di/9ctions1 !re to abide ?r\gh all et]nity4 ,?is process is *>act]iz$ by ,sabellius z an expansion 77 & contraction 774 ,by way ( illu/ration he uses ! figure ( ! sun 1 1 namely 1 4--,at a ,synod ( ,alex&ria 9 ,a4,d4 #bfa ,dionysius ! ,great 7 #ca1 #f7 ent]$ ! li/s aga9/ ! ,sabellianism ( ! ,egyptian bi%ops1 & ) well-int5tion$ zeal employ$ subord9ationi/ expressions 9 a highly (f5sive way 7 ' 1-- 74 ,:5 bi%op ,dionysius ( ,rome 7,a4,d4 #bei-bfh7 0 in=m$ ( ^! proce$+s he condemn$ 8 ,alex&rian colleague's modes ( expression at a ,synod at ,rome 9 ,a4,d4 #bfb1 & issu$ a tract 771 9 :i* aga9/ ,sabellius he affirm$ hypo/asianism & aga9/ ! ,alex&rians1 not)/&+ ! suspicion ( ,mani*anism t hung ab\t x1 ! doctr9e ( ! & ! et]nal g5]ation ( ! ,son4 ,) a beautiful mode/y ,dionysius ( ,alex&ria retract$ 8 unhappily *os5 phrases & decl>$ himself 9 ?or\gh agreem5t ) ! ,roman exposition ( doctr9e4 #cc4h4 ,paul ( ,samosata4--,9 ,rome & ?r\gh\t ! ,we/ g5]al dynamical ,mon>*ianism expir$ ) ,artemon & 8 p>ty4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 h[ev]1 x 0 reviv$ by ,paul ( ,samosata1 9 ,a4,d4 #bfj bi%op ( ! ,grco-,syrian capital ,antio*1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 !n "u ! rule ( ,que5 ,z5obia ( ,palmyra4 ,atta*+ himself to ! o!r dynami/s1 especially ! ,!odotians & ,artemonites1 he w5t 9 _m respects beyond !m4 ,ma9ta9+ z !y did ! unip]sonality ( ,god 7 71 he yet admitt$ a di/9ction ( ,fa!r1 ,son 77 & ,_s 77 ! two la/1 h[ev]1 be+ ess5tially id5tical attributes ( ! fir/1 & also ! di/9ction ( ! f ! 1 ! "o be+ ! op]ative 9 ! prophets1 ! o!r ! 4 4 lat5t 9 ,god4 ,fur!r1 :ile plac+ l ! dynami/s ! p]sonality ( ,*ri/ 9 ,8 humanity & ackn[l$g+ ,8 sup]natural bir? f ! ,holy ,_s by ! ,virg91 he conceiv$ ( ,him1 l ! mod]n ,soc9ians1 z work+ ! way upw>d1 1 i4e4 by reason ( ,8 unique excell5ce to div9e rank & ! obta9+ ( ! div9e "n4--,betwe5 ,a4,d4 #bfd-bfi ! ,syrian bi%ops held ?ree l>ge ,synods 9 reg>d to him at ,antio*1 to :i* also _m o!r fam\s bi%ops ( ! ,ea/ 7 invit$4 ,! fir/ two 7 )\t result1 = he knew h[ to conceal ! het]odox "* ( 8 views4 ,x 0 only at ! ?ird t ! presbyt] ,mal*ion1 a practis$ dialectician & =m]ly a rhetorician1 succe$$ 9 unmask+ him at a public disputation4 ,! ,synod n[ decl>$ him excommunicat$ & depriv$ him ( 8 (fice1 & also transmitt$ to all ! ca?olic *ur*es1 fir/ ( all to ,rome & ,alex&ria1 ! records ( ! disputation toge!r ) a complete report 9 :i* he 0 describ$ z a pr\d1 va91 pomp\s1 covet\s & ev5 immoral man 7 #ci1 #c74 ,nev]!less by ! fav\r ( ! ,que5 he kept possession ( 8 bi%opric1 & hold+ a high (fice at ! c\rt he ex]cis$ n only spiritual functions b also great civil au?ority4 ,b :5 ,z5obia 0 ov]come by ,aurelian 9 ,a4,d4 #bgb1 ! re/ ( ! bi%ops accus$ him be=e ! pagan emp]or1 :o decid$ t ! ecclesia/ical build+s %\ld be made ov] to t "o ( ! cont5d+ bi%ops :om ! ,*ri/ian bi%ops ( ,rome & ,italy %\ld recognise4 ,9 ^! conflicts und\bt$ly a national & political antagonism lay beh9d ! dogmatic & ecclesia/ical dispute 7 #ca1 #i e74--,at ! ,synod ( ,a4,d4 #bfi ! expression 1 :i* s9ce x _h be5 fir/ us$ by ,sabellius 0 always reg>d$ ) suspicion 9 *ur* circles1 0 dragg$ into ! debate & expressly condemn$2 & s x is d\btful :e!r ,paul himself _h employ$ x1 or :e!r1 on ! contr>y1 he wi%$ to *>ge 8 oppon5ts ) h]esy z be+ wont to use ?is t]m4 #cc4i4 ,*iliasm or ! doctr9e ( an e>?ly reign ( ! ,messiah 9 ! la/ times full ( spl5d\r & glory = ,8 p arose out ( ! lit]al & reali/ic conception ( ! ,messianic prophecies ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! adoption ( ! p]iod ( a ?\s& ye>s = its duration re/$ on ! idea t z ! _w _h be5 creat$ 9 six days1 s1 accord+ to ,ps4 xc4 #d & #b ,pet4 iii4 #h1 its hi/ory w\ld be complet$ 9 six ?\s& ye>s4 ,"u ! oppression ( ! ,roman rule ?is notion came to be reg>d$ z a fundam5tal doctr9e ( ,jewi% fai? & hope 7,matt4 xx4 #ba2 ,acts i4 #f74 ,! ,apocalypse ( ,/4 ,john 0 *iefly influ5tial 9 elaborat+ ! ,*ri/ian *ilia/ic !ory4 ,9 *ap4 xx4 "u ! guise ( vision ! doctr9e is set =? t aft] ! f9ally victori\s conflict ( ! pres5t age !re w be a fir/ & p>tial resurrection1 ! ris5 sa9ts %all reign ) ,*ri/ a ?\s& ye>s1 & !n aft] ano!r revolt ( ,satan t is soon suppress$ ! pres5t age w be clos$ 9 ! second univ]sal resurrection1 ! judgm5t ( ! _w & ! creation ( new heav5s & a new e>?4 ,:at fanta/ic notions ( ! glory ( ! ?\s& ye>s' reign might be develop$ f su* passages1 is se5 9 ! traditional say+ ( ! ,"l giv5 by ,papias 7,ir541 v4 #cc7 ab\t ! wond]ful fruitfulness ( ! e>? dur+ ! mill5nium3 "o v9e-/ock w be> #aj1jjj /ems 7palmites71 ea* /em w h #aj1jjj bran*es 7brac*ia71 ea* bran* #aj1jjj twigs 7flagella71 ea* twig #aj1jjj clu/]s 7botrus71 ea* clu/] #aj1jjj grapes1 & e grape w yield #be measures ( w9e2 8et quum eorum appreh5d]it aliquis ,sanctorum1 alius clamabit3 ,botrus ego melior sum1 me sume1 p] me ,dom9um b5$ic60 ,aft] ! "t ( ,papias ,*iliasm became ! fav\rite doctr9e ( ! ,*ri/ians :o "u ! sev]e pressure ( pagan p]secution long$ = ! e>ly return ( ! ,"l4 ,! ,apologi/s ( ! #bnd c5tury d inde$ pass x ov] 9 sil5ce1 b only p]haps because x seem$ to !m impolitic to give x a m>k$ prom95ce 9 works directly address$ to ! pagan rul]s2 at lea/ ,ju/9 ,m>tyr does n scruple 9 ! ,dialog4 c4 ,tryph4 address$ to ano!r class ( read]s to *>act]ize x z a g5u9ely or?odox doctr9e4 ,asia ,m9or 0 ! *ief seat ( ^! views1 :]e1 z we h se5 7 #dj71 ,montanism also 9 its mo/ fanatical & exagg]at$ =m 0 elevat$ into a fundam5tal article ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,ir5u en?usia/ically adopt$ *ilia/ic views & gave a full ?\gh fairly mod]ate exposition ( !m 9 8 great "w aga9/ ! ,gno/ics 7v4 #bd-cf74 ,t]tullian also *ampion$ ^! notions1 at ! same "t reject+ _m outgr[?s ( a grossly c>nal nature 7,adv4 ,m>c41 iii4 #bd1 & 9 a "w no long] extant1 ,de spe fidelium74 ,! mo/ vigor\s opposition is %[n to ,*iliasm by ! ,alogians1 ,praxeas ! ,patripassian & ,caius ( ,rome1 :o 7 also ! det]m9$ oppon5ts ( ,montanism4 ,! la/ nam$ inde$ w5t s f> 9 8 controv]sial writ+ aga9/ ,proclus ! ,montani/1 z to ascribe ! au?or%ip ( ! ,johann9e ,apocalypse to ! h]etic ,c]9?us 7 #bg1 #a74 ,! ,alex&rian spirituali/s too1 especially ,orig5 7,de ,pr941 ii4 #aa71 7 decid$ oppon5ts ( e =m ( ,*iliasm & expla9$ away ! ,scripture passages on :i* x 0 built by means ( allegorical int]pretation4 ,nev]!less ev5 9 ,egypt x _h num]\s adh]5ts4 ,at _! head ab\t ! middle ( ! #crd c5t4 /ood ! le>n$ bi%op ,nepos ( ,ars9oe1 ^: direct$ aga9/ ! ,alex&rians is no long] extant4 ,aft] 8 dea? 8 p>ty "u ! lead]%ip ( ! presbyt] ,coracion sep>at$ f ! *ur* ( ,alex&ria1 ! bi%op ,dionysius ! ,great go+ d[n himself expressly to ,ars9oe 9 ord] to heal ! brea*4 ,9 a conf]5ce ( ! lead]s ( ! p>ties cont9u$ = ?ree days he secur$ ! s9c]e respect ( ! diss5ti5ts by 8 c\nsels1 & ev5 ,coracion 0 induc$ to make a =mal recantation4 ,dionysius !n wrote = ! confirmation ( ! conv]ts 8 book3 4 ,b n long aft]1 opposition to ! spiritualism ( ! s*ool ( ,orig5 made ,me?odius1 ! bi%op ( ,olympus1 play ! "p ( a new h]ald ( ,*iliasm1 & 9 ! ,we/1 ,commodian1 ,victor ( ,poiti]s1 & especially ,lactantius1 became its zeal\s advocates 9 a p>ticul>ly mat]iali/ic =m4 ,its day1 h[ev]1 0 already pa/4 ,:at t5d$ mo/ to "w its complete ov]?r[ 0 ! c\rse ( ev5ts "u ,con/ant9e4 ,amid ! rejoic+s ( ! national *ur* z a pres5t reality1 int]e/ 9 ! expectation ( a future ?\s& ye>s' reign 0 lo/4 ,among po/-,con/ant9e *ur* tea*]s only ,apoll9>is ! ,y\ng] fav\r$ ,*iliasm 7 #dg1 #e74 ,j]ome inde$1 9 def]5ce to ! cl\d ( witnesses f ! anci5t *ur*1 does n v5ture to pron\nce x h]etical1 b treats x ) scornful ridicule2 & ,augu/9e 7,de civ4 ,dei71 ?\gh at an e>li] p]iod n unfav\rable to x1 sets x aside by %[+ t ! scriptural repres5tations ( ! ?\s& ye>s' reign are to be und]/ood z ref]r+ to ! *ur* obta9+ dom9ion ?r\gh ! ov]?r[ ( ! pagan ,roman empire1 ! ?\s& ye>s be+ a p]iod ( indef9ite duration1 & ! fir/ resurrection be+ int]pret$ ( ! reception ( sa9ts & m>tyrs into heav5 z %>]s 9 ! glory ( ,*ri/4--,see ,c&li%1 8,! ,k+dom ( ,god40 ,ed941 #ahhd4 ,especially pp4 #dji-dae1 8,augu/9e on ! ,city ( ,god40 ,,iv4 ,,con/itution1 ,,wor%ip1 ,,life ,,& ,,discipl9e4#id #cd4 ,,! ,,inn] ,,organization ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*4#ie ,f ! beg9n+ ( ! #bnd c5t4 ! episcopal con/itution 0 gradually built up1 & ! sup]iority ( "o bi%op ov] ! :ole body ( ! o!r presbyt]s 7 #ag1 #f7 won by degrees univ]sal acceptance4 ,! hi]>*ical t5d5cy inh]5t 9 x ga9$ fre% impetus f two causes3 7#a7 f ! gradual disappe>ance ( ! *>ismatic end[m5ts :i* _h be5 cont9u$ f ! ,apo/olic ,age f> d[n into po/-,apo/olic times1 & ! disposition ( ecclesia/ical lead]s m & m to monopolise ! function ( tea*+2 & 7#b7 f ! reass]tion ( ! idea ( a special prie/hood z a div9e in/itution & ! adoption ( ,old ,te/am5t conceptions ( *ur* (fic]s4 ,! anti!sis ( ,ordo or 7sc4 7 & ,plebs or 77 :5 once expression _h be5 giv5 to x1 t5d$ to become ev5 m m>k$ & exclusive4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! successful ext5sion ( ! *ur*es ! functions1 rights & duties ( ! exi/+ spiritual (fices came to be m precisely det]m9$ & = ! dis*>ge ( l[] ecclesia/ical s]vice new (fices 7 creat$4 ,?us arose ! p>tition ( ! cl]gy into ,ord9es majores & ,ord9es m9ores4 ,z x 0 9 ! prov9cial capital t common c\ncils 7 held1 :i* 7 conv5$1 at fir/ 9 consequ5ce ( ! requirem5ts ( ! h\r1 aft]w>ds z regul> in/itutions 7,prov9cial ,synods71 ! bi%op ( ! p>ticul> capital assum$ ! presid5t's *air4 ,among ! metropolitans pre-em95ce 0 claim$ by *ur*es f\nd$ by ,apo/les 7s$es apo/olic71 especially ^? ( ,rome1 ,antio*1 ,j]usalem1 ,alex&ria1 ,ephesus & ,cor9?4 ,to ! idea ( ! unity & ca?olicity ( ! *ur*1 :i* 0 ma9ta9$ & set =? ) ev] increas+ decision1 0 add$ ! idea ( ! ,apo/le ,pet] be+ ! s+le individual repres5tative ( ! *ur*4 ,?is latt] notion 0 f\nd$ on ! misund]/ood ^w ( ! ,"l1 ,matt4 xvi4 #ah1 #ai4 ,rome1 z ! capital ( ! _w1 :]e ,pet] & ,paul suff]$ dea? z m>tyrs 7 #af1 #a71 arrogat$ to itself ! "n ( ,*air 7,ca!dra7 ( ,pet] & transf]r$ ! idea ( ! individual repres5tation ( ! *ur* to its bi%ops z ! suppos$ successors ( ,pet]4 #cd4a4 ,! ,cont9uation ( ,*>ismatic ,end[m5ts into ,po/-,apo/olic ,times has1 by means ( ! ,apo/olic ,dida*e rec5tly r5d]$ accessible to u 7 #cj1 #g71 n only receiv$ new confirmation1 b _! place 9 ! *ur* & _! relation to x has be5 put 9 a f> cle>] light4 ,9 ess5tial agreem5t ) #a ,cor4 xii4 #bh1 & ,eph4 iv4 #aa 7 #ag1 #e71 x pres5ts to u ! ?ree (fices ( ,apo/le1 ,prophet & ,tea*]4 ,! ,pa/ors & ,tea*]s ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians1 z well z ( ! passage f ,cor9?ians1 are gr\p$ toge!r 9 "o2 & ! ,evangeli/s1 t is1 help]s ( ! ,apo/les1 appe> n[ aft] ! decease ( ! orig9al ,apo/les1 z _! successors & heirs ( _! mission>y call+ "u ! same title ( ,apo/les4 ,h]mas inde$ speaks only ( ,apo/les & ,tea*]s2 b he himself appe>s z a ,prophet & s witnesses to ! cont9uance ( t (fice4 ,! place & task ( ! ?ree (fices are /ill ! same z describ$ 9 #ag1 #e f ,eph4 iv4 #aa1 #ab & ii4 #bj4 ,^! ?ree 7 n *os5 l ! bi%ops & deacons by ! congregations1 b appo9tm5t & qualifications = (fice 7 dep5d5t on a div9e call1 some:at l t ( ,acts xiii4 #b-d1 or on a *>ism t _h evid5tly & admitt$ly be5 be/[$ on !m4 ,!y are fur!r n p]man5t (ficials 9 p>ticul> congregations b travel ab\t 9 ! ex]cise ( _! tea*+ function f *ur* to *ur*4 ,prophets & ,tea*]s1 h[ev]1 b n ,apo/les1 might settle d[n p]man5tly 9 a p>ticul> *ur*4--,9 ref]5ce exclusively to ! ,apo/les ! ,dida*e tea*es z foll[s3 ,9 ! case ( _! visit+ an already con/itut$ *ur* !y %\ld /ay !re at fur!/ only two days & %\ld accept provision only = "o day's j\rney b ^u no acc\nt any money 7,matt4 x4 #i1 #aj74 ,eusebius too1 9 8 ,*4 ,hi/41 iii4 #cg1 tells t aft] ! dea? ( ! twelve ! gospel 0 successfully spread abroad 9 all l&s by means ( it9]at+ ,apo/olic m51 :om he designates1 h[ev]1 by ! old "n ( evangeli/s1 & praises !m = hav+ accord+ to ! comm& ( ! ,"l 7,matt4 x4 & ,luke x47 p>t$ _! possessions among ! poor1 & hav+ adh]$ /rictly to ! rule ( ev]y:]e lay+ only ! f\ndations ( ! fai? & leav+ ! fur!r c>e ( :at !y _h plant$ to ! settl$ pa/ors4--,! ,dida*e assigns ! second place to ! ,prophets3 !y too1 inasmu* z l ! ,apo/les !y are it9]ants1 are )\t a fix$ resid5ce2 b !y are di/+ui%$ f ! latt] by hav+ _! tea*+ functions direct$ n to ! f\nd+ ( a *ur* b only to its edification1 & 9 ?is respect !y are relat$ to ! ,tea*]s4 ,_! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic1 h[ev]1 is ! possession ( ! *>ism ( prophesy+ 9 ! wid] s5se1 :]eas ! ,tea*]s' *>ism consi/$ 9 ! & ! 7 #ag1 #a74 ,:5 !y ent] into a *ur* z 1 t *ur* may n1 accord+ to ! ,dida*e1 9 direct opposition to #a ,!ss4 v4 #ba2 #a ,cor4 xii4 #aj2 xiv4 #bi2 #a ,john iv4 #a1 ex]cise ! "r ( try+ _! doctr9e1 = t w\ld be to commit ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ :o speaks ?r\gh !m1 b ! *ur* may inquire ( _! life1 & ?us di/+ui% true prophets f ! false4 ,if !y wi% to settle d[n 9 a p>ticul> *ur*1 t *ur* %\ld make provision = _! adequate ma9t5ance by surr5d]+ to !m1 aft] ! patt]n ( ! ,mosaic law1 all fir/l+s ( cattle1 & fir/ fruits ( gra9 & oil & w9e1 & also ! fir/ portion ( _! o!r possessions1 8= !y are y\r high prie/s40 ,?is phrase means ei!r1 t = !m !y are ) _! prophetic gift :at ! high prie/s ( ! old cov5ant ) _! ,urim & ,?ummim 7 to anci5t ,israel1 or1 z ,h>nack und]/&s x on ! basis ( *ap4 x4 #g3 1 :ile ord9>y m9i/]s _h to conf9e !mselves to ! usual =mul>ies1 t !y 7 pre-em95tly entru/$ ) ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,"l's ,supp] :i* 0 ! cr[n+ "p ( ! wor%ip4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re 7 no ,prophets pres5t1 ^! fir/ fruits 7 to be di/ribut$ among ! poor4--,! rank also ( ,tea*]s 71 ,doctores7 is /ill ess5tially ! same z describ$ 9 #ag1 #e4 ,z _! con/ant association ) ! ,apo/les & ,prophets w\ld lead u to expect1 !y also 7 prop]ly it9]ant tea*]s1 :o l ! ,prophets _h to m9i/] to ! e/abli%m5t ( exi/+ *ur*es 9 ! ,*ri/ian life1 9 fai? & 9 hope4 ,b :5 !y settl$ d[n 9 a p>ticul> *ur*1 :e!r 9 consequ5ce ( t *ur*'s special ne$s1 or ) its approval 9 accordance ) _! own wi%1 t *ur* _h to provide = _! ma9t5ance accord+ to ! pr9ciple t ! lab\r] is wor?y ( 8 rew>d4 ,! au?or ( ! ,dida*e1 z appe>s f ! :ole t5or ( 8 book1 0 himself su* a tea*]4 ,h]mas1 :o at ! same "t makes no m5tion ( ! ,prophets1 speaks only twice & t q incid5tally ( ! ,tea*]s1 )\t indicat+ p>ticul>ly _! duties & privileges4--,! cont9uance ( ^? ?ree extraord9>y (fices d[n to ! end ( ! #bnd c5t4 0 ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,! num]\s *ur*es scatt]$ ?r\gh\t all l&s _h n z yet a firmly e/abli%$ ,new ,te/am5t ,canon nor any "o g5]al symbol 9 ! =m ( a confession ( fai?1 & s 7 )\t any outw>d bond ( union3 b ^! ,tea*]s1 by means ( _! it9]ant mode ( life & _! au?oritative position1 :i* 0 = ! fir/ "t cle>ly demon/rat$ by ,h>nack1 contribut$ p[]fully to ! developm5t ( ! idea ( ecclesia/ical unity4 ,accord+ to ,h>nack1 ! composition ( ! s-call$ ,ca?olic ,epi/les & simil> e>ly ,*ri/ian lit]ature is to be assign$ to !m1 & 9 ?is way he w\ld acc\nt = ! ,apo/olic features :i* are discov]able 9 ^! writ+s4 ,he w\ld n1 h[ev]1 attribute to !m ! fiction ( claim+ = _! works an ,apo/olic orig91 b supposes t ! subsequ5tly add$ sup]scriptions & ! au?or's "n 9 ! address re/ ^u an errone\s tradition4--,! gradual disappe>ance ( *>ismatic (fices 0 ma9ly ! result ( ! endeav\r1 t became m & m m>k$ dur+ ! #bnd c5t41 aft] ! adoption ( curr5t social usages & in/itutions1 :i* necess>ily l$ to a repression ( ! en?usia/ic _s out ( :i* ^? (fices _h sprung & :i* c\ld sc>cely reconcile itself ) :at seem$ to x worldly compromises & concessions4 ,! fanatical & ecc5tric pret5sion to prophetic gifts 9 ,montanism1 ) its uncompromis+ rig\r 7 #dj7 & its )drawal f *ur* fell[%ip1 gave to ^! *>ismatic (fices _! deadly bl[4 ,a fur!r cause ( _! gradual decay may c]ta9ly be f\nd 9 _! relation to ! gr[+ episcopal hi]>*y4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,dida*e1 :i* kn[s no?+ ( a subord9ation ( presbyt]s "u ! bi%op 7inde$ l ,phil4 i4 #a1 x makes no m5tion ( presbyt]s71 ?is relation 0 "o ( ?or\ghly h>moni\s co-ord9ation & co-op]ation4 ,9 ! #ac? *ap4 ! exhortation is giv5 to *oose only fai?ful & approv$ m5 z bi%ops & deacons1 8= !y too dis*>ge = y & s !y repres5t along ) ^? ! among y40 ,! s]vice ( prophets1 accord+ to ! ,dida*e1 0 pre-em95tly t ( ! & s !re 0 entru/$ to !m ! consecration ( ! elem5ts 9 ! ,"l's ,supp]4 ,?is s]vice ! bi%ops & deacons dis*>g$1 inasmu* z1 9 addition to _! own special duties z presid5ts ( ! congregation *>g$ ) its adm9i/ration & discipl9e1 !y 7 requir$ 9 ! abs5ce ( prophets to conduct ! wor%ip4 ,!n also !y _h to (ficiate z ,tea*]s 7#a ,tim4 v4 #ag7 :5 occasion requir$ & ! necess>y qualifications 7 possess$4 ,b ?is peaceful co-op]at+ ( ! two ord]s und\bt$ly soon & (t5 gave place to unseemly rivalry1 & ! hi]>*ical _s obtrud+ itself 9 ! ,protepiscopate 7 #ag1 #f71 :i* fir/ ( all r$uc$ its colleagues f _! orig9al equality to a position ( subord9ation soon ass]t$ itself ov] aga9/ ! extraord9>y (fices :i* _h held a place co-ord9ate ) & 9 ! dep>tm5t ( doctr9e & wor%ip ev5 m au?oritative & important ?an t ( ! bi%ops !mselves4 ,!y 7 only too readily successful 9 hav+ _! usurpation ( _! (fices recognis$ z be>+ ! au?ority ( a div9e appo9tm5t4 ,^! soon complet$ ! !ory ( ! hi]>*ical & mon>*ical rank ( ! cl]gy & ! absurd pret5sion to hav+ obta9$ f ,god ! absolute fulness ( ,8 ,_s & absolute sov]eign p[]4 #cd4b4 ,! ,developm5t ( ! ,episcopal ,hi]>*y 0 ! result ( an evolution :i* 9 exi/+ circum/ances 0 n only natural b almo/ necess>y4 ,9 ! delib]ations & consultations ( ! college ( presbyt]s con/itut+ ! ecclesia/ical c\rt1 j z 9 e o!r su* assembly1 x mu/ h be5 ! inv>iable cu/om to conf] ^u "o ( _! numb]1 g5]ally ! elde/1 or at lea/ ! "o among !m mo/ highly e/eem$1 ! presid5cy1 committ+ to him ! duty ( ! ord]ly conduct ( ! debates1 z well z ! =mulat+1 publi%+ & en=c+ ( _! decrees4 ,?is presid5t mu/ soon h won ! pre-em95t au?ority ( a primus int] p>es1 & h come to be reg>d$ z an ( high] rank4 ,f su* a primacy to supremacy1 & f t to a mon>*ical position1 ! progress 0 natural & easy4 ,9 proportion z ! (ficial au?ority1 ! 1 conc5trat$ itself m & m 9 ! presid5t1 ! (ficial title1 1 at fir/ by way ( em95ce1 !n absolutely1 0 appropriat$ to him4 ,?is w\ld be all ! m easily effect$ s9ce1 ow+ to ! tw(old function ( ! (fice 7 #ag1 #e1 #f71 he :o presid$ 9 ! adm9i/rative c\ncil /ill bore ! title ( 4 ,x 0 n accompli%$1 h[ev]1 )\t a long cont9u$ /ruggle on ! "p ( ! presbyt]s :o 7 relegat$ to a subord9ate rank1 :i* occasion$ ke5 p>ty cont5tions & divisions la/+ d[n ev5 into ! #crd c5tury 7 #da74 ,b ! ne$ ( ! *ur*es to h 9 ea* "o man to direct & control 0 mighti] ?an ?is opposition4 ,t ne$ 0 mo/ ke5ly felt :5 ! *ur* 0 ?reat5$ ) division & dissolution by ! spread ( h]etical & sep>ati/ t5d5cies4 ,! ne$ ( a s+le presid5t 9 ! local *ur*es 0 specially felt 9 times ( viol5t p]secution1 & /ill m j aft] ! p]secution _h ceas$ :5 multitudes :o _h fall5 away dur+ ! days ( trial s\ght to be aga9 re/or$ to ! memb]%ip ( ! *ur* 7 #ci1 #b71 9 ord] to secure ! reorganization ( ! in/itution :i*1 by viol5ce f )\t & weakness )91 _h be5 s sorely r5t4 ,bo? 9 ! ,old & 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t !re seem$ gr\nd = reg>d+ ! ord] ( ?+s t _h gr[n up 9 ! c\rse ( "t z jure div9o & z exi/+ f ! beg9n+4 ,aft] ! idea ( a di/9ct sac]dotal class _h aga9 f\nd fav\r1 ! di/ribution ( ! cl]gy 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t into ,high prie/1 prie/s & ,levites 0 suppos$ to af=d an exact analogy to t ( ! episcopate1 presbyt]ate & diaconate4 ,to effect ?is ! *>ismatic (fices ( tea*+ _h to be ignor$ & _! div9ely orda9$ functions _h to be set aside4 ,x 0 ev5 suppos$ t ! relative ranks 9 ! (fices ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* mu/ be det]m9$ by ! correspond+ ord]s 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,!n 9 ! gospels1 x seem$ z if ! relations ( ,*ri/ to ,8 disciples correspond$ to t ( ! bi%op to ! presbyt]s2 & f ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les ! prepond]at+ au?ority ( ,james at ! head ( ! ,j]usalem presbyt]y or eld]%ip 7 #ag1 #b7 might be us$ z a witness = ! supremacy ( ! bi%op4 ,! olde/ & mo/ important cont5d] = ! mon>*ical rank ( ! bi%op is ! au?or ( ! ,ignatian ,epi/les 7 #cj1 #e74 ,9 e bi%op he sees ! repres5tative ( ,*ri/1 & 9 ! college ( presbyt]s ! repres5tatives ( ! ,apo/les4 ,9 ! ,clem5t9es too ! bi%op appe>s z 4 ,?is view also f9ds expression 9 ! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions 7#b1 #bf71 & ev5 9 ! writ+s ( ,dionysius ! ,areopagite 7 #dg1 #aa74 ,ano!r !ory1 accord+ to :i* ! bi%ops are successors ( ! ,apo/les & z su* heirs ( ! absolute dom9ion conf]r$ 9 ,matt4 xiv4 #ah1 #ai ^u ,pet] & ?r\gh him on all ! ,apo/les1 sprang up 9 ! ,we/ & ga9$ curr5cy by means ( ,cyprian's eloqu5t enunciation ( x 7 #cd1 #g74 #cd4c4 ,! ,regul> ,ecclesia/ical ,(fices ( ! ,old ,ca?olic ,age4 ,! ,ord9es ,majores embrac$ ! ,bi%ops1 ,presbyt]s & ,deacons4 ,^u ! ,bi%op1 elect$ by ! p & ! cl]gy 9 common1 !re devolv$ 9 8 mon>*ical position ! supreme conduct ( all ! affairs ( ! *ur*4 ,! exclusively episcopal privileges 7 ^!3 ! ord9ation ( presbyt]s & deacons1 ! absolv+ ( ! p5it5t1 accord+ to /rict rule also ! consecration ( ! eu*>i/ic elem5ts1 9 lat] times also ! "r ( speak+ at ,synods1 & 9 ! ,we/ also ! confirmation ( ! baptis$4 ,9 l>ge cities :]e a s+le *ur* 0 no long] suffici5t daught] *ur*es 7 in/itut$4 ,c\ntry *ur*es f\nd$ outside ( ! cities 7 suppli$ ) presbyt]s & deacons f ! city4 ,if !y increas$ 9 importance1 !y *ose = !mselves _! own bi%op1 :o rema9$1 h[ev]1 z dep5d5t ^u ! city bi%op4 ,?us di/9ctly (ficial episcopal dioceses came to be =m$4 ,& j z ! city bi%ops _h a pre-em95ce ov] ! c\ntry bi%ops1 s also ! bi%ops ( ! *ief cities ( prov9ces soon came z metropolitans to h a pre-em95ce ov] ^? ( o!r cities4 ,to !m 0 grant$ ! "r ( call+ & presid+ at ! ,synods1 & ( appo9t+ & orda9+ ! bi%ops ( _! prov9ce4 ,! "n ,metropolitan1 h[ev]1 0 fir/ us$ 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,nica 9 ,a4,d4 #cbe4--,! ,presbyt]s 7 n[ only ! advis]s & assi/ants ( ! bi%op1 ^: c\nsel & help he accept$ j 9 su* ways & at su* times z seem$ to him good4 ,!y 7 employ$ 9 ! direct+ ( ! affairs ( ! *ur*1 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! sacram5t1 9 prea*+ & 9 pa/oral "w1 b only at ! bidd+ or ) ! express p]mission ( ! bi%op4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ p]iod = ! fir/ "t1 :5 dem&s _h multipli$1 & ! episcopal au?ority 0 no long] 9 ne$ ( be+ jeal\sly gu>d$1 7 _! functions enl>g$ to embrace an indep5d5t pa/oral c>e1 prea*+ & disp5sation ( ! sacram5ts = :i* !y 7 p]sonally responsible4--,9 reg>d to (ficial position ! ,deacons _h a c>e] j ! conv]se ( ?is2 = _! importance increas$ j z ! range ( _! (ficial functions 0 enl>g$4 ,see+ t 9 ! e>lie/ times !y _h occupi$ a position subord9ate to ! presbyt]-bi%ops1 !y c\ld n be reg>d$ 9 ?is way z _! rivals2 & ! developm5t ( ! proto-presbyt]ate into a mon>*ical episcopate 0 too evid5tly 9 _! own int]e/s to awak5 any opposition on _! "p4 ,!y !re=e /ood 9 a f> clos] relation to ! bi%ops ?an did ! presbyt]s4 ,!y 7 8 confidants1 8 companions 9 travel1 (t5 also 8 deputies & repres5tatives at ! ,synods4 ,to !m he committ$ ! di/ribution ( ! *ur*'s alms1 = :i* _! orig9al *>ge ( ! poor qualifi$ !m4 ,to ^! duties 7 add$ also _m ( ! p>ts ( div9e s]vice2 !y baptis$ "u ! commission ( ! bi%op1 obta9$ & prep>$ ! sacram5tal elem5ts1 h&$ r\nd ! cup1 at ! close ( ! s]vice c>ri$ to ! sick & imprison$ ! body & blood ( ! ,"l1 intimat$ ! beg9n+ & ! close ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( div9e s]vice1 recit$ ! public pray]s1 read ! gospels1 & kept ord] dur+ wor%ip4 ,(t51 too1 !y prea*$ ! s]mon4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! prepond]at+ position giv5 to ! ,old ,te/am5t idea ( ! prie/hood ! bi%op 0 comp>$ to ! high prie/1 ! presbyt]s to ! prie/s1 & ! deacons to ! ,levites1 & s too did !y already assume ! "n1 f :i* ! ,g]man ^w 8,prie/]10 ,engli% 8,prie/10 ,fr5* 8,prtre10 ,italian 8,prte10 is d]iv$4 ,among ! ,ord9es ,m9ores ! olde/ 0 ! (fice ( ,read]1 4 ,9 ! "t ( ,cyprian ?is place 0 he>tily accord$ to ! ,confessors4 ,9 lat] times x 0 usual to beg9 ! cl]ical c>e] ) s]vice 9 ! read]%ip4 ,! duties ( ?is (fice 7 ! public read+ ( ! long] scripture portions & ! cu/ody ( ! sacr$ books4 ,some:at lat] ?an ! read]%ip ! (fice ( ! ,subdiaconi1 0 in/itut$4 ,!y 7 assi/ants to ! ,deacons1 & z su* took fir/ rank among ! ,ord9es ,m9ores1 & ( ^! 7 alone reg>d$ z wor?y ( ord9ation4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! #crd c5tury ! (fice ( ! ,cantores1 1 0 in/itut$ = ! conduct+ ( ! public s]vice ( praise4 ,! ,acolytes1 :o are met ) 9 ,rome fir/ ab\t ! middle ( ! #crd c5tury1 7 ^? :o accompani$ ! bi%op z 8 s]vants4 ,! ,exorci/s dis*>g$ ! spiritual function ( deal+ ) ^? possess$ ( evil spirits1 1 1 ov] :om !y _h to repeat ! public pray]s & ! =mula ( exorcism4 ,z !re 0 also an exorcism associat$ ) baptism1 ! (ficial functions ( ! exorci/s ext5d$ to ! cate*um5s4 ,! ,o/i>ii or ,janitores1 1 1 occupi$ ! l[e/ position4--,9 ! l>g] *ur*es = ! in/ruction ( ! cate*um5s !re 7 special ,cate*i/s appo9t$1 ,doctores audi5tium1 & :]e ! ne$ 0 felt1 especially 9 ! *ur*es ( ,nor? ,africa speak+ ! ,punic tongue1 !re 7 also ,int]pret]s ^: duty x 0 to translate & int]pret ! scripture lessons4 ,to ! ,deaconesses1 = ! mo/ "p wid[s or virg9s1 0 committ$ ! c>e ( ! poor & sick1 ! c\nsell+ ( inexp]i5c$ wom5 & maid5s1 ! g5]al ov]sight ( ! female cate*um5s4 ,!y _h no cl]ical "*4--,! ,ord9ation ( ! cl]gy 0 p]=m$ by ! lay+ on ( h&s4 ,^? 7 disqualifi$ :o _h j rec5tly be5 baptis$ or _h receiv$ baptism only dur+ sev]e illness 7,neophyti1 ,cl9ici71 also all :o _h be5 excommunicat$ & ^? :o _h mutilat$ !mselves4--,cont9uation1 #de1 #c4 #cd4d4 ,cl]gy & ,laity4--,! idea t a prie/ly m$iation betwe5 s9ful m5 & a graci\s deity 0 necess>y _h be5 s deeply implant$ 9 ! religi\s consci\sness ( pre-,*ri/ian antiquity1 pagan z well z ,jewi%1 t a =m ( public wor%ip )\t a prie/hood seem$ almo/ z inconceivable z a religion )\t a god4 ,& ev5 ?\gh ! inspir$ writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t decid$ly & expressly taught t ! pre-,*ri/ian or ,old ,te/am5t in/itution ( a special human prie/hood _h be5 aboli%$ & m]g$ 9 ! "o et]nal m$iation ( ! exalt$ ,son ( ,god & ,son ( man1 & t !re 0 n[ a univ]sal spiritual prie/hood ( all ,*ri/ians ) ! "r & privilege ( draw+ ne> ev5 to ! heav5ly ?rone ( grace 7,heb4 iv4 #af2 #a ,pet4 ii4 #e1 #i2 ,rev4 i4 #f71 yet1 9 consequ5ce ( ! idea ( ! p]man5ce ( ,old ,te/am5t in/itutions :i* prevail$1 ev5 9 ! ,po/-,apo/olic ,age1 ! sac]dotal !ory came m & m into fav\r4 ,?is relapse to ! ,old ,te/am5t /&po9t 0 moreov] r5d]$ almo/ inevitable by ! contempor>y metamorphosis ( ! ecclesia/ical (fice :i* exi/$ z ! necess>y basis ( human organisation 7 #ag1 #d7 into a hi]>*ical organisation re/+ ^u an assum$ div9e in/itution4 ,= cl]icalism1 ) its claims to be ! sole div9ely au?oris$ *annel = ! communication ( ,god's grace1 0 ! correlate & ! indisp5sable support ( hi]>*ism1 ) its exclusive claims to legislative1 judicial1 discipl9>y & adm9i/rative prec$5ce 9 ! affairs ( ! *ur*4 ,! reaction :i* ,montanism 7 #dj7 initiat$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ! ,*ri/ian p aga9/ ! hi]>*ical & cl]ical t5d5cies spread+ ?r\gh\t ! *ur*1 0 )\t result ow+ to its extreme extravagance4 ,t]tullian emphasis$ inde$ v /rongly ! ,apo/olic idea ( ! univ]sal prie/hood ( all ,*ri/ians1 b 9 ,cyprian ?is is all[$ to fall q beh9d ! prie/hood ( ! cl]gy & ultimately came to be q =gott54--,! ,old ,ca?olic ,age1 h[ev]1 %[s _m rem9isc5ces ( ! orig9al relation ( ! congregation to ! ecclesia/ical (fic]s1 or z x w\ld n[ be call$1 ( ! laity to ! cl]gy4 ,t ! (ficial tea*+ ( religion & prea*+ 9 ! public assemblies ( ! *ur*1 al?\gh z a rule und]tak5 by ! ,ord9es majores1 might ev5 !n 9 special circum/ances & ) due au?orisation be dis*>g$ by laym51 0 %[n by ! ,cate*etical in/itution at ,alex&ria & by ! case ( ,orig5 :o :5 only a ,cate*i/ (t5 prea*$ 9 ! *ur*4 ,! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions1 too1 #h1 #ca1 support$ ! view t laym51 if only !y 7 skilful 9 ! ^w & ( irreproa*able lives1 %\ld prea* by a ref]5ce to ! promise3 8,!y %all be all taught ( ,god40 ,! repeat$ expressions ( disapproval ( ! adm9i/ration ( ! eu*>i/ by laym5 9 ! ,ignatian ,epi/les presupposes ! frequ5t occurr5ce ( ! practice2 ,t]tullian w\ld all[ x 9 case ( necessity1 = 8,ubi tres1 ecclesia e/1 licet laici40 ,likewise 9 ref]5ce to ! adm9i/ration ( baptism he tea*es t "u ord9>y circum/ances propt] ecclesi honorem x %\ld be adm9i/]$ only by ! bi%op & ! cl]gy appo9t$ by him to ! "w1 alioqu9 7e4g4 9 times ( p]secution7 etiam laicis jus e/4 ,?is1 too1 is ! decision ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,elvira 9 ,a4,d4 #cjf4 ,! report :i* ,cyprian gives ( 8 proc$ure 9 reg>d to ! va/ numb] ( ! ,lapsi ( 8 "t 7 #ci1 #b2 #da1 #b7 af=ds evid5ce t at lea/ 9 extraord9>y & specially difficult cases ( discipl9e ! :ole *ur* 0 consult$4 ,! p's "r to take "p 9 ! *oice ( _! m9i/] _h n yet be5 que/ion$1 & _! assi/ance at lea/ 9 ! ,synods 0 nev] refus$4 #cd4e4 ,! ,synods4--,! ,c\ncil ( ,apo/les at ,j]usalem 7,acts xv47 furni%$ an example ( ,synodal delib]ation & issu+ ( decrees4 ,b ev5 9 ! pagan _w su* in/itutions _h exi/$4 ,! old religio-political conf$]acies 9 ,greece & ,asia ,m9or _h inde$ s9ce ! "t ( ! ,roman conque/ lo/ _! political significance2 b _! long accu/om$ assemblies 7 1 ,concilia7 cont9u$ to meet 9 ! capitals ( ! prov9ces "u ! presid5cy ( ! ,roman gov]nor4 ,! fact t ! same nom5clature 0 adopt$ seems to %[ t !y 7 n )\t =mal influ5ce on ! orig9 ( ! in/itution ( ! *ur* synod4 ,! fir/ occasion = su* meet+s 0 giv5 by ! ,montani/ movem5ts 9 ,asia ,m9or 7 #dj1 #a72 & soon !reaft] by ! controv]sies ab\t ! obs]vance ( ,ea/] 7 #cg1 #b74 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! #crd c5tury ! ,prov9cial ,synods _h already assum$ ! position ( fix$ & regul>ly recurr+ in/itutions4 ,9 ! "t ( ,cyprian1 ! presbyt]s & deacons took an active "p 9 ! ,synods alongside ( ! bi%ops1 & ! p g5]ally 7 n prev5t$ f att5d+4 ,no decision c\ld be arriv$ at )\t ! k & ! acquiesc5ce ( ! memb]s ( ! *ur*4 ,f ! "t ( ! ,nic5e ,c\ncil1 9 ,a4,d4 #cbe1 ! bi%ops alone _h a vote & ! pres5ce ( ! laity 0 m & m re/rict$4 ,! decrees ( ,synods 7 communicat$ to di/ant *ur*es by means ( ,synodal rescripts1 & ev5 9 ! #crd c5tury ! claim 0 made 9 ^!1 9 accordance ) ,acts xv41 to ! imm$iate enlight5m5t ( ! ,holy ,_s4--,cont9uation1 #dc1 #b4 #cd4f4 ,p]sonal & ,epi/ol>y ,int]c\rse4--,f ! v e>lie/ times ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es ( all l&s ma9ta9$ a regul> communication ) "o ano!r ?r\gh mess5g]s or it9]at+ bre?r54 ,! ,tea*+ ( ! ,,xii4 ,apo/les furni%es ! e>lie/ acc\nt ( ?is3 ,any "o :o comes f ano!r place 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l %all be receiv$ z a bro!r2 "o :o is on 8 j\rney1 h[ev]1 %all n accept ! hospitality ( ! *ur* = m ?an two1 or at fur!/ ?an ?ree days2 b if he *ooses to rema9 9 ! place1 he mu/ engage 9 "w = 8 own support1 9 :i* matt] ! *ur* w help him2 if he w n s conduct himself he is to be s5t back z a 1 :o has be5 seek+ to make pr(it out ( 8 pr(ession ( ,*ri/4 ,! ,dida*e kn[s no?+ z yet ( ! lett]s ( au!ntication among ! e>li] mess5g]s ( ! *ur* :i* soon became necess>y & cu/om>y4 ,z a gu>antee aga9/ ! abuse ( ?is cu/om su* 7#b ,cor4 iii4 #a7 _h come into use ev5 9 ,t]tullian's "t1 :o speaks ( a ,contess]atio hospitalitatis1 9 su* a =m t !y 7 und]/ood only by ! initiat$ z recognisable tok5s ( g5u95ess1 & 7 h5ce call$ ,litt] =mat1 or 4 ,! same c>e 0 also tak5 9 respect ( important epi/ol>y communications f "o *ur* to ano!r or to o!r *ur*es4 ,among ^! 7 includ$1 e4g4 ! ,synodal rescripts1 ! s-call$ by :i* ! newly-*os5 bi%ops intimat$ _! entrance ^u (fice to ! o!r bi%ops ( _! di/rict1 ! ,epi/ol fe/ales 7pas*ales7 reg>d+ ! celebration ( a fe/ival1 especially ! ,ea/] fe/ival 7 #ef1 #c71 communications ab\t important *ur* occurr5ces1 especially ab\t m>tyrdoms 7 #cb1 #h71 etc4 ,accord+ to ,optatus ( ,mileve 7 #fc1 #a73 8,totus orbis0 c\ld boa/ ( 8comnm]cio =mat>um 9 una communionis societate concordat40 #cd4g4 ,! ,unity & ,ca?olicity ( ! ,*ur*4--,! fact t ,*ri/ianity 0 de/9$ to be a religion = ! _w1 :i* %\ld embrace all peoples & tongues1 & %\ld p]meate !m all ) "o _s & unite !m "u "o heav5ly head1 re/$ ^u ! presupposition t ! *ur* 0 "o & univ]sal or ca?olic4 ,! inw>d unity ( ! _s dem&$ also a correspond+ unity 9 manife/ation4 ,x is specially evid5t f ! ,tea*+ ( ! ,,xii4 ,apo/les t ! consci\sness ( ! unity ( ! *ur* _h deeply root$ itself ev5 9 ! ,po/-,apo/olic ,age 7 #bj1 #a74 8,! po9ts :i* accord+ to x prove ! unity ( ,*ri/5dom are ! foll[+3 fir/ly1 ! discipl9a 9 accordance ) ! e?ical requirem5ts ( ! ,"l1 secondly1 baptism 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 ,son & ,holy ,_s1 ?irdly1 ! ord] ( fa/+ & pray]1 especially ! regul> use ( ! ,"l's ,pray]1 & f\r?ly & la/ly1 ! eu*>i/1 i4e4 ! sacr$ meal 9 p>tak+ ( :i* ! *ur* gives ?anks to ,god1 ! creator ( all ?+s1 = ! revelation imp>t$ to x ?r\gh ,jesus1 = fai? & k & immortality1 & implores ! fulfilm5t ( its hope1 ! ov]?r[ ( ?is _w1 ! com+ aga9 ( ,*ri/1 & reception into ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,he :o has ?is doctr9e & acts 9 accordance ) x is a #8,*ri/ian1' belongs to #8! sa9ts1' is a #8bro!r1' & ought to be receiv$ ev5 z ! ,"l0 7,h>nack74 ,! /ruggle aga9/ ! ,gno/ics _h ! effect ( trans=m+ ?is primitive ,*ri/ian idea ( unity into a consci\sness ( ! necessity ( adopt+ a common doctr9al =mula1 :i* aga9 ?is controv]sy r5d]$ mu* m def9ite & precise1 to :i* a concise popul> expression 0 giv5 9 "o common ,regula fidei 7 #ce1 #b71 & by means ( :i* ! specific idea ( ca?olicity 0 develop$ 7 #bj1 #b74--,! mislead+ & dang]\s ?+ ab\t ?is con/ruction & consolidation ( "o great ,ca?olic *ur* 0 t e deviation f ext]nal =ms 9 ! con/itution & wor%ip z well z errone\s doctr9e1 immorality & apo/asy1 0 reg>d$ z a dep>t+ f ! "o ,ca?olic *ur*1 ! body ( ,*ri/1 & consequ5tly1 s9ce n only ! body 0 put ^u ! same level ) ! head1 b ev5 ! g>m5t ( ! body 0 id5tifi$ ) ! body itself1 z a sep>at+ f ! communion ( ,*ri/1 involv+ ! loss ( salvation & et]nal bless$ness4 ,?is notion receiv$ a p[]ful impulse dur+ ! #bnd c5tury :5 ! unity ( ! *ur* 0 ?reat5$ by h]esies1 sects & divisions4 ,x rea*$ its consummation & won ! ,magna ,*>ta ( its p]fect enunciation 9 ,cyprian's book ,de ,unitate ,ecclesi4 ,9 ! mon>*ical rank ( ! bi%op ( ea* *ur*1 z ! repres5tative ( ,*ri/1 ov] ! college ( presbyt]s1 z repres5tatives ( ! ,apo/les1 ,ignatius ( ,antio* sees ! gu>antee ( ! *ur*'s unity4 ,accord+ to ,cyprian1 ?is unity has its expression 9 ! ,apo/olate2 9 ! ,episcopate x has its support4 ,! promise ( ,*ri/1 ,matt4 xvi4 #ah1 is giv5 to ,pet]1 n z ! head b z ! s+le repres5tative ( ! ,apo/les 7,john xx4 #ba74 ,! ,apo/olic (fice1 ) ! promise atta*$ to x1 pass$ f ! ,apo/les by means ( ord9ation to ! bi%ops4 ,^!1 ?r\gh _! mon>*ical rank1 repres5t cont9u\sly = ! sev]al *ur*es 7,ecclesia e/ 9 episcopo71 & ?r\gh _! comb9$ action1 = ! :ole ( ,*ri/5dom1 ! unity ( ! *ur*2 ,episcopatus unus e/1 cujus a s+ulus 9 solidum1 p>s t5etur4 ,all ! bi%ops1 j z all ! ,apo/les1 h p]fect p>ity ) "o ano!r2 p>es consortio1 jure et honore4 ,ea* ( !m is a successor ( ,pet] & heir ( ! promise giv5 fir/ to ,pet] b = all4--,he :o cuts himself (f f ! bi%ops1 cuts himself (f f ! *ur*4 ,hab]e non pote/ ,deum patrem1 qui ecclesiam non habet matrem4444 ,extra ecclesiam nulla spes salutis4 ,alongside ( ! ,apo/olic writ+s1 ! tradition :i* prevail$ among ! ,apo/olic *ur*es 7,s$es apo/olic7 0 reg>d$ z a /&>d ( ca?olicity 9 con/itution1 wor%ip & doctr9e2 inde$1 x mu/ ev5 h rank$ above ! ,apo/olic writ+s !mselves 9 settl+ ! "q ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ,canon 7 #cf1 #h71 until ^! _h secur$ g5]al circulation & acceptance4 #cd4h4 ,! ,roman ,primacy4--,! claims ( ! ,roman bi%opric to ! primacy ov] ! :ole *ur*1 :i* rea*$ its full] developm5t 9 ! #d? & #e? c5turies 7 #df1 #g71 7 f\nd$ orig9ally & *iefly on ! ass]tion t ! promise ( ,matt4 xvi4 #ah1 #ai1 0 giv5 only & exclusively to ! ,apo/le ,pet] z ! ,primate ( ! ,apo/les & ! head ( ! *ur*4 ,?is assumption ov]look$ ! fact t 9 ,matt4 xviii4 #ah & ,john xx4 #ba ff41 ?is promise 0 giv5 ) ref]5ce to all ! ,apo/les4 ,^! claims 7 fur!r suppos$ to be support$ by ! words address$ to ,pet]1 8/r5g!n ?y bre?r50 7,luke xxii4 #ca71 :i* seem$ to accord to ,pet] a primacy ov] 8 fell[ ,apo/les2 & also by ! int]pretation giv5 ( ,john xxi4 #ae ff41 :]e 8lambs0 7 und]/ood ( laym5 & 8%eep0 ( ! ,apo/les4 ,x 0 likewise assum$ t ! bi%op ( ,rome 0 ! successor ( ,pet]1 & s ! legitimate & only heir ( all 8 pr]ogatives4 ,! fable ( ! ,roman bi%opric ( ,pet] 7 #af1 #a7 0 at an e>ly p]iod unhesitat+ly adopt$1 all ! m because no "o expect$ ! results :i* 9 lat] times 7 d$uc$ f a q diff]5t und]/&+ ( ,matt4 xvi4 #ah4 ,dur+ ?is :ole p]iod su* consequ5ces 7 nev] dreamt ( ei!r by a ,roman bi%op or by anybody else4 ,only ?is 0 readily admitt$ at lea/ by ! ,we/ t ,rome 0 ! =emo/ ( all ! ,apo/olic *ur*es1 t !re ! ,apo/olic tradition _h be5 pres]v$ 9 its pure/ =m1 & t1 !re=e1 its bi%ops %\ld h a p>ticul>ly influ5tial voice 9 all que/ions t 7 to be judg$ ( by ! :ole episcopate1 & ! ,roman bi%ops 7 previ\sly cont5t ) tak+ advantage ( ?is concession 9 ! l>ge/ measure possible4#if #ce4 ,,! ,,adm9i/ration ,,( ,,baptism4#ig ,z an indisp5sable means to p>ticipation 9 salvation & z a condition ( reception into ! communion ( ! *ur*1 baptism 0 practis$ f ! e>lie/ times4 ,infant baptism1 ?\gh n univ]sally adopt$1 0 yet 9 !ory almo/ univ]sally admitt$ to be prop]4 ,t]tullian alone is f\nd oppos+ x4 ,all adults :o desir$ baptism _h1 z ,cate*um5s1 to pass ?r\gh a c\rse ( tra9+ "u a ,*ri/ian tea*]4 ,_m1 h[ev]1 volunt>ily & purposely po/pon$ _! baptism1 frequ5tly ev5 to a dea?b$1 9 ord] t all ! s9s ( _! lives might be c]ta9ly remov$ by baptismal grace4 ,aft] a full c\rse ( in/ruction _h be5 pass$ ?r\gh1 ! ,cate*um5s prep>$ !mselves = baptism by pray] & fa/+1 & be=e ! adm9i/ration ( ! sacr$ ord9ance !y 7 requir$ to r5\nce ! devil & all 8 works 7,abr5unti>e diabolo et pomp et angelis ejus7 & to recite a confession ( _! fai?4 ,! controv]sy z to :e!r baptism adm9i/]$ by h]etics %\ld be reg>d$ z valid 0 conduct$ ) great bitt]ness dur+ ! #crd c5tury4 #ce4a4 ,! ,prep>ation = ,receiv+ ,baptism4--,aft] a complete exposition ( ! evangelical moral code 9 *ap4 #a-f1 ! ,tea*+ ( ! ,,xii4 ,apo/les proce$s ?us3 1 etc4 ,at ?is "t1 !re=e1 besides ! necess>ily presuppos$ acqua9tance ) ! *ief po9ts 9 ! gospel hi/ory1 ! initiation into ! moral doctr9e ( ! gospel ( ! p]son receiv+ baptism 0 reg>d$ z mo/ ess5tial 9 ! baptismal in/ruction4 ,9 ?is passage !re is no m5tion ( a doctr9al c\rse ( tea*+ bas$ ^u a symbol4 ,b :at "h is /ill want+ is giv5 9 a summ>y way 9 *aps4 #g ff4 9 ! in/ructions ab\t baptism & ! ,"l's supp] atta*$ to ! baptismal =mula & ! eu*>i/ic pray]s4 ,?is !re=e 0 res]v$ = t wor%ip f :i* ! c&idates = baptism & ! newly baptiz$ _h to ga!r _! fai? & hope z to ! future completion ( ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,fir/ ! /ruggle aga9/ ,gno/icism oblig$ ! *ur* to put m to ! front ! doctr9es ( fai? :i* 7 !reby m fully develop$1 & to conc]n itself ) ^! que/ions ev5 9 ! in/ruction ( ! ,cate*um5s4 ,! cu/om1 :i* ! ,dida*e & ,ju/9 ,m>tyr %[ to h be5 preval5t 9 po/-,apo/olic times1 ( ! baptis] toge!r ) o!rs volunt>ily (f]+ !mselves tak+ "p ) ! c&idate = baptism 9 complet+ ! prep>ation = ! holy ord9ance by obs]v+ a two days' fa/1 seems soon1 s f> z ! baptis] & ! o!rs 7 conc]n$1 to h fall5 into desuetude1 & is nev] aga9 m5tion$4--,s9ce ! developm5t ( ! ,old ,ca?olic *ur* ! prep>ation ( c&idates = baptism has be5 divid$ into two portions ( v unequal duration1 namely1 t ( in/ruction1 = :i* on an av]age a p]iod ( two ye>s 0 requir$1 & t ( imm$iate prep>ation by pray] & fa/+ aft] ! in/ructions _h be5 complet$4 ,dur+ ! =m] p]iod ! aspirants 7 call$ 1 ,cate*um5i2 dur+ ! latt]1 1 ,compet5tes4 ,z to _! p>ticipation 9 ! public div9e s]vice1 ! ,cate*um5s 7 fir/ ( all z admitt$ only to ! he>+ ( ! s]mon1 & _h ?us no ess5tial privileges ov] ! unbeliev]s4 ,!y fir/ came into clos] connection ) ! *ur* only :5 x 0 p]mitt$ !m to take "p 9 ! devotional ex]cises1 yet only 9 ^? portions :i* _h ref]5ce to !mselves1 kneel+ z 1 :ile also ! congregation pray$ kneel+4 ,only 9 cases ( dang]\s illness c\ld baptism be giv5 be=e ! ,cate*um5 _h complet$ 8 full c\rse 7,baptismus ,cl9icorum74 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,neo-,cs>ea soon aft] ,a4,d4 #cad orda9$ t a ,cate*um5 :o z a _h be5 guilty ( an op5 s91 %\ld be put back to ! fir/ /age ( ! ,cate*um5ate1 namely1 to t ( ! 1 & if he !n aga9 s9n$ he %\ld be ca/ (f altoge!r2 & ! cum5ical ,c\ncil ( ,nica 9 ,a4,d4 #cbe dem&$ t (f5d+ 77 ,cate*um5s %\ld rema9 = ?ree ye>s & only !n %\ld be all[$ to take "p 9 ! devotional s]vice ( ! *ur*4#ih #ce4b4 ,! ,baptismal ,=mula4--,9 close connection ) ! words ( in/itution ( baptism 7,matt4 xxviii4 #ai7 & h5ce 9 a tr9it>ian framework1 an outl9e ( ! doctr9e common to all ! *ur*es1 introduc$ fir/ ( all z a confession ( fai? pr(ess$ by c&idates = baptism1 obta9$ curr5cy at a v e>ly date4 ,only a few unimportant modifications 7 aft]w>ds made ^u x1 & amid all ! v>ieties ( prov9cial & local conditions1 ! =mula rema9$ ess5tially ! same4 ,h5ce x c\ld always be prop]ly *>act]iz$ ) ,ir5u z 1 & ) ,t]tullian z immobilis et irre=mabilis4 ,z a tok5 ( memb]%ip 9 ! ,ca?olic *ur* x is call$ ! ,baptismal ,=mula or ,symbolum4 ,aft] ! introduction ( ! ,discipl9a arcani 7 #cf1 #d7 x 0 includ$ 9 t1 & h5ce 0 kept secret f hea!ns & ev5 f cate*um5s1 & fir/ communicat$ to ! compet5tes4 ,z ! 8unalt]able & inflexible0 te/ & /&>d ( ! fai? & doctr9e1 z well z an intellectual bond ( union betwe5 *ur*es scatt]$ ov] all ! e>?1 x 0 call$ ,regula fidei & 4 ,t we nev] f9d x quot$ 9 ! ,old ,ca?olic ,age1 is to be expla9$ f its inclusion 9 ! discipl9a arcani & by ?is also1 t ! anci5t *ur* 9 common ) ,j]emiah 7xxxi4 #cc71 laid great /ress ^u its be+ engrav5 n ) p5 & ink on pap]1 b ) ! p5 ( ! ,holy ,_s on ! he>ts ( believ]s4 ,in/ead !n ( lit]al quotation we f9d among ! fa!rs ( ! ,old ,ca?olic ,age 7,ir5u1 ,t]tullian1 ,orig51 ,novatian1 etc47 only p>aphra/ic & explanatory ref]5ces to x :i*1 see+ t no sort ( (ficial sanction 0 accord$ !m 9 ! *ur*1 are errone\sly spok5 ( z ,regul fidei4 ,^! p>aphrases1 h[ev]1 are valuable z af=d+ in=mation ab\t ! cre$ ( ! e>ly *ur*1 because :at is f\nd ! same 9 !m all mu/ be reg>d$ z an integral "p ( ! orig9al docum5t4 ,9 h>mony ) ?is is ! te/imony ( ,ruf9us1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #cij1 :o 9 8 ,expositio ,symb4 apo/4 produces ?ree diff]5t rec5sions1 namely1 ! ,roman1 ! ,aquileian & ! ,ori5tal4 ,! olde/ & simple/ 0 t us$ 9 ,rome1 traces ( :i* may be f\nd z e>ly z ! middle ( ! #bnd c5tury4 ,9 ! "t ( ,ruf9us !re 0 a tradition t ?is ,roman cre$ _h be5 compos$ by ! ,,xii4 ,apo/les 9 ,j]usalem at ! "t ( _! scatt]+1 z a univ]sal rule ( fai?1 & _h be5 br\ght to ,rome by ,pet]4 ,x is n q ! same z t kn[n among u z ! ,apo/les' ,cre$4 ,x wants ! phrases 8,creator ( heav5 & e>?10 8suff]$1 dead1 desc5d$ into hell10 8ca?olic1 communion ( sa9ts1 et]nal life40 ,! cre$ ( ,aquileia adopt$ ! clause 8,desc5dit ad inf]a10 & int5sifi$ ! clause ,c>nis resurrectio by ! addition ( 8hujus0 & ! phrase ,deus pat] omnipot5s by ! addition ( ! anti-,patripassian pr$icate 7 #cc1 #d7 invisibilis et impassibilis4 #ce4c4 ,! ,adm9i/ration ( ,baptism4--,accord+ to ! %[+ ( ! ,tea*+ ( ! ,,xii4 ,apo/les baptism 0 ord9>ily adm9i/]$ by a ?rice-repeat$ imm]sion 9 fl[+ wat] 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 ! ,son1 & ! ,holy ,_s4 ,if !re be no fl[+ wat] at h&1 any o!r k9d1 ev5 w>m wat]1 may be us$1 & 9 case ( necessity spr9kl+ may be sub/itut$ = ! ?rice-repeat$ imm]sion4 ,at a lat] "t spr9kl+ 0 limit$ to ! baptism ( ! sick1 ,baptismus cl9icorum4 ,we he> no?+ ( a consecration ( ! wat] to its holy use1 nor is !re any m5tion ( ! r5unciation & exorcism :i* became cu/om>y fir/ 9 ! #crd c5tury ?r\gh ! use ( a =m ( adjuration previ\sly employ$ only 9 cases ( possession4 ,^u imm]sion foll[$ an ano9t+1 7/ill unkn[n to ! ,dida*e71 z a symbol ( consecration to a spiritual prie/hood 7#a ,pet4 ii4 #i71 & !n1 9 accordance ) ,acts viii4 #af f41 ! lay+ on ( h&s z ! vehicle = ! communication ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,soon ! imm]sion came to be reg>d$ z ! negative "p ( ! ord9ance1 ! putt+ away ( s91 & ! ano9t+ ) ! lay+ on ( h&s z ! positive "p1 ! communication ( ! ,_s4 ,9 ! ,ea/]n *ur* presbyt]s & deacons 7 p]mitt$ to disp5se baptism includ+ also ! ano9t+4 ,bo?1 !re=e1 cont9u$ !re unsep>at$4 ,9 ! ,we/1 h[ev]1 ! bi%ops claim$ ! lay+ on ( h&s z _! exclusive "r1 ref]r+ 9 support ( _! claim to ,acts viii4 ,:]e !n ! bi%op did n himself disp5se ! baptism1 ! lay+ on ( h&s z well z ! *rismatic ano9t+ 0 giv5 sep>ately & 9 addition by him z ,confirmation1 ,confirmatio1 ,consignatio1 :i* sep>ation1 ev5 :5 ! baptism 0 adm9i/]$ by a bi%op1 soon became ! usual & legal practice4 ,nev]!less ev5 9 ! ,roman *ur* !re 0 at ! baptism an ano9t+ ) oil :i* _h canonical sanction & 0 designat$ *rism1 )\t prejudice to confirmation z an indep5d5t act at a lat] "t4 ,! usual seasons = adm9i/]+ baptism 7 ,ea/]1 especially ! ,sabba? ( ,passion week1 baptism into ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 ,rom4 vi4 #c1 & ,p5teco/1 & 9 ! ,ea/ also ! ,epiphany4 ,! place = ! adm9i/ration ( baptism 0 reg>d$ z immat]ial4 ,) infant baptism 0 introduc$ ! cu/om ( hav+ sponsors1 1 sponsores1 :o z sureties repeat$ ! confession ( fai? 9 ! "n ( ! unconsci\s infant receiv+ ! baptism4--,cont9uation1 #eh1 #a4 #ce4d4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,baptism4--,! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas says3 4 ,h]mas says3 ,asc5dunt vit assignati4 ,) ,ju/9 ! wat] ( baptism is a 1 1 ,accord+ to ,ir5u x effects a 4 ,t]tullian says3 ,sup]v5it spiritus de clis1--c>o spiritualit] mundatur4 ,cyprian speaks ( an unda g5italis1 ( a nativitas secunda 9 novum hom9em4 ,firmilian says3 ,nativitas1 qu e/ 9 baptismo1 filios ,dei g5]at4 ,orig5 calls baptism 4--,( ! bloody baptism ( m>tyrdom ,t]tullian exclaims3 ,lavacrum non acceptum reprs5tat et p]ditum r$dit4 ,h]mes & ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria ma9ta9 t !re w be 9 ,hades a prea*+ & a baptism = ! sake ( pi\s ,g5tiles & ,jews4 #ce4e4 ,! ,controv]sy ab\t ,h]etics' ,baptism4--,! *ur* ( ,asia ,m9or & ,africa d5i$ ! validity ( baptism adm9i/]$ by h]etics2 b ! ,roman *ur* receiv$ h]etics return+ to ! fold ( ! ,ca?olic *ur*1 if only !y _h be5 baptiz$ 9 ! "n ( ,*ri/ or ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity1 )\t a second baptism1 simply lay+ on ! h&s z 9 ! case ( p5it5ts4 ,/eph5 ( ,rome w\ld tol]ate no o!r ?an ! ,roman cu/om & ha/5$ to break (f *ur* fell[%ip ) ^? ( ,asia ,m9or 7,a4,d4 #bec74 ,cyprian ( ,c>?age ^: ideal ( ! unity ( t *ur* 9 :i* alone salvation 0 to be obta9$ seem$ to be ov]?r[n by ! ,roman practice1 & ,firmilian ( ,cs>ea 9 ,cappadocia1 7 ! mo/ vigor\s support]s ( ! view condemn$ by ,rome4 ,?ree ,c>?ag9ian ,synods1 ! la/ & mo/ important 9 ,a4,d4 #bef1 decid$ unequivocally 9 _! fav\r4 ,dionysius ( ,alex&ria s\ght to effect a reconciliation by writ+ a t5d]ly affectionate address to ,/eph54 ,to ?is end ev5 m effectively wr\ght ! ,val]ian p]secution1 :i* soon aft]w>ds broke out1 dur+ :i* ,/eph5 himself suff]$ m>tyrdom 7,a4,d4 #beg74 ,?us ! controv]sy rea*$ no conclusion4 ,! ,roman practice1 h[ev]1 cont9u$ to receive m & m acceptance1 & 0 confirm$ by ! fir/ cum5ical ,c\ncil at ,nica 9 ,a4,d4 #cbe1 ) ! exclusion only ( ! ,samosatians 7 #cc1 #h72 likewise also at ! ,c\ncil at ,con/ant9ople 9 ,a4,d4 #cha1 ) ! exclusion ( ! ,montani/s 7 #dj1 #a71 ! ,eunomians 7 #ej1 #c7 & ! ,sabellians 7 #cc1 #g74 ,^! exceptions1 !re=e1 ref]r$ mo/ly to ! ,unit>ian h]etics1 ! ,montani/s be+ exclud$ on acc\nt ( _! doctr9e ( ! ,p>aclete4 ,augu/9e's successful polemic aga9/ ! ,donati/s 7 #fc1 #a71 9 8 treatise 9 sev5 books ,de baptismo fir/ ov]came all objections hi!rto wag$ aga9/ ! validity ( baptism adm9i/]$ by h]etics d]iv$ f ! objectivity ( ! sacram5t1 & h5ce=? all t 0 requir$ 0 t x %\ld be giv5 9 ! "n ( ! ?ree-"o ,god4 #cf4 ,,public ,,wor%ip ,,& ,,its ,,v>i\s ,,p>ts4#ii ,!re 0 a t5d5cy f ! #bnd c5tury onw>ds m & m to dissolve ! connection ( ! ,"l's ,supp] ) ! ev5+ ,agape 7 #ag1 #g74 ,trajan's /rict prohibition ( secret societies1 hetr 7 #bb1 #b7 seems to h giv5 ! fir/ occasion = ! sep>ation ( ^! two & = ! tempor>y suppression ( ! love-fea/s4 ,! ,"l's ,supp] 0 n[ obs]v$ dur+ ! ,sunday =5oon s]vice & ! mode ( its obs]vance is describ$ ev5 by ,ju/9 ,m>tyr4 ,9 consid]ation ( ! requirem5ts ( ! ,cate*um5s ! s]vice 0 divid$ into two p>ts1 a homiletical & a sacram5tal1 & f ! latt] all unbaptiz$ p]sons1 z well z all "u discipl9e & ^? possess$ ( evil spirits1 7 exclud$4 ,ea* "p ( ! s]vice 0 regul>ly clos$ by a conclud+ b5$iction1 & 9 ! ,we/ bore ! designations respectively ( ,missa cate*um5orum & ,missa fidelium1 :ile 9 ! ,ea/ !y 7 di/+ui%$ z & 4 ,9 connection ) ?is !re grew up a notion t ! sacram5tal action _h a my/]i\s "*1 ,discipl9a arcani4 ,ow+ to ! orig9al connection ( ! ,supp] ) ! ,agape x became cu/om>y to provide ! elem5ts us$ 9 ! ord9ance f ! volunt>y gifts br\ght by ! memb]s ( ! *ur*1 :i* 7 call$ ,oblationes1 1--a designation :i* help$ to associate ! idea ( sacrifice ) ! obs]vance ( ! ,"l's ,supp]4 #cf4a4 ,! ,agape4--,t 9 consequ5ce ( ! imp]ial edict aga9/ secret societies1 at lea/ 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ! mu* suspect$ & greatly malign$ love-fea/s 7 #bb7 7 tempor>ily ab&on$1 appe>s f ! report ( ,pl9y to ! ,emp]or1 accord+ to :i* ! ,*ri/ians ( :om he made inquiries assur$ him t !y _h giv5 up ! mos coeundi ad capi5dum cibum promiscuum4 ,b 9 ,africa !y 7 /ill 9 use or _h be5 reviv$ 9 ! "t ( ,t]tullian1 :o 9 8 ,apology makes m5tion v approv+ly ( !m1 al?\gh at a lat] p]iod1 aft] he _h jo9$ ! ,montani/s1 he la%es !m 9 8 book ,de ,jejuniis ) ! mo/ /++ s>casm4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria too is aw>e ( flagrant abuses committ$ 9 connection ) ^? fea/s4 ,!y cont9u$ longe/ to be obs]v$ 9 connection ) ! s]vices 9 commemoration ( ! dead & on ! fe/ivals ( m>tyrs4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,laodica1 ab\t ! middle ( ! #d? c5tury1 =bade ! hold+ ( ^! 9 ! *ur*es & ! ,second ,trullan ,c\ncil 9 ,a4,d4 #fib r5ew$ ?is prohibition4 ,aft] ?is we f9d no fur!r m5tion ( !m4 #cf4b4 ,! ,missa ,cate*um5orum4--,! read+ ( scripture 71 ,lectio1--comp4 #cf1 #g7 =m$ ! *ief ex]cise dur+ ?is "p ( ! s]vice4 ,!re 0 unre/rict$ lib]ty z to ! *oice ( ! portions to be read4 ,x 0 ! duty ( ! ,read]s1 1 to p]=m ?is "p ( ! wor%ip1 b frequ5tly ,evangeli/s on ! invitation ( ! ,deacons w\ld read1 & ! :ole congregation %[$ _! rev]5ce by /&+ up4 ,at ! close ( ! read+ an expository & practical address 71 1 ,s]mo1 ,tractatus7 0 giv5 by ! bi%op or 9 8 abs5ce by a presbyt] or deacon1 or ev5 by a ,cate*i/1 z 9 ! case ( ,orig51 & soon1 especially 9 ! ,greek *ur*1 ?is assum$ ! =m ( an arti/ic1 rhetorical disc\rse4 ,! read+ & exposition ( ,god's ^w 7 foll[$ by ! pray]s1 to :i* ! p gave responses4 ,^! 7 utt]$ p>tly by ! bi%op1 p>tly by ! deacons1 & 7 extempor>y utt]ances ( ! he>t1 ?\gh v soon !y assum$ a /]eotyp$ =m4 ,! congregation respond$ to ea* %ort s5t5ce ( ! pray] ) 4 ,9 ! fully develop$ ord] ( public wor%ip ( ! #crd c5tury ! pray]s 7 arrang$ to correspond to ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! s]vice1 = ,cate*um5s1 en]gum5s 7possess$71 & p5it5ts4 ,aft] all ^! came ! common pray] ( ! *ur* = all sorts ( call+s1 conditions1 & ne$s 9 ! life ( ! bre?r54 #cf4c4 ,! ,missa ,fidelium4--,! c5tre ( ?is "p ( ! s]vice 0 ! celebration ( ! ,"l's ,supp]4 ,9 ! "t ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr ! liturgy connect$ !re) 0 v simple4 ,! bro!rly kiss foll[$ ! common pray]1 !n ! sacram5tal elem5ts 7 br\ght 9 to ! m9i/rant :o consecrat$ !m by ! pray] ( praise & ?anksgiv+ 774 ,! p answ]$ ,am51 & !reupon ! consecrat$ elem5ts 7 di/ribut$ to all ^? pres5t4 ,f t pray] ! :ole ord9ance receiv$ ! "n 1 because its consecrat+ influ5ce made common bread into ! bread ( ! ,supp]4 ,mu* m elaborate is ! liturgy 9 ! #h? ,book ( ! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions 7 #dc1 #d71 :i* may be reg>d$ z a fair sample ( ! wor%ip ( ! *ur* t[>d ! end ( ! #crd c5tury4 ,at ! close ( ! s]mon dur+ ! pray]s connect$ ) t "p ( ! s]vice began ! )drawal successively ( ! ,cate*um5s1 ! en]gum5s & ! p5it5ts4 ,!n ! ,missa fidelium 0 comm5c$ ) ! common int]cessory pray] ( ! *ur*4 ,aft] v>i\s collects & responses !re foll[$ ! bro!rly kiss1 exhortation aga9/ p>ticipation 9 unwor?y pleasures1 prep>ation ( ! sacram5tal elem5ts1 ! sign ( ! cross1 ! consecration pray]1 ! words ( in/itution1 ! elevation ( ! consecrat$ elem5ts1 all accompani$ by suitable pray]s1 hymns1 doxologies & responses4 ,! bi%op or presbyt] di/ribut$ ! bread ) ! words1 2 ! deacon pass$ r\nd ! cup ) ! words1 1 4 ,f9ally ! congregation kneel+ receiv$ ! bless+ ( ! bi%op1 & ! deacon dismiss$ !m ) ! words1 4--,! bread 0 t commonly us$1 i4e41 leav5$ bread 7 72 ! w9e also 01 accord+ to ! cu/om ( "t1 mix$ ) wat] 771 9 :i* ,cyprian already fanci$ a symbol ( ! union ( ,*ri/ & ! *ur*4 ,9 ! ,african & ,ea/]n *ur*es1 f\nd+ on ,john vi4 #ec1 *ildr51 ( c\rse1 ^? :o _h already be5 baptis$1 7 all[$ to p>take ( ! communion4 ,at ! close ( ! s]vice ! deacons c>ri$ ! consecrat$ sacram5tal elem5ts to ! sick & imprison$4 ,9 _m places a portion ( ! consecrat$ bread 0 tak5 home1 t ! family might use x at morn+ pray] = ! consecration ( ! new day4 ,no =mal act ( confession prec$$ ! communion4 ,! ne$ ( su* an act 9 consequ5ce ( ! exi/+ discipl9>y & liturgical ord9ance _h n yet made itself felt4 #cf4d4 ,! ,discipl9a ,arcani4--,! notion t ! sacram5tal "p ( ! div9e s]vice1 includ+ 9 ?is ! pray]s & hymns connect$ !re)1 ! ,"l's pray]1 adm9i/ration ( baptism & ! baptismal =mula1 z well z ! ano9t+ & ! consecration ( ! prie/1 0 a my/]y 7 1 7 :i* 0 to be kept secret f all unbaptis$ p]sons 77 & only to be practis$ 9 pres5ce ( ! baptis$ 771 is q unkn[n to ,ju/9 ,m>tyr & also to ,ir5u4 ,ju/9 accord+ly describes 9 8 ,apology1 expressly int5d$ = ! hea!n1 9 full detail & )\t hesitation1 all ! p>ts ( ! eu*>i/ic s]vice4 ,x 0 9 ,t]tullian's "t t ?is notion orig9at$1 & x _h its roots 9 ! cate*um5ate & ! consequ5t p>tition ( ! s]vice into two p>ts1 f ! second ( :i* ! unbaptis$ 7 exclud$4 ,! (ficial ,roman ,ca?olic !ology1 on ! o!r h&1 reg>ds ! discipl9a arcani z an in/itution exi/+ f ! times ( ! ,apo/les1 & f x acc\nts = ! want ( patri/ic support to c]ta9 specifically ,roman ,ca?olic dogmas & =ms ( wor%ip1 9 ord] t !y may1 9 spite ( ! want ( su* support1 ma9ta9 t ^! _h a place 9 primitive ,*ri/ianity4 #cf4e4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ! ,"l's ,supp]4--,?\gh ! idea 0 n %>ply & cle>ly def9$1 !re 0 yet a widespread & pr(\nd conviction t ! ,"l's ,supp] 0 a supremely holy my/]y1 spiritual food indisp5sable to et]nal life1 t ! body & blood ( ! ,"l ent]$ into "s my/ical connection ) ! bread & w9e1 & plac$ ! believ+ p>tak] ( !m 9 true & ess5tial fell[%ip ) ,*ri/4 ,x 0 9 consequ5ce ( ! adoption ( su* modes ( expression t ! pagan calumnies ab\t ,?ye/ian fea/s 7 #bb7 fir/ ga9$ curr5cy4 ,ignatius calls ! ,"l's ,supp] a 1 ! cup a 1 & pr(esses 4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr says3 4 ,accord+ to ,ir5u1 x is n communis panis1 s$ eu*>i/ia ex duabus rebus con/ans1 t]r5a et cle/i1 & our bodies by means ( its use become jam non corruptibilia1 spem resurrectionis hab5tia4 ,t]tullian & ,cyprian1 too1 /\tly ma9ta9 ?is doctr9e1 b incl9e sometimes to a m symbolical int]pretation ( x4 ,! spirituali/ic ,alex&rians1 ,clem5t & ,orig51 consid] t ! fe$+ ( ! s\l ) ! div9e ^w is ! purpose ( ! ,"l's ,supp]4#ajj--;,cont9uation #eh1 #b4 #cf4f4 ,! ,sacrificial ,!ory4--,:5 once ! sac]dotal !ory _h ga9$ ! asc5dancy 7 #cd1 #d7 ! correlat$ notion ( a sacrifice c\ld n mu* long] be kept 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,& x 0 j 9 ! celebration ( ! ,"l's ,supp] t ! mo/ speci\s gr\nds = su* a !ory 7 to be f\nd4 ,fir/ ( all ! pray]1 :i* =m$ s important a "p ( ?is celebration t ! :ole s]vice came to be call$ f x ! ,eu*>i/1 might be reg>d$ z a spiritual sacrifice4 ,!n aga9 ! gifts br\ght by ! congregation = ! disp5sation ( ! sacram5t 7 call$ 1 ,oblationes1 names :i* 7 already 9 famili> use 9 connection ) sacrificial wor%ip4 ,& j z ! congregation (f]$ _! contributions to ! ,supp]1 s also ! prie/s (f]$ !m anew 9 ! sacram5tal action1 & also to ?is prie/ly act 0 giv5 ! "n 1 4 ,!n aga91 n only ! pray] b ! ,supp] itself 0 designat$ a 1 ,sacrificium1 ?\gh at fir/ inde$ 9 a non-lit]al1 figurative s5se4--,cont9uation #eh1 #c4 #cf4g4 ,! ,use ( ,scripture4--,9 consequ5ce ( _! possess+ b few portions ( ,scripture1 ! ref]5ces ( ! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs to ! ,new ,te/am5t books mu/ necess>ily be only occasional4 ,! synoptic gospels are mo/ frequ5tly quot$1 ?\gh ^! are ref]r$ to only z a :ole "u ! "n 4 ,9 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr ! ref]5ces become m frequ5t1 yet ev5 "h !re are no express citation ( passages2 only once1 9 ! ,dialogue1 is ! ,revelation ( ,john nam$4 ,he m5tions z 8 special s\rce = ! life & works ( ,jesus ! 4 ,:at he borr[s f ?is s\rce is = ! mo/ "p to be f\nd 9 our ,synoptic ,gospels2 b we h n 9 ?is suffici5t gr\nd = id5tify+ ! "o ) ! o!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 we f9d t ! citations ( our ,"l's words d n correspond to ! text ( our gospels1 b are sometimes r 9 v]bal agreem5t ) ! ,apocryphal writ+s1 & /ill fur!r1 t he adopts ,apocryphal acc\nts ( ! life ( ,jesus1 e4g41 ! bir? ( ,*ri/ 9 a cave1 ! com+ ( ! ,magi f ,arabia1 ! leg5d t ,jesus z a c>p5t] made pl\ghs & yokes1 etc41 borr[+ !m f ! 4 ,if "o fur!r consid]s ,ju/9's acc\nt ( ! ,sunday s]vice z consi/+ ( ! read+ ( ! or ! writ+s ( ! ,prophets1 & !reaft] clos$ by ! expository & hortatory address ( ! presid5t 771 he w be l$ to ! conclusion t 8 8,apo/olic ,memoirs0 mu/ h be5 a ,gospel ,h>mony = *ur* use1 probably on ! basis ( ,mat!w's ,gospel drawn f our ,synoptic ,gospels1 ) ! addition ( "s apocryphal & traditional elem5ts4 ,! au?or ( ! ,dida*e too does n con/ruct 8 8comm&s ( ! ,"l communicat$ by ! ,apo/les0 directly f our ,synoptic ,gospels1 b f a :i* pres5t$ a text ( ,mat!w enri*$ by additions f ,luke4 ,! ,diatess>on ( ,tatian 7 #cj1 #aj7 %[s t soon aft] ?is ! gospel ( ,john1 :i* 0 n reg>d$ by ,ju/9 or ! au?or ( ! ,dida*e z a s\rce = ! evangelical hi/ory1 al?\gh !re are n want+ 9 bo? manifold ref]5ces to x1 came to be reg>d$ z a "w to be read 9 comb9ation ) ^!4 ,x 0 only aft] a ,new ,te/am5t ,canon _h be5 9 ! ,old ,ca?olic ,age gradually e/abli%$1 & f ! va/ multitude ( books on gospel hi/ory1 :i* ev5 ,luke _h f\nd exi/+ 7i4 #a7 & :i* _h be5 multipli$ to an almo/ incalculable ext5t bo? 9 ! int]e/s ( h]esy & ( *ur* doctr9e1 our f\r gospels 7 univ]sally recognis$ z alone af=d+ au!ntic in=mation ( ! life & doctr9es ( ! ,"l1 t ! eclectic gospels hi!rto 9 use _h m & m )drawn f !m ! fav\r ( ! *ur*4 ,tatian's ,diatess>on ma9ta9$ its place longe/ 9 ! ,syrian ,*ur*4 ,!odoret1 ,a4,d4 #deg1 te/ifies t 9 8 diocese he _h f\nd & caus$ to be put away ab\t two hundr$ copies4 ,aphraates 7ab\t ,a4,d4 #cdj1 #dg1 #ac7 /ill us$ x z ! text ( 8 homilies4 ,at ! "t ( publication ( ! ,doctr9a ,addi 7 #cb1 #f7 x 0 /ill us$ 9 ! *ur* ( ,edessa1 & ,ephraim ,syrus 9 ,a4,d4 #cfj ref]s to a comm5t>y 9 ! =m ( s*olia on x 9 an ,arm5ian translation1 9 :i* ! passages comm5t$ on are lit]ally reproduc$1 ,!odoret's *>ge aga9/ x ( cutt+ out passages ref]r+ to ! desc5t ( ,*ri/ aft] ! fle% f ,david1 especially ! g5ealogies ( ,mat!w & ,luke1 is confirm$ by ^! portions ?us pres]v$4 ,o!rwise h[ev]1 x is free f h]etical alt]ations1 ?\gh n :olly )\t apocryphal additions4 ,all ! f\r gospels are 9 brief summ>y s skilfully wr\ght into "o ano!r t no jo9+ is ev] visible4 ,:at _c be incorporat$ is simply left out1 & ! :ole hi/orical & doctr9al mat]ial is di/ribut$ ov] ! "o work+ ye> ( ! synopti/s4 #cf4h4 ,=mation ( a ,new ,te/am5t ,canon4--,! olde/ collection ( a ,new ,te/am5t ,canon kn[n to u 0 made by ! ,gno/ic ,m>cion 7 #bg1 #aa7 ab\t ,a4,d4 #aej4 ,"s tw5ty ye>s lat] 9 ! s-call$ ,muratorian ,canon1 a fragm5t f\nd by ,muratori 9 ! #ah? c5tury ) a catalogue 9 corrupt ,lat9 ju/ify+ ! reception ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s receiv$ 9 ! ,roman *ur*4 ,= lat] times ! *ief witnesses are ,ir5u1 ,t]tullian1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,orig5 & ,eusebius4 ,! ,muratorian ,canon & ,eusebius are witnesses = ! fact t 9 ! #bnd c5tury1 besides ! ,gospels1 ! ,apo/olic ,epi/les & ! ,revelation ( ,john1 o!r s-call$ ,apo/olic ,epi/les 7 read at wor%ip 9 ! *ur*es1 = in/ance1 ! #a/ ,ep4 ( ,clem5t ( ,rome1 ! ,ep4 ( ,b>nabas1 ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 9 "s *ur*es also ! apocryphal ,apocalypse ( ,pet] & ,acts ( ,paul1 9 ,cor9?1 an ,ep4 ( ! ,roman bi%op ,sot] 7,a4,d4 #aff-agd7 to t *ur*1 & also ,acts ( ! ,m>tyrs4 ,montani/ z well z ,gno/ic excesses gave occasion = ! def9ite fix+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ,canon by ! ,ca?olic *ur* 7 #dj74 ,s9ce ! "t ( ,ir5u1 ! f\r ,gospels1 ! ,acts1 ! #ac ,epp4 ( ,paul1 ! ,ep4 to ! ,hebrews 7:i* "s 9 ! ,we/ did n reg>d z ,paul9e71 #a/ ,pet]1 & #a/ ,john1 along ) ! ,revelation ( ,john1 7 univ]sally ackn[l$g$4 ,eusebius !re=e calls ^! 4 ,!re 0 /ill "s unc]ta9ty z to ! ,ep4 ( ,james1 #bnd ,pet]1 #bnd & #crd ,john & ,jude 774 ,! antilegom5a ( a second class1 :i* h no claim to canonicity1 al?\gh 9 e>li] times !y 7 mu* us$ 9 *ur*es j l ! canonical scriptures1 7 call$ by him 1 viz4 ! ,acts ( ,paul1 ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 ! ,apocalypse ( ,pet]1 ! ,ep4 ( ,b>nabas1 & ! ,dida*e4 ,he w\ld also v will+ly h includ$ among ^! ! ,revelation ( ,john 7 #cc1 #i71 al?\gh he ackn[l$g$ t else:]e t is includ$ 9 ! ,homolog\m5a4--,! ,old ,te/am5t ,canon 0 naturally reg>d$ z already complet$4 ,b s9ce ! ,old ,te/am5t _h come to ! ,greek & ,lat9 ,*ur* ,tea*]s 9 ! exp&$ =m ( ! ,,lxx41 !y _h unhesitat+ly assum$ t its add$ books 7 q z sacr$ & z fully inspir$ z ^? ( ! ,hebrew ,canon4 ,melito ( ,s>dis1 h[ev]1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #agj1 f\nd x desirable to make a j\rney ( rese>* ?r\gh ,pale/9e 9 ord] to det]m9e ! limits ( ! ,jewi% ,canon1 & !n to draw up a li/ ( ! ,holy ,scriptures ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ess5tially correspond+ !re)4 ,orig5 too in=ms u t ! ,jews1 accord+ to ! numb] ( lett]s 9 _! alphabet ackn[l$g$ only #bb books1 :i*1 h[ev]1 does n lead him to condemn ?is reception ( ! additional books ( ! *ur*4 ,f ! end ( ! #bnd c5tury1 ! ,we/]n *ur* _h ,lat9 ,translations ( ! biblical books1 ! orig9 ( :i* is to be s\ght 9 ,nor? ,africa1 :]e 9 consequ5ce ( prevail+ ignorance ( ! ,greek language ! ne$ ( su* translations 0 mo/ deeply felt4 ,ev5 s e>ly z ! beg9n+ ( ! #e? c5tury we f9d ,j]ome 7 #dbj7 compla9+ ( v>ietas & vitiositas ( ! ,codices lat9i1 & decl>+3 ,tot sunt exempl>ia 7=ms ( ! text7 pa5e quot codices4 ,augu/9e#aja gives pref]5ce to ! ,itala ov] all o!rs4 ,! "n ,itala is n[ loosely giv5 to all fragm5ts ( ,lat9 translations previ\s to t ( ,j]ome4--,! ,syriac translation1 ! ,pe%ito1 pla9 or simple 7s-call$ because x exactly & )\t p>aphras+ r5d]s ! words ( ! ,hebrew & ,greek orig9als7 belongs to ! #crd c5tury1 al?\gh fir/ expressly ref]r$ to by ,ephraim4 ,9 x #b ,pet]1 #b & #c ,john & ,jude are n f\nd4 #cf4i4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,inspiration4--,9 e>li] times x 0 usual1 aft] ! example ( ,philo1 to reg>d ! prophetic inspiration ( ! sacr$ writ]s z purely passive1 z 4 ,a!nagoras comp>es ! s\l ( ! prophet :ile prophesy+ to a flute2 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr 9 8 ,cohort4 ad ,grc4 to a lyre1 /ruck by ! ,holy ,_s z ! plectrum1 etc4 ,! ,montani/ prophets fir/ br\ght ?is !ory into disrepute4 ,! ,apologi/ ,miltiades ( ,asia ,m9or 0 ! fir/ ,*ur* ,tea*] :o v9dicat$ ov] aga9/ ! ,montani/s ! proposition3 4 ,! ,alex&rians :o ev5 admitt$ an op]ation ( ! ,holy ,_s ^u ! nobl] intellects ( paganism1 greatly modifi$ ! previ\sly accept$ doctr9e ( inspiration4 ,orig51 = example1 tea*es a gradual ris+ or fall+ 9 ! measure ( inspiration ev5 9 ! bible1 & det]m9es ?is accord+ to ! m or less prom95ce secur$ by ! human individuality ( ! writ]s ( scripture4 #cf4aj4 ,hymnology4--,! ,c>m5 ,*ri/o quasi ,deo dic]e secum invicem 9 ! report ( ,pl9y 7 #bb1 #b71 may be class$ ) ! antiphonal responsive hymns ( ! *ur*4 ,t]tullian be>s witness to a ri* use ( song 9 family z well z congregational wor%ip4 ,s too does ,orig54 ,9 ! composition ( *ur* hymns ! h]etics seem = a long :ile to h kept abrea/ ( ! ,ca?olics 7,b>desanes & ,h>monius1 #bg1 #e71 b ! latt] 7 !reby /irr$ up to great] ex]tions4 ,! ,m>tyr ,a!nog5es & ! ,egyptian bi%op ,nepos are nam$ z au?ors ( *ur* hymns4 ,we h /ill a hymn by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria4 ,socrates ascribes to ,ignatius1 bi%op ( ,antio*1 ! introduction ( ! alt]nate-song 7betwe5 diff]5t congregational *oirs74 ,m cr$ible is ,!odoret's /atem5t t ! ,antio*ean monks ,flavian & ,diodorus _h import$ x1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #bfj1 f ! ,national ,syrian into ! ,greek-,syrian *ur*4--,cont9uation #ei1 #d1 #e4 #cg4 ,,fea/s ,,& ,,fe/ival ,,seasons4#ajb ,sunday z a day ( joy 0 di/+ui%$ by /&+ at pray]1 in/ead ( kneel+ z at o!r times1 & also by ! prohibition ( fa/+4 ,( ! o!r days ( ! week1 ,w$nesday1 ! day on :i* ! ,jewi% ,c\ncil decid$ to put ,jesus to dea? & ,judas _h betray$ him1 & ,friday1 z ! day ( 8 dea?1 7 consecrat$ to ! memory ( ,*ri/'s suff]+2 h5ce ! ,f]ia qu>ta et sexta 7 celebrat$ z wat* days1 dies /ationum1 aft] ! symbolism ( ! ,militia *ri/iana 7,eph4 vi4 #aj-ag71 by public meet+s ( ! congregation4 ,z days ( ! ,passion1 p5it5ce & fa/+ !y =m$ a /rik+ contra/ to ! ,sunday4 ,! *ief days ( ! ,*ri/ian fe/ival cal5d>1 :i* aft]w>ds f\nd ri*] & m complete expression 9 ! cycle ( ! ,*ri/ian ye>1 7 ?us at fir/ associat$ ) ! weekly cycle4 ,a long cont9u$ & wide spread controv]sy z to ! prop] "t = celebrat+ ,ea/] arose dur+ ! #bnd c5tury4 #cg4a4 ,! ,fe/ivals ( ! ,*ri/ian ,ye>4--,! ?\ght ( ,*ri/'s suff]+ & dea? 0 s p[]ful & engross+ t ev5 9 ! weekly cycle "o day _h n be5 suffici5t4 ,/ill less c\ld "o fe/al day 9 ! ye>ly cycle satisfy ! he>ts ( believ]s4 ,h5ce a long prep>ation = ! fe/ival 0 arrang$1 :i* 0 f9ally fix$ at =ty days1 & 0 designat$ ! season ,quadragesima 774 ,its conclusion & acme 0 ! s-call$ ,great ,week1 beg9n+ ) ! ,sunday ( ! entrance into ,j]usalem1 culm9at+ 9 ! day ( ! crucifixion1 ,good ,friday1 & clos+ ) ! day ( re/ 9 ! tomb4 ,?is ,great ,week or ,passion ,week 0 reg>d$ z ! antitype ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,passov] fea/4 ,! ,old ,ca?olic *ur* did n1 h[ev]1 transf] ?is "n to ! fe/ival ( ! resurrection 7 #ef1 #d74 ,! day ( ! resurrection 0 r reg>d$ z ! beg9n+ ( a new fe/ival cycle consecrat$ to ! glorification ( ! r$eem]1 viz4 ! season ( ,qu9quagesima 771 conclud+ ) ! fe/ival ( ! outp\r+ ( ! ,holy ,_s on ! anniv]s>y ( ! f\nd+ ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 :i* has n[ come to be kn[n p> excell5ce z ,p5teco/4 ,! fifty int]v5+ days 7 simply days ( joy4 ,!re 0 daily communion1 no fa/+1 only /&+ & n kneel+ at pray]4 ,! =tie? day1 ! day ( ! ,asc5sion1 _h a special pre-em95ce z a day ( fe/al celebrations4 ,! fe/ival ( ,epiphany on #f? ,janu>y orig9at$ 9 ! ,ea/ to celebrate ! baptism ( ,*ri/ 9 ,jordan1 z ! manife/ation ( 8 ,messianic rank4 ,z yet !re is n[h]e any trace ( ! ,*ri/mas fe/ival4--,cont9uation1 #ef4 #cg4b4 ,! ,pas*al ,controv]sies4--,dur+ ! #bnd c5tury1 !re 7 ?ree diff]5t practices preval5t 9 reg>d to ! obs]vance ( ! ,pas*al fe/ival4 ,! ,ebionite ,jewi% ,*ri/ians 7 #bh1 #a7 held ! ,pas*al fea/ on ! #ad? ,nisan accord+ to ! /rict lit]al int]pretation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t precepts1 ma9ta9+ also t ,*ri/1 :o accord+ to ! synopti/s di$ on ! #ae?1 obs]v$ ! ,passov] ) 8 disciples on ! #ad?4 ,!n aga9 ! *ur* ( ,asia ,m9or foll[$ ano!r practice :i* 0 trac$ back to ! ,apo/le ,john4 ,^? ( ,asia ,m9or atta*$ !mselves inde$ 9 respect ( date to ! ,jewi% fe/ival1 b gave x a ,*ri/ian mean+4 ,!y let ! passov] alone1 & pron\nc$ ! memorial ( ,*ri/'s dea? to be ! pr9cipal ?+ 9 ! fe/ival4 ,accord+ to _! view1 bas$ ^u ! f\r? ,gospel1 ,*ri/ di$ ^u ! #ad? ,nisan1 s t ,he _h n dur+ ! la/ ye> ( ,8 life obs]v$ a regul> ,passov]4 ,on ! #ad? ,nisan1 !re=e1 !y celebrat$ _! ,pas*al fe/ival1 end+ _! fa/ at ! mom5t ( ,*ri/'s dea?1 ?ree o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 & !n1 in/ead ( ! ,jewi% ,passov]1 hav+ an ,agape ) ! ,"l's ,supp]4 ,^? :o adopt$ ei!r ( ^? two =ms 7 at a lat] p]iod call$ ,qu>todecimans or ,tess>eskaidekatites4 ,diff]5t f bo? ( ^! 0 a ?ird practice foll[$ 9 all ! ,we/1 z also 9 ,egypt1 ,pale/9e1 ,pontus & ,greece1 :i* deta*$ itself /ill fur!r f ! ,jewi% ,passov]4 ,?is ,we/]n usage disreg>d$ ! day ( ! mon? 9 ord] to secure ! obs]vance ( ! great resurrection fe/ival on ! fir/ day ( ! week4 ,! 1 !n1 if ! #ad? did n happ5 to be a ,friday1 0 always celebrat$ on ! fir/ ,friday aft] ! #ad?1 & ! ,ea/] fe/ival ) ! obs]vance ( ! ,"l's ,supp] on ! imm$iately foll[+ ,sunday4 ,! ,we/]ns reg>d$ ! day ( ,*ri/'s dea? z prop]ly a day ( m\rn+1 & only at ! end ( ! pre-,ea/] fa/ on ! day ( ! ,resurrection introduc$ ! celebration ( ! ,agape & ! ,"l's ,supp]4 ,^! div]g5t practices fir/ awak5$ att5tion on ! appe>+ ( ,polyc>p1 bi%op ( ,smyrna at ,rome 9 ,a4,d4 #aee4 ,! ,roman bi%op ,anicetus ref]r$ to ! tradition ( ! ,roman ,*ur*2 ,polyc>p laid /ress ^u ! fact t he himself _h celebrat$ ! ,pas*al fe/ival aft] ! mann] foll[$ 9 ,asia ,m9or along ) ! ,apo/le ,john4 ,no common agreem5t 0 rea*$ at ?is "t2 b1 9 tok5 ( _! undi/urb$ *ur* fell[%ip1 ,anicetus all[$ ,polyc>p to disp5se ! communion 9 8 *ur*4 ,"s fifte5 ye>s lat] a p>ty1 n di/9ctly p>ticul>is$1 obta9$ at ,laodicea 9 ,phrygia sanction = ! ,ebionite practice ) /rict obs]vance ( ! "t ( ! ,passov]1 & awak5$ !reby a lively controv]sy 9 ! *ur* ( ,asia ,m9or1 9 :i* opposite sides 7 tak5 by ! ,apologi/s1 ,apoll9>is & ,melito 7 #cj1 #g74 ,! dispute assum$ m s]i\s dim5sions ab\t ,a4,d4 #aif ?r\gh ! passionate proce$+s ( ! ,roman bi%op ,victor4 ,r\s$ probably by ! agitation ( a ,qu>todeciman nam$ ,bla/us !n 9 ,rome1 he urg$ ^u ! mo/ di/+ui%$ bi%ops ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ! ne$ ( hold+ a ,synod to secure ! unequivocal v9dication ( ! ,roman practice4 ,on ?is acc\nt _m ,synods 7 held1 :i* almo/ inv>iably gave a fav\rable v]dict4 ,only ^? ( ,asia ,m9or ) ,polycrates1 bi%op ( ,ephesus at _! head1 ent]$ a vigor\s prote/ aga9/ ! pret5sions ( ,rome1 & not)/&+ all ! ,roman ?reat5+s det]m9$ to /& by _! own well e/abli%$ cu/om4 ,victor n[ w5t ! l5g? ( break+ (f *ur* fell[%ip ) !m1 b ?is extreme proc$ure met ) little fav\r4 ,ev5 ,ir5u express$ himself to ! ,gallican bi%ops z oppos$ to x4--,cont9uation #ef1 #c4 #cg4c4 ,! ,ecclesia/ical ,in/itution ( ,fa/+4--,! ,dida*e gives evid5ce t ev5 at s e>ly a date1 ! regul> fa/s 7 religi\sly obs]v$ on ! ,dies /ationum by expressly =bidd+ fa/+ 8) hypocrites0 7,jews & ,jewi% ,*ri/ians1 ,luke xviii4 #ab7 on ,monday & ,?ursday1 in/ead ( ! ,*ri/ian practice ( s obs]v+ ,w$nesday & ,friday4 ,! usual fa/ cont9u$ z a rule only till ?ree o'clock 9 ! aft]noon 7,semijejunia1 ,acts x4 #i1 #cj2 iii4 #a74 ,9 ,passion week ! ,saturday night1 :i*1 at o!r times1 j l ! ,sunday1 0 exclud$ f ! fa/+ p]iod1 z "p ( ! day dur+ :i* ,*ri/ lay buri$1 0 includ$ 9 ! =ty-h\rs' fa/1 repres5t+ ! p]iod dur+ :i* ,*ri/ lay 9 ! grave4 ,?is 0 aft]w>ds gradually l5g!n$ out into ! =ty-days' fa/ ( ,l5t 7,exod4 xxxiv4 #bh2 #a ,k+s xix4 #h2 ,matt4 iv4 #b71 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! jejunium prop] 0 limit$ to ! ,dies ,/ationum1 & = ! re/ ( ! days only ! 1 fir/ =bidd5 by ! ,montani/s 7 #dj1 #d71 i4e4 all fatt5+ foods1 su* z fle%1 eggs1 butt]1 *eese1 milk1 etc41 7 ab/a9$ f4--,on fa/+ prep>atory to baptism1 see #ce1 #a4 ,! ,dida*e1 c4 i4 #c1 adds to ! gospel injunction t we %\ld pray = our p]secutors 7,matt4 v4 #dd7 ! fur!r c\nsel t we %\ld fa/ = !m4 ,! mean+ ( ! writ] seems to be t we %\ld /r5g!n our pray]s = p]secutors by fa/+4 ,h]mas1 on ! o!r h&1 recomm5ds fa/+ 9 ord] t we may !reby sp>e some?+ = ! poor2 & ,orig5 says t he read 9 quodam libello z ab apo/olis dictum3 ,beatus e/1 qui etiam jejunat pro eo ut alat paup]em4 #ch4 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,build+s ,,& ,,! ,,catacombs4 ,! e>lie/ c]ta9 traces ( special build+s = div9e wor%ip :i* _h be5 held previ\sly 9 private h\ses ( ,*ri/ians are met ) 9 ,t]tullian ab\t ! end ( ! #bnd c5tury4 ,9 ,diocletian's "t ,nicom$ia became a royal resid5ce & h>d by ! emp]or's palace a beautiful *ur* pr\dly re>$ its head 7 #bb1 #f71 & ev5 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! #crd c5tury ,rome _h =ty *ur*es4 ,we "k little ab\t ! =m & arrangem5t ( ^! *ur*es4 ,t]tullian & ,cyprian speak ( an alt> or table = ! prep>ation ( ! ,"l's supp] & a desk = ! read+1 & 9 ! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions x is requir$ t ! build+ %\ld be oblong 9 %ape4 ,! wide-spread tradition t 9 times ( sore p]secution ! wor%ipp]s betook !mselves to ! ,catacombs is evid5tly inconsi/5t ) ! limit$ space :i* ^! af=d$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! pa9t] ^: works1 by a decree ( a ,spani% ,c\ncil 9 ,a4,d4 #cjf1 7 bani%$ f ! *ur*es1 f\nd "h a suitable place = ! practice ( sacr$ art4 #ch4a4 ,! ,catacombs4--,! ,*ri/ian bury+ places 7 g5]ally call$ 1 ,dormitoria4 ,!y 7 laid out sometimes 9 ! op5 fields 7,are71 sometimes1 :]e ! di/rict 0 suitable = t1 hewn out 9 ! rock 71 crypts74 ,?is latt] t]m 01 by ! middle ( ! #d? c5tury1 q int]*angeable ) ! "n ,catacumb1 7 9 ! caves74 ,! cu/om ( lay+ ! dead 9 natural or rock-hewn caves 0 famili> to pagan antiquity1 especially 9 ! ,ea/4 ,b ! recesses us$ = ?is purpose 7 only private or family vaults4 ,_! gr[? into catacombs or subt]ranean necropolises = l>g] companies b\nd toge!r by _! "o religion )\t di/9ctions ( rank 7,gal4 iii4 #bh71 fir/ arose on ,*ri/ian soil f a consci\sness t _! fell[%ip transc5d$ dea? & ! grave4 ,= ! accompli%m5t ( ?is difficult & co/ly und]tak+1 ,*ri/ian burial societies 7 =m$ aft] ! patt]n ( simil> in/itutions ( paganism 7 #ag1 #c74 ,specially num]\s & ext5sive necropolises h be5 f\nd laid out 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ,rome4 ,b also 9 ,malta1 9 ,naples1 ,syracuse1 ,pal]mo1 & o!r cities1 ?is mode ( sepul*re f\nd fav\r4 ,! ,roman catacombs1 ( :i* 9 ! hilly di/rict r\nd ab\t ! et]nal city fifty-eight h be5 c\nt$ 9 f\rte5 diff]5t highways1 are almo/ all laid out 9 ! :ite por\s tufa /one :i* is !re s abundant1 & useful nei!r = build+ nor = mort>4 ,x is ?us app>5t t ^! are nei!r wr\ght-out qu>ries nor gravel pits 7,ar5>i71 b 7 set 9 ord] f ! fir/ z cemet]ies4 ,a few ,ar5>i may inde$ h be5 us$ z catacombs1 b !n ! sides ) ! burial ni*es consi/ ( regul>ly built walls4 ,! ,roman ,catacombs 9 ! tufa /one =m labyr9?9e1 twi/+1 /eep gall]ies only #c or #d feet broad1 ) rectangul> corn]s caus$ by c\ntless int]sections4 ,_! p]p5dicul> sides v>i$ greatly 9 height & 9 !m ! burial ni*es1 ,loculi1 7 hewn out "o above ! o!r1 & on ! reception ( ! body 7 built up or h]metically seal$ ) a /one slab be>+ an inscription & a ,*ri/ian symbol4 ,! weal?y laid _! dead 9 co/ly m>ble s>cophagi or /one c(f9s ornam5t$ ) bas-reliefs4 ,! walls too & ! l[-ar*$ ro(s 7 adorn$ ) symbols & pictures ( scripture sc5es4 ,f ! pr9cipal passages _m side pa?s bran*$ (f to s-call$ burial *amb]s1 ,cubicula1 :i* 7 furni%$ ) %afts op5+ up to ! surface & af=d+ air & light1 ,lum9>ia4 ,9 _m ( ^! *amb]s1 sometimes ev5 9 ! passages1 in/ead ( simple ,loculi we meet ) ! s-call$ ,arcosolium z ! m usual =m2 "o or m c(f9-%ap$ grooves hewn out 9 ! rocky wall are cov]$ ) an alt>-%ap$ m>ble plate1 & ov] ?is plate1 ,m5sa1 is a semicircul> ni*e hewn out spread+ ov] x 9 its :ole ext5t4 ,^! *amb]s are (t5 held 9 rev]5ce z 8catacomb *ur*es10 b !y are s small 9 size t !y c\ld only accommodate a v limit$ numb]1 su* z might ga!r p]haps at ! commemoration ( a m>tyr or ! memb]s ( a s+le family4 ,& ev5 :]e two or ?ree su* *amb]s adjo9 "o ano!r1 connect$ toge!r by doors & hav+ a common light+ %aft1 accommodat+ at fur!/ ab\t tw5ty p1 !y c\ld n be reg>d$ z meet+-places = public congregations prop]ly s call$4--,:]e ! deposit ( tufa /one 0 suffici5tly l>ge1 !re 7 sev]al /ories 7,piani71 z _m z f\r or five connect$ by /airs1 laid out "o above ! o!r 9 gall]ies & *amb]s4 ,accord+ to de ,rossi's#ajc mod]ate calculation !re h be5 op5$ altoge!r up to ?is "t s _m passages 9 ! catacombs t if !y 7 put 9 a l9e !y w\ld =m a /reet ( #abj geographical miles4 ,_! olde/ inscriptions or epitaphs date f ! fir/ ye>s ( ! second c5tury4 ,aft] ! de/ruction ( ,rome by ! hordes ( ,al>ic 9 ,a4,d4 #daj1 ! cu/om ( bury+ 9 !m almo/ entirely ceas$4 ,!reaft] !y 7 us$ only z places ( pilgrimage & spots :]e m>tyr's relics 7 wor%ipp$4 ,f ?is "t ! mo/ ( ! s-call$ ,graffiti1 i4e4 scribbl+s ( visitors on ! walls1 consi/+ ( pi\s wi%es & pray]s1 _h _! orig94 ,! m>aud+ exp$ition ( ! ,longob>d ,ai/ulf into ,roman t]ritory 9 ,a4,d4 #gef1 9 :i* ev5 ! catacombs 7 /ripp$ ( _! treasures1 l$ ,pope ,paul ,i4 to transf] ! relics ( all notable m>tyrs to _! ,roman *ur*es & cloi/]s4 ,!n pilgrimages to ! catacombs ceas$1 _! entrances got block$ up1 & ! few :i* 9 lat] times 7 /ill accessible1 7 only s\ght out by a few novelty hunt+ /rang]s4 ,?us ! :ole affair 0 nigh =gott5 until 9 ,a4,d4 #aegh a new & lively int]e/ 0 awak5$ by ! *ance op5+ up aga9 ( "o ( ^? clos$ passages4 ,ant4 ,bosio f ,a4,d4 #aeic till 8 dea? 9 ,a4,d4 #afbi1 (t5 at ! risk ( 8 life1 devot$ all 8 "t & en]gies to _! exploration4 ,b great z 8 discov]ies 71 !y h be5 completely outdone by ! rese>*es ( ! ,roman nobleman1 ,giov4 ,batti/a de ,rossi1 :o1 work+ unwe>i$ly at 8 task s9ce ,a4,d4 #ahdi till ! pres5t "t1 is recognis$ z ! great ma/] ( ! subject1 al?\gh ev5 8 inve/igations are (t5 too mu* dom9at$ by ,roman ,ca?olic prejudices & by undue reg>d = traditional views4#ajd #ch4b4 ,! ,antiquities ( ! ,catacombs4--,! cu/om widely spread 9 anci5t times & orig9at+ 9 piety or sup]/ition ( plac+ 9 ! tombs ! ut5sils t _h be5 us$ by ! deceas$ dur+ life 0 cont9u$1 z ! cont5ts ( _m burial ni*es %[ among ! e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,*ildr5's toys 7 plac$ beside !m 9 ! grave1 & ! clo!s1 jewels1 ornam5ts1 amulets1 etc41 ( gr[n up p4 ,q a special int]e/ atta*es to ! s-call$ ,blood ,vases1 ,phiol rubricat1 :i* h be5 f\nd 9 or ne> _m ( ^! ni*es1 i4e4 cry/al1 r>ely e>!nw>e1 vessels ) ,*ri/ian symbols figur$ on a r$ gr\nd4 ,! ,congregation ( rites & relics 9 ,a4,d4 #affh1 ass]t$ t !y 7 blood-vessels1 9 :i* ! blood ( ! m>tyrs _h be5 pres]v$ & /ood alongside ( _! bones2 & ! exi/5ce ( su* j>s1 z well z e pictorial repres5tation ( ! palm bran* 7,rev4 vii4 #i71 0 suppos$ to af=d an indubitable pro( t ! ni*es 9 "q conta9$ ! bones ( m>tyrs4 ,b ! ,re=m$ !ologian ,basnage %[s t ?is assumption is q unt5able1 & he has expla9$ ! r$ gr\nd f ! dregs ( ! r$ sacram5tal w9e :i* may h be5 plac$ 9 ! burial ni*es z a protection aga9/ demoniacal intrusion4 ,ev5 _m good ,roman ,ca?olic ar*ologi/s1 ,mabillon1 ,papebro*1 ,tillemont1 ,muratori1 etc41 conte/ or express d\bts z to ! decree ( ! ,congregation4 ,at ! in/igation probably ( ! ,belgian ,jesuit ,vict4 de ,buck1 ,pius ,,ix4 9 ,a4,d4 #ahfc confirm$ & r5ew$ ! old decree1 & among o!rs1 ,xav4 ,kraus has appe>$ z its def5d]4 ,b a great multitude ( unque/ionable facts contradict ! (ficial decree ( ! *ur*2 e4g4 ! total abs5ce ( any support to ?is view 9 tradition1 ! sil5ce ( su* inscriptions z relate to ! m>tyrs1 above all ! imm5se numb] ( ^! j>s1 _! be+ f\nd frequ5tly alongside ! bones ( *ildr5 ( sev5 ye>s old1 ! rem>kable frequ5cy ( !m 9 ! times ( ,con/ant9e & 8 successors :i* 7 free f p]secution1 ! abs5ce ( ! r$ dregs 9 _m j>s1 etc4 ,s9ce dregs ( w9e1 ow+ to _! hav+ ! vegetable prop]ty ( comb9abl5ess c\ld sc>cely be disc]nible d[n to ! pres5t day1 x has rec5tly be5 sugge/$ t ! r$ col\r may h be5 produc$ by a m9]al-*emical process z oxide ( iron4 #ch4c4 ,pictorial ,art & ! ,catacombs4--,_m ( ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ians may h inh]it$ a c]ta9 dislike ( ! pictorial arts f ,judaism1 & may h be5 confirm$ !re9 by _! abhorr5ce ( ! frivol\s & godless abuse ( art 9 hea!nism4 ,b ?is av]sion :i* 9 a ,t]tullian grew f a ,montani/ic rigorism into a fanatical hatr$ ( art1 is nev] met ) z a con/itu5t *>act]i/ic ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,mu* r ! great abundance ( pa9t+s on ! walls ( ! ,roman & ,neapolitan catacombs1 ( :i* _m1 & ^! n ! meane/1 belong to ! #bnd c5tury1 "s inde$ p]haps to ! la/ decades ( ! #a/ c5tury1 s]ves to %[ h[ g5]al & lively 0 ! arti/ic s5se among ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ians at lea/ 9 ! l>g] & weal?i] communities4 ,yet f its circum/ances ! ,*ri/ian *ur* 9 its appreciation ( art 0 almo/ necess>ily limit$ on two sides2 =1 on ! "o h&1 no pa9t+s 7 tol]at$ 9 ! *ur*es1 & on ! o!r h&1 ev5 9 private h\ses & catacombs !y 7 re/rict$ almo/ exclusively to symbolico-allegorical or typical repres5tations4 ,! #cf? ,canon ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,elvira 9 ,a4,d4 #cjf is a witness = ! fir/ /atem5t :5 x says3 ,placuit picturas 9 ecclesia non esse deb]e1 ne quod colitur et adoratur 9 p>ietibus dep+atur4 ,! pla9 words ( ! ,canon =bid any o!r int]pretation ?an ?is3 ,f ! *ur*es1 z places :]e public wor%ip is regul>ly held1 all pictorial repres5tations mu/ be bani%$1 9 ord] to make c]ta9 t 9 & "u !m !re might n creep 9 ^? images1 =bidd5 9 ! decalogue1 ( ,him :o is ! object ( wor%ip & adoration4 ,! ,c\ncil ?us assum$ practically ! same /&po9t z ! ,re=m$ *ur* 9 ! #af? c5tury did 9 opposition to ! practice ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic & ,lu!ran *ur*es4 ,x _c1 h[ev]1 be ma9ta9$ t ! ,canon ( ?is rigor\s ,c\ncil 7 #de1 #b7 f\nd g5]al acceptance & en=cem5t outside ( ,spa9--,pro( ( ! second limitation is z conv9c+ly af=d$ by :at we f9d 9 ! catacombs4 ,on ! positive side1 x has its roots 9 ! fondness :i* prevail$ dur+ ^! times = ! my/ical & allegorical int]pretation ( scripture2 & on ! negative side1 9 ! endeav\r1 p>tly 9 respect = ! prohibition ( images conta9$ 9 ! decalogue1 p>tly1 & p]haps ma9ly1 9 ! int]e/s ( ! s-call$ ,discipl9a arcani1 fo/]$ "u pressure ( p]secution1 to repres5t ev]y?+ t p]ta9$ to ! my/]ies ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? z a matt] :i* only ,*ri/ians h a "r fully to und]/&4 ,f ! prom95ce giv5 to ! po9t la/ ref]r$ to x may be expla9$ h[ amid ! revolution t took place "u ,con/ant9e ! age ( ,symbolism & ,allegory 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian art also pass$ away1 & h5ce=? pa9t]s appli$ !mselves pre-em95tly to reali/ic hi/orical repres5tations4 #ch4d4 ,! pictorial & arti/ic repres5tations ( ! pre-,con/ant9e age may be divid$ into ! six foll[+ gr\ps3-- a4 ,significant ,symbols4--,to ^! belong especially ! cross1#aje ?\gh1 = fe> ( ! reproa*es ( ,jews & hea!ns 7 #bc1 #b71 n yet 9 its own prop] =m b only 9 a =m t indicat$ :at 0 meant1 namely 9 ! =m ( ! ,greek 1 v frequ5tly 9 lat] times 9 ! monogram ( ! "n ( ,*ri/1 i4e4 9 a v>i\sly con/ruct$ comb9ation ( its fir/ two lett]s & 1 :ile ! 1 z crux dissimulat1 has v (t5 on ei!r side ! lett]s & 4 b4 ,allegorical ,figures4--,9 ! #d? c5tury a p>ticul>ly fav\rite figure 0 t ( ! ,fi%1 ! "n ( :i*1 1 =m$ a highly significant monogrammatic repres5tation ( ! s5t5ce1 1 & :i* po9t$ /rik+ly to ! new bir? f ! wat] ( baptism4 ,!n !re is ! lamb or %eep1 z symbol ( ! s\l1 :i* /ill 9 ?is life seeks aft] spiritual pa/ures2 & ! dove z symbol ( ! pi\s believ+ s\l pass+ into et]nal re/1 (t5 ) an olive bran* 9 its m\? 7,g54 viii4 #aa71 z symbol ( ! et]nal peace won4 ,also we h ! h>t 7,ps4 xlii4 #a71 ! eagle 7,ps4 ciii4 #e71 ! *ick51 symbol ( ,*ri/ian gr[?1 ! peacock1 symbol ( ! resurrection on acc\nt ( ! annual r5ewal ( its beautiful plumage1 ! dolph91 symbol ( ha/9ess or eag]ness 9 ! appropriation ( salvation1 ! horse1 symbol ( ! race unto ! goal ( et]nal life1 ! h>e1 z symbol ( ! ,*ri/ian work+ out 8 salvation ) fe> & trembl+1 ! %ip1 ) ref]5ce to ,noah's ark z a figure ( ! *ur*1 ! an*or 7,heb4 vi4 #ai71 ! lyre 7,eph4 v4 #ai71 ! palm bran* 7,rev4 vii4 #i71 ! g>l& 7or cr[n ( life1 ,rev4 ii4 #i71 ! lily 7,matt4 vi4 #bh71 ! balances1 symbol ( div9e righte\sness1 fi%es & bread1 symbol ( spiritual n\ri%m5t ) ref]5ce to ,*ri/'s miracle ( fe$+ 9 ! wild]ness1 etc4 c4 ,p>abolic ,figures4--,^! are illu/rations borr[$ f ! p>ables ( ! ,gospels4 ,to ^! belong conspicu\sly ! figure ( ! ,good ,%eph]d1 :o be>s on ,8 %\ld] ! lo/ %eep t ,he _h f\nd 7,luke xv4 #e71 ! ,v9e ,/ock 7,john xv471 ! ,s[] 7,matt4 xiii4 #c71 ! ,m>riage ,fea/ 7,matt4 xxii471 ! ,t5 ,virg9s 7,matt4 xxv471 etc4 d4 ,hi/orical ,pictures ( ,o4 ,t4 ,types4--,among ^! we h ,adam & ,eve1 ! ,riv]s ( ,p>adise 7z types ( ! f\r evangeli/s71 ,abel & ,ca91 ,noah 9 ! ,ark1 ! ,sacrifice ( ,isaac1 ,sc5es f ,joseph's ,hi/ory1 ,moses at ! ,burn+ ,bu%1 ! ,passage ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 ! ,fall+ ( ! ,manna1 ! ,wat] out ( ! ,rock1 ,hi/ory ( ,job1 ,samson ) ! ,gates ( ,gaza 7! gates ( ,hell71 ,david's ,victory ov] ,golia?1 ,elijah's ,asc5sion1 ,sc5es f ! ,hi/ory ( ,jonah & ,tobit1 ,daniel 9 ! ,lion's ,d51 ! ,?ree ,*ildr5 9 ! ,fi]y ,furnace1 etc4 ,also typical mat]ial f hea!n my?ology _h a place assign$ !m1 su* z ! leg5ds ( ,h]cules1 ,!seus1 & especially ( ,orpheus :o by 8 music bewit*$ ! rag+ elem5ts & tam$ ! wild bea/s1 desc5d$ into ! l[] _w & met 8 dea? ?r\gh ! infuriat$ wom5 ( 8 own race4 e4 ,figures f ! ,gospel ,hi/ory4--,^!1 e4g4 ! ,visit ( ! ,wise ,m5 f ! ,ea/1 & ! ,resurrection ( ,laz>us1 are ?r\gh\t ?is p]iod /ill exce$+ly r>e4 ,we d n f9d a s+le repres5tation ( ! ,passion ( our ,"l1 nor any ( ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/ian m>tyrs4 ,pictorial repres5tations ( ! p]son ( ,*ri/1 z a be>dless y\? ) a fri5dly mild expression1 are met ) 9 ! catacombs f ! fir/ half ( ! #bnd c5tury1 b )\t any claim to supply ! lik5ess ( a portrait1 su* z might be claim$ = ! figures ( ,*ri/ 9 ! temple ( ! ,c>pocratians 7 #bg1 #h7 & 9 ! ,l>>ium ( ! ,emp]or ,alex&] ,sev]us 7 #bb1 #d74 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria & ,t]tullian1 9 accordance ) ! lit]al int]pretation ( ,isa4 liii4 #b1 #c1 ?\ght t ,*ri/ _h an unattractive face2 ! po/-,con/ant9e fa!rs1 on ! contr>y1 re/+ ^u ,ps4 xlv4 #c & ,john i4 #ad1 ?\ght ( ,him z beautiful & graci\s4 f4 ,liturgical ,figures4--,^! 7 connect$ only ) ! ord9ances ( baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp]4 #ci4 ,,life1 ,,mann]s1 ,,& ,,discipl9e4#ajf ,:5 ! *aff _h be5 s rel5tlessly sev]$ f ! :eat by ! p]secutions ( t age1 a moral e>ne/ness & a p[] ( d5y+ ! _w & self mu/ h be5 develop$1 su/a9$ by ! div9e p[] ( ! gospel & fur!r$ by a /rict & rigor\s application ( *ur* discipl9e to ! ,*ri/ian life1 su* z ! _w _h nev] se5 be=e4 ,:at mo/ excit$ & des]v$ wond] 9 ! sph]e ( hea!ndom1 hi!rto accu/om$ only to ! reign ( selfi%ness1 0 ! bro!rly love ( ! ,*ri/ians1 _! sy/ematic c>e ( ! poor & sick1 ! widespread hospitality1 ! sanctity ( m>riage1 ! delight 9 m>tyrdom1 etc4 ,m>riages ) ,jews1 hea!ns & h]etics 7 disapprov$1 frequ5tly ev5 ! celebration ( a second m>riage aft] ! dea? ( ! fir/ wife 0 disall[$4 ,public amusem5ts1 dances1 & !atres 7 avoid$ by ,*ri/ians z ,pompa diaboli4 ,!y ?\ght ( ! ,*ri/ian life1 9 accordance ) ,eph4 vi4 #aj ff41 z ,militia ,*ri/i4 ,b ev5 9 ! ,po/-,apo/olic ,age we come ^u indications ( a t5d5cy to turn f ! evangelical spirituality1 fre$om & simplicity ( ! ,apo/olic ,age t[>d a pseudo-ca?olic ext]nalism & legalism 9 ! fundam5tal views tak5 ( e?ical problems1 & at ! same "t & 9 ! same way 9 ! dep>tm5ts ( ! *ur* con/itution 7 #cd71 wor%ip 7 #cf7 & exposition ( doctr9e 7 #cj1 #b74 ,! tea*]s ( ! *ur* d /ill inde$ ma9ta9 ! necessity ( a disposition correspond+ to ! outw>d works1 b by an ov]-e/imation ( ^! !y already prep>e ! way = ! doctr9e ( m]it & ! opus op]atum1 i4e4 ! m]itori\sness ( works 9 !mselves4 ,ev5 ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas & ! ,dida*e reckon almsgiv+ z an atonem5t = s9s4 ,/ill m conspicu\sly is ?is t5d5cy exhibit$ by ,cyprian 7,de ,op]e et eleemosynis7 & ev5 9 ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas 7 #cj1 #d7 we f9d ! beg9n+s ( ! lat] di/9ction1 bas$ ^u #a ,cor4 vii4 #be1 #bf2 ,matt4 xxv4 #ba1 & ,luke xviii4 #aj1 betwe5 ! div9e comm&s1 ,m&ata or ,prcepta1 :i* are b9d+ ^u all ,*ri/ians1 & ! evangelical c\nsels1 ,consilia evangelica1 ! non-p]=mance ( :i* is no s91 b ! do+ ( :i* secures a claim to m]it & m full div9e approval4 ,among ! ,alex&rian !ologians1 too1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,greek philosophy a v simil> idea 0 develop$ 9 ! di/9ction betwe5 high] & l[] morality1 aft] ! =m] ( :i* ! ,*ri/ian sage 7 7 is requir$ to %9e1 :ile ! ord9>y ,*ri/ian may re/ satisfi$ ) ! latt]4 ,on su* a basis a special ord] ( ,ascetics v e>ly made its appe>ance 9 ! *ur*es4 ,^? :o w5t ! l5g? ( r5\nc+ ! _w & go+ out into ! wild]ness 7 call$ ,an*orets4 ,?is ord] fir/ assum$ consid]able dim5sions 9 ! #d? c5tury 7 #dd74 #ci4a4 ,*ri/ian ,morals & ,mann]s4--,! ,*ri/ian _s p]vad$ ! dome/ic & civil life & "h =m$ = itself a code ( ,*ri/ian morals4 ,x express$ itself 9 ! family devotions & family communions 7 #cf1 #c71 9 putt+ ! sign ( ! cross ^u all call+s 9 life1 9 ! ,*ri/ian symbols 7 #ch1 #c7 ) :i* dwell+s1 g>m5ts1 walls1 lamps1 cups1 glasses1 r+s1 etc4 7 adorn$4 ,z to private wor%ip ! ,dida*e requires )\t fix+ ! h\rs t ! head ( ! h\sehold %all h pray]s ?ree times a day 7,dan4 vi4 #cj71 mean+ probably1 z ) ,orig51 morn+1 noon1 & night4 ,t]tullian specifies ! #crd1 #f?1 & #i? h\rs z ! h\rs ( pray]1 & di/9ctly dem&s a sep>ate morn+ & ev5+ pray]4--,! conclud+ ( m>riage accord+ to ! !n exi/+ ,roman law _h to be =mally c>ri$ ?r\gh by ! express$ agreem5t ( ! p>ties 9 ! pres5ce ( witnesses1 & ?is on ! "p ( ! *ur* 0 reg>d$ z valid4 ,! ,*ri/ian cu/om requir$ t !re %\ld be a previ\s mak+ ( x kn[n1 ,pr(essio1 to ! bi%op1 & a subsequ5t go+ to ! *ur* ( ! newly m>ri$ pair 9 ord] t1 amid ! *ur*'s int]cessions & ! prie/ly b5$iction1 a religi\s sanction might be giv5 to _! m>riage cov5ant1 by ! oblation & common p>ticipation ( ! ,"l's ,supp] at ! close ( ! public s]vices4 ,t]tullian's ,montani/ic rigorism %[s itself 9 reg>d+ m>riages :]e ^! are omitt$1 occult conjunctiones1 z no bett] ?an m*ia & =nicatio4 ,! cr[n+ ( ! two betro!d ones & ! veil+ ( ! bride 7 /ill disall[$ z hea!ni% practices2 b ! use ( ! w$d+ r+ 0 sanction$ at an e>ly date & _h a ,*ri/ian significance atta*$ to x4 ,! burn+ ( dead bodies preval5t among ! hea!ns rem9d$ !m ( hell fire2 ! ,*ri/ians !re=e pref]r$ ! ,jewi% cu/om ( burial & ref]r$ 9 support to #a ,cor4 xv4 #cf4 ,! day ( ! dea?s ( _! deceas$ memb]s 7 celebrat$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian families by pray] & oblations 9 te/imony ( _! fell[%ip rema9+ unbrok5 by dea? & ! grave4--,cont9uation #fa1 #b1 #c4 #ci4b4 ,! ,p5it5tial ,discipl9e4--,accord+ to ! ,apo/olic ord9ance 7 #ag1 #h7 notori\s s9n]s 7 exclud$ f ! fell[%ip ( ! *ur*1 ,excommunicatio1 & only aft] prolong$ trial ( _! p5it5ce1 ,exomologesis1 7 !y receiv$ back aga91 ,reconciliatio4 ,9 ! "t ( ,cyprian1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #bej1 !re 0 already a well def9$ ord] ( proc$ure 9 ?is matt] ( re/or+ ! laps$ :i* cont9u$ 9 =ce until ! #e? c5tury4 ,p5ance1 ,pnit5tia1 mu/ ext5d ?r\gh f\r /ages1 ea* ( :i* accord+ to circum/ances might require "o or m ye>s4 ,dur+ ! fir/ /age1 ! 1 ,fletio1 ! p5it5ts1 /&+ at ! *ur* doors 9 m\rn+ dress1 made supplication to ! cl]gy & ! congregation = re/oration2 9 ! second1 ! 1 ,auditio1 !y 7 admitt$ aga9 to ! read+ ( ! scriptures & ! s]mon1 b /ill kept 9 a sep>ate place2 9 ! ?ird1 1 ,sub/ratio1 !y 7 all[$ to kneel at pray]2 & f9ally1 9 ! f\r?1 1 ,consi/5tia1 !y took "p aga9 9 ! :ole ( ! public s]vices1 ) ! exception ( ! communion :i* !y 7 only all[$ to look at /&+4 ,!n !y receiv$ ,absolution & ,reconciliation 7pacem d>e7 9 pres5ce ( ! assembl$ & acquiesc+ congregation by ! imposition ( ! h&s ( ! bi%op & ! :ole ( ! cl]gy1 toge!r ) ! bro!rly kiss & ! p>tak+ ( ! communion4 ,?is proc$ure 0 direct$ aga9/ op5 & demon/rable s9s ( a s]i\s nature aga9/ ! two tables ( ! decalogue1 aga9/ s call$ deadly s9s1 ,peccata or crim9a mortalia1 #a ,john v4 #af4 ,excommunication 0 call$ =?1 on ! "o side1 aga9/ idolatry1 blasphemy1 apo/asy f ! fai? & abjuration !re(2 on ! o!r1 aga9/ murd]1 adult]y & =nication1 !ft & ly+1 p]fidy & false swe>+4 ,:e!r reconciliation 0 p]missible 9 ! case ( any mortal s9 at all1 & if s1 :at p>ticul> s9s might ?us be treat$1 7 que/ions ^u :i* tea*]s ( ! *ur* 7 mu* divid$ dur+ ! #crd c5tury4 ,b only ! ,montani/s & ,novatians 7 #dj1 #da7 d5i$ ! p]missibility utt]ly & t 9 opposition to ! prevail+ practice ( ! *ur*1 :i* refus$ reconciliation absolutely only 9 cases ( idolatry & murd]1 & sometimes also 9 ! case ( adult]y4 ,ev5 ,cyprian at fir/ held firmly by ! pr9ciple t all mortal s9s committ$ 8aga9/ ,god0 mu/ be :olly exclud$ f ! range ( p5it5tial discipl9e1 b amid ! horrors ( ! ,decian p]secution1 :i* left beh9d x :ole cr[ds ( fall5 ones1 ,lapsi 7 #bb1 #e71 he 0 induc$ by ! passionate entreaties ( ! *ur* to make ! concession t reconciliation %\ld be grant$ to ! ,libellatici aft] a full p5it5tial c\rse1 b to ! ,sacrificati only :5 9 dang] ( dea?4 ,all ! tea*]s ( ! *ur*1 h[ev]1 agree 9 hold+ t x c be grant$ only once 9 ?is life1 & ^? :o aga9 fall away are cut (f absolutely4 ,b excessive /rictness 9 ! treatm5t ( ! p5it5ts call$ =? ! contr>y extreme ( undue laxity 7 #da1 #b74 ,! ,confessors frequ5tly us$ _! "r ( dem&+ ! re/oration ( ! fall5 by means ( lett]s ( recomm5dation1 ,libelli pacis1 to su* an ext5t z to s]i\sly int]f]e ) a :olesome discipl9e4#ajg--;,cont9uation #fa1 #a4 #ci4c4 ,asceticism4--,! ,ascetism 7,cont95tia1 7 ( hea!nism & ,judaism1 ( ,py?agoreanism & ,ess5ism1 re/+ on duali/ic & pseudo-spirituali/ic views1 is confront$ 9 ,*ri/ianity ) ! proposition3 7#a ,cor4 iii4 #ba2 vi4 #ab74 ,*ri/ianity1 h[ev]1 also recognis$ ! e?ical value & relative :olesom5ess ( a mod]ate asceticism 9 proportion to individual temp]am5t1 ne$s & circum/ances 7,matt4 ix4 #ab2 #a ,cor4 vii4 #e-g71 )\t dem&+ x or reg>d+ x z some?+ m]itori\s4 ,?is evangelical mod]ation we also f9d /ill 9 ! #bnd c5tury1 e4g4 9 ,ignatius4 ,b v soon a gradual exagg]ation becomes app>5t & an ev]-advanc+ ov] e/imation ( asceticism z a high] degree ( morality ) claims to be consid]$ peculi>ly m]itori\s4 ,! negative requirem5ts ( asceticism are direct$ fir/ ( all to frequ5t & rigid fa/s & to celibacy or ab/95ce f m>ital int]c\rse2 its positive requirem5ts1 to ! ex]cise ( ! spiritual life 9 pray] & m$itation4 ,! mo/ ( ! ,ascetics1 too1 9 accordance ) ,luke xviii4 #bd1 volunt>ily dive/$ !mselves ( _! possessions4 ,! numb] ( !m1 m5 & wom51 increas$1 & ev5 9 ! fir/ half ( ! #bnd c5tury1 !y =m$ a di/9ct ord] 9 ! *ur*1 ?\gh !y 7 n yet b\nd to obs]ve ?is mode ( life by any irrevocable v[s4 ,! idea t ! cl]gy 7 9 a special s5se call$ to an ascetic life result$ 9 _! be+ designat$ ! 4 ,ow+ to ! int]pretation giv5 to #a ,tim4 iii4 #b1 second m>riages 7 9 ! #bnd c5tury prohibit$ among ! cl]gy1 & 9 ! #crd c5tury x 0 reg>d$ z improp] = !m aft] ord9ation to cont9ue m>ital int]c\rse4 ,b x 0 fir/ at ! ,c\ncil ( ,elvira1 9 ,a4,d4 #cjf1 t ?is op9ion 0 elevat$ into a law1 ?\gh x c\ld n ev5 !n be rigor\sly en=c$ 7 #de1 #b74--,! immoral practice ( ascetics or cl]ics hav+ ) !m virg9s devot$ to ,god's s]vice z ,sorores1 on ! gr\nd ( #a ,cor4 ix4 #e1 ) :om !y 7 unit$ 9 spiritual love1 9 ord] to %[ _! sup]iority to ! temptations ( ! fle%1 seems to h be5 introduc$ z e>ly z ! #bnd c5tury4 ,9 ! middle ( ! #crd c5tury x 0 already widespread4 ,cyprian repeat$ly inveighs aga9/ x4 ,we le>n f him t ! s-call$ ,sorores slept ) ! ,ascetics 9 "o b$ & surr5d]$ !mselves to ! t5d]e/ c>esses4 ,= pro( ( ! purity ( _! relations !y ref]r$ to ! exam9ations ( midwives4 ,among bi%ops1 ,paul ( ,samosata 9 ,antio* 7 #cc1 #h7 seems to h be5 ! fir/ :o fav\r$ ?is evil cu/om by 8 own example4 ,! popul> wit ( ! ,antio*5es ,antio*eans inv5t$ = ! m ?an d\btful relation%ip ! "n ( ! 1 ,sub9troduct1 ,agapet1 ,extr5e4 ,bi%ops & ,c\ncils s5t =? /rict decrees aga9/ ! practice4--,! mo/ rem>kable among ! celebrat$ ascetics ( ! age 0 ,hi]acas1 :o liv$ at ,leontopolis 9 ,egypt t[>d ! end ( ! #crd & beg9n+ ( ! #d? c5tury & di$ !re :5 n9ety ye>s old4 ,a pupil ( ,orig51 he 0 di/+ui%$ = great le>n+1 fav\r$ ! allegorical int]pretation ( ,scripture1 a spirituali/ic dogmatics & /rict asceticism4 ,besides ?is he 0 a physician1 a/ronom] & writ] ( hymns1 c\ld repeat by he>t almo/ all ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 wrote comm5t>ies 9 ,greek & ,coptic1 & ga!r$ r\nd him a num]\s society ( m5 & wom51 :o accept$ 8 ascetical pr9ciples & het]odox views4 ,f\nd+ ^u ,matt4 xix4 #ab2 #a ,cor4 vii4 & ,heb4 xii4 #ad1 he ma9ta9$ t celibacy 0 ! only p]fectly sure way to bless$ness & comm5d$ ?is doctr9e z ! ess5tial advance f ! ,old ,te/am5t to ! ,new ,te/am5t morality4 ,he ev5 d5i$ salvation to ,*ri/ian *ildr5 dy+ 9 infancy because !y _h n yet f\ght aga9/ s5suality1 ref]r+ to #b ,tim4 ii4 #e4 ,( a s5sible p>adise he w\ld he> no?+1 & j z little ( a bodily resurrection2 = ! "o he int]prets allegorically & ! o!r spiritually4 ,epiphanius1 to :om we owe any precise in=mation t we h ab\t him1 is ! fir/ to assign him & 8 foll[]s a place 9 ! li/ ( h]etics4 #ci4d4 ,paul ( ,!bes4--,! )drawal ( p>ticul> ascetics f ascetical motives into ! wild]ness1 :i* 0 a fav\rite craze = a :ile1 may h be5 sugge/$ by ,old & ,new ,te/am5t examples1 e4g4 #a ,k+s xvii4 #c2 xix4 #d2 ,luke i4 #hj2 iv4 #a2 b x 0 m frequ5tly ! result ( sore p]secution4 ,( a regul> pr(essional in/itution ( an*orets ) life-long v[s !re does n yet appe> any au!ntic trace4 ,accord+ to ,j]ome's ,vita ,pauli mona*i a c]ta9 ,paul ( ,!bes 9 ,egypt1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #bej1 dur+ ! ,decian p]secution1 betook himself1 :5 sixte5 ye>s old1 to ! wild]ness1 & !re =gott5 by all ! _w b daily f$ by a rav5 ) half a loaf 7#a ,k+s xvii4 #d71 he liv$ = n9ety-sev5 ye>s 9 a cave 9 a rock1 until ,/4 ,an?ony 7 #dd1 #a71 direct$ to him by div9e revelation & l$ to him fir/ by a c5taur1 half man1 half horse1 !n by a fawn1 & f9ally by a %e-wolf1 came ^u him happily j :5 ! rav5 _h br\ght him z x nev] did be=e a :ole loaf4 ,he 0 j 9 "t to be an eye-witness1 n inde$ ( 8 dea?1 b r ( 8 subsequ5t asc5sion into heav51 accompani$ by angels1 prophets & apo/les1 & to arrange = ! burial ( 8 mortal rema9s1 = ! reception ( :i* two lions1 utt]+ he>t-break+ groans1 dug a grave ) _! claws4 ,^! lions aft] e>ne/ly seek+ & obta9+ a bless+ f ,/4 ,an?ony1 return$ back to _! lair4--,contempor>ies ( ! au?or1 z inde$ he himself tells1 decl>$ t ! :ole /ory 0 a tissue ( lies4 ,*ur* hi/ory1 h[ev]1 until q rec5tly1 has inv>iably ma9ta9$ t !re mu/ h be5 "s hi/orical f\ndation1 ?\gh x might be v slight1 = su* a sup]/ructure4 ,b see+ t no s+le writ] be=e ,j]ome seems to "k ev5 ! "n ( ,paul ( ,!bes & also t ! ,vita ,antonii ascrib$ to ,a?anasius kn[s no?+ at all ( su* a wond]ful exp$ition ( ! sa9t1 ,we+>t5 7 #dd7 has d5i$ t !re ev] exi/$ su* a man z ?is ,paul1 & has pron\nc$ ! /ory ( ,j]ome to be a monki% ,rob9son ,crusoe1 su* z ! popul> ta/e !n fav\r$1 :i* ! au?or put =? z true hi/ory ad majorem mona*atus gloriam4 ,we may simply apply to ?is book itself :at ,j]ome at a lat] p]iod confess$ ab\t 8 epi/les ( t same date ad ,heliodorum3--s$ 9 illo op]e pio tate tunc lusimus et cel5tibus adhuc ,rhetorum /udiis atque doctr9is qudam s*ola/ico flore dep9ximus4 #ci4e4 ,beg9n+ ( ,v5]ation ( ,m>tyrs4--,9 v e>ly times a m>tyr dea? 0 priz$ z a s9-aton+ ,lavacrum sangu9is1 :i* might ev5 abundantly comp5sate = ! want ( wat] baptism4 ,! day ( ! m>tyr's dea? :i* 0 reg>d$ z ! day ( 8 bir? into a high] life1 1 ,natalitia m>tyrum1 0 celebrat$ at 8 grave by pray]s1 oblations & adm9i/ration ( ! ,"l's ,supp] z a te/imony to ! cont9uance ( t fell[%ip ) !m 9 ! ,"l t _h be5 begun "h bel[4 ,_! bones 7 !re=e ga!r$ ) ! greate/ c>e & solemnly buri$2 s e4g4 ,polyc>p's bones at ,smyrna 7 #bb1 #b71 z 1 s t at ! spot :]e !y 7 laid ! bre?r5 might be able to celebrate 8 1 4 ,( miracles wr\ght by means ( ! relics1 h[ev]1 we z yet f9d no m5tion4 ,! ,graffiti on ! walls ( ! catacombs seem to repres5t ! beg9n+ ( ! invocation ( m>tyrs4 ,9 ^! ! pi\s visitors seek = !mselves & ^? belong+ to !m an int]e/ 9 ! m>tyr's int]cessions4 ,"s ( ^? scribbl+s may belong to ! end ( our p]iod2 at lea/ ! expression 8,otia petite pro10 etc4 9 "o ( !m seem to po9t to a "t :5 !y 7 /ill und]go+ p]secution4 ,! greate/ rev]5ce1 too1 0 %[n to ! ,confessors all ?r\gh _! lives1 & great influ5ce 0 assign$ !m 9 reg>d to all *ur* affairs1 e4g4 9 ! election ( bi%ops1 ! re/oration ( ! fall51 etc4--,cont9uation1 #eg4 #ci4f4 ,sup]/ition4--,j z 9 lat] times e great ,*ri/ian mission>y ent]prise has se5 religi\s ideas transf]r$ f ! old hea!nism into ! "y ,*ri/ianity1 &1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 secretly or op5ly1 acquiesc$ 9 or cont5d$ aga9/1 secur+ = !mselves a foot+1 s also ! ,*ur* ( ! fir/ c5turies did n succe$ 9 keep+ itself free f su* intrusions4 ,a sup]/ition =c+ its entrance 9 ?is way c ei!r be tak5 ov] nude crude 9 its g5u9ely pagan =m &1 9 spite ( its palpable inconsi/5cy ) ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 may nev]!less ass]t itself side by side ) x1 or x may dive/ itself ( t old pagan =m1 & s unobs]v$ & unconte/$ ga9 an entrance ) its n altoge!r ext+ui%$ hea!ni% _s into new ,*ri/ian views & in/itutions & ?us all ! m dang]\sly make its way among !m4 ,x is especially ! magico-!urgical elem5t pres5t 9 all hea!n religions1 :i* ev5 at ?is e>ly p]iod /ole into ! ,*ri/ian life & ! s]vices ( ! *ur* & especially into ! sacram5ts & ?+s p]ta9+ !reto 7 #eh71 :ile x assum$ new =ms 9 ! v5]ation ( m>tyrs & ! wor%ip ( relics4 ,"o c sc>cely inde$ accept z a conv9c+ pro( ( ?is ! /atem5t ( ! ,emp]or ,hadrian 9 8 correspond5ce reg>d+ ! religi\s condition ( ,alex&ria z giv5 by ! hi/orian ,vopiscus3 ,illic qui ,s]pem colunt ,*ri/iani sunt1 et devoti sunt ,s]api qui se ,*ri/i episcopos dicunt2 nemo illic ar*isynagogus ,judorum1 nemo ,sam>ites1 nemo ,*ri/ianorum presbyt] non ma!maticus1 non h>uspex1 non aliptes4 ,?is /atem5t be>s on its face too evid5tly ! "* ( sup]ficial obs]vation1 ( vague he>say & confus$ mass+ toge!r ( sundry reports4 ,:at he says ( ! wor%ip ( ,s]apis1 may h _h "s support f ! conduct ( _m ,*ri/ians 9 ! ascetic ord]1 ! designat+ ( _! presbyt]s alipt may h be5 sugge/$ by ! *rism 9 baptism & ! ano9t+ at ! consecration ( ! cl]gy1 p]haps also 9 ! ano9t+ ( ! sick 7,matt4 vi4 #ac2 ,jas4 v4 #ad72 s too ! *>act]iz+ ( !m z ma!matici may h aris5 f _! det]m9+ ! date ( ,ea/] by means ( a/ronomical obs]vations 7 #cg1 #b2 #ef1 #c71 ?\gh x c\ld n be specially wond]ful if !re actually 7 ,*ri/ian s*ol>s among ! ,alex&rian cl]gy skill$ 9 a/ronomy1 not)/&+ ! frequ5t alliance ( ?is sci5ce ) a/rology4 ,b mu* m significant is ! gross sup]/ition :i* 9 _m ways %[s itself 9 s highly cultur$ a ,*ri/ian z ,julius ,africanus 9 8 ,ce/ 7 #ca1 #h74 ,9 criticis+ x1 h[ev]1 we %\ld be> 9 m9d t ?is book 0 writt5 9 ! age ( ,alex&] ,sev]us1 9 :i*1 on ! "o h&1 a wond]ful mixture ( religion & !urgical sup]/ition _h a wond]ful fasc9ation = m51 :ile on ! ,*ri/ian side ! :irlw9d ( p]secution _h n = a long "t bl[n its purify+ breeze4 ,! catacombs1 too1 af=d "s evid5ces ( a mode ( respect = ! dep>t$ t 0 borr[$ f hea!n practices1 b ^! on ! :ole are wond]fully free f traces ( sup]/ition4 #dj4 ,,! ,,montani/ ,,re=mation4#ajh ,e>ne/ & /rict z ! moral1 religi\s & ascetical requirem5ts ( ! *ur* ( ! #bnd & #crd c5turies g5]ally 7 9 reg>d to ! life & morals ( its memb]s1 & rigidly z ^! pr9ciples 7 c>ri$ out 9 its p5it5tial discipl9e1 !re yet appe>$ ev5 at ?is e>ly date1 9 consequ5ce ( v>i\s in/ances ( ! relaxation ( su* /rictness1 c]ta9 eag] spirits :o clam\r$ = a re/oration or ev5 an int5sification ( ! e>li] rules ( discipl9e4 ,su* a movem5t secur$ = itself a foot+ ab\t ! middle ( ! #bnd c5tury 9 ,montanism1 a gr[? ( ,phrygian soil1 :i* )\t trav]s+ 9 any way ! doctr9e ( ! *ur*1 und]took a ?or\gh re=mation ( ! ecclesia/ical con/itution on ! practical side4 ,montanism1 9 opposition to ! eclecticism ( h]etical ,gno/icism1 %[$ ! attitude ( ,*ri/ianity to hea!nism to be exclusive2 aga9/ ! spiritualiz+ & allegoriz+ t5d5cies ( ! *ur* ,gno/icism x oppos$ ! realism & lit]alism ( ! doctr9es & facts ( ! scripture revelation2 aga9/ :at seem$ ! excessive secul>ization ( ! *ur* x pres5t$ a model ( *ur* discipl9e su* z ! ne>ness ( ! ,"l's com+ dem&$2 aga9/ hi]>*ical t5d5cies t 7 always be+ m & m emphasiz$ x ma9ta9$ ! rights ( ! laity & ! memb]%ip ( ! *ur*2 :ile 9 ord] to secure ! e/abli%m5t ( all ^! re=ms x proclaim$ t a prophetically inspir$ spiritual *ur* _h succe$$ to ,apo/olic ,*ri/ianity4 #dj4a4 ,montanism 9 ,asia ,m9or4--,accord+ to ,epiphanius z e>ly z ,a4,d4 #aef1 accord+ to ,eusebius 9 ,a4,d4 #agb1 accord+ to ,j]ome 9 ,a4,d4 #aga1 a c]ta9 ,montanus appe>$ z a prophet & *ur* re=m] at ,pepuza 9 ,phrygia4 ,he 0 =m]ly a hea!n prie/ & 0 only %ortly be=e kn[n z a ,*ri/ian4 ,he _h visions1 prea*$ :ile unconsci\s 9 ec/asy ( ! imm$iate com+ aga9 ( ,*ri/ 7,p>\sia71 fulm9at$ aga9/ ! advanc+ secul>isation ( ! *ur*1 &1 z ! suppos$ organ ( ! ,p>aclete promis$ by ,*ri/ 7,john xiv4 #af7 pres5t$ 9 _! mo/ vigor\s =m ! *ur*'s dem&s 9 respect ( morals & discipl9e4 ,a c\ple ( excit$ wom5 ,prisca & ,maximilla 7 affect$ by ! same extravagant _s by :i* he 0 animat$1 fell into a somnambuli/ic condition & prophesi$ z he _h done4 ,on ! dea? ( ,maximilla ab\t ,a4,d4 #ahj1 ,montanus & ,prisca hav+ di$ be=e ?is1 ! suppos$ prophetic gift among !m seems to h be5 qu5*$4 ,at lea/ an anonym\s writ] quot$ 9 ,eusebius 7accord+ to ,j]ome x 0 ,rhodon1 #bg1 #ab71 9 8 controv]sial treatise publi%$ ?irte5 ye>s aft]w>ds1 /ates t ! voices ( ! prophets 7 !n sil5t4 ,s inde$ %e h]self _h decl>$3 ' 1 4 ,! ,montani/ prophecies occasion$ a mighty commotion 9 ! :ole *ur* ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,_m e>ne/ ,*ri/ians ?rew !mselves eag]ly into ! movem5t4 ,ev5 among ! bi%ops !y f\nd "h & !re fav\r or else mild criticism1 :ile o!rs combat$ !m passionately1 "s go+ s f> z to reg>d ! prophesy+ wom5 z possess$ ones & call+ exorcism to _! aid4 ,by ! end ( ! ye> #agj sev]al synods1 ! fir/ synods regul>ly conv5$1 _h be5 held aga9/ !m1 ! f9al result ( :i* 0 _! exclusion f ! ca?olic *ur*4 ,montanus n[ organiz$ 8 foll[]s into an indep5d5t community4 ,aft] 8 dea?1 8 mo/ zeal\s foll[]1 ,alcibiades1 und]took its direction4 ,x 0 also n )\t lit]>y def5d]s4 ,!mison1 ,alcibiades' successor1 issu$ 89 imitation ( ! ,apo/le0 7,john87 a 1 & ! utt]ances ( ! prophets 7 collect$ & circulat$ z holy scripture4 ,on ! o!r h& dur+ ?is same ye> #agj !y 7 attack$ by ! em95t apologi/s ,claudius ,apoll9>is & ,miltiades 7 #cf1 #i7 probably also by ,melito4 ,_! radical oppon5ts 7 ! s-call$ ,alogi 7 #cc1 #b74 ,among _! lat] antagoni/s1 :o assum$ m & m a passionately embitt]$ tone1 ! mo/ important accord+ to ,eusebius 7 "o ,apoll9>is1 :om ,t]tullian combats 9 ! ,,vii4 ,bk4 ( 8 "w1 ,de ec/asi1 & ,s]apion4 ,at a ,synod at ,iconium ab\t ! middle ( ! #crd c5tury at :i* also ,firmilian ( ,cs>ea 7 #ce1 #e7 0 pres5t & vot$1 ! baptism ( ! ,montani/s1 al?\gh _! tr9it>ian or?odoxy c\ld n be que/ion$1 0 pron\nc$ to be l h]etical baptism null1 because adm9i/]$ extra ecclesiam1 & a second baptism decl>$ necess>y on admission to ! ,ca?olic *ur*4 ,& al?\gh at ! ,c\ncil ( ,nica 9 ,a4,d4 #cbe & ( ,con/ant9ople 9 ,a4,d4 #cha1 ! validity ( h]etics' baptism 0 admitt$ if giv5 ord]ly 9 ! "n ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity1 ! baptism ( ! ,montani/s 0 exclud$ because x 0 ?\ght t ! ,p>aclete ( ,montanism c\ld n be recognis$ z ! ,holy ,_s ( ! *ur*4--,already 9 ! "t ( ,con/ant9e ! ,great ! ,montani/s 7 spread+ out f ,phrygia ov] all ! neighb\r+ prov9ces1 & 7 call$ f ! place :]e !y orig9at$ & ,pepuziani4 ,! ,emp]or n[ =bade !m hold+ any public assemblies = wor%ip & ord]$ t all places = public s]vice %\ld be tak5 f !m & giv5 ov] to ! ,ca?olic *ur*4 ,f> /rict] laws ?an ev5 ^! 7 en=c$ aga9/ !m by lat] emp]ors d[n to ! #e? c5tury1 e4g4 prohibition ( all ,montani/ writ+s1 deprivation ( almo/ all civil rights1 bani%m5t ( _! cl]gy to ! m9es1 etc4 ,?us !y c\ld only prolong a mis]able exi/5ce 9 secret1 & by ! beg9n+ ( ! six? c5tury e trace ( !m _h disappe>$4 #dj4b4 ,montanism at ,rome4--,! movem5t call$ =? by ,montanism 9 ! ,ea/ spread by & by also into ! ,we/4 ,:5 ! fir/ news rea*$ ,gaul ( ! synodal proce$+s 9 ,asia ,m9or t _h r5t ! *ur*1 ! ,confessors imprison$ at ,lyons & ,vi5ne dur+ ! p]secution ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 ( :om m ?an "o belong$ to a colony t _h emigrat$ f ,phrygia to ,gaul1 7 displeas$1 &1 along ) _! report ( ! p]secution !y _h endur$ 7 #cb1 #h71 address$ a lett] to ^? ( ,asia ,m9or1 n giv5 by ,eusebius1 b reckon$ pi\s & or?odox1 exhort+ to peace & ! pres]vation ( unity4 ,at ! same "t 7,a4,d4 #agg7 !y s5t ! ,presbyt] ,ir5u to ,rome 9 ord] to w9 f ,bi%op ,eleu!rus 7,a4,d4 #agd-ahi71 :o 0 oppos$ to ,montanism1 a mild & pacific s5t5ce4 ,ow+1 h[ev]1 to ! arrival ( ,praxeas1 a ,confessor ( ,asia ,m9or & a bitt] oppon5t ( ,montanism1 a =mal condemnation 0 at la/ obta9$ 7 #cc1 #d74 ,t]tullian relates t ! ,roman bi%op1 at ! in/igation ( ,praxeas1 revok$ ! lett]s ( peace :i* _h be5 already prep>$ 9 opposition to 8 pr$ecessors4 ,x is matt] ( controv]sy :e!r by ?is unnam$ bi%op ,eleu!rus is meant1 :o !n 0 fir/ incl9$ to a peaceable decision by ,ir5u & !reaft] by ! picture ( ,montani/ extravagances giv5 by ,praxeas 0 l$ aga9 to =m ano!r op9ion2 or t x 01 :at seems f ! *ronological ref]5ces mo/ probable1 8 successor ,victor 7,a4,d4 #ahi-aii71 9 :i* case ,eleu!rus is repres5t$ z hav+ h>d5$ himself aga9/ ,montanism 9 spite ( ! entreaties ( ,ir5u1 :ile ,victor 0 ! fir/ :o = a season _h be5 br\ght to ?9k o!rwise4--,yet ev5 aft] _! condemnation a small body ( ,montani/s cont9u$ to exi/ 9 ,rome1 ^: m\?piece dur+ ! "t ( bi%op ,zephyr9us 7,a4,d4 #aii-bag7 0 ,proclus1 :om ! ,roman ,caius 7 #ca1 #g7 oppos$ by ^w & writ+4 #dj4c4 ,montanism 9 ,proconsul> ,africa4--,:5 & h[ ,montanism ga9$ a foot+ 9 ,nor? ,africa is unkn[n1 b v probably x spread ?i!r f ,rome4 ,! movem5t issu+ !refrom fir/ attract$ att5tion :5 ,t]tullian1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #bja or #bjb1 return$ f ,rome to ,c>?age1 & ) ! :ole en]gy ( 8 "* decid$ 9 its fav\r1 & devot$ 8 ri* intellectual gifts to its advocacy4 ,t ! ,montani/ p>ty 9 ,africa at t "t /ill cont9u$ 9 connection ) ! ,ca?olic *ur* is witness$ to by ! ,acts ( ! ,m>tyrs ,p]petua & ,felicitas 7 #cb1 #h71 compos$ "s "t aft] ?is1 :i* be> ^u !m almo/ all ! *>act]i/ic m>ks ( ,montanism1 :ile a vision communicat$ !re %[s t division 0 already ?reat5$4 ,! bi%op & cl]gy toge!r ) ! majority ( ! memb]%ip 7 decid$ oppon5ts ( ! new ec/atic-vision>y prophecy already "u ecclesia/ical ban 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,!y _h n yet1 h[ev]1 come to an op5 brea* ) x1 :i* 0 probably br\ght ab\t 9 ,a4,d4 #bjf :5 quiet _h be5 aga9 re/or$ aft] ! cessation ( ! p]secution begun ab\t ,a4,d4 #bjb by ,septimius ,sev]us4 ,t]tullian _h /ood at ! head ( ! sund]$ p>ty z lead] ( _! sect>ian s]vices1 & def5d$ _! prophesy+s & rigorism 9 num]\s apologetico-polemical writ+s ) excessive bitt]ness & passion1 apply+ !m ) consi/5t /r+5cy to all ! relations ( life1 especially on ! e?ical side4 ,f ! high e/eem 9 :i*1 not)/&+ 8 ,montani/ ecc5tricities1 ,t]tullian's writ+s cont9u$ to be held 9 ,africa1 e4g4 by ,cyprian 7 #ca1 #aa71 & g5]ally ?r\gh\t ! ,we/1 ! t5d5cy def5d$ by him 0 n reg>d$ 9 ! *ur* !re z 9 ! ,ea/ z ?or\ghly h]etical1 b only z a sep>ati/ic ov]/ra9+ ( views all[$ by ! *ur*4 ,?is mild e/imate c\ld all ! easi] w9 fav\r1 s9ce to all appe>ance ! extravagant vision>y prophesy+1 :i* caus$ mo/ (f5ce1 _h be5 9 ^! p>ts v soon ext+ui%$4--,augu/9e reports t a small body ( 8,t]tulliani/s0 cont9u$ 9 ,c>?age d[n to 8 "t 7 #dcj71 & _h by him be5 induc$ to return to ! ,ca?olic *ur*2 & besides ?is1 he also tells u t ,t]tullian _h subsequ5tly sep>at$ himself f ! 8,cataphrygians10 i4e4 f ! communion ( ! ,montani/s ( ,asia ,m9or1 ^: excesses 7 only !n p]haps made kn[n to him4 #dj4d4 ,! ,fundam5tal ,pr9ciple ( ,montanism4--,montanism arose out ( a !ory ( a div9ely educative revelation proce$+ by advanc+ /ages1 n f9d+ its conclusion 9 ,*ri/ & ! ,apo/les1 b 9 ! age ( ! ,p>aclete :i* began ) ,montanus & 9 him rea*$ its highe/ developm5t4 ,! times ( ! law & ! prophets 9 ! ,old ,cov5ant is ! *ildhood ( ! k+dom ( ,god2 9 ! gospel x appe>s 9 its y\?2 & by ! ,montani/ %$d+ =? ( ! ,_s x rea*es ! maturity ( manhood4 ,its absolute p]fection w be atta9$ 9 ! mill5nium introduc$ by ! approa*+ ,p>\sia & ! desc5t ( ! heav5ly ,j]usalem at ,pepuza 7,rev4 xx4 #ba74 ,! ,montani/ prophecy did n enri* or exp& b only ma9ta9$ & e/abli%$ aga9/ ! h]etics1 ! sy/em ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e already exclusively reveal$ 9 ! times ( ,*ri/4 ,montanism reg>d$ z its special task a re=mation ( ,*ri/ian life & ,*ur* discipl9e highly necess>y 9 view ( ! approa*+ ,p>\sia4 ,! defects t _h be5 borne ) dur+ ! e>li] /ages ( revelation 7 to be repair$ or remov$ by ! ,m&ata ( ! ,p>aclete4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! *ief ( ^! prescriptions3 ,second m>riage is adult]y2 ,fa/+ mu/ be practis$ ) great] /rictness2 ,on dies /ationum 7 #cg1 #c7 no?