,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is v]sion ( ! text _c repres5t c]ta9 typographical effects4 ,italics are delimit$ ) ! #8' "* z italic4 ,bold *>act]s are delimit$ by #8' z bold4 ,! s+le appe>ance ( blacklett] font is not$ "h by enclos+ ! text 9 #8' z #8blacklett] text'4 ,m9or errors 9 punctuation & =matt+ h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,please see ! transcrib]'s note at ! end ( ?is text = details reg>d+ ! h&l+ ( any textual issues enc\nt]$ dur+ its prep>ation4 ,! position ( illu/rations may h be5 adju/$ slightly to avoid fall+ )9 a p>agraph4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gifts ,,( ,,=e/ ,,& ,,field4 ,,toad/ools1 ,,mu%rooms1 ,,fungi ,,edible ,,& ,,poison\s ,,"o ,,?\s& ,,am]ican ,,fungi ,revis$ ,edition ,,h[ ,,to ,,select ,,& ,,cook ,,! ,,edible2 ,,h[ ,,to ,,di/+ui% ,,& ,,avoid ,,! ,,poison\s ,,) ,,full ,,botanic ,,descriptions ,,by ,,*>les ,,mcilva9e ,,presid5t ,,philadelphia ,,mycological ,,c5t]1 ,,honor>y ,,memb] ,,salem ,,c\nty ,,& ,,gl\ce/] ,,c\nty1 ,n4,j41 ,,m$ical ,,societies ,,& ,,rob]t ,k4 ,,macadam ,,toad/ool ,,poisons ,,& ,,_! ,,treatm5t1 ,,in/ructions ,,to ,,/ud5ts1 ,,recipes ,,= ,,cook+1 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,,indianapolis ,,! ,,b[5-,,m]rill ,,company ,,publi%]s ,,copyright #aijj1 #aijb ,,! ,,b[5-,,m]rill ,,company ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$ ,,press ,,( ,,braunwor? ,,co4 ,,bookb9d]s ,,& ,,pr9t]s ,,brooklyn1 ,n4,y4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,cont5ts ,li/ ( ,illu/rations v ,preface xiii ,introduction xv ,in/ructions to ,/ud5ts xxix ,abbreviations ( ! ,names ( ,au?ors ( ,species xxxv ,names ( ! ,pr9cipal ,report]s ( ,am]ican ,species xxxvii ,text #a ,toad/ool ,poison+ & its ,treatm5t #fba ,recipes = ,cook+ & ,prep>+ = ! ,table #fce ,gloss>y #fea ,index to ,g5]a #fij ,index to ,species #fib ,index to ,recipes = ,cook+ & ,prep>+ = ! ,table #gjb ,index to ,g5]al ,cont5ts #gjc ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,plate ,,fig4 ,,text ,,plate ,,page ,,page ,frontispiece1 color$4 ,i4 ,tabul> view ( ! g5]a ( ,ag>icace #b ,,ii4 ,leucospor4 ,*>t ( ,g5]a #b ,,iii4 ,progressive gr[? ( ,ag>ics #b ,,iv4 ,gill %apes #b ,v4 ,r+ %apes & positions2 volva %apes #b ,,vi4 ,color$ #f #a4 ,amanita spreta #aa #b4 phalloides 7:ite v>47 #g #c4 phalloides 7br[n v>47 #g #d4 musc>ia #ad #e4 ,fro/iana #af #f4 ,gyromitra escul5ta #edf ,,vii4 ,section ( ,amanita phalloides %[+ p>ts ( an ,ag>ic #c ,,viii4 ,color$ #ah #a4 ,amanita *lor9osma #be #b4 rubesc5s & section #ba #c4 /robili=mis #ai ,,ix4 ,amanita musc>ia4 ,half-tone #ad ,x4 ,color$ #bh #a4 ,amanitopsis vag9ata #bh #b4 vag9ata1 v>4 livida #bi #c4 nivalis #bi #d4 /rangulata #cj #e4 ,myc5a gal]iculata #abg #f4 prolif]a #abf #g4 prolif]a 7section7 #abf ,,xi4 #a4 ,lepiota proc]a4 ,section #cc ,,xii4 ,color$ #cb #a4 ,lepiota ,am]icana #dh #b4 nauc9oides #de #c4 cep/ipes #df #d4 ,amanita rubesc5s #ba ,,xiii4 ,lepiota proc]a4 ,half-tone #cd ,,xiv4 ,lepiota ,morgani4 ,half-tone #cf ,,xv4 nauc9oides4 ,half-tone #dd ,,xva4 ,am]icana #dh ,,xvi4 ,color$ #eb #a4 ,armill>ia mellea #ee #b4 mellea1 v>4 exannulata #ef #c4 ,l5t9us lepideus #bcj ,,xvii4 ,armill>ia mellea4 ,section #eb ,,xviii4 ,color$ #fj #a1 #b4 ,tri*oloma p]sonatum #gi #c4 russula #fe #d4 t]reum #ga #e4 columbetta #fh #f4 humile #ha ,,xix4 ,tri*oloma 7section7 #ei ,,xx4 ,tri*oloma decorosum #fg ,,xxi4 ,tri*oloma rutilans #gj ,,xxii4 ,tri*oloma t]reum #ga ,,xxiii4 ,tri*oloma imbricatum #gc ,,xxiv4 ,color$ #hb #a1 #b1 #c4 ,clitocybe o*ropurpurea #ajh #d4 o*ropurpurea 7section7 #ajh #e4 maxima #ii #f4 maxima 7section7 #ii #g4 nebul>is #he #h4 ame?y/9a #ajg #i4 odora #ij #aj4 laccata #ajg #aa4 infundibuli=mis #ajj ,,xxv4 ,clitocybe clavipes #hf ,,xxvi4 ,clitocybe m$ia #hg ,,xxvii4 ,clitocybe monadelpha4 ,half-tone #hh ,,xxviia4 #a4 ,clitocybe multiceps #id #b4 multiceps1 v>4 #id ,,xxviii4 ,color$ #aab #a4 ,collybia platyphylla #aad #b4 platyphylla1 aft] ra9 #aad #c4 dryophila #abj #d4 fusipes #aaf ,,xxix4 ,collybia radicata4 ,half-tone #aab ,,xxixa4 ,color$ #if ,clitocybe illud5s #if ,,xxixb4 ,collybia velutipes #aah ,,xxx4 ,collybia butyrace #aag ,,xxxi4 ,collybia ac]vata #abb ,,xxxii4 ,myc5a gal]iculata #abd ,,xxxiii4 ,hiatula ,wynni #acb ,,xxxiv4 ,omphalia umbellif]a #acb ,,xxxv4 ,pleurotus o/reatus4 ,half-tone #acd ,,xxxvi4 ,pleurotus sapidus 7section7 #ada ,,xxxvii4 ,color$ #adf #a4 ,hygrophorus prat5sis 7:ite v>47 #aeb #b4 prat5sis 7color$ v>47 #aeb #c4 prat5sis 7aft] ra97 #aeb #d4 m9iatus #aei #e4 can?>ellus #aef #f4 virg9eus #aec #g4 niveus #aec ,,xxxviii4 ,hygrophorus prat5sis #adg ,,xxxix4 ,hygrophorus flavo-discus #aeg ,,xl4 ,hygrophorus fulig9eus #aeh ,,xla4 ,lact>ius bl5nius #afe ,,xli4 ,color$ #afj #a4 ,lact>ius pip]atus #afh #b4 indigo #aga #c4 deliciosus #agj #d4 volemus #ahj ,,xlii4 ,lact>ius hygrophoroides #ahj ,,xliii4 ,lact>ius subdulcis #ahb ,,xliv4 ,color$ #ahd #a4 ,russula cyanoxan?a #aih #b4 emetica #bja #c4 flavida #aig #d4 sordida #aij #e4 roseipes #bji #f4 viresc5s #aid #g4 puell>is #bjh ,,xlv4 ,russula 7section7 #ahe ,,xlva4 ,russula purpur9a4 ,half-tone #ahh ,,xlvb4 ,russula brevipes #ahi ,,xlvi4 ,color$ #bad #a4 ,can?>ellus floccosus #bah #b4 ,mor*ella escul5ta #edb #c4 ,can?>ellus cib>ius #bae #d4 cib>ius #bae #e4 brevipes #bai ,,xlvii4 ,can?>ellus cib>ius #baf ,,xlviii4 ,can?>ellus rosellus #bah ,,xlix4 ,can?>ellus brevipes #bai ,l4 ,nyctalis p>asiticus #bbj ,,li4 ,m>asmius oreades #bba ,,lii4 ,l5t9us 7section7 #bbh ,,liii4 ,l5t9us tigr9us #bbi ,,liv4 ,panus torulosus #bcb ,,lv4 ,panus /rigosus4 ,half-tone #bcb ,,lva4 ,panus /rigosus #bcd ,,lvi4 ,x]otus deg5] #bcg ,,lvii4 ,l5zites #bch ,,lviii4 ,trogia crispa #bcg ,,lviiia4 ,s*izophyllum commune #bch ,,lviiib4 ,color$ #bch ,rhodospor4 ,*>t ( ,g5]a4 ,,lix4 ,volv>ia bombyc9a4 ,half-tone #bdj ,,lixa4 ,volv>ia bombyc9a #bdj ,,lx4 ,volv>ia volvacea #bda ,,lxi4 ,color$ #bdb #a4 ,pluteus c]v9us #bdb #b4 c]v9us v>4 #bde ,,lxii4 ,entoloma s9uatum #bea ,,lxiii4 ,color$ #bed #a4 ,clitopilus abortivus #beg #b4 abortivus 7abort$7 #beh #c4 abortivus 7abort$ section7 #beh #d4 prunulus #bee #e4 prunulus 7section7 #bee ,,lxiv4 ,clitopilus prunulus #bed ,,lxv4 ,clitopilus ,orcella #bef ,,lxvi4 ,leptonia #bfc ,,lxvii4 ,nolanea pascua #bfd ,,lxviii4 ,eccilia atropuncta #bfe ,,lxix4 ,eccilia c>neo-grisea #bfe ,,lxx4 ,claudopus v>iabilis #bff ,,lxxi4 ,color$ #bfh #a4 ,hebeloma glut9osum #bhe #b4 ,pholiota cap]ata #bgj #c4 squ>rosa #bgc #d4 subsqu>rosa #bge ,,lxxia4 ,color$ #bfh ,o*rospor4 ,*>t ( ,g5]a4 ,,lxxii4 ,pholiota prcox #bgb ,,lxxiii4 ,pholiota squ>rosa #bgc ,,lxxiv4 ,pholiota adiposa #bgf ,,lxxv4 ,inocybe lanug9osa #bha ,,lxxvi4 ,pluteolus reticulatus #bhb ,,lxxvia4 ,hebeloma fa/ibile #bhd ,,lxxvib4 ,flammula alnicola #bij ,,lxxvii4 ,tub>ia furfuracea #bic ,,lxxviii4 ,naucoria semiorbicul>is #bid ,,lxxviiia4 /riapes #bif ,,lxxix4 ,gal]a t5]a #cjj ,,lxxx4 ,bolbitius fragilis #cjc ,,lxxxa4 ,bolbitius nobilis #cjc ,,lxxxi4 ,crepidotus mollis #cjd ,,lxxxii4 ,color$ #cjf #a4 ,cort9>ius squamulosus #cah #b4 violaceus #cad #c4 o*raceus #cai #d4 ,cort9>ius turmalis #cji #e4 armillatus #cbc ,,lxxxiii4 ,cort9>ius coll9itus #cac ,,lxxxiv4 ,cort9>ius albo-violaceus #caf ,,lxxxv4 ,cort9>ius asp] #cag ,,lxxxvi4 ,cort9>ius squamulosus #cah ,,lxxxvia4 ,cort9>ius autumnalis #cai ,,lxxxvib4 ,cort9>ius annulatus #cbj ,,lxxxvii4 ,cort9>ius c9namomeus #cbb ,,lxxxviii4 ,cort9>ius armillatus #cbc ,,xc4 ,paxillus involutus #cbh ,,xci4 ,color$ #ccb #a4 ,ag>icus v>iabilis #cdf #b4 silvicola #cdc #c4 placomyces #cde #d4 campe/] #ccb #e4 campe/] #ccb ,,xcii4 ,color$ #ccj ,porphyrospor4 ,*>t ( ,g5]a4 ,,xciii4 ,*itonia rubriceps #ccj ,,xciv4 ,ag>icus magnificus4 ,color$ #cdb ,,xcv4 ,pilosace ,alg]i5sis 7section7 #cdh ,,xcvi4 ,/roph>ia rug9osa #cdi ,,xcvia4 ,/roph>ia semiglobata 7section7 #cea ,,xcvii4 ,color$ #ceb #a4 ,hypholoma app5diculatum #cfc #b4 p]plexum #ced #c4 sublat]itium #cei #d4 ,gomphidius rhodoxan?us #cid #e4 rhodoxan?us 7section7 #cid ,,xcviia4 ,hypholoma inc]tum4 ,half-tone #cfb ,,xcviii4 ,hypholoma fascicul>is #ceb ,,xcix4 ,psilocybe spadicea #cfe ,c4 ,psa?yra gyr(lexa #cfg ,,ci4 ,color$ #cfh ,melanospor4 ,*>t ( ,g5]a4 ,,cii4 ,color$ #cgb #a4 ,copr9us atram5t>ius #cgc #b4 micaceus #cgh #c4 ,panolus solidipes #che #d4 solidipes 7section7 #che ,,ciii4 ,copr9us comatus4 ,half-tone #cgj ,,civ4 ,copr9us macrosporus #cge ,,cv4 ,copr9us fimet>ius #cgf ,,cvi4 ,copr9us dome/icus #cha ,,cvii4 ,copr9us silvaticus #chb ,,cviii4 ,panolus #chd ,,cix4 ,anell>ia sep>ata #chh ,,cx4 ,psa?yrella graciloides #cij ,,cxi4 ,psa?yrella dissem9ata #cia ,,cxii4 ,gomphidius viscidus #cid ,,cxiia4 ,bolet9us palu/] #dja ,,cxiii4 ,bolet9us porosus4 ,half-tone #djb ,,cxiv4 ,color$ #dad #a4 ,boletus gracilis #dfg #b4 subaureus #dad #c4 ca/aneus #dgb ,,cxv4 ,boletus spectabilis #djh ,,cxva4 ,boletus subluteus #dab ,,cxvi4 ,color$ #dbj #a4 ,boletus ecc5tricus #dgj #b4 badiceps #dcf #c4 fulvus #dfe #d4 subsangu9eus #dbj #e4 crassipes #deb ,,cxvii4 ,color$ #dbd #a1b4 ,boletus bicolor #dbe #c4 rubropunctus #dbi #d4 pallidus #dbi ,,cxviii4 ,color$ #dcf #a4 ,boletus sep>ans #dde #b4 ,russelli #dcf #c4 illud5s #dci #d4 scab] areolatus #dfa1 #dfc #e4 edulis #dde ,,cxix4 #a4 ,boletus edulis1 v>4 clavipes #dde #b1c4 edulis #dde ,,cxx4 ,boletus aff9is #ddh ,,cxxi4 ,boletus scab] #dfb ,,cxxii4 ,color$ #dfh #a4 ,boletus indecisus #dfh #b1c1d4 felleus #dfi ,,cxxiv4 ,/robilomyces /robilaceus #dge ,,cxxv4 ,color$ #dgf #a4 ,fi/ul9a hepatica #dgg #b4 ,polyporus sulphureus #dhe ,,cxxvi4 ,et*+ #dgh #a4 ,polyporus fumosus #dgi #b4 ,poly/ictus v]sicolor #c4 ,m]ulius corium #dij #d4 ,polyporus p]5nis & section #e4 ,ddalea qu]c9a #f4 ,fomes igni>ius #g4 ,trametes gibbosa ,,cxxviii4 ,polyporus frondosus4 ,half-tone #dhb ,,cxxix4 ,polyporus intybaceus 7section7 #dhc ,,cxxx4 ,polyporus squamosus4 ,half-tone #dhj ,,cxxxi4 ,hydnum scabrosum #dif ,,cxxxii4 ,hydnum rep&um #dig ,,cxxxiii4 ,hydnum albidum #dii ,,cxxxiv4 ,hydnum coralloides4 ,half-tone #ejj ,,cxxxv4 ,hydnum caput-,m$us #ejb ,,cxxxvi4 ,color$ #ejh #a4 ,spa?ul>ia clavata #edi #b4 ,peziza cocc9ea #eei #c4 aurantia #eeg #d4 ,can?>ellus aurantiacus #baf #e4 ,hypomyces lactifluorum #efb #f4 ,hygrophorus cocc9eus #aef #g4 ,crat]ellus s9uosus1 v>4 crispus #eaj #h4 cornucopoides #eji #i4 ,can?>ellus lutesc5s #bah ,,cxxxvii4 ,sp>assis crispa4 ,half-tone #eab ,,cxxxviii4 ,color$ #ebb #a4 ,clav>ia fusi=mis #ebc #b4 pi/ill>is 7yell[ v>47 #ebd #c4 ,clav>ia pi/ill>is 7d>k v>47 #ebd ,,cxxxix4 ,color$ #eaf #a4 ,clav>ia ame?y/9a #eaf #b4 aurea #ebj #c4 =mosa #ebj ,,cxl4 ,clav>ia c9]ea #eah ,,cxli4 ,clav>ia cri/ata4 ,half-tone #eah ,,cxlii4 ,clav>ia circ9ans #ebb ,,cxliii4 ,hirneola auricula-,judea #ebh ,,cxliv4 ,tremella mes5t]ica #ecj ,,cxliva4 ,tremella mycetophila #eca ,,cxlv4 ,tremellodon gelat9osum #ecc ,,cxlvi4 ,helvella crispa #ecf ,,cxlvii4 ,leotia lubrica #eda ,,cxlviii4 ,gyromitra brunnea #edg ,,cxlviiia4 ,gyromitra escul5ta4 ,section #edf ,,cxlix4 ,mor*ella semilib]a #ede ,,cl4 ,mitrula vitell9a #edh ,,cli4 ,geoglossum glut9osum #eej ,,clii4 ,peziza badia4 ,half-tone #eed ,,cliii4 ,tub] niveum 7,t]fezia leonis7 #efe ,,cliv4 ,tub] /ivum #eff ,,clv4 ,pa*yma cocos 7,tuckahoe7 #efg ,,clvi4 #a4 ,lycop]don1 p>ts describ$ 7section7 #efh #b4 e*9atum #efh ,,clviii4 ,phallus impudicus4 ,half-tone #egb ,,clix4 ,mut9us can9us #ege ,,clx4 ,gea/] hygrometricus #ehj ,,clxi4 ,tylo/oma ,my5ianum #ehb ,,clxii4 ,calvatia cya?i=mis4 ,half-tone #ehd ,lycop]don cya?i=me4 ,,clxiii4 ,calvatia cranii=mis #ehf ,,clxiv4 ,calvatia elata #ehh ,,clxv4 ,lycop]don con/ellatum #eib ,,clxvi4 ,lycop]don glabellum #eie ,,clxvii4 ,lycop]don rimulatum #eig ,,clxviii4 ,lycop]don ,wrightii1 v>4 sep>ans #fjd ,,clxix4 ,lycop]don p$icellatum #fjj ,,clxx4 ,lycop]don eximium #fja ,,clxxa4 ,lycop]don ,curtisii #fja ,,clxxb4 ,lycop]don ,turn]i #fjb ,,clxxi4 ,lycop]don pyri=me4 ,half-tone #fjb ,,clxxii4 ,lycop]don sub9c>natum #fjd ,,clxxiii4 ,lycop]don pusillum #fjf ,,clxxiv4 ,lycop]don ceps=me #fjf ,,clxxv4 ,lycop]don coloratum #fjg ,,clxxvi4 ,lycop]don acum9atum #fjg ,,clxxvia4 ,bovi/ella ,ohi5sis 7section7 #fjh ,,clxxvii4 ,bovi/ella ,ohi5sis #fjh ,,clxxviii4 ,cata/oma circumscissum #fji ,,clxxix4 ,bovi/a m9or #faj ,,clxxx4 ,scl]od]ma vulg>e #fae ,,clxxxi4 ,polysaccum pisoc>pium #fah ,,clxxxii4 ,myc5a/rum sp9ulosum #fac ,,preface ,a score ( ye>s ago 7#ahhj-ahhe7 ,i 0 liv+ 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,:ile rid+ on horseback ?r\gh ! d5se =e/s ( t great unf5c$ /ate1 ,i saw on e side luxuriant gr[?s ( fungi1 s invit+ 9 color1 cleanl9ess & fle% t x occurr$ to me !y ought to be eat54 ,i rememb]$ hav+ read a %ort "t be=e ?is inspiration seiz$ me a v int]e/+ article 9 ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly = ,may1 #ahgg1 writt5 by ,mr4 ,julius ,a4 ,palm]1 ,jr41 entitl$ 8,toad/ool ,eat+40 ,hunt+ x up ,i /udi$ x c>efully1 & soon f\nd myself int]e/$ 9 a delightful /udy :i* 0 n )\t imm$iate rew>d4 ,up to ?is "t ,i _h be5 liv+1 lit]ally1 on ! fat ( ! l&--bacon2 b my /udies enabl$ me to supplem5t ?is1 ! /aple di% ( ! /ate1 ) a vegetable luxury t c5turies ago grac$ ! d9n]s ( ! ,cs>s4 ,s absorb+ did ! /udy become f ga/ronomic1 cul9>y & sci5tific po9ts ( view1 t ,i h cont9u$ x ev] s9ce1 ) ?or\gh intellectual enjoym5t & mu* gratification ( appetite z my rew>d4 ,i hope to int]e/ /ud5ts 9 ! /udy z ,i am myself int]e/$4 ,= tw5ty ye>s my little fri5ds--! toad/ools--h be5 my con/ant companions4 ,!y h int]e/$ me1 delight$ me1 f$ me1 & ,i h f\nd mu* pleasure 9 mak+ ! public acqua9t$ ) _! habits1 /ructure1 lusci\sness & food value4 ,my rese>*es h be5 conf9$ to ! species l>ge en\gh to appease ! appetite ( a hungry naturali/ if f\nd 9 reasonable quantity2 & my "w has be5 devot$ to segregat+ ! edible & innocu\s f ! t\gh1 undesirable & poison\s k9ds4 ,to accompli% ?is1 because ( ! p]si/5t inaccuracy ( ! books ^u ! subject1 x 0 necess>y to p]sonally te/ ! edible qualities ( hundr$s ( species ab\t :i* mycologi/s h ei!r writt5 no?+ or h foll[$ "o ano!r 9 giv+ errone\s in=mation4 ,:ile (t5 wi%+ ,i _h n und]tak5 ! "w because ( ! unpleasant results f p]sonally te/+ fungi :i* prov$ to be poison\s1 my rew>d has be5 g5]\s 9 ! discov]y ( _m delicacies among ! m ?an sev5 hundr$ edible v>ieties ,i h f\nd4 ,= t5 ye>s ,i h plann$ to publi% 9 book =m :at ,i "k ab\t toad/ools2 ea* ef=t to compile my in=mation has %[n me h[ mu* m ,i ought to "k be=e go+ into pr9t4 ,ev5 n[ my "w is /ill unf9i%$4 ,i am urg$ by my _m toad/ool fri5ds 7z ,i lov+ly call ^? :o1 f all ov] ! l&1 s5d me specim5s = id5tification1 & gr[ int]e/$ ) me 9 ! "w71 to publi% :at ,i already "k ^u ! subject1 t !y1 & o!rs1 may h a helpful book to guide !m to a goodly portion ( ! edible species1 & away f ^? t are in$ible or poison\s4 ,9 ?is book ,i comply ) ^! reque/s4 ,i h select$ ov] sev5 hundr$ ( ! mo/ pl5tiful & be/ v>ieties = ! table1 f my toad/ool bill ( f>e2 & ,i describe & caution aga9/ sev]al species1 "s ( :i* are deadly 9 _! effects1 if eat52 o!rs ( :i* induce ill-effects m or less s]i\s4 ,"o ?\s& species & v>ieties are nam$ & describ$4 ,birds1 fl[]s1 insects1 /ones delight ! obs]vant4 ,:y n toad/ools8 ,a tramp aft] !m is absorb+1 /udy ( !m int]e/+1 & eat+ ( !m heal?-giv+ & supremely satisfy+4 ,,*>les ,,mcilva9e4 ,,introduction ,am]ica is )\t a text-book ( ! ,am]ican species ( ,fungi1 among :i* ! edible & poison\s v>ieties are f\nd4 ,_m excell5t b exp5sive =eign volumes describe species common to bo? cont95ts1 & sev]al special b widely scatt]$ monographs h be5 publi%$ "h4 ,! ne$ ( ! mycologi/1 mycophagi/ & amateur toad/ool /ud5t is a book giv+ ! g5us1 names & descriptions ( ! prom95t ,am]ican toad/ools ^: edibility has be5 te/$1 or ^: poison\s qualities h be5 discov]$4 ,! abs5ce ( su* a book1 & ! univ]sal & rapidly-gr[+ int]e/ all ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 edible fungi1 h l$ to ! publication ( ! pres5t "w1 :i* includes e species kn[n to be escul5t 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,z a precaution>y measure1 full explications ( all ^? kn[n or suspect$ to be poison\s are includ$4 ,_m species f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry only h be5 describ$ & nam$ by v>i\s au?ors1 f ! "t ( ,s*we9itz 7#ahbb7 to ! pres5t day4 ,^! h be5 publi%$ 9 ! botanical magaz9es & 9 ! pap]s ( sci5tific societies & colleges4 ,! great] numb] h z au?or ,pr(essor ,*>les ,h4 ,peck1 ,new ,york ,/ate ,botani/1 :o has contribut$ an annual report ea* ye> f #ahfh4 ,^! appe> 9 ! reports ( ! ,/ate ,museum ( ,new ,york1 & com+ f ! p5 ( our able/ mycologi/ are ( great value to ev]yone int]e/$ 9 ! /udy4 ,! classifications & 79 _m in/ances7 modifi$ descriptions by su* an em95t au?ority ^u fungoid gr[? %\ld !re=e be ! guides to ,am]ican =ms1 t ! confusion creat$ by num]\s descriptions ( ! same fungus by diff]5t obs]v]s may be avoid$4 ,pr(essor ,n4,l4 ,britton1 editor ( ! ,torrey ,botanical ,club1 has c\rte\sly giv5 p]mission to use ! descriptions ( new species giv5 9 its in/ructive ,bullet9s4 ,pr(essor ,a4,p4 ,morgan & ,laura ,v4 ,morgan1 ) equal c\rtesy1 grant ! use ( text & illu/rations conta9$ 9 ! mo/ complete monograph publi%$ ^u ! ,lycop]dace 7puff-balls1 etc47 ( ,am]ica4 ,:ile ! sci5tific classifications & descriptions h be5 /rictly foll[$1 ! language has be5 simplifi$--) no sacrifice ( sci5tific accuracy--t ?is volume may be fully adapt$ to popul> use4 ,pr(essor ,peck has giv5 8 valuable assi/ance 9 ! id5tification ( _m species1 all t 7 difficult or obscure hav+ be5 submitt$ to him1 & ! writ] is deeply indebt$ to him = _m & long-cont9u$ c\rtesies1 aid+ 9 /udy & 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is "w4 ,sev]al new species h be5 f\nd by ! writ]1 ! great] "p ( excell5t food value4 ,he pref]r$ t ^! %\ld be nam$1 describ$ & plac$ 9 _! prop] g5us & section by ,pr(essor ,peck1 believ+ x to be be/ = ! discov]]s ( new species to def] to "o ^: va/ exp]i5ce enables him to "n & classify 9 accordance ) ! dem&s ( ,am]ican species4 ,:]e a species is v\*$ = z edible1 x has be5 p]sonally te/$ by ! au?or & 8 will+ und]ta/]s up to eat+ full meals ( x1 or at lea/ beyond all d\bt z to its safety4 ,:]e o!rs h eat5 species :i* he has n _h ! opportunity to te/1 _! names & op9ions are giv54 ,:5 species h]et(ore "u ! ban ( suspicion are 9 ?is volume1 = ! fir/ "t1 ann\nc$ to be edible 7!re are _m ( !m71 p]sonal te/s h n be5 consid]$ suffici5t1 z idiosyncrasy might h affect$ ! results4 ,o!rs1 at ! writ]'s reque/1 h eat5 ( ! species until _! innoc5ce 0 fully e/abli%$4 ,9 "s cases1 :]e ! reputation ( ! fungi eat5 0 especially bad1 sci5ti/s ( note h made elaborate & exhau/ive physiological te/s ( _! sub/ances1 & 9 e in/ance confirm$ ! human te/+4 ,:ile species :i* conta9 deadly poisons are few1 _! individuals are produc$ 9 great numb]4 ,nicety 9 di/+ui%+ _! botanic v>iance f edible species closely resembl+ !m is necess>y4 ,no *>m w detect ! poison4 ,eat+ toad/ools be=e _! c]ta9 id5tification z belong+ to edible species1 is nei!r brav]y nor common s5se4 ,! amateur %\ld g sl[4 ,! "q (t5 ask$ is3 ,by :at rule d y di/+ui% betwe5 edible & poison\s mu%rooms8 ,! answ] usually surprises ! que/ion]--!re is no g5]al rule4 ,all su* rules :i* h be5 giv5 are false & unreliable4 ,! quality ( ea* 0 le>n$1 "o at a "t4 ,sweet & s\r apples alike gr[ on l>ge & small trees1 may be r$ or gre51 l>ge or small1 oblong or globul>1 & no visible appe>ance gives ! lea/ clue to ! quality4 ,9 a few g5]a c]ta9 rules may be appli$1 z 9 ,clav>ia--all n bitt] or t\gh are edible4 ,b su* g5]alizations are ea* limit$ to its own g5us4 ,! toad/ools conta9+ deadly poisons are ?\ght to be conf9$ to "o g5us ( ! gill$ k9d--,amanita1 & to ,helvella escul5ta1 n[ ,gyromitra escul5ta1 to :i* are *>g$ fatal results4 ,! poison\s qualities ( ,gyromitra escul5ta are n prov54 ,rec5t te/+s ( ?is species prove x to be h>mless & ( good quality4 ,by f> ! great] numb] ( species conta9$ 9 ,amanita are notable = _! t5d] sub/ance & delici\s flavor4 ,by _! /ately beauty & unusual attractiv5ess bo? ! poison\s & h>mless k9ds are s$uctive4 ,any toad/ool ) :ite or lemon-yell[ gills1 ca/+ :ite spores :5 laid--gills d[nw>d--^u a %eet ( pap]1 hav+ remnants ( a fugitive sk9 9 ! %ape ( scabs or w>ts ^u ! upp] surface ( its cap1 ) a veil or r+1 or remnants or /a9s ( "o1 hav+ at ! base ( its /em--9 ! gr\nd--a loose1 sk9-l %ea? surr\nd+ x1 or remnants ( "o1 %\ld nev] be eat5 until ! collector is ?or\ghly conv]sant ) ! te*nicalities ( e su* species1 or has be5 taught by "o ^: au?ority is well kn[n1 t x is a h>mless species4 ,?is rule purposely includes ! r5[n$ ,amanita ,cs>ia1 ev]y:]e writt5 z lusci\s4 ,i reg>d x z ! mo/ dang]\s ( toad/ools1 because ( its close resemblance to its si/] plant--! ,amanita musc>ia--:i* is deadly4 ,9 ! description ( ^! species1 o!r =cible reasons are giv54 ,ano!r deadly species--! ,amanita phalloides--is frequ5tly mi/ak5 by ! inexp]i5c$ = ! common mu%room4 ,safety lies 9 ! /rict obs]vance ( two rules3 ,nev] eat a toad/ool f\nd 9 ! woods or %ady places1 believ+ x to be ! common mu%room4 ,nev] eat a :ite- or yell[-gill$ toad/ool 9 ! same belief4 ,! common mu%room does n gr[ 9 ! woods1 & its gills are at fir/ p9k1 !n purpli%-br[n or black4 ,if ?r\gh c>elessness1 or by accid5t1 a poison\s ,amanita has be5 eat51 & sickness results1 take an emetic at once1 & s5d = a physician ) in/ructions to br+ hypod]mic syr+e & atrop9e sulphate4 ,! dose is #aahj ( a gra91 & doses %\ld be cont9u$ h]oically until ! #abj ( a gra9 is adm9i/]$1 or until1 9 ! physician's op9ion1 a prop] quantity has be5 inject$4 ,:]e ! victim is critically ill ! #abj ( a gra9 may be adm9i/]$4 ,9 e case ( toad/ool poison+1 ! physician mu/ be guid$ by ! symptoms exhibit$4 ,pr(essor ,w4,s4 ,c>t]1 by num]\s exhau/ive trials ^u animals1 has prov$ t atrop9e1 :ile valuable z aga9/ ! fir/1 is n an antidote = ! late effects ( ! great] toad/ool poisons4 7,see 8 *apt] on toad/ool poisons1 especially prep>$ = ?is "w47 ,!re are o!r species :i* conta9 m9or poisons produc+ v undesirable effects4 ,^! are soon rem$i$ by tak+ an emetic1 !n "o or two doses ( :isky & sweet oil2 or v9eg> may be sub/itut$ = ! :isky4 ,a few species ( fungi are innocu\s to ! majority ( p]sons & h>mful to a few4 ,s x is ) _m common foods--/rawb]ries1 apples1 tomatoes1 cel]y1 ev5 potatoes4 ,! beg9n] at toad/ool eat+ usually expects comm5dation = brav]y1 & fe>fully wat*es = h\rs ! com+ ( some?+ dreadful4 ,indige/ion f any o!r cause is always laid to ! tradition>y enemy1 fright ensues1 a physician is call$1 ! sc>e spreads1 & a pe/il5tial /ory ( 8,sev]e ,poison+ by ,toad/ools10 gets into ! newspap]s4 ,! writ] has trac$ _m su* publications to imprud5ces 9 eat+1 ) :i* toad/ools _h no?+ to d4 ,! au?oritative analysis ( sev]al common food species by ,lafayette ,b4 ,m5del1 ( ,%effield ,laboratory ( ,physiological ,*emi/ry1 ,yale ,univ]sity1 is giv51 & w correct ! popul> error ab\t ! great nutritive value ( fungi1 aris+ f previ\s errone\s analyses4 ,:ile species are report$ z f\nd 9 c]ta9 localities1 x by no means foll[s t _! gr[? is conf9$ to ^! places4 ,a species report$ z f\nd 9 ! ,adirondack m\nta9s1 unless belong+ to ! few peculi> to nor!rn regions & high altitudes1 is reasonably sure to be m pl5tiful 9 a l habitat s\? & we/ ( !m4 ,s\? x w appe> e>li] & its season la/ long]4 ,size is l>gely dep5d5t ^u latitude & may v>y greatly 9 ! same gr\p4 ,temp]ature1 moi/ure1 favorable n\ri%m5t are important factors 9 gr[?4 ,ea* species has its favorite habitat1 & w ?rive be/ ^u x4 ,!re are few ?+s "u ! sun ^u :i* fungi d n gr[4 ,_! mission is p>ticul>ly direct$ t[>d conv]t+ decay+ matt]1 or matt] :i* has accompli%$ its "w 9 "o direction1 into usefulness 9 ano!r4 ,!y are ! wood-*opp]s1 /ew>ds1 cat]]s ( ! =e/1 conv]t]s 9 ! fields & *emi/s ev]y:]e4 ,!y c n assimilate inorganic matt] because ( ! abs5ce ( *lorophyl 9 _! composition1 b 9 organic matt] !y are omnivor\s4 ,:5 !y fe$ on dead sub/ances !y are call$ saprophytes2 :5 _! support is d]iv$ f liv+ tissues1 p>asites4 ,scores ( species ( fungi 7 f\nd 9 ! =e/s1 rav9es & cle>+s ( ! ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9s f #ahha to #ahhe inclusive1 & eat5 by ! writ] ye>s be=e he _h ! opportunity to le>n _! names f books or obta9 ! fri5dly assi/ance ( exp]ts 9 id5tify+ !m4 ,he knew ! individuals )\t kn[+ _! names1 z "o kn[s ! bird song & plumage be=e =mal introduction to ! pretty creatures t *>m him4 ,aft] he 0 able to get ,european publications ^u ! subject1 & by _! aid trace ! species he _h eat5 to _! names1 descriptions & qualities1 he 0 surpris$ to read t _m ( !m 7 w>n$ aga9/ z deadly4 ,z in=m$ by ^! books1 he prop]ly ought to h di$ sev]al times4 ,x soon became evid5t t au?ors _h foll[$ "o ano!r 9 condemn+ species1 "s because !y bore brilliant hues1 o!rs because !y 7 unpleasant :5 raw 7j z is a potato71 r ?an inve/igate _! qualities by te/+ !m4 ,"h 0 a realm ( food-giv+ plants almo/ entirely unexplor$4 ,! writ] det]m9$ to explore x4 ,in/ead ( ! "o hundr$ & elev5 species !n record$ by ! late ,doctor ,curtis z edible1 my numb] ( edible species n[ exce$s 8 by ov] six hundr$4,a ,footnote ,a3 ,?is book conta9s "o hundr$ & fifty pages m ?an 7 orig9ally e/imat$ & promis$ to ! subscrib]s4 ,t all kn[n edible & poison\s species might be fully describ$ & publi%$ )9 "o volume1 ! au?or 0 compell$ to cut fifty ?\s& words f 8 manuscript4 ,! localities f :i* species h be5 report$ & ! names ( ! report]s h be5 tak5 out1 except+ :]e x 0 desirable to %[ t =eign species h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & :]e te/$ species h be5 f\nd by ! au?or4 ,! pr9cipal cut has be5 f ! notes ( ! au?or & ( enl>g$ descriptions4 ,let u cle> away ! rubbi% & sup]/ition t h s long obscur$ ! /raight pa? to a k ( edible toad/ools4 ,let u be> 9 m9d t a mu%room is a toad/ool & a toad/ool is a mu%room--! t]ms are int]*angeable4 ,if toads ev] occupi$ ! "o-legg$ seat assign$ !m f "t immemorial1 !y h le>n$ 9 ?is enlight5$ age t ! gr\nd is mu* m reliable1 & s squat ^u x1 except :5 ex]cis+ _! con/itutional "r to hop4 ,snails1 slugs1 insects ( _m k9ds1 mice1 squirrels & rabbits prey ^u good & bad1 ea* to its lik+1 not)/&+ (t-repeat$ ass]tion t snails & slugs infect noxi\s v>ieties only1 or t animals select ! innocu\s only4 ,we are w>n$ aga9/ ^? :i* gr[ 9 ! d>k or damp2 ! mu%room ( comm]ce is gr[n by ! ton 9 ! subt]ranean qu>ries ( ,france1 & ev]y:]e 9 vaults & cell>s = dome/ic use4 ,! valu$ truffle nev] sees ! light until x is tak5 f d>kness to be eat51 & o!r v>ieties ( ! be/ pref] seclusion4 ,! wiseacres tell u t !y mu/ h equal gills1 mu/ n h ?9 tops1 mu/ n turn yell[ :5 spr9kl$ ) salt1 mu/ n black5 a silv] spoon1 t we mu/ n eat ( ^? *ang+ color :5 cut or brok51 ( ^? exud+ milk1 or ^? :i* are acrid1 hot1 or bitt]1 & give _m o!r specifics = det]m9+ ! good f ! bad4 ,^! te/s are all worse ?an wor?less1 = if confid5ce is plac$ 9 !m !y w n only lead u away f escul5t & excell5t v>ieties b directly into eat+ v5om\s ones4 ,!re are :ole g5]a ( fungi :i* are innocu\s2 b 9 ! ,family ( ,ag>icace1 :]e ! greate/ v>iety ( ! edible & poison\s species are f\nd1 x is necess>y to ma/] "o by "o ! details ( _! con/ruction & le>n to di/+ui% _! diff]5ces z "o does ^? ( ! _m k9ds ( roses1 or p9ks1 or hundr$s ( bright-fac$ pansies1 & 9 ! ma/]y ( !m lies ! only *>m t w safely guide4 ,c>efully remove ! fir/ toad/ool f\nd f :atev] x is gr[+ ^u1 & ) x a portion ( t f :i* x spr+s4 ,if x is ! e>? a curi\s :ite network is disc]nible1 f9e z ! delicate sp9n+ ( ! spid]1 spread+ its me%es ?r\gh\t ! mass4 ,x w (t5 rem9d ( m9iature v9es climb+ ov] m9iature lattices4 ,?is is ! mycelium f :i* ! toad/ool grew4 ,9 _m in/ances x p5etrates ! e>? to a consid]able dep?1 & takes possession ( l>ge t]ritory4 ,x is (t5 se5 z ! g>d5] turns up ! soil or its f]tiliz]1 & is p]haps tak5 = a mold4 ,if ! specim5 is ga!r$ f mat ( wood leaves1 ! same :ite v9e is obs]vable slipp+ 9 betwe5 its lay]s4 ,if tak5 f a tree1 ! decay+ wood is trav]s$ by x4 ,f :]ev] a toad/ool is pluck$1 x is remov$ f its mycelium4 ,?is mycelium is b a ?read-l mass ( simple cells jo9$ toge!r at _! ends & int]lac+ 9 a way a ?\s&-fold m intricate ?an a ,*9ese puzzle4 ,no?+ 9 its /ructure indicates :at its special product w be4 ,! fungus :i* is pluck$ f x is 9 all its p>ts simply a mass ( ^! ?reads--cells /rung toge!r1 int]lac+ & ramify+4 ,:5 ! season favors1 ! mycelium--:i* has1 w9t] & summ] & f ye> to ye>1 liv$ its hidd5 life1 or has sprung f a g]m9at+ spore--develops a numb] ( its cells 9 a m9ute knob1 small z a p9 head4 ,at ?is po9t ! cells make special gr[? ef=ts to br+ !mselves )9 ! favor+ influ5ces ( heat & moi/ure2 ?is t9y knob labors )9 itself1 produc+ cell aft] cell1 :i* takes %ape & function = ! future toad/ool4 ,z x rapidly enl>ges x pu%es its way t[>d ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 becomes m or less egg-%ap$ 9 ?is /age ( its gr[?1 & if cut 9 half longitud9ally & exam9$1 x w display :at x is go+ to be :5 x gr[s up4 ,suppose t x belongs to ! fir/ ( ! two great sections into :i* fungi are divid$ "u ! classification ( ,fries1 :o modifi$ t ( ,p]soon4 ,! fir/ has ! spores--:i* repres5t ! se$s 9 plants--nak$1 & x is call$ sporif]a or spore-be>+4 ,! second1 :i* has ! spores enclos$ 9 cells or cy/s1 is call$ sporidif]a or sporidia-be>+4 ,if ! cap ( a gill-be>+ toad/ool be laid1 gills d[nw>d1 on a wat* cry/al or piece ( :ite pap] = a few h\rs1 or1 9 "s in/ances1 a few m9utes1 a complete repres5tation ( ! spaces betwe5 ! gills w be f\nd deposit$ z an impalpable p[d]4 ,^! are ! spores4 ,! fir/ section is divid$ into f\r cohorts4 ,two ( ^! h hym5iums or spore-be>+ surfaces m or less exp&$4 ,^! are ,hym5omycetes & ,ga/romycetes4 ,9 ,hym5omycetes ! hym5ium is always expos$ 9 matur$ plants1 z ) ! common mu%room4 ,:5 "y1 "s plants are cov]$ ) a membrane4 ,9 ,ga/romycetes ! hym5ium is always conceal$ )9 a cov]+ :i* bur/s at maturity1 z ) ! ,lycop]dons or puff-balls4 ,cohort ,coniomycetes includes ru/s1 smuts1 etc41 =m$ = ! mo/ "p on liv+ plants4 ,!re is no hym5ium pres5t4 ,! spores are produc$ on ! ends ( inconspicu\s ?reads1 free or enclos$ 9 a bottle-l receptacle call$ a p]i!cium4 ,cohort ,hypomycetes is compos$ ( ^? species ( fungi commonly call$ molds4 ,! spores are produc$1 nak$1 f ! ends ( inconspicu\s ?reads4 ,9 ! ,ag>icace--! fir/ family 9 ,hym5omycetes--! "y plant is completely envelop$4 7,plate ,,iii1 fig4 ,b1 p4 #b47 ,its head is z yet undef9$ & its body may be class$ z dumpy1 b %ut 9 & protect$ are a great quantity ( knife-l plaits 7,plate ,,iii1 fig4 ,c41 p4 #b71 on ! out] surface ( :i*1 :5 ! plant matures1 w be borne its spores4 ,x !re=e belongs to ! ,hym5omycetes1 & to ! ,family ,ag>icace--gill-be>+4 ,if ! gr\nd becomes moi/ or !re comes a heavy dew or a ra91 ! "y plant1 closely compact$ & v solid1 :i* has be5 "u ! surface = _m days wait+ its *ance to get =? to light & air1 rapidly swells1 breaks ?r\gh ! moi/5$ e>?1 goes rapidly to cell-mak+1 ruptures its outside cov]+1 ! head exp&s & 9 s do+ spreads out its gills or hym5ium4 7,plate ,,iii1 figs4 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 p4 #b47 ,! membrane :i* cov]$ ! gills ei!r vani%es1 or ga!rs r\nd ! /em 9 ! =m ( a r+ or circul> apron1 or x may p>tially adh]e to ! edges ( ! top1 cap or pileus & hang z a fr+e f x2 ! /em elongates2 ! :ole plant assumes ! colors ( its species & 9 a few h\rs or days at mo/ x /&s =?1 a m>vel ( beauty1 /ructure & workman%ip4 ,b little is kn[n ( h[ ^! spores reproduce !mselves4 ,! microscope fails to completely p5etrate ! my/]y4 ,a :ole fungus is b a mass ( cells1 ! spore is b "o ( !m4 ,t ^! simple cells d produce aft] _! k9d !re is no d\bt1 b s m9ute is ! g]m & hidd5 its me?ods t sci5ce has fail$ to solve !m4 ,! fir/ ,family ( ,hym5omycetes is ,ag>icace4 ,its memb]s always h gills or modifications ( !m4 ,9 "s cases--notably 9 ,can?>ellus--! gills h ! appe>ance ( smoo?1 rais$ ve9s ov] :i* is ! spore-be>+ surface4 ,! hym5ium is b an ext5sion ( ! fib]s ( ! cap1 fold$ up l ! plaits & flut+s ( ruffles1 & laund]$ ) exquisite neatness4 ,if x is c>efully deta*$ & spread out l a fan x w cov] a l>ge surface1 _m times ! size ( ! cap f :i* x has be5 tak51 & w %[ t :at is a consumption ( mat]ial 9 dress ornam5tation is utiliz$ by economical ,dame ,nature to increase ! spore-be>+ surface )9 a small space & = purely bus9ess purposes--spore-be>+4 ,! color ( ^! spores has mu* to d ) ! classification4 ,! microscope ) high light reveals ! delicate %ades ( _! color+1 b ! ma9 colors are readily di/+ui%$ by ! nak$ eye :5 ! spores are collect$ 9 a mass on glass or pap]4 ,! ,polyporace h 9 place ( gills closely pack$ tubes on ! inside ( :i* is ! spore-be>+ surface2 ea* has a m\? f :i* to eject ! spores4 ,! ,hydnace be> _! spores f sp9es or spicules ( v>i\s l5g? protrud+ f ! ext]nal surface ( ! cap4 ,sometimes ! sp9es mock 9 m9iature ! /alactites ( ! ,cav]ns ( ,luray1 sometimes ! %aggy mane ( ! lion1 sometimes fl[+ locks ( hair4 ,^! ?ree ,families belong to ! ,cohort ,hym5omycetes1 hav+ _! spore-be>+ surface expos$ e>ly 9 life by ! rupture ( ! univ]sal veil4 ,! ,lycop]dons or ,puff-balls h ! hym5ium enclos$ )9 an out] case1 j z ! apple ) its se$s is enclos$ = a dumpl+4 ,:5 ! spores are matur$ ! sack is ruptur$ & !y escape z ! du/y p[d] s well kn[n to all4 ,! ,puff-ball belongs to ! ,cohort ,ga/romycetes1 because its spores are protect$ )9 ! hym5ium until !y are matur$4 ,!re are o!r ,families :i* conta9 edible species4 ,! ,clav>iace--bran*$ or club-%ap$--(t5 f\nd 9 z beautiful =ms z delight u 9 coral1 includes a few4 ,9 ,ascomycetes1 ( ! cov]$ spore division ,sporidif]a1 !re are sev]al species :i* are excell5t1 & z !y dry readily are mu* valu$ = flavor+ purposes :5 w9t] =bids ! gr[? ( outdoor fungi4 ,( ^! ! ,morell has pref]5ce4 ,! cap is cov]$ ) s9uosities & pits :i* be> ! spores4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties ( ! ,morell 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y are kn[n among ! c\ntry p :o cook & pickle !m1 z ,honey-comb mu%rooms4 ,! ,tub]ace are subt]ranean fungi4 ,! common truffle s mu* priz$ by epicures is a good repres5tative4 ,x is f\nd a foot or m "u ! surface ( ! e>?1 & ( su* value is x t 9 "s c\ntries pigs are tra9$ to hunt x f its hid+ place4 ,x is "o ( ! few =eign gr[?s app>5tly n tak+ k9dly to our c\ntry4 ,ef=ts h be5 made to import & cultivate x1 b )\t success4 ,x is possible1 ev5 probable1 t x may yet be f\nd 9 ,am]ica by assidu\s se>*4 ,i h said t !re is b "o way to di/+ui% ! edible f ! non-edible fungi2 t is by ma/]+ ! *>act]i/ics ( ea* species "o by "o4 ,!re are signs :i* po9t to ! evil & ^? :i* po9t to ! good1 b !y mu/ be us$ z signals1 n directors4 ,a nause\s1 fetid odor %\ld condemn a species z non-edible at once4 ,^? hav+ ! flavor ( fl\r or fre% meal are g5]ally accept$ z wor?y ( trial4 ,slimy1 wat]-soak$1 p>tially decompos$ plants1 or ^? impress+ "o z unpleasant 9 any way1 %\ld nev] f9d _! place ^u ! table4 ,d n eat ( any toad/ool1 unkn[n to ! collector1 beyond ! c>eful & sy/ematic te/+ requir$ to det]m9e :e!r x is edible or n4 ,a few species h a s]i\s *>ge rema9+ aga9/ !m2 t ( p>tiality4 ,!y unmi/akably signify ) :om !y w agree & ) :om !y w n4 ,^! are notably ,clitocybe illud5s1 ,lepiota ,morgani1 ,panolus papilionaceus1 all specializ$ 9 _! places 9 ! text4 ,o!r species h h]$it>y ta9ts ^u _! reputations4 ,mo/1 if n all ( !m h /ood pres5t te/s & reliev$ !mselves ( suspicion4 ,b1 alas t x %\ld be s6 ,! /igma mu/ re/ ^u !m = yet a :ile & until _! def5d]s are s num]\s t _! purity1 )\t a smir*1 is popul>ly proclaim$4 ,:]ev] wood gr[s & decays z x w1 ,polyporus1 ,panus1 ,l5zites1 ,s*izophyllum & k9dr$ g5]a /& prom95tly =? 9 c\ntless numb]s4 ,! great majority ( !m are in$ible because ( _! woody sub/ance4 ,a few are valu$ z food4 ,v _m ( !m yield _! soluble matt] & flavor :5 boil$1 & 9 ?is way make excell5t s\ps & gravies1 j z flax-se$ & ! b>k ( ! slipp]y elm yield succul5t matt]4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are n1 ) a few exceptions1 m5tion$ 9 ?is book4 ,numb]s ( ,clav>ie & ,hydne are 9 ! same category4 ,m4,c4 ,cooke t]sely says3 8,fruits t are n pea*es or apricots may be v good plums40 ,9 ! introductions to g5]a _! attributes are giv52 "u 8,in/ructions to ,/ud5ts0 e guide to id5tification & selection w be f\nd4 ,a ,gloss>y1 conta9+ ! botanic t]ms us$ 9 ?is book &1 x is believ$1 all o!r t]ms us$ by mycologi/s 9 describ+ fungi1 foll[s ! descriptive text4 ,x is /rongly advis$ t x be c>efully /udi$4 ,! roots & d]ivatives ( ! botanic t]ms are fully & c>efully giv5 by ,dr4 ,john ,w4 ,h>%b]g]1 pr(essor ( botany1 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 to :om ! au?or is specially indebt$4 ,! excell5t ,gloss>y publi%$ by ,dr4 ,edw9 ,a4 ,daniels1 ,bo/on1 has furni%$ _m compreh5sive def9itions4 ,x is ! prop]ty ( ! ,bo/on ,mycological ,club1 & c be obta9$ f its secret>y = tw5ty-five c5ts4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! prop] acc5tuation ( ! g5]ic & specific t]ms has be5 9 _m cases a difficult task1 &1 9 "s cases1 ow+ to ! dubi\s orig9 ( ! words 9 "q1 !re is c]ta9ly room = diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,?is task has be5 k9dly & consci5ti\sly p]=m$ by ,pr(4 ,m4,w4 ,ea/on1 pr(essor ( ,comp>ative & ,engli% ,philology1 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,?anks are due to ! ,hon4 ,addison ,br[n1 presid5t ( ! ,torrey ,botanical ,club1 & ,dr4 ,na?aniel ,l4 ,britton1 pr(essor ( ,botany 9 ,columbia ,college1 au?ors ( 8,illu/rat$ ,flora10 = ! det]m9ation ( ! acc5tuation ( non-classical words end+ 9 inus4 ,?ree indexes are giv53 ! fir/ ref]s to ! g5]al cont5ts1 ! second to ! g5]a1 ! ?ird to species & _! g5]a1 alphabetically arrang$4 ,mrs4 ,emma ,p4 ,ew+ & ,mrs4 ,s>ah ,t4 ,ror] h k9dly furni%$ "s ( _! recipes = ! prep>ation ( sev]al v>ieties ( toad/ools4 ,! be/ results ( ! au?or's long exp]i5ce 9 cook+ toad/ools are giv5 9 ! *apt] 8,recipes = ,cook+ & ,prep>+ = ! ,table10 toge!r ) o!rs select$ f _m s\rces4 ,! p]sonal ta/e ( ! s]v] mu/ be guide to ! *oice4 ,a *ild-fri5d ( ! writ]1 9 tell+ him ( h] "m's cook1 said3 8,%e's a good cook]1 b %e has a bad temp]40 ,a good 8cook]0 w soon le>n h[ to be/ display ! individual flavor ( ea* species4 ,& be x kn[n t ea* species ( toad/ool has a flavor ( its own4 ,^! flavors v>y z mu* z among meats & vegetables4 ,no "o species c be tak5 z /&>d ( excell5ce4 ,! greate/ c>e has be5 tak5 to secure illu/rations correct 9 e botanic detail4 ,) few exceptions ! color$ figures 7 drawn & pa9t$ by ! writ]4 ,to obta9 ?is important feature ! requirem5ts ( art h frequ5tly be5 sacrific$4 ,an arti/ c make a picture ( a toad/ool2 ! mycologi/ mu/ guide 8 bru% or p5cil 9 ! mak+ ( a correct pres5tation4 ,! happy comb9ation ( arti/ & mycologi/ occurs 9 ,mr4 ,val4 ,w4 ,/>nes1 ,augu/a1 ,ga41 to :om ?is volume owes _m ( its illu/rations4 ,mr4 ,frank ,d4 ,briscoe1 widely kn[n z an arti/ ( r>e ability1 has arrang$ & pa9t$ 9 gr\ps ! /udies made by ! writ] f typical plants1 & add$ to ! illu/rations _m excell5t draw+s ( 8 own4 ,! unfail+ reliability ( ! sun has be5 ma/]fully us$ by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,wei/1 ex-,secret>y ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,surgeons1 ,ri*mond1 ,ind42 ,h4,i4 ,mill]1 ,sup]9t5d5t ,t]re ,haute & ,indianapolis ,railroad1 ,t]re ,haute1 ,ind41 & ,mr4 ,lu!r ,g4 ,h>pel1 ,lebanon1 ,pa41 9 mak+ ! unexcell$ photographs g5]\sly contribut$ by !m4 ,! au?or is mo/ ?ankful to !m & to ,mr4 ,c4,g4 ,lloyd1 ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio--a sci5tific g5tleman devot+ lavi%ly ( 8 "t & money to ! spread ( mycological k--= ! privilege ( select+ f 8 ext5sive collection ( reali/ic photographs ^? adaptable to ! species describ$ h]e94 ,! au?or's ?anks are gratefully giv5 to ! _m :o h by help & enc\ragem5t fur!r$ 8 ef=ts 9 produc+ ?is1 ! fir/ ,am]ican text-book ^u fungi4 ,space precludes ! nam+ ( ! _m1 b ! few nam$ d n outrank !m 9 _! int]e/1 help & ! au?or's appreciation3 ,miss ,lydia ,m4 ,pat*51 ,presid5t ( ! ,we/field1 ,n4,y41 ,toad/ool ,club 7! fir/ 9 ,am]ica72 ,mrs4 ,e4,c4 ,an?ony1 ,?omas ,j4 ,coll9s1 ,e4,b4 ,/]l+1 ,b]ry ,b5son1 ,melvil ,dewey1 ,new ,york ,/ate ,libr>ian2 ,dr4 ,j4,e4 ,s*adle1 ,pr(4 ,j4,p4 ,arnold1 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania2 ,pr(4 ,w4,s4 ,c>t]1 ,univ]sity ( ,texas2 ,bo/on ,s*ool ( ,natural ,hi/ory2 ,massa*usetts ,horticultural ,society2 ,pr(4 ,wm4 ,g4 ,f>l[1 ,univ]sity ( ,h>v>d4 ,?us aid$ ! au?or believes t 8 own consci5ti\s1 pati5t1 lov$ labor 9 ! /udy ( edible & non-edible fungi & ! production ( ?is volume w be f>-rea*+ 9 its "o object--enc\rag+ ! /udy ( toad/ools4 ,! "t = writ+ a complete flora ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has n yet come2 a l>ge "p ( ! c\ntry rema9s z yet unexplor$ by mycologi/s2 new species are be+ con/antly discov]$ 9 ! di/ricts be/ kn[n4 ,e book on ! subject mu/ be necess>ily incomplete4 ,on ! o!r h&1 s f> z conc]ns ! kn[n fungus-flora1 !re is imp]ative ne$ ( "s guide to ! /ud5t1 :i* %all at lea/ save him "s "p ( ! we>y toil ( hunt+ ?r\gh ! scatt]$ lit]ature 9 :i* alone1 z ?+s are at pres5t1 c be f\nd ! in=mation he seeks4 ,9 ?is book ,i h tri$ to meet ?is ne$4 ,x is n complete1 b ,i h tri$ to s arrange ! matt] t ! /ud5t c always decide :e!r ! p>ticul> specim5 9 h& is or is n includ$1 &1 at lea/ = all ( our m conspicu\s fungi1 det]m9e ! family & g5us4 ,if ! /ud5t c d s mu*1 ! task ( f9d+ ! specific "n1 ev5 :5 n includ$ 9 ?is book1 becomes v mu* simpl]4 ,s mu* = ! m sci5tific aspect ( my book4 ,b ,i h also kept 9 con/ant view ! ne$s ( ! l>ge & con/antly gr[+ numb] ( p]sons :o h no aim fur!r ?an to le>n to "k ! pr9cipal toad/ools se5 9 _! walks1 j z !y wi% to "k ! pr9cipal trees & ! m conspicu\s birds4 ,= su* z ^!1 ! difficulty ( decid+ :e!r or no a p>ticul> individual fungus is describ$ 9 ! brief 7sket*+7 manuals hi!rto accessible is ev5 m =midable ?an ) ! special /ud5t ( botany4 ,f9ally1 ,i h kept 9 view ?r\gh\t ! "w ! ne$s ( ! mycophagi/s4 ,!y are n pot-hunt]s2 !y c>e mu* less = ! physical pleasure ( ! appetite ?an = ! close /udy ( ,nature t _! incl9ation leads !m into4 ,"s day ! delights ( a mu%room hunt along lu% pa/ures & ri* woodl&s w take ! rank ( ! g5tle/ craft among ^? ( hunt+1 & may p]*ance f9d its own ,izaak ,walton4 ,,au?or',s ,,& ,,publi%]',s ,,note4 ,x is ! int5tion ( ! au?or & ! publi%] to keep ?is book up to date4 ,recogniz+ t future te/+ w prove _m m species ( toad/ools to be edible1 & t sci5ti/s w h m exact k ( toad/ool poisons & _! antidotes1 !y ann\nce t illu/rat$ %eets publi%+ new edible species & curr5t in=mation ^u fungi w be1 f "t to "t1 issu$1 con=m+ 9 %ape & /yle to ?is volume & at an acceptable price4 ,t ! au?or & publi%]s may keep 9 t\* ) ! own] ( ea* volume1 & be in=m$ ( new discov]ies 9 species & ( new exp]i5ce1 own]s are reque/$ to communicate _! book numb]s to ,capta9 ,*>les ,mc,ilvaine1 or ! ,b[5-,m]rill ,co41 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,,in/ructions ,,to ,,/ud5ts ,to cat* fi% "o mu/ "k m ?an ! fi%2 to f9d toad/ools "o mu/ "k _! season & habitats4 ,!y are propagat$ by _! spores & f _! mycelium--t web-l gr[? :i* is ! result ( spore g]m9ation4 ,! spores ( gr\nd-gr[+ k9ds1 :5 %$ ^u ! gr\nd1 are wa%$ by ra9s along ! natural dra9age2 !re=e1 :5 a specim5 ( "o ( ^! k9ds is f\nd1 x is well to look up & d[n ! natural wat]-%$1 & foll[ x4 ,good rew>d w usually come ( x4 ,few fungi are /rictly solit>y4 ,c>eful obs]vation ( ! habitats ( ! v>i\s g5]a & species w enable ! /ud5t to "k :at may & may n be expect$ 9 a p>ticul> locality1 & w save _m a hunt4 ,:5 an unkn[n species is f\nd1 collect x c>efully1 exam9e x closely1 note all its features4 ,det]m9e to :i* division ( fungi x belongs4 ,if to ! gill$ family 7,ag>icace7 obta9 ! color ( ! spores 7see directions74 ,look at ! *>t 8,tabul> ,view ( ,g5]a ( ,ag>icace10 ,plate ,i1 p4 #b 7aft] ,w4,g4 ,smi?1 b enl>g$1 r$rawn & em5d$74 ,if ! spores are :ite1 x belongs to "o ( ! g5]a 9 ! fir/ column--,leucospor2 if p9k1 to "o 9 ! second column1 & s on4 ,x is (t5 difficult to det]m9e ! spore color1 because spores v>y ?r\gh _m %ades ( ! typical color4 ,:at are call$ :ite spores may be creamy1 dirty1 yell[i% or br[ni%-:ite2 p9k spores w v>y f almo/ :ite to r$di% & salmon-color2 br[n spores f light-o*race\s ?r\gh c9namon to ru/y2 purple spores f d>k-violet to purpli%-black4 ,exp]i5ce alone w enable ! /ud5t to decide :i* color s]ies is pres5t4 ,! ,g5]a ,*>ts1 prec$+ ! five diff]5t color s]ies1 %[ typical spore colors only4 ,aga91 au?ors describ+ ! species frequ5tly fail to see colors alike2 if !y d1 _! names = !m frequ5tly v>y4 ,= in/ance1 few p]sons w agree ^u a color express$ z 8livid40 ,! color sy/em pr9cipally us$ by botani/s is ,sacc>do's 8,*romotaxia10 co/+ fifty c5ts4 ,x is decid$ly inadequate4 ,ridgway's 8,nom5clature ( ,colors = ,naturali/s0 is f> bett]1 b x is out ( pr9t & obta9able only at ! pr9cipal libr>ies4 8,! ,prang ,/&>d ( ,color0 is ! mo/ complete ev] issu$1 b x is inapplicable to exi/+ descriptions ( fungi4 ,sid5ote3 ,make & ,pres]ve ,spore ,pr9ts4 ,take1 to pr9t ^u1 %eets ( ,bri/ol-bo>d or any /iff1 h>d-surfac$ :ite pap] #fi in*es or l>g]4 ,cut a r\nd hole1 f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 9 "o ( ! %eets4 ,use ?is z a /5cil4 ,lay x ^u a pr9t-%eet & :]e ! op5+ occurs1 pa9t ) a weak solution ( gum arabic-- oz4 7"o teaspoonful7 to "o p9t ( wat]4 ,dry ! pr9t-%eets4 ,:5 a spore-pr9t is to be tak51 select a fully-gr[n specim51 remove ! /em1 place ! spore-be>+ surface ^u ! gumm$ pap]1 cov] tightly ) an inv]t$ b[l or sauc]1 & all[ to /& undi/urb$ = eight or t5 h\rs4 ,! moi/ure 9 ! plant w s(t5 ! gumm$ surface2 ! spores w be %$ & w adh]e to x1 mak+ a p]fect1 p]man5t pr9t4 ,:5 ! pr9t is pla91 remove ! specim5 c>efully & dry ! pr9t4 ,numb] ! pr9t-c>ds to correspond ) ! numb] ( ! specim5 9 ! 8,record ( ,fungi10 & place !m 9 a box or cov]4 ,"s g5]a %$ _! spores soon] & m freely ?an o!rs4 ,a surplus ( spores is objectionable4 ,9 ord] to "k :5 a pr9t is pla9ly made1 )\t di/urb+ ! process1 h ei!r a specim5 ( ! same age1 or a piece ( ! "o "u ! b[l1 on ano!r piece ( gumm$ pap]1 cov]$ 9 l mann]4 ,?is c be exam9$ & w give ! desir$ in=mation4 ,a little exp]i5ce w enable ! /ud5t to obta9 good & la/+ pr9ts4 ,! l>ge black figures on "s cal5d>s1 if cut ) ! :ite ab\t !m1 are conv5i5t z trial %eets = spore-pr9t+4 ,lay ! specim5 p>tly on ! :ite1 p>tly on ! black4 ,if ! spores are light1 !y %[ be/ on black gr\nd1 & if color$1 !y %[ be/ on ! light4 ,spore measurem5ts1 z giv5 by diff]5t obs]v]s1 v>y to su* a degree t !y are ( little value1 except+ z det]m9+ a few species1 b spore %apes & *>act]i/ics are ( use z a la/ resort1 9 accurate det]m9ations4 ,a microscope ( consid]able p[] is ne$$4 ,a metrical scale & table ( measures is "h giv51 t ! /ud5t may h a pres5t guide to su* measurem5ts z are giv5 9 mycological publications4 ,measures ,illu/ration3 ,decimetre4 #a ,metre #ci4cga ,in*es #a ,decimetre #c4icga 0 #a ,c5timetre 7,c ,m47 4#cicga 0 #a ,millimetre 7,m4,m47 4#jcicga 0 #a ,micron 77 #a ,million? ( a #abedjj ( an ,in*4 ,metre #a ,l9e 77 #aab ( an ,in* #a ,gramme #ae4dcc ,troy ,gra9s #a ,decigramme #a4edc 0 0 #a ,c5tigramme 4#aedc 0 0 #a ,milligramme 4#jaedc 0 0 ,sid5ote3 ,use ( ,*>ts ( ,g5]a4 ,! spore color be+ det]m9$1 turn to ! ,g5]a ,*>t1 %[+ spores ( l color4 ,asc]ta9 f ! specim5 :e!r or n its cap or hym5ophore is di/9ct or easily sep>able f ! /em & ! gills free f ! /em2 if !y are1 x may belong to "o ( ! g5]a 9 ! upp] r[ ( figures2 if ! cap is n easily sep>able nor ! gills free1 look at ! %ape ( ! gills1 & f9d on ! *>t a correspond+ gill-%ape4 ,x is probable t ! g5us c ?us be det]m9$4 ,!n turn to ?is g5us 9 ! text1 read ! head+1 look ov] ! 8,analysis ( ,tribes10 g to ! tribe ne>e/ 9 designat+ ! prop]ties ( ! specim52 comp>+ ! specim5 ) ! descriptions ( species giv5 !reund]1 w probably enable ! seek] to decide ^u its "n4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! descriptions 9 ! text are ( ! specim5 or specim5s :i* ! au?or ( ! species saw4 ,:at ! au?or says fixes ! type ( ! species4 ,specim5s ( ! species may1 & v frequ5tly d1 v>y greatly f ! type4 ,if ! fir/ attempt to fix ! g5us is n satisfactory1 try aga91 & keep on try+ until reasonably sure4 ,! amateur w f9d1 h[ev] good an op9ion may exi/ 9 8 m9d ( ! /ock ( pati5ce on h&1 t ! t]ritory ( pati5ce has j be5 rea*$4 ,sid5ote3 ,mak+ & ,pres]v+ ,notes4 ,an excell5t blank =m = 8,collectors' ,notes0 is publi%$ by ! ,bo/on ,mycological ,club1 at "o c5t4 ,x is desirable t !re %\ld be uni=mity 9 collectors' notes1 & t !y %\ld be z full z possible4 ,a =m ( ?is1 or a simil> k9d1 %\ld be fill$ 9 & kept1 & %\ld also be us$ :5 specim5s are s5t to an exp]t = id5tification4 ,su* specim5s %\ld be fre%1 wrapp$ sep>ately 9 tissue pap]1 numb]$1 & a few %\ld be pack$ 9 a box t w n cru% 9 ! mail4 ,! address ( ! s5d] %\ld be ^u ! outside4 ,! collector's notes %\ld be s5t 9 a lett]1 ) a po/age /amp = reply enclos$4 ,if ! specim5s h to g a great di/ance1 !y %\ld be p>tially dri$ 9 a sl[1 op5 ov51 or !y w be a rott5 mass :5 !y rea* _! de/9ation4 ,sid5ote3 ,to ,te/ ,edibility ( ,species4 ,!re is b "o way by :i* to det]m9e ! edibility ( a species4 ,if x looks & smells invit+1 & its species c n be det]m9$1 ta/e a v small piece4 ,d n swall[ x4 ,note ! effect on ! tongue & m\?4 ,b _m species1 delici\s :5 cook$1 are n invit+ raw4 ,cook a small piece2 d n season x4 ,ta/e aga92 if agreeable eat x 7unless x is an ,amanita74 ,aft] sev]al h\rs1 no unpleasant effect aris+1 cook a l>g] piece1 & increase ! quantity until fully satisfi$ z to its qualities4 ,nev] v>y f ?is sy/em1 no matt] h[ mu* tempt$4 ,no possible dang] c arise f adh]+ firmly to x4 ,recipes = prep>+1 cook+ & s]v+ are giv5 9 *apt] on cook+4 ,x is bett] = ! /ud5t to fir/ become famili> ) ! common species1 "o at a "t1 ?an to attempt trac+ ! r>e or _m4 ,worry1 fatigue & unc]ta9ty are pl5tiful 9 an indiscrim9ate ga!r+ ( fungi4 ,"o species a day1 prop]ly trac$ & nam$1 means le>n+ ?ree hundr$ & sixty-five species a ye>4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,gloss>y4 ,unfamili> t]ms w be enc\nt]$ 9 ! descriptive text4 ,! ,gloss>y def9es !m2 & n only ^? 9 ?is book1 b1 x is believ$1 all ^? f\nd 9 o!r books ^u fungi4 ,:]e possible ?r\gh\t ! text1 botanical t]ms h be5 angliciz$4 ,! mean+s ( ^? rema9+ un*ang$ %\ld be memoriz$4 ,x is q z easy1 & f> bett]1 to le>n ! botanical names ( species & _! *>act]i/ics1 z to le>n _! common names2 easi] 9 fact1 = ! common names (t5 v>y ) locality4 ,! writ] receiv$ a lett] f an ,alsatian liv+ 9 ,/4 ,l\is1 tell+ him ( favorite fungi he us$ to eat :5 9 8 own c\ntry4 ,to all he gave local names1 n "o ( :i* c\ld be ref]r$ to ! p>ticul> species meant4 ,success & pleasure 9 ! /udy ( fungi w att5d ! /ud5t :o obs]ves c>efully & :o sy/ematically records t :i* is obs]v$4 ,,abbreviations ,,( ,,! ,,names ,,( ,,au?ors ,,( ,,species ,a4 & ,s41 ,alb]t9i & ,s*we9itz ,arrh41 ,arrh5ius ,b4 or ,bull41 ,bulli>d ,bad41 ,badham ,bagl41 ,baglietto ,bat4 or ,bats*1 ,bats* ,batt41 ,batt>a ,b]k4 or ,m4,j4,b41 ,b]keley ,b]k4 & ,br41 ,b]keley & ,broome ,bolt41 ,bolton ,bon41 ,bonord5 ,b\d41 ,b\di] ,b\d4 & ,pat41 ,b\di] & ,patonill>d ,bref41 ,brefeld ,bres41 ,bresadola ,brig41 ,briganti ,brond41 ,brondeau ,brot41 ,brot]o ,cav4 & ,se*41 ,cavali] & ,s*i] ,c4,b4,p41 ,pl[right ,*ev41 ,*evali] ,cke41 ,cooke ,cord41 ,corda ,crn41 ,cr\an ,cum41 ,cum9o ,curt41 ,curtis ,d4 & ,l41 ,durieu & ,lveill ,d4,c41 ,de ,c&olle ,de ,gu]n41 ,de ,gu]nisac ,desm41 ,desmazi]es ,dill41 ,dill5ius ,dittm41 ,dittm> ,dun41 ,dunal ,ehrb41 ,ehr5b]g ,ellis or ,j4,b4,e41 ,j4,b4 ,ellis ,eng41 ,engli% ,botany ,fayod1 ,fayod ,fl4 d41 ,flora danica ,=q41 ,=quignon ,fr41 ,elias ,fries ,fckl4 or ,fuck41 ,fuckel ,g4 or ,gill41 ,gillet ,g4 & ,r41 ,gillet & ,r\nregure ,god41 ,godd>d ,grv41 ,grville ,h4 & ,m41 ,h>kness & ,moore ,hazs41 ,hazsl9sky ,h$w41 ,h$wig ,h(fm41 ,h(fmann ,holmsk41 ,holmskiold ,huds41 ,hudson ,huss41 ,mrs4 ,t4,j4 ,hussey ,jacq41 ,jacqu9 ,jungh41 ,junghuhn ,kal*b41 ,kal*br5n] ,k>/41 ,k>/5 ,klotzs*1 ,klotzs* ,k41 ,krombholz ,lam41 ,lam>k ,lang41 ,langlois ,las*1 ,las* ,l5z1 ,l5z ,let41 ,letell41 ,letelli] ,lv41 ,lveill ,leys41 ,leyss] ,lib41 ,lib]t ,l9n4 or ,l41 ,l9nu ,m>t41 ,m>tius ,mi*41 ,mi*eli ,m4,j4,b41 ,b]keley ,mont41 ,montagne ,morg41 ,morgan ,m\g41 ,m\geot ,mll41 ,mll] ,nees1 ,nees ,osb41 ,osbeck ,pat41 ,pat\ill>d ,paul41 ,paulet ,p]s41 ,p]soon ,pk41 ,peck ,pol4 or ,poll41 ,poll9i ,q4 or ,quel41 ,quelet ,rab41 ,rab5hor/ ,rav41 ,rav5el ,relh41 ,relhan ,retz41 ,retzius ,riess1 ,riess ,ro/41 ,ro/kovius ,roz41 ,roze ,roz4 & ,ri*41 ,roze & ,ri*on ,sacc41 ,sacc>do ,saund4 & ,sm41 ,saund]s & ,smi? ,s*41 ,s*aeff41 ,s*aeff] ,s*r4 or ,s*rad41 ,s*rad] ,s*roet41 ,s*rt] ,s*ulz1 ,s*ulz ,s*um41 ,s*uma*] ,s*w41 ,s*we9itz ,scop41 ,scopoli ,sec41 ,secretan ,somm41 ,somm]felt ,s[41 ,s[]by ,sw41 ,sw>tz ,t4 or ,tul41 ,tulasne ,tod41 ,tode ,t\r41 ,t\rne=t ,trat41 ,tratt9ik ,u4 & ,e41 ,und]wood & ,e>le ,v5t41 ,v5turi ,vill41 ,vill>s ,vitt41 ,vittad9i ,wahl41 ,wahl5b]g ,wall41 ,wallro? ,we9m41 ,we9mann ,willd41 ,willd5[ ,)41 ,)]+ ,w4,p41 ,phillips ,w4,g4,s41 ,sm4 or ,wor?4 ,sm1 ,wor?+ton ,smi? ,wulf41 ,wulf5 ,,names ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,report]s ,,( ,,am]ican ,,species ,alabama ,luci5 ,m4 ,und]wood1 ,f4,s4 ,e>le 7,u4 & ,e474 ,cali=nia ,h4,w4 ,h>kness1 ,ju/9 ,p4 ,moore 7,h4 & ,m471 ,wm4 ,phillips4 ,canada ,john ,de>ness4 ,connecticut --- ,wright4 ,florida --- ,calk9s4 ,georgia ,b]ry ,b5son1 ,h4,n4 ,/>nes1 ,val ,w4 ,/>nes4 ,ill9ois ,fr$]ick ,j4 ,brndle4 ,indiana ,h4,i4 ,mill]1 ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,wei/4 ,i[a ,*>les ,e4 ,bessey1 ,t4,h4 ,macbride4 ,kansas ,f4,w4 ,crag91 ,elam ,b>?olomew1 ,w4,a4 ,kell]man4 ,k5tucky ,c4,g4 ,lloyd1 ,a4,p4 ,morgan4 ,l\isiana ,rev4 ,a4,b4 ,langlois4 ,m>yl& ,miss ,m>y ,e4 ,bann+4 ,massa*usetts ,*>les ,c4 ,fro/1 ,w4,g4 ,f>l[1 ,james ,l4 ,b5nett1 ,*>les ,j4 ,sprague1 ,rob]t ,k4 ,macadam1 ,julius ,a4 ,palm]1 ,hollis ,web/]4 ,m9nesota ,asa ,emory ,johnson4 ,mississippi ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,miss\ri ,william ,trelease4 ,nebraska ,*>les ,e4 ,bessey1 ,f4,e4 ,clem5ts1 ---- ,webb]4 ,new ,brunswick ,a4,c4 ,waghorne1 ,james ,f[l]4 ,new ,engl& ,bo/on ,mycological ,club4 ,new ,j]sey ,j4,b4 ,ellis1 ,b5jam9 ,ev]h>t1 ,e4,b4 ,/]l+1 ,*>les ,mc,ilvaine4 ,new ,york ,*>les ,h4 ,peck1 ,george ,f4 ,atk9son1 ,john ,torrey4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,rev4 ,m4,a4 ,curtis1 ,rev4 ,lewis de ,s*we9itz1 ,*>les ,mc,ilvaine4 ,nova ,scotia ,dr4 ,john ,som]s4 ,ohio ,*>les ,g4 ,lloyd1 ,a4,p4 ,morgan1 ,w4,s4 ,sullivant4 ,oregon ,dr4 ,h>ry ,lane4 ,p5nsylvania ,dr4 ,william ,h]b/1 ,rev4 ,lewis de ,s*we9itz1 ,*>les ,mc,ilvaine1 ,philadelphia ,mycological ,c5t]4 ,rhode ,isl& ,james ,l4 ,b5nett4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,dr4 ,h4,w4 ,rav5el4 ,we/ ,virg9ia ,*>les ,mc,ilvaine1 ,l4,w4 ,nuttall4 ,wiscons9 ,w4,f4 ,bundy1 ,william ,trelease4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,iii4 ,,progressive ,,gr[? ,,( ,,ag>ics4 ,a4 ,,/]ile ,,cells4 ,b4 ,,basidia4 ,c4 ,,cy/idia4 ,,figs4 ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,d4 ,e4 ,,/ages ,,( ,,developm5t ,,( ,,an ,,ag>ic4 ,f4 ,,gills ,,%$d+ ,,spores4 ,,figs4 ,a4 ,,spore-,,pr9t4 ,g4 ,,section ,,( ,,gill ,,magnifi$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,iv4 ,,gill ,,%apes4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,gills ,,z ,,ve9s2 ,,infundibuli=m4 #b4 ,,gills ,,r\nd$ ,,9 ,,front 7ant]iorly47 #c4 ,,gills ,,r\nd$ ,,beh9d 7po/]iorly47 #d4 ,,gills ,,lanceolate4 #e4 ,,gills ,,v5tricose4 #f4 ,,gills ,,unequal2 ,,cap ,,convex4 #g4 ,,gills ,,adnex$4 #h4 ,,gills ,,em>g9ate1 ,,also ,,adnate ,,& ,,hav+ ,,decurr5t ,,too?4 ,,fig4 #i4 ,,gills ,,s]rate4 #aj4 ,,gills ,,flexuose2 ,,wav$4 #aa4 ,,gills ,,di*otom\s4 #ab4 ,,gills ,,free2 ,,cap ,,broadly ,,umbonate4 #ac4 ,,gills ,,n>r[2 ,,cap ,,m>g9 ,,reflex$4 #ad4 ,,gills ,,slightly ,,adnex$2 ,,cap ,,umbonate2 ,,m>g9 ,,involute4 #ae4 ,,gills ,,decurr5t2 ,,cap ,,umbilicate4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration ,,plate ,v4 ,,r+ ,,%apes ,,& ,,positions2 ,,volva ,,%apes4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,r+ ,,sup]ior1 ,,broad4 #b4 ,,r+ ,,m$ial1 ,,p5dul\s4 #c4 ,,r+ ,,inf]ior 7l[ d[n74 #d4 ,,r+ ,,n>r[1 ,,fragm5ts ,,app5diculate4 #e4 ,,r+ ,,fibrillose4 ,,fig4 #f4 ,,r+ ,,p]si/5t1 ,,sometimes ,,movable4 #g4 ,,volva ,,free4 #h4 ,,volva ,,sep>at+1 ,,circumscissile4 #i4 ,,volva ,,irregul>ly1 ,,circumscissile4 #aj4 ,,volva ,,friable1 ,,disappe>+4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,class1 ,,fungi ---------- ,,sub-,,class ,,basidiomycetes ,,cohort ,,hym5omycetes4 ,gr4--a membrane1 a fruit-be>+ surface2 ,gr4--a mu%room4 7,s call$ f ! hym5ium or fruit-be>+ surface47 ,fungi compos$ ( membranes1 fle%y1 woody or gelat9\s1 gr[+ on wood or on ! gr\nd4 ,! hym5ium or spore-be>+ surface expos$ at an e>ly /age4 ,! spores are borne on basidia1 spread ov] ! surface4 ,! common mu%room is typical ( ! family4 ,all ! memb]s resemble x1 m or less1 9 organization & reproductive organs4 ,^! latt]1 9 ! mu%room1 are spread ov] lamell or gills4 ,! spores1 aft] rip5+ & dissem9ation1 g]m9ate & produce a mycelium or ?read-l v9e1 :i* 9 turn develops ! spore-produc+ "p ( ! plant4 ,hym5omycetes is divid$ into ! foll[+ six ,families3-- a4 ,,hym5ium ,,figurate4 ,i4 ,spread ov] ! surface ( lamell or ,,ag>icace4 gills4 ,,ii4 ,l9+ ! int]ior ( tubes or pores4 ,,polyporace4 ,,iii4 ,clo?+ ! surface ( sp9es or ,,hydnace4 protub]ances ( v>i\s =ms4 b4 ,,hym5ium ,,ev54 ,,iv4 ,horizontal & mo/ly on ! "u ,,!lephorace4 surface4 ,v4 ,v]tical & produc$ all ov] ! ,,clav>iace4 surface4 ,,vi4 ,sup]ior1 gelat9\s fungi4 ,,tremellace4 ,,family ,i4--,,ag>icace4 ,9 ! ,ag>icace ! hym5ium is spread ov] lamell or gills :i* radiate f a c5t] or /em4 ,! gills are compos$ ( a d\ble membrane1 & are simple or bran*$4 ,! p>ts ( an ,ag>ic may all be pres5t z 9 ,amanit1 or sev]ally abs5t 9 o!r g5]a4 ,:5 ! "y fungus is entirely enclos$ 9 a wrapp] or case1 ?is case is call$ ! univ]sal veil4 ,:5 ?is veil is ruptur$ by ! gr[? ( ! /em1 t "p :i* rema9s atta*$ to ! base is call$ ! volva4 ,! membrane rea*+ f ! /em to ! m>g9 ( ! cap is ! p>tial veil2 :5 x ruptures by ! expansion ( ! cap & all or a portion adh]es to & ab\t ! /em x =ms ! annulus or r+4 ,9 "s species "o or bo? veils may be pres5t1 or "o or bo? may be abs5t4 ,! /em is c5tral :5 support+ ! cap at its c5t]2 exc5tric :5 at "o side ( ! c5t]2 lat]al :5 x supports ! cap f ! side4 ,if ! /em is abs5t1 ! cap is said to be sessile2 if ! cap is horizontal & support$ by a broad base x is dimidiate2 if atta*$ to its place ( gr[? by its back x is resup9ate4 ,g5]a are l>gely di/+ui%$ by ! mann] 9 :i* ! gills are atta*$ to ! /em4 ,^! di/+ui%+ atta*m5ts are %[n 9 ! plates illu/rat+ g5]a & 9 ,plate ,,iv4 ,gill-%apes4 ,= conv5i5ce ,ag>icace is divid$ by ! color ( ! spores into five s]ies3 :ite1 p9k1 br[n1 purple1 black4 ,! la/ two1 ow+ to ! simil>ity ( hue1 are by "s writ]s 7pref]ably7 includ$ 9 ! black-spor$ s]ies4 ,spore color is a valuable assi/ant 9 det]m9+ species4 ,s]ies ,i4 ,,leucospor4 ,gr4--:ite2 ,gr4--se$4 ,spores :ite1 r>ely d+y or incl9+ to r$di%4 ,9 ! g5us ,russula ! spores ( "s species are :ite1 9 "s cream-color1 & 9 sev]al pale o*race\s4 ,v>iations f pure :ite are f\nd 9 ! spores ( ,tri*oloma p]sonatum & a few o!r species4 ,gill-color is n a guide to spore-color4 ,purple1 yell[1 br[n1 p9ki% gills may produce :ite spores4 ,,leucosporae ,,rhodosporae ,,o*rosporae ,,porphyrosporae,,melanosporae4 7,,:ite7 7,,p9k7 7,,br[n7 7,,purple7 7,,black7 ,,amanita ,,amanitopsis ,,volv>ia ,,acetabul>ia ,,*itonia ,,lepiota ,,ag>icus ,,copr9us 7,,psalliota7 ,,pluteus ,,bolbitius ,,pilosace ,,armill>ia ,,pholiota ,,/roph>ia ,,gomphidius ,,cort9>ius ,,tri*oloma ,,entoloma ,,hebeloma ,,hypholoma ,,pan,,olus ,,lact>ius ,,inocybe ,,anell>ia ,,russula ,,hygrophorus ,,clitocybe ,,clitopilus ,,flammula ,,x]otus ,,paxillus ,,nyctalis ,,l5zites ,,l5t9us ,,pleurotus ,,claudopus ,,crepidotus ,,panus ,,trogia ,,s*izophyllum ,,collybia ,,leptonia ,,naucoria ,,psilocybe ,,m>asmius ,,heliomyces ,,myc5a ,,nolanea ,,pluteolus ,,psa?yra ,,psa?yrella ,,hiatula ,,gal]a ,,omphalia ,,eccilia ,,tub>ia ,,deconica ,,montagnites ,plate ,i4 ,,leucosporae4 ,hym5ophore di/9ct f fle%y /em4 ,,amanita4 ,,lepiota4 ,,amanitopsis4 ,hym5ophore conflu5t & homog5e\s ) fle%y /em4 ,,armill>ia4 ,,tri*oloma4 ,lact>ius4 ,russula4 ,,clitocybe4 ,hygrophorus4 ,x]otus4 ,nyctalis4 ,,pleurotus4 ,l5t9us4 ,l5zites4 ,panus4 ,trogia4 ,s*izophyllum4 ,hym5ophore conflu5t )1 b het]og5e\s f c>tilag9\s /em4 ,,collybia4 ,m>asmius4 ,heliomyces4 ,,myc5a4 ,hiatula4 ,,omphalia4 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,,*>t ,,( ,,g5]a ,,9 ,,:ite ,,spor$ ,,s]ies ,,leucosporae4 ,,amanita4 7,a "n giv5 to "s escul5t fungi by ,gal51 p]haps f ,m\nt ,amanus47 ,univ]sal veil 7volva71 :i* is at fir/ cont9u\s 7completely envelop+ ! "y plant71 di/9ct f ! sk9 ( ! cap4 ,hym5ophore or cap1 ! "p :i* be>s ! spore-be>+ surface1 di/9ct & easily sep>able f ! /em1 :i* leaves a socket 9 ! fle% :5 x is remov$4 ,all gr[+ ^u ! gr\nd4 ,fries4 7,plate ,,vii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,,amanita ,,phalloides4 ,pileus some:at fle%y1 convex !n exp&$4 ,gills free4 ,univ]sal veil at fir/ enclos+ ! entire plant1 :i* z x gr[s bur/s ?r\gh1 g5]ally c>ry+ ! upp] "p on ! pileus1 :]e x appe>s z pat*es or scales1 ! rema9d] enclos+ ! /em at ! base z a volva1 ei!r 9 a cup-l =m1 closely adh]5t or friable & evanesc5t4 ,! p>tial veil 9 y\? ext5ds f ! /em to ! m>g9 ( ! pileus1 enclos+ ! gills2 :5 ruptur$ x dep5ds f ! /em z a r+4 ,/em furni%$ ) a r+1 & diff]5t 9 sub/ance f t ( ! pileus4 ,spores :ite4 ,on ! gr\nd4 ,! ne>e/ alli$ g5us1 ,amanitopsis1 is sep>at$ by ! abs5ce ( a r+1 & ,lepiota by its lack ( a volva2 ,volv>ia1 ,acetabul>ia & ,*itonia1 possess+ volvas1 are di/+ui%$ by ! color ( _! spores4 ,amanit are ! mo/ beautiful & conspicu\s ( fungi4 ,:ile !re are comp>atively few species ( !m1 ! individual memb]s are pl5tiful 9 appe>+ f spr+ until ! com+ ( fro/4 ,!y are solit>y or greg>i\s 9 gr[?4 ,occasionally two or ?ree are f\nd toge!r4 ,!y frequ5t woods1 groves1 copse1 m>g9s ( woods & l& rec5tly cle>$ ( trees4 ,!y are seldom f\nd 9 op5 fields4 ,a c>eful /udy ( all _! botanic po9ts %\ld be ! fir/ duty ( ! /ud5t ( fungi4 ,famili>ity ) e *>act]i/ic ( ! ,amanit w insure aga9/ fatal toad/ool poison+1 = x is ! well-gr\nd$ belief ( ^? :o h made ?or\gh inve/igation t1 ) ! exception ( ,helvella escul5ta1 n[ ,gyromitra escul5ta1 ! ,amanit1 alone1 conta9 deadly poisons4 ,no ,amanita1 or piece ( "o1 %\ld be eat5 be=e its id5tity is fully e/abli%$ & its qualities asc]ta9$ by ref]r+ to ! descriptions h]e9 giv5 or to ! op9ion ( an exp]t4 ,!y are ! ari/ocrats ( fungi4 ,_! noble be>+1 _! beauty1 _! p[] = good or evil1 & above all _! p]fect /ructure1 h plac$ !m fir/ 9 _! realm2 & !y pr\dly be> ! ?ree badges ( _! clan & rank--! volva or %ea? f :i* !y spr+1 ! kid-l apron encircl+ _! wai/s1 & pat*-m>ks ( _! high bir? ^u _! caps4 ,9 _! y\?1 :5 9 or j appe>+ above ! gr\nd1 !y are completely inve/$ ) a membrane or univ]sal veil1 :i* is di/9ct & free f ! sk9 ( ! cap4 ,z ! plant gr[s ! membrane /ret*es & f9ally bur/s4 ,x sometimes ruptures 9 "o place only & rema9s ab\t ! base ( ! /em z ! volva4 ,:5 su* a rupture occurs ! caps are smoo?4 ,9 mo/ species portions ( ! volva rema9 ^u ! cap z scruff or w>ts--po9t$ or r\gh--or z fea!ry adornm5t2 any or all ( :i* may 9 "p or :ole vani% ) age or be wa%$ away by ra94 ,ext5d+ f ! /em to ! m>g9 ( ! cap1 & cov]+ ! gills1 is ! p>tial veil--a membranace\s1 :ite texture ( v>y+ ?ickness4 ,z ! cap exp&s ?is veil te>s f x4 ,portions frequ5tly rema9 p5dant f ! edges1 ! re/ contracts to ! /em z a r+1 or droops f x z a surr\nd+ ruffle1 or1 if ( slight consi/5cy1 may be fugaci\s & disappe>1 b m>ks1 rema9s1 or ! veil itself w always be traceable ^u ! /em4 ,! ,amanit are ( all colors1 f ! brilliant orange ( ! ,a4 ,cs>ea1 ! ri* sc>let or crimson ( ! ,a4 musc>ia1 to ! pure :ite ( ! ,a4 phalloides 9 its :ite =m4 ,_! /ems are usually long1 & tap] f ! base t[>d ! top4 ,9 "s =ms ! base is di/9ctly bulb\s4 ,! volva at ! base is atta*$ to ! /em at its l[] extremity4 ,x may be visible z a cup or ruptur$ p\* ) spread+ m\?1 or x may be ( su* friable texture z to appe> l mealy scales4 ,(t51 :5 ! plant is pull$ f ! gr\nd1 ! volva rema9s1 b ! m>ks ( its atta*m5t w appe> & %\ld be c>efully look$ =4 ,_! gills are commonly :ite1 are ( equal l5g? & radiate f ne> ! /em1 :i* !y d n rea*1 to ! circumf]5ce ( ! cap4 ,!y are :ite1 unless t+$ ) age1 except+ ^u ,a4 ,cs>ea & ,a4 ,fro/iana :]e !y are yell[4,b ,_! caps are umbrella-%ap$1 flat or convex4 ,_! fle% is :ite1 does n *ange color :5 bruis$4 ,!y are sc5tless & almo/ ta/eless :5 fre%1 :5 old !y h a slightly (f5sive odor & ta/e4 ,footnote ,b3 ,a4 ,fro/iana is n always yell[ gill$4 ,! family is n a l>ge "o1 n ov] ?irty memb]s complete its circle4 ,e feature1 e "p ( its sev]al memb]s1 %\ld be ?or\ghly kn[n be=e ! intimacy ( eat+4 ,:ile at lea/ n9e ( ! family are n only edible b delicate & sapid1 f> bett] w x be to leave all alone ?an to make a mi/ake4 ,a piece ( a poison\s v>iety ! size ( a dime w (t5 cause s]i\s disord]s if eat54 ,_m p]sons h di$ f eat+ v small quantities4 ,because ( its ovate or button-l =m :5 "y1 x is frequ5tly mi/ak5 = ! common field mu%room2 ev5 exp]i5c$ mycophagi/s h be5 deceiv$ by x4 ,no o!r poison has s puzzl$ sci5ti/s4 ,o!r v>ieties ( fungi may int]f]e ) dige/ion1 b to ! ,amanit all dea?s f toad/ool-eat+ are traceable4 ,its subtle alkaloid is absorb$ by ! sy/em1 & 9 mo/ cases lies unsuspect$ = f six to twelve h\rs1 !n its iron grip holds to ! dea?4 ,= c5turies x has defi$ all rem$ies4 ,! problem has be5 p>tially solv$4 ,at ,%5&oah1 ,pa41 ,augu/ #ca1 #ahhe1 a family ( five 7 poison$ by toad/ools2 two di$1 ?ree liv$4 ,not+ ! sad acc\nt 9 ! newspap]s1 ,i at once wrote to ,%5&oah = specim5s ( ! fungi eat5 & a description ( ! treatm5t4 ,i promptly receiv$ f ,dr4 ,j4,e4 ,s*adle 7n[ ,pr(essor ,s*adle71 ! physician 9 *>ge ( ! cases1 a box conta9+ two h>mless v>ieties & sev]al f9e specim5s ( ! ,amanita phalloides1 all ( :i* 7 ga!r$ on ! same spot & by ! same p]son :o ga!r$ ! toad/ools do+ ! poison+4 ,!y told ! tale4 ,a rem>kably full & int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! cases 0 s5t to me by ,dr4 ,s*adle4 ,aft] exhau/+ all o!r rem$ies1 & aft] two ( ! five _h di$1 he adm9i/]$ subcutane\sly1 by hypod]mic injection1 sulphate ( atrop9e--a product ( ! deadly night%ade analag\s to belladonna--#aahj to #afj ( a gra9 at a dose4 ,x prov$ to be an antidote & sav$ ! lives ( ! rema9+ ?ree4 ,! action ( atrop9e 9 arre/+ ! deadly "w ( poison+ by amanit9e _h be5 =e%ad[$ by ,s*midb]g & ,koppe1 & dwelt ^u 9 num]\s publi%$ articles by ,mr4 ,julius ,a4 ,palm]1 to :om m ?an any o!r is due ! br&+ ( ! murd]\s memb]s ( ! ,amanita family2 b = ! fir/ "t atrop9e 0 us$ ^u ! human sy/em to w>d _! bl[s4 ,all ( ! species h]e9 describ$ are f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,( ! tw5ty-sev51 n9e are edible1 n9e are ei!r kn[n to be deadly or are s closely alli$ to deadly species t x is unsafe to class !m z o!r ?an poison\s until absolute pro( is obta9$ ( _! h>mlessness4 ,! rema9+ n9e ,i h n se51 nei!r is !re any record ( _! qualities4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,species4 99 ,volva op5+ at ! top or splitt+ all ar\nd1 leav+ a manife/1 free bord] at ! base ( ! /em4 ,pileus nak$ or ) broad membranace\s pat*es4 9999 ,volva splitt+ regul>ly all r\nd ! l[] portion1 p]si/5t1 m or less closely embrac+ ! base ( ! bulb\s /em4 ,! upp] portion be+ adnate to ! pileus appe>s on x by expansion z scatt]$1 ?ick w>ts4 999999 ,volva friable1 entirely brok5 up into w>t-l scales1 !re=e n p]si/5t at ! base ( ! /em1 :i* is at fir/ globose-bulb\s1 becom+ less s z x l5g!ns4 ,pileus be>+ mealy pat*es1 soon disappe>+ or ) small1 h>d1 po9t$ w>ts4 99999999 ,volva rudim5t>y1 flocculose1 :olly disappe>+4 99 ,volva bur/+ at top1 etc4 ,a4 virosa ,fr4--virus1 poison4 ,%9+ :ite4 ,pileus #c-d 94 broad1 fle%y1 at fir/ conical & acute1 aft]w>ds bell-%ap$1 !n exp&$1 nak$1 visc\s 9 wet wea!r1 %9+ :5 dry1 m>g9 always ev51 b mo/ frequ5tly unequal1 turn$ backw>d & inflex$4 ,fle% :ite1 un*angeable4 ,/em #d-f 94 long1 :olly /uff$1 almo/ solid1 split up into longitud9al fibrils1 cyl9drical f ! bulb\s base1 (t5 compress$ at ! apex1 torn into scales on ! surface1 spr++ f a lax1 wide1 ?ick volva1 :i* bur/s op5 at ! apex4 ,r+ close to ! top1 lax1 silky1 splitt+ up into floccose fragm5ts4 ,gills free1 ?91 n>r[1 n>r[+ at bo? ends1 b a little broad] 9 front1 n decurr5t on ! /em 7al?\gh ! apex ( ! /em is (t5 /riate71 cr[d$1 some:at floccose at ! edge4 ,fries4 ,! pilei are mo/ frequ5tly oblique1 ext5d$ & lob$ on "o side z 9 ,hygrophor\s conicus1 sc>cely ev] depress$4 ,! pileus r>ely becomes yell[4 ,! fragm5ts ( ! veil (t5 adh]e to ! edge ( ! gills4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p$ by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,/udies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,amanita ,,spreta1 #aa #d4 ,,amanita ,,musc>ia1 #ad #b4 ,,amanita ,,phalloides 7,,:ite #g #e4 ,,amanita ,,fro/iana1 #af ,,v>471 #c4 ,,amanita ,,phalloides 7,,br[n #g #f4 ,,gyromitra ,,escul5ta1 #edf ,,v>471 ,9 woods4 ,uncommon4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,fetid1 poison\s4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores sph]oid or subsph]oid1 #aj-af1 ,k42 #h ,w4,p42 sub-globose1 #h-aj ,massee4 ,,poison\s4 ,i ?9k x a v>iety ( ,a4 phalloides4 ,a4 phalloides ,fr4 ,gr4--phallus-l4 7,plate ,,vi1 figs4 #b1 #c1 p4 #f47 ,pileus #c-d 94 broad1 commonly %9+ :ite or lemon-yell[1 fle%y1 oval bell-%ap$1 !n exp&$1 obtuse1 cov]$ ov] ) a pellicle :i* is viscid 7n glut9\s7 9 wet wea!r1 nak$1 r>ely spr9kl$ ) "o or two fragm5ts ( ! volva1 ! regul> m>g9 ev54 ,/em #c-e 94 long1 94 & m ?ick1 solid d[nw>d1 bulb\s1 holl[ & att5uat$ upw>d1 r smoo?1 :ite4 ,r+ sup]ior1 reflex$1 slightly /riate1 swoll51 commonly entire1 :ite4 ,volva m or less buri$ 9 ! soil1 bulb\s1 semifree1 bur/+ op5 9 a torn mann] at ! apex1 ) a lax bord]4 ,gills free1 v5tricose1 #d l9es broad1 %9+ :ite4 ,fries4 ,pileus v v>iable 9 color1 commonly :ite or yell[ 7,a4 citr9a ,p]s471 becom+ gre5 7,a4 viridis ,p]s471 olivace\s & occasionally v>iegat$ ) tig] spots2 9 late autumn ) ! disk almo/ black b :iti% r\nd ! m>g94 ,odor some:at fetid1 b little rem>kable z comp>$ ) t ( ,a4 virosa4 ,9 woods4 ,frequ5t4 ,augu/ to ,novemb]4 ,a v ,,poison\s & dang]\s species4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores #h-i ,w4,g4,s42 #h-aj ,b42 #g-i diam4 ,massee2 globose1 #g4ff ,peck4 ,pileus at fir/ ovate or subcampanulate1 !n exp&$1 slightly viscid :5 "y & moi/1 smoo? or r>ely adorn$ by a few fragm5ts ( ! volva1 ev5 on ! m>g91 :ite1 yell[i%-br[n or blacki%-br[n4 ,lamell r broad1 r\nd$ beh9d1 free1 :ite4 ,/em equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 /uff$ or holl[1 smoo? or slightly floccose1 r+$1 bulb\s1 ! ruptur$ volva ei!r appress$ loose or m]ely =m+ a n>r[ m>g9 to ! bulb4 ,plant #d-h 94 high4 ,pileus #b-e 94 broad4 ,/em #c-f l9es ?ick4 ,?is species is common & v>iable4 ,x occurs ev]y:]e 9 woods & assumes su* diff]5t colors t ! inexp]i5c$ mycologi/ is apt to mi/ake its diff]5t =ms = di/9ct species4 ,) u ! prevail+ colors ( ! pileus are :ite1 yell[i%-:ite1 grayi%-br[n & blacki%-br[n4 ,x is rem>kable t ! =m ) a gre5i% pileus1 :i* seems to be common en\gh 9 ,europe1 does n occur "h4 ,fries also m5tions a =m hav+ a :ite pileus ) a black disk4 ,a some:at simil> =m occurs "h1 9 :i* ! pileus is grayi%-br[n ) a black disk4 ,"s ( ! v>i\sly color$ =ms 7 =m]ly tak5 to be di/9ct species1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* sev]al synonyms h aris51 ( :i* ,a4 viresc5s ,fl4 ,dan41 ,amanita viridis ,p]s41 & ,amanita citr9a ,p]s41 are examples4 ,a4 v]na ,bull4 is a v>iety hav+ a :ite pileus1 a r ?ick annulus & an appress$ volva4 ,x sometimes occurs e>ly 9 ! season2 h5ce ! specific "n4 ,x also occurs late 9 ! season & runs into ! typical =m s t x is n easy to keep x di/9ct4 ,! fle% & ! lamell are :ite1 ! /em is :ite1 pallid or br[ni%1 & ! annulus is ei!r :ite or br[ni%4 ,! bulb is g5]ally v broad & abrupt or depress$1 ?\gh x sometimes is small & approa*es an ovate =m4 ,! l>ge bulbs are sometimes split ext]nally 9 two or ?ree places & are1 !re=e1 two- or ?ree-lob$4 ,9 su* cases ! volva is less p]si/5t ?an usual & its free portion !n furni%es m]ely an acute edge or n>r[ m>g9 to ! bulb4 ,specim5s sometimes occur 9 :i* ! m>g9 ( ! pileus is n>r[ly adorn$ ) a slight woolly hair9ess1 b usually x is p]fectly smoo? & ev54 ,by ?is "*1 tak5 9 connection ) ! membran\s volva & bulb\s base ( ! /em1 ! species is readily di/+ui%$4 ,sometimes a /rong odor is emitt$ by x1 b usually ! odor is slight4 ,au?ors g5]ally pron\nce ?is a poison\s & v dang]\s species4 ,its appe>ance is attractive1 b its use z food is to be avoid$4 ,peck1 #cc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,common 9 woods & rec5tly cle>$ woodl&s4 ,frequ5t ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,june to fro/4 ,an exce$+ly poison\s1 dang]\s1 s$uctive species1 responsible = mo/ ( ! dea?s f toad/ool eat+2 because 9 its :ite =m x is mi/ak5 = ! common mu%room--,ag>icus campe/]4 ,! real fault is ) ! collector1 :o %\ld nev] eat any fungus f\nd 9 ! woods1 believ+ x to be ! mu%room4 ,! mu%room does n gr[ 9 ! woods4 ,nei!r has x :ite gills1 nor :ite spores1 nor a volva at ! base ( ! /em z h ,amanit4 ,! caps ( ,a4 phalloides v>y 9 color--:ite1 oy/]-color1 smoky br[n4 ,! color ( ! commone/ =m is f :ite to a light hue ( gre5i% yell[4 ,! c5t] ( ! cap1 :atev] may be ! prevail+ color1 is usually sev]al %ades d>k]4 ,9 %ape1 ! cap *anges f a knob 9 y\?1 ?r\gh ! %apes ( expansion1 until x becomes fully spread1 :5 x is umbrella-%ap$1 or almo/ flat4 ,"s =ms h a slightly rais$ portion or umbo 9 ! c5t] ( ! cap4 ,! gills are :ite1 ( good wid?1 r\nd$ next to ! /em & free f x4 ,! /em con=ms 9 color to ! cap1 b 9 light] %ades4 ,:ite-capp$ v>ieties h :ite /ems4 ,! /em has a sudd5 broad1 di/9ct bulb at ! base4 ,on ! upp] side ( ! bulb !re is usually a m>g9 or rim4 ,! /em tap]s m or less t[>d ! cap1 f :i* x is easily sep>able4 ,! cup1 wrapp] or volva is torn or split or irregul> at ! upp] "p1 & is n press$ to ! /em z 9 "s =ms4 ,pr(essor ,peck1 9 8 #dh? ,report1 gives ! foll[+ excell5t synopsis ( diff]5ces betwe5 ! poison\s ,amanita & edible fungi1 = :i* x c\ld only by great /upidity be mi/ak53 ,poison amanita4 ,gills p]si/5tly :ite4 ,/em equal to or long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! cap1 ) a broad1 di/9ct bulb at ! base4 ,common mu%room4 ,gills p9k1 becom+ blacki%-br[n4 ,/em %ort] ?an ! diamet] ( ! cap1 ) no bulb at ! base4 ,f all =ms ( ! edible ,%ea!d amanitopsis ! ,poison amanita diff]s 9 its di/9ctly bulb\s /em1 9 hav+ a coll> on ! /em & 9 ! abs5ce ( /riations on ! m>g9 ( ! cap4 ,f ! edible ,r$di% amanita1 x is easily sep>at$ by ! entire abs5ce ( any r$di% hues or /a9s & ( w>ts ^u its cap4 ,f ! ,smoo? lepiota its di/9ct1 abrupt & m>g9al bulb at once di/+ui%es x4 ,a4 v]na ,bull4--v]nus1 ( spr+4 ,a v>iety ( ,a4 phalloides4 ,,poison\s4 ,:ite4 ,pileus ovate !n exp&$1 some:at depress$1 viscid1 m>g9 orbicul>1 ev54 ,/em /uff$ !n holl[1 equal1 floccose1 closely %ea!d ) ! free bord] ( ! volva4 ,r+ reflex$1 swoll54 ,gills free4 ,pileus glabr\s1 ev5 on ! m>g91 :ite1 viscid :5 moi/4 ,gills :ite4 ,/em r+$1 :ite1 floccose1 /uff$ or holl[1 closely %ea!d at ! base by ! rema9s ( ! membran\s volva1 bulb\s4 ,spores globose1 #h broad4 ,9 woods4 ,spr+ & summ]4 ,! ,v]nal ,amanita sc>cely diff]s f :ite =ms ( ! ,a4 phalloides except 9 ! m p]si/5t & m closely %ea?+ rema9s ( ! wrapp] at ! base ( ! /em4 ,x is probably only a v>iety ( t species1 z mo/ mycologi/s n[ reg>d x1 & x %\ld be consid]$ q z dang]\s4 ,i h n f\nd x e>li] ?an 9 ,july1 al?\gh 9 ,europe x is said to appe> 9 spr+1 z its "n implies4 ,peck1 #dh? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,common ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,may to ,novemb]4 ,x appe>$ at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 on ,may #bh1 #ahii4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,! abs5ce ( a r+ sep>ates :ite =ms ( ,a4 volvata & ,a4 vag9ata4 ,! virul5ce ( its poison is ! same z t ( ,a4 phalloides4 ,a4 magnivelaris ,pk4--magnus1 l>ge2 velum1 veil4 ,pileus convex or ne>ly plane1 glabr\s1 slightly viscid :5 moi/1 ev5 on ! m>g91 :ite or yell[i%-:ite4 ,gills close1 free1 :ite4 ,/em long1 ne>ly equal1 glabr\s1 :ite1 furni%$ ) a l>ge membran\s :ite annulus1 %ea!d at ! base by ! appress$ rema9s ( ! membran\s volva1 ! bulb\s base tap]+ d[nw>d & radicat+4 ,spores broadly elliptical1 #ajf-h4 ,pileus #c-e 94 broad4 ,/em #e-g 94 long1 #d-f l9es ?ick4 ,solit>y 9 woods4 ,port ,jeff]son1 ,suffolk c\nty4 ,july4 ,! species resembles ,amanita v]na1 f :i* x is sep>at$ by its l>ge p]si/5t annulus1 ! elongat$ d[nw>dly tap]+ bulb ( its /em1 & especially by its elliptical spores4 ,peck1 #ej? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,i h n se5 ?is species4 ,its resemblance to ,a4 v]na is en\gh to place ! ban ^u x until x has be5 te/$4 ,a4 mappa ,fr4--mappa1 a napk94 ,f ! volva4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad1 commonly :ite or becom+ yell[1 slightly fle%y1 convexo-plane1 obtuse or depress$1 orbicul>1 dry1 m>g9 = ! mo/ "p ev54 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #c-e l9es ?ick1 /uff$ !n holl[1 almo/ equal above ! bulb1 r smoo?1 :ite4 ,r+ sup]ior1 s(t1 lax1 "h & !re torn4 ,volva regul>ly circul>ly split1 some:at oblit]at$2 ! globoso-bulb\s base unit$ ) ! /em1 ) an acute & di/ant m>g92 ! portion cov]+ ! pileus divid$ into broad1 irregul>1 some:at sep>at+ scales4 ,gills annex$1 cr[d$1 n>r[1 %9+1 :ite4 ,fries4 ,odor /9k+4 ,! color is t ( ,a4 phalloides1 ) :i* ,a4 virosa exactly agrees1 m r>ely /raw color1 lemon-yell[1 becom+ gre54 ,9 mix$ woods4 ,frequ5t4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores sph]oid1 #g-aj ,k42 #h-if-h ,b42 subglobose1 #g-i diamet] ,massee4 ,new ,york woods & fields1 common1 ,septemb] to ,octob]1 ,peck1 #bb;d ,rep42 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis2 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/2 ,m9nesota1 ,johnson2 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,di/rict ,columbia1 ,miss ,taylor4 ,,poison\s4 ,probably b a v>iety ( ,a4 phalloides4 ,a4 spreta ,pk4--spreta1 hat$4 7,plate ,,vi1 fig4 #a1 p4 #f47 ,pileus subovate1 !n convex or exp&$1 smoo? or adorn$ ) a few fragm5ts ( ! volva1 sub/riate on ! m>g91 :iti% or pale-br[n4 ,gills close1 rea*+ ! /em1 :ite4 ,/em equal1 smoo?1 annulate1 /uff$ or holl[1 :iti%1 f9ely /riate at ! top f ! decurr5t l9es ( ! lamell1 n bulb\s at ! base1 b ! volva r l>ge1 loose1 subo*reate4 ,spores elliptical1 g5]ally ) a s+le l>ge nucleus1 #aj-acf-h4 ,plant #d-f 94 high4 ,pileus #c-e 94 broad4 ,/em #d-f l9es ?ick4 ,gr\nd 9 op5 places4 ,s&lake & ,gansevoort4 ,augu/4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,?is is a dang]\s species1 because conta9+ a deadly poison & resembl+ ! mo/ common =ms ( ,amanitopsis1 !re=e likely to be mi/ak5 = !m4 ,specim5s s5t by me to ,pr(essor ,peck 7 id5tifi$ z 8 species4 ,i add my own description4 ,pileus oval1 broadly umbonate1 date-br[n t[>d & on umbo1 s(t1 dry1 smoo?1 m or less sulcate on edge4 ,fle% :ite1 ?91 except at c5t]4 ,/em tap]s rapidly above r+ & at base1 :ite-r$di%-br[n t[>d middle1 n>r[s t[>d volva f :i* x is almo/ free at ! base1 holl[1 furfurace\s above r+4 ,gills :ite1 cr[d$1 free4 ,r+ :ite1 ?91 p]si/5t1 b at times h>d to di/+ui% because cl++ to /em4 ,volva free1 fitt+ close1 upp] m>g9 ?91 l[] "p q ?ick1 mak+ /em appe> bulb\s1 :i* x is n4 ,:ite =ms occur4 ,n z virul5t z ,a4 phalloides1 b l x 9 its ,,poison\s effects4 ,x diff]s f ,amanitopsis 9 hav+ a r+4 ,gr[s 9 woods & on wood-m>g9s4 ,angora woods1 ,we/ ,philadelphia4 ,on gr\nd 9 mix$ woods1 op5 & grassy places 9 wood & wood-m>g9s4 ,augu/ to ,septemb]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a4 recutita ,fr4--hav+ a fre% or new sk94 ,pileus convex !n plane1 dry1 smoo?1 frequ5tly be>+ fragm5ts ( ! volva1 m>g9 ne>ly ev54 ,/em /uff$ !n holl[1 att5uat$1 silky1 volva circumscissile1 becom+ oblit]at$1 m>g9 closely press$ to /em2 r+ di/ant1 :ite4 ,gills /riate-decurr5t4 ,9 p9e woods4 ,common4 ,no report ^u quality4 ,a4 ,csarea ,scop4--k+-l4 7,call$ by ! ,greeks ,cibus ,deorum1 food ( ! gods47 ,,caution4 ,pileus #c-h 94 across1 hemisph]ical1 !n exp&$1 free f w>ts1 di/9ctly /riate on ! m>g91 r$ or orange becom+ yell[4 ,gills free1 yell[4 ,/em #d-f 94 long1 up to 94 ?ick at base1 slightly tap]+ upw>d1 yell[i%1 flocculose1 /uff$ ) :ite fibrils or holl[1 ) a conspicu\s yell[i% r+ or veil4 ,volva :ite1 l>ge1 di/9ct & membran\s4 ,spores elliptical1 #h-aj ,peck4 ,op5 woods1 "u p9es on lawns4 ,july to ,octob]4 ,report$ f ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,massa*usetts1 ,m>yl&1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,ohio1 ,alabama1 ,l\isiana1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,york4 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bc1 #cb1 #cc1 #dh4 ,?is emp]or ( fungi is ! mo/ %[y ( its race4 ,x gr[s to #aj 94 9 height4 ,! cap rea*es #h 94 9 diamet] & ! /em ov] #a 94 9 ?ickness4 ,9 v mu* small] specim5s ab\t ! same proportions occur4 ,! cap is at fir/ ovate1 !n hemisph]ical1 !n exp&$4 ,x has no w>ts or scales ^u x4 ,! m>g9 is di/9ctly /riate4 ,! fle% is :ite1 yell[ or r$di% "u ! sk92 next to ! gills x is usually yell[4 ,! /em tap]s upw>d f ! socket at its base4 ,x is yell[i% & cov]$ ) loose fibrils ( d>k] hue4 ,! r+ is :ite1 b frequ5tly t+$ ) yell[4 ,9 ta/e & smell x is mild4 ,op5 woods is its favorite habitat1 yet x is f\nd gr[+ luxuriantly "u p9es1 maples1 elms1 on lawns4 ,x is n (t5 f\nd1 b :5 x is1 x is solit>y1 or 9 gr\ps or r+s4 ,9 ! latitude ( ,philadelphia x is f\nd f ,july until ,octob] #a/4 ,fur!r s\? its /ay con=ms to temp]ature1 & x is m frequ5t4 ,!re is no d\bt ( its r>e edibility abroad1 & ( its be+ eat5 9 ,am]ica4 ,a specim5 believ$ to be x %\ld nev] be eat5 until c>efully di/+ui%$ f ,a4 musc>ia & ,a4 ,fro/iana1 :i* h w>ts or scales on ! cap 7:i* sometimes are n disc]nible aft] ra971 :ite gills1 & a volva :i* soon breaks up into fragm5ts or scabs4 ,appe>+ l a small =m ( ,a4 musc>ia1 to :i* x 0 =m]ly ref]r$1 is ,a4 ,fro/iana ,pk4 7,fro/'s ,ag>ic74 ,x closely resembles small ,a4 ,cs>ea1 especially 9 ! yell[ t+e ( /em1 r+ & gills4 ,! volva & r+ 7p]si/5t 9 ,a4 ,cs>ea7 soon disappe>1 b are traceable by fluffy fragm5ts1 or yell[ /a9s4 ,x is extremely poison\s4 ,! diff]5ces1 concisely1 are ^!3 ,a4 ,cs>ea 7,orange ,amanita74 ,cap smoo?1 ?\gh occasionally ) a few fragm5ts ( ! volva z pat*es ^u x4 ,gills yell[4 ,/em yell[4 ,volva usually p]si/5t1 sometimes break+ up into s(t1 fluffy masses4 ,a4 musc>ia 7,fly ,amanita74 ,poison\s4 ,cap cov]$ ) rema9s ( ! volva z scales or w>t-l pat*es4 ,gills :ite4 ,/em :ite or light-yell[4 ,volva n p]si/5t1 break+ up into fluffy fragm5ts or scales4 ,a4 ,fro/iana4 ,poison\s4 ,small] & m delicate ?an ! two prec$+4 ,cap smoo? or ) yell[ scales or w>t-l pat*es4 ,gills yell[ or t+$ on edge ) yell[4 ,/em :ite or yell[1 ! r+ evanesc5t1 b always leav+ a yell[ m>k on /em4 ,volva yell[1 break+ up into yell[ fluffy fragm5ts4 ,f> bett] = ! amateur to let ! ,a4 ,cs>ea1 & any?+ resembl+ x1 respectfully alone4 ,new ,york1 ,gansvoort4 ,circle =ty feet 9 diamet]4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep42 ,m>yl&4 ,!re is n a d\bt t ?is fungus c be eat5 ) impunity1 ,bann+2 ,alabama1 abundant4 ,edible4 ,alabama ,bull4 ,no4 #hj4 ,rogues & ,cordi]1 ,fr5* writ]s1 reg>d x z ! f9e/ & mo/ delicate ( fungi1 ! p]fume & ta/e be+ exquisite4 ,! writ] has n _h opportunity to eat ,a4 ,cs>ea4 ,if su* %\ld occur he w\ld g ab\t x v cauti\sly4 ,no suspicion atta*es to x abroad1 b evid5ce is accumulat+ 9 ! h&s ( ! writ] 7n yet conv9c+7 t ei!r locality may r5d] x poison\s or t ,a4 musc>ia v>ies s mu* 9 appe>ance z to deceive ev5 ! exp]t into mi/ak+ x = ,a4 ,cs>ea4 ,x is possible t ,a4 musc>ia is1 at times1 9 c]ta9 localities1 h>mless2 b no su* exception z ?is is not$ 9 ! entire fungoid realm4 ,x is n s common t collectors %\ld m\rn its wa/e4 ,x is bett]1 f>1 to let x alone4 9999 ,volva splitt+ regul>ly all ar\nd2 pileus be>+ ?ick w>ts1 etc4 ,a4 muscaria ,l9n4--musca1 a fly4 7,plate ,,vi1 fig4 #d1 p4 #f4 ,plate ,,ix47 ,,poison\s4 ,pileus #d 94 & m broad1 normally at fir/ blood-r$1 soon orange & becom+ pale1 :it5+ :5 old1 globose1 !n convex & at l5g? flatt5$1 cov]$ ) a pellicle :i* is at fir/ ?ick1 & 9 wet wea!r glut9\s1 b :i* gradually disappe>s1 & spr9kl$ ) ?ick1 angul>1 sep>at+ fragm5ts ( ! volva2 m>g9 :5 full-gr[n slightly /riate4 ,fle% n compact1 :ite1 yell[ "u ! pellicle4 ,/em z mu* z a span long1 %9+ :ite1 firm1 torn into scales1 at fir/ /uff$ ) lax1 spid]-web fibrils1 soon holl[2 ! adnate base ( ! volva =ms an ovate bulb1 :i* is m>g9ate ) conc5tric scales4 ,r+ v s(t1 torn1 ev51 ins]t$ at ! apex ( ! /em1 :i* is (t5 dilat$4 ,gills free1 b rea*+ ! /em1 decurr5t 9 ! =m ( l9es1 cr[d$1 broad] 9 front1 :ite1 r>ely becom+ yell[4 ,v>4 regalis1 twice z l>ge4 ,/em /uff$1 solid :5 "y1 z mu* z #a-b 94 ?ick1 becom+ light-yell[ )92 ! volva t]m9ates 9 #h-aj conc5tric squamoso-reflex$ r[s ( scales4 ,pileus v glut9\s1 bay-br[n or ! color ( cook$ liv]4 ,gills yell[i%4 ,v>4 =mosa1 s(t1 fragile4 ,pileus at fir/ lemon-yell[1 ) mealy1 lax1 yell[i%1 easily-sep>at+ w>ts1 (t5 nak$4 ,gills (t5 becom+ yell[4 ,a4 =mosa1 ) ! w>ts rubb$ (f4 ,v>4 umbrina1 ?9n] & m sl5d]4 ,/em holl[1 (t5 twi/$1 bulb n>r[$4 ,pileus at fir/ umb]1 !n livid1 ) ! exception ( ! disk1 :i* is d+y-br[n4 ,gills at l5g? remote4 ,/ev4 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph$ by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,wei/4 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,,amanita ,,musc>ia4 ,pileus at fir/ ovate or hemisph]ical1 !n broadly convex or ne>ly plane1 slightly viscid :5 "y & moi/1 r\gh ) num]\s :iti% or yell[i% w>ts1 r>ely smoo?1 n>r[ly & slightly /riate on ! m>g91 :ite1 yell[ or orange-r$4 ,gills :ite4 ,/em equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 /uff$ ) webby fibrils or holl[1 be>+ a :ite r+ above1 ovate-bulb\s at ! base1 :ite or yell[i%2 ! volva usually break+ up into scales & adh]+ to ! upp] "p ( ! bulb & ! base ( ! /em4 ,spores elliptical1 #h-ajx#f-h4 ,plant #e-h 94 high4 ,pileus #c-f 94 broad4 ,peck1 #cc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,a :ite v>iety1 ) ! pileus ?ickly /udd$ ) %>p w>ts1 occurs 9 ,albany ,rural ,cemet]y4 ,july4 ,peck1 #bd? ,rep4 ,v>4 alba ,pk4 ,x also occurs on ,long ,isl& 9 two =ms1 ! normal "o & a small] "o1 9 :i* ! w>ts ( ! pileus are evanesc5t or want+4 ,n unfrequ5tly x makes a close approa* to :ite =ms ( ,a4 pan!r9a1 9 hav+ ! upp] "p ( ! bulb uni=mly m>g9$ by ! rema9s ( ! def9itely circumscissile volva1 b ?is m>g9 is m acute ?an 9 t species4 ,peck1 #df? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores sph]oid-ellipsoid1 #aj-abx#h-i ,k42 #fx#i1 ,w4,g4,s42 elliptical1 #h-ajx#f-h ,peck4 8,at ,c9c9nati1 yell[ ,a4 musc>ia are all we f9d40 ,lloyd4 ,report$ f mo/ ( ! /ates4 ,at ,mt4 ,gretna ,i f\nd x 9 great quantity1 & frequ5tly ?ree or f\r tightly cr[d$ toge!r4 ,_m p\nds ( x 7 s5t to ,pr(essor ,*itt5d51 ,%effield ,laboratory1 ,yale ,univ]sity4 ,ne> ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 l>ge pat*es annually gr[ "u p9es1 gorge\s 9 _! ri* orange-r$ caps1 usually scaly1 ) at times lemon-yell[ 9 ! same clu/]s1 smoo? z ,a4 ,cs>ea4 ,x gr[s f ,july until aft] h>d fro/s4 ,x is und\bt$ly poison\s to a high degree4 ,its juices 9 m9ute quantity1 c>efully & sci5tifically inject$ into ! circulation ( e!riz$ cats1 kill 9 less ?an a m9ute4 ,a raw piece ( ! cap1 ! size ( a hazel nut1 affects me s5sibly if tak5 on an empty /oma*4 ,dizz9ess1 nausea1 exagg]ation ( vision & pallor result f x4 ,! pulse quick5s & is full1 & a dread$ pressure affects ! brea?+4 ,i h n notic$ *ange 9 ! pupil ( ! eye4 ,nicot9e f smok+ a pipe ) me abates ! symptoms1 :i* entirely disappe> 9 two h\rs1 leav+ z rem9isc5ce a tortur+1 dull1 skull-p]vad+ heada*e4 ,if1 z is ass]t$ on good au?ority1 ! ,sib]ians use x z an intoxicant1 !y c]ta9ly suff] ! accu/om$ p5alty4 ,x is possible t p]sons may1 9 a degree1 become immune to its poison1 z !y d to ars5ic1 /ry*nia1 opium1 nicot9e1 or x may be t a portion ( ! poison is extract$ by boil+4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 extremely dang]\s to rely ^u extract+ by any means ! poison ( ! ,amanita1 & to eat ! residue4 ,acetic acid or v9eg> does n de/roy ! poison2 x dissolves x to an ext5t & extracts x1 & becomes z poison\s z ! plant itself4 ,!re is no means ( tell+ h[ mu* ( ! poison rema9s 9 ! plant aft] su* treatm5t4 ,! safe plan is to eat1 only1 ( toad/ools :i* d n conta9 any poison to extract4 ,"o r$eem+ virtue1 alone1 re/s ) ,a4 musc>ia--x kills flies4 ,a4 ,fro/iana ,pk4--9 honor ( ,*>les ,c4 ,fro/4 ,,poison\s4 7,plate ,,vi1 fig4 #e1 p4 #f47 ,pileus convex or exp&$1 bright-orange or yell[1 w>ty1 sometimes ne>ly or q smoo?1 /riate on ! m>g94 ,gills free1 :ite or slightly t+$ ) yell[4 ,/em :ite or yell[1 /uff$1 be>+ a slight1 sometimes evanesc5t r+1 bulb\s at ! base1 ! bulb slightly m>g9$ by ! volva4 ,spores globose1 #h-aj 9 diamet]4 ,plant #b-c 94 high4 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad4 ,/em ab\t #b l9es ?ick4 ,june to ,octob]4 ,?is appe>s l a v small =m ( ! ,fly ,ag>ic1 to :i*1 z v>4 m9or1 x 0 =m]ly ref]r$4 ,! only decid$ *>act]s = di/+ui%+ x are its small size & globose spores4 ,our plant sometimes gr[s 9 company ) ,a4 musc>ia1 b x seems to pref] m d5se woods1 especially mix$ or hemlock woods4 ,x is g5]ally v regul> & beautiful & has ! /em q (t5 ( a yell[ color1 & ! bulb m>g9$ above ) a coll>-l r+4 ,peck1 #cc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a4 ,fro/iana is f\nd well ov] ! l&4 ,x is frequ5t 9 %ady woods & seems to favor gr\nd "u ! prevail+ tree--oak1 *e/nut1 p9e1 hemlock1 :i*ev] x may be4 ,f ! _m hundr$s ,i h se51 ,i ?9k x m likely to be mi/ak5 by ! novice = ,a4 ,cs>ea ?an ,a4 musc>ia1 because ( its (t5 yell[ gills & /em4 ,x is mu* small] & ?9n] ?an ei!r4 ,9 ! /ates ,i h f\nd x1 x is d>k] ?an describ$1 be+ a ri* r$di%-orange or sc>let4 ,! p>tial veil or r+ is v evanesc5t b (t5 f\nd ^u ! /em z a yell[1 floccose remnant4 ,! /a9 ( ! r+ is always noticeable4 ,! volva is seldom f\nd entire4 ,x1 too1 is evanesc5t1 b1 l ! veil1 is f\nd yell[ & fluffy1 adh]+ to ! f+]s :5 t\*$4 ,x is probable t its highly color$ cap has caus$ x to be ga!r$ by ! c>eless collector ( bright-capp$ ,russul1 & t ?us ,r4 emetica got its bad "n4 ,exam9e c>efully any toad/ool resembl+ x4 ,! ,russul h nei!r r+ nor volva4 ,a4 excelsa ,fr4--excelsus1 tall4 ,,poison\s4 ,pileus #d-e 94 broad1 br[ni%-gray1 d>k] 9 ! c5t]1 fle%y1 s(t1 globose1 !n plane1 pellicle ?91 b visc\s1 & 9 reality sep>able 9 wet wea!r1 !n ! surface is (t5 wr9kl$-papillose1 or 9 a peculi> mann] holl[$ & pitt$1 spr9kl$ ) angul>1 unequal1 :iti%-gray1 easily sep>at+ w>ts1 ! rema9s ( ! friable volva2 m>g9 at fir/ ev51 b :5 prop]ly develop$ manife/ly /riate1 ev5 furr[$4 ,fle% s(t1 :ite ?r\gh\t1 un*angeable4 ,/em #d-f 94 long1 #a 94 ?ick1 at fir/ /uff$1 almo/ solid1 b at l5g? holl[1 globose-depress$ at ! base1 att5uat$ upw>d f ! bulb1 cov]$1 sometimes z f> z ! r+1 sometimes only on ! l[] "p ) d5se1 squ>rose1 conc5tric scales 7f ! epid]mis ( ! /em be+ torn71 /riate at ! apex4 ,r+ sup]ior1 l>ge1 sep>at+-free or at l5g? torn4 ,gills q free1 r\nd$ 7n decurr5t on ! /em 9 ! =m ( l9es71 v v5tricose1 94 & m broad1 %9+ :ite4 ,! bulb :5 "y is some:at m>g9ate1 b by no means sep>able1 ! m>g9 prop]1 l t ( ,a4 musc>ia1 is m>k$ ) scales1 buri$ 9 ! soil1 some:at root+1 b5ea? ! m>g9 m>k$ "h & !re ) a conc5tric furr[4 ,! %ort] gills int]mix$ are m num]\s ?an is usual among ,amanit4 ,!re is a small] v>iety1 ) ! m>g9 m frequ5tly /riate & ! /em /uff$1 !n holl[4 ,fries4 ,solit>y1 9 woods1 *iefly "u bee*4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores #fx#i ,w4,g4,s42 #h-ie-f ,massee4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s*we9itz1 ,curtis2 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,rav5el2 ,cali=nia1 ,h>kness & ,moore2 ,massa*usetts1 ,fro/1 ,&rews2 ,m9nesota1 ,johnson2 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,olney4 ,a4 pan!rina ,de ,c4--spott$ l a pan!r4 ,d\btful4 ,pileus commonly olivace\s-umb] :5 "y1 fle%y1 convex !n flatt5$ or some:at depress$1 ) a /icky pellicle1 :i* is at fir/ ?ick & olivace\s d+y-br[n1 !n ?9n$ out1 almo/ disappe>+ & livid1 ! disk only becom+ br[ni%2 m>g9 evid5tly /riate2 ! fragm5ts ( ! volva divid$ into small1 equal1 :ite1 regul>ly arrang$1 mod]ately p]si/5t w>ts4 ,fle% :olly :ite1 nev] yell[ b5ea? ! pellicle4 ,/em #c-d 94 long1 94 ?ick1 at fir/ /uff$ !n holl[ ) spid]-web fibrils )91 equal or att5uat$ upw>d1 slightly firm & sometimes scaly d[nw>d1 greav$ at ! base by ! sep>able volva :i* has an entire & obtuse m>g94 ,r+ m or less di/ant1 adh]+ obliquely1 :ite1 r>ely sup]ior4 ,gills free1 rea*+ ! /em1 broad] 9 front1 #c-d l9es broad1 %9+ :ite4 ,x is readily di/+ui%$ f ,a4 musc>ia1 v>4 umbr9a1 by ! :ite fle% nev] becom+ yell[ b5ea? ! pellicle4 ,v>iable 9 size & color1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is nev] r$ or yell[1 & 9 ! position ( ! r+4 ,9 woods & pa/ures4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores #g-hd-e ,k42 #f-aj ,b42 #hd ,w4,g4,s42 #g4fd4h ,morgan4 ,n poison\s1 ,w4,g4,s42 n edible1 ,roze2 poison\s1 ,leuba4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,ohio1 ,cali=nia1 ,wiscons91 ,m9nesota1 ,i[a1 ,new ,york4 ,peck4 ,a4 ,rav5elii ,b4 & ,c4--9 honor ( ,h5ry ,w4 ,rav5el4 ,pileus #d 94 across1 convex1 brok5 up into di/9ct areas1 ea* ( :i* is rais$ into an acute1 rigid1 pyramidal w>t4 ,/em #c 94 high1 bulb\s4 ,volva ?ick1 w>ty1 some:at lob$4 ,r+ deflex$4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,june1 ,h4,w4 ,rav5el2 a v f9e species alli$ to ,a4 /robili=mis1 ,vitt4 ,ann4 & ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 #ahei2 ,alabama1 ,atk9son 7,ll4 ,volv74 ,prop]ties n /at$4 ,a4 russuloides ,pk4--resembl+ a ,russula4 ,pileus at fir/ ovate1 !n exp&$ or convex1 r\gh ) a few sup]ficial w>ts1 or entirely smoo?1 viscid :5 moi/1 widely /riate-tub]culate on ! m>g91 pale-yell[ or /raw color4 ,gills close1 free1 n>r[$ t[>d ! /em1 :ite4 ,/em firm1 smoo?1 /uff$1 annulate1 equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 bulb\s2 annulus ?91 soon vani%+4 ,volva fragile1 subappress$4 ,spores broadly elliptical1 #ajh4 ,plant #b-c 94 high4 ,pileus #a4e-b 94 broad4 ,/em #c-e l9es ?ick4 ,grassy gr\nd 9 op5 woods4 ,gre5bu%4 ,june4 ,?is species is rem>kable = ! ?9 /riate-tub]culate m>g9 ( ! pileus1 :i* causes x to resemble "s species ( ,russula4 ,peck1 #be? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,qualities n /at$4 ,massa*usetts1 ,francis4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p$ by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,/udies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,amanita ,,*lor9osma1 #be #b4 ,,amanita ,,rubesc5s ,,& #ba ,,section1 #c4 ,,amanita ,,/robili=mis1 #ai ,a4 /robili=mis ,vitt4--/robilis1 a p9e-cone1 f ! %ape ( ! w>ts4 7,plate ,,viii1 fig4 #c1 p4 #ah47 ,cap #c-aj 94 across1 convex or ne>ly plane1 :ite or c9]e\s1 sometimes yell[ on ! disk1 r\gh ) angul>1 mo/ly p]si/5t w>ts :i* sometimes fall away & leave ! pileus ne>ly smoo?2 g5]ally :iti%1 sometimes t+$ ) br[n2 ! m>g9 ev5 & ext5d+ a little beyond ! lamell4 ,gills free1 r\nd$ beh9d4 ,veil l>ge & portions sometimes adh]e to m>g9 ( cap4 ,/em #c-h 94 long1 up to #a 94 ?ick1 equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 solid1 floccose-scaly1 :ite1 bulb\s1 ! bulb v l>ge1 sometimes weigh+ a p\nd1 m>g9$ above & furni%$ ) "o or two conc5tric furr[s1 some:at po9t$ bel[1 firmly & deeply imb$d$ 9 ! e>?1 floccose-mealy :5 "y4 ,spores elliptical1 #ac-aeh-aj ,peck4 ,op5 woods & bord]s4 ,june to ,octob]4 ,edible4 ,w4,g4 ,smi?1 ,curtis1 ,peck4 ,?is is among ! be/ ( species4 ,its size1 solidity1 flavor are m>k$4 ,i h f\nd specim5s weigh+ a p\nd & a half4 ,x gr[s s+ly1 b :5 "o is f\nd sev]al are apt to be neighbors4 ,:5 "y1 ! cap is b a small knob ^u a beet or top-%ap$ base1 :i* is l>gely "u gr\nd4 ,x cuts l a s(t turnip1 & has a /rong1 pung5t1 unmi/akable odor1 l *loride ( lime1 :i* entirely disappe>s 9 cook+4 ,z ! plant develops ! bulb decreases 9 size4 ,on all ! _m specim5s ! au?or has se5 & eat51 ! scabs are light br[n & r$di%-br[n4 ,a4 solitaria ,bull4--gr[+ alone4 ,pileus convex or plane1 w>ty1 :ite or :iti%1 ev5 on ! m>g94 ,gills rea*+ ! /em1 :ite or slightly t+$ ) cream color4 ,/em at fir/ mealy or scaly1 equal1 solid1 :ite1 bulb\s1 ! bulb scaly or mealy1 n>r[$ bel[ into a root-l prolongation4 ,r+ lac]at$1 (t5 adh]+ 9 fragm5ts to ! m>g9 ( ! pileus & gills4 ,spores elliptical-oblong1 #h-acf4e4 ,plant #d-h 94 high4 ,pileus #c-f 94 broad4 ,/em #d-f l9es ?ick4 ,peck1 #cc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,solit>y 9 woods & op5 places4 ,july to ,octob]4 ,georgia1 ,h4,n4 ,/>nes2 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,mill]2 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible4 ,curtis1 ,h4,n4 ,/>nes1 ,philadelphia ,myc4 ,club4 ,9 _m localities ,i f9d x q pl5tiful1 & x is s report$ f ,georgia4 ,s\!rn & middle ,new ,j]sey woods ab\nd ) x1 & at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 x is always pres5t 9 its gr[+ mon?s4 ,! cap is sometimes t+$ ) br[n z are ! angul>1 erect w>ts :i* are g5]ally num]\s1 b (t5 fall+ (f or few & scatt]$4 ,! fle% is :ite & smells l *loride ( lime1 b n ne>ly s /rong z ,a4 /robili=mis4 ,! volva is brok5 up into floccose scales :i* cl+ to bulb & l[] "p ( /em4 ,^! scales may be :ite & mealy or br[ni%4 ,! entire fungus has a fluffy ext]ior1 :i* is easily remov$ by rubb+4 ,! annulus is torn1 a "p (t5 adh]+ to ! m>g9 ( ! pileus & ! gills4 ,?is & ! long1 tap]+1 root+ bulb are m>k$ *>act]i/ics4 ,! bulb is brittle4 ,x is difficult to get ! fungus f ! gr\nd entire4 ,/em & cap are juicy1 t5d]1 mild 9 flavor1 :olesome4 ,x is n equal 9 flavor to ,a4 rubesc5s1 b is m delicate4 ,by _m its prop]ties h be5 /at$ z poison\s1 d\btful4 ,quantities ( x h be5 eat5 by myself & fri5ds4 ,hypod]mic injection ( its juices into ! blood circulation ( live animals prove x p]fectly h>mless4 ,a4 cdida ,pk4--%9+ :ite4 ,pileus ?91 broadly convex or ne>ly plane1 v]rucose ) num]\s small1 erect1 angul> or pyramidal1 easily sep>able w>ts1 (t5 becom+ smoo? ) age1 :ite1 ev5 on ! m>g94 ,fle% :ite4 ,gills r n>r[1 close1 rea*+ to ! /em1 :ite4 ,/em solid1 bulb\s1 floccose-squamose1 :ite1 ! annulus atta*$ to ! top ( ! /em1 becom+ p5d5t & (t5 disappe>+ ) age1 floccose-squamose on ! l[] surface1 /riate on ! upp]1 ! bulb r l>ge1 ovate1 squamose1 n m>g9$1 tap]+ above into ! /em & r\nd$ or m]ely abruptly po9t$ bel[4 ,spores elliptical1 #aj-ach4 ,pileus #c-f 94 broad4 ,/em #b4e-e 94 long1 #e-h l9es ?ick1 ! bulb #a-a4e 94 ?ick 9 ! dri$ specim5s4 ,?is is a f9e l>ge species relat$ to ,a4 solit>ia1 b diff]+ f x 9 ! "* ( its bulb & ( its annulus4 ,! bulb is n m>g9ate nor imbricately squamose4 ,its scales are small & num]\s4 ,nor is x cle>ly radicat+1 ?\gh sometimes x has a slight abrupt po9t or myceloid-agglom]at$ mass ( soil at its base4 ,! veil or annulus is l>ge & well develop$1 b x is apt to fall away & disappe> ) age4 ,its atta*m5t at ! v top ( ! /em br+s x closely 9 contact ) ! lamell ( ! "y plant & ! /riations ( its upp] surface appe> to be due to ! pressure ( ! edges ( ^! ^u x4 ,x sep>ates readily f ! m>g9 ( ! pileus & is n lac]at$4 ,9 ! mature plant ! w>ts h g5]ally disappe>$ f ! pileus & sometimes its m>g9 is curv$ upw>d ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torr4 ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bd1 ,no4 #c4 ,woods4 ,auburn1 ,n4,y41 ,alabama1 ,u4 & ,e42 ,p5nsylvania1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,augu/ to ,octob]1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a doz5 or m specim5s 7 f\nd 9 oak woods ne> ,philadelphia1 & c>efully te/$4 ,_! edible qualities 7 f\nd to be precisely ! same z ,a4 solit>ia4 999999 ,:ole volva friable1 etc4 ,a4 rubesc5s ,p]s4--rubesco1 to become r$4 7,plate ,,viii1 fig4 #b1 p4 #ah4 ,plate ,,xii1 fig4 #d1 p4 #cb47 ,pileus ab\t #d 94 broad1 d+y-r$di%1 becom+ pale fle%-color1 tan1 sc>cely pure1 fle%y1 convex1 !n plane1 obtuse1 moi/ b n glut9\s 9 ra9y wea!r & opaque :5 dry1 cov]$ ) unequal1 s(t1 mealy1 :iti%1 easily-sep>at+ w>ts1 :i* are small]1 h>d] & m closely adh]5t 9 dry wea!r2 m>g9 ev5 &1 :5 old1 slightly /riate only 9 wet wea!r4 ,fle% commonly s(t1 :ite :5 fre%1 r$d5+ :5 brok54 ,/em #d-e 94 long1 z mu* z #a 94 ?ick1 /uff$1 some:at solid1 ?\gh s(t )91 conico-att5uat$ f ! ?ick5$ base1 r$di%-scal$1 becom+ r$-:ite1 & )\t a trace ( a di/9ct volva at ! base4 ,r+ sup]ior1 l>ge1 membranace\s1 s(t1 /riate & :ite )94 ,gills rea*+ ! /em 9 an att5uat$ mann]1 =m+ decurr5t l9es ^u x1 ?91 cr[d$1 s(t1 z mu* z 94 broad1 %9+ :ite4 ,v *angeable1 b readily di/+ui%$ f all o!rs ( ! same gr\p by ! fle% be+ r$di% :5 brok52 ! /em & pileus are commonly spott$-r$ :5 w\nd$4 ,9 dry wea!r x is firm]1 fle% r$d5+ m sl[ly1 w>ts m9ute4 ,odor sc>cely any4 ,!re is a rem>kable v>iety circ9ata1 pileus becom+ plane1 umb]-br[n1 w>ts adnate1 cr[d$1 r\ndi%4 ,a4 circ9atus ,s*um4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores sph]oid-ellipsoid1 #g-hf ,k42 #hf ,w4,g4,s42 #g-if-h ,b42 elliptical1 #h-i long4 ,peck4 ,n report$ we/ ( ! ,mississippi riv]4 ,oak woods1 bord]s & op5 places4 ,july to ,septemb]4 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,mill]2 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,x is q common1 (t5 gr[+ 9 l>ge pat*es4 ,rec5t au?ors agree ^u ! edibility & delici\sness ( ?is species4 ,! au?or kn[s x to be "o ( ! mo/ pl5tiful1 useful & delici\s1 aft] sev]al ye>s ( pleasant exp]i5ce ) x4 ,9 ,july1 #ahii1 at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,i f\nd1 gr[+ f ! gr\nd greg>i\sly1 a s+ul> fungoid gr[? f #b-e 94 high2 cap hemisph]ical1 #a 94 9 diamet]1 tightly fitt+ a solid /em ( ne>ly ! diamet] ( ! cap4 ,! :ole 0 wat]y :ite1 & evid5tly affect$ by a p>asite4 ,x 0 edible4 ,septemb] #a/ ,pr(essor ,peck wrote to me3 8,i ?9k ,i h f\nd ! id5tity ( ! diseas$ ,ag>ic1 ( :i* y s5t me samples "s "t ago4 ,i mean ! "o affect$ by ,hypomyces 9qualis ,pk4 ,! ho/ is ,amanita rubesc5s1 at lea/ sometimes1 & probably always40 ,! plant is v heavy = its size4 ,! lack ( a volva1 ! d+y color & r$di% /a9s di/9ctly sep>ate ?is f any poison\s ,amanita4 ,a4 spissa ,fr4--compact1 d5se2--( ! w>ts4 ,pileus umb]1 sooty or gray1 fle%y1 some:at compact1 convexo-plane1 obtuse1 smoo?1 ev51 b m>k$ ) small1 a%-color$1 angul>1 adnate w>ts2 m>g9 ev51 b (t5 torn into fib]s4 ,fle% firm1 :ite1 q un*angeable4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 z mu* z #a 94 ?ick1 solid1 turnip-%ap$ at ! base1 some:at root+ ) a globoso-depress$ n m>g9ate bulb1 curt1 firm1 %9+ :ite1 at l5g? squamulose ) conc5tric cracks4 ,r+ sup]ior1 l>ge4 ,gills rea*+ ! /em1 slightly /riato-decurr5t1 broad1 cr[d$1 %9+ :ite4 ,fries4 ,spores #ad ,w4,g4,s42 subglobose1 #h-aj ,c4,b4,p42 #f ,w4,p42 r pe>-%ap$1 #i-ajf ,massee4 ,cap #b-c 94 across4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 up to 94 ?ick4 ,new ,j]sey1 oak woods1 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a4 spissa has be5 report$ f b few localities4 ,x is r>e 9 ! latitude ( ,philadelphia4 ,half a doz5 specim5s h be5 f\nd 9 neighbor+ ,new ,j]sey4 ,ta/e & smell /rong1 b :5 cook$ ! di% is savory & n unlike "o ( ,a4 rubesc5s4 ,a4 zp]a ,fr4--asp]1 r\gh4 ,pileus #b-c 94 across4 ,fle% r ?ick at ! disk1 :iti%1 :ite or r$di% ) t9ts ( livid or gray1 r$di% or br[ni% "u ! cuticle2 convex !n plane1 m>g9 ?9 & ev51 r\gh ) firmly adnate1 m9ute1 closely cr[d$1 angul> w>ts1 r$di%-br[n or livid-br[ni%1 n pure :ite1 un*angeable4 ,gills free & r\nd$ beh9d1 n /riately decurr5t1 v5tricose1 :ite4 ,/em /uff$1 /riate above ! r+1 %ort at fir/1 ovate1 !n elongat+ to #b-c 941 att5uat$ upw>d f a wr9kl$ bulb1 squamulose1 :ite )\t & )94 ,r+ sup]ior1 entire4 ,spores #hf ,massee2 #hf-g ,w4,g4,s4 ,! fle% ( /em & bulb :5 eat5 by insects is r$di%1 ! bulb :5 old is a r$di%-br[n4 ,! l>ge r+ & /em become r$ :5 t\*$4 ,9 ^! p>ticul>s x resembles ,a4 rubesc5s4 ,9 smell x is some:at /rong1 n unlike ,a4 /robili=mis1 b n ne>ly s pung5t4 ,cook$ x is ( excell5t quality & flavor4 ,i h eat5 x s9ce #ahhe4 ,a4 abrupta ,pk4--abrupt1 ( ! bulb4 ,pileus ?91 broadly convex or ne>ly plane1 cov]$ ) small angul> or pyramidal1 erect1 some:at evanesc5t w>ts1 :ite1 slightly /riate on ! m>g94 ,fle% :ite4 ,gills mod]ately close1 rea*+ ! /em & sometimes t]m9at+ 9 slightly decurr5t l9es ^u x1 :ite4 ,/em sl5d]1 glabr\s1 solid1 bulb\s1 :ite1 ! bulb abrupt1 subglobose1 (t5 coat$ bel[ by ! :ite p]si/5t mycelium1 ! r+ membran\s1 p]si/5t4 ,spores broadly elliptical or subglobose1 #h-ajf-h4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad4 ,/em #b4e-d 94 long1 #c-d l9es ?ick4 ,! *ief di/+ui%+ m>k ( ?is species is ! abrupt1 ne>ly globose1 bulb\s base ( ! /em4 ,?is is some:at flatt5$ above & is sometimes longitud9ally split on ! sides4 ,! small w>ts ( ! pileus are easily sep>able1 & 9 mature specim5s !y h (t5 :olly or p>tly disappe>$4 ,! rema9s ( ! volva are n pres5t on ! bulb 9 mature dri$ specim5s1 :i* indicates t ! species %\ld be plac$ 9 ! same gr\p ) ,a4 rubesc5s1 ,a4 spissa1 etc4 ,! latt] species h ! bulb ( ! /em simil> to t ( our plant1 b ! color ( ! pileus & o!r *>act]s easily sep>ate x4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torr4 ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bd1 ,no4 #c4 ,alabama1 ,und]wood2 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,july to ,septemb]4 ,?is species is edible & q equal 9 quality to ,a4 rubesc5s4 ,great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 di/+ui%+ x4 ,a4 nitida ,fr4--niteo1 to %9e4 ,pileus :5 flatt5$ #d 94 broad1 :iti%1 fle%y1 some:at compact1 at fir/ hemisph]ical1 wrapp$ up1 ! ?ick volva =m+ a floccose cru/1 !n brok5 up into ?ick1 rem>kably angul>1 adh]+ w>ts1 :i* become br[ni%1 dry1 %9+1 )\t a glut9\s pellicle1 m>g9 always ev54 ,fle% :ite1 q un*angeable4 ,/em #c 94 long1 #a 94 ?ick1 solid1 firm1 conico-att5uat$1 ) a bulb-%ap$ base1 squamulose1 :ite4 ,r+ sup]ior1 ?91 torn1 slightly /riate1 :ite1 vill\s b5ea?1 at l5g? disappe>+4 ,gills free1 cr[d$1 v broad1 z mu* z 941 v5tricose1 %9+ :ite4 ,fries4 ,m5&s4 ,albany c\nty4 ,our plant is m sl5d] ?an ! typical =m1 & has small] b m num]\s w>ts1 b 9 o!r respects x exhibits ! *>act]s ( ?is species4 ,peck1 #dc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,cali=nia1 ,h4 & ,m42 ,m>yl&4 ,common 9 ne>ly e woods 9 ,m>yl&4 ,bann+4 ,f its lik5ess to poison\s species x %\ld be suspect$4 ,a4 prairiicola ,pk--prairie1 colo1 to inhabit4 ,pileus ?91 convex1 slightly v]rucose1 :ite1 m or less t+$ ) yell[1 ev5 on ! m>g94 ,fle% :ite4 ,gills r broad1 subdi/ant1 rea*+ ! /em1 :ite4 ,/em equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 some:at squamose t[>d ! base1 :ite or :iti%1 ! annulus p]si/5t4 ,spores l>ge1 broadly elliptical1 #ab-ad long1 #g-i broad4 ,pileus #a4e-c 94 broad4 ,/em #b-b4e 94 long1 #b-d l9es ?ick4 ,b>e gr\nd on op5 prairies4 ,kansas4 ,septemb]4 ,e4 ,b>?olomew4 ,?is species belongs to ! same tribe z ,a4 abrupta4 ,! only evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( a volva %[n by ! dri$ specim5s is f\nd 9 a few inconspicu\s1 b sep>able w>ts on ! pileus4 ,!re is no well m>k$ bulb to ! /em & no evid5ce rema9s ( a volva at its base4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torr4 ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bd1 ,no4 #c4 ,report$ f ,kansas only4 ,qualities unkn[n4 ,a4 monticulosa ,b]k4--m\nta91 f ! w>ts4 ,pileus #b4e-c 94 across1 convex1 areolate1 ) a w>t 9 ! c5t] ( ea* areola2 ^? t[>d ! m>g9 consi/+ ( s(t ?reads meet+ 9 a po9t1 b sometimes simply floccul5t1 ! c5tral w>ts angul>1 pyramidal1 truncate1 discolor$4 ,/em bulb\s1 scaly1 floccul5t1 :ite4 ,veil ?ick1 at l5g? di/ant4 ,gills free1 v5tricose1 remote1 =m+ a well-def9$ area ar\nd ! top ( ! /em4 ,! w>ts are n h>d & rigid z 9 ,a4 nitida1 & ! free remote gills sep>ate x f t & ! neighbor+ species4 ,b]k4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 s&y woods1 common4 ,curtis4 ,prop]ties n kn[n4 ,a4 daucipes ,b4 & ,m4--daucum1 a c>rot2 pes1 a foot4 ,pileus #b-e 94 broad1 hemisph]ical1 globose4 ,fle% :ite1 s(t1 w>ts regul>1 pyramidal1 saffron color4 ,gills n>r[1 rea*+ ! /em1 broade/ 9 ! middle4 ,/em #e-f 94 high1 solid1 base bulb\s1 ) a re/rict$ cort9a above1 squamulose d[nw>d4 ,veil fibrillose1 ext5d+ f ! m>g9 ( ! pileus to ! apex ( ! /em1 fugaci\s4 ,9 cultivat$ fields4 ,ohio4 ,sullivant4 ,prop]ties n giv54 ,a4 l5ticul>is ,las*4--resembl+ 7! /em7 a l5til4 ,fries places ?is species 9 ,amanita1 9 :i* ,/ev5son foll[s him4 ,cooke & ,massee place x 9 ,lepiota1 :]e x w be f\nd4 99999999 ,volva rudim5t>y1 :olly disappe>+4 ,a4 *lor9osma ,pk4--smell+ l *lor9e4 7,plate ,,viii1 fig4 #a1 p4 #ah47 ,pileus convex or exp&$1 w>ty on ! disk1 cov]$ on ! ev5 m>g9 ) a light p[d]y1 at l5g? evanesc5t sub/ance1 :ite4 ,gills :ite4 ,/em ne>ly cyl9drical1 /\t1 deeply p5etrat+ ! e>?4 ,spores broadly elliptical1 #g-aj long4 ,odor di/9ct1 *lor9e-l4 ,plant #f-g 94 high4 ,pileus #d-f 94 broad4 ,/em #a-b 94 ?ick4 ,peck1 ,bot4 ,gaz41 ,vol4 #d4 ,burnt gr\nd 9 woods4 ,augu/4 ,clo/]1 ,n4,j41 ,c4,f4 ,au/92 ,alabama1 ,u4 & ,e42 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,nuttall2 ,new ,j]sey1 ,ellis2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,july1 9 a clu/] ( a doz5 individuals1 & aft]w>d until fro/1 /rong smell+1 w>ts br[ni%-:ite4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,x is edible & equal to ,a4 /robili=mis4 ,a4 calyptrata ,pk4 ,pileus fle%y1 ?ick1 convex or ne>ly plane1 c5trally cov]$ by a l>ge irregul> p]si/5t grayi%-:ite fragm5t ( ! volva1 glabr\s else:]e1 /riate on ! m>g91 gre5i%-yell[ or yell[i%-br[n t+$ ) gre51 ! m>g9 (t5 a little pal] or m yell[ ?an ! re/4 ,lamell close1 ne>ly free1 b rea*+ ! /em & =m+ slight decurr5t l9es or /riations on x1 yell[i%-:ite t+$ ) gre54 ,/em /\t1 r long1 equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 surr\nd$ at ! base by ! rema9s ( ! ruptur$ volva1 :ite or yell[i% :ite ) a fa9t gre5i% t9t4 ,spores broadly elliptic1 #aj long1 #f broad1 usually conta9+ a s+le l>ge nucleus4 ,pileus #aj-bj cm4 broad4 ,/em #aj-ae cm4 long1 #ab-bj mm4 ?ick4 ,ri* gr\nd 9 fir woods or _! bord]s4 ,autumn4 ,oregon4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,lane4 ,?is is a l>ge & int]e/+ species1 well m>k$ & easily recogniz$ by its l>ge size1 by ! gre5i% t9t t p]vades ! pileus1 lamell1 annulus & /em1 & especially by ! l>ge p]si/5t pat* ( grayi%-:ite felty mat]ial t cov]s ! c5t] ( ! pileus & sometimes ext5ds ne>ly to ! m>g94 ,?is is 9 fact ! upp] "p ( ! ruptur$ volva t is c>ri$ up by ! gr[+ plant1 & is v sugge/ive ( ! specific "n4 ,9 ! "y /ate ! plant is entirely envelop$ 9 ! volva1 :i* !n is simil> to a goose egg 9 size & %ape1 & its walls are "o-f\r? to "o-half in* ?ick4 ,s ?ick & firm are !y t ! "y plant appe>s sometimes to be unable to break ?r\gh & x decays 9 its infancy4 ,dr4 ,lane says t1 hav+ f\nd t ! ,italians made use ( ?is mu%room = food1 he began eat+ x & introduc+ x to 8 fri5ds1 & he le>n$ by p]sonal trial t x is a ?or\ghly good & :olesome mu%room1 :i*1 :5 broil$ ) bacon1 fri$1 bak$ or /ew$1 may be eat5 ) p]fect safety & t x is a nutriti\s food4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bg1 ,janu>y1 #aijj4 ,a4 cr5ulata ,pk4 ,pileus ?91 broadly ovate1 becom+ convex or ne>ly plane & some:at /riate on ! m>g91 adorn$ ) a few ?9 :iti% floccose w>ts or ) :iti% floccul5t pat*es1 :iti% or grayi%1 sometimes t+$ ) yell[4 ,lamell close1 rea*+ ! /em1 & sometimes =m+ decurr5t l9es ^u x1 floccose cr5ulate on ! edge1 ! %ort ones truncate at ! inn] extremity1 :ite4 ,/em equal1 bulb\s1 floccose mealy above1 /uff$ or holl[1 :ite1 ! annulus slight1 evanesc5t4 ,spores broadly elliptic or subglobose1 #g4e-aj long1 ne>ly z broad1 usually conta9+ a s+le l>ge nucleus4 ,pileus #b4e-e cm4 broad4 ,/em #b4e-e cm4 long1 #f-h mm4 ?ick4 ,l[ gr\nd1 "u trees4 ,ea/]n ,massa*usetts4 ,septemb]4 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,black=d & ,george ,e4 ,morris4 ,! volva 9 ?is species mu/ be v slight1 z its rema9s quickly disappe> f ! bulb ( ! /em4 ,! rema9s c>ri$ up by ! pileus =m slight w>ts or ?9 :iti% areolate pat*es4 ,! annulus is pres5t 9 v "y plants1 b is (t5 want+ 9 mature ones1 9 :i* /ate ! plant might be mi/ak5 = a species ( ,amanitopsis4 ,its true aff9ity is ) ! tribe to :i* ,a4 rubesc5s belongs4 ,z 9 t species1 ! bulb soon becomes nak$ & exhibits no rema9s ( ! volva4 ,x is simil> to ,a4 f>9osa also 9 ?is respect1 b q unlike x 9 color1 9 ! adornm5ts ( ! pileus & 9 ! "* ( its m>g91 :i* is ev5 9 ! "y plant & b slightly /riate 9 ! mature /ate4 ,its dim5sions are said sometimes to exce$ ^? "h giv51 & x is report$ to h be5 eat5 )\t h>m & to be ( an excell5t flavor4 ,i h _h no opportunity to try4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bg1 ,janu>y1 #aijj4 ,,amanitop,,sis ,roze4 ,amanita2 opsis1 resembl+4 ,hav+ a univ]sal veil at fir/ completely envelop+ ! "y plant1 :i* soon bur/s ?r\gh1 c>ry+ p>ticles ( x on ! pileus1 :]e !y appe> z scatt]$ w>ts readily bru%$ (f2 ! rema9d] or volva closely enwraps ! base ( ! /em4 ,r+ abs5t4 ,spores :ite4 ,?is g5us 0 =m]ly includ$ 9 ,amanita4 ,x diff]s f ,amanita 9 ! abs5ce ( a r+ or coll> ^u ! /em & 9 ! m %ea?+ volva4 ,x diff]s f ,lepiota 9 hav+ a volva4 ,close obs]vation is necess>y 9 collect+ ,amanitopsis = ! table4 ,x has no trace ( r+ or veil ^u ! /em4 ,s f> z ! species are kn[n no poison\s "o exi/s4 ,b ,amanita spreta ,pk41 :i* is deadly1 s closely resembles =ms ( ,amanitopsis t ^? confid5t ( _! k w be deceiv$4 ,! veil or traces ( veil1 :i* ,amanita spreta always has1 sometimes s adh]es to & wraps ! /em t x is n noticeable )\t close exam9ation1 ?us giv+ to x e appe>ance ( an ,amanitopsis4 ,! volva ( ,a4 spreta is atta*$ = a consid]able di/ance to ! base ( ! tap]+ /em1 & is n readily remov$4 ,?is is a guide to detect x4 ,x is a wolf 9 %eep's clo?+4 ,amanitopsis corresponds to ,volv>ia 9 ! p9k-spor$ s]ies1 9 :i*1 z f> z kn[n1 !re is no poison\s species4 ,all ,am]ican species ( ,amanitopsis are giv54 ,sev]al h n be5 te/$ by ! writ] because ( lack ( opportunity4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p$ by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,/udies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,x4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,amanitopsis ,,vag9ata1 #bh #e4 ,,myc5a ,,gal]iculata1 #abg #b4 ,,amanitopsis ,,vag9ata1 #bi #f4 ,,myc5a ,,prolif]a1 #abf ,,v>4 ,,livida1 #c4 ,,amanitopsis ,,nivalis1 #bi #g4 ,,myc5a ,,prolif]a #abf 7,,section71 #d4 ,,amanitopsis ,,/rangulata1 #cj ,a4 vag9ata ,roze--vag9a1 a %ea?4 7,plate ,x1 figs4 #a1 #b1 p3 #bh47 ,pileus ?91 fragile1 glossy1 smoo? except 9 r>e in/ances :]e a few fragm5ts ( ! volva adh]e to x = a "t1 deeply & di/9ctly /riate on ! m>g91 sometimes umbonate4 ,fle% :ite1 9 ! d>k =ms grayi% "u ! sk94 ,/em r+less1 sometimes smoo?1 b g5]ally mealy or floccose1 holl[ or /uff$ ) a cottony pi?1 n bulb\s4 ,volva long1 ?91 fragile1 closely %ea?+ yet free f ! /em1 except 9 ! l[] "p1 easily deta*able & frequ5tly rema9+ 9 ! gr\nd :5 ! plant is pull$4 ,color v>iable1 g5]ally m\se-gray1 sometimes livid1 tawny-yell[ or :ite1 9 "o v>iety a ri* date-br[n4 ,spores globose1 #h-aj broad ,peck2 elliptical #ajg-h ,massee4 ,v>4 livida ,p]s4--livid4 ,lead5 br[n1 gills d+y4 7,plate ,x1 fig4 #b1 p4 #bh47 ,v>4 fulva ,s*ff4--yell[i%4 ,tawny-yell[ or pale o*race\s4 ,?is plant is widely disp]s$1 hav+ be5 report$ f _m localities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 also f ,nova ,scotia & ,gre5l&4 ,on gr\nd 9 woods & on m>g9s ( woods1 "u trees1 9 %ad$ grassy places4 ,sometimes 9 op5 /ubble & pa/ures4 ,june to fro/4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,septemb]1 #ahii1 f\nd a clu/] on decay$ *e/nut /ump4 ,v>i\s colors ab\nd--hazel1 br[n1 gray1 yell[1 :iti%4 ,! caps & /ems are t5d] z asp>agus tips1 b )\t mu* di/9ct flavor :5 cook$4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 to di/+ui% ^! =ms f ,amanita spreta ,pk4 :i* is poison\s4 ,see head+ ( g5us--,amanitopsis4 ,a4 nivalis ,grev4--sn[y4 7,plate ,x1 fig4 #c1 p4 #bh47 ,pileus at fir/ ovate1 !n convex or plane1 smoo?1 /riate on ! ?9 m>g91 :ite1 sometimes t+$ ) yell[ or o*race\s on ! disk4 ,fle% :ite4 ,gills subdi/ant1 :ite1 free4 ,/em equal1 r tall1 ne>ly smoo?1 bulb\s1 /uff$1 :ite2 ! volva v fragile1 soon break+ up into fragm5ts or sometimes p]si/+ 9 ! =m ( a coll>-l r+ at ! upp] "p ( ! bulb4 ,spores globose1 #g4e-aj 9 diamet]4 ,plant #d-f 94 high4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad4 ,/em #b-d l9es ?ick4 ,july to ,octob]4 ,x approa*es 9 "s respects ,a4 ,fro/iana1 b its l>g] size1 smoo? pileus1 light] color & ! abs5ce ( an annulus w easily di/+ui% x f t species4 ,peck1 #cc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,specim5s h be5 repeat$ly f\nd by ! writ] 9 op5 oak woods ne> ,philadelphia4 ,a /rong1 unpleasant bitt]1 :i* appe>s to develop :ile cook+1 r5d]s x unpalatable4 ,x is h>mless1 b its use is n advis$4 ,a4 velosa ,pk4--velosus1 fleecy4 ,pileus at fir/ subglobose1 !n bell-%ap$ or ne>ly plane1 g5]ally be>+ pat*es ( ! rema9s ( ! :iti% felty or tom5tose volva1 else:]e glabr\s1 becom+ sulcate-/riate on ! m>g91 buff or orange-buff4 ,fle% compact1 :ite4 ,gills close1 rea*+ ! /em1 subv5tricose1 pale cream color4 ,/em firm1 at fir/ att5uat$ & tom5tose at ! top1 !n ne>ly equal1 /uff$1 :ite or :iti%1 closely %ea!d at ! base by ! ?ick volva4 ,spores globose1 #aj-ac4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad4 ,/em #c-d 94 long1 #c-d l9es ?ick4 ,"u oak trees4 ,pasad5a1 ,cali=nia4 ,april4 ,a4,j4 ,mc,clatchie4 ,?is fungus is closely relat$ to ,a4 vag9ata1 f :i* x may be sep>at$ by ! m adh]5t rema9s ( ! ?ick] volva :i* sometimes cov] ! :ole surface ( ! pileus1 & by ! ?ick] gills :i* are some:at adnate to ! /em & t]m9ate ) a decurr5t too?4 ,bull4 ,torr4 ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bb1 ,no4 #ab4 ,z x is probable ?is species w be f\nd else:]e ?an ,cali=nia1 & f its close relation to ,a4 vag9ata likely to be edible1 its description is "h giv54 ,a4 /rangulata 7,fr47 ,roze--*ok$1 f ! /uff$ /em4 7,plate ,x1 fig4 #d1 p4 #bh47 ,pileus at fir/ ovate or subelliptical1 !n bell-%ap$1 convex or plane1 w>ty1 slightly viscid :5 moi/1 deeply & di/9ctly /riate on ! m>g91 grayi%-br[n4 ,gills free1 close1 :ite4 ,/em equal or tap]+ upw>d1 /uff$ or holl[1 ne>ly smoo?1 :ite or :iti%1 ! volva soon break+ up into scales or subannul> fragm5ts4 ,spores globose1 #aj-ac4 ,plant #d-f 94 high4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad4 ,/em #c-f l9es ?ick4 ,peck1 #cc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,a4 ,cecili ,b4 & ,br4 is a synonym4 ,n di/9ct 9 color & g5]al appe>ance f ,a4 vag9ata1 b di/9ctly sep>at$ by its w>ty pileus & evanesc5t m\se-color$ volva :i* does n %ea? ! /em4 ,pileus /riate :5 "y1 !n sulcate4 ,/em mealy1 especially on ! upp] "p4 ,woods1 op5 grassy places1 :eat /ubble1 etc4 ,june to ,septemb]4 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,9 ! latitude ( ,philadelphia ! plant is f\nd 9 great abundance4 ,its r e>ly appe>ance1 /ay+ quality1 delicate consi/5cy & flavor make x valuable z a food supply4 ,pe>l color1 blui%-gray & gray are ! prevail+ cap-color+4 ,a4 adnata 7,w4,g4,s47 ,roze--adnatus1 adnate1 ( ! gills4 ,pileus ab\t #c 94 across4 ,fle% ?ick1 :iti%1 firm1 convex1 !n exp&$1 r moi/1 pale yell[i%-buff1 (t5 furni%$ ) irregul>1 woolly pat*es ( volva2 m>g9 ev51 ext5d+ beyond ! gills4 ,/em #b-d 94 long1 94 ?ick1 cyl9drical1 r\gh1 fibrillose1 pale buff1 fle% di/9ct f t ( ! pileus1 /uff$1 !n holl[2 base slightly swoll54 ,volva adnate1 :ite1 d[ny1 m>g9 free & lax1 sometimes almo/ obsolete4 ,gills truly adnate1 cr[d$1 ) _m int]m$iate %ort] ones1 :ite4 ,spores subglobose1 ) an oblique po9t1 #g-h ,massee4 ,t5d]1 good flavor1 yield+ m sub/ance :5 cook$ ?an any o!r ,amanitopsis4 ,a4 volvata ,pk4--possess+ a volva4 ,pileus convex1 !n ne>ly plane1 slightly /riate on ! m>g91 hairy or floccose-scaly1 :ite or :iti%1 ! disk sometimes br[ni%4 ,gills close1 free1 :ite4 ,/em equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 /uff$1 m9utely floccose-scaly1 :iti%1 ins]t$ at ! base 9 a l>ge1 firm1 cup-%ap$1 p]si/5t volva4 ,spores elliptical1 #ajh4 ,plant #b-c 94 high4 ,pileus #b-c broad4 ,/em #c-d l9es ?ick4 ,peck1 #cc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,! plant is easily recogniz$ by its l>ge1 cup-%ap$ volva & cap1 :i* is n smoo?1 z is usual 9 a species ) a p]si/5t membran\s volva1 m or less scaly ) m9ute tufts ( fibrils or tom5tose hairs4 ,! gills are :ite 9 ! fre% plant4 ,pr(essor ,peck notes ! species z q r>e4 ,num]\s specim5s occur 9 ! s&y oak woods ( ,new ,j]sey1 & 9 oak woods ne> ,angora1 ,philadelphia4 ,july to ,octob]4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to det]m9e ! abs5ce ( an annulus or any trace ( "o4 ,t5d]1 delicate1 )\t pron\nc$ flavor4 ,equal to ,amanitopsis vag9ata4 ,a4 f>9osa ,s*w4--cov]$ ) f>9a1 meal4 ,pileus ne>ly plane1 ?91 floccul5t-pulv]ul5t1 widely & deeply /riate on ! m>g91 grayi%-br[n or livid-br[n4 ,gills free1 :iti%4 ,/em :iti% or pallid1 equal1 /uff$ or holl[1 mealy1 sub-bulb\s1 ! volva floccul5t-pulv]ul5t1 evanesc5t4 ,spores v>iable1 elliptical ovate or subglobose1 #f-h long4 ,plant ab\t #b 94 high4 ,pileus #a 94 to #ae l9es broad4 ,/em #a-c l9es ?ick4 ,july to ,septemb]4 ,?is is our smalle/ ,amanita 7n[ ,amanitopsis74 ,x is nei!r v common nor v abundant :5 x does occur4 ,x is describ$ by ,s*we9itz z 8solid10 b ,i h always f\nd x /uff$ or holl[4 ,peck1 #cc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,a4 pusilla ,pk4--small4 ,pileus ?91 broadly convex or ne>ly plane1 subglabr\s1 slightly umbonate1 ev5 on ! m>g91 pale br[n4 ,gills n>r[1 ?91 close1 free1 becom+ br[ni%4 ,/em %ort1 holl[1 bulb\s1 ! bulb m>g9$ by ! rema9s ( ! membran\s volva4 ,spores broadly elliptical1 #e-fd4 ,pileus ab\t #a 94 broad4 ,/em #h-ab l9es long1 #a-b l9es ?ick4 ,grassy gr\nd4 ,g\v]neur1 ,/4 ,lawr5ce c\nty4 ,septemb]4 ,mrs4 ,an?ony4 ,peck1 #ej? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,edibility n te/$4 ,a4 pubesc5s ,s*w4--d[ny4 ,pileus yell[1 cov]$ ) a ?9 pubesc5ce1 m>g9 involute4 ,/em %ort1 ab\t #a 94 9 l5g?1 at fir/ :ite becom+ yell[i%1 bulb\s1 bulb ?ick4 ,volva evanesc5t4 ,gills :ite4 ,9 grassy gr\nds4 ,r>e4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s*we9itz1 ,curtis4 ,a4 agglut9ata ,b4 & ,c4--viscid4 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad1 :ite1 hemisph]ic !n plane1 viscid1 areolate-scaly f ! rema9s ( ! volva1 m>g9 ?91 sulcate4 ,/em 4#e-a4e 94 long1 #b l9es ?ick1 %ort1 solid1 bulb\s4 ,volva ) a free m>g94 ,gills broad1 v5tricose1 rotundate-free4 ,spores elliptic4 ,9 p9e woods4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis4 ,resembl+ "s ( ! dw>f =ms ( ,a4 vag9ata b at once di/+ui%$ by its solid /em & decid$ly viscid1 areolate-squamose pileus4 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci4 & ,arts1 #ahdh4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p$ by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,/udies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,xii4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,lepiota ,,am]icana1 #dh #c4 ,,lepiota ,,cepae/ipes1 #df #b4 ,,lepiota ,,nauc9oides1 #de #d4 ,,amanita ,,rubesc5s1 #ba ,,lepio,,ta ,fr4 ,lepis1 a scale4 7,plate ,,xi47 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,,lepiota ,,proc]a4 ,pileus g5]ally scaly f ! break+ up ( ! cuticle & ! adh]5ce ( ! concrete veil4 ,gills free1 (t5 v di/ant f ! /em & atta*$ to a c>tilag9\s coll>4 ,/em holl[ or /uff$1 its fle% di/9ct f t ( ! pileus4 ,r+ at fir/ atta*$ to ! cuticle ( ! pileus1 (t5 movable1 sometimes evanesc5t4 ,on ! gr\nd4 ,sev]al are f\nd 9 hot-h\ses & hot-b$s1 & are probably introduc$ species4 ,! univ]sal veil1 cov]+ ! entire plant :5 v "y1 is closely appli$ to ! pileus1 :i* f ! break+ up ( ! cuticle is g5]ally scaly4 ,! /em 9 mo/ species diff]s 9 sub/ance f ! pileus4 ,?is is readily se5 by splitt+ ! plant 9 half f cap to base4 ,x is easily sep>at$ f ! cap1 leav+ a cup-l depression !re94 ,gills usually :ite4 ,9 "s species !y are yell[-t9t$4 ,9 o!rs !y become a d+y r$ :5 w\nd$ or age+4 ,! veil 9 ?is g5us1 be+ concrete ) ! cuticle ( ! pileus1 nev] appe>s z loose w>ts or pat*es1 nei!r is !re a volva z 9 ,amanita & ,amanitopsis4 ,^! ?ree g5]a are ! only ones 9 ! :ite-spor$ s]ies hav+ gills free f ! /em4 ,9 a few species ! gills are slightly atta*$ to ! /em1 b are nev] decurr5t ^u x z 9 ,armill>ia4 ,:5 ! plant is "y x is egg-%ap$4 ,x !n gradually spreads1 becomes convex1 & op5s until x is ne>ly flat1 ) a knob 9 ! c5t]4 ,! only species 9 ?is g5us kn[n to be poison\s to "s p]sons is ,l4 ,morgani ,pk41 :i* is di/+ui%$ by its gre5 spores & :ite gills becom+ gre54 ,l4 ,vittad9i has also be5 reg>d$ ) suspicion4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,tribes4 ,a4 ,,pileus ,,dry4 ,,proc]i 7,l4 proc]a74 ,page #ce4 ,r+ movable4 ,! plant is at fir/ entirely enclos$ 9 a univ]sal veil1 :i* splits ar\nd at ! base1 ! l[] "p disappe>+ on ! bulb1 ! upp] "p atta*$ to ! pileus break+ up into scales4 ,/em encircl$ at ! top ) a c>tilag9\s coll> to :i* ! free1 remote gills are atta*$4 ,,clypeol>ii 7,l4 clypeol>ia74 ,page #ci4 ,r+ fix$1 atta*$ to ! upp] portion ( ! univ]sal veil :i* %ea?s ! /em f ! base upw>d1 mak+ x d[ny or scaly bel[ ! r+4 ,! rema9d] ( ! veil unit$ ) ! pileus break+ up & becom+ d[ny or scaly4 ,coll> at ! apex ( /em n s l>ge z 9 ,proc]i1 h5ce ! gills are n usually s remote4 ,ta/e & smell unpleasant1 resembl+ t ( radi%es4 ,,annulosi 7annulus1 a r+74 ,page #dd4 ,r+ fix$1 some:at p]si/5t1 univ]sal veil closely atta*$ to ! pileus4 ,coll> abs5t or simil> 9 texture to ! /em4 ,/em1 n %ea!d4 ,,granulosi 7,l4 granulosa74 ,page #di4 ,pileus granul> or w>ty4 ,univ]sal veil %ea?+ ! /em1 at fir/ cont9u\s f ! /em to ! pileus1 f9ally ruptur+1 =m+ a r+ ne>] ! base4 ,/em n s di/9ctly diff]5t f ! pileus z 9 o!r sections4 ,,mesomorphi 7,l4 mesomorpha74 ,small1 sl5d]1 /em holl[4 ,pileus smoo?1 dry4 ,b4 ,,pileus ,,viscid4 ,,nei!r ,,scaly ,,nor ,,w>ty4 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph$ by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,wei/4 ,,plate ,,xiii4 ,,lepiota ,,proc]a4 ,a4 ,,pileus ,,dry4 ,,proce,,ri4 ,r+ movable1 etc4 ,l4 procera ,scop4--proc]us1 tall4 7,plate ,,xiii1 p4 #cd47 ,tall ,lepiota1 ,p>asol ,mu%room1 9 "s localities ,pa/ure ,mu%room 7a mislead+ title74 ,! ,fle% n v ?ick1 s(t1 p]man5tly :ite4 ,pileus at fir/ ovate1 f9ally exp&$1 cuticle soon break+ up into br[n scales1 except+ ^u ! umbo1 umbo smoo?1 d>k-br[n1 di/9ct4 ,! caps v>y 9 %ades ( br[n1 sometimes !y h a fa9t t+e ( lav5d]4 ,gills :iti%1 cr[d$1 n>r[+ t[>d ! /em1 & v remote f x4 ,/em v>iable 9 l5g?1 (t5 v long1 tubul>1 at fir/ /uff$ ) light fibrils1 q bulb\s at base1 g5]ally spott$ or scaly ) peculi> snake-l m>k+s bel[ ! r+1 :i* is ?ick1 firm & readily movable4 ,:5 ! /em is remov$ f pileus x leaves a deep cavity ext5d+ ne>ly to ! cuticle4 ,pileus #c-f 94 broad4 ,/em #e-ab 94 high1 ab\t 94 ?ick4 ,:ite spores elliptical1 #ad-ahi-aa ,peck2 #ab-aeh-i ,massee2 #adaj ,lloyd4 ,readily kn[n by its extremely tall /em1 %aggy cap1 di/9ct umbo & ! *annel betwe5 ! gills & /em4 ,resembles no poison\s species4 ,be=e cook+ ! scurf %\ld be rubb$ f ! caps1 :i* alone %\ld be eat51 z ! /em is t\gh4 ,?\gh ! fle% is ?91 ! gills are meaty & h a pleasant1 nutty flavor4 ,fri$ 9 butt] x has few equals4 ,x makes a sup]ior catsup4 ,l4 ra*odes ,vitt4 ,gr4--a ragg$1 tatt]$ g>m5t4 ,pileus v fle%y1 b v s(t :5 full gr[n1 globose !n flatt5$ or depress$1 n umbonate1 at fir/ incru/$ ) a ?ick1 rigid1 ev51 v smoo?1 bay-br[n1 :olly cont9u\s cuticle1 :i* rema9s entire at ! disk b o!rwise soon becomes elegantly reticulat$ ) cracks2 ^! v readily sep>ate into p]si/5t1 polygonal1 conc5tric scales1 :i* are revolute at ! m>g9 & atta*$ to ! surface ) beautifully radiat+ fib]s1 ! surface rema9+ co>sely fibrillose-d[ny4 ,fle% :ite1 imm$iately becom+ saffron-r$ :5 brok51 easily sep>at+ f ! apex ( ! di/9ct /em1 :i* is encircl$ ) a prom95t coll>4 ,/em /\t1 at ! fir/ bulb\s ) a di/9ct m>g9 ^u ! bulb1 conical :5 "y1 !n elongat$1 att5uat$ upw>d1 z mu* z a span long1 v robu/1 #a 94 ?ick1 & m at ! base1 always ev51 & )\t a trace ( scales or ev5 ( fibrils al?\gh ! appe>ance is obsoletely silky1 :olly :iti%1 holl[ )91 /uff$ ) spid]-web ?reads1 ! walls rem>kably & co>sely fibr\s4 ,r+ movable1 adh]+ long] to ! m>g9 ( ! pileus ?an to ! apex ( ! /em1 h5ce ray$ ) fib]s at ! circumf]5ce1 clo!d b5ea? ) "o or two zones ( scales4 ,gills v remote1 tap]+ t[>d ea* end or broade/ at ! middle1 cr[d$1 :iti%1 sometimes r$d5+4 ,/ev5son4 ,veil rem>kable 9 its developm5t & ?ick m>g94 ,spores #fh ,w4,g4,s4 ,=t ,edw>d1 ,h[e2 ,we/field1 ,n4,y41 ,miss ,l4,m4 ,pat*52 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a heavi] species ?an ,l4 proc]a1 ( :i* by "s writ]s x has be5 consid]$ a v>iety1 b x diff]s 9 ! abs5ce ( umbo & fle% becom+ t+$ ) r$4 ,/em is decid$ly swoll5 d[nw>d4 ,veil heavy1 app>5tly d\ble1 ?icke/ at m>g9 ( cap to :i* x rema9s atta*$ 9 heavy fragm5ts4 ,x te>s f ! /em1 leav+ no m>k ( r+4 ,v>4 puellaris ,fr4--puella1 a girl4 ,small] ?an typical =m1 %9+ :ite1 pileus ) d[ny scales4 ,n yet report$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,edible qualities simil> to ^? ( ,l4 proc]a4 ,x is sold indiscrim9ately ) x 9 ,london m>kets4 ,l4 excoriata ,s*aeff4--/ripp$ ( its sk94 ,fle% spongy1 r ?ick1 :ite1 un*angeable4 ,pileus at fir/ globose1 !n flat1 h>dly umbonate1 pale-fawn or :iti%1 disk d>k2 cuticle ?91 silky or scaly1 sometimes areolate1 m or less peel$ t[>d m>g91 h5ce its "n4 ,gills v5tricose1 :ite1 free1 some:at remote4 ,/em att5uat$1 holl[ or /uff$1 %ort1 sc>cely bulb\s1 smoo?1 :ite1 n spott$1 v di/9ct f fle% ( pileus4 ,r+ movable b n s freely z t ( ,l4 proc]a4 ,/em #a-b high1 less ?an 94 ?ick4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad4 ,spores #ad-aeh-i ,massee4 ,9 pa/ures or grassy lawns4 ,may to ,septemb]4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 edible1 ,curtis2 ,massa*usetts1 ,fro/2 ,cali=nia1 ,h4 & ,m42 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,m9nesota1 ,johnson4 ,di/+ui%$ f ! prec$+ by its small] size & %ort /em :i* is sc>cely bulb\s4 ,escul5t qualities good4 ,l4 ma/oidea ,fr4 ,gr4--brea/-%ap$4 ,pileus r ?91 ovate1 bell-%ap$1 !n flatt5$1 ) a conspicu\s acute umbo1 cuticle ?91 br[ni%1 break+ up 9 m9ute scatt]$ scales2 ! pileus appe>s :iti% b5ea?4 ,/em holl[1 smoo?1 t\gh1 flexible1 att5uat$ f ! bulb\s base to ! apex4 ,r+ entire1 movable4 ,gills v remote1 cr[d$1 broad1 tap]+ at bo? ends1 :ite4 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #c-d l9es ?ick at base1 #a-b l9es at apex4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 edible1 ,curtis4 ,x is g5]ally eat5 9 ,europe4 ,9 woods1 especially ab\t old /umps4 ,octob]4 ,! entire plant is :iti% & is well m>k$ by ! prom95t umbo1 :i* g5]ally has a depression ar\nd x4 ,x has ! lea/ sub/ance ( any 9 ?is section1 & consequ5tly n mu* value z food4 ,l4 gracil5ta ,krombh4--gracilis1 sl5d]4 ,pileus r fle%y1 ?icke/ at ! disk1 ovate !n bell-%ap$1 f9ally flatt5$1 obscurely umbonate2 at fir/ br[ni% f ! adnate cuticle1 :i*1 break+ up into broad adpress$ scales1 all[s ! :iti% pileus to be se5 b5ea? !m4 ,gills remote1 v broad1 cr[d$1 pallid4 ,/em :iti%1 obscurely scaly1 holl[ or conta9+ slight fibrils1 slightly bulb\s4 ,r+ ?91 floccose1 vani%+4 ,/em #e-f 94 long1 #c-e l9es ?ick4 ,9 pa/ures1 also 9 woods4 ,spores #aah ,w4,g4,s4 ,almo/ z tall z ,l4 proc]a1 b slight] 9 /em & pileus2 ! r+1 in/ead ( be+ firm & p]si/5t1 is ?9 & fugaci\s1 & ! /em is h>dly bulb\s4 ,edible1 b n ( ! fir/ quality4 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph$ by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,wei/4 ,,plate ,,xiv4 ,,lepiota ,,morgani4 ,l4 ,morgani ,pk4--9 honor ( ,pr(essor ,morgan4 7,plate ,,xiv47 ,pileus fle%y1 s(t1 at fir/ subglobose1 !n exp&$ or ev5 depress$1 :ite1 ! br[ni% or yell[i% cuticle break+ up into scales except on ! disk4 ,gills close1 lanceolate1 remote1 :ite1 !n gre54 ,/em firm1 equal or tap]+ upw>d1 subbulb\s1 smoo?1 webby-/uff$1 :iti%1 t+$ ) br[n4 ,r+ r l>ge1 movable4 ,fle% bo? ( ! pileus & /em :ite1 *ang+ to r$di% & !n to yell[i% :5 cut or bruis$4 ,spores ovate or subelliptical1 mo/ly un9ucleate1 sordid gre51 #aj-acg-h4 ,plant #f-h 94 high4 ,pileus #e-i 94 broad4 ,/em #f-ab l9es ?ick4 ,peck 9 ,bot4 ,gaz41 ,m>*1 #ahgi4 ,op5 dry grassy places4 ,dayton1 ,ohio4 ,a4,p4 ,morgan4 ,?is species is rem>kable because ( ! peculi> color ( ! spores4 ,no gre5-spor$ ,ag>ic1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 has be=e be5 discov]$1 & no "o ( ! five s]ies1 9 :i* ! v num]\s species ( ! g5us h be5 arrang$1 is *>act]iz$ 9 su* a way z to receive ?is species4 ,x seems a little ha/y to f\nd a s]ies 7,viridispori7 on ! /r5g? ( a s+le species4 ,until o!r species ( su* a suppos$ s]ies %all be discov]$ x seems be/ to reg>d ?is z an ab]rant memb] ( ! :ite-spor$ s]ies4 ,! same c\rse has be5 tak5 ) ^? ,ag>ics :i* h sordid or yell[i% or lilac-t9t$ spores4 ,x gives me great pleasure to d$icate ?is f9e species to its discov]] ,mr4 ,morgan4 ,peck4 ,commonly #f-h 94 high1 #e-i 94 diamet]1 ?\gh l>g] specim5s are sometimes f\nd4 ,x is ! mo/ conspicu\s ,ag>ic 9 ! mead[s & pa/ures ( ! ,miami valley2 x appe>s to fl\ri% f spr+ to autumn :5ev] !re is abundance ( ra94 ,x is heavi] & /\t] ?an ,l4 proc]a & ,i am dispos$ to claim t x is ! l>ge/ ,ag>ic 9 ! _w4 ,spores #aj-abg-h4 ,9 immature specim5s !y are gre5i%-yell[4 ,morgan4 ,kansas1 ,b>?olomew 7,peck1 ,rep4 #ej72 ,kansas1 ,crag92 ,alabama1 ,u4 & ,e42 ,georgia1 ,b5son2 ,l\isiana1 ,rev4 ,a4,b4 ,langlois2 ,mi*igan1 ,c4,f4 ,:eel] 7,lloyd1 ,myc4 ,notes72 ,texas1 ,pr(4 ,w4,s4 ,c>t]2 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,mill]4 ,l4 ,morgani is "o ( ! l>ge/1 h&some/ ( ! g5us4 ,x is v abundant 9 ! we/]n & s\?we/]n /ates4 ,mr4 ,h4,i4 ,mill]1 ,t]re ,haute1 ,ind41 writes ,augu/ #ah1 #ahih3 8,i h rec5tly measur$ sev]al :i* 7 m ?an twelve in*es across4 ,at ! pres5t "t ?is mu%room is gr[+ 9 m abundance ?r\gh\t ,indiana ?an any o!r4 ,x gr[s luxuriantly 9 ! pa/ures1 g5]ally 9 gr& fairy r+s1 five1 t51 fifte5 feet 9 diamet]4 ,we f9d x also 9 ! woods4 ,x is beautifully :ite & maje/ic1 & ^! r+s c be se5 9 mead[s :]e ! grass has be5 eat5 close1 = half a mile or m4 ,! gills are :ite until ! cap is almo/ op5$1 by :i* "t ! gre5 spores beg9 to cause ! gills to *ange to gre54 ,! meat is f9e & is usually m free f worms ?an o!r mu%rooms4 ,six families1 "h1 h eat5 he>tily ( !m4 ,! exp]i5ce is t "o or two memb]s ( ea* family are made sick1 ?\gh 9 two families1 :o h sev]al times eat5 !m1 no "o 0 made sick4 ,i enjoy !m imm5sely1 & nev] feel any ! worse = eat+ !m4 ,i d\bt if we h a f9]-flavor$ fungus4 ,! meat is simply delici\s4 ,"o fairy r+ yields a bu%el40 ,pr(4 ,w4,s4 ,c>t]1 ,univ]sity ( ,texas1 ,galve/on1 report$ to me 7& s5t specim5s ( ,l4 ,morganii7 ! poison+ ( ?ree labor+ m5 f eat+ ?is fungus4 ,!y 7 s]i\sly sick1 b recov]$4 ,! conclusion is inevitable t ?is gre5-spor$ ,lepiota conta9s a poison :i* viol5tly attacks "s p]sons1 yet is h>mless ^u o!rs4 ,i h n _h opportunity to te/ x4 ,x %\ld be te/$ ) great caution4 ,,clypeola,,rii4 ,clypeus1 a %ield4 ,r+ fix$2 /em %ea!d1 etc4 ,l4 ,friesii ,las*4--9 honor ( ,fries4 ,pileus fle%y1 s(t1 lac]at$ into appress$ tom5tose scales4 ,/em holl[1 ) a webby pi?1 subbulb\s1 scaly4 ,r+ sup]ior1 p5dul\s1 equal4 ,gills subremote1 l9e>1 cr[d$1 bran*$4 ,fries4 ,pileus fle%y b r ?91 convex or ne>ly plane1 clo!d ) a s(t1 tawny or br[ni%-tawny d[n1 :i* breaks up into appress$1 (t5 subconflu5t scales1 ! disk r\gh ) small acute1 erect scales4 ,fle% s(t1 :ite4 ,gills n>r[1 cr[d$1 free1 :ite1 "s ( !m =k$4 ,/em equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 subbulb\s1 holl[1 color$ l ! pileus bel[ ! r+1 & !re clo!d ) tom5tose fibrils :i* sometimes =m floccose or tom5tose scales1 :ite & p[d]$ above4 ,r+ well develop$1 flabby1 :ite above1 tawny & floccose-scaly bel[4 ,spores #g-hc-d4 ,plant #b-e 94 high4 ,pileus #a-d 94 broad4 ,/em #b-e l9es ?ick4 ,catskill m\nta9s & ,ea/ ,worce/]4 ,july to ,septemb]4 ,i h quot$ ! description ( ?is species z x is f\nd 9 ,epicrisis1 because ! ,am]ican plant :i* ,i h ref]r$ to x does n 9 all respects agree ) ?is description1 b comes s ne> x t x c sc>cely be specifically di/9ct4 ,9 ! ,am]ican plant1 s f> z ,i h se5 x1 erect1 acute scales are always pres5t1 especially on ! disk1 & ! d[n ( ! pileus does n always break up into di/9ct areas or scales4 ,nei!r is ! /em usually scaly1 b r clo!d ) s(t tom5tose or almo/ silky fibrils4 ,! gills are cr[d$ & "s ( !m are =k$4 ,at ! furcations !re are slight depressions :i* int]rupt ! g5]al level ( ! edges1 & give !m ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 eat5 by insects4 ,! plant has a slight odor1 especially :5 cut or bruis$4 ,peck1 #ce? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,rem>ks "u ,l4 acutesquamosa apply to ,l4 ,friesii1 :i* ,fries himself d\bts be+ di/9ct f ! fir/4 ,! plants v>y greatly 9 size1 color & habitat4 ,! "n--acutesquamosa--c>ries a descriptive mean+ ) x t ,l4 ,friesii does n4 ,x does n appe> to h be5 report$ except by ,pr(essor ,peck1 b probably appe>s z ,l4 acutesquamosa 9 o!r li/s4 ,! edible qualities are excell5t4 ,l4 acutesquamosa ,we94--acutus1 %>p2 squama1 a scale4 ,pileus fle%y1 obtuse1 at fir/ hairy-floccose1 !n bri/ly ) erect1 acute1 r\gh scales4 ,/em some:at /uff$1 /\t1 bulb\s1 p[d]$ above ! mod]ate-siz$ r+4 ,gills approximate1 lanceolate1 simple4 ,fries4 ,pileus convex or ne>ly plane1 obtuse or broadly subumbonate1 clo!d ) a s(t tawny or br[ni%-tawny tom5tum1 :i* usually breaks up into imp]fect areas or squam1 r\gh ) erect1 acute scales1 :i* are g5]ally l>g] & m num]\s on ! disk4 ,gills close1 free1 :ite or yell[i%4 ,/em equal1 holl[ or /uff$ ) webby filam5ts1 subbulb\s4 ,spores ab\t #gc-d4 ,woods & cons]vatories4 ,buffalo1 ,g4,w4 ,cl9ton2 ,albany1 ,a4,f4 ,*atfield2 ,adirondack m\nta9s & ,brew]t[n1 ,peck4 ,! =m f\nd 9 ! hot-h\ses seems to h ! tom5tum ( ! pileus less d5se & ! erect scales m num]\s ?an 9 ! =m gr[+ 9 woods4 ,! annulus is frequ5tly lac]at$4 ,9 ! specim5s ( ! woods ! erect scales are sometimes blacki% 9 color1 & !y !n contra/ q conspicu\sly ) ! tawny or br[ni%-tawny tom5tum b5ea? !m4 ,!y v>y 9 size & %ape4 ,"s resemble po9t$ papill1 o!rs1 be+ m elongat$1 are almo/ sp9e-l4 ,^! are sometimes curv$4 ,!y are g5]ally l>g] & m num]\s on ! disk ?an else:]e1 & (t5 !y are :olly want+ on ! m>g94 ,peck1 #ce? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,we/ ,philadelphia1 #ahig1 on lawn & gr[+ f trunk ( a maple tree2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 mix$ woods4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,i fir/ saw specim5s ( ,l4 acutesquamosa :5 s5t to me by ,miss ,lydia ,m4 ,pat*51 ,presid5t ,we/field ,toad/ool ,club4 ,x 0 lat] f\nd by myself & te/$4 ,specim5s 7 s5t to ,pr(essor ,peck & id5tifi$ z ,l4 acutesquamosa4 ,caps & /ems br[ni%-purple4 ,! po9t$ squamules or tufts h d>k-br[n po9ts1 %ad$ to a delicate purple at base4 ,gills light1 fa9t fle%-color4 ,veil is silky1 transp>5t1 beautiful1 q t5aci\s--/ret*+ until cap is well exp&$1 p]si/5t1 ?\gh at times fugaci\s4 ,smell l /ew$ mu%rooms4 ,! caps are ( excell5t sub/ance & flavor4 ,l4 8pida ,las*4--r\gh4 ,pileus #b-c 94 across4 ,fle% ?91 :ite1 un*angeable2 hemisph]ical !n exp&$1 umbonate1 tom5tose or d[ny at fir/ f ! rema9s ( ! univ]sal veil2 dur+ expansion ! d[n becomes brok5 up into small1 spread+1 scaly po9ts1 :i* ev5tually disappe>1 umb]-br[n1 sometimes ) a tawny t+e4 ,gills free b ne> to ! /em1 ! coll> ( ! pileus prom95t & %ea?+ ! /em1 cr[d$1 v5tricose1 simple1 :ite4 ,/em ab\t #c-e 94 long1 #c-e l9es ?ick1 att5uat$ upw>d1 d5sely squamosely-woolly up to ! sup]ior1 membranace\s1 reflex$ r+1 d+y-br[n1 /em tubul>1 b fibrillosely /uff$4 ,spores #f-gd ,massee4 ,9 m>g9s ( & 9 op5 mix$ woods1 "u p9e trees1 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,july to ,septemb]1 #ahib4 ,q pl5tiful ye> aft] ye> 9 ! same places4 ,! ,am]ican plant is tall] ?an ! ,engli% species1 ! /em rea*+ five in*es1 & ! color ( ! cap a delicate tawny-br[n4 ,smell slight1 b pung5t l radi%es4 ,! :ole fungus is t5d] & delici\s4 ,x is "o ( ! few ,lepiot t /ews well4 ,l4 felina ,p]s4--belong+ to a cat4 ,pileus ?91 bell-%ap$ or convex1 subumbonate1 adorn$ ) num]\s subtom5tose or floccose blacki%-br[n scales4 ,gills close1 free1 :ite4 ,/em sl5d]1 r long1 equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 holl[1 clo!d ) s(t1 loose1 floccose filam5ts1 br[n4 ,r+ slight1 evanesc5t4 ,spores elliptical1 #f-hd-e4 ,plant #b-c4e 94 high4 ,pileus 4#e-a4e 94 broad4 ,/em #a-b l9es ?ick4 ,woods4 ,adirondack ,m\nta9s4 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,x is easily di/+ui%$ f ,a4 rubrot9cta by ! d>k] color ( ! scales ( ! pileus1 by ! loose floccose filam5ts t clo! ! br[n /em1 by ! fugaci\s r+ & ! small] spores4 ,peck1 #ce? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,! caps comp>e favorably ) o!r ,lepiot 9 sub/ance & flavor4 ,l4 cri/ata ,a4 & ,s4--cri/a1 a tuft1 cre/4 ,pileus ?91 bell-%ap$ or convex1 !n ne>ly plane1 obtuse1 at fir/ ) an ev5 r$di% or r$di%-br[n surface1 !n :ite adorn$ ) r$di% or r$di%-br[n scales =m$ by ! break+ up ( ! cuticle1 ! c5tral "p or disk color$ l ! scales4 ,gills close1 free1 :ite4 ,/em sl5d]1 holl[1 equal1 smoo? or silky-fibrillose bel[ ! r+1 :iti%4 ,r+ small1 :ite4 ,spores oblong or n>r[ly subelliptical1 #e-gc-d4 ,plant #a-b 94 high4 ,pileus 4#e-a4e 94 broad4 ,/em #a-b l9es ?ick4 ,grassy places & bord]s ( woods4 ,june to ,septemb]4 ,?is species is easily kn[n by its small size & ! cre/$ appe>ance ( ! :ite pileus1 an appe>ance produc$ by ! orbicul> unruptur$ portion ( ! cuticle t rema9s l a color$ spot on ! disk4 ,! fragm5ts or scales are m close ne> ?is c5tral "p & m di/ant f ea* o!r t[>d ! m>g91 :]e !y are (t5 :olly want+4 ,! scales are sometimes v small & almo/ granul>4 ,9 v wet wea!r ! m>g9 ( ! pileus 9 ?is & "s o!r species becomes upturn$ or reflex$4 ,peck1 #ce? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,f\nd 9 ,woodl& ,cemet]y1 ,philadelphia4 ,june to ,septemb]1 #ahig4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,scales 7 appress$ & slightly t+$ ) br[n1 (t5 v small4 ,caps ( same1 upturn$ & b>e ne> m>g94 ,ta/e sweet1 slightly l new meal4 ,odor /rong4 ,cook$ x is ( good consi/5cy & pleas+ to ta/e4 ,l4 alluvina ,pk4--alluvies1 ! ov]-fl[+ ( a riv]4 ,pileus ?91 convex or plane1 reflex$ on ! m>g91 :ite1 adorn$ ) m9ute pale-yell[ hairy or fibrillose scales4 ,gills ?91 close1 free1 :ite or yell[i%4 ,/em sl5d]1 fibrillose1 :iti% or pallid1 slightly ?ick5$ at ! base4 ,r+ slight1 subp]si/5t1 (t5 ne> ! middle ( ! /em4 ,spores elliptical1 #f-gd-e4 ,plant #a-b 94 high4 ,pileus 4#e-a 94 broad4 ,/em #a-a4e l9es ?ick4 ,alluvial soil1 among we$s4 ,albany4 ,july4 ,9 ! fre% plant ! scales are ( a pale yell[ or lemon color1 b 9 dry+ !y & ! :ole pileus take a deep] ri* yell[ hue4 ,! r+ is g5]ally remote f ! pileus1 sometimes ev5 bel[ ! middle ( ! /em4 ,peck1 #ce? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,9 #ahig1 ,i f\nd x gr[+ among we$s on lot ne> ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,philadelphia4 ,seem+ly x is a city resid5t4 ,! ta/e & smell are pleasant4 ,cook$ x is t5d] & savory4 ,bo? /ems & caps are good4 ,l4 metulspora ,b4 & ,br4--metula1 an obelisk4 ,pileus ?91 bell-%ap$ or convex1 subumbonate1 at fir/ ) a uni=m pallid or br[ni% surface1 :i* soon breaks up into small br[ni% scales1 ! m>g9 m or less /riate1 (t5 app5diculate ) fragm5ts ( ! veil4 ,gills close1 free1 :ite4 ,/em sl5d]1 equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 holl[1 adorn$ ) s(t floccose scales or filam5ts1 pallid4 ,r+ slight1 evanesc5t4 ,spores long1 subfusi=m4 ,plant #b-c4e 94 high4 ,pileus 4#e-a4e 94 broad4 ,/em #a-b l9es ?ick4 ,woods4 ,adirondack m\nta9s4 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,?is species occurs ) u 9 ! same localities z ,l4 fel9a1 :i* x v mu* resembles 9 size1 %ape & g5]al *>act]s1 diff]+ only 9 color1 ! /riate m>g9 ( ! pileus & ! "* ( ! spores4 ,! species has a wide range1 hav+ be5 f\nd 9 ,ceylon1 ,engl&1 ,alabama & ,k5tucky4 ,peck1 #ce? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,?is has n be5 else:]e not$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 probably f neglect ( ! spore *>act]s1 be+ report$ z ,l4 clypeol>ia4 ,new ,j]sey & ,p5nsylvania4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,annulo,,si4 ,r+ l>ge1 fix$2 /em n %ea!d4 ,l4 holos]icea ,fr4 ,gr4--entire1 silk54 ,pileus #c 94 & m broad1 :iti% or clay-:ite1 fle%y1 s(t1 convex !n exp&$1 r plane1 obtuse1 floccoso-silky1 some:at fibrillose1 becom+ ev51 fragile1 disk by no means gibb\s2 & :olly ( ! same color2 m>g9 involute :5 "y4 ,fle% s(t1 :ite4 ,/em #b-d 94 long1 94 & m ?ick1 solid1 bulb\s & n root$ at ! base1 s(t1 fragile1 silky-fibrillose1 :iti%4 ,r+ sup]ior1 membranace\s1 l>ge1 s(t1 p5dul\s1 ! m>g9 aga9 asc5d+4 ,gills :olly free1 broad1 v5tricose1 cr[d$1 becom+ pale-:ite4 ,fries4 ,a species well m>k$ f all o!rs4 ,inodor\s4 ,on soil 9 fl[] b$s4 ,spores elliptical1 #g-he ,massee2 #fi ,w4,g4,s4 ,wiscons91 ,bundy2 ,m9nesota1 ,johnson4 ,consid]$ escul5t 9 ,europe4 ,l4 ,vittadini ,fr4--9 honor ( ! ,italian mycologi/4 ,pileus #c-d 94 across4 ,fle% #d-f l9es ?ick at ! disk1 becom+ v ?9 at ! m>g91 :ite2 convex !n plane1 obtuse or gibb\s1 d5sely cov]$ ) small1 erect1 w>t-l scales1 altoge!r :iti%4 ,gills free b r close to ! /em1 #c-d l9es broad1 r\nd$ 9 front1 ?icki%1 v5tricose1 ) a gre5i% t+e4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 up to 94 ?ick1 cyl9drical1 ) num]\s conc5tric r+s ( squ>rose scales1 up to ! sup]ior1 l>ge r+2 :iti%1 or ! edges ( ! scales (t5 tipp$ ) r$1 solid4 ,fries4 ,9 pa/ures1 etc4 ,int]m$iate betwe5 ,lepiota & ,amanita4 ,not$ by ,fries z poison\s4 ,x may or may n be1 b z a matt] ( precaution x is describ$4 ,a l>ge species1 pure :ite1 extremely beautiful4 ,massa*usetts1 ,f>l[4 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph$ by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,wei/4 ,,plate ,,xv4 ,,lepiota ,,nauc9oides4 ,l4 naucina ,fr4 ,no translation applicable4 ,pileus #a-a 94 broad1 :ite1 ! disk ( ! same color1 fle%y1 s(t1 gibb\s or obtusely umbonate :5 flatt5$1 ev51 ! ?9 cuticle splitt+ up into granules4 ,/em #a-c 94 long1 /uff$1 at l5g? some:at holl[1 b )\t a def9ite tube1 att5uat$ upw>d f ! ?ick5$ base1 fibrillose1 unspott$1 :ite4 ,r+ sup]ior1 t5d]1 b p]si/5t1 adh]+ to ! /em1 at l5g? reflex$4 ,gills free1 approximate1 cr[d$1 v5tricose1 s(t1 :ite4 ,!re is a prom95t coll>1 z 9 ! ,clypeol>ii1 embrac+ ! /em4 ,/ature & appe>ance ( ,l4 excoriata1 b commonly small]1 ! sup]ior r+ adfix$1 etc4 ,fries4 ,spores subglobose1 #f-g ,massee4 ,l4 nauc9a ,fr4 is ! ,european species :i* has its ,am]ican c\nt]p>t 9 ,l4 nauc9oides ,pk4 ,! v>iations 9 ! ,am]ican species are not$ "u ,l4 nauc9oides4 ,z ,amanita phalloides--9 its :ite =m--! poison\s :ite ,amanita1 resembles ,l4 nauc9a or ,l4 nauc9oides 9 "s /ages ( its gr[? & may be conf\nd$ ) x1 c>eful note %\ld be tak5 ( _! ext]nal diff]5ces4 ,9 ,l4 nauc9oides ! bulb & /em are cont9u\s1 ea* pass+ into ! o!r imp]ceptibly2 9 ,a4 phalloides ! junction ( /em & bulb is abrupt & rema9s s1 & ! bulb is m or less enwrapp$ 9 ! volva4 ,! r+ is also l>g] ?an 9 ,l4 nauc9oides & is p5dul\s1 & ! gills are p]man5tly :ite4 ,a c]ta9 means ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 !m is by ! application ( heat z 9 cook+4 ,on toa/+ bo? x w be f\nd t ! gills ( ! ,amanita rema9 :ite1 b ^? ( ! ,lepiota turn quickly br[n4 ,l4 nauc9oides ,pk4 ,no translation applicable4 7,plates ,plate ,,xv1 ,,xii fig4 #b1 p4 #cb47 ,pileus s(t1 smoo?1 :ite or sn[y-:ite4 ,gills free1 :ite1 sl[ly *ang+ ) age to a dirty p9ki%-br[n or smoky-br[n color4 ,/em r+$1 slightly ?ick5$ at ! base1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores subelliptical1 un9ucleate1 :ite1 #h-aj long#e-h broad4 ,peck1 #dh? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,kansas1 ,crag92 ,wiscons91 ,bundy2 ,new ,j]sey1 ,ellis2 ,i[a1 ,macbride2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #bc;d1 #bi?1 #ce? ,rep42 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,mill]1 ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,wei/4 ,l4 nauc9oides ,pk4 is ! ,am]ican c\nt]p>t ( ,l4 nauc9a ,fr41 a ,european species1 except+ t ! spores ( ! latt] are describ$ z globose4 ,! caps are ovate :5 "y & usually f #a-c 94 across :5 exp&$1 b occasionally rea* #d 941 smoo?1 b frequ5tly r\gh or m9utely crack$ 9 ! c5t]1 :ite or v>y+ %ades ( :ite deep5+ 9 color at ! summit4 ,9 a r>e =m v>4 squamosa1 l>ge1 ?ick scales occur :i* are caus$ by ! break+ up ( ! cap surface4 ,:5 "y ! gills are :ite or fa9tly yell[1 becom+ p9ki% or dull br[n 9 age4 ,! p9ki% hue is n always app>5t4 ,! out] edge ( ! veil or r+ is ?icke/2 usually x is firmly atta*$ to ! /em1 b movable r+s are frequ5tly notic$4 ,:5 ! plant ages ! r+ is (t5 miss+1 b traces ( x are always disc]nible4 ,/em r>ely equal1 (t5 x is di/9ctly bulb\s1 g5]ally tap]+ upw>d f a m or less enl>g$ base1 holl[ :5 fully gr[n1 until !n conta9+ cottony fib]s )9 ! cavity or appe>+ solid1 #b-c 94 long1 - 94 ?ick4 ,its habitat is simil> to t ( ! common mu%room--lawns1 pa/ures1 grassy places--?\gh unlike ! latt] x is f\nd 9 woods4 ,until ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) x1 specim5s f\nd 9 woods & suppos$ to be ,l4 nauc9oides %\ld n be eat54 ,an ,amanita might be mi/ak5 = x4 ,x is readily di/+ui%able f ! common mu%room & its allies by ! color ( ! gills & spores :i* are :ite1 & diff]5ces 9 /em & veil4 ,x is f\nd f ,july until aft] h>d fro/s4 ,x 0 fir/ report$ edible by ,pr(essor ,peck 9 #ahge1 "u ! "n ( ,ag>icus nauc9us4 ,! ,l4 nauc9oides is rew>d+ ! favor ) :i* x has be5 receiv$ z an escul5t1 x be+ equal to ! common mu%room & q free f insects4 ,l>ge crops ( x are report$ f all ov] ! c\ntry1 & f _m sections x is told ( z a /rang]4 ,dur+ #ahig-ih ! au?or has f\nd x 9 pl5ty ^u gr\nd famili> to him = ye>s1 ^u :i* x _h n previ\sly %[n itself4 ,! common mu%room mu/ look to its laurels4 ,its cultivation z a m>ketable crop is possible & probable4 ,l4 cep/ipes ,s[4--cepa1 an onion2 /ipes1 /em4 7,plate ,,xii1 fig4 #c1 p4 #cb47 ,pileus ?91 at fir/ ovate1 !n bell-%ap$ or exp&$1 umbonate1 soon adorn$ ) num]\s m9ute br[ni% scales1 :i* are (t5 granul> or mealy1 fold$ into l9es on ! m>g91 :ite or yell[1 ! umbo d>k]4 ,gills ?91 close1 free1 :ite1 becom+ d+y ) age or 9 dry+4 ,/em r long1 tap]+ t[>d ! apex1 g5]ally enl>g$ 9 ! middle or ne> ! base1 holl[4 ,r+ ?91 subp]si/5t4 ,spores subelliptical1 ) a s+le nucleus1 #h-aje-h4 ,plant (t5 cespitose1 #b-d 94 high4 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad4 ,/em #b-c l9es ?ick4 ,ri* gr\nd & decompos+ vegetable matt]4 ,also 9 grap]ies & cons]vatories4 ,buffalo1 ,g4,w4 ,cl9ton2 ,albany1 ,a4,f4 ,*atfield4 ,peck1 #ce? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores elliptical1 #g-hd ,massee2 #hd ,w4,g4,s42 #h-aje-h ,peck4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,p5nsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine2 ,new ,york1 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,c4 ,an?ony2 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,mill]4 ,july to ,octob]4 ,:oev] has se5 ! se$-/alks ( an onion kn[s ! %ape f :i* ?is fungus takes its "n4 ,! d5se clu/]s are graceful1 da9ty1 & conta9 _m individuals ( all ages--f ! v "y ) egg-%ap$ heads1 l pigmy ,c4 comatus1 to ! fluff-capp$ elde/1 will[y & fair to look ^u4 ,! out-door k9d soon droops :5 matur$2 ! "y plants ( a clu/] w rema9 fre% = sev]al days aft] tak5 f _! habitat4 ,/ems 9 ^! tufts are (t5 quill-%ap$1 & ! /riations on ! cap m>g9s are %ort] ?an ^? on _! indoor c\s9s4 ,^! gr[ 9 hot-h\ses & /ables4 ,"o ( ! two =ms has a yell[ cap1 ! o!r is :ite & fair4 ,^! =ms h (t5 come to my table z a pleasant w9t] surprise4 ,*ildr5 9 ! hot-h\ses ( ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 wat*$ = its appe>ance among ! b$d$ plants1 sure ( a pres5t :5 !y br\ght me a meal ( x4 ,bo? ! :ite & yell[ v>ieties 7 equally enjoy$4 ,! entire fungus is t5d] & delici\s cook$ 9 any way4 ,l4 f>9osa ,pk4--f>9a1 meal4 ,pileus ?91 r t\gh1 flexible1 at fir/ globose or ovate1 !n bell-%ap$ or convex1 cov]$ ) a s(t1 d5se1 :ite veil ( mealy d[n1 :i* soon ruptures1 =m+ irregul>1 easily-det]sible scales1 m p]si/5t & sometimes br[ni% on ! disk4 ,fle% :ite1 un*angeable4 ,gills close1 free1 :ite1 m9utely d[ny on ! edge4 ,/em equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 some:at ?ick5$ at ! base1 slightly mealy1 (t5 becom+ glabr\s1 holl[ or ) a cottony pi? above1 solid at ! base1 :ite1 pallid or /raw-color$1 ! r+ lac]at$1 some:at app5diculate on ! m>g9 ( ! pileus1 evanesc5t4 ,spores subovate1 #aj-ach4 ,pileus #a4e-b4e 94 broad4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #b-d l9es ?ick4 ,mu%room b$s 9 a cons]vatory1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,m>*4 ,communicat$ by ,e4,j4 ,=/]4 ,?is species is relat$ to ,l4 cep/ipes1 f :i* x may be di/+ui%$ by its pileus1 :i* is n fold$ on ! m>g91 & by its l>g] spores4 ,x is edible4 ,x is v di/9ct f ,amanita f>9osa4 ,peck1 #dc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,ohio1 ,lloyd1 ,pr(4 ,william ,mill] 7,lloyd ,myc4 ,notes74 ,l4 ,am]icana ,pk4 7,plate ,,xii1 fig4 #a1 p4 #cb4 ,plate ,,xva47 ,pileus at fir/ ovate1 !n convex or exp&$1 umbonate1 scaly1 :ite1 ! umbo & scales r$di% or r$di%-br[n4 ,gills close1 free1 :ite4 ,/em some:at ?ick5$ at or a little above ! base1 holl[1 be>+ a r+1 :ite4 ,spores subelliptical1 un9ucleate1 #h-aje-h4 ,! ,am]ican lepiota belongs to ! same g5us z ! p>asol mu%room & ! ,smoo? lepiota4 ,x has "o "* 9 :i* x diff]s f all o!r species ( ,lepiota4 ,! :ole plant :5 fre% is :ite1 except ! umbo & ! scales ( ! cap1 b 9 dry+ x assumes a dull r$di% or smoky-r$ color4 ,by ?is "* x is easily recogniz$4 ,9 ! v "y plant ! cap is some:at egg-%ap$ & ne>ly cov]$ by ! ?9 r$di%-br[n cuticle1 b z ! plant enl>ges ! cuticle sep>ates & =ms ! scales t adorn ! cap4 ,on ! c5tral prom95ce or umbo1 h[ev]1 x usually rema9s entire4 ,! m>g9 ( ! cap is ?9 & is g5]ally m>k$ ) %ort radiat+ l9es or /riations4 ,! gills d n q rea* ! /em & are1 !re=e1 free f x4 ,sometimes !y are connect$ ) ea* o!r at or ne> _! inn] extremity by transv]se bran*es4 ,!y are a little broad] ne> ! m>g9 ( ! cap ?an at _! inn] extremity4 ,! /em af=ds a peculi> feature4 ,x is (t5 enl>g$ t[>ds ! base & !n abruptly n>r[$ bel[ ! enl>gem5t1 z 9 ! ,onion-/emm$ lepiota4 ,9 "s in/ances1 h[ev]1 ! enl>gem5t is n contract$ bel[ & !n ! /em gradually tap]s f ! base upw>d4 ,! /em is holl[ & usually furni%$ ) a coll>1 b sometimes ?is is ?9 & may disappe> ) advanc+ age4 ,w\nds or bruises are apt to assume br[ni%-r$ hues4 ,! caps v>y 9 wid? f #a-d 942 ! /ems are f #c-e 94 long1 & #b-e l9es ?ick4 ,sometimes plants atta9 ev5 l>g] dim5sions ?an ^!4 ,! plants gr[ s+ly or 9 tufts 9 grassy gr\nd or on old /umps4 ,!y may be f\nd f ,july to ,octob]4 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph$ by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,wei/4 ,,plate ,,xva4 ,,lepiota ,,am]icana4 ,9 flavor ?is species is n mu* inf]ior to ! p>asol mu%room1 b :5 cook$ 9 milk or cream x imp>ts its own r$di% color to ! mat]ial 9 :i* x is cook$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a f9e addition to our li/ ( escul5t species4 ,peck1 #di? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,i f\nd sev]al on a decay+ will[ trunk1 & on ! gr\nd beside x1 9 ,philadelphia4 ,9 ,july1 #ahih1 l>ge quantities1 (t5 clu/]$1 grew "u ! great1 op5 auditorium ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,*autauqua1 at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 f gr\nd cov]$ ) cru%$ lime/one4 ,! caps are meaty & excell5t 9 flavor4 ,!y %\ld be broil$ or fri$4 ,,granulosi4 ,pileus granul> or w>ty4 ,/em %ea!d1 etc4 ,l4 granulosa ,bats*4--granosus1 full ( gra9s4 ,pileus ?91 convex or ne>ly plane1 sometimes almo/ umbonate1 r\gh1 ) num]\s granul> or branny scales1 (t5 radiately wr9kl$1 ru/y-yell[ or r$di%-yell[1 (t5 gr[+ pal] ) age4 ,fle% :ite or r$di%-t+$4 ,gills close1 r\nd$ beh9d & usually slightly adnex$1 :ite4 ,/em equal or slightly ?ick5$ at ! base1 /uff$ or holl[1 :ite above ! r+1 color$ & adorn$ l ! pileus bel[ x4 ,r+ slight1 evanesc5t4 ,spores elliptical #d-ec-d4 ,plant #a-b4e 94 high4 ,pileus #a-b4e 94 broad4 ,/em #a-c l9es ?ick4 ,woods1 copses & wa/e places4 ,common4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,?is is a small species ) a %ort /em & granul> r$di%-yell[ pileus1 & gills slightly atta*$ to ! /em1 a "* by :i* x diff]s f all ! prec$+4 ,! r+ is v small & fugaci\s1 be+ little m ?an ! abrupt t]m9ation to ! coat+ ( ! /em4 ,peck1 #ce? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores #e-fc ,b42 #cd ,w4,g4,s42 elliptical1 #d-ec-d ,peck4 ,v>4 rufesc5s ,b4 & ,br4 ,pure :ite at fir/1 !n p>tially turn+ r$ & 9 dry+ acquir+ ev]y:]e a r$di% t9t4 ,v>4 albida ,pk4 ,p]si/5tly :ite4 ,?\gh small _m plants gr[ neighbor+4 ,be+ fle%y = _! size1 & ( pleas+ quality1 !y well repay ga!r+4 ,remove /ems4 ,op5 woods1 ,angora1 ,we/ ,philadelphia2 ,haddonfield1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a4 ,,cuticle ,,viscid4 ,,nei!r ,,scaly ,,nor ,,w>ty4 ,l4 delicata ,fr4--delicatus1 delicate4 ,up to #a 94 across1 r$di%1 becom+ yell[i% t[>d m>g94 ,fle% well proportion$ to cap1 convex1 obscurely umbonate1 glabr\s1 slightly viscid4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 v ?91 b cov]$ ) d5se d[ny scales1 equal1 light] ?an cap4 ,r+ usually entire1 membranace\s1 fluffy f scales4 ,gills free1 cr[d$1 v5tricose1 :ite4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,janu>y1 #ahif-ig1 9 hot-h\ses4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a delicate1 delici\s ,lepiota4 ,?\gh small1 x is meaty4 ,its appe>ance 9 hot-h\ses 7x is f\nd 9 woods7 insures a crop at a "t ( ye> :5 o!r species are n pl5tiful1 & :5 any?+ edible 9 ! toad/ool l9e is mo/ welcome to _! lov]s4 ,l4 l5ticularis ,las*4--l5ticula1 a l5til4 ,pileus at fir/ globose1 !n convex1 ev51 nak$1 p9ki%-tan color4 ,fle% ?ick1 spongy1 :ite4 ,gills close to /em1 b free f x1 v5tricose1 cr[d$1 :iti%4 ,/em #d-f 94 high1 ?ick1 equal or swoll5 at base1 solid b spongy1 m or less cov]$ ) scales2 above ! r+ x is frequ5tly cov]$ ) drops ( wat] m or less gre51 :i* leave spots :5 !y dry4 ,veil sup]ior & v l>ge4 ,pileus #c-d 94 across4 ,/em #d-f 94 long1 94 & m ?ick4 ,9 damp woods4 ,r$man's ,woods1 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j4 ,septemb]1 #ahid4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,?is species is includ$ 9 ,amanita by ,fries & ,/ev5son4 ,massee places x 9 ,lepiota4 ,9 ! doz5 or m specim5s ,i h f\nd1 !re 0 no trace ( a volva1 ev5 :5 v "y4 ,i te/$ x c>efully & at "o "t ate ?ree good-siz$ caps )\t exp]i5c+ any indications ( poison4 ,i h se5 x dur+ b "o season & n !n 7at "o "t7 9 suffici5t quantity to make a meal (f x4 ,cook$ x has a slight *eesy flavor :i* is pleasant4 ,l4 illinita ,fr4--ill9o1 to sme> ov]4 ,pileus r ?91 s(t1 at fir/ ovate1 !n campanulate or exp&$1 subumbonate1 smoo?1 :ite1 v viscid or glut9\s1 ev5 or /riate on ! m>g94 ,gills close1 free1 :ite4 ,/em equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 /uff$ or holl[1 viscid1 :ite4 ,spores broadly elliptical1 #ed broad4 ,plant #b-d 94 high4 ,pileus #a-b4e 94 broad4 ,/em #b-c l9es ?ick4 ,?9 or op5 woods4 ,adirondack m\nta9s4 ,july to ,septemb]4 ,?is is a smoo? :ite species ) ! /em & pileus clo!d ) a cle> viscid or glut9\s veil4 ,! m>g9 ( ! pileus is (t5 ev51 b ! typical =m ( ! species has x /riate4 ,! fle% is s(t & :ite4 ,! species may be di/+ui%$ f ! viscid :ite species ( ,hygrophorus by ! free1 n adnate nor decurr5t lamell4 ,peck1 #ce? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spr+ton & ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 #ahhg-ahig4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,n yet f\nd by me 9 quantity4 ,sev]al specim5s eat5 7 ( good flavor4 ,l4 rugulosa ,pk4 ,pileus ?91 submembranace\s1 broadly convex or ne>ly plane1 umbonate1 rugulose1 widely /riate on ! m>g91 :iti%4 ,lamell ?91 n>r[1 close1 free1 :iti%4 ,/em %ort1 equal1 slightly silky1 :iti%1 ! annulus ?91 p]si/5t1 :ite4 ,spores elliptic1 #g4e long1 #d broad4 ,pileus #ab-bj mm4 broad4 ,/em ab\t #b4e cm4 long1 #b mm4 ?ick4 ,moi/ grassy places "u trees4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 ,july4 ,mrs4 ,e4,m4 ,williams4 ,p]haps 9 ! fre% /ate ! pileus is n z di/9ctly rugulose z :5 dry4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bg1 ,janu>y1 #aijj4 ,illu/ration ,,armilla,,ria ,fr4 ,armilla1 a r+4 7,plate ,,xvii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,armill>ia ,,mellea4 ,pileus & ,/em cont9u\s4 ,veil p>tial1 sometimes only indicat$ by ! scales :i* clo! ! /em t]m9at+ 9 ! =m ( a r+4 ,spores :ite4 ,on ! gr\nd or on /umps4 ,9 ! "y plant ! veil ext5ds f ! /em to ! pileus1 sometimes =m+ scaly pat*es ^u x2 bel[ ! r+ x is atta*$ to ! /em (t5 9 scales4 ,b = ! pres5ce ( ! r+ ! species ( ?is g5us c\ld be di/ribut$ 9 ,tri*oloma1 ,clitocybe & ,collybia1 ) :i* !y agree 9 all o!r *>act]s4 ,9 ,amanita & ,lepiota1 ! o!r r+$ g5]a ( ! :ite-spor$ s]ies1 ! fle% ( ! /em & pileus is n cont9u\s2 & _! /ems are !re=e easily sep>at$4 ,amanita is also di/+ui%$ by its volva4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,tribes4 ,,tri*olomata4 ,page #eb4 ,gills s9uately adnex$1 /em fle%y1 r+ (t5 evanesc5t4 7,l ,tri*oloma47 ,,clitocyb4 ,page #ee4 ,gills n s9uate1 m or less decurr5t1 n>r[$ beh9d2 r+ p]man5t4 7,resembl+ ,clitocybe47 ,,collybl4 ,page #eh4 ,gills adnate1 equal beh9d2 /em some:at c>tilag9\s outside2 r+ p]man5t4 7,resembl+ ,collybia47 ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p$ by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,/udies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine & ,val ,/>nes4 ,,plate ,,xvi4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,armill>ia mellea1 #ee #c-d4 ,l5t9us #bcj lepideus1 #b4 ,armill>ia mellea v>4 #ef exannulata1 ,i4--,,tri*olomata4 ,gills s9uately adnex$1 etc4 ,a4 robusta ,a4 & ,s4--robu/us1 robu/1 /urdy4 ,sub/ance ( entire plant compact4 ,pileus #b-c 94 across1 v>y+ 9 %ades ( gray & br[n1 scaly1 fibrillose on m>g91 decreas+ t[>d c5t] or smoo?1 convex or top-%ap$ & m>g9 involute at fir/1 exp&+4 ,fle% firm1 v ?ick4 ,gills broad1 em>g9ate1 ne>ly free1 cr[d$1 :iti%1 up to 94 broad4 ,veil l>ge1 membranace\s1 sometimes floccose1 rema9+ adh]5t to ! /em4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 obese1 solid1 tap]+ at ! base1 br[ni%-:ite & fibrillose bel[ veil1 :ite & flocculose above1 fle% ( /em cont9u\s ) t ( ! cap4 ,/ev5son gives v>4 m9or ) ev5 cap ) bo? gills & r+ v n>r[4 ,spores ovoid-sph]ical4 #g4 ,q4 ,edible1 ,curtis2 ,di/rict ,columbia1 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,full]4 ,9 mix$ woods4 ,p5nsylvania1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,! sub/ance ( ,a4 robu/a diff]s f all o!r ,armill>ia 9 be+ v compact4 ,x is n acrid b has a m>k$ flavor4 ,cut into small pieces & well cook$ x makes an acceptable di%4 ,x is be/ 9 croquettes & patties1 or s]v$ ) meats4 ,a4 viscidipes ,pk4--viscidus1 /icky2 pes1 a foot4 ,pileus fle%y1 compact1 convex or ne>ly plane1 glabr\s1 :iti% ) a slight yell[i% or r$di%-yell[ t9t4 ,fle% :ite1 odor peculi>1 p5etrat+1 sub-alkal9e4 ,gills n>r[1 cr[d$1 s9uate or subdecurr5t1 :iti%4 ,/em equal1 solid1 viscid & slightly t+$ ) yell[ bel[ ! n>r[ membran\s r+1 :iti% above4 ,spores elliptical1 #he4 ,pileus #c-f 94 broad4 ,/em #c-d 94 long1 #f-ab l9es ?ick4 ,9 mix$ woods4 ,rock ,city1 ,dut*ess c\nty4 ,octob]4 ,x is a l>ge f9e fungus1 easily kn[n by its :ite & yell[i% hues1 its cr[d$ gills1 viscid /em & peculi> p5etrat+ almo/ alkal9e odor4 ,! cuticle ( ! pileus is ?9 & s(t to ! t\*1 b x sometimes cracks longitud9ally & is sometimes slightly adorn$ ) innate fibrils4 ,a4 dehisc5s is said to h a viscid /em1 b x is also squamose & ! pileus is yell[i%-o*race\s4 ,peck1 #dd? ,rep ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,q common 9 ,p5nsylvania & ,new ,j]sey4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,x loses its /rong odor :5 cook$ & is equal to o!r ,armill>ia 9 edibility4 ,unless well cook$ x has a slight saponace\s flavor4 ,?is is easily ov]come by a few drops ( lemon juice or %]ry4 ,a4 app5diculata ,pk4--be>+ an app5dicula or small app5dage4 ,pileus broadly convex1 glabr\s1 :iti%1 (t5 t+$ ) ru/ color or br[ni% ru/ color on ! disk4 ,fle% :ite or :iti%4 ,gills close1 r\nd$ beh9d1 :iti%4 ,/em equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 solid1 bulb\s1 :iti%1 ! veil ei!r membran\s or webby1 :ite1 commonly adh]+ 9 fragm5ts to ! m>g9 ( ! pileus4 ,spores subelliptical1 #he4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad4 ,/em #a4e-c4e 94 long2 #e-aj l9es ?ick4 ,auburn1 ,ala4 ,octob]4 ,c4,f4 ,bak]4 ,! g5]al appe>ance ( ?is species is sugge/ive ( ,tri*oloma album1 b ! pres5ce ( a veil sep>ates x f t fungus & places x 9 ! g5us ,armill>ia4 ,! veil1 h[ev]1 is (t5 slightly lac]at$ or webby & adh]5t to ! m>g9 ( ! pileus4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bd4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,angora1 ,pa4 ,on decay+ roots 9 gr\nd4 ,augu/ to ,novemb]4 ,f\nd pl5tifully 9 resorts ( o!r ,armill>ia4 ,edibility ! same4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a4 pond]osa ,pk4--pond]osus1 weighty1 pond]\s4 ,pileus ?ick1 compact1 convex or subcampanulate1 smoo?1 :ite or yell[i%1 ! nak$ m>g9 /rongly involute b5ea? ! slightly viscid1 p]si/5t veil4 ,gills cr[d$1 n>r[1 slightly em>g9ate1 :ite incl9+ to cream color4 ,/em /\t1 subequal1 firm1 solid1 coat$ by ! veil1 color$ l ! pileus1 :ite & furfurace\s above ! r+4 ,fle% :ite4 ,spores ne>ly globose1 #d 9 diamet]4 ,plant #d-f 94 high4 ,pileus #d-f 94 broad4 ,/em ab\t #a 94 ?ick4 ,gr\nd 9 woods4 ,copake1 ,columbia c\nty4 ,octob]4 ,! veil = a long "t conceals ! gills1 & f9ally becomes lac]at$ & adh]es 9 %r$s or fragm5ts to ! /em & m>g9 ( ! pileus4 ,peck1 #bf? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,repts4 #bf1 #bi1 #da4 ,we/ ,virg9ia & ,p5nsylvania4 ,gr\nd 9 woods4 ,septemb] to ,novemb]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,pr(essor ,peck says 9 #bf? ,report3 8,?is species has n be5 f\nd s9ce its discov]y 9 #ahgb40 ,:]e ! ,armill>ia mellea frequ5ts ,i h (t5 f\nd ,a4 pond]osa4 ,x 0 pl5tiful at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 9 ,septemb]1 #ahih4 ,"y specim5s are q z edible z ,a4 mellea1 & r m juicy4 ,,ii4--,,clitocyb4 ,gills n s9uate1 etc4 ,a4 mellea ,vahl4--melleus1 ( ! color ( honey4 7,plate ,,xvi1 fig4 #a1 p4 #eb47 ,pileus adorn$ ) m9ute tufts ( br[n or blacki% hairs1 sometimes glabr\s1 ev5 or :5 old slightly /riate on ! m>g94 ,gills adnate or slightly decurr5t1 :ite or :iti%1 becom+ sordid ) age & sometimes v>iegat$ ) r$di%-br[n spots4 ,/em r+$1 at l5g? br[ni% t[>d ! base4 ,spores elliptical1 :ite1 #h-aj long4 ,peck1 #dh? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores #ie-f ,w4,g4,s42 #ajh ,b42 #h-aj ,peck4 ,! ,a4 mellea is unusually prolific & is common ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,europe4 ,specim5s may be f\nd 9 ! spr+-"t1 b 9 middle latitudes x is common f ,augu/ until aft] light fro/s4 ,x is usually 9 tufts1 "s ( :i* conta9 scores ( plants & are %[y ov] gr\nd fill$ ) roots1 or on /umps or boles ( decay+ trees4 ,x frequ5ts d5se woods & op5 cle>+s4 ,i h se5 acres ( d5se woodl& at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 s cov]$ ) x & its v>ieties t b few squ>e y>ds 7 unoccupi$4 ,a description ( ! typical ,a4 mellea w r>ely apply to any "o plant4 ,a comb9ation ( its v>iable features 9 "o description w\ld include some?+ ( ne>ly e :ite-spor$ ,ag>ic "u ! sun4 ,yet !re is some?+ indescribable ab\t x :i* once le>n$ w un]r+ly betray x4 ,its ,caps v>y f p]fectly smoo?1 ?r\gh tufts ( scales & hairs1 m or less d5se1 to matt$ wooll9ess4 ,x may %[ any "o ( ^! conditions 9 y\? & be bald 9 age4 ,"s %ade ( yell[ is ! prevail+ color1 b ?is w v>y f :iti% to d>k-purpli% or r$di%-br[n4 ,:5 wat]-soak$ x is "o color1 :5 dry1 ano!r4 ,commonly ! m>g9s ( ! ,caps are /riat$1 sometimes !y are smoo? z a cymbal1 & n unlike "o1 h a rais$ place or umbo 9 ! c5t]4 ,fle% :ite or :iti%4 ,gills :5 "y are :ite or creamy1 usually runn+ d[n ! /em1 sometimes slightly not*$ at atta*m5t4 ,!y freckle 9 age & lose _! fair complexion4 ,! ,veil or coll> ab\t ! /em is z v>iable z fa%ion--?ick & closely wov5 or flimsy z gossam]1 or vani%+ z ! plant gr[s old4 ,! ,/ems may be ev5 z a lead p5cil1 or swoll5 l a p5-hold]1 or bulb\s t[>d ! base1 or di/ort$ by pressure 9 ! tufts4 ,x is z v>iable 9 color z ! cap1 usually d>k5+ d[nw>d 9 hues ( br[n4 ,! outside is firm & fibr\s1 sometimes furr[$1 inside s(t or holl[4 ,cap #a-f 94 across4 ,/em #a-f 94 long1 - 94 ?ick4 ,v>4 obscura has ! cap cov]$ ) num]\s small blacki% scales4 ,v>4 flava has ! cap yell[ or r$di%-yell[1 b 9 o!r respects x is l ! type4 ,v>4 glabra has ! cap smoo?1 o!rwise l ! type4 ,v>4 radicata has a tap]+1 root-l prolongation ( ! /em1 :i* p5etrates ! e>? deeply4 ,v>4 bulbosa has a di/9ctly bulb\s base to ! /em1 & 9 ?is respect is ! rev]se ( v>4 radicata4 ,pr(essor ,peck writes3 8,v>4 exannulata 7,plate ,,xvi1 fig4 #b1 p4 #eb7 has ! cap smoo? & ev5 on ! m>g91 & ! /em tap]+ at ! base4 ,! annulus is v slight & evanesc5t or :olly want+4 ,! cap is usually ab\t an in* broad1 or a little m1 & ! plants gr[ 9 clu/]s1 :i* sometimes conta9 =ty or fifty individuals4 ,x is m common f>!r s\? ?an x is 9 our /ate 7,n4,y471 & is report$ to be ! mo/ common =m 9 ,m>yl&4 ,?is ,i call v>4 exannulata40 ,f ,dr4 ,taylor1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c42 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,mill]4 ,to ^! may be add$ also v>4 albida ,pk4 9 :i* ! pileus is :ite or :iti%4 ,a v>iety1 p]haps a v>iation ( v>4 bulbosa 0 s5t to me by ,e4 ,b4 ,/]l+1 ,tr5ton1 ,n4,j41 & aft]w>d f\nd by myself at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,! ,cap purpli%-br[n1 convex1 /riate & light on m>g91 edge irregul> ) p>ts ( veil atta*$4 ,fle% :ite1 v ?94 ,gills decurr5t1 arcuate1 p9ki%-gray4 ,/em /uff$1 fibr\s1 :ite above1 d5se floccose veil1 same color z cap bel[1 swoll5 t[>d base :i* is po9t$1 sulcate1 :ite inside1 closely clu/]$ & "s ( ! /ems di/9ctly bulb\s4 ,ta/e decid$ly unpleasant4 ,an int5se acridity develops & increases :5 ! juices ( raw pieces are swall[$1 & ! saliv>y gl&s are mu* excit$4 ,! acridity is n lo/ 9 cook+4 ,x simply c n be eat54 ,specim5s 7 s5t by me to ,pr(essor ,peck :o ref]r$ x to ,a4 mellea4 ,i h nev] se5 ! abortive =m ( ,clitopilus abortivus1 ?\gh f\nd 9 _m places & 9 great quantity1 %[+ any "p or trace ( ! orig9al plant4 ,b t a simil> mon/rosity occurs ^u ,a4 mellea is %[n by individuals & p>ts ( individuals ( a clu/] be+ abort$4 ,)\t su* positive pro(1 no "o w\ld suspect ei!r ( ^! odd =mations to be abortive ( ei!r ,c4 abortivus or ,a4 mellea1 or any o!r fungus4 ,i consid] ! abortive =m ( ,a4 mellea f> sup]ior 9 sub/ance & flavor to x or any ( its v>ieties4 ,! ,armill>ia c n be rank$ among ! t5d] or high-flavor$ toad/ools1 yet _! abundance1 meaty caps & n\ri%+ qualities place !m among our mo/ valuable food species4 ,! caps :5 *opp$ into small pieces make good patties & croquettes4 ,!y h an impressive flavor ( _! own1 & (f] an escul5t m$ium = season+ & ! gravies ( v>i\s meats4 ,a4 n>dosmia ,ellis--n>dosmius1 ( ! odor ( n>dus4 7,a "n appli$ by ! anci5ts to sev]al plants1 especially spica n>di--spik5>d47 ,pileus fle%y1 firm1 ?ick & compact on ! disk1 ?9 t[>d ! m>g91 :iti%1 v>iegat$ ) br[n spots1 ) a ?ick1 t\gh & sep>able cuticle4 ,fle% :ite4 ,gills cr[d$1 subv5tricose1 slightly em>g9ate1 :iti%4 ,/em solid1 fibr\s1 n bulb\s1 %ea!d bel[ by ! br[n velvety veil1 ! r+ n>r[1 spread+1 unev5 on ! edge4 ,spores subglobose1 #f 9 diamet]4 ,pileus ab\t #c 94 broad4 ,/em #a4e-c 94 long1 #d-f l9es ?ick4 ,gr\nd 9 woods1 ,suffolk c\nty4 ,septemb]4 ,peck1 #dc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,sev]al specim5s f s&y gr\nds 9 p9e woods1 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 7 s5t by me to ,pr(essor ,peck & 7 id5tifi$ by him4 ,pl5tiful at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,septemb] to fro/1 #ahih4 ,9 mix$ woods1 on gravelly gr\nd4 ,eat5 9 quantity by sev]al p]sons4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,cuticle ( caps :5 dry break+ up into br[ni%1 squamulose scales1 m>g9 involute4 ,gills subdecurr5t4 ,veil ?ick1 p]si/5t4 ,/em %ort1 subbulb\s1 solid4 ,fle% :ite4 ,v mu* resembles a %ort-/emm$ ,lepiota4 ,smell & ta/e /rong1 l almonds4 ,disappe>s 9 cook+4 ,,iii4--,,collybi4 ,gills adnate1 /em some:at c>tilag9\s4 ,a4 mucida ,s*rad4--mucidus1 slimy4 ,pileus commonly %9+ :ite1 ?91 almo/ transp>5t1 hemisph]ical !n exp&$1 obtuse1 m or less radiato-wr9kl$1 sme>$ ov] ) a ?ick t5aci\s glut52 m>g9 /riate :5 ?9n]4 ,/em #a-c 94 long1 #a-b l9es ?ick at ! apex1 ?ick5$ at ! base1 /uff$1 ?91 rigid1 curv$ asc5d+1 smoo?1 :ite1 b sooty scaly at ! base :5 mo/ p]fectly develop$4 ,r+ ins]t$ at ! apex ( ! /em1 b5t d[nw>d & glu$ close to ! /em1 furr[$1 ! :ite bord] aga9 erect1 ) a swoll5 & entire m>g91 :i* sometimes becomes d+y br[n4 ,gills r\nd$ beh9d1 obtuse1 adh]+ to ! /em & /riato-decurr5t1 di/ant1 broad1 lax1 mucid1 always %9+ :ite4 ,v v>iable 9 /ature1 f #a 94 7:5 ( ?is size ! /em is almo/ equal7 to z mu* z #f 94 broad4 ,! color ( ! pileus v>ies gray1 fulig9\s1 olivace\s4 ,! gills sometimes become yell[1 b only f disease4 ,sometimes solit>y1 sometimes a few are jo9$ 9 a cespitose mann] at ! base4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores elliptical1 #ae-afh-i ,massee2 #agad ,w4,g4,s4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s*we9itz1 ,curtis2 ,p5nsylvania1 ,s*we9itz2 ,m>yl&1 ,miss ,bann+4 ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9s1 #ahhb1 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 #ahia-id1 on bee* trees & roots4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,commonly consid]$ escul5t 9 ,europe4 ,dirt adh]es s t5aci\sly to x t x is difficult to clean4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 occurs only :5 ! fungus gr[s f roots & pu%es its way up ?r\gh cov]+ e>?4 ,:5 gr[+ f trees x is attractive & ( good quality4 ,%\ld be *opp$ f9e & well cook$4 ,,tri*olo,,ma ,fr4 ,gr4--a hair1 a fr+e4 7,plate ,,xix47 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,,tri*oloma4 ,pileus symmetrical1 g5]ally fle%y1 nev] truly umbilicate1 seldom umbonate4 ,veil abs5t or appe>+ only z fibrils or d[n on ! m>g9 ( ! pileus4 ,gills s9uate 7! small sudd5 curve ne> ! /em always app>5t 9 ! "y plant71 sometimes ) a slightly decurr5t too?4 ,/em c5tral1 usually /\t1 fle%y-fibr\s1 )\t a b>k-l sk94 ,fle% cont9u\s ) t ( ! pileus4 ,r+ & ,volva abs5t4 ,spores :ite or d+y4 ,b "o is kn[n to be poison\s4 ,"s are acrid or unpleasant 9 flavor4 ,) "o exception all gr[ on ! gr\nd 9 pa/ures & woods1 appe>+ f ,may to late 9 ! autumn4 ,gills g5]ally :ite or d+y1 frequ5tly spott$ or /a9$4 ,! pileus may be smoo? or adorn$ ) fibr\s or d[ny scales1 dry1 moi/1 viscid or wat]-soak$4 ,! di/+ui%+ feature ( ,tri*oloma is ! s9uate gills4 ,9 ,collybia ! /em be>s a di/9ct b>k-l sk92 9 ,clitocybe ! gills are nev] s9uate2 species ( ,pleurotus are di/+ui%$ by gr[+ on wood only1 & ,paxillus by _! /rongly-incurv$ m>g9 & ana/omos+ gills4 ,9 cook+ ,tri*oloma consi/5cy mu/ be ! guide to plan & "t4 ,! t\gh] v>ieties require to be cut into small pieces & to be well cook$1 :ile ! brittle & delicate v>ieties w cook quickly4 ,_m ( !m make excell5t s\ps4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,tribes4 ,a4 ,,pileus ,,viscid1 ,,fibrillose1 ,,scaly ,,or ,,d[ny1 ,,n ,,wat]-,,soak$4 ,/em fibrillose f ! rema9s ( ! adnate univ]sal veil4 ,,limac9a 7limas1 a slug or snail1 slimy74 ,page #fa4 ,cuticle ( pileus viscid :5 moi/1 innately fibrillose or scaly1 b n lac]at$2 fle% ( pileus ?ick1 firm2 m>g9 almo/ nak$4 99 ,gills n discolor$1 nor becom+ r$di%4 9999 ,gills discolor$1 usually spott$ ) r$di%-br[n4 ,,g5u9a4 ,page #fg4 ,cuticle ( ! pileus nev] moi/ or viscid2 torn into d[ny or floccose scales4 ,fle% s(t1 n wat]-soak$2 m>g9 involute & slightly d[ny at fir/4 99 ,gills n *ang+ color1 nor spott$ ) r$ or black4 9999 ,gills becom+ r$di% or gray1 ! edge at la/ g5]ally ) r$di% or black spots4 ,,rigida 7rigeo1 to be /iff74 ,page #gd4 ,pileus rigid1 h>d1 some:at c>tilag9\s :5 fle%y1 v fragile :5 ?91 cuticle rigid1 granulat$ or brok5 up :5 dry into smoo? scales1 n torn into fibrils4 ,"y specim5s occur :i* are fibrillose f ! veil1 n f lac]ation ( ! cuticle4 99 ,gills :ite or pallid1 n becom+ spott$ ) r$ or gray4 9999 ,gills becom+ r$di%1 grayi% or spott$4 ,,s]icella 7s]iceus1 silky74 ,page #gd4 ,pileus fir/ slightly silky1 soon becom+ smoo?1 v dry1 nei!r moi/1 viscid1 wat]-soak$1 nor di/9ctly scaly2 r ?91 opaque1 absorb+ moi/ure1 b is ! same color z ! gills4 ,/em fibr\s1 by :i* ! small] species resembl+ ,collybia may be di/+ui%$4 99 ,gills broad1 r ?ick1 some:at di/ant4 99993s]icella#b ,gills n>r[1 ?91 cr[d$4 ,b4 ,,pileus ,,ev51 ,,smoo?1 ,,n ,,d[ny ,,nor ,,scaly1 ,,n ,,viscid4 ,9 ra9y wea!r moi/2 :5 v "y pru9ose 7b r>ely conspicu\sly7 f ! univ]sal veil4 ,fle% s(t & spongy or v ?9 :5 x is wat]-soak$4 ,,guttata 7gutta1 a drop74 ,page #gf4 ,pileus fle%y1 s(t1 fragile1 m>k$ ) drop-l spots or rivulose4 ,appe>+ 9 spr+1 r>ely 9 autumn4 ,cespitose1 9 troops or (t5 9 r+s4 99 ,gills :iti%4 9999 ,gills becom+ r$di% or smoky-gray4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p$ by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,/udies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,xviii4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a-b4 ,,tri*oloma ,,p]sonatum1 #gi #e4 ,,tri*oloma #fh ,,columbetta1 #c4 ,,tri*oloma ,,russula1 #fe #f4 ,,tri*oloma ,,humile1 #ha #d4 ,,tri*oloma ,,t]reum1 #ga ,,spongiosa 7spongia1 a sponge74 ,page #gh4 ,pileus compact1 !n spongy1 obtuse1 ev51 smoo?1 moi/ b n hygrophan\s2 firm1 gr[+ 9 troops late 9 ! autumn4 ,/em /\t1 base usually ?ick5$1 spongy fibr\s4 ,gills at l5g? decurr5t b s9uate1 by :i* "* !y are di/+ui%$ f ,clitocybe4 99 ,gills n discolor$4 9999 ,gills discolor$4 ,,hygrophana 7,gr41 wet2 to appe>74 ,page #hj4 ,pileus ?91 some:at umbonate2 fle% at l5g? s(t1 wat]y4 ,/em rootless1 conta9+ a pi?1 entirely fibr\s4 ,fle% n exce$+ 9 dep? ! wid? ( ! n broad1 ?9 gills2 ?9ne/ t[>d ! m>g91 h5ce some:at umbonate4 ,color ( ! pileus ei!r moi/ or dry1 v v>iable 9 ! same species4 ,pileus sometimes pulv]ul5t f ! p]si/5ce ( ! veil 9 dry wea!r4 99 ,gills :iti%1 n spott$4 9999 ,gills m or less violet1 gray or smoky4 ,n repres5t$4 ,s]ies ,a4 ,,pileus ,,viscid ,,or ,,fibrillose1 ,,d[ny ,,or ,,scaly4 ,i4--,,lima,,c9a4 ,visc\s :5 moi/4 99 ,gills n becom+ discolor$1 nor becom+ r$di%4 ,t4 equestre ,l9n4--eque/re1 belong+ to a horseman or knight1 f di/+ui%$ appe>ance4 ,pileus fle%y1 compact1 convex becom+ exp&$1 obtuse1 pale-yell[i%1 m or less r$di% t+$1 ! disk & c5tral scales (t5 d>k]1 ! m>g9 nak$1 (t5 wavy4 ,fle% :ite or t+$ ) yell[4 ,gills r\nd$ beh9d1 close1 ne>ly free1 sulphur-yell[4 ,/em /\t1 solid1 pale-yell[ or :ite1 :ite )94 ,spores #f4e-hd-e4 ,pileus #c-e 94 broad4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 #f-aj l9es ?ick4 ,p9e woods1 especially 9 s&y soil4 ,albany c\nty4 ,septemb] to ,novemb]4 ,?is is a noble species b n pl5tiful 9 our /ate 7,n4,y474 ,! pileus is said to become gre5i% v late 9 ! season4 ,! /em1 9 ! typical =m1 is describ$ z sulphur-yell[ 9 color1 b ) u x is m (t5 :ite4 ,! scales ( ! disk are sometimes want+4 ,9 our plant ! ta/e is slightly f>9ace\s at fir/1 b x is soon unpleasant4 ,v>4 p9a/reti ,a4 & ,s4 is a sl5d] =m hav+ a ?91 ev5 pileus1 ?9n] & m n>r[ gills & a m sl5d] /em4 ,a4 crassus ,scop41 ,a4 aureus ,s*aeff41 & ,a4 flavovir5s ,p]s4 are record$ z synonyms ( ?is species4 ,peck1 #dd? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,pr(essor ,peck lat] says 9 8,mu%rooms & ,_! ,use10 p4 #eb3 8,i confid5tly add x to ! li/ ( edible species40 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania & ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,9 p9e =e/s & groves4 ,septemb] to fro/4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,i h eat5 x s9ce #ahhc4 ,all disagreeable odor ab\t ,t4 eque/re 7:i* ,i h seldom notic$7 disappe>s ^u cook+4 ,! sub/ance is r t\gh1 b good4 ,t4 coryphum ,fr4--*ief1 lead]4 ,f its di/+ui%$ appe>ance4 ,pileus v fle%y b n compact1 convex !n plane1 obtuse1 viscid1 yell[i%1 /reak$ ) small br[ni% scales4 ,/em solid1 att5uat$ upw>d4 ,gills em>g9ate1 cr[d$1 :ite1 edge yell[4 ,l>ge & ( /rik+ appe>ance4 ,9 %ady bee* woods4 ,pron\nc$ a good edible by ! ,bo/on ,myc4 ,club4 ,! color ( ! plants is giv5 z gre5i%-yell[4 ,bull4 ,bo/on ,myc4 ,club1 #ahif4 ,t4 u/ale ,fr4--uro1 to burn4 ,pileus fle%y1 convex1 !n plane1 obtuse1 ev51 smoo?1 viscid1 bay-br[ni%4 ,/em /uff$1 equal1 dry1 rufo-fibrillose1 apex nak$1 silky1 ne>ly smoo?4 ,gills em>g9ate1 cr[d$1 :ite1 at l5g? ) r$di% spots4 ,cooke4 ,*iefly 9 p9e woods4 ,pileus #c 94 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 ab\t 94 ?ick4 ,spores #eh ,w4,g4,s42 #g-he ,massee4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis1 p9e woods1 ,s*we9itz2 ,kansas1 ,crag94 ,massa*usetts4 ,edible4 ,bo/on ,myc4 ,club1 ,bull4 ,no4 #e4 ,t4 respl5d5s ,fr4--%9+ brightly4 ,pileus fle%y1 convex !n ne>ly plane1 ev51 b>e1 viscid1 :ite1 sometimes hyal9e-spott$ or yell[i% on ! disk1 %9+ :5 dry1 ! m>g9 /raight4 ,fle% :ite1 ta/e mild1 odor pleasant4 ,gills ne>ly free :5 "y1 !n em>g9ate1 some:at cr[d$1 r ?ick1 entire1 :ite4 ,/em solid1 b>e1 subbulb\s1 ev51 dry1 :ite4 ,spores #hd4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #d-h l9es ?ick4 ,?9 woods4 ,catskill m\nta9s4 ,septemb]4 ,peck1 #dd? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 9 mix$ woods4 ,octob] & ,novemb]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,x is ( excell5t flavor1 consi/5cy & food value4 ,t4 transmutans ,pk4--*ang+4 ,pileus convex1 ne>ly b>e1 viscid :5 moi/1 br[ni%1 r$di%-br[n or tawny-r$1 usually pal] on ! m>g94 ,fle% :ite1 ta/e & odor f>9ace\s4 ,gills n>r[1 close1 sometimes bran*$1 :iti% or pale yell[i%1 becom+ d+y or r$di%-spott$ :5 old4 ,/em equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 b>e or slightly silky-fibrillose1 /uff$ or holl[1 :iti%1 (t5 m>k$ ) r$di% /a9s or becom+ r$di%-br[n t[>d ! base1 :ite )94 ,spores subglobose1 #e4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad4 ,/em #c-d 94 long1 #c-f l9es ?ick4 ,woods4 ,! plants are (t5 cespitose4 ,i suspect t ,ag>icus frum5taceus ( ,curtis's catalogue belongs to ?is species4 ,bo? ! pileus & /em1 z well z ! gills1 are apt to assume d>k] hues ) age or 9 dry+1 & ?is "* sugge/$ ! specific "n4 ,! species is class$ z edible4 ,peck1 #dd? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,curtis catalogues ,t4 frum5taceum z edible4 ,t4 transmutans is report$ f _m /ates4 ,x has a mealy ta/e & odor4 ,:]ev] x is f\nd x is a valuable food species4 ,t4 sejunctum ,s[4--sep>at$2 f ! peculi> mann] 9 :i* ! gills sep>ate f ! /em4 ,pileus fle%y1 convex !n exp&$1 umbonate1 slightly viscid1 /reak$ ) innate br[n or blacki% fibrils1 :iti% or yell[i%1 sometimes gre5i%-yell[4 ,fle% :ite1 fragile4 ,gills broad1 subdi/ant1 r\nd$ beh9d or em>g9ate1 :ite4 ,/em solid1 /\t1 (t5 irregul>1 :ite4 ,spores subglobose1 #f4e4 ,pileus #a-c 94 broad4 ,/em #a-c 94 long1 #d-h l9es ?ick4 ,mix$ woods4 ,suffolk c\nty1 ,n4,y4 ,septemb]4 ,! plants ref]r$ to ?is species are n uncommon on ,long ,isl&1 gr[+ on s&y soil 9 woods ( oak & p9e4 ,!y are usually m or less irregul> & ! pileus becomes fragile4 ,x is q v>iable 9 color1 sometimes approa*+ a smoky-br[n hue1 aga9 be+ ne>ly :ite4 ,! ta/e ( ! typical =m is said to be bitt]1 b ! flavor ( our plant is sc>cely bitt]4 ,9 o!r respects1 h[ev]1 x agrees well ) ! description ( ! species4 ,peck1 #dd? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores #f4 ,w4,g4,s4 ,fle% is t5d]4 ,cook$1 ( good body & peculi> b pleasant flavor4 ,a valuable species1 bak$1 scallop$1 fri$4 ,t4 t]rif]um ,pk4--t]ra1 e>?2 f]o1 to be>4 ,pileus broadly convex or ne>ly plane1 irregul>1 (t5 wavy on ! m>g91 glabr\s1 viscid1 pale-yell[1 g5]ally soil$ ) adh]+ p>ticles ( e>? c>ri$ up 9 its gr[?4 ,fle% :ite1 ) no decid$ odor4 ,gills ?91 cr[d$1 slightly adnex$1 :ite1 n spott$ or *angeable4 ,/em equal1 %ort1 solid1 :ite1 floccose-squamulose at ! apex4 ,spores m9ute1 subglobose1 #c4 ,pileus #c-d 94 broad4 ,/em #a-a4e 94 long1 #f-h l9es ?ick4 ,woods4 ,catskill m\nta9s4 ,septemb]4 ,peck1 #dd? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,f\nd 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,augu/ to fro/4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,n invit+1 h>d to clean1 nev]!less edible & good4 ,t4 port5tosum ,fr4--port5tosus1 /range1 mon/r\s4 ,pileus #c-e 94 broad1 sooty1 livid1 sometimes violace\s1 fle%y1 b ?9 9 comp>ison ) ! /\tness ( ! /em1 convexo-plane1 some:at umbonate1 unequal & turn$ up1 viscid1 /reak$ ) black l9es 7innate fibrils71 b o!rwise ev5 & smoo?1 ! v ?9 m>g9 nak$4 ,fle% n compact1 :ite1 fragile4 ,/em commonly #c 94 (t5 #d-f 94 long1 #a 94 ?ick1 /\t1 solid1 ! :ole rem>kably fibr\s-fle%y1 some:at equal1 nak$1 b fibrilloso-/riate1 :ite2 ! base1 :i* is occasionally att5uato-root$1 vill\s4 ,gills r\nd$1 almo/ free1 #c-d l9es to z mu* z #a 94 broad1 di/ant1 :ite1 b v>y+1 becom+ pale-gray or yell[4 ,fries4 ,spores #d-ed ,k42 #ed ,w4,g4,s ,we/ ,virg9ia1 #ahhb2 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 9 woods & op5 places4 ,may to ,novemb]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,x is "o ( ! fir/ toad/ools ,i exp]im5t$ ^u4 ,i h be5 con/ant to x4 ,its caps fri$ 9 butt] are unsurpass$4 9999 ,gills discolor$1 usually spott$ ) r$di%-br[n4 ,t4 flavo-brunneum ,fr4--flavus1 yell[2 brunneus1 br[n4 ,pileus fle%y1 conical1 !n convex1 at l5g? exp&$1 subumbonate1 viscid1 clo!d ) /reak-l scales4 ,/em holl[1 some:at v5tricose1 fibrillose1 at fir/ viscid1 yell[i% )91 tip nak$4 ,gills em>g9ate1 decurr5t1 cr[d$1 yell[i%1 !n r$di%4 ,fries4 ,odor t ( new meal4 ,/em #c-e 94 long1 94 ?ick1 dull-r$di% or br[ni%4 ,pileus #c-f 94 broad1 disk d>k]1 d+y dull-r$ or r$di%-br[n4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis2 damp woods1 ,a4 fulvus1 ,s*we9itz4 ,edible1 ,cooke1 #ahia4 ,t4 russula ,s*aeff4--r$di%4 7,plate ,,xviii1 fig4 #c1 p4 #fj47 ,pileus fle%y1 convex1 becom+ plane or c5trally depress$1 obtuse1 viscid1 ev5 or dott$ ) granul> squamules on ! disk1 r$ or inc>nate1 ! m>g9 usually pal]1 involute & m9utely d[ny 9 ! "y plant4 ,fle% :ite1 sometimes t+$ ) r$1 ta/e mild4 ,gills sub-di/ant1 r\nd$ beh9d or subdecurr5t1 :ite1 (t5 becom+ r$-spott$ ) age4 ,/em solid1 firm1 :iti% or rose-r$1 squamulose at ! apex4 ,spores elliptical1 #gd4 ,pileus #c-e 94 broad4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 #f-h l9es ?ick4 ,mix$ woods4 ,albany4 ,catt>augus & ,/eub5 c\nties4 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,accord+ to ! description ! typical plant has ! pileus inc>nate & ! /em rosy-r$1 b 9 ! ,am]ican plant ! pileus is g5]ally m cle>ly r$ & ! /em :ite1 ?\gh ?is is (t5 v>i$ by r$di% /a9s4 ,peck1 #dd? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,mix$ woods4 ,augu/ until aft] fro/4 ,at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 #ahig-ahih ! pat*es 7 l>ge1 g5]\s yield]s4 ,edible1 ,cooke2 edible1 ,cordi]1 ,roques4 ,t4 russula is a dressy fungus & has a fa%ion ( its own4 ,! mottl+s ^u its cap1 gill & /em1 9 %ades ( r$1 subdu$ ?\gh !y be1 give x a h&some p]sonality di/9ct f any o!r4 ,! species is a v>iable "o 9 its m9or m>k+s4 ,:5 moi/ure is preval5t ! caps ( all are viscid4 ,bo? "y & old are (t5 crack$4 ,/ems frequ5tly n squamulose at apex1 frequ5tly rosy :5 "y1 (t5 flatt5$4 ,! fibr\s int]ior ( ! /em & its fibr\s connection ) ! fle% ( ! cap are v m>k$4 ,gills em>g9ate 9 y\? z well z 9 age4 ,x is solit>y1 greg>i\s1 occasionally bun*$4 ,an excell5t fungus1 a free late gr[]1 meaty1 easily cook$1 & ( f9e flavor4 ,t4 frum5taceum ,bull4--frum5tum1 made ( corn4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad1 :iti% or clay-color & v>iegat$ dull r$1 truly fle%y1 convex !n plane1 obtuse1 visc\s1 dry 9 f9e wea!r1 ev51 smoo?4 ,fle% :ite4 ,/em #c 94 long1 94 ?ick1 solid1 equal1 fibrillose :5 dry1 :iti%4 ,gills r\nd$1 some:at cr[d$1 r broad1 :ite1 at l5g? spott$-r$4 ,:olly becom+ pale :ite1 b ! /em & pileus are alike m>k$-r$1 & ! gills are at l5g? r$di%1 :]e=e1 z well z = ! /rong smell ( new meal1 x is und\bt$ly ne>e/ to ,a4 pessundatus4 ,:5 full gr[n x has all ! appe>ance ( ,entoloma4 ,on ! gr\nd4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores #f ,w4,g4,s4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis4 ,edible4 ,por*] says ,dr4 ,curtis 0 ! fir/ to decl>e x edible4 ,t4 pessundatum ,fr4--pessum d>e1 b5t d[nw>d4 ,pileus fle%y1 compact1 convex1 v obtuse1 rep&1 viscid1 granulose or spott$4 ,/em solid1 firm1 at fir/ ovato-bulb\s1 ev]y:]e villose ) :iti% scales4 ,gills em>g9ate1 ne>ly free1 cr[d$1 :ite1 at l5g? spott$ ) r$4 ,9 p9e woods4 ,odor & ta/e mealy4 ,pileus bay1 r$di%1 pal] at ! m>g94 ,/ature ( ,ag4 eque/ris4 ,fries4 ,spores #eb4e ,massee2 v m9ute1 globose1 #b-c ,c4,b4,p4 ,reckon$ edible1 b v r>e4 ,/ev5son4 ,cali=nia1 ,h4 & ,m4 ,,ii4--,,g5ui,,na4 ,cuticle ( pileus torn into d[ny or fibrillose scales4 99 ,gills n *ang+ color nor becom+ spott$4 7,plate ,,xx47 ,illu/ration3 ,,tri*oloma ,,decorosum4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,t4 decorosum ,pk4--decorus1 decor\s4 ,pileus firm1 at fir/ hemisph]ical1 !n convex or ne>ly plane1 adorn$ ) num]\s br[ni% sub-squ>rose tom5tose scales1 dull o*race\s or tawny4 ,fle% :ite4 ,gills close1 r\nd$ & slightly em>g9ate beh9d1 ! edge slightly scallop$4 ,/em solid1 equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 :ite & smoo? at ! top1 else:]e tom5tose-scaly & color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores broadly elliptical1 #ed4 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad4 ,/em #b-d 94 long1 #b-d l9es ?ick4 ,decay+ trunks ( trees4 ,catskill m\nta9s & ,alleghany c\nty4 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,a r>e b beautiful species4 ,x is (t5 cespitose4 ,x dep>ts f ! "* ( ! g5us 9 gr[+ on decay+ wood4 ,peck1 #dd? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,tri*oloma decorosum is n r>e 9 ,p5nsylvania4 ,i h f\nd x at ,angora1 ,philadelphia & 9 ,*e/] c\nty1 ,pa41 gr[+ 9 clu/]s & s+ly4 ,at fir/ sight "o might take x = "o ( ! _m =ms ( ,armill>ia1 b ev5 cursory exam9ation %[s ! diff]5ce4 ,x is ( good consi/5cy & flavor1 hav+ a decid$ mu%room ta/e4 ,t4 flavesc5s ,pk4--pale yell[4 ,pileus convex1 firm1 (t5 irregul>1 dry1 slightly silky becom+ b>e1 sometimes crack+ into m9ute scales on ! disk1 :iti% or pale yell[4 ,fle% :iti% or yell[i%4 ,gills close1 :ite or pale-yell[1 em>g9ate1 floccose on ! edge4 ,/ems firm1 solid1 (t5 unequal1 c5tral or sometimes ecc5tric1 s+le or cespitose1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores subglobose1 #e 9 diamet]4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad4 ,/em #a-b4e 94 long1 #d-f l9es ?ick4 ,p9e /umps4 ,albany & ,r5ssela] c\nties4 ,octob]4 ,! species seems to be relat$ to ,t4 rutilans b has n ! r$ or purpli% tom5tum ( t fungus4 ,x1 l ,t4 decorosum1 is always lignicol\s4 ,t4 rutilans is sometimes s4 ,peck1 #dd? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,frequ5tly f\nd 9 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania & ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,p9e /umps4 ,septemb] to fro/4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,! fle% comp>es ) t ( ,t4 rutilans1 & makes an equally good di%4 ,t4 grande ,pk4 ,pileus ?ick1 firm1 hemisph]ical1 becom+ convex1 (t5 irregul>1 dry1 scaly1 some:at silky-fibrillose t[>d ! m>g91 :ite1 ! m>g9 at fir/ involute4 ,fle% grayi%-:ite1 ta/e f>9ace\s4 ,gills close1 r\nd$ beh9d1 adnex$1 :ite4 ,/em /\t1 solid1 fibrillose1 at fir/ tap]+ upw>d1 !n equal or b slightly ?ick5$ at ! base1 pure :ite4 ,spores elliptical1 #i-aaf4 ,pileus #d-e 94 broad4 ,/em #b-d 94 long1 #a-a4e 94 ?ick4 ,among fall5 leaves 9 woods4 ,catt>augus c\nty4 ,septemb]4 ,! plants are (t5 cespitose1 & !n ! pileus is m or less irregul> & ! gills some:at lac]at$4 ,! species is relat$ to ,t4 columbetta1 f :i* its l>g] size1 con/antly scaly pileus1 m cespitose mode ( gr[?1 l>g] spores & f>9ace\s ta/e sep>ate x4 ,! scales ( ! pileus are br[ni%1 & ! pileus itself is sometimes slightly d+y on ! disk4 ,! "y m>g9 is pure :ite l ! /em1 & bo? x & ! upp] "p ( ! /em are sometimes /udd$ ) drops ( moi/ure4 ,! plant 0 f\nd on trial to be edible1 b n ( fir/ quality4 ,! fle% is n v t5d]1 nor ! flavor captivat+ ev5 9 "y specim5s4 ,peck1 #dd? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,mix$ woods4 ,augu/ to fro/4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,gross :5 old4 ,"y specim5s ( m$ium quality & flavor4 ,t4 columbetta ,fr4--columba1 a pigeon4 7,plate ,,xviii1 fig4 #e1 p4 #fj47 ,pileus convex1 !n ne>ly plane1 fle%y1 obtuse1 rigid1 some:at flexu\s1 dry1 at fir/ b>e1 !n silky-fibrillose1 becom+ ev5 or scaly1 :ite1 ! m>g9 at fir/ involute1 m or less tom5tose4 ,fle% :ite1 ta/e mild4 ,gills close1 em>g9ate1 ?91 :ite4 ,/em /\t1 solid1 unequal1 ne>ly b>e1 :ite4 ,spores #g-hd4e4 ,! species is v v>iable & ! foll[+ v>ieties h be5 describ$3 ,v>4 ,a4 ,pileus ne>ly always rep& or lob$1 at fir/ b>e1 ev51 at l5g? crack$-scaly1 (t5 r$di% spott$1 ! m>g9 :5 "y inflex$1 tom5tose4 ,/em obese1 ev51 unequal1 swoll51 an in* ?ick4 ,! typical =m4 ,bir* wood among mosses4 ,v>4 ,b4 ,pileus subflexu\s1 silky-fibrillose1 at l5g? scaly1 sometimes d+y-br[n spott$1 ! m>g9 sc>cely tom5tose4 ,/em long]1 equal or slightly n>r[$ at ! base4 ,bu%y places4 ,int]m$iate betwe5 ,a & ,c4 ,v>4 ,c4 ,pileus regul>1 flatt5$1 evid5tly fibrillose1 sometimes spott$ ) blue1 f\r in*es broad4 ,/em equal1 cyl9drical1 fibrillose-/riate1 f\r in*es long4 ,bee* woods4 ,a %[y v>iety s div]se f v>iety ,a t x might be reg>d$ z a di/9ct species1 did n v>iety ,b connect !m1 & s mu* resemble bo? t x might ) equal propriety be ref]r$ to ei!r4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad4 ,/em #a-d 94 long1 #c-ab l9es ?ick4 ,woods & pa/ures4 ,albany c\nty1 ,n4,y4 ,x may be di/+ui%$ f ,t4 album by its mild ta/e4 ,x is record$ z edible4 ,peck1 #dd? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,edible1 ,curtis1 ,cooke1 ,/ev5son4 ,?is mu* v>i$ ,tri*oloma is z v>i$ 9 its habitat4 ,i h f\nd x on vacant lots 9 ,philadelphia1 9 mix$ woods at ,devon1 ,pa41 & 9 ! =e/s ( ! ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9s1 & eat5 x s9ce #ahha4 ,x cooks readily & is ( mild1 agreeable flavor4 ,t4 rutilans ,s*aeff4--rutilo1 to be r$di%4 ,pileus fle%y1 campanulate becom+ plane1 dry1 at fir/ cov]$ ) a d>k-r$ or purpli% tom5tum !n some:at scaly1 ! m>g9 ?91 at fir/ involute4 ,fle% yell[4 ,gills cr[d$1 r\nd$1 yell[1 ?ick5$ & d[ny on ! edge4 ,/em some:at holl[1 ne>ly equal or slightly ?ick5$ or bulb\s at ! base1 s(t1 pale-yell[ v>iegat$ ) r$ or purpli% floccose scales4 ,spores #f4e-hf4e4 7,plate ,,xxi47 ,illu/ration3 ,,tri*oloma ,,rutilans4 ,ab\t ?ree-eights natural size4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad4 ,/em #b-d 94 long1 #e-h l9es ?ick4 ,on or ab\t p9e /umps1 r>ely on hemlock trunks4 ,july to ,novemb]4 ,peck1 #dd? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores subglobose1 #e-f diamet] ,massee2 #f-hf ,b42 #fi ,w4,g4,s4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,may to ,novemb]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,q common 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9s & 9 p9e woods ( ,new ,j]sey4 ,! ,bo/on ,mycological ,club reports x f\nd 9 quantity 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,! fle% :5 cook$ is gummy1 l ! m>%mall[ confection4 ,x is excell5t4 9999 ,gills becom+ r$di% or gray1 etc4 ,t4 vaccinum ,p]s4--vacca1 a c[4 ,pileus fle%y1 convex or campanulate1 becom+ ne>ly plane1 umbonate1 dry1 floccose-scaly1 r$di%-br[n1 ! m>g9 involute1 tom5tose4 ,fle% :ite4 ,gills adnex$1 subdi/ant1 :iti%1 !n r$di% or r$di%-spott$4 ,/em equal1 holl[1 cov]$ ) a fibrillose b>k1 nak$ at ! apex1 pale r$di%4 ,spores subglobose1 #f4 ,pileus #a-c 94 broad4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #d-f l9es ?ick4 ,"u or ne> conif]\s trees4 ,gre5e & ,essex c\nties4 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,peck1 #dd? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,record$ z edible by ,gillet4 ,pl5tiful 9 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,h eat5 x s9ce #ahhe4 ,fair4 ,t4 fuligineum ,pk4--fulig9eus1 resembl+ soot4 ,pileus convex or ne>ly plane1 obtuse1 (t5 irregul>1 dry1 m9utely scaly1 sooty-br[n4 ,fle% grayi%1 odor & ta/e f>9ace\s4 ,gills subdi/ant1 unev5 on ! edge1 a%-color$ becom+ blacki% 9 dry+4 ,/em %ort1 solid1 equal1 b>e1 a%-color$4 ,spores oblong-elliptical1 #hd4 ,pileus #a-b4e 94 broad4 ,/em #a-a4e 94 long1 #c-e l9es ?ick4 ,among mosses 9 op5 places4 ,gre5e c\nty4 ,septemb]4 ,r>e4 ,peck1 #dd? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,q common 9 ,p5nsylvania & ,new ,j]sey on mossy wood m>g9s4 ,x is ( fair quality & flavor4 7,plate ,,xxii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,tri*oloma ,,t]reum4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,t4 t]reum ,s*aeff4--! e>?4 7,plate ,,xviii1 fig4 #d1 p4 #fj47 ,pileus fle%y1 ?91 s(t1 convex1 campanulate or ne>ly plane1 obtuse or umbonate1 innately fibrillose or floccose-scaly1 a%y-br[n1 grayi%-br[n or m\se color4 ,fle% :ite or :iti%4 ,gills adnex$1 subdi/ant1 m or less erod$ on ! edge1 :ite becom+ a%-color$4 ,/em equal1 v>y+ f solid to /uff$ or holl[1 fibrillose1 :ite or :iti%4 ,spores broadly elliptical1 #f-gd-e4 ,pileus #a-c 94 broad4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 #b-d l9es ?ick4 ,woods4 ,albany1 ,r5ssela] & ,catt>augus c\nties4 ,septemb] to ,novemb]4 ,peck1 #dd? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores #ge4e ,morgan2 #e-f1 ,massee2 #f-gd ,k42 #f ,w4,g4,s4 ,eat5 by ,pr(essor ,peck4 ,eat5 by ,mc,ilvaine4 ,quality fair4 ,t4 t]reum ,s*aeff4--v>4 fragrans ,pk4 ,pileus convex or ne>ly plane1 dry1 innately-fibrillose or m9utely floccose-scaly1 grayi%-br[n or blacki%-br[n4 ,gills r broad1 adnex$1 :iti% or a%-color$4 ,/em equal1 solid or /uff$1 r>ely holl[1 :iti%4 ,spores broadly elliptical1 #f-gd-e4 ,! ,fragrant tri*oloma has a di/9ct f>9ace\s odor & flavor4 ,9 o!r respects x closely resembles ! ,e>?-color$ tri*oloma ( :i* x is consid]$ a m]e v>iety4 ,! typical ,european plant is said to be )\t odor or ne>ly s & has n be5 class$ among ! edible species by ,european writ]s4 ,b our v>iety1 ?\gh n high-flavor$1 is fairly good & entirely h>mless4 ,its cap v>ies consid]ably 9 color b is "s %ade ( gray or br[n4 ,its c5t] is )\t any prom95ce or v bluntly prom95t1 & its surface is commonly v obscurely m>k$ ) innate fibrils or 9 small plants may h v small flocculose tufts or scales4 ,! fle% is :iti% z also are ! gills1 ?\gh ^! sometimes assume a m decid$ grayi% hue4 ,!y are r broad & loose & sometimes unev5 on ! edge or ev5 split transv]sely4 ,!y are usually deeply excavat$ next ! /em & atta*$ to x by a n>r[ "p4 ,! /em is :iti% or slightly %ad$ ) ! color ( ! cap4 ,x (t5 has a few longitud9al fibrils1 b nev] any coll>4 ,x may be ei!r solid1 /uff$ or spongy )91 or 9 l>ge specim5s1 holl[4 ,! plants gr[ greg>i\sly or sometimes 9 tufts on ! gr\nd "u or ne> trees or 9 ?9 woods1 especially ( p9e1 or 9 mix$ woods4 ,! caps v>y f #a-d 94 broad1 & ! /ems f #a-c 94 long & f #b-f l9es ?ick4 ,! plants occur 9 autumn4 ,9 ,europe !re is a v>iety ( ?is species :i* also has a f>9ace\s odor1 b x diff]s f our plant 9 hav+ r$di% edges to ! gills4 ,x is call$ v>iety orirub5s4 ,peck1 #di? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,v>4 fragrans is pl5tiful & greg>i\s among ,new ,j]sey p9es1 ,octob] to fro/4 ,o!r v>ieties are (t5 f\nd4 ,specim5s f\nd by me at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 & s5t to ,pr(essor ,peck :o id5tifi$ !m z v>4 fragrans ,pk41 7 decid$ly umbonate4 ,gills 7 easily sep>able f cap4 ,v>4 fragrans is a favorite4 ,x is pleasant to _m1 ev5 raw4 ,pl5tiful salt+ :ile cook+ develops a high & exquisite flavor4 ,t4 fumesc5s ,pk4--smoky4 ,pileus convex or exp&$1 dry1 clo!d ) a v m9ute appress$ tom5tum1 :iti%4 ,gills n>r[1 cr[d$1 r\nd$ beh9d1 :iti% or pale cream color1 *ang+ to smoky-blue or blacki% :]e bruis$4 ,/em %ort1 cyl9drical1 :iti%4 ,spores oblong-elliptical1 #e-f4e4 ,pileus #a 94 broad4 ,/em #a-a4e 94 high1 #b-c l9es ?ick4 ,woods4 ,columbia c\nty4 ,octob]4 ,r>e4 ,! species is rem>kable = ! smoky or blacki% hue assum$ by ! gills :5 bruis$ & also 9 dry+4 ,x is app>5tly relat$ to ,t4 immundum ,b]k41 b 9 t species ! :ole plant becomes blacki% :5 bruis$1 & ! gills are m>k$ ) transv]se l9es & t+$ ) p9k4 ,peck1 #dd? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,septemb] to ,novemb]1 #ahih4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,! size ( cap sometimes atta9s to #c 9 & /em to 94 9 ?ickness4 ,ta/e at fir/ f>9ace\s !n sweeti%4 ,! caps are ( excell5t quality & flavor4 7,plate ,,xxiii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,tri*oloma ,,imbricatum4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,t4 imbricatum ,fr4--cov]$ ) tiles4 ,pileus fle%y1 compact1 convex or ne>ly plane1 obtuse1 dry1 innately scaly1 fibrillose t[>d ! m>g91 br[n or r$di%-br[n1 ! m>g9 ?91 at fir/ slightly inflex$ & pubesc5t !n nak$4 ,fle% firm1 ?ick1 :ite4 ,gills slightly em>g9ate1 almo/ adnate1 r close1 :ite :5 "y1 becom+ r$di% or spott$4 ,/em solid1 firm1 ne>ly equal1 fibrillose1 :ite & mealy or pulv]ul5t at ! top1 else:]e color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores #f4e #d-e4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #d-aj l9es ?ick4 ,"u or ne> conif]\s trees4 ,gre5e & ,essex c\nties4 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,?is is an edible species4 ,x has a f>9ace\s odor & ta/e :5 fre%4 ,peck1 #dd? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,closely resembles ,t4 transmutans 9 size1 color & ta/e4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 easily sep>at$ by its dry cap & solid /em4 ,peck4 ,pl5tiful 9 p9e woods ( ,new ,j]sey1 & among hemlocks 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 "u p9es4 ,octob] & ,novemb]1 #ahih4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,specim5s f\nd at ,mt4 ,gretna _h caps d>k umb] :5 "y1 & m>g9 incurv$ to /em4 ,gills yell[i%4 ,/em up to #d 94 long1 /\t1 solid1 swoll5 at base1 & hav+ a %ort po9t$ end+1 firm1 fibrillose1 :ite4 ,flavor f>9ace\s4 ,fle% ( good texture & ta/e4 ,,iii4--,,rig,,ida4 ,pileus rigid1 cuticle brok5 up into smoo? scales1 etc4 99 ,gills :ite or pallid1 n becom+ spott$ ) r$ or gray4 ,n repres5t$4 9999 ,gills becom+ r$di% or grayi%1 spott$1 etc4 ,t4 saponaceum ,fr4--sapo1 soap4 ,/rong1 smell+ ( an undef9able soap4 ,cap #b-d 94 across1 involute at fir/1 convex !n flatt5$1 dry1 glabr\s1 moi/ 9 wet wea!r1 nev] viscid1 br[ni%1 m or less spott$ or hav+ ! sk9 crack$ into scales1 occasionally cov]$ ) d>k fibrils4 ,fle% firm1 :iti% becom+ r$di% :5 w\nd$4 ,gills em>g9ate1 ) a hook$ too? 7unc9ate7 ?91 di/ant1 pale :ite4 ,/em #b-d 94 long1 ab\t 94 ?ick1 (t5 unequal1 base sometimes long & root+1 usually smoo?1 at times reticulat$ ) black fibrils1 or is scaly4 ,di/a/eful4 ,! species is v>iable 9 size & color4 ,/ev5son rem>ks3 8,sc>cely any species has be5 m conf\nd$ ) o!rs40 ,x may always be safely di/+ui%$ by its odor1 by its di/ant gills1 by ! smoo? cuticle ( ! cap crack+ into scales1 & by ! *ange ( color to r$di% :5 bruis$4 ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9s4 ,augu/ to fro/4 #ahha-he4 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,?is fungus is n extremely unpleasant :5 eat5--l ,t4 sulphureum1 b no "o w c>e to eat x4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! flavor to recomm5d x or to inspire a cultivation ( ta/e = x4 ,,iv4--,,s]icel,,la4 ,pileus slightly silky1 soon smoo?1 etc4 99 ,gills broad1 r ?ick1 some:at di/ant4 ,t4 sulphureum ,bull4--sulphur1 brim/one4 ,odor /rong1 fetid or l gas t>4 ,cap #a-d 94 across1 subglobose1 !n convex & plane1 slightly umbonate1 sometimes depress$1 fle%y1 m>g9 at fir/ involute4 ,color d+y or r$di% sulphur-yell[1 at fir/ silky1 becom+ smoo? or m9utely tom5tose4 ,fle% ?ick1 yell[4 ,gills r ?ick1 n>r[$ beh9d1 em>g9ate or acutely adnate1 sometimes appe>+ arcuate f %ape ( cap4 ,/em #b-d 94 long1 #c-e l9es ?ick1 equal or slightly bulb\s1 (t5 curv$1 smoo? /riate1 sulphur-yell[1 /uff$1 fibr\s or holl[1 yell[ )91 at times hav+ yell[ fibr\s roots4 ,spores #i-aje ,massee4 ,v v>iable 9 size4 ,greg>i\s1 common 9 mix$ woods4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 #ahha4 ,we/ ,philadelphia1 #ahhf4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,:5 q "y ,t4 sulphureum is %[y & invit+4 ,its smell is disc\rag+1 its ta/e =bidd+4 ,no am\nt ( cook+ removes its unpleasant flavor4 ,i h tri$ to eat en\gh ( x to te/ its qualities1 b 0 satisfi$ aft] /r5u\s ef=ts to m>k x ,,in$ible4 ,t4 *rys5t]oides ,pk4--l gold4 ,pileus fle%y1 convex or plane1 n at all umbonate1 firm1 dry1 glabr\s or slightly silky1 pale-yell[ or buff1 becom+ d+y ) age1 ! m>g9 sometimes reflex$1 fle% pale-yell[1 ta/e & odor f>9ace\s4 ,gills r close1 em>g9ate1 yell[i%1 becom+ d+y or pallid ) age1 m>k$ ) transv]se ve9lets along ! upp] edge1 ! int]spaces ve9$4 ,/em equal1 firm1 solid1 b>e1 fibr\s-/riate1 yell[i% )\t & )94 ,spores elliptical1 #h-aje-f4 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #c-d l9es ?ick4 ,woods4 ,lewis & ,catt>augus c\nties4 ,septemb]4 ,ne>ly alli$ to ,t4 *rys5t]um1 b sep>able by ! gills1 :i* are some:at ve9y & n free1 by ! entire abs5ce ( an umbo & by its f>9ace\s odor & ta/e4 ,peck1 #dd? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,frequ5tly f\nd at ,angora1 & 9 ,woodl& ,cemet]y1 ,we/ ,philadelphia4 ,edible4 ,fair flavor & good quality4 ,t4 opicum ,fr4--unc\?4 ,pileus #a-a 94 across4 ,fle% r ?91 becom+ grayi%2 convex1 !n exp&$1 obtusely-umbonate1 at l5g? usually upturn$ & split1 v dry1 ev5 at fir/1 !n m9utely scaly1 gray4 ,gills broadly em>g9ate1 v5tricose1 r ?ick1 sc>cely di/ant1 ho>y4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #b-c l9es ?ick1 equal1 fibrillose1 becom+ almo/ glabr\s1 pallid !n grayi%1 /uff$4 ,massee4 ,among moss1 9 p9e woods1 etc4 ,inodor\s4 ,some:at resembl+ ,t4 saponaceum1 b di/+ui%$ by ! abs5ce ( smell4 ,w>et[n1 ,n4,j4 ,"u p9es & op5 places 9 p9e woods4 ,augu/ to ,septemb]1 #ahhi4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,:5 wet ! caps become d>k] & h a mottl$ appe>ance4 ,!y are t5d]1 b r ta/eless4 ,! species s]ves to make quantity :5 cook$ ) o!rs ( high] flavor4 ,t4 pip]atum ,pk4--pip]1 pepp]4 ,pileus r ?91 firm1 dry1 convex1 obtuse or subumbonate1 virgate ) innate br[ni% fibrils1 v>y+ 9 color f grayi%-br[n to blacki%-br[n1 sometimes ) gre5i% or yell[i% t9ts4 ,fle% :ite or :iti%1 ta/e acrid4 ,gills broad1 close1 r\nd$ beh9d1 adnex$1 :iti% or yell[i%4 ,/em g5]ally %ort1 equal1 solid1 silky1 slightly mealy or pru9ose at ! top1 :ite or slightly t+$ ) yell[4 ,spores elliptic1 #f-g long1 #e broad4 ,pileus #d-g cm4 broad4 ,/em #e-g cm4 long1 #f-ab mm4 ?ick4 ,! c5tral "p ( ! pileus is sometimes a little d>k] ?an ! re/4 ,! pepp]y or acrid ta/e is v di/9ct & rema9s 9 ! m\? _m m9utes4 ,?is & ! innately fibrillose "* ( ! pileus are di/+ui%+ *>act]s ( ! species4 ,! plants appe> f ,septemb] to ,novemb]4 ,peck1 ,torr4 ,bull41 ,vol4 #bf4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,octob] to ,novemb]1 #ahih1 on damp gr\nd among moss4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,cap up to #c 94 across1 bell-%ap$1 !n convex1 depress$ 9 c5t] & undulate1 light-br[n1 d>k] t[>d c5t]1 dry1 m9utely fibrillose4 ,fle% ?ick1 :ite1 ?9 t[>d m>g94 ,gills em>g9ate1 unequal1 n =k$4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 h>d1 equal or enl>g+ t[>d base1 :ite1 silky1 /riate4 ,?\gh pepp]y raw1 ?is ,tri*oloma is ( good sub/ance & flavor :5 cook$4 ,b4 ,,pileus ,,ev51 ,,smoo?1 ,,n ,,d[ny1 ,,scaly1 ,,nor ,,viscid1 ,,etc4 ,v4--,,gutta,,ta4 ,pileus m>k$ ) drop-l spots or rivulose4 99 ,gills :iti%4 ,t4 gambosum ,fr4--gambosus1 swell+ ne> ! ho(4 ,pileus #c-d 94 & m broad1 becom+ pale-tan1 fle%y1 hemisph]ico-convex1 !n flatt5$1 obtuse1 undulat$ & b5t backw>d1 ev51 smoo?1 b spott$ z ) drops1 at l5g? widely crack$ 7n1 h[ev]1 torn into squamules71 ! m>g9 at ! fir/ involute & tom5tose4 ,fle% ?ick1 s(t1 fragile1 :ite4 ,/em #b 94 & m long1 -#a 94 ?ick1 solid1 fle%y-firm1 almo/ equal1 (t5 curv$-asc5d+ at ! base1 :ite1 d[ny at ! apex4 ,gills r\nd$ or em>g9ato-adnex$1 ) a some:at decurr5t too? & :5 old s9uato-decurr5t1 cr[d$1 v5tricose1 #b-c l9es broad1 :iti%4 ,fries4 ,odor pleasant1 ( new meal4 ,(t5 =m+ l>ge r+s or clu/]s4 ,a :iti% =m mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ,t4 albellus4 ,spores #acaa ,w4,g4,s42 #ac-adh-i ,massee2 #acaj ,cooke4 ,angora1 ,philadelphia4 ,*e/] & ,lebanon c\nty1 ,pa4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,fair4 9999 ,gills becom+ r$di% or smoky-gray4 ,t4 tigrinum ,s*aeff4--spott$ l a tig]4 ,pileus #b 94 broad1 pallid-br[n1 v>iegat$ ) cr[d$ & d>k] d+y-br[n spots1 compactly fle%y1 convex !n exp&$1 obtuse1 rep&4 ,fle% ?ick1 firm1 :ite1 un*angeable1 b ?9 at ! involute m>g94 ,/em #a 94 long & ?ick1 v compact1 solid1 pru9ate1 :ite4 ,gills r\nd$ beh9d1 at l5g? decurr5t ) a too?1 cr[d$1 n>r[1 :ite1 at l5g? d>k]4 ,solit>y or cespitose4 ,v di/+ui%$1 obese1 & )\t any m>k$ smell ( new meal4 ,9 fir woods & op5 grassy gr\nd4 ,r>e4 ,june to ,july4 ,/ev5son4 ,edible1 ,cooke1 ,fries4 ,t4 albellum ,fr4--albus1 :ite4 ,pileus ab\t #c 94 broad1 becom+ pale-:ite1 pass+ into gray :5 dry1 fle%y1 ?ick at ! disk1 ?9n] at ! sides1 conical !n convex1 gibb\s :5 exp&$1 :5 9 vigor moi/ on ! surface1 spott$ 7mottl$7 z ) scales1 ! ?9 m>g9 nak$4 ,fle% s(t1 floccose1 :ite1 un*angeable4 ,/em curt1 #a-b 94 long1 #a 94 ?ick at ! base1 rea*+ 94 t[>d ! apex1 solid1 fle%y-compact1 ovato-bulb\s 7conical to ! middle1 cyl9drical above ! middle71 fibrillose-/riate1 :ite4 ,gills v mu* att5uat$ beh9d1 n em>g9ate1 becom+ broad 9 front1 v cr[d$1 q entire1 :ite4 ,fries4 ,spores elliptical1 #f-gd ,massee2 ovoid1 #c ,w4,g4,s42 ovoid1 #c ,cooke4 ,pileus n becom+ yell[4 ,odor weak :5 fre%1 ta/e pleasant1 almo/ t ( cook$ fle%4 ,!re are two =ms3 "o l>g]1 solit>y1 ano!r small]1 connato-cespitose1 q z 9 ,a4 albellus ,s[4 ,x is (t5 conf\nd$ ) small] =ms ( ,a4 gambosus4 ,/ev5son4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis4 ,damp woods4 ,edible4 ,,vi4--,,spongio,,sa4 ,pileus compact !n spongy1 smoo?1 moi/4 99 ,gills n discolor$4 ,t4 viresc5s ,pk4--viresco1 to gr[ gre54 ,pileus convex or ne>ly plane1 sometimes c5trally depress$1 moi/1 b>e1 d+y-gre51 ! m>g9 sometimes wavy or lob$4 ,gills close1 gradually n>r[$ t[>d ! out] extremity1 r\nd$ or slightly em>g9ate at ! inn]1 :ite4 ,/em subequal1 /uff$ or holl[1 ?ick b brittle1 :iti%1 sometimes t+$ ) gre54 ,spores broadly elliptical1 #ed4 ,pileus #c-e 94 broad4 ,/em #c-d 94 long1 #f-ab l9es ?ick4 ,?9 woods4 ,essex c\nty4 ,july4 ,! dull smoky-gre5 hue ( ! pileus is ! di/+ui%+ feature ( ?is species4 ,peck1 #dd? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,q common 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey & ,p5nsylvania4 ,july to ,octob]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible4 ,ta/es some:at l _m ,russul1 :5 cook$4 ,flavor good4 ,t4 fumidellum ,pk4--smoky4 ,pileus convex1 !n exp&$1 subumbonate1 b>e1 moi/1 d+y-:ite or clay-color cl\d$ ) br[n1 ! disk or umbo g5]ally smoky-br[n4 ,gills cr[d$1 subv5tricose1 :iti%4 ,/em equal1 b>e1 solid1 :iti%4 ,spores m9ute1 subglobose1 #d4ed4 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad4 ,/em #a4e-b4e 94 long1 #b-c l9es ?ick4 ,woods4 ,albany c\nty & ,catskill m\nta9s4 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,! /em splits easily & ! pileus becomes pal] 9 dry+4 ,x sometimes becomes crack$ 9 areas4 ,peck1 #dd? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,on gr\nd4 ,mt4 ,gretna4 ,octob] & ,novemb]4 #ahig4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,! species 0 pl5tiful among ! leaf mold1 gr[+ f ! gr\nd 9 mix$ woods4 ,! caps are delicate 9 sub/ance & flavor4 ,t4 leucocephalum ,fr4 ,gr4--:ite2 head4 ,pileus #a-b 94 across1 convex !n plane1 ev51 moi/1 smoo?1 b :5 "y cov]$ ) a sat9y d[n2 wat]-soak$ aft] ra94 ,fle% ?91 t\gh1 :ite4 ,gills r\nd$ beh9d & almo/ free1 :ite4 ,/em up to #b 94 long1 94 ?ick1 ext]ior h>d1 %9+1 fibr\s2 int]ior holl[ b solid at base :i* is att5uat$ & root+1 twi/$4 ,smell /rong ( new meal4 ,ta/e pleasant4 ,spores #i-ajg-h4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,grassy woods & bord]s4 ,octob] to ,novemb]1 #ahih4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,q common4 ,! caps are excell5t4 ,t4 album ,s*aeff4--albus1 :ite4 ,pileus fle%y1 t\gh1 convex1 becom+ plane or depress$1 obtuse1 v dry1 ev51 glabr\s1 :ite1 sometimes yell[i% on ! disk1 r>ely :olly yell[i%1 ! m>g9 at fir/ involute4 ,fle% :ite1 ta/e acrid or bitt]4 ,gills em>g9ate1 some:at cr[d$1 di/9ct1 :ite4 ,/em solid1 ela/ic1 equal or tap]+ upw>d1 ext]nally fibr\s1 obsoletely fro/$ at ! apex1 :ite4 ,spores elliptical1 #e-f1 long4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad4 ,/em #b-d 94 long1 #d-f l9es ?ick4 ,woods4 ,common4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,?is species is v>iable 9 color & 9 size1 be+ sometimes robu/1 sometimes sl5d]4 ,x gr[s s+ly1 9 troops or 9 tufts4 ,x has no decid$ odor1 b a bitt] unpleasant ta/e4 ,peck1 #dd? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,cook$1 t5d] & ( fair flavor4 9999 ,gills becom+ discolor$4 ,t4 p]sonatum ,fr4--we>+ a mask 7f its _m v>ieties ( colors74 7,plate ,,xviii1 p4 #fj47 ,pileus compact1 becom+ s(t1 ?ick1 convex or plane1 obtuse1 regul>1 moi/1 b>e1 v>iable 9 color1 g5]ally pallid or a%y t+$ ) violet or lilac1 ! m>g9 at fir/ involute & fro/$ ) f9e hairs4 ,fle% :iti%4 ,gills broad1 cr[d$1 r\nd$ beh9d1 free1 violace\s becom+ sordid-:iti% or d+y-br[n4 ,/em g5]ally ?ick1 subbulb\s1 solid1 fibrillose or fro/$ ) f9e hairs1 :iti% or color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores d+y :ite1 subelliptical1 #h-id-e4 ,on :ite pap] ! spores h a slight salmon t9t1 b !y are regul> 9 %ape1 n angul> z 9 ,entoloma4 ,pileus #b-e 94 broad4 ,/em #a-c 94 long1 #f-ab l9es ?ick4 ,peck1 #dd? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,woods & op5 places1 & gr[+ f old1 matt$ /able /raw4 ,common ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:5 ,t4 p]sonatum becomes kn[n to ! collector1 ei!r 9 ! field or on ! table1 x is sure to become a favorite4 ,x is fle%y1 rotund1 /ocky1 moi/ & smoo?1 ) a t5d5cy 9 its cap to be wavy-rimm$ & jauntily cock$ 9 wet wea!r4 ,x gr[s s+ly or 9 troops1 occasionally 9 tufts ( f five to six individuals4 ,a pat* ( x is valuable & wor? husb&+ ) cov]+ ( f9e /raw4 ,cort9>ius violaceus resembles x some:at 9 color & %ape1 b x %[s a spid]y veil1 & has br[n spores4 ,x is edible4 ,! common "n ( ,t4 p]sonatum 9 ,engl& is ,blewits1 :i* translat$ into und]/&able ,engli% is believ$ to be 8blue-hats40 ,x is ev]y:]e eat51 be+ ( sub/antial sub/ance1 good flavor & cookable 9 any way4 ,x is especially f9e 9 patties1 /ews & croquettes4 ,t4 nudum ,bull4--nak$4 ,pileus ab\t #c 94 broad1 becom+ purple-violace\s !n *ang+ color1 r$di%1 fle%y1 comp>atively ?91 convexo-plane !n depress$1 obtuse1 ev51 smoo?1 ) a pellicle :i* is moi/ & manife/ 9 ra9y wea!r2 m>g9 inflex$1 ?91 nak$4 ,fle% ?91 pliant1 color$4 ,/em ab\t #c 94 long1 94 ?ick1 /uff$1 ela/ic1 equal1 almo/ nak$1 mealy at ! apex1 violace\s !n becom+ pale4 ,gills r\nd$ !n decurr5t 7on acc\nt ( ! depress$ pileus71 cr[d$1 n>r[1 ( ! same color z ! pileus or deep] violace\s1 b soon *ang+ color1 at l5g? r$di% )\t ! lea/ t+e ( violet4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores #gc4e ,massee2 #f-hd ,b42 #fc ,w4,g4,s4 ,on gr\nd among leaves4 ,escul5t1 v good & delicate4 ,cordi]4 ,edible4 ,roze4 ,edible1 all ,am]ican au?orities4 ,,vii4--,,hygroph,,ana4 ,pileus ?91 wat]-soak$1 etc4 99 ,gills :iti%1 n spott$4 ,t4 grammopodium ,bull4 ,gr4--a l9e2 ,gr4--a foot4 ,pileus #c-f 94 broad1 pallid-livid or br[ni%-r$ :5 moi/1 :iti% :5 dry1 fle%y1 v ?9 t[>d ! m>g91 campanulate !n convex1 & at l5g? flatt5$1 obtusely umbonate1 ev51 smoo?1 pellicle moi/ 9 ra9y wea!r1 n visc\s1 sep>at+1 fle%-color$ :5 moi/1 :ite :5 dry1 s(t1 fragile4 ,/em tall1 ab\t #c-d 94 long1 94 & m ?ick1 solid1 ela/ic1 equal ) exception ( ! ?ick5$ base1 cyl9drical1 firm1 smoo?1 evid5tly longitud9ally sulcate1 :iti%4 ,gills arcuato-adnate or broadly horizontally em>g9ate1 acute at bo? ends1 v cr[d$1 q entire1 v _m %ort]1 some:at bran*$ beh9d1 :ite4 ,odor moldy4 ,/rik+ 9 appe>ance2 ! *ief ( ?is gr\p4 ,!re is a v>iety :olly :ite4 ,9 pa/ures & grassy woods4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores #e-f ,massee4 ,di/+ui%$ by ! groov$ /em & cr[d$ gills1 :i* are adnate :5 ! pileus is exp&$4 ,(t5 gr[+ 9 r+s4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis4 ,n report$ else:]e4 ,escul5t4 ,cooke4 ,mu* eat5 9 ,europe4 ,t4 brevipes ,bull4--brevis1 %ort2 pes1 a foot4 ,pileus ab\t #b 94 broad1 umb] !n becom+ pale1 fle%y1 s(t1 convex !n becom+ plane1 ev51 smoo?1 moi/ 7opaque :5 dry72 fle% ( ! pileus becom+ br[ni% :5 moi/1 becom+ :ite :5 dry4 ,/em solid1 v rigid1 at l5g? fibr\s1 pru9ate at ! apex1 ext]nally & int]nally fusc\s2 o!rwise v v>iable1 sometimes v %ort1 #b-c l9es only long & ?ick1 att5uat$ d[nw>d2 commonly #a 941 sometimes bulb\s1 sometimes equal1 m sl5d]4 ,gills em>g9ato-free1 cr[d$1 v5tricose1 disappe>+ %ort ( ! m>g91 q entire1 becom+ fusc\s !n :iti%4 ,solit>y4 ,inodor\s4 ,! pileus is (t5 /a9$ ) soil4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores elliptical1 #g4ee ,peck2 #g-d ,massee4 ,escul5t & v delicate4 ,paulet4 ,escul5t4 ,cooke4 ,t4 humile ,p]s4--l[1 small4 7,plate ,,xviii1 fig4 #f1 p4 #fj47 ,v v>iable 9 =m & color4 ,cap #b-c 94 across1 convex !n exp&$1 wavy1 flatt5$1 sometimes umbonate1 sometimes depress$1 glabr\s1 occasionally p[d]$ ) ?9 :ite du/1 fragm5ts ( veil1 sometimes viscid4 ,color *anges ) moi/ure1 blacki%1 grayi%1 & hav+ some:at ! appe>ance ( an oy/]4 ,gills r\nd$-adnex$1 ) a slight too?1 arcuately decurr5t1 cr[d$1 #b-c l9es broad1 :iti%4 ,fle% s(t1 :iti% or grayi%4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 up to 94 ?ick1 equal 7mis%ap5 by pressure :5 tuft$71 light gray1 cov]$ ) f9e d[n1 /uff$1 becom+ holl[1 s(t1 fragile4 ,greg>i\s1 usually tuft$4 ,spores #g-he-f ,k4 ,op5 woods1 9 g>d5s1 among c9d]s1 grass1 etc41 ,septemb] to fro/4 ,woodl& ,cemet]y1 ,philadelphia1 #ahig4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,its tuft$ habit & fair size1 fle%y cap ( good flavor1 make x a desirable species4 ,x cooks readily & ! caps are ( f9e flavor4 ,t4 pdidum ,fr4--pdidus1 na/y4 ,pileus ab\t #a- 94 across4 ,fle% v ?91 t\gh1 becom+ :iti%2 bell-%ap$ !n convex1 at l5g? exp&$1 umbonate1 at l5g? depress$ r\nd ! conical1 prom95t umbo1 moi/1 virgate or /reak$ ) innate fibrils radiat+ f ! c5t]1 o!rwise almo/ ev51 smoky-m\se color1 opaque1 m>g9 nak$4 ,gills adnex$ ) a slight decurr5t too?1 slightly s9uate1 cr[d$1 n>r[1 :ite !n gray4 ,/em ab\t #a 94 long & #b l9es ?ick1 base slightly bulb\s1 t\gh1 slightly /riate1 nak$1 d+y-gray4 ,spores elliptic-fusi=m1 #aj-aae-f4 ,9 g>d5s1 on dung-hills1 etc4 ,small1 t\gh1 color d+y1 )\t a trace ( violet t+e4 ,massee4 ,edible4 ,cooks t5d]1 & is ( good flavor1 not)/&+ its "n1 :i* 9 no way applies4 ,t4 subpulv]ul5tum ,p]s4--slightly du/y4 ,pileus #a-b 94 across1 convex !n plane or depress$ 9 c5t]1 ev51 innately pru9ose1 ho>y1 :ite1 :iti%1 grayi%1 m>g9 ext5d+ z a slight rim incurv$ beyond gills4 ,fle% :ite1 ?ick1 firm1 hygrophan\s4 ,gills r\nd$ )\t a too?1 close1 n>r[1 :ite4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #c-e l9es ?ick1 equal1 solid1 some:at /riate1 :iti%4 ,spores #ec ,massee2 #dc ,w4,g4,s4 ,biological gr\nds1 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,philadelphia4 ,may to ,novemb]1 #ahih4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a species "o is glad to f9d4 ,x has a heal?y sub/antial pres5ce full ( promise4 ,x is a solit>y gr[] among grass on lawns & pa/ures1 b its individuals are neighborly4 ,caps & /ems are excell5t4 ,illu/ration ,gr\p$ by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,/udies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,xxiv4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a-b-c4 ,,clitocybe #ajh #h4 ,,clitocybe ,,ame?y/9a1 #ajg ,,o*ropurpurea1 #d4 ,,clitocybe #ajh #i4 ,,clitocybe ,,odora1 #ij ,,o*ropurpurea 7,,section71 #e4 ,,clitocybe ,,maxima1 #ii #aj4 ,,clitocybe ,,laccata1 #ajg #f4 ,,clitocybe ,,maxima #ii #aa4 ,,clitocybe #ajj 7,,section71 ,,infundibuli=mis1 #g4 ,,clitocybe ,,nebul>is1 #he ,,clito,,cybe ,fr4 ,gr4--slop+4 7,f ! depression ( ! pileus47 ,pileus g5]ally fle%y1 becom+ ?9 t[>d ! m>g91 flexible or t\gh1 plane or depress$1 m>g9 involute4 ,gills adnate or decurr5t1 nev] s9uate4 ,/em conflu5t & homog5e\s ) fle% ( pileus1 some:at ela/ic1 ) a spongy /uff+1 frequ5tly becom+ holl[1 ext]nally fibr\s4 ,univ]sal veil :5 pres5t conspicu\s on ! pileus l fro/ or silky dew1 b commonly want+4 ,gr[+ on ! gr\nd1 frequ5tly 9 gr\ps4 ,! ?9n] & hygrophan\s species appe> late 9 autumn4 ,"s are q fragrant4 ,collybia1 ,myc5a & ,omphalia are sep>at$ by _! /ems be+ c>tilag9\s1 n ext]nally fibr\s z 9 ,clitocybe4 ,tri*oloma by its s9uate gills4 ,v>iations 9 species ( ,clitocybe are great4 ,a few are easily fix$ 9 ! g5us1 b _m ( !m w puzzle ! amateur & p]plex ! exp]t4 ,! gills are always atta*$ to ! /em1 & usually run d[n x4 ,!y are n not*$ next to ! /em z 9 ,tri*oloma4 ,l ,tri*oloma1 ,clitocybe has _m species1 mo/ ( :i* are common1 & are probably edible4 ,i !re=e give ,pr(essor ,peck's description ( all ,clitocybes ?us f> submitt$ to him4 ,i "k ( b "o species :i* is injuri\s to "s p]sons--,clitocybe illud5s4 ,_m eat & enjoy x4 ,x does n agree ) o!rs4 ,a few untri$ species are suspici\s to a l ext5t4 ,clitocybe illud5s possesses ! prop]ty ( phosphoresc5ce4 ,sev]al species ( ,clitocybe h n be5 se5 or te/$ by me1 nor h ,i in=mation t ^! h be5 te/$4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,tribes4 ,a4 ,,pileus ,,fle%y1 ,,(t5 ,,pallid ,,:5 ,,dry1 n hygrophan\s4 ,fle% firm1 n wat]y1 nor splitt+ into plates4 ,^? :i* turn pale 9 dry+ diff] f ,s]ies ,b by _! silky lu/]4 ,,disci=mes 7disk-%ap$74 ,page #he4 ,pileus some:at equally fle%y2 convex !n plane or depress$1 obtuse1 regul>2 gills at fir/ adnate or regul>ly adnato-decurr5t4 ,normally solit>y4 99 ,pileus gray or br[ni%4 9999 ,pileus violet or r$di%4 999999 ,pileus becom+ yell[i%4 99999999 ,pileus gre5i%1 becom+ pale4 9999999999 ,pileus :ite1 becom+ %9+ :ite4 ,di/+ui%$ f :ite hygrophan\s species & :ite species ( ,paxillus4 ,,dif=mes 7irregul>ly %ap$74 ,page #id4 ,pileus fle%y 9 ! c5t]1 ?9 at ! m>g91 at fir/ umbonate1 !n exp&$ & depress$1 irregul>4 ,gills unequally decurr5t1 long] 9 "s places ?an 9 o!rs1 sometimes r\nd$ on "o side ( ! /em or only rea*+ x z 9 ,tri*oloma4 ,/em some:at c>tilag9\s ext]nally1 b fibr\s4 ,cespitose1 (t5 gr[n toge!r at base1 v>iable 9 =m1 sometimes solit>y4 ,,infundibuli=mes 7funnel-%ap$74 ,page #ih4 ,pileus becom+ ?9 f ! fle%y c5t] to ! m>g91 at l5g? funnel-%ap$ or deeply umbilicately depress$ 9 ! c5t]4 ,/em spongy1 ext]nally fibr\s4 ,gills deeply & equally decurr5t f ! fir/4 ,pileus (t5 becom+ discolor$ or pallid1 n hygrophan\s4 99 ,pileus color$ or becom+ pale1 ! surface 7at lea/ "u a l5s7 innately flocculose or silky1 bibul\s1 n moi/4 9999 ,pileus color$ or pallid1 smoo?1 moi/ 9 ra9y wea!r4 999999 ,pileus %9+ :iti%1 ) scatt]$ sup]ficial flocci or becom+ smoo?4 ,b4 ,,pileus ,,fle%y-,,membranace\s4 ,fle% ?91 s(t1 wat]y1 hygrophan\s4 ,,cya?i=mes 7cup-%ap$74 ,page #ajd4 ,fle% ( pileus ?91 consi/+ ( two sep>able plates1 disk n compact1 hygrophan\s1 depress$ !n cup-%ap$2 gills at fir/ adnate !n decurr5t1 desc5d+1 /raight4 ,color d+y :5 moi/4 ,,orbi=mes 7r\nd-%ap$74 ,page #aji4 ,pileus some:at fle%y1 hygrophan\s1 convex !n flatt5$ or depress$1 poli%$1 n squamulose nor mealy2 gills plane1 horizontal1 ?91 cr[d$1 adnate or decurr5t ) a small too?4 ,color d+y or becom+ wat]y pale4 99 ,gills becom+ a%-color$4 ,pileus at fir/ d>k4 9999 ,gills :iti%4 ,pileus becom+ pale4 ,,v]si=mes 7v>iable 9 %ape74 ,page #ajf4 ,pileus ?91 convex !n de=m$1 t\gh1 m or less squamulose or furfurace\s2 gills adnate1 broad1 r ?ick1 g5]ally di/ant4 ,color hygrophan\s4 99 ,pileus squalid or br[ni% ) d>k squamules4 ,none kn[n to be edible4 9999 ,pileus bright1 ( "o color4 ,s]ies ,a4 ,i4--,,disci=,,mes4 99 ,pileus gray or br[ni%4 ,c4 nebularis ,bats*4--nebula1 a cl\d4 7,plate ,,xxiv1 fig4 #g1 p4 #hb47 ,! ,cl\d$ clitocybe1 ,clitocybe nebul>is1 takes its "n f ! cl\d$-gray appe>ance ( its ?ick cap1 :i* is at fir/ convex1 b :5 mature1 ei!r flat or a little depress$4 ,its fle% is :ite1 ?icke/ 9 ! middle1 & 9 a v]tical section is se5 to tap] rapidly d[nw>d into ! /em4 ,! gills are close toge!r & r n>r[ = ! size ( ! plant4 ,!y are :ite or yell[i%-:ite4 ,! /\t solid /em usually tap]s upw>d f ! base & is :iti%4 ,! cap is two to f\r in*es or m broad1 ! /em "o to two in*es long & ab\t half an in* ?ick4 ,! ,cl\d$ mu%room gr[s 9 woods1 & sometimes =ms l>ge tufts or clu/]s among fall5 leaves4 ,x is f\nd 9 autumn1 b is n v common 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,au?ors diff] 9 _! e/imate ( ! edible qualities ( ?is mu%room1 b ! m rec5t ones g5]ally agree 9 class+ x z edible4 8,mu%rooms & ,_! ,use10 ,c4,h4 ,peck4 ,spores #d4ec ,cooke2 elliptical #fc4e ,massee2 #cd ,w4,g4,s4 ,!re has be5 great div]sity ( op9ion z to ! edibility ( ?is species on ! cont95t4 ,cordi] & a fri5d suff]$ f x4 ,paulet c\nsel$ mi/ru/4 ,?is fungus is q common 9 ! ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9s & 9 "s p>ts ( ,p5nsylvania & ,new ,j]sey1 :]e ,i h f\nd x4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 limit$ to localities4 ,x is "o ( my favorites1 be+ ( m>k$ flavor & agreeable consi/5cy4 ,i h n kn[n x to h>m anyone4 7,plate ,,xxv47 ,illu/ration3 ,,clitocybe ,,clavipes4 ,ab\t two-?irds natural size4 ,c4 clavipes ,p]s4--clava1 a club2 pes1 a foot4 ,pileus #a-b 94 across1 r convex at fir/1 soon plane1 at l5g? almo/ obconical1 v obtuse1 ev51 glabr\s1 dry1 sometimes all "o color1 br[n1 sooty1 livid-gray1 etc41 sometimes :iti% t[>ds ! m>g91 v r>ely entirely :ite4 ,fle% loose 9 texture1 :ite1 ?9 at ! m>g94 ,gills deeply decurr5t1 cont9u$ d[n ! /em z /raight l9es1 r di/ant1 flaccid1 q entire1 broad1 entirely & p]si/5tly :ite4 ,/em #b 94 long1 base 94 & m ?ick1 conically att5uat$ upw>d1 r fibrillose1 livid1 sooty1 solid1 spongy )94 ,spores elliptical1 #f-gd4 ,9 woods1 especially p9e4 ,resembl+ ,c4 nebul>is 9 color1 b q di/9ct4 ,smell pleasant1 entire sub/ance s(t & ela/ic4 ,fries4 ,spores elliptical1 #f-gd ,massee2 sub-ellipsoid1 #e-gc-d ,k42 #fh ,w4,g4,s4 ,f\nd 9 p9e woods ( ,new ,j]sey1 & "u spruce 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,its sub/ance is spongy1 !re=e does n /ew well4 ,cook$ 9 any o!r way x is delicate & ( excell5t flavor4 ,c4 gangrnosa ,fr4--gangrna1 gangr5e4 ,pileus fle%y1 convex !n plane1 obtuse1 :iti%1 at fir/ spr9kl$ ) :ite p[d]1 !n nak$1 v>iegat$1 /reak$4 ,gills slightly decurr5t1 arcuate1 cr[d$1 d+y-:ite4 ,/em some:at bulb\s1 s(t1 /riate1 spongy1 solid4 ,/9k+2 l>ge1 fle% becom+ blacki% & v>iegat$ ) black4 ,/em curv$1 sometimes exc5tric4 ,pileus :iti%1 "h & !re gre5i%1 livid1 etc4 ,fries4 ,v>4 nigresc5s ,las*4 ,:iti%2 pileus ?91 s(t1 at fir/ convex1 obtuse !n plane1 some:at umbonate1 & some:at depress$2 gills decurr5t1 v mu* cr[d$1 n>r[1 /em solid1 d[ny4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad4 ,/em #a-a 94 long1 #b-c l9es ?ick4 ,odor r sweet1 ta/e unpleasant4 ,cooke4 ,new ,j]sey1 ,haddonfield1 p9e woods4 ,july to ,augu/4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,?is ,clitocybe is 9 e way unattractive4 ,x is n poison\s1 b no "o w\ld c>e to eat x4 7,plate ,,xxvi47 ,illu/ration3 ,,clitocybe ,,m$ia4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,c4 media ,pk4--m$ius1 middle4 ,because int]m$iate betwe5 ,c4 nebul>is & ,c4 clavipes4 ,pileus fle%y1 convex1 becom+ plane or slightly depress$1 dry1 d>k grayi%-br[n1 ! m>g9 (t5 wavy or irregul>1 fle% :ite1 ta/e mild4 ,gills broad1 subdi/ant1 adnate or decurr5t1 :iti%1 ! int]spaces some:at v5ose4 ,/em equal or b slightly ?ick5$ at ! base1 solid1 ela/ic1 n poli%$1 color$ l or a little pal] ?an ! pileus4 ,spores elliptical1 #he4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 #d-h l9es ?ick4 ,mossy gr\nd 9 deep woods4 ,nor? ,elba4 ,septemb]4 ,?is species is int]m$iate betwe5 ,c4 nebul>is & ,c4 clavipes4 ,9 its g5]al appe>ance1 & 9 ! "* ( ! pileus & /em1 x resembles ,c4 nebul>is1 b 9 ! "* ( ! m di/ant gills & 9 ! size ( ! spores x is ne>] ,c4 clavipes1 ( :i* x might p]haps be reg>d$ z a v>iety4 ,two =ms are di/+ui%able4 ,9 "o ! gills are m di/ant1 slightly r\nd$ beh9d1 & adnate or abruptly t]m9at$2 9 ! o!r !y are clos] & m di/9ctly decurr5t4 ,! plant is edible4 ,peck1 #db;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,i h kn[n ?is fungus v favorably s9ce #ahhc1 & reg>d x z "o ( ! be/4 ,i h se5 x 9 ! ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9s only1 b x w probably be f\nd 9 cool1 %ad$1 high localities all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,bo? x & ! ,c4 nebul>is are well wor?y ( se>*4 ,c4 vilesc5s ,pk4--vilesco1 ( little value4 ,pileus convex1 !n plane or depress$1 (t5 irregul>1 glabr\s1 slightly pru9ose on ! involute m>g91 br[n or grayi%-br[n1 becom+ pal] ) age1 (t5 conc5trically rivulose4 ,gills close1 adnate or decurr5t1 c9]e\s1 sometimes t+$ ) d+y-yell[4 ,/em %ort1 solid1 sometimes compress$1 grayi%-br[n1 ) a :iti% tom5tum at ! base4 ,spores subglobose or broadly elliptical1 #e-f4e2 fle% :iti%-gray1 odor slight4 ,plant greg>i\s1 #a-b 94 high4 ,pileus #a-a4e 94 broad4 ,/em #a-b l9es ?ick4 ,grassy pa/ures4 ,jamesville1 ,augu/4 ,peck1 #cc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,a pale =m ( ?is species gr[s on s&y soil1 9 :i* ! pileus is smoky :ite1 b x becomes grayi%-br[n 9 dry+4 ,! mycelium b9ds toge!r a mass ( s&1 s t :5 ! plant is tak5 up c>efully a little ball ( s&y soil adh]es to ! base ( ! /em4 ,! /em is sometimes pru9ose4 ,! flavor is mild & agreeable4 ,peck1 #ej? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,sometimes pl5tiful ab\t ,philadelphia4 ,edible4 ,caps t5d]1 slight flavor4 ,c4 comitialis ,fr4--belong+ to an assembly4 ,pileus ab\t #a 94 across1 fle%y1 convex1 !n plane1 obtuse1 ev51 glabr\s1 r moi/ b n hygrophan\s1 e "p color$ alike1 sooty-umb]1 almo/ black4 ,fle% firm1 :ite4 ,gills v slightly decurr5t1 horizontal1 plane1 ?91 cr[d$1 :ite4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #c-d l9es ?ick1 equally att5uat$ upw>d f ! base1 glabr\s1 sooty1 ela/ic1 /uff$4 ,spores elliptical1 #g-hd4 ,damp places among mosses 9 p9e woods1 etc4 ,di/+ui%$ by ! blacki% color ( ! almo/ flat pileus1 & ! v slightly decurr5t gills4 ,some:at alli$ to ,c4 clavipes1 b firm]1 small] & inodor\s4 ,massee4 ,r r>e4 ,f\nd 9 ,new ,j]sey among p9es2 9 ,p5nsylvania 9 mix$ woods4 ,edible4 ,good texture & flavor4 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph$ by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,wei/4 ,,plate ,,xxvii4 ,,clitocybe ,,monadelpha4 9999 ,violet or r$di%4 ,c4 cyanopha ,fr4 ,gr4--blue4 ,pileus #c-d 94 broad1 becom+ blui%-dusky-br[n1 compact1 convex !n plane1 obtuse1 smoo?4 ,/em #c 94 long1 #a 94 ?ick at ! base1 att5uat$ upw>d1 robu/1 solid1 smoo?1 becom+ azure-blue :5 "y1 abruptly :ite at ! apex4 ,gills deeply decurr5t1 cr[d$1 violace\s1 !n becom+ pale4 ,new ,york1 ,albion4 ,9 woods4 ,octob]4 ,edible4 ,dr4 ,e4,l4 ,cu%+4 ,specim5s s5t to me by ,dr4 ,cu%+ are ! fir/ & only ones ( ! species ,i h se54 ,! description is accurate4 ,! spores 7 cream color4 ,c4 monadelpha ,morg4--monas1 s+le2 adelphos1 a bro!r4 ,f its cespitose habit4 7,plate ,,xxvii47 ,d5sely cespitose4 ,pileus fle%y1 convex !n depress$1 at fir/ glabr\s1 !n scaly1 honey color1 v>y+ to pallid-br[ni% or r$di%4 ,/em elongat$1 solid1 crook$1 twi/$1 fibr\s1 tap]+ at ! base1 pallid-br[ni% or fle% color4 ,gills %ort1 decurr5t1 n cr[d$1 pallid fle% color4 ,spores :ite1 a little irregul>1 #g4ee4e4 ,on ! gr\nd 9 wet woods1 spr+ to late autumn4 ,pileus #a-c 94 ,/em #c-g 94 ,morgan4 ,grassy places4 ,m5&s4 ,albany c\nty4 ,septemb]4 ,edible4 ,resembl+ ,armill>ia mellea1 b di/+ui%$ f x by ! abs5ce ( a coll> f ! /em1 by ! m decid$ly decurr5t lamell & by ! solid /em4 ,x is also m agreeable 9 flavor4 ,x is relat$ to ,c4 illud5s 9 habit & mann] ( gr[?4 ,peck1 #ea/ ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores #he ,peck4 ,octob] #ae1 #ahih4 ,id5tifi$ by ,pr(essor ,peck4 ,septemb] until fro/4 ,gr[s 9 great clu/]s ab\t roots1 etc41 at ,mt4 ,gretna4 ,frequ5tly mu* wat]-soak$ & un9vit+4 ,ta/e v>iable1 sometimes /rong1 woody4 ,x is edible1 b c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 collect+ to get "y1 fre% gr\ps4 ,c4 socialis ,fr4--socius1 a companion4 ,pileus ab\t #a 94 broad1 pale-yell[i% ) a r$di% t+e1 fle%y1 convex !n exp&$1 acutely umbonate especially :5 "y1 ev51 smoo?1 dry4 ,fle% mod]ately ?91 :ite4 ,/em #a 94 long1 #b l9es or a little m ?ick1 solid1 fibr\s1 commonly asc5d+1 smoo?1 r$di%1 ! root+ base hairy4 ,gills plano-decurr5t1 sc>cely cr[d$1 becom+ yell[4 ,fries4 ,a v pretty species1 d5sely greg>i\s1 inodor\s4 ,! /em is %ea!d-hairy at ! base l ,m>asmius p]onatus4 ,its greate/ aff9ity is ) ,a4 v]nicosus1 ( :i* x is p]haps a v>iety4 ,/ev5son4 ,q common 9 p9e woods ( ,new ,j]sey4 ,?\gh small1 goodly messes ( x may be ga!r$ f its pat*es4 ,! caps make a pleas+ di%4 999999 ,pileus becom+ yell[4 ,none report$ z te/$ = edibility4 99999999 ,pileus gre5i% or becom+ pallid4 ,c4 odora ,bull4--odorus1 fragrant4 7,plate ,,xxiv1 fig4 #i1 p4 #hb47 ,fragrant4 ,pileus ab\t #b 94 across1 fle% r ?ick1 t\gh2 soon plane & wavy1 ev51 smoo?1 pale d+y gre51 silky :5 dry4 ,gills adnate1 r close1 broad1 gre5i% or pallid4 ,/em ab\t #a-a 94 long1 #b l9es ?ick1 base incrassat$1 ela/ic1 /uff$4 ,spores elliptical1 #f-hd-e4 ,9 woods4 ,massee4 ,readily di/+ui%$ by ! /rong1 anise$ smell1 d+y blui%-gre5 pileus1 & ! pallid or gre5i% gills4 ,sometimes some:at cespitose4 ,t\gh2 size v>iable1 color v>ies betwe5 pale gre5 & gre5i%-gray1 usually all color$ alike1 b ! gills are sometimes :ite2 smell pleasant1 spicy1 especially :5 dry4 ,fries4 ,spores #fe ,k42 #hd ,b4 ,a r delicate1 ev5 exquisite di%4 ,cooke4 ,edible4 ,exce$+ly spicy4 ,! flavor is pleasant1 b r /rong4 ,a few specim5s mix$ ) o!rs ( l texture b less flavor make a ta/y di%4 ,c4 rivulosa ,p]s4--rivus1 a /ream4 7,nam$ f rivulet-l /reaks on pileus47 ,pileus #a-c 94 across1 fle% ?91 convex !n plane & depress$1 obtuse1 (t5 undulately lob$1 d+y fle%-color or r$di%1 becom+ pale1 glabr\s1 !n cov]$ ) a :iti% d[n4 ,gills slightly decurr5t1 broad1 r cr[d$1 p9ki%-:ite4 ,/em ab\t #b 94 long1 #c-d l9es ?ick1 r fibrillose1 t\gh1 ela/ic1 :iti%1 /uff$4 ,spores elliptical1 #fc4e4 ,massee4 ,among grass by road-sides1 etc4 ,n common1 b :5 f\nd x is basket-fill+4 ,i h f\nd x 9 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey & ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,edible4 ,! caps are r t\gh b become glut9\s & t5d] :5 well cook$4 ,flavor f9e4 9999999999 ,pileus :ite1 %9+ :5 dry4 ,c4 c]ussata ,fr4--c]ussa1 :ite lead4 ,pileus #a-c 94 across1 fle% ?ick at ! disk1 becom+ ?9 t[>d ! m>g92 convex !n almo/ plane1 obtuse1 ev51 m9utely floccose !n almo/ glabr\s1 :ite4 ,gills adnate1 !n decurr5t1 v mu* cr[d$1 ?91 p]man5tly :ite4 ,/em ab\t #b 94 long1 #c-e l9es ?ick1 smoo?1 t\gh1 ela/ic1 nak$1 spongy & solid1 :ite4 ,among dead leaves1 etc4 ,ta/e mild1 smell almo/ obsolete4 ,/em r ?ick5$ at ! base & (t5 tom5tose4 ,pileus said to be gibb\s1 b n umbonate nor becom+ rufesc5t4 ,gills n *ang+ to yell[i%4 ,fries4 ,spores #c ,w4,g4,s4 ,edible4 ,good4 ,c4 phyllophila ,fr4 ,gr4--leaf-lov+4 ,:iti%-tan4 ,pileus #a-c 94 across1 r fle%y1 convex !n plane1 becom+ umbilicate & depress$1 sometimes wavy1 smoo? & ev54 ,gills ?91 subdi/ant1 :ite !n t+$ ) o*]1 r broad1 v slightly decurr5t4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 equal1 /uff$ !n holl[1 :iti%1 t\gh1 silky-fibrillose4 ,spores #fd4 ,among leaves 9 woods1 etc4 ,spores #fd ,massee2 #fc ,w4,g4,s42 #e4eb4h ,morgan4 ,f\nd at ,devon1 ,pa41 #ahhh2 ,angora1 ,we/ ,philadelphia1 #ahig4 ,x is equal to ! ,pleurotus o/reatus 7oy/] mu%room7 9 texture1 b n s high 9 flavor4 ,well cook$ x is an agreeable & valuable food4 ,c4 pi?yophila ,secr4 ,gr4--p9e-lov+4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad1 dead-:ite :5 moi/1 %9+ :iti% :5 dry1 fle%y b ?91 r plane1 umbilicate1 at l5g? irregul>ly %ap$1 rep& & undulato-lob$1 ev51 smoo?1 flaccid1 ! m>g9 slightly /riate :5 old4 ,/em some:at holl[1 r\nd$ !n compress$1 equal1 ev51 smoo?1 obsoletely or sc>cely pru9ose at ! apex1 :ite tom5tose at ! 7n bulb\s7 base4 ,gills adnate1 some:at decurr5t1 v cr[d$1 plane1 #b-c l9es broad1 di/9ct1 q entire1 :ite4 ,odor n rem>kable1 b pleasant4 ,greg>i\s1 some:at cespitose2 :ite inde$1 b :5 moi/ wat]y & some:at hygrophan\s1 9 :i* x evid5tly diff]s f ,a4 phyllophila4 ,a4 tuba1 :i* appe>s 9 ! same places1 is v l x4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores #f-gd ,b4 ,massa*usetts1 ,sprague2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,bull4 #ahhg4 ,albion1 ,orleans c\nty1 ,n4,y41 ,octob]1 #ahih1 ,dr4 ,cu%+4 ,sev]al specim5s receiv$ 7 cle>ly ref]able to ,c4 pi?yophila1 ?\gh v>y+ 9 hav+ caps deeply depress$ b n umbilicate4 ,! :ite tom5tosity at base 0 pres5t b indi/9ct4 ,f\r specim5s 7 eat5 & f\nd good4 ,eat5 enjoyably by ,dr4 ,cu%+4 ,c4 fuscipes ,pk4--fuscus1 dirty2 pes1 a foot4 ,pileus ?91 broadly convex or plane1 umbilicate1 glabr\s1 :iti% & /riatulate :5 moi/1 pure :ite :5 dry1 odor & ta/e f>9ace\s4 ,gills ne>ly plane1 subdi/ant1 adnate or slightly decurr5t1 :ite4 ,/em equal1 glabr\s or slightly mealy at ! top1 holl[1 d+y br[n :5 moi/1 pal] :5 dry4 ,spores globose1 #e-f4 ,pileus #d-h l9es broad4 ,/em ab\t #a 94 long4 ,"u p9e trees4 ,c>rollton4 ,septemb]4 ,peck1 #dd? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,edible4 ,its small size gives x m9or importance1 b a quantity ( x makes an excell5t meal4 ,c4 cdicans ,p]s4--c&ico1 to be %9+ :ite4 ,entirely :ite4 ,pileus ab\t #a 94 across1 fle% ?91 convex !n plane or slightly depress$1 umbilicate1 regul> or slightly exc5tric1 ev51 ) an adpress$ silk9ess1 %9+1 %9+ :ite :5 dry4 ,gills adnate !n slightly decurr5t1 cr[d$1 v ?91 n>r[1 /raight4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 #a-b l9es ?ick1 ev51 glabr\s1 c>tilag9\s1 poli%$1 equal1 holl[1 base incurv$1 root+1 d[ny4 ,spores broadly elliptical or subglobose1 #e-fd4 ,massee4 ,among damp fall5 leaves1 etc4 ,entirely :ite1 small1 r t\gh2 approa*+ ,omphalia 9 ! /ructure ( ! /em4 ,! foll[+ =m is describ$ by ,fries z occurr+ 9 p9e woods3 ,/em ?91 flexu\s1 base glabr\s2 pileus plane1 n umbilicate1 nak$ 7)\t silky d[n74 ,gills sc>cely decurr5t4 ,a rem>kable =m b sc>cely to be sep>at$ z a species4 ,fries4 ,q common 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,! caps are excell5t :5 well cook$4 ,c4 dealbata ,s[4--dealbo1 to :itewa%4 ,pileus ab\t #a 94 or a little m broad1 :ite1 slightly fle%y1 t\gh1 convex !n plane & at l5g? revolute & undulat$1 always dry 7n wat]y 9 ra9y wea!r71 ev51 smoo?1 some:at %9+1 b z if innately pru9ose "u a l5s4 ,fle% ?91 arid1 :ite4 ,/em #a 94 long1 #b l9es ?ick1 /uff$1 :olly fibr\s1 at l5g? also tub$1 equal1 b (t5 asc5d+1 :iti%1 mealy at ! apex4 ,gills adnate1 sc>cely decurr5t1 ?91 cr[d$1 :ite4 ,pileus sometimes orbicul>1 sometimes upturn$ & wavy4 ,odor weak1 pleasant1 b n v rem>kable4 ,mo/ di/9ct f ,a4 c&icans 9 ! nature ( ! /em4 ,edible4 ,its top is exce$+ly l ivory4 ,its *>m+ flavor is exce$$ by v few o!r fungi4 ,/ev5son4 ,among leaves & grass4 ,woodl& ,cemet]y1 ,philadelphia4 ,?is *>m+ fungus is common ov] ! l&4 ,i h kn[n x s9ce #ahha1 & f\nd x f ,nor? ,c>ol9a to ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,c4 robusta ,pk4--robu/us1 /\t4 ,pileus ?ick1 firm1 at fir/ convex1 soon plane or slightly depress$ 9 ! c5t]1 glabr\s1 :ite1 ! m>g9 at fir/ involute or decurv$1 nak$4 ,fle% :ite4 ,gills n>r[1 close1 decurr5t1 :iti%4 ,/em /\t1 r %ort1 solid1 glabr\s1 equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 (t5 ) a bulb\s base1 :ite4 ,spores elliptical1 #hd-e4 ,pileus #c-d 94 broad4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 #h-ab l9es ?ick4 ,woods among fall5 leaves4 ,catskill m\nta9s4 ,septemb] to ,novemb]4 ,?is l>ge & robu/ fungus is closely alli$ to ,c4 c&ida ,bres41 f :i* x diff]s 9 ! nak$ m>g9 ( ! pileus1 ! abs5ce ( any m>k$ odor & especially 9 ! m elliptical %ape ( its spores4 ,! same plant has be5 collect$ 9 ,m>yl& by ,mr4 ,l4,j4 ,atwat]1 :o consid]s x edible1 hav+ eat5 x ) satisfaction & safety4 ,peck1 #di? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,?is fungus is q pl5tiful 9 ,p5nsylvania & 9 op5 oak woods 9 ,new ,j]sey4 ,its size & sometimes greg>i\s gr[? give x a p]man5t food value4 ,its texture is co>se1 b :5 cook$ x is highly satisfactory4 ,c4 gall9acea ,scop4--gall9a1 a h54 ,application n app>5t4 ,:ite2 acrid4 ,pileus #a-a 94 across1 r fle%y at ! disk1 m>g9 ?92 convex !n depress$1 b n funnel-%ap$1 ev51 dry1 opaque4 ,gills slightly decurr5t1 n>r[1 cr[d$1 ?94 ,/em ab\t #a 94 long1 #b l9es ?ick1 equal1 ev51 solid4 ,among grass1 moss1 etc4 ,resembl+ ,c4 dealbata 9 =m1 b small]1 opaque1 d+y-:ite1 ta/e some:at acrid4 ,/em solid1 b n c>tilag9\s1 ab\t #b 94 long1 equal1 asc5d+ or flexu\s1 exc5tric1 at fir/ floccosely mealy1 always opaque1 :ite4 ,pileus slightly fle%y1 convex !n plane1 n depress$1 obtuse1 -#a 94 broad1 unequal1 dry1 pru9osely ho>y2 fle% :ite1 compact1 b ?94 ,gills adnato-decurr5t1 ?91 cr[d$1 plane4 ,fries4 ,x loses its acridity 9 cook+ & is q equal to ,c4 dealbata4 ,c4 truncicola ,pk4--truncus1 trunk ( a tree4 ,pileus ?91 firm1 exp&$ or slightly depress$ 9 ! c5t]1 smoo?1 dry1 :ite4 ,gills n>r[1 ?91 cr[d$1 adnate-decurr5t4 ,/em equal1 /uff$1 smoo?1 (t5 exc5tric & curv$1 :iti%4 ,plant #a 94 high4 ,pileus #a 94 broad4 ,/em #a l9e ?ick4 ,trunks ( frondose trees1 especially maples4 ,croghan4 ,septemb]4 ,peck1 #bf? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores #ec4e ,morgan4 ,f\nd on maple trees 9 ,we/ ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,edible4 ,good quality4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p$ by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,/udies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,xxviia4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,clitocybe ,,multiceps1 #ie #b4 ,,clitocybe ,,multiceps1 #ie ,,v>4 ,,ii4--,,dif=,,mes4 ,c4 decastes ,fr4 ,gr4--a decade2 a numb] ( t54 ,f ! /ems be+ (t5 jo9$ 9 bundles ( ab\t t54 ,d5sely cespitose4 ,pileus #e-ab 94 across1 soon almo/ plane1 disk gibb\s or obtuse2 m>g9 at fir/ %ortly incurv$1 !n exp&$1 v mu* wav$ & (t5 lob$1 ev51 glabr\s1 d+y-br[n or livid :5 moi/1 pale clay-color :5 dry4 ,fle% exce$+ly ?9 except at ! disk1 :iti%4 ,/em #d-g 94 long1 -#a 94 ?ick1 usually slightly ?9n] upw>d1 r s(t1 entirely fibr\s1 solid1 :ite1 usually curv$ & asc5d+1 coalesc5t into a solid mass at ! base4 ,gills adnato-decurr5t1 or (t5 m or less adnex$1 up to 94 broad1 r n>r[$ t[>ds ! m>g91 (t5 wavy4 ,spores globose1 smoo?1 #d diamet]4 ,on ! gr\nd & on sawdu/4 ,albion1 ,orleans c\nty1 ,n4,y41 ,dr4 ,cu%+4 ,octob]1 #ahih4 ,on gr\nd 9 grassy places 7,woodl& ,cemet]y1 ,may #bb1 #ahig74 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,p>ticul>ly welcome to toad/ool lov]s are ! e>ly com]s4 ,! pres5t species is among ! fir/4 ,x is ri* 9 quantity1 sub/ance & flavor4 ,c4 multiceps ,pk4--multus1 _m2 caput1 a head4 7,plate ,,xxviia1 p4 #id47 ,pileus fle%y1 ?9 except on ! disk1 firm1 convex1 slightly moi/ 9 wet wea!r1 :iti%1 grayi% or yell[i%-gray4 ,fle% :ite1 ta/e mild4 ,gills close1 adnate & slightly decurr5t1 :iti%4 ,/ems d5sely cespitose1 equal or slightly ?ick5$ at ! base1 solid or /uff$1 firm1 ela/ic1 slightly pru9ose at ! apex1 :iti%4 ,spores globose1 #e-h4 ,pileus #a-c 94 broad4 ,/em #b-d 94 long1 #c-f l9es ?ick4 ,op5 places1 grassy gr\nd1 etc4 ,albany & ,s&lake4 ,june & ,octob]4 ,?is species =ms d5se tufts1 (t5 compos$ ( _m individuals4 ,9 ?is respect x is relat$ to su* species z ,c4 tumulosa1 ,c4 aggregata & ,c4 illud5s4 ,f ! cr[d+ toge!r ( _m individuals ! pileus is (t5 irregul>4 ,sometimes ! disk is br[ni% & occasionally slightly silky4 ,! gills are sometimes slightly s9uate1 ?us indicat+ a relation%ip to ! species ( ,tri*oloma4 ,! ta/e1 ?\gh mild1 is some:at oily & unpleasant4 ,! plants appe> 9 wet1 ra9y wea!r1 ei!r e>ly 9 ! season or 9 autumn4 ,specim5s h be5 s5t to me f ,massa*usetts by ,r4,k4 ,macadam & ,pr(essor ,f>l[1 & f ,p5nsylvania by ,dr4 ,w4 ,h]b/4 ,peck1 #dc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,9 ,may1 & 9 autumn mon?s4 ,v v>iable 9 size1 color1 %ape ( gills1 texture & ta/e4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,! e>ly spr+ clu/]s are rem>kable = _! t5d]ness & excell5ce4 ,clu/]s ( hundr$s ( individuals grew abundantly at ,mt4 ,gretna 9 ,may1 #ahii4 ,:5 ! fungus 0 "y ! gills 7 sometimes adnate1 almo/ free1 (t5 decurr5t4 ,! v>y+ color ( oy/]s is well se5 9 ,c4 multiceps4 ,edible4 ,!y %\ld be well cook$4 ,! addition ( a little lemon juice or %]ry conceals a slight raw ta/e sometimes pres5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph$ by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,wei/--,pa9t$ by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,xxixa4 ,,page4 ,,clitocybe ,,illud5s #if ,c4 illud5s ,s*w4--mock+1 deceiv+4 7,plate ,,xxixa1 p4 #if47 ,pileus fle%y1 convex or exp&$1 smoo?1 g5]ally ) a small umbo4 ,gills n cr[d$1 unequally decurr5t1 "s ( !m bran*$1 n>r[$ t[>d ea* end1 ! edge1 9 dry specim5s1 discolor$4 ,/em firm1 solid1 long1 smoo?1 tap]+ at ! base4 ,height #e-h 941 bread? ( pileus #d-f 94 ,/em #f-h l9es ?ick4 ,spores #d-e ,peck4 ,gr[s 9 clumps or l>ge masses ab\t /umps or decay+ trees f ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,its bright1 deep yell[ is attractive f a di/ance4 ,z _m z fifty plants may =m a clu/]4 ,cap f #b-f 941 fle%y1 convex or exp&$1 (t5 ) a rais$ c5t] directly ov] ! /em2 fle% juicy & yell[2 gills yell[1 widely sep>at$1 runn+ d[n /em unequally2 /em long1 firm1 solid1 smoo?1 tap]+ t[>d base4 ,:5 cook$ ! ta/e is r saponace\s4 ,/rong /oma*s c reta9 a meal ( !m1 b ! fungus g5]ally sick5s ! eat]4 ,_m te/+s %[ x to conta9 a m9or poison4 ,x is n deadly1 b %\ld n be eat54 ,bull4 ,no4 #b1 ,phila4 ,myc4 ,c5t]4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bc-di4 ,well kn[n 9 s\!rn /ates4 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,mill]4 ,! my/]i\s prop]ty ( phosphoresc5ce is possess$ by ?is fungus4 ,z heat is kn[n to develop 9 masses ( ! fungus x is ( int]e/ to "k :e!r x is f ! phosphoresc5ce or a f]m5t4 ,its radiance by night surpasses its spl5dor by day4 ,mr4 ,h4,i4 ,mill]1 ( ,t]re ,haute1 ,ind41 fir/ drew ! writ]'s att5tion to ?is quality4 ,a l>ge box ( specim5s s5t by him reta9$ _! lum9\s quality aft] ?ree days ( travel to su* an ext5t t ! pr9t ( a newspap] c\ld be read :5 held close to ! mass4 ,mr4 ,mill] writes3 8,!re is some?+ ab\t ?is fungus :i* g5]ates heat4 ,:5 ,i br+ 9 a basketful ( x1 = ! pleasure its phosphoresc5ce af=ds my fri5ds1 ,i f9d t aft] hav+ be5 9 ! basket = two or ?ree h\rs1 & :ile pil$ "o bun* ^u top ( ano!r1 t to ins]t "o's h& among ! diff]5t clu/]s is l putt+ x close to a hot /ove40 ,?is fungus is s invit+ 9 quantity & beauty t "o turns f x ) a regret t l+]s4 ,eat5 9 quantity x acts ^u "s p]sons z an emetic4 ,i h sev]al times eat5 ( x )\t o!r ?an pleasurable s5sations1 b p]sons p>tak+ ( ! same cook+ h be5 sick5$4 ,c4 fumosa ,p]s4--fumus1 smoke4 ,pileus #a-c 94 across1 fle%y1 m>g9 ?92 convex1 (t5 gibb\s :5 "y1 regul> or wavy1 ev51 pellicle n sep>able1 glabr\s1 sooty-br[n1 soon livid or gray :5 dry4 ,gills adnate 9 regul> =ms1 b (t5 decurr5t :5 ! pileus is irregul>1 cr[d$1 di/9ct1 grayi%-:ite f ! fir/4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #c-f l9es ?ick1 almo/ equal1 (t5 twi/$ or curv$1 glabr\s1 d+y-:ite1 apex mealy1 solid1 fibr\s4 ,spores subglobose1 #e-f diam4 ,9 woods4 ,autumn4 ,greg>i\s1 some:at cespitose1 t\gh1 r c>tilag9\s4 ,pileus truly obtuse1 nev] /reak$1 (t5 regul>4 ,smell none4 ,fries4 ,v>4 polius4 ,d5sely & connately cespitose4 ,pileus convex1 !n plane1 obtuse1 smoo?1 gray4 ,/em flexu\s1 smoo?4 ,gills cr[d$1 :iti%4 ,edible4 ,cooke1 #ahia4 ,v>4 polius f\nd gr[+ 9 l>ge quantities 9 ,bo/on navy y>d 9 /one b>n4 ,det]m9$ by ,pr(essor ,peck4 ,a fair edible4 ,r4,k4 ,macadam4 ,?is woods-gr[+ ,clitocybe has be5 _m times f\nd by me 9 a hot-h\se 9 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j4 ,pr(essor ,peck confirm$ my id5tification4 ,ei!r its spores or mycelium _h evid5tly be5 c>ri$ ?i!r 9 ! wood-e>? us$ by flori/s4 ,! hot-h\se crops appe>$ 9 ,m>*1 & cont9u$ until ,june4 ,sev]al ( ! plants %[$ an ef=t to comply ) "s condition unusual to !m1 by produc+ gills ^u ! upp] side ( ! pileus4 ,^? bel[ 7 v5ose & crisp$4 ,?is wild species _h ?us be5 br\ght into cultivation4 ,! cultivat$ plants 7 mu* m t5d] ?an ! wild4 ,bo? are excell5t4 ,c4 connexa ,pk4--connexus1 jo9$4 ,f its relation to ,tri*oloma4 ,pileus ?91 convex or exp&$1 subumbonate1 clo!d ) a m9ute appress$ silk9ess1 :ite1 ! m>g9 sometimes fa9tly t+$ ) blue4 ,gills cr[d$1 n>r[1 :ite incl9+ to yell[i%4 ,/em equal or tap]+ d[nw>d1 solid1 :iti%4 ,plant #b-c 94 high4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad4 ,/em #b l9es ?ick4 ,gr\nd 9 woods4 ,croghan4 ,septemb]4 ,! gills sometimes t]m9ate r abruptly & are n /rongly decurr5t1 h5ce x might easily be mi/ak5 = a ,tri*oloma4 ,! m>g9 ( ! pileus is sometimes m>k$ ) slight ridges z 9 ,ag4 lat]>ius4 ,! odor is weak b aromatic & agreeable4 ,peck1 #bf? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,f\nd 9 pl5ty 9 oak woods ne> ,philadelphia1 & 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia2 a few specim5s 9 s\!rn ,new ,j]sey4 ,autumn4 ,edible1 & q equal to mo/ ( ! ,clitocybes4 ,c4 tumulosa ,kal*br4--tumulus1 a m\nd4 ,cespitose4 ,pileus #a-b 94 across1 disk fle%y1 m>g9 ?92 conico-convex !n exp&$1 obtusely umbonate or obtuse1 ev51 glabr\s1 br[ni%-umb]1 becom+ pale1 m>g9 droop+4 ,gills m or less decurr5t or slightly em>g9ate1 cr[d$ n>r[1 :ite1 !n grayi%4 ,/em #c-e 94 long1 unequal1 usually ?ick] bel[1 m9utely d[ny1 pallid1 solid4 ,on ! gr\nd 9 woods4 ,spr+ & autumnal mon?s4 ,readily di/+ui%$ by ! d5sely clu/]$ habit1 & ! umb] pileus4 ,! gills are v v>iable1 sometimes di/9ctly decurr5t1 at o!rs r\nd$ beh9d1 & almo/ resembl+ a ,tri*oloma4 ,spores subglobose1 #e-f4 ,massee4 ,cali=nia1 ,h4 & ,m42 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #db4 ,s5t to me by ,mrs4 ,m>y ,full]1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 ,! specim5s eat5 7 ( good consi/5cy & flavor4 ,,iii4--,,infundibul=,,mes4 99 ,pileus color$ or becom+ pale1 etc41 surface innately flocculose or silky2 n moi/4 ,c4 gigantea ,s[4--giganteus1 ( gigantic size4 ,pileus #f-aj 94 across4 ,fle% r ?9 9 proportion to ! size ( ! fungus1 :ite1 or t+$ ) tan1 glabr\s :5 moi/1 slightly flocculose :5 dry2 m>g9 involute !n spread+1 glabr\s1 r co>sely groov$4 ,gills slightly decurr5t1 broad1 v mu* cr[d$1 bran*$ & connect$ by ve9s1 :iti% !n pale tan-color1 n sep>at+ spontane\sly f ! hym5ophore4 ,/em #a-b 94 long & ne>ly ! same 9 ?ickness1 equal1 pallid1 solid4 ,spores :ite1 #ec4 ,9 woods1 etc4 ,a v di/9ct species1 v %[y1 l>ge1 subcespitose1 entirely :iti% tan-color2 )\t close aff9ities4 ,/em solid1 compact1 & firm inside & outside1 #b 94 long1 94 ?ick1 equal1 ev51 glabr\s4 ,pileus depress$ f ! fir/1 !n broadly1 i4 e41 plano-infundibuli=m1 ?9 b equally fle%y1 s(t1 n flaccid1 b easily splitt+ f ! m>g9 t[>d ! c5t] 7almo/ pap]y & involute :5 old71 upw>d ( a foot broad1 (t5 exc5tric & g5]ally s9uately lob$1 moi/ & adpress$ly d[ny :5 gr[+1 slightly flocculose & crack$ into scales :5 dry2 m>g9 at fir/ v ?91 involute1 pubesc5t1 soon spread+1 glabr\s1 at l5g? revolute1 co>sely furr[$ or radiately wr9kl$4 ,gills slightly decurr5t1 closely cr[d$1 almo/ #c l9es broad 7#b-c times z broad z ?ickness ( fle% ( pileus71 connect$ by ve9s1 ?91 fragile1 /raight1 b sometimes v>y+ to crisp$ & ana/omos+1 :iti% !n yell[i% or t+$ ) ruf\s1 smell weak4 ,fries4 ,?is species 0 plac$ 9 ,clitocybe 9 ,sy/4 ,myc4 & ,epicrisis1 b 9 ,hym4 ,europ4 ,fries remov$ x to ,paxillus 9 :i* he is foll[$ by ,/ev5son4 ,cooke & ,massee cont9ue x 9 ,clitocybe4 ,dr4 ,som]s f\nd "o measur+ ov] #ae in*es 9 diamet]4 ,r4,k4,m4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s*we9itz4 ,edible1 ,curtis2 ,wiscons91 ,bundy2 ,cali=nia1 ,h4 & ,m42 ,nova ,scotia1 ,dr4 ,som]s4 ,l>ge quantities ( ,clitocybe gigantea gr[ 9 ! ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9s1 & 9 woods ar\nd ,philadelphia4 ,july to ,novemb]4 ,its sub/ance is co>se1 b ( good flavor4 ,x %\ld be *opp$ f9e4 ,c4 maxima ,grtn & ,mey]4 7,fl4 ,wett47--greate/4 7,plate ,,xxiv1 fig4 #e1 page #hb47 ,pileus z mu* z #a foot broad1 becom+ pale-tan or :iti%1 fle%y1 compact at ! disk1 o!rwise ?91 some:at flaccid 7n capable ( be+ split71 broadly funnel-%ap$1 gibb\s ) a c5tral umbo1 always v dry1 ! surface becom+ silky-ev5 or squamulose2 m>g9 involute1 pubesc5t1 always ev54 ,fle% :ite1 at l5g? s(t4 ,/em z mu* z #d 94 long1 #a 94 ?ick1 solid1 compact1 b int]nally spongy1 ela/ic1 att5uat$ upw>d1 fibrillose/riate1 :iti%4 ,gills deeply decurr5t1 po9t$ at bo? ends1 some:at cr[d$1 s(t1 simple1 :iti%1 n *angeable4 ,! pileus is always v dry because ! surface absorbs moi/ure4 ,odor weak1 pleasant1 almo/ t ( ,a4 infundibuli=mis4 ,on acc\nt ( its gigantic /ature & color1 x has (t5 be5 int]*ang$ ) ,a4 gigantea ,s[42 x is 9 no wise1 h[ev]1 alli$ to t species1 b is s closely alli$ to ,a4 infundibuli=mis t x might be tak5 = a v luxuriant =m ( x4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores #fd ,massee2 #ec1 ,w4,g4,s4 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/2 ,cali=nia1 ,h4 & ,m4 ,common 9 ! ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9s1 mix$ woods 9 ,new ,j]sey & ,p5nsylvania4 ,june to ,novemb]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,x is co>se1 dry1 h>d1 b *opp$ f9e & cook$ 9 v>i\s ways1 ei!r by itself or ) meats1 x is a good food4 ,c4 infundibuli=mis ,s*aeff4--infundibulum1 a funnel2 =ma1 =m4 7,plate ,,xxiv1 fig4 #aa1 p4 #hb47 ,! ,funnel-=m clitocybe1 ,clitocybe infundibuli=mis1 is a neat & pretty species easily recogniz$ by ! funnel %ape ( its mature cap & by its pale r$ color4 ,:5 v "y ! cap is slightly convex & (t5 adorn$ ) a slight umbo 9 its c5t]4 ,z x matures ! m>g9 becomes elevat$ s t ! cap assumes a %ape some:at resembl+ t ( a w9e glass4 ,! m>g9 is sometimes wavy4 ,! fle% is ?9 & :ite4 ,! gills are close1 ?91 :ite or :iti% & decurr5t4 ,! /em is smoo?1 color$ l or a little pal] ?an ! cap & mo/ly tap]+ f ! base upw>d4 ,! cap is #b-c 94 broad1 ! /em #a-c 94 long & - 94 ?ick4 ,! funnel-%ap$ mu%room gr[s 9 woods or copses 9 summ] & autumn1 especially 9 wet seasons4 ,x is some:at v>iable 9 color1 b is usually a pale-r$1 t+$ ) buff1 & sometimes becom+ m pale ) age4 ,x delights to gr[ among fall5 leaves1 & (t5 !re is an abundant :ite cottony mycelium at ! base ( ! /em4 ,:5 x gr[s 9 clu/]s ! caps are apt to be irregul> because ( mutual pressure4 8,mu%rooms & ,_! ,use40 ,peck4 ,spores #e-fc-d ,b4 ,v common & 9 pl5ty aft] ra9s1 :5 l>ge pat*es ( x may be f\nd4 ,i h usually f\nd ! light p9ki%-buff color to ab\nd1 & ! /em ?9n] ?an describ$ by ,pr(4 ,peck4 ,size ( cap f #a-c 94 ,x is a good1 reliable food species4 ,! /em %\ld be remov$1 & ! caps well cook$4 9999 ,pileus color$ or pallid1 smoo?1 moi/ 9 wet wea!r4 ,c4 subzonalis ,pk4--sub1 "u2 zonalis1 p]ta9+ to a zone4 ,pileus ?91 c5trally depress$ or sub9fundibuli=m1 m>k$ ) two or ?ree obscure zones1 ) a slight appress$ silk9ess1 pale yell[4 ,gills close1 n>r[1 equally decurr5t1 "s ( !m =k$1 pallid or yell[i%4 ,/em equal1 slightly fibrillose1 /uff$1 pale yell[4 ,plant #b 94 high4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad4 ,/em #b-c l9es ?ick4 ,gr\nd 9 woods4 ,croghan4 ,septemb]4 ,peck1 #bf? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,f\nd 9 oak woods1 ,angora1 ,we/ ,philadelphia1 gr[+ s+ly4 ,specim5s few4 ,edible2 pleasant4 ,c4 gilva ,p]s4--gilvus1 pale br[ni%-yell[4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad1 pale yell[i%1 fle%y1 compact1 convex !n depress$1 v obtuse1 ev51 smoo?1 dampi% :5 fre%1 poli%$ & %9+ :5 dry1 "h & !re spott$ z ) drops1 ! m>g9 rema9+ long involute4 ,fle% compact1 n laxly floccose1 b at l5g? fragile1 some:at ( ! same color z ! pileus4 ,/em #a-b 94 & m long1 94 & m ?ick1 solid1 fle%y1 /\t1 n ela/ic1 some:at equal1 smoo?1 pal] ?an ! pileus1 vill\s at ! base4 ,gills decurr5t1 ?91 v mu* cr[d$1 (t5 bran*$1 arcuate1 n>r[1 pallid !n o*race\s4 ,odor n rem>kable4 ,! /em has be5 notic$ at l5g? also holl[1 p]haps erod$ by l>v4 ,x corresponds ) ! ,paxilli4 ,! prim>y =m1 :i* is v diff]5t f all ! re/1 is curt1 obese1 robu/1 sc>cely ev] infundibuli=m4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores #d-ee ,k42 #d-e ,massee4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s*we9itz1 ,curtis2 ,p5nsylvania1 ,s*we9itz2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,r4 #ea1 "u p9es4 ,july to ,septemb]4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,july1 #ahih1 gr\nd1 mix$ woods4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,pileus #a-b 94 across1 depress$1 almo/ infundibuli=m1 smoo?4 ,color v>i$ lemon to bright orange4 ,fle% lemon color ?r\gh\t4 ,gills v>y+ 9 color1 usually same color z pileus4 ,/em all ( "o color1 same z pileus1 /uff$1 sometimes %ort1 & po9t$1 sometimes ?ick5$ at base4 ,ta/e & smell pleasant4 ,edible2 good4 ,c4 sub9voluta ,bats*4--turn$ "u at ! m>g94 ,pileus brick color1 convex1 depress$1 smoo?1 m>g9 closely involute4 ,fle% pallid4 ,/em pal]1 /\t1 /raight1 some:at equal1 ve9$ on ! l[] "p ) oblique coalesc+ slightly elevat$ wr9kles1 tom5tose & incl9+ to fle% color above t[>d ! gills1 base obtuse4 ,gills decurr5t1 r broad1 ( ! same color z ! pileus4 ,! /em is r\gh on ! surface & de/itute ( lu/]4 ,x resembles ,paxillus involutus 9 size & habit1 9 ! cr5ate & involute m>g9 ( ! pileus1 & 9 ! /em be+ obsoletely ve9$ at ! base & tom5tose t[>d ! gills4 ,/ev5son4 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bb4 ,edible1 ,cooke4 ,c4 geotropa ,bull4 ,gr4--! e>?2 ,gr4--to turn4 ,f ! turn$ d[n m>g94 ,pileus #b-e 94 across4 ,fle% ?ick1 :ite convex1 !n plane & f9ally m or less depress$1 obtusely umbonate1 ! prom95ce rema9+ aft] ! pileus becomes depress$1 v smoo?1 ev51 m>g9 ?91 incurv$1 d[ny1 pale p9ki%-tan or buff4 ,gills decurr5t1 cr[d$1 n>r[1 simple1 :ite1 !n color$ l ! pileus4 ,/em #c-e 94 long1 #a 94 or m ?ick at ! base1 slightly att5uat$ upw>d1 compact1 fibrillose1 color$ l ! pileus or pal]1 solid4 ,spores elliptical1 #f-gd-e4 ,massee4 ,9 woods & on _! bord]s4 ,(t5 9 r+s or troops4 ,diff]s f ,c4 maxima 9 be+ firm]1 glabr\s1 & color mu* m v>iable2 f ,c4 gilva 9 ! ?9n] pileus1 less cr[d$ gills1 & :ite fle%4 ,spores #e-g ,w4,g4,s4 ,9 ,engl& & on ! cont95t x is consid]$ excell5t & sup]ior to mo/ edible fungi4 ,f\nd 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 #ahha2 ,haddonfield1 ,n ,j41 #ahia4 ,spr+ & autumn4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible1 co>se1 dry4 ,9 /ews & mix$ to =m croquettes or patties1 x is a desirable species1 ow+ to its pl5tifulness4 ,c4 spl5d5s ,p]s4--spl5d5s1 %9+4 ,solit>y4 ,pileus #b-c 94 across1 fle% r ?ick1 :ite1 plane !n depress$ or funnel-%ap$1 glabr\s1 %9+1 yell[i%4 ,gills deeply decurr5t1 n>r[1 cr[d$1 simple1 :ite4 ,/em ab\t #a 94 long1 #c l9es ?ick1 glabr\s1 color$ l ! pileus1 solid1 slightly ?ick5$ at ! base or equal4 ,massee4 ,9 woods1 among p9e leaves1 etc4 ,int]m$iate betwe5 ,c4 gilva & ,c4 flaccida4 ,! typical =m ( ,c4 gilva diff]s 9 ! compact pileus1 (t5 ) drop-l m>k+s1 ! v mu* cr[d$1 some:at bran*$1 pale o*race\s gills & fle%4 ,fries4 ,s5t to me f ,tr5ton1 ,n4,j41 by ,e4,b4 ,/]l+4 ,edible2 quality good1 defici5t 9 flavor4 ,c4 inv]sus ,scop4--inv]to1 inv]t$4 ,pileus #b-c 94 across4 ,fle% ?91 fragile2 convex1 soon funnel-%ap$1 m>g9 involute1 glabr\s1 ev51 r$di% or dull br[ni%-orange4 ,gills decurr5t1 simple1 pallid !n r$di%4 ,/em ab\t #a 94 long1 #b l9es ?ick1 glabr\s1 r rigid1 pal] ?an ! pileus1 /uff$1 soon holl[4 ,spores subglobose1 #d diamet]4 ,massee4 ,among leaves1 etc4 ,greg>i\s1 subcespitose1 =m+ v l>ge tufts1 especially late 9 ! autumn1 de=m$4 ,smell peculi>1 slightly acid4 ,/em sometimes /uff$1 usually holl[1 h5ce compress$1 r rigid & corticat$ outside1 n ela/ic1 )\t a bulb1 glabr\s1 :iti%2 ! some:at root+ base ) :ite d[n1 & (t5 gr[+ toge!r 9 tufts1 v>i\sly de=m$1 curv$1 asc5d+1 etc4 ,fries4 ,spores subglobose1 #d ,massee2 #c ,w4,g4,s4 ,closely resembles ,c4 infundibuli=mis1 b diff]s f x 9 ! color ( gills & fle%4 ,! entire plant is d>k 9 color4 ,solit>y2 9 troops2 cespitose4 ,f\nd 9 mix$ woods4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j4 ,summ] & autumn4 ,t "p ( ! plant :i* readily breaks away f ! /em is t5d] & ( good flavor4 ,! rema9d] is t\gh4 ,c4 flaccida ,s[4--flaccidus1 limp4 ,pileus #b-c 94 across1 flaccid1 orbicul>1 umbilicate1 umbo p]si/5tly abs5t1 m>g9 spread+1 ar*$1 glabr\s1 ev51 r>ely crack+ into m9ute squamules1 tawny-ru/ color$1 %9+1 n becom+ pale4 ,fle% ?91 pallid1 r fragile :5 fre%1 b q flaccid :5 dry4 ,gills deeply decurr5t1 arcuate1 cr[d$1 n>r[1 ab\t #a l9e broad1 :ite1 !n t+$ yell[i%4 ,/em imp]fectly holl[1 ela/ic1 t\gh1 #a-b 94 long1 #b-c l9es ?ick some:at equal1 poli%$1 nak$1 r$di%-ru/ color1 base ?ick5$1 d[ny4 ,spores subglobose1 #d-ec-d4 ,among leaves1 etc4 ,greg>i\s1 /ems (t5 gr[n toge!r at ! base4 ,sometimes solit>y & regul>4 ,summ] & autumn4 ,massee4 ,spores subglobose1 #d-ec-d4 ,f\nd 9 #ahhf 9 ,we/ ,philadelphia--oak woods4 ,s9ce 9 ,new ,j]sey1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & int]ior ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,edible4 ,well cook$ x comp>es favorably ) ,c4 infundibuli=mis & o!rs ( l texture4 999999 ,pileus %9+ :ite4 ,c4 catina ,fr4--cat9us1 a b[l4 ,pileus #b 94 broad1 at fir/ :ite1 9 no wise hygrophan\s1 !n pass+ into pale fle%-color dur+ ra91 & into tan-color 9 dry wea!r1 fle%y1 mod]ately ?91 plane !n funnel-%ap$1 always obtuse1 ev51 smoo?4 ,fle% ?91 flaccid1 :ite4 ,/em #c 94 long1 #a 94 ?ick1 /uff$1 int]nally spongy1 ela/ic1 t\gh1 ?ick5$ & tom5tose at ! base4 ,gills decurr5t1 /raight1 desc5d+1 n horizontal1 broad1 n mu* cr[d$1 p]si/5tly :ite4 ,fries4 ,ray ,brook1 ,adirondack m\nta9s4 ,augu/4 ,! pileus is at fir/ :ite1 b 9 wet wea!r x becomes pallid or discolor$ ) age4 ,! plants 7 f\nd gr[+ among pieces ( b>k ( arbor vit ly+ on ! gr\nd4 ,peck1 #dc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,q common 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,woods among dead leaves4 ,augu/ until fro/4 ,edible4 ,excell5t 9 flavor & quality4 ,s]ies ,b4 ,,iv4--,,cya?i=,,mes4 ,c4 cya?i=mis ,bull4--cya?us1 a cup2 =mis1 =m4 ,pileus #a-c 94 across1 fle% ?91 plano-depress$ :5 "y1 !n infundibuli=m1 ev51 glabr\s1 hygrophan\s1 r slimy & usually d>k br[n :5 moi/1 becom+ pale & opaque :5 dry1 undulate 9 l>ge specim5s1 ! m>g9 rema9s involute = a long "t4 ,fle% wat]y1 simil> 9 color to ! pileus1 splitt+4 ,gills adnate1 becom+ decurr5t ) ! depression ( ! pileus1 jo9$ beh9d1 di/ant1 grayi%-br[n1 sometimes bran*$4 ,/em spongy & /uff$ inside1 ela/ic1 at l5g? (t5 holl[1 #b-d 94 long1 #c-d l9es ?ick1 att5uat$ upw>d1 br[ni%-fibrillose1 fibrils =m+ an imp]fect reticulation1 color$ l ! pileus or a little pal]1 apex nak$ 7n mealy71 base vill\s4 ,massee4 ,on ! gr\nd 9 pa/ures & woods1 r>ely on rott5 wood4 ,usually blacki%-umb]1 b v>ies to pal] grayi%-br[n1 p9ky-tan1 pale c9namon or br[ni%2 !n d+y-o*race\s or tan-color4 ,m>g9 exp&$ :5 old1 & also indi/9ctly /riate4 ,fries4 ,v>4 c9]asc5s ,fr4 ,pileus up to #a 94 across1 ?91 infundibuli=m1 pale smoky-br[n4 ,gills decurr5t1 yell[i%-:ite4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 #a l9e ?ick1 grayi%1 reticulately fibrillose1 holl[4 ,spores #he ,w4,g4,s42 #aj-abe-f1 ,b42 #if ,morgan4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,among leaves 9 woods4 ,septemb] to ,octob]4 ,greg>i\s4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,fair 9 quality4 ,c4 brumalis ,fr4--bruma1 w9t]4 ,f its late appe>ance4 ,pileus ab\t #a 94 across4 ,fle% ?91 exp&$1 umbilicate !n infundibuli=m & usually v>i\sly wav$ & lob$1 glabr\s1 flaccid1 hygrophan\s1 livid1 :iti% or yell[i% :5 dry1 disk (t5 d>k]4 ,gills decurr5t1 ab\t #a l9e broad1 cr[d$1 pallid4 ,/em up to #b 94 long & ab\t #b l9es ?ick1 ne>ly equal1 slightly curv$1 glabr\s1 :iti%1 (t5 compress$1 imp]fectly holl[4 ,spores #d-ec-d4 ,9 woods1 etc4 ,truly autumnal1 be+ mo/ abundant 9 ,novemb]4 ,!re are two =ms3 7a7 on p9e leaves 9 p9e woods2 7b7 among hea!r4 7a7 ,/em r firm1 holl[1 ab\t #b 94 long1 #b l9es ?ick1 equal or slightly ?ick5$ at ! apex1 at l5g? compress$1 some:at incurv$1 glabr\s1 nak$1 becom+ livid1 :ite :5 dry1 base :ite & d[ny4 ,fle% ( pileus membranace\s1 at fir/ convex1 umbilicate1 m>g9 reflex$1 ab\t #a 94 across1 !n funnel-%ap$1 (t5 irregul> & undulate1 up to #b 94 broad1 glabr\s1 ev51 livid :5 moi/1 :iti% !n becom+ yell[i% :5 dry1 disk at fir/ usually d>k]4 ,gills decurr5t1 at fir/ arcuate1 !n desc5d+1 #a l9e broad1 cr[d$1 di/9ct1 livid !n yell[i%-:ite1 smell weak1 n unpleasant4 7b7 ,entirely wat]y :ite2 /em holl[1 some:at /riate1 base glabr\s2 pileus infundibuli=m1 m>g9 deflex$1 milky-:ite :5 dry4 ,gills less cr[d$1 b r broad]1 :iti%4 ,fries4 ,spores #c ,w4,g4,s42 #d-ec-d ,massee4 ,edible4 ,cooke4 ,c4 morbif]a ,pk4--morbus1 disease2 f]o1 to be>4 ,pileus ?91 fragile1 glabr\s1 convex1 becom+ plane or c5trally depress$1 slightly hygrophan\s1 grayi%-br[n :5 moi/1 :iti% or c9]e\s :5 dry1 sometimes slightly umbonate4 ,gills n>r[1 close1 adnate or slightly decurr5t1 :iti% or pallid4 ,/em %ort1 equal1 holl[1 color$ l ! pileus or a little pal]4 ,spores m9ute1 broadly elliptical1 #d long1 almo/ z broad4 ,pileus 4#e-a4e 94 broad4 ,/em ab\t #a 94 long1 - 94 ?ick4 ,grassy gr\nd & lawns4 ,novemb]4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 ,f4,j4 ,bra5dle4 ,! species seems relat$ to ,c4 expall5s1 b ! m>g9 ( ! pileus is n /riate z 9 t fungus4 ,! ta/e is v disagreeable & rema9s 9 ! m\? a long "t4 ,two p]sons 7 made ill by eat+ x1 b _! sickness la/$ only ab\t ?ree h\rs4 ,peck4 ,i h n se5 ?is species4 ,its reputation is bad4 ,caution %\ld be obs]v$4 ,v4--,,v]si=,,mes4 ,pileus bright1 ( "o color4 ,c4 trullisata ,ellis4 ,pileus fle%y1 plano-convex1 at l5g? depress$ 9 ! c5t]1 innate fibr\s-scaly1 becom+ smoo!r on ! disk1 m>g9 ?94 ,gills unequal1 n cr[d$1 co>se & ?ick1 adnate ) a decurr5t too?1 at l5g? :ite pulv]ul5t1 purple-violet at fir/1 becom+ d>k brick-r$4 ,/em /uff$1 fibrillose1 ) a long club-%ap$ base p5etrat+ deeply into ! s&4 ,spores l>ge1 cyl9dric-oblong1 #ae-bj4 ,9 old s&y fields4 ,septemb] to ,octob]4 ,! int]ior ( ! /em 9 ! "y plant is l ! gills1 violet-purple1 & ! club-%ap$ base is cov]$ ) a tom5tose coat1 to :i* ! s& adh]es t5aci\sly4 ,relat$ to ,a4 laccatus & ,a4 o*ropurpureus ,b4 ,resembles ! l>g] =ms ( ,a4 laccatus1 b x has a /\t] habit1 ! pileus is m squamulose1 ! /em is bulb\s or ?ick5$ at ! base1 ! mycelium is violet-color$ & ! spores are oblong4 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,novemb]1 #ahgd4 ,new ,j]sey1 ,ellis2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #cc4 ,haddonfield1 ,wat]t[n1 ,n4,j4 ,s&y soil 9 p9e woods4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,d5sely cespitose4 ,caps & /ems br[n1 glut9\s & s incru/$ ) s& t x is almo/ impossible to clean !m4 ,edible1 b n desirable4 ,c4 laccata ,scop4--made ( lac4 7,plate ,,xxiv1 fig4 #aj1 p4 #hb47 ,pileus ?91 fle%y1 convex1 sometimes exp&$1 ev5 or slightly umbilicate1 smoo? or m9utely tom5tose-scaly1 hygrophan\s :5 moi/1 dull r$di%-yell[ or r$di% fle%-color$1 sometimes /riatulate :5 dry1 pallid or pale dull o*race\s4 ,gills broad1 r ?ick & di/ant1 atta*$1 n decurr5t1 fle%-color$4 ,/em sl5d]1 firm1 fibr\s1 /uff$1 equal1 concolor\s4 ,height #a-f 941 bread? ( pileus #f l9es to #b 94 ,common4 ,june to ,octob]4 ,an extremely v>iable & abundant species occurr+ almo/ ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! season4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores #h-i ,massee2 #h-aj ,b4 ,v>4 pallidifolia ,pk4--pallidus1 pale2 foliumaf4 ,gills :iti% or pallid1 decurr5t4 ,v>4 /riatula ,pk4--/ria1 a furr[4 ,pileus moi/1 smoo?1 ?91 %[+ %ad+ radiat+ l9es1 ext5d+ f ne> ! c5t] to ! m>g94 ,9 wet or damp places4 ,a =m occurs ) a decid$ly bulb\s base4 ,gills appe>+ em>g9ate ) a decurr5t too?4 ,clitocybe laccata is made ! type ( a new g5us by ,b]keley & ,broome4 ,massee accepts ! g5us b x is n g5]ally accept$ by ! /&>d au?ors4 ,x is a well def9$ g5us1 & a fitt+ place = ,c4 laccata1 ,c4 ame?y/9a1 ,c4 o*ropurpurea1 ,c4 tortilis1 :i* x puzzles anyone to id5tify z ,clitocybe4 ,c4 ame?yst9a ,bolt4--ame?y/9us1 color ( an ame?y/4 7,plate ,,xxiv1 fig4 #h1 p4 #hb47 ,pileus #a-b 94 across1 d>k-purple1 umbilicate1 smoo?1 m9utely tom5tose1 involute4 ,gills d>k-purple1 decurr5t1 broad4 ,/em #b-c 94 high1 fibrillose1 purple1 /reak$ ) :ite fibrils1 equal1 d5sely cov]$ ) :ite tom5tum at base4 ,also writt5 ,clitocybe laccata ame?y/9a ,sacc4 8,9 my op9ion x is a good species & %\ld be kept di/9ct z ,bolton gave x1 & n be tack$ on to ,c4 laccata z a v>iety4 ,i %\ld write x ,clitocybe ame?y/9a ,bolt40 ,peck1 lett] ,septemb] #ag1 #ahig4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #da2 ,new ,j]sey1 ,/]l+2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 on wood soil1 ,june to fro/1 #ahig-ahih1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,g5]ally includ$ 9 ,c4 laccata z a v>iety1 & has !re=e be5 report$ "u t "n4 ,great quantities ( ,c4 ame?y/9a grew 9 troops on b$s made up ( wood e>? ab\t ! cottages at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,! woods ov] !m is d5se4 ,! caps are t\gh1 b !y cook readily & make a pleas+ di%4 ,c4 tortilis ,bolt4--tortilis1 twi/$4 ,pileus membranace\s1 convexo-plane !n depress$1 obscurely m>k$ ) radiat+ /ri4 ,/em holl[1 twi/$1 fragile4 ,gills adnate1 ?ick1 di/ant1 fle%y-rose1 cespitose1 small1 irregul>1 pileus & /em ru/y 9 color4 ,h>d gr\nd 9 an old road4 ,s&lake4 ,augu/4 ,a species closely alli$ to ,c4 laccata & appe>+ l an irregul> dw>f =m ( t species4 ,sometimes cespitose4 ,peck1 #da/ ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,except+ t ?is fungus is frequ5tly f\nd ) ,c4 laccata1 & might be tak5 = a new species if n "h describ$1 x w\ld n be sep>at$ f ,c4 laccata4 ,its edible qualities are simil>4 ,c4 o*ropurpurea ,b]k4--o*ra1 o*]2 purpureus1 purple4 7,plate ,,xxiv1 figs4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 p4 #hb47 ,pileus subhemisph]ical1 at l5g? depress$1 fle%y1 compact1 t\gh1 pale yell[1 slightly *ang+ to purpli%1 cuticle easily sep>able2 m>g9 inflex$1 at fir/ tom5tose4 ,/em pal]1 "h & !re becom+ purpli%1 solid1 swoll5 9 ! middle1 occasionally equal4 ,gills ?ick1 purple1 broad] beh9d1 decurr5t4 ,spores :ite or pale yell[4 ,pileus #b 94 broad4 ,/em #b 94 high1 94 ?ick 9 ! c5t]4 ,augu/4 ,on clayey soil 9 woodl&s4 ,its spores d>k5 :5 %$ 9 quantity1 h a granulat$ & light-lilac appe>ance4 ,x is a solit>y gr[]1 sometimes rea*+ ! height ( six in*es4 ,! upturn$1 wavy pileus1 %[+ ! purple gills 9 contra/ ) ! pale ,naples-yell[ ( ! cap is m>k$ly attractive4 ,! /em is (t5 r\gh ) fib]s1 h>d & t\gh4 ,! caps are t\gh4 ,x gr[s 9 grassy woods & op5 places4 ,! novice1 ev5 ! exp]t1 w be puzzl$ to place x 9 its g5us4 ,specim5s 7 s5t to me by ,miss ,lydia ,m4 ,pat*51 ,we/field1 ,n4,y41 & ,e4,b4 ,/]l+1 ,tr5ton1 ,n4,j4 ,i aft]w>d f\nd _m at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,i report$ _! edible qualities to ,pr(4 ,peck :o wrote1 ,septemb] #c1 #ahig3 8,i h (t5 wi%$ x 0 edible1 b x has su* a disagreeable flavor :5 fre% t ,i h nev] v5tur$ to eat x4 ,i h kn[n x to be mi/ak5 = ! common mu%room1 b n eat540 ,?\gh t\gh x cooks t5d] & is excell5t4 ,/ew & put 9 patties or croquettes4 ,,vi4--,,orbi=,,mes4 99 ,gills becom+ a%-color$4 ,c4 ditopa ,fr4 ,gr4--tw(old2 ,gr4--a foot4 ,probably f /ems gr[+ two toge!r4 ,pileus ?91 submembranace\s1 convex1 r>ely ) a small umbo1 smoo?1 hygrophan\s1 br[n :5 "y & moi/1 grayi%-:ite :5 dry4 ,gills grayi%1 close1 ?91 atta*$1 n decurr5t4 ,/em sl5d]1 equal1 smoo?1 holl[4 ,height #a-b 941 bread? ( pileus #f-ah l9es4 ,/em #a-b l9es ?ick4 ,p9e woods4 ,we/ ,albany4 ,octob]4 ,! plant has ! odor & ta/e ( new meal4 ,i h se5 no specim5s ) ! pileus depress$4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,c4 meta*roa ,fr4 ,gr4--*ang+ color4 ,sep>at$ f ,c4 ditopa by its ?ick]1 depress$ pileus1 its ?ick]1 less close gills1 & ! abs5ce ( odor4 ,p9e woods4 ,we/ ,albany4 ,octob]4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,mod]ately pl5tiful 9 ,new ,j]sey p9es4 ,septemb] to ,octob]4 ,edible1 t\gh2 :5 well /ew$ ( good flavor4 9999 ,gills :iti%4 ,c4 compressipes ,pk4--compressus1 press$ toge!r2 pes1 a foot4 ,pileus ?91 convex or exp&$1 umbilicate1 glabr\s1 hygrophan\s1 br[ni% :5 moi/1 :iti% or pale yell[ :5 dry1 m>g9 ?94 ,gills close1 sub>cuate or horizontal1 adnate or subdecurr5t1 :iti%4 ,/em firm1 holl[1 g5]ally compress$1 slightly pru9ose4 ,spores elliptical1 #e-f4ed-d4e4 ,fle% :ite :5 dry1 odor slight1 f>9ace\s4 ,plant greg>i\s1 #a-a4e 94 high4 ,pileus #f-af l9es broad4 ,/em #a-b l9es ?ick4 ,grassy places4 ,albany4 ,july4 ,! moi/ pileus is sometimes obscurely zonate4 ,! odor is n always p]ceptible unless ! pileus is moi/ or brok54 ,! /em is sometimes compress$ at ! top only1 sometimes at ! base only1 & r>ely x is :olly top-%ap$4 ,peck1 #cc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,f\nd on op5 lots 9 ,we/ ,philadelphia4 ,?\gh small x usually gr[s 9 troops :i* yield fair quantity4 ,! caps are t5d] & ( good flavor4 ,c4 fragrans ,s[4--fragrans1 fragrant4 ,smell /rong1 spicy4 ,pileus ab\t #a 94 across4 ,fle% r ?ick2 convex1 soon exp&$ & slightly depress$ or umbilicate1 ev51 glabr\s1 hygrophan\s1 uni=m wat]y-:ite1 disk n d>k]1 :iti% :5 dry4 ,gills slightly decurr5t1 r cr[d$1 #a l9e broad1 di/9ct1 :iti%4 ,/em ab\t #b 94 long1 equal1 slightly curv$1 ela/ic1 glabr\s1 :iti%1 /uff$ !n holl[4 ,9 woods among moss1 etc4 ,di/+ui%$ f o!r species resembl+ x 9 color & size1 by ! fragrant smell resembl+ anise$4 ,massee4 ,spores #fd4 ,w4,g4,s4 ,f\nd 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,july to sev]e fro/s4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible4 ,! /rong ta/e ( anise is n lo/ 9 cook+4 ,c4 p9ophila--p9e lov+4 ,pileus ?91 convex1 umbilicate or c5trally depress$1 glabr\s1 moi/1 pale tan-color1 pal] or alutace\s :5 dry4 ,gills mod]ately close1 sub>cuate1 adnate or slightly decurr5t1 :iti%4 ,/em equal1 /uff$ or holl[1 glabr\s or subpru9ose1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores ne>ly elliptical1 #d-f long2 odor & ta/e resembl+ t ( fre% meal4 ,plant #a-b 94 high4 ,pileus ab\t #a 94 broad4 ,/em #a-b l9es ?ick4 ,gr\nd "u p9e trees4 ,albany & ,ticond]oga4 ,july & ,augu/4 ,peck1 #ca/ ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,q pl5tiful 9 p9e woods ( ,new ,j]sey4 ,edible2 pleasant4 ,illu/ration ,,colly,,bia ,fr4 ,gr4--a small co94 ,pileus fle%y1 usually ?91 m>g9 incurv$ at fir/1 n corrugat$4 ,/em diff]5t 9 sub/ance f ! pileus1 b conflu5t ) x2 holl[1 ) a c>tilag9\s b>k1 int]nally c>tilag9\s or s(t1 (t5 root+4 ,gills free or obtusely adnex$1 membranace\s1 s(t4 ,gr[+ on ! gr\nd1 wood1 leaves & decay+ fungi4 ,9 ,clitocybe & ,tri*oloma ! sub/ance ( ! /em & pileus is alike2 !y diff] 9 ! "* ( ! /em4 ,tri*oloma has no di/9ct b>k-l coat1 & 9 ,clitocybe ! /em is cov]$ ) m9ute fib]s4 ,9 ,myc5a z 9 ,collybia ! /em is diff]5t 9 sub/ance f ! pileus1 b is di/+ui%$ by ! m>g9 ( ! pileus be+ /raight4 ,x is mo/ closely alli$ to ,m>asmius1 :i* is *>act]iz$ by its t\gh coriace\s sub/ance1 :i* :5 dri$ fully revives & exp&s on be+ moi/5$4 ,! l9e betwe5 !m c n always be closely drawn1 & !re are num]\s species :i* x is difficult to place ) c]ta9ty 9 ei!r g5us4 ,?is does n apply to ! fle%y edible species ( ?is g5us z !y are q di/9ct f ,m>asmius4 ,peck's #di? ,report conta9s a monograph ( ! ,new ,york species ( ,collybia1 supplem5t$ by "o ( ^? f\nd 9 o!r /ates4 ,sev]al common1 prolific1 long-season1 delici\s fungi occur 9 ?is g5us4 ,!y v>y 9 size f 8a small co90 to five in*es across4 ,!y gr[ 9 woods1 on wood1 on gr\nd1 on leaves1 on lawns & among moss & grass 9 %ad$ places4 ,! writ] has te/$ _m species raw1 & eat5 small quantities cook$1 :i* are n h]e9 describ$ = ! reason t n en\gh ( a species 0 f\nd to te/ to full ext5t4 ,s f> z is report$ & z 8 exp]i5ce goes1 !re is n a poison\s species 9 ,collybia4 ,_m ( !m are /rong 9 odor4 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph$ by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,wei/4 ,,plate ,,xxix4 ,,collybia ,,radicata4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,tribes4 ,s]ies ,a4 ,,gills ,,:ite ,,or ,,brightly ,,color$1 ,,n ,,gray4 ,,fle% ,,:ite4 ,,/ri,,p$es 7/riate-/emm$74 ,page #aac4 ,/em /\t1 holl[ or imp]fectly fill$ ) a spongy pi?2 groov$ or /riate ) fib]s4 99 ,gills broad1 r di/ant4 9999 ,gills n>r[1 cr[d$4 ,,ve/ip$es 7clo!d-/emm$74 ,page #aah4 ,/em ?91 equal1 holl[ or ) a pi?1 ev51 velvety1 d[ny or cov]$ ) a bloom4 99 ,gills broad1 r di/ant4 9999 ,gills v n>r[1 closely cr[d$4 ,l,,vip$es 7ev5-/emm$74 ,page #abj4 ,/em ?91 equal1 holl[1 nak$1 smoo?--except ! base--app>5tly n /riate1 b "s species are m9utely /riate "u a l5s4 99 ,gills broad1 lax1 usually m or less di/ant4 9999 ,gills n>r[1 cr[d$4 ,s]ies ,b4 ,,gills ,,becom+ ,,gray4 ,,hygrophan\s4 ,,tephrophan4 ,page ---4 ,color br[ni% becom+ gray4 ,alli$ to ! la/ section ( ,tri*oloma & ,clitocybe1 b di/+ui%$ f !m by ! c>tilag9\s /em4 ,"s are /rong sc5t$4 ,none kn[n to be edible4 ,,/ri,,p$es4 99 ,gills broad1 r di/ant4 ,c4 radicata ,relh4--radix1 a root4 7,plate ,,xxix1 p4 #aab47 ,pileus #a-d 94 across1 f convex to ne>ly plane1 broadly umbonate1 frequ5tly wr9kl$ t[>d & at ! umbo1 glut9\s :5 moi/4 ,color v>iable1 usually br[n 9 grayi% %ades1 f d>k to almo/ :ite4 ,fle% ?91 :ite1 ela/ic4 ,gills :ite1 ?ick1 t\gh1 di/ant1 v5tricose1 adnex$1 r\nd$ or not*$ beh9d l ,tri*oloma1 sometimes ) a decurr5t too?4 ,/em #d-h 94 long1 #c-e l9es ?ick1 smoo?1 firm1 same color z pileus1 tap]+ upw>d1 becom+ v]tically /riate or groov$1 (t5 twi/$1 end+ 9 a long1 tap]+1 po9t$ root deeply plant$ 9 ! e>?4 ,spores elliptical1 #ad-aeh-i ,massee2 #aaag ,w4,g4,s42 #aai ,w4,p42 #af-agaj-aa ,b4 ,(t5 sombre1 b erect1 neat & h&some4 ,gr[+ solit>y & 9 troops 9 woods1 usually ne> /umps1 if mu* decay$1 sometimes on !m1 or on %ad$ lawns & grassy places4 ,june to ,octob]4 ,v>4 furfuracea ,pk4 ,/em furfurace\s1 less di/9ctly /riate4 ,v>4 pusilla ,pk4 ,plant small4 ,pileus ab\t #a 94 broad1 pass+ gradually into ! typical =m4 ,/em sl5d]4 ,pr(essor ,peck says3 8,! v>iety furfuracea is common & connects ?is species ) ,c4 longipes1 :i* has a villose /em & dry velvety pileus40 #di? ,rep4 ,common to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,edible4 ,curtis1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,f4 ,peyre ,por*] ( ,*>le/on1 ,s4,c41 0 ! fir/ to decl>e ?is edible4 ,a v attractive species4 ,! purity ( its gills is especially noticeable4 ,i began eat+ x 9 #ahha1 & x has cont9u$ to be a favorite4 ,! caps %\ld be broil$ or fri$4 ,!y are sweet1 pleas+ 9 texture1 & delicately flavor$4 ,c4 platyphylla ,fr4 ,gr4--broad2 a leaf4 7,plate ,,xxviii1 fig4 #a1 p4 #aad47 ,pileus #c-d 94 broad1 dusky & gray !n :iti%1 fle%y-membranace\s1 ?91 fragile1 soon flatt5$1 obtuse1 wat]y :5 moi/1 /reak$ ) fibrils4 ,/em #c-d 94 long1 94 ?ick1 /uff$1 s(t1 equal1 fibrilloso-/riate1 o!rwise smoo?1 nak$ or obsoletely p[d]$ at ! apex1 :iti%1 %ortly & bluntly root$ at ! base4 ,gills obliquely cut (f beh9d1 slightly adnex$1 94 & m broad1 di/ant1 s(t1 :ite4 ,odor n rem>kable4 ,x incl9es t[>d ! ,tri*olomata 9 ! some:at membranace\s cuticle ( ! s(t /em4 ,fries4 ,spores #acai ,w4,g4,s4 ,solit>y1 greg>i\s1 r>ely clu/]$4 ,on rott5 wood1 roots1 gr\nd ne> /umps1 among leaves1 etc4 ,june to ,octob]4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p$ by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,/udies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,xxviii4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,collybia ,,platyphylla1 #aad #c4 ,,collybia ,,dryophila1 #abj #b4 ,,collybia ,,platyphylla #aad #d4 ,,collybia ,,fusipes1 #aaf 7,,aft] ,,ra971 ,di/+ui%$ by ! v broad & deeply em>g9ate gills1 :i* frequ5tly slope up beh9d to ne> ! cap !n ) a %ort turn d[nw>d connect ) ! /em :i* is ei!r /uff$ or holl[1 & by ! abundant1 cord-l root+ mycelium4 ,! gills are v broad4 ,pr(essor ,peck says3 8,! species is q v>iable4 ,! pileus is sometimes irregul> & ev5 ecc5tric1 ! ?9 m>g9 may be slightly /riate1 is (t5 split & 9 wet wea!r may be upturn$ or revolute4 ,! lamell are sometimes 94 broad or m & transv]sely split4 ,!y may be obscurely /riat$ transv]sely & ev5 ve9y above ) v5ose int]spaces4 ,occasionally a slight anise-l odor is p]ceptible1 b 9 decay ! plants h a v disagreeable odor & disgu/+ appe>ance40 #di? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 #ahhj-ahhe2 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 #ahif4 ,greg>i\s1 & 9 l>ge bun*es4 ,mt4 ,gretna & ,eagle's ,m]e1 ,pa41 #ahig1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,:5 fre%1 9 good condition1 ! caps are good1 b !y are n ne>ly equal 9 sub/ance or flavor to ,c4 radicata & ,c4 longipes4 ,!y are be/ broil$ or fri$4 ,v>4 rep5s ,fr4 ,pileus m fle%y1 depress$4 ,/em holl[1 compress$1 pru9ate at ! apex1 ) a creep+1 /r+-l mycelium4 ,x is be/ di/+ui%$ by its :ite1 vill\s1 ana/omos+1 v mu* bran*$ mycelium :i* creeps a long di/ance 9 a root+ /r+-l mann]4 ,! s-call$ roots are q diff]5t f ! /em1 n a prolongation ( ! /em itself4 ,fries4 ,cle>ly a v>iety ( ,c4 platyphylla4 ,c4 platyphylla is q v>iable1 ev5 puzzl+4 ,edible qualities ! same4 ,c4 longipes ,bull4--longus1 long2 pes1 a foot4 ,pileus #a-b 94 across1 conical !n exp&$1 umbonate1 dry1 m9utely1 beautifully velvety4 ,color f pale to date-br[n1 sometimes umb]4 ,fle% :ite1 ?91 ela/ic4 ,gills :ite1 broad1 t\gh1 ?ick1 adnex$1 di/ant1 v5tricose1 r\nd$ beh9d1 em>g9ate4 ,/em #d-f 94 long1 #b-d l9es ?ick1 tap]+ upw>d1 usually d5sely & m9utely velvety l ! cap1 ne>ly same color1 ) a long1 tap]+ root4 ,on mu* decay$ /umps & logs4 ,july to ,octob]4 ,closely resembles ,c4 radicata4 ,x is readily di/+ui%$ by its velvety cap & /em4 ,x is m glut9\s4 ,spores sph]oid1 #ab ,q4 ,cali=nia4 ,edible4 ,h4 & ,m4 ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9s1 #ahhj-ahhe2 ,*elt5ham1 ,pa41 #ahhi4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,except+ f ,cali=nia1 ,c4 longipes has n previ\sly be5 report$ z f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is n pl5tiful 9 ! =e/s ( ,we/ ,virg9ia1 yet ,i (t5 f\nd x ^u rott+ /umps & logs1 solit>y1 b up to a doz5 9 ! same vic9ity4 ,x is unmi/akable4 ,its ri* yet dull velvety cap & /em & ! purity ( its gills hold ! f9d]'s admiration4 ,! caps fri$ or broil$ are delici\s1 resembl+ 9 e way ^? ( ,c4 radicata4 ,c4 fusipes ,bull4--fusus1 a sp9dle2 pes1 a foot4 7,plate ,,xxviii1 fig4 #d1 p4 #aab47 ,pileus #a-c 94 broad1 r$di%-br[n1 becom+ pale & also d+y-tan1 fle%y1 convex !n flatt5$1 umbonate 7! umbo at l5g? vani%+71 ev51 smoo?1 dry1 "h & !re brok5 up 9 cracks :5 dry4 ,/em #c 94 & m long1 commonly 941 b "h & !re z mu* z #a 94 broad1 fibr\s-/uff$ !n holl[1 rem>kably c>tilag9\s ext]nally1 swoll51 v5tricose 9 ! middle1 att5uat$ at bo? ends1 (t5 twi/$1 longitud9ally furr[$1 r$ or r$di%-br[n1 root$ 9 a sp9dle-%ap$ mann] at ! base4 ,gills annulato-adnex$ 7jo9$ into a r+71 soon sep>at+1 free1 broad1 di/ant1 firm1 connect$ by ve9s1 crisp$1 :ite !n becom+ some:at ( ! same color z ! pileus1 (t5 spott$4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores #fc ,w4,g4,s42 #d-eb-d ,b4 ,solit>y1 greg>i\s1 usually d5sely clu/]$ on decay+ wood1 roots1 etc4 ,augu/ until aft] heavy fro/s4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 #ahhb1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9s ,c4 fusipes is frequ5t4 ,caps 9 ! clu/]s r>ely exce$ #a 94 across4 ,!y %[ an auburn or burgundy %ade ( br[n 9 _! color4 ,:5 "y !y are smoo? & appe> to rema9 s unless ra9$ ^u or moi/5$1 :5 !y crack m or less f9ely 9 dry+4 ,at fir/ ! connection ( ! gills ) ! /em is peculi>--!y jo9 9 a coll>-l r+ at ! top ( ! /em4 ,z ! cap exp&s ! gills "p m or less & sep>ate f ! /em4 ,! /em is m>k$ly sp9dle-%ap$1 ?\gh v>i\sly flatt5$ by compression 9 d5se clu/]s2 ! outside (t5 splitt+1 break+ & turn+ out f ! /em4 ,! caps1 alone1 are good1 ! /em be+ h>d & refractory4 ,! caps are v f9e1 cook$ 9 any way4 ,! caps dry well1 & are a pleasant addition to gravies1 s\ps & o!r di%es4 ,!y make a *oice pickle4 9999 ,gills n>r[1 cr[d$4 ,c4 maculata ,a4 & ,s4--macula1 a spot4 ,pileus fle%y1 firm1 convex or ne>ly plane1 ev51 glabr\s1 :ite or :iti%1 sometimes v>i$ ) r$di% spots or /a9s4 ,fle% :ite4 ,gills n>r[1 cr[d$1 adnex$1 sometimes ne>ly or q free1 :ite or :iti%4 ,/em g5]ally /\t1 firm1 equal or slightly swoll5 9 ! middle1 /riate1 :ite1 /uff$ or sometimes holl[1 commonly n>r[$ at ! base1 root+1 (t5 curv$ at ! base1 r>ely slightly ?ick5$ & blunt4 ,spores subglobose1 #d-f broad1 sometimes %[+ a slight po9t at "o end4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad4 ,/em #b-d 94 long1 #c-f l9es ?ick4 ,v>4 immaculata ,cke4 ,?is diff]s f ! type 9 hav+ no r$di% spots or /a9s4 ,?is species is easily recogniz$ by its l>ge size1 firm or compact sub/ance & :ite color4 ,x gr[s 9 soil fill$ ) decay+ vegetable matt] or on mu* decay$ wood4 ,peck1 #di? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,we/ ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,we$ gr[n lot ne> ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,septemb] to fro/4 ,grew greg>i\sly ov] a l>ge lot4 ,! plants v>i$ greatly 9 size & appe>ance4 ,! gills ( mo/ 7 cr5ulate 7scallop$74 ,assort$ specim5s 7 s5t ,pr(essor ,peck :o wrote3 8,!y are all =ms ( ,c4 maculata40 ,! caps 7 /ew$ & eat5 9 abundance by _m1 & pron\nc$ 8,f9e40 7,plate ,,xxx47 ,illu/ration3 ,,collybia ,,butyracea4 ,c4 butyracea ,bull4--butyrum1 butt]2 butt]y to ! t\*4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad1 normally r$di%-br[n1 b becom+ pale1 fle%y1 convex !n exp&$1 m or less umbonate1 dry1 ev51 smoo?4 ,fle% butt]y1 s(t1 some:at hygrophan\s1 fle%-color !n :ite4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 att5uat$ upw>d f ! ?ick5$ :ite d[ny base1 h5ce mu* ?9n] at ! apex1 #b-c l9es only1 b at ! base -#a 94 ?ick1 ext]nally cov]$ ov] ) a rigid c>tilag9\s cuticle1 int]nally /uff$ ) s(t spongy pi?1 or holl[ only :5 old1 /riate1 r$di%1 commonly smoo?1 b v>y+ ) :ite decidu\s scales1 & occasionally :olly d[ny ) s(t hairs4 ,gills slightly adnex$1 some:at free1 ?91 cr[d$1 not*$ at ! edge1 :ite1 nev] spott$-r$di%4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores #f-ajc-e ,b42 elliptical1 #g-id-e4 ,cap greasy look+4 ,umbo d>k4 ,! color ( ! cap is v>iable4 ,! species diff]s f ,c4 dryophila 9 hav+ an umbonate pileus1 slightly unev5 gill-edges & /em :i* tap]s upw>d4 ,solit>y & 9 troops "u conif]\s trees4 ,spr+1 autumn4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,*e/] c\nty & ,eagle's ,m]e1 ,pa41 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,! caps cook quickly1 are t5d] & h a good flavor4 ,,ve/i,,p$es4 99 ,gills broad1 r di/ant4 7,plate ,,xxixb47 ,illu/ration3 ,,collybia ,,velutipes4 ,natural size4 ,c4 velutipes ,curt4--velutum1 velvet2 pes1 a foot4 ,pileus #a-d 94 broad 9 ! same clu/]1 tawny1 sometimes pal] at ! m>g91 mod]ately fle%y at ! disk1 b ?9 at ! circumf]5ce1 convex !n soon becom+ plane1 (t5 ecc5tric1 irregul> & b5t backw>d1 smoo?1 visc\s2 m>g9 spread+ & at l5g? slightly /riate4 ,fle% wat]y1 s(t1 slightly tawny-hyal9e4 ,/em #a-c 94 long1 #a-d l9es ?ick1 t\gh1 ext]nally c>tilag9\s1 umb] !n becom+ black1 d5sely1 m9utely velvety1 commonly asc5d+ or twi/$1 commonly equal1 ev51 int]nally fibr\s-/uff$ & holl[4 ,gills broad] & r\nd$ beh9d1 slightly adnex$1 s z at fir/ sight to appe> free1 some:at di/ant1 v unequal1 becom+ pallid-yell[ or tawny4 ,fr4 ,spores ellipsoid1 #g ,w4,g4,s42 #fd ,b42 elliptical1 #gc-c4e ,massee4 ,our ,am]ican plant1 common to ! /ates1 is r>ely f\nd atta9+ su* dim5sions4 ,its usual size is f #a-b 94 across1 m frequ5tly at #a-a4 ,x is g5]ally f\nd 9 clu/]s m or less d5se4 ,! color v>ies f yell[i% to a d>k yell[i%-br[n4 ,! c5t] is d>k] ?an ! m>g94 ,! cap viscid :5 moi/1 (t5 irregul> f cr[d+4 ,gills may be r\nd$ or not*$ at _! atta*m5t to ! /em1 :iti% or yell[i%4 ,/em usually holl[1 #a-d 94 long1 #a-c l9es ?ick1 :iti% :5 "y becom+ color$ ) ! d5se br[ni% velvety hairs4 ,x gr[s on /umps1 roots 9 ! gr\nd1 trunks & e>? heavily *>g$ ) wood matt]4 ,i h f\nd x 9 e mon? ( ! ye>4 ,! heavi] crop appe>s 9 ,septemb]1 ,octob] & ,novemb]1 & la/s until long aft] heavy fro/s4 ,!n sporadic clu/]s spr+ up :]ev] ! w9t] sun gives !m enc\ragem5t4 ,x sometimes does consid]able damage to ! tree s un=tunate z to be its ho/4 ,x beg9s its gr[? ^u "s injur$ or decay$ spot & by cont9ually ins9uat+ itself "u ! surr\nd+ b>k x1 by its mycelium & gr[?1 pries ! b>k away f ! wood until ! tree is entirely d5ud$4 ,x is a valuable species1 n only on acc\nt ( its cont9u\s gr[?1 b because ( its pl5tifulness & excell5t sub/ance4 9999 ,gills v n>r[1 closely cr[d$4 ,c4 conflu5s ,p]s4--,pileus -#a 94 broad1 ?91 t\gh1 flaccid1 convex or ne>ly plane1 obtuse1 r>ely some:at umbonate1 glabr\s1 hygrophan\s1 r$di% grayi%-r$ or r$di%-br[n & (t5 /riatulate on ! m>g9 :5 moi/1 pallid1 :iti% or grayi% :5 dry4 ,lamell n>r[1 cr[d$1 free1 :iti% or yell[i%-gray4 ,/em #b-e 94 long1 #a-b l9es ?ick1 equal1 c>tilag9\s1 holl[1 clo!d ) a %ort d5se some:at pulv]ul5t :iti% pubesc5ce or d[n4 ,spores m9ute ovate or subelliptical1 slightly po9t$ at "o end1 #e-fc-d4 ,among fall5 leaves 9 woods4 ,common4 ,july to ,octob]4 ,! plants commonly gr[ 9 tufts1 b sometimes 9 l9es or arcs ( circles or scatt]$4 ,!y revive "u ! influ5ce ( moi/ure & !reby indicate an intimate relation%ip to ! g5us ,m>asmius4 ,! pileus v>ies mu* 9 color1 b commonly has a dull r$di% or russety t+e :5 moi/1 sometimes approa*+ bay-r$4 ,x fades 9 dry+ & becomes almo/ :ite or grayi%-:ite1 b sometimes ! c5t] rema9s m deeply color$ ?an ! m>g94 ,! /em is commonly r long 9 proportion to ! wid? ( ! pileus4 ,occasionally x is some:at flatt5$ ei!r at ! top or ?r\gh\t its entire l5g?4 ,sometimes ! /ems become unit$ at ! base :i* union is sugge/ive ( ! specific "n4 ,peck1 #di? ,rep4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,july to fro/4 ,! caps ( ,c4 conflu5s are ( excell5t sub/ance & flavor4 ,_! quantity makes up = _! small size4 ,i h ga!r$ !m #b 94 across1 b _! av]age size is ab\t #a 94 ,!y dry well4 ,l,,vi,,p$es4 99 ,gills broad1 m or less di/ant4 ,c4 escul5ta ,wulf4--escul5t4 ,pileus 94 & m broad1 o*race\s-clay1 (t5 becom+ dusky1 slightly fle%y1 convex !n plane1 orbicul>1 obtuse1 smoo?1 ev5 or :5 old slightly /riate4 ,fle% t\gh1 :ite1 savory4 ,/em #a 94 & m long1 sc>cely #a l9e ?ick1 or ?read-l & :olly equal1 obsoletely tub$1 t\gh1 /iff & /raight1 ev51 smoo?1 slightly %9+1 clay-yell[1 ) a long p]p5dicul>1 commonly smoo?1 tail-l root4 ,gills adnex$1 ev5 decurr5t ) a v ?9 small too?1 !n sep>at+1 v broad1 limb]1 some:at di/ant1 :iti%1 sometimes clay-color4 ,greg>i\s b nev] cespitose4 ,! tube ( ! /em is v n>r[4 ,/ev5son4 ,! smalle/ edible ,collybia4 ,cooke4 ,edible4 ,9 d5se woods4 ,curtis4 ,x is dri$ & pres]v$4 ,cordi]4 ,9 pa/ures & grassy places4 ,spr+ & e>ly summ]4 ,edible1 b r bitt] flavor4 ,9 ,au/ria1 :]e x is 9 great pl5ty 9 ,april1 l>ge baskets are br\ght to m>ket "u ! "n ( ,nagels*wmme--nail mu%rooms4 ,pr(essor ,peck describes ,c4 escul5toides ,pk41 #di? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot41 :i* he /ates3 8,diff]s f ! type 9 its pal] & m o*race\s color & 9 its f>9ace\s flavor1 & is relat$ to ! ,european ,c4 escul5ta f :i* x diff]s ess5tially 9 ! umbilicate pileus & 9 ! abs5ce ( any radicat+ base to ! /em40 9999 ,gills n>r[1 cr[d$4 ,c4 dryophila ,bull4 ,gr4--oak-lov+4 7,plate ,,xxviii1 fig4 #c1 p4 #aab47 ,pileus #a-c 94 across1 bay-br[n-ruf\s1 etc41 becom+ pale1 b n hygrophan\s1 slightly fle%y1 t\gh1 convexo-plane1 obtuse1 commonly depress$ 9 ! c5t]1 ev51 smoo?2 m>g9 at fir/ inflex$ !n flatt5$4 ,fle% ?91 :ite4 ,/em #a-c 94 long1 #a-c l9es ?ick1 c>tilag9\s1 rem>kably tub$1 ?91 ev51 smoo?1 some:at root+1 commonly becom+ yell[ or r$di%4 ,gills some:at free1 ) a small decurr5t too?1 b appe>+ adnex$ :5 ! pileus is depress$1 cr[d$1 n>r[1 di/9ct1 plane1 :ite or becom+ pale4 ,!re are num]\s mon/r\s =ms :i* are v deceiv+3 a4 ,/em elongat$1 wav$1 decumb5t1 inflat$ at ! base2 pileus broad]1 lob$2 gills :ite4 b4 ,funicul>is1 l>g]1 cespitose1 ! lax & decumb5t /em equal & hairy at ! base1 gills sulphur-yell[4 ,^! =ms1 analag\s ) ,a4 rep5s ,bull41 occur on heaps ( leaves4 c4 ,c\ntless specim5s gr[+ toge!r 9 a l>ge clu/]2 /ems ?ick1 inflat$1 irregul>ly %ap$1 sulcate1 br[n1 ! mycelium collect+ ! soil 9 ! =m ( a ball2 pileus v irregul>ly %ap$1 full ( angles1 undulat$1 blacki% !n bay-br[n4 ,9 g>d5s4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores elliptic-fusi=m1 #g-hd2 #f ,w4,g4,s4 ,pr(essor ,peck1 #di? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot41 gives ! foll[+3 ,pileus ?91 convex or ne>ly plane1 sometimes ) ! m>g9 elevat$1 irregul>1 obtuse1 glabr\s1 v>y+ 9 color1 commonly "s %ade ( bay-r$ or tan-color4 ,fle% :ite4 ,lamell n>r[1 cr[d$1 adnex$ or almo/ free1 :ite or :iti%1 r>ely yell[i%4 ,/em equal or sometimes ?ick5$ at ! base1 c>tilag9\s1 glabr\s1 holl[1 yell[i% or rufesc5t1 commonly simil> 9 color to ! pileus4 ,spores1 #f-hc-d4 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 #a-b l9es ?ick4 ,woods1 groves & op5 places4 ,common4 ,june to ,octob]4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,c4 dryophila is s common & v>iable t descriptions w\ld fail to cov] x 9 its ecc5tricities4 ,! writ] has eat5 x 9 all ! =ms obta9$ s9ce #ahha4 ,a v pretty =m grew 9 l>ge quantities among p9e ne$les at ,eagle's ,m]e1 ,pa41 9 ,augu/1 #ahig4 ,x 0 cook$ & s]v$ at ! hotel table4 ,_m ate x & 7 delight$4 ,dr4 ,badham ref]s to a case 9 :i* illness 0 caus$ by eat+ x4 ,9 my eighte5 ye>s' exp]i5ce ) x1 kn[+ x to h be5 enjoyably eat5 by scores ( p]sons1 ,i h n he>d ( ! slighte/ discom=t f x4 ,c4 sp9ulifera ,pk4--sp9ula1 a little ?orn4 ,pileus fle%y1 ?91 convex or ne>ly plane1 glabr\s1 hygrophan\s r$di% tan-color t+$ ) p9k & slightly /riatulate on ! m>g9 :5 moi/1 pal] :5 dry1 adorn$ ) m9ute color$ sp9ules or set4 ,gills n>r[1 close1 r\nd$ beh9d & free1 pale c9namon-color1 becom+ some:at d>k] ) age1 sp9ulif]\s4 ,/em sl5d]1 t\gh1 glabr\s1 %9+1 holl[1 r$di%-br[n1 (t5 pal] or :iti% at ! top1 especially 9 "y plants1 ) a :iti% myceloid tom5tum at ! base4 ,spores elliptical or ne>ly s1 #d4 ,plant cespitose4 ,pileus #h-af l9es broad4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 ab\t #a l9e ?ick4 ,pro/rate trunks & gr\nd among leaves 9 woods4 ,lewis c\nty4 ,septemb]4 ,9 ?is species ! lamell1 "u a l5s1 appe> to be m9utely pubesc5t or velvety4 ,?is is due to ! color$ sp9ules or set :i* clo! !m4 ,peck1 #di? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,angora1 ,pa4 ,septemb]1 #ahig4 ,among moss 9 mix$ woods4 ,septemb] to fro/4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,specim5s id5tifi$ by ,pr(essor ,peck4 ,/ems ( "s tap]$ at base4 ,except+ ! extreme base ( /ems ! :ole plant is t5d] & ( good flavor4 7,plate ,,xxxi47 ,illu/ration3 ,,collybia ,,ac]vata 7"y74 ,c4 ac]vata ,fr4--ac]vus1 a heap4 ,pileus fle%y b ?91 convex or ne>ly plane1 obtuse1 glabr\s1 hygrophan\s1 pale tan-color or d+y p9ki%-r$ & commonly /riatulate on ! m>g9 :5 moi/1 pal] or :iti% :5 dry4 ,gills n>r[1 close1 adnex$ or free1 :iti% or t+$ ) fle%-color4 ,/em sl5d]1 rigid1 holl[1 glabr\s1 r$di%1 r$di%-br[n or br[n1 (t5 :iti% at ! top1 especially :5 "y1 commonly ) a :ite matt$ d[n at ! base4 ,spores elliptical1 #fc-d4 ,plant cespitose4 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 ab\t #a l9e ?ick4 ,decay+ wood & gr\nd among fall5 leaves 9 woods4 ,adirondack m\nta9s4 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,peck1 #di? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,?is v pretty plant resembles =ms ( ,c4 dryophila4 ,! color+ ( ! /ems is (t5 extremely delicate1 l pa9t+s ^u rice pap]4 ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9s2 ,eagle's ,m]e1 ,pa4 ,augu/ to fro/4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,! entire plant is t5d]1 delicate & ( f9e flavor4 ,9 ^! qualities x is n di/+ui%able :5 cook$ f ! small] =ms ( ,c4 dryophila4 ,illu/ration ,,myce,,na ,fr4 ,gr4--a fungus4 7,plate ,,xxxii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,myc5a ,,gal]iculata4 ,pileus regul>1 r>ely depress$ 9 ! c5t]1 ?91 usually /reak$ ) longitud9al l9es1 at fir/ conico-cyl9drical1 m>g9 at ! fir/ /raight1 closely embrac+ ! /em :i* is att5uat$ upw>d4 ,/em holl[1 sl5d]1 c>tilag9\s4 ,gills adnate or adnex$1 sometimes ) a small too?1 nev] decurr5t4 ,spores :ite4 ,g5]ally small & sl5d]1 gr[+ on bran*es1 twigs1 heaps ( leaves1 sometimes on ! gr\nd1 "s m9ute species on s+le dead leaves4 ,long1 root+ /ems are n uncommon4 ,clitocybe & ,omphalia are sep>at$ by _! decurr5t gills & 9 ,collybia ! m>g9 is at fir/ incurv$4 ,9 ?is g5us ! species ( ! v>i\s sections are n always di/+ui%$ by s+le %>ply def9$ *>act]i/ics1 s t x w sometimes be necess>y to pay att5tion to all ! features4 ,species ) a ?read-l /em are f\nd 9 o!r sections ?an ,filip$es & "s ( ! ,lactip$es are slipp]y :5 moi/1 b n truly visc\s4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,tribes4 ,,calodontes 7kalos1 beautiful2 odontes1 tee?74 ,page #abf4 ,/em juiceless1 n dilat$ into a disk at ! base4 ,edges ( gills d>k]1 m9utely too!d4 ,,adonide 7,adonis1 ref]r+ to beauty74 ,page #abf4 ,/em juiceless1 n dilat$ at ! base4 ,gills ( "o color1 n *ang+ color4 ,color pure-color$1 bright1 n becom+ br[ni% or gray4 ,on ! gr\nd4 ,,rigip$es 7rigid-/emm$74 ,page #abf4 ,/em firm1 rigid1 r t\gh1 juiceless1 m or less root+4 ,gills *ang+ color1 :ite1 !n gray or r$di%1 g5]ally at l5g? connect$ by ve9s4 ,t\gh1 p]si/5t1 inodor\s1 usually on wood1 v cespitose1 b individuals ( ! same species sometimes gr[ s+ly on ! gr\nd4 ,,fragilip$es 7fragile-/emm$74 ,page #acj4 ,/em fragile1 juiceless1 fibrillose at ! base1 sc>cely root+4 ,pileus hygrophan\s4 ,gills becom+ discolor$1 at l5g? some:at connect$ by ve9s4 ,?91 fragile1 (t5 s(t1 normally gr[+ s+ly on ! gr\nd4 ,a few /rong smell+1 cespitose on wood4 ,,filip$es 7?read-/emm$74 ,page #acj4 ,/em ?read-l1 flaccid1 some:at t\gh1 root+1 juiceless1 g5]ally extremely long 9 proportion to ! pileus4 ,gills becom+ discolor$1 pal] at ! edge4 ,/raight1 gr[+ s+ly on ! gr\nd2 inodor\s4 ,pileus d+y-br[n1 becom+ pal]4 ,,lactip$es 7milky-/emm$74 ,page #acj4 ,gills & root+ /em milky :5 brok54 ,,glut9ip$es 7glut9\s-/emm$74 ,page #aca4 ,/em juiceless b ext]nally /icky ) glut54 ,gills at l5g? decurr5t ) a too?4 ,,basip$es 7base-/emm$74 ,page #aca4 ,/em dry1 rootless1 ! base nak$ & dilat$ into a disk or small hairy bulb4 ,gr[+ s+ly1 sl5d]1 soon becom+ flaccid4 ,,insititi 7ins]o1 to ins]t or graft74 ,page #aca4 ,/em v ?91 dry1 gr[+ z if ins]t$ 9 ! support+ surface1 n d[ny1 n disk-l at ! base4 ,gills adnate ) a small decurr5t too?4 ,small1 v t5d]1 becom+ flaccid ) ! fir/ t\* ( ! sun4 ,myc5a is a l>ge g5us compos$ ( small species4 ,ab\t sixty memb]s h be5 f\nd 9 ,am]ica4 ,!y are f to #a 94 across ! cap1 ) ?9 /ems & altoge!r delicate appe>ance4 ,yet ! fle% ( mo/ ( !m has a gummy consi/5cy 9 ! m\?1 & !y %r9k b little 9 /ew+4 ,h]et(ore n any appe> to h be5 report$ z edible1 probably because ! size ( ! species has n attract$ exp]im5t]s4 ,:ile "s h a /rong odor & ta/e ( radi%es1 & "o species is bitt]1 x is probable t all are edible4 ,! writ] has eat51 raw & cook$1 small quantities 7all he has f\nd7 ( _m species n "h report$ z edible1 :i* w1 :5 fur!r te/$1 be report$ ^u4 ,! sub/ance & flavor ( ^? "h giv5 is rem>kably pleasant4 ,_! late com+1 h>d9ess & abundance are comm5dable qualities4 ,i4--,,calodon,,tes4 ,/em juiceless4 ,gills m9utely too!d4 ,none te/$4 ,,ii4--,,adoni,,de4 ,/em juiceless4 ,gills ( "o color1 etc4 ,none te/$4 ,,iii4--,,rigidi,,p$es4 ,/em rigid4 ,gills at fir/ :ite1 *ang+ color1 etc4 ,m4 prolifera ,s[4--proles1 (fspr+2 f]o1 to be>4 7,plate ,x1 figs4 #f1 #g1 p4 #bh47 ,pileus -#a 94 across1 slightly fle%y1 exp&$ bell-%ape1 dry1 ! broad umbo d>k] 7d+y-br[n71 slightly /riate1 & at l5g? furr[$ or rimosely split at ! m>g9 7pale yell[i% or becom+ br[ni%-tan74 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 firm1 rigid1 smoo?1 %9+1 slightly /riate1 root$4 ,gills adnex$1 some:at di/9ct1 becom+ pale :ite4 ,inodor\s1 only at l5g? nause\s4 ,v closely alli$ to ,m4 gal]iculata1 9 habit approa*+ ne>e/ to ,m4 cohr5s4 ,! /ems are pallid at ! apex1 b slightly tawny-bay-br[n bel[1 & glu$ toge!r by hairy d[n at ! base4 ,!re is a :ite =m ) transp>5t /em--on trunks4 ,fries4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,on gr\nd 9 grass4 ,mycelium spread+ on leaves4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,f\nd 9 great pl5ty4 ,base ( /ems is sometimes :ite :5 9 d5se tufts4 ,! :ole plant is t5d]1 cook+ 9 fifte5 m9utes1 & is ( f9e flavor4 ,no "o w want a bett] fungus4 ,m4 rugosa ,fr4--ruga1 a wr9kle4 ,pileus a%-color b becom+ pale1 v t\gh1 slightly fle%y at ! disk1 o!rwise membranace\s1 bell-%ap$ !n exp&$1 at l5g? r plane1 some:at obtuse1 m or less corrugat$ 7unequal ) elevat$ wr9kles71 always dry1 n moi/ ev5 9 ra9y wea!r1 /riate at ! circumf]5ce4 ,/em commonly %ort1 rem>kably c>tilag9\s1 tub$1 rigid1 t\gh1 /raight1 at l5g? compress$1 ev51 smoo?1 pallid1 ) a %ort oblique hairy root4 ,gills arcuato-adnate1 ) a decurr5t too?1 unit$ beh9d 9 a coll>1 some:at di/ant1 connect$ by ve9s1 broad1 v5tricose1 :ite !n gray1 edge sometimes q entire1 sometimes ) saw-l tee?4 ,always inodor\s4 ,=m]ly connect$ ) ,m4 gal]iculata4 ,m4 rugosa is arid1 v t\gh1 m r>ely cespitose1 ! pileus firm1 some:at obtuse1 wr9kl$ b )\t /ri1 ! gills arcuato-adnate ) a hook$ too?1 :ite !n a%-color4 ,! g5u9e ,m4 gal]iculata is fasciculato-cespitose1 some:at fragile1 ! pileus ?9n]1 at fir/ conical & umbonate1 /riate )\t wr9kles1 ! gills adnate1 ) a decurr5t too?1 :ite !n fle%-color4 ,betwe5 ^! !re is a long s]ies ( int]m$iate =ms4 ,fries4 ,cali=nia1 ,h4 & ,m42 ,kansas1 ,crag92 ,wiscons91 ,bundy2 ,new ,york1 ,septemb]1 ,peck1 #df? ,rep42 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,on decay+ wood & gr\nd ne> /umps4 ,augu/ to ,novemb]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,! t5acity frequ5tly occurr+ 9 ,myc5a is well %[n 9 ?is species4 ,! caps & /em cook t5d]1 b x is bett] to disc>d ! /ems1 z ! two d n become t5d] at ! same "t4 ,m4 gal]iculata ,scop4--gal]iculum1 a small peak$ cap4 7,plate ,plate ,x1 fig4 #e1 p4 #bh47 ,pileus some:at membranace\s1 conical bell-%ap$ !n exp&$1 /riate to ! umbo1 dry1 smoo?1 becom+ br[ni%-livid or *angeable 9 color4 ,/em rigid1 poli%$1 ev51 smoo?1 ) a sp9dle-%ap$ root at ! base4 ,gills adnate1 decurr5t ) a too?1 connect$ by ve9s1 :iti% & fle%-color$4 ,v protean4 ,normally gr[+ 9 bun*es1 ! num]\s /ems 7nev] /icky7 glu$ toge!r ) s(t hairy d[n at ! base4 ,b x occurs also solit>y1 l>g]1 pileus z mu* z #b 94 broad1 wr9kl$-/riate4 ,! ess5tial m>ks by :i* x is di/+ui%$ f ,a4 rugosa are ^!3 ,/em 9 g5]al ?9n]1 less t5se & /raight1 (t5 curv$1 m fragile4 ,pileus membranace\s1 conico bell-%ap$1 umbonate1 /riate b n corrugat$1 moi/ 9 ra9y wea!r4 ,gills adnate1 ) a decurr5t too?1 m cr[d$1 :iti% !n fle%-color$4 ,! color bo? ( ! pileus 7normally d+y-br[ni% !n livid7 & ( ! /em 7normally becom+ livid-br[ni%7 is mu* m *angeable ?an t ( ,a4 rugosa1 becom+ yell[1 ru/ color$1 etc4 ,x is n s t\gh & pliant z ,a4 rugosa4 ,=ms dep>t+ f ! type are v num]\s2 ! mo/ beautiful is v>4 calopus 7,gr41 beautiful2 ,gr41 a foot7 ) *e/nut-color$ /ems1 unit$ 9 a sp9dle-%ap$ tail4 ,fries4 ,spores sph]oid or subsph]oid1 #i-ajf-h ,k42 #h-aad-f ,b42 #f-gd ,massee4 ,common4 ,autumnal4 ,v v>iable4 ,on trunks1 fall5 leaves4 ,two well-m>k$ v>ieties ( ?is v v>iable species 7 obs]v$ ! pa/ season4 ,"o gr[s on ! gr\nd among fall5 leaves4 ,x has a d>k br[n pileus1 close lamell & a v long /em1 g5]ally ( a delicate p9k color t[>d ! top4 ,x might be call$ v>4 longipes4 ,! o!r gr[s "u p9e trees1 has a broadly convex or exp&$ grayi%-br[n pileus & a %ort /em4 ,x might be call$ v>4 expansus4 ,peck1 #bf? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 8,m4 alcal9a is closely alli$ to x 7,m4 gal]iculata71 b has a /rong] alkal9e odor & a r m fragile /em4 ,9 "o ( y\r specim5s ,i detect a slight inc>nate t9t to ! gills1 & ?is is pretty conclusive evid5ce t x belongs to ,m4 gal]iculata4 ,species ( ,myc5a are n g5]ally reckon$ among edible fungi or ev5 promis+ fungi2 ,i suppose on acc\nt ( ! ?9 fle% ( ! cap1 b ( c\rse x is possible to make up 9 numb]s :at is lack+ 9 size4 ,i am glad to "k y h f\nd ?is to be an escul5t "o40 ,lett] ,pr(essor ,peck to ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine1 ,octob] #e1 #ahic4 ,! caps & /ems :5 "y make z good a di% z "o c>es to eat4 ,! sub/ance is pleasant1 & ! flavor delicate4 ,!y are be/ /ew$ sl[ly 9 _! own fluids1 aft] wa%+1 = t5 m9utes & season$ ) pepp]1 salt & butt]4 ,m4 p>abolica ,fr4--%ap$ l a p>abola4 ,pileus becom+ black at ! disk1 incl9+ to violace\s1 o!rwise becom+ pale1 :iti%1 some:at membranace\s1 at fir/ erect & oval1 !n p>abolic1 obtuse1 nev] exp&$1 moi/1 some:at %9+ :5 dry1 smoo?1 ev51 /riate t[>d ! entire m>g94 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #a l9e ?ick1 tub$1 t5se & /raight b n v rigid1 ?ick5$ & be>d$-root$ at ! base1 pale bel[1 d>k violace\s above1 :5 "y :ite-mealy1 o!rwise ev51 smoo?1 dry4 ,gills simply adnate1 asc5d+1 some:at di/ant1 r>ely connect$ by ve9s1 q entire1 :ite1 some:at gray at ! base4 ,/em less rigid ?an t ( ,a4 gal]iculatus4 ,truly greg>i\s or cespitose4 ,fries4 ,spores #abf ,b42 elliptical1 #aa-abf ,massee4 ,tr5ton1 ,n4,j4 ,june4 ,e4,b4 ,/]l+2 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 on decay+ /umps1 trunks ( oak1 *e/nut1 popl>1 p9e4 ,june until f> into ! w9t]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,plant up to #b 94 high4 ,caps usually ab\t 941 b rea*+ 94 ,a neat1 attractive plant1 :e!r s+le or 9 d5se tufts4 ,its smell is /rong ( fre% meal1 & ta/e ( t delicate flavor "o f9ds 9 ! succul5t base ( ! r\nd1 swamp ru%1 :5 pull$ f its %ea?