,transcriber's note3      ,text enclosed
 by underscores is in italics 7italics74
    ,text enclosed by equal signs is in 
bold 7bold74    ,corrections and        
alterations from the original can be    
found at the end of  the book4          
,,practical ,,helps ,,in ,,natural      
,,history                               
,,by ,,the ,,same ,,author              
,,insects           ,,how ,,to ,,catch  
,,and ,,how ,,to ,,prepare ,,them ,,for 
,,the ,,cabinet                         
,illustrated      ,price #ej ,cents     
,,field ,,botany                        
,a ,,handbook ,,for ,,the ,,collector   
,illustrated      ,price #ej ,cents     
,,taxidermy ,,without ,a ,,teacher      
,,comprising       ,a complete ,manual  
of ,instruction for ,preparing and      
,preserving                             
,,birds1 ,,animals ,,and ,,fishes       
,illustrated      ,price #ej ,cents     
,,lee ,,and ,,shepard ,,publishers      
,,boston                                
,,taxidermy ,,without ,a ,,teacher      

,,comprising                     ,a     
,,complete ,,manual ,,of ,,instruction  
,,for ,,preparing ,,and ,,preserving    
,,birds1 ,,animals ,,and ,,fishes       
,,with              ,a ,,chapter ,,on   
,,hunting ,,and ,,hygiene2              
,,instructions                 ,,for    
,,preserving ,,eggs ,,and ,,making      
,,skeletons                     ,,and ,a
 ,,number ,,of ,,valuable ,,receipts    
,,by                                    
,,walter ,p4 ,,manton                   
,illustrated                            
,,second ,,edition1 ,,revised ,,and     
,,enlarged                              
,,boston                        ,,lee   
,,and ,,shepard ,,publishers            
,,new ,,york ,,charles ,t4 ,,dillingham 
,copyright1 #ahhb1                      
,,by ,,lee ,,and ,,shepard4             
,all ,rights ,reserved4                 
,,to                        ,,professor 
,j4 ,w4 ,p4 ,,jenks1 ,a4,m41            
,,of ,,brown ,,university1              
,this ,second ,edition                  

,,is ,,respectfully ,,dedicated         
,,by ,,the ,,author4                    
,,contents4      ,,chap4                
,,page      ,i4 ,,bird ,,skinning ,,and 
,,mounting                              
#ac     ,,ii4 ,,perches                 
#cd    ,,iii4 ,,skinning ,,and          
,,mounting ,,mammals                    
#cg     ,,iv4 ,,skinning ,,and          
,,mounting ,,fishes ,,and ,,reptiles    
#da      ,v4 ,,eggs ,,and ,,nests       
#df     ,,vi4 ,,skeletons               
#di    ,,vii4 ,,hunting ,,and ,,hygiene 
#ea    ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4         
,a--,primary ,quills4    ,b--,secondary 
,quills4    ,c--,spurious ,wing4        
,d--,wing ,coverts4    ,e--,tertiary    
,quills4    ,f--,throat4                
,g--,jugulum4    ,h--,beak--,upper and  
,lower ,mandible4    ,i--,culmen of     
,upper ,mandible4    ,j--,cere4         
,k--,commissure4    ,l--,frons1 or      
,forehead4    ,m--,occipital ,feathers4 
,n--,scapular ,feathers4    ,o--,back4  
,p--,upper ,tail ,coverts4    ,q--,rump4

    ,r--,shows position of ,under ,tail 
,coverts4    ,s--,abdomen4              
,t--,tarsus4            ,,preface4      
,the success of this little book during 
the past six years necessitates  a      
second edition4 ,as a manual it is not  
intended to compete with the  larger    
handbooks on the subject2 but the       
attempt has been made to  furnish the   
beginner with reliable instruction for  
the least money  possible4 ,the present 
edition has been thoroughly revised1 and
 many  additions made4    ,as was said  
in the first edition3 ,i have employed  
the method given for  a number of years1
 and with great success1 and guarantee  
success to the  learner who fully       
carries out the directions embodied     
herein4 ,i ask the  reader to take      
himself1 in imagination1 to my          
work-shop1 and to proceed  as if ,i were
 at his elbow1 guiding his hand1 and    
explaining to him the  mysteries of this
 beautiful art4 ,it is only continuous1 
untiring labor  that accomplishes       

anything of real merit in this life2 and
 the most  successful ornithologists    
will be found to be the hardest workers4
    ,therefore ,i would caution the     
beginner against all impatience and     
disappointment at unsuccessful attempts1
 and urge him to press forward1         
continually striving to improve upon    
past failures1 and soon1 to his  own    
astonishment1 those things which at     
first appeared difficult and  awkward1  
will become comparatively simple and    
easy4 ,said an old teacher  to me3 ',i  
can tell you how all these things are   
done1 but ,i cannot  enable you to do   
them2 practice alone will accomplish    
that4'    ,a person with a light and    
delicate touch will be most successful  
in this art2 therefore ,i recommend it  
to the special attention of  ladies4 ,it
 is a continual source of pleasure1 and 
promotive to the  love of the great     
,nature which moves so mysteriously     
around us4 ,it is  true that we have    
seen those of coarse and vulgar minds   

and clumsy  fingers1 eminently          
successful2 but what is more revolting  
to a delicate  appreciation1 than to see
 these bright creatures1 so marvellously
  constructed by our all-wise ,father1  
tortured into life-like attitudes  by   
one who acts merely as an automaton1 and
 has no sympathy with his  work         
otherwise than to gain a livelihood8 ,it
 is only the refined and  the lover of  
nature who can thoroughly enjoy this art
 of reproduction4  ,a close observer of 
nature1 in two short hours spent in the 
fields and  woods1 will see and learn   
more than the unobserving and careless  
person  in as many years4    ,a careful 
observation of the habits and attitudes 
of the little  songsters when free1 will
 be of great assistance in mounting4 ,a 
knowledge of drawing will also be found 
of service4          ,,from ,,the       
,,first ,,edition4                      
,,brown ,,university1 ,providence1 ,r4  
,i4    ,,mr4 ,,manton1--,having perused 
your ,,ms4 ,,taxidermy ,,without ,a     

,,teacher1  ,i feel free to say1 that   
its suggestions are eminently practical1
  and cannot fail to render such aid to 
the beginner as he most needs1  and     
indeed must have from some source1 at   
the outset of his efforts  to acquire   
the beautiful art of preserving and     
mounting specimens in  ,natural         
,history4    ,whatever induces the young
 or old to turn their attention to the  
study of nature1 is a gain to society at
 large1 as substituting  truth for      
fiction1 and leading the mind to the    
contemplation of ,him  whose devising   
wisdom and sagacity are manifested in   
all ,his works4  ,commending highly your
 effort1 ,i am yours1                   
,with great respect1                    
,j4 ,w4 ,p4 ,,jenks4          ,,handbook
 ,,of ,,taxidermy4          ,,chapter   
,i4    ,,bird ,,skinning ,,and          
,,mounting4      ,well1 here we are at  
last4 ,please turn the key in that      
door--to keep  all inquisitive priers   
out--for the process into which ,i am   

about to  initiate you is something of a
 secret1 shrouded by the thin veil of   
mystery4    ,you have come to me to-day 
to learn something of the art of        
,taxidermy1  so we will take up1 for    
your first lesson1 bird skinning and    
mounting4  ,but first let us see what   
,,tools    we shall need to accomplish  
our end3 a pair of good sharp           
scissors--surgical scissors1 with long  
handles and short1 stout  blades are the
 best2 a knife or scalpel2 a pair of    
spring forceps2 a  common               
knitting-needle2 a rabbit's foot1 which 
should be cut off at  the knee1 the     
nails cut out1 and thoroughly cleansed  
and dried1--used  for smoothing and     
dusting the feathers of birds after     
mounting2 a  fishing-hook1 with stout   
cord attached1 for suspending the bodies
 of  birds that would otherwise be too  
large to handle conveniently4    ,on the
 whole1 ,i would advise you to get at   
the start a common  dissecting-case1    
which will contain all of the above1 and

 besides being  convenient1 may save you
 much delay and vexation4    ,you will  
need a pair of stout wire cutters2 a    
flat file2 a pair of wire  twisters or  
forceps2 plenty of pins2 thread and     
needles1--surgical  or saddlers'        
needles1 as they are called1 are the    
best1 as they cut  instead of punching  
the skin2 a brain scoop1 made by        
twisting a bit of  wire into a loop2 and
 a bobbin of thread1 which you can      
procure at any  cotton factory4 ,you    
should also have on hand an assortment  
of annealed  wire2 glass eyes of various
 sizes and colors2 tack nails2 brads2 a 
piece of putty2 sealing and bees-wax2   
paints2 glue2 artificial leaves2        
mosses2 everlasting flowers1 etc41 for  
ornamenting perches4    ,now we come to 
the      ,,materials    required for    
stuffing4 ,cotton1 tow1 soft hay and    
excelsior are the  best1 but anything   
soft will do1 except feathers1 hair1 or 
in fact any  animal substance1 as they  
act merely as assistants to the         