+ %\ld be eat5 until ev5+1 & twice a ye> = a :ole week only wat] & bread 772 ,! excommunicat$ mu/ rema9 _! :ole lifetime 9 /atus pnit5ti2 ,m>tyrdom %\ld be c\rt$1 to )draw 9 any way f p]secution is apo/asy & d5ial ( ! fai?2 ,virg9s %\ld take "p 9 ! wor%ip ( ,god only :5 veil$2 ,wom5 g5]ally mu/ put away all f9]y & ornam5ts2 secul> sci5ce & art1 all worldly enjoym5ts1 ev5 ^? t seem innoc5t1 are only sn>es ( ! devil1 etc4 ,an anti-hi]>*ical t5d5cy e>ly %[$ itself 9 ,montanism f ! circum/ance t x arrogat$ to itself a new & high au?ority to :i* ! hi]>*ical organs ( ! *ur* refus$ to submit !mselves4 ,yet ev5 ,montanism1 aft] repudiat+ x1 = its own self-pres]vation 0 oblig$ to give itself an (ficial congregational organization1 :i*1 accord+ to ,j]ome1 _h z its head a patri>* resid5t at ,pepuza1 &1 accord+ to ,epiphanius1 f\nd+ on ,gal4 iii4 #bh1 gave ev5 wom5 admission into ecclesia/ical (fices4 ,its wor%ip 0 di/+ui%$ only by ! space giv5 to ! prophesy+s ( its prophets & prophetesses4 ,epiphanius notes ?is z a special *>act]i/ic ( ! sect1 t (t5 9 _! assemblies sev5 :ite-rob$ virg9s ) tor*es made _! appe>ance prophesy+2 evid5tly1 z ! numb] sev5 itself %[s1 z repres5tatives ( ! sev5 spirits ( ,god 7,rev4 iv4 #e1 etc471 & n ( ! t5 virg9s :o wait = ! com+ ( ! ,"l4 ,accord+ to ,phila/] !y all[$ ev5 unbaptiz$ p]sons to att5d all _! s]vices & 7 9 ! habit ( baptiz+ ev5 ! dead1 z is else:]e told also ( c]ta9 ,gno/ic sects4 ,epiphanius too speaks ( a ,montani/ p>ty :i* celebrat$ ! ,"l's ,supp] ) bread & *eese1 ,artotyrites1 accord+ to ,augu/9e1 because ! fir/ m5 _h pres5t$ (f]+s ( ! fruits ( ! e>? & %eep4 #dj4e4 ,! ,attitude ( ,montanism t[>d ! ,*ur*4--,! d]ivation ( ,montanism f ,ebionism1 cont5d$ = by ,s*wegl]1 has no?+ 9 its fav\r & mu* aga9/ x4 ,to disprove ?is notion x is en\gh to ref] to ! ,montani/ fundam5tal idea ( a high] /age ( revelation above ,moses & ! prophets z well z above ! ,messiah & ,8 ,apo/les4 ,nei!r c we agree ) ,ne&] 9 reg>d+ ! peculi> "* ( ! ,phrygian p1 z exhibit$ 9 _! extravagant & fanatical wor%ip ( ,cybele1 z af=d+ a />t+ po9t = ! ,montani/ movem5t1 b at mo/ z a pr$isposition :i* r5d]$ ! inhabitants ( ?is prov9ce peculi>ly susceptible 9 pres5ce ( su* a movem5t4 ,! orig9 ( ,montanism is r to be s\ght purely among ! specifically ,ca?olic conditions & conflicts )9 ! *ur* ( ,asia :i* at t "t 0 pre-em95tly gift$ & active4 ,9 reg>d to dogma ,montanism occupi$ precisely ! same gr\nd z ! ,ca?olic *ur*2 ev5 ^u ! tr9it>ian controv]sies ( ! age x took up no sect>ian position b w5t ) ! /ream ( ! g5]al developm5t4 ,n on ! dogmatical b purely on ! practical side1 namely1 on t ( ! ,*ri/ian life & ecclesia/ical con/itution1 discipl9e & morals1 lay ! problems :i* by ! action ( ! ,montani/s 7 br\ght into conflict4 ,b ev5 ^u ?is side ,montanism1 ) all its ecc5tricities1 did n assume ! attitude ( an isolat$ sep>ati/ic sect1 b r z a quick5+ & int5sify+ ( views & pr9ciples :i* f ( old _h obta9$ ! recognition & sanction ( ! *ur*1--views :i* on ! wid] spread ( ,*ri/ianity _h already begun to be 9 e respect ton$ d[n or ev5 oblit]at$1 & j 9 ?is way call$ =? t reaction ( en?usiasm :i* we meet ) 9 ,montanism4 ,f ! ,apo/les' "t ! expectation ( ! e>ly return ( ! ,"l _h /ood 9 ! =egr\nd ( ,*ri/ian fai?1 hope & ye>n+1 & ?is expectation cont9u$ /ill to be he>tily ent]ta9$4 ,nev]!less ! fulfilm5t _h n[ be5 s long delay$ t m5 7 beg9n+ to put ?is com+ into an indef9itely di/ant future 7#b ,pet4 iii4 #d74 ,h5ce x happ5$ t ev5 ! lead]s ( ! *ur*1 9 build+ up its hi]>*ical con/itution & adju/+ x to ! social circum/ances & conditions ( life by :i* !y 7 surr\nd$1 made _! arrangem5ts m & m delib]ately 9 view ( a long] cont9uance ( ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 & ?us ! primitive ,*ri/ian hope ( an e>ly ,p>\sia1 ?\gh n expressly d5i$1 seem$ practically to h be5 set aside4 ,h5ce ! ,montani/ revivali/s proclaim$ ?is hope z mo/ c]ta91 giv+ a gu>antee = x by means ( a new div9e revelation4 ,simil>ly too ! moral1 ascetic & discipl9>y rigorism ( ! ,montani/ prophecy is to be e/imat$ z a vigor\s reaction aga9/ ! mild practice prevail+ 9 ! *ur* ) its t5d5cy to make concessions to human weakness1 9 fav\r ( ! /rict ex]cise ( *ur* discipl9e 9 view ( ! ne>ness ( ! ,p>\sia4 ,montanism c\ld also ju/ify ! reappe>ance ( prophetic gifts among its f\nd]s by ref]r+ to ! hi/orical tradition :i* f ! ,apo/olic ,age 7,acts xi4 #bg f42 xxi4 #i7 pres5t$ to view a s]ies ( fam\s prophets & prophetesses1 end[$ ) ec/atic vision>y p[]s4 ,! exclusion ( ,montanism f ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* c\ld n1 !re=e1 h be5 occasion$ ei!r by its proclaim+ an e>ly ,p>\sia or by its rigorism1 or f9ally1 ev5 by its prophetic claims1 b purely by its doctr9e ( ! ,p>aclete4 ,"u ! pret5ce ( in/itut+ a new & high] /age ( revelation1 x _h really und]tak5 to correct ! moral & religi\s doctr9es ( ,*ri/ & ! ,apo/les z defective & incomplete1 & _h !reby prov$ itself to ! repres5tatives ( ! *ur* to be und\bt$ly a pseudo-prophecy4 ,! spiritual pride ) :i* ! ,montani/s proclaim$ !mselves to be ! privileg$ p ( ! ,holy ,_s1 1 ,spirituales & *>act]iz$ ! ,ca?olics z1 on ! contr>y1 1 ,c>nales1 z also ! assumption t *ose _! own obscure ,pepuza = ! site ( ! heav5ly ,j]usalem1 & ! manifold extravagances committ$ by _! prophets & prophetesses 9 _! ec/atic trances1 mu/ h greatly t5d$ to create an av]sion to e =m ( spirituali/ic manife/ation4 ,! orig9 ( ,montanism1 ! conte/+ ( x & its f9al expulsion1 con/itute inde$ a highly significant crisis 9 ! hi/orical developm5t ( ! *ur*1 condition$ n s mu* by a sep>ati/ic sect>ian t5d5cy1 b r by ! /ruggle ( two t5d5cies exi/+ )9 ! *ur*1 9 :i* ! t5d5cy repres5t$ by ,montanism & hone/ly endeav\r+ ! salvation ( ! *ur*1 w5t "u1 :ile t :i* 0 victori\s w\ld h put an end to all en?usiasm4 ,! expulsion ( ,montanism f ! *ur* contribut$ greatly to free+ ! *ur* f ! reproa* s (t5 advanc$ aga9/ x ( be+ a n>r[ sect1 made its cons5t+ to ! t]ms1 dem&s & conditions ( ev]yday life 9 ! _w easi]1 gave a fre] c\rse & m p[]ful impulse to its developm5t 9 con/itution & wor%ip dep5d5t ^u ^!1 z well z 9 ! fur!r build+ up ( its practical & sci5tific endeav\rs1 & g5]ally advanc$ greatly its expansion & trans=mation f a sect>ian close association into a univ]sal *ur* op5+ itself up m & m to embrace all ! int]e/s ( ! culture ( ! age2--a trans=mation :i* inde$ 9 _m respects involv$ a secul>iz+ ( ! *ur* & imp>t$ to its spiritual functions too mu* ( an (ficial & sup]ficial "*4 #da4 ,,s*ismatic ,,divisions ,,9 ,,! ,,*ur*4 ,ev5 aft] ! ecclesia/ical s5t5ce _h gone =? aga9/ ,montanism1 ! rigori/ic p5it5tial discipl9e 9 a =m m or less sev]e /ill f\nd its repres5tatives )9 ! ,ca?olic *ur*4 ,z comp>$ ) ! advocates ( a mild] proc$ure ^! 7 inde$ g5]ally 9 ! m9ority1 b ?is made !m all ! m zeal\sly cont5d = _! op9ions & endeav\r to secure = !m univ]sal recognition4 ,out ( ! cont5tions occasion$ !reby1 augm5t$ by ! rivalry ( presbyt] & episcopus1 or episcopus & metropolitan1 sev]al ecclesia/ical divisions orig9at$ :i*1 9 spite ( ! press+ ne$ ( ! "t = ecclesia/ical unity1 7 long cont9u$ by ambiti\s *ur*m5 9 ord] to s]ve _! own selfi% ends4 #da4a4 ,! ,s*ism ( ,hippolytus at ,rome ab\t ,a4,d4 #bbj4--,on :at seems to h be5 ! olde/ attempt to =m a sect at ,rome ov] a purely doctr9al "q1 namely t ( ! ,!odotians1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #baj1 see #cc1 #c4--,mu* m s]i\s 0 ! s*ism ( ,hippolytus1 :i* broke out t5 ye>s lat]4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #bag1 aft] an ev5tful & adv5tur\s life1 a fre$man ,calli/us 0 rais$ to ! bi%opric ( ,rome1 b n )\t /rong opposition on ! "p ( ! rigori/s1 at ^: head /ood ! celebrat$ presbyt] ,hippolytus4 ,!y *>g$ ! bi%op ) sc(f+ at all ,*ri/ian e>ne/ness1 conniv+ at ! loos5+ ( all *ur* discipl9e t[>d ! fall5 & s9n]s ( all k9ds1 & d5\nc$ him especially z a support] ( ! ,noetian ,notian h]esy 7 #cc1 #e74 ,!y took great (f5ce also at 8 previ\s life :i* 8 oppon5t ,hippolytus 7,el5*41 ix4 #aa ff47 ?us describes3 ,:5 ! slave ( a ,*ri/ian memb] ( ! imp]ial h\sehold1 ,calli/us ) ! help ( 8 "l e/abli%$ a bank2 he fail$1 took to flight1 0 br\ght back1 sprang into ! sea1 0 tak5 out aga9 & s5t to ! treadmill4 ,at ! int]cession ( ,*ri/ian fri5ds he 0 set free1 b fail+ to satisfy 8 urg5t cr$itors1 he despair+ly s\ght a m>tyr's dea?1 = ?is end wantonly di/urb$ ! ,jewi% wor%ip1 & 0 on t acc\nt sc\rg$ & bani%$ to ! ,s>d9ian m9es4 ,at ! reque/ ( bi%op ,victor ! imp]ial concub9e ,m>cia 7 #bb1 #c7 obta9$ ! fre$om ( ! exil$ ,*ri/ian confessors among :om ,calli/us1 al?\gh 8 "n _h be5 int5tionally omitt$ f ! li/ pres5t$ by ,victor1 0 includ$4 ,aft] ,victor's dea? he worm$ himself into ! fav\r ( 8 weak successor ,zephyr9us1 :o plac$ him at ! head ( 8 cl]gy1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* he 0 able by intrigues & craft to secure = himself ! succession to ! bi%opric4--,an opportunity ( reconciliation 0 fir/ giv51 x w\ld seem1 "u ,pontianus1 ! second successor ( ,calli/us1 by bani%+ ! two rival *iefs to ,s>d9ia4 ,bo? p>ties !n unit$ 9 mak+ a unanim\s *oice 9 ,a4,d4 #bce4aji #da4b4 ,! ,s*ism ( ,felicissimus at ,c>?age 9 ,a4,d4 #bej4--,sev]al presbyt]s 9 ,c>?age 7 dissatisfi$ ) ! *oice ( ,cyprian z bi%op 9 ,a4,d4 #bdh & s\ght to ass]t _! indep5d5ce4 ,at _! head /ood ,novatus4 ,tak+ ! law into _! own h&s !y *ose ,felicissimus1 ! next head ( ! p>ty1 z a deacon4 ,:5 ,cyprian dur+ ! ,decian p]secution )drew = a "t f ,c>?age1 !y *>g$ him ) d]eliction ( duty & fa9t-he>t$ness4 ,cyprian1 h[ev]1 soon return$1 ,a4,d4 #bea1 & n[ !y us$ 8 /rictness t[>d ! ,lapsi z a means ( creat+ a feel+ aga9/ him4 ,he express$ himself v decid$ly z to ! recklessness ) :i* _m confessors gave )\t exam9ation ,libelli pacis to ! fall51 & call$ ^u ^! to commit _! case to a ,synod t %\ld be conv5$ aft] ! p]secution4 ,a *ur* visitation complet$ ! s*ism2 ! discont5t$ presbyt]s )\t m ado receiv$ all ! fall5 &1 not)/&+ t ,cyprian himself on ! return ( p]secution introduc$ a mild] practice1 !y sev]$ !mselves f him "u an opposition bi%op ,=tunatus4 ,only by ! unwe>i$ ex]cise ( wisdom & firmness did ,cyprian succe$ 9 putt+ d[n ! s*ism4#aaj #da4c4 ,! ,s*ism ( ! ,presbyt] ,novatian at ,rome 9 ,a4,d4 #bea4--;,9 ?is case ! rigori/ & presbyt]ial int]e/s co9cide4 ,aft] ! m>tyrdom ( bi%op ,fabian "u ,decian 9 ,a4,d4 #bej1 ! ,roman bi%opric rema9$ vacant = m ?an a ye>4 ,8 successor ,cornelius 7,a4,d4 #bea-bec7 0 an advocate ( ! mild] practice4 ,at ! head ( 8 rigori/ oppon5ts /ood 8 unsuccessful rival1 ,novatian1 a le>n$ b ambiti\s presbyt] 7 #ca1 #ab74 ,mean:ile ,novatus1 excommunicat$ by ,cyprian at ,c>?age1 _h also made 8 way to ,rome4 ,not)/&+ 8 hav+ previ\sly ma9ta9$ contr>y pr9ciples 9 ! matt] ( *ur* discipl9e1 he atta*$ himself to ! p>ty ( ! puri/s & urg$ !m into s*ism4 ,!y n[ *ose ,novatian z bi%op4 ,bo? p>ties s\ght to obta9 ! recognition ( ! mo/ celebrat$ *ur*es4 ,9 do+ s ,cornelius describ$ 8 oppon5t 9 ! mo/ viol5t & bitt] mann] z a m]e intrigu]1 aga9/ ^: reception into ! numb] ( presbyt]s z "o :o _h receiv$ cl9ical baptism 7 #ce1 #c7 & especially z an en]g\m5on "u ! c>e ( ! exorci/s1 he _h already prote/$2 fur!r z hav+ extort$ a %am episcopal consecration f ?ree simple ,italian bi%ops1 aft] he _h atta*$ !m to himself by pret5d+ to be a peacemak]1 !n lock+ !m up & mak+ !m drunk1 etc4 ,cyprian1 z well z ,dionysius ( ,alex&ria1 express$ himself aga9/ ,novatian1 & attack$ ! pr9ciples ( 8 p>ty1 namely1 t ! *ur* has no "r to give assurance ( =giv5ess to ! fall5 or su* z h brok5 _! baptismal v[s by griev\s s9 7al?\gh ! possibility ( f9d+ =giv5ess ?r\gh ! m]cy ( ,god 0 inde$ admitt$71 & t ! *ur* z a communion ( ?or\ghly pure memb]s %\ld nev] endure any impure ones 9 its bosom1 nor receive back any excommunicat$ ones1 ev5 aft] a full ecclesia/ical c\rse ( p5it5ce4 ,! ,novatiani/s _h !re=e call$ !mselves ! 4 ,! moral e>ne/ness ( _! fundam5tal pr9ciples secur$ = !m ev5 f bi%ops ( contr>y views an indulg5t v]dict1 & ,novatiani/ *ur*es sprang up ov] almo/ all ! ,roman empire4 ,! cum5ical ,c\ncil at ,nica 9 ,a4,d4 #cbe ma9ta9$ an attitude t[>d !m ^u ! :ole fri5dly1 & 9 ! ,arian controv]sy 7 #ej7 !y /ood fai?fully side by side ) _! ecclesia/ical oppon5ts 9 ! def5ce ( ,nic5e or?odoxy1 & ) !m suff]$ p]secution f ! ,arians4 ,lat] on1 h[ev]1 ! ,ca?olic *ur* )\t m ado treat$ !m z h]etics4 ,!odosius ! ,great sympa?iz+ ) !m because ( su* unfair treatm5t1 took !m "u 8 protection2 b ,honorius soon aga9 )drew ^! privileges f !m4 ,remnants ( ! p>ty cont9u$ nev]!less to exi/ d[n to ! #f? c5tury4#aaa #da4d4 ,! ,s*ism ( ,meletius 9 ,egypt 9 ,a4,d4 #cjf4--,meletius1 bi%op ( ,lycopolis 9 ! ,!baid1 a repres5tative ( ! rigori/ p>ty1 dur+ ! ,diocletian p]secution claim$ to conf] ord9ations & o!rwise infr+$ ^u ! metropolitan rights ( ,pet]1 bi%op ( ,alex&ria1 a support] ( ! mild] practice :o = ! "t be+ liv$ 9 retirem5t4 ,all w>n+s & admonitions 7 9 va94 ,an ,egyptian ,synod "u ! presid5cy ( ,pet] issu$ a decree ( excommunication & deposition aga9/ him4 ,!n arose ! s*ism1 ,a4,d4 #cjf1 :i* won ! :ole ( ,egypt4 ,! ,g5]al ,synod at ,nica 9 ,a4,d4 #cbe confirm$ ! ,alex&rian bi%op 9 8 rights ( supremacy 7 #df1 #c7 & (f]$ to all ! ,meletian bi%ops an amne/y & confirmation 9 ! succession on ! dea? ( ! ca?olic anti-bi%op ( _! respective dioceses4 ,_m avail$ !mselves ( ?is concession1 b o!rs p]si/$ 9 _! s*ismatical c\rse & f9ally atta*$ !mselves to ! ,arian p>ty 7 #ej1 #b74 ,,second ,,section4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,grco-,roman ,*ur* f ! #d?-#g? c5turies4 ,a4,d4 #cbc-fib4 ,i4 ,,*ur* ,,& ,,/ate4 #db4 ,,! ,,ov]?r[ ,,( ,,paganism ,,9 ,,! ,,roman ,,empire4#aab ,aft] ! ov]?r[ ( ,lic9ius 7 #bb1 #g7 ,con/ant9e id5tifi$ himself unres]v$ly ) ,*ri/ianity1 b accept$ baptism only %ortly be=e 8 dea? 9 ,a4,d4 #ccg4 ,he 0 tol]ant t[>d paganism1 ?\gh enc\rag+ its ab&onm5t 9 all possible ways4 ,8 sons1 h[ev]1 began to put x d[n by viol5ce4 ,julian's %ort reign 0 a hi/orical anomaly :i* only prov$ t paganism did n die a viol5t dea?1 b r gradually succumb$ to a ,m>asmus s5ilis4 ,succe$+ emp]ors rev]t$ to ! policy ( p]secution & ext]m9ation4--,neoplatonism1 not)/&+ ! patronage ( ,julian & ! brilliant reputation ( its lead+ repres5tatives1 c\ld n rea* ! goal arriv$ at1 b f ! e!real heights ( philosophical speculation sank ev] fur!r & fur!r into ! mi/y region ( fanta/ic sup]/ition 7 #bd1 #b74 ,! attempts at reg5]ation made by ! ,hypsi/>ians1 ,euphemites1 ,clicol1 9 :i* paganism /rove aft] a revival by means ( a b>r5 ,jewi% mono!ism or an effete ,sabaism1 prov$ mis]able failures4 ,! lit]>y conflict betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & paganism _h almo/ completely alt]$ its tone4 #db4a4 ,! ,romi% ,leg5d ( ! ,baptism ( ,con/ant9e4--,t ,con/ant9e ! ,great only accept$ baptism %ortly be=e 8 dea? 9 ,nicom$ia1 f ,eusebius1 bi%op ( t place1 & a well-kn[n lead] ( ! ,arian p>ty 7 #ej1 #a1 #b71 is put beyond "q by ! evid5ce ( 8 contempor>y ,eusebius ( ,cs>ea 9 8 ,vita ,con/41 ( ,ambrose1 ( ,j]ome 9 8 ,*ronicle1 etc4 ,ab\t ! end ( ! #e? c5tury1 h[ev]1 a tradition1 connect+ itself ) ! fact t a ,roman bapti/]y bore ! "n ( ,con/ant9e1 ga9$ curr5cy 9 ,rome1 to ! effect t ,con/ant9e _h be5 baptis$ at ?is bapti/]y m ?an tw5ty ye>s be=e 8 dea? by ,pope ,sylve/] 7,a4,d4 #cad-cce74 ,accord+ to ?is purely fabul\s leg5d ,con/ant9e1 :o _h up to t "t be5 a bitt] enemy & p]secutor ( ! ,*ri/ians1 became affect$ ) leprosy1 = ! cure ( :i* he 0 recomm5d$ to ba! 9 a tub fill$ ) ! blood ( an innoc5t *ild4 ,mov$ by ! te>s ( ! "m ! emp]or reject$ ?is means ( cure1 & "u ! direction ( a heav5ly vision appli$ to ! ,pope1 :o by ,*ri/ian baptism deliv]$ him f 8 malady1 :]eupon all ! memb]s ( ! ,roman s5ate /ill hea!ns1 & all ! p 7 /raightway conv]t$ to ,*ri/1 etc4 ,?is leg5d is told 9 ! s-call$ ,decretum ,gelasii 7 #dg1 #bb71 b is fir/ v9dicat$ z hi/orically true 9 ! ,lib] pontificalis 7 #ij1 #f71 & next 9 ,a4,d4 #gbi1 9 ,b$e's ,*ronicle 7 #ij1 #b74 ,9 ! notori\s ,donatio ,con/ant9i 7 #hg1 #d7 x is unhesitat+ly accept$4 ,s9ce !n1 at fir/ ) "s exceptions b soon )\t exceptions1 all *ronicl]s ( ! ,middle ,ages & likewise s9ce ! #i? c5tury ! ,scriptores hi/4 ,byzant41 h adopt$ x4 ,& al?\gh 9 ! #ae? c5tury neas ,sylvius & ,nicolaus ,nicolas ( ,cusa admitt$ t ! leg5d 0 )\t f\ndation1 yet 9 ! #af? c5tury 9 ,b>onius & ,bell>m9e1 & 9 ! #ag? 9 ,s*el/raate1 x f\nd e>ne/ def5d]s4 ,! le>n$ ,fr5* ,b5$ict9es ( ! #ag? c5tury 7 ! fir/ to r5d] x utt]ly incr$ible ev5 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*4#aac #db4b4 ,con/ant9e ! ,great & 8 ,sons4--,con/ant9e's pr(ession ( ,*ri/ianity 0 n :olly ! result ( political craft1 ?\gh 8 use ( ! "n ,pontifex ,maximus & 9 ?is capacity ! cont9u$ ex]cise ( c]ta9 pagan practices1 gave "s col\r to su* an op9ion4 ,outbur/s ( passion1 impulsiv5ess exhibit$ 9 de$s ( viol5ce & cruelty1 z 9 ! ord] = ! execution ( 8 elde/ son ,crispus 9 ,a4,d4 #cbf & 8 second wife ,fau/a1 are met ) ev5 9 8 lat] ye>s4 ,soon aft] receiv+ baptism he di$ )\t hav+ ev] att5d$ a complete div9e s]vice4 ,8 tol]ation ( paganism mu/ be reg>d$ purely z a piece ( /atecraft4 ,he only prohibit$ impure rites & assign$ to ! ,*ri/ians b a few ( ! temples t _h actually be5 9 use4 ,av]sion to ! paganism /ill preval5t among ! pr9cipal families 9 ,rome may p>tly h l$ him to transf] 8 resid5ce to ,byzantium1 s9ce call$ ,con/ant9ople1 9 ,a4,d4 #ccj4 ,8 ?ree sons divid$ ! ,empire among !m4 ,con/antius 7,a4,d4 #ccg-cfa7 reta9$ ! ,ea/1 & became1 aft] ! dea? ( ,con/ant9e ,,ii4 9 ,a4,d4 #cdj & ( ,con/ans 9 ,a4,d4 #cej1 sole rul]4 ,all ! ?ree s\ght to put d[n paganism by =ce4 ,con/antius clos$ ! hea!n temples & =bade all sacrifices on pa9 ( dea?4 ,multitudes ( hea!ns w5t ov] to ,*ri/ianity1 few probably f conviction4 ,among ! nobl] pagans !re 0 ?us awak5$ a /rong av]sion to ,*ri/ianity4 ,patriotism & manly _s came to be id5tifi$ ) ! ma9t5ance ( ! old religion4#aad #db4c4 ,julian ! ,apo/ate 7,a4,d4 #cfa-cfc74--,! sons ( ,con/ant9e ! ,great began _! reign 9 ,a4,d4 #ccg ) ! murd] ( _! male relatives4 ,! bro!rs ,julian & ,gallus1 nephews ( ,con/ant9e1 alone 7 sp>$2 b 9 ,a4,d4 #cde !y 7 bani%$ to a ,cappadocian ca/le :]e ,julian (ficiat$ = a :ile z read] 9 ! village *ur*4 ,hav+ at la/ obta9$ leave to /udy 9 ,nicom$ia1 !n 9 ,ephesus1 & f9ally 9 ,a!ns1 ! *ief repres5tatives ( paganism fo/]$ 9 him ! conviction t he 0 specially rais$ up by ! gods to re/ore aga9 ! old religion ( 8 fa!rs4 ,z e>ly z ,a4,d4 #cea 9 ,nicom$ia he =mally ?\gh /ill secretly return$ to paganism1 & at ,a!ns 9 ,a4,d4 #cee he took "p 9 ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies4 ,soon !reaft] ,con/antius1 h>ass$ by =eign w>s1 assign$ to him ! comm& ( ! army aga9/ ! ,g]mans4 ,by affability1 p]sonal c\rage & high milit>y tal5t1 he soon won to himself ! en?usia/ic atta*m5t ( ! soldi]s4 ,con/antius ?\ght to weak5 ! evid5t p[] ( 8 c\s9 :i* seem$ to ?reat5 8 au?ority1 by recall+ ! be/ ( ! legions1 b ! legions refus$ ob$i5ce & proclaim$ ,julian emp]or4 ,!n ! emp]or refus$ to ratify ! election & treat$ ,julian himself z a rebel4 ,! latt] advanc$ at ! head ( 8 army by =c$ m>*es ^u ! capital1 b ere he rea*$ ! city1 he receiv$ ! tid+s ( ! oppos+ emp]or's dea?4 ,ackn[l$g$ n[ z emp]or ?r\gh\t ! :ole empire )\t any opposition1 ,julian proce$$ ) zeal1 en?usiasm & vig\r to accompli% 8 long-*]i%$ wi%1 ! re/or+ ( ! glory ( ! old national religion4 ,he us$ no viol5t measures = ! subv]sion & ov]?r[ ( ,*ri/ianity1 nor did he puni% ,*ri/ian ob/9acy ) dea?1 except :]e x seem$ to him ! ma9t5ance ( 8 supremacy requir$ x4 ,b he dem&$ t temples :i* _h be5 conv]t$ into *ur*es %\ld be re/or$ to ! hea!n wor%ip1 ^? de/roy$ %\ld be re/or$ at ! co/ ( ! *ur* ex*equ] & ! money = ! /ate t _h be5 appli$ to ecclesia/ical purposes _h to be repaid4 ,he scornfully ref]r$ ! cl]gy ?us robb$ ( _! rev5ues to ! bless$ness ( evangelical pov]ty4 ,he also fom5t$ z mu* z possible diss5sion 9 ! *ur*1 fav\r$ all sect>ies & h]etics1 exclud$ ,*ri/ians f all ! high]1 & aft]w>ds f all ! l[]1 civil & milit>y (fices1 & load$ !m on e occasion ) reproa* & %ame1 & by ^! means he actually induc$ _m to apo/atise4 ,9 ord] to discr$it ,*ri/'s prophecy 9 ,matt4 xxiv4 #b1 he resolv$ on ! re/oration ( ! ,jewi% temple at ,j]usalem1 b aft] hav+ be5 begun x 0 de/roy$ by an e>?quake4 ,he exclud$ all ,*ri/ian tea*]s f ! public s*ools1 & also =bade !m 9 _! own s*ools f expla9+ ! classical writ]s :o 7 object$ to & conte/$ by !m only z godless2 s t ,*ri/ian boys & y\?s c\ld obta9 a high] classical education only 9 ! pagan s*ools4 ,by petty artifices he endeav\r$ to get ,*ri/ian soldi]s to take "p1 if only ev5 seem+ly1 9 ! hea!n sacrifices4 ,inde$ at a lat] p]iod 9 ,antio* he 0 n a%am$ to /oop to ! mean artifice ( ,gal]ian 7 #bb1 #f7 ( spr9kl+ ) sacrificial wat] ! necess>ies ( life expos$ 9 ! public m>ket1 etc4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he /rove 9 e way to elevate & ennoble paganism4 ,f ,*ri/ianity he borr[$ ,b5evol5t ,in/itutions1 ,*ur* ,discipl9e1 ,prea*+1 ,public ,s]vice ( ,song1 etc42 he gave _m di/9ctions to ! hea!n prie/hood1 b requir$ ( !m a /rict discipl9e4 ,he himself sacrific$ & prea*$ z ,pontifex ,maximus1 & l$ a /rictly ascetic1 almo/ a cynically simple life4 ,! ineffectiv5ess ( 8 attempts & ! d>+1 (t5 ev5 contemptu\s1 resi/ance ( _m ,*ri/ian zealots embitt]$ him m & m1 s t !re 0 n[ dang] ( bloody p]secution :51 aft] a reign ( tw5ty mon?s1 he 0 kill$ f a javel9 bl[ 9 a battle aga9/ ! ,p]sians 9 ,a4,d4 #cfc4 ,%ortly be=e 9 answ] to ! scornful "q ( a hea!n1 8,:at is y\r ,c>p5t]'s ,son do+ n[80 x _h be5 answ]$1 8,he is mak+ a c(f9 = y\r emp]or40 ,at a lat] p]iod ! /ory became curr5t t ,julian himself1 :5 he receiv$ ! deadly /roke1 exclaim$1 ,t&em vici/i ,galile6 ,8 milit>y tal5ts & milit>y virtues _h %$ a glory ar\nd ! ?rone ( ! ,cs>s su* z x _h n kn[n s9ce ! days ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 & yet 8 :ole life's /ruggle 0 & rema9$ utt]ly fruitless & va94#aae #db4d4 ,! ,lat] ,emp]ors4--,aft] ,julian's dea?1 ,jovian1 & !n on 8 dea? 9 ,a4,d4 #cfd1 ,val5t9ian ,i4 7 #cge71 7 *os5 emp]ors by ! army4 ,! latt] resign$ to 8 bro!r ,val5s ! empire ( ! ,ea/ 7,a4,d4 #cfd-cgh74 ,8 son & successor ,gratian 7,a4,d4 #cge-chc7 at ! wi% ( ! army adopt$ 8 elde/ half-bro!r ( f\r ye>s old1 ,val5t9ian ,,ii41 z colleague 9 ! empire ( ! ,we/1 & ^u ! dea? ( ,val5s resign$ ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,we/ to ! ,spani>d ,!odosius ,i41 or ! ,great 7,a4,d4 #cgi-cie71 :o1 aft] ! assass9ation ( ,val5t9ian ,,ii4 9 ,a4,d4 #cib1 became sole rul]4 ,aft] 8 dea? 8 sons aga9 divid$ ! empire among !m3 ,honorius 7 #dbc7 took ! ,we/1 ,arcadius 7 #djh7 ! ,ea/1 & n[ ! p>tition$ empire cont9u$ 9 ?is condition until ! incursions ( ! b>b>ians _h brok5 up ! :ole ,we/ ,roman division 7,a4,d4 #dgf74 ,belis>ius & ,n>ses1 ! victori\s g5]als ( ,ju/9ian ,i41 7 ! fir/ to succe$1 betwe5 ,a4,d4 #ecc-eec1 9 conqu]+ aga9 ,nor? ,africa & all ,italy along ) its isl&s4 ,b 9 ,italy ! ,byzant9e empire f ,a4,d4 #efi 0 r$uc$ 9 size f "t to "t by ! ,longob>ds1 & 9 ,africa f ,a4,d4 #ffe by ! ,s>ac5s1 :ile ev5 e>li]1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #fcc1 ! ,s>ac5s _h secur$ to !mselves ,syria1 ,pale/9e1 & ,egypt4--,julian's imm$iate successors tol]at$ paganism = a "t4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 a v tempor>y respite4 ,no soon] _h ,!odosius ,i4 quiet$ 9 "s measure political disord]s1 ?an he proce$$ 9 ,a4,d4 #chb to accompli% ! utt] ov]?r[ ( paganism4 ,! populace & ! monks comb9$ 9 de/roy+ ! temples4 ,! rhetorician ,libanius 7 #cie7 !n address$ 8 celebrat$ disc\rse to ! emp]or2 b ! rema9+ temples 7 clos$ & ! p 7 prohibit$ f visit+ !m4 ,9 ,alex&ria1 "u ! p[]ful bi%op ,!ophilus1 !re 7 bloody conflicts1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! ,*ri/ians de/roy$ ! beautiful ,s]apeion 9 ,a4,d4 #cia4 ,9 va9 did ! pagans look = ! fall+ d[n ( ! heav5s & ! de/ruction ( ! e>?2 ev5 ! ,nile w\ld n once by caus+ blight & b>r5ness take v5geance on ! impi\s4 ,9 ! ,we/1 ,gratian 0 ! fir/ ( ! emp]ors :o decl9$ ! rank ( pontifex maximus2 he also depriv$ ! hea!n prie/s ( _! privileges1 remov$ ! f\ndations ( ! temple ( ,fiscus1 & comm&$ t ! alt> ( ,victory %\ld be tak5 away f ! hall ( ! ,s5ate 9 ,rome4 ,9 va9 did ,symma*us1 prfectus urbi1 entreat = its re/oration1 if n 8num9is0 yet 8nom9is causa40 ,val5t9ian ,,ii41 urg$ on by ,ambrose1 s5t back f\r times unhe>d ! deputation t came ab\t ?is matt]4 ,s soon z ,!odosius ,i4 became sole rul] ! edicts 7 made m sev]e4 ,on 8 entrance into ,rome 9 ,a4,d4 #cid he address$ to ! ,roman ,s5ate a sev]e lecture & call$ !m to rep5tance4 ,8 sons1 ,honorius 9 ! ,we/ & ,arcadius 9 ! ,ea/1 foll[$ ! example ( _! fa!r4 ,"u ! successor ( ! latt]1 ,!odosius ,,ii4 7,a4,d4 #djh-dej71 monks ) imp]ial au?ority = ! suppression ( hea!nism trav]s$ ! prov9ces1 & 9 ,a4,d4 #ddh1 9 common ) ,val5t9ian ,,iii4 7,a4,d4 #dbe-dee71 ! we/]n emp]or1 he issu$ an edict :i* /rictly enjo9$ ! burn+ ( all pagan polemical writ+s aga9/ ,*ri/ianity1 especially ^? ( ,porphyry 8! crack-bra9$10 :]ev] !y might be f\nd4 ,?is p]iod is also m>k$ by de$s ( bloody viol5ce4 ,! mo/ horrible ( ^! 0 ! murd] ( ! noble pagan philosoph] ,hypatia1 ! le>n$ daught] ( ,!on ! ma!matician1 at ,alex&ria 9 ,a4,d4 #dae4 ,(ficially paganism may be reg>d$ z no long] exi/5t4 ,br&$ long ev5 be=e ?is z ! religion ( ! peasants 7su* is ! d]ivation ( ! ^w paganism71 x 0 n[ almo/ :olly conf9$ to remote rural di/ricts4 ,its late/ & solit>y /ronghold 0 ! ,univ]sity ( ,a!ns rais$ to ! summit ( its fame "u ,proclus 7 #bd1 #b74 ,ju/9ian ,i4 7,a4,d4 #ebg-efe7 decre$ ! suppression ( ?is s*ool 9 ,a4,d4 #ebi4 ,its tea*]s fl$ into ,p]sia1 & !re laid ! fir/ f\ndations ( ! lat] lit]>y p]iod ( ,islam "u ! rul+ family ( ! ,abassid at ,bagdad 7 #fe1 #b74 ,?is 0 ! dea? h\r ( hea!nism 9 ! ,roman empire4 ,! ,ma9ott 9 ! m\nta9s ( ! ,peloponnesus /ill ma9ta9$ _! political indep5d5ce & ! hea!n religion ( _! fa!rs d[n to ! #i? c5tury4 ,9 ! ,italian isl&s1 too1 ( ,s>d9ia1 ,corsica1 & ,sicily1 !re 7 /ill _m hea!ns ev5 9 ! "t ( ,gregory ! ,great 7 #fjd74aaf #db4e4 ,hea!n ,polemics & ,apologetics4--,julian's controv]sial treatise 1 9 #c bks4 accord+ to ,cyril1 9 #g bks4 accord+ to ,j]ome1 is kn[n only f ! reply ( ,cyril ( ,alex&ria 7 #dg1 #f7 :i* foll[s x section by section1 ! re/ ( ! answ]s to x hav+ be5 entirely lo/4 ,( ,cyril's book only ! fir/ t5 h come d[n to u 9 a complete /ate1 & f ^! we are able almo/ :olly to re/ore ! fir/ book ( ,julian's treatise4 ,only fragm5ts ( ! second decade ( ,cyril's "w are extant1 & n ev5 s mu* ( ! ?ird1 s t ( ,julian's ?ird book we may be said to "k no?+4#aag ,julian repres5t$ ,*ri/ianity z a det]iorat$ ,judaism1 b ,*ri/olatry & ! wor%ip ( m>tyrs z lat] falsifications ( ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/4--,! lat] advocates ( hea!nism1 ,libanius & ,symma*us1 7 cont5t ) claim+ tol]ation & religi\s fre$om4 ,b :5 f ! #e? c5tury1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! b>b>ians1 signs ( ! spe$y ov]?r[ ( ! ,roman empire multipli$1 ! hea!n polemics assum$ a bold] attitude1 decl>+ t ?is 0 ! puni%m5t ( heav5 = ! contempt ( ! old national religion1 "u :i* ! empire _h fl\ri%$4 ,su* is ! /&po9t especially ( ! hi/orians ,eunapius & ,zosimus4 ,b hi/ory itself refut$ !m m successfully ?an ! ,*ri/ian apologi/s2 = ev5 ^! b>b>\s peoples pass$ ov] 9 due c\rse to ,*ri/ianity1 & vi$ ) ! ,roman emp]ors 9 _! endeav\rs to extirpate hea!nism4 ,9 ! #e? c5tury1 ! celebrat$ ,neo-,platoni/ ,proclus wrote 8eighte5 argum5ts 77 aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians0 9 v9dication ( ! ,platonic doctr9e ( ! et]nity ( ! _w & 9 refutation ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( creation4 ,! ,*ri/ian gramm>ian ,john ,philoponus 7 #dg1 #aa7 answ]$ !m 9 an exhau/ive & elaborate treatise1 :i* aga9 0 repli$ to by ! philosoph] ,simplicius1 "o ( ! be/ tea*]s 9 ! pagan ,univ]sity ( ,a!ns4--,! dialogue ,philopatris1 8! ,patriot10 includ$ among ! works ( ,lucian ( ,samosata1 b c]ta9ly n compos$ by him1 is a feeble imitation ( ! fam\s sc(f]1 9 :i* ! writ] decl>es t he c no long] fitly swe> at ! ,olympic gods ) _! _m unsav\ry loves & objectionable do+s1 & ) a satirical ref]5ce to ,acts xvii4 #bc recomm5ds = ?is purpose 8! unkn[n ,god at ,a!ns10 :om he fur!r scurril\sly *>act]izes z 1 1 7 #ej1 #a1 #g74 ,f9ally he tells ( "s closely %av5 m5 7 #de1 #a7 :o 7 treat$ z li>s1 because1 hav+ 9 consequ5ce ( a t5 days' fa/ & s++ _h a vision =ebod+ ill to _! fa!rl&1 _! prophecy 0 utt]ly discr$it$ by ! arrival ( an acc\nt ( ! emp]or's successes 9 ! w> aga9/ ! ,p]sians4 ,! impud5ce ) :i* ! or?odox ,*ri/ianity & ! ,nic5e or?odox =mula are sne]$ at1 z well z ! allusions to ! spread ( mona/icism & a victori\s w> aga9/ ! ,p]sians1 fix ! date ( ! dialogue 9 ! reign ( ,julian1 or r1 s9ce ! writ] w\ld sc>cely h _h ,julian's approval 9 8 sc(f+ at ! gods ( ,olympus1 9 ! "t ( ! ,arian ,val5s 7 #ej1 #d74 ,b s9ce ! ov]?r[ ( ,egypt & ,crete is spok5 ( 9 ?is treatise1 ,niebuhr has put its date d[n to ! "t ( ! ,emp]or ,nicephoras ,phocas 7,a4,d4 #ifc-ifi71 und]/&+ by ,p]sians ! ,s>ac5s & by ,scy?ians ! ,bulg>ians4 #db4f4 ,! religion ( ! ,hypsi/>ians 9 ,cappadocia 01 accord+ to ,gregory ,nazianz51 ^: fa!r _h belong$ to ! sect1 a bl5d+ ( ,greek paganism ) bald ,jewi% mono!ism1 toge!r ) ! ori5tal wor%ip ( fire & ! heav5ly bodies1 ) express opposition to ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! tr9ity4 ,( a simil> nature 7 ! vag>ies ( ! ,euphemites1 8,praise s+]s10 9 ,asia1 :o 7 also call$ ,messalians1 8,petition]s10 or ,eu*ites1 & 9 ,africa bore ! "n ( ,clicol4 #dc4 ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,empire ,,& ,,! ,,ecclesia/ical ,,law4 ,z 9 e>li] times ! supreme direction ( all religi\s matt]s belong$ to ! ,roman ,emp]or z ,pontifex ,maximus1 s n[ t ,*ri/ianity _h become ! /ate religion he claim$ = himself ! same position 9 relation to ! *ur*4 ,ev5 ,con/ant9e ! ,great reg>d$ himself z 1 & all 8 successors ex]cis$ ! ,jus circa sacra z _! unque/ion$ "r4 ,only ! ,donati/s 7 #fc1 #a7 d5i$ to ! /ate all & any "r ov] ! *ur*4 ,!re 0 no cle> consci\sness ( ! limits ( ?is jurisdiction1 b ?is at lea/ 9 !ory 0 firmly ma9ta9$1 t 9 all ecclesia/ical matt]s1 9 wor%ip1 discipl9e & doctr9e1 ! emp]ors 7 n ( !mselves entitl$ to issue conclusive decisions4 ,= ?is purpose !y call$ cum5ical ,synods1 ! decrees ( :i* _h legal validity ?r\gh\t ! empire :5 ratifi$ by ! emp]or4 ,b ! m ! ,byzant9e empire deg5]at$ & became a c5tre ( intrigues1 ! m hurtful did contact ) ! c\rt become1 & m ?an once ! mo/ gl>+ h]esy = a "t prevail$ by means ( p]sonal passion1 unwor?y tricks & op5 viol5ce1 until at la/ or?odoxy aga9 secur$ ! asc5d5cy4--,f ! ord9ances issu$ by ! recognis$ ecclesia/ical & civil au?orities ^u ecclesia/ical rights1 duties & conditions1 z well z f ! pseudo-epigraphic apo/olic writ+s already be+ secretly introduc$ 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 !re sprang up dur+ ?is p]iod a ri* & v>i$ lit]ature on canon law4 #dc4a4 ,! ,jus circa sacra gave to ! ,emp]ors ! "r ( legally det]m9+ all ! relations betwe5 *ur* & /ate1 b assign$ to !m also ! duty ( c>+ = ! pres]vation or re/oration ( peace & ( unity 9 ! *ur*1 gu>d+ or?odoxy ) a /rong arm1 look+ aft] ! int]e/s ( ! *ur* & ! cl]gy1 & ma9ta9+ ! au?ority ( ecclesia/ical law4 ,ev5 ,con/ant9e ! ,great exclud$ all h]etics f ! privileges :i* he accord$ to ! *ur*1 & reg>d$ x z a duty =cibly to prev5t _! spread4 ,! de/ruction or clos+ ( _! *ur*es1 prohibition ( public meet+s1 bani%m5t ( _! lead]s1 aft]w>ds seizure ( _! possessions1 7 ! puni%m5ts :i* ! /ate inv>iably us$ = _! de/ruction4 ,! fir/ dea? s5t5ce on a h]etic 0 issu$ & execut$ s e>ly z ,a4,d4 #che by ! usurp] ,maximus 7 #ed1 #b71 b ?is example 0 n imitat$ dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,con/ans ,,ii4 9 ,a4,d4 #fed gave ! fir/ example ( sc\rg+ to ! effusion ( blood & b>b>\s mutilation ^u a p]si/5t oppon5t ( 8 union sy/em ( doctr9e 7 #eb1 #h74 ,! fa!rs ( ! #d? c5tury 7 decid$ly oppos$ to all compulsion 9 matt]s ( fai? 7comp4 h[ev] #fc1 #a74 ,! "r ( det]m9+ by imp]ial edict :at 0 to be believ$ & taught 9 ! empire 0 fir/ ass]t$ by ! usurp] ,basilicus 9 ,a4,d4 #dgf 7 #eb1 #e74 ,! lat] emp]ors foll[$ ?is example2 mo/ decid$ly ,ju/9ian ,i4 7 #eb1 #f7 & ! c\rt !ologians ju/ifi$ su* assumptions f ! emp]or's sac]dotal rank1 :i* 0 ! antitype ( t ( ,mel*iz$ec ,mel*is$ec4 ,! emp]or ex]cis$ a direct influ5ce ^u ! *oice ( bi%ops especially 9 ! capital cities2 at a lat] p]iod ! emp]or q arbitr>ily appo9t$ ^! & set !m aside4 ,! *ur*'s p[] to af=d protection secur$ = x g5]ally a multitude ( outw>d privileges & advantages4 ,! /ate und]took ! support ( ! *ur* p>tly by ri* gifts & end[m5ts f /ate funds1 p>tly by ! mak+ ov] ( temples & _! rev5ues to ! *ur*1 & ,con/ant9e conf]r$ ^u ! *ur* ! "r ( receiv+ beque/s ( all k9ds4 ,! *ur*es & _! (fic]s 7 expressly exempt$ f all public burd5s4 ,! di/9ct judicial au?ority ( ! bi%ops recognis$ ( old 0 =mally legitimiz$ by ,con/ant9e "u ! "n ( ,aud5tia episcopalis4 ,! cl]gy !mselves 7 exempt$ f ! jurisdiction ( civil tribunals & 7 made subject to an ecclesia/ical c\rt4 ,! "r ( asylum 0 tak5 f ! hea!n temples & conf]r$ ^u ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es4 ,) ?is 0 connect$ also ! "r ( episcopal int]cession or ( int]f]5ce ) reg>d to decisions already come to by ! civil c\rts :i* 7 ?us 9 "s measure subject to cl]ical control4 #dc4b4 ,! ,in/itution ( cum5ical ,synods4--,! 1 ,concilia univ]salia s4 g5]alia1 owe _! orig9 to ,con/ant9e ! ,great 7 #ej1 #a74 ,! call+ ( c\ncils 0 an unque/ion$ "r ( ! cr[n4 ,a prelate *os5 by ! emp]or or ! c\ncil presid$2 ! pres5ce ( ! imp]ial commission]1 :o op5$ ! ,synod by read+ ! imp]ial edict1 0 a gu>antee = ! pres]vation ( ! rights ( ! /ate4 ,! treasury bore ! exp5se ( bo>d & travell+4 ,! decisions g5]ally 7 call$ 1 ,def9itiones2 if !y 7 resolutions reg>d+ matt]s ( fai?1 2 if 9 ! =m ( a confession1 2 if !y bore ^u ! con/itution1 wor%ip & discipl9e1 4 ,on doctr9al que/ions !re _h to be unanimity2 on con/itutional que/ions a majority suffic$4 ,only ! bi%ops _h ! "r ( vot+1 b !y all[$ !mselves to be influ5c$ by ! views ( ! subord9ate cl]gy4 ,z a sort ( sub/itute = ! cum5ical c\ncils :i* c\ld n be sudd5ly or easily conv5$ we h ! at ,con/ant9ople1 :i* 7 compos$ ( all ! bi%ops :o might at ! "t be pres5t 9 ! di/rict4 ,at ,alex&ria1 too1 ^! endemic ,synods 7 held4 ,! ,prov9cial ,synods 7 conv5$ twice a ye> "u ! presid5cy ( ! metropolitan2 z c\rts ( high] in/ances we h ! ,patri>*al or ,diocesan ,synods 7comp4 #df1 #a74aah #dc4c4 ,canonical ,ord9ances4--,z canonical decrees ackn[l$g$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! ,ca?olic national *ur* or at lea/ ?r\gh\t ! m important ecclesia/ical di/ricts ! foll[+ may be nam$4 #a4 ,! ,canons ( ! cum5ical ,c\ncils4 #b4 ,! ,decrees ( sev]al important ,p>ticul> ,synods4 #c4 ,! ,epi/ol canonic ( di/+ui%$ bi%ops1 especially ^? ( ! ,s$es apo/olic1 #cd1 preem95tly ( ,rome & ,alex&ria1 p]ta9+ to que/ions :i* h _h a det]m9+ influ5ce on *ur* practice1 :i* 7 at a lat] "t call$ at ,rome ,epi/t4 decretales4 #d4 ,! canonical laws ( ! emp]ors1 7,codex ,!odosianus 9 ,a4,d4 #ddj1 ,codex ,ju/9ianu 9 ,a4,d4 #ecd1 ,novell ,ju/9iani74 ,! fir/ sy/ematically arrang$ collection ( ! ,greek *ur* kn[n to u 0 made by ,johannes ,s*ola/icus1 !n presbyt] at ,antio*1 aft]w>ds ,patri>* at ,con/ant9ople 7 #egh74 ,a second collection1 also ascrib$ to him1 to :i* 7 add$ ! canonical ( ,ju/9ian1 receiv$ ! "n ( ! ,nomocanon4 ,9 ! ,we/ all e>li] collections 7 put out ( sight by ! ,codex canonum ( ! ,roman abbot ,dionysius ! ,little 7 #dg1 #bc71 to :i* 7 also add$ ! extant ,decretal ,epi/les ab\t ,a4,d4 #ebj4 #dc4d4 ,pseudepigraphic ,*ur* ,ord9ances4--,ev5 s e>ly z ! #bnd & #crd c5turies !re sprang up no inconsid]able numb] ( writ+s ^u *ur* law1 ) directions ab\t e?ical1 liturgical & con/itutional matt]s = ! in/ruction ( ! *ur* memb]s z well z ! cl]gy1 ! moral precepts ( :i* are ( importance 9 *ur* proc$ure z af=d+ a /&>d = discipl9e4 ,! olde/ probably ( ^! has lately be5 made aga9 accessible to u 9 ! ,tea*+ ( ! ,,xii4 ,apo/les1 ! ,dida*e 7 #cj1 #g74 ,x designates its cont5ts1 ev5 :]e ^! are tak5 n f ! ,old ,te/am5t or ! 8,gospel10 b f ! s-call$ *ur* practice1 z apo/olic1 ) ! hone/ conviction t by means ( oral apo/olic tradition x may be trac$ back to ! imm$iate appo9tm5t ( ! ,"l1 )\t1 h[ev]1 pseudepigraphically claim+ to h be5 writt5 by ! ,apo/les4 ,_m treatises ( ! imm$iately foll[+ p]iod1 no long] kn[n to u or kn[n only by fragm5ts1 occupi$ ! same /&po9t4 ,b ev5 s e>ly z ! end ( ! #crd c5tury pseudepigraphic apo/olic fiction makes its appe>ance 9 ! s-call$ ,apo/olic ,didascalia1 & "s sixty ye>s lat]1 x rea*$ its climax 9 ! eight bks4 ( ! s-call$ ,con/itutiones ,apo/olic1 4 4 ,! fir/ six bks4 correspond to ! previ\sly nam$ ,didascalia exp&$ & v>i\sly alt]$4#aai ,x assumes ! =m ( a prolix epi/ol>y disc\rse ( ! ,apo/le1 communicat$ ?r\gh ,clem5t ( ,rome1 ab\t ev]y?+ p]ta9+ to ! ,*ri/ian life1 ! ,ca?olic sy/em ( doctr9e1 liturgical practice & hi]>*ical con/itution :i* may be necess>y & useful = ! laity z well z ! cl]gy to "k1 ) ! exclusion1 h[ev]1 ( ev]y?+ :i* belong$ to ! dep>tm5t ( :at 0 !n reg>d$ z ! ,discipl9a arcani 7 #cf1 #d74 ,( old] writ+s1 s f> z kn[n1 ^? pr9cipally us$ are ! sev5 ,ignatian ,epi/les 7 #cj1 #e74 ,x is po/-,novatiani/ 7 #da1 #c7 & belongs to a "t pre-,con/ant9e b free f p]secution 7 #bb1 #f71 & may !re=e be plac$ some:]e betwe5 ,a4,d4 #bfj & ,a4,d4 #cjb4 ,x 0 writt5 probably 9 ,syria4--,:ile ! fir/ six bks4 ( ! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions may be comp>$ to ! ,syrian rec5sion z a contempor>y r5dition ( ! ,didascalia1 ! sev5? book f an exam9ation ( ! ,dida*e seems a r5dition ( t little "w1 9 :i* ! assumption ( apo/olic au?or%ip is made1 & f :i* ev]y?+ (f5sive to ! =g] & 8 age is cut out1 ! old text be+ o!rwise lit]ally reproduc$1 :ile into x is clev]ly smuggl$ f 8 own res\rces :atev] w\ld contribute to ! support ( 8 own peculi> views z well z ! prevail+ practice ( ! *ur*4 ,! ,eusebian symbol1 :i* is giv5 9 ! #da/ *ap41 is an anti-,nic5e1 anti-,m>celliani/1 ,arianiz+ =mula1 fix+ ! date ( ! =g]y at ! p]iod ( ! ,arian controv]sy1 some:]e betwe5 ,a4,d4 #cdj & ,a4,d4 #cej 7 #ej1 #b74--,! eigh? book is 9 great "p an unmi/akeable =g]y compil$ f old] s\rces belong+ to ! #crd c5tury1 "s ( :i* are /ill to be f\nd1 & =ms a h&book = ! dis*>ge ( cl]ical1 especially episcopal1 duties 9 ! conduct+ ( wor%ip & o!r cl]ical functions1 e4g4 ord9ation1 baptism1 etc41 toge!r ) ! relative liturgical =mul>ies1 drawn up 9 a ?or\ghly legal-l /yle1 9 :i* ! ,apo/les "o by "o give _! contribution ) ! =mula 4 ,! composition is probably ante-,nic5e1 b ! date ( its incorporation ) ! o!r sev5 books is unc]ta94--,9 mo/1 ?\gh n 9 all1 ,,mss4 ! ,canones ,apo/olorum1 sometimes #ej1 sometimes #he1 9 numb]1 are app5d$ to ! eigh? book z its la/ *apt]4 ,_! /&po9t is t common to ! canons ( ! e>ly c\ncils f :i* !y are *iefly borr[$4 ,9 respect ( cont5ts !y treat ma9ly ( ! moral behavi\r & (ficial functions ( ! cl]gy4 ,! #he? conta9s a ,scripture canon ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 includ+ ! two ,epp4 ( ! ,roman ,clem5t 7 #cj1 #c71 z well z ! ,apo/4 ,con/itutions1 b omitt+ ! ,apocalypse ( ,john 7comp4 #cc1 #i74 ,! collection ( ! apo/olic canon _c h be5 made be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! #e? c5tury1 & mo/ likely 9 ,syria4 ,dionysius ! ,little admitt$ only ! fir/ #ej z ,canones qui dicuntur ,apo/olorum1 b ,johannes ,s*ola/icus q unhesitat+ly ascribes all ! #he to ,clem5t ( ,rome4 ,! ,second ,trullan ,c\ncil 9 ,a4,d4 #fib 7 #fc1 #b7 ackn[l$g$ ! g5u95ess ( ! #he1 b reject$ ! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions z a h]etical =g]y :i* _h f\nd no g5]al acceptance 9 ! ,we/4--,:ile hi!rto x has be5 surmis$ t ! #g? bk4 ( ! ,apo/4 ,con/it41 z an indep5d5t & orig9al "w1 %\ld be assign$ to ano!r & a mu* lat] au?or ?an ! fir/ six bks41 ,h>nack1 f\nd+ ^u 8 /udy ( ! ,dida*e1 has come to a cle> und]/&+ ( _! mutual relations4 ,he %[s t ! orig9al docum5ts ly+ at ! basis respectively ( ! ,dida*e & ! ,didascalia are fundam5tally di/9ct 9 respect ( composition & "*1 b ! two 9 ! =m 9 :i* !y lie be=e u 9 ! ,apo/4 ,con/it4 are und\bt$ly ! "w ( "o & ! same int]polator4 ,we fur!r obta9 ! equally conv9c+ & surpris+ result t ! au?or ( ?is =g]y is also id5tical ) ! au?or ( ! ?irte5 ,pseudo-,ignatian ,epi/les 7 #cj1 #e71 & _h 9 ! "o case & 9 ! o!r ! same object 9 view4 ,f9ally1 he *>act]izes him z a ,syrian cl]ic well v]s$ 9 ,scripture1 especially ! ,old ,te/am5t1 b also a %rewd worldly politician1 oppos$ to all /rict asceticism1 :o s\ght by 8 =g]ies to w9 apo/olic sanction & ju/ification n only = ! con/itutional & liturgical in/itutions ( ! *ur*1 z well z ! mild] practice ( 8 age1 b also = 8 own semi-,arian doctr9al views4 #dc4e4 ,! ,apo/olic ,*ur* ,ord9ances#abj are1 accord+ to ,h>nack's c>eful analysis1 a compilation execut$ 9 a mo/ s*ol>ly fa%ion ( extracts f f\r old writ+s3 ! ,dida*e1 ! ,ep4 ( ,b>nabas1 f :i* ! moral precepts are tak51 a f ! beg9n+ ( ! #crd c5tury1 & a f ! end ( ! #bnd c5tury1 ) _m clumsy alt]ations & excursuses aft] ! /yle ( ! *ur* tradition ( its own p]iod1 ! beg9n+ ( ! #d? c5tury4 ,its introduction consi/s ( a =mula ( greet+ modell$ ^u ! ,ep4 ( ,b>nabas f ! twelve ,apo/les :o are designat$ by "n4 ,! li/1 :i* beg9s ) ! "n ( ,john1 wants "o ( ! two ,jameses & ! late *os5 ,mat?ias1 & ! numb] ( twelve is made up by ! addition ( ! "n ( ,na?anael & t ( ,cephas 9 addition to t ( ,pet]4 ,!n ! ,apo/les tell t ,*ri/ _h comm&$ !m to divide among !m by lot ! ,ep>*ies1 ,episcopates1 ,presbyt]ates1 ,diaconates1 etc41 ( all l&s1 & to s5d =? into ! :ole 2 !n foll[ ^! 1 fir/ ! moral rules1 !n ! con/itutional enactm5ts1 bo? be+ divid$ among ! sev]al ,apo/les 7 1 1 etc474 ,! compilation _h its orig9 9 ,egypt1 n1 h[ev]1 at ,alex&ria1 :]e ,a?anasius 0 /ill unacqua9t$ ) x1 or at lea/ did n ?9k x wor?y ( be+ m5tion$ among ! *ur* manuals 7 #ei1 #a71 :ile at a lat] p]iod x 0 held 9 ! highe/ e/eem by ! ,copts1 ,e?iopians1 ,arabians1 etc41 & took ! fir/ rank among _! books on ecclesia/ical proc$ure4 ,,ii4 ,,mona/icism1 ,,cl]icalism ,,& ,,hi]>*ism4 #dd4 ,,mona/icism4#aba ,disgu/$ ) worldly pursuits & foll[+ an impulse ( ! ori5tal "* 9 fav\r ( ! contemplative life1 _m ascetics )drew into des]ts & solitudes1 !re z ,an*orets 71 1 71 amid pray] & lab\r1 privation & self-d5ial1 wr++ out ( ! wild]ness _! scanty support1 !y /rove aft] hol9ess ( life :i* !y ?\ght !y c\ld rea* only by =sak+ ! accurs$ _w4 ,! place :]e ?is extravagant extreme ( ! old ascetism arose 0 ! ,!baid 9 ,upp] ,egypt 7 #ci1 #c74 ,! fir/1 & = a long "t isolat$1 examples ( su* pr(essional ab&onm5t ( ! _w may be trac$ back to ! #crd c5tury2 b !y _h wid] spread fir/ 9 ! po/-,con/ant9e ,age4 ,! example ( ,/4 ,an?ony 0 specially influ5tial 9 lead+ a numb] ( l-m9d$ m5 to betake !mselves to isolat$ dwell+s1 1 9 8 neighb\rhood & to place !mselves "u 8 spiritual direction4 ,9 ?is we h already ! transition f a solit>y an*oret life to a communal cnobite life 7 71 & ?is rea*$ maturity :5 ,an?ony's disciple ,pa*omius ga!r$ ! scatt]$ resid5ts 9 8 di/rict into "o common dwell+1 ,clau/rum1 ,cnobium1 ,mona/]ium1 ,m&rafold1 & b\nd !m "u a common sy/em ( ascetic practice 9 pray] & lab\r1 especially basket mak+ & c>pet weav+4 ,?is arrangem5t1 )\t1 h[ev]1 any t5d5cy to displace ! an*oret life prop]ly s-call$1 won great fav\r1 & ?is w5t on = "s decades until fir/ ( all 9 ! ,ea/1 !n also 9 ! ,we/ ab\t ,a4,d4 #cgj1 ! l& 0 cov]$ ov] ) mona/]ies4 ,! mona/ic life "u its tw(old aspect 0 n[ e/eem$ z 7,matt4 xxii4 #cj71 1 melior vita4 ,yet ev5 "h corruption soon spread4 ,n m]ely ! feel+ ( spiritual ne$1 b ambition1 vanity1 slo?fulness & especially ! desire to avoid milit>y s]vice & villa9age1 taxes & impo/s1 induc$ m5 to ent] ! mona/]ies4 ,! ,emp]or ,val5s !re=e issu$ an ord] 9 ,a4,d4 #cfe t su* m5 %\ld be dragg$ out by =ce f _! retreats4 ,spiritual vices too 7 n want+--extravagance & fanaticism1 spiritual pride1 etc4 ,all ! m did ! mo/ di/+ui%$ bi%ops1 e4g4 ,basil ! ,great1 feel x _! duty to take ! mona/]ies "u _! special sup]vision & c>e4 ,"u su* direction1 besides s]v+ _! own special purpose1 !y became extremely important & b5eficial z places ( refuge = ! oppress$ & p]secut$1 & z b5evol5t in/itutions = ! sick & ! poor4 ,sometimes also by ! introduction ( !ological /udies z sem9>ies to prep>e c&idates = ! high] ecclesia/ical (fices4 ,o!r prelates1 h[ev]1 pref]r$ to use _! monks z a tru/y horde = ! accompli%m5t ( _! own ambiti\s p>ty ends4 ,! monks 7 always reckon$ among laym51 b 7 di/+ui%$ f ! ,secul>es z ,religiosi or ,conv]si4 #dd4a4 ,! ,biography ( ,/4 ,an?ony4--,accord+ to ! ,vita s4 ,antonii ascrib$ to ,a?anasius1 ,an?ony 0 sprung f a weal?y ,coptic family ( ! c\ntry t[n ( ,coma 9 ,upp] ,egypt1 & 0 born 9 ,a4,d4 #bea4 ,at ! age ( eighte5 he lo/ 8 p>5ts1 &1 be+ p[]fully affect$ by he>+ ! /ory ( ! ri* "y rul] 9 ! gospel read 9 *ur*1 he gave away all 8 goods to ! poor & )drew into ! des]t 7,a4,d4 #bhe74 ,amid t]rible inw>d /ruggles1 :i* took ! =m ( daily conflicts ) demons1 :o sprang ^u him f ! sides ( 8 cave 9 ! %ape ( all sort ( bea/s & /range creatures1 he sp5t a long "t 9 a horrible tomb1 !n tw5ty ye>s 9 ! crumbl+ ru9s ( a ca/le1 & f9ally he *ose z 8 con/ant abode a b>r5 m\nta91 aft]w>ds call$ ,an?ony's ,m\nt1 :]e a well & "s date palms af=d$ him ! absolutely indisp5sable support4 ,8 clo?+1 a %eep's sk9 & a hairy cloak1 0 on 8 body day & night1 nor did he ev] wa% himself4 ,! fame ( 8 hol9ess attract$ a multitude ( l-m9d$ ascetics :o settl$ 9 8 neighb\rhood & put !mselves "u 8 spiritual direction4 ,b also m5 ( ! _w ( all ranks made pilgrimages to him1 seek+ & f9d+ com=t4 ,ev5 ,con/ant9e & 8 sons te/ifi$ 9 correspond5ce ) him _! v5]ation1 & he answ]$ 8l a ,*ri/ian ,diog5es to ! ,*ri/ian ,alex&]40 ,po9t+ to ,*ri/ z ! only miracle work]1 he heal$ by 8 pray]s bodily maladies & by 8 conv]sations afflictions ( ! s\l4 ,amid ! di/ress ( ! p]secution ( ,maximian 9 ,a4,d4 #caa he w5t to ,alex&ria1 b f\nd n ! m>tyrdom :i* he c\rt$4 ,aga91 9 ,a4,d4 #cea1 dur+ ! bitt] ,arian controv]sy 7 #ej71 he appe>$ sudd5ly 9 ! great capital1 ?is "t gaz$ at by ,*ri/ians & pagans z a div9e wond]1 & conv]t+ cr[ds ( ! hea!n4 ,9 8 la/ days he resign$ ! fur!r direction ( ! society ( h]mits ga!r$ ab\t him to 8 disciple ,pa*omius1 himself )draw+ along ) two companions into an unkn[n solitude1 :]e he1 bequea?+ to ! au?or 8 %eepsk91 di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #cef1 9 8 #aje? ye>1 aft] exact+ a promise t no "o %\ld "k ! place ( 8 burial4--,until ! appe>ance ( ?is book1 :i* 0 v soon translat$ into ,lat9 by a c]ta9 ,evagrius1 no s+le writ]1 nei!r ,lactantius1 nor ,eusebius1 nor ev5 ,a?anasius 9 any ( 8 o!r und\bt$ly g5u9e writ+s1 m5tions ! "n ( ?is patri>*al monk aft]w>ds s highly e/eem$1 & all lat] writ]s draw only f ?is "o s\rce4 ,we+>t5 has n[ n only prov$ t ?is ,vita s4 ,ant4 is n a biography 9 ! prop] s5se1 b a romance ) a purpose :i* 0 int5d$ 8to repres5t ! ideal ( a monki% life dovetail$ into ! ecclesia/ical sy/em & rais$ not)/&+ all popul> & vital elem5ts into a spiritual atmosph]e10 b has also disprov$ ! ,a?anasian au?or%ip ( ! book1 )\t1 h[ev]1 seek+ to d5y ! hi/orical exi/5ce ( ,/4 ,an?ony & 8 importance 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( mona/icism1 z ?is is already v\*$ = by ! fact t ev5 9 ! #d? c5tury 9 ! days ( ,ruf9us pilgrimages 7 made to ,mons ,antonii4--,! mo/ important witness = ! ,a?anasian au?or%ip is ,gregory ,nazianz51 :o beg9s 8 panegyric on ,a?anasius deliv]$ 9 ,con/ant9ople only a few ye>s aft] t fa!r's dea?1 :i* occurr$ 9 ,a4,d4 #cgc1 ) ! wi% t he c\ld describe brilliantly ! life ( ! highly rev]$ man1 z he himself _h portray$ ! ideal ( mona/icism 9 ! p]son ( ,/4 ,an?ony4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ,j]ome 9 8 ,vita ,pauli & ,ruf9us 9 8 ,hi/4 eremit4 seem n yet to h kn[n ! au?or ( ! book1 & ! =m]1 fir/ 9 8 ,de scriptoribus eccl/41 writt5 tw5ty ye>s lat]1 kn[s t ,a?anasius 0 ! au?or4 ,int]nal reasons1 too1 seem ) no small weight to tell aga9/ ! au!nticity ( ! book1 ! biographical cont5ts ( :i* are l>gely int]mix$ ) fabul\s & leg5d>y elem5ts4 #dd4b4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,*ri/ian ,mona/icism4--,f ! fact t n only ,lactantius1 b also ,eusebius1 ^: hi/ory rea*es d[n to ,a4,d4 #cbd1 h no?+ to say ( a mona/icism already develop$ or !n fir/ 9 process ( developm5t1 x may p]haps be conclud$ t al?\gh 9 a g5]al way su* an in/itution 0 already 9 exi/5ce1 x _h n yet become kn[n beyond ! b\nds ( ! ,!baid :]e x orig9at$4 ,b f ! fact t ,eusebius1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #cdj1 9 8 ,vita ,con/ant9i rea*+ d[n to ,a4,d4 #ccg1 nev] makes any m5tion ( mona/icism1 we _c ) l probability inf] a cont9uance ( su* ignorance d[n to ! above-m5tion$ ye>1 b mu/ attribute x to ! limit$ range ( ! book 9 "q4 ,9 8 comm5t>y on ,ps4 lxviii4 #g & lxxxiv4 #d he di/9ctly speaks ( a ,*ri/ian mona/icism4 ,! fugitive ,a?anasius1 too1 s e>ly z ,a4,d4 #cef betakes himself to ! monks ( ! ,!baid1 & /ays = a ye> ) !m 7 #ej1 #b1 #d71 :i* presupposes a c]ta9 measure ( organization & celebrity on ! "p ( ! community ( t region4 ,9 8 ,hi/4 ,arianorum ad mona*os1 writt5 ab\t ,a4,d4 #cfj1 he decl>es t already mona/icism _h spread ?r\gh all ! or di/ricts ( ,egypt4 ,( a mona/icism outside ( ,egypt1 h[ev]1 ev5 ?is writ+ /ill kn[s no?+4 ,we %all n1 !re=e1 greatly err if we assume t ! latt] ye>s ( ,con/ant9e's reign are to be tak5 z ! p]iod ( ! ess5tial orig9 ( ,egyptian mona/icism2 ?\gh f ?is x is n to be conclud$ t ! fir/ isolat$ beg9n+s ( x1 :i* _h n yet won any special recognition1 are n to be assign$ to a v mu* e>li] p]iod4 ,ev5 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 9 ! p]sons ( ,elijah1 ,john ! ,bapti/1 & our ,"l ,himself1 tell ( tempor>y )drawals1 f religi\s & ascetical motives1 into ! wild]ness4 ,b ev5 ! life-long pr(essional an*oretism & cnobitism _h _! precursors 9 ! ,indian gymnosophi/s1 9 ! ,ea/-,asiatic ,buddhism & ! ,egyptian ,s]apis wor%ip1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t also 9 ! ,ess5ism ( ,pale/9e 7 #h1 #d74 ,f ! place ( its orig9 & ! "* ( its developm5t1 h[ev]1 ,*ri/ian mona/icism c h be5 influ5c$ only by ! ,egyptian ,s]apis wor%ip1 & t 9 a v g5]al sort ( way4 ,t ?is actually 0 ! case1 ,we+>t5 especially has s\ght to prove f v>i\s analogies bas$ ^u ! le>n$ rese>*es ( ,fr5* ,academicians4 #dd4c4 ,ori5tal ,mona/icism4--,= c5turies ,egypt cont9u$ ! c5tral seat & tra9+ s*ool ( ,*ri/ian mona/icism bo? = ! ,ea/ & = ! ,we/4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ ( all ! ,egyptian h]mit colonies 0 t f\nd$ by ,pa*omius1 =m]ly p]haps a monk ( ,s]apis1 7 #cdh71 at ,tab5n1 an isl& ( ! ,nile4 ,to ! "m mona/]y 7 soon atta*$ num]\s daught] mona/]ies4 ,ea* ( ^! in/itutions 0 "u ! direction ( a presid5t call$ ! abbot1 ,abbas1 i4e4 8fa!r10 or ,ar*im&rite2 :ile all ( !m toge!r 7 "u ! sup]ior ( ! p>5t mona/]y4 ,simil> unions 7 e/abli%$ by ,ammonius among ! ,nitrian m\nta9s1 & by ,mac>ius ! ,eld] 7 #dg1 #g7 9 ! ,scetic des]t4 ,hil>ion1 a disciple ( ,/4 ,an?ony 7 #cga71 is celebrat$ by ,j]ome z ! f\nd] ( ,pale/9ian mona/icism4 ,! ,vita ,hil>ionis ( ! latt]1 ri*ly adorn$ ) records ( adv5tur\s travels & wond]ful ev5ts1 mo/ extravagant wond]s & demoniacal app>itions1 l ! life ( ,paul ( ,!bes 7 #ci1 #d71 has be5 rec5tly %[n to be a romance built ^u c]ta9 g5u9e rem9isc5ces4 ,basil ! ,great & ,gregory ,nazianz5 ) y\?ful en?usiasm s\ght to introduce mona/icism into _! native ,asia ,m9or1 :ile ,eu/a?ius1 ,bi%op ( ,seba/e 7 #chj71 c>ri$ x /ill fur!r ea/4 ,b ?\gh among ! ,syrian disc\rses ( ,aphraates 7 #dg1 #ac7 !re is f\nd "o on mona/icism1 :i* ?us w\ld seem to h be5 introduc$ into ,mesopotamia by ,a4,d4 #cdj1 ?is is 9 contradiction to all o!r witnesses & awak5s a suspicion ( ! ung5u95ess ( ! disc\rse1 :i* is fur!r confirm$ by its be+ want+ 9 ! ,arm5ian translation1 z well z 9 ! enum]ation ( ,g5nadius4--,! zeal especially ( ,basil 0 successful 9 ennobl+ mona/icism & mak+ x fruitful4 ,! mona/ic rules drawn up by him sup]s$$ all o!rs 9 ! ,ea/1 & are to ?is day alone recognis$ 9 ! or?odox ,greek ,*ur*4 ,accord+ to ^! e mona/]y _h "o or m cl]ics = conduct+ wor%ip & adm9i/]+ ! sacram5t4 ,basil also advanc$ ! developm5t & influ5ce ( mona/icism by sett+ d[n ! mona/]ies 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! cities4 ,9 ! #e? c5tury two ( ! noble/1 mo/ s5sible & tal5t$ repres5tatives ( anci5t mona/icism did mu* = its elevation & ennobl+2 namely1 ,isidore1 :o di$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #dej1 abbot & prie/ ( a cloi/] at ,pelusium 9 ,egypt1 & 8 contempor>y ,nilus1 :o liv$ among ! monks ( ,s9ai4 ,! n inconsid]able remnants ( _! num]\s lett]s /ill extant te/ify to _! f>-rea*+ influ5ce1 z well z to ! noble & lib]al _s :i* !y manife/$ 7 #dg1 #f1 #aj74abb ,a peculi> k9d ( cnobite life is f\nd among/ ! ,acoimet1 = :om ! ,roman ,/udius f\nd$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #df,o ! aft]w>ds v celebrat$ mona/]y ,/udion at ,con/ant9ople1 9 :i* z _m z a ?\s& monks are said to h liv$ toge!r at "o "t4 ,!y took _! "n f ! div9e s]vice un9t]rupt$ly cont9u$ 9 _! cloi/] night & day4 ,f ! #e? c5tury ! legislative ,synods und]took ! c>e ( ! mona/]ies4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,*alc$on 9 ,a4,d4 #dea put !m "u ! jurisdiction ( ! bi%op4 ,return+ to ! _w 0 at fir/ freely p]mitt$1 b 0 always reg>d$ z discr$itable & dem&+ submission to p5ance4 ,f ! #f? c5tury1 h[ev]1 mona/ic v[s 7 reg>d$ z ( life-long obligation1 & !re=e a regul> canonical age 0 fix$ & a long novitiate prescrib$ z a "t ( te/+ & consid]ation4 ,ab\t ?is "t1 too1 besides ! propria pr(essio1 ! pat]na devotio 0 also reg>d$ z b9d+ 9 accordance ) ! example ( #a ,sam4 i4 #aa4 #dd4d4 ,we/]n ,mona/icism4--,! ,we/ did n at fir/ take k9dly to ! mona/ic idea1 & only ! comb9$ exhortations ( ! mo/ respect$ bi%ops & tea*]s ( ! ,*ur*1 ) ,ambrose1 ,j]ome1 & ,augu/9e at _! head1 secur$ = x acceptance !re4 ,! idea t already ! univ]sally rev]$ ,a?anasius :o f ,a4,d4 #cda resid$ a long "t 9 ,rome 7 #ej1 #b71 _h br\ght hi!r ! k ( ,egyptian mona/icism & fir/ awak5$ on behalf ( x ! sympa?ies ( ! ,we/]ns1 is devoid ( any sure f\ndation4 ,ow+1 h[ev]1 to ! free int]c\rse :i* ev5 on ! side ( ! ,*ur* exi/$ betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/1 x is on ! o!r h& sc>cely conceivable t ! fir/ k ( ,ea/]n mona/icism %\ld h rea*$ ,italy ?r\gh ,j]ome on 8 return 9 ,a4,d4 #cgc f 8 ,ea/]n travels4 ,b x is c]ta9 t ,j]ome f t "t mo/ zeal\sly endeav\r$ to obta9 recruits = x 9 ! ,we/1 apply+ himself specially to conspicu\s pi\s ladies ( ,rome & e>n+ = ?is scant ?anks f _! families4 ,! p's av]sion1 too1 aga9/ mona/icism 0 s great t ev5 9 ,a4,d4 #chd1 :5 a "y female ascetic call$ ,blasilla1 ! daught] ( ,/4 ,paula1 di$ 9 ,rome z "s suppos$ f excessive fa/+1 an upro> 0 rais$ 9 :i* ! indignant populace1 z ,j]ome himself relates1 cri$ out1 ,qu\sque g5us dete/abile mona*orum non urbe pellitur8 ,non lapidibus obruitur8 non prcipitatur 9 fluctus8 ,b tw5ty ye>s lat] ,j]ome c\ld say ) exultation1 ,crebra virg9um mona/]ia1 mona*orum1 innum]abilis multitudo1 ut 444 quod prius ignom9i fu]at1 esset po/ea glori4 ,popul> opposition to ! monks 0 longe/ & mo/ virul5tly %[n 9 ,nor? ,africa4 ,ev5 s late z ab\t ,a4,d4 #dej1 ,salvianus reports ! expressions ( su* hate3 ,ridebant1 444 mal$icebant 444 insectabantur 444 dete/abantur 444 omnia 9 mona*o pne fec]unt qu 9 ,salvatorem no/rum ,judorum impietas1 etc4 ,nev]!less mona/icism cont9u$ to spread & !re) also ! in/itution grew 9 popul> e/eem 9 ! ,we/4 ,m>t9 ( ,t\rs 7 #dg1 #ad7 e/abli%$ x 9 ,nor!rn ,gaul 9 ,a4,d4 #cgj2 & 9 ,s\!rn ,gaul1 ,honoratus ,honorius ab\t ,a4,d4 #djj f\nd$ ! celebrat$ mona/]y ( ,s]9um1 on ! un9habit$ isl& ( ,l]9a1 & ,john ,cassianus 7 #dg1 #ba71 ! /ill m celebrat$ "o at ,massilia1 n[ ,m>seilles4 ,! inroads ( ! invad]s well nigh ext+ui%$ ,we/]n mona*ism4 ,x 0 ,b5$ict ( ,nursia :o fir/1 9 ,a4,d4 #ebi1 gave to x unity1 ord]1 & a settl$ con/itution1 & made x = _m c5turies ! pione] ( agricultural improvem5t & lit]>y culture ?r\gh\t ! ,we/]n empire t _h be5 hurl$ into confusion by ! w>s ( ! b>b>ians 7 #he74 #dd4e4 ,in/itution ( ,nunn]ies4--,virg9s devot$ to ,god1 :o repudiat$ m>riage1 are spok5 ( z e>ly z ! #bnd c5tury4 ,! limitations ( _! sex =bade !m ent]+ on ! life ( an*orets1 b all ! m he>tily did !y adopt ! idea ( ! cloi/] life4 ,/4 ,an?ony himself is said to h laid its fir/ f\ndations :5 he 0 ha/5+ away into solitude1 by e/abli%+ at ,coma = ! sake ( 8 si/] :om he 0 leav+ beh9d1 an association ( virg9s consecrat$ unto ,god4 ,pa*omius f\nd$ ! fir/ female cloi/] ) def9ite rules1 ! sup]ior ( :i* 0 8 own si/]4 ,f t "t !re sprang up a ho/ ( wom5's cnobite unions4 ,! lady sup]ior 0 call$ ,ammas1 8"m20 ! memb]s1 1 sanctimoniales1 nonn1 :i* 0 a ,coptic ^w mean+ *a/e4 ,! patroness ( female mona*ism 9 ! ,we/ 0 ,/4 ,paula ( ,rome1 :o 0 ! s*ol> & fri5d ( ,j]ome4 ,accompani$ by h] daught] ,eu/o*ium1 %e foll[$ him to ,pale/9e1 & f\nd$ ?ree nunn]ies at ,be?lehem4 #dd4f4 ,mona/ic ,asceticism4--,al?\gh ! f\nd]s ( ! ,ea/]n mona/ic rules subject$ !mselves to ! /ricte/ asceticism & p]=m$ !m to a rem>kable ext5t1 especially 9 fa/+ & endur+ privations1 yet ! degree ( asceticism :i* !y enjo9$ ^u _! monks 9 fa/+1 wat*+1 pray] & lab\r1 0 9 g5]al mod]ate & s5sible4 ,valor\s acts ( self mortification1 s v cong5ial to ! ori5tal _s1 are ?us met ) 9 ! prop] mona/ic life seldom] ?an among ascetics liv+ aft] _! own fancy 9 des]ts & solitudes4 ,?is acc\nts = ! r>e appe>ance ( ! ,/ylites or pill> sa9ts1 by :om expression 0 giv5 9 an outw>d way to ! idea ( elevation above ! e>?ly & ( /ruggle t[>d heav54 ,! mo/ celebrat$ ( ^! 0 ,simeon ,/ylites1 :o liv$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,antio* = ?irty ye>s on a pill> sev5ty feet high1 & prea*$ rep5tance to ! p :o flock$ to him f e side4 ,?\s&s ( ,s>ac5s :o roam$ ?r\gh ^? regions s\ght baptism1 ov]come1 accord+ to ! leg5d1 by ! p[] ( 8 disc\rse4 ,he di$ ,a4,d4 #dei4 ,aft] him ! mo/ celebrat$ pill> sa9ts 7 "o ,daniel :o di$ at ,con/ant9ople 9 ,a4,d4 #dhi1 & a y\ng] ,simeon :o di$ at ,antio* 9 ,a4,d4 #eif4 #dd4g4 ,anti-,ecclesia/ical & ,h]etical ,mona/icism4--,ev5 aft] ! regulat+ ( mona*ism by ,pa*omius & ,basil1 !re 7 /ill isolat$ h]mit societies :i* w\ld be b\nd by no rules4 ,su* 7 ! ,s>abaites 9 ,egypt & ! ,remobo? 9 ,syria4 ,cr[ds ( monks1 too1 "u no rule sw>m$ ab\t1 call$ 1 ,pabulatores or ,graz]s1 because !y support$ !mselves only on h]bs & roots4 ,9 ,italy & ,africa f ! #e? c5tury we he> ( s-call$ ,gyrovagi1 :o "u ! pret5ce ( mona*ism l$ a useless vagabond life4 ,mona/icism assum$ a decid$ly h]etical & s*ismatical "* among ! ,eu*ites & ,eu/a?iani/s 9 ! second half ( ! #d? c5tury4 ,! ,eu*ites1 call$ also f _! my/ic dances ,messalians or ,*or5tes1 n to be conf\nd$ ) ! pagan ,eu*ites 7 #db1 #f71 ?\ght t !y _h rea*$ ! ideal ( p]fection1 & 7 !re=e rais$ above obs]vance ( ! law4 ,"u pretext ( engag+ 9 con/ant pray] & be+ fav\r$ ) div9e visions1 !y w5t ab\t begg+1 because "w 0 n seemly = p]fect sa9ts4 ,e man !y taught1 by reason ( 8 desc5t f ,adam1 br+s ) him into ! _w an evil demon :o c be ov]come only by pray]1 & ?us evil c be torn out by ! roots4 ,!n man is 9 ne$ nei!r ( ! law1 nor ( holy scripture1 nor ( ! sacram5ts1 & may be unconditionally left to himself1 & may ev5 d t :i* to a legal man w\ld be s9ful4 ,! my/ic union ( ,god & man !y repres5t$ by lascivi\s acts ( s5sual love4 ,!y und]/ood ! gospel hi/ory only z an allegory & consid]$ fire ! creative light ( ! univ]se4 ,by craft & espionage ,bi%op ,flavian ( ,antio*1 9 ,a4,d4 #cha1 came to "k _! secret pr9ciples & proce$+s4 ,b not)/&+ ! p]secution n[ direct$ aga9/ !m1 !y cont9u$ 9 exi/5ce till ! #f? c5tury4 ,! ,eu/a?iani/s took _! "n f ,eu/a?ius1 ,bi%op ( ,seba/e1 ! f\nd] ( mona/icism 9 ! ea/]n prov9ces ( ! empire4 ,_! fanatical contempt ( m>riage w5t s f> t !y reg>d$ fell[%ip ) ! m>ri$ impure & held div9e s]vice by !mselves alone4 ,!y repudiat$ ! ,*ur* fa/s & in/ead orda9$ fa/s on ,sundays & fe/ival days1 & :olly ab/a9$ f eat+ fle%4 ,! wom5 dress$ 9 m5's clo!s4 ,f ! ri* !y dem&$ ! surr5d] ( all _! goods4 ,s]vants =sook _! ma/]s1 wives _! husb&s1 9 ord] to atta* !mselves to ! associations ( ^! sa9ts4 ,b ! resolute int]f]5ce ( ! ,synod ( ,gangra 9 ,paphlagonia1 betwe5 ,a4,d4 #cfj & ,a4,d4 #cgj1 *eck$ _! fur!r spread4--,m closely relat$ to ! old ascetic ord] ?an to ! newly organiz$ mona/icism 0 a sect :i*1 accord+ to ,augu/9e1 _h ga9$ special acceptance among ! c\ntry p r\nd ab\t ,hippo4 ,9 accordance ) ! example ( ,abel1 :o 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory is )\t *ildr51 its memb]s1 ! s-call$ ,abelites1 inde$ m>ri$1 b re/ra9$ !mselves f m>ital int]c\rse1 9 ord] t !y might n by begett+ *ildr5 contribute to ! spread ( orig9al s91 & ma9ta9$ _! exi/5ce by ! adoption ( /range *ildr51 "o boy & "o girl be+ receiv$ into ea* family4 #de4 ,,! ,,cl]gy4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 cl]gy & laity 0 ev] becom+ m & m cle>ly m>k$ & 9 ! high] *ur* (fices !re grew up a spiritual ari/ocracy alongside ( ! secul> ari/ocracy4 ,! prie/hood arrogat$ a position high above ! laity j z ! s\l is high] ?an ! body4 ,!re 0 consequ5tly su* a ?rong+ into ! cl]ical ranks t a re/riction _h to be put ^u x by ! civil laws4 ,! *oice ( ! cl]gy 0 made by ! bi%ops ) ! =mal cons5t ( ! memb]s ( ! *ur*4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ! election ( bi%ops lay ord9>ily ) ! episcopal bo>d ( ! prov9ce conc]n$ ?\gh "u ! presid5cy ( ! metropolitan1 ^: duty x 0 to orda9 ! individual s elect$4 ,! episcopal *air ( ! imp]ial capital1 h[ev]1 0 g5]ally "u ! patronage ( ! c\rt4 ,9 ! ,we/ on ! o!r h& ! old practice 0 cont9u$1 accord+ to :i* bi%ops1 cl]gy & memb]s ( ! *ur* toge!r made ! election4 ,at ,rome1 h[ev]1 ! emp]or ma9ta9$ ! "r ( confirm+ ! appo9tm5t ( ! new bi%op4 ,! ex*ange ( "o bi%opric = ano!r 0 =bidd5 by ! ,nic5e ,c\ncil z spiritual adult]y 7,eph4 v4 #cc ff471 b 0 nev]!less frequ5tly practis$4 ,! mon>*ical rank ( ! bi%op among ! cl]gy 0 undisput$4 ,! ,*orepiscopi 7 #cd1 #c7 _h _! episcopal privileges & au?ority always m & m re/rict$1 7 made subord9ate to ! city bi%ops1 & f9ally1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #cfj1 7 q set aside4 ,to ! ,presbyt]s1 on ! o!r h&1 9 consequ5ce ( ! success ( ! anti-episcopal reaction1 especially among ! daught] & c\ntry *ur*es1 complete indep5d5ce 0 grant$ 9 reg>d to ! m9i/ry ( ! ^w & disp5sation ( sacram5ts1 ) ! exception ( ! ord9ation ( ! cl]gy1 & 9 ! ,we/ also ! confirmation ( ! baptism1 :i* ! bi%op alone 0 all[$ to p]=m4 #de4a4 ,tra9+ ( ! ,cl]gy4--,! few !ological sem9>ies ( ,alex&ria1 ,cs>ea1 ,antio*1 ,edessa & ,nisibis c\ld n satisfy ! ne$ ( cl]ical tra9+1 & ev5 ^! = ! mo/ "p disappe>$ amid ! political & ecclesia/ical upheavals ( ! #e? & #f? c5turies4 ,! ,we/ 0 entirely )\t su* in/itutions4 ,s long z pagan s*ools ( le>n+ fl\ri%$ at ,a!ns1 ,alex&ria1 ,nicom$ia1 etc41 _m ,*ri/ian y\?s s\ght _! sci5tific prep>ation = ! s]vice ( ! *ur* 9 !m1 & add$ to ?is on ! ,*ri/ian side by asceticism & !ological /udy among ! an*orets or monks4 ,o!rs despis$ classical culture & 7 satisfi$ ) :at ! mona/]ies c\ld give4 ,o!rs aga9 began _! cl]ical c>e] ev5 9 boyhood z read]s or episcopal secret>ies1 & grew up "u ! ov]sight & direction ( ! bi%op or exp]i5c$ cl]gym54 ,augu/9e organiz$ 8 cl]gy into a mona/ic association1 ,mona/]ium ,cl]icorum1 & gave x ! "* ( a cl]ical sem9>y4 ,?is useful in/itution f\nd mu* fav\r & 0 introduc$ into ,sicily & ,s>d9ia by ! bi%ops driv5 out by ! ,v&als4 ,! ,regula ,augu/9i1 s (t5 ref]r$ to ! ,lat9 ,middle ,ages1 is ( lat] & unc]ta9 orig91 b is bas$ ^u two disc\rses ( ,augu/9e1 8,de ,moribus ,cl]icorum0 & an ,epi/le to ! ,nuns at ,hippo4--,! age ( ?irty 0 fix$ ^u z ! canonical age = ent]+ ! ord] ( presbyt] or prie/2 tw5ty-five = t ( deacon4 ,neophytes1 ^? :o _h be5 baptiz$ on a sickb$ 7,cl9ici71 p5it5ts & en]g\m5i1 ,big5ie1 ! mutilat$1 eunu*s1 slaves1 actors1 com$ians1 danc]s1 soldi]s1 etc41 7 exclud$ f ! cl]ical (fice4 ,! ,african *ur* ev5 9 ! #d? c5tury prescrib$ a /rict exam9ation ( c&idates z to _! atta9m5ts & or?odoxy4 ,ju/9ian at lea/ insi/$ ^u a gu>antee ( or?odoxy by means ( episcopal exam9ation4--,ord9ation#abc made its appe>ance z an app5dage to ! baptismal ano9t+ z a sacram5tal ord9ance4 ,! "o 0 consecration to ! prie/hood 9 ! special s5se3 ! o!r 9 ! g5]al s5se2 bo? bore a "* indelibilis4 ,_! efficacy 0 g5]ally reg>d$ z ( a magical k9d4 ,! imp>t+ ( ord9ation 0 exclusively an episcopal privilege2 b presbyt]s c\ld assi/ at ! consecration ( ^? ( _! own ord]4 ,! proposition3 ,ne quis vage ord9atur1 0 ( univ]sal application2 ! mission>y (fice 0 ! only exception4 ,! anniv]s>ies ( episcopal ord9ations1 ,natales episcoporum1 7 frequ5tly obs]v$ z fe/ivals4 ,legally no "o c\ld be orda9$ to a high] ecclesia/ical (fice1 :o _h n pass$ ?r\gh all ! l[] (fices f t ( subdeacon4 ,9 e>li] times ord9ation consi/$ only 9 imposition ( h&s2 b subsequ5tly1 aft] ! patt]n ( baptism !re 0 add$ an ano9t+ ) ,*rism1 i4e4 oil ) balsam4 ,! ,"l's ,supp] 0 p>tak5 ( be=e ord9ation1 ! c&idate hav+ previ\sly obs]v$ a fa/4--,f ! #e? c5tury x 0 made imp]ative t ! p>ty orda9$ %\ld adopt ! ,tonsure4#abd ,x _h be5 introduc$ fir/ 9 connection ) ! p5it5ts1 !n z a symbol ( humility x f\nd fav\r among ! monks1 & f ^! x pass$ ov] to ! cl]gy4 ,orig9ally ! :ole head 0 %av$ b>e4 ,at a lat] p]iod ! ,greek tonsure1 ,tonsura ,pauli1 :i* m]ely %av$ ! =ehead1 0 di/+ui%$ f ! ,romi%1 ,tonsura ,petri1 :i* left a circle ( hair r\nd ab\t ! cr[n ( ! head1 z a memorial ( ,*ri/'s cr[n ( ?orns or z ! symbol ( ! royal prie/hood1 ,corona sac]dotalis4 ,! %av+ ( ! be>d1 z an effem9ate foppi% cu/om1 seem$ to ! anci5t *ur* to detract f ! /]nness & dignity ( ! cl]ical rank4 ,9 all ,ea/]n *ur*es ! full be>d 0 reta9$1 & ! we>+ ( x by-&-by made obligatory1 z x is to ?is day4 ,9 ! ,we/1 h[ev]1 p]haps to m>k a contra/ to ! be>d$ cl]gy ( ! ,arian ,g]mans1 %av+ became g5]al among ! ,ca?olic cl]gy1 & by papal & synodal ord9ances became almo/ univ]sally preval5t4 ,! adoption ( ! cu/om 0 also p]haps fur!r$ by a desire to give symbolic expression by ! removal ( ! be>d to ! r5unciation ( ! claims ( ! male sex on ! "p ( a celibate cl]gy4--,a solemn ,inve/iture ) ! insignia ( (fice 7 #ei1 #g7 0 gradually introduc$1 & 0 t :i* m>k$ di/9ctions betwe5 ! consecrations to ! v>i\s ranks ( cl]ical (fices4 #de4b4 ,! ,injunction ( ,celibacy4--,9 accordance ) a h9t giv5 by ! ,spani% ,prov9cial ,synod ( ,elvira 9 ,a4,d4 #cjf 9 its #cbnd canon1 ! cum5ical ,c\ncil ( ,nica 9 ,a4,d4 #cbe 0 incl9$ to make ! obligation ( celibacy at lea/ = ! ,ord9es ,majores a b9d+ law ov] ! :ole *ur*4 ,b on ! o!r h& ! ,egyptian bi%op ,paphnutius1 a confessor & f 8 y\? an ascetic1 /\tly ma9ta9$ t ! fell[%ip ( m>ri$ p]sons too is *a/ity4 ,8 p[]ful voice decid$ ! matt]4 ,! usual practice1 h[ev]1 0 t bi%ops1 presbyt]s & deacons %\ld n contract a second m>riage 7#a ,tim4 iii4 #b71 aft] ord9ation %\ld contract no m>riage at all1 & if previ\sly m>ri$1 %\ld cont9ue to live ) _! wives or n z !y !mselves %\ld f9d mo/ fit4 ,! ,ea/]ns ma9ta9$ ?is free /&po9t & at ! ,synod ( ,gangra 9 ,a4,d4 #cfj cont5d$ aga9/ ! ,eu/a?iani/s 7 #dd1 #g7 = ! hol9ess ( m>riage & ! legitimacy ( m>ri$ prie/s2 & 9 ! #e? ,apo/4 ,canon !re 0 an express injunction3 ,episcopus vel presbyt]1 vel diaconus uxorem suam non rejiciat religionis prtexti2 s9 autem rejec]it segregetur1 et si p]sev]et deponatur4 ,examples ( m>ri$ bi%ops are n r>e 9 ! #d? & #e? c5turies2 e4g4 ! fa!r ( ,gregory ,nazianz51 ,gregory ( ,nyssa1 ,synesius ( ,ptolemais1 etc4 ,ju/9ian ,i4 =bade ! election ( a m>ri$ man z bi%op4 ,! second ,trullan ,c\ncil 9 ,a4,d4 #fib 7 #fc1 #b7 confirm$ ?is decree1 int]dict$ second m>riages to all ! cl]gy1 b1 ) an express prote/ aga9/ ! unnatural h>dness ( ! ,roman *ur*1 all[$ to presbyt]s a s+le m>riage ) all its privileges :i*1 h[ev]1 mu/ h be5 ent]$ ^u be=e consecration1 & dur+ ! p]iod ( s]vice at ! alt> all m>ital int]c\rse _h to be discont9u$4 ,9 ,rome1 h[ev]1 ! ,spani% pr9ciples 7 /rictly ma9ta9$4 ,a decretal ( ! ,roman bi%op1 ,siricius1 9 ,a4,d4 #che1 ) semi-,mani*an abuse ( m>riage1 insi/$ on ! celibacy ( all bi%ops1 presbyt]s & deacons1 & ,leo ! ,great includ$ ev5 subdeacons "u ?is obligation4 ,all ! m di/+ui%$ ,lat9 *ur* tea*]s cont5d$ zeal\sly = ! univ]sal application ( ! injunction ( cl]ical celibacy4 ,yet !re 7 num]\s in/ances ( ! contrav5tion ( ! ord] 9 ,italy1 9 ,gaul1 & 9 ,spa9 itself1 & con=mity c\ld n be secur$ ev5 by ! mo/ emphatic re-issue ( ! injunction by successive ,synods4 ,9 ! ,briti% & ,iro-,scotti% *ur* ! "r ( ! cl]gy & ev5 ( bi%ops to m>ry 0 insi/$ ^u 7 #gg1 #c74abe #de4c4 ,lat] ,ecclesia/ical ,(fices4--,9 addition to ! old] *ur* (fices we n[ meet ) att5dants on ! sick or ,p>abolani1 f 1 & grave-digg]s1 1 ,foss>ii1 ^: numb] 9 ! capital cities rose to an almo/ incr$ible ext5t4 ,!y =m$ a bodygu>d ev] ready to gratify episcopal love ( pomp4 ,!odosius ,,ii4 9 ,a4,d4 #dah re/rict$ ! numb] ( ! ,p>abolani ( ,alex&ria to six hundr$ & ! numb] ( ! ,copiati ( ,con/ant9ople to n9e hundr$ & fifty4 ,= ! adm9i/ration ( ,*ur* prop]ty !re 7 2 = ! adm9i/ration ( ! laws ( ! *ur* !re 7 advocates1 1 1 ,def5sores2 = draw+ up legal docum5ts 9 reg>d to *ur* affairs !re 7 ,not>ii1 1 besides1 ,keep]s ( ,ar*ives1 1 ,libr>ians1 ,!saur>ii1 1 etc4 ,none ( ^! z su* _h cl]ical consecration4 ,b also )9 ! ranks ( ! ,ord9es ,majores new (fices sprang up4 ,9 ! #d? c5tury we meet ) an ,ar*deacon at ! head ( ! deacons4 ,he 0 ! "r h& ( ! bi%op1 8 repres5tative & pl5ipot5ti>y 9 ! adm9i/ration & gov]nm5t ( ! diocese1 frequ5tly also 8 successor 9 (fice4 ,! college ( presbyt]s1 too1 _h z its head ! ,ar*-,presbyt] :o repres5t$ & support$ ! bi%op 9 all acts ( public wor%ip4 ,a city presbyt] 0 entru/$ ) ! sup]vision ( ! c\ntry *ur*es z ,visitor4 ,! ,african ,s5iores plebis 7 m]e lay eld]s )\t cl]ical ord9ation4 ,! (fice ( ,deaconess m or less lo/ its significance & gradually fell into disuse4--,ju/9ian ,i4 re/rict$ ! numb] ( ecclesia/ical (fic]s 9 ! f\r great *ur*es ( ,con/ant9ople to #ebe2 namely1 9 addition to ! bi%op1 #fj presbyt]s1 #ajj deacons1 #dj deaconesses1 #ij subdeacons1 #aaj read]s1 #bd s+]s1 & #ajj doorkeep]s4 #de4d4 ,*ur* ,prop]ty4--,! possessions ( ! *ur* regul>ly increas$ by pres5ts & beque/s 0 reg>d$ d[n to ! #e? c5tury g5]ally z ! prop]ty ( ! poor1 ,patrimonium paup]um1 :ile ! co/ ( ma9ta9+ public wor%ip & supply+ ! cl]gy ) ! means ( livelihood 7 defray$ by ! volunt>y contributions1 ,oblationes1 ( ! *ur* memb]s4 ,b ! gr[+ dem&s ( ! cl]gy1 especially ( ! bi%ops1 = an income correspond+ to _! (ficial rank & ! increas+ magnific5ce ( ! s]vice1 l$1 fir/ ( all 9 ,rome1 to ! apportion+ ( ! :ole sum into f\r p>ts2 = ! bi%ops1 = ! subord9ate cl]gy1 = ! exp5ses ( public wor%ip 7build+s1 ve/m5ts1 etc471 & = ! ne$s ( ! poor4 ,) ! introduction ( ! ,old ,te/am5t idea ( prie/hood ! ?\ght gradually ga9$ gr\nd t ! laity 7 "u obligation1 at fir/ reg>d$ simply z a moral obligation1 to surr5d] a t5? ( all _! possessions to ! *ur*1 & at a v e>ly date ?is1 9 ! =m ( freewill (f]+s1 0 (t5 realis$4 ,b ! ,c\ncil at ,macon 9 ,a4,d4 #ehe1 dem&$ ^! ti!s z a "r ( ! *ur* re/+ on div9e in/itution1 )\t1 h[ev]1 be+ !reby able to effect :at fir/ 0 secur$ by ! ,c>ol+ian legislation 7 #hf1 #a74 ,! dem& t all prop]ty :i* a cl]ic e>n$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! *ur*1 %\ld rev]t to ! *ur* aft] 8 dea?1 0 giv5 effect to 9 a ,c\ncil at ,c>?age 9 ,a4,d4 #cig4 #df;,a4 ,,! ,,patri>*al ,,con/itution ,,& ,,! ,,primacy4#abf ,a hi]>*ical di/9ction ( ranks among ! bi%ops _h already made its appe>ance ev5 9 ! previ\s p]iod by ! elevation ( ! metropolitan see & ! yet m m>k$ prec$5cy giv5 to ! s-call$ ,s$es apo/olic 7 #cd74 ,?is t5d5cy got p[]ful support f ! political divisions ( ! empire made by ,con/ant9e ! ,great2 = n[ ! bi%ops ( capital cities dem&$ an ext5sion ( _! spiritual sup]iority correspond+ to t giv5 9 secul> au?ority to ! imp]ial gov]nors4 ,! gu>d+ ( e>li] privileges along ) respectful consid]ation ( m rec5t claims prev5t$ ! secur+ ( a p]fect correspond5ce betwe5 ! political & hi]>*ical di/ribution ( ranks4 ,! result ( giv+ consid]ation to bo? 0 ! developm5t ( ! ,patri>*al ,con/itution1 9 :i* ! bi%ops ( ,rome1 ,alex&ria1 ,antio*1 ,con/ant9ople & ,j]usalem 7 recognis$ z heads ( ! *ur* univ]sal ( equal rank ) jurisdiction ov] ! patri>*ates assign$ !m4 ,! fir/ place 9 ?is cl]ical ,p5t>*y 0 claim$ by ! ,roman see1 :i* ev] m & m decid$ly /rove = ! primacy ( ! :ole *ur*4 #df4a4 ,! ,patri>*al ,con/itution4--,con/ant9e ! ,great divid$ ! :ole empire into f\r prefectures :i* 7 subdivid$ into dioceses1 & ^! aga9 into prov9ces4 ,_m bi%ops !n ( ! capitals ( ^! dioceses1 especially 9 ! ,ea/1 "u ! title ( ,ex>*s1 assum$ a rank sup]ior to t ( ! metropolitans1 j z ^! _h be=e arrogat$ a rank sup]ior to t ( prov9cial bi%ops4 ,! fir/ cum5ical ,c\ncil at ,nica 9 ,a4,d4 #cbe 7 #ej1 #a7 affirm$ on behalf ( ! bi%ops ( ! ?ree mo/ prom95t ,s$es apo/olic1 ,rome1 ,alex&ria & ,antio*1 t _! supremacy _h be5 already e/abli%$ by old cu/om4 ,! s-call$ second cum5ical ,c\ncil at ,con/ant9ople 9 ,a4,d4 #cha 7 #ej1 #d7 exempt$ ! bi%op ( ,con/ant9ople1 7s9ce ,a4,d4 #ccj71 f ! jurisdiction ( ! metropolitan ( ,h]aclea1 & gave him ! fir/ rank aft] ! bi%op ( ,rome4 ,to ^! di/+ui%$ prelates !re 0 giv5 ! title ( hon\r1 ,patri>*1 :i* =m]ly _h be5 giv5 to all bi%ops2 b ! ,roman bi%ops1 decl9+ to take common rank ) ! o!rs1 refus$ ! title1 & assum$ in/ead ! exclusive use ( ! title ,papa1 1 :i* _h also be5 previ\sly appli$ to all ( episcopal rank4 ,! f\r? cum5ical ,c\ncil ( ,*alc$on 9 ,a4,d4 #dea1 9 ! #bh? canon1 rank$ ! patri>* ( ! ,ea/]n capital along ) ! bi%op ( ,rome1 grant$ him ! "r ( he>+ compla9ts aga9/ ! metropolitans ( all dioceses t !y might be decid$ at an endemic ,synod 7 #dc1 #b71 & z an equival5t to ! va/ dom9ions ( 8 ,roman colleague1 gave him z an end[m5t 9 addition to 8 own patri>*al di/rict1 ! ?ree complete dioceses ( ,?race1 ,pontus & ,asia4 ,! ,ex>*s ( ,h]aclea 9 ,?race1 ( ,neo-,cs>ea 9 ,pontus1 & ( ,ephesus 9 ,asia1 ?us plac$ "u him1 be>+ ! title ( ,ar*bi%ops1 1 =m$ a hi]>*ical middle rank betwe5 him & ! metropolitans ( ^! dioceses1 )\t1 h[ev]1 any /rict def9ition ( _! /atus be+ giv51 s t _! pref]5tial rank rema9$ unc]ta9 & gradually fell back aga9 into t ( ord9>y metropolitans4 ,b ev5 at ,nica 9 ,a4,d4 #cbe ! bi%opric ( ,j]usalem _h be5 decl>$ wor?y ( v special hon\r1 )\t1 h[ev]1 its subord9ation "u ! ,metropolitan ( ,cs>ea be+ disput$4 ,f\nd+ on ?is1 ,juv5al ( ,j]usalem 9 ! #crd cum5ical ,c\ncil ( ,ephesus 9 ,a4,d4 #dca claim$ ! rank & privileges ( a patri>*1 b on ! motion ( ,cyril ( ,alex&ria 0 refus$4 ,he !n appli$ to ! ,emp]or ,!odosius ,,ii4 :o by an edict nam$ him patri>*1 & assign$ to him all ,pale/9e & ,arabia4 ,maximus1 h[ev]1 patri>* ( ,antio*1 :o 0 !reby depriv$ ( "p ( 8 diocese1 p]si/$ 9 prote/+ until at ,*alc$on 9 ,a4,d4 #dea at lea/ ,phnicia & ,arabia 7 re/or$ to him4--,)9 8 own (ficial di/rict ea* ( ^! five prelates ex]cis$ supreme spiritual au?ority1 & at ! head ( 8 patri>*al ,synod decid$ all ! affairs ( ! *ur*es )9 ! b\nds4 ,/ill _m metropolitans1 especially ^? ( ,salamis 9 ,cyprus1 ( ,milan1 ,aquileia & ,rav5na ma9ta9$ a position1 z 1 indep5d5t ( any sup]iority ( patri>*ate or ex>*ate4 ,alongside ( ! patri>*s 9 ! ,ea/ !re 7 z c\ncillors & assi/ants1 & at ! imp]ial c\rt !y 7 repres5t$ by p]man5t legates :o 7 call$ ,apocrisi>ians4 ,f ! #f? c5tury ! ,popes ( ,rome began by s5d+ !m ! pallium to conf] confirmation ( rank ^u ! newly-elect$ metropolitans ( ! ,we/1 :o 7 call$ 9 ^! p>ts ,ar*iepiscopi1 ,ar*bi%ops4 ,! patri>*s meet+ z a c\rt repres5t$ ! unity ( ! *ur* univ]sal4 ,)\t _! cons5t no cum5ical ,c\ncil c\ld be held1 nor c\ld any decision be b9d+ on ! :ole *ur*4--,b fir/ ,j]usalem 9 ,a4,d4 #fcg1 !n ,antio* 9 ,a4,d4 #fch1 & next ,alex&ria 9 ,a4,d4 #fdj1 fell "u ! dom9ion ( ! ,s>ac5s4 #df4b4 ,! ,rivalry betwe5 ,rome & ,byzantium4--,f ! "t ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,*alc$on 9 ,a4,d4 #dea ! patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople cont9u$ to claim equality 9 rank & au?ority ) ! bi%op ( ,rome4 ,b ! pr9ciple ^u :i* 9 ei!r case ! claims to ! primacy 7 bas$ 7 already be+ int]pret$ /rongly 9 fav\r ( ,rome4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ! spiritual rank ( ! bi%oprics 0 det]m9$ 9 accordance ) ! political rank ( ! cities conc]n$4 ,con/ant9ople 0 ! resid5ce ( ! rul] ( ! 1 consequ5tly its bi%op 0 cum5ical bi%op4 ,b 9 ! eyes ( ! _w ,old ,rome /ill rank$ high] ?an ! ,new ,rome4 ,all ! pr\d memories ( hi/ory clu/]$ r\nd ! capital ( ! ,we/4 ,f ,byzantium1 on ! o!r h&1 dat$ ! visible decl9e1 ! ?reat5$ ov]?r[ ( ! empire4 ,moreov] ! ,we/ refus$ ev5 to admit ! pr9ciple itself4 ,n ! w ( ! emp]or1 n ! =tunes ( ! empire1 ev] becom+ m & m deplorable1 %\ld det]m9e ! spiritual rank ( ! bi%ops1 b ! hi/ory ( ! *ur* & ! w ( its ,div9e ,f\nd] & ,head4 ,measur$ by ?is /&>d ! see ( ,con/ant9ople /ood n only l[] ?an ^? ( ,alex&ria1 ,antio* & ,j]usalem1 b ev5 bel[ _m o!r sees :i* ?\gh !y sc>cely _h metropolitan rank1 c\ld yet boa/ ( apo/olic orig94 ,!n1 ,rome unque/ionably /ood at ! head ( ! *ur*1 = "h _h liv$1 confess$ & suff]$ ! two *ief apo/les1 "h too 7 _! tombs & _! bones2 yea1 /ill fur!r1 on ! ,roman *air _h ,pet] sat z its fir/ bi%op 7 #af1 #a71 :om ! ,"l ,himself _h call$ to ! primacy ( ! ,apo/les 7 #cd1 #h71 & ! ,roman bi%ops 7 8 successors & heirs ( 8 privileges4 ,! patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople _h no?+ to dep5d ^u b 8 ne>ness to ! c\rt4 ,he 0 back$ up & support$ by ! c\rt1 0 only too (t5 a tool 9 ! h&s ( political p>ties & a def5d] ( h]esies :i* _h ! imp]ial fav\r4 ,! case = ! ,roman bi%op 0 incomp>ably sup]ior4 ,8 be+ a memb] ( ! ,we/-,roman empire1 ,a4,d4 #cie-dgf1 ) emp]ors = ! mo/ "p weak & oppress$ on all sides by ! convulsions caus$ by ! invasions ( ! b>b>ians1 secur$ to him an incomp>ably great] fre$om & indep5d5ce ( action1 :i* 0 little1 if at all1 re/rict$ by ! ,rugian & ,o/rogo? invad]s ( ,italy1 ,a ,d4 #dgf-ecf4 ,& ev5 9 ,a4,d4 #ecf1 :5 ! ,byzant9e empire aga9 obta9$ a foot+ 9 ,italy1 & held out ) difficulty aga9/ ! onslaught ( ! ,longob>ds f ,a4,d4 #efi to ,a4,d4 #geb )9 ev] n>r[+ limits1 ! c\rt c\ld only seldom ex]cise an influ5ce ^u 8 proce$+s or puni% him = 8 refusal to yield by removal1 imprisonm5t or exile4 ,& :ile ! ,ea/ 0 r5t by a v>iety ( ecclesia/ical controv]sies1 9 :i* sometimes ! "o1 sometimes ! o!r p>ty prevail$1 ! ,we/ "u ! direction ( ,rome almo/ con/antly pres5t$ ! picture ( undi/urb$ unity4 ,! controv]siali/s s\ght ! m$iat+ judgm5t ( ,rome1 ! oppress$ s\ght its int]cession & protection1 & because ! ,roman bi%ops almo/ inv>iably l5t ! weight ( _! intellectual & moral influ5ce to ! cause ( tru? & "r1 ! p>ty 9 ^: fav\r decision 0 giv51 almo/ c]ta9ly at la/ prevail$4 ,?us ,rome advanc$ f day to day 9 ! eyes ( ! ,*ri/ian _w1 & soon dem&$ z a con/ant "r :at p]sonal confid5ce or pressure ( circum/ances _h won = x 9 p>ticul> cases4 ,& 9 ! c\rse ( "t ,rome has nev] let a fav\rable opportunity slip1 nev] fail$ to hold :at once 0 ga9$ or ev5 claim$ ) any possibility ( success4 ,a /rong feel+ 9 fav\r ( /rict hi]>*ical pret5sions unit$ all p>ties & f\nd its rally+ po9t 9 ! *air ( ,/4 ,pet]2 ev5 incapable & *>act]less popes 7 upborne & c>ri$ ?r\gh by means ( ?is idea4 ,?us ,rome advanc$ ) firm /ep & /eady aim1 & 9 spite ( all opposition & resi/ance cont9ually approa*$ ne>] & ne>] to ! end 9 view4 ,! ,ea/ c\ld at la/ hold on & save its ecclesia/ical indep5d5ce only by a complete & incurable division 7 #fg74 #df;,b4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,roman ,,*air ,,& ,,its ,,claims ,,to ,,! ,,primacy4#abg ,! hi/ory ( ! ,roman bi%opric dur+ ! fir/ ?ree c5turies is almo/ :olly envelop$ 9 a cl\d ( leg5d :i* is only occasionally brok5 by a gleam ( hi/orical light 7see #cc1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #g2 #ce1 #e2 #cg1 #b2 #dj1 #b2 #da1 #a1 #c74 ,only aft] ! m>tyr *ur* became 9 ! #d? c5tury ! p[]ful /ate *ur* does x really ent] into ! field ( regul> & cont9u\s hi/ory4 ,& n[ also fir/ beg9s t /riv+ aft] primacy1 pres5t f ! e>lie/ times among its bi%ops & inh]it$ f ! political supremacy ( 8et]nal ,rome10 to be prosecut$ ) success 9 political & ecclesia/ical qu>t]s4 ,its hi/ory1 = :i* biographies ( ! popes d[n to ! end ( ! #i? c5tury 9 ! s-call$ ,lib] pontificalis 7 #ij1 #f7 are mo/ in/ructive s\rces1 c]ta9ly always 9 ne$ ( critical sift+ 9 a high degree1 p]mits !re=e & dem&s = our purposes at ?is po9t e>ne/ & close consid]ation4 #df4c4 ,f ,mel*iades to ,julius ,i41 ,a4,d4 #caj to ,a4,d4 #ceb4--;,at ! "t :5 ,con/ant9e's conv]sion s completely *ang$ ! aspect ( ?+s ,mel*iades occupi$ ! bi%opric ( ,rome1 ,a4,d4 #caj to ,a4,d4 #cad4 ,ev5 9 ,a4,d4 #cac ,con/ant9e conf]r$ on him z ! *ief bi%op ( ! ,we/ ! presid5cy ( a cl]ical commission = inquiry into ! ,donati/ s*ism 7 #fc1 #a74 ,"u ,sylve/] ,i41 ,a4,d4 #cad to ,a4,d4 #cce1 ! ,arian controv]sy broke out 7 #ej71 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 he laid no claim to be an au?ority on ei!r side4 ,t by 8 legates1 ,vitus & ,v9c5tius ,v9c5t1 he presid$ at ! fir/ cum5ical ,synod at ,nica 9 ,a4,d4 #cbe is a purely ,romi% fabrication2 no contempor>y & none ( ! old] hi/orians "k any?+ ( x4 ,on acc\nt ( ! rise 9 ,egypt ( ! ,meletian s*ism 7 #da1 #d7 ! #f? canon ( ! ,c\ncil prescribes t ! bi%op ( ,alex&ria 89 accordance ) ! old cu/oms %all h jurisdiction ov] ,egypt1 9 ,libya & 9 ,p5tapolis1 s9ce x is also accord+ to old cu/om = ! bi%op ( ,rome to h su* jurisdiction1 z also ! *ur*es 9 ,antio* & 9 ! o!r prov9ces40 ,! ,c\ncil1 !re=e1 z ,ruf9us also & ! olde/ ,lat9 collection ( canons1 ! s-call$ ,prisca1 und]/& ?is canon1 ma9ta9s t ! ecclesia/ical supremacy ( ! ,roman *air ext5d$ n ov] all ! ,we/ b only ov] ! t5 suburbic>ian prov9ces belong+ to ! diocese ( ,rome accord+ to ,con/ant9e's division1 i4e4 ov] ,middle & ,s\!rn ,italy1 ) ! isl&s ( ,s>d9ia1 ,corsica & ,sicily4 ,! bi%op ( ,rome1 h[ev]1 0 & cont9u$ by ! wid] developm5t ( ! patri>*al con/itution ! sole patri>* 9 all ! ,we/4 ,:at m natural ?an t he %\ld reg>d himself z ! "o patri>* ov] all ! ,we/8 ,b1 ev5 z ! only s$es apo/olica ( ! ,we/1 ,rome _h already = a long "t obta9$ a rank f> beyond ! limits ( ! ,nic5e canon4 ,9 d\btful cases application 0 made f all qu>t]s ( ! ,we/ to ,rome = in/ruction z to ! g5u9e apo/olic tradition1 & ! epi/ol>y replies to su* que/ions assum$ ev5 9 ! #d? c5tury ! tone ( au?oritative /atem5ts ( ! tru?1 epi/ol decretales4 ,b d[n to ,a4,d4 #cdd x 0 nev] attempt$ to claim ! au?ority ( ,rome ov] ! ,ea/ 9 giv+ validity to any matt]4 ,9 ?is ye>1 h[ev]1 ! pressure ( circum/ances oblig$ ! ,c\ncil ( ,s>dica 7 #ej1 #b71 aft] mo/ ( ! ,ea/]n bi%ops _h already )drawn1 to agree to h& ov] to ! bi%op ( ,rome1 ,julius ,i41 ,a4,d4 #ccg-ceb1 z a /eadfa/ & consi/5t confessor ( ! or?odox fai? 9 ?is age ( ecclesia/ical wav]+1 ! "r ( receiv+ appeals f condemn$ bi%ops ?r\gh\t ! empire1 & if he f\nd !m well support$1 ( appo9t+ a new inve/igation by ! bi%ops ( ! neighb\r+ prov9ce4 ,b ?is decree affect$ only ! p]son ( ,julius & 0 only ! mom5t>y make%ift ( a h>d-press$ m9ority4 ,x !re=e attract$ no att5tion & 0 soon =gott51--only ,rome =got x n4 #df4d4 ,f ,lib]ius to ,ana/asius1 ,a4,d4 #ceb to ,a4,d4 #djb4--;,julius' successor ,lib]ius1#abh ,a4,d4 #ceb to ,a4,d4 #cff1 ma9ta9$ ) equal /eadfa/ness z 8 pr$ecessor ! confession ( ! or?odox ,nic5e fai?1 & 0 !re=e bani%$ by ! ,emp]or ,con/antius 9 ,a4,d4 #cee1 :o appo9t$ z 8 successor ! accommodat+ deacon ,felix4 ,b ! memb]s ( ! *ur* w\ld h no?+ to d ) ! contemptible intrud]1 :o moreov] on ! v day ( ! deportation ( ,lib]ius _h solemnly sworn ) ! :ole cl]gy ( ,rome to rema9 fai?ful to ! exil$ bi%op4 ,he succe$$ inde$ 9 draw+ ov] to himself a consid]able numb] ( ! cl]gy4 ,! p1 h[ev]1 cont9u$ unfalt]+ly true to _! bani%$ bi%op1 & ev5 aft] he _h 9 ,a4,d4 #ceh by sign+ a h]etical cre$ 7 #ej1 #c7 obta9$ p]mission to return1 !y receiv$ him aga9 ) unfeign$ joy4 ,x 0 ! emp]or's wi% t ,lib]ius & ,felix %\ld jo9tly preside ov] ! ,roman *ur*4 ,b ,felix 0 driv5 away by ! p & c\ld n aga9 secure a foot+ among !m4 ,lib]ius1 :o h5ce=? held 8 position 9 ,rome z a ,nican1 amne/i$ ^? ( ! cl]gy :o _h fall5 away4 ,b ! s*ism occasion$ !reby 9 ! *ur* ( ,rome broke out ) great viol5ce aft] 8 dea?4 ,a rigori/ m9ority repudiat$ ,damasus ,i41 ,a4,d4 #cff to ,a4,d4 #chd1 :o _h be5 *os5 z 8 successor by ! majority1 because he too at an e>li] date _h belong$ to ! oa?-break+ p>ty ( ,felix4 ,?is m9ority elect$ ,urs9us z anti-bi%op4 ,ov] ?is !re 7 cont5tions t l$ to blood%$4 ,! p>ty ( ,damasus attack$ ! *ur* ( ,urs9us & "o hundr$ & ?irty-sev5 corpses 7 c>ri$ out4 ,val5t9ian ,,iii4 n[ exil$ ,urs9us1 & ,gratian 9 ,a4,d4 #cgh by an edict conf]r$ ^u ,damasus ! "r ( giv+ decision )\t appeal z p>ty & judge 9 "o p]son aga9/ all bi%ops & cl]gy involv$ 9 ! s*ism4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is victory ( ,damasus z p>tisan ( ,felix !re 0 n[ =m$ 9 ,rome a tradition :i* has pass$ ov] into ! li/s ( ! popes & ! m>tyrologies1 9 :i* ,lib]ius figures z ! adh]5t ( a h]etical emp]or & a bloody p]secutor ( ! true ,nic5e fai? & ,felix ,,ii4 z ! legitimate pope4 ,he is also conf\nd$ ) ! m>tyr ,felix :o suff]$ "u ,maximian & 0 celebrat$ 9 song by ,paul9us ,nolanus1 & is ?us repres5t$ z a holy m>tyr4#abi ,to ! pontificate ( ,siricius1 ,a4,d4 #chd to ,a4,d4 #cih1 ! we/]n *ur* is indebt$ = ! olde/ extant papal decretals dat+ f ,a4,d4 #che :i* conta9 a reply to v>i\s que/ions ( ! ,spani% bi%op c\*$ q 9 ! hi]>*ical =m & insi/+ 9 /rong t]ms ^u ! b9d+ obligation ( cl]ical celibacy4 ,subsequ5tly ! same pope1 burd5$ ) 8! c>e ( all ! *ur*es10 feels himself oblig$ to issue an encyclical to all ! *ur*es ( ! ,we/1 d5\nc+ ! frequ5t neglect ( exi/+ ecclesia/ical laws4 ,9 ! ,orig5i/ controv]sy betwe5 ,j]ome & ,ruf9us 7 #ea1 #b7 he fav\r$ ! latt]2--:]eas 8 successor1 ,ana/asius1 ,a4,d4 #cih to ,a4,d4 #djb1 took ! side ( ,j]ome4 #df4e4 ,f ,innoc5t ,i4 to ,zosimus1 ,a4,d4 #djb to ,a4,d4 #dah4--;,9 consequ5ce ( ! p>tition ( ! empire into an ea/]n & a we/]n division 9 ,a4,d4 #cfd 7comp4 #db1 #d71 ! claims ( ! ,roman *air to ecclesia/ical supremacy ov] ! :ole ( ! ,we/ 7 n only confirm$ b also v consid]ably ext5d$4 ,= by ?is p>tition ! we/]n half ( ! empire includ$ n only ^? c\ntries :i* _h previ\sly be5 reckon$ we/]n1 namely1 ,africa1 ,spa91 ,brita91 ,gaul & ,italy1 b also ! prefecture ( ,illyricum 7,greece1 ,!ssaly1 ,mac$onia1 ,dalmatia1 ,pannonia1 ,msia1 ,dacia7 ) its capital ,!ssalonica1 & ?us ev5ts play$ into ! h&s ( ^? :o press$ ! patri>*al claims ( ,rome4 ,ev5 :5 9 ,a4,d4 #cgi ,ea/]n ,illyria 7,mac$onia1 ,msia & ,dacia7 0 atta*$ to ! ,ea/]n empire1 ! ,roman bi%ops cont9u$ /ill to reg>d x z belong+ to _! patri>*al doma94 ,^! claims 7 advanc$ ) special emphasis & ) correspond+ success by ,innoc5t ,i41 ,a4,d4 #djb to ,a4,d4 #dag4 ,:5 9 ,a4,d4 #djb he intimat$ to ! ar*bi%op ( ,!ssalonica 8 elevation to ! *air1 he at ! same "t transf]r$ to him z 8 repres5tative ! ov]sight ( all ! ,illyrian prov9ces1 & to 8 successor1 9 ,a4,d4 #dab1 he s5t a =mal docum5t ( in/allation z ,roman vic>4 ,n only did he apply to ! ,roman *air t canon ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,s>dica :i* _h ref]r$ only to ! p]son ( ,julius1 b 9 a decretal to a ,gallic bi%op he ext5d$ also ! cle>ly circumscrib$ "r ( appeal on ! "p ( condemn$ bi%ops into an obligation to submit all 8caus majores0 to ! decision ( ! apo/olic see4 ,f ,africa a ,c>?ag9ian ,synod 9 ,a4,d4 #djd s5t mess5g]s to ,rome 9 ord] to secure its int]cession ) ! emp]or to put d[n ! ,donati/s4 ,f ! ,ea/ ,!ophilus ( ,alex&ria & ,*ryso/om ( ,con/ant9ople solicit$ ! weighty influ5ce ( ,rome 9 ! ,orig5i/ controv]sy 7 #ea1 #c72 & ,alex&] ( ,antio* 7 #ej1 #h7 expresses ! pr\d satisfaction he _h1 z only ,we/]n bi%ops _h done be=e1 9 ask+ ! ,roman bi%op's advice on v>i\s con/itutional & discipl9>y matt]s4 ,dur+ ! ,pelagian controv]sy 7 #ec1 #d7 ! ,pale/9ian ,synod at ,diospolis 9 ,a4,d4 #dae int]c$$ ) ! ,pope 9 fav\r ( ,pelagius accus$ ( h]esy 9 ,africa2 on ! o!r h& ! ,african ,synods ( ,mileve & ,c>?age 9 ,a4,d4 #daf besieg$ him ) ! dem& to give ! sanction ( 8 au?ority to _! condemnation ( ! h]etic4 ,he took ! side ( ! ,anti-,pelagians1 & ,augu/9e c\ld %[] ^u ! h]etics ! pregnant words3 ,roma locuta 444 causa f9ita4--,! high] ! au?ority ( ! ,roman *air rose "u ,innoc5t1 all ! m pa9ful to ,rome mu/ ! humiliation h be51 :i* 8 successor ,zosimus1 ,a4,d4 #dag-dah1 call$ d[n ^u x1 :5 he1 9 opposition to 8 pr$ecessor1 took ! "p ( ,pelagius & 8 companion ,cle/ius1 & address$ bitt] reproa*es to ! ,africans = _! treatm5t ( him1 b aft]w>ds 9 consequ5ce ( _! vigor\s remon/rances & ! int]f]5ce ( ! emp]or ,honorius 0 oblig$ to )draw 8 previ\s judgm5t & =mally to condemn 8 quondam proteg4 ,& :5 a depos$ presbyt] ( ,africa1 ,api>ius1 s\ght refuge 9 ,rome1 ! ,c\ncil ( ,c>?age 9 ,a4,d4 #dah1 9 :i* ,augu/9e also took "p1 made ?is an excuse = =bidd+ "u ?reat ( excommunication any appeal ad transm>9a judicia4 ,zosimus inde$ appeal$ to ! canon ( ! ,s>dican ,synod1 :i* he quot$ z ,nic5e2 b ! ,africans1 to :om t canon 0 q unkn[n1 only said t on ?is matt] !y mu/ make inquiries among ! ,ea/]n *ur*es4#acj #df4f4 ,f ,boniface ,i4 to ,sixtus ,,iii41 ,a4,d4 #dai to ,a4,d4 #ddj4--;,aft] ! dea? ( ,zosimus1 #bf? ,dec41 #dah1 a m9ority ( ! cl]gy & ! p1 by ! ha/y election & ord9ation ( ! deacon ,eulalius1 anticipat$ ! action ( ! majority :o *ose ! presbyt] ,boniface4 ,! recomm5dation ( ! city prefect ,symma*us secur$ = ! =m] ! recognition ( ! ,emp]or ,honorius2 b ! det]m9$ remon/rance ( ! majority mov$ him to conv5e a ,synod at ,rav5na 9 ,a4,d4 #dai = a f9al settlem5t ( ! dispute4 ,:5 ! bi%ops !re assembl$ c\ld n agree1 he call$ a new ,synod to meet at ,spoleto at ! approa*+ ,ea/] fe/ival1 & ord]$1 s z to make an end ( di/urbances & tumults 9 ! city1 t bo? rivals %\ld quit ,rome until a decision _h be5 rea*$4 ,eulalius1 h[ev]1 did n reg>d ! injunction b pu%$ 8 way by =ce ( arms into ! city4 ,! ,emp]or n[ bani%$ him f ,rome on pa9 ( dea?1 & at ,spoleto ! bi%ops decid$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! mod]ation he _h %[n1 to recognise ,boniface ,i41 ,a4,d4 #dai to ,a4,d4 #dbb1 z bi%op ( ,rome4 ,8 successor 0 ,cle/9e ,i41 ,a4,d4 #dbb to ,a4,d4 #dcb4 ,api>ius1 :o mean:ile1 because he pr(ess$ rep5tance & bes\ght =giv5ess1 _h be5 re/or$1 began anew to (f5d1 0 aga9 depos$1 & aga9 obta9$ protection & enc\ragem5t at ,rome4 ,b an ,african ,synod at ,c>?age en]getically prote/$ aga9/ ,cle/9e's int]f]5ce1 *>g+ him ) hav+ (t5 ref]r$ to a ,nic5e canon w>rant+ ! "r ( appeal to ,rome :i* ! mo/ dilig5t inquiries among ! *ur*es ( ,con/ant9ople1 ,alex&ria & ,antio*1 _h fail$ to discov]4 ,on ! outbreak ( ! ,ne/orian controv]sy 7 #eb1 #c7 two oppon5ts aga9 su$ = ! fav\r ( ! ,roman league2 fir/ ( all1 ,ne/orius ( ,con/ant9ople1 because he pr(ess$ to h giv5 p>ticul> in=mation ab\t ! ,pelagian-m9d$ bi%ops driv5 f ,italy :o s\ght refuge 9 ,con/ant9ople 7 #ec1 #d7 & _h imm$iately made a communication ab\t ! error ( conf\nd+ ! two natures ( ,*ri/ :i* _h rec5tly sprung up 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! bro!rly tone ( ?is writ+1 free f any idea ( subord9ation1 f\nd no response at ,rome4 ,! lett]s ( ,cyril ( ,alex&ria prov$ m acceptable1 fill$ z !y 7 ) cr++ flatt]ies ( ! ,roman *air & v5om\s invectives aga9/ ! ,con/ant9opolitan see & its occupi]4 ,cle/9e unres]v$ly took ! side ( ,cyril1 comm&$ ,ne/orius "u ?reat ( deposition & excommunication )9 t5 days to pres5t to a ,roman ,synod1 ,a4,d4 #dbj1 a writt5 retractation1 & remitt$ to ,cyril ! c>ry+ out ( ?is judgm5t4 ,to 8 legates at ! ,c\ncil ( ,ephesus1 ,a4,d4 #dca1 he gave ! in/ructions3 ,auctoritatem s$is apo/olic cu/odire deb]e m&amus4444 ,ad disceptationem si fu]it v5tum1 vos de eorum s5t5tiis judic>e debetis1 non subire c]tam54 ,! ,c\ncil decid$ precisely accord+ to ,cle/9e's wi%4 ,! pr\d ,alex&rian patri>* _h recognis$ ,rome z ! highe/ c\rt ( appeal2 a ,we/]n educat$ at ,rome1 nam$ ,maximian1 ?or\ghly submissive to ,cle/9e1 01 ) ! pope's he>ty approval1 rais$ to ! patri>*al see ( ,con/ant9ople z successor ( ! depos$ ,ne/orius2 only ,john ( ,antio* oppos$ ! decision4 ,cle/9e's successor ,sixtus ,,iii41 ,a4,d4 #dcb to ,a4,d4 #ddj1 c\ld already boa/ 9 ,a4,d4 #dcc t he _h put himself sup]ior to ! decrees ( ! ,c\ncil1 & 9 commemoration ( ! victory d$icat$ a beautiful *ur* newly built to ! "m ( ,god1 n[ call$ ,s4 ,m>ia ,maggiore4#aca #df4g4 ,f ,leo ! ,great to ,simplicius1 ,a4,d4 #ddj to ,a4,d4 #dhc4--,leo ,i41 ,a4,d4 #ddj to ,a4,d4 #dfa 7comp4 #dg1 #bb71 unque/ionably up to t date ! greate/ ( all ! occupants ( ! ,roman *air1 0 also ! mo/ p[]ful1 ! wor?ie/ & mo/ successful v9dicator ( its au?ority 9 ! ,ea/ z well z 9 ! ,we/2 inde$ he may be reg>d$ z prop]ly ! f\nd] ( ! ,roman papacy z a univ]sal episcopate ) ! full sanction ( ! civil p[]4 ,ev5 ! ,we/]n ,fa!rs ( ! #d? & #e? c5turies1 su* z ,hil>y1 ,ambrose1 ,j]ome & ,augu/9e1 z also ,innoc5t ,i41 _h /ill int]pret$ ! ( ,matt4 xvi4 #ah p>tly ( ! confession ( ,pet]1 p>tly ( ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/4 ,fir/ 9 ! "t ( ,cle/9e an attempt 0 made to ref] x to ! p]son ( ,pet]4 ,! legates ( ,cle/9e at ! ,c\ncil ( ,ephesus 9 ,a4,d4 #dca _h said3 1 4 ,?us !y claim$ univ]sal primacy z ( imm$iately ,div9e au?ority4 ,leo ,i4 adopt$ ?is view ) all 8 s\l4 ,9 ! mo/ det]m9$ & p]si/5t way he c>ri$ x out 9 ! ,we/2 !n next 9 proconsul> ,africa :i* _h s en]getically prote/$ 9 ! times ( ,innoc5t & ,cle/9e aga9/ ,romi% pret5sions4 ,:5 news came to him ( v>i\s improprieties spread+ !re1 he s5t a legate to inve/igate1 & 9 consequ5ce ( 8 report address$ sev]e c5sures :i* 7 submitt$ to )\t opposition4 ,! "r ( ,african cl]ics to appeal to ,rome 0 also h5ce=? un*all5g$4 ,9 ,gaul1 h[ev]1 ,leo _h /ill to ma9ta9 a h>d /ruggle ) ,hil>y1 ar*bi%op ( ,arles1 :o1 arrogat+ to himself ! "r ( a primacy ( ,gaul1 _h depos$ ,cel$onius1 bi%op ( ,besontio1 ,besanon4 ,b ,leo took up 8 case & _h him v9dicat$ & re/or$ by a ,roman ,synod4 ,hil>y1 :o came himself to ,rome1 defi$ ! ,pope1 escap$ ?reat5$ imprisonm5t by secret flight1 & 0 !n depriv$ ( 8 metropolitan rights4 ,at ! same "t1 9 ,a4,d4 #dde1 ,leo obta9$ f ! "y ,emp]or ( ! ,we/1 ,val5t9ian ,,iii41 a civil enactm5t :i* made e sort ( resi/ance to ! div9ely e/abli%$ univ]sal primacy ( ! ,roman see an act ( high treason4--,9 ! ,ea/1 too1 ,leo ga9$ a high] position ?an _h ev] be=e be5 accord$ to ,rome on acc\nt ( 8 mod]ation 9 ! ,euty*ian controv]sy 7 #eb1 #d74 ,once aga9 0 ,rome call$ 9 to m$iate betwe5 ! two conflict+ p>ties4 ,at ! ,robb]-,synod ( ,ephesus 9 ,a4,d4 #ddi1 "u ! presid5cy ( ! tyrannical ,dioscurus ( ,alex&ria1 ! legates ( ,leo 7 n1 inde$1 all[$ to speak4 ,b at ! next cum5ical ,c\ncil at ,*alc$on 9 ,a4,d4 #dea 8 doctr9e won a brilliant victory2 ev5 "h1 h[ev]1 mu* objection 0 rais$ to 8 hi]>*ical pret5sions4 ,he dem&$ f ! fir/ ! presid5cy = 8 legates1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 assign$ n to !m1 b to ! imp]ial commission]s4 ,! dem&1 too1 = ! expulsion ( ,dioscurus f ! ,synod1 because he d>$ ,synodum fac]e s9e auctoritate s$is apo/olic1 quod mumquam licuit1 numquem factum e/1 did n1 at fir/ at lea/1 receive ! answ] requir$4 ,:51 not)/&+ ! opposition ( ! legates ! "q ( ! relative ranks ( ! patri>*s 0 dealt )1 !y )drew f ! session & subsequ5tly prote/$ aga9/ ! #bh? canon agre$ ^u at t session ) a ref]5ce to ! #f? ,nic5e canon :i* 9 ! ,roman translation1 i4e4 =g]y1 began ) ! words3 ,ecclesia ,romana semp] habuit primatum4 ,b ! ,c\ncil s5t ! ,acts ) a dutiful report to ,rome = confirmation1 :]eupon ,leo /rictly repudiat$ ! #bh? canon1 ?reat5+ ! *ur* ( ,con/ant9ople ) excommunication1 & s f9ally ga9$ 8 po9t4 ,! emp]or annull$ x 9 ,a4,d4 #ded1 & ,anatolius1 patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople1 0 oblig$ to write a humble lett] to ,leo acquiesc+ 9 its erasure2 b ?is did n prev5t 8 successor f always ma9ta9+ its validity 7 #fc1 #b74--,:5 ! wild hordes ( ,attila1 k+ ( ! ,huns1 spread t]ror & con/]nation by _! approa*1 ,leo's prie/ly =m appe>$ be=e him z a mess5g] ( ,god1 & sav$ ,rome & ,italy f de/ruction4 ,less successful 0 8 prie/ly int]cession ) ! ,arian ,v&al *ief ,g5s]ic1 ^: army 9 ,a4,d4 #dee plund]$1 burnt & murd]$ ?r\gh\t ,rome = f\rte5 days2 b all ! m /rik+ly aft] 8 )drawal did ! pope's ability display itself 9 re/or+ com=t & ord] amid sc5es ( unutt]able de/itution & confusion4 #df4h4 ,f ,felix ,,iii4 to ,boniface ,,ii41 ,a4,d4 #dhc to ,a4,d4 #ecb4--,"u ,leo's second successor1 ! ,rugian or ,scyrrian ,odoac] put an end to ! ,we/-,roman empire 9 ,a4,d4 #dgf 7 #gf1 #f74 ,z to ! enactm5ts ( ! ,roman /ate1 al?\gh himself an ,arian1 aft] sev5te5 ye>s ( a wise rule he left unt\*$ ! or?odox ,roman *ur*1 & ! ,roman bi%ops c\ld "u him1 z "u 8 successor1 ! ,o/rogo? ,!odoric1 also an ,arian1 f ,a4,d4 #dic to ,a4,d4 #ebf1 m freely ex]cise _! ecclesia/ical functions ?an "u ! previ\s gov]nm5t1 all ! m z nei!r ( ^! rul]s resid$ 9 ,rome b 9 ,rav5na4 ,pope ,felix ,,iii41 ,a4,d4 #dhc to ,a4,d4 #dib1 9 opposition to ! ,byzant9e ecclesia/ical policy1 :i* by means ( ! imp]ial au?ority _h = q a hundr$ ye>s ret>d$ ! developm5t ( ! or?odox doctr9e 7 #eb1 #e71 began a s*ism la/+ = ?irty-five ye>s betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/1 f ,a4,d4 #dhd to ,a4,d4 #eai1 :i* no suspicion ( disloyal comb9ation ) ! ,we/]n rul]s c acc\nt =4 ,on ! appo9tm5t ( ,felix ,,iii4 ,odoac] assum$ ! "r ( confirm+ all elections ( ,popes1 j z previ\sly ! ,we/ ,roman emp]ors _h claim$1 & ,rome submitt$ )\t resi/ance4 ,! ,go?ic k+s1 too1 ma9ta9$ ?is "r4--,gelasius ,i41 ,a4,d4 #dib to ,a4,d4 #dif 7comp4 #dg1 #bb71 v5tur$ be=e ! ,emp]or ,ana/asius ,i41 9 ,a4,d4 #dic1 to indicate ! relation ( ,sac]dotium & ,imp]ium accord+ to ! ,roman conception1 :i* already exhibits 9 its infant /age ( developm5t ! m$ival !ory ( ! two swords 7 #aaj1 #a7 & ! fav\rite analogy ( ! sun & ! moon 7 #if1 #i74 ,8 peaceable successor ,ana/asius ,,ii41 ,a4,d4 #dif to ,a4,d4 #dih1 ent]$ into negotiations = peace ) ! ,byzant9e c\rt2 b a numb] ( ,roman fanatics wi%$ on ?is acc\nt to h him ca/ out ( ! communion ( ! *ur*1 & saw 9 8 e>ly dea? a judgm5t ( heav5 ^u 8 conduct4 ,he has ev] s9ce be5 reg>d$ z a h]etic1 & z su* ev5 ,dante consigns him to a place 9 hell4 ,aft] 8 dea? !re 0 a disput$ election betwe5 ,symma*us1 ,a4,d4 #dih to ,a4,d4 #ead1 & ,laur5tius4 ,! s*ism soon deg5]at$ into ! wilde/ civil w>1 9 :i* blood 0 %$ 9 ! *ur*es & 9 ! /reets4 ,!odoric decid$ = ,symma*us z ! *oice ( ! majority & ! fir/ orda9$1 b 8 oppon5ts !n *>g$ him be=e ! k+ z guilty ( ! grave/ crimes4 ,to inve/igate ! *>ges br\ght aga9/ ! bi%op ! k+ n[ conv5$ at ,rome a ,synod ( all ! ,italian bi%ops1 ,synodus palm>is ( ,a4,d4 #ejb1 s call$ f ! por* ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,*ur* adorn$ ) palms1 :]e x fir/ met4 ,z ,symma*us on 8 way to x 0 met by a wild mob ( 8 oppon5ts & only n>r[ly escap$ ) 8 life1 ,!odoric insi/$ no long] on a regul> pro( ( ! *>ges aga9/ him4 ,! bi%ops )\t any inve/igation freely proclaim$ him _! pope1 & ! deacon ,eunodius ( ,pavia1 kn[n also z a hymn writ]1 commission$ by !m to make an apology = _! proc$ure1 laid d[n ! proposition t ! pope :o himself is judge ov] all1 _c be judg$ ( any man4 ,bloody /reet fights betwe5 ! two p>ties1 h[ev]1 /ill cont9u$ by day & night4 ,symma*us' successor ,hormisdas1 ,a4,d4 #ead to ,a4,d4 #ebc1 _h ! satisfaction ( see+ ! ,byzant9e c\rt1 9 ord] to prep>e ! way = ! w9n+ back ( ,italy1 seek+ = reconciliation ) ! ,we/]n *ur*1 & 9 ,a4,d4 #eai submitt+ to ! humbl+ conditions ( re/oration to *ur* fell[%ip (f]$ by ! pope4 ,a %>p edict ( ! ,we/ ,roman emp]or ,ju/9 ,,ii4 aga9/ ! ,arians ( 8 empire caus$ ,!odoric to s5d an embassy 9 _! fav\r to ,con/ant9ople1 at ! head ( :i* /ood ,john ,i41 ,a4,d4 #ebc to ,a4,d4 #ebf1 ) a ?reat ( reprisals4 ,! pope1 h[ev]1 seems r to h utiliz$ 8 j\rney = intrigues aga9/ ! ,italian gov]nm5t ( ! ,go?s1 = aft] 8 return ,!odoric caus$ him to be ca/ into prison1 9 :i* he di$4 ,he 0 succe$$ by ,felix ,,iv4 ,a4,d4 #ebf to ,a4,d4 #ecj1 aft] ^: dea? ! election 0 aga9 disput$ by two rivals4 ,?is s*ism1 h[ev]1 0 only ( %ort duration1 s9ce ,dioscurus1 ! *oice ( ! majority1 di$ dur+ ! next mon?4 ,8 rival ,boniface ,,ii41 ,a4,d4 #ecj to ,a4,d4 #ecb1 a ,go? by bir? & fav\r$ by ! ,o/rogo? gov]nm5t1 appli$ himself ) extreme sev]ity to put d[n ! oppos+ p>ty4 #df4i4 ,f ,john ,,ii4 to ,pelagius ,,ii41 ,a4,d4 #ecb to ,a4,d4 #eij4--,mean:ile ,ju/9ian ,i4 _h be5 rais$ to ! ,byzant9e ?rone1 & 8 long reign f ,a4,d4 #ebg to ,a4,d4 #efe1 0 9 _m ways a mom5t\s "o = ! =tunes ( ! ,roman bi%opric4 ,! reconque/ ( ,italy1 f ,a4,d4 #ecf to ,a4,d4 #eec1 by 8 g5]als ,belis>ius & ,n>ses1 & ! subsequ5t f\nd+ ( ! ,ex>*ate at ,rav5na 9 ,a4,d4 #efg1 at ! head ( :i* a repres5tative ( ! emp]or1 a s-call$ ,roman patrician /ood1 fre$ ! pope inde$ f ! control ( ! ,arian ,o/rogo?s :i* s9ce ! re/oration ( ecclesia/ical fell[%ip ) ! ,ea/ _h become oppressive1 b x br\ght !m into a new & mu* m s]i\s dep5d5ce4 ,= ,ju/9ian & 8 successors dem&$ f ! ,roman bi%ops z well z f ! patri>*s ( ,con/ant9ople unconditional ob$i5ce4--,agapetus ,i41 ,a4,d4 #ece to ,a4,d4 #ecf1 s5t z peacemak] by ! ,go?s to ,con/ant9ople1 escap$ ! fate ( ,john ,i4 p]haps j because he sudd5ly di$ !re4 ,"u 8 successor ,silv]ius1 ,a4,d4 #ecf to ,a4,d4 #ecg1 ,belis>ius1 9 ,decemb]1 ,a4,d4 #ecf1 made 8 entry into ,rome1 & 9 ! ,m>* foll[+ he depos$ ! pope & s5t5c$ him to bani%m5t4 ,?is he did at ! in/igation ( ! ,empress ,!odora ^: ma*9ations 9 fav\r ( ,monophysitism _h be5 already felt by ,agapetus4 ,!odora _h already designat$ ! wret*$ ,vigilius1 ,a4,d4 #ecg to ,a4,d4 #eee1 z 8 successor4 ,he _h pur*as$ h] fav\r by ! promise ( two hundr$ p\nds ( gold & acquiesc5ce 9 ! condemnation ( ! s-call$ ?ree *apt]s 7 #eb1 #f7 s eag]ly desir$ by h]4 ,ow+ to 8 c[>dl9ess & want ( "* ,africa1 ,nor? ,italy & ,illyria %ook (f _! allegiance to ! ,roman see & ma9ta9$ _! indep5d5ce = m ?an half a c5tury4 ,t]rifi$ by ?is disa/] he p>tly retract$ 8 e>li] agreem5t ) ! empress1 & ,ju/9ian s5t him into exile4 ,he submitt$ unconditionally & 0 =giv51 b di$ be=e rea*+ ,rome4 ,pelagius ,i41 ,a4,d4 #eee to ,a4,d4 #efj1 also a creature ( ,!odora1 subscrib$ ! agreem5t & s confirm$ ! ,we/]n s*ism :i* ,gregory ! ,great fir/ succe$$ 9 ov]com+4--,! fanta/ic attempt ( ,ju/9ian to raise 8 obscure bir?place ,tauresium1 ! mod]n ,bulg>ian ,a*rida1 to ! rank ( a metropolis z ,ju/9ianopolis or ,prima ,ju/9iana1 & its bi%op to ! rank ( patri>* ) ,ea/]n ,illyria z 8 patri>*ate1 prov$1 not)/&+ ! cons5t ( ,vigilius1 a /ill-born *ild4 #df4aj4 ,f ,gregory ,i4 to ,boniface ,v41 ,a4,d4 #eij to ,a4,d4 #fbe4--;,aft] ! papal *air _h be5 held by ?ree insignificant popes 9 succession ,gregory ! ,great1 ,a4,d4 #eij to ,a4,d4 #fjd 7comp4 #dg1 #bb71 0 rais$ to ! ,apo/olic see1 ! greate/1 mo/ capable1 noble/1 mo/ pi\s & mo/ sup]/iti\s 9 ! :ole long s]ies ( popes4 ,he took ! helm ( ! *ur* at a "t :5 ,italy 0 r$uc$ to ! mo/ t]rible de/itution by ! savage & ru?less deva/ations ( ! ,arian ,longob>ds la/+ ov] tw5ty ye>s 7 #gf1 #h71 & nei!r ! emp]or nor 8 ex>* at ,rav5na _h ! means ( af=d+ help4 ,gregory c\ld n all[ ,italy & ! *ur* to p]i% utt]ly "u ^! desp]ate circum/ances1 & s 0 compell$ to assume ! functions ( civil au?ority4 ,:5 ! ,longob>ds 9 ,a4,d4 #eic oppress$ ,rome to ! utt]mo/ !re rema9$ no?+ = him b to pur*ase _! )drawal ) ! treasures ( ! *ur*1 & ! peace f9ally conclud$ ) !m 9 ,a4,d4 #eii 0 8 & n ! ex>*'s "w4 ,! exce$+ly ri* possessions ( l&s & goods1 ! s-call$ ,patrimonium ,petri1 ext5d+ ?r\gh\t all ,italy & ! isl&s1 br\ght him ! au?ority ( a p[]ful secul> pr9ce f> beyond ! b\nds ( ! ,roman du*y1 9 comp>ison ) :i* ! rank ( ! ex>* himself 0 insignificant4 ,! ,longob>ds too treat$ ) him z an indep5d5t political p[]4 ,gregory1 !re=e1 may rightly be reg>d$ z ! fir/ f\nd] ( ! temporal p[] ( ! ,papacy on ,italian soil4 ,b all ?is z we c easily und]/& provok$ no small dislike ( ! pope at ,con/ant9ople4 ,! pope1 on ! o!r h&1 0 angry ) ! ,emp]or ,maurice because he gave no consid]ation to 8 dem& t ! patri>*1 ,johannes ,jejunator1 %\ld be prohibit$ f assum+ ! title 4 ,gregory's own position 9 reg>d to ! primacy appe>s f 8 ,epi/les4 ,he writes to ! bi%op ( ,syracuse3 ,si qua culpa 9 episcopis inv5itur1 nescio1 quis ,s$i apo/olic subjectus non sit2 cum v]o culpa non exi/it1 omnes secundum rationem humilitatis quales sunt4 ,& ) ?is res]vation x 0 c]ta9ly meant :5 he1 9 a lett] to ! patri>* ( ,alex&ria1 :o _h address$ him z 8,univ]salis ,papa10 mo/ di/9ctly refus$ ?is title & readily conc$$ to ! ,alex&rian z well z to ! ,antio*ean see1 z ( ,petr9e orig9 7! ,antio*ean directly1 #af1 #a2 ! ,alex&rian indirectly ?r\gh ,m>k1 #af1 #d71 equal rank & dignity ) t ( ,rome2 & :5 he d5\nc$ z an anti-,*ri/ e bi%op :o w\ld raise himself above 8 fell[ bi%ops4 ,?us he comp>$ ,johannes ,jejunator to ,lucif] :o wi%$ to exalt himself above all ! angels4 ,gregory1 on ! o!r h&1 9 pr\d humility /yl$ himself1 z all subsequ5t popes h done1 ,s]vus s]vorum ,dei4 ,:5 he extoll$ ! ,franki% ,jezebel ,brunhilda ,brunehilda 7 #gg1 #g71 :o _h bes\ght him to s5d h] relics & at ano!r "t a pallium = a bi%op1 z an exempl>y pi\s ,*ri/ian woman & a wise rul]1 he may1 ow+ to ! defective communication betwe5 ,rome & ,gaul1 h _h no au!ntic in=mation ab\t h] do+s & disposition4 ,! memory ( ! o!rwise noble-m9d$ pope is m s]i\sly affect$ by 8 conduct 9 ref]5ce to ! emp]or ,phocas1 ,a4,d4 #fjb to ,a4,d4 #faj1 ! murd]] ( ! noble & j emp]or ,maurice1 :om he congratulates ^u 8 elevation to ! ?rone1 & makes all ! angelic *oirs ( heav5 & all tongues on e>? break =? 9 jubilees & hymns ( ?anksgiv+2 b ev5 "h aga91 :5 he ?us wrote1 ! news ( 8 iniquities1--n only ! slaught] ( ! emp]or1 b also ( 8 que51 8 five sons & ?ree daught]s1 etc41 by :i* ?is demon 9 human =m cut 8 way to ! ?rone1--may n h be5 kn[n to him 9 _! full ext5t4--,phocas1 h[ev]1 %[$ himself duly ?ankful1 = at ! reque/ ( pope ,boniface ,,iii41 ,a4,d4 #fjf to ,a4,d4 #fjg1 he refus$ to all[ ! patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople to assume ! title ( ,univ]sal bi%op1 :ile at ! same "t he =mally ackn[l$g$ ! *air ( ,pet] at ,rome z ,caput omnium ecclesi>um4 ,to ! next pope ,boniface ,,iv41 ,a4,d4 #fjh to ,a4,d4 #fae1 he pres5t$ ! beautiful ,pan!on at ,rome1 :i* f be+ a temple d$icat$ to ,cybele1 ! "m ( ! gods1 & to all ! gods1 he turn$ into a *ur* ( ! "m ( ,god & ( all ! m>tyrs4#acb #df4aa4 ,f ,honorius ,i4 to ,gregory ,,iii41 ,a4,d4 #fbe to ,a4,d4 #gda4--;,= almo/ fifty ye>s1 f ,a4,d4 #fcc "u ,honorius ,i41 ,a4,d4 #fbe to ,a4,d4 #fch1 ! ?ird successor ( ,boniface ,,iv41 ! ,mono!lite controv]sy 7 #eb1 #h7 cont9u$ its disa/r\s c\rse4 ,honorius1 a pi\s & peace-lov+ man1 _h se5 no?+ objectionable 9 ?is attempt ( ! ,emp]or ,h]aclius 7,a4,d4 #faa to ,a4,d4 #fda7 to w9 ! num]\s ,monophysites back to ! unity ( ! *ur* by ! concession ( "o w 9 ! two natures ( ,*ri/1 & 0 prep>$ to co-op]ate 9 ! "w4 ,b ! conviction grew m & m /rong t ! doctr9e propos$ 9 ! int]e/s ( peace 0 itself h]etical4 ,all subsequ5t bi%ops ( ,rome !re=e unanim\sly condemn$ z an accurs$ h]esy 7 #eb1 #i71 :at _! pr$ecessor ,honorius _h agre$ to & confess$4 ,?is expla9s h[ ! ex>* ( ,rav5na delay$ = m ?an a ye> ! confirmation ( ! election ( ! next pope1 ,sev]9us1 ,a4,d4 #fch to ,a4,d4 #fdj1 & grant$ x only 9 ,a4,d4 #fdj z am5ds = 8 :olesale plund]+ ( ! treasury ( ! ,roman *ur* to supply 8 own f9ancial defici5cies4 ,9 ! "t ( ,m>t9 ,i41 ,a4,d4 #fdi to ,a4,d4 #fec1 ! ,emp]or ,con/ans ,,ii41 ,a4,d4 #fdb to ,a4,d4 #ffh1 s\ght to make an end ( ! bitt] controv]sy by ! /rict prohibition ( any /atem5t z to "o w or two wills4 ,! det]m9$ pope _h to suff] = 8 opposition by sev]e imprisonm5t & /ill m try+ bani%m5t1 9 :i* he suff]$ f hung] & o!r mis]ies 7,a4,d4 #fee74 ,! new emp]or ,con/ant9us ,pogonnatus1 ,a4,d4 #ffh to ,a4,d4 #fhe1 f9ally recognis$ ! indisp5sable necessity ( secur+ reconciliation ) ! ,we/4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #fhj1 he conv5$ an cum5ical ,c\ncil at ,con/ant9ople at :i* ! legates ( ! pope ,aga?o1 ,a4,d4 #fgh to ,a4,d4 #fhb1 ! fif? successor ( ,m>t9 ,i41 once m prescrib$ to ! ,greeks :at %\ld h5ce=? be reg>d$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole empire z ! or?odox fai?4 ,! ,c\ncil s5t its ,acts to ,rome ) ! reque/ t !y might be confirm$1 :i* ,aga?o's successor1 ,leo ,,ii41 ,a4,d4 #fhb to ,a4,d4 #fhc1 did1 not)/&+ ! condemnation !re9 v po9t$ly express$ ( ! h]etical pope ,honorius1 :i* inde$ he explicitly approv$4--,once aga9 9 ,a4,d4 #fhf1 ! ,roman *ur* 0 ?reat5$ ) a s*ism by a d\ble election to ! papal *air4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 av]t$ by ! oppos+ electors1 lay & cl]ical1 agree+ to set aside bo? c&idates & unit+ toge!r 9 ! election ( ! ,?racian ,conon1 ,a4,d4 #fhf to ,a4,d4 #fhg4 ,precisely ! same ?+ happ5$ ) a simil> result on ! dea? ( ,conon4 ,! new c&idate :om bo? p>ties agre$ ^u ?is "t 0 ,s]gius ,i41 ,a4,d4 #fhg to ,a4,d4 #gja1 b he 0 oblig$ to pur*ase ! ex>*'s confirmation by a pres5t ( a hundr$ p\nds ( gold4 ,8 rejection ( ! conclusions ( ! second ,trullan ,c\ncil at ,con/ant9ople 9 ,a4,d4 #fib 7 #fc1 #b71 :i* 9 v>i\s po9ts disreg>d$ ! pret5sions ( ,rome1 br\ght him into conflict ) ! emp]or ,ju/9ian ,,ii41 ,a4,d4 #fhe to ,a4,d4 #gaa4 ,! result ( ?is conte/ 0 to %[ t ! p[] & au?ority ( ! pope 9 ,italy 7 at ?is "t great] ?an ^? ( ! emp]or4 ,:5 ! emp]or s5t a high (ficial to ,rome ) ! ord] to br+ ! pope prison] to ,con/ant9ople1 almo/ ! :ole population ( ! ex>*ate ga!r$ out 9 ! pope's def5ce4 ,! ,byzant9e ambassador s\ght & obta9$ protection f ! pope1 "u ^: b$ he crept1 & 0 !n all[$ to quit ,rome 9 safety1 foll[$ by ! scorn & abuse ( ! p4 ,soon !reaft]1 9 ,a4,d4 #fie1 ,ju/9ian 0 ov]?r[n1 & ) slit e>s & nose s5t into exile4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #gje1 hav+ be5 re/or$ by ! ,bulg>ian k+1 he imm$iately took fe>ful rev5ge ^u ! rebel inhabitants ( ,rav5na4 ,pope ,con/ant9e ,i41 ,a4,d4 #gjh to ,a4,d4 #gae1 intimidat$ by :at he _h se51 did n d>e to refuse ! imp]ial m&ate :i* summon$ him to ,byzantium = ! arrangem5t ( ecclesia/ical diff]5ces4 ,) fe> & trembl+ he emb>k$4 ,b he succe$$ 9 com+ to an und]/&+ ) ! emp]or1 :o receiv$ & dismiss$ him ) e tok5 ( respect4 ,"u 8 successor1 ,gregory ,,ii41 ,a4,d4 #gae to ,a4,d4 #gca1 ! ,byzant9e iconocla/ controv]sy 7 #ff1 #a7 gave occasion to an almo/ complete rupture betwe5 ! papacy & ! ,byzant9e empire2 & "u ,gregory ,,iii41 ,a4,d4 #gca to ,a4,d4 #gda1 ! papacy def9itely )drew f ! ,byzant9e & put itself "u ! ,franki% gov]nm5t4 ,d[n to ! late/ age ( ! ex>*ate ( ,rav5na ! confirmation ( papal elections by ! emp]or or 8 repres5tative1 ! ex>*1 0 always ma9ta9$1 & only aft] x _h be5 giv5 0 consecration all[$4 ,?is is prov$ bo? f ! biographies ( ! papal books & f ! relative =mul ( petition 9 ! ,lib] diurnus ,rom4 ,pontificum1 a collection ( =mul = ! p]=mance ( ! mo/ important acts 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,romi% ,*ur* made betwe5 ,a4,d4 #fhe & ,a4,d4 #gea4 ,! election itself 0 9 ! h&s ( ! ?ree ord]s ( ! city 7cl]us1 ex]citus & populus74--,cont9uation #hb4 ,,iii4 ,,!ological ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,lit]ature4 #dg4 ,,! ,,!ological ,,s*ools ,,& ,,_! ,,mo/ ,,celebrat$ ,,repres5tatives4 ,! ,anci5t ,*ur* rea*$ its highe/ glory dur+ ! #d? & #e? c5turies4 ,! numb] ( !ological s*ools prop]ly s-call$ 7 #de1 #a7 0 inde$ small1 & s ! mo/ celebrat$ !ologians 7 self-taught 9 !ology4 ,b all ! great] mu/ ! intellectual res\rces ( ?is age h be5 & all ! m p[]ful ! g5]al /riv+ aft] culture1 :5 ! outw>d means1 helps & opportunities = obta9+ sci5tific tra9+ 7 s few4 ,! middle ( ! #e? c5tury1 m>k$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,*alc$on 9 ,a4,d4 #dea1 may be reg>d$ z ! turn+ po9t :]e ! greate/ height 9 !ological sci5ce & 9 o!r ecclesia/ical developm5ts 0 rea*$1 & f ?is po9t we may date ! beg9n+s ( decl9e4 ,aft] ?is ! _s ( indep5d5t rese>* gradually disappe>$ f ! ,ea/]n z well z f ! ,we/]n ,*ur*4 ,political oppression1 hi]>*ical exclusiv5ess1 n>r[+ mona/icism & encroa*+ b>b>ism *ok$ all free sci5tific ef=t1 & ! indu/ry ( compil]s took ! place ( fre% y\?ful intellectual production4 ,! au?ority ( ! old] *ur* tea*]s /ood s high & 0 reg>d$ z b9d+ 9 s em95t a degree t at ! ,c\ncils argum5t 0 c>ri$ on almo/ solely by means ( quotations f ! writ+s ( ^? fa!rs :o _h be5 recognis$ z or?odox4 #dg4a4 ,! ,!ological ,s*ools & ,t5d5cies3 a4 ,9 ! #d? & #e? c5turies4--,s9ce ! "t ( ! two ,dionysiuses 7 #cc1 #g7 ! ,alex&rian !ology _h be5 divid$ into two diff]5t directions :i* we may di/+ui% z ! old & ! new ,alex&rian4 ,! ,old ,alex&rian ,s*ool held by ! subord9ationi/ view ( ,orig5 & /rove to keep op5 to sci5tific rese>* z wide a field z possible4 ,its repres5tatives %[$ deep rev]5ce = ,orig5 b avoid$ 8 m ecc5tric speculations4 ,its late/ (f%oot 0 ! ,semi>ianism ) :i* x came to an end 9 ! middle ( ! #d? c5tury4 ,?is same free sci5tific t5d5cy 9 !ology 0 yet m decid$ly %[n 9 ! ,antio*ean ,s*ool4 ,al?\gh at fir/ animat$ by ! _s :i* ,orig5 _h introduc$ into !ology1 its fur!r developm5t 0 a ?or\ghly indep5d5t "o1 dep>t+ f its orig9al 9 _m p>ticul>s4 ,to ! allegorical me?od ( int]pretation ( ! ,orig5i/ s*ool x oppos$ ! natural grammatico-hi/orical int]pretation1 to its my/ical speculation1 cle> positive ?9k+4 ,inquiry into ! simple lit]al s5se ( holy scripture & ! f\nd+ ( a purely biblical !ology 7 its tasks4 ,av]se to all my/]ies1 x /rove aft] a positive1 rational conception ( ,*ri/ianity & aft] a con/ruction ( dogma by means ( cle> logical ?\ght4 ,h5ce its dogmatic aim 0 pre-em95tly ! c>eful di/+ui%+ ( ! div9e & human 9 ,*ri/ & 9 ,*ri/ianity1 =m+ a conception ( ea* by itself & secur+ especially 9 bo? due recognition ( ! human4 ,! !ology ( ! national ,ea/-,syrian ,*ur*1 f> m ?an t ( ! ,antio*ean or ,grco-,syrian1 0 ess5tially b\nd d[n by tradition4 ,x _h its sem9>ies 9 ! !ological s*ools ( ,nisibis & ,edessa4 ,! ori5tal _s 0 "h display$ 9 an unre/rict$ mann]2 also a t5d5cy to !osophy1 my/icism & asceticism1 a special productiv5ess 9 develop+ =ms ( wor%ip & con/itution1 & )al doctr9al /ability4 ,9 _! exegesis ! memb]s ( ?is s*ool co-op]at$ ) ! ,antio*eans1 ?\gh n s decid$ly1 9 oppos+ ! arbitr>y allegoriz+ ( ! ,orig5i/ s*ool1 b _! exegetical activity 0 n1 z ) ! ,antio*eans1 sci5tific & critical b r practical & homiletical4 ,! ,new ,alex&rian ,s*ool 0 ! prevail+ "o = ! #d? c5tury s f> z ,alex&rian culture 0 conc]n$4 ,its old] repres5tatives1 at lea/1 cont9u$ devot$ly atta*$ to ,orig5 & fav\rable to ! speculative treatm5t ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e introduc$ by him4 ,b !y avoid$ 8 unscriptural extravagances & c>ri$ out consi/5tly ! ecclesia/ical elem5ts ( 8 doctr9e4 ,by a firm acceptance ( ! doctr9e ( ! et]nal g5]ation ( ! ,son !y ov]came ! subord9ationism ( _! ma/]1 & 9 ?is broke away f ! old ,alex&rian s*ool & came into clos] relations to ! !ology ( ! ,we/]n *ur*4 ,to ! ,antio*ean s*ool1 h[ev]1 !y 7 directly oppos$ 9 respect ( ! delight !y took 9 ! my/]ies ( ,*ri/ianity1 & _! dis9cl9ation to all[ ! reason to rule 9 !ology4 ,! union ( ! div9e & human 9 ,*ri/ & 9 ,*ri/ianity seem$ to !m a sublime1 incompreh5sible my/]y1 any attempt to resolve x be+ reg>d$ z alike useless & pr(ane4 ,b 9 ?is way ! human elem5t became m & m lo/ to view & became absorb$ 9 ! div9e4 ,!y en]getically affirm$ ! insep>able union ( ! two1 b !reby lo/ ! consci\sness ( _! di/9ctness & fell into ! contr>y error ( ,antio*ean onesid$ness4 ,) ,cyril ( ,alex&ria ! ,new ,alex&rian s*ool prop]ly began to assume ! =m ( a sect & to %[ symptoms ( decay1 al?