,,fly+ ,,ma*9es ,,today ,hi!rto aviation has be5 almo/ monopoliz$ by t mu*-ov]prais$ & mu*-ov]tru/$ p]son1 '! practical man4' ,x is mu* 9 ne$ ( ! s]vices ( ! !ori/--! eng9e] ) 8 ma!matical calculations ( h[ a fly+ ma*9e ought to be built & ( h[ ! mat]ial us$ 9 its con/ruction %\ld be di/ribut$ to give ! greate/ possible am\nt ( /r5g? & effici5cy4 --,f ! ,new ,york ,times1 ,janu>y #af1 #aiaa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,ic>us ,,fly+ ,,ma*9es ,,today ,,by ,,william ,,duane ,,ennis ,pr(essor ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]+ 9 ! ,polyte*nic ,in/itute ( ,brooklyn #abc ,,illu/rations ,illu/ration3 ,,van ,,no/r& ,,logo ,,new ,,york ,d4 ,,van ,,no/r& ,,company #bc ,,murray ,,& #aiaa #bg ,,w>r5 ,,/s4 ,copyright1 #aiaa1 by ,d4 ,,van ,,no/r& ,,company ,,! ,,plimpton ,,press ,,norwood ,,mass ,u ,s ,a ,to ,,my ,,"m ,,preface ,speak+ ) "s exp]i5ce1 ! writ] has f\nd t in/ruction 9 ! pr9ciples und]ly+ ! sci5ce & sport ( aviation mu/ be vitaliz$ by "s contemporane\s /udy ( :at is be+ accompli%$ 9 ! air4 ,no "o ( ! revolutioniz+ inv5tions ( man has progress$ z rapidly z a]ial navigation4 ,! tru?s ( today are ! absurdities ( tomorr[4 ,! sugge/ion t "s grasp ( ! pr9ciples & a v fair k ( ! curr5t practices 9 a]onautics may be _h )\t special te*nical k came almo/ automatically4 ,if ?is book is compreh5sible to ! lay read]1 & if x conveys to him ev5 a small proportion ( ! writ]'s conviction t fly+ ma*9es are to pr(\ndly influ5ce our liv+ 9 ! next g5]ation1 x w h accompli%$ its au?or's purpose4 ,,polyte*nic ,,in/itute ,,( ,,brooklyn1 ,,new ,,york1 ,april1 #aiaa4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,! ,,delights ,,& ,,dang]s ,,( ,,fly+4--,dang]s ( ,aviation4--,:at x is ,l to ,fly #a ,,so>+ ,,flight ,,by ,,man4--,:at ,holds x ,up8--,lift+ ,p[]4--,:y s ,_m ,sails8--,/e]+ #ag ,,turn+ ,,corn]s4--,:at ,happ5s :5 ,mak+ a ,turn4-- ,lat]al ,/ability4--,w+ ,w>p+4--,automatic ,control4-- ,! ,gyroscope4--,w9d ,gu/s #cc ,,air ,,& ,,! ,,w9d4--,sail+ ,balloons4--,field & ,spe$ #dc ,,gas ,,& ,,balla/4--,buoyancy 9 ,air4--,asc5d+ & ,desc5d+4--,! ,ballonet4--,! ,equilibrator #eg ,,dirigible ,,balloons ,,& ,,o!r ,,k9ds4--,%apes4-- ,dim5sions4--,fabrics4--,fram+4--,keep+ ! ,keel ,horizontal4--,/ability4--,rudd]s & ,planes4--,arrangem5t & ,accessories4--,amateur ,dirigibles4--,! ,=t ,omaha ,plant4--,balloon ,progress #ga ,,! ,,"q ,,( ,,p[]4--,resi/ance ( ,a]oplanes4-- ,resi/ance ( ,dirigibles4--,indep5d5t ,spe$ & ,"t-,table4--,! ,co/ ( ,spe$4--,! ,propell] #aja ,,gett+ ,,up ,,& ,,d[n2 ,,models ,,& ,,glid]s2 ,,a]oplane ,,details4--,laun*+4--,desc5d+4-- ,glid]s4--,models4--,balanc+4--,weights4 -- ,miscellane\s4--,?+s to ,look ,aft] #aba ,,"s ,,a]oplanes4--,,"s ,,accompli%m5ts #adc ,,! ,,possibilities ,,9 ,,aviation4--,! ,case ( ! ,dirigible4--,! ,or?opt]4--,! ,helicopt]4--,composite ,types4--,:at is ,promis$ #agj ,,a]ial ,,w>f>e #ahi ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,page ,! ,fall ( ,ic>us ,frontispiece ,! ,aviator #c ,! ,santos-,dumont ,demoiselle #d ,view f a ,balloon #i ,anatomy ( a ,bird's ,w+ #aj ,flight ( a ,bird #aa ,9 a ,meteoric ,%[] #ac ,h[ a ,boat ,tacks #ae ,octave ,*anute #ah ,pressure ( ! ,w9d #ai ,=ces ,act+ on a ,kite #bj ,su/a9+ ,=ce 9 ! ,a]oplane #bc ,direct ,lift+ & ,resi/+ ,=ces #bd ,%apes ( ,planes #bf ,balanc+ ,sail #bh ,roe's ,triplane at ,wembley #cj ,action ( ! ,/e]+ ,rudd] #ca ,rec5t ,type ( ,wright ,biplane #ca ,circul> ,flight #cc ,! ,ail]on #ce ,w+ ,tipp+ #cf ,w+ ,w>p+ #cg ,! ,gyroscope #ci ,diurnal ,temp]atures at ,diff]5t ,heights #de ,seasonal ,v>iation 9 ,w9d ,velocities #dg ,! ,w9d ,rose = ,mt4 ,wea!r1 ,va4 #di ,diagram ( ,p>ts ( a ,drift+ ,balloon #ea ,glidd5 & ,/ev5s ,gett+ ,away 9 ! ,bo/on #eb ,relative & ,absolute ,balloon ,velocities #ec ,field & ,spe$ #ec ,influ5ce ( ,w9d on ,possible ,c\rse #ed ,c\nt ,zeppel9 #ee ,buoyant ,p[] ( ,wood #eg ,"o ,cubic ,foot ( ,wood ,load$ 9 ,wat] #eh ,buoyant ,p[] ( ,hydrog5 #ei ,lebaudy's ,jaune #fj ,air ,balloon #fb ,screw ,propell] = ,altitude ,control #ff ,balloon ) ,ballonets #fg ,con/ruction ( ! ,zeppel9 ,balloon #fh ,! ,equilibrator #fi ,h5ry ,giff>d's ,dirigible #ga ,dirigible ( ,dupuy de ,lome #gb ,tiss&i] ,bro!rs' ,dirigible ,balloon #gc ,! ,baldw9 #gd ,! ,zeppel9 on ,lake ,con/ance #ge ,! ,patrie #gg ,manufactur+ ! ,envelope ( a ,balloon #gi ,&re's ,balloon1 ,l',o]n5 #hj ,wreck ( ! ,zeppel9 #hb ,c> ( ! ,zeppel9 #hd ,/]n ,view ( ! ,zeppel9 #hf ,! ,clm5t-,bay>d #hg ,! ,ville de ,p>is #hh ,c> ( ! ,lib]t #hi ,! ,zodiac ,no4 #b #ib ,unit$ ,/ates ,signal ,corps ,balloon ,plant at ,=t ,omaha #ic ,! ,c>ol9e #id ,! ,asc5t at ,v]sailles1 #aghc #ie ,propos$ ,dirigible #if ,! ,rpublique #ig ,! ,fir/ ,flight = ! ,gordon-,b5nett ,cup #ii ,! ,gnome ,motor #ajb ,screw ,propell] #ajc ,"o ( ! ,motors ( ! ,zeppel9 #ajd ,! ,f\r-,cycle ,eng9e #aje ,action ( ,two-,cycle ,eng9e #ajf ,motor & ,propell] #ajh ,two-,cyl9d] ,oppos$ ,eng9e #aaj ,f\r-,cyl9d] ,v]tical ,eng9e #aaj ,head ,end ,%apes #aac ,! ,santos-,dumont ,dirigible ,no4 #b #aae ,9 ! ,bay ( ,monaco3 ,santos-,dumont #aag ,wright ,biplane on ,/>t+ ,rail #aba ,laun*+ ,sy/em = ,wright ,a]oplane #abb ,! ,nieuport ,monoplane #abd ,a ,biplane #abe ,ely at ,los ,angeles #abf ,trajectory ,dur+ ,desc5t #abg ,desc5d+ #abh ,! ,witteman ,glid] #acj ,fr5* ,monoplane #acb ,a ,problem 9 ,/e]+ #acc ,lejeune ,biplane #acd ,telli] ,monoplane #ace ,a ,monoplane #acg ,c>s & ,framework #aci ,"s ,details #aci ,rec5t ,fr5* ,ma*9es #ada ,orville ,wright at ,=t ,my] #adc ,! ,fir/ ,flight ,across ! ,*annel #add ,wright ,motor #ade ,vois9-,f>man ,biplane #adg ,! ,*ampagne ,gr& ,prize ,flight #adh ,f>man's ,fir/ ,biplane #adi ,! ,june ,bug #aej ,curtiss ,biplane #aea ,curtiss' ,hydro-,a]oplane at ,san ,diego ,bay #aeb ,fly+ ,ov] ! ,wat] #aec ,blriot-,vois9 ,cellul> ,biplane ) ,pontoons #aed ,la?am's ,anto9ette #aee ,james ,j4 ,w>d at ,lewi/on ,fair #aef ,m>cel ,p5ot 9 ! ,mohawk #aeg ,santos-,dumont's ,demoiselle #aei ,blriot ,monoplane #afj ,la?am's ,fall into ! ,*annel #afa ,de ,lesseps ,cross+ ! ,*annel #afc ,! ,maxim ,a]oplane #afd ,langley's ,a]oplane #afe ,rob>t ,monoplane #aff ,v9a ,monoplane #afg ,blanc ,monoplane #agj ,melv9 ,vaniman ,triplane #aga ,jean de ,cra:ez ,triplane #aga ,a ,triplane #agb ,giraudon's ,:eel ,a]oplane #age ,brguet ,gyroplane 7,helicopt]7 #agg ,wellman's ,am]ica #aha ,! ,g]man ,emp]or ,wat*+ ! ,progress ( ,aviation #ahi ,automatic ,gun = ,attack+ ,air%ips #aic ,gun = ,%oot+ at ,a]oplanes #aig ,santos-,dumont ,circl+ ! ,eiffel ,t[] #aii ,la?am1 ,f>man & ,paulhan #bjb ,,fly+ ,,ma*9es ,,today ,,! ,,delights ,,& ,,dang]s ,,( ,,fly+ ,few ?+s h m *>m = man ?an flight4 ,! so>+ ( a bird is beautiful & ! glid+ ( a ya*t be=e ! w9d has some?+ ( ! same beauty4 ,! *ild's sw+2 ! ex]cise ( skat+ on good ice2 a sixty-mile-an-h\r spurt on a smoo? road 9 a motor c>2 ev5 ! slightly pass bicycle3 ^! ?+s h all 9 _! "t appeal$ to u because !y produce ! illusion ( flight--( progress ?r\gh ! intangible air ) all b sep>ation f ! prosaic e>?4 ,b ^! s5sations h be5 only illusions4 ,to actually leave ! e>? & w&] at w 9 a]ial space--?is has be51 sc>cely a hope1 p]haps r>ely ev5 a di/9ct dream4 ,f ! days ( ,ddalus & ,ic>us1 ( ,ori5tal fly+ horses & magic c>pets1 d[n to ,d>ius ,gre5 & 8 fly+ ma*9e1 free flight & fr5zy 7 n f> ap>t4 ,we 7 le>n$ly told1 only a few ye>s s9ce1 t su/5tion by heavi]-?an-air ma*9es 0 impossible )\t ! discov]y1 fir/1 ( "s new matt] or "s new =ce4 ,x is n[ 7#aiaa7 only eight ye>s s9ce ,wilbur ,wright at ,kitty ,hawk1 ) ! aid ( ! new 787 matt]--alum9um--& ! new =ce--! gasol9e eng9e--9 ?ree successive flights prov$ t a man c\ld travel ?r\gh ! air & safely desc5d1 9 a ma*9e weigh+ _m times z mu* z ! air x displac$4 ,x is only five ye>s s9ce two design]s--,surc\f & ,lebaudy--built dirigible balloons approximat+ pres5t =ms1 ! ,ville de ,p>is & ,la ,patrie4 ,x is only n[ t we av]age p may confid5tly contemplate ! prospect ( an a]ial voyage = ourselves be=e we die4 ,a contemplation n )\t its %udd]1 p]haps2 b yet n altoge!r m d>+ ?an t ( our gr&sires :o fir/ rode on /eel rails beh9d a /eam locomotive4 ,! ,dang]s ( ,aviation ,we are v sure to be in=m$ ( ! fact :5 an aviator is kill$4 ,comp>atively little /ir is made n[adays ov] an automobile fatality1 & ! ord9>y railroad accid5t receives b>e m5tion4 ,= in/ruction & w>n+1 accid5ts to air craft _c be giv5 too mu* publicity2 b if we wi% any accurate conception ( ! dang] we mu/ pay reg>d to factors ( proportion4 ,!re are p]haps a ?\s& a]oplanes & ab\t sixty dirigible balloons 9 ! _w4 ,ab\t #ejj m5--amateurs & pr(essionals--are cont9u\sly engag$ 9 aviation4 ,! ,a]o ,club ( ,france has issu$ 9 t c\ntry ne>ly #cjj lic5ses4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 lic5ses are held by ab\t ?irty individuals4 ,we c =m no intellig5t e/imate z to ! numb] ( unlic5s$ amateurs ( all ages :o are con/antly exp]im5t+ ) glid]s at m or less p]il to life & limb4 ,a ,fr5* au?ority has asc]ta9$ ! dea? rate among air-m5 to h be5--to date--ab\t #f4 ,?is is equival5t to ab\t "o life = #djjj miles ( flight3 b we mu/ rememb] t accid5ts w v>y r ) ! numb] ( asc5ts & desc5ts ?an ) ! mileage4 ,f\r ?\s& miles 9 #ajj flights w\ld be mu* less p]il\s1 "u pres5t conditions1 ?an #djjj miles 9 #ajjj flights4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,aviator ,!re 7 #bf fatal a]oplane accid5ts betwe5 ,septemb] #ag1 #aijh1 & ,decemb] #c1 #aiaj4 ,yet 9 t p]iod !re 7 _m ?\s&s ( asc5ts3 #acjj 7 made 9 "o week at ! ,rheims t\rnam5t alone4 ,( ! #bf accid5ts1 #a 0 due to a w9d squall1 #c to collision1 #f 7app>5tly7 to confusion ( ! aviator1 & #ab to me*anical breakage4 ,an analysis ( #dj ,briti% accid5ts %[s #ac to h be5 due to eng9e failures1 #aj to alight+ on bad gr\nd1 #f to w9d gu/s1 #e to breakage ( ! propell]1 & #f to fire & miscellane\s causes4 ,^! casualties 7 n all fatal1 al?\gh ! p]c5tage ( fatalities 9 a]onautic accid5ts is high4 ,! mo/ s]i\s results 7 ^? due to alight+ on bad gr\nd2 long grass & /&+ gra9 be+ v likely to trip ! ma*9e & ?r[ ! occupant4 ,fr5* aviators are n[ /rapp+ !mselves to _! seats 9 ord] to avoid ?is la/ dang]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,santos-,,dumont ,,demoiselle 7,f ,! ,a]oplane1 by ,hubb>d1 ,l$ebo] & ,turn]7 ,practically all ( ! accid5ts occur to ^? :o are fly+2 b spectators may endang] !mselves4 ,dur+ "o ( ! flights ( ,mauvais at ,madrid1 9 ,m>* ( ! pres5t ye>1 ! by/&]s ru%$ ?r\gh ! b>ri]s & out on ! field be=e ! ma*9e _h well />t$4 ,a woman 0 decapitat$ by ! propell]1 & f\r o!r p]sons 7 s]i\sly injur$4 ,ne>ly all accid5ts result f "o ( ?ree causes3 bad design1 inf]ior me*anical con/ruction1 & ! tak+ ( unnecess>y risks by ! op]ator4 ,sci5tific design at ! pres5t writ+ is p]haps impossible4 ,our k ( ! laws ( air resi/ance & su/5tion is nei!r accurate nor complete4 ,mu* additional /udy & exp]im5t mu/ be c>ri$ on2 & "s bett] me?od ( exp]im5t+ mu/ be devis$ ?an t :i* s5ds a man up 9 ! air & waits to see :at happ5s4 ,a ?or\gh sci5tific analysis w n only make aviation saf]1 x w aid t[>d mak+ x comm]cially important4 ,fur!r data on propell] proportions & effici5cies1 & on /ra9s 9 ! mat]ial ( screws "u a]ial conditions1 w d mu* to /&>dize p[] plant equipm5t4 ,! excessive numb] ( eng9e breakd[ns is obvi\sly relat$ to ! extremely light weight ( ! eng9es employ$3 bett] design may actually increase ^! weights ov] ^? cu/om>y at pres5t4 ,great weight r$uction is no long] reg>d$ z ess5tial at pres5t spe$s 9 a]ial navigation3 we h p]haps already gone too f> 9 ?is respect4 ,bad workman%ip has be5 m or less unavoidable1 s9ce no "o has yet _h t5 ye>s' exp]i5ce 9 build+ a]oplanes4 ,! m5 :o h develop$ ! art h usually be5 sportsm5 r ?an me*anics1 & only "t is necess>y to %[ ! impropriety ( us+ safety p9s & b5t wire nails = connections4 ,! tak+ ( risks has be5 an ess5tial feature4 ,:5 "o man e>ns #ajj1jjj 9 a ye> by d>e-devil flights1 :5 ! public flocks 9 hordes--& pays good prices--to see a man risk 8 neck1 he w usually aim to satisfy x4 ,?is is n develop+ a]ial navigation3 ?is is circus rid+--loop+-!-loop p]=mances :i* appeal to "s savage in/9ct 9 u b lead u n[h]e4 ,m5 h climb$ two miles into ! cl\ds1 = no good purpose :atev]4 ,all t we ne$ to "k ( high altitude conditions is already kn[n or may be le>n$ by asc5ts 9 an*or$ balloons4 ,records up to heights ( sixte5 miles h be5 obta9$ by s\nd+ balloons4 ,if ^! high altitudes may "u c]ta9 conditions be desirable = p>ticul> types ( balloon1 !y are ess5tially undesirable = ! a]oplane4 ,! support+ p[] ( a heavi]-?an-air ma*9e decreases 9 precisely inv]se ratio ) ! altitude4 ,to fly high w !n involve ei!r m support+ surface & !re=e a /ructurally weak] ma*9e1 or great] spe$ & consequ5tly a l>g] motor4 ,x is true t ! resi/ance to propulsion decreases at high altitudes1 j z ! support+ p[] decreases3 & on ?is acc\nt1 giv5 only a suffici5t m>g9 ( support+ p[]1 we might expect a /&>d ma*9e to "w ab\t z well at a two-mile elevation z at a height ( #bjj feet2 b r>efaction ( ! air at ! high] altitudes decreases ! weight ( c>buret$ mixture drawn into ! motor1 & consequ5tly its output4 ,any air-man :o attempts to rea* great heights 9 a ma*9e n built = su* purpose is c\rt+ disa/]4 ,flights ov] cities1 spectacul> z !y are1 & popul> z !y are likely to rema91 are d\bly dang]\s on acc\nt ( ! irregul> air curr5ts & abs5ce ( safe l&+ places4 ,!y h at la/ be5 (ficially disc\nt5anc$ z n likely to advance ! sport4 ,all flights are exhibition flights4 ,! day ( a quiet1 m9d-y\r-own-bus9ess type ( a]ial j\rney has n yet arriv$4 ,exhibition p]=mances ( any sort are g5]ally haz>d\s4 ,!re 7 n9e m5 kill$ 9 "o rec5t automobile meet4 ,if ! automobile 7 us$ exclusively = races & conte/s1 ! p]c5tage ( fatalities might easily exce$ t 9 aviation4 ,x is claim$ t no inexp]i5c$ aviator has ev] be5 kill$4 ,?is may n be true1 b !re is no d\bt t ! l>g] numb] ( accid5ts has occurr$ to ! bett]-kn[n m5 f :om ! public expects some?+ d>+4 ,probably ! be/ summ+ up ( ! dang] ( aviation may be obta9$ f ! insurance companies4 ,! c\rts h decid$ t an individual does n =feit 8 life insurance by mak+ an occasional balloon trip4 ,regul> classifi$ rates = a]oplane & balloon op]ators are 9 =ce 9 ,france & ,g]many4 ,x is report$ t ,mr4 ,grahame-,:ite c>ries a life insurance policy at #ce premium--ab\t ! same rate z t paid by a cr[n$ head4 ,ano!r aviator ( a less pr(essional type has be5 refus$ insurance ev5 at #dj premium4 ,policies ( insurance may be obta9$ cov]+ damage to ma*9es by fire or dur+ transportation & by collisions ) o!r ma*9es2 & cov]+ liability = injuries to p]sons o!r ?an ! aviator4 ,on ! :ole1 fly+ is an ultra-haz>d\s occupation2 b an occasional flight by a compet5t p]son or by a pass5g] ) a c>eful pilot is simply a ?rill+ exp]i5ce1 practically no m dang]\s ?an _m ?+s we d )\t hesitation4 ,ne>ly all accid5ts h be5 due to prev5table causes2 & x is simply a matt] ( sci5ce1 skill1 p]sev]ance1 & det]m9ation to make an a]ial excursion "u prop] conditions z safe z a j\rney 9 a motor c>4 ,m5 :o = valuable prizes und]take spectacul> feats w be kill$ z frequ5tly 9 aviation z 9 bicycle or ev5 9 automobile rac+2 b probably n v mu* m frequ5tly1 aft] design & workman%ip 9 fly+ ma*9es %all h be5 p]fect$4 ,! total numb] ( dea?s 9 aviation up to ,febru>y #i1 #aiaa1 is /at$ to h be5 =ty-two4 ,:at ,x ,is ,l to ,fly ,we are fond ( comp>+ fly+ ma*9es ) birds1 ) fi%1 & ) %ips3 & !re are useful analogies ) all ?ree4 ,a drift+ balloon is l a becalm$ %ip or a dead fi%4 ,x moves at ! spe$ ( ! a]ial fluid ab\t x & ! occupants p]ceive no movem5t :atev]4 ,! e>?'s surface bel[ appe>s to move 9 ! opposite direction to t 9 :i* ! w9d c>ries ! balloon4 ,) a dirigible balloon or fly+ ma*9e1 ! s5sation is t ( be+ expos$ to a viol5t w9d1 aga9/ :i* 7by obs]vation ( l&m>ks7 we f9d t we progress4 ,x is ! same exp]i5ce z t obta9$ :5 /&+ 9 an expos$ position on a /eam%ip1 & we wond] if a bird or a fi% gradually gets s accu/om$ to ! oppos+ curr5t z to be unconsci\s ( x4 ,b 9 spite ( j> ( motors & ma*9]y1 !re is a fre$om ( movem5t1 a deta*m5t f e>?-associations1 9 air flight1 t di/+ui%es x absolutely f ! *urn+ ( a p[]ful vessel ?r\gh ! waves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,view ,,f ,a ,,balloon ,illu/ration3 ,,anatomy ,,( ,a ,,bird',s ,,w+ 7,f ,walk]'s ,a]ial ,navigation7 ,illu/ration3 ,,flight ,,( ,a ,,bird ,birds fly 9 "o ( ?ree ways4 ,! mo/ famili> bird flight is by a rapid w+ movem5t :i* has be5 call$ o>-l1 b :i* is precisely equival5t to ! usual movem5t ( ! arms ( a man 9 swimm+4 ,! edge ( ! w+ moves =w>d1 cutt+ ! air2 on ! return /roke ! lead+ edge is depress$ s z to pres5t a ne>ly flat surface to ! air & ?us propel ! bird =w>d4 ,a slight d[nw>d direction ( ?is /roke s]ves to impel ! flight suffici5tly upw>d to (fset ! effect ( gravity4 ,any man c le>n to swim1 b no man c fly1 because nei!r 9 8 muscul> frame nor by any device :i* he c atta* !reto c he ex]t a suffici5t pressure to ov]come 8 own weight aga9/ z impond]able a fluid z air4 ,if air 7 z heavy z wat]1 in/ead ( #gjj times light]1 x w\ld be z easy to fly z to swim4 ,! bird c fly because ( ! great surface1 p[]ful con/ruction1 & rapid movem5t ( its w+s1 9 proportion to ! weight ( its body4 ,b comp>$ ) ! re/ ( ! animal k+dom1 fly+ birds are all ( small size4 ,helmholz consid]$ t ! vulture repres5t$ ! heavie/ body t c\ld possibly be rais$ & kept al(t by ! ex]cise ( muscul> p[]1 & x is und]/ood t vultures h consid]able difficulty 9 asc5d+2 s mu* s t unless 9 a position to take a %ort prelim9>y run !y are easily captur$4 ,e "o has notic$ a second type ( bird flight--so>+4 ,x is ?is flight :i* is exactly imitat$ 9 a glid]4 ,an a]oplane diff]s f a so>+ bird only 9 t x c>ries ) x a produc] ( =w>d impetus--! propell]--s t ! so>+ flight may la/ indef9itely3 :]eas a so>+ bird gradually loses spe$ & desc5ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,9 ,a ,,meteoric ,,%[] ,a ?ird & r>e type ( bird flight has be5 call$ sail+4 ,! bird faces ! w9d1 & ) w+s outspread & _! =w>d edge elevat$ rises :ile be+ =c$ backw>d "u ! action ( ! breeze4 ,z soon z ! w9d some:at subsides1 ! bird turns & so>s 9 ! desir$ direction4 ,flight is ?us accompli%$ )\t muscul> ef=t o!r ?an t necess>y to prop]ly incl9e ! w+s & to make ! turns4 ,x is practicable only 9 squally w9ds1 & ! birds :i* practice sail+--! albatross & frigate bird--are ^? :i* live 9 ! l[] & m di/urb$ regions ( ! atmosph]e4 ,?is =m ( flight has be5 approximately imitat$ 9 ! manoeuv]+ ( a]oplanes4 ,comp>ison ( fly+ ma*9es & %ips sugge/s _m po9ts ( diff]5ce4 ,wat] is a fluid ( great d5sity1 ) a def9ite upp] surface1 on :i* m>9e /ructures naturally re/4 ,a vessel 9 ! air may be at any elevation 9 ! surr\nd+ r>efi$ fluid1 & great att5tion is necess>y to keep x at ! elevation desir$4 ,! air has no surface4 ,! air %ip is l a subm>9e--! dirigible balloon ( ! sea--& p]haps r m safe4 ,an ord9>y %ip is only p>tially imm]s$2 ! resi/ance ( ! fluid m$ium is ex]t$ ov] a portion only ( its head end3 b ! subm>9e or ! fly+ ma*9e is :olly expos$ to ?is resi/ance4 ,! subm>9e is subject$ to ocean curr5ts ( a v few miles p] h\r1 at mo/2 ! curr5ts to :i* ! fly+ ma*9e may be expos$ exce$ a mile a m9ute4 ,put a subm>9e 9 ! ,:irlpool ,rapids at ,niag>a & y w h possible air %ip conditions4 ,a m>9e vessel may tack1 i4e41 may sail p>tially aga9/ ! w9d t propels x1 by skillful utilization ( ! resi/ance to sidewise movem5t ( ! %ip ?r\gh ! wat]3 b ! fly+ ma*9e is :olly imm]s$ 9 a s+le fluid1 & a head w9d is no?+ else ?an a head w9d1 produc+ an absolute subtraction f ! prop] spe$ ( ! vessel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,a ,,boat ,,tacks ,! w9d always ex]ts a pressure1 p]p5dicul> to ! sail1 :i* t5ds to drift ! boat sidewise 7,r7 & also to propel x =w>d 7,l74 ,sidewise movem5t is resi/$ by ! hull4 ,an air %ip _c tack because !re is no su* resi/ance to drift4 ,a]ial navigation is ?us a new art1 p>ticul>ly :5 heavi]-?an-air ma*9es are us$4 ,we h no heavi]-?an-wat] %ips4 ,! fly+ ma*9e mu/ "w out its own salvation4 ,,so>+ ,,flight ,,by ,,man ,fly+ ma*9es h be5 classifi$ z foll[s3-- ,light] ?an ,air ,fix$ balloon1 ,drift+ balloon1 ,sail+ balloon1 ,dirigible balloon rigid 7,zeppel971 ballonett$4 ,heavi] ?an ,air ,or?opt]1 ,helicopt]1 ,a]oplane monoplane1 multiplane4 ,we w fall 9 ) ! pres5t curr5t ( popul> int]e/ & consid] ! a]oplane--t me*anical gras%opp]--fir/4 ,:at ,holds ,x ,up8 ,illu/ration3 ,,octave ,,*anute 7,,di$ #aiaj7 ,to ! rese>*es ( ,*anute & ,langley mu/ be ascrib$ mu* ( ,am]ican progress 9 aviation4 ,:5 a flat surface l ! side ( a h\se is expos$ to ! breeze1 ! velocity ( ! w9d ex]ts a =ce or pressure directly aga9/ ! surface4 ,?is pr9ciple is tak5 into acc\nt 9 ! design ( build+s1 bridges1 & o!r /ructures4 ,! pressure ex]t$ p] squ>e foot ( surface is equal 7approximately7 to ! squ>e ( ! w9d velocity 9 miles p] h\r1 divid$ by #cjj4 ,?us1 if ! w9d velocity is ?irty miles1 ! pressure aga9/ a h\se wall on :i* x acts directly is #cj #cj #cjj #c p\nds p] squ>e foot3 if ! w9d velocity is sixty miles1 ! pressure is #fj #fj #cjj #ab p\nds3 if ! velocity is n9ety miles1 ! pressure is #ij #ij #cjj #bg p\nds1 & s on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pressure ,,( ,,! ,,w9d ,if ! w9d bl[s obliquely t[>d ! surface1 in/ead ( directly1 ! pressure at any giv5 velocity is r$uc$1 b may /ill be consid]able4 ,?us1 9 ! sket*1 let ab repres5t a wall1 t[>d :i* we are look+ d[nw>d1 & let ! arr[ ,v repres5t ! direction ( ! w9d4 ,! air p>ticles w foll[ "s su* pa?s z ^? indicat$1 be+ deflect$ s z to f9ally escape ar\nd ! ends ( ! wall4 ,! result is t a pressure is produc$ :i* may be consid]$ to act along ! dott$ l9e ,p1 p]p5dicul> to ! wall4 ,?is is ! inv>iable law3 t no matt] h[ oblique ! surface may be1 ) ref]5ce to ! direction ( ! w9d1 !re is always a pressure produc$ aga9/ ! surface by ! w9d1 & ?is pressure always acts 9 a direction p]p5dicul> to ! surface4 ,! am\nt ( pressure w dep5d ^u ! w9d velocity & ! obliquity or incl9ation ( ! surface 7ab7 ) ! w9d 7,v74 ,n[ let u consid] a kite--! imm$iate ance/or ( ! a]oplane4 ,! surface ab is t ( ! kite itself1 held by its /r+ cd4 ,we are /&+ at "o side & look+ at ! edge ( ! kite4 ,! w9d is mov+ horizontally aga9/ ! face ( ! kite1 & produces a pressure ,p directly aga9/ ! latt]4 ,! pressure t5ds bo? to move x t[>d ! left & to lift x4 ,if ! t5d5cy to move t[>d ! left be ov]come by ! /r+1 !n ! t5d5cy t[>d lift+ may be (fset--& 9 practice is (fset--by ! weight ( ! kite & tail4 ,illu/ration3 ,,=ces ,,act+ ,,on ,a ,,kite ,we may repres5t ! two t5d5cies to movem5t produc$ by ! =ce ,p1 by draw+ additional dott$ l9es1 "o horizontally to ! left 7,r7 & ! o!r v]tically 7,l72 & x is kn[n t if we let ! l5g? ( ! l9e ,p repres5t to "s conv5i5t scale ! am\nt ( direct pressure1 !n ! l5g?s ( ,r & ,l w also repres5t to ! same scale ! am\nts ( horizontal & v]tical =ce due to ! pressure4 ,if ! weight ( kite & tail exce$s ! v]tical =ce ,l1 ! kite w desc5d3 if ^! weights are less ?an t =ce1 ! kite w asc5d4 ,if !y are precisely equal to x1 ! kite w nei!r asc5d nor desc5d4 ,! ratio ( ,l to ,r is det]m9$ by ! slope ( ,p2 & ?is is fix$ by ! slope ( ab2 s t we h ! mo/ important conclusion3 n only does ! am\nt ( direct pressure 7,p7 dep5d ^u ! obliquity ( ! surface ) ! breeze 7z has already be5 %[n71 b ! relation ( v]tical =ce 7:i* su/a9s ! kite7 to horizontal =ce also dep5ds on ! same obliquity4 ,= example1 if ! kite 7 fly+ almo/ directly above ! boy :o held ! /r+1 s t ab became almo/ horizontal1 ,p w\ld be ne>ly v]tical & ,l w\ld be mu* great] ?an ,r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ab 7 ne>ly v]tical1 ! kite fly+ at l[ elevation1 ! /r+ & ! direct pressure w\ld be ne>ly horizontal & ,l w\ld be mu* less ?an ,r4 ,! =ce ,l :i* lifts ! kite seems to increase :ile ,r decreases1 z ! kite asc5ds3 b ,l may n actually increase1 because x dep5ds ^u ! am\nt ( direct pressure1 ,p1 z well z ^u ! direction ( ?is pressure2 & ! am\nt ( direct pressure /eadily decreases dur+ asc5t1 on acc\nt ( ! increas+ obliquity ( ab ) ,v4 ,all ( ?is is ( c\rse dep5d5t on ! assumption t ! kite always has ! same incl9ation to ! /r+1 & ! describ$ resolution ( ! =ces1 al?