taxidermist's  great enemies--the bugs  
7,tineid and ,dermestid74      ,,poison 
is used to preserve the skins4 ,but as  
everything of that description  is      
dangerous for young and inexperienced   
persons to handle1 ,i strongly          
recommend the following preparation1 and
 guarantee it to preserve their  first  
efforts until they become an eye-sore1  
and are finally thrown  into the fire   
with much disgust4      ,i4             
,pulverized ,alum4    ,common ,salt4    
,equal parts4           ,mix4    ,label3
 ,salt and ,alum4    ,the best and only 
safe preparation is3--      ,,ii4       
,arsenic4    ,pulverized ,alum4 ,equal  
parts4           ,mix4    ,label3       
,,poison66    ,the arsenic is to poison1
 and the alum to act as an astringent1  
especially in setting the feathers and  
fur of skins partially  decayed4 ,as    
arsenic is an irritant poison1 great    
care should be taken  while using4 ,see 
that the hands are free from all        
scratches1 cuts1  hang-nails1 and broken

 skin4 ,these may be covered with       
court-plaster  or collodium4 ,wash the  
hands immediately after using1 and be   
careful  to clean well under the nails4 
,with these precautions there is little 
or no danger1 and it may be used with   
the greatest impunity4 ,avoid  all      
so-called arsenical soaps1 as they are  
both dangerous and  disagreeable to     
handle4 ,use nothing but the above      
receipts1 and you  will succeed far     
better4 ,having all these materials and 
implements at  hand1 we are now prepared
 to go on with our work4                
,,labelling4    ,let us take this ,blue 
,jay for your first attempt4 ,the first 
thing to  be done is to measure and     
label it--and1 by the way1 never neglect
  this1 for a bird without its label in 
a collection1 is like a ship  at sea    
without its rudder4 ,,length4--,lay the 
bird on its back1 and  with a pair of   
dividers 7for a large bird a tape line  
must be used7  measure from the tip of  
the beak 7the head lying flat on the    

table7  to the tip of the tail4 ,place  
the points of the dividers on a rule    
that is divided into one-hundredths of  
an inch1 and see how much they  measure4
 ,,extent4--,place the bird across the  
ruler1 and using reasonable  force1     
stretch the wings out1 and see how far  
they reach4 ,,length ,,of               
,,tail4--,place one point of the        
dividers at the end of the pope's  nose1
 and open them until the other is at the
 tip of the longest tail  feather4 ,,the
 ,,tarsus4--,place one point of the     
dividers at the middle  of the sole of  
the foot1 and measure as far as the     
first joint4 ,,the  ,,beak4--,place one 
point of the dividers at the beginning  
of the cere1  on the upper mandible1 and
 open them until the other is at the tip
  of the beak4 ,in addition to these ,i 
advise you to keep the weight of  each  
specimen1 especially in the case of game
 birds4 ,set all these  measurements1   
etc41 down on your label as you go      
along2 also color  of eye1 contents of  

stomach 7after skinning71 and the number
 of the  bird4 ,this number must        
correspond to a number in your          
,ornithological  ,ledger--a book in     
which you should keep an account of each
 day's  doings2 the number of birds     
killed1 the number used1 attitudes1     
etc41  and whatever else may be of      
interest to you regarding the day's     
shooting4      ,,blood ,,stains4        
,these may be removed before skinning1  
by gently washing with a sponge  and a  
little water1 and afterwards dried by   
working into the feathers  pulverized   
plaster of ,paris1 or potato starch1    
until the water is all  absorbed1 and   
the feathers become dry and clean2 then 
shake all plaster  or starch from the   
feathers4 ,now fill the beak1 anus1 and 
shot holes1  if you have not previously 
done so1,a with cotton1 and we are ready
  to begin    ,a ,see ,hunting and      
,hygiene4    ,,skinning4    ,lay the    
bird on its back1 its head towards your 
right hand1 and run  the handle of your 

scalpel from the sternum1 or breast     
bone1 to the  anus4 ,in so doing you    
will see there is a little naked place1 
in many  birds1 all the way down4       
,stroke the feathers away right and     
left1  leaving this bare1 and inserting 
the point of the scissors at the end  of
 the sternum1 cut down to and into the  
anus 7taking care not to  cut through   
the thin belly walls2 if this is done1  
fill the place with  cotton1 or         
disembowel72 stopping here1 as this     
makes a good strong  termination that   
will not easily tear4 ,take the forceps 
in the right  hand1 and seize one edge  
of the skin4 ,holding this1 press and   
push  7never pull7 the skin from the    
sides and belly walls4 ,care must be    
taken that the feathers do not get into 
the cut and thus become soiled4  ,keep  
stroking them away1 right and left1 and 
place a little fluff  of cotton1 tissue 
paper1 or white pine sawdust1 under     
them4 ,after  skinning away1 you will   
come to a hard substance2 this is the   

thigh4  ,skin carefully around this     
until you come to the under side1 when  
you  can easily insert your scissors and
 sever it from the body4 ,push the  leg 
up out of the skin until you come to the
 tarsus2 clear away all  muscles and    
tendons1 and bring the legs back into   
its skin again4  ,repeat this process on
 the other side without turning the bird
 around4  ,now skin carefully around the
 tail2 place your forefinger across     
this1  and pressing it back a little1   
insert the scissors and sever the stump4
  ,great care must be taken1 however1   
not to cut the thin and very tender     
skin over the tail4    ,now turn the    
bird up1 and with its belly pointing    
toward you1 let the  tail fall over the 
forefinger of your right hand1 and with 
your thumb  nail and fingers1 continue  
to push and work the skin until you come
 to  the wings2 sever these at the      
shoulder4    ,now holding the skin in   
the left hand1 and letting the body fall
 over  the other side of the fingers1   

skin down the neck--which will slip  out
 as easily as a finger from a           
glove--until you come to the base  of   
the skull4 ,skin carefully over this1   
taking great care to detach  the thin   
membrane of the ear1 with the thumb-nail
 or scalpel handle1  and proceed until  
you come to the front part of the eye   
socket4 ,cut  the thin membrane that    
covers the eye1 taking care not to      
lacerate the  ball2 then scoop out the  
eyes4 ,stick one point of the scissors  
just  inside one branch of the lower    
jaw1 and make a cut parallel with the   
jaw1 crushing through the skull just    
outside the angle of the jaw4 ,make  a  
duplicate cut on the other side4 ,then  
at the end of these make a  transverse  
cut through the roof of the mouth4      
,connect the posterior ends of the side 
cuts by cutting across the skull  near  
its base4 ,you have now cut out a       
square-shaped piece of bone and  muscle1
 and by pulling gently on the neck1 this
 will come out1 bringing  with it a mass

 of brain4 ,remove all brain and muscles
 of the head4 ,skin  down the wings as  
far as they will go1 and run the        
thumb-nail along the  ulna1 detaching   
the quills to the metacarpal bones2     
remove all muscles  and tendons4 ,now   
turn the skin and shovel in arsenic1 so 
that all parts  may be covered2         
afterwards shake the skin over your box 
to remove all  loose arsenic4    ,some  
difficulty may be experienced in getting
 the head back into the  skin4 ,begin in
 any way you please until you see the   
point of the beak  coming through the   
feathers2 seize this with the fingers1  
and making  a cylinder of your left     
hand1 gently coax the skin backwards1   
with a  motion very much like that of   
milking4    ,now if you wish to make the
 skin neat1 dress every feather with the
  thumb and knitting-needle1 and see    
that they all lie in place4 ,insert  the
 knitting-needle through the eye to the 
top of the skull 7under the  skin71     
adjust the scalp and see that every     

feather is smooth4    ,in birds with    
large heads--such as owls1 some         
woodpeckers and  ducks--over which the  
neck skin will not easily slip1 a slit  
must  be made along the top of the head 
and the skull worked through1 and       
treated as given4 ,when completed1 sew  
up the skin and carefully arrange  the  
feathers4    ,when birds are to be      
mounted with spread wings1 as if flying1
 it is  sometimes desirable to make the 
incision along the back instead of the  
belly1 the ventral feathers thus        
presenting a smoother appearance4       
,,making ,a ,,skin4    ,after a skin has
 been poisoned and dressed1 it may be   
made  by inserting into each eye-socket1
 through the neck1 with the             
knitting-needle1 a little ball of       
cotton4 ,then make a little roll of     
cotton and insert it into the neck2 one 
end in the cavity of the skull1  the    
other just appearing at the end of the  
neck4 ,some collectors at  this point   
fasten the wings to the sides1 by taking