\gh he himself reta9$ ! reputation ( an or?odox tea*]4 ,! ,we/]n ,!ology ( ?is p]iod1 z well z its ,nor?-,african precursor 7 #ca1 #aj1 #aa71 en]getically insi/$ ^u ! application ( ,*ri/ianity to ! life1 ! developm5t ( ! doctr9es affect+ ?is matt] & ! ma9t5ance ( ! *ur* sy/em ( doctr9e z a /rong protection aga9/ all wilfulness 9 doctr9e4 ,9 x !re=e ! traditional !ology f9ds its *ief home4 ,/ill ! po9ts ( contact ) ! ,ea/ 7 s _m & s vital t h[ev] mu* incl9$ to /ability ! ,we/ might be1 x c\ld n altoge!r rema9 unmov$ & )\t enri*m5t f ! !ological movem5ts ( ! age4 ,?us we di/+ui% 9 ! ,we/ f\r diff]5t b v>i\sly int]-connect$ t5d5cies4 ,fir/ ( all !re is ! g5u9ely ,we/]n1 :i* is sep>at$ on ! "o h& 9 ,t]tullian & ,cyprian1 b on ! o!r h& is v>i\sly influ5c$ by ! tal5t$ tea*]s ( ! ,new ,alex&rian ,s*ool1 :i* cont9u$ to m\ld & dom9ate ! cultur$ !ology ( ! ,we/4 ,its *ief repres5tatives are ,hil>y ( ,poiti]s1 ,ambrose1 & above all1 ,augu/9e1 :o completely fre$ ! ,lat9 !ology f its hi!rto prevail+ dep5d5ce on ! ,greek1 plac+ x n[ ^u its own feet4 ,! repres5tatives ( ?is t5d5cy 7 at fir/ 9 complete accord ) ! memb]s ( ! ,new ,alex&rian s*ool 9 _! opposition to ! semi-,arian ,orig5i/s & ! ,ne/orianiz+ ,antio*eans1 b !n z t s*ool itself drift$ into ! position ( a h]etical sect1 !y also decid$ly cont5d$ = ! o!r side ( ! tru? :i* ! ,antio*ean s*ool ma9ta9$4 ,a second gr\p ( ,we/]n !ologians 7 inspir$ by ! writ+s ( ,orig51 )\t1 h[ev]1 ab&on+ ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,we/]n _s4 ,to ?is class belongs ,j]ome1 :o aft]w>ds repudiat$ 8 ma/] & jo9$ ! previ\sly nam$ s*ool1 & ,ruf9us4 ,! ?ird gr\p ( ,pelagians repres5t ! practical b cool rationali/ic t5d5cy ( ! ,we/4 ,! f\r? is t ( ! semi-,pelagians :o 9 ! ,we/]n !ology int]m+le syn]gi/ic elem5ts ( an ,antio*ean complexion4 b4 ,( ! #f? & #g? ,c5turies4--,! brilliant p]iod ( !ological lit]ature _h n[ clos$4 ,!re /ill 7 s*ol>s :o wr\ght labori\sly ^u ! orig9al contributions ( ! fa!rs1 & reproduc$ ! ?\ghts ( _! pr$ecessors 9 a new %ape suit$ to ! ne$s ( ! "t1 b _s & life1 creative p[] & orig9al productivity _h well nigh disappe>$4 ,aft] ! monophysite ,johannes ,philoponus ( ,alex&ria _h comm5t$ on ! works ( ,ari/otle & appli$ _! categories to !ology1 ! ,platonic philosophy1 hi!rto on acc\nt ( its ideal cont5ts ! fav\rite ( all philosophiz+ *ur* fa!rs1 0 m & m set aside by ! philosophy ( ! ,/agirite s ri*ly develop$ on ! =mal side4 ,! !ology ( ! ,greeks ev5 at s e>ly a date assum$ to "s ext5t ! "* ( ,s*ola/icism4 ,alongside ( x1 h[ev]1 we h a !osophic my/icism :i* rev]t+ f ! t5d5cy t _h lately come into vogue to ,neoplatonic ideas1 drew its *ief inspiration f ! ,pseudo-,dionysian writ+s4 ,9 ! ,we/1 9 addition to ! g5]al causes ( decay1 we h also ! suff]+s ( ! times amid ! tumult ( ! migration ( ! nations4 ,9 ,italy ,bo?ius & ,cassiodorus won = !mselves imp]i%able r5[n z ! fo/]]s ( classical & patri/ic /udies 9 an age :5 ^! 7 9 dang] ( be+ utt]ly =gott54 ,! s]ies ( ,lat9 *ur* fa!rs 9 ! /rict s5se ends ) ,gregory ! ,great2 t ( ,greek *ur* fa!rs ) ,johannes ,damasc5us4 #a4 ,,! ,,mo/ ,,important ,,tea*]s ,,( ,,! ,,ea/]n ,,*ur*4 #dg4b4 ,! ,mo/ ,celebrat$ ,repres5tative ( ! ,old ,alex&rian ,s*ool is ! fa!r ( ,*ur* ,hi/ory ,eusebius ,pamphili1 i4e41 ! fri5d ( ,pamphilus 7 #ca1 #f71 bi%op ( ,cs>ea f ,a4,d4 #cad to ,a4,d4 #cdj4 ,! fav\r ( ! emp]or ,con/ant9e laid ! imp]ial ar*ives op5 to him = 8 hi/orical /udies4 ,by 8 unwe>i$ dilig5ce z an inve/igator & collector he f> excels all ! *ur* tea*]s ( 8 age 9 compreh5sive le>n+1 to :i* we owe a great multitude ( preci\s extracts f long lo/ writ+s ( pagan & ,*ri/ian antiquity4 ,8 /yle is jejune1 dry & clumsy1 sometimes bomba/ic4 ,8 ,hi/orical ,writ+s support$ on all sides by dilig5t rese>*1 want sy/em & regul>ity1 & suff] f disproportionate treatm5t & di/ribution ( ! mat]ial4 ,to 8 9 #aj bks41 rea*+ d[n to ,a4,d4 #cbd1 he adds a highly-col\r$ biography ( ,con/ant9e 9 #d bks41 :i* is 9 "s respects a cont9uation ( 8 hi/ory2 & to x1 aga91 he adds a fawn+ panegyric on ! emp]or4--,at a lat] date he wrote an acc\nt ( ! ,m>tyrs ( ,pale/9e dur+ ! ,diocletian p]secution :i* 0 aft]w>ds add$ z an app5dix to ! #h? bk4 ( ! ,hi/ory4 ,a collection ( old m>tyrologies1 ?ree bks4 on ! life ( ,pamphilus1 & a treatise on ! orig91 celebration & hi/ory ( ! ,ea/] fe/ival1 h all be5 lo/4 ,( great value1 especially = ! syn*roniz+ ( biblical & pr(ane hi/ory1 0 8 dilig5tly compil$ ,*ronicle1 1 simil> to t ( ,julius ,africanus 7 #ca1 #c71 an ab/ract ( univ]sal hi/ory rea*+ d[n to ,a4,d4 #ceb1 to :i* *ronological & syn*roni/ic tables 7 add$ z a second "p4 ,! ,greek orig9al has be5 lo/1 b ,j]ome translat$ x into ,lat91 ) arbitr>y alt]ations1 & c>ri$ x d[n to ,a4,d4 #cgh4--,! ,apologetical ,writ+s take ! second place 9 importance4 ,/ill extant are ! two closely-connect$ works3 ,prp>atio ,evangelica1 1 9 #ae bks41 & ! ,demon/ratio ,evangelica1 1 9 #h out ( an orig9al ( #bj bks4 ,! =m] proves ! absurdity ( hea!nism2 ! latt]1 ! tru? & excell5ce ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,a cond5s$ reproduction ( ! cont5ts & text ( ! 9 #e bks4 is f\nd only 9 a ,syriac translation4 ,! 9 #d bks41 ( :i* only a portion is extant1 exp\nds ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 an allegoriz+ fa%ion = apologetic purposes2 & ! treatise aga9/ ,hi]ocles 7 #bc1 #c7 conte/s 8 comp>ison ( ,*ri/ ) ,apollonius ( ,tyana4 ,a treatise 9 #cj bks4 aga9/ ,porphyry1 & "s o!r apologetical works are lo/4--,8 ,dogmatic ,writ+s are ( f> less value4 ,^! treatises-- 1 9 #b bks41 ! "o already nam$ aga9/ ,hi]ocles1 & 1 also aga9/ ,m>cellus 7 #ej1 #b7--;are giv5 z an ,app5dix 9 ! editions ( ! ,demon/ratio ,evangelica4 ,on 8 %>e 9 ,pamphilus' ,apology = ,orig51 see #ca1 #f2 & on 8 ,ep4 to ! ,pr9cess ,con/antia1 see #eg1 #d4 ,! weakness ( 8 dogmatic productions 0 caus$ by 8 vacillat+ & m$iat+ position 9 ! ,arian controv]sy1 :]e he 0 ! m\?piece ( ! mod]ate semi-,arians 7 #ej1 #a1 #c71 & ?is aga9 0 due to 8 want ( speculative capacity & dogmatic culture4--,( 8 ,exegetical ,writ+s ! ,comm5t>ies on ,isaiah & ! ,psalms are ! mo/ complete1 b ( ! o!rs we h only fragm5ts4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 8 9 ! ,lat9 translation ( ,j]ome3 ,de ,situ et ,nom9ibus ,locorum ,hebraeorum4#acc #dg4c4 ,*ur* ,fa!rs ( ! ,new ,alex&rian ,s*ool4 a4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s figure 9 ! *ur* hi/ory ( ! #d? c5tury is ,a?anasius1 /yl$ by an admir+ po/]ity ,pat] or?odoxi4 ,he 0 inde$ e in* ( him a *ur* fa!r1 & ! hi/ory ( 8 life is ! hi/ory ( ! *ur* ( 8 times4 ,8 life 0 full ( h]oic conflict4 ,unsw]v+ly fai?ful1 he 0 p[]ful & wise 9 build+ up ! *ur*2 great 9 defeat1 great 9 victory4 ,8 0 a life 9 :i* insight1 w & action1 e>ne/ness1 =ce & g5tl5ess1 sci5ce & fai?1 bl5d$ 9 mo/ p]fect h>mony4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #cai he 0 a deacon 9 ,alex&ria4 ,8 bi%op ,alex&] soon discov]$ ! em95t gifts ( ! "y man & took him ) him to ! ,c\ncil ( ,nica 9 ,a4,d4 #cbe1 :]e he began ! battle ( 8 life4 ,soon !reaft]1 9 ,a4,d4 #cbh1 ,alex&] di$ & ,a?anasius became 8 successor4 ,he 0 bi%op = =ty-five ye>s1 b 0 five times driv5 into exile4 ,he sp5t ab\t tw5ty ye>s 9 bani%m5t1 mo/ly 9 ! ,we/1 & di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #cgc4 ,8 writ+s are = ! mo/ "p devot$ to controv]sy aga9/ ! ,arians 7 #ej1 #f72 b he also conte/$ ,apoll9>ianism 7 #eb1 #a71 & v9dicat$ ,*ri/ianity aga9/ ! attacks ( ! hea!ns 9 ! pre-,arian treatise 9 two bks4 ,contra ,g5tes1 1 ! fir/ bk4 ( :i* argues aga9/ hea!nism1 :ile ! second exp\nds ! necessity ( ! inc>nation ( ,god 9 ,*ri/4 ,= a k ( 8 life & pa/oral activity ! ,libr pas*ales1 ,fe/al lett]s 7 #ef1 #c71 are ( great value4#acd ,( less importance are 8 exegetical1 allegorical writ+s on ! ,psalms4 ,8 dogmatic1 apologetical & polemical works are all *>act]iz$ by %>p dialectic & pr(\nd speculation1 & af=d a great abundance ( brilliant ?\ghts1 skilful argum5ts & discussions on fundam5tal po9ts 9 a /yle z cle> z x is eloqu5t2 b we (t5 miss sy/ematic arrangem5t ( ! mat]ial1 & !y suff] f frequ5t repetition ( ! same fundam5tal ?\ghts1 defects :i*1 f ! circum/ances ( _! composition1 amid ! hot combats ( 8 mu* agitat$ life1 may v easily be und]/ood & excus$4#ace #dg4d4 7,! ,?ree ,great ,cappadocians47-- b4 ,basil ! ,great1 bi%op ( 8 native city ( ,cs>ea 9 ,cappadocia1 is 9 v de$ a 8k+ly0 figure 9 *ur* hi/ory4 ,8 "m ,emmelia & 8 gr&mo!r ,macr9a e>ly in/ill$ pi\s feel+s into 8 y\?ful brea/4 ,/udy+ at ,a!ns1 a fri5d%ip f\nd$ on love to ! *ur* & sci5ce soon sprang up betwe5 him & 8 likem9d$ c\ntryman ,gregory ,nazianz51 & some:at lat] 8 own bro!r ,gregory ( ,nyssa became an equally atta*$ memb] ( ! frat]nity4 ,aft] he _h visit$ ! mo/ celebrat$ ascetics 9 ,syria1 ,pale/9e & ,egypt1 he cont9u$ long to live 9 solitude z an ascetic1 di/ribut$ 8 prop]ty among ! poor1 & became presbyt] 9 ,a4,d4 #cfd1 bi%op 9 ,a4,d4 #cgj4 ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #cgi4 ,! :ole ri* life ( ! man brea!d ( ! fai? t ov]come? ! _w1 ( self-d5y+ love & noble purpose4 ,he gave ! :ole p[]s ( 8 m9d to ! hold+ toge!r ( ! ,ca?olic *ur* 9 ! ,ea/ dur+ ! viol5t p]secution ( ! ,arian ,val5s4 ,! mo/ beautiful te/imony to 8 noble "* 0 ! magnific5t ,basil in/itute1 a hospital 9 ,cs>ea1 to :i* he1 :ile himself liv+ 9 ! humble/ mann]1 devot$ all 8 ri* rev5ues4 ,8 writ+s1 too1 entitle ,basil to a place among ! mo/ di/+ui%$ *ur* fa!rs4 ,!y af=d evid5ce ( ri* classical culture z well z ( pr(\nd k ( ,scripture & ( human nature1 & are vigor\s 9 expression1 beautiful & pictorial 9 /yle4 ,9 exegesis he foll[s ! allegorical me?od4 ,among 8 dogmatic writ+s ! foll[+ are ! mo/ important3 ,ll4 #e ,adv4 ,eunomium 7 #ej1 #c7 & ,de ,spiritu s4 ad ,amphilo*ium aga9/ ! ,pneumatoma*ians 7 #ej1 #e74 ,! o!r writ+s be>+ 8 "n comprise #cfe ,epi/les1 moral & ascetic tractates1 ,homilies on ! ,hexm]on & #ac ,psalms1 & ,disc\rses 7among !m1 1 71 a l>g] & a %ort ,mona/ic rule1 & a ,liturgy4#acf c4 ,gregory ,nazianz5 0 born 9 ! ,cappadocian village ,arianz4 ,8 fa!r ,gregory1 9 8 e>li] days a ,hypsi/>ian 7 #db1 #f71 b conv]t$ by 8 pi\s wife ,nonna1 became bi%op ( ,nazianzum ,nazianz54 ,! son1 aft] complet+ 8 /udies 9 ,cs>ea1 ,alex&ria & ,a!ns1 sp5t "s ye>s ) ,basil 9 8 cloi/] 9 ,pontus1 b1 :5 8 fa!r all[$ himself to be prevail$ ^u to sign an ,arianiz+ confession1 he ha/$ to ,nazianzum ,nazianz51 induc$ him to retract1 & 0 !re & !n sudd5ly & aga9/ 8 w orda9$ by him a presbyt] 9 ,a4,d4 #cfa4 ,f t "t1 always vacillat+ betwe5 ! desire = a quiet contemplative ascetic life & ! impulse t[>d ecclesia/ical (ficial activity1 easily attract$ & repell$1 n )\t ambition1 & s sometimes irritable & out ( hum\r1 he l$ a v *angeful life1 :i* prev5t$ him succe$+ 9 "o def9ite call+4 ,basil transf]r$ to him ! little bi%opric ( ,sasima2 b ,gregory fl$ !nce into ! wild]ness to escape ! ill-feel+s /irr$ up aga9/ him4 ,he 0 also = a long "t assi/ant to 8 fa!r 9 ! bi%opric ( ,nazianzum ,nazianz54 ,he )drew1 h[ev]1 9 ,a4,d4 #cge1 :5 ! congregation 9 spite ( 8 refusal appo9t$ him successor to 8 fa!r4 ,!n ! small1 =sak5 company ( ,nic5e believ]s 9 ,con/ant9ople call$ him to be _! pa/or4 ,he accept$ ! call 9 ,a4,d4 #cgi1 & deliv]$ "h 9 a private *apel1 :i* he designat$ by ! significant "n ( ,ana/asia1 8 celebrat$ five disc\rses on ! div9ity ( ! ,logos1 :i* won = him ! hon\rable title ( 4 ,he 0 call$ !nce by ,!odosius ! ,great 9 ,a4,d4 #chj to be patri>* ( ! capital1 & _h assign$ to him ! presid5cy ( ! ,synod ( ,con/ant9ople 9 ,a4,d4 #cha4 ,b ! malice ( 8 enemies =c$ him to resign4 ,he return$ n[ to ,nazianzum ,nazianz51 adm9i/]$ = sev]al ye>s ! bi%opric !re1 & di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #cij 9 rural retirem5t1 )\t hav+ fully realis$ ! motto ( 8 life3 4 ,8 writ+s consi/ ( #de ,disc\rses1 #bdb ,epi/les1 & sev]al poems 7 #dh1 #e74 ,aft] ! #e & ! 7a ju/ification ( 8 flight f ,nazianzum ,nazianz5 by a repres5tation ( ! em95ce & responsibility ( ! prie/hood71 ! mo/ celebrat$ are two philippics1 7! m>k br&$ on "o at ! public pillory71 ,invectiv 9 ,julianum ,imp]atorem1 occasion$ by ,julian's attempt to deprive ! ,*ri/ians ( ! means ( classical culture4#acg d4 ,gregory ( ,nyssa 0 ! y\ng] bro!r ( ,basil4 ,9 philosophical gifts & sci5tific culture he excell$ 8 two eld] fri5ds4 ,8 !ological views too 7 root$ m deeply ?an !irs 9 ^? ( ,orig54 ,b 9 zeal 9 controv]t+ ,arianism he 0 n a :it beh9d !m1 & 8 reputation among contempor>ies & po/]ity is sc>cely less ?an !irs4 ,basil orda9$ him bi%op ( ,nyssa 9 ,a4,d4 #cga1 & ?us1 n )\t resi/ance1 took him away f ! (fice ( a tea*] ( eloqu5ce4 ,! ,arians1 h[ev]1 drove him f 8 bi%opric1 to :i* he 0 re/or$ only aft] ! dea? ( ! ,emp]or ,val5s4 ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #cid4 ,he took 8 %>e 9 ! !ological controv]sies ( 8 times & wrote aga9/ ,eunomius & ,apoll9>is4 ,8 dogmatic treatises are full ( pr(\nd & brilliant ?\ghts1 & especially ! 1 an in/ruction h[ to w9 ov] ,jews & ,g5tiles to ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity2 1 conv]sations betwe5 him & 8 si/] ,macr9a aft] ! dea? ( _! bro!r ,basil1 "o ( 8 mo/ brilliant works2 1 aga9/ ! fatali/ic !ory ( ! _w ( paganism2 1 = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity on pr9ciples ( reason4 ,9 8 num]\s exegetical writ+s he foll[s ! allegorical me?od 9 ! brilliant /yle ( ,orig54 ,we also h f him "s ascetical tracts1 sev]al s]mons & #bf ,epi/les4 #dg4e4 e4 ,apoll9>is1 call$ ! ,y\ng]1 to di/+ui% him f 8 fa!r ( ! same "n1 0 a contempor>y ( ,a?anasius1 & bi%op ( ,laodicea4 ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #cij4 ,a f9e classical s*ol> & end[$ ) ri* poetic gifts1 he di/+ui%$ himself z a def5d] ( ,*ri/ianity aga9/ ! attacks ( ! hea!n philosoph] ,porphyry 7 #bc1 #c7 & also z a brilliant controv]siali/ aga9/ ! ,arians2 b he too w5t a/ray :5 alongside ( ! tr9it>ian "q he introduc$ ^? ,*ri/ological speculations t are n[ kn[n by 8 "n 7 #eb1 #a74 ,t we h o!rs ( 8 writ+s besides ! quotations f\nd 9 ! treatises ( 8 oppon5ts1 is ow+ to ! circum/ance t sev]al ( !m 7 put into circulation by 8 adh]5ts "u good or?odox names 9 ord] to get impress$ ^u ! views develop$ !re9 ! /amp ( or?odoxy4 ,! *ief ( ^! is 7i4e4 develop$ bit by bit7 1 :i* has come d[n to u "u ! "n ( ,gregory ,?aumaturgus 7 #ca1 #f74 ,!odoret quotes passages f x & assigns !m to ,apoll9>is1 & its cont5ts too are 9 h>mony ) ?is view4 ,s too ) ! tract 1 ,de ,inc>natione ,v]bi1 ascrib$ to ,a?anasius1 :i* a s*ol> ( ,apoll9>is1 nam$ ,polemon1 ) und\bt$ accuracy ascrib$ to 8 tea*]4 ,t ,cyril ( ,alex&ria ascribes ?is la/-nam$ tract to ,a?anasius may be tak5 z pro( ( ! read9ess ( ! ,monophysites & _! precursor ,cyril to pass (f ! false z g5u9e 7 #eb1 #b74 ,to ,apoll9>is belong also an ,epi/le to ,dionysius attribut$ to ,julius1 bi%op ( ,rome 7 #ej1 #b7 & a tract1 attribut$ to ! same1 1 :i* 7 also assign$ to ,apoll9>is by 8 own s*ol>s4 ,f9ally1 ! ,pseudo-,ju/9 seems to be a reproduction ( a treatise ( ,apoll9>is' 1 suppos$ to be lo/1 enl>g$ ) clumsy additions & palm$ (f 9 ?is =m "u ! v5]at$ "n ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr4 f4 ,didymus ! ,bl9d lo/ 8 sight :5 f\r ye>s ( age1 b succe$$ 9 mak+ wond]ful atta9m5ts 9 le>n+4 ,he 0 = fifty ye>s ,cate*i/ 9 ,alex&ria1 & z su* ! la/ brilliant /> 9 ! cate*etical s*ool4 ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #cie4 ,an en?usia/ic admir] ( ,orig51 he also %>$ _m ( 8 ecc5tric views1 e4g4 ,apocata/asis1 pre-exi/5ce ( ! s\l1 etc4 ,b also 9 consequ5ce ( ! !ological controv]sies ( ! times he gave to 8 !ology a decid$ly ecclesia/ical turn4 ,8 writ+s 7 num]\s2 b only a few h be5 pres]v$4 ,8 book ,de ,spiritu ,s4 is /ill extant 9 a ,lat9 translation ( ,j]ome2 8 controv]sial tract aga9/ ! ,mani*ans is kn[n only f fragm5ts4 ,8 *ief "w ,de ,s4 ,tr9itate1 1 9 #c bks41 9 :i* he %[$ himself a vigor\s def5d] ( ! ,nic5e ,cre$1 0 br\ght to light 9 ! #ah? c5tury4 ,a comm5t>y on ! ( ,orig5 n[ lo/1 0 condemn$ at ! second ,c\ncil ( ,nica 9 ,a4,d4 #ghg4 #dg4f4 g4 ,mac>ius ,magnes1 bi%op ( ,magnesia 9 ,asia ,m9or ab\t ,a4,d4 #djc1 "u ! title 1 etc41 wrote an apology = ,*ri/ianity 9 #e bks41 only recov]$ 9 ,a4,d4 #ahfg1 :i* takes ! =m ( an acc\nt ( a disputation ) a hea!n philosoph]4 ,doctr9ally x has a /rong resemblance to ! works ( ,gregory ( ,nyssa4 ,! mat]ial assign$ to ! oppon5t is probably tak5 f ! controv]sial tract ( ,porphyry 7 #bc1 #c74 h4 ,cyril1 ,patri>* ( ,alex&ria1 0 ! nephew1 proteg &1 f ,a4,d4 #dab1 also ! successor ( ,!ophilus 7 #ea1 #c74 ,! zeal\s & viol5t temp] ( ! uncle 0 n )\t an injuri\s influ5ce ^u ! "* ( ! nephew4 ,at ! ,synodus ad ,qu]cum 9 ,a4,d4 #djc1 he vot$ = ! condemnation ( ,*ryso/om1 b subsequ5tly1 on fur!r consid]ation1 he aga9 ( 8 own accord ent]$ ^u ! dipty*e 7 #ei1 #f7 ( ! ,alex&rian *ur* ! "n ( ! disgracefully p]secut$ man4 ,9 ord] to rev5ge himself ^u ! ,jews by :om 9 a popul> tumult ,*ri/ian blood _h be5 %$1 he came d[n ^u !m at ! head ( a mob1 drove !m out ( ! city & de/roy$ _! h\ses4 ,he also be>s no small %>e ( ! odium ( ! horrible murd] ( ! noble ,hypatia 7 #db1 #d74 ,he %[s himself equally passionate & malevol5t 9 ! conte/ ) ! ,ne/orians & ! ,antio*eans 7 #eb1 #c71 & to ?is controv]sy _m ( 8 treatises1 z well z #hg epi/les1 are almo/ entirely devot$4 ,! mo/ important ( 8 writ+s is 7 #db1 #e74 ,he sy/ematically develop$ 9 almo/ s*ola/ic fa%ion ! dogma ( ! ,tr9ity 9 8 ,!saurus de ,s4 ,consub/antiali ,tr9itate2 & 9 a brief] & m popul> =m1 9 two %ort tracts4 ,z a prea*] he 0 held 9 s high e/eem1 t1 z ,g5nadius relates1 ,greek bi%ops le>nt 8 homilies by he>t & gave !m to _! congregations in/ead ( compositions ( _! own4 ,8 #cj 1 ,homili pas*ales1 deliv]$ at ! ,ea/] fe/ivals obs]v$ 9 ,alex&ria 7 #ef1 #c71 9 unctu\s language expatiate ^u ! burn+ que/ions ( ! day1 mo/ly polemical aga9/ ,jews1 hea!ns1 ,arians & ,ne/orians4 ,8 comm5t>ies on ! books ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts illu/rate ! extreme arbitr>9ess ( ! typical-allegorical me?od4#ach ,! treatise gives a typical exposition ( ! c]emonial law ( ,moses1 & 8 conta9 8ornate & elegant10 i4e4 typical-allegorical1 expositions ( select$ passages f ! ,p5tateu*4 i4 ,isidore ( ,pelusium1 prie/ & abbot ( a mona/]y at ,pelusium 9 ,egypt1 :o di$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #dej1 0 "o ( ! noble/1 mo/ gift$ & lib]al repres5tatives ( mona/icism ( 8 own & ( all times4 ,a w>m support] ( ! new ,alex&rian sy/em ( doctr9e b also conciliatory & mod]ate 9 8 treatm5t ( ! p]sons ( oppon5ts1 :ile firm & decid$ 9 reg>d to ! subject 9 debate1 he mo/ urg5tly entreats ,cyril to mod]ation4 ,8 writ+s ,contra ,g5tiles & ,contra ,fatum are lo/2 b 8 /ill extant #b1jab ,epi/les 9 #e bks4 af=d a /rik+ evid5ce ( ! ri*ness ( 8 intellect & ( 8 culture1 z well z ( ! great e/eem 9 :i* he 0 held & ( 8 f>-rea*+ influ5ce4 ,8 exegesis1 too1 :i* always incl9es to a simple lit]al s5se1 is ( f> great] importance ?an t ( ! o!r ,alex&rians4 #dg4g4 7,my/ics & ,philosoph]s47 k4 ,mac>ius ! ,great or ! ,eld]1 monk & prie/ 9 ! ,scetic des]t1 0 exil$ by ! ,arian ,emp]or ,val5s on acc\nt ( 8 zeal = ,nic5e or?odoxy4 ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #cia4 ,f 8 writ+s1 consi/+ ( #ej ,homilies1 a numb] ( ,apoph!gms1 "s epi/les & pray]s1 !re is brea!d =? a deep w>m my/icism ) v>i\s approa*es to ,augu/9e's sot]iological views1 :ile o!r passages seem to convey q a ,pelagian type ( doctr9e4 l4 ,m>cus ,eremita1 a l-m9d$ y\ng] contempor>y ( ! prec$+1 liv$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #djj z an inhabitant ( ! ,scetic des]t4 ,we possess ( 8 writ+s only n9e tracts ( an ascetic my/ical k9d1 ! second ( :i*1 be>+ ! title 1 has secur$ = !m a place 9 ! ,roman ,index ) ! note 8,caute leg5da40 ,h[ev] ev5 9 8 my/icism contradictory views1 ,augu/9ian & ,pelagian1 9 reg>d to human fre$om & div9e grace1 on pr$e/9ation & sanctification1 etc41 f9d a place alongside "o ano!r1 & h prom95ce giv5 !m accord+ to ! writ]'s hum\r & ! requirem5t ( 8 m$itation or exhortation4 m4 ,synesius ( ,cyr5e1#aci subsequ5tly bi%op ( ,ptolemais 9 ,egypt1 0 a disciple ( ! celebrat$ ,hypatia 7 #db1 #d7 & an en?usia/ic admir] ( ,plato4 ,he di$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #dbj4 ,a happy husb& & fa!r1 9 com=table circum/ances & devot$ to ! /udy ( philosophy1 he c\ld n = a long "t be prevail$ ^u to accept a bi%opric4 ,he op5ly confess$ 8 ,orig5i/ic het]odoxy 9 ref]5ce to ! resurrection doctr9e1 ! et]nity ( ! _w1 z well z ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! s\l4 ,he also publicly decl>$ t z bi%op he w\ld cont9ue ! m>riage relation ) 8 wife1 & no "o took (f5ce !reat4 ,9 ! episcopal (fice he di/+ui%$ himself by noble zeal & c\rage :i* knew no fe> ( man4 ,8 #aj ,hymns conta9 e*oes ( ,val5t9ian views 7 #bg1 #d71 & 8 philosophical tracts are only to a small ext5t dom9at$ by ,*ri/ian ideas4 ,8 #aee ,epi/les are m valuable z illu/rat+ on e h& 8 noble "*4 n4 ,nemesius1 ,bi%op ( ,emesa 9 ,phnicia1 liv$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! #e? c5tury4 ,he left beh9d a brilliant treatise on religi\s philosophy1 4 ,! traditional doctr9e ( ! ,ea/]n *ur* is unsw]v+ly set =? by him2 /ill he too f9ds !re9 a place = ! et]nity ( ! _w1 ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! s\l1 a migration ( s\ls 7exclud+1 h[ev]1 ! brute creation71 ! unconditional fre$om ( ! w1 etc4 o4 neas ( ,gaza1 a disciple ( ! ,neo-,platoni/ ,hi]ocles & a rhetorician 9 ,alex&ria1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #dcg wrote a dialogue direct$ aga9/ ! ,orig5i/ic doctr9es ( ! et]nity ( ! _w & ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! s\l2 z also aga9/ ! ,neo-,platonic d5ial ( ! resurrection ( ! body4 ,x bore ! title3 4 #dg4h4 ,! ,antio*eans4 a4 ,eusebius ( ,emesa 0 born at ,edessa & /udi$ 9 ,cs>ea & ,antio*4 ,a quiet1 peaceful s*ol>1 & "o :o dete/$ all !ological wrangl+1 he decl9$ ! call to ! ,alex&rian bi%opric 9 place ( ! depos$ ,a?anasius 9 ,a4,d4 #cda1 b accept$ ! obscure bi%opric ( ,emesa4 ,he 0 n1 h[ev]1 to be left "h4 ,:51 on acc\nt ( 8 ma!matical & a/ronomical atta9m5ts1 ! p !re suspect$ him ( sorc]y1 he quitt$ ,emesa & f t date till 8 dea? 9 ,a4,d4 #cfj taught 9 ,antio*4 ,( 8 num]\s exegetical1 dogmatical & polemical writ+s only a few fragm5ts are extant4 b4 ,diodorus ( ,t>sus1 a s*ol> ( ! prec$+1 monk & presbyt] at ,antio*1 0 aft]w>ds bi%op ( ,t>sus 9 ,cilicia1 & di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #cid4 ,only a few fragm5ts ( 8 num]\s writ+s survive4 ,z an exegete he conc]n$ himself ) ! pla9 grammatico-hi/orical s5se & conte/$ ! ,alex&rian mode ( int]pretation 9 ! treatise3 4 ,by he und]/&s insight into ! relations transc5d+ ! b>e lit]al s5se b yet ess5tially pres5t 9 x z ! ideal4 ,by 8 polemic aga9/ ,apoll9>is 7 #eb1 #a71 he impr9t$ ^u ! ,antio*ean s*ool its specific dogmatic "* 7 #eb1 #b71 9 consequ5ce ( :i* he 0 at a lat] p]iod reg>d$ z ! orig9al f\nd] ( ! ,ne/orian p>ty4 c4 ,8 s*ol> aga9 0 ,john ( ,antio*1 ^: prop] "n aft]w>ds almo/ disappe>$ be=e ! hon\rable title ( ,*ryso/om4 ,educat$ by 8 e>ly wid[$ "m ,are?usa ) ! greate/ c>e1 he att5d$ ! rhetoric s*ool ( ,libanius & />t$ ) great success z an advocate 9 ,antio*4 ,b aft] receiv+ baptism he ab&on$ 8 practice & became a monk4 ,he 0 made deacon 9 ,a4,d4 #chj & presbyt] 9 ,a4,d4 #chf 9 8 native city4 ,8 brilliant eloqu5ce rais$ him at la/ 9 ,a4,d4 #cih to ! patri>*al *air at ,con/ant9ople 7 #ea1 #c74 ,he di$ 9 exile 9 ,a4,d4 #djg4 ,next to ,a?anasius & ! ?ree ,cappadocians he is "o ( ! mo/ tal5t$ ( ! ,ea/]n fa!rs1 ! only "o ( ! ,antio*ean s*ool ^: or?odoxy has nev] be5 que/ion$4 ,9 8 exegesis he foll[s ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! ,antio*ean s*ool4 ,he wrote comm5t>ies on ,isaiah 7d[n to *ap4 viii4 #aj7 & on ,galatians4 ,besides ^! 8 #fej ,expository ,homilies on all ! ,biblical books & p>ticul> sections cov] almo/ ! :ole ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts4 ,among 8 o!r dogmatical1 polemical & hortatory *ur* addresses ! mo/ celebrat$ are ! #ba ,de ,/atuis ad populum ,antio*51 deliv]$ 9 ,a4,d4 #chg4 7,! p ( ,antio*1 r\s$ on acc\nt ( ! exorbitant tax dem&$ ( !m1 _h brok5 d[n ! /atues ( ,!odosius ,i47 ,! ,demon/ratio c4 ,julianum et ,g5tiles quod ,*ri/us sit ,deus & ! ,lib] 9 ,s4 ,babylam c4 ,judos et ,g5tiles are apologetical treatises4 ,( 8 e?ico-ascetic writ+s1 9 :i* he eag]ly comm5ds virg9ity & asceticism1 by f> ! mo/ celebrat$ is 1 ,de ,sac]dotis1 9 #d bks41 9 ! =m ( a dialogue ) 8 ,cappadocian fri5d ,basil 7! ,great7 :o 9 ,a4,d4 #cgj _h felt compell$ to accept ! bi%opric ( ,cs>ea aft] ,*ryso/om _h escap$ ?is hon\r by flight4#adj #dg4i4 d4 ,!odore1 bi%op ( ,mopsue/ia 9 ,cilicia1 0 ! son ( respectable p>5ts 9 ,antio*1 ! fri5d & fell[-/ud5t ( ,*ryso/om1 fir/ "u ,libanius1 !n "u ,diodorus4 ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #dbi4 ,x 0 he :o gave full developm5t & consi/5t expression to ! ess5tial dogmatic & h]m5eutical pr9ciples ( ! ,antio*ean !ology4 ,= ?is reason he 0 f> m suspect$ ( h]esy by 8 ,alex&rian oppon5ts ?an ev5 8 tea*] ,diodorus1 & !y f9ally obta9$ _! desire by ! =mal condemnation ( 8 p]son & writ+s at ! fif? cum5ical ,synod 9 ,a4,d4 #eec 7 #eb1 #f74 ,leontius ,byzant9us =mulat$ 8 exegetical (f5ce by say+ t 9 8 exposition he treat$ ! ,holy ,scriptures precisely z ord9>y human writ+s1 especially t he int]pret$ ! ,song ( ,songs z a love poem1 libid9ose pro sua et m5te et l+ua m]etricia1 expla9$ ! ,psalms aft] ! mann] ( ! ,jews till he empti$ !m dry ( all ,messianic cont5ts1 ,judaice ad ,zorobabelem et ,eze*iam retulit1 d5i$ ! g5u95ess ( ! titles ( ! ,psalms1 reject$ ! canonical au?ority ( ,job1 ! ,*ronicles & ,ezra z well z ,james & o!r ,ca?olic ,epi/les1 etc4 ,9 e respect ,!odore 0 "o ( ! able/ exegetes ( ! anci5t *ur* & ! ,syrian *ur* has rightly celebrat$ him z ! 8,int]pres0 p> excell5ce4 ,he set =? 8 h]m5eutical pr9ciples 9 ! treatise3 ,de ,allegoria et ,hi/oria4 ,( 8 exegetical writ+s we h /ill 8 ,comm4 on ! ,m9or ,prophets1 on ,romans1 fragm5ts ( ^? on o!r p>ts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,lat9 translations ( 8 ,comm4 on ! ,m9or ,epp4 ( ,paul1 ) ! correspond+ ,greek fragm5ts1 are edit$ by ,swete1 #b vols41 ,cambr41 #ahhj1 #ahhb4 ,an introduction to ,biblical ,!ology collect$ f ,!odore's writ+s & reproduc$ 9 a ,lat9 =m by ,junilius ,africanus 7 #dh1 #a7 is /ill extant4 ,8 dogmatic1 polemical & apologetical works on ! ,inc>nation & ,orig9al ,s9 7 #ec1 #d71 aga9/ ,eunomius 7 #ej1 #c71 ,apoll9>is 7 #eb1 #a7 & ! ,emp]or ,julian 7 #db1 #e71 are n[ kn[n only f a few fragm5t>y quotations4 e4 ,poly*ronius1 bi%op ( ,apamea1 0 ,!odore's bro!r & q 8 equal 9 exegetical acut5ess & productivity1 :ile he excell$ him 9 8 k ( ! ,hebrew & ,syriac4 ,tol]ably complete s*olia by him on ,ezekiel1 ,daniel & ,job h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! ,greek ,cat5 7 #dh1 #a74 ,9 reg>d to ,daniel he ma9ta9s firmly its hi/orical "* & und]/&s *ap4 vii4 ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes4 f4 ,!odoret1 bi%op ( ,cyrus 9 ,syria1 0 ,!odore's able/ disciple1 ! mo/ v]satile s*ol> & mo/ productive writ] ( 8 age1 an orig9al inve/igator & a dilig5t pa/or1 an upright & noble "* & a man :o kept ! j mean amid ! extreme t5d5cies ( 8 times1--yet ev5 he c\ld n escape ! suspicion ( h]esy 7 #eb1 #c1 #d1 #f74 ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #deg4 ,z an exegete he foll[$ ! c\rse ( grammatico-hi/orical exposition m>k$ out by 8 ,antio*ean pr$ecessors1 b avoid$ ! rationali/ic t5d5cies ( 8 tea*]4 ,he comm5t$ on mo/ ( ! hi/orical books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 on ! ,prophets1 ! ,song1 :i* he und]/ood allegorically ( ! *ur* z ! bride ( ,*ri/1 & on ! ,paul9e ,epi/les4 ,among 8 hi/orical works ! fir/ place belongs to 8 cont9uation ( ! hi/ory ( ,eusebius 7 #e1 #a74 ,8 1 ,hi/4 religiosa1 gives a gl[+ description ( ! lives ( #cc celebrat$ ascetics ( bo? sexes4 ,( high] value is ! 1 ,hretic>um fabul>um comp5dium4 ,8 1 ,de ,cur&is ,grcorum ,affectionibus1 is an apologetical treatise4 ,8 sev5 ,dialogues ,de s4 ,tr9itate are polemics aga9/ ! ,mac$onians & ,apoll9>ians4 ,! ,repreh5sio xii4 ,ana!matismorum is direct$ aga9/ ,cyril ( ,alex&ria2 & ! aga9/ monophysitism z a h]esy comp\nd$ ( _m h]esies 7 #eb1 #d74 ,besides ^! we h f him #agi ,epi/les4#ada #dg4aj4 ,o!r ,tea*]s ( ! ,greek ,*ur* dur+ ! #d? & #e? ,c5turies4 a4 ,cyril1 bi%op ( ,j]usalem1 f ,a4,d4 #cea to ,a4,d4 #chf1 9 ! ,arian controv]sy took ! side ( ! conciliatory semi-,arians & ?us came into collision ) 8 imp]i\s & decid$ly ,arian metropolitan ,acacius ( ,cs>ea4 ,dur+ a fam9e he sold ! *ur* furniture = di/ribution among ! ne$y1 & 0 = ?is depos$ by ,acacius4 ,"u ,julian he v5tur$ to return1 b "u ,val5s he 0 aga9 driv5 out & f\nd himself expos$ to ! p]secution ( ! ,arians1 :i* 0 all ! m viol5t because 9 ! meantime he _h assum$ a m decid$ attitude t[>d ,nic5e or?odoxy4 ,at ! dea? ( ,val5s 9 ,a4,d4 #cgh he return$ & became reconcil$ to ! victori\s ma9ta9]s ( ! ,homo\sion by fully accept+ ! doctr9e at ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ant9ople 9 ,a4,d4 #cha 7 #ej1 #d74 ,we /ill h 8 #bc ,cate*etical ,lectures deliv]$ 9 ,a4,d4 #cdh by him z presbyt] to ! baptiz$ at ,j]usalem4 ,! fir/ #ah are entitl$3 1 ,ad ,compet5tes 7 #ce1 #a72 ! la/ five3 1 ,cate*eses ,my/agogic1 on ,baptism1 ,ano9t+ & ! ,"l's ,supp]4 ,9 _! pres5t =m !y af=d b fa9t evid5ce ( _! au?or hav+ surm\nt$ ! semi-,arian /&po9t4#adb b4 ,epiphanius1 bi%op ( ,salamis or ,con/antia 9 ,cyprus1 0 born ( ,jewi% p>5ts 9 ! ,pale/9ian village ,bes&uce & 0 baptiz$ 9 8 sixte5? ye>4 ,8 pi\s & noble1 b n>r[ & "o-sid$ "* 0 =m$ by 8 education "u ! monks4 ,he complet$ 8 ascetic tra9+ by sev]al ye>s resid5ce among ! monks ( ! ,scetic des]t1 !n f\nd$ a mona/]y 9 8 native place ov] :i* he presid$ = ?irty ye>s until 9 ,a4,d4 #cfg he 0 rais$ to ! metropolitan's *air at ,salamis1 :]e he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #djc4 ,9 ! dis*>ge ( 8 episcopal duties he 0 a miracle ( fai?fulness & zeal1 specially active & self-d5y+ 9 8 c>e ( ! poor4 ,b 9 ! =efront ( all 8 ?9k+ & act+ !re ev] /ood 8 gl[+ zeal = ecclesia/ical or?odoxy4 ,! v s\l ( hon\r1 tru?-lov+ & c\rage\s1 b cr$ul\s1 positive1 ) little k ( ! _w & human nature1 & h5ce n capable ( p5etrat+ to ! bottom ( complicat$ affairs1 he 0 all 8 days misus$ z a tool ( ! intrigu+ ,alex&rian ,!ophilus 9 ! ,orig5i/ic controv]sies 7 #ea1 #c74 ,he 0 all ! m easily won to ?is f ! fact t he _h br\ght ) him f ! ,scetic des]t ! conviction t ,orig5 0 ! prime mov] 9 ! ,arian & all o!r h]esies4 ,9 spite ( all defects 9 =m & cont5ts 8 writ+s h prov$ mo/ s]viceable = ! hi/ory ( ! *ur*es & h]esies ( ! fir/ f\r c5turies4 ,! dilig5ce & hon\rable int5tion ( 8 rese>* 9 "s measure comp5sate = ! bad ta/e & illogical "* ( 8 exposition & = 8 n>r[1 "o-sid$ & uncritical views4 ,8 lxxx4 is a full & le>n$ ?\gh confus$ & uncritical "w1 9 :i* ! idea ( h]esy is s loosely def9$ t ev5 ! ,sam>itans1 ,ph>isees1 ,ess5es1 etc41 f9d a place 9 x4 ,he himself compos$ an abridgm5t ( x "u ! title3 4 ,8 is an exposition ( ! ,ca?olic fai?1 :i* dur+ ! tumults ( ! ,arian controv]sy %\ld s]ve z an an*or ( salvation to ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! book 1 ,de m5suris et pond]ibus1 answ]s to ?is title only 9 ! la/ *apt]1 ! #bd?2 ! prec$+ *apt]s treat ( ! ,canon & translations ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,!re are two old codices 9 ! ,briti% ,museum :i* h 9 addition1 9 a ,syriac translation1 #cg *apt]s on biblical weights & measures & #ai on ! biblical sci5ce ( ! heav5 & ! e>?4 ,! tract 7on ! high-prie/'s brea/plate7 is ( little consequ5ce4 c4 ,palladius1 born 9 ,galatia1 retir$ at an e>ly age into ! ,nitrian des]t1 b liv$ aft]w>ds 9 ,pale/9e1 :]e he 0 accus$ ( fav\r+ ! h]esy ( ,orig5 7 #ea1 #b74 ,*ryso/om consecrat$ him bi%op ( ,hell5opolis 9 ,bi?ynia4 ,latt]ly he adm9i/]$ a small bi%opric 9 ,galatia1 :]e he di$ be=e ,a4,d4 #dca4 ,8 *ief writ+ is ! 1 ,hi/4 ,lausiaca1 a hi/orical romance on ! h]mit & monki% life ( 8 times :i* is d$icat$ to an em95t /atesman call$ ,lausus4 d4 ,nilus1 sprung f a prom95t family 9 ,con/ant9ople1 retir$ ) 8 son ,!odulus to ! recluses ( ,m\nt ,s9ai4 ,by a murd]\s onslaught ( ! ,s>ac5s 8 belov$ son 0 snat*$ away f him1 b an ,arabian bi%op b\ght him & orda9$ bo? fa!r & son z prie/s4 ,he di$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #dej4 ,9 8 ascetical writ+s & specially 9 ! #d books ( 8 ,epi/les1 ab\t #a1jjj 9 numb]1 he %[s himself to be ( l m9d & "* to 8 companion ,isidore1 b ) a deep] k & m sob] conception ( ,holy ,scripture4 ,he himself describes ! capture ( 8 son 9 ,n>rationes de cde mona*orum et captivitate ,!oduli4 #dg4aa4 ,greek ,*ur* ,fa!rs ( ! #f? & #g? ,c5turies4 a4 ,johannes ,philoponus 0 9 ! fir/ half ( ! #f? c5tury tea*] ( gramm> at ,alex&ria1 & belong$ to ! sect ( tri!i/ic monophysites 9 t place 7 #eb1 #g74 ,al?\gh tra9$ 9 ! ,neo-,platonic s*ool1 he subsequ5tly appli$ himself en?usia/ically to ! ,ari/otelian philosophy1 compos$ _m comm5t>ies on ,ari/otle's writ+s1 & 0 ! fir/ to apply ! ,ari/otelian categories to ,*ri/ian !ology4 ,not)/&+ _m h]etical t5d5cies 9 8 !ology1 among :i* is 8 /atem5t 9 a lo/ "w1 1 t = ! sav$ at ! la/ day entirely new bodies & an entirely new _w w be creat$1 8 philosophical writ+s p[]fully impell$ ! m$ival ,greek ,*ur* to ! /udy ( philosophy4 ,8 *ief doctr9al treatise is kn[n only f quotations 9 ,leontius ,byzant9us & ,johannes ,damasc5us4 ,( 8 o!r writ+s ! mo/ important 0 ! controv]sial treatise ,contra ,procli pro t]nitate mundi argum5ta 9 #ah bks4 ,! #g bks4 treat ( ! six days' "w ( creation ) great display ( philosophical acut5ess & acqua9tance ) natural hi/ory4 b4 ,dionysius ! ,areopagite4 ,"u ?is "n 7,acts xvii4 #cd7 an unkn[n writ]1 only a little e>li] ?an ! previ\sly nam$1 publi%$ writ+s ( a decid$ly my/ico-!osophical k9d4 ,! fir/ m5tion ( !m is at a conf]5ce ( ! monophysite ,sev]ians 7 #eb1 #g7 ) ! ,ca?olics at ,con/ant9ople 9 ,a4,d4 #ecc1 :]e ! =m] ref]r$ to !m1 :ile ! o!r side d5i$ _! au!nticity4 ,subsequ5tly1 h[ev]1 !y 7 univ]sally receiv$ z g5u9e1 n only 9 ! ,ea/ b also 9 ! ,we/4 ,!y comprise f\r tracts3 #a4 2 #b4 2 #c4 2 #d4 2 & also #ab ,epp4 to ,apo/olic m54 ,_! au?or 0 a ,monophysite-,*ri/ian ,neo-,platoni/1 :o transf]r$ ! secret arts ( ! ,dionysian my/]ies to ,*ri/ian wor%ip1 mona/icism1 hi]>*y & *ur* doctr9es4 ,he di/+ui%$ a 1 :i* consi/$ 9 symbolic repres5tations1 f a 1 :i* surm\nt$ ! symbolical %ell & rose to ! p]ception ( ! pure idea by means ( ec/asy4 ,side by side ) ! reveal$ doctr9e ( ,holy ,scripture he sets a secret doctr9e1 ! k ( :i* is rea*$ only by initiation4 ,! primal my/agogue1 :o l ! sun enlight5s all spirits1 is ! div9e hi]>* ,*ri/1 & ! primitive type ( all e>?ly ord] 9 ! heav5ly hi]>*y z repres5t$ 9 ! c\rses ( angels & glorifi$ spirits4 ,!re is con/ant int]c\rse betwe5 ! e>?ly & heav5ly hi]>*ies by means ( ,*ri/ ! highe/ hi]>* inc>nate4 ,! purpose ( ?is int]c\rse is ! draw+ out ( ! ( man by means ( prie/ly consecration & ! my/]ies 7i4e4 ! ,sacram5ts ( :i* he reckons six1 #eh74 ,! has its f\ndation 9 baptism z consecration to ! div9e bir?1 1 & its completion 9 consecration ( ! dead1 ! ano9t+ ( ! body4 ,! hi/orical ,*ri/ ) ,8 r$eem+ life1 suff]+s & dea? is at no "t ! subject ( ! ,areopagite my/icism4 ,x is always conc]n$ ) ! heav5ly ,*ri/1 n ab\t ! reconciliation b only ab\t ! my/ical liv+ fell[%ip ( ,god & man1 ab\t ! imm$iate vision & enjoym5t ( ,god's glory4 ,! monophysite /&po9t ( ! au?or betrays itself 9 8 t5d5cy to ?9k ( ! human nature ( ,*ri/ z absorb$ by ! div9e4 ,8 ,*ri/ian ,neo-,platonism appe>s 9 8 fanta/ic speculations ab\t ! nature ( ,god1 ! ord]s ( angels & spirits1 etc42 :ile 8 antagonism to ! pagan ,neo-,platonism is se5 9 8 reg>d+ ! n z a natural p[] prop] to & dwell+ 9 man1 b z a sup]natural p[] made possible by ! ( ,*ri/1 b /ill m expressly by 8 emphatic ass]tion ov] aga9/ ! ,neo-,platonic depreciation ( ! body1 ( ! resurrection ( ! fle% z ! completion ( ! 4 ,h5ce also ! importance :i* he atta*es to ! sacram5t ( ! consecration ( ! dead4#adc #dg4ab4 c4 ,leontius ,byzant9us1 at fir/ an advocate at ,con/ant9ople1 subsequ5tly a monk at ,j]usalem1 wrote ab\t ! end ( ! #f? c5tury controv]sial tracts aga9/ ,ne/orians1 ,monophysites & ,apoll9>ians1 & 9 8 ,s*olia s4 ,lib] de sectis pres5t$ a hi/orico-polemical summ>y ( all h]esies up to t "t4 d4 ,maximus ,confessor1 ! scion ( a well-kn[n family ( ,con/ant9ople1 0 = a long "t private secret>y to ! ,emp]or ,h]aclius1 b retir$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #fcj f love ( a contemplative life into a mona/]y at ,*rysopolis ne> ,con/ant9ople1 :]e he 0 soon rais$ to ! rank ( abbot4 ,! fur!r details ( 8 /ory are giv5 9 #eb1 #h4 ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #ffb4 ,9 decision ( "*1 fidelity to 8 convictions & c\rage z a confessor dur+ ! ,mono!lete controv]sy1 he /&s out among 8 *>act]less c\ntrym5 & contempor>ies z a rock 9 ! ocean4 ,9 sci5tific end[m5ts & compreh5sive le>n+1 9 dep? & weal? ( ?\ght !re is none l him1 al?\gh ev5 9 him ! weakness ( ! age1 especially slavi% submission to au?ority1 is q app>5t4 ,8 sci5tific !ology is built up ma9ly ^u ! ?ree great ,cappadocians1 among :om ! speculative ,nyssa has mo/ influ5ce ov] him4 ,8 dialectic acut5ess & subtlety he d]iv$ f ! /udy ( ,ari/otle1 :ile 8 imag9ative nature & ! int5sity ( 8 emotional life :i* pr$e/9$ him to be a my/ic1 f\nd abundant n\ri%m5t & satisfaction 9 ! writ+s ( ,dionysius4 ,he 0 sav$1 h[ev]1 by ! manysid$ness ( 8 m9d & ! s\ndness ( 8 :ole life's t5d5cies1 f _m ecc5tricities ( ! ,areopagite my/icism1 s t 9 8 humility he ?\ght t 8 s\l 0 n pure en\gh to be able fully to p5etrate & compreh5d ^! my/]ies4 ,8 num]\s writ+s1 ( :i* m ?an fifty are extant1 7 9 great "p occasion$ by ! /ruggle aga9/ ,monophysitism & ,mono!letism4 ,8 my/ico-ascetic writ+s are also important1 su* z 8 1 treatises on ! symbolico-my/ic mean+ ( ! acts ( *ur* wor%ip1 8 epi/les & sev]al beautiful hymns4 ,he also wrote s*olia & comm5t>ies on ! works ( ! ,areopagite4 ,he is weake/ 9 exegesis1 :]e ! mo/ wilful allegoriz+ prevails4 e4 ,johannes ,climacus1 abbot ( ! mona/]y at ,s9ai1 di$ at an extremely old age 9 ,a4,d4 #fjf4 ,"u ! title 1 ,heav5ly ,guide1 he compos$ a directory t[>d p]fection 9 ! ,*ri/ian life 9 ?irty /eps1 :i* became a fav\rite read+ book ( pi\s monks4 f4 ,johannes ,mos*us 0 a monk 9 a cloi/] at ,j]usalem4 ,accompany+ 8 fri5d ,sophronius1 aft]w>ds patri>* ( ,j]usalem 7 #eb1 #h71 he travell$ ?r\gh ,egypt & ! ,ea/1 visit+ all ! pi\s monks & cl]ics4 ,at la/ he rea*$ ,rome1 :]e he wrote an acc\nt 9 8 1 ,pratum ,spirituale1 ( ! edify+ disc\rses :i* he _h _h ) fam\s monks dur+ 8 travels1 & soon !reaft]1 9 ,a4,d4 #fai1 he di$4 g4 ,ana/asius ,s9aita1 call$ ! new ,moses1 because l ,moses he is said to h se5 ,god1 0 prie/ & dwell] on ,m\nt ,s9ai at ! end ( ! #g? c5tury4 ,8 *ief "w 1 ,vi du1 is direct$ aga9/ ! ,acephalians 7 #eb1 #e7 & 8 ,contemplationes pres]v$ only 9 a ,lat9 translation give an allegorico-my/ical exposition ( ! ,hexm]on4 #dg4ac4 ,syrian ,*ur* ,fa!rs4#add a4 ,jacob ( ,nisibis1 z bi%op ( 8 native city & f\nd] ( ! !ological s*ool !re1 p]=m$ mo/ important s]vices to ! national ,syrian ,*ur*4 ,at ! ,c\ncil ( ,nica 9 ,a4,d4 #cbe he di/+ui%$ himself by v9dicat+ ! homosion & also subsequ5tly we f9d him sometimes 9 ! front rank ( ! *ampions ( ,nic5e or?odoxy4 ,( 8 writ+s none are kn[n to u4 ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #cch4 b4 ,aphraates 0 celebrat$ 9 8 "t z a ,p]sian sage4 ,z bi%op ( ,/4 ,mat!w ne> ,mosul he adopt$ ! ,*ri/ian "n ( ,m> ,jacob1 & d$icat$ 8 #bc ,homilies1 :i* are r in/ructions or treatises1 to a c]ta9 ,gregory4 ,he wrote !m betwe5 ,a4,d4 #ccf & ,a4,d4 #cde4 ,! ,s]mones ascrib$ ev5 by ,g5nadius at ! end ( ! #e? c5tury to ,nisibis 7 compos$ by ,aphraates4 ,al?\gh he liv$ :5 ! ,arian controv]sy 0 at its height1 !re is no ref]5ce to x 9 8 treatises1 :i* may be expla9$ by 8 geographical isolation4 ,! polemic aga9/ ! ,jews to :i* sev5 tracts are devot$ ex pr(esso1 0 "o :i* specially int]e/$ him4 c4 ,ephraim ! ,syrian1#ade call$1 on acc\nt ( 8 importance 9 ! ,syrian ,*ur*1 ,propheta ,syrorum1 0 born at ,nisibis & 0 call$ by ! bi%op ,jacob to be tea*] ( ! s*ool f\nd$ !re by him4 ,:5 ! ,p]sians "u ,sapor 9 ,a4,d4 #cej plund]$ ! city & de/roy$ ! s*ool1 ,ephraim retir$ to ,edessa1 f\nd$ a s*ool !re1 adm9i/]$ ! (fice ( deacon1 & di$ at a great age 9 ,a4,d4 #cgh4 ,z an exegete he indulg$ to 8 he>t's cont5t 9 typology1 b 9 o!r respects mo/ly foll[$ ! grammatico-hi/orical me?od ) a con/ant endeav\r aft] :at 0 edify+4 ,_m ( 8 writ+s h be5 lo/4 ,^? rema9+ p>tly 9 ! ,syriac orig9al1 p>tly 9 ,greek & ,lat9 translations1 h be5 collect$ by ! bro!rs ,assemani4 ,!y comprise ,comm5t>ies on almo/ ! :ole ,bible1 ,homilies & ,disc\rses 9 metrical =m on a v>iety ( !mes1 ( ^! #ef are aga9/ h]etics 7,gno/ics1 ,mani*ans1 ,eunomians1 ,audians1 etc471 & ,hymns prop]ly s call$1 especially fun]al ,odes4 d4 ,ibas1 bi%op ( ,edessa1 at fir/ tea*] 9 ! high s*ool !re1 translat$ ! writ+s ( ,diodorus & ,!odore into ,syriac1 & ?us br\ght d[n ^u himself ! *>ge ( be+ a ,ne/orian4 ,hav+ be5 repeat$ly drawn into discussion1 & be+ naturally outspok51 he 0 excommunicat$ & depos$ at ! ,robb] ,synod ( ,ephesus 9 ,a4,d4 #ddi1 b 8 or?odoxy 0 ackn[l$g$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,*alc$on 9 ,a4,d4 #dea1 aft] he _h pron\nc$ ana!ma ^u ,ne/orius4 ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #deg4 ,an epi/le1 9 :i* he gives an acc\nt ( ^! proce$+s to ,bi%op ,m]is ( ,h>da%ir 9 ,p]sia1 l$ to a r5ewal ( 8 condemnation be=e ! fif? cum5ical ,c\ncil at ,con/ant9ople 9 ,a4,d4 #eec 7 #eb1 #d1 #f74 e4 ,jacob1 bi%op ( ,edessa1 a monophysite1 is ! mo/ important & manysid$ among ! lat] ,syrians1 di/+ui%$ z !ologian1 hi/orian1 gramm>ian & translator ( ! ,greek fa!rs4 ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #gjh4 ,( 8 works /ill extant 9 ,,ms4--s*olia on ! ,bible1 liturgical works & treatises on *ur* law1 revision ( ! ,syrian ,old ,te/am5t accord+ to ! ,,lxx41 cont9uation ( ! ,eusebian ,*ronicle1 etc4--only a few h be5 pr9t$4 #b4 ,,! ,,mo/ ,,important ,,tea*]s ,,( ,,! ,,we/]n ,,*ur*4 #dg4ad4 f4 ,dur+ ! ,p]iod ( ! ,arian ,controv]sy4 a4 ,jul4 ,firmicus ,mat]nus4 ,"u ?is "n we h a treatise ,de errore pr(an>um religionum1 address$ to ! sons ( ,con/ant9e ! ,great1 9 :i* ! writ] combats hea!nism ^u ! ,euhem]i/ !ory 7:i* traces ! wor%ip ( ! hea!n gods f ! deify+ ( fam\s ance/ors71 b besides reclaims _m my?s z corruptions ( ! biblical hi/ory1 & %[s t ! viol5t ov]?r[ ( all idolatry is ! sacr$ duty ( a ,*ri/ian rul] f ,god's comm& to ,jo%ua to de/roy utt]ly ! ,canaanites4 b4 ,lucif] ( ,calris ,cal>is 9 ,s>d9ia1 0 a viol5t1 det]m9$1 & /ubborn zealot = ! ,nic5e doctr9e1 ^: excessive sev]ity aga9/ ! p5it5t ,arians & semi-,arians drove him into s*ism 7 #ej1 #h74 ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #cga4 ,9 8 tract1 ,ad ,con/antium ,augu/um pro ,s4 ,a?ansio1 lb4 ii41 writt5 9 ,a4,d4 #cfj1 he upbraids ! emp]or ) 8 faults s bitt]ly z to describe him z a reckless apo/ate1 anti*ri/1 & ,satan4 ,he boldly ackn[l$g$ ! au?or%ip &1 9 prospect ( a dea? s5t5ce1 wrote 9 ,a4,d4 #cfa 8 consolatory treatise1 ,mori5dum esse pro filio ,dei4 ,! e>ly dea? ( ! emp]or1 h[ev]1 p]mitt$ 8 return f exile 7 #ej1 #b1 #d71 :]e he _h writt5 ,de regibus apo/aticis & ,de non conv5i5do cum hreticis4 c4 ,m>ius ,victor9us f ,africa1 (t5 conf\nd$ ) ! m>tyr ( ! same "n 7 #ca1 #ab71 0 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity :5 advanc$ 9 life1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #cfj1 :ile occupy+ a di/+ui%$ position z a hea!n rhetorician 9 ,rome4 ,he gave pro( ( 8 zeal z a neophyte by ! composition ( controv]sial treatises aga9/ ! ,mani*ans1 ,ad ,ju/9um ,mani*um1 & aga9/ ! ,arians1 ,lb4 iv4 adv4 ,arium1 ,de g5]atione div9a ad ,c&idum1 ,de recipi5do4 ,9 8 treatise1 ,de v]bis scriptur1 ,g54 i4 #e1 he %[s t ! creative days began n ) ! ev5+1 b ) ! morn+4 ,he compos$ ?ree hymns de ,tr9itate1 & an epic poem on ! sev5 bro!rs1 ! ,maccabees4 d4 ,hil>y ( ,poiti]s--,hil>ius ,pictavi5ses--/yl$ ! ,a?anasius ( ! ,we/1 & made doctor ecclesi by ,pius ,,ix4 9 ,a4,d4 #ahea1 0 sprung f a noble pagan family ( ,poiti]s 7,pictavium74 ,) wife & daught] he embrac$ ,*ri/ianity1 & 0 soon !reaft]1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #cej1 made bi%op ( 8 native city4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #cef1 h[ev]1 z a zeal\s oppon5t ( ,arianism1 he 0 bani%$ to ,phrygia1 f :i* he return$ 9 ,a4,d4 #cfj4 ,two ye>s lat] he travell$ to ,milan1 9 ord] if possible to w9 f 8 error ! bi%op ( t place1 ,aux5tius1 a zeal\s ,arian4 ,t bi%op1 h[ev]1 obta9$ an imp]ial edict :i* oblig$ him in/antly to )draw4 ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #cff4 ,! /udy ( ,orig5 seems to h _h a decid$ influ5ce ^u 8 !ological developm5t4 ,8 /r5g? lay 9 ! speculative treatm5t ( ! gr\ndworks ( doctr9e4 ,at ! same "t he is ! fir/ exegete prop] among ! ,we/]n fa!rs writ+ ! ,lat9 language4 ,he foll[s exactly ! allegorical me?od ( ! ,alex&rians4 ,8 works embrace comm5t>ies on ! ,psalms & ! ,gospel ( ,mat!w1 sev]al polemical lectures 7 #ej1 #f71 & 8 speculative dogmatic ma/]piece de ,tr9itate 9 xii4 books4 e4 ,z5o1 bi%op ( ,v]ona1 :o di$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #chj1 left beh9d n9ety-?ree ,s]mones :i*1 9 beautiful language & spirit$ /yle1 treat ( v>i\s subjects connect$ ) fai? & morals1 combat paganism & ,arianism1 & eag]ly recomm5d virg9ity & mona/icism4 f4 ,phila/]1 bi%op ( ,brescia1 contempor>y ( ,z5o1 9 8 book ,de hresibus1 describ$ 9 h>% & obscure language1 9 an uncritical fa%ion & ) an extremely loose application ( ! ^w h]esy1 #bh pre-,*ri/ian & #abh po/-,*ri/ian sy/ems ( error4 g4 ,m>t9 ( ,t\rs1#adf son ( a soldi]1 _h be=e baptism1 b aft] 8 he>t _h be5 fill$ ) ! love ( ,*ri/1 ent]$ ! ,roman cavalry4 ,once1 leg5d relates1 he p>t$ 8 milit>y cloak into two pieces 9 ord] to %ield a nak$ begg> f ! cold1 & on ! foll[+ night ! ,"l ,jesus appe>$ to him clo!d 9 ?is v cloak4 ,9 8 eighte5? ye> he 0 baptiz$1 & = "s ye>s !reaft] atta*$ himself to ,hil>y ( ,poiti]s1 & !n w5t to 8 p>5ts 9 ,pannonia4 ,he did n succe$ 9 conv]t+ 8 fa!r1 b he 0 successful ) 8 "m & _m ( ! p4 ,sc\rg$ & driv5 away by ! ,arian p>ty :i* !re prevail$1 he turn$ to ,milan :]e1 h[ev]1 he got j z little welcome f ! ,arian bi%op ,aux5tius4 ,he !n liv$ "s ye>s on ! isl& ( ,gall9>ia1 ne> ,g5oa4 ,:5 ,hil>y return$ f bani%m5t to ,pictavium1 he foll[$ him !re1 & f\nd$ 9 ! neighb\rhood a mona/]y1 ! e>lie/ 9 ,gaul4 ,he 0 guilefully decoy$ to ,t\rs1 & =c$ to m\nt ! episcopal *air !re 9 ,a4,d4 #cge4 ,he conv]t$ :ole cr[ds ( hea!n peasants1 &1 accord+ to ! leg5d giv5 by ,sulpicius ,sev]us & ,gregory ( ,t\rs 7 #ij1 #b71 wr\ght miracle aft] miracle4 ,b he 0 himself ) 8 holy zeal1 8 activity 9 do+ good1 8 und\bt$ p[] ov] m5's he>ts1 & a c\nt5ance be=e :i* ev5 ! emp]or quail$ 7 #ed1 #b71 ! greate/ & ! mo/ cr$ible miracle4 ,he di$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #djj 9 ! mona/]y ( ,m>monti]s ,m>m\ti]s1 :i* he _h f\nd$ out f ,t\rs4 ,8 tomb 0 "o ( ! mo/ frequ5t$ places ( pilgrimage4 ,he 0 :olly )\t s*ol>ly culture1 b ! =ce ( intellect ) :i* he 0 end[$ l5t him a comm&+ eloqu5ce4 ,! ,confessio de s4 ,tr9itate attribut$ to him is n g5u9e4 #dg4ae4 g4 ,ambrose1 bi%op ( ,milan1 sprung f a prom95t ,roman family1 0 gov]nor ( ! prov9ce ( ,milan4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ! ,arian ,aux5tius 9 ,a4,d4 #cgd viol5t qu>rels broke out ov] ! *oice ( a successor4 ,!n a *ild is said to h cri$ f ! mid/ ( ! cr[d 8,ambrose is bi%op10 & all ! p1 ,arians z well z ,ca?olics1 agre$4 ,all objection 0 va94 ,up to ?is "t only a cate*um51 he receiv$ baptism1 di/ribut$ 8 prop]ty among ! poor1 & eight days aft] m\nt$ ! episcopal *air4 ,8 new (fice he adm9i/]$ ) truly apo/olic zeal1 a fa!r ( ! poor1 a protector ( all oppress$1 an unwe>i$ly active pa/or1 a p[]ful oppon5t ( h]esy & hea!nism4 ,8 eloqu5ce1 :i* _h won him a high reputation 9 ! =um1 0 yet m conspicu\s 9 ! s]vice ( ! *ur*4 ,to ransom ! prison]s he sp>$ n ev5 ! furniture ( ! *ur*4 ,to a peculi>ly w9n+ fri5dl9ess & g5tl5ess he add$ great /r5g? ( "*1 :i* prev5t$ him be+ *eck$ 9 8 c\rse by any respect ( p]sons1 or by any ?reat5+ & dang]4 ,he s decid$ly oppos$ ! intrigues ( ! ,arian ,empress ,ju/9a1 dur+ ! m9ority ( h] son ,val5t9ian ,,ii41 t %e1 p[]less to execute h] wra?1 0 oblig$ to desi/ f h] endeav\rs 7 #ej1 #d74 ,) ,!odosius ! ,great he /ood 9 ! highe/ e/eem4 ,:5 ! passionate emp]or _h ord]$ a fe>ful massacre )\t di/9ction ( rank1 age & sex1 )\t enquiry z to guilt or innoc5ce1 ( ! inhabitants ( ,!ssalonica on acc\nt ( a tumult 9 :i* a g5]al & sev]al (fic]s _h be5 murd]$1 ,ambrose wrote him a lett] ) an e>ne/ call to rep5tance1 & ?reat5$ him ) exclusion f ! communion ( ! *ur* & its s]vices4 ,! emp]or1 already rep5t+ ( 8 ha/9ess1 took pati5tly ! rebuke adm9i/]$1 b did no?+ to atone = 8 crime4 ,"s "t aft] he w5t z usual to *ur*1 b ,ambrose met him at ! entrance ( ! h\se ( ,god & refus$ him admission4 ,= eight mon?s ! emp]or refra9$ f communion2 !n he appli$ = absolution1 :i* 0 grant$ him1 aft] he _h publicly done p5ance be=e ! congregation & promis$ nev] 9 future to c>ry out a dea? s5t5ce )9 ?irty days ( its be+ pron\nc$4 ,!odosius aft]w>ds decl>$ t ,ambrose 0 ! only "o truly des]v+ ! "n ( a bi%op4 ,ambrose 0 also a zeal\s promot] ( mona/icism 9 ! ,we/4 ,9 8 s]mons he s p[]fully recomm5d$ virg9ity t _m families =bade _! daught]s att5d+ !m4 ,he des]ves special cr$it = 8 contributions to ! liturgical s]vices 7,(ficium ,ambrosianum1 ,cantus ,ambr41 ,hymn ,composition1 #ei1 #d-f74 ,on all dogmatic que/ions he /rongly fav\r$ ! realism ( ! ,nor? ,african s*ool1 :ile 9 exegesis he did n surm\nt ! allegorical me?od ( ! ,alex&rians4 ,to ! dep>tm5t ( morals & ascetics belong ! #c bks4 ,de ,(ficiis ,m9i/rorum1 a ,*ri/ian con/ruction ( ,cic]o's celebrat$ "w & ! mo/ important ( all ,ambrose's writ+s2 also sev]al treatises 9 recomm5dation ( virg9ity4 ,! book ,de ,my/]iis expla9s baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp] to ! neophytes4 ,! #e bks4 ,de fide1 ! #c bks4 ,de ,spiritu ,s4 & ! tract ,de inc>natonis sacram5to1 treat ( ! fundam5tal doctr9es ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? 9 opposition to ,arians1 ,sabellians1 ,apoll9>ians1 etc4 ,^! are some:at dep5d5t ^u ! ,greeks1 especially ,a?anasius1 ,didymus & ,basil4 ,8 expositions ( ,old ,te/am5t hi/ories 7,hexam]on1 ,de ,p>adiso1 ,de ,ca9 et ,abel1 ,de ,no et arca1 ,de ,abraham1 ,de ,jacob et anima1 etc47 are allegorical & typical 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,m important are 8 ,s]mones & #ib ,epi/les4 ,b all 8 writ+s are di/+ui%$ by _! noble1 p[]ful & popul> eloqu5ce4 h4 ,ambrosia/] is ! "n giv5 to an unkn[n writ] ^: allegoriz+ ,comm5t>y on ,paul's ,epi/les 0 long attribut$ to ,ambrose4 ,?is "w1 highly popul> on acc\nt ( its pregnant brevity1 0 p]haps ! jo9t "w ( sev]al writ]s4 ,9 its e>lie/ portions x belongs to ! age ( ,damasus1 bi%op ( ,rome1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #chd1 :o is nam$ z a contempor>y4 ,augu/9e names a ,hil>y1 n o!rwise kn[n1 z au?or ( a passage quot$ f x4 i4 ,pacianus1#adg bi%op ( ,b>celona1 :o di$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #cij1 wrote 9 a cle> /yle & correct ,lat9ity ?ree ,epi/les aga9/ ! ,novatians1 f ! fir/ ( :i*1 ,de ,ca?olico nom9e1 is borr[$ ! beautiful say+3 ,*ri/ianus mihi nom5 e/1 ,ca?olicus cognom54 ,he also wrote a ,lib] exhortatorius ad pnit5tiam & a ,s]mo de baptismo4 #dg4af4 ,dur+ ! ,p]iod ( ,orig5i/ic ,controv]sy4 a4 ,j]ome#adh--,sophronius ,eusebius ,hi]onymus--( ,/ridon 9 ,dalmatia1 receiv$ 8 classical tra9+ "u ! gramm>ian ,donatus at ,rome4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #cfj he 0 baptiz$ by bi%op ,lib]ius1 b aft]w>ds fell into s5sual excesses :i* he aton$ = by p5it5tial pilgrimages to ! catacombs4 ,dur+ a j\rney ?r\gh ,gaul & ! prov9ces ( ! ,rh9e & ,moselle he seems to h =m$ ! fix$ resolve to devote himself to !ology & an ascetic life4 ,!n = m ?an a ye> he /ay$ at ,aquileia1 ,a4,d4 #cgb1 :]e he =m$ an intimate fri5d%ip ) ,ruf9us4 ,he next und]takes a j\rney to ! ,ea/4 ,at ,antio* 9 a vision1 dur+ a viol5t fev]1 plac$ be=e ! ?rone ( ! judge ( all1 hav+ answ]$ ! "q ,:o art ?\8 by ! confession t he 0 a ,*ri/ian1 he he>d ! words di/9ctly utt]$3 ,?\ lie/6 ?\ art a ,cic]onian & no ,*ri/ian6 ,he !n s5t5c$ himself to sev]e ca/igation & promis$ ) an oa? to give up ! read+ ( ! hea!n classics :i* he _h s mu* enjoy$4 ,he aft]w>ds inde$ excus$ himself f ! fulfilm5t ( ?is tw(old obligation2 b ?is _h seal$ 8 devotion to an ascetic life1 & ! des]t ( ,*alcis1 ! ,syrian ,!baid1 became = him dur+ _m ye>s ! s*ool ( ascetic discipl9e4 ,worn out ) privations1 p5ances & s5sual temptations he return$ 9 ,a4,d4 #cgi to ,antio*1 :]e he 0 orda9$ presbyt] b )\t any (ficial di/rict be+ assign$4 ,urg$ by ,gregory ( ,nazianzum ,nazianz51 he next sp5t sev]al ye>s 9 ,con/ant9ople4 ,f ,a4,d4 #chb to ,a4,d4 #che he aga9 liv$ 9 ,rome1 :]e bi%op ,damasus hon\r$ him ) 8 implicit confid5ce4 ,?is ar\s$ aga9/ him ! envy & enmity ( _m among ! ,roman cl]gy1 :ile at ! same "t 8 zeal = ! spread ( mona/icism & virg9ity1 z well z 8 ascetic influ5ce ) wom51 drew ^u him ! hatr$ ( _m prom95t families 7 #dd1 #d74 ,on ! dea? ( 8 episcopal patron 9 ,a4,d4 #chd 8 position 9 ,rome ?us became unt5able4 ,he n[ return$ to ! ,ea/1 visit$ all ! holy places 9 ,pale/9e1 & also made an excursion to ,alex&ria :]e he /ay$ = f\r weeks 9 ! s*ool ( ! bl9d ,didymus4 ,he !n settl$ d[n at ,be?lehem1 f\nd$ !re ) ! means ( 8 ,roman lady fri5ds an e/abli%m5t = monks1 ov] :i* he presid$ till 8 dea? 9 ,a4,d4 #dbj2 & an e/abli%m5t = nuns ov] :i* ,/4 ,paula presid$1 :o ) h] daught] ,eu/o*ium _h accompani$ him f ,rome4 ,z to 8 %>e 9 ! ,orig5i/ic controv]sies into :i* he all[$ himself to be drawn1 see #ea1 #b4 ,8 "* 0 n )\t defects3 vanity1 ambition1 jeal\sy1 passionat5ess1 impati5ce & int5se bitt]ness 9 debate1 are only all too app>5t 9 8 life4 ,b :]e ^!1 z well z 8 scrupul\s anxiety = ! ma9ta9+ ( a reputation = unwav]+ or?odoxy & by zeal = mona/icism & asceticism1 did n /& 9 ! way1 we (t5 f9d 9 him an unexpect$ cle>ness & lib]ality ( view4 ,comp4 #ag1 #f2 #eg1 #f2 #ei1 #a2 #fa1 #a4 ,to ! in/ructions ( ! ,jew ,b> ,han9a he 0 indebt$ = 8 k ( ,hebrew & ,*aldee4 ,! greate/ & mo/ endur+ s]vice 0 r5d]$ to ! /udy ( holy scripture by 8 pione] lab\rs 9 ?is direction4 ,he is at 8 weake/ 9 8 dogmatic works1 :i* mo/ly are disfigur$ by immod]ately passionate polemic4 ,9 exegesis he repres5ts ! grammatico-hi/orical me?od1 b nev]!less frequ5tly falls back aga9 into allegorico-my/ical explanations4 ,8 /yle is pure1 fl[+ & elegant1 b 9 polemic (t5 reckless & co>se ev5 to vulg>ity4 ,9 ! dep>tm5t ( exegesis ! fir/ place belongs to 8 translation ( ! bible 7 #ei1 #a74 ,we h also a numb] ( ,comm5t>ies--on ,g5esis1 ,ecclesia/es1 ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah1 ,ezekiel1 ,daniel1 ,m9or ,prophets1 ,mat!w1 ,galatians1 ,ephesians1 ,philippians & ,philemon4 ,8 ,onoma/icon s4 de situ et nom9ibus locorum ,hebr4 is a ,lat9 reproduction ( ! ( ,eusebius4 ,9 ! dep>tm5t ( dogmatics we h polemics aga9/ ,lucif] ( ,cal>is 7 #ej1 #c71 aga9/ ,helvidius1 ,jov9ian & ,vigilantius 7 #fc1 #b71 aga9/ ,john ( ,j]usalem 7 #ea1 #b7 & 9 sev]al treatises aga9/ ,ruf9us1 & f9ally aga9/ ! ,pelagians 7 #ec1 #d74 ,9 ! dep>tm5t ( hi/ory we h 8 ,lat9 adaptation & cont9uation ( ! second "p ( ! ,eusebian ,*ronicle1 8 ,catalogus ,scriptorum eccle/4 s4 de viris illu/r41 :i* tells 9 anecdotal =m ab\t ! lives & writ+s ( biblical & ecclesia/ical writ]s1 #ace 9 numb]1 f ,pet] d[n to himself1 ) ! av[$ purpose ( prov+ ! fals5ess ( ! reproa* t only ignorant & uncultur$ m5 _h embrac$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds cont9u$ by ! ,gaul ,g5nadius ( ,m>seilles d[n to ! end ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,f9ally1 ! romanc+ leg5d>y sket*es ( ! lives ( ! fam\s monks ,paul ( ,!bes 7 #ci1 #d71 ,hil>ion 7 #dd1 #c7 & ,mal*us1 7 add$4 ,8 #aej ,epi/les are extremely important = ! *ur* hi/ory ( 8 times4 ,( 8 translations ( ! ,greek fa!rs only ^? ( ,didymus1 ,de ,spiritu ,s4 & t ( #gj ,homilies ( ,orig51 are n[ extant4 #dg4ag4 b4 ,tyrannius ,ruf9us ( ,aquileia aft] receiv+ baptism liv$ = a long "t 9 mona/ic retirem5t4 ,8 en?usiasm = mona/icism & asceticism l$ him 9 ,a4,d4 #cgc to ,egypt4 ,at ,alex&ria he sp5t sev]al ye>s 9 int]c\rse ) ,didymus4 ,he contract$ !re t en?usia/ic admiration ( ,orig5 :i* made 8 aft] life s full ( debate & /rife4 ,he next w5t 9 ,a4,d4 #cgi to ,j]usalem1 :]e bi%op ,john orda9$ him presbyt]4 ,"h he f\nd ,j]ome1 ) :om he _h become acqua9t$ at ,aquileia1 & ! two fri5ds 7 br\ght m closely toge!r f _! mutual love = ,orig51 al?\gh aft]w>ds ?is 0 to prove ! occasion ( ! mo/ bitt] enmity 7 #ea1 #b74 ,ab\t ,a4,d4 #cig he return$ to ,italy4 ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #daj4 ,8 lit]>y activity 0 ma9ly direct$ to ! transplant+ ( ! writ+s ( ,greek fa!rs to ,lat9 soil4 ,to 8 zeal 9 ?is direction we owe ! pres]vation ( ,orig5's mo/ important "w 1 ,de pr9cipiis1 & ( no few] ?an #abd ,homilies4 ,! =m]1 inde$1 has be5 9 _m places alt]$ 9 an arbitr>y mann]4 ,he also translat$ sev]al ,homilies ( ,basil & ,gregory ,nazianz51 ,pamphilus' ,apology = ,orig51 ! ,pseudo-,clem5t9e ,recognitions 7 #bh1 #c71 etc4 ,!re are extant ( 8 own works3 ! ,cont9uation ( 8 ,lat9 reproduction ( ! ,*ur* ,hi/ory ( ,eusebius1 d[n to ,a4,d4 #chh1 ! romanc+ ,hi/oria eremitica s4 ,vit ,patrum1 biographies ( #cc sa9ts ( ! ,nitrian des]t 7 #ea1 #a71 an ,apologia pro fide sua1 ! ,invectiv ,hi]on4 9 #b bks4 ! treatise ,de b5$ictionibus ,patri>*>um1 an exposition ( ,g5esis xlix4 9 ! _s & /yle ( ,orig51 & an ,expositio symboli apo/4 c4 ,sulpicius ,sev]us#adi f ,aquitania 9 ,gaul1 _h ga9$ great reputation by 8 eloqu5ce z an advocate1 :5 ! dea? ( 8 "y wife disgu/$ him ) ! _w1 & l$ him to )draw into a mona/]y4 ,he di$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #daj4 ,9 8 ,*ronica or ,hi/oria sacra 7 #e1 #a71 a summ>y ( biblical & ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 he imitates n unsuccessfully ! eloqu5ce ( ,sallu/1 s t he has be5 call$ 8! ,*ri/ian ,sallu/40 ,8 ,vita ( ,m>t9 ( ,t\rs is a panegyric ov]fl[+ ) reports ( miracles4 ,! ?ree dialogues on ! virtues ( ,ea/]n ,monks & on ! m]its ( ,/4 ,m>t91 may be reg>d$ z a supplem5t to ! ,vita4 d4 ,petrus ,pet] ,*rysologus is ! "n by :i* ,pet]1 bi%op ( ,rav5na1 is be/ kn[n4 ,he also receiv$ ! title ,*ryso/omus ,lat9orum4 ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #dej4 ,among ! #agf ,s]mones ascrib$ to him1 ! disc\rses expository ( ! baptismal =mula are des]v+ ( special m5tion4 ,( 8 ,epi/les1 "o 9 ,lat9 & ,greek address$ to ,euty*es 7 #eb1 #d7 is /ill pres]v$1 9 :i* ! writ] w>ns ,euty*es aga9/ doctr9al errors4 #dg4ah4 ,! ,h]o ( ! ,sot]iological ,controv]sy4--,augu/9e--,aurelius ,augu/9us--0 born 9 ,a4,d4 #ced at ,taga/e 9 ,numidia4 ,f 8 pi\s "m ,monica he e>ly receiv$ ,*ri/ian religi\s impressions :i*1 h[ev]1 7 aga9 9 great measure effac$ by 8 pagan fa!r ! ,decurio ,patricius4 ,:ile he /udi$ 9 ,c>?age1 he gave way to s5suality & worldly pleasure4 ,cic]o's ,hort5sius fir/ awak5$ aga9 9 him a long+ aft] high] ?+s4 ,f ab\t ,a4,d4 #cgd he s\ght satisfaction 9 ! t5ets ( ! ,mani*an sect1 /rongly repres5t$ 9 ,africa1 & = t5 ye>s he cont9u$ a cate*um5 ( t ord]4 ,b "h1 too1 at la/ f9d+ himself cruelly deceiv$ 9 8 /ruggle aft] ! k ( ! tru?1 he w\ld h sunk into ! mo/ utt] scepticism1 _h n ! /udy ( ! ,platonic philosophy /ill = a:ile held him back4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #chc he left ,africa & w5t to ,rome1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> he took up 8 resid5ce 9 ,milan z a tea*] ( eloqu5ce4 ,an ,african bi%op1 once himself a ,mani*an1 _h com=t$ 8 anxi\s "m1 :o foll[$ him hi!r1 by assur+ h] t ! son ( s _m sighs & pray]s c\ld n be f9ally lo/4 ,at ,milan too ! s]mons ( ,ambrose made an impression on ,augu/9e's he>t4 ,he n[ began dilig5tly to se>* ! scriptures4 ,at la/ ! h\r arriv$ ( 8 complete r5ewal ( he>t & life4 ,aft] an e>ne/ conv]sation ) 8 fri5d ,alypius1 he ha/5$ into ! solitude ( ! g>d54 ,:ile agoniz+ 9 pray] he he>d ! words ?rice repeat$3 ,tolle1 lege6 ,he took up ! scriptures1 & 8 eye fell ^u ! passage ,rom4 xiii4 #ac1 #ad4 ,?is utt]ance ( /]n ,*ri/ian morality seem$ z if writt5 = himself alone1 & f ?is mom5t he receiv$ into 8 w\nd$ _s a peace su* z he _h nev] kn[n be=e4 ,9 ord] to prep>e = baptism he )drew ) 8 "m & "s fri5ds to ! c\ntry h\se ( "o ( !m1 :]e sci5tific /udies1 pi\s ex]cises & conv]sations on ! highe/ problems ( life occupi$ 8 "t4 ,out ( ^! conv]sations sprang 8 philosophical writ+s4 ,at ,ea/] ,a4,d4 #chg ,ambrose baptiz$ him1 & at ! same "t 8 illegitimate son ,adeodatus1 :o n long aft]w>ds di$4 ,8 return j\rney to ,africa 0 delay$ by ! dea? ( 8 "m at ,o/ia1 & at la/1 aft] almo/ a ye>'s resid5ce 9 ,rome1 he rea*$ 8 old home aga94 ,9 ,rome he appli$ himself to combat ! errors ( ,mani*ism1 argu+ ) _m ( 8 old companions :om he met !re4 ,aft] 8 return to ,africa 9 ,a4,d4 #chh1 he sp5t "s ye>s on 8 small patrimonial e/ate at ,taga/e engag$ 9 sci5tific "w4 ,dur+ a casual visit to ,hippo 9 ,a4,d4 #cia he 01 9 spite ( all resi/ance1 orda9$ presbyt]1 & 9 ,a4,d4 #cie colleague ( ! ag$ & feeble bi%op ,val]ius1 ^: successor he became 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,n[ began ! brilliant p]iod ( 8 c>e]1 9 :i* he /&s =? z a pill> ( ! *ur* & ! c5tre ( all !ological & ecclesia/ical life ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,we/]n _w4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #djj began 8 battle aga9/ ! ,donati/s 7 #fc1 #a74 ,& sc>cely _h he br\ght ?is to a successful end 9 a religi\s discussion at ,c>?age 9 ,a4,d4 #daa1 :5 he 0 drawn into a f> m important ,sot]iological controv]sy by ,pelagius & 8 foll[]s 7 #ec71 :i* he cont9u$ till ! close ( 8 life4 ,8 dea? occurr$ 9 ,a4,d4 #dcj dur+ ! siege ( ,c>?age by ! ,v&als4 ,he has writt5 8 own life 9 8 ,confessiones 7,engl4 translat41 ,oxf41 #ahch2 ,ed941 #ahgf74 ,9 ! =m ( an address to ,god he "h unfolds be=e ! ,omnisci5t ,"o 8 :ole pa/ life ) all its errors & graci\s provid5ces 9 ! language ( pray] full ( ! holie/ e>ne/ness & mo/ pr(\nd humility1 a lively comm5t>y on ! op5+ words3 ,magnus es1 ,dom9e1 et laudabilis valde4444 ,feci/i nos ad te1 et inquietum e/ cor no/rum1 donec requiescat 9 te4 ,! biography ( 8 disciple ,possidius may s]ve z a supplem5t to ! ,confessions4--,augu/9e 0 ! greate/1 mo/ p[]ful1 & mo/ influ5tial ( all ! fa!rs4 ,9 consequ5ce ( 8 ?or\ghly ,we/]n *>act]i/ics he 0 inde$ less p]fectly und]/ood & appreciat$ 9 ! ,ea/2 b all ! great] 0 8 reputation 9 ! ,we/1 :]e ! :ole developm5t ( *ur* & doctr9e seem$ always to move ab\t him z its c5tre4 ,! ma9 field ( 8 lit]>y activity 9 consequ5ce ( 8 own peculi> m5tal qualities1 8 philosophical culture1 speculative faculty1 & dialectic skill1 z well z ! ecclesia/ical conflicts ( 8 "t1 to :i* 8 mo/ important works are devot$1 0 ,sy/ematic ,!ology1 ,dogmatics & ,e?ics1 ,polemics & ,apologetics4 ,he is weake/ z an exegete2 = he _h little int]e/ 9 philological & grammatico-hi/orical rese>* into ! simple lit]al s5se ( scripture4 ,he 0 unacqua9t$ ) ! orig9al language ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ev5 ! ,new ,te/am5t he treats only 9 a popul> way accord+ to ! ,lat9 translations4 ,nei!r does he deal mu* ) ! exegetical f\ndations ( dogmatics1 :i* he r develops f ! ,*ri/ian consci\sness by means ( speculation & dialectic1 & f ! pro( ( its meet+ ! ne$s ( humanity4 ,ov] aga9/ philosophy he insi/$ ^u ! indep5d5ce & necessity ( fai? z ! presupposition & basis ( all religi\s k4 ,rationabilit] dictum e/ p] prophetam3 ,nisi cr$id]etis non intelligetis4 ,cr$amus ut id quod cr$imus intellig]e valeamus4 #dg4ai4 ,augu/9e's ,works4 a4 ,philosophical ,treatises belong+ to ! p]iod prec$+ 8 ord9ation4 ,! #c bks4 ,contra ,academicos combat _! ma9 position t m5 _c atta9 to any c]ta9 k2 ! treatise ,de ,vita beata %[s t true happ9ess consi/s 9 ! k ( ,god2 ! #b bks4 ,de ,ord9e treat ( ! relation ( good & evil 9 ! div9e ord] ( ! _w2 ! #b bks4 ,soliloquia are monologues on ! means & conditions ( ! k ( sup]natural tru?s1 & conta9 beside ! ma9 "q an ,app5dix ,de immortalitate anim1 etc4 b4 ,dogmatic ,treatises4 ,! mo/ important are3 ,de ,tr9itate 9 #ae bks4 7,engl4 transl41 ,ed941 #ahgd71 a speculative dogmatic con/ruction ( ! dogma1 ( great importance = its hi/orical developm5t2 ,de doctr9a *ri/iana 9 #d bks4 7,engl4 transl41 ,ed941 #ahge71 ( :i* ! fir/ ?ree bks4 =m a guide to ! exposition ( scripture aft] ! analogy ( fai?1 :ile ! #d? book %[s h[ ! tru? ?us discov]$ is to be us$ 7,h]m5eutics & ,homiletics72 f9ally1 ! two bks4 ,retractationes1 writt5 9 8 la/ ye>s1 9 :i* he passes an unfav\rable judgm5t on 8 e>li] writ+s1 & )draws or modifies mu* 9 !m4 ,among 8 ,moral-ascetic writ+s ! bk4 ,de bono conjugali is ( special int]e/1 call$ =? by ,jov9ian's utt]ances on non-m]itori\sness ( ! unm>ri$ /ate 7 #fb1 #b72 he admits ! high value ( ,*ri/ian m>riage1 b yet sees 9 celibacy g5u9ely *os5 z a means to hol9ess a high] /ep 9 ! ,*ri/ian life4 ,also ! bk4 ,de adult]9is conjugis aga9/ second m>riages1 & two treatises ,de ,m5dacium & ,contra ,m5dacium ad ,cons5tium1 :i* 9 opposition to ! contr>y doctr9e ( ! ,priscilliani/s 7 #ed1 #b71 unconditionally repudiates ! admissibility ( equivocation4 c4 ,controv]sial ,treatises4 ,( #aa treatises aga9/ ! ,mani*ans 7 #ed1 #a7 ! mo/ important is t ,c4 ,fau/um 9 #cc bks4 7,engl4 transl41 ,ed941 #ahge71 int]e/+ z reproduc+ 9 quotations ! great] "p ( ! la/ "w ( ?is great *ampion ( ! ,mani*ans4 ,!n came ! discussion ) ! ,donati/s 7 #fc1 #a71 :i* he engag$ 9 ) great vig\r4 ,we h t5 treatises direct$ aga9/ !m 7,engl4 transl41 ,ed941 #ahgc74 ,( f> great] importance 0 ! conflict :i* soon aft] broke out aga9/ ! ,pelagians & !n aga9/ ! semi-,pelagians 7 #ec1 #d1 #e71 9 :i* he wrote f\rte5 treatises 7,engl4 transl41 #c vols41 ,ed941 #ahgc-ahgf74 ,also ! ,arians1 ,priscilliani/s1 ,orig5i/s & ,m>cionites 7 combat$ by him 9 special treatises1 & 9 ! bk4 ,de hresibus he gave a summ>y acc\nt ( ! v>i\s h]esies t _h come "u 8 notice4 d4 ,among 8 ,apologetical ,treatises aga9/ pagans & ,jews1 by f> ! able/ & mo/ important is ! "w ,de ,civitate ,dei1 9 #bb bks41 a truly magnific5t conception 7,engl4 transl41 #b vols41 ,ed941 #ahgc71 ! mo/ sub/antial ( all apologetical works ( ,*ri/ian antiquity1 call$ =? by ! reproa* ( ! hea!ns t ! repeat$ successes ( ! b>b>ians result$ f ! weak5+ & det]iorat+ influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity ^u ! empire4 ,! au?or repels ?is reproa* 9 ! fir/ f\r bks4 by %[+ h[ ! ,roman empire _h previ\sly 9 itself ! se$s ( decay 9 its godless selfi%ness1 & !nce advanc+ immorality2 ,ilium 0 & cont9u$ pagan1 b its gods c\ld n save x f de/ruction4 ,ilium's ,epigone1 haughty ,rome1 meets ! same fate4 ,x ow$ its p[] only to ,god's w & ,8 gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 & to ,8 us+ x z a sc\rge = ! nations4 ,! next five books %[ ! corruption ( ! hea!n religions & ! inadequacy ( hea!n philosophy4 ,!n ! la/ #ab bks4 po9t out ! contra/ betwe5 ! k+dom ( ,god & ! k+dom ( ! _w 9 respect ( _! div]se f\ndations1 _! entirely diff]5t motive p[]s1 _! hi/orical developm5t & _! ultimate disposal 9 ! la/ judgm5t4 e4 ,! mo/ important & complete ( 8 ,exegetical ,works are ! #ab bks4 ,de ,g5esi ad litt]am1 a gigantic comm5t>y on ! ?ree fir/ *apt]s ( ,g5esis1 :i* 9 spite ( its title v (t5 leaves ! firm gr\nd ( ! lit]al s5se to revel 9 ! airy regions ( spirituali/ic & my/ical expatiation4 ,( 8 ,s]mones1 #djj are recognis$ z g5u9e 7,engl4 transl41 ,hom4 on ,n4,t41 #b vols41 ,oxf41 #ahdd f42 ,hom4 on ,john & #a/ ,john1 #b vols41 ,oxf41 #ahdh2 ,comm4 on ,psalms1 #f vols41 ,oxf41 #ahdg f42 ,h>mony ( ,evangeli/s1 & ,s]m4 on ,mt41 ,ed941 #ahgd2 ,comm5t>y on ,john1 #b vols41 ,ed941 #ahge74 ,8 correspond5ce /ill pres]v$ comprises #bgj ,epi/les 7,engl4 transl41 #b vols41 ,ed941 #ahgd1 #ahgf74 #dg4bj4 ,augu/9e's ,disciples & ,fri5ds4 a4 ,paul9us1 deacon ( ,milan1 :o wrote1 at ,augu/9e's reque/1 ! life ( ,ambrose1 awak5$ 9 ,a4,d4 #daa ! ,pelagian controv]sy by ! *>ges :i* he made1 & took "p 9 x himself by writ+ 9 ,a4,d4 #dag ! ,libellus c4 ,cle/ium ad ,zosimum ,papam4 b4 ,paulus ,paul ,orosius1 a ,spani% presbyt]1 :o visit$ ,augu/9e 9 ,africa 9 ,a4,d4 #dae to urge him to combat ,priscillianism1 took "p ) him !re 9 8 conflict ) ! ,pelagians4 ,he has left beh9d a ,commonitorium de errore ,priscilliani/>um et ,orig5i/>um ad ,augu/9um2 an ,apologeticus de arbitrii lib]tate c4 ,pelagium & ,hi/4 adv4 ,paganos 9 #g bks4 ,! la/ nam$ "w 0 writt5 at ,augu/9e's urg5t entreaty1 & pursues 9 a purely hi/orical mann] ! same end :i* ,augu/9e 9 8 ,city ( ,god s\ght to rea* 9 a dogmatico-apologetic way4 c4 ,m>ius ,m]cator 0 a le>n$ & acute layman1 belong+ to ! ,we/1 b latt]ly resid5t 9 ,con/ant9ople4 ,he made e ef=t to secure ! condemnation ( ,pelagianism ev5 9 ! ,ea/1 & s wrote n only aga9/ its ,we/]n lead]s b also aga9/ its ,antio*ean support]s1 ,ne/orius & ,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia 7 #ec1 #d74 d4 ,prosp] ,aquitanicus1 also a layman & an en?usia/ic foll[] ( ,augu/9e1 n only wrote sev]al treatises aga9/ ! semi-,pelagians ( 8 native ,gaul 7 #ec1 #e71 b also p\r$ out ! vials ( 8 wra? ^u !m 9 poetic effusions 7 #dh1 #f74 ,he di$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #dfj4 e4 ,cs>ius1 bi%op ( ,arelate1 n[ ,arles 9 ,gaul1 orig9ally a monk 9 ! mona/]y ( ,l>9um1 0 "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$1 mo/ influ5tial1 & 9 *ur* "w mo/ s]viceable ( ! m5 ( 8 times4 ,x is also ma9ly due to him t 9 ,a4,d4 #ebi mod]ate ,augu/9ianism ga9$ ! victory ov] semi-,pelagianism4 ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #edc4 ,8 treatise ,de gratia et lib]o arbitrio is no long] extant1 b two rules = monks & nuns compos$ by him1 ,ad mona*os1 ,ad virg9es1 z well z a consid]able numb] ( ,s]mones1 ! be/ ( _! "t1 are /ill pres]v$4 f4 ,fulg5tius1 bi%op ( ,ruspe 9 ,africa1 on acc\nt ( 8 zeal = ! ,ca?olic doctr9e1 0 bani%$ by ! ,arian ,v&al k+ ,?rasimund1 b return$ aft] ! k+'s dea? 9 ,a4,d4 #ebc4 ,he 0 "o ( ! /\te/ *ampions ( ,augu/9ianism4 ,8 writ+s aga9/ ,arians & semi-,pelagians h be5 (t5 pr9t$4 ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #eee4 ,8 s*ol> & biograph] 0 ,fulg5tius ,f]r&us1 deacon at ,c>?age ab\t ,a4,d4 #edg4 ,alongside ( & aft] him we meet ) bi%op ,facundus ( ,h]miane1 & ! ar*deacon ,lib]atus ( ,c>?age1 :o ) *>act]i/ic ,african en]gy def5d ! ,tria ,capitula 7 #eb1 #f7 basely surr5d]$ by ! ,roman bi%op ,vigilius4 #dg4ba4 ,pelagians & semi-,pelagians4 ,i4 ,pelagius1 a ,briti% monk1 ! orig9ator ( ! h]esy nam$ aft] him 7 #ec1 #c1 #d71 left beh9d a consid]able numb] ( writ+s1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 = ! mo/ "p we h n[ only fragm5ts 9 ! works ( 8 oppon5ts4 ,ref]5ces 9 ,augu/9e1 ,m>ius ,m]cator1 & o!rs %[ t to him belong ! ,lb4 xiv4 ,expositionum 9 ,epi/t4 ,pauli1 :i* h be5 ascrib$ to ,j]ome & includ$ among 8 works1 s*olia-l explanations ) good s\nd grammatico-hi/orical exegesis4 ,! wi% to make ?is useable & safe = ! ,ca?olic *ur* l$ at an e>ly date to v>i\s omissions & alt]ations 9 x4 ,aft]w>ds its h]etical orig9 0 =gott5 :i* not)/&+ ! purify+ ref]r$ to is /ill q disc]nible4 ,two epi/les address$ to ,roman ladies recomm5d+ virg9ity h also got a place among ! works ( ,j]ome4--,julianus1 bi%op ( ,eclanum 9 ,italy1 is ! only "o among ! foll[]s ( ,pelagius :o c be reg>d$ z ( sci5tific importance4 ,he 0 an acute b frivol\s & vulg> oppon5t ( ,augu/9e1 :om he hon\r$ ) ! epi!ts am5tissimus et b>dissimus 7comp4 #ec1 #d74 ,,ii4 ,at ! head ( ! semi-,pelagians or ,massilians /&s3 a4 ,johannes ,cassianus4 ,g5nadius designates him z natione ,scy?us2 b he receiv$ 8 e>ly education 9 a mona/]y at ,be?lehem4 ,he !n und]took a j\rney 9 company ) ! abbot to visit ! ,egyptian monks1 /ay$ next = a long "t ) ,*ryso/om at ,con/ant9ople1 & aft] 8 bani%m5t resid$ "s ye>s 9 ,rome1 & f9ally 9 ,a4,d4 #dae settl$ d[n at ,massilia 7,m>seilles71 :]e he e/abli%$ a mona/]y & a nunn]y1 & organis$ bo? aft] ! ,ea/]n model4 ,he di$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #dcb4 ,8 writ+s 7 held 9 high e/eem ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages4 ,9 ! ,de in/itutis ,cnobiorum he describes ! mann] ( life ( ! ,pale/9ian & ,egyptian monks1 & !n treats ( ! eight vices to :i* ! monks 7 specially expos$4 ,! #bd ,collationes ,patrum report ! conv]sations :i* he _h ) ! ,ea/]n monks & h]mits ab\t ! ways & means ( atta9+ ,*ri/ian p]fection4 ,! #ac? ,collatio is1 )\t nam+ him1 direct$ aga9/ ,augu/9e's doctr9e1 & develops semi-,pelagian ,syn]gism 7 #ec1 #e74 ,bo? writ+s1 h[ev] are c]ta9ly calculat$ to s]ve ! developm5t ( 8 own monki% ideal z well z 8 own dogmatic & e?ical views1 r !n to af=d a hi/orically fai?ful repres5tation ( ! life & ?9k+ ( ori5tal mona/icism ( t "t4 ,! #g bks4 ,de inc>natione ,*ri/i combat n only ,ne/orianism b also ,pelagianism z 9 its consequ5ces d]ogatory to ! div9ity ( ,*ri/4 b4 ,v9c5tius ,v9c5t ,l]95sis1 monk 9 ! ,gallic mona/]y ( ,l]9um1 0 ,cassianus' mo/ di/+ui%$ disciple4 ,he di$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #dej4 ,on 8 (t5 pr9t$ ,commonitorium pro ca?4 fidei antiquit4 et univ]sit41 comp4 #ec1 #e4 c4 ,eu*]ius1 bi%op ( ,lyons1 left beh9d him sev]al ascetical works 7,de laude eremi2 ,de contemtu mundi71 ,homilies1 & a ,lib] =mul>um spiritualis intellig5ti z guide to ! my/ico-allegorical int]pretation ( ,scripture4 ,he di$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #dej4 d4 ,salvianus1 presbyt] at ,m>seilles1 0 9 8 e>li] days m>ri$ to a hea!n woman :om he conv]t$1 & ) h] took ! v[ ( cont95cy4 ,he di$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #dhe4 ,he wrote ,adv4 av>itiam ,lb4 iv41 9 :i* ! support ( ! poor & surr5d] ( prop]ty to ! *ur* = pi\s uses are recomm5d$ z means ( fur!r+ ! salvation ( "o's own s\l4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! oppression ( ! times dur+ ! convulsions ( ! migration ( ! peoples & ! reproa* ( ! hea!n aga9 l\dly rais$ t ! weakness ( ! ,roman empire 0 occasion$ by ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity1 he wrote ,de provid5tia s4 de gub]natione ,dei et de ju/o prs5tique judicio1 ,lb4 viii41 :i* 9 rhetorical & fl[]y language depict$ ! dreadful moral condition ( ! ,roman _w ( t day4 e4 ,fau/us ( ,rhegium1 n[ ,riez 9 ,prov5ce1 9 8 e>li] ye>s an advocate1 !n monk & abbot ( ! cloi/] ( ,l]9um1 & f9ally bi%op ( ,rhegium1 0 ! head ( ! ,gallic semi-,pelagians ( 8 times4 ,9 8 writ+s he /at$ ?is doctr9e 9 a mod]ate =m4 ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #dic4 f4 ,arnobius ! ,y\ng]1 ! contempor>y & fell[-c\ntryman ( ,fau/us1 wrote a v important "w entitl$ ,prde/9atus1 :i* 9 a v ?or\gh & elaborate mann] conte/s ! doctr9es ( ,augu/9e4 ,comp4 #ec1 #e4 #dg4bb4 ,! ,mo/ ,important ,*ur* ,tea*]s among ! ,roman ,popes4 a4 ,leo ! ,great occupi$ ! papal *air f ,a4,d4 #ddj to ,a4,d4 #dfa4 ,:ile b a deacon he 0 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ p]sonage 9 ,rome4 ,on assum+ ! bi%opric he gave ! :ole p[]s ( 8 m9d to ! adm9i/ration ( 8 (fice 9 all directions4 ,by ! en]gy & consi/5cy ) :i* he c>ri$ out ! idea ( ! ,roman primacy1 he became ! virtual f\nd] ( ! spiritual sov]eignty ( ,rome4 ,) a /rong arm he guid$ ! helm ( ! *ur*1 re=m$ & organiz$ on e side1 settl$ ord] & discipl9e1 def5d$ or?odoxy1 cont5d$ aga9/ h]etics 7,mani*ans1 ,priscilliani/s1 ,pelagians1 ,euty*ians71 & appeas$ ! b>b>ians 7,attila74 ,( 8 writ+s we h #if ,s]mones & #agc ,epi/les1 :i* la/ are ( ! utmo/ importance = ! *ur* hi/ory ( 8 times4 ,he is also suppos$ to be ! au?or ( a tal5t$ "w ,de vocatione ,g5tium 7 #ec1 #e74 b4 ,gelasius ,i41 ,a4,d4 #dib to ,a4,d4 #dif1 left beh9d him a treatise ,adv4 hres9 ,pelagianem1 ano!r ,de duabus 9 ,*ri/o naturis1 & a "w aga9/ ! obs]vance ( ! ,lup]calia :i* "s prom95t ,romans wi%$ to h cont9u$4 ,he also wrote #ah ,decretals4 ,! celebrat$ ,decretum de libris recipi5dis et non recipi5dis1 9 a s5se ! olde/ ,index prohibitorum1 is ascrib$ to him4 ,! fir/ section1 want+ 9 ! be/ ,,mss41 conta9s a biblical canon correspond+ to t ( ! ,synod ( ,hippo1 ,a4,d4 #cic 7 #ei1 #a72 ! second section treats ( ! pre-em95ce ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome grant$ by our ,"l ,himself 9 ! p]son ( ,pet]2 ! ?ird enum]ates ! cum5ical ,c\ncils2 & ! f\r?1 ! writ+s ( ! fa!rs receiv$ by ! ,roman ,*ur*2 ! ,*ronicle & ,*ur* ,hi/ory ( ,eusebius are f\nd fault ) 7quod tepu]it7 b n reject$2 9 respect to ! writ+s ( ,orig5 & ,ruf9us ! op9ion ( ,j]ome is approv$4 ,! fif? section gives a li/ ( books n to be receiv$--! ,new ,te/am5t ,apocrypha1 ,t]tullian1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,arnobius1 ,cassianus1 ,fau/us ( ,rhegium1 etc4 c4 ,gregory ! ,great1 ,a4,d4 #eij to ,a4,d4 #fjd1 born 9 ,rome ab\t ,a4,d4 #edj1 sprung f a di/+ui%$ old ,roman family1 held ab\t ,a4,d4 #egd ! (fice ( city prefect1 aft] 8 fa!r's dea? f\nd$ on 8 inh]it$ e/ates1 six mona/]ies1 & himself )drew into a sev5?1 :i* he built 9 ,rome4 ,orda9$ deacon aga9/ 8 w 9 ,a4,d4 #egi1 he 0 entru/$ ) ! important & difficult (fice ( a papal apocrisi>ius 9 ,con/ant9ople1 & 0 con/ra9$ 9 ,a4,d4 #eij1 aft] a long p]si/$-9 refusal1 to m\nt ! papal *air1 :i* oblig$ him to ab&on ! long-*]i%$ plan ( 8 life1 ! prea*+ ( ! gospel to ! ,anglo-,saxons 7 #gg1 #d74 ,gregory unit$ a r>e p[] & en]gy ( w ) real mildness & g5tl5ess ( "*1 deep humility & g5u9e piety ) ! full consci\sness ( 8 position z a successor ( ,pet]1 insight1 circumspection1 yea ev5 an unexpect$ measure ( lib]al-m9d$ness 7comp4 e4g4 #eg1 #d2 #ge1 #c7 ) all monki% n>r[ness & /iff adh]5ce to ! traditional =ms1 doctr9es & views ( ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,he himself liv$ 9 extreme/ pov]ty & simplicity accord+ to ! /ricte/ mona/ic asceticism1 & appli$ all t he possess$ & receiv$ to ! support ( ! poor & ! help ( ! ne$y4 ,x 0 a h>d "t 9 :i* he liv$1 ! age ( ! bir? ?roes ( a new epo* ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,!re is !re=e mu* cause to ?ank ! good provid5ce :i* set su* a man z spiritual fa!r1 tea*] & pa/or at ! head ( ! ,we/]n ,*ur*4 ,he took special int]e/ 9 fo/]+ mona/icism & su*-l in/itutions1 :i* 71 inde$1 mo/ conducive to ! well-be+ ( ! _w1 = dur+ ?is dang]\s p]iod ( convulsion1 mona/icism 0 almo/ ! only nurs]y ( intellectual culture4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic *ur* ranks him z ! la/ ( ! ,fa!rs1 & places him alongside ( ,ambrose1 ,j]ome & ,augu/9e1 ! f\r greate/ tea*]s ( ! *ur*1 ,doctores ecclesi1 ^: writ+s h be5 long rev]5c$ z ! pure/ & mo/ complete vehicles ( ! ,ca?olic tradition4 ,among ! ,greeks a simil> position is giv5 to ,a?anasius1 ,basil1 ,gregory ,nazianz5 & ,*ryso/om4 ,! rank ?us assign$ to ,gregory is ju/ifiable inasmu* z 9 him ! =mation & mal=mation ( doctr9e1 wor%ip1 discipl9e & con/itution peculi> to ! anci5t *ur* are ga!r$ up1 complet$ & clos$4 ,8 mo/ complete "w is ! ,expositio 9 b4 ,jobum s4 ,moralium1 ,ll4 xxxv41 7,engl4 transl41 ,lib4 ( ,fa?41 #c vols41 ,oxf41 #ahdd-ahej7 :i*1 by dragg+ 9 all possible relations ( life :i* an allegorical int]pretation c furni%1 is exp&$ into a rep]tory ( moral reflections4 ,8 ,regula pa/oralis s4 ,lib] cur pa/oralis obta9$ 9 ! ,we/ a position ( almo/ canonical au?ority4 ,9 8 8,dialogues10 ( :i* ! fir/ ?ree books treat 8de vita et miraculis ,patrum ,italicorum10 & ! #d? book mo/ly ( vision>y views ( ! h]eaft] 7heav51 hell & purgatory71 8de t]nitate anim>um10 we meet ) a v s+ul> display ( ! mo/ uncritical cr$ul\sness & ! mo/ curi\s sup]/ition4 ,besides ^! we h f him ,homilies on ,ezekiel & ! ,gospels1 z well z a volum9\s correspond5ce 9 #hhj ,epi/les ( great importance = ! hi/ory ( ! age4 ,to ,gregory also is attribut$ ! (t quot$ say+ :i* comp>es holy scripture to a /ream 9 quo agnus p$itat et elephas natat4 #dg4bc4 ,! ,cons]vators & ,cont9uators ( ,patri/ic ,culture4 a4 ,bo?ius1 ,anicius ,manlius ,torquatus ,sev]9us1 0 desc5d$ f a di/+ui%$ ,roman family1 & /ood high 9 fav\r ) ! ,o/rogo? ,arian k+ ,!odoric4 ,accus$1 h[ev]1 by 8 enemies ( treasonable correspond5ce ) ! ,byzant9e c\rt1 he 01 aft] a long imprisonm5t1 condemn$ unhe>d & execut$1 ,a4,d4 #ebe4 ,9 prison he compos$ ! celebrat$ treatise1 ,de consolatione philosophi1 :i*1 writt5 9 pure & noble language1 0 ! fav\rite book ( ! ,lat9 ,middle ,ages1 & 0 translat$ into all ,european languages3 fir/ ( all by ,alfr$ ! ,great into ,anglo-,saxon1 & (t5 repr9t$ 9 its orig9al =m4 ,! book ow$ its great popul>ity to ! m$ival tradition :i* made its au?or a m>tyr = ! ,ca?olic fai? "u ,arian p]secution2 b mod]n criticism has s\ght to prove t 9 all probability he 0 n ev5 a ,*ri/ian4 ,/ill m decid$ly ! !ological writ+s on ! ,tr9ity & ! ,two ,natures ( ,*ri/ be>+ 8 "n are repudiat$ z irreconcileable ) ! cont5ts & "* ( ! ,de consolatione2 ?\gh1 on ! o!r h&1 _! au!nticity has aga9 f\nd sev]al mo/ capable def5d]s4 ,f9ally1 ,us5] has conclusively1 z x seems1 9 a newly discov]$ fragm5t ( ,cassiodorus1 br\ght =w>d a q inconte/able witness = _! au!nticity4 ,9 any case ,bo?ius did great s]vice 9 pres]v+ ! cont9uity ( ,we/]n culture by 8 he>ty enc\ragem5t & c>eful prosecution ( classical /udies at a "t :5 ^! 7 ?reat5$ ) utt] neglect4 ,( special importance 0 8 translation ( a comm5t>y on ! logical works ( ,ari/otle z ! fir/ & = a long "t almo/ ! only philosophical gr\ndwork ( m$ival s*ola/icism 7 #ii1 #b74 c4 ,magnus ,aurelius ,cassiodorus1 surnam$ ,s5ator1 belong$ to ,s\!rn ,italy & held ! highe/ civil (fices "u ,odoac] & ,!odoric = fifty ye>s4 ,ab\t ,a4,d4 #edj1 he retir$ to ! cloi/] ( ,viv>ium f\nd$ by him 9 ,s\!rn ,italy1 & devot$ ! re/ ( 8 life to ! sci5ces & ! in/ruction ( ! monks4 ,he collect$ a great libr>y 9 8 mona/]y1 & employ$ ! monks 9 transcrib+ classical & patri/ic writ+s4 ,he di$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #ege :5 almo/ a hundr$ ye>s old4 ,8 own writ+s %[ inde$ no indep5d5ce & orig9ality1 b are all ! m important z conc5trat$ collections ( classical & patri/ic le>n+ = ! lat] ,lat9 ,middle ,ages4 ,8 twelve books ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,go?s h come d[n only 9 ! cond5s$ reproduction ( ,jordanes or ,jorn&es4 ,8 twelve books ,v>i>um 7sc4 epi/ol>um et =mul>um71 :i* consi/ ( a collection ( acts & ord9ances ( ! p]iod ( 8 civil s]vice1 are important = ! hi/ory ( 8 age4 ,8 ,hi/oria eccle/4 trip>tita 7 #e1 #a71 0 = _m c5turies almo/ ! only text book ( *ur* hi/ory1 & 8 ,in/itutiones div9>um et scul>um litt]>um _h a simil> position z a guide to ! /udy ( !ology & ! sev5 lib]al arts 7 #ij1 #h74 ,also 8 comm5t>y on ! ,psalms & ! mo/ ( ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 made up ( compilations1 0 held 9 high e/eem4 c4 ,dionysius ,exiguus1 a ,scy?ian by bir?1 :o became a ,roman abbot1 & di$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #eff1 may also be plac$ 9 ?is gr\p4 ,he translat$ _m ,greek patri/ic writ+s1 by 8 ,cyclus pas*alis became f\nd] ( ! ,we/]n reckon+ ( ,ea/] 7 #ef1 #c71 & also ! m univ]sally adopt$ s-call$ ,dionysian era4 ,by 8 ,codex ,canonum he is also ! f\nd] ( ! ,we/]n sy/em ( ,canon ,law 7 #dc1 #c74 #dh4 ,,bran*es ,,( ,,!ological ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,*ri/ian ,,poetry4 #dh4a4 ,exegetical ,!ology4--,no?+ 0 done 9 ! way ( criticism ( ! orig9al biblical text4 ,ev5 ,j]ome 0 only a translator4 ,= ! ,old ,te/am5t ! ,,lxx4 suffic$1 & ! div]g5ces ( ! ,hebrew text 7 expla9$ z ,jewi% alt]ations4 ,hebrew 0 a t]ra incognita to ! fa!rs1 ,poly*ronius & ,j]ome only are notable exceptions4 ,! allegorical me?od ( int]pretation 0 & cont9u$ to be ! preval5t "o4 ,! ,antio*eans1 h[ev]1 put limits to x by _! !ory & practice ( ! "r ( hi/orico-grammatical int]pretation4 ,diodorus ( ,t>sus & ,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia conte/$ ! pr9ciples ( ,orig51 :ile ,gregory ( ,nyssa 9 8 ,proemium 9 ,cant4 und]took _! def5ce4 ,! fir/ attempt at a sy/em ( ,h]m5eutics 0 made by ! le>n$ ,donati/ ,ty*onius 9 8 book ! ,regul vii4 ad inve/ig&am intellig5tiam ss4 ,scr4 ,m pr(\nd is ,augu/9e's ,de ,doctr9a ,*r4 ,! ( ! ,greek ,adrianus ) its opposition to ! immod]ate allegoriz+ t !n prevail$1 des]ves m5tion "h4 ,j]ome contribut$ to biblical ,introduction by 8 v>i\s ,promia4 ,! fir/ attempt at a sci5tific introduction to biblical /udy 7isagogical & biblico-!ological 9 ! =m ( "q & answ]71 is met ) 9 ! #b bks4 ,in/ituta regul>ia div4 legis ( ! ,african ,junilius1 a prom95t c\rti] at ,con/ant9ople1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #eej4 ,!re is a ,lat9 r5d]+ made by ,junilius at ! reque/ ( ,primasius1 bi%op ( ,adrumetum1 ( a treatise compos$ orig9ally 9 ,syriac1 by ,paul ! ,p]sian1 tea*] ( ! ,ne/orian sem9>y at ,nisibis1 :i* he _h collect$ f ! works ( ,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia1 = ! purposes ( in/ruction4 ,! title ,dep>tibus div4 legis1 usually giv5 to ! :ole1 prop]ly belongs only to ! fir/ "p ( ! treatise4 ,a m popul> guide is ,cassiodorus' ,in/itutio div9>um litt4 ,"s contributions 7 made to biblical ar*aeology by ,eusebius & ,epiphanius4 ,( ! allegorical ,exegetes ( ! ,ea/1 ! mo/ productive 0 ,cyril ( ,alex&ria4 ,! ,antio*ean s*ool produc$ a :ole s]ies ( able expositors ( ! grammatico-hi/orical s5se ( scripture4 ,9 ! comm5t>ies ( ,*ryso/om & ,ephraem ,ephraim ! ,syrian1 t me?od ( int]pretation is appli$ 9 a directly practical int]e/4 ,! ,we/]ns ,hil>y1 ,ambrose1 ,ambrosia/]1 ,j]ome & ,augu/9e1 z well z _! lat] imitators1 all allegorize2 yet ,j]ome also appli$ himself v dilig5tly to ! elucidation ( ! grammatical s5se4 ,only ,pelagius is cont5t to re/ 9 ! pla9 lit]al mean+ ( scripture4 ,f ! #f? c5tury1 almo/ all indep5d5t "w 9 ! dep>tm5t ( exegesis ceas$4 ,we h f ?is "t only ,cat51 collections ( passages f comm5t>ies & homilies ( di/+ui%$ fa!rs4 ,! fir/ ,greek writ] ( ,cat51 0 ,procopius ( ,gaza1 9 ! #f? c5tury2 & ! fir/ ,lat9 writ] ( ^! 0 ,primasius ( ,adrumetum1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #efj4 #dh4b4 ,hi/orical ,!ology4--,! writ+ ( ,*ur* hi/ory fl\ri%$ especially dur+ ! #d? & #e? c5turies 7 #e1 #a74 ,= ! hi/ory ( h]esies we h ,epiphanius1 ,!odoret1 ,leontius ( ,byzantium2 & among ! ,lat9s1 ,augu/9e1 ,phila/rius ,phila/]1 & ! au?or ( ,prde/9atus 7 #dg1 #ba;f74 ,!re are num]\s biographies ( di/+ui%$ fa!rs4 ,on ^! comp>e ! s-call$ ,lib] pontificalis1 see #ij1 #f4 ,j]ome laid ! f\ndation ( a hi/ory ( !ological lit]ature 9 a s]ies ( biographies1 & ,g5nadius ( ,massilia cont9u$ ?is "w4 ,) special ref]5ce to monki% hi/ory1 we h among ! ,greeks1 ,palladius1 ,!odoret & ,joh4 ,mos*us2 & among ! ,lat9s1 ,ruf9us1 ,j]ome1 ,gregory ! ,great & ,gregory ( ,t\rs 7 #ij1 #b74 ,( great importance = ecclesia/ical /ati/ics is ! 9 #ab bks41 ^: au?or ,cosmas ,indicopleu/es1 monk 9 ! ,s9ai p59sula ab\t ,a4,d4 #edj1 _h 9 8 e>li] ye>s z an ,alex&rian m]*ant travell$ mu* 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! connection ( biblical & pr(ane hi/ory is treat$ ( 9 ! ,*ronicle ( ,eusebius4 ,orosius too treats ( pr(ane hi/ory f ! ,*ri/ian /&po9t4 ,! ,hi/4 p]secutionis ,v&alorum 7 #gf1 #c71 ( ,victor1 bi%op ( ,vita 9 ,africa1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #dhg1 is ( great value = ! *ur* hi/ory ( ,africa4 ,= *ronology ! s-call$ ,*ronicon pas*ale1 9 ! ,greek language1 is ( great importance4 ,x is ! "w ( two unkn[n au?ors2 ! "w ( ! "o rea*+ d[n to ,a4,d4 #ced1 t ( ! o!r1 d[n to ,a4,d4 #fcj4 ,^! *ronological tables obta9$ _! "n f ! fact t ! ,ea/] cycles & indictions are always c>efully det]m9$ 9 !m4 #dh4c4 ,sy/ematic ,!ology4 a4 ,apologetics4 ,! controv]sial treatises ( ,porphyry & ,hi]ocles 7 answ]$ by _m 7 #bc1 #c72 t ( ! ,emp]or ,julian also 7 #db1 #e71 especially by ,gregory ,nazianz51 ,*ryso/um ,*ryso/om 79 ! ,disc\rse on ,/4 ,babylas71 & mo/ p[]fully by ,cyril ( ,alex&ria4 ,ambrose & ! poet ,prud5tius answ]$ ! tract ( ,symma*us1 ref]r$ to 9 #db1 #d4 ,! ins9uations ( ,zosimus1 ,eunapius1 & o!rs 7 #db1 #e7 7 met by ,orosius ) 8 ,hi/ori1 by ,augu/9e ) 8 ,civ4 ,dei1 & by ,salvian ,salvianus ) 8 ,de gub]natione ,dei4 ,johannes ,philoponus wrote aga9/ ,proclus' d5ial ( ! biblical doctr9e ( creation4 ,! v9dication ( ,*ri/ianity aga9/ ! *>ges ( ! ,jews 0 und]tak5 by ,aphraates1 ,*ryso/om1 ,augu/9e1 & ,greg5tius1 bi%op ( ,taphne 9 ,arabia1 :o1 9 ,a4,d4 #edj1 disput$ = f\r days amid a great cr[d ) ! ,jew ,h]ban4 ,apologies ( a g5]al "* 7 writt5 by ,eusebius ( ,cs>ea1 ,a?anasius1 ,!odoret & ,firmicus ,mat]nus4 b4 ,9 ,polemics aga9/ e>li] & lat] h]etics1 ! utmo/ en]gy & an abundance ( acut5ess & dep? ( ?\ght 7 display$4 ,see "u ! hi/ory ( !ological discussions1 #ej ff4 c4 ,positive ,dogmatics4 ,orig5's example 9 ! con/ruction ( a complete sci5tific sy/em ( doctr9e has no imitator4 ,= practical purposes1 h[ev]1 ! :ole range ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e 0 treat$ by ,cyril ( ,j]usalem1 ,gregory ( ,nyssa1 ,apoll9>is1 ,epiphanius1 ,ruf9us 7,expositio ,symboli ,apo/471 ,augu/9e 79 ! la/ book ( ! ,civ4 ,dei1 9 fir/ book ( 8 ,de ,doctr9a ,*r41 & 9 ! ,en*iridium ad ,laur5tium74 ,! ,african ,fulg5tius ( ,ruspe 7,de regula v] fidei71 ,g5nadius ( ,massilia 7,de fide sua71 & ,v9c5tius ,v9c5t ( ,l]9um 9 8 ,commonitorium4 ,mu* m important results = ! developm5t ( p>ticul> dogmas 7 secur$ by means ( polemics4 ,( supreme influ5ce on subsequ5t ages 7 ! my/ico-!osophical writ+s ( ! ,pseudo-,areopagite4 ,?is my/icism1 s f> z adopt$1 0 comb9$ by ! acute & pr(\nd ?9k] ,maximus ,confessor ) ! or?odox !ology ( ! ,c\ncils4 d4 ,morals4 ,! ,de (ficiis m9i/r4 ( ,ambrose is a sy/em ( moral in/ruction = ! cl]gy2 & ( ! same sort is ,*ryso/om's 2 :ile ,cassianus' writ+s =m a moral sy/em = ! monks1 & ,gregory's ,exposit4 9 ,jobum a va/ rep]tory on g5]al morality4 #dh4d4 ,practical ,!ology4--,! :ole p]iod is peculi>ly ri* 9 di/+ui%$ homili/s4 ,! mo/ brilliant ( ! ,greek prea*]s 73 ,mac>ius ! ,great1 ,basil ! ,great1 ,gregory ,nazianz51 ,ephraem ,ephraim ! ,syrian1 & above all ,*ryso/om4 ,( ! ,lat9s ! mo/ di/+ui%$ 7 ,ambrose1 ,augu/9e1 ,z5o ( ,v]ona1 ,petrus ,pet] ,*rysologus1 ,leo ! ,great1 & ,cs>ius ( ,arles4 ,a sort ( ,homiletics is f\nd 9 ! #d? ( ,augu/9e's ,de ,doctr4 ,*r41 & a directory = pa/oral "w1 9 ! ,regula pa/oralia ( ,gregory ! ,great4 ,on ,liturgical writ+s1 comp4 #ei1 #f2 on ,con/itutional works1 #dc1 #c-e4 #dh4e4 ,*ri/ian ,poetry4--,! beg9n+ ( ! preval5ce ( ,*ri/ianity occurr$ at a "t :5 ! poetic art _h already ceas$ to be consecrat$ to ! national life ( ! anci5t _w4 ,b x prov$ an intellectual p[] :i* c\ld cause to swell out aga9 ! poetic ve91 relax$ by ! weakness ( age4 ,9 spite ( ! deprav$ ta/e & det]iorat$ language1 x call$ =? a new p]iod ( brilliancy 9 ! hi/ory ( poetry :i* c\ld rival classical poetry1 n inde$ 9 purity & elegance ( =m1 b 9 int5sity & dep?4 ,! ,lat9s 9 ?is f> excell$ ! ,greeks2 = to !m ,*ri/ianity 0 m a matt] ( exp]i5ce1 emotion1 ! inn] life1 to ! ,greeks a matt] ( k & speculation4 ,among ! ,greeks ! mo/ di/+ui%$ are ^!3 ,gregory ,nazianz54 ,he des]ves notice ma9ly = 8 satirical ,c>m5 de vita sua1 4 ,among 8 num]\s o!r poems are "s beautiful hymns & _m /rik+ phrases1 b also mu* t is weak & flat4 ,! drama 1 p]haps wrongly be>+ 8 "n1 modell$ on ! trag$ies ( ,euripides & 9 great "p made up ( ,euripidean v]ses1 is n )\t int]e/ z ! fir/ ,*ri/ian passion-play1 & conta9s "s beautiful passages2 e4g4 ! lam5t ( ,m>y2 b x is on ! :ole insipid & confus$4 ,nonnus ( ,panopolis1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #djj1 wrote a 4 1 some:at m useful = textual criticism & ar*aeology1 ?an likely to af=d enjoym5t z poetry4 ,( ! poetical works ( ! ,empress ,eudocia1 wife ( ,!odosius ,,ii41 daught] ( ! pagan rhetorician ,leontius ( ,a!ns1 h5ce call$ ,a!nais 7%e di$ ab\t ! ye> #dfj71 only fragm5ts ( _! r5d]+s 9 ! ,cyprian leg5ds h come d[n to u4 ,! loss ( h] ,hom]o-c5toes celebrat$ by ,photius1 i4e4 reproductions ( ! biblical books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 pure ,hom]ic words & v]ses1 is n p]haps to be v sorely lam5t$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! poetic description ( ! *ur* ( ,sophia1 built by ,ju/9ian ,i4 & ( ! ambo ( t *ur* :i* ,paulus ,sil5ti>ius left beh9d him1 is n only ( ar*aeological value1 b also is n )\t poetic m]it4 #dh4f4 ,*ri/ian ,lat9 ,poetry rea*$ its highe/ excell5ce 9 ! composition ( hymns 7 #ei1 #d74 ,b also 9 ! m ambiti\s =ms ( epic1 didactic1 panegyric1 & hortatory poems1 x has respectable repres5tatives1 especially 9 ,spa9 & ,gaul1 ^: excell5ce ( workman%ip dur+ su* a p]iod ( re/lessness & confusion is truly wond]ful4 ,to ! f\r? c5tury belongs ! ,spani>d ,juv5cus1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ccj4 ,8 ,hi/4 evangelica 9 #d books1 is ! fir/ ,*ri/ian epic2 a "w ( sublime simplicity1 free ( all bomba/ or rhetorical rant1 :i* obta9$ = him ! "n ( 8! ,*ri/ian ,virgil40 ,8 ,lib] 9 ,g5es9 v]sifies 9 a simil> mann] ! ,mosaic hi/ory ( ! patri>*s4 ,8 c\ntryman ,prud5tius1 :o di$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #daj1 0 a poet ( ! fir/ rank1 di/+ui%$ = dep? ( s5sibility1 gl[+ en?usiasm1 high lyrical fl[1 & s+ul> skill 9 v]sification4 ,8 ,lib] ,ca!m]9on consi/s ( #ab hymns1 = ! #ab h\rs ( ! day1 & 8 ,lib] ,p]i/ephanon1 #ad hymns on ! same numb] ( sa9ts :o _h won ! m>tyr's cr[n2 8 ,apo!osis is an ,anti-,arian glorification ( ,*ri/2 ! ,ham>tig5ia treats ( ! orig9 ( s92 ! ,psy*oma*ia describes ! conflict ( ! virtues & vices ( ! human s\l2 & 8 #b bks4 ,contra ,symma*um combat ! views ( ,symma*us1 ref]r$ to 9 #db1 #d4--;,9 ! fif? c5tury fl\ri%$3 ,paul9us1 bi%op ( ,nola 9 ,campania1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #dca4 ,he left beh9d him #cj poems1 ( :i* #ac celebrate 9 noble1 en?usia/ic language1 ! life ( ,felix ( ,nola1 m>tyr dur+ ! ,decian p]secution4 ,coelius ,s$ulius1 an ,iri%man 7871 compos$ 9 smoo? dignifi$ v]se ! ,life ( ,jesus1 & ! ,mirabilia div9a s4 ,opus pas*ale1 s call$ f #a ,cor4 v4 #g 9 #e bks42 & a ,collatio ,v4 et ,n4,t4 9 elegiac v]se4 ,! ,de lib]o arbitrio c4 +ratos ( ! ,gaul ,prosp] ,aquitanicus la%es ) poetic fury ! ?ankless despis]s ( grace 7 #ec1 #e74--,! mo/ important poet ( ! six? c5tury 0 ,v5antius ,=tunatus1 bi%op ( ,poiti]s1 ,vita ,m>t9i1 hymns1 elegies1 etc4 #dh4g4 ,9 ! ,national ,syrian ,*ur*1 ! fir/ place z a poet belongs to ,ephraem ,ephraim1 ! ,propheta ,syrorum4 ,9 poetic end[m5t1 lyrical fl[1 dep? & int5sity ( feel+1 he leaves all lat] writ]s f> beh9d4 ,next to him /&s ,cyrillonas1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #djj1 a poet ^: v "n1 until q rec5tly1 0 unkn[n1 ( ^: poems six are extant1 two be+ metrical homilies4 ,( ,rabulas ( ,edessa1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #dce1 ! notori\s p>tisan ( ,cyril ( ,alex&ria 7 #ec1 #c71 & ( ,balu1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #dcj1 we possess only a numb] ( liturgical odes1 :i* are n altoge!r de/itute ( poetic m]it4 ,?is _c1 h[ev]1 be said ( ! poetic works ( ,isaac ( ,antio*1 :o di$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #dfj1 fill$ ) frigid polemics aga9/ ,ne/orius & ,euty*es1 ( :i* _! ,ca?olic editor 7,opp4 ed4 ,g4 ,bickell1 ,giess41 #ahgc f47 has to confess !y are ?or\ghly 8insipid1 flat & we>isome1 & move backw>ds & =w>ds 9 endless tautologies40 ,less empty & tiresome are ! poetic effusions ( ! fam\s ,jacob ( ,s>ug1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #eba2 biblical /ories1 metrical homilies1 hymns1 etc4 ,mo/ ( ! num]\s liturgical odes are ! compositions ( unkn[n au?ors4 #dh4h4 ,! ,leg5d>y ,hi/ory ( ,cyprian4--,at ! basis ( ! poetic r5d]+ ( ?is leg5d 9 #c bks4 by ! ,empress ,eudocia1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ddj1 lay ?ree little works 9 prose1 /ill extant 9 ! ,greek orig9al & 9 v>i\s translations4 ,9 e>ly y\? ,cyprian1 impell$ by an insatiable crav+ aft] k1 p[] & enjoym5t1 seeks to obta9 all ! wisdom ( ! ,greeks1 all ! my/]ies ( ! ,ea/1 & = ?is purpose travels ?r\gh ,greece1 ,egypt1 & ,*alda4 ,b :5 he gets all ?is he is n satisfi$2 he makes a compact ) ! devil1 to :om he unres]v$ly surr5d]s himself1 :o 9 turn places at 8 disposal n[ a great multitude ( demons1 & promises to make him h]eaft] "o ( 8 *ief pr9ces4 ,!n comes he to ,antio*4 ,!re ,aglaidas1 an em95t hea!n sophi/1 :o 9 va9 ab&on$ all to w9 ! love ( a maid5 nam$ ,ju/9a1 :o _h tak5 v[s ( p]petual virg9ity1 calls 9 8 magical arts1 9 ord] !reby to ga9 ! end s ard5tly desir$4 ,cyprian ent]s into ! affair all ! m eag]ly s9ce he himself also mean:ile has ent]ta9$ a /rong passion = ! fair maid54 ,b ! demons s5t by him1 at la/ ! devil himself1 are =c$ to flee f h]1 ?r\gh h] call+ on ! "n ( ,jesus & mak+ ! sign ( ! cross1 & are oblig$ to own _! p[]lessness be=e ! ,*ri/ians' ,god4 ,n[ ,cyprian rep5ts1 repudiates 8 cov5ant ) ! devil1 lays be=e an assembly ( ,antio*ean ,*ri/ians a confession inspir$ by ! mo/ pr(\nd despair+ sorr[ ( ! innum]able mis*iefs wr\ght by him ) ! help ( ! demons1 is com=t$ by ! ,*ri/ians pres5t by means ( consolatory words ( scripture1 receives baptism1 ent]s ! ranks ( ! cl]gy z read]1 passes quickly ?r\gh ! v>i\s cl]ical (fices1 & suff]s ! dea? ( a m>tyr z bi%op ( ,antio*1 along ) ,ju/9a1 "u ! ,emp]or ,claudius ,,ii4--,gregory ,nazianz5 too 9 a disc\rse deliv]$ at ,con/ant9ople 9 ,a4,d4 #cgi1 8on ! day ( ! holy m>tyr & bi%op ,cyprian10 treat$ ( ! leg5d1 9 :i* )\t m ado he id5tifies ! conv]t$ ,antio*ean sorc]] ) ! fam\s ,c>?ag9ian bi%op ( t "n1 & makes him suff] m>tyrdom "u ,decius 7874--,! romance may h borr[$ ! "n ( its h]o f an old wiz>d2 b 8 type ( "* is c]ta9ly to be look$ = 9 ! philosophico-!urgical ef=ts ( ! ,syrio-,neoplatonic s*ool ( ,iambli*us 7 #bd1 #b71 9 :i* ! !n expir+ hea!nism ga!r$ up its la/ en]gies = conflict ) victori\s ,*ri/ianity4 ,! conception ( ! h]o9e on ! o!r h&1 is ) slight modifications borr[$ f ! ,!cla leg5d 7 #cb1 #f74 ,by ! ,leg5da aurea 7 #ajd1 #h71 :i* is j an adaptation ( ?is e>li] "o1 ! leg5d ( ,cyprian 0 c>ri$ d[n ev5 beyond ! "t ( ! ,re=mation4 ,cald]on's 8,wond]-work+ ,magician0 pres5ts a ,spani%-,ca?olic1 z ! ,fau/us leg5d ( ! #af? c5tury pres5ts a ,g]man ,prote/ant con/ruction1 :i* latt]1 h[ev]1 9 direct opposition to ! t5d5cy ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian leg5d1 all[s ! magician to drop into hell because 8 rep5tance came too late4 ,! ,romi% ,*ur*1 h[ev]1 /ill ma9ta9s ! hi/orical g5u95ess ( ! old leg5d1 & celebrates bo? ( ! suppos$ sa9ts on "o day1 #be? ,septemb]4 ,,iv4 ,,doctr9al ,,controv]sies ,,& ,,h]esies4 #di4 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,doctr9e ,,g5]ally4 ,:5 a consid]able fulness ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e _h already 9 previ\s p]iods f\nd subjective & !re=e v>i\sly div]sifi$ developm5t1 x _h n[1 besides be+ requir$ by ! alt]$ condition ( ?+s1 become necess>y t ! *ur* %\ld sift & confirm :at 0 already develop$ or 0 /ill 9 ! c\rse ( developm5t4 ,! endeav\r aft] univ]sal sci5tific compreh5sion & accurate def9ition became /rong] e day4 ,! lively int]c\rse betwe5 ! *ur*es1 :i* prev5t$ ! v>i\s doctr9al types f be+ re/rict$ to p>ticul> c\ntries1 br\ght opposite views into contact & conflict ) "o ano!r4 ,! c\rt1 ! p1 ! monks took p>ts1 & s ! *ur* became ! sc5e ( passionate & di/ract+ /ruggles1 :i* l$ to ! issu+ ( a canon ( or?odoxy recognis$ by ! :ole ,ca?olic *ur* ( ! ,we/ & ( ! ,ea/1 & to ! br&+ e deviation !refrom ) ! m>k ( h]esy4 ,! ,h]esies ( ! previ\s p]iod 7 ma9ly ( a syncretic k9d 7 #bf74 ,^? ( ! p]iod n[ "u consid]ation h an evolution>y or =matory "*4 ,!y consi/ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! sy/em ( doctr9e by exclusive att5tion & extreme e/imation ( ! "o side ( ! ,*ri/ian tru? t is be+ develop$1 :i* ?us passes ov] into errors2 :ile x is ! task ( or?odoxy to give proportionate developm5t to bo? sides & to br+ !m into h>mony4 ,( syncratic h]esies only sporadic traces f ! previ\s p]iod are f\nd 9 ?is 7 #ed74 ,! ?ird possible =m ( h]esies is ! revolution>y or re=matory4 ,h]etics ( ?is class fancy t !y see 9 ! develop$ & fix$ sy/em ( ! ,ca?olic *ur* excresc5ces & deg5]ations :i* ei!r d n exi/1 s t by _! removal ! *ur* is injur$ & h9d]$ 9 h] ess5tial & normal functions1 or d really exi/1 b = ! mo/ "p are n n[ duly di/+ui%$ f ! results ( s\nd & normal developm5t1 s t ! good w\ld be remov$ ) ! bad4 ,dur+ ! p]iod "u consid]ation only isolat$ in/ances ( ?is k9d ( h]esy are met ) 7 #fb74 #ej4 ,,! ,,tr9it>ian ,,controv]sy1 ,a4,d4 #cah-cha4aej ,! s]ies ( doctr9al cont5d+s op5$ ) ! ,tr9it>ian or ,arian controv]sy4 ,x fir/ ( all dealt ) ! nature & be+ ( ! ,logos become man 9 ,*ri/ & ! relation ( ?is ,logos to ! ,fa!r4 ,f ! "t ( ! controv]sy ( ! two ,dionysiuses 7 #cc1 #g7 ! idea ( ! consub/antiality ( ! ,son & ! ,fa!r _h f\nd support]s ev5 9 ,alex&ria & a new s*ool 0 =m$ ) x z ! fundam5tal doctr9e 7 #dg1 #a74 ,b ! fe> excit$ by ,sabellius & ! ,samosatians 7 #cc1 #h71 t ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! ,homo\sia might lead to ,mon>*ianism1 caus$ a /rong reaction & doom$ _m excell5t fa!rs to ! bonds ( subord9ationism4 ,x 0 pre-em95tly ! s*ool ( ! ,antio*ean ,lucian 7 #ca1 #i7 t furni%$ able cont5d]s aga9/ ! ,homo\sia4 ,9 ,orig5 ! two contr>ies1 subord9ation & ! et]nal g5]ation f ! sub/ance ( ! ,fa!r1 _h be5 /ill ma9ta9$ toge!r 7 #cc1 #f74 ,n[ !y are br\ght =w>d ap>t f "o ano!r4 ,on ! "o side1 ,a?anasius & 8 p>ty repudiate subord9ation b hold firmly by ! et]nal g5]ation1 & p]fect$ _! !ory by ! adoption ( ! ,homo\sia2 b on ! o!r side1 ,arius & 8 p>ty gave up ! et]nal g5]ation1 & held fa/ to ! subord9ation1 & w5t to ! extreme ( proclaim+ ! ,het]o\sia4 ,a ?ird int]m$iate p>ty1 ! semi-,arians1 mo/ly ,orig5i/s1 wi%$ to b9d ! sep>at$ contr>ies toge!r ) ! newly discov]$ cem5t ( ! 4 ,9 ! fur!r c\rse ( ! controv]sies t n[ broke out & rag$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole *ur* = almo/ a c5tury1 ! "q ( ! tr9it>ian position ( ! ,holy ,_s 0 ( necessity dragg$ into ! discussion4 ,aft] v>i\s exp]i5ces ( victory & discomfiture1 ! ,homo\sia ( ! ,son & ( ! ,_s 0 at la/ affirm$ & became ! wat*word ( inviolable or?odoxy4 #ej4a4 ,prelim9>y ,victory ( ! ,homo\sia1 ,a4,d4 #cah-cbe--;,arius1 a disciple ( ,lucian1 f ,a4,d4 #cac presbyt] at ,alex&ria1 a man ( cle> intellect & subtle critical _s1 0 9 ,a4,d4 #cah *>g$ ) ! d5ial ( ! div9ity ( ,*ri/1 because he publicly taught t :ile ! ,son 0 inde$ be=e all "t yet ,he 0 n f et]nity 7 71 t by ! w ( ! ,fa!r 7 7 ,he 0 creat$ out ( no?+ 7 71 & t by ,8 m$iat+ activity ! _w 0 call$ into be+2 z ! mo/ p]fect creat$ image ( ! ,fa!r & z executor ( ! ,div9e plan ( creation1 ,he might inde$ 9 an inexact way be call$ & 4 ,alex&]1 bi%op ( ,alex&ria at t "t1 :o ma9ta9$ ! doctr9e ( ! et]nal g5]ation & consub/antiality1 conv5$ a synod at ,alex&ria 9 ,a4,d4 #cba1 :i* condemn$ ! doctr9e ( ,arius & depos$ him4 ,b ! p1 :o rev]$ him z a /rict ascetic1 & _m bi%ops1 :o %>$ 8 views1 took "p ) him4 ,he also appli$ = protection to fam\s bi%ops 9 o!r places1 especially to 8 =m] fell[ /ud5t 77 ,eusebius ( ,nicom$ia1 & to ! v influ5tial ,eusebius ( ,cs>ea 7 #dg1 #b74 ,! =m] unres]v$ly decl>$ himself 9 fav\r ( ! ,arian doctr9e2 ! latt] reg>d$ x z at lea/ n dang]\s4 ,arius spread 8 views among ! p by means ( popul> songs = m5 ( v>i\s crafts & call+s1 = mill]s1 sailors1 travell]s1 etc4 ,9 ?is way a s]i\s s*ism spread ?r\gh almo/ all ! ,ea/4 ,9 ,alex&ria ! controv]sy 0 c>ri$ on s passionately t ! pagans made x ! subject ( reproa* 9 ! !atre4 ,:5 ,con/ant9e ! ,great receiv$ news ( ?is g5]al commotion he 0 greatly displeas$4 ,he comm&$1 fruitlessly1 z might be expect$1 t all ne$less qu>rels 7 7 %\ld be avoid$4 ,hosius1 bi%op ( ,cordva1 :o c>ri$ ! imp]ial injunction to ,alex&ria1 le>nt ! /ate ( matt]s !re & ! s]i\s nature ( ! conflict1 & br\ght ! emp]or to see ! matt] 9 ano!r light4 ,con/ant9e n[ summon$ 9 ,a4,d4 #cbe an cum5ical ,c\ncil at ,nica1 :]e he himself & #cah bi%ops met4 ,! majority1 ) ,eusebius ( ,cs>ea at _! head1 7 ,orig5i/s & s\ght1 z did also ! ,eusebians1 ! p>ty ( ,eusebius ( ,nicom$ia1 to m$iate betwe5 ! oppos+ views1 ! latt]1 h[ev]1 be+ mu* m fav\rable to ! ,arians4 ,! ma9ta9]s ( ! ,homo\sia 7 9 a decid$ m9ority1 b ! vigor\s eloqu5ce ( ! "y deacon ,a?anasius1 :om ,alex&] br\ght ) him1 & ! fav\r ( ! emp]or1 secur$ complete asc5dancy to _! doctr9e4 ,^u ! basis ( ! baptismal =mula propos$ by ,eusebius ( ,cs>ea to 8 own congregation1 a new confession ( fai? 0 sket*$ out1 :i* 0 h5ce=? us$ to m>k ! limits ( ?is tr9it>ian discussion4 ,9 ?is cre$ sev]al expressions 7 avoid$ :i*1 ?\gh biblical1 _h be5 und]/ood by ! ,arians 9 a s5se ( _! own1 su* z 1 & 9 _! place /rictly ,homo\sian =mul 7 sub/itut$1 1 1 2 :ile ) add$ ana!mas ^? ent]ta9+ opposite views 7 condemn$4 ,?is 0 ! ,symbolum ,nicnum4 ,arius 0 excommunicat$ & 8 writ+s condemn$ to be burnt4 ,dread ( deposition & love ( peace induc$ _m to subscribe :o 7 n conv9c$4 ,only ,arius himself & two ,egyptian bi%ops1 ,!onas & ,secundus1 refus$ & w5t into exile to ,illyria4 ,also ,eusebius ( ,nicom$ia & ,!ognis ( ,nica1 :o subscrib$ ! ,symbol b refus$ to sign ! ana!matiz+ =mula1 7 ?ree mon?s aft]w>ds bani%$ to ,gaul4#aea #ej4b4 ,victory ( ,eusebianism1 ,a4,d4 #cbh-cef4--,?is unity "u ! ,nic5e ,symbol 0 m]ely artificial & c\ld n !re=e be endur+4 ,! emp]or's dy+ si/] ,con/antia & ! p]suasion ( di/+ui%$ bi%ops induc$ ,con/ant9e to return to 8 e>li] view ( ! controv]sy4 ,arius agre$ to a ,confession drawn up 9 g5]al t]ms & 01 along ) ! o!r bani%$ ones1 re/or$ 9 ,a4,d4 #cbh4 ,soon !reaft]1 9 ,a4,d4 #ccj1 ! emp]or comm&$ t ,arius %\ld be re/or$ to (fice4 ,b mean:ile1 9 ,a4,d4 #cbh1 ,a?anasius himself _h become bi%op & repli$ ) unfalt]+ det]m9ation t he w\ld n comply4 ,! emp]or ?reat5$ him ) deposition1 b by a p]sonal conf]5ce ,a?anasius made su* an impression ^u him t he gave way4 ,! enemies ( ,a?anasius1 h[ev]1 especially ! ,meletians driv5 on by ,eusebius ( ,nicom$ia 7 #da1 #d71 ceas$ n to excite suspicion ab\t him z a di/urb] ( ! peace1 & got ! emp]or to reop5 ! "q at a ,synod at ,tyre1 9 ,a4,d4 #cce4 consi/+ ( pure ,arians4 ,a?anasius appeal$ aga9/ its v]dict ( deposition4 ,a new ,synod 0 conv5$ at ,con/ant9ople 9 ,a4,d4 #cce & ! emp]or bani%$ him to ,treves 9 ,a4,d4 #ccf4 ,x 0 n[ enjo9$ t1 not)/&+ ! opposition ( ! bi%op ( ,con/ant9ople1 ,arius %\ld be !re receiv$ back aga9 into *ur* fell[%ip1 b on ! ev5+ be=e ! day appo9t$ he di$ sudd5ly1 be+ ov] eighty ye>s old4 ,con/ant9e ! ,great soon foll[$ him1 ,a4,d4 #ccg1 & ,con/ant9e ,,ii4 re/or$ ,a?anasius to 8 *ur* :i* receiv$ him ) en?usiasm4 ,con/antius1 h[ev]1 0 decid$ly fav\rable to ! ,eusebians1 & ?is gave tone to ! c\rt & to ! capital :]e 9 all ! /reets & m>kets1 9 all ! %ops & h\ses1 ! que/ions ref]r$ to 7 consid]$ & discuss$4 ,! ,ea/]n bi%ops = ! mo/ "p vacillat$ betwe5 ! two extremes & let !mselves be l$ by ,eusebius ( ,nicom$ia4 ,he & 8 p>ty manag$ = a "t to set aside ! ,homo\sian =mula & yet to pres]ve an appe>ance ( or?odoxy4 ,eusebius1 :o f ,a4,d4 #cch 0 bi%op 9 ! capital1 di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #cda1 b 8 p>ty cont9u$ to intrigue 9 8 _s4 ,! :ole ,we/1 on ! o!r h&1 0 /rictly ,nican4 ,! ,eusebians 9 ,a4,d4 #cdj op5$ a ,c\ncil at ,antio*1 :i* anew depos$ ,a?anasius1 & put 9 8 place a rude ,cappadocian1 ,gregorius ,gregory4 ,a?anasius fl$ to ,rome1 :]e a ,c\ncil "u bi%op ,julius 9 ,a4,d4 #cda solemnly ackn[l$g$ 8 or?odoxy & innoc5ce4 ,a new ,c\ncil conv5$ at ,antio* 9 ,a4,d4 #cdj = ! consecration ( a *ur*1 sket*$ f\r cre$s "o aft] ano!r1 approa*+ inde$1 9 ord] to conciliate ! ,we/1 z closely z possible t ( ,nica1 b c>efully avoid+ ! t]m 4 ,9 ! int]e/s ( unity ,con/antius & ,con/ans jo9tly conv5$ an cum5ical ,c\ncil at ,s>dica 9 ,illyria 9 ,a4,d4 #cdd4 ,b :5 ! ,we/]ns "u ! presid5cy ( ,hosius1 disreg>d+ ! ,antio*ean ana!ma1 all[$ a seat & vote to ,a?anasius1 ! ,ea/]ns )drew & =m$ an opposition ,c\ncil at ,philippopolis 9 ,?race4 ,at ,s>dica :]e important privileges 7 grant$ to ! ,roman bi%op ,julius 7 #df1 #c71 ! ,nic5e cre$ 0 r5ew$ & ,a?anasius 0 re/or$4 ,con/antius1 aft] ,gregorius ,gregory _h di$1 :o mean:ile _h become d\bly hat$ because ( 8 viol5t de$s1 confirm$ ,a?anasius' re/oration1 & ! ,alex&rian *ur* receiv$ aga9 _! old pa/or ) %\ts ( joy4 ,b aft] ! dea? ( ,con/ans 9 ,a4,d4 #cej1 ,con/antius 0 aga9 won ov] to ! side ( ! ,arians4 ,!y assembl$ at ! ,c\ncil ( ,sirmium 9 ,pannonia 9 ,a4,d4 #cea1 :]e1 h[ev]1 !y did n /rike directly at ,a?anasius b at fir/ only at a fri5d ( 8 :o pres5t$ to !m a weak spot4 ,! bi%op ,m>cellus ( ,ancyra 9 ,galatia by 8 zeal\s def5ce ( ! ,nic5e ,homo\sia _h be5 betray$ into ! use ( ,sabellian expressions & views4 ,at a ,synod at ,con/ant9ople 9 ,a4,d4 #ccf he 0 on ?is acc\nt susp5d$1 & !n cont5d$ ) by ,eusebius ( ,cs>ea 9 ! c\rse ( ?is ,c\ncil2 b 9 ! ,we/ & at ! ,c\ncil ( ,s>dica he _h be5 def5d$4 ,aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 "o ( 8 own s*ol>s ,phot9us1 bi%op ( ,sirmium1 _h drift$ into unmi/akable1 & inde$ into dynamic ,mon>*ianism 7 #cc1 #a74 ,8 doctr9e _h be5 already reject$ z h]etical at a ,c\ncil at ,antio* 9 ,a4,d4 #cdd & also 9 ! ,we/ at a di/9ctly ,nican ,c\ncil at ,milan 9 ,a4,d4 #cde4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,sirmium n[ =mally depos$ him & ) 8 condemn$ also ,m>cellus' doctr9e4#aeb ,! ,eusebians1 h[ev]1 7 n satisfi$ ) ?is4 ,s soon z ,con/antius by ! conque/ ( ! usurp] ,magn5tius got an absolutely free h&1 he arrang$ at _! in/igation = two ,eusebian ,synods1 "o at ,arles 9 ,gaul1 ,a4,d4 #cec1 ! o!r at ,milan1 ,a4,d4 #cee1 :]e ,a?anasius 0 aga9 condemn$4 ,! emp]or n[ comm&$ t all ,we/]n bi%ops %\ld subscribe 8 condemnation4 ,^? :o refus$ 7 depos$ & bani%$4 ,among !m 71 ! ,roman bi%op ,lib]ius1 ,hosius ( ,cordova1 ,hil>y ( ,poiti]s1 ,eusebius ( ,v]celli1 & ,lucif] ( ,calris ,cal>is4 ,& n[ a second ,gregorius ,gregory1 a ,cappadocian1 n less rude & passionate ?an ! fir/1 0 =cibly in/all$ bi%op ( ,alex&ria4 ,a?anasius p]=m$ ! s]vice 9 a quiet & dignifi$ mann]1 & !n )drew to ! monks 9 ! ,egyptian des]t 9 ,a4,d4 #cef4 ,?us x seem$ t ,arianism 9 ! modifi$ or r conceal$ =m ( ,eusebianism _h secur$ a f9al victory ?r\gh\t ! :ole range ( ! ,roman ,empire4 #ej4c4 ,victory ( ,homoi\sianism1 ,a4,d4 #ceg-cfa4--,! ,eusebians n[1 h[ev]1 fell out among !mselves4 ,! m extreme p>ty1 ) ! ,antio*ean deacon ,atius & bi%op ,eunomius ( ,cyzicus at _! head1 c>ri$ _! h]esy s f> z to decl>e t ! ,son is unlike to ! ,fa!r 774 ,!y 7 h5ce call$ ,anomans1 also ,exucontians 7 74 ,b also ! di/9ctly mod]ate p>ty1 call$ semi-,arians#aec or ,homoi\sians1 f _! adoption ( ! =mula 1 made prep>ations = a decisive conflict4 ,at _! head /ood ,basil1 bi%op ( ,ancyra1 & ,con/antius too 0 fav\rable to !m4 ,b ! intrigu+ c\rt bi%ops1 ,ursacius & ,val5s1 /rictly ,arian at he>t1 knew h[ to ga9 _! ends by secret pa?s4 ,) ! emp]or's cons5t !y held a second ,c\ncil at ,sirmium 9 ,a4,d4 #ceg1 :]e x 0 resolv$ to avoid :olly ! non-biblical phrase 1 :i* caus$ all ! cont5tion1 to ab&on all def9itions ( ! nature ( ,god :i* to man is incompreh5sible1 & to unite ^u ! simple =mula1 t ! ,son is l ! ,fa!r 7 h5ce ! "n ,homoians74 ,hosius ( ,cordova1 facile ?r\gh age & suff]+s1 b\ght 8 reprieve by subscription4 ,he di$1 aft] a bitt] rep5tance1 9 ,a4,d4 #cfa1 :5 almo/ a hundr$ ye>s old4 ,! re/ ( ! ,we/]ns1 h[ev]1 at ! ,synod ( ,ag5um r5ew$ _! ,nic5e ,confession2 ! semi-,arians "u ,basil at ,ancyra _! ,antio*ean ,confession4 ,! latt]1 too1 f\nd access to ! emp]or1 :o let _! ,confession be confirm$ at a ?ird ,synod at ,sirmium 9 ,a4,d4 #ceh1 & oblig$ ! c\rt bi%ops to sign x4 ,! latt] !n came to a compromise ) ! semi-,arians 9 ! =mula3 4 ,lib]ius ( ,rome1 too1 worn out ) ?ree ye>s' exile1 agre$ to sign ?is symbol & v5tur$ to return to ,rome 7 #df1 #d74 ,! =mula pleas$ ! emp]or s well t he decid$ to h x confirm$ by an cum5ical ,c\ncil4 ,b 9 ord] to prev5t ! dread$ comb9ation ( ! ,homo\sians & ,homoi\sians 9 ! ,we/1 ,ursacius & ,val5s contriv$ to h two ,c\ncils in/ead ( "o1 an ,ea/]n ,c\ncil at ,seleucia & a ,we/]n ,c\ncil at ,rim9i1 ,a4,d4 #cei4 ,bo? reject$ ! =mula ( ,sirmium2 ! ,ea/]ns hold+ by t ( ,antio*1 ! ,we/]ns by t ( ,nica4 ,b ,ursacius knew h[ by cunn+ intrigues to we>y !m out4 ,:5 ! bi%ops _h sp5t two ye>s at ,seleucia & ,rim9i1 :i* seem$ to !m no bett] ?an bani%m5t1 & _! mess5g]s aft] a half ye>'s j\rney _h n succe$$ 9 obta9+ an audi5ce ( ! emp]or1 !y at la/ subscrib$ ! ,homoian symbol4 ,^? :o refus$1 ,atius & ,eunomius1 7 p]secut$ z di/urb]s ( ! *ur*'s peace4 ,?us ! ,homoian cre$ prevail$ ?r\gh ! :ole ,roman empire4 ,con/antius' dea?1 h[ev]1 9 ,a4,d4 #cfa1 soon broke up ?is artificial bond4 #ej4d4 ,f9al ,victory ( ! ,nic5e ,cre$1 ,a4,d4 #cfa-cha4--;,julian gave equal rights to all p>ties & recall$ all ! bani%$ bi%ops1 s t _m *ur*es _h two or ?ree bi%ops4 ,a?anasius also return$4 ,= ! re/oration ( *ur* ord] he call$ a ,synod at ,alex&ria 9 ,a4,d4 #cfb1 & "h 9 ! ex]cise ( a g5tle & wise temp] he receiv$ back into *ur* fell[%ip ! p5it5t ,arian bi%ops1 9 spite ( ! prote/ ( ! /rict zealot ,lucif] ( ,cal>is4 ,! happy results ( ,a?anasius' proc$ure l$ ! emp]or aga9 to bani% him1 on ! pretext t he 0 a di/urb] ( ! peace4 ,julian's successor1 ,jovian1 0 fav\rable to ! ,nic5e doctr9e & imm$iately re/or$ ,a?anasius1 ,a4,d4 #cfd1 mean:ile ext5d+ tol]ation to ! ,arians4 ,b ,val5s1 to :om 8 bro!r ,val5t9ian ,i4 surr5d]$ ! ,ea/1 ,a4,d4 #cfd-cgh1 prov$ a zeal\s ,arian4 ,he rag$ ) equal viol5ce aga9/ ! ,a?anasians & aga9/ ! semi-,arians1 & ?us drove ! two into close relations ) "o ano!r4 ,a?anasius 0 oblig$ to flee1 b v5tur$ aft] f\r mon?s to return1 & liv$ 9 peace to ! end ( 8 days4 ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #cgc4 ,val5s 0 mean:ile re/rict$ 9 8 p]secutions on two sides1 by ! press+ repres5tations ( 8 bro!r ,val5t9ian1 & by ! manly resi/ance ( em95t bi%ops1 especially ! ?ree ,cappadocians 7 #dg1 #d74 ,! ma*9ations ( ! ,we/]n empress ,ju/9ia1 dur+ ! m9ority ( h] son ,val5t9ian ,,ii41 7 successfully *eckmat$ by ,ambrose ( ,milan4 ,he passively b victori\sly oppos$ ! soldi]s :o 7 to take possession ( 8 *ur* = ! ,arians by a congregation pray+ & s++ psalms4 ,!odosius ! ,great gave its dea?bl[ to ,arianism4 ,he call$ ,gregory ,nazianz5 to ! patri>*al *air at ,con/ant9ople4 ,to ,gregory also at a subsequ5t "t he assign$ ! presid5cy ( ! s-call$ ,second cum5ical ,c\ncil at ,con/ant9ople 9 ,a4,d4 #cha4aed--,:51 h[ev]1 8 patri>*ate 0 attack$1 because he _h *ang$ 8 bi%opric 7 #de71 he resign$ 8 (fice4 ,no new ,symbol 0 "h drawn up1 b only ! ,nic5e ,symbol 0 confirm$ z irrefragable4 ,on ! s-call$ ,nican-,con/ant9opolitan ,symbol1 comp4 #ei1 #b4 ,aft] ?is ! ,arians v5tur$ only to hold s]vices outside ( ! cities4 ,subsequ5tly all *ur*es 9 ! empire 7 tak5 f !m4--,! ,con/ant9opolitan ,c\ncil ( ,a4,d4 #cha did n fairly repres5t p>ties4 ,be+ call$ by ! !n m]ely ,ea/]n emp]or1 & s consi/+ only ( ,ea/]n bi%ops1 x 0 n prop]ly an cum5ical synod1 & = a long "t ev5 9 ! ,ea/ itself 0 n reg>d$ z su*4 ,/ill x 0 ( importance to ! bi%op ( ,con/ant9ople t x %\ld h ?is rank1 & 8 endeav\rs 7 fav\r$ by ! circum/ance t x _h be5 call$ by ,!odosius :o 0 hon\r$ bo? 9 ,ea/ & ,we/ z ,sole ,pot5tate & 8second ,con/ant9e40 ,aft] ! ,c\ncil ( ,*alc$on 9 ,a4,d4 #dea 7 #df1 #a7 ! :ole ,ea/ 0 unanim\s 9 recognis+ x4 ,! ,we/1 h[ev]1 at lea/ ,rome1 /ill reject$ x1 until f9ally "u ,ju/9ian ,i41 9 consequ5ce ( ! ,roman *air becom+ dep5d5t ^u ! ,byzant9e c\rt 7 #df1 #i71 ! dispute 0 "h no long] agitat$4 #ej4e4 ,! ,pneumatoma*ians1 ,a4,d4 #cfb-cha4--;,arius & ! ,arians _h describ$ ! ,holy ,_s z ! fir/ creature produc$ by ! ,son4 ,b ev5 zeal\s def5d]s ( ! ,homo\sia ( ! ,son vacillat$4 ,! ,nic5e ,symbol 0 satisfi$ ) a b>e 2 & ev5 ,hil>y ( ,poiti]s1 avoid+ all exact def9ition1 cont5t$ himself ) record+ ! phrases ( ,scripture4 ,b ,a?anasius1 at ! ,synod ( ,alex&ria 9 ,a4,d4 #cfb1 ,didymus ! ,bl9d1 & ! ?ree ,cappadocians1 consi/5tly appli$ _! idea ( ! ,homo\sia to ! ,_s & won ! adhesion ( ! ,nic5e !ologians4 ,x 0 h>de/ = ! semi-,arians :o _h accept$ ! ,nic5e plat=m1 at ^: head /ood ,mac$onius1 bi%op ( ,con/ant9ople1 :o _h be5 depos$ by ! ,homoians 9 ,a4,d4 #cfj1 to acquiesce 9 ?is conclusion 7,mac$onians1 ,pneumatoma*ians74 ,! s-call$ second cum5ical ,c\ncil ( ,a4,d4 #cha sanction$ 9 a n[ lo/ doctr9al 8,tome0 ! full ,homo\sia ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,! ,we/ _h already 9 ,a4,d4 #chj at a ,roman ,synod "u ! presid5cy ( ,bi%op ,damasus condemn$ 9 #bd ana!mas1 along ) all o!r tr9it>ian errors1 e sort ( opposition to ! p]fect ,homo\sia ( ! ,_s4#aee #ej4f4 ,! ,lit]ature ( ! ,controv]sy4--,arius himself develop$ 8 doctr9e 9 a half poetical writ+1 ! 