\gh answ]+ = illu/rative purposes1 is te*nically incorrect4 ,x seems to be ! w9d velocity1 !n1 :i* holds up ! kite3 b 9 reality ! /r+ is j z necess>y z ! w9d4 ,if !re is no /r+1 & ! w9d bl[s ! kite ) x1 ! kite comes d[n1 because ! pressure is :olly due to a relative velocity z betwe5 kite & w9d4 ,! w9d ex]ts a pressure aga9/ ! re> ( a railway tra91 if x happ5s to be bl[+ 9 t direction1 & if we /ood on ! re> plat=m ( a /ation>y tra9 we %\ld feel t pressure3 b if ! tra9 is />t$ up & caus$ to move at ! same spe$ z ! w9d !re w\ld be no pressure :atev]4 ,"o ( ! v fir/ heavi]-?an-air flights ev] record$ is said to h be5 made by a ,japanese :o dropp$ bombs f an imm5se man-c>ry+ kite dur+ ! ,satsuma rebellion ( #ahfi4 ,! kite z a fly+ ma*9e has1 h[ev]1 two drawbacks3 x ne$s ! w9d--x _c fly 9 a calm--& x /&s /ill4 ,"o e>ly ef=t to improve on ?is situation 0 made 9 #ahef1 :5 a man 0 t[$ 9 a sort ( kite :i* 0 haul$ by a vehicle mov+ on ! gr\nd4 ,9 ,febru>y ( ! pres5t ye>1 ,lieut4 ,john ,rodg]s1 ,u4,s4,n41 0 lift$ #djj feet f ! deck ( ! cruis] ,p5nsylvania by a tra9 ( elev5 l>ge kites1 ! vessel /eam+ at twelve knots aga9/ an eight-knot breeze4 ,! aviator made obs]vations & took photographs = ab\t fifte5 m9utes1 :ile susp5d$ f a tail cable ab\t #ajj feet a/]n4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( a suffici5t natural breeze1 an artificial w9d 0 ?us produc$ by ! motion imp>t$ to ! kite2 & ! device p]mitt$ ( rea*+ "s de/9ation4 ,! next /ep 0 obvi\sly to get rid ( ! tractive vehicle & t[ rope by c>ry+ propell+ ma*9]y on ! kite4 ,?is _h be5 accompli%$ by ,langley 9 #ahif1 :o flew a ?irty-p\nd model ne>ly a mile1 us+ a /eam eng9e = p[]4 ,! gasol9e eng9e1 fir/ employ$ by ,santos-,dumont 79 a dirigible balloon7 9 #aija1 has made possible ! pres5t day a]oplane4 ,illu/ration3 ,,su/a9+ ,,=ce ,,9 ,,! ,,a]oplane ,:at keeps x up1 9 ! case ( ?is device1 is likewise its velocity4 ,look+ f ! side1 ab is ! sail ( ! a]oplane1 :i* is mov+ t[>d ! "r at su* spe$ z to produce ! equival5t ( an air velocity ,v to ! left4 ,?is velocity causes ! direct pressure ,p1 equival5t to a lift+ =ce ,l & a ret>d+ =ce ,r4 ,! latt] is ! =ce :i* mu/ be ov]come by ! motor3 ! =m] mu/ suffice to ov]come ! :ole weight ( ! app>atus4 ,travel 9 an a]oplane is l skat+ rapidly ov] v ?9 ice3 ! air lit]ally doesn't h "t to get away f und]nea?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,direct1 ,,lift+1 ,,& ,,resi/+ ,,=ces ,if ! pressure is #aj lbs4 :5 ! w9d bl[s directly t[>d ! surface 7at an angle ( #ij degrees71 !n ! =ces = o!r angles ( direction are z %[n on ! diagram4 ,! am\nts ( all =ces dep5d ^u ! w9d velocity3 t assum$ 9 draw+ ! diagram 0 ab\t #ee miles p] h\r4 ,b ! relations ( ! =ces are ! same = ! v>i\s angles1 no matt] :at ! velocity4 ,if we designate ! angle made by ! w+s 7ab7 ) ! horizontal 7,v7 z ,b1 !n ,p increases z ,b increases1 :ile 7z has be5 /at$7 ! ratio ( ,l to ,r decreases4 ,:5 ! angle ,b is a "r angle1 ! w+s be+ 9 ! position ab1 ,p has its maximum value = direct w9d--#a_/cjj ( ! squ>e ( ! velocity1 9 p\nds p] squ>e foot2 b ,l is z]o & ,r is equal to ,p4 ,! plane w\ld h no lift+ p[]4 ,:5 ! angle ,b becomes z]o1 position ab1 w+s be+ horizontal1 ,p becomes z]o & 7s f> z we c n[ judge7 ! plane has nei!r lift+ p[] nor ret>d+ =ce4 ,at "s int]m$iate position1 l ab1 !re w be appreciable lift+ & ret>d+ =ces4 ,! *>t %[s ! approximate lift+ =ce1 9 p\nds p] squ>e foot1 = v>i\s angles4 ,?is =ce becomes a maximum at an angle ( #de 7half a "r angle74 ,we are n yet prep>$ to consid] :y 9 all actual a]oplanes ! angle ( incl9ation is mu* less ?an ?is4 ,! reason w be %[n pres5tly4 ,at ?is /age ( ! discussion we may note t ! lift+ p[] p] squ>e foot ( sail area v>ies ) ! squ>e ( ! velocity1 & ! angle ( incl9ation4 ,! total lift+ p[] ( ! :ole plane w also v>y ) its area4 ,z we d n wi% ?is :ole lift+ p[] to be consum$ 9 ov]com+ ! dead weight ( ! ma*9e itself1 we mu/ keep ! p>ts light1 & 9 p>ticul> mu/ use = ! w+s a fabric ( light weight p] unit ( surface4 ,^! fabrics are frequ5tly ! same z ^? us$ = ! envelopes ( balloons4 ,s9ce ! total support+ p[] v>ies bo? ) ! sail area & ) ! velocity1 we may atta9 a giv5 capacity ei!r by employ+ l>ge sails or by us+ high spe$4 ,! size ( sails = a giv5 ma*9e v>ies inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! spe$4 ,! orig9al ,wright ma*9e _h #ejj squ>e feet ( w+s & a spe$ ( =ty miles p] h\r4 ,at eighty miles p] h\r ! necess>y sail area = ?is ma*9e w\ld be only #abe squ>e feet2 & at #afj miles p] h\r x w\ld be only #ca-a_/d squ>e feet3 :ile if we attempt$ to run ! ma*9e at t5 miles p] h\r we %\ld ne$ a sail area ( #hjjj squ>e feet4 ,?is expla9s :y ! a]oplane _c g sl[ly4 ,x w\ld seem z if :5 two or m sup]pos$ sails 7 us$1 z 9 biplanes1 ! full effect ( ! air w\ld n be realiz$1 "o sail becalm+ ! o!r4 ,exp]im5ts h %[n ?is to be ! case2 b !re is no great r$uction 9 lift+ p[] unless ! di/ance ap>t is consid]ably less ?an ! wid? ( ! planes4 ,9 all pres5t a]oplanes ! sails are concav$ on ! "u side4 ,?is s]ves to keep ! air f escap+ f und]nea? z rapidly z x o!rwise w\ld1 & increases ! lift+ p[] f "o-f\r? to "o-half ov] t giv5 by our #a_/cjj rule3 ! divisor becom+ r\ghly ab\t #bcj in/ead ( #cjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%apes ,,( ,,planes ,:y are ! w+s plac$ crosswise ( ! ma*9e1 :5 ! o!r arrangem5t--! greate/ dim5sion 9 ! l9e ( flight--w\ld seem to be /rong]8 ,?is is also done 9 ord] to keep ! air f escap+ f und]nea?4 ,! sket* %[s h[ mu* less easily ! air w get away f bel[ a w+ ( ! bird-l spread-out =m ?an f "o relatively long & n>r[ b ( ! same area4 ,a su/a9+ =ce ( two p\nds p] squ>e foot ( area has be5 common 9 ord9>y a]oplanes & is p]haps comp>able ) ! results ( bird /udies3 b ?is figure is /eadily increas+ z velocities increase4 ,:y s ,_m ,sails8 ,?us f> a s+le w+ or pair ( w+s w\ld seem to fully answ] = practicable flight3 yet e actual a]oplane has sev]al small w+s at v>i\s po9ts4 ,! necessity = "o ( ^! _h already be5 discov]$ 9 ! kite1 :i* is built ) a balanc+ tail4 ,9 ! sket* on page #ah x appe>s t ! p>ticles ( air :i* are ne> ! upp] edge ( ! surface are m ob/ruct$ 9 _! ef=t to get ar\nd & pa/ ?an ^? ne> ! l[] edge4 ,!y h to turn almo/ completely ab\t1 :ile ! o!rs are m]ely deflect$4 ,?is means t on ! :ole ! upp] air p>ticles w ex]t m pressure ?an ! l[] p>ticles & t ! c5t] ( pressure 7! po9t :]e ! entire =ce ( ! w9d may be assum$ to act7 w be1 n at ! c5t] ( ! surface1 b at a po9t "s di/ance above ?is c5t]4 ,?is action is describ$ z ! displacem5t ( ! c5t] ( pressure4 ,x is kn[n t ! displacem5t is greate/ = lea/ incl9ations ( surface 7z might be surmis$ f ! sket* already ref]r$ to71 & t x is always proportional to ! dim5sion ( ! surface 9 ! direction ( movem5t2 i4e41 to ! l5g? ( ! l9e ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,,balanc+ ,,sail ,if ! weight ,w ( ! a]oplane acts d[nw>d at ! c5t] ( ! w+ 7at o 9 ! accompany+ sket*71 :ile ! direct pressure ,p acts at "s po9t c f>!r along t[>d ! upp] edge ( ! w+1 ! two =ces ,w & ,p t5d to revolve ! :ole w+ 9 ! direction indicat$ by ! curv$ arr[4 ,?is rotation1 9 an a]oplane1 is resi/$ by ! use ( a tail plane or planes1 su* z mn4 ,! velocity produces a direct pressure ,p on ! tail plane1 :i* opposes1 l a lev]1 any rotation due to ! action ( ,p4 ,x may be consid]$ a matt] ( r nice calculation to get ! area & location ( ! tail plane j "r3 b we mu/ rememb] t ! am\nt ( pressure ,p c be greatly v>i$ by *ang+ ! incl9ation ( ! surface mn4 ,?is *ange ( incl9ation is effect$ by ! op]ator1 :o has access to wires :i* are atta*$ to ! pivot$ tail plane4 ,x is ( c\rse p]missible to place ! tail plane 9 front ( ! ma9 planes--z 9 ! orig9al ,wright ma*9e illu/rat$3 b 9 ?is case1 ) ! relative positions ( ,w & ,p already %[n1 ! =w>d edge ( ! tail plane w\ld h to be depress$ in/ead ( elevat$4 ,! illu/ration %[s ! tail built z a biplane1 j z are ! pr9cipal w+s 7page #ada74 ,suppose ! ma*9e to be />t$ ) ! tail plane 9 a horizontal position4 ,z its spe$ increases1 x rises & at ! same "t 7if ! weight is susp5d$ f ! c5t] ( ! ma9 planes7 tilts backw>d4 ,! tilt+ c be /opp$ by sw++ ! tail plane on its pivot s z to oppose ! rotative t5d5cy4 ,if ?is control is n c>ri$ too f>1 ! ma9 planes w be all[$ to ma9ta9 "s ( _! excessive incl9ation & asc5t w cont9ue4 ,:5 ! desir$ altitude has be5 atta9$1 ! incl9ation ( ! ma9 planes w1 by fur!r sw++ ( ! tail plane1 be r$uc$ to ! normal am\nt1 at :i* ! support+ p[] is precisely equal to ! load2 & ! ma*9e w be 9 v]tical equilibrium3 an equilibrium :i* dem&s at e mom5t1 h[ev]1 ! att5tion ( ! op]ator4 ,9 _m ma*9es1 asc5t & tilt+ are sep>ately controll$ by us+ two sets ( transv]se planes1 "o set plac$ =w>d1 & ! o!r set aft1 ( ! ma9 planes4 ,9 any case1 quick asc5t c be produc$ only by an increase 9 ! lift+ =ce ,l 7see sket*1 page #bd7 ( ! ma9 planes3 & ?is =ce is increas$ by enl>g+ ! angle ( incl9ation ( ! ma9 planes1 t is1 by a controll$ & p>tial tilt+4 ,! =w>d transv]se w+ :i* produces ?is tilt+ is !re=e call$ ! elevat+ rudd] or elevat+ plane4 ,! re> transv]se plane :i* *ecks ! tilt+ & /eadies ! ma*9e is (t5 describ$ z ! /abiliz+ plane4 ,desc5t is ( c\rse produc$ by decreas+ ! angle ( incl9ation ( ! ma9 planes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,roe',s ,,triplane ,,at ,,wembley 7,f ,brew]'s ,art ( ,aviation7 ,/e]+ ,if we ne$ extra sails = /ability & asc5t or desc5t1 we ne$ !m also = *anges ( horizontal direction4 ,let ab be ! top view ( ! ma9 plane ( a ma*9e1 foll[+ ! c\rse xy4 ,at rs is a v]tical plane call$ ! /e]+ rudd]4 ,?is is pivot$1 & controll$ by ! op]ator by means ( ! wires t1 u4 ,let ! rudd] be sudd5ly %ift$ to ! position rs4 ,x w !n be subject$ to a pressure ,p :i* w sw+ ! :ole ma*9e into ! new position %[n by ! dott$ l9es1 its c\rse becom+ xy4 ,! /e]+ rudd] may ( c\rse be d\ble1 =m+ a v]tical biplane1 z 9 ! ,wright ma*9e %[n bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,/e]+ ,,rudd] ,successful /e]+ necessitates lat]al resi/ance to drift1 i4e41 a fulcrum4 ,?is is provid$1 to "s ext5t1 by ! /ays & frame ( ! ma*9e2 & 9 a mu* m ample way by ! v]tical planes ( ! orig9al ,vois9 cellul> biplane4 ,a rec5t ,wright ma*9e _h v]tical planes =w>d probably int5d$ = ?is purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rec5t ,,type ,,( ,,wright ,,biplane ,x n[ beg9s to appe> t ! aviator has a great _m ?+s to look aft]4 ,!re are _m m ?+s requir+ 8 att5tion ?an h yet be5 sugge/$4 ,no "o has any bus9ess to attempt fly+ unless he is sup]latively cool-head$ & has ! happy faculty ( in/9ctively do+ ! "r ?+ 9 an em]g5cy4 ,give a *auffeur a high p[] automobile runn+ at maximum spe$ on a r\gh & unfamili> road1 & y h "s conception ( ! position ( ! op]ator ( an a]oplane4 ,x is p]haps n too mu* to say t to make ! two positions fairly comp>able we %\ld bl9dfold ! *auffeur4 ,broadly speak+1 design]s may be class$ 9 "o ( two gr\ps--^? :o1 l ! ,wrights1 believe 9 tra9+ ! aviator s z to qualify him to prop]ly h&le 8 complicat$ ma*9e2 & ^? :o aim to simplify ! :ole "q ( control s t to acquire ! necess>y ability w n be impossible = ! av]age man4 ,if aviation is to become a popul> sport1 ! latt] ideal mu/ prevail4 ,! ma*9es mu/ be m automatic & ! aviator mu/ h "t to enjoy ! sc5]y4 ,9 ,france1 :]e amateur aviation is ( "s importance1 progress has already be5 made 9 ?is direction4 ,! univ]sal /e]+ head1 = example1 :i* n only revolves l t ( an automobile1 b is h+$ to p]mit ( additional movem5ts1 provides = simultane\s control ( ! /e]+ rudd] & ! ma9 plane w>p+1 :ile sc>cely dem&+ ! consci\s ?\ght ( ! op]ator4 ,,turn+ ,,corn]s ,a ye> elaps$ aft] ! fir/ successful flight at ,kitty ,hawk be=e ! aviator became able to describe a circle 9 ! air4 ,a lat] date1 #aijg1 is record$ = ! fir/ ,european half-circul> flight3 & ! fir/ complete circuit1 on ! o!r side ( ! wat]1 0 made a ye> aft] t2 by bo? biplane & monoplane4 ,x 0 9 ! same ye> t ,l\is ,blriot made ! pione] cross-c\ntry trip ( tw5ty-"o miles1 /opp+ at w en r\te & return+ to 8 />t+ po9t4 ,:at ,happ5s ,:5 ,mak+ a ,turn ,illu/ration3 ,,circul> ,,flight ,we are look+ d[nw>d on an a]oplane ab :i* has be5 mov+ along ! /raight pa? cd4 ,at d x beg9s to describe ! circle de1 ! radius ( :i* is od1 ar\nd ! c5t] o4 ,! out] portion ( ! plane1 at ! edge b1 mu/ !n move fa/] ?an ! inn] edge a4 ,we h se5 t ! direct air pressure on ! plane is proportional to ! squ>e ( ! velocity4 ,! direct pressure ,p 7see sket* on page #bb7 w !n be great] at ! out] ?an at ! inn] limb2 ! lift+ =ce ,l w also be great] & ! out] limb w t5d to rise1 s t ! plane 7view$ f ! re>7 w take ! incl9$ position %[n 9 ! l[] view3 & ?is incl9ation w increase z long z ! out] limb travels fa/] ?an ! inn] limb2 t is1 z long z ! orbit cont9ues to be curv$4 ,v soon1 !n1 ! plane w be completely tipp$ ov]4 ,necess>ily1 ! two velocities h ! ratio om3om2 ! respective lift+ =ces mu/ !n be proportional to ! squ>es ( ^! di/ances4 ,! diff]5ce ( lift+ =ces1 & ! t5d5cy to ov]turn1 w be m important z ! di/ances mo/ greatly diff]3 :i* is ! case :5 ! di/ance om is small z comp>$ ) mm4 ,! %ort] ! radius ( curvature1 ! m dang]\s1 = a giv5 ma*9e1 is a circl+ flight3 & 9 r\nd+ a curve ( giv5 radius ! mo/ dang] is atta*$ to ! ma*9e ( greate/ spread ( w+4 ,lat]al ,/ability ,?is p>ticul> difficulty has consid]ably delay$ ! developm5t ( ! a]oplane4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be ov]come by v simple me?ods--simple1 at lea/ z f> z _! me*anical features are conc]n$4 ,if ! out] limb ( ! plane is tilt$ upw>d1 x is because ! w9d pressure is great] !re4 ,! w9d pressure is great] because ! velocity is great]4 ,we h only to increase ! w9d pressure at ! inn] limb1 9 ord] to re/ore equilibrium4 ,?is _c be done by adju/+ ! velocity1 because ! velocity is fix$ by ! curvature ( pa? requir$3 b ! total w9d pressure dep5ds ^u ! sail area z well z ! velocity2 s t by increas+ ! surface at ! inn] limb we may equalize ! value ( ,l1 ! lift+ =ce1 at ! two ends ( ! plane4 ,?is increase ( surface mu/ be a tempor>y affair1 to be discont9u$ :5 mov+ along a /raight c\rse4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,ail]on ,let u /& 9 ! re> ( an a]oplane1 ! ma9 w+ ( :i* is repres5t$ by ab4 ,let ! small fan-%ap$ w+s c & d be atta*$ ne> ! ends1 & let ! control wires1 e1 f1 pass+ to ! op]ator at g1 be employ$ to close & unclasp ! fans4 ,if ^! fans are giv5 a =w>d incl9ation at ! top1 z indicat$ 9 ! end view1 !y w :5 spread out ex]t an extra lift+ =ce4 ,a fan w be plac$ at ea* end4 ,!y w be ord9>ily fold$ up3 b :5 r\nd+ a curve ! aviator w op5 ! fan on ! inn] or m sl[ly mov+ limb ( ! ma9 plane4 ,?is repres5ts "o ( ! fir/ =ms ( ! ail]on or w+-tip = lat]al control4 ,! m common pres5t =m ( ail]on is t %[n 9 ! l[] sket*1 at s & t4 ,! me?od ( control is ! same4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w+ ,,tipp+ ,! cellul> ,vois9 biplanes illu/rate an attempt at self-suffic+ control1 )\t ! int]position ( ! aviator4 ,betwe5 ! upp] & l[] sails ( ! ma*9e !re 7 =e & aft v]tical p>titions4 ,! idea 0 t :5 ! ma*9e />t$ to revolve1 ! velocity ( rotation w\ld produce a pressure aga9/ ^! p>titions :i* w\ld ob/ruct ! tipp+4 ,b rotation may take place sl[ly1 s z to produce an insuffici5t pressure = control1 & yet be amply suffici5t to wreck ! app>atus4 ,! use ( extra v]tical rudd] planes1 h+$ on a horizontal longitud9al axis1 is op5 to ! same objection4 ,w+ ,w>p+ ,9 "s monoplanes ) ! inv]t$ ,v w+ arrangem5t1 a dipp+ ( "o w+ answ]s1 s to speak1 to increase its concavity & ?us to augm5t ! lift+ =ce on t side4 ,! sket* %[s ! normal & di/ort$ arrangem5t ( w+s3 ! inn] limb be+ ! "o b5t d[n 9 r\nd+ a curve4 ,an equival5t plan 0 to *ange ! angle ( incl9ation ( "o-half ! sail by sw++ x ab\t a horizontal pivot at ! c5t] or at ! re> edge3 "s ma*9es h be5 built ) sails divid$ 9 ! c5t]4 ,! obvi\s objection to bo? ( ^! plans is t too mu* me*anism is necess>y 9 ord] to di/ort :at am\nts to ne>ly half ! :ole ma*9e4 ,!y rem9d "o ( ,*>les ,lamb's /ory ( ! discov]y ( roa/ pig4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w+ ,,w>p+ ,! di/9ctive feature ( ! ,wright ma*9es lies 9 ! w>p+ or di/ort+ ( ! ends only ( ! ma9 planes4 ,?is is made possible1 n by h++ ! w+s 9 halves1 b by ! flexibility ( ! framework1 :i* is suffici5tly pliable to p]mit ( a consid]able b5d+ )\t dang]4 ,! op]ator1 by pull+ on a /\t wire l9kage1 may tip up 7or d[n7 ! corn]s cc ( ! sails at "o limb1 ?us decreas+ or increas+ ! effective surface act$ on by ! w9d1 z ! case may require4 ,! only objection is t ! s*eme provides "o m ?+ = ! aviator to ?9k ab\t & manipulate4 ,automatic ,control ,let u consid] aga9 ! condition ( ?+s :5 r\nd+ a curve1 z 9 ! sket* on page #cb4 ,z long z ! ma*9e is mov+ =w>d 9 a /raight l9e1 ! op]ator sits upright4 ,:5 x beg9s to tip1 he w unconsci\sly tip himself ! o!r way1 z repres5t$ by ! l9e xy 9 ! re> view4 ,any bicycli/ w recognize ?is z plausible4 ,:y n take advantage ( ?is involunt>y movem5t to provide a /abiliz+ =ce8 ,if op]at+ wires are atta*$ to ! aviator's belt & f !nce connect$ ) ail]ons or w+-w>p+ devices1 !n by a prop] proportion+ ( lev]s & surfaces to ! probable sway+ ( ! man1 ! control may become automatic4 ,! idea is n new2 x has ev5 be5 made ! subject ( a pat5t4 ,! ,gyroscope ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,gyroscope ,?is device = automatic control is be+ /eadily develop$ & may ultimately sup]s$e all o!rs4 ,x uses ! in]tia ( a fa/-mov+ fly :eel = control1 9 a mann] n unlike t contemplat$ 9 propos$ me?ods ( automatic balanc+ by ! action ( a susp5d$ p5dulum4 ,e "o has se5 ! toy gyroscope & p]haps has wond]$ at its my/]i\s ways4 ,! ma!matical analysis ( its action fills volumes3 b "s idea ( :at x does1 & :y1 may p]haps be ga!r$ at ! exp5se ( a v small am\nt ( c>eful att5tion4 ,! :eel acbd1 a ?9 disc1 is sp9n+ rapidly ab\t ! axle o4 ,9 ! side view1 ab %[s ! edge ( ! :eel1 & oo ! axle4 ,?is axle is n fix$1 b may be conceiv$ z held 9 "s "o's f+]s4 ,n[ suppose ! "r-h& end ( ! axle 7o7 to be sudd5ly mov$ t[>d u 7away f ! pap]7 & ! left-h& 7o7 to be mov$ away4 ,! :eel w n[ appe> 9 bo? views z an ellipse1 & x has be5 s repres5t$1 z afbe4 ,n[1 any p>ticle1 l x1 on ! rim ( ! :eel1 w h be5 regul>ly mov+ 9 ! circul> orbit cb4 ,! t5d5cy ( any body 9 motion is to move indef9itely 9 a /raight l9e4 ,! cohesion ( ! metal ( ! disc prev5ts ! p>ticle x f fly+ (f at a /raight l9e tang5t1 xy1 & x is con/ra9$1 !re=e1 to move 9 a circul> orbit4 ,unless "s additional con/ra9t is impos$1 x w at lea/ rema9 9 ?is orbit & w try to rema9 9 its plane ( rotation4 ,:5 ! disc is tipp$1 ! plane ( rotation is *ang$1 & ! p>ticle is requir$1 in/ead ( 7s to speak7 rema9+ 9 ! plane ( ! pap]--9 ! side view--to approa* & pass ?r\gh t plane at b & aft]w>d to cont9ue rec$+ f u4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances1 ?is is j :at x w\ld d3 b if1 z 9 ! gyroscope1 ! axle oo is p]fectly free to move 9 any direction1 ! p>ticle x w refuse to *ange its direction ( rotation4 ,its position has be5 %ift$3 x no long] lies 9 ! plane ( ! pap]3 b x w at lea/ p]si/ 9 rotat+ 9 a p>allel plane3 & ?is p]si/5ce =ces ! revolv+ disc to sw+ into ! new position indicat$ by ! curve hg1 ! axis be+ tipp$ into ! position pq4 ,! :ole effect ( all p>ticles l x 9 ! entire :eel w be f\nd to produce precisely ?is condition ( ?+s3 if we und]take to *ange ! plane ( rotation by %ift+ ! axle 9 a horizontal plane1 ! device itself w 7if n prev5t$7 make a fur!r *ange 9 ! plane ( rotation by %ift+ ! axle 9 a v]tical plane4 ,a revolv+ disc m\nt$ on ! gyroscopic framework !re=e resi/s influ5ces t5d+ to *ange its plane ( rotation4 ,if ! device is plac$ on a /eam%ip1 s t :5 ! vessel rolls a *ange ( rotative plane is produc$1 ! action ( ! gyroscope w resi/ ! roll+ t5d5cy ( ! vessel4 ,all t is necess>y is to h ! :eel revolv+ 9 a =e & aft plane on ! c5t] l9e ( ! vessel1 ! axle be+ transv]se & firmly atta*$ to ! vessel itself4 ,a small am\nt ( p[] 7consum$ 9 revolv+ ! :eel7 gives a m>k$ /eady+ effect4 ,! same location & arrangem5t on an a]oplane w suffice to ov]come t5d5cies to transv]se rotation :5 r\nd+ curves4 ,! device itself is automatic1 & requires no att5tion1 b x does un=tunately require p[] to drive x & x adds "s weight4 ,! gyroscope is be+ te/$ at ! pres5t "t on "s ( ! a]oplanes at ! tempor>y army camps ne> ,san ,antonio1 ,texas4 ,w9d ,gu/s ,?is feature ( a]onautics is p>ticul>ly important1 because any device :i* w give automatic /ability :5 turn+ corn]s w g f> t[>d mak+ aviation a safe amusem5t4 ,inequalities ( velocity exi/ n only on curves1 b also :5 ! w9d is bl[+ at any?+ b uni=m velocity across ! :ole front ( ! ma*9e4 ,! slighte/ flaw 9 ! w9d means an at lea/ tempor>y v>iation 9 lift+ =ce ( ! two arms4 ,"h is a pregnant s\rce ( dang]1 & "o :i* _c be left = ! aviator to meet by consci\s ?\ght & action4 ,x is ?is1 !n1 t bl9dfolds him3 he _c see ! w9d conditions 9 advance4 ,! conditions are ^u him1 & may h done _! de/ructive "w1 be=e he c prep>e to control !m4 ,we mu/ n[ /udy :at ^! conditions are & :at _! influ5ce may be on v>i\s =ms ( a]ial navigation3 aft] :i*1 a return to our pres5t subject w be possible4 ,,air ,,& ,,! ,,w9d ,! air t surr\nds u weighs ab\t "o-?irte5? ( a p\nd p] cubic foot & ex]ts a pressure1 at sea level1 ( ne>ly fifte5 p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,its temp]ature v>ies f #cj bel[ to #ajj above ! ,fahr5heit z]o4 ,! pressure ( ! air decreases ab\t "o-half p\nd = ea* ?\s& feet ( altitude2 at ! top ( ,mt4 ,blanc x w\ld be1 !re=e1 only ab\t six p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,! temp]ature also decreases ) ! altitude4 ,! weight ( a cubic foot1 or d5sity1 :i*1 z has be5 /at$1 is "o-?irte5? ( a p\nd ord9>ily1 v>ies ) ! pressure & ) ! temp]ature4 ,! v>iation ) pressure may be describ$ by say+ t ! quoti5t ( ! pressure by ! d5sity is con/ant3 "o v>ies 9 ! same ratio z ! o!r4 ,?us1 at ! top ( ,mt4 ,blanc 7if ! temp]ature 7 ! same z at sea level71 ! d5sity ( air w\ld be ab\t #f_/ae #a_/ac #b_/fe3 less ?an half :at x is at sea level4 ,z to temp]ature1 if we call our ,fahr5heit z]o #dfj1 & correspond+ly describe o!r temp]atures--= in/ance1 say t wat] boils at #fgb--!n 7pressure be+ un*ang$7 ! product ( ! d5sity & ! temp]ature is con/ant4 ,if ! d5sity at sea level & z]o temp]ature is "o-?irte5? p\nd1 !n t at sea level & #dfj ,fahr5heit w\ld be 7#j #dfj7_/7dfj #dfj7 #a_/ac #a_/bf4 ,^! relations are p>ticul>ly important 9 ! design ( all balloons1 & 9 computations relat+ to a]oplane flight at high altitudes4 ,we %all be prep>$ to appreciate "s ( _! applications pres5tly4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! atmosph]e is always 9 motion1 & mov+ air is call$ w9d4 ,our meteorologi/s fir/ /udi$ w9ds ne> ! surface ( ! gr\nd3 x is only ( late ye>s t high altitude measurem5ts h be5 consid]$ practically desirable4 ,n[1 records are obta9$ by ! aid ( kites up to a height ( ne>ly f\r miles3 e/imates ( cl\d movem5ts h giv5 data on w9d velocities at heights above six miles3 & mu* great] heights h be5 obta9$ by free balloons equipp$ ) in/rum5ts = record+ temp]atures1 pressures1 altitude1 "t1 & o!r data4 ,:5 ! ,eiffel ,t[] 0 complet$1 x 0 f\nd t ! av]age w9d velocity at its summit 0 ab\t f\r times t at ! base4 ,s9ce t "t1 mu* att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! contra/+ conditions ( surface & upp] breezes z to direction & velocity4 ,air is easily imp$$ 9 its movem5t1 & ! well-kn[n unc]ta9ties ( ! wea!r are closely relat$ to local v>iations 9 atmosph]ic pressure & temp]ature4 ,:5 ne> ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 imp+em5t aga9/ irregul>ities !re9--hills1 cliffs1 & build+s--makes ! atmosph]ic curr5ts turbul5t & irregul>4 ,:]e !re are no surface irregul>ities1 z on a smoo? pla9 or ov] wat]1 ! friction ( ! air p>ticles pass+ ov] ! surface /ill results 9 a /ratification ( velocities4 ,ev5 on a m\nta9 top1 ! direction & spe$ ( ! w9d are less /eady ?an 9 ! op5 :]e measur$ by a captive balloon4 ,! /rong] ! w9d1 ! great]1 relatively1 is ! irregul>ity produc$ by surface conditions4 ,fur!r1 ! e>?'s surface & its features =m a va/ sponge = sun heat1 :i* !y transf] 9 turn to ! air 9 an irregul> way1 produc+ ^? convectional curr5ts peculi> to l[ altitudes1 ! upp] limit ( :i* is m>k$ by ! elevation ( ! cumulus cl\ds4 ,ne> ! surface1 !re=e1 w9d velocities are l[e/ 9 ! e>ly morn+1 ris+ to a maximum 9 ! aft]noon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diurnal ,,temp]atures ,,at ,,diff]5t ,,heights 7,f ,rot*'s ,! ,conque/ ( ! ,air7 ,e locality has its s-call$ prevail+ w9ds4 ,consid]+ ! compass z hav+ eight po9ts1 "o ( ^? po9ts may describe z _m z #dj ( all ! w9ds at a giv5 place4 ,! direction ( preval5ce v>ies ) ! season4 ,! range ( w9d velocities is also a matt] ( local peculi>ity4 ,9 ,p>is1 ! w9d spe$ exce$s ?irty-f\r miles p] h\r on only sixty-eight days 9 ! av]age ye>1 & exce$s fifty-f\r miles on only fifte5 days4 ,obs]vations at ,bo/on %[ t ! velocity ( ! w9d exce$s tw5ty miles p] h\r on half ! days 9 w9t] & on only "o-six? ! days 9 summ]4 ,our l>ge/ pres5t dirigible balloons h indep5d5t spe$s ( ab\t ?irty-f\r miles p] h\r & are !re=e available 7at "s degree ( effectiv5ess7 = ne>ly t5 mon?s ( ! ye>1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,p>is4 ,9 a region ( l[ w9d velocities--l we/]n ,wa%+ton1 9 ?is c\ntry--!y w\ld be available a mu* great] proportion ( ! "t4 ,to make ! dirigible able to at lea/ move ne>ly e day 9 ! av]age ye>--9 ,p>is--x mu/ be giv5 a spe$ ( ab\t fifty-five miles p] h\r4 ,figures z to w9d velocity mean little to "o unaccu/om$ to us+ !m4 ,a five-mile breeze is j pleasant4 ,twelve miles means a brisk gale4 ,?irty miles is a high w9d3 fifty miles a s]i\s /orm 7^! are ! w9ds ! aviator con/antly meets73 "o hundr$ miles is p]haps ab\t ! maximum hurricane velocity4 ,z we asc5d f ! surface ( ! e>?1 ! w9d velocity /eadily increases2 & ! excess velocity ( w9t] w9ds ov] summ] w9ds is z /eadily augm5t$4 ,?us1 ,pr(essor ,rot* f\nd ! foll[+ v>iations3 ,altitude 9 ,feet ,annual ,av]age ,w9d ,velocity1 ,feet p] ,second #fef #bc4ae #a1hjj #cb4aj #c1bhj #ce4 #h1aij #da4 #aa1ddj #ej4h #ag1fhj #ha4g #bj1igj #hi4 #ca1ajj #aag4e ,av]age ,w9d ,velocities1 ,altitude 9 ,feet ,feet p] ,second ,summ] ,w9t] #fef to #c1bhj #bd4ee #bh4hj #c1bhj to #i1haj #bf4he #dh4ag #i1haj to #af1djj #cd4fe #ga4jj #af1djj to #bb1iej #fb4fj #afa4e #bb1iej to #bi1ejj #gg4jj #agg4j ,illu/ration3 ,,diurnal ,,temp]atures ,,at ,,diff]5t ,,heights ,^! results are %[n 9 a m /rik+ way by ! *>t4 ,at a five or six mile height1 d\ble-b>rel$ hurricanes at spe$s exce$+ #bjj miles p] h\r are n m]ely possible2 !y are "p ( ! regul> ord] ( ?+s1 dur+ ! w9t] mon?s4 ,! w9ds ( ! upp] air1 ?\gh va/ly m p[]ful1 are f> less irregul> ?an ^? ne> ! surface3 & ! directions ( prevail+ w9ds are *ang$4 ,if #ej ( ! w9ds1 at a giv5 location on ! surface1 are f ! s\?we/1 !n at z mod]ate an elevation z ev5 #ajjj feet1 ! prevail+ direction w cease to be f s\?we/2 x may become f we/-s\?we/2 & ! proportion ( total w9ds com+ f ?is direction w n be #ej4 ,^! factors are repres5t$ 9 meteorological pap]s by :at is kn[n z ! w9d rose4 ,f ! samples %[n1 we may note t #dj ( ! surface w9ds at ,m\nt ,wea!r are f ! nor?we/2 :ile at "s elevation n /at$ ! mo/ preval5t ( ! w9ds 7#bb ( ! total7 are we/]ly4 ,! direction ( preval5ce has *ang$ ?r\gh "o-eigh? ( ! possible circle1 & 9 a c\nt]-clockwise direction4 ,?is is contr>y to ! usual v>iation describ$ by ! s-call$ ,br\n's ,law1 :i* ass]ts t z we asc5d ! direction ( preval5ce rotates ar\nd ! circle l ! h&s ( a wat*2 be+1 say1 f nor?we/ at ! surface1 f nor? at "s elevation1 f nor!a/ at a /ill high] elevation1 & s on4 ,at a great height1 ! *ange 9 direction may become total3 t is1 ! high altitude w9ds bl[ 9 ! exactly opposite direction to t ( ! surface w9ds4 ,9 ! temp]ate regions1 mo/ ( ! high altitude w9ds are f ! we/3 9 ! tropics1 ! surface w9ds bl[ t[>d ! we/ & t[>d ! equator2 be+ nor!a/]ly 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e & s\!a/]ly 9 ! s\!rn3 & !re are und\bt$ly equally preval5t high-altitude c\nt]-trades4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,w9d ,,rose ,,= ,,m\nt ,,wea!r1 ,,va4 7,f ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,m\nt ,wea!r ,obs]vatory1 ,,ii1 #f7 ,! be/ fly+ height = an a]oplane ov] a flat field out 9 ! c\ntry is p]haps q l[--#bjj or #cjj feet3 b = cross-c\ntry trips1 :]e hills1 riv]s1 & build+s di/urb ! air curr5ts1 a mu* high] elevation is necess>y2 p]haps #bjjj or #cjjj feet1 b 9 no case m ?an a mile4 ,! same altitude is suitable = dirigible balloons4 ,at ^! elevations we h ! conditions ( reasonable w>m?1 dryness1 & mod]ate w9d velocities4 ,sail+ ,balloons ,9 classify+ air craft1 ! sail+ balloon 0 m5tion$ z a type int]m$iate betwe5 ! drift+ balloon & ! dirigible4 ,no su* type has be=e be5 recogniz$3 b x may prove to h its field1 j z ! sail+ vessel on ! sea has bridg$ ! gap betwe5 ! raft & ! /eam%ip4 ,x is true t tack+ is impossible1 s t our sail+ balloons mu/ always run be=e ! w9d3 b !y possess ?is great advantage ov] m>9e sail+ craft1 t by v>y+ _! altitude !y may always be able to f9d a favorable w9d4 ,?is implies adequate altitude control1 :i* is "o ( ! problems n yet solv$ = light]-?an-air fly+ ma*9es3 b :5 x has be5 solv$ we %all g f> t[>d atta9+ a dirigible balloon )\t motor or propell]2 a true sail+ craft4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,( ,,p>ts ,,( ,a ,,drift+ ,,balloon ,?is means m /udy & c>eful utilization ( /ratifi$ atmosph]ic curr5ts4 ,pr(essor ,rot* sugge/s ! utilization ( ! upp] we/]ly w9d drift across ! ,am]ican cont95t & ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 :i* w\ld c>ry a balloon f ,san ,francisco to s\!rn ,europe at a spe$ ( ab\t fifty feet p] second--?irty-f\r miles p] h\r4 ,!n by transport+ ! balloon to nor!rn ,africa1 ! nor!a/ surface trade w9d w\ld drive x back to ! ,we/ ,indies at tw5ty-five miles p] h\r4 ,?is )\t any motive p[]3 & s9ce pres5t day dirigibles are all %ort ( motive p[] = complete dirigibility1 we mu/ ei!r make !m mu* m p[]ful or else adopt ! sail+ pr9ciple1 :i* w p]mit ( actually decreas+ pres5t sizes ( motors1 or ev5 possibly ( omitt+ !m altoge!r4 ,our next /udy is1 !n1 logically1 "o ( altitude control 9 balloons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,glidd5 ,,& ,,/ev5s ,,gett+ ,,away ,,9 ,,! ,,bo/on 7,leo ,/ev5s1 ,n4,y47 ,field & ,spe$ ,illu/ration3 ,,relative ,,& ,,absolute ,,balloon ,,velocities ,illu/ration3 ,,field ,,& ,,spe$ ,an a]o/at 7non-dirigible balloon71 unless an*or$1 drifts at ! spe$ ( ! w9d4 ,to ! occupants1 x seems to /& /ill1 :ile ! surface ( ! e>? bel[ appe>s to move 9 a direction opposite to t ( ! w9d4 ,9 ! sket*1 if ! indep5d5t velocity ( a dirigible balloon be ,,pb1 ! w9d velocity ,,pv1 !n ! actual c\rse pursu$ is ,,pr1 al?\gh ! balloon always po9ts 9 ! direction ,,pb1 z %[n at #a & #b4 ,if ! spe$ ( ! w9d exce$ t ( ! balloon1 !re w be "s directions 9 :i* ! latt] _c progress4 ,?us1 let ,,pv be ! w9d velocity & ,,tv ! indep5d5t spe$ ( ! balloon4 ,! tang5ts ,,px1 ,,px1 include ! :ole field ( action possible4 ,! w9d direction may *ange dur+ flight1 s t ! initial objective po9t may become unatta9able1 or an initially unatta9able po9t may be br\ght )9 ! field4 ,! pres5t ne$ is to increase indep5d5t spe$s f ?irty or =ty to fifty or sixty miles p] h\r1 s t ! balloon w be truly dirigible 7ev5 if at l[ effectiv5ess7 dur+ practically ! :ole ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,w9d ,,on ,,possible ,,c\rse ,suppose a dirigible to />t on a trip f ,new ,york to ,albany1 #aej miles away4 ,let ! w9d be a tw5ty-five mile breeze f ! s\?we/4 ,! w9d alone t5ds to c>ry ! balloon f ,new ,york to ! po9t d 9 f\r h\rs4 ,if ! balloon mean:ile be head$ due we/1 x w\ld ne$ an indep5d5t velocity ( its own hav+ ! same ratio to t ( ! w9d z t ( de to fd1 or ab\t sev5te5 & "o-half miles p] h\r4 ,suppose its indep5d5t spe$ to be only twelve & "o-half miles2 !n aft] f\r h\rs x w be at ! position b1 assum+ x to h be5 cont9ually head$ due we/1 z indicat$ at a4 ,x w h travel$ nor?w>d ! di/ance fe1 app>5tly ab\t sixty-n9e miles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c\nt ,,zeppel9 ,aft] ?is f\r h\rs ( flight1 ! w9d sudd5ly *anges to s\?-s\?we/4 ,x n[ t5ds to c>ry ! balloon to g 9 ! next f\r h\rs4 ,mean:ile ! balloon1 head+ we/1 ov]comes ! ea/]ly drift1 & ! balloon actually l&s at c4 ,unless !re is "s fur!r favorable %ift ( ! w9d x _c rea* ,albany4 ,if1 dur+ ! second f\r h\rs1 its indep5d5t spe$ c\ld h be5 increas$ to ab\t fifte5 & a half miles x w\ld h j made x4 ,! actual c\rse has be5 fbc3 a drift+ balloon w\ld h foll[$ ! c\rse fdh1 dh be+ a c\rse p>allel to bg4 ,,gas ,,& ,,balla/ ,a cubical block ( wood measur+ twelve in*es on a side floats on wat] because x is light] ?an wat]2 x weighs1 if yell[ p9e1 ?irty-eight p\nds1 :]eas ! same volume ( wat] weighs ab\t sixty-two p\nds4 ,any sub/ance weigh+ m ?an sixty-two p\nds to ! cubic foot w\ld s9k 9 wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,buoyant ,,p[] ,,( ,,wood ,if our block ( wood be drill$1 & lead p\r$ 9 ! hole1 ! total size ( wood-&-lead block be+ kept con/antly at "o cubic foot1 ! block w s9k z soon z its :ole weight exce$s sixty-two p\nds4 ,ignor+ ! wood remov$ by bor+ 7z1 comp>$ ) ! lead :i* replaces x1 an insignificant am\nt71 ! weight ( lead plugg$ 9 may rea* tw5ty-f\r p\nds be=e ! block w s9k4 ,?is figure1 tw5ty-f\r p\nds1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 sixty-two & ?irty-eight p\nds1 !n repres5ts ! maximum buoyant p[] ( a cubic foot ( wood 9 wat]4 ,x is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! weight ( ! wood block & ! weight ( ! wat] x displaces4 ,if any weight less ?an ?is is add$ to t ( ! wood1 ! block w float1 project+ above ! wat]'s surface m or less1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( weight buoy$ up4 ,x w n rise entirely f ! wat]1 because to d ?is x w\ld ne$ to be light]1 n only ?an wat]1 b ?an air4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"o ,,cubic ,,foot ,,( ,,wood ,,load$ ,,9 ,,wat] ,buoyancy 9 ,air ,!re are gases1 if n woods1 light] ?an air3 among !m1 coal gas & hydrog54 ,a bubble ( any ( ^! gases1 if isolat$ f ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e1 _c s9k b mu/ rise4 ,at ! same pressure & temp]ature1 hydrog5 weighs ab\t "o-fifte5? z mu* z air2 coal gas1 ab\t "o-?ird z mu*4 ,if a bubble ( ei!r ( ^! gases be isolat$ 9 ! atmosph]e1 x mu/ cont9ually rise1 j z wood imm]s$ 9 wat] w rise :5 lib]at$4 ,b ! wood w /op :5 x rea*es ! surface ( ! wat]1 :ile !re is no reason to suppose t ! hydrog5 or coal gas bubbles w ev] /op4 ,! hydrog5 bubble c be made to rema9 /ation>y if x is weight$ d[n ) some?+ ( ab\t f\rte5 times its own weight 7?irte5 & "o-half times1 accurately74 ,p]haps x w\ld be bett] to say t x w\ld /ill cont9ue to rise sl[ly because t additional some?+ w\ld itself displace "s additional air2 b if ! add$ weight is a solid body1 its own buoyancy 9 air is negligible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,buoyant ,,p[] ,,( ,,hydrog5 ,our fir/ pr9ciple is1 !n1 t at ! same pressure & temp]ature1 any gas light] ?an air1 if prop]ly conf9$1 w ex]t a net lift+ p[] ( 7n-#a7 times its own weight1 :]e n is ! ratio ( weights ( air & gas p] cubic foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lebaudy',s ,,jaune ,if ! pressures & temp]atures are diff]5t1 ?is pr9ciple is modifi$4 ,9 a balloon1 ! gas is "u a pressure slightly 9 excess ( t ( ! ext]nal atmosph]e3 ?is decreases its lift+ p[]1 because ! weight ( a giv5 volume ( gas is great] z ! pressure to :i* x is subject$ is increas$4 ,! weight ( a giv5 volume we h call$ ! d5sity3 &1 z has be5 /at$1 if ! temp]ature be un*ang$1 ! d5sity v>ies directly z ! pressure4 ,! pressure 9 a balloon is only ab\t #a great] ?an t ( ! atmosph]e at sea level1 s t ?is factor has only a slight influ5ce on ! lift+ p[]4 ,t x leads to c]ta9 difficulties 9 economy ( gas w1 h[ev]1 soon be se54 ,! temp]ature ( ! gas 9 a balloon1 "o might ?9k1 w\ld naturally be ! same z t ( ! air outside3 b ! surface ( ! balloon envelope has an absorb+ capacity = heat1 & on a bright sunny day ! gas may be consid]ably w>m$ !reby4 ,?is action increases ! lift+ p[]1 s9ce increase ( temp]ature 7! pressure rema9+ fix$7 decreases ! d5sity ( a gas4 ,to avoid ?is possibly objectionable increase 9 lift+ p[]1 balloons are sometimes pa9t$ ) a non-absorb5t color4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ,lebaudy balloons receiv$ a popul> nickname 9 ,p>is on acc\nt ( ! yell[ hue ( its envelope4 ,suppose we wi% a balloon to c>ry a total weight1 includ+ t ( ! envelope itself1 ( a ton4 ,if ( hydrog51 x w h to conta9 "o fifte5? ( ?is weight or ab\t #acc p\nds ( t gas1 occupy+ a space ( ab\t #bc1jjj cubic feet4 ,if coal gas is us$1 ! size ( ! balloon w\ld h to be mu* great]4 ,if hot air is us$--z has sometimes be5 ! case--let u assume ! temp]ature ( ! air inside ! envelope su* t ! d5sity is j half t ( ! outside air4 ,?is w\ld require a temp]ature probably ab\t #ejj4 ,! air ne$$ w\ld be j a ton1 & ! balloon w\ld be ( ab\t #eb1jjj cubic feet4 ,x w\ld soon lose its lift+ p[] z ! air cool$2 & su* a balloon w\ld be useful only = %ort flights4 ,illu/ration3 ,,air ,,balloon 7,photo by ,paul ,?ompson1 ,n4,y47 ,built by "s ,g]mans 9 ! backwoods ( ,s\? ,africa ,! #bc1jjj cubic foot hydrog5 balloon1 design$ to c>ry a ton1 w\ld j answ] to su/a9 ! weight4 ,if an*or$ at sea level1 x w\ld nei!r fall to ! gr\nd nor tug upw>d on its hold+-d[n ropes4 ,9 ord] to asc5d1 some?+ m is necess>y4 ,?is some?+ m might be "s addition to ! size & to ! am\nt ( hydrog54 ,let u assume t we1 in/ead1 drop "o hundr$ p\nds ( our load4 ,?us reliev$ ( s mu* balla/1 ! balloon />ts upw>d1 "u ! net lift+ =ce ( "o hundr$ p\nds4 ,x is easy to calculate h[ f> x w g4 ,x w n asc5d indef9itely1 because1 z ! altitude increases1 ! pressure 7& consequ5tly ! d5sity7 ( ! ext]nal atmosph]e decreases4 ,at ab\t a #bjjj-;foot elevation1 ?is decrease 9 d5sity w h be5 suffici5t to decrease ! buoyant p[] ( ! hydrog5 to ab\t #aijj p\nds1 & ! balloon w cease to rise1 rema9+ at ?is level :ile x moves be=e ! w9d4 ,!re are sev]al factors to complicate any calculations4 ,any expansion ( ! gas bag--/ret*+ due to an increase 9 int]nal pressure--w\ld be "o2 b ! envelope fabrics d n /ret* mu*2 !re is inde$ a v good reason :y !y mu/ n be all[$ to /ret*4 ,! pressure 9 ! gas bag is a factor4 ,if !re is no /ret*+ ( ! bag1 ?is pressure w v>y directly ) ! temp]ature ( ! gas1 & might easily become excessive :5 ! sun %9es on ! envelope4 ,a m s]i\s matt] is ! increas$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! int]nal pressure ( ! gas & ! ext]nal pressure ( ! atmosph]e at high altitudes4 ,atmosph]ic pressure decreases z we asc5d4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 gas pressure & air pressure ?us increases1 & x is ?is diff]5ce ( pressure :i* t5ds to bur/ ! envelope4 ,suppose ! diff]5ce ( pressure at sea level to h be5 two-t5?s ( a p\nd4 ,= a balloon ( tw5ty feet diamet]1 ?is w\ld give a /ress on ! fabric1 p] l9eal in*1 ( tw5ty-f\r p\nds4 ,at an altitude ( #bjjj feet1 ! atmosph]ic pressure w\ld decrease by "o p\nd1 ! diff]5ce ( pressures w\ld become "o & two-t5?s p\nds1 & ! /ress on ! fabric w\ld be #add p\nds p] l9eal in*--an absolutely unp]missible /ra94 ,!re is only "o rem$y3 to all[ "s ( ! gas to escape ?r\gh ! safety valve2 & ?is w decrease our altitude4 ,asc5d+ & ,desc5d+ ,to asc5d1 !n1 we mu/ disc>d balla/3 & we _c asc5d beyond a c]ta9 limit on acc\nt ( ! limit ( all[able pressure on ! envelope fabric4 ,to aga9 desc5d1 we mu/ dis*>ge "s ( ! gas :i* gives u lift+ p[]4 ,e *ange ( altitude ?us involves a loss ei!r ( gas or ( balla/4 ,our v]tical field ( control may !n be repres5t$ by a s]ies ( oscillations ( gradually decreas+ magnitude until f9ally all p[] to asc5d is gone4 ,& ev5 ?is situation1 s]i\s z x is1 is made worse by ! gradual b /eady leakage ( gas ?r\gh ! envelope fabric4 ,"h1 9 a ^w1 is ! :ole problem ( altitude regulation4 ,air has no surface ( equilibrium l wat]4 ,"s device supplem5t>y to balla/ & ! safety valve is absolutely necess>y = practicable flight 9 any balloon n /ak$ to ! gr\nd4 ,a writ] ( romance has equipp$ 8 a]onautic h]oes ) a complete gas-g5]at+ plant s t all losses might be made up2 & 9 addition1 heat+ arrangem5ts 7 provid$ s t :5 ! gas supply _h be5 p>tially exp5d$ its lift+ p[] c\ld be augm5t$ by w>m+ x s z to decrease its d5sity bel[ ev5 ! normal4 ,!re might be some?+ to say 9 favor ( ?is latt] device1 if us$ 9 connection ) a collapsible gas envelope4 ,me?ods ( me*anically v>y+ ! size ( ! balloon1 s z by compress+ ! gas to cause desc5t & by giv+ x m room to increase its lift+ p[] & produce asc5t1 h be5 at lea/ sugge/$4 ,! idea ( a vacuum balloon1 9 :i* a rigid holl[ %ell w\ld be exhau/$ ( its cont5ts by a cont9ually work+ pump1 may appe> comm5dable4 ,su* a balloon w\ld h maximum lift+ p[] = its size2 b ! weight ( any rigid %ell w\ld be consid]able1 & ! pressure t5d+ to rupture x w\ld be ab\t #ajj times t 9 ord9>y gas balloons4 ,x has be5 propos$ to c>ry /or$ gas at high pressure 7p]haps 9 ! liquefi$ condition7 z a supplem5t>y me?od ( prolong+ ! voyage :ile facilitat+ v]tical movem5ts3 b hydrog5 gas at a pressure ( a ton to ! squ>e in* 9 /eel cyl9d]s w\ld give an ultimate lift+ p[] ( only ab\t "o-t5? ! weight ( ! cyl9d]s :i* conta9 x4 ,^! cyl9d]s might be reg>d$ z some:at bett] ?an ord9>y balla/3 b to ?r[ !m away1 ) _! gas *>ge1 z balla/1 w\ld seem too tragic4 ,liquefi$ gas might possibly appe> r m desirable1 b w\ld be altoge!r too exp5sive4 ,illu/ration3 ,,screw ,,propell] ,,= ,,altitude ,,control ,if a screw propell] c be us$ on a /eam%ip1 a dirigible balloon1 or an a]oplane to produce =w>d motion1 !re is no reason :y x c\ld n also be us$ to produce upw>d motion 9 any balloon2 & ! propell] ) its op]at+ ma*9]y w\ld be a sub/itute = twice its equival5t 9 balla/1 s9ce x c\ld produce motion ei!r upw>d or d[nw>d4 ,weight = weight1 h[ev]1 ! propell] & eng9e give only 79 "o comput$ case7 ab\t half ! lift+ p[] ( hydrog54 ,if we are to use ! screw = asc5t1 we might well use a helicopt]1 heavi] ?an air1 r ?an a balloon4 ,! ,ballonet ,! pres5t /&>d me?od ( improv+ altitude regulation involves ! use ( ! ballonet1 or comp>tm5t air bag1 inside ! ma9 envelope4 ,= /ability & effective propulsion1 x is important t ! balloon pres]ve its %ape1 no matt] h[ mu* gas be all[$ to escape4 ,dirigible balloons are divid$ into two types1 accord+ to ! me?od employ$ = ma9ta9+ ! %ape4 ,9 ! ,zeppel9 type1 a rigid int]nal metal framework supports ! gas envelope4 ,?is =ms a s]ies ( sev5te5 comp>tm5ts1 ea* isolat$ f ! o!rs4 ,no matt] :at ! pressure ( gas1 ! %ape ( ! balloon is un*ang$4 ,9 ! m common =m ( balloon1 ! int]nal air ballonet is empty1 or ne>ly s1 :5 ! ma9 envelope is full4 ,z gas is v5t$ f ! latt]1 air is pump$ into ! =m]4 ,?is compresses ! rema9+ gas & ?us pres]ves ! normal =m ( ! balloon outl9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,balloon ,,) ,,ballonets ,b ! air ballonet does m ?an ?is4 ,x provides an opportunity = keep+ ! balloon on a level keel1 = by us+ a numb] ( comp>tm5ts ! air c be circulat$ f "o to ano!r z ! case may require1 ?us alt]+ ! di/ribution ( weights4 ,besides ?is1 if ! pressure 9 ! air ballonet be initially some:at great] ?an t ( ! ext]nal atmosph]e1 a consid]able asc5t may be produc$ by m]ely v5t+ ?is air ballonet4 ,?is involves no loss ( gas2 & :5 x is aga9 desir$ to desc5d1 air may be pump$ into ! ballonet4 ,if any consid]able am\nt ( gas %\ld be v5t$1 to produce quick & rapid desc5t1 ! pump+ ( air into ! ballonet ma9ta9s ! %ape ( ! balloon & also facilitates ! desc5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,zeppel9 ,,balloon ,! ,equilibrator ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,equilibrator ,,9 ,,neutral ,,position ,suppose a timb] block ( "o squ>e foot area1 t5 feet long1 weigh+ #chj p\nds1 to be susp5d$ f ! balloon 9 ! ocean1 & let me*anism be provid$ by :i* ?is block may be rais$ or l[]$ at pleasure4 ,:5 completely imm]s$ 9 wat] x ex]ts an upw>d pressure 7lift+ =ce7 ( #bdj p\nds1 :i* may be us$ to supplem5t ! lift+ p[] ( ! balloon4 ,if :olly )drawn f ! wat]1 x pulls d[n ! balloon ) its weight ( #chj p\nds4 ,x seems to be equival5t1 !re=e1 to ab\t #fbj p\nds ( balla/4 ,:5 imm]s$ a little ov] six feet--! upp] f\r feet be+ out ( ! wat]--x ex]ts nei!r lift+ nor depress+ effect4 ,! am\nt ( ei!r may be p]fectly adju/$ betwe5 ! limits /at$ by v>y+ ! imm]sion4 ,9 ! ,wellman-,vaniman equilibrator atta*$ to ! balloon ,am]ica1 :i* la/ ye> c>ri$ six m5 7& a cat7 a ?\s& miles 9 ?ree days ov] ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 a /r+ ( tanks p>tly fill$ ) fuel 0 us$ 9 place ( ! timb] block4 ,z ! tanks 7 empti$1 ! degree ( control 0 increas$2 & ?is %\ld app>5tly h giv5 ideal results1 equilibration be+ augm5t$ z ! gas supply 0 lo/ by leakage3 b ! unsailorlike disreg>d ( conditions result+ f ! /ra9s transf]r$ f a *oppy sea to ! delicate gas bag l$ to disa/]1 & x is d\btful :e!r ?is me?od ( control c ev] be made practicable4 ,! ,am]ica's trip 0 l>gely "o ( a drift+ r ?an ( a dirigible balloon4 ,! equilibrator c\ld be us$ only 9 flights ov] wat] 9 any case3 & if we are to look to wat] = our buoyancy1 :y n look :olly to wat] & build a %ip in/ead ( a balloon8 ,,dirigible ,,balloons ,,& ,,o!r ,,k9ds ,%apes ,illu/ration3 ,,h5ry ,,giff>d',s ,,dirigible 7,! fir/ ) /eam p[]7 ,! cyl9drical ,zeppel9 balloon ) approximately conical ends has already be5 %[n 7page #fh74 ,^? balloons 9 :i* ! %ape is ma9ta9$ by int]nal pressure ( air are usually pisci=m1 t is1 fi%-%ap$4 ,/udies h actually be5 made ( ! cont\r l9es ( v>i\s fi%es & equival5t symmetrical =ms d]iv$1 ! outl9e ( ! balloon be+ =m$ by a pair ( approximately p>abolic curves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dirigible ,,( ,,dupuy ,,de ,,lome 7,man ,p[]7 ,! fir/ flight 9 a p[] driv5 balloon 0 made by ,giff>d 9 #aheb4 ,?is balloon _h an indep5d5t spe$ ( ab\t t5 feet p] second1 b 0 )\t appliances = /e]+4 ,a ballonett$ balloon ( #abj1jjj cubic feet capacity 0 direct$ by man p[] 9 #ahgb3 eight m5 turn$ a screw ?irty feet 9 diamet] :i* gave a spe$ ( ab\t sev5 miles p] h\r4 ,electric motors & /orage batt]ies 7 us$ = dirigible balloons 9 #ahhc-'hd3 9 ! latt] ye>1 ,r5>d & ,krebs built ! fir/ fi%-%ap$ balloon4 ,! fir/ dirigible driv5 by an int]nal combu/ion motor 0 us$ by ,santos-,dumont 9 #aija4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tiss&i] ,,bro!rs' ,,dirigible ,,balloon 7,electric ,motor7 ,dim5sions ,! displacem5ts ( pres5t dirigibles v>y f #bj1jjj cubic feet 79 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,signal ,corps air%ip7 up to #dfj1jjj cubic feet 79 ! ,zeppel974 ,! =m] balloon has a c>ry+ capacity only ab\t equival5t to t ( a ,wright biplane4 ,:ile an*or$ or drift+ balloons are usually sph]ical1 all dirigibles are elongat$1 ) a l5g? ( f f\r to elev5 diamet]s4 ,! ,zeppel9 repres5ts an extreme elongation1 ! l5g? be+ #dej feet & ! diamet] =ty-two feet4 ,at ! o!r extreme1 "s ( ! ,engli% milit>y dirigibles are ?irty-"o feet 9 diamet] & only #aab feet long4 ,ballonet capacities may run up to "o-fif? ! gas volume4 ,all pres5t dirigibles h gasol9e eng9es driv+ propell]s f eight to tw5ty feet 9 diamet]4 ,! l>g] propell]s are connect$ ) ! motors by ge>+1 & make f #bej to #gjj turns p] m9ute4 ,! small] propell]s are direct connect$ & make ab\t #abjj revolutions4 ,spe$s are usually f fifte5 to ?irty miles p] h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,baldw9 ,dirigible ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,signal ,corps ,! pres5t-day elongat$ %ape is ! result ( ! ef=t to decrease ! proportion ( propulsion resi/ance due to ! pressure ( ! air aga9/ ! head ( ! balloon4 ,?is has l$ also to ! po9t$ ends n[ univ]sal2 & to avoid eddy resi/ance ab\t ! re> x is j z important to po9t ! /]n z ! b[4 ,z f> z head end resi/ance alone is conc]n$1 ! long] ! balloon ! bett]3 b ! friction ( ! air along ! side ( ! envelope also produces resi/ance1 s t ! balloon mu/ n be too mu* elongat$4 ,excessive elongation also produces /ructural weakness4 ,f ! /&po9t ( /ress on ! fabric ( ! envelope1 ! greate/ /ra9 is t :i* t5ds to break ! mat]ial along a longitud9al l9e1 & ?is is true no matt] :at ! l5g?1 z long z ! seams are equally /rong 9 bo? directions & ! load is s susp5d$ z n to produce excessive b5d+ /ra9 on ! :ole balloon4 ,9 ! ,patrie 7page #gg71 "s di/ortion due to load+ is app>5t4 ,! /ress p] l9eal in* ( fabric is obta9$ by multiply+ ! net pressure by half ! diamet] ( ! envelope 79 in*es74 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,zeppel9 ,,ent]+ ,,its ,,hang> ,,on ,,lake ,,con/ance ,ample /e]+ p[] 7provid$ by v]tical planes1 z 9 heavi]-?an-air ma*9es7 is absolutely necess>y 9 dirigibles3 else ! head c\ld n be held up to ! w9d & ! propell+ ma*9]y w\ld become ineffective4 ,fabrics ,! mat]ial = ! envelope & ballonets %\ld be light1 /rong1 unaffect$ by moi/ure or ! atmosph]e1 non-crack+1 non-/ret*+1 & n act$ ^u by v>iations 9 temp]ature4 ,! same specifications apply to ! mat]ial = ! w+s ( an a]oplane4 ,9 addition1 = use 9 dirigible balloons1 fabrics mu/ be imp]meable1 resi/5t to *emical action ( ! gas1 & n subject to spontane\s combu/ion4 ,! mat]ials us$ are vulcaniz$ silk1 gold beat]'s sk91 ,japanese silk & rubb]1 & cotton & rubb] compositions4 ,9 _m ,fr5* balloons1 a middle lay] ( rubb] has lay]s ( cotton on ea* side1 ! :ole ?ickness be+ ! two hundr$ & fiftie? "p ( an in*4 ,9 ! ,patrie1 ?is 0 supplem5t$ by an outside non-heat-absorb5t lay] ( lead *romate & an inside coat+ ( rubb]1 all rubb] be+ vulcaniz$4 ,! inn] rubb] lay] 0 int5d$ to protect ! fabric aga9/ ! de/ructive action ( impurities 9 ! gas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,patrie4 ,,de/roy$ ,,by ,a ,,/orm ,fabrics are obta9able 9 v>i\s colors1 pa9t$1 v>ni%$1 or :olly uncoat$4 ,! rubb] & cotton mixtures are regul>ly wov5 9 ,france & ,g]many = a]oplanes & balloons4 ,! c>s & ma*9]y are frequ5tly %ield$ by a fabricat$ wall4 ,weights ( envelope mat]ials range f "o tw5ty-?ird to "o-f\rte5? p\nd p] squ>e foot1 & break+ /resses f tw5ty-eight to "o hundr$ & ?irty p\nds4 ,pressures 7net7 9 ! ma9 envelope are f ?ree-fif?s to "o & a qu>t] ounces p] squ>e in*1 ^? 9 ! ballonets be+ some:at less4 ,! ,patrie ( #aijg _h an envelope gu>ante$ n to all[ ! leakage ( m ?an half a cubic in* ( hydrog5 p] squ>e foot ( surface p] tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,manufactur+ ,,! ,,envelope ,,( ,a ,,balloon ,illu/ration3 ,,inspect+ ,,! ,,envelope ,,( ,,&r,e',s ,,balloon ,l',,o]n5 ,! be/ me?od ( cutt+ ! fabric is to arrange = build+ up ! envelope by a s]ies ( /rips ab\t ! circumf]5ce1 ! seams be+ at ! bottom4 ,! two w>ps ( ! clo? %\ld cross at an angle s z to localize a rip or te>4 ,b&s ( clo? are usually pa/$ ov] ! seams1 inside & out1 ) a rubb] solution2 ?is is to prev5t leakage at ! /it*es4 ,fram+ ,9 ! ,zeppel91 ! rigid alum9um frame is brac$ e =ty-five feet by transv]se diametral rods :i* make ! cross-sections resemble a bicycle :eel 7page #fh74 ,?is cross-section is n circul>1 b sixte5-sid$4 ,! pressure is resi/$ by ! framework itself1 ! envelope be+ requir$ to be imp]vi\s only4 ,! sev5te5 comp>tm5ts are sep>at$ by p>titions ( %eet alum9um4 ,!re is a sy/em ( complete longitud9al brac+ betwe5 ^! p>titions4 ,"u ! ma9 framework1 ! c>s & ma*9]y are c>ri$ by a truss ab\t six feet deep :i* runs ! entire l5g?4 ,! c>s are boat-%ap$1 tw5ty feet long & six feet wide1 ?ree & "o-half feet high1 enclos$ 9 alum9um %ea?+4 ,^! c>s1 plac$ ab\t "o hundr$ feet f ! ends1 are = ! op]at+ =ce & ma*9]y4 ,! ?ird c>1 c>ry+ pass5g]s1 is built into ! keel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wreck ,,( ,,! ,,zeppel9 ,9 non-rigid balloons l ! ,patrie1 ! connect+ frame mu/ be c>efully atta*$ to ! envelope4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> ma*9e1 clo? flaps 7 sew$ to ! bag1 & nickel /eel tubes !n lac$ 9 ! flaps4 ,) ^! tubes z a base1 a light framework ( tubes & wires1 cov]$ ) a lac$-on wat]pro( clo?1 0 built up = support+ ! load4 ,braces ran betwe5 ! v>i\s /abiliz+ & controll+ surfaces & ! gas bag2 ^! 7 = ! mo/ "p v f9e wire cables4 ,! weight ( ! c> 0 conc5trat$ on ab\t sev5ty feet ( ! total l5g? ( #bjj feet4 ,?is acc\nts = ! de=mation ( ! envelope %[n 9 ! illu/ration 7page #gg74 ,! frame & c> ( ?is balloon 7 readily dismantl$ = transportation4 ,9 "s ( ! ,engli% dirigibles ! c>s 7 susp5d$ by network pass+ ov] ! top ( ! balloon4 ,keep+ ! ,keel ,horizontal ,9 ! ,zeppel91 a slid+ weight c\ld be mov$ along ! keel s z to cause ! c5t] ( gravity to co9cide ) ! c5t] ( upw>d pressure 9 spite ( v>iations 9 weight & position ( gas1 fuel1 & balla/4 ,9 ! ,g]man balloon ,p>seval1 ! c> itself 0 movable on a longitud9al susp5d+ cable :i* c>ri$ support+ %eaves4 ,?is balloon has figur$ 9 rec5t press notices4 ,x 0 some:at damag$ by a collision ) its %$ 9 ,m>*3 ! sixte5 pass5g]s escap$ unh>m$4 ,a few days lat]1 em]g5cy deflation by ! rip-/rip 0 made necess>y dur+ a sev]e /orm4 ,9 ! ord9>y non-rigid balloon1 ! pump+ ( air betwe5 ! ballonets aids 9 controll+ longitud9al equilibrium4 ,! pump may be arrang$ = ei!r h& or motor op]ation3 t 9 ! ,clm5t-,bay>d _h a capacity ( #ahjj lit]s p] m9ute aga9/ ! pressure ( a little ov] ?ree-fif?s ( an ounce4 ,! ,p>seval has two ballonets4 ,into ! re> ( ^! air is pump$ at />t+4 ,?is raises ! b[ & facilitates asc5t on ! pr9ciple ( ! incl9$ surface ( an a]oplane4 ,aft] "s elevation is atta9$1 ! =w>d ballonet is also fill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c> ,,( ,,! ,,zeppel9 7,f ! ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s7 ,/ability ,besides prop] di/ribution ( ! loads1 correct v]tical location ( ! propell] is important if ! balloon is to travel on a level keel4 ,9 "s e>ly balloons1 two envelopes side by side _h ! propell] at ! height ( ! axes ( ! gas bags & midway betwe5 !m4 ,! mod]n =ms c>ry ! c>1 motor1 & propell] bel[ ! balloon prop]4 ,! air resi/ance is mo/ly t ( ! b[ ( ! envelope3 b !re is "s resi/ance due to ! c>1 & ! propell] %aft %\ld prop]ly be at ! equival5t c5t] ( all resi/ance1 :i* w be betwe5 c> & axis ( gas bag & ne>] ! latt] ?an ! =m]4 ,) a s+le envelope & propell]1 ?is arrangem5t is impracticable4 ,by us+ f\r 7or ev5 two7 propell]s1 z 9 ! ,zeppel9 ma*9e 7page #fh71 x c be accompli%$4 ,if only "o propell] is employ$1 horizontal rudd] planes mu/ be dispos$ at su* angles & 9 su* positions z to comp5sate = ! improp] position ( ! tractive =ce4 ,ev5 on ! ,zeppel91 su* planes 7 employ$ ) advantage 7pages #ff & #gc74 ,p]fect /ability also involves fre$om f roll+4 ,?is is usually inh]5t 9 a balloon1 because ! c5t] ( mass is well bel[ ! c5t] ( buoyancy3 b 9 ma*9es ( ! non-rigid type ! abs5ce ( a ballonet might lead to bo? roll+ & pit*+ :5 ! gas 0 p>tially exhau/$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/]n ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,zeppel9 ,:at is call$ r\te /ability describes ! condition ( /raight flight4 ,! balloon mu/ po9t directly 9 its 7indep5d5t7 c\rse4 ,?is involves ! use ( a /e]+ rudd]1 &1 9 addition1 ( fix$ v]tical planes1 :i*1 on ! pr9ciple ( ! v]tical p>titions ( ,vois91 probably give "s automatic /ead9ess to ! c\rse4 ,to avoid ! difficulty or impossibility ( hold+ ! head up to ! w9d at high spe$s1 an emp5nage or fea!r+ tail is a feature ( all pres5t balloons4 ,! emp5nage ( ! ,patrie 7page #gg7 consi/$ ( pairs ( v]tical & horizontal planes at ! extreme /]n4 ,9 ! ,france1 ?irty-two feet 9 maximum diamet] & ne>ly #bjj feet long1 emp5nage planes aggregat+ ab\t #djj squ>e feet 7 plac$ some:at =w>d ( ! /]n4 ,9 ! ,clm5t-,bay>d1 ! emp5nage consi/$ ( cyl9dro-conical ballonets project+ aft f ! /]n4 ,a r peculi> gr\p+ ( su* ballonets 0 us$ ab\t ! prolong$ /]n ( ! ,ville de ,p>is4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,cl,,m5t-,,bay>d ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,ville ,,de ,,p>is ,rudd]s & ,planes ,! dirigible has ?us sev]al air-resi/+ or glid+ surfaces4 ,! approximately horizontal 7actually some:at incl9$7 planes p]mit ( consid]able asc5t & desc5t by ! exp5diture ( p[] r ?an gas1 & ?us some:at influ5ce ! problem ( altitude control4 ,ea* ( ! f\r sets ( horizontal rudd] planes on ! ,zeppel91 = example1 has1 at ?irty-five miles p] h\r1 ) an incl9ation equal to "o-six? a "r angle1 a lift+ p[] ( ne>ly a ton2 ab\t equal to t ( all ( ! gas 9 "o ( ! sixte5 comp>tm5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c> ,,( ,,! ,,lib]t ,movable rudd]s may be ei!r h& or motor-op]at$4 ,! d\ble v]tical /e]+ rudd] ( ! ,ville de ,p>is _h an area ( #aej squ>e feet4 ,! horizontally pivot$ rudd]s = v]tical direction _h an area ( #acj squ>e feet4 ,arrangem5t & ,accessories ,! motor 9 ! ,ville de ,p>is 0 at ! front ( ! c>1 ! op]ator beh9d x4 ,?is c> _h ! excessive weight ( ne>ly #gjj p\nds4 ,! ,patrie employ$ a non-combu/ible %ield ov] ! motor1 = ! protection ( ! envelope3 its /e]+ :eel 0 9 front & ! motor ab\t 9 ! middle ( ! c>4 ,! gasol9e tank 0 "u ! c>1 compress$ air be+ us$ to =ce ! fuel up to ! motor1 :i* dis*>g$ its exhau/ d[nw>d at ! re> ?r\gh a sp>k arre/]4 ,motors h batt]y & magneto ignition & decompression cocks1 & are (t5 c>ri$ on a spr+-support$ *assis4 ,! int]e/+ ,p>seval propell] has f\r clo? blades :i* hang limp :5 n revolv+4 ,:5 ! motor is runn+1 ^! blades1 :i* are weight$ ) lead at ! prop] po9ts1 assume ! desir$ =m4 ,balloons usually c>ry guide ropes at head & /]n1 ! aggregate weight ( :i* may easily exce$ a hundr$ p\nds4 ,9 desc5d+1 ! b[ rope is fir/ made fa/1 & ! air%ip !n /&s ) its head to ! w9d1 to be haul$ 9 by ! /]n rope4 ,= ! l>ge ,fr5* milit>y balloons1 ?is requires a =ce ( ab\t ?irty m54 ,! ,zeppel9 desc5ds 9 wat]1 be+ l[]$ until ! c>s float1 :5 x is dock$ l a %ip 7see page #hd74 ,l&+ skids are sometimes us$1 z ) a]oplanes4 ,! balloon mu/ h escape valves 9 ! ma9 envelope & ballonets4 ,9 addition x has a rip-/rip at ! bottom by :i* a l>ge cut c be made & ! gas quickly v5t$ = ! purpose ( an em]g5cy desc5t4 ,common equipm5t includes a sir51 megaphone1 an*or p9s1 fire ext+ui%]1 acetyl5e se>* light1 telephotographic app>atus1 regi/]+ & indicat+ gages & o!r in/rum5ts1 anemomet]1 possibly c>ri] pigeons2 besides fuel1 oil & wat] = ! motor1 & ! necess>y supplies = ! crew4 ,! glyc]9e float$ compass ( ,moisant mu/ n[ also be includ$ if we are to contemplate g5u9e navigation )\t con/ant rec\rse to l&m>ks4 ,amateur ,dirigibles ,! ,fr5* ,zodiac types ( a]ial runab\t displace #gjj cubic met]s1 c>ry+ "o pass5g] ) coal gas or two pass5g]s ) a mixture ( coal gas & hydrog54 ,! motor is f\r-cyl9d]1 sixte5 horse-p[]1 wat]-cool$4 ,! /]n screw1 ( sev5 feet diamet]1 makes #fjj turns p] m9ute1 giv+ an indep5d5t spe$ ( n9ete5 miles p] h\r4 ,! ma*9e c rema9 al(t ?ree h\rs ) #afe p\nds ( supplies4 ,x co/s #ejjj4 ,hydrog5 co/s n f> f a c5t p] cubic foot 7tw5ty c5ts p] cubic met]7 s t ! "q ( gas leakage may be at lea/ z important z ! tire "q ) automobiles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,zodiac ,,no4 #b ,may be deflat$ & easily transport$ ,! ,=t ,omaha ,plant ,! ,signal ,corps po/ at ,=t ,omaha has a plant compris+ a /eel balloon h\se ( size suffici5t to h\se "o ( ! l>ge/ dirigibles built1 an electrolytic plant = g5]at+ hydrog5 gas1 hav+ a capacity ( #cjjj cubic feet p] h\r1 a #ej1jjj cubic foot gas /orage tank1 & ! compress+ & c>ry+ equipm5t involv$ 9 prep>+ gas = %ipm5t at high pressure 9 /eel cyl9d]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,signal ,,corps ,,balloon ,,plant ,,at ,,=t ,,omaha1 ,,neb4 7,f ! ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s7 ,balloon ,progress ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,c>ol9e ,,( ,,rob]t ,,bro!rs1 #aghd ,! asc5t t]m9at$ tragically ,! fir/ a]ial buoy ( ,montgolfi] bro!rs1 9 #aghc1 l$ to ! sugge/ion ( ,meussi] t two envelopes be us$2 ! inn] ( an imp]vi\s mat]ial to prev5t gas leakage1 & ! out] = /r5g?4 ,!re 0 p]haps a =e%ad[+ ( ! ,zeppel9 idea4 ,captive & drift+ balloons 7 us$ dur+ ! w>s ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution3 !y became a "p ( /&>d equipm5t 9 our own ,w> ( ,secession & 9 ! ,franco-,prussian conflict4 ,! ye>s #aijf to #aijh record$ rapid progress 9 ! developm5t ( ! dirigible3 ! record-break+ ,zeppel9 trip 0 9 #aiji & ,wellman's ,am]ica exploit 9 ,octob]1 #aiaj4 ,un=tunately1 dirigibles h _h a bad record = /an*ness3 ! ,patrie1 ,rpublique1 ,zeppel9 7,i & ,,ii71 ,deuts*l&1 ,clm5t-,bay>d--all h gone to t b\rne :5ce no balloon returns4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,asc5t ,,at ,,v]sailles1 #aghc ,! fir/ balloon c>ry+ liv+ be+s 9 ! air ,illu/ration3 ,,propos$ ,,dirigible ,inve/ors 7 lack+ to br+ ab\t ! realization ( ?is project ,x is gratify+ to record t ,c\nt ,zeppel9's late/ ma*9e1 ! ,deuts*l& ,,ii1 is n[ 9 op]ation4 ,dur+ ! pres5t mon? 7,april1 #aiaa71 flights h be5 made cov]+ #ij miles & upw>d at spe$s exce$+ #bj miles p] h\r ) ! w9d unfavorable4 ,?is balloon is int5d$ = use z a pass5g] excursion vehicle dur+ ! com+ summ]1 "u contract ) ! municipality ( ,dsseldorf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,r,,publique ,at ! pres5t mom5t1 ,neale1 9 ,engl&1 is report$ to be build+ a dirigible = a spe$ ( a hundr$ miles p] h\r4 ,! ,siem5s-,s*uck>t non-rigid ma*9e1 ne>ly #djj feet long & ( #ejj horse-p[]1 is be+ tri$ out at ,b]l93 x is said to c>ry fifty pass5g]s4,a ,fabrice1 ( ,muni*1 is exp]im5t+ ) ! ,in*>d1 ) a view to cross+ ! ,atlantic at an e>ly date4 ,mr4 ,vaniman1 p>tn] ( ,wellman on ! ,am]ica exp$ition1 is plann+ a new dirigible :i* x is propos$ to fly across ! ocean be=e ,july #d4 ,! eng9e1 accord+ to press reports1 w develop #bjj horse-p[]1 & ! envelope w be m elongat$ ?an t ( ! ,am]ica4 ,& mean:ile a ,*icago despat* describes a project$ fifty-pass5g] ma*9e1 to h a gross lift+ p[] ( tw5ty-five tons6 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,flight ,,= ,,! ,,gordon-,,b5net ,,cup4 ,won by ,lieut4 ,frank ,p4 ,lahm1 ,u4,s4,a41 #aijf4 ,figures on ! map d5ote di/ances 9 kilomet]s4 ,! cup has be5 (f]$ annually by ,mr4 ,james ,gordon-,b5net = int]national competition "u su* conditions z may be prescrib$ by ! ,int]national ,a]onautic ,f$]ation4 ,g]many has a slight lead 9 numb] ( dirigible balloons--sixte5 9 commission & t5 build+4 ,france foll[s closely ) f\rte5 active & elev5 au?oriz$4 ,?is acc\nts = two-?irds ( all ! dirigible balloons 9 ! _w4 ,great ,brita91 ,italy1 & ,russia rank 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates has "o balloon ( ! smalle/ size4 ,spa9 has1 or _h1 "o dirigible4 ,z to a]oplanes1 h[ev]1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,engl& rank equally1 hav+ ea* ab\t "o-f\r? z _m ma*9es z ,france 7:i* seems1 !re=e1 to ma9ta9 a f\r-p[] /&>d74 ,g]many1 ,russia1 & ,italy foll[1 9 ord]1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^! figures include all ma*9es1 :e!r privately or nationally own$4 ,until lately1 our own gov]nm5t op]at$ b "o a]oplane4 ,a rec5t appropriation by ,congress ( #abe1jjj has l$ to arrangem5ts = ! pur*ase ( a few additional biplanes ( ! ,wright & ,curtiss types2 & a tra9+ s*ool = army (fic]s has be5 regul>ly conduct$ at ,san ,diego1 ,cal41 dur+ ! pa/ w9t]4 ,! ,curtiss ma*9e to be pur*as$ is said to c>ry #gjj p\nds ( dead weight ) a sail area ( #ejj squ>e feet4 ,x is completely dem\ntable & equipp$ ) pontoons4 ,,! ,,"q ,,( ,,p[] ,9 ! ye> #ahaj1 a /eam eng9e weigh$ some?+ ov] a ton to ! horse-p[]4 ,?is 0 r$uc$ to ab\t #bjj p\nds 9 #ahhj4 ,! /eam-driv5 dirigible balloon ( ,giff>d1 9 #aheb1 c>ri$ a complete p[] plant weigh+ a little ov] #ajj p\nds p] horse-p[]2 ab\t ! weight ( a mod]n locomotive4 ,! unsuccessful ,maxim fly+ ma*9e ( #ahid br\ght ?is weight d[n to less ?an #bj p\nds4 ,! gasol9e eng9e on ! orig9al ,wright ma*9es weigh$ ab\t #e p\nds to ! horse-p[]2 ^? on "s rec5t ,fr5* ma*9es n f> f #b p\nds4 ,pig iron is wor? p]haps a c5t a p\nd4 ,an ord9>y /eam or gas eng9e may co/ eight c5ts a p\nd2 a /eam turb9e1 p]haps =ty c5ts4 ,a high grade automobile or a piano may sell = a doll> a p\nd2 ! ,gnome a]oplane motor is pric$ at ab\t tw5ty doll>s a p\nd4 ,?is is consid]ably m ?an ! price ( silv]4 ,! motor & accessories acc\nt = f two-?irds to n9e-t5?s ( ! total co/ ( an a]oplane4 ,a man weigh+ #aej p\nds c develop at ! outside ab\t "o-eigh? ( a horse-p[]4 ,x w\ld require #abjj p\nds ( man to ex]t "o horse-p[]4 ,consid]$ z an eng9e1 !n1 a man is 7weight = weight7 only "o six-hundr$? z effective z a ,gnome motor4 ,9 ! orig9al ,wright a]oplane1 a weight ( half a ton 0 su/a9$ at ! exp5diture ( ab\t tw5ty-five horse-p[]4 ,! motor weight 0 ab\t "o-eigh? ( ! total weight4 ,if traction _h be5 produc$ by man-p[]1 #cj1jjj p\nds ( man w\ld h be5 necess>y3 ?irty times ! :ole weight support$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,gnome ,,motor 7,a]omotion ,company ( ,am]ica7 ,"u ! mo/ favorable conditions1 to support 8 own weight ( #aej p\nds 7at v high glid+ velocity & a slight angle ( incl9ation1 disreg>d+ ! weight ( sails necess>y71 a man w\ld ne$ to h ! /r5g? ( ab\t fifte5 m54 ,no su* ?+ z an a]ial bicycle1 !re=e1 appe>s possible4 ,! man c n emulate ! bird4 ,illu/ration3 ,,screw ,,propell] 7,am]ican ,propell] ,company7 ,! p[] plant ( an air craft includes motor1 wat] & wat] tank1 radiator & pip+1 %aft & be>+s1 propell]1 controll+ :eels & lev]s1 c>buret]1 fuel1 lubricat+ oil & tanks !re=4 ,"s ( ! weight may ev5tually be elim9at$ by employ+ a two-cycle motor 7:i* gives m p[] = its size7 or by us+ rot>y air-cool$ cyl9d]s4 ,propell]s are made light by employ+ wood or skeleton con/ruction4 ,"o eight-foot screw ( :ite oak & spruce1 weigh+ f twelve to sixte5 p\nds1 is claim$ to give ov] #djj p\nds ( propell+ =ce at a ?