 a stitch through  them with needle and 
thread4 ,before doing this1 be sure that
 the wings  are in the right place4     
,take a piece of cotton about one-half  
the size  of the bird's body1 and by    
turning in the edges make it into an    
oblong  ball1 corresponding to the body 
just removed4 ,place this in the skin   
with the forceps1 and before letting go 
with the thumb and forefinger  press the
 wings together on the back1 placing the
 fingers under the  wings4 ,now draw the
 edges of the skin together1 and making 
a cylinder  of each hand1 gently coax   
the skin through1 until it is of the    
required  shape4 ,then place it in a    
drying-rack1 made by bending a piece of 
zinc  or tin into a half cylinder4      
,leave it to dry for a few days4 ,many  
collectors never mount birds1 but prefer
 made skins4 ,these may be  relaxed at  
any time by wrapping in damp cotton for 
a few days1 and then  set up as         
directed4      ,,sex    ,may be         
determined by cutting through the ribs  

under the right wing1 and  pushing away 
the intestines4 ,there1 bound to the    
small of the back1  will be seen the    
testicles of the male--two spheroidal1  
whitish  bodies1 which vary in size     
according to the season of the year4 ,in
 the  female will be seen the ovaries1 a
 flattened mass of whitish bodies4      
,these are often so minute as to defy   
the naked eye1 and the inquirer  is     
obliged to employ the microscope to make
 the distinction4 ,the sign  recognized 
by ornithologists all over the world is 
male symbol for  males1 and female      
symbol for females2 to which is added   
for young  birds the ,latin juvenis or  
juv4 or ,o1 meaning young1 and ,nupt4   
for birds in nuptial or breeding        
plumage4      ,,stuffing4    ,in the    
first place we must prepare the wires   
that we shall need4 ,there  are three of
 these--the head wire and two leg wires4
 ,the first of these  must be about     
three or four inches longer than the    
bird as it lies  stretched out on the   

table 7,fig4 #b1 ,a72 the second and    
third two or  three inches longer than  
the leg 7,c74    ,illustration3 ,,fig4  
#b4    ,these wires must be perfectly   
straight 7in the case of small wires    
this  may be done by stretching71 and   
have one end sharpened4 ,to do this     
make a little groove with the file in   
the table1 lay the end of the  wire in  
this1 and holding it in the left hand1  
place the forefinger  near the end1 and 
seizing the file in the right hand      
slowly sharpen1  revolving the wire at  
the same time with the left4 ,this will 
seem a  little awkward at first1 but you
 will soon become accustomed to it4 ,now
  take a piece of sand-paper and polish 
the wires4    ,take the longest of the  
three wires1 and bend the unsharpened   
end  into an oblong ring--in length     
according to the size of the bird to  be
 mounted4 ,or1 instead of the ring1 you 
may make a little oval block  of wood1  
secure the head wire to one end1 and    
bore holes for the leg  wires1 which    

must be firmly fastened4 ,for this ,blue
 ,jay we will make it  about one inch in
 length4 ,now around this ring or block 
as a nucleus1  or foundation1 place the 
tow and wind it on with thread or       
string1  continually putting on more tow
 until you have an egg-shaped form 7,b74
  ,wind around and then lengthways to   
accomplish this4 ,for birds  larger than
 a canary1 the body may be made of hay  
or excelsior1 and  finished with a      
coating of tow4 ,this is easier to put  
wires through1  and is more economical4 
,the tow body must be as near the size  
of the  natural body as possible1 if    
anything a trifle smaller1 on no account
  larger4 ,in order to be more accurate1
 ,i generally keep the body of  the bird
 skinned1 on my table1 and while winding
 compare the artificial  body with this 
until it is perfected4 ,in this way a   
better shaped and  firmer body is       
produced4 ,be careful that you do not   
get the body too  soft 7you cannot get  
it too hard71 or when you come to set up

 your  bird it will be too weak to stand
 on its legs2 the wires will have       
nothing to clinch and hold to4 ,now take
 a bit of cotton1 and with the  forceps 
introduce into the eye-socket through   
the neck4 ,repeat on the  other side4   
,fill up the cavity between the         
mandibles and the space in  the cranium 
with finely cut tow4 ,unless you are    
making a skin1 this  had better be done 
directly after poisoning the skin1      
before turning  the head through the    
neck4 ,now as to the neck4 ,some say1   
,fill out  gently with chopped tow4 ,i  
prefer to wind the wire1 ,a1 for a short
  distance1 with a bit of tow4 ,to make 
this stick1 first rub the wire  with a  
piece of beeswax4 ,this1 ,i think1 makes
 a better neck1 and is  less liable to  
misshape and contort the skin4    ,now  
push the leg wire through the sole of   
the foot1 and run it along  the leg-bone
 up through the leg4 ,great care must be
 taken not to break  the tarsus or run  
the wire through the loose skin which   

envelops the  leg so as to tear it4     
,repeat on the other leg4 ,now wind a   
little splint  of tow around the bone   
and wire of each leg4 ,this will require
 some  practice1 but once acquired it is
 very easy4 ,place the body in the      
skin1 and with a twisting motion run the
 wire out through the top of  the head4 
,gently draw the skin over the body     
until it is about half  way in4 ,then   
run the leg wires through the body1 a   
little front of  the middle and a trifle
 higher up4 ,when the wire appears      
through the  other side1 seize it with  
the twisters1 and bending it into a     
hook1  draw it firmly into the body4    
,repeat on the other side4 ,now work the
  body entirely into the skin1 by       
bending lengthwise the legs1 and gently 
sliding them on the wires4 ,this done1  
take a little chopped tow or  cotton and
 place it under the body1 on each side1 
directly where the  shoulders come4 ,pin
 or sew the edges of the skin together4 
,there will  be a long piece of wire    

projecting from the head4 ,cut this off1
 say  quarter of an inch from the head2 
and making a ring at the unsharpened    
end1 push it through the stump of the   
tail into the body4 ,this is to  support
 the tail 7,d74    ,just now the bird is
 a decidedly shabby looking affair1 and 
if you are  not careful you will find   
yourself getting discouraged1 and       
thinking  that you have spoiled the     
skin4 ,but do not despair1 for if you   
have  carefully followed the directions1
 all will be right1 and you will soon   
have the pleasure of seeing a           
well-mounted specimen4 ,but it will only
  be after many failures that you will  
succeed4 ,remember ,post nubila         
,phbus1--and it is just the same with   
bird stuffing4    ,illustration3 ,,fig4 
#c4    ,the legs are now straddling wide
 apart4 ,bring them together parallel   
to each other1 and make a sharp bend at 
the knee1 bringing them over  the body  
in a natural position4 ,now place the   
bird on a temporary  perch2 bend back   

the head1 and arrange the body in the   
position you  think most lifelike4 ,some
 difficulty may be found in adjusting   
the  wings1 but if preceding processes  
have been rightly carried out1 they     
will readily fall1 or may be easily     
worked into place4 ,stick two pins      
through them at right and obtuse angles 
to hold them in place 7#a and  #b1 ,fig4
 #c74 ,now your bird will look much     
better1 and with the exception  of      
rumpled feathers1 quite lifelike4 ,to   
remedy this latter1 with the            
knitting-needle and thumb go all over   
the bird with a kind of picking         
process2 lifting the feathers and       
letting them gently fall into place4    
,you cannot work over the bird too long 
in this way2 and the more time  you     
spend in dressing the feathers1 the     
better will be your specimen  after     
drying4 ,now stick two pins along the   
back1 and three along the  breast 7,g1  
,h1 ,i1 ,j1 ,k74 ,fasten one end of the 
thread from the bobbin  to the          

projecting head wire1 and carefully wind
 the entire bird4 ,do  this loosely1 so 
as not to disarrange any of the         
feathers1 tightening1  however1 wherever
 they tend to rise or look uneven4      
,this winding process is considered by  
some to be the most difficult  part of  
bird mounting4    ,the specimen should  
now be set away for several days1 or    
even weeks1  if the bird be a large one1
 and allowed to dry2 after which it may 
be  unwound2 the eyelids soaked1 by     
inserting little flabs of wet cotton    
until they become soft and pliable2 the 
eyes inserted in putty1 and  the lids   
carefully adjusted over them4 ,the      
protruding head wire and the  pins in   
the wings are cut off1 and your bird    
mounted on the perch which  you have    
already prepared for it4      ,,wings   
,,and ,,tail4    ,wings may be spread by
 running a wire through the primaries   
7,fig4 #a1  ,a7 into the body1 and      
placing another near the end of the wing
 as a  support while drying4 ,the tail  

may be spread by running a wire through 
the quills1 near the pope's nose 7,fig4 
#b1 ,e71 or by placing a bit of  split  
wood across the tip and tying the open  
end firmly 7,fig4 #c1 ,l74  ,crests may 
be raised or spread by inserting a small
 fluff1 or ball of  cotton under the    
feathers1 using a pin to hold them in   
place4    ,when glass eyes are not at   
hand1 black beads may be used4 ,or white
  glass beads may have a pupil 7black7  
surrounded by the iris 7yellow or       
brown7 painted with oil colors on the   
back4 ,if neither of the above  can be  
procured1 a half globe of the right size
 may be cut out of cork  or wood and a  
pin run through its centre4 ,the outside
 is then to  be covered with sealing-wax
 or varnish until quite smooth1 and then
  painted the required color4    ,the   
feet1 tarsi1 cere and loose skin about  
the necks of some birds  often fade or  
become dull4 ,these should be carefully 
painted1 imitating  the original colors 
as closely as possible4    ,you have now