1 fragm5ts ( :i* are giv5 by ,a?anasius4 ,arianism f\nd a zeal\s apologi/ 9 ! ,sophi/ ,a/]ius1 ^: treatise is lo/4 ,! *ur* hi/orian1 ,philo/orgius 7 #e1 #a71 s\ght to v9dicate x hi/orically4 ,on ! semi-,arian side ,eusebius ( ,cs>ea wrote aga9/ ,m>cellus-- & 4 ,! ( ,eunomius is lo/4 ,among ! oppon5ts ( ,arianism1 ,a?anasius occupies by a long way ! fir/ place 7,,iv4 ,orations aga9/ ! ,arians1 ,ep4 conc]n+ ,c\ncils ( ,seleucia & ,arim9um1 ,hi/4 ( ,arians to ! ,monks1 ,apology aga9/ ! ,arians1 etc41 all includ$ 9 ,hi/4 ,tracts ( ,a?anasius1 8,lib4 ( ,fa?410 #b vols41 ,oxf41 #ahdc f474 ,on ! works ( ,apoll9>is belong+ to ?is controv]sy see #dg1 #e4 ,basil ! ,great wrote #d bks4 aga9/ ,eunomius2 1 ,ad ,amphilo*ium1 aga9/ ! ,pneumatoma*ians4 ,gregory ,nazianz5 wrote five 4 ,gregory ( ,nyssa #ab 4 ,didymus ! ,bl9d1 #c bks4 ,de ,tr9itate4 ,epiphanius1 ! 4 ,cyril ( ,alex&ria a 4 ,*ryso/om deliv]$ twelve addresses aga9/ ! ,anomoians4 ,!odoret wrote ,dialogi ,,vii4 d4 s4 ,tr9itate4 ,ephram ,ephraim ,syrus1 too1 combat$ ! ,arians frequ5tly 9 8 s]mons4 ,among ! ,lat9s ! mo/ celebrat$ polemi/s are3 ,lucif] ( ,cal>is 7,ad ,con/antium p4 ,lb4 ,,ii4 pro ,a!n472 ,hil>y ( ,poiti]s 7,de ,tr9itate ,lb4 ,i41 de ,synodus s4 de fide ,ori5talium1 contra ,con/antium ,aug42 ,c4 ,aux5tium72 ,phbadius1 bi%op ( ,ag5um ab\t ,a4,d4 #cei 7,c4 ,arianos72 ,ambrose 7,de fide ad ,gratianum ,aug4 ,lb4 ,v472 ,augu/9e 7,c4 ,s]monem ,arianorum2 ,collatio cum ,maximo ,arianorum episc42 ,c4 ,maxim9um72 ,fulg5tius ( ,ruspe 7,c4 ,arianos1 & #c bks4 aga9/ ! ,arian ,v&al k+ ,?rasimund74 #ej4g4 ,po/-,nic5e ,developm5t ( ! ,dogma4--,ev5 ! ,nic5e ,symbol did n completely surm\nt e trace ( subord9ationism4 ,x is at lea/ capable ( a subord9ationi/ int]pretation :5 ! ,fa!r alone is call$ & s id5tifi$ ) ! ,monas4 ,augu/9e completely surm\nt$ ?is defect 7,de ,tr9itate ,lb4 ,,xv474 ,! p]sonality ( ! ,_s1 too1 z well z ,8 relation to ! ,fa!r & ! ,son1 _h n yet be5 det]m9$4 ,a /ep 0 tak5 t[>ds ! =mulat+ ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,_s's p]sonality by ! ackn[l$gm5t 9 ! n[ lo/ ,tome ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ant9ople ( ,a4,d4 #cha ( ! full ,homo\sia ( ! ,_s ) ! ,fa!r & ! ,son4#aef ,b ! doctr9e ( ! ,_s's relations to ,fa!r & ,son /ill cont9u$ undet]m9$ & ev5 by ! addition 7to ! 4 47 (3 1 1 1 9 ! s-call$ ,symbolum ,nic4-,con/ant4 7 #ei1 #b71 a def9ition s incomplete 0 obta9$1 t ev5 five hundr$ ye>s aft]w>ds ! great s*ism t r5t ! *ur* into an ,ea/]n & a ,we/]n division f\nd 9 ?is its doctr9al basis 7 #fg1 #a74 ,augu/9e1 too1 _h mean:ile come =w>d ) a fur!r developm5t ( ?is doctr9e1 & taught 9 8 speculation ^u ! ,_s t ,he proce$$ f ! ,son z well z f ! ,fa!r 7,john xv4 #bf74 ,fulg5tius ( ,ruspe 0 ! next mo/ fam\s repres5tative ( ! fur!r developm5t ( ! dogma 7,de s4 ,tr9itate74 ,! s-call$ ,a?anasian ,cre$ 7 #ei1 #b7 simply adopt$ ?is advanc$ developm5t 9 ! proposition3 qui proc$it a ,patre et ,filio4 ,simil>ly ! ,filioque is f\nd also 9 ! s-call$ ,nic4-,con/ant4 ,cre$ laid be=e ! ,synod ( ,tol$o 9 ,a4,d4 #ehi 7 #gf1 #b74--;,cont9uation #fg1 #a2 #ia1 #b4 #ej4h4 ,s*isms 9 consequ5ce ( ! ,arian ,controv]sy4 ,i4 ,! ,meletian ,s*ism at ,antio*4 ,! ,arians at ,antio* _h already 9 ,a4,d4 #ccj driv5 away ,eu/a?ius1 ! bi%op ( ! see1 :o fav\r$ ! ,nic5e doctr9e4 ,a portion ( 8 p1 h[ev]1 rema9$ atta*$ to him & ,homo\sianism "u ! lead]%ip ( ! ,presbyt] ,paul9us1 & 7 call$ ,eu/a?ians4 ,:5 9 ,a4,d4 #cfj ,eudoxius1 ! ,arian bi%op1 left ,antio*1 9 ord] to take possession ( ! episcopal *air ( ! capital1 8 =m] congregation *ose ,meletius1 bi%op ( ,seba/e1 =m]ly a ,eusebian1 b = "s "t fri5dly to ! ,nic5e p>ty1 z 8 successor4 ,8 fir/ s]mon1 h[ev]1 s]v$ to undeceive ^? :o _h *os5 him1 s t aft] a few weeks !y drove him away & put ,euzoius1 a decid$ ,arian1 9 8 place4 ,yet he _h already won a foll[+ 9 ! congregation :i*1 :5 ,julian's succession made x possible = him to return1 took him back z bi%op4 ,a?anasius & ! ,alex&rian ,synod ( ,a4,d4 #cfb _h mean:ile made e ef=t to reconcile ^! ,meletians & ! ,eu/a?ians & to unite !m "u ! bann] ( ,nicanism4 ,b ,lucif]1 bi%op ( ,cal>is1 s5t to ,antio* = ?is purpose1 confirm$ ! s*ism in/ead ( heal+ x by orda9+ ,paul9us bi%op on ! dea? ( ,eu/a?ius 9 ,a4,d4 #cfj4 ,! :ole *ur* n[ took sides1 ! ,ea/ t ( ,meletius1 ! ,we/ along ) ,egypt1 t ( ,paul9us4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ant9ople 9 ,a4,d4 #cha gave to ,meletius ! presid5cy z ! olde/ bi%op pres5t4 ,:51 aft] two days1 he di$1 ,gregory ,nazianz51 8 successor 9 ! presid5cy1 recomm5d$ t ! next election %\ld be po/pon$ till ! dea? ( ! ag$ ,paul9us & t !n bo? p>ties %\ld jo9 ! election4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 all 9 va94 ,flavian 0 appo9t$ successor to ,meletius1 & :5 ,paul9us di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #chh1 ! ,presbyt] ,evagrius 0 *os5 opposition bi%op 9 8 /ead4 ,!odosius ,i41 f ,a4,d4 #cib sole rul]1 insi/$ ^u ! ,we/ recognis+ ,flavian4 ,b 9 ,antio* itself ! s*ism la/$ d[n to ! dea? ( ,evagrius4 ,f9ally1 9 ,a4,d4 #dae1 ! able successor ( ,flavian1 bi%op ,alex&]1 effect$ a reconciliation1 by tak+ "p on a fea/ day along ) 8 congregation 9 ! public wor%ip ( ! ,eu/a?ians1 jo9+ ) !m 9 s++ & pray]1 & 9 ?is way won !m ov] to jo9 him 9 ! pr9cipal *ur*4 ,,ii4 ,! ,s*ism ( ! ,lucif]ians4 ,aft] ,lucif] by 8 irrational zeal _h caus$ s mu* discord 9 ,antio*1 he return$ 9 ,a4,d4 #cfb to ,alex&ria1 & !re prote/$ aga9/ ,a?anasius = receiv+ back p5it5t ,arians & semi-,arians4 ,he & 8 fanatical adh]5ts =m$ ! sect ( ,lucif]ians1 :i* r5ew$ ! ,novatiani/ dem&s = ,*ur* purity1 & cont9u$ to exi/ d[n to ! fif? c5tury4 ,,iii4 ,on ! ,s*ism ( ,damasus & ,ursacius at ,rome1 see #df1 #d4 #ea4 ,,! ,,orig5i/ ,,controv]sies1 ,a4,d4 #cid-dch4 ,naturally & necess>ily ! ,*ri/ological are closely connect$ ) ! ,tr9it>ian controv]sies 7 #eb74 ,b betwe5 ! two comes 9 ano!r controv]sy1 ! ,orig5i/ic1 :i* 0 inde$ m ( p]sonal ?an ( ecclesia/ical int]e/1 b /ill /r5g!n$ ! *ur* 9 ! conviction t ,orig5 0 an ar*-h]etic4 #ea4a4 ,! ,monks ( ! ,scetic & ,nitrian ,des]ts4--,! mo/ di/+ui%$ def5d]s ( ,nic5e or?odoxy1 ,a?anasius1 ! ?ree ,cappadocians1 ,didymus1 ,hil>y1 etc41 _h all held ,orig5 9 high e/eem4 ,b ! con/ant ref]5ces ( ! ,arians to 8 au?ority br\ght him into discr$it1 n only among ! m n>r[-m9d$ oppos]s ( ,arius1 especially 9 ! ,we/1 b also among ! monks ( ! ,scetic des]t 9 ,egypt1 ) ,pa*omius at _! head4 ,^! repudiat$ ! speculation ( ,orig5 z ! s\rce ( all h]esy1 & 9 _! views ( ,god & div9e ?+s adopt$ a crude an?ropomorphism4 ,epiphanius1 bi%op ( ,salamis1 also belong$ orig9ally to ?is p>ty 7 #dg1 #aj74 ,9 direct opposition to !m1 ano!r ,egyptian monki% ord] 9 ! ,nitrian des]t adh]$ to ,orig5 ) en?usia/ic rev]5ce & occupi$ !mselves 9 a pi\s contemplative my/icism t t5d$ to a some:at extreme spiritualism4 #ea4b4 ,! ,controv]sy 9 ,pale/9e & ,italy1 ,a4,d4 #cid-cii4--;,9 ,pale/9e ,orig5 _h a w>m support] 9 bi%op ( ,j]usalem1 & 9 ! two ,lat9s ,j]ome & ,ruf9us :o 7 /ay+ !re 7 #dg1 #af1 #ag74 ,b :5 9 ,a4,d4 #cid a c\ple ( ,we/]ns :o happ5$ to come !re express$ _! surprise1 ,j]ome1 anxi\s = 8 reputation = or?odoxy1 0 at once prep>$ to condemn ! errors ( ,orig54 ,mean:ile ! ,scetic monks _h call$ ! att5tion ( ! old zealot ,epiphanius to ! ,pale/9ian nurs]y ( h]esy4 ,imm$iately he made 8 way ?i!r & took advantage ( ,john's fri5dly invitation to occupy 8 pulpit by prea*+ a viol5t s]mon aga9/ ,orig5ism4 ,john !n prea*$ aga9/ an?ropomorphism4 ,epiphanius pron\nc$ an ana!ma aga9/ t t5d5cy b desir$ ,john to d ! same 9 reg>d to ,orig5ism4 ,:5 ,john refus$1 !n ,epiphanius1 toge!r ) ,j]ome & ! ,be?lehemite monks )drew f communion ) ,john & ,ruf9us1 & invad$ ,john's episcopal rights by orda9+ a presbyt] ov] ! ,be?lehemite monks4 ,n[ sprang up a viol5t controv]sy1 :i* ,!ophilus ( ,alex&ria1 by s5d+ ! presbyt] ,isidore1 s\ght to allay4 ,j]ome & ,ruf9us 7 reconcil$ at ! alt> 9 ,a4,d4 #cif4 ,! latt] soon aga9 return$ to ! ,we/4 ,he translat$1 omitt+ objectionable passages1 ,orig5's "w 1 & 0 indiscreet en\gh to rem>k 9 ! preface t ev5 ! or?odox ,j]ome 0 an admir] ( ,orig54 ,/irr$ up by 8 ,roman fri5ds1 ,j]ome began ) unmeasur$ viol5ce a passionate polemic aga9/ ,orig5ism & ! fri5d ( 8 y\?4 ,he produc$ at ! same "t a lit]al r5d]+1 no long] extant1 ( ! 4 ,ruf9us repli$ ) equal bitt]ness1 & ! passion display$ by bo? l$ to fur!r causes ( (f5ce4 ,! ,roman bi%op ,siricius took "p ) ,ruf9us1 b 8 successor ,ana/asius summon$ him to answ] = 8 op9ions at ,rome4 ,ruf9us did n appe>1 b s5t an apology :i* s little satisfi$ ,ana/asius t he r cons5t$ to s5d lett]s to ,john ( ,j]usalem & o!r ori5tal bi%ops 9 condemnation ( ,orig5ism1 ,a4,d4 #cii4 ,ruf9us )drew to ,aquileia & !re cont9u$ to translate ! writ+s ( ,orig5 & o!rs ( ! ,greeks4 #ea4c4 ,! ,controv]sy 9 ,alex&ria & ,con/ant9ople1 ,a4,d4 #cii-dch4--,!ophilus1 patri>* ( ,alex&ria1 a pomp\s1 ambiti\s & /rong-h&$ ecclesia/ical pr9ce1 _h d[n to ,a4,d4 #cii be5 on good t]ms ) ! ,orig5i/ monks & ev5 9 ! ,ea/] address ( t ye> express$ himself 9 /rong t]ms aga9/ ! h]esy ( ! an?ropomorphi/s4 ,! monks rose 9 rebellion ov] ?is1 attack$ him ) clubs & =c$ him to pron\nce an ana!ma ^u ,orig54 ,soon !reaft] he _h a p]sonal dispute ) 8 =m] fri5ds4 ,! ag$ & v5]able presbyt] ,isidore & ! f\r s-call$ 8long bro!rs10 1 two ( :om s]v$ 9 8 *ur* z conomi1 refus$ to pay him pupils' & legates' money & fl$ f 8 passionate displeasure to _! companions 9 ! ,nitrian des]t4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #cii1 h[ev]1 at an endemic ,synod at ,alex&ria he condemn$ ,orig51 & 9 ,a4,d4 #dja publi%$ a viol5t manife/o aga9/ ! ,orig5i/s4#aeg ,! noble b %ortsight$ ,epiphanius approv$ x & ,j]ome ha/5$ to translate x into ,lat94 ,) rude milit>y =ce ! ,nitrian monks 7 scatt]$ & driv5 away4 ,p]secut$ by ! w>rants issu$ by ! patri>*1 !y s\ght protection f bi%op ,john ,*ryso/om at ,con/ant9ople 7 #dg1 #h71 ^: int]cession1 h[ev]1 ,!ophilus contemptu\sly reject$4 ,= peace sake ,*ryso/om n[ wi%$ to retire4 ,b ! monks f\nd access to ! ,empress ,eudoxia1 & ^u h] appeal to ! ,emp]or ,arcadius1 ,!ophilus 0 cit$ be=e a ,synod at ,con/ant9ople ov] :i* ,*ryso/om presid$4 ,!ophilus foam$ ) rage4 ,he succe$$ by misrepres5tation ( ! facts to w9 to 8 side ! zealot ,epiphanius4 ,! noble old man ha/$ full ( zeal & prejudice to ,con/ant9ople1 b com+ to see ?+s 9 _! true light1 he )drew f !m ) ! words1 8,i leave to y ! c\rt & hypocrisy40 ,!ophilus1 h[ev]1 knew well h[ to get on ) ! c\rt & hypocrisy4 ,*ryso/om1 by sev]e & se>*+ prea*+1 _h ar\s$ ! ang] ( ! ,empress4 ,rely+ ^u ?is1 ,!ophilus l&$ ) a great ret9ue at ,con/ant9ople1 & organiz$ at ! ,empress's e/ate ( ,drus1 ! ,oak1 ne> ,*alc$on1 a ,c\ncil1 ,synodus ad ,qu]cum1 ,a4,d4 #djc1 :i* pron\nc$ ,*ryso/om guilty ( immorality1 (f5ces aga9/ ! *ur* & high treason4 ,! ,emp]or condemn$ him to exile4 ,*ryso/om soo!d ! p excit$ 9 8 fav\r1 & all[$ himself quietly to be s5t away4 ,a viol5t e>?quake1 h[ev]1 next night & ! incontrollable excitem5t ( ! populace1 l$ ! ,emp]or to entreat ! exile by special mess5g] imm$iately to return4 ,aft] ?ree days' abs5ce he _h a triumphal entrance aga9 into ! city4 ,!ophilus fl$ precipitately to ,alex&ria4 ,soon !reaft] ,*ryso/om v solemnly d5\nc$ ! noisy inauguration ( a /atue ( ! empress dur+ ! celebration ( wor%ip1 & :5 on ?is acc\nt h] rage flam$ up aga9/ him afre%1 ! un=tunate words 7 utt]$ by him 9 a s]mon on ! day ( ,john ! ,bapti/3 1 1 4 ,n[ ! game 0 aga9 9 ,!ophilus' fav\r4 ,8 p>ty fann$ ! flame at ! c\rt4 ,dur+ ! ,ea/] vigils1 ,a4,d4 #djd1 arm$ m5 bur/ into ! *ur* ( ,*ryso/om & c>ri$ him away an exile to ,cucusus 9 ,arm5ia4 ,) h]oic c\rage he bore all ! mis]ies ( ! j\rney1 ! climate & ! wild lawless neighb\rhood4 ,) 8 p f ! place ( 8 bani%m5t he ma9ta9$ regul> pa/oral int]c\rse4--,soon aft] ! outbreak ( ! conflict1 ,!ophilus z well z ,*ryso/om _h dilig5tly s\ght to obta9 ! support ( ! ,we/4 ,bo? s5t lett]s & mess5g]s to ,rome1 ,milan & ,aquileia1 seek+ to ju/ify _! cases be=e ! *ur*es4 ,innoc5t ,i4 ( ,rome urg$ ! decid+ ( ! controv]sy at an cum5ical ,c\ncil1 b did n c>ry 8 po9t4 ,aft] ! disgraceful bani%m5t ( ,*ryso/om ! :ole ,we/ took 8 side1 & ,innoc5t got ,honorius to apply to ,arcadius = 8 recall2 b ! only result 0 t 9 ,a4,d4 #djg he 0 s5t to /ill m sev]e bani%m5t at ,pityus1 on ! ,black ,sea4 ,he succumb$ to ! fatigues ( ! j\rney & di$ on ! way ) words on 8 lips t _h be5 ! motto ( 8 life3 4 ,a great "p ( 8 congregation at ,con/ant9ople refus$ to ackn[l$ge ! new patri>* ,arsacius & 8 successor ,atticus1 & cont9u$ ap>t1 not)/&+ all p]secutions1 "u ! "n ( ,johannites1 until ,!odosius ,,ii4 9 ,a4,d4 #dch fet*$ back ) hon\r ! bones ( _! rev]$ pa/or & laid !m 9 ! imp]ial vault4 ,amid p]sonal animosities & embitt]$ feel+s ! ,orig5i/ controv]sy 0 long lo/ to view1 b we mu/ return to x aga9 fur!r on 7 #eb1 #f74aeh #eb4 ,,! ,,*ri/ological ,,controv]sy4#aei ,9 ! ,tr9it>ian controv]sy we dealt ) ! pre- & extra-hi/orical exi/5ce ( ! ,son ( ,god1 ) ,8 div9e nature 9 itself2 b n[1 at ! crucial po9t ( ,*ri/ian speculation & ecclesia/ical conflict1 we come to treat ( ,8 hi/orical exi/5ce z t ( ! inc>nate ,son ( ,god1 ( ! connection ( ! div9e nature ( ! ,logos ) ! human nature ( ! ,son ( ,m>y1 & ( ! mutual relations ( bo? to "o ano!r4 ,ev5 dur+ ! ,arian controv]sy ! conflict 0 begun1 & :ile ! *ur* ma9ta9$ aga9/ ,arius ! full div9ity ( ,*ri/1 x also affirm$ aga9/ ,apoll9>is ! complet5ess ( ,8 humanity4 ,9 ?ree fur!r phases ?is conflict 0 cont9u$4 ,9 ! ,dyoprosopic controv]sy ! *ur* ma9ta9$ ! unity ( ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/ aga9/ ! ,antio*ean extreme repres5t$ by ,ne/orius1 :i* hold bo? natures s f> ap>t t ! result seem$ to be two p]sons4 ,9 ! ,monophysite controv]sy ! opposite extreme ( ! new ,alex&rian s*ool 0 combat$1 :i* 9 ! unity ( ! p]son lo/ sight ( ! di/9ctness ( ! natures4 ,9 ! ,mono!lite controv]sy a unioni/ic ef=t 0 resi/$ :i* inde$ all[$ ! duality ( natures to be affirm$ nom9ally1 b practically d5i$ x by ! ackn[l$gm5t ( only "o w4 #eb4a4 ,! ,apoll9>ian ,controv]sy1 ,a4,d4 #cfb-cha4afj--,previ\sly ! old] ,modali/s1 e4g41 ,b]yllus & ,sabellius1 _h taught t by ! inc>nation ! ,logos _h receiv$ m]ely a human body4 ,m>cellus %>$ ?is view2 b also 8 antipodes ,arius _h adopt$ x 9 ord] to avoid po/ulat+ two creatures 9 ,*ri/4 ,a?anasius held by ! doctr9e ( ,orig51 t ! human s\l 9 ,*ri/ is a necess>y bond betwe5 ! ,logos & ! body1 z well z an organ = giv+ expression to ! ,logos ?r\gh ! body4 ,at ! ,synod ( ,alex&ria1 ,a4,d4 #cfb1 !re=e1 he obta9$ ecclesia/ical sanction = ! recognition ( a complete human nature 9 ,*ri/4 ,apoll9>is ( ,laodicea 7 #dg1 #e71 :o _h help$ to arrange = ?is ,c\ncil1 also disapprov$ ( ! expression 1 b yet ?\ght t ! doctr9e ( ! complet5ess ( ! human nature mu/ be d5i$4 ,he 0 l$ to ?is position by 8 adoption ( tri*otomic pr9ciples4 ,he ma9ta9$ t ,*ri/ has tak5 m]ely a ) a 1 & t ! place ( ! 7 7 0 repres5t$ 9 him by ! div9e ,logos4 ,if ?is 7 n s !n1 he ?\ght1 "o mu/ assume two p]sons 9 ,*ri/ or let ,*ri/ s9k d[n to ! position ( a m]e 4 ,only 9 ?is way too c\ld absolute s9lessness be affirm$ ( him4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,a?anasius & ! two ,gregories saw t 9 ?is way ! sub/antiality ( ! inc>nation & ! complet5ess ( r$emption 7 lo/4 ,! s-call$ second cum5ical ,c\ncil ( ,a4,d4 #cha reject$ ! doctr9e ( ,apoll9>is1 :o ) 8 p>ty 0 exclud$ f ! ,*ur*4 ,! ,apoll9>ians subsequ5tly jo9$ ! ,monophysites4 #eb4b4 ,*ri/ology ( ! ,oppos+ ,!ological ,s*ools4--,9 consequ5ce ( ! ,arian controv]sy ! p]fect div9ity1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ! ,apoll9>ian controv]sy ! p]fect humanity1 ( ,*ri/ 7 f9ally e/abli%$4 ,on ! relation betwe5 ! two natures condition$ by ! union !re 0 def9ite result atta9$ unto4 ,apoll9>is _h taught a connection ( ! div9ity ) ! incomplete manhood s intimate t he _h unwitt+ly de/roy$ ! duality ( ! natures1 & by means ( an transf]r$ ! attributes ( ! "o nature to ! o!r2 s t n only ! body ( ,*ri/ mu/ h be5 deifi$ & h be5 !re=e wor?y ( wor%ip1 b also bir?1 suff]+ & dea? mu/ be ref]r$ to ,8 div9ity4 ,9 8 treatise3 1 he tea*es3 1 1 1 1 & 9 ! tract ,de inc>natione ,v]bi1 wrongly attribut$ to ,a?anasius3 1 1 1 4 ,s1 too1 9 ! ,epi/le ascrib$ to ,julius ( ,rome4 ,! ,alex&rian ,!ology1 al?\gh reject+ ! mutilation ( ! human nature fav\r$ by ,apoll9>is1 sympa?iz$ ) him 9 8 love = ! my/ical1 ! inconceivable & ! transc5d5tal4 ,9 opposition to ! ,arian h]esy x gave special emphasis to ! div9ity ( ,*ri/ & taught a ( bo? natures4 ,only be=e ! union & 9 ab/racto c we speak ( two natures2 aft] ! inc>nation & 9 concreto we c speak only ( "o div9e-human nature4 ,m>y 0 !re=e spok5 ( z ! "m ( ,god1 4 ,a?anasius 9 8 treatise aga9/ ,apoll9>is ackn[l$g$ an 1 & expla9$ ?is z a 4 ,! ,cappadocians 7 #dg1 #d7 inde$ expressly admitt$ two natures1 1 b yet taught a comm+l+ ( !m1 1 1 a ( ! two natures1 1 a ( ! 4 ,cyril ( ,alex&ria taught t ! 0 a 1 an inc>nation 9 ! prop] s5se4 ,*ri/ consi/s 1 b n 1 i4e4 only be=e ! inc>nation & 9 ab/racto 7 7 c we speak ( two natures4 ,9 ! ,god-man two natures w\ld be two subjects1 & s !re w\ld be two ,*ri/s2 ! r$eem] w\ld !n only be an & n a 1 & c\ld ?us af=d no gu>antee ( a complete r$emption1 etc4 ,! ,antio*ean ,!ology 7 #dg1 #h1 #i71 9 opposition to ,apoll9>is1 affirm$ mo/ emphatically ! complete & un*angeable reality ( ! human nature ( ,*ri/ at & aft] its union ) ! div9e4 ,x w\ld !re=e only admit ( a or a 1 by :i* bo? are br\ght into ! relation 77 ( common be+ & common action4 ,expressions l 1 1 1 seem$ to ! ?9k]s ( ?is s*ool blasphem\s1 or at lea/ absurd4 ,!y ackn[l$g$ inde$ t ! ( ,*ri/ is wor?y ( adoration b only 9 s f> z x is ! organ ( ! r$eem+ ,logos1 n because 9 itself x %>es 9 ! div9e attributes4 ,! mo/ develop$ =m ( ?is doctr9e 0 pres5t$ by ,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia 9 /rict connection ) 8 an?ropology & sot]iology4 ,! hi/orical developm5t ( ! ,god-man is ) him ! type & patt]n ( ! hi/orical r$emption ( mank9d4 ,*ri/ assum$ a complete human nature1 ) all its s9ful affections & t5d5cies1 b he f\ght ^! d[n & rais$ ,8 human nature by con/ant conflict & victory to t absolute p]fection to :i* by ! same way ,he leads u ?r\gh ! communication ( ,8 ,_s4 ,he expressly gu>d$ himself aga9/ ! *>ge ( mak+ ,*ri/ into two p]sons3 ,*ri/ is 1 b n = ! human nature has 9 ! inc>nation r5\nc$ p]sonality & indep5d5ce4--,ea* ( ^! two s*ools repres5t$ "o side ( ! tru? ( ! *ur*'s doctr9e2 9 ! union ( ! two sides ! *ur* proclaim$ ! full tru?4 ,on ! o!r h& ! two s*ools proce$$ m & m "o-sid$ly to emphasise ea* its own side ( ! tru?1 & s t5d$ t[>d positive error4 ,?us arose two opposite errors1 ! sep>at+ ( ! natures & ! confus+ ( ! natures1 :i* ! *ur* reject$ "o aft] ! o!r1 & proclaim$ ! tru? t lay at ! root ( bo?4--,dur+ ?is discussion arose ! ,we/]n ,!ology z ! regulator ( ! debate4 ,s long z x dealt ) ! "o-sid$ extreme ( ! ,antio*eans x /ood side by side ) ! ,alex&rians4 ,augu/9e1 e4g4 us$ inde$ ! expression mixture1 b 9 reality he expla9s ! relation ( bo? natures to "o ano!r q 9 accordance ) ! aft]w>ds settl$ or?odoxy4 ,b :5 at la/ ! me?od ( exclusions rea*$ ! error ( ! ,alex&rians1 ! ,we/]ns turn$ q z decid$ly to ! o!r side & ma9ta9$ ! union ( ! two sides ( ! tru? 7,leo ! ,great74 ,! conflict attract$ great att5tion :5 x broke out at fir/ 9 ! ,we/1 b x 0 s quickly settl$ t soon no trace ( x rema9$4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,gaul a monk ,leporius came =w>d tea*+ ! ,antio*ean doctr9e ( ! union ( ! two natures4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #dbf he w5t to ,africa1 ent]$ into conflict ) ,augu/9e1 b retract$ 8 errors almo/ imm$iately4 #eb4c4 ,! ,dyoprosopic or ,ne/orian ,controv]sy1 ,a4,d4 #dbh-ddd4afa--;,9 ,a4,d4 #dbh a monk ( ,antio* call$ ,ne/orius1 a di/+ui%$ orator1 0 appo9t$ patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,he 0 an eloqu5t & pi\s man b ha/y & imprud5t1 ) little k ( ! _w & human nature1 & immod]ately sev]e aga9/ h]etics4 ,! hatr$ ( an unsuccessful rival 9 ,con/ant9ople call$ ,proclus & ! rivalry ( ! patri>* ( ,alex&ria1 :o hat$ him n only z a rival b z an ,antio*ean1 made ! position ( ! unsupport$ monk a v h>d "o1 & 8 protection ( ! expatriat$ ,pelagians 7 #ec1 #d7 excit$ ! ,roman bi%op ,cle/9e aga9/ him4 ,ana/asius1 a presbyt] br\ght ) him by ,ne/orius1 0 annoy$ at ! frequ5t use ( ! expression & prea*$ aga9/ x4 ,ne/orius took 8 "p aga9/ p & monks1 s5t5c$ ! monks :o _h insult$ him p]sonally to endure corporal puni%m5t1 & at an endemic ,synod 9 ,a4,d4 #dci condemn$ ! doctr9e object$ to4 ,& n[ ,cyril ( ,alex&ria 7 #dg1 #f7 ent]$ ! li/s z *ampion ( ! ,alex&rian dogmatics4 ,he won to himself ,cle/9e ( ,rome 7 #df1 #f71 z well z bi%ops ,memnon ( ,ephesus & ,juv5alis ,juv5al ( ,j]usalem1 & at ! c\rt1 ,pul*]ia 7si/] ( ,!odosius ,,ii4 ,a4,d4 #djh-dej72 :ile ! empress ,eudocia 7 #dh1 #e7 & ! ,syrian bi%ops took ! side ( ,ne/orius4 ,all conciliatory attempts 7 fru/rat$ by ! /iffness ( ! two patri>*s4 ,cle/9e ( ,rome 9 ,a4,d4 #dcj dem&$ ( ,ne/orius a recantation )9 t5 days1 & ,cyril at a ,synod ( ,alex&ria 9 ,a4,d4 #dcj produc$ twelve /rong c\nt]propositions conta9+ ana!mas1 :i* ,ne/orius answ]$ imm$iately by twelve c\nt]ana!mas4 ,?us ! controv]sy & ! p>ties engag$ 9 x became m & m viol5t4 ,= its settlem5t ! emp]or call$ ! s-call$ ,?ird 7prop]ly ,second1 comp4 #ej1 #d7 cum5ical ,c\ncil at ,ephesus 9 ,a4,d4 #dca4 ,ne/orius enjoy$ ! decid$ fav\r ( ! emp]or1 ! imp]ial pl5ipot5ti>y 0 8 p]sonal fri5d1 & a portion ( ! emp]or's bodygu>d accompani$ him to ,ephesus4 ,b ,cyril appe>$ ) a great ret9ue ( bi%ops & a fai?ful gu>d ( s]vants ( ! *ur* & seam51 :o %\ld 9 case ( ne$ prove ! correctness ( ! ,alex&rian dogmatics ) _! fi/s4 ,9 addition ,memnon ( ,ephesus _h 9 read9ess a cr[d ( cl]gy1 monks & p f ,asia ,m9or4 ,be=e ! ,roman legates & ! ,syrian bi%ops _h arriv$ ,cyril op5$ ! ,c\ncil )\t !m ) #bjj bi%ops4 ,ne/orianism 0 condemn$1 ,ne/orius excommunicat$ & depos$1 & ,cyril's ana!matiz+ propositions adopt$ z ! /&>d ( ecclesia/ical or?odoxy4 ,! ,roman legate recognis$ ! ,c\ncil1 b ! imp]ial commission] refus$ 8 approval2 & ! ,syrian bi%ops1 "u ! presid5cy ( ,john ( ,antio* proce$$1 on _! arrival1 to hold an opposition ,c\ncil1 :i* excommunicat$ ,cyril & ,memnon4 ,ne/orius ( 8 own accord retir$ into a mona/]y4 ,mean:ile 9 ,con/ant9ople1 at ! in/igation ( ,pul*]ia1 a popul> tumult 0 rais$ 9 fav\r ( ,cyril4 ,! emp]or set aside all ! ?ree lead]s1 ,ne/orius1 ,cyril & ,memnon1 & au?oris$ a m$iat+ cre$ drawn up by ,!odoret 7 #dg1 #i7 9 :i* ! 0 recognis$ b an 0 affirm$4 ,cyril & ,memnon /ill rema9$ 9 _! (fices4 ,!y subscrib$ ,!odoret's =mula & ,john subscrib$ ! condemnation ( ,ne/orius1 ,a4,d4 #dcc1 :o 0 depos$ & giv5 ov] to ! v5geance ( 8 enemies4 ,driv5 f 8 mona/ic retreat & 9 _m ways ill-treat$1 he di$ 9 de/itution 9 ,a4,d4 #ddj4 ,! compromise ( ! two lead]s call$ =? opposition on e side4 ,! ,syrian *ur* 0 9 revolt ov] _! patri>*'s betrayal ( ! p]son ( ,ne/orius4 ,john av5g$ himself by depos+ 8 oppon5ts4 ,?is _h well-nigh be5 ! fate ( ! noble ,!odoret2 b ! patri>* exempt$ him f condemn+ ! p]son ( ,ne/orius 9 consid]ation ( 8 condemnation ( ! doctr9e4--,! ,egyptians also *>g$ _! patri>* ) ! d5ial ( ! true doctr9e4 ,he 0 at pa9s1 h[ev]1 to give pro( ( 8 zeal by ! v9dictiv5ess ( 8 p]secutions4 ,n )\t an eye to results he wr\ght to h ! ana!ma ( ! *ur* pron\nc$ ^u ! heads ( ! ,antio*ean s*ool1 & "o ( _! p>tisans1 bi%op ,rabulas ( ,edessa1 p\nc$ ^u ! fam\s !ological s*ool at ,edessa1 at ! head ( :i* !n /ood ! di/+ui%$ presbyt] ,ibas 7 #dg1 #ac74 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,rabulas1 h[ev]1 9 ,a4,d4 #dcf1 ! s*ool aga9 rose to great em95ce4 ,!odoret & ,cyril mean:ile cont5d$ ) "o ano!r 9 viol5t writ+s4 ,dea? clos$ ! m\? ( ,cyril 9 ,a4,d4 #ddd4 ,b ,rabulas unwe>i$ly s\ght out & burnt ! writ+s ( ,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia1 :i* ,ibas _h translat$ into ,syriac4 ,! latt] publi%$ a lett] to ,m>is bi%op ( ,h>da%ir 9 ,p]sia1 :i* at a subsequ5t p]iod obta9$ symbolical rank among ! ,ne/orians1 & ,?omas ,b>sumas1 bi%op ( ,nisibis1 wr\ght successfully = ! spread ( ,ne/orianism 9 ! ,p]sian *ur*4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #dhi ! s*ool ( ,edessa 0 aga9 de/roy$ by ord] ( ! emp]or ,z5o4 ,tea*]s & s*ol>s migrat$ to ,p]sia1 & f\nd$ at ,nisibis a s*ool t long cont9u$ fam\s4 ,at a ,synod 9 ,seleucia 9 ,a4,d4 #dii1 "u ! patri>* ,babu ( ,seleucia1 ! :ole ,p]sian *ur* f9ally broke (f f ! or?odox *ur* ( ! ,roman empire 7 #fd1 #b74 ,!y call$ !mselves accord+ to _! ecclesia/ical language ,*aldean ,*ri/ians4 ,_! patri>* bore ! title ,jazeli*1 4 ,! ,ne/orian *ur* pass$ on f ,p]sia into ,india1 :]e its adh]5ts1 appropriat+ ! old leg5d t ! apo/le ,?omas _h introduc$ ,*ri/ianity into ,india 7 #af1 #d71 call$ !mselves ,?omas-,*ri/ians4 #eb4d4 ,! ,monophysite ,controv]sy4 ,i4 ,euty*ianism1 ,a4,d4 #ddd-dea4--;,cyril's successor 0 ,dioscurus1 :o 0 inf]ior to 8 pr$ecessor 9 acut5ess1 b 9 passionat5ess & tyrannical cruelty left him f> beh9d4 ,an old ar*im&rite 9 ,con/ant9ople call$ ,euty*es taught n only t aft] ,8 inc>nation ,*ri/ _h only "o nature1 b also t ! body ( ,*ri/ z ! body ( ,god is n ( l sub/ance ) our own4 ,! patri>* ,domnus ( ,antio* accus$ him )\t success to ,!odosius ,,ii41 & ,!odoret wrote aga9/ him a controv]sial treatise "u ! title 1 9 :i* he oppos$ ! doctr9e ( ,euty*es z a conglom]ation ( _m h]esies4 ,dioscurus n[ jo9$ 9 ! fray1 & wr\ght ^u ! emp]or1 ^: m9i/] ! eunu* ,*rysaphius & ^: consort ,eudocia he _h won ov] to 8 side1 to pass sev]e measures aga9/ ! ,syrians1 & especially ,!odoret1 :om ! emp]or =bade to pass beyond ! range ( 8 diocese4 ,eusebius1 bi%op ( ,dorylum1 9 ,phrygia1 h[ev]1 accus$ ,euty*es be=e an endemic ,synod at ,con/ant9ople1 9 ,a4,d4 #ddh1 presid$ ov] by ! patri>* ,flavian4 ,euty*es1 ?\gh "u imp]ial protection1 0 nev]!less1 ^u 8 refusal to retract1 excommunicat$ & depos$4 ,he appeal$ to an cum5ical ,synod & betook himself to ,leo ! ,great 7 #df1 #g7 at ,rome4 ,flavian also appe>$ be=e ! ,roman bi%op4 ,leo took ! side ( ,flavian1 & 9 a lett] to t patri>* develop$ ) great acut5ess & cle>ness ! doctr9e ( ! two natures 9 ,*ri/4 ,! emp]or1 h[ev]1 convok$ an cum5ical ,c\ncil at ,ephesus1 ,a4,d4 #ddi1 at :i* ,dioscurus presid$1 :ile ,flavian & 8 p>ty _h no vote & ,!odoret 0 n ev5 pres5t1 b at :i* = ! fir/ "t !re 0 a repres5tative ( ! mona/ic ord] 9 ! p]son ( ! zeal\s monophysite1 ! ,abbot ,b>sumas4 ,! ,c\ncil 0 conduct$ 9 an extremely arbitr>y & viol5t mann]4 ,! doctr9e ( two natures 0 reject$1 & :5 ,eusebius /epp$ =w>d to def5d x1 ! ,egyptians %\t$3 ,away ) him6 ,burn him6 ,te> him 9 two pieces1 z he has torn ! ,*ri/6 ,flavian z well z ,eusebius appeal$ to ! bi%op ( ,rome2 b ! ,synod pron\nc$ on bo? ! s5t5ce ( excommunication4 ,:5 n[ "s bi%ops sprang =w>d1 & embrac+ ,dioscurus' knees entreat$ him to desi/ f su* inju/ice1 he call$ 9 ! soldi]s to 8 help :o ) *a9s & un%ea!d swords ru%$ into ! *ur*1 aft] !m a cr[d ( fanatical monks1 /\t p>abolani & a rag+ rabble4 ,flavian 0 sorely injur$ by bl[s & kicks1 & di$ soon aft]w>ds 9 bani%m5t4 ,! ,roman legates & ,eusebius escap$ simil> maltreatm5t only by spe$y flight4 ,dur+ ! lat] sitt+s ,euty*es 0 re/or$1 b ! *iefs ( ! opposite p>ty1 ,ibas1 ,!odoret1 ,domnus1 etc41 7 depos$ & excommunicat$4 ,leo ! ,great address$ to ! emp]or a vigor\s prote/ aga9/ ! decisions ( ?is ,robb] ,synod1 ,latroc9ium ,ephes9um1 4 ,! result 0 t ,!odosius qu>rell$ ) ,eudocia1 0 reconcil$ to ,pul*]ia1 & dismiss$ 8 m9i/]4 ,flavian's body 0 n[ tak5 9 /ate to ,con/ant9ople1 & hon\rably buri$4 ,!odosius' dea? 9 ,a4,d4 #dej prev5t$ any fur!r /eps be+ tak54 ,8 si/] ,pul*]ia1 ) h] husb& ,m>cian1 asc5d$ ! ?rone4 ,a new cum5ical ,c\ncil 7! s-call$ f\r?7 at ,*alc$on 9 ,a4,d4 #dea1 depos$ ,dioscurus1 :o 0 bani%$ to ,gangra 9 ,paphlagonia1 b sp>$ ! o!r p>ty lead]s ( ! ,monophysites1 & condemn$ ,ne/orianism z well z ,euty*ianism4 ,cyril's synodal rescripts aga9/ ,ne/orius & ,leo's ,epi/le 7 made ! basis ( ! =mal /atem5t ( ! or?odox doctr9e3 8t ,*ri/ is true ,god & true man1 accord+ to ,8 ,godhead begott5 f et]nity & l ! ,fa!r 9 ev]y?+1 accord+ to 8 humanity born ( ,m>y ! ,virg9 & ,god be>] 9 "t & l to u m5 9 ev]y?+1 only )\t s92 & t aft] ,8 inc>nation ! unity ( ! p]son consi/s 9 two natures :i* are conjo9$ )\t confusion 77 & )\t *ange 771 b also )\t r5d+ 77 & )\t sep>ation 7740 ,9 ?is ,synod too !re 7 frequ5tly sc5es :i* 9 unruly viol5ce 7 little beh9d ^? ( ! ,robb] ,synod4 ,:51 = example1 ,!odoret ent]$ amid ! l\d *e]s ( ! ori5tals1 ! ,egyptians salut$ him ) wild %\ts 7' 1 said !y73 8,away ) ! ,jew1 ! blasphem] ( ,god60 ,a sc5e ( wild confusion & tumult foll[$ :i* only ) ! greate/ difficulty 0 quell$ by ! imp]ial commission]s4 ,!n at ! eigh? session1 :5 ! ,egyptians dem&$ n only ! express & special condemnation ( ! doctr9e b also t ( ! p]son ( ,ne/orius1 & ,!odoret s\ght to ju/ify him1 ! /orm broke out afre%1 & ?is "t ! ,egyptians ga9$ _! po9t1 b !y 7 aga9 defeat$ aft] viol5t debate1 9 _! attempt to secure ! condemnation ( ! p]son & writ+s ( ,ibas4#afb #eb4e4 ,,ii4 ,imp]ial ,attempts at ,union1 ,a4,d4 #dea-eai4--,! support]s ( ! ,alex&rian dogmatics left ! ,c\ncil full ( res5tm5t at ! defeat :i* !y _h su/a9$4 ,!y 7 h5ce=? call$ ,monophysites4 ,! :ole *ur* 0 n[ 9 a /ate ( fev]i% excitem5t4 ,9 ,pale/9e ! monk ,!odosius1 secretly co-op]at+ ) ! d[ag] empress ,eudocia liv+ !re 9 exile1 r\s$ ! mob into rebellion4 ,9 ,egypt ! upro> 0 /ill m viol5t4 ,timo!us ,alurus assum$ ! position ( an opposition patri>* & drove out ! or?odox patri>* ,prot]ius4 ,! same ?+ 0 done 9 ,antio* by ! monk ,petrus ,pet] ,fullo 7 74 ,9 ord] to give a ,monophysite col\r to ! liturgy he add$ to ! ,tri%agion 7,is4 vi4 #c71 :i* _h be5 liturgically us$ 9 ! olde/ *ur*es1 ! =mula ' 4 ,p>ty viol5ce mean:ile w5t ! l5g? ( insurrections & blood-%$d+ on bo? sides4 ,! new emp]or ,leo ,i4 ! ,?racian1 ,a4,d4 #deg-dgd1 a p[]ful & prud5t rul]1 int]pos$ to br+ ab\t a pacification4 ,9 accordance ) ! advice ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ bi%ops ( ! empire ! two mut9\s lead]s ( ! ,monophysites 7 bani%$1 & ! patri>*al sees ?us vacat$ fill$ by mod]ate ,dyophysites4 ,b aft] ,leo's dea? & ! de?ronem5t ( 8 son-9-law ,z5o 9 ,a4,d4 #dge1 ! usurp] ,basiliscus issu$ an edict 9 ,a4,d4 #dgf1 "u ! "n ( an ,encyclion1 by :i* ! ,*alc$onian ,symbol1 along ) ,leo's ,epi/le1 0 condemn$1 & ,monophysitism 0 proclaim$ to be ! univ]sal national religion4 ,fullo & ,alurus 7 also re9/at$4 ,! patri>* ,acacius ( ,con/ant9ople1 on ! o!r h&1 organiz$ a ,dyophysite c\nt]-revolution1 ,basiliscus 0 ov]?r[n1 & ! emp]or ,z5o aga9 plac$ ^u ! ?rone 9 ,a4,d4 #dgg4 ,ab\t ?is "t ,alurus di$1 & 8 p>ty *ose ,petrus ,pet] ,mongus 71 /amm]+7 z 8 successor2 b ! c\rt appo9t$ a ,dyophysite ,johannes ,talaja4 ,acacius1 :5 ,talaja took up a ho/ile position t[>ds him1 jo9$ ) 8 oppon5t ,mongus4 ,bo? agre$ ^u a treaty ( union1 :i* also f\nd fav\r ) ! emp]or ,z5o1 & by an edict1 ! s-call$ ,h5oticon ( ,a4,d4 #dhb obta9$ ! =ce ( a law4 ,ne/orianism & ,euty*ianism 7 condemn$1 ,cyril's ana!matisms 7 r5ew$1 ! ,*alc$onian decisions abrogat$1 & ! ,nic5e fai? alone decl>$ valid1 :ile all controv]t$ po9ts 7 to be c>efully avoid$ 9 tea*+ & prea*+4 ,naturally prote/s 7 made f bo? sides4 ,! /rict ,monophysites ( ,egypt ?rew (f ,mongus1 & 7 n[ call$ 4 ,felix ,,iii4 ( ,rome1 at ! head ( ! ,dyophysites1 refus$ to h *ur* fell[%ip ) ,acacius4 ,?us arose a #ce ye>s' s*ism1 ,a4,d4 #dhd-eai1 betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,only ! ,acoimet monks 9 ,con/ant9ople 7 #dd1 #c7 cont9u$ to hold communion ) ,rome4 ,*ur* fell[%ip betwe5 ! p>ties 0 n re/or$ until ,ju/9 ,i41 :o ?\ght t ! s*ism w\ld h9d] 8 project$ reconque/ ( ,italy1 9 conjunction ) ! ,roman bi%op ,hormisdas 9 ,a4,d4 #eai1 cancell$ ! ,h5oticon1 & depos$ ^? :o adh]$ to x4 #eb4f4 ,,iii4 ,ju/9ian's ,decrees1 ,a4,d4 #ebg-eec4--;,dur+ ! viol5t conflict ( p>ties ,ju/9ian ,i4 ent]$ ^u 8 long & politically consid]$ glori\s reign1 ,a4,d4 #ebg-efe4 ,he reg>d$ x z 8 life task p]man5tly to e/abli% or?odoxy1 & to w9 back h]etics to ! *ur*1 above all ! num]\s ,monophysites4 ,b ! well-dispos$ emp]or1 :o moreov] _h no deep insight into ! ?orny que/ions ( !ological controv]sy1 0 9 v>i\s ways misl$ by ! intrigues ( c\rt !ologians1 & ! ma*9ations ( 8 crafty consort ,!odora1 :o 0 h]self secretly a ,monophysite4 ,! ,!opas*ite ,controv]sy fir/ call$ =? f him a decree4 ,! addition made to ! ,tri%agion by ,petrus ,pet] ,fullo1 ' 1 _h be5 smuggl$ into ! ,con/ant9opolitan liturgy ab\t ,a4,d4 #eab4 ,! ,acoimet pron\nc$ x h]etical1 & ,hormisdas ( ,rome admitt$ t x 0 at lea/ capable ( be+ misund]/ood & useless4 ,b ,ju/9ian sanction$ x 9 ,a4,d4 #ecc4 ,enc\rag$ by ?is fir/ success1 ,!odora us$ h] influ5ce to raise ! ,monophysite ,an?imus to ! episcopal *air ( ! capital4 ,b ! ,roman bi%op ,agapetus1 :o /ay$ 9 ,con/ant9ople z ambassador ( ! ,go?s1 unmask$ him1 & obta9$ 8 deposition4 ,m5nas1 a fri5d ( ,agapetus1 0 appo9t$ 8 successor 9 ,a4,d4 #ecf4 ,all ,monophysite writ+s 7 ord]$ to be burnt1 _! transcrib]s 7 puni%$ by ! loss ( _! h&4 ,two ,pale/9ian abbots1 ,domitian & ,!odore ,ascidas1 secret ,monophysites & zeal\s fri5ds ( ,orig51 liv$ at c\rt 9 high fav\r4 ,to compass _! ov]?r[1 ,m5nas at an endemic ,synod at ,con/ant9ople 9 ,a4,d4 #edc r5ew$ ! condemnation ( ! ar*-h]etic & 8 writ+s4 ,! c\rt !ologians1 h[ev]1 subscrib$ )\t objection1 & 9 conc]t ) ,!odora plott$ _! rev5ge4 ,ju/9ian _h long reg>d$ ,egypt ) peculi> int]e/ z ! gran>y ( ! empire4 ,he felt t some?+ mu/ be done to pacify ! ,monophysites :o ab\nd$ 9 t c\ntry4 ,!odora p]suad$ him t ! ,monophysites w\ld be satisfi$ if x 7 resolv$1 along ) ! writ+s ( ,!odore1 ! fa!r ( ! ,ne/orian h]esy1 to condemn also ! controv]sial writ+s ( ,!odoret aga9/ ! v5]at$ ,cyril & ! ,epi/le ( ,ibas to ,m>is4 ,! suppos$ errors ( ^! 7 collect$ be=e him 9 ! ,?ree ,*apt]s4 ,! emp]or did ?is by an edict 9 ,a4,d4 #edd1 & dem&$ ! cons5t+ subscription ( all ! bi%ops4 ,! ori5tals obey$2 b 9 ! ,we/ opposition 0 %[n on all sides1 & ?us broke out ! viol5t ,controv]sy ( ! ,?ree ,*apt]s4 ,vigilius ( ,rome1 a creature ( ,!odora 7 #df1 #i71 _h secretly promis$ 8 co-op]ation1 b1 n feel+ able to face ! /orm 9 ! ,we/1 he broke 8 ^w4 ,ju/9ian _h him br\ght to ,con/ant9ople 9 ,a4,d4 #edg & =c$ f him a writt5 decl>ation1 ! s-call$ ,judicatum1 9 :i* he agre$ to ! condemnation ( ! ,?ree ,*apt]s4 ,! ,africans1 "u ,rep>atus ( ,c>?age excommunicat$ ! successor ( ,pet]1 & f\ght manfully = ! rights & hon\r ( ! calumniat$ fa!rs4 ,fulg5tius ,f>r&us ,f]r&us wrote ,pro tribus capitt41 ,facundus ( ,h]miane1 ,def5so ,,iii4 capitt41 & ! deacon ,lib]atus ( ,c>?age1 a ,brevi>ium caus ,ne/orian4 et ,euty*ianorum1 an important s\rce ( in=mation = ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ological ,controv]sies4 ,ju/9ian f9ally conv5$ ! ,fif? cum5ical ,c\ncil at ,con/ant9ople 9 ,a4,d4 #eec1 :i* confirm$ all ! imp]ial edicts4 ,vigilius issu$ a ,con/itum ad ,imp41 9 :i* he inde$ reject$ ! doctr9es ( ! ,?ree ,*apt]s b refus$ to condemn ! p]sons4 ,"u imprisonm5t & exile he became pliable1 & subscrib$ 9 ,a4,d4 #eed4 ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #eee on 8 return to 8 bi%opric4 ,8 successor ,pelagius =mally ackn[l$g$ ! ,con/ant9opolitan decrees1 & ,nor? ,africa1 ,nor? ,italy & ,illyria r5\nc$ ! di%on\r$ *air ( ,pet]4 ,at la/ ,gregory ! ,great1 ) mu* difficulty1 gradually br\ght ?is s*ism to an end4 #eb4g4 ,,iv4 ,! ,monophysite ,*ur*es4--,ju/9ian1 h[ev]1 did n !reby rea* ! end he _h 9 view4 ,! ,monophysites cont9u$ _! sep>ation because ! hat$ ,*alc$onian ,symbol 0 /ill ackn[l$g$4 ,b m injuri\s to !m ?an ! p]secutions ( ! or?odox national *ur* 7 ! endless qu>rels & divisions among !mselves4 ,fir/ ( all ! two lead]s 9 ,alex&ria1 ,julianus & ,sev]us1 became heads ( rival p>ties4 ,! ,sev]ians or taught t ! body ( ,*ri/ 9 itself _h be5 subject to corruption 7! 72 ! ,juliani/s d5i$ x4 ,?is fir/ split 0 foll[$ by _m o!rs4 ,by transf]r+ ! ,monophysite confusion ( & to ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity arose ! ,monophysite sect ( ! ,tri!i/s1 :o taught t 9 ,*ri/ !re is "o nature1 & t 9 ! ,tr9ity a sep>ate nature is to be ascrib$ to ea* ( ! ?ree p]sons4 ,among !m 0 ! celebrat$ philosoph]1 ,johannes ,philoponus 7 #dg1 #aa71 :o support$ ?is doctr9e by ! ,ari/otelian categories4 ,he also v9dicat$ ! notion t ! pres5t _w z to =m & matt] w\ld p]i% at ! la/ day1 & an entirely new _w ) new bodies w\ld be creat$4 ,9 opposition to ?is ,conon1 bi%op ( ,t>sus1 affirm$ t ! ov]?r[ ( ! _w w\ld be 9 =m only1 & t ! ris5 sa9ts w\ld aga9 possess ! same bodies ?\gh 9 a glorifi$ =m4 ,8 foll[]s ! s-call$ ,cononites sep>at$ f ! ma9 /em ( ! ,tri!i/s & =m$ an indep5d5t sect4--,! ,monophysites 7 mo/ num]\s 9 ,egypt4 ,out ( hatr$ to ! ,greek ,ca?olics !y =bade ! use ( ! ,greek language 9 _! *ur*es1 & *ose a ,coptic patri>* = !mselves4 ,!y aid$ ! ,s>ac5s 9 _! conque/ ( ,egypt 9 ,a4,d4 #fdj1 :o out ( gratitude = ?is drove away ! ,ca?olic patri>*4 ,f ,egypt ,monophysitism spread into ,abyss9ia 7 #fd1 #a74 ,already 9 ,a4,d4 #ecf ,byzant9e ,arm5ia _h be5 conqu]$ by ! ,p]sians1 :o %[$ fav\r to ! previ\sly oppress$ ,monophysites 7 #fd1 #c74 ,9 ,syria & ,mesopotamia1 dur+ ,ju/9ian's p]secutions1 ! unwe>i$ activity ( a monk1 ,jacob ,zanzalus1 commonly call$ el ,b>adai1 because he w5t ab\t clad z a begg>1 orda9$ by ! ,monophysites z bi%op ( ,edessa & ! :ole ,ea/1 sav$ ! ,monophysite *ur* f ext9ction4 ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #ech4 ,aft] him ! ,monophysites 7 call$ ,jacobites4 ,!y call$ ! ,ca?olics ,mel*ites1 ,royali/s4 ,_! patri>* resid$ at ,guba 9 ,mesopotamia4 ,subord9ate to him 0 a suffragan bi%op at ,tagrit ) ! title ( ,maphrian1 i4e4 ! ,fruit-be>]4 ,at ! head ( ! ,arm5ian ,monophysites /ood ! patri>* ( ,as*t>ag ) ! title ,ca?olicus4 ,! ,abyss9ian *ur* _h a metropolitan ) ! title ,abbuna#afc--;,cont9uation #gb1 #b4 #eb4h4 ,! ,mono!lite ,controv]sy1 ,a4,d4 #fcc-fhj4--,! increas+ political emb>rassm5ts ( ! emp]or made a union ) ! ,monophysites all ! m desirable4 ,! emp]or ,h]aclius1 ,a4,d4 #faa-fda1 0 advis$ to attempt a union ( p>ties "u ! =mula3 t ,*ri/ accompli%$ ,8 "w ( r$emption by ! ex]cise ( "o div9e human w 7 74 ,sev]al ,ca?olic bi%ops f\nd no?+ objectionable 9 ?is =mula :i* _h already be5 us$ by ! ,pseudo-,dionysius 7 #dg1 #aa74 ,9 ,a4,d4 #fcc ! patri>*s ,s]gius ( ,con/ant9ople & ,cyrus ( ,alex&ria on ! basis ( ?is conclud$ a treaty1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* mo/ ( ! ,sev]ians atta*$ !mselves aga9 to ! national *ur*4 ,honorius ( ,rome also 0 won ov]4 ,b ! monk ,sophronius1 :o soon !reaft] 9 ,a4,d4 #fcd became patri>* ( ,j]usalem1 came =w>d z ! decid$ oppon5t ,( ?is union1 :i* l$ back to ,monophysitism4 ,! conque/ ( ,j]usalem1 h[ev]1 soon aft] ?is1 ,a4,d4 #fcg1 by ! ,s>ac5s put him outside ( ! sc5e ( conflict4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #fch ! emp]or issu$ an edict1 ! ,ec!sis1 by :i* x 0 s\ght to make an end ( ! /rife by sub/itut+ = ! (f5sive expression ! less objectionable t]m 1 & confirm+ ! ,mono!lite doctr9e z alone admissible4 ,n[ ! monk ,maximus 7 #dg1 #ab7 ent]$ ! li/s z ! *ampion ( or?odoxy4 ,he betook himself to ,africa1 :]e s9ce ,ju/9ian's "t zeal = ! ma9t5ance ( ! ,*alc$onian fai? 0 /ronge/1 & "h secur$ political support 9 ,gregorius ,gregory ! imp]ial gov]nor :o s\ght to make himself indep5d5t ( ,byzantium4 ,?is /atesman arrang$ = a public disputation at ,c>?age 9 ,a4,d4 #fde betwe5 ,maximus & ! ex-patri>* ,pyrrhus ( ,con/ant9ople1 ! successor ( ,s]gius1 :o1 implicat$ 9 a palace intrigue1 depos$ f 8 (fice & driv5 f ,con/ant9ople1 s\ght refuge 9 ,africa4 ,pyrrhus will+ly submitt$ & abjur$ 8 error4 ,an ,african ,g5]al ,synod 9 ,a4,d4 #fdf unanim\sly condemn$ ,mono!litism1 r5\nc$ *ur* fell[%ip ) ,paulus1 ! new patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople1 & dem&$ ( ,pope ,!odorus1 ,a4,d4 #fdb-fdi1 a fulm9ation aga9/ ! h]esy4 ,9 ord] to give ?is dem& great] emphasis1 ,maximus & ,pyrrhus travell$ toge!r to ,rome4 ,! latt] 0 recognis$ by ! pope z legitimate patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople1 b1 be+ induc$ by ! ex>* ( ,rav5na to recant 8 recantation1 he 0 excommunicat$ by ! pope1 ) a p5 dipp$ 9 ! sacram5tal w9e1 return$ to ,con/ant9ople & 01 aft] ! dea? ( ,paulus1 re9/at$ 9 8 =m] (fice4 ,maximus rema9$ 9 ,rome & !re won ! highe/ reputation z ! %ield ( or?odoxy4--,! prop] end ( ! union1 namely ! sav+ ( ,syria & ,egypt1 0 mean:ile fru/rat$ by ! ,mohamm$an conque/ ( ,syria 9 ,a4,d4 #fch1 & ( ,egypt 9 ,a4,d4 #fdj4 ,! c\rt1 h[ev]1 = its own hon\r /ill p]sev]$ 9 x4 ,africa & ,italy occupi$ a position ( op5 revolt4 ,!n emp]or ,con/ans ,,ii41 ,a4,d4 #fdb-ffh1 resolv$ to annul ! ,ec!sis4 ,9 its place he put ano!r enactm5t ab\t ! fai?1 ! ,typus1 ,a4,d4 #fdh1 :i* s\ght to get back to ! /ate ( matt]s be=e ! ,mono!lite movem5t2 t nei!r "o nor two wills %\ld be taught4 ,b ,m>t9 ,i4 ( ,rome at ! fir/ ,lat]an ,synod at ,rome 9 ,a4,d4 #fdi condemn$ 9 ! /ronge/ t]ms ! ,typus z well z ! ,ec!sis along ) its orig9al ma9ta9]s1 & s5t ! ,acts to ! emp]or4 ,! ex>* ( ,rav5na1 ,olympius1 0 n[ ord]$ to take ! bold prelate prison]1 b did n obey4 ,8 successor s5t ! pope 9 *a9s to ,con/ant9ople4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #fec he 0 bani%$ = high treason to ! ,*]sonese1 :]e he lit]ally suff]$ hung]1 & di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #fee six mon?s aft] 8 arrival4 ,/ill m dreadful 0 ! fate ( ! abbot ,maximus4 ,at ! same "t ) ,m>t9 or soon aft] he too 0 br\ght to ,con/ant9ople a prison] f ,rome4 ,"h = a :ole ye> e ef=t imag9able 0 made1 entreaties1 promises1 ?reats1 imprisonm5t1 hung]1 etc41 9 ord] to induce him to ackn[l$ge ! ,typus1 b all 9 va94 ,! emp]or !n lo/ all pati5ce4 ,9 a t[]+ rage at ! unp>allel$ ob/9acy ( ! monk's resi/ance he doom$ him1 ,a4,d4 #ffb1 to dreadful sc\rg+1 to h 8 tongue wr5*$ out & 8 h& hewn (f1 & to be s5t into ! wilde/ p>ts ( ,?race1 :]e he di$ a few weeks aft] 8 arrival at ! age ( #hb ye>s4 ,su* b>b>ic sev]ity 0 effectual = a long "t4 ,b "u ! next emp]or ,con/ant9us ,pogonnatus1 ,a4,d4 #ffh-fhe1 ! two p>ties prep>$ = a new conflict4 ,! emp]or resolv$ to make an end ( x by a ,g5]al ,c\ncil4 ,pope ,aga?o held a brilliant ,synod at ,rome 9 ,a4,d4 #fgi1 :]e x 0 laid d[n t n "o iota %\ld be abat$ f ! decisions ( ! ,lat]an ,synod4 ,) ^! decisions & a missive f ! pope himself1 ! papal legates appe>$ at ! ,six? cum5ical ,c\ncil at ,con/ant9ople 9 ,a4,d4 #fhj1 call$ also ,concil4 ,trullanum ,i41 because x 0 held 9 ! mussel-%ap$ vault$ hall ,trullus 9 ! imp]ial ca/le1 "u ! presid5cy ( ! emp]or4 ,z at ,*alc$on ! ,epi/le ( ,leo ,i41 s also "h t ( ,aga?o lay at ! basis ( ! ,c\ncil's doctr9al decrees3 1 1 1 1 1 4 ,! ,synod ev5 condesc5d$ to grant ! pope a report ( ! proce$+s & to reque/ 8 confirmation ( its decisions4 ,b ! ,greeks1 f9d+ a malici\s pleasure 9 ! confusion ( _! rivals1 contriv$ to mix 9 ! sweet dr9k a /rong infusion ( bitt] wormwood1 = ! ,c\ncil among ! o!r repres5tatives ( ,mono!lite error o/5tati\sly & expressly condemn$ pope ,honorius z an accurs$ h]etic4 ,pope ,leo ,,ii4 9 a lett] to ! emp]or confirm$ ! decisions ( ! ,c\ncil1 expressly homologat+ ! condemnation ( ,honorius1 8qui pr(ana proditione immaculatam fidem subv]t]e conatus e/40--,h5ce=? ,dyo!litism prevail$ univ]sally4 ,only 9 "o little corn] ( ,asia1 to :i* ! arm ( ! /ate did n rea*1 a ve/ige ( ,mono!litism cont9u$ to exi/4 ,its scatt]$ adh]5ts ga!r$ 9 ! mona/]y ( ,/4 ,m>o 9 ,lebanon1 & ackn[l$g$ ! abbot ( ?is cloi/] z _! ecclesia/ical head4 ,!y call$ !mselves ,m>onites1 & ) sword 9 h& ma9ta9$ _! ecclesia/ical z well z political indep5d5ce aga9/ ,byzant9es & ,s>ac5s 7 #gb1 #c74 #eb4i4 ,! ,case ( ,honorius4--,! two ,roman ,synods1 ,a4,d4 #fdi & #fgi1 _h simply ignor$ ! notori\s fact ( ! complicity ( ,honorius 9 ! fur!rance ( ,mono!lite error1 & ,aga?o might hope by ! casual /atem5t 9 8 lett]1 t ! ,roman *air nev] _h tak5 ! side ( h]etical novelties1 to beguile ! approa*+ cum5ical ,synod into ! same oblivi\sness4 ,b ! ,greeks paid no he$ to ! h9t4 ,8 successor ,leo ,,ii4 c\ld n d o!rwise ?an homologate ! ,ea/]n lead]s' condemnation ( h]esy1 ev5 t ( ,honorius1 h>d ?\gh ?is mu/ h be5 to him4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! biographies ( ! popes f ,honorius to ,aga?o 9 ! ,roman ,lib] pontificalis 7 #ij1 #f7 help !mselves out ( ?is dilemma aga9 by pres]v+ a dead sil5ce ab\t any active or passive int]f]5ce ( ,honorius 9 ! ,mono!lite controv]sy4 ,9 ! biography ( ,leo ,,ii4 = ! fir/ "t is ,honorius' "n m5tion$ among ^? ( ! condemn$ ,mono!lites1 b )\t any p>ticul> rem>k ab\t him z an individual4 ,s too 9 ! =mul>y ( a pr(ession ( fai? 9 ! ,lib] diurnus ( ! ,roman *ur* made by e new pope & 9 use d[n to ! #aa? c5tury 7 #df1 #aa74 ,f ! biography ( ,leo 9 ! ,pontifical book 0 copi$ ! simple "n into ! read+s ( ! ,roman ,brevi>y = ! day ( ?is sa9t1 & s x rema9$ d[n to ! #ag? c5tury4 ,x _h !n be5 q =gott5 9 ! ,we/ t by ?is "n a pope 0 designat$4 ,(t5times x _h be5 affirm$ t ev5 ,roman popes might fall & actually _h fall5 into error2 b only su* cases z ^? ( ,lib]ius 7 #df1 #d71 ,ana/asius 7 #df1 #h71 ,vigilius 7 #eb1 #f71 ,john ,,xxii4 7 #aaj1 #c2 #aab1 #b7 7 adduc$2 t ( ,honorius occurr$ to nobody4 ,x 0 only 9 ! #ae? c5tury1 ?r\gh m c>eful exam9ation ( ,acts ( ,synods t ! true /ate ( matt]s 0 discov]$1 & 9 ! #af? c5tury :5 ! "q ( ! infallibility ( ! pope _h become a burn+ "o 7 #adi1 #d71 ! case ( ,honorius became ! real ,sisyphus rock ( ,roman ,ca?olic !ology4 ,! mo/ labori\s attempts h be5 made by mo/ v5turesome means to get x out ( ! way4 ,! condemnation ( ,honorius by ! six? cum5ical ,c\ncil has be5 describ$ z m]ely a spiteful inv5tion ( lat] ,greeks1 :o falsifi$ ev]y?+ relat+ to him 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,c\ncil2 s1 e4g4 ,b>onius1 ,bell>m9e1 etc4--,! condemnation actually took place b n at ! cum5ical fir/1 b at ! s*ismatical second1 ,trullan ,c\ncil ( ,a4,d4 #fib 7 #fc1 #b71 & ! record ( proc$ure has be5 by ! malice ( lat] ,greeks transf]r$ f ! record ( ! second to t ( ! fir/4--,=g$ epi/les ( ,honorius 7 laid be=e ! six? cum5ical ,c\ncil1 by means ( :i* x 0 misl$ into pass+ s5t5ce ^u him4--,! condemnation ( ! pope did n turn ^u 8 doctr9e b ^u 8 unseasonable love ( peace4--,! pope meant well1 b express$ himself s z to be misund]/ood2 s e4g4 ! ,jesuit ,g>ni] 9 8 ed4 ( ! ,lib] diurnus1 ! ,vatican ,c\ncil1 & ,hefele 9 ! #bnd ed4 ( 8 ,hi/4 ( ! ,c\ncils4--,9 ! epi/les ref]r$ to he spoke z a private individual & n (ficially1 ex ca!dra4--,x is1 h[ev]1 fatal to all su* explanations t ! infallible pope ,leo ,,ii4 solemnly d5\nc$ ex ca!dra 8 infallible pr$ecessor ,honorius z a h]etic4 ,besides ! only o!r possible escape by di/+ui%+ ! "q du fait & ! "q du droit has be5 =mally condemn$ ex ca!dra 9 connection ) ano!r case 7 #aef1 #e74afd #ec4 ,,! ,,sot]iological ,,controv]sies1 ,a4,d4 #dab-ebi4afe ,:ile ! ,tr9it>ian & ,*ri/ological controv]sies _h _! orig9 9 ! ,ea/ & !re gave rise to ! mo/ viol5t conflicts1 ! ,we/ tak+ inde$ a lively int]e/ 9 ! discussion & by ! decisive voice ( ,rome giv+ ! victory to or?odoxy at almo/ e /age ( ! /ruggle1 x 0 9 ! ,we/ t a controv]sy broke out1 :i* = a full c5tury proce$$ alongside ( ! ,*ri/ological controv]sy1 )\t awak5+ 9 ! ,ea/ m ?an a pass+ & ev5 !n only a second>y int]e/4 ,x dealt ) ! fundam5tal que/ions ( s9 & grace4 ,9 opposition to ! ,pelagian ,mon]gism ( human fre$om1 z well z ! semi-,pelagian ,syn]gism ( div9e grace & human fre$om1 ! ,augu/9ian ,mon]gism ( div9e grace f9ally obta9$ ! victory4 #ec4a4 ,prelim9>y ,hi/ory4--,f ! e>lie/ times ! actual univ]sality ( s9 & ! ne$ ( div9e grace 9 ,*ri/ = r$emption f s9 receiv$ univ]sal ackn[l$gm5t ?r\gh\t ! :ole *ur*4 ,b z to :e!r & h[ f> ! moral fre$om ( m5 0 weak5$ or lo/ by s91 & 9 :at relation human conduct /ood to div9e grace1 great unc]ta9ty prevail$4 ,opposition to ,gno/icism & ,mani*ism l$ ! old] fa!rs to emphasise z /rongly z possible ! moral fre$om ( m51 & induc$ !m to d5y inborn s9fulness z well z ! doctr9e t s9 0 impr9t$ 9 m5 9 creation1 & to acc\nt = man's pres5t condition by bad tra9+1 evil example1 ! ag5cy ( evil spirits1 etc4 ,?is t5d5cy 0 mo/ vigor\sly express$ by ! ,alex&rians4 ,! new ,alex&rian s*ool %[$ an unmi/akable incl9ation to connect ! univ]sality ( s9 ) ,adam's s91 )\t go+ ! l5g? ( affirm+ ! doctr9e ( inh]it$ s9fulness4 ,9 ,sot]iology x rema9$ fai?ful to its traditional syn]gism 7comp41 h[ev]1 #dg1 #gk1 l47 ,! ,antio*ean s*ool s\ght to give due place to ! co-op]ation ( ! human w alongside ( ! necessity ( div9e grace1 & r$uc$ ! idea ( inh]it$ s9 to t ( inh]it$ evil4 ,s especially ,*ryso/om1 :o 0 inde$ able to conceive t ,adam by 8 actual s9 become mortal c\ld beget only mortal *ildr51 b n t ! s9n] c\ld beget only s9n]s4 ,! fir/ man br\ght dea? into ! _w1 we confirm & r5ew ! doom by our own s94 ,man by 8 moral w does 8 "p1 ! div9e grace does its "p4 ,! :ole ,ea/ is unanim\s 9 mo/ di/9ctly repudiat+ all pr$e/9ational wilfulness 9 ,god4 ,9 ! ,we/1 on ! o!r h&1 by ,traducianism or ,g5]ationism introduc$ by ,t]tullian1 :i* reg>ds ! s\l z begott5 ) ! body1 ! way 0 prep>$ = recognis+ ! doctr9e ( inh]it$ s9 7,tradux anim1 tradux peccati7 & consequ5tly also ( mon]gism4 ,t]tullian1 himself1 proce$+ f ! exp]i5ce1 t 9 e man f bir? !re is pres5t an unconqu]able t5d5cy to s91 spoke ) great decid$ness ( a ,vitium orig9is4 ,9 ?is he 0 foll[$ by ,cyprian1 ,ambrose & ,hil>y4 ,yet ev5 ^! tea*]s ( ! *ur* _h n altoge!r be5 emancipat$ f syn]gism1 & alongside ( expressions :i* brea! ! h>de/ pr$e/9ationism1 are f\nd o!rs :i* seem to give equal weight to ! opposite doctr9e ( human co-op]ation 9 conv]sion4 ,augu/9e 0 ! fir/ to /ate ) ! utmo/ consi/5cy ! doctr9e ( ! div9e mon]gism2 :ile ,pelagius c>ri$ out ! syn]gism ( ! e>li] fa!rs until x became sc>cely less ?an human mon]gism4--,mean:ile ,traducianism did n succe$ 9 obta9+ univ]sal recognition ev5 9 ! ,we/4 ,augu/9e vacillates2 ,j]ome & ,leo ! ,great pref] ,creationism1 :i* repres5ts ,god z creat+ a new s\l = ea* human be+ begott54 ,mo/ ( ! lat] *ur* fa!rs1 too1 are creationi/s1 )\t1 h[ev]1 prejudic+ ! doctr9e ( inh]it$ s94 ,^? ( !m :o support$ ! tri*otomic !ory 7 #eb1 #a7 held t x 0 ! cobegott5 1 anima s5sitiva z oppos$ to ! anima intellectualis1 :ile ^? :o support$ ! di*otomic !ory1 :i* posits m]ely body & s\l1 held t x 0 ! s\l creat$ good by ,god1 :i* 0 infect$ on its pass+ into ! body begott5 by human p>5ts ) its inh]it$ s94 ,! !ory ( ,pre exi/5ce1 :i* ,orig5 _h br\ght =w>d 7 #ca1 #e7 _h1 ev5 9 ! ,ea/1 only occasional repres5tatives 7 #dg1 #gm1 n1 o474#aff #ec4b4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,augu/9e4--,dur+ ! fir/ p]iod ( 8 ,*ri/ian life1 :5 ! conflict ) ,mani*ism /ill /ood 9 ! =efront ( 8 ?9k+ & controv]sial activity1 ,augu/9e1 look+ at fai? z a self-det]m9+ ( ! human w1 _h ?\ght a c]ta9 measure ( free co-op]ation on ! "p ( man 9 8 conv]sion to be necess>y & _h !re=e refus$ to ma9ta9 8 absolute want ( m]it4 ,b by 8 :ole life's exp]i5ce he 0 irresi/ibly l$ to ackn[l$ge man's natural inability = any positive co-op]ation & to make fai? toge!r ) conv]sion dep5d solely ^u ! grace ( ,god4 ,! p]fect & full developm5t ( ?is doctr9e 0 br\ght ab\t by means ( 8 controv]sy ) ! ,pelagians4 ,augu/9e's doctr9al sy/em 9 its mo/ *>act]i/ic features is z foll[s3 ,man 0 creat$ free & 9 ! image ( ,god1 de/9$ to & capable ( atta9+ immortality1 hol9ess & bless$ness1 b also ) ! possibility ( s9n+ & dy+4 ,by ! ex]cise ( 8 fre$om he mu/ det]m9e 8 own c>e]4 ,_h he det]m9$ himself = ,god1 ! be+ able n to s9 & n to die1 w\ld h become an impossibility ( s9n+ & dy+1 ! ,posse non pecc>e et mori w\ld h become a ,non posse pecc>e et mori4 ,b tempt$ by ,satan he fell1 & ?us x became = him impossible t he %\ld n s9 & die1 non posse non pecc>e et non mori4 ,all pr]ogatives ( ! ,div9e image 7 lo/2 he reta9$ only ! capacity = outw>d civil righte\sness1 ,ju/itia civilis1 & a capacity = r$emption4 ,9 ,adam1 moreov]1 all mank9d s9n$1 = he 0 all mank9d4 ,by g5]ation ,adam's nature z x 0 aft] s91 ) s9 & guilt1 dea? & condemnation1 b also ! capacity = r$emption1 pass$ ov] to all 8 po/]ity4 ,div9e grace1 :i* alone c r$eem & save man1 atta*$ itself to ! remnant ( ! div9e image :i* express$ itself 9 ! ne$ ( r$emption & ! capacity = r$emption4 ,grace is !re=e absolutely necess>y1 9 ! beg9n+1 middle & end ( ! ,*ri/ian life4 ,x is grant$ man1 n because he believes1 b t he may believe2 = fai? too is ! "w ( ,god's grace4 ,fir/ ( all grace awak5s ?r\gh ! law ! consci\sness ( s9 & ! desire = r$emption1 & leads by ! gospel to fai? 9 ! ,r$eem] 7gratia prv5i5s74 ,by means ( fai? x ?us secures ! =giv5ess ( s9 z primum b5eficium ?r\gh appropriat+ ! m]its ( ,*ri/ & 9 "p ! p[]s ( ! div9e life ?r\gh ! implant+ ( liv+ fell[%ip ) ,*ri/ 79 baptism74 ,?us is free w re/or$ to ! good 7,gratia op]ans7 & evid5ces itself 9 a holy life 9 love4 ,b ev5 9 ! reg5]ate ! old man ) 8 s9ful lu/s is /ill pres5t4 ,9 ! /ruggle ( ! new ) ! old he is cont9ually support$ by ,div9e grace 7,gratia co-op]ans7 unto 8 ju/ification 7,ju/ificatio7 :i* is complet$ 9 ! mak+ righte\s ( 8 :ole life & be+ ?r\gh ! ,div9e imp>tation 7,infusio7 ( new p[]s ( w4 ,! f9al act ( grace1 :i*1 h[ev]1 accord+ to ! educative wisdom ( ,god is n atta9$ 9 ?is life1 is ! absolute removal ( evil desire 7,concupisc5tia7 & transfiguration into ! p]fect lik5ess ( ,*ri/ ?r\gh resurrection & et]nal life 7,non posse pecc>e et mori74 ,ap>t f ! inconsi/5t !ory ( ju/ification propos$1 ?is view ( nature & grace is ?or\ghly ,paul9e4 ,augu/9e1 h[ev]1 connects ) x ! doctr9e ( an absolute pr$e/9ation4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t n all m5 atta9 to conv]sion & r$emption4 ,s9ce man himself c contribute no?+ to 8 conv]sion1 ! gr\nd ( ?is mu/ be s\ght n 9 ! conduct ( ! man b only 9 an et]nal unconditional decree ( ,god1 ,decretum absolutum1 accord+ to :i* ,he has det]m9$ out ( ! :ole fall5 race ( man1 ,massa p]ditionis1 to save "s to ! glory ( ,8 grace & to leave o!rs to _! des]v$ doom to ! glory ( ,8 p5al righte\sness4 ,! gr\nd ( ?is election is only ! wise & my/]i\s good pleasure ( ! div9e w )\t ref]5ce to man's fai?1 :i* is inde$ only a gift ( ,god4 ,if x is said3 8,god wills t all m5 %\ld be sav$10 t c only mean1 8all :o are pr$e/9at$40 ,z ! outca/s 7,reprobati7 c 9 no way appropriate grace unto !mselves1 ! elect 7,electi7 _c 9 any way resi/ x 7,gratia irresi/ibilis74 ,! "o sure sign t "o is elect$ is1 !re=e1 undi/urb$ p]sev]ance 9 ! possession ( grace 7,donum p]sev]anti74 ,to ! hea!ns1 ev5 ! noble/ ( !m1 he refus$ salvation1 b made a di/9ction 9 ! degrees ( _! p5al tortures4 ,s too unbaptiz$ *ildr5 7 all reg>d$ z lo/4 ,al?\gh ov] aga9/ ?is he also set d[n ! proposition3 ,contemtus1 non defectus sacram5ti damnat1 ! resolution ( ?is contradiction lay 9 ! special div9e election ( grace1 :i* secures to ! elect ! disp5sation ( ! sacram5t4#afg #ec4c4 ,pelagius & 8 ,doctr9e4--,pelagius 7 #dg1 #ba71 a ,briti% monk ( respectable le>n+ & decid$ moral e>ne/ness1 liv+ f> away f ! /orms & /rife ( life1 )\t any /rong inw>d temptations1 )\t any incl9ation to manife/ s9s & )\t deep exp]i5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian life1 kn[+ & /riv+ aft] no high] ideal ?an t ( monki% asceticism1 _h develop$ a !ory q antagoni/ic to t ( ,augu/9e4 ,he 0 /r5g!n$ 9 8 opposition to ,augu/9e's doctr9e ( ! corruption ( human nature & its unfitness = all co-op]ation 9 conv]sion & sanctification1 by obs]v+ t ?is doctr9e 0 (t5 misus$ by c>eless m5 z an excuse = c>nal confid5ce & moral selfi%ness4 ,he 0 ?us made m resolute 9 ma9ta9+ t x is m :olesome to prea* to m5 an imp]ative moral law ^: dem&s !y1 z he ?\ght1 c\ld satisfy by det]m9$ w & moral endeav\r4 ,man at fir/ 0 creat$ mortal by ,god1 & n temporal b spiritual dea? is ! consequ5ce & puni%m5t ( s94 ,adam's fall has *ang$ no?+ 9 human nature & has _h no influ5ce ^u 8 desc5dants4 ,e man n[ is born j z ,god creat$ ! fir/ man1 i4e4 )\t s9 & )\t virtue4 ,by 8 :olly unweak5$ fre$om he decides = himself on ! "o side or ! o!r4 ,! univ]sality ( s9 results f ! p[] ( s$uction1 ( m]e example & habit4 ,/ill !re may be completely s9less m52 & !re h be5 su*4 ,god's grace facilitates man's accompli%m5t ( 8 purpose4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n absolutely1 b by ! actual univ]sality ( s91 relatively necess>y4 ,grace consi/s 9 enlight5m5t by revelation1 9 =giv5ess ( s9 z ! expression ( div9e =be>ance1 & 9 ! /r5g!n+ ( our moral p[]s by ! inc5tive ( ! law & ! promise ( et]nal life4 ,god's grace is de/9$ = all m51 b man mu/ make himself wor?y ( x by hone/ /riv+ aft] virtue4 ,*ri/ became man1 9 ord] by ,8 p]fect tea*+ & by ! p]fect patt]n ( ,8 life to give u ! mo/ p[]ful inc5tive to re=mation & ! r$eem+ ( ourselves !reby4 ,z 9 s9 we are ,adam's (fspr+1 s 9 virtue %all we be ,*ri/'s (fspr+4 ,he reg>d$ baptism z necess>y 7infant baptism 9 remissionem futurorum peccatorum74 ,*ildr5 dy+ unbaptiz$ he plac$ 9 a l[] /age ( bless$ness4 ,! same inconsi/5t submission to ! fa!rs ( ecclesia/ical tradition %[s itself 9 ! acceptance ( ecclesia/ical views ( revelation1 miracles1 prophecy1 ! ,tr9ity & ! ,div9ity ( ,*ri/1 :]eas a m consi/5t & sy/ematic ?9k] w\ld h felt compell$ f 8 an?ropological pr9ciples to set aside or at lea/ modify ^! sup]naturali/ic elem5ts4 #ec4d4 ,! ,pelagian ,controv]sy1 ,a4,d4 #daa-dca4--;,f ,a4,d4 #dji ,pelagius resid$ 9 ,rome4 ,"h he ga9$ ov] to 8 views ,cle/ius1 a man ( great] acut5ess & sci5tific atta9m5ts ?an himself4 ,bo? won high respect 9 ,rome = _! zeal = morality & asceticism & promulgat$ _! doctr9e )\t opposition4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #daa bo? w5t to ,c>?age1 :5ce ,pelagius w5t & settl$ 9 ,pale/9e4 ,cle/ius rema9$ beh9d & obta9$ ! (fice ( presbyt]4 ,n[ = ! fir/ "t 8 errors 7 oppos$4 ,paul9us deacon ( ,milan 7 #dg1 #bj7 happ5+ to be !re =mally compla9$ aga9/ him1 & a prov9cial ,synod at ,c>?age ,a4,d4 #dab excommunicat$ him1 on 8 refusal to retract4 ,9 ! same ye> too ,augu/9e publi%$ 8 fir/ controv]sial treatise3 ,de peccatorum m]itis et remissione et de baptismo p>vulorum1 ,lb4 ,,iii4 ,9 ,pale/9e ,pelagius _h atta*$ himself to ! ,orig5i/s4 ,j]ome1 besides pass+ a depreciatory judgm5t ^u 8 lit]>y productions1 conte/$ 8 doctr9e z an exp\nd] ( ! ,orig5i/ h]esy 7,ep4 ad ,ctesiphontem & ,dialog4 c4 ,pelagium1 ,lb4 ,,iii471 & a "y ,spani% presbyt] ,paulus ,paul ,orosius 7 #dg1 #bj7 compla9$ ( him to ! ,synod ( ,j]usalem ,a4,d4 #dae1 "u ! presid5cy ( bi%op ,john ( t city4 ,! syn]gi/ic ori5tals1 h[ev]1 c\ld n be conv9c$ ( ! dang]\s "* ( 8 c>efully gu>d$ doctr9e4 ,su* too 0 ! result ( ! ,synod ( ,diospolis or ,lydda 9 ,a4,d4 #dae "u bi%op ,eulogius ( ,cs>ea1 :]e two ,gallic bi%ops appe>$ z accus]s4 ,augu/9e prov$ to ! ,pale/9ians 9 ,de ge/is ,pelagii t !y _h all[$ !mselves to be kept 9 ! d>k by ,pelagius4 ,orosius too publi%$ a controv]sial tract1 ,apologeticus c4 ,pelag41 9 reply to :i*1 or m probably to ,j]ome1 ,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia wrote ! book n[ lo/1 1 4 ,!n ! ,africans aga9 took up ! controv]sy4 ,two ,synods at ,mileve & ,c>?age1 9 ,a4,d4 #daf1 reit]at$ _! condemnation & s5t _! decree to ,innoc5t ,i4 at ,rome4 ,! ,pope acquiesc$ 9 ! proce$+s ( ! ,africans4 ,pelagius s5t a veil$ confession ( fai? & ,cle/ius appe>$ p]sonally 9 ,rome4 ,innoc5t di$1 h[ev]1 9 ,a4,d4 #dag1 be=e 8 arrival4 ,8 successor ,zozimus ,zosimus1 p]haps a ,greek & c]ta9ly weak z a dogmati/1 all[$ himself to be won ov] by ,cle/ius & br\ght sev]e *>ges aga9/ ! ,africans1 aga9/ :i* aga9 ^! ent]$ a vigor\s prote/4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #dah ! emp]or ,honorius issu$ 8 ,sacrum rescriptum aga9/ ! ,pelagians & a g5]al ,synod at ,c>?age 9 ! same ye> emphatically condemn$ !m4 ,n[ ,zozimus ,zosimus 0 prevail$ on also to condemn !m 9 8 ,epi/ola tractatoria4 ,eighte5 ,italian bi%ops1 among !m ,julian ( ,eclanum 9 ,apulia1 ! mo/ acute & able apologi/ ( ,pelagianism1 refus$ to subscribe & 7 bani%$4 ,!y s\ght & obta9$ protection f ! ,con/ant9opolitan bi%op ,ne/orius4 ,b ?is connection did h>m to bo?4 ,! ,roman bi%op ,cle/9e took "p ) ^? :o oppos$ ! ,*ri/ological views ( ,ne/orius 7 #eb1 #c71 & at ! cum5ical ,c\ncil ( ,ephesus 9 ,a4,d4 #dca1 ! ori5tals condemn$ along ) ,ne/orius also ,pelagius & ,cle/ius1 )\t1 h[ev]1 det]m9+ any?+ positive 9 reg>d to ! doctr9e "u discussion4 ,to ?is end ) unwe>i$ zeal lab\r$ ,m>ius ,m]cator1 a le>n$ layman ( ,con/ant9ople1 :o publi%$ two ,commonitoria aga9/ ,pelagius & ,cle/ius1 & a controv]sial treatise aga9/ ,julian ( ,eclanum4 ,mean:ile too ,augu/9e re/$ n f 8 en]getic polemic4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #dac he wrote ,de spiritu et litt]a ad ,m>cell9um2 9 ,a4,d4 #dae aga9/ ,pelagius1 ,de natura et gratia2 aga9/ ,cle/ius1 ,de p]fectione ju/iti hom9is4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #daf1 ,de ge/is ,pelagii4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #dah1 ,de gratia ,dei et de peccato orig9ali ,lb4 ,,ii4 c4 ,pelag4 et ,cl4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #dai1 ,de nuptiis et concupisc5tia ,lb4 ,,ii41 aga9/ ! *>ge t 8 doctr9e 0 a revil+ ( ,god-appo9t$ m>riage4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #dbj1 ,c4 duas epi/olas ,pelagianorum et ,bonifatium ,i41 aga9/ ! v9dicatory writ+s ( ,julian & 8 fri5ds4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #dba1 ,lb4 ,,vi4 c4 ,julianum4 ,& lat] /ill1 ,opus imp]fectum c4 secundam ,juliani responsionem4 ,engl4 ,transl42 ,ante-,nic5e ,lib43 ,anti-,pelag4 ,wr41 #c vols41 ,ed941 #ahfg ff4 #ec4e4 ,! ,semi-,pelagian ,controv]sy1 ,a4,d4 #dbg-ebi4--;,bald ,pelagianism 0 ov]?r[n1 b ! excessive crud5ess ( ! pr$e/9ation !ory1 z set =? by ,augu/9e1 call$ =? new =ms ( opposition4 ,! monks ( ! mona/]y ( ,adrumetum 9 ,nor? ,africa1 by sev]ely c>ry+ out ! pr$e/9ation !ory to its la/ consequ5ces1 _h fall51 "s into sore di/ress ( s\l & despair1 o!rs into security & c>elessness1 :ile o!rs aga9 ?\ght t to avoid su* consequ5ces1 "o mu/ ascribe to human activity 9 ! "w ( salvation a c]ta9 degree ( m]itori\sness4 ,! abbot ( ! mona/]y 9 ?is dilemma appli$ to ,augu/9e1 :o 9 two treatises1 writt5 9 ,a4,d4 #dbg1 ,de gratia et lib]o arbitrio & ,de correptione et gratia1 s\ght to ov]come ! scruples & misconceptions ( ! monks4 ,b ab\t ?is "t 9 ,s\!rn ,gaul !re 0 a :ole !ological s*ool :i* reject$ ! doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation1 & ma9ta9$ ! necessity ( accord+ to human fre$om a c]ta9 measure ( co-op]ation ) div9e grace1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* sometimes ! "o1 sometimes ! o!r1 is fundam5tal 9 conv]sion4 ,at ! head ( ?is s*ool 0 ,johannes ,cassianus 7 ,a4,d4 #dcb71 a disciple & fri5d ( ,*ryso/om1 f\nd] & presid5t ( ! mona/]y at ,massilia4 ,8 foll[]s are !nce call$ ,massilians or ,semi-,pelagians4 ,he _h himself conte/$ ,augu/9e's doctr9e1 )\t nam+ x1 9 ! #ac? ( 8 ,collationes ,patrum 7 #dg1 #ba74 ,( 8 disciples ! mo/ fam\s 0 ,v9c5tius ,v9c5t ,l]95sis 7( ! mona/]y ( ,l]9um71 :o 9 8 ,commonitorium pro ,ca?olic fidei antiquitate et univ]sitate 7,engl4 ,transl41 ,ox=d1 #ahcf7 laid d[n ! pr9ciple t ! ca?olic fai? is1 quod semp]1 ubique et ab omnibus cr$itum e/4 ,judg$ by ?is /&>d ,augu/9e's doctr9e 0 by no means ca?olic4 ,! second book ( ?is "w1 n[ lo/1 probably conte/$ ,augu/9ianism expressly & 01 !re=e1 suppress$4 ,b ,augu/9e _h tal5t$ support]s ev5 9 ,gaul1 su* z ! two laym5 ,hil>ius & ,prosp] ,aquitanicus 7 #dg1 #bj74 ,:at took place ar\nd !m !y report$ to ,augu/9e1 :o wrote aga9/ ! ,massilians ,de pr$e/9atione ,sanctorum & ,de dono p]sev]anti4 ,he 0 prev5t$ by 8 dea?1 :i* took place 9 ,a4,d4 #dcj1 f tak+ "p long] 9 ! conte/4 ,hil>ius & ,prosp]1 h[ev]1 cont9u$ x4 ,s9ce ! ,roman bi%op ,cle/9e1 be=e :om 9 ,a4,d4 #dca !y p]sonally made compla9t1 answ]$ ) a ,yes & ,no !ology1 ,prosp] himself took up ! battle 9 an able "w ,de gratia ,dei et lib]o arbitrio contra ,collatorem1 b 9 do+ s unwitt+ly smoo!d (f ! %>pe/ po9ts ( ! ,augu/9ian sy/em4 ,?is happ5$ yet m decid$ly 9 ! +5i\s treatise ,de ,vocatione g5tium1 ^: au?or 0 p]haps ,leo ! ,great1 aft]w>ds pope b !n only a deacon4 ,on ! o!r side1 oppon5ts 7,arnobius ! y\ng]87 us$ ! artifice ( pres5t+1 9 ! notable "w entitl$ ,prde/9atus1 pret5d+ to be writt5 by a foll[] ( ,augu/9e1 a c>icature ( ! doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation c>ri$ to ! utmo/ extreme ( absurdity1 & ^! s\ght to ju/ify _! own position4 ,! fir/ book conta9s a description ( n9ety h]esies1 ! la/ ( :i* is pr$e/9ationism2 ! second gives z supplem5t to ! fir/ ! pret5d$ treatise ( su* a pr$e/9>ian2 & ! ?ird confutes x4 ,a c]ta9 presbyt] ,lucidus1 a zeal\s adh]5t ( ! doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation1 0 by a semi-,pelagian synod at ,aries 9 ,a4,d4 #dge =c$ to recant4 ,fau/us1 bi%op ( ,rhegium 7 #dg1 #ba71 s5t aft] him by ord] ( ! ,c\ncil a controv]sial treatise ,de gratia ,dei et human m5tis lib]o arbitrio1 & also 9 ! same ye> ,a4,d4 #dge1 a ,synod at ,lyons sanction$ semi-,pelagianism4 ,! treatise ( ,fau/us1 al?\gh mod]ate & conciliatory1 caus$ viol5t agitation among a community ( ,scy?ian monks 9 ,con/ant9ople1 ,a4,d4 #ebj4 ,!y compla9$ ?r\gh bi%op ,possessor ( ,c>?age to pope ,hormisdas1 b he too answ]$ ) a ,yes & ,no !ology4 ,!n ! ,africans bani%$ by ! ,v&als to ,s>d9ia took up ! matt]4 ,!y held a ,c\ncil 9 ,a4,d4 #ebc1 by ^: ord] ,fulg5tius ( ,ruspe 7 #dg1 #bj71 a zeal\s apologi/ ( ,augu/9ianism compos$ 8 ,de v]itate prde/4 et gratia ,dei ,lb4 ,,iii41 :i* made an impression ev5 9 ,gaul4 ,& n[ two able ,gallic bi%ops1 ,avitus ( ,vi5ne & ,cs>ius ( ,arles 7 #dg1 #bj7 ent]$ ! li/s 9 behalf ( a mod]ate ,augu/9ianism1 & won = x at ! ,synod ( ,oranges 9 ,a4,d4 #ebi a decid$ victory ov] semi-,pelagianism4 ,augu/9e's doctr9e ( orig9al s9 9 its /ricte/ =m1 & 8 ass]tions ab\t ! utt] want ( m]it 9 e human act & ! unconditional necessity ( grace 7 ackn[l$g$1 fai? 0 extoll$ z exclusively ! effect ( grace1 b pr$e/9ation 9 reg>d to ! ,reprobati 0 r$uc$ to m]e =ekn[l$ge1 & pr$e/9ation to evil 0 reject$ z blasphemy aga9/ ,god4 ,a synod held 9 ! same ye>1 ,a4,d4 #ebi1 at ,val5ce confirm$ ! decrees ( ,oranges4 ,boniface ,,ii4 ( ,rome did ! same 9 ,a4,d4 #ecj4afh--;,cont9uation #ia1 #e4 #ed4 ,,reappe>ance ,,& ,,remodell+ ,,( ,,e>li] ,,h]etical ,,sects4 ,mani*ism 7 #bi7 _h /ill num]\s adh]5ts n m]ely 9 ! f> (f ea/]n prov9ces b also 9 ,italy & ,nor? ,africa2 & isolat$ ,m>cionite *ur*es 7 #bg1 #aa7 7 /ill to be f\nd 9 almo/ all ! c\ntries )9 ! empire & also beyond its b\nds4 ,an indep5d5t reawak5+ ( ,gno/ic-,mani*an t5d5cies arose 9 ,spa9 "u ! "n ( ,priscillianism4 #ed4a4 ,mani*ism4--,! univ]sal tol]ation ( religion1 :i* ,con/ant9e introduc$1 0 also ext5d$ to ! ,mani*ans ( 8 empire 7 #bi1 #c74 ,b f ! "t ( ,val5t9ian ,i4 ! emp]ors issu$ repeat$ly sev]e p5al laws aga9/ !m4 ,! fav\r :i* !y obta9$ 9 ,syria & ,pale/9e l$ bi%op ,titus ( ,bo/ra 9 ,arabia ,petra1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #cgj1 to write 8 #d ,bks4 aga9/ ! ,mani*ans4 ,! ,mani*an *ur* /ood 9 p>ticul>ly high repute 9 ,nor? ,africa1 ev5 to ! #d? & #e? c5turies4 ,its mo/ important repres5tative !re1 ,fau/us ( ,mileve1 publi%$ a controv]sial treatise aga9/ ! ,ca?olic *ur*1 :i* ,augu/9e1 :o _h e>li] be5 himself an adh]5t ( ! ,mani*ans1 expressly answ]$ 9 #cc ,bks4 7,engl4 ,transl43 8,ante-,nic5e ,lib40 ,treatises aga9/ ,fau/us ! ,mani*an1 ,ed941 #ahfh74 ,:5 ! ,mani*an ,felix1 9 ord] to advance ! cause ( 8 *ur*1 came to ,hippo1 ,augu/9e *all5g$ him to a public disputation1 & aft] two days' debate drove him into su* /raits t he at la/ admitt$ himself defeat$1 & 0 oblig$ to pron\nce ana!ma on ,mani & 8 doctr9e4 ,) /ill great] zeal ?an by ! imp]ial gov]nm5t 7 ! ,african ,mani*ans p]secut$ by ! ,v&als1 ^: k+ ,hun]i* 7 #gf1 #c7 burnt _m1 & transport$ :ole %ips' loads to ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,9 ! "t ( ,leo ! ,great 7 ,a4,d4 #dfa7 !y 7 v num]\s 9 ,rome4 ,8 inve/igations t5d to %[ t !y ent]ta9$ ant9omian views1 & 9 _! my/]ies indulg$ 9 lu/ful practices4 ,also 9 ! "t ( ,gregory ! ,great 7 ,a4,d4 #fjd7 ! *ur* ( ,italy 0 /ill ?reat5$ by _! increase4 ,s9ce !n1 h[ev]1 no?+ m is he>d ( ,mani*an t5d5cies 9 ! ,we/ d[n to ! #aa? c5tury1 :5 sudd5ly !y aga9 bur/ =? ) fe>fully ?reat5+ & contagi\s p[] 7 #ajh1 #a74 ,9 ! ea/]n p>ts ( ! empire1 too1 num]\s ,gno/ic-,mani*an remnants cont9u$ to exi/ 9 secret1 & f ! #i? to ! #ab? c5tury reappe>$ 9 a new =m 7 #ga74 ,/ill m widely ab\t ?is "t did su* views spread among ! ,mussulman rul]s ( ! ,ea/]n bord]l&s1 z f> z ,*9a & ,india1 z ! ,arabian hi/orians ( ?is p]iod te/ify 7 #bi1 #a74 #ed4b4 ,priscillianism1 ,a4,d4 #chc-efc4--,! fir/ se$s ( ! ,gno/ic-,mani*an cre$ 7 br\ght to ,spa9 9 ! #d? c5tury by an ,egyptian ,m>cus4 ,a ri* & cultur$ layman ,priscillian let himself be drawn away 9 ?is direction1 & develop$ x indep5d5tly into a duali/ic & emanationi/ic sy/em4 ,m>riage & c>nal pleasures 7 =bidd51 yet "u an outw>d %[ ( /rict asceticism 7 conceal$ ant9omian t5d5cies ) impure orgies4 ,at ! same "t ! sect enc\rag$ & requir$ lies & p]jury1 hypocrisy & dissimulation = ! spread & pres]vation ( _! community4 8,jura1 p]jura1 secretum p]d]e noli40 ,soon ,priscilliani/s spread ov] all ,spa92 ev5 "s bi%ops jo9$ !m4 ,bi%op ,idacius ( ,em]ida by 8 passionate zeal aga9/ !m fann$ ! flick]+ fire into a bright flame4 ,a synod at ,s>agossa 9 ,a4,d4 #chj excommunicat$ !m1 & committ$ ! execution ( its decrees to ,bi%op ,i?acius ( ,sossuba1 a viol5t & besides an immoral man4 ,along ) ,idacius he _h obta9$ f ! emp]or ,gratian an edict :i* pron\nc$ on all ,priscilliani/s ! s5t5ce ( bani%m5t4 ,priscillian's bribes1 h[ev]1 n only r5d]$ ?is edict inop]ative1 b also an ord] = ! arre/ ( ,i?acius1 :i* he avoid$ only by flight into ,gaul4 ,"h he won ov] ! usurp] ,maximus1 ! murd]] ( ,gratian1 :o1 gre$y = _! prop]ty1 us$ ! torture aga9/ ! sect1 & _h ,priscillian z well z "s ( 8 foll[]s behead$ at ,treves 9 ,a4,d4 #che4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ in/ance ( capital puni%m5t us$ aga9/ h]etics4 ,! noble bi%op1 ,m>t9 ( ,t\rs 7 #dg1 #ad71 to :om ! emp]or _h previ\sly promis$ t he w\ld act mildly1 ha/5$ to ,treves & r5\nc$ *ur* fell[%ip ) ,i?acius & all bi%ops :o _h ass5t$ to ! dea? s5t5ce4 ,ambrose too & o!r bi%ops express$ _! decid$ disapproval4 ,?is l$ ,maximus to /op ! milit>y inquisition aga9/ !m4 ,b ! glory ( m>tyrdom _h fir$ ! en?usiasm ( ! sect1 & among ! b>b>ians :o made _! way into ,spa9 f ,a4,d4 #dji !y won a ri* h>ve/4 ,paulus ,paul ,orosius 7 #dg1 #bj7 wrote 8 ,commonitorium de errore ,priscilliani/4 9 ,a4,d4 #dae1 look+ = help to ,augu/9e1 :om1 h[ev]1 conc]n & conte/s 9 o!r directions all[$ to take b little "p 9 ?is controv]sy4 ,( m consequ5ce 0 ! lat] int]f]5ce ( ,leo ! ,great1 occasion$ by a call = help f bi%op ,turribius ( ,a/orga4 ,foll[+ 8 in/ructions1 a ,concilium ,hispanicum 9 ,a4,d4 #ddg & /ill m di/9ctly a ,c\ncil at ,braga 9 ,a4,d4 #efc pass$ vigor\s rules = ! suppression ( h]esy4 ,s9ce !n ! "n ( ! ,priscilliani/s has disappe>$1 b _! doctr9e 0 ma9ta9$ 9 secret = "s c5turies long]4#afi ,v4 ,,wor%ip1 ,,life1 ,,discipl9e ,,& ,,morals4 #ee4 ,,wor%ip ,,9 ,,g5]al4 ,*ri/ian wor%ip fre$ by ,con/ant9e f ! pressure ( p]secution develop$ a great weal? ( =ms ) correspond+ /atel9ess ( expression4 ,b doctr9al controv]sies claim$ s mu* att5tion t nei!r space nor "t 0 left = c>ry+ ! o!r developm5ts 9 ! same way ?r\gh ! fire ( conflict & sift+4 ,h5ce =ms ( wor%ip 7 left to be m\ld$ 9 p>ticul> ways by ! _s ( ! age1 nationality & popul> ta/e4 ,! public _s ( ! *ur*1 h[ev]1 gave to ! developm5t an ess5tial unity1 & e>ly diff]5ces 7 by & by br\ght m & m into h>mony4 ,only betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/ 0 ! di/9ction /rong en\gh to make 9 v>i\s ways an impression 9 opposition to ! levell+ endeav\rs ( ca?olicity4 ,! age ( ,cyril ( ,alex&ria m>ks an important turn+ po9t 9 ! developm5t ( wor%ip4 ,x 0 natural t ,cyril's prevail+ doctr9e ( ! intimate connection ( ! div9e & human natures 9 ! p]son ( ,*ri/ %\ld h embodi$ itself 9 ! s]vices ( ! *ur*4 ,b ?is doctr9e 0 yet at lea/ "o-sid$ !ory :i* did n :olly exclude its p]v]sion into error4 ,9 ! dogma1 inde$1 ?anks to ! ex]tions ( ,leo & ,!odoret1 ! /ill extant ,monophysite error _h no place giv5 x4 ,b 9 ! wor%ip ( ! *ur* x _h emb$d$ itself1 & "h x 0 n ov]come1 & its pres5ce 0 n ev5 suspect$1 s1 x c\ld n[ n only develop itself undi/urb$ 9 ! direction ( wor%ip ( sa9ts1 images1 relics1 ( pilgrimages1 ( sacrifice ( ! mass1 etc41 b also x c\ld decisively d$uce !refrom a developm5t ( dogmas n yet e/abli%$1 e4g4 9 ! doctr9e ( ! *ur*1 ( ! prie/hood1 ( ! sacram5ts1 especially ( ! ,"l's ,supp]1 etc41 etc4 #ef4 ,,fe/ivals ,,& ,,seasons ,,= ,,public ,,wor%ip4 ,! idea ( hav+ p>ticul> days ( ! week consecrat$ 9 memory ( special incid5ts 9 ! "w ( r$emption _h ev5 9 ! previ\s p]iod f\nd expression 7 #cg71 b x n[ pass$ into ! backgr\nd all ! m z ! *ur* began to apply itself to ! con/ruction 9 ! ri*e/ possible =m ( a ,*ri/ian ye>4 ,! previ\s diff]5ce 9 ! developm5t ( ,ea/ & ,we/ occasion$ ea* to take its own p>ticul> c\rse1 det]m9$ 9 ! "o case v mu* by a ,jewi%-,*ri/ian1 9 ! o!r by a ,g5tile-,*ri/ian1 t5d5cy4 ,nev]!less 9 ! #d? c5tury we f9d a consid]able levell+ ( ^! div]g5ces4 ,?is at lea/ 0 atta9$ unto !reby t ! ?ree *ief fe/ivals receiv$ an ess5tially common =m 9 bo? *ur*es4 ,b 9 ! #e? & #f? c5turies1 9 ! fur!r developm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian ye>1 ! two *ur*es p>t$ all ! m decid$ly f "o ano!r4 ,! ,we/]n *ur* especially gave way m & m unres]v$ly to ! t5d5cy to make ! natural ye> ! type & patt]n = ! ,*ri/ian ye>4 ,?us ! ,we/]n ,*ri/ian ye> obta9$ a ri*] developm5t & grew up into an in/itution m vitally & inw>dly relat$ to ! life ( ! p4 ,! luxuriant ov]gr[? ( sa9ts' days1 h[ev]1 prev5t$ ! *ur* f "h rea*+ its ideal4 #ef4a4 ,! ,weekly ,cycle4--,con/ant9e ! ,great issu$ a law 9 ,a4,d4 #cba1 accord+ to :i* all magi/]ial1 judicial & municipal bus9ess 0 /opp$ on ,sunday4 ,at a lat] p]iod he also =bade milit>y ex]cises4 ,8 successors ext5d$ ! prohibition to ! public spectacles4 ,alongside ( ,sunday ! ,sabba? 0 long celebrat$ 9 ! ,ea/ by meet+s 9 ! *ur*es1 avoidance ( fa/+ & by /&+ at pray]s4 ,! ,dies /ationum1 ,w$nesday & ,friday 7 #cg71 7 obs]v$ 9 ! ,ea/ z fa/ days4 ,! ,we/ gave up ! ,w$nesday fa/1 & introduc$ 9 its place ! anti-,judaic ,sabba? fa/4 #ef4b4 ,h\rs & ,qu>t]ly ,fa/s4--,! numb] ( appo9t$ h\rs ( pray] 7! #crd1 #f? & #i? h\rs1 comp4 ,dan4 vi4 #aj-ad2 ,acts ii4 #ae2 iii4 #a2 x4 #i7 7 increas$ dur+ ! #e? c5tury to eight 7,hor canonic3 ,matut9a or mat9s at #c a4m42 ,prima at #f a4m42 ,t]tia at #i a4m42 ,sexta at #ab noon2 ,nona at #c p4m42 ,vesp] at #f p4m42 ,completorium at #i p4m42 & ,mesonyktion or ,vigils at #ab midnight72 yet g5]ally two ( ! night h\rs 7 comb9$1 s z to pres]ve ! sev5 times requir$ 9 ,ps4 cxix4 #afd4 ,?is arrangem5t ( h\rs 0 /rictly obs]v$ by monks & cl]ics4 ,! common basis ( pray] = devotions at ^! h\rs 0 ! ,psalt] divid$ among ! sev5 days ( ! week4 ,! re/ ( ! mat]ial adapt$ to ! c\rse ( ! ,*ri/ian ye>1 consi/+ ( scripture & patri/ic read+s1 leg5ds ( m>tyrs & sa9ts1 pray]s1 hymns1 doxologies1 etc4 gradually accumulat$ s t x _h to be abbreviat$1 & h5ce ! "n ,brevi>ium commonly giv5 to su* selections4 ,! ,roman ,brevi>y1 arrang$ ma9ly by ,leo ! ,great1 ,gelasius & ,gregory ! ,great1 gradually ?r\gh\t ! ,we/ drove all o!r su* compositions f ! field4 ,an abbreviation by ,haymo1 ,g5]al ( ! ,m9orites1 9 ,a4,d4 #abda 0 sanction$ by ,gregory ,,ix41 b _h subsequ5tly _m alt]ations made ^u x4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t f9ally *>g$ ! ,papal *air ) ! task ( prep>+ a new r$action :i* ! cl]gy ( ! :ole ca?olic *ur* w\ld be oblig$ to use4 ,su* a production 0 issu$ by ,pius ,v4 9 ,a4,d4 #aefh1 & !n 9 ,a4,d4 #afca ,urban ,,viii4 gave x ! =m 9 :i* x is /ill curr5t4--,9 ! ,we/ ! ye> 0 divid$ into ?ree-mon?ly p]iods1 quatuor tempora1 correspond+ to ! seasons ( pray] recurr+ e ?ree h\rs4 ,!re 7 h>ve/ pray] & ?anksgiv+ seasons1 occupi$1 9 accordance ) ,joel ii41 ) p5ance1 fa/+ & almsgiv+4 ,leo ! ,great br\ght ?is in/itution to p]fection4 ,! quatuor tempora1 emb] days1 occur 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,quadragesima1 9 ! week aft] ,p5teco/1 & 9 ! middle ( ! #g? & #aj? mon?s 7,sept4 & ,dec471 & 7 kept by a /rict fa/ on ,w$nesday1 ,friday & ,saturday ) a ,sabba? vigil4 #ef4c4 ,! ,reckon+ ( ,ea/]4--,at ! ,c\ncil ( ,nica 9 ,a4,d4 #cbe ! ,roman mode ( obs]v+ ,ea/] prevail$ ov] t ( ,asia ,m9or 7 #cg1 #b74 ,^? :o adh]$ to ! latt] me?od 7 reg>d$ z a sect 7,qu>tadecimani 74 ,! ,c\ncil decre$ t ! fir/ day ( full moon aft] ! spr+ equ9ox %\ld be reg>d$ z ! #ad? ,nisan1 & t ! fe/ival ( ! resurrection %\ld be celebrat$ on ! ,sunday foll[+4 ,! bi%op ( ,alex&ria und]took ! a/ronomical det]m9ation ( ! fe/ival on ea* occasion1 because !re a/ronomical /udies 7 mo/ dilig5tly prosecut$4 ,he publi%$ ye>ly1 usually ab\t ,epiphany1 a circul> lett]1 ,lib] pas*alis1 giv+ to ! o!r *ur*es ! result ( ! calculation1 & took advantage g5]ally ( ! opportunity to discuss ! ecclesia/ical que/ions ( ! day4 ,fir/ ( all at ,alex&ria1 probably to prev5t = all "t a comb9ation ( ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian ,ea/] fe/ivals1 ! practice 0 introduc$ ( keep+ ! fea/ :5 ! #ad? & #af? ( ! new moon fell ^u ,friday & ,sunday1 n on ! same ,sunday b eight days lat]1--a practice :i* ,rome also1 & ) h] a great "p ( ! ,we/1 adopt$ 9 ! #e? c5tury 7 #gg1 #c74 ,a fur!r diff]5ce exi/$ z to ! po9t ( "t ) :i* ! day ( full moon 0 to be reg>d$ z beg9n+4 ,! ,ea/] ,canon ( ,hippolytus 7 #ca1 #c7 _h calculat$ x 9 a v unsatisfactory mann] accord+ to a sixte5-ye>s' cycle ( ! moon1 aft] ! c\rse ( :i* ! day ( full moon w\ld aga9 occur on ! same day ( ! ye>4 ,9 ,alex&ria ! m exact n9ete5-ye>s' cycle ( ,anatolius 0 adopt$1 accord+ to :i* ! day ( full moon _h an ab]ration ( ab\t "o day only 9 #caj ye>s1 & ev5 ?is 0 caus$ r by ! imp]fection ( ! ,julian ye> ( #cfe days ) ?ree int]cal>y days 9 #djj ye>s4 ,b 9 ,rome ! reckon+ 0 made z ! basis ( an eighty-f\r ye>s' cycle :i* _h inde$ ! advantage ( complet+ itself n only on ! same day ( ! ye> b on ! same day ( ! week2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 x _h ?is drawback t aft] eighty-f\r ye>s x _h fall5 ab\t a day beh9d ! actual day ( full moon4 ,!re 0 also ?is fur!r diff]5ce t 9 ,alex&ria ! #ba/ ( ,m>* 0 reg>d$ z ! day :5 day & night 7 equal1 & at ,rome1 b wrongly1 ! #ah? ( ,m>*4 ,! cycle ( #ecb 7#bh #ai7 ye>s reckon$ 9 ,a4,d4 #deb by ,victorius1 a bi%op ( ,aquita9e1 0 assimilat$ to ! ,alex&rian1 )\t1 h[ev]1 los+ ! advantage ( ! eighty-f\r ye>s' cycle above ref]r$ to1 :i*1 h[ev]1 x succe$$ 9 obta9+ only by once 9 e p]iod ( n9ete5 ye>s fix+ ! equ9ox on ! #bj? ( ,m>*4 ,! ,roman abbot ,dionysius ,exiguus 7 #dg1 #bc71 f9ally1 9 ,a4,d4 #ebe h>moniz$ ! ,roman & ! ,alex&rian reckon+ by sett+ up a n9ety-five ye>s' cycle 7#e #ai71 & ?is cycle 0 introduc$ ?r\gh\t all ! ,we/ by ,isidore ( ,seville & ! ,v5]able ,b$e 7 #ij1 #b74 ,! error occasion$ by ! inexactness ( ! ,julian cal5d> cont9u$ till ! ,gregorian re=m ( ! cal5d> 7 #adi1 #c74 #ef4d4 ,! ,ea/] ,fe/ivals4--,! pre-em95ce ( ! ,*ri/ian fe/ival ( victory 7! resurrection7 ov] t ( suff]+1 especially among ! ,greeks1 l$1 ev5 9 ! #d? c5tury to ! =m] z ! fruit ( ! latt] be+ drawn into ! pas*al season1 & di/+ui%$ z f t z 1 & also at la/ to ! adoption ( ! "o "n ( ,pas*al or ,ea/] ,fe/ival & to ! reg>d+ ( ! :ole ,quadragesima season z a prep>ation = ,ea/]4 ,! ,saxon "n ,ea/] is d]iv$ f ! old ,g]man fe/ival ( ,o/>a ! goddess ( spr+ :i* 0 celebrat$ at ! same season4--,) ! beg9n+ ( ! ,quadragesima ! :ole mode ( life assumes a new =m4 ,all amusem5ts 7 /opp$1 all crim9al trials si/$ & ! d9 ( traffic 9 /reets & m>kets z f> z possible re/rict$4 ,! ,ea/ exempt$ ,sunday & ,sabba? f ! obligation ( fa/+1 ) ! exception ( ! la/ ,sabba? z ! day ( ,*ri/'s re/ 9 ! grave1 b ! ,we/ exempt$ only ,sunday4 ,gregory ! ,great1 !re=e1 fix$ ! beg9n+ ( ! ,quadragesima on ,w$nesday ( ! sev5? week be=e ,ea/]1 ,caput jejunii1 ,dies c9]um1 ,a% ,w$nesday1 s call$ because ! bi%op /rew$ a%es on ! heads ( believ]s ) a w>n+ ref]5ce to ,g54 iii4 #ai1 comp4 xviii4 #bg4 ,) ! ,tuesday prec$+1 ,%rove ,tuesday 7f %rive1 to confess71 end$ ! c>nival season 7c>ni val$ic]e7 :i*1 beg9n+ ) #f? ,jan4 or ! fea/ ( ! ?ree holy k+s1 rea*$ its climax 9 ! la/ days1 f ?ree to eight1 be=e ,a% ,w$nesday4 ,on ?is clos+ day ! p g5]ally s\ght indemnification = ! approa*+ /rict fa/ by an unmeasur$ ab&on+ ( !mselves to pleasure4 ,f ,italy :]e ?is cu/om arose & 0 mo/ fully c>ri$ out1 x subsequ5tly f\nd its way into ! o!r l&s ( ! ,we/4 ,9 opposition to ^! unspiritual proce$+s ! p]iod ( ! ,ea/] fe/ivals 0 begun ?ree weeks e>li] ) ! #aj? ,sunday be=e ,ea/] 7,septuagesima74 ,! ,hallelujah ( ! ,mass 0 sil5c$1 w$d+s 7 no m celebrat$ 7,tempus clausum71 monks & cl]ics already began ! fa/4 ,! ,quadragesima fe/ival rea*$ its climax 9 ! la/1 ! great week4 ,x began ) ,palm ,sunday 7 7 & end$ ) ! great ,sabba?1 ! fav\rite "t = baptisms 7,rom4 vi4 #c74 ,?ursday z ! memorial day ( ! in/itution ( ! ,"l's ,supp]1 & ,friday z ! day ( ,*ri/'s dea?1 ,good ,friday1 7 days ( special importance4 ,a solemn night s]vice1 ,ea/] vigils1 m>k$ ! transition to ! joy\s ,ea/] celebrations4 ,! old leg5d t on ?is night ,*ri/'s second com+ w\ld take place r5d]$ ! s]vice peculi>ly solemn4 ,ea/] morn+ began ) ! jubilant greet+3 ,! ,"l is ris51 & ! response1 ,he is ris5 inde$4 ,on ! foll[+ ,sunday1 ! ,ea/] ,octave1 ,pas*a clausum1 1 ! ,ea/] fe/ival 0 br\ght to a close4 ,^? baptiz$ on ! great ,sabba? wore = ! la/ "t _! :ite baptismal dress4 ,h5ce ?is sabba? 0 call$ ,dom9ica 9 albis2 subsequ5tly1 9 accordance ) ! ,introitus f #a ,pet4 ii4 #b1 ,quasimodog5iti2 & by ! ,greeks1 4 ,! joy\s celebrations ( ,ea/] ext5d$ ov] all ! ,qu9quagesima p]iod betwe5 ,ea/] & ,p5teco/4 ,asc5sion day1 ,fe/um asc5sionis1 1 & ,p5teco/1 1 7 introduc$ z high fe/ivals by vigil s]vices2 & ! latt] 0 conclud$ by ! ,p5teco/-,octave1 by ! ,greeks call$ & at a mu* lat] date /yl$ by ! ,lat9s ,tr9ity ,sunday4 ,! ,fe/ival-,octaves1 1 _h an ,old ,te/am5t patt]n 9 ! ( ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles1 ,lev4 xxiii4 #bf4 #ef4e4 ,! ,*ri/mas ,fe/ivals4--,! fir/ traces ( ! ,*ri/mas fe/ival 7,natalis ,*ri/i1 7 9 ! ,roman *ur* are f\nd ab\t ,a4,d4 #cfj4 ,"s decades lat] !y appe> 9 ! ,ea/]n *ur*4 ,! late introduction ( ?is fe/ival is to be expla9$ f ! disreg>d ( ! bir?day & ! prom95ce giv5 to ! day ( ! dea? ( ,*ri/ 9 ! anci5t *ur*2 b ,*ryso/om ev5 reg>d$ x z ! 4 ,s9ce ! #be? ( ,m>* z ! spr+ equ9ox 0 held z ! day ( creation1 ! day ( ! inc>nation1 ! conception ( ,*ri/1 ! second ,adam1 z ! beg9n+ ( ! new creation 0 held on ! same day1 & h5ce #be? ,dec4 0 *os5 z ! day ( ,*ri/'s bir?4 ,! ,*ri/ian fe/ival ?us co9cid$ ne>ly ) ! hea!n ,saturnalia1 9 memory ( ! ,gold5 ,age1 f #ag? to #bcrd ,dec41 ! ,sigill>ia1 on ! #bd? ,dec41 :5 *ildr5 7 pres5t$ ) dolls & images ( clay & wax1 sigilla1 & ! ,brumalia1 on #be? ,dec41 ,dies natalis invicti solis1 ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,x 0 consid]$ no m]e *ance co9cid5ce t ,*ri/1 ! et]nal ,sun1 %\ld be born j on ?is day4 ,! ,*ri/mas fe/ival too 0 introduc$ by a vigil & la/$ = eight days1 :i* 9 ! #f? c5tury became ! ,fe/um circumcisionis4 ,! revell+ t *>act]is$ ! ,new ,ye> ,fe/ival ( ! pagans1 caus$ ! anci5t *ur*1 to obs]ve t day z a day ( p5ance & fa/+4 ,! fea/ ( ! ,epiphany on ! #f? ,jan4 7 #cg1 #a7 0 also introduc$ 9 ! ,we/ dur+ ! #d? c5tury b obta9$ !re a ,g5tile-,*ri/ian col\r+ f ,luke ii4 #ba & 0 kept z ! fe/ival ( ! fir/ fruits ( ! ,g5tiles & receiv$ ! "n ( ! ,fe/ival ( ! ?ree holy k+s4 ,= ev5 ,t]tullian 9 accordance ) ,ps4 lxxii4 #aj _h made ! ,magi k+s2 x 0 conclud$ t !y 7 ?ree because ( ! ?ree gifts spok5 (2 & ,b$e1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #gjj1 gives _! names z ,casp>1 ,mel*ior & ,bal?as>4 ,by o!rs ?is fe/ival 0 associat$ ) ,*ri/'s fir/ miracle at ! m>riage 9 ,cana1 & also ) ! fe$+ ( ! #e1jjj 9 ! wild]ness4 ,aft] ! analogy ( ! ,ea/] fe/ival s9ce ! #f? c5tury a long] prelim9>y celebration has be5 connect$ ) ! ,*ri/mas fe/ival4 ,9 ! ,ea/]n *ur*1 beg9n+ ) ! #ad? ( ,nov41 x embrac$ six ,sundays ) =ty fa/ days1 z ! second ,quadragesima ( ! ye>4 ,9 ! ,lat9 *ur*1 z ! season ( ,adv5t1 x _h only f\r ,sundays1 ) a ?ree weeks' fa/4 #ef4f4 ,! ,*ur* ,ye> 0 9 ! ,ea/ a symbolic adaptation ( ! natural ye> only 9 s f> z x br\ght ) x ! ,*ri/ianis+ ( ! ,jewi% fe/ivals & ! e>ly recognition ( ,we/]n ideas ab\t ! fea/s4 ,only on ! high fe/ivals1 ,*ri/mas1 ,ea/] & ,p5teco/ are !y reta9$2 on ! o!r ,sundays & fe/ivals !y nev] obta9$ expression4 ,! ,ea/] fe/ival 0 consid]$ ! beg9n+ ( ! *ur* ye>2 !reaft] ! ,quadragesima or ,epiphany2 & f9ally1 ! ,old ,te/am5t beg9n+ ( ! ye> 9 ,septemb]4 ,! :ole *ur* ye> 0 divid$ into f\r p>ts accord+ to ! ,lectio cont9ua ( ! gospel1 & ! ,sundays 7 nam$ !reaft]4 ,! 0 imm$iately aft] ,p5teco/4 ,! ,lat9 ,*ur* ,ye> beg9s ) ! season ( ,adv5t1 & di/+ui%es a ,seme/re ,dom9i & a ,seme/re ecclesi4 ,b only ! =m] 0 fully develop$3 ,*ri/mas1 ,ea/]1 ,p5teco/ ) ! ,sundays belong+ to !m1 repres5t+ ! f\nd+1 develop+ & complet+ ( ! hi/ory ( salvation4 ,to a correspond+ developm5t ( ! second half we f9d e>ly contributions1 e4g4 ! ,fea/ ( ,pet] & ,paul on #bi? ,june z fe/ival ( ! f\nd+ ( ! *ur* by ! ,apo/les1 ! ,fea/ ( ! lead+ m>tyr ,laur5tius 7 #bb1 #e7 on #aj? ,augu/ z memorial ( ! /ruggle prescrib$ to ! ,ecclesia militans1 & ! ,fea/ ( ,mi*ael on #bi? ,septemb] ) ref]5ce to ! completion 9 ! ,ecclesia triumphans4 ,t 9 ^! fea/s we h already ! g]ms ( ! ?ree fe/ivals ( ! community ( ! *ur* :i* 7 to correspond to ! ?ree fe/ivals ( ! ,"l's hi/ory appe>s significantly 9 ! e>ly designation ( ! ,sundays aft] ,p5teco/ z ,dom9ica po/ ,apo/olos1 po/ ,laur5tium1 po/ ,angelos4 ,b x nev] 0 di/9ctly fur!r c>ri$ out4 ,?is deeply significant di/ribution 0 ov]laid by sa9t wor%ip1 :i* ov]fl[$ ! ,seme/re ,dom9i4 ,! pr9ciple ( ,*ri/ianis+ ! ,pagan rites 0 legitimat$ by ,gregory ! ,great4 ,he in/ruct$ ! ,anglo-,saxon mission>ies to ! effect 7 #gg1 #d71 t !y %\ld conv]t ! hea!n temples into *ur*es & hea!n fe/ivals into ecclesia/ical fe/ivals & days ( m>tyrs1 ut dur m5tes gradibus vel passibus non autem saltibus elev5tur4 ,! sa9ts h5ce=? take ! place ( gods ( nature & ! *ur* ye> reproduc$ ) a ,*ri/ian col\r+ all ! out/&+ po9ts 9 ! natural ye>4--,z ! la/ fe/ival connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! ,"l1 ! ,fea/ ( ! ,glorification1 1 0 held 9 ! ,ea/ on #f? ,augu/4 ,accord+ to tradition ! sc5e 0 enact$ on ,mt4 ,tabor1 h5ce ! fea/ 0 call$ 4 ,! ,lat9 *ur* adopt$ x fir/ 9 ! #ae? c5tury 7,f4 transfigurationis74#agj #ef4g4 ,! ,*ur* ,fa/s 7 #cg1 #c74--;,9 ! ,greek *ur* ! ord9ance ( fa/+ 0 m /rict ?an 9 ! ,lat94 ,9 "o p]iod1 h[ev]1 we h a sy/em ( fa/s embrac+ f\r great fa/+ seasons3 ,! ,quadragesima ( ,ea/] & ( ,*ri/mas1 ! p]iod ( f ?ree to five weeks f ! ,p5teco/ ,octave 7! ,greek ,fea/ ( ,all ,sa9ts7 to t ( ,pet] & ,paul on #bi? ,june1 & ! f\rte5 days be=e ! ,asc5sion ( ,m>y on #ae? ,augu/4 ,!re 7 also ! on ! ev5+s previ\s to o!r fe/ivals2 & f9ally1 ! weekly recurr+ fa/s ( ,w$nesday & ,friday4 ,! /ricte/ 0 ! pre-,ea/] fa/1 obs]v$ ) gradually advanc+ rigidness4 ,on ,sexagesima ,sunday fle% 0 eat5 = ! la/ "t1 !n foll[$ ! s-call$ ,butt] week1 :5 butt]1 *eese1 milk & eggs 7 /ill all[$2 b !reaft] complete avoidance ( all fatt5+ food 0 enjo9$1 rea*+ dur+ ! great week to ! utmo/ possible degree ( ab/95ce4 ,9 ! ,we/ in/ead ( ,w$nesday1 ,saturday 0 tak5 along ) ,friday1 & d[n to ! #ac? c5tury x 0 enjo9$ t no?+ %\ld be eat5 on ^! two days ( ! week1 z also on ! qu>t]ly days 7quatuor tempora7 & ! ev5+s prec$+ ! fea/s ( ! mo/ fam\s ,apo/les & m>tyrs1 ! vigil fa/s1 until #c p4m4 7,semijejunium7 or ev5 till #f p4m4 7,pl5um jejunium72 :ile 9 ! long] seasons ( fa/+ be=e ,ea/] & be=e ,*ri/mas ! injunction 0 re/rict$ to avoidance ( all fat foods 7,ab/95tia74--,cont9uation #aae1 #a4 #eg4 ,,wor%ip ,,( ,,sa9ts1 ,,relics ,,& ,,images4#aga ,?\gh ) ! times ( p]secution m>tyrdom _h ceas$1 asceticism :]e x 0 prea*$ ) unusual sev]ity gave a claim to canonisation :i* 0 /ill be/[$ by ! p's voice reg>d$ z ! voice ( ,god4 ,=gott5 sa9ts 7 discov]$ by visions1 & leg5d ins5sibly ek$ out ! pov]ty ( hi/orical rem9isc5ces ) names & facts4 ,! v5]ation ( m>tyrs rose all ! high] ! m pitiable ! pres5t g5]ation %[$ 9 its lukew>mness & worldl9ess ov] aga9/ ! _w-conqu]+ fai? ( t great cl\d ( witnesses4 ,! wor%ip ( ,m>y1 :i* came 9 z a result ( ! ,ne/orian controv]sy1 0 lat] ( be+ introduc$ ?an t ( ! m>tyrs1 b x almo/ imm$iately %ot f> ahead & rank$ above ! adoration ( all ! o!r sa9ts4 ,! adoration ( ,angels1 ( :i* we f9d ! beg9n+s ev5 9 ,ju/9 & ,orig51 rema9$ f> beh9d ! wor%ip ( ! sa9ts4 ,pilgrimages 7 zeal\sly und]tak51 f ! "t :5 ! emp]or's "m ,hel5a1 9 ,a4,d4 #cbf1 w5t z a pilgrim to holy places 9 ,pale/9e & aft]w>ds m>k$ ^! out by build+ on !m beautiful *ur*es4 ,! wor%ip ( images 0 introduc$ fir/ 9 ! age ( ,cyril ( ,alex&ria & 0 c>ri$ out ) peculi> eag]ness 9 ! art-lov+ ,ea/4 ,! ,we/]n tea*]s1 h[ev]1 & ev5 ,gregory ! ,great himself1 only w5t ! l5g? ( becom+ decoration1 us+ images to secure m impressiv5ess 9 tea*+ & great] livel9ess 9 devotion4 ,9 ! ,we/1 h[ev]1 /ill m ?an 9 ! ,ea/1 v5]ation ( relics came into vogue4 #eg4a4 ,! ,wor%ip ( ,m>tyrs & ,sa9ts 7 #ci1 #e74agb--;,at a v e>ly p]iod *ur*es 7 built ^u ! graves ( ,m>tyrs 7,memoria1 ,confessio1 71 or _! bones 7 br\ght into *ur*es previ\sly built 7,translationes74 ,new edifices 7 d$icat$ 9 _! names1 ^? receiv+ baptism 7 nam$ aft] !m4 ,! days ( _! dea? 7 obs]v$ z special holy seasons ) vigil s]vices1 ,agape & oblations at _! graves4 ,9 gl[+ disc\rses ! orators ( ! *ur*1 9 melodi\s hymns ! poets1 s\nd$ =? _! praises4 ,! bones ( ! m>tyrs 7 s\ght out ) extraord9>y zeal & 7 look$ ^u & v5]at$ z supremely sacr$4 ,ea* prov9ce1 ea* city & ea* call+ _h its own patron sa9t 7,patronus74 ,p]haps z e>ly z ! #crd c5tury sev]al *ur*es _h _! m>tyr cal5d>s1 i4e4 li/s ( ^? :o 7 to h ! day ( _! dea? celebrat$4 ,9 ! #d? c5tury ?is cu/om _h become univ]sal1 & f ! collection ( ! mo/ celebrat$ cal5d>s1 ) ! addition ( leg5d>y /ories ( ! lives & suff]+s ( m>tyrs or sa9ts 7,leg5d1 s call$ because !y 7 wont to be read at ! memorial s]vices ( ! individuals ref]r$ to71 sprang up ! ,m>tyrologies & ,leg5ds ( ! ,sa9ts1 among ! ,greeks call$ ,m5ologies f 1 a mon?4 ,mo/ e/eem$ 9 ! ,we/ 0 ! m>tyrology ( ! ,roman *ur*1 ^: composition has be5 rec5tly put d[n1 equally ) & ^u ! same gr\nds z t ( ! s call$ ,lib] ,comitis1 #ei1 #c1 to ! "t ( ,j]ome z ! *ief repres5tative ( ,we/]n !ological le>n+4 ,?is collection =m$ ! basis ( ! num]\s ,lat9 m>tyrologies ( ! ,middle ,ages 7 #ij1 #i74 ,a ri* *oice 0 af=d$ by ^! catalogues ( sa9ts to ^? wi%+ names to use at baptism or confirmation2 ! sa9t pref]r$ became !reby ! patron ( him :o took 8 "n4 ,! ?ree great ,cappadocians 9 ! ,ea/ & ,ambrose 9 ! ,we/ 7 ! fir/ to op5 ! floodgates = ! invocation ( sa9ts by _! proclaim+ t ! glorifi$ sa9ts ?r\gh communion ) ! ,"l %>$ 9 ,8 attribute ( omnipresc5ce & omnisci5ce2 :ile ,augu/9e r assign$ to ! angels ! task ( communicat+ ! invocations ( m5 to ! sa9ts4 ,9 ! liturgies pray]s = ! sa9ts 7 n[ displac$ by invocations = _! int]cession4 ,9 ?is ! p f\nd a comp5sation = ! loss ( h]o1 g5ius & manes wor%ip4 ,! *ur* tea*]s at lea/ wi%$ inde$ to make a m>k$ di/9ction betwe5 ,adoratio & ,invocatio1 & 1 r5d]+ ! =m] to ,god only4 ,a fe/ival ( ,all ! ,m>tyrs 0 celebrat$ 9 ! ,ea/ z e>ly z ! #d? c5tury on ! ,p5teco/ octave 7 #ef1 #d74 ,9 ! ,we/1 ,pope ,boniface ,,iv41 9 ,a4,d4 #faj1 hav+ receiv$ f ! ,emp]or ,phocas ! ,pan!on z a gift & hav+ conv]t$ x into a *ur* ( ! mo/ ,bless$ ,virg9 & all ! ,m>tyrs1 f\nd$ a ,fe/um omnium ,sanctorum1 :i* 0 n1 h[ev]1 g5]ally recognis$ be=e ! #i? c5tury 7#a/ ,nov474 ,ow+ to ! great numb] ( sa9ts "o or m _h to be assign$ to ea* day 9 ! cal5d>4 ,! day fix$ 0 usually t ( ! dea? ( ! sa9t4 ,! only in/ance ( ! celebration ( a bir?day 0 ! fe/ival ( ,john ! ,bapti/ 7,natalis ,s4 ,joannis74 ,! #bd? ,june 0 fix$ ^u by calculat+ f ,*ri/mas 7acc4 to ,luke i4 #bf71 & its occurr+ 9 ! o!r half ( ! ye> f t ( ,*ri/ af=d$ a symbolical p>allel to ,john iii4 #cj4 ,z an app5dage to ?is we meet ev5 9 ! #e? c5tury ) ! ,f4 decollationis ,s4 ,joannis on #bi? ,aug4 ,on ! second day ( ! ,*ri/mas fe/ival ! ,fea/ ( ! ,proto-m>tyr ,/eph5 0 celebrat$ z ! fir/ fruits ( ! inc>nation ( ,god2 on ! ?ird1 ! memory ( ! disciple :o lay on ! ,ma/]'s brea/2 on ! f\r?1 ! innoc5t *ildr5 ( ,be?lehem 7,f4 innoc5tium7 z ! flores or primiti m>tyrum4 ,! fe/ival ( ! ,maccabees 7 7 leads yet fur!r back z ! memorial ( ! h]oic "m & h] sev5 sons "u ,antio*us ,epiphanes4 ,x 0 obs]v$ z e>ly z ! #d? c5tury & did n pass out ( use till ! #ac?4 ,among ! fe/ivals ( ,apo/les t ( ,pet] & ,paul 7,f4 ,apo/4 ,petri et ,pauli7 on #bi? ,june1 z ! solemnization ( _! common m>tyrdom at ,rome1 0 univ]sally obs]v$4 ,b ,rome celebrat$ besides a d\ble ,f4 ,ca!dr ,petri1 = ! ,ca!dra ,romana on #ah? ,jan41 & = ! ,ca!dra ,antio*5a on #bbnd ,feb4 ,= a long "t a symbolical arrangem5t ( ! cal5d> days prevail$2 ! patri>*s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 7 put 9 ! "t be=e ,*ri/mas1 ! lat] sa9ts ( ! old disp5sation 9 ! ,quadragesima1 & ! ,apo/les & ,f\nd]s ( ! *ur* aft] ,p5teco/1 !n ! ,m>tyrs1 next ! ,confessors1 & f9ally1 ! ,virg9s z prototype ( ! p]fect$ *ur*4 #eg4b4 ,! ,wor%ip ( ,m>y & ,anna4#agc--,! :o h]self full ( ! ,holy ,gho/ _h prophesi$3 1 1 0 reg>d$ z ! highe/ ideal ( all virg9ity4 ,all ! rev]5ce1 :i* ! *ur* accord$ to virg9ity1 culm9at$ !re=e 9 h]4 ,ev5 ,t]tullian alongside ( ! ,paul9e contra/s ,adam & ,*ri/1 plac$ ?is o!r1 ,eve & ,m>y4 ,! p]petua virg9itas b4 ,m>i 0 an unconte/$ article ( fai? f ! #d? c5tury4 ,ambrose und]/ood ( h] ,ezek4 xliv4 #c1 & affirm$ t %e 0 born ut]o clauso2 ,gregory ! ,great saw an analogy betwe5 ?is & ! ent]+ ( ! ,ris5 ,"o ?r\gh clos$ doors 7,john xx4 #ai72 & ! second ,trullan ,c\ncil1 9 ,a4,d4 #fib1 confess$3 4 ,ir5u1 ,t]tullian1 ,orig51 ,basil1 ,*ryso/om1 _h inde$ /ill f\nd some?+ 9 h] wor?y ( blame1 b ev5 ,augu/9e refuses to admit t %e %\ld be reckon$ among s9n]s3 ,unde enim scimus1 quid ei plus grati collatum fu]it ad v9c5dum omni ex p>te peccatum8 ,yet = a long "t ?is v5]ation ( ,m>y made little progress4 ,?is 0 caus$ p>tly by ! abs5ce ( ! glory ( m>tyrdom1 p>tly by its developm5t 9 ! *ur* be+ =e/all$ & di/ort$ by ! hea!ni% & godless ,m>iolatry ( ! ,collyridians1 an ,arabian female sect ( ! #d? c5tury1 :i* (f]$ to ! ,holy ,virg91 z 9 hea!n times to ,c]es1 cakes ( bread 774 ,epiphanius1 :o oppos$ !m1 taught3 1 1 4 ,on ! ,antidicom>ianites1 see #fb1 #b4 ,! victory ( ^? :o us$ ! t]m 9 ! ,ne/orian controv]sy gave a great impulse to ,m>iolatry4 ,ev5 9 ! #e? c5tury1 ! fe/ival ( ! ,annunciation1 ,f4 annunciationis1 inc>nationis1 1 1 0 held on ! #be? ,m>*4 ,) ?is 0 also connect$ 9 ! ,we/ ! fe/ival ( ! ,purification ( ,m>y1 ,f4 purificationis on #bnd ,feb41 accord+ to ,luke ii4 #bb4 ,on acc\nt ( ! c&les us$ 9 ! s]vice x 0 call$ ! ,c&lemas ( ,m>y1 ,f4 c&el>um1 lum9um1 ,luke ii4 #cb4 ,9 consequ5ce ( an e>?quake & pe/il5ce 9 ,a4,d4 #edb1 ,ju/9ian f\nd$ ! correspond+ 1 ,f4 occursus1 only t "h ! meet+ ) ,simeon & ,anna 7,luke ii4 #bd7 is put 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,bo? fe/ivals1 ! ,annunciation & ! ,purification1 _h ! same dignity z ^? d$icat$ to ! memory ( our ,"l4 ,f ! endeav\r to put alongside ( ea* ( ! fe/ivals ( ! ,"l a correspond+ fe/ival ( ,m>y1 ab\t ! end ( ! #f? c5tury ! ,fea/ ( ! ,asc5sion ( ,m>y 7 1 ,f4 assumptionis1 dormitionis ,m47 0 introduc$ & celebrat$ on #ae? ,aug42 & 9 ! #g? c5tury1 ! ,fea/ ( ! ,bir? ( ,m>y 7,f4 nativitatis ,m471 on #h? ,sept4 ,! =m] 0 f\nd$ on ! apocryphal leg5d 7 #cb1 #d71 accord+ to :i* ,*ri/ ) ! angels br\ght ! s\l ( 8 j dep>t$ "m1 &1 on ! foll[+ day1 its glorifi$ body1 to heav51 & !re unit$ x aga9 ) ! s\l4--,! fir/ traces ( a v5]ation ( ,anna ar\nd :om1 z ! suppos$ wife ( ,joa*im & "m ( ! ,virg91 ! apocryphal gospels ( ! *ildhood _h already ga!r$ a mass ( romantic details1 are f\nd 9 ! #d? c5tury 9 ,gregory ( ,nyssa & ,epiphanius4 ,ju/9ian ,i4 9 ,a4,d4 #eej built a *ur* ( ,/4 ,anna 9 ,con/ant9ople4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ! #be? ( ,july 0 celebrat$ z ! day ( h] dea?1 ! #i? ,sept4 z ! day ( h] m>riage1 & ! #i? ,dec4 z ! day ( h] conception4 ,9 ! ,we/ ! v5]ation ( ,anna 0 lat] ( be+ introduc$4 ,x became popul> 9 ! lat] ,middle ,ages & 0 made obligatory on ! :ole ca?olic *ur* by ,gregory ,,xiii4 9 ,a4,d4 #aehd4 ,! day fix$ 0 #bf? ,july4 ,yet ,leo ,,iii4 9 ! #h? c5tury _h all[$ a pictorial repres5tation ( ! leg5d ( ,/4 ,joa*im & ,/4 ,anna to be put 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,paul 9 ,rome4--,cont9uation #ajd1 #g1 #h4 #eg4c4 ,wor%ip ( ,angels4--,! idea ( gu>dian angels ( nations1 cities1 individuals1 0 bas$ on ,deut4 xxxii4 #h 79 ! ,,lxx472 ,dan4 x4 #ac1 #bj1 #ba2 xii4 #a2 ,matt4 xviii4 #aj2 ,acts xii4 #ae1 ev5 z e>ly z ! #bnd c5tury4 ,ambrose requir$ ! invocation ( angels4 ,b :5 ! ,phrygian sect ( ! ,angelians c>ri$ ! practice ! l5g? ( idolatr\s wor%ip1 ! ,c\ncil at ,laodicea 9 ! #d? c5tury oppos$ x1 & ,epiphanius plac$ x 9 8 li/ ( h]esies4 ,suppos$ manife/ations ( ! ,ar*angel ,mi*ael l$ to ! in/itution f ! #e? c5tury ( ! fea/ ( ,mi*ael obs]v$ on #bi? ,sept41 z a fe/ival ( ! angels collectively repres5t+ ! idea ( ! *ur* triumphant4 #eg4d4 ,wor%ip ( ,images 7 #ch1 #c74--,! dis9cl9ation ( ! anci5t *ur* to ! pictorial repres5tations ( ! p]son ( ,*ri/ z su*1 & also ! unwill+ness to all[ religi\s pictures 9 ! *ur*es1 bas$ ^u ! prohibition ( images 9 ! decalogue1 0 n yet :olly ov]come 9 ! #d? c5tury4 ,eusebius ( ,cs>ea1 ) ref]5ce to ! /atues ( ,paneas 7 #ac1 #b7 & o!r images ( ,*ri/ & ! ,apo/les1 speaks ( an 4 ,he adm9i/]$ a sev]e repro( to ! emp]or's si/]1 ,con/antia1 & ref]r$ to ! prohibition ( ! decalogue1 :5 %e express$ a wi% to h an image ( ,*ri/4 ,a/]ius1 bi%op ( ,amasa 9 ,pontus 7 ,a4,d4 #daj71 e>ne/ly declaim$ aga9/ ! cu/om ( p ( di/9ction we>+ clo!s embroid]$ ) pictures f ! gospel hi/ory1 & recomm5ds !m r to h ,*ri/ 9 _! he>ts4 ,! viol5t zealot1 ,epiphanius1 ! mo/ decid$ oppon5t ( all religi\s idealism1 tore ! pa9t$ curta9 ( a ,pale/9ian village *ur* 9 ,anabla?a ) ! injunction to wrap !re) a begg>'s corpse4 ,b ,greek love ( art & ! religi\s ne$s ( ! p ga9$ ! victory ov] ,judaic-legal rigorism & ab/ract spiritualism4 ,"h too ! age ( ,cyril m>ks ! turn+ po9t4 ,9 ! #e? c5tury au!ntic miracul\s pictures ( ,*ri/1 ! ,apo/les & ! ,god-"m 7 71 made _! appe>ance1 & ) !m began image wor%ip prop]ly s call$1 ) light+ ( c&les1 kiss+1 burn+ inc5se1 b[+ ( ! knee1 pro/rations 7 74 ,soon all *ur*es & *ur* books1 all palaces & cottages1 7 fill$ ) images ( ,*ri/ & ! sa9ts pa9t$ or drawn by ! monks4 ,miracle aft] miracle 0 wr\ght beside1 ^u or ?r\gh !m4 ,9 ?is1 h[ev]1 ! ,we/ did n keep pace ) ! ,ea/4 ,augu/9e compla9s ( image wor%ip & advises to seek ,*ri/ 9 ! bible r ?an 9 images4 ,gregory ! ,great1 :ile blam+ ! viol5ce ( ,s]5us1 bi%op ( ,massilia 9 break+ ! images1 wi%es t 9 *ur*es images %\ld be made to s]ve ad in/ru5das solummodo m5tes nesci5tium4 ,! ,ne/orians :o 7 /rongly oppos$ to images1 expressly decl>$ t ! hat$ ,cyril 0 ! orig9ator ( ,iconolatry4 #eg4e4 ,wor%ip ( ,relics 7 #ci1 #e74--,! v5]ation = relics 77 proce$$ f a pi\s feel+ 9 human nature & is closely associat$ ) t high] rev]5ce :i* ! *ur* paid to its m>tyrs4 ,x began ) public assemblies at ! graves ( m>tyrs1 memorial celebrations & s]vices 9 connection ) ! translations ( _! bones held 9 ! *ur*es4 ,soon no *ur*1 no alt> 7,rev4 vi4 #i71 c\ld be built )\t relics4 ,:5 ! small numb] ( kn[n m>tyrs prov$ insuffici5t1 s+le p>ts ( _! bodies 7 divid$ to diff]5t *ur*es4 ,b dreams & visions %[$ ri* /ores previ\sly un?\ght ( 9 remnants ( ! bones ( m>tyrs & sa9ts4 ,! catacombs especially prov$ inexhau/ible m9es4 ,miracles & signs v\*$ = _! g5u95ess4 ,!odosius ,i4 already f\nd x necess>y 9 ,a4,d4 #chf1 to prohibit ! traffic 9 relics4 ,besides bones1 7 includ$ also clo!s1 ut5sils1 in/rum5ts ( torture4 ,!y heal$ ! sick1 ca/ out devils1 rais$ ! dead1 av]t$ plagues1 & l$ to ! discov]y ( (f5d]s4 ,! heal$ express$ _! gratitude 9 votive tablets & 9 pres5tations ( silv] & gold5 figures ( ! heal$ p>ts4 ,a scriptural f\ndation 0 s\ght = ?is v5]ation ( relics 9 #b ,k+s xiii4 #ba2 ,ecclesia/ic4 xlvi4 #ad2 ,acts xix4 #ab4 ,accord+ to a leg5d commonly believ$ 9 ! #e? c5tury1 b unkn[n to ,eusebius & ! ,bordeaux pilgrim ( ,a4,d4 #ccc1 ,hel5a1 "m ( ,con/ant9e1 f\nd 9 ,a4,d4 #cbf ! ,cross ( ,*ri/ along ) ! crosses ( ! two ?ieves4 ,! "o 0 di/+ui%$ f ! o!rs by a miracle ( heal+ or ( rais+ f ! dead4 ,! pi\s lady left "o half ( ! cross to ! *ur* ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re & s5t ! re/ ) ! nails to h] son1 :o inlaid ! wood 9 8 /atues & "s ( ! nails 9 8 diadem1 :ile ( ! re/ he made a bit = 8 horse4 ,s9ce ! publication ( ! ,doctr9a ,addaei1 #cb1 #f1 x has become app>5t t ?is ,hel5a leg5d is j ano!r v]sion ( ! old ,edessa leg5d ab\t ! ,byzant9e sa9t1 accord+ to :i* ! wife ( ! emp]or ,claudius conv]t$ by ,pet] is repres5t$ 9 precisely simil> circum/ances z hav+ f\nd ! cross4 ,to pi\s & di/+ui%$ pilgrims p]mission 0 giv5 to take small spl9t]s ( ! wood kept 9 ,j]usalem1 s t soon bits ( ! cross 7 spread & receiv$ v5]ation ?r\gh\t all ! _w4 ,accord+ to a mu* lat] report a on #ad? ,sept4 0 obs]v$ 9 ! ,ea/ z e>ly z ! #d? c5tury 9 memory ( ! f9d+ ( ! cross4 ,f ! "t ( ,gregory ! ,great a ,f4 inv5tionis ,s4 ,crucis 0 obs]v$ 9 ! ,we/ on #crd ,may4 ,! fe/ival ( ! exaltation ( ! cross1 1 ,f4 exaltationis ,s4 ,crucis1 on #ad? ,sept41 0 in/itut$ by ! emp]or ,h]aclius :5 ! ,p]sians on _! be+ conqu]$ 9 ,a4,d4 #fbi1 7 oblig$ to re/ore ! cross :i* !y _h tak5 away4 #eg4f4 ,! ,mak+ ( ,pilgrimages4--,! habit ( mak+ pilgrimages 7pilgrimp]egr9us7 to sacr$ places also re/$ ^u a common t5d5cy 9 human nature4 ,! pilgrimage ( ,hel5a 9 ,a4,d4 #cbf f\nd num]\s imitators1 & ev5 ! conque/ ( ,pale/9e by ! ,s>ac5s 9 ! #g? c5tury did n qu5* pilgrims' ard\r4 ,next to ! sacr$ places 9 ,pale/9e1 ,s9ai1 ! grave ( ,pet] & ,paul at ,rome 7,lim9a ,apo/olorum71 ! grave ( ,m>t9 ( ,t\rs 7 #dg1 #ad7 & ! suppos$ sc5e 9 ,arabia ( ! suff]+s ( ,job1 z a =e%ad[+ ( ,*ri/'s1 7 ! spots mo/ frequ5t$ by pilgrims4 ,gregory ( ,nyssa 9 an ,epi/le mo/ vigor\sly oppos$ ! immod]ate love ( pilgrimages1 especially among monks & wom54 ,9 ! /ronge/ language he po9t$ out ! dang] to true religion & morality2 & ev5 ,j]ome s f> gave way to reason z to say3 ,et de ,hi]osolymis et de ,brittania qualit] patet aula cle/is4 ,*ryso/om & ,augu/9e1 too1 oppos$ ! ov] e/imat+ ( ?is expression ( pi\s feel+4 #eh4 ,,! ,,disp5sation ,,( ,,! ,,sacram5ts4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod no?+ 0 def9itely e/abli%$ z to ! idea & numb] ( ! sacram5ts 774 ,! "n 0 appli$ to ! doctr9es ( grace 9 s f> z !y transc5d$ ! compreh5sion ( ! human und]/&+1 z well z to ^? solemn acts ( wor%ip by :i* grace 0 communicat$ & appropriat$ 9 an incompreh5sible mann] to believ]s1 s t only 9 ! #ab? c5tury 7 #ajd1 #b7 7 ! consecrations & bless+s hi!rto includ$ !re9 def9itely exclud$ f ! idea ( ! sacram5t "u ! "n ,sacram5talia4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 f ! fir/ cle>ly und]/ood t ,baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp] 7 ess5tially ! sacram5tal means ( grace4 ,yet ev5 9 ! #crd c5tury1 ano9t+ & lay+ on ( h&s z an indep5d5t sacram5t ( ,confirmation 7,confirmatio1 7 0 sep>at$ f ! idea ( baptism1 & 9 ! ,we/1 f ! adm9i/ration ( baptism4 ,! reappe>ance ( ! idea ( a special prie/hood z a div9e in/itution 7 #cd1 #d7 gave also to ,ord9ation ! importance ( a sacram5t 7 #de1 #a74 ,augu/9e :om ! ,pelagians accus$ ( tea*+ by 8 doctr9e ( orig9al s9 & concupisc5ce t ,god-orda9$ m>riage 0 s9ful1 designat$ ,*ri/ian m>riage1 ) ref]5ce to ,eph4 v4 #cb1 a sacram5t 7 #fa1 #b7 9 ord] m decid$ly to h x plac$ "u ! po9t ( view ( ! nature sanctifi$ by grace4 ,pseudo-,dionysius1 9 ! #f? c5tury 7 #dg1 #aa71 enum]ates six sacram5ts3 ,baptism1 ,*rism1 ,"l's ,supp]1 ,consecration ( ,prie/s & ,monks & ! ,ano9t+ ( ! ,dead 7 74 ,on ,extreme ,unction1 comp4 #fa1 #c4 #eh4a4 ,adm9i/ration ( ,baptism 7 #ce1 #d74--,! po/pon+ ( baptism f lukew>mness1 sup]/ition or doctr9al prejudice1 0 a v frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,! same ob/acles d[n to ! #f? c5tury /ood 9 ! way ( infant baptism be+ reg>d$ z necess>y4 ,gregory ( ,nyssa wrote 1 & ) him all ! *ur* fa!rs e>ne/ly oppos$ ! error4 ,9 case ( ne$ 79 p]iculo mortis7 x 0 all[$ ev5 by ,t]tullian t baptism might be disp5s$ by any baptiz$ layman1 b n by wom54 ,! in/itution ( godfa!r 0 univ]sal & f\nd$ a spiritual relation%ip )9 :i* m>riage 0 prohibit$ n only betwe5 ! godp>5ts !mselves1 b also betwe5 ^? & ! baptiz$ & _! *ildr54 ,! usual c]emonies prec$+ baptism 73 ,! cov]+ ( ! head by ! cate*um5s & ! uncov]+ on ! day ( baptism2 ! =m] to signify ! w>d+ (f e di/raction & ! )draw+ into oneself4 ,) exorcism 0 connect$ ! c]emony ( brea?+ ^u 7,john xx4 #bb71 ! t\*+ ( ! e>s ) ! exclamation3 ,ephpha?a 7,m>k vii4 #cd71 m>k+ ! br[ & brea/ ) ! sign ( ! cross2 9 ,africa also ! giv+ ( salt acc4 to ,m>k ix4 #ej1 9 ,italy ! h&+ ov] ( a gold piece z a symbol ( ! p\nd 7,luke xiii4 #ab f47 entru/$ 9 ! grace ( baptism4 ,! conf]r+ ( a new "n signifi$ entrance into a new life4 ,at ! r5unciation ! baptiz$ "o turn$ him to ! sett+ sun ) ! words3 2 to ! ris+ sun ) ! words3 4 ,! dipp+ 0 ?rice repeat$3 9 ! ,spani% *ur*1 9 ! anti-,arian int]e/1 only once4 ,spr9kl+ 0 /ill conf9$ to ,baptismus ,cl9icorum & 0 fir/ g5]ally us$ 9 ! ,we/ 9 infant baptism 9 ! #ab? c5tury1 :ile ! ,ea/ /ill reta9$ ! cu/om ( imm]sion4 #eh4b4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ! ,supp] 7 #cf1 #e74--,! doctr9e ( ! ,"l's ,supp] 0 nev] ! subject ( ,synodal discussion1 & its conception on ! "p ( ! fa!rs 0 /ill 9 a high degree unc]ta9 & vacillat+4 ,all reg>d$ ! holy supp] z a supremely holy1 ineffable my/]y 71 trem5dum71 & all 7 conv9c$ t bread & w9e 9 a sup]natural mann] 7 br\ght into relation to ! body & blood ( ,*ri/2 b "s conceiv$ ( ?is relation spirituali/ically z a dynamic effect1 o!rs reali/ically z a sub/antial importation to ! elem5ts1 :ile mo/ vacillat$ /ill betwe5 ^! two views4 ,almo/ all reg>d$ ! miracle ?us wr\ght z 1 ,transfiguratio1 us+ ?is expression1 h[ev]1 also ( ! wat] ( baptism & ! ano9t+ oil4 ,! spirituali/ic !ory prevail$ among ! ,orig5i/s1 mo/ decid$ly ) ,eusebius ( ,cs>ea1 less decid$ly ) ,a?anasius & ,gregory ,nazianz51 & aga9 v decid$ly ) ,pseudo-,dionysius4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,augu/9e & 8 disciples1 ev5 includ+ ,leo ! ,great1 fav\r ! spirituali/ic view4 ,) ,augu/9e ! spirituali/ic view 0 a consequ5ce ( 8 doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation2 only to ! believ]1 i4e4 to ! elect c ! heav5ly food be imp>t$4 ,yet he (t5 expresses himself v /rongly 9 a reali/ic mann]4 ,! reali/ic view 0 divid$ into a dyophysitic or consub/antial & a monophysitic or transub/antial !ory4 ,a decid$ t5d5cy t[>d ! idea ( transub/antiation 0 %[n by ,cyril ( ,j]usalem1 ,*ryso/om1 ,hil>y ( ,poiti]s1 & ,ambrose4 ,! view ( ,gregory ( ,nyssa is peculi>3 ,z by ,*ri/ dur+ ,8 e>?ly life food & dr9k by assimilation pass$ into ! sub/ance ( ,8 body1 s n[ bread & w9e by ! almighty op]ation ( ,god by means ( consecration is *ang$ into ! glorifi$ body ( ,*ri/ & by our p>tak+ ( !m are assimilat$ to our bodies4 ,! oppos+ views 7 m %>ply di/+ui%$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! ,ne/orian controv]sy1 b ! consi/5t developm5t ( dyophysitism 9 ! eu*>i/ic field 0 fir/ c>ri$ out by ,!odoret & ,pope ,gelasius 7 ,a4,d4 #dif74 ,! =m] says3 2 & ! latt]3 ,esse non des9it sub/antia vel natura panis et v9i4444 ,hoc nobis 9 ipso ,*ri/o ,dom9o s5ti5dum 7,*ri/ological71 quod 9 ejus imag9e 7,eu*>i/ical71 pr(itemur4 ,! massive concrete popul> fai? _h long be=e conv]t$ ! into an ess5tial1 sub/antial trans=mation4 ,!nce ?is view pass$ ov] into ! liturgies4 ,gallican & ,syrian liturgies ( ! #e? c5tury express !mselves unhesitat+ly 9 ?is direction4 ,also ! t5d5cy to lose ! creaturely 9 ! div9e :i* /ill cont9u$ aft] ! victory ( ,dyophysitism at ,*alc$on1 told 9 fav\r ( ! developm5t ( ! dogma & ab\t ! end ( our p]iod ! doctr9e ( ,transub/antiation 0 ev]y:]e preval5t4#agd--;,cont9uation #ia1 #c4 #eh4c4 ,! ,sacrifice ( ! ,mass 7 #cf1 #f74--;,ev5 9 ! #d? c5tury ! body ( ,*ri/ pres5t$ by consecration 9 ! ,supp] 0 designat$ a sacrifice1 b only 9 ! s5se ( a repres5tation ( ! sacrifice ( ,*ri/ once (f]$4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 ! !ory prevail$ ( a sacram5tal memorial celebration ( ! sacrifice ( ,*ri/ 9 t ( an unbloody b actual repetition ( ! same4 ,to ?is end _m o!r elem5ts ?an ^? m5tion$ 9 #cf1 #f co-op]at$4 ,su* 7 especially ! rhetorical figures & descriptions ( ecclesia/ical orators1 :o transf]r$ ! attributes ( ! "o sacrifice to its repeat$ repres5tations2 ! re-adoption ( ! idea ( a prie/hood 7 #cd1 #d7 :i* dem&$ a correspond+ conception ( sacrifice2 ! pre-em95t place giv5 to ! doctr9e ( sacram5ts2 ! t5d5cy to place ! sacram5t "u ! po9t ( view ( a magically act+ div9e p[]1 etc4 ,! sacrificial idea1 h[ev]1 obta9$ its completion 9 its application to ! doctr9e ( ,purgatory by ,gregory ! ,great 7 #fa1 #d74 ,! oblationes pro defunctis :i* _h be5 9 use f e>ly times became n[ masses = ! s\ls ( individuals2 _! purpose 0 n ! enjoym5t ( ! body & blood ( ,*ri/ by ! liv+ & ! secur+ !reby cont9u$ communion ) ! dep>t$1 b only ! r5ew+ & repeat+ ( ! aton+ sacrifice = ! salvation ( ! s\ls ( ! dead1 i4e4 = ! mod]at+ & %ort5+ ( purgatorial suff]+s4 ,! r$eem+ p[] ( ! sacrifice ( ! eu*>i/ 0 !n 9 an analog\s mann] appli$ to ! alleviation ( e>?ly calamities1 suff]+s & mis=tunes1 9 s f> z ^! 7 view$ z puni%m5ts = s94 ,= su* ends1 !n1 x 0 en\gh t ! sacrific+ prie/ %\ld p]=m ! s]vice 7,miss solit>i1 ,private ,masses74 ,! p>tak+ ( ! memb]%ip 0 at la/ completely )drawn f ! regul> public s]vices & conf9$ to special fe/ival seasons4--,cont9uation #hh1 #c4 #eh4d4 ,! ,adm9i/ration ( ! ,"l's ,supp]4--,! %>p di/9ction betwe5 ! ,missa ,cate*um5orum & ! ,missa ,fidelium 7 #cf1 #b1 #c7 lo/ its significance aft] ! g5]al introduction ( infant baptism1 & ! "n ,missa1 mass1 0 n[ re/rict$ to ! ord9ance ( ! ,"l's ,supp] prop]ly s call$4 ,9 ! ,ea/]n & ,nor? ,african *ur*es ! communion ( *ildr5 cont9u$ common2 ! ,we/]n *ur* =bade x 9 accordance ) #a ,cor4 xi4 #bh1 #bi4 ,! ,communis sub una 7sc4 specie71 i4e4 ) bread only1 0 reg>d$ z a ,mani*an h]esy 7 #bi1 #c74 ,only 9 ,nor? ,africa 0 x exceptionally all[$ 9 *ildr5's communion1 aft] a little girl f natural av]sion to w9e _h vomit$ x up4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 z e>ly z ! #d? c5tury1 "o obs]vance ( ! ,"l's ,supp] 9 ! ye> 0 reg>d$ z suffici5t2 b ,we/]n ,c\ncils ( ! #e? c5tury insi/$ ^u its obs]vance e ,sunday & ?reat5$ ) excommunication ev]yone :o did n communicate at lea/ on ! ?ree great fe/ivals4 ,! elem5ts ( ! supp] 7 /ill br\ght z pres5ts by ! memb]s ( ! *ur*4 ,! bread 0 t 9 common use1 !re=e usually leav5$4 ,! ,ea/ cont9u$ ?is practice1 b ! ,we/ subsequ5tly1 on symbolical gr\nds1 introduc$ ! use ( unleav5$ bread4 ,! col\r ( ! w9e 0 reg>d$ z immat]ial4 ,subsequ5tly :ite w9e 0 pref]r$ z be+ free f ! r$ col\r+ matt]4 ,! mix+ ( ! w9e ) wat] 0 held to be ess5tial1 & 0 gr\nd$ ^u ,john xix4 #cd2 or reg>d$ z significant ( ! two natures 9 ,*ri/4 ,only ! ,arm5ian ,monophysites us$ unmix$ w9e4 ,! bread 0 brok54 ,to ! sick 0 (t5 br\ght 9 ! ,ea/ in/ead ( ! sep>ate elem5ts bread dipp$ 9 w9e4 ,subsequ5tly also1 fir/ 9 *ildr5's communion & 9 ! ,greek *ur* only1 bread & w9e toge!r 7 pres5t$ 9 a spoon4 ,! consecrat$ elem5ts 7 call$ aft] #a ,cor4 x4 #af4 ,! left ov] 77 7 aft] communion divid$ among ! cl]gy4 ,at a lat] p]iod only s mu* 0 consecrat$ z x 0 ?