\s& turns p] m9ute4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,motors ,,( ,,! ,,zeppel9 ,! cut %[s ! action ( ! s-call$ f\r-cycle motor4 ,f\r /rokes are requir$ to produce an impulse on ! pi/on & return ! p>ts to _! orig9al positions4 ,on ! fir/1 or suction /roke1 ! combu/ible mixture is drawn into ! cyl9d]1 ! inlet valve be+ op5 & ! outlet valve clos$4 ,on ! second /roke1 bo? valves are clos$ & ! mixture is highly compress$4 ,at ab\t ! end ( ?is /roke1 a sp>k ignites ! *>ge1 a /ill great] pressure is produc$ 9 consequ5ce1 & ! en]gy ( ! gas n[ =ces ! pi/on outw>d on its ?ird or work+ /roke1 ! valves rema9+ clos$4 ,f9ally1 ! outlet valve is op5$ & a f\r? /roke sweeps ! burnt gas out ( ! cyl9d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,f\r-,,cycle ,,eng9e ,9 ! two-cycle eng9e1 ! pi/on fir/ moves to ! left1 compress+ a *>ge already pres5t 9 ! cyl9d] at ,f1 & mean:ile draw+ a fre% supply ?r\gh ! valve ,a & passages ,c to ! space ,d4 ,on ! return /roke1 ! explod$ gas 9 ,f exp&s1 do+ its "w1 :ile t 9 ,d is slightly compress$1 ! valve ,a be+ n[ clos$4 ,:5 ! pi/on1 mov+ t[>d ! "r1 op5s ! passage ,e1 ! burnt gas ru%es out4 ,a little lat]1 :5 ! passage ,i is expos$1 ! fre% compress$ gas 9 ,d ru%es ?r\gh ,c1 ,b1 & ,i to ,f4 ,! op]ation may n[ be repeat$4 ,only two /rokes h be5 necess>y4 ,! cyl9d] develops p[] twice z rapidly z be=e3 b at ! co/ ( "s wa/e ( gas1 s9ce ! inlet 7,i7 & outlet 7,e7 passages are = a brief int]val bo? op5 at once3 a condition n altoge!r rem$i$ by ! use ( a deflector at ,g4 ,a two-cycle cyl9d] %\ld give ne>ly twice ! p[] ( a f\r-cycle cyl9d] ( ! same size1 & ! two-cycle eng9e %\ld weigh less1 p] horse-p[]2 b x requires f #aj to #cj m fuel1 & fuel also c\nts 9 ! total weight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,action ,,( ,,two-,,cycle ,,eng9e ,! high temp]atures 9 ! cyl9d] w\ld soon make ! ca/-iron walls r$-hot1 unless ! latt] :]e artificially cool$4 ,! usual me?od ( cool+ is to make ! walls holl[ & circulate wat] ?r\gh !m4 ,?is involves a pump1 a quantity ( wat]1 & a radiator 7cool+ ma*9e7 s t ! wat] c be us$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,to cool by air bl[+ ov] ! surface ( ! cyl9d] is relatively ineffective3 b has be5 made possible 9 automobiles by build+ f9s on ! cyl9d]s s z to increase ! am\nt ( cool+ surface4 ,:5 ! motors are work$ at high capacity1 or :5 two-cycle motors are us$1 ! heat is g5]at$ s rapidly t ?is me?od ( cool+ is reg>d$ z inapplicable4 ,by rapidly rotat+ ! cyl9d]s !mselves ?r\gh ! air1 z 9 motors l ! ,gnome1 air cool+ is made suffici5tly adequate1 b ! exp5diture ( p[] 9 produc+ ?is rotation has p]haps n be5 suffici5tly reg>d$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,motor ,,& ,,propell] 7,detroit ,a]onautic ,con/ruction ,co47 ,possible progress 9 weight economy is de/9$ to be limit$ by ! necessity = res]ve motor equipm5t4 ,! eng9e us$ is usually ! f\r-cycle1 s+le-act+1 f\r-cyl9d] gasol9e motor ( ! automobile1 design$ = great lightness4 ,! p[] f ea* cyl9d] ( su* a motor is approximately t obta9$ by divid+ ! squ>e ( ! diamet] 9 in*es by ! figure #b-a_/b4 ,?us a five-in* cyl9d] %\ld give t5 horse-p[]--at normal pi/on spe$4 ,on acc\nt ( friction losses & ! wa/efulness ( a screw propell]1 n m ?an half ?is p[] is actually available = propulsion4 ,! :ole p[] plant ( ! ,clm5t-,bay>d weigh$ ab\t elev5 p\nds to ! horse-p[]4 ,?is balloon 0 #ahd feet long & #ce feet 9 maximum diamet]1 displac+ ab\t #ajj1jjj cubic feet4 ,x c>ri$ six pass5g]s1 ab\t sev5ty gallons ( fuel1 f\r gallons ( lubricat+ oil1 fifte5 gallons ( wat]1 #fjj p\nds ( balla/1 & #acj p\nds ( ropes4 ,! motor develop$ #ajj horse-p[] at a ?\s& revolutions p] m9ute4 ,ab\t eight gallons ( fuel & "o gallon ( oil 7 consum$ p] h\r :5 runn+ at ! full indep5d5t spe$ ( ?irty-sev5 miles p] h\r4 ,! ,wellman balloon ,am]ica is said to h consum$ half a ton ( gasol9e p] tw5ty-f\r h\rs3 an eight days' supply 0 c>ri$4 ,! gas leakage 9 ?is balloon 0 e/imat$ to h be5 equival5t to a loss ( #ejj p\nds ( lift+ p[] p] day4 ,! l>ge/ ( dirigibles1 ! ,zeppel91 _h two motors ( #agj horse-p[] ea*4 ,x made1 9 #aiji1 a trip ( ov] #hjj miles 9 ?irty-eight h\rs4 ,! eng9e ( ! orig9al ,vois9 cellul> biplanes 0 an eight-cyl9d] ,anto9ette ( fifty horse-p[]1 set ne> ! re> edge ( ! l[] ( ! ma9 planes4 ,! ,wright motors are plac$ ne> ! front edge4 ,a tw5ty-five horse-p[] motor at #adjj revolutions propell$ ! ,=t ,my] ma*9e1 :i* 0 built to c>ry two pass5g]s1 ) fuel = a #abe mile flight3 ! total weight ( ! :ole fly+ app>atus be+ ab\t half a ton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,two-,,cyl9d] ,,oppos$ ,,eng9e4 7,f ,aircraft7 ,illu/ration3 ,,f\r-,,cyl9d] ,,v]tical ,,eng9e 7,! ,dean ,manufactur+ ,co47 ,! eight-cyl9d] ,anto9ette motor on a ,f>man biplane1 weigh+ #age p\nds1 develop$ ?irty-eight horse-p[] at #ajej revolutions4 ,! total weight ( ! ma*9e 0 ne>ly #abjj p\nds1 & its spe$ tw5ty-eight miles p] h\r4 ,! eight-cyl9d] ,curtiss motor on ! ,june ,bug 0 air cool$4 ,?is a]oplane weigh$ #fej p\nds & made ?irty-n9e miles p] h\r1 ! eng9e develop+ tw5ty-five horse-p[] at #abjj turns4 ,resi/ance ( ,a]oplanes ,! *>t on page #bd 7see also ! diagram ( page #bc7 %[s t ! lift+ p[] ( an a]oplane increases z ! angle ( incl9ation increases1 up to a c]ta9 limit4 ,! resi/ance to propulsion also increases1 h[ev]3 & ! ratio ( lift+ p[] to resi/ance is greate/ at a v small angle--ab\t five or six degrees4 ,s9ce ! motor p[] & weight are rul+ factors 9 design1 x is important to fly at ab\t ?is angle4 ,! support+ =ce is !n ab\t two p\nds1 & ! resi/ance ab\t ?ree-t5?s ( a p\nd1 p] squ>e foot ( sail area1 if ! velocity is t assum$ 9 plott+ ! *>t3 namely1 ab\t fifty-five miles p] h\r4 ,b ! resi/ance ,r indicat$ on pages #bc & #bd is n ! only resi/ance to propulsion4 ,9 addition1 we h ! frictional resi/ance ( ! air slid+ along ! sail surface4 ,! am\nt ( ?is resi/ance is indep5d5t ( ! angle ( incl9ation3 x dep5ds directly ^u ! area ( ! planes1 & 9 an indirect way on _! dim5sions 9 ! direction ( movem5t4 ,x also v>ies ne>ly ) ! squ>e ( ! velocity4 ,at any velocity1 !n1 ! addition ( ?is frictional resi/ance1 :i* does n dep5d on ! angle ( incl9ation1 modifies our views z to ! desirable angle3 & ! total resi/ance rea*es a m9imum 79 proportion to ! weight support$7 :5 ! angle is ab\t ?ree degrees & ! velocity ab\t fifty miles p] h\r4 ,?is is n q ! be/ condition1 h[ev]4 ,! sk9 friction does n v>y exactly ) ! squ>e ( ! velocity3 & :5 ! true law ( v>iation is tak5 into acc\nt1 x is f\nd t ! horse-p[] is a m9imum at an angle ( ab\t five degrees & a spe$ ( ab\t =ty miles p] h\r4 ,! weight support$ p] horse-p[] may !n be !oretically ne>ly a hundr$ p\nds3 & ! frictional resi/ance is ab\t "o-?ird ! direct pressure resi/ance4 ,?is mu/ be reg>d$ z ! approximate condition ( be/ effectiv5ess3 n ! exact condition1 because 9 arriv+ at ?is result we h reg>d$ ! sails z squ>e flat planes :]eas 9 reality !y are ar*$ & ( rectangul> =m4 ,at ! mo/ effective condition1 ! resi/ance to propulsion is only ab\t "o-t5? ! weight support$4 ,evid5tly ! air is help+ ! motor4 ,resi/ance ( ,dirigibles ,if ! b[ ( a balloon 7 cut (f squ>e1 its head end resi/ance w\ld be t giv5 by ! rule already cit$ 7page #ai73 "o ?ree-hundr$? p\nd p] squ>e foot1 multipli$ by ! squ>e ( ! velocity4 ,b by po9t+ ! b[ an enorm\s r$uction ( ?is pressure is possible4 ,if ! head end is a hemisph]e 7z 9 ! ,engli% milit>y dirigible71 ! r$uction is ab\t "o-?ird4 ,if x is a %>p cone1 ! r$uction may be z mu* z f\r-fif?s4 ,unless ! /]n is also tap]$1 h[ev]1 !re w be a consid]able eddy resi/ance at t po9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,head ,,end ,,%apes ,if head end resi/ance 7 ! only consid]ation1 !n = a balloon ( giv5 diamet] & end %ape x w\ld be indep5d5t ( ! l5g? & capacity4 ,! long] ! balloon1 ! bett]4 ,aga91 s9ce ! volume ( any solid body increases m rapidly ?an its surface 7z ! l9e> dim5sions are increas$71 l>ge balloons w\ld h a di/9ct advantage ov] small ones4 ,! smalle/ dirigible ev] built 0 t ( ,santos-,dumont1 ( ab\t #ejjj cubic feet4 ,l>ge balloons1 h[ev]1 are /ructurally weak3 & m is lo/ by ! extra brac+ necess>y ?an is ga9$ by r$uction ( head end resi/ance4 ,x is probable t ! ,zeppel9 repres5ts ! limit ( progress 9 ?is direction2 & ev5 9 t balloon1 if x _h n be5 t ! adoption ( a rigid type necessitat$ great /ructural /r5g?1 x is d\btful if z great a l5g? w\ld h be5 fix$ ^u1 9 proportion to ! diamet]4 ,! frictional resi/ance ( ! air glid+ along ! surface ( ! envelope1 moreov]1 invalidates any too arbitr>y conclusions4 ,?is1 z 9 ! a]oplane1 v>ies ne>ly z ! squ>e ( ! velocity1 & is usually consid]ably great] ?an ! direct head end resi/ance4 ,%\ld ! /e]+ ge> break1 h[ev]1 & ! w9d /rike ! side ( ! balloon1 ! pressure ( ! w9d aga9/ ?is greatly increas$ area w\ld absolutely deprive x ( dirigibility4 ,a /ation>y1 drift+1 or sail+ balloon may z well h ! sph]ical z well z any o!r %ape3 x makes ! w9d a fri5d in/ead ( a foe & requires no?+ 9 ! way ( control o!r ?an regulation ( altitude4 ,indep5d5t ,spe$ & ,"t ,table ,! air pressure1 direct & frictional resi/ances1 & p[] dep5d ^u ! relative velocity ( fly+ ma*9e & air4 ,x is ?is relative velocity1 n ! velocity ( ! balloon z comp>$ ) a po9t on ! e>?'s surface1 t m>ks ! limit ( progression4 ,h5ce ! spe$ ( ! w9d is an ov]:elm+ factor to be reckon$ ) 9 develop+ an a]ial "t table4 ,if we wi% to travel ea/ at an effective spe$ ( ?irty miles p] h\r1 :ile ! w9d is bl[+ due we/ at a spe$ ( t5 miles1 our ma*9e mu/ h an indep5d5t spe$ ( =ty miles4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we wi% to travel we/1 an indep5d5t spe$ ( tw5ty miles p] h\r w answ]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,santos-,,dumont ,,dirigible ,,no4 #b 7#aiji7 ,aga91 if ! w9d is bl[+ nor? at ?irty miles p] h\r1 & ! m9imum 7relative7 velocity at :i* an a]oplane w su/a9 its load is =ty miles p] h\r1 we _c progress nor?w>d any m sl[ly ?an at sev5ty miles' spe$4 ,& we h ?is peculi> condition ( ?+s3 suppose ! w9d to be bl[+ nor? at fifty miles p] h\r4 ,! a]oplane design$ = a =ty mile spe$ may !n face ?is w9d & su/a9 itself :ile actually mov+ backw>d at an absolute spe$ 7z se5 f ! e>?7 ( t5 miles p] h\r4 ,we are at ! m]cy ( ! w9d1 & w9d velocities may rea* a hundr$ miles an h\r4 ,! inh]5t disadvantage ( a]ial flight is 9 :at eng9e]s call its l[ load factor4 ,t is1 ! ratio ( normal p]=mance requir$ to possible abnormal p]=mance necess>y "u adv]se conditions is extremely l[4 ,to make a balloon truly dirigible ?r\gh\t ! ye> involves1 at ,p>is1 = example1 z we h se51 a spe$ exce$+ fifty-f\r miles p] h\r3 & ev5 !n1 dur+ "o-t5? ! ye>1 ! effective spe$ w\ld n exce$ tw5ty miles p] h\r4 ,a "t table :i* requir$ a s*$ule spe$ r$uction ( #fj on "o day out ( t5 w\ld be obvi\sly unsatisfactory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,9 ,,! ,,bay ,,( ,,monaco ,,santos-,,dumont',s ,,no4 #f ,! flights t]m9at$ ) a fall into ! sea1 happily )\t injury to ! op]ator ,fur!r1 if we aim at excessively high indep5d5t spe$s = our dirigible balloons1 9 ord] to become indep5d5t ( w9d conditions1 we soon rea* velocities at :i* ! gas bag is unnecess>y3 t is1 a simple w+ surface w\ld at ^? spe$s give ample support4 ,! increas$ difficulty ( ma9ta9+ rigidity ( ! envelope1 & ( /e]+1 at ! great pressures :i* w\ld accompany ^! high velocities w\ld also op]ate aga9/ ! dirigible type4 ,) ! a]oplane1 high] spe$ means less sail area = a giv5 weight & a /rong] ma*9e4 ,mu* high] spe$s are probable4 ,we h already a safe m>g9 z to weight p] horse-p[] ( motor1 & _m a]oplane motors are = /an*ness purposely made heavi] ?an !y absolutely ne$ to be4 ,! ,co/ ( ,spe$ ,s9ce ! :ole resi/ance1 9 ei!r type ( fly+ ma*9e1 is approximately proportional to ! squ>e ( ! velocity2 & s9ce horse-p[] 7"w7 is ! product ( resi/ance & velocity1 ! horse-p[] ( an air craft ( any sort v>ies ab\t z ! cube ( ! spe$4 ,to increase pres5t spe$s ( dirigible balloons f ?irty to sixty miles p] h\r w\ld !n mean eight times z mu* horse-p[]1 eight times z mu* motor weight1 eight times z rapid a rate ( fuel consumption1 & 7s9ce ! spe$ has be5 d\bl$7 f\r times z rapid a consumption ( fuel 9 proportion to ! di/ance travel$4 ,ei!r ! radius ( action mu/ be decreas$1 or ! weight ( fuel c>ri$ mu/ be greatly increas$1 if high] velocities are to be atta9$4 ,pres5t 7indep5d5t7 a]oplane spe$s are usually ab\t fifty miles p] h\r1 & !re is n ! necessity = a great increase :i* exi/s ) ! light]-?an-air ma*9es4 ,we h already succe$$ 9 c>ry+ & propell+ fifty p\nds ( total load or fifte5 p\nds ( pass5g] load p] horse-p[] ( motor1 ) a]oplanes2 ! ratio ( net load to horse-p[] 9 ! dirigible is consid]ably l[]2 b ! "q ( weight 9 relation to p[] is ( relatively small] importance 9 ! latt] ma*9e1 :]e support is af=d$ by ! gas & n by ! eng9e4 ,! ,propell] ,v little ef=t has be5 made to utilize paddle :eels = a]ial propulsion2 ! screw is almo/ univ]sally employ$4 ,e "o kn[s t :5 a bolt turns 9 a /ation>y nut1 x moves =w>d a di/ance equal to ! pit* 7l5g?wise di/ance betwe5 two adjac5t ?reads7 at e revolution4 ,a screw propell] is a bolt p>tly cut away = lightness1 & ! nut 9 :i* x works is wat] or air4 ,x does n move =w>d q z mu* z its pit*1 at ea* revolution1 because any fluid is m or less slipp]y z comp>$ ) a nut ( solid metal4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! pit* & ! actual =w>d movem5t ( ! vessel at ea* revolution is call$ ! slip1 or slip ratio4 ,x is nev] less ?an t5 or twelve p] c5t 9 m>9e "w1 & ) a]ial screws is mu* great]4 ,)9 c]ta9 limits1 ! less ! slip1 ! great] ! effici5cy ( ! propell]4 ,small screws h relatively great] slips & less effici5cy1 b are light]4 ,! maximum effici5cy ( a screw propell] 9 wat] is "u #hj4 ,accord+ to ,langley's exp]im5ts1 ! usual effici5cy 9 air is only ab\t #ej4 ,?is means t only half ! p[] ( ! motor w be actually available = produc+ =w>d movem5t--a conclusion already =e%ad[$4 ,9 common practice1 ! pit* ( a]ial screws is n f> f equal to ! diamet]4 ,! rate ( =w>d movem5t1 if !re 7 no slip1 w\ld be proportional to ! pit* & ! numb] ( revolutions p] m9ute4 ,if ! latt] be increas$1 ! =m] may be decreas$4 ,screws direct-connect$ to ! motors & runn+ at high spe$s w !re=e be ( small] pit* & diamet] ?an ^? run at r$uc$ spe$ by ge>+1 z 9 ! ma*9e illu/rat$ on page #acd4 ,! numb] ( blades is usually two1 al?\gh ?is gives less p]fect balance ?an w\ld a l>g] numb]4 ,! propell] is 9 _m monoplanes plac$ 9 front3 ?is int]f]es1 un=tunately1 ) ! air curr5ts aga9/ ! support+ surfaces4 ,!re is always "s loss ( p[] 9 ! be>+s & p[]-transmitt+ devices betwe5 ! motor & propell]4 ,?is may decrease ! p[] usefully ex]t$ ev5 to less ?an half t develop$ by ! motor4 ,,gett+ ,,up ,,& ,,d[n3 ,,models ,,& ,,glid]s3 ,,a]oplane ,,details ,laun*+ ,! ,wright ma*9es 7at lea/ 9 _! orig9al =m7 h usually be5 />t$ by ! impetus ( a fall+ weight1 :i* propels !m along skids until ! velocity suffices to produce asc5t4 ,! pref]r$ designs among ,fr5* ma*9es h contemplat$ self-/>t+ equipm5t4 ,?is involves m\nt+ ! ma*9e on pneumatic-tir$ bicycle :eels s t x c run along ! gr\nd4 ,if a fairly long /ret* ( good1 wide1 /raight road is available1 x is usually possible to asc5d4 ,! effect ( altitude & atmosph]ic d5sity on su/a9+ p[] is =cibly illu/rat$ by ! fact t at ,salt ,lake ,city "o ( ! aviators 0 unable to rise f ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wright ,,biplane ,,on ,,/>t+ ,,rail1 ,,%[+ ,,pylon ,,& ,,weight ,to accel]ate a ma*9e f re/ to a giv5 velocity 9 a giv5 "t or di/ance involves ! use ( propulsive =ce additional to t necess>y to ma9ta9 ! velocity atta9$4 ,app>5tly1 !re=e1 any self-/>t+ ma*9e mu/ h n only ! extra weight ( framework & :eels b also extra motor p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,laun*+ ,,sy/em ,,= ,,wright ,,a]oplane 7,f ,brew]'s ,art ( ,aviation7 ,^u clos] exam9ation ( ! matt]1 we may f9d a p>ticul>ly =tunate condition ( ?+s 9 ! a]oplane4 ,bo? su/a9+ p[] & resi/ance v>y ) ! incl9ation ( ! planes1 z indicat$ by ! *>t on page #bd4 ,x is entirely possible to />t ) no su* incl9ation1 s t ! direct w9d resi/ance is elim9at$4 ,! motor mu/ !n ov]come only air friction1 9 addition to provid+ an accel]at+ =ce4 ,! ma*9e runs along ! gr\nd1 its velocity rapidly increas+4 ,z soon z ! necess>y spe$ 7or "o some:at great]7 is atta9$1 ! planes are tilt$ & ! a]oplane rises f ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,nieuport ,,monoplane ,self-,/>t+ ) an #ah hp4 motor 7,f ,! ,air ,sc\t7 ,! velocity necess>y to j su/a9 ! load at a giv5 angle ( incl9ation is call$ ! critical or so>+ velocity4 ,= a giv5 ma*9e1 !re is an angle ( incl9ation 7ab\t half a "r angle7 at :i* ! m9imum spe$ is necess>y4 ,?is spe$ is call$ ! lea/ so>+ velocity4 ,if ! velocity is n[ increas$1 ! angle ( incl9ation may be r$uc$ & ! planes w so> ?r\gh ! air almo/ edgewise1 app>5tly ) dim9i%$ resi/ance & p[] consumption4 ,?is decrease 9 p[] z ! spe$ increases is call$ ,langley's ,p>adox1 f its discov]]1 :o1 h[ev]1 po9t$ out t ! rule does n hold 9 practice :5 frictional resi/ances are includ$4 ,we _c expect to actually save p[] by mov+ m rapidly ?an at pres5t2 b we %\ld h to provide mu* m p[] if we tri$ to move mu* m sl[ly4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,biplane 7,f ,aircraft7 ,illu/ration3 ,,ely ,,at ,,los ,,angeles 7,photo by ,am]ican ,press ,association7 ,economical & practicable />t+ ( an a]oplane ?us requires a free laun*+ space1 along :i* ! ma*9e may accel]ate ) ne>ly flat planes3 a d[nw>d slope w\ld be an aid4 ,:5 ! planes are tilt$ = asc5t1 aft] atta9+ full spe$1 quick control is necess>y to avoid ! possibility ( a back-som]sault4 ,a fairly wide laun*+ plat=m ( #bjj feet l5g? w\ld ord9>ily suffice4 ,! flight made by ,ely 9 ,janu>y ( ?is ye>1 f ,san ,francisco to ! deck ( ! cruis] ,p5nsylvania & back1 demon/rat$ ! possibility ( />t+ f a limit$ area4 ,! wood5 plat=m built ov] ! aft] deck ( ! w>%ip 0 #acj feet long1 & slop$4 ,on ! return trip1 ! a]oplane ran d[n ?is slope1 dropp$ some:at1 & !n asc5d$ successfully4 ,if ! ef=t is made to asc5d at l[ velocities1 !n ! motor p[] mu/ be suffici5t to propel ! ma*9e at an extreme angle ( incl9ation--p]haps ! ?ird ( a "r angle1 approximat+ to ! angle ( lea/ velocity = a giv5 load4 ,accord+ to ,*atley1 ?is me?od ( />t+ by ,f>man at ,issy-les-,m\l9eaux involv$ ! use ( a motor ( fifty horse-p[]3 :ile ,roe's ma*9e at ,brookl&s rose1 x is said1 ) only a six horse-p[] motor4 ,desc5d+ ,illu/ration3 ,,trajectory ,,dur+ ,,desc5t ,:at happ5s :5 ! motor /ops8 ,! velocity ( ! ma*9e gradually decreases3 ! resi/ance to =w>d movem5t /ops its =w>d movem5t & ! excess ( weight ov] upw>d pressure due to velocity causes x to desc5d4 ,x behaves l a projectile1 b ! details ( behavior are s]i\sly complicat$ by ! v>iation 9 head resi/ance & su/a9+ =ce due to *anges 9 ! angle ( ! planes4 ,! angle ( incl9ation is n[ n ! angle made by ! planes ) ! horizontal1 b ! angle :i* !y make ) ! pa? ( flight4 ,!ory indicates t ?is %\ld be ab\t two-?irds ! angle :i* ! pa? itself makes ) ! horizontal3 t is1 ! planes !mselves are incl9$ d[nw>d t[>d ! front4 ,! =ces :i* det]m9e ! desc5t are fix$ by ! velocity & ! angle betwe5 ! planes & ! pa? ( flight4 ,manipulation ( ! rudd]s & ma9 planes or ev5 ! motor may be practis$ to ensure lanc+ to be/ advantage2 b 9 spite ( ^! 7or p]haps on acc\nt ( ^!7 sc>cely any "p ( aviation (f]s m dang]s1 dem&s m g5ius on ! "p ( ! op]ator1 & has be5 less satisfactorily analyz$ ?an ! "q ( gett+ d[n4 ,x is easy to /ay up & n v h>d to get up1 wea!r conditions be+ favorable2 b x is an all-suffici5t job to come d[n4 ,"u ! new rules ( ! ,int]national ,a]onautic ,f$]ation1 a te/ flight = a pilot's lic5se mu/ t]m9ate ) a desc5t 7motor /opp$7 9 :i* ! aviator is to l& )9 fifty y>ds ( ! obs]v]s & come to a full /op inside ( fifty y>ds !refrom4 ,! elevation at ! beg9n+ ( desc5t mu/ be at lea/ #aej feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,desc5d+ ,glid]s ,if ! motor & its appurt5ances1 & "s ( ! purely auxili>y planes1 be omitt$1 we h a glid]4 ,! glid] is n a toy2 "s ( ! mo/ important problems ( balanc+ may p]haps be "s day solv$ by its aid4 ,any boy may build "o & fly !re)1 al?\gh a l>ge kite promises great] int]e/4 ,! co/ is trifl+1 if ! framework is ( bamboo & ! surfaces are cotton4 ,areas ( glid] surfaces frequ5tly exce$ #ajj squ>e feet4 ,?is am\nt ( surface is ab\t "r = a p]son ( mod]ate weight if ! ma*9e itself does n weigh ov] fifty p\nds4 ,by runn+ d[n a slope1 suffici5t velocity may be atta9$ to cause asc5t2 or 9 a favorable w9d 7up ! slope7 a consid]able backw>d flight may be exp]i5c$4 ,excessive heights h l$ to fatal accid5ts 9 glid+ exp]im5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,witteman ,,glid] ,models ,! build+ ( fly+ models has become ( comm]cial importance4 ,x is n difficult to atta9 a high ratio ( surface to weight1 b x is almo/ impossible to get motor p[] 9 ! small units necess>y )\t exce$+ ! p]missible limit ( motor weight4 ,no gasol9e eng9e or electric motor c be made suffici5tly light = a toy model4 ,clockwork spr+s1 if especially design$1 may give ! necess>y p[] = %ort flights1 b no bett] =m ( p[] is kn[n j n[ ?an ! twi/$ rubb] b&4 ,= ! small boy1 a biplane ) sails ab\t eighte5 in*es by f\r feet1 eighte5 in*es ap>t1 an*or$ "u 8 %\ld]s by six-foot cords :ile he rides 8 bicycle1 w give no small am\nt ( exp]i5ce 9 balanc+ & w support en\gh ( a load to make ! exp]im5t int]e/+4 ,"s ,details3 ,balanc+ ,illu/ration3 ,,fr5* ,,monoplane 7,f ,aircraft7 ,x is easily possible to compute ! areas1 angles1 & positions ( auxili>y planes to give desir$ controll+ or /abiliz+ effects2 b ! computation involves ! use ( accurate data z to positions ( ! v>i\s weights1 & on ! :ole x is simpl] to correct prelim9>y calculations by actually support+ ! ma*9e at suitable po9ts & obs]v+ its balance4 ,/ability is especially unc]ta9 at v small angles ( incl9ation1 & su* angles are to be avoid$ :e!r 9 ord9>y op]ation or 9 desc5t4 ,! necessity = rotat+ ma9 planes 9 ord] to produce asc5t is disadvantage\s on ?is gr\nd2 b ! propos$ use ( slid+ or jockey weights = supplem5t>y balanc+ appe>s to be op5 to objections no less s]i\s4 ,/e]+ may be p]ceptibly assi/$1 9 z delicately a balanc$ device z ! a]oplane1 by ! incl9ation ( ! body ( ! op]ator1 j z 9 a bicycle4 ,! direction ( ! w9d 9 relation to ! requir$ c\rse may s]i\sly influ5ce ! /e]+ p[]4 ,suppose ! c\rse to be nor!a/1 ! w9d ea/1 ! indep5d5t spe$ ( ! ma*9e & t ( ! w9d be+ ! same4 ,! c> w head due nor?4 ,by br++ ! rudd] 9 position 7a71 ! c\rse may be *ang$ to nor?1 or ne>ly s1 ! w9d ex]t+ a p[]ful pressure on ! rudd]2 b if a m ea/]ly or ea/-nor!a/ c\rse be desir$1 & ! rudd] be ?r[n into ! usual position !re= 7b71 x w ex]t no influ5ce :atev]1 because x is mov+ be=e ! w9d & precisely at ! spe$ ( ! w9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,problem ,,9 ,,/e]+ ,x might be ?\ght t1 foll[+ analogies ( m>9e eng9e]+1 ! c5t] ( gravity ( an a]oplane %\ld be kept l[4 ,! effect ( any unbalanc$ pressure or =ce aga9/ ! widely ext5d$ sails ( ! ma*9e is to rotate ! :ole app>atus ab\t its c5t] ( gravity4 ,! fur!r ! =ce f ! c5t] ( gravity1 ! m p[]ful is ! =ce 9 produc+ rotation4 ,! defect 9 mo/ a]oplanes 7especially biplanes7 is t ! c5t] ( gravity is too l[4 ,if x c\ld be made to co9cide ) ! c5t] ( di/urb+ pressure1 !re w\ld be no unbalanc+ effect f ! latt]4 ,x is claim$ t ! /eadie/ ma*9es are ^? hav+ a high c5t] ( gravity2 & ! claim1 f ^! consid]ations1 appe>s reasonable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lejeune ,,biplane 7#che ,,lbs41 #aj-ab ,,hp47 ,weights ,x has be5 f\nd n difficult to keep d[n ! weight ( framework & support+ surfaces to ab\t a p\nd p] squ>e foot4 ,! mo/ common ratio ( surface to total weight is ab\t "o to two3 s t ! ma*9]y & op]ator w require "o squ>e foot ( surface = ea* p\nd ( _! weight4 ,on ?is basis1 ! smalle/ possible man-c>ry+ a]oplane w\ld h a surface sc>cely bel[ #bej squ>e feet4 ,mo/ biplanes h twice ?is surface3 a ?\s& squ>e feet seems to be ! limit )\t /ructural weakness4 ,"s rec5t ,fr5* ma*9es1 design$ = high spe$s1 %[ a greatly increas$ ratio ( weight to surface4 ,! ,hanriot1 a monoplane ) w+s upw>dly incl9$ t[>d ! out] edge1 c>ries ov] #hjj p\nds on less ?an #cjj squ>e feet4 ,! ,f>man monoplane ( only #ahj squ>e feet su/a9s ov] #fjj p\nds4 ,! same aviator's rac+ biplane is /at$ to support ne>ly #ijj p\nds on less ?an #djj squ>e feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,telli] ,,two-,,seat ,,six-,,cyl9d] ,,monoplane ,,at ,,! ,,p>is ,,%[ ,"o ( ?is type has be5 sold to ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t 7,f ,aircraft7 ,motor weights c be br\ght d[n to ab\t two p\nds p] horse-p[]1 b su* extreme lightness is n always ne$$ & may lead to unreliability ( op]ation4 ,! effect ( an accumulation ( ice1 sleet1 sn[1 ra91 or dew might be s]i\s 9 connection ) flights 9 high altitudes or dur+ bad wea!r4 ,aft] "o ( 8 la/ ye>'s flights at tampes ,mr4 ,f>man is said to h desc5d$ ) an extra load ( ne>ly #bjj p\nds on ?is acc\nt4 ,) ample motor p[]1 great flexibility 9 weight su/5tion is made possible by v>y+ ! incl9ation ( ! planes4 ,9 ,janu>y ( ?is ye>1 ,somm] at ,d\zy c>ri$ six pass5g]s 9 a l>ge biplane on a cross-c\ntry flight3 & )9 ! week aft]w>d a monoplane op]at$ by ,le ,m>t9 flew = five m9utes ) ! a]onaut & sev5 pass5g]s1 at ,pau4 ,! total weight lift$ 0 ab\t half a ton1 & "s ( ! pass5g]s mu/ h be5 r light4 ,! two-pass5g] ,=t ,my] biplane ( ! ,wright bro!rs is und]/ood to h c>ri$ ab\t ?is total weight4 ,^! records h1 h[ev]1 be5 surpass$ s9ce !y 7 not$4 ,brguet1 at ,d\ai1 9 a deeply-ar*$ biplane ( new design1 c>ri$ elev5 pass5g]s1 ! total load be+ #bfjb p\nds1 & t ( a]onaut & pass5g]s alone #acij p\nds4 ,! flight 0 a %ort "o1 at l[ altitude2 b ! same aviator la/ ye> made a long flight ) five pass5g]s1 & c>ri$ a load ( #abfb p\nds at #fb miles p] h\r4 ,& z if 9 reply to ?is feat1 ,somm] c>ri$ a live load ( #adcf p\nds 7#ac pass5g]s7 = ne>ly a mile1 a day or two lat]1 at ,m\zon4 ,"o feels less c]ta9 ?an =m]ly1 n[1 9 ! snap judgm5t t ! heavi]-?an-air ma*9e w nev] develop ! capacity = heavy loads4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,monoplane 7,f ,aircraft7 ,miscellane\s ,fr5* aviators are fond ( employ+ a c>efully design$ c> = ! op]ator & control me*anism4 ,! ,wright designs practically ignore ! c>3 ! aviator sits on ! =w>d edge ( ! l[] plane ) 8 legs hang+ ov]4 ,x has be5 f\nd t auxili>y planes mu/ n be too close to ! ma9 w+s3 a gap ( a di/ance ab\t #ej great] ?an ! wid? ( ! wide/ adjac5t plane mu/ be ma9ta9$ if int]f]5ce ) ! support+ air curr5ts is to be avoid$4 ,ma9 planes are n[ always ar*$2 auxili>y planes1 n z univ]sally4 ,! concave "u surface ( support+ w+s has its analogy 9 ! w+ ( ! bird & _h long ye>s s9ce be5 appli$ 9 ! p>a*ute4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c>s ,,& ,,framework ,! c> 7if us$7 & all p>ts ( ! framework %\ld be ( w9d splitt] con/ruction1 if useless resi/ance is to be avoid$4 ,! ribs & braces ( ! frame are ( c\rse /rong]1 weight = weight1 9 ?is %ape1 s9ce a n>r[ deep beam is always relatively /rong] ?an "o ( squ>e or r\nd section4 ,excessive frictional resi/ance is to be avoid$ by us+ a smoo?ly f9i%$ fabric = ! w+s1 & ! me?od ( atta*+ ?is fabric to ! frame %\ld be "o t keeps x z flat z possible at all jo9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"s ,,details ,! sket*es give ! novel details ( "s ma*9es rec5tly exhibit$ at ! ,gr& ,c5tral ,palace 9 ,new ,york4 ,! /abiliz+ planes 7 inv>iably f\nd 9 ! re>1 9 all ma*9es exhibit$4 ,! ,?+s to ,look ,aft] ,! op]ator ( an a]oplane has to d ! "w ( at lea/ two m54 ,no vessel 9 wat] w\ld be all[$ to atta9 su* spe$s z are common ) air craft1 unless provid$ ) bo? pilot & eng9e]4 ,! aviator is 8 own pilot & 8 own eng9e]4 ,he mu/ bo? manage 8 propell+ ma*9]y & /e]4 ,sep>ate control = v]tical rudd]s1 elevat+ rudd]s & ail]ons1 = />t+ ! eng9e2 ! adju/m5t ( ! c>buret]1 ! sp>k1 & ! ?rottle to get ! be/ results f ! motor2 att5tion to lubrication & con/ant wat*fulness ( ! wat]-circulat+ sy/em3 ^! are a few ( ! ?+s = him to consid]2 to say no?+ ( ! lay+ ( 8 c\rse & ! necess>y anticipation ( w9d & altitude conditions4 ,^! ?+s dem& great res\rcefulness1 b--= _! be/ control--involve also no small am\nt ( sci5tific k4 ,= example1 c]ta9 adju/m5ts at ! motor may consid]ably increase its p[]1 a possibly necess>y increase "u critical conditions3 b if su* adju/m5ts also decrease ! motor effici5cy !re mu/ be a nice analysis ( ! two effects s t extra p[] may n be ga9$ at too great a co/ 9 radius ( action4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"s ,,rec5t ,,fr5* ,,ma*9es 7,f ,aircraft7 ,! :ole matt] ( flight involves bo? sportsman's & eng9e]s problems4 ,w9d gu/s produce ! same effects z turn+ corn]s2 or worse--rapidly *ang+ ! :ole balance ( ! ma*9es & requir+ imm$iate action at two or ?ree po9ts ( control4 ,bo? asc5t & desc5t are influ5c$ by complicat$ laws & are sc>cely r5d]$ safe--"u pres5t conditions--by ! mo/ ample exp]i5ce4 ,a lat]al air curr5t bewild]s ! /e]+ & also dem&s special promptness & skill4 ,to avoid di/urb+ surface w9ds1 ev5 ov] op5 c\ntry1 a m9imum fly+ height ( #cjj feet is consid]$ necess>y4 ,?is height1 fur!rmore1 gives m *oice 9 ! matt] ( l&+ gr\nd ?an a l[] elevation4 ,:5 complete & automatic balance %all h be5 atta9$--z x mu/ be atta9$--we may expect to see small amateur a]oplanes fly+ along c\ntry roads at l[ elevations--p]haps ) a guid+ :eel actually 9 contact ) ! gr\nd4 ,!y w co/ f> less ?an ev5 a small automobile1 & ! exp5se = upkeep w be inf9itely less4 ,! gras%opp] w h become a wat]-spid]4 ,,"s ,,a]oplanes--,,"s ,,accompli%m5ts ,illu/ration3 ,,orville ,,wright ,,at ,,=t ,,my]1 ,,va41 #aijh ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,balloon ,,flight ,,across ,,! ,,briti% ,,*annel ,m ?an a c5tury be=e ,blriot's feat1 ,blan*>d cross$ f ,dov] to ,calais ,! ,wright biplane has already be5 %[n 7see pages #ca1 #cg1 #aba1 #abb74 ,x 0 di/+ui%$ by ! abs5ce ( a :eel frame or c> & by ! w+-w>p+ me?od ( /abiliz+4 ,lat] ,wright ma*9es h ! spr+ frame & :eels = self-/>t+4 ,! be/ kn[n a]oplane ( ?is design 0 built to meet specifications ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,signal ,corps issu$ 9 #aijg4 ,x 0 tri$ out dur+ #aijh at ,=t ,my]1 ,va41 :ile "o ( ! ,wright bro!rs 0 break+ all records 9 ,europe3 mak+ ov] a hundr$ flights 9 all1 fir/ c>ry+ a pass5g] & atta9+ ! !n highe/ altitude 7#cfj feet7 & greate/ di/ance ( flight 7sev5ty-sev5 miles74 ,illu/ration3 ,,wright ,,motor4 ,,dim5sions ,,9 ,,millimet]s 7,f ,petit's ,h[ to ,build an ,a]oplane7 ,! own]%ip ( ! ,wrights 9 ! w+-w>p+ me?od ( control is /ill ! subject ( litigation4 ,! ,fr5* infr+]s1 x is /at$1 conc$e priority ( application to ! ,wright firm1 b ma9ta9 t su* publicity 0 giv5 ! device t x 0 9 g5]al use be=e x 0 pat5t$4 ,! ,=t ,my] ma*9e _h sails ( =ty feet spread1 six & "o-half feet deep1 ) front elevat+ planes ?ree by sixte5 feet4 ,x made ab\t =ty miles p] h\r ) two pass5g]s4 ,! app>atus 0 specifi$ to c>ry a pass5g] weight ( #cej p\nds1 ) fuel = a #abe-mile flight4 ,! ma9 planes 7 six feet ap>t4 ,! /e]+ rudd] 7d\ble7 0 ( planes "o foot deep & ne>ly six feet high4 ,! f\r-cyl9d]-f\r-cycle1 wat]-cool$ motor develop$ tw5ty-five horse-p[] at #adjj revolutions4 ,! two propell]s1 eight & "o-half feet 9 diamet]1 made #djj revolutions4 ,! flight by ,mr4 ,wilbur ,wright f ! ,/atue ( ,lib]ty to ! tomb ( ,g5]al ,grant1 9 ,new ,york1 #aiji1 & ! exploits ( 8 bro!r 9 ! same ye>1 :5 a new altitude record ( #afjj feet 0 made & ,h4,r4,h4 ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce ( ,g]many 0 tak5 up z a pass5g]1 are only specim5s ( ! lat] "w done by ^! pione]s 9 a]ial navigation4 ,l ! ,wrights1 ! ,vois9 firm f ! beg9n+ adh]$ firmly to ! biplane type ( ma*9e4 ,! sket* gives dim5sions ( "o ( ! e>ly cellul> =ms built = ,h4 ,f>man 7see illu/ration1 page #adg74 ,! metal screw makes ab\t a ?\s& revolutions4 ,! w+s are ( india rubb] %eet+ on an a% frame1 ! :ole frame & c> body be+ ( wood1 ! latt] cov]$ ) canvas & ?irty in*es wide by t5 feet long4 ,! eng9e weigh$ #age p\nds4 ,! :ole weight ( ?is ma*9e 0 ne>ly #abjj p\nds2 t built lat] = ,delagrange 0 br\ght "u a ?\s& p\nds4 ,! ratio ( weight to ma9 surface 9 ! ,f>man a]oplane 0 ab\t #b-c_/d to #a4 ,a modifi$ cellul> biplane also built = ,f>man _h a ma9 w+ area ( #efj squ>e feet1 ! planes be+ sev5ty-n9e in*es wide & only fifty-n9e in*es ap>t4 ,! tail 0 an op5 box1 sev5ty-n9e in*es wide & ( ab\t t5 feet spread4 ,! cellul> p>titions 9 ?is tail 7 pivot$ along ! v]tical front edges s z to s]ve z /e]+ rudd]s4 ,! elevat+ rudd] 0 9 front4 ,! total weight 0 ab\t ! same z t ( ! fir/ ma*9e & ! usual spe$ tw5ty-eight miles p] h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,vois9-,,f>man ,,biplane ,h5ry ,f>man has be5 fly+ publicly s9ce #aijg4 ,he made ! fir/ circul> flight ( "o kilomet]1 & atta9$ a spe$ ( ab\t a mile a m9ute1 9 ! ye> foll[+4 ,9 #aiji he accompli%$ a trip ( ne>ly #aej miles1 rema9+ f\r h\rs 9 ! air4 ,f>man 0 probably ! fir/ man to asc5d ) two pass5g]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,*ampagne ,,gr& ,,prize ,,won ,,by ,,h5ry ,,f>man #hj ,kilomet]s 9 #c h\rs ,illu/ration3 ,,f>man',s ,,fir/ ,,biplane ,,at ,,issy-,,les-,,m\l9eaux ,return+ to ! ,hang> ,aft] a ,flight ,! ,june ,bug1 "o ( ! fir/ ,curtiss ma*9es1 is %[n bel[4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! lighte/ ( biplanes1 hav+ a w+ spread ( =ty-two feet & an area ( #cgj squ>e feet4 ,! w+s 7 transv]sely ar*$1 be+ fur!/ ap>t at ! c5t]3 an arrangem5t :i* has n be5 cont9u$4 ,x _h a box tail1 ) a /e]+ rudd] ( ab\t six squ>e feet area1 above ! tail4 ,! horizontal rudd]1 9 front1 _h a surface ( tw5ty squ>e feet4 ,f\r triangul> ail]ons 7 us$ = /ability4 ,! ma*9e _h a l&+ frame & :eels1 made ab\t =ty miles p] h\r1 & weigh$1 9 op]ation1 #fej p\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,june ,,bug ,mr4 ,curtiss fir/ atta9$ prom95ce 9 aviation circles by w9n+ ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican cup by 8 flight at ! spe$ ( fifty-sev5 miles p] h\r1 9 #aijh4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he exhibit$ intricate curv$ flights at ,m9eola1 & circl$ ,gov]nor's ,isl& 9 ,new ,york h>bor4 ,9 #aiaj he made 8 fam\s flight f ,albany to ,new ,york1 /opp+ en r\te1 z pre>rang$4 ,at ,atlantic ,city he flew fifty miles ov] salt wat]4 ,a flight ( sev5ty miles ov] ,lake ,erie 0 accompli%$ 9 ,septemb] ( ! same ye>1 ! return trip be+ made ! foll[+ day4 ,on ,janu>y #bf1 #aiaa1 ,curtiss repeat$ly asc5d$ & desc5d$1 ) ! aid ( hydroplanes1 9 ,san ,diego bay1 ,cali=nia3 p]haps "o ( ! mo/ important ( rec5t a*ievem5ts4 ,x is und]/ood t ,mr4 ,curtiss is n[ attempt+ to duplicate "s ( ^! p]=mances "u ! high-altitude conditions ( ,great ,salt ,lake4 ,accord+ to press reports1 he has be5 invit$ to give a simil> demon/ration be=e ! ,g]man naval au?orities at ,kiel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,curtis ,,biplane 7,photo by ,levick1 ,n4,y47 ,illu/ration3 ,,curtiss' ,,hydro-,,a]oplane ,,at ,,san ,,diego ,,gett+ ,,"u ,,way 7,f ! ,columbian ,magaz9e7 ,! a]oscaphe ( ,rav>d 0 a ma*9e design$ to move ei!r on wat] or 9 air4 ,x 0 an a]oplane ) pontoons or float]s4 ,! support+ surface aggregat$ #djj squ>e feet1 & ! gross weight 0 ab\t #aajj p\nds4 ,a fifty horse-p[] ,gnome sev5-cyl9d] motor at #abjj revolutions drove two propell]s ( eight & t5 & "o-half feet diamet] respectively3 ! propell]s be+ m\nt$ "o beh9d ! o!r on ! same %aft4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fly+ ,,ov] ,,! ,,wat] ,,at ,,fifty ,,miles ,,p] ,,h\r ,curtiss at ,san ,diego ,bay 7,f ! ,columbian ,magaz9e7 ,ely's great %ore-to-w>%ip flight 0 made )\t ! aid ( ! pontoons :i* he c>ri$4 ,ropes 7 /ret*$ across ! l&+ plat=m1 runn+ ov] %eaves & made fa/ to heavy s& bags4 ,z a fur!r precaution1 a canvas b>ri] 0 /ret*$ across ! =w>d end ( ! plat=m4 ,! desc5t br\ght ! ma*9e to ! plat=m at a di/ance ( =ty feet f ! upp] end3 grappl+ hooks hang+ f ! framework ( ! a]oplane !n caught ! weight$ ropes1 & ! spe$ 0 *eck$ 7)9 ab\t sixty feet7 s gradually t n a wire or bolt ( ! biplane 0 injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bl,,riot-,,vois9 ,,cellul> ,,biplane ,,) ,,pontoons ,haul$ by a ,motor ,boat ,illu/ration3 ,,la?am',s ,,anto9ette ,illu/ration3 ,,james ,j4 ,,w>d ,,at ,,lewi/on ,,fair1 ,,idaho 7,photo copyright #aiaj by ,burns7 ,fly+ ,ma*9e ,mfg4 ,co4 ,biplane 7#cj hp4 ,motor7 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>cel ,,p5ot ,,9 ,,! ,,mohawk ,,biplane1 ,m9eola to ,hicksville1 ,l4 ,i4 #bf miles cross-c\ntry 9 #cj m9utes 7#ej hp4 ,h>riman ,eng9e7 ,rec5t comb9ations ( a]oplane & automobile1 & a]oplane ) motor boat1 h be5 exhibit$4 ,"o ( ! latt] devices is l any monoplane1 except t ! l[] "p is a wat]-tight alum9um boat body c>ry+ ?ree pass5g]s4 ,x is expect$ to />t ( itself f ! wat] & to fly at a l[ height l a fly+ fi% at a spe$ ( ab\t sev5ty-five miles p] h\r4 ,%\ld any?+ g wrong1 x is capable ( float+ on ! wat]4 ,9 ! ,san ,diego ,curtiss flights1 ! ma*9e skimm$ along ! surface ( ! bay1 !n rose to a height ( a hundr$ feet1 mov$ ab\t two miles ?r\gh ! air 9 a circul> c\rse1 & f9ally alight$ close to its />t+-po9t 9 ! wat]4 ,turns 7 made 9 wat] z well z 9 air1 a spe$ ( =ty miles p] h\r be+ atta9$ :ile skimm+4 ,! hydroplanes us$ are rigid flat surfaces :i* utilize ! pressure ( ! wat] = su/5tion1 j z ! ma9 w+s utilize air pressure4 ,on acc\nt ( ! great d5sity ( wat]1 no great am\nt ( surface is requir$3 b x mu/ be s di/ribut$ z to balance ! ma*9e4 ,! use ( pontoons makes x possible to re/ ^u ! wat] & to />t f re/4 ,a trip l ,ely's c\ld be made )\t a l&+ plat=m1 ) ?is type ( ma*9e2 ! a]oplane c\ld ei!r rema9 alongside ! w> vessel or be hoi/$ abo>d until ready to v5ture away aga94 ,!re are v>i\s o!r biplanes attract+ public att5tion 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ,france ! t5d5cy is all t[>d ! monoplane =m1 & _m ( ! records h1 dur+ ! pa/ c\ple ( ye>s1 pass$ f ! =m] to ! latt] type ( ma*9e4 ,! monoplane is simpl] & usually *eap]4 ,! biplane may be design$ = great] economy 9 weight & p[]4 ,f>man has lately exp]im5t$ ) ! monoplane type ( ma*9e3 ! l>ge numb] ( ,fr5* designs 9 ?is class disc\rages any attempt at complete description4 ,illu/ration3 ,,santos-,,dumont',s ,,demoiselle ,! smalle/ ( a]oplanes is ! ,santos-,dumont ,demoiselle4 ,! orig9al ma*9e is said to h support$ #bfj p\nds on #ajj squ>e feet ( area1 mak+ a spe$ ( sixty miles p] h\r4 ,its proprietor 0 ! fir/ aviator 9 ,europe ( ! heavi]-?an-air class4 ,aft] hav+ done pione] "w ) dirigible balloons1 he won ! ,deuts* prize = a hundr$ met] a]oplane flight 7! fir/ outside ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates7 9 #aijf2 ! spe$ be+ tw5ty-?ree miles p] h\r4 ,8 fir/ flight1 ( #djj feet1 9 a monoplane 0 made 9 #aijg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bl,,riot ,,monoplane ,! ma/] ( ! monoplane has be5 ,l\is ,blriot4 ,/>t+ 9 #aijg ) %ort flights 9 a ,langley type ( ma*9e1 he made 8 celebrat$ cross-c\ntry run1 & ! fir/ circl+ flights ev] a*iev$ 9 a monoplane1 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,on ,july #be1 #aiji1 he cross$ ! ,briti% ,*annel1 ?irty-two miles1 9 ?irty-sev5 m9utes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,la?am',s ,,fall ,,into ,,! ,,*annel ,! ,*annel cross+ has become a favorite feat4 ,mr4 ,la?am1 only two days aft] ,blriot1 all b complet$ x 9 8 ,anto9ette monoplane4 ,de ,lesseps1 9 a ,blriot ma*9e1 0 m =tunate4 ,sop)1 la/ ye>1 won ! de ,=e/ prize ( #bj1jjj by a flight ( #agd miles f ,engl& into ,belgium4 ,! ill-fat$ ,rolls made ! r\nd trip betwe5 ,engl& & ,france4 ,grace1 conte/+ = ! same prize1 rea*$ ,belgium1 0 driv5 back to ,calais1 />t$ on ! return voyage1 & vani%$--all save "s few d\btful relics lately f\nd4 ,moisant rea*$ ,london f ,p>is--! fir/ trip on record betwe5 ^! cities )\t *ange ( conveyance3 & "o :i* has j be5 duplicat$ by ,pi]re ,pri]1 :o1 on ,april #ab1 made ! ,london to ,p>is j\rney1 #bij miles1 9 #bcf m9utes1 )\t a /op4 ,?is does n1 h[ev]1 make ! record = a cont9u\s flight3 :i* 0 atta9$ by ,tabuteau1 :o at ,buc1 on ,dec4 #cj1 #aiaj1 flew ar\nd ! a]odrome = #dfe m9utes at ! spe$ ( #dh-a_/b miles p] h\r4 ,o!r fam\s cross+s include ^? ( ! ,iri% ,sea1 #eb miles1 by ,lora9e2 ,long ,isl& ,s\nd1 #be miles1 by ,h>mon2 & ,lake ,g5eva1 #dj miles1 by ,defaux4 ,x 0 j ab\t a c5tury ago t ,cayley fir/ describ$ a so>+ ma*9e1 heavi] ?an air1 ( a =m rem>kably simil> to t ( ! mod]n a]oplane4 ,aside f ,h5son's unsuccessful attempt to build su* a ma*9e1 9 #ahdb1 & ,w5ham's fir/ glid+ exp]im5ts ) a triplane 9 #aheg1 so>+ flight made no real progress until ,langley's exp]im5ts4 ,t inve/igator1 ) ,maxim & o!rs1 asc]ta9$ ^? laws ( a]ial su/5tion ! application ( :i* l$ to success 9 #aijc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,de ,,lesseps ,,9 ,a ,,bl,,riot ,,cross+ ,,! ,,*annel 7,photo by ,levick1 ,n4,y47 ,! eight ye>s s9ce h held ! cr[d$ h\rs ( aviation4 ,be=e ?is book is pr9t$1 x may be r5d]$ obsolete by new developm5ts4 ,! exploits ( ,paulhan1 ( ,r4 ,e4 ,peltrie s9ce #aijg1 ,bell's "w ) 8 tetrah$ral kites--all h be5 ei!r /imulat+ or directly fruitful4 ,delagrange began to break spe$ records 9 #aijh4 ,a ye> lat] he atta9$ a spe$ ( fifty miles4 ,! fir/ woman to enjoy an a]oplane voyage 0 ,mme4 ,delagrange1 9 ,tur91 9 #aijh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,maxim ,,a]oplane ,illu/ration3 ,,langley',s ,,a]oplane 7#ahif7 ,/eam driv5 ,! fir/ flight 9 ,engl& by an ,engli%-built ma*9e 0 made 9 ,janu>y1 #aiji4 ,t ye>1 ,c\nt de ,lamb]t flew ov] ,p>is1 & 9 #aiaj ,grahame-,:ite circl$ 8 ma*9e ov] ! city ( ,bo/on4 ,! ye> #aiaj surpass$ all its pr$ecessors 9 increas+ ! range & control ( a]oplanes2 ov] #aejj asc5ts 7 made by ,wright ma*9es alone2 b #aiaa promises to %[ ev5 great] results4 ,?ree m5 made cross-c\ntry flights f ,belmont ,p>k to ! ,/atue ( ,lib]ty & back1 9 ,new ,york2,b at lea/ five m5 atta9$ altitudes exce$+ #i1jjj feet4 ,hamilton made ! run f ,new ,york to ,philadelphia & return1 9 ,june4 ,! un=tunate ,*avez all b aboli%$ ! fames ( ,hannibal & ,napoleon by cross+ ! icy b>ri] ( ! ,alps1 f ,switz]l& to ,italy--9 =ty m9utes6 ,illu/ration3 ,,rob>t ,,monoplane4 ,tabuteau1 almo/ on ,new ,ye>'s eve1 broke all di/ance records by a flight ( #cfc miles 9 less ?an eight h\rs2 :ile ,b>ri] at ,memphis probably rea*$ a spe$ ( eighty-eight miles p] h\r 7tim+ un(ficial74 ,) ! new ye> came reports ( inconceivable spe$s by a ma*9e skidd+ along ! ice ( ,lake ,erie2 ! successful receipt by ,will>d & ,mc,curdy ( wireless messages f ! e>? to _! a]oplanes2 & ! proposal by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,signal ,corps = ! use ( fly+ ma*9es = c>ry+ ,alaskan mails4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v9a ,,monoplane4 ,mc,curdy all b succe$$ 9 8 attempt to fly f ,key ,we/ to ,havana1 surpass+ previ\s records by rema9+ al(t above salt wat] :ile travel+ eighty miles4 ,lieut5ant ,bague1 9 ,m>*1 />t$ f ,antibes1 ne> ,nice1 = ,corsica4 ,aft] a #abd-mile flight1 break+ all records = sea j\rneys by air1 he rea*$ ! islet ( ,gorgona1 ne> ,leghorn1 ,italy1 l&+ on bad gr\nd & badly damag+ 8 ma*9e4 ,! "t ( flight 0 #e-a_/b h\rs4 ,bell+] complet$ ! #ejj-mile accommodation tra9 flight f ,v9c5nes to ,pau2 ,v$r9e1 on ,april #ab1 by mak+ ! same j\rney 9 #dae m9utes ( actual fly+ "t1 won ! ,barn prize ( #djjj2 ,say atta9$ a spe$ ( #gd miles p] h\r 9 circul> flights at ,issy-les-,m\l9eaux4 ,a]oplane flights h be5 made 9 ,japan1 ,india1 ,p]u1 & ,*9a4 ,"o ( ! mo/ spectacul> ( rec5t a*ievem5ts is t ( ,r5aux1 compet+ = ! ,mi*el9 ,gr& ,prize4 ,a purse ( #bj1jjj 0 (f]$ 9 #aiji by ,m4 ,mi*el91 ! ,fr5* tire manufactur]1 = ! fir/ successful flight f ,p>is to ,cl]mont-,f]r&--#bfj miles--9 less ?an six h\rs4 ,! prize 0 to /& = t5 ye>s4 ,x 0 prescrib$ t ! aviator mu/1 at ! end ( ! j\rney1 circle ! t[] ( ! ,ca!dral & alight on ! summit ( ! ,puy de ,dome--elevation #dejj feet--on a l&+ place measur+ only #dj by #ajj y>ds1 surr\nd$ by brok5 & rugg$ gr\nd & usually obscur$ by fog4 ,! flight 0 attempt$ la/ ye> by ,weymann1 :o fell %ort ( ! goal by only a few miles4 ,leon ,morane met ) a s]i\s accid5t1 a little lat]1 :ile attempt+ ! trip ) 8 bro!r z a pass5g]4 ,r5aux complet$ ! j\rney ) ease 9 8 ,f>man biplane1 c>ry+ a pass5g]1 8 "t be+ #cjh m9utes4 ,?is ,mi*el9 ,gr& ,prize is n to be confus$ ) ! ,mi*el9 ,trophy ( #djjj (f]$ ye>ly = ! longe/ flight 9 a clos$ circuit4 ,spe$s h increas$ #ej dur+ ! pa/ ye>2 ev5 ) pass5g]s1 ma*9es h mov$ m ?an a mile a m9ute3 av]age motor capacities h be5 d\bl$ or tripl$4 ,! ,fr5* m5 & ma*9es hold ! records = spe$1 duration1 di/ance1 & 7p]haps7 altitude4 ,! highe/ altitude claim$ is probably t atta9$ by ,g>ros at ,mexico ,city1 e>ly ?is ye>--#ab1jeb feet above sea level4 ,! _w's spe$ record = a two-man flight appe>s to be t ( ,f\lois & ,p>malee1 made at ,l>$o1 ,texas1 ,m>* #c1 #aiaa3 #ajf miles1 cross-c\ntry1 9 #abg m9utes4 ,?ree-f\r?s ( all flights made up to ?is "t h be5 made 9 ,france--a fair proportion1 h[ev]1 9 ,am]ican ma*9es4 ,,note ,! rapidity ) :i* hi/ory is made 9 a]onautics is =cibly sugge/$ by ! revision ( text made necess>y by rec5t news4 ,! new ,deuts*l& has met ! fate ( its pr$ecessors2 ! ,p>is-,rome-,tur9 flight is at ?is mom5t "u way2 & ,lieut5ant ,bayne1 attempt+ once m 8 ,france-to-,corsica flight1 has--= ! "t be+ at lea/--disappe>$4 ,,! ,,possibilities ,,9 ,,aviation ,m5 n[ fly & w probably keep on fly+2 b aviation is /ill too haz>d\s to become ! popul> sport ( ! av]age man4 ,! ov]:elm+ly important problem ) ! a]oplane is t ( /ability4 ,^! ma*9es mu/ h a bett] lat]al balance :5 turn+ corn]s or :5 subject$ to w9d gu/s3 & ! balance mu/ be automatically1 n manually1 produc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,blanc ,,monoplane ,o!r necess>y improvem5ts are ( m9or urg5cy & 9 "s cases w be easy to accompli%4 ,bett] me*anical con/ruction1 especially 9 ! details ( atta*m5ts1 ne$s only p]si/5ce & common s5se4 ,/ructural /r5g? w be increas$2 ! wide spread ( w+ pres5ts difficulties "h1 :i* may be solv$ ei!r by increas+ ! numb] ( sup]impos$ surfaces1 z 9 triplanes1 or 9 "s o!r mann]4 ,great] c>ry+ capacity--two m5 in/ead ( "o--may be insi/$ ^u3 & ?is leads to ! difficult "q ( motor weights4 ,! revolv+ air-cool$ motor may (f] fur!r possibilities3 ! two-cycle idea w help if a %ort radius ( action is p]missible3 b a weight ( less ?an two p\nds to ! horse-p[] seems to imply1 almo/ ess5tially1 a lack ( rugg$ness & surety ( op]ation4 ,a promis+ field = inve/igation is 9 ! direction ( increas+ propell] effici5cies4 ,if su* an increase c be effect$1 ! :ole ( ! p[] difficulty w be greatly simplifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,melv9 ,,vaniman ,,triplane ,illu/ration3 ,,jean ,,de ,,cra:ez ,,triplane ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,triplane ,?is same motor "q controls ! proposal = increas$ spe$4 ,! use ( a res]ve motor w\ld aga9 increase weights2 ?\gh n necess>ily 9 proportion to ! aggregate eng9e capacity4 ,p]haps some?+ may be accompli%$ ) a gasol9e turb9e1 :5 "o is develop$4 ,9 any case1 no sudd5 increase 9 spe$s seems to be probable2 any fur!r light5+ ( motors mu/ be und]tak5 ) delib]ation & sci5ce4 ,if mu* high] maximum spe$s are atta9$1 !re w be an opportunity to v>y ! spe$ to suit ! requirem5ts4 ,!n clut*es1 ge>s1 brakes1 & spe$-*ang+ devices ( v>i\s sorts w become necess>y1 & ! problem ( weights ( j\rnal be>+s--already no small matt]--w be made /ill m s]i\s4 ,& ) v>iable spe$ mu/ probably come v>iable sail area--9 pref]5ce to tilt+--s t ! fabric mu/ be reef$ on its frame4 ,c]ta9ly two m51 x w\ld seem1 w be ne$$6 ,bett] me?ods = />t+ are requir$4 ,! hydroplane idea promises mu* 9 ?is respect4 ,) a bett] und]/&+ & control ( ! conditions associat$ ) successful & safe desc5t--p]haps ) improv$ appliances !re=--! problem ( asc5t w also be p>tly solv$4 ,if su* result c be a*iev$1 ^! measures ( control mu/ be made automatic4 ,! build+ ( complete a]oplanes to /&>d designs w\ld be extremely pr(itable at pres5t prices1 :i* range f #bejj to #ejjj4 ,p]haps ! mo/ pr(itable "p w\ld be 9 ! build+ ( ! motor4 ,! fram+ & fabric ( an ord9>y monoplane c\ld easily be con/ruct$ at a co/ bel[ #cjj4 ,! propell] may co/ #ej m4 ,! exp5se = wires1 ropes1 etc41 is trifl+2 & unless special sci5tific in/rum5ts & accessories are requir$1 all ( ! re/ ( ! value lies 9 ! motor & its accessories4 ,)9 reasonable limits1 pres5t co/s ( motors v>y ab\t ) ! horse-p[]4 ,! amateur design] mu/ !re=e be c>eful to keep d[n weight & p[] unless he proposes to sp5d money q freely4 ,! ,case ( ! ,dirigible ,n v mu* is be+ he>d ( p]=mances ( dirigible balloons j at pres5t4 ,!y h %[n !mselves to be lack+ 9 /an*ness & effectiv5ess "u reasonable v>iations ( wea!r4 ,we mu/ h fabrics t are /rong] = _! weight & m imp]vi\s4 ,envelopes mu/ be s built /ructurally z to resi/ de=mation at high spe$s1 )\t hav+ any greatly increas$ weight4 ,a *eap way ( prep>+ pure hydrog5 gas is to be desir$4 ,mo/ important ( all1 ! balloon mu/ h a high] spe$1 to make x truly dirigible4 ,?is1 ) suffici5t /e]+ p[]1 w protect x aga9/ ! de/ructive accid5ts t h t]m9at$ s _m balloon c>e]s4 ,"h aga9 arises ! :ole "q ( p[] 9 relation to motor weight1 ?\gh n z =midably z is ! case ) ! a]oplane4 ,! requir$ high] spe$s are possible n[1 at ! co/ m]ely ( c>eful /ructural design1 r$uc$ radius ( action1 & r$uc$ pass5g] c>ry+ capacity4 ,bett] altitude control w be atta9$ ) bett] fabrics & ! use ( plane f9 surfaces at high spe$s4 ,! employm5t ( a v]tically-act+ propell] z a some:at wa/eful b p]haps f9ally necess>y measure ( safety may also be reg>d$ z probable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,giraudon',s ,,:eel ,,a]oplane ,! ,or?opt] ,! aviplane1 orni?optre or or?opt] is a fly+ ma*9e ) bird-l flapp+ w+s1 :i* has receiv$ occasional att5tion f "t to "t1 z ! result ( a too bl9d adh]5ce to ,nature's analogies4 ,e me*anical pr9ciple is 9 favor ( ! screw z comp>$ ) any reciprocat+ me?od ( propulsion4 ,!re h be5 few actual examples ( ?is type3 a model 0 exhibit$ at ! ,gr& ,c5tral ,palace 9 ,new ,york 9 ,janu>y ( ?is ye>4 ,! me*anism ( an or?opt] w\ld be relatively complex1 & ! flapp+ w+s w\ld h to fea!r on _! return /roke4 ,! flapp+ spe$ w\ld h to be v high or ! surface area v great4 ,?is la/ requirem5t w\ld lead to /ructural difficulties4 ,propulsion w\ld n be uni=m1 unless additional complications 7 introduc$4 ,! ma*9e w\ld be ! mo/ difficult ( any type to balance4 ,! motion ( a bird's w+ is extremely complicat$ 9 its details--"o t x w\ld be z difficult to imitate 9 a me*anical device z x w\ld be = u to obta9 ! /ructural /r5g? ( an eagle's w+ 9 fabric & metal1 ) any?+ l ! same ext5t ( surface & limit ( weight4 ,accord+ to ,pettigrew1 ! effici5cy ( bird & insect flight dep5ds l>gely ^u ! ela/icity ( ! w+4 ,*atley gives ! ratio ( area to weight z v>y+ f fifty 7gnat7 to "o-half 7,au/ralian crane7 squ>e feet p] p\nd4 ,! usual ratio 9 a]oplanes is f "o-?ird to "o-half4 ,ab\t ! only advantages p]ceptible ) ! or?opt] type ( ma*9e w\ld be1 fir/1 ! ability to />t f re/ )\t a prelim9>y surface glide2 & second1 m indep5d5ce ( irregul>ity 9 air curr5ts1 s9ce ! propulsive =ce is ex]t$ ov] a great] ext5t ?an is t ( a screw propell]4 ,! ,helicopt] ,! gyroplane or helicopt] 0 ! type ( fly+ ma*9e reg>d$ by ,"l ,kelv9 z alone likely to survive4 ,x lifts itself by screw propell]s act+ v]tically4 ,?is =m 0 sugge/$ 9 #aheb4 ,:5 only a s+le screw 0 us$1 ! :ole ma*9e rotat$ ab\t its v]tical axis4 ,x 0 attempt$ to (fset ?is by ! use ( v]tical f9-planes3 b ^! l$ to in/ability 9 ! pres5ce ( irregul> air curr5ts4 ,"o e>ly =m _h two oppositely-pit*$ screws driv5 by a complete /eam eng9e & boil] plant4 ,"o ( ! ,cornu helicopt]s _h adju/able incl9$ planes "u ! two l>ge v]tically propell+ screws4 ,! air :i* slipp$ pa/ ! screws impos$ a pressure on ! incl9$ planes :i* 0 utiliz$ to produce horizontal movem5t 9 any desir$ direction--if ! w9d 0 n too adv]se4 ,a gasol9e eng9e 0 c>ri$ 9 a sort ( well betwe5 ! screws4 ,illu/ration3 ,,br,,guet ,,gyroplane ,,dur+ ,,con/ruction 7,helicopt] type7 ,! helicopt] may be reg>d$ z ! limit+ type ( a]oplane1 ! sail area be+ r$uc$ ne>ly to z]o2 ! w+s becom+ m]e f9s1 ! small] ! bett]4 ,x !re=e requires maximum motor p[] & is p>ticul>ly dep5d5t ^u ! developm5t ( an excessively light motor4 ,x is laun*$ & desc5ds "u p]fect control1 )\t reg>d to horizontal velocity4 ,x has v little expos$ surface & is !re=e bo? easy to /e] & indep5d5t ( w9d conditions4 ,by prop]ly arrang+ ! screws x c be amply balanc$3 b x mu/ h a p>ticul>ly /\t & /rong frame4 ,! developm5t ( ?is ma*9e h+es l>gely on ! propell]4 ,x is n only necess>y to develop p[] 7:i* means =ce multipli$ by velocity7 b actual propulsive v]tical =ce3 & ?is mu/ exce$ or at lea/ equal ! :ole weight ( ! ma*9e4 ,f t5 to =ty p\nds ( lift+ =ce p] horse-p[] h be5 actually atta9$3 & ) motors weigh+ less ?an five p\nds !re is evid5tly "s m>g94 ,! propell]s are ( special design1 usually ) v l>ge blades4 ,f\r are commonly us$3 "o1 s to speak1 at ea* corn] ( ! ma*9e4 ,! helicopt] is absolutely dep5d5t ^u its motors4 ,x _c desc5d safely if ! p[] fails4 ,if x is to d any?+ b asc5d & desc5d x mu/ h additional propulsive ma*9]y = produc+ horizontal movem5t4 ,composite ,types ,! a]oplane is ?us p>ticul>ly weak z to /ability1 laun*+1 & desc5d+3 b x is economical 9 p[] because x uses ! air to hold itself up4 ,! dirigible balloon is lack+ 9 p[] & spe$1 b c asc5d & desc5d safely1 ev5 if only by wa/eful me?ods2 & x c c>ry heavy weights1 :i* are impossible ) ! /ructurally fragile a]oplane4 ,! helicopt] is wa/eful 9 p[]1 b is /able & sure 9 asc5d+ & desc5d+1 provid+ only t ! motor p[] does n fail4 ,:y1 !n1 n comb9e ! types8 ,an a]oplane-dirigible w\ld be op5 to only "o objection3 on ! gr\nd ( /ability4 ,! dirigible-helicopt] w\ld h z its only disadvantage a c]ta9 wa/efulness ( p[]1 :ile ! a]oplane-helicopt] w\ld seem to h no drawback :atev]4 ,all ?ree comb9ations h be51 or are be+1 tri$4 ,an ,italian eng9e] (fic] has design$ a balloon-a]oplane4 ,! balloon is greatly flatt5$1 or l5s-%ap$1 & floats on its side1 pres5t+ its edge to ! horizon--if incl9ation be disreg>d$4 ,) "s incl9ation1 ! ma*9e acts l an a]oplane & is p>tially self-su/a9+ at any reasonable velocity4 ,! use ( a v]tically-act+ screw on a dirigible comb9es ! features ( t type & ! helicopt]4 ,?is arrangem5t has also be5 ! subject ( design 7z 9 ,capta9 ,mill]'s flexible balloon7 if n ( con/ruction4 ,! comb9ation ( helicopt] & a]oplane seems especially promis+3 ! v]tical propell]s be+ employ$ = />t+ & desc5d+1 z an em]g5cy safety feature & p]haps = aid 9 /abiliz+4 ,! fact t composite types ( fly+ ma*9e h be5 sugge/$ is p]haps1 h[ev]1 an indication t ! ultimate type has n yet be5 e/abli%$4 ,:at is ,promis$ ,! fly+ ma*9e w probably become ! vehicle ( ! explor]4 ,if ,/anley _h be5 able to use a small high-p[]$ dirigible 9 ! se>* = ,liv+/one1 ! j\rney w\ld h be5 "o ( h\rs z comp>$ ) mon?s1 ! food & g5]al com=t ( ! p>ty w\ld h be5 equal 9 quality to ^? atta9able at home1 & ! exp5se 9 money & 9 human life w\ld h be5 relatively trifl+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wellman',s ,,am]ica 7,f ,wellman's ,a]ial ,age7 ,mo/ read]s w rememb] ! fate ( ,&re1 & ! project$ pol> exp$itions ( ,wellman 9 #aijg & #aiji4 ,mis=tune accompani$ bo? attempts2 b "o has only to read ,pe>y's /ory ( ! dogg$ tramp ov] ! ,gre5l& ice bl9k to realize t dang] & mis=tune 9 no less degree h accompani$ o!r plans ( ,arctic pione]+4 ,) prop] design & ! "r m51 x does n seem unreasonable to expect t a hundr$ fly+ ma*9es may so> above ,e>?'s invisible axial po9ts dur+ ! next doz5 ye>s4,c ,! report ( ,c\nt ,zeppel9's ,spitzb]g5 exp$ition ( la/ ye> has j be5 made public4 ,?is 0 und]tak5 to asc]ta9 ! adaptability ( fly+ ma*9es = ,arctic navigation4 ,besides spe$ & radius ( action1 ! conclusive factors include t ( fre$om f su* breakd[ns z _c be made good on ! road4 ,= exploration 9 o!r regions1 ! balloon or ! a]oplane is sure to be employ$4 ,rapidity ( progress )\t fatigue or dang] w replace ! fl\nd]+ ?r\gh swamps1 %iv]+ ) ague1 & bick]+ ) ho/ile natives n[ associat$ ) tropical & o!r exp$itions4 ,! /]eoscopic cam]a ) its sci5tific adjuncts w p]mit ( almo/ automatic map-mak+1 m compreh5sive & accurate ?an any n[ attempt$ 9 o!r ?an ! mo/ settl$ sections4 ,x is n too mu* to expect t arrangem5ts w be p]fect$ = conduct+ complete topographical surveys )\t m ?an occasional desc5ts4 ,if extremely high altitudes mu/ be atta9$--ov] a mile--! ma*9es w be ( special design2 b z f> z c n[ be anticipat$1 !re w be no insurm\ntable difficulties4 ,! virg9 peaks ( ,ruw5zori & ! ,himalayas may become easily accessible--ev5 to wom5 & *ildr5 if !y desire x4 ,we may obta9 direct evid5ce z to ! conte/$ asc5t ( ,mt4 ,mc,kinley4 ,a report has be5 curr5t t a ,blriot monoplane has be5 pur*as$ = use 9 ! inspection ( con/ruction "w = an oil pipe l9e across ! ,p]sian des]t2 ! a]oplane be+ reg>d$ z m exp$iti\s & effectual ?an an automobile4 ,! fly+ ma*9e is ! only l& vehicle :i* requires no p]man5t way4 ,tra9s mu/ h rails1 bicycles & automobiles mu/ h good roads4 ,ev5 ! p$e/rian gets along bett] on a pa?4 ,! %ips ( ! air & ! sea dem& no improvem5t ( ! fluids 9 :i* !y float4 ,to c>ry mails1 p>cels1 p]sons1 & ev5 light freight--^! applications1 if made comm]cially practicable tomorr[1,d w\ld surprise no "o2 _! possibility has already be5 amply demon/rat$4 ,) ! dirigible z ! transatlantic l9] & ! a]oplane z ! naph?a laun* ( ! air1 ! :ole range ( applications is comm&$4 ,hang>s & l&+ /ages--! latt] p]haps on ! ro(s ( build+s1 revolutioniz+ our dome/ic ar*itecture--may spr+ up z rapidly z g>ages h done4 ,& ! a]oplane is pot5tially 7) ! exception ( ! motorcycle7 ! *eape/ ( self-propell$ vehicles4 ,gov]nm5ts h already consid]$ ! possibilities ( a]ial smuggl+4 ,p]haps our cu/om-h\se (fic]s w soon h to wat* a f5ce in/ead ( a l9e3 to b>ricade 9 two dim5sions in/ead ( "o4 ,!y w ne$ to be provid$ ) ,unit$ ,/ates ,rev5ue a]oplanes4 ,b h[ are a]ial fronti]s to be m>k$8 ,& does a nation own ! air above x1 or is ?is1 l ! high seas1 by natural "r1 common to all8 ,c a fly+-ma*9e blockade-runn] above ! ?ree-mile height claim extrat]ritoriality8 ,! fly+ ma*9e is no long] ! delusion ( ! crank1 because x has develop$ a great indu/ry4 ,a n[ antiquat$ /atem5t put ! capitalization ( a]oplane manufactories 9 ,france at a million doll>s1 & ! developm5t exp5diture to date at six millions4 ,!re are doz5s ( build]s1 9 ,new ,york ,city alone1 ( monoplanes1 biplanes1 glid]s1 & models4 ,a p]man5t exhibition ( air craft is j be+ inaugurat$4 ,we h n[ ev5 an a]onautic tru/1 s9ce ! million-doll> capitalization ( ! ,maxim1 ,blriot1 ,grahame-,:ite firm4 ,accord+ to ! ,new ,york ,sun1 ov] #ejj1jjj has be5 subscrib$ = aviation prizes 9 #aiaa4 ,! mo/ valuable prizes are = new records 9 cross-c\ntry flights4 ,! ,p>is ,j\rnal has (f]$ #gj1jjj = ! be/ spe$ 9 a circl+ race f ,p>is to ,b]l91 ,brussels1 ,london1 & back to ,p>is--#aejj miles4 ,supplem5t>y prizes f o!r s\rces h increas$ ! total /ake 9 ?is race to #ajj1jjj4 ,a purse ( #ej1jjj is (f]$ by ! ,london ,daily ,mail = ! ,circuit ( ,brita9 race1 f ,london up ! ea/ coa/ to ,ed9burgh1 across to ,glasg[1 & home by way ( ! we/ coa/1 ,exet]1 & ! ,isle ( ,wight2 a ?\s& miles1 to be complet$ 9 two weeks1 beg9n+ ,july #bb1 ) desc5ts only at pr$et]m9$ po9ts4 ,?is conte/ w be op5 7at an entrance fee ( #ejj7 to any lic5see ( ! ,int]national ,f$]ation4 ,a ,g]man circuit1 f ,b]l9 to ,brem51 ,magdeburg1 ,dsseldorf1 ,aix-la-,*apelle1 ,dresd51 & back to ! />t+ po9t1 is propos$ by ! ,zeitung am ,mittag ( ,b]l91 a prize ( #be1jjj hav+ be5 (f]$4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 a comp>atively small prize has be5 e/abli%$ = a run f ,san ,francisco to ,new ,york1 via ,*icago4 ,besides a meet at ,bridgeport1 ,may #ah-bj1 toge!r ) ^? to be held by sev]al ( ! colleges & ! ones at ,b5n+s & ,*icago1 !re w be1 x is /ill hop$1 a national t\rnam5t at ,belmont ,p>k at ! end ( ! same mon?4 ,"h probably a doz5 aviators w conte/ 9 qualification = ! int]national meet 9 ,engl&1 to :i* ?ree ,am]ican repres5tatives %\ld be s5t z competitors = ! *ampion%ip trophy n[ held by ,mr4 ,grahame-,:ite4 ,x is anticipat$ t ! *ances 9 ! int]national races favor ! ,fr5* aviators1 "s ( :om--9 p>ticul>1 ,leblanc--h be5 mak+ s5sational records at ,pau4 ,flights betwe5 aviation fields 9 diff]5t cities are ! lead+ feature 9 ! ,am]ican program = ! ye>4 ,a trip is propos$ f ,wa%+ton to ,belmont ,p>k1 via ,atlantic ,city1 ! ,new ,j]sey coa/1 & l[] ,new ,york bay4 ,! di/ance is #bej miles & ! "t w probably be less ?an t ( ! be/ pass5g] tra9s betwe5 ,wa%+ton & ,new ,york4 ,if held1 ?is race w probably take place late 9 ,may4 ,x is wisely conclud$ t ! advancem5t ( aviation dep5ds ^u cross-c\ntry runs "u good control & at reasonable spe$s & heights r ?an ^u exhibition flights 9 enclosures4 ,x is to be hop$ t comm]cial int]e/s w n be suffici5tly p[]ful to h9d] ?is developm5t4 ,we %all ( c\rse h ! usual int]national *ampion%ip balloon race1 prec$$ by elim9ation conte/s4 ,f pres5t indications ,omaha is likely to be *os5 z ! po9t ( dep>ture4 ,! ne$ = sci5tific /udy ( a]ial problems is recogniz$4 ,! sum ( #cej1jjj has be5 (f]$ ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is to f\nd an a]onautic in/itute4 ,9 ,g]many1 ! univ]sity at ,gtt+5 has = ye>s ma9ta9$ an a]odynamic laboratory4 ,"l ,rayleigh1 9 ,engl&1 is at ! head ( a committee ( t5 em95t sci5ti/s & eng9e]s :i* has1 "u ! au?ority ( ,p>liam5t1 prep>$ a program ( necess>y !oretical & exp]im5tal inve/igations 9 a]o/atics & a]odynamics4 ,our ,am]ican colleges h organiz$ /ud5t aviation societies & 9 "s ( !m sy/ematic in/ruction is giv5 9 ! pr9ciples und]ly+ ! art4 ,a p]man5t a]onautic laboratory1 to be locat$ at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 is be+ promot$4 ,aviation z a sport is "u ! control ( ! ,int]national ,a]onautic ,f$]ation1 hav+ its headqu>t]s at ,p>is4 ,bodies l ! ,royal ,a]o ,club ( ,engl& & ! ,a]o ,club ( ,am]ica are subsidi>ies to ! ,f$]ation4 ,9 addition1 we h 9 ?is c\ntry o!r clubs1 l ! ,a]onautic ,society1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,a]onautical ,res]ve1 etc4 ,! ,national ,c\ncil ( ! ,a]o ,clubs ( ,am]ica is a sort ( supreme c\rt = all ( ^!1 hav+ control ( meets & conte/s2 b x has no affiliation ) ! ,int]national body1 :i* is repres5t$ "h by ! ,a]o ,club ( ,am]ica4 ,! ,canadian ,auto & ,a]o ,club sup]vises aviation 9 ! ,dom9ion4 ,aviation has develop$ new legal problems3 problems ( liability = accid5ts to o!rs2 ! matt] ( sup]vision ( air%ip op]ators4 ,bills to lic5se & regulate air craft h be5 introduc$ 9 at lea/ two /ate legislatures4 ,s*ools = in/ruction 9 fly+ z an art or sport are be+ promot$4 ,x is und]/ood t ! ,wright firm is prep>$ to organize classes ( ab\t a doz5 m51 supply+ an a]oplane = _! in/ruction4 ,ea* man pays a small fee1 :i* is remitt$ %\ld he aft]w>d pur*ase a ma*9e4 ,mr4 ,grahame-,:ite1 at ,pau1 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 conducts a s*ool ( aviation1 & ! arrangem5ts are n[ be+ duplicat$ 9 ,engl&4 ,in/ruction is giv5 on ,blriot monoplanes & ,f>man biplanes1 at a co/ ( a hundr$ gu9eas = ei!r4 ,! pupil is coa*$ until he c make a ?ree-mile flight2 mean:ile1 he is held p>tially responsible = damage & is requir$ to take out a ?ird-p>ty insurance policy4 ,!re is no lack ( a]onautic lit]ature4 ,major ,squi]'s pap] 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s1 #aijh1 gave an eighte5-page li/ ( books & magaz9e articles ( fair complet5ess up to its date2 ,pr(essor ,*atley's book1 ,a]oplanes1 #aiaa1 discusses "s rec5t publications2 ! ,brooklyn ,public ,libr>y 9 ,new ,york issu$ 9 #aiaj 7misdat$ #aiji7 a manual ( f\rte5 pages critically ref]r+ to ! !n available lit]ature1 & itself conta9+ a li/ ( "s doz5 bibliographies4 ,a]ial ,w>f>e ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,g]man ,,emp]or ,,wat*+ ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,aviation ,! use ( air craft z milit>y auxili>ies is n new4 ,z e>ly z #ahab ! ,russians1 be=e retreat+ f ,mosc[1 attempt$ to drop bombs f balloons3 an attempt c>ri$ to success by ,au/rian eng9e]s 9 #ahdi4 ,bo? conte/ants 9 our own ,w> ( ,secession employ$ captive & drift+ balloons4 ,presid5t ,l9coln organiz$ a regul> a]onautic auxili>y /aff 9 :i* "o ,l[e held ! (ficial rank ( *ief a]onaut4 ,?is same g5tleman 7:o _h accompli%$ a reconnaissance ( #cej miles 9 eight h\rs 9 a #be1jjj cubic foot drift+ balloon7 0 subject$ to adv]se criticism on acc\nt ( a weakness = mak+ asc5ts :ile we>+ ! =mal ,pr9ce ,alb]t coat & silk hat6 ,a portable gas-g5]at+ plant 0 employ$ by ! ,union army4 ,we are told t ,g5]al ,/oneman1 9 #ahfb1 direct$ artill]y fire f a balloon1 :i* 0 repeat$ly fir$ at by ! enemy1 b n once hit4 ,! ,conf$]ates 7 less amply equipp$4 ,_! balloon 0 a pat*work ( silk skirts contribut$ 7"o d\bts n1 ) patriotic alacrity7 by ! daught]s ( ! ,conf$]acy4 ,x is n =gott5 t communication betwe5 besieg$ ,p>is & ! ext]nal _w 0 kept up = "s mon?s dur+ #ahgj-ga by balloons exclusively4 ,mail 0 c>ri$ on a truly comm]cial scale3 pet animals &--! anticlimax is un9t5d$--#afd p]sons1 includ+ ,m4 ,gambetta1 escap$ 9 "s sixty-five flights4 ,balloons 7 frequ5tly employ$ 9 ! ,franco-,prussian conte/2 & !y 7 seldom put hors de combat by ! enemy4 ,dur+ our w> ) ,spa91 a]ial craft 7 employ$ 9 at lea/ "o in/ance1 namely1 at ,san ,juan1 ,porto ,rico1 = reconnoit]+ entr5*m5ts4 ,frequ5t asc5ts 7 made f ,ladysmi?1 dur+ ! ,bo] w>4 ,! balloons 7 (t5 fir$ at1 b nev] badly damag$4 ,cronje's army 0 on "o occasion locat$ by ! aid ( a ,briti% sc\t-balloon4 ,artill]y fire 0 frequ5tly direct$ f a]ial obs]vations4 ,bo? sides employ$ balloons 9 ! epic conflict betwe5 ,russia & ,japan4 ,a decl>ation introduc$ at ! second int]national peace conf]5ce at ! ,hague propos$ to prohibit1 = a limit$ p]iod1 ! dis*>ge ( projectiles or explosives f fly+ ma*9es ( any sort4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 ! only fir/-class p[] :i* endors$ ! decl>ation4 ,x does n appe> likely1 !re=e1 t int]national law w disc\nt5ance ! employm5t ( a]ial craft 9 int]national disputes4 ,! build+ ( air%ips goes on ) increas+ eag]ness4 ,la/ ye> ! ,italian *amb] appropriat$ #e1jjj1jjj = ! con/ruction & ma9t5ance ( fly+ ma*9es4 ,a press report dat$ ,febru>y #d /at$ t a ,g]man a]onaut _h be5 sp5d+ "s weeks at ,panama1 /udy+ ! air curr5ts ( ! ,canal ,zone4 ,no fly+ ma*9e may 9 ,g]many approa* m closely ?an )9 six miles ( a =t1 unless specially lic5s$4 ,at ! ,krupp works 9 ,ess5 !re are be+ te/$ two new guns = %oot+ at a]oplanes & dirigibles4 ,"o is m\nt$ on an armor$ motor truck4 ,! o!r is a swivel-m\nt$ gun on a flat-topp$ f\r-:eel$ c>riage4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates battle%ip ,connecticut co/ #i1jjj1jjj4 ,x displaces #ah1jjj tons1 uses #ag1jjj horse-p[] & #ajjj m51 & makes tw5ty miles an h\r4 ,an a]oplane ( unusual size ) ne>ly ?ree times ?is spe$1 employ+ f "o to ?ree m5 ) an eng9e ( #ajj horse-p[]1 w\ld weigh "o ton & might co/ #ejjj4 ,a ,dreadn\ght co/s #af1jjj1jjj1 complete1 & may la/--x is difficult to say1 b few claim m ?an t5 ye>s4 ,x depreciates1 p]haps1 at ! rate ( #b1jjj1jjj a ye>4 ,a]oplanes built to /&>d designs 9 l>ge quantities w\ld co/ c]ta9ly n ov] #ajjj ea*4 ,! ratio ( co/ is #af1jjj to #a4 ,w\ld ! l>ge/ ,dreadn\ght1 expos$ unaid$ to ! attack ( #af1jjj fly+ ma*9es1 be 9 an entirely enviable situation8 ,an a]oplane is a fragile & co/ly ?+ to haz>d at "o bl[3 b n m fragile or co/ly ?an a ,:itehead torp$o4 ,! a]oplane soldi] takes trem5d\s risks2 b p]haps n great] risks ?an ^? tak5 by ! crew ( a subm>9e4 ,!re is nev] any lack ( d>+ m5 :5 d>+ is ! ?+ ne$$4 ,all exp]i5ce goes to %[ t an object 9 ! air is h>d to hit4 ,! fly+ ma*9e is saf] f attack :]e x works ?an x is on ! gr\nd4 ,! aim necess>y to imp>t a crippl+ bl[ to an a]oplane mu/ be "o ( unprec$5t$ accuracy4 ,! dirigible balloon gives a l>g] m>k1 b c\ld n be imm$iately crippl$ by almo/ any projectile4 ,x c\ld take a good p\nd+ & /ill get away4 ,int]e/+ speculations might be made z to ! outcome ( an a]ial battle betwe5 ! two types ( craft4 ,! a]oplane might h a %>p cutt+ beak ) :i* to ram its m cumb]some adv]s>y1 b ?is w\ld involve "s risk to its own /ability3 & ! balloon c\ld easily escape by a quick asc5t4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ea* dirigible w\ld ne$ an a]oplane escort =ce = its def5se aga9/ ramm+4 ,any collision betwe5 two oppos+ heavi]-?an-air ma*9es c\ld n1 x w\ld seem1 be o!r ?an disa/r\s3 b p]haps ! dirigible c\ld rescue ! wrecks4 ,possibly gas-inflat$ life buoys might be atta*$ to ! individual combatants4 ,9 ! ,fr5* manoeuv]s1 a small a]oplane circl$ ! dirigible ) ease1 fly+ n only ar\nd x1 b 9 v]tical circles ov] & "u x4 ,illu/ration3 #g4e ,,c5timet] ,,g]man ,,automatic ,,gun ,,= ,,attack+ ,,air%ips 7,f ,brew]'s ,art ( ,aviation7 ,! ,fr5* w> (fice has exploit$ bo? types ( ma*9e4 ,9 ,g]many1 ! dirigible has until rec5tly receiv$ ne>ly all ! att5tion ( /rategi/s3 b ! results ( a rec5t a]ial w> game h app>5tly sugge/$ a *ange 9 policy1 & ! ,g]mans are n[1 )\t neglect+ ! balloon1 actively develop+ its heavi]-?an-air competitor4 ,engl& seems to be muddl$ z to its a]ial policy1 :ile ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 wait+ & = ! mo/ "p do+ no?+4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ! mobilizations 9 ,texas h be5 associat$ ) a consid]able am\nt ( a]oplane en?usiasm4 ,a half-doz5 ma*9es1 x is expect$1 w soon be h\s$ 9 ! a]odrome at ,san ,antonio4 ,exp]im5ts are anticipat$ 9 ! c>ry+ ( light ammunition & em]g5cy supplies1 & "o ( ! promis$ manoeuv]s is to be ! locat+ ( conceal$ bodies ( troops by air sc\ts4 ,?irty army (fic]s are to be detail$ = a]oplane s]vice ?is ye>2 five tra9+ s*ools are to be e/abli%$4 ,if fly+ ma*9es are relatively unsusceptible to attack1 !re is also "s "q z to _! effectiv5ess 9 attack4 ,rifles h be5 dis*>g$ f mov+ balloons ) "s degree ( accuracy 9 aim2 b long-range m>ksman%ip ) any b h& weapons involves ! ma/]y ( sev]al difficult factors additional to ^? pres5t 9 gunn]y at sea4 ,! recoil ( guns might endang] /ability2 & x is difficult to e/imate ! possible effects ( a p[]ful concussion1 ) its result+ surges ( air1 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( a delicately balanc$ a]ial vessel4 ,b aside f purely combative functions1 air craft may be sup]latively useful z mess5g]s4 ,to s5d despat*es rapidly & )\t int]f]5ce1 or to c>ry a g5]al #ajj miles 9 z _m m9utes--^! accompli%m5ts w\ld r5d] impossible ! romance ( a ,%]idan's ,ride1 b might h a romance ( _! own4 ,) ! new s5se add$ to human equipm5t by wireless communication1 ! results ( obs]vations may be signal$ to fri5ds ov] miles ( di/ance )\t int]v5+ p]man5t connections ( h[ev] fragile a nature4 ,fly+ ma*9es w\ld seem to be ! safe/ ( sc\ts4 ,!y c\ld pass ov] ! enemy's c\ntry ) z little direct dang]--p]haps z unobs]v$--z a spy 9 disguise2 yet _! occupants w\ld sc>cely be subject$ to ! p5alty accompany+ discov]y ( a spy4 ,!y c\ld easily /udy ! movem5ts ( an oppos+ arm$ =ce3 a /udy n[ frequ5tly associat$ ) great loss ( life & hamp]+ ( effective h&l+ ( troops4 ,!y c\ld wat* = ho/ile fleets ) relatively high effectiv5ess 7"u usual conditions71 comm&+ di/ant approa*es to a long coa/ l9e at slight co/4 ,f _! elevat$ position1 !y c\ld mo/ readily detect ho/ile subm>9es ?reat5+ _! own naval fleet4 ,maximum effective reconnaissance 9 m9imum "t w\ld be _! *ief *>act]i/ic3 9 fact1 ! high spe$s might actually con/itute an objection1 if !y int]f]$ ) ?or\gh obs]vation4 ,b if air craft _h be5 available at ,santiago 9 #ahih1 ,lieut5ant ,blue's exp$ition w\ld h be5 unnecess>y1 & !re w\ld h be5 = no mom5t any d\bt t ,admiral ,c]v]a's fleet 0 actually bottl$ up beh9d ! ,morro4 ,no besieg$ =tress ne$ any long] be depriv$ ( communication )--or ev5 "s m$ical or o!r supplies f--its fri5ds4 ,suppose t ,napoleon _h be5 provid$ ) a fly+ ma*9e at ,elba--or ev5 at ,/4 ,hel5a6 ,! applications to rapid survey+ ( unkn[n gr\nd t h be5 sugge/$ z possible 9 civil life w\ld be equally possible 9 "t ( w>4 ,ev5 if ! sc5e ( conflict 7 9 an unmapp$ portion ( ! enemy's t]ritory1 ! map c\ld be quickly made1 ! location ( tempor>y def5ses & entr5*m5ts asc]ta9$1 & ! advantage ( sup]ior k ( ! gr\nd completely ov]come prior to an engagem5t4 ,! se>*light & ! compass = true navigation on long flights ov] unkn[n c\ntry w\ld be ! indisp5sable aids 9 su* applications4 ,dur+ ! curr5t mobilization ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army at ,texas1 a dispat* 0 c>ri$ #ba miles on a map-&-compass flight1 ! r\nd trip occupy+ less ?an two h\rs & be+ made )\t incid5t4 ,! ma*9e flew at a height ( #aejj feet & 0 sight$ sev]al miles (f4 ,a dirigible balloon1 x has be5 sugge/$1 is comp>atively safe :ile mov+ 9 ! air1 b is subject$ to sev]e /ra9s :5 an*or$ to ! gr\nd1 if expos$4 ,x mu/ h ei!r safe h>bors ( refuge or actual %elt] build+s--dry docks1 s to speak4 ,9 an enemy's c\ntry a rav9e or ev5 a deep railway cut might answ] 9 an em]g5cy1 b ! greate/ reliance w\ld h to be plac$ on quick return trips f a suitable base4 ,! balloon w\ld be1 p]haps1 a m effective weapon 9 def5se ?an 9 attack4 ,major ,squi] reg>ds a fly+ height ( "o mile z giv+ reasonable security aga9/ ho/ile projectiles 9 ! daytime4 ,a l[] elevation w\ld be suffici5t at night4 ,giv5 a suitable telephotographic app>atus1 all necess>y obs]vations c\ld easily be made f ?is altitude4 ,ev5 9 ! enemy's t]ritory1 desc5t to ! e>? might be possible at night "u reasonably favorable conditions4 ,two sizes ( balloon w\ld seem to be indicat$3 ! sc\t+ "w describ$ w\ld be done by a small ma*9e hav+ ! greate/ possible radius ( action4 ,fronti]s w\ld be no b>ri] to x4 ,s5t f ,engl& 9 ! night x c\ld hov] ov] a ,kiel canal or an isl& ( ,heligol& at sunrise1 !re to obs]ve 9 mo/ leisurely fa%ion an enemy's mobilizations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g]man ,,gun ,,= ,,%oot+ ,,at ,,a]oplanes 7,f ,brew]'s ,art ( ,aviation7 ,at ! ,london meet+ ( ! ,in/itute ( ,naval ,ar*itects1 9 ,april1 #aiaa1 ! op9ion 0 express$ t ! only effective way ( meet+ attack f a fly+ ma*9e at sea w\ld be by a c\nt]-attack f ! same type ( craft4 ,! %ip design]s conclud$ t ! a]oplane w\ld no m limit ! sizes ( battle%ips ?an ! torp$o has limit$ !m4 ,= ! m s]i\s "w ( fight+1 l>g] balloons w\ld be ne$$1 ) net c>ry+ capacities p]haps upw>d f "o ton4 ,su* a ma*9e c\ld laun* explosives & combu/ibles aga9/ ! enemy's =ts1 dry docks1 ars5als1 magaz9es1 & battle%ips4 ,x c\ld easily & completely de/roy 8 railroads & bridges2 p]haps ev5 8 capital itself1 includ+ ! build+s h\s+ 8 *ief executive & w> (fice /aff4 ,no?+--x w\ld seem--c\ld effectually combat x save air craft ( its own k9d4 ,! battles ( ! future may be battles ( ! air4 ,!re are ( c\rse difficulties 9 ! way ( dropp+ missiles ( any great size f fly+ ma*9es4 ,curtiss & o!rs h %[n t accuracy ( aim is possible4 ,eight-p\nd %rapnel %ells h be5 dropp$ f an a]oplane ) measurably good effect1 )\t upsett+ ! vessel2 b at be/ ! sudd5 lib]ation ( a consid]able weight w introduce /abiliz+ & controll+ difficulties4 ,! pass5g]s :o made junket+ trips ab\t ,p>is on ! ,clm5t-,bay>d compla9$ t !y 7 n all[$ to ?r[ ev5 a *ick5-bone ov]bo>d6 ,b x does n seem too mu* to expect t ^! purely me*anical difficulties w be ov]come by purely me*anical rem$ies4 ,an automatic v5t+ ( a gas ballonet ( j suffici5t size to comp5sate = ! weight ( ! dropp$ %ell w\ld answ] 9 a balloon3 a simil> automatic *ange 9 propell] spe$ & angle ( planes w\ld suffice ) ! a]oplane4 ,!re is no d\bt b t air craft may be made effici5t ag5ts ( de/ruction on a colossal scale4 ,illu/ration3 ,,santos-,,dumont ,,circl+ ,,! ,,eiffel ,,t[] 7,f ,walk]'s ,a]ial ,navigation7 ,a ,sw$i% eng9e] (fic] has inv5t$ an a]ial torp$o1 automatically propell$ & balanc$ l an ord9>y subm>9e torp$o4 ,x is /at$ to h an effective radius ( ?ree miles :ile c>ry+ two & "o-half p\nds ( explosive at ! spe$ ( a bullet4 ,"o c see no reason :y su* torp$oes ( ! l>ge/ size are n entirely practicable3 ?\gh mu* l[] spe$s ?an t /at$ %\ld be suffici5t4 ,accord+ to press reports1 ! ,krupps h develop$ a non-recoil+ torp$o1 hav+ a range exce$+ #ejjj y>ds4 ,! p]cussion device is lock$ at ! />t1 to prev5t premature explosion3 unlock+ occurs only aft] a c]ta9 velocity has be5 atta9$4 ,major ,squi] app>5tly cont5ds t ! prohibition ( (f5sive a]ial op]ations is unfair1 unless ) x !re goes ! reciprocal provision t a w> balloon %all n be fir$ at f bel[4 ,aga91 !re seems to be no good reason :y a]ial m9es dropp$ f above %\ld be =bidd51 :ile subm>9e m9es--! mo/ dang]\s naval weapons--are all[$4 ,mod]n /rategy aims to capture r ?an to de/roy3 ! manoeuv]+ ( ! enemy into unt5able situations by ! rapid mobilization ( troops be+ ! end ( pres5t-day highly organiz$ /affs4 ,:e!r ! dirigible 7c]ta9ly n ! a]oplane7 w ev] become an effective vehicle = transport ( l>ge bodies ( troops _c yet be =ese54 ,diff]5ces 9 national temp] & tradition1 & ! conflict ( comm]cial ent]prise1 p]haps ! v rec5tness ( ! gr[? ( a _s ( national unity on ! "o h&1 are rapidly br++ ! two =emo/ p[]s ( ,europe into ke5 competition3 a competition :i* is result+ 9 a bloodless revolution 9 ,engl&1 necessitat$ by ! f9ancial requirem5ts ( its naval program4 ,g]many1 by its /rategic geographical position1 its dom9at+ milit>y organization1 & ! en=c$ frugality1 res\rcefulness1 & effici5cy ( its p1 possesses :at mu/ be reg>d$ z ! mo/ inv9cible army 9 ! _w4 ,its av[$ purpose is an equally inv9cible navy4 ,:e!r ! ,gibralt>-,p[] c keep its asc5dancy may well be d\bt$4 ,! "o d\btful--& at ! same "t p]haps hopeful--factor lies 9 ! possibilities ( a]ial navigation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,la?am1 ,,f>man1 ,,& ,,paulhan ,if "o battle%ip1 9 t]ms ( doll>s1 repres5ts #af1jjj air%ips1 & if "o or a doz5 ( ! latt] c de/roy ! =m]--a feat n p]haps beyond ! b\nds ( possibility--if ! =tress t repres5ts ! skill & labor ( g5]ations may be raz$ by twoscore m5 op]at+ f al(t1 !n ! nations may beat _! spe>s into prun+-hooks & _! swords into pl[%>es3 !n ! battle ceases to h+e on ! p[] ( ! purse4 ,let w> be made s co/ly t nations c no m af=d x ?an sane m5 c wre/le on ! br9k ( a precipice4 ,let arm$ int]national /rife be view$ z x really is--s5seless z ! n[ dy+ duello4 ,let ! navy t repres5ts ! weal?1 ! be/ eng9e]+1 ! highe/ c\rage & skill1 ( our age1 be p[]less at ! attack ( a sw>m ( trifl+ gnats l ,gulliv] b\nd by ,lilliputians--:at happ5s !n8 ,x is a r$uctio ad absurdum4 ,de/ructive w> becomes s sup]latively de/ructive z to de/roy itself4 ,!re is only "o o!r way4 ,let ! two rival ,p[]s on :om ! peace ( ! _w dep5ds settle _! difficulties--surely ! e>? mu/ be big en\gh = bo?6--& !n z "o w\ld g5tly b firmly take away f a small boy 8 too de/ructive toy rifle1 spike ! guns & scuttle ! %ips1 _! own & all ! re/1 leav+ to "s unambiti\s & neutral p[] ! prosaic task ( polic+ ! _w4 ,"h is a "w = r$ blood & national self-consci\sness4 ,if w> 7 ev] ne$$ = man's be/ developm5t1 o!r ?+s w answ] n[4 ,! torn bodies & desolat$ homes ( millions ( m5 h paid ! price dem&$4 ,no imag$ hell c surpass ! unnam$ horrors t our fa!rs brav$4 ,en=c$ dis>mam5t6 ,:y n8 ,=ce 7& public op9ion7 h aboli%$ private duels4 ,:y n national duels z well8 ,civilization's control ( savag]y always beg9s ) compulsion4 ,= a g5]ation1 no fir/-class p[] has _h home exp]i5ce 9 a s]i\s arm$ conflict4 ,we %\ld n will+ly contemplate su* exp]i5ce n[4 ,we h too mu* to d 9 ! _w to fight4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! writ] has felt "s hesitancy 9 lett+ ^! words /& z ! conclusion ( a book on fly+ ma*9es3 b z ) ! old ,roman :o t]m9at$ e oration ) a defiance ( ,c>?age1 ! conviction prevails t no o!r "q ( ! day is ( comp>able importance2 & on a matt] ( ov]:elm+ consequ5ce l ?is no ^w c ev] be out ( place4 ,! five *ief p[]s sp5t = w> purposes 7(ficially1 z ,pr(essor ,johnson puts x1 = ! pres]vation ( peace7 ab\t #a1jjj1jjj1jjj 9 ! ye> #aijh4 ,9 ! wor/ p]iod ( ! ,napoleonic op]ations ! ,fr5* milit>y & naval budget 0 less ?an #ajj1jjj1jjj annually4 ,great ,brita91 on ! pres5t peace foot+1 is sp5d+ = armam5t m rapidly ?an f #agic to #ahae4 ,! gigantic ,w> ( ! ,spani% ,succession 7:i* *ang$ ! map ( ,europe7 co/ ,engl& less ?an a pres5t ye>'s milit>y exp5diture4 ,s9ce ! types = ^! pages h be5 set1 ! promise ( int]national peace has be5 di/9ctly /r5g!n$4 ,presid5t ,taft has sugge/$ t z1 fir/1 que/ions ( individual privilege1 &1 f9ally1 ev5 ^? ( individual honor1 h be5 by common cons5t submitt$ to adjudication1 s also may ^? s-call$ issues involv+ national honor be dispos$ ( )\t di%onor by int]national arbitration4 ,sir ,edw>d ,grey1 :o does n hesitate to say t increase ( armam5ts may end 9 ! de/ruction ( civilization unless /opp$ by revolt ( ! masses aga9/ ! increas+ burd5s ( taxation1 has electrifi$ ,europe by 8 reception ( ! ,taft pron\ncem5t4 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates rule "o-?ird ! inhabitants ( ! e>?4 ,x is true t a def5sive alliance might be m advantage\s to ! =m] & disagreeably entangl+ to ! latt]2 b a b9d+ treaty ( arbitration betwe5 ^! p[]s w\ld nev]!less be a wor?y climax to our pres5t era4 ,& if x l$ to alliance aga9/ a ?ird nation :i* _h refus$ to arbitrate 7l$--z ,sir ,edw>d ,grey sugge/s--by ! logic ( ev5ts & n by subt]ranean device7 w\ld n su* be ! fitt+ & conclusive outcome8 ,! ,taft-,grey program--"o w\ld wi% to call x t--has _h all reputable endorsem5t2 9 ,engl&1 no factional opposition may be expect$4 ,our own j+oes are /rangely sil5t4 ,mr4 ,dillon's fe> t compulsory dis>mam5t w\ld militate aga9/ ! weak] nations is (fset by ! he>ty adh]5ce ( ,d5m>k4 ,a resolution 9 favor ( ! e/abli%m5t ( an int]national police =ce has pass$ ! ,h\se ( ,commons by a heavy majority4 ,x looks n[ z if we might hope be=e long to re-date our c5turies4 ,we h _h ,olympiads & ,ye>s ( ,rome1 ,b4,c4 & ,a4,d4 ,p]haps next ! dream ( ?\ghtful m5 may f9d its realization 9 ! new 7&1 we may hope1 ,engli%7 prefix1 ,y4,p4--,ye> ( ,peace4 ,,footnotes ,a ,accord+ to press reports1 tempor>y wat] balla/ w be tak5 on dur+ ! daytime1 to (fset ! asc5sional effect ( ! hot sun on ! envelope4 ,b ,! conte/ants = ! ,ryan prize ( #aj1jjj 7 ,moisant1 ,c\nt de ,lesseps1 & ,grahame-,:ite4 ,ow+ to bad wea!r1 !re 0 no g5]al p>ticipation 9 ! prelim9>y qualify+ ev5ts1 & "s "q exi/s z to :e!r su* qualification 0 n tacitly waiv$2 p>ticul>ly 9 view ( ! fact t ! prize 0 aw>d$ to ! te*nically unqualifi$ competitor1 ,mr4 ,moisant1 :o made ! fa/e/ "t4 ,?is aw>d 0 *all5g$ by ,mr4 ,grahame-,:ite1 & ^u review by ! ,int]national ,a]onautic ,f$]ation ! prize 0 giv5 to de ,lesseps1 ! sl[e/ ( ! conte/ants1 ,grahame-,:ite be+ disqualifi$ = hav+ f\l$ a pylon at ! />t4 ,?is g5tleman has aga9 appeal$ ! case1 & a f9al decision _c be expect$ be=e ! meet+ ( ! ,f$]ation 9 ,octob]1 #aiaa4 ,c ,! high w9d velocities ( ! s\!rn circumpol> regions may be an insurm\ntable ob/acle 9 ! ,ant>ctic4 ,yet ,mawson expects to take ) him a #b-pass5g] monoplane hav+ a #ahj-mile radius ( action on ! exp$ition propos$ = ?is ye>4 ,d ,x seems t tomorr[ has come2 = an a]oplane is be+ regul>ly us$ 7accord+ to a report$ int]view ) ,dr4 ,alex&] ,graham ,bell7 = c>ry+ mails 9 ,india4 ,books on ,a]onautics ,,fly+ ,,ma*9es ,,to-,,day4 ,by ,,william ,d4 ,,ennis1 ,m4 ,e41 ,pr(essor ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]+1 ,polyte*nic ,in/itute1 ,brooklyn4 #abmo41 clo?1 #bah pp41 #abc illu/rations #a4ej net ,,cont5ts3 ,,! ,,delights ,,& ,,dang]s ,,( ,,fly+--,dang]s ( ,aviation--,:at x is ,l to ,fly4 ,,so>+ ,,flight ,,by ,,man--,:at ,holds x ,up4 ,lift+ ,p[]4 ,:y s ,_m ,sails4 ,/e]+4 ,,turn+ ,,corn]s--,:at ,happ5s ,:5 ,mak+ a ,turn4 ,lat]al ,/ability4 ,w+ ,w>p+4 ,automatic ,control4 ,! ,gyroscope4 ,w9d ,gu/s4 ,,air ,,& ,,! ,,w9d--,sail+ ,balloons4 ,field & ,spe$4 ,,gas ,,& ,,balla/--,buoyancy 9 ,air4 ,asc5d+ & ,desc5d+4 ,! ,ballonet4 ,! ,equilibrator4 ,,dirigible ,,balloons ,,& ,,o!r ,,k9ds--,%apes4 ,dim5sions4 ,fabrics4 ,fram+4 ,keep+ ! ,keel ,horizontal4 ,/ability4 ,rudd]s & ,planes4 ,arrangem5t & ,accessories4 ,amateur ,dirigibles4 ,=t ,omaha ,plant4 ,balloon ,progress4 ,,"q ,,( ,,p[]--,resi/ance ( ,a]oplanes4 ,resi/ance ( ,dirigibles4 ,indep5d5t ,spe$ & ,timetable4 ,co/ ( ,spe$4 ,propell]4 ,,gett+ ,,up ,,& ,,d[n2 ,,models ,,& ,,glid]s2 ,,a]oplane ,,details--,laun*+4 ,desc5d+4 ,glid]s4 ,models4 ,balanc+4 ,weights4 ,miscellane\s4 ,?+s to ,look ,aft]4 ,,"s ,,a]oplanes--,,"s ,,accompli%m5ts4 ,,! ,,possibilities ,,9 ,,aviation--,case ( ! ,dirigible4 ,! ,or?opt]4 ,! ,helicopt]4 ,composite ,types4 ,:at is ,promis$4 ,,a]ial ,,w>f>e4 ,,a]ial ,,flight4 ,vol4 #a4 ,a]odynamics4 ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,,lan*e/]4 #hvo41 clo?1 #dch pp41 #afb illu/rations #f4jj net ,,cont5ts3 ,fluid ,resi/ance & ,its ,associat$ ,ph5om5a4 ,viscosity & ,sk9 ,friction4 ,! ,hydrodynamics ( ,analytical ,!ory4 ,w+ ,=m & ,motion 9 ! ,p]iph]y4 ,! ,a]oplane4 ,! ,normal ,plane4 ,! ,incl9$ ,a]oplane4 ,! ,economics ( ,flight4 ,! ,a](oil4 ,on ,propulsion1 ! ,screw ,propell]1 & ! ,p[] ,exp5d$ 9 ,flight4 ,exp]im5tal ,a]odynamics4 ,gloss>y4 ,app5dices4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,a]odonetics4 ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,,lan*e/]4 #hvo41 clo?1 #dcc pp41 #bjh illu/rations #f4jj net ,,cont5ts3 ,free ,flight4 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples & ,ph5om5a4 ,! ,phugoid ,!ory--,! ,equations ( ! ,flight ,pa?4 ,! ,phugoid #aheb-ahgb4 ,dirigible ,balloons f #ahhc-ahig2 #ahih-aijf4 ,fly+ ,ma*9e ,!ory--,! ,flight ,pa? ,plott$4 ,elem5t>y ,d$uctions f ! ,phugoid ,!ory4 ,/ability ( ! ,flight ,pa? z ,affect$ by ,resi/ance & ,mom5t ( ,in]tia4 ,exp]im5tal ,evid5ce & ,v]ification ( ! ,phugoid ,!ory4 ,lat]al & ,directional ,/ability4 ,review ( ,*apt]s ,i to ,,vii & ,g5]al ,conclusions4 ,so>+4 ,exp]im5tal4 ,a]odonetics4 ,,a]ial ,,navigation4 ,a practical h&book on ! con/ruction ( dirigible balloons1 a]o/ats1 a]oplanes & a]omotors1 by ,,fr$]ick ,,walk]4 #abmo41 clo?1 #aea pp41 #ajj illu/rations #c4jj net4 ,,cont5ts3 ,laws ( ,flight4 ,a]o/atics4 ,a]o/ats4 ,a]odynamics4 ,screw ,propulsion4 ,paddles & ,a]oplanes4 ,motive ,p[]4 ,/ructure ( ,air%ips & ,mat]ials4 ,air%ips4 ,app5dix4 ,,a]oplane ,,pat5ts4 ,by ,,rob]t ,m4 ,,neilson4 #hvo41 clo?1 #aja pp41 #gg illu/rations #b4jj net ,,cont5ts3 ,advice to ,inv5tors4 ,review ( ,briti% ,pat5ts4 ,briti% ,pat5ts & ,applications = ,pat5ts f #ahfj to #aiaj1 arrang$ 9 ,ord] ( ,application4 ,briti% ,pat5tees1 arrang$ alphabetically4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5ts f #ahif to #aiji1 arrang$ 9 ord] ( issue4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5tees1 arrang$ alphabetically4 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,a]oplane ,,con/ruction4 ,by ,,rank9 ,,k5n$y1 ,c4 ,e4 #hvo41 clo?1 #ade pp41 #ea diagrams #a4ej net ,,cont5ts3 ,elem5t>y ,me*anics & ,physics4 ,pr9ciples ( ,incl9$ ,planes4 ,air & ,its ,prop]ties4 ,pr9ciples ( ! ,a]oplane4 ,! ,curves ( ! ,a]oplane4 ,c5t]s ( ,gravity3 ,balanc+2 ,/e]+4 ,! ,propell]4 ,! ,hlicoptre4 ,! ,w+ ,propell]4 ,! ,eng9e4 ,! ,future ( ! ,a]oplane4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,design ,,an ,,a]oplane4 ,by ,,h]b]t ,,*atley4 #afmo41 bo>ds1 #aji pp41 illu/rat$ 7,van ,no/r&'s ,sci5ce ,s]ies7 #ej c5ts ,,cont5ts3 ,! ,a]oplane4 ,air ,pressure4 ,weight4 ,propell]s & ,motors4 ,balanc+4 ,con/ruction4 ,difficulties4 ,future ,developm5ts4 ,co/4 ,o!r ,fly+-,ma*9es 7,gyroplane & ,or9?opt]e74 ,,h[ ,,to ,,build ,,an ,,a]oplane4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,petit4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* by ,t4 ,o',b4 ,hubb>d & ,j4 ,h4 ,l$ebo]4 #hvo41 clo?1 #aca pp41 #ic illu/rations #a4ej net ,,cont5ts3 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples ( ,a]oplane ,design4 ,!ory & ,calculation4 ,resi/ance1 ,lift1 ,p[]1 ,calculations = ! ,design ( an ,a]oplane1 ,application ( ,p[]1 ,design ( ,propell]1 ,arrangem5ts ( ,surfaces1 ,/ability1 ,c5t] ( ,gravity1 etc4 ,mat]ials4 ,con/ruction ( ,propell]s4 ,arrangem5ts = ,/>t+ & ,l&+4 ,controls4 ,plac+ ,motor4 ,! ,planes4 ,curvatures4 ,motors4 ,,air%ips1 ,,pa/ ,,& ,,pres5t4 ,toge!r ) *apt]s on ! use ( balloons 9 connection ) meteorology1 photography1 & ! c>ri] pigeon4 ,by ,a4 ,,hildebr&t1 ,capta9 & ,in/ructor 9 ! ,prussian ,balloon ,corps4 ,translat$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,/ory4 #hvo41 clo?1 #cfa pp41 #bbb illu/rations #c4ej net ,,cont5ts3 ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ! ,art4 ,inv5tion ( ! ,air ,balloon4 ,montgolfi]es1 ,*>li]es1 & ,rozi]es4 ,!ory ( ! ,balloon4 ,developm5t ( ! ,dirigible ,balloon4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,dirigible ,balloon1 #aheb-ahgb4 ,dirigible ,balloons f #ahhc-ahig2 #ahih-aijf4 ,fly+ ,ma*9es4 ,kites4 ,p>a*utes4 ,developm5t ( ,milit>y ,balloon+4 ,balloon+ 9 ,franco-,prussian ,w>4 ,mod]n ,organization ( ,milit>y ,balloon+ 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,engl& & ,russia4 ,milit>y ,balloon+ 9 ,o!r ,c\ntries4 ,balloon ,con/ruction & ! ,prep>ation ( ! ,gas4 ,in/rum5ts4 ,balloon+ z a ,sport4 ,sci5tific ,balloon+4 ,balloon ,photography4 ,photographic ,outfit = ,balloon ,"w4 ,int]pretation ( ,photographs4 ,hectography by ,means ( ,kites & ,rockets4 ,c>ri] ,pigeons = ,balloons4 ,balloon ,law4 ,illu/ration3 ,,van ,,no/r& ,,logo ,d4 ,,van ,,no/r& ,,co41 ,publi%]s #bc ,,murray & #bg ,,w>r5 ,,/reets1 ,,new ,,york ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,italics are delimit$ by und]scores2 bold by equal signs4 ,f\r occurr5ces ( ! oe-ligature 9 ! ^w manoeuv] are left z oe4 ,! f\r footnotes h be5 mov$ to ! end ( ! book4 ,a few words 7 judg$ to be pr9t] errors & 7 *ang$4 ,^! include two occurr5ces ( horse-p[] 9 ! unhyph5at$ =m1 ! spell+ ( ,tabuteau z ,tabuteaw on p4 #afb1 & ! spell+ ( hlicoptre z helicoptr on p4#bjh4 ,on a few ( ! figure captions1 miss+ acc5ts 7 add$ to "s ,fr5* names4