 completed your first lesson1 and ,i    
advise that you become  perfectly       
familiar with skinning and mounting     
birds1 before you take  up that of      
animals4 ,for you cannot become too     
familiar and too much at  home in this  
department2 and it will come in play    
fifty times1 where  the other does once4
          ,,chapter ,,ii4    ,,perches4 
,a very pretty perch can be made by     
arranging wires in the shape of a  twig 
or branch1 having one end firmly        
fastened in a block of wood4  ,wind the 
wires to the proper size with tow1 and  
after giving the whole  a coating of    
thin glue1 sprinkle over it smalts and  
dry moss1 rubbed  fine in the hands2    
when this is dry1 you can glue on       
artificial leaves1  flowers1 and grasses
 as your taste prompts4 ,another good   
perch for  small birds is a stump made  
of pasteboard1 with a small opening on  
one side4 ,cover this with the same     
materials as above4 ,it should be  about
 an inch and a half in height4 ,another 

perch is made by reducing  pasteboard to
 a pulp1 and moulding it around a twig  
or wire form4 ,boil  the pasteboard to a
 pulp in a little water4 ,then force    
through a coarse  sieve1 and mix with   
thin glue4 ,mould this around the form1 
give it  a coat of brown paint1 and     
decorate to taste4 ,to give it a rougher
  appearance1 a coarse comb may be drawn
 over it before painting4    ,a very    
effective way of mounting hummingbirds  
is to form a tree with  small palm      
leaves1 or others1 attached to a        
moss-covered stalk1 having  moss and    
grasses at its base4 ,let the hummers   
have the wings and tails  spread1 and   
crests and breast-tufts raised in the   
most effective  manner4 ,they are then  
attached to single wires starting from  
the limbs  of the tree1 with back or    
breast showing according to the part    
which is  to be displayed4              
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4    ,another   
good way1 especially where the          
collection is large1 is a single  wire  

bent oval1 and both ends fastened to a  
block standard4 ,to the  outside and    
inside are fixed short perches of wire  
upon which the birds  are mounted4      
,birds mounted for ornamental purposes  
should be placed under glass1  to       
protect them from dust and insects4 ,a  
very neat homemade case is  constructed 
of window-glass1 cut of the proper      
dimensions2 the sides1  top and bottom  
being fastened together by strips of    
stout paper glued  over their edges4 ,or
 the glass may be set in a light        
framework of wood1  which may be        
painted1 stained1 or ebonized4 ,to      
ebonize1 you require  extract of        
logwood1 a supply of rusty nails1 or    
scraps of iron1 and  some vinegar4      
,place the iron in the vinegar a week or
 more before using  the latter4 ,when   
you are ready to begin1 give the wood   
several coatings  with a strong solution
 of the logwood1 and when this is nearly
 dry1  brush over with the vinegar4 ,a  
fine dull black color will be produced4 

,all ducks1 wading and ground birds     
should be mounted on a piece of  board2 
and long-legged birds should have one   
foot a little in advance  of the other1 
as if in the act of stepping4 ,the      
attitudes of birds1  seen in your       
rambles1 may be put to use in your      
mounted specimens1 and  your own taste  
will suggest a variety of perches and   
ways for mounting4          ,,chapter   
,,iii4    ,,skinning ,,and ,,mounting   
,,mammals4      ,when the beginner has  
once become proficient in skinning and  
mounting  birds1 he will have but little
 difficulty in setting up mammals4 ,the 
same general principles are to be       
observed with each4      ,,skinning4    
,cut with the scalpel or stout scissors 
from the breast-bone down to the  anus3 
sever the legs close to body1 and treat 
both legs and head as  given for birds4 
,some difficulty may be experienced in  
skinning the tail4 ,this is  readily    
done if it be a hairy tail1 by pushing  
the skin over the first  two or three   

vertebr1 then seizing the stump with the
 left hand1 pull1  at the same time     
holding the skin back with the right    
hand4 ,the bone  will generally slip out
 as easily as a sword from its sheath2  
but if  it will not come1 tie a knot of 
strong cord over the end1 and fasten to 
some support firmly4 ,then holding on   
with the right hand1 as before1  you can
 easily strip the tail to the tip4      
,,mounting4    ,instead of three1 you   
must now have five wires4 ,sharpen and  
sand-paper1  as the former1 and make a  
nucleus for body4 ,the shape of an      
animal1  with the neck severed from the 
skull1 is like the italic f laid on  its
 side 7sideways italic f74 ,this is made
 by winding the tow on  the nucleus1 the
 same as with birds1 and drawing the    
string tight at  different points to    
give it the required form4    ,run the  
leg wires up through the leg1 and wind  
with tow to the proper  size4 ,push the 
wires through the body1 and fasten them4
 ,if any special  position is required  

for the tail1 a wire may be run through 
the  body into it2 otherwise it may     
merely be pinned to the stand until     
dry4 ,having completed the wiring and   
stuffing1 sew up the skin2  bring the   
legs over the body1 parallel to each    
other1 and make the  required bend at   
the knees4 ,now mount your specimen in  
such a manner  as you may choose2 put in
 the eyes and set away to dry4 ,there   
will be  deficiencies1 here and there1  
where the body does not quite fill out  
the skin4 ,these must be supplied with  
chopped tow1 before sewing up the  skin4
    ,you can get the size and curves of 
the body only by practice2 but these    
few words on the subject may be found of
 assistance to you2 remembering  that   
all quadrupeds curve greatly from the   
top of the hips to the tail4    ,if the 
animal is to be mounted with the mouth  
open1 place pieces of  wood between the 
jaws1 and stuff out the lips in a       
natural manner until  dry1--when the    
props may be removed4 ,a tongue is made 

of cork or light  wood1 with two wires  
secured to the back1 by which it is     
afterwards  fastened to the skull4      
,cover your artificial tongue with wax1 
and place  in position4 ,the inside of  
the mouth and the gums must also be     
neatly  covered with wax4 ,the whole now
 requires to be painted with the color  
most resembling nature1 and when that is
 dry brushed over with a  mixture of    
,damar varnish and oil of turpentine4   
,the best stand on which to mount       
mammals is an oval block of wood        
varying in thickness according to the   
size of the specimen4 ,the  name should 
be painted in black letters on the side 
of the block1  and the whole varnished4 
,rocks1 stump effects1 etc41 are made by
  bending paste-board to the required   
shape1 fastening to a standard1  and    
stiffening with glue4 ,sand1 smalts1    
etc41 may then be dusted on4  ,if there 
are several mammals mounted in the same 
case1 a watercolor  background is very  
effective4          ,,chapter ,,iv4     

,,skinning ,,and ,,mounting ,,fishes    
,,and ,,reptiles4                       
,,fishes4--,,skinning4    ,these may be 
opened in two ways1 according to the    
position in which  the specimen is to be
 mounted4 ,if the fish is to rest on its
 belly1 an  incision should be made the 
entire length of the ventral surface1   
from  the gills to the end of the tail4 
,if the fish is to rest on its side1    
the incision should be made on the side4
 ,before proceeding farther  cover the  
entire fish with tissue paper which will
 adhere with the use  of thin gum4      
,now1 with the scalpel1 handle          
carefully1 detach the soft parts from   
the skin1 cutting rib-bones with the    
scissors1 until the back is  reached4   
,cut through the fin-bones1 and the body
 will be found quite  loose4 ,detach the
 tail end1 and remove all muscle from   
the remaining  vertebr4 ,cut through the
 body at the base of the skull2 clean   
brain  cavity thoroughly1 and remove    
eyes4 ,this latter operation may require

  some assistance from the scissors1 on 
the outside4 ,all muscles about  the    
eyes and skull should be carefully      
removed4 ,when your skin is  ready1     
poison it well with the arsenic-alum    
powder4      ,,mounting4    ,the        
artificial body for your specimen may be
 made of the same materials  as used in 
stuffing birds and mammals1 of clay1    
plaster of ,paris1 or  the skin may be  
simply dried4 ,a tow body may be made   
and covered with  a layer of clay1 to   
give it a smooth1 even surface4 ,you may
 form a  mould by pressing your specimen
 into damp clay1 allowing this to dry   
and then coating the mould with colored 
varnish4 ,when this is dry1  pour       
plaster of ,paris of the consistency of 
cream into the mould and  let dry4 ,the 
other side of the fish must be treated  
in the same way1  and the two halves    
united by the solution of plaster4 ,when
 your body  is ready1 place it in the   
skin and sew up4 ,place the specimen in 
the required position and fasten to a   