--"o t e c\ntry s*ool boy & girl kn[s4 ,x is pleasant raw1 & delici\s :5 cook$4 ,m4 latifolia ,pk4--latus1 broad2 folium1 a leaf4 ,pileus convex1 r>ely some:at umbonate1 /riatulate1 grayi%-br[n4 ,gills :ite1 broad1 hook$1 decurr5t-too!d4 ,/em sl5d]1 smoo?1 holl[1 subconcolor\s1 :ite-vill\s at ! base4 ,height #a-a4e 941 bread? ( pileus #d-f l9es4 ,/em 4#e l9es ?ick4 ,"u p9e trees4 ,c5t]4 ,octob]4 ,a small species ) q broad gills1 gr[+ among ! fall5 leaves ( p9e trees4 ,greg>i\s4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,among p9e ne$les1 scatt]$1 sometimes f\r or five 9 a clu/]4 ,septemb] to ,octob]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,autumnal4 ,n r>e4 ,! caps ?\gh small are t5aci\s 9 ! m\? & lose little 9 cook+4 ,! sub/ance is agreeable & flavor f9e4 ,,iv4-- ,,fragili,,p$es4 ,/em fragile1 juiceless1 etc4 ,none te/$4 ,v4--,,fili,,p$es4 ,/em ?read-l1 etc4 ,m4 coll>iata ,fr4--coll>e1 a coll>4 ,pileus 94 & m broad1 typically d+y-br[n1 b becom+ pale1 commonly gray-:iti%1 becom+ br[ni% only at ! disk1 membranace\s1 bell-%ap$ !n convex1 some:at umbonate1 /riate1 :5 dry rigid1 smoo?1 n s(t nor slightly silky4 ,/em ab\t #b 94 long1 tub$1 ?read-l b almo/ #a l9e ?ick1 t\gh1 dry1 smoo?1 ev5 or slightly /riate "u a l5s1 becom+ pale4 ,gills adnate1 jo9$ 9 a coll> beh9d1 ?91 cr[d$1 ho>y-:iti% or obsoletely fle%-color$4 ,! gills are some:at di/ant :5 ! pileus is exp&$4 ,!re is n a sep>ate coll> z 9 ,m>asmius rotula2 ! gills are only jo9$ 9 ! =m ( a coll>1 & rema9 coh]+ :5 !y sep>ate f ! /em4 ,fries4 ,spores #h-ajd-f ,b4 ,new ,york4 ,old /umps & rott5 logs4 ,june4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,cespitose on decay+ wood4 ,july1 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,v mu* l ,m4 gal]iculata1 b gills n connect$ by ve9s4 ,! caps usually h a p9ki% hue1 (t5 br[ni%4 ,! /ems are n z t5d] z ! caps4 ,! flavor is excell5t4 ,,vi4--,,lacti,,p$es4 ,/em & gills milky1 etc4 ,m4 hmatopa ,p]s4 ,gr4--blood2 ,gr4--a foot4 ,pileus ab\t #a 94 broad1 :ite fle%-color1 fle%y-membranace\s1 slightly fle%y *iefly at ! disk1 conical !n bell-%ap$1 obtuse1 nay convex & spuri\sly umbonate1 nak$1 ev5 or slightly /riate at ! m>g91 :i* is at ! fir/ elegantly too!d4 ,/em #b-d 94 long1 #a l9e & m ?ick1 rem>kably tub$1 rigid1 normally ev]y:]e p[d]$ ) :iti%1 delicate1 s(t hairy d[n1 sometimes1 h[ev]1 d5ud$ ( x4 ,gills adnate1 (t5 ) a small decurr5t too?1 ! alt]nate ones %ort]1 9 front disappe>+ %ort ( ! slight m>g9 ( ! pileus1 :iti% & :olly ( ! same color at ! edge4 ,cespitose 7v _m ( ! /ems conjo9$ & hairy at ! base71 firm1 /ature almo/ t ( ,m4 gal]iculata1 :olly ab\nd+ ) d>k blood-color$ juice4 ,on /umps4 ,frequ5t4 ,septemb]4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores sph]oid-ellipsoid1 #ajf-g ,k4 ,i f9d a non-cespitose =m ( ?is species ) r$-m>g9$ gills4 ,its r$ juice1 h[ev]1 w s]ve to di/+ui% x & %[ its true relations4 ,peck1 #ca/ ,rep4 ,common 9 tufts l ,m4 gal]iculata & ( ab\t ! same size1 b is readily di/+ui%$ by its r$ juice4 ,?is pretty plant c (t5 be ga!r$ 9 consid]able quantity1 & well repays ! collector4 ,,vii4--,,glut9i,,p$es4 ,/ems gelat9\s1 etc4 ,none te/$4 ,,viii4--,,basi,,p$es4 ,/em dilat$ at base1 etc4 ,none te/$4 ,,ix4--,,insiti,,ti4 ,/em ins]t$4 ,none te/$4 ,illu/ration ,,hia,,tula ,fr4 7,plate ,,xxxiii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,hiatula ,,wynni4 ,hio1 to gape4 ,pileus symmetrical1 v ?91 )\t a di/9ct pellicle1 =m$ by ! union ( ! backs ( ! gills1 splitt+ :5 exp&$4 ,gills almo/ or q free1 :ite4 ,/em c5tral4 ,spores :ite4 ,alli$ to ,lepiota 9 ! ?9 pileus & free gills1 b diff]+ 9 ! entire abs5ce ( a r+4 ,n at all deliquesc5t z 9 ! g5us ,copr9us1 ne> to :i* x 0 at "o "t plac$ by ,fries4 ,massee4 ,report$ f ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,,ompha,,lia ,fr4 ,gr4--belong+ to an umbilicus4 7,plate ,,xxxiv47 ,illu/ration3 ,,omphalia ,,umbellif]a4 ,enl>g$ ab\t two sizes4 ,pileus g5]ally ?91 usually umbilicate at fir/1 !n funnel-%ap$1 (t5 hygrophan\s1 m>g9 incurv$ or /raight4 ,gills truly decurr5t f ! fir/1 sometimes bran*$4 ,/em di/9ctly c>tilag9\s1 poli%$1 tubul>1 (t5 /uff$ :5 "y4 ,fle% cont9u\s ) t ( ! pileus b diff]+ 9 "*4 ,spores :ite1 some:at elliptical1 smoo?4 ,g5]ally on wood1 pref]r+ hilly woods & a damp climate4 ,resembl+ ,collybia & ,myc5a 9 ! fle% ( /em & pileus be+ diff]5t 9 texture & 9 ! ext]nally c>tilag9\s /em4 ,x is p]fectly sep>at$ by ! gills be+ m>k$ly decurr5t f ! fir/4 ,! ,am]ican species ( ,omphalia numb] betwe5 ?irty-five & =ty4 ,_m ( !m are common4 ,few woods are free f !m4 ,sev]al ( !m are beautiful4 ,!y are usually small & lack+ 9 sub/ance4 ,raw1 ! writ] has n f\nd "o t is objectionable 9 any way2 a few h a woody ta/e4 ,b two species h be5 f\nd by him 9 suffici5t quantity to make a di%4 ,x is probable t all are edible4 ,at be/ ! species ( ,omphalia are valuable 9 em]g5cy only4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,tribes4 ,,collyb>ii4 99 ,pileus dilat$ f ! fir/1 m>g9 incurv$4 ,,myc5>ii4 ,pileus campanulate at fir/1 m>g9 /raight & press$ to ! /em4 ,,collyba,,rii4 99 ,pileus dilat$ f ! fir/2 m>g9 incurv$4 ,o4 oniscus ,fr4 ,gr4--a wood-l\se4 ,f ! a%y color4 ,pileus sc>cely #a 94 broad1 d>k a%y becom+ pale1 gray-ho>y :5 dry1 some:at membranace\s1 or slightly fle%y1 flaccid1 fragile :5 old1 convexo-umbilicate or funnel-%ap$1 (t5 irregul>1 undulato-flexu\s1 ev5-lob$1 smoo?1 ev51 m>g9 /riate4 ,/em #a 94 long1 #a l9e & m ?ick1 /uff$ !n tub$1 slightly firm1 mod]ately t\gh1 sometimes r\nd1 curv$1 sometimes unequal1 compress$1 asc5d+1 undulat$1 gray4 ,gills %ortly decurr5t1 some:at di/ant1 quat]nate1 a%-color4 ,n cespitose4 ,fries4 ,spores #abg-h ,b4 ,massa*usetts1 ,sprague2 ,cali=nia1 ,h4 & ,m41 :o record x z edible4 ,o4 umbellifera--umbella1 a little %ade2 f]o1 to be>4 ,f its umbrella-l %ape4 7,plate ,,xxxiv1 p4 #acb47 ,pileus ab\t 94 broad1 commonly :iti%1 slightly fle%y-membranace\s1 convex !n plane1 broadly obconic ) ! decurr5t gills1 n at all or only slightly umbilicate1 hygrophan\s1 :5 moi/ wat]y1 ray$ ) d>k] /ri1 :5 dry ev51 *angeable 9 appe>ance1 silky1 flocculose1 r>ely squamulose1 ! m>g91 :i* is at fir/ inflex$1 cr5ate 7scallop$74 ,/em %ort1 n exce$+ #a 94 long1 almo/ #a l9e ?ick1 /uff$ !n soon tub$1 slightly firm1 equal or dilat$ t[>d ! apex into ! pileus1 ( ! same color z ! pileus1 commonly smoo?1 b v>y+ pubesc5t1 :ite vill\s at ! base4 ,gills v broad beh9d1 triangul>1 decurr5t1 v di/ant1 edge ( ! gills /raight4 ,cosmopolitan4 ,! common =m is to be f\nd ev]y:]e f ! sea level to #d1jjj feet4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores #cd ,w4,g4,s42 #ajd ,w4,p42 gre5 v>iety #ajf ,w4,p42 broadly elliptical1 #h-aje-f ,peck4 ,o4 umbellif]a is kn[n ! _w ov]4 ,x is v v>iable 9 size & color4 ,) u x is seldom ov] 94 broad4 ,/em -#a l9e ?ick4 ,x gr[s on decay+ wood & gr\nd full ( decay+ mat]ial4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties4 ,all are edible1 b n wor? describ+4 ,?is description is giv5 t ! /ud5t may recognize "o ( our common plants1 & eat x1 if v hungry4 ,,myc5a,,rii4 ,o4 campanella ,bats*4--campana1 a bell4 ,pileus ?91 r t\gh1 hemisph]ical or convex1 glabr\s1 umbilicate1 hygrophan\s1 ru/y yell[-color & /riatulate :5 moi/1 pal] :5 dry4 ,gills mod]ately close1 arcuate1 decurr5t1 yell[i%1 ! int]spaces v5ose4 ,/em firm1 rigid1 holl[1 br[n1 (t5 pal] at ! top1 tawny-/rigose at ! base4 ,spores elliptical1 #f-gc-d4 ,pileus #d-h l9es broad4 ,/em ab\t #a 94 long1 sc>cely #a l9e ?ick4 ,mu* decay$ wood ( conif]\s trees4 ,v common4 ,may to ,novemb]4 ,peck1 #de? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores ellipsoid1 #f-hc-d ,c4,b4,p42 #gc ,w4,p42 #f-ic-d ,b4 ,! quantity alone1 9 :i* ?is small species c be f\nd1 makes x wor? m5tion+ z an edible species4 ,x is common ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates :]e conif]\s trees ab\nd4 ,its favorite habitat is ^u ! rott+ debris ( ^! trees4 ,occasionally x gr[s f ! gr\nd1 b only f t :i* is heavily *>g$ ) woody mat]ial4 ,x is social 9 troops1 or affectionate 9 clu/]s1 or ma9ta9s a s+le exi/5ce4 ,x is edible1 ( good sub/ance :5 /ew$1 t5d] & ( fair flavor4 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph$ by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,wei/4 ,,plate ,,xxxv4 ,,pleurotus ,,o/reatus4 ,,pleuro,,tus4 ,gr4--a side2 ,gr4--an e>4 ,/em exc5tric1 lat]al or none4 ,epiphytal 7v r>ely gr[+ on ! gr\nd71 irregul>1 fle%y or membranace\s4 ,fries4 ,! exc5tric1 g5]ally lat]al /em1 abs5t 9 "s ( ! species1 sep>ates ?is f o!r g5]a ( ! :ite-spor$ s]ies4 ,pileus v>y+ f fle%y 9 ! l>g] to membranace\s 9 ! small] =ms1 b nev] becom+ woody4 ,veil g5]ally want+1 :5 pres5t its rema9s sometimes appe> on ! m>g9 ( ! pileus1 or z an evanesc5t r+ on ! /em4 ,gills1 edge acute1 g5]ally decurr5t1 9 "s species ) a well-m>k$ too?1 r>ely simply adnate4 ,/em fle%y1 conflu5t & homog5e\s ) ! pileus4 ,wood1 dead or alive2 a few species appe> on ! gr\nd4 ,p4 ulm>ius & o!rs ( ! l>g] =ms1 :5 gr[+ 9 an upright position1 may h ! /em c5tral & ! pileus horizontal4 ,! /ems ( "s species ( ,clitocybe & ,omphalia if gr[+ lat]ally are sometimes exc5tric & oblique4 ,?is g5us is analog\s to ,claudopus1 p9k-spor$1 & ,crepidotus1 br[n-spor$4 ,spores :ite1 b ^? ( ,p4 sapidus are fa9tly t+$ ) lilac1 & ( ,p4 o/reatus1 v>4 euosmus1 ) purple4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,tribes4 ,,exc5trici4 ,page #acg4 ,pileus entire1 lat]ally ext5d$1 exc5tric1 n truly lat]al4 99 ,veil fugaci\s1 fragm5ts adh]+ to /em or m>g9 ( pileus4 9999 ,veil none1 gills s9uate or obtusely adnate4 999999 ,veil none1 gills v decurr5t1 /em di/9ct1 almo/ v]tical4 99999999 ,veil none1 gills v decurr5t1 /em prop] abs5t1 pileus lat]al1 ext5d$ beh9d into a %ort1 /em-l oblique base4 ,,dimidiati4 ,page #add4 ,pileus n at fir/ resup9ate1 lat]al1 prolong$ )\t a def9ite m>g9 beh9d1 into a v %ort lat]al1 /em-l base4 ,,resup9ati4 ,page #adf4 ,pileus resup9ate f ! fir/1 !n reflex$4 ,if any odium atta*es to ! ^w toad/ool1 x %\ld be =gott5 & =ev] bani%$ 9 pres5ce ( ?is cleanly1 neat1 h&some g5us1 *oice 9 its gr[+ places f li*5-cov]$ /umps1 or b>k-clad boles1 or highly p]*$ limbs1 or ! sc5t$ surfaces ( decay+ wood4 ,sev]al ( its species p]fume !mselves ?r\gh\t ) pleasant spicy odors4 ,_m are mo/ accommodat+ 9 _! con/ant com+4 ,mr4 ,h4,i4 ,mill]1 sup]9t5d5t ,t]re ,haute & ,indianapolis ,railroad1 writes3 8,mo/ ( ! mu%room books give greate/ space to ! ,a4 campe/]4 ,= "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry ?is may be desirable1 b = ,indiana & ,ohio1 consid]+ ! food value1 ! ,p4 o/reatus is ! be/ fungus we h 9 ^! /ates1 f ! fact t anybody want+ a mess c ne>ly always obta9 a basketful ( ?is v>iety1 :]eas ! o!rs dep5d ^u a good _m wea!r conditions4 ,hav+ locat$ a few logs & /umps 9 ! spr+1 :]e ! ,p4 o/reatus gr[s1 ^! same /umps & logs c be us$ all season4 ,! crops are successive1 & :ile "s ( ! spots seem to be b>r5 = a few days at a "t1 ! o!rs w be be>+4 ,x does n make mu* diff]5ce :at ! k9d ( log or /ump1 :e!r x be bee*1 oak or elm1 or :at ! species ( tree4 ,i ?9k ,i h f\nd !m on all our =e/ trees1 & x is n necess>y = ! tree to be dead4 ,if !re is a decay+ portion1 ! spores seem to be c>ri$ by ! little black beetle t infe/s ! o/reatus1 f "o place to ano!r1 & :]ev] a small spot ( dead wood is f\nd we are likely to f9d ! ,p4 o/reatus4 ,?is be+ ! only edible mu%room t we c f9d 9 l>ge quantities all ?r\gh ! season 9 ?is neck ( ! woods1 x seems to me t a g5]al k ( x w s]ve ! economic purpose m ?an any o!r fungi40 ,! pres5ce ( ! ,p4 o/reatus & its escul5t companions is not$ f our nor!rn b\nd>y to ! gulf4 ,popl>1 maple1 bir*1 hickory1 a%1 apple1 laburnum & oak trees are its favor$ resid5ces4 ,de] fe$ ^u x1 & k9e are attract$ by its sc5t ev5 :5 deep "u sn[4 ,:5 prop]ly select$ & sl[ly cook$1 ! ,pleuroti are too?some4 ,f ! fact t ! spores ( ?is fle%y & valuable g5us f9d fo/]+ lodgm5t 9 _m trees :5 9 decay1 x is m ?an probable t ! sev]al species c be propagat$ by plant+ _! spores ^u su* decay+ woods1 or by transplant+ ! mycelium4 ,gr[?s ( ,p4 o/reatus1 ,p4 sapidus1 ,p4 salignus1 & probably o!r species ( ,pleurotus1 c be =c$1 by wat]+ ! spots ^u :i* !y are kn[n to gr[4 ,dr4 ,kal*br5n] m5tions t ! ,p4 sapidus is 9 ?is way cultivat$ 9 ,hung>y4 ,act+ ^u ?is m5tion ! writ] _h good success ) ,p4 o/reatus4 ,exp]im5ts 9 ?is direction are likely to be int]e/+ & rew>d+4 ,no species is suspect$ ( be+ noxi\s4 ,an analysis ( ,p4 o/reatus is giv5 by ,lafayette ,b4 ,m5del1 ,%effield ,laboratory ( ,physiological ,*emi/ry1 ,yale ,univ]sity1 z foll[s3 ,wat] #gc4gj ,total solids #bf4cj ,! dry sub/ance conta9$3 ,total nitrog5 #b4dj ,extractive nitrog5 #a4bg ,prote9 nitrog5 #a4ac ,e!r extract #a4f ,crude fib] #g4e ,a% #f4a ,mat]ial soluble 9 #he #ca4e alcohol ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,physiology1 ,vol4 #a1 ,no4 #aa1 ,m>* #a1 #ahih4 ,i4--,,exc5,,trici4 99,veil fugaci\s1 etc4 ,p4 dryinus ,p]s4 ,gr4--oak4 ,pileus #b 94 broad1 :iti%1 v>iegat$ ) spot-l scales :i* become d+y-br[n1 lat]al1 oblique1 r plane4 ,fle% ?ick4 ,/em v curt & obese1 commonly #a 94 long & ?ick1 some:at lat]al1 some:at woody1 squamulose1 :ite1 ) a %ort1 blunt root4 ,veil sc>cely conspicu\s on ! /em1 b app5diculate r\nd ! m>g9 ( ! pileus :5 "y4 ,gills n v decurr5t1 some:at simple1 n ana/omos+ beh9d1 n>r[1 :ite1 becom+ yell[ :5 old4 ,on trunks1 oak1 a%1 will[1 etc4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores #ajd ,massee4 ,edible4 ,cordi]1 ,cooke4 ,:5 "y ! caps are t5d]2 ( ! consi/5cy1 :5 cook$1 ( ,polyporus sulphureus4 ,9 ta/e & smell ! species v>ies f o!r ,pleuroti1 9 hav+ a di/9ct musk-l flavor4 ,?is is agreeable1 rem9d+ "o ( ! common mu%room--,a4 campe/]4 9999,veil none1 gills s9uate1 etc4 ,p4 ulmarius ,bull4--ulmus1 an elm4 ,pileus #c-e 94 & m broad1 becom+ pale-livid1 (t5 m>bl$ ) r\nd spots1 fle%y1 compact1 horizontal1 mod]ately regul> al?\gh m or less exc5tric1 convex !n plane1 disk-%ap$1 ev51 smoo?4 ,fle% :ite1 t\gh4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #a 94 ?ick1 solid1 firm1 ela/ic1 some:at exc5tric1 curv$-asc5d+1 ?ick5$ & tom5tose at ! base1 n r>ely vill\s ?r\gh\t1 :ite4 ,gills horizontal1 em>g9ate or r\nd$ beh9d1 slightly adnex$1 broad 7broad] 9 ! middle71 some:at cr[d$1 :iti%4 ,! pileus is sometimes crack$ 9 a tessellat$ mann]4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores ne>ly globose1 #e long ,morgan2 #e-f4e broad ,peck2 #f ,w4,g4,s4 ,v>4 ac]icola--ac]1 maple2 colo1 to inhabit4 ,plant small]1 cespitose4 ,trunks & roots ( maple trees4 ,adirondack m\nta9s4 ,septemb]4 ,v>4 populicola--populus1 popl>2 colo1 to inhabit4 ,plant subcespitose1 /em :olly tom5tose4 ,we/ ,albany4 ,peck1 ,monograph1 ,n4,y4 ,species ( ,pleurotus1 ,rep4 #ci4 ,! gills are sometimes torn across l ^? ( ,l5t9us4 ,! hi/oric elms ( ,bo/on ,common h borne copi\s crops ( ?is well-kn[n & easily di/+ui%$ species f "t immemorial4 ,e fall1 ab\t ! fir/ ( ,septemb]1 if ! season is favorable1 lat] if n1 copi\s crops appe> decorat+ ! trunks1 & bran*es1 sometimes at a height ( ?irty or =ty feet4 ,gr[? takes place :]e bran*es h brok5 (f or ! trees h be5 w\nd$ f o!r causes4 ,!y occur v g5]ally on elms 9 ! outly+ di/ricts ( ! city1 b are r>e 9 ! c\ntry1 seem+ to be di/9ctly urban 9 _! ta/es4 ,no damage is app>5t f _! gr[?4 ,imm$iately 9 ! re> ( ,indep5d5ce ,hall1 ,philadelphia1 a f9e clu/] appe>s ) equal autumnal regul>ity4 ,?\gh ! elm tree is ! *os5 habitat ( ?is fungus1 x is little less select 9 its *oice ?an o!r memb]s ( its g5us4 ,:5 "y & small ,p4 ulm>ius is t5d] & ( acceptable flavor4 ,! /ems & c5t]s ( old] specim5s %\ld be cut away1 & ! t5d] p>ts ( ! caps1 only1 us$4 ,p4 tessulatus ,bull4--tessela1 a small cube = pavem5t4 ,pileus becom+ pale-tawny1 horizontal1 compactly fle%y1 convex !n plane1 & 9 a =m :i* is some:at lat]al depress$ beh9d1 irregul>1 ev51 smoo?1 v>iegat$ ) r\nd & hexagonal pal] spots4 ,fle% ?ick1 :ite4 ,/em %ort1 #a 94 or little m long1 solid1 compact1 equal or att5uat$ at ! base1 v exc5tric1 curv$-asc5d+1 ev51 smoo?1 :ite4 ,gills s9uate beh9d1 unc9ato-adnate1 ?91 cr[d$1 :ite or becom+ yell[4 ,solit>y2 accord+ to "s cespitose4 ,! pileus is n crack$ 9 a tessellat$ mann]1 z "o might easily imag9e f ! "n1 b v>iegat$ ) spots4 ,small] ?an ,a4 ulm>ius 7to :i* x is too closely alli$71 b almo/ m compact1 ) a smell ( new meal4 ,on trunks4 ,/ev5son4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s*we9itz4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,edible4 ,cordi]4 ,on specim5s gr[+ cespitose & s+ly1 f\nd at ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j4 ,septemb]1 #ahie1 on trunk ( apple tree1 & at ,eagle's ,m]e1 ,pa41 s+ly on sug> maple1 ,augu/1 #ahih1 ! m>g9 ( caps 7 beautifully m>k$1 b n crack$4 ,9 quality x is bett] ?an ,p4 ulm>ius4 ,p4 subpalmatus ,fr4--sub & palma1 a palm4 ,pileus #c-e 94 across4 ,fle% ?ick1 s(t1 v>iegat$2 convex !n m or less flatt5$1 irregul>ly circul>1 obtuse1 wr9kl$1 smoo?1 ) a gelat9\s cuticle1 rufesc5t4 ,/em exc5tric or almo/ lat]al1 b ! pileus is always m>g9ate beh9d1 fibrillose1 %ort1 equal1 fle% fibr\s1 s(t4 ,gills adnate1 #c-d l9es broad1 cr[d$1 jo9$ beh9d1 d+y4 ,massee4 ,on old trunks1 squ>$ timb]1 etc4 ,v rem>kable = hav+ ! fle% v>iegat$ z 9 ,fi/ul9a hepatica4 ,pileus1 especially :5 "y1 cov]$ ) a viscid pellicle4 ,fr4 ,spores m9utely e*9ulate1 ne>ly globose1 #e4fg ,morgan4 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,wiscons91 ,bundy4 ,i frequ5tly f\nd ?is species 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 gr[+ f oak ties & /&+ oak timb]4 ,i did n notice di/illation ( rufesc5t drops f ! cap4 ,! s(t fle% _h good flavor4 ,! gelat9\s cuticle imp>ts its "* to ! di%4 ,mix$ ) ,l5t9us lepideus1 a mu* t\gh] plant1 :i* gr[s 9 great abundance 9 ! same localities1 x makes too?some food4 ,p4 lignatilis ,fr4--lignum1 wood4 ,d+y :iti%4 ,pileus #a-d 94 broad1 r>ely c5tral1 commonly m or less exc5tric1 occasionally :olly lat]al1 (t5 kidney-%ap$1 fle%y1 ?91 b compact & t\gh1 fissile1 convex !n plane1 obtuse & (t5 umbilicate1 flocculoso-pru9ate1 at l5g? d5ud$ ) ra91 rep&1 m>g9 at fir/ involute !n exp&$1 undulato-lob$ :5 luxuriant4 ,/em sometimes #b-c 941 sometimes #c-d l9es long 7ev5 oblit]at$71 /uff$ !n holl[1 always ?91 unequal1 curv$1 curv$ or flexu\s1 t\gh & flexile1 :iti%1 ev]y:]e pru9ato-vill\s1 root+ & some:at tom5tose at ! base4 ,gills adnate1 v cr[d$ & n>r[1 unequal1 div]g5t 9 ! lobes1 %9+ :ite4 ,fries4 ,exce$+ly v>iable1 :olly incon/ant 9 =m2 sub/ance ?9 & pliant2 commonly d5sely cespitose1 b also s+le4 ,odor /rong ( new meal4 ,on wood1 bee*1 etc4 ,/ev5son4 ,p>asitic on a rott5 plant ( ,polyporus annosus on elm4 ,w4,g4,s4 ,:ite & grayi%-:ite1 m>g9 fa9tly /riate2 :ite-spott$1 odor di/9ctly f>9ace\s4 ,c4,m4 ,spores #c-d long1 ,morgan1 ,cooke1 ,w4,g4,s42 #d-e ,k4 ,v>4 abscond5s ,pk4--obscure4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #ca1 #ci4 ,on trunks1 scatt]$1 sometimes loosely clu/]$4 ,griff9s1 ,delaw>e c\nty1 ,n4,y4 ,septemb]4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #ca1 #ci4 ,k+sess+1 ne> ,philadelphia2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,?is is a good species 9 e way4 ,i h n f\nd x 9 ext5d$ quantity1 b x is probable t x w be f\nd 9 pl5ty :5 clos] obs]v$ & bett] kn[n4 ,p4 circ9atus ,fr4--to make r\nd4 ,:olly :ite1 n hygrophan\s4 ,pileus ab\t #c 94 broad1 orbicul>1 horizontal1 fle%y1 t\gh1 convex !n plano-disk-%ap$1 obtuse1 ev51 b cov]$ ov] ) a %9+ :iti% slightly silky lu/]4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 #c-d l9es ?ick1 /uff$1 ela/ic1 equal1 c5tral or slightly exc5tric1 commonly /raight1 smoo?1 bluntly root$ at ! base4 ,gills adnate1 slightly decurr5t1 cr[d$1 broad 7z mu* z #c l9es71 :ite4 ,fries4 ,an exce$+ly di/9ct species4 ,regul>1 solit>y1 ) a weak1 pleasant1 n mealy odor4 ,! pileus is a little ?ick] ?an t ( ,a4 lignatilis1 b less compact2 ! gills are twice z broad4 ,z ,a4 lignatilis is *angeable1 ?is is always con/ant 9 =m4 ,on rott+ bir* /ump4 ,/ev5son4 ,cali=nia1 ,h4 & ,m4 ,f\nd at ,eagle's ,m]e1 ,pa41 ,augu/1 #ahih1 on bir* trees4 ,g5]ally solit>y2 sometimes six or eight on "o tree1 beautifully %9+ :ite1 at a di/ance resembl+ "y ,polyporus betul9us4 ,l>ge quantities ( x gr[ 9 ! ext5sive bir* =e/s at ,eagle's ,m]e1 yield+ a ready food supply4 ,its flavor is pleasant1 & texture1 :5 cook$1 q t5d]4 ,p4 pubesc5s ,pk4--pubes1 d[n or s(t hair4 ,pileus fle%y1 convex1 suborbicul>1 pubesc5t1 yell[i%4 ,gills broad1 subdi/ant1 r\nd$ beh9d1 s9uate1 pallid t+$ ) r$4 ,/em %ort1 firm1 curv$1 ecc5tric1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores globose1 #h broad4 ,pileus ab\t #b 94 broad4 ,/em sc>cely #a 94 long4 ,trunks ( trees4 ,lyndonville4 ,c4,e4 ,fairman4 ,peck1 #dd? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 on oak trunks4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,high1 agreeable flavor2 texture ab\t z 9 ,p4 o/reatus4 999999 ,gills decurr5t2 /em di/9ct1 etc4 7,plate ,,xxxvi47 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,,pleurotus ,,sapidus4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,p4 sapidus ,kal*b4--savory4 ,cespitose1 or sev]al pilei appe>+ to spr+ f a common bran*$ /em4 ,pileus #a-c 94 across4 ,fle% ?ick1 exc5tric1 regul>1 convex or obtusely gibb\s !n depress$1 glabr\s1 :ite or br[ni%4 ,/em /\t1 solid1 sev]al usually spr++ f a ?ick5$ knob1 :iti%1 #a-b 94 long1 exp&+ upw>d into ! pileus4 ,gills decurr5t1 r di/ant1 n>r[1 :iti%4 ,spores elliptical1 #aj-aad-e4 ,on elm trunks4 ,a v v>iable species2 accord+ to ,kal*br5n]1 ! spores h a fa9t t+e ( lilac1 & ! pileus is :ite1 tawny1 br[ni%1 or umb] on ! same trunk4 ,! :ite =m only has be5 met ) 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,massee4 ,spores ) a lilac t+e1 oblong or a little curv$ & po9t$1 #h4cc4g ,morgan2 oblong1 #i-aa4ed-e ,peck2 #aj-aad-e ,massee4 ,n obs]v$ 9 ,engl& until #ahhg4 ,q common ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 gr[+ ^u decay+ wood1 :e!r above or "u gr\nd4 ,x has few di/9ct features4 ,! only positive "o di/+ui%+ x f ,p4 o/reatus is its lilac-t9t$ spores4 ,! t9t is fa9t b noticeable ^u :ite backgr\nd4 ,except+ = purposes ( ! /ud5t1 its sep>ation1 z a species1 f ,p4 o/reatus is n necess>y4 ,:5 old x has m body ?an ! latt]1 b is equally sup]ior z a food fungus4 ,pr(essor ,peck rem>ks ( x3 8,a /ew made ( x is a v good sub/itute = an oy/] /ew40 ,x c be cultivat$ by wat]+ ! places ^u :i* x is kn[n to appe>4 ,p4 pometi ,fr4--pometum1 an or*>d4 ,pileus :ite1 fle%y1 s(t1 sub-flaccid1 irregul>1 involute1 convex1 ev51 smoo?1 disk depress$4 ,gills decurr5t1 cr[d$1 sep>ate beh9d4 ,/em #b-c 94 high1 #c-d l9es ?ick1 exc5tric1 solid1 t\gh1 asc5d+1 root+4 ,on trunks ( pe> & apple trees4 ,especially di/+ui%$ by ! root+ /em4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 edible1 ,curtis2 ,cali=nia1 ,h4 & ,m4 99999999 ,gills decurr5t4 ,/em lat]al1 etc4 ,p4 o/reatus ,jacq4--o/rea1 an oy/]4 7,plate ,,xxxv1 p4 #acd1 ,,xxxva1 p4 #adb47 ,pileus #c-e 94 broad1 :5 "y almo/ becom+ black1 soon becom+ pale1 br[ni%-a% color1 pass+ into yell[ :5 old1 fle%y1 s(t1 %ell-%ap$1 some:at dimidiate1 asc5d+1 smoo?1 moi/1 ev51 b sometimes ) ! cuticle torn into squamules4 ,/em %ort5$ or oblit]at$1 firm1 ela/ic1 asc5d+ obliquely1 ?ick5+ upw>d1 :ite1 /rigoso-vill\s at ! base4 ,gills decurr5t1 ana/omos+ beh9d1 some:at di/ant1 broad1 :ite1 sometimes turn+ light yell[1 & )\t gl&ules4 ,= ! mo/ "p cespitose1 imbricat$1 v v>iable1 sometimes almo/ c5tral4 ,! pileus is at fir/ convex & horizontal1 !n exp&$ & asc5d+4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores #aj-abd-e ,massee2 #g4e-ajd ,peck4 ,g5]al ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,v>4 gl&ulosus ,ag4 g4 ,bull4--,) ! habit ( ! typical =m1 b l>g]4 ,pileus d>k br[n1 becom+ pale4 ,gills :ite1 ) scatt]$ small w>t-l or gl&ul> bodies4 ,on trunks4 ,a v con/ant b some:at r>e v>iety2 easily kn[n by ! d>k-br[n pileus4 ,! gl&-l bodies on ! gills are due to ! outw>d gr[? ( ! hyph ( ! trama 9 m9ute pat*es "h & !re4 ,massee4 ,v>4 euosmus ,b]k4--/rong-smell+4 ,/rong sc5t$1 imbricate4 ,pileus fle%y1 depress$1 %9+1 silky :5 dry1 at fir/ :ite ) a t+e ( blue1 !n br[ni%4 ,/em %ort or obsolete4 ,gills decurr5t1 v5tricose1 d+y1 :ite4 ,spores #ab-ade1 pale p9ki%-lilac4 ,on elm trunks4 ,pilei v mu* cr[d$1 #b 94 or m across1 deeply depress$1 unequal1 at fir/ :ite1 inve/$ ) a slight blue v>ni%1 at l5g? ( a pale br[n4 ,/ems di/9ct above1 connate bel[4 ,gills r broad2 runn+ d[n to ! bottom ( ! free portion ( ! /em4 ,spores oblong1 n>r[1 oblique1 :ite1 t+$ ) purple4 ,! :ole plant smells1 :5 fir/ ga!r$1 /rongly ( t>ragon4 ,b4 & ,br4 ,f\nd at ,ri*mond1 ,ind41 ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,wei/4 ,on hickory /ump at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,mc,ilvaine2 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,t4,j4 ,coll9s4 ,?is escul5t fungus closely alli$ to ,p4 o/reatus1 & diff]+ only 9 hav+ lilac spores1 has be5 foll[$ f book to book by a bad reputation1 probably because ( its 8rosy0 or lilac spores--all fungi hav+ p9k spores hav+ be51 until rec5tly1 ignorantly br&$ by au?ors z poison\s4 ,! writ] has eat5 meals ( x _m times1 z h 8 fri5ds4 ,x is 9 e way equal to ,p4 o/reatus4 ,! r>e qualities ( ?is species are /at$ 9 ! descriptive head+ ( ! g5us4 ,its v "n implies excell5ce4 ,! camel is gratefully call$ ! %ip ( ! des]t2 ! oy/] mu%room is ! %ellfi% ( ! =e/4 ,:5 ! t5d] p>ts are dipp$ 9 egg1 roll$ 9 bread crumbs1 & fri$ z an oy/] !y are n excell$ by any vegetable1 & are wor?y ( place 9 ! da9tie/ m5u4 ,p4 salignus ,s*wam4--salix1 will[4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad1 sooty a%-color or o*race\s1 fle%y1 compact1 spongy1 some:at dimidiate1 horizontal1 at fir/ pulv9ate1 ev51 at l5g? depress$ beh9d & "h & !re /rigose1 ! incurv$ m>g9 entire4 ,/em always %ort1 firm1 m or less tom5tose4 ,gills horizontal1 h5ce less manife/ly decurr5t1 sep>ate beh9d1 b bran*$ 9 ! middle1 cr[d$1 d+y1 (t5 erod$ at ! edge1 n gl&ul>4 ,among ! l>g] & firm] species4 ,solit>y1 sc>cely ev] cespitose4 ,x is commonly conf\nd$ ) ,a4 o/reatus1 b is c]ta9ly a diff]5t species4 ,al?\gh ! /ature is 9 g5]al ! same1 x is easily di/+ui%$ by ! pileus be+ m compact1 & m pulv]ul5t :5 "y1 !n depress$1 by ! gills be+ ?9n]1 m cr[d$1 some:at bran*$1 b n ana/omos+ beh9d1 & d+y soot-color2 ! spores also are d+y4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores oblong or cyl9drical-oblong1 #hd ,w4,g4,s42 #h-ajc-d ,b4 ,dr4 ,curtis wrote ( ?is3 8,inde$ ,i h f\nd sev]al p]sons :o class ?is among ! mo/ palatable species4 ,to su* p]sons a di% ( fre% mu%rooms ne$ seldom be want+1 z ?is "o c be _h e mon? ( ! ye> 9 ?is latitude40 ,9 ,new ,j]sey1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 ,i h f\nd ,p4 salignus 9 quantity4 ,x has be5 s5t to me by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,wei/1 ( ,ri*mond1 ,ind41 :o writes1 8,i h eat5 x ) great enjoym5t40 ,9 #ahha ,i f\nd x frequ5tly on wat] bee*es & will[s1 & ?or\ghly te/$ its edible qualities4 ,r4,k4 ,macadam1 ,bo/on4 ,:5 "y or fre%1 x is q equal to any ,pleurotus4 ,:5 old1 z ) o!rs ( ! ,pleuroti1 x is t\gh4 ,nev]!less _! m>g9s are always edible unless decay+4 ,,ii4--,,dimidia,,ti4 ,p4 petaloides ,bull4--petal ( a fl[]4 ,pileus #a-b 94 long1 d+y-br[n1 becom+ pale1 dimidiate1 fle%y1 b 9 no wise compact1 r plane1 some:at spa?ulate1 cont9u\s ) ! /em & depress$ beh9d1 h5ce ! vill\s d[n ( ! /em asc5ds to ?is po9t 7! disk7 ( ! pileus1 o!rwise smoo?1 ev51 m>g9 at fir/ involute !n exp&$4 ,/em ab\t 94 long1 sometimes h[ev] v %ort1 solid1 firm1 compress$1 *annel$ :5 l>g]1 m or less vill\s1 :iti%4 ,gills decurr5t1 v cr[d$1 v n>r[ 7sc>cely beyond #b mm4 broad71 l9e>1 v unequal1 :ite !n a%-color4 ,ta/e bitt]4 ,! =m on wood is some:at horizontal1 greg>i\s "h & !re imbricat$4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores #i-ajd ,massee2 #hd ,w4,g4,s42 m9utely globose1 #c-d ,peck4 ,edible4 ,cooke1 ,cordi]4 ,p4 spa?ulatus ,p]s4--%ap$ l a spa?ula4 ,pileus r ?91 #a-b 94 broad1 asc5d+1 spa?ulate1 tap]+ beh9d into ! /em1 glabr\s1 convex or depress$ on ! disk & !re sometimes pubesc5t1 alutace\s or br[ni% t+$ ) gray1 r$ or yell[4 ,gills cr[d$1 l9e>1 decurr5t1 :iti% or yell[i%4 ,/em compress$1 sometimes *annel$ above1 grayi%-tom5tose4 ,spores elliptical1 #g4fd-e broad2 odor & ta/e f>9ace\s4 ,gr\nd4 ,s&lake4 ,june4 ,edible4 ,x gr[s s+ly or 9 tufts & is an in* or m 9 height4 ,! m>g9 is ?9 & sometimes /riatulate & reflex$4 ,t[>d ! base ! fle% is ?ick] ?an ! bread? ( ! gills4 ,! cuticle is t\gh & sep>able4 ,! fle% is said by ,gillet to be t5d] & delicate4 ,p]soon describes ! disk z spongy-squamulose1 b 9 our specim5s x is m]ely pubesc5t or tom5tose4 ,peck1 #ci? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,record$ z edible by ,pr(essor ,peck4 ,at ,eagle's ,m]e1 ,pa41 ,i f\nd _m specim5s agree+ ) ?is description4 ,!y grew f decay+ wood "u gr\nd1 yet _h ! appe>ance ( gr[+ f ! e>?4 ,x is probable t o!rs h be5 deceiv$4 ,9 quality ,i f\nd ?is to be "o ( ! be/4 ,p4 s]ot9us ,fr4--late4 ,pileus fle%y1 #a-c 94 broad1 compact1 convex or ne>ly plane1 viscid :5 "y & moi/1 dimidiate kidney-%ap$ or suborbicul>1 solit>y or cespitose & imbricat$1 v>i\sly color$1 d+y-yell[1 r$di%-br[n1 gre5i%-br[n or olivace\s1 ! m>g9 at fir/ involute4 ,gills close1 det]m9ate1 :iti% or yell[i%4 ,/em v %ort1 lat]al1 ?ick1 yell[i% b5ea? & m9utely tom5tose or squamulose ) blacki% po9ts4 ,spores m9ute1 elliptical1 #e long1 #b4e broad4 ,dead trunks ( decidu\s trees4 ,peck1 #ci? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 #ahhg1 & at ,mt4 ,moriah1 ne> ,philadelphia1 f ,augu/ until ,novemb]1 #ahih4 ,^u ^! f9d+s ! pileus 0 tom5tose at base1 z 0 ! %ort /em4 ,! species is n noticeably viscid aft] its y\?4 ,! viscidity c be detect$ 9 old specim5s by moi/5+ ! pileus4 ,its flavor is n m>k$1 nor is its texture z pleas+ z mo/ o!rs ( its g5us1 b be+ a late species x satisfies ! long+ ( ! mycophagi/ = 8 accu/om$ food4 ,p4 pulmonarius ,fr4--pulmo1 lung1 f texture4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad1 a%-color$1 cont9u\s ) ! /em1 fle%y1 s(t1 b t\gh1 flaccid1 obovate or kidney-%ap$1 plane or reflexo-con*ate at ! m>g91 ev51 smoo?4 ,fle% ?91 s(t1 :ite4 ,/em v %ort1 solid1 exactly lat]al1 horizontal or asc5d+1 r\nd1 vill\s1 exp&$ into ! pileus4 ,gills decurr5t b end+ det]m9ately1 mod]ately broad1 di/9ct1 n bran*$ or ana/omos+ at ! base1 livid or a%-color4 ,! prim>y =m is solit>y4 ,! pileus is a%y-tan :5 dri$4 ,x diff]s f ,a4 salignus alike 9 ! def9itely lat]al /em & 9 ! ?9 flaccid pileus4 ,fries4 ,n previ\sly report$4 ,f\nd by ,miss ,madele9e ,le ,moyne1 ,wa%+ton1 ,pa41 ,septemb]1 #ahih1 & s5t to writ]4 ,gills #c l9es broad1 n n>r[ 9 proportion to fle%4 ,ta/e & smell simil> to ,p4 o/reatus4 ,cook$ x is t5d]1 & m succul5t ?an ,p4 o/reatus4 ,,iii4--,,resup9a,,ti4 ,p4 ma/rucatus ,fr4--ma/ruca1 a %eepsk94 ,pileus up to #b 94 long & #a 94 broad1 sessile1 at fir/ resup9ate !n exp&$ & horizontal1 (t5 lob$1 upp] /ratum ( pileus gelat9\s1 br[n1 bri/l+ ) squ>rose or erect squamules4 ,fle% ?icki%4 ,gills radiat+ f ! po9t ( atta*m5t1 broad1 r di/ant1 grayi%-:ite4 ,on old trunks4 ,imbricat$4 ,readily di/+ui%$ by ! br[n1 squ>rosely scaly pileus4 ,massee4 ,spores oblong1 oblique1 #he ,morgan4 ,9 ,june1 #ahhf1 ! writ] f\nd ?is species 9 oak woods ne> ,philadelphia4 ,x grew on fall5 trunks & on decay+ spots ( liv+ timb]4 ,x is edible1 & ( good flavor1 b is r\gh 9 ! m\?4 ,if f\nd 9 quantity1 ! extract ( x w\ld make a delicate s\p4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p$ by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,/udies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,xxxvii4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,hygrophorus ,,prat5sis 7,,:ite #e4 ,,hygrophorus ,,v>471 #aeb ,,can?>ellus1 #aef #b4 ,,hygrophorus ,,prat5sis 7,,color$ #f4 ,,hygrophorus ,,virg9eus1 ,,v>471 #aeb #aec #c4 ,,hygrophorus ,,prat5sis 7,,aft] #g4 ,,hygrophorus ,,niveus1 ,,ra971 #aeb #aec #d4 ,,hygrophorus ,,m9iatus1 #aei ,,hygroph,,orus ,fr4 ,gr4--moi/2 ,gr4--to be>4 7,plate ,,xxxviii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,hygrophorus ,,prat5sis4 ,pileus regul> or undulat$ & wavy1 (t5 viscid or moi/4 ,fle% ( ! pileus cont9u\s ) t ( ! /em & desc5d+ z a trama into ! gills4 ,gills adnate or adnex$1 m or less decurr5t1 waxy1 (t5 ?ick & =k$1 edge always ?9 & %>p1 (t5 bran*$4 ,on ! gr\nd4 ,_m species are brightly color$4 ,spores :ite4 ,?is g5us diff]s f ! prec$+ g5]a 9 ! manife/ trama1 ! sub/ance ( :i* is simil> to t ( ! pileus2 f ,lact>ius & ,russula by ! trama n be+ vesicul>1 b some:at floccose ) granules int]mix$2 f ,can?>ellus1 its ne>e/ ally1 by ! %>p edge ( ! gills4 ,! ,cort9>ii1 ,paxilli & ,gomphidii are at once di/+ui%$ f x by _! color$ spores & ! *ang+ color ( _! gills1 z well z by o!r m>ks4 ,f all ! o!r g5]a ( ,ag>ic9i x is di/+ui%$ by a m>k peculi> to itself1 viz41 by ! hym5eal /ratum ( ! gills *ang+ into a waxy mass1 :i* is at l5g? removable f ! trama4 ,?is altoge!r s+ul> "* is specially rem>kable 9 ,h4 capr9us1 cocc9eus1 mur9aceus1 etc4 ,h5ce ! gills seem full ( wat]y juice1 b !y d n become milky l ^? ( ! ,lact>ii4 ,fries4 ,f ! description by ,fries1 ! au?or ( ! g5us1 x is manife/ t "o has to wait ! rip5+ ( ! fungus be=e ! peculi> *>act]i/ic m>k ( ! g5us1 i4 e4--gills turn+ into a waxy mass1 easily removable f ! cap--c be obs]v$4 ,_m ( ! species are difficult to det]m9e :5 fre%4 ,nev]!less1 !re is an indescribable1 wat]y1 waxy1 transluc5t appe>ance ab\t ! gills :i* cat*es ! eye ( ! exp]t1 & is soon le>n$ by ! novice4 ,! :ite spores readily sep>ate ! g5us f k9dr$ %apes 9 ! color$-spor$ g5]a4 ,s f> z te/$ none ( ! species is poison\s4 ,"o ,engli% species is fetid4 ,x is probable t !y are all edible1 v>y+ 9 quality only4 ,fries well1 & is sup]ior 9 croquettes & patties4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,tribes4 ,,limacium 7limax1 a slug74 ,page #adh4 ,univ]sal veil viscid1 ) occasionally a floccose p>tial "o1 :i* is annul> or m>g9al4 99 ,:ite or becom+ yell[i%4 9999 ,r$di%4 999999 ,tawny or yell[4 99999999 ,olivace\s-umb]4 9999999999 ,d+y c9]e\s or livid4 ,none kn[n to be edible4 ,,cam>ophyllus 7,gr4--a vault2 a leaf74 ,page #aeb4 7,f ! ar*$ %ape ( ! gills47 ,veil none4 ,/em ev51 smoo? or fibrillose1 n r\gh ) po9ts4 ,pileus firm1 opaque1 moi/ aft] ra91 n viscid4 ,gills di/ant1 arcuate4 99 ,gills deeply & at l5g? obconically decurr5t4 9999 ,gills v5tricose1 s9uately arcuate or plano-adnate4 ,,hygrocybe 7,gr--moi/2 ,gr--! head74 ,page #aee4 ,veil none4 ,:ole fungus ?91 wat]y1 succul5t1 fragile4 ,pileus :5 moi/ viscid1 %9+ :5 dry1 r>ely floccoso-scaly4 ,/em holl[1 s(t1 )\t dots4 ,gills s(t4 ,mo/ ( ! species are brightly color$ & %9+4 ,?is tribe is ! type ( ! g5us4 99 ,gills decurr5t4 9999 ,gills adnex$1 some:at sep>at+4 ,,lima,,cium4 99 ,:ite or yell[i%-:ite4 ,h4 *rysodon ,fr4 ,gr--gold2 a too?4 ,f too?-l squamules4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad1 :ite1 %9+ :5 dry1 b commonly yell[i% ) m9ute adpress$ squamules at ! disk1 light yell[-flocculose at ! involute m>g91 fle%y1 convex !n plane1 obtuse1 viscid4 ,fle% :ite1 sometimes r$di%4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 ab\t 94 ?ick1 /uff$1 s(t1 some:at equal 7sometimes1 h[ev]1 irregul>ly %ap$ or ?ick5$ at ! base71 :ite1 ) m9ute light yell[ squamules1 :i* are m cr[d$ & arrang$ 9 ! =m ( a r+ t[>d ! apex4 ,gills decurr5t1 di/ant1 #c l9es broad1 ?91 :ite1 some:at yell[i% at ! edge1 sometimes crisp$4 ,odor n unpleasant4 ,!re is a manife/ veil1 n wov5 into a cont9u\s r+1 b collect$ 9 ! =m ( floccose squamules at ! apex ( ! /em & ! m>g9 ( ! pileus4 ,v>4 leucodon ) :ite squamules4 ,fries4 ,9 woods4 ,! lamell are said to be crisp$1 & :5 "y1 to h ! edge yell[-floccose2 b ,i h se5 no su* specim5s4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores #hd ,cooke4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a pleasant1 excell5t species1 ^: r>ity is regrettable4 ,h4 eburneus ,bull4 ,fr4--ebur1 ivory4 ,:olly %9+ :ite4 ,pileus fle%y1 sometimes ?91 sometimes some:at compact1 convexo-plane1 some:at rep&1 ev51 v glut9\s 9 ra9y wea!r1 m>g9 soon nak$4 ,/em sometimes %ort1 sometimes elongat$1 /uff$ !n holl[1 unequal1 glut9\s l ! pileus1 r\gh at ! apex ) dots 9 ! =m ( squamules4 ,gills decurr5t1 di/ant1 ve9$ at ! base1 #c-d l9es broad1 t5se & /raight1 q entire4 ,fries4 ,odor mild1 n unpleasant4 ,v *angeable4 ,! veil is abs5t1 unless ! v pl5tiful glut5 :i* envelops ! /em be reg>d$ z a univ]sal veil2 m>g9 ( ! "y pileus involute1 only at ! fir/ pubesc5t1 soon nak$4 ,! /em is s(t int]nally1 at l5g? holl[1 att5uat$ t[>d ! base4 ,9 woods & pa/ures4 ,frequ5t4 ,septemb] to ,octob]4 ,/ev5son4 ,! :ole plant is pure :ite :5 fre%1 b 9 dry+ ! gills assume a c9namon-br[n hue4 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bf4 ,spores #fe ,cooke2 #de ,w4,g4,s42 #e-f ,k42 #fd ,c4,b4,p4 ,a common & wide-spread species frequ5t+ woods & pa/ures4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,! au?or ate x 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 9 #ahhb2 at ,devon1 ,pa41 #ahhg2 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 #ahij4 ,x is well flavor$ b 9 texture is n ( fir/ quality4 ,h4 p5arius ,fr4--p5us1 food4 ,pileus tan-color1 opaque1 fle%y1 especially :5 "y1 at fir/ umbonate1 !n v obtuse1 hemisph]ical !n flatt5$1 ev51 smoo?1 commonly dry1 m>g9 at fir/ involute1 exce$+ ! gills1 undulat$ :5 flatt5$4 ,fle% ?ick1 h>d1 :iti%1 un*angeable4 ,/em curt1 #a 94 or m long1 ab\t 94 ?ick at ! apex1 solid1 compact1 h>d1 att5uat$ at ! base into a sp9dle-%ap$ root1 v5tricose to ! neck1 aga9 att5uat$ upw>d or :olly fusi=m-att5uat$1 pale-:ite1 sme>$ ) t5aci\s1 easily dri$ slime1 w>ty4 ,fle% firm1 b ext]nally m rigid1 cuticle some:at fragile4 ,veil n conspicu\s4 ,gills adnato-decurr5t1 acute beh9d1 di/ant1 ?ick1 #c-d l9es broad1 ve9$1 tan incl9+ to pale4 ,fries4 ,odor pleasant1 ta/e sweet4 ,! fusi=m root is z long z ! /em4 ,9 mix$ woods4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores #g-hd-e4 ,edible4 ,cooke4 ,l>ge specim5s occurr$ 9 mix$ woods1 9 ,novemb]1 #ahih1 at ,mt4 ,gretna4 ,! caps v>i$ f #a-e 94 across4 ,! color 0 :ite1 t+$ ) yell[1 mu* light] ?an describ$4 ,! caps look co>se & ! /ems are n invit+2 b ! caps h a pleasant odor4 ,:5 /ew$ = tw5ty m9utes !y are meaty & ta/y4 9999 ,r$di%4 ,h4 erubesc5s ,fr4--erubesco1 to become r$4 ,pileus #b-d 94 & m broad1 :ite becom+ ev]y:]e r$1 fle%y1 gibb\s !n convexo-plane1 viscid1 adpress$ly dott$ ) squamules or becom+ smoo?1 sometimes :olly compact1 sometimes ?9 t[>ds ! m>g9 :i* is at ! fir/ nak$4 ,fle% firm1 :ite4 ,/em sometimes %ort1 robu/1 #b 94 long1 #a 94 ?ick & att5uat$ upw>d1 sometimes elongat$1 #d 94 long1 equal or att5uat$ at ! base1 solid1 flexu\s1 ) r$ fibrils1 dott$ ) r$ upw>d4 ,gills decurr5t1 di/ant1 s(t1 :ite1 ) r$ spots4 ,fries4 ,veil none4 ,! gr\nd color is :ite1 z x is also int]nally1 b x ev]y:]e becomes r$ & ! pileus (t5 rosy blood-color4 ,h&some1 gr[+ 9 troops1 commonly =m+ l>ge lax circles4 ,9 p9e woods4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores ellipsoid1 v obtuse at bo? ends1 #h-ajd-e ,k42 #hd ,cooke4 ,edible4 ,cooke4 999999 ,tawny or yell[4 ,h4 nitidus ,b4 & ,rav4--%9+4 ,pileus ?91 fle%y1 convex1 broadly umbilicate1 smoo?1 %9+1 viscid1 pale yell[ ) ! m>g9 /riatulate :5 moi/1 ne>ly :ite :5 dry4 ,gills arcuate1 decurr5t1 yell[4 ,/em sl5d]1 brittle1 smoo?1 viscid1 holl[1 yell[4 ,fle% yell[4 ,height #b-d 941 bread? ( ,pileus #h-ab l9es4 ,/em #a-b l9es ?ick4 ,swamps4 ,s&lake4 ,augu/4 ,! cavity ( ! /em is v small4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,f\nd 9 _m /ates & places1 usually on moi/ gr\nd beside /reams1 or spr+ heads4 ,x sometimes p>ades itself 9 irregul> processions1 at o!rs 9 sp>se pat*es4 ,x is delicate 9 flavor1 & t5d] cook$4 99999999 ,olivace\s-umb]4 ,h4 limacinus ,fr4--limax1 a slug4 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad1 disk umb] !n sooty1 pal] r\nd ! m>g91 fle%y1 convex !n flatt5$1 obtuse1 smoo?1 viscid4 ,fle% r firm1 :ite4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 94 ?ick1 solid1 firm1 v5tricose1 /icky1 flocculose1 fibrilloso-/riate1 r\gh5$ ) squamules at ! apex4 ,gills adnate1 !n decurr5t1 some:at di/ant1 ?91 :ite incl9+ to a%-color4 ,fries4 ,veil entirely visc\s1 n floccose4 ,9 woods among damp leaves4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores #abd ,cooke4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #cd4 ,?9 woods & op5 places4 ,report$ edible ,bullet9 ,no4 #e1 #ahig1 ,bo/on ,mycological ,club4 ,h4 hypo?ejus ,fr4 ,gr4--"u2 ,gr--sulphur 7"u glut574 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad1 at fir/ sme>$ ) olivace\s glut51 a%-color$1 :5 ! glut5 disappe>s1 becom+ pale & yell[i%1 orange or r>ely 7:5 rott+7 rufesc5t1 fle%y1 ?91 convex !n depress$1 obtuse1 ev51 some:at /reak$4 ,fle% ?91 :ite !n becom+ light yell[4 ,/em #b-d 94 long1 #b-c l9es & m ?ick1 /uff$1 equal1 ev51 visc\s1 b r>ely spott$ ) ! veil1 at l5g? holl[4 ,p>tial veil floccose1 at ! fir/ cort9ate & annul>1 soon fugaci\s4 ,gills decurr5t1 di/ant1 di/9ct1 at fir/ pallid 7ev5 :iti%7 soon yell[1 sometimes fle%-color4 ,fries4 ,v protean1 *angeable 9 color & v>iable 9 size4 ,/em n scabr\s4 ,!re is no trace ( ! veil :5 ! plant is full gr[n4 ,appe>+ aft] ! fir/ cold autumn nights1 & la/+ ev5 till sn[4 ,9 p9e woods4 ,frequ5t4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores #ajf ,cooke2 #abd ,w4,g4,s4 ,hollis ,web/]1 9 ,bullet9 ,no4 #e1 #ahig1 ,bo/on ,mycological ,club1 writes3 8,h4 hypo!jus ,fr41 :5 dri$1 is crisp & nutty1 & v good to c>ry 9 ! pocket = occasional nibble40 ,,ii4--,,cam>ophyl,,lus4 99 ,gills deeply decurr5t1 etc4 ,h4 prat5sis ,fr4--pratum1 a mead[4 7,plate ,,xxxvii1 figs4 #a1 #b1 #c1 p4 #adf4 ,plate ,,xxxviii1 p4 #adg47 ,pileus #a-b 94 & m broad1 some:at pale yell[i%1 compactly fle%y especially at ! disk1 ?9 t[>d ! m>g91 convex !n flatt5$1 almo/ top-%ap$ f ! /em be+ ?ick5$ upw>d1 ev51 smoo?1 moi/ 7b n visc\s7 9 ra9y wea!r1 :5 dry (t5 rimosely incis$1 "h & !re split regul>ly r\nd4 ,fle% firm1 :ite4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 94 & m ?ick1 /uff$1 int]nally spongy1 ext]nally poli%$-ev5$ & firm]1 att5uat$ d[nw>d1 ev51 smoo?1 nak$4 ,gills rem>kably decurr5t1 at fir/ arcuate1 !n ext5d$ 9 ! =m ( an inv]t$ cone1 v di/ant1 ?ick1 firm1 brittle1 connect$ by ve9s at ! base1 v broad 9 ! middle1 ( ! same color z ! pileus4 ,fries4 ,v protean4 ,veil none4 ,! fle% ( ! pileus is =m$ z x 7 ( ! /em dilat$ upw>d4 ,! typical =m resembles ! ,can?>elli4 ,ev]y:]e becom+ light yell[-tawny1 b v>y+ ) ! /em & gills pale-:ite4 ,9 pa/ures4 ,common4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores #fd ,cooke2 #f-ajd-f ,k4 ,common ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 #ahha1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 #ahij1 ,p5nsylvania1 #ahhg1 ,mt4 ,gretna1 #ahig-ahih4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,greg>i\s1 & (t5 9 tufts1 sometimes 9 p>tial r+s4 ,an exce$+ly v>iable species4 ,:ite1 buff1 smoky1 p9ki% colors are common4 ,! cap %apes are also div]se4 ,! m>g9s ( "s are incurv$2 ( o!rs rep&4 ,! wea!r seems to h mu* to d ) _! %apes4 ,m4,c4 ,cooke says3 8,x requires c>eful cook+1 z x is liable to be condemn$ z t\gh1 unless treat$ sl[ly1 b x is a great favorite abroad40 ,he calls !m 8,buff ,caps40 ,all fungi are ! bett] = sl[ cook+4 ,! ,h4 prat5sis 9 all its =ms is excell5t1 b p>ticul>ly s 9 croquettes & pats4 ,h4 virg9eus ,fr4--virgo1 a virg94 7,plate ,,xxxvii1 fig4 #f1 p4 #adf47 ,:olly :ite4 ,pileus fle%y1 convex !n plane1 obtuse1 moi/1 at l5g? depress$1 crack$ into pat*es1 floccose :5 dry4 ,/em curt1 /uff$1 firm1 att5uat$ at ! base1 ext]nally becom+ ev5 & nak$4 ,gills decurr5t1 di/ant1 r ?ick4 ,fries4 ,fle% sometimes equal1 sometimes abruptly ?94 ,commonly conf\nd$ ) ,h4 niveus1 b x is m difficult to di/+ui% x f :ite =ms ( ,h4 prat5sis4 ,x is di/+ui%$ *iefly by its small] /ature1 by ! color be+ con/antly :ite1 sometimes becom+ pale1 by ! obtuse pileus be+ sc>cely turb9ate1 at l5g? crack$ into pat*es & floccose :5 dry1 & by ! gills be+ ?9n]1 etc4 ,9 pa/ures4 ,common4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores #abe-f ,cooke4 ,ta/es l ,m4 oreades4 ,m4,j4,b4 ,delici\s broil$ or /ew$4 ,cooke4 8,mony littles make muckle10 says ! ,scot* prov]b4 ,x applies well to ! brave little toad/ool look+ ?r\gh ! fir/ grass ( lawns = ! com+ ( spr+1 & com+ aga9 9 ! autumn1 defiant ( e>ly fro/s4 ,small ?\gh x be1 its numb]s soon fill ! basket4 ,! 8,ivory ,caps0 are pl5tiful1 & ext5d _! haunts to ! woods1 :]e ?ick mold or grassy places ab\nd4 ,h4 niveus ,fr4--niveus1 sn[-:ite4 7,plate ,,xxxvii1 fig4 #g1 p4 #adf47 ,:olly :ite4 ,pileus sc>cely rea*+ #a 94 broad1 some:at membranace\s1 & )\t a m compact disk1 h5ce truly umbilicate1 bell-%ap$ !n convex1 smoo?1 /riate & viscid :5 moi/1 n crack$ :5 dry4 ,fle% ?91 ev]y:]e equal1 :ite1 hygrophan\s4 ,/em #b 94 or a little m long1 #a-b l9es ?ick1 tub$1 equal1 ev51 smoo?1 t5se & /raight4 ,gills decurr5t1 di/ant1 ?91 sc>cely connect$ by ve9s1 arcuate1 q entire4 ,?9n]1 t\gh]1 & lat] ?an ,h4 virg9eus1 etc4 ,be+ hygrophan\s ! pileus is %9+ :ite :5 dry4 ,v t5d] =ms occur4 ,9 pa/ures4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores #gd ,cooke4 ,! ,h4 niveus1 ,h4 virg9eus1 8,ivory ,caps0 z ,m4,c4 ,cooke calls !m1 are pretty & pl5tiful 9 "s sections4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9s1 along grass-gr[n road-sides1 _! purity & exquisite p]fume attract$ me 9 #ahha4 ,i h !m & a few o!rs to ?ank = s$uc+ me into becom+ a mycophagi/4 ,i ?9k ( !m affectionately4 ,i h seldom met ) !m s9ce4 ,!y are f\nd on lawns & 9 pa/ures & on grassy edges ( woods1 e>ly 9 spr+ & late 9 autumn4 ,h4 borealis ,pk4--nor!rn4 ,pileus ?91 convex or exp&$1 smoo?1 moi/1 :ite1 sometimes /riatulate4 ,gills arcuate-decurr5t1 di/ant1 :ite4 ,/em smoo?1 equal or tap]+ d[nw>d1 /uff$1 :ite4 ,plant #b 94 high4 ,pileus #h-ab l9es broad4 ,/em #a l9e ?ick4 ,gr\nd 9 woods4 ,croghan & ,copake4 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,! species is relat$ to ,h4 niveus b ! pileus is n viscid4 ,peck1 #bf? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,f\nd at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,octob] #bj1 #ahih1 gr\nd 9 mix$ woods4 ,! cap is :ite1 silky1 smoo?1 n viscid4 ,/em likewise4 ,a neat species pleasant 9 e way4 9999 ,gills v5tricose1 adnate1 etc4 ,h4 distans ,b]k4--di/ant 7( ! gills74 ,pileus ab\t #b 94 broad1 :ite1 ) a silky lu/]1 "h & !re /a9$ ) br[n1 some:at fle%y1 plane or depress$1 viscid4 ,/em :ite above1 gray bel[1 & att5uat$1 n spott$4 ,gills decurr5t1 few1 v di/ant1 some:at v5tricose1 pure :ite !n t+$ ) a%-color1 int]/ices obscurely wr9kl$4 ,(t5 umbilicate4 ,rem>kable = ! few & di/ant gills4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores #ajh ,cooke4 ,caps :ite1 %ad$ to light p9ki%-br[n t[>d c5t]4 ,gills v di/ant4 ,leaves adh]e to cap4 ,specim5s te/$ 7 ( mild1 pleasant flavor4 ,h4 sphrosporus ,pk4 ,pileus fle%y & ?ick 9 ! c5t]1 sub-obconic1 convex1 obtuse or slightly umbonate1 :iti%1 incl9+ to r$di%-br[n1 ! m>g9 incurv$4 ,fle% firm1 :ite4 ,gills r broad1 subdi/ant1 adnate or slightly decurr5t1 :ite4 ,/ems tuft$1 flexu\s1 solid1 glabr\s1 (t5 slightly ?ick5$ at ! base1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores globose1 #f-h broad4 ,pileus #f-ab l9es broad4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 #b-c l9es ?ick4 ,i[a4 ,octob]4 ,communicat$ by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,! fre% plant is said to h no decid$ odor1 b :5 p>tly dri$ x emits a slight b r unpleasant odor4 ,x belongs app>5tly to ! section ,cam>ophyllus1 & is relat$ to ,hygrophorus ,peckii4 ,peck1 ,torr4 ,bull41 ,vol4 #bb1 ,no4 #ab4 ,receiv$ by ! writ] f ,hon4 ,?omas ,updegraff1 ,mac,gregor1 ,i[a1 & =w>d$ to ,pr(essor ,peck z a new species4 ,! fungus has b slight ta/e & is )\t odor :5 fre%4 ,x is probably edible4 ,n receiv$ 9 suffici5t quantity to te/4 ,,iii4--,,hygro,,cybe4 99 ,gills decurr5t4 ,h4 c]aceus ,fr4--c]a1 wax4 ,pileus ab\t #a 94 broad1 waxy-yell[1 %9+1 slightly fle%y1 ?91 b slightly firm1 convexo-plane1 obtuse1 slightly pellucid-/riate1 viscid4 ,/em #a-b 94 & m long1 ab\t #b l9es ?ick1 holl[1 (t5 unequal1 flexu\s & at l5g? compress$1 ev51 smoo?1 ( ! same color z ! pileus1 nev] d>k] at ! apex4 ,gills adnato-decurr5t1 broad1 almo/ triangul>1 di/9ct1 yell[4 ,fries4 ,fragile2 easily di/+ui%$ f o!rs by its waxy 7n *angeable7 color4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores #hf ,cooke4 ,eat5 9 ,g]many4 ,f\nd at ,angora & ,k+sess+1 ,philadelphia1 #ahhg4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,op5 grassy places 9 woods1 & 9 pa/ures4 ,scatt]$ & 9 troops4 ,excell5t4 ,/ew sl[ly4 ,h4 can?>ellus ,s*w4 ,gr--a small vase4 7,plate ,,xxxvii1 fig4 #e1 p4 #adf47 ,pileus ?91 convex1 at l5g? umbilicate or c5trally depress$1 m9utely squamulose1 moi/1 bright r$1 becom+ orange or yell[4 ,gills di/ant1 sub>cuate1 decurr5t1 yell[1 sometimes t+$ ) v]milion4 ,/em smoo?1 equal1 subsolid1 sometimes becom+ holl[1 concolor\s1 :iti% )94 ,height #b-d 941 bread? ( pileus #f-ab l9es4 ,/em #a-b l9es ?ick4 ,swamps & damp %ad$ places 9 fields or woods4 ,july to ,septemb]4 ,common4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,v>4 flava4 ,pileus & /em pale yell[4 ,gills arcuate1 /rongly decurr5t4 ,v>4 flavipes4 ,pileus r$ or r$di%4 ,/em yell[4 ,v>4 flaviceps4 ,pileus yell[4 ,/em r$ or r$di%4 ,v>4 ,rosea4 ,has ! pileus exp&$ & ! m>g9 wavy scallop$4 ,swamps4 ,s&lake4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,common 9 ! ,adirondack region1 & ?r\gh\t ,p5nsylvania & ,new ,j]sey1 9 all its v>ieties4 ,! resemblance to ,h4 m9iatus 9 color is great1 b !re is a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! gills1 :i* ext5d fur!r d[n ! ?9n] /em4 ,x is t\gh]1 & takes long] to cook4 ,x has a flavor ( its own :i* is enjoy$ by "s & condemn$ by o!rs4 ,h4 coccineus ,s*aeff4--( a sc>let color4 7,plate ,,cxxxvi1 fig4 #f1 p4 #ejh47 ,pileus #a-b 94 & m broad1 at fir/ bright sc>let1 !n soon *ang+ color & becom+ pale1 slightly fle%y1 convex1 !n plane & (t5 unequal1 obtuse1 at fir/ viscid & ev51 smoo?1 n floccose-scaly4 ,fle% ( ! same color z ! pileus4 ,/em #b 94 long1 #c-d l9es ?ick1 holl[1 !n compress$ & r ev51 n slipp]y1 sc>let upw>d1 always yell[ at ! base4 ,gills :olly adnate1 decurr5t ) a too?1 plane1 di/ant1 connect$ by ve9s1 wat]y-s(t z if fatty1 :5 full gr[n purpli% at ! base1 light yell[ 9 ! middle1 glauc\s at ! edge4 ,fries4 ,fle% ( ! pileus desc5d+ into ! gills & =m+ a trama ( ! same color4 ,fragile4 ,v>y+ 9 /ature1 easily mi/ak5 = "s ( ! foll[+ species :i* are ( ! same color4 ,pileus at l5g? becom+ yell[4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores #aj-abf ,cooke2 #gd ,morgan4 ,edible4 ,cooke1 ,peck4 ,9 woods & pa/ures4 ,9 troops4 ,common 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,excell5t :5 /ew$ = tw5ty m9utes4 7,plate ,,xxxix47 ,illu/ration3 ,,hygrophorus ,,flavo-,,discus4 ,ab\t two-?irds natural size4 ,h4 flavo-discus ,fro/--flavus1 yell[2 discus1 disk4 ,pileus convex or plane1 smoo?1 glut9\s1 :ite ) a pale-yell[ or r$di%-yell[ disk4 ,fle% :ite4 ,gills adnate or decurr5t1 subdi/ant1 :ite1 sometimes ) a slight fle%-color$ t9t1 ! int]-spaces sometimes ve9y4 ,/em subequal1 solid1 glut9\s1 :ite1 sometimes slightly /a9$ ) yell[4 ,spores elliptical1 #f-hd4 ,plant #b-c 94 high4 ,pileus #a-c 94 broad4 ,/em #b-h l9es ?ick4 ,p9e woods4 ,we/ ,albany4 ,novemb]4 ,?is1 l ,h4 fulig9eus1 has a %ort :ite space at ! top ( ! /em1 free f ! viscidity t exi/s else:]e4 ,x resembles 9 _m respects ,hygrophorus speciosus1 :i* has ! pileus r$1 fad+ to yell[ ) advanc+ age4 ,p]haps ! ?ree may yet prove to be =ms ( "o v v>iable species1 = ! mo/ conspicu\s diff]5ces betwe5 !m consi/ 9 ! colors ( ! pileus4 ,! con/ancy ) :i* ! ?ree /yles ( coloration has ?us f> be5 ma9ta9$ indicates a specific diff]5ce1 b color alone is n g5]ally reg>d$ z hav+ any specific value4 ,peck1 #ce? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores #f4d-g4fd ,peck4 ,i f9d ?is v good b its dirty pellicle %\ld be peel$ be=e us+4 ,peck1 9 lett]1 #ahif4 ,mr4 ,hollis ,web/] writes ( ,h4 flavo-discus 7,yell[ ,sweet ,bread7 9 ,bull4 ,no4 #de1 ( ! ,bo/on ,mycological ,club1 #ahig3 8,?is is a mu%room wor? go+ a long way to get4 ,x is abundant 9 ri* woods "u p9es 9 c]ta9 localities1 & is a great favorite ) ^? :o "k x4 ,x is easily prep>$ & requires little cook+40 ,i h eat5 enjoyably ( x s9ce #ahha4 ,pl5tiful 9 ! ,j]sey p9es1 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia & ,p5nsylvania1 & equal to any toad/ool ( its size4 7,plate ,,xl47 ,illu/ration3 ,,hygrophorus ,,fulig9eus4 ,ab\t "o-half natural size4 ,h4 fuligineus ,fro/--resembl+ soot4 ,pileus convex or ne>ly plane1 glabr\s1 v viscid or glut9\s1 grayi%-br[n or soot-color1 ! disk (t5 d>k] or almo/ black4 ,gills subdi/ant1 adnate or decurr5t1 :ite4 ,/em solid1 viscid or glut9\s1 :ite or :iti%4 ,spores elliptical1 #g-ie4 ,! ,sooty hygrophor\s resembles ! ,club-/emm$ clitocybe 9 ! color ( its cap1 b 9 ne>ly e o!r respect x is diff]5t4 ,:5 moi/ ! cap is cov]$ ) an abundant glut5 :i* :5 dry gives x a %9+ appe>ance z if v>ni%$4 ,! color v>ies f grayi%-br[n to a v d>k or sooty-br[n ) ! c5tral "p usually /ill d>k] or almo/ black1 b nev] ) an umbo4 ,! fle% & ! gills are :ite4 ,! /em also is :ite or b slightly %ad$ t[>d ! base ) ! color ( ! cap4 ,x is v>iable 9 l5g? & %ape1 be+ long or %ort1 /raight or crook$1 ev]y:]e equal 9 ?ickness or tap]+ t[>d ! base4 ,x is glut9\s & unpleasant to h&le4 ,! cap is #a-d 94 broad1 ! /em #b-d 94 long1 & #d-h l9es ?ick4 ,! plants gr[ ei!r s+ly or 9 tufts4 ,9 ! latt] case ! caps are (t5 irregul> f mutual pressure4 ,! plants occur e>ly 9 ,octob] & ,novemb]1 9 p9e woods or woods ( p9e & hemlock int]mix$4 ,?is mu%room is t5d] & ( excell5t flavor1 b its /icky & (t5 dirty cov]+ %\ld be peel$ be=e cook+4 ,peck1 #di? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,f\nd at ,angora1 ne> ,philadelphia1 ,augu/ #a1 #ahig4 ,d5sely cespitose4 ,raw x ta/es l dead leaves4 ,t5d] & ( f9e flavor :5 cook$4 ,h4 m9iatus ,fr4--m9ium1 r$ lead4 7,plate ,,xxxvii1 fig4 #d1 p4 #adf47 ,pileus ?91 fragile1 at fir/ convex1 becom+ ne>ly plane1 glabr\s or m9utely squamulose1 (t5 umbilicate1 g5]ally r$4 ,gills di/ant1 adnate1 yell[1 (t5 t+$ ) r$4 ,/em sl5d]1 glabr\s1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores elliptical1 :ite1 #h long4 ,cap -#b 94 broad4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 #a-b l9es ?ick4 ,peck1 #dh? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,v>4 lutesc5s4 ,pileus yell[ or r$di%-yell[4 ,/em & gills yell[4 ,plant (t5 cespitose4 ,peck1 #da/ ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores #ajf ,cooke2 elliptical1 :ite4 ,gr[s :]e x pleases & abundantly ?r\gh\t ! l&4 ,9 wet wea!r ,i h f\nd x 9 ,july & late 9 autumn4 ,pr(essor ,peck says3 ,x is sc>cely surpass$ by any mu%room 9 t5d]ness ( sub/ance & agreeabl5ess ( flavor4 ,! gunn] = p>tridges w n %oot rabbits2 ! kn[+ toad/ool seek] w pass all o!rs :]e ,h4 m9iatus ab\nds4 9999 ,gills adnex$1 etc4 ,h4 puniceus ,fr4--blood-r$4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad1 glitt]+ blood-sc>let1 9 dry wea!r & :5 old becom+ pale especially at ! disk1 slightly fle%y = its bread?1 at fir/ bell-%ap$1 obtuse1 commonly rep& or lob$1 v irregul>1 ev51 smoo?1 viscid4 ,fle% ( ! same color1 fragile4 ,/em #c 94 long1 -#a 94 ?ick1 solid :5 "y1 at l5g? holl[1 v /\t 7n compress$71 v5tricose 7att5uat$ at bo? ends71 /riate1 & = ! mo/ "p squamulose at ! apex1 :5 dry light yell[i% or ( ! same color z ! pileus1 always :ite & (t5 incurv$ at ! base4 ,gills asc5d+1 v5tricose1 #b-d l9es broad1 ?ick1 di/ant1 :ite-light yell[ or yell[ & (t5 r$di% at ! base4 ,fries4 ,! l>ge/ ( ! gr\p & v h&some4 ,x c]ta9ly diff]s f ,h4 cocc9eus1 = :i* x is commonly mi/ak51 9 /ature1 9 ! adnex$ gills1 & 9 ! :ite base ( ! /riate /em4 ,! atta*m5t ( ! gills v>ies1 b f ! =m ( ! pileus !y asc5d to ! base ( ! cone & appe> free4 ,9 pa/ures4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores #he ,cooke4 ,edible4 ,cooke4 ,no h>m w\ld come ( confus+ x ) ! v]milion mu%room--,h4 m9iatus ,pk4 ,h4 conicus ,fr4--conical4 ,pileus ?91 submembranace\s1 fragile1 smoo?1 conical1 g5]ally acute1 sometimes obtuse1 ! m>g9 (t5 lob$4 ,gills r close & broad1 subv5tricose1 n>r[] t[>d ! /em1 free1 t]m9at+ 9 an abrupt too? at ! out] extremity1 sc>cely rea*+ ! m>g91 yell[4 ,/em equal1 fibr\s-/riate1 yell[1 holl[4 ,height #c-f 941 bread? ( pileus #f-ab l9es4 ,/em #a-b l9es ?ick4 ,gr\nd 9 woods & op5 places4 ,nor? ,elba & ,c5t]4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,! color ( ! pileus is v>iable4 ,i h tak5 specim5s ) x pale sulphur-yell[ & o!rs ) x bright r$ or sc>let4 ,! plant turns black 9 dry+4 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bc1 ,new ,york ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores #ajg ,cooke2 #ajf ,morgan4 ,an old-"t cure-all _h m$ic9al virtues proportionate to its (f5siv5ess4 ,old-"t writ]s1 contr>iwise1 gave e toad/ool a bad "n :i* *ang$ color or displeas$ _! noses4 ,! pretty little ,hygrophorus conicus1 = ^! reasons1 has1 until n[1 be5 "u ! ban ( suspicion4 ,m4,c4 ,cooke1 9 8 h&y book1 ,edible & ,poison\s ,mu%rooms1 0 ! fir/ to light5 its s5t5ce & make x a sort ( ticket-(-leave culprit4 ,! writ] has frequ5tly eat5 x1 & is glad to v\* = its h>mlessness & te/ify to its em95t respectability4 ,h4 *lorophanus ,fr4 ,gr--gre5i%-yell[4 ,pileus #a 94 broad1 commonly bright sulphur-yell[1 sometimes1 h[ev]1 sc>let1 n *ang+ color1 some:at membranace\s1 v fragile1 at fir/ convex1 !n plane1 obtuse1 orbicul> & lob$1 & at l5g? crack$1 smoo?1 viscid1 /riate4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #b-c l9es ?ick1 holl[1 equal1 r\nd1 r>ely compress$1 :olly ev51 smoo?1 viscid :5 moi/1 %9+ :5 dry1 :olly unicolor\s1 ri* light yell[4 ,gills em>g9ato-adnex$1 v v5tricose1 ) a ?9 decurr5t too?1 ?91 di/ant1 di/9ct4 ,fries4 ,v mu* alli$ to ,h4 conicus1 b nev] becom+ black1 & o!rwise c]ta9ly di/+ui%$ by its convex1 obtuse1 /riate pileus1 by its ev5 & visc\s /em1 & by its em>g9ato-free1 ?91 some:at di/ant1 :it] gills4 ,l ,h4 c]aceus 9 appe>ance4 ,9 grassy & mossy places4 ,common4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores #he ,cooke2 #h ,q4 ,receiv$ f ,e4,b4 ,/]l+1 ,tr5ton1 ,n4,j41 ,augu/1 #ahig4 ,op5 grassy woods4 ,b ?ree specim5s 7 te/$4 ,!y 7 9 e way agreeable4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p$ by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,/udies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,xli4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,lact>ius ,,pip]atus1 #afh #c4 ,,lact>ius ,,deliciosus1 #agj #b4 ,,lact>ius ,,indigo1 #aga #d4 ,,lact>ius ,,volemus1 #ahj ,,lacta,,rius ,fr4 ,giv+ lac 7milk74 ,! hym5ophore cont9u\s ) ! /em4 ,pileus some:at rigid1 fle%y1 becom+ m or less depress$1 (t5 m>k$ ) conc5tric zones4 ,gills unequal1 membranace\s-waxy1 slightly rigid1 milky1 edge acute1 decurr5t or adnate & (t5 bran*$4 ,/em /\t1 c5tral1 r>ely exc5tric except 9 ^? gr[+ on trunks4 ,spores globose1 m9utely e*9ulate1 :ite1 r>ely yell[i%4 ,ne>ly all gr[ on ! gr\nd4 ,di/+ui%$ f all o!r fungi by ! pres5ce ( a granul> milk :i* p]vades e "p ( ! plant & especially ! gills2 x is commonly :ite1 sometimes *ang+ color & 9 section ,dapetes highly color$ f ! fir/4 ,! nature ( ! milk1 especially its ta/e1 :e!r acrid1 subacrid or mild1 mu/ be c>efully not$ 9 di/+ui%+ species1 z x is ! mo/ useful *>act]i/ic4 ,9 ,russula1 ! only alli$ g5us1 ! milk-be>+ cells are pres5t1 b _! cont5ts d n appe> z milk4 ,_m ( ! species are pepp]y1 acrid1 a/r+5t2 "s mildly s1 o!rs w be long rememb]$ if ta/$ raw4 ,yet n a species is hott] ?an "s radi%es1 onions1 & o!rs ( our favorite vegetables4 ,:o w\ld condemn !m because !y are pepp]y8 ,!re is n a s+le species ( ,lact>ius :i* reta9s its pepp]9ess aft] cook+4 ,?is quality has to be & is suppli$ by "o ( our favorite condim5ts--pepp] itself4 ,simply because !y are toad/ools & hot1 !y h be5 condemn$ )\t trial4 ,x is rem>kable t n "o ( ! fungi kn[n to be deadly gives any w>n+ by appe>ance or flavor ( ! pres5ce ( a poison4 ,! day w probably come :5 x c be said t if toad/ool eat]s w conf9e !mselves to hot species1 o!rwise attractive1 !y w run no risk4 ,panus /ypticus is a/r+5t1 n hot4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,tribes4 ,,pip]ites 7pepp]y1 aft] pip]itis1 pepp]wort74 ,page #afc4 ,/em c5tral4 ,gills un*angeable1 n pru9ose nor becom+ discolor$4 ,milk :ite at fir/1 usually acrid4 99 ,,tri*olomoidei--incl9+ to ,tri*oloma4 ,pileus moi/1 viscid1 m>g9 incurv$ & d[ny at fir/4 9999 ,,limac9i--limax1 a slug4 ,pileus viscid :5 moi/1 ) a pellicle1 m>g9 nak$4 999999 ,,pip]ati4 ,pileus )\t a pellicle1 h5ce absolutely dry1 (t5 m or less d[ny or unpoli%$4 ,,dapetes 7daps1 a fea/74 ,page #agj4 ,/em c5tral4 ,gills nak$4 ,milk highly color$ f ! fir/4 ,,russul>ia 7incl9+ to ,russula74 ,page #agc4 ,/em c5tral4 ,gills pallid !n discolor$1 at l5g? d>k & p[d]$ ) ! :ite spores4 ,milk at fir/ :ite1 mild1 or f mild becom+ acrid4 99 ,,viscidi--viscidus1 viscid1 /icky4 ,pileus viscid at fir/4 9999 ,,impoliti--impolitus1 unpoli%$4 ,pileus squamulose1 d[ny or pru9ose4 999999 ,,glabrati--glab]1 smoo?4 ,pileus poli%$1 smoo?4 ,,pleuropus 7pleura1 side2 p\s1 a foot74 ,/em exc5tric or lat]al4 ,gr[+ on trunks4 ,none kn[n to be edible4 ,i4--,,pip]i,,tes4 99 ,,tri*olomoi,,dei4 ,pileus viscid1 m>g9 incurv$1 etc4 ,l4 torm9osus ,fr4--torm9a1 gripes4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad1 convex1 !n depress$1 viscid :5 "y or moi/1 yell[i%-r$ or paleo*race\s t+$ ) r$ or fle% color1 (t5 v>i$ ) zones or spots1 ! at fir/ involute m>g9 p]si/5tly tom5tose-hairy4 ,gills ?91 close1 n>r[1 :iti%1 (t5 t+$ ) yell[ or fle% color4 ,/em #a4e-c 94 long1 #d-h l9es ?ick1 equal or slightly tap]+ d[nw>d1 holl[1 sometimes spott$1 :iti%4 ,spores subglobose or broadly elliptical1 #i-aj4 ,milk :ite1 ta/e acrid4 ,woods4 ,adirondack m\nta9s & ,s&lake4 ,augu/4 ,peck1 #ch? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,poison\s1 & ,gillet decl>es x to be delet]i\s & ev5 dang]\s1 & t 9 ! raw /ate x is a v /rong dra/ic purgative4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,cordi] /ates t almo/ all au?ors agree 9 /at+ t x is eat5 ) impunity1 & t ,letelli] has eat5 x m ?an once )\t inconv5i5ce4 ,cooke /ates3 8,:e!r x is poison is r unc]ta91 & probably assum$ f its acridity40 ,bulli>d says3 8,x is v acrid & ?is is *ang$ by heat into an a/r+5t ( su* p[] t a v little suffices to produce ! mo/ t]rible accid5ts40 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,b\di] says t ! pres5ce ( an acrid milk is an indication ( no importance1 t 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! c\ntry !y eat su* ,lact>ia z ev5 ,l4 pip]atus & d n exp]i5ce any tr\ble4 ,c]ta9 ,russul z acrid z any ,lact>ia are kn[n to be in(f5sive4 ,! ,russians pres]ve x 9 salt & eat x season$ ) oil & v9eg>4 ,l4 turpis ,fr4--turpis1 base1 f its ugly appe>ance4 ,pileus l>ge1 z mu* z #c-ab 94 broad1 olivace\s incl9+ to umb]1 fle%y1 rigid1 convex becom+ plane1 disk-%ap$ or umbilicate1 at l5g? depress$1 innately hairy at ! circumf]5ce or :olly cov]$ ov] ) t5aci\s glut51 zoneless1 sometimes tawny t[>d ! m>g91 at l5g? entirely incl9+ to umb]2 m>g9 = a long "t involute1 at ! fir/ vill\s1 olivace\s-light-yell[1 !n m or less flatt5$1 at l5g? (t5 d5sely furr[$4 ,fle% compact1 :ite1 !n slightly r$di%4 ,/em #a-c 94 long1 -#a 94 & m ?ick1 solid1 h>d1 equal or att5uat$ d[nw>d1 ev5 or pitt$ & unev51 b n spott$1 viscid or dry1 pallid or d>k olivace\s1 o*race\s-:iti% at ! apex4 ,gills adnato-decurr5t1 ?91 #a-b l9es broad1 mu* cr[d$1 =k$1 :ite /raw-color1 spott$ br[ni% :5 brok5 or bruis$4 ,milk acrid1 :ite1 un*angeable4 ,fries4 ,greg>i\s1 rigidly & compactly fle%y2 habit almo/ t ( ,paxillus involutus4 ,x v>ies ) ! /em holl[1 & ! pileus some:at zon$4 ,spores sph]oid or subsph]oid1 uniguttate1 e*9ulate1 #f-h ,k42 m9utely sp9ulose1 #f-h ,massee4 ,new ,j]sey1 ,tr5ton1 ,e4,b4 ,/]l+2 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis1 ,s*we9itz2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,septemb]1 #ahih4 ,along road 9 woods1 moi/ places4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,! species is attractive by its v homel9ess & odd individuality4 ,x is n invit+4 ,cook$ x is co>se & resembles ,l4 pip]atus4 ,an em]g5cy species4 ,l4 controv]sus ,fr4--contra1 aga9/2 v]to1 to turn4 ,pileus #c 94 & m broad1 fle%y1 compact1 rigid1 at ! fir/ convex1 broadly umbilicate1 :5 full] gr[n some:at funnel-%ap$1 oblique1 on em]g+ f ! gr\nd dry1 flocculose1 :iti%1 !n ) ra9 smoo?1 viscid1 r$di%1 ) blood-color$ spots & zones 7especially t[>d ! m>g971 m>g9 acute :5 "y1 closely involute1 m or less vill\s4 ,fle% v firm4 ,/em commonly #a 94 long & ?ick1 sometimes1 h[ev]1 #b 94 long & !n manife/ly att5uat$ t[>d ! base & (t5 exc5tric1 solid1 obese1 ev5 b pru9ate & z if /riate at ! apex f ! obsoletely decurr5t too? ( ! gills1 :olly :ite1 nev] pitt$4 ,gills decurr5t1 ?91 v cr[d$1 #a-b l9es broad1 ) _m %ort] ones int]mix$1 b r>ely bran*$1 pallid-:ite-fle%-color4 ,milk :ite1 un*angeable1 pl5tiful4 ,fries4 ,odor weak b pleasant1 ta/e v acrid4 ,alli$ to ,l4 pip]atus4 ,9 woods4 ,uncommon4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores e*9ulate1 #hf ,w4,g4,s42 globose1 r\gh1 #f-h ,massee4 ,cali=nia1 ,h4 & ,m4 ,edible1 r defici5t 9 aroma & flavor4 ,cooke4 7,plate ,,xla47 ,illu/ration3 ,,lact>ius ,,bl5nius4 ,ab\t "o-f\r? natural size4 ,l4 bl5nius ,fr4 ,gr--slimy4 ,pileus #c-e 94 across4 ,fle% ?ick1 firm2 soon exp&$ & m or less depress$1 glut9\s1 d+y gre5i%-gray1 (t5 m or less zon$ ) drop-l m>k+s2 m>g9 at fir/ incurv$ & d[ny4 ,gills slightly decurr5t1 cr[d$1 n>r[1 :iti% or ) an o*race\s t+e4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 up to #a 94 ?ick at ! apex1 :]e x exp&s into ! ?ick fle% ( ! pileus1 (t5 att5uat$ at ! base1 viscid1 color$ l ! /em or pal]1 soon holl[4 ,milk p]si/5tly :ite1 v acrid4 ,spores subglobose1 #g-hf4 ,9 woods1 on ! gr\nd1 v r>ely on trunks4 ,l4 turpis some:at resembles ! pres5t species b diff]s 9 ! d>k] olive-br[n pileus & ! yell[ d[n on ! incurv$ m>g91 especially :5 "y4 ,massee4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad1 fle%y1 r>ely subzonate1 convex1 ! m>g9 g5]ally involute & adpresso-tom5tose 7q smoo?1 ,fries72 at l5g? m or less depress$1 dull c9]e\s-gre51 at fir/ viscid1 m or less pitt$4 ,milk :ite1 n *angeable4 ,gills r n>r[1 pale o*race\s1 sc>cely =k$1 n connect$ by ve9s4 ,/em #a 94 long1 - 94 ?ick1 pal] ?an ! pileus1 att5uat$ d[nw>d1 obtuse1 smoo?1 at l5g? holl[1 sometimes pitt$1 v acrid4 ,b]k4 ,edible4 ,co>se4 9999 ,,limaci,,ni4 ,pileus viscid1 etc4 ,l4 insulsus ,fr4--ta/eless4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad1 convex & umbilicate1 !n funnel-%ap$1 glabr\s1 viscid1 m or less zonate1 yell[i%1 ! m>g9 nak$4 ,gills ?91 close1 adnate or decurr5t1 "s ( !m =k$ at ! base1 :iti% or pallid4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 #d-f l9es ?ick1 equal or slightly tap]+ d[nw>d1 /uff$ or holl[1 :iti% or yell[i%1 g5]ally spott$4 ,spores #g4f-i4 ,milk :ite1 ta/e acrid4 ,?9 woods & op51 grassy places4 ,gre5bu% & ,s&lake1 ,n4,y4 ,july & ,augu/4 ,our plant has ! pileus pale yell[ or /raw color1 & sometimes ne>ly :ite1 b ,european =ms h be5 describ$ z hav+ x orange-yell[ & brick-r$4 ,x is g5]ally1 ?\gh (t5 obscurely1 zonate4 ,! zones are ord9>ily m di/9ct ne> ! m>g91 :]e !y are occasionally v n>r[ & close4 ,! milk 9 ! ,gre5bu% specim5s _h a ?91 some:at wat]y appe>ance4 ,peck1 #ch? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,july to ,septemb]4 ,common 9 mix$ woods & grassy places4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible4 ,cordi]1 ,curtis4 ,l4 insulsus is ano!r pepp]y memb] ( ,lact>ius :i* has suff]$ unju/ly4 ,i h eat5 x s9ce #ahha1 & ?9k x ! be/ ( ! hot milk species4 ,its fle% is n z co>se z o!rs1 & is ( bett] flavor4 ,!re is little diff]5ce 9 quality betwe5 x & ,l4 deliciosus4 ,l4 hysg9us ,fr4 ,gr--a crimson dye4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad1 rigid1 at fir/ convex1 !n ne>ly plane1 umbilicate or slightly depress$1 ev51 viscid1 zoneless or r>ely obscurely zonate1 r$di%-inc>nate1 tan-color or br[ni%-r$1 becom+ pal] ) age1 ! ?9 m>g9 inflex$4 ,gills close1 adnate or subdecurr5t1 :iti%1 becom+ yell[i% or cream-color$4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 #d-h l9es ?ick1 equal1 glabr\s1 /uff$ or holl[1 color$ l ! pileus1 or a little pal]1 sometimes spott$4 ,milk :ite1 ta/e acrid4 ,woods4 ,s&lake & ,canoga1 ,n4,y4 ,july & ,augu/4 ,n common4 ,! r$di% hue ( ! pileus di/+ui%es ?is species f its allies4 ,! glut5 or viscidity ( ! pileus 9 our specim5s 0 r t5aci\s & p]si/5t4 ,peck1 #ch? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores subglobose1 :iti% on black pap]1 yell[i% on :ite pap]1 #i-aj ,peck2 #ajg-h ,massee4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 #ahig4 ,mix$ woods4 ,augu/1 ,septemb]4 ,n v acrid4 ,! entire acridity disappe>s 9 cook+4 ,sev]al specim5s 7 f\nd & eat51 en\gh to prove x escul5t & ( good quality4 999999 ,,pip]ati4 ,pileus dry1 etc4 ,l4 plumbeus ,fr4--l plumbum1 lead4 ,pileus #b--e 94 broad1 compact1 convex1 !n infundibuli=m1 dry1 unpoli%$ sooty or br[ni%-black4 ,gills cr[d$1 :ite1 or yell[i%4 ,/em #a4e-c 94 long1 #c-f l9es ?ick1 solid1 equal1 ?ick4 ,milk :ite1 acrid1 un*angeable4 ,spores #f4c-g4f4 ,! specim5s :i* ,i h ref]r$ to ?is species 7 f\nd 9 ! ,catskill m\nta9s sev]al ye>s ago1 gr[+ 9 hemlock woods1 "u spruce & balsam trees4 ,i h n met ) ! species s9ce4 ,! pileus 9 ! l>g] specim5s _h a m9utely tom5tose appe>ance1 b 9 ! dri$ specim5s ?is has disappe>$4 ,!y also v>i$ 9 color f blacki%-br[n to p9ki%-br[n & grayi%-br[n1 b !y c sc>cely be m ?an a m]e =m or v>iety ( ! species ! description ( :i*1 z giv5 by ,fries1 ,i h quot$4 ,9 ! ,h&book ! pileus is describ$ z d>k fulig9\s-gray or br[n1 & ,gillet describes x z black-br[n1 d>k fulig9\s or lead color1 & adds t ! plant is poison\s & ! milk v acrid & burn+4 ,cordi] says t ! fle% is :ite & ! ta/e bitt] & disagreeable4 ,peck1 #ch? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,poison\s4 ,gillet4 ,l4 p]gamenus ,fr4--p>*m5t4 ,:ite4 ,pileus fle%y1 pliant1 convex !n plano-depress$1 spread1 zoneless1 slightly wr9kl$1 smoo?4 ,/em /uff$1 smoo?1 *ang+ color4 ,gills adnate1 v n>r[1 horizontal1 v cr[d$1 bran*$1 :ite1 !n /raw-color4 ,milk :ite1 acrid4 ,v mu* alli$ to ,l4 pip]atus1 b diff]+ 9 ! /em be+ /uff$1 at l5g? s(t] int]nally1 elongat$1 #c 941 unequal1 att5uat$ d[nw>d & "h & !re asc5d+1 q smoo?2 9 ! pileus be+ ?9n]1 pliant1 ela/ic1 mo/ frequ5tly irregul> & exc5tric1 = ! mo/ "p flexu\s1 at fir/ convex 7n umbilicate71 !n r plane1 ! surface v smoo?1 b unpoli%$ & wr9kl$ 9 a peculi> mann]2 & 9 ! gills be+ adnate1 n decurr5t1 v cr[d$1 v n>r[ 7sc>cely #a l9e broad71 always /raight & horizontal1 n arcuate or ext5d$ upw>d1 soon /raw-color4 ,! fle% is v milky1 b ! gills are sp>+ly s4 ,fries4 ,9 woods4 ,octob]4 ,spores subglobose1 r irregul>1 #f-h ,c4,b4,p42 broadly elliptical1 e*9ulate1 #ge-f ,massee4 ,eat5 on ! cont95t & ,nova ,scotia4 ,edible4 ,cooke4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis2 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/2 ,ohio1 ,morgan4 ,l4 pip]atus ,fr4--pip]1 pepp]4 7,plate ,,xli1 fig4 #a1 p4 #afj47 ,pileus #d-i 94 broad1 :ite1 fle%y1 rigid1 umbilicate :5 "y1 reflex$ 7m>g9 at fir/ involute7 at ! circumf]5ce1 :5 full gr[n :olly funnel-%ap$1 = ! mo/ "p regul>1 ev51 smoo?1 zoneless4 ,fle% :ite4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 #a-b 94 ?ick1 solid1 obese1 equal or obconical1 ev51 obsoletely pru9ose1 :ite4 ,gills decurr5t1 cr[d$1 n>r[1 sc>cely broad] ?an #a l9e1 obtuse at ! edge1 divid+ by pairs1 arcuate !n all ext5d$ upw>d 9 a /raight l9e1 :ite1 "h & !re ) yell[ spots4 ,milk :ite1 un*angeable1 pl5tiful & v acrid4 ,compact1 firm1 dry1 inodor\s4 ,! pileus becomes obsoletely yell[ :5 old4 ,al?\gh ! gills are spott$ ) yell[1 !y d n *ange to /raw color l ^? ( ,l4 p]gam5us4 ,fries4 ,spores :ite1 ne>ly smoo?1 #f4c-g4f ,peck2 subglobose1 #h-i diamet] ,massee2 #ef ,w4,g4,s4 ,p5nsylvania1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 #ahha-ahhe4 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania 9 woods & on grassy places4 ,july to ,octob]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,l4 pip]atus is a readily di/+ui%$ species4 ,x is v common4 ,9 #ahha1 aft] an ext5sive =e/ fire 9 ! ,we/ ,virg9ia =e/s1 ,i saw miles ( ! black5$ di/rict made :ite by a gr[? ( ?is fungus4 ,x 0 ! ph5om5al gr[? :i* fir/ attract$ my att5tion to toad/ools4 ,i collect$ x !n 9 quantity & us$ x1 ) good results1 z a f]tiliz] on impov]i%$ gr\nd4 ,x has be5 eat5 = _m ye>s 9 mo/ c\ntries1 yet a few writ]s cont9ue to w>n aga9/ x4 ,x is ! repres5tative fungus ( its class--meaty1 co>se1 fair flavor4 ,x is edible & is good food :5 "o is hungry & c n get bett]4 ,x is be/ us$ z an absorb5t ( gravies4 ,l4 deceptivus ,pk4--deceiv+4 ,pileus #c-e 94 broad1 compact1 at fir/ convex & umbilicate1 !n exp&$ & c5trally depress$ or sub9fundibuli=m1 obsoletely tom5tose or glabr\s except on ! m>g91 :ite or :iti%1 (t5 v>i$ ) yell[i% or sordid /a9s1 ! m>g9 at fir/ involute & clo!d ) a d5se1 s(t or cottony tom5tum1 !n spread+ or elevat$ & m or less fibrillose4 ,gills r broad1 di/ant or subdi/ant1 adnate or decurr5t1 "s ( !m =k$1 :iti%1 becom+ cream-color$4 ,/em #a-c 94 long1 #h-ah l9es ?ick1 equal or n>r[$ d[nw>d1 solid1 pru9ose-pubesc5t1 :ite4 ,spores :ite1 #i-ab4g4 ,milk :ite1 ta/e acrid4 ,woods & op5 places1 especially "u hemlock trees4 ,common4 ,july to ,septemb]4 ,trial ( its edible qualities 0 made )\t any evil consequ5ces4 ,! acridity 0 de/roy$ by cook+4 ,peck1 #ch? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,alabama1 ,u4 & ,e42 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #ch? ,rep42 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 #ahha-ahhe1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,woods & op5 places4 ,july to ,octob]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,9 common ) all pepp]y ,lact>ii ! pres5t species loses ! quality 9 cook+4 ,! edible qualities !n dep5d ^u texture1 sub/ance1 flavor4 ,! species is co>se b meaty & ( fair flavor4 ,l4 vellereus ,fr4--vellus1 fleece4 ,pileus #b-e 94 broad1 compact1 at fir/ convex & umbilicate1 !n exp&$ & c5trally depress$ or sub9fundibuli=m1 ! :ole surface m9utely velvety-tom5tose1 s(t to ! t\*1 :ite or :iti%1 ! m>g9 at fir/ involute1 !n reflex$4 ,gills di/ant or subdi/ant1 adnate or decurr5t1 sometimes =k$1 :iti% becom+ yell[i% or cream-color$4 ,/em 4#e-b 94 long1 #f-af l9es ?ick1 firm1 solid1 equal or tap]+ d[nw>d1 pru9ose-pubesc5t1 :ite4 ,milk :ite1 ta/e acrid4 ,spores :ite4 ,woods & op5 places4 ,common4 ,july to ,septemb]4 ,peck1 #ch? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores :ite1 ne>ly smoo?1 #g-i4 ,peck2 #dh ,w4,g4,s4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,woods & op5 places4 ,july to ,octob]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,poison\s accord+ to "s au?ors4 ,cordi]4 ,edible4 ,leveille4 ,eat5 x = eighte5 ye>s4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,?is common1 v acrid species is *>act]iz$ by ! d[ny cov]+ ( its cap4 ,x is a co>se species1 b meaty4 ,its acridity is lo/ 9 cook+1 :5 x makes a fair di%4 ,l4 involutus ,soppitt4--involv$4 ,e "p :ite or ) a v slight o*race\s t+e4 ,pileus #a-b 94 across1 fle% ab\t #a l9es ?ick1 equal up to ! m>g91 compact1 rigid1 convex1 soon becom+ plane or slightly depress$1 m>g9 /rongly & p]si/5tly involute1 extreme edge m9utely silky1 rema9d] ev5 & glabr\s4 ,gills v slightly decurr5t1 d5sely cr[d$1 n l9e broad1 sometimes =k$4 ,/em -#a 94 long1 #b-c l9es ?ick1 equal1 or slightly ?ick5$ at ! base1 glabr\s1 ev51 solid1 v firm4 ,milk :ite1 un*angeable1 n scanty1 v hot4 ,spores obliquely elliptical1 smoo?1 #ec4 ,v firm & rigid1 resembl+ 9 habit ,l4 vell]eus 9 m9iature4 ,mo/ ne>ly alli$ to ,l4 scoticus1 b kn[n at once by ! exce$+ly n>r[1 d5sely-cr[d$ gills & ! smoo?1 elliptical spores4 ,massee4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 #ahha-ahhe1 pl5tiful4 ,angora1 ,we/ ,philadelphia4 ,augu/1 ,septemb]1 #ahig4 ,9 mix$ woods4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,mu* small] ?an ,l4 pip]atus4 ,pileus convex1 !n plane ) depressions 9 c5t]1 m>g9 involute4 ,gills slightly decurr5t1 d5sely cr[d$1 v n>r[4 ,/em %ort1 firm1 solid4 ,milk :ite1 v hot4 ,l4 involutus is readily mi/ak5 = small =ms ( ,l4 vell]eus & ,l4 pip]atus4 ,! extremely n>r[ gills1 s close & firm t x takes %>p eyes to foll[ !m1 are a di/+ui%+ m>k4 ,its fle% is ( same consi/5cy z ,l4 pip]atus--h>d & co>se4 ,x loses its pepp]9ess 9 cook+ & is a good em]g5cy plant1 or solv5t4 ,,ii4--,,dapetes--daps1 food4 ,milk highly color$1 etc4 ,am]ica is ri* 9 ?is section4 ,fries records b two species1 ,l4 deliciosus & ,l4 sanguifluus1 :ile ,am]ica has f\r4 ,! edible prop]ties ( ?ree are kn[n to be good2 ,l4 subpurpureus has n come "u obs]vation1 b is add$ to complete ! s]ies z x is probably edible & is well m>k$ by its d>k-r$ milk4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,l4 deliciosus ,fr4--delici\s4 7,plate ,,xli1 fig4 #c1 p4 #afj47 ,pileus #b-f 94 broad1 orange-brick-color1 yell[i% or grayi%-orange1 becom+ pale1 fle%y1 :5 q "y depress$ 9 ! c5t]1 m>g9 nak$1 involute1 !n plano-depress$ or broadly funnel-%ap$ ) ! m>g9 unfold$1 smoo?1 slightly viscid1 zon$ 7zones sometimes obsolete74 ,fle% s(t1 n compact1 pallid1 color$ at ! circumf]5ce only by ! juice4 ,/em #a-b 94 & m long1 #a 94 ?ick1 /uff$ !n holl[1 at l5g? fragile1 equal or att5uat$ at ! base1 spott$ 9 a pitt$ mann]1 ( ! same color z ! pileus or pal]4 ,gills some:at decurr5t1 cr[d$1 n>r[1 arcuate1 (t5 bran*$1 typically saffron-yell[1 b becom+ pale & always becom+ gre5 :5 w\nd$4 ,milk aromatic1 f ! fir/ r$-brick-saffron4 ,fries4 ,spores :ite1 sph]oid1 e*9ulate #g-h ,k42 #f ,w4,g4,s42 e*9ulate1 #i-ajg-h ,massee2 subglobose1 #g4f-aj ,peck4 ,9 woods1 "u firs1 etc4 ,pileus d+y orange-r$ becom+ pale1 (t5 gre5i%4 ,e "p turns to a homely gre5 :5 bruis$4 ,x is f #c to #e 94 across1 ?ick1 convex1 !n depress$ 9 c5t]1 m>g9 at fir/ curv$ 94 ,gills decurr5t1 n>r[1 saffron-color4 ,milk saffron-r$ or orange *ang+ to gre52 sweet sc5t$ b slightly acrid4 ,i h nev] se5 b "o specim5 ) milk di/9ctly orange1 & *ang+ to gre54 ,! milk 9 ?is species v>ies 9 color1 mu* dep5d+ ^u moi/ure4 ,x gr[s 9 pat*es1 sometimes 9 clu/]s4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,!re is no "q ( its edibility4 ,old & mod]n writ]s applaud x4 ,ea* cooks to 8 lik+ & ?9ks 8 own way be/4 ,x requires =ty m9utes' /ew+ or bak+2 less "t if roa/$ or fri$4 ,x c be cook$ 9 any way1 b1 l all ,lact>ii1 x mu/ be well cook$4 ,l4 9digo ,s*w4--7,plate ,,xli1 fig4 #b1 p4 #afj47 ,pileus #b-e 94 broad1 at fir/ umbilicate ) ! m>g9 involute1 !n depress$ or infundibuli=m1 indigo-blue ) a silv]y-gray lu/]1 zonate1 especially on ! m>g91 sometimes spott$1 becom+ pal] & less di/9ctly zonate ) age or 9 dry+4 ,gills close1 indigo-blue1 becom+ yell[i% & sometimes gre5i% ) age4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 #f-aj l9es ?ick1 %ort ne>ly equal1 holl[1 (t5 spott$ ) blue1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,milk d>k-blue4 ,dry places1 especially "u or ne> p9e trees4 ,n r>e b seldom abundant4 ,july to ,septemb]4 ,peck1 #ch? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores subglobose1 #g4f-i long ,peck4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,solit>y & 9 gr\ps1 9 p9e & mix$ woods4 ,july to ,septemb]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,! exceptional color ( ,l4 indigo w halt anyone ) ord9>y obs]v+ p[]4 ,x is unnecess>y to describe x fur!r4 ,be+ a l>ge1 /\t plant x frequ5tly lifts ! leaf mat z x pu%es upw>d1 mak+ leaf-m\nds "u :i* x is hidd51 z d _m ( ! ,cort9>ii4 ,b ev5 9 su* in/ances !re are usually a few solit>y plants /&+ prom95tly =? z s5t9els4 ,x is edible1 b co>se4 ,good flavor4 ,l4 *elidonium ,pk4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad1 at fir/ convex1 !n ne>ly plane & umbilicate or c5trally depress$1 grayi%-yell[ or tawny1 at l5g? v>i$ ) blui% & gre5i% /a9s1 (t5 ) a few n>r[ zones on ! m>g94 ,gills n>r[1 close1 sometimes =k$1 ana/omos+ or wavy at ! base1 grayi%-yell[4 ,/em #a-a4e 94 long1 #d-f l9es ?ick1 %ort1 subequal1 holl[1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores globose1 #g4e4 ,milk sp>se1 saffron-yell[2 ta/e mild4 ,s&y soil1 "u or ne> p9e trees4 ,s>atoga & ,be?lehem4 ,! milk ( ?is species resembles 9 color ! juice ( cel&9e1 ,*elidonium majus4 ,x is pal] ?an t ( ,l4 deliciosus4 ,by ?is "* & by ! dull color ( ! pileus1 ! n>r[ lamell1 %ort /em & its fondness = dry situations1 x may be sep>at$ f ! o!r species4 ,w\nds ( ! fle% are at fir/ /a9$ ) ! color ( ! milk1 !n ) blue1 f9ally ) gre54 ,a saffron-color is sometimes attribut$ to ! milk ( ,l4 deliciosus1 :i* may indicate t ?is species has be5 confus$ ) t1 or t ! relation%ip ( ! two plants is a clos] "o ?an we h assign$ to !m4 ,peck1 #ch? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,9 mix$ woods1 gravelly l[ gr\nd4 ,septemb]1 ,octob]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a score or m solit>y specim5s 7 f\nd & eat54 ,! sub/ance & flavor are n di/+ui%able f ,l4 deliciosus1 :i* is laud$ to ! summit ( good toad/ools4 ,l4 subpurpureus ,pk4--sub1 "u2 purpureus1 purple4 ,pileus at fir/ convex1 !n ne>ly plane or sub9fundibuli=m1 m or less spott$ & zonate :5 "y1 & moi/ d>k-r$ ) a grayi% lu/]4 ,gills close1 d>k-r$1 becom+ less cle> & sometimes gre5i%-/a9$ ) age4 ,/em equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 soon holl[1 (t5 spott$ ) r$1 color$ l ! pileus1 sometimes hairy at ! base4 ,spores subglobose1 #i-aj4 ,milk d>k-r$4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad4 ,/em #a4e-c 94 long1 #c-e l9es ?ick4 ,damp or mossy gr\nd 9 woods & swamps4 ,july & ,augu/4 ,at once kn[n by ! peculi> d>k-r$ or purpli% hue ( ! milk1 :i* color also appe>s 9 ! spots ( ! /em & 9 a m subdu$ tone 9 ! :ole plant4 ,! color ( ! pileus1 gills & /em is modifi$ by grayi% & yell[i% hues4 ,9 age & dryness ! zones are less cle>1 & dri$ specim5s c sc>cely be di/+ui%$ f ,l4 deliciosus4 ,peck1 #ch? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,i h n se5 ?is species4 ,,iii4--,,russul>ia4 99 ,,viscidi4 ,pileus viscid4 ,l4 pallidus ,fr4--pale4 ,pileus #c-f 94 broad1 fle%-color or clay-color to pallid1 some:at tan1 fle%y1 umbilicato-convex1 depress$1 obtuse1 m>g9 broadly & = a long "t involute1 smoo?1 gluey1 zoneless4 ,fle% pallid4 ,/em #b 94 & m long1 ab\t 94 ?ick1 some:at equal1 /uff$ !n holl[1 ev51 smoo?1 ( ! same color z ! pileus4 ,gills some:at decurr5t1 arcuate1 r broad1 #a-b l9es & m2 some:at ?91 cr[d$1 some:at bran*$1 :iti% at l5g? ( ! same color z ! pileus4 ,milk :ite1 un*angeable4 ,fries4 ,ta/e some:at mild4 ,/ature t ( ,l4 deliciosus1 b m lax 9 texture & always pallid4 ,!re is a v>iety ) ! pileus incl9+ to d+y-br[n4 ,/ev5son4 ,mix$ woods4 ,septemb] to ,octob]4 ,spores e*9ulate1 almo/ r\nd1 #h ,w4,g4,s42 #g-aa ,cooke2 #i-ajg-h ,massee4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s*we9itz1 ,curtis2 ,massa*usetts1 ,fro/2 ,m9nesota1 ,johnson2 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,b5nett4 ,edible4 ,cooke4 ,l4 quietus ,fr4--calm1 mild4 ,pileus #c 94 broad1 fle%y1 depress$1 obtuse1 m>g9 deflex$1 smoo?1 at fir/ viscid1 some:at c9namon1 fle%-color1 disk d>k]1 some:at zon$1 soon dry1 some:at silky1 opaque1 becom+ pale4 ,fle% :ite !n r$di%4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 94 & m ?ick1 /uff$1 spongy1 smoo?1 r$di%1 at l5g? beautifully ru/-color4 ,gills adnato-decurr5t1 some:at =k$ at ! base1 #a-b l9es broad1 :ite !n soon brick-r$4 ,milk :ite1 un*angeable1 sweet4 ,fries4 ,9 woods4 ,augu/ to ,novemb]4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores e*9ulate1 #h-ajf-g ,massee2 #aj-ab ,cooke4 ,nova ,scotia1 ,som]s2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #db4 ,edible4 ,cooke4 ,eat5 9 ,france & held 9 e/imation4 ,l4 !iogalus ,fr4 ,gr--brim/one2 milk4 ,pileus #b-e 94 broad1 fle%y1 ?91 convex1 !n depress$1 ev51 glabr\s1 viscid1 tawny-r$di%4 ,lamell adnate or decurr5t1 close1 pallid or r$di%4 ,/em #a-c 94 long1 #d-aj l9es ?ick1 /uff$ or holl[1 ev51 color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores yell[i%1 incl9+ to pale fle%-color1 subglobose1 #g4e-i4 ,milk :ite1 *ang+ to sulphur-yell[1 ta/e t>dily acrid1 bitt]i%4 ,woods & groves4 ,common4 ,july to ,octob]4 ,our plant does n fully accord ) ! description ( ! species z giv5 by ,fries4 ,peck1 #ch? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores subglobose1 #g-h diamet] ,massee2 subglobose1 #g4e-i ,peck4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 #ahha-ahhe2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,july1 #ahig2 ,new ,j]sey1 common 9 mix$ woods4 ,july to fro/4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,l4 !iogalus possesses all ! good qualities ( ! hot milk species4 ,:ile ,i ate x :5ev] ,i *ose 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,i did n aga9 eat x until #ahig at ,mt4 ,gretna4 ,!re sev]al p>took ( x & ?\ght x r co>se1 b ( good flavor4 ,x requires long cook+4 ,l4 fulig9osus ,fr4--fuligo1 soot4 ,pileus #a-b4e 94 broad1 firm1 becom+ s(t1 convex plane or slightly depress$1 ev51 dry1 zoneless1 d+y a%-color or buff-gray1 appe>+ z if cov]$ ) a d+y pru9osity1 ! m>g9 sometimes wavy or lob$4 ,gills adnate or subdecurr5t1 subdi/ant1 :iti% !n yell[i%1 becom+ /a9$ ) p9k-r$ or salmon-color :]e w\nd$4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 #c-e l9es ?ick1 equal or slightly tap]+ d[nw>d1 firm1 /uff$1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores globose1 yell[i%1 #g4e-aj4 ,milk :ite1 ta/e t>dily & sometimes slightly acrid4 ,?9 woods & op5 grassy places4 ,gre5bu% & ,s&lake1 ,n4,y4 ,july & ,augu/4 ,peck1 #ch? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,a =m ) ! pileus color$ l t ( ,l4 lignyotus1 b ) ! gills mu* clos] ?an 9 t species1 0 f\nd 9 a swamp ne> ,sevey4 ,july4 ,peck1 #dc;d ,rep4 ,,poison\s4 ,b>la & ,reveil1 ,cordi]4 ,l4 fumosus ,pk4 ,pileus #a4e-b4e 94 broad1 firm1 convex1 !n exp&$ & slightly depress$ 9 ! c5t]1 smoo?1 dry1 smoky-br[n or sordid-:ite4 ,gills close1 adnate or slightly r\nd$ beh9d1 :ite1 !n yell[i%4 ,/em #c-e l9es ?ick1 firm1 %ort1 smoo?1 /uff$1 g5]ally tap]+ d[nw>d4 ,spores di/9ctly e*9ulate1 yell[1 #f 9 diamet]4 ,fle% & ,milk :ite2 ta/e at fir/ mild1 !n acrid4 ,plant #a4e-b 94 high4 ,grassy gr\nd 9 op5 woods4 ,gre5bu%4 ,july4 ,! peculi> smoky hue ( ! pileus & yell[ spores enable ?is species to be easily recogniz$4 ,! fle% :5 w\nd$ sl[ly *anges to a dull p9ki%-color4 ,relat$ to ,l4 fulig9osus4 ,peck1 #bd? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 9999 ,,impoliti4 ,pileus d[ny1 etc4 ,l4 rufus ,fr4--r$4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad1 convex & c5trally depress$1 !n funnel-%ap$1 g5]ally ) a small umbo1 glabr\s1 sometimes slightly floccose or pubesc5t :5 "y1 especially on ! m>g91 zoneless1 bay-r$ or br[ni%-r$1 %9+4 ,gills n>r[ or mod]ately broad1 sometimes =k$1 close1 subdecurr5t1 yell[i% or r$di%4 ,/em #b-d 94 long1 #c-e l9es ?ick1 ne>ly equal1 firm1 /uff$1 pal] ?an or color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores :ite1 #g4f-aj4 ,milk :ite1 ta/e v acrid4 ,l[ woods & swamps4 ,nor? ,elba4 ,augu/4 ,r>e4 ,! r$ ,lact>ius is kn[n by its r l>ge size1 d>k-r$ pileus & int5sely acrid ta/e4 ,x has be5 f\nd b once 9 our /ate4 ,! fle% is p9ki% & ! /em sometimes pru9ose4 ,x is designat$ by au?ors z v poison\s & extremely poison\s4 ,cordi] ev5 says t worms nev] attack x4 ,peck1 #ch? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,massa*usetts1 ,fro/2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bc1 ,rep4 #ch4 ,i h n recogniz$ ?is species4 ,x is giv5 z m>k$ly ,,poison\s4 ,l4 glyciosmus ,fr4 ,gr--sweet2 ,gr--sc5t4 ,pileus -#a 94 broad1 ?91 convex ne>ly plane or depress$1 (t5 ) a small umbo or papilla1 m9utely squamulose1 a%-color$1 grayi%-br[n or smoky-br[n1 sometimes t+$ ) p9k1 ! m>g9 ev5 or slightly & di/9ctly /riate4 ,gills n>r[1 close1 adnate or decurr5t1 :iti% or yell[i%4 ,/em -#a 94 long1 #a-c l9es ?ick1 equal1 glabr\s or obsoletely pubesc5t1 /uff$1 r>ely holl[1 :iti% or color$ l ! pileus4 ,milk :ite1 ta/e acrid & unpleasant1 sometimes bitt]i%1 odor aromatic4 ,peck1 #ch? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,smell agreeable1 ( melilot1 z t ( ,l4 camphoratus4 ,spores sph]oid1 e*9ulate1 #f-h ,k42 subglobose1 size v>iable1 #f-aj ,massee4 ,! ,am]ican plant1 s f> z obs]v$1 does n h ! r$ hues ascrib$ to ! ,european4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,t4,j4 ,coll9s2 ,scranton1 ,pa41 ,dr4 ,j4,m4 ,phillips2 ,*e/] c\nty1 ,pa41 ,septemb]1 #ahhg1 on gr\nd 9 woods1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,?is small ,lact>ius 0 f\nd on sev]al occasions4 ,its odor is attractive1 b its ta/e is n4 ,cook$ x is ( high flavor1 b w n be lik$ by _m4 ,l4 aquifluus ,pk4--wat]y4 ,pileus fragile1 fle%y1 convex or exp&$1 at l5g? c5trally depress$1 dry1 smoo?1 or sometimes appe>+ z if clo!d ) a m9ute appress$ tom5tum1 r$di% tan-color$1 ! decurv$ m>g9 (t5 flexu\s4 ,gills r n>r[1 close1 :iti%1 becom+ dull r$di% yell[4 ,/em m or less elongat$1 equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 color$ l ! pileus1 smoo?1 holl[1 ! cavity irregul> z if erod$4 ,spores subglobose1 r\gh1 #g4f4 ,fle% color$ l ! pileus4 ,milk sp>se1 wat]y4 ,plant #c-h 94 high4 ,pileus #c-f 94 broad4 ,/em #e-aj l9es ?ick4 ,swamps & wet mossy places 9 woods4 ,s&lake & ,nor? ,elba4 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,! relation%ip ( ?is plant is ) ,l4 s]ifluus1 to :i* x 0 =m]ly ref]r$1 b f :i* ,i am n[ satisfi$ x is di/9ct4 ,! holl[ /em is a con/ant "* 9 our plant1 & af=ds a ready m>k ( di/9ction4 ,! plant1 ?\gh l>ge1 is v fragile1 & breaks easily4 ,! ta/e is mild or b slightly acrid4 ,sometimes !re is an obscure zonation on ! pileus1 :i*1 9 l>ge specim5s1 is apt to be irregul> & mu* worm-eat54 ,! milk looks l little drops ( wat] :5 fir/ issu+ f a w\nd1 b x becomes a little less cle> on exposure to ! atmosph]e4 ,! decid$ b agreeable odor ( ! dri$ specim5s p]si/s a long "t4 ,peck1 #bh? ,rep4 ,?is plant is sometimes cespitose4 ,! pileus :5 dry is tawny-gray & scaly or crack$ scaly4 ,! m>g9 may be ev5 or co>sely sulcate-/riate4 ,! fle% is grayi% or r$di%-gray4 ,! color ( ! lamell v>ies f creamy-:ite to tawny-yell[4 ,! /em (t5 has a conspicu\s :ite myceloid tom5tum at its base4 ,i h nev] f\nd ?is plant ) a :ite or milky juice1 & !re=e ,i am dispos$ to reg>d x n z a v>iety ( ,l4 helvus1 b z a di/9ct species4 ,its mild ta/e & agreeable odor sugge/$ a trial ( its edible qualities4 ,x is h>mless1 b ! lack ( flavor induces me to omit x f ! li/ ( edible species4 ,peck1 #ej? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,v>4 brevissimus ,pk4 ,pileus #a-a4e 94 broad1 grayi%-buff4 ,gills cr[d$1 adnate1 yell[i% or cream-color4 ,/em v %ort1 #f-h l9es long4 ,black mucky soil 9 roads 9 woods4 ,t[n%ip #bd1 ,frankl9 c\nty4 ,septemb]4 ,plant fragrant2 sometimes cespitose4 ,peck1 #ea/ ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,angora1 ,we/ ,philadelphia1 9 moi/ oak woods4 ,augu/1 #ahig1 ,philadelphia ,myc4 ,c5t]4 ,fle% r h>d :5 cook$1 & insipid4 ,good z an absorb5t or 9 em]g5cy4 ,l4 lignyotus ,fr4--lignum1 wood4 ,pileus #a-d 94 broad1 broadly convex plane or slightly depress$1 dry1 ) or )\t a small umbo1 g5]ally rugose-wr9kl$1 d>k-br[n1 appe>+ subpulv]ul5t or z if suffus$ ) a d+y pru9osity1 ! m>g9 sometimes cr5ately lob$ & di/9ctly plicate4 ,gills mod]ately close or subdi/ant1 adnate1 :ite or yell[i%1 sl[ly *ang+ to p9ki%-r$ or salmon color :]e w\nd$4 ,/em #a-c 94 long1 #b-f l9es ?ick1 equal or abruptly n>r[$ at ! apex1 ev51 glabr\s1 /uff$1 color$ l ! pileus1 sometimes plicate at ! top4 ,milk :ite1 ta/e mild or t>dily & slightly acrid4 ,v>4 t5uipes4 ,pileus ab\t #a 94 broad4 ,/em sl5d]1 #b-c 94 long & ab\t #b l9es ?ick4 ,wet or mossy gr\nd 9 woods & swamps4 ,adirondack m\nta9s & ,s&lake4 ,july & ,augu/4 ,n r>e 9 hilly & m\nta9\s di/ricts4 ,peck1 #ch? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores globose1 yell[i%1 #i-aa4c ,peck2 pale o*race\s1 subglobose1 m9utely e*9ulate1 #i-aj diamet] ,massee4 ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9s1 #ahha-ahhe2 ,eagle's ,m]e2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,solit>y & greg>i\s1 moi/ woods & wood$ places4 ,july to ,septemb]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,9 my long exp]i5ce ) ! plant ,i h n se5 any *ange ( color1 save t1 l ! :ite milk ( o!r species1 x d>k5s slightly to a cream color4 ,i h f\nd x di/9ctly umbilicate & q umbonate 9 ! same pat*4 ,l4 lignyotus is "o ( ! be/ ( ,lact>ii & q equal to ,l4 volemus4 ,l4 corrugis ,pk4--hav+ wr9kles or folds4 ,pileus #c-e 94 broad1 firm1 convex1 !n ne>ly plane or c5trally depress$1 rugose reticulat$1 cov]$ ) a velvety pru9osity or pubesc5ce1 d>k r$di%-br[n or *e/nut-color1 fad+ ) age to tawny-br[n4 ,gills close1 d>k cream-color or subc9namon1 becom+ pal] :5 old1 sordid or br[ni% :]e bruis$ or w\nd$4 ,/em #c-e 94 long1 #f-ab l9es ?ick1 equal1 solid1 glabr\s or m]ely pru9ose1 pal] ?an b simil> 9 color to ! pileus4 ,spores subglobose1 #aj-ac4 ,milk copi\s1 :ite1 ta/e mild4 ,?9 woods4 ,s&lake1 ,gansevoort & ,brew]ton1 ,n4,y4 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,?is curi\s ,lact>ius is relat$ to ,l4 volemus1 f :i* x may be sep>at$ by its d>k] colors & its corrugat$ pileus4 ,! flexu\s reticulat$ rug pres5t an appe>ance simil> to t ( ! hym5ium ( a ,m]ulius4 ,! pileus is ev]y:]e pru9ose-pubesc5t & ! gills be> num]\s sp9e-l or acicul> cy/idia or spicules1 #d-e long4 ,^! are s num]\s on & ne> ! edges ( ! gills t !y give !m a pubesc5t appe>ance4 ,peck1 #ch? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,i f\nd _m at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 up to #f 94 9 diamet]4 ,fle% n s firm z ,l4 volemus4 ,/em equal1 rugulose1 flatt5$ 9 old specim5s4 ,milk v slightly acrid4 ,bett] 9 ta/e & quality ?an ,l4 volemus4 ,l4 luteolus ,pk4--yell[i%4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad1 fle%y1 r ?91 convex or ne>ly plane1 commonly umbilicately depress$ 9 ! c5t] & some:at rugulose1 pru9ose or subglabr\s1 buff-color4 ,fle% :ite1 ta/e mild4 ,milk copi\s1 fl[+ easily1 :ite or :iti%4 ,gills close1 ne>ly plane1 adnate or slightly r\nd$ beh9d1 :iti%1 becom+ br[ni% :]e w\nd$4 ,/em #a-a4e 94 long1 #c-e l9es ?ick1 %ort1 equal or tap]+ d[nw>d1 solid1 b some:at spongy )91 color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores globose1 #g4f broad4 ,dry woods4 ,ea/ ,milton1 ,mass4 ,augu/4 ,h4 ,web/]4 ,?is species is relat$ to ,lact>ius volemus & ,l4 hygrophoroides1 b its small] size & %ort /em w di/+ui% x f ! =m] & its close gills f ! latt]4 ,its pal] buff-color w sep>ate x f bo?4 ,"s specim5s h a n>r[ encircl+ furr[ or depress$ zone ne> ! m>g9 & a slightly d>k] %ade ( color on ! m>g94 ,! milk con/itutes a rem>kable feature ( ! species4 ,accord+ to ! notes ( ! collector x is exce$+ly copi\s1 r /icky1 s]\s 9 "* ) :ite p>ticles 9 susp5sion4 ,x fl[s f _m po9ts z soon z ! plant is di/urb$ & x /a9s ! gills4 ,x is impossible to collect an un/a9$ specim51 s free is ! fl[ ( ! milk4 ,he1 ,mr4 ,web/]1 says3 8,i h nev] succe$$ 9 pick+ a specim5 s quietly z to prev5t an in/ant & copi\s fl[ ( its milk40 ,torrey ,bull41 ,vol4 #bc1 ,no4 #aj1 #ahif4 ,angora1 ,we/ ,philadelphia1 ,augu/1 #ahig4 ,9 oak woods4 ,augu/1 ,septemb]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,q frequ5t !re4 ,my att5tion 0 direct$ to x by ! 8n>r[ encircl+ furr[ or depress$ zone ne> ! m>g940 ,x is ( l quality to ,l4 volemus4 ,l4 ,g]>dii ,pk4 ,pileus #a4e-d 94 broad1 broadly convex plane or slightly depress$1 dry1 g5]ally rugose-wr9kl$1 ) or )\t a small umbo or papilla1 d+y-br[n1 ! ?9 spread+ m>g9 sometimes flexu\s lob$ or irregul>4 ,gills di/ant1 adnate or decurr5t1 :ite or :iti%1 ! int]spaces g5]ally unev54 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 #c-f l9es ?ick1 subequal1 /uff$ or holl[1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores globose1 :ite1 #i-aa4c4 ,milk :ite1 un*angeable1 ta/e mild4 ,woods & op5 places4 ,p\ghkeepsie1 ,w4,r4 ,g]>d4 ,gre5bu%1 ,s&lake & ,croghan1 ,n4,y4 ,july to ,septemb]4 ,?is ,lact>ius closely resembles ! ,sooty lact>ius 9 color1 b diff]s f x 9 its m di/ant gills1 :ite spores & con/antly mild ta/e4 ,w\nds ( ! fle% & gills d n become p9ki%-r$ z 9 t plant4 ,f ,l4 hygrophoroides its d>k] color1 holl[ /em & m globose r\gh] spores sep>ate x4 ,peck1 #ch? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,9 ! color ( ! pileus & /em ?is species is l ! l>g] =ms ( ,l4 fulig9osus4 ,peck1 #bf? ,rep4 ,edible4 ,bo/on ,myc4 ,club ,bull4 999999 ,,glabra,,ti4 ,pileus smoo?4 ,l4 volemus ,fr4--volema pira1 a k9d ( l>ge pe>4 7,plate ,,xli1 fig4 #d1 p4 #afj7 ,pileus #b-e 94 broad1 firm1 convex1 ne>ly plane or c5trally depress$1 r>ely funnel-%ap$1 sometimes ) a small umbo1 g5]ally ev51 glabr\s1 dry1 gold5-tawny or br[ni%-orange1 sometimes d>k] 9 ! c5t]1 (t5 becom+ rimose-areolate4 ,gills close1 adnate or subdecurr5t1 :ite or yell[i%1 becom+ sordid or br[ni% :]e bruis$ or w\nd$4 ,/em #a-d 94 long1 #d-aj l9es ?ick1 subequal1 v>iable 9 l5g?1 firm1 solid1 glabr\s or m]ely pru9ose1 color$ l ! pileus1 sometimes a little pal]4 ,milk copi\s1 :ite1 ta/e mild1 flat4 ,v>4 subrugosus4 ,pileus rugose-reticulat$ on ! m>g94 ,peck1 #ch? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores globose1 :ite1 #i-aa4c ,peck2 #e-f diamet] ,massee4 ,v delici\s raw & celebrat$ f e>ly times4 ,fries4 ,common ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 well kn[n ev]y:]e & di/+ui%$ = its edible qualities4 ,x is crisp & unless c>efully cook$ is h>d & granul>4 ,x %\ld h long1 sl[ cook+1 ?\gh x may be roa/$ or fri$4 7,plate ,,xlii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,lact>ius ,,hygrophoroides4 ,l4 hygrophoroides ,b4 & ,c4--resembl+ ,hygrophorus4 ,pileus #a-d 94 broad1 firm1 convex or ne>ly plane1 umbilicate or slightly depress$1 r>ely funnel-%ap$1 glabr\s or sometimes ) a m9ute velvety pubesc5ce or tom5tum1 dry1 sometimes rugose-wr9kl$ & (t5 becom+ crack$ 9 areas1 yell[i%-tawny or br[ni%-orange4 ,gills di/ant1 adnate or subdecurr5t1 :ite or cream-color1 ! int]spaces unev5 or v5ose4 ,/em 4#e-a 94 long1 #d-h l9es ?ick1 %ort1 equal or tap]+ d[nw>d1 solid1 glabr\s or m]ely pru9ose1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores subglobose or broadly elliptical1 ne>ly smoo?1 #i-aa4c4 ,milk :ite1 ta/e mild4 ,grassy gr\nd & bord]s ( woods4 ,albany1 ,gre5bu% & ,s&lake4 ,july & ,augu/4 ,?is plant has almo/ exactly ! color ( ,l4 volemus1 b diff]s f x 9 its di/ant gills1 %ort /em1 less copi\s milk & less globose spores4 ,its fle% is :ite1 ) a ?ickness ab\t equal to ! bread? ( ! gills4 ,x is probably edible1 b has n yet be5 te/$4 ,! typical ,l4 hygrophoroides is describ$ z hav+ ! pileus yell[i%-r$ & pulv]ul5t1 & ! gills lute\s4 ,x is also repres5t$ z a small plant2 b our specim5s1 :ile n fully agree+ ) ?is description1 approa* s closely to x 9 "s ( _! =ms t !y d\btless belong to ! same species4 ,we h !re=e ext5d$ ! description s t x may include our plant4 ,9 wet wea!r ! pileus sometimes becomes funnel-=m by ! elevation ( ! m>g94 ,peck1 #ch? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 #ahig1 grassy gr\nds & bord]s ( woods4 ,mix$1 moi/ woods & grassy bord]s4 ,july to ,septemb]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,pileus up to #d 94 across4 ,/em #a-b 941 tap]+1 equal or tap]+ d[nw>d4 ,:5 gr[+ 9 woods ! /em is long] ?an :5 gr[+ on bord]s4 ,its edible qualities are excell5t4 ,l4 mitissimus ,fr4--mitis1 mild4 ,pileus #a-c 94 broad1 gold5-tawny1 zoneless1 fle%y1 ?91 some:at rigid1 convex1 papillate1 depress$1 papilla vani%+1 ev51 smoo?1 some:at slipp]y :5 moi/4 ,fle% pallid4 ,/em elongat$1 #a-c 94 long1 - 94 ?ick1 /uff$1 !n holl[1 ev51 smoo?1 ( ! same color z ! pileus4 ,gills adnato-decurr5t1 some:at arcuate1 !n t5se & /raight1 #a-a l9es & m broad1 ?91 cr[d$1 a little pal] ?an ! pileus1 mo/ frequ5tly /a9$ ) m9ute r$ spots4 ,milk :ite1 mild1 pl5tiful4 ,?92 v mu* alli$ to ,l4 subdulcis1 b di/+ui%$ by ! ta/e be+ mild1 !n some:at bitt]i%1 & especially by ! bright1 gold5-tawny1 respl5d5t color ( ! pileus & /em4 ,fries4 ,9 mix$ & p9e woods4 ,augu/ to ,novemb]4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores #f-he-f ,massee2 #aj ,cooke2 sph]oid1 e*9ulate1 #f-g ,c4,b4,p4 ,cali=nia1 ,h4 & ,m4 ,edible4 ,cooke4 ,eat5 on ! cont95t4 7,plate ,,xliii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,lact>ius ,,subdulcis4 ,l4 subdulcis ,fr4--sub2 dulcis1 sweet4 ,pileus 4#e-b 94 broad1 ?91 convex1 !n plane or slightly funnel-%ap$1 ) or )\t a small umbo or papilla1 glabr\s1 ev51 zoneless1 moi/ or dry1 tawny-r$1 c9namon-r$ or br[ni%-r$1 ! m>g9 sometimes wavy or flexu\s4 ,gills r n>r[1 ?91 close1 :iti%1 sometimes t+$ ) r$4 ,/em #a-b4e 94 long1 #a-c l9es ?ick1 equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 sl5d]1 glabr\s1 sometimes vill\s at ! base1 /uff$ or holl[1 pal] ?an or color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores #g4f-i4 ,milk :ite1 ta/e mild or t>dily & slightly acrid1 sometimes woody or bitt]i% & unpleasant4 ,fle% :iti%1 p9ki% or r$di% gray1 odor none4 ,fields1 copses1 woods1 swamps & wet places4 ,july to ,octob]4 ,v common4 ,?is species gr[s 9 almo/ e v>iety ( soil & locality4 ,x may be f\nd 9 %[]y wea!r on dry1 rocky soil1 on b>e gr\nd or among mosses or fall5 leaves4 ,9 dri] wea!r x is /ill pl5tiful 9 swamps & wet1 %ad$ places1 & 9 sphagn\s m>%es4 ,x sometimes gr[s on decay+ wood4 ,x is also z v>iable z x is common4 ,gillet has describ$ ! foll[+ v>ieties3 ,v>4 c9namomeus4 ,pileus c9namon-r$1 sub-%9+4 ,/em /uff$1 !n holl[2 ta/e mild1 becom+ slightly acrid or bitt]4 ,v>4 rufus4 ,pileus dull *e/nut-r$2 becom+ m concave4 ,/em spongy2 ta/e mild4 ,v>4 badius4 ,pileus bay-r$1 %9+ z if v>ni%$1 ) an obtuse disk & an inflex$1 elegantly cr5ulate m>g94 ,/em v glabr\s1 holl[4 ,! fir/ & second v>ieties h occurr$ )9 our limits4 ,! fir/ also has ! /em ela/ic & furni%$ ) a :iti% or grayi% tom5tum or /rigose villosity at ! base1 :5 gr[+ among moss 9 swamps4 ,a =m occurr$ 9 ,s&lake1 9 :i* "s ( ! specim5s 7 prolif]\s4 ,! umbo _h develop$ into a m9ute pileus4 ,) u ! prevail+ color ( ! pileus is yell[i%-r$ or c9namon-r$4 ,sometimes ! color is almo/ ! same z t ( ,l4 volemus & ,l4 hygrophoroides1 & aga9 x is a tan-color or a bay-r$1 z 9 ,l4 camphoratus1 f :i* su* specim5s are sc>cely sep>able1 except by _! lack ( odor4 ,9 "y plants ! pileus usually has a moi/ appe>ance1 :i* is sometimes reta9$ 9 maturity4 ,cordi] pron\nces ! species edible1 & says t he has te/$ x sev]al times )\t inconv5i5ce4 ,peck1 #ch? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores #aj ,cooke2 #g ,w4,g4,s4 ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9s1 #ahha-ahhe2 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 ev]y:]e on moi/ gr\nd4 ,july to ,octob]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,! description ( ,fries z enl>g$ & modifi$ by ,pr(essor ,peck1 toge!r ) t ( ! v>ieties plac$ to ! cr$it ( ! species by ,gillet1 are giv5 above 9 full4 ,! species ) its ascrib$ v>ieties is common & well kn[n4 ,v>4 badius occurs 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia & ,p5nsylvania4 ,!y are all edible & v>y b little 9 quality4 ,l4 subdulcis requires long cook+4 ,l4 mutabilis ,pk4--*angeable4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad1 ?91 convex or ne>ly plane1 zonate :5 moi/1 r$di%-br[n1 ! disk & zones d>k]1 zoneless :5 dry1 fle% color$ l ! pileus4 ,milk sp>se1 :ite1 ta/e mild4 ,gills n>r[1 close1 adnate1 :iti%1 ) a yell[i% or cream-color$ t9t :5 old4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 #c-e l9es ?ick1 equal or tap]+ upw>d1 /uff$ or spongy )91 glabr\s1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores subglobose1 r\gh1 #g4f broad4 ,l[1 damp places4 ,selkirk & ,yaphank1 ,n4,y4 ,june & ,septemb]4 ,! species is alli$ to ,l4 subdulcis1 f :i* ! l>g] size & zonate pileus sep>ate x4 ,! zones disappe> 9 ! dry plant1 & ?is *ange 9 ! m>k+ ( ! pileus sugge/s ! specific "n4 ,!y appe> to be =m$ by conc5tric s]ies ( m or less conflu5t spots & are sugge/ive ( su* species z ,l4 deliciosus & ,l4 subpurpureus4 ,peck1 #dc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,solit>y b frequ5t4 ,9 moi/ woods & m>g9s ( woods4 ,june to ,octob]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,i h be5 famili> ) & eat5 ?is plant s9ce #ahhb1 b ?\ght x might be a v>iety ( ,l4 deliciosus1 ) light-color$ milk4 ,l4 mutabilis is an excell5t species1 equal to any ,lact>ius4 ,l4 camphoratus ,fr4--camphor4 ,pileus #a-b 94 across1 br[n-brick-r$1 some:at zon$1 sometimes zoneless1 fle%y1 ?91 depress$1 dry1 smoo?4 ,/em %ort1 #a-b 941 /uff$1 some:at undulat$1 ( ! same color z ! pileus4 ,gills adnate1 cr[d$1 yell[i%-brick-color4 ,milk mild1 :ite1 odor agreeable1 spicy4 ,fries4 ,/rong smell+4 ,s l ,l4 subdulcis t x c be di/+ui%$ safely only by its odor ( melilot :5 dri$4 ,/ev5son4 ,pileus 4#e-a4e 94 broad4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 #b-c l9es4 ,peck1 #ch? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores sph]ical1 e*9ulate1 #f-g ,q42 subglobose1 #h-i ,massee2 #g4f-i ,peck4 ,ta/e & smell n ( camphor1 b ( melilot4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis2 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,rav5el2 ,wiscons91 ,bundy2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bc1 ,mon4 #ch? ,rep4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,july to ,octob]1 9 moi/ places4 ,mix$ woods1 etc4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible4 ,gillet4 ,its mild ta/e di/+ui%es x at once f ,l4 rufus4 ,x has high b pleasant flavor4 ,if ! flavor is too evid5t to suit "s ta/es1 x is well to mix mild] species ) x4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p$ by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,/udies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,xliv4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,russula ,,cyanoxan?a1 #aih #e4 ,,russula ,,roseipes1 #bji #b4 ,,russula ,,emetica1 #bja #f4 ,,russula ,,viresc5s1 #aid #c4 ,,russula ,,flavida1 #aig #g4 ,,russula ,,puell>is1 #bjh #d4 ,,russula ,,sordida1 #aij ,,rus,,sula ,p]s4 ,r$di%4 7,plate ,,xlv47 ,illu/ration3 ,,russula4 ,pileus regul>1 rigid1 usually becom+ m or less depress$4 ,fle% ( ! pileus desc5d+ into ! gills =m+ a cellul> trama4 ,veil & consequ5tly ! r+ abs5t4 ,/em smoo?1 /\t1 rigid1 brittle1 spongy )94 ,gills rigid1 fragile1 edge ?9 & acute4 ,spores r\nd$1 (t5 e*9ulate1 :ite or yell[i%4 ,on ! gr\nd4 ,closely alli$ to ,lact>ius b sep>at$ by ! abs5ce ( milk4 ,! gills ( "s species exude wat]y drops 9 moi/ wea!r4 ,ow+ to ! simil>ity ( =m & ! v>iable color+ _m species are difficult to det]m9e2 all ! *>act]s %\ld be c>efully not$1 n omitt+ t ( ! ta/e4 ,russul are readily di/+ui%$ by ! /\t1 %ort1 brittle /em & ! fragility ( ! pileus & gills4 ,!y especially love op5 woods & appe> dur+ ! summ] & fall mon?s1 "s be+ f\nd until %>p fro/s occur4 ,x has be5 claim$ by mu%room gr[]s1 until )9 a few ye>s1 t ! spores ( ! mu%room h to pass ?r\gh ! dige/ive app>atus ( ! horse be=e !y w g]m9ate4 ,x has be5 conclusively demon/rat$ t su* a transmission is n a necessity4 ,x 0 = a long "t my op9ion--foll[+ ! op9ion ( o!rs--t su* assi/ance 0 necess>y4 ,9 my _m ef=ts to propagate valuable food species ( ! wild toad/ools ,i endeavor$ to f9d ! me?od by :i* ! spores 7 dissem9at$1 & ?r\gh :at dige/ive m$ium !y pass$--ei!r ( insect or animal--be=e g]m9ation4 ,notic+ t ! ,russul 7 f$ ^u by a small black beetle1 ,i plant$ 9 suitable places1 n ! toad/ools1 b ! beetles f\nd ^u !m4 ,! result 0 t 9 sev]al in/ances ,i grew ! ,russul4 ,my exp]im5ts1 :ile int]e/+1 are n conclusive1 because ,i lat] f\nd t ! same results c\ld be obta9$ f ! toad/ool itself :5 plant$ "u its own natural life conditions4 ,x is c]ta9 t beetles c n be rais$ by plant+ ,russul4 ,! beetles kn[n z tumble-bugs--can?on lvis--deposit eggs 9 ! c5t] ( balls made ( animal dropp+s2 dig a hole 9 ! gr\nd & drop !m into x4 ,^! dropp+s frequ5tly conta9 ! spores ( ! mead[ mu%room4 ,?us plant$ ) ! prop] surr\nd+ ( manure1 & at ! prop] dep?1 ! spores g]m9ate1 spread mycelium1 & a crop ( mu%rooms is ! result4 ,! beetle becomes a horticulturi/4 ,no wond] ! ,egyptians1 ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 made x--! sc>abeus--_! sacr$ emblem1 & t1 today1 ! fleur-de-lis ( ,france1 s ! ,rosicrucians say1 p]petuates its glori\s wor? & call+4 ,mo/ ,russul are sweet & nutty to ! ta/e2 "s are z hot z ! fi]ce/ ( cay5ne1 b ?is !y lose ^u cook+4 ,to ?is g5us au?ors h done especial inju/ice2 !re is n a s+le species among !m kn[n to be poison\s1 &1 :]e !y are n too /rong ( *]ry b>k & o!r highly flavor$ sub/ances1 !y are all edible2 mo/ ( !m are favorites4 ,:]e !y pres5t no objectionable appe>ance or ta/e1 _! caps make mo/ palatable di%es :5 /ew$1 bak$1 roa/$ or escallop$4 ,! "t ( cook+ %\ld be det]m9$ by ! consi/5cy ( ! v>iety2 "s w cook 9 five m9utes1 o!rs n "u ?irty4 ,salt1 butt] & pepp] are ! only necess>ies z season+4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,tribes4 ,i4--,,compact 7comp+o1 to put toge!r2 compact74 ,page #ahg4 ,pileus fle%y ?r\gh\t1 h5ce ! m>g9 is at fir/ b5t inw>d & always )\t /ri1 )\t a di/9ct gluey pellicle 79 consequ5ce ( :i* ! color is n v>iable1 b only *anges ) age & ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e74 ,fle% compact1 firm4 ,/em solid1 fle%y4 ,gills unequal4 ,,ii4--,,furcat 7furca1 a =k4 ,) =k$ gills74 ,page #aia4 ,pileus compact1 firm1 cov]$ ) a ?91 closely adnate pellicle1 :i* at l5g? disappe>s1 m>g9 abruptly ?91 at fir/ inflex$1 !n spread+1 acute1 ev54 ,/em at fir/ compact1 at l5g? spongy-s(t )94 ,gills some:at =k$1 ) a few %ort] ones int]mix$1 commonly att5uat$ at bo? ends1 ?9 & normally n>r[4 ,,iii4--,,rigid 7rigidus1 rigid74 ,page #aid4 ,pileus )\t a viscid pellicle1 absolutely dry1 rigid1 ! cuticle commonly break+ up into flocci or granules4 ,fle% ?ick1 compact1 firm1 vani%+ away %ort ( ! m>g9 :i* is /raight 7nev] involute71 soon spread+1 & always )\t /ri4 ,/em solid1 at fir/ h>d1 !n s(t] & spongy4 ,gills1 a few dimidiate1 o!rs divid$1 rigid1 dilat$ 9 front & runn+ out ) a v broad1 r\nd$ apex1 :5ce ! m>g9 ( ! pileus becomes obtuse & is n inflex$4 ,exce$+ly h&some1 b r r>e4 ,,iv4--,,het]ophyll 7,r4 het]ophylla1 ! typical species ( ! section74 ,page #aih4 ,pileus fle%y1 firm1 ) a ?9 m>g9 :i* is at fir/ inflex$1 !n exp&$ & /riate1 cov]$ ) a ?9 adnate pellicle4 ,! gills consi/ ( _m %ort] ones mix$ ) long] ones1 along ) o!rs :i* are =k$4 ,/em solid1 /\t1 spongy )94 ,v4--,,fragiles 7fragilis1 fragile or brittle74 ,page #bja4 ,pileus m or less fle%y1 rigid-fragile1 cov]$ ) a pellicle :i* is always cont9u\s1 & 9 wet wea!r viscid & some:at sep>able2 m>g9 membranace\s1 at fir/ conv]g5t & n involute1 9 full-gr[n plants commonly sulcate & tub]cul>4 ,fle% commonly floccose1 lax1 friable4 ,/em spongy1 at l5g? :olly s(t & holl[4 ,gills almo/ all equal1 simple1 broad5+ 9 front1 free 9 ! pileus :5 clos$4 ,sev]al d\btful =ms occur4 ,r4 integra is specially fallaci\s f ! v>iety ( its colors4 99 ,gills & spores :ite4 9999 ,gills & spores :ite1 !n light-yell[i% or bright lemon-yell[i%4 999999 ,gills & spores o*race\s4 ,,compac,t4 ,r4 nigricans ,bull4--nigrico1 to be blacki%4 ,pileus #b-d 94 & m broad1 olivace\s-fulig9\s1 at l5g? black1 fle%y to ! m>g9 :i* is at fir/ b5t inw>ds1 convex !n flatt5$1 umbilicato-depress$1 :5 "y & moi/ slightly viscid & ev5 7)\t a sep>able pellicle71 at l5g? crack$ 9 scales4 ,fle% firm1 :ite1 :5 brok5 becom+ r$ on exposure to ! air4 ,/em #a 94 ?ick1 p]si/5tly solid1 equal1 pallid :5 "y1 at l5g? black4 ,gills r\nd$ beh9d1 slightly adnex$1 ?ick1 di/ant1 unequal1 pal]1 r$d5+ :5 t\*$4 ,fries4 ,compact1 obese1 inodor\s1 )9 & )\t at l5g? :olly black1 9 :i* x diff]s f all o!rs4 ,! fle% becomes r$ :5 brok5 because x is saturat$ ) r$ juice1 al?\gh x does n exude milk4 ,sometimes a v few ( ! gills are dimidiate4 ,9 woods4 ,common4 ,june to ,novemb]4 ,/ev5son4 ,v>4 albonigra ,krombh4--albo1 :ite2 negro1 to be black4 ,pileus fle%y1 convexo-plane1 depress$ 9 ! middle1 at l5g? funnel-%ap$1 viscid1 :iti%1 smoky ab\t ! m>g94 ,fle% :ite1 turn+ black :5 brok54 ,/em solid1 /\t1 dusky1 becom+ black5$4 ,gills decurr5t1 cr[d$1 unequal1 dusky-:iti%4 ,9 grassy places4 ,spores papillose1 #h ,w4,g4,s42 subglobose1 r\gh1 #h-i ,massee4 ,new ,york4 ,our specim5s agree ) ! description 9 e respect1 except t ! gills are n di/ant4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,mild :5 raw1 b ) a heavy woody ta/e4 ,cook$ x makes a good di%1 b does n equal mo/ ,russul4 ,r4 purpurina ,quel4 & ,s*ulz4--purple4 7,plate ,,xlva47 ,pileus fle%y1 m>g9 acute1 subglobose1 !n plane1 at l5g? depress$ 9 ! c5t]1 slightly viscid 9 v wet wea!r1 n /riate1 (t5 split1 pellicle sep>able1 rosy-p9k1 pal+ ev5 to light yell[4 ,gills cr[d$ 9 y\?1 aft]w>d subdi/ant1 :ite1 9 age yell[i%1 rea*+ ! /em1 #b-d l9es broad 9 front1 n greatly n>r[$ beh9d1 almo/ equal1 n =k$4 ,/em spongy1 /uff$1 v v>iable1 cyl9drical1 att5uat$ above & bel[ ! middle1 rosy-p9k becom+ pal] 7r>ely :ite7 t[>d ! base1 color obscure 9 age4 ,fle% fragile1 :ite1 r$di% "u ! sk92 odor slight1 ta/e mild4 ,spores :ite1 globose1 sometimes sub-elliptical1 #d-h long1 m9utely w>t$4 ,pileus #a4e-b4e 94 across4 ,/em up to 4#d 94 ?ick1 #a4b 94 long4 8,?is is a beautiful & v di/9ct species easily kn[n by its r$ /em1 mild ta/e & :ite spores40 ,peck1 #db;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph$ by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,wei/4 ,,plate ,,xlva4 ,,russula ,,purpur9a4 ,r4 adusta ,fr4--aduro1 to scor*4 ,pileus pallid or :iti%1 grayi%-sooty1 equally fle%y1 compact1 depress$ !n some:at infundibuli=m1 m>g9 at fir/ inflex$1 smoo?1 !n erect1 )\t /ri4 ,fle% un*angeable4 ,/em solid1 obese1 ( ! same color z ! pileus4 ,gills adnate !n decurr5t1 ?91 cr[d$1 unequal1 :ite !n d+y1 n r$d5+ :5 t\*$4 ,fries4 ,spores subglobose1 almo/ smoo?1 #h-i ,massee4 ,9 p9e & mix$ woods4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 9 p9e woods & 9 mix$ woods4 ,augu/ to fro/4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,r4 adu/a is solit>y b (t5 9 small troops4 ,x is easily recogniz$ by ! br[ni% blot*es ^u its cap1 & ! cr[d+ ( its ?9 gills4 ,! solid fle% mu/ be well cook$4 ,x is !n ( good flavor4 7,plate ,,xlvb47 ,illu/ration3 ,,russula ,,brevipes4 ,aft] ,pr(4 ,peck4 ,r4 brevipes ,pk4--brevis1 %ort2 pes1 a foot4 ,pileus #c-e 94 broad1 at fir/ convex & umbilicate1 !n infundibuli=m1 dry1 glabr\s or slightly villose on ! m>g91 :ite1 sometimes v>i$ ) r$di%-br[n /a9s4 ,fle% :iti%1 ta/e mild1 sl[ly becom+ slightly acrid4 ,lamell ?91 close1 adnate or slightly r\nd$ beh9d2 :ite4 ,/em solid1 :ite4 ,spores globose1 v]ruculose1 #aj-ac4 ,/em #f-aj l9es long1 #f-aj l9es ?ick4 ,s&y soil 9 p9e woods4 ,quogue4 ,septemb]4 ,?is species is relat$ to ,russula delica1 b is easily di/+ui%$ by its %ort /em & cr[d$ gills4 ,! pileus also is n %9+ & ! ta/e is t>dily some:at acrid4 ,f ,lact>ius exsuccus x is sep>at$ by ! "* ( ! gills & ! v %ort /em :i* is ab\t z broad z x is long4 ,! spores also are l>g] ?an 9 t species4 ,! gills 9 ! "y plant are sometimes /udd$ ) drops ( wat]4 ,!y are n cle>ly decurr5t4 ,"s ( !m are =k$ at ! base4 ,! pileus is b slightly rais$ above ! surface ( ! gr\nd & is g5]ally soil$ by adh]+ dirt & (t5 m>k$ by ru/y or br[ni% /a9s4 ,! plants grew 9 old roads 9 ! woods :]e ! soil _h be5 trodd5 & compact$4 ,peck1 #dc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 #ahhb2 ,p5nsylvania1 #ahhg-ahid2 ,new ,j]sey1 #ahib4 ,solit>y 9 p9e & hemlock woods1 g5]ally on b>e1 compact gr\nd4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,?is species is a sp>se gr[]1 b its good size & respectable numb]s soon fill ! basket4 ,:5 fre% x is ( good sub/ance & flavor4 ,r4 delica ,fr4--delicus1 wean$4 7,milkless1 juiceless 9 gills47 ,:ite4 ,pileus #c-e 94 broad1 fle%y ?r\gh\t1 firm1 umbilicate !n infundibuli=m1 regul>1 ev]y:]e ev51 smoo? ) a :iti% lu/]1 ! involute m>g9 )\t /ri4 ,fle% firm1 juiceless1 n v ?ick1 :ite4 ,/em curt1 #a-b 94 long1 94 & m ?ick1 solid1 ev51 smoo?1 :ite4 ,gills decurr5t1 ?91 di/ant1 v unequal1 :ite1 exud+ small wat]y drops 9 wet wea!r4 ,fries4 ,spores m9utely e*9ulate1 :ite1 broadly elliptical1 #h-ajf-g ,massee4 ,9 appe>ance x resembles ,lact>ius vell]eus & ,l4 pip]atus1 b its gills d n di/ill milk or juice4 ,x diff]s1 too1 9 its mild ta/e4 ,x is relat$ to ,r4 brevipes ,pk4 ,a l>ge1 co>se species1 cup-%ap$ at maturity4 ,i h f\nd x 9 sev]al localities 9 ,massa*usetts 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,x is ( fair quality cook$1 b mu* inf]ior to ,r4 viresc5s1 etc4 ,macadam4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 9 mix$ woods1 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible4 ,ta/e mild4 ,f ! juiceless v>iety ( ,l4 vell]eus its mild ta/e alone furni%es a sep>ate "*4 ,peck4 ,i h eat5 x s9ce #ahhb1 b x is n a favorite4 ,its quality is fair4 ,r4 sordida ,pk4--dirty4 7,plate ,,xliv1 fig4 #d1 p4 #ahd47 ,pileus firm1 convex1 c5trally depress$1 dry1 sordid-:ite1 sometimes cl\d$ ) br[n4 ,gills close1 :ite1 "s ( !m =k$4 ,/em equal1 solid1 concolor\s4 ,spores globose1 #g4e4 ,ta/e acrid4 ,fle% *ang+ color :5 w\nd$1 becom+ black or blui%-black4 ,plant #d-e 94 high4 ,pileus #c-e 94 broad4 ,/em #f-ab l9es ?ick4 ,gr\nd "u hemlock trees4 ,worce/]4 ,july4 ,x resembles ,l4 pip]atus 9 g5]al appe>ance4 ,! :ole plant turns black 9 dry+4 ,peck1 #bf? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,p5nsylvania1 ,h]b/2 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 #ahha-ahhe1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 p9e1 hemlock & mix$ woods1 ,july to ,septemb]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,x is ( bett] quality ?an mo/ co>se-gra9$ ,russul4 ,,furca,t4 ,r4 furcata ,fr4--furca1 a =k4 ,pileus #c 94 broad1 sometimes gre5i%1 sometimes umb]-gre5i%1 fle%y1 compact1 gibb\s !n plano-depress$ or infundibuli=m1 ev51 smoo?1 b (t5 spr9kl$ ) slightly silky lu/]1 pellicle "h & !re sep>able1 m>g9 ?91 at fir/ inflex$1 !n spread+1 always ev54 ,fle% firm1 some:at *eesy1 :ite4 ,/em #b 94 or a little m long1 solid1 firm1 equal or att5uat$ d[nw>d1 ev51 :ite4 ,gills adnato-decurr5t1 r ?ick1 some:at di/ant b broad1 att5uat$ at bo? ends1 frequ5tly =k$1 %9+ :ite4 ,fries4 ,spores globose1 e*9ulate1 #f-g ,c4,b4,p42 #g-hi ,massee4 ,9 woods1 & grass "u trees4 ,! frequ5tly =k$ gills1 f :i* ! species takes its "n1 _! be+ ?ick & slightly decurr5t1 help to di/+ui% x4 ,x is q common 9 its sev]al v>ieties4 ,ta/e mild at fir/4 ,a slight bitt] develops :i* disappe>s 9 cook+4 ,x is !n ( good quality1 n equal to ,r4 viresc5s4 ,old] writ]s m>k$ x poison\s1 d\btless = no o!r cause ?an its slight bitt]4 ,i h eat5 x freely = fifte5 ye>s4 ,r4 sanguinea ,fr4--sanguis1 blood4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad1 blood-r$ or becom+ pale r\nd ! ev51 spread+1 acute m>g91 fle%y1 firm1 at fir/ convex1 obtuse1 !n depress$ & infundibuli=m & commonly gibb\s 9 ! c5t]1 poli%$1 ev51 moi/ 9 damp wea!r4 ,fle% firm1 *eesy1 :ite4 ,/em /\t1 spongy-/uff$1 at fir/ contract$ at ! apex1 !n equal1 slightly /riate1 :ite or r$di%4 ,gills at fir/ adnate1 !n truly decurr5t1 v cr[d$1 v n>r[1 connect$ by ve9s1 fragile1 some:at =k$1 %9+ :ite4 ,fries4 ,spores #i-aj diamet] ,massee4 ,9 p9e & mix$ woods4 ,july to ,octob]4 ,color same z ,r4 rubra b diff]s 9 its h>d *eesy fle%1 rigid1 slightly yell[i% gills 9 age4 ,! gills ( ,r4 sangu9ea are truly decurr5t1 & po9t$ 9 front4 ,poison\s4 ,/ev5son4 ,krapp says he has exp]i5c$ grave inconv5i5ces f eat+ x4 ,myself & v _m fri5ds eat all fre% invit+ ,russul4 ,we d n discrim9ate aga9/ a s+le pepp]y or acrid species1 n ev5 ! ,r4 emetica :i* has be5 sev]ely malign$4 ,9 fact ! pepp]y ,russul are usually sub/antial 9 fle% & *oice 9 sub/ance4 ,! op9ion ( _m is t ,r4 sangu9ea is "o ( ! be/4 ,i h eat5 x = ye>s4 ,r4 depall5s ,p]s4--palleo1 to be pale4 ,pileus #c-d 94 across1 pallid-r$di% or incl9+ to d+y-br[n1 etc41 fle%y1 firm1 convex1 !n plane1 m r>ely depress$1 b commonly irregul>ly %ap$ & undulat$1 ev51 ! ?91 adnate pellicle pres5tly *ang+ color1 especially at ! disk1 ! spread+ m>g9 ev51 b slightly /riate :5 old4 ,fle% :ite4 ,/em ab\t #a 94 long1 solid1 firm1 commonly att5uat$ d[nw>d1 :ite1 becom+ c9]e\s :5 old4 ,gills adnex$1 broad1 cr[d$1 di/9ct1 b commonly =k$ at ! base1 (t5 ) %ort] ones int]mix$4 ,inodor\s1 ta/e mild4 ,! color ( ! pileus is at fir/ pallid-r$di%1 or incl9+ to br[ni%1 !n :iti% or yell[i%1 opaque 9 e /age ( gr[?4 ,x approa*es ne>e/ to ! ,het]ophyll4 ,fries4 ,9 bee* woods1 pa/ures1 etc4 ,augu/ to ,septemb]4 ,spores subglobose1 e*9ulate1 #g-h ,massee4 ,r4 depall5s some:at resembles ,r4 het]ophylla4 ,bo? are edible4 ,x is a solit>y gr[] & n common1 b :5 f\nd x occurs 9 good quantity4 ,x belongs to ! be/ class ( ,russul4 ,r4 subdepall5s ,pk4--sub1 de & palleo1 to be pale4 ,pileus fle%y1 at fir/ convex & /riate on ! m>g91 !n exp&$ or c5trally depress$ & tub]culate-/riate on ! m>g91 viscid1 blood-r$ or purpli% r$1 mottl$ ) yell[i% spots1 becom+ pal] or almo/ :ite ) age1 (t5 irregul>4 ,fle% fragile1 :ite1 becom+ c9]e\s ) age1 r$di% "u ! cuticle1 ta/e mild4 ,lamell broad1 subdi/ant1 adnate1 :ite or :iti%1 ! int]spaces v5ose4 ,/em /\t1 solid b spongy )91 p]si/5tly :ite4 ,spores :ite1 globose1 r\gh1 #h broad4 ,pileus #c-f 94 broad4 ,/em #a4e-c 94 long1 #f-ab l9es ?ick4 ,"u a hickory tree4 ,trexl]t[n1 ,pa4 ,june4 ,w4 ,h]b/4 ,closely relat$ to ,russula depall5s1 f :i* x diff]s 9 hav+ ! m>g9 ( ! pileus /riate at fir/ & m /rongly s :5 mature1 also 9 ! pileus be+ spott$ at fir/1 ! gills m di/ant1 ! /em p]si/5tly :ite & ! spores :ite4 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club4 ,vol4 #bc1 ,no4 #aj4 ,octob]1 #ahif4 ,i d n d\bt its edibility4 ,see ,r4 depall5s4 ,r4 o*rophylla ,pk4--o*ra1 a yell[ e>?2 phyllon1 a leaf4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad1 firm1 convex becom+ ne>ly plane or slightly depress$ 9 ! c5t]1 ev5 or r>ely v slightly /riate on ! m>g9 :5 old1 purple or d>k purpli% r$4 ,fle% :ite1 purpli% "u ! adnate cuticle1 ta/e mild4 ,gills entire1 a few ( !m =k$ at ! base1 subdi/ant1 adnate1 at fir/ yell[i%1 becom+ bright o*race\s buff :5 mature1 du/$ by ! spores1 ! int]spaces some:at v5ose4 ,/em equal or ne>ly s1 solid or spongy )91 r$di% or rosy t9t$1 pal] ?an ! pileus4 ,spores bright o*race\s buff1 globose-v]ruculose1 #aj broad4 ,! o*]y-gill$ ,russula is a l>ge f9e species1 b n a common "o4 ,x diff]s b little 9 color & size f ! ,european pung5t ,russula1 ,russula drimeia1 b x is easily di/+ui%$ f x by its mild ta/e4 ,! cap is dry1 convex or a little depress$ 9 ! c5t]1 purple or purpli% r$1 ! :ite fle% purpli% "u ! cuticle1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n easily sep>able4 ,! gills are ne>ly all entire1 ext5d+ f ! /em to ! m>g9 ( ! cap4 ,!y are !re=e mu* clos] toge!r ne> ! /em ?an at ! m>g94 ,!y are at fir/ yell[i%1 b a bright o*race\s buff :5 mature4 ,!y are !n du/$ by ! simil>ly color$ spores4 ,! /em is /\t1 ne>ly cyl9dric1 firm b spongy 9 ! c5t] & color$ l ! cap1 b g5]ally a little pal]4 ,!re is a v>iety 9 :i* ! /em is :ite & ! cap deep r$4 ,9 o!r respects x is l ! typical =m4 ,its "n is ,russula o*rophylla albipes4 ,! o*]y-gill$ ,russula gr[s 9 gr\ps "u trees1 especially oak trees1 & %\ld be s\ght 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,peck1 #ea/ ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,july to ,septemb]1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible4 ,peck1 #ej? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,,ri',,gid4 ,r4 lac'tea ,fr4--lac1 milk4 ,pileus #b 94 broad1 at ! fir/ milk-:ite1 !n tan-:ite1 ?r\gh\t compactly fle%y1 bell-%ap$1 !n convex1 (t5 exc5tric1 )\t a pellicle1 always dry1 at ! fir/ ev51 !n slightly crack$ :5 dry1 m>g9 /raight1 ?91 obtuse1 ev54 ,fle% compact1 :ite4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 #a 94 ?ick1 solid1 v compact1 b at l5g? spongy-s(t )91 equal1 ev51 always :ite4 ,gills free1 v broad1 ?ick1 di/ant1 rigid1 =k$1 :ite4 ,fries4 ,spores subglobose1 e*9ulate1 #g-i ,massee4 ,closely alli$ to ,r4 albella ,pk4 f :i* x diff]s 9 its %ort] /em1 & pileus crack+ into areol1 & gills n be+ entire4 ,9 mix$ woods1 9 pat*es1 n common4 ,botanic creek1 ,we/ ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 pat*es1 ,mc,ilvaine1 #ahhg4 ,edible & ( good flavor4 ,macadam4 ,raw1 x has a raw1 r unpleasant ta/e & odor1 a little l "s acorns4 ,b its firm1 ?ick fle%1 meaty gills & /em1 & good flavor :5 well cook$1 rank x equal to any4 ,r4 albel'la ,pk4--:iti%4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad1 ?91 fragile1 dry1 plane or slightly depress$ 9 ! c5t]1 ev5 or obscurely /riate on ! m>g91 commonly :ite1 sometimes t+$ ) p9k or rosy-r$1 especially on ! m>g94 ,fle% :ite1 ta/e mild4 ,lamell entire1 :ite1 becom+ du/$ by ! spores4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 #c-d l9es ?ick1 equal1 solid or spongy )91 :ite4 ,spores :ite1 globose1 #g4f broad4 ,dry soil ( frondose woods4 ,port ,jeff]son4 ,july4 ,closely alli$ to ,r4 lactea1 b diff]+ 9 its fragile texture1 entire lamell1 m sl5d] /em1 & 9 ! pileus n crack+ into areas4 ,peck1 #ej? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,r4 vires'c5s ,fr4--viresco1 to be gre54 7,plate ,,xliv1 fig4 #f1 p4 #ahd47 ,pileus gre51 compactly fle%y1 globose !n exp&$1 at l5g? depress$1 (t5 unequal1 always dry1 n furni%$ ) a pellicle1 :]e=e ! flocculose cuticle is brok5 up into pat*es or w>ts1 m>g9 /raight1 obtuse1 ev54 ,fle% :ite1 n v compact4 ,/em solid1 int]nally spongy1 firm1 some:at rivulose1 :ite4 ,gills free1 some:at cr[d$1 sometimes equal1 sometimes =k$1 ) a few %ort] ones int]mix$1 :ite4 ,fries4 ,ta/e mild2 good1 raw4 ,spores sc>cely e*9ulate1 almo/ globul>1 #f ,w4,g4,s4 ,spores #h-aj ,massee2 #f-g4f ,peck4 ,cap r\nd :5 "y1 v h>d1 !n convex or becom+ di%$1 sometimes rep&4 ,x is )\t a sep>able sk91 cov]$ ) v>i\s siz$ areas ( m\ldy look+ pat*es :i* are at times di/9ctly crack$4 ,! color v>ies f a bright blui%-gre5 to grayi%-gre51 su* %ades rem9d "o ( m\ldy *eese or ! %ades ( ,roque=t2 aga9 ! color may v>y 9 %ades ( light lea!r br[n1 occasionally ! caps are almo/ :ite1 opaque 9 ea* %ade ( color4 ,fle% crisp1 brittle1 ?ick1 :ite1 mild1 good raw4 ,gills & /em z describ$4 ,r4 viresc5s is common 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates b n g5]ally pl5tiful4 ,x is a solit>y gr[]1 usually b few are f\nd 9 a pat*4 ,/rik+ 9 appe>ance :5 its gre5 colors are pres5t1 & always clean look+ & invit+4 ,x sometimes atta9s ! size ( #e 94 across4 ,x is a hot wea!r ,russula & r>ely appe>s be=e ! latt] "p ( ,june1 !n aft] ra9s4 ,to eat1 x %\ld be 9 a heal?y1 fre% condition4 ,all ,russul imp>t a /ale flavor if any "p ( gills or cap is wilt+1 dry+ or decay+4 ,x requires =ty m9utes' sl[ /ew+1 or x c be dress$ raw z a salad4 ,roa/$ or fri$ crisp 9 a hot butt]$ pan x is at its be/4 ,x %\ld be well salt$4 ,r4 lepida ,fr4--lepidus1 neat1 elegant4 ,pileus #c 94 broad1 blood-r$-rose1 becom+ pale1 :iti% especially at ! disk1 some:at equally fle%y1 convex !n exp&$1 sc>cely depress$1 obtuse1 opaque1 unpoli%$1 ) a silky appe>ance1 at l5g? (t5 crack$ scaly1 m>g9 spread+1 obtuse1 )\t /ri4 ,/em z mu* z #c 94 long1 (t5 #a 94 ?ick1 ev51 :ite or rose-color4 ,gills r\nd$ beh9d1 r ?ick1 some:at cr[d$1 (t5 =k$1 connect$ by ve9s1 :ite1 (t5 r$ at ! edge4 ,ta/e mild2 :olly compact & firm1 b ! fle% is *eesy1 n some:at clott$4 ,! gills are (t5 r$ at ! edge1 *iefly t[>d ! m>g91 on acc\nt ( ! m>g9 ( ! pileus be+ cont9u\s ) ! gills4 ,fries4 ,spores #h-ajf-h ,syll4 ,frequ5t4 ,july to ,octob]1 9 mix$ woods4 ,a common & v>iable species 9 size & color1 b ! cap is always "s %ade ( rose-r$ or lake4 ,! fle% is compact & *eesy4 ,! gills sometimes edg$ ) p9k z !y ne> ! m>g94 ,ta/e mild4 ,! crisp fle% ( ,r4 lepida requires =ty m9utes' sl[ /ew+1 if /ew$4 ,x yields a delicate p9k %ade to ! di%4 ,roa/$ or cook$ 9 a hot butt]$ pan x is excell5t4 ,r4 rubra ,fr4--rub]1 r$4 ,pileus unicolor\s1 a c9nab>-v]milion1 b becom+ pale 7tan7 :5 old1 disk commonly d>k]1 compact1 h>d b fragile1 convex1 !n flatt5$1 "h & !re depress$1 absolutely dry1 )\t a pellicle1 b becom+ poli%$-ev51 (t5 s9u\sly crack$ :5 old1 m>g9 spread+1 obtuse1 ev51 always p]si/5t4 ,fle% :ite1 r$di% "u ! cuticle4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 ab\t #a 94 ?ick1 solid1 ev51 v>y+ :ite & r$4 ,gills obtusely adnate1 some:at cr[d$1 :iti%1 !n yell[i%1 ) dimidiate & =k$ ones int]mix$4 ,v acrid1 v h>d & rigid1 mo/ di/9ct f all ! o!rs ( ?is gr\p 9 ! pileus becom+ poli%$-ev51 al?\gh )\t a pellicle1 9 ! fle% be+ some:at clott$1 & 9 ! v acrid ta/e4 ,gills (t5 r$ at ! edge4 ,fries4 ,spores :iti%1 ,fries2 sph]oid1 #h-aj ,k4 ,krapp says he has exp]i5c$ grave inconv5i5ces f eat+ x4 ,european au?orities m>k 8poison\s40 ,i d n hesitate to cook x ei!r by itself or ) o!r ,russul & s]ve x at my table4 ,x is easi] cook$ ?an ,r4 viresc5s & o!rs ( ! crisp species1 & has equal flavor4 ,r4 ,l9ni ,fr4--9 honor ( ,l9nu4 ,pileus #c-d 94 broad1 unicolor\s1 d>k purple1 blood-r$ or bright rose1 opaque1 n becom+ pale1 ev]y:]e fle%y1 rigid1 plano-depress$1 sometimes spread upw>d1 ev51 smoo?1 dry1 )\t a sep>able pellicle1 m>g9 spread+1 obtuse1 )\t /ri4 ,fle% ?ick1 spongy-compact1 :ite4 ,/em #a 94 & m long1 #a 94 & m ?ick1 /\t1 firm1 b spongy-s(t )91 some:at v5tricose1 obsoletely reticulat$ ) fib]s1 int5sely blood-r$4 ,gills adnate1 some:at decurr5t1 r ?ick1 n cr[d$1 broad 7m ?an 9471 fragile1 sp>+ly connect$ by ve9s1 :ite1 becom+ yell[ :5 dry1 ) a few dimidiate ones int]mix$1 some:at ana/omos+ beh9d4 ,fries4 ,spores :olly :ite1 ,fries2 ellipsoid1 sph]oid1 e*9ulate1 #aa ,q42 #i-aah-i ,massee4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 #ahha-ahhe4 ,we/ ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 on ,b>tram's ,botanic creek4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,r4 ,l9ni is "o ( our h&some/ & be/ ,russul4 ,european au?ors /ate its habit to be exactly t ( ,r4 emetica1 b ?\gh ,i h kn[n x intimately = _m ye>s ,i h n be5 /ruck ) ?is 9 ! ,am]ican plant4 ,its l>ge size1 its m or less r$ /em nev] entirely :ite1 at times holl[1 cav]n\s1 its less solid fle%1 habit ( gr[+ 9 troops1 sometimes p>ts ( r+s1 fl\ri%+ be/ :]e ! leaf mat is heavie/1 lov+ ! leaf drift 9 f5ce-corn]s1 are well m>k$ di/9ctions4 ,:5 "y !re is no bett] ,russula4 ,z x ages ! /em becomes s(t1 spongy & %\ld be ?r[n away4 ,! caps1 only1 eat54 ,r4 olivacea ,fr4--oliva1 an olive2 olivaceus1 ! color ( an olive4 ,pileus #b-d 94 across1 d+y-purple !n olivace\s or :olly br[ni%-olivace\s1 fle%y1 convexo-flatt5$ & depress$1 slightly silky & squamulose1 m>g9 spread+1 ev54 ,fle% :ite1 becom+ some:at yell[4 ,/em firm1 v5tricose1 rose-color to pallid1 spongy-/uff$ )94 ,gills adnex$1 wide1 yell[1 ) %ort] & =k$ ones int]mix$4 ,mild4 ,ne> to ,r4 rubra1 b c]ta9ly di/9ct 9 ! /em be+ def9itely spongy1 9 ! pileus be+ unpoli%$1 & 9 ! gills be+ s(t & brightly color$2 correspond+ ) ,r4 alutacea4 ,fries4 ,spores light yell[1 ,fries2 sph]oid1 punctate1 #aj ,q42 globose1 m9utely granulate1 yell[1 #i-aj diamet] ,massee4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 #ahig-ahih4 ,pileus #b-d 94 across1 #b-c 94 long1 - 94 ?ick4 ,! caps are equally good ) ,r4 alutacea4 ,!y mu/ be fre%1 & simil>ly cook$4 ,r4 flavida ,fro/--yell[4 7,plate ,,xliv1 fig4 #c1 p4 #ahd47 ,pileus fle%y1 convex1 slightly depress$1 unpoli%$1 bright yell[4 ,gills :ite1 adnate1 turn+ c9]e\s4 ,/em yell[1 solid1 :ite at ! extreme apex4 ,fro/ ,ms4 ,pileus fle%y1 convex1 slightly depress$ 9 ! c5t]1 n poli%$1 yell[1 ! m>g9 at fir/ ev51 !n slightly /riate-tub]culate4 ,gills ne>ly entire1 v5ose-connect$1 :ite1 !n c9]e\s or yell[i%4 ,/em firm1 solid1 yell[1 sometimes :ite at ! top4 ,spores yell[1 subglobose1 #f4e-g4f 9 diamet]4 ,fle% :ite1 ta/e mild4 ,plant #b-c 94 high4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad4 ,/em #d-f l9es ?ick4 ,fro/ ,mss4 ,gr\nd 9 woods4 ,s&lake4 ,augu/4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,r4 flavida is %[y1 solit>y & 9 pat*es4 ,! /em :5 "y & solid is equally good ) ! cap4 ,cooks 9 tw5ty-five m9utes & is ( good flavor4 ,,het]ophyl,l4 ,r4 vesca ,fr4--vesco1 to fe$4 ,pileus r$-fle%-color1 disk d>k]1 fle%y1 slightly firm1 plano-depress$1 slightly wr9kl$ ) ve9s1 ) a viscid pellicle1 m>g9 at l5g? spread+4 ,fle% *eesy1 firm1 %9+ :ite4 ,/em solid1 compact1 ext]nally rigid1 reticulat$ & wr9kl$ 9 a peculi> mann]1 (t5 att5uat$ at ! base1 %9+ :ite4 ,gills adnate1 cr[d$1 ?91 %9+ :ite1 ) _m unequal & =k$ ones int]mix$1 b sc>cely connect$ by ve9s4 ,( middle /ature4 ,ta/e mild1 pleasant4 ,fries4 ,spores globose1 e*9ulate1 :ite1 #i-aj diamet]4 ,massee4 ,9 mix$ woods4 ,common4 ,augu/ to fro/4 ,r4 vesca is frequ5t 9 woods or m>g9s1 & "u trees 9 ! op54 ,x is especially fond ( gr[+ 9 ! grass "u lone *e/nut trees4 ,! caps seldom exce$ #b- 94 across4 ,x is "o ( ! be/4 ,r4 cyanoxan?a 7,s*aeff47 ,fr4 ,gr--blue2 ,gr--yell[4 7,f ! colors47 7,plate ,,xliv1 fig4 #a1 p4 #ahd47 ,pileus #b-c 94 & m broad1 lilac or purpli% !n olivace\s-gre51 disk commonly becom+ pale (t5 yell[i%1 m>g9 commonly becom+ azure-blue or livid purple1 compact1 convex !n plane1 !n depress$ or infundibuli=m1 sometimes ev51 sometimes wr9kl$ or /reak$1 visc\s1 m>g9 deflex$ !n exp&$1 remotely & slightly /riate4 ,fle% firm1 *eesy1 :ite1 commonly r$di% b5ea? ! sep>able pellicle4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 z mu* z #a 94 ?ick1 spongy-/uff$1 b firm1 (t5 cav]n\s )9 :5 old1 equal1 smoo?1 ev51 %9+ :ite4 ,gills r\nd$ beh9d1 connect$ by ve9s1 n mu* cr[d$1 broad1 =k$ ) %ort] ones int]mix$1 %9+ :ite4 ,alli$ to ,r4 vesca 9 its mild1 pleasant ta/e & 9 o!r respects1 b con/antly diff]5t 9 ! color ( ! pileus1 :i* is v v>iable1 :]eas 9 ,r4 vesca x is un*angeable4 ,! peculi> comb9ation ( colors 9 ! pileus1 ?\gh v v>iable1 always readily di/+ui%es x4 ,fries4 ,spores #h-i1 cy/idia num]\s1 po9t$1 ,massee2 #h-ajf-h ,sacc4 ,9 mix$ woods4 ,common4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,pron\nc$ "o ( ! be/ escul5t species by all au?orities4 ,r4 het]ophylla ,fr4 ,gr--diff]+2 ,gr--a leaf4 7,gills diff]+ 9 l5g?47 ,pileus v v>iable 9 color1 b nev] becom+ r$di% or purple1 fle%y1 firm1 convexo-plane !n depress$1 ev51 poli%$1 ! v ?9 pellicle disappe>+1 m>g9 ?91 ev5 or d5sely b slightly /riate4 ,fle% :ite4 ,/em solid1 firm1 some:at equal1 ev51 %9+ :ite4 ,gills rea*+ ! /em 9 an att5uat$ =m1 v n>r[1 v cr[d$1 =k$ & dimidiate1 %9+ :ite4 ,ta/e always mild1 z 9 ,r4 cyanoxan?a1 f :i* x diff]s 9 its small] /ature1 9 ! pileus be+ ?9n]1 ev51 nev] r$di% or purpli%1 ) a ?9 closely adnate pellicle1 9 ! /em be+ firm & solid1 & 9 ! gills be+ ?91 v n>r[1 v cr[d$1 etc4 ,! apex ( ! /em is occasionally dilat$ 9 ! =m ( a cup1 s t ! gills appe> remote4 ,fries4 ,spores e*9ulate1 #eg ,w4,g4,s42 #g-h diamet] ,massee4 ,common4 ,woods4 ,july to ,novemb]4 ,edible1 ( a sweet nutty flavor4 ,/ev5son4 ,r4 het]ophylla is v common4 ,its smoo?1 ev5 pileus1 color$ 9 "s d+y %ade ( gre51 di/+ui%es x4 ,x is mu* infe/$ by grubs4 ,specim5s = ! table %\ld be "y & fre%4 ,wilt$ specim5s are unpleasant4 ,r4 foet5s ,fr4--foet5s1 /9k+4 ,pileus #d-e 94 & m broad1 d+y yell[1 (t5 becom+ pale1 ?9ly fle%y1 at fir/ bullate1 !n exp&$ & depress$1 cov]$ ) a pellicle :i* is adnate1 n sep>able1 & viscid 9 wet wea!r1 m>g9 broadly membranace\s1 at ! fir/ b5t inw>d ) ribs :i* are at l5g? tub]cul>4 ,fle% ?91 rigid-fragile1 pallid4 ,/em #b 94 & m long1 -#a 94 ?ick1 /\t1 /uff$ !n holl[1 :iti%4 ,gills adnex$1 cr[d$1 connect$ by ve9s1 ) v _m dimidiate & =k$ ones int]mix$1 :iti%1 at ! fir/ exud+ wat]y drops4 ,fetid4 ,ta/e acrid4 ,v rigid1 mo/ di/9ct f all o!rs 9 its v heavy empyreumatic odor4 ,9 v dry wea!r ! odor is (t5 obsolete4 ,! m>g9 is m broadly membranace\s & h5ce m>k$ ) long] furr[s ?an 9 any o!r species4 ,x diff]s f all ! prec$+ ones 9 ! gills at ! fir/ exud+ wat]y drops4 ,! gills become obsoletely light yell[1 & d+y :5 bruis$4 ,fries4 ,pileus fle%y1 ) a wide ?9 m>g91 hemisph]ical or convex1 !n exp&$ or depress$1 viscid :5 moi/1 widely /riate-tub]culate on ! m>g91 dull pale yell[ or /raw color4 ,lamell r broad1 close1 v5ose-connect$1 "s ( !m =k$1 :iti%4 ,/ipe ne>ly cyl9drical1 :iti%1 holl[4 ,spores :ite4 ,plant sometimes cespitose4 ,height #b-d 942 bread? ( pileus #b-c 94 ,/ipe #d-f l9es ?ick4 ,p9e woods4 ,we/ ,albany4 ,octob]4 ,ta/e mild at fir/1 !n slightly disagreeable4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores m9ute1 e*9ulate1 almo/ globul>1 #h ,w4,g4,s42 #h-aj ,massee4 ,9 woods4 ,common4 ,july to ,octob]4 ,v>4 granulata has ! pileus r\gh ) small granul> scales4 ,peck1 ,rep4 #ci4 ,a v co>se & easily recogniz$ species4 ,reckon$ poison\s1 ?\gh eat5 by slugs4 ,w4,g4,s4 ,! v]dict is aga9/ x4 ,bo? smell & ta/e are usually unpleasant4 ,cook$ x reta9s its flavor1 m closely resembl+ wild *]ry b>k ?an any?+ else4 ,on two occasions ,i ate en\gh to conv9ce me t x 0 n poison\s4 ,r4 elegans ,bresad4--elegans1 pretty4 ,mild at fir/1 becom+ acrid ) age4 ,pileus #b-c 94 across4 ,fle% r ?ick2 convex !n depress$2 m>g9 tub]culose & /riate :5 old1 viscid1 bright rosy fle%-color1 soon o*race\s at ! circumf]5ce1 ev]y:]e d5sely granulat$4 ,gills adnex$ or slightly r\nd$1 n>r[ beh9d1 v mu* cr[d$1 equal1 r>ely =k$1 :iti%1 becom+ ei!r entirely or "h & !re o*race\s-orange4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 #e-g l9es ?ick1 a little ?ick5$ at ! base1 r rugulose1 :ite1 base o*race\s4 ,fle% :ite1 turn+ o*race\s & acrid :5 old4 ,spores #h-aj diamet] ,massee4 ,alli$ to ,r4 vesca4 ,kn[n by ! bright rose-color$1 d5sely granul> pileus & tub]culose m>g94 ,:5 old ! pileus is almo/ entirely o*race\s4 ,massee4 ,frequ5t 9 ! ,we/ ,virg9ia =e/s1 #ahha-ahhe4 ,*e/] c\nty1 ,pa41 #ahhg-ahij4 ,9 mix$ woods4 ,july to ,septemb]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,x diff]s f ,r4 vesca 9 its cap be+ m9utely granulat$ in/ead ( /reak$1 & 9 becom+ acrid ) age4 ,! caps are ( good quality1 ne$+ to be well cook$4 ,,fra,,giles4 99 ,gills & spores :ite4 ,r4 emetica ,fr4--an emetic4 7,plate ,,xliv1 fig4 #b1 p4 #ahd47 ,pileus #c-d 94 broad1 at fir/ rosy !n blood-color1 tawny :5 old1 sometimes becom+ yell[ & at l5g? 79 moi/ places7 :ite1 at fir/ bell-%ap$ !n flatt5$ or depress$1 poli%$1 m>g9 at l5g? furr[$ & tub]cul>4 ,fle% :ite1 r$di% "u ! sep>able pellicle4 ,/em spongy-/uff$1 /\t1 ela/ic :5 "y1 fragile :5 old]1 ev51 :ite or r$di%4 ,gills some:at free1 broad1 some:at di/ant1 %9+ :ite4 ,h&some1 regul>1 mod]ately firm1 b fragile :5 full gr[n1 ta/e v acrid4 ,fries4 ,spores %9+ :ite1 ,fries2 sph]oid1 e*9ulate1 #h-aj ,k42 #g ,w4,g4,s4 ,m>yl&1 ,miss ,bann+2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bb2 ,indiana1 ,ill9ois1 ,h4,i4 ,mill]4 ,said to act z its "n implies z an emetic4 ,c]ta9ly poison\s4 ,/ev5son4 ,krapp says he has himself exp]i5c$ r>e inconv5i5ces f eat+ x4 ,pref]r$ to o!rs 9 ,indiana & ,ill9ois4 ,h4,i4 ,mill]1 #ahih4 ,! v>y+ reports ^u ,r4 emetica are quot$ above4 ,9 #ahha1 9 ! ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9s1 ,i began te/+ ?is ,russula & soon f\nd t x 0 h>mless4 ,at lea/ tw5ty p]sons ate x 9 quantity1 dur+ its season1 = f\r ye>s4 ,yet1 9 my _m publi%$ articles1 ,i cont9u$1 out ( reg>d = ! op9ions ( o!rs & 9 excess ( caution1 to w>n aga9/ all bitt] & pepp]y fungi4 ,b f t "t until ! pres5t ,i h eat5 x1 & ,i h made special ef=t to e/abli% its innoc5ce by gett+ numb]s ( my fri5dly help]s to eat x4 ,x 0 sugge/$ by "o ( its prosecutors t p]haps ,i 0 mi/ak+ ano!r fungus = x4 ,9 ,octob]1 #ahih1 ,i s5t to ,pr(essor ,peck a lot ( ! ,russula ,i 0 eat+4 ,he wrote3 8,x seems to be ,r4 emetica z y /ate4 ,x c]ta9ly is hot en\gh = x40 ,r4 pect9ata ,fr4--pect51 a comb4 ,pileus #c 94 broad1 at fir/ gluey1 toa/-br[n1 !n dry1 becom+ pale1 tan1 ) ! disk always d>k]1 fle%y1 rigid1 convex !n flatt5$ & depress$ or concavo-infundibuli=m 7bas9-%ap$72 m>g9 ?91 pect9ato-sulcate 7deeply ribb$71 "h & !re irregul>ly %ap$4 ,fle% :ite1 light yell[i% "u ! pellicle1 :i* is n easily sep>able4 ,/em curt1 #c 94 long1 -#a 94 ?ick1 rigid1 spongy-/uff$1 longitud9ally slightly /riate1 %9+ :ite1 (t5 att5uat$ at ! base4 ,gills att5uato-free beh9d1 broad] t[>d ! m>g91 some:at cr[d$1 equal1 simple1 :ite4 ,odor weak1 b nause\s1 approa*+ t ( ,r4 foet5s4 ,fries4 ,spores #h-i diamet] ,massee4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #dc;d ,rep4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,common 9 woods1 grassy1 mossy places4 ,july to fro/4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,nam$ f ! furr[s ( ! m>g9 be+ l ! tee? ( a comb4 ,bo? ! appe>ance & smell ( ?is ,russula w detect x4 ,! peculi> comb-l furr[s ( its m>g91 viscid or v>ni%$-look+ cap1 & /rong b m spicy smell ?an *]ry-b>k are noticeable4 ,x is edible1 b s /rong 9 flavor t a piece ( "o w spoil a di% if cook$ ) o!r k9ds4 ,r4 o*roleuca ,fr4 ,gr--pale yell[2 ,gr--:ite4 ,pileus yell[1 becom+ pale1 fle%y1 flatt5$ or depress$1 poli%$1 ) an adnate pellicle1 ! spread+ m>g9 becom+ ev54 ,/em spongy1 /uff$1 firm1 slightly reticulato-wr9kl$1 :ite1 becom+ c9]e\s4 ,gills r\nd$ beh9d1 unit$1 broad1 some:at equal1 :ite becom+ pale4 ,odor obsolete1 b pleasant4 ,! pileus is nev] r$di%4 ,x agrees :olly ) ,r4 emetica 9 /ructure & /ature1 z well z 9 ! acrid ta/e2 x diff]s h[ev] 9 ! /em be+ slightly recticulato-wr9kl$1 :ite becom+ c9]e\s1 9 ! adnate pellicle ( ! pileus1 9 ! m>g9 rema9+ = a long "t ev5 7remotely /riate1 b n tub]cul>1 only :5 old71 & 9 ! gills be+ r\nd$ beh9d & becom+ pale4 ,! color ( ! pileus is con/ant4 ,! gills rema9 free & d n exude drops4 ,fries4 ,cap #b-d 94 across4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 up to 94 ?ick4 ,spores papillose1 #g ,w4,g4,s41 #hi ,massee4 ,frequ5t 9 woods4 ,july to ,octob]4 ,n z common z ,r4 emetica1 yet frequ5tly f\nd1 usually solit>y1 at times greg>i\s4 ,x is q pepp]y1 b loses pepp]9ess 9 cook+4 ,myself & o!rs h frequ5tly eat5 x4 ,r4 citr9a ,gillet--citr9a1 citron color$4 ,mild4 ,pileus #b-c 94 across1 slightly fle%y at ! disk1 m>g9 ?92 convex !n m or less exp&$ & slightly depress$1 r viscid :5 moi/1 smoo?1 slightly wr9kl$ at ! m>g9 :5 old1 bright lemon-yell[1 color usually uni=m1 sometimes pal] at ! m>g91 occasionally ) a gre5i% t9t1 c5t] ( pileus at l5g? becom+ pale-o*race\s2 pellicle sep>able4 ,gills slightly decurr5t1 broade/ a %ort di/ance f ! m>g91 & gradually becom+ n>r[] t[>ds ! base1 =k$ at ! base & also sometimes ne> ! middle1 :ite1 #a l9es deep at broade/ "p4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 ab\t #d l9es ?ick1 equal or slightly n>r[$ at ! base1 slightly wr9kl$1 /raight or v slightly wav$1 solid4 ,spores subglobose1 e*9ulate1 #h diamet]4 ,9 woods4 ,kn[n by ! cle> lemon-yell[ or citron-color$ pileus & ! p]si/5tly :ite gills & /em4 ,! ta/e is mild at fir/1 b becomes slightly acrid if kept 9 ! m\? = a %ort "t4 ,massee4 ,r4 citr9a c h>dly be class$ among ! acrid species4 ,! ta/e is slightly ( *]ry-b>k & disappe>s 9 cook+4 ,x is usually f\nd 9 pat*es :i* conta9 t5 to tw5ty individuals4 ,x is a species ( fair quality4 ,r4 fragilis ,fr4--fragile4 ,pileus #a-a 94 broad1 r>ely m1 fle%-color1 *ang+ color1 v ?91 fle%y only at ! disk1 at ! fir/ convex & (t5 umbonate1 !n plane & depress$1 pellicle ?91 becom+ pale1 slightly viscid 9 wet wea!r2 m>g9 v ?91 tub]culoso-/riate4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 spongy )91 soon holl[1 (t5 slightly /riate1 :ite4 ,gills slightly adnex$1 v ?91 cr[d$1 broad1 v5tricose1 all equal1 %9+ :ite4 ,fries4 ,v acrid4 ,small] & m fragile ?an ! re/ ( ! gr\p1 directly *ang+ color4 ,! color is v>iable1 (t5 opaque1 typically fle%-color1 :5 *ang$ 9 color :ite ext]nally & int]nally1 (t5 ) r$di% spots4 ,among v>ieties ( color is to be not$ a livid fle%-color$ =m1 ) ! disk becom+ fusc\s4 ,x is n easy to def9e x f fragile =ms ( ,r4 emetica1 b ! gills are mu* m cr[d$1 ?9n]1 & (t5 slightly erod$ at ! edge1 v5tricose2 ! pileus ?9n] & m lax1 etc4 ,/ev5son4 ,v>4 nivea ,fr4--nivea1 sn[y4 ,:ole plant :ite4 ,spores m9utely e*9ulate #h-ajh ,massee4 ,?\gh "o ( ! pepp]y k9d1 ,i h n1 aft] fifte5 ye>s ( eat+ x1 _h reason to "q its edibility4 ,! caps are n meaty1 b :at !re is ( !m is good4 ,r4 punctata ,gillet--punctata1 dott$4 ,mild4 ,pileus #a-b 94 across4 ,fle% ?91 :ite1 r$di% "u ! cuticle2 convex !n flatt5$1 viscid1 rosy1 disk d>ke/1 punctate ) d>k r$di% po9t-l w>ts1 pale :5 old2 m>g9 /riate4 ,gills slightly adnex$1 #b l9es broad1 :ite !n yell[i%1 edge (t5 r$di%4 ,/em ab\t #a 94 long1 #d-e l9es ?ick1 att5uat$ & :iti% at ! base1 rema9d] color$ l ! pileus1 /uff$4 ,spores #h-i diamet] ,massee4 ,among grass4 ,edible4 ,bo/on ,myc4 ,club ,bull4 #ahif4 9999 ,gills & spores :ite !n yell[i% or bright lemon4 ,r4 9tegra ,fr4--integ]1 entire1 :ole4 ,pileus #d-e 94 across1 typically r$1 *ang+ color1 fle%y1 campanulato-convex !n exp&$ & depress$1 fragile :5 full-gr[n1 ) a gluey pellicle1 at l5g? furr[$ & some:at tub]cul> at ! m>g94 ,fle% :ite1 sometimes yell[i% above4 ,/em at fir/ %ort1 conical1 !n club-%ap$ or v5tricose1 z mu* z #c 94 long1 up to #a 94 ?ick1 spongy-/uff$1 commonly /\t1 ev51 %9+ :ite4 ,gills some:at free1 v broad1 up to 941 equal or bifid at ! /em1 some:at di/ant1 connect$ by ve9s1 pallid-:ite1 at l5g? light yell[1 some:at p[d]$ yell[ ) ! spores4 ,ta/e mild1 (t5 a/r+5t4 ,! mo/ *angeable ( all species1 especially 9 ! color ( ! pileus :i* is typically r$1 b at ! same "t incl9+ to azure-blue1 bay-br[n1 olivace\s1 etc4 ,sometimes ! gills are /]ile & rema9 :ite4 ,fries4 ,spores ellipsoid-sph]oid or sph]oid e*9ulate1 globose1 r\gh1 #h-i ,c4,b4,p42 #i-aj diamet]1 pale o*race\s4 ,massee4 ,x is difficult to sep>ate ,r4 integra f ,r4 alutacea4 ,! spores usually %[ ^u ! gills z pale dull yell[ p[d]4 ,x is ( equal excell5ce4 ,r4 decolorans ,fr4--de & coloro1 to color4 ,pileus #c-e 94 broad1 color v>i\s1 at fir/ orange-r$1 !n light yell[ & becom+ pale1 fle%y1 sph]ical !n exp&$ & depress$1 rem>kably regul>1 viscid :5 moi/1 ?9 & at l5g? /riate at ! m>g94 ,fle% :ite1 b becom+ some:at c9]e\s :5 brok51 & m or less v>iegat$ ) black spots :5 old4 ,/em elongat$1 #c-e 941 cyl9drical1 solid1 b spongy )91 (t5 wr9kl$-/riate1 :ite !n becom+ c9]e\s especially )94 ,gills adnex$1 (t5 9 pairs1 ?91 cr[d$1 fragile1 :ite !n yell[i%4 ,ta/e mild4 ,colors *angeable accord+ to a fix$ rule1 b n v>iable4 ,! gills are n o*race\s-pulv]ul5t z 9 ,r4 integra1 nor %9+ & pure yell[ z 9 ,r4 aurata1 etc4 ,fries4 ,spores yell[1 #h4c ,morgan4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,angora1 ,we/ ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 #ahig1 9 mix$ woods4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,escul5t & ( good quality4 ,morgan4 ,meals ( x make "o regret its sc>city4 ,r4 basifurcata ,pk4--=k$ ne> /em4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad1 firm1 convex1 umbilicate1 becom+ some:at funnel =m1 glabr\s1 slightly viscid :5 moi/1 ! ?9 pellicle sc>cely sep>able except on ! m>g91 d+y-:ite1 sometimes t+$ ) yell[ or r$di%-yell[1 ! m>g9 ne>ly ev54 ,lamell r close1 n>r[$ t[>d ! base1 adnate or slightly em>g9ate1 _m ( !m =k$ ne> ! base1 a few %ort ones int]m+l$1 :ite becom+ yell[i%4 ,/em #h-ab l9es long1 #e-f l9es ?ick1 firm1 solid1 becom+ spongy )91 :ite4 ,spores elliptical1 pale yell[1 un9ucleate or %9+1 #if4e4 ,fle% :ite1 ta/e mild1 !n bitt]i%4 ,dry h>d gr\nd 9 pa?s & wood roads4 ,canoga1 ,n4,y4 ,july4 ,?is species closely resembles pale =ms ( ,r4 furcata1 f :i* x is sep>at$ by ! abs5ce ( any silky micor & by ! yell[i% color & elliptical %ape ( ! spores & by ! yell[i% hue ( ! lamell4 ,peck1 #ch? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,septemb]1 #ahih1 to fro/4 ,gravelly gr\nd4 ,solit>y4 ,gills adnate4 ,id5tifi$ z 8 species by ,pr(essor ,peck4 ,! slight bitt]i% ta/e disappe>s 9 cook+4 ,x is edible & ( fair quality4 ,r4 aurata ,fr4--aurum1 gold4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad1 v>y+ lemon-yell[1 orange & r$1 disk d>k]1 fle%y1 rigid1 brittle h[ev]1 hemisph]ical !n plane1 disk n depress$1 pellicle ?91 adnate1 viscid 9 wet wea!r1 m>g9 ev51 & slightly /riate only :5 old1 b sometimes wr9kl$4 ,fle% lemon-yell[ "u ! pellicle1 :ite bel[4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 solid1 firm1 b spongy )91 cyl9drical1 obsoletely /riate1 :ite or lemon-yell[4 ,gills r\nd$ free1 connect$ by ve9s1 broad1 equal1 %9+1 nev] pulv]ul5t1 :iti% incl9+ to light yell[1 b vivid lemon-yell[ at ! edge4 ,fries4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 #ahha-ahhe2 ,p5nsylvania1 #ahhg-ahih4 ,9 woods "u p9es4 ,july to ,octob]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,pileus sometimes depress$ 9 c5t]1 v viscid :5 wet4 ,a troop ( ?is ,russula ^u br[n wood mat is a pretty sight4 ,its ri* & brightly-color$ cap attracts ! eye f a di/ance4 ,! yell[ edge ( its gills is ! di/9ctive m>k ( ! species4 ,! smell is pleasant1 ! ta/e slightly ( *]ry b>k4 ,cook$ x is "o ( ! be/ ,russul4 ,r4 atropurpurea ,pk4--atre1 black2 purpureus1 purple4 ,d>k purple ,russula4 ,pileus #c-d 94 broad1 at fir/ convex1 !n c5trally depress$1 glabr\s1 d>k purple1 blacki% 9 ! c5t]1 ! m>g9 ev5 or slightly /riate4 ,fle% :ite1 grayi% or grayi%-purple "u ! sep>able pellicle1 ta/e mild1 odor ( ! dry+ plant fetid1 v unpleasant4 ,lamell ne>ly equal1 subdi/ant1 sometimes =k$ ne> ! /em1 at fir/ :ite1 !n yell[i%1 becom+ br[ni% :]e bruis$4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #e-h l9es ?ick1 equal1 glabr\s1 spongy )91 :ite1 br[ni% :]e bruis$4 ,spores subglobose1 m9utely r\gh1 pale o*race\s ) a salmon t9t1 #h-aj4 ,op5 woods4 ,gansevoort4 ,july4 ,9 color ?is species resembles ,r4 v>iata1 b 9 o!r respects x is v diff]5t4 ,x is v di/9ct 9 ! peculi> color ( its spores1 & 9 ! br[ni% hue assum$ by w\nds4 ,peck1 #da/ ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,we/ ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,july1 #ahig4 ,op5 woods4 ,solit>y4 ,philadelphia ,myc4 ,c5t]4 ,_m 7 eat5 & enjoy$4 ,only fre% plants are acceptable1 & !y %\ld be cook$ z soon z ga!r$4 ,ev5 9 wilt+ !y become unpleasant4 999999 ,gills & spores o*race\s4 ,r4 alutacea ,fr4--aluta1 tann$ lea!r4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad1 commonly bright blood-color or r$1 ev5 black-purple1 b becom+ pale1 especially at ! disk1 fle%y1 bell-%ap$ !n convex1 flatt5$ & some:at umbilicate1 ev51 ) a rem>kably /icky pellicle1 m>g9 ?91 at l5g? /riate1 tub]cul>4 ,fle% sn[-:ite4 ,/em #b 94 long1 solid1 /\t1 equal1 ev51 :ite1 mo/ frequ5tly v>iegat$-r$di%1 ev5 purple4 ,gills at fir/ free1 ?ick1 v broad1 connect$ by ve9s1 all equal1 some:at di/ant1 at fir/ pallid light yell[1 !n bright o*race\s1 n pulv]ul5t4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f ,r4 integra by its gills n be+ pulv]ul5t4 ,fries4 ,spores yell[ #g-i ,massee2 #aa-adh-aj ,sacc41 ,syll4 ,july to fro/4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,r4 alutacea is easily recogniz$ among ,russul by its mild ta/e & broad yell[ gills4 ,9 "y specim5s "o sometimes has to look at ! gills at an angle to detect ! yell[4 ,x is q common b a solit>y gr[]4 ,x is ev]y:]e eat5 z a favorite4 ,only fre% plants yield a good flavor4 ,:5 ! /em is s(t1 x %\ld be ?r[n away4 ,r4 puellaris ,fr4 7,plate ,,xliv1 fig4 #g1 p4 #ahd47 ,mild4 ,pileus #a-a 94 across1 fle% almo/ membranace\s except ! disk2 conico-convex !n exp&$1 at fir/ r gibb\s1 !n slightly depress$1 sc>cely viscid1 color peculi>1 purpli%-livid !n yell[i%1 disk always d>k] & br[ni%2 tub]culosely /riate1 (t5 to ! middle4 ,gills adnate b v mu* n>r[$ beh9d1 ?91 cr[d$1 :ite !n pale-yell[1 n %9+ nor p[d]$ ) ! spores4 ,/em #a-a 94 long1 #b-d l9es ?ick1 equal1 s(t1 fragile1 wr9kl$ "u a l5s1 :ite or yell[i%2 /uff$1 soon holl[2 ta/e mild4 ,spores subglobose1 pale-yell[1 e*9ulate1 #ajh-i ,massee4 ,9 woods4 ,among ! mo/ frequ5t & readily recogniz$ ( species1 occurr+ 9 troops4 ,always small1 ?91 ta/e mild4 ,alli$ to ,r4 nitida1 b m sl5d]2 color pal]1 & n %9+4 ,fries4 ,di/+ui%$ f ,r4 nitida & ,r4 nauseosa by ! abs5ce ( smell4 ,massee4 ,v>4 int5sior ,cke4 ,ne>ly ! same size z ! typical =m2 pileus deep purple1 ne>ly black at ! disk4 ,! /em has a t5d5cy to become ?ick5$ at ! base1 & turns yell[i% :5 t\*$4 ,v>4 roseipes ,sec41 giv5 by ,massee1 has be5 reta9$ z a di/9ct species by ,pr(essor ,peck1 ,rep4 #ea1 & is describ$ 9 place4 ,r4 pusilla ,pk41 #ej? ,rep41 is closely alli$ to x4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,common 9 woods & "u trees 9 %ort grass4 ,july to ,septemb]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,?is little ,russula is ubiquit\s4 ,x does n am\nt to mu* :5 o!r fungi are pl5ty1 because ( its v ?9 cap1 b x ?rives 9 all sorts ( summ] wea!r4 ,:5 its companions are sc>ce or p>*$ ,r4 puell>is is gladly ga!r$ by ! mycophagi/1 its numb]s mak+ up = its lightness & lack ( flavor4 ,r4 pusilla ,pk4--little4 ,pileus v ?91 ne>ly plane or slightly & umbilicately depress$ 9 ! c5t]1 glabr\s1 slightly /riate on ! m>g91 r$1 sometimes a little d>k] 9 ! c5t]1 ! ?9 pellicle sep>able4 ,fle% :ite1 ta/e mild4 ,lamell broad = ! size ( ! plant1 subv5tricose1 subdi/ant1 adnate or slightly r\nd$ beh9d1 :ite1 becom+ yell[i%-o*race\s 9 dry+4 ,/em %ort1 s(t1 solid or spongy )91 :ite4 ,spores fa9tly t+$ ) yell[1 #g4f broad4 ,pileus sc>cely #a 94 broad4 ,/em #f-ab l9es long1 #b-c l9es ?ick4 ,b>e gr\nd 9 ?9 woods4 ,port ,jeff]son4 ,july4 ,! color+ matt] ( ! pileus may be rubb$ ^u pap] & produce on x r$ /a9s if ! surface is previ\sly moi/5$ ) wat] or dilute alcohol4 ,?is is "o ( ! smalle/ ,russulas kn[n to me4 ,! pileus 0 less ?an an in* broad & ! /em less ?an an in* long 9 all ! specim5s se5 by me4 ,! species is closely alli$ to ,r4 puell>is1 & especially resembles ! v>iety int5sior 9 color4 ,x diff]s 9 its small] size1 ev5 or b slightly /riate m>g91 broad lamell & 9 ! /em or fle% n becom+ yell[i% spott$ :]e t\*$4 ,peck1 #ej? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 #ahha-ahhe4 ,p5nsylvania1 #ahif-ahig4 ,july to ,septemb]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,x makes up 9 quality :at x lacks 9 quantity4 ,r4 roseipes 7,secr47 ,bres4--rosa1 a rose2 pes1 a foot4 7,plate ,,xliv1 fig4 #e1 p4 #ahd47 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad1 convex becom+ ne>ly plane or slightly depress$1 at fir/ viscid1 soon dry1 becom+ slightly /riate on ! ?9 m>g91 rosy-r$ v>i\sly modifi$ by p9k orange or o*race\s hues1 sometimes becom+ pal] ) age1 ta/e mild4 ,gills mod]ately close1 ne>ly entire1 r\nd$ beh9d & slightly adnex$1 v5tricose1 :iti% becom+ yell[4 ,/em #a-c 94 long1 #c-d l9es ?ick1 slightly tap]+ upw>d1 /uff$ or some:at cav]n\s1 :ite t+$ ) r$4 ,spores yell[1 globose or subglobose4 ,! plants gr[ 9 woods ( p9e & hemlock & h be5 collect$ 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,! fle% is t5d] & agreeable 9 flavor4 ,peck1 #ea/ ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores globose1 m9utely e*9ulate1 pale o*race\s1 #h-aj diamet] ,massee4 ,r4 roseipes is common 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia "u hemlocks & spruces4 ,at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 x grew sp>+ly "u p9es4 ,x is excell5t4 ,r4 ,mari ,pk4 ,pileus fle%y1 convex1 subumbilicate1 at l5g? exp&$ & c5trally depress$1 m9utely pulv]ul5t1 bright p9k-r$ 7crimson lake71 ! disk a little d>k]1 m>g9 ev54 ,lamell r close1 rea*+ ! /em1 "s ( !m =k$1 v5ose-connect$1 :ite1 !n yell[i%4 ,/em equal1 solid1 color$ l ! pileus except ! extremities :i* are usually :ite4 ,spores globose1 ne>ly smoo?1 #g4f 9 diamet]2 fle% ( ! pileus :ite1 r$ "u ! cuticle1 ta/e mild4 ,plant #b 94 high4 ,pileus #a4e-b 94 broad4 ,/em #c-f l9es ?ick4 ,dry gr\nd 9 woods4 ,catskill m\nta9s4 ,july4 ,! m9ute color$ granules1 :i* give ! pileus a s(t pru9ose appe>ance1 are easily rubb$ (f on pap]1 & wat] put ^u ! fre% specim5s is color$ by !m4 ,peck1 #bd? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #bd? & #ej? ,rep42 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 #ahhb-ahhe2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 solit>y 9 mix$ woods4 ,july to ,septemb]4 #ahig-ahih4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,x is on a p> ) mo/ ,russul4 ,r4 o*racea ,fr4--o*ra1 a yell[ e>?4 ,mild4 ,pileus ab\t #c 94 across4 ,fle% r ?ick at ! c5t]1 becom+ ?9 t[>d ! m>g91 pale o*race\s1 s(t2 convex !n exp&$ & depress$1 m>g9 co>sely /riate1 pellicle ?91 viscid1 o*race\s ) a t+e ( yell[1 disk usually becom+ d>k]4 ,gills slightly adnex$1 broad1 sc>cely cr[d$1 o*race\s4 ,/em ab\t #a 94 long1 #e-g l9es ?ick1 slightly wr9kl$ longitud9ally1 o*race\s1 /uff$1 s(t4 ,spores globose1 e*9ulate1 o*race\s1 #aj-ab diamet]4 ,9 p9e & mix$ woods4 ,! mild ta/e & o*race\s color ( e "p1 includ+ ! fle%1 sep>ate ! pres5t f e o!r species4 ,commonly conf\nd$ ) ,russula fellea1 b kn[n at once by its mild ta/e4 ,agree+ mo/ ne>ly ) ,r4 lutea 9 color1 b diff]+ 9 ! s(t] fle%1 :i* becomes o*race\s upw>d2 sulcate m>g9 ( ! pileus1 & broad]1 less cr[d$ gills4 ,pileus p]si/5tly o*race\s1 disk usually d>k]4 ,/em sometimes yell[1 sometimes :ite4 ,fries4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 bord]s ( woods1 ,curtis2 ,cali=nia1 ,h>kness & ,moore4 ,fries says t ! flavor is mild1 b ,roze places x 9 ! li/ ( suspect$ species1 al?\gh he notes x z n acrid2 x may be inf]r$ t he consid]s ! flavor unpleasant4 ,macadam4 8,l *ick510 n common4 ,bo/on ,myc4 ,club ,bull4 #ahif4 ,r4 lutea 7,huds47 ,fr4--luteus1 yell[4 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad1 yell[1 at l5g? becom+ pale1 & occasionally :olly :ite1 ?9ly fle%y1 soon convexo-plane or plano-depress$1 /icky :5 moi/1 ev5 or :5 old obsoletely /riate at ! m>g94 ,fle% :ite4 ,/em 94 long1 #c-d l9es ?ick1 /uff$ !n holl[1 s(t1 fragile1 equal1 ev51 :ite1 nev] r$di%4 ,gills some:at free1 connect$ by ve9s1 cr[d$1 n>r[1 all equal1 o*race\s-egg-yell[4 ,always small1 v regul>1 ta/e mild4 ,:5 "y ! pileus is always ( a beautiful yell[4 ,fries4 ,spores yell[1 e*9ulate1 #h ,w4,g4,s42 globose1 r\gh1 #f-g ,c4,b4,p42 #h-ajg-h ,massee4 ,alli$ to ,r4 vitell9a1 b diff]s 9 hav+ ! m>g9 ( ! cap ev51 & b little odor4 ,! plant ,i h s ref]r$ has ! gills at fir/ :ite & ! /em yell[ l ! pileus2 x may be a new species4 ,9 bee* woods1 ,morgan2 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 9 mix$ woods1 (t5 "u bee*es1 ,augu/ to ,novemb]1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,! plants ,i h f\nd h :ite gills :5 "y 7few species h n71 b rapidly become yell[4 ,! /em is usually :ite :5 "y1 & sometimes rema9s s1 b (t5 becomes m or less yell[4 ,x is a pretty species4 ,! flavor is n z /rong z 9 "s species1 b is delicate4 ,r4 nauseosa ,fr4 ,pileus v>iable 9 color1 typically purpli% at ! disk1 !n livid1 b becom+ pale & (t5 :iti%1 laxly fle%y1 ?91 at fir/ plano-gibb\s1 !n depress$1 viscid 9 wet wea!r1 furr[$ & some:at tub]cul> at ! some:at membranace\s m>g94 ,fle% s(t1 :ite4 ,/em %ort1 ab\t #a 94 long1 #d l9es ?ick1 spongy-/uff$1 slightly /riate1 :ite4 ,gills adnex$1 v5tricose1 some:at di/ant1 "h & !re ) a few %ort] ones int]mix$1 light yell[ !n d+y o*race\s4 ,! ta/e is mild1 b also nause\s1 z ! odor (t5 is4 ,! habit is t ( ,r4 nitida1 ( ! same color ( pileus1 b diff]+ 9 ! color ( ! gills4 ,fries4 ,cap ab\t #b 94 across4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 - 94 ?ick4 ,spores d+y yell[1 #h-i diamet]4 ,massee4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,p5nsylvania1 ,s*we9itz2 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 9 p9e & mix$ woods4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,! odor & ta/e ( ,r4 nauseosa are misnam$1 !re=e ! plant4 ,!y are heavy at times1 :5 ! plant is wet or old1 z is ! case ) ,r4 foet5s1 b !y are always ( *]ry b>k4 ,bo? odor & ta/e disappe> 9 cook+4 ,! species is z good z any ,russula ( its texture4 ,r4 vitellina ,fr4--vitellus1 yolk ( egg4 ,pileus #a 94 broad1 uni-color\s1 light yell[ !n :olly pallid1 some:at membranace\s1 at l5g? tub]culoso-/riate1 some:at dry1 disk v small1 slightly fle%y4 ,/em ?91 sc>cely exce$+ #a 94 long1 #b l9es ?ick1 equal4 ,gills sep>at+-free1 equal1 di/ant1 r ?ick1 connect$ by ve9s1 saffron-yell[4 ,pretty1 v fragile1 /rong-smell+1 mild4 ,fries4 ,spores #g-h diamet] ,massee4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,9 p9e & mix$ woods1 ,july to ,octob]4 ,n common 9 numb]4 ,?is pretty species has a *]ry-b>k ta/e & smell l ,r4 foet5s1 ?\gh n s (f5sively heavy4 ,x is n poison\s4 ,a small piece ( x w affect a :ole di% ( o!r ,russul4 ,r4 *amleontina ,fr4--*ang+ color l a *amleon4 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad1 ?9ly fle%y1 soon flatt5$1 sometimes oblique ) a ?91 sep>able1 viscid pellicle1 :i* is at fir/ fle%-color1 !n pres5tly *ang+ color1 becom+ yell[ at ! disk & at l5g? :olly yell[1 m>g9 ev51 !n slightly /riate4 ,/em z mu* z #c 94 long1 b ?91 some:at holl[1 slightly /riate1 :ite4 ,gills m or less adnex$1 ?91 cr[d$1 equal1 n>r[1 some:at =k$1 light-yell[-o*race\s4 ,mild1 inodor\s1 v fragile4 ,pileus rosy blood-r$1 purpli% lilac1 etc4 ,sometimes ev5 at ! fir/ yell[i% at ! disk4 ,fries4 ,spores globose1 o*race\s1 #g-h diamet] ,massee4 ,9 p9e & 9 mix$ woods4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,! *ange 9 color ( ! cap :i* gives "n to ?is species is n rem>kable4 ,mo/ species ( ,russul are s5sitive to light4 ,an o!rwise highly color$ cap w be almo/ :ite :5 a leaf adh]es to x4 ,if 9 y\? x gr[s "u d5se %ade x w be v mu* light] ?an if :]e light is g5]\s1 & w rema9 s4 ,if 9 gr[+ x ?ru/s itself out ( %ad[1 its color w *ange & x w deep54 ,! app>5t r>ity ( ,r4 *amleont9a ,i ?9k due to ! close obs]vation necess>y to detect its *anges 9 color1 :i*1 z ,i h f\nd x1 are by no means con/ant4 ,x is q pl5tiful 9 ! p9es ( s\!rn ,new ,j]sey1 & at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 x is frequ5tly f\nd4 ,x is a good escul5t species4 ,illu/ration ,,can?>el,,lus ,adans4 ,gr--a vase1 a cup4 ,hym5ophore cont9u\s ) ! /em1 desc5d+ un*ang$ into ! trama4 ,gills ?ick1 fle%y1 waxy1 fold-l1 some:at bran*$1 obtuse at ! edge4 ,spores :ite4 ,fle%y1 putresc5t fungi1 )\t a veil4 ,fries4 ,illu/ration3 ,,can?>ellus ,,cib>ius4 ,9 ,can?>ellus ! gills--ve9-l & g5]ally ?ick ) an obtuse edge--are entirely diff]5t f ^? ( all ! prec$+ g5]a4 ,9 ^? !y are ?91 & di/9ct f ! pileus & f ea* o!r4 ,9 ,hygrophorus ! gills are frequ5tly ?ick1 b ! edge is always %>p4 ,! species ( ,crat]ellus are funnel-%ap$1 resembl+ "s ( ^? 9 ,can?>ellus1 b are di/+ui%$ by _! lack ( evid5t gills4 ,monograph ,new ,york ,species ( ,can?>ellus1 ,peck1 ,bull4 #ahhg4 ,! memb]s ( ?is g5us are few1 b !y are *oice4 ,( !m is ! ,can?>ellus cib>ius1 ( :i* ,tratt9ik qua9tly says3 8,n only ?is same fungus nev] did any "o h>m1 b might ev5 re/ore ! dead40 ,! writ] fir/ made its acqua9tance :5 among ! ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9s 9 #ahha4 ,! gold5 pat*es ( s+le & clu/]$ cib>ius1 fragrant z rip5$ apricots1 tuft+ ! %ort grass or mossy gr\nd "u bee*es1 oaks & l-gr[+ trees1 ?r\gh :i* ! sunlight filt]$ g5]\sly1 7 s tempt+1 t he det]m9$ !re mu/ be luxury1 ev5 9 dea?1 f su* toad/ools4 ,exp]im5ts made by ! writ] 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia :]e ! species gr[s luxuriantly & is ( mu* high] flavor ?an any he has f\nd else:]e1 prove t x is easy to transplant )9 cong5ial habitats1 ei!r by ! mycelium or spores4 ,nature1 !re1 resorts to wa%+ masses ( leaves conta9+ ! propagat+ p>ts ( ! fungus along ! depressions ( ! wat]-%$s1 & x is f\nd gr[+ pl5tifully :]e ! w9d has drift$ =e/ leaves aga9/ trees1 bru%1 & f5ce-corn]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p$ by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,/udies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,xlvi4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,can?>ellus ,,floccosus1 #bah #d4 ,,can?>ellus ,,cib>ius1 #bae #b4 ,,mor*ella ,,escul5ta1 #edb #e4 ,,can?>ellus ,,brevipes1 #bai #c4 ,,crat]ellus #ejh ,,can?>ellus1 ,o!r species ( ! g5us d n1 z a rule1 gr[ s pl5tifully1 nei!r are !y ( equal excell5ce1 b sev]al ( !m are equal to any o!r species4 ,suspicion has be5 ?r[n ^u ,c4 aurantiacus4 ,!re is su* a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! excell5ce ( ! g5us 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia & o!r localities1 t x is possible ,c4 aurantiacus may be noxi\s else:]e1 b ! writ] has n f\nd x s2 & x w\ld be an a/oni%+ contradiction ( ,nature's ways if x 04 ,/ev5son says3 8,x 7,c4 cib>ius7 mu/ h f\r h\rs sl[ cook+40 ,! writ] has f\nd ?irty m9utes to be suffici5t2 & x w fry 9 butt] z quickly z any o!r fungus4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,tribes4 ,,mesopus 7mesos1 middle2 p\s1 a foot74 ,page #bae4 ,/em c5tral4 99 ,/em solid4 9999 ,/em tubul>4 ,,pleuropus 7pleura1 ! side2 p\s1 a foot74 ,/em lat]al4 ,,resup9atus 7resup9atus1 ly+ on ! back74 ,/em abs5t4 ,all ! species kn[n to be edible belong to ,mesopus4 ,,me,,sopus4 99 ,/em solid4 ,c4 cibarius ,fr4--cib>ia1 food4 7,plate ,,xlvi1 fig4 #d1 p4 #bad4 ,plate ,,xlvii47 ,pileus fle%y1 obconic1 smoo?1 egg-yell[1 slightly depress$4 ,gills ?ick1 di/ant1 m or less bran*+ & ana/omos+1 concolor\s4 ,/em firm1 solid1 (t5 tap]+ d[nw>d1 concolor\s4 ,fle% :ite4 ,height #b-d 941 bread? ( pileus #b-c 94 ,/em #c-f l9es ?ick4 ,9 op5 woods & grassy places4 ,common4 ,july & ,augu/4 ,edible4 ,! smell ( apricots is n always cle>ly p]ceptible 9 ,am]ican specim5s4 ,peck1 ,monograph ,new ,york ,species ( ,can?>ellus1 ,rep4 #bc4 ,spores #fh ,w4,g4,s42 #g4fe ,morgan2 sph]oid-ellipsoid1 #h-ie-f ,k42 #aa ,q4 ,report$ f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific & f ,columbia riv] to ,l\isiana4 ,june to ,septemb]4 ,:]ev] gr[n ,c4 cib>ius is "o ( ! be/4 ,9 ,european c\ntries x is highly rat$1 & is exp5sive4 ,its mode ( gr[? v>ies ) its pl5tifulness4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9s l>ge pat*es ( x closely cov] ! gr\nd4 ,clu/]s weigh+ p\nd are frequ5t4 7,plate ,,xlvii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,can?>ellus ,,cib>ius4 ,:5 %r$d$1 or cut across ! fib]s1 sl[ cook+ = half an h\r is suffici5t1 if ! plants are fre%4 ,if ga!r$ = "s h\rs1 !y %\ld be soak$ = a "t4 ,c4 minor ,pk4 ,pileus fle%y1 ?91 convex !n exp&$ & depress$1 egg-yell[4 ,gills v n>r[1 di/ant1 sp>+ly bran*$1 yell[i%4 ,/em sl5d]1 subflexu\s1 equal1 smoo?1 holl[ or /uff$1 concolor\s4 ,height #a-b 941 bread? ( pileus #f-ab l9es4 ,9 op5 woods4 ,july4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores #f4d-g4fd-e ,peck4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,gr[s 9 ! ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9s1 along ) ,c4 cib>ius1 & sep>ate f x4 ,x is m t5d] ?an ,c4 cib>ius1 & n equal 9 flavor to ^? f\nd !re4 ,i usually cook$ !m toge!r & ?us got quantity well flavor$4 ,c4 aurantiacus ,fr4--orange-yell[4 7,plate ,,cxxxvi1 fig4 #d1 p4 #ejh47 ,pileus fle%y1 obconic1 ne>ly plane above1 smoo? or m9utely tom5tose1 dull orange ) ! disk usually br[ni%1 ! m>g9 decurv$ & sometimes yell[i%4 ,gills n>r[1 close1 repeat$ly =k$1 orange1 sometimes yell[i%4 ,/em inequal1 g5]ally tap]+ upw>d1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,fle% yell[i%1 ta/e mild4 ,height #b-c 941 bread? ( ,pileus #a-c 94 ,/em #b-d l9es ?ick4 ,gr\nd & v rott5 logs 9 woods or 9 fields4 ,common4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores #f4d-g4fd-e ,peck1 #aje ,massee4 ,v>4 pallidus ,pk4 ,pileus & gills pale yell[ or :iti% yell[4 ,/ev5son says ( ! ,engli% species1 8,unpleasant1 reckon$ poison\s40 ,! writ]'s acqua9tance ) ,c4 aurantiacus has be5 pr9cipally conf9$ to ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,!re its ta/e is mild1 sc5t b little1 flavor n di/+ui%able f ea/]n ,c4 ,cib>ius4 ,!re x is p]fectly safe & :olesome2 nei!r h ! writ] & 8 fri5ds any reason = condemn+ x4 ,c4 umbonatus ,fr4--hav+ an umbo4 ,pileus #a 94 & m broad1 a%y-blacki%1 slightly fle%y1 convex :5 "y1 umbonate1 at l5g? depress$1 ev51 dry1 flocculoso-silky on ! surface1 %9+ brightly especially "u a l5s4 ,fle% s(t1 :ite1 (t5 becom+ r$ :5 w\nd$4 ,/em #c 94 long1 ab\t #d l9es ?ick1 /uff$1 equal1 ela/ic1 vill\s at ! base1 a%-color$1 b pal] ?an ! pileus4 ,gills decurr5t1 ?91 t5se & /raight1 cr[d$1 repeat$ly divid$ by pairs1 %9+-:ite4 ,odor & ta/e sc>cely notable4 ,greg>i\s4 ,among ! tall] mosses ! /em is long]4 ,(t5 ov]look$ f its habit be+ t ( an ag>ic4 ,x v>ies ) ! pileus squamulose & blacki%4 ,9 woods4 ,april to ,augu/4 ,fries4 ,! r prom95t gills ( ?is small species are likely to confuse ^? n famili> ) its v>iance f ! g5u9e type4 ,r$di% t+e to fle% n notic$ 9 ! ,am]ican species4 ,! writ] has ga!r$ x 9 sev]al /ates & enjoy$ x = _m ye>s4 7,plate ,,xlviii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,can?>ellus ,,rosellus4 ,natural size4 ,c4 rosellus ,pk4--rosy4 ,pileus ?91 funnel-%ap$1 regul>1 glabr\s1 pale p9ki%-r$4 ,fle% :ite4 ,gills n>r[1 close1 di*otom\s1 deeply decurr5t1 :iti%1 t+$ ) p9k4 ,/em equal1 sl5d]1 solid1 subglabr\s1 (t5 flexu\s1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores m9ute1 broadly elliptical1 #c4eb4e4 ,pileus #d-h l9es broad4 ,/em ab\t #a 94 long1 sc>cely #a l9e ?ick4 ,mossy gr\nd 9 groves ( balsam4 ,nor? ,elba4 ,septemb]4 ,?is small species belongs to ! section ,ag>icoides1 & is app>5tly closely alli$ to ,c4 albidus1 f :i* its small] size & diff]5t color di/+ui% x4 ,! pileus is sometimes deeply umbilicate4 ,peck1 #db;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,frequ5t 9 p9e woods ( ,new ,j]sey1 ne> ,haddonfield1 :]e ! plant is /urdi] ?an describ$4 ,?\gh small x gr[s greg>i\s & 9 troops f :i* appetiz+ quantities c be ga!r$4 ,x makes a pretty di% ( p9ki% hue & "o ( r>e excell5ce4 ,c4 lutesc5s ,bull4--yell[i%4 7,plate ,,cxxxvi1 fig4 #i1 p4 #ejh47 ,pileus ?91 fle%y1 convex1 umbilicate1 br[ni%-floccose1 yell[i%4 ,gills v di/ant1 sp>+ly bran*$1 arcuate-decurr5t1 pale o*race\s4 ,/em sl5d]1 slightly tap]+ d[nw>d1 smoo?1 %9+1 bright orange-t9t$ yell[1 /uff$ or holl[4 ,height #b-c 941 bread? ( ,pileus #h-ae l9es4 ,mossy gr\nd 9 woods4 ,catskill & ,adirondack m\nta9s1 also ,s&lake4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,?is is reg>d$ by "s z a v>iety ( ,a4 tub=mis4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,9 mix$ & scrub-p9e woods ne> ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j42 mix$ woods ,angora & ,k+sess+1 ,philadelphia4 ,p]haps con/ancy to ,c4 cib>ius has influ5c$ ! writ] 9 favor ( memb]s ( its family1 & acc\nts = ! gu/o 9 8,f9e0 set opposite 8 notes to ! pres5t species4 ,nev]!less su* is 8 op9ion4 9999 ,/em tubul>4 ,c4 floccosus ,s*w4--woolly4 7,plate ,,xlvi1 fig4 #a1 p4 #bad47 ,pileus fle%y1 elongat$ funnel-=m or trumpet %ape1 floccose-squamose1 o*race\s-yell[4 ,gills ve9-l1 close1 mu* ana/omos+ above1 long decurr5t & subp>allel bel[1 concolor\s4 ,/em v %ort1 ?ick1 r>ely deeply root+4 ,height #b-d 941 bread? ( ,pileus at ! top #a-c 94 ,woods & _! bord]s4 ,n r>e4 ,utica1 ,johnson4 ,albany & ,s&lake4 ,july & ,augu/4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores #ab4e-aeg4f ,peck4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bc2 ,ma9e1 ,mrs4 ,/ella ,f4 ,fairbanks2 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a beautiful species ( good quality4 7,plate ,,xlix47 ,illu/ration3 ,,can?>ellus ,,brevipes4 ,small plant1 two-?irds natural size4 ,c4 brevipes ,pk4--brevis1 %ort2 pes1 a foot4 7,plate ,,xlvi1 fig4 #e1 p4 #bad47 ,pileus fle%y1 obconic1 glabr\s1 alutace\s or d+y cream-color1 ! ?9 m>g9 erect1 (t5 irregul> & lob$1 t+$ ) lilac 9 ! "y plant2 folds num]\s1 ne>ly /raight on ! m>g91 abundantly ana/omos+ bel[1 pale umb] t+$ ) lilac4 ,/em %ort1 tom5tose-pubesc5t1 a%-color$1 solid1 (t5 tap]+ d[nw>d4 ,spores yell[i%1 oblong-elliptical1 un9ucleate1 #aj-abe4 ,plant #c-d 94 high4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad4 ,/em #d-f l9es ?ick4 ,woods4 ,ball/on1 ,s>atoga c\nty4 ,july4 ,?is int]e/+ species is relat$ to ! ,c4 floccosus1 bo? by its %ort /em & its abundantly ana/omos+ folds4 ,! two species %\ld be sep>at$ f ! o!rs & con/itute a di/9ct section4 ,! fle% 9 ,c4 brevipes is s(t & :iti%1 & ! folds are g5]ally ?9n] ?an 9 ,c4 floccosus4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,pl5tiful 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9s 9 #ahhd1 gr[+ 9 pat*es4 ,f\nd 9 mix$ woods ne> ,*elt5ham1 ,pa41 & at ,spr+ton1 ,pa41 #ahhg4 ,9 ,we/ ,virg9ia x is prolific & rivals ! ,c4 cib>ius 9 excell5ce4 ,! fle% is s(t]1 n s fibr\s1 & cooks m readily4 ,9 t locality !re is a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ,c4 brevipes & ,c4 floccosus4 ,! latt] is mu* long]1 & m>k$ly resembles ! l>ge end ( a gold l9$ cornet4 ,l ! ,c4 cib>ius x is n ( z good quality 9 ea/]n /ates4 ,illu/ration ,,nyc,,talis ,fr4 ,gr--night4 ,f inhabit+ d>k places4 7,plate ,l47 ,illu/ration3 ,,nyctalis ,,p>asiticus4 ,hym5ophore cont9u\s ) ! /em4 ,gills fle%y1 ?ick1 juicy1 obtuse at ! edge1 n decurr5t on ! /em nor fold-l4 ,veil 79 species :i* h be5 fully obs]v$7 floccoso-pru9ose4 ,fle%y fungi1 n reviv+1 ( unc]ta9 & irregul> occurr5ce1 diff]+ 9 _m respects f "o ano!r & f ! re/ ( ! ,ag>ic9i4 ,fries4 ,! typical species are saprophytic on decay+ fungi4 ,b "o species1 ,nyctalis a/]ophora1 report$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,see ,peck1 #bf? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,,m>as,,mius ,fr4 ,gr--to )] or %rivel4 7,plate ,,li47 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>asmius ,,oreades4 ,ab\t "o-half natural size4 ,pileus regul>1 ?91 t\gh & pliant4 ,gills pliant1 r t\gh1 some:at di/ant1 v>i\sly atta*$ or free1 ) an acute entire edge4 ,/em c>tilag9\s or horny1 cont9u\s ) ! pileus b ( diff]5t texture4 ,n putresc5t b dry+ up ) lack ( moi/ure1 reviv+ & assum+ ! orig9al =m ) ! adv5t ( ra94 ,?is "* di/+ui%es ,m>asmius f all o!r g5]a ( ,ag>icace4 ,its ne>] relations are ,collybia & ,myc5a4 ,fries says t all ,ag>icace hav+ ! smell ( g>lic are f\nd 9 ?is g5us4 ,on ! gr\nd1 b g5]ally on wood or leaves4 ,pr(essor ,peck reports ov] =ty species ( ?is g5us f\nd 9 ,new ,york /ate4 ,sev]al n f\nd 9 ,new ,york are report$ f o!r /ates4 ,! writ] has f\nd a few su* species 9 ,p5nsylvania & ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,_m untri$ species w probably prove to be edible2 ! majority are too small to be ( food value4 ,m4 ur5s1 report$ poison\s1 & ,m4 p]onatus1 h]et(ore consid]$ poison\s1 h be5 f\nd by ! writ] to be edible4 ,sev]al species n describ$ h]e9 h be5 te/$ = edibility to a limit$ ext5t only4 ,9 ?is g5us occurs ! fam$ ,m4 oreades1 ! ,m\ss]on ( ,france1 ! ,*ampignon & ,scot* bonnet ( ,engl&1 ! ,fairy-r+ mu%room ( ,am]ica4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,tribes4 ,,collybia 7incl9+ to ,collybia74 ,page #bbc4 ,fle% ( pileus pliant1 at l5g? r lea!ry1 groov$ or wr9kl$1 m>g9 incurv$ at fir/4 ,/em some:at c>tilag9\s2 mycelium woolly1 abs5t 9 "s species4 ,a4 ,,scortei 7scorteus1 lea!ry74 ,page #bbc4 ,/em solid or /uff$1 !n holl[1 fibr\s )91 outside cov]$ ) d[n4 ,gills sep>at+ f ! /em1 free4 99 ,base ( /em woolly or /rigose4 9999 ,/em nak$ at ! base1 (t5 int]wov5 ) twi/$ fib]s4 ,b4 ,,t]g9i 7t]g9us1 lea!ry74 ,page #bbe4 ,/em root+1 di/9ctly tubul>1 n fibr\s1 di/9ctly c>tilag9\s4 ,gills rec$+ !n free4 ,pileus ?9n] ?an 9 ! prec$+ gr\p1 hygrophan\s1 ev5 or ) ! m>g9 /riate4 99 ,/em woolly bel[1 smoo? above4 9999 ,/em :5 dry cov]$ ) velvety d[n4 ,c4 ,,calopodes 7,gr--beautiful2 ,gr--a foot74 ,page #bbf4 ,/em %ort1 n root+1 (t5 ) a floccose or d[ny1 tub]cul> base4 ,pileus convex1 involute1 !n plane & m or less depress$1 9 :i* /ate ! gills typically adnate are subdecurr5t4 ,on twigs1 bran*es1 etc4 ,greg>i\s4 99 ,/em q smoo? above1 %9+1 base n swoll54 9999 ,/em cov]$ ) velvety d[n1 r swoll5 at ! base4 ,,myc5a 7incl9+ to ,myc5a74 ,page #bbg4 ,/em horny1 holl[1 (t5 fill$ ) pi?1 t\gh1 dry4 ,mycelium root+1 n floccose4 ,pileus some:at membranace\s1 bell-%ap$1 !n expan$1 m>g9 at fir/ /raight & press$ to ! /em4 ,a4 ,,*ordales 7*orda1 a gut74 ,page #bbg4 ,/em rigid1 root+ or dilat$ at ! base4 ,pileus bell-%ap$ or convex4 ,type manife/ly t ( ,myc5a4 ,b4 ,,rotul 7rotula1 a little :eel74 ,/em ?read-l1 flaccid1 base n dilat$ or floccose b appe>+ to ent] ! matrix abruptly4 ,pileus soon becom+ plane or umbilicate4 ,on leaves4 99 ,/em q smoo?1 %9+4 9999 ,/em m9utely velvety or hairy4 ,,apus 7a1 )\t2 p\s1 a foot74 ,pileus sessile1 resup9ate4 ,i4--,,colly,,bia4 ,a4 ,,scortei4 99 ,/em woolly or /rigose at base4 ,m4 ur5s ,fr4--uro1 to burn4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad1 unicolor\s1 pale yell[i%1 becom+ pale1 slightly fle%y1 mod]ately compact at ! disk1 ev51 b "h & !re scaly or crack$ 9 wavy l9es :5 dry1 smoo?1 ! ?9 m>g9 involute4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #c l9es ?ick1 solid1 compos$ ( crisp t\gh fib]s1 rigid1 equal1 sometimes h[ev] v5tricose1 94 ?ick1 ev]y:]e clo!d ) :ite flocci1 pale1 :ite-d[ny at ! base4 ,gills free1 unit$ beh9d1 at l5g? remote f ! /em1 di/ant1 t\gh1 at fir/ pale-wood-color1 !n br[n4 ,greg>i\s1 some:at cespitose4 ,ta/e v /++4 ,! /em is n /rigosely %ea!d at ! base4 ,fries4 ,9 mix$ woods4 ,frequ5t4 ,june to ,septemb]4 ,a curi\s =m occurr$ ) ! pileus turn+ v d>k :5 full-gr[n4 ,b4 & ,br4 ,,poison\s4 ,wor?+ton ,smi? has te/$ x by accid5t4 ,x produc$ heada*e1 swimm+ ( bra91 burn+ 9 ?roat & /oma*1 foll[$ by sev]e purg+ & vomit+4 ,/ev5son4 ,greg>i\s or cespitose4 ,ta/e v pung5t1 a feature :i* sep>ates ! pres5t f ,m4 oreades4 ,n co>sely tom5tose at ! base1 z 9 ,m4 p]onatus1 b only d[ny4 ,massee4 ,spores #cd ,w4,g4,s42 elliptical1 #hd ,massee4 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,i h n kn[n x to disagree ) myself or fri5ds4 ,t x may n agree ) "s p]sons is unque/ion$4 ,collectors %\ld c>efully te/ x ^u !mselves4 ,m4 p]onatus ,fr4--p]o1 a k9d ( boot4 ,pileus #a-b 94 & m broad1 light yell[i% or pallid brick-r$1 !n becom+ pale1 wood-color or tan1 at fir/ fle%y-pliant1 !n coriaceo-membranace\s1 convex !n plane1 obtuse1 flaccid1 slightly wr9kl$1 ev5 at ! disk1 at l5g? pitt$1 /riate at ! m>g94 ,fle% :ite4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #a-b l9es ?ick1 /uff$1 fibr\s1 t\gh1 att5uat$ upw>d1 at l5g? holl[ & compress$1 furni%$ ) a b>k1 light yell[ !n pallid1 cuticle vill\s b sep>at+ & r$di% :5 rubb$1 some:at incurv$ at ! base1 :]e x is clo!d ) d5se1 some:at /rigose1 yell[i% or :ite vill\s d[n4 ,gills adnex$1 !n sep>at+1 free1 mod]ately ?91 & cr[d$1 :5 "y :iti%1 pallid wood-color1 at l5g? some:at remote1 r$di%4 ,b4 ,woolly %ea!d at ! base4 ,ta/e acrid l t ( ,m4 ur5s1 odor none4 ,fries4 ,9 woods4 ,common4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores pip-%ap$1 #gd ,w4,g4,s42 #ajf-g ,massee4 ,new ,york4 ,?9 woods4 ,nor? ,elba4 ,augu/4 ,septemb]4 ,peck1 #db;d ,rep42 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,june to ,decemb]1 ,we/ ,philadelphia & ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,*e/] c\nty1 ,pa4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,m4 p]onatus is ! wood-c\s9 ( ,m4 oreades4 ,x is /ill reput$ poison\s by all writ]s ^u ! subject1 ?\gh ,m4,c4 ,cooke gives x ! b5efit ( a d\bt4 ,! "n is giv5 because ( ! base ( ! /em be+ d5sely cov]$ ) %ort hairs or a woolly d[n1 & is ?us easily recogniz$4 ,x is common 9 woods1 among decay+ leaves1 especially ( ! oak1 f ,may until aft] fro/s4 ,x is usually solit>y1 b a few individuals are sometimes clu/]$4 ,x is q pepp]y to ! ta/e1 b pleasantly s4 ,i h repeat$ly eat5 x1 z h my fri5ds4 ,x loses its acridity 9 cook+1 & ?\gh ! caps are t\gh] ?an ,m4 oreades1 !y make a highly flavor$ & delici\s di%4 ,collectors %\ld c>efully te/ x = !mselves4 9999 ,/em nak$ at ! base1 etc4 ,m4 oreades ,fr4 ,gr--m\nta9-nymphs4 ,scot* bonnet4 ,*ampignon4 ,m\ss]on4 7,plate ,,li1 p4 #bba47 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad1 r$di% !n becom+ pale1 absorb+ moi/ure1 :iti% :5 dry1 fle%y1 pliant1 convex !n plane1 some:at umbonate1 ev51 smoo?1 slightly /riate at ! m>g9 :5 moi/4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #a l9es ?ick1 solid1 v t\gh1 equal1 t5se & /raight1 ev]y:]e clo!d ) a vill\s-wov5 cuticle :i* c be rubb$ (f1 pallid2 bluntly root$ at ! base1 nak$1 n vill\s or tom5tose4 ,gills free1 broad1 di/ant1 ! alt]nate ones %ort]1 at fir/ s(t1 !n firm]1 pallid-:ite4 ,odor weak1 b pleasant1 /rong] :5 dri$1 ta/e mild4 ,commonly gr[+ 9 circles or r[s4 ,fries4 ,spores #f-ge-f ,k42 elliptical1 #he ,massee2 ne>ly elliptical1 :ite1 #g4f-i long ,peck4 ,common ?r\gh\t ! /ates dur+ ! summ] mon?s aft] ra9s1 & 9 r+s1 b c be f\nd f ,may until aft] fro/4 ,if "o kn[s :]e ! r+s are to be f\nd ,m4 oreades c be ga!r$ :5 %rivel$1 & are q z good1 aft] soak+1 z :5 fre%4 ,m4 oreades mu/ be s\ght = :]e ! grass is luxuriant4 ,x hides among x4 ,x is well wor?y ( ! se>*4 ,raw1 fre% or %rivel$1 x is sweet1 nutty1 succul5t :5 eat52 /ew$ well x is delici\s4 ,?\gh t\gh its consi/5cy is agreeable4 ,! mo/ delicate /oma*s c dige/ x4 ,! writ] sav$ ! life ( a lovely woman by fe$+ h] ^u x :5 no?+ else c\ld be reta9$2 & ( ano!r1 by fe$+ ,copr9us micaceus1 aft] a dang]\s op]ation4 ,he introduc$ ^! species1 toge!r ) a few o!rs1 into a l>ge hospital 9 ,philadelphia1 :]e !y 7 us$ ) m>k$ b5eficial effect1 & su* use is n[ widespread4 ,:5 dri$1 by exposure to ! air or sun1 x c be kept indef9itely1 nei!r los+ its aroma or flavor1 :i* x graci\sly imp>ts to s\ps or any o!r di%4 ,collybia dryophila1 ,/roph>ia semi-globata1 & ,naucoria semi-orbicul>is are sometimes f\nd gr[+ ) x4 ,^! species are delici\s & h>mless4 ,lafayette ,b4 ,m5del 9 ! ,am4 ,j\r4 ( ,physiology1 ,m>*1 #ahih1 gives ! foll[+ analysis3 ,tw5ty fre%ly ga!r$ specim5s 7f ,new ,hav57 weigh$ #i grams1 an av]age weight ( #j4de grams ea*4 ,! analysis gave3 ,wat] #gd4if ,total solids #be4jd ,total nitrog5 ( dry #e4ig sub/ance ,a% ( dry sub/ance #g4bc ,b4 ,,t]g9i4 9999 ,/em d[ny :5 dry1 etc4 ,m4 ,wynnei ,b4 & ,br4 ,pileus #a-a 94 broad1 lilac-br[n1 t>dily *ang+ color1 fle%y1 convexo-plane1 some:at umbonate4 ,/em #b 94 long1 #a l9e ?ick1 tub$1 furfurace\s1 some:at ( ! same color z ! pileus4 ,gills adnex$1 ?ick1 di/ant1 bright-color$1 beautifully t+$ ) lilac2 int]/ices ev54 ,inodor\s4 ,greg>i\s or cespitose4 ,! /em spr+s f a :ite mycelium1 b is by no means /rigose or tawny at ! base4 ,q di/9ct f ,m4 fusco-purpureus4 ,fries4 ,among leaves1 twigs1 etc4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores elliptical1 #g-hd ,massee4 ,k+sess+1 ,we/ ,philadelphia4 ,greg>i\s & cespitose1 among leaves1 etc41 9 oak woods4 ,septemb] to ,octob]1 #ahhe4 ,?is v pretty fungus v mu* resembles at fir/ sight ! small purpli% ,clitocybes1 b is readily di/+ui%$ on exam9ation4 ,i ate ! caps & enjoy$ !m dur+ ! seasons ( #ahhe & #ahhg1 b h n se5 ! plant s9ce4 ,! caps are equal to ,m4 oreades4 ,c4 ,,calopodes4 99 ,/em smoo?1 etc4 ,m4 scorodonius ,fr4 ,gr--a plant t smells l g>lic4 ,pileus 94 & m broad1 ruf\s :5 "y1 b soon becom+ pale1 :iti% 7n hygrophan\s71 slightly fle%y1 pliant1 convex !n soon plane1 obtuse1 always arid2 ev5 :5 "y1 at l5g? wr9kl$ & crisp$4 ,/em #a 94 long1 sc>cely #a l9e ?ick1 horny1 t\gh1 tub$1 equal1 v smoo? ?r\gh\t1 %9+1 r$di%1 ins]t$ & nak$ at ! base4 ,gills adnate1 (t5 sep>at+1 connect$ by ve9s1 at l5g? crisp$ 9 dry+1 :iti%4 ,commonly greg>i\s4 ,readily di/+ui%$ f neighbor+ species by its /rong odor ( g>lic4 ,fries4 ,hea?s & dry pa/ures on twigs1 etc4 ,r>e4 ,edible4 ,e/eem$ = flavor+4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores elliptical1 #fd ,massee4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s*we9itz1 ,curtis2 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/2 ,new ,j]sey1 ,ellis2 ,new ,york1 ,augu/1 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,m4 calopes ,fr4 ,gr--beautiful2 a foot4 ,pileus ab\t #d l9es broad1 :iti%1 slightly fle%y1 t\gh1 convex !n flatt5$1 obtuse1 r>ely depress$1 ev51 smoo?1 slightly wr9kl$ :5 dri$4 ,/em #a 94 long1 #a l9e ?ick1 tub$1 slightly att5uat$ upw>d1 ev51 smoo?1 t\gh1 dull-r$ or bay-br[n-r$1 %9+1 some:at root$4 ,gills slightly em>g9ate1 9 gr\ps ( #b-d1 ?91 :ite4 ,inodor\s4 ,almo/ small] ?an ,m4 scorodonius1 b ! /em is long]1 o!rwise v l x4 ,fries4 ,spores elliptical1 #gd ,massee4 ,twigs & /ems among fall5 leaves 9 woods4 ,ticond]oga4 ,augu/4 ,?is might easily be mi/ak5 = ,m4 scorodonius1 b x is )\t odor1 & has a diff]5t ins]tion ( ! lamell4 ,x is sometimes cespitose4 ,! pileus 9 our specim5s is :iti%4 ,peck1 #ca/ ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,because ( its simil>ity to ,m4 scorodonius1 :i* is edible1 x is giv5 "h4 ,,ii4--,,myc5a4 ,a4 ,,*ordales4 ,m4 alliaceus ,fr4--allium1 g>lic4 ,pileus #a-a 94 broad1 :iti% incl9+ to fusc\s1 (t5 milk-:ite :5 "y1 some:at membranace\s1 campanulate !n exp&$1 some:at umbonate1 ev51 at l5g? /riate & sulcate1 smoo?1 dry4 ,/em z mu* z #h 94 long1 horny1 rigid1 fi/ulose1 att5uat$ upw>d1 pru9ato-velvety1 blacki%1 root$ at ! base :]e x is some:at incurv$ & nak$4 ,gills adnex$ 9 ! =m ( a r+1 !n free1 slightly v5tricose1 arid1 slightly di/ant1 fusc\s-:iti%1 crisp$ :5 dry4 ,odor /rong1 ( g>lic1 p]si/5t4 ,!re is no?+ ( a r$di% t+e 9 ! :ole plant4 ,! /em is n tom5tose at ! base z 9 ! ,t]g9i4 ,fries4 ,among leaves & on rott5 wood4 ,frequ5t4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores #ad-afh4 ,massee4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s*we9itz1 ,curtis2 ,p5nsylvania1 ,s*we9itz2 ,m9nesota1 ,johnson2 ,novia ,scotia1 ,som]s4 ,edible4 ,bull4 ,bo/on ,myc4 ,club4 ,illu/ration ,,heliomyces ,lev4 ,helios1 ! sun2 myces1 a fungus4 ,pileus membranace\s1 betwe5 lea!ry & gelat9\s1 radiately sulcate4 ,gills equal1 edge acute4 ,/em some:at woody1 cyl9drical1 c5tral4 ,alli$ to ,m>asmius1 b diff]+ 9 its sub-gelat9\s sub/ance4 ,none report$ edible4 ---------- ,,l5ti,,nus ,fr4 ,l5tus1 t\gh or pliant4 7,plate ,,lii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,,l5t9us4 ,pileus fle%y-coriace\s1 pliant1 t\gh & h>d :5 old1 p]si/5t4 ,gills becom+ dry1 t\gh1 simple1 unequal1 ?91 m>g9 acute1 too!d1 m or less decurr5t4 ,/em :5 pres5t c5tral1 exc5tric or lat]al1 h>d & firm1 cont9u\s ) ! fle% ( ! pileus4 ,gr[+ on wood4 ,spores some:at r\nd1 ev51 :ite4 ,di/+ui%$ f o!r coriace\s g5]a by its s]rat$ & torn gills4 8,! g5]a ,l5t9us & ,l5zites are f\nd 9 e region ( ! _w2 _! pr9cipal c5t]1 h[ev]1 is 9 hot c\ntries1 :]e !y atta9 a spl5did developm5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 t[>d ! nor? !y rapidly decrease 9 numb]40 ,fungi4 ,cooke & ,b]keley4 ,9 habitat & mode ( gr[? ,l5t9us closely resembles ,pleurotus1 & p>allel g5]a ) color$ spores4 ,:5 "y ! species are invit+1 & :5 well cook$ are meal-giv+4 ,!y are n delicacies1 b sub/antials4 ,!y dry well4 ,grat$ !y make s\ps1 & give _! pleasant flavor to any di%4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,tribes4 ,,mesopodes 7mesos1 middle2 p\s1 a foot74 ,page #bbi4 ,/em di/9ct4 ,,pleuroti 7pleura1 a side2 ous1 an e>74 ,/em lat]al or abs5t4 ,none kn[n to be edible ,i4--,,meso,,podes 7c5t]-/emm$74 ,l4 ,lecomtei ,fr4 ,pileus coriace\s1 funnel-%ap$1 regul>ly reflex$1 hairy1 tawny4 ,gills cr[d$1 pallid4 ,/em %ort1 hairy1 tawny4 ,common to ! /ates4 ,pr(essor ,peck writes to me3 8,?is plant1 by reason ( its r t\gh sub/ance1 has commonly be5 ref]r$ to ,l5t9us1 "u ! "n ,l4 ,lecomtei ,s*w41 b ?is ref]5ce is sc>cely satisfactory to me1 s9ce ! edge ( ! lamell is sc>cely at all s]rate z requir$ by t g5us4 ,x seems to me x w\ld g bett] "u ! g5us ,panus4 ,x is v>iable--sometimes ecc5tric or ev5 lat]al4 ,x is sometimes call$ ,l5t9us /rigosus1 b ,i d n ?9k ! two are di/9ct species1 h[ev] di/9ct !y may be 9 =m40 ,febru>y #bf1 #ahid4 ,l all ,l5t9us ! pres5t species is r t\gh1 yet *opp$ into small pieces1 well cook$ & season$1 x is q equal to ,p4 o/reatus & _m o!rs ( high r5[n4 7,plate ,,liii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,l5t9us ,,tigr9us4 ,ab\t "o-half natural size4 ,l4 tigrinus ,fr4--tigris1 a tig]4 ,f ! m>k+s4 ,pileus commonly #b 94 broad1 :ite1 v>iegat$ ) some:at adpress$1 blacki%1 hairy squamules1 fle%y-coriace\s1 ?91 commonly orbicul> & c5tral1 at fir/ convexo-plane1 umbilicate1 at l5g? funnel-%ap$1 (t5 split at ! m>g9 :5 dry4 ,/em ab\t #b 94 long1 ?91 solid1 v h>d1 commonly att5uat$ d[nw>d1 m9utely squamulose1 :iti%1 (t5 asc5d+ & becom+ d+y-br[n at ! base1 at fir/ furni%$ at ! apex ) an entire reflex$ r+1 :i* soon falls (f4 ,gills decurr5t 7by no means s9uate71 n>r[1 cr[d$1 unequal1 too!d l a saw1 :ite4 ,some:at greg>i\s1 ev5 cespitose1 ?9n] & m coriace\s & regul> ?an ,l4 lepideus ,b41 :olly blacki% ) squamules4 ,fries4 ,on old /umps4 ,r>e4 ,/ev5son4 ,:5 fre% v t5d] & easily torn1 :5 dry coriace\s4 ,s[4 ,smell /rong1 acrid1 l t ( "s ,lact>ii4 ,m4,j4,b4 ,spores #f4fc4c ,morgan2 elliptical1 smoo?1 #gc4e ,massee4 ,agreeable ta/e & odor1 eat5 9 ,europe4 ,roques4 ,edible1 t\gh :5 old & nev] v delicate or dige/ible4--,m4 ,c4 ,cooke4 ,n f\nd 9 suffici5t quantity to te/4 ,l4 lepideus ,fr4 ,gr--scaly4 7,plate ,,xvi1 fig4 #c1 #d1 p4 #eb47 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad1 pallid-o*race\s1 v>iegat$ ) adpress$1 d>k]1 spot-l scales1 fle%y1 v compact & firm1 irregul>1 commonly exc5tric1 convex !n depress$1 b n truly umbilicate1 sometimes brok5 up into cracks4 ,fle% pliant1 :ite4 ,/em %ort1 commonly #a 94 long1 solid1 /\t1 v irregul>ly =m$1 almo/ woody1 tom5tose-scaly1 :iti%1 root$ at ! base1 at ! fir/ furni%$ ) a veil t[>d ! apex4 ,gills decurr5t1 b s9uate beh9d1 cr[d$ broad1 transv]sely /riate1 :iti%1 edge torn into tee?4 ,odor pleasant4 ,fries4 ,spores #aae ,w4,g4,s41 #gc4 ,massee4 ,l5t9us lepideus is a sort ( comm]cial travel]4 ,x is common :]ev] railroads are4 ,x is p>tial to oak ties & its mycelium is injuri\s to !m4 ,x is f\nd ^u p9e & o!r timb]s4 ,! writ] has collect$ l>ge clu/]s ( x f oak sawdu/4 ,! ,european plant is not$ z 8almo/ always solit>y40 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates x is seldom s4 ,x is not$ z gr[+ 9 damp1 d>k places1 b x loves ! sun4 ,z a food x is ab\t on a p> ) ,p4 ulm>ius1 n z t\gh1 b h>d] :5 old4 ,x is a reliable species f spr+ until late autumn1 is p]si/5t & dries well4 ,x is neat1 h&some1 prolific4 ,:5 "y x makes a good di%1 & :5 old c be us$ to advantage 9 s\ps4 ,l4 co*leatus ,fr4--co*lea1 a snail4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad1 fle%-color1 b becom+ pale1 some:at tan1 fle%y-pliant1 ?91 commonly exc5tric1 imbricat$1 v unequal1 some:at lob$ or contort$1 sometimes plane1 sometimes funnel-%ap$-umbilicate1 b n p]vi\s1 smoo?4 ,/em solid1 firm1 sometimes c5tral1 mo/ frequ5tly exc5tric1 sometimes :olly lat]al1 always sulcate1 smoo?1 fle%-color$ upw>d1 r$di%-br[n d[nw>d4 ,gills decurr5t1 cr[d$1 s]rat$1 :ite-fle%-color4 ,fries4 ,pliant1 t\gh1 flaccid1 v *angeable 9 =m1 sometimes solit>y1 sometimes cespitose1 imbricat$1 gr[+ into ea* o!r4 ,f v small =ms :i* are commonly solit>y1 ) ! /em & pileus sc>cely #a 94 x ranges to #c 94 ,on /umps4 ,frequ5t4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,accord+ to ,fries ! odor is weak1 ( anise2 b x is g5]ally /rong & v pleasant4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores ne>ly globul>1 #d diamet] ,morgan2 sph]oid or ellipsoid-sph]oid1 uniguttate1 #d-f ,k42 almo/ globul>1 #d ,w4,g4,s4 ,! d5se clu/]s ( all siz$ memb]s are usually pl5ty 9 favor$ localities4 ,x is invit+ 9 appe>ance1 ta/e & spicy odor4 ,x reta9s a suspicion ( ! latt] :5 cook$ :i* gives ! di% a flavor pleasant to _m4 ,x mu/ be "y to be t5d]4 ,:5 dry--l o!rs ( its k9d--x c be grat$ & us$ 9 _m ways4 ,l4 ,und]woodii ,pk4 ,pileus fle%y1 t\gh1 convex or ne>ly plane1 ! glabr\s surface crack+ into areola-l scales :i* are indi/9ct or want+ t[>d ! m>g91 :iti% or slightly t+$ ) buff or pale o*race\s4 ,fle% :ite4 ,gills mod]ately close1 decurr5t1 slightly connect+ or ana/omos+ at ! base1 some:at not*$ on ! edge1 :iti%1 becom+ discolor$ 9 dry+4 ,/em /\t1 h>d1 solid1 ecc5tric1 squamose1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores oblong1 #ac-aee-f4e4 ,plant cespitose4 ,pileus #c-f 94 broad4 ,/em #a4e-c 94 long1 ab\t #a 94 ?ick4 ,?is diff]s f ,l4 magnus 9 its cespitose habit1 ecc5tric /em1 long] spores1 less di/9ctly areolate-squamose pileus & 9 its habitat4 ,! gills are connect$ at ! base v mu* l ^? ( ,pleurotus o/reatus4 ,peck1 ,torr4 ,bull4 ,vol4 #bc1 ,no4 #aj4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,! writ] fir/ met ) x 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ne> ,wa%+ton1 on oaks & railroad timb]s1 & 9 ,fairm\nt ,p>k1 ,philadelphia4 ,x atta9s q a size1 gr[s s+ly & 9 clu/]s4 ,its clean1 cake-l appe>ance is attractive4 ,cook$ x ranks ) ,p4 ulm>ius1 ,l4 lepideus1 & ,panus /rigosus4 ,illu/ration ,,pa,,nus ,fr4 ,a "n giv5 to a tree-gr[+ fungus by ,pl9y4 7,plate ,,liv47 ,illu/ration3 ,,panus ,,torulosus4 ,ab\t "o-f\r? natural size4 ,:ole fungus betwe5 fle%y & lea!ry1 t\gh1 n woody1 texture fibr\s4 ,gills unequal1 t\gh1 becom+ lea!ry1 edge acute & unbrok54 ,/em pres5t or abs5t4 ,gr[+ on wood4 ,v>i\s 9 =m1 la/+ long4 ,alli$ to ,l5t9us b diff]+ 9 ! t\gh & v entire gills4 ,spores ev51 :ite4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,species4 99 ,/em exc5tric4 9999 ,/em lat]al4 999999 ,/em abs5t4 ,pileus resup9ate or dimidiate4 ,species ( ?is g5us are among our mo/ obs]vable fungi4 ,_! settlem5ts are frequ5t on decay+ trees1 /umps1 bran*es1 on f5ces1 cut timb]1 etc4 ,mo/ ( !m are small1 b _! coriace\s build prev5ts _! %r9k+ 9 cook+4 ,mo/ species h a pleasant f>9ace\s ta/e & odor1 :i* !y yield1 toge!r ) a gummy sub/ance1 to s\ps & gravies4 ,ta/+ a small piece w imm$iately tell1 if ! species is n kn[n1 :e!r x is edible or ( ! /yptic k9d4 99 ,/em exc5tric4 ,p4 con*atus ,fr4--,=m$ l con*a1 a %ell-fi%4 ,pileus ab\t #c 94 across1 t\gh & flexible1 unequal1 exc5tric or dimidiate1 m>g9 (t5 lob$1 c9namon-color becom+ pale1 at l5g? m or less scaly4 ,fle% ?94 ,gills n>r[1 =m+ decurr5t l9es on ! /em1 some:at bran*$2 p9ki%-:ite !n pale-o*race\s4 ,/em ab\t 94 long1 #c-d l9es ?ick1 solid1 unequal1 pale1 base d[ny4 ,massee4 ,on trunks ( bee*1 popl>1 etc4 ,(t5 imbricat$ & m or less gr[n toge!r4 ,alli$ to ,panus torulosus1 b di/+ui%$ by ! mu* ?9n] pileus1 m exp&$ & exc5tric1 also dimidiate1 flaccid1 c9namon becom+ pale1 b ! =m n con/ant4 ,/em ab\t 94 long1 #d l9es ?ick1 (t5 compress$1 d[ny at ! base4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad1 scaly :5 old4 ,gills decurr5t 9 long1 p>allel l9es1 n at all resembl+ ^? ( ,pleurotus o/reatus1 :i* ana/omose beh9d1 b frequ5tly unequally bran*$1 at fir/ :iti% or pale fle%-color1 !n wood-color1 crisp$ :5 dry4 ,fries4 ,always kn[n by its %ell-l =m & its t\gh sub/ance4 ,s5t to ! writ] by ,mr4 ,e4,b4 ,/]l+1 ,tr5ton1 ,n4,j4 ,septemb]1 #ahih4 ,! appe>ance ( scales ^u ! pileus 0 sc>cely noticeable4 ,ta/e pleasant4 ,! fungus is t\gh :5 old1 b yields an excell5t gravy4 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph$ by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,wei/4 ,,plate ,,lv4 ,,panus ,,/rigosus4 ,p4 torulosus ,fr4--a tuft ( hair4 7,plate ,,liv1 p4 #bcb47 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad1 some:at fle%-color1 b v>y+ r$di%-livid & becom+ violet1 entire1 b v exc5tric1 fle%y1 some:at compact :5 "y1 plano-infundibuli=m1 ev51 smoo?4 ,fle% pallid4 ,/em %ort1 commonly #a 941 solid1 oblique1 t\gh1 firm1 commonly ) gray1 b (t5 violace\s d[n4 ,gills decurr5t1 some:at di/ant1 simple1 sep>ate beh9d1 r$di% !n tan-color4 ,v *angeable 9 =m1 at fir/ fle%y-pliant1 at l5g? coriace\s4 ,9 ! cov]+ ( ! /em x approa*es ,paxillus atro-tom5tosus1 b !re is no aff9ity betwe5 !m4 ,fries4 ,on old /umps4 ,spores #fc ,w4,g4,s4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis2 ,massa*usetts1 ,fro/2 ,m9nesota1 ,johnson2 ,kansas1 ,crag92 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #cj4 ,mu* e/eem$ 9 ,france1 ,w4,d4,h4 ,edible1 b t\gh4 ,m4,c4,c4 ,p4 lvis ,b4 & ,c4--light4 ,pileus #c 94 broad1 orbicul>1 slightly depress$1 :ite1 clo!d 9 ! c5t] ) long1 intricate1 r delicate hairs1 :i* are %ort] & m matt$ t[>d ! inflect$ m>g92 sub/ance r ?94 ,/em #c 94 high1 94 ?ick1 att5uat$ upw>d1 g5]ally exc5tric1 sometimes lat]al1 n root+1 solid1 hairy bel[ l ! m>g9 ( ! pileus4 ,gills r broad1 entire1 decurr5t1 b n to a great degree1 ! int]/ices ev5 above1 beh9d clo!d ) ! same coat z ! top ( ! /em4 ,spores :ite4 ,on oak & hickory trunks4 ,a mo/ di/9ct species1 rem>kable = its great lightness :5 dry & ! long vill\s b n compress$ or comp\nd flocci ( ! pileus4 ,sometimes ! c5t] ( ! pileus becomes q smoo? :5 old4 ,"o ( ! prettie/ ( fungi4 ,! m>k+s ^u ! :ite m>g9 are m precise ?an ^? ( ! f9e/ bee comb4 ,"o does n tire look+ at ! "w ( ,nature's geometrician4 ,x is n pl5tiful1 b is ( useful size4 ,x has good flavor & cooks q t5d]4 7,plate ,,lva47 ,illu/ration3 ,,panus ,,/rigosus4 ,"o-?ird natural size4 ,p4 /rigosus ,b4 & ,c4--cov]$ ) /iff hairs4 ,pileus :ite1 exc5tric1 clo!d ) co>se /rigose pubesc5ce1 m>g9 ?94 ,/em /rigose l ! pileus4 ,gills broad1 di/ant1 decurr5t4 ,alli$ to ,p4 lvis4 ,pileus #h 94 broad4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #a 94 or m ?ick4 ,on oak /umps4 ,decay+ wood ( decidu\s trees4 ,septemb]4 ,x is rem>kable = its l>ge size & ! d5se hairy cov]+ ( ! pileus & /em4 ,peck1 #bf? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,a rem>kably h&some fungus4 ,a specim5 tak5 f a clu/] gr[+ ^u an apple tree measur$ #aj 94 across4 ,its creamy :it5ess1 & %ort hairy /em make x unmi/akable among o!r tree-fungi4 ,:5 v "y x is edible1 b soon becomes woody4 ,ev5 :5 ag$ x yields a well flavor$ gravy4 9999 ,/em lat]al4 ,p4 f>9aceus ,s*um4--f>9a1 meal4 ,f ! scurf on ! pileus4 ,pileus c9namon-umb]1 some:at coriace\s1 flexu\s1 cuticle sep>at+ into :iti%-blui%-gray scurf4 ,/em %ort1 lat]al1 ( ! same color z ! pileus4 ,gills det]m9ately free1 di/9ct1 pal]4 ,! habit is t ( ,p4 /ipticus4 ,/ev5son4 ,p5nsylvania1 ,a4 pleurotus f41 ,s*we9itz2 ,ohio1 ,morgan4 ,v>4 albido-tom5tosus4 ,see ,panus albido-tom5tosus4 ,p4 albido-tom5tosus ,,cke4 ,,mass4--albidus1 :ite2 tom5tum1 d[n4 ,pileus ab\t 94 long1 94 broad1 horizontal1 sometimes imbricat$1 semi-circul>1 subcoriace\s1 flexu\s or regul>1 pale umb]1 d5sely clo!d ) a %ort1 :iti%1 velvety d[n1 :i* seems to be p]si/5t1 b ?9n] & %ort] t[>d ! %ortly incurv$ m>g94 ,/em lat]al1 v %ort1 or entirely abs5t1 & atta*$ by a d[ny base4 ,gills radiat+ f ! po9t ( atta*m5t2 n>r[$ beh9d1 lanceolate1 honey-color$1 m>g9 entire1 rigid1 sc>cely cr[d$1 %ort] ones int]mix$4 ,spores subglobose1 smoo?1 #e diamet]4 ,on trunks & bran*es4 ,pileus ab\t #a 94 broad1 (t5 9 imbricat$ tufts4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ?is is n a di/9ct species f ! type describ$ by ,fries4 ,cooke & ,massee4 ,panus albido-tom5tosus is giv5 by ,cooke & ,massee z a v>iety ( ,panus f>9aceus4 ,! writ] decides to give x place z a species4 ,x has be5 s5t to me by ,mr4 ,h4,i4 ,mill]1 f ,t]re ,haute1 ,ind41 by ,dr4 ,e4,l4 ,cu%+1 ,albion1 ,n4,y41 ,miss ,madele9e ,le ,moyne1 ,wa%+ton1 ,pa4 ,i h f\nd x 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey & _m p>ts ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,x is pl5tiful 9 pat*es ^u bran*es & boles ( decidu\s trees4 ,long1 sl[ cook+ makes x t5d]4 ,x makes a lusci\s gravy aft] ?irty m9utes' /ew+4 999999 ,/em abs5t1 pileus resup9ate or dimidiate4 ,p4 betulinus ,pk4--betula1 bir*4 ,pileus ?91 suborbicul> or dimidiate1 ne>ly plane1 glabr\s1 prolong$ beh9d into a %ort /em1 grayi%-br[n1 d>k] or blacki% t[>d ! /em4 ,gills n>r[1 close1 decurr5t1 :iti%4 ,/em adorn$ ) a slight tawny hair9ess :i* is m fully develop$ t[>d ! base4 ,spores m9ute1 #d-ea4e-b4 ,decay+ wood ( bir*4 ,newf\ndl&4 ,octob]1 ,rev4 ,a4,c4 ,waghorne4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bc1 ,no4 #aj4 ,common 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9s on bir*es1 #ahhb2 f\nd at ,eagle's ,m]e1 ,pa41 ,augu/1 #ahih4 ,q pl5tiful on decay+ bir* trees1 :i* ab\nd !re4 ,size f -#a 94 across4 ,eat5 raw x has a gummy quality & v pleasant nutty flavor4 ,i did n h opportunity to cook x1 b reg>d x z a species well wor? try+4 ,p4 /ipticus ,fr4--/ypticus1 a/r+5t4 ,pileus -#a 94 broad1 c9namon becom+ pale1 arid1 ?91 b n membranace\s1 kidney-%ap$1 pru9ose1 ! cuticle sep>at+ into furfurace\s scales4 ,/em n rea*+ #a 94 long1 solid1 def9itely lat]al1 compress$1 dilat$ upw>d1 asc5d+1 pru9ose1 pal] ?an ! gills4 ,gills end+ det]m9ately 7n decurr5t71 ?91 v n>r[1 cr[d$1 elegantly connect$ by ve9s1 c9namon4 ,fries4 ,greg>i\s1 cespitose1 rem>kable = its a/r+5t ta/e4 ,! pileus sometimes has a funnel-%ap$ appe>ance ) lobes all ar\nd4 ,on /umps1 etc4 ,common4 ,augu/ to ,febru>y4 ,reckon$ poison\s4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores obovoid-sph]oid1 #b-ca-b ,k42 #cd ,w4,g4,s4 ,pl5tiful & g5]al4 ,! m>k+s ^u ! cap 9 moi/ wea!r are sometimes exquisitely regul>4 ,! imm$iate & la/+ unpleasantness ( ?is fungus to m\? & ?roat1 :e!r cook$ or raw1 w cancel all desire to eat ( x =ev]more4 ,a nibble w detect x4 ,x is reckon$ poison\s1 & may be4 ,no "o b a det]m9$ suicide w\ld resort to x4 ,dr4 ,lambotte ass]ts t x is a viol5t purgative4 ,illu/ration ,,x],,otus ,fr4 ,gr--dry2 ,gr--an e>4 7,plate ,,lvi47 ,illu/ration3 ,,x]otus ,,deg5]4 ,hym5ophore cont9u\s ) ! /em1 desc5d+ into ! trama :i* is homog5e\s ) ! coriace\s pileus4 ,gills coriace\s1 broadly plic=m1 di*otom\s1 edge q entire1 obtuse4 ,rigid1 p]si/5t1 analog\s ) ! ,can?>elli1 b diff]+ 9 ! :ole /ructure4 ,fries4 ,! gills are m di/ant ?an 9 any species ( ,ag>icacc4 ,none edible4 ,,tro,,gia ,fr4 ,aft] ,trog1 a ,swiss botani/4 7,plate ,,lviii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,trogia ,,crispa4 ,natural size4 ,gills fold-l1 edge longitud9ally *annell$ 79 ! s+le ,european species only crisp$74 ,9 o!r respects agree+ ) ,x]otus4 ,s(t1 flaccid1 b arid & p]si/5t1 texture fibrillose4 ,fries4 ,reviv+ :5 wet4 ,spores :ite4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores elongat$ or cyl9drical4 ,am]ican repres5tative1 ,trogia crispa1 v>4 v>iegata4 ,pileus & gills v>iegat$ ) blui% or gre5i%-blue /a9s4 ,s&lake4 ,septemb]4 ,peck1 #ch? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,n edible4 ,,s*izophyl,,lum ,fr4 ,gr--to split2 ,gr--a leaf4 7,plate ,,lviiia47 ,illu/ration3 ,,s*izophyllum ,,commune4 ,pileus fle%less1 arid4 ,gills coriace\s1 fan-wise bran*$1 unit$ above by ! tom5tose pellicle1 bifid1 split longitud9ally at ! edge4 ,spores some:at r\nd1 :ite4 ,fries4 ,! two lips ( ! split edge ( ! gills are commonly revolute4 ,! f>!/ remov$ ( all ! ,ag>ic9i f ! type4 ,gr[+ on wood4 ,/ev5son4 ,common on decay+ wood4 ,t\gh4 ,,l5zites ,fr4 ,aft] ,l5z1 a ,g]man botani/4 ,pileus corky or coriace\s1 texture arid & floccose4 ,gills coriace\s1 firm1 sometimes simple & unequal1 sometimes ana/omos+ & =m+ pores beh9d1 trama floccose & simil> to ! pileus1 edge some:at acute4 ,! ,european species are dimidiate1 sessile1 p]si/5t1 gr[+ on wood1 q resembl+ ,ddalea4 ,fries4 ,alli$ mo/ ne>ly to ,trametes & ,ddalea & =m+ z x 7 ! transition f ,ag>icace to ,polyporace4 ,9 tropical c\ntries !y are m woody 9 texture4 ,/ev5son4 ,v common4 ,none edible4 7,plate ,,lvii47 ,illu/ration ,,rhodosporae4 ,illu/ration ,hym5ophore di/9ct f fle%y /em4 ,,volv>ia4 ,,pluteus ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,hym5ophore conflu5t & homog5e\s ) fle%y /em4 ,,entoloma4 ,,clitopilus4 ,,claudopus4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,hym5ophore conflu5t )1 b het]og5e\s f c>tilag9\s /em4 ,,leptonia4 ,,nolanea4 ,,eccilia4 ,,plate ,,lviiib4 ,,*>t ,,( ,,g5]a ,,9 ,,p9k-,,spor$ ,,s]ies--,,rhodosporae4 ,,page #bci4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ---------- ,s]ies ,,ii4 ,,rhodospor4 ,gr--rose2 ,gr--se$4 ,or ,,hyporho,,dii--hypo1 "u2 rhodon1 rose4 ,spores p9k or salmon-color4 ,9 ,volv>ia1 ,pluteus & mo/ ( ,clitopilus1 ! spores are regul> 9 %ape1 z 9 ! :ite-spor$ s]ies1 9 ! re/ ( ! subg5]a !y are g5]ally angul> & irregul>4 ,?\gh ,european writ]s1 g5]ally1 condemn ! rosy-spor$ s]ies z in$ible1 a few ( our be/ ,am]ican edibles are f\nd 9 x--notably ,pluteus c]v9us4 ,,volva,,ria ,fr4 ,volva1 a wrapp]4 ,spores regul>1 oval1 p9k1 or salmon4 ,veil univ]sal1 =m+ a p]fect volva1 di/9ct f ! cuticle ( ! pileus4 ,/em sep>at+ easily f ! pileus4 ,gills free1 r\nd$ beh9d1 at ! v fir/ :ite !n p9ki%1 s(t4 ,analog\s ) ,amanita4 ,gr[+ 9 woods & on ri* mold1 rott5 wood & damp gr\nd1 h5ce (t5 f\nd 9 hot-h\ses & g>d5s4 ,v4 ,loveiana ,b]k4 is p>asitic on ,clitocybe nebul>is4 ,!re are ?irte5 species report$ f diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,mo/ ( !m gr[ ^u wood4 ,two species h previ\sly be5 report$ z edible1 to :i* ,i h add$ ,v4 ,taylori1 te/$ by myself4 ,"o species1 ,v4 gloiocephala1 is ^u ! au?ority ( ,letelli]1 giv5 z poison\s4 ,x is f\nd 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b no comm5t has be5 made ^u its edibility4 ,i h n se5 x4 ,a c>eful /udy ( its botanic *>act]s is urg$4 ,x %\ld be reg>d$ z poison\s until its reputation is cle>$ up1 z x probably w be4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,species4 99 ,pileus dry1 silky or fibrillose4 9999 ,pileus m or less viscid1 smoo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph$ by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,wei/4 ,,plate ,,lix4 ,,volv>ia ,,bombyc9a4 99 ,pileus dry1 silky or fibrillose4 7,plate ,,lixa47 ,illu/ration3 ,,volv>ia ,,bombyc9a4 ,natural size4 ,v4 bombycina ,s*aeff4--bombyx1 silk4 ,pileus #c-h 94 broad1 :olly :ite1 fle%y1 s(t1 at fir/ globose1 soon bell-%ap$1 at l5g? convex1 some:at umbonate1 ev]y:]e silky or1 :5 old]1 hairy-scal$1 m r>ely becom+ smoo? at ! v]tex4 ,fle% n ?ick1 :ite4 ,/em #c-f 94 long1 94 ?ick or m at ! base1 solid1 equally att5uat$ f ! base to ! apex1 ev51 smoo?1 :ite4 ,volva1 soon torn asund]1 ample1 #b-c 94 broad1 membranace\s1 lax1 sla%$1 some:at viscid1 p]si/5t4 ,gills free1 v cr[d$ :5 "y1 almo/ coh]+1 v5tricose1 9 gr\ps ( #b-d1 !n too!d1 fle%-color$4 ,ovate :5 "y4 ,accord+ to "s becom+ br[ni%4 ,! /em is curv$-asc5d+ on v]tical trunks & /raight on pro/rate ones4 ,commonly solit>y1 sometimes h[ev] cespitose4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores elliptic1 smoo?1 #f-gd ,massee2 #f-h ,lloyd4 ,consid]$ edible4 ,/ev5son4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,v g5]al b n common ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is a l>ge plant1 f #c 94 upw>d across cap4 ,gr[+ f wood1 oaks1 maples1 bee*1 etc4 ,! writ] has n be5 successful 9 f9d+ x4 ,draw+1 spore-pr9t & description receiv$ f ,h4,i4 ,mill]1 ,t]re ,haute1 ,ind4 ,^u su* an au?ority z ! late ,dr4 ,curtis !re is no d\bt ( its edibility4 7,plate ,,lx47 ,illu/ration3 ,,volv>ia ,,volvacea4 ,two-fif?s natural size4 ,v4 volvacea ,bull4--volva1 a wrapp]4 ,pileus #b-c 94 across4 ,fle% :ite1 ?ick at ! disk1 v ?9 else:]e1 s(t1 bell-%ap$ !n exp&$1 obtuse1 grayi%-yell[1 virgate or /reak$ ) adpress$ blacki% fibrils4 ,gills free1 ab\t #b l9es broad1 pale fle%-color4 ,/em #b-d 94 long1 ab\t #d l9es ?ick1 almo/ equal1 :ite1 solid4 ,volva l>ge1 loose1 :iti%4 ,spores smoo?1 elliptical1 #f-hc4e-d2 no cy/idia4 ,massee4 ,on ! gr\nd by roadsides1 etc41 also 9 /oves4 ,alli$ to ,v4 bombyc9a1 b con/antly diff]5t 9 ! less ample & less p]si/5t1 br[ni% volva4 ,pileus #c 94 across1 r>ely m1 gray1 elegantly virgate ) blacki% fibrils2 fle%-color ( ! gills n s pure4 ,fries4 ,once f\nd 9 woods at roots ( a tree4 ,x occurs e ye> 9 ! cell> ( our drug /ore4 ,lloyd 8,volv40 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s*we9itz2 ,m9nesota1 ,johnson2 ,ohio1 ,morgan4 ,probably edible1 %\ld be c>efully te/$4 ,v4 ,taylori ,b]k4 ,pileus #a 94 high & broad1 livid1 conico-campanulate1 obtuse1 /riately crack$ f ! apex1 ?91 m>g9 lob$ & s9uat$4 ,/em #b 94 long1 94 ?ick1 pallid1 solid1 ne>ly equal1 slightly bulb\s at ! base4 ,volva date-br[n1 lob$1 some:at lax1 small4 ,gills unev51 broad 9 front1 v mu* att5uat$ beh9d1 rose-color4 ,pileus beautifully p5cil$ & crack$4 ,! d>k volva1 bell-%ap$ pileus1 & unev51 att5uat$ gills are m>k$ *>act]s4 ,! habit is r t ( "s ,entoloma ?an ( its m imm$iate allies4 ,fries4 ,spores #fi ,w4,g4,s42 broadly elliptical1 smoo?1 #ec4e-d ,massee4 ,indiana1 ,mrs4 ,l4,h4 ,cox2 ,we/ ,philadelphia1 9 mu* decay$ /ump ( maple4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,caps #a-b 94 across & beautifully p5cil$ & crack$4 ,/em #a-c 94 long4 ,gills up to 94 wide4 ,! spores :5 %$ 9 body are a beautiful m>oon4 ,resembl+ ,v4 volvacea1 b light] 9 color1 & hav+ a br[n volva4 ,specim5s s5t me by ,j4,j4 ,newbak]1 ,/eelton1 ,pa41 _h sn[-:ite caps & :5 "y 7 velvety to ! t\*4 ,gills t+$ ) p9k2 volva d>k br[n4 ,! few specim5s eat5 7 ( good flavor1 some:at resembl+ ,pluteus c]v9us4 9999,pileus m or less viscid1 smoo?4 ,v4 speciosa ,fr4--speciosus1 h&some4 ,pileus #c-e 94 broad1 :iti%1 gray or umb] at ! disk1 fle%y1 globose :5 "y1 !n bell-%ap$1 at l5g? plane & some:at umbonate1 ev51 smoo?1 gluey4 ,fle% s(t1 floccose1 :ite4 ,/em #d-h 94 long1 z mu* z #a 94 ?ick1 solid1 firm1 slightly att5uat$ f ! base z f> z ! apex1 :5 "y1 :ite-vill\s & tom5tose at ! base1 !n becom+ smoo?1 :ite4 ,volva bulb\s r ?an lax1 free h[ev]1 v>i\sly torn into loops1 membranace\s1 -#a 94 broad1 ext]nally tom5tose1 :ite4 ,gills free1 fle%-color$4 ,! gills are :olly ! same z ^? ( ,a4 bombyc9us4 ,x occurs also ?9n]1 ) ! pileus :olly gray4 ,fries4 ,spores #ab-ahh-aj ,k42 elliptical or subglobose1 smoo?1 #ad-afh ,massee4 ,di/+ui%$ by ! :iti%1 viscid pileus1 & ! d[ny volva & /em4 ,massee4 8,common 9 cultivat$ soil1 especially gra9 fields & along roads4 ,a f9e edible ag>ic & our mo/ abundant "o 9 ,cali=nia40 ,mc,clatchie4 ,volv1 ,u4,s41 ,lloyd4 ,v4 gloiocephala ,dec4 ,fl4 ,gr--/ick+2 head4 ,pileus d>k opaque br[n1 fle%y1 bell-%ap$ !n exp&$1 umbonate1 smoo?1 glut9\s1 /riate at ! m>g94 ,/em solid1 smoo?1 becom+ br[ni% or tawny2 ! volva1 :i* is circul>ly split1 press$ close4 ,gills free1 r$di%4 ,fragm5ts ( ! volva are sometimes se5 on ! pileus4 ,! /em is commonly m sl5d] ?an t ( ,a4 speciosus4 ,fries4 ,on ! gr\nd4 ,uncommon4 ,june to ,octob]4 ,/ev5son4 ,pileus ab\t #c 94 across1 ) a /rong regul>1 obtuse umbo 9 ! c5t]1 ( a delicate m\se-gray1 viscid :5 moi/1 b :5 dry %9+1 q smoo?1 m>g9 /riate 9 consequ5ce ( ! ?9ness ( ! fle%4 ,/em #f 94 or m high1 ab\t 94 ?ick 9 ! c5t]1 att5uat$ upw>d1 bulb\s at ! base1 clo!d ) a few slight fib]s1 easily splitt+1 solid1 r d+y1 r+less4 ,volva loose1 vill\s l ! base ( ! /em1 splitt+ into sev]al unequal lobes2 ! gills are broad1 especially 9 front1 n>r[] beh9d & q free1 s z to leave a space r\nd ! top ( ! /em1 :ite1 t+$ ) grayi%-p9k2 m>g9 slightly too!d4 ,smell /rong & unpleasant1 & ta/e disagreeable4 ,m4,j4,b4 ,,v ,,poison\s accord+ to ,letelli]4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores #aii ,w4,g4,s42 elliptical1 smoo?1 #aj-abf-g ,massee4 ,di/+ui%$ by ! smoky1 glut9\s pileus4 ,! measurem5t ( ! spores z giv5 by ,sacc>do 7#aii7 is c]ta9ly too l>ge1 & is probably an uncorrect$ error4 ,massee4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis2 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,rav5el2 ,ont>io1 ,de>ness2 ,cali=nia1 ,h>kness & ,moore2 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,mississippi1 ,m9nesota1 ,johnson4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p$ by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,/udies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,lxi4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,pluteus ,,c]v9us1 #bdc #b4 ,,pluteus ,,c]v9us1 #bde ,,v>41 ,,plu,,teus ,fr4 7,pluteus1 a %$4 ,f ! conical %ape ( ! pileus47 ,/em fle%y1 di/9ct f ! pileus4 ,gills free1 r\nd$ beh9d 7nev] em>g9ate71 at fir/ coh]+1 :ite1 !n color$ by ! spores4 ,g5]ally gr[+ on or ne> trunks ( trees4 ,resembl+ ,volv>ia 9 all respects b ! volva4 ,spores rosy4 ,sev]al ( ! g5us are edible4 ,pluteus c]v9us is "o ( our e>lie/1 p]si/5t1 pl5tiful1 delici\s food species4 ,! caps ( ^? te/$ are t5d]1 easily cook$ & be/ fri$4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,species4 99 ,cuticle ( ! pileus sep>at+ into fibrils or d[n1 :i* at l5g? disappe>4 9999 ,pileus fro/$ ) atoms1 some:at p[d]y4 999999 ,pileus nak$1 smoo?4 99 ,cuticle ( pileus fibrillose1 etc4 ,p4 c]vinus ,s*aeff4--c]vus1 a de]4 7,plate ,,lxi1 fig4 #a1 p4 #bdb47 ,pileus fle%y1 at fir/ campanulate1 !n convex or exp&$1 ev51 glabr\s1 g5]ally becom+ fibrillose or slightly floccose-villose on ! disk1 occasionally crack$1 v>iable 9 color4 ,lamell broad1 some:at v5tricose1 at fir/ :iti%1 !n fle%-color$4 ,/em equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 firm1 solid1 fibrillose or subglabr\s1 v>iable 9 color4 ,spores broadly elliptical1 #f4e-he-f4e4 ,plant #b-f 94 high4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad4 ,/em #c-f l9es ?ick4 ,! typical =m has ! pileus & /em ( a d+y or br[n color & adorn$ ) blacki% fibrils1 b specim5s occur ) ! pileus :ite1 yell[i%1 c9]e\s1 grayi%-br[n or blacki%-br[n4 ,i h nev] se5 x ( a true c]v9e color4 ,x is sometimes q glabr\s & smoo? to ! t\* & 9 wet wea!r x is ev5 slightly viscid4 ,x also occurs some:at floccose-villose on ! disk1 & ! disk1 ?\gh usually plane or obtuse1 is occasionally slightly prom95t or subumbonate4 ,! =m ) ! surface ( ! pileus longitud9ally rimose or *9ky is probably due to meteorological conditions4 ,! gills1 ?\gh at fir/ cr[d$1 become m lax ) ! expansion ( ! pileus4 ,!y are g5]ally a little broad] t[>d ! m>g9al ?an t[>d ! inn] extremity4 ,_! t5d5cy to deliquesce is (t5 %[n by _! wett+ ! pap] on :i* ! pileus has be5 plac$ = ! purpose ( cat*+ ! spores4 ,! /em is usually some:at fibr\s & /riat$ b =ms occur 9 :i* x is ev5 & glabr\s4 ,:5 gr[+ f ! sides ( /umps & pro/rate trunks x is apt to be curv$4 ,two =ms des]ve v>ietal di/9ction4 ,v>4 albus4 ,pileus & /em :ite or :iti%4 ,v>4 albipes4 ,pileus c9]e\s yell[i% or br[n4 ,/em :ite or :iti%1 de/itute ( blacki% fibrils4 ,9 ,europe !re are ?ree or f\r =ms :i* h be5 designat$ z species "u ! names ( ,a4 rig5s1 ,a4 patricius1 ,a4 eximius & ,a4 petasatus1 b ,fries gives !m z v>ieties or subspecies ( ,a4 c]v9us1 ?\gh admitt+ t !y are easily di/+ui%$4 ,none ( ^! h occurr$ 9 our /ate4 ,peck1 #ch? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,v>4 viscosus4 ,! normal "* ( ! cuticle ( ! species is slightly viscid 9 wet wea!r1 b ! specim5s we collect$ & photograph$ 7 exce$+ly viscid4 ,!y also diff]$ f ! normal =m 9 _! light] color1 fle% mu* ?ick] at ! disk & ?9 at ! m>g9s1 & cuticle n appe>+ fibrillose4 ,x is close to petasatus1 b diff]s1 h[ev]1 9 its n>r[] gills & 9 hav+ no /ri4 ,x is a good v>iety if x is n a good species4 ,lloyd1 ,myc4 ,notes4 ,spores #g-he-f ,k42 #f-hd-e ,b42 #de ,w4,g4,s42 #e4hd4f ,morgan4 ,frequ5t on decay+ /umps1 roots & wood1 ,may to fro/4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,its free gills %\ld di/+ui% x f any ,entoloma1 ?\gh bo? h p9k spores & ev5tually p9k gills4 ,among ! e>lie/ ( l>ge species4 ,! sight ( x is /imulat+ to ! mycophagi/4 ,he !n kn[s ! toad/ool season to be truly op5$4 ,caps only are t5d]4 ,! /ems are edible1 b !y are n ( ! same consi/5cy z ! caps1 !re=e w n cook ) !m4 ,fri$ 9 a butt]$ pan or broil$1 !y are exce$+ly too?some4 ,9 ,octob]1 #ahih1 a beautiful v>iety 7see ,plate ,,lxi1 fig4 #b1 p4--71 occurr$ :i* ,i _h n previ\sly se54 ,x 0 s5t by me to ,pr(essor ,peck4 ,! plants grew 9 l>ge clu/]s f rott+1 refuse /raw 9 ! ru9 ( a /able2 ! :ite1 cottony mycelium runn+ ^u & ?r\gh ! /raw4 ,! solid /ems ( "s 7 /raight1 o!rs curv$1 rang+ f #b-f 94 long1 ! tall] ones tap]+ f base to sp9dl+ apex1 ! %ort] ones decid$ly bulb\s & end+ abruptly4 ,!y 7 twi/$ & delicately m>k$4 ,^! m>k+s break up into d>k ?read-l fibrils1 leav+ ! /em /riate & sat9-glossy4 ,pileus f #b-d 94 across1 d>k ,v&yke-br[n :5 "y1 light] 9 age1 /reak$1 glossy4 ,gills at fir/ :ite1 t>dily *ang+ to light salmon color1 broad1 v5tricose1 free4 ,ta/e & smell pleasant ( almonds4 ,good1 delici\s4 ,pr(essor ,peck wrote ( x3 8,x has ! g5]al appe>ance ( ,pluteus c]v9us1 b ^! specim5s seem to dep>t f ! usual =m ( gr[+ 9 clu/]s f ! gr\nd1 & 9 hav+ an almond flavor4 ,)\t kn[+ m ab\t x ,i w\ld sc>cely feel ju/ifi$ 9 sep>at+ x f su* a v>iable species4 ,z ,fries sometimes rem>ks conc]n+ v>iable species3 ,p]haps sev]al species are conceal$ "u ! "o "n1 b a pretty full & accurate k ( !m is desirable if "o is to split !m up40 ,?is is excell5t judgm5t4 ,:ile ,i believe ! above to be a di/9ct species1 ! disposition to make new species ( v>ieties is regrettable 9 _m botani/s4 ,v>4 ,bullii ,b]k41 ,,ms4 ,pileus #d-f 94 across1 fle% ?ick1 convex !n exp&$1 smoo?1 ev51 pallid1 ! disk d>k]4 ,gills free1 r\nd$ beh9d1 r di/ant f ! /em1 cr[d$1 94 broad1 pale salmon-color4 ,/em #c-d 94 long1 #a 94 & m ?ick1 slightly swoll5 at ! base1 fibrillose1 pale br[n1 d>ke/ at ! base1 solid4 ,massee4 ,pileus #f 94 across1 exp&$ f bell-%ape1 a%y-:ite 7oy/] color71 glossy1 l floss silk1 silky fibrillose1 irregul>ly corrugat$4 ,sk9 sep>able4 ,fle% spongy1 pure :ite1 l %r$s ( cotton1 sep>able into plates1 v brittle1 94 ?ick at /em1 imm$iately ?9n+ to 941 v ?9 t[>d m>g94 ,gills ?91 ela/ic1 r\nd$ beh9d1 close to /em1 free1 94 wide1 close1 alt]nate %ort & long1 :ite1 !n t+$ & spott$ p9k ) spores :i* :5 ca/ 9 mass are a p9ki%-br[n ) slight lav5d] %ade4 ,/em #e 94 long1 - 94 ?ick1 subequal1 spread+ at top1 :ite1 silky-fibrillose1 *ang+ to v light yell[i% br[n f c5t] to base1 ext]ior h>d1 sk9 ?91 t\gh1 int]ior fill$ ) cont9u\s1 cottony fib]s1 sn[-:ite1 brittle1 wat]y1 slightly swoll5 at base4 ,ta/e pleasant4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,july1 #ahih1 on *e/nut /ump & 9 woods on gr\nd among leaves4 ,leaves adh]e to base ( /em :i* is p[d]y-:ite4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,cook$1 x is z good z ,p4 c]v9us4 ,v>4 petasatus ,fr4 ,pileus #c-d 94 across1 fle% r ?ick1 campanulate !n exp&$1 umbonate1 grayi%-:ite1 v smoo?1 ) a viscid cuticle1 at l5g? /riate to ! middle4 ,gills free1 94 & m broad1 cr[d$1 becom+ dry1 :ite !n r$di%4 ,/em #d-e 94 long1 - 94 ?ick1 rigid1 v slightly & equally att5uat$ f ! base1 :iti%1 fibrillosely /riate1 solid4 ,on heaps ( /raw & dung1 sawdu/1 etc4 ,color v]g+ on bay :5 old4 ,/em & m>g9 ( gills at l5g? ) a tawny t+e4 ,fries4 ,haddonfield1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,bell's ,mill1 sawdu/1 #ahij2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,augu/1 #ahih1 among sawdu/ f ice-h\se4 ,caps #f 94 across4 ,/em easily split1 ext]ior h>d1 fibrillose1 /reak$1 :iti%1 %9+1 /uff$ ) cottony fib]s4 ,spores d>k p9k4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,equal to ,p4 c]v9us4 ,p4 umbrosus ,p]s4--%ady1 f its d>k color4 ,pileus fle%y1 at fir/ bell-%ap$1 !n convex or exp&$1 r\ghly wr9kl$ & m or less villose on ! disk1 fimbriate on ! m>g91 blacki%-br[n4 ,gills broad1 some:at v5tricose1 at fir/ :iti%1 !n fle%-color$1 blacki%-br[n & fr+$ or too!d on ! edge4 ,/em solid1 color$ l or pal] ?an ! pileus1 fibrillose or villose-squamose4 ,spores elliptical1 #he4 ,decay+ woods & swamps1 especially ( p9e1 bo? 9 %ad$ & op5 places4 ,n r>e4 ,peck1 #ch? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores broadly elliptical1 smoo?1 #f-ge2 cy/idia v5tricose1 #fe-geah-bj ,massee4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #cb1 #ch2 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,new ,j]sey1 frequ5t on decay+ logs1 /umps1 p9e & o!r woods4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,at times ! caps are a deep sepia-br[n4 ,x is readily di/+ui%$ f ,p4 c]v9us by ! wr9kl$1 d[ny disk ( ! cap & ! gills hav+ d>k-br[n edges4 ,smell r /rong4 ,pr(essor ,peck says he has n se5 x ) ! m>g9 fimbriate4 ,nei!r h ,i1 ?\gh ?is is prom95t 9 ! ,european species4 ,p4 umbrosus is a f9e species1 equal 9 e way to ,p4 c]v9us1 :i* is seldom excell$4 ,caps only are t5d]4 ,p4 pellitus ,fr4 ,pileus #a-b 94 across4 ,fle% ?91 s(t1 :ite1 convex !n plane1 some:at umbonate1 regul>1 silky-fibr\s1 dry1 :ite4 ,gills free1 r\nd$ beh9d1 cr[d$1 #a l9e broad1 v5tricose1 :ite !n fle%-color1 m>g9 slightly too!d4 ,/em ab\t #b 94 long1 #b-c l9es ?ick1 slightly ?ick5$ at ! base1 ev51 glabr\s1 %9+1 :ite1 /uff$4 ,spores elliptical1 smoo?1 #ajf4 ,among grass at ! roots ( trees1 etc4 ,our only ,pluteus ) a pure :ite1 ev5 pileus & /em4 ,sup]ficially resembl+ ,entoloma prunuloides1 :i* diff]s 9 ! broadly em>g9ate--n free--gills1 & 9 ! /rong smell ( new meal4 ,massee4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,octob]1 #ahih4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,pileus up to #c 94 across4 ,gills 94 broad1 free1 moi/1 imbricat$4 ,/em up to #e 94 long1 easily deta*able f cap1 solid1 juicy1 solit>y & cespitose4 ,on v old sawdu/1 ^u :i* grass 0 gr[+4 ,t5d]1 excell5t4 9999 ,pileus fro/$1 etc4 ,p4 granularis ,pk4--spr9kl$ ) gra9s4 ,pileus convex or ne>ly plane1 subumbonate1 rugose-wr9kl$1 granulose or granulose-villose1 v>y+ 9 color f yell[ to br[n4 ,lamell r broad1 cr[d$1 v5tricose1 :iti%1 !n fle% color$4 ,/em equal1 solid1 color$ l ! pileus1 (t5 pal] at ! top1 velvety-pubesc5t1 r>ely scaly4 ,spores subglobose or broadly elliptical1 #f4e-he-f4e4 ,plant #a4e-c 94 high4 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad4 ,/em #a-b l9es ?ick4 ,decay+ wood & pro/rate trunks 9 woods4 ,hilly & m\nta9\s di/ricts4 ,june to ,septemb]4 ,! species is closely relat$ to ,p4 c]v9us & ,p4 umbrosus1 b is readily di/+ui%$ f !m by ! peculi> ve/ure ( ! pileus & /em4 ,! granules are s m9ute & s close t !y =m a sort ( plu% on ! pileus1 m d5se on ! disk & radiat+ wr9kles ?an else:]e4 ,! clo?+ ( ! /em is f9]1 & has a velvety-pubesc5t appe>ance1 b 9 "s in/ances x breaks up into small scales or squamules4 ,! color ( ! pileus & /em is usually "s %ade ( yell[ or br[n1 b occasionally a grayi% hue pr$om9ates4 ,! d>k] color ( ! granules imp>ts a d+y or smoky t+e to ! g5]al color4 ,! disk is (t5 d>k] ?an ! re/ ( ! pileus4 ,peck1 #ch? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9s4 ,eagle's ,m]e & ,spr+ton ,hills1 ,pa4 ,frequ5t4 ,july to ,octob]1 on decay+ wood4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,p4 granul>is is a mu* small] species ?an ,p4 c]v9us & its allies4 ,at ,eagle's ,m]e1 ,pa41 ,augu/1 #ahih1 x 0 q pl5tiful 9 mix$ woods4 ,its caps are excell5t4 999999 ,pileus nak$4 ,p4 admirabilis ,pk4--admirable4 ,pileus ?91 convex or exp&$1 g5]ally broadly umbonate1 glabr\s1 rugose-reticulat$1 moi/ or hygrophan\s1 /riatulate on ! m>g9 :5 moi/1 (t5 obscurely /riate :5 dry1 yell[ or br[n4 ,lamell close1 broad1 r\nd$ beh9d1 v5tricose1 :iti% or yell[i%1 !n fle%-color$4 ,/em sl5d]1 glabr\s1 holl[1 equal or slightly ?ick5$ at ! base1 yell[ or yell[i% :ite1 ) a :ite mycelium4 ,spores subglobose or broadly elliptical1 #f4e-hf4e4 ,v>4 fuscus4 ,pileus br[n or yell[i%-br[n4 ,plant #a-b 94 high4 ,pileus #f-aj l9es broad4 ,/em 4#e-a l9e ?ick4 ,decay+ wood & pro/rate trunks 9 =e/s4 ,common 9 hilly & m\nta9\s di/ricts4 ,july to ,septemb]4 ,?is beautiful ,pluteus is closely relat$ to ,p4 *rysophlebius ,b4 & ,r41 a s\!rn species1 :i*1 accord+ to ! description1 has ! ve9s ( ! pileus d>k] color$ ?an ! re/ ( ! surface & ! /em enl>g$ above & hairy at ! base1 *>act]s n %[n by our plant4 ,9 our plant small "y specim5s sometimes h ! /em solid1 b :5 fully develop$ x is holl[1 ?\gh ! cavity is small4 ,?is "*1 ) its small size1 di/+ui%es x f ,p4 leon9us4 ,peck1 #ch? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spr+ton ,hills1 ,*e/] c\nty1 ,pa41 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,frequ5t4 ,june to fro/4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,possesses ! same r>e edible qualities z ,p4 c]v9us1 ,p4 umbrosus4 ,! caps1 only1 are t5d]4 ,p4 *rysophu ,s*aeff4 ,gr--gold4 ,pileus #a-b 94 across4 ,fle% v ?9 except at ! disk1 bell-%ap$ !n exp&$1 glabr\s1 nak$1 slightly wr9kl$1 m>g9 /riate1 c9namon-color4 ,gills free1 #b-c l9es broad1 :iti% !n pale salmon-color4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #b-c l9es ?ick1 :iti%1 glabr\s1 equal1 m or less holl[4 ,on bee* trunks1 etc4 ,resembl+ ,p4 leon9us 9 size1 b diff]+ 9 ! c9namon color ( ! pileus1 :i* is (t5 obtusely umbonate4 ,massee4 ,spores #e ,w4,p4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j4 ,june to ,octob]1 bee* roots & trunks4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,excell5t4 ,,entolo,,ma ,fr4 ,gr--)92 ,gr--a fr+e4 7,probably ref]r+ to ! innate "* ( ! pseudo veil47 ,pileus r fle%y1 m>g9 incurv$1 )\t a di/9ct veil4 ,/em fle%y or fibr\s1 s(t1 sometimes waxy1 cont9u\s ) ! fle% ( ! pileus4 ,gills s9uate1 adnex$1 (t5 sep>at+ f ! /em4 ,spores rosy1 elliptical1 smoo? or subglobose & co>sely w>t$4 ,correspond+ 9 /ructure ) ,tri*oloma1 ,hebeloma & ,hypholoma2 sep>at$ f o!r rosy-spor$ g5]a by ! s9uate gills4 ,ab\t tw5ty species ( ,entoloma are giv5 9 ! /ates2 ( !m sev5te5 are describ$ by ,pr(essor ,peck1 z f\nd 9 ,new ,york4 ,i h n f\nd a s+le species 9 suffici5t quantity to te/ its edibility4 ,two ( ! ,european species1 ,e4 s9uata ,fr4 & ,e4 livida ,bull41 are reput$ to be v poison\s1 produc+ heada*e1 dizz9ess1 vomit+1 etc4 ,wor?+ton ,smi? ate oz41 :i* ne>ly prov$ fatal4 ,pr(essor ,peck reports a species1 ,e4 gr&e ,pk41 :i* he consid]s suspici\s4 ,ev5 ! report$ poison\s species h a pleasant odor correspond+ to ^? ( ! escul5t species4 ,?is makes !m ! m deceptive & dang]\s4 ,! p9ki% or fle%-color$ spores & gills di/+ui% ,entoloma f ,hebeloma1 :i* has br[n spores1 & ,tri*oloma1 :i* has :ite4 ,pluteus1 :i* has p9k spores & gills1 is readily sep>at$ f x4 ,great caution %\ld be obs]v$4 ,entolomas %\ld be ?r[n away or c>efully te/$4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,tribes4 ,,g5ui,,ni 7g5u9e1 typical species74 ,page #bea4 ,pileus smoo?1 moi/ or viscid2 n hygrophan\s4 ,,leptoni,,dei 7incl9+ to ,leptonia74 ,pileus flocculose or squamulose2 absolutely dry4 ,,nolani,,dei 7incl9+ to ,nolanea74 ,page #beb4 ,pileus ?91 hygrophan\s1 some:at silky :5 dry4 ,i4--,,g5ui,,ni4 ,e4 grande ,pk4--,pileus fle%y1 ?9 t[>d ! m>g91 glabr\s1 ne>ly plane :5 mature1 commonly broadly umbonate & rugosely wr9kl$ ab\t ! umbo1 moi/ 9 wet wea!r1 d+y yell[i%-:ite v]g+ to br[ni% or grayi%-br[n4 ,fle% :ite1 odor & flavor f>9ace\s4 ,lamell broad1 subdi/ant1 slightly adnex$1 becom+ free or ne>ly s1 (t5 wavy or unev5 on ! edge1 :iti% becom+ fle%-color$ ) maturity4 ,/em equal or ne>ly s1 solid1 some:at fibr\s ext]nally1 mealy at ! top1 :ite4 ,spores angul>1 #c-aj4 ,pileus #d-f 94 broad4 ,/em #d-f 94 long1 #h-ab l9es ?ick4 ,?9 mix$ woods4 ,m5&s4 ,augu/4 ,! flavor ( ?is mu%room is n at fir/ disagreeable1 b an unpleasant burn+ s5sation is left 9 ! m\? = a consid]able "t aft] ta/+4 ,x is !re=e to be reg>d$ ) suspicion4 ,peck1 #ej? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,,suspici\s4 ,i h n se5 ?is species4 ,x is giv5 t x may be gu>d$ aga9/ until te/$ = edibility4 7,plate ,,lxii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,entoloma ,,s9uatum4 ,ab\t "o-f\r? natural size4 ,e4 s9uatum ,fr4--wav$4 ,pileus #f 94 broad1 becom+ yell[-:ite1 v fle%y1 convex !n exp&$1 at fir/ gibb\s1 at l5g? depress$1 rep& & s9uate at ! m>g94 ,/em #c-f 94 long1 #a 94 ?ick1 solid1 firm1 /\t1 equal1 compact1 at fir/ fibrillose1 !n smoo?1 nak$1 %9+ :ite4 ,gills em>g9ate1 slightly adnex$1 - 94 broad1 cr[d$1 di/9ct1 pale yell[i%-r$4 ,fries4 ,greg>i\s1 compact1 h&some4 ,odor /rong1 pleasant1 almo/ l t ( burnt sug>1 n ( new meal4 ,! pileus becomes brok5 into squamules :5 dry4 ,!re is a v>iety ) a %ort] /em4 ,9 mix$ woods4 ,uncommon4 ,july to ,octob]4 ,! gills are (t5 irregul> 9 _! atta*m5t4 ,v poison\s2 produc+ heada*e1 swimm+ ( ! bra91 /oma* pa9s1 vomit+1 etc4 ,wor?