\ght w\ld be ne$$ = use at "o "t4 ,! ov]plus ( unconsecrat$ oblations 0 bless$ & di/ribut$ among ! non-communicants1 ! cate*um5s & p5it5ts4 ,! "n 0 n[ appli$ to ^? elem5ts t _h only be5 bless$ :i* 7 also designat$ 4 ,! old cu/om ( s5d+ to o!r *ur*es or bi%ops consecrat$ sacram5tal elem5ts z a sign ( ecclesia/ical fell[%ip 0 =bidd5 by ! ,c\ncil at ,laodicea 9 ! #d? c5tury4--,cont9uation #ajd1 #c4 #ei4 ,,public ,,wor%ip ,,9 ,,^w ,,& ,,symbol4 ,! text ( ! s]mon 0 g5]ally tak5 f ! bible portion previ\sly read4 ,! liturgy atta9$ a ri* developm5t1 b ! liturgies ( ! ,lat9 & ,greek *ur*es 7 fundam5tally diff]5t f "o ano!r4 ,scripture ,psalms1 ,songs ( ,praise ) ,doxologies =m$ ! ma9 compon5ts ( ! *ur* s]vice ( song4 ,gno/ics 7 #bg1 #e71 ,arians 7 #ej1 #a71 ,apoll9>ians & ,donati/s f\nd hymns ( _! own composition v popul>4 ,! *ur* 0 oblig$ to outbid !m 9 ?is4 ,! ,c\ncil at ,laodicea1 h[ev]1 9 ,a4,d4 #cfj1 s\ght to h all bani%$ f ! *ur*1 probably 9 ord] to prev5t h]etical poems be+ smuggl$ 94 ,! ,we/]n *ur* did n discuss ! subject2 & ,*ryso/om at lea/ adorn$ ! nightly processions :i* ! rivalry ( ! ,arians 9 ,con/ant9ople oblig$ him to make1 ) ! solemn s++ ( hymns4 #ei4a4 ,! ,holy ,scriptures 7 #cf1 #g1 #h74--,! d\bts ab\t ! g5u95ess ( p>ticul> ,new ,te/am5t writ+s :i* _h exi/$ 9 ! days ( ,eusebius1 _h n[ greatly less5$4 ,f\rte5 ye>s aft] ,eusebius1 ,a?anasius 9 8 #ci? ,fe/al ,lett] ( ,a4,d4 #cfg gave a li/ ( canonical scriptures 9 :i* ! ,eusebian antilegom5a ( ! fir/ class 7 #cf1 #h7 7 )\t m ado enum]at$ among ! 4 ,f ^! he di/+ui%$ ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 ,ecclesia/icus1 ,e/h]1 ,judi?1 & ,tobit1 z well z ! & ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas z 1 i4e4 z books :i* f _! excell5t moral cont5ts _h be5 us$ by ! fa!rs 9 tea*+ ! cate*um5s & :i* %\ld be recomm5d$ z af=d+ godly read+4 ,! ,c\ncil at ,laodicea gave a ,canon 9 :i* we miss only ! ,apocalypse ( ,john1 object$ to probably on acc\nt ( ! unfav\rable view ( *iliasm ent]ta9$ by ! *ur* at t "t 7 #cc1 #i72 z reg>ds ! ,old ,te/am5t x expressly limit$ ! public read+s 9 *ur*es to ! #bb bks4 ( ! ,hebrew canon4 ,! ,c\ncil at ,hippo1 9 ,a4,d4 #cic1 gave synodic sanction = ! fir/ "t 9 ! ,we/ to t ,canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t :i* has f t "t be5 accept$4--,! "q z to ! value ( ! books add$ to ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,,lxx4 rema9$ undecid$ d[n to ! "t ( ! ,re=mation4 ,! ,greek *ur* kept to ! ,a?anasian di/9ction ( ^! z f ! 1 until ! confession ( ,dosi!us 9 ,a4,d4 #afbi 7 #aeb1 #c7 9 its anti-,calv9i/ic zeal ma9ta9$ t ev5 ^? books %\ld be ackn[l$g$ z 4 ,9 ! ,nor? ,african *ur* ,t]tullian & ,cyprian _h *>act]iz$ !m )\t di/9ction z holy scripture4 ,augu/9e foll[$ !m1 ?\gh n altoge!r )\t hesitation3 ,maccab4 scripturam non hab5t ,judi 444 s$ recepta e/ ab ecclesia non inutilitor1 si sobrie legatur vel audiatur2 & ! ,synods at ,hippo 9 ,a4,d4 #cic & at ,c>?age 9 ,a4,d4 #cig & ,a4,d4 #dai put !m )\t "q into _! li/ ( canonical books1 add+ ?is1 h[ev]1 t !y w\ld ask ! op9ion ( ! transm>9e *ur*es on ! matt]4 ,mean:ile too 9 ,rome ?is view _h prevail$ & ,innoc5t ,i4 9 ,a4,d4 #dje expressly homologat$ ! ,african li/4 ,hil>y ( ,poiti]s & ,ruf9us on ! o!r h& upheld ! view ( ,a?anasius1 & ,j]ome 9 8 ,prologus galeatus aft] enum]at+ ! books ( ! ,hebrew ,canon w5t s f> z to say3 ,quidquid extra hos e/1 int] ,apocrypha pon5dum1 & else:]e calls ! addition to ,daniel m]ely nni4 ,9 ! ,prfatio 9 libros ,salom41 he expresses himself m fav\rably ( ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 ,ecclesia/icus1 ,judi?1 ,tobit & ,maccabees3 legit quidem ecclesia1 s$ int] canonicas scripturas non recipit 444 legat ad dificationem plebis s$ non ad auctoritatem dogmatum confirm&am4 ,?is view prevail$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! ,middle ,ages among ! mo/ prom95t *ur*es d[n to ! meet+ ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t 7 #acf1 #d72 :]eas ! ,trid5t9e fa!rs ow+ to ! rejection ( ! books ref]r$ to by ! ,prote/ants 7 #afa1 #h71 & _! actual or suppos$ usefulness 9 support+ anti-,prote/ant dogmas1 e4g4 ! m]itori\sness ( good works1 ,tob4 iv4 #aa1 #ab2 int]cession ( sa9ts1 #b ,macc4 xv4 #ab-ad2 v5]ation ( relics1 ,ecclus4 xlvi4 #ad2 xlix4 #ab2 masses = s\ls & pray]s = ! dead1 #b ,macc4 xii4 #dc-df1 felt !mselves con/ra9$ to pron\nce !m canonical4--,! inconv5i5t ,scriptio cont9ua 9 ! biblical ,codices l$ fir/ ( all ! ,alex&rian deacon ,eu?alius1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #dfj1 by /i*ometric copies ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 :i* e l9e 77 embrac$ z mu* z ) reg>d to ! s5se c\ld be read )\t a pause4 ,he also und]took a division ( ! ,apo/olic ,epi/les & ! ,acts into *apt]s 774 ,an ,alex&rian *ur* tea*]1 ,ammonius1 ev5 e>li] ?an ?is1 9 arrang+ = a h>mony ( ! gospels _h divid$ ! gospels 9 #a1afe *apt]s & add$ to ! #cee *apt]s ( ,mat!w's gospel ! numb] ( ! *apt] ( p>allel passages 9 ! o!r gospels4 ,eusebius ( ,cs>ea complet$ ! "w by 8 8,evang4 ,canon10 = he repres5ts 9 t5 tables :i* *apt]s are f\nd 9 all ! f\r1 9 ?ree1 9 two or 9 "o ( ! gospels4#age--;,j]ome made em5dations ^u ! corrupt text ( ! ,itala by ord] ( ,damasus1 bi%op ( ,rome1 & !n made f ! ,hebrew a translation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ( 8 own1 :i*1 jo9$ to ! revis$ translation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 aft] mu* opposition gradually secur$ supremacy ?r\gh\t all ! ,we/ "u ! "n ( ! ,vulgata4 ,! ,monophysite ,syrians got f ,polyc>p 9 ,a4,d4 #ejh at ! reque/ ( bi%op ,x5ajas or ,philox5us ( ,mabug1 a new slavi%ly lit]al translation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,?is s-call$ ,philox5ian translation 01 9 ,a4,d4 #faf1 correct$ by ,?omas ( ,*>cal1 provid$ aft] ! mann] ( ! ,hexapla ( ,orig5 ) notes--! ,h>cl5sian translation--& 9 ,a4,d4 #fag enl>g$ by a translation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t execut$ by bi%op ,paulus ( ,tella 9 ,mesopotamia accord+ to ! ,hexapla text ( ! ,,lxx4--,dilig5t ,scripture ,read+ 0 recomm5d$ by all ! fa!rs1 ) special f]v\r by ,*ryso/om1 to ! laity z well z ! cl]gy4 ,yet ! idea ga9$ gr\nd t ! /udy ( ,scripture 0 ! bus9ess ( monks & cl]ics4 ,! second ,trullan ,c\ncil1 9 ,a4,d4 #fib1 =bade "u sev]e p5alties t scripture %\ld be und]/ood & exp\nd$ o!rwise ?an _h be5 done by ! old fa!rs4 #ei4b4 ,! ,cre$s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,i4 ,! ,nicno-,con/ant9opolitan ,cre$4--,! ,nic5e ,cre$ 7 #ej1 #a1 #g7 did n 9 ! ,ea/ succe$ 9 dislodg+ ! v>i\s =ms ( ! ,baptismal =mula 7 #ce1 #b72 inde$1 ow+ to ! /atem5t ( ?is ?ird article re/rict+ itself to a m]e x 0 little fitt$ to become a univ]sal symbol4 ,b :at ! ,nicnum 9 spite ( its unexampl$ pret5sions nev] won1 ! s-call$ ,nicno-,con/ant9opolitanum ( ,a4,d4 #dea1 n be+ *>geable ) ! defici5cy ref]r$ to1 actually a*iev$4 ,! idea prevail+ until q rec5tly t ?is ,symbol orig9at$ at ! s-call$ second cum5ical ,c\ncil at ,con/ant9ople 9 ,a4,d4 #cha z an enl>gem5t ( ! ,nic5e confession1 has n[ be5 %[n to be q errone\s4 ,aft] ! ,romi% !ologian ,v9c5zi lab\r$ to prove t ?is 0 a production =g$ by ! ,greeks 9 ! int]e/s ( _! 8h]etical0 doctr9e ( ! proc$ure ( ! ,holy ,_s f ! ,fa!r only 7 #ej1 #g71 ,h>nack on ! basis ( ! rese>*es ( ,casp>i & ,hort rea*$ ! foll[+ results3 ,! s-call$ ,nicno-,con/ant9opolitan ,cre$ is id5tical ) ! cre$ recomm5d$ by ,epiphanius 9 8 ,an*oratus1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #cgc1 z g5u9ely apo/olic-,nic5e2 ! cre$ ( ! ,an*oratus is t :i* =ms ! subject ( ,cyril's ,cate*etical ,lectures 7 #dg1 #aj71 probably at a lat] date revis$1 enri*$ by ! introduction ( ! mo/ important phrases f ! ,nicnum & an additional section on ! ,holy ,_s 7comp4 #ej1 #e1 #g71 & issu$ 9 8 own "n by ,cyril :ile bi%op ( ,j]usalem 7,a4,d4 #cea-chf7 z a ,baptismal =mula = ! *ur* ( ,j]usalem2 ?is new rec5sion ( ! ,j]usalem ,symbol 0 probably laid be=e ! ,c\ncil at ,con/ant9ople 9 ,a4,d4 #cha by ,cyril z a pro( ( 8 own or?odoxy t _h always be5 some:at que/ionable & z su* pass$ ov] into ! ,acts :i* are n[ lo/2 ?us at lea/ is x mo/ simply expla9$ h[ ev5 9 ,a4,d4 #dea x c\ld be quot$ 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,*alc$on alongside ( ! ,nic5e z ! ,con/ant9opolitan2 9 proportion !n z ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ant9ople ( ,a4,d4 #cha came to be reg>d$ z an cum5ical ,c\ncil 7 #ej1 #d71 ?is cre$1 errone\sly ascrib$ to t ,c\ncil1 _h accord$ to x ! rank ( an cum5ical ,symbol4 ,,ii4 ,! ,apo/les' ,cre$4--,! ,roman *ur* & ) x ! :ole ,we/1 /&+ ^u ! suppos$ ,apo/olic orig9 ( _! symbol1 did n suff] x to be dislodg$ by ! ,nicnum nor to be assimilat$ by any importations f x4 ,nev]!less dur+ ! p]iod :5 ! ,roman *air 0 dom9at$ by ! ,byzant9e c\rt !ology 7 #eb1 #c7 ! s-call$ ,nicno-,con/ant9opolitanum succe$$ 9 displac+ ! old ,we/]n cre$1 aid$ by ! opposition to ! ,arianism t 0 be+ driv5 =w>d by ! ,visigo?s & ,o/rogo?s 9 ,italy & ,spa9 7 #gf1 #b1 #g71 :i* dem&$ a m decid$ly anti-,arian =mula4 ,aft] ?is dang] _h be5 long ov]come1 ! desire 0 express$ 9 ! #i? c5tury = a %ort] cre$ t might s]ve z a baptismal =mula & z ! basis ( cate*etical tea*+4 ,!y fell back1 h[ev]1 n ^u ! old ,roman cre$1 b ^u a m mod]n ,gallic expansion ( x1 :i* =ms :at is call$ by u n[ ! ,apo/les' ,cre$4 ,ow+ to ! rev]5ce %[n to ! ,roman *ur* ?is cre$ soon f\nd its way ?r\gh\t all ! ,we/1 & arrogat$ to itself "h ! "n ( an cum5ical ,symbol1 al?\gh x has nev] be5 ackn[l$g$ by ! ,greek *ur*4 ,! leg5d ( its apo/olic orig9 0 c>ri$ out /ill fur!r by ! ass]tion t ea* ( ! twelve ,apo/les compos$ "o article z 8 contribution to ! =mula 774 ,laur5tius ,valla & ,erasmus 7 ! fir/ to dispute its apo/olic orig94 ,,iii4 ,! ,a?anasian ,cre$4--,! s-call$ ,a?anasian ,symbol1 :i* f its op5+ words is also kn[n z ,symb4 8,quicunque10 sprang up 9 ! end ( ! #e? c5tury out ( ! opposition ( ,we/]n ,ca?olicism to ,g]man ,arianism1 s t x is d\btful :e!r x _h its orig9 9 ,gaul1 ,spa9 or ,nor? ,africa4 ,9 %ort1 %>ply acc5tuat$ propositions x sets =? fir/ ( all ! ,nic5e-,con/ant4 doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity 9 its full] =m z develop$ by ,augu/9e 7 #ej1 #g71 !n 9 ! second "p ! dogmatic results ( ! ,ne/orian & ,euty*ian controv]sies 7 #eb1 #c1 #d71 & 9 ! sev]e/ t]ms makes et]nal salvation dep5d5t on ! acceptance ( all ^! beliefs4 ,! e>lie/ c]ta9 trace ( its exi/5ce is f\nd 9 ,cs>ius ( ,arles 7,a4,d4 #ejc-edc7 :o quotes "s s5t5ces borr[$ f x z ( ackn[l$g$ au?ority4 ,! idea t ,a?anasius 0 its au?or arose 9 ! #h? c5tury & 0 soon accept$ ?r\gh\t ! ,we/ z an und\bt$ tru?4 ,x 0 fir/ tak5 notice ( by ! ,greek *ur* 9 ! #aa? c5tury1 & on acc\nt ( ! filioque 7 #fg1 #a7 0 pron\nc$ h]etical4#agf #ei4c4 ,bible ,read+ 9 ,*ur* & ,prea*+4--,! ,read+ ( non-canonical books 9 *ur*1 :i* _h previ\sly be5 cu/om>y 7 #cf1 #c71 0 n[ =bidd54 ,! ,lectio cont9ua1 i4e4 ! read+ ( entire biblical books 0 ! common practice d[n to ! #e? c5tury4 ,9 ! ,lat9 *ur* at ea* s]vice !re 7 usually two read+s1 "o f ! ,gospels1 ! o!r f ! ,epi/les or ! ,prophets4 ,! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions 7 #dc1 #d7 h ?ree1 ! ,prophets1 ,epi/les1 & ,gospels2 s too ! ,gallican & ,spani% *ur*es2 :ile ! ,syrian _h f\r1 ! additional "o be+ f ,acts4 ,z ! idea ( ! ,*ri/ian ,ye> 0 c>ri$ out1 h[ev]1 ! ,lectio cont9ua gave place to ! ,lectio propria1 i4e4 a selection ( passages :i* correspond to ! "* ( ! p>ticul> fe/ival4 ,9 ! ,we/ ?is selection 0 fix$ by ! ,lection>ies among :i* ! s-call$ ,lib] comitis1 :i* tradition assign$ to ,j]ome1 9 v>i\s =ms & modifications1 f\nd acceptance g5]ally ?r\gh\t ! ,we/4 ,9 ! ,ea/ :]e ! ,lectio cont9ua cont9u$ mu* m preval5t1 lection>ies came into use fir/ 9 ! #h? c5tury4 ,! lesson 0 read by a read] f a read+ desk2 z a m>k ( di/9ction1 h[ev]1 ! gospel 0 (t5 read by ! deacon4 ,= ! same purpose1 too1 lights 7 (t5 k9dl$ dur+ ?is read+4--,! ,s]mon 0 g5]ally by ! bi%op1 :o might1 h[ev]1 transf] ! duty to a presbyt] or deacon4 ,monks 7 =bidd5 to prea* 9 ! *ur*4 ,!y 7 n h9d]$ f do+ s 9 ! /reets & m>kets1 f ro(s1 pill>s & trees4 ,! bi%op prea*$ f 8 episcopal ?rone1 b (t51 9 ord] to be bett] he>d1 /ood at ! rail+ ( ! *oir 7,cancelli74 ,augu/9e & ,*ryso/om (t5 prea*$ f ! read+ desk4 ,9 ! ,ea/ prea*+ came v mu* to ! front1 la/$ (t5 = an h\r1 & aim$ at !atrical effects4 ,v di/ract+ 0 ! practice1 specially common 9 ,greece ( giv+ l\d applause ) wav+ ( h&k]*iefs & clapp+ ( h&s 71 ,acclamatio74 ,9 ! ,we/ ! s]mon consi/$ g5]ally ( %ort simple addresses 7,s]mones74 ,extempore disc\rses 7 7 7 greatly appreciat$1 m s ?an ^? repeat$ f memory2 read+ 0 q an exceptional occurr5ce4 ,ev5 ! emp]ors aft] ,con/ant9e's example gave sometimes s]monic lectures 9 extra-ecclesia/ical assemblies4 ,among ! ,syrians s]mons 9 v]se & /rophically arrang$1 ) equal numb] ( syllables 9 ! l9es b unrhym$1 7 v popul>4 #ei4d4 ,hymnology4#agg--;,ephram ,ephraim ! ,syrian 7 ,a4,d4 #cgh7 introduc$ melodi\s or?odox hymns 9 place ( ! het]odox hymns ( ! ,syrian ,gno/ics ,b>desanes & ,h>monius 7 #bg1 #e74 ,on ! lat] ,syrian hymn writ]s1 see #dh1 #g4 ,! introduction ( _! hymns into ! public s]vice caus$ no tr\ble4 ,= ! ,greeks or?odox hymns 7 compos$ by ,gregory ,nazianz5 & ,synesius ( ,ptolemais4 ,! want ( popul>ity & ! ban ( ! ,laodicean ,c\ncil h9d]$ _! introduction into ! s]vices ( ! *ur*2 b ?is ban 0 remov$ z e>ly z ! #e? c5tury4 ,"u ! "n ( ,trop>ies1 f art ( music1 %ort]1 & soon also long]1 poems ( _! own composition 7 introduc$ alongside ( ! *ur* s]vice ( ,psalms 7 #gj1 #b74 ,b unque/ionably ! palm = *ur* hymn composition belongs to ! ,lat9 *ur*4 ,) ,hil>y ( ,poiti]s 7 ,a4,d4 #cfh7 beg9s a s]ies ( poets 7,ambrose1 ,damasus1 ,augu/9e1 ,s$ulius1 ,eunodius1 ,prud5tius1 ,=tunatus1 ,gregory ! ,great7 :o bequea!d to _! *ur* a preci\s legacy ( spiritual songs ( great beauty1 spirituality1 dep?1 p[]1 gr&eur & simplicity4 #ei4e4 ,psalmody & ,hymn ,music4#agh--;,f ! "t :5 cl]ical cantores 7 #cd1 #c7 7 appo9t$ ! symphonic s++ ( psalms by ! congregation seems to h be5 on ! wane4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,laodicea =bade x altoge!r1 )\t1 h[ev]1 be+ able q to accompli% t4 ,antiphonal or responsive s++ 0 mu* enjoy$4 ,hypophonic s++ ( ! congregation 9 ! responses ) :i* ! p answ]$ ! cl]ical inton+s1 read+s & pray]s1 & 9 ! beat+ ( "t ) :i* !y answ]$ ! cl]ical s++ ( psalms1 0 long p]si/$ 9 9 spite ( cl]ical exclusiv5ess4 ,! s++ ( pray]s1 read+s & consecrations 0 fir/ introduc$ 9 ! #f? c5tury4 ,at fir/ *ur* music 0 simple1 artless1 recitative4 ,b ! rivalry ( h]etics =c$ ! or?odox *ur* to pay great] att5tion to ! requirem5ts ( art4 ,*ryso/om _h to declaim aga9/ ! secul>isation ( ,*ur* music4 ,m la/+ 0 ! opposition ( ! *ur* to ! introduction ( in/rum5tal accompanim5ts4 ,ev5 "p s++ 0 at ?is "t exclud$ f ! *ur*4 ,9 ! ,we/ psalmody took a high flight ) a true ecclesia/ical "*4 ,ev5 9 ,a4,d4 #ccj1 bi%op ,sylve/] erect$ a s*ool at ,rome = tra9+ s+]s = ! *ur*es4 ,ambrose ( ,milan 0 ! au?or ( a new k9d ( *ur* music full ( melodi\s fl[1 ) rhy?mical acc5t & ri* modulation1 nobly popul> & gr&ly simple 7,cantus ,ambrosianus74 ,augu/9e speaks ) en?usiasm ( ! p[]ful impression made on him by ?is lively /yle ( s++1 b expresses also ! fe> t ! s5ses might be spellb\nd by ! pleasant s\nd ( ! tune1 & ?us ! effect ( ! words on ! m9d be weak5$4 ,& 9 fact ! ,ambrosian *ant 0 9 dang] dur+ ! #f? c5tury ?r\gh increas+ secul>isation ( los+ its ecclesia/ical "*4 ,!n appe>$ ,gregory ! ,great z re=m] & f\nd] ( a new /yle ( music 7,cantus ,romanus1 f]9us1 *oralis7 = :i* at ! same "t1 9 ord] t he might fix x 9 a tune book 7,antiphon>ium71 he inv5t$ a special notation1 ! s-call$ ,neum1 ei!r f z *>act]iz+ ! music1 or f z *>act]iz+ ! musical notes1 a wond]ful mixture ( po9ts1 /rokes & hooks4 ,! ,gregorian music is 9 unison1 sl[1 measur$ & uni=m )\t rhy?m & beat1 s t x approa*es aga9 ! old recitative mode ( psalm s++1 :ile /ill at ! same "t its elaboration ( ! art ) mu* ri*] modulation m>ks an important /ep 9 advance4 ,! ,ambrosian briskness1 fre%ness & popul> /yle 7 inde$ lo/1 b all ! m c]ta9ly ! e>ne/ness1 dignity & solemnity ( ,*ur* music 7 pres]v$4 ,b x 0 a v great defect t ! ,gregorian music 0 assign$ exclusively to well equipp$ *oirs ( cl]ical s+]s1 h5ce ,cantus *oralis1 = ! tra9+ ( :i* ,gregory f\nd$ a s*ool ( music 9 ,rome4 ,! congregation 0 ?us depriv$ ( t lively p>ticipation 9 ! public s]vice :i* up to t "t x _h enjoy$4 #ei4f4 ,! ,liturgy4--,! num]\s liturgies t _h sprung up s9ce ! #d? c5tury 7 re>$ on ! basis ( "o common type :i* we f9d 9 ! liturgy ( ! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions 7 #dc1 #d74 ,! mo/ important or?odox liturgies are3 ! ,j]usalem liturgy :i* is ascrib$ to ! ,apo/le ,james1 ! ,alex&rian :i* claims z its au?or ,m>k1 disciple ( ! ,apo/les 7 #af1 #d71 ! ,byzant9e :i* pr(esses to h be5 compos$ by ,basil & abbreviat$ by ,*ryso/om1 :i* ultimately dislodg$ all o!rs f ! or?odox *ur* ( ! ,ea/4 ,among ,we/]n liturgies ! foll[+ are di/+ui%$ = antiquity1 reputation & significance3 ! ,gallican ,masses ( ! #e? c5tury1 ! ,milan liturgy1 pr(ess$ly by ,b>nabas1 probably by ,ambrose1 & ! ,roman or t ( ,/4 ,pet]1 to ! successive revisions ( :i* are atta*$ ! names ( ! great popes ,leo ! ,great1 ,a4,d4 #dfa1 ,gelasius ,i41 ,a4,d4 #dif1 & ,gregory ! ,great1 ,a4,d4 #fjd4 ,x gradually obta9$ univ]sal asc5dancy 9 ! ,we/4 ,its compon5ts are3 ,! sacram5t>ium1 pray]s = ! s]vice ( ! ,mass1 ! antiphon>ium1 ! lection>ium1 & ! ,ordo ,romanus1 guide to ! disp5sation ( ! ,mass4 ,! unit+ ( ^! sev]al writ+s to ! ,missale ,romanum belongs to a lat] p]iod4--,! ,greek ,liturgy 9 ! comb9+ ( ! vesp]1 mat9s & pr9cipal s]vice ( wor%ip repres5ts a ?reefold religi\s drama 9 :i* ! :ole c\rse ( ! sacr$ hi/ory f ! creation ( ! _w to ! asc5sion ( our ,"l is br\ght to view4 ,9 ! light+ & ext+ui%+ ( c&les1 9 op5+ & clos+ ( doors1 9 ! figur$ clo? cov]+ ! alt> space1 7 #fj1 #a71 9 burn+ ( inc5se & pres5tations1 9 ! successive putt+ on ( v>i\s liturgical ve/m5ts1 9 ! processions & g5uflections ( ! inf]ior cl]gy1 9 ! h&l+ ( ! sacram5tal elem5ts1 etc41 ! *ief po9ts ( ! gospel hi/ory are symbolically set =?4 ,! ^w accompany+ ! c]emonies 7intonations1 responses1 pray]s1 read+s1 s++7 has a subord9ate significance & =ms only a runn+ comm5t>y on ! drama4--,! ,lat9 ,*ur* *ang$ ! dramatic "* ( ! liturgy into a dogmatic "o4 ,x is no long] ! objective hi/ory ( salvation :i* is "h repres5t$1 b ! subjective appropriation ( salvation4 ,! s9n] 9 ne$ ( r$emption comes to ! alt> ( ! ,"l1 seeks & f9ds quick5+ & in/ruction1 =giv5ess & grace4 ,! real pill> ( ! :ole s]vice is !re=e ! ^w1 & to ! symbol is assign$ only ! subord9ate "p ( accompany+ ! ^w ) a pictorial repres5tation4 ,! compon5ts ( ! liturgy are p>tly su* z inv>iably are repeat$ 9 e ,mass1 p>tly su* z *ange ) ! cal5d> & ! requirem5ts ( p>ticul> fe/ivals4 ,among ! =m] ! canon ( ! ,mass =ms ! real c5tre ( ! :ole ,mass4 ,x embraces ! eu*>i/ic =ms ( consecration ) ! pray] (f]$ up 9 connection ) ! (f]+ ( x up4--,among ! liturgical writ+s are specially to be nam$ ! ,dipty*s 7 1 to fold twice71 writ+ tablets :i* 7 cov]$ on ! inside ) wax4 ,!y 7 ! (ficial li/s ( p]sons ( ! anci5t *ur*1 & 7 ( importance = ! liturgy inasmu* z ! names writt5 ^u !m 7 ! subject ( special liturgical int]cession4 ,we h to di/+ui%1 1 9 :i* are writt5 ! names ( ! =eign bi%ops ) :om *ur* fell[%ip is ma9ta9$1 & or li/s ( _! own *ur* memb]s z ! (f]]s1 & 4#agi #ei4g4 ,liturgical ,ve/m5ts4--,a special cl]ical co/ume :i* made ! cl]gy recognisable ev5 9 civil life arose f _! scorn+ to submit to ! :ims ( fa%ion4 ,! transition f ?is to a compulsory liturgical /yle ( dress 0 probably ow+ to ! fact t ! cl]gy 9 dis*>g+ _! (ficial functions wore n _! e-day attire1 b a bett] suit res]v$ = ! purpose4 ,if 9 ?is way ! idea ( sacr$ ve/m5ts 0 arriv$ at x 0 an easy /ep to associate !m ) ! (ficial co/ume ( ! ,old ,te/am5t prie/hood1 attribut+ to !m1 z to ! dress ( ! ,jewi% prie/s1 a symbolico-my/ical significance1 to be div]sifi$ accord+ to _! patt]ns z well z accord+ to ! ne$s ( ! wor%ip & _! hi]>*ical rank4 ,9 ! ,we/ ! prop] dress = ,mass 0 & cont9u$ ! s-call$ ,alba1 among ! ,greeks or 1 a :ite l95 %irt rea*+ d[n to ! feet aft] ! patt]n ( ! old ,roman ,tunica & correspond+ to ! long coat ( ! ,old ,te/am5t prie/1 ) a girdle 7,c+ulum74 ,! %ort] ,casula or ,p9eta1 among ! ,greeks 1 ov] ! ,alba took ! place ( ! ,toga4 ,x 0 orig9ally )\t sleeves1 simply a col\r$ g>m5t ( co/ly mat]ial furni%$ ) an op5+ = ! head1 b 9 lat] times made m conv5i5t by be+ slit half way d[n on bo? sides4 ,! ,or>ium1 1 aft]w>ds call$ ,/ola1 is a long wide /rip ( co/ly clo? :i* ! deacon ?rew ov] 8 left %\ld] & on 8 "r ?igh1 b ! prie/ & ! bi%op wore x ov] bo? %\ld]s & at ! sacrifice ( ! ,mass 9 ! =m ( ! cross ov] ! brea/4 ,ov] ^! prie/ly ve/m5ts ! bi%op wore z repres5t+ ! high prie/'s ephod ! s-call$ ,dalmatica1 among ! ,greeks 1 a co/ly sleev$ robe2 & ! ar*bi%op also ! ,pallium1 4 ,?is la/ 0 orig9ally a complete robe1 b 9 ord] n to conceal ! episcopal & prie/ly ornam5ts x 0 r$uc$ to a small :ite wooll5 cape ) two /rips hang+ d[n on ! brea/ & ! back4 ,to episcopal ornam5ts ( ! ,greeks besides belong$ ! 1 a squ>e-%ap$ piece ( clo?1 hang+ d[n f ! on ! left side1 ornam5t$ ) a picture ( ,*ri/ sew$ on /iff pa/ebo>d2 & to correspond to ! high prie/'s ,urim & ,?ummim1 ! 1 a pa9t+ 9 enamel ( a sa9t1 hung to ! brea/ by a gold5 *a94 ,among ! ,lat9s ! place ( ! latt] is tak5 by ! gold5 cross = ! brea/ or ,pectorale4 ,z cov]+ ( ! head ! prie/ _h ! ,b>retta 7birretum71 ! bi%op ! mitre1 mitra 7 #hd1 #a74 ,! r+ & /aff 7m>riage r+ & %eph]d's /aff7 7 9 v e>ly times made ! insignia ( ! episcopal (fice4 ,! settl+ ( ! v>i\s liturgical col\rs = ! successive fe/ivals ( ! ,*ri/ian ye> 0 fir/ made dur+ ! #ab? c5tury4#ahj #ei4h4 ,symbolical ,acts 9 ,wor%ip4--,! frat]nal kiss 0 a g5]al cu/om ?r\gh\t ! :ole p]iod4 ,on ent]+1 ! *ur* door or ?re%old 0 kiss$2 dur+ ! liturgical s]vice ! prie/ kiss$ ! alt>1 ! read] ! ,gospel4 ,ev5 relics & images 7 kiss$4 ,:5 "o confess$ s9 he beat ^u 8 brea/4 ,! sign ( ! cross 0 made dur+ e ecclesia/ical action & ev5 9 private life 0 frequ5tly us$4 ,! cu/om ( wa%+ ! h&s on ent]+ ,god's h\se & light+ c&les 9 x1 0 v anci5t4 ,no q c]ta9 trace ( spr9kl+ ) holy wat] is f\nd be=e ! #i? c5tury4 ,! burn+ ( inc5se 7?urific>i7 is fir/ f\nd late 9 ! #d? c5tury4 ,9 e>li] times x 0 suppos$ to draw on & fe$ ! demons2 aft]w>ds x 0 reg>d$ z ! sure/ means ( driv+ !m away4 ,! consecration ( *ur*es & ! annual commemoration !re( are ref]r$ to ev5 by ,eusebius 7 74 ,ev5 s e>ly z ! times ( ,ambrose ! possession ( relics 0 reg>d$ z an indisp5sable condition to su* s]vices4 #ei4i4 ,processions are ( e>ly date & _h _! prototypes 9 ! hea!n wor%ip 9 ! solemn m>*es at ! high fe/ivals ( ,dionysos1 ,a!ne1 etc41 etc4 ,fir/ at burials & w$d+s1 !y 7 practis$ s9ce ! #d? c5tury at ! reception ( bi%ops or relics1 at ?anksgiv+s = victories1 especially at seasons ( public di/ress & calamity 7,rogationes1 ,supplicationes74 ,bi%op ,mam]tus ( ,vi5na ab\t ,a4,d4 #dej & ,gregory ! ,great develop$ !m into regul>ly recurr+ in/itutions ^: celebration 0 r5d]$ m solemn by c>ry+ ! gospels 9 front1 co/ly crosses & bann]s1 blaz+ tor*es & wax c&les1 relics1 images ( ,m>y & ! sa9ts1 by psalm & hymn s++4 ,! pray]s arrang$ = ! purpose ) invocation ( sa9ts1 & angels & ! popul> refra91 ,ora pro nobis6 7 call$ ,litanies4 #fj4 ,,places ,,( ,,public ,,wor%ip1 ,,build+s ,,& ,,works ,,( ,,art4#aha ,*ur* ar*itecture made rapid advance z a sci5ce 9 ! times ( ,con/ant9e ! ,great4 ,! e>lie/ ar*itectural /yle ?us develop$ is f\nd 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,basilicas4 ,:e!r ?is 0 a purely orig9al k9d ( build+ call$ =? by ! requirem5ts ( congregational wor%ip1 or :e!r & h[ f> x 0 bas$ ^u previ\sly exi/+ /yles1 is /ill a subject ( discussion4 ,9 lat]1 & especially ori5tal1 *ur* build+s ! flat ro( ( ! basilica 0 (t5 *ang$ into a cupola4 ,( ! pla/ic arts pa9t+ 0 ! next to be repres5t$4 #fj4a4 ,! ,basilica4--,! orig9al =m ( ! ,*ri/ian basilica 0 t ( an oblong f\r-sid$ build+ runn+ f we/ to ea/4 ,x 0 divid$ l5g?wise by r[s ( pill>s1 into ?ree p>ts or aisles1 9 su* a way z to leave ! middle aisle at lea/ d\ble ! bread? ( ea* ( ! o!r two4 ,! middle aisle l$ up to a semicircul> recess 71 1 ,con*a1 ,absida71 curv$ out ( ! ea/]n side wall1 :i* 0 sep>at$ f ! middle aisle prop] by a rail+ 71 ,cancelli7 & a curta9 71 ,velum71 &1 because rais$ a few /eps1 0 call$ 7f 74 ,f ! #e? c5tury ! pill>s runn+ d[n ! l5g? ( ! h\se 7 n c>ri$ on to ! ea/]n gable1 & ?us a cross passage or transept 0 =m$1 :i* 0 rais$ to ! level ( ! ,bema & add$ to x4 ,?is transept n[ 9 connection ) ! middle aisle & ! recess impr9ts ^u ! gr\nd plan ( ! *ur* ! significant =m ( ! cross4 ,at ! entrance at ! we/]n end !re 0 a por* :i* occupi$ ! :ole bread? ( ! h\se4 ,?us !n ! :ole fell into ?ree divisions4 ,! ,bema 0 res]v$ = ! cl]gy4 ,! elevat$ seat ( ! bi%op 71 ,ca!dra7 /ood 9 ! middle ( ! r\nd wall =m+ ! recess1 l[] seats = ! presbyt]s on bo? sides 771 ! alt> 9 ! c5tre or 9 front ( ! recess4 ,z a place res]v$ = ! alt> & ! cl]gy ! _h also ! names 1 1 1 ,sacr>ium1 ,sanctu>ium1 ! "n 8,h&book ( ,pa9t+3 ,italian ,s*ools4 ,bas$ on ,kgl]'s ,h&book40 by ,ea/lake2 new ed4 by ,lay>d1 #b vols41 ,lond41 #ahhf4 ( ,*oir be+ fir/ giv5 x 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,"u ! ,apse or ,bema !re 0 usually a subt]ranean *amb]1 1 ,memoria1 ,confessio1 conta9+ ! bones ( m>tyrs4 ,! alt> space 9 lat] times 9 ! ,ea/]n *ur*es in/ead ( be+ m>k$ (f by rail+s or curta9s 0 sep>at$ by a wood5 p>tition :i* because adorn$ ) sacr$ pictures pa9t$ (t5 on a gold5 gr\nd & inlaid ) mo/ preci\s /ones1 0 call$ ! picture scre5 774 ,x _h usually ?ree doors ( :i* ! middle "o1 ! l>ge/ ( ! ?ree1 ! s-call$ 8,royal0 door1 0 res]v$ = ! bi%op & = ! emp]or :5 he communicat$4 ,! ,nave or ma9 "p ( ! build+1 consi/+ ( ?ree1 less frequ5tly ( five1 aisles 71 1 ,navis1 s call$ p>tly f its oblong =m1 p>tly & *iefly on acc\nt ( ! symbolical significance ( ! %ip z a figure ( ! means ( salvation1 ,g54 vii4 #bc71 0 ! place :]e ! baptiz$ laity met1 & 7 arrang$ 9 ! diff]5t aisles accord+ to sex1 age & rank4 ,9 ! ,ea/]n *ur*es gall]ies 77 7 (t5 introduc$ along ! sides = ! wom54 ,! ,por* 71 ,ve/ibulum7 :i* f its great wid? 0 also call$ or ,f]ula1 prop]ly ! holl[ /alk ( an umbellif]\s plant1 0 ! place occupi$ by ! cate*um5s & p5it5ts4 ,9 front ( x1 9 e>li] times unro($1 aft]w>ds cov]$1 0 ! enclosure 71 1 ,atrium1 ,area7 :]e a bas9 ( wat] /ood = wa%+ ! h&s4 ,"h too ! p5it5ts dur+ ! fir/ /age ( _! discipl9e1 z well z ! en]gum5i1 _h to /&4 ,t ! ,atrium 0 also call$ ,p>adisus1 z ,a?anasius tells u1 is be/ expla9$ by suppos+ t "h = ! w>n+ ( p5it5ts !re 0 a picture ( ,adam & ,eve be+ driv5 out ( ,p>adise4 ,! por* & ! side aisles j to ! height ( ! pill>s1 7 %ut 9 ) tesselat$ raft]s & cov]$ ) a "o-sid$ slant+ ro(4 ,b middle aisle & transept 7 height5$ by side walls re/+ on ! pill>s & ris+ high above ! side ro(s & cov]$ ) a two-sid$ slant+ ro(4 ,9 ord] t ! pill>s might be able to be> ?is burd51 !y 7 b\nd "o to ano!r by an ar*$ b9d+4 ,! walls ( ! middle aisle & transepts ris+ above ! side ro(s 7 suppli$ ) w9d[s1 :i* 7 usually want+ 9 ! l[] walls4--,utility 0 ! ma9 consid]ation 9 ! developm5t ( ! plan ( ! basilicas1 b nev]!less at ! same "t ! idea ( symbolical significance 0 also 9 _m ways v fully c>ri$ out1 su* z ! =m ( ! cross 9 ! gr\nd plan1 & ! ?reefold division into middle & side aisles4 ,9 ! b[-%ap$ b9d+ ( ! pill>s ! idea ( press+ =w>d 7,phil4 iii4 #ac1 #ad7 0 repres5t$1 = !re ! eye 0 c>ri$ on f "o pill> to ! o!r & l$ un9t]rupt$ly =w>d to ! recess at ! ea/ end1 :]e /ood ! alt>1 :]e ! ,sun ( righte\sness _h ris5 7,mal4 iv4 #b74 ,! semicircle ( ! recess to :i* ! eye 0 c>ri$ =w>d rem9d$ ( ! horizon f :i* ! sun rose 9 8 beauty2 & ! bold ris+ ( ! walls ( ! middle aisle1 :i* re/$ on ! ar*$ pill>s1 po9t$ ! eye upw>ds & gave ! liturgical sursum corda :i* ! bi%op call$ out to ! congregation a correspond+ expression 9 ar*itectural =m4 ,?is significance 0 fur!r int5sifi$ by ! light fall+ d[n f above into ! sacr$ place4 #fj4b4 ,secul> ,basilicas4--,all spaces adorn$ ) pill>$ c\rts 7 call$ among ! anci5t ,romans basilicas4 ,9 ! private h\ses ( di/+ui%$ ,romans ! "n ,basilica dome/ica 0 giv5 to ! s-call$ ,ocus1 i4e4 ! *amb] res]v$ = solemn occasions ) ! p]i/yle 9 front1 ! inn] op5 c\rt surr\nd$ by cov]$ pill>$ halls2 :ile public m>kets & c\rts ( ju/ice 7 call$ ,basilic =5ses4 ,! latt] 7 oblong 9 %ape2 at ! end opposite ! entrance ! divid+ wall 0 brok5 ?r\gh & 9 ! op5+ a semicircul> recess 0 c>v$ out ) an elevat$ plat=m1 & 9 ?is 7 ! tribunal ( ! prtor & seats = ! assessors & ! jury4 ,9 ! cov]$ pill>$ c\rts along ! two sides 7 ! w>es expos$ = sale & 9 ! usually uncov]$ l>ge middle space ! buy]s & look]s-on mov$ ab\t4 ,outside ( ! enclos+ wall be=e ! entrance 0 (t5 a pill>$ por* /&+ by itself = a lobby4--,f hav+ ! same "n & _m correspond5ces 9 con/ruction ! lat] ,*ri/ian basilica 0 suppos$ to h be5 copi$ f ! =5sic basilica4 ,ze/]mann 0 ! fir/ to conte/ ?is !ory & 9 ?is f\nd he>ty support especially on ! ,ca?olic side4 ,accord+ to him ! ,*ri/ian basilica _h no?+ 9 common ) ! =5sic1 b 0 call$ =? q indep5d5tly ( any e>li] /yle ( build+ by ! requirem5ts ( ,*ri/ian wor%ip4 ,n[ c]ta9ly on ! "o side ! simil>ity _h be5 q unduly ov]-e/imat$4 ,= almo/ ev]y?+ t gave its symbolically significant "* to ! ecclesia/ical basilica1--! transept & ! =m ( ! cross br\ght out by x1 ! b[-%ap$ b9d+ ( ! pill>s1 ! walls ( ! middle aisle re/+ on ! pill>s ris+ %e] into ! heights1 z well z ! entirely new arrangem5t ( ! :ole h\se1 are ! ess5tial & indep5d5t product ( ! ,*ri/ian _s4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 diff]5ces h be5 greatly exagg]at$ & features :i* ! ecclesia/ical basilica _h 9 common ) ! =5sic1 :i* 7 demon/rably copi$ f ! latt]1 h be5 ignor$4 ,on bo? sides1 too1 ! importance = our "q ( ! basilic dome/ic us$ = wor%ip be=e regul> *ur*es 7 built1 has be5 ov]look$4 ,"h ! p]i/yle ) its pill>$ c\rts ) ! ocus atta*$ suppli$ ! divisions ne$$ = ! diff]5t classes att5d+ div9e s]vice 7cl]gy1 congregation1 p5it5ts1 cate*um5s74 ,:at 0 m natural ?an t ?is =m ( build+1 br\ght inde$ into m p]fect accord ) ! ,*ri/ian idea & congregational requirem5ts1 %\ld be adopt$ 9 *ur* build+ & ) x also ! "n ) a new application to ,*ri/ ! heav5ly ,k+8 ,b "o & inde$ a v ess5tial feature 9 ! lat] basilica /yle is want+ g5]ally 9 ! ocus ( private h\ses1 viz4 ! ,apse4 ,"o w\ld naturally suppose t x 0 borr[$ f ! =5sic basilica 9 consid]ation ( its purpose !re1 scruples aga9/ su* proc$ure be+ less5$ z ! hea!n /ate pass$ ov] to ,*ri/ianity4 ,?us too x is easily expla9$ h[ ! e>lie/ basilicas1 l t ( ,tyre consecrat$ 9 ,a4,d4 #cac1 ( :i* ,eusebius' description gives u full in=mation1 h z yet no ,apse4 #fj4c4 ,! ,cupola ,/yle4--,we meet ) ! fir/ example ( ! cupola /yle among ,*ri/ian build+s 9 ! =m ( ,roman mausoleums 9 *apels or *ur*es rais$ ov] m>tyrs' graves4 ,?is /yle1 h[ev]1 0 9 _m ways unsuitable = regul> p>i% *ur*es4 ,! necess>ily limit$ inn] space embrac$ )9 ! circul> or polygonal walls w\ld n admit ( ! significant %ape ( ! nave be+ pres]v$2 x c\ld n be proportionally p>tition$ among cl]gy1 congregation1 cate*um5s & p5it5ts4 ,9 an ideal po9t ( view only ! c5tre ( ! :ole space 0 suitable = ! bema ) ! alt>1 bi%op's ?rone1 etc4 ,9 t case1 h[ev]1 ! half ( ! congregation pres5t w\ld h to /& beh9d ! (ficiat+ cl]gy & s ?is arrangem5t 0 n to be ?\ght (4 ,9 ! lat] ecclesia/ical build+s1 !re=e1 ( ! cupola /yle ! gr\nd plan ( ! basilica 0 adopt$1 ) atrium & n>!x at ! we/ end & bema & apse at ! ea/ end4 ,! old basilica /yle1 ?\gh capable ( s mu* arti/ic adornm5t1 pass$ n[ inde$ m & m into desuetude be=e ! ov]p[]+ impression made ^u "o ent]+ ! build+ by ! cupola 71 ,cuppula7 l a cl\d ( heav5 ov]spann+ at a giddy height ! middle space1 pi]c$ by _m w9d[s & re/+ on f\r pill>s b\nd by ar*es "o to ano!r4 ,besides ?is ma9 & complete cupola !re 7 (t5 a numb] ( semi- & second>y cupolas1 :i* gave to ! :ole build+ f )\t ! appe>ance ( a ri* well ord]$ organism4 ,! greate/ ma/]piece 9 ?is /yle1 :i* ,byzant9e love ( art & beauty valu$ f> m ?an ! simple basilica1 is ! *ur* ( ,sophia at ,con/ant9ople 771 at ! completion ( :i* 9 ,a4,d4 #ehg ,ju/9ian ,i4 cri$ out3 4 #fj4d4 ,accessory & ,special ,build+s4--,alongside ( ! ma9 build+ !re g5]ally 7 additional build+s = special purposes 771 surr\nd$ by an enclos+ wall4 ,among ^! isolat$ extra build+s ,bapti/ries 71 7 held ! fir/ rank4 ,!y 7 built 9 rotunda =m aft] ! patt]n ( ! ,roman ba?s4 ,! baptismal bas9 71 ,pisc9a7 9 ! middle ( ! inn] space 0 surr\nd$ by a s]ies ( pill>s4 ,9 front !re 0 frequ5tly a roomy por* us$ = ! in/ruction ( cate*um5s4 ,:5 infant baptism became g5]al1 sep>ate bapti/ries 7 no long] ne$$4 ,_! place 0 tak5 by ! baptismal font 9 ! *ur* itself on ! nor? side ( ! ma9 entrance4 ,= ! cu/ody ( *ur* jewels1 ornam5ts1 robes1 books1 ar*ives1 etc4 9 ! l>g] *ur*es !re 7 special build+s provid$4 ,! _s ( bro!rhood1 ! ,philadelphia1 express$ itself 9 ! 1 1 1 7,f\ndl+ ,hospitals71 1 4 ,! bury+ gr\nd 71 ,cimet]ium1 ,dormitorium1 ,area7 0 also usually )9 ! wall enclos+ ! *ur* prop]ty4 ,! privilege ( burial )9 ! *ur* 0 grant$ only to emp]ors & bi%ops4 ,:5 clocks came into vogue t[]s 7 introduc$1 b ^! 7 at fir/ simply atta*$ to ! *ur*es1 occasionally ev5 /&+ q ap>t4 #fj4e4 ,*ur* furniture4--,! c5tre ( ! :ole h\se ( ,god 0 ! ,alt> 7 1 1 ,ara1 ,alt>e71 s9ce ! #e? c5tury commonly ( /one1 (t5 ov]laid ) gold & silv]4 ,! alt> /ood out at ! ea/ end1 ! (ficiat+ prie/ beh9d x fac+ ! congregation4 ,! introduction ( ! ,miss solit>i 7 #eh1 #c7 made x necess>y 9 ! ,we/ to h a l>ge numb] ( alt>s4 ,9 ! ,greek *ur* ! rule 0 to h "o alt>4 ,moveable alt>s1 = mission>ies1 crusad]s1 etc41 7 necess>y s9ce ! consecration ( ! alt> _h be5 pron\nc$ indisp5sable4 ,! ,lat9s us$ = ?is purpose a consecrat$ /one plate ) a cov] 7,palla72 ! ,greeks only a consecrat$ alt> clo? 774 ,! alt> clo? 0 reg>d$ z ess5tial1 a d5udatio alt]is z impi\s desecration2 accord+ to liturgical rule1 h[ev]1 ! alt> 0 b>$ on ,friday & ,saturday ( ,passion ,week4 ,f ! alt> clo? 0 di/+ui%$ ! ,corporale1 1 = cov]+ ! oblations4 ,on ! alt> /ood ! ,ciborium1 a canopy support$ by f\r feet1 to :i* by a gold5 *a9 0 atta*$ a dove-%ap$ vessel 77 ) ! consecrat$ sacram5tal elem5ts = ! communion ( ! sick4 ,! ,?uribulum 0 = ! burn+ ( inc5se1 cross = m>*es & processions 7,cruces /ationales7 & bann]s 7,vexilla74 ,9 ! nave 7 seats = ! congregation2 9 ! n>!x !re 7 none4 ,! pulpit or read+ desk 7,pulpitum7 at fir/ movable1 aft]w>ds p]man5tly fix$ to ! rail+s 9 ! middle ( ! bema 9 ! basilica 0 call$ ! ,ambo f 1 or ,lectorium1 our ,engli% ,lect]n4 ,9 _m *ur*es two ambos 7 erect$1 on ! nor? or left side = ! gospel1 & on ! s\? or "r side = ! epi/le4 ,9 l>g] *ur*es1 h[ev]1 ! ambo 0 (t5 br\ght =w>d into ! nave4 ,our *ancel _h its orig9 late 9 ! ,middle ,ages by a sep>ate prea*+ ,ambo be+ erect$ beside ! lect]n1 & rais$ al(t 9 ord] t ! prea*] might be bett] se5 & he>d4--,! introduction ( *ur* clocks 7,nol1 ,campanul1 because commonly made ( ,campanian brass :i* 0 reg>d$ z ! be/7 is sometimes ascrib$ to bi%op ,paul9us ( ,nola 9 ,campania1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #dca1 sometimes to ,pope ,sab9ianus1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #fjf4 ,9 ! ,ea/ !y 7 fir/ introduc$ 9 ! #i? c5tury4 ,9 e>ly times ! h\rs ( s]vice 7 ann\nc$ by ,cursores1 1 aft]w>ds by trumpets or beat+ ( gongs4 #fj4f4 ,! ,graphic & ,pla/ic ,arts 7 #ch1 #c2 #eg1 #d74--,! ,greek *ur* =bade all nudity2 only face1 h&s & feet c\ld be left uncov]$4 ,?is n>r[ness 0 ov]come 9 ! ,we/4 ,brilliancy ( col\r1 co/l9ess ( mat]ial & %[y ov]load+ ( co/ume made up = arti/ic defici5cies4 ,! af=d$ /]eotyp$ =ms = ! c\nt5ances ( images ( ,*ri/1 ,m>y & ! ,apo/les4 ,! ,nimbus1 orig9ally a s(t mi/ or transp>5t cl\d1 ) :i* pagan poets & pa9t]s surr\nd$ ! p]sons or heads ( ! gods1 9 lat] times also ^? ( ! ,roman emp]ors1 made its appe>ance dur+ ! #e? c5tury 9 ,*ri/ian pa9t+ z ! halo1 9 ! =m ( rays1 ( a diadem or ( a circle1 fir/ ( all 9 figures ( ,*ri/4 ,images ( ! ,savi\r b\nd to ! cross 7 fir/ introduc$ ab\t ! end ( ! #f? c5tury4 ,! symbol 0 previ\sly re/rict$ to ! repres5tation ( a lamb at ! foot ( ! cross1 a bu/ ( ,*ri/ at ! top or 9 ! middle ( ! cross1 or ! full figure ( ,*ri/ hold+ ,8 cross be=e ,him4 ,ana/asius ,s9aita 9 ! #g? c5tury1 to %[ 8 opposition to ! monophysite doctr9e t only ! body _h be5 crucifi$1 pa9t$ a figure ( ! crucifi$ :i* /raightway came to be reg>d$ 9 ! ,ea/]n *ur* z ! patt]n figure1 )\t ! cr[n ( ?orns1 ) nimbus1 ! w\nd ( ! spe> ) blood /ream+ =?1 ! cross ) an inscription on bo? sides--,,jc4 ,,xc4--& a slop+ peg z support = ! feet1 & "u ! cross ! skull ( ,adam4 ,! ,we/]n crucifix figures1 on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh likewise gov]n$ by a special type1 %[ great] fre$om 9 arti/ic developm5t4 ,wall or fresco pa9t+ 0 mo/ ext5sively c>ri$ on 9 ! ,catacombs dur+ ! #d?-#f? c5turies4 ,mosaic pa9t+1 ,musivum1 1 ) its imp]i%able beauty ( col\r+1 0 us$ to decorate ! long flat walls ( ! basilicas1 ! vault$ ceil+s ( ! cupolas & ! curv+ sides ( ! apse 7glass-mosaic on a gold gr\nd74 ,liturgical books 7 adorn$ ) m9iature figures4 ,sublimity came m & m to *>act]ize ecclesia/ical art2 x became m maje/ic1 dignifi$ & dispassionate1 b also /iff] & less natural4 ,/atues seem$ to ! anci5t *ur* hea!ni%1 s5su\s & reali/ic4 ,! ,greek *ur* at la/ prohibit$ !m entirely & w\ld n suff] ev5 a s+le crucifix1 b only simple crosses ) a slop+ transv]se beam at ! foot4 ,! ,we/ _h m lib]al views1 yet ev5 !re ,*ri/ian /atues 7 only q isolat$ ph5om5a4 ,!re 0 less scruple 9 reg>d to bas-reliefs & alto-reliefs 77 especially on s>cophagi & ecclesia/ical furniture4 #fa4 ,,life1 ,,discipl9e ,,& ,,morals4#ahb ,:5 :ole cr[ds ( worldly-m9d$ m51 :o only s\ght worldly advantages f pr(ess+ ,*ri/1 7 drawn into ! *ur* aft] ! ,/ate _h become ,*ri/ian1 ! ,*ri/ian life lo/ mu* ( ! e>ne/ness1 p[] & purity1 by :i* x _h conqu]$ ! old _w ( hea!nism4 ,m & m ! *ur* became assimilat$ & con=m$ to ! _w1 *ur* discipl9e grew m lax1 & moral decay made rapid progress4 ,passionate cont5tions1 qu>rels & s*isms among bi%ops & cl]gy fill$ also public life ) p>ty /rife1 animosity & bitt]ness4 ,! immorality ( ! c\rt poison$ by its example ! capital & ! prov9ces4 ,savag]y & lic5ti\sness grew rampant amid ! deva/at+ raids ( ! b>b>ians4 ,hypocrisy & bigotry spe$ily took ! place ( piety among ^? :o /rove aft] some?+ high]1 :ile ! masses consol$ !mselves ) ! reflection t e man c\ld n be a monk4 ,b 9 spite ( all ,*ri/ianity /ill cont9u$ to act z a leav54 ,9 public & civil life1 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice & ! habits ( ! p1 ! ,*ri/ian _s1 !oretically at lea/1 & (t5 also practically1 0 /ill ev]y:]e pres5t4 ,! requirem5ts ( humanity & ! rights ( man 7 recognis$2 slav]y 0 m & m re/rict$2 gladiatorial %[s & immoral exhibitions 7 aboli%$2 ! limits ( pr\d exclusive nationality 7 brok5 ?r\gh2 polygamy 0 nev] tol]at$1 & ! sanctity ( m>riage 0 insi/$ ^u1 ! female sex obta9$ its long unackn[l$g$ rights2 b5evol5t in/itutions 7 #fj1 #d7 fl\ri%$2 & ! invet]ate vices ( anci5t paganism c\ld at lea/ be no long] reg>d$ z ! s\nd1 legitimate & natural conditions & expressions ( civil & social life4 ,ev5 ! pagan1 :o1 adopt+ ! pr(ession ( ,*ri/ianity1 rema9$ pagan at he>t1 0 oblig$ at lea/ to submit himself to ! =ms & requirem5ts ( ! *ur*1 to its discipl9e & morals4 ,! %ady side ( ?is p]iod is gl>+ en\gh1 b a bright side & noble p]sonages ( deep piety1 moral e>ne/ness1 resolute d5ial ( self & ! _w1 are c]ta9ly n want+4 #fa4a4 ,*ur* ,discipl9e4--,! ,p5it5tial ,discipl9e ( ! #crd c5tury 7 #ci1 #b7 dealt only ) public (f5ces :i* _h become common sc&al4 ,b ev5 ^? :o 7 burd5$ 9 consci5ce ) heavy b hidd5 s9s & !reby felt !mselves exclud$ f *ur* fell[%ip1 7 advis$ to seek deliv]ance f ?is secret excommunication by public confession ( s9 be=e ! *ur* 9 ! =m ( exomologesis & to submit to :atev] humiliation ! *ur* %\ld lay ^u !m4 ,9 pres5ce ( ?is h>d & unreasonable dem& ! ne$ mu/ h soon become app>5t ( a secret & private tribunal 9 place ( ?is public "o1 :i* :5 once introduc$ w\ld soon drive ! e>li] out ( ! field4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ?is direction 0 tak5 9 ! end ( ! #crd & beg9n+ ( ! #d? c5tury 9 ! ,ea/]n *ur* by ! appo9tm5t ( a special p5it5tial presbyt]y 74 71 :o "u an oa? ( secresy he>d ! confession ( su* s9n]s & laid ^u !m ! prop] p5ances4 ,b :5 9 ,a4,d4 #cia1 a female p5it5t1 a m>ri$ lady ( good family 9 ,con/ant9ople1 hav+ committ$ adult]y 9 ! *ur* ) a deacon dur+ h] "t ( p5ance1 confess$ ?is s9 also to a prie/ly confessor & s br\ght ab\t ! excommunication ( ! guilty deacon1 ! ,patri>* ,nect>ius 0 oblig$ on acc\nt ( ! popul> feel+ excit$ to aga9 aboli% ! :ole in/itution & to leave to ! consci5ces ( su* s9n]s !mselves ! "q ( p>tak+ 9 ! sacram5ts4 ,b x 0 evid5t t ?is c\ld n exclude pa/oral advice & guidance by ! cl]gy4 ,9 ! ,we/1 not)/&+ ! confid5t ass]tions ( ,socrates1 we nev] meet ) a p5it5tial prie/ expressly appo9t$ to su* duties4 ,j]ome on ,matt4 xvi4 #ai calls x ph>isaic pride 9 a bi%op or presbyt] to arrogate ! judicial function ( =giv+ s9s1 8cum apud ,deum non s5t5tia sac]dotum1 s$ reorum vita quratur40 ,augu/9e di/+ui%es ?ree k9ds ( p5ance correspond+ to ! ?ree classes 9 ! congregation4 #a4 ,! p5ance ( cate*um5s2 all _! previ\s s9s are aton$ = by baptism4 #b4 ,! p5ance ( believ]s ^: v5ial s9s 7peccata v5ialia7 occasion$ by ! univ]sal s9fulness ( human nature obta9 =giv5ess 9 daily pray]4 #c4 ,! p5ance ( ^? :o on acc\nt ( s]i\s actual brea*es ( ! decalogue 7peccata gravia s4 mortalia7 are puni%$ ) ecclesia/ical excommunication4 ,9 e/imat+ ! *ur* discipl9e to be exact$ ( ?is la/ class ( (f5d]s he lays d[n ! pr9ciple t ! degree ( its publicity is to be measur$ 9 accordance ) ! degree ( publicity ( ! (f5ce committ$1 & accord+ to ! magnitude ( ! sc&al :i* x has occasion$4 ,& :5 "s ,italian bi%ops dem&$ 89 pnit5tia1 qu a fidelibus po/ulatur0 ! read+ be=e ! congregation ( a writt5 confession ( _! s91 ,leo ! ,great =bade ?is extreme practice1 z unevangelical z x 0 unreasonable1 decl>+ t x 0 q en\gh to confess ! s9 fir/ to ,god & !n 9 secret confession to ! prie/4 ,b :5 ,leo add$ ! ass]tion3 div9a bonitate ord9atum esse1 ut indulg5tia ,dei nisi supplicationibus sac]dotum nequeat obt9]i2 et salvatorem ipsum1 qui hane prpositis ecclesi tradidit pote/atem1 ut et confid5tibus actionem pnit5ti dur5t1 et eosdem salubri satisfactione purgatos ad communionem sacram5torum p] januam reconciliationis admitt]5t1 huic utique op]i incessabilit] int]v5ire1--we h "h ! fir/ f\ndation laid ( ! pres5t ,roman ,ca?olic doctr9e ( p5ance4 ,b ?is confessio secreta is /ill some?+ v diff]5t f ! lat] s-call$ ,auricul> ,confession4 ,leo's ord9ance treats only ( ! confession ( grave (f5ces1 :i*1 if op5ly committ$ or proclaim$1 w\ld h call$ =? puni%m5t f ! judicial tribunal2 quibus1 says ,leo1 poss9t legum con/itutione p]celli4 ,b /ill m important is ! di/9ction t ev5 ,leo does n conf] ^u ! prie/ absolute p[] ( =giv+ s9 z ,god's viceg]5t1 b only all[s him to (ficiate z 8peccator pro delictis pnit5tium40 ,besides ,leo's view ( ! unconditional necessity ( confession 9 ord] to obta9 div9e =giv5ess ( he9\s s9s by no means ga9$ univ]sal acceptance 9 ! *ur*4 ,! op9ion t x 0 en\gh to confess s9s to ,god alone1 & t confession to a prie/1 :ile helpful & :olesome1 0 n absolutely necess>y1 0 univ]sally preval5t 9 ! ,ea/1 :]e ,*ryso/om especially ma9ta9$ x1 & ev5 9 ! ,we/ d[n to ! "t ( ,gratian1 ,a4,d4 #aaej1 & ,petrus ,pet] ,lomb>dus ,lomb>d1 ,a4,d4 #aafd1 _h num]\s & important repres5tatives among ! tea*]s ( ! *ur* 7 #ajd1 #d74 ,an important /ep onw>ds on ! pa? op5$ up by ,leo 0 tak5 soon aft] him 9 ! ,we/ :5 n m]ely actual s9s b ev5 s9ful dispositions & desires1 ambition1 ang]1 pride1 lu/1 etc41 ( :i* ,joh4 ,cassianus enum]ates eight z vitia pr9cipalia1 z well z ! s9ful ?\ghts spr++ f !m1 7 includ$ 9 ! prov9ce ( secret confession4 ,a sy/em ( confession z a regul> & necess>y prep>ation = obs]v+ ! sacram5t did n z yet exi/4--,! s-call$ ,p5it5tial books f ! #f? c5tury af=d$ a guide to det]m9e ! p5ances to be impos$ ^u ! p5it5ts 9 ! =m ( fa/s1 pray]s1 almsgiv+1 etc41 accord+ to ! degree ( _! guilt4 ,! fir/ ,p5it5tial book = ! ,greek *ur* is ascrib$ to ! ,patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople1 ,joh4 ! ,fa/] or ,jejunator1 ,a4,d4 #eie1 & is entitl$3 4#ahc--;,cont9uation #hi1 #f4 #fa4b4 ,*ri/ian ,m>riage4--,! ecclesia/ical consecration ( ! m>riage tie 7 #ci1 #a7 p]=m$ aft]1 z well z be=e1 civil m>riage by mutual cons5t be=e two secul> witnesses1 0 made m solemn by be+ sep>at$ f ! ord9>y wor%ip & celebrat$ at a special week-day s]vice 7missa pro sponsis71 & a ri* ritual grew up :i* gradually develop$ itself into an indep5d5t liturgy4 ,into ?is _m bridal cu/oms hi!rto despis$ z hea!ni% 7 introduc$1 ! w$d+ r+1 veil+ ! bride1 ! cr[n+ bo? betro!d p>ties ) wrea?s1 bridal sa%es1 bridal tor*es1 bridesmaids or 4 ,! grant+ ( ! w$d+ c]emony 0 reg>d$ z an hon\r :i* w\ld be refus$ 9 ! case ( m>riages n approv$ by ! *ur*4 ,b nei!r ! refusal nor ! neglect ( ! c]emony on ! "p ( ^? newly m>ri$ int]f]$ ) ! validity ( ! m>riage4 ,*>lemagne 0 ! fir/ 9 ! ,we/ & ,leo ,,vi4 7 #gj1 #b7 0 ! fir/ 9 ! ,ea/1 to make ! *ur* c]emony obligatory4 ,m>riage betwe5 free & bond1 :i* 0 reg>d$ by ! /ate z concub9age1 0 reg>d$ by ! *ur* z p]fectly valid4 ,blood relation%ip by consangu9ity & aff9ity 0 reg>d$ z h9drance to m>riage2 artificial relation%ip by adoption & spiritual relation%ip by baptismal & confirmational sponsor%ip 7 #eh1 #a7 7 also h9drances4 ,m>riage betwe5 bro!rs' or si/]s' *ildr5 0 pron\nc$ unbecom+ by ,augu/9e4 ,gregory ! ,great =bade x on physiological gr\nds1 & p]mitt$ m>riage only 9 ! ?ird or f\r? degree ( relation%ip4 ,) gradually increas+ /rictness ! prohibition 0 ext5d$ ev5 to ! sev5? degree1 b f9ally 0 fix$ at ! f\r? by ,innoc5t ,,iii4 9 ,a4,d4 #abae4 ,9 direct opposition to ! ,roman law ( h]$it>y claims :i* e/abli%$ ! degree ( relation%ip accord+ to ! numb] ( actual desc5dants1 s t fa!r & son 7 c\nt$ z relat$ 9 ! fir/ degree to "o ano!r1 bro!rs & si/]s z 9 ! second degree1 uncle & niece or nephew z 9 ! ?ird1 bro!rs' or si/]s' *ildr5 z 9 ! f\r? degree1 ! canon law on h9drances to m>riage beg9s ?is reckon+ aft] ! )drawal ( ! common p>5ts1 s t bro!r & si/] are relat$ 9 ! fir/ degree1 uncle & niece 9 ! second1 etc4 ,sev]al ,c\ncils ( ! #d? c5tury wi%$ to make ! contract+ ( a second m>riage occasion ( *ur* discipl9e2 subsequ5tly ?is dem& 0 ab&on$4 ,_m canoni/s1 h[ev]1 conte/ ev5 yet ! legitimacy ( a ?ird m>riage1 & a f\r? 0 almo/ univ]sally admitt$ to be s9ful & unall[able 7 #fg1 #b74 ,! contract+ ( mix$ m>riages1 ) hea!ns1 ,jews or h]etics1 dem&$ p5ance1 & 0 /rictly =bidd5 by ! second ,trullan ,c\ncil 9 ,a4,d4 #fib4 ,only adult]y 0 usually admitt$ z af=d+ gr\nd = divorce2 & also = ! mo/ "p1 unnatural vice1 murd] & apo/asy4 ,! ,c\ncil at ,mileve 9 ,africa 9 ,a4,d4 #daf = ! fir/ "t =bade divorc$ p]sons m>ry+ aga91 ev5 ! innoc5t p>ty1 & ,pope ,innoc5t ,i4 ,a4,d4 #dag1 made ?is prohibition applicable univ]sally4--,cont9uation #hi1 #d4 #fa4c4 ,sickness1 ,dea? & ,burial4--,! ano9t+ ! sick ) oil 7,mk4 vi4 #ac2 ,jas4 v4 #ad7 z means ( *>ismatic bodily heal+ is met ) d[n to ! #e? c5tury4 ,innoc5t ,i4 put x 9 a decretal ( ,a4,d4 #daf1 = ! fir/ "t z a sacram5t = ! disp5sation ( spiritual bless+ to ! sick4 ,b _m c5turies pass$ be=e ! ano9t+ ( ! sick 0 g5]ally obs]v$ z ! sacram5t ( ,extreme ,unction 7 #gj1 #b2 #ajd1 #e74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,areopagite 7 #dg1 #aa7 reckon$ ! ano9t+ ( ! dead a sacram5t4 ,! clos+ ( ! eyes impli$ t dea? 0 a sleep ) ! hope ( an awak5+ 9 ! resurrection4 ,! frat]nal kiss seal$ ! communion ( ,*ri/ians ev5 beyond ! grave4 ,! putt+ g>l&s on ! corpse z expressive ( victory /ill met ) opposition4 ,sev]al ,synods f\nd x necess>y to =bid ! absurdity ( squeez+ ! consecrat$ elem5ts into ! lips ( ! dead or lay+ !m 9 ! c(f94 ,passionate lam5tation1 r5d+ ( g>m5ts1 we>+ sackclo? & a%es1 hir$ m\rn]s1 cypress bran*es1 etc41 7 reg>d$ z despair+1 hea!ni% cu/oms4 ,s too fe/ivals ( ! dead by night 7 condemn$1 :ile on ! contr>y fun]al processions by day1 ) tor*es1 lamps1 palm & olive bran*es1 7 9 high repute4 ,julian & ! ,v&als prohibit$ !m4 ,9 ! #d? c5tury ! celebration ( ! ,agape & ,supp] at ! grave 0 /ill frequ5t4 ,9 _! place aft]w>ds we f9d m\rn+ fea/s1 b ^!1 on acc\nt ( _! be+ abus$1 7 disall[$ by ! *ur*4 #fa4d4 ,purgatory & ,masses = ,s\ls4--,! connection ( ! cu/om already ref]r$ to by ,t]tullian ( n only pray+ 9 family wor%ip = memb]s ( ! family t _h fall5 asleep1 b also by oblations ( sacram5tal elem5ts on ! memorial days ( ! dead 7,oblationes pro defunctis7 ( giv+ to ! int]cessions at ! ,supp] 9 public wor%ip a special direction to !m1 ) ! doctr9e ( ,purgatory 7,ignis purgatorius7 :i* _h develop$ itself 9 ! ,we/ s9ce ! #e? c5tury1 gave rise to ! in/itution ( masses = s\ls 7 #eh1 #c74 ,! idea ( a place ( puni%m5t betwe5 dea? & ! resurrection1 9 :i* ! v5ial s9s 7peccata v5ialia7 ( believ]s mu/ be aton$ =1 0 q unkn[n to ! :ole anci5t *ur* d[n to ! age ( ,augu/9e & to ! ,greek *ur* till ev5 aft] 8 day 7 #fg1 #f74 ,m5tion is made inde$ ev5 by ,orig5 ( a future or 2 b he means by x a m]e spiritual burn+1 f :i* ev5 a ,paul & a ,pet] 7 n exempt$4 ,9 ! ,we/ x 0 fir/ ,augu/9e :o d$uc$ f ,matt4 xii4 #cb1 t ev5 9 ! h]eaft] =giv5ess ( s9s is possible1 hold+ 9 accordance ) #a ,cor4 iii4 #ac-ae t x is n incr$ible1 b yet always que/ionable1 t _m believ]s :o took ov] ) !m into ! h]eaft] a s9ful connection ) _! e>?ly pa/ life1 might !re he purifi$ by an 8ignis purgatorius0 ( long] or %ort] duration z ! cont9uation & completion ( ! e>?ly 8ignis tribulationis10 fi]y trial1 f ! e>?ly dross /ill adh]+ to !m1 & s might be sav$4 ,) great] confid5ce ,cs>ius ( ,arles tea*es t believ]s :o dur+ _! e>?ly life _h neglect$ to atone = _! m9or (f5ces by almsgiv+ & o!r good works1 mu/ be purifi$ by a l+]+ fire 9 ! next _w1 9 ord] to w9 admission into et]nal bless$ness4 ,f9ally1 ,gregory ! ,great rais$ ?is idea into an e/abli%$ dogma ( ! ,we/]n *ur*1 :ile he1 at ! same "t1 taught t by ! int]cession ( ! liv+ = ! dead1 & especially by ! sacrifices ( ! mass (f]$ = !m _! purgatorial pa9s w\ld be mod]at$ & curtail$4 ,he too ref]r$ to ,matt4 xii4 & #a ,cor4 iii4 ,! ref]5ce to #b ,maccabees xii4 #da-df belongs to a lat] p]iod4--,cont9uation1 #ajf1 #b1 #c4 #fb4 ,,h]etical ,,re=m]s4 ,dur+ ! #d? c5tury a _s ( opposition to ! dom9ant ecclesia/ical sy/em 0 awak5$1 b z x manife/$ itself 9 isolat$ =ms1 x _h no abid+ result & 0 soon /amp$ out4 ,?is _s %[$ itself 9 v>i\s attempts :i* pass$ beyond :at evangelical pr9ciples c\ld v9dicate4 ,x direct$ its attacks p>tly aga9/ ! secul>ization ( ! *ur*1 bran*+ out (t5 into wild fanaticism & rigorism1 & p>tly aga9/ sup]/ition & ext]nalism4 ,disgu/$ ) ! int]m9able !ological controv]sies & h]esy hunt+s ( t age1 _m came to reg>d ! di/9ction betwe5 or?odoxy & h]esy z a matt] ( indiff]5ce s f> z religion is conc]n$1 & to look = ! core & ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity n s mu* 9 doctr9e z 9 morals4 #fb4a4 ,audians & ,apo/olics4--,z fanatical oppon5ts ( ! secul>iz+ ( ! *ur*1 besides ! ,montani/s 7 #dj1 #a7 & ! ,novatians 7 #da1 #c7 /ill surviv+ z isolat$ communities d[n to ! #e? c5tury1 we meet dur+ ! #d? c5tury ) ! ,donati/s 7 #fc1 #a71 ! ,audians & ! ,apo/olics4 ,! sect ( ! ,audians 0 f\nd$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #cdj by a layman1 a monk1 ,audius or ,udo f ,mesopotamia4 ,hav+ be5 *all5g$ = 8 crude an?ropomorphic views1 9 support ( :i* he ref]r$ to ,g54 i4 #bf & o!r passages1 he all[$ himself to be *os5 & orda9$ bi%op ov] 8 adh]5ts4 ,plac$ ?us 9 a directly ho/ile relation to ! ,ca?olic *ur*1 !y accus$ ! *ur* ( mo/ arrant worldl9ess & deg5]acy1 call$ = a return to apo/olic pov]ty & avoid$ all communion ) its memb]s4 ,!y also reject$ ! ,nic5e canon on ! obs]vance ( ,ea/] & adopt$ ! qu>todeciman practice 7 #ef1 #c74 ,on ! motion ( sev]al ,ca?olic bi%ops ! emp]or bani%$ ! f\nd] ( ! sect to ,scy?ia1 :]e he lab\r$ e>ne/ly = ! conv]sion ( ! ,go?s1 f\nd$ also "s bi%oprics & mona/]ies ) /rict rules1 & di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #cgb4 ,! p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians "u ,a?an>ic1 9 ,a4,d4 #cgj 7 #gf1 #a71 press$ sorely ^u ! ,audians4 ,/ill remnants ( !m cont9u$ to exi/ d[n to ! end ( ! #e? c5tury4--,! s-call$ ,apo/olics ( ,asia ,m9or 9 ! #d? c5tury w5t ev5 fur!r ?an ! ,audians4 ,( _! orig9 no?+ c]ta9 is kn[n4 ,!y decl>$ t ! hold+ ( private prop]ty & m>riage are s9ful1 & unconditionally refus$ readmission to all excommunicat$ p]sons4 #fb4b4 ,prote/s aga9/ ,sup]/ition & ,ext]nal ,obs]vances4--,ab\t ! end ( ! #d? c5tury lively prote/s 7 made aga9/ ! sup]/itions & %all[ ext]nalism ( ! *ur*4 ,!y 7 direct$ fir/ ( all to ! wor%ip ( ,m>y1 especially ! n[ wide-spread belief 9 h] p]petua virg9itas z "m ( ,jesus 7 #eg1 #b74 ,! fir/ prote/]s aga9/ ?is doctr9e t we meet ) are ! s-call$ ,antidicom>ianites 9 ,arabia1 :om ,epiphanius s\ght to turn f _! h]esy by a doctr9al epi/le incorporat$ 9 8 hi/ory ( h]esies4 ,9 ! ,we/ too !re sprang up sev]al oppon5ts ( ?is dogma ( ! *ur*4 ,"o ( ! mo/ prom95t ( ^! 0 a layman ,helvidius 9 ,rome 9 ,a4,d4 #chj1 a s*ol> ( ,aux5tius1 ! ,arian bi%op ( ,milan4 ,!n ab\t ,a4,d4 #chh ! ,roman monk ,jov9ian oppos$ on sub/antial doctr9al gr\nds ! prevail+ notions ab\t ! m]it ( works & ext]nal obs]vances1 especially mona/icism1 asceticism1 celibacy & fa/+4 ,& f9ally1 ,bonosus1 bi%op ( ,s>dica1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #cij1 wr\ght 9 ! same direction1 ?\gh at a lat] p]iod he seems to h giv5 8 adhesion to ! ,ebionite error t ,jesus _h be5 an ord9>y man :om ,god adopt$ z ,8 ,son on acc\nt ( ,8 m]it 7,filius ,dei adoptivus74 ,at lea/ 8 y\ng] contempor>y ,m>ius ,m]cator describes him z an advocate ( ^! views alongside ( ,paul ( ,samosata & ,phot9us4 ,we also f9d _m allusions dur+ ! #g? c5tury to a sect ( ,bonosians tea*+ simil> doctr9es 9 ,spa9 & ,gaul1 :o are frequ5tly associat$ ) ! ,phot9ians4 ,ev5 be=e ,jov9ian1 ,arius1 a presbyt] ( ,seba/e 9 ,arm5ia1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #cfj1 ent]$ 8 prote/ aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ! m]it ( ext]nal obs]vances4 ,he object$ to pray] & oblations = ! dead1 w\ld h no compulsory fa/+1 & no di/9ction ( rank betwe5 bi%ops & presbyt]s4 ,9 ?is way he 0 br\ght into collision ) 8 bi%op ,eu/a?ius 7 #dd1 #c74 ,p]secut$ on all sides1 8 adh]5ts betook !mselves to ! caves & =e/s4 ,! two monks ( ,milan1 ,s>matio & ,b>batianus1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #cif1 7 p]haps s*ol>s ( ,jov9ian1 7 at lea/ ( ! same m9d ) him4 ,f9ally1 ,vigilantius1 presbyt] at ,b>celona ab\t ,a4,d4 #djj1 ) passionate viol5ce oppos$ ! v5]ation ( relics1 ! invocation ( sa9ts1 ! prevail+ love ( miracles1 ! vigil s]vices1 ! celibacy ( ! cl]gy & ! m]it ( outw>d obs]vances4--,! c\nt]bla/ ( ! *ur* 0 hot & viol5t4 ,epiphanius wrote aga9/ ! ,audians & ,arians2 ,ambrose aga9/ ,bonosus & ! foll[]s ( ,jov9ian2 ,j]ome ) unp>allel$ bitt]ness & passion aga9/ ,helvidius1 ,jov9ian & ,vigilantius2 ,augu/9e ) great] mod]ation discuss$ ! views ( ,jov9ian :i* 9 _! />t+ po9t 7 relat$ to 8 own sot]iological views4#ahd #fb4c4 ,prote/s aga9/ ! ,ov]-,e/imation ( ,doctr9e4--,ev5 9 ! times ( ,a?anasius a c]ta9 ,rhetorius made 8 appe>ance ) ! ass]tion t all h]etics _h a "r to _! op9ion1 & ,phila/rius ,phila/] speaks ( a sect ( ,rhetorians 9 ,egypt :o1 p]haps ) a ref]5ce to ,phil4 i4 #ah1 set aside altoge!r ! idea ( h]esy & plac$ ! ess5ce ( or?odoxy 9 fidelity to convictions4 ,! ,gnosima*ians 7 relat$ to !m 9 ! depreciation ( dogma1 b w5t beyond !m by :olly )draw+ !mselves f ! doma9 ( dogmatics & occupy+ !mselves exclusively ) morals4 ,!y are put 9 ! li/ ( h]etics by ,joh4 ,damasc5us4 ,?is sect _h sprung up dur+ ! monophysite & mono!lite controv]sies1 & ma9ta9$ t s9ce ,god requires ( a ,*ri/ian no?+ m ?an a righte\s life 7 71 all /riv+ aft] !oretical k is useless & fruitless4 #fc4 ,,s*isms4 ,! ,novatian & ! ,alex&rian ,meletian ,s*isms 7 #da1 #c1 #d7 cont9u$ to rage d[n into our p]iod4 ,!n 9 consequ5ce ( ! ,arian controv]sy !re arose among ! or?odox ?ree new s*isms 7 #ej1 #h74 ,among !m 0 a ,roman s*ism1 foll[$ lat] by sev]al o!rs t grew out ( d\ble elections 7 #df1 #d1 #f1 #h1 #aa74 ,! mo/ ?reat5+ ( all ! s*isms ( ?is p]iod 0 ! ,donati/ 9 ,nor? ,africa4 ,on ! ,johannite s*ism 9 ,con/ant9ople1 see #ea1 #c4 ,ow+ to v>i\s div]sities 9 ! developm5t ( doctr9e 7 #ej1 #g71 con/itution 7 #df71 wor%ip 7 #ef ff471 & discipl9e 7 #fa1 #a71 mat]ial 0 accumulat+ = ! gr& explosion t 0 to bur/ up ! connection ( ,ea/ & ,we/ 7 #fg74 ,! imp]ial union attempts dur+ ! ,monophysite controv]sy caus$ a ?irty-five ye>s' s*ism betwe5 ! two halves ( ! ,*ri/ian _w 7 #eb1 #e71 & want ( "* 9 ! ,roman bi%op ,vigilius split (f ! ,we/ = half a c5tury 7 #eb1 #f74 ,! split betwe5 ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ov] ! union ) ! ,mono!lite p>ty 7 #eb1 #h7 0 soon inde$ ov]come4 ,b soon !reaft] ! second ,trullan ,c\ncil at ,con/ant9ople1 ,a4,d4 #fib1 :i*1 z ! cont9uation ( ! #e? & #f? cum5ical ,c\ncils 7 1 ,concilium qu9isextum71 occupi$ itself exclusively ) que/ions ( con/itution1 wor%ip1 & discipl9e1 :i* _h n !re be5 discuss$1 gave occasion to ! lat] incurable & disa/r\s s*ism4 #fc4a4 ,! ,donati/ ,s*ism1 ,a4,d4 #caa-dae4--;,9 ,nor? ,africa1 :]e e*oes ( ! ,montani/ en?usiasm 7 /ill he>d1 _m volunt>ily & ne$lessly gave !mselves up to m>tyrdom dur+ ! ,diocletian p]secution4 ,! s5sible bi%op ( ,c>?age ,m5surius & 8 ar*deacon ,ccilian ,ccilius oppos$ ?is fanaticism4 ,bo? _h giv5 up h]etical books in/ead ( ! sacr$ books dem&$ ( !m4 ,?is 0 suffici5t to make ! opposite p>ty d5\nce !m z traditores4 ,m5surius di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #caa1 & 8 foll[]s *ose ,ccilian ,ccilius z 8 successor1 & _h him ha/ily orda9$ by bi%op ,felix ( ,aptunga1 be+ sorely press$ by ! ma*9ations ( ! o!r p>ty4 ,! opposition1 ) a bigot$ ri* wid[ ,lucilla at its head1 d5\nc$ ,felix z a traditor1 & s treat$ 8 ord9ation z invalid4 ,x put up a rival bi%op 9 ! p]son ( ! read] ,major9us1 :o soon got1 9 ,a4,d4 #cac1 a m p[]ful successor 9 ,donatus1 call$ by 8 own foll[]s ! ,great4 ,! s*ism spread f ,c>?age ov] all ,nor? ,africa4 ,! peasants1 sorely oppress$ by exorbitant taxes & heavy ville9age1 took ! side ( ! ,donati/s 7,p>s ,donati74 ,con/ant9e ! ,great at ! v fir/ decl>$ himself aga9/ !m4 ,:5 !y compla9$ ( ?is1 ! emp]or conv5$ = ! purpose ( special inve/igation a cl]ical commission at ,rome 9 ,a4,d4 #cac1 "u ! presid5cy ( ! ,roman bi%op ,mel*iades1 & !n a great ,we/]n ,synod at ,arles 9 ,a4,d4 #cad4 ,bo? decid$ aga9/ ! ,donati/s4 ,!y appeal$ to ! imm$iate decision ( ! emp]or1 :o also he>d ! two p>ties at ,milan1 b decid$ 9 accordance ) previ\s judgm5ts 9 ,a4,d4 #caf4 ,n[ foll[$ sev]e measures1 tak+ *ur*es f !m & bani%+ _! bi%ops :i* p[]fully excit$ & increas$ _! fanaticism4 ,con/ant9e resort$ !re=e to mild] & m tol]ant proc$ure1 b 9 _! fanatical zeal !y repudiat$ all compromises4 ,"u ,con/ans ! matt] became /ill m =midable4 ,ascetics mad ) en?usiasm1 drawn f ! v dregs ( ! p1 :o call$ !mselves ,milites ,*ri/i1 ,agoni/ici1 sw>m$ z begg>s ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 ,circumcelliones1 r\s$ ! oppress$ peasants to revolt1 prea*$ fre$om & frat]nity1 =c$ ma/]s to d ! "w ( slaves1 robb$1 murd]$1 & burn$4 ,political revolution 0 c>ri$ on "u ! cov] ( a religi\s movem5t4 ,an imp]ial army put d[n ! revolt1 & an attempt 0 made 9 ,a4,d4 #cdh to pacify ! ne$y ,donati/s by imp]ial gold4 ,b ,donatus flung back ! money ) indignation1 & ! rebellion 0 r5ew$4 ,a sev]e s5t5ce 0 n[ pass$ ^u ! heads ( ! p>ty1 & all ,donati/ *ur*es 7 clos$ or tak5 f !m4 ,julian re/or$ ! *ur*es & recall$ ! exil$ bi%ops4 ,he all[$ ! ,donati/s ) impunity to take viol5t rev5ge ^u ! ,ca?olics4 ,julian's successor h[ev] aga9 issu$ /rict laws aga9/ ! sect>ies1 & s*isms arose among !mselves4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! #d? c5tury bi%op ,optatus ( ,mileve oppos$ !m 9 8 treatise ,de ,s*ismate ,donati/>um ,ll4 ,,vii4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #djj ,augu/9e1 bi%op ( ,hippo ,regius1 began 8 unwe>i$ attacks ^u ?is sect4 ,! milde/ t]ms 7 (f]$ to induce ! ,donati/s to return to ! *ur*4 ,_m ( ! m mod]ate took advantage ( ! opportunity2 b ?is only made ! o!rs all ! m bitt]4 ,!y refus$ repeat$ invitations to a discussion1 fe>+ ,augu/9e's ma/]ly dialectic4 ,augu/9e1 :o at fir/ ma9ta9$ t =ce %\ld n be us$ 9 matt]s ( fai?1 0 mov$ by ! p]si/5t /iffneck$ness & s5seless fanaticism ( 8 oppon5ts to *ange 8 op9ion1 & to confess t 9 ord] to re/ore su* h]etics to ! *ur*1 to salvation1 rec\rse mu/ be _h to viol5t compulsion 7coge intr>e1 ,lk4 xiv4 #bc74 ,a synod at ,c>?age 9 ,a4,d4 #dje call$ ^u ! ,emp]or ,honorius to take proce$+s aga9/ ?is /iffneck$ sect4 ,he did s by impos+ f9es1 bani%+ _! cl]gy1 & tak+ _! *ur*es4 ,augu/9e r5ew$ ! *all5ge to a public disputation4 ,! ,donati/s 7 at la/ compell$ by ! emp]or to ent] ! li/s4 ,?us came ab\t ! ?ree days' ,collatio cum ,donati/is ( ,a4,d4 #daa at ,c>?age4 ,!re appe>$ #bgi ,donati/ & #bhf ,ca?olic bi%ops4 ,petilian & ,primian 7 ! *ief speak]s on ! side ( ! ,donati/s1 ,augu/9e & ,aurelian ( ,c>?age on ! o!r4 ,! imp]ial commission] assign$ ! victory to ! ,ca?olics4 ,9 va9 ! ,donati/s appeal$4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #dad ! ,emp]or decl>$ t !y _h =feit$ all civil rights1 & 9 ,a4,d4 #dae he ?reat5$ all :o att5d$ _! meet+s ) dea?4 ,! ,v&als1 :o conqu]$ ,africa 9 ,a4,d4 #dbi1 p]secut$ ,ca?olics & ,donati/s alike1 & a common ne$ fur!r$ _! reconciliation & secur$ a good mutual und]/&+4--,! ,donati/s />t$ f ! pr9ciple t no "o :o is excommunicat$ or des]ves to be excommunicat$ is fit = ! p]=mance ( any sacram5tal action4 ,) ! ,novatians !y dem&$ ! absolute purity ( ! *ur*1 b admitt$ t rep5tance 0 a means = rega9+ *ur* fell[%ip4 ,!y ma9ta9$ t !y 7 ! pure & ! ,ca?olics 7 s*ismatics1 :o _h no?+ 9 common ) ,*ri/1 ^: adm9i/ration ( ! sacram5ts 0 !re=e invalid & useless1 s t !y ev5 rebaptiz$ ^? :o _h ,ca?olic baptism4 ,! p>tiality ( ! /ate = _! oppon5ts & confus$ bl5d+ ( ! ideas ( ! visible & invisible *ur* l$ !m to adopt ! view t *ur* & /ate1 ! k+dom ( ,god & ! k+dom ( ! _w1 _h no?+ 9 common ) "o ano!r1 & t ! /ate %\ld n int]f]e 9 religi\s matt]s4 #fc4b4 ,! ,concilium ,qu9isextum1 ,a4,d4 #fib4--,?is ,c\ncil claim$ to be reg>d$ z cum5ical & 0 recognis$ z su* ev5 by ,pope ,s]gius ,i4 ,! ,greeks _h n yet got ov] _! vexation at ! triumph :i* ,rome _h won at ! la/ cum5ical ,c\ncil 7 #eb1 #h74 ,x ?us happ5$ t among ! multitude ( h>mless decrees ! foll[+ six 7 smuggl$ 9 :i* 7 9 flat contradiction to ! ,roman practice4 #a4 ,9 enum]at+ ! s\rces ( ! canon law alone valid almo/ all ! ,lat9 ,c\ncils & ,papal ,decretals 7 omitt$1 & ! :ole #he ,canones ,apo/t4 7 #dc1 #d7 includ$1 :]eas ,rome _h pron\nc$ only ! fir/ #ej valid4 #b4 ,! ,roman cu/om ( en=c+ celibacy on presbyt]s & bi%ops is condemn$ z unju/ifiable & inhuman 7 #de1 #b74 #c4 ,fa/+ on ! ,saturdays ( ! ,quadragesima is =bidd5 7 #ef1 #d74 #d4 ,! #bh? ,canon ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,*alc$on :i* makes ! patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople equal to ! bi%op ( ,rome is repeat$ & anew en=c$ 7 #df1 #a1 #g74 #e4 ,! ,levitical prohibition aga9/ blood & ?+s /rangl$ is sanction$ z /ill b9d+ ^u ,*ri/ians1 al?\gh x _h nev] be5 en=c$ by ! ,roman *ur*4 #f4 ,images ( ,*ri/ 9 ! %ape ( a lamb1 :i* 7 v common 9 ! ,we/1 7 =bidd54 ,! papal legates subscrib$ ! decrees ( ! ,c\ncil2 b ! ,pope =bade _! publication 9 all ! *ur*es ( ! ,we/4 ,comp>e fur!r #df1 #aa4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,outside ,,( ,,! ,,roman ,,empire4#ahe #fd4 ,,mission>y ,,op]ations ,,9 ,,! ,,ea/4 ,! real mission>iz+ *ur* ( ?is p]iod 0 ! ,we/]n 7 #ge ff474 ,x 0 pre-em95tly fitt$ = ?is by its practical t5d5cy & call$ to x by its intimate connection ) ! hordes ( ! migrat+ peoples4 ,examples ( organiz$ mission>y activity 9 ! ,ea/ are r>e4 ,yet o!r m occasional ways 7 op5$ = ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity outside ( ! empire1 by ,*ri/ian fugitives & prison]s ( w>1 political embassies & trade associations4 ,an*orets1 monks & /ylites1 too1 :o settl$ on ! bord]s ( ! empire or 9 des]ts outside1 by _! extraord9>y appe>ance made a p[]ful impression on ! surr\nd+ savage tribes4 ,^! /ream$ 9 9 cr[ds1 & ^? /range sa9ts prea*$ ,*ri/ to !m by ^w & "w4 #fd4a4 ,! ,e?iopic-,abyss9ian ,*ur*4#ahf--;,ab\t ,a4,d4 #caf a c]ta9 ,m]opius ( ,tyre on a voyage ( discov]y to ! c\ntries s\? ( ,egypt 0 murd]$ ) 8 :ole %ip's company4 ,only 8 two nephews ,frum5tius & ,a$esius 7 sp>$4 ,!y won ! fav\r ( ! ,abyss9ian k+ & became ! tutors ( ! heir app>5t1 ,aizanas4 ,frum5tius 0 subsequ5tly1 9 ,a4,d4 #dch1 orda9$ by ,a?anasius bi%op ( ! c\ntry4 ,aizanas 0 baptis$1 ! *ur* spread rapidly f ,abyss9ia to ,e?iopia & ,numidia4 ,a translation ( ! bible into ! ,geez dialect1 ! language ( ! c\ntry1 is attribut$ to ,frum5tius4 ,closely connect$ ) ! ,egyptian "m *ur*1 x fell ) x into ,monophysitism 7 #eb1 #g74 ,9 wor%ip & discipl9e1 besides mu* t is primitive1 x has borr[$ _m ?+s f ,judaism1 & reta9$ _m ( ! old habits ( ! c\ntry1 e4g4 obs]v+ ! ,sabba? alongside ( ! ,sunday1 =bidd+ c]ta9 meats1 circumcision1 cov5ant+4 ,_! canon compris$ #ha books3 besides ! biblical1 !re are #af patri/ic writ+s ( ! ,pre-,*alc$onian age4 #fd4b4 ,! ,p]sian ,*ur*4--,! *ur* _h tak5 root 9 ,p]sia z e>ly z ! #crd c5tury4 ,) ! #d? c5tury !re came a sore "t ( bloody p]secution1 :i* 0 con/antly f$ p>tly by ! fanatical ,magians1 p>tly by ! almo/ incessant w>s ) ! ,*ri/ian ,roman empire1 :i* ar\s$ suspicion ( =eign sympa?ies ho/ile to ! c\ntry4 ,! fir/ great & ext5sive p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians broke out 9 ,a4,d4 #cdc "u ,%apur or ,sapores ,sapor ,,ii4 ,x la/$ #ce ye>s & dur+ ?is dreadful "t #af1jjj ( ! cl]gy1 monks & nuns 7 put to dea?1 b ! numb] ( m>tyrs f ! laity 0 f> beyond reckon+4 ,only %ortly be=e 8 dea? ,%apur ,sapor /opp$ ! p]secution & proclaim$ univ]sal religi\s tol]ation4 ,dur+ #dj ye>s' re/ ! ,p]sian *ur* atta9$ to new vig\r2 b ! fanaticism ( ,bi%op ,abdas ( ,susa :o caus$ a fire-temple to be torn d[n 9 ,a4,d4 #dah1 occasion$ a new p]secution1 :i* rea*$ its height 9 ,a4,d4 #dbj "u ,bahram or ,b>anes ,v4 & 0 c>ri$ on = #cj ye>s ) ! mo/ fi5di% +5uity ( cruel tortures4 ,! g5]osity ( a ,*ri/ian bi%op1 ,acacius ( ,amida 9 ,mesopotamia1 :o by ! sale ( ! *ur* prop]ty r$eem$ a multitude ( ,p]sian prison]s ( w> & s5t !m to _! homes1 at la/ mov$ ! k+ to /op ! p]secution4 ,! ,ne/orians driv5 f ! ,roman empire f\nd among ! ,p]sians protection & tol]ation1 b 7 ! occasion "u k+ ,firuz or ,p]oz ( a new p]secution ( ! ,ca?olics1 ,a4,d4 #dfe4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #dih ! :ole ,p]sian *ur* decl>$ 9 fav\r ( ,ne/orianism 7 #eb1 #c71 & enjoy$ =?) undi/urb$ tol]ation1 develop$ to an unexpect$ ext5t1 reta9$ its bloom = c5turies1 gave itself zeal\sly to sci5tific /udies 9 ! sem9>ies at ,nisibis1 & und]took successfully mission "w among ! ,asiatic tribes4 ,! w> ) ! ,byzant9es cont9u$ )\t int]ruption4 ,*osroes ,,ii4 advanc$ victori\sly z f> z ,*alc$on 9 ,a4,d4 #faf & p]secut$ ) r5ew$ cruelty ! ,ca?olic ,*ri/ians ( ! conqu]$ prov9ces4 ,f9ally ! emp]or ,h]aclius pluck$ up c\rage4 ,by ! utt] r\t ( ,a4,d4 #fbh ! p[] ( ! ,p]sians 0 brok5 7 #eg1 #e71 & 9 ,a4,d4 #fea ! ,khalifs ov]?rew ! dyna/y ( ! ,sassanid4 #fd4c4 ,! ,arm5ian ,*ur*4--,!re 7 fl\ri%+ ,*ri/ian *ur*es 9 ,arm5ia s e>ly z ,t]tullian's "t4 ,! ,arsacian rul] ,tiridates ,,iii41 f ,a4,d4 #bhf1 0 a viol5t p]secutor ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,dur+ 8 reign1 h[ev]1 ,gregory ! ,illum9ator1 ! ,apo/le ( ,arm5ia1 c>ri$ on 8 successful lab\rs4 ,he 0 ! son ( a ,p>?ian pr9ce1 :o1 snat*$ :5 a *ild ( two ye>s' old by 8 nurse f ! mid/ ( a massacre ( 8 :ole family1 receiv$ 9 ,cappadocia a ,*ri/ian tra9+4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #cjb he succe$$ 9 w9n+ ov] to ,*ri/ianity ! k+ & ! :ole c\ntry4 ,he left beh9d him ! *ur* :i* he ?us f\nd$ 9 a mo/ prosp]\s condition4 ,8 gr&son ,husig1 8 great gr&son ,n]ses ,i4 & 8 son ,isaac ! ,great held possession ( ! patri>*al dignity & fl\ri%$ ev5 9 ! h>d times1 :5 ,byzant9es1 ,arsacides1 & ,sassanid f\ght = possession ( ! c\ntry4 ,mesrop1 ) ! help ( ,isaac1 ^: successor he became 9 ,a4,d4 #ddj 7dy+ 9 ,a4,d4 #dda71 gave to 8 *ur* a translation ( ! bible into _! own tongue1 = :i* he _h to inv5t a national alphabet4 ,"u 8 successor1 ! patri>* ,joseph1 ! fam\s religi\s w> ) ! ,p]sian ,sassanid broke out1 :o wi%$ to lead back ! ,arm5ians to ! doctr9e ( ,zoroa/]4 ,9 ! fi]ce battle at ! riv] ,de*mud 9 ,a4,d4 #dea ! holy league 0 defeat$4 ,b ,arm5ia /ill ma9ta9$ amid sore p]secution its ,*ri/ian confession4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #fea ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,sassanid br\ght x "u ! rule ( ! ,khalifs4--,! ,arm5ian *ur* _h vigor\sly & e>ne/ly w>d$ (f ,ne/orianism1 b will+ly op5$ its arms to ,monophysitism introduc$ f ,byzant9e ,arm5ia4 ,at a synod at ,fey91 9 ,a4,d4 #ebg1 x condemn$ ! ,*alc$onian dogma4--,gregory ! ,illum9ator _h excit$ among ! ,arm5ians an exce$+ly lively int]e/ 9 culture & sci5ce1 & :5 ,mesrop gave !m an indep5d5t sy/em ( writ+1 ! gold5 age ( ,arm5ian lit]ature dawn$ 7! #e? c5tury74 ,n only 7 _m works ( classical & patri/ic ,greek & ,syrian lit]ature made ! prop]ty ( ! ,arm5ians ?r\gh translations1 b num]\s writ]s built up a lit]ature ( _! own4 ,! hi/ory ( ! conv]sion ( ,arm5ia 0 writt5 9 ! #d? c5tury by ,aga?angelos1 private secret>y ( ! k+4 ,:e!r ?is 0 compos$ 9 ,greek or 9 ,arm5ian is d\btful2 bo? texts are /ill extant1 evid5tly mu* int]polat$ ) fabul\s matt] & also 9 _m po9ts conflict+ ) "o ano!r4 ,9 ! #e? c5tury ,eznik 9 8 8,ov]?r[ ( ,h]etics0 address$ a vigor\s polemic aga9/ pagans1 ,p]sians1 ,m>cionites & ,mani*ans4 ,moses ( ,*or5e1 also a s*ol> ( ,mesrop1 compos$ f ! ar*ives a hi/ory ( ,arm5ia1 & ,elisaeus describ$ ! ,arm5o-,p]sian religi\s w>1 9 :i*1 z secret>y ( ! ,arm5ian comm&] 9 *ief1 he _h tak5 "p4 ,on ! s]vice done by ! ,me*it>i/s to ! old ,arm5ian lit]ature1 see #afd1 #b4ahg #fd4d4 ,! ,ib]ians1 9 :at is n[ call$ ,georgia & ,grusia1 receiv$ ,*ri/ianity ab\t ,a4,d4 #cbf ?r\gh an ,arm5ian female slave ,nunia1 ^: pray] _h heal$ _m sick4 ,! *ur* !n ext5d$ f ,ib]ia to ! ,lazians 9 :at is n[ ,col*ias & among ! neighb\r+ ,abasgians4 ,9 ,india ,!ophilus ( ,diu 7an isl& ( ! ,arabian ,gulf87 f\nd 9 ! middle ( ! #d? c5tury sev]al isolat$ ,*ri/ian communities4 ,he 0 s5t by 8 fell[-citiz5s z ho/age to ,con/ant9ople & !re 0 educat$ = ! ,arian prie/hood4 ,he !n return$ home & c>ri$ on a successful mission among ! ,indians4 ,! relations ( ! ,indian to ! ,p]sian *ur* l$ to ! =m] becom+ affect$ ) ,ne/orianism 7 #eb1 #c74 ,cosmas ,indicopleu/es 7 #dh1 #b7 f\nd 9 ! #f? c5tury ?ree ,*ri/ian *ur*es /ill surviv+ 9 ,india4 ,!ophilus also wr\ght 9 ,arabia4 ,he succe$$ 9 conv]t+ ! k+ ( ! ,himy>ite k+dom at ,yem54 ,9 ! #f? c5tury1 h[ev]1 a ,jew ,dhu-,n[as obta9$ = himself ! sov]eignty ( ,yem5 & p]secut$ ! ,*ri/ians ) unhe>d ( b>b>ity4 ,at la/ ,eleesban k+ ( ,abyss9ia int]f]$2 ! cr[n$ ,jew 0 sla91 & f t "t ,yem5 _h ,*ri/ian k+s till ! ,p]sian ,*osroes ,,ii4 made x a ,p]sian prov9ce 9 ,a4,d4 #faf4 ,an*orets1 monks & /ylites wr\ght successfully among ! ,arab nomadic hordes4 #fe4 ,,! ,,c\nt]-,,mission ,,( ,,! ,,mohamm$ans4#ahh ,abu ,al' ,kasem ,mohamm$ f ,mecca made 8 appe>ance z a prophet 9 ,a4,d4 #faa1 & f\nd$ a mix$ religion ( arid ,mono!ism & s5sual ,endmonism drawn f ,judaism1 ,*ri/ianity & ,arabian paganism4 ,8 "w fir/ ga9$ importance :5 driv5 f ,mecca he fl$ to ,m$9a 7,hejira1 #ae? ,july1 ,a4,d4 #fbb74 ,9 ,a4,d4 #fcj he conqu]$ ,mecca1 consecrat$ ! old ,hea!n ,kaaba z ! *ief temple ( ! new religion1 ,islam 7h5ce ,moslems71 & compos$ ! ,coran1 consi/+ ( #aad suras1 :i* _h be5 collect$ by 8 fa!r-9-law1 ,abu ,bekr4 ,at 8 dea? all ,arabia _h accept$ 8 fai? & 8 rule4 ,z he made x ! mo/ sacr$ duty ( 8 adh]5ts to spread ! new religion by ! sword & _h inspir$ !m ) a wild fanaticism1 8 successors snat*$ "o prov9ce aft] ano!r f ! ,roman empire & ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,)9 a few ye>s1 ,a4,d4 #fcc-fea1 !y conqu]$ all ,syria1 ,pale/9e1 ,egypt & ,p]sia1 !n1 9 ,a4,d4 #gjg1 ,nor? ,africa1 &1 9 ,a4,d4 #gaa1 ,spa94 ,f>!r1 h[ev]1 !y c\ld n g = ! pres5t4 ,twice !y unsuccessfully besieg$ ,con/ant9ople1 ,a4,d4 #ffi-fgf1 & ,a4,d4 #gag-gah1 &1 9 ,a4,d4 #gcb1 ,*>les ,m>tel at ,t\rs completely cru%$ all _! hopes ( ext5d+ fur!r into ! ,we/4 ,b ! :ole ,asiatic *ur* 0 already r$uc$ by _! oppressions to ! mo/ mis]able condition1 & ?ree patri>*ates1 ^? ( ,alex&ria1 ,antio* & ,j]usalem1 7 =c$ to submit to _! caprices4 ,amid manifold oppressions ! ,*ri/ians 9 ^? conqu]$ l&s 7 tol]at$ on ! paym5t ( a tax1 b fe> & an eye to worldly advantages l$ :ole cr[ds ( nom9al ,*ri/ians to pr(ess ,islam4 #fe4a4 ,! ,fundam5tal ,pr9ciple ( ,islam is an arid ,mono!ism4 ,abraham1 ,moses & ,jesus are reg>d$ z ,god-s5t prophets4 ,! miracul\s bir? ( ,jesus1 by a virg91 is also accept$1 & ,m>y is id5tifi$ ) ,miriam ! si/] ( ,moses4 ,! asc5sion ( ,*ri/ is also receiv$4 ,mohamm$1 ! la/ & highe/ ( all ! prophets1 ( :om ,moses & ,*ri/ prophesi$1 has re/or$ to its orig9al purity 8 doctr9e1 :i* _h be5 corrupt$ by ,jews & ,*ri/ians4 ,at ! end ( ! days ,*ri/ w come aga9 to conqu] ,anti*ri/ & give univ]sal sov]eignty to ,islam4 ,mo/ conspicu\s among ! corruptions ( ! doctr9e ( ,jesus is ! dogma ( ! ,tr9ity1 :i* is )\t m ado pron\nc$ ,tri!ism1 & conceiv$ ( z includ+ ! "m ( ,jesus z ! ?ird p]son4 ,s too ! inc>nation ( ,god is reg>d$ z a falsification4 ,! doctr9e ( div9e provid5ce is /rongly emphasiz$1 b is contort$ into ! grosse/ fatalism4 ,! ,mussulman is 9 ne$ ( no atonem5t4 ,fai? 9 ! "o ,god & ,8 prophet ,mohamm$ secure = him ! div9e fav\r1 & 8 good works w9 = him ! mo/ abundant fulness ( et]nal bless$ness1 :i* consi/s 9 absolutely unre/rict$ s5sual enjoym5ts4 ,! con/itution is !ocratic2 ! prophet & 8 successors ! ,khalifs are ,god's viceg]5ts on e>?4 ,wor%ip is re/rict$ to pray]s1 fa/+s & wa%+s4 ,! ,sunna or tradition ( oral utt]ances ( ! prophet is ackn[l$g$ z a second pr9cipal s\rce = ,islam1 alongside ( ! ,coran4 ,! opposition ( ! ,%iites to ! ,sunnites is root$ 9 ! non-recognition ( ! fir/ ?ree ,khalifs & ! prophet's utt]ances only witness$ to by !m4 ,my/icism 0 fir/ fo/]$ among ! ,ssufis4 ,! ,we*abites1 :o fir/ appe> 9 ! #ab? c5tury1 are ! ,puritans ( ,islam4 #fe4b4 ,! ,provid5tial ,place ( ,islam4--,! s]vice "u ,provid5ce r5d]$ by ,mohamm$anism :i* fir/ attracts att5tion is ! doom :i* x execut$ ^u ! debas$ *ur* & /ate ( ! ,ea/4 ,b x seems also to h _h a positive task :i* mu/ be s\ght ma9ly 9 its relation to hea!nism4 ,x reg>d$ ! abolition ( idolatry z its pr9cipal task4 ,nei!r ! prophet nor 8 successors gave any tol]ation to paganism4 ,islam conv]t$ a mass ( savage races 9 ,asia & ,africa f ! mo/ s5seless & immoral idolatries to ! wor%ip ( ! "o ,god1 & rais$ !m to a c]ta9 /age ( culture & morality to :i* !y c\ld nev] h ris5 ( !mselves4 ,b also ^u yet ano!r side1 ?\gh only 9 a pass+ way1 x has s]v$ a provid5tial purpose1 9 spurr+ on m$ival ,*ri/ianity by its example ( devotion to sci5tific pursuits4 ,syncretic1 z its religi\s & intellectual life orig9ally 01 dur+ its fl\ri%+ p]iod f ,a4,d4 #gej1 "u ! brilliant dyna/y ( ! ,abassidean ,khalifs at ,bagdad 9 ,asia1 & f ,a4,d4 #gef 7comp4 #ha7 "u ! no less brilliant dyna/y ( ! ,ommaiadean ,khalifs at ,cordova 9 ,spa91 driv5 out by ! ,abassid f ,damascus1 x readily appropriat$ ! elem5ts ( culture :i* ! classical lit]ature ( ! anci5t ,greeks af=d$ x 7 #db1 #d71 & ) y\?ful en?usiasm its s*ol>s = c5turies on ?is f\ndation kept alive & advanc$ sci5tific /udies--philosophy1 a/ronomy1 ma!matics1 natural sci5ce1 m$ic9e1 geography1 hi/ory--& by _! appropriation ( ^? rese>*es ! ,lat9 ,middle ,ages rea*$ to ! height ( _! sci5tific culture 7 #ajc1 #a74 ,b also ! reawak5+ ( classical /udies 9 ! ,byzant9e ,middle ,ages 7 #fh1 #a71 :i* is ( /ill m importance = ! ,we/ 7 #abj1 #a71 is preem95tly due to ! impetus giv5 by ! sci5tific en?usiasm ( ! ,moslems ( ,bagdad1 :o %am$ ! ,greeks into ! /udy ( _! own lit]ature4 ,) ! ov]?r[ ( ^? two dyna/ies1 ! culture p]iod ( ! ,moslems clos$ sudd5ly & = ev]1 b n until x _h accompli%$ its task = ! ,*ri/ian _w4#ahi ,,?ird ,,section4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,gr,,co-,,byzant9e ,,*ur* ,,9 ,,! #h,,?-#ae,,? ,,c5turies 7,a4,d4 #fib-adec74 ,i4 ,developm5ts ( ! ,greek ,*ur* 9 ,comb9ation ) ! ,we/]n4 #ff4 ,,iconoclasm ,,( ,,! ,,byzant9e ,,*ur* 7,a4,d4 #gbf-hdb74aij ,! wor%ip ( images 7 #eg1 #d7 _h rea*$ its climax 9 ! ,ea/ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! #h? c5tury4 ,ev5 ! mo/ zeal\s def5d]s ( images _h to admit t !re _h be5 exagg]ations & abuses4 ,"s1 e4g41 _h tak5 images z _! godfa!rs1 scrap$ pa9t (f !m to mix 9 ! communion w9e1 laid ! consecrat$ bread fir/ on ! images s z to receive ! body ( ! ,"l f _! h&s1 etc4 ,a p[]ful ,byzant9e rul]1 :o 0 oppos$ to image wor%ip f p]sonal dislike z well z on political gr\nds1 appli$ ! :ole /r5g? ( 8 en]getic w to ! uproot+ ( ?is sup]/ition4 ,?us arose a /ruggle t la/$ m ?an a hundr$ ye>s betwe5 ! enemies ( images 77 & ! fri5ds ( images 771 9 :i* !re /ood1 on ! "o side1 ! emp]or & ! army1 on ! o!r1 ! monks & ! p4 ,twice x seem$ z if image wor%ip _h be5 completely & = ev] /amp$ out2 b on bo? occasions a royal lady secur$ its re/oration4 ,9 practice inde$ ! ,roman *ur* rema9$ beh9d ! ,greek1 b 9 !ory !y 7 agre$1 & 9 ! /ruggle x gave ! :ole weight ( its au?ority to ! fri5ds ( images4 ,on ! "p tak5 by ! ,franki% *ur*1 see #ib1 #a4 #ff4a4 ,leo ,,iii41 ! ,isaurian1 ,a4,d4 #gag-gda4--,leo1 :o 0 "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful ( ! ,byzant9e emp]ors1 aft] ! attack ( ! ,s>ac5s on ,con/ant9ople1 9 ,a4,d4 #gah1 _h be5 successfully repell$1 felt himself oblig$ to take o!r measures aga9/ ! aggressions ( ,islam4 ,9 ! wor%ip ( images abhorr$ by ,jews & ,moslems he p]ceiv$ ! greate/ ob/acle to _! conv]sion1 &1 be+ p]sonally av]se to image wor%ip1 he issu$ an edict1 9 ,a4,d4 #gbf1 :i* fir/ ord]$ ! images to be plac$ high] 9 ! *ur*es t x might be impossible = ! p to kiss !m4 ,b ! peaceable ov]com+ ( ?is deeply root$ =m ( devotion 0 fru/rat$ by ! unconqu]able firmness ( ! n9ety-ye> old patri>* ,g]manus 9 ,con/ant9ople1 z well z by ! opposition ( ! p & ! monks4 ,! greate/ dogmati/ ( ?is age1 ,joh4 ,damasc5us1 :o 0 secur$ f ! rage ( ! emp]or 9 ,pale/9e "u ,s>ac5 rule1 issu$ ?ree spirit$ tracts 9 def5ce ( ! images4 ,a c]ta9 ,cosmas took advantage ( a popul> ris+ 9 ! ,cyclades1 _h himself proclaim$ emp]or & w5t ) a fleet aga9/ ,con/ant9ople4 ,b ,leo conqu]$ & _h him execut$1 & n[ 9 a second edict ( ,a4,d4 #gcj ord]$ all images to be remov$ f ! *ur*es4 ,n[ began a w> aga9/ images by milit>y =ce1 :i* w5t to great excess 9 fanatical viol5ce4 ,repeat$ popul> tumults 7 quell$ 9 blood4 ,only 9 ,rome & ,nor? ,italy did ! p[]ful arm ( ! emp]or make no impression4 ,pope ,gregory ,,ii41 ,a4,d4 #gae-gca1 treat$ him 9 8 lett]s l a /upid1 ill-mann]$ s*ool-boy4 ,9 proportion z ! bitt]ness aga9/ ! emp]or increas$ en?usiasm = ! pope increas$1 & gave expression to itself 9 ! mo/ vehem5t revolts aga9/ ! imp]ial ,c\ncil4 ,a great "p ( ! ex>*ate 7 #df1 #i7 surr5d]$ volunt>ily to ! ,longob>ds & s mu* ( x 9 ! nor? z rema9$ ) ! emp]or prov$ m ob$i5t to ! pope ?an to ! sov]eign4 ,gregory ,,iii41 ,a4,d4 #gca-gda1 at a ,synod 9 ,rome 9 ,a4,d4 #gca excommunicat$ all enemies ( images4 ,! emp]or fitt$ out a p[]ful fleet to *a/ise him1 b a /orm broke x up4 ,he n[ depriv$ ! pope ( all 8 rev5ues f ,s\!rn ,italy1 sev]$ ,illyria 7 #df1 #e7 9 ,a4,d4 #gcb f ! papal *air & gave x to ! patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople1 b 9 do+ s he cut ! la/ cord t b\nd ! ,roman *air to ! int]e/s ( ! ,byzant9e ,c\rt 7 #hb1 #a74 #ff4b4 ,con/ant9e ,v4 ,a4,d4 #gda-gge4--,to ! son & successor ( ,leo ! monks gave ! unsav\ry names ( ,copronymus & ,caball9us 9 tok5 ( _! hatr$1 ! latt] on acc\nt ( 8 love ( horses1 ! =m] because x 0 said t at 8 baptism he _h defil$ ! wat]4 ,he 0 l 8 fa!r a p[]ful rul] & soldi]1 & 9 ! battle aga9/ images yet m reckless & det]m9$4 ,he conqu]$ 8 bro!r-9-law :o _h rebell$ ) ! aid ( ! fri5ds ( ! images1 & caus$ him to be cruelly treat$ & bl9d$4 ,z popul> tumults /ill cont9u$1 he ?\ght to get ecclesia/ical sanction = 8 pr9ciples f an cum5ical ,c\ncil4 ,ab\t #cej bi%ops assembl$ 9 ,con/ant9ople1 ,a4,d4 #ged4 ,b1 z ! *air ( ,con/ant9ople _h j become vacant1 :ile ,rome1 :i* _h excommunicat$ ! enemies ( images1 refus$ to answ] ! summons1 & ,alex&ria1 ,antio* & ,j]usalem 7 "u ,s>ac5 rule1 !re 0 n a s+le patri>* pres5t at ! ,synod4 ,! ,c\ncil excommunicat$ all :o made images ( ,*ri/1 = x decl>$ t ! ,supp] 0 ! only true image ( ,*ri/1 & condemn$ e k9d ( v5]ation ( images4 ,^! decrees 7 n[ rel5tlessly c>ri$ out ) savage viol5ce4 ,?\s&s ( monks 7 sc\rg$1 imprison$1 bani%$1 *as$ ?r\gh ! circus ) nuns 9 _! arms = ! sport ( ! p1 or =c$ into m>riage1 _m _h _! eyes g\g$ out1 or _h _! nose or e>s cut (f1 & ! mona/]ies 7 turn$ into b>racks or /ables4 ,ev5 9 private h\ses no image ( a sa9t 0 any long] to be se54 ,f ,rome ,/eph5 ,,ii4 prote/$ aga9/ ! decisions ( ! ,c\ncil1 & ,/eph5 ,,iii4 f a ,lat]an ,synod ( ,a4,d4 #gfi ?und]$ a fe>ful ana!ma aga9/ ! enemies ( images4 ,b 9 ! ,byzant9e empire monk]y & image wor%ip 7 well nigh ext+ui%$4 #ff4c4 ,leo ,,iv41 ,*az>us1 ,a4,d4 #gge-ghj4--,! son ( ,con/ant9e 0 ( ! same m9d ) 8 fa!r1 b want$ 8 en]gy4 ,8 wife ,ir5e 0 an eag] fri5d ( ! images4 ,:5 ! emp]or discov]$ ?is1 he began to take active measures1 b 8 suspici\sly sudd5 dea? put a /op to op]ations4 ,ir5e n[ us$ ! fre$om :i* ! m9ority ( h] son ,con/ant9e ,,vi4 af=d$ h] = ! introduction ( image wor%ip4 ,%e call$ a new ,c\ncil at ,con/ant9ople 9 ,a4,d4 #ghf1 :i* also ,hadrian ,i4 ( ,rome att5d$1 :ile ! o!r patri>*s1 be+ "u ,s>ac5 rule1 took no "p 9 x4 ,b ! imp]ial gu>d attack$ ! place :]e !y 7 sitt+1 & broke up ! ,c\ncil4 ,ir5e n[ arrang$ = ! ,sev5? cum5ical ,c\ncil at ,nica1 ,a4,d4 #ghg4 ,! eigh? & la/ session 0 held 9 ! imp]ial palace at ,con/ant9ople1 aft] ! gu>ds _h be5 )drawn f ! city & dis>m$4 ,! ,c\ncil annull$ ! decisions ( ,a4,d4 #ged1 & sanction$ image wor%ip = x all[$ ! b[+ & pro/ration be=e ! images 7 7 z a tok5 ( ! rev]5ce :i* 0 due to ! orig9al1 & decl>$ t ?is 9 no way int]f]$ ) t wor%ip 77 :i* 0 due to ,god alone4#aia #ff4d4 ,! next emp]ors 7 fri5dly to image wor%ip1 b ! victory _h dep>t$ f _! /&>ds4 ,!n ! army1 :i* _h always be5 ho/ile to images1 proclaim$ ,leo ,v41 ! ,arm5ian1 ,a4,d4 #hac-hbj1 emp]or1 an av[$ oppon5t ( images4 ,he proce$$ v cauti\sly1 b ! soldi]s set aside 8 prud5ce & laun*$ out into viol5t raids aga9/ images4 ,at ! head ( ! patrons ( images 0 ,!odorus ,/udita1 abbot ( ! mona/]y ( ,/udion 7 #dd1 #b71 a man ( unfeign$ piety & unfalt]+ decision ( "*1 ! mo/ acute apologi/ ( image wor%ip1 :o _h ev5 9 exile be5 eag]ly promot+ ! int]e/s ( 8 p>ty4 ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #hbf4 ,leo lo/ 8 life at ! h& ( conspirators4 ,8 successor1 ,mi*ael ,,ii41 ,balbus1 ,a4,d4 #hbj-hbi1 all[$ at lea/ t images %\ld be rev]5c$ 9 private4 ,8 son ,!ophilus1 ,a4,d4 #hbi-hdb1 on ! o!r h&1 made x ! bus9ess ( 8 life to root out entirely e trace ( image wor%ip4 ,b 8 wife ,!odora1 :o aft] 8 dea? conduct$ ! gov]nm5t z reg5t1 _h x =mally re9troduc$ by a ,synod at ,con/ant9ople 9 ,a4,d4 #hdb4 ,s9ce !n all opposition to x has ceas$ 9 ! ,greek *ur*1 & ! day ( ! ,synodal decision1 #ai? ,febru>y1 0 appo9t$ a /&+ fe/ival ( or?odoxy4 #fg4 ,,division ,,betwe5 ,,greek ,,& ,,roman ,,*ur*es ,,& ,,attempts ,,at ,,union1 ,a4,d4 #heg-adec4aib ,! second ,trullan ,c\ncil 9 ,a4,d4 #fib _h giv5 ! fir/ occasion to ! great s*ism :i* r5t ! ,*ri/ian _w into two halves 7 #fc1 #b72 ,photius gave x a doctr9al basis 9 ,a4,d4 #hfg2 & ,mi*ael ,crul>ius 9 ,a4,d4 #ajec complet$ its developm5t4 ,! increas+ ne$ ( ! ,byzant9e gov]nm5t drove x to make repeat$ attempts at reconciliation1 b ^! ei!r 7 nev] conclud$ or ! union1 if at all complet$1 prov$ a m]e pap] union4 ,! ,sisyphus lab\r ( union ef=ts end$ only ) ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,byzant9e empire 9 ,a4,d4 #adec4 ,! ?ree /ages ref]r$ to--! e>ly misund]/&+s1 ! av[$ doctr9al div]g5ce1 & ! f9al decisive sep>ation--z well z ! p]si/5t rejection ( attempts at reunion1 7 n :olly ow+ to ! importance ( c]emonial diff]5ces4 ,aft] z well z be=e !re _h be5 free *ur* communion betwe5 !m4 ,x 0 n ow+ to ! importance ( ! almo/ solit>y po9t ( doctr9al diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 9 ref]5ce to ! filioque 7 #ej1 #g71 :]e if !re _h be5 good w a common und]/&+ might easily h be5 won4 ,x 0 really ! papal claims to ! primacy to :i* ! ,greeks absolutely refus$ to submit4 #fg4a4 ,f\ndation ( ! ,s*ism1 ,a4,d4 #hfg4--;,dur+ ! m9ority ( ! emp]or ,mi*ael ,,iii41 son ( ,!odora 7 #ff1 #d71 surnam$ ! ,drunk>d1 8 uncle ,b>das1 ,!odora's bro!r1 direct$ ! gov]nm5t4 ,ignatius1 patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople at t "t1 himself desc5d$ f ! imp]ial family1 la%$ sev]ely ! godless1 vici\s life ( ! c\rt1 & 9 ,a4,d4 #heg kept back f ! communion ! all-p[]ful ,b>das1 :o liv$ 9 ince/u\s int]c\rse ) 8 own daught]-9-law4 ,he 0 !n depos$ & bani%$4 ,photius1 ! mo/ le>n$ man ( 8 age1 previ\sly comm&] ( ! imp]ial bodygu>d1 0 rais$ to ! vacant *air1 & inh]it$ ! hatr$ ( all ! fri5ds ( ,ignatius4 ,he made proposals ( agreem5t :i* 7 pr\dly & scornfully reject$4 ,he !n held a ,synod 9 ,a4,d4 #hei1 :i* confirm$ ! deposition ( ,ignatius & excommunicat$ him4 ,b no?+ 9 ! _w c\ld make 8 p>ty ab&on 8 claims4 ,n[ ,photius wi%$ to be able to lay 9 ! scales ! ,roman bi%op's approval ( 8 que/ionable proce$+s4 ,he !re=e laid an acc\nt ( matt]s highly fav\rable to himself be=e ,pope ,ni*olas ,i41 & s\ght 8 bro!rly love & int]cessions4 ,! pope answ]$ t he mu/ fir/ exam9e ! :ole affair4 ,8 two legates1 ,rhodoald ( ,porto & ,za*>ias ( ,anagni1 7 brib$ & at a ,c\ncil at ,con/ant9ople 9 ,a4,d4 #hfa gave _! cons5t to ! deposition ( ,ignatius4 ,ni*olas1 h[ev]1 _h o!r report]s4 ,he excommunicat$ 8 own legates & pron\nc$ ,ignatius ! lawful patri>*4 ,bitt]ness ( feel+ rea*$ its height 9 ,con/ant9ople1 :5 soon !reaft] ! ,bulg>ians broke _! connection ) ! ,byzant9e "m *ur* & submitt$ to ! pope 7 #gc1 #c74 ,photius n[ by an ,encyclica ( ,a4,d4 #hff call$ ! patri>*s ( ! ,ea/ to a ,c\ncil at ,con/ant9ople1 & *>g$ ! ,roman *ur* ) ! mo/ extreme h]esies2 t x enjo9$ fa/+ on ,saturday 7 #ef1 #a71 all[$ milk1 butt] & *eese to be eat5 dur+ ! fir/ week ( ! ,quadragesima 7 #ef1 #g71 did n ackn[l$ge m>ri$ prie/s 7 #de1 #b71 did n prohibit ! cl]gy f %av+ ! be>d 7 #de1 #a71 pron\nc$ ano9t+ by a presbyt] invalid 7 #ce1 #d71 b above all1 t by ! addition ( ! filioque 7 #ej1 #g7 x _h falsifi$ ! cre$1 recognis+ ?us two pr9ciples & s fall+ back into dualism4 ,) su* h]esies too ! pope _h n[ infect$ ! ,bulg>ians4 ,! meet+ ( ! ,c\ncil took place 9 ,a4,d4 #hfg4 ,?ree monks1 tutor$ by ,photius1 repres5t$ ! patri>*s "u ,s>ac5 rule4 ,excommunication & deposition 7 hurl$ aga9/ ! pope1 & ?is s5t5ce 0 communicat$ to ! ,we/]n *ur*es4 ,! pope 0 evid5tly al>m$4 ,he ju/ifi$ himself be=e ! ,franki% cl]gy & insi/$ t !y %\ld answ] ! *>ges ( ! ,greeks 9 a s*ol>ly reply4 ,?is 0 done by sev]al1 mo/ ably by ,ratramnus1 monk at ,corbie4 ,b dur+ t ye>1 ,a4,d4 #hfg1 ! emp]or ,mi*ael 0 murd]$4 ,8 murd]] & successor ,basil ! ,mac$onian und]took ! patronage ( ! p>ty ( ,ignatius1 & ask$ ( ,pope ,hadrian ,,ii4 a new inve/igation & decision4 ,a ,synod at ,con/ant9ople1 ,a4,d4 #hfi1 c\nt$ by ! ,lat9s ! #h? cum5ical1 condemn$ ,photius & re/or$ ,ignatius4 ,! decid+ ab\t ! ,bulg>ians1 h[ev]1 0 n committ$ to ! ,c\ncil b to ! reput$ repres5tatives ( ! ,s>ac5 patri>*s z imp>tial umpires4 ,!y naturally decid$ 9 fav\r ( ! ,byzant9e patri>*4 ,9 va9 ! legates remon/rat$4 ,photius 9 o!r respects "u mis=tune displays a "* wor?y ( our e/eem4 ,= sev]al ye>s he langui%$ )\t company1 )\t books1 "u ! /ricte/ mona/ic rules4 ,yet he reconcil$ himself to ,ignatius4 ,basil entru/$ him ) ! education ( 8 *ildr51 & on ! dea? ( ,ignatius 9 ,a4,d4 #hgh1 re/or$ him to ! patri>*ate4 ,b /ill ! ban ( an cum5ical ,c\ncil lay ^u him4 ,only a new cum5ical ,c\ncil c\ld v9dicate him4 ,john ,,viii4 agre$ to ?is aga9/ ! remon/rances ( ! ,bulg>ians4 ,b at ! n9? ,c\ncil at ,con/ant9ople1 ,a4,d4 #hgi1 ! eigh? accord+ to ! ,greeks1 ! papal legates 7 completely dup$4 ,!re 0 no m5tion ( ! ,bulg>ians1 ! ,c\ncil ( ,a4,d4 #hfi 0 repudiat$1 & e "o excommunicat$ :o d>$ add any?+ to ! cre$4 ,! pope aft]w>ds inde$ laun*$ an ana!ma aga9/ ! patri>*1 8 ,c\ncil1 & 8 foll[]s4 ,! succe$+ emp]or1 ,leo ! ,philosoph]1 ,a4,d4 #hhf-iaa1 aga9 depos$ ,photius 9 ,a4,d4 #hhf1 b only t he might put an imp]ial pr9ce 9 8 place4 ,photius di$ 9 mona/ic exile 9 ,a4,d4 #hia4 #fg4b4 ,leo ,,vi41 ! ,philosoph]1 ,a4,d4 #hhf-iaa4--,?is emp]or 0 ?ree times m>ri$ )\t hav+ any *ildr54 ,he m>ri$ ! f\r? only :5 he _h assur$ himself t %e w\ld n be b>r54 ,! patri>* ,nicolaus ,nicolas ,my/icus refus$ 7 #fa1 #b7 to celebrate ! m>riage & 0 depos$4 ,a ,synod at ,con/ant9ople 9 ,a4,d4 #ijf1 att5d$ by ! legates ( ,pope ,s]gius ,,iii41 approv$ ! m>riage & ! deposition4 ,b on 8 dea?b$ ,leo rep5t$ ( 8 viol5ce4 ,8 bro!r & successor ,alex&] re/or$ ! patri>* ,nicolas1 & ,pope ,john ,x4 att5d$ a ,synod at ,con/ant9ople 9 ,a4,d4 #ibj1 :i* condemn$ ! ,c\ncil ( ,a4,d4 #ijf1 & pron\nc$ a f\r? m>riage absolutely unall[able1 b %[$ no incl9ation to make any concessions to ! pope4 ,new negociations 7 begun by ! emp]or ,basil ,,ii4 ,9 consid]ation ( a l>ge sum ( money ! v5al pope ,john ,,xix4 0 will+ to ackn[l$ge ! ,byzant9es z cum5ical patri>*s ( ! ,ea/1 & to resign all claims ( ! *air ( ,pet] ^u ! ,ea/]n *ur*4 ,b ! affair became kn[n be=e x 0 conclud$4 ,! removal ( ! new ,judas 0 l\dly dem&$ ?r\gh\t ! ,we/1 & ! pope 0 compell$ to break (f 8 negociations4 #fg4c4 ,completion ( ! ,s*ism1 ,a4,d4 #ajed4-,?\gh s _m ana!mas _h be5 flung at ,rome by ,byzantium & at ,byzantium by ,rome1 !y _h hi!rto be5 direct$ only aga9/ ! p]sons & _! foll[]s1 n aga9/ ! respective *ur*es z su*4 ,?is defect 0 n[ to be suppli$4 ,! emp]or ,con/ant9e ,monma*us s\ght ! papal fri5d%ip :i* he ?\ght necess>y to ! success ( 8 w>like und]tak+s4 ,b ! patri>* ,mi*ael ,crul>ius fru/rat$ 8 ef=ts4 ,9 company ) ! ,metropolitan ( ! ,bulg>ians1 ,leo ( ,a*rida1 he address$ 9 ,a4,d4 #ajec an epi/le to bi%op ,john ( ,trani 9 ,apulia1 9 :i* he *>g$ ! ,lat9s ) ! wor/ h]esies1 & adjur$ ! ,we/]n bi%ops to sep>ate f !m4 ,to ! h]esies already enum]at$ by ,photius1 he add$ c]ta9 o!rs2 ! use ( blood & ?+s /rangl$1 ! )drawal ( ! ,hallelujah dur+ ! fa/ season1 & above all ! use ( unleav5$ bread 9 ! ,supp] 7 #eh1 #d71 on acc\nt ( :i* he inv5t$ = ! h]etics ! "n ( ,azymites4 ,?is lett] fell into ! h&s ( ,c>d9al ,humb]t1 :o translat$ x & laid x be=e pope ,leo ,,ix4 ,a viol5t correspond5ce foll[$4 ,! emp]or (f]$ to d any?+ to re/ore peace4 ,at 8 reque/ ! pope s5t ?ree legates to ,con/ant9ople1 among !m ! occasion ( ! /rife1 ,humb]t 7 #aja1 #b71 & ,c>d9al ,fr$]ick ( ,lo?r+51 aft]w>ds pope ,/eph5 ,,ix4 7 #if1 #f74 ,^! fann$ ! flame1 in/ead ( qu5*+ x4 ,imp]ial pressure inde$ br\ght ! abbot ( ,/udion1 ,nicetas ,pectoratus to burn 8 controv]sial treatise be=e ! legates1 b no ?reat nor viol5ce c\ld move to submission ! patri>*s1 on ^: side 7 ! p & ! cl]gy4 ,! legates f9ally laid a =mal decree ( excommunication on ! alt> ( ! *ur* ( ,sophia1 :i* ,mi*ael toge!r ) ! o!r ,ea/]n patri>*s solemnly return$1 ,a4,d4 #ajed4 #fg4d4 ,attempts at ,reunion4--,! crusades increas$ ! brea* in/ead ( heal+ x4 ,_m negociations 7 begun b none ( !m came to mu*4 ,at a ,synod at ,b>i 9 ,naples1 9 ,a4,d4 #ajih1 ,anselm ( ,cant]bury 7 #aja1 #a71 :o !n liv$ z a fugitive 9 ,italy1 prov$ to ! ,greeks !re pres5t ! correctness ( ! ,lat9 doctr9e ( ! ,procession ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #aaac1 ,petrus ,pet] ,*rysologus1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,milan1 v9dicat$ x 9 a complete disc\rse be=e ! emp]or at ,con/ant9ople4 ,& 9 ,a4,d4 #aace1 ,anselm ( ,havelb]g1 :o w5t to ,con/ant9ople z ambassador = ,lo?air ,,ii41 disput$ ) ! ,ar*bi%op ,nicetas ( ,nicom$ia1 & aft]w>ds at ! comm& ( ! pope wrote d[n ! disputation ) cr$itable fai?fulness4 ,! hatr$ & abhorr5ce ( ! ,greeks rea*$ its climax on ! erection ( ! ,lat9 empire at ,con/ant9ople1 ,a4,d4 #abjd-abfa 7comp4 #id1 #d74 ,nev]!less ,mi*ael ,palologus1 ,a4,d4 #abfj-abhb1 :o br\ght ?is dyna/y to an end1 /rove on political gr\nds 9 e way possible to ov]come ?is ecclesia/ical s*ism4 ,! patri>* ,joseph ( ,con/ant9ople & 8 libr>ian1 ! celebrat$ ,joannes ,beccus1 /ubbornly )/ood him4 ,! latt] inde$ 9 imprisonm5t became conv9c$ t ! diff]5ces 7 uness5tial & t a union 0 possible4 ,?is *ange ( m9d secur$ = him ! patri>*'s *air4 ,mean:ile ! negotiations ( ! emp]or ) ! pope1 ,gregory ,x41 9 :i* he ackn[l$g$ ! ,roman *air to be ! highe/ c\rt ( appeal 9 doctr9al controv]sies1 7 br\ght to a po9t 9 ! cum5ical ,c\ncil at ,lyons1 ,a4,d4 #abgd1 reckon$ by ! ,lat9s ! f\rte5?4 ,! imp]ial legates "h ackn[l$g$ ! primacy ( ! pope & subscrib$ a ,roman cre$1 :ile to !m 0 grant$ lib]ty to use _! cre$ )\t ! addition & to practise _! peculi> ecclesia/ical cu/oms4 ,beccus v9dicat$ ?is union 9 sev]al treatises4 ,b a *ange ( dyna/y ov]?rew him 9 ,a4,d4 #abhc4 ,joseph 0 re/or$ & ! union ( ,lyons 0 brok5 up leav+ no trace beh9d4 #fg4e4 ,! advance ( ! ,turks made x absolutely necess>y = ! ,ea/ ,roman emp]ors to secure ! support ( ! ,we/ by reconcil+ & unit+ !mselves ) ! papacy4 ,b ! p[]ful p>ty ( ! monks1 support$ by popul> prejudice aga9/ ! proposal1 ?w>t$ ! imp]ial wi%es on all sides4 ,! patri>*s ( ,alex&ria1 ,antio* & ,j]usalem too 7 zeal\s oppon5ts1 n only animat$ by ! old bitt]ness t[>d _! m prosp]\s rivals on ! *air ( ,pet]1 b also influ5c$ aga9/ ! views ( ! emp]or by ! policy ( _! ,s>ac5 rul]s4 ,! emp]or ,&ronicus ,,iii4 ,palologus won to 8 side ! abbot ,b>laam ( ,con/ant9ople1 hi!rto1 ?\gh born 9 ,calabria & !re educat$ 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic fai?1 a zeal\s oppon5t ( ! ,we/]n doctr9e4 ,b>laam w5t at ! head ( an imp]ial embassy to ,avignon :]e ! pope at t "t1 ,b5$ict ,,xiii41 resid$1 ,a4,d4 #acci4 ,negotiations1 h[ev]1 broke d[n ?r\gh ! ob/9acy ( ! pope1 :o dem&$ ( ! ,greeks above all unconditional submission 9 doctr9e & con/itution1 & also %[$ n once any wi% = r5ew+ ! conf]5ce4--,on ,b>laam1 comp4 #fi1 #b4--,! political difficulties ( ! emp]or1 h[ev]1 cont9ually increas$1 & s ,joannes ,v4 ,palologus took fur!r /eps4 ,he himself 9 ,a4,d4 #acfi 9 ,rome pass$ ov] to ! ,lat9 *ur*1 b nei!r did he get 8 p to foll[ him1 nor did pope ,urban ,v4 get ! ,we/]n pr9ces to give help aga9/ ! ,turks4 #fg4f4 ,! union attempts ( ,joannes ,,vii4 ,palologus _h m appe>ance ( success4 ,! emp]or _h won ov] ! patri>* ,joseph ( ,con/ant9ople1 z well z ! clev] & highly cultur$ ar*bi%op ,bess>ion ( ,nica1 & w5t p]sonally 9 company ) ! latt] & _m bi%ops1 9 ,a4,d4 #adch1 to ! papal ,c\ncil at ,f]r>a 7 #aaj1 #h71 :]e ! pope1 ,eug5ius ,,iv41 fe>+ le/ ! ,greeks might jo9 ! re=matory ,c\ncil at ,basel1 %[$ himself v graci\s4 ,! ,c\ncil1 nom9ally on acc\nt ( ! outbreak ( a plague at ,f]r>a 0 transf]r$ to ,flor5ce1 & "h ! union 0 actually consummat$ 9 ,a4,d4 #adci4 ,! primacy ( ! pope 0 ackn[l$g$1 ?\gh n altoge!r )\t dubiety ( expression1 ! ritual diff]5ces z well z ! prie/ly m>riages ( ! ,greeks tol]at$1 ! doctr9al diff]5ce r$uc$ to a misund]/&+ & ! or?odoxy ( bo? *ur*es ma9ta9$4 ,9 ! ,lat9 text ( ! decree ref]r$ to ! pope 0 ackn[l$g$ z 8,successor ( ,pet]1 ! *ief ( ! ,apo/les1 & ! vic> ( ,*ri/10 z 8head ( ! :ole ,*ur*1 & fa!r & tea*] ( all ,*ri/ians1 to :om pl5>y p[] 0 giv5 by our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ to fe$1 rule1 & gov]n ! univ]sal ,*ur*0--yet ) ! significant addition 89 su* a way z x is set =? 9 ! cum5ical ,c\ncils & 9 ! sacr$ ,canons10 by :i* c]ta9ly ! ,greeks ?\ght only ( ! ,canons ( ,nica & ,*alc$on ref]r$ to 9 #df1 #a1 b ! ,lat9s ma9ly ( ! ,pseudo-,decretals ( #hg1 #b2 & ?us x happ5s t 9 mo/ ( ! ,greek texts ! propositions t def9e ! univ]sal primacy ( ! pope are ei!r want+1 or ess5tially modifi$4 ,! fir/ place aft] ! pope is giv5 to ! patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,9 reg>d to ! doctr9e ( ! ,procession ( ! ,holy ,_s x 0 admitt$ t ! ,greek =mula 8ex ,patre p] ,filium0 0 ess5tially ! same z ! ,lat9 8ex ,patre ,filioque10 & by ! def9ition 8quod ,sp4 ,s4 ex ,p4 simul et ,f4 et ex utroque t]nalit] tanquam ab uno pr9cipio et unica spiratione proc$it10 ! latt] 0 sav$ f ! *>ge ( dualism4 ,a new diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 came to light 9 ref]5ce to ,purgatory 7 #fa1 #d74 ,! int]cessions ( ! liv+ & ! pres5t+ ( masses = ! dead 7 all[$ by ! ,greeks z help+ to secure ! =giv5ess ( _! /ill unaton$ = v5ial s9s1 b !y decid$ly oppos$ ! view t any ( ! dead c\ld obta9 ?is by 8 own tempor>y endurance ( p5al suff]+s1 & !y w\ld n he> ( a fire z a means = its atta9m5t4 ,! ,lat9s also taught t ! unbaptiz$ or ^? dy+ 9 mortal s9 imm$iately pass into et]nal condemnation & ! p]fectly pi\s imm$iately pass into ,god's pres5ce2 :ile ! ,greeks ma9ta9$ t ?is happ5s only at ! la/ judgm5t4 ,aft] long disputes1 ! ,greeks1 urg$ by _! emp]or1 at la/ gave 9 on bo? po9ts4 ,)\t mu* difficulty !y accept$ ! sev5 sacram5ts ( ! ,we/]ns 7 #ajd1 #b74 ,?us 0 ! union consummat$ amid embrac+s & jubilant %\t+s4 ,b 9 reality ev]y?+ rema9$ z ( old4 ,a p[]ful p>ty at ^: head /ood ar*bi%op ,m>cus ,eug5icus ( ,ephesus1 :o _h be5 %\t$ d[n at ,flor5ce1 r\s$ ! :ole ,ea/ aga9/ ! union t _h be5 made on pap]4 ,! new patri>* ,metrophanes1 :om !y repudiat$1 0 ridicul$ z 1 & 9 ,a4,d4 #addc ! re/ ( ! ,ea/]n patri>*s at a ,synod at ,j]usalem excommunicat$ all :o ma9ta9$ ! union4 ,:5 moreov] ! hop$ = help f ! ,we/ did n come ev5 ! union p>ty lo/ _! int]e/ 9 x4 ,bess>ion pass$ ov] to ! ,roman *ur*1 became c>d9al & bi%op ( ,tuscoli1 & 0 z su* on two occasions v ne> be+ made pope4#aic #fg4g4 ,! ,byzant9e ,*ri/ian empire w5t mean:ile rapidly to decay4 ,on ! #bi? ,may1 #adec1 ,con/ant9ople 0 /orm$ by ,mohamm$ ,,ii4 ,! la/ emp]or1 ,con/ant9e ,,xi41 fell 9 a h]oic /ruggle aga9/ trem5d\s odds4 ,mohamm$ conf]r$ ^u ! patri>* ,g5nadius 7 #fh1 #e7 ! spiritual primacy & ev5 temporal supremacy & full jurisdiction ov] ! :ole or?odox inhabitants ( ! empire1 mak+ him1 h[ev]1 answ]able = _! conduct4 ,! o!r two patri>*ates ( ,j]usalem & ,antio* 7 9 religi\s matt]s co-ord9ate1 9 political matt]s subord9ate1 to him4 ,= ! execut+ ( 8 spiritual p[] he _h ar\nd him a ,synod ( twelve ar*bi%ops1 ( :om f\r z hold]s ( ! f\r divisions ( ! patri>*al diocese resid$ 9 ,con/ant9ople4 ,! ,synod *ose ! patri>*s & ! ,sultan confirm$ ! elections4--,all union negociations 7 n[ at an end1 = ! ,porte c\ld only wi% = ! cont9uance ( ! s*ism4 ,! enorm\s cr[ds ( ,greek refugees :o s\ght protection 9 =eign l&s1 especially 9 ,italy1 ,hung>y1 ,galicia1 ,pol&1 ,li?uania1 ei!r w5t directly ov] to ! ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*1 or =m$ *ur*es ( _! own "u ! "n ( ,unit$ ,greeks1 pur*as+ lib]ty to obs]ve _! old *ur* con/itution & liturgy by accept+ ! ,romi% doctr9e & ! papal primacy4 ,,ii4 ,developm5ts 9 ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* )\t ! ,co-op]ation ( ! ,we/]n4 #fh4 ,,!ological ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,lit]ature4 ,! iconocla/ic /ruggle1 ,a4,d4 #gbf-hdb1 0 to "s ext5t a w> aga9/ art & sci5ce4 ,at lea/ no p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,greek ,middle ,ages is s poor 9 ^! z ?is4 ,b ab\t ! middle ( ! #i? c5tury ,byzant9e culture awoke f its deep torpor to a vig\r ( :i* no "o w\ld h ?\ght x capable4 ,:at is /ill m wond]ful1 = six hundr$ ye>s x ma9ta9$ its position )\t a break at ?is elevation & prosecut$ lit]>y & sci5tific /udies ) a zeal t seem$ to be quick5$ z its political condition became m & m desp]ate4 ,:at specially *>act]iz$ ! s*ol>ly ef=ts ( ?is "t 0 ! revival ( classical /udies :i* f ! #f? c5tury _h be5 almo/ entirely neglect$4 ,n[ all at once ! decay+ ,greeks1 :o 7 ?reat5$ ) intellectual z well z political bankruptcy1 began to realize ! ri* h]itage :i* _! pagan =efa!rs _h bequea!d !m4 ,!y se>*$ out ^! treasures amid ! du/ ( libr>ies & appli$ to !m a dilig5ce1 an en?usiasm1 a pride1 :i* fills u ) a/oni%m5t4 ,! ,hell5ic intellect _h1 inde$1 long lo/ its g5ial creative p[]4 ,! mo/ ambiti\s ef=t ( ?is age did n g beyond explanatory reproduction & s*ol>%ip4 ,^u !ology1 h[ev]1 b\nd h>d & fa/ 9 traditional propositions & ,ari/otelian =mul1 ! revival ( classical /udies _h relatively little influ5ce1 & :]e x did break ! fett]s x only gave entrance to a deluge ( hea!n ,hell5ic views t paganiz$ ,*ri/ianity4 #fh4a4 ,! %ame caus$ by ! zeal ) :i* ! ,khalifs ( ! ,abassidean l9e at ! end ( ! #h? c5tury appli$ !mselves to ! classical ,greek lit]ature seems to h giv5 ! fir/ impulse to ! ,revival ( ,classical ,/udies4 ,beh9d ?is we mu/ suppose !re 0 ! influ5ce ( ! ,byzant9e rul]s1 unless !y _h lo/ all trace ( national feel+4 ,b>das1 ! gu>dian & co-reg5t ( ,mi*ael ,,iii4 7 #fg1 #a71 if !re is no?+ else 9 him wor?y ( praise1 has ! cr$it ( hav+ be5 ! fir/ to lay anew ! f\ndation ( classical /udies by e/abli%+ s*ools & pay+ _! tea*]s4 ,basil ! ,mac$onian1 al?\gh himself no s*ol>1 patroniz$ & protect$ ! sci5ces4 ,photius 0 ! tea*] ( 8 *ildr51 & implant$ 9 !m a love ( /udy :i* !y transmitt$ to _! *ildr5 & *ildr5's *ildr54 ,leo1 ! ,philosoph]1 ! son1 & ,con/ant9e ,porphyrog5neta1 ! gr&son1 ( ,basil 7 ! brilliant s*ol>s 9 ! ,mac$onian dyna/y4 ,_! place 0 tak5 by ! l9e ( ! ,comn5i f ,a4,d4 #ajeg1 :i* introduc$ a mo/ brilliant p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5tific /udies4 ,! pr9cesses ( ?is h\se1 ,eudocia & ,anna ,comn5a1 won high fame z gift$ & le>n$ au?ors4 ,:at ,photius 0 = ! age ( ! ,mac$onians1 ,psellus 0 = ! age ( ! ,comn5i4 ,!ssalonica vi$ ) ,con/ant9ople z a new ,a!ns 9 ! brilliancy ( its classical culture4 ,! rud5ess ( ! crusad]s ?reat5$ dur+ ! sixty ye>s' int]regnum ( ! ,lat9 dyna/y1 to undo ! "w ( ! ,comn5i4 ,b :5 9 ,a4,d4 #abfa ! ,palologi aga9 obta9$ possession ( ,con/ant9ople1 le>n+ rose once m to ! front & won an ev] increas+ significance4 ,& :5 ! ,turks took x 9 ,a4,d4 #adec cr[ds ( le>n$ ,greeks settl$ 9 ,italy & spread _! c>efully fo/]$ culture all ov] ! ,we/4 #fh4b4 ,ari/otle & ,plato4--,! revival ( classical /udies secur$ aga9 a pref]5ce = ,plato1 :o seem$ m classical1 at lea/ m ,hell5ic1 ?an ,ari/otle4 ,b ! ecclesia/ical imprimatur t _h be5 giv5 to ,ari/otle1 :i* _h be5 =mally express$ by ,joh4 ,damasc5us1 =m$ a b>ri] aga9/ ! ov]fl[+ ( ,platonism into ! !ological doma94 ,! *ur*'s di/ru/ ( ,plato1 on ! o!r h&1 drove _m ( ! m en?usia/ic fri5ds ( classical /udies into a sort ( ,hell5ic paganism4 ,! eag]ness ( ! /ruggle rea*$ its height 9 ! #ae? c5tury4 ,gemi/hus ,ple?o mov$ heav5 & e>? to drive ! hat$ usurp] ,ari/otle f ! ?rone ( sci5ce4 ,he call$ = unconditional surr5d] to ! wisdom ( ! div9e ,plato & express$ ! confid5t hope t soon ! "t w\ld come :5 ,*ri/ianity & ,islam w\ld be conqu]$ & ! religion ( pure humanity w\ld h univ]sal sway4 ,( simil> views 7 8 num]\s s*ol>s1 ( :om ! mo/ di/+ui%$ 0 ,bess>ion 7 #fg1 #f74 ,b ,ari/otle also _h tal5t$ repres5tatives 9 ,george ( ,trebizond & 8 s*ol>s4 ,num]\s repres5tatives ( ! two s*ools settl$ 9 ,italy & !re c>ri$ on ! conflict ) increas+ bitt]ness4--,cont9uation #abj1 #a4 #fh4c4 ,s*ola/icism & ,my/icism 7 & 74--,by ! application ( ! ,ari/otelian me?od :i* ,joh4 ,philoponus 7 #dg1 #aa7 _h sugge/$1 & ,joh4 ,damasc5us _h c>ri$ out1 ! sci5tific treatm5t ( doctr9e 9 ! ,greek *ur* _h tak5 a =m :i* 9 _m respects resembles ! s*ola/icism ( ! ,lat9 ,middle ,ages1 )\t be+ able1 h[ev]1 to rea* its weal?1 p[]1 subtlety & dep?4 ,b alongside ( ! dialectic s*ola/ic treatm5t ( dogma !re 0 f\nd1 especially 9 ! quiet life ( ! mona/]ies1 dilig5t fo/]+ ( ! my/icism bas$ ^u ! pseudo-,areopagite 7 #dg1 #aa74 ,its *ief repres5tative 0 ,nicolas ,cabasilas4 ,?is my/icism nev] ran c\nt] to ! wor%ip or doctr9e ( ! *ur*1 b r r5d]$ to x unconditional ackn[l$gm5t1 & 0 specially *>act]iz$ by its decid$ pref]5ce = ! symbolical1 to :i* x is c>eful to atta* a ?or\ghly sacram5tal significance4 ,no reason exi/$ = any ho/ile enc\nt]s betwe5 dialectic & my/icism4 #fh4d4 ,! ,bran*es ( ,!ological ,sci5ce4--,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( our p]iod ,joh4 ,damasc5us collect$ ! results ( previ\s ,dogmatic lab\rs 9 ! ,greek *ur* by ! use ( ! dialectic =ms ( ,ari/otle into an organic sy/em4 ,8 ,ecdosis is ! fir/ & la/ complete dogmatic ( ! old ,greek *ur*4 ,! manifold int]c\rse ) ! ,lat9 *ur* occasion$ by ! union ef=ts 0 n1 h[ev]1 )\t influ5ce on ! ,greek *ur*4 ,9 spite ( ! ke5e/ opposition on debat$ que/ions1 ! f> m ?or\ghly develop$ /atem5t by ,lat9 s*ola/icism ( doctr9es 9 reg>d to :i* bo? 7 agre$ communicat$ itself to ! ,greek *ur*1 s t all unwitt+ly x adopt$ on _m po9ts ! same bases & t5d5cies ( belief4 ,polemics 7 con/antly c>ri$ on ) ,ne/orians1 ,monophysites & ,mono!lites1 & fre% subjects ( debate 7 f\nd 9 ! iconocla/ic disputes1 newly em]g+ duali/ic sects1 ! ,lat9 s*ismatics & ! def5d]s ( ! union4 ,by ! *ang$ circum/ances ( ! "t ,apologetics aga9 came to ! front z a !ological necessity4 ,! incessant advance ( ,islam & ! ,jewi% polemic1 :i* 0 n[ ga9+ boldness f ! protection ( ! ,s>ac5s1 urg5tly dem&$ ! "w ( ! ,apologi/1 b ! dom9ant s*ola/ic traditional !ology ( ! ,greeks 9 its h>dness & n>r[ness 0 little fitt$ to av]t ! /orm ( ,god's judgm5t4 ,f9ally1 too1 ! revival ( classical /udies & ! introduction ( pagan modes ( ?\ght 7 foll[$ by a r5ewal ( anti-pagan ,apologetics 7,nicolas ( ,me?one74 ,9 ,exegesis !re 0 no indep5d5t orig9al "w4 ,valuable cat5as 7 compil$ by cum5ius1 ,!ophylact & ,eu?ymius ,zigab5us4 ,*ur* ,hi/ory lay completely fall[4 ,only ,nicephorus ,calli/i 9 ! #ad? c5tury gave any att5tion to x 7 #e1 #a74 ,incomp>ably m important = ! *ur* hi/ory ( ^? times are ! num]\s ,scriptores hi/4 ,byzant94 ,z a writ] ( leg5ds ,simeon ,metaphra/es 9 ! #aj? c5tury 787 ga9$ a high reputation4 #fh4e4 ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ !ologian ( ! #h? c5tury 0 ,joannes ,damasc5us4 ,he 0 long 9 ! civil s]vice ( ! ,s>ac5s1 & di$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #gfj z monk 9 ! mona/]y ( ,sabas 9 ,j]usalem4 ,8 admir]s call$ him ,*rysorrhoas2 ! oppon5ts ( image wor%ip :o pron\nc$ a ?rice repeat$ ana!ma ^u him at ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ant9ople 9 ,a4,d4 #ged1 call$ him ,mansur4 ,8 *ief "w1 :i* ranks 9 ! ,greek *ur* z an epo*-mak+ production1 is ! 4 ,its fir/ "p1 1 =ms ! dialectic1 ! second "p1 1 ! hi/orical1 introduction to ! ?ird or *ief "p3 1 a sy/ematic collection ( ! doctr9es ( fai? accord+ to ! ,c\ncils1 & ! tea*+s ( ! anci5t ,fa!rs1 especially ( ! ?ree ,cappadocians4 ,8 conta9 a collection ( loci classici f patri/ic writ+s on dogmatic & moral subjects arrang$ 9 alphabetical ord]4 ,he wrote besides controv]sial tracts aga9/ ,*ri/ological h]etics1 ! ,paulicians1 ! oppon5ts ( image wor%ip1 etc41 & compos$ sev]al hymns = *ur* wor%ip4#aid--;,among ! num]\s writ+s ( ,photius1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #hia1 und\bt$ly ! mo/ important is 8 ,biblio!ca1 4 ,x gives reports ab\t & extracts f #bgi ,*ri/ian & pagan works1 :i* h s9ce 9 great "p be5 lo/4 ,9 addition to controv]sial treatises aga9/ ! ,lat9s & aga9/ ! ,paulicians1 !re are /ill extant 8 1 answ]s to m ?an #cjj que/ions laid be=e him by bi%op ,amphilo*ius1 & 8 ,nomo-canon 7 #dc1 #c7 :i* is /ill ! basis ( ,greek canon law1 & 01 ab\t ,a4,d4 #aahj1 comm5t$ on by ! deacon ( ,con/ant9ople1 ,!odore ,balsamon 9 8 4--,! brilliant p]iod ( ! ,comn5ian dyna/y 0 head$ by ,mi*ael ,psellus1 tea*] ( philosophy at ,con/ant9ople1 a man ( wide culture & possess$ ( an a/oni%+ly ext5sive /ore ( in=mation :i* 0 ev9c$ by num]\s works on a v>iety ( subjects1 s t he 0 designat$ 4 ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #aaje4 ,among 8 !ological writ+s ! mo/ important is 7comp4 #ga1 #c74 ,z ?is "w is ( ! utmo/ importance = ! demonology ( ! ,middle ,ages1 s ! 1 a comp5dium ( univ]sal sci5ce on ! basis ( !ology1 is = ! encyclopdic k ( t p]iod4 ,8 contempor>y ,!ophylact1 ar*bi%op ( ,a*rida1 9 ,bulg>ia1 left beh9d him an important comm5t>y 9 ! =m ( a cat5a4 ,eu?ymius ,zigab5us1 monk at ,con/ant9ople1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! #ab? c5tury1 compos$1 by ord] ( ! emp]or ,alexius ,comn5us1 9 reply to ! h]etics1 a 9 #bd bks41 :i* ga9$ = him great repute 9 8 times4 ,x is a m]e compilation1 & only :]e he combats ! sects ( 8 own age is x ( any importance4 ,8 exegetical compilations are ( great] value4 ,! mo/ important p]sonality ( ! #ab? c5tury 0 ,eu/a?ius1 ar*bi%op ( ,!ssalonica4 ,z comm5tator on ,hom] & ,p9d> he has be5 long highly valu$ by philologi/s2 b f ! publication ( 8 !ological ,opuscula x appe>s t he is wor?y ( high] fame z a ,*ri/ian1 a !ologian1 a *ur* lead] & re=m] ( ! debas$ mona/icism ( 8 age 7 #gj1 #d74 ,8 fri5d & pupil1 ,mi*ael ,acom9atus ( ,*on1 ar*bi%op ( ,a!ns1 treat$ ) equal en?usiasm ( ! *ur* & 8 fa!rl&1 ( ,*ri/ian fai? & ,greek philosophy1 ( patri/ic & classical lit]ature1 & 9 a beautiful panegyric rais$ a becom+ memorial to 8 dep>t$ tea*]4 ,8 y\ng] bro!r1 ,nicetas ,acom9atus1 a highly e/eem$ /atesman ( ,con/ant9ople1 wrote a 9 #bg bks41 :i* consi/s ( a ju/ificatory /atem5t ( ! or?odox doctr9e toge!r ) a refutation ( h]etics1 mu* m indep5d5t & important ?an ! simil> "w ( ,eu?ymius4 ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #abjf4 ,at ! same "t fl\ri%$ ! noble bi%op ,nicolas ( ,me?one 9 ,mess5ia1 ^: refutation ( ! attacks ( ! neo-,platoni/ ,proclus1 is "o ( ! mo/ valuable productions ( ?is p]iod4 ,8 doctr9e ( r$emption1 :i* has a /rik+ resemblance to ,anselm ( ,cant]bury's !ory ( satisfaction 7 #aja1 #a71 is wor?y ( att5tion4 ,he also contribut$ sev]al tracts to ! /ruggle aga9/ ! ,lat9s4 ,dur+ ! times ( ! ,palologi1 ,a4,d4 #abej-adej1 ! *ief subjects ( !ological au?or%ip 7 ! v9dication & d5unciation ( ! union4 ,nicolas ,cabasilas1 ar*bi%op ( ,!ssalonica & successor ( ,palamas1 des]ves special m5tion4 ,he 0 l 8 pr$ecessor ! v9dicator ( ! ,hesy*a/s 7 #fi1 #b71 & 0 himself "o ( ! noble/ my/ics ( any age4 ,he di$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #aced4 ,8 *ief "w is 4 ,8 my/icism is di/+ui%$ by dep? & spirituality z well z by re=matory /ruggl+ aga9/ a sup]ficial ext]nalism4 ,he also %>es ! p>tiality ( ,greek my/icism = ! liturgy z 8 ,expositio ,miss %[s4 ,f 8 contempor>y ,demetrius ,cydonius we h an able treatise ,de ,contemn5da ,morte4 ,ar*bi%op ,simeon ( ,!ssalonica belongs to a some:at lat] "t1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #adjj1 a ?or\gh exp]t 9 classical & patri/ic lit]ature & a di/+ui%$ *ur* lead]4 ,8 compreh5sive "w1 ,de ,fide1 ,ritibus et ,my/]iis ,ecclesia/4 is an important s\rce ( in=mation ab\t ! *ur* affairs ( ! ,greek ,middle ,ages4 ,m>cus ,eug5icus ( ,ephesus1 ! mo/ capable oppon5t ( ! ,flor5t9e union 7 #fg1 #b71 besides controv]sial tracts1 wrote a treatise z a philosophico-dogmatic f\ndation ( ! doctr9e ( et]nal puni%m5t at :i* ! emp]or ,john ,,vii4 ,palologus _h tak5 (f5ce z incompatible ) div9e ju/ice & human frailty4 ,8 disciple ,gregorius ,gregory ,s*ol>ius1 kn[n z a monk by ! "n ,g5nadius1 0 ! fir/ patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople aft] x _h be5 tak5 by ! ,turks4 ,at ! ,c\ncil ( ,flor5ce he /ill support$ ! union1 b 0 aft]w>ds its mo/ vigor\s assailant4 ,9 ! controv]sy ( ! philosoph]s he cont5d$ aga9/ ,ple?o = ! old-e/abli%$ pr$om9ance ( ,ari/otle4 ,at ! reque/ ( ! ,sultan1 ,mohamm$ ,,ii41 he laid be=e him a ,pr(essio fidei4 #fh4f4 ,a religi\s romance entitl$ ,b>laam & ,josaphat ^: au?or is n nam$1 b evid5tly belong$ to ! ,ea/1 0 includ$1 ev5 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 among ! works ( ,joh4 ,damasc5us1 read by _m especially 9 ! ,we/1 translat$ into ,lat9 & r5d]$ (t5 9 metrical =m4 ,x describes ! hi/ory ( ! conv]sion ( ! ,indian pr9ce ,josaphat by ! eremite ,b>laam ) ! object ( %[+ ! p[] ( ,*ri/ianity aga9/ ! allurem5ts ( s9 & its sup]iority to o!r religions4 ,an uncritical age accept$ ! /ory z hi/orical1 & v5]at$ its two h]oes z sa9ts4 ,! ,roman m>tyrology celebrat$ ! #bg? ,nov4 9 _! memory4 ,liebre*t has discov]$ t ! romance s popul> 9 its days 0 b a ,*ri/ianiz$ =m ( a leg5d>y hi/ory ( ! life & conv]sion ( ! f\nd] ( ,buddhism1 :i* exi/$ 9 pre-,*ri/ian times1 & has come d[n to u "u ! title ,lalita ri/>a ,purna1 (t5 copy+ its orig9al ev5 9 ! m9ute/ details4 #fi4 ,,doctr9al ,,controv]sies ,,9 ,,! #ab,,?-#ad,,? ,,c5turies4 ,) ! m5tal activity ( ! ,comn5ian age !re 0 also reawak5$ a love ( !ological speculation & discussion1 & sev]al doctr9al que/ions engag$ consid]able att5tion4 ,!n !re came a lull 9 ! controv]sial /rife = two hundr$ ye>s1 to be r\s$ once m by a "q ( ab/ruse my/icism4 #fi4a4 ,dogmatic ,que/ions4--,"u ! emp]or ,manuel ,comn5us1 ,a4,d4 #aadc-aahj1 ! "q 0 discuss$ :e!r ,*ri/ pres5t$ ,8 sacrifice = ! s9s ( ! _w only to ! ,fa!r & ! ,holy ,_s1 or also at ! same "t to ! ,logos1 i4e4 to ,himself4 ,a ,synod at ,con/ant9ople 9 ,a4,d4 #aaef sanction$ ! latt] notion4--,t5 ye>s lat] a controv]sy arose ov] ! "q :e!r ! words ( ,*ri/3 8,! ,fa!r is great] ?an ,i10 ref] to ,8 div9e or to ,8 human nature or to ! union ( ! two natures4 ,! discussion 0 c>ri$ on by all ranks ) a livel9ess & passionat5ess :i* rem9ds "o ( ! simil> controv]sies ( ! #d? c5tury 7 #ej1 #b74 ,! emp]or's op9ion t ! words appli$ to ! ,god-man ga9$ ! victory at a ,synod at ,con/ant9ople 9 ,a4,d4 #aaff4 ,! diss5ti5ts 7 puni%$ ) ! confiscation ( _! goods & bani%m5t4--,manuel excit$ a ?ird controv]sy by object+ to ! ana!ma ( 8! ,god ( ,mohamm$0 9 ! =mula ( abjuration = conv]ts f ,mohamm$anism4 ,9 va9 did ! bi%ops %[ ! emp]or t ! ,god ( ,mohamm$ 0 n ! true ,god4 ,! =mula _h to be alt]$4 #fi4b4 ,! ,hesy*a/ ,controv]sy1 ,a4,d4 #acda-acea4--;,9 ! mona/]ies ( ,m\nt ,a?os 9 ,!ssaly ! ,areopagite my/icism _h its mo/ zeal\s promot]s4 ,foll[+ ! example giv5 ?ree c5turies e>li] by ,simeon1 an abbot ( ! mona/]y ( ,mesnes 9 ,con/ant9ople1 ! monks by artificial means put !mselves into a condition t w\ld af=d !m ! ec/atic vision ( ,god :i* ! ,areopagite _h extoll$ z ! highe/ end ( all my/ic endeav\rs4 ,kneel+ 9 a corn] ( ! solit>y clos$ cell1 ! *9 press$ firmly on ! brea/1 ! eyes set fix$ly on ! navel1 & ! brea? held 9 z long z possible1 !y sank at fir/ into melan*oly & _! eyes became dim4 ,cont9u+ long] 9 ?is position ! depression ( _s :i* !y at fir/ exp]i5c$ gave way to an inexpressible rapture1 & at la/ !y f\nd !mselves surr\nd$ by a bright halo ( light4 ,!y call$ !mselves ,re/+ ,ones1 1 & ma9ta9$ t ! brilliancy surr\nd+ !m 0 ! uncreat$ div9e light :i* %one ar\nd ,*ri/ on ,m\nt ,tabor4 ,b>laam 7 #fg1 #e71 j return$ f 8 un=tunate union exp$ition1 accus$ ! monks & _! def5d]1 ,gregorius ,gregory ,palamas1 aft]w>ds ar*bi%op ( ,!ssalonica1 z ,di!i/ic h]etics1 scornfully /yl+ !m navel-s\ls1 4 ,b a ,c\ncil at ,con/ant9ople1 9 ,a4,d4 #acda1 ! memb]s ( :i* 7 unfav\rable to ,b>laam because ( 8 union ef=ts1 approv$ ! doctr9e ( uncreat$ div9e light :i* z div9e is to be di/+ui%$ f ! div9e 4 ,b>laam1 9 ord] to avoid condemnation1 recant$1 b )drew soon aft]w>ds to ,italy1 :]e he jo9$ ! communion ( ! ,lat9 *ur* 9 ,a4,d4 #acdh1 & di$ z a bi%op 9 ,calabria4 ,a disciple ( ,b>laam1 ,gregorius ,gregory ,ac9dynos & ! hi/orian ,nicephorus ,gregoras ,gregory cont9u$ ! controv]sy aga9/ ! ,hesy*a/s4 ,d[n to ,a4,d4 #acea z _m z ?ree ,synods _h be5 held1 :i* all decid$ly fav\r$ ! monks4 #gj4 ,,con/itution1 ,,wor%ip ,,& ,,life4 ,! ,byzant9e emp]ors _h be5 long accu/om$ to c>ry out 9 a v high-h&$ mann] _! own w ev5 9 reg>d to ! int]nal affairs ( ! *ur*4 ,! ano9t+ ) sacr$ oil gave !m a sac]dotal "* & entitl$ !m to be /yl$ 4 ,mo/ ( ! emp]ors1 too1 f ,leo ! ,philosoph] 7 #fh1 #a71 possess$ "s measure ( !ological culture4 ,! patri>*ate1 h[ev]1 if amid s _m arbitr>y appo9tm5ts & removals x fell into ! prop] h&s1 0 always a p[] :i* ev5 emp]ors _h to respect4 ,:at protect$ x aga9/ all encroa*m5ts ( ! temporal p[] 0 ! influ5ce ( ! monks & ?r\gh !m ( ! p4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! controv]sies ab\t images1 ,!odorus ,/udita 7 #ff1 #d7 f\nd$ a /rong p>ty :i* f\ght ) all en]gy aga9/ e int]f]5ce ( ! ,/ate 9 ecclesia/ical matt]s & aga9/ ! appo9t+ ( ecclesia/ical (fic]s by ! temporal p[]1 b only ) tempor>y success4 ,! monks1 :o _h be5 ?reat5$ by ! iconocla/ic ,isaurian ) utt] ext]m9ation1 at ! re/oration grew & prosp]$ m ?an ev] 9 outw>d appe>ance1 b gave way m & m to spiritual corruption & extravagance4 ,! ,ea/]n monks _h n t g5ial _m-sid$ culture :i* 0 ne$$ = ! cultivation ( ! fields & ! m9ds ( ! b>b>ians4 ,!y 7 defici5t 9 ^? p[]s ( temp]+1 r5ovat+ & ennobl+1 :]eby ! monks ( ! ,we/ accompli%$ su* wond]ful results4 ,b1 nev]!less1 if 9 ^? debas$ & deg5]ate days "o looks = examples ( fidelity to convictions1 firmness ( "*1 indep5d5ce & moral e>ne/ness1 he w always f9d ! noble/ 9 ! mona/]ies4--,public wor%ip _h already 9 ! previ\s p]iod atta9$ to almo/ complete developm5t1 b !ory & practice receiv$ enri*m5t 9 v>i\s p>ticul>s4 #gj4a4 ,! ,ars5ian ,s*ism1 ,a4,d4 #abfb-acab4--,mi*ael ,palologus1 aft] ! dea? ( ! emp]or ,!odore ,lasc>is 9 ,a4,d4 #abei1 assum$ ! gu>dian%ip ( 8 six ye>s' old son ,john1 _h himself cr[n$ jo9t rul]1 & 9 ,a4,d4 #abfa _h ! eyes ( ! "y pr9ce put out s z to make him unfit = gov]n+4 ,! patri>* ,ars5ius !n excommunicat$ him4 ,mi*ael bes\ght absolution1 & 9 ord] to obta9 x submitt$ to humiliat+ p5ances2 b :5 ! patri>* insi/$ t he %\ld resign ! ?rone1 ! emp]or depos$ & exil$ him1 ,a4,d4 #abfg4 ,! num]\s adh]5ts ( ,ars5ius refus$ to ackn[l$ge ! new patri>* ,joseph 7 #fg1 #d71 sec$$ f ! national *ur*1 & :5 _! lead] di$ 9 exile 9 ,a4,d4 #abgc1 _! v5]ation = him express$ itself 9 burn+ hatr$ ( 8 p]secutors4 ,:5 ,joseph di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #abhc1 an attempt 0 made to decide ! controv]sy by a direct appeal to ,god's judgm5t4 ,ea* ( ! two p>ties ca/ a tract 9 def5ce ( its position into ! fire1 & bo? 7 consum$4 ,! ,ars5ians1 :o _h expect$ a miracle1 felt !mselves = ! mom5t defeat$ & express$ a read9ess to be reconcil$4 ,b on ! ?ird day !y recall$ _! admissions & ! s*ism cont9u$1 until ! patri>* ,niphon 9 ,a4,d4 #acab _h ! bones ( ,ars5ius laid 9 ! *ur* ( ,sophia & pron\nc$ a =ty days' susp5sion on all ! cl]gy :o _h tak5 "p aga9/ him4 #gj4b4 ,public ,wor%ip4--,9 ! ,greek *ur* prea*+ reta9$ its e>ly prom95ce2 ! homiletical productions1 h[ev]1 are b ( small value4 ,! objection to hymns o!r ?an ^? f\nd 9 ,scripture 0 m & m ov]come4 ,z 9 e>li] times 7 #ei1 #d7 ,trop>ies 7 add$ to ! s++ ( psalms1 s n[ ! ,new ,te/am5t hymns ( praise & doxologies 7 =m$ into a s-call$ 1 i4e4 a collection ( new odes arrang$ = ! sev]al fe/ivals & sa9ts' days4 ,! #h? c5tury 0 ! ,augu/an age ( *ur* song4 ,to ?is p]iod belong$ ! celebrat$ 1 ,&rew ( ,crete1 ,john ( ,damascus1 ,cosmas ( ,j]usalem1 & ,!ophanes ( ,nica4 ,! s++ aft] ?is z well z be=e 0 )\t in/rum5tal accompanim5t & also )\t h>monic arrangem5t4--,!re 0 a great div]sity ( op9ion 9 reg>d to ! idea ( ! sacram5ts & _! numb]4 ,damasc5us speaks only ( two3 ,baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp]4 ,!odorus ,/udita1 on ! o!r h&1 accepts ! six enum]at$ by ! ,pseudo-,areopagite 7 #eh74 ,petrus ,pet] ,mogilas 9 8 ,anti-,prote/ant ,confessio or?odoxa ( ,a4,d4 #afdc 7 #aeb1 #c7 is ! fir/ confid5tly to ass]t t ev5 among ! ,lat9s ( ! ,middle ,ages ! ,sacram5ts _h be5 reg>d$ z sev5 9 numb]4 ,! ,greeks diff]$ f ! ,lat9s 9 ma9ta9+ ! necessity ( imm]sion 9 baptism1 9 connect+ ! *rism ) ! baptism1 us+ leav5$ bread 9 ! ,supp] & giv+ bo? elem5ts to all communicants4 ,f ! "t ( ,joh4 ,damasc5us ! tea*]s ( ! *ur* decid$ly subscrib$ to ! doctr9e ( ,transub/antiation2 b 9 reg>d to p5ance & confession !y /\tly ma9ta9$ 7 #fa1 #a71 t n ! prie/ b ,god alone c =give s9s4 ,! ,unctio inf]iorum1 1 also made way 9 ! ,greek *ur*1 appli$ 9 ! =m ( ! cross to =ehead1 brea/1 h&s & feet2 yet ) ?is diff]5ce t1 expressly repudiat+ ! designation 8extreme0 unction1 x 0 giv5 n only 9 cases ( mortal illness1 b also 9 less s]i\s ailm5ts1 & _h 9 view bodily cure z well z spiritual b5efit4--,! emp]or ,leo ,,vi4 ! ,philosoph] made ! b5$iction ( ! *ur* 7 #fa1 #b7 obligatory = a legally valid m>riage4 #gj4c4 ,mona/icism4--,! mo/ celebrat$ ( all ! mona/ic associations 7 ^? ( ,m\nt ,a?os 9 ,!ssaly1 :i* 0 cov]$ ) mona/]ies & h]mit cells1 & z 8! holy m\nt0 _h become already a hall[$ spot & ! resort ( pilgrims = all ,greek ,*ri/5dom4 ,! mona/]y ( ,/udion1 too 7 #dd1 #c71 0 held 9 high repute4 ,!re 0 no want ( ascetic extravagances among ! monks4 ,!re 7 num]\s /ylites2 _m also sp5t _! lives on high trees1 1 or %ut up 9 cages built on high plat=ms 771 or 9 subt]ranean cav]ns1 etc4 ,o!rs b\nd !mselves to p]petual sil5ce4 ,_m aga9 wore con/antly a %irt ( iron 771 etc4 ,a r>e sort ( pi\s monki% practice made its appe>ance 9 ! #ab? c5tury among ! ,ecet1 4 ,!y 7 monks :o danc$ & sang hymns ) l-m9d$ nuns 9 _! mona/]ies aft] ! patt]n ( ,exod4 xv4 #bj1 #ba4 ,al?\gh !y cont9u$ or?odox 9 _! doctr9e & 7 nev] *>g$ ) any act ( immorality1 ,nicetas ,acom9atus proce$$ aga9/ !m z h]etics4 #gj4d4 ,endeav\rs at ,re=mation4--,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! #ab? c5tury a pi\s monk at ,con/ant9ople1 ,con/ant9us ,*rysomalus1 prote/$ aga9/ prevail+ hypocrisy & =malism4 ,a decade lat] ! monk ,niphon took a simil> /&4 ,ar\nd bo? ga!r$ gr\ps ( cl]gy & laym5 :o1 putt+ !mselves "u _! pa/oral direction & neglect+ ! outw>d =ms ( ! *ur*1 appli$ !mselves to ! deep5+ ( ! spiritual life4 ,bo? br\ght d[n on !mselves ! ana!ma ( ! *ur*4 ,! patri>* ,cosmas1 :o 0 n conv9c$ t ,niphon 0 a h]etic & s receiv$ him into 8 h\se & at 8 table1 0 depos$ 9 ,a4,d4 #aaej4 ,eu/a?ius1 ar*bi%op ( ,!ssalonica 7 #fh1 #e71 c>ri$ on 8 re=matory ef=ts q )9 ! limits ( ! dom9ant in/itutions ( ! *ur*1 & s kept himself safe f ! ma*9ations ( 8 enemies4 ,rel5tlessly & p[]fully he /ruggl$ aga9/ ! corruption 9 ! ,*ri/ian life ( ! p1 & especially aga9/ ! =malism & hypocrisy1 ! rud5ess & vulg>ity1 ! spiritual bl9dness & pride1 & ! ecc5tric c>icatures ( ascetism t 7 exhibit$ by ! monks1 ?\gh he 0 himself 9 he>t & s\l a monk4 ,two hundr$ ye>s lat] ,nicolas ,cabasilas 7 #fh1 #e7 yet m di/9ctly ma9ta9$ t a consi/5t life 0 ! te/ & love ! root ( all virtue4 #ga4 ,,duali/ic ,,h]etics4 ,remnants ( ! ,gno/ic-,mani*an h]esy l+]$ on into ! #g? c5tury 9 ,arm5ia & ,syria1 :]e ! surr\nd+ ,p>seeism gave !m a hold & support4 ,con/ant9us ( ,mananalis ne> ,samosata ga!r$ ^! toge!r ab\t ! middle ( ! #g? c5tury & re=m$ !m some:at 9 ! _s ( ,m>cion 7 #bg1 #aa74 ,! ,ca?olics1 sne]+ly call$ by !m 1 gave ! "n ( ,paulicians to !m because !y reg>d$ ,paul alone z a true apo/le4 ,ev5 be=e ! rise ( ! ,paulicians1 a sect exi/$ 9 ,arm5ia call$ ,*ildr5 ( ! ,sun :o _h mix$ up ! ,zoroa/rian wor%ip ) ,*ri/ian elem5ts4 ,!y1 too1 dur+ ! #i? & #aj? c5turies1 by reorganization rea*$ a position ( m importance1 & repres5t$1 l ! ,paulicians1 a re=matory opposition to ! =mal in/itutions ( ! ,ca?olic *ur*4 ,a simil> attitude 0 assum$ by ! ,eu*ites 9 ,?race dur+ ! #aa? c5tury4 ,l ! old ,eu*ites 7 #dd1 #g71 !y got _! "n f ! unceas+ pray]s :i* !y reg>d$ z ! tok5 ( highe/ p]fection4 ,_! duali/ic-gno/ic sy/em is met ) aga9 among ! ,bogomili 9 ,bulg>ia4 ,^! 7 /ill m decid$ly ho/ile to ! ,ca?olic *ur*1 & _h adopt$ ! an?ropological views ( ,saturn9us & ! ,ophites z well z ! tr9it>ian !ory ( ,sabellius 7 #bg1 #f1 #i2 #cc1 #g74 ,all ^! sects 7 accus$ by _! ,ca?olic oppon5ts ) ent]ta9+ ant9omian doctr9es & practis+ lic5ti\s orgies & unnatural abom9ations4 #ga4a4 ,! ,paulicians4--,!y call$ !mselves only 1 b 7 9 ! habit ( giv+ to _! lead]s & *ur*es ! names ( ,paul's companions & mission /ations4 ,!y comb9$ dualism1 demiurgism & docetism ) a my/icism t insi/$ ^u inw>d piety1 dem&$ a /rict b n rigor\s asceticism1 =bade fa/+ & all[$ m>riage4 ,_! wor%ip 0 v simple1 _! *ur* con/itution m\ld$ aft] ! apo/olic patt]n1 ) ! rejection ( ! hi]>*y & prie/hood4 ,!y 7 specially av]se to ! accumulation ( c]emonies & ! v5]ation ( images1 relics & sa9ts 9 ! ,ca?olic *ur*4 ,!y also urg$ ! dilig5t /udy ( ,scripture1 reject+1 h[ev]1 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ! ,jewi%-,*ri/ian gospels & epi/les ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! ,ca?olic polemi/s ( ! #i? c5tury trac$ _! orig9 & ev5 _! "n 77 to a ,mani*an family ( ! f\r? c5tury1 a wid[ ,call9ice & h] two sons ,paul & ,john4 ,none ( ! di/9ctive m>ks ( ,mani*ism1 h[ev]1 are discov]able 9 !m1 & _! f\nd+ by ,con/ant9e ( ,mananalis is a hi/oric fact1 z also t he1 9 ,a4,d4 #feg1 assum$ ! ,paul9e "n ( ,sylvanus4 ,! fir/ *ur*1 :i* he call$ ,mac$onia1 0 f\nd$ by him at ,cibossa 9 ,arm5ia4 ,f ?is po9t he made successful mission>y j\rneys 9 all directions4 ,! emp]or ,con/ant9us ,pogonnatus1 ,a4,d4 #ffh-fhe1 began a bloody p]secution ( ! ,paulicians4 ,b ! m>tyr en?usiasm ( ,sylvanus1 :o 0 /on$ 9 ,a4,d4 #fhe1 made su* an impression ^u ! imp]ial (fic] ,symeon1 t he himself jo9$ ! sect1 0 made _! *ief "u ! "n ( ,titus1 & on ! r5ewal ( p]secution 9 ,a4,d4 #fij joyfully di$ at ! /ake4 ,8 successor ,gegnesius1 :o took ! "n ( ,timo?y1 0 oblig$ by ,leo ! ,isaurian to und]go an exam9ation "u ! patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople1 _h 8 or?odoxy atte/$1 & receiv$ f ! iconocla/ emp]or a lett] ( protection4 ,soon1 h[ev]1 divisions sprang up )9 ! sect itself4 ,"o ( _! *iefs ,baanes1 on acc\nt ( 8 ant9omian practices1 0 nicknam$ ! smutty4 ,b1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #hja1 ,s]gius ,ty*icus1 conv]t$ 9 e>li] ye>s by a ,paulician woman1 :o direct$ him to ! ,bible1 made 8 appe>ance z a re=m] & second f\nd] ( ! sect4 ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #hce4 ,leo ! ,arm5ian1 ,a4,d4 #hac-hbj1 organiz$ an exp$ition = _! conv]sion4 ,! p5it5ts 7 receiv$ back into ! *ur*1 ! ob/9ate 7 execut$4 ,a mob ( ,paulicians murd]$ ! judges1 fl$ to ! ,s>ac5 regions ( ,arm5ia1 & f\nd$ at ,argaum1 ! anci5t ,colosse1 a milit>y colony :i* made incessant pr$atory & retaliat+ raids ^u ! ,byzant9e prov9ces4 ,!y 7 mo/ num]\s 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,! empress ,!odora 7 #ff1 #d7 c>ri$ out aga9/ !m ab\t ,a4,d4 #hdb a new & fe>fully bloody p]secution4 ,_m ?\s&s 7 put to dea?4 ,?is too 0 ! fate ( an (fic] ( high rank4 ,8 son1 ,c>beas1 also an (fic]1 incit$ by an ard5t desire = rev5ge1 ga!r$ ab\t #e1jjj arm$ ,paulicians ar\nd him 9 ,a4,d4 #hdd1 fl$ ) !m to ,argaum1 & became milit>y *ief ( ! sect4 ,new cr[ds ( ,paulicians /ream$ daily 91 & ! ,khalifs assign$ to !m two o!r =tifi$ fronti] cities4 ,) a well organiz$ army1 ?ir/+ = rev5ge1 ,c>beas wa/$ ! ,byzant9e prov9ces f> & wide1 & repeat$ly defeat$ ! imp]ial =ces4 ,basil ! ,mac$onian aft] two campaigns1 at la/ 9 ,a4,d4 #hga1 hemm$ 9 ! ,paulician army 9 a n>r[ pass & annihilat$ x4 ,_! political p[] 0 n[ brok54 ,! sect1 h[ev]1 /ill cont9u$ to ga!r memb]s 9 ,syria & ,asia ,m9or4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #igj1 ! emp]or ,john ,tzimisces transport$ ! great] "p ( !m z wat*]s ( ! fronti] ( ,?race1 :]e ,philippopolis became _! ,zion4 ,!y soon _h possession ( all ,?race4 ,alexius ,comn5us1 ,a4,d4 #ajha-aaah1 0 ! fir/ e>ne/ly aga9 to attempt _! conv]sion4 ,he himself appe>$ at ,philippopolis 9 ,a4,d4 #aaae1 disput$ a :ole day ) _! lead]s1 promis$ & ?reat5$1 rew>d$ & puni%$1 b all 8 ef=ts 7 fruitless4 ,f t "t we he> no?+ m ( !m4 ,_! remnants probably jo9$ ! ,eu*ites & ! ,bogomili4 #ga4b4 ,! ,*ildr5 ( ! ,sun1 or ,arev5di 7 a sect ga!r$ & organiz$ 9 ! #i? c5tury 9 ,arm5ia by a ,paulician ,sembat 9 ! c\ntry t[n ( ,?ontrace into a sep>ate community ( ,?ontracians4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #ajjb ! metropolitan ,jacob ( ,h>kh gave a ,*ri/ian t+e to _! doctr9e1 w5t ?r\gh ! c\ntry prea*+ rep5tance & ! p]=mances ( ritual obs]vances1 & obta9$ mu* support f cl]gy & laity4 ,! ,ca?olicus ( ! ,arm5ian *ur* caus$ him to be br&$ & imprison$4 ,he made 8 escape1 b 0 aft]w>ds sla9 by 8 oppon5ts4 #ga4c4 ,! ,eu*ites1 ,messelians ,messalians1 ,en?usia/s1 attract$ ! att5tion ( ! gov]nm5t 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! #aa? c5tury z a sect widely spread 9 ,?race4 ,9 common ) ! e>li] ,eu*ites 7 #dd1 #g7 !y _h great en?usiasm 9 pray]1 b !y 7 di/+ui%$ f !m by _! dualism4 ,_! doctr9e ( ! two sons ( ,god1 ,satanal & ,*ri/1 %[s a c]ta9 relation to ! =m ( ,p]sian dualism1 :i* d]ives ! two oppos+ pr9ciples1 ,ormuzd & ,ahriman1 f "o et]nal prim>y ess5ce1 ,z]uane ,ac]5e4 ,! g]ms ( ?is sect may h come f ! transplant+ ( ,paulicians to ,?race by ! emp]or ,tzimisces4 ,! ,byzant9e gov]nm5t s5t a legate to ,?race to suppress !m4 ,?is may h be5 ,mi*ael ,psellus 7 #fh1 #e7 ^: is ! only s\rce ( in=mation we h reg>d+ !m4 #ga4d4 ,! ,bogomili1 1 taught3 t ,satanal1 ! fir/born son ( ,god1 z *ief & head ov] all angels1 clo!d ) full glory ( ! ,godhead1 sat at ! "r h& ( ! ,fa!r2 b1 swell+ ) pride1 he ?\ght to f\nd an empire indep5d5t ( 8 ,fa!r & s$uc$ a portion ( ! angels to take "p ) him4 ,driv5 ) !m out ( heav51 he det]m9$ aft] ! patt]n ( ! creation ( ! ,fa!r 7,g54 i4 #a7 to create a new _w out ( *aos 7,g54 ii4 #c ff474 ,he =m$ ! fir/ man ( e>? mix$ ) wat]4 ,:5 he set up ! figure1 "s ( ! wat] ran out ( ! great toe ( ! "r foot & spread out ov] ! gr\nd2 & aft] he _h brea!d 8 brea? into x1 t also escap$ ow+ to ! loos5ess ( ! figure by ! toe1 p]meat$ ! soil moi/5$ ) ! wat] & animat$ x z a s]p5t4 ,at ,satanal's e>ne/ entreaty ! heav5ly ,fa!r took pity on ! mis]able creature1 & gave x life by brea?+ into x ,8 own brea?4 ,aft]w>ds ) ! ,fa!r's help ,eve1 too1 0 creat$4 ,satanal 9 ! =m ( ! s]p5t s$uc$1 deceiv$ & lay ) ,eve 9 ord] t by 8 se$1 ,ca9 & 8 tw9 si/] ,calom9a1 ,adam's future desc5dants1 ,abel1 ,se?1 etc41 might be oppress$ & br\ght into bondage4 ,jeal\s le/ ! latt] %\ld obta9 t heav5ly dwell+ place f :i* !y _h be5 driv51 ,satanal's angels s$uc$ _! daught]s 7,g54 vi474 ,f ?is union sprang giants :o rebell$ aga9/ ,satanal1 b 7 de/roy$ by him 9 ! flood4 ,h5ce=? he reign$ unoppos$ z 1 s$uc$ ! great] "p ( mank9d1 & end[$ ,moses ) ! p[] ( work+ miracles z ! in/rum5t ( 8 tyranny4 ,only a few m5 "u ! oppression ( 8 law atta9$ ! end ( _! be+2 ! sixte5 prophets & ^? nam$ 9 ,matt4 i4 & ,luke iii4 ,f9ally1 9 ! ye> #e1ejj aft] ! creation ( man1 ! supreme ,god mov$ ) pity caus$ a second son1 ! ,logos1 to g =? f ,8 bosom1 :o z *ief ( ! good angels is call$ ,mi*ael1 & s5t ,him to e>? = man's r$emption4 ,he ent]$ 9 an e!real body ?r\gh ! "r e> into ! virg9 to be born ( h] ) ! semblance ( an e>?ly body4 ,m>y notic$ no?+ ( all ?is4 ,)\t kn[+ h[ or :5ce1 %e f\nd ! *ild 9 swaddl+ clo!s be=e h] 9 ! cave4 ,8 dea? on ! cross 0 naturally 9 appe>ance only4 ,aft] 8 resurrection he %[$ himself to ,satanal 9 8 true =m1 b\nd him ) *a9s1 robb$ him ( 8 div9e p[]1 & compell$ him to ab&on 8 div9e designation1 by tak+ ! ,el f 8 "n1 s t he is h5ce=? call$ ,satan4 ,!n ,he return$ to ! ,fa!r1 took ! seat t =m]ly 0 ,satanal's at ,8 "r h&1 & s9ks aga9 into ! bosom ( ! ,fa!r out ( :i* ,he _h come4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 did n take place be=e a new ,aon on1 ! ,holy ,_s1 emanat$ f ! ,godhead1 & 0 s5t =? z cont9uator & complet] ( ! "w ( r$emption4 ,?is ,_s1 too1 aft] he has f9i%$ 8 task w s9k back aga9 into ! ,fa!r's bosom4--,( ! ,old ,te/am5t ! ,bogomili ackn[l$g$ only ! ,psalt] & ! ,prophets2 ( ! ,new ,te/am5t books !y valu$ mo/ ! ,gospel ( ,john4 ,v5]ation ( relics & images1 z well z ! sign ( ! cross !y abhorr$ z demoniacal inv5tions4 ,*ur* build+s 7 reg>d$ by !m z ! resid5ces ( demons4 ,satanal himself 9 e>li] days resid$ 9 ! temple ( ,j]usalem1 lat] 9 ! *ur* ( ,sophia at ,con/ant9ople4 ,wat] baptism1 :i* 0 introduc$ by ,john ! ,bapti/ a s]vant ( ,satanal1 !y reject$2 b ! baptism ( ,*ri/ is spiritual baptism 7,consolam5tum74 ,x 0 imp>t$ by lay+ ! ,gospel ( ,john on ! head ( ! subject ( baptism1 ) invocation ( ! ,holy ,_s & *ant+ ! ,"l's ,pray]4 ,!y decl>$ ! ,ca?olic mass to be a sacrifice pres5t$ to demons2 ! true eu*>i/ consi/s 9 ! spiritual n\ri%m5t by ! bread ( life br\ght d[n 9 ,*ri/ f heav51 to :i* also ! f\r? petition 9 ! ,"l's ,pray] ref]s4 ,!y plac$ great value ^u pray]1 especially ! use ( ! ,"l's ,pray]4 ,s too !y valu$ fa/+4 ,_! ascetism 0 /rict & requir$ ab/95ce f m>riage & f ! eat+ ( fle%4 ,b prev>ication & dissimulation !y reg>d$ z p]missible4--,! emp]or ,alexius ,comn5us caus$ _! *ief ,basil to be br\ght to ,con/ant9ople1 "u ! delusive pretext ( wi%+ himself to become a proselyte ( ! sect1 got him to op5 all 8 he>t1 & entic$ him "u ! semblance ( a purely private conf]5ce to make reckless /atem5ts1 :ile beh9d ! curta9 a judge ( h]esies 0 tak+ notes4 ,?is fir/ act 9 ! drama 0 foll[$ by a second4 ,! s5t5ce ( dea? 0 pass$ ^u all adh]5ts ( ,basil :o c\ld be laid hold ^u4 ,two great fun]al piles 7 erect$1 "o ( :i* 0 furni%$ ) ! figure ( ! cross4 ,! emp]or exhort$ !m1 at lea/ to die z true ,*ri/ians1 & 9 tok5 ( ?is to *oose ! place ( dea? provid$ ) a cross4 ,^? :o did s 7 p>don$1 ! re/ = ! mo/ "p condemn$ to imprisonm5t = life4 ,basil himself1 h[ev]1 0 actually burnt1 ,a4,d4 #aaah4 ,! sect 0 n by any means ?us root$ out4 ,! ,bogomili hid !mselves mo/ly 9 mona/]ies1 & ,bulg>ia long rema9$ ! haunt ( duali/ic h]esy1 :i* spread !nce ?r\gh ! ,lat9 *ur* ( ! ,we/4 #gb4 ,,! ,,ne/orian ,,& ,,monophysite ,,*ur*es ,,( ,,! ,,ea/4 ,! ,ne/orian & ,monophysite *ur*es ( ! ,ea/ ow$ ! protection & goodwill ( _! ,moslem rul]s to _! ho/ile position 9 reg>d to ! ,byzant9e national *ur*4 ,among ! ,p]sian ,ne/orians z well z among ! ,syrian & ,arm5ian ,monophysites we f9d an e>ne/ endeav\r aft] s*ol>%ip & great sci5tific activity4 ,!y 7 ! tea*]s ( ! ,s>ac5s 9 ! classical1 philosophical & m$ical sci5ces1 & ) no little zeal pursu$ ! /udy ( ,*ri/ian !ology4 ,! ,ne/orians also long manife/$ great e>ne/ness 9 missions4 ,only :5 ! sci5ce-lov+ ,khalifs gave place to ,mongolian & ,turki% b>b>ians did ^? *ur*es lose _! pre/ige1 & t /agnation & torpidity pass$ ov] !m 9 :i* !y /ill lie4 ,9 ord] to cr[n ! ,flor5t9e union attempts ( ,a4,d4 #adci 7 #fg1 #f71 ,rome solemnly proclaim$ 9 ! imm$iately foll[+ ye> ! complete union ) all ! deta*$ *ur*es ( ! ,ea/4 ,b ?is 0 a va9 self-delusion or a bit ( juggl]y4 ,m5 pret5d+ to be deput$ by ^? *ur*es treat$ ab\t re/oration to ! bosom ( ! *ur*1 :i* 0 accord$ !m amid great applause4 #gb4a4 ,! ,p]sian ,ne/orians1 or ,*aldean ,*ri/ians 7 #fd1 #b71 /ood 9 peculi>ly fri5dly relations to ! ,khalifs1 :o1 9 ! ,ne/orian opposition to ,!otokism1 wor%ip ( sa9ts1 images & relics1 & prie/ly celibacy1 saw an approa* to a rational ,*ri/ianity m 9 accordance ) ! ,moslem ideal4 ,! ,ne/orian sem9>ies at ,edessa1 ,nisibis1 ,seleucia1 etc41 7 9 high repute4 ,! ri* lit]ature issu$ by !m is1 h[ev]1 mo/ly lo/1 & :at ( x rema9s is kn[n only by ,asseman's ,assemani's quotations 7,biblio?4 ,ori5talia74 ,among ! lat] ,ne/orian au?ors ! be/ kn[n is ,eb$ ,jesus1 ,metropolitan ( ,nisibis1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #acah4 ,8 writ+s treat ( all subjects 9 ! doma9 ( !ology4 ,! mission>y zeal ( ! ,ne/orians cont9u$ unabat$ d[n to ! #ac? c5tury4 ,_! *ief mission fields 7 ,*9a & ,india4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! #aa? c5tury !y conv]t$ ! pr9ce ( ! ,k>aites1 a ,t>t> tribe to ! s\? ( ,lake ,baikal1 :o z vassals ( ! great ,*9ese empire _h ! "n ,ung-,khan4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ! p foll[$ _! pr9ce4 ,! ,mongol conqu]or ,g5ghis-,khan m>ri$ ! daught] ( ! ,k>aite pr9ce1 b qu>rell$ ) him1 drove him f 8 ?rone1 & took 8 life1 ,a4,d4 #abjb4--,) ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,khalifs by ,g5ghis-,khan 9 ,a4,d4 #abai1 ! prosp]ity ( ! ,ne/orian *ur* came to an end4 ,at fir/ ! ,ne/orians attempt$ mission>y op]ations n unsuccessfully among ! ,mongols4 ,b ! savage ,tam]lane1 ! ,sc\rge ( ,asia1 ,a4,d4 #acfi-adje1 drove !m into ! inaccessible m\nta9s & wild rav9es ( ! prov9ce ( ,kurdi/an4#aie #gb4b4 ,among ! ,monophysite ,*ur*es ! mo/ important 0 ! ,arm5ian 7 #fd1 #c74 ,x boa/$1 at lea/ tempor>ily & p>tially1 ( political indep5d5ce "u national rul]s4 ,! ,arm5ian patri>* f ! #ab? c5tury _h 8 resid5ce 9 ! mona/]y ( ,et%miadz9 at ! foot ( ,ar>at4 ,! lit]>y activity 9 ! translation ( classical & patri/ic writ+s1 z well z 9 ! production ( orig9al works1 rea*$ a p>ticul>ly high po9t 9 ! #h? & !n aga9 9 ! #ab? c5tury4 ,to ! e>li] p]iod belong ! patri>* ,johannes ,ozni5sis & ! metropolitan ,/eph5 ( ,snik1 to ! lat]1 ! /ill m fam\s "n ( ! patri>* ,n]ses ,,iv4 ,claj5sis1 ^: epic 8,jesus ! ,son0 is reg>d$ z ! cr[n ( ,arm5ian poetry1 & 8 nephew1 ! metropolitan ,n]ses ( ,lampron4 ,! two la/ nam$ readily aid$ ! ef=ts = reunion ) ! ,byzant9e *ur*1 b ow+ to ! tr\bles ( ! "t ^! came to no?+4 ,! ,we/]n endeav\rs aft] union :i* 7 actively c>ri$ on f ! beg9n+ ( ! #ac? c5tury1 split ^u ! dislike ( ! ,arm5ian *ur* to ! ,we/]n ritual1 & f\nd acceptance ) only a relatively small fragm5t ( ! p4 ,^! ,unit$ ,arm5ians ackn[l$g$ ! primacy ( ! pope & ! ca?olic sy/em ( doctr9e1 b reta9$ _! own con/itution & liturgy4--,9 ! ,jacobite-,syrian ,*ur* 7 #eb1 #g71 too1 !ological & classical /udies 7 prosecut$ ) great vig\r4 ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( its s*ol>s dur+ our p]iod 0 ,george1 bi%op ( ! ,arabs1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #gdj4 ,he translat$ & annotat$ ! ,organon ( ,ari/otle1 & wrote exegetical1 dogmatic1 hi/orical & *ronological works1 also poems on v>i\s !mes1 & a numb] ( epi/les important = ! hi/ory ( culture dur+ ^! times1 9 :i* he answ]$ que/ions put to him by 8 fri5ds & admir]s4 ,! brilliant ,gregory ,abulf>ajus is ! la/ ( ! di/+ui%$ s*ol>s ( ! ,jacobite-,syrian *ur*4 ,he 0 ! son ( a conv]t$ ,jewi% physician1 & h5ce he is usually call$ ,b>hebru4 ,he 0 made bi%op ( ,guba1 aft]w>ds ,maphrian ( ,mosul1 & di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #abhf4 ,8 noble & truly b5evol5t disposition1 8 extraord9>y le>n+1 ! ri* & attractive productions ( 8 p51 & 8 skill z a physician made him univ]sally rev]$ by ,*ri/ians1 ,mohamm$ans & ,jews4 ,among 8 writ+s1 = ! mo/ "p /ill 9 manuscript1 ! mo/ important & be/ kn[n is ! ,*ronicon ,syriacum4--,! ,jacobite *ur* suff]$ mo/ 9 ,egypt4 ,! p]fidy ( ! ,copts1 :o surr5d]$ ! c\ntry to ! ,s>ac5s1 0 t]ribly av5g$4 ,f ,a4,d4 #abed ! ,fatimide ,khalifs held !m d[n "u ! mo/ sev]e oppression1 & ?is became yet m sev]e "u ! ,mamelukes4 ,! ,copts 7 completely driv5 out ( ! cities1 & ev5 9 ! villages ma9ta9$ only a mis]able exi/5ce4 ,_! *ur* 0 n[ 9 a condition ( utt] /agnation4 ,9 ,abyss9ia 7 #fd1 #a7 ! national rul]s ma9ta9$ _! position1 ?\gh press$ )9 n>r[] limits f "t to "t by ! ,s>ac5s4 ,b "h1 too1 *ur* life became fossiliz$4 ,at ! head ( ! *ur* 0 an ,abbuna consecrat$ by ! ,coptic patri>* 7 #fd1 #a2 #afe1 #c74 #gb4c4 ,! ,m>onites 7 #eb1 #h7 atta*$ !mselves to ! ,we/]n *ur* on ! appe>ance ( ! crusades 9 ,a4,d4 #aahb1 r5\nc+ _! ,mono!lite h]esy & ackn[l$g+ ! primacy ( ! pope1 b reta9+ _! own ritual4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! ,flor5t9e union measures !y r5ew$ _! connection 9 ,a4,d4 #adde1 & subsequ5tly adopt$ also ! doctr9al conclusions ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t4 ,_! numb]s at ! pres5t day am\nt to some:]e ab\t #bjj1jjj4 #gb4d4 ,! ,leg5d ( ,pre/] ,john4--,9 ,a4,d4 #aadd ,bi%op ,otto ( ,freis+5 obta9$ f ! bi%op ( ,cabala 9 ,pale/9e1 :om he met at ,vit]bo1 in=mation ab\t a p[]ful ,*ri/ian empire 9 ,c5tral ,asia1 & publi%$ x 9 ,a4,d4 #aade 9 8 widely-read ,*ronicle4 ,accord+ to ?is /ory ! k+ ( t region1 a ,ne/orian ,*ri/ian1 :o 0 nam$ ,pre/] ,john1 _h n long be=e driv5 to flight ! ,mohamm$an k+s ( ! ,p]sians & ,m$es1 & ?us deliv]$ f great dang] ! crusad]s 9 ! ,holy ,l&4 ,he _h also wi%$ to g to ! help ( ! *ur* ( ,j]usalem1 b 0 prev5t$ by ! ,tigris :i* ov]fl[$ its banks4 ,tw5ty ye>s lat] appe>$ a writ+ attribut$ to ,pre/] ,john1 fir/ ref]r$ to by ! ,*ronicl] ,alb]i*4 ,x 0 address$ to ! ,european pr9ces 9 a ,lat9 translation :i* conta9$ ! mo/ fabul\s /ories1 borr[$ f ! ,alex&] leg5ds1 ab\t ! ext5t & glory ( 8 empire & ! _m wond]s 9 nature1 :ite lions1 ! phnix1 giants & pigmies1 dog-head$ & horn$ m51 fauns1 satyrs1 cyclops1 etc41 :i* 7 to be se5 9 8 c\ntry2 & not)/&+ all ^! absurdities x 0 receiv$ z g5u9e4 ,! pope1 ,alex&] ,,iii41 took occasion f its appe>ance to s5d an answ] to ,pre/] ,john by 8 own physician ,philip1 ( ^: fate no?+ m is kn[n4 ,:5 9 ,a4,d4 #abai ! fir/ news rea*$ ,pale/9e ( ! irrepressible advance ( ,mongolian hordes "u ,g5ghis ,khan1 ! crusad]s felt ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t he 0 ! successor ( ! celebrat$ ,pre/] ,john1 & 0 n[ to accompli% :at 8 di/+ui%$ pr$ecessor _h wi%$ to und]take4 ,b !y 7 soon cruelly undeceiv$4 ,! mission>ies s5t to ! ,mongols ab\t ! middle ( ! #ac? c5tury 7 #ic1 #ae71 report$ t ! la/ ,pre/] ,john _h lo/ 8 k+dom & 8 life 9 battle ) ,g5ghis ,khan4 ,nev]!less ! belief 9 ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( an exce$+ly glori\s & p[]ful empire rul$ by a ,*ri/ian prie/ 9 fur!r ,india 0 n by any means ov]?r[n2 b x 0 no long] s\ght 9 an ,asiatic b 9 an ,african 8,india10 & ! ,portuguese actually believ$ t at la/ ! fam$ ,pre/] ,john _h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,*ri/ian k+ ( ,abyss9ia1 s t t c\ntry 0 kn[n d[n to ! #ag? c5tury z ,regnum presb4 ,joannis4--,! ,jacobite hi/orian ,b>hebru _h id5tifi$ ! fir/ ,presbyt]-k+ ) ! pr9ce ( ! ,mongolian ,k>aites conv]t$ by ! ,ne/orians4 ,8 "n ,ung-,khan or ,owang-,khan correspond$ bo? to ! "n ,joannes & to ! ,*aldean prie/4 ,?is notion prevail$ until rec5tly ! ,ori5tali/ ,opp]t by c>eful exam9ation & comp>ison ( all ,ori5tal & ,we/]n reports rea*$ ! conclusion 7 #ic1 #af7 t ^! leg5ds are to be ref]r$ to ! k+dom e/abli%$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #aabe by ,kur-,khan1 pr9ce ( ! tribe ( ! ,c>acitai 9 ! ,m&%uria ( to-day4 ,?is pr9ce1 :o 0 probably himself a ,ne/orian ,*ri/ian1 fav\r$ ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity 9 8 c\ntry2 b ?is 0 utt]ly de/roy$ by ,g5ghis ,khan s e>ly z ,a4,d4 #abjh4 ,! title ,pre/] or ,presbyt] giv5 to ! pr9ce ( ?is tribe is to be expla9$ p]haps by ! /atem5t ( ! mission>y ,ruysbroek t almo/ all male ,ne/orians 9 ,c5tral ,asia receiv$ prie/ly consecration4#aif #gc4 ,,! ,,slavonic ,,*ur*es ,,adh]+ ,,to ,,! ,,or?odox ,,greek ,,confession4 ,among ! cr[ds ( immigrants :om ! w&]+s ( ! p _h set 9 motion1 ! ,g]mans & ! ,slavs are ^? ^: future is ( mo/ hi/oric int]e/4 ,! =m] w5t at once 9 a body ov] to ! ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*1 & at fir/ x appe>$ z if ! ,slavs 7 ) simil> unanimity to atta* !mselves to ! ,byzant9e or?odox *ur*4 ,b only ! ,slavs ( ! ,ea/]n c\ntries rema9$ true to t communion1 ?\gh !y 7 mo/ly ) x br\ght "u ! yoke ( ! ,turki% p[]4 ,s 0 x ) ! specially promis+ ,bulg>ian *ur*4 ,all ! m important 0 ! incomp>ably m significant ga9 :i* ! ,greek *ur* made 9 ! conv]sion ( ! ,russians4 #gc4a4 ,soon aft] ,ju/9ian's "t ! ,slavic hordes began to ov]fl[ ! ,greek ,prov9ces--,mac$onia1 ,!ssaly1 ,hellas & ,peloponnesus4 ,! old ,hell5ic population 0 mo/ly root$ out2 only 9 well =tifi$ cities1 especially coa/ t[ns1 z well z on ! isl&s1 did ! ,greek p & ! ,*ri/ian confession rema9 undi/urb$4 ,! empress ,ir5e made ! fir/ successful attempt to re/ore ,slavic ,greece to ! allegiance ( ! empire & ! *ur*1 & ,basil ! ,mac$onian1 ,a4,d4 #hfg-hhf1 complet$ ! "w s ?or\ghly t at la/ ev5 ! old pagan ,ma9ottes 7 #db1 #d7 9 ! ,peloponnesus b5t _! necks to ! d\ble yoke4 ,reg5]at$ ,hell5ism by its high] culture & national1 z well z ecclesia/ical1 t5acity1 completely absorb$ by assimilation ! num]ically l>g] ,slavic elem5t ( ! population1 & ,m\nt ,a?os ) its h]mits & mona/]ies 7 #gj1 #c7 became ! ,zion ( ! new *ur*4 #gc4b4 ,! ,*az>i 9 ! ,crimea ask$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #hej = ,*ri/ian mission>ies f ,con/ant9ople4 ,! c\rt s5t !m a celebrat$ monk ,con/ant9e1 surnam$ ! ,philosoph]1 bett] kn[n "u 8 monki% "n ( ,cyril4 ,born at ,!ssalonica1 & s probably ( ,slavic desc5t1 at lea/ acqua9t$ ) ! language ( ! ,slavs1 he conv]t$ 9 a few ye>s a great "p ( ! p4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #ajaf1 h[ev]1 ! k+dom ( ! ,*az>i 0 de/roy$ by ! ,russians4 #gc4c4 ,! ,bulg>ians 9 ,?race & ,msia _h obta9$ a k ( ,*ri/ianity f ,greek prison]s1 b its fir/ s[+ 0 wat]$ ) blood4 ,a si/]1 h[ev]1 ( ! ,bulg>ian k+ ,bogoris _h be5 baptiz$ :5 a prison] 9 ,con/ant9ople4 ,aft] h] lib]ation1 %e s\ght1 ) ! help ( ! ,byzant9e monk ,me?odius1 a bro!r ( ,cyril1 to w9 h] bro!r to ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,a fam9e came to _! aid1 & a picture pa9t$ by ,me?odius1 repres5t+ ! la/ judgm5t1 made a deep impression on ,bogoris4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #hfa he 0 baptiz$ & compell$ 8 subjects to foll[ 8 example4 ,b soon !reaft]1 ,me?odius1 along ) 8 bro!r ,cyril1 0 call$ to lab\r 9 ano!r field1 9 ,moravia 7 #gi1 #b71 & political consid]ations l$ ! ,bulg>ian pr9ce 9 ,a4,d4 #hff to jo9 ! ,we/]n *ur*4 ,at 8 reque/ pope ,ni*olas ,i4 s5t bi%ops & cl]gy into ,bulg>ia to organize ! *ur* !re aft] ! ,roman model4 ,byzant9e diplomacy1 h[ev]1 succe$$ 9 w9n+ back ! ,bulg>ians1 & at ! cum5ical ,c\ncil at ,con/ant9ople 9 ,a4,d4 #hfi1 _! ambassadors admitt$ t ! ,bulg>ian *ur* accord+ to div9e & human laws belong$ to ! diocese ( ! ,byzant9e patri>* 7 #fg1 #a74 ,meantime ! two ,apo/les ( ! ,slavs1 ,cyril & ,me?odius1 by ! inv5tion ( a ,slavic alphabet & a ,slavic translation ( ! ,bible1 laid ! f\ndation ( a ,slavic ecclesia/ical lit]ature1 :i* 0 specially fo/]$ 9 ,bulg>ia "u ! noble-m9d$ pr9ce ,symeon1 ,a4,d4 #hhh-ibg4 ,basil ,,ii41 ! ,slay] ( ! ,bulg>ians1 conqu]$ ,bulg>ia 9 ,a4,d4 #ajah4 ,x ga9$ its fre$om aga91 toge!r ) ,wala*ia1 9 ,a4,d4 #aahf2 b fell a prey to ! ,t>t>s 9 ,a4,d4 #abhe1 & became a ,turki% prov9ce 9 ,a4,d4 #acia4 #gc4d4 ,! ,russian ,*ur*4--,photius speaks 9 ,a4,d4 #hff ( ! ,conv]sion ( ! ,russians z an accompli%$ fact4 ,9 ! days ( ! ,gr& ,duke ,igor1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ijj1 !re 0 a ca!dral at ,kiev4 ,olga1 ,igor's wid[1 made a j\rney to ,con/ant9ople & 0 !re baptiz$ 9 ,a4,d4 #iee "u ! "n ,hel5a4 ,b h] son ,swtoslaw c\ld n be p]suad$ to foll[ h] example4 ,! ag$ pr9cess is said accord+ to ! report ( ,g]man *ronicl]s to h at la/ bes\ght ! emp]or ,otto ,i4 to s5d ,g]man mission>ies1 & t 9 response ,adalb]t ( ,treves1 aft]w>ds ar*bi%op ( ,magdeburg1 und]took a mission>y t\r1 f :i*1 h[ev]1 he return$ )\t hav+ a*iev$ 8 purpose1 aft] 8 companions _h be5 sla94 ,olga's gr&son1 ,vladimir1 8,equal ( ! ,apo/les10 0 ! fir/ to put an end to paganism 9 ! c\ntry4 ,accord+ to a leg5d adorn$ ) _m romantic episodes he s5t t5 ,boy>s 9 ord] to see h[ ! diff]5t religions appe>$ z conduct$ 9 _! *ief seats4 ,!y 7 peculi>ly impress$ ) ! beautiful s]vice 9 ! *ur* ( ,sophia4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #ihh1 9 ! old ,*ri/ian comm]cial t[n ,*]son1 %ortly be=e conqu]$ by him1 ,vladimir 0 baptiz$ ) ! "n ,basil1 & at ! same "t he receiv$ ! h& ( ! pr9cess ,anna4 ,! idols 7 n[ ev]y:]e brok5 up & burnt2 ! image ( ,p]un 0 dragg$ ?r\gh ! /reets ti$ to ! tail ( a horse1 beat5 ) clubs & ?r[n into ! ,dniep]4 ,! inhabitants ( ,kiev 7 soon aft]w>ds ord]$ to ga!r at ! ,dniep] & be baptiz$4 ,vladimir knelt 9 pray] on ! banks & ?ank$ ,god on 8 knees1 :ile ! cl]gy1 /&+ 9 ! /ream1 baptiz$ ! p4 ,on ! fur!r organization ( ! ,russian *ur* ,anna ex]cis$ a p[]ful & salut>y influ5ce4 ,vladimir di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #ajae4 ,8 son ,j>oslaw ,i41 ! ,ju/9ian ( ! ,russians1 att5d$ to ! religi\s ne$s ( 8 p by ! erection ( _m *ur*es1 mona/]ies & s*ools1 improv$ ! wor%ip1 enri*$ ! psalmody1 awak5$ a ta/e = art & patroniz$ le>n+4 ,! mona/]y ( ,pet*]sk at ,kiev 0 ! bir?place ( ,russian lit]ature & a sem9>y = ! tra9+ ( ! cl]gy4 ,"h1 at ! end ( ! #aa? c5tury1 ! monk ,ne/or wrote 8 annals 9 ! language ( ! c\ntry4 ,! metropolitan ( ,kiev 0 ! spiritual head ( ! :ole ,russian *ur* "u ! suz]a9ty ( ! patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,aft] ! great fire ( ,a4,d4 #aagj1 :i* laid ! glory ( ,kiev 9 a%es1 ! resid5cy ( ! ,gr& ,duke 0 transf]r$ to ,vladimir4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #abii ! metropolitan also took up 8 abode !re1 b only = a %ort "t2 = 9 ,a4,d4 #acbh ! ,gr& ,duke ,ivan ,danil[its* settl$ at ,mosc[ & ! metropolitan w5t !re along ) him4 ,! patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople on 8 own au?ority consecrat$ 9 ,a4,d4 #acec a second ,russian metropolitan = ! =sak5 ,kiev1 to :om he assign$ ! ,s\!rn & ,we/]n ,russian prov9ces :i* s9ce ,a4,d4 #acbj _h be5 "u ! rule ( ! pagan ,li?uanians4 ,?is s*ism 0 ov]come 9 ,a4,d4 #achj on ! next occasion ( a vacancy 9 ! ,mosc[ *air by ! appo9tm5t to ,mosc[ ( ! ,kiev metropolitan4 ,b ! ,li?uanian gov]nm5t1 :i* _h mean:ile become ,ca?olic 7 #ic1 #ae71 compell$ ! ,s\? ,russian bi%ops 9 ,a4,d4 #adad to *oose a metropolitan ( _! own indep5d5t ( ,mosc[1 :o 9 ,a4,d4 #aeid ) 8 :ole diocese at ! ,synod ( ,bre/ 7 #aea1 #c7 atta*$ himself to ,rome4 ,! primate ( ,mosc[ cont9u$ "u ! jurisdiction ( ,con/ant9ople until1 9 ,a4,d4 #aehi1 ! patri>* ,j]emiah ,,ii4 7 #aci1 #bf71 on ! occasion ( 8 be+ p]sonally pres5t at ,mosc[ volunt>ily decl>$ ! ,russian *ur* indep5d5t ( him1 & himself consecrat$ ,job1 ! metropolitan ( t "t1 its fir/ patri>*4#aig #gc4e4 ,russian ,sects4--,ab\t ,a4,d4 #aaej1 ! monk ,m>t91 an ,arm5ian by bir?1 insi/$ ^u a liturgical re=m t seem$ to him mo/ necess>y4 ,among o!r ?+s he decl>$ t x 0 s9ful to lead ! subject ( baptism to ! baptismal font f "r to left or f s\? to nor?2 ! direction %\ld be rev]s$ foll[+ ! c\rse ( ! sun4 ,b x seem$ to him mo/ important t a re=m %\ld be made 9 ! hi!rto preval5t mode ( mak+ ! sign ( ! cross4 ,in/ead ( symboliz+1 z up to ?is "t _h be5 done1 ! two natures 9 ,*ri/ & ! ?ree p]sons 9 ! ,tr9ity by b5d+ ! little f+] & ! ?umb1 & mak+ ! sign ( ! cross ) o!r ?ree1 !y made ?is sign ) ! =e & middle f+]s4 ,= ne>ly t5 ye>s ?is monk 0 all[$ to dissem9ate 8 errors un*eck$1 till a ,c\ncil oblig$ him to retract4 ,two hundr$ ye>s lat] a c]ta9 ,c>p ,/rigolnik at ,novgorod 9 ,a4,d4 #acge publicly accus$ ! cl]gy ( s9n+1 because1 9 accordance ) an old cu/om1 !y took fees 9 assi/+ 9 ! consecration ( bi%ops1 & dem&$ ( all or?odox ,*ri/ians t !y %\ld sep>ate f !m z unwor?y ( _! (fice4 ,b he1 along ) _m ( 8 foll[]s1 0 mobb$ by ! adh]5ts ( ! opposite p>ty & dr[n$ 9 ! ,volga4 ,m dang]\s ?an all ! e>li] sect>ies 0 ! s-call$ ,jewi% sect at ! end ( ! #ae? c5tury1 :i* s\ght to r$uce or?odox ,*ri/ianity to a rationali/ic cabbali/ic ,ebionitism4 ,ab\t ,a4,d4 #adgj ! ,jew ,za*>iah arriv$ at ,novgorod4 ,he won two di/+ui%$ prie/s ,alexis & ,d5is to 8 views1 t ,*ri/ 0 no?+ m ?an an ord9>y ,jewi% prophet1 t ! ,mosaic law is a div9e in/itution & is ( p]petual obligation4 ,by ! advice ( ! ,jew ! two prie/s cont9u$ to pr(ess ! greate/ zeal = ! c]emonial laws ( ! ,*ur*1 & by /rict obs]vance ( ! fa/s obta9$ a great reputation = piety1 b secretly !y wr\ght all ! m successfully = ! dissem9ation ( _! sect among all classes ( ! p4 ,:5 ! cz>1 ,ivan ,,iii41 9 ,a4,d4 #adhj1 came to ,novgorod1 !y made s fav\rable an impression on him t he took !m ) him to ,mosc[1 :]e !y reap$ a ri* h>ve/ = _! secret doctr9e4 ,!y succe$$ ?r\gh _! influ5ce ) ! cz> 9 plac+ at ! head ( ! :ole ,russian *ur* a zeal\s proselyte = _! sect 9 ! ar*im&rite ,zosima4 ,mean:ile at ,novgorod iconocla/ excesses 7 committ$ by ! sect>ies1 :i* ! ar*bi%op ( t place1 ,g5nadius1 set himself to suppress by impos+ g5]ally mild p5alties4 ,8 successor ,joseph ,ssan9 proce$$ mu* m en]getically4 ,he did n re/ till ! cz> 9 ,a4,d4 #aejd call$ a ,*ur* ,synod at ,novgorod :i* condemn$ ! *iefs ( ! sect to be burnt1 & _! foll[]s to be %ut up 9 mona/]ies4 ,ev5 ! metropolitan ,zosima z a fav\r] ( ! sect 0 s5t to a mona/]y2 b ,alexis manag$ s clev]ly t he reta9$ 8 (fice & dignity to ! end ( 8 life4 ,secret remnants ( ?is sect1 z well z ( ! two previ\sly ref]r$ to1 cont9u$ to exi/ = a long "t1 ev5 d[n to ! #ag? c5tury1 :5 sect>ianism 9 ! ,russian ,*ur* made aga9 a new dep>ture 7 #afc1 #aj74 #gc4f4 ,romi% ,ef=ts at ,union4--,f a v e>ly "t ,rome ca/ a covet\s glance at ! "y ,russian *ur*1 & %e sp>$ nei!r delicate h9ts nor attempts to subdue by =ce by ! aid ( ,danes1 ,sw$es1 ,livonians & at a lat] "t1 ! ,poles4 ,9 ord] to av]t ?is dang] & to obta9 f ! ,we/ assi/ance aga9/ ! oppressive yoke ( ! ,mongols1 ,a4,d4 #abcd-adhj1 ! ,gr& ,duke ,j>oslav ,j>oslaw ,,ii4 ( ,novgorod 0 n av]se to a union4 ,8 son ,alex&] succe$$ him 9 ,a4,d4 #abdg4 ,by a glori\s victory ov] ! ,sw$es 9 ,a4,d4 #abdj1 on ! ,neva1 he won = himself ! surname ,newsky1 & 9 ,a4,d4 #abdb he defeat$ ! ,livonians on ! ice ( ,lake ,peipus4 ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iv4 :o _h already 9 ,a4,d4 #abdf nom9at$ ,ar* bi%op ,alb]t ,su]be] 7 #ic1 #ab7 a legate to ,russia ) ! p[] to erect bi%oprics !re1 address$ an e>ne/ exhortation to ! "y pr9ce 9 ,a4,d4 #abdh ) promises ( help aga9/ ! ,mongols1 urg+ him to g 9 ! foot/eps ( 8 fa!r & to secure 8 own & 8 subjects' salvation by do+ :at 8 fa!r _h promis$4 ,! ,gr& ,duke ref]r$ to ! wise/ m5 ( ! l& & answ]$ ! ,pope3 ,f ,adam to ! flood1 f t to ! ,confusion ( languages1 etc41 d[n to ,con/ant9e & ! sev5? cum5ical ,c\ncil1 we "k ! true hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1 b y\rs we d n wi% to ackn[l$ge4 ,alex&] ,newsky di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #abfc1 & has be5 ev] s9ce v5]at$ by 8 c\ntry z a national h]o & by 8 ,*ur* z a national sa9t4 ,! prospects ( ! ,roman ,curia 7 m fav\rable dur+ ! #ad? c5tury ow+ to ! ,li?uanian & ,poli% supremacy 9 ,s\? & ,we/ ,russia1 & by ! s*ism ( ! ,russian ,*ur* into ,kiev & ,mosc[ primacies4 ,9 ^? ,s\!rn & ,we/]n prov9ces !re 0 orig9ally less dis9cl9ation to ,rome ?an 9 ,mosc[4 ,/ill ev5 "h we meet dur+ ! #ae? c5tury 9 ! metropolitan ,isidore1 born 9 ,!ssalonica1 a prelate :o made ev]y?+ "w t[>d a union ) ,rome4 ,:5 ! ,union ,synod ( ,a4,d4 #adch 0 to meet at ,f]r>a 7 #fg1 #f71 he repres5t$ to ! ,gr& ,duke ,vassili t x 0 8 duty to appe> !re4 ,he gave a hesitat+ & unwill+ cons5t4 ,at ! ,c\ncil ,isidore along ) ,bess>ion %[$ himself a zeal\s promot] ( ! union4 ,he return$ 9 ,a4,d4 #adda z c>d9al & papal legate4 ,b :5 at ! fir/ public s]vice 9 ,mosc[ he read al\d ! union docum5ts1 ! ,gr& ,duke _h him imprison$ & bani%$ to a mona/]y4 ,he escap$ f 8 prison & di$ 9 ,rome 9 ,a4,d4 #afdc4--;,cont9uation1 #aea1 #c4 ,,second ,,division4 ,,! ,,hi/orical ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,g]man ,,& ,,roman ,,*ur* ,,dur+ ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4#aih #gd4 ,,"* ,,& ,,divisions ,,( ,,?is ,,p]iod ,,( ,,! ,,developm5t4 ,) ! hi/orically significant appe>ance ( ! ,g]manic peoples1 f ^: bl5d+ ) ! old ,celtic & ,lat9 races ( ! conqu]$ c\ntries ! ,romance gr\p ( nationalities has its orig91 !re beg9s a new phase 9 ! hi/orical developm5t ( ! _w & ! *ur*4 ,! s-call$ migration ( ! nations produc$ an upheaval & revolution among ! v f\ndations & spr+s ( hi/ory su* z h nev] s9ce be5 se54 ,= a simil> significance _c be ascrib$ to ! appe>ance at a some:at lat] p]iod ( a motley cr[d ( ,slavic tribes & a deta*$ cont+5t ( ! ,turanian-,altaic race 7,f9ns1 ,magy>s1 etc471 because ! /ream ( _! developm5t ran 9 ! same *annel4 ,?us ! appe>ance ( ! ,g]mans =ms ! wat]%$ betwe5 ! old _w & ! new4 ,?is divid+ b\nd>y1 h[ev]1 is n a /raight l9e2 = ! %oots ( ! old _w run on = c5turies alongside ( & among ! "y gr[?s ( ! new _w4 ,9 s f> z ^? remnants ( ! old h no relation to ! new & "w out un9flu5c$ by _! surr\nd+s _! own mat]ial 9 _! own way1 ! hi/ory ( _! developm5ts has no place "h2 b ev5 ^! dem& consid]ation at ?is po9t 9 s f> z !y affect ! developm5t ( ! new _w z a means ( educat+ & m\ld+1 arre/+ & p]v]t+4 ,j z ! hi/ory ( ! *ur* & ! _w z a :ole is di/ribut$ into anci5t & mod]n1 s ! special hi/ory ( ! ,g]mano-,roman _w c & mu/ be di/ribut$ into anci5t & mod]n1 ! divid+ b\nd>y ( :i* is ! ,re=mation ( ! #af? c5tury4 ,! e>li] ( ^! two phases ( hi/ory pres5ts itself to u ) a ,janus-head1 ^: two faces are direct$ ! "o to ! anci5t1 ! o!r to ! mod]n _w4 ,?is foll[s f ! fact t ! gr\ps ( peoples ref]r$ to did n require any long] to pursue ! we>y way ( _! developm5t on _! own *>ges1 b r ent]$ ^u ! spiritual h]itage ( ! defunct anci5t _w1 & 7 able by means !re( m quickly & surely to gr[ to ! maturity ( _! own prop] & indep5d5t rank & culture4 ,! ,roman &1 = "s bran*es ( ! ,slavic races1 also ! ,byzant9e1 *ur* 0 ! be>] & m$ium ( ?is spiritual h]itage1 & z su* became tea*] & discipl9>ian ( ! "y _w4 ,! ,re=mation is ! emancipation f ! adm9i/rator ( discipl9e1 ^: lead+ /r+s 7 ca/ (f by ! y\? :5 he rea*$ ! maturity ( man's e/ate4 ,x is ! ass]tion ( ! ,g]man nation t x _h rea*$ its intellectual majority4 #gd4a4 ,! ,"* ( ,m$ival ,hi/ory4--,z its "n implies ! m$ival p]iod ( *ur* hi/ory is "o ( transition f ! old to ! new4 ,! old is ! n[ complet$ developm5t ( ,*ri/ianity "u ! m\ld+ influ5ces ( ! anci5t ,greek & ,roman _w2 ! new is ! complete incorporation ( ! special =ms ( life & culture t *>act]ize ! new peoples1 :o are plac$ by means ( ! migration ( ! nations 9 ! =egr\nd ( hi/ory4 ,b s9ce ! peculi> culture ( ^! nations 0 fir/ pres5t only pot5tially & z a capacity1 & 0 to realize itself fir/ ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian culture1 betwe5 ! old & ! new a middle & int]m$iate age int]v5$1 ! ext5t ( :i* 0 j t influ5ce ( ! old complet$ culture ^u ! new develop+ culture4 ,?is conflict dur+ ! :ole c\rse ( ! ,middle ,ages 0 c>ri$ on by ^? p[]ful waves ( action & reaction 7=mation1 de=mation1 re=mation71 :i*1 h[ev]1 amid ! f]m5t ( ! times display$ an ev] v>y+ mix+ ( ! "o ) ! o!r4 ,! ,middle ,ages h br\ght =? ! mo/ magnific5t ph5om5a1 ! papacy1 ! mona/ic sy/em1 s*ola/icism1 etc41 b *>act]i/ic ( !m all is t crude bl5d+ ( ! ?ree k9ds ( movem5t nam$ above1 :i* h9d]$ its effectiv5ess & l$ to its own det]ioration4 ,fir/ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! #af? c5tury did ! re=matory endeav\rs become s mature & /rong t x c\ld assume a pur] =m & c>ry out its ef=ts ) success4 ,) ?is too we rea* ! end ( ! ,middle ,ages & witness ! bir? ( ! mod]n _w4 #gd4b4 ,p]iods 9 ! ,*ur* ,hi/ory ( ! ,g]man-,roman ,middle ,ages4--,! fir/ regul> p]iod is m>k$ by ! end ( ! ,c>ol+ian age1 :i* may be reg>d$ z complet$ by ! dy+ out ( ! ,g]man ,c>ol+ians 9 ,a4,d4 #iaa4 ,! movem5t 9 all ! *ief dep>tm5ts ( ! *ur* 0 hi!rto regul> & unbrok53 be=e ,*>lemagne an asc5d+ "o1 dur+ 8 reign rea*+ ! summit1 & aft] 8 dea? decl9+4 ,x is ! univ]sal ,g]man p]iod ( hi/ory4 ,! fundam5tal idea ( ! ,c>ol+ian dyna/y1 :i* surviv$ ev5 its weake/ repres5tatives1 0 no o!r ?an ! comb9ation ( all ,g]man1 ,roman & ,slavic nationalities "u ! sceptre ( "o ,g]man empire4 ,! la/ ,g]man ,c>ol+ian c>ri$ ?is idea ) him to ! grave4 ,! p[]ful impulse pres5t ev5 9 ! #i? c5tury t[>d national sep>ation & ! dismemb]m5t ( ! ,c>ol+ian empire into indep5d5t ,g]manic1 ,romanic & ,slavic nations has s9ce ass]t$ its irresi/ible p[]4 ,b ) ! ,c>ol+ian empire ! ,c>ol+ian epo* ( civilization also came to an end4 ,& ev5 ! glory ( ! papacy1 ^: intrigues _h und]m9$ ! empire1 because x _h ?us snapp$ ! bran* on :i* x sat1 n[ sank into ! l[e/ dep?s ( weakness & corruption4 ,:5 we take a g5]al survey ( ! beg9n+ ( ! #aj? c5tury1 we f9d on all sides1 9 *ur* & /ate1 9 secul> & spiritual gov]nm5ts1 9 sci5ce1 culture & art1 ! creations ( ,*>lemagne ov]?r[n1 & a seculum obscurum introduc$ f :i* amid great oppression & savag]y1 em]ge ! conditions1 e>ne/s & g]ms ( a new gold5 age4--,a second p]iod is m>k$ out1 9 q a diff]5t fa%ion1 by ! age ( ,pope ,boniface ,,viii4 or ! beg9n+ ( ! #ad? c5tury4 ,up to ?is "t ,g]many /ood di/9ctly 9 ! =egr\nd bo? ( ! hi/ory ( ! _w & ( ! *ur*2 b ! unhappy conflict ( ,boniface ) ,philip ! ,fair ( ,france plac$ ! papacy at ! m]cy ( ,fr5* policy1 & s h5ce=? 9 all ! movem5ts ( ,*ur* hi/ory ,france /&s 9 ! front4 ,! pontificate ( ,boniface =ms a turn+ po9t also = ! hi/orical developm5t )9 ! *ur* itself4 ,! mo/ va/ & influ5tial products ( m$ival ecclesia/icism are ! papacy1 mona/icism & s*ola/icism4 ,! p]iod be=e ,boniface is *>act]iz$ by ! gr[? & fl\ri%+ ( ^!2 ! p]iod aft] ,boniface by _! decay & det]ioration4 ,! re=matory curr5t1 too1 :i* p]meat$ ! :ole ( ! ,middle ,ages1 has 9 ea* ( ^! two p]iods its own di/9ctive "*4 ,be=e ,boniface ^? repres5tatives ( ! dom9ant ecclesia/ical sy/em 7 !mselves inspir$ by a p[]ful re=matory _s work+ its way up f ! great & widespread depravation ( ! #aj? c5tury1 accompani$1 h[ev]1 by a hi]>*ical lu/ ( p[] f> beyond ! limits ju/ifiable on evangelical pr9ciples4 ,! evangelical re=matory endeav\rs aga9 direct$ aga9/ ^? repres5tatives ( ecclesia/icism are /ill relatively few & isolat$ & f9d b a slight e*o1 :ile z _! c>icature we see alongside ( !m h]etical extravagances :i* h sc>cely ev] _h _! l 9 hi/ory4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! fir/ p]iod1 h[ev]1 ?is relation beg9s to be rev]s$4 ,! papacy1 mona/icism & s*ola/icism becom+ m & m det]iorat$ are ! patrons ( e sort ( det]ioration )9 ! *ur*4 ,! revolution>y h]etical movem5t is inde$ ov]come1 b all ! m p[]fully1 g5]ally & v>i$ly does ! evangelical re=matory movem5t1 ?\gh /ill always burd5$ ) mu* t 0 confus$ & immature1 ass]t itself indep5d5tly ( & ov] aga9/ ^? ecclesia/ical pr9cipalities1 )\t be+ able1 h[ev]1 to ex]t ^u !m any abid+ influ5ce4--,?us our phase ( developm5t is divid$ into ?ree p]iods3 ! p]iod f ! #d? to ! #i? c5t4 7till ,a4,d4 #iaa72 ! p]iod f ! #aj? to ! #ac? c5t4 7,a4,d4 #iaa-abid72 & ! p]iod ( ! #ad? & #ae? c5t4 7,a4,d4 #abid-aeag74 ,,fir/ ,,section4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,g]man-,,roman ,,*ur* ,,f ,,! #d,,? ,,to ,,! #i,,? ,,c5tury 7,,d[n ,,to ,a4,d4 #iaa74 ,i4 ,f\nd+1 ,spread1 & ,limitation ( ! ,g]man ,*ur*4#aii #ge4 ,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,! ,,g]mans4 ,9 ! pre-,g]man age ,europe 0 = ! mo/ "p inhabit$ by ,celtic races4 ,9 ,brita91 ,spa9 & ,gaul1 h[ev]1 ^! 7 subjugat$ by ! ,roman =ces & ,romaniz$1 :]eas 9 nor!rn1 ea/]n & middle ,europe !y 7 oppress$1 ext]m9at$ or ,g]maniz$ by ! ,g]mans4 ,9 its victori\s m>* ?r\gh ,europe1 ,*ri/ianity met ) ,celtic races ( unmix$ nationality only 9 ,irel& & ,scotl&1 = ev5 among ! neighb\r+ ,britons ! ,celtic nationality 0 already bl5d$ ) ! ,roman4 ,only 9 a v re/rict$ field1 !re=e1 c\ld ! *ur* fir/ ( all develop itself accord+ to ! ,celtic mode ( culture4 ,b "h1 ) a wond]ful measure ( indep5d5ce1 mission>y op]ations 7 s en]getically prosecut$ t = a long "t x seem$ z if ! great] "p ( ! opposite cont95t ) its ,g]man population 0 to be its prey1 until at la/ ! ,romi% *ur* w\ld be driv5 out ( its own home z well z out ( its hopeful mission fields 7 #gg74--;,ev5 9 pre-,*ri/ian times a second & m p[]ful immigration f ! ,ea/ _h begun to p\r ov] ,europe4 ,! v>i\s ,g]manic gr\ps ( tribes n[ pres5t$ !mselves1 foll[$ by o!r w>like races1 ,huns1 ,slavs1 ,magy>s1 etc41 alt]nately driv+ & be+ driv54 ,! ,g]mans fir/ came into contact ) ,*ri/ian elem5ts 9 ! second half ( ! #crd c5tury1 & t[>d ! end ( ! #e? a :ole s]ies ( p[]ful ,g]man peoples are f\nd pr(ess+ ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 & ea* successive c5tury f> d[n into ! ,middle ,ages br+s always new trophies f ^! nations into ! treasure-h\se ( ! *ur*4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly be wrong to ascribe ^! results to a national pr$isposition ( ! ,g]man *ur*es & type ( m9d = ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is _c be altoge!r d5i$1 b x did n pr$ispose ! ,g]man peoples to ,*ri/ianity z x !n 0 prea*$1 b 0 fir/ develop$ :5 ?is by o!r ways & means _h f\nd an entrance & only at ! ,re=mation ( ! #af? c5tury did x get full expression4 ,= t pr$isposition 0 direct$ to ! deepe/ & inn]mo/ sides ( ,*ri/ianity1 = :i* ! ecclesia/ical in/itution ( ! times 9 its ext]nalism _h little appreciation2 & ! fir/ task ( ! ,g]man _s 0 to secure recognition ( ?is re=matory pr9ciple4 #ge4a4 ,! ,pr$isposition ( ! ,g]mans = ,*ri/ianity4--,:at we h be5 accu/om$ to he> ab\t ?is subject is 9 "p greatly exagg]at$1 9 "p s\ght = :]e its prop] g]m does n lie4 ,! ,g]man my?ology may inde$ conceal _m deep ?\ghts "u ! g>b ( leg5d>y poetry :i* h "s relation to ,*ri/ian tru? & af=d evid5ce ( ! religi\s ne$s1 ! speculative gifts & ! *>act]i/ic pr(undity ( ,g]man ?\ght1 b ?is sc>cely 9 a l>g] measure ?an 9 ! ,greek my?s1 philosophemes & my/]ies4#bjj ,mu* m sugge/ive ( a pr$isposition to ,*ri/ianity ?an su* bright spots 9 ! my?ological sy/em ( ! ,g]mans are ! special & di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics ( ! life ( ! ,g]man p4 ,! fidelity ( ! vassal to 8 "l1 transf]r$ to ,*ri/ ! heav5ly k+1 con/itutes ! special core ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,besides1 closely connect$ !re)1 ! love ( battle & fai?fulness 9 battle = & ) ! h]$it>y or elect$ *ief f\nd a p>allel 9 ! /ruggles & victories ( ! ,*ri/ian life4 ,fur!r1 ! ,g]mans' noble love ( fre$om1 sanctifi$ by ! ,gospel1 af=d$ =m & expression = ! glori\s fre$om ( ! *ildr5 ( ,god4 ,& f9ally1 ! spirituality ( ! ,g]mans' wor%ip1 prais$ ev5 by ,tacitus1 :o says t !y nec cohib]e p>ietibus ,deos1 neque 9 ullam humani oris speciem adsimul>e1 ex magnitud9e cle/ium arbitrantur1 pr$ispos$ !m 9 fav\r ( ! wor%ipp+ ( ,god 9 _s & 9 tru?4 #ge4b4 ,:at is ( mo/ significance1 h[ev]1 = und]/&+ ! almo/ unoppos$ ,adoption ( ,*ri/ianity by s _m ,g]man races is ! slight hold t _! hea!n religion _h ^u !m at t "t4 ,x is ess5tially *>act]i/ic ( hea!nism z ! religion ( nature t x c fl\ri% only on its native soil4 ,g]man paganism1 h[ev]1 _h be5 uproot$ by its transplantation to ,european soil & _h1 amid ! movem5ts ( peoples dur+ ! fir/ c5turies aft] _! migration1 nev] q /ruck root 9 ! new gr\nd4 ,9 ! lat] c5turies1 :5 x _h long en\gh "t = do+ s1 e4g4 among ! ,frisians1 ,saxons1 ,danes1 x (f]$ an incomp>ably m resolute resi/ance4 ,aga91 rapid conv]sion w be fur!r$ or h9d]$ accord+ z ! new home is "o :]e already f ,roman times ,*ri/ian in/itutions exi/$ or ev5 _h exi/$1 or is "o :]e ! old primitive hea!nism /ill prevail$4 ,only 9 ! latt] case c\ld ,g]man paganism develop its full p[] & /rike its roots deeply & feel at home ^u ! new soil2 :]eas 9 ! o!r case1 ! high] culture & spiritual p[] ( ,*ri/ianity1 ev5 :]e x _h be5 vanqui%$ by ! b>b>ians1 di/urb$ ! ev5 t5\r & navete ( ! g5u9ely pagan c\rse ( developm5t4 ,! circum/ance also des]ves m5tion1 t ! m>riage ( hea!n pr9ces ) ,*ri/ian pr9cesses frequ5tly secur$ _! conv]sion along ) t ( _! subjects4 ,9 ! n>r[] circles ( ! home1 ! family1 ! tribe1 innum]able in/ances ( ! same sort ( ?+ repeat$ly occurr$4 ,!re is some?+ specially ,g]manic1 9 ! prom95t position :i* ,g]man feel+ _h assign$ to ! wife3 ,inesse qu9 etiam1 says ,tacitus1 sanctum aliquid et providum putant2 nec aut consilia e>um adsp]nantur1 aut responsa negligunt4#bja #ge4c4 ,mode ( ,conv]sion 9 ! ,*ur* ( ^! ,times4--,ap>t f ! too frequ5t practice ( ,*ri/ian rul]s to secure conv]sions by ! sword1 baptism & conv]sion 7 commonly reg>d$ z an opus op]atum1 & :ole cr[ds ( hea!ns )\t any k ( sav+ tru?1 ) no real *ange ( he>t & m9d1 7 receiv$ into ! *ur* by baptism4 ,no "o c approve ?is4 ,b x mu/ be admitt$ t only 9 ?is way c\ld /rik+ & rapid results h be5 rea*$2 t inde$ 9 ! /age ( *ildhood1 9 :i* ! ,g]mans !n 71 x _h a c]ta9 measure ( ju/ification4 ,by ! hi/ory ev5 ( its attack ^u ,g]man paganism an entirely diff]5t c>e] ( conflict & victory 0 m>k$ out to ,*ri/ianity ?an t ?r\gh :i* x _h to pass 9 its conque/s ( ,grco-,roman paganism4 ,9 ?is latt] case x _h to confront a high =m ( civilization :i* _h outliv$ its p[]s & _h lo/ itself 9 its own p]plexities1 :i* = a ?\s& ye>s _h prov$ 9 its civilization & hi/ory a 4 ,all ?is 0 want+ to ! ,g]mans4 ,if ! ,roman _w might be comp>$ to a proselyte :o 9 ripe1 well prov$ & mu* exp]i5c$ maturity receives baptism1 ! conv]sion ( ! ,g]mans may be comp>$ to ! baptism ( *ildr54--,gregory ! ,great _h at fir/ direct$ ! mission>ies to ! ,anglo-,saxons 7 #gg1 #d7 to de/roy ! idol temples ( conv]t$ hea!ns4 ,b fur!r reflection conv9c$ him t x 0 bett] to trans=m !m into ,*ri/ian *ur*es1 & n[ he laid x d[n z a maxim 9 ,roman ,ca?olic missions t pagan =ms ( wor%ip & places ( wor%ip :i* 7 capable ( modification to ,*ri/ian uses %\ld be c>efully pres]v$ & respect$3 8,nam duris m5tibus simul omnia absc9d]e impossibile esse dubium non e/1 quia et is qui summum locum asc5d]e nititur1 gradibus vel passibus1 non autem saltibus1 elevatur40 ,x 0 a fateful1 two-edg$ ^w1 :i* l$ ,ca?olic missions to a brilliant outw>d success1 b has saturat$ ! ,ca?olic wor%ip & life ) a pagan leav51 :i* works 9 x p[]fully d[n to ! pres5t day4 #gf4 ,,! ,,victory ,,( ,,ca?olicism ,,ov] ,,arianism4#bjb ,! fir/ conv]sions ( multitudes ( ! ,g]man races occurr$ at ! "t :5 ,arianism _h rea*$ its climax 9 ! ,roman empire4 ,int]nal di/urbances & ext]nal pressure compell$ a portion ( ! ,go?s 9 ! second half ( ! f\r? c5tury to ?r[ !mselves into ! arms ( ! ,ea/ ,roman empire & to pur*ase its protection by ! adoption ( ,arian ,*ri/ianity4 ,! mission>y zeal ( ! national cl]gy1 ) bi%op ,ulfilas at _! head1 ?\gh we _c indicate p>ticul>ly 8 me?ods1 spread ,arianism 9 a %ort "t ov] a multitude ( ! ,g]man nationalities4 ,d[n to ! end ( ! fif? c5tury ,arianism 0 pr(ess$ by ! l>g] portion ( ! ,g]man _w1 by ,visigo?s & ,o/rogo?s1 by ,v&als1 ,suevi & ,burgundians1 by ! ,rugians & ,h]ulians1 by ! ,longob>ds1 etc4 ,& z ! e>ly fri5dly relations to ! ,roman empire _h giv5 ,arianism a f\ndation among ^? peoples1 s ! lat] ho/ile relations to ! ,roman empire n[ turn$ ,ca?olic made !m cl+ t5aci\sly to _! ,arian h]esy4 ,arianism _h m & m assum$ ! "* ( a national ,g]man ,*ri/ianity1 & x almo/ seem$ z if ! :ole ,g]man _w1 & ) x ! univ]sal hi/ory ( ! future1 7 its secure prey4 ,b a quick end 0 made ( ^! expectations by ! conv]sion ( "o ( its *ief bran*es to ,ca?olicism4 ,! ,franks _h f ! fir/ pursu$ a policy :i* 0 direct$ r to ! /r5g!n+ ( ! future ( its bro!r tribes1 ?an to ! accel]at+ ( ! d[nfall ( ! ,roman empire4 ,?is policy l$ !m to embrace ,ca?olicism4 ,tru/+ to ! protection ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ri/ians' ,god & ! sympa?ies ( ! :ole ,ca?olic ,we/1 ! ,franki% rul]s took advantage ( ! call to suppress h]esy & conqu] h]etics' l&s4 ,to r5\nce h]esy s z to f9d occasion = attack+ ! t]ritories ( h]etics1 0 probably ) !m a matt] ( political necessity4 #gf4a4 ,! ,go?s 9 ! l&s ( ! ,danube4--,f ! middle ( ! #crd c5tury ,*ri/ianity _h f\nd an entrance among ! ,go?s ?r\gh ,roman prison]s ( w>4 ,at ! ,c\ncil ( ,nica 9 ,a4,d4 #cbe !re 0 pres5t a ,go?ic bi%op ,!ophilus4 ,f ,a4,d4 #cdh ! scion ( an imprison$ ,cappadocian ,*ri/ian family1 ,ulfilas#bjc by "n1 wr\ght z bi%op among ! ,visigo?s1 already atta*$ to ! ,arian confession1 ) s mu* zeal & success = ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity t ! hatr$ ( ! pagans 0 r\s$ to su* a pit* t 9 ,a4,d4 #cee !y began a bloody p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,) a great "p ( ! ,go?ic ,*ri/ians ,ulfilas fl$ ov] ! ,danube1 & ! emp]or ,con/antius1 :o hon\r$ him z a second ,moses1 assign$ him a dwell+-place 9 ,m\nt ,hmus4 ,ulfilas cont9u$ 8 "w = ?irty-?ree ye>s ) _m tok5s ( bless+4 ,9 ord] t ! ,go?s might h access to ! orig9al f\nt ( sav+ k1 he translat$ ! ,holy ,scriptures into _! language1 = :i* he inv5t$ a writt5 "* ( 8 own4 ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #cha4 ,a %ort biography ( ! ,apo/le ( ! ,go?s 0 writt5 by 8 disciple ,aux5tius1 bi%op ( ,doro/orus 9 ,sili/ria1 :i* gives an acc\nt at fir/ h& ( 8 life & doctr9e4 ,b n all ,go?ic ,*ri/ians 7 expatriat$ ) ,ulfilas4 ,^? :o rema9$ beh9d 7 a leav5 :i* ev] cont9u$ to exp& & spread4 ,s ,a?an>ic1 k+ ( ! ,!rv+ians1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #cgj1 />t$ a new & cruel p]secution aga9/ !m4 ,soon aft]w>ds a rebellion broke out among ! pagan ,!rv+ians4 ,at ! head ( ! malcont5ts 0 ,fri?ig]n4 ,he 0 subdu$1 b got aid f ! emp]or ,val5s & 9 gratitude = ! help giv5 adopt$ ! ,arian religion ( ! emp]or4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ conv]sion 9 multitude among ! ,go?s4 ,a second foll[$ n long aft]4 ,! ,huns _h ru%$ d[n l a :irlw9d 9 ,a4,d4 #cge & de/roy$ ! empire ( ! ,o/rogo?s4 ,a "p ( ^! 7 oblig$ to jo9 ! ,huns2 :ile ano!r fl$ into ! c\ntry ( ! ,!rv+ians4 ,^! la/ aga9 7 driv5 be=e ! conqu]ors & cross$ ! ,danube "u ,fri?ig]n & ,alaviv1 :]e 9 ,a4,d4 #cgf ,val5s gave !m a settlem5t on condition t !y %\ld pr(ess ,arian ,*ri/ianity4 ,b ?is fri5d%ip did n la/ long1 & ,val5s fell 9 ,a4,d4 #cgh fight+ aga9/ !m4 ,!odosius1 ! re/or] ( ! ,ca?olic fai? 9 ! ,roman empire1 made peace ) !m4 ,!y reta9$1 h[ev]1 _! ,arian ,confession1 :i* spread f !m 9 a way n yet expla9$ to ! ,o/rogo?s & o!r relat$ tribes4 ,*ryso/om />t$ a ,ca?olic mission among !m1 b x 0 /opp$ at 8 dea?4 #gf4b4 ,! ,visigo?s 9 ,gaul & ,spa94--,! dea? ( ,!odosius 9 ,a4,d4 #cie & ! p>tition ( 8 empire gave ! signal to ! ,visigo?s to attempt secur+ = !mselves m room4 ,al>ic deva/at$ ,greece1 broke 9 ^u ,italy 9 se>* ( prey & plund]$ ,rome 9 ,a4,d4 #daj4 ,8 successor ,a?aulf desc5d$ ^u s\!rn ,gaul1 & ,wallia f\nd$ !re a ,visigo? empire ) ,t\l\se = its capital1 :i* "u ,euric1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #dhc1 rea*$ ! summit ( its glory4 ,euric ext5d$ 8 k+dom 9 ,gaul1 & 9 ,a4,d4 #dge1 conqu]$ ! mo/ ( ,spa94 ,he s\ght to /r5g!n 8 gov]nm5t by hav+ "o sy/em ( law & "o religion1 b 9 8 project$ conv]sion ( 8 subjects to ,arianism1 he met ) unexpect$ opposition1 :i* he s\ght 9 va9 to put d[n by a sev]e p]secution ( ! ,ca?olics4 ,! ,roman population & ! ,ca?olic bi%ops long$ = a ,ca?olic gov]nm5t & plac$ _! hopes 9 ! ,franki% k+ ,clovis :o _h be5 conv]t$ 9 ,a4,d4 #dif4 ,z savi\r & av5g] ( ! ,ca?olic fai? ,clovis completely de/roy$ ! ,visigo? p[] on ?is side ! ,pyr5ees 9 a battle at ,v\gl ne> ,poiti]s 9 ,a4,d4 #ejg4 ,9 ,spa91 h[ev]1 ! ,visigo?s reta9$ _! p[] & p]si/$ 9 _! ef=ts to conv]t all to ! ,arian fai?4 ,"u ! viol5t ,leovigild ^! ef=ts culm9at$ 9 ,a4,d4 #ehe 9 a cruel p]secution4 ,8 son & successor ,recc>$1 h[ev]1 saw ! vanity & dang] ( ?is policy & took ! opposite c\rse4 ,at ! ?ird ,synod ( ,tol$o 9 ,a4,d4 #ehi he adopt$ ! ,ca?olic fai? & ) ! co-op]ation ( ! able metropolitan ,le&] ( ,seville secur$ complete asc5d5cy = ,ca?olicism ?r\gh\t ! empire4 ,"u ! lat] k+s ! ,visigo? p[] sank l[] & l[] amid ! trea*]ies1 murd]s & revolts ( int]nal factions1 & 9 ,a4,d4 #gaa ! la/ k+ ( ! ,visigo?s1 ,rod]ick1 aft] a bloody fight at ,x]es de la ,front]a yield$ to ! ,s>ac5s :o _h ru%$ d[n f ,africa ^u ,spa94 #gf4c4 ,! ,v&als 9 ,africa4--,e>ly 9 ! #e? c5tury ! ,v&als1 :o 7 ev5 !n ,arian ,*ri/ians1 comb9+ ) ! ,alani & ,suevi1 made a desc5t f ,pannonia ^u ,gaul 9 ,a4,d4 #djf & f !nce ^u ,spa9 9 ,a4,d4 #dji1 & made dreadful havoc ( ^! ri* & f]tile l&s4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #dbh ! ,roman proconsul ( ,africa1 ,boniface1 unju/ly accus$ ( treason by ! ,roman gov]nm5t1 9 8 /raits call$ 9 ! aid ( ! ,v&als4 ,_! k+ ,g5s]ic w5t 9 ,a4,d4 #dbi ) #ej1jjj m54 ,boniface1 h[ev]1 0 mean:ile reconcil$ ) 8 gov]nm5t & did all 9 8 p[] to get ! b>b>ians to retire4 ,b all 9 va94 ,g5s]ic conqu]$ ,africa & f\nd$ !re a p[]ful ,v&al empire4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #dee he ev5 made an attack ^u ,rome1 :i* 0 plund]$ by 8 hordes = f\rte5 days4 ,9 ord] to prev5t any sympa?y be+ %[n by ,africa = ,rome he det]m9$ to secure ?r\gh\t 8 empire uni=m pr(ession ( ! ,arian cre$1 & 9 prosecut+ ?is purpose dur+ 8 fifty ye>s' reign ex]cis$ cont9ual cruelties4 ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #dgg4 ,b ! ,african ,ca?olics 7 fai?ful to _! cre$ unto dea? & w5t =? to m>tyrdom 9 a _s wor?y ( _! ance/ors ( ! #bnd or #crd c5turies4 ,8 son ,hunn]ic all[$ !m only a %ort respite & began aga9 9 ,a4,d4 #dhc ! bloody "w4 ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #dhd4 ,"u 8 successor ,guntamund ,gun?amund1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #dif1 a /op 0 put to ! p]secution2 b ,?rasamund ,?rasimund1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #ebc1 aga9 adopt$ bloody measures4 ,hild]ic1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #ecj1 a man ( mild & g5]\s temp]1 & ! son ( a ,ca?olic "m1 op5ly fav\r$ ! ,ca?olics4 ,gelim]1 a great-gr&son ( ,g5s]ic1 put himself at ! head ( ! ,arians :om ,hild]ic's ca?olic sympa?ies _h ali5at$1 took ,hild]ic prison] & _h him execut$4 ,b be=e he c\ld c>ry out ! int5d$ p]secution1 ,ju/9ian's g5]al ,belis>ius m>*$ into ,africa1 annihilat$ ! ,v&al army 9 a battle ne> ,tricam]on 9 ,a4,d4 #ecc1 & ov]?rew ! ,v&al empire4#bjd #gf4d4 ,! ,suevi 7 /ill hea!ns :5 !y ent]$ ,spa9 ) ! ,v&als 9 ,a4,d4 #dji4 ,"h "u _! k+ ,re*i> !y adopt$ ! ,ca?olic fai?4 ,b ,remismund to please ! ,visigo?s w5t ov] to ,arianism 9 ,a4,d4 #dfe ) ! :ole p4 ,c>r>ic1 :o ?\ght he ow$ ! cure ( 8 son to ! relics ( ,m>t9 ( ,t\rs1 pass$ ov] aga9 to ,ca?olicism 9 ,a4,d4 #eej4 ,) ! co-op]ation ( ,m>t91 metropolitan ( ,braga1 he conv]t$ 8 p1 & a ,prov9cial ,synod at ,braga 9 ,a4,d4 #efc "u ,!odimir ,i4 complet$ ! "w4 ,! empire ( ! ,suevi 0 de/roy$ by ,leovigild k+ ( ! ,visigo?s1 9 ,a4,d4 #ehe4 #gf4e4 ,! ,burgundians c>ri$ on by ! irresi/ible advance ( ,v&als1 ,suevi & ,alani f _! home on ! ,ma9 & ! ,neck>1 :]e !y _h adopt$ ! ,ca?olic fai?1 f\nd$ an indep5d5t k+dom 9 ! ,jura di/rict4 ,"h !y came into contact ) ! ,visigo?s & = ! mo/ "p fell away to ,arianism4 ,( ,gundiac's f\r sons1 :o divid$ ! empire among !m1 only ,*ilp]ic ,,ii41 ! fa!r ( ,clotilda1 rema9$ ,ca?olic4 ,by fratricide 8 bro!r ,gundobald secur$ complete sov]eignty4 ,! bi%op ,avitus ( ,vi5ne 7 #ec1 #e71 h[ev]1 vigor\sly oppos$ ,arianism1 & to secure its suppression call$ a ,c\ncil at ,epaon 9 ,a4,d4 #eag1 ! decisions ( :i* 7 recognis$ by ,sigismund1 ,gundobald's son1 & 7 made valid ?r\gh\t ! empire4 ,b ev5 ?is did n satisfy ,clotilda1 ! wife ( ! ,franki% k+ ,clovis1 z an atonem5t = h] fa!r's dea?4 ,h] sons1 urg$ by _! "m to prove av5g]s ( h] fa!r's blood1 made an end ( ! ,burgundian empire 9 ,a4,d4 #ecd4 #gf4f4 ,! ,rugians1 9 comb9ation ) ! ,h]ulians1 ,scyrians & ,turcell+ians1 _h f\nd$ an indep5d5t k+dom 9 ! ,old ,roman ,noricum1 ! ,l[] ,au/ria ( to-day4 ,arianism _h be5 introduc$ among !m by ! ,go?s b )\t ! complete expulsion ( paganism4 ,! ,romans among !m atta*$ to ,ca?olicism 7 sorely oppress$4 ,b f ,a4,d4 #ded1 ,sev]9us wr\ght among !m l a mess5g] f heav5 to bless1 help & com=t ! heavily burd5$4 ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #dhb4 ,ev5 f ! b>b>ians he won ! deepe/ rev]5ce1 & ov] hea!ns & ,arians he _h an almo/ magical p[]4 ,he prophesi$ to ! ,scyrian ,odoac] 8 future greatness4 ,?is pr9ce 9 ,a4,d4 #dgf put an end to ! ,we/ ,roman empire & rul$ ably & wisely z k+ ( ,italy = sev5te5 ye>s4 ,he put an end too to ,arian fanaticism 9 ,rugil& 9 ,a4,d4 #dhg by ov]?r[+ ! empire ( ! ,rugians4 ,b 9 ,a4,d4 #dhi ! ,o/rogo? ,!odoric came d[n ^u ,italy1 conqu]$ ,rav5na aft] a ?ree ye>s' siege1 took ,odoac] prison] & 9 a wild drunk5 revel _h him put to dea? 9 ,a4,d4 #dic4 #gf4g4 ,! ,o/rogo?s :5 !y conqu]$ ,italy _h already = a long "t be5 ,arians1 b 7 free f t fanaticism :i* s (t5 *>act]iz$ ,g]man ,arianism4 ,!odoric grant$ full lib]ty to ,ca?olicism1 sp>$1 protect$ & priz$ ,roman culture1 9 all :i* c]ta9ly 8 fam\s m9i/] ,cassiodorus 7 #dg1 #bc7 _h no small %>e4 ,?is lib]al-m9d$ tol]ance 0 inde$ made easy to ! k+ by ! ?irty-five ye>s' s*ism ( t "t 7 #eb1 #e71 :i* prev5t$ any suspicions ( dang] to ! /ate f ! comb9ation ( ,roman & ,byzant9e ,ca?olics4 ,& 9 fact1 :5 ?is s*ism 0 heal$ 9 ,a4,d4 #eai1 ,!odoric began to int]e/ himself m 9 ,arianism & to give way to su* suspicions4 ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #ebf4 ,! confusions t foll[$ 8 dea? 7 tak5 advantage ( by ! emp]or ,ju/9ian = ! reconque/ ( ,italy4 ,8 g5]al ,n>ses annihilat$ ! la/ remnants ( ! ,o/rogo? p[] 9 ,a4,d4 #eed4 ,! ,byzant9e gov]nm5t aga9 rose ^u ! ru9s ( ! ,go?s1 & 9 ,a4,d4 #efg e/abli%$ ! ex>*ate ) ,rav5na z its capital4 ,= ! "t be+ ,arianism 0 completely de/roy$ 9 ,italy4#bje #gf4h4 ,! ,longob>ds 9 ,italy4--,9 ,a4,d4 #efi ! ,longob>ds "u ,albo9 made a desc5t ^u ,italy f ! l&s ( ! ,danube1 & conqu]$ :at has be5 call$ ,lomb>dy aft] !m1 ) its capital ,tic9um1 n[ ,pavia4 ,8 successors ext5d$ _! conque/s f>!r s\?1 till at la/ only ! f>!/ po9t ( ,italy1 ! du*ies ( ,naples1 ,rome & ,p]ugia1 ,rav5na ) its subject cities & ,v5ice1 ackn[l$g$ ,byzant9e rule4 ,excit$ by desire ( plund] & political jeal\sy1 ! ,arian ,longob>ds w>r$ incessantly = tw5ty ye>s ) ,roman culture & ,roman ,ca?olicism4 ,b aft] ?is fir/ outbur/ ( p]secution _h be5 /ill$1 religi\s indol5ce won ! upp] h& & ! ,arian cl]gy 7 n r\s$ f _! indiff]5ce to spiritual ?+s by ! gr[+ zeal = conv]sions :i* *>act]iz$ ! ,ca?olic bi%ops4 ,pope ,gregory ! ,great1 ,a4,d4 #eij-fjd1 devot$ himself unwe>i$ly to ! task1 & 0 p[]fully support$ by a ,bav>ian pr9cess1 ! zeal\s ,ca?olic que5 ,!odel9de4 ,! ,longob>ds 7 s enam\r$ ( ?is fair & amiable que5 t1 :5 h] fir/ husb& ,an?>i 0 murd]$ 9 ,a4,d4 #eij1 "o ye> aft] _! m>riage1 !y all[$ h] to *oose = h]self "o ( ! dukes to be h] husb& & _! k+4 ,h] *oice fell on ,agilulf1 :o inde$ himself /ill cont9u$ an ,arian1 b did n prev5t ! spread ( ,ca?olicism among 8 p4 ,_! daught] ,gundib]ge1 m>ri$ successively to two ,longob>d k+s1 ,ari[ald 7 ,a4,d4 #fcf7 & ,ro?>i 7 ,a4,d4 #feb7 0 an equally zeal\s protectress ( ! ,ca?olic *ur*2 & ) ,ro?>i's successor ,arib]t1 bro!r's son ( ,!odel9de1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #ffc1 beg9s ! s]ies ( ,ca?olic rul]s ( ! ,longob>ds4--,cont9uation1 #hb1 #a4 #gf4i4 ,! ,franks 9 ,gaul4--,:5 ! ,we/ ,roman empire 0 ov]?r[n by ,odoac] 9 ,a4,d4 #dgf1 ! ,roman au?ority 0 /ill = a long "t ma9ta9$ 9 ,gaul by ! proconsul ,syagrius4 ,b ! ,m]ov+ian ,clovis1 ,a4,d4 #dha-eaa1 put an end to x by ! battle ( ,soissons 9 ,a4,d4 #dhf4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #dic he m>ri$ ! ,burgundian pr9cess ,clotilda1 & %e1 a zeal\s ,ca?olic1 us$ e ef=t to conv]t h] pagan husb&4 ,! national pride ( ! ,frank resi/$ long1 b %e got p]mission to h h] fir/born son baptiz$4 ,! boy1 h[ev]1 di$ 9 8 baptismal robes1 & ,clovis reg>d$ ?is z a puni%m5t f 8 gods4 ,nev]!less on ! bir? ( 8 second son he 0 unable to resi/ ! entreaties ( 8 belov$ wife4 ,he too sick5$ aft] 8 baptism2 b :5 contr>y to expectation he recov]$ amid ! f]v5t pray]s ( ! "m1 ! hea!n fa!r confess$ t pray] to ! ,*ri/ian's ,god is m p[]ful ?an ,wod5's v5geance4 ,he rememb]$ ?is :5 ?reat5$ 9 ,a4,d4 #dif at ,tolbiac ) loss ( ! battle1 ( 8 life & ( 8 empire 9 ! w> ) ! ,alemanni4 ,pray] to ! national gods _h prov$ fruitless4 ,he n[ turn$ 9 pray] to ! ,god ( ! ,*ri/ians1 promis+ to own allegiance to ,him1 if ,he %\ld get ! victory4 ,! =tune ( battle soon turn$4 ,! army & k+dom ( ! ,alemanni 7 de/roy$4 ,at 8 baptism at ,rheims on ,*ri/mas ,eve1 ,a4,d4 #dif1 ,ar*bi%op ,remigius address$ him ?us3 8,b5d ?y neck1 pr\d ,sigamb]2 adore :at ?\ ha/ burnt1 burn :at ?\ ha/ ador$60 ,! lat] tradition1 fir/ report$ by ,h9cm> ( ,rheims 9 ! #i? c5tury1 relates t :5 ! *ur* (fic] ) ! ano9t+ oil c\ld n get =w>d because ( ! cr[d1 9 answ] to ,remigius' pray] a :ite dove br\ght an oil flask f heav51 out ( :i* all ! k+s ( ! ,franks f t day h be5 ano9t$4 ,! conv]sion ( ,clovis1 soon foll[$ by t ( ! nobles & ! p1 seems really to h be5 a matt] ( conviction & g5u9e accord+ to ! measure ( 8 k ( ,god4 ,he made a b>ga9 ) ! ,*ri/ian's ,god & fulfill$ ! obligations "u :i* he _h plac$ himself4 ,( an inn] *ange ( he>t we c inde$ f9d no trace4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 no m5tion ( t 9 8 b>ga94 ,j aft] 8 conv]sion he commits ! mo/ atroci\s acts ( fai?lessness1 trea*]y & secret murd]4 ,! ,ca?olic cl]gy ( ! :ole ,we/ nev]!less celebrat$ 9 him a second ,con/ant9e1 call$ ( ,god z av5g] ^u hea!nism & ,arian h]esy1 & ask$ ( him no?+ m1 see+ 9 ?is ! task :i* provid5ce _h assign$ him4 ,! conv]sion ( ,clovis 0 inde$ 9 e respect an occurr5ce ( ! greate/ mom5t4 ,! rude ,arianism ( ! ,g]mans1 incapable ( culture1 receiv$ "h its dea?bl[4 ,! civilization & remnants ( culture ( ! anci5t _w f\nd 9 ! ,ca?olic *ur* its only suitable vehicle = introduction into ! ,g]man _w2 & n[ ! ,franks 7 at ! head ( x & laid ! f\ndation ( a new univ]sal empire :i* w\ld = c5turies =m ! c5tral po9t ( univ]sal hi/ory4 ,on ! "w ( ,fridd9 ,fridol9 & ,columbanus 9 ! l& ( ! ,franks1 see #gg1 #g4 #gg4 ,,victory ,,( ,,! ,,romi% ,,ov] ,,! ,,old ,,briti% ,,*ur*4#bjf ,accord+ to an anci5t b m ?an d\btful tradition a ,briti% k+ ,lucius ab\t ! middle ( ! #bnd c5tury is said to h ask$ ,*ri/ian mission>ies ( ! ,roman bi%op ,eleu!rus & by !m to h be5 conv]t$ along ) 8 p4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is c]ta91 t at ! end ( ! #crd c5tury 7 #bb1 #f7 ,*ri/ianity _h tak5 root 9 ,roman ,brita91 probably ?r\gh int]c\rse ) ! ,romans4 ,d[n to ! ,anglo-,saxon invasion 9 ,a4,d4 #ddi1 ! ,briti% *ur* c]ta9ly kept up regul> communication ) t ( ! cont95t1 especially ) ,gaul4 ,f t "t1 be+ driv5 back into ,nor? & ,s\? ,wales1 x 0 completely isolat$ f ! cont95tal *ur*2 b all ! m successfully x spread itself out among its neighb\rs 9 ! alli$ tribes ( ,irel& & ,scotl&1 among ! =m] ?r\gh ,patrick1 ! ,apo/le ( ! ,iri%1 among ! latt] by ,columba1 ! ,apo/le ( ! ,scots1 & foll[$ a ?or\ghly indep5d5t c\rse ( developm5t4 ,:5 "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s lat]1 9 ,a4,d4 #eif ! long int]rupt$ int]c\rse ) ,rome 0 aga9 r5ew$ by a ,romi% mission to ! ,anglo-,saxons1 sev]al div]g5ces f ,roman practice 7 discov]$ among ! ,britons 9 respect ( wor%ip1 con/itution & discipl9e4 ,rome insi/$ t ^! %\ld be correct$1 b ! ,britons insi/$ on reta9+ !m & repudiat$ ! pret5sions ( ! ,romi% hi]>*y4 ,! ke5 /ruggle :i* !re=e arose1 beg9n+ amid circum/ances t promis$ a brilliant success to ! ,briti% *ur*1 end$ ) complete submission to ,rome4 ,! battle-field 0 !n transf]r$ to ,g]many1 & !re too 9 spite ( ! resolute resi/ance ( _! apo/les ! conte/ conclud$ ) ! same result 7 #gh74 ,! /ruggle 0 n m]ely "o ( highly tragic int]e/ b ( incomp>able importance = ! hi/ory ( ,europe4 ,= _h ! result be51 z = a "t x seem$ likely t x w\ld be1 9 fav\r ( ! old ,briti% *ur*1 n only ,engl& b also all ,g]many w\ld h tak5 up a decid$ly anti-papal attitude1 & n only ! ecclesia/ical b also ! political hi/ory ( ! ,middle ,ages w\ld h mo/ likely be5 l$ into an altoge!r diff]5t c\rse4 #gg4a4 ,! ,conv]sion ( ! ,iri%4--,among ! ,celtic inhabitants ( ! isl& ( ,irel& !re 7 "s individual ,*ri/ians f ! beg9n+ ( ! #e? c5tury4 ,! mission ( a ,roman deacon ,palladius 9 ,a4,d4 #dca 0 )\t result4 ,b 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 ,a4,d4 #dcb1 ! true apo/le ( ! ,iri%1 ,patrick1 ) tw5ty-f\r companions1 /ept ^u ! %ore ( ! isl&4 ,! only reliable s\rce ( in=mation ab\t 8 life & "w is an autobiography :i* he left beh9d him1 ,confessiones4 ,accord+ to x he 0 gr&son ( a presbyt] & son ( a deacon resid+ at ,banava1 probably 9 ,brita91 n likely 9 ,gaul4 ,9 8 sixte5? ye> he 0 tak5 to ,irel& by ,iri% pirates & sold to an ,iri% *ief ^: flocks he t5d$ = six ye>s4 ,aft] 8 escape by flight ! love ( ,*ri/ :i* gl[$ )9 8 he>t gave him no re/ & 8 dreams urg$ him to br+ ! glori\s lib]ty ( ! *ildr5 ( ,god to ^? :o s long kept him b\nd "u h>d slav]y4 ,famili> ) ! language & ! cu/oms ( ! c\ntry1 he ga!r$ ! p by beat ( drum into an op5 field & told !m ( ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/ = man's salvation4 ,! ,druids1 prie/s ( ! ,celts1 )/ood him vigor\sly1 b 8 attractive & awe-inspir+ p]sonality ga9$ ! victory ov] !m4 ,)\t a drop ( m>tyr's blood ,irel& 0 conv]t$ 9 a few ye>s1 & 0 ?ickly /rewn ) *ur*es & mona/]ies4 ,patrick himself _h 8 resid5ce at ,ma*a1 r\nd :i* ! t[n ( ,armagh1 aft]w>ds ! ecclesia/ical metropolis1 sprang up4 ,he di$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #dfe1 & left ! isl& *ur* 9 a fl\ri%+ condition4 ,! num]\s mona/]ies1 9 :i* calm piety fl\ri%$ along ) dilig5t /udy ( ,scripture & f :i* _m tea*]s & mission>ies w5t =?1 won = ! l& ! "n ( ,insula ,sanctorum4 ,only aft] ! robb] raids ( ! ,danes 9 ! #i? c5tury did ! glory ( ! ,iri% mona/]ies beg9 to fade4#bjg #gg4b4 ,! ,mission to ,scotl&4--,a ,briton1 ,n9ian1 educat$ at ,rome1 wr\ght1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #dcj1 among ! ,celtic ,picts & ,scots 9 ,scotl& or ,cal$onia4 ,b ^? conv]t$ by him fell back into paganism aft] 8 dea?4 ,! true ,apo/le ( ,scotl& 0 ! ,iri%man ,columba4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #efc he settl$ ) twelve disciples on ! small ,hebridean isl& ,hy4 ,its common "n1 ,iona1 seems to h orig9at$ by a cl]ical error f ,i\a1 & 0 !n reg>d$ z ! ,hebrew equival5t ( ,columba1 a dove4 ,icolmkill means ,columba's cell4 ,"h he f\nd$ a mona/]y & a *ur*1 & conv]t$ f ?is c5tre all ,cal$onia4 ,al?\gh to ! la/ only a presbyt] & abbot ( ?is mona/]y1 he _h all ! au?ority ( an apo/le ov] ! ,scotti% *ur* & its bi%ops1 a position t 0 ma9ta9$ by successive abbots ( ,iona4 ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #eig4 ,! num]\s mona/]ies f\nd$ by him vi$ ) ! ,iri% 9 le>n+1 piety & mission>y zeal4 ,! orig9al mona/]y ( ,iona fl\ri%$ 9 a sup]lative degree4#bjh #gg4c4 ,! ,peculi>ities ( ! ,celtic ,*ur*4--,9 ! ,anglo-,saxon /ruggle ! foll[+ 7 ! ma9 po9ts at issue4 #a4 ,on ! "p ( ,rome x 0 dem&$ t !y %\ld submit to ! ar*iepiscopal jurisdiction in/itut$ by ! pope1 :i* ! ,briti% refus$ z an unrighte\s assumption4 #b4 ,! ,briti% _h an ,ea/] ,canon diff]5t f t ( ! ,romi% *ur*4 ,!y 7 inde$ no?+ else ?an ,qu>todecimans1 al?\gh !y l ^! 9 ignorance ref]r$ to ! ,johann9e tradition 7 #cd1 #b71 b celebrat$ _! ,ea/] always on a ,sunday1 ! settl+ ( :i* !y decid$ accord+ to an #hd ye>s' cycle ( ! moon1 aft] ,rome _h adopt$ a cycle ( #ai ye>s 7 #ef1 #c74 #c4 ,! ,celtic cl]gy _h also a diff]5t ,tonsure f ! ,roman ,tonsura ,petri :i* seems to h be5 ! ,greek ,tonsura ,pauli 7 #de1 #a71 al?\gh ! zeal\s advocate ( ! ,roman cu/oms1 ,ceolfrid1 abbot ( ,j>r[1 9 a lett] to ,naitan1 k+ ( ! ,picts1 d]ives x f ,simon ,magus4 #d4 ,besides ?is !re 0 also ! "q ( ! ,m>riage ( ,prie/s1 :i* inde$ ! popi% ,anglo-,saxon ,ar*bi%op ,augu/9e decl>$ himself at fir/ will+ to all[ to ! ,briti%1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 subsequ5tly s passionately d5\nc$ by ,boniface z =nicatio & adult]ium4 #e4 ,if1 fur!r1 accord+ to ,b$e's /atem5t1 besides _! div]g5t views ab\t ,ea/]1 ! ,briti% et alia plurima imitati ecclesia/ic contr>ia faciebant1 ?is c]ta9ly _c be und]/ood ( doctr9al div]g5ces1 b only ( diff]5t =ms ( con/itution & wor%ip1 or ecclesia/ical habits & cu/oms1 z might be well expect$ 9 *ur*es t _h be5 completely sep>at$ s9ce ,a4,d4 #ddi4 ,we ne$ only ?9k1 e4g41 ( ! progress made by ! idea ( ! papal primacy 7 #df1 #g-aj71 ! consolidation & recon/ruction ( mona/icism "u ,b5$ict 7 #he71 ! codification ( ,roman canon law by ,dionysius ,exiguus 7 #dc1 #c71 ! modification ( ! idea ( p5ance s9ce ,leo ! ,great 7 #fa1 #a7 & ! developm5t ( ! doctr9e ( ! mass d[n to ,gregory ! ,great 7 #eh1 #c2 #ei1 #f74 ,! mo/ consid]able peculi>ity ( con/itution 9 ! ,celtic *ur* seems to h be5 t above ref]r$ to 9 plac+ ! abbots ( ! pr9cipal mona/]ies at ! head ( ! hi]>*y4 ,only 9 "o passage 7,b$e1 ,,iii4 #ai7 is !re m5tion ( ecclesia/ical doctr9e3 ,9 ,a4,d4 #fdj ,pope ,john ,,iv4 address$ a conciliatory lett] to ! ,scots 9 :i* he w>ns !m aga9/ ! ,pelagian h]esy1 8quam apud eos revivesc]e didic]at40 ,:5 !n we turn our att5tion to ! ,celtic *ur* plant$ on ! cont95t at a lat] p]iod1 x is specially ,columbanus' view ( ,ea/] t is reg>d$ 9 ,france z h]etical4 ,(t5 & l\d z ,boniface lift$ up 8 voice aga9/ ! horrible h]esies ( ,briti%1 ,iri% & ,scot* intrud]s1 x is f\nd at la/ t ^! consi/ 9 ! same or simil> div]g5ces z ^? ( ! ,anglo-,saxons4 ,n insi/+ ^u ! law ( celibacy1 opposition to ! ,roman primacy1 ! ,romi% tradition & ! ,romi% canon law1 especially ! ev]-increas+ /rictness ( ! ,roman m>riage laws 7 #fa1 #b71 m simple modes ( adm9i/]+ ! sacram5ts & conduct+ public wor%ip1 ev5 9 unconsecrat$ places 9 =e/s & fields1--^! & su* l 7 ! h]esies compla9$ (4--,z conc]ns ! pro & con4 ( ! evangelical purity ( ! anci5t ,briti% ,*ri/ianity1 s highly prais$ by ,ebr>d1 "o occupy+ an imp>tial hi/orical /&po9t is ju/ifi$ 9 expect+ t z all ! good developm5t s also all ! bad developm5t :i* _h tak5 firm root 9 ! common ?\ght & feel+ ( ! *ur* d[n to ! middle ( ! #e? c5tury1 w\ld n h be5 uproot$ f ! *ur* ( ,patrick & ,columba1 s also 9 ! #g? c5tury x w\ld be /ill preval5t !re4 ,& ?is expectation is 9 g5]al confirm$1 s f> z our in=mation goes ab\t all :i* 0 n expressly import$ f ,rome into ! ,briti% *ur*4 ,if we d$uct ! by no means insignificant am\nt ( unevangelical corruption :i* 0 fir/ introduc$ into ! ,romi% *ur* dur+ ! p]iod betwe5 ,leo ! ,great & ,gregory ! ,great1 ,a4,d4 #ddj-fjd1 p>tly by exagg]at+ & adorn+ elem5ts previ\sly !re1 p>tly by br++ 9 :olly new elem5ts ( ecclesia/ical cr$ulity1 sup]/ition & mi/ak5 fai?1 !re /ill rema9s = ! ,celtic *ur* /&+ outside ( ?is process ( det]ioration a relatively pur] doctr9e4 ,yet ! ,*ri/ianity t rema9s is by no means free ( mixture f unevangelical elem5ts z ,jonas ( ,bobbio himself %[s 9 8 biography ( 8 tea*] ,columbanus4 ,b ! m embitt]$ ! conflict betwe5 ! ,briti% & ! ,romi% *ur*es became ov] matt]s ( con/itution & wor%ip1 ! m did diff]5ces 9 fai? & life1 :i* _h be5 ov]look$ at fir/1 assume s]i\s proportions1 & support$ by a c>eful /udy ( ,scripture1 l$ to great] evangelical fre$om & purity on ! side ( ! ,briti%4 ,?is is ?or\ghly confirm$ by ,ebr>d's num]\s quotations f ! lit]ature ( t p]iod4#bji #gg4d4 ,! ,romi% ,mission to ! ,anglo-,saxons4--,to protect himself aga9/ ! robb] raids ( ! ,picts & ,scots1 ! ,briti% k+ ,vortig]n s\ght ! aid ( ! ,g]mans inhabit+ ! opposite %ores4 ,two pr9ces ( ! ,jutes1 ,h5gi/ & ,horsa1 driv5 f _! home1 l$ a horde ( ,angles & ,saxons ov] to ,brita9 9 ,a4,d4 #ddi4 ,new hordes kept foll[+ ^? t _h gone be=e & aft] a hundr$ ye>s ! ,briti% 7 driv5 back into ! we/]n p>ts ( ! isl&4 ,! incom]s f\nd$ sev5 k+doms2 at ! head ( all /ood ! pr9ce ( "o ( ! divisions :o 0 call$ pr9cipal k+1 ! ,bretwalda4 ,! ,anglo-,saxons 7 hea!ns & ! bitt] feel+s t prevail$ betwe5 !m & ! anci5t ,britons prev5t$ ! latt] f c>ry+ on mission>y op]ations among ! =m]4 ,! opportunity :i* ! ,briti% miss$ 0 seiz$ ^u by ,rome4 ,! sight ( ,anglo-,saxon y\?s expos$ z slaves 9 ! ,roman m>ket inspir$ a pi\s monk1 aft]w>ds ,pope ,gregory ,i41 ) a desire to evangelize a p ( su* noble bodily appe>ance4 ,he wi%$ himself to take ! "w 9 h&1 b 0 h9d]$ by ! call to ! *air ( ,pet]4 ,he n[ b\ght ,anglo-,saxon y\?s 9 ord] to tra9 !m z mission>ies to _! fell[-c\ntrym54 ,b :5 soon !reaft] ! ,bretwalda ,e!lb]t ( ,k5t m>ri$ ! ,franki% pr9cess ,b]?a1 ,gregory s5t ! ,roman abbot ,augu/9e to ,engl& ) =ty monks 9 ,a4,d4 #eif4 ,e!lb]t gave !m a resid5ce & support 9 8 own capital ,dorov]num1 n[ ,cant]bury4 ,at ,p5teco/ ! foll[+ ye> he receiv$ baptism & #aj1jjj ( 8 subjects foll[$ 8 example4 ,augu/9e ask$ f ,gregory fur!r in/ructions ab\t relics1 books1 etc4 ,! pope s5t him :at he s\ght & besides ! pallium ) ar*iepiscopal rights ov] ! :ole ,saxon & ,briti% *ur*4 ,augu/9e n[ dem&$ ( ! ,britons submission to 8 ar*iepiscopal au?ority & t !y %\ld "w toge!r ) him = ! conv]sion ( ! ,saxons4 ,b ! ,briti% w\ld d no?+ ( ! sort4 ,a p]sonal int]view ) _! *iefs "u ,augu/9e's oak 9 ,a4,d4 #fjc 0 )\t result4 ,at a second conf]5ce ev]y?+ 0 spoilt by ,augu/9e's prelatic pride 9 refus+ to /& up on ! arrival ( ! ,britons4 ,incl9$ to compliance ! ,britons _h j propos$ ?is at ! sugge/ion ( a memb] z a sign4 ,augu/9e di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #fje4 ,! pope nom9at$ z 8 successor 8 previ\s assi/ant ,laur5tius4 ,e!lb]t's hea!n son & successor1 ,eadbald1 oppress$ ! mission>ies s mu* t !y decid$ to )draw f ! field1 9 ,a4,d4 #faf4 ,only ,laur5tius delay$ 8 retreat 9 ord] to make a f9al attempt at ! conv]sion ( ,eadbald4 ,he 0 successful4 ,eadbald 0 baptiz$2 ! fugitives return$ to _! =m] po/s4 ,9 ! k+dom ( ,essex ,augu/9e _h already e/abli%$ ,*ri/ianity1 b a *ange ( gov]nm5t _h aga9 re/or$ paganism4 ,! gospel1 h[ev]1 soon aft]w>ds got entrance into ,nor?umbria1 ! mo/ p[]ful ( ! sev5 k+doms4 ,k+ ,edw91 ! f\nd] ( ,ed9burgh1 won ! h& ( ! ,k5ti% pr9cess ,e!lb]ga1 daught] ( ,b]?a4 ,) h]1 z spiritual advis] ( ! "y que51 w5t ! monk ,paul9us1 ,a4,d4 #fbe4 ,^! two p]suad$ ! k+ & he aga9 p]suad$ 8 nobles & ! prie/s to embrace ,*ri/ianity4 ,at a popul> assembly ,paul9us prov$ ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ! *ief prie/ ,coisi1 sett+ at defiance ! gods ( 8 fa!rs1 flung ) 8 own h& a spe> into ! ne>e/ idol temple4 ,! p ?\ght him mad & look$ = ,wod5's v5geance4 ,:5 x came n1 !y obey$ ! comm& ( ,coisi & burnt d[n ! temple1 ,a4,d4 #fbg4 ,paul9us 0 made bi%op ( ,eboracum1 n[ ,york1 :i* pope ,honorius on s5d+ a pallium rais$ to a second metropolitanate4 ,edw91 h[ev]1 fell 9 battle 9 ,a4,d4 #fcc fight+ aga9/ ,p5da1 ! pagan k+ ( ,m]cia2 ,paul9us _h to flee & ! *ur* ( ,nor?umbria 0 almo/ entirely root$ up4#baj #gg4e4 ,celtic ,missions among ! ,anglo-,saxons4--,! savi\r ( ,nor?umbria 0 ,oswald1 ,a4,d4 #fce-fdb1 ! son ( a =m] k+ :o _h be5 driv5 out by ,edw94 ,he _h f\nd refuge z a fugitive 9 ! mona/]y ( ,hy & 0 !re conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity4 ,to re/ore ! *ur* 9 ,nor?umbria ! monks s5t him "o ( _! numb]1 ! amiable ,aidan4 ,oswald act$ z 8 int]pret] until he acquir$ ! ,saxon language4 ,8 success 0 unexampl$4 ,oswald f\nd$ a religi\s e/abli%m5t = him on ! isl& ( ,l9disf>ne1 & support$ by new mission>ies f ,hy1 ,aidan conv]t$ ! :ole ( ! nor!rn l&s to ,*ri/ianity4 ,oswald fell 9 battle aga9/ ,p5da4 ,he 0 succe$$ z k+ & also z ,bretwalda by 8 bro!r ,oswy4 ,iri% mission>ies jo9$ ! mission>y monks ( ,hy1 rivall+ !m 9 _! ex]tions1 & by ,a4,d4 #ffj all ! k+doms ( ! ,hept>*y _h be5 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity1 & d[n to ?is date all1 ) ! exception ( ,k5t1 :i* alone /ill adh]$ to ! ,romi% *ur*1 belong$ to ! anci5t ,briti% communion4#baa #gg4f4 ,! ,celtic ,elem5t ,driv5 out ( ! ,anglo-,saxon ,*ur*4--,oswy p]ceiv$ ! political dang] att5d+ ! cont9uance ( su* ecclesia/ical disputes4 ,he succe$$ 9 conv9c+ also 8 neighb\r k+s ( ! ne$ ( ecclesia/ical uni=mity4 ,! only "q 0 z to :i* ( ! two %\ld be recognis$4 ,! *oice fell ^u ! ,romi%4 ,oswy himself mo/ decid$ly pref]r$ x4 ,8 wife ,eanfl$1 ,edw9's daught]1 0 a zeal\s p>tisan ( ! ,romi% *ur*1 & on h] side /ood a man ( extraord9>y p[]1 prud5ce & p]si/5ce1 ! abbot ,wilfrid1 a native ,nor?umbrian1 tra9$ 9 ! mona/]y ( ,l9disf>ne4 ,he _h1 h[ev]1 visit$ ,rome1 & s9ce !n us$ all 8 eloqu5ce & skill 9 intrigue 9 ord] to lay all ,engl& at ! feet ( ! pope4 ,! que5 & ! abbot wr\ght toge!r ^u ! ,bretwalda1 & he 9 8 turn ^u ! o!r pr9ces4 ,to ^! p]sonal influ5ces 7 add$ o!rs ( a m g5]al k9d3 ! pref]5ce = ?+s =eign ov] ^? ( home gr[?1 ! brilliancy & prepond]at+ weight ( ! ,romi% *ur*1 & above all1 ! gulf1 n yet by any means bridg$ ov]1 betwe5 ! ,saxons & ! ,briti%4 ,:5 secret negociations t[>d ! desir$ end _h be5 c>ri$ out1 ,oswy call$ a g5]al ,synod at ! nunn]y ( ,/reone%al*1 n[ ,:itby1 ,synodus ,ph>5sis1 ,a4,d4 #ffd4 ,"h all ! civil & ecclesia/ical notabilities ( ! ,hept>*y 7 assembl$4 ,! *ief speak] on ! ,roman side 0 ,wilfrid1 on ! ,celtic side bi%op ,colman ( ,l9disf>ne4 ,! obs]vance ( ,ea/] 0 ! fir/ subject ( discussion4 ,wilfrid ref]r$ to ! ,apo/le ,pet]1 to :om ! ,"l said3 ,?\ art ,pet]1 etc4 ,!n ,oswy ask$ ,colman :e!r x 0 true t ! ,"l _h said s to ,pet]4 ,colman c\ld n d5y x1 & ,oswy decl>$ t he w\ld foll[ him :o _h ! p[] to op5 = !m ! gates ( heav54 ,& s ! "q 0 settl$4 ,oswy z ,bretwalda c>ri$ out ) en]gy ! decisions ( ! ,c\ncil1 & )9 a few weeks ! scissors _h complet$ ! conv]sion ( ! :ole ,hept>*y to ! ,roman tonsure & ! ,roman fai?4#bab #gg4g4 ,spread & ,ov]?r[ ( ! ,briti% ,*ur* on ! ,cont95t4--,! fir/ ,celtic mission>y :o cross$ ! *annel 0 ! ,iri%man ,fridol91 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ejj4 ,) sev]al companions he settl$ ne> ,poiti]s 9 ,aquita9e :i* 0 !n "u ! ,visigo?s1 conv]t$ ! ,arian bi%op ( t place toge!r ) 8 congregation to tr9it>ian or?odoxy1 &1 "u ! protection ( ,clovis1 :o _h mean:ile1 ,a4,d4 #ejg1 ov]?r[n ! ,visigo? p[] 9 ,gaul1 f\nd$ *ur*es & mona/]ies4 ,aft]w>ds he wr\ght among ! hea!n ,alemanni 9 ,switz]l& 7 #gh1 #a74 ,we h full] & m reliable acc\nts ( ,columba ! y\ng]1 usually call$ ,columbanus1 an ,iri%man by bir?1 :o1 9 ,a4,d4 #eij1 ) twelve zeal\s companions1 w5t =? f ! ,briti% mona/]y ( ,bangor 9 ,co4 ,d[n1 ,irel&1 & settl$ among ! ,vosges m\nta9s4 ,"h !y f\nd$ ! mona/]y ( ,luxovium1 n[ ,luxeuil1 z c5tre ) _m o!rs affiliat$ to x4 ,!y cultivat$ ! wild]ness & wr\ght labori\sly 9 re/or+ *ur* discipl9e & ord] 9 a region t _h be5 long spiritually neglect$4 ,b _! /rict adh]5ce to ! ,briti% mode ( obs]v+ ,ea/] caus$ (f5ce4 ,! sev]e moral discipl9e :i* !y enjo9$ 0 gall+ to ! c>eless ,burgundian cl]gy1 & ! ag$ ,brunehilda swore to compass _! dea? & de/ruction1 because ( ! influ5ce adv]se to h] au?ority :i* !y ex]cis$ ^u h] gr&son1 ! "y k+ ,!odoric ,,ii4 ,?us x happ5$ t 9 ,a4,d4 #faj1 aft] tw5ty ye>s' lab\rs1 !y 7 driv5 away4 ,!y turn$ !n to ,switz]l& 7 #gh1 #a74 ,b :5 p]secut$ "h also1 ,columbanus ) 8 foll[]s migrat$ to ,italy1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #fab1 :]e1 "u ,agilulf's protection 7 #gf1 #h71 he f\nd$ ! celebrat$ mona/]y ( ,bobbio & cont5d$ aga9/ ,arianism4 ,! ,regula ,columbani extant 9 sev]al ,,mss4 con/itutes a writt5 guide to ,*ri/ian piety & brea!s a free evangelical _s1 :ile ! annex$ ,regula cnobialis fratrum de ,hib]nia1 also ascrib$ to him1 be>s a rigori/ic ascetic "*1 enjo9+ frequ5t flagellations4 ,columbanus di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #fae4 ,! monks ( 8 ord] jo9$ ! ,b5$ict9es 9 ! #i? c5tury4 ,on 8 p]sonal relation to ! ,romi% *air dur+ 8 resid5ce 9 ,gaul & ,italy we get "s in=mation f ?ree ( 8 epi/les /ill extant4 ,9 ! fir/ he asks ,gregory ! ,great = an explanation ( ! ,gallic obs]vance ( ,ea/]1 & 9 ! second he asks ,boniface ,,iv4 to confirm 8 old ,briti% mode ( reckon+ ,ea/]4 ,9 bo? he recognises ! pope z occupi] ( ! *air ( ,pet]1 & 9 ! second greets him z head ( all ! *ur*es ( ,europe & describes ! ,roman *ur* z ! *ief seat ( ! or?odox fai?4 ,9 ! ?ird1 on ! o!r h&1 he dem&s ( ! pope 9 firm t]ms an acc\nt ( 8 own fai? & t ( ! ,roman *ur*4 ,he did s 9 consequ5ce ( a report hav+ rea*$ him1 probably ?r\gh ! m5tion by ! #e? cum4 ,c\ncil 7 #eb1 #f7 ( a s*ism betwe5 ,rome & ,nor!rn ,italy1 t ! ,roman *air _h fall5 into ! h]esies ( ,euty*es & ,ne/orius4--,! able/ ( ,columbanus' foll[]s 0 ,gallus or ,/4 ,gall4 ,he rema9$ 9 ,switz]l& & _h 8 fai?fulness rew>d$ by ri* success4 ,aft] ,columbanus _h be5 expell$ f ,france traces ( ,celtic ecclesia/ical in/itutions may inde$ = a consid]able "t h l+]$ on among 8 ,franki% s*ol>s & fri5ds animat$ by ! mission>y zeal ( _! ma/]4 ,= f _! mid/ z x w\ld seem proce$$ mo/ ( ^? ,franki% mission>ies :o c>ri$ ! gospel 9 ! #g? c5tury to ! ,g]man l&s 7 #gh74 ,b f ! "t ( ! ov]?r[ ( ! old ,celtic ecclesia/ical sy/em at ! ,synod ( ,/reone%al* 9 ,a4,d4 #ffd1 :ole troops ( its adh]5ts1 ,briti%1 ,iri%1 ,scot* & ,anglo-,saxons1 cross$ ! *annel to conv]t ,g]many4 ,) v few exceptions1 only ! names ( ^! m51 & = ! mo/ "p n ev5 ^!1 h come d[n to u4 ,b _! zeal & success are witness$ to by ! fact t ev5 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! #h? c5tury ?r\gh\t all ! di/rict ( ! ,rh9e1 z well z ,hesse1 ,?ur+ia1 ,bav>ia & ,alemannia we f9d a network ( fl\ri%+ *ur*es be>+ ! impress ( ,celtic in/itutions4 ,& ! ov]?r[ ( ?is great & promis+ ecclesia/ical sy/em1 p>tly by peaceful1 p>tly by viol5t transportation into ! ,romi% *ur*1 0 ! "w ( ! ,anglo-,saxon ,w9frid1 :om ! ,romani/s1 q rightly f _! po9t ( view1 hon\r1 "u ! "n ( ,boniface1 z ! ,apo/le ( ,g]many 7 #gh1 #d-h74bac #gg4h4 ,ov]?r[ ( ! ,old ,briti% ,sy/em 9 ! ,iro-,scotti% ,*ur*4--,aft] ! ,briti% ,*ur* _h lo/1 9 ,a4,d4 #ffd1 all support 9 ! ,anglo-,saxon ,hept>*y1 x c\ld n long ma9ta9 itself 9 its own orig9al ,celtic home4 ,! ,scotti% k+s on political gr\nds1 9 ord] to avoid giv+ _! ,saxon neighb\rs an opportunity ( gratify+ ! love ( conque/ "u ! pretext ( zeal = ! fai?1 7 oblig$ to assimilate _! *ur* organization ) t ( ! ,s\!rns4 ,! le>n$ ,abbot ,adamnan ( ,hy1 :51 9 ,a4,d4 #fhd1 by ord] ( 8 k+1 he visit$ ! ,nor?umbrian c\rt1 pr(ess$ to be !re conv9c$ ( ! correctness ( ! ,romi% obs]vance ( ,ea/]4 ,b :5 8 monks /\tly resi/$1 he left ! mona/]y & w5t on a mission>y t\r to ,irel& :]e he urg$ 8 views s successfully t 9 ,a4,d4 #gja ! mo/ ( ! ,iri% adopt$ ! ,roman reckon+4 ,"s ye>s lat]1 9 ,a4,d4 #gaj1 ,naitan ,,ii41 ! p[]ful k+ ( ! ,picts1 ask$ in/ructions f ,abbot ,ceolfrid ab\t ! sup]iority ( ! ,romi% practice reg>d+ ,ea/] & ! tonsure1 =c$ 8 :ole p to adopt ! ,romi% doctr9e & bani%$ ! ob/9ate prie/s4 ,f9ally1 ! ,anglo-,saxon ,egb]t1 educat$ 9 ,irel&1 b subsequ5tly won ov] to ! ,romi% *ur*1 induc$ by visions & tempe/s to ab&on 8 project$ mission to ! hea!n ,frisians 7 #gh1 #c71 & to devote himself to :at 0 reg>d$ z ! m ardu\s task ( ! conv]sion ( ! s*ismatical monks ( ,hy1 succe$$ 9 ,a4,d4 #gaf 9 s f> ov]com+ _! ob/9acy t !y at lea/ gave up _! div]g5t tonsure & ,ea/] reckon+4 ,!reaft] ! ,romani/s 7 satisfi$ ) ! gradual ,romaniz+ ( ! :ole ,celtic regions 9 ! we/ & nor?4 ,9 wor%ip1 con/itution & discipl9e all rema9$ = a long "t z x _h be5 ( old4 ,! ,roman law ( celibacy c\ld n w9 its way4 ,public wor%ip 0 conduct$ & ! sacram5ts disp5s$ 9 ! language ( ! p & 9 ! simple =ms ( primitive times4 ,canon law 0 almo/ ev]y:]e made subord9ate to ! cu/oms ( ! national *ur*4 ,inde$1 :5 9 ,a4,d4 #hdc1 ! k+dom ( ! ,picts1 :]e ! papacy _h made mo/ progress1 w5t by inh]itance to ! ,scotti% k+ ,k5ne?1 he re/or$ ev5 !re ! old ecclesia/ical in/itutions ( _! fa!rs4 ,malcolm ,,iii41 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #ajic1 0 ! fir/ ( ! ,scotti% k+s to beg9 ! complete1 ?or\gh & la/+ ,romaniz+ ( ! :ole c\ntry4 ,8 m>riage ) ! ,engli% pr9cess ,m>g>et1 a zeal\s support] ( ! papacy1 m>ks ! beg9n+ ( t policy :i* 0 c>ri$ out & complet$ by _! son ,david1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #aaeb4 ,9 ,irel& ! ,engli% conque/ ( ,a4,d4 #aaga "u ,h5ry ,,iii4 prep>$ ! way = ! complete ,romaniz+ ( ! isl&4 ,/ill 9 bo? ,scotl& & ,irel& d[n to ! #ad? c5tury _m ( ! old ,celtic prie/s surviv$4 ,to !m 0 giv5 ! ,celtic "n ,kele-de1 s]vus or vir ,dei1 ,lat9iz$ z ,colidei1 & 9 mod]n =m1 ,culdees4 ,!y 7 secul> prie/s :o1 b\nd by a /rict rule1 9 companies g5]ally ( twelve ) a prior ov] !m1 l a ,ca?olic canon 7 #hd1 #a71 devot$ !mselves to a common spiritual life & activity1 ma9ta9+ an exi/5ce 9 _m places d[n to ! end ( ! #h? c5tury4 ,! orig9 ( ! rule "u :i* !y liv$ is /ill v obscure4 ,x all[$ !m to m>ry b en=c$ ab/95ce f m>ital int]c\rse dur+ ! p]iod ( _! s]vice1 & requir$ ( !m1 besides ! *>ge ( ! public s]vices1 special att5tion to ! poor4 ,9 ,scotl& p>ticul>ly _! societies soon became s num]\s t almo/ ! :ole secul> cl]gy w5t ov] to !m4 ,by ! =cible introduction ( regul> canons !y 7 cru%$ m & m d[n to ! #aa? c5tury1 or :]e !y /ill exi/$1 !y 7 depriv$ ( ! "r ( pa/oral sup]vision & adm9i/ration ( ! sacram5ts & r$uc$ to subord9ate positions1 su* z t ( *oir s+]s4--,! usual application ( ! "n ( ,culdees to all1 ev5 e>li] repres5tatives ( ! ,celtic *ur*1 is q unju/ifiable4#bad #gh4 ,,! ,,conv]sion ,,& ,,romaniz+ ,,( ,,g]many4#bae ,9 ! ,roman p]iod ! regions ( ! ,rh9e & ! ,danube _h become ,*ri/ian c\ntries1 b ! ru% ( ! migration ( ! peoples _h p>tly de/roy$ ! ,*ri/ian f\ndations1 p>tly ov]laid !m ) hea!n sup]/itions4 ,by ! end ( ! #f? c5tury a great "p ( ,g]many 0 already "u ! dom9ion ( ! ,franks1 &1 to di/+ui% x f ! c\ntry ( ! ,we/ ,franks or ,neu/ria1 0 call$ ,au/rasia or ! l& ( ! ,ea/ ,franks4 ,s\?-we/]n & ,s\?-ea/]n ,g]many 7,alemannia1 ,bav>ia1 ,?ur+ia7 0 gov]n$ by native dukes "u ! (t5 disput$ ov]-lord%ip ( ! ,franks4 ,nor?-we/]n ,g]many 7embrac+ ! ,frisians & ! ,saxons7 /ill enjoy$ undisput$ national indep5d5ce4 ,! fir/ s]i\s attempt to introduce or re/ore ,*ri/ianity 9 ,au/rasia began ab\t ! end ( ! #f? c5tury4 ,! mission>ies :o took ! "w 9 h& w5t1 p>tly f ,neu/ria1 p>tly f ?is side ( ! ,*annel4 ,! ,iri% & ,scotti% mona/]ies 7 ov]fl[+4 ,^? dwell+ 9 !m _h an unconqu]able passion = travel & 9 _! he>ts an eag] long+ to spread ,*ri/'s k+dom by prea*+ ! gospel4 ,?is impulse 0 greatly /r5g!n$ by ! ov]?r[ ( _! national pre/ige 7 #gg1 #f74 ,!y 7 ?us out ( sympa?y ) _! native l&1 & 7 enc\rag$ to hope t !y might w9 on ! opposite cont95t :at !y _h lo/ at home4 ,cr[ds ( monks f ,iro-,scotti% mona/]ies cross$ ov] into ! hea!n prov9ces ( ,g]many4 ,b ,romi% ,*ri/ian ,anglo-,saxons1 no less fond ( travel1 impell$ by ! same mission>y f]v\r & no slight zeal = _! own communion1 foll[$ 9 _! /eps4 ,?us 9 ! #h? c5tury on ,g]man soil ! /ruggle 0 r5ew$ :i* at home _h be5 already f\ght out1 to end aga9 z be=e 9 ! defeat ( ! ,celtic claims4 ,9 almo/ all ,g]man c\ntries we f9d traces ( ,iri% or ,scotti% mission>ies & m>ri$ prie/s1 reproa*fully /yl$ adult]]s4 ,:at ma9ly secur$ = ! ,anglo-,saxons ! victory ov] !m 0 ! practical tal5t = organization %[n by ! =m]1 & _! atta*m5t to ! impos+ spiritual p[] ( ! papal see4 ,to !m alone is ,g]many indebt$ = h] incorporation into ! ,roman ecclesia/ical union2 = ev5 ! ,franki% mission>ies = ! mo/ "p _h no connection ) ,rome4--,mo/ rapid & successful progress 0 made by ! mission :]e !re _h previ\sly be5 ,*ri/ian in/itutions1 e4g4 9 ! prov9ces ( ! ,rh9e & ! ,danube4 ,! "w 0 m difficult on ! ea/ ( ! ,s*eldt 9 ,friesl&1 ,hesse1 ,?ur+ia & ,saxony1 :]e paganism _h reign$ undi/urb$4 ,mission "w 0 at once fur!r$ & h9d]$ by ! selfi% patronage ( ! ,franki% rul]s4 ,paganism & national lib]ty1 ! yoke ( ,*ri/ & ! yoke ( ! ,franks1 seem$ insep>ably conjo9$4 ,! "o /ood & fell ) ! o!r4 ,! sword ( ! ,franks 0 to make ! way = ! cross ( ,*ri/1 & ! result ( prea*+ 0 to af=d an introduction to political subjection4 ,! mission>ies submitt$ regretfully to ?is amalgamation ( religi\s & political int]e/s1 b x 0 g5]ally unavoidable4 #gh4a4 ,s\?-,we/]n ,g]many4--,"h 7 locat$ ! p[]ful race ( ! ,alemanni4 ,( ! ,*ri/ian in/itutions ( ! ,roman p]iod only "s %ad[y remnants 7 n[ to be se54 ,! diet ( ,tolbiac 9 ,a4,d4 #dif :i* gave ! ,franks a ,*ri/ian k+1 fir/ secur$ an entrance among ! ,alemanni to ,*ri/ianity4 ,yet progress 0 sl[1 = ! ,franks did n resort to =ce4 ,! revision ( ,alemannian jurisprud5ce1 conclud$ by ,dagob]t ,i4 ab\t ,a4,d4 #fcj1 assum$ inde$ t ! c\ntry 0 :olly ,*ri/ian1 b x only anticipat$ :at ! c\ntry 0 de/9$ to become4 ,fridol9 7 #gg1 #g71 f\nd] ( ! mona/]y ( ,seck+5 on an isl& ( ! ,rh9e above ,basel1 is call$ ! fir/ ,apo/le ( ! ,alemanni1 ,a4,d4 #eaj4 ,! reports t h rea*$ u ( 8 "w are highly leg5d>y & unreliable4 ,aft] ,columbanus 9 ,a4,d4 #faj _h be5 compell$ along ) 8 companions to leave ! ,franki% t]ritory 7 #gg1 #g71 he *ose ,alemannian ,switz]l& z ! field ( _! op]ations4 ,!y settl$ fir/ ( all at ,tugg5 on ! ,zuri* lake4 ,! fi]y zeal ) :i* !y de/roy$ hea!n idols1 r\s$ ! wra? ( ! inhabitants1 :o maltreat$ !m & drove !m away4 ,!y next wr\ght = ?ree ye>s at ,breg5tz :]e !y conv]t$ _m pagans4 ,! ma9 in/rum5t 9 ?is "w 0 ,gallus :o _h ga9$ ?or\gh ma/]y ( ! language ( ! p4 ,driv5 f ?is place also1 ,columbanus & 8 foll[]s settl$ 9 ,italy4 ,only ,gallus1 :o 0 ill at ! "t1 rema9$ beh9d4 ,he felt oblig$1 9 spite ( all unfav\rable circum/ances1 to c>ry on ! "w t _h be5 begun4 ,9 a wild =e/ dale by ! /ream ,/e9a*1 :]e he 0 held firm by a ?orn bu% :ile on 8 knees pray+1 he built a cell1 f :i* arose 9 lat] times ! fam\s abbey ( ,/4 ,gall4 ,he di$1 aft] an em95tly useful & successful life 9 8 #ie? ye> 9 ,a4,d4 #fdf4 ,he does n seem to h be5 s p]si/5t z ,columbanus 9 ma9ta9+ ! peculi>ities ( ! ,briti% *ur*4 ,8 disciple ,magnoald cont9u$ 8 "w & f\nd$ ! mona/]y ( ,fss5 on ! ,upp] ,le* 9 ,swabia4 ,at ! same "t !re wr\ght at ,breisgau ! h]mit ,trudp]t1 an ,iri%man1 :o laid ! f\ndation ( ! future abbey ( ,trudp]t at ! foot ( ! ,black ,=e/1 & 0 murd]$ 9 ,a4,d4 #fdc by a s]vant giv5 up to him = =c$ lab\r4 ,some:at lat] we meet ) ,pirm9ius1 a ,franki% cl]ic1 on ! ,lake ( ,con/ance1 :]e1 "u ! protection ( ! ,franki% rul] ,*>les ,m>tel1 he f\nd$ ! mona/]y ( ,rei*5au 9 ,a4,d4 #gbd4 ,a national ris+ ( ! ,alemanni aga9/ ! ,franks drove him away aft] ?ree ye>s2 b ! mona/]y rema9$ un9jur$4 ,he !n proce$$ d[n ! ,rh9e & f\nd$ sev]al mona/]ies1 ! la/ at ,hornba* 9 ! diocese ( ,metz1 :]e he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #gec4 #gh4b4 ,s\?-,ea/]n ,g]many4--,aft] ! successful lab\rs ( ,sev]9us 7 #gf1 #f7 ! hi/ory ( ! ,danubian prov9ces is %r\d$ 9 ?ick d>kness4 ,a hundr$ ye>s lat] we f9d !re ! p[]ful nation ( ! ,boy>s1 n[ ,bav>ians1 ) native dukes desc5d$ f ,agilulf4 ,only scanty remnants ( ,*ri/ianity 7 to be se54 ,9 ,a4,d4 #fae ! ,franki% abbot ,eu/asius ( ,luxeuil1 ! successor ( ,columbanus1 appe>s prosecut+ ! mission>y lab\rs1 & /ruggl+ aga9/ ! s-call$ h]esies ( ,bonosus & ,phot9us1 remnants probably ( ,go?ic ,arianism4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! #g? c5tury1 at ! c\rt ( ! ,duke ( ,bav>ia1 ,!odo ,i41 at ,reg5sburg1 ,emm]an1 bi%op ( ,poiti]s1 lab\r$ = ?ree ye>s4 ,sudd5ly he left ! c\ntry & made a pilgrimage to ,italy4 ,be+ *>g$ ) ! s$uction ( ! ,pr9cess ,ota1 he 0 on 8 j\rney 9 ,a4,d4 #feb1 accord+ to o!rs 9 ,a4,d4 #gae1 ov]tak5 by h] bro!r & cruelly murd]$4 ,ota is said at ! advice ( ! sa9t himself to h nam$ him z h] s$uc]1 9 ord] to scre5 ! actual s$uc] f v5geance4 ,! true ,apo/le ( ,bav>ia 0 bi%op ,rup]t ( ,worms4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #fif he baptiz$ ! ,duke ,!odo ,,ii4 ) 8 h\sehold1 f\nd$ _m *ur*es & mona/]ies1 & almo/ complet$ ! ,*ri/ianiz+ ( ! c\ntry4 ,! c5tre ( 8 op]ations 0 ! bi%opric ( ,salzburg1 f\nd$ by him4 ,ab\t ,a4,d4 #gaf he return$ to ,worms & di$ !re 9 ,a4,d4 #gag4 ,an old tradition describes him z a ,scot1 :e!r 9 respect ( 8 desc5t or ( 8 und\bt$ly ecclesia/ical t5d5cies1 is unc]ta94 ,we f9d at lea/ no trace ( 8 hav+ _h any connection ) ,rome4 ,soon aft] him a ,franki% it9]ant bi%op call$ ,corb9ianus made 8 appe>ance 9 ,bav>ia1 & 0 ! f\nd] ( ! episcopal see at ,freis+51 ,a4,d4 #gbd4 ,he 0 a man ( imp]i\s temp] & unb5d+ /ubbornness1 :o ex]cis$ discipl9e ) reckless /rictness1 root$ out ! remnants ( pagan sup]/ition1 & f\nd$ _m *ur*es & mona/]ies4 ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #gcj4--,t ! ,franki% mission>ies 7 /ill m or less influ5c$ by ! old ,briti% traditions is %[n by ! fact t ,boniface f\nd ! ,bav>ian *ur* free f ,rome4 ,duke ,!odo ,,ii4 soon aft] ,rup]t's dep>ture on a pilgrimage to ,rome _h inde$ ent]$ into relations ) ,gregory ,,ii41 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ?ree ,roman cl]ics made _! appe>ance 9 ,bav>ia4 ,b ! organization ( ! ,bav>ian *ur* committ$ to !m by ! pope c\ld n be c>ri$ out on acc\nt ( political tr\bles4 ,boniface 0 ! fir/ :o succe$$ 9 "s measure 9 do+ ?is4--,! ,apo/le ( ! neighb\r+ ,?ur+ians 0 an ,iri%man ,kilian or ,kyll5a1 :o1 t[>d ! end ( ! #g? c5tury1 along ) twelve companions1 ent]$ ! prov9ce ( ,wrzburg4 ,^! fai?ful m5 f\nd ! rew>d ( _! lab\rs 9 ! cr[n ( m>tyrdom4 ,b cr[ds ( _! zeal\s believ+ fell[-c\ntrym5 foll[$ !m1 & cont9u$ ) ri* success ! "w :i* !y _h begun1 until1 aft] a h>d /ruggle1 !y 7 oblig$ to resign ! field to ,boniface4 #gh4c4 ,nor?-,we/]n ,g]many4--,9 ! ,middle ,rh9e prov9ces ,*ri/ian episcopal dioceses _h be5 ma9ta9$1 b 9 a feeble condition & ov]run ) cr[ds ( hea!n p4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! #f? c5tury a ,frank call$ ,go> settl$ z a h]mit )9 ! b\nds ( ! diocese ( ,treves1 conv]t$ _m ( ! surr\nd+ hea!ns & put to %ame ! envi\s suspicions ( ! cl]gy ( ,treves1 8 hol9ess be+ atte/$ accord+ to lat] leg5ds by _m extraord9>y miracles4 ,! beautiful t[n ( ,/4 ,go> has gr[n up r\nd ! spot :]e he built 8 cell & *ur*4 ,aft] him 9 ! same region wr\ght a ,longob>d ,wulflai* :o z a /ylite 7 #dd1 #f71 9 spite ( ! nor!rn climate1 prea*$ d[n to ! hea!ns f 8 pill>4 ,b ! neighb\r+ bi%ops dislik$ 8 s5seless asceticism & _h ! pill> ?r[n d[n4--,aft] ! ,franki% k+ ,dagob]t ,i4 conqu]$ ! s\? ( ! ,ne!rl&s 9 ,a4,d4 #fcj1 an accompli%$ ,franki% prie/1 ,am&us1 appe>$ at ,rome prea*+ ! gospel among ! ,frisians settl$ !re4 ,! comm& giv5 by him = ! compulsory baptism ( all ! pagans only int5sifi$ ! hatr$ aga9/ him & 8 sacr$ message4 ,insult$1 maltreat$ & repeat$ly ?r[n into ! ,s*eld1 he left ! c\ntry to mission>ize among ! ,basques ( ! ,pyr5ees & !n among ! ,slavs ( ! ,danube4 ,b at a lat] p]iod he return$ to ,gh5t1 & ga9$ great influ5ce aft] hav+ succe$$ 9 conv]t+ a ri* ,frisian call$ ,bavo1 ) ^: help he built two mona/]ies4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #fdg he 0 *os5 bi%op ( ,mae/ri*t1 b retir$ 9 ,a4,d4 #fdi1 not)/&+ ! dissuasion ( ,pope ,m>t9 ,i41 on acc\nt ( ! opposition ( 8 cl]gy1 & !n f\nd$ ! mona/]y ( ,elno1 aft]w>ds call$ ,/4 ,am&1 ne> ,t\rnay1 :]e he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #fdh4 ,dur+ ! same p]iod wr\ght ,eligius1 =m]ly a skilful goldsmi? at ! c\rt ( ,dagob]t1 f ,a4,d4 #fda bi%op ( ,noyon1 :]e he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #feh4 ,he took num]\s mission>y j\rneys = ! conv]sion ( ! ,frisians ext5d+ z f> z ! ,s*eld4 ,f ?is side ( ! ,*annel too wi/ful eyes _h look$ ov] to ! ,frisian coa/s4 ,a ,briton said to h be5 conv]t$ to ,romanism by ,augu/9e ! ,apo/le ( ! ,anglo-,saxons1 ,liv9us1 appe>$ z a mission>y on ! ,s*eld ab\t ,a4,d4 #fej1 b 0 sla9 by ! hea!ns soon aft] 8 arrival4 ,! celebrat$ support] ( ,romi% claims1 ,wilfrid 7 #gg1 #f71 fir/ prea*$ ! gospel to ! ,frisians liv+ nor? ( ! ,s*eld4 ,he _h be5 elect$ ar*bi%op ( ,york1 b1 expell$ f 8 bi%opric 7 #hh1 #c71 he w5t to seek protection at ,rome & 0 ca/ by a /orm on ! ,frisian %ores1 :i* 0 =tunate = him z hir$ assass9s wait$ = him 9 ,france4 ,he sp5t ! w9t] ( ,a4,d4 #fgg-fgh 9 ,friesl&1 prea*$ daily1 baptiz$ ,duke ,aldgild & 8?\s&s0 ( ! p4 ,b 9 ! foll[+ spr+ he took 8 dep>ture4 ,aldgild's successor ,radbod 7 ,a4,d4 #gai71 :o pass$ 8 :ole life 9 w> ) ,pipp9 ( ,h]i/al 7 ,a4,d4 #gad7 & ,*>les ,m>tel1 hat$ & p]secut$ ,*ri/ianity z ! religion ( ! ,franks1 & ! se$ s[n by ,wilfrid p]i%$4 ,pipp9's victory at ,dor/adt 9 ,a4,d4 #fhi compell$ him = a "t to %[ great] tol]ation4 ,!n imm$iately a ,franki% mission 0 />t$ "u bi%op ,wulfram ( ,s5s1 a pupil ( ! mona/]y ( ,fontanelle f\nd$ by ,columbanus4 ,accord+ to an int]e/+ tradition1 :i*1 h[ev]1 does n /& ! te/ ( criticism1 ,radbod 0 himself j ab\t to receive baptism1 b drew back f ! baptismal font1 because he w\ld r g ) 8 glori\s =efa!rs to hell ?an ent] ! ,*ri/ian heav5 ) a cr[d ( mis]able p4 ,x is probably only a leg5d design$ 9 ! int]e/ ( ! doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation4--,! true ,apo/le ( ! ,frisians 0 ! ,anglo-,saxon ,wilibrord :o1 9 company ) twelve foll[]s1 und]took ! "w 9 ,a4,d4 #fij4 ,born 9 ,nor?umbria ab\t ,a4,d4 #feh1 he receiv$ 8 fir/ tra9+ "u ,wilfrid at ! mona/]y ( ,ripon & !n 9 an ,iri% mona/]y "u ! direction ( ,egb]t1 ^: debt to ! ,frisians 7 #gg1 #h7 he n[ und]took to pay4 ,pipp9 gave protection & aid to ! mission>ies1 & ,wilibrord travell$ to ,rome t he might get !re support = 8 life "w4 ,he return$ arm$ ) papal approbation & suppli$ ) relics4 ,b mean:ile a p>ty ( 8 foll[]s1 probably dissatisfi$ ) 8 control1 s5t "o ( _! numb] call$ ,suidb]t to ,engl&1 :]e he receiv$ episcopal consecration4 ,wilibrord's p>ty1 h[ev]1 kept ! upp] h&4 ,suidb]t w5t to ! ,bruct]i on ! ,upp] ,ems1 &1 :5 driv5 !nce by ! ,saxons1 to ! ,rh9e1 :]e he built a mona/]y on an isl& ( ! ,rh9e giv5 him by ,pipp91 & di$ !re 9 ,a4,d4 #gae4--;,aft] _m ye>s' successful lab\r ,wilibrord1 at ,pipp9's comm&1 w5t a second "t to ,rome 9 ,a4,d4 #fif1 to be !re consecrat$ a bi%op4 ,s]gius ,i4 gave him consecration "u ! "n ( ,clem5t1 di/+ui%+ him 9 ?is way z an em95t man1 & ,pipp9 gave him ! ca/le ( ,utre*t z an episcopal resid5ce4 ,f ?is c5tre 8 mission>y lab\rs /ret*$ out ov] ,radbod's realm & ev5 across ! ,dani% fronti]4 ,dur+ a visit to ! isl& ( ,heligol& he v5tur$ to baptize ?ree m5 9 a holy well4 ,radbod w\ld h ! blasphem]s toge!r to sacrifice to ! gods2 ?rice he enquir$ at ! sacr$ lot1 b x answ]$ regul>ly 9 fav\r ( ! mission>ies4 ,b1 9 consequ5ce ( ! complete defeat :i* ,*>les ,m>tel suff]$ at ! h&s ( ,radbod at ,cologne1 9 ,a4,d4 #gae1 ! ,frisian mission 0 /opp$ & only aft] ,radbod's dea? 9 ,a4,d4 #gai c\ld ,wilibrord comm5ce op]ations aga9 f ! mona/]y ( ,e*t]na*1 to :i* he _h mean:ile )drawn4 ,:5 he di$ at ! age ( eighty-"o 9 ,a4,d4 #gci1 ! conv]sion at lea/ ( ,s\? ,friesl& 0 almo/ complet$4 ,we he> no?+ ( conflicts & disputes ) ,celtic mission>ies all ?r\gh 8 fifty ye>s ( mission>y lab\r1 9 consequ5ce1 no d\bt1 ( 8 mild & peaceful temp]1 :i* l$ him to att5d r to ! ,*ri/ianiz+ ( ! hea!n ?an to ! ,romaniz+ ( ^? :o 7 already ,*ri/ian4--,9 consequ5ce ( jurisdictional claims ( ! ,cologne see1 ! episcopate ( ,utre*t rema9$ vacant = a long "t aft] ,wilibrord's dea?4 ,! mission among ! hea!ns 0 mean:ile conduct$ ) zeal & success by ,gregory1 a ,franki% nobleman ( ! ,m]ov+ian family & a fav\rite pupil ( ,boniface1 :o z abbot ( ! mona/]y ( ,utre*t presid$ ov] its fam\s sem9>y4 ,willehad1 ! ,anglo-,saxon1 0 held 9 high repute by 8 s*ol>s & 0 made bi%op ( ,brem5 by ,*>lemagne4 ,! conv]sion ( ! nor!rn ,frisians 0 complet$ by ,liudg]1 a native ,frisian1 aft]w>ds bi%op ( ,mn/]4 #gh4d4 ,! ,mission>y ,"w ( ,boniface4--,! ,anglo-,saxon ,w9frid or ,boniface1#baf born at ,kirton 9 ,wessex ab\t ,a4,d4 #fhj _h at an e>ly age1 on acc\nt ( 8 piety1 ecclesia/ical ta/es & practical tal5t1 ga9$ an hon\rable position 9 ! *ur* ( 8 native l&4 ,b he 0 driv5 by an irresi/ible impulse to devote himself to ! hea!n tribes ( ,g]many4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #gaf he l&$ 9 ,friesl&4 ,al?\gh ,radbod1 !n at w> ) ,*>les ,m>tel1 consid]+ t he _h no connection ) ! ,franks1 put no h9drances 9 8 way1 he _h n su* success z enc\rag$ him to cont9ue1 & s be=e w9t] he return$ home4 ,b 8 mission>y ard\r gave him no re/2 ev5 8 election z abbot ( 8 mona/]y ( ,nutscall 0 n suffici5t to hold him back4 ,& s 9 ! spr+ ( ,a4,d4 #gah he cross$ ! ,*annel a second "t1 b w5t fir/ ( all to ,rome1 :]e ,gregory ,,ii41 ,a4,d4 #gae-gca1 suppli$ him ) relics & papal au?ority = ! ,g]man mission4 ,! task to :i* he n[ appli$ himself 0 direct$ less to ! uproot+ ( paganism ?an to ! ov]?r[ ( t ,celtic h]esy :i* _h on _m sides /ruck its roots deeply 9 ,g]man soil4 ,he next attempt$ to ga9 a foot+ 9 ,?ur+ia4 ,b he c\ld nei!r induce ! 8adult]\s0 prie/s to submit to ,rome1 nor s$uce _! p f allegiance to !m4 ,news ( ,radbod's dea? 9 ,a4,d4 #gai mov$ him to make a j\rney into ,friesl&1 :]e he aid$ ,wilibrord = ?ree ye>s 9 conv]t+ ! hea!ns4 ,wilibrord wi%$ him to rema9 9 ,friesl& z 8 coadjutor1 & to be 8 future successor 9 ! bi%opric ( ,utre*t4 ,b ?is rem9d$ him ( 8 own special task4 ,he tore himself away & return$ to ,upp] ,hesse 9 ,a4,d4 #gbb4 ,"h he won to ,roman ,*ri/ianity two ,*ri/ian *iefs ,dettic & ,deorulf1 erect$ ) _! help ! mona/]y ( ,amanaburg 7,arnneburg1 n f> f ! ,ohm or ,amana71 & baptiz$1 z 8 biograph] ,willibald assures u1 9 a %ort "t 8_m ?\s&s0 ( ! hea!ns4 ,he report$ 8 success to ! pope :o call$ him to ,rome 9 ,a4,d4 #gbc1 :]e1 aft] exact+ ( him a solemn v[ ( fealty to ! papal *air1 he consecrat$ him ,apo/olic bi%op or ,primate ( all ,g]many1 & gave him a ,codex canonum & comm5datory lett]s to ,*>les ,m>tel & ! ,g]man cl]gy1 z well z to ! p & pr9ces ( ,?ur+ia1 ,hesse1 & ev5 hea!n ,saxony4 ,he next secur$ at ! c\rt ( ,*>les ,m>tel a lett] ( protection & introduction f t p[]ful pr9ce1 & !n aga9 betook himself to ,hesse4 ,! cutt+ d[n ( ! old sacr$ oak ( ,?or at ,geism> ne> ,fritzl> 9 ,a4,d4 #gbd1 aga9/ :i* he rais$ ! axe ) 8 own h& amid ! brea?less horror ( ! hea!n multitudes1 build+ a ,*ri/ian *apel ) its timb]1 m>k$ ! d[nfall ( hea!nism 9 ! he>t ( ,g]many4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 ,a4,d4 #gbe1 he ext5d$ 8 op]ations into ,?ur+ia1 :]e ,celtic in/itutions 7 /ill m widely spread ?an 9 ,hesse4 ,?is ext5sion ( 8 field ( lab\r requir$ a correspond+ increase ( 8 /aff4 ,he appli$ to 8 ,engli% fri5ds1 ( :om bi%op ,daniel ( ,w9*e/] 0 ! mo/ di/+ui%$4 ,8 call 0 respond$ to ye> aft] ye> by ,anglo-,saxon prie/s1 monks & nuns4 ,all ,engl& 0 r\s$ to en?usiasm = ! "w ( its apo/le & support$ him ) advice & practical aid1 ) pray]s & int]cessions1 ) gifts & pres5ts = 8 p]sonal & ecclesia/ical necessities4 ,?us !re soon arose two spiritual armies ov] aga9/ "o ano!r2 bo? f\ght ) equal en?usiasm = :at seem$ to !m mo/ high & holy4 ,b ! ,anglo-,saxon invad] ga9$ gr\nd always m & m1 ?\gh inde$ amid mu* want1 we>9ess & c>e1 & ! ,celtic *ur* gradually disappe>$ be=e advanc+ ,romanism4 ,mean:ile ,gregory ,,ii4 _h di$4 ,8 successor ,gregory ,,iii41 ,a4,d4 #gca-gda1 to :om ,boniface _h imm$iately submitt$ a report1 answ]$ by s5d+ him ! ar*iepiscopal pallium ) a commission z papal legate 9 ! ,g]man l&s to f\nd bi%oprics & consecrate bi%ops4 ,8 "w 9 ,?ur+ia1 aft] t5 ye>s' /ruggles & conte/s1 0 s f> successful t he c\ld look ar\nd = o!r fields ( lab\r4 ,he *ose n[1 h[ev]1 n hea!n ,saxony b ! already ,*ri/ianiz$ ,bav>ia1 :i*1 z /ill free f ,rome & /rongly infect$ ) ! ,briti% h]esy1 seem$ to af=d a m attractive field = 8 mission>y zeal4 ,he made a ha/y t\r ( inspection ?r\gh ! c\ntry 9 ,a4,d4 #gce-gcf4 ,! mo/ important result ( ?is j\rney 0 ! accession ( a fi]y "y ,bav>ian nam$ ,/urm1 suppos$ to be next 9 succession to ,odilo ! heir ( ! ?rone1 :om ,boniface took ) him to educate at ! sem9>y at ,fritzl>4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he und]took a ?ird j\rney to ,rome1 und\bt$ly to consult ) ! pope ab\t ! fur!r organization ( ! ,g]man *ur* & ! be/ mode ( its accompli%m5t4 ,he _h ! mo/ flatt]+ reception & /ay$ almo/ a :ole ye> 9 ,rome4 ,! pope s5t him away 9 ,a4,d4 #gch ) apo/olic lett]s to ! cl]gy1 p & nobles ( ,middle ,g]many1 & also to "s di/+ui%$ ,bav>ian & ,alemannian bi%ops1 9 :i* ^? address$ 7 urg$ to assi/ 8 legate by _! ready & he>ty ob$i5ce 9 br++ ab\t a mu*-ne$$ organization ( ! *ur*es 9 _! sev]al prov9ces4#bag #gh4e4 ,! ,organization ,effect$ by ,boniface4--,! att5tion ( ,boniface 0 direct$ fir/ ( all to ,bav>ia1 & duke ,odilo reign+ !re s9ce ,a4,d4 #gcg anticipat$ x by an invitation4 ,arriv+ 9 ,bav>ia he divid$ ! :ole ,bav>ian *ur* into f\r dioceses4 ,bivilo ( ,passau _h be=e ?is be5 consecrat$ z bi%op 9 ,rome4 ,eremb]t ( ,freis+5 receiv$ consecration at ! h& ( ! legate4 ,! bi%ops ( ,reg5sburg & ,salzburg1 h[ev]1 d[n to ! close ( _! lives1 ass]t$ !mselves z opposition bi%ops ov] aga9/ ^? appo9t$ by ,boniface4 ,odilo1 too1 )drew f him 8 fav\r1 & entru/$ n to him b to ,pirm9ian ! ,alemannian ,apo/le1 :o sid$ ) ! ,celtic *ur*1 ! organization & ov]sight ( sev]al newly-f\nd$ ,bav>ian mona/]ies4 ,?us ! results ( ! papal legate's visit to ,bav>ia 7 ( a v d\btful k9d1 & he _h n ev5 made a beg9n+ ( ,romaniz+ ,alemannia4 ,9 ! meantime1 h[ev]1 an incid5t occurr$ :i* gave him 9 a %ort "t ! highe/ measure ( influ5ce & success4 ,*>les ,m>tel di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #gda & 8 sons succe$$ him1 ,c>loman 9 ,au/rasia & ,pep9 ! ,%ort 9 ,neu/ria4 ,*>les ,m>tel _h inde$ on ,gregory's recomm5dation giv5 ,boniface a lett] ( protection t he might c>ry on 8 "w 9 ,hesse & ,?ur+ia1 b he _h nev] gone fur!r1 s t ,boniface (t5 compla9$ bitt]ly to 8 ,engli% fri5ds ( ! indol5t1 ev5 ho/ile attitude ( ! ,franki% pr9ce4 ,b he c\ld n wi% a bett] coadjutor ?an ,c>loman1 :o 0 really r m a monk ?an a pr9ce4 ,& s ,boniface no long] delay$ ! organization ( ! ,hessian & ,?ur+ian *ur*es1 = 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye> #gda he f\nd$ f\r bi%oprics !re4 ,x 0 a matt] ( /ill great] consequ5ce t ,c>loman & !n also ,pep9 aid$ him 9 ! reorganization ( ! ,franki% national *ur* on bo? sides ( ! ,vosges m\nta9s1 :]e p>tly on acc\nt ( sympa?y ) ! ,briti% *ur* sy/em1 p>tly on acc\nt ( ! wild _s eng5d]$ by a life ( w> & ! *ase1 ! cl]gy _h n hi!rto submitt$ to ! influ5ce ( ! papal emiss>y4 ,9 ord] t ! e/ates ( ! realm might be advis$ by 8! envoy ( ,/4 ,pet]0 & ! cl]gy ( ! empire ab\t :at 0 necess>y = ! ,au/rasian *ur*1 ,c>loman1 at ! close ( an imp]ial diet1 at a place unkn[n1 call$ ! fir/ ,au/rasian ,synod1 ,concilium ,g]manicum1 9 ,a4,d4 #gdb1 & gave to its decrees ! au?ority ( imp]ial laws4 ,boniface 0 recognis$ z ,ar*bi%op & ,primate ( ! :ole ,au/rasian *ur*2 x 0 =bidd5 t ! high] or l[] cl]gy %\ld h any?+ to d ) arms1 hunt+ & w>1 t all 8false & adult]\s0 prie/s %\ld be expell$2 t ! admission ( 8/range0 cl]ics %\ld be dep5d5t on exam9ation be=e a ,synod to be held annually2 t 9 all mona/]ies ! ,b5$ict9e rule 7 #he1 #a7 %\ld be en=c$2 & t x be made ! duty ( c\nts to support ! bi%ops 9 ma9ta9+ *ur* discipl9e & /amp+ out all remnants ( paganism4 ,9 ! next ye>1 ,a4,d4 #gdc1 ,c>loman summon$ ! ,second ,au/rasian ,synod at ,lipt91 n[ ,le/9es1 ne> ,cambray1 :i* confirm$ ! decrees ( ! fir/ & enl>g$ _! scope1 especially 9 reg>d to ! root+ out ( pagan sup]/ition & en=c+ /rictly ! ,romi% prohibition ( m>riage betwe5 ^? naturally 7 #fa1 #b7 & spiritually 7 #eh1 #a7 relat$4 ,?us ^u ! :ole ! legal reorganization ( ! *ur* ( ,au/rasia might h be5 reg>d$ z complete1 ev5 ?\gh its actual en=cem5t requir$ yet _m sev]e /ruggles4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #gdd ,boniface laid ! f\ndation ( ! fam\s mona/]y ( ,fulda :i* = _m c5turies 0 a *ief resort & pr9cipal s*ool ( ! ,b5$ict9e monks ( ,g]many4 ,its fir/ abbot 0 "y ,/urm4--,aft] ! close ( ! ,au/rasian ,synod ,boniface began to treat ) ,pep9 ab\t ! reorganization ( ! *ur* 9 ,neu/ria4 ,pep9 call$ a ,neu/rian prov9cial ,synod at ,soissons 9 ,a4,d4 #gdd4 ,its decrees 9 reg>d to discipl9e 7 9 ess5tial agreem5t ) ^? ( ! two ,au/rasian ,synods4 ,besides x 0 resolv$ to erect ?ree metropolitan sees4 ,two ( ! prelates designate1 h[ev]1 refus$ to accept ! pallium (f]$ by pope ,za*>ias1 ,a4,d4 #gda-geb1 o/5sibly on ! plea t ! paym5t ( ! fee dem&$ w\ld r5d] !m guilty ( simony4 ,_! refusal1 h[ev]1 0 p]haps ma9ly due to ,pep9's discov]y t ! political unity ( ,neu/ria requir$ a ,primate at ,rheims r ?an ?ree metropolitans 7 #hc74 ,at a national ,synod1 place ( meet+ unkn[n1 held 9 ,a4,d4 #gde1 call$ by ! two pr9ces act+ toge!r1 at ,boniface's reque/ ! bi%op ,gewilib ( ,ma9z1 a rude w>rior guilty ( secret murd]s1 0 depos$4 ,x 0 n[ ! wi% ( ,boniface t he %\ld receive ! vacant episcopal *air ( ,cologne1 :i* 0 de/9$ to be rais$ into a metropolitan see4 ,yet1 ?r\gh ! ma*9ations ( 8 oppon5ts1 ! vacancy at ,cologne 0 o!rwise fill$1 & ,boniface 0 at la/ oblig$ to be satisfi$ ) ! less important bi%opric ( ,ma9z4 ,at a second national ,c\ncil ( ,a4,d4 #gdh held probably at ,dr5 he succe$$ 9 gett+ a consid]able numb] ( ,au/rasian & ,neu/rian bi%ops to subscribe a decl>ation ( absolute submission to ! pope 9 :i* !y fully ackn[l$g$ ! papal supremacy ov] ! ,franki% *ur*4 ,pep91 :o n[1 aft] ! retirem5t ( 8 bro!r ,c>loman f ! gov]nm5t 9 ,a4,d4 #gdg1 9 ord] to sp5d ! re/ ( 8 days 9 ! mona/]y ( ,monte ,cass9o1 0 sole rul] ( bo? k+doms1 obta9$ ! express approval ( pope ,za*>ias 9 ,a4,d4 #geb 9 mak+ an end ( ! puppet %[ ( a %am ,m]ov+ian royalty 7 #hb1 #a74 ,b x is q a mi/ake to say t ,boniface 0 ! int]m$i>y 9 ?is matt] betwe5 ! pope & ! mayor ( ! palace4 ,8 lett]s r %[1 f ! disfav\r 9 :i* he at t "t /ood at ! c\rt ( ,pep91 t ! negociations 7 c>ri$ on directly ) ! pope )\t 8 k4#bah #gh4f4 ,h]esies ,confront$ by ,boniface4--,among ! num]\s h]esies ) :i* ,boniface _h to deal ! mo/ important 7 ^? ( ! ,franki% ,adalb]t1 ! ,scot*man ,clem5t1 & ! ,iri%man ,virgilius4 ,adalb]t wr\ght on ! left bank ( ! ,rh9e f> into ! int]ior ( ,neu/ria2 ,clem5t among ! ,ea/ ,franks4 ,9 ! summ] ( ,a4,d4 #gdc ,c>loman _h at ,boniface's urg5t reque/ ca/ bo? into prison1 & at ! ,neu/rian ,synod ( ,soissons 9 ,a4,d4 #gdd ,boniface secur$ ,adalb]t's condemnation4 ,yet soon aft] we f9d bo? at lib]ty4 ,boniface n[ accus$ !m be=e ! pope ,za*>ias1 & !y 7 condemn$ unhe>d at a ,lat]an ,c\ncil 9 ,a4,d4 #gde4 ,! legate's writt5 accusation *>g$ ! ,franki% ,adalb]t ) ! vile/ hypocrisy & blasphemy3 ,he boa/$ t an angel _h br\ght him relics ( extraord9>y miracle-work+ p[]1 by :i* he c\ld d any?+ t ,god c\ld2 he plac$ himself on an equality ) ! apo/les2 he introduc$ unle>n$ & uncanonically orda9$ bi%ops2 he =bade pilgrimages to ,rome1 & ! consecration ( *ur*es & *apels 9 ! names ( apo/les & m>tyrs1 b _h no objection to _! consecration 9 8 own "n2 he neglect$ div9e s]vice 9 consecrat$ places & assembl$ ! p = wor%ip 9 woods & fields & :]esoev] x seem$ good to him2 he let 8 own hair & nails be v5]at$ z relics2 he absolv$ ^? :o came to him 9 confession ) ! words3 ,i "k all y\r s9s1 = no?+ is hidd5 f me1 confession is unnecess>y1 g 9 peace1 y\r s9s are =giv5 y1 etc42 9 ?is way he won great influ5ce especially ov] wom5 & peasants1 :o hon\r$ him z a great apo/le & miracle-work]4 ,?ree docum5ts support$ ! report ( ,boniface2 viz41 a biography ( ,adalb]t compos$ by "o ( 8 admir]s1 accord+ to :i* 8 "m 9 ! 8ev] bless$0 h\r ( 8 bir? _h 9 vision se5 an ox g =? out h] "r side2 also1 a lett] said to h fall5 f heav5 to ,j]usalem :i* gu>ante$ 8 div9e mission2 & f9ally1 a pray] compos$ by him :i* :ile g5]ally brea?+ a _s ( deep humility & firm fai?1 w5t on to invoke a r>ely-nam$ angel4 ,if we /rike out f ^! *>ges ^? :i* evid5tly re/ ^u misund]/&+ & leg5d>y or malevol5t exagg]ation1 we h be=e u a man :o 9 opposition to ! prevail+ wor%ip ( sa9ts & relics ma9ta9$ t ! relics set up = v5]ation 7 no m wor?y ( x ?an 8 own hair & nails w\ld be1 :o also disput$ ! advantage ( pilgrimages1 d5i$ ! necessity ( auricul> confession1 insi/$ ^u ! univ]sal prie/hood ( believ]s 9 opposition to ,romi% hi]>*ical claims1 & ! evangelical wor%ip ( ,god 9 _s & 9 tru? 9 opposition to ! ,romi% ov]e/imation ( consecrat$ places2 b 9 do+ s p]haps1 m c]ta9ly 9 my/ic-!osophic en?usiasm ?an 9 consci\s deceitfulness1 he may h boa/$ ( div9e revelations & ! possession ( miracle-work+ p[]4--,! figure ( ! ,scot*man ,clem5t comes out yet m di/9ctly 9 ! *>ge =mulat$ aga9/ him4 ,he is simply an adh]5t ( ! pure & unadult]at$ ecclesia/ical sy/em ( ! old ,briti% *ur*4 ,he treats ) contempt ! ,canon law1 & does n reg>d himself z b\nd by ! decrees ( ,synods or ! au?ority ( ! ,lat9 ,fa!rs2 he claims to be a bi%op & /ill lives 9 8adult]\s0 w$lock2 he affirms t a man may m>ry ! wid[ ( 8 deceas$ bro!r2 he tea*es ) ref]5ce to ,*ri/'s desc5t into hell t ev5 ^? :o di$ 9 hea!nism may yet be r$eem$1 & 8affirmat multa alia horribilia de prde/9atione ,dei contr>ia fidei ca?40 ,! pope committ$ to 8 legate ! execution ( ! ,synod's condemnatory judgm5t4 ,b /ill 9 ,a4,d4 #gdg ,boniface aga9 compla9s t ! undim9i%$ reputation ( bo? h]etics at all po9ts /&s 9 8 way4 ,soon aft] ?is1 h[ev]1 ,c>loman1 aft] ,adalb]t _h submitt$ 9 a disputation ) ,boniface1 s5t him into conf9em5t 9 ! mona/]y ( ,fulda1 f :i* he made 8 escape1 & aft] long w&]+s 0 at la/ kill$ by ! sw9eh]ds4 ,no in=mation has rea*$ u z to ! end ( ,clem5t4--,! ,iri%man ,virgilius 0 f ,a4,d4 #gdd bi%op ( ,salzburg1 &1 z be=e at ! c\rt ( ,pep91 s n[ at 8 recomm5dation at ! c\rt ( ! ,bav>ian duke ,odilo1 he /ood 9 high fav\r4 ,aft] a long & det]m9$ refusal he at la/ agre$ to submit to ! ,romi% *oice ( bi%ops4 ,a prie/ ( 8 diocese unskill$ 9 ,lat9 _h baptiz$ 9 nom9e patria et filia et sp]itus sancti1 ,boniface pron\nc$ su* baptism invalid4 ,virgilius ?\ght o!rwise & appeal$ to ! pope :o 0 oblig$ to admit t he 0 "r4 ,b n[ ,boniface compla9$ ( him z a h]etic because he taught3 ,quod alius mundus et alii hom9es sub t]ra s9t1 & ?is "t ! pope took ! side ( 8 legate1 because ^u ! accept$ notion ( ! orbicul> =m ( ! e>?1 ! doctr9e ( antipodes 7already reg>d$ by ,lactantius & ,augu/9e z ( dang]\s t5d5cy7 am\nt$ to a d5ial ( ! unity ( ! human race & ! univ]sality ( r$emption1 :]eas ! ,iri%man belong+ to a seaf>+ race probably consid]$ ! e>? to be globul>4 ,! pope1 9 ,a4,d4 #gdh1 ord]$ 8 deposition & removal f ! cl]ical ord]1 :i* ,boniface1 h[ev]1 0 n able to accompli%4#bai #gh4g4 ,! ,end ( ,boniface4--,on ! "o h&1 di/ru/$1 & set aside by ,pep9 & ! new pope ,/eph5 ,,ii41 ,a4,d4 #geb-geg1 f 8 position z legate 7 #hb1 #a71 & also1 on ! o!r h&1 feel+ himself ov]borne 9 8 old age by ! burd5 ( 8 episcopal & ar*iepiscopal c>es1 sorr[s & conflicts1 ,boniface _h 8 fav\rite pupil1 ! en]getic ,lullus1 already recognis$ by pope ,za*>ias1 elect$ z 8 successor1 & ) ,pep9's cons5t transf]r$ to him at once ! indep5d5t adm9i/ration ( ! episcopal diocese ( ,ma9z4 ,he n[ det]m9$ to devote 8 la/ z he _h 8 fir/ en]gies undivid$ly to 8 ar*iepiscopal diocese embrac+ ! ,frisian *ur*1 :i* /ill ne$$ firm episcopal control & 0 n[ ?reat5$ ) a pagan reaction4 ,aft] ,wilibrord's dea? 9 ,a4,d4 #gci1 ,cologne1 re/+ its pret5sions on an anci5t de$ ( gift by ,dagob]t1 claim$ jurisdiction ov] ! ,frisian *ur*4 ,boniface inde$ at ,c>loman's ord]s _h orda9$ a new bi%op to ! ,utre*t *air1 9 ,a4,d4 #gda1 probably ! ,anglo-,saxon ,eoban4 ,yet ?is new bi%op nev] came into actual1 at lea/ n into undisput$ possession4 ,9 "o ( 8 la/ lett]s ,boniface e>ne/ly b 9 va9 implores pope ,/eph5 ,,ii4 to disall[ ! unju/ pret5sions ( ,cologne4 ,*>lemagne fir/ settl$ ! dispute by requir+ ,alb]i*1 ,gregory's successor 9 ! ,utre*t see1 to receive consecration at ! h&s ( ! ,cologne prelate4 ,) a /ately ret9ue ( fifty-two foll[]s cl]ical or lay1 & ) a =ebod+ pres5tim5t c>ry+ ) him a w9d+ %eet1 ,boniface sail$ d[n ! ,rh9e 9 ! spr+ ( ,a4,d4 #ged4 ,:e!r he _h n[ 9 view a reorganization ( ! exi/+ ,frisian *ur* & h[ f> he succe$$1 we h no means ( kn[+4 ,on ! o!r h& 8 biograph]s 9 _! leg5d>y exagg]ation _c suffici5tly extol ! wond]ful success ( 8 mission>y prea*+4 ,:]ev] he appe>$ ?r\gh\t ! l& he baptiz$ ?\s&s ( hea!ns4 ,at la/ he _h pit*$ 8 t5t 9 ! neighb\rhood ( :at is n[ ,dokkum1 & !re1 on ,june #e?1 ,a4,d4 #gee1 a numb] ( neophytes receiv$ confirmation4 ,b a wild troop ( hea!n apo/ates ru%$ d[n on !m be=e ! break ( day4 ,! gu>d desir$ to (f] arm$ resi/ance1 b ,boniface refus$ to %$ blood1 &1 accord+ to ! report ( an old woman1 receiv$ 8 dea?bl[ hold+ ! gospel ov] 8 head4 ,8 companions 7 also cut d[n ar\nd him4 ,utre*t1 ,ma9z & ,fulda qu>rell$ ov] 8 bones4 ,signs & wond]s at la/ decid$ 9 fav\r ( ,fulda1 :i* he _h himself fix$ ^u z _! re/+ place4--,by ord] ( ,lullus1 a prie/ ( ,ma9z call$ ,wilibald wrote 8 life ab\t ,a4,d4 #gfj4 ,ano!r life by an anonym\s au?or 9 ,utre*t appe>$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #gij2 & yet ano!r by ! ,reg5sburg monk ,o?lo ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajfj4 ,8 lit]>y rema9s consi/ ( ,epi/les1 ,s]mons1 & ,p5it5tials ( d\btful au!nticity4 #gh4h4 ,an ,e/imate ( ,boniface4--,9 opposition to ! curr5t ,roman ,ca?olic apo!osis ( ,boniface :i* assigns to him z ! true ,apo/le ( ! ,g]mans ! highe/ place ( hon\r 9 ! firmam5t ( ,g]man sa9ts & _c f9d ! lea/ %ad[ or defect 9 all 8 life1 /ruggles & do+s1 ultra-prote/ant e/imates h run to ! v contr>y extreme4 ,ebr>d has c>ri$ ?is to ! utmo/ l5g?4 ,he refuses to cr$it him ) zeal1 any he>ty reg>d1 any real capacity = prop] mission "w among ! hea!ns4 ,alongside ( ,wilibrord he 0 only a despicable ,romi% spy2 9 ,hesse & ,?ur+ia only ! brutal de/roy] ( ! ,culdee *ur* t fl\ri%$ !re1 & 9 ! ,franki% empire only ! inconscionable ag5t ( ,rome :o alli$ himself to ! ,rome-fav\r+ dyna/y ( ,pep9 9 ord] to secure ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,culdee-fav\r+ ,m]ov+ians1 pur*as+ ?us ,franki% aid 9 subject+ ! ,g]man & ,franki% *ur*es to ! hi]>*ical tyranny ( ,rome4 ,he c f9d 9 him no trace ( intellectual or spiritual greatness4 ,on ! contr>y fanaticism1 hatr$ & a p]secut+ _s1 intrigue & di%one/y1 s]vility1 dissimulation1 hypocrisy1 ly+ & d\ble deal+ are !re 9 abundance4 ,8 _w-wide fame is acc\nt$ = by ?is1 t he is ! accurs$ f\nd] ( all mis*ief :i* has aris5 ^u ,g]many f its connection ) ! papal *air4--,x is true t ,boniface /opp$ ! c\rse ( ! national & indep5d5t developm5t ( ! ,g]man *ur* t _h begun & put x on ! track ( ,roman ,ca?olic developm5t & mal-developm5t4 ,b ev5 _h ,boniface nev] cross$ ! ,*annel ?is fate c\ld sc>cely h be5 av]t$4 ,x is fur!r true t ,boniface 0 f> m eag] 9 uproot+ h]etical 8,celtism0 & br++ ,franki% & ,bav>ian ,*ri/ians "u ! ,romi% yoke ?an 9 conv]t+ hea!n ,saxons to ,*ri/ianity4 ,b he 0 ?us eag] because t seem$ to him 9 ! fir/ in/ance m necess>y & important ?an aim+ at new conv]sions4 ,x is a cry+ inju/ice to d5y t he %[$ any zeal1 any en]gy1 or t he _h any success 9 ! conv]sion ( ! hea!n 9 ,friesl&1 ,hesse & ,?ur+ia4 ,all 8 ?\ghts1 lab\rs & endeav\rs are dom9at$ by a /eadfa/ conviction t ! pope is ! head & repres5tative ( ! *ur* 9 :i* alone salvation c be f\nd4 ,b yet ) him ! *ur* laws :i* emanate f ! ,holy ,_s /& sup]ior to ! pope4 ,h5ce ! "r ( f9al decision on all ecclesia/ical que/ions belongs inde$ to ! pope1 b only secundum canones4 ,! expression ascrib$ to ,boniface 9 ,gratian's ,decretal3 ,papa a nem9e judicetur nisi devius a fide is nev] met ) 9 any ( 8 extant writ+s1 b x ?or\ghly well *>act]izes 8 position4 ,?us alongside ( ! mo/ abject submission to ! *air ( ,pet]1 we see h[ firmly he speaks to pope ,za*>ias 9 connection ) ! ,neu/rian pallium affair ab\t ! ,simoniacal gre$ ( ! (ficials1 & on ano!r occasion decl>es 8 pr(\nd indignation at ! immoral1 sup]/iti\s & blasphem\s proce$+s1 fit to be comp>$ to ! old pagan ,saturnalia1 :i*1 w5t on 9 ,rome op5ly be=e ! eyes ( ! pope un*eck$ & unpuni%$4 ,he also %[$ brave resi/ance :5 papal disp5sations infr+$ 8 ord9ances f\nd$ ^u ! canon law1 & prote/$ vigor\sly1 :5 ,/eph5 ,,ii41 9 ,a4,d4 #ged1 disreg>d+ ! ar*iepiscopal au?ority gave episcopal consecration to ,*rodegang ( ,metz4 ,b ,boniface nev] mix$ himself up ) ! political intrigues ( ! popes1 nor did he ev] int]m$dle 9 ! political manuvres betwe5 ,pep9 & ! ,m]ov+ians1 betwe5 ! ,franki% empire & its ,g]man vassals4 ,an inv5tive g5ius1 great & pr(\nd ?\ghts1 a lib]al & compreh5sive view ( matt]s1 we c]ta9ly (t5 miss 9 him4 ,all 8 ?\ghts1 feel+s & desires 7 b\nd )9 ! n>r[ limits ( ,romi% ecclesia/icism4 ,8 piety 0 deep1 e>ne/ & s9c]e1 b is q ( ! legali/ic & h>d ext]nal k9d t *>act]izes ,roman ,ca?olicism4 ,) ! mo/ pa9ful consci5ti\sness he holds by ,rome's ecclesia/ical in/itutions2 any resi/ance to ^! is abhorr5t to him & he p]secutes h]esies z curs$ & s\l-de/roy+4 ,he cle>ly und]/&s ! absurdity ( prohibit+ m>riage betwe5 ^? :o are relat$ only 9 baptism & at confirmation4 ,= he sees t on ?is pr9ciple all m>riages betwe5 ,*ri/ian p z recipi5ts ( baptism mu/ be =bidd5 s9ce by baptism !y h all become sons & daught]s ( ,*ri/ & ,8 *ur*1 & s are spiritually bro!rs & si/]s4 ,b !n he will+ly sacrifices 8 und]/&+1 & cont9ues to d5\nce all m>riages betwe5 ^? spiritually relat$ z fe>ful s9 & horrible ince/4 ,v *>act]i/ic too are _m ( 8 que/ions to ! popes z to :at %\ld be held on ?is po9t & t1 mo/ly ab\t v trivial & indiff]5t matt]s ( common life4 ,?us he lets himself be in=m$ t raw bacon %\ld only be eat5 smok$1 b t ! eat+ ( ! fle% ( horses1 h>es1 beav]s1 jackdaws1 rav5s & /orks is absolutely =bidd51 8immundum enim e/ et execrabile40#bbj #gh4i4 ,! ,conv]sion ( ! ,saxons4--,! fir/ mission>y attempts among ! ,saxons1 :o _h =c$ _! way f ! nor?-we/ ( ,g]many d[n to ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,rh9e1 7 made by two ,anglo-,saxon monks1 :o 7 bo? call$ ,ewald1 ! black or ! :ite ,ewald4 ,a ,saxon peasant receiv$ !m hospitably1 b s soon z he discov]$ _! object1 fell ^u !m ) 8 h\sehold s]vants & slew !m1 ,a4,d4 #fia4 ,boniface _h _m pi\s wi%es ab\t 8 hea!n k9sfolk b did no?+ = _! conv]sion4 ,! mo/ t he did 0 to f\nd ! mona/]y ( ,fulda on ! ,saxon fronti] z ! rally+ po9t = a future cl]ical raid ^u ,saxon paganism4 ,= ?irty ye>s1 h[ev]1 ?is rema9$ b a pi\s wi%1 till at la/ ! sword ( ! mo/ p[]ful ( ! ,franki% k+s took up ! mission4 ,! subjugation ( ! p[]ful z well z ho/ile ,saxon p 0 ) ,*>lemagne a political necessity4 ,b la/+ subjugation 0 impossible )\t conv]sion & conv]sion 0 impossible )\t subjugation2 = ! ,saxons hat$ ! religion ( ! ,franks no less he>tily ?an !y did ! ,franks !mselves4 ,alcu9 ) true magnanimity ex]t$ all 8 influ5ce ) 8 royal fri5d aga9/ any use ( =ce 9 conv]sion1 b political necessity ov]came ! c\nsel ( ! mu* tru/$ fri5d4 ,! ,saxon w> la/$ = ?irty-?ree ye>s1 ,a4,d4 #ggb-hjd4 ,9 ! v fir/ campaign ! /ronge/ ,saxon =tress ,eresburg 0 /orm$ & _! mo/ rev]$ idol1 ! ,erm9sul1 0 de/roy$4 ,franki% prie/s foll[$ ! ,franki% arms & ,*ri/ianiz$ imm$iately ! conqu]$ di/ricts4 ,b z soon z ,*>lemagne's army 0 engag$ else:]e1 ! ,saxons proce$$ to de/roy aga9 all ,*ri/ian f\ndations4 ,9 ! imp]ial diet at ,pad]born 9 ,a4,d4 #ggg !y 7 oblig$ to swe> t life & prop]ty w\ld be =feit$ by a new apo/asy4 ,b ! mo/ p[]ful ( ! ,saxon pr9ces1 ,wittek9d1 :o _h n appe>$ at ! diet1 organiz$ a new revolt4 ,! ,franki% army su/a9$ a fe>ful defeat at ,m\nt ,sun?al1 all ,*ri/ian prie/s 7 murd]$1 all *ur*es 7 de/roy$4 ,*>lemagne took a dreadful rev5ge4 ,at ,v]d5 he behead$ 9 "o day #d1ejj ,saxons4 ,aft] a new rebellion1 a second diet at ,pad]born 9 ,a4,d4 #ghe prescrib$ = !m horribly bloody laws4 ,! lea/ resi/ance aga9/ ! precepts ( ! *ur* 0 puni%$ ) dea?4 ,wittek9d & ,albion1 ! two mo/ fam\s ,saxon *iefs1 ackn[l$g$ ! vanity ( fur!r resi/ance4 ,!y 7 baptiz$ 9 ,a4,d4 #ghe & cont9u$ !nce=w>d fai?ful to ! k+ & ! *ur*4 ,b ! rebellions ( ! re/ ( ! ,saxons 7 /ill cont9u$4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #hjd ,*>lemagne drove #aj1jjj ,saxon families f _! homes on ! ,elbe1 & gave ! c\ntry to ! ,obohites ,obotrites t 7 subject to him4 ,n[ = ! fir/ "t 0 a la/+ peace secur$4 ,*>lemagne _h f\nd$ eight bi%oprics 9 ,saxony1 & "u ^! bi%ops' c>e ?r\gh\t ?is blood-delug$ c\ntry1 no long] di/urb$1 a ,*ri/ianity 0 develop$ z truly he>ty & fre% z 9 any o!r "p ( ,g]many4 ,"o witness to ?is among o!rs is af=d$ by ! popul> epic ! ,heli& 7 #hi1 #c74bba #gi4 ,,! ,,slavs ,,9 ,,g]man ,,c\ntries4#bbb ,! sudd5 ru% ( ! wild hordes ( ! ,huns 9 ! #e? c5tury drove ! ,slavs to ! s\? ( ! ,danube & to ! we/ ( ! ,vi/ula4 ,aga9 9 ! #f? c5tury ,slavic tribes =c$ _! way we/w>d "u pressure f ! ,mongolian ,av>s :o took possession ( ,dacia1 ,pannonia & ,dalmatia4 ,= ! conv]sion ( ! ,slavs 9 nor?-ea/]n ,g]many no?+ 0 done2 b mu* 0 attempt$ on behalf ( ! conv]sion ( ! s\!rn ,slavs & ! ,av>s1 :o 7 specially "u ! c>e ( ! see ( ,salzburg4 #gi4a4 ,! ,c>antanians & ,av>s4--,! ,c>antanian pr9ce ,boru?1 9 :at is n[ call$ ,c>9?ia1 9 ,a4,d4 #gdh ask$ ! help ( ! ,bav>ian duke ,?assilo ,,ii4 aga9/ ! oppression ( ! ,av>s4 ,8 nephew ,*atim>1 :o _h receiv$ a ,*ri/ian tra9+ 9 ,bav>ia1 :5 9 ,a4,d4 #gec he succe$$ to ! ?rone1 introduc$ ,*ri/ianity into 8 c\ntry4 ,aft] ! ov]?r[ ( ,?assilo 9 ,a4,d4 #ghh1 ,c>9?ia came "u ,franki% rule1 & ,*>lemagne ext5d$ 8 conque/s ov] ! ,av>s & ,moravians4 ,bi%op ,arno ( ,salzburg1 to :om metropolitan rights _h be5 accord$1 conduct$ a regul> mission by ,*>lemagne's ord]s = ! conv]sion ( ^! peoples4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #gif1 ,tudun1 ! pr9ce ( ! ,av>s1 ) a great b& ( 8 foll[]s1 receiv$ baptism1 & v[$ 9 ,a4,d4 #gig to turn ! :ole nation ( ! ,av>s to ,*ri/ianity1 & ask$ = ,*ri/ian tea*]s4 ,9 ! #i? c5tury1 h[ev]1 ! "n ( ! ,av>s pass$ away f hi/ory4 #gi4b4 ,! ,moravian ,*ur*4--,9 ,a4,d4 #hee ,ra/islaw1 ,gr& ,duke ( ,moravia1 fre$ 8 c\ntry f ! ,franki% yoke & depriv$ ! ,g]man bi%ops ( all _! influ5ce4 ,he ask$ ,slavic mission>ies f ! ,byzant9e emp]or4 ,! bro!rs ,cyril & ,me?odius 7 #gc1 #b1 #c7 :o _h already approv$ !mselves z apo/les ( ! ,slavs1 answ]$ ! call 9 ,a4,d4 #hfc4 ,!y introduc$ a liturgy & public wor%ip 9 ! language ( ! ,slavs1 & by prea*+ 9 ! ,slavic tongue !y won _! way to ! he>ts ( ! hea!n p4 ,b 9 spite ( ?is enc\rag+ success !y f\nd !mselves1 amid ! political convulsions ( ! age1 9 a difficult position4 ,only by atta*m5t to ! pope c\ld !y reasonably expect to hold _! gr\nd4 ,!y accept$ !re=e an invitation ( ,ni*olas ,i4 9 ,a4,d4 #hfg1 b on _! arrival 9 ,rome !y f\nd t ,hadrian ,,ii4 _h succe$$ to ! papal *air4 ,cyril rema9$ 9 ,rome & soon di$1 ,a4,d4 #hfi4 ,me?odius swore fealty to ! pope & 0 s5t away z ar*bi%op ( ,moravia4 ,b n[ all ! m 7 ! ,g]man bi%ops ho/ile to him4 ,!y suspect$ 8 fidelity to ! pope1 *>g$ him ) h]esy & inveigh$ aga9/ ! ,slavic liturgy :i* he _h introduc$4 ,john ,,viii41 r5d]$ suspici\s ( him by ^! means1 call$ ^u him 9 /rong t]ms 9 ,a4,d4 #hgi to make answ] = himself at ,rome4 ,me?odius obey$ & succe$$ 9 completely v9dicat+ himself4 ,! pope confirm$ him 9 8 ar*iepiscopal rank & expressly p]mitt$ him to use ! ,slavic liturgy1 enjo9+1 h[ev]1 t by way ( di/9ction ! gospel %\ld fir/ be read 9 ,lat9 & !n r5d]$ 9 a ,slavic translation4 ,! intrigues ( ! ,g]man cl]gy1 h[ev]1 cont9u$ & embitt]$ ! la/ days ( ! good & brave apo/le ( ! ,slavs4 ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #hhe4 ,a g5]al p]secution n[ broke out aga9/ ! ,slavic prie/s & ! metropolitan *air ( ,moravia rema9$ vacant = f\rte5 ye>s4 ,john ,,ix4 re/or$ x 9 ,a4,d4 #hii4 ,b 9 ,a4,d4 #ijh ! ,moravian k+dom 0 ov]?r[n4 ,! ,bohemians & ,magy>s %>$ ! spoil betwe5 !m4 #gi4c4 ,! ,beg9n+s ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,bohemia4--,on ,new ,ye>'s day ( ,a4,d4 #hde f\rte5 ,bohemian lords appe>$ at ,reg5sburg at ! c\rt ( ,l\is ( ,g]many & ask$ = baptism along ) _! foll[]s4 ,( ! motives & ( ! consequ5ces ( ?is /ep we "k no?+4 ,:5 ,ra/islaw rais$ ! ,moravian empire to su* a height ( glory ! ,bohemians connect$ !mselves closely ) ,moravia4 ,ra/islaw's successor ,swatopluc m>ri$ a daught] ( ! ,bohemian pr9ce ,borsivoi 9 ,a4,d4 #hga4 ,aft] t ,me?odius ext5d$ 8 mission>y lab\rs into ,bohemia4 ,borsivoi himself & 8 wife1 ,ludmilla1 7 baptiz$ by ,me?odius 9 ,a4,d4 #hga4 ,! sons ( ,borsivoi1 also1 ,spitihnew1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #iab & ,wratislaw1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #ibf1 ) ! active support ( _! "m fur!r$ ! int]e/s ( ! *ur* 9 ,bohemia4 #hj4 ,,! ,,sc&9avian ,,nations4#bbc ,! mission to ! ,frisians & ,saxons call$ ! att5tion ( mission>ies to ! neighb\r+ ,jutes & ,danes4 ,wilibrord 7 #gh1 #c7 9 ,a4,d4 #fif c>ri$ ! gospel across ! ,eid]1 & ,*>lemagne felt x necess>y 9 ord] to ma9ta9 8 au?ority ov] ! ,frisians & ,saxons to ext5d 8 conque/ & t ( ! *ur* ov] ! p59sula ( ,jutl& to ! sea coa/4 ,he c\ld n1 h[ev]1 accompli% 8 design4 ,bett] prospects op5$ up be=e ,l\is ! ,pi\s4 ,?reat5$ ) expulsion ?r\gh disputes ab\t ! succession1 ,h>ald ! k+ ( ! ,jutes s\ght ! protection ( ! ,franks4 ,consequ5tly ,ebo1 ar*bi%op ( ,rheims1 cross$ ! ,eid] 9 ,a4,d4 #hbc at ! head ( an imp]ial embassy & clo!d ) full au?ority f pope ,pas*alis ,i4 ,he baptiz$ also a numb] ( ,danes1 & :51 aft] a ye>'s abs5ce1 he return$ home1 he took ) him sev]al "y ,jutes to educate z tea*]s = _! c\ntrym54 ,b ,h>ald 0 aga9 h>d press$ & conclud$ to break entirely ) ! national paganism4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #hbf he took %ip1 ) wife & *ild1 accompani$ by a /ately ret9ue1 & at ,ma9z1 :]e ,l\is !n held 8 c\rt1 receiv$ baptism ) great pomp & c]emony4 ,soon aft] 8 return a "y monk foll[$ him f ! mona/]y ( ,corbei on ! ,wes]4 ,ansg>1 ! apo/le ( ! nor?1 _h committ$ to him by ,l\is ! h>d & dang]\s task ( w9n+ ! ,sc&9avian nations = ! *ur*4 ,ansg> devot$ 8 :ole life to ! accompli%m5t ( ?is task1 & 9 an incomp>able mann] fulfill$ x1 s f> z indomitable p]sev]ance1 devotion & self-d5ial amid endless difficulties & p]v]se opposition c\ld d x4 #hj4a4 ,ansg> or ,ans*>1 ! son ( a ,franki% nobleman1 born ,a4,d4 #hja1 0 educat$ 9 ! mona/]y ( ,old ,corbie 9 ,pic>dy1 & on ! f\nd+ ( ,new ,corbie 9 ,a4,d4 #hbb 0 made ,sup]ior ( x4 ,ev5 9 v e>ly y\? he _h dreams & visions :i* l$ him to look =w>d to ! mission field & ! cr[n ( m>tyrdom4 ,accompani$ by 8 noble-m9d$ bro!r monk ,autb]t1 :o w\ld n let 8 belov$ fri5d g alone1 ,ansg> />t$ 9 ,a4,d4 #hbf on 8 fir/ mission>y j\rney4 ,h>ald _h e/abli%$ 8 au?ority 9 ! m>itime prov9ces ( ,jutl&1 b he v5tur$ n to pu% on into ! int]ior4 ,9 ?is way ! mission>y ef=ts ( ! two fri5ds 7 re/rict$4 ,on ! fronti] ( ,s*leswig1 h[ev]1 !y f\nd$ a s*ool1 b\ght & educat$ ,dani% slave y\?s1 r$eem$ ,*ri/ian prison]s ( w> & prea*$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,b 9 ! ye> foll[+ ,h>ald 0 driv5 out & fl$ to ! prov9ce ( ,r/r+5 on ! ,wes]1 :i* ,l\is assign$ to him = life4 ,also ! two mission>ies 7 oblig$ to foll[ him4 ,autb]t di$ 9 ! mona/]y ( ,corbie 9 ,a4,d4 #hbi1 hav+ retir$ aga9 to x :5 seiz$ ) illness4 ,soon aft]w>ds ! emp]or obta9$ in=mation ?r\gh ambassadors s5t by ! ,sw$i% k+ ,bjorn1 t !re 7 _m isolat$ ,*ri/ians 9 _! l&1 "s ( !m m]*ants1 o!rs prison]s ( w>1 :o _h a great desire to be visit$ by ,*ri/ian prie/s4 ,ansg>1 ) sev]al companions1 und]took ?is mission 9 ,a4,d4 #hcj4 ,on ! way !y 7 plund]$ by ,norse pirates4 ,8 companions spoke ( return+ home1 b ,ansg> w\ld n be disc\rag$4 ,k+ ,bjorn receiv$ !m 9 a v k9dly mann]4 ,a little gr\p ( ,*ri/ian prison]s ga!r$ r\nd !m & he>tily jo9$ 9 wor%ip4 ,a s*ool 0 erect$1 boys 7 b\ght & adults prea*$ to4 ,sev]al ,sw$es s\ght baptism1 among !m ! gov]nor ( ,birka1 ,h]ig>1 :o built at 8 own co/ ! fir/ ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,aft] eighte5 mon?s ,ansg> return$ to ! ,franki% c\rt 9 ord] to secure a solid basis = 8 mission4 ,l\is ?us p]ceiv$ an opportunity ( f\nd+ a bi%opric = ! ,sc&9avian ,norsem5 at ,hamburg on ! bord]s ( ,d5m>k4 ,he appo9t$ ,ansg> bi%op 9 ,a4,d4 #hcd1 & assign$ to him & ! mission ! rev5ues ( ! ri* abbey ( ,turholt 9 ,fl&]s4 ,ansg> obta9$ 9 ,rome f ,gregory ,,iv4 ! support ( a bull :i* recognis$ him z exclusively vic> apo/olic ov] all ! ,norse4 ,!n he built a ca!dral at ,hamburg1 besides a mona/]y1 b\ght aga9 ,dani% boys to educate = ! prie/hood & s5t new lab\r]s among ! ,sw$es1 at ^: head 0 ! ,franki% monk ,gauzb]t4 ,b soon mis=tunes f all sides %[]$ d[n ^u ! poor bi%op4 ,8 patron ,l\is di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #hdj1 ,h>ald apo/atiz$ f ! fai?1 ! ,sw$i% mission>ies 7 driv5 out by ! pagans1 ! ,norse ru%$ d[n on ,hamburg & utt]ly de/roy$ city1 *ur*1 mona/]y1 & libr>y4 ,moreov] ,*>les ! ,bald took possession ( ! abbey ( ,turholt :i* accord+ to ! ,treaty ( ,v]dun 9 ,a4,d4 #hdc _h fall5 to ,fl&]s1 9 ord] to be/[ x ^u a fav\rite4 ,ansg> 0 n[ a homeless begg>4 ,8 cl]gy1 :5 he _h no long] support = !m1 left him4 ,8 mission s*ool 0 brok5 up4 ,8 neighb\r1 bi%op ,leut]i* ( ,brem51 ) :om he s\ght %elt]1 inspir$ by despicable jeal\sy1 turn$ him f 8 door4 ,at la/ he got %elt] f a nobleman's wid[ :o provid$ = him at h] own exp5se a lodg+ at ,ramslo1 a c\ntry h\se ne> ,hamburg4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #hdf ,leut]i* di$4 ,l\is ( ,g]many n[ gave to ! homeless ,apo/le ( ! ,nor? a fix$ habitation by appo9t+ ,ansg> to ! vacant bi%opric4 ,! bi%ops ( ,cologne & ,v]d5 _h divid$ betwe5 !m ! %att]$ fragm5ts ( ! ,hamburg bi%opric4 ,b at la/ pope ,ni*olas ,i4 9 ,a4,d4 #hcd put an end to _! selfi% pret5sions by unit+ ! two dioceses ( ,hamburg & ,brem5 into "o1 & conf]r+ ^u x metropolitan rights = ! ,nor?4 ,b mean:ile ,ansg> not)/&+ all ! ne$9ess 9 :i* he himself liv$ _h be5 work+ away un9t]rupt$ly on behalf ! ,sc&9avian mission4 ,9 ,d5m>k ! k+ 0 ,eric ^: c\rt ,ansg> repeat$ly visit$ z ambassador ( ! ,g]man k+4 ,by ,eric's fav\r he _h be5 enabl$ to f\nd a *ur* 9 ,s*leswig & to organize a mission /ret*+ ov] ! :ole c\ntry4 ,eric did n v5ture himself to pass ov] to ,*ri/ianity1 & :5 pagan fanaticism broke out 9 op5 rebellion 9 ,a4,d4 #hed1 he fell 9 a battle aga9/ 8 nephew :o head$ ! revolt4 ,a boy1 ,eric ,,ii41 p]haps gr&son ( ! fall5 ,eric1 m\nt$ ! ?rone4 ,b ! *ief ,jovi reign$ 9 8 "n1 a bitt] foe ( ! ,*ri/ians1 :o drove away all ,*ri/ian prie/s & ?reat5$ e ,*ri/ian 9 ! l& ) dea?4 ,yet 9 ,a4,d4 #hee ,eric ,,ii4 emancipat$ himself f ! reg5cy ( ,jovi & grant$ tol]ation to ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! "w ( conv]sion 0 n[ aga9 c>ri$ on ) new zeal & success4--,all attempts1 by means ( new mission>ies1 to ga!r aga9 ! fragm5ts ( ! mission 9 ,sw$51 brok5 up by ,gauzb]t's expulsion1 _h hi!rto prov$ va94 ,at la/ ,ansg> himself />t$ on 8 j\rney ?i!rw>d ab\t ,a4,d4 #hej4 ,by ri* pres5ts & a spl5did ent]ta9m5t he won k+ ,olaf's fav\r4 ,a popul> assembly det]m9$ to abide by ! decision ( ! sacr$ lot & ?is decid$ 9 fav\r ( ! adoption ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,f t "t ! ,sw$i% mission 0 c>ri$ on )\t *eck or h9drance "u ! direction ( ,erimb]t1 :om ,ansg> left !re4 ,ansg> di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #hfe4 ,! mo/ de>ly *]i%$ hope ( 8 life1 t he %\ld be hon\r$ ) ! cr[n ( m>tyrdom1 0 n realiz$2 b a life s full ( toil1 privation & tr\ble1 sacrifice1 pati5ce & self-d5ial1 0 surely nobl] ?an a m>tyr's cr[n4#bbd #hj4b4 ,ansg>'s ,successor 9 ! see ( ,hamburg-,brem5 0 ,rimb]t1 8 fav\rite s*ol>1 8 companion 9 almo/ all 8 j\rneys1 :o wrote an acc\nt ( 8 ma/]'s life & pron\nc$ him a sa9t4 ,he lab\r$ accord+ to 8 ability to foll[ 9 ! /eps ( 8 tea*]1 especially 9 8 c>e = ! ,sc&9avian mission4 ,b he 0 greatly h9d]$ by ! wild do+s ( ! ,dani% & ,norse pirates4 ,?is tr\ble rea*$ its height aft] ,rimb]t's dea?1 & w5t s f> t ! ar*bi%op ( ,cologne on ! pretext t ! ,hamburg see _h be5 ext+ui%$ 0 able to r5ew 8 claims ^u ,brem54--,cont9uation1 #ic4 #ha4 ,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,islam4#bbe ,f ,a4,d4 #ffe ! ,byzant9e rule 9 ,nor? ,africa 7 #gf1 #c7 0 = a "t n>r[$ & at la/ utt]ly ov]?r[n by ! ,s>ac5s f ,egypt1 ) :om 7 jo9$ ! ,b]b]s or ,moors :o _h be5 conv]t$ to ,islam4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #gaa1 call$ 9 by a rebel1 !y also ov]?rew ! ,visigo? p[] 9 ,spa9 7 #gf1 #b74 ,9 less ?an five ye>s ! :ole p59sula1 z f> z ! m\nta9 b\nd>ies ( ! nor?1 0 9 ! h&s ( ! ,moors4 ,!n !y ca/ a covet\s glance ^u ! f]tile pla9s beyond ! ,pyr5ees1 b ,*>les ,m>tel drove !m back ) fe>ful loss 9 ! bloody battle ( ,poiti]s 9 ,a4,d4 #gcb4 ,! ,franks 7 9 ?is ! savi\rs ( ,europe & ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #gej ! ,ommaiadean dyna/y at ,damascus1 ^: lord%ip embrac$ also ! ,moors1 7 displac$ by ! ,abbassidean1 b a scion ( ! displac$ family1 ,abd]rhaman ,i41 appe>$ 9 ,spa9 & f\nd$ !re an indep5d5t khalifate at ,cordova 9 ,a4,d4 #gef1 :i* soon rose to an unexampl$ spl5d\r4 ,also 9 ,sicily ! ,moslem p[] obta9$ an entrance & endeav\r$ f t c5tre to ma9ta9 itself by con/ant raids ^u ! c\rts ( ,italy & ,prov5ce4 ,! expulsion ( ! ,moors f ,spa9 & ,sicily 0 fir/ completely accompli%$ dur+ ! next p]iod 7 #ie74 #ha4a4 ,islam 9 ,spa94--,! ,spani% ,*ri/ians "u ! ,ommaiade rule 7 call$ ,moz>abians1 ,arabi ,mu/>aba1 i4e4 ,arabianiz$ ,arabs z di/+ui%$ f ,arabs prop] or ,arabi ,araba4 ,!y 7 9 _m places "u less sev]e re/rictions ?an ! ,ori5tal ,*ri/ians "u ,s>ac5 rule4 ,_m ,*ri/ian y\?s f ! be/ families att5d$ ! fl\ri%+ ,moori% s*ools1 ent]$ en?usia/ically ^u ! /udy ( ! ,arabic language & lit]ature1 press$ eag]ly on to ! s]vice ( ! ,c\rt & ,gov]nm5t1 etc4 ,b 9 opposition to su* ab&onm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian & national consci5ce !re 0 develop$ ! contr>y extreme ( extravagant rigorism 9 obtrusive confessional c\rage & uncall$-= d5unciation ( ! prophet4 ,*ri/ian fanaticism awak5$ ,moslem fanaticism1 :i* v5t$ itself 9 a bloody p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians 9 ,a4,d4 #hej-hei4 ,! fir/ m>tyr 0 a monk ,p]fectus4 ,:5 ask$ 8 op9ion ab\t ,mohamm$ he _h pron\nc$ him a false prophet1 & 0 execut$4 ,! khalif ( t p]iod1 ,abd]rhaman ,,ii41 0 no fanatic4 ,he wi%$ to /op ! extravagant zeal ( ! ,*ri/ians at its s\rce1 & made ! metropolitan ,recafrid ( ,seville issue an ecclesia/ical prohibition ( all blasphemy ( ! prophet4 ,b ?is enactm5t only increas$ ! fanaticism ( ! rigori/s1 at ^: head /ood ! presbyt]1 subsequ5tly ar*bi%op1 ,eulogius ( ,cordova & 8 fri5d ,paulus ,alv>us 7 #ij1 #f74 ,eulogius himself1 :o kept hidd5 f h] p>5ts a conv]t$ ,moori% maid51 & 0 on ?is acc\nt behead$ along ) h] 9 ,a4,d4 #hei1 0 ! la/ victim ( ! p]secution4--,! rule ( ! ,arabs 9 ,spa91 h[ev]1 0 ?reat5$ f two sides4 ,:5 ,rod]ick's gov]nm5t 7 #gf1 #b7 _h fall5 be=e ! arms ( ! ,s>ac5s 9 ,a4,d4 #gaa1 ,pelayo1 a relation ( 81 ) a small b& ( h]oic foll[]s1 ma9ta9$ ,*ri/ian national indep5d5ce 9 ! inaccessible m\nta9s ( ,a/uria1 & 8 son-9-law ,alphonso ! ,ca?olic 9 ! ,cantabrian m\nta9s on ! ,bay ( ,biscay4 ,alphonso subsequ5tly unit$ bo? p>ties1 conqu]$ ,galicia & ! ,ca/ilian m\nta9 l&1 erect+ on all sides ! /&>d ( ! cross4 ,8 successors 9 innum]able battles aga9/ ! infidels enl>g$ _! t]ritory till x rea*$ ! ,d\ro4 ,( ^! ,alphonso ,,ii41 ! ,*a/e1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #hej1 specially di/+ui%$ himself by 8 h]oic c\rage & 8 patronage ( le>n+4 ,ovi$o 0 8 capital4 ,on ! ea/ too ! ,*ri/ian rule n[ aga9 made advance4--,*>lemagne 9 ,a4,d4 #ggh conqu]$ ! c\ntry d[n to ! ,ebro4 ,b a rebellion ( ! ,saxons prev5t$ him advanc+ fur!r1 & ! freeboot+ ,basques ( ! ,pyr5ees cut d[n 8 noble/ h]oes4 ,two subsequ5t campaigns 9 ,a4,d4 #hjj1 #hja1 r$uc$ all ! c\ntry z f> z ! ,ebro1 h5ce=? call$ ! ,spani% ,m>*1 "u ! p[] ( ! ,franks4#bbf #ha4b4 ,islam 9 ,sicily4--,a ,byzant9e milit>y (fic] fl$ f puni%m5t to ,africa 9 ,a4,d4 #hbg & return$ ) #aj1jjj ,s>ac5 troops :i* t]ribly deva/at$ ,sicily4 ,fur!r migrations foll[$ & 9 a few ye>s all ,sicily 0 "u ! rule ( ! ,arabs1 :o made ye>ly deva/at+ raids f !nce ^u ! ,italian coa/s1 v5tur+ ev5 to ! v gates ( ,rome4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #hhj !y settl$ on ! banks ( ! ,g>igliano1 & put all c5tral ,italy "u tribute1 until at la/ 9 ,a4,d4 #iaf ! ef=ts ( pope ,john ,x4 7 successful 9 driv+ !m out4 ,spani%-,moori% pirates l&$ 9 ,a4,d4 #hhi on ! coa/s ( ,prov5ce1 besieg$ ! =tress ( ,frax9etum1 & plund]$ f ?is c5tre = a hundr$ ye>s ! ,alp9e di/ricts & nor!rn ,italy4 ,_! robb] c>e] 9 s\? ,italy 0 mo/ s]i\s ( all4 ,x la/$ = ?ree c5turies & 0 fir/ br\ght to an end by ! ,norman invasion4--,cont9uation1 #ie1 #a4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,hi]>*y1 ,,! ,,cl]gy ,,& ,,! ,,monks4 #hb4 ,,! ,,papacy ,,& ,,! ,,c>ol+ians4 ,! ,*ri/ianiz+ ( ! ,g]man _w 0 9 great "p accompli%$ )\t ! help ( ,rome4 ,h5ce ! ,g]man *ur*es1 ev5 ^? t 7 ,ca?olic1 tr\bl$ !mselves little at fir/ ab\t ! papal *air4 ,! ,visigo? *ur* 9 ,spa9 0 mo/ completely e/rang$ f x4 ,! ,s>ac5 invasion ( ,a4,d4 #gaa cut (f all possibility ( int]c\rse ) ,rome4 ,ev5 ! free ,*ri/ian /ates 9 ,spa9 d[n to ! #aa? c5tury _h no connection ) ,rome4 ,! ,franki% *ur*es1 too1 9 ,gaul z well z 9 ,au/rasia1 ?rove & ran wild 9 _! indep5d5ce dur+ ! ,m]ov+ian age4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! relation ( ! ,engli% ,*ur* to ,rome 0 & cont9u$ to be v intimate4 ,num]\s pilgrimages ( ,anglo-,saxons ( high] & l[] ranks 7 und]tak5 to ! grave ( ! *ief ( ! ,apo/les1 & increas$ ! dep5d5ce ( ! nation on ! *air ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,= ! support ( ^! pilgrims & z a tra9+ s*ool = ,engli% cl]gy1 ! ,s*ola ,saxonica 0 f\nd$ 9 ! #h? c5tury1 & = its ma9t5ance & t ( ! holy places 9 ! city1 on ,pet]'s day ! #bi? ,june 0 collect$ ! s-call$ ,pet]'s p5ce1 a p5ny = e h\se4 ,out ( ?is sprang a /&+ impo/ on all ! ,engli% p = ! papal *air1 :i* 9 ! #ac? c5tury became a money tax ^u ! k+s ( ,engl& :i* ,h5ry ,,viii4 0 ! fir/ to repudiate 9 ,a4,d4 #aecb4 ,! cr$it belongs to ! ,anglo-,saxons & especially to ,boniface ( n only deliv]+ ! ri* %eaves ( _! mission>y h>ve/ into ! gran>ies ( ,rome1 b also ( organiz+ ! previ\sly exi/+ *ur*es ( ! ,franki% t]ritories aft] ! ,romi% me?od & r5d]+ !m ob$i5t to ! ,roman see4 ,s9ce !n !re has be5 su* a regul> int]c\rse betwe5 ! pope & ! ,c>ol+ian rul]s t x absorb$ almo/ completely ! :ole diplomatic activity ( ! ,romi% curia4 #hb4a4 ,! ,p]iod ( ! ,f\nd+ ( ! ,/ates ( ! ,*ur*4--,f beque/s & pres5ts ( anci5t times ! ,roman *air succe$$ to an imm5se l&$ prop]ty1 ,patrimonium ,s4 ,petri1 :i* af=d$ x ! means ( greatly assuag+ ! di/ress ( ! inhabitants ( ,italy dur+ ! di/urbances ( ! migrations ( ! peoples4 ,!re 0 naturally !n no ^w ( ! ex]cise ( sov]eign rights4 ,f ! "t ( ! re/oration ( ! ,byzant9e ex>*ate 9 ,a4,d4 #efg 7 #gf1 #g7 ! political importance ( ! pope grew imm5sely2 its cont9u$ exi/5ce 0 (t5 dep5d5t on ! good w ( ! pope = :om g5]ally inde$ ! idea ( becom+ ! c\rt patri>* ( a ,longob>d-,roman emp]or 0 n an entic+ "o4 ,b ! pope c\ld n prev5t ! ,longob>d p[] 7 #gf1 #h7 f ga9+ gr\nd 9 ! nor? z well z 9 ! s\? ( ! p59sula4 ,an important increase ( influ5ce1 p[] & pre/ige 0 br\ght to ! papal *air "u ,gregory ,,ii41 ,a4,d4 #gae-gca1 ?r\gh ! rebellions 9 nor!rn & c5tral ,italy occasion$ by ! ,byzant9e iconocla/ic disputes4 ,rome 0 9 ?is way rais$ to a k9d ( political suz]a9ty n only ov] ! ,roman du*y b also ov] ! re/ ( ! ex>*ate 9 ! nor?--,rav5na & ! neighb\r+ cities toge!r ) ,v5ice 7 #ff1 #a74 ,gregory ,,iii41 ,a4,d4 #gca-gda1 h>d press$ by ,luitpr& ! ,longob>d1 ?rice 7,a4,d4 #gci1 #gdj7 appli$ = help to ! ,frank ,*>les ,m>tel1 :o1 closely b\nd 9 fri5d%ip ) ,luitpr&1 8 ally aga9/ ! ,s>ac5s1 s5t "s cl]ics to ,italy to secure a peaceful arrangem5t4 ,gregory's successor ,za*>ias1 ,a4,d4 #gda-geb1 sanction$ by 8 apo/olic judgm5t ! sett+ aside ( ! ,m]ov+ian %am k+ ,*ild]ic ,,iii41 :]eupon ,pep9 ! ,%ort1 9 ,a4,d4 #geb1 assum$ ! royal title ) ! royal p[] :i* he _h long possess$4 ,! next elect$ pope call$ ,/eph5 di$ be=e consecration1 consequ5tly 8 successor ( ! same "n is usually designat$ ,/eph5 ,,ii41 ,a4,d4 #geb-geg4 ,! ,longob>d ,ai/ulf _h 9 ,a4,d4 #gea conqu]$ ,rav5na & ! cities connect$ ) x4 ,pope ,/eph5 ,,ii4 s\ght help anew ( ! ,franki% k+ & support$ 8 petition by =w>d+ an autograph lett] ( ! ,apo/le ,pet]1 9 :i* he exhort$ ! k+ ( ! ,franks z 8 adopt$ son "u p]il ( all ! pa9s ( hell to save ,rome & ! ,roman *ur*4 ,he himself at ,pep9's invitation w5t to ,france4 ,at ,pon?ion1 :]e1 9 ,a4,d4 #ged1 ! k+ greet$ him1 ,pep9 promis$ ! pope to re/ore to ,rome h] =m] possessions & to give protection aga9/ fur!r inroads ( ! ,longob>ds2 :ile ! pope imp>t$ to ! k+ & 8 two sons ,*>les & ,c>loman ! k+ly ano9t+ 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,dionysius or ,d5is 9 ,p>is4 ,at ,qui]sy !n ,pep9 took c\nsel ) 8 sons & ! nobles ( 8 k+dom ab\t ! fulfill+ ( 8 promise1 b\nd ! ,longob>d k+ by oa? 9 ! ye> foll[+ aft] a successful campaign to surr5d] ! cities1 prop]ties & privileges claim$ by ! pope1 & assign$ ^! 9 ,a4,d4 #gee z a pres5t to ,/4 ,pet] z _! possessor f t "t =?4 ,b sc>cely _h he retir$ ) 8 army :5 ,ai/ulf n only refus$ all & any surr5d]1 b broke 9 anew ^u ,roman t]ritory1 robb+ & lay+ wa/e on e side4 ,by a second campaign1 h[ev]1 9 ,a4,d4 #gef1 ,pep9 compell$ him actually to deliv] ov] ! requir$ cities 9 ! prov9ces ( ,rome & ,rav5na ! key ( :i* he deposit$ ) a de$ ( gift1 no long] extant1 on ! grave ( ,/4 ,pet]2 :ile ! pope1 transf]r+ to ,pep9 ! honor>y title ( ,ex>* ( ,rav5na1 decorat$ him ) ! insignia ( a ,roman patrician4 ,:5 ! ,byzant9e envoys claim$ ,rav5na z _! own prop]ty1 ,pep9 answ]$ t ! ,franks _h n %$ _! blood = ! ,greeks b = ,/4 ,pet]4--,ai/ulf's dea? foll[$ soon aft] ?is & amid ! /ruggles = ! succession to ! ?rone "o ( ! c&idates1 duke ,desid]ius ( ,tuscany1 s\ght ! p[]ful support ( ! pope & promis$ him 9 return ! surr5d] ( ^? cities ( ! ea/]n prov9ce ( ,rav5na :i* /ill rema9$ 9 ! h&s ( ! ,longob>ds4 ,! pope obta9$ ,pep9's cons5t to ?is transaction1 & ,desid]ius 0 made k+4 ,b nei!r ,/eph5 nor 8 successor ,paul ,i41 ,a4,d4 #geg-gfg1 c\ld get him completely to fulfil 8 promise1 & new encroa*m5ts ( ! ,longob>ds z well z new claims ( ! pope int5sifi$ ! bad feel+ betwe5 !m1 :i* ! conciliation ( ,pep91 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #gfh _h n by any means ov]come4#bbg #hb4b4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,paul ,i4 ! nobles =c$ "o ( _! own ord] ^u ! ,romans z pope "u ! "n ( ,con/ant9e ,,ii4 ,ano!r p>ty ) ,longob>d help appo9t$ a presbyt]1 ,philip4 ,! =m] ma9ta9$ 8 gr\nd = ?irte5 mon?s1 b 0 !n ov]?r[n by a cl]ical p>ty &1 ) 8 eyes put out1 0 ca/ into ! /reet4 ,!y n[ unit$ 9 ! *oice ( ,/eph5 ,,iii41 ,a4,d4 #gfh-ggb4--;,desid]ius wi%$ greatly to =m a m>riage connection ) ! ,franki% c\rt1 & f\nd a zeal\s fri5d 9 ,b]trada1 ! wid[ ( ,pep94 ,:5 ,/eph5 he>d ( x 8 wra? 0 unb\nd$1 & he gave unbridl$ expression to x 9 a lett] :i* he s5t to h] sons ,*>lemagne & ,c>loman4 ,ref]r+ to ! fact t ! devil _h already 9 ,p>adise by ! p]suasion ( a woman ov]?r[n ! fir/ man & ) him ! :ole race1 he *>act]iz$ ?is plan z propria diabolica immissio1 decl>$ t any idea ( a connection by m>riage ( ! illu/ri\s reign+ family ( ! ,franks ) ! ft5tissima ,longob>dorum g5s1 f :i* all vile infections proce$1 0 no?+ %ort ( madness1 etc4 ,n peace & fri5d%ip1 b only w> & enmity ) ?is robb] ( ! patrimony ( ,pet] w\ld be becom+ 9 ! pi\s k+s ( ! ,franks4 ,he laid d[n ?is 8 exhortation at ! grave ( ,pet] & p]=m$ ov] x a ,mass4 ,:oev] sets himself to act contr>y to x1 on him w fall ! ana!ma & ) ! devil & all godless m5 he %all burn 9 ev]la/+ flames2 b :osoev] is ob$i5t to x1 %all be p>tak] ( et]nal salvation & glory4 ,nev]!less ,*>les m>ri$ ,desid]ata ! daught] ( ,desid]ius1 & ,gisela1 ,*>les' si/]1 m>ri$ ! son ( ,desid]ius4 ,b be=e a ye> _h pass$1 9 ,a4,d4 #gga1 he we>i$ ( ! ,longob>d wife & s5t h] home4 ,soon aft] ?is ,c>loman di$4 ,*>les seiz$ ^u ! inh]itance ( 8 y\?ful nephews1 :o toge!r ) _! "m f\nd %elt] ) ,desid]ius4 ,:5 ,hadrian ,i41 ,a4,d4 #ggb-gie1 refus$ to give ! royal ano9t+ to ,c>loman's sons1 ,desid]ius took f him a great "p ( ! ,/ates ( ! ,*ur* & ?reat5$ ,rome4 ,b ,*>les ha/5$ at ! pope's call to give him help1 conqu]$ ,pavia1 %ut up k+ ,desid]ius 9 ! mona/]y ( ,corbei1 & jo9$ ,lomb>dy to ! ,franki% empire4 ,fur!r in=mation z to :at pass$ betwe5 him & ,hadrian at ,rome 9 ,a4,d4 #ggd is only to be got f ! ,vita ,hadriani 7 #ij1 #f7 writt5 dur+ ! reign ( ,l\is ( ,france4 ,x relates z foll[s3 ,at ! grave ( ,pet] ! pope e>ne/ly exhort$ him to fulfil at la/ completely ! promise :i* 8 fa!r ,pep9 ,i4 ) 8 own cons5t & t ( ! ,franki% nobles gave to pope ,/eph5 ,,ii4 at ,qui]sy 9 ,a4,d4 #ged4 ,*>les aft] read+ ov] ! docum5t ref]r$ to agre$ to ev]y?+ promis$ !re91 & produc$ a new de$ ( gift aft] ! /yle 7ad in/>7 ( ! old1 und]tak+ to transf] to ! ,roman *ur* a t]ritorial possession :i*1 toge!r ) ! assum$ ,promissio ( ,pep9 describ$ ) geographical precision1 embrac$ almo/ all ,italy1 except+ ,lomb>dy b includ+ ,corsica1 ,v5ice & ,i/ria4 ,x is n[ q inconceivable t ,*>les1 let alone ,pep91 %\ld h giv5 ! pope su* an imm5se t]ritory :i* ,pep9 = a simple foot+ 9 ,a4,d4 #ged1 & ,*>les = at lea/ ?ree-f\r?s ( x1 mu/ h fir/ !mselves conqu]$4 ,moreov] ?is acc\nt ( ! matt] is directly contradict$ by ! /atem5t ( all ! witnesses ( ,pep9's own times4 ,on ! "p ( ! ,franks ! cont9uator ( ! ,*ronicl] ,fr$g>1 on ! "p ( ! ,romans ! biograph] ( ,/eph5 ,,ii4 9 ! ,lib] pontificalis & t pope himself 9 8 lett]s to ,pep91 all speak ( ! negociations betwe5 ! k+ & ! pope z hav+ ref]5ce simply to ,rome & ,rav5na4 ,& s9ce all attempts to reconcile ^! contradictions by exegetical devices h fail$1 we c only reg>d ?is z a fiction design$ to palm (f ^u ,l\is ( ,france ,rome's own ambiti\s t]ritorial s*eme4 ,all t ,*>lemagne did 0 to confirm & r5ew 8 fa!r's gifts1 z ,hadrian himself di/9ctly /ates3 ,amplius 7fur!r1 i4e4 = "t to come7 confirmavit4--,moreov] ,pep91 & /ill m ,*>lemagne1 w\ld h>dly h grant$ to ! holy fa!r by 8 gift absolute sov]eignty ov] ! ,/ates ( ! ,*ur* ?us f\nd$4 ,by conf]r+ ! patriciate ^u ! two ,franki% pr9ces1 ! pope1 inde$1 himself ackn[l$g$ t ! suz]a9ty n[ belong$ to !m :i* =m]ly ! ,byzant9e emp]or _h ex]cis$ by 8 vic]oy1 ! ex>* ( ,rav5na4 ,a m exact def9ition ( ^! rights1 h[ev]1 may h be5 fir/ giv5 :5 ,*>les 0 cr[n$ emp]or1 8 imp]ial au?ority und\bt$ly ext5d+ ov] ! ,papal ,/ates4 ,! pope z a temporal pr9ce 0 8 vassal & mu/ himself1 l all citiz5s ( ,rome1 take ! oa? ( allegiance to ! emp]or4 ,judicial au?ority & ! appo9tm5t ( gov]nm5t (ficials belong$ to him2 b !y 7 sup]vis$ & controll$ by ! ,franki% ambassadors1 ,missi dom9ici1 :o he>d appeals & compla9ts ( all k9ds & 7 au?oriz$ to give a f9al judgm5t4 #hb4c4 ,*>lemagne & ,leo ,,iii4--,hadrian ,i4 0 succe$$ by ,leo ,,iii41 ,a4,d4 #gie-haf4 ,dur+ a solemn procession 9 ,a4,d4 #gii he 0 murd]\sly attack$ by ! nephews ( 8 pr$ecessor & sev]ely beat54 ,"s ( ! by/&]s decl>$ t !y _h se5 ! b&its te> out 8 tongue & eyes4 ,! leg5d v\*$ = by ! pope himself 0 add$ t ,pet] by a miracle re/or$ him bo? ! next night4 ,leo mean:ile escap$ f 8 torm5tors & fl$ to ,*>lemagne4 ,8 oppon5ts accus$ him be=e ! k+ ( p]jury & adult]y1 & ! he>+ ( witnesses seems to h confirm$ ! s]i\s *>ges1 = ,alcu9 ha/5$ to burn ! report :i* 0 giv5 9 to him on ! subject4 ,b ! pope 0 hon\rably dis*>g$ & assum$ aga9 ! *air ( ,pet] "u ! protection ( a ,franki% gu>d4 ,next ye> ,*>les cross$ ! ,alps ) 8 army = a campaign aga9/ ,b5ev5to4 ,he conv5$ a ,synod at ,rome2 b ! bi%ops ma9ta9$ t ! pope1 ! head ( all1 c be judg$ ( none2 yet ! pope ) twelve sponsors swore an oa? ( purgation & pray$ = 8 accus]s4 ,at ! ,*ri/mas fe/ival ,*>les w5t to ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,at ! close ( ,mass ! pope amid ! applause ( ! p plac$ a beautiful gold5 cr[n ^u 8 head 7,a4,d4 #hjj74 ,! _w is ask$ to believe t he did x by ! imm$iate impulse ( a div9e inspiration2 b x 0 ! result ( ! negociations ( ye>s & ! fulfilm5t ( a promise by :i* ! pope _h pur*as$ ! k+'s protection aga9/ 8 enemies4 ,) ! idea ( ! imp]ial p[] ,*>lemagne connect$ ! idea ( a !ocratic ,*ri/ian univ]sal mon>*y 9 ! s5se ( ,daniel's prophecy4 ,! ,greeks _h prov$ !mselves unwor?y ( ?is position & s ,god _h transf]r$ x to ! k+ ( ! ,franks4 ,z emp]or1 ,*>les /&s at ! head ( all ,*ri/5dom1 & has only ,god & ,8 law ov] him4 ,he is ! mo/ ob$i5t son1 ! mo/ devot$ s]vant ( ! *ur*1 s f> z x is ! vehicle & disp5s] ( salvation2 b he is its supreme "l & rul] s f> z x ne$s to adopt e>?ly =ms & an e>?ly gov]nm5t4 ,*ur* & /ate are two sep>ate doma9s1 :i*1 h[ev]1 on all sides limit & condition "o ano!r4 ,_! unit+ head !y h 9 ! p]son ( ! emp]or4 ,h5ce on e h& ,*>les' legislation ent]s ! doma9 ( ! *ur*1 9 respect ( h] con/itution1 wor%ip & doctr9e4 ,on ^! matt]s he consults ! bi%ops & synods1 b he confirms1 enl>ges & modifies _! decisions accord+ to 8 own way ( ?9k+1 because = ?is he is p]sonally answ]able to ,god4 ,9 ! pope he hon\rs ! successor ( ,pet] & ! spiritual head ( ! *ur*2 b1 because ! emp]or /&s ov] *ur* & /ate1 he is also rul] ( ! pope4 ,! pope :o gave him imp]ial consecration did x n by any p[] ( 8 own imman5t 9 ! papacy1 b by special div9e impulse & au?ority4 ,h5ce ! cr[n+ ( ! emp]or is only to be once receiv$ at ! pope's h&4 ,?is rank is h5ce=? h]$it>y 9 ! h\se ( ,*>les1 & only ! emp]or c beget & nom9ate ! new emp]or4 ,! unity ( ! empire is to be ma9ta9$ "u all circum/ances1 & h5ce1 contr>y to ! ,franki% cu/om ( divid+ ! inh]itance1 y\ng] sons are to receive only ! subord9ate rank ( rul+ pr9ces4#bbh #hb4d4 ,l\is ! ,pi\s & ! ,popes ( 8 ,"t4--,*>lemagne's weak] son ,l\is ! ,pi\s1 ,a4,d4 #had-hdj1 0 n 9 a position to c>ry out ! "w 8 fa!r _h begun4 ,b pi\s z ,l\is 01 he 0 yet z little incl9$ z 8 imm$iate successor to give up ! imp]ial suz]a9ty ov] ! city & *air ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,! popes 7 mo/ expressly requir$ be=e receiv+ papal consecration to obta9 imp]ial confirmation ( _! election4 ,leo's successor ,/eph5 ,,iv41 ,a4,d4 #haf-hag1 seems inde$ to h evad$ x1 yet /ill he let ! ,romans take ! oa? ( fealty to ! emp]or1 & unask$ submitt$ to make a j\rney ov] ! ,alps 9 ord] to get ov] ! anomaly ( an emp]or )\t ! consecration ( ,pet]'s h&4 ,an agreem5t come to on t occasion1 ,a4,d4 #haf1 betwe5 emp]or & pope has n be5 pres]v$4 ,a few days aft] 8 return ! pope di$4 ,! newly-elect$ ,pas*alis ,i41 ,a4,d4 #hag-hbd1 also inde$ m\nt$ ! papal *air )\t imp]ial confirmation1 b apologiz$ by an embassy on ! gr\nd t he _h be5 unwill+ly oblig$ to act s1 & pray+ = a cont9uation ( ! agreem5t made ) 8 pr$ecessor1 to :i* ! emp]or cons5t$4 ,inde$1 accord+ to a diploma ( ,a4,d4 #hag1 extant only 9 a transcript1 be>+ ! "n ( ,l\is1 ! k+ 0 to be/[ ^u ! papal *air1 besides :at ,pep9 & ,*>lemagne _h giv51 ,corsica1 ,s>d9ia & ,sicily1 & _m e/ates 9 ,calabria & ,naples4 ,!re 0 also an und]tak+ t only aft] hav+ be5 consecrat$ %\ld any newly-elect$ pope int]*ange fri5dly greet+s ) ! emp]or4 ,all copies ( ?is docum5t c be trac$ back to a collection ( imp]ial grants to ! ,romi% *ur* ( ! #aa? c5tury4 ,at its basis !re lay probably a g5u9e docum5t1 b x has be5 v>i\sly alt]$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ! high *ur* p>ty4--,"s ye>s lat]1 aft] he _h decoy$ to ,france & bl9d$ 8 illegitimate nephew ,b]n>d1 :o _h z reign+ pr9ce 9 ,italy rebell$ aga9/ ! law ( succession pass$ 9 ,a4,d4 #hag1 ,l\is s5t 8 son ,lo?air into ,italy to quiet ! tumults !re1 & ! pope avail$ himself ( ?is opportunity to cr[n ! pr9ce already cr[n$ by 8 fa!r z co-emp]or4 ,b sc>cely _h ,lo?air got ov] ! ,alps aga9 :5 two ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ & zeal\s ( ! ,franki% p>tisans 7 9 ,a4,d4 #hbc bl9d$ & behead$ 9 ! papal palace4 ,be=e ! imp]ial commission ! pope took an oa? ( purgation1 to :i* #cd bi%ops & #e presbyt]s jo9$ ) him 9 swe>+1 b bluntly refus$ to deliv] up ! p]petrator ( ! de$4 ,z ! pope di$ soon aft]w>ds1 ,lo?air 0 s5t a second "t to ,rome1 9 ord] to en=ce once & = all ^u 8 successor ,eug5ius ,,ii41 ,a4,d4 #hbd-hbg1 ! obs]vance ( imp]ial rights4 ,! result ( _! conf]5ce 0 ! s-call$ ,con/itutio ,romano1 by :i* ! election ( ! pope 7 #df1 #aa7 0 tak5 f ! common p & giv5 to ! cl]gy & nobles1 b ! consecration 0 made dep5d5t on ! emp]or's confirmation & an oa? ( homage f ! newly-elect$ pope 7,a4,d4 #hbd74 ,nev]!less 8 successor ,val5t9e 0 elect$ & consecrat$ )\t any ref]5ce to ! con/itution4 ,he di$1 h[ev]1 aft] six mon?s1 & n[ ! ,franki% p>ty came =w>d s en]getically t ! new pope ,gregory ,,iv41 ,a4,d4 #hbg-hdd1 0 oblig$ to submit 9 all p>ticul>s to ! requirem5ts ( ! law4 ,b soon aft] political tr\bles arose 9 ! ,franki% k+dom :i* c\ld n fail to contribute to ! endeav\rs ( ! papacy aft] emancipation4 ,f 8 weak pref]5ce = 8 y\ng] son1 ,*>les ! ,bald1 born ( a second m>riage1 ,l\is 0 l$ 9 ,a4,d4 #hbi to set aside ! law ( succession he himself _h issu$ 9 ,a4,d4 #hag4 ,! sons ?us dis9h]it$ rebell$ ) ! assi/ance ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,franki% prelates1 at ^: head 0 ,wala1 abbot ( ,old ,corbie1 c\s9 ( ,*>lemagne1 & ! bi%ops ,agob>d ( ,lyons1 ,ebo ( ,rheims1 etc41 z ass]tors ( ! unity ( ! empire4 ,also pope ,gregory ,,iv41 ^: pr$ecessors _h sanction$ ! law ( succession n[ set aside1 0 won ov] & 0 tak5 across ! ,alps by ,lo?air to /r5g!n 8 cause by ! weight ( 8 apo/olic au?ority4 ,! pope ?reat5$ ) ! ban ^? bi%ops :o rema9$ true to ! old emp]or & _h obey$ 8 summons to att5d ! diet4 ,b !y answ]$ ! pope t he _h no au?ority 9 ! empire ( ! ,franks1 & t if he did n quietly take himself ov] ! ,alps aga9 !y w\ld excommunicate him4 ,he 0 incl9$ to yield1 b ,wala's c\nsel re/ra9$ him4 ,he answ]$ ! bi%ops e>ne/ly & mod]ately1 &1 z a la/ attempt at conciliation1 w5t himself p]sonally to ! camp ( ! emp]or1 b 0 unable to effect any?+4 ,b next morn+ ,l\is _h no army2 dur+ ! night mo/ ( 8 soldi]s _h pass$ ov] to ! camp ( 8 enemy4 ,! emp]or n[ _h to surr5d] himself prison] to 8 son ,lo?air1 !n at a diet at ,compigne 9 ,a4,d4 #hcc1 to d humble p5ance 9 *ur* & to resign ! gov]nm5t4 ,8 p5it5t son1 ,l\is ! ,g]man1 h[ev]1 set him free 9 ,a4,d4 #hcd4 ,a sev]e judgm5t 0 n[ pass$ ^u ! conf$]ate prelates at ! ,di$5hos5 9 ,a4,d4 #hce4 ,b ! bro!rs cont9u$ con/antly at w> ) "o ano!r1 & ,l\is ! ,pi\s did n live to see ! end ( x4 #hb4e4 ,! ,sons ( ,l\is ! ,pi\s & ! ,popes ( _! ,days4--,! ,treaty ( ,v]dun1 ,a4,d4 #hdc1 put an end to ! bitt] w> betwe5 ! sons ( ,l\is ! ,pi\s1 & made ( ! we/]n empire ?ree indep5d5t gr\ps ( /ates "u ,lo?air1 ,l\is ! ,g]man & ,*>les ! ,bald4 ,lo?air ,i41 :o got ! title ( ,emp]or ) ,italy & a /rip ( l& betwe5 ,neu/ria & ,au/rasia1 di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #hee4 ,( 8 sons1 ,l\is ,,ii4 inh]it$ ,italy ) title ( ,emp]or1 ,lo?air ,,ii4 ! prov9ce call$ aft] him ,lo?>+ia1 ,lo?>ii regnum1 & ,*>les ,burgundy & ,prov5ce4 ,lo?air & ,*>les di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #hfi soon aft] "o ano!r )\t heirs1 & be=e ! emp]or ,l\is ,,ii4 c\ld lay 8 h&s ^u _! t]ritories !y 7 seiz$ by ! uncle4 ,by ! treaty ( ,m]s51 ,a4,d4 #hgj1 ,*>les took ! ,romanic1 & ,l\is ! ,g]man took ! ,g]man portions4 ,?us 0 complet$ ! p>tition ( ! ,c>ol+ian empire into ?ree p>ts di/+ui%$ z homog5e\s gr\ps ( /ates by language & nationality3 ,g]many1 ,france & ,italy4--,gregory ,,iv4 _h surviv$ ! ov]?r[ ( ! univ]sal mon>*y ( ,*>lemagne4 ,8 successor1 ,s]gius ,,ii41 ,a4,d4 #hdd-hdg1 did n obs]ve ! obligations devolv+ on him by ! ,con/itutio ,romana4 ,b ,lo?air ,i4 0 n incl9$ to let pass ?is slight to 8 imp]ial au?ority4 ,8 son ,l\is 0 s5t into ,italy ) a p[]ful army1 & oblig$ ! pope & ! ,romans to take ! oa?s ( fealty to 8 fa!r ) ! promise n aga9 to consecrate a pope be=e !y _h ! emp]or's cons5t4 ,b ! next pope ,leo ,,iv41 ,a4,d4 #hdg-hee1 0 also consecrat$ )\t x1 b excus$ himself f ! circum/ances ( ! age1 ! pressure ( ! ,s>ac5s1 :ile mak+ humble pr(essions ( mo/ dutiful ob$i5ce4 ,8 successor ,b5$ict ,,iii41 ,a4,d4 #hee-heh1 did n reg>d ! imp]ial cons5t z necess>y1 & ! anti-pope set up by ! ,fr5* p>ty c\ld n ma9ta9 8 position4 #hb4f4 ,! ,leg5d ( ! ,female ,pope ,joanna4--,betwe5 ,leo ,,iv4 & ,b5$ict ,,iii4 is ins]t$ an old leg5d ( ! pontificate ( a woman1 ! s-call$ female pope ,joanna3 ,a maid5 f ,ma9z w5t 9 man's clo!s ) h] lov] to ,a!ns1 obta9$ !re great le>n+1 !n appe>$ at ,rome z ,joannes ,anglicus1 0 elect$ pope1 b hav+ become pregnant by "o ( h] *amb]la9s1 0 seiz$ ) lab\r pa9s 9 ! mid/ ( a solemn procession & di$ soon aft]1 hav+ be5 pope "u ! "n ( ,john ,,viii4 = two ye>s1 five mon?s & f\r days4 ,?is /ory 0 widely cr$it$ f ! #ac? to ! #ag? c5tury1 b its want ( hi/orical f\ndation is prov$ by ! foll[+ facts3 #a4 ,! imm$iate succession ( ,b5$ict ,,iii4 to ,leo4 ,,iv4 has contempor>y te/imony f ! ,annales ,b]t9iani ( ,a4,d4 #hee1 also f a lett] ( ,h9cm> to ,ni*olas ,i41 ,b5$ict's successor1 z well z ! inscription 8,b5$ict0 & 8,lo?air10 on a ,roman d5>ius ( ! same ye>4 #b4 ,nei!r ,photius nor ,mi*ael ,crul>ius1 :o c]ta9ly w\ld n h fail$ to make a h&le ( su* a papal sc&al 7 #fg71 "k any?+ ( ! matt]4 #c4 ,! fir/ c]ta9 trace ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a leg5d is f\nd ab\t ,a4,d4 #abcj 9 ,/eph5 ( ,b\rbon1 yet !re inde$ ! words are add$3 ,ut dicitur 9 *ronicis2 b he makes ! female pope m\nt ,/4 ,pet]'s *air only ab\t ,a4,d4 #aajj1 kn[s nei!r h] "n nor h] native c\ntry1 & describes ! cata/rophe ( h] ov]?r[ diff]5tly f ! leg5d curr5t 9 lat] times4 #d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! exi/5ce ( h] biography 9 ! ,lib] pontificalis betwe5 t ( ,leo ,,iv4 & t ( ,b5$ict ,,iii41 0 reg>d$ d[n to ! #ag? c5tury z ! olde/ & inde$ almo/ contempor>y witness to ! hi/oricity ( ! female pope4 ,x is want+1 h[ev]1 9 ! olde/ & be/ ,,mss4 & mu/ !re=e be consid]$ a lat] int]polation4 ,?is also applies to ! ref]5ce made !reto by ,m>ianus ,sectus 7d4 ,a4,d4 #ajhf71 ,sigb]t ( ,sembl\rs 7d4 ,a4,d4 #aaac71 ,otto ( ,fries+5 7d4 ,a4,d4 #aaeh71 & ,godfrey ( ,vit]bo 7ab\t ,a4,d4 #aaij74 ,ev5 9 ! olde/ ,,mss4 ( ! ,*ronicle ( ! ,roman p5it5ti>y ,m>t9us ,polonus 7d4 ,a4,d4 #abgh7 we read no?+ ( ! female pope2 yet ! /ory mu/ soon h be5 ins]t$ !re1 = ,tolomeo ( ,lucca ab\t ,a4,d4 #acab affirms 9 8 ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 t all writ]s :om he _h read1 ) ! s+le exception ( ,m>t91 made ,b5$ict ,,iii4 foll[ imm$iately aft] ,leo ,,iv4 ,p]haps ,m>t9 himself 9 a second enl>g$ edition ( 8 *ronicle _h ins]t$ a biography ( ! female pope1 :i* he might d ) ! less hesitation if x 0 true t ! pope ( 8 own "t ,john ,,xx41 ,a4,d4 #abgf-abgg1 ?\ght x wrong n to c\nt ! female pope & s /yl$ himself ,john ,,xxi4 ,f t "t all *ronicl]s ( ! ,middle ,ages )\t ! slighte/ expression ( d\bt repeat$ ! leg5d 9 ess5tially ! same way z ,m>t9's *ronicle & ! ,lib] pontificalis report x4 ,! ,re=m$ !ologian1 ,david ,blondel1 9 ,a4,d4 #afdi1 p]=m$ a s]vice to ! ,ca?olic *ur* by 8 elaborate critical treatm5t ( ! leg5d :i* de/roy$ all belief 9 its hi/oricity4 ,aft] ?is1 h[ev]1 x 0 aga9 v9dicat$ by ,spanheim 7,opp4 ii4 #egg7 & ,ki/2 & ev5 ,hase reg>ds x z /ill conceivable t ! *ur* :i* has affirm$ ! exi/5ce ( ?+s t nev] 71 may h d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( ?+s t 71 if ! k ( x might prove haz>d\s to ! int]e/s ( ! papacy4 ,! orig9 & gradual developm5t ( ! leg5d1 ab\t ! middle ( ! #ab? c5tury & c]ta9ly 9 ,rome1 may be mo/ simply expla9$ ) ,dll+] f a comb9ation ( ! foll[+ data4 #a4 ,f ! "t ( ,pas*alis ,,ii4 9 ,a4,d4 #ajii x 0 cu/om>y = ! new pope 9 ! solemn ,lat]an procession :5 hav+ 8 entrance on (fice atte/$ to sit ^u two old *airs /&+ 9 ! ,lat]an ) pi]c$ seats1 :i* probably came f an old ,roman ba?4 ,b ! popul> wit ( ! ,romans sugge/$ ano!r reason = ! pi]c$ seats4 ,! *airs 7 ?us pi]c$ 9 ord] t be=e ! consecration a deacon might satisfy himself ( ! manhood ( ! new pope2 =1 x w\ld be add$ by & by1 a woman 9 disguise 0 once made pope1 etc4 #b4 ,9 a /reet ( ,rome 0 f\nd a /atue 9 :ite robes ) a *ild & an enigmatical inscription1 ! lett] ,p six times repeat$ :i* "s read3 ,p>ce pat] patrum papiss prod]e p>tum1 o!rs3 ,papa pat] patrum pep]it papissa papellum2 s t ?is /atue 0 suppos$ to repres5t ! female pope ) h] *ild4 #c4 ,fur!r ! papal processions betwe5 ! ,lat]an & ! ,vatican at a po9t :]e ! direct way 0 too n>r[ 7 wont to div]ge into ano!r wid] /reet2 ?is 0 done1 x 0 n[ said1 because at ?is place ! cata/rophe ref]r$ to _h befall5 ! female pope4 #d4 ,t ! "n ,joannes 0 giv5 to ! female pope is easily expla9$ f ! frequ5cy ( ?is "n among ! popes4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #ajbd x _h be5 already held by n9ete54 ,& t %e :o _h br\ght su* a disgrace ^u ! papacy %\ld h be5 describ$ z a native ( ! ,g]man city ( ,ma9z1 is expla9$ f national antipa?y ent]ta9$ by ! ,italians = ev]y?+ ,g]man4 #e4 ,f9ally1 ! mo/ difficult "p ( ! problem1 :y ?is episode %\ld h be5 ins]t$ j betwe5 ,leo ,,iv4 & ,b5$ict ,,iii41 may p]haps f9d satisfactory solution 9 ! supposition t ! leg5d may h be5 fir/ introduc$ z an app5dix to a codex ( ! ,lib] ponficalis :i* clos$ ) ! biography ( ,leo ,,iv4#bbi #hb4g4 ,ni*olas ,i4 & ,hadrian ,,ii4--,! successor ( ,b5$ict ,,iii41 ,ni*olas ,i41 ,a4,d4 #heh-hfg1 0 *os5 ) ! p]sonal concurr5ce ( ! emp]or ,l\is ,,ii4 !n 9 ,rome4 ,?is pope 0 und\bt$ly ! greate/ ( all ! popes betwe5 ,gregory ,i4 & ,gregory ,,vii4 ,he 0 a man ( inflexible det]m9ation1 cle> insight & subtle intellect1 :o1 fav\r$ by ! political movem5t ( ! age1 support$ by public op9ion :i* reg>d$ him z a second ,elijah1 & f9ally back$ up 9 8 endeav\rs aft] papal supremacy by ! ,isidorian collection ( decretals j n[ br\ght =w>d 7 #hg1 #b71 c\ld give pre/ige & glory to ! /ruggle = law1 tru? & discipl9e4 ,among ! _m battles ( 8 life none br\ght him m cr$it & r5[n ?an t ) ,lo?air ,,ii4 ( ,lo?r+ia4 ,t he might m>ry 8 mi/ress ,waldrade1 ,lo?air accus$ 8 wife ,?ielb]ga ( committ+ ince/ be=e h] m>riage ) h] bro!r1 abbot ,hucb]t1 & ( hav+ obta9$ abortion to conceal h] wick$ness4 ,be=e a civil tribunal %e 0 9 ,a4,d4 #heh acquitt$ by submitt+ to a div9e ordeal1 ! boil+ caldron ordeal :i* a s]vant und]took = h]4 ,b ,lo?air treat$ h] s badly t at la/1 9 ord] simply to be rid ( h] torm5tors1 %e confess$ h]self guilty ( ! crime *>g$ aga9/ h] be=e a ,synod at ,aa*5 9 ,a4,d4 #hei att5d$ by ! two ,lo?r+ian metropolitans ,gn!r ( ,cologne & ,?ietgaut ( ,treves1 & express$ ! wi% t %e %\ld atone = h] s9s 9 a cloi/]4 ,b soon %e regrett$ ?is /ep & fl$ to ,*>les ! ,bald 9 ,neu/ria4 ,a second ,synod at ,aa*5 9 ,a4,d4 #hfj n[ decl>$ ! m>riage ) ,?ielb]ga null1 & ,lo?air =mally m>ri$ ,waldrade4 ,mean:ile ! ,neu/ria metropolitan ,h9cm> ( ,rheims _h publi%$ an op9ion 9 respect ( civil & ecclesia/ical law 7,de divortio ,lo?>ii7 :olly fav\rable to ! ill-us$ que51 & %e h]self _h ref]r$ ! matt] to ! pope4 ,ni*olas s5t two ,italian bi%ops1 "o ( :om 0 ,rhodoald ( ,porto 7 #fg1 #a71 to ,lo?r+ia to inve/igate ! affair4 ,^! took bribes & decid$ at ! ,synod ( ,metz 9 ,a4,d4 #hfc 9 fav\r ( ! k+4 ,b ,ni*olas annull$ ! decisions ( ! ,c\ncil1 excommunicat$ 8 legates & depos$ ! two ,lo?r+ian metropolitans :o _h va9ly tru/$ to ! omnipot5ce ( ,lo?r+ian gold 9 ,rome4 ,?ir/+ = rev5ge !y incit$ ! emp]or ,l\is ,,ii41 ,lo?air's bro!r1 aga9/ ! pope4 ,he besieg$ ,rome1 b came to an und]/&+ ) ! pope ?r\gh 8 wife's m$iation4 ,lo?air1 dete/$ by 8 subjects1 ?reat5$ ) w> by 8 uncles ,l\is ( ,g]many & ,*>les ! ,bald z *ampions ( ! *ildless ,?ielb]ga1 rep5t$ & bes\ght ! pope = grace & protection f ! ambiti\s designs ( 8 uncles4 ,ni*olas n[ s5t a legate1 ,ars5ius1 across ! ,alps1 :o act+ z pl5ipot5ti>y 9 all ?ree k+doms1 oblig$ ,lo?air to take back ,?ielb]ga & put away ,waldrade4 ,b %e flung h]self ^u him & 9 h] arms ,lo?air soon =got ! promise to :i* he _h sworn4 ,at ! same "t he reconcil$ himself to 8 uncles ^: zeal _h some:at cool$ 9 pres5ce ( ! lordly conduct ( ! papal legate4 ,?ielb]ga n[ h]self s\ght divorce f ! pope4 ,b ,ni*olas cont9u$ firmly to insi/ ^u 8 dem&s4 ,8 successor ,hadrian ,,ii41 ,a4,d4 #hfg-hgb1 an old man ( sev5ty-five ye>s1 c\ld only gradually emancipate himself f ! imp]ial p>ty :i* _h elect$ him & tak5 him "u its protection4 ,he receiv$ back aga9 ! two excommunicat$ metropolitans1 )\t1 h[ev]1 re/or+ !m to _! (fices1 releas$ ,waldrade f *ur* discipl9e1 & always put (f grant+ ,?ielb]ga's reit]at$ reque/ = divorce4 ,lo?air n[ w5t himself to ,rome1 took a solemn oa? t he _h no c>nal int]c\rse ) ,waldrade s9ce ! re/oration ( 8 wife1 & receiv$ ! sacram5t f ! pope's h&4 ,full ( hope t he w\ld get success 9 8 object he />t$ = home1 b di$ at ,piac5za ( a viol5t fev] 9 ,a4,d4 #hfi4 ,:5 dead ! uncles p\nc$ ^u ! k+dom4 ,hadrian us$ all 8 influ5ce 9 fav\r ( ! emp]or1 ! legitimate heir1 & ?reat5$ 8 oppon5ts ) excommunication4 ,b ,h9cm> ( ,rheims compos$ a /ate pap] by ord] ( 8 k+1 9 :i* he told ! pope t ! op9ion ( ,france 0 t he %\ld n int]f]e ) ?+s ab\t :i* he knew no?+4 ,! pope 0 oblig$ to let ?is insult pass unrev5g$4 ,9 a dispute ( 8 own ,h9cm> succe$$ 9 giv+ ! pope a second rebuff 7 #hc1 #b74bcj #hb4h4 ,john ,,viii4 & 8 ,successors4--,8 successor ,john ,,viii41 ,a4,d4 #hgb-hhb1 0 m successful ?an ,hadrian 9 br++ ! ,c>ol+ian k+ to kneel at 8 foot/ool4 ,9 ! art ( intrigue & 9 ! p]fidy1 hypocrisy & unconscionabl5ess requir$ !re=1 he 01 h[ev]1 greatly sup]ior4 ,he succe$$ almo/ completely 9 free+ ! papal *air f ! imp]ial au?ority4 ,b he did s only to make x a playball ( ! wilde/ p>ty int]e/s ar\nd 8 own he>?4 ,to 8 acc\nt ma9ly mu/ be laid ! unfa?omable degradation & debasem5t ( ! papacy dur+ ! #aj? c5tury4 ,:5 ! emp]or ,l\is ,,ii4 di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #hge1 ,l\is ! ,g]man1 z eld] & full bro!r ( 8 fa!r1 ought to h be5 8 heir4 ,b ! pope wi%$ to %[ ! _w t ! papal fav\r c\ld make a gift ( ! imp]ial cr[n to :omsoev] x *ose4 ,accept+ 8 invitation1 ,*>les ! ,bald appe>$ 9 ,rome & 0 cr[n$ by ! pope on ,*ri/mas ,day1 ,a4,d4 #hge4 ,b he _h to pay de>ly = ! papal fav\r1 by =mally r5\nc+ all claims to ! rights ( sup]ior ov] ! ,/ates ( ! ,*ur*1 all[ = ! future absolute fre$om 9 ! election ( popes1 & accept a papal repres5tative & cl]ical primate = all ,france & ,g]many4 ,b n altoge!r satisfi$ ) ?is1 ! pope made ! new emp]or submit himself to a =mal act ( election by ! ,lomb>ds ( ,pavia1 & 9 ord] to secure ! approval ( 8 own nobles to 8 proce$+s he ev5 agre$ to give !m ! "r ( election4 ,! ,neu/rian cl]gy1 h[ev]1 ) ,h9cm> at _! head1 (f]$ a vigor\s resi/ance & at ! fir/ ,synod at ,pontion 9 ,a4,d4 #hgf !re 7 viol5t alt]cations4 ,! %ameful compromise satisfi$ nei!r pope nor emp]or4 ,9 ,rome a wild p>ty faction ga9$ gr\nd aga9/ ! pope1 & ! ,s>ac5s press$ fur!r & fur!r into ,italy4 ,f ! emp]or1 :o knew n h[ to keep back ! advances ( ! ,normans 9 8 own c\ntry1 no help c\ld be expect$4 ,yet he made ha/y prep>ations1 pur*as$ a di%on\rable peace f ! ,normans1 & cross$ ! ,alps4 ,b new tr\bles at home imp]i\sly call$ him back1 & at ! foot ( ,m\nt ,c5is 9 ,a4,d4 #hgg1 he di$ 9 a mis]able hut ( poison adm9i/]$ by 8 physician1 a ,jew4 ,! pope got into yet great] /raits & made 8 position worse by fur!r intrigues4 ,also 8 negotiations ) ,byzantium 9 ,a4,d4 #hgi involv$ him 9 yet m s]i\s tr\bles 7 #fg1 #a74 ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #hhb1 app>5tly by ! h& ( an assass94 ,a ye> be=e 8 dea? ,*>les ! ,fat1 ! y\nge/ son ( ,l\is ! ,g]man1 _h be5 cr[n$ emp]or1 & he1 ! lea/ capable ( all ! ,c>ol+ian l9e1 by ! *oice ( ! ,neu/rian nobles1 unit$ once m all ! ,franki% empire "u 8 weak sceptre4 ,m>9us1 ! successor ( ,john ,,viii41 di$ aft] a s+le ye>'s pontificate4 ,s 0 x1 too1 ) ,hadrian ,,iii4 ,& n[ ! ,romans1 )\t pay+ any he$ to ! impot5t wra? ( ! emp]or1 elect$ & consecrat$ ,/eph5 ,v41 ,a4,d4 #hhe-hia1 z _! pope4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #heg ! ,g]man nobles at la/ put an end to ! despicable rule ( ! fat ,*>les by pass+ an act ( =mal deposition4 ,!y *ose 9 8 place ,arnulf ( ,c>9?ia1 a natural son ( ,*>les' bro!r ,c>loman4 ,pope ,=mosus1 ,a4,d4 #hia-hif1 call$ him to 8 assi/ance 9 ,a4,d4 #hid1 & cr[n$ him emp]or4 ,b he c\ld n hold 8 gr\nd 9 ,italy & ! opposition emp]or ,lamb]t1 a ,longob>d1 _h possession ( ! field4 ,=mosus di$ soon aft] ,arnulf's )drawal4 ,boniface ,,vi41 :o di$ aft] fifte5 days1 0 succe$$ by ,/eph5 ,,vi4 9 ,a4,d4 #hif4 ,?is man1 infect$ by ,italian fanaticism1 _h ! body ( ,=mosus1 :o _h fav\r$ ! ,g]mans1 lift$ f ! grave1 %amefully abus$ & !n ?r[n into ! ,tib]4 ,! ?ree foll[+ popes reign$ only a few weeks or mon?s1 & 7 ei!r murd]$ or driv5 away4 ,john ,,ix41 ,a4,d4 #hih-ijj1 9 ord] to pacify ! ,g]man p>ty1 hon\r$ aga9 ! memory ( ,=mosus4--,arnulf's t5ure ( ! empire1 h[ev]1 _h only be5 a %ort va9 dream2 b 9 ,g]many dur+ a try+ p]iod he wield$ ! sceptre ) p[] & dignity4 ,:5 he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #hii1 ! ,g]man nobles elect$ 8 sev5-ye>-old son1 ,l\is ! ,*ild4 ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #iaa1 & ) him ! dyna/y ( ! ,c>ol+ians 9 ,g]many became ext9ct4 ,9 ,france ?is l9e cont9u$ to exi/ 9 pitiable impot5ce d[n to ! dea? ( ,l\is ,v4 9 ,a4,d4 #ihg4--;,cont9uation1 #if4 #hb4i4 ,! ,papacy & ! ,nationalities4#bca--;,f ! "t ( ,*>lemagne ! policy ( ! ,fr5* k+s 0 to e/abli% bi%oprics on ! fronti]s ( _! t]ritories = ,*ri/ianiz+ ! neighb\r+ hea!n c\ntries1 & !reby secur+ _! conque/1 or1 if ?is _h be5 already won1 confirm+ x4 ,! fir/ "p ( ?is purpose ! popes c\ld only approve & fur!r1 b j z decid$ly !y oppos$ ! second4 ,!re mu/ be a ref]5ce to ! *air ( ,pet]1 t ! pope may ma9ta9 & pres]ve z head ( ! univ]sal *ur* ! rights ( nationalities4 ,ea* c\ntry won to ,*ri/ianity %\ld be receiv$ into ! organism ( ! *ur* ) its national position unimpair$1 & s "u ! spiritual fa!rhood ( ! pope !re w\ld be e/abli%$ a ,*ri/ian family ( /ates1 ( :i* ea* memb] occupies a position ( p]fect equality ) ! o!rs4 ,9 ?is way ! int]e/s ( humanity1 & at ! same "t1 ! selfi% int]e/s ( papal policy1 7 secur$4 ,?is policy 0 !re=e direct$ to ! emancipat+ z soon z possible ! newly f\nd$ national *ur*es f ! supremacy ( ! ,g]man cl]gy & giv+ !m an indep5d5t national *ur* organization "u bi%ops & ar*bi%ops ( _! own4 #hc4 ,,! ,,rank ,,( ,,metropolitan4#bcb ,! position ( metropolitan 0 n reg>d$ ) equal fav\r 9 ! ,g]man *ur* & 9 ! ,g]man /ate4 ,amid ! v>iety ( races ! metropolitans repres5t$ ! unity ( ! national *ur*1 z ! pope did t ( ! univ]sal *ur*1 :ile at ! same "t z an e/ate ( ! empire !y ex]cis$ great influ5ce on civil adm9i/ration & =eign policy4 ,! reign+ pr9ces recognis$ 9 ! unity ( ! ecclesia/ical adm9i/ration ( ! c\ntry a support & security = ! political unity & !re=e oppos$ ! p>tition ( ! national *ur* into sev]al metropolitanates1 or1 :]e ! l>g] ext5sion ( ! empire requir$ sev]al ar*bi%oprics1 wi%$ r to give ! able/ ( ^! ! rank & au?ority ( a primate4 ,! popes on ! o!r h& endeav\r$ to give ea* ( ! l>g] c\ntries at lea/ two or ?ree metropolitans1 & to prev5t z f> z possible ! appo9tm5t ( a national *ur* primate2 = 9 ! unity ( ! national *ur* !y p]ceiv$ ! dang] ( su* a prelate soon] or lat] giv+ way to ! desire to emancipate himself f ,rome & secure = himself ! position ( an indep5d5t patri>*4 #hc4a4 ,! ,position ( ,metropolitans 9 ,g5]al4--,z repres5t+ ! unity ( ! national *ur*es ! int]e/s ( ! metropolitans 7 b\nd up ) ^? ( ! rul+ pr9ces4 ,!y 7 ! mo/ vigor\s support]s ( _! policy1 & g5]ally got 9 return ! pr9ce's he>ty support4 ,?is coalition ( ! metropolitans & ! civil p[]1 h[ev]1 ?reat5$ ! subord9ate cl]gy ) abject s]vitude1 & drove !m to *ampion ! int]e/s ( ! pope4 ,?r\gh pressure ( circum/ances1 a widespread conspiracy ( bi%ops & abbots 0 =m$ dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( ,l\is ! ,pi\s to emancipate ! cl]gy & especially ! episcopate f ! dom9ion ( ! /ate & ! metropolitans & to place !m imm$iately "u ! papal jurisdiction4 ,!y f\nd$ ^u ! ,isidorian decretals z %[+ _! rights 9 ! e>lie/ times 7 #hg1 #b74 ,_! endeav\r met inde$ p[]ful opposition1 b ! /atem5ts ( ! ,pseudo-,isidore _h n[ obta9$ ! validity ( canon law4 #hc4b4 ,h9cm> ( ,rheims4--,among ! ,fr5* prelates aft] ! re/oration ( ! ord] ( metropolitans by ,boniface ! fir/ place 0 held by ! occupant ( ! see ( ,rheims4 ,x rea*$ ! summit ( its glory "u ,h9cm> ( ,rheims1 ,a4,d4 #hde-hhb1 ! able/ ( all ! ecclesia/ical lead]s ( ,france4 ,8 life consi/s ( an un9t]rupt$ s]ies ( battles ( ! mo/ v>i$ k9d4 ,! fir/ fight 9 :i* he engag$ 0 ! pr$e/9ation controv]sy ( ,gotts*alk 7 #ia1 #e74 ,b 8 /r5g? did n lie 9 dogmatics b 9 *ur* gov]nm5t4 ,& "h1 e in* a metropolitan1 he has f\ght ! mo/ glori\s battles ( 8 life & affirm$1 aga9/ ! assumptions ( popes & emancipation ef=ts ( bi%ops1 ! autonomy ( reign+ pr9ces1 ! fre$om & indep5d5ce ( national *ur*es1 & ! jurisdiction ( metropolitans4 ,( ?is sort 0 8 conte/ ) bi%op ,ro?ad ( ,soissons4 ,h9cm> _h depos$ him 9 ,a4,d4 #hfa = insubord9ation4 ,ro?ad appeal$ to pope ,ni*olas ,i4 on ! gr\nd ( ! ,s>dican ,canon 7 #df1 #c71 :i*1 h[ev]1 _h nev] be5 accept$ 9 ! ,franki% ,empire4 ,he _h at ! same "t ref]r$ ! pope to ! ,isidorian decretals4 ,?us support$1 ,ni*olas aft] a h>d /ruggle _h ,ro?ad re9/at$ 9 ,a4,d4 #hfe4 ,! insol5t defiance ( 8 own nephew1 ,h9cm>1 bi%op ( ,laon1 l$ ! ar*bi%op into ano!r ob/9ate fight4 ,"h too ! ,isidorian decretals play$ a prom95t "p4 ,hadrian ,,ii4 9 ,a4,d4 #hfi took ! side ( ! nephew1 b ! metropolitan ga9$ ! victory1 & ! nephew1 :o defi$ ! k+ z well z ! metropolitan & moreov] _h ent]$ into treasonable communication ) ! ,g]man c\rt1 end$ 8 c\rse by be+ depriv$ ( 8 eyes by ! k+4 ,d[n to ,a4,d4 #hge ,h9cm> 0 inflexibly true to ! k+ z a pill> ( 8 policy & 8 ?rone4 ,b :5 ,*>les ! ,bald 9 t ye> paid d[n z pur*ase price = ! imp]ial ?rone1 n only ! autonomy ( ! empire b also ! fre$om ( ! ,fr5* *ur* & ! rights ( ! metropolitans1 he 0 oblig$ n[ to turn 8 weapons aga9/ him4 ,h9cm> di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #hhb 9 flight be=e ! ,normans4 ,) him ! glory ( ! ,fr5* ar*bi%opric sank into its grave4 ,! pseudo-,isidorian p>ty _h triumph$1 ! bi%ops 7 emancipat$ f ! gov]nm5t ( ! pr9ces ( _! c\ntry1 b in/ead ( ?is 7 (t5 surr5d]$ to ! rude caprice ( secul> nobles4 #hc4c4 ,metropolitans 9 o!r l&s4--,! ,engli% pr9ces 9 ! int]e/s ( ! political unity ( ! ,hept>*y = a long "t )/ood ! endeav\rs ( ! popes to place a rival alongside ( ! ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury4 ,! action & reaction ( ^! oppos+ int]e/s 7 p>ticul>ly /rong 9 ! "t ( ,wilfrid 7 #gh1 #c71 :om ! ,roman p>ty _h appo9t$ ar*bi%op ( ,york4 ,wilfrid 0 driv5 away & di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #gji aft] an ev5tful life1 )\t succe$+ 9 tak+ possession ( ! place to :i* he _h be5 appo9t$4 ,at la/1 h[ev]1 ! pope rea*$ 8 end4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #gce a ,nor?umbrian pr9ce obta9$ a pallium1 & aft] t ! see ( ,york got an undisput$ place alongside t ( ,cant]bury4--,9 ,nor!rn ,italy !re 7 metropolitan sees at ,rav5na1 ,milan & ,aquileia :i* /ill made _! old claims to self-gov]nm5t 7 #df1 #a74 ,s]gius1 ! prelate ( ,rav5na1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #gfj1 ?\ght x w\ld be well out ( ! ru9s ( ! ex>*ate to f\nd an ecclesia/ical /ate aft] ! model ( t ( ,rome4 ,!re 0 (t5 opposition !re to ! ,roman supremacy4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! viol5t ar*bi%op ,john ( ,rav5na1 :o 0 also a defraud] ( ! *ur*1 suff]$ ! mo/ complete humiliation f ,ni*olas ,i4 9 ,a4,d4 #hfa1 9 spite ( ! emp]or's protection4 ,! =ce ( public op9ion compell$ ! emp]or to ab&on 8 protg :5 excommunicat$ by ! pope4 ,b dur+ ! pontificate ( ,john ,,viii41 ,ausb]t1 prelate ( ,milan 7di$ ,a4,d4 #hhb71 :o kept true to ! ,g]man p>ty1 c\ld defy papal ana!ma & deposition4 ,8 successor1 h[ev]1 aga9 ackn[l$g$ ! papal supremacy4--,9 ,g]many1 s9ce ! "t ( ,*>lemagne1 new metropolitan sees _h be5 creat$ at ,salzburg1 ,cologne1 ,treves & ,hamburg-,brem54 ,ma9z1 h[ev]1 /ill claim$ ! primacy & repres5t$ ! unity ( ! ,g]man *ur*4 ,! ,isidorian =g]y avail$ n "h z 9 ! l& ( its bir? to /op ! cont5tion ( ! ar*bi%op4 ,! ,g]man metropolitanate to ! advantage ( ! empire ma9ta9$ its rights unt\*$ = c5turies4 ,among ! primates ( ,ma9z ! mo/ important by f> 0 ,hatto ,i41 ,a4,d4 #hia-iac4 ,ev5 "u ,arnulf 7di$ ,a4,d4 #hii71 ^: mo/ tru/$ advis] he 01 he ex]cis$ a wide z well z :olesome influ5ce on ! adm9i/ration ( ! empire4 ,x 0 /ill great] "u ,l\is ! ,*ild 7di$ ,a4,d4 #iaa7 :om he rais$ to ! ?rone & = :om he act$ z reg5t4 ,conrad ,i4 7 #if1 #a7 also ow$ to him 8 election z k+ ( ! ,g]mans4 ,9 ! int]nal affairs ( ! ,g]man *ur*1 he direct$ & adju/$1 organiz$ & rul$ 9 ?is "t ( g5]al upheaval ) wond]ful insight1 wisdom & en]gy1 mo/ conspicu\sly1 & t too aga9/ papal assumptions1 at ! great national synod ( ,tribur 9 ,a4,d4 #hie4 ,! primate reg>d$ x z a political axiom1 t1 9 ord] to cons]ve & advance ! unity ( ! empire1 ! p>ticul>ism ( ! sev]al races & ! /ruggles ( _! *iefs & pr9ces = indep5d5ce %\ld be cru%$4 ,ow+ to ! consi/5cy & en]gy ) :i* he c>ri$ out 8 idea1 he did inde$ make _m enemies4 ,! /ories ( insidi\s p]fidy & bloody viol5ce :i* h atta*$ !mselves to 8 memory are to all appe>ance due to _! calumni\s hatr$4 ,8 sudd5 dea? probably gave rise to ! leg5d t ! devil fet*$ him away & ca/ him into ! m\? ( ,etna4 ,to him1 & n to ! mu* less important ,hatto ,,ii41 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #igj1 is ! o!r equally baseless leg5d ( ! ,muse?urm ne> ,b+5 to be ref]r$4--,cont9uation1 #ig1 #b4 #hd4 ,,! ,,cl]gy ,,9 ,,g5]al4#bcc ,! bi%ops subject to ! ar*bi%op 7 call$ diocesan bi%ops1 or1 z vot+ memb]s ( ! ,prov9cial ,synod1 suffragan bi%ops4 ,! canonical election ( bi%ops by ! p & cl]gy 0 completely done away ) 9 ! ,g]man national *ur*4 ,k+s )\t opposition fill$ vacant bi%oprics accord+ to _! own *oice4 ,l\is ! ,pi\s at ! ,synod ( ,aa*51 9 ,a4,d4 #hag1 re/or$ canonical election by p & cl]gy1 subject to ! emp]or's confirmation1 b 8 successors paid no att5tion to ! law4 ,deposition 0 usually c>ri$ out by ! ,prov9cial & ,national ,synods4 ,! inve/iture ( bi%ops ) pa/oral /aff & m>riage r+ by ! reign+ pr9ce is occasionally met ) ev5 9 ! ,m]ov+ian age & became g5]al aft] ! developm5t ( ! b5efice sy/em 9 ! #i? c5tury4 ,out ( ! in/itution ( bi%ops )\t dioceses1 ,episcopi region>ii1 orig9ally int5d$ = mission>y s]vice1 arose 9 all probability ! in/itution ( ,*orepiscopi :i* fl\ri%$ especially 9 ,france dur+ ! #h? & #i? c5turies4 ,) ! old ,*orepiscopi 7 #cd1 #b2 #de7 !y h no?+ 9 common beyond ! "n4 ,!y 7 subord9ate assi/ants ( ! diocesan bi%ops1 ^: conv5i5ce1 unspirituality & (t5 abs5ce on /ate affairs dem&$ su* sub/itutes4 ,b by _! arbitr>y conduct & refractor9ess !y (t5 gave great tr\ble to ^? bi%ops :o _h any c>e = _! flock4 ,a ,synod at ,p>is1 !re=e1 9 ,a4,d4 #hdi1 )drew all au?ority f !m4 ,f t "t !y gradually sank out ( view4 ,! inf]ior cl]gy1 tak5 g5]ally f ! s]fs1 /ood mo/ly 9 slavi% dep5d5ce on ! bi%op & (t5 _h n ! b>e/ necess>ies ( culture4 ,_! appo9tm5t lay ) ! bi%op1 yet ! f\nd] ( a *ur* & 8 successors frequ5tly reta9$ ! "r ( patronage 9 *oos+ _! own (ficiat+ cl]gym54#bcd ,especially 9 ! lat] ,m]ov+ian & e>li] ,c>ol+ian p]iods1 ! ,franki% cl]gy1 sup]ior & inf]ior1 _h become t]ribly corrupt4 ,boniface 0 ! fir/ to re9troduce "s sort ( discipl9e 7 #gh1 #e7 & ,*>lemagne's p[]ful gov]nm5t contribut$ 9 an extraord9>y measure to ! ennobl+ ( ! cl]gy4 ,yet ! corruption 0 too g5]al & too great to be altoge!r eradicat$4 ,l\is ! ,pi\s1 !re=e1 9 ,a4,d4 #haf1 ext5d$ to ! :ole k+dom a re=mation :i* ,*rodegang ( ,metz _h introduc$ fifty ye>s previ\sly among 8 own cl]gy1 by :i* means discipl9e & ord] 7 aga9 improv$ = "s decades4 ,b 9 ! tr\bl\s times ( ! la/ ,c>ol+ians ev]y?+ w5t aga9 into confusion & decay4 ,exemption f civil jurisdiction 0 accord$ ! cl]gy dur+ ?is p]iod only to ?is ext5t1 t ! secul> c\rts c\ld n proce$ aga9/ a cl]gyman )\t ! advice ( ! bi%op1 & ! bi%op himself 0 subject only to ! jurisdiction ( ! k+ & ! ,prov9cial ,synod4 #hd4a4 ,! ,sup]ior ,cl]gy4--,9 ! ,g]man /ates f ! e>lie/ times ! sup]ior cl]gy con/itut$ a spiritual ari/ocracy :i* by means ( _! high] culture won a m influ5tial position 9 civil life ?an ! secul> nobles4 ,9 all important affairs ( /ate ! bi%ops 7 ! advis]s ( ! k+2 !y 7 almo/ exclusively employ$ on embassies2 on all commissions !re 7 cl]ical memb]s & always "o half ( ! ,missi dom9ici 7 cl]ics4 ,?is ne>ness to ! p]son ( ! k+ & _! importance 9 civil life made !m rank z "o ( ! e/ates ( ! realm4 ,! ,franki% idea ( immunity1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* by royal gift along ) ! rights ( t]ritorial lords !re 7 h&$ ov] to ! new proprietors also ! pr9cely "r ( levy+ taxes & adm9i/]+ ju/ice1 br\ght to !m secul> z well z spiritual jurisdiction ov] a great "p ( ! l&4 ,z ! c\rt ( ! ,franki% k+ 0 mov$ f place to place1 he requir$ a special c\rt1 *apel1 ) a num]\s c\rt-cl]gy1 at ! head ( :i* 0 an ,ar*-*apla91 usually ! mo/ di/+ui%$ prelate 9 ! l&4 ,! names ,capella & ,capellani 7 orig9ally appli$ only to c\rt *apels & c\rt *apla9s1 & 7 d]iv$ f ! fact t 9 ! *apel 0 kept ! ,cappa or coat ( ,m>t9 ( ,t\rs z a preci\s relic & ! national palladium ( ,france4 ,! c\rt cl]gy =m$ ! nurs]y = future bi%ops ( ! realm4 ,9 addition to ! r+ & /aff z episcopal insignia we f9d 9 ! ,c>ol+ian age ! bi%op's cap1 consi/+ ( two long %eets ( t9 or pa/ebo>d runn+ up to a peak1 cov]$ ) silk ( ! same col\r z ! dress us$ 9 celebrat+ mass1 g5]ally ri*ly ornam5t$ ) gold & preci\s /ones1 call$ by ! old pagan "n ,infula or ,mitra4#bce #hd4b4 ,! ,inf]ior ,cl]gy4--,! enorm\s expansion ( episcopal dioceses r5d]$ a new arrangem5t ( ! inf]ior cl]gy indisp5sable4 ,! ext5sion *ur*es 9 t[ns & ! c\ntry *ur*es :i* previ\sly _h be5 s]v$ by ! cl]gy ( ! ca!dral *ur*1 obta9$ a regul> cl]gy ( _! own4 ,z ^! *ur*es 7 always d$icat$ to a sa9t !y 7 call$ ,tituli1 & ! cl]gy appo9t$ to (ficiate 9 !m1 ,intitulati1 ,inc>d9ati1 ,c>d9ales4 ,?us orig9at$ ! idea ( ,p>o*ia1 & ( ,p>o*us or p>i% prie/1#bcf :o1 because ! cura anim>um 0 committ$ to him 0 also call$ ,curate1 z 9 ! ,fr5* cur4 ,ov] ab\t t5 p>i%es 0 plac$ an ,ar*ipresbyt] ruralis :o 0 call$ ,decanus1 ,dean4 ,z ! "r ( adm9i/]+ baptism belong$ orig9ally to him exclusively1 8 *ur* 0 call$ ,ecclesia baptisimalis2 8 diocese1 ,*ri/ianitas or ,plebs2 he himself also1 ,plebanus4 ,a fur!r arrangem5t 0 fir/ introduc$ 9 ! #h? c5tury by ,h$do ( ,/rasburg ,/rassburg1 :o gave to ea* ( ! deans 9 8 diocese sev5 ar*deacons1 prpositi1 provo/s4 ,besides ! p>i% *ur*es !re 7 _m *apels or oratories :]e div9e s]vice 0 conduct$ only at c]ta9 times by ! neighb\r+ p>i% cl]gy or *apla9s appo9t$ = t purpose4 ,to ?is class also belong ! dome/ic *apels 9 episcopal resid5ces or on ! e/ates ( noblem5 :i* 7 s]v$ by special dome/ic or ca/le *apla9s4 ,! latt] inde$ _h 9 addition ! duty ( fe$+ ! dogs1 wait+ at table & tak+ *>ge ( ! lady's pony4 ,not)/&+ repeat$ re9=cem5t ( ! old law3 ,ne quis vage ord9etur1 !re 0 /ill a great numb] ( s-call$ ,cl]icis vagis1 mo/ly vagabonds & idl]s1 :o1 orda9$ by unpr9cipl$ bi%ops = a rew>d1 roam$ ov] ! c\ntry l cl]ical p$l>s4 #hd4c4 ,compulsory ,celibacy 0 /\tly resi/$ by ! ,g]man cl]gy4 ,! inf]ior cl]gy 7 mo/ly m>ri$4 ,at ord9ation !y 7 ord]$ inde$ to sep>ate f _! wives & to ab/a9 f m>ital int]c\rse1 b ! promise 0 r>ely fulfill$4 ,among ! unm>ri$ cl]gy1 =nication1 adult]y & unnatural lu/ 7 preval5t4 ,a bi%op1 ,ulri* ( ,augsburg1 address$ to ,ni*olas ,i4 a philippic aga9/ ! law ( celibacy ) fe>less exposures ( its evil consequ5ces4 ,! moral condition ( ! cl]gy 0 g5]ally speak+ %ock+ly l[4 ,legacy hunt+1 =g+ ( docum5ts1 simony & *aff]+ = b5efices 7 c>ri$ on 9 a %ameless way4 ,! lordly habits ( ! bi%ops consi/$ 9 hunt+1 go+ ab\t ) dogs & falcons1 & 9 wild drunk5 revels4 ,9 ! #g? c5tury x 0 ! peculi> pleasure ( ! ,franki% bi%ops 9 wild sc5es ( blood t induc$ !m to take "p 9 ! w>s1 & l$ to _! be+ aft]w>ds oblig$ to fit out cont+5ts = ! field at ! co/ ( _! ecclesia/ical rev5ues4 ,pep91 ,*>lemagne & ,l\is ! ,pi\s pass$ /r+5t laws aga9/ ^! w>like habits ( *ur*m52 b ! lat] ,c>ol+ians n only tol]at$ b actually enc\rag$ !m4 #hd4d4 ,canonical life4--,augu/9e's in/itution ( a mona/]ii ,cl]icorum 7 #de1 #a7 0 (t5 imitat$ 9 lat] times4 ,b bi%op ,*rodegang ( ,metz1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #gff1 gave x = ! fir/ "t1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #gfj1 a fix$ & p]man5t =m4 ,8 rule or ,canon is closely connect$ ) ! mona/ic rule ( ,/4 ,b5$ict 7 #he71 ) ! omission ( ! v[ ( pov]ty4 ,he built a commodi\s resid5ce ,domus1 mona/]ium 7comp4 ,g]m4 words ,dom & ,mn/]71 9 :i* all ! cl]gy ( 8 ca!dral *ur* 7 oblig$ to live1 pray1 "w1 eat & sleep "u ! con/ant & /rict sup]vision ( ! bi%op or 8 ar*deacon4 ,?is 0 ! ,vita canonica4 ,aft] morn+ devotions all ! memb]s ( ! e/abli%m5t ga!r$ toge!r 9 ! hall :]e ! bi%op or provo/ read to !m a *apt] f ! ,bible1 mo/ frequ5tly f ,leviticus1 f ! rule or f ! fa!rs1 & add$ !reto ! necess>y explanations & exhortations4 ,! hall 0 !re=e call$ ! ,*apt] ,h\se2 !n ! "n ,*apt]#bcg 0 giv5 to ! :ole body ga!r$ toge!r !re4 ,! ,colleges#bch 7 a subsequ5t developm5t ( ! *apt] 9 non-episcopal city *ur*es1 ) a provo/ or deacon at _! head4 ,l\is ! ,pi\s all[$ ,*rodegang's rule to be reviv$ & g5]aliz$ by ! deacon ,amal>ius ( ,metz1 & at ! ,national ,assembly at ,aa*5 9 ,a4,d4 #hag en=c$ x = ! :ole k+dom4 ,x is kn[n z ,regula ,aquisgran5sis4 ,b soon aft] ! ,canons endeav\r$ to emancipate !mselves m & m f ! burd5some yoke ( episcopal control4 ,gun!r ( ,cologne 7 #hb1 #g7 :o1 ?\gh depos$ by ! pope1 reta9$ 8 (ficial position1 0 oblig$ to pur*ase ! support ( 8 *apt] by a b>ga9 9 accordance ) :i* a great "p ( ! ecclesia/ical rev5ues ( ! *apt] 7 plac$ at _! own full disposal z ,preb5ds or ,b5efices4 ,& :at ?is "o *apt] ga9$ = itself 0 aft]w>ds cont5d$ = by o!rs4#bci--;,cont9uation1 #ig1 #c4 #he4 ,,mona/icism4#bdj ,:ile f ! #e? c5tury "o ru% ( migrat+ peoples 0 rapidly foll[$ by ano!r1 ! monki% ord]s fell into decay1 b>b>ism & corruption4 ,!y w\ld sc>cely h surviv$ ?is p]iod ( commotion1 at lea/ w\ld n h prov$ ! great bless+ t !y h be5 to ! ,g]man we/1 _h n ! _s ( anci5t ,rome ) its practical turn1 its appreciation ( law & ord] & its organiz+ tal5t1 giv5 !m at ! "r "t1 :at !y hi!rto want$1 a rule answ]+ to ! requirem5ts & circum/ances ( ! age1 & by means ( x firm foot+1 unity1 ord] & legal =m4 ,?is task 0 accompli%$ by ,b5$ict ( ,nursia 7d4 ,a4,d4 #edc71 ! patri>* ( ,we/]n ,mona/icism4 ,! rule1 :i* he prescrib$ 9 ,a4,d4 #ebi to ! monks ( ! mona/]y ( ,monte ,cass9o 9 ,campania f\nd$ by him1 0 n unduly ascetic1 comb9$ /rict discipl9e ) a c]ta9 degree ( mildness & indulg5ce1 e/imat$ ! ne$s ( human nature z well z ! circum/ances ( ! times1 & 01 9 %ort1 adaptable & practical4 ,f ! rule ( ,cassiodorus 7 #dg1 #bc7 ,b5$ict's disciples borr[$ t zeal = s*ol>ly /udies ab\t :i* _! ma/] _h giv5 no directions1 & ,gregory ! ,great inspir$ ! ord] ) en?usiasm = mission>y lab\rs4 ,?us ! ,b5$ict9e ord] obta9$ its full consecration to its call+ ( worldwide significance4 ,soon spread+ ov] all ! ,we/1 be+ introduc$ into ,france by ,maurus 9 ,a4,d4 #edc1 x nobly fulfill$ its vocation by cultivat+ ! soil & ! m9d1 by cle>+ ! =e/s1 br++ 9 wa/e l&s1 zeal\sly prea*+ ! gospel1 root+ out sup]/ition & paganism1 educat+ ! "y1 fo/]+ & re/or+ lit]ature1 sci5ce & art4 ,! b>b>\s age1 h[ev]1 :i* saw ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,m]ov+ians & ! rise ( ! ,c>ol+ians1 ex]t$ a det]iorat+ influ5ce also on ! ,b5$ict9es4 ,b ,*>lemagne re/or$ /rict discipl9e1 & assign$ to ! mona/]ies ! task ( erect+ s*ools & prosecut+ s*ol>ly /udies4 ,by au?ority ( ,l\is ! ,pi\s & by ord] ( ! ,national ,assembly at ,aa*5 9 ,a4,d4 #hag1 ,b5$ict ( ,aniane und]took a re=mation & re-organization ( all ! monki% sy/ems ?r\gh\t ! empire4 ,at ! head ( a commission appo9t$ = t purpose he visit$ all ! ,franki% mona/]ies1 & compell$ !m to organize !mselves aft] 8 improv$ ,b5$ict9e ,rule4 #he4a4 ,! "o s\rce ( in=mation reg>d+ ! life ( ,b5$ict ( ,nursia is ! miracle-lad5 record ( ! miracle-lov+ pope ,gregory ! ,great 9 ! second book ( 8 ,dialogues4 ,b5$ict's ,rule comprises #gc *apt]s4 ,! fir/ pr9ciple ( ! mona/ic life is ob$i5ce to ! ,abbot1 z repres5tative ( ,*ri/4 ,! *oice ( abbot lies ) ! bro!rs4 ,( s]v+ bro!rs ! rule kn[s no?+4 ,! *ief occupation is agriculture4 ,idl5ess is /rictly =bidd54 ,*>ge ( ! kit*5 & read+ at table are duties p]=m$ by all ! monks 9 turn week ab\t4 ,div9e s]vice beg9s at #c a4m4 & is r5d]$ regul>ly ?r\gh all ! sev5 h\rs 7 #ef1 #b74 ,two meals a day are p>tak5 ( & ea* monk has daily half a bottle ( w9e4 ,fle% meat is giv5 only to ! sick & weak4 ,at table & aft] ! ,completorium or la/ h\r ( pray]1 no ^w 0 all[$ to be spok54 ,all ! bro!rs slept 9 a common dormitory1 ea* 9 a sep>ate b$1 b completely dress$ & gird$1 s z to be ready at call = mat9s4 ,! discipl9e 0 /rict & reasonable2 fir/ private1 !n public rebuke1 !n p5al fa/+1 corporal puni%m5t1 & f9ally excommunication4 ,hospitality & att5tion to ! poor 7 enjo9$ on all mona/]ies4 ,reception 0 prec$$ by a ye>'s novitiate4 ,! v[ includ$ ,/abilitas loci1 ,conv]sio morum 7pov]ty & *a/ity7 & ,ob$i5tia4 ,! ,oblati 7 a special k9d ( novices1 i4e4 *ildr5 :o 9 _! e>ly y\? 7 plac$ 9 ! mona/]y by _! p>5ts4 ,!y 7 educat$ 9 ! mona/ic s*ools & 7 n all[$ to g back to ! _w4 #he4b4 ,b5$ict ( ,aniane 7,a4,d4 #hba7 0 orig9ally call$ ,witiza & 0 ! son ( a ,visigo? c\nt4 ,he _h s]v$ z a soldi] "u ,*>lemagne4 ,9 attempt+ to save 8 bro!r he 0 himself almo/ dr[n$4 ,8 ambition 0 n[ direct$ to an ascetic life1 9 :i* 8 p]sonal p]=mances 7 mo/ rem>kable4 ,on ! riv] ,anianus 9 ,langu$oc he f\nd$ 9 ,a4,d4 #ggi ! mona/]y ( ,aniane4 ,he 0 ! indisp5sable & all-p[]ful c\nsellor ( ,l\is ! ,pi\s4 ,9 ord] to h him always ne> him1 ,l\is f\nd$ = him ! mona/]y ( ,inda or ! ,cornelius-,mn/] ne> ,aa*54 ,9 ! int]e/s ( 8 cloi/] re=m he publi%$ 9 ,a4,d4 #hag a ,codex regulorum 9 :i* he collect$ all ! mona/ic rules previ\sly kn[n4 #he4c4 ,! rule ( ! eld] ,b5$ict made no ref]5ce to ,nunn]ies2 b 8 si/] ,s*ola/ica is reg>d$ z ! f\nd] ( ! ord] ( female ,b5$ict9es4 ,ano!r =m ( female asceticism 0 develop$ aft] ! model ( ! canonical life ( ! secul> cl]gy 9 ! in/itution ( canonesses4 ,! rule1 :i* ,l\is ! ,pi\s at ,aa*5 9 ,a4,d4 #haf all[$ !m to draw up = !mselves1 is di/9ctly mild] ?an t ( ! nuns4 ,! ladies' ord]s gradually became places ( resort = ! unm>ri$ daught]s ( ! nobles4 ,! canonical age = tak+ ! nun's v[s 0 tw5ty-five4 ,! novitiate la/$ ?ree ye>s4 ,besides ! propria pr(essio ! pat]na devotio 0 also reg>d$ z b9d+4 ,9 reg>d to dress ! adoption ( ! veil 0 ! ma9 ?+2 b 9 addition !y wore ! wrea? z a symbol ( virg9ity & ! r+ z tok5 ( spiritual m>riage4 ,at ?is "t ! cutt+ ( ! hair 0 only a puni%m5t = un*a/e nuns4 ,! hon\rable position ( ! wife among ! ,g]mans secur$ special respect = ! abbess1 & obta9$ = ! mo/ fam\s nunn]ies exemption1 civil pr]ogatives & propriet>y1 ev5 pr9cely rights4 ,! frequ5t appe>ance ( ,d\ble-,cloi/]s :]e monks & nuns1 naturally 9 sep>ate dwell+s1 "u a common rule ei!r ( an abbess z (t5 9 ,engl&1 or ( an abbot1 0 also peculi>ly ,g]man4 #he4d4 ,! ,great] ,mona/]ies1 =m$ z !y 7 ( a va/ numb] ( sep>ate build+s = agriculture1 cattle re>+1 h&icraft & arts ( all k9ds1 = elem5t>y tea*+1 = high] education1 = hospitable ent]ta9m5t1 c>+ = ! sick1 etc41 came by & by to atta9 ! proportions ( little t[ns4 ,frequ5tly !y 7 ! c5tre ar\nd :i* cities 7 rais$4 ,! mona/]y ( ,viv>ium 9 ,calabria1 ,cassiodorus' f\ndation1 inspir$ ,we/]n mona/icism ) an en?usiasm = s*ol>ly /udies4 ,! regulations ( ,monte ,cass9o 7 ext5d$ to all mona/]ies ( ! ,we/4 ,columbanus' mona/]y ( ,bobbio root$ out paganism & ,arianism 9 nor!rn ,italy4 ,! mona/]ies ( ,iona 9 ,scotl& & ,bangor 9 ,irel& ga9$ high repute 9 ! /ruggle ( ! ,celtic *ur* aga9/ ! ,roman4 ,! ,engli% mona/]y ( ,we>m\? 0 a fam\s s*ool ( sci5ce4 ,9 ,france ,/4 ,d5ys ne> ,p>is & ,old ,corbei 9 ,pic>dy ga9$ a high reputation4 ,9 ,s\? ,g]many ,/4 ,gall1 ,rei*5au1 ,lors* & ,hirs*au1 9 ,c5tral ,g]many ,fulda1 ,h]sfeld & ,fritzl>1 & 9 ,nor? ,g]many ,new ,corbei1 a bran* f ,old ,corbei1 7 ma9 c5tres ( ,*ri/ian culture4 #he4e4 ,9 its new ,we/]n =m also mona/icism 0 /ill )\t ! cl]ical "*4 ,b !re 0 an ev]-increas+ t5d5cy to draw ! mona/ic & ! cl]ical in/itutions m & m closely toge!r4 ,by means ( celibacy & ! introduction ( ! canonical life 7 #hd1 #d7 ! cl]gy came to h ! monki% "*1 & on ! o!r h&1 mo/ ( ! monks1 9 ! fir/ in/ance = mona/ic & mission s]vices1 took cl]ical ord]s4 ,by & by monks s\ght appo9tm5ts z curates 7 #hd1 #b71 & ?us rivalries arose betwe5 !m & ! cl]gy4 ,! mona/]ies 7 :olly "u ! jurisdiction ( ! bi%ops 9 ^: diocese !y lay4 ,! exemptions ( ?is p]iod 7 limit$ to security = ! free election ( ! abbot1 indep5d5t adm9i/ration ( prop]ty & gratuit\s p]=mance ( consecrations by ! bi%op4 ,9 ! ,franki% empire1 h[ev]1 abbots 7 ord9>ily appo9t$ to vacancies by ! c\rt1 & ri* abbeys 7 also (t5 be/[$ ^u di/+ui%$ noblem5 9 comm5dam1 i4e41 = tempor>y adm9i/ration ) ! enjoym5t ( _! rev5ues1 or ev5 to c\rt & milit>y (fic]s z a rew>d = special s]vices4 ,su* lay abbots or abbacomites (t5 /ay$ 9 ! mona/]ies = mon?s ) _! families1 _! huntsm5 & _! soldi]s1 & made !m ! sc5e ( _! dr9k+ b\ts1 _! field sports & _! milit>y ex]cises4 ,! k+s reta9$ ! ri*e/ abbacies to !mselves or gave !m to _! sons & daught]s1 wives & concub9es4 #he4f4 ,! ,/ylites 7 #dd1 #f7 on acc\nt ( ! climate1 c\ld ga9 no foot+1 ?\gh attempts 7 inde$ made1 e4g4 by ,wulflai* 7 #gh1 #c74 ,9 place ( !m we f9d male & female recluses1 ,reclusi 7,inclusi7 & ,reclus1 :o %ut !mselves up 9 cells :i* !y nev] quitt$4 ,h]mits ( ! ,woods1 unfett]$ by any rules1 f\nd great fav\r among ! ,g]mans4 ,_! national melan*olic temp]am5t incl9+ !m to solitude1 _! /rong love ( nature1 _! passionate delight 9 roam+ un*eck$ ?r\gh woods & m\nta9s1 contribut$ to make su* a mode ( life attractive4 ,x 0 dur+ ! #f? c5tury t ?is craze = h]mit life rea*$ its height 9 ,g]many1 & its ma9 seat 0 9 ,auv]gne ) its wild m\nta9s1 gl5s & gorges4 ,b z ! cell ( ! sa9t 0 (t5 9 lat] times develop$ into a mona/]y on acc\nt ( ! cr[ds ( disciples t ga!r$ r\nd1 ! h]mit life gradually pass$ ov] into a regulat$ cnobite life4 ,9 ,switz]l& ,me9>d1 son ( a c\nt ( ,zoll]n1 0 a h]mit ( ?is sort4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #hfa he _h be5 murd]$ by two robb]s1 & ?is 0 aft]w>ds discov]$1 ! leg5d says1 by means ( two rav5s fe$+ ^u ! body ( ! murd]$ man4 ,8 cell 9 lat] times grew into ! beautiful ,b5$ict9e abbey ( ,m>ia-,e9si$eln ) its miracle-work+ image ( ! "m ( ,god1 :i* at ?is day is visit$ by m ?an a hundr$ ?\s& pilgrims ye>ly4 #hf3 ,,! ,,prop]ty ,,( ,,*ur*es ,,& ,,mona/]ies4 ,! inali5abl5ess ( *ur* prop]ty be+ reg>d$ z ! fir/ pr9ciple ( its adm9i/ration1 x grew by enorm\s /rides f ye> to ye> ?r\gh donations & legacies1 ,at ! end ( ! #g? c5tury !re 0 9 ,gaul fully a ?ird ( ! :ole t]ritory 9 ! possession ( ! *ur*es & mona/]ies1 :ile ! national ex*equ] 0 q exhau/$4 ,9 ?is em]g5cy ,*>les ,m>tel f\nd$ ! b5efice sy/em1 = :i* he also conv]t$ into money ! abundant possessions ( ! *ur*4 ,8 sons1 h[ev]1 ,c>loman & ,pep9 ! ,%ort1 9 consid]ation ( ! reorganization ( ! ,franki% *ur* effect$ by ,boniface 7 #gh1 #e71 s\ght to av]t ! impov]i%m5t ( _m *ur*es & cloi/]s by a p>tial re/itution s f> z ! ne$9ess ( ! times w\ld all[4 ,*>lemagne & ,l\is ! ,pi\s did /ill m 9 ?is direction1 s t p>tly by ^! means1 p>tly by ! cont9u$ donations ( ri* p1 *ur* prop]ty soon acquir$ its e>li] proportions4 ,?us1 e4g41 ! mona/]y ( ,luxeuil _h 9 ! #i? c5tury an e/ate ) #ae1jjj f>m-h\ses ^u x4--,! adm9i/ration ( ! prop]ty ( *ur*es & mona/]ies lay 9 ! h&s ( ! bi%ops & abbots4 ,= def5d+ & ma9ta9+ secul> & legal rights !re 7 ecclesia/ical & mona/ic advocates1 ,advocati ecclesi4 ,?is in/itution1 h[ev]1 (t5 deg5]at$ into an ag5cy = oppress+ ! peasants & plund]+ ! prop]ty ( _! cli5ts2 = _m advocates assum$ arbitr>y p[]s & dealt ) ! prop]ty ( ! *ur* & its proce$s j z !y *ose4 #hf4a4 ,! ,rev5ues ( ,*ur*es & ,mona/]ies4--,! ma9 s\rces ( _! gr[+ weal? 7 donations & legacies4 ,pr9ces (t5 made beque/s ( enorm\s magnitude & ri* p 9 private life vi$ ) !m4 ,occasions 7 nev] want+2 re/oration f sickness1 escape f dang]1 ! bir? ( a *ild1 etc41 regul>ly won = ! *ur* ^: patron sa9t _h be5 helpful1 "s valuable pres5t4 ,! cl]gy also us$ all means 9 _! p[] to enc\rage ?is prevail+ read9ess to be/[ pres5ts2 & to ?is mu/ 9 great measure be trac$ ! beg9n+s ( ! =g+ ( de$s4 ,a peculi> =m = bequea?+ a gift 0 t ( ! ,prec>ia1 accord+ to :i* ! giv] reta9$ to himself = 8 lifetime ! use ( ! goods :i* he gift$4 ,*ur* prop]ty 0 f>!r greatly increas$ by ! p]sonal possessions ( ! cl]gy & ! monks1 :i* at ! dea? ( ! =m] & at ! conv]sio ( ! latt] usually became "p ( ! rev5ue ( ! *ur* or cloi/] to :i* _! own]s belong$4 ,besides ! proce$s ( its own e/ates ! *ur* drew ! ti!s ( all prop]ty & incomes ( p>i%ion]s1 ! claim be+ en=c$ z a jus div9um by a ref]5ce to ! ,mosaic legislation & made a law ( ! empire by ! injunction ( ,*>lemagne4 ,on ! o!r h& ! cl]gy 7 =bidd5 to exact paym5t = dis*>ge ( (ficial duties1 s call$ /ole-dues1 because !y 7 p]=m$ by ! prie/ dress$ 9 ! /ola4 ,! ca!dral *ur* 0 entitl$ to an annual tax1 ,honor ca!dr1 levi$ ^u all ! *ur*es ( ! diocese4 ,! inf]ior cl]gy1 on ! o!r h&1 (t5 arrogat$ to !mselves ! "r 9 accordance ) a bad cu/om ( grasp+ by viol5t plund] ! possessions ( _! deceas$ bi%op1 ,spolium4#bda #hf4b4 ,! ,b5efice ,sy/em4--,9 consequ5ce ( ! va/ gifts ( ! ,m]ov+ians to ! *ur*es & _! m9i/rants1 :5 ,*>les ,m>tel assum$ ! gov]nm5t1 ! s\rces ( cr[n rev5ue t hi!rto seem$ inexhau/ible 7 almo/ completely dri$ up1 :ile ?is pr9ce1 9 ord] to deliv] ! c\ntry f ! ,s>ac5s & 9 ord] to ma9ta9 8 rule ov] aga9/ ! innum]able petty tyrants :o ?reat5$ to dismemb] ! empire1 requir$ a yet full] treasury ?an any ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,out ( ^! circum/ances grew ! ,b5efice ,sy/em4 ,! soldi]s :o _h s]v$ ! nation & pr9ces _h be5 z be=e rew>d$ by grants ( l&s4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 7 no long] giv5 z h]$it>y possessions b only = ! lifetime ( ! receiv] 7,b5eficium71 & = ?is he 0 "u obligation to supply a proportionate cont+5t = milit>y s]vice4 ,:5 ! cr[n l&s _h be5 well nigh exhau/$1 ,*>les ,m>tel did n hesitate to lay claim to ! *ur* prop]ty4 ,8 son ,c>loman at ! fir/ ,au/rasian national ,synod 9 ,a4,d4 #gdb 7 #gh1 #e7 promis$ to re/ore ! *ur* prop]ty t _h ?us be5 ali5at$1 b _h soon to confess 8 inability to p]=m 8 promise4 ,at ! second ,au/rasian ,synod at ,le/9es 9 ,a4,d4 #gdc he !re=e limit$ ! imm$iate re/itution to ! mo/ press+ cases ( notori\sly poor & ne$y *ur*es & mona/]ies4 ,he 0 driv5 to ?is by ! absolutely ne$ful claims ( ! civil & milit>y dep>tm5ts4 ,b ! claim ( ! *ur* to get back ! prop]ty 0 secur$ by ! b5efici>y giv+ a ,prec>ial lett] & by ! paym5t ( an annual tax ( a solidus = e f>m h\se on ! e/ate4 ,! k+ also promis$ ! full re/oration on ! dea? ( ! b5efici>y1 ) express ret5tion1 h[ev]1 ( ! "r1 if ! ne$s ( ! times requir$ x1 to lease out aga9 ! vacant prec>i4 ,ev5 ,pep9 at ! ,neu/rian national ,synod at ,soissons 9 ,a4,d4 #gdd grant$ simil> concessions1 b yet 9 ! execution ( !m did n g s f> z 8 bro!r4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #gea he caus$ a descriptio et divisio1 i4e4 an inv5tory ( *ur* prop]ty ) an exact fix+ ( ! limits ( its v>i\s titles to be made4#bdb--,! annual tax ref]r$ to 0 trans=m$ by ,*>lemagne into a second ti!1 ! s-call$ ,non4 ,b ev5 aft] ! p>tial re/itution effect$ by ! desc5dants ( ,pep9 !re /ill rema9$ ^u ! re/or$ prop]ty ! b5eficial burd5s t _h be5 laid ^u x1 especially ! obligation to supply & equip a c]ta9 numb] ( soldi]s1 & ?is 0 !nce transf]r$ to ! :ole prop]ty ( ! *ur*4--,! b5efice sy/em1 orig9at+ 9 ! pressure ( circum/ances1 cont9u$ to spread m & m1 & =m$ ! f\ndation ( ! entire social & civil organization ( ! ,middle ,ages4#bdc #hg4 ,,ecclesia/ical ,,legislation4 ,! con/ruction ( ecclesia/ical legislation = ! ,g]man empire 0 at fir/ :olly ! "w ( ! ,synods4 ,! popes ex]t$ sc>cely any influ5ce ^u x1 b all ! m p[]fully 0 felt ! influ5ce ( ! k+s4 ,!y summon$ ! ,synods1 laid d[n to !m ! subjects to be discuss$1 & confirm$ accord+ to _! own judgm5t _! decisions4 ,f ! "t t ! ,franki% bi%oprics 7 fill$ by native ,franks ! indep5d5t life ( ! ,synods 0 qu5*$1 & ecclesia/ical affairs 7 arrang$ at ! national assemblies 9 :i* ! bi%ops also took "p z t]ritorial nobles4 ,! great national ,synods1 too1 at :i* ,boniface's reorganization ( ! *ur* 9 accordance ) ,roman ecclesia/ical law z c>ri$ 7 #gh1 #e7 7 ,concilia mixta ( ?is k9d2 & ev5 "u ,*>lemagne & ,l\is ( ,france ^! 7 /ill preval5t4 ,*>les1 h[ev]1 made _! proce$+s m ord]ly by gr\p+ ! nobles into ?ree ranks z bi%ops1 abbots & c\nts4 ,"u ! ,pep9 dyna/y alongside ( ! synodal we h ! royal decrees1 arrang$ 9 sep>ate *apt]s1 & h5ce ! ord9ances are call$ ,capitul>ia4 ,purely ecclesia/ical ,synods 9 lat] times aga9 ga9$ a foot+ & 7 p>ticul>ly num]\s 9 ! times ( ,h9cm>4 #hg4a4 ,old] ,collections ( ,ecclesia/ical ,law4--,gregory ,,ii4 furni%$ ,boniface ) a ,codex canonum1 und\bt$ly ! ,dionysiaca 7 #dc1 #c71 & ,hadrian ,,ii4 pres5t$ ,*>lemagne ) "o :i* 0 solemnly receiv$ at ! ,national ,synod ( ,aa*5 9 ,a4,d4 #hjb4 ,!re 0 9 ,spa9 a new collection :i* 0 errone\sly attribut$ to bi%op ,isidore ( ,seville1 :o to di/+ui% him f ! ,franki% ,pseudo-,isidore is designat$ ! g5u9e ,isidore1 or m correctly z ,hispana4 ,?is collection 9 =m atta*es itself to ,dionysiaca4 ,9 ! #i? c5tury x 0 introduc$ among ! ,franks1 & "h gave cont5ts & "n to ! ,pseudo-,isidorian collection4 ,9 close connection ) ?is ma/]piece ( =g]y /&s ! collection ( laws by ,b5$ictus ,levita ( ,ma9z1 :i* 0 inde$ call$ a collection ( capitul>ies1 b 0 ga!r$ ma9ly f docum5ts ( ecclesia/ical legislation1 g5u9e & spuri\s4 ,a collection ( true & g5u9e capitul>ies 0 made 9 ,a4,d4 #hbg by ,ansegis1 ,abbot ( ,font5elles4 ,b5$ict's collection 0 includ$ 9 x z #e?1 #f?1 & #g? books4 ,besides ^! l>ge collections _m bi%ops prep>$ epitomiz$ collections = ! use ( _! own dioceses1 ( :i* sev]al are extant "u ! "n ( ,capitula ,episcoporum4 ,decid$ly 9 ! int]e/ ( ! ,pseudo-,isidore are ! ,capitula ,angilramni1 compos$ & subscrib$ by bi%op ,angilramnus ( ,metz 7d4 ,a4,d4 #gia74 ,! dates & cont5ts ( ! ?ree fir/-nam$ collections 7 det]m9$ 9 ! int]e/ ( ! ,pseudo-,isidorian1 & are /ill a matt] ( controv]sy4 ,b5$ict1 accord+ to 8 own cr$ible /atem5t1 und]took 8 "w at ! comm& ( ! ar*bi%op ,otg>1 ( ,ma9z1 = ! ar*ives ( ,ma9z1 b complet$ & publi%$ x probably 9 ,france only aft] ,otg>'s dea?1 :i* occurr$ 9 ,a4,d4 #hdg4 ,b :ile 9 e>li] times x 0 g5]ally believ$ t ,b5$ict _h us$ ! ,pseudo-,isidore1 ,h9s*ius has become conv9c$ t ! au?or ( ! capitula is id5tical ) ! ,pseudo-,isidore1 & f ,b5$ict's capitul>ies has unravell$ fir/ ! composition ( ! capitula & !n t ( ! decretals4#bdd #hg4b4 ,! ,collection ( ,decretals ( ! ,pseudo-,isidore4--,9 ! fiftie? ye> ( ! #i? c5tury !re appe>$ 9 ,france "u ! "n ( ,isidorus ,m]cator a collection ( canons & decretals1 :i* inde$ completely embrac$ ! old] s-call$ ,isidoriana1 b 0 enl>g$ by ! addition ( a multitude ( =g$ decretals4 ,! surname ,m]cator1 o!rwise ,peccator1 is probably d]iv$ f ! well kn[n ,m>ius ,m]cator 7 #dg1 #bj71 :o _h also occupi$ himself ) ! translation ( ecclesia/ical docum5ts1 :i* ! ,pseudo-,isidore us$ = 8 "w4 ,x beg9s ) ! fifty ,canones ,apo/t41 !n foll[ fifty-n9e =g$ decretals :i* are assign$ to ! ?irty olde/ popes f ,clem5t to ,mel*iades 7d4 ,a4,d4 #cad74 ,! second "p embraces1 besides ! orig9al docum5t ( ! ,donation ( ,con/ant9e1 g5u9e synodal decrees falsifi$ app>5tly only 9 "o passage4 ,! ?ird "p1 aga91 conta9s decretals ( ,sylve/]1 ! successor ( ,mel*iades1 d[n to ,gregory ,,ii4 7d4 ,a4,d4 #gca71 ( :i* ?irty-five are n g5u9e4 ,! non-g5u9e decretals are = ! mo/ "p n altoge!r =g]ies1 b are r bas$ ^u ! lit]ature ( !ology & canon law !n exi/+1 amplifi$ or alt]$1 & wr\ght up to s]ve ! purposes ( ! compil]4 ,! sy/em ( ! ,pseudo-,isidore is *>act]iz$ by ! foll[+ peculi>ities3 ,ov] ! ,imp]ium is rais$ ! ,sac]dotium1 orda9$ ( ,*ri/ to be gov]nor & judge ( ! _w4 ,! unity & head ( ! ,sac]dotium is repres5t$ by ! pope4 ,bi%ops are relat$ to ! pope z ! o!r apo/les 7 to ,pet]4 ,! metropolitan is only primus int] p>es4 ,betwe5 ! pope & ! bi%ops z an int]m$iate rank we h ! primates or patri>*s4 ,?is rank1 h[ev]1 belongs only to su* metropolitan sees z ei!r 7 orda9$ to x by ! apo/les & _! successors1 or to su* sees 9 m rec5tly conv]t$ l&s z 7 elevat$ to ?is position 9 consequ5ce ( ! multitude ( bi%ops belong+ to !m4 ,prov9cial ,synods %\ld be held only ) ! cons5t ( ! pope1 _! decrees become valid only aft] receiv+ 8 confirmation1 & all caus majores1 especially all compla9ts aga9/ bi%ops1 belong solely to 8 own judicature4 ,prie/s are ! ,famili>es ,dei1 ! ,spirituales2 ! laity1 on ! o!r h&1 are ! ,c>nales4 ,no cl]gyman1 lea/ ( all a bi%op1 may be tak5 be=e a secul> tribunal4 ,a layman may n appe> z an accus] aga9/ a cl]gyman1 & ! ,synods are enjo9$ to r5d] *>ges aga9/ a bi%op z difficult z possible4 ,an expell$ bi%op1 be=e ! *>ges aga9/ him c be exam9$1 mu/ h be5 fully re/or$ 7,exceptio ,spolii74 ,if ! accus$ reg>ds 8 judges z inimici or suspecti1 he may appeal to be exam9$ be=e ! pope4 ,= ! e/abli%+ ( a *>ge at lea/ sev5ty-two witnesses are necess>y1 etc4 #hg4c4 ,! =g]y orig9at$ 9 ,france1 :]e x _h be5 9 exi/5ce = "s ye>s be=e x 0 kn[n 9 ,rome1 z appe>s f ! process aga9/ ,ro?ad ( ,soissons 7 #hc1 #b74 ,ro?ad fir/ br\ght x to ,rome 9 ,a4,d4 #hfd4 ,blondel & ,kun/ reg>d ,b5$ict ,levita z its au?or4 ,he fir/ gave curr5cy to ! =g]y 9 8 ,collection ( ,capitul>ies4 & s ar\ses ! suspicion t he is himself ! =g]4 ,philipps fa!rs x ^u ,ro?ad ( ,soissons2 ,wass]s*leb5 ascribes x to ar*bi%op ,otg> ( ,ma9z1 :o1 z a prom95t head ( ! cl]ical conspiracy aga9/ ,l\is ! ,pi\s 7 #hb1 #d71 w\ld h reason to def5d himself aga9/ ! judgm5t :i* w\ld befall conspirators4 ,b ?is doom did n 9 any v special mann] ?reat5 ,otg>4 ,on ,l\is' re/oration he 0 n s5t5c$ or depos$ by any synod1 b 0 )\t m ado receiv$ into fav\r by ! emp]or4 ,! ,pseudo-,isidore's ho/ile attitude t[>d ! *orepiscopi 7 #hd71 :ile ga9+ no foot+ 9 ,g]many1 c]ta9ly prevail$ 9 ,france2 & ,france1 n ,g]many1 0 ! place :]e ?is collection fir/ appe>$ betwe5 ,a4,d4 #hec & #hfd4 ,s9ce n[1 moreov]1 ! prom95ce giv5 by ! ,pseudo-,isidore to ! rank ( primate may be reg>d$ z equally fav\rable to ! see ( ,rheims z to t ( ,ma9z1 ,weizsck] & v4 ,noord5 h s\ght ! orig9al home ( ! =g]y 9 ! diocese ( ,rheims1 & po9t to ,ebo1 ar*bi%op ( ,rheims1 ,h9cm>'s pr$ecessor1 z ! =g]4 ,& ,ebo c]ta9ly /ood 9 ! front rank ( ! revolt ref]r$ to4 ,be=e him ,l\is _h specially to humble himself4 ,he 0 !re=e tak5 prison] imm$iately ^u ! emp]or's re/oration1 & depriv$ ( 8 (fice at ! ,synod ( ,did5h(5 9 ,a4,d4 #hce 7 #hb1 #d74 ,! emp]or ,lo?air1 inde$1 re/or$ him 9 ,a4,d4 #hdj1 b 8 position 0 /ill v insecure1 z he _h be=e a ye> pass$ to save himself by flight on ! approa* ( ,*>les ! ,bald1 & nev] aga9 saw ,rheims1 :i* till ,h9cm>'s elevation rema9$ 9 ! h&s ( *orepiscopi4 ,! composition ( ! collection1 accord+ to v4 ,noord51 belongs to ! p]iod imm$iately prec$+ & la/+ ?r\gh 8 re/itution4 ,f9ally ,h9s*ius reg>ds ,rheims z und\bt$ly ! sc5e ( ! composition ( ^! =g]ies1 b he _c ascribe !m to ,ebo because1 accord+ to 8 demon/ration1 ,b5$ict's ,pseudo-,isidore us$ z 8 au?ority only a collection complet$ aft] ,a4,d4 #hdg1 & by t "t ,ebo c\ld n h ! %ad[ ( a hope ( re/oration4 ,b he also advances o!r weighty consid]ations4 ,ebo himself _h nev] attempt$ to make good ! claims :i* ! ,pseudo-,isidorian decretals w\ld h af=d$ him4 ,if 8 own affairs _h fir/ l$ him to ?9k ( =g+ decretals he mu/ h =ese5 t ! ext5sive /udies necess>y = su* a "w w\ld h dem&$ _m ye>s ( labori\s ef=t1 & w\ld be conclud$ mu* too late to s]ve 8 purpose4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 seem to him saf] to conf9e himself to :at 8 imm$iately pres5t circum/ances urg5tly requir$2 :]eas ! actual ,pseudo-,isidore1 on ! contr>y1 puts 9 ! m\?s ( ! e>ly popes1 ) no little zeal & emphasis1 a va/ array ( o!r exhortations & decrees t seem$ to him useful amid ! tr\bles ( t age = ! well be+ ( ! *ur* & its m9i/]s4 ,?us ! :ole "w assumes m ( ! "* ( a pia fraus ( a some:at high *ur* cl]ic ( t "t ?an ( a =g]y devis$ 9 ! selfi% int]e/s ( an individual4 ,?is mu*1 h[ev]1 mu/ be admitt$1 t ! directions quot$ ab\t judicial proc$ure aga9/ accus$ bi%ops exactly fit ! case ( ,ebo4 ,z ! fir/ attempt to use ! non-g5u9e decretals only f\nd 9 ,pseudo-,isidore 0 made at ! ,synod ( ,soissons 9 ,a4,d4 #hec1 by ^? cl]ics :o _h be5 orda9$ by ,ebo aft] 8 deposition b reject$ by ,h9cm>1 ! f9al r$action & publication mu/ fall betwe5 ,a4,d4 #hdg & #hec4 ,lang5 fixes ! date at ,a4,d4 #hej1 & ref]s its au?or%ip to ,s]vatus ,lupus 7 #ij1 #e74 ,nobody !n d\bt$ _! g5u95ess4 ,ev5 ,h9cm> seems = a long "t to h _h no d\bts4 ,b he decid$ly repudiat$ _! legal au?ority 9 ! ,franki% *ur*1 & en]getically oppos$ !m :5 !y 7 s\ght to be en=c$ aga9/ ! indep5d5ce ( ! *ur*4 ,?us he c\ld always ref] to !m :]e _! cont5tions agre$ ) 8 own1 or1 z 9 ! case aga9/ 8 nephew1 :]e !y support$ 8 rights z primate1 9 ord] to defeat 8 oppon5ts ) _! own weapons4 ,subsequ5tly h[ev]1 9 ,a4,d4 #hgb1 9 a lett] writt5 9 ! "n ( 8 k+ to pope ,hadrian1 he *>act]iz$ !m 9 contra/ ) ! g5u9e & valid decretals z secus a quoquam compilata sive conficta4 ,! ,magdeburg ,c5turiators 7 ! fir/ conclusively to prove !m spuri\s4 ,! ,jesuit ,turrianus1 h[ev]1 ent]$ ! li/s once m on _! behalf4 ,b ! re=m$ !ologian1 ,david ,blondel1 ca/igat$ s %>ply & ?or\ghly ?is !ological unpr9cipl$ness1 t ev5 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic *ur* _! non-g5u95ess has be5 n[ s9ce admitt$4#bde #hg4d4 ,among ! _m spuri\s docum5ts :i* ! ,pseudo-,isidore includ$ 9 8 collection ( ecclesia/ical laws1 we f9d an ,edictum ,con/ant9i ,imp]atoris4 ,9 ! fir/ "p ( x1 ! s-call$ ,confessio1 ,con/ant9e makes a confession ( 8 fai?1 & relates 9 detail 9 :at a wond]ful way he 0 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity by pope ,sylve/]1 & cur$ ( leprosy 7 #db1 #a74 ,!n 9 ! second "p1 ! s-call$ ,donatio1 he conf]s ^u ! *air ( ,pet]1 ) recognition ( its absolute primacy ov] all patri>*ates ( ! empire1 imp]ial p[]1 rank1 hon\r1 & insignia1 z all privileges & claims ( imp]ial s5ators ^u its cl]gy4 ,9 ord] t ! possessor ( ?is gift may be able to all "t to ma9ta9 ! dignity ( 8 position1 he gives him ! ,lat]an palace1 transf]s to him indep5d5t dom9ion ov] 8,romanam urbem et omnes ,itali seu 79 ,franki% ,lat9 ( ! #h? & #i? c5turies ?is means #8z well z'7 occid5talium regionum prov9cias1 loca et civitates0 7!re=e n m]ely ,italy b ! :ole ,we/ ,roman empire72 he removes 8 own imp]ial resid5ce to ,byzantium1 8quoniam ubi pr9cipates ,sac]dotum et ,*ri/4 religionis ,caput ab ,imp]atore cle/i con/itutum e/1 ju/um non e/1 ut illic ,imp]ator t]r]um habeat pote/atem40 ,9 a lett] ( ,hadrian ,i4 to ,*>lemagne 9 ,a4,d4 #ghh1 9 :i* he salutes ! emp]or z a second ,con/ant9e :o is call$ ^u by ,god n only to re/ore to ! apo/olic *air ! 8pote/as 9 8 ,hesp]i p>tibus10 :i* _h be5 already assign$ x by ! fir/ ,con/ant9e1 b also all lat] legacies & donations 8( v>i\s patricians & o!r ,god-fe>+ m510 :i* ! godless race ( ! ,longob>ds 9 c\rse ( "t tore f x1 we h ! fir/ h9t at ! idea ( a ,donatio ,con/ant9i4 ,! same pope1 too1 accord+ to ! ,vita ,hadriani 9 ! ,romi% ,pontifical1 on ! occasion ( ,*>les' visit to ,rome 9 ,a4,d4 #ggd is said to h reclaim$ f him an enorm\s grant ( l& 7 #hb1 #b74 ,x seem$ !re=e an extremely probable supposition t assign$ ,rome z ! place :]e ?is docum5t orig9at$1 & ! p]iod ( ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,longob>d empire1 :e!r actually accompli%$ or on ! eve ( tak+ place1 z ! date ( its fabrication 7 #hb1 #a1 #b74 ,aga9/ ?is view1 almo/ univ]sally preval5t1 q rec5tly ,grau]t has advanc$ a va/ array ( p[]ful argum5ts1 e4g41 ! limitation ( ! ,donatio ( ,con/ant9e to ,italy :i* is "h sugge/$ contradicts its own express /atem5t4 ,! words ( ! lett] ( ,hadrian ref]r$ to speak n ( a dom9ion ov] ,italy1 & :i* !y c\ld h read1 89 has ,h4 p>tes10 b ( a dom9ion 9 ,italy :i* 0 f\nd$ ^u ,con/ant9e's munific5ce & enl>g$ by _m subsequ5t pres5ts4 ,!y d n1 !re=e1 ref] l ! words ( ! ,donatio to sov]eign t]ritorial au?ority1 b to ! exce$+ly wide-spread & ri* prop]ty includ$ 9 ! ,patrimonium ,petri 7 #df1 #aj74 ,! 8pote/as10 said to h be5 assign$ by ,con/ant9e to ! ,roman see1 does n exce$ ! au?ority :i* ev5 accord+ to ! ,vita ,sylve/ri ( ! ,pontifical _h be5 giv5 by ,con/ant9e to t pope4--,?us ! donation docum5t is met ) fir/ 9 ! ,pseudo-,isidore4 ,x 0 (t5 aft]w>ds ref]r$ to by ! ,franki% gov]nm5t4 ,by ,rome1 on ! o!r h&1 al?\gh ev5 ,ni*olas ,i4 0 made acqua9t$ ) ! ,pseudo-,isidorian decretals by ,ro?ad1 & ref]r$ to !m 9 ,a4,d4 #hfe1 !y are nev] us$1 ei!r aga9/ ! ,franks or aga9/ ! ,byzant9es until1 9 ,a4,d4 #ajec1 we meet an allusion to !m 9 a lett] f ,leo ,,ix4 to ! patri>* ,mi*ael ,crul>ius 7 #fg1 #c74 ,grau]t acc\nts = ?is by say+ t !re 7 two rec5sions ( ,pseudo-,isidore1 a %ort]1 :i* _h only ! fir/ "p ( ! docum5t1 ! s-call$ ,confessio2 & a long]1 :i* _h also ! ,donatio1 & t ,ro?ad took probably only ! %ort] "o to ,rome4 ,f ^! & o!r data adduc$ by ,grau]t x seems m ?an probable t ! f\ndry 9 :i* ! docum5t 0 =g$ 0 n 9 ,rome1 b r 9 ,france among ! high *ur* p>ty !re1 f :i* also ! full-fl$g$ =g]y proce$$4 ,x w\ld also seem t a d\ble purpose 0 s]v$ by its composition4 ,on ! "o h&1 ov] aga9/ ! ,greeks x repres5t$ ! *air ( ,pet] z rais$ above all ! patri>*ates ( ! empire1 & ! ,we/]n empire z a ?or\ghly legitimate "o transf]r$ by ,con/ant9e ! ,great to ! pope1 & !n by him to ! k+s ( ! ,franks4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 x also made x cle> to ! ,franki% pr9ces t all temporal p[] 9 ! ,we/ ess5tially1 & f ( old1 belong$ to ! pope1 & is be/[$ ^u !m by means ( _! coronation by ! pope's h&s4--,t f ! "t :5 !y met ) ! docum5t unto ! #aa? c5tury ! ,byzant9es did n conte/ its g5u95ess1 ne$ n surprise u :5 we consid] ! uncritical "* ( ! age4 ,!y w\ld also be ! less dispos$ to d s z !y c\ld only !reby hope to w9 t p]fect equality 9 spiritual au?ority z well z 9 secul> rank ) ! ,roman bi%op :i* ! f\r? cum5ical c\ncil _h assign$ to _! patri>*al see4 ,b :ile ! ,byzant9es may be reg>d$ z inconsid]ately incorporat+ ?is donation ( ,con/ant9e into _! hi/orical & legal books1 blott+ out inde$ ! passages :i* seem$ to !m to fav\r ! pret5sions ( ! pope to univ]sal sov]eignty1 x is a m difficult task to secure = x acceptance among ,we/]n diplomati/s4 ,ev5 9 ,a4,d4 #iii a /ate pap] ( ,otto ,,iii4 describes x z a pure fiction4 ,high *ur* t5d5cies1 h[ev]1 rais$ _! /&>d also 9 ! ,we/ dur+ ! #aa? c5tury 7 #if1 #d1 #e74 ,inde$1 ev5 9 ,a4,d4 #aaeb1 an ,arnoldi/ 7 #ajh1 #g71 nam$ ,wetzel1 wrote to ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,i43 8,_! lies & h]etical fables are n[ s completely explod$ t ev5 day-lab\r]s & c[-m5 c\ld prove to s*ol>s _! empt9ess1 & ! pope ) 8 c>d9als v5tures n = %ame to %[ himself 9 ! city ( ,rome40 ,! victory1 h[ev]1 ( ! papacy ov] ! ,hoh5/auf5 ga9$ curr5cy = x aga91 & x 0 ! treatise ( ,laur5tius ,valla1 8,de falso cr$ita et em5tita ,con/ant9i donatione declamatio10 :i* ,ulri* von ,hutt5 issu$ 9 multitude f ! press1 gave x ! dea? bl[ 7 #abj1 #a74 ,:51 !reaft]1 ev5 ,b>onius admitt$ ! spuri\sness ( ! docum5t1 ?\gh assign+ its fabrication to ! ,greeks1 :o wi%$ by x to prove t ! ,roman primacy 0 n ( ,*ri/ b f ,con/ant9e1 x f\nd no long] a v9dicator ev5 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,& ,,! ,,p4 #hh4 ,,public ,,wor%ip ,,& ,,art4 ,! ,g]man ,arians und\bt$ly us$ ! language ( ! p 9 _! s]vices4 ,! adoption ( ,ca?olicism1 h[ev]1 l$ to ! introduction ( ! ,lat9 tongue4 ,! la/ trace ( acqua9tance ) ,ulfilas' translation ( ! ,bible is f\nd 9 ! #i? c5tury4 ,! nations conv]t$ directly to ,ca?olicism _h f ! fir/ ! ,lat9 language 9 public wor%ip4 ,only ! ,slavs /ill reta9$ ! use ( _! "m tongue 7 #gi1 #b74 ,! ,roman liturgy1 z well z ! ,roman language1 0 adopt$ 9 all *ur*es ) ! exception ( ^? ( ,milan & ,spa94 ,aft] ,pep9 _h ent]$ into clos] relations ) ! popes1 he endeav\r$1 9 ,a4,d4 #ged1 at _! desire1 to br+ ab\t a uni=mity betwe5 ! ,franki% ritual & ! ,roman patt]n2 & ,*>lemagne1 :om ,hadrian ,i4 pres5t$ ) a ,roman ,sacram5t>ium1 c>ri$ x out ) rel5tless en]gy4 ,! slightness ( ! liturgical contributions ( ! ,g]mans is to be acc\nt$ = p>tly by ! fact t ! ,roman liturgy 0 already pres5t$ to !m 9 a ri*ly develop$ & ess5tially complete =m1 b also p>tly by ! exclusion ( ! national languages & ! refusal to give ! p a %>e 9 ! liturgical s]vices4 ,"u ! con/ra9t ( a =eign tongue ! ,g]mans c\ld n put ! impress ( _! national "* on a dep>tm5t 9 :i* language plays s important a "p4 #hh4a4 ,liturgy & ,prea*+4--,alongside ( ! ,roman or ,gregorian ,liturgy _m o!rs also 7 9 use4 ,! p & cl]gy ( ,milan s det]m9$ly adh]$ to _! old ,ambrosian liturgy1 t ev5 ,*>lemagne c\ld n dislodge x1 & d[n to ! pres5t day ,milan has pres]v$ ?is treasure4 ,no less en]getically did ! ,spani>ds hold by _! national liturgy1 ! s-call$ ,moz>abic 7 #ha1 #a74 ,x has a /rong resemblance to ! ori5tal liturgies1 b 0 fur!r elaborat$ by bi%ops ,le&] & ,isidore ( ,seville 7 #hj1 #b71 & 0 recognis$ by ! ,national ,synod ( ,tol$o 9 ,a4,d4 #fcc z valid = ! :ole ( ,spa94 ,! ,gallican liturgies too ( ! ,c>ol+ian times betray$ a c]ta9 dep5d5ce ^u ! ori5tal rituals4 ,prea*+1 9 ! s]vices ( ! ,we/]n *ur*es 0 always subord9ate to ! liturgy1 & ! relapse into savag]y occasion$ by ! migrations ( ! peoples drove x almo/ completely out ( ! field4 ,! mission>y f]v\r 9 ! ,we/]n *ur* dur+ ! #g? c5tury 0 ! fir/ ?+ to re-awak5 a s5se ( its importance4 ,b !n v few prie/s c\ld compose a s]mon4 ,*>lemagne1 !re=e1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ghj1 _h a ,lat9 ,homili>ium compil$ by ,paulus ,diaconus ,paul ,w>nefrid 7 #ij1 #c7 f ! fa!rs = all ! ,sundays & ,fe/ivals ( ! ye>1 z a model = _! own composition1 or1 :]e t 0 too mu* to be expect$1 = read+ 9 ! orig9al or 9 a translation4 ,dur+ ! :ole ,middle ,ages & beyond ! ,re=mation x cont9u$ to be "o ( ! mo/ read & mo/ dilig5tly us$ books 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*4 ,mission>ies naturally prea*$ !mselves or ?r\gh int]pret]s 9 ! language ( ! p2 ev5 9 con/itut$ *ur*es prea*+ 0 g5]ally conduct$ 9 ! spee* ( ! c\ntry4 ,*>lemagne & ! ,synods ( 8 "t insi/$ at lea/ ^u ,g]man or ,romanic prea*+4 #hh4b4 ,*ur* ,music 7 #ei1 #d1 #e74--;,aft] ,gregory's ord9ance *ur* music cont9u$ to be re/rict$ to ! cl]gy4 ,*>lemagne inde$ insi/$1 b unsuccessfully1 t all ! p %\ld take "p 9 s++ ! ,gloria & ! ,sanctus4 ,9 ! #g?-#i? c5t4 a numb] ( ,lat9 hymn-writ]s fl\ri%$1 ( :om ! mo/ di/+ui%$ 7 ,b$e1 ,paul ,w>nefrid1 ,!odulf ( ,orleans1 ,alcu91 ,rabanus ,maurus1 & ,walafrid ,/rabo4 ,! beautiful ,p5teco/ hymn ,v5i creator ,spiritus is ascrib$ to ,*>lemagne4 ,! old classical =m & col\r+ 7 m & m lo/1 b all ! m ! ess5tially ,*ri/ian & ,g]manic "* ( simplicity & spirituality became prom95t4 ,t[>d ! end ( our p]iod ! composition ( ,lat9 hymns obta9$ a new & fruitful impetus f ! adoption ( ! s-call$ ,sequ5ces or ,proses 9 ! ,mass4 ,"u ! long s]ies ( notes1 hi!rto )\t words atta*$1 :i* 7 app5d$ to ! ,alleluia to express in>ticulate jubilation1 h5ce call$ jubilationes1 7 n[ plac$ appropriate rhy?mical words 9 ,lat9 prose1 :i*1 h[ev]1 soon assum$ ! =m ( metre1 rhyme & /rophes4 ,! fir/ fam\s writ] ( ,sequ5ces 0 ! monk ,notk] ,balbulus ( ,/4 ,gall1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #iab4 ,connect$ 9 =m ) ! ,lat9 ,sequ5ces 7 ! m rec5tly introduc$ ,old ,franki% ,lais 7,celticv]se1 song7 & ! ,old ,g]man ,lei*e 7melody1 song71 to simple airs t _h be5 us$ = popul> songs4 ,! only "o :i* ! *ur* all[$ to ! p1 & t only 9 s]vices outside ( ! *ur*1 9 processions1 rogations & pilgrimages1 9 go+ to ! *ur*1 at translations ( relics1 fun]als1 consecrations ( *ur*es1 popul> religi\s fe/ivals1 etc41 0 ! s++ or r recit+ ( ! ,kyrie eleison f ! great ,litany4 ,! fondness ( ! ,g]mans = s++ & compos+ hymns l$1 9 ! second half ( ! #i? c5tury1 to ! atta*+ to ^! words %ort rhym+ sacr$ v]ses 9 _! "m tongue1 & ?is 9 su* a mann] t ! ,kyrie eleison always =m$ ! refra9 ( a /rophe1 s t !y 7 call$ ,leisons4 ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( ,g]man *ur* music4 ,( ! ,leisons only "o hymn to ,/4 ,pet] 9 ! ,old ,high-,g]man dialect has come d[n to our day4--,! ,gregorian ,music1 ,cantus firmus or *oralis1 won a mo/ complete victory ov] ! ,ambrosian 7 #ei1 #e74 ,9 ,a4,d4 #ged ,pep9 at ! reque/ ( ,/eph5 ,,ii4 ord]$ t 9 ,france only ! ,roman s++ %\ld be all[$1 & ,*>lemagne secur$ = x complete & exclusive asc5d5cy 9 all ! ,we/ by viol5tly extirpat+ ! already v deg5]ate ,ambrosian music1 by e/abli%+ ! celebrat$ s++ s*ools ( ,metz1 ,soissons1 ,orleans1 ,p>is1 ,lyons1 etc41 at ! head ( :i* he plac$ tea*]s br\ght f ,rome1 & by introduc+ in/ruction 9 s++ 9 all ! high] & l[] s*ools4 ,! fir/ ,organ came to ,france 9 ,a4,d4 #geg z a pres5t to ,pep9 ! ,%ort f ! ,greek emp]or ,con/ant9us ,copronymus2 ! second to ,aa*5 ) an embassy f ! emp]or ,mi*ael ,i4 9 ,*>lemagne's "t4 ,f t "t !y became m common4 ,!y 7 /ill z in/rum5ts v imp]fect4 ,!y _h only f #i to #ab notes1 & ! keys 7 s /iff t !y _h to be beat5 d[n ) ! fi/4#bdf--;,cont9uation1 #ajd1 #aj1 #aa4 #hh4c4 ,! ,sacrifice ( ! ,mass4--,z ! idea ( sacrifice ga9$ place !re sprang up 9 addition to ! masses = ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ 7 #eh1 #c7 private masses = v>i\s o!r purposes1 = ! success ( "s und]tak+1 = ! recov]y ( a sick p]son1 = good wea!r & a good h>ve/1 etc4 ,to "s ext5t ! multiplication ( masses 0 limit$ by ! ord9ance t celebration %\ld be made at ! same alt> & by ! same prie/ only once 9 ! day4 ,f ! wi% to secure t z _m masses z possible %\ld be said = _! s\ls aft] dea?1 *ur*es & mona/]ies 7 =m$ into frat]nities ) a /ipulat$ obligation to celebrate a c]ta9 numb] ( masses = ea* deceas$ memb] ( ! frat]nity 9 all ! *ur*es & mona/]ies belong+ !reto4 ,frat]nities ( ?is k9d1 into :i* z a special fav\r pr9ces & nobles 7 receiv$1 7 call$ ,conf$]acies = ! ,dead4 #hh4d4 ,! ,wor%ip ( ,sa9ts 7 #eg74--,?is practice f\nd a v ready response f ! ,g]mans4 ,x af=d$ "s comp5sation = ! ab&on$ wor%ip ( _! ance/ors4 ,b ov] all o!r sa9ts t[]$ ! "m ( ,god1 ! meek & g5tle que5 ( heav54 ,9 h] ! old ,g]man rev]5ce = woman f\nd its ideal & full satisfaction4 ,9 respect ( ,image ,wor%ip 7 #eg1 #d7 ! ,g]mans lagg$ beh9d1 p>tly f ! sc>city ( images1 p>tly f national av]sion to !m4 ,! ,franki% *ur* ( ! ,c>ol+ian age prote/$ =mally aga9/ !m 7 #ib1 #a74 ,b all ! great] 0 ! zeal %[n 9 ! ,wor%ip ( ,relics 7 #eg1 #e7 9 :i* ! wor%ipp] _h ! sa9t concretely & bodily4 ,! relics ( ! ,we/ 7 innum]able4 ,rome 0 an inexhau/ible /oreh\se2 & f ! successive mission>ies1 f ! des]ts & solitudes1 f ! mona/]ies & bi%ops' seats1 !re w5t =? cr[ds ( new sa9ts ^: bones 7 v5]at$ ) en?usiasm4 ,! ga9+ ( a new relic = a *ur* or mona/]y 0 reg>d$ z a piece ( good =tune = ! :ole l&1 & amid ?\s&s assembl$ f f> & ne> ! translation 0 c>ri$ out1 accompani$ ) lib]al gifts ( money4 ,! ,franki% mona/]y ( ,c5tula c\ld %[ 9 ! #i? c5tury an imm5sely long li/ ( ! relics :i* x possess$1 f ! grave ( ! ,innoc5ts1 ! milk ( ! ,holy ,virg91 ! be>d ( ,pet]1 8 cloak1 ! ,oratorium ( ,paul1 & ev5 f ! wood ( ! ?ree tab]nacles t ,pet] wi%$ to build on ,tabor4 ,! cu/om ( mak+ ,pilgrimages 7 #eg1 #f7 also f\nd great fav\r among ! travel-lov+ ,g]mans1 especially among ! ,anglo-,saxons4 ,! places mo/ frequ5t$ by pilgrims 7 ! tomb ( ! *ief ,apo/les at ,rome1 !n ! tomb ( ,m>t9 ( ,t\rs1 &1 t[>d ! end ( our p]iod1 t ( ,/4 ,james ( ,compo/ella1 ,jacobus ,apo/olus ! eld]1 ! suppos$ f\nd] ( ! ,spani% *ur*1 ^: bones 7 discov]$ !re by ,alfonso ! ,*a/e4 ,! immoralities consequ5t ^u pilgrimages1 ab\t :i* ev5 ! anci5t *ur* compla9$1 7 also only too app>5t 9 ?is lat] age4 ,on acc\nt ( !m ,boniface urges t 8 c\ntrywom5 %\ld be =bidd5 to g on pilgrimages1 s9ce ?is only s]v$ to supply ! cities ( ,gaul & ,italy ) pro/itutes4 ,! idea ( ,gu>dian ,angels 7 #eg1 #c7 0 eag]ly adopt$ by ! ,g]mans4 ,!y 7 specially drawn to ! w>like ,ar*angel ,mi*ael1 ! conqu]or ( ! great dragon 7,dan4 xii4 #a2 ,jude #i2 ,rev4 xii4 #g ff474--,cont9uation1 #ajd1 #h4 #hh4e4 ,times & ,places = ,public ,wor%ip4--,! beg9n+ ( ! *ur* ye> 0 *ang$ f ,ea/] to ,*ri/mas4 ,all ,sa9ts' ,day 7 #eg1 #a71 orig9ally a ,roman local fe/ival1 0 made a univ]sal ord9ance by ,gregory ,,iv4 :o1 9 ,a4,d4 #hce1 fix$ its date at #a/ ,nov4 ,! abundance ( relics & ! multitude ( masses t 7 said made x necess>y to increase ! numb] ( alt>s 9 ! *ur*es beyond :at ,*>lemagne _h enjo9$4 ,aft]w>ds !y 7 usually limit$ to ?ree4 ,! high alt> /ood out by itself 9 ! middle ( ! *oir recess4 ,! side alt>s leant on pill>s or on ! *ief alt>4 ,a relic %r9e g5]ally f ! #h? c5tury =m$ ! back ( ! alt>4 ,no trace ( a *ancel is f\nd1 n ev5 ( a confessional *air4 ,9 *ur*es :i* _h ! "r ( baptiz+ 7 #hd1 #b7 !re 7 z a rule sep>ate bapti/ries4 ,9 place ( ^!1 aft] ! "r ( baptiz+ 0 conf]r$ on all *ur*es1 ! baptismal font 0 introduc$1 ei!r on ! left side ( ! ma9 entrance or at ! po9t :]e ! transepts cross$ ! nave4 ,?is *ange requir$ ! sub/itution ( spr9kl+ = imm]sion4 ,clocks & t[]s became always m common4 ,! latt]1 at fir/ sep>ate f ! build+s1 7 f ,*>lemagne's "t atta*$ to ! *ur* edifice4 ,! baptism ( bells1 _! consecration ) wat]1 oil & *rism1 ) ! be/[+ on !m ( "s sa9t's "n1 0 =bidd5 by ,*>lemagne1 b x 0 nev]!less cont9u$1 & is common to ?is day 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*4 #hh4f4 ,mo/ att5tion 0 paid to ecclesia/ical ar*itecture & pa9t+1 s\? ( ! ,alps dur+ ! ,o/ro-go?ic p]iod1 nor? ( ! ,alps dur+ ! ,c>ol+ian p]iod4 ,! ,anglo-,saxons1 h[ev]1 9 _! isl& home also develop$ a ta/e = art4 ,dur+ ! #i? c5tury x receiv$ special att5tion 9 ! ,g]man mona/]ies ( ,/4 ,gall & ,fulda4 ,! monk ,tutilo ( ,/4 ,gall1 d4 ,a4,d4 #iab1 0 pre-em95tly di/+ui%$ bo? z a ma/] 9 ar*itecture1 pa9t+ & sculpture1 & 9 poetry & s*ol>%ip4 ,! old ,roman basilica /yle /ill ma9ta9$ ! front rank 9 *ur* build+4 ,yet at ,rav5na1 ! ,byzantium ( ,italy1 dur+ ! ,go?ic dom9ation !re 7 sev]al beautiful *ur*es 9 ! ,byzant9e cupola /yle4 ,e9h>d receiv$ f ,*>lemagne ! rank ( a c\rt ar*itect4 ,( all ! *ur*es built 9 ,*>lemagne's "t ! mo/ important 0 ! ca!dral ( ,aa*54 ,x 0 built 9 ! cupola /yle aft] ! patt]n ( ! ca!dral *ur* ( ,rav5na4 ,int5d$ z a royal *apel1 x 0 connect$ by a pill>$ passage ) ! palace4 ,x 0 !re=e also ( only mod]ate dim5sions4 ,its be+ appropriat$ z ! coronation *ur* l$ subsequ5tly to its enl>gem5t by ! addition to x 9 ,a4,d4 #acee ( a l>ge *oir 9 ! ,go?ic /yle4 ,! *ur* af=d$ abundant scope = ! use ( ! art ( ! /atu>y4 ,co/ly %r9es = relics 7 requir$1 crucifixes1 lamps1 ciboria1 inc5se vessels1 etc41 on :i* might be lavi%$ all ! ref9em5ts ( arti/ic skill4 ,! *ur* books _h arti/ically c>v$ cov]s4 ,*ur* doors1 episcopal ?rones1 read+ desks1 baptismal fonts1 af=d$ room = practice 9 relievo "w4 ,among ! v>i\s k9ds ( pictorial repres5tations m9iature pa9t+ 0 mo/ dilig5tly practis$ ^u copies ( ! *ur* books4--,cont9uation1 #ajd1 #ab1 #ad4 #hi4 ,,national ,,cu/oms1 ,,social ,,life ,,& ,,*ur* ,,discipl9e4 ,! rema9s ( ,*ri/ian popul> poetry ( ?is p]iod af=d a conv9c+ pro( ( ! p[]ful & pr(\nd mann] 9 :i* ! tru?s ( ,*ri/ianity 7 #ge1 #a7 _h be5 grasp$ by ! ,g]man races4 ,! great mass ( ! p inde$ _h adopt$ ! new fai? 9 a purely hi/orical fa%ion4 ,only gradually did x make its way into ! inn] spiritual life1 & mean:ile out ( ! n fully conqu]$ paganism !re grew up a ri* crop ( sup]/itions 9 connection ) ! ,*ri/ian life4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t ! /ate ( morality among ! ,g]mans _h fall5 v l[ z comp>$ ) t :i* prevail$ be=e ,g]many's conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity4 ,a sadd] contra/ is sc>cely conceivable ?an t pres5t$ by a comp>ison ( ! description 9 ,tacitus ( ! old ,g]man cu/oms & discipl9e & ! acc\nt ( ,gregory ( ,t\rs ( colossal crim9ality & bruti% s5suality 9 ! ,m]ov+ian ,age4 ,b nev] m ?an "h does ! fallacy3 ,po/ hoc ergo propt] hoc1 require to be gu>d$ aga9/4 ,! moral det]ioration ( ! ,g]man peoples 0 c>ri$ out indep5d5tly ( _! contemporane\s1 m]ely ext]nal1 ,*ri/ianization4 ,! cause ( x lies only 9 ! ov]turn+ ( ! f\ndations ( ,g]man life by ! migration ( ! peoples4 ,sev]$ f _! orig9al home1 ! mo/ p[]ful gu>dian ( ance/ral cu/oms1 & set d[n z conqu]ors 9 ! mid/ ( ri* c\ntries ) morally base surr\nd+s1 :i* _h a poison\s effect ^u !m1 ) t eag]ness & t5acity :i* *>act]ize *ildr5 ( nature1 !y seiz$ ^u ! s$uctive treasures & enjoym5ts1 & _! unfett]$ passion broke ?r\gh all re/ra9ts ( discipl9e & morality4 ,! cle>e/ pro( ( ?is view lies 9 ! fact t ! moral decay appe>$ 9 s rem>kable a degree only among su* peoples z settl$ 9 ! corrupt ,roman _w & became amalgamat$ ) x1 mo/ conspicu\sly among ! ,franks 9 ,gaul & ! ,longob>ds 9 ,italy1 :]eas among ! ,anglo-,saxons & ! inhabitants ( ,g]many ! moral developm5t 0 m normal4 #hi4a4 ,sup]/ition4--,a p[]ful impulse 0 giv5 to sup]/ition on ! "o h& by ! *ur*1 accord+ to ! educational me?od recomm5d$ by ,gregory ! ,great 7 #ge1 #c71 refus+ recklessly to root out e elem5t ( paganism & r endeav\r+ to give ,*ri/ian applications to hea!n in/itutions & views & to fill pagan =ms ) ,*ri/ian cont5ts1 & on ! o!r h&1 by ! repres5tatives ( ! *ur* n reg>d+ belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( hea!n deities z a delusion b c\nt+ ! gods & goddesses z demons4 ,! popul> belief !re=e saw 9 !m a set ( de?ron$ deities :o 9 c]ta9 realms ( nature ma9ta9 _! anci5t sway1 :om !re=e !y d>e n v5ture altoge!r to disoblige4 ,! fanciful poetic view ( nature prevail+ among ! ,g]mans contribut$ also to ?is result1 ) its love ( ! my/]i\s & sup]natural1 its fondness = subtle enquiries & intellectual inve/igations4 ,?us1 9 ! wor%ip ( ! sa9ts z well z 9 ! *ur*'s belief 9 angels & devils1 new ri* worlds op5$ !mselves up be=e ! ,*ri/ianiz$ ,g]mans1 :i* ! popul> belief soon improv$ ^u4 ,! pi\s man is expos$ on all sides to ! vexations ( demons1 b he is also on all sides surr\nd$ by ! protect+ c>e ( sa9ts & angels4 ,! popul> belief made a great deal ( ! devil1 b ! relation ( m5 to ! pr9ce ( d>kness & 8 att5dant spirits seem$ mu* too e>ne/ & real to be z yet ! subject ( ! hum\r :i* *>act]iz$ ! devil leg5ds ( ! lat] ,middle ,ages1 9 :i* ! *eat$1 8/upid0 devil is repres5t$ z at la/ possess$ only ( impot5t rage & sneak+ (f 9 disgrace4 #hi4b4 ,popul> ,education4--,! idea ( a g5]al sy/em ( education = ! p 0 already pres5t to ! m9d ( ,*>lemagne4 ,yet z we may suppose only beg9n+s 7 made t[>d its realization4 ,bi%op ,!odulf ( ,orleans 0 specially active 9 f\nd+ s*ools = ! p 9 all ! villages & c\ntry t[ns ( 8 diocese4 ,! religi\s in/ruction ( ! y\? 0 re/rict$ z a rule to ! tea*+ ( ! ,"l's ,pray] & ! ,apo/les' ,cre$4 ,:atev] gr[n up man or woman did n "k ^! two 0 at ,*>les' comm& to be subject$ to flogg+ & fa/+ & to be made to le>n !m besides4 ,z evid5ce ( ! ext5t ( a religi\s consci\sness among ! p may be adduc$ ! ,g]man =ms ( adjuration1 belief1 confession & pray]1 ( ! #h? & #i? c5turies :i* are /ill pres]v$4 ,fur!r means ( advanc+ ! religi\s education ( ! p 7 af=d$ by ! attempts to make ! biblical & patri/ic books accessible to ! p by translations 9 _! own language4 ,among ! ,g]mans ! mona/]y ( ,/4 ,gall 0 fam\s = its zeal 9 orig9at+ a national lit]ature4 ,among ! ,anglo-,saxons ?is ef=t 0 made & c>ri$ out by ,alfr$ ! ,great1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #ija 7 #ij1 #aj74 #hi4c4 ,*ri/ian ,popul> ,poetry4--,x makes its fir/ appe>ance at ! end ( ! #g? c5tury & cont9u$ f> d[n into ! #i? c5tury4 ,x fl\ri%$ *iefly 9 ,engl& & ,g]many4 ,"u ! "n ( ! ,nor?umbrian ,cdmon1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #fhj1 !re has be5 pres]v$ a :ole s]ies ( biblical poems ( no small poetic m]it1 :i* range ov] ! :ole ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t hi/ory4 ,! mo/ important ,anglo-,saxon poet aft] him 0 8 c\ntryman ,cynewulf liv+ ab\t a c5tury lat]4 ,8 poems are less homely & simple1 b m elaborate ?an ^? ( ,cdmon1 & z full ( poetic en?usiasm z ^!4 ,he too pa9ts = u 9 8 8,*ri/0 ! picture ( ! ,r$eem] z t ( a manly victori\s pr9ce among 8 true 8*ampions & e>ls0 ) su* cle>-cut features t 8:oev] once beholds !m w nev] aga9 =get !m40 ,8 poetically wr\ght up leg5ds be> m ( ! ,romi% /amp ) traces ( sa9t wor%ip & ! doctr9e ( m]it4#bdg ,/ill high] ?an ^! two ,anglo-,saxon productions /&s ! ,g]man-,saxon epic ! ,heli&1 ( ! "t ( ,l\is ( ,france1 a song ( ! ,messiah wor?y ( its augu/ subject1 truly national1 p]fect 9 =m1 simple1 lively & maje/ic 9 /yle1 transpos+ into ,g]man blood & life a g5u9e deep ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 poetic value sc>cely less significant is ! 8,kri/0 ( ,otfri$1 a monk ( ,weiss5b]g ab\t ,a4,d4 #hfj4 ,ne> to 8 he>t z well z to t ( ! ,anglo-,saxon s+]s lay ! ?\ght3 ?az wir ,kri/e sungun 9 uns]e ,zungun4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 no long] popul> b arti/ic poetry1 9 :i* ! old ,g]man lett] rhyme or allit]ation gives place to ! s(t] & m delicate f9al rhyme4 ,to ?is class belongs also ! s-call$ ,wessobrunn] ,pray]1 ( :i* ! fir/ poetical half is probably a fragm5t ( a l>g] hymn ( ! creation1 & a poem 9 ,high ,g]man on ! end ( ! _w & ! la/ judgm5t1 kn[n by ! "n ( ,muspilli1 extant only z a fragm5t :i* is1 h[ev]1 almo/ unsurpassable 9 dignity & gr&eur ( description4 #hi4d4 ,social ,condition4--,f ! po9t ( view ( ,g]man law ! contract ( betro?al _h ! validity ( m>riage & ! subsequ5t nuptial c]emony or surr5d] ( ! bride to ! bridegroom 9 a public legal mann] by h] fa!r or legal gu>dian 0 held to be only ! c>ry+ out ( t contract4 ,! bridal c]emony ) ! ecclesia/ical b5$iction ( ! m>riage bond already legally ti$1 0 frequ5tly celebrat$ only on ! day foll[+ ! m>riage1 !re=e aft] its consummation4 ,! ,capitul>y ( ,*>lemagne ( ,a4,d4 #hjb came to ! support ( ! claims ( ! *ur* 7 #fa1 #b71 orda9+ t )\t previ\s c>eful enquiry z to ! relation%ip ( ! p>ties by ! prie/1 & ! eld]s ( ! p1 & also )\t ! prie/ly b5$iction1 no m>riage c\ld be conclud$4 ,! ,pseudo-,isidorian decretals ascrib$ ?is dem& to ! popes ( ! #d? & #e? c5turies4 ,b ! "r to p]=m m>riages 0 n !reby committ$ to ! *ur*2 x 0 only t ! religi\s consecration ( ! civil ord9ance ( m>riage 0 n[ made obligatory4 ,x seem$ be/ ( all :5 soon] or lat] ! sp\ses volunt>ily r5\nc$ m>ital int]c\rse2 b ?is 0 /rictly =bidd5 dur+ ,l5t 7 #ef1 #d1 #e71 on all fe/ivals & on ! /ation days ( ! week 7,w$nesday1 ,friday1 ,saturday & ,sunday74 ,second m>riages 7 br&$ ) ! reproa* ( incont95ce & call$ =? a l5g!n$ p5ance4 ,!re 0 on ! o!r h& z yet no prohibition ( divorce1 & ! m>ry+ aga9 ( ^? sep>at$ 0 only unconditionally =bidd5 9 p>ticul> cases4 ,! *ur* 0 n will+ to tol]ate mix$ m>riages ) hea!ns1 ,jews & ,arians4 ,! ,g]mans f\nd x mo/ difficult to reconcile !mselves to ! /rict requirem5ts ( ! *ur* 9 reg>d to ! prohibit$ degrees ( relation%ip4 ,national cu/oms _h reg>d$ _m su* m>riages1 especially ) a bro!r's wid[1 z ev5 a pi\s duty4#bdh--;,cont9uation1 #ajd1 #f4--,slav]y or ,s]fdom 0 an in/itution s closely connect$ among ! ,g]mans ) _! notions ( prop]ty t ! *ur* c\ld n ?9k ( its entire abolition2 inde$ ! *ur* itself1 ) its l>ge l&$ possessions1 own$ q a multitude ( slaves4 ,yet x e>ne/ly ma9ta9$ ! religi\s & moral equality ( ma/]s & s]vants1 assign$ to ! manumission ( slaves "o ( ! fir/ places among good works1 & 0 always ready to give protection to bondm5 aga9/ cruel ma/]s4#bdi--,! *ur* ) special en]gy ent]$ ^u ! task ( ,c>+ = ! ,poor2 ev5 pr\d & he>tless bi%ops c\ld n ov]look x4 ,e well appo9t$ *ur* _h sev]al build+s 9 :i* ! poor1 ! sick1 wid[s & orphans 7 ma9ta9$ at ! *ur*'s co/4#bej #hi4e4 ,practice ( ,pubic ,law4--,! cu/om ( ,blood ,rev5ge 0 also a ?or\ghly ,g]man in/itution4 ,x _h1 h[ev]1 be5 fairly re/rict$ by ! cu/om ( ,composition or ! paym5t ( satisfaction 9 ! =m ( a pecuni>y f9e4 ,! *ur* f its dislike ( capital puni%m5t decid$ly fav\r$ ?is sy/em4 ,z a means ( secur+ judicial evid5ce oa?s & ordeals 7 adm9i/]$4 ,only ! freeman1 :o 0 q capable ( act+ 9 accordance ) 8 own judgm5t1 0 all[$ to take an ,oa?2 ! husb& took ! oa? = 8 wife1 ! fa!r = ! *ildr51 ! ma/] = ! slave4 ,relatives1 fri5ds & equals 9 rank swore along ) him z %>]s ( 8 oa?1 ,conjuratores4 ,al?\gh !y repeat$ ) him ! oa? =mula1 ! mean+ ( _! action simply 0 t !y 7 fully satisfi$ z to ! hon\r & tru?fulness ( him :o took ! oa?4 ,:]e ! oa? ( purgation 0 n all[$1 conjuratores 7 n =?com+ & ! o!r means ( pro( awant+1 ! ,ordeal 7,ordale f ,ordljudgm5t7 0 introduc$4 ,"u ?is may be includ$3 #a4 ,! ,duel1 d]iv$ f ! old popul> belief3 ,deum adesse bellantitus4 ,only a freeman 0 all[$ to ent] ! li/s4 ,old m51 wom51 *ildr5 & prie/s 7 all[$ to put 9 _! place ano!r ( ! same rank by bir?4 #b4 ,v>i\s fire te/s2 hold+ ! b>e h& a l5g? ( "t 9 ! fire2 9 a simple %irt walk+ ov] burn+ logs ( wood2 c>ry+ gl[+ iron 9 ! b>e h& = n9e paces2 walk+ b>efoot ov] n9e or twelve gl[+ pl\gh%>es4 #c4 ,two wat] te/s3 ! accus$ 0 oblig$ to pick up ) 8 nak$ h& a r+ or /one out ( a kettle fill$ ) boil+ wat]1 or ) a cord r\nd 8 nak$ body he 0 ca/ into deep wat]1 8 s9k+ 0 ! pro( ( 8 innoc5ce4 #d4 ,! cross te/3 he ^: arms fir/ sank ) we>9ess f ! cruci=m position1 0 reg>d$ z defeat$4 #e4 ,! ,eu*>i/ te/1 appli$ especially to prie/s3 x 0 expect$ t ! crim9al %\ld soon die "u ! /roke ( ,god's wra?4 ,z a sub/itute = ?is among ! laity we f9d ! te/ ( ! consecrat$ morsel1 ,judicium (f :i* ! accus$ 0 requir$ to swall[ dur+ mass4 #f4 ,! bi] te/1 ,judicium f]etri3 if :5 ! accus$ t\*$ ! w\nd ( ! murd]$ man blood fl[$ f ! w\nd or =? f ! m\?1 x 0 reg>d$ z pro( ( 8 guilt4 ,! *ur* ) its belief 9 miracles occupi$ ! same gr\nd z t on :i* ! ordeal practice 0 root$4 ,x c\ld !re=e only combat ! hea!n conception ( ! ordeal & n ! ?+ itself4 ,b ! *ur* took *>ge ( ! :ole proc$ure1 & c]ta9ly did mu* to r$uce ! dang] to a m9imum4 ,x 0 ,agob>d ( ,lyons1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #hdj1 :o fir/ cont5d$ aga9/ ! sup]/ition z wor?y ( reprobation4 ,subsequ5tly ! ,roman *air1 fir/ by ,ni*olas ,i41 =bade ordeals ( all k9ds4--,among ! v>i\s k9ds ( privileges involv+ ! inviolability ( p]son & goods1 pr(ession & bus9ess1 ! privileges ( ! *ur* 7 reg>d$ z next highe/ to ^? ( ! k+4 ,any injury done to ecclesia/ical p]sons or prop]ties & any crime committ$ 9 a sacr$ place1 requir$ a ?reefold great] composition ?an cet]is p>ibus w\ld h o!rwise be5 requir$4 ,! bi%op rank$ ) ! duke1 ! prie/ ) ! c\nt4 #hi4f4 ,*ur* ,discipl9e & ,p5it5tial ,ex]cises 7 #fa1 #a74--,! ,g]man ,/ate all[$ ! *ur* a %>e 9 ! adm9i/ration ( puni%m5ts1 & reg>d$ an evildo]'s atonem5t z complete only :5 he _h submitt$ to ! ecclesia/ical z well z ! secul> judgm5t4 ,out ( ?is grew ! in/itution ( ,episcopal ,synodal ,judicatures1 ,synodus1 "u ,*>lemagne4 ,once a ye> ! bi%op accompani$ by a royal ,missus 0 to travel ov] ! :ole diocese1 &1 ( e p>i% prie/ assi/$ by assessors sworn = ! purpose1 %\ld inquire m9utely into ! moral & ecclesia/ical condition ( ea* ( ! congregations "u him & puni% ! s9s & %ortcom+s discov]$4 ,directions = ! conduct+ ( ,synodal judicatures 7 writt5 by ,reg9o ( ,prm & ,h9cm> ( ,rheims 7 #ij1 #e74 ,! /ate also gave au?ority to ,ecclesia/ical ,excommunication by putt+ its civil =ces at ! disposal ( ! *ur*4 ,pep9 orda9$ t no excommunicat$ p]son %\ld ent] a *ur*1 no ,*ri/ian %\ld eat or dr9k ) him1 none %\ld ev5 greet him4 ,directions = ! practice ( ,p5it5tial ,discipl9e are giv5 9 ! v>i\s ,p5it5tials or ,confessional-books1 :i*1 aft] ! patt]n ( =5sic productions1 settle ! am\nt ( p5al exactions = all conceivable s9s 9 proportion to _! enormity4 ,! ,p5it5tial errone\sly ascrib$ to ,!odore ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury 7 #ij1 #h7 is ! model ^u :i* mo/ ( ^! are con/ruct$4 ,! ,confessional-books t g "u ! names ( ! ,v5]able ,b$e & ,egb]t ( ,york obta9$ p>ticul>ly high fav\r4 ,all ^! books1 ev5 9 _! e>lie/ =m extremely p]v]se & 9 _! lat] mu* alt]$ =ms full ( contradictions1 errors & arbitr>y positions1 r$uc$ ! :ole p5it5tial practice to ! utmo/ dep?s ( ext]nalization & corruption4 ,h[ confus$ & w>p$ ! *ur* idea ( p5it5ce _h become is se5 by ! r5d]+ ( ! ^w pnit5tia by p5ance1 i4e4 satisfaction1 atonem5t4 ,9 ! ,p5it5tials pnit]e is q id5tical ) jejun>e4 ,! idea ( pnit5tia hav+ be5 once associat$ ) ext]nal p]=mances1 !re c\ld be no objection to sub/itute ! cu/om>y p5it5tial act ( fa/+ 7 #ef1 #g7 = o!r spiritual ex]cises1 or by adoption ( ! ,g]man legal practice ( receiv+ composition to accept a money tax = ecclesia/ical or b5evol5t purposes4 ,9 ?is way ! fir/ traces made _! appe>ance ( ! ,indulg5ces ( ! lat] ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*4 ,x !re=e foll[$ f ?is1 t1 z satisfaction c\ld be r5d]$ = all s9s by correspond+ acts ( p5ance1 s ^! works might also be p]=m$ vic>i\sly by o!rs4 ,?us 9 ! ,p5it5tials !re grew up a sy/em ( ,p5it5tial ,r$emptions :i* =m$ ! mo/ despicable mock]y ( all e>ne/ p5it5ce4 ,= example1 a direction is giv5 z to h[ a ri* man may be absolv$ f a p5ance ( sev5 ye>s 9 ?ree days1 )\t inconv5i5c+ himself1 if he produces ! numb] ( m5 ne$$ to fa/ = him4 ,su* deep corruption ( ! p5it5tial discipl9e1 h[ev]1 ar\s$1 9 ! #h? & #i? c5turies1 a p[]ful reaction aga9/ ! ,confessional-books & _! corrupt pr9ciples4 ,x 0 fir/ br\ght =w>d at ! ,engli% ,synod at ,clove%o 9 ,a4,d4 #gdg2 9 its foot/eps foll[$ ! ,fr5* ,synods ( ,*alons 9 ,a4,d4 #hac1 ( ,p>is ,a4,d4 #hbi1 ( ,ma9z1 ,a4,d4 #hdg4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,p>is ord]$ t all ,confessional-books %\ld be seiz$ & burnt4 ,!y nev]!less /ill cont9u$ to be us$4--,!re did n z yet exi/ any univ]sal & unconditional compulsion to make confession4 ,! cu/om1 h[ev]1 ( a ye>ly confession 9 ! ,ea/] =ty days' season 0 ev5 dur+ ! #i? c5tury s preval5t1 t ! omission ( x 0 foll[$ by a sev]e c5sure by ! synodal c\rt4 ,! =mul ( absolution 7 only deprecative1 n judicative4#bea ,,iv4 ,,!ology ,,& ,,its ,,battles4 #ij4 ,,s*ol>%ip ,,& ,,!ological ,,sci5ce4#beb ,) ! exception ( ,ulfilas' fam\s ef=ts1 ! ,arian p]iod ( ,g]man *ur* hi/ory is q b>r5 9 sci5tific p]=mances4 ,yet ^? few :o pres]v$ & fo/]$ ! sci5tific ga9s ( e>li] times 7 hon\r$ & made use ( by ! noble-m9d$ ,o/rogo? k+ ,!odoric1 & "u him ,boe?ius ,bo?ius & ,cassiodorus 7 #dg1 #bc7 p]=m$ ! praisewor?y task ( sav+ ! remnants ( classical & patri/ic le>n+4 ,= ,spa9 ! same (fice 0 p]=m$ by ,isidore ( ,seville1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #fcf1 ^: text-books cont9u$ = c5turies1 ev5 on ?is side ! ,pyr5ees1 to supply ! gr\ndwork ( s*ol>ly /udies4 ,! num]\s ,scotti% & ,iri% mona/]ies ma9ta9$ _! reputation d[n to ! #i? c5tury = em95t piety & di/+ui%$ s*ol>%ip4 ,among ! ,anglo-,saxons ! le>n$ ,greek monk ,!odore ( ,t>sus1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #fij1 & 8 companion ,hadrian1 enk9dl$ an en?usiasm = classical /udies1 & ! v5]able ,b$e1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #gce1 ?\gh he nev] quitt$ 8 mona/]y1 became ! mo/ fam\s tea*] 9 all ! ,we/1 ,! ,dani% pirates did inde$ cru% almo/ to ext9ction ! se$s ( ,anglo-,saxon culture1 b ,alfr$ ! ,great s[$ !m anew1 ?\gh ?is revival 0 only = a little :ile4 ,9 ,gaul ,gregory ( ,t\rs1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #eie1 0 ! la/ repres5tative ( ,roman ecclesia/ical le>n+4 ,aft] him we ent] ^u a *aos )\t =m & void1 f :i* ! creative _s ( ,*>lemagne fir/ call$ a new day :i* spread ov] ! :ole ,we/ its enlight5+ beams4 ,?is light1 h[ev]1 0 put out ev5 by ! "t ( ! great emp]or's gr&son1 & !n we sudd5ly pass into ! night ( ! ,sculum ,obscurum 7 #ajj74 #ij4a4 ,rul]s ( ! ,c>ol+ian ,l9e4--,*>lemagne1 ,a4,d4 #gfh-had1 may be reg>d$ z beg9n+ 8 sci5tific und]tak+s on 8 fir/ entrance into ,italy 9 ,a4,d4 #ggd4 ,on ?is occasion he came to "k ! s*ol>s ,pet] ( ,pisa1 ,paul ,w>nefrid1 ,paul9us ( ,aquileia1 & ,!odulf ( ,orleans1 & br\ght !m to 8 palace4 ,f ,a4,d4 #ghb1 h[ev]1 ! p>ticul>ly brilliant /> ( 8 c\rt 0 ! ,anglo-,saxon s*ol> ,alcu91 :om ,*>les _h met 9 ,italy 9 ! previ\s ye>4 ,sci5tific /udies 7 n[ c>ri$ on 9 an exce$+ly vigor\s mann] 9 ! palace4 ,! royal family1 ! :ole c\rt & its surr\nd+s engag$ ^u !m1 b ( !m all ,*>les himself 0 ! mo/ dilig5t & successful ( ,alcu9's /ud5ts4 ,9 ! royal s*ool1 ,s*ola palat9a1 :i* 0 ambulatory l ! royal resid5ce itself1 ! sons & daught]s ( ! k+ ) ! *ildr5 ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ families ( ! l& receiv$ a high-class education4 ,! tea*+ /aff 0 con/antly recruit$ f ,engl&1 ,irel& & ,italy4 ,aft] su* prep>ations ,*>les issu$ 9 ,a4,d4 #ghg a circul> to all ! bi%ops & abbots ( 8 k+dom :i* enjo9$ "u ?reat ( 8 sev]e royal displeasure t s*ools %\ld be erect$ 9 all mona/]ies & ca!dral *ur*es4 ,mean:ile 8 endeav\rs 7 mo/ successful1 b 7 r "o-sid$ 9 ! pref]5ce giv5 to classical & patri/ic lit]ature1 )\t a prop] national f\ndation4 ,*>les's great & g5]\s nature inde$ _h a w>m int]e/ 9 national culture1 b ^? ar\nd him1 ) ! s+le exception ( ,paul ,w>nefrid1 _h 9 consequ5ce ( _! ,lat9 monki% tra9+ lo/ all ta/e = ,g]man ?\ght1 language & nationality1 & fe>+ le/ su* /udies might endang] ,*ri/ianity & cause a relapse into paganism1 !y did n help b r h9d]$ ! k+'s ef=t to promote a national lit]ature4--,l\is ! ,pi\s1 ,a4,d4 #had-hdj1 _h 8 weak gov]nm5t di/urb$ by ! /rifes ( p>ties & ( ! citiz5s4 ,?is p]iod1 !re=e1 0 n specially fav\rable to ! developm5t ( sci5tific /udies1 b ! se$ s[n by 8 fa!r /ill bore noble fruit4 ,8 son ,lo?air issu$ an ord9ance :i* gave a new organization to ! educational sy/em ( ,italy1 inde$ creat$ x anew4 ,b ,italy re/less & full ( factions 0 ! l& :]e lea/ ( all su* in/itutions c\ld be successfully conduct$4 ,a new gold5 age1 h[ev]1 dawn$ = ,france "u ,*>les ! ,bald1 ,a4,d4 #hdj-hgg4 ,8 c\rt resembl$ t ( 8 great gr&fa!r 9 hav+ ga!r$ to x ! lite ( s*ol>s f all ! ,we/4 ,! royal s*ool ga9$ new r5[n "u ! direction ( ,joannes ,scotus ,erig5a4 ,! ca!dral & mona/ic s*ools ( ,france vi$ ) ! mo/ fam\s in/itutions ( ,g]many 7,/4 ,gall1 ,fulda1 ,rei*5au1 etc471 & ov] ! ,fr5* episcopal sees m5 presid$ :o _h ! mo/ di/+ui%$ reputation = s*ol>%ip4 ,b aft] ,*>les's dea? ! bloom ( ! ,c>ol+ian p]iod pass$ away ) almo/ inconceivable rapidity amid ! commotions ( ! "t into ?ick d>kness1 *aos & b>b>ism4 #ij4b4 ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,!ologians ( ! ,pre-,c>ol+ian ,age4 #a4 ,9 ,m]ov+ian ,france fl\ri%$ ,gregory ( ,t\rs1 sprung ( a good ,roman family4 ,:5 9 ,a4,d4 #egc1 9 ord] to get cur$ ( an illness1 he made a pilgrimage to ! tomb ( ,/4 ,m>t9 7 #dg1 #ad71 he _h ! bi%opric ( ,t\rs conf]r$ ^u him1 :]e he cont9u$ till 8 dea? 9 ,a4,d4 #eie4 ,8 ,hi/oria ,ecclesia/ica ,francorum 9 t5 ,bks4 af=ds u ! only exact & tru/wor?y in=mation we possess ( ! ,m]ov+ian age4 ,! ,ll4 ,,vii4 ,miraculorum are a collection ( sev]al hagiographic writ+s1 f\r ( !m rec\nt+ "s ( ! innum]able miracles ( ,/4 ,m>t94 #b4 ,sci5tific /udies 7 prosecut$ m vigor\sly on ! o!r side ( ! ,pyr5ees ?an on ?is4 ,9 ! empire ( ! ,suevi 7 #gf1 #d7 ar*bi%op ,m>t9 ( ,bracc>a1 n[ ,braga1 di/+ui%$ himself 9 ! "w ( ,ca?olicis+ ! ,arian population4 ,he 0 previ\sly abbot ( ! mona/]y ( ,dumio1 & di$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #ehj4 ,he 0 a volum9\s writ] on *ur* law & also 9 ! dep>tm5ts ( moral & ascetical !ology4 ,8 writ+s 9 ! latt] section h s mu* 9 common ) ^? ( ,s5eca t !y 7 at "o "t ascrib$ to ! ,roman morali/4 ,! treatise ,de ,correctione ,ru/icorum is v important = ! hi/ory ( ! morals1 legal in/itutions & culture ( t p]iod4--,! great /> ( ! ,spani% ,visigo?ic k+dom 0 ,isidorus ,isidore ,hispal5sis1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #fcf4 ,he 0 desc5d$ f a di/+ui%$ ,go?ic family1 &1 z successor ( 8 bro!r ,le&]1 rose to ! ar*bi%opric ( ,seville 7,hispalis74 ,8 writ+s are dilig5t compilations1 :i* h pres]v$ to u _m fragm5ts & items ( in=mation o!rwise unkn[n4 ,incomp>ably great]1 h[ev]1 0 ! s]vice !y r5d]$ 9 convey+ classical & patri/ic le>n+ to ! ,g]man _w ( t age4 ,8 mo/ compreh5sive "w consi/s ( xx4 ,bks4 ,orig9um s4 ,etymologi>um1 an encyclopdic exhibition ( ! :ole field ( k ( ! day4 ,he also wrote a ,*ronicon rea*+ d[n to ,a4,d4 #fbg1 & ,hi/4 de regibus ,gotorum1 a %ort] ,hi/4 ,v&alorum et ,suevorum1 & a cont9uation ( ,j]ome's ,catalogus de viris illu/r4 ,( m importance ?an 8 num]\s compilations ( my/ico-allegorical expositions ( ,scripture are ! iii4 ,bks4 ,s5t5ti>um1 a well-arrang$ sy/em ( doctr9e & morals f patri/ic passages1 especially f ,augu/9e & ,gregory ! ,great1 & ! ,lb4 ,,ii4 de eccle/4 (ficiis4 ,! two la/-nam$ works 7 highly priz$ z text-books ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! two books ,contra ,judos belong to ! dep>tm5t ( apologetics4 ,he also compos$ a mona/ic rule 7comp4 fur!r #hg1 #a & #hh1 #a74--;,isidore's eld] bro!r ,le&] ( ,seville1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #eij1 _h a good reputation z a *ur* lead] 7 #gf1 #b2 #hh1 #a71 & _h no insignificant rank z a !ological writ]4 ,! same may be said ( ! two bi%ops ( ,tol$o1 ,ildefonsus1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #ffi1 & ,julianus1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #fij4 #c4 ,engl&'s greate/ & mo/ fam\s tea*] 0 ! ,anglo-,saxon1 ! ,v5]able ,b$e4 ,tra9$ 9 ! mona/]y ( ,we>m\?1 he subsequ5tly took up 8 resid5ce 9 ! mona/]y ( ,j>r[1 :]e he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #gce4 ,he 0 a pr(ici5t 9 all ! sci5ces ( 8 "t & )al a model ( humility1 piety & amiability4 ,:ile 8 num]\s pupils rea*$ ! highe/ places 9 ! s]vice ( ! *ur*1 _! fam\s tea*] cont9u$ 9 quiet retirem5t z a simple monk4 ,he himself wi%$ no?+ else4 ,ev5 on 8 dea?b$ he cont9u$ unwe>i$ly to tea* & write4 ,imm$iately be=e 8 dea? he dictat$ ! la/ *apt] ( an ,anglo-,saxon translation ( ! ,gospel ( ,john4 ,by f> 8 mo/ important "w = u is ! ,hi/4 eccle/4 g5tis ,anglorum 9 #e ,bks4 rea*+ d[n to ,a4,d4 #gca 7,engl4 ,transl4 by ,giles1 ,lond41 #ahdj2 & by ,gidley1 ,lond41 #ahga74 ,connect$ ) ?is are 8 biographies ( sev]al sa9ts ( 8 native l&1 also a hi/ory ( ! mona/]y ( ,we>m\?1 & a ,*ronicon de sex tatibus mundi rea*+ d[n to ,a4,d4 #gbi4 ,8 comm5t>ies rang+ ov] almo/ all ! books ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t give evid5ce ( a wond]ful k ( ! fa!rs4 ,8 num]\s s]mons are mo/ly exegetical & practical1 r>ely doctr9al4 ,he 0 di/+ui%$ too z a poet 9 ,lat9 z well z 9 8 "m tongue4 #ij4c4 ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,!ologians ( ! ,age ( ,*>lemagne4 #a4 ,! brighte/ /> 9 ! !ological firmam5t ( ?is p]iod 0 ! ,anglo-,saxon ,alcu9 7,alb9us7 ) ! ,horatian surname ( ,flaccus1 :i* he got = 8 poetical productions4 ,he 0 educat$ 9 ! fam\s s*ool ( ,york "u ,egb]t & ,elb]t4 ,:5 ! latt] 0 made ar*bi%op 9 ,a4,d4 #gff1 ,alcu9 und]took ! presid5cy ( ! s*ools4 ,:ile on a visit to ,rome 9 ,a4,d4 #gha he met ,*>lemagne :o took him to 8 c\rt1 :]e he became ! emp]or's tea*]1 fri5d & mo/ tru/$ c\nsellor4 ,d[n to 8 dea? 9 ,a4,d4 #hjd he 0 ! k+'s "r h& 9 all religi\s ecclesia/ical & educational matt]s4 ,9 ord] to allay a feel+ ( home-sickness1 he und]took a j\rney 9 ,a4,d4 #ghi to 8 native c\ntry z ambassador ( ,*>lemagne1 return$ 9 ,a4,d4 #gic1 & did n aga9 quit ,france4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #gif ,*>les gave him ! abbacy ( ,t\rs4 ,he soon rais$ its mona/ic s*ool to ! highe/ rank z a sem9>y ( le>n+4 ,8 exegetical works are m]e compilations4 ,! ,ll4 ,,ii4 de fide s4 et ,individu ,tr9itatis may be reg>d$ z 8 dogmatic ma/]piece2 a comp5dium ( dogmatics bas$ ^u ,augu/9e's writ+s4 ,! ,qu/iones de ,tr94 treat ( ! same matt] 9 ! cate*etical =m ( "q & answ]4 ,he contribut$ to ! doctr9al controv]sies ( 8 "t ! ,libellus de processione ,spiritus ,s4 7 #ia1 #b7 & by sev]al le>n$ controv]sial tracts aga9/ ! lead]s ( ! ,adoptioni/s 7 #ia1 #a74 ,x is d\btful :e!r at all1 & if s to :at ext5t1 he _h to d ) ! composition ( ! ,libri ,c>ol9i 7 #id1 #a7 :i* appe>$ dur+ 8 /ay 9 ,engl&4 ,8 num]\s epi/les1 ab\t #cjj 9 numb]1 are v important = ! hi/ory ( 8 times4 ,9 8 ,lat9 poems he sometimes v happily imitates 8 classical models4#bec #b4 ,paulus ,diaconus or ,paul 7! son (7 ,w>nefrid1 ( an hon\rable ,longob>d family1 0 next to ,alcu9 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ s*ol> ( 8 age4 ,probably sorr[ at ! ov]?r[ ( 8 p 7 #hb1 #b7 drove him into ! mona/]y ( ,monte ,cass9o2 b ,*>lemagne took him to 8 c\rt 9 ,a4,d4 #ghb1 :]e he 0 an object ( admiration z a ,hom] among ! ,grecians1 a ,virgil1 ,horace1 ,tibullus1 among ! ,lat9i/s1 & a ,philo 767 among ! ,hebrai/s4 ,love ( 8 native l&1 h[ev]1 l$ him back to 8 mona/]y 9 ,a4,d4 #ghf1 :]e he di$ at a v advanc$ age 9 ,a4,d4 #gie4 ,:at 0 specially praisewor?y 9 ?is le>n$ & amiable man1 all ! m t few !n took int]e/ 9 ^? matt]s1 0 love & en?usiasm = ! language1 ! national leg5ds & h]oic tales1 ! old laws & cu/oms ( 8 fell[-c\ntrym54 ,8 mo/ important "w is ! ,hi/oria s4 de ,ge/is ,langob>dorum 9 #f bks41 rea*+ d[n to ,a4,d4 #ggd4 ,! e>li] ,hi/4 ,romana1 compos$ at ! wi% ( a daught] ( k+ ,desid]ius1 is1 s f> z its e>li] p]iods are conc]n$1 compil$ f ! classical hi/orians1 b = ! lat] p]iods d[n to ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,go?ic rule is m indep5d5t4 ,at ! ,franki% c\rt he compos$ ! ,hi/4 ,episcoporum ,mett5sium4 ,he 0 also di/+ui%$ z a poet4 ,on 8 ,homili>ius comp4 #hh1 #a4bed #c4 ,!odulf1 bi%op ( ,orleans1 di/+ui%$ z a ,*ri/ian poet & le>n$ !ologian1 & especially z a promot] ( popul> education1 /ood 9 high repute ) ,*>lemagne1 b "u ,l\is ! ,pi\s1 be+ suspect$ ( treasonable correspond5ce ) ,b]n>d ( ,italy1 0 depos$ & bani%$ 9 ,a4,d4 #hah4 ,subsequ5tly1 h[ev]1 he 0 p>don$ & recall$1 b di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #hba be=e he rea*$ 8 diocese4 ,8 book ,de ,spiritu ,s4 0 a contribution to ! controv]sy ab\t ! procession ( ! ,holy ,_s 7 #ia1 #b74 ,at ,*>lemagne's reque/ he describ$ & expla9$ ! baptismal c]emony 9 ! book ,de ord9e baptismi4 ,8 num]\s poems h be5 publi%$ 9 #f bks4 #d4 ,paul9us1 patri>* ( ,aquileia1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #hjd1 & bi%op ,leidrad ( ,lyons1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #hac1 took "p 9 ,alcu9's controv]sy aga9/ ! ,adoptioni/s by ! publication ( able treatises4 #e4 ,( ! works ( ,hatto1 abbot ( ,rei*5au1 subsequ5tly bi%op ( ,basel1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #hcf1 we /ill h ! s-call$ ,capitul>e ,hattonis1 ) prefatory directions = ! (ficial guidance ( ! ,basel cl]gy1 & ! ,visio ,wett9i1 describ+ ! vision ( a monk ( ,rei*5au call$ ,wett91 :o 9 ,a4,d4 #hbd ?ree days be=e 8 dea? 0 conduct$ by an angel ?r\gh hell1 purgatory & p>adise4 ,hatto wrote x 9 prose & ,walafrid ,/rabo r5d]$ x into v]se4 ,x made a great impression on 8 contempor>ies & 0 probably n )\t influ5ce ^u ,dante's ,div9a ,com$i4 #ij4d4 ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,!ologians ( ! ,age ( ,l\is ! ,pi\s4 #a4 ,agob>d ( ,lyons1 a ,spani>d by bir?1 di$ z ar*bi%op ( ,lyons 9 ,a4,d4 #hdj4 ,z ! resolute def5d] ( ! integrity ( ! empire & ! head ( ! national *ur* p>ty among ! ,franki% cl]gy1 he 0 drawn into a conspiracy aga9/ ,l\is ! ,pi\s 9 ,a4,d4 #hcc 7 #hb1 #d71 :i* l$ to 8 deposition & bani%m5t 9 ,a4,d4 #hce4 ,aft] two ye>s1 h[ev]1 he 0 p>don$4 ,he 0 a man ( rem>kable culture & extraord9>y =ce ( "*1 & )al a vigor\s oppon5t ( all ecclesia/ical & extra-ecclesia/ical sup]/ition4 ,on 8 writ+s ref]r+ to ^! matt]s see #ib1 #b4 ,9 ! book ,adv4 dogma ,felicis he cont5d$ aga9/ ,adoptionism 7 #ia1 #a74 ,9 connection ) 8 battle aga9/ ! insol5ce & pride ( ! num]\s & weal?y ,jews 9 8 diocese he wrote & d$icat$ to ! emp]or ! accusatory tract ,de insol5tia ,judorum1 foll[$ by sev]al simil> addresses to ! mo/ influ5tial c\ncillors ( ! cr[n4 ,ano!r s]ies ( writ+s f 8 p5 0 devot$ to ! v9dication ( ! attitude :i* he _h assum$ 9 ! /ruggle betwe5 ,l\is ! ,pi\s & 8 sons4 ,sev]al treatises on ! position & task1 ! rights & duties ( ! m9i/]ial (fice %[ a re=matory t5d5cy4 ,he engag$ 9 a passionate controv]sy ) ,amal>ius ( ,metz ab\t ! necessity ( a liturgical re=m4 ,aga9/ ,fr$igis ( ,t\rs1 ,alcu9's successor1 he ma9ta9$ ! view reg>d+ ! prophets & apo/les t ! ,holy ,_s non solum s5sum prdicationis et modos vel argum5ta dictionum inspirav]it1 s$ etiam ipsa corporalia v]ba extr9secus 9 ora illorum ipse =mav]it4 #b4 ,claudius1 bi%op ( ,tur91 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #hci1 0 also a ,spani>d by bir? & a s*ol> ( ,felix ( ,urgel 7 #ia1 #a71 )\t1 h[ev]1 imbib+ 8 h]etical views4 ,he 0 ?r\gh\t 8 :ole c>e] a zeal\s & det]m9$ re=m]4 ,8 re=matory notions 7 set =? fir/ ( all 9 8 exegetical works t cov]$ almo/ ! :ole range ( ,scripture4 ,( ^! only ! comm5t>y on ,galatians is n[ extant4 ,he also v9dicat$ 8 position aga9/ ! attacks ( 8 old fri5d ! abbot ,!odemir 9 8 ,apologeticus 7 #ib1 #b74 #c4 ,jonas ( ,orleans1 ! successor ( ,!odulf1 0 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ prelates ( 8 age1 :o wr\ght e>ne/ly & successfully = ! re/or+ ( discipl9e & ord] 9 8 diocese4 ,9 ! /ruggle betwe5 ,l\is ! ,pi\s & 8 sons he resolutely took ! side ( ! old k+4 ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #hdd4 ,8 ?ree books1 ,de in/itutione laicali con/itute a h&book ( morals = m>ri$ p]sons1 :i* also1 because x deals ) ! s9s & vices t 7 !n rampant1 is ( value z a picture ( ! moral condition ( 8 age4 ,! book ,de in/itutione regia1 address$ to ,l\is' son ,pep91 may be reg>d$ z an app5dix to ! =m] treatise4 ,9 opposition to ! iconocla/ic op9ions ( ,claudius 7 #ib1 #b7 he wrote ,ll4 ,,iii4 ,de cultu imag9um4 #d4 ,! pr9cipal "w ( ! prie/ ,amal>ius ( ,metz is 8 ,de ecclesia/icis (ficiis 9 #d bks41 a detail$ description ( all ! c]emonies ( public wor%ip & ! ecclesia/ical furniture & ve/m5ts1 ) _m arbitr>y my/ico-allegorical explanations1 :i* call$ =? a cru%+ rejo9d] f ,agob>d4 ,on 8 revision ( ! rule ( ,*rodegang1 see #hd1 #d4 #e4 ,f ! p5 ( ! ,g]man monk ,*ri/ian ,dru?m> ( ,old ,corbei we h a comm5t>y on ,mat!w1 :i* is rem>kable = ! doctr9e ( ! ,"l's ,supp] :i* x sets =? 7 #ia1 #c71 z well z = ! h]m5eutical pr9ciple !re laid d[n1 t fir/ & =emo/ ! exegete mu/ secure a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ! hi/orical lit]al s5se1 be=e he may ?9k ( develop+ ! spiritual s5se1 :i* mu/ h ! =m] z its basis4 #f4 ,rabnus ,rabanus ,magn5tius ,maurus1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ s*ol> ( 8 age1 0 desc5d$ f an old ,roman family b "o t _h long be5 ,g]maniz$ at ,ma9z4 ,8 e>lie/ education 0 receiv$ at ! mona/]y ( ,fulda4 ,he !n became a pupil ( ,alcu9 at ,t\rs4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #hjc he became himself a tea*] at ,t\rs1 & 9 ,a4,d4 #hbb 0 made abbot ( ,fulda4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,l\is ! ,pi\s he took ! side ( ,lo?air aga9/ ,l\is ! ,g]man1 & 0 consequ5tly oblig$ to resign 8 position z abbot & to quit ,fulda 9 ,a4,d4 #hdb4 ,subsequ5tly1 h[ev]1 he obta9$ ,l\is' fav\r1 & ^u ,otg>'s dea? 9 ,a4,d4 #hdg 7 #hg1 #c7 0 appo9t$ 8 successor 9 ! ar*iepiscopal see ( ,ma9z4 ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #hef4 ,! mona/ic s*ool at ,fulda 0 rais$ by him to ! highe/ em95ce4 ,8 comm5t>ies ext5d+ ov] almo/ all ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts are ma9ly occupi$ ) ! developm5t ( ! s-call$ spiritual s5se1 manife/ wond]ful famili>ity ) ! writ+s ( ! ,lat9 fa!rs f ,ambrose to ,b$e1 & 7 held 9 ! highe/ e/eem ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! same may be said ( 8 num]\s homilies4 ,! encyclopdic "w ,de univ]so 9 #bb bks41 is a cont9uation ( ,isidore's ,orig9es4 ,8 book ,de in/itutione cl]icorum 9 #c bks4 af=ds a summ>y ( all t 0 !n to be le>nt by ! cl]gy = ! practical "w ( ! m9i/ry4 ,! ,tractatus de div]sis qu/ionibus ex ,v4 et ,n4 ,t4 contra ,judos is an apologetic treatise4 ,he wrote aga9/ ,gotts*alk's doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation 9 a lett] to bi%op ,not+ ( ,v]ona 7 #ia1 #e71 & ano!r to ! abbot ,eigil ( ,prm aga9/ ,radb]t's doctr9e ( ! ,"l's ,supp] 7 #ia1 #c74 ,( 8 _m o!r works we may m5tion a ,m>tyrologium bas$ ^u anci5t au?orities4 #g4 ,walafrid ,/rabo receiv$ 8 e>ly tra9+ 9 ! mona/]y ( ,rei*5au4 ,he /udi$ subsequ5tly "u ,rabanus at ,fulda1 9 :i* in/itution he became a tea*]4 ,ab\t ,a4,d4 #hdb he 0 made abbot ( ,rei*5au2 ! sem9>y "h he rais$ to high repute1 al?\gh he di$ 9 8 e>ly prime 9 ,a4,d4 #hdi4 ,among 8 evangelical writ+s 8 s-call$ ,gloss ord9>i1 i4e4 %ort explanations ( ! ,lat9 text ( ! ,bible1 mo/ly cull$ f ! comm5t>ies ( ,rabanus1 7 extremely popul>1 & cont9u$ 9 use ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages z an exegetical h&book4 ,9 ! liturgical dep>tm5t we h 8 treatise ,de exordiis et increm5tis r]um ecclesia/ic>um1 9 :i* he expresses himself on ! image controv]sy 9 ! _s ( ! old ,franki% *ur* 7 #ib1 #a74 ,walafrid 0 also fam\s z a writ] ( sacr$ & secul> poems4 #ij4e4 ,! ,mo/ ,di/+ui%$ ,!ologians ( ! ,age ( ,*>les ! ,bald4 #a4 ,! p[]ful metropolitan ,h9cm> ( ,rheims1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #hhb 7 #hb1 #g2 #hc1 #b71 0 n inde$ /rong 9 dogmatics1 b 9 8 writ+s j z well z 9 8 life & /ruggle he 0 he>t & s\l a *ur* lead] & /atesman4 ,8 mo/ important "w f a !ological po9t ( view is ! ,capitula ,synodica ad presbyt]os p>o*i su on v>i\s po9ts ( wor%ip & discipl9e1 a notable witness to ! zeal & c>e :i* ?is man1 s mu* tak5 up ) affairs ( /ate & ecclesia/ical controv]sies1 %[$ 9 ! dis*>ge ( 8 m9i/]ial duties4 ,( 8 writ+s 9 connection ) ! ,gotts*alk controv]sy 7 #ia1 #e1 #f7 only ! prolix "w ,de pr$e/4 ,dei et lib]o arbitrio v9dicat+ ! decrees ( ,qui]sy ( ,a4,d4 #hec are n[ extant4 #b4 ,pas*asius ,radb]tus1 :o di$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #hfe1 0 monk1 &1 f ,a4,d4 #hdd-hea1 also abbot ( ! mona/]y ( ,corbei 9 ,pic>dy4 ,b among ! monks ( t place !re 0 a cot]y :i* occasion$ ! mo/ pr(\nd grief to ! pi\s-m9d$ abbot2 especially ! le>n$ monk ,ratramnus "u ! protection ( c\rt fav\r took delight 9 conte/+ ! some:at ultra-pieti/ic views ( 8 abbot4 ,probably x 0 ?is t l$ ,radb]tus to resign 8 (fice 9 ,a4,d4 #hea4 ,besides ! two treatises controv]t$ by ,ratramnus he compos$ biblical comm5t>ies1 :i* are m indep5d5t & conta9 m ( 8 own ?an 0 common at t "t4 ,he also wrote #c bks4 on fai?1 love & hope2 besides sev]al ,hagiographies4 #c4 ,ratramnus1 ! antagoni/ ( ! =m]1 takes a v prom95t place among ! cle> & subtle ?9k]s ( t age4 ,besides 8 controv]sial treatises aga9/ ,radb]tus 7 #ia1 #c1 #d7 & aga9/ ,h9cm> 7 #ia1 #e1 #f71 he took "p 9 ! burn+ controv]sy betwe5 ! ,greeks & ,lat9s 7 #fg1 #a7 & wrote1 ,contra ,grcorum opposita ,romanam eccl4 infamantium4 #d4 ,florus ,magi/] 0 a cl]ic ( ! diocese ( ,lyons di/+ui%$ no less = great le>n+ ?an = poetic gifts4 ,8 pr9cipal "w ,de actione ,miss>um1 s4 expositio 9 ,canonem ,miss is1 not)/&+ its title1 n s mu* a liturgical treatise z a controv]sial tract aga9/ ,radb]tus' doctr9e ( ! ,eu*>i/ 7 #ia1 #c74 ,9 ! liturgical controv]sy betwe5 ,agob>d & ,amal>ius1 he took ! side ( ,agob>d & argu$ aga9/ ,amal>ius 9 sev]al epi/les4 ,9 ! pr$e/9>ian controv]sy he publi%$ ! "w ,contra ,j4 ,scoti ,erig5 erroneas def9itiones 7 #ia1 #e74 ,he also compos$ a ,m>tyrologium4 #e4 ,haymo1 bi%op ( ,halb]/adt1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #hec1 won great reputation n only by 8 compil$ exegetical works & 8 ,homili>ium = ! fe/ival "p ( ! ye>1 b also z au?or ( a ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is no?+ m ?an a work+ up ( extracts f ,ruf9us4 #f4 ,s]vatus ,lupus1 s*ol> ( ,rabanus1 0 f ,a4,d4 #hdb abbot ( ,f]rires4 ,8 #acj epi/les are important = ! hi/ory ( 8 "t1 z he 0 9 con/ant correspond5ce ) ! mo/ fam\s m5 ( 8 day4 ,on ! side ( ,gotts*alk 9 ! pr$e/9>ian controv]sy he wrote 8 treatise ,de tribus qu/ionibus4 #g4 ,remigius ( ,aux]re1 :o di$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #ijh1 0 tea*] ( ! mona/ic s*ool at ,rheims1 & subsequ5tly at ,p>is4 ,besides num]\s comm5t>ies on ! books ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts 9 ! usual compilatory & allegorical /yle1 he has left 9 8 ,expositio ,miss a my/ico-allegorical explanation ( ! c]emonies ( ! mass4 #h4 ,regius ( ,prm1 abbot ( ! mona/]y !re1 subsequ5tly resign$ 8 rank & retir$ into ! mona/]y ( ,treves4 ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #iae4 ,8 ,*ronicon rea*+ d[n to ,a4,d4 #ijf is ( great value = 8 own times4 ,8 #b bks4 ,de cantis synodalibus et discipl9is ecclesia/icis are a directory = ! visitation ( *ur*es to be c>ri$ out by means ( synodical judicatures4 #ij4f4 #i4 ,ana/asius ,biblio!c>ius 0 abbot ( a ,roman mona/]y & libr>ian "u popes ,ni*olas ,i41 ,hadrian ,,ii4 & ,john ,,viii41 & visit$ ! ,byzant9e c\rt 9 ,a4,d4 #hfi z memb] ( an embassy ( ,emp]or ,l\is ,,ii41 & 0 also pres5t at ! #h? cum5ical ,c\ncil at ,con/ant9ople 7 #fg1 #a74 ,he translat$ ! acts ( ?is synod into ,lat91 wrote ! lives ( sev]al sa9ts1 & compos$ a ,hi/4 eccle/4 s4 ,*ronographia trip>tita drawn f ?ree ,byzant9e hi/orical works ( t p]iod4 ,to ! ,lib] ,pontificalis s4 de vitio ,roman4 pontificum1 rea*+ d[n to ! dea? ( ,/eph5 ,v4 9 ,a4,d4 #hia1 :i* has be5 ascrib$ to him1 he c only h contribut$ ! ,vita ( pope ,ni*olas ,i41 & p]haps also ! ,vit ( 8 f\r imm$iate pr$ecessors4 ,x is a hi/ory ( ! popes ga!r$ toge!r f v>i\s s\rces t _h _! orig9 at diff]5t times1 ! e>lie/ ( :i* goes back to ,a4,d4 #ced4 ,! olde/ extant rec5sion ( x rea*es d[n to ,pope ,conon 9 ,a4,d4 #fhg1 & =ms an important l9k 9 ! *a9 ( ,romi% fabrications & int]polations1 by means ( :i* ! num]\s fabricat$ acts ( ,romi% m>tyrs1 z well z already exi/+ fables ref]r+ to p>ticul> popes & emp]ors 7comp4 e4g4 #db1 #a71 ga9$ cr$5ce1 m rec5tly introduc$ liturgical practices _h assign$ to !m a m remote antiquity1 & ! popes 7 repres5t$ z legislators = ! :ole *ur*4 ,! complete biographies (t5 writt5 by contempor>ies pres]v$ 9 ?is collection are ( great hi/orical value4 #aj4 ,eulogius ( ,cordova 0 *os5 ar*bi%op 9 ,a4,d4 #heh1 b 0 n receiv$ by ! ,moori% gov]nm5t1 & suff]$ m>tyrdom 9 ,a4,d4 #hei 7 #ha1 #a74 ,! mo/ important ( 8 writ+s is ! hi/orical ,memoriale ,sanctorum s4 ,ll4 ,,iii4 de ,m>tyrib4 ,cordub5s4 ,! ,apologeticus ,sanctorum is a cont9uation ( ! =m] ) viol5t invectives aga9/ ,islam & its false prophet4 ,paulas ,paul ,alv>us ( ,cordova1 f 8 y\? closely associat$ ) ,eulogius1 wrote 8 life & v9dicat$ 9 a ,judiculus lum9osus ! t5d5cy to c\rt m>tyrdom !n frequ5tly %[n by ,*ri/ians b (t5 object$ to4 #ij4g4 #aa4 ,joannes ,scotus ,erig5a1 ! miracle z well z ! enigma ( 8 age1 by bir? probably an ,iri%man1 :o fla%$ out z a brilliant meteor 9 ! c\rt ( ,*>les ! ,bald & pass$ away f view1 )\t its be+ kn[n :5ce he came or :i!r he w5t1 0 ! greate/ s*ol>1 ! mo/ pr(\nd1 subtle & lib]al ?9k] ( 8 times1 ) a speculative p[] ! l ( :i* 0 n se5 = c5turies be=e & aft]4 ,he di$ aft] ,a4,d4 #hgg4 ,8 extant works embrace fragm5ts ( 8 comm5t>y on ! ,areopagite 7 #dg1 #aa71 & a ,lat9 fai?ful1 lit]al & !re=e h>d to und]/& translation ( ! ,areopagite's writ+s1 also a translation ( a "w ( ,maximus ,confessor on difficult passages f ! writ+s ( ,gregory ,nazianz5 7,loca ambigua71 8 controv]sial treatise ,de prde/9atione 7 #ia1 #e71 a homily on ! prologue ( ,john's gospel1 a fragm5t ( a speculative-my/ical treatise ,de egressu et regressu anim ad ,deum1 & ! ,opus palm>e ( ! au?or1 by f> ! mo/ compreh5sive ( 8 writ+s1 ! #e bks4 ,de divisione natur4 ,bas$ ^u ! gnosis ( ! s*ool ( ,orig51 b re/+ ma9ly on ! !osophical my/icism ( ! ,areopagite & ! dialectic ( ,maximus ,confessor1 he produc$ 9 ?is treatise a sy/em ( speculative !ology ( magnific5t dim5sions :i*1 9 spite ( e ef=t to hold by ! doctr9al position ( ! *ur*1 is b "o piece ( het]odoxy f beg9n+ to end4 ,he />ts f ! pr9ciple t true !ology & true philosophy are only =mally diff]5t1 b ess5tially id5tical4 ,! ,fides h to express ! tru? z ,!ologia affirmativa 77 9 ! biblically reveal$ & ecclesia/ically communicat$ %ell1 accommodat+ itself to ! f9ite und]/&+ by figurative & metaphorical expressions4 ,b ! task ( ! ,ratio is to /rip (f ?is %ell 7,!ologia negativa1 71 & by means ( speculation raise ! fai? to k4 ,! title ( ?is book is to be expla9$ f its fundam5tal ?\ght t nature1 i4e4 ! sum ( all be+ & non-be+1 by :i* he und]/&s ev]y?+ ! exi/5ce ( :i* is yet unkn[n1 or m]ely pot5tial1 or necess>ily belong+ to ?+s pa/1 comprises f\r =ms ( exi/5ce3--,natura creatrix non creata1 i4e4 ,god z ! pot5tial sum ( all be+1 ,natura creatrix creata1 i4e4 ! et]nal ?\ghts ( ,god reg>d+ ! _w z ! et]nal primal types ( all creation1 ,natura creata non creans1 i4e4 ! _w 9 "t z ! visible product & s5sible realization ( ! et]nal invisible _w ( ideas1 & ,natura nee creata nee creans1 i4e4 ,god z ! f9al end ( all creat$ be+1 to :om all creation :5 all contradictions h be5 ov]come returns 9 ! 4 ,! ,ari/otelian ?reefold division into ! unmov$ & mov+1 ! mov$ & mov+1 & ! mov$ & n mov+1 seems to h af=d$ him ! />t+-po9t = 8 f\rfold division2 :ile ! div]g5t conception ( !m1 _! enl>gem5t & developm5t may be trac$ to ,platonic & ,neo-,platonic influ5ces4--,t su* a sy/em mu/ ess5tially t5d to pan!ism soon became evid5t1 b on ! o!r h& ,erig5a's own ,*ri/ian consci\sness /rongly react$ aga9/ ! pan!i/ic curr5t ( 8 ?\ght1 & he 0 anxi\sly conc]n$ to pres]ve ! fundam5tal tru?s ( ,*ri/ian ,!ism4 ,by ! fundam5tal f\rfold division ( 8 sy/em he c\ld n give to ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity a necess>y & controll+ b only an accid5tal & occasional position4 ,only ! pres5ce ( ?is doctr9e 9 ,scripture & tradition oblig$ him to ma9ta9 x4 ,he speaks inde$ ( ?ree p]sons 9 ,god1 b he uses ! expression only 9 an improp] s5se1 & has no int5tion ( expla9+ ,fa!r1 ,son & ,_s z m]e names ( div9e relations 7habitud9es1 relationes73 ,pat] vult1 ,filius facit1 ,spir4 ,s4 p]ficit4 ,9 ! ,son z ! creative ,^w ( ,god are all orig9al causes ( ?+s1 undi/+ui%$1 unord]$2 by ! ,_s are !y diff]5tiat$ into ! v>i\s ph5om5a & effects 9 ! k+dom ( nature z well z ( grace4 ,on 8 doctr9e ( evil1 comp4 #ia1 #e4 ,z ,orig5 has 9 himself ! g]ms ( all or?odoxy & het]odoxy ( ! anci5t *ur* undevelop$ & uncontra/$1 s also 9 ,erig5a are !re ! g]ms ( ! contradictions ( lat] s*ola/icism & my/icism4 ,_h he liv$ ?ree c5turies lat] he w\ld probably h set ! :ole le>n$ _w a/ir1 b n[ he pass$ unhon\r$1 misund]/ood1 sc>cely reg>d$ wor? deal+ ) = h]esy 7 #ia1 #e71 & app>5tly leav+ little trace beh9d him4 ,8 great "w ,de divisione natur 0 fir/ condemn$ by a prov9cial ,c\ncil at ,s5s1 & ?is judgm5t 0 confirm$ by ,honorius ,,iii4 9 ,a4,d4 #abbe4 ,! book 0 *>act]iz$ z ,scat5s v]mibus hretic pravitatis2 ord]s 7 giv5 t x %\ld be s\ght out ev]y:]e & burnt4#bee #ij4h4 ,! ,mona/ic & ,ca!dral ,s*ools _h z _! ma9 task ! tra9+ ( capable s]vants = ! *ur*4 ,! h&books ma9ly 9 use 7 ^? ( ,cassiodorus1 ,isidore1 ,b$e1 ,alcu9 & ,rabanus4 ,great dilig5ce 0 %[n1 especially 9 ! mona/]ies1 9 f\nd+ libr>ies & multiply+ books by means ( good copies4 ,alcu9 made a ?reefold division ( all sci5ces2 e?ics1 physics & !ology4 ,e?ics correspond$ to :at 0 aft]w>ds call$ ! ,trivium 7,gramm>1 ,rhetoric & ,dialectic72 ,physics to ! ,quadrivium 7,ari?metic1 ,geometry1 ,music & ,a/ronomy74 ,^! two toge!r compreh5d$ ! :ole range ( ! sev5 free arts1 i4e4 wor?y ( ! /udy ( a free man1 lib]al /udies4 ,lat9 0 ! language ( int]c\rse & in/ruction4 ,greek1 :i* 0 spread by ,!odore ( ,t>sus1 a ,greek monk1 :o1 aft] be+ long a tea*] 9 ,rome1 0 9 ,a4,d4 #ffi made ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 & by 8 pupils 0 also taught 9 ! m important s*ools4 ,acqua9tance ) ,hebrew 0 mu* m r>e1 & 0 (t5 obta9$ by means ( int]c\rse ) le>n$ ,jews4 ,boe?ius ,bo?ius 0 ! vehicle ( in/ruction 9 philosophy4 ,9 ! #i? c5tury ! works ascrib$ to ,dionysius ! ,areopagite 7 #dg1 #aa7 7 s5t to ,france z a pres5t f ! ,byzant9e emp]or ,mi*ael to ,l\is ( ,france4 ,he 0 id5tifi$ ) ! f\nd] ( ! *ur* ( ,p>is ( ! same "n1 & patriotic feel+ gave an imm5se impulse to ! /udy ( 8 writ+s4 ,! abbot ,hildm9 ( ,/4 ,d5ys1 & subsequ5tly ,joannes ,erig5a1 translat$ !m into ,lat94 ,encyclopdic works1 giv+ comp5diums ( ! :ole range ( ! sci5ces !n kn[n1 7 produc$ by ,isidore & ,rabanus4#bef--;,cont9uation1 #ii1 #c4 #ij4i4 ,v>i\s ,bran*es ( ,!ological ,sci5ce4--,! lab\rs ( ! ,g]man *ur* 9 ! dep>tm5t ( sci5tific !ology 0 direct$ to ! *ur*'s imm$iate ne$s1 & h5ce ! "* ( its !ology 0 biblical & practical1 & ! reputation ( ! fa!rs s extravagantly high1 t :]ev] x 0 possible1 tea*+1 prea*+1 prov+ & refut+ 7 all c>ri$ on 9 _! v words4 ,*>lemagne's p[]ful ef=ts 9 ! direction ( re=m gave ev5 9 ! dep>tm5t ( !ology abundant occasion & enc\ragem5t to s*ol>s r\nd ab\t him to a m indep5d5t proc$ure1 & ! !ological controv]sies ( ! #i? c5tury af=d$ suffici5t scope to indep5d5t ?9k+4 #a4 ,exegesis on ! basis ( ! ,vulgate 0 mo/ dilig5tly prosecut$4 ,*>lemagne set ,alcu9 to produce a critical revision ( its v corrupt text4 ,agob>d combat$ ! me*anical !ory ( inspiration by ! ass]tion t ! holy prophets 7 some?+ bett] ?an ,balaam's ass4 ,only "o out ( ! v num]\s exegetes1 ,*ri/ian ,dru?m>1 recognis$ x z a fir/ pr9ciple1 mo/ ess5tial & necess>y1 if n ! only task ( ! exegete1 to br+ out ! grammatical & hi/orical s5se ( ! words ( ,scripture4 ,! lit]al s5se 0 & cont9u$ to be reg>d$ z ! scullion ( int]pretation1 :ile x 0 ?\ght t ! mo/ preci\s treasures ( ,div9e wisdom 7 to be f\nd 9 ! allegorical s5se1 i4e4 ) application to ! my/]ies ( ! fai?1 ! tropological or moral1 & ! anagogical1 :i* aim$ at ! elevation ( ! m9d4 #b4 ,9 ,sy/ematic ,!ology ,apologetics 0 mo/ feebly repres5t$4 ,! humble =m ( ! paganism to be controv]t$ did n require elaborate def5ces ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 b ! advance ( ,mohamm$anism & ! great numb] ( ,jews e/abli%$ 9 ,france1 especially "u ,l\is ( ,france1 by means ( _! weal? & bribes1 develop$ an incr$ible arrogance4 ,:ile ,jewi% & pagan slaves 7 n all[$ to h baptism1 ,*ri/ian slaves on ! o!r h& 7 compell$ to obs]ve ! ,sabba?1 to "w on ,sunday1 to eat fle% on fa/ days2 !y op5ly blasphem$ ,*ri/1 insult$ ! *ur* & sold ,*ri/ian slaves to ! ,s>ac5s4 ,agob>d f\ght aga9/ !m en]getically by ^w1 ,scripture & action1 b ! ne$y c\rt protect$ !m4 ,isidore & ,rabanus 9 _! apologetical writ+s prov$ ! nullity ( ! ,jewi% beliefs4 ,f ! "t ( ,*>lemagne !ologians 7 mu* m eag]ly engag$ 9 polemics 7 #ia1 #ib74 ,isidore 9 8 ,ll4 ,,iii4 ,s5t5ti>um collect$ f patri/ic passages a sy/em ( doctr9e & morals1 :i* cont9u$ a fav\rite text-book = c5turies4 ,alcu9's ,ll4 ,,iii4 ,de fide ,tr9itatis =m a comp5dium ( dogmatics4 ,! introduction ( ! ,pseudo-,areopagita into ! ,we/ prep>$ ! way = speculative my/icism1 :i* _h its fir/ repres5tative 9 ,joannes ,scotus ,erig5a4 #c4 ,9 ,practical ,!ology homiletical lit]ature 0 b poorly repres5t$4 ,besides ! ,homili>ius ( ,paul ,w>nefrid 7 #hh1 #a71 we meet ) ,b$e1 ,walafrid1 ,rabanus & ,haymo z au?ors ( s]mons4 ,on ! o!r h& great & con/ant int]e/ 0 %[n 9 develop+ a !ory ( wor%ip1 9 describ+ x & giv+ a my/ical explanation ( x4 ,isidore ) ,de (ficiis ecclesia/icis 0 ! fir/ 9 ?is dep>tm5t4 ,*>lemagne set to all 8 !ologians ! task ( expla9+ ! baptismal c]emony4 ,9 ! "t ( ,l\is ! ,pi\s1 ,agob>d appe>s z a re=m] ( ! liturgy1 9 connection ) :i* he passionately cont5d$ aga9/ ,amal>ius1 aga9/ :om also ,florus ,magi/] ent]$ ! li/s4 ,important works 9 ?is dep>tm5t 7 also writt5 by ,rabanus1 ,walafrid & ,remigius4 ,on works treat+ ( *ur* law & *ur* discipl9e1 see #hg & #hi1 #e4 #d4 ,f9ally1 z to ! dep>tm5t ( ,hi/orical ,!ology all k ( e>li] *ur* hi/ory 0 d]iv$ f ,ruf9us & ,cassiodorus4 ,ev5 ,haymo's ,*ur* ,hi/ory is made up simply ( extracts f ,ruf9us4 ,all ! great] dilig5ce 0 %[n ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages 9 *ronicl+ ! ecclesia/ical & political ev5ts ( ! imm$iate pres5t & also keep+ ! pa/ 9 memory4 ,?is endeav\r %[s itself 9 a ?reefold direction4 7a7 ,! writ+ ( ,national ,*ronicles4 ,! ,visigo?s _h _! ,isidore1 ! ,o/rogo?s _! ,cassiodorus1#beg ! ,longob>ds _! ,paul ,w>nefrid1 ! ,franks _! ,gregory ( ,t\rs1 ! ,britons _! ,gildas#beh & ,n5nius1#bei ! ,anglo-,saxons _! ,b$e4--7b7 ,!n we h ! clumsy compilations ( ,annals & ,*ronicles :i* mo/ mona/]ies produc$1 & :i* 7 cont9u$ f ye> to ye>4--7c7 ,& fur!r1 ,biographies1 bo? ( di/+ui%$ /atesm5 & di/+ui%$ *ur*m54 ,! ,vit ,sanctorum are innum]able1 mo/ly q uncritical1 compos$ purely = ! glorification ( "s local sa9t4 ,to ?is category belong ! num]\s ,m>tyrologies1 arrang$ 9 ! ord] ( ! ,cal5d>4 ,among ! mo/ fam\s 7 ^? prep>$ by ,b$e1 ,ado ( ,vi5ne1 ,usu>dus1 ,rabanus1 ,notk] ,balbulus1 ,w&elb]t1 etc4 ,9 ! dep>tm5t ( hi/orical biography prop] may be includ$ ! portion ( ! ,lib] pontificalis belong+ to ?is p]iod1 ! ,hi/4 ,mett5sium ,episcoporum ( ,paul ,w>nefrid1 & ,isidore's cont9uation ( ,j]ome's ,catalogus1 :i* 0 fur!r cont9u$ by ,ildefonsus ( ,tol$o4 #ij4aj4 ,anglo-,saxon ,culture "u ,alfr$ ! ,great1 ,a4,d4 #hga-ija4--;,alfr$ ! ,great1 ! greate/ & noble/ ( all ! k+s t ,engl& has ev] _h1 0 ! gr&son ( ,egb]t :o _h unit$ 9 ,a4,d4 #hbg ! sev5 ,anglo-,saxon k+doms4 ,:5 five ye>s old he receiv$ papal ano9t+ at ,rome & two ye>s lat] 9 company ) 8 pi\s fa!r he travell$ !nce1 made a consid]able /ay at ! brilliant c\rt ( ,*>lemagne :]e he receiv$ ! impress ( its sup]ior culture1 & began 8 reign 9 ,a4,d4 #hga 9 8 #bbnd ye> :5 ! k+dom 0 sorely oppress$ by ,dani% invasions4 ,he appli$ all ! en]gy ( 8 m9d to ! difficult problems ( gov]nm5t1 to ! emancipation & civilization ( 8 c\ntry & p by driv+ out ! ,dani% robb]s1 & !n improv+ ! int]nal condition ( ! l& by att5tion to agriculture1 indu/ry & trade1 by a wise organization1 legislation & adm9i/ration1 by ! f\nd+ ( *ur*es1 mona/]ies & s*ools1 & by fur!r+ e sci5tific endeav\r f a ?or\ghly national po9t ( view4 ,:5 already ?irty-six ye>s ( age he le>nt ! ,lat9 language & us$ ?is acquirem5t = ! enri*+ ( ,anglo-,saxon lit]ature by translations f 8 own h&1 ) _m important additions ( 8 own1 ( ,bo?ius' ,consolatio philosophi1 ! ,univ]sal ,hi/ory ( ,orosius1 ,b$e's ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& & ! ,regula pa/oralis ( ,gregory ! ,great4 ,he also began a translation ( ! ,psalms4 ,he /imulat$ 8 le>n$ fri5ds to a l activity1 among :om bi%op ,ass] ( ,%]borne 9 8 ,vita ,alfr$i 7,engl4 transl4 9 8,six ,old ,engli% ,*ronicles07 has re>$ a wor?y memorial ( 8 ma/]4#bfj--;,cont9uation1 #ajj1 #a4 #ia4 ,,doctr9al ,,controv]sies4 ,! fir/ important h]esy t grew up indep5d5tly on ,g]man soil 0 ,adoptionism4 ,?is h]esy took its rise at t po9t 9 ! developm5t ( ,*ri/ology t 0 rea*$ by ! #f? cum5ical ,c\ncil ( ,con/ant9ople 9 ,a4,d4 #fhj 7 #eb1 #h71 = x recognises ! d\ble nature & ! d\ble w :ile d5y+ ! d\ble son%ip4 ,franki% or?odoxy1 h[ev]1 saw 9 x n a fur!r developm5t ( doctr9e1 b a relapse into ,ne/orianism1 & s condemn$ ! new doctr9e4 ,dur+ ! same p]iod ! dogma ( ! procession ( ! ,holy ,_s 0 ! subject ( lively controv]sy1 & ! ,franki% *ur* came =w>d z def5d] ( ,we/]n or?odoxy aga9/ ! ,greeks4 ,9 ! ,eu*>i/ic controv]sy ! mo/ em95t ,franki% !ologians oppos$ ! ,transub/antiation doctr9e ( ,balbutus ,balbulus4 ,a fur!r controv]sy z to ! conception ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 0 closely connect$ ) ! "o j ref]r$ to4 ,nei!r ( !m 0 made ! subject ( any synodal decision4 ,on ! o!r h& v def9ite synodal decisions 7 pass$ 9 ref]5ce to ! pr$e/9ation controv]sy1 )\t1 h[ev]1 br++ t controv]sy by any means to a conclusion4 ,( subord9ate importance 0 ! dispute ov] ! expression ,tr9a ,deitas4 #ia4a4 ,! ,adoptioni/ ,controv]sy1 ,a4,d4 #ghb-gii4--,( all ,*ri/ian dogmas none 7 s (f5sive to ! ,moslems z t ( ! ,tr9ity :i* to _! b>r5 mono!ism necess>ily appe>$ z ,tri!ism1 & none 7 ! subject ( s mu* scorn z ! idea t ,god %\ld h a son4 ,x ne$ n1 !re=e1 surprise u to f9d t ,spani% !ologians endeav\r$ to put ?is doctr9e 9 a =m z little (f5sive z possible to ! ,moslems4 ,"o ,migetius w5t s f> z to adopt a v crude =m ( ,sabellianism1 = he1 und\bt$ly approa*+ ! ,mohamm$an view ( ! prophetic ord]1 repres5t$ ! ,tr9it>ian developm5t ( ! "o ,div9e ,be+ z a ?reefold hi/orical manipulation ( ,god3 9 ,david ! p]son ( ! ,fa!r is reveal$1 9 ,*ri/ z son ( ,david t ( ! ,son1 & f9ally1 9 ! ,apo/le ,paul t ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,at a ,spani% synod ( ,a4,d4 #ghb he 0 successfully oppos$ by ! ar*bi%op ,elip&us ( ,tol$o1 :o took ! opportunity ( attempt+ a fur!r developm5t ( ! ,*ri/ological dogma4 ,?is also 0 m fully elaborat$ by ,felix ( ,urgel 9 ! ,spani% ,m>k4 ,bo? taught3 ,t ,*ri/ is prop]ly ,son ( ,god only accord+ to ,8 div9e nature 7,filius ,dei ,natur72 accord+ to ,8 human nature ,he is prop]ly1 l all ( u1 a s]vant ( ,god1 & only by ! decision ( ! ,div9e w is ,he adopt$ z ! ,son ( ,god 7,filius ,dei ,adoptivus71 j z all ( u may by ,him & aft] ,8 example be rais$ f ! condition ( s]vant into ! family ( ,god4 ,accord+ to ,8 ,div9e nature !re=e ,he is ! ,only ,begott51 accord+ to ,8 human nature ! ,fir/ ,begott5 ,son ( ,god4 ,! adoption ( ! human nature into ,div9e ,son%ip began ) its conception by ! ,holy ,gho/1 b 0 m def9itely det]m9$ 9 ,8 baptism1 & p]fect$ 9 ,8 resurrection4 ,! fir/ sc5e ( ! controv]sy call$ =? by ?is doctr9e 0 enact$ on ,spani% soil4 ,two repres5tatives ( ! ,a/urian cl]gy1 ! presbyt] ,beatus ( ,libana & bi%op ,e!rius ( ,osma1 cont5d$ by ^w & writ+ aga9/ ! h]esy ( ,elip&us 7,a4,d4 #ghe74 ,?is 0 done p]haps ) ! view ( emancipat+ ! ,a/urian *ur* f ! see ( ,tol$o !n "u ,s>ac5 dom9ation4 ,! ,a/urians appli$ to ,hadrian ,i41 :o 9 an epi/le to ! bi%ops ( ,spa9 9 ,a4,d4 #ghf condemn$ ,adoptionism z a h]esy4 ,! controv]sy ent]$ ^u a second /age ?r\gh ! int]f]5ce ( ,*>lemagne4 ,! abs5ce ( ,adoptionism 9 ,franki% ,spa9 af=d$ him an excuse = int]f]+1 & he readily seiz$ ^u ?is1 because x gave him an opportunity ( pos+ z ! def5d] ( or?odoxy 9 ! ,we/1 i4e4 z ,emp]or 9 esse4 ,be=e a ,synod at ,reg5sburg 9 ,a4,d4 #gib1 ,felix 0 compell$ to r5\nce ?is h]esy1 & 0 s5t to ,rome to pope ,hadrian ,i4 ,!re he _h to make a second recantation1 b escap$ f prison & fl$ to ,s>ac5ic t]ritory4 ,9 ! meantime ,alcu9 _h return$ f 8 travels 9 ,engl&1 & imm$iately engag$ 9 controv]sy by address+ an affectionate exhortation to ,felix4 ,! ,spani>ds gave a v firm reply & ,*>lemagne !n conv5$ ! fam\s cum5ical ,g]man ,synod ( ,frank=t 9 ,a4,d4 #gid4 ,aft] fur!r inve/igation ,adoptionism 0 aga9 condemn$1 & ! judgm5t ( ! synod1 9 ord] t x might h an cum5ical "*1 0 s5t to ,spa9 accompani$ by f\r complete reports z repres5t+ ! v>i\s national *ur*es & au?orities4 ,b on ! ,spani>ds ?is made little impression4 ,j z little effect _h a le>n$ controv]sial tract ( ,alcu9's1 to :i* ,felix made a sm>t rejo9d]4 ,mean:ile ,*>lemagne s5t a cl]ical commission "u ,leidrad ( ,lyons & ,b5$ict ( ,aniane 7 #he1 #b7 into ! ,spani% ,m>k1 9 ord] to root out ! we$s ( h]esy t 7 gr[+ !re4 ,felix decl>$ himself ready = fur!r enquiry4 ,at ! national ,synod ( ,aa*5 9 ,a4,d4 #gib he disput$ = six days ) ,alcu91 & decl>$ himself at la/ ?or\ghly conv9c$4 ,alcu9 & ,paul9us ( ,aquileia publi%$ new controv]sial tracts1 & ,leidrad w5t a second "t into ! ,spani% ,m>k :]e he succe$$ 9 root+ out ! h]esy4 ,b all ! m det]m9$ 7 ! bi%ops ( ,s>ac5ic ,spa9 9 ma9ta9+ _! doctr9e1 & ,elip&us answ]$ a conciliatory lett] ( ,alcu9 9 a passionate & angry tone4 ,felix rema9$ until ! end ( 8 life 9 ,a4,d4 #hah "u ! gu>dian%ip ( ! bi%op ( ,lyons4 ,leidrad's successor1 ,agob>d1 f\nd among 8 pap]s und\bt$ evid5ce t to ! end he 0 at he>t an ,adoptioni/1 & f ?is took occasion to publi% ano!r controv]sial tract4 ,?is 0 ! v la/ ( ^! productions4 ,b 9 ,spa9 ,adoptionism seems to h ma9ta9$ its hold d[n to ! second half ( ! #i? c5tury4 ,at la/ ab\t t "t ,paulus ,alv>us ( ,cordova 7 #ij1 #f7 cont5d$ ) a c]ta9 ,joannes ,spal5sis on acc\nt ( 8 ,adoptioni/ views4 ,9 ! #ab? c5tury ! controv]sy aga9 broke out on ,g]man soil 7 #ajb1 #f74bfa #ia4b4 ,controv]sy ab\t ! ,procession ( ! ,holy ,_s4--,at a ,synod at ,g5tiliacum 9 ,a4,d4 #gfg1 held = ! purpose ( meet+ a ,byzant9e embassy ab\t ! iconocla/ controv]sy1 ! addition to ! cre$ ( ! ,filioque 0 spok5 ab\t 7 #fg1 #a74 ,! result ( ! discussion is unkn[n4 ,9 ,*>lemagne's "t ,alcu9 & ,!odulf def5d$ ! ,lat9 doctr9e 9 special treatises1 & at a ,synod at ,friaul 9 ,a4,d4 #gia ,paul9us ( ,aquileia ju/ifi$ its adoption into ! cre$ & ! ,c>ol+ian books 7 #ib1 #a74 ,! discussion 0 r5ew$ :5 ! ,lat9 monks ( ,m\nt ,olivet1 blam$ by ! ,greeks because ( ! addition1 appeal$ to ! usage ( ! ,franki% *ur*4 ,pope ,leo ,,iii4 communicat$ 9 reg>d to ?is ) ,*>lemagne1 & a ,c\ncil at ,aa*5 9 ,a4,d4 #hji def5d$ ! addition4 ,b ! pope1 al?\gh n conte/+ ! correctness ( ! doctr9e1 disall[$ ! *ange 9 ! cre$1 & _h two silv] tablets erect$ 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s 9 ,rome ) ! cre$ want+ ! addition4 ,?is 0 evid5tly a damp] ^u ! ecclesia/ico-political movem5ts ( ! emp]or4 #ia4c4 ,! ,eu*>i/ic ,controv]sy1 ,a4,d4 #hdd4--,vacillations ab\t ! doctr9e ( ! ,supp] 7 #eh1 #b7 la/$ d[n to ! #i? c5tury4 ,pas*asius ,radb]tus1 monk at ,corbie1 und]took 9 ,a4,d4 #hca1 9 8 treatise ,de ,sangu9e et corpore ,dom9i1 !ologically to ju/ify1 & on all sides to develop ! doctr9e ( ! ,supp]1 :i* _h long ago /ruck its roots 9 ! practice ( ! *ur* & ! fai? ( ! p4 ,! air ( g5u9e piety :i* meets u 9 ?is "w impresses u fav\rably1 & x _c be d5i$ t he _h a pr(\nd p]ception ( fulness1 p[]1 & dep? ( ! ,sacram5t4 ,x 01 !re=e1 q 9 accordance ) popul> belief4 ,he c\ld1 also1 ref] to facts f ! ,vit ,sanctorum1 :]e ! inn] ,v]itas _h come to out] manife/ation4 ,he ?9ks t ! fact t ?is did n always happ5 is to be acc\nt$ = p>tly by ?is1 t ! ,supp] 9 its v nature is a ,my/]ium = fai? & n a ,miraculum = unbelief1 p>tly by ! div9e condesc5d5ce :i* takes into acc\nt ! natural horror at fle% & blood1 & w\ld take away f ! hea!n all occasion = blasphemy4 ,at ?is "t1 ,a4,d4 #hca1 ! ,scriptures 7 n appeal$ to4 ,meantime ,radb]tus 0 made abbot ( ,corbie1 & 9 ?is important position he revis$ 8 "w1 & pres5t$ x to ,*>les ! ,bald 9 ,a4,d4 #hdd4 ,! k+ call$ ^u ! le>n$ monk1 ,ratramnus ( ,corbie1 to express 8 op9ion on ! subject1 & he 0 only too ready to d an injury to 8 abbot4 ,)\t nam+ him1 he conte/$ 8 doctr9e 9 8 treatise1 ,de corp4 et sang4 ,dom9i ad ,c>olum ,calvum1 ) bitt] criticism1 & subtly develop$ 8 own view1 accord+ to :i* ! body & blood ( ,*ri/ are enjoy$ only spiritualit] et secundum pot5tiam4 ,rabanus ,maurus1 ,scotus ,erig5a1 & ,florus ( ,lyons also oppos$ ! magical trans=mation doctr9e ( ,radb]tus 9 fav\r ( a m]ely spiritual enjoym5t4 ,h9cm> & ,haymo1 on ! o!r h&1 took ! side ( ,radb]tus1 :ile ,walafrid ,/rabo1 & ! able1 en]getic ,*ri/ian ,dru?m>1 f\nd 9 ! idea ( impanation & consub/antiation a m fitt+ expression = ! solemn my/]y4 ,b ,radb]tus _h spok5 ! ^w :i* gave cle> utt]ance to ! ecclesia/ical feel+ ( ! age2 ! prote/ ( s _m great au?orities might delay1 b c\ld n de/roy its effects4 ,cont9uation1 #aja1 #b4 #ia4d4 ,controv]sy ab\t ! ,conception ( ! ,virg94--,?is notion ( ! magical op]ation ( ! ,div9e prevail$ ) ,radb]tus :5 soon aft]w>ds he und]took 9 8 own way1 & also 9 accordance ) ,ps4 xxii4 #aj & ,j]4 xxxi4 #bb1 9 ! tract1 ,de p>tu virg9ali1 to e/abli% ! op9ion already express$ by ,ambrose & ,j]ome 7 #eg1 #b71 t ,m>y br\ght =? ut]o clauso1 & )\t pa94 ,ratramnus also has left a treatise on ?is !me3 ,de eo quod ,*ri/us ex ,virig9e natus e/4 ,he ma9ta9s equally ) ,radb]tus t dur+ conception z well z 9 be>+1 ! ,virg9 did n lose h] virg9ity4 ,b :ile ,radb]tus cont5d$ aga9/ ^? :o taught less ?an ?is1 i4e41 t ?\gh ,m>y conceiv$ z a virg91 %e bore aft] ! mann] ( all wom51 ,ratramnus direct$ 8 attack aga9/ ^? :o affirm$ m ?an t1 i4e41 t ,*ri/ at ,8 bir? did n leave ,8 "m's womb 9 ! usual1 natural mann]1 by ,8 "m be>+ ,him4 ,fur!r1 :ile ! =m] 0 angry at ! pr(an+ ( ! my/]y ( ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 by rank+ x "u ! laws ( nature1 ! latt] emphasiz$ ! fact t 9 no case %\ld x be reg>d$ z 9 itself ignom9i\s to be plac$ "u ! laws ( nature4 ,f9ally1 :ile ,radb]tus unconditionally repudiat$ ! position1 ,vulvam ap]uit1 ,ratramnus felt compell$ by ,luke ii4 #bc to admit x 9 a c]ta9 s5se4 ,c4 v4 8,utique vulvam ap]uit1 non et clausam corrump]et1 s$ et p] eam su nativitatis o/ium ap]iret1 sicut et 9 ,eze*4 xliv4 #c porta et clausa describitur et tam5 n>ratur ,dom9o ap]ta2 non quod lim9is sui =es dimov]it ad ejus egressum1 s$ quod sic clausa patu]it dom9anti10 & c4 viii4 8,exivit clauso sepul*ro 787 et +ressus =ibus obs]atis 7,jo4 xx4 #i7 444 ut et clausam rel9qu]et et p] eam transiret 444 nec haureundo patefecit40 ,! polemic1 !re=e1 0 mo/ probably occasion$ n by any?+ 9 ! writ+s1 b r 9 _! oral utt]ances4 ,nei!r und]/ood ! o!r's view1 & ! "o drew consequ5ces f ! o!r's /atem5ts t 7 n w>rantable4 ,b :5 ,ratramnus pret5ds to be debat+1 n ) 8 abbot b ) an unnam$ ,g]man oppon5t1 ?is c only be reg>d$ z a lit]>y artifice4 #ia4e4 ,! ,pr$e/9>ian ,controv]sy ,a4,d4 #hdg-hfh4--,! e>li] pr$e/9>ian controv]sy 7 #ec1 #e71 01 s f> f be+ br\ght to a conclusion1 t all ! gradations ( doctr9al views1 f t ( ,semi-,pelagianism to a doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation to condemnation t w5t f> beyond ,augu/9e1 c\ld f9d repres5tatives among ! tea*]s ( ! *ur*4 ,9 ! #i? c5tury ! controv]sy broke out 9 a passionate =m4 ,gotts*alk1 ! son ( ,b]no1 a ,saxon c\nt1 _h be5 plac$ by 8 p>5ts :5 a *ild 9 ! mona/]y ( ,fulda4 ,a ,synod at ,ma9z 9 ,a4,d4 #hbi all[$ him to g =?1 b ! abbot ( ,fulda at t "t1 ,rabanus ,maurus1 got ,l\is ! ,pi\s to annul ?is disp5sation4 ,transf]r$ to ! mona/]y ( ,orbais1 9 ! diocese ( ,soissons1 ,gotts*alk s\ght com=t 9 ! /udy ( ! writ+s ( ,augu/9e1 & 0 an en?usia/ic def5d] ( ! doctr9e ( absolute pr$e/9ation4 ,9 "o po9t he ev5 w5t beyond ,augu/9e himself1 = he taught a two-fold pr$e/9ation 7,gem9a prde/9atio71 a pr$e/9ation to salvation & a pr$e/9ation to condemnation1 :ile ,augu/9e _h spok5 ( ! latt] mo/ly z a giv+ ov] to des]v$ condemnation4 ,he took advantage ( two j\rneys into ,italy 9 ,a4,d4 #hdj & ,a4,d4 #hdg = spread+ 8 doctr9e4 ,impell$ ) a vehem5t desire to make conv]ts1 he made an attempt ^u bi%op ,not+ ( ,v]ona4 ,?r\gh him ,rabanus1 f ,a4,d4 #hdg ar*bi%op ( ,ma9z1 obta9$ in=mation !re(1 & issu$ to ,not+1 z well z to ,c\nt ,eb]h>d ( ,friaul1 ) :om ,gotts*alk 0 liv+1 ?reat5+ lett]s :i* di/ort$ ,gotts*alk's doctr9e 9 _m p>ticul>s1 & drew f x unfair consequ5ces1 mak+ ! ,prde/9atio ad damnationem a ,prde/9atio ad peccatum4 ,rabanus's own doctr9e di/+ui%$ presci5ce & pr$e/9ation1 & plac$ ! condemnation ( ! wick$ "u ! =m] po9t ( view4 ,at ! same "t1 9 ,a4,d4 #hdh1 he conv5$ a ,synod at ,ma9z1 be=e :i* ,gotts*alk /at$ 8 doctr9e )\t res]ve1 9 ! joy\s conviction t x 0 9 accordance ) ! doctr9e ( ! *ur*4 ,b ! ,c\ncil excommunicat$ him1 & assign$ him = puni%m5t to 8 metropolitan ,h9cm> ( ,rheims4 ,h9cm> _h him anew condemn$ at ! ,synod ( ,qui]sy 9 ,a4,d4 #hdi1 !n1 because he /eadily refus$ to recant1 _h him savagely sc\rg$ & consign$ to imprisonm5t = life 9 ! mona/]y ( ,hautvilli]s4 ,gotts*alk (f]$ to prove ! ju/ice ( 8 cause by submitt+ to an ordeal2 b ,h9cm>1 ?\gh 9 o!r in/ances a def5d] ( ! ordeal1 d5\nc$ ?is z ! proposal ( a second ,simon ,magus4 ,! inhuman treatm5t ( ! poor monk1 & ! rejection ( ! doctr9e ( ,augu/9e by two *ur* lead]s1 occasion$ a mighty commotion 9 ! ,franki% *ur*1 :i* 0 ma9ly direct$ aga9/ ,h9cm>4 ,at fir/1 bi%op ,prud5tius ( ,troyes took ! condemn$ monk's "p4 ,!n ,*>les ! ,bald ask$ ! op9ions ( ,ratramnus ( ,corbie & ! abbot ,s]vatus ,lupus ( ,f]rires4 ,bo? ( ^! took ! side ( ,gotts*alk4 ,h9cm>'s position ?reat5$ to become v s]i\s4 ,he look$ out = support]s1 & succe$$ 9 f9d+ *ampions 9 ! deacon ,florus ( ,lyons1 ! prie/ ,amal>ius ( ,metz1 & ! le>n$ ,joannes ,scotus ,erig5a4 ,b ! latt]'s advocacy 0 almo/ m dang]\s to ! metropolitan ?an ! *>ges ( 8 accus]s4 ,= ! speculative ,iri%man f\nd$ 8 objections to ! doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation on ! position1 unhe>d ( be=e 9 ! ,we/1 t evil is only a 1 & condemnation !re=e n a positive puni%m5t ( ,god1 b consi/+ only 9 ! consci\sness ( a defect4 ,h9cm>'s position 0 n[ worse ?an ev]1 = 8 oppon5ts made him responsible = ! h]esies ( ,scotus4 ,& n only an old objector1 ,prud5tius ( ,troyes 9 8 ,de prde/4 c4 ,joh4 ,scotu1 b ev5 ar*bi%op ,wessilo ( ,s5s & ! deacon ,florus ( ,lyons1 :o _h hi!rto support$ him1 n[ put on _! arm\r aga9/ him4 ,b ,*>les ! ,bald took ! "p ( ! sorely-beset metropolitan1 & summon$ ! national ,synod ( ,qui]sy ( ,a4,d4 #hec1 :]e 9 f\r articles 7,capitula ,c>isiaca71 a modifi$ ,augu/9ianism1 reject+ ! gem9a prde/9atio1 0 set =? z ! or?odox fai?4 ,! ,neu/rian objectors 7 n[ compell$ to keep sil5ce1 b ar*bi%op ,remigius ( ,lyons set a ,lo?r+ian national ,synod ( ,val5ce ( ,a4,d4 #hee ov] aga9/ ! ,neu/rian ,synod4 ,?is ,synod expressly condemn$ ! decisions ( ! ,synod ( ,qui]sy1 toge!r ) ! ,scotti% mixture 7pultus ,scotorum71 & laid d[n six conflict+ articles z ! /&>d ( or?odoxy4 ,f9ally ! rul]s ( ! ,we/ ,franks comb9$ _! =ces & call$ an ,imp]ial ,synod at ,savonnires1 a suburb ( ,t\l1 9 ,a4,d4 #hei4 ,b h>mony 0 n yet secur$1 & !y 7 likely to "p ) bitt] feel+s1 :5 ,remigius made ! proposal to res]ve decision = a subsequ5t assembly to be conv5$ 9 a less agitat$ "t1 & mean:ile to ma9ta9 ! peace4 ,?is 0 agre$ ^u1 & s ! controv]sy put out ( view1 = ! propos$ assembly 0 nev] br\ght ab\t4 ,gotts*alk1 left 9 ! lur* by 8 =m] fri5ds1 n[ turn$ = help to ! p[]ful pope ,ni*olas ,i4 ,! pope ord]$ ,h9cm> to answ] be=e ! papal pl5ipot5ti>ies = 8 proce$+s aga9/ ! monk at ! ,synod ( ,metz 9 ,a4,d4 #hfc 7 #hb1 #g74 ,h9cm> pref]r$ n to comply to ?is dem&1 & to 8 delight ! pope himself annull$ ! decisions ( ! ,synod because 8 legates _h be5 brib$4 ,moreov] ! metropolitan succe$$ by int]cession & well-plann$ lett]s 9 w9n+ ov] ! pope4 ,?us !n ,gotts*alk 0 *eat$ out ( 8 la/ hope4 ,= tw5ty ye>s he langui%$ 9 prison1 b ) 8 late/ brea? he reject$ e proposal ( recantation4 ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #hfh1 & by ,h9cm>'s ord]s 0 buri$ 9 unconsecrat$ e>?4 #ia4f4 ,! ,tr9it>ian ,controv]sy1 ,a4,d4 #heg4--;,f 8 prison ,gotts*alk _h accus$ 8 metropolitan ( a second h]esy4 ,h9cm> _h remov$ f a *ur* hymn1 ,te tr9a ,deitas unaque poscimus1 ! expression1 tr9a ,deltas1 z fav\r+ ,arianism1 & sub/itut$ ! words1 sancta ,deitas4 ,8 oppon5ts !re=e *>g$ him ) ,sabellianism1 & ,ratramnus made ?is accusation 9 a controv]sial tract no long] extant4 ,ratramnus1 on ! o!r h&1 to :om ,h9cm> appli$1 support$ ! *ange1 b w\ld n commit himself to a writt5 approval ( x1 :]eupon ,h9cm> himself und]took a def5ce ( ! expression sub/itut$ 9 8 treatise1 ,de una et non tr9i ,deitate4#bfb #ib4 ,,endeav\rs ,,aft] ,,re=mation4 ,! indep5d5ce :i* ,*>lemagne gave to ! ,g]man *ur* fir/ awak5$ 9 x ! consci\sness ( its vocation z a re=m]4 ,?is consci\sness 0 ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages1 ?\gh hamp]$ inde$ by mu* n>r[ness1 "o-sid$ness1 & error4 ,*>lemagne himself /ood fir/ 9 ! s]ies ( re=m]s ) 8 en]getic prote/ aga9/ image wor%ip4 ,l\is ! ,pi\s too p]sev]$ 9 ?is same direction1 & enc\rag$ ,agob>d ( ,lyons & ,claudius ( ,tur9 :5 !y conte/$ simil> =ms ( ecclesia/ical sup]/ition4 #ib4a4 ,! ,c>ol+ian ,opposition to ,image ,wor%ip1 ,a4,d4 #gij-hbe4--,on ! occasion ( an embassy ( ! emp]or ,con/ant9us ,copronymus 7 #ff1 #b7 ,pep9 ! ,%ort conv5$ a ,synod at ,g5tiliacum 9 ,a4,d4 #gfg 7 #ia1 #b7 :]e ! "q ( image wor%ip 0 dealt )4 ,we h no fur!r in=mation1 z ! acts ( ?is ,synod h be5 lo/4 ,!n 9 ,a4,d4 #gij ,hadrian ,i4 s5t to ,*>lemagne ! acts ( ! #g? occasional ,synod ( ,nica 7 #ff1 #c74 ,*>les1 z emp]or-elect1 reg>d$ himself z griev\sly wrong$ by ! assumption ( ! ,greeks1 :o1 )\t consult+ ! ,g]man c\rt1 s\ght to enact laws t 7 :olly antagoni/ic to ! ,franki% practice4 ,he publi%$ "u 8 own "n a /ate pap] 9 #d bks41 ! s-call$ ,libri ,c>ol9i1 9 :i* ! ,byzant9e proce$+s 7 c5sur$ 9 /rong t]ms1 ! synodal acts refut$ "o by "o1 e =m ( image wor%ip d5\nc$ z idolatry1 :ile at ! same "t ! position ( ! iconocla/s 0 repudiat$ &1 ) ref]5ce to ,gregory ! ,great 7 #eg1 #d71 ! usefulness ( images 9 quick5+ devotion1 in/ruct+ ! p & provid+ suitable decoration = sacr$ places 0 admitt$4 ,v5]ation ( sa9ts1 relics1 & ! cross is1 on ! o!r h&1 p]mitt$4 ,*>lemagne s5t ?is writ+ to ! pope1 :o 9 ! mo/ c\rte\s language wrote a refutation1 :i*1 h[ev]1 made no impression ^u ,*>lemagne4 ,on ! contr>y he n[ ha/5$ prep>ations = call+ a great cum5ical ,synod ( all ,g]man *ur*es t w\ld outdo ! ,synod ( ! ,byzant9e c\rt4 ,alcu9 utiliz$ 8 visit to ,engl& = secur+ a repres5tation at ?is ,synod ( ! ,anglo-,saxon *ur*4 ,! ,synod met at ,frank=t 9 ,a4,d4 #gid & confirm$ ! positions ( ! ,c>ol9e books4 ,! pope f\nd x prud5t to yield to ! times & ! p4 ,"u ,l\is ! ,pi\s ! matt] 0 br\ght =w>d anew on ! occasion ( an embassy f ! iconocla/ emp]or ,mi*ael ,balbus4 ,a national ,synod at ,p>is 9 ,a4,d4 #hbe condemn$ image wor%ip %>ply1 9 opposition to ,hadrian ,i41 & affirm$ ! positions ( ! ,c>ol9e books4 ,pope ,eug5ius ,,ii4 kept sil5t on ?is subject4 ,9 ! ,franki% empire d[n to ! #aj? c5tury no recognition 0 giv5 to ! #bnd ,nic5e ,c\ncil1 & (ficial opposition 0 cont9u$ aga9/ image wor%ip4 #ib4b4 ,soon aft] ! ,p>isian c\ncil ( ,a4,d4 #hbe1 ,agob>d ( ,lyons made 8 appe>ance ) a p[]ful polemic3 ,contra sup]/itionem eorum1 qui picturis et imag9ibus sanctorum adorationis obsequiem def]5dum putant4 ,he goes mu* fur!r ?an ! ,c>ol9e books1 = n only does he reg>d x z advisable1 on acc\nt ( ! inevitable misuse on ! "p ( ! p1 to bani% images entirely1 b ) image wor%ip he also rejects all adoration ( sa9ts1 relics1 & angels4 ,man %\ld put 8 tru/ 9 ! omnipot5t ,god alone1 & wor%ip & rev]5ce only ! "o ,m$iator1 ,*ri/4 ,he comes =w>d also z a re=m] ( ! liturgy4 ,he f9ds fault ) all s5su\s additions to ,div9e s]vice1 w\ld bani% f x all non-,biblical hymns1 urges to e>ne/ /udy ( ,scripture1 cont5ds aga9/ ! folly ( ! ordeal 7,de ,div9is ,s5t5tiis71 ! popul> sup]/itions ab\t wit*craft & wea!r om5s 7,contra insulsam vulgi op9ionem de gr&9e et tonitruis71 & ! idea t by pres5ts to *ur*es a /op c be put to epidemics & pe/il5ces4 ,also on inspiration he ent]ta9$ v lib]al op9ions 7 #ij1 #i74 ,no "o ?\ght on acc\nt ( ^! views to *>ge him ) h]esy4 ,claudius ( ,tur9 w5t /ill fur!r ?an ,agob>d4 ,by ! help ( ,augu/9e he 0 able to grasp m pr(\ndly ?an any ( 8 contempor>ies ! ess5tial core ( sav+ tru?1 t man )\t any m]it ( works is ju/ifi$ & sav$ by ! grace ( ,god 9 ,*ri/ alone4 ,l\is ! ,pi\s appo9t$ him to ! bi%opric ( ,tur9 ) ! express injunction t he %\ld cont5d aga9/ image wor%ip 9 8 ,italian diocese4 ,he f\nd !re image wor%ip along ) an extravagant devotion to relics1 crosses & pilgrimages c>ri$ on to su* a degree t he felt himself con/ra9$ reluctantly because ( ! condition ( affairs to ca/ images & crosses out ( ! *ur*es altoge!r4 ,! popul> excitem5t ov] ?is proce$+ rose to ! utmo/ pit*1 & 8 life 0 sav$ & 8 (fice reta9$ only ?r\gh dread ( ! ,franki% arms4 ,:5 pope ,pas*alis intimat$ to him 8 displeasure1 he said ! pope is only to be hon\r$ z apo/olic1 :5 he does ! works ( an apo/le1 o!rwise ,matt4 xxiii4 #b-d applies to him4 ,aga9/ ! views ( 8 e>ly s*ol> & fri5d ! abbot ,!odemir1 reg>d+ mona/ic psalmody1 he v9dicat$ himself 9 ,a4,d4 #hbe 9 8 controv]sial tract ,apologeticus1 :i* is n[ kn[n only f ! replies ( 8 oppon5ts4 ,a ,scot*man1 ,dungal1 tea*] at ,pavia1 ent]$ ! li/s aga9/ him & accus$ him be=e ! emp]or1 :o1 h[ev]1 cont5t$ himself ) call+ ^u bi%op ,jonas ( ,orleans to refute ! apologetical treatise4 ,?is refutation appe>$ only aft] ! dea? ( ,claudius4 ,x assum$ ! position ( ! ,franki% *ur* on ! "q ( image wor%ip1 z also ,dungal _h done4 ,butl] ,tann]1 ,! ,selwood ,pr9t+ ,works1 ,frome1 & ,london4 ,,footnotes4 #a ,d[l+1 8,introduction to ,/udy ( ,eccl4 ,hi/42 its ,progress & ,s\rces40 ,lond41 #ahch4 ,sm$t1 8,introd4 g5]alis ad ,hi/4 ,eccl4 critice tract&am40 ,g&avi1 #ahgf4 #b ,see ,s]mon on ,! ,ph>isees 9 ,mozley's 8,univ4 ,s]mons40 ,lond41 #ahgf2 also ,s*r]1 ,div4 ,,ii41 vol4 ii41 pp4 #a-dc1 8,ph>isees & ,sadducees40 #c ,see ,lightfoot1 ,ep4 to ! ,col41 #e? ed41 ,lond41 #ahhj1 ,diss4 on 8,ess5es1 _! ,"n1 ,orig91 & ,relation to ,*ri/ianity40 pp4 #cdi-dai2 also ,s*r]1 ,div4 ,,ii41 vol4 ii41 pp4 #ahh-bah1 8,! ,ess5es40 #d ,nutt1 ,sket* ( ,sam>itan ,hi/ory1 ,dogma1 & ,lit]ature4 ,lond41 #ahgd4 #e ,on ,philo1 see ,s*r]1 ,div4 ,,ii41 vol4 iii41 pp4 #cba-cha4 #f ,j4 ,bann]man1 8,! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/40 #b vols41 ,ed941 #ahfh4 ,jacob1 8,ecclesia/ical ,polity ( ! ,new ,te/am5t40 ,lond41 #ahga4 ,hat*1 8,! ,organization ( ! ,e>ly ,*r4 ,*ur*es40 ,lond41 #ahha2 #bnd ed41 #ahhc4 ,d4 ,d4 ,bann]man1 8,! ,doctr9e ( ! ,*ur*40 ,ed941 #ahhg4 ,hodge1 8,! ,*ur* & its ,polity40 ,ed941 #ahgi4 ,b9nie1 8,! ,*ur*40 ,ed941 #ahhb4 ,press5s1 8,life & ,pract4 ( ,e>ly ,*ur*40 ,lond41 #ahgi4 ,lightfoot1 8,comm4 on ,philip40 8,essay on ,*ri/ian ,m9i/ry40 #f? ed41 ,lond41 #ahha1 pp4 #aha-bfi4 #g ,momms51 8,de collegiis et sodaliciis ,rom40 ,kiel1 #ahdc4 ,f\c>t1 8,les associat4 relig4 *ez les ,grecs40 ,p>is1 #ahgc4 ,hat*1 8,organization ( ,e>ly ,*r4 ,*ur*es40 pp4 #bf-ci4 #h ,lightfoot1 8,epi/le to ,phil40 #f? ed41 ,lond41 #ahha1 p4 #ie4 ,deta*$ notes on ! synonyms 8bi%op0 & 8presbyt]40 8,diss4 on ,*ri/ian ,m9i/ry40 pp4 #ahg-bjj4 #i ,blondel1 8,apologia pro s5t5tia ,hi]on4 de episcop4 et presbyt40 ,am/41 #afdf4 #aj ,! ( ,rom4 xvi4 #af2 #a ,cor4 xvi4 #bj4 #aa ,( ^! we probably f9d fragm5ts 9 ,eph4 ii4 #ad2 #a ,tim4 iii4 #af2 #b ,tim4 ii4 #aa-ac2 & p]haps also 9 #a ,tim4 iii4 #a1 #af2 ,jas4 i4 #ag2 ,rev4 i4 #d2 iv4 #aa2 v4 #i2 xi4 #ae2 xv4 #c2 xxi4 #a2 xxii4 #aj4 #ab ,acts ii4 #d1 #f2 xx4 #g4 #ac ,john xx4 #bf2 ,acts xx4 #g2 #a ,cor4 xvi4 #b2 ,rev4 i4 #aj4 #ad ,acts ii4 #ci2 xvi4 #cc2 #a ,cor4 vii4 #ad4 #ae ,acts viii4 #ag2 vi4 #f2 xiii4 #c2 #a ,tim4 iv4 #ad4 #af ,on ! subject ( ?is section consult3 ,press5s1 8,e>ly ,ye>s ( ,*ri/ianity40 ,vol4 #b1 8,apo/olic ,age40 ,lond41 #ahgi1 pp4 #cfa-cha4 ,le*l]1 8,apo/olic & ,po/ ,apo/olic ,times40 #b vols41 ,ed941 #ahhf2 ,vol4 i41 pp4 #cg-fg1 #acj-add4 #ag ,burton1 8,h]esies ( ! ,apo/olic ,age40 ,ox=d1 #ahbi4 #ah ,z au?orities = ?is p]iod consult3 ,mo%emii1 8,comm5t>ii de reb4 ,*ri/ianor4 ante ,con/ant40 ,helm/41 #agec4 ,baur1 8,fir/ ,?ree ,c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*40 ,lond41 #ahgg4 ,milman1 8,hi/4 ( ,*r4 to ,abol4 ( ,pag4 9 ,rom4 ,emp40 #c vols41 ,lond41 #ahdj4 ,press5s1 8,e>ly ,ye>s ( ,*ri/ianity40 #d vols41 ,lond41 #ahgi4 #ai ,consult3 ,kill51 8,! ,anci5t ,*ur*40 ,ed941 #ahei2 8,! ,old ,ca?olic ,*ur*40 ,ed941 #ahga4 ,le*l]1 8,apo/4 & ,po/-,apo/4 ,times40 #b vols41 ,ed941 #ahhf2 ,vol4 ii41 pp4 #bfj-cgi4 ,rob]tson1 8,hi/4 ( ,*r4 ,*ur*40 ,vol4 i41 7,a4,d4 #fd-eij71 ,lond41 #aheh4 #bj ,al?\gh ! ,po/-,apo/olic & ,old ,ca?olic ,ages are %>ply en\gh di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r 9 po9t ( "t & ( cont5ts along _m l9es ( hi/orical developm5t1 & are rightly p>tition$ (f f ea* o!r1 s t !y might seem to require treatm5t z indep5d5t p]iods2 yet1 on ! "o h&1 pass+ ov] f ! "o to ! o!r is s frequ5t & is = ! mo/ "p ( s liquid & incontrollable a nature1 :ile on ! o!r h&1 ! opposition ( & ! di/9ction betwe5 ^! two p]iods & ! cum5ical ,ca?olic ,imp]ial ,*ur* t succe$s are s ?or\gh-go+1 t we pref] to embrace ! two "u "o p]iod & to po9t out ! b\nd>y l9es betwe5 ! two :]ev] ^! are cle>ly disc]nible4 #ba ,+e1 8,society 9 ,rome "u ! ,cs>s40 ,lond41 #ahhg4 #bb ,uhlhorn1 8,conflict ( ,*ri/ianity ) ,hea!nism40 ,/e]e1 8,acc\nt ( ! ,p]secutions ( ! ,*ur* "u ! ,roman ,emp]ors40 #bc ,r5an1 8,anti*ri/40 ,lond41 #ahgd4 ,m]ivale1 8,hi/4 ( ,rom4 ,emp40 ,vols4 v4 vi41 ,lond41 #ahef1 #aheh4 ,f>r>'s 8,e>ly ,days ( ,*ri/ianity40 ,lond41 #ahhd2 ,bk4 ,i41 pp4 #a-dd4 ,momms51 8,hi/4 ( ,rome40 #f vols41 ,lond41 #ahge ff4 #bd ,r5an1 8,m>cus ,aurelius40 ,lond41 #ahhc4 ,lightfoot1 8,ignatius & ,polyc>p40 #c vols41 ,lond41 #ahhe4 #be ,lightfoot1 8,ignatius40 ,vol4 i41 pp4 #dfi-dgf4 #bf 8,kir*5ges*4 v4 ,dts*l40 ,i4 #id4 #bg ,mason1 8,! ,p]secution ( ,diocletian40 ,cambridge1 #ahgf4 #bh ,cott]ill1 8,p]egr9us ,proteus40 ,ed941 #ahgi2 ,engl4 ,transl4 ( ,lucian's works1 by ,dr4 ,franckl91 #d vols41 ,lond41 #agha4 #bi ,baur1 8,*ri/ian ,*ur* 9 ,fir/ ,?ree ,c5turies40 ,lond41 #ahgg4 8,celsus & ,orig540 9 vol4 iv4 ( ,fr\de's 8,%ort ,/udies40 #cj ,philo/ratus1 8,life ( ,apollonius ( ,tyana40 ,fir/ #b bks41 ,transl4 by ,bl\nt1 ,lond41 #afhj4 ,newman1 8,hi/4 ,sket*es40 ,vol4 i41 *ap4 ii41 8,apollonius ( ,tyana40 #ca ,! works ( ,plot9us consi/ ( #ed treatises arrang$ 9 #f ,enneads1 8,op]a ,omnia40 ed4 ,creuz]1 #c vols41 ,oxon41 #ahce4 ,sev]al ( ! treatises transl4 into ,engli% by ,h4 ,taylor1 ,lond41 #agid & #ahag4 #cb ,zell]1 8,hi/ory ( ,eclecticism 9 ,greek ,philosophy40 ,lond41 #ahca4 ,ueb]weg1 8,hi/4 ( ,phil40 ,lond41 #ahgb2 ,vol4 i41 pp4 #bdj-beb4 #cc 8,n>ratio orig4 rituum et error4 ,*ri/ianor4 ,s4 ,joannis40 ,rom41 #afeb4 #cd ,ewald1 8,hi/4 ( ,israel40 ,lond41 #ahhf2 ,vol4 viii41 p4 #abj4 #ce ,9 de ,sacy's 8,*re/om4 ,arabe40 #b ed41 ,i4 #ccc4 #cf #a ,cor4 xvi4 #c2 #b ,cor4 viii4 #ai2 ,gal4 ii4 #i4 #cg ,burton1 8,h]esies ( ! ,apo/olic ,age40 ,ox=d1 #ahbi4 ,zell]1 8,acts ( ! ,apo/les40 #b vols41 ,london1 #ahge1 #ahgf4 ,press5s1 8,apo/olic ,age40 ,london1 #ahgi1 pp4 #ff-gc2 #cah-ccj4 #ch ,ne&]'s 8,fir/ ,plant+ ( ,*ri/ianity & ,antigno/ikus40 7,bohn71 #b vols41 ,lond41 #ahea4 ,mansel1 8,gno/ic ,h]esies ( ,fir/ & ,second ,c5turies40 ,ed4 by ,bi%op ,lightfoot1 ,lond41 #ahge4 ,k+1 8,rema9s ( ! ,gno/ics40 ,lond41 #ahfd2 new ed41 #ahhg4 ,ueb]weg1 8,hi/4 ( ,phil40 #b vols41 ,lond41 #ahgb1 ,vol4 i41 pp4 #bhj-bij4 #ci ,^! are publi%$ among ! works ( ,orig54 ,rec5tly ,casp>i discov]$ an admirable ,lat9 translation ( !m made by ,ruf9us1 & publi%$ x 9 8 8,kir*5hi/4 ,anecdota40 ,i41 7,*ri/41 #ahhc74 #dj ,lipsius1 8,val5t9us & 8 ,s*ool40 9 ,smi?'s 8,dict4 ( ,biography40 ,vol4 iv41 ,lond41 #ahhg4 #da ,9 ,cureton's 8,spicil4 ,syr40 ,lond41 #ahee4 #db ,9 its extant ,coptic =m1 ed4 by ,pet]mann1 ,brl41 #ahea4 ,9 a ,lat9 transl4 by ,s*w>tze1 ,brl41 #ahec4 ,9 ,engli% transl4 9 ,k+'s 8,rema9s ( ! ,gno/ics40 ,lond41 #ahhg4 #dc ,yet ! s*ool ( ,baur reg>d ?is ,gospel ( ,m>cion z ! orig9al ( ,luke4 ,hilg5feld ?9ks t bo? our ,luke & ,m>cion drew f "o e>li] s\rce4 ,hahn has s\ght to re/ore ! ,m>cionite ,gospel 9 ,?ilo's 8,cod4 ,apoc4 ,n4,t40 ,i4 #dja4 ,s&ay1 8,gospels 9 ! ,second ,c5tury40 ,london1 #ahgf4 #dd ,salmon1 8,introd4 to ! ,n4,t40 ,london1 #ahhe1 pp4 #bdb-bdh4 ,reuss1 8,hi/4 ( ,n4,t40 ,ed941 #ahhd1 #bia1 #bdf1 #cfb1 #ejh4 #de ,lightfoot1 8,comm4 on ,galatians40 ,camb41 #ahfe2 ,diss4 8,/4 ,paul & ! ,?ree40 #df ,le*l]1 8,apo/4 & ,po/-,apo/ol4 ,times40 ,vol4 ii41 p4 #bfc ff4 ,ewald1 8,hi/4 ( ,israel40 ,lond41 #ahhf1 ,vol4 viii41 p4 #aeb4 #dg ,ewald1 8,hi/4 ( ,israel40 ,vol4 viii41 p4 #abb4 #dh ,we possess ?is "w 9 ! orig9al ,greek4 ,! fir/ complete edition 0 t ( ,cotel]ius 9 8 8,pp4 ,apo/40 ,! late/ & mo/ c>eful sep>ate ed41 is by ,lag>de1 ,lps41 #ahfe2 ,eng4 transl4 9 ,ante ,nic5e ,lib41 ,ed941 #ahga4 #di ,exi/+ only 9 ! ,lat9 transl4 ( ,ruf9us4 ,publi%$ 9 ,cotel]ius1 8,pp4 ,apo/40 ,sep>ate ed4 by ,g]sdorf1 ,lps41 #ahch2 ,eng4 transl4 ,ante-,nic5e ,lib41 ,ed941 #ahfg4 #ej ,see de ,sacy1 8,mem4 sur div]ses antiqu4 de la ,p]se40 ,p>41 #agid4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! ,arabic works are ! ,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ,an-,naddim1 ,kitab al ,fihri/1 ed4 ,flgel & ,ro$ig]1 ,lps41 #ahga2 !n ,al-,%ur/ani's 8,hi/4 ( relig4 & phil4 sects40 ed4 ,cureton1 ,lond41 #ahdb2 & ,al-,biruni's 8,*ron4 d4 ,ori5t ,vlk]40 ed4 ,sa*au1 ,lps41 #ahgh4 #ea ,among ! ,m&eans mana rabba means "o ( ! highe/ ons1 & is ?us p]haps id5tical ) ! "n ,p>aclete borr[$ f ! ,*ri/ian t]m9ology1 :i* ,manes assum$4 #eb ,ueb]weg1 8,hi/4 ( ,phil40 #b vols41 ,lond41 #ahgb1 ,vol4 i41 pp4 #bij-cbe4 ,patri/ic4 ,phil4 d[n to ,c\ncil ( ,nica4 #ec ,donaldson1 8,apo/olic ,fa!rs40 ,lond41 #ahgd4 ,lightfoot1 8,clem5t ( ,rome40 #b vols41 ,lond41 #ahfi1 #ahgg2 ,ignatius & ,polyc>p1 #c vols41 ,lond41 #ahhe4 ,s&ay1 8,! ,gospels 9 ! ,second ,c5tury40 ,lond41 #ahgf4 #ed ,luke i4 #a2 #cb1 #d2 #cf1 #g2 #ei1 #a4 #ee 8,patrum ,apo/4 ,op]a40 ,ed4 ,gebh>dt1 ,h>nack & ,zahn1 #c vols41 ,lps41 #ahgf ff4 8,apo/olic ,fa!rs40 ,engl4 transl4 9 ,ante-,nic5e ,libr>y1 ,ed941 #ahfg4 ,donaldson1 8,apo/olic ,fa!rs40 ,ed941 #ahgd4 #ef ,at ,con/ant9ople1 #ahge4 #eg ,comp4 ,lightfoot1 8,/4 ,clem5t ( ,rome1 ,an ,app5dix40 etc41 ,lond41 #ahgg4 #eh ,donaldson1 8,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian ,lit]ature40 ,vol4 i41 ,lond41 #ahfd4 ,cunn+ham1 8,diss]tation on ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,b>nabas40 ,lond41 #ahgg4 #ei 8,h]m ,pa/or40 ed4 ,hilg5feld1 #b ed41 ,lps41 #ahha4 ,d[n to ! middle ( ! #ai? c5tury x 0 kn[n only 9 a ,lat9 translation1 b s9ce !n ! ,greek orig9al has be5 accessible 9 two rec5sions1 z well z 9 an anci5t ,e?iopic translation 7ed4 d',abbadie1 ,lps41 #ahfj74 ,"o ( ! ,greek rec5sions almo/ complete 0 f\nd 9 ! mona/]y ( ,a?os2 & an old]1 b less p]fect "o1 0 f\nd 9 ! ,codex ,s9aiticus4 ,s*odde1 8,h]m ,nab2 ,! ,e?iopic v]sion ( ,pa/or ,h]m exam9$40 ,lps41 #ahgf4 #fj ,comp4 ,h>nack 9 ,expositor = ,m>*1 #ahhf1 pp4 #ahe-aib4 ,lightfoot1 8,ignatius & ,polyc>p40 ,lond41 #ahhe1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #dcc-dgj4 #fa ,cureton1 8,corpus ,ignatianum40 7,rom41 ,eph41 & ,ep4 to ,polyc471 ,lond41 #ahai4 #fb ,aga9/ _! g5u95ess3 ,dallu1 8,de scrr4 qu sub ,dionysii et ,ignatii nom4 circumf]40 ,g541 #afff4 ,kill51 8,ignatian ,epi/les entirely ,spuri\s40 ,ed941 #ahhf4 ,9 fav\r3 ,pe>son1 8,v9dici ,/4 ,ignat40 ,cantab41 #afgb4 ,lightfoot1 8,ignatius & ,polyc>p40 #c vols41 ,lond41 #ahhe4 #fc ,salmon1 8,introd4 to ! ,new ,te/am5t40 ,lond41 #ahhe1 pp4 #ajd-abf4 ,s&ay1 8,gospels 9 ,second ,c5tury40 ,lond41 #ahgf4 #fd ,s*aff1 8,! ,olde/ ,*ur* ,manual40 ,ed941 #ahhf4 ,hit*cock & ,br[n1 8,tea*+ ( ! ,twelve ,apo/les40 ,new ,york1 #ahhd4 ,taylor1 8,! ,tea*+ ( ! ,twelve ,apo/les ) ,illus4 f ! ,talmud40 ,cambr41 #ahhf4 ,expositor1 ,april & ,june1 #ahhf1 pp4 #cai f4 & #dja ff42 ,nov41 #ahhg1 pp4 #cei-cga4 #fe ,donaldson1 8,hi/4 ( ,*r4 ,lit4 f dea? ( ,app4 to ,nic4 ,c\ncil40 #c vols41 ,lond41 #ahfd1 ,vols4 ii4 & iii41 8,! ,apologi/s40 #ff ,! ,syriac translation ( a treatise ( ,melito's giv5 9 ,cureton's 8,spicileg4 ,syr40 ,lond41 #ahec1 :i* gives itself out z an address deliv]$ be=e ,anton9us ,cs>1 is n id5tical ) 8 ,apology to ,anton9us ,pius1 ( :i* ,eusebius has pres]v$ ?ree fragm5ts1 z ^! passages are n f\nd 9 x4 #fg ,! fragm5ts ( ,melito's works are collect$ by ,r\?1 8,reliqui ,sacr40 ,l41 ,oxon41 #ahad4 #fh 8,op]a40 ed4 ,otto1 #c vols41 ,j5a1 #ahgf2 ,engl4 transl4 9 ,ante-,nic5e ,libr>y1 ,ed941 #ahfg4 ,semis*1 8,j4 ,m>t40 #b vols41 ,ed941 #ahdc4 ,kaye1 8,writ+s & ,op94 ( ,j4 ,m>t40 ,lond41 #ahec4 #fi ,salmon1 8,introd4 to ,new ,te/40 ,on ,tatian1 pp4 #if-ajd4 ,wace on 8,zahn's ,tatian's ,diatess>on40 9 ,expositor = ,sept4 & ,oct41 #ahhb4 #gj ,bigg1 8,! ,*ri/ian ,platoni/s ( ,alex&ria40 ,bampton ,lect4 = #ahhf1 ,oxf41 #ahhf4 ,k+sley1 8,alex&ria & h] ,s*ools40 ,camb41 #ahed4 #ga 8,op]a40 ed4 ,h>vey1 ,cantab41 #aheg2 ,introd4 ,,ii4 8,life & ,wr4 ( ,ir5u40 ,engl4 transl4 9 ,ante-,nic5e ,lib41 #b vols41 ,ed941 #ahfh1 #ahfi4 ,lightfoot1 8,*ur*es ( ,gaul40 9 ,contemp4 ,review1 ,aug4 #ahgf4 ,lipsius1 8,ir5u40 9 ,smi?'s 8,dict4 ( ,*r4 ,biog40 ,,iii41 pp4 #bec-bgi4 #gb ,_m works ascrib$ to him h be5 lo/2 :atev] fragm5ts ( ^! exi/ h be5 collect$ by ,fabricius & ,lag>de4 ,^! 73 ,exeget41 a ,com4 on ,daniel2 ,apolog41 2 ,polem41 aga9/ ,gno/ics & ,mon>*ians1 aga9/ ! ,asiatic ,obs]vance ( ,ea/] 7 #cg1 #b72 ,dogmat41 1 1 7 #bb1 #d71 2 ,hi/4-*ron41 ,*ronicle1 & ,ea/]-,canon4 ,on ,philosoph\m5a3 ,dll+]1 8,hippolytus & ,calli/us40 ,ed941 #ahgf4 #gc 8,op]a40 ed4 ,d9dorf1 #d vols41 ,oxon41 #ahfh4 8,supplem5tum ,clem5t9um1 9 ,zahn's ,=s*40 ,vol4 iii41 ,engl4 transl4 9 ,ante-,nic5e ,lib41 #b vols41 ,ed941 #ahfg4 ,bigg1 8,*r4 ,plat4 ( ,alex40 ,lectt4 ,,ii4 ,,iii41 ,oxf41 #ahhf4 ,kaye1 8,clem5t ( ,alex&ria40 ,london1 #ahee4 ,reuss1 8,hi/ ( ,canon40 ,ed941 #ahhd1 pp4 #aab-aaf4 #gd ,j]ome reckons !m at #b1jjj2 ,epiphanius at #f1jjj2 ^! mu/ include ! ?\s&s ( sep>ate epi/les & homilies4 ,bigg1 8,*r4 ,platoni/s ( ,alex40 ,lectt4 ,,iv4-,,vi41 ,oxf41 #ahhf4 #ge ,hexaplorum qu sup]sunt4 ,ed4 ,field1 ,oxon41 #ahga4 #gf ,ed4 ,selwyn1 ,cantab41 #ahgf2 ,engl4 transl4 ( ,c4 ,celsum & ,de ,pr9cipiis1 9 ,ante-,nic5e ,libr>y1 #b vols41 ,ed941 #ahfi-ahgb4 #gg 8,gregory ,?aumaturgus1 ,dionysius ( ,alex4 & ,ar*elaus40 transl4 by ,pr(4 ,salmond1 ,ed941 #ahga4 #gh ,ne&]1 8,antigno/icus1 or ! ,_s ( ,t]tull40 app5d$ to 8,hi/4 ( ,plant+ ( ,*r4 ,*ur*40 #b vols41 ,lond41 #ahea4 ,kaye1 8,eccles4 ,hi/4 ( #bnd & #crd ,c5ts4 illu/r4 f ,wr4 ( ,t]tull40 #b ed41 ,camb41 #ahbi4 ,t]tullian1 8,works40 #c vols41 ,ante-,nic5e ,lib41 ,ed941 #ahfi4 #gi 8,cyprian's ,treatises & ,epi/les40 ,lib4 ( ,fa!rs1 #b vols41 ,oxf41 #ahci1 #ahdd4 8,writ+s ( ,cyprian40 ,ante-,nic5e ,lib41 #b vols41 ,ed941 #ahfh4 ,poole1 8,life & ,times ( ,c40 ,oxf41 #ahdj4 ,press5s1 8,m>tyrs & ,apologi/s40 ,lond41 #ahgi1 pp4 #dad-dch4 #hj ,dillmann1 8,pseudepigraph4 des ,a4 ,ts40 ,h]zog1 xii4 #cda4 ,reuss1 8,hi/4 ( ! ,n4 ,t40 ,ed941 #ahhd4 ,salmon1 8,introd4 to ,n4 ,t40 #bnd ed41 ,lond41 #ahhf4 #ha 8,fabricius1 ,codex pseudepigr4 ,v4,t40 ,ed4 #b41 ,hamb41 #agbb4 #hb ,drummond1 8,jewi% ,messiah40 ,lond41 #ahgg4 ,lawr5ce1 8,book ( ,eno*40 ,oxf41 #ahba4 ,s*odde1 8,bk4 ( ,eno*40 ,&ov]1 #ahhb4 ,s*ur]1 8,hi/4 ( ,jew4 ,peo4 9 ,times ( ,j4 ,*r40 ,div4 ,,ii41 ,vol4 #c41 pp4 #ei ff41 #gc ff41 #ic ff41 #acd ff42 7,eno*1 ,assumptio1 ,ezra1 ,bk4 ( ,jub474 ,b5sly1 8,miss+ ,fragm5t ( ,lat4 ,transl4 ( #d? ,bk4 ( ,ezra40 ,cambr41 #ahge4 #hc ,s9k]1 8,te/4 ,,xii4 ,patri>*um40 ,cambr41 #ahfi2 ,app5dix1 #ahgi4 ,malan1 8,book ( ,adam & ,eve40 ,lond41 #ahhb4 ,hort on ,bks4 ( ,adam1 9 ,smi?'s 8,dict4 ( ,*r4 ,biog40 ,lond41 #ahgg4 #hd ,salmon1 8,introd4 to ,n4,t40 ,lond41 #ahhe2 ,lect4 ,,xii41 8,apoc4 & ,h]4 ,gospels40 pp4 #bbf-bdh4 #he ,ni*olson1 8,! ,gosp4 acc4 to ! ,hebrews40 ,lond41 #ahgi4 #hf ,giles1 8,cod4 ,apoc4 ,n4 ,t40 #b vols41 ,lond41 #aheb4 ,tis*5dorf1 8,evv4 ,apocr40 ,ed4 #b1 ,lps41 #ahgf4 #hg ,wright1 8,apocryphal ,acts ( ! ,apo/les40 ,syriac & ,engli%1 #b vols41 ,lond41 #ahga4 ,malan1 8,! ,conflicts ( ! ,holy ,apo/les40 ,lond41 #ahga4 ,tis*5dorf1 8,acta app4 ,apocr40 ,lps41 #ahea4 #hh ,phillips1 8,addai ! ,apo/le40 ,syriac & ,engli%1 ,lond41 #ahgf4 #hi ,lightfoot1 8,comm4 on ,phil40 #f? ed41 ,lond41 #ahha2 8,diss4 on ,paul & ,s5eca40 pp4 #bgj-cbh2 8,lett]s ( ,paul & ,s5eca40 pp4 #cbi-ccc4 ,lightfoot1 8,comm4 on ,col40 #e ed41 ,lond41 #ahhj2 pp4 #bgd-cjj1 8,! ,epi/le f ,laodicea40 #ij ,dorn]1 8,hi/4 ( ,dev4 ( ,doctr4 ( ,p]son ( ,*r40 #e vols41 ,ed941 #ahfb4 ,press5s1 8,h]esy & ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e40 ,lond41 #ahgi4 #ia ,deut4 xviii4 #ae2 ,isa4 liii4 #c2 ,matt4 xii4 #cb2 ,luke i4 #ce2 ,john viii4 #dj2 ,acts ii4 #bb2 #a ,tim4 ii4 #e4 #ib ,t]tullian says3 ,ita duo negotia diaboli ,praxeas ,rom procuravit1 prophetiam expulit et hresim intulit1 p>acletum fugavit et patrem crucifixit4--,ps4-,t]tull43 ,hresim introduxit1 quam ,victor9us corrobor>e curavit4 #ic ,dorn]1 8,p]son ( ,*ri/40 ,vol4 ii4 #id ,press5s1 8,life & ,practice 9 ! ,e>ly ,*ur*40 ,lond41 #ahgb4 #ie ,hat*1 8,! ,organization ( ! ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es40 ,lond41 #ahha2 8,! ,gr[? ( ,*ur* ,in/itutions40 ,lond41 #ahhg4 ,bann]man1 8,doctr4 ( ! ,*ur*40 #b vols41 ,ed941 #aheh2 espec4 vol4 i41 pp4 #bgg-dhj4 ,lightfoot1 8,comm4 on ,phil40 #f? ed41 ,lond41 #ahha3 8,diss]tat4 on ,*r4 ,m9i/ry40 ,pap]s 9 ,expositor1 #ahhg1 on 8,orig9 ( ,*r4 ,m9i/ry40 by ,s&ay1 ,h>nack & o!rs4 #if ,we are n c>ri$ fur!r ?an ?is by ,ir5u1 iii4 #c4 ,simil>ly1 too1 ,cyprian1 ,de ,unitate ,ecclesi1 iv4 ,t]tullian also does n accept ! ,roman tradition z ( supreme au?ority1 b pref]s t ( ,asia ,m9or 9 reg>d to ! ,ea/] ,controv]sy1 &1 9 ! ,de ,pudicitia1 he opposes ) bitt] invective ! p5it5tial discipl9e ( ! ,roman bi%op ,zephyr9us or ,calli/us4 ,s1 too1 ,cyprian repudiates ! ,roman practice 9 reg>d to h]etics' baptism 7 #ce1 #e72 & on ! same subject ,firmilian ( ,cs>ea 9 ,cappadocia hesitates n to write3 ,non pudet ,/ephanum1 ,cyprianum pseudo-*ri/um et pseudo-apo/olum et dolosum op]>ium dic]e3 qui omnia 9 se esse conscius prv5it1 ut alt]i p] m5dacium objic]et1 qu ipse ex m]ito audire deb]et4--,consult3 ,blondel1 8,trait hi/4 de la primaut40 ,g541 #afda4 ,salaci\s1 8,de ,primatu ,pap40 ,lugd4 ,bat41 #afde4 ,k5rick1 8,! ,primacy ( ! ,apo/olic ,see ,v9dicat$40 ,new ,york1 #ahdh4 8,! ,pope & ! ,c\ncil40 by ,janus1 ,lond41 #ahfi4 #ig ,wall1 8,hi/4 ( ,infant ,baptism40 ) ,gale's ,reflections1 & ,wall's ,def5ce1 #d vols41 ,oxf41 #ahcf4 ,wilb]=ce1 8,doctr4 ( ,holy ,baptism40 ,lond41 #ahdi4 #ih ,funk's ass]tion t ! & ! 7 n /ages 9 ! ,cate*um5ate1 b p5al ranks 9 :i* (f5d+ ,cate*um5s 7 plac$1 & t !re 0 only "o ord] ( ,cate*um5s is unt5able = ^! reasons3 #a4 ,because ! p5it5tial in/itution presupposes a fall+ away f ! grace ( baptism2 #b4 ,because ! ,canon ( ,neo-,cs>ea ) its 1 1 1 necess>ily implies t is a /age 9 ! ,cate*um5ate2 #c4 ,because ?is ,canon provides t aft] ! fir/ p5al proc$ure1 n aft] pass+ ?r\gh two p5it5tial ord]s1 ! s9n] w be expell$2 #d4 ,f9ally1 because ! ( ! ,cate*um5s1 j l t ( ! congregation 9 pray]1 is ev5 9 expression some?+ q diff]5t f ! ( ! p5it5ts4--,consult3 ,press5s1 8,life & ,practice 9 ! ,e>ly ,*ur*40 ,lond41 #ahgi1 pp4 #e-cf1 #ccc4 #ii ,press5s1 8,life & ,practice 9 ! ,e>ly ,*ur*40 pp4 #bja-baf1 #bfc-bhf4 ,le*l]1 8,apo/olic & ,po/-,apo/4 ,times40 #b vols41 ,ed941 #ahhf2 ,vol4 ii4 #bih4 ,jacob1 8,eccle/4 ,polity ( ,n4 ,t40 ,lond41 #ahga1 pp4 #ahg-cai4 #ajj ,jacob1 8,eccle/4 ,polit4 ( ,n4,t40 ,lond41 #ahga1 ,lect4 vii41 8,! ,"l's ,supp]40 ,wat]l&1 8,review ( ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,eu*>i/40 ,lond41 #agcg4 #aja ,see1 ,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/iana4 ,,ii4 ii4 #ae4--8,old ,lat9 ,biblical ,texts40 ,edit$ by ,john ,wordswor?1 ,bp4 ( ,salisbury1 ,ox=d1 #ahhe1 etc4 #ajb ,le*l]1 8,apo/olic & ,po/-,apo/olic ,times40 ,ed941 #ahhf1 ,vol4 ii41 pp4 #cja-caj4 #ajc ,bosio1 8,roma ,sott]anea40 ,rom41 #afcb4 ,de ,rossi1 8,roma sott4 cri/40 #c vols41 ,rome1 #ahfd-ahgg4 ,nor?cote & ,br[nl[1 8,roma ,sott]anea40 ,lond41 #ahfi4 ,)r[1 8,! ,catacombs ( ,rome40 ,lond41 #ahgf4 #ajd ,m>riott1 8,te/imony ( ! ,catacombs40 ,lond41 #ahgg4 #aje ,zckl]1 8,! ,cross ( ,*ri/40 ,lond41 #ahgg4 ,all51 8,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,symbolism40 ,lond41 #ahhg4 ,didson1 8,*r4 ,iconography40 #b vols41 ,lond41 #ahhf4 #ajf ,s*midt1 8,! ,social ,results ( ,e>ly ,*ri/ianity40 ,lond41 #ahhf4 ,brace1 8,ge/a ,*ri/i40 ,lond41 #ahhc4 ,uhlhorn1 8,*r4 ,*>ity 9 ! ,anci5t ,*ur*40 ,ed941 #ahhc4 ,press5s1 8,life & ,practice 9 ,e>ly ,*ur*40 ,lond41 #ahgi1 pp4 #cde-dgg4 ,ryan1 8,hi/4 ( ! ,effects ( ,relig4 ^u ,mank9d40 ,dubl91 #ahbj4 #ajg ,mor9us1 8,de discipl4 9 adm9i/r4 s4 pnit5ti40 ,p>41 #afea4 ,m>%all1 8,p5it5tial ,discipl9e ( ! ,prim4 ,*ur* = ! ,fir/ ,f\r ,c5turies40 ,lond41 #ahdd 7#a/ ed41 #agah74 ,t]tullian1 8,de ,pnit5tia40 ,see ,transl4 9 ,libr>y ( ,fa!rs1 ,t]tullian1 vol4 i41 8,apologetic & ,practical ,treatises40 ,oxf41 #ahdc2 ,,xi4 ,( ,rep5tance1 ) long & valuable notes by ,dr4 ,pusey1 pp4 #cdi-djh4 #ajh ,j4 de ,soyres1 8,montanism & ! ,primitive ,*ur*40 ,cambr41 #ahgh4 ,cunn+ham1 8,! ,*ur*es ( ,asia40 ,lond41 #ahhj1 p4 #aei ff4 #aji ,buns51 8,hippolytus & 8 ,age40 ,lond41 #ahed4 ,wordswor?1 8,/4 ,hippolytus & ! ,*ur* ( ,rome40 ,lond41 #aheb4 ,dll+]1 8,hippolytus & ,calli/us40 ,ed941 #ahgf 7orig4 publ4 #ahec74 #aaj 8,libr>y ( ,fa!rs40 ,oxf41 #ahdc1 ,cyprian's ,treatises3 v48,on ,unity ( ! ,*ur*40 vi4 8,on ! ,laps$40 ) prefaces4 ,also1 8,epp4 ( ,s4 ,cyprian40 7#ahdd7 xli4-xlv41 lii4 & lix4 #aaa 8,libr>y ( ,fa!rs40 ,oxf41 #ahdd2 8,epp4 ( ,s4 ,cyprian40 ,ep4 lii41 also ,ep4 lv4 #aab ,m]ivale1 8,conv]sion ( ! ,roman ,empire40 ,lond41 #ahfd4 ,milman1 8,hi/4 ( ,*ri/ianity to ,abol4 ( ,pag4 9 ,rom4 ,emp40 #c vols41 ,lond4 ,lecky1 8,hi/4 ( ,eur4 ,morals40 ,vol4 ii41 8,f ,con/ant9e to ,*>lemagne40 #aac ,dll+]1 8,fables respect+ ! ,popes ( ! ,middle ,ages40 ,lond41 #ahga4 #aad ,orig9al s\rce is ,eusebius1 8,life ( ,con/ant9e40 ,trans4 ,lond41 #ahdb4 ,see int]e/+ lect4 on ,con/ant9e 9 ,/anley's 8,hi/4 ( ,ea/]n ,*ur*40 ,lond41 #ahfa4 ,madd51 8,*ri/ian ,emblems on ,co9s ( ,con/ant9e ,i40 ,lond41 #ahgh4 #aae ,ne&]1 8,! ,emp]or ,julian & 8 ,g5]ation40 ,lond41 #ahej4 ,g4 ,h4 ,r5dall1 8,! ,emp]or ,julian40 ,lond41 #ahgi4 ,newman1 8,miracles 9 ,eccl4 ,hi/40 ,oxf41 #ahdb4 ,bp4 ,wordswor?1 8,julian40 9 ,smi?'s ,dict4 ( ,biog41 vol4 iii41 pp4 #dhd-ebc4 #aaf ,on ?is :ole p]iod consult3 ,hi/ories ( ,!odoret1 ,sozom51 ,socrates1 & ,evagrius 7conta9+ mu* fabul\s matt]1 b useful z contempor>y records ext5d+ d[n to ,a4,d4 #eid74 ,transl4 9 #d vols41 ,lond41 #ahab-ahdf4 ,= ,!odosius ,i4 see ,hefele1 8,hi/4 ( ,c\ncils40 vol4 ii41 p4 #cda ff41 ,ed941 #ahgf4 #aag ,a c>eful recon/ruction ( ! :ole z f> z possible has be5 attempt$ by ,neumann 7,leipz41 #ahhj71 accompani$ by prolegom5a & a ,g]man translation4 #aah ,hefele1 8,hi/4 ( ,*ur* ,c\ncils40 ,ed941 #ahgb1 ,vol4 i41 pp4 #a-dh4 ,pusey1 8,c\ncils ( ,*4 f ,a4,d4 #ea to ,a4,d4 #cha3 _! con/it41 obj41 & hi/ory40 ,oxf41 #aheg4 #aai ,its orig9al =m is probably pres]v$ 9 a ,syriac translation2 see ,buns5's 8,analecta ,ant5icna40 ii4 #de-cch1 ,lond41 #ahed4 #abj ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ! ,greek orig9al by ,bickell "u ! title1 inapplicable to ! fir/ "p3 4 #aba ,maitl&1 8,! ,d>k ,ages40 ,lond41 #ahdd4 ,ozanam1 8,hi/4 ( ,civilization 9 #e? ,c5t40 ,transl4 by ,glyn1 #b vols4 ,montalemb]t1 8,monks ( ! ,we/1 f ,b5$ict to ,b]n>d40 #g vols41 ,ed941 #ahfa ff4 #abb ,/eph5s1 8,*ryso/om3 8 ,life & ,times40 #crd ed41 ,london1 #ahhc1 pp4 #ei ff41 #bid ff4 #abc ,hat*1 8,organization ( ! ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es40 ,london1 #ahha1 pp4 #abd-aci4 ,hat*1 8,ord9ation40 9 ,smi?'s 8,dict4 ( ,bibl4 ,antiq40 ,vol4 ii4 #abd ,hat*1 8,organization ( ,*r4 ,*40 p4 #afa4 ,b$e1 8,eccles4 ,hi/40 iv4 #a4 #abe ,dale1 8,synod ( ,elvira1 & ,*ri/4 ,life 9 ! #d? c5t40 ,london1 #ahhb4 ,lea1 8,hi/4 ( ,sac]dotal ,celibacy40 ,philad41 #ahfg4 ,lecky1 8,hi/4 ( ,europ4 ,morals40 ,london1 #ahgg1 ,vol4 ii41 pp4 #cbh ff4 ,hefele1 8,hi/4 ( ,*ri/4 ,c\ncils40 ,ed941 #ahgb1 ,vol4 i41 pp4 #aej1 #chj1 #dce4 #abf ,neale1 8,hi/4 ( ! ,holy ,ea/]n ,*ur*40 #e vols41 ,london1 #ahdg-ahgc4 ,/anley1 8,lect4 on ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*40 ,london1 #ahfa4 #abg ,gre5wood1 8,ca!dra ,petri3 ,pol4 ,hi/4 ( ,great ,lat9 ,patri>*ate f #a/ to #af? c5t40 #f vols41 ,london1 #ahef ff4 #abh ,hefele1 8,hi/4 ( ,c\ncils40 ,vol4 ii41 ,ed941 #ahgf1 pp4 #bca ff41 #dhc ff4 #abi ,comp4 ,dll+]1 8,fables ,respect+ ! ,popes ( ! ,middle ,ages40 ,lond41 #ahga4 #acj ,milman1 8,lat9 ,*ri/ianity40 ,vol4 i4 #aca ,bright1 8,hi/4 ( ,*ur* f ,a4,d4 #cac-dea40 #b ed41 ,cambr41 #ahfi4 ,milman1 8,lat9 ,*ri/ianity40 ,vol4 i4 #acb ,kellett1 8,pope ,gregory ! ,great & 8 ,relations ) ,gaul40 7,cambridge ,essays1 ,no4 ii471 ,cambridge1 #ahhi4 #acc ,engl4 ,transl43 8,eccles4 ,hi/4 ) ,life ( ,euseb4 by ,valesius40 ,lond41 #ahdc4 8,!ophania1 or ,div4 ,manife/4 ( ! ,"l40 f ,syr4 by ,dr4 ,sam4 ,lee1 ,lond41 #ahdc4 8,life ( ,con/ant9e40 ,lond41 #ahdd4 8,life ( ,eusebius40 by ,bright1 prefix$ to ,oxf4 ed4 ( ,eccl4 ,hi/4 ( #ahgb4 #acd 8,fe/al ,epp4 ( ,a?anasius40 7transl4 f ,syriac discov]$ 9 #ahdb by ,tattam1 & fir/ edit$ by ,cureton 9 #ahdh71 ,oxf41 #ahed4 #ace 8,treatises aga9/ ,arians40 #b vols41 ,oxf41 #ahdb 7new ed41 #a vol41 #ahgg74 8,hi/orical ,tracts40 ,oxf41 #ahdc2 8,select ,tracts10 ) ,newman's ,notes1 #b vols41 ,lond41 #ahha4 #acf ,newman's1 8,hi/4 ,sket*es40 ,vol4 ii41 *ap4 v2 ,sket*es ( ,basil1 ,gregory1 etc4 ,orig9ally publ4 "u title 8,*ur* ( ! ,fa!rs40 ,lond41 #ahdb4 #acg ,ullmann1 8,gregory ,nazianz540 ,ox=d1 #ahee2 & ,newman 8,*ur* ( ! ,fa!rs40 #ach ,cyril's ,comm4 on ,luke is transl4 f ! ,syriac by ,dr4 ,payne ,smi?1 ,oxf41 #ahei4 #aci ,a v full & admirable acc\nt ( ,synesius & 8 writ+s is giv5 by ,rev4 ,t4 ,r4 ,halcomb 9 ,smi?'s 8,dict4 ( ,*r4 ,biog40 ,vol4 iii41 pp4 #gef-ghj4 #adj ,ne&]1 8,life ( ,*ryso/om40 ,lond41 #ahde4 ,/eph5s1 8,life ( ,*ryso/om40 #crd ed41 ,lond41 #ahhc4 ,*ase1 8,*ryso/om3 a ,/udy40 ,cambr41 #ahhg4 ,8 ,homilies & ,addresses are transl4 9 #ae vols4 9 ! 8,lib4 ( ! ,fa!rs40 ,oxf41 #ahci-ahea4 ,v>i\s ,eng4 translations ( ! tract 8,on ! ,prie/hood40 #ada ,newman's 8,hi/orical ,sket*es40 ,vol4 ii41 *ap4 i41 8,!odoret40 #adb ,translat$ by ,dean ,*ur* 9 8,lib4 ( ! ,fa!rs40 ,oxf41 #ahch2 ) int]e/+ & in/ructive ,preface by ,newman4 #adc ,ueb]weg1 8,hi/4 ( ,philosophy40 ,lond41 #ahgb1 ,vol4 i41 pp4 #cdi-ceb4 ,colet1 8,on ! ,hi]>*ies ( ,dionysius40 ed4 by ,lupton1 ,lond41 #ahfi4 ,wescott1 8,dionysius ! ,areopagite40 9 ,contemp4 ,review = ,may1 #ahfg4 #add ,e!ridge1 8,! ,syrian ,*ur*es3 _! ,e>ly ,hi/41 ,liturg4 & ,lit40 ,lond41 #ahdf4 #ade ,morris1 8,select ,writ+s ( ,ephraim ! ,syrian40 ,ox=d1 #ahag4 ,burgess1 8,rep5tance ( ,n9eveh1 ,metrical ,homily by ,ephraem40 ,lond41 #ahec4 8,select ,metrical ,hymns & ,homilies ( ,eph4 ,syr40 ,lond41 #ahec4 #adf ,newman1 8,*ur* ( ! ,fa!rs40 #bnd ed41 ,london1 #ahdb4 ,repr9t$ 9 ,hi/4 ,sket*es1 vol4 ii4 ,gilly1 8,vigilantius & 8 ,times40 ,london1 #ahdd4 #adg 8,lib4 ( ,fa!rs40 9 vol4 ( ,cyprian's ,epps41 ,oxf41 #ahdd1 pp4 #cah-chd4 ,= phrase quot$1 see p4 #cbb4 #adh ,a good acc\nt ( ! writ+s ( ,j]ome is giv5 by ! late ,pr(4 ,william ,ramsay 9 ,smi?'s 8,dict4 ( ,grk4 & ,rom4 ,biogr40 ,vol4 ii41 p4 #dfj4 ,milman1 8,hi/4 ( ,*r40 ,vol4 iii41 *4 xi4 ,cutts1 8,/4 ,j]ome40 ,lond41 #ahgg4 ,gilly1 8,vigilantius & 8 ,times40 ,lond41 #ahdd4 #adi ,gilly1 8,vigilantius & 8 ,times40 ,london1 #ahdd4 #aej ,newman's 8,arians ( ! #d? ,c5tury40 ,london1 #ahch4 ,gwatk91 8,/udies ( ,arianism40 ,camb41 #ahhb4 ,hefele1 8,hi/4 ( ,c\ncils40 ,vols4 i4 ii41 ,ed941 #ahgb1 #ahgf4 ,newman's 8,tracts ,!olog4 & ,eccles40 ,*ap4 ii42 ,doctr9al ,causes ( ,arianism4 8,select ,treatises ( ,a?anasius40 ,ed4 by ,newman1 #b vols41 ,london1 #ahha1 ,vol4 #b conta9+ notes on ,arius1 ,a?anasius1 etc4 #aea ,hefele1 8,hi/4 ( ,c\ncils40 ,i41 pp4 #bca-ddg4 ,kaye1 8,hi/4 ( ,c\ncil ( ,nica40 ,london1 #ahec4 ,tillemont1 8,hi/4 ( ,arians & ,c\ncil ( ,nice40 ,london1 #agba4 #aeb ,newman's 8,select ,treat4 ( ,a?anasius40 ,vol4 ii41 p4 #aif f4 ,hefele1 8,hi/4 ( ,c\ncils40 ,vol4 ii41 ,ed941 #ahgf1 p4 #aic4 #aec ,newman's 8,select ,treat4 ( ,a?anasius40 ,vol4 ii41 p4 #bhb ff4 ,hefele1 8,hi/4 ( ,c\ncils40 ii41 p4 #bag4 #aed ,hefele1 8,hi/4 ( ,c\ncils40 ii41 pp4 #cdj-cgc4 ,hort1 8,two ,diss]tations40 ii41 ,on ! ,con/ant9ople ,cre$ & o!r ,ea/]n ,cre$s ( ! #d? c5t41 ,camb41 #ahgd4 #aee ,swete1 8,! ,hi/4 ( ! ,doctr4 ( ! ,procession ( ! ,holy ,_s f ,apo/4 ,age to ,dea? ( ,*>lemagne40 ,cambr41 #ahgf4 ,pusey1 8,on ! clause #8,& ! ,son4'0 ,oxf41 #ahgf4 #aef ,hefele1 8,hi/4 ( ,c\ncils40 ii41 p4 #cdh ff41 #ig1 ,! ,tome & ! ,cre$4 #aeg ,/eph5s1 8,*ryso/om40 pp4 #bhg-cje4 ,hefele1 8,hi/4 ( ,c\ncils40 ii41 p4 #dcj ff4 #aeh ,! mo/ useful & complete acc\nt ( ,*ryso/om is t ( ,/eph5s4 ,consult also ,milman1 8,hi/4 ( ,*r40 ,vol4 iii41 pp4 #bjf ff4 #aei ,dorn]1 8,hi/4 ( ! ,developm5t ( ! ,doctr4 ( ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/40 #e vols41 ,ed941 #ahfa4 #afj ,newman1 8,tracts ,!ological & ,ecclesia/ical40 ,*ap4 iii41 ,apoll9>ianism4 #afa ,hefele1 8,hi/4 ( ,c\ncils40 ,vol4 iii41 pp4 #a-aef4 #afb ,mo/ in=m+ ab\t all ^! transactions is ,hefele1 8,hi/4 ( ,c\ncils40 iii41 ,ed941 #ahhc2 7,robb] ,synod1 p4 #bda ff42 ,*alc$on1 p4 #dea ff474 ,p]ry1 8,second ,c\ncil ( ,ephesus40 ,london1 #ahgg4 ,bright1 8,hi/4 ( ,*ur* f ,a4,d4 #cac-dea40 ,cambr41 #ahfi4 #afc ,butl]1 8,anci5t ,coptic ,*ur*es40 #b vols41 ,london1 #ahhd4 #afd ,dll+]1 8,fables respect+ ! ,popes ( ! ,middle ,ages40 ,lond41 #ahga4 ,willis1 8,pope ,honorius & ! ,new ,roman ,dogma40 ,lond41 #ahgi4 ,bottalla1 8,pope ,honorius be=e ! ,tribunal ( ,reason & ,hi/ory40 ,london1 #ahfh4 #afe ,wigg]s1 8,augu/9ianism & ,pelagianism40 ,&ov]1 #ahdj4 ,mll]1 8,*r4 ,doctr9e ( ,s940 #b vols41 ,ed941 #ahfh4 ,rits*l1 8,hi/4 ( ,*r4 ,doctr4 ( ,ju/ific4 & ,reconciliation40 ,ed941 #ahgb4 #aff ,laidlaw1 8,! ,bible ,doctr9e ( ,man40 ,ed941 #ahgi4 ,he>d1 8,trip>tite ,nat4 ( ,man40 #crd ed41 ,ed941 #ahgj1 pp4 #ahi-bjj4 ,delitzs*1 8,biblical ,psy*ology40 #bnd ed41 ,ed941 #ahfi1 pp4 #abh-adb4 ,beck1 8,outl9es ( ,biblical ,psy*ology40 ,ed941 #ahgg1 p4 #aj4 #afg ,= an entirely diff]5t repres5tation ( ! ,augu/9ian sy/em see ,cunn+ham1 8,s4 ,au/9 & 8 ,place 9 ,hi/4 ( ,*r4 ,?\ght40 ,lond41 #ahhf2 esp4 *aps4 ii4 & iii41 pp4 #de-ajg4 ,a good outl9e & def5ce 9 ,hodge's 8,sy/em4 ,!ol40 ,ed941 #ahgd1 ,vol4 ii41 pp4 #ccc-cec4 ,mo%eim1 8,eccl4 ,hi/40 ed4 by ,dr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,reid1 ,lond41 #ahhj1 p4 #baj1 notes #c & #d2 7pt4 ,,ii41 *ap4 v41 #be47 ,mozley1 8,augu/9ian ,doctr9e ( ,pr$e/9ation40 ,lond41 #ahee4 #afh ,hodge1 8,sy/ematic ,!ology40 ,vol4 ii41 pp4 #aff-afh4 #afi ,l>dn]1 8,cr$ibility ( ! ,gospel ,hi/40 ,vol4 iv41 ,london1 #agdc4 #agj ,but*]1 8,! ,ecclesia/ical ,cal5d>40 ,london4 ,hampson1 8,m$ii vi ,kal5d40 #aga ,giesel]1 8,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory40 ,ed9burgh1 #ahdh1 ,vol4 ii41 pp4 #ada-ade4 #agb ,tyl]1 8,image ,wor%ip ( ,*4 ( ,rome contr>y to ,scripture & ! ,prim4 ,*40 ,london1 #ahdg4 #agc ,tyl]1 8,wor%ip ( ,virg9 ,m>y contr>y to ,script4 & ,fai? ( ,*4 ( fir/ #e ,c5ts40 ,london1 #ahea4 ,clagett1 8,pr]ogatives ( ,anna ! ,"m ( ,god40 ,london1 #afhh4 ,also by same3 8,disc\rse on ,wor%ip ( ,virg9 & ,sa9ts40 ,london1 #afhf4 #agd ,cos91 8,s*ola/ic ,hi/ory ( ,popi% ,transub/antiation40 ,lond41 #afgf4 #age ,reuss1 8,hi/ory ( ! ,n4,t4 ,scriptures40 ,ed941 #ahhd1 #cgg4 ,keil1 8,introduction to ! ,o4,t40 ,ed941 #ahgj1 ,vol4 ii41 pp4 #bja-bjc4 #agf ,swa9son1 8,! ,nic5e & ,apo/les' ,cre$s40 ,camb41 #ahge4 ,we/cott1 8,! ,hi/oric ,fai?40 ,lond41 #ahhc1 note iii41 ! ,cre$s4 ,h>vey1 8,hi/4 & ,!ology ( ! ?ree ,cre$s40 ,camb41 #ahed4 ,hort1 ,two ,diss]tations3 ,,ii4 8,! ,con/ant9opolitan ,cre$ & ! ,ea/]n ,cre$s ( #d? c5t40 ,camb41 #ahgf4 ,s*aff1 8,cre$s ( ,*ri/5dom40 ,ed941 #ahgg1 vol4 i4 ,lumby1 8,hi/ory ( ! ,cre$s40 ,camb41 #ahgc4 ,wat]l&1 8,crit4 ,hi/4 ( ,a?anasian ,cre$40 ,camb41 #agbd4 ,heurtley1 8,! ,a?anasian ,cre$40 ,oxf41 #ahgb4 ,ommaney1 8,a?4 ,cre$3 an ,exam4 ( ,rec5t ,!ories respect+ its ,date & ,orig940 ,lond41 #ahge4 #agg ,neale1 8,hymns ( ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*40 ,lond41 #ahfc4 8,m$ival ,hymns & ,sequ5ces40 ,lond41 #ahfc4 ,giesel]1 8,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory40 ,vol4 iii41 p4 #cec4 #agh ,hawk9s1 8,hi/ory ( ,music40 ,lond41 #ahec4 #agi ,hammond1 8,anci5t ,liturgies40 ,oxf41 #ahgh4 ,neale & ,littl$ale1 8,translations ( ,primitive ,liturgies40 ,lond41 #ahfi4 ,neale1 8,essays on ,liturgiology40 ,lond41 #ahfg4 #ahj ,m>riott1 8,ve/i>ium ,*ri/ianum3 ,orig9 & gradual developm5t ( ,dress ( ,holy ,m9i/ry ( ,*ur*40 ,lond41 #ahfh4 #aha ,woltmann & ,wo]mann1 8,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+40 #b vols41 ,lond41 #ahhf2 vol4 i41 8,anc41 ,e>ly ,*r4 & ,m$ival ,pa9t+40 ed4 by ,pr(4 ,sidney ,colv94 8,h&book ( ,pa9t+3 ,italian ,s*ools4 ,bas$ on ,kgl]'s ,h&book40 by ,ea/lake2 new ed4 by ,lay>d1 #b vols41 ,lond41 #ahhf4 #ahb ,ozanam1 8,hi/4 ( ,civilization dur+ ! #e? ,c5tury40 #b vols4 ,lecky1 8,hi/4 ( ,european ,morals40 ,vol4 ii4 #ahc ,smi?'s 8,diction>y ( ,*ri/ian ,biography40 vol4 iii41 p4 #cfg4 #ahd ,gilly1 8,vigilantius & 8 ,times40 ,lond41 #ahdj4 #ahe ,giesel]1 8,eccl4 ,hi/40 ii4 #adh4 #ahf ,ludolphus1 8,hi/ory ( ,e?iopia40 ,london1 #afhd4 #ahg ,malan1 8,gregory ! ,illum9ator3 8 ,life & ,times40 ,london1 #ahfh4 ,article by ,lipsius on ,eznik 9 ,smi?'s 8,diction>y ( ,*r4 ,biography40 ,vol4 ii41 p4 #dci4 #ahh ,muir1 8,life ( ,mohamm$ & ,hi/4 ( ,islam40 #d vols41 ,lond4 ,boswor? ,smi?1 8,mohamm$ & ,mohamm$anism40 ,lond41 #ahgd4 ,mhleis5-,arnold1 8,islam1 its ,hi/41 ,*r4 & ,rel4 to ,*ri/ianity40 #crd ed41 ,lond41 #ahgd4 ,deuts*1 8,lit]>y ,rema9s3 ,islam40 ,lond41 #ahgd4 ,/eph5s1 8,*ri/ianity & ,islam40 ,lond41 #ahgg4 ,mills1 8,hi/4 ( ,mohamm$anism40 ,lond41 #ahag4 #ahi ,muir1 8,annals ( ! ,e>li] ,khalifate40 #aij ,f9lay1 8,hi/4 ( ,greece f ,rom4 ,conque/40 #g vols41 ,lond41 #ahfd1 new ed41 #ahgg2 vols4 ii4 & iii4 ,b[]'s 8,lives ( ,popes40 ,vols4 iii4 & iv41 ,lond41 #aged4 ,comb]1 8,disc4 on #bnd ,c\ncil ( ,nica40 ,repr9t$ 9 ,gibson's 8,pres]v4 f ,pop]y40 ,lond41 #ahdh4 ,didron1 8,*ri/ian ,iconography40 #b vols41 ,lond41 #ahhf4 #aia ,m5dham1 8,! ,sev5? ,g5]al ,c\ncil1 ! ,second ( ,nica40 9 :i* ! wor%ip ( images 0 e/abli%$4 #aib ,allatius1 8,de eccl4 occid4 et ori5t4 p]petua cons5sione40 ,colon41 #affi4 ,swete1 8,hi/4 ( ! ,procession ( ! ,holy ,_s40 ,camb41 #ahgf4 ,ff\lkes1 8,*ri/5dom's ,divisions40 ,london4 ,neale1 8,holy ,ea/]n ,*ur*40 #e vols41 ,london1 #ahdg4 #aic ,pop(f1 8,hi/4 ( ,c\ncil ( ,flor5ce40 ,transl4 f ,russian by ,neale1 ,london1 #ahfa4 #aid ,lupton1 8,/4 ,john ( ,damascus40 ,london1 #ahhb4 #aie ,badg]1 8,! ,ne/orians & _! ,rituals40 #b vols41 ,london1 #aheb4 #aif ,b>+-,g\ld1 8,curi\s ,my?s ( ! ,middle ,ages40 ,lond41 #ahha4 #aig ,murawieff1 8,hi/4 ( ! ,*ur* ( ,russia40 ,trans4 f ! ,russ41 ,lond41 #ahdb4 ,roman(f1 8,sket*es ( ! ,rites & ,cu/oms ( ! ,grco-,russian ,*ur*40 ,lond41 #ahfi4 #aih ,pot?a/1 8,biblio?4 ,hi/4 ,modii vi40 ,b]ol41 #ahfb1 ) suppl4 9 #ahfh4 ,d',a*]y1 8,vett4 ,script4 ,spicilegium40 7#afee71 #c vols41 ,p>41 #aghc4 ,ecc>d1 8,corpus ,hi/4 ,m$ii vi40 #b vols41 ,lps41 #agbc4 ,du ,*esne1 8,hi/4 ,francorum ,s]r40 #e vols41 ,p>41 #afcf4 ,p>k]1 8,r]4 ,brit4 ,s]r4 ,vetu/40 ,lugd4 ,b41 #aehg4 ,gale1 8,hi/4 ,brit41 ,saxon41 ,anglo-,dan4 ,scrr40 #b vols41 ,oxf41 #afia4 ,:>ton1 8,anglia ,sacra40 #b vols41 ,lond41 #afia4 ,wilk9s1 8,conc4 ,brit4 et ,hib40 #d vols41 ,lond41 #agcg4 ,haddan & ,/ubbs1 8,c\ncils & ,eccles4 ,docum5ts40 7,revision ( ,wilk9s71 ,lond41 #ahgi ff4 ,maitl&1 8,! ,d>k ,ages3 ,essays on ! ,/ate ( ,relig4 & ,lit4 9 #i?1 #aj?1 #aa?1 & #ab? 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