board by stout pins driven on  each     
side4 ,spread the fins1 tail1 etc41 by  
means of the wooden clamps  already     
mentioned 7,fig4 #c1 ,l71 and set the   
specimen away to dry4 ,a very           
convenient way of treating many         
specimens1 especially hard-scaled fish1 
is to bring the sides of the opening    
together by a few stitches1 and  glue a 
strip of cloth the entire length of the 
incision4 ,before this  is done1        
however1 the end of the tail beyond the 
anus must be stuffed  out with cotton4  
,take a few stitches through the gills  
to hold them  down while drying4 ,now   
place a tin tunnel in the fish's mouth1 
and  fill out the skin with fine sand4  
,place a wad of cotton in the throat1   
to keep the sand in2 put the specimen in
 the desired position2 remove  the      
tissue paper with sponge and water2 and 
set your specimen away for  several     
weeks1 to dry4 ,when you are ready to   
mount your specimen1 make  several small
 holes in it1 to let the sand out1 and  

when quite empty  fasten to a board2    
mount in a case1 or in any way which    
your taste  may suggest4 ,it is         
sometimes desirable to retain only one  
side of a  specimen4 ,that side should  
be covered with tissue paper1 as        
directed1  and the other side1 soft     
parts1 bone1 etc41 cut away4 ,poison1   
place  the skin on a board1 and pin or  
nail the edges fast1 that it may not    
contract while drying4 ,mount specimens 
with glass eyes1 and brush over  with a 
coat of varnish4 ,if spots1 etc41 fade1 
they must be touched up  with paint4    
,,reptiles4--,,skinning4    ,snakes1    
frogs1 etc4 may be opened along the     
belly1 or they may be  skinned through  
the mouth4 ,if the latter1 open the     
mouth as wide  as possible1 and with the
 scissors cut through the body and first
  vertebra4 ,seize the stump with a pair
 of forceps1 and carefully push  the    
muscles from the skin1 at the same time 
drawing the body out of the  mouth4     
,this1 of course1 inverts the skin4     

,poison thoroughly4      ,,mounting4    
,the best way to treat frogs is to fill 
out the skin with sand1 and  when dry   
let the sand out of it through pin      
holes4 ,put in eyes and  varnish4       
,snakes may be stuffed out with sand1 or
 a body may be made4  ,for the latter1  
take a piece of annealed wire1 rather   
shorter than the  specimen1 wind with   
tow to the required size1 and place in  
the skin4  ,the wire enables you to give
 the specimen any position desired2     
while1  if sand is used1 the specimen   
must either lie coiled up or straight4  
,if the mouth is to be kept open1 a     
tongue may be made of fine wire and     
painted red4          ,,chapter ,v4     
,,eggs ,,and ,,nests4      ,a full set  
of eggs is always desirable1 if they can
 be obtained1 but1  as the old saying   
is1 ,a half-loaf is better than no      
bread4 ,the  contents may be removed by 
making a hole in the side of the egg    
with an  egg drill1 and sucking out the 
white and yolk with a glass blow-pipe1  

or by means of a little syringe with a  
bit of rubber tubing attached to  the   
nozzle4 ,if the young have already      
formed1 a squarish-shaped hole  may be  
made on one side1 and the contents      
hooked out4 ,the hole may be  afterwards
 closed by pasting a bit of film or     
tissue paper over it4  ,while drilling  
through the shell1 the egg should be    
held over water1 so  that if dropped it 
may not be broken2 or an arrangement    
made of wire  resembling a pair of      
scissors1 the ends terminating in a ring
 or oval1  may be used4 ,the ends are   
then covered with netting2 thus forming 
a  soft1 yet strong1 resting-place for  
the egg4 7,fig4 #e47    ,illustration3  
,,fig4 #e4    ,the name of the specimen1
 together with size1 date of collection 
and  collector's name1 should be written
 on the shell of each egg1 and the      
entire hatch returned to the nest4 ,it  
would be a good plan to give  the eggs  
the same number as the parent bird1 if  
this is obtained1  together with a      

number of their own4 ,you can then note 
them in your  ornithological ledger1 or1
 if you choose1 you can keep an ological
  ledger separate4    ,nests should be  
preserved1 if possible1 attached to the 
branch on which  they were found4 ,this 
stem should be from three to six inches 
long1 and  be attached by its base to a 
block standard4 ,or1 nests may be placed
  in little glass trays1 made of pieces 
of window-glass held together by  strips
 of paper glued over the edges4 ,if the 
nest is not cared for1 or  cannot be    
obtained1 the eggs may be placed on     
cotton1 in little boxes1  and arranged  
in the cabinet to suit the collector4 ,a
 very good and  safe way of transporting
 eggs1 is to place them between two     
layers of  cotton in the nest1 which    
must be packed closely1 but without     
pressure4      ,,gum ,,paste4      ,gum 
,arabic1 #d ounces4    ,corrosive       
,sublimate1 #b grains4    ,white ,sugar 
,candy1 #b ounces4          ,mix4       
,melt1 and label ,gum ,paste1 for       

closing the holes drilled in eggs1  etc4
          ,,chapter ,,vi4               
,,skeletons4      ,during the busy      
collecting season1 rough skeletons may  
be made by  removing skin1 viscera1 and 
as much muscle as possible1 covering the
  body with the arsenic-alum powder1 and
 allowing it to dry1 when the  specimen 
may be wrapped in paper and laid away   
for future use4 ,to  prepare skeletons  
for the cabinet1 remove as much of the  
fleshy parts  as possible1 and boil the 
bones until the remaining flesh is      
softened  and can be easily removed4    
,then boil in water in which a piece of 
lime as large as a hen's egg has been   
dissolved4 ,remove1 dry1 and if         
necessary wire4    ,another way         
recommended is to remove all the soft   
parts1 and scald the  hard parts in     
boiling water containing a few drops of 
hydrochloric  acid4 ,leave the bones in 
this solution for ten minutes1 wash1 and
 boil  in plain water until all the     
muscle1 etc41 is softened4 ,clean this  

away with a brush or by a stream of     
water4 ,boil in a strong solution  of   
soda1 wash with soap and water1 and when
 perfectly clean1 dehydrate  with       
boiling alcohol 7,junker74 ,skeletons   
should be mounted on wires  fixed in a  
wooden standard painted black4          
,,chapter ,,vii4    ,,hunting ,,and     
,,hygiene4      ,to be a good collector1
 it is necessary to be something more   
than a  good marksman4 ,you must know at
 what time of day to go out to be most  
successful1 and the localities where you
 are most likely to find the  birds that
 you are looking for4 ,in the field1 you
 must be all eyes and  ears4 ,no thicket
 should be too dense1 no tree too tall  
for your quick  eye to penetrate its    
foliage2 no chirp or rustle too small or
 weak for  your active ear to detect4   
,in short1 to be a good collector you   
must  understand wood-craft4 ,sometimes 
a bird is seen just disappearing into   
the underbrush4 ,a very good call1 which
 seldom fails in bringing the  bird from

 its retreat1 is made by placing the    
back of the hand to the  lips and       
sucking4 ,by practice1 this may be made 
to resemble the cries  of a wounded     
bird4 ,early morning and just before    
sun-down have been  found to be the best
 hours for collecting1 although         
something may be  done at any time of   
day4 ,during the noon hours1 birds      
generally remain  hidden in the cool    
depths of the thickets and woods4 ,birds
 are seldom  found in the deep forest2  
but1 at the hours mentioned1 trees and  
bushes  skirting roads1 fields and      
meadows1 will be found teeming with     
life4      ,,the ,,gun4    ,the choice  
of a gun for collecting purposes is1 of 
course1 optional  with the reader2 but a
 good twelve or fourteen bore           
breech-loading shot  gun will give      
better satisfaction than any other1 and 
will be worth the  price of the gun in  
time-saving1 when in the field4 ,the    
pistol-guns1  introduced within the last
 few years1 often prove of great service

 in  collecting small specimens4        
,,loading4    ,several sizes of shot    
should be taken into the field1 ranging 
from  dust or mustard seed1 as it is    
sometimes called1 to ,no4 #f or #h4 ,for
  all small birds up to the size of a   
robin1 dust shot should be  used2 and ,i
 have even killed grouse and plover with
 it1 although1  it must be confessed1 at
 a very short range4 ,the larger sizes  
are  used for hawks and all large birds4
 ,with several sizes of shot1 you  can  
vary your loads according to the bird   
that you are pursuing4  ,here the       
breech-loading gun is vastly superior to
 the old-fashioned  muzzle-loader1 for  
it is but the work of an instant to     
change from  large to small1 or vice    
versa4 ,be careful not to load too      
heavily4  ,most of your birds will be   
killed within a few yards1 and it is    
astonishing how little powder and how   
few shot will produce the desired       
effect4      ,,carrying4    ,the most   
convenient and safe way to carry birds  

in the field1 is in a  common           
fish-creel2 or in a basket which ,i     
devised and have used for  several      
years4 ,it is simply a long1 deep and   
narrow basket1 carried  on the back by  
straps which cross in front of the      
chest4 ,at the back  of the basket1     
outside1 is a netting for carrying      
paper1 etc42 and on  either side a      
pocket or pouch of cloth for cotton1    
etc4 ,for all birds  under the size of a
 crow1 this basket is very convenient4  
,before going out provide yourself with 
a number of sheets of stiff  paper4 ,as 
soon as a bird is shot1 fill the mouth1 
anus1 and shot-holes  with cotton1 and  
drop the bird head foremost1 with bill  
pointing  downwards1 into a cornucopia  
of the paper1 just the size of the      
bird's  body1 and fold the edges over   
the tail1 taking care not to rumple or  
break the tail feathers4 ,when birds are
 shot1 they do not always die at  once2 
but they may be put out of misery by    
placing the thumb under one  wing1 and  

the forefinger under the other1 and     
squeezing4 ,after a second  or so1 the  
bird will give a gasp and die4    ,this 
cannot be done in the case of large     
birds4 ,to kill these1 insert a  thin   
knife-blade between the skull and last  
vertebra1 cutting through  the spinal   
cord2 or break the back by pressing upon
 it with the knee4      ,,transporting4 
,skins may be either packed in boxes1   
between layers of cotton1 or  they may  
be pushed head first into cylinders of  
stiff paper having a  diameter equal to 
the largest part of the skin4           
,,collecting ,,suit4    ,a serviceable  
and comfortable hunting-suit may be made
 from any good  strong stuff1 such as   
corduroy1 etc4 ,the pants should be made
 rather  loose1 and have the seams      
firmly sewed4 ,the coat should be a mere
  succession of pockets1 and of course  
very loose4 ,a soft1 broad-brimmed  felt
 hat1 and a pair of broad-soled1        
low-heeled shoes1 for ordinary  wear2   
or1 for shooting where the country is   

wet and boggy1 a pair  of high top boots
 may be substituted4 ,this will be found
 to be the  easiest1 most durable and   
least expensive outfit that can be made4
      ,,eating4    ,do not start out in 
the morning without having first        
partaken of a  lunch1 however slight1 as
 a preventive1 if nothing more2 for     
tramping  on an empty stomach will      
almost always upset one for the whole   
day4      ,,at ,,home4    ,as soon as   
you return from your day's tramp1 a good
 wash-up and a  change of clothes will  
rest you far more than sitting down4    
,especially1  if your feet are wet1 lose
 no time in changing socks1 and all     
other  garments that are in the least   
damp4 ,by doing this1 you will save     
yourself many a severe cold1 and perhaps
 a fit of sickness4      ,,poisoning4   
,in case of poisoning with the arsenic1 
while preparing your skins1  the advice 
of ,dr4 ,coues1 in his ,field           
,ornithology1 covers the whole          
treatment4 ,avoid1 he says1 all         

mechanical irritation of the inflamed   
parts1 touch the parts that have        
ulcerated with a stick of lunar         
caustic2 take a dose of salts2 use syrup
 of iodide of iron1 or tincture  of     
chloride of iron1 say thirty drops in a 
wine-glass of water1 thrice  a day2 rest
 at first2 exercise gradually as soon as
 you can bear it2  and skin no birds    
till you have completely recovered4 ,if 
these do not  cure1 medical advice      
should be procured4                     
,,hints ,,on                            
,,writing ,,and ,,speech-,,making       
,,by                          ,,thomas  
,,wentworth ,,higginson1                
,,author ,,of      ,,young ,,folks'     
,,history ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states1 
,,young ,,folks' ,,american             
,,explorers1 ,,malbone1                 
,,outdoor ,,papers1 ,,oldport ,,days1   
,,army ,,life ,,in                ,a    
,,black ,,regiment1 ,,atlantic ,,essays1
 ,,etc4                                 
,price1 #ej cents4    ,so delicate and  

yet so strong in the style2 ,so apt1 yet
 so abundant  his illustrations2 ,so    
fascinating the easy1 polished leisurely
 diction1  that the literary enjoyment  
cannot be impaired4 ,he has all the     
charms  of ,montaigne without his       
egotism4--,minneapolis ,press4    ,the  
following from the author's ,preface    
shows the purpose of this  volume3--    
,the first of these two chapters        
appeared long since in the ,atlantic    
,monthly1 and was afterwards included in
 the author's volume entitled           
',atlantic ,essays4' ,teachers have     
several times urged that it should  be  
reprinted as a little manual of literary
 composition2 and ,i have  indeed seen  
it used for that purpose in a college   
class-room4 ,now that  similar          
suggestions are beginning to come in    
respecting the other brief  essay1      
',hints on ,speech-making1' it has      
seemed well to present the two  together
 in a small volume4 ,the last-named     
paper appeared first in  ',harper's     

,magazine' and it is here reprinted with
 the consent of the  publishers4        
,,the ,,book ,,is ,,admirable4          
,,handbook                              
,,of                             ,,light
 ,,gymnastics4                          
,by ,,lucy ,b4 ,,hunt1    ,instructor in
 ,gymnastics at ,smith 7,female7        
,college1 ,northampton1 ,mass4          
,illustrated4 ,cloth1 #ej cts4    ,this 
manual is admirably adapted for the use 
of teachers and pupils  in public and   
private schools1 and in seminaries and  
colleges1 as well  as a guide to        
health-giving exercises in the homes1   
especially for  girls4 ,well-arranged   
series of exercises are given in free   
gymnastics1  wand exercises1 ring       
exercises1 dumb-bells1 procession1      
mutual-help  exercises1 bean-bags1      
marching1 and a practical chapter on    
dress  suitable for gymnastic exercises 
to be taken in4 ,all these exercises    
have been carefully selected and        
thoroughly tested1 and can be safely    

practised by any person in ordinary     
health4--,journal of ,education4        
,taking the system of ,dr4 ,dio ,lewis  
as a foundation1 ,miss ,hunt has1       
during her experience as a teacher1     
taken from1 added to1 and altered       
various exercises1 until the course1 so 
to speak1 has assumed the  order now    
presented in her little book1 a course  
which1 if carefully  followed1 will make
 the maidens of ,america better fitted  
to become its  mothers4--,n4 ,y4 ,mail  
and ,express4    ,it is designed as a   
guide to teachers of girls1 but it will 
be found  of use also to such as wish to
 practice the exercises at home4--,n4   
,y4  ,world4    ,a volume so very       
diminutive that one can hardly realize  
that it  contains nearly all that one   
needs for the teaching or practice of   
light gymnastics1 and even more than    
,dr4 ,lewis's clever and amusing        
volume4--,budget4    ,this work has many
 advantages4 ,it is inexpensive1 it is  
convenient1  it is condensed1 it is     

clear4 ,it is careful to avoid any      
strained1  unnatural1 or ungraceful     
positions1 it does not attempt to make a
  gospel of gymnastics1 as some fanatics
 have done4--,n4 ,y4 ,christian         
,advocate4    ,a useful little manual1  
by a teacher of much experience1 who    
embodies  in this little work the best  
results of her knowledge and practice   
of the modern system of gymnastic       
exercises for girls' schools and        
colleges2 and also for use at           
home4--,jennie ,june4                   
,,the ,,first ,,teacher ,,for ,,little  
,,folks4                                
,,exercises                     ,,for   
,,the ,,improvement ,,of ,,the ,,senses 
,,for ,,young ,,children4               
,by ,,horace ,,grant1                   
,author of ,arithmetic for ,young       
,children4                              
,edited by ,willard ,small4             
,cloth4 ,price1 #ej cents4      ,for the
 purpose of producing instruction and   
amusement for young  children1 too young

 to read or write1 this little work has 
been  prepared4 ,the special object is  
to excite little children to examine    
surrounding objects correctly1 so that  
valuable knowledge may be  acquired1    
while the attention1 memory1 judgment1  
and invention are duly  exercised4      
,in exercises such as those which       
compose this book1 the most favorable   
circumstances may be seized as they     
arise1 and will therefore produce  an   
extraordinary effect4 ,wherever we are1 
in a room1 garden1 field1  or road1 in  
the morning or evening1 winter or       
summer1 action or  rest1 something      
interesting may be extracted2 for at the
 moment when  the attention is warmly   
excited1 an event may be turned to the  
best  account4 ,the valuable habits     
acquired by means of familiar objects   
and  petty events may gradually be      
extended to the most important subjects4
                           ,,arithmetic 
,,for ,,young ,,children    ,being a    
series of ,exercises exemplifying the   

manner in which ,arithmetic             
should be taught to young children      
,by ,,horace ,,grant4                   
,american ,edition1 ,edited by ,,willard
 ,,small4                               
,price #ej cents4    ,consists of a     
series of exercises illustrative of the 
manner in which  the first steps in     
numbers should be taught to young       
children4 ,we  pronounce it first-rate4 
,the primary teacher will find it a     
great aid  in her work4 ,it is rational 
and consistent4 ,the variety of style   
and  method used lend fresh interest at 
every step4--,educational ,weekly4      
,the forms of expression used and the   
copiousness of illustrations are  very  
far in advance of the common style of   
teaching this science to  young         
children4    ,it is thoroughly rational 
and prepares the way for a more         
systematic  study of numbers as the     
child becomes more mature4 ,the young   
pupil  is taught to think and speak in  
numbers in the first stage and          

subsequently unites with it the art of  
writing numbers4 ,it is correct  in     
theory and apt for practice4--,n4 ,e4   
,journal of ,education4                 
,,the ,,celebrated ,,julius ,c,,sar     
,,debate4                               
,,the ,,debater',s ,,handbook4          
including a ,debate on the ,character of
 ,julius ,csar1 adapted      for ,j4    
,,sheridan ,,knowles1 author of ,the    
,hunchback1 ,william      ,tell1 and    
other famous plays1 designed for        
practical ,exercises      in            
,declamation1 and as a ,model for       
,debating ,clubs2 also for      ,classes
 in ,public and ,private ,schools1 with 
directions for      forming and         
conducting debating clubs and societies1
 rules of      debate1 list of subjects 
and references1 etc4    ,cloth1 #ej     
cents4 ,boards1 #ej cents4 ,paper1 #cj  
cents4    ,the contents of this volume1 
beside the celebrated ,debate1 contains 
,rules for ,debate1 with directions and 
suggestions1 #ajj selected  questions   

for debate1 with reference lists1 etc4  
,of the ,julius ,csar  ,debate it has   
been said1 ,it is doubtful whether the  
,english language  can furnish any      
matter more appropriate for the         
application of the  principles of       
elocution1 or better adapted to use as a
 practical  exercise in declamation4    
,the author well deserved the statue    
which stands in front of the            
,massachusetts ,state ,house4           
,a ,,few ,,thoughts ,,for ,a ,,young    
,,man4                              ,by 
,,horace ,,mann4                        
,cloth1 #ej cents4    ,in #ahdi1 ,horace
 ,mann1 one of the most skilful and     
sympathetic educators  known to this    
country1 delivered a lecture before the 
,mercantile  ,association1 ,boston1     
choosing for his theme3 ,thoughts for a 
,young  ,man4 ,so kind1 fatherly1 wise1 
and sagacious were the counsels to young
  men embodied in this lecture1 that its
 publication was immediately  sought    
for2 and the work enjoyed a wide popular

 circulation4 ,sundry  editions have    
been redemanded2 and it now appears from
 the publishing  house of ,lee          
,shepard1 ,boston4 ,the book is         
earnestly commended to  young men for   
its sober recall from the deceptive     
glitter of material  things1 its lofty  
inculcations and its wholesome precepts4
 ,the author  well deserved the statue  
which stands in front of the            
,massachusetts  ,state ,house4--,newark 
,advertiser4                            
,handbook of ,punctuation4              
,punctuation and ,other ,typographical  
,matters4        ,for the use of        
,printers1 ,authors1 ,teachers1 and     
,scholars4      ,by ,,marshall ,t4      
,,bigelow1 ,corrector at the ,university
 ,press1      ,cambridge4 ,small #dto4  
,,cloth1 #ej ,,cents4                   
,lenox ,library1 ,new ,york1 ,aug4 #ai1 
#ahha4    ,,dear ,,mr4 ,,bigelow1--,i   
sent for your ,punctuation and other    
,typographical  ,matters 7having long   
groaned over bad pointing in authors and

  printers71 and was glad to find an    
excellent manual which will  contribute 
to the comfort of many4 ,i cordially    
recommend it to all  authors1 printers1 
and men of letters4                     
,faithfully yours1    ,allibone's       
,dictionary of ,authors4                
,i4 ,,austin ,,allibone4    ,mr4        
,bigelow's book is a practical treatment
 of the subject1 and  enlarges the      
reading public's obligations to         
him4--,atlantic ,monthly4    ,it is     
intended for the use of authors and     
teachers1 while business men  who have  
occasion to print circulars1            
advertisements1 etc41 can hardly  afford
 to be without a copy of it for         
reference4--,schenectady ,daily  ,union4
                ,mistakes in ,writing   
,english1 and ,how to ,avoid ,them4     
,for the ,use of all who ,teach1 ,write1
 or ,speak the ,language4      ,by      
,,marshall ,t4 ,,bigelow1 author of     
,punctuation and other                  
,typographical ,matters4 ,,cloth1 #ej   

,,cents4    ,this is an admirable little
 work2 the more admirable for the use   
of busy people1 because it is little1   
since it is also clear and              
comprehensive4 ,the errors pointed out  
are those to which nearly all  writers  
are liable4444 ,we commend it as the    
most convenient little  manual of which 
we have knowledge4--,christian ,herald4 
,this is a valuable little volume4 ,it  
is not a grammar1 with rules and        
definitions2 but it takes up words and  
parts of speech1 and shows1  generally  
by example1 their correct use4 ,it is   
arranged systematically1  and is adapted
 to the use of the home and the         
school4--,the ,current4    ,the matter  
is well arranged1 and the points upon   
which instruction is  desired can be    
readily found4--,christian ,union4      
,this is a useful book4 ,a careful study
 of the several chapters would  be of   
great advantage to all who have to do   
much or little speaking or              
writing4--,gospel ,banner4              

,,the ,,right ,,word ,,in ,,the ,,right 
,,place4                                
,,campbell',s                           
,,handbook ,,of ,,english ,,synonyms    
,,with ,,an ,,appendix1                 
,,showing                     ,,the     
,,correct ,,uses ,,of ,,prepositions4   
#afj pages4 ,neat cloth binding1 #ej    
cts4    ,this compact little volume     
contains about #dj1jjj synonymous words1
  printed in clear1 distinct type4      
,it is a work which will substantially  
aid speakers1 writers1 teachers  and    
students--in fact all who would gain a  
more copious vocabulary and  increase   
their power of expression4    ,it       
includes the really important matter of 
the more bulky volumes which  are       
commonly sold for two dollars or more4  
,a great choice of words is here placed 
at the service of the writer and  the   
speaker4    ,the ,appendix1 containing  
,prepositions ,compared and             
,discriminated1  and ,a ,list showing   
what ,prepositions to use after certain 

,words1 is  a trustworthy guide in a    
great number of cases of doubtful usage4
 ,a  writer's knowledge of ,english     
idiom and his style are best shown by   
his  use of these little hinges of the  
language4          ,,lee ,,and          
,,shepard',s ,,popular ,,handbooks      
,price1 each1 in cloth1 #ej cents1      
except when other price is given4       
,forgotten ,meanings2 or an ,hour with a
 ,dictionary4 ,by ,,alfred              
,,waites1 author of ,historical         
,student's ,manual4      ,handbook of   
,elocution ,simplified4 ,by ,,walter ,k4
 ,,fobes1 with an      ,introduction by 
,,george ,m4 ,,baker4      ,handbook of 
,english ,synonyms4 ,with an ,appendix1 
showing the      ,correct ,use of       
,prepositions2 also a ,collection of    
,foreign      ,phrases4 ,by ,,loomis ,j4
 ,,campbell4      ,handbook of          
,conversation4 ,its ,faults and its     
,graces4 ,compiled      by ,,andrew ,p4 
,,peabody1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,comprising 
7#a7 ,dr4 ,,peabody's      ,address2    

7#b7 ,mr4 ,,trench's ,lecture2 7#c7 ,mr4
 ,,parry ,,gwynne's      ,a ,word to the
 ,wise2 or1 ,hints on the ,current      
,improprieties      of ,expression in   
,reading and ,writing2 7#d7 ,mistakes   
and      ,improprieties of ,speaking and
 ,writing ,corrected4      ,handbook of 
,punctuation and other ,typographical   
,matters4      ,for the ,use of         
,printers1 ,authors1 ,teachers1 and     
,scholars4      ,by ,,marshall ,t4      
,,bigelow1 ,corrector at the ,university
 ,press1      ,cambridge1 ,mass4        
,handbook of ,blunders4 ,designed to    
prevent #a1jjj common blunders      in  
writing and speaking4 ,by ,,harlan ,h4  
,,ballard1 ,a4,m41 ,principal      of   
,lenox ,academy1 ,lenox1 ,mass4         
,broken ,english4 ,a ,frenchman's       
,struggle in the ,english ,language4    
,instructive as a handbook of ,french   
conversation4 ,by ,professor      ,e4   
,c4 ,,dubois4      ,beginnings with the 
,microscope4 ,a working handbook        
containing      simple instructions in  

the art and method of using the         
microscope1 and preparing articles for  
examination4 ,by ,,walter      ,p4      
,,manton4      ,field ,botany4 ,a       
,handbook for the ,collector4           
,containing      instructions for       
gathering and preserving ,plants1 and   
the      formation of an ,herbarium4    
,also complete instructions in ,leaf    
,photography1 ,plant ,printing1 and the 
,skeletonizing of ,leaves4      ,by     
,,walter ,p4 ,,manton4      ,taxidermy  
without a ,teacher4 ,comprising a       
complete manual of      instructions for
 ,preparing and ,preserving ,birds1     
,animals1 and      ,fishes1 with a      
chapter on ,hunting and ,hygiene2       
together with      instructions for     
,preserving ,eggs1 and ,making          
,skeletons1 and a      number of        
valuable recipes4 ,by ,,walter ,p4      
,,manton4      ,insects4 ,how to ,catch 
and how to ,prepare them for the        
,cabinet4      ,a ,manual of            
,instruction for the ,field-,naturalist4

 ,by ,w4 ,p4      ,,manton4      ,what  
is to be ,done8 ,a ,handbook for the    
,nursery1 with ,useful      ,hints for  
,children and ,adults4 ,by ,,robert ,b4 
,,dixon1 ,m4,d4      ,whirlwinds1       
,cyclones1 and ,tornadoes4 ,by ,,william
 ,,morris ,,davis1      ,instructor in  
,harvard ,college4 ,illustrated4        
,mistakes in ,writing ,english1 and ,how
 to ,avoid ,them4 ,for the use      of  
all who ,teach1 ,write1 or ,speak the   
language4 ,by ,,marshall ,t4            
,,bigelow4      ,sold by all            
booksellers1 and sent by mail1 postpaid1
 on receipt of  price4                  
,,lee ,,and ,,shepard ,publishers       
,boston          ,,lee ,,and            
,,shepard',s ,,popular ,,handbooks      
,price1 each1 in cloth1 #ej cents1      
except when other price is given4       
,exercises for the ,improvement of the  
,senses4 ,for ,young      ,children4 ,by
 ,,horace ,,grant1 author of ,arithmetic
 for ,young      ,children4 ,edited by  
,,willard ,,small4      ,hints on       

,language in connection with            
,sight-,reading and ,writing      in    
,primary and ,intermediate ,schools4 ,by
 ,s4 ,,arthur ,,bent1 ,a4,m41           
,superintendent of ,public ,schools1    
,clinton1 ,mass4      ,the ,hunter's    
,handbook4 ,containing lists of         
provisions and camp      paraphernalia1 
and hints on the fire1 cooking utensils1
 etc42      with approved receipts for  
camp-cookery4 ,by ,,an ,,old ,,hunter4  
,universal ,phonography2 or1 ,shorthand 
by the ,allen ,method4 ,a               
self-instructor4 ,by ,g4 ,g4 ,,allen4   
,hints and ,helps for those who ,write1 
,print1 or ,read4 ,by ,b4      ,,drew1  
proof-reader4      ,pronouncing         
,handbook of ,three ,thousand ,words    
often      ,mispronounced4 ,by ,r4      
,,soule and ,l4 ,j4 ,,campbell4         
,short ,studies of ,american ,authors4  
,by ,,thomas ,,wentworth                
,,higginson4      ,the ,stars and the   
,earth2 or1 ,thoughts upon ,space1      
,time1 and      ,eternity4 ,with an     

introduction by ,,thomas ,,hill1 ,d4,d41
 ,,ll4,d4      ,handbook of the ,earth4 
,natural ,methods in ,geography4 ,by    
,,louisa      ,,parsons ,,hopkins1      
teacher of ,normal ,methods in the      
,swain ,free      ,school1 ,new         
,bedford4      ,natural-,history ,plays4
 ,dialogues and ,recitations for ,school
      ,exhibitions4 ,by ,,louisa ,p4    
,,hopkins4      ,the ,telephone4 ,an    
account of the phenomena of             
,electricity1      ,magnetism1 and      
,sound1 with directions for making a    
speaking-telephone4 ,by ,professor ,a4  
,e4 ,,dolbear4      ,lessons on         
,manners4 ,by ,,edith ,e4 ,,wiggin4     
,water ,analysis4 ,a ,handbook for      
,water-,drinkers4 ,by ,g4 ,l4 ,,austin1 
,m4,d4      ,handbook of ,light         
,gymnastics4 ,by ,,lucy ,b4 ,,hunt1     
instructor in      gymnastics at ,smith 
7female7 ,college1 ,northampton1 ,mass4 
,the ,parlor ,gardener4 ,a ,treatise on 
the ,house-,culture of      ,ornamental 
,plants4 ,by ,,cornelia ,j4 ,,randolph4 

,with illustrations4      ,sold by all  
booksellers1 and sent by mail1 postpaid1
 on receipt of  price4                  
,,lee ,,and ,,shepard ,publishers       
,boston          ,,lee ,,and            
,,shepard',s ,,popular ,,handbooks      
,price1 each1 in cloth1 #ej cents1      
except when other price is given4       
,warrington's ,manual4 ,a ,manual for   
the ,information of ,officers      and  
,members of ,legislatures1 ,conventions1
 ,societies1 etc41 in      the practical
 governing and membership of all such   
bodies1      according to the           
,parliamentary ,law and ,practice in the
 ,united      ,states4 ,by ,w4 ,s4      
,,robinson 7,warrington74               
,practical ,boat-,sailing4 ,by ,,douglas
 ,,frazar4 ,classic size1 #a4jj4        
,with numerous diagrams and             
illustrations4      ,handbook of ,wood  
,engraving4 ,with practical instructions
 in the      art1 for persons wishing to
 learn without an instructor4 ,by       
,,william ,a4 ,,emerson4 ,illustrated4  

,price #a4jj4      ,five-,minute        
,recitations4 ,selected and arranged by 
,,walter ,k4      ,,fobes4              
,five-,minute ,declamations4 ,selected  
and arranged by ,,walter ,k4            
,,fobes4      ,five-,minute ,readings   
for ,young ,ladies4 ,selected and       
adapted by      ,,walter ,k4 ,,fobes4   
,educational ,psychology4 ,a ,treatise  
for ,parents and ,educators4      ,by   
,,louise ,,parsons ,,hopkins1           
,supervisor in ,boston ,public ,schools4
      ,the ,nation in a ,nutshell4 ,a   
,rapid ,outline of ,american ,history4  
,by ,,george ,,makepeace ,,towle4       
,english ,synonymes ,discriminated4 ,by 
,,richard ,,whately1 ,d4,d41            
,archbishop of ,dublin4 ,a new edition4 
,hints on ,writing and ,speech-making4  
,by ,,thomas ,,wentworth                
,,higginson4      ,arithmetic for ,young
 ,children4 ,being a series of          
,exercises      exemplifying the manner 
in which ,arithmetic should be taught to
      young children4 ,by ,,horace      

,,grant4 ,american ,edition4 ,edited by 
,,willard ,,small4      ,bridge         
,disasters in ,america4 ,the ,cause and 
the ,remedy4 ,by ,prof4      ,,george   
,l4 ,,vose4      ,a ,few ,thoughts for a
 ,young ,man4 ,by ,,horace ,,mann4 ,a   
new ,edition4      ,handbook of ,debate4
 ,the ,character of ,julius ,csar4      
,adapted from      ,j4 ,,sheridan       
,,knowles4 ,arranged for ,practice in   
,speaking1 for      ,debating ,clubs1   
and ,classes in ,public and ,private    
,schools4      ,sold by all booksellers1
 and sent by mail1 postpaid1 on receipt 
of  price4                       ,,lee  
,,and ,,shepard ,publishers ,boston     
,,the ,,fobes ,,elocutionary            
,,handbooks4                            
,,five-,,minute ,,declamations          
,,for ,,school ,,and ,,college          
,,cloth1 #ej ,,cents4                   
,,five-,,minute ,,recitations           
,,for ,,school ,,and ,,college          
,,cloth1 #ej ,,cents4                   
,,five-,,minute ,,readings              

,,cloth1 #ej ,,cents4    ,pupils in     
public schools on declamation days are  
limited to five  minutes each for the   
delivery of pieces4 ,there is a great   
complaint  of the scarcity of material  
for such a purpose1 while the           
injudicious  pruning of eloquent        
extracts has often marred the desired   
effects4  ,to obviate these             
difficulties1 these books have been     
prepared by a  competent teacher4       
,,elocution ,,simplified                
,with an ,introduction by ,george ,m4   
,baker4                                 
,,cloth1 #ej ,,cents4    ,the ,manual is
 divided into four parts4 ,part ,first  
describes a series  of gymnastics to    
give strength and elasticity to the     
muscles used  in speaking4 ,part ,second
 is a system of vocal exercises for     
daily  practice4 ,part ,third1 the      
application of the vocal exercises to   
the  reading of short extracts1 showing 
the effect when thus applied4 ,part     
,fourth is a chapter giving general     

hints on elocution1 and showing how     
easily defects in speech may be cured4  
,with or without an instructor1 this    
,manual is just what the student is  in 
great need of1 and he can supply that   
need by a study of ',elocution          
,simplified4'--,the ,dartmouth1         
,hanover1 ,n4,h4      ,sold by all      
,booksellers1 or sent by mail1 prepaid1 
on receipt of  price4    ,,lee ,,and    
,,shepard1 ,publishers      ,boston4    
,transcriber's note3      ,the following
 alterations have been made3      p4#dd3
 ,erroneous full-stop removed4 ,original
 read3 ,snakes1 frogs1      etc44 may be
 opened    p4#eg3 ,quotation mark added4
 ,original read3 ,oldport ,days1 ,army  
,life in a ,black ,regiment1    p4#eg3  
,corrected word 'similar'4 ,original    
read3 ,now that      similiar           
suggestions    p4#eg3 ,corrected comma  
to full-stop4 ,original read3 two       
together      in a small volume1 ,the   
last-named paper