+ton ,smi?1 :o fir/ exp]im5t$ ) x1 ate ab\t oz41 :i* v ne>ly prov$ fatal4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores #i ,w4,g4,s4 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,olney 7,curtis ,am4 ,j\r472 ,massa*usetts1 ,sprague2 ,connecticut1 ,wright2 ,m9nesota1 ,johnson2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #ce4 8,?is & ,e4 f]tilis1 :i* are closely alli$1 are des]v+ ( m ?an suspicion1 = !y are v]itably dang]\s40 ,cooke4 8,:olesome & v good to eat40 ,cordi]4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( su* opposite op9ions x is bett] to *oose ! saf]4 ,d n eat x4 ,e4 prunuloides ,fr4--prunus1 a plum4 ,pileus #b 94 & m broad1 :iti%1 becom+ yell[ or livid1 fle%y1 bell-%ap$ !n convex1 at l5g? flatt5$1 some:at umbonate1 unequal 7b n rep&71 ev51 viscid1 smoo?1 at l5g? longitud9ally crack$1 at l5g? slightly /riate at m>g94 ,/em #c 94 long1 #c-d l9es ?ick1 fibr\s-fle%y1 solid1 equal1 ev5 or slightly /riate1 smoo?1 nak$1 :ite4 ,gills some:at free1 em>g9ate1 r>ely r\nd$1 at fir/ only slightly adnex$1 #c-d l9es broad1 cr[d$1 v5tricose1 :ite !n fle%-color4 ,fries4 ,odor /rong ( new meal1 :olly t ( ,a4 prunulus4 ,v scatt]$ 9 gr[?4 ,l ,a4 lividus1 b v diff]5t1 ?rice z small4 ,x diff]s entirely f ,a4 c]v9us4 ,on ! gr\nd 9 woods4 ,autumn4 ,spores subglobose1 co>sely w>t$1 #aj ,massee2 regul>ly six-angl$ or "o angle m m>k$1 #h ,b42 #i ,w4,p4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 dry swamps1 ,curtis2 ,m9nesota1 ,johnson4 ,,poison\s4 ,roze4 ,i h n se5 ?is species4 ,d n eat x be=e c>efully te/+4 ,,iii4--,,nolani,,dei4 ,pileus ?91 hygrophan\s1 rep&1 etc4 ,e4 clypeatum ,l9n4--resembl+ a %ield4 ,pileus z mu* z #c 94 broad1 lurid :5 moi/1 :5 dry gray & v>iegat$ or /reak$ ) d>k] spots or l9es1 fle%y1 bell-%ap$ !n flatt5$1 umbonate1 smoo?1 fragile4 ,fle% ?91 :ite :5 dry4 ,/em almo/ #c 94 long1 #c-d l9es & m ?ick1 /uff$1 at l5g? holl[1 :olly fibr\s1 equal1 r\nd1 fragile1 longitud9ally fibrillose1 becom+ a%-color$1 pulv]ul5t at ! v apex4 ,gills r\nd$-adnex$1 sep>at+-free1 #c-d l9es broad1 v5tricose1 some:at di/ant1 d+y1 !n r$-pulv]ul5t ) ! spores1 s]rulat$ at ! edge *iefly beh9d4 ,x has occurr$ 9 ,may cespitose2 bett] develop$ & solit>y 9 ! end ( ,augu/4 ,9 woods1 g>d5s & wa/e places4 ,frequ5t4 ,spr+1 autumn4 ,/ev5son4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s*we9itz1 ,curtis2 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/2 ,cali=nia1 ,h4 & ,m42 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,b5nett2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bc4 ,,poison\s4 ,leuba4 ,i h n se5 ?is species4 ,x %\ld n be eat5 be=e c>eful te/+4 ,e4 rhodopolium ,fr4 ,gr--rose2 ,gr--gray4 ,pileus #b-e 94 broad1 hygrophan\s1 :5 moi/ d+y-br[n 7"y7 or livid1 becom+ pale 7:5 full gr[n71 :5 dry isabell9e-livid1 silky-%9+1 slightly-fle%y1 bell-%ap$ :5 "y1 !n exp&$ & some:at umbonate or gibb\s1 at l5g? r plane & sometimes depress$1 fibrillose :5 "y1 smoo? :5 full gr[n1 m>g9 at ! fir/ b5t inw>ds & :5 l>g] undulat$4 ,fle% :ite4 ,/em #b-d 94 long1 #c-e l9es ?ick1 holl[1 equal :5 small]1 :5 l>g] att5uat$ upw>ds & :ite-pru9ate at ! apex1 o!rwise smoo?1 slightly /riate1 :ite4 ,gills adnate !n sep>at+1 some:at s9uate1 slightly di/ant1 #b-d l9es broad1 :ite !n rose-color4 ,fries4 ,fragile1 commonly l>ge & (t5 h&some1 almo/ inodor\s4 ,9 mix$ woods4 ,frequ5t4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,spores pretty regul>1 #h-ajf-h ,b42 #g ,w4,g4,s4 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/2 ,m9nesota1 ,johnson2 ,i[a1 ,broendle2 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,b5nett2 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bc;d1 #ch?1 ,a4 rhodopolius1 v>4 umbilicatus ,pk41 ! same z ,clitopilus subvilis ,pk41 ,rep4 #dj4 ,edible4 ,paulet4 ,edible4 ,cooke4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p$ by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,/udies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,lxiii4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,clitopilus ,,abortivus1 #beg #d4 ,,clitopilus ,,prunulus1 #bee #b4 ,,clitopilus ,,abortivus #bef #e4 ,,clitopilus ,,prunulus #bee 7,,abort$71 7,,section71 #c4 ,,clitopilus ,,abortivus #beh 7,,abort$7 7,,section71 ,,clitopi,,lus ,fr4 ,gr--a declivity2 ,gr--a cap4 7,plate ,,lxiv47 ,illu/ration3 ,,clitopilus ,,prunulus4 ,"o-?ird natural size4 ,pileus m or less exc5tric or regul>1 m>g9 at fir/ involute4 ,gills m or less decurr5t1 nev] s9uate nor sec$+ f ! /em1 salmon-color4 ,/em fle%y or fibr\s1 n poli%$ & c>tilag9\s ext]nally1 c5tral1 exp&$ upw>d into ! fle% ( ! pileus4 ,spores smoo? or w>t$4 ,closely resembl+ ,eccilia1 diff]+ mo/ly 9 ! /em n be+ c>tilag9\s at ! surface4 ,di/+ui%$ f ,entoloma by ! gills n be+ s9uate4 ,agrees 9 /ructure ) ,clitocybe 9 ! ,leucospor4 ,massee4 ,gr[+ on ! gr\nd1 (t5 /rong smell+4 ,caps usually depress$ or umbilicate & wav$ on m>g94 ,"s ( ! be/ ( edible k9ds are )9 ?is g5us2 a few are unpleasant raw1 none poison\s4 ,mo/ au?ors foll[ ,fries 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! species1 divid+ !m into two gr\ps1 ! ,orcelli1 di/+ui%$ by deeply decurr5t gills & an irregul>1 sc>cely hygrophan\s pileus1 ) ! m>g9 at fir/ flocculose2 & ,s]icelli1 di/+ui%$ by adnate or slightly decurr5t gills & a regul> silky or hygrophan\s-silky pileus ) a nak$ m>g94 ,?is arrangem5t is n /rictly applicable to "s ( our species4 ,c4 abortivus1 ,c4 ery?rosporus & ,c4 ,noveaborac5sis h ! gills deeply decurr5t 9 "s individuals1 adnate or slightly decurr5t 9 o!rs1 & !re=e ! same species might be s\ght 9 bo? gr\ps4 ,= ?is reason ! prim>y gr\p+ ( our species has be5 made to dep5d ^u ! v>iation 9 ! spore colors4 ,by f> ! great] numb] ( our species appe> to be peculi> to ?is c\ntry1 only two ( !m occurr+ also 9 ,europe4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,species4 ,spores & mature gills fle%-color$ #a ,spores & mature gills rosy-r$ #i ,spores v pale fle%-color$ #aj #a4 ,pileus hygrophan\s #h #a4 ,pileus n hygrophan\s #b #b4 ,pileus gray or grayi%-br[n #e #b4 ,pileus "s o!r color #c #c4 ,pileus :ite or :iti% #d #c4 ,pileus pale tan-color ,c4 pascu5sis #d4 ,pileus firm1 dry1 pru9ate ,c4 prunulus #d4 ,pileus s(t1 slightly viscid :5 moi/ ,c4 ,orcella #e4 ,pileus l>ge1 m ?an #a4e 94 broad ,c4 abortivus #e4 ,pileus small1 less ?an #a4e 94 broad #f #f4 ,spores ev5 ,c4 unit9ctus #f4 ,spores angul> #g #g4 ,/em long] ?an ! wid? ( ! zoneless ,c4 albogriseus pileus #g4 ,/em %ort] ?an ! wid? ( ! commonly ,c4 micropus zonate pileus #h4 ,pileus br[n or grayi%-br[n ,c4 subvilis #h4 ,pileus :ite or yell[i%-:ite ,c4 ,woodianus #i4 ,/em color$ l ! pileus ,c4 ery?rosporus #i4 ,/em :ite1 pal] ?an ! pileus ,c4 conissans #aj4 ,pileus ev5 #aa #aj4 ,pileus rivulose ,c4 ,noveborac5sis #aa4 ,/ems cespitose1 solid ,c4 cspitosus #aa4 ,/ems n cespitose1 holl[ ,c4 ,seym\rianus ,peck1 #db;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,,spores ,,fle%-,,color4 ,a4 ,,spores ,,ev54 ,c4 prunulus ,scop4--prunus1 plum4 7,plate ,,lxiii1 fig4 #d1 #e1 p4 #bed47 ,pileus fle%y1 compact1 at fir/ convex & regul>1 !n rep&1 dry1 pru9ate1 :ite or a%y-:ite4 ,fle% :ite1 un*angeable1 ) a pleasant f>9ace\s odor4 ,gills deeply decurr5t1 subdi/ant1 fle%-color$4 ,/em solid1 nak$1 /riate1 :ite4 ,spores subelliptical1 po9t$ at ea* end1 #aj-aae-f4 ,pileus #a4e-c 94 broad4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 #c-d l9es ?ick4 ,woods4 ,n abundant1 b edible1 & said to be delici\s & "o ( ! be/ ( ! escul5t species4 ,peck1 #db;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,june to ,octob]4 ,mo/ pl5tiful 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,v pl5tiful 9 oak woods at ,angora1 ,we/ ,philadelphia1 mod]ate crops at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,an abortive =m 7see ,plate ,,lxiii1 fig4 #b1 #c1 p4 #bed7 occurs n di/+ui%able f t ( ,armill>ia mellea4 ,x gr[s s+ly & 9 tufts1 v v>iable 9 %ape1 :ite1 t+$ ) br[n on ruptur$ surfaces4 ,?is =m equals its orig9al4 ,c4 prunulus has a /rong smell ( fre% meal4 ,x is a delici\s species4 ,/ew4 ,x is "o ( ! v be/ 9 patties1 croquettes1 etc4 7,plate ,,lxv47 ,illu/ration3 ,,clitopilus ,,orcella4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,c4 ,orcella ,bull4--,pileus fle%y1 s(t1 plane or slightly depress$1 (t5 irregul>1 ev5 :5 "y1 slightly silky1 some:at viscid :5 moi/1 :ite or yell[i%-:ite4 ,fle% :ite1 ta/e & odor f>9ace\s4 ,gills deeply decurr5t1 close1 :iti% !n fle%-color$4 ,/em %ort1 solid1 flocculose1 (t5 ecc5tric1 ?ick5$ above1 :ite4 ,spores elliptical1 #i-aje4 ,g5]ally a little small] ?an ! prec$+ species1 s(t] & m irregul>1 b s closely alli$ t by "s x is consid]$ a m]e v>iety ( x4 ,x is said to be edible & ( delicate flavor4 ,x occurs 9 wet wea!r 9 pa/ures & op5 places4 ,peck1 #db;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,gr[s 9 oak woods1 ,angora1 ,we/ ,philadelphia2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,qualities same z ,c4 prunulus4 ,delici\s4 ,c4 pascu5sis ,pk4--pa/ure4 ,pileus fle%y1 compact1 c5trally depress$1 glabr\s1 r$di% or pale yell[i%1 ! cuticle ( ! disk crack+ into m9ute areas4 ,gills r n>r[1 close1 decurr5t1 :iti%1 becom+ fle%-color$4 ,/em %ort1 equal or tap]+ d[nw>d1 solid1 glabr\s1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores subelliptical1 pale inc>nate1 #g4e-aje-f4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad4 ,/em #h-ah l9es long1 #d-f l9es ?ick4 ,pa/ures4 ,s>atoga c\nty4 ,! species is relat$ to ,c4 prunulus f :i* x is di/9ct by its %ort]1 pal] spores1 its glabr\s pileus crack$ 9 areas on ! disk & t+$ ) r$ or yell[i% & by its pal] gills4 ,f ,c4 pseudo-orcella x diff]s 9 its glabr\s pileus ) no silky lu/] & 9 its clos] gills4 ,its odor is obsolete b x has a f>9ace\s flavor4 ,x is probably escul5t1 b has n be5 f\nd 9 suffici5t quantity to af=d a te/ ( qualities4 ,peck1 #db;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,c4 unit9ctu ,pk4--"o-color$4 ,pileus ?91 submembranace\s1 flexible1 convex or ne>ly plane1 c5trally depress$ or umbilicate1 glabr\s1 sub%9+1 (t5 conc5trically rivulose1 grayi% or grayi%-br[n4 ,fle% :iti% or grayi%-:ite1 odor obsolete1 ta/e mild4 ,gills n>r[1 mod]ately close1 adnate or slightly decurr5t1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,/em sl5d]1 /raight or flexu\s1 subt5aci\s1 equal1 slightly pru9ose1 grayi%-br[n1 ) a close :ite myceloid tom5tum at ! base & :ite root-l fib]s ( mycelium p]meat+ ! soil4 ,spores elliptical1 #g4ee4 ,v>4 albidus4 ,:iti% or grayi%-:ite1 n rivulose4 ,gills broad]4 ,spores br[ni% fle%-color4 ,pileus #f-af l9es broad4 ,/em ab\t #a 94 long1 #a l9e ?ick4 ,woods ( p9e or balsam4 ,albany & ,essex c\nties4 ,autumn4 ,! v>iety is a little pal] ?an ! typical =m1 ) gills a little broad]1 b is probably n specifically di/9ct4 ,peck1 #db;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,i h n se5 ?is species4 ,edibility n report$4 ,b4 ,,spores ,,angul> ,,or ,,irregul>4 #a4 ,pileus n hygrophan\s4 ,c4 abortivus ,b4 & ,c4--abortive4 7,plate ,,lxiii1 fig4 #a1 #b1 #c1 p4 #bed47 ,pileus fle%y1 firm1 convex or ne>ly plane1 regul> or irregul>1 dry1 clo!d ) a m9ute silky tom5tum1 becom+ smoo? ) age1 gray or grayi%-br[n4 ,fle% :ite1 ta/e & odor subf>9ace\s4 ,gills ?91 close1 slightly or deeply decurr5t1 at fir/ :iti% or pale gray1 !n fle%-color$4 ,/em ne>ly equal1 solid1 m9utely flocculose1 sometimes fibr\s-/riat$1 color$ l or pal] ?an ! pileus4 ,spores irregul>1 #g4e-ajf4e4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad4 ,/em #a4e-c 94 long1 #c-f l9es ?ick4 ,gr\nd & old pro/rate trunks ( trees 9 woods & op5 places4 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,our species has be5 f\nd to be edible1 b its flavor is sc>cely z agreeable z t ( "s o!r species4 ,peck1 #db;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,x requires long] cook+ ?an ,c4 prunulus1 & is !n q equal 9 excell5ce4 ,! fungus is s nam$ because ( ! abortive =m ( x frequ5tly f\nd associat$ ) x4 ,?is is fai?fully portray$ on ,plate ,,lxiii4 ,?is is 9 e way simil> to ! abort$ =ms ( ,c4 prunulus & ,armill>ia mellea4 ,bo? =ms pl5tiful ne> ,philadelphia4 ,! undevelop$ masses are also simil> to ^? ( ,c4 prunulus4 ,! abortive =m is a sup]ior edible to ! orig9al4 ,c4 pop9alis ,fr4--pop9a1 a cook-%op4 ,pileus #a-b 94 across1 fle% ?91 flaccid1 convex !n depress$1 some:at wavy1 glabr\s1 opaque1 gray1 spott$ & m>bl$4 ,fle% grayi%-:ite1 un*angeable4 ,gills v decurr5t1 broad] ?an ! ?ickness ( ! fle% ( ! pileus1 lanceolate1 cr[d$1 d>k-gray1 at l5g? r$di% f ! spores4 ,/em /uff$1 #a-b 94 long1 #b l9es ?ick1 equal1 (t5 flexu\s1 nak$1 pal] ?an ! pileus4 ,spores subglobose1 slightly angul>1 #d-e ,massee4 ,solit>y or greg>i\s1 smell pleasant l new meal1 entirely gray4 ,fries4 ,woods4 ,gansevoort4 ,july4 ,! :ole plant is ( a grayi% color except ! mature gills1 :i* h a fle%-color$ hue1 & ! base ( ! /em1 :i* is clo!d ) a :ite tom5tum4 ,x has a f>9ace\s odor4 ,peck1 #ea/ ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,scatt]$4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,septemb] to ,novemb]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible1 pleasant4 ,c4 c>neo-albus ,)]4--light fle% color4 ,pileus up to #a 94 across1 convex !n exp&$1 c5t] becom+ depress$ & ! m>g9 droop+1 ev51 poli%$1 :ite1 ! disk becom+ usually t+$ ) r$4 ,fle% ?94 ,gills slightly decurr5t1 #a l9e broad1 cr[d$1 salmon color4 ,/em #a-a 94 long1 #a l9e ?ick1 ab\t equal1 solid1 :ite4 ,spores globose1 nodulose1 #g-h diamet]4 ,inodor\s2 greg>i\s4 ,9 ! section giv5 9 ,cke4 ,illu/r41 ! /em is repres5t$ z be+ di/9ctly holl[4 ,massee4 ,new ,york1 %ad$ gr\nd4 ,june4 ,peck1 #de? ,rep4 ,c4 albogriseus ,pk4--pale-gray4 ,pileus firm1 convex or slightly depress$1 glabr\s1 pale-gray1 odor f>9ace\s4 ,gills mod]ately close1 adnate or slightly decurr5t1 grayi% !n fle%-color$4 ,/em solid1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores angul> or irregul>1 #aj-aag4e4 ,pileus #f-ab l9es broad4 ,/em #a4e-b4e 94 long1 #a-b l9es ?ick4 ,woods4 ,adirondack m\nta9s4 ,augu/4 ,peck1 #db;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,scatt]$4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 woods4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible1 pleasant4 ,c4 micropus ,pk4--%ort-/emm$4 ,pileus ?91 fragile1 convex or c5trally depress$1 umbilicate1 silky1 gray1 usually ) "o or two n>r[ zones on ! m>g91 odor f>9ace\s4 ,gills n>r[1 close1 adnate or slightly decurr5t1 gray1 becom+ fle%-color$4 ,/em %ort1 solid1 slightly ?ick5$ at ! top1 pru9ose1 gray ) a :ite mycelium at ! base4 ,spores angul> or irregul>1 #ajf4 ,pileus #f-ab l9es broad4 ,/em #h-aj l9es long1 #a l9e ?ick4 ,?9 woods4 ,essex & ,r5ssela] c\nties4 ,augu/4 ,?is species is closely alli$ to ! prec$+ "o1 b may be sep>at$ f x by its %ort /em & silky umbilicate subzonate pileus4 ,bo? species are r>e & h be5 obs]v$ only 9 wet1 ra9y wea!r4 ,peck1 #db;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,scatt]$ m>k$ly umbilicate4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 woods4 ,augu/1 ,septemb]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible1 pleasant4 #b4 ,pileus hygrophan\s4 ,c4 subvilis ,pk4--small value4 ,pileus ?91 c5trally depress$ or umbilicate1 ) ! m>g9 decurv$1 hygrophan\s1 d>k-br[n & /riatulate on ! m>g9 :5 moi/1 grayi%-br[n & silky %9+ :5 dry1 ta/e f>9ace\s4 ,gills subdi/ant1 adnate or slightly decurr5t1 :iti% :5 "y1 !n fle%-color$4 ,/em sl5d]1 brittle1 r long1 /uff$ or holl[1 glabr\s1 color$ l ! pileus or a little pal]4 ,spores angul>1 #g4e-aj4 ,pileus #h-ae l9es broad4 ,/em #a4e-c 94 long1 #a-b l9es ?ick4 ,damp soil 9 ?9 woods4 ,albany c\nty4 ,octob]4 ,! species is alli$ to ,c4 vilis1 f :i* x is sep>at$ by its silky-%9+ pileus1 subdi/ant gills & f>9ace\s ta/e4 ,peck1 #db;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,scatt]$4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,septemb] to ,novemb]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible1 pleasant4 ,c4 ,woodianus ,pk4 ,pileus ?91 convex or ne>ly plane1 umbilicate or c5trally depress$1 hygrophan\s1 /riatulate on ! m>g9 :5 moi/1 :iti% or yell[i%-:ite & %9+ :5 dry1 ! m>g9 (t5 wavy or flexu\s4 ,gills close1 adnate or slightly decurr5t1 :iti%1 !n fle%-color$4 ,/em equal1 flexu\s1 %9+1 solid1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores subglobose1 angul>1 #f-g4e4 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #b l9es ?ick4 ,gr\nd & decay$ pro/rate trunks 9 woods4 ,lewis c\nty4 ,septemb]4 ,?is species is p]haps too closely alli$ to ! prec$+1 b x may easily be sep>at$ by its pal] color1 clos] gills & solid /em1 ?\gh ?is is sometimes holl[ f ! erosion ( insects4 ,peck1 #db;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,c4 ,und]woodii ,pk4--9 honor ( ,l4,m4 ,und]wood4 ,pileus r ?9 b fle%y1 ne>ly plane or slightly depress$ 9 ! c5t]1 ev51 :iti%4 ,gills n>r[1 close1 slightly decurr5t1 pale fle%-color$4 ,/em r %ort1 equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 solid1 :iti%4 ,spores subglobose1 #d-e long4 ,pileus #f-ah l9es broad4 ,/em ab\t #a 94 long & #b l9es ?ick4 ,syracuse & ,jamesville4 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,l4,m4 ,und]wood4 ,peck1 #di? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,,spores ,,rosy-,,r$4 ,c4 ery?rosporus ,pk4 ,gr--r$-spor$4 ,pileus ?91 hemisph]ical or /rongly convex1 glabr\s or m]ely pru9ose1 p9ki%-gray4 ,fle% :iti% t+$ ) p9k1 ta/e f>9ace\s4 ,gills n>r[1 cr[d$1 arcuate1 deeply decurr5t1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,/em equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 holl[1 slightly pru9ose at ! top1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores elliptical1 #ec-d4 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad4 ,/em #a-a4e 94 long1 #b-c l9es ?ick4 ,decay$ wood & among fall5 leaves 9 woods4 ,albany & ,ul/] c\nties4 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,! species is easily recogniz$ by its peculi> uni=m color1 its n>r[1 cr[d$ & g5]ally v decurr5t gills & by its bright rosy-r$ spores4 ,sometimes individuals occur 9 :i* ! gills are less decurr5t4 ,peck1 #db;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 among fall5 leaves4 ,sp>sely greg>i\s4 ,septemb] to ,novemb]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible1 good4 ,c4 conissans ,pk4--du/$4 ,pileus ?91 convex1 glabr\s1 pale alutace\s1 (t5 du/$ by ! copi\s spores4 ,gills close1 adnate1 r$di%-br[n4 ,/em sl5d]1 brittle1 holl[1 cespitose1 :ite4 ,spores n>r[ly elliptical1 #g4ed4 ,pileus #a-a4e 94 broad4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 #a-b l9es ?ick4 ,base ( an apple tree4 ,catskill m\nta9s4 ,septemb]4 ,rem>kable = ! bright rosy-r$ spores :i* are sometimes s ?ickly du/$ ov] ! l[] pilei ( a tuft z to conceal _! real color4 ,! species is v r>e4 ,peck1 #db;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,,spores ,,v ,,pale ,,fle%-,,color$1 ,,m]ely ,,t9t$4 ,c4 cspitosus ,pk4--tuft$4 ,pileus at fir/ convex1 firm1 ne>ly regul>1 %9+1 :ite1 !n ne>ly plane1 fragile1 (t5 irregul> or ecc5tric1 glabr\s b ) a slight silky lu/]1 ev51 :iti%4 ,fle% :ite1 ta/e mild4 ,gills n>r[1 ?91 cr[d$1 (t5 =k$1 adnate or slightly decurr5t1 :iti%1 becom+ d+y or br[ni%-p9k4 ,/ems cespitose1 solid1 silky-fibrillose1 slightly mealy at ! top1 :ite4 ,spores #ed4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad4 ,/em #a4e-c 94 long1 #b-d l9es ?ick4 ,?9 woods & pa/ures4 ,ul/] c\nty4 ,septemb]4 ,?is is a l>ge1 f9e species1 v di/9ct by its cespitose habit1 :ite color & v pale sordid-t9t$ spores4 ,b = ! color ( ^! ! plant might easily be tak5 = a species ( ,clitocybe4 ,! tufts sometimes =m long r[s4 ,peck1 #db;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,octob]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,t5d]1 n mu* flavor4 ,c4 ,noveborac5sis ,pk4--,new ,york ,clitopilus4 ,pileus ?91 convex1 !n exp&$ or slightly depress$1 d+y :ite1 crack$ 9 areas or conc5trically rivulose1 sometimes obscurely zonate1 odor f>9ace\s1 ta/e bitt]4 ,gills n>r[1 close1 deeply decurr5t1 "s ( !m =k$1 :ite1 becom+ d+y1 t+$ ) yell[ or fle%-color4 ,/em equal1 solid1 color$ l ! pileus1 ! mycelium :ite1 (t5 =m+ :ite bran*+ root-l fib]s4 ,spores globose1 #d-e broad4 ,v>4 brevis4 ,m>g9 ( ! pileus1 9 ! moi/ plant1 pure :ite4 ,gills adnate or slightly decurr5t4 ,/em %ort4 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 #a-c l9es ?ick4 ,woods & pa/ures4 ,adirondack m\nta9s1 ,albany & ,r5ssela] c\nties4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,! plant is greg>i\s or cespitose4 ,sometimes1 especially 9 ! v>iety1 x gr[s 9 l9es or arcs ( circles4 ,! m>g9 is (t5 undulat$1 & 9 ! v>iety x is1 :5 fre% & moi/1 clo!d ) a film ( int]wov5 webby :ite fibrils :i* give x a peculi> appe>ance1 & if ! spore *>act]s are neglect$ x might be mi/ak5 = ,clitocybe phyllophila4 ,! disk is (t5 t+$ ) r$di%-yell[ or ru/y hues :5 moi/1 & its rivulose "* is !n m di/9ct4 ,a f>9ace\s odor is g5]ally pres5t1 especially 9 ! brok5 or bruis$ plant1 b its ta/e is bitt] & unpleasant4 ,sometimes bruises ( ! fre% plant manife/ a t5d5cy to assume a smoky-br[n or blacki% color4 ,! base ( ! /em is sometimes clo!d ) a :ite mycelioid tom5tum4 ,peck1 #db;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,c4 ,seym\rianus ,pk4--,pileus fle%y1 ?91 broadly convex or slightly depress$1 ev51 pru9ose1 :iti% ) a d>k lilac t+e1 sometimes lob$ & ecc5tric4 ,gills n>r[1 cr[d$1 decurr5t1 "s ( !m =k$ at ! base1 :iti% ) a pale fle%-color$ t9t4 ,/em equal1 silky-fibrillose1 holl[4 ,spores m9ute1 globose or ne>ly s1 #c4e-d long4 ,pileus #a-b4e 94 broad4 ,/em #a4e-b4e 94 long1 #c-d l9es ?ick4 ,woods4 ,lewis c\nty4 ,septemb]4 ,peck1 #db;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,,lepto,,nia ,fr4 ,gr--sl5d]4 7,plate ,,lxvi47 ,illu/ration3 ,,leptonia4 ,rosy-spor$4 ,/em c>tilag9\s1 tubul> 7! tube /uff$ or holl[71 poli%$1 some:at %9+4 ,pileus ?91 umbilicate or ) a d>k] disk1 cuticle fibrillose or sep>at+ into d>k] scales1 m>g9 at fir/ incurv$4 ,gills at fir/ adnex$ or adnate b readily sep>at+4 ,fries4 ,! ,leptoni are relat$ to ! ,clitopili z ! ,collybi are to ! ,clitocyb4 ,! species are small1 elegant1 brightly color$1 inodor\s 7except ,a4 incanus71 & ab\nd 9 ra9y wea!r4 ,greg>i\s or gr[+ 9 troops2 on ! gr\nd1 commonly on dry mossy pa/ures1 b also 9 m>%y places4 ,/ev5son4 ,six ,am]ican species report$4 ,i h n se5 any4 ,,nola,,nea ,fr4 ,nola1 a little bell4 7,plate ,,lxvii47 ,illu/ration3 ,nolanea pascua4 ,ab\t natural size4 ,rosy-spor$4 ,/em tub$1 ! tube m r>ely /uff$ ) a pi?1 c>tilag9\s4 ,pileus some:at membranace\s1 bell-%ap$1 some:at papillate1 /riate & sometimes ev51 sometimes also clo!d ) flocci1 m>g9 /raight & at ! fir/ press$ to ! /em1 & n involute4 ,gills free or adfix$1 & n decurr5t4 ,fries4 ,nolanea agrees ) ,leptonia & ,eccilia among ! p9k-spor$ species4 ,x corresponds ) ,myc5a1 ,gal]a & ,psa?yra4 ,sev]al ,entolomata are ne>ly alli$4 ,! species are ?9 & sl5d]1 commonly inodor\s & fragile1 ?\gh "s ( !m are t\gh4 ,gr[+ on ! gr\nd 9 summ] & autumn4 ,/ev5son4 ,sev5 ,am]ican species report$4 ,none se5 by writ]4 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bd1 #bf1 #ce1 #ci1 #ej4 ,,ecci,,lia ,fr4 ,gr--,i holl[ out4 7,plate ,,lxviii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,eccilia ,,atropuncta4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,/em c>tilag9\s1 tubul> 7! tube holl[ or /uff$71 exp&$ upw>d into ! pileus1 :i* is some:at membranace\s & at ! fir/ turn$ inw>d at ! m>g94 ,gills att5uat$ beh9d1 truly decurr5t1 becom+ m s :5 ! pileus is depress$1 & n sep>at+ z ^? ( ,nolanea4 ,correspond+ 9 /ructure ) ,omphalia ( ! :ite-spor$ & ,tub>ia ( ! br[n-spor$ s]ies4 ,alli$ to ,clitopilus 9 ! decurr5t gills1 b sep>at$ by ! c>tilag9\s1 smoo? /em4 7,plate ,,lxix47 ,illu/ration3 ,,eccilia ,,c>neo-,,grisea4 ,natural size4 ,,eccilia ,,atropuncta4 ,e4 c>neo-grisea ,b4 & ,br4--c>o1 fle%2 griseus1 gray4 ,pileus ab\t #a 94 broad1 gray fle%-color1 umbilicate1 /riate1 delicately dott$1 m>g9 slightly glitt]+ ) d>k p>ticles4 ,/em ab\t #a 94 long1 sl5d]1 fibr\s-holl[ upw>d1 wavy1 ( ! same color z ! pileus1 %9+1 smoo?1 :ite-d[ny at ! base4 ,gills adnato-decurr5t1 some:at undulat$1 di/ant1 rosy1 ! irregul> m>g9 d>k]4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores irregul>ly oblong1 r\gh1 #ge ,massee4 ,nova ,scotia1 ,dr4 ,som]s4 ,new ,j]sey1 ,e4,b4 ,/]l+1 ,augu/1 #ahig2 ,eagle's ,m]e1 ,pa41 common "u p9es1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,?is neat little species is sweet & pleasant raw1 & :5 cook$ makes an agreeable di%4 ,european au?orities give ! ta/e z unpleasant1 b !re is no?+ ( ! sort ab\t ! ,am]ican repres5tative4 ,,clau,,dopus ,smi?4 ,claudus--lame2 p\s--a foot4 7,plate ,,lxx47 ,illu/ration3 ,,claudopus ,,v>iabilis4 ,natural size4 ,pileus ecc5tric1 lat]al or resup9ate4 ,spores p9ki%4 ,! species ( ?is g5us 7 =m]ly di/ribut$ among ! ,pleuroti & ,crepidoti1 :i* !y resemble 9 all respects except ! color ( ! spores4 ,! g5us at fir/ 0 made to include species ) lilac-color$ z well z p9k spores1 b ,pr(essor ,fries limit$ x to species ) p9k spores4 ,9 ?is s5se we h tak5 x4 ,! spores 9 "s species are ev51 9 o!rs r\gh or angulat$4 ,! /em is ei!r entirely want+ or is v %ort & inconspicu\s1 a "* indicat$ by ! g5]ic "n4 ,! pileus (t5 re/s ^u its back & is atta*$ by a po9t :5 "y1 b x becomes turn$ backw>d ) age4 ,! species are few & infrequ5t4 ,all inhabit decay+ wood4 ,,synopsis ,,( ,,! ,,species4 ,pileus yell[ ,c4 nidulans ,pileus :ite or :iti% #a #a4 ,spores ev5 ,c4 v>iabilis #a4 ,spores angulat$4 ,c4 deplu5s ,pileus gray or br[n #b #b4 ,pileus /riatulate :5 ,c4 ,greig5sis moi/ #b4 ,pileus n /riatulate ,c4 byssis$us ,peck1 #ci? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,c4 nidulans ,p]s4--nidus1 a ne/4 ,pileus #a-c 94 broad1 /emless1 atta*$ by ! pileus or r>ely n>r[$ beh9d into a %ort /em-l base1 caps (t5 ov]lapp+ "o ano!r1 suborbicul> or kidney-%ap$1 d[ny1 some:at po9t$-hairy or scaly-hairy t[>d ! m>g91 yell[ or buff color1 ! m>g9 at fir/ turn$ inw>d4 ,lamell r broad1 mod]ately close or subdi/ant1 orange-yell[4 ,spores ev51 slightly curv$1 #f-h long1 ab\t half z broad1 delicate p9k4 ,decay+ wood4 ,s&lake4 ,catskill & ,adirondack m\nta9s4 ,autumn4 ,?is fungus 0 plac$ by ,fries among ! ,pleuroti1 & 9 ?is he has be5 foll[$ by mo/ au?ors4 ,b ! spores h a delicate p9k color closely resembl+ t ( ! "y lamell ( ! common mu%room1 ,ag>icus campe/ris4 ,we h1 !re=e1 plac$ x among ! ,claudopodes1 :]e ,fries himself has sugge/$ x %\ld be plac$ if remov$ at all f ,pleurotus4 ,our plant has sometimes be5 ref]r$ to ,panus dorsalis ,bosc41 b ) ! description ( t species x does n well agree4 ,! tawny-color1 spoon-%ap$ pileus1 pale floccose scales1 %ort lat]al /em & decurr5t lamell ascrib$ to t species are n well %[n by our plant4 ,! sub/ance ( ! pileus1 ?\gh r t5aci\s & p]si/5t1 c sc>cely be call$ lea!ry4 ,! fle% is :ite or pale yell[4 ,! hairy d[n ( ! pileus is (t5 matt$ 9 small tufts & int]m+l$ ) co>se hairs1 especially t[>d ! m>g94 ,?is gives a scaly or po9t$-hairy appe>ance4 ,! color ( ! pileus is (t5 pal] t[>d ! base ?an x is on ! m>g94 ,peck1 #ci? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,novemb]1 #ahih1 decay+ /umps4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,an autumnal species gr[+ ^u wood4 ,n common4 ,! light yell[ tom5tosity ( ! cap arranges itself into %apes z fasc9at+ z cry/als ( sn[4 ,ta/e pleasant1 mild4 ,texture m solid ?an ,p4 o/reatus1 consequ5tly t\gh]4 ,x is edible b n desirable4 ,mu/ be *opp$ f9e & cook$ well4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p$ by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,/udies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,lxxi4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,hebeloma ,,glut9osum1 #bhc #c4 ,,pholiota ,,squ>rosa1 #bgc #b4 ,,pholiota ,,cap]ata1 #bgj #d4 ,,pholiota ,,subsqu>rosa1 #bge ,hym5ophore di/9ct f fle%y /em4 ,,acetabul>ia4 ,,bolbitius4 ,hym5ophore conflu5t & homog5\s ) fle%y /em4 ,,cort9>ius4 ,,pholiota4 ,,inocybe4 ,,hebeloma4 ,,flammula4 ,,paxillus4 ,,crepidotus4 ,hym5ophore conflu5t )1 b het]og5e\s f c>tilag9\s /em4 ,,naucoria4 ,,gal]a4 ,,pluteolus4 ,,tub>ia4 ,s]ies ,,iii4 ,,o*ro,,spor 7,d]m9i74 ,spores br[n4 ,o*rospor1 ?ird 9 color s]ies1 ranges 9 spore color f dull o*race\s1 ?r\gh bright o*]1 to ru/y orange & f]rug9\s or iron-ru/4 ,! v>i\s %ades w tax ev5 a color exp]t4 ,!re are no species 9 ! s]ies correspond+ to ,amanit4 ,9 ,acetabul>ia !re is a cup-l volva2 9 ,pholiota !re is a di/9ct int]wov5 r+ on ! /em2 9 ,cort9>ius ! second>y veil is l a cobweb1 & may =m an imp]fect zone ar\nd ! /em1 or hang z fib]s f ! m>g9 ( ! cap2 ,pluteolus exactly resembles ,pluteus4 ,!re are _m edible species ( good quality 9 ! s]ies4 ,none are kn[n to be poison\s4 ,! sub/ance1 z a rule1 is t\gh] ?an 9 mo/ ( ! prec$+ g5]a1 & 9 _m in/ances has a /rong woody flavor4 ,sev]al species are late gr[]s1 & are among ! be/ ( fungi4 ,notably 9 ,pholiota4 ,,acetabula,,ria ,b]k4 ,acetabulum1 a v9eg>-cup4 ,f ! cup-l volva4 ,univ]sal veil di/9ct f ! pileus2 hym5ophore di/9ct2 gills free2 spores pallid1 tawny or br[n4 ,analog\s to ,volv>ia & ,*itonia4 ,no ,am]ican species report$4 ,illu/ration ,,pholio,,ta ,fr4 ,gr--a scale4 ,pileus m or less fle%y4 ,gills adnate1 ) or )\t a decurr5t too?1 tawny or ru/ color$ at maturity f ! spores4 ,fle% ( /em cont9u\s ) t ( ! pileus4 ,r+ di/9ct1 int]wov54 ,spores sepia-br[n1 bright yell[i%-br[n or light r$4 ,g5]ally on wood1 sometimes on ! gr\nd 9 damp moss1 frequ5tly d5sely cespitose4 ,"s ( ! species are l>ge & bright color$4 ,di/+ui%$ f all o!r g5]a ( ! br[n-spor$ s]ies by ! possession ( a di/9ct r+4 ,9 ,cort9>ius ! veil & r+ are web-l4 ,/ev5son notes 9 8 description ( ! g5us3 8,none are to be comm5d$ z edible40 ,my inve/igation %[s t !re are sev]al delici\s species1 notably ,p4 squ>rosa & subsqu>rosa4 ,_! lat5ess & pl5tifulness make !m valuable food fungi4 ,i h no?+ b praise = ! entire g5us4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,tribes4 ,a4 ,,humig5i 7humus1 gr\nd2 gigno1 to be>74 ,page #bgj4 ,on ! gr\nd1 r>ely cespitose4 99 ,eud]m9i4 ,gr--well2 d]m9i1 ! br[n-spor$ s]ies4 ,spores f]rug9\s4 9999 ,photi4 ,gr--dusky4 ,spores dusky ru/-color$4 ,b4 ,,truncig5i 7truncus1 a trunk2 gigno1 to be>74 ,page #bgc4 ,on wood2 subcespitose4 99 g]it9i4 ,p4 g]ita1 ! type ( ! section4 ,pileus nak$1 n scaly1 sometimes crack$4 ,gills pallid1 !n r$di% or dusky4 ,none kn[n to be edible4 9999 ,squamosi--squama1 a scale4 ,pileus scaly1 n hygrophan\s4 ,gills becom+ discolor$4 99 ,gills n becom+ purely ru/-color$4 9999 ,gills yell[1 !n ru/-color or tawny4 999999 ,hygrophani4 ,gr--moi/2 to appe>4 ,gills c9namon1 n at fir/ yell[4 ,c4 ,,muscig5i 7muscus1 moss2 gigno1 to be>74 ,hygrophan\s4 ,l ,gal]a ) a r+4 ,a4 ,,humig5i4 ,on gr\nd4 99 ,eud]m9i4 ,spores f]rug9\s4 ,p4 cap]ata ,p]s4--cap]o1 to wr9kle4 7,plate ,,lxxi1 fig4 #b1 page #bfh47 ,pileus #c-e 94 broad1 m or less int5sely yell[1 fle%y1 b ?9 9 proportion to its size & robu/ /em1 ovate !n exp&$1 obtuse1 viscid only :5 moi/ & n truly s1 ev5 at ! disk1 wr9kl$ 9 pits at ! sides1 incru/$ ) :ite sup]ficial flocci4 ,/em #d-f 94 long1 m ?an #a 94 ?ick1 solid1 /\t1 cyl9drical ) exception ( ! base :i* is (t5 tub]\s1 %9+ :ite1 scaly above ! r+1 :i* is membranace\s1 reflexo-p5dul\s1 & brok5 into squamules at ! apex4 ,gills adnate1 cr[d$1 ?91 some:at s]rat$1 clay-c9namon4 ,:5 "y ! pileus is incru/$ ) ! veil or ) :ite mealy-floccose s(t1 hairy d[n1 :i* is cr[d$ on ! ev5 disk & scaly t[>ds ! ?9 pitt$-furr[$ m>g92 & z ?is sep>ates ! pileus is nak$4 ,veil univ]sal1 floccoso-mealy1 at ! fir/ coh]+ 9 ! =m ( a volva b n cont9u\s2 9 ra9y wea!r rema9+ 9 ! =m ( a volva at ! base4 ,spores d>k f]rug9\s on a :ite gr\nd1 pal] on a black gr\nd4 ,!re is a small] =m 7,a4 macropus ,p]s47 9 p9e woods1 pileus ev5 & pal]4 ,/em #c 94 long1 & )\t a tub]\s base4 ,r+ oblique & (t5 incomplete4 ,/ev4 ,spores #aj ,b4 & ,br42 #abd ,w4,p42 sph]oid-ellipsoid1 uniguttate1 #aa-abh-i ,k42 #abd4e ,massee4 ,n previ\sly report$4 ,?is fungus occurs sp>+ly 9 ri* woods ne> ,bo/on4 ,x is mu* e/eem$ 9 ,g]many1 & eag]ly s\ght by ! common p1 :o call x famili>ly ! 8,zigeun]0 7,gypsy74 ,bo/on ,myc4 ,club ,bull4 #ahif4 ,i h f\nd ?is species 9 b "o place--on ! s\? hill ( ! great ,*e/] valley1 ,pa41 :]e x gr[s pl5tifully 9 woods4 ,! ta/e raw 0 slightly acrid1 b :5 cook$ ?is disappe>$4 ,_m ate ( ! species & enjoy$ x4 ,p4 togularis ,bull4--togula1 a little cloak4 ,f ! ample r+4 ,pileus #a 94 broad1 pallid o*race\s1 fle%y1 s(t1 bell-%ap$ !n exp&$1 obtuse1 orbicul>1 )\t /ri1 smoo?4 ,fle% ?91 s(t1 becom+ yell[4 ,/em #c-d 94 long1 #b l9es ?ick1 tub$1 rigid1 equal1 cyl9drical1 r\gh ) /iff fib]s1 nak$ & becom+ yell[ at ! apex1 becom+ d+y br[n d[nw>d4 ,r+ m$ial1 m ?an #a 94 di/ant1 entire1 spread+-reflex$4 ,gills adnato-sep>at+1 v5tricose1 cr[d$1 n>r[$ 9 front1 becom+ yell[1 at l5g? pale ru/-color1 nev] becom+ d+y br[n4 ,protean1 sl5d]1 v v>iable 9 /ature1 gr[+ 9 troops4 b4 ,m sl5d]1 b d5sely greg>i\s1 ) ! :olly pallid smoo? /em ?9n]1 (t5 flexu\s4 ,?is =m is exactly ,a4 mesodactylus ,b]k4 c4 ,v small4 ,pileus #a 94 ,/em #a 94 or a little m1 sc>cely #a l9e ?ick1 v flexu\s1 becom+ ru/-color4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores elliptical1 #hc4e ,massee4 ,new ,j]sey1 on decay$ *ips mix$ ) dirt4 ,may1 #ahih4 ,e4,b4 ,/]l+4 ,n previ\sly report$4 ,! specim5s s5t 7 te/$ & f\nd to be ( good quality4 9999 ,photi4 ,spores fusc\s--f]rug9\s 7d+y ru/-color74 ,p4 dura ,bolt4--durus1 h>d4 ,pileus #c 94 & m broad1 tawny1 tan-color1 becom+ d+y br[n1 fle%y1 some:at compact1 convexo-plane1 obtuse1 smoo?1 !n crack$ into pat*es1 m>g9 ev54 ,/em commonly curt1 #b 94 long1 ab\t 94 ?ick1 /uff$1 ev5 solid1 h>d1 becom+ silky-ev51 !n longitud9ally crack$ :5 dry1 ?ick5$ at ! apex1 mealy & m ?an usually wid5$ into ! pileus1 v>y+ v5tricose & irregul>ly-%ap$4 ,r+ torn4 ,gills adnate1 /riato-decurr5t ) a too?1 v5tricose1 94 broad1 livid !n d+y ru/-color4 ,! /em is abundantly furni%$ ) fibrillose rootlets at ! base4 ,al?\gh v closely alli$ to ,a4 prcox1 x is readily di/+ui%$ by its ru/-color or br[n-ru/ spores4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores #ie ,w4,g4,s42 #h-ie-f ,massee4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j4 ,june to ,octob]4 ,flori/'s g>d51 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,aft] ra9s ,p4 dura appe>s1 solit>y1 f spr+ to autumn4 ,! crack$ cap1 9 mature specim5s1 di/+ui%es x f o!r species f\nd on its habitat4 ,x v>ies 9 size f #a 94 up to #d 94 across4 ,! caps are excell5t4 7,plate ,,lxxii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,pholiota ,,pr,,cox4 ,aft] ,peck4 ,p4 prcox ,p]s4--prcox1 e>ly4 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad1 convex or ne>ly plane1 s(t1 ne>ly or q glabr\s1 :iti%1 m or less t+$ ) yell[ or tan-color4 ,gills close1 adnex$1 at fir/ :iti%1 !n br[ni% or ru/y-br[ni%4 ,/em #a4e-c 94 long1 #b-b4e l9es ?ick1 r sl5d]1 mealy or glabr\s1 /uff$ or holl[1 :iti%4 ,spores elliptical1 ru/y-br[n1 #aj-acf-h4 ,! ,e>ly ,pholiota is a small b v>iable species4 ,f o!r simil>ly color$ species t appe> 9 grassy gr\nd e>ly 9 ! season1 ! coll> on ! /em w g5]ally di/+ui% x4 ,its cap is usually convex :5 "y b ne>ly flat 9 ! mature plant4 ,x is r pale 9 color b n a cle> :ite1 be+ t9t$ ) yell[ or pale tan-color$ hues4 ,! gills are :iti% :5 ! cap fir/ op5s1 b !y soon *ange to a ru/y-br[n hue 9 consequ5ce ( ! rip5+ ( ! spores4 ,!y are excavat$ at ! inn] extremity & slightly atta*$ to ! /em4 ,!y are v5tricose :5 ! cap is fully exp&$4 ,! /em is r sl5d]1 ne>ly or q /raight & soon smoo? & holl[4 ,x is pale or :iti%1 & usually furni%$ ) a small coll>4 ,sometimes ! coll> is slight & disappe>s ) age & sometimes ! fragm5ts ( ! veil rema9 atta*$ to ! m>g9 ( ! cap leav+ no?+ = a coll>4 ,! plants usually gr[ 9 grassy gr\nd1 lawns & g>d5s1 & appe> f ,may to ,july4 ,v>4 m9or ,batt4 is a small =m hav+ ! cap only ab\t #a 94 broad & ! remnants ( ! veil adh]5t to ! m>g9 ( ! cap4 ,x is repres5t$ by figures #f to #ab4 ,v>4 sylve/ris ,pk4 has ! c5t] ( ! cap br[ni% or ru/y-br[n1 & gr[s 9 ?9 woods4 ,peck1 #di? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores incl9+ to fusc\s1 sph]oid-ellipsoid1 #h-ace-g ,k42 #hf ,w4,g4,s42 #h-acf-g ,massee4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,may to ,augu/4 ,on ri* gr\nd1 lawns1 g>d5s1 etc4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,com+ z x does 9 e>ly spr+1 x is a priz$ species :]ev] f\nd4 ,! caps only are good4 ,b4 ,,truncig5i4 ,on wood4 9999 ,squamosi4 ,scaly4 7,plate ,,lxxiii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,pholiota ,,squ>rosa4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,p4 squ>rosa ,mull4--squ>rosus1 scurfy4 7,plate ,,lxxi1 fig4 #c1 page #bfh47 ,pileus #c-e 94 broad1 saffron-ru/-color1 scaly ) innate1 cr[d$1 revolute1 d>k] 7becom+ d+y br[n71 p]si/5t scales1 fle%y1 convex bell-%ap$ !n flatt5$1 commonly obtusely umbonate or gibb\s1 dry4 ,fle% light-yell[1 compact :5 "y1 sometimes ?94 ,/ems curt :5 "y1 z mu* z #h 94 long :5 full-gr[n1 z mu* z #a 94 ?ick at ! apex1 rem>kably att5uat$ d[nw>ds1 /uff$1 scaly z f> z ! r+ ) cr[d$1 revolute1 d>k] scales4 ,r+ only slightly di/ant f ! apex1 r>ely membranace\s1 entire or (t5 sla%$1 g5]ally floccoso-radiate1 ( ! same color z ! scales4 ,gills adnate ) a decurr5t too?1 cr[d$1 n>r[1 pallid-olivace\s !n ru/-color4 ,spores f]rug9\s4 ,v cespitose1 =m+ l>ge heaps4 ,/ems commonly coh]+ at ! base1 v>y+ v mu* 9 /ature 9 ! same clu/]2 v>y+ also mu* ?9n]1 sc>cely ev] curv$-asc5d+4 ,odor heavy1 /9k+2 sometimes1 h[ev]1 obsolete4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores ellipsoid1 #g-hx#d-e ,k42 #dx#e ,w4,g4,s42 #hx#d ,massee4 ,on trunks ( trees1 on & ne> /umps1 etc4 ,common4 ,augu/ to ,decemb]4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 #ahha-ahhe1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,on rott5 wood & /umps4 ,augu/ to long aft] fro/4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,! ,am]ican species1 z ,i h repeat$ly f\nd x1 is n s l>ge z giv5 9 ! ,european description1 & ! habitat is m closely conf9$ to ! trunks ( /&+ trees & /umps n mu* decay$4 ,x is a %[y species1 to be se5 f af> (f1 especially aft] ! leaves fall4 ,ta/e :5 "y1 raw1 is sweet1 mealy2 :5 mature1 l /ale l>d4 ,cook$1 ! caps are ( good sub/ance & flavor4 ,"o ( ! v be/4 ,p4 squ>rosoides ,pk4--squ>rosus1 scurfy2 eidos1 =m4 ,pileus firm1 convex1 viscid :5 moi/1 at fir/ d5sely cov]$ by erect papillose or subsp9ose tawny scales1 :i* soon sep>ate f ea* o!r1 reveal+ ! :iti% color & viscid "* ( ! pileus4 ,lamell close1 em>g9ate1 at fir/ :iti%1 !n pallid or dull c9namon color4 ,/em equal1 firm1 /uff$1 r\gh ) ?ick squ>rose scales1 :ite above ! ?ick floccose r+1 pallid or tawny bel[4 ,spores m9ute1 elliptical1 #ed4 ,d5sely cespitose1 #c-f 94 high4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad4 ,/em #c-e l9es ?ick4 ,dead trunks & old /umps ( maple4 ,adirondack & ,catskill m\nta9s4 ,autumn4 ,?is is evid5tly closely relat$ to ,a4 squ>rosus1 ) :i* x has1 p]haps1 be5 confus$1 b its diff]5t colors & viscid pileus appe> to w>rant its sep>ation4 ,peck1 #ca/ ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,occurr$ 9 l>ge clu/]s on sug> maples at ,eagle's ,m]e 9 ,octob]1 & on /umps at ,mt4 ,gretna4 ,x v closely resembles ,p4 squ>rosa4 ,its caps are ( ! v be/4 ,p4 subsqu>rosa ,fr4--sub1 "u2 squ>rosus1 scurfy4 7,plate ,,lxxi1 fig4 #d1 p4 #bfh47 ,pileus #b 94 & m broad1 br[n ru/-color1 ) d>k]1 adpress$1 floccose scales1 fle%y1 convex1 obtuse or gibb\s1 viscid4 ,/em #c 94 long1 #d-e l9es ?ick1 /uff$ 7(t5 holl[ :5 old71 equal1 yell[-ru/-color1 clo!d ) d>k] scales :i* are adpress$1 or spread+ only at ! apex1 n r\gh1 furni%$ ) an annul> zone at ! apex1 becom+ yell[-ru/-color )94 ,gills deeply s9uate1 em>g9ate1 almo/ free1 arcuate1 cr[d$1 at fir/ pale !n d+y yell[4 ,spores ru/-color4 ,! pileus is viscid1 b n glut9\s l t ( ,a4 adiposus4 ,x holds a d\btful place betwe5 ,a4 aurivellus & ,a4 squ>rosus1 dep>t+ f bo?1 h[ev]1 9 ! gills be+ at ! fir/ yell[2 & f ,a4 squ>rosus1 to :i* x is m l1 9 ! gills be+ em>g9ato-free1 n decurr5t4 ,some:at cespitose4 ,almo/ inodor\s4 ,fries4 ,spores f]rug9\s1 size n /at$4 ,we/ ,philadelphia1 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j4 ,septemb] until aft] fro/s4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,n previ\sly report$4 ,! maple trees 9 ,we/ ,philadelphia frequ5tly %[ l>ge clu/]s ( x up to tw5ty feet f gr\nd2 to be se5 f af> aft] ! leaves h fall54 ,our ,am]ican species diff]s some:at f ! ,european4 ,am]ican species3 ,pileus #a-c 94 across1 fle%y1 convex1 v viscid1 ri* br[ni%-yell[1 cov]$ ) d>k] adpress$ floccose scales4 ,fle% slightly yell[4 ,gills :ite :5 v "y slightly em>g9ate1 adnex$1 cr[d$1 94 broad1 br[n4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 94 ?ick1 equal or tap]+ t[>d base1 /uff$1 !n holl[1 cov]$ ) squamose scales z f> up z ! slight r+1 smoo? above r+4 ,r+ membranace\s1 slight4 ,spores ru/-color4 ,! species is v>iable & diff]s greatly 9 y\? & maturity4 ,! caps1 fri$ 9 hot butt]$ pan1 are unexcell$4 ,equally f9e 9 croquettes & patties4 9999 ,gills yell[1 !n ru/-color4 7,plate ,,lxxiv47 ,illu/ration3 ,,pholiota ,,adiposa4 ,ab\t natural size4 ,p4 adiposa ,fr4--adeps1 fat4 ,pileus fle%y1 firm1 at fir/ hemisph]ical or subconical1 !n convex1 v viscid or glut9\s :5 moi/1 scaly1 yell[4 ,fle% :iti%4 ,gills close1 adnate1 yell[i% becom+ ru/-color ) age4 ,/em equal or slightly ?ick5$ at ! base1 scaly bel[ ! slight radiat+ floccose r+1 solid or /uff$1 yell[1 g5]ally ru/-color at ! base4 ,spores elliptical1 #g4fe4 ,! ,fat pholiota is a %[y species4 ,its tuft$ mode ( gr[?1 r l>ge size1 yell[ color & ru/y-br[n scales make x a noticeable object4 ,! /em is some:at & ! cap v viscid :5 moi/1 & ?is viscidity :5 dry gives x a %9+ appe>ance4 ,! scales ( ! cap become erect or reflex$ & sometimes appe> blacki% at ! tips4 ,!y sometimes disappe> ) age4 ,! fle% is firm & :ite or :iti%4 ,! gills :5 "y are yell[ or pale-yell[1 b :5 mature !y assume a f]rug9\s or ru/y color l t ( ! spores4 ,! /em is simil> 9 color to ! cap1 b pal] or ne>ly :ite at ! top & usually r$di%-br[n or ru/y-br[n at ! base4 ,! coll> is slight & (t5 sc>cely noticeable 9 mature specim5s4 ,! ,cap is #b-d 94 broad1 ! ,/em #b-d 94 long & #d-f l9es ?ick4 ,! plants commonly gr[ 9 tufts on /umps or dead trunks ( decidu\s trees 9 or ne> woods4 ,!y may be f\nd f ,septemb] to ,novemb]4 ,x is well to peel ! caps be=e cook+4 ,?is species is n class$ z edible by ,european au?ors1 b ,i f9d its flavor agreeable & its sub/ance dige/ible & h>mless4 ,peck1 #di? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores #he ,w4,g4,s42 elliptical1 f]rug9\s1 #gc ,massee4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,octob] until aft] fro/4 ,ab\t trees & /umps & on logs4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,p4 adiposa yields a sub/antial sub/ance ( good flavor4 ,p4 flammans ,fr4--flamma1 flame4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad1 yell[-tawny1 fle%y1 convex !n plane1 some:at umbonate1 absolutely dry1 spr9kl$ ) sup]ficial1 pilose1 some:at conc5tric1 pal] or sulphur-yell[1 r\gh or curly scales2 m>g9 at fir/ inflex$1 !n spread :5 l>g]4 ,fle% ?91 light yell[4 ,/em #c 94 long1 #b-c l9es ?ick1 /uff$ !n holl[1 equal1 mo/ frequ5tly flexu\s1 v light yell[ z are also ! cr[d$ r\gh scales4 ,r+ membranace\s1 entire1 n f> remov$ f ! pileus1 ( ! same color4 ,gills adnate & )\t a too?1 some:at ?91 cr[d$1 at ! fir/ bright sulphur-yell[1 at l5g? ru/-color1 edge q entire4 ,pileus by no means hygrophan\s4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f all o!rs by ! sulphur-yell[ scales on ! tawny pileus4 ,=m+ small clu/]s4 ,inodor\s4 ,! r+ is sometimes only indicat$ by an annul> zone4 ,fries4 ,spores ellipsoid1 #db ,k42 ellipsoid1 #c-db-b4e ,c4,b4,p42 #db ,w4,p42 #hd ,massee4 ,q pl5tiful 9 ! ,new ,j]sey p9es1 f ,octob] until aft] heavy fro/s4 ,caps seldom ov] #c 94 across4 ,solit>y1 & 9 clu/]s ( n ov] half a doz54 ,! caps fri$ are delici\s4 ,p4 lute(olia ,pk4--luteus1 yell[2 folium1 a leaf4 ,pileus firm1 convex1 dry1 scaly1 fibrillose on ! m>g91 pale-r$ or yell[i%4 ,lamell broad1 subdi/ant1 em>g9ate1 s]rate on ! edge1 yell[1 becom+ bright ru/-color4 ,/em firm1 fibrillose1 solid1 color$ l ! pileus1 (t5 curv$ f ! place ( gr[?4 ,r+ obsolete4 ,spores bright ru/-color1 #gd4 ,plant subcespitose1 #b-c 94 high4 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad4 ,/em #c-e l9es ?ick4 ,trunks ( bir* trees4 ,=e/burgh4 ,septemb]4 ,! g5]al appe>ance ( ?is plant is l ,a4 v>iegatus or r$di% =ms ( ,a4 multipunctus4 ,! r$di% color appe>s sometimes to fade ) age4 ,peck1 #bg? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,eagle's ,m]e1 ,pa4 ,9 clu/]s1 on bir* trees4 ,augu/1 #ahih4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,gr[s 9 quantity 9 ! bir* =e/s4 ,! caps are delici\s4 ,p4 ornella ,pk4 7,ag>icus ornellus ,pk41 #cd ,rep41 p4 #db47 ,pileus convex or ne>ly plane1 slightly squamose1 r$di%-br[n t+$ ) purple1 ! m>g9 pal]1 floccose-app5diculate4 ,gills mod]ately close1 yell[i% or pallid1 becom+ br[n4 ,/em equal or slightly ?ick5$ upw>d1 solid1 squamulose1 pale-yell[1 sometimes exp&$ at ! base into a br[ni% disk m>g9$ ) yell[i% filam5ts4 ,spores br[n1 elliptical1 #f-g4ed-e4 ,plant #a-b 94 high4 ,pileus ab\t #a 94 broad4 ,/em #a l9e to #a4e l9es ?ick4 ,decay+ wood4 ,s\? ,ball/on1 ,s>atoga c\nty4 ,octob]4 ,! scales ( ! pileus are sometimes arrang$ 9 conc5tric circles4 ,! purpli% t9t is n always uni=m1 b 9 "s in/ances =ms spots or pat*es4 ,peck1 #cd? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,specim5s1 clu/]$1 f\nd by me on railroad ties at ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,septemb]1 #ahig1 _h caps #a-a 94 broad1 ( a dull gre5 )\t t+e ( purple2 sk9 m9utely crack$1 %[+ ! :ite fle% 9 ! int]/ices2 /em #a-b 94 long1 #c-d l9es ?ick1 slightly ?ick5$ upw>d1 pale orange1 solid1 squamulose2 r+ floccose2 ta/e :5 raw1 slightly bitt]4 ,^! 7 s5t to ,pr(essor ,peck :o wrote3 8,appe>s to be a =m ( ,p4 ornella ,pk41 b x diff]s "s 9 color1 be+ m ( a gre5 hue ?an ( purple or olivace\s4 ,x is pretty & ,i w\ld l to "k m ab\t x be=e decid+ on x fully40 ,i h n s9ce f\nd x4 ,v palatable :5 cook$4 999999 ,hygrophani4 ,gills c9namon1 etc4 ,p4 mutabilis ,s*aeff4--*angeable4 ,pileus ab\t #b 94 broad1 c9namon :5 moi/1 becom+ pale :5 dry1 hygrophan\s1 slightly fle%y1 convex !n flatt5$1 commonly obtusely umbonate1 sometimes depress$1 ev5 & smoo?1 b :5 "y occasionally scaly ?r\gh\t4 ,/em ab\t #b-c 94 long1 #b l9es & m ?ick1 rigid1 /uff$ !n holl[1 equal or att5uat$ d[nw>d1 scaly-r\gh z f> z ! r+1 ru/-color1 blacki% or umb] d[nw>d1 (t5 asc5d+ or twi/$4 ,r+ membranace\s1 ext]nally scaly4 ,gills adnato-decurr5t1 cr[d$1 r broad1 pallid !n c9namon4 ,/ev5son4 ,d5sely cespitose1 v>iable 9 /ature4 ,spores ellipsoid-obovate1 #faa ,w4,g4,s42 #gd ,w4,p2 #i-aae-f ,massee2 #aag ,morgan4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,consid]$ excell5t 9 ,europe4 ,p4 m>g9ata ,bats*4--m>g9atus1 m>g9$4 ,pileus #a 94 & m broad1 honey-color$ :5 moi/1 tan :5 dry1 hygrophan\s1 slightly fle%y1 convex !n exp&$1 obtuse1 ev51 smoo?1 m>g9 /riate4 ,/em ab\t #b 94 long1 #a-b l9es ?ick1 tub$1 equal1 fibrillose or slightly /riate1 n scaly1 ( ! same color z ! pileus1 b becom+ d+y-br[n1 & commonly :ite velvety at ! base4 ,r+ #a-b l9es di/ant f ! apex1 (t5 9 ! =m ( a cort9a & fugaci\s4 ,gills adnate1 cr[d$1 ?91 n>r[1 at fir/ pallid1 !n d>k] c9namon4 ,x v>ies mu*1 & is deceptive on acc\nt ( ! vani%+ veil4 ,9 h$ges !re is a v small cespitose =m ) ! pileus only 94 broad1 & ! /em t\gh & smoo?1 ) exception ( ! rema9s ( ! fugaci\s cort9a4 ,!re also occur on ! gr\nd among mosses small] & pal] =ms1 :i* mu/ be c>efully di/+ui%$ f ,a4 unicolor1 etc4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores #g-hd ,massee4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,novemb]1 ,decemb]1 #ahif4 ,9 p9e woods4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,! caps ( ?is small ,pholiota1 seldom ov] #a 94 across1 c be ga!r$ 9 goodly numb]s :]e x frequ5ts4 ,!y are ( excell5t quality4 ,p4 discolor ,pk4--*ang+ color4 ,pileus ?91 convex1 !n exp&$ or slightly depress$1 smoo?1 viscid1 hygrophan\s1 wat]y-c9namon & /riatulate on ! m>g9 :5 moi/2 bright o*race\s-yell[ :5 dry4 ,lamell close1 n>r[1 pallid !n pale ru/-color4 ,/em equal1 holl[1 fibrillose-/riate1 pallid4 ,r+ di/9ct1 p]si/5t4 ,spores elliptical1 #ge4 ,plant subcespitose1 #b-c 94 high4 ,pileus #h-af l9es broad4 ,/em #a l9e ?ick4 ,old logs 9 woods4 ,greig4 ,septemb]4 ,! *ange ( color f ! moi/ to ! dry /ate is v m>k$4 ,?is species resembles ,ag>icus autumnalis1 9 :i* ! annulus is fugaci\s & ! spores are long]4 ,! edge ( ! gills 9 bo? is :ite-flocculose4 ,peck1 #be? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,two =ms ( ?is species are f\nd4 ,"o has a scatt]$ =m ( gr[?1 ! o!r f\nd on decay+ wood ( bir* is cespitose4 ,! species is alli$ to ,p4 m>g9ata1 f :i* x is readily di/+ui%$ by its viscid pileus4 ,peck1 ,rep4 #dd4 ,v>4 discolor m9or ,pk4 ,small4 ,pileus #f-aj l9es broad1 *e/nut color :5 "y or moi/4 ,/em ab\t #a l9e ?ick1 at fir/ clo!d ) :iti% fibrils4 ,among mosses ab\t or on ! base ( /umps4 ,septemb]4 ,peck1 ,rep4 #df4 ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,eagle's ,m]e1 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,augu/ to fro/4 ,on decay+ wood4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,?is little ,pholiota is abundant :]e x does gr[4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,virg9ia =e/s ,i h se5 logs ) _m tufts ( x ^u ea*4 ,! caps are fairly good4 ,illu/ration ,,ino,,cybe ,fr4 ,gr--fib]2 ,gr--head4 7,plate ,,lxxv47 ,illu/ration3 ,,inocybe ,,lanug9osa4 ,"o-f\r? natural size4 ,univ]sal veil some:at fibrillose1 concrete ) ! cuticle ( ! pileus1 (t5 free at ! m>g91 9 ! =m ( a cort9a4 ,gills some:at s9uate 7b !y occur also adnate & 9 two species decurr5t71 *ang+ color1 b n p[d]$ ) c9namon4 ,spores (t5 r\gh1 b 9 o!rs ev51 m or less br[ni%-ru/ color4 ,inocybe 7) ,hebeloma7 corresponds ) ,tri*oloma4 ,inocybe & ,hebeloma h "s common features1 b !y are really v di/9ct4 ,inocybe is readily di/+ui%$ by ! fibrillose cov]+ ( ! pileus1 :i* nev] has a di/9ct pellicle1 by ! veil :i* is cont9u\s & homog5e\s ) ! fibrils ( ! pileus1 & by ! ru/y-br[n spores4 ,all gr[ on ! gr\nd4 ,!y are 7mo/ly7 /rong-smell+ 7commonly nause\s74 ,none are edible4 ,/ev5son4 ,none report$ z ei!r edible or poison\s4 ,^? ,i h te/$ are n pleasant4 ,illu/ration ,,plute,,olus ,fr4 ,dim4 ( pluteus1 a %$4 ,pileus conical or bell-%ap$1 !n exp&$1 r fle%y1 viscid1 m>g9 at fir/ /raight & press$ to ! /em4 ,gills free1 r\nd$ beh9d4 ,/em some:at c>tilag9\s1 its sub/ance diff]5t f t ( ! pileus4 ,gr[+ on wood4 ,spores ru/ or saffron color4 ,pluteus1 ! only g5us hav+ ! same /ructure1 is sep>at$ by its salmon-color$ spores4 7,plate ,,lxxvi47 ,illu/ration3 ,,pluteolus ,,reticulatus4 ,ab\t natural size4 ,p4 reticulatus ,p]s4--rete1 a net4 ,f ! net-"w ( ve9s on ! pileus4 ,pileus slightly fle%y1 bell-%ap$1 !n exp&$1 /icky1 reticulate ) ana/omos+ ve9s1 pale violace\s1 /riate on ! m>g94 ,lamell free1 v5tricose1 cr[d$1 ru/y-saffron4 ,/em holl[1 fragile1 fibrillose1 mealy at ! top1 :ite4 ,spores elliptical1 f]rug9\s1 #aj-ace-f4e4 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 #a-b l9es ?ick4 ,decay+ wood4 ,catt>augus c\nty4 ,septemb]4 ,! specim5s :i* ,i h ref]r$ to ?is species appe> to be a small =m ) ! pileus sc>cely m ?an an in* broad & m]ely wr9kl$ on ! disk1 n di/9ctly reticulate z 9 ! type4 ,9 ! dri$ specim5s ! pileus has assum$ a d>k violace\s color4 ,! dim5sions ( ! spores h be5 tak5 f ! ,am]ican plant4 ,i d n f9d !m giv5 by any ,european au?or4 ,peck1 #df? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,9 ,octob]1 #ahig1 ,p4 reticulatus grew 9 l>ge quantities on a fall[ lot close by ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,philadelphia4 ,! lot 0 ?ickly cov]$ ) tall heavy-/emm$ we$s1 a mat ( :i*1 f ! ye> be=e 0 pres5t4 ,! reticulations ^u ! cap are intricate & di/9ct4 ,i h n se5 x s9ce4 ,! :ole plant is t5d] & ( f9e flavor4 ,,hebelo,,ma ,fr4 ,hebe1 y\?2 loma1 fr+e4 ,p>tial veil fibrillose or abs5t4 ,pileus smoo?1 cont9u\s1 some:at viscid1 m>g9 at fir/ incurv$4 ,fle% ( /em cont9u\s ) t ( ! pileus2 fle%y1 fibr\s1 clo!d1 top r mealy4 ,gills atta*$1 not*$ at ! /em1 edge incl9$ to be pale4 ,spores clay-color$4 ,on ! gr\nd4 ,closely alli$ to ,inocybe1 =m]ly includ$ 9 ,hebeloma1 b diff]+ 9 ! "* ( ! cuticle ( ! pileus :i* 9 ,inocybe is scaly or fibrillose4 ,_m ( ! species are /rong 9 smell & ta/e4 ,none h hi!rto be5 consid]$ edible & "s h be5 reg>d$ z poison\s4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,tribes4 ,,indusiati 7indusium1 a g>m5t74 ,page #bhc4 ,furni%$ ) a r+ f ! manife/ veil1 :i* (t5 makes ! m>g9 ( ! pileus sup]ficially silky4 ,,d5udati 7d5udo1 to lay b>e74 ,page #bhf4 ,pileus smoo?4 ,veil abs5t4 ,none kn[n to be edible4 ,,pusillus 7pusus1 a little boy74 ,pileus sc>cely an in* broad4 ,none kn[n to be edible4 ,! writ] has n z yet inve/igat$ ! edible qualities ( ?is g5us to 8 satisfaction4 ,mu* "w rema9s to be done4 ,b two species ( ,hebeloma are giv5 z edible4 ,!y are good1 b d n rank above second-class4 ,sev]al o!rs h be5 te/$1 b n 9 suffici5t quantity to report ^u _! quality ) p]fect safety4 ,s f> z te/$ ! species h be5 h>mless4 ,,indusia,,ti4 ,) a r+1 etc4 ,h4 mussivum ,fr4--mussivus1 undecid$4 7,unc]ta9 9 g5]ic place47 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad1 ei!r ( "o color1 yell[ or d>k] at ! disk :i* is l a smoo? sug>-cake1 fle%y1 compact1 firm1 convex !n plane1 unequal1 v obtuse1 viscid1 at fir/ smoo? & ev51 m>g9 b5t inw>d1 ev51 !n commonly turn+ upw>d & brok5 up into scales4 ,fle% ?ick1 becom+ yell[4 ,/em #d 94 long1 commonly #a 94 ?ick1 v fle%y1 sometimes /uff$1 sometimes holl[ at ! top1 equal or broad 9 ! middle1 :olly fibrillose & p[d]$ at ! top1 light yell[4 ,veil fibrillose1 v evanesc5t4 ,gills em>g9ate1 some:at cr[d$1 #c l9es broad1 dry 7n di/ill+ drops71 at fir/ light yell[1 !n toge!r ) ! spores some:at ru/-color$4 ,odor weak1 n unpleasant4 ,v di/9ct4 ,x dep>ts widely f all ! foll[+ species 9 its habit & bright colors4 ,! habit is t ( a ,flammula or ,cort9>ius1 b ! gills are em>g9ate & n p[d]$2 f ! turn$ up pileus & f ! /em be+ p[d]$ at ! top1 & f o!r m>ks x is to be ref]r$ to ,hebeloma4 ,fries4 ,spores elliptical1 #abf ,massee4 ,new ,j]sey1 ,haddonfield4 ,"u p9e trees4 ,solit>y4 ,frequ5t4 ,septemb]1 #ahif4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,n previ\sly report$4 ,ta/e1 ev5 raw1 is pleasant4 ,x is meaty & ! meat is good4 ,x requires sl[ cook+ & is be/ *opp$ f9e & s]v$ 9 patties or croquettes4 7,plate ,,lxxvia47 ,illu/ration3 ,,hebeloma ,,fa/ibile4 ,"o-f\r? natural size4 ,h4 fa/ibile ,fr4--fa/idibilis1 loa?some4 ,f ! smell4 ,pileus #b 94 & m broad1 pale yell[i%1 tan or becom+ pale1 compactly fle%y1 convexo-plane1 obtuse1 some:at wavy1 ev51 smoo?1 ! turn$-9 m>g9 d[ny4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 94 ?ick1 solid1 :olly fle%y-fibr\s1 /\t1 some:at bulb\s1 (t5 twi/$1 ev]y:]e :ite-silky & fibrillose1 :ite1 b v>y+ pallid1 :ite-scaly upw>d4 ,cort9a rem>kable1 :ite1 occasionally 9 ! =m ( a r+4 ,gills rem>kably em>g9ate1 some:at di/ant1 r broad1 at fir/ becom+ pale-:ite1 !n d+y clay-color1 edge :iti%1 di/ill+ drops 9 ra9y wea!r4 ,some:at cespitose4 ,odor & ta/e ( radi%1 bitt]i%4 ,l ,a4 cru/il9i=mis2 ! odor is ! same except t x is /rong]1 b x diff]s conspicu\sly 9 ! manife/ veil & some:at di/ant gills4 ,v>4 alba1 /em long]1 equal1 some:at holl[1 fibr\s-scaly at ! apex1 gills di/ant4 ,a4 spiloleucus ,krombh41 ,a4 sulcatus ,l9dgr4 is an elegant =m ) ! m>g9 ( ! pileus sulcate or rugoso-plicate4 ,9 mix$ woods4 ,common4 ,july to ,octob]4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores #aah ,w4,g4,s42 elliptical1 po9t$1 #ajh ,morgan4 ,v>4 elegans4 ,pileus purple-br[n4 ,?is sometimes appe>s on disus$ mu%room b$s 9 l>ge quantities1 b ! me?od by :i* ! spores ga9 access is involv$ 9 d>kness4 8,a v suspici\s species & has ! reputation ( be+ noxi\s40 ,cooke4 8,!re is consid]able ext]nal resemblance betwe5 ?is & ,a4 campe/ris4 ,no fungus is s (t5 mi/ak5 = ,a4 campe/ris z ?is dang]\s plant40 ,w4,g4 ,smi?4 ,?is species is consid]$ noxi\s abroad4 ,no te/ is report$ ( its qualities "h4 ,i h n se5 x4 ,h4 glut9osum ,l9d4--glut51 glue4 7,plate ,,lxxi1 fig4 #a1 p4 #bfh47 ,pileus ab\t #c 94 broad1 yell[-:ite1 ! disk d>k]1 fle%y1 convex !n plane1 regul>1 obtuse1 ) a t5aci\s visc\s glut51 & slimy 9 wet wea!r1 spr9kl$ ) :ite sup]ficial scales4 ,fle% :iti%1 becom+ light-yell[4 ,/em #c 94 long1 /uff$1 firm1 some:at bulb\s1 :ite-scaly & fibrillose1 & :ite-mealy at ! top1 (t5 r\gh ) bundles ( hairs at ! base1 at l5g? ru/-color )94 ,p>tial ?read-l veil manife/1 9 ! =m ( a cort9a4 ,gills s9uato-adnate1 some:at decurr5t1 cr[d$1 broad1 pallid !n light-yell[i%1 at l5g? clay-c9namon4 ,odor peculi>1 mild4 ,on bran*es & among leaves1 oak & bee*4 ,frequ5t4 ,septemb] to ,decemb]4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores #ed ,w4,p42 plum-%ap$1 #g ,q42 elliptical1 #aj-abe ,massee2 ellipsoid1 #f-gc-d ,k4 ,new ,york4 ,among fall5 leaves & half-buri$ decay+ wood1 9 ?9 woods4 ,conkl+ville4 ,septemb]4 ,9 wet wea!r ! glut5 is suffici5tly copi\s to drop f ! pileus4 ,peck1 ,rep4 #dj4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 among leaves 9 mix$ woods4 ,frequ5t4 #ahif4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 among leaves "u oaks4 ,frequ5t4 ,septemb] to ,novemb]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,caps #a-c 94 across4 ,rem>kably glut9\s1 %9+ z if v>ni%$ :5 wet4 ,p>tial veil n always noticeable4 ,! odor & ta/e are pleasant4 ,! caps :5 well cook$ are meaty1 good1 b ( second quality4 ,,d5uda,,ti4 ,pileus smoo?1 etc4 ,h4 cru/ul9i=me ,bull4--cru/ulum1 a small pie2 =ma1 =m4 ,pileus pale-:iti% tan1 mo/ frequ5tly pale-yell[i% or brick-color at ! disk1 fle%y1 convexo-plane1 obtuse or slightly gibb\s ) an obtuse umbo1 some:at spread+ ) an unev5 m>g91 ev51 smoo?1 at fir/ slightly viscid1 n zon$4 ,fle% transp>5t :5 moi/4 ,/em /uff$ !n holl[1 /\t1 some:at bulb\s1 :ite1 nak$1 :ite-scaly at ! top4 ,gills r\nd$-adnex$1 cr[d$1 n>r[$1 #a l9e broad & l9e>1 ?91 :iti% !n clay-color1 at l5g? date-br[n1 ! unequal edge di/ill+ wat]y drops 9 wet wea!r1 spott$ :5 dry4 ,veil q want+4 ,odor /rong1 fetid1 ( radi%4 ,v v>iable 9 /ature2 ! /em1 h[ev]1 is nev] elongat$ z 9 ,a4 elatus1 etc42 9 small] specim5s equal1 pileus regul>1 gills almo/ adnate4 ,9 mix$ woods4 ,common4 ,augu/ to ,novemb]4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores ellipsoid1 #aj-abe-g ,k42 #ie ,w4,g4,s4 ,v>4 minor ,cke4 ,small] ?an ! type4 ,m9nesota1 common 9 woods1 ,johnson2 ,cali=nia1 ,h4 & ,m42 ,wiscons91 ,bundy2 ,new ,j]sey1 ,ellis2 ,v]mont1 ,burt 7,lloyd72 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #da/ ,rep42 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,novemb]1 #ahih4 ,9 woods4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,b "o specim5 f\nd & t 0 s5t to ,pr(essor ,peck4 ,ta/e bitt]4 ,reg>d$ z poison\s by ,european writ]s4 ,x is n report$ z te/$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration ,,flam,,mula ,fr4 ,flamma1 a flame4 7,9 ref]5ce to ! bright colors ( _m ( ! species47 ,pileus fle%y1 m>g9 at fir/ turn$ inw>d4 ,veil fibrillose or none4 ,/em fle%y-fibr\s1 n mealy at ! top4 ,gills decurr5t or atta*$ )\t a too?4 ,spores mo/ly pure ru/ color2 "s br[ni%-ru/1 o!rs tawny-o*race\s4 ,a few species gr[ on ! gr\nd1 ! majority on wood4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,tribes4 ,,gymnoti 7nak$74 ,page #bhh4 ,pileus dry1 g5]ally scaly4 ,spores n yell[i%4 ,,lubrici 7lubricus1 slimy74 ,page #bhi4 ,pileus cov]$ ) a cont9u\s1 viscid1 smoo?1 p>tly sep>able cuticle4 ,veil fibrillose4 ,spores n yell[i%4 ,greg>i\s1 on ! gr\nd1 r>ely on wood4 ,di/+ui%$ f ,hebeloma by ! gills n be+ s9uate & ! top ( ! /em n mealy4 ,,udi 7udus1 moi/74 ,page #bij4 ,veil slight1 g5]ally hang+ 9 fragm5ts4 ,cuticle ( ! pileus cont9u\s1 n sep>able1 smoo?1 9 places sup]ficially d[ny1 moi/ or slightly viscid 9 ra9y wea!r4 ,spores n yell[i%4 ,cespitose1 gr[+ on wood4 ,,sap9ei 7sap9us1 p9e74 ,page #bia4 ,veil silky1 v slight1 adpress$ to ! /em or =m+ a silky r+ on x4 ,cuticle ( pileus ?91 ! fle% splitt+ at ! surface into scales1 n viscid4 ,di/+ui%$ by ! gills & spores be+ light yell[ or tawny4 ,some:at cespitose2 always on p9e or on ! gr\nd among p9e bran*es4 ,,s]icelli 7s]iceus1 silky74 ,cuticle ( ! pileus slightly silky1 dry or at ! fir/ viscid4 ,none kn[n to be edible4 ,! g5us ,flammula is n repres5t$ 9 our t]ritory by a l>ge numb] ( species4 ,x is1 nev]!less1 n v %>ply di/9ct f ! alli$ g5]a1 ,pholiota1 ,hebeloma & ,naucoria4 ,f ,pholiota x is especially sep>at$ by ! slight developm5t ( ! veil :i* is m]ely fibrillose or entirely want+4 ,x nev] =ms a p]si/5t membran\s coll> on ! /em4 ,f ,hebeloma x may be di/+ui%$ by ! abs5ce ( a s9us at or ne> ! inn] extremity ( ! gills1 by ! abs5ce ( :ite p>ticles or meal9ess f ! upp] "p ( ! /em & by ! bright] or m di/9ctly ru/y or o*race\s color ( ! spores4 ,f ,naucoria ! fle%y or fibr\sly fle%y /em af=ds ! mo/ available di/+ui%+ "*4 ,! g5us belongs to ! ,o*rospor or o*race\s-spor$ s]ies1 b ! spores ( its species v>y 9 color f o*race\s or tawny-o*race\s to ru/-color or br[ni%-ru/ color4 ,! ?ree ?+s to be especially kept 9 m9d 9 ord] to recognize ! species are ! color ( ! spores1 ! adnate or decurr5t b n cle>ly s9uate gills & ! fle%y or fibr\sly fle%y /em )\t a membran\s r+4 ,our species are mo/ly ( m$ium size1 none be+ v small & "o only m]it+ ! appellation l>ge4 ,!y appe> *iefly 9 late summ] or 9 autumn & gr[ 9 woods or 9 wood$ regions ei!r on ! gr\nd or m (t5 on decay+ wood4 ,_m are greg>i\s or cespitose 9 _! mode ( gr[?4 ,"s h a bitt]i% or unpleasant flavor & none ( our species has yet be5 class$ z edible4 ,fries arrang$ ! species 9 five gr\ps1 ( :i* ! names & m prom95t *>act]s are "h giv54 ,peck1 #ej? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,! few species :i* ! writ] has f\nd to be edible1 & ! two new species f\nd by him1 7 te/$ aft] ! publication ( ! above4 ,sev]al ( ! species f\nd are n m5tion$ h]e9 = ! reason t a suffici5t quantity 0 n obta9$ to make c]ta9 _! quality z a food4 ,! bitt]ness1 z f> z obs]v$1 ) :i* mo/ ( ! species are ta9t$ disappe>s 9 cook+4 ,,gymno,,ti4 ,veil abs5t1 pileus dry1 etc4 ,f4 aliena ,pk4 ,pileus ?91 flexible1 broadly convex1 umbilicate1 dry1 b>e1 slightly /riate on ! m>g9 :5 old1 grayi% or pale grayi%-br[n4 ,fle% :ite1 fibr\s4 ,gills ?91 subdi/ant1 b[-%ap$1 decurr5t1 o*race\s-br[n4 ,/em firm1 fibr\s-/riate1 solid1 slightly tap]+ upw>d1 color$ l ! pileus1 cov]$ at ! base ) a d5se :ite tom5tum4 ,spores ru/y-br[n1 globose1 #e broad4 ,pileus #c-e cm4 broad4 ,/em #e cm4 long1 #d-f mm4 ?ick4 ,greg>i\s on p>tly burn$ an?racite coal1 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,septemb]4 ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,! species is peculi> 9 its color & habitat4 ,9 ! dri$ specim5 ! gills h assum$ a br[n color ) no o*race\s t9t4 ,mr4 ,mc,ilvaine rem>ks t x is an edible species1 dries well1 & is excell5t :5 cook$4 ,its relation%ip is ) ,f4 anomala ,pk41 b x is a l>g] plant ) d>k] color & a diff]5t habitat4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torr4 ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bf1 ,f4 #ahii4 ,x gr[s on p>tly burn$ an?racite coal1 n buri$1 z pr9t$ 9 ! ,torrey ,bullet94 ,! mycelium completely involves ! pieces ( coal1 hold+ !m tightly 9 its me%es4 ,pat*es ( x 7 /rictly limit$ to ! size ( ! a%-pile conta9+ ! p>tly burn$ coal4 ,q fifty 7 f\nd4 ,z /at$1 x is edible1 & x is ( rem>kably f9e sub/ance = a ,flammula4 ,,lu,,brici4 ,pileus viscid1 etc4 ,f4 edulis ,pk4--eatable4 ,pileus fle%y1 convex1 obtuse1 glabr\s1 moi/1 br[n1 grayi%-br[n or yell[i%-br[n1 sometimes rimose4 ,fle% :iti%4 ,lamell r broad1 close1 decurr5t1 bright tan color1 becom+ br[ni%-ru/y4 ,/ems cespitose1 equal1 /uff$ or holl[1 br[n4 ,spores subelliptical1 #ace-f4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #c-f l9es ?ick4 ,grassy gr\nd1 along pavem5ts1 9 gutt]s & by ! side ( wood5 frames ( hotb$s4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j4 ,octob]4 ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,! collector ( ?is species in=ms me t ! flavor ( ! fre% plant is slightly bitt]1 b t ?is disappe>s 9 cook+ & ! fungus furni%es a v good & t5d] article ( food4 ,successive crops cont9u$ to appe> = a mon?4 ,9 ! dri$ specim5s ! /em is /riate4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torr4 ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bd1 ,no4 #c4 ,?is new species appe>s annually 9 ! same place4 ,i h n f\nd x else:]e4 ,x is meaty & excell5t4 ,,udi4 ,pileus smoo?1 n viscid2 veil fragm5t>y1 etc4 7,plate ,,lxxvib4 ,illu/ration3 ,,flammula ,,alnicola4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,f4 alnicola ,fr4--alnus1 ald]2 colo1 to inhabit4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad1 yell[1 at l5g? becom+ ru/-color & sometimes gre51 fle%y1 convex !n flatt5$1 obtuse1 slimy :5 moi/1 b n truly visc\s1 at ! fir/ sup]ficially fibrillose t[>d ! m>g94 ,fle% n v compact1 ( ! same color z ! pileus4 ,/em #b-c 94 & m long1 94 ?ick1 /uff$ !n holl[1 att5uato-root$1 commonly curv$-flexu\s1 fibrillose1 at fir/ yell[1 !n becom+ ru/-color4 ,veil manife/1 sometimes fibrillose1 sometimes wov5 into a spid]-web veil4 ,gills some:at adnate1 broad1 plane1 at fir/ d+y-pallid or yell[i%-pallid1 at l5g? toge!r ) ! pl5tiful spores ru/-color$4 ,! gills v>y decurr5t & r\nd$ accord+ to situation4 ,odor & ta/e bitt]4 ,!re are two =ms3 a4 ,pileus irregul>1 fibrillose r\nd ! m>g92 gills at fir/ d+y-pallid4 b4 ,salicicola1 pileus some:at convex1 smoo?1 r>ely at ! fir/ d[ny-scaly2 gills at fir/ yell[i%-pallid4 ,fries4 ,spores subelliptical1 #he ,k42 #h-aje-f ,peck4 ,new ,york1 swampy woods ab\t base ( ald]s1 ,octob]1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #ce2 at base ( ald]s1 ) adnate gills1 & on bir* /umps1 ) ! gills r\nd$ beh9d1 ,rep4 #ci4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,new ,j]sey1 mix$ woods1 ,augu/ to ,novemb]1 #ahih1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,greg>i\s & 9 loose tufts1 n pl5tiful4 ,x is a pretty plant1 usually ( a bright yell[1 sometimes d>k] at ! c5t] ( cap4 ,traces ( an evanesc5t fibrillose r+ are occasionally f\nd or ! fibrils adorn ! m>g9 ( ! cap4 ,! gills next to ! /em are ei!r r\nd$1 atta*$ or slightly decurr5t4 ,raw ! ta/e is slightly bitt]4 ,?is disappe>s 9 long cook+4 ,f4 flavida ,s*aeff4 7,p]s47--flavidus1 light yell[4 ,pileus fle%y1 ?91 broadly convex or ne>ly plane1 glabr\s1 moi/1 pale yell[4 ,fle% :iti% or pale yell[1 ta/e bitt]4 ,lamell mod]ately close1 adnate1 pale or yell[i% becom+ ru/-color4 ,/em equal1 (t5 m or less curv$1 holl[1 fibrillose1 :iti% or pale yell[1 ) a :ite mycelium at ! base4 ,spores #he4 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad4 ,/em #a-c 94 long1 #a-c l9es ?ick4 ,decay+ wood ( v>i\s trees4 ,commonly 9 wood$ or m\nta9\s di/ricts4 ,summ] & autumn4 ,our specim5s 7 f\nd on wood ( bo? conif]\s & decidu\s trees4 ,! plants are sometimes cespitose4 ,! pileus becomes m highly color$ 9 dry+4 ,! spores are pale ru/-color$ approa*+ o*race\s4 ,9 ,sylloge ! spores ( ?is species are describ$ z pale yell[i%4 ,peck1 #ej? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores broadly elliptical1 #f-he ,massee4 ,new ,york1 decay+ wood1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #cb1 #ej2 ,mrs4 ,e4,c4 ,an?ony1 ,augu/4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 #ahha-ahhe2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,f4 flavida is a frequ5t species1 greg>i\s & tuft$ on decay+ wood1 ei!r /&+1 fall51 or z roots 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! texture & sub/ance are good4 ,! slight bitt] :5 raw disappe>s 9 cook+4 ,! caps1 only1 are t5d]4 ,,sap9,,ei4 ,gills & spores yell[i%1 etc4 ,f4 hybrida ,fr4--hybrida1 a hybrid4 ,pileus ab\t #b 94 broad1 at fir/ tawny-c9namon1 !n tawny-orange1 fle%y1 hemisph]ical ) ! m>g9 involute1 !n exp&$1 obtuse1 regul> & well =m$1 ev51 smoo?1 moi/4 ,fle% mod]ately compact1 pallid4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #d-e l9es ?ick1 at fir/ /uff$ ) a s(t pi?1 !n holl[1 att5uat$ 7almo/ conico-att5uat$7 upw>d1 :iti% ) adpress$ silky-hairy d[n 7becom+ tawny :5 ! d[n is rubb$ (f7 slightly /riate1 ) :ite hairs at ! base1 & some:at mealy at ! apex4 ,veil manife/ 9 ! =m ( an annul> zone at ! apex ( ! /em1 :ite or at l5g? color$ ) ! spores4 ,gills adnate1 some:at cr[d$1 light yell[ !n tawny1 n spott$4 ,fries4 ,spores elliptical1 tawny-o*race\s1 #g-hd-e ,massee2 #fd ,w4,p4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,augu/1 ,septemb]1 #ahih4 ,on gr\nd "u p9e trees4 ,greg>i\s4 ,w4,h4 ,ror]4 ,n else:]e report$4 ,?is is a h&some plant1 q prolific 9 ! l>ge p9e groves at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,! caps are ( good flavor4 ,f4 magna ,pk4--magnus1 l>ge4 ,pileus fle%y1 broadly convex1 s(t1 dry1 fibrillose & some:at /reak$1 pale yell[ or buff1 ! m>g9 commonly becom+ revolute ) age4 ,fle% :iti% or yell[i%4 ,gills close1 adnate or slightly decurr5t1 (t5 crisp$ or wavy t[>d ! /em1 ab\t ?ree l9es wide1 o*race\s4 ,/em equal or ?ick5$ t[>d ! base1 fle%y-fibr\s1 solid1 ela/ic1 fibrillose1 color$ l ! pileus1 bright] yell[ )94 ,spores subelliptical1 o*race\s1 #ajf4 ,cespitose4 ,pileus #d-f 94 broad4 ,/em #c-d 94 long1 #h-ab l9es ?ick4 ,ab\t ! base ( trees4 ,we/*e/] c\nty4 ,octob]4 ,?is is a l>ge & %[y species4 ,! /ems are sometimes unit$ at ! base into a solid mass4 ,! "y gills are probably yell[1 b ,i h se5 only mature specim5s4 ,peck1 #ej? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,new ,j]sey1 ,tr5ton1 gr\nd 9 cle>+1 9 pairs & s+ly4 ,novemb]1 ,e4,b4 ,/]l+2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,mix$ ?9 woods4 ,octob] to ,novemb]4 ,ne> trees4 ,cespitose1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,individuals ( all ages 7 f\nd & eat54 ,! "y gills are v light yell[1 d>k5+ to a deep1 ri* yell[4 ,! caps are ( good sub/ance & flavor4 ,:5 v "y ! /ems are edible4 ,illu/ration ,,tuba,,ria ,w4,g4,s4 ,tuba1 a trumpet4 7,plate ,,lxxvii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,tub>ia ,,furfuracea4 ,natural size4 ,/em some:at c>tilag9\s1 fi/ulose4 ,pileus some:at membranace\s1 (t5 clo!d ) ! univ]sal floccose veil4 ,gills some:at decurr5t4 ,spores ru/-color or 79 ,photi7 br[ni%-ru/ color4 ,! species ref]r$ to ?is subg5us 7 tak5 f ,naucoria & ,gal]a because !y correspond ) ,omphalia & ,eccilia4 ,! pileus is1 h[ev]1 di/9ctly umbilicate or depress$ 9 only a few ( !m2 ! o!rs are plac$ "h on acc\nt ( _! some:at decurr5t gills1 :i* are broade/ beh9d & triangul>4 ,fries4 ,small & unimportant4 ,illu/ration ,,nauco,,ria ,fr4 ,naucum1 a nut-%ell4 7,plate ,,lxxviii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,naucoria ,,semi-,,orbicul>is4 ,natural size4 ,pileus m or less fle%y1 conical or convex1 !n exp&$1 m>g9 at fir/ incurv$4 ,gills free or adnate1 n decurr5t4 ,veil fugaci\s or abs5t1 sometimes atta*$ 9 m9ute flakes to ! edge ( ! "y pileus4 ,/em c>tilag9\s1 holl[ or ) a spongy /uff+4 ,gr[+ on wood or on ! gr\nd1 sometimes root$4 ,spores v>i\s %ades ( br[n1 dull or bright4 ,naucoria corresponds ) ,collybia1 ,leptonia & ,psilocybe2 f ! latt] x is di/+ui%$ by ! spore colors & f ,gal]a 9 ! br[n-spor$ s]ies by ! m>g9 ( ! pileus be+ at fir/ incurv$4 8,! spores are ru/-color1 or br[ni% ru/-color4 ,! color ( ! pileus is "s %ade ( yell[4 ,! /em is n di/9ctly r+$1 b sometimes a slight spore-/a9$ b& m>ks ! place ( ! obsolete r+40 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,! memb]s ( ?is g5us are ) two or ?ree exceptions v common1 & common ov] ! l&4 ,! great] numb] gr[ on ! gr\nd among grass2 a few gr[ ^u decay+ wood4 ,! /ems are n ( ! same texture z ! cap & frequ5tly w n cook t5d]4 ,! caps1 h[ev]1 are1 ( all species te/$1 t5d] & ( good flavor4 ,species ( ! g5us are among ! fir/ to appe> 9 spr+1 & well rew>d ! ent]pris+ mycophagi/ = 8 e>ly tramps4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,tribes4 ,,gymnoti 7,gr--nak$74 ,page #bie4 ,pileus smoo?4 ,veil abs5t4 ,spores ru/-color1 n becom+ dusky-ru/-color4 ,,ph,,oti 7,gr--dusky74 ,page #bif4 ,pileus smoo?4 ,gills & spores dusky ru/-color4 ,veil r>ely manife/4 ,,lepidoti 7lepis1 a scale74 ,pileus flocculose or squamulose4 ,veil manife/4 ,none kn[n to be edible4 ,i4--,,gymno,,ti4 ,n4 hamadryas ,fr4--,gr1 a nymph atta*$ to h] tree4 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad1 bay-br[n-f]rug9\s :5 "y & moi/1 pale yell[i% :5 old & becom+ pale1 slightly fle%y1 convex !n exp&$1 gibb\s1 ev51 smoo?4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #c l9es ?ick1 some:at fragile1 holl[1 equal1 nak$1 smoo?1 pallid4 ,gills att5uato-adnex$1 some:at free1 slightly v5tricose1 almo/ #b l9es broad1 cr[d$1 ru/-color1 opaque4 ,veil none4 ,widely remov$ f neighbor+ species4 ,pileus some:at sep>ate z 9 ,plutei4 ,fries4 ,spores elliptical1 ru/-color1 #ac-adg ,massee4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j4 ,frequ5t4 ,solit>y4 ,on gr\nd along pavem5ts1 "u trees1 9 woods4 ,spr+ to autumn4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,massee gives x z hygrophan\s4 ,i h n f\nd x s4 ,x is moi/ aft] ra9 & dew4 ,! caps & upp] "p ( ! /em are t5d]1 easily cook$ & ( good flavor4 ,n4 c]odes ,fr4 ,gr--wax4 ,pileus -#a 94 broad1 wat]y c9namon :5 moi/1 tan-color :5 dry1 some:at membranace\s1 convex bell-%ape & flatt5$1 at l5g? depress$1 obtuse1 :5 moi/ smoo?1 pellucid-/riate at ! circumf]5ce1 :5 dry ev51 slightly silky-atomate4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #a-b l9es ?ick1 slightly firm1 tub$1 equal1 some:at flexu\s1 fibrilloso-/riate "u a l5s1 becom+ d+y bay-br[n sometimes = ! mo/ "p1 sometimes only at ! base1 pallid upw>d1 mealy at ! apex4 ,gills adnate1 sep>at+1 v broad beh9d1 h5ce almo/ triangul>1 some:at di/ant1 broad1 plane1 s(t1 di/9ct1 pallid !n c9namon v f9ely fimbriat$ at ! edge "u a l5s4 ,fries4 ,! typical =m1 gr[+ among damp mosses1 is q e>ly1 greg>i\s1 ) ! colors almo/ ^? ( ,gal]a hypnorum1 b o!rwise v diff]5t4 b4 ,ano!r =m occurs on nak$1 commonly burnt soil1 9 late autumn1 ) almo/ ! habit ( ,n4 p$iades1 b ) a diff]5t color ( gills & spores2 ?is =m is firm]4 ,/em #a 94 long1 t5se & /raight1 & color m o*race\s4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores #i ,b4 & ,br42 smoo?1 #fc ,massee4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 9 grass & moss1 along damp wood m>g9s4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,n4 c]odes is n pl5tiful :]e ,i h f\nd x4 ,en\gh has be5 collect$ at a "t to prove x escul5t4 ,x is t5d]1 b has n mu* flavor4 7,plate ,,lxxviiia47 ,illu/ration3 ,,naucoria ,,/riapes4 ,n4 /riapes ,cke4--/ria1 a l9e2 pes1 a foot4 ,pileus #a-a 94 broad1 o*race\s1 bell-%ap$1 obtuse1 !n exp&$1 smoo?1 ev54 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #b l9es ?ick1 holl[1 equal1 erect or flexu\s1 :ite1 longitud9ally /riate4 ,gills slightly adnate beh9d1 r di/ant1 tawny ru/-color4 ,cespitose or greg>i\s4 ,among grass on lawn4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores n>r[ly elliptical1 #aj-abd ,massee4 ,new ,j]sey1 ,tr5ton4 ,gr[+ among leaves ne> dump4 ,may to ,novemb]4 ,e4,b4 ,/]l+4 ,! few specim5s te/$ 7 delicate & ( slight flavor4 ,,ii4--,,ph,,oti4 ,n4 p$iades ,fr4--,gr1 a pla94 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad1 yell[ or pale yell[i%-o*race\s !n becom+ pale1 slightly fle%y1 convex !n plane1 obtuse1 ev51 dry1 smoo?1 at l5g? crook$ly crack$1 b always )\t /ri4 ,fle% :ite4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #a-b l9es ?ick1 /uff$ ) a pi?1 some:at flexu\s1 t\gh1 equal1 b ) a small bulb at ! base1 slightly silky becom+ ev51 yell[i%4 ,gills adnex$1 #b l9es broad1 at fir/ cr[d$1 at l5g? some:at di/ant1 some:at d+y-br[n1 !n d+y c9namon4 ,spores br[ni%-ru/-color4 ,! small bulb at ! base is =m$ by ! mycelium be+ roll$ toge!r4 ,/ature v>iable4 ,fries4 ,spores d+y ru/-color1 elliptical1 #aj-abd-e ,massee4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 9 grassy places1 pa/ures & along pavem5ts4 ,common4 ,may to ,novemb]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,9 #ahig ,fairm\nt ,p>k1 ,philadelphia1 ab\nd$ ) ,n4 p$iades1 :i* 7 collect$ & eat5 by _m4 ,! caps are t5d] & ( a mu%room flavor4 ,n4 semi-orbicularis ,bull4--semi1 half2 orbicul>is1 r\nd4 7,plate ,,lxxviii1 p4 #bid47 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad1 tawny ru/-color !n o*race\s1 slightly fle%y1 convexo-exp&$1 obtuse1 dry1 ev51 smoo?1 corrugat$ :5 dry4 ,/em #c-d 94 long1 sc>cely beyond #a l9e ?ick1 c>tilag9\s1 t\gh1 sl5d]1 t5se & /raight1 equal1 ev51 smoo?1 becom+ pallid ru/-color1 %9+1 (t5 d>k] at ! base1 int]nally conta9+ a sep>ate n>r[ tube :i* is easily brok5 up into fibrils4 ,gills adnate1 r>ely s9uate beh9d1 almo/ #c l9es broad1 & _m times broad] ?an ! fle% ( ! pileus1 cr[d$1 pallid !n ru/-color4 ,! pileus is slightly viscid :5 fre% & moi/4 ,easily di/+ui%$ f ,s4 semi-globatus1 ) :i* x has be5 conf\nd$1 by ! /em4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores #adh ,w4,g4,s42 #aje-f ,massee4 ,alli$ to ,n4 p$iades1 di/+ui%$ by its viscid cap :5 moi/1 & d>k /em4 ,common ov] ! /ates4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 ,mrs4 ,m>y ,full]4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,solit>y1 sometimes cespitose1 v common on lawns1 ri* pa/ures1 etc4 ,april until fro/4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,?is is "o ( our fir/ appe>+ toad/ools1 com+ up :5 ! grass %[s its full spr+ hue4 ,x is f\nd aft] ra9s until ! com+ ( fro/4 ,its hemisph]ical caps1 precise1 neat1 d>k gills & br[n spores readily di/+ui% x4 ,:ile usually small1 pati5ce & pick+ w soon ga!r qu>ts4 ,! caps cook easily & are ( excell5t flavor4 ,n4 platysp]ma ,pk4--platys1 broad2 sp]ma1 se$4 ,pileus convex1 becom+ ne>ly plane1 glabr\s1 slightly t+$ ) o*race\s or r$di%-yell[ :5 "y1 soon :iti%1 ! m>g9 at fir/ adorn$ ) ve/iges ( a :ite floccul5t veil4 ,fle% :ite4 ,lamell mod]ately close1 slightly r\nd$ beh9d1 pallid1 becom+ br[ni%4 ,/em equal1 /uff$ ) a :ite pi?1 slightly floccul5t or furfurace\s above :5 "y1 :iti%1 ! mycelium sometimes =m+ :ite ?read-l /r&s4 ,spores broadly elliptical1 #ae long1 #ab4e broad4 ,pileus #a-a4e 94 broad4 ,/em #c-e4e 94 long1 #a4e-b 94 ?ick4 ,on ! gr\nd4 ,compton1 ,cal4 ,pr(4 ,a4,j4 ,mc,clatchie4 ,?is species diff]s f ,n4 p$iades & ,n4 semi-orbicul>is1 to :i* x is relat$1 by its l>g]1 broad] spores & pal] color4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torr4 ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #be1 ,no4 #f4 ,?is new species report$ f ,cali=nia is s closely alli$ to ,n4 semi-orbicul>is & ,n4 p$iades1 bo? ( :i* are edible1 t x is "h giv51 t x may be recogniz$ by /ud5ts on ! ,pacific coa/ or :]ev] x occurs4 ,illu/ration ,,gale,,ra ,fr4 ,gal]us1 a cap4 ,pileus m or less membranace\s1 conical or oval1 !n exp&$1 /riate1 m>g9 at ! fir/ /raight1 !n adpress$ to ! /em4 ,gills n decurr5t4 ,/em some:at c>tilag9\s1 cont9u\s ) ! pileus1 b diff]+ 9 texture1 tubul>4 ,veil none or fibrillose4 ,spores tawny-o*race\s4 ,sl5d]1 fragile1 g5]ally gr[+ on ! gr\nd4 ,gal]a corresponds ) ,myc5a1 ,nolanea1 ,psa?yra & ,psa?yrella1 :i* are di/+ui%$ by _! spore colors4 ,9 ! br[n-spor$ s]ies ,naucoria is sep>at$ by ! m>g9 ( ! pileus be+ at fir/ incurv$1 & ,tub>ia by ! decurr5t gills4 ,! g5us is compos$ ( small species1 b _m gr[ 9 clu/]s1 & are ( a consi/5cy :i* decreases b little 9 quick cook+4 ,^? te/$ are delicate 9 texture & flavor4 ,g4 lat]itia ,fr4--lat]1 a brick4 ,pileus #a 94 high1 pale yell[i% :5 moi/1 o*race\s :5 dry1 hygrophan\s1 membranace\s1 acorn-%ap$ !n bell-%ap$1 obtuse1 ev51 smoo?1 slightly & d5sely /riate at ! m>g9 :5 moi/4 ,/em #c 94 & m long1 #a l9e ?ick1 tubul>1 att5uat$ upw>d1 t5se & /raight1 ev51 b :ite-pru9ose1 :iti%4 ,gills adnex$ 9 ! top ( ! cone1 h5ce appe>+ z if free1 asc5d+1 v n>r[1 cr[d$1 c9namon4 ,gills almo/ adpress$ to ! /em1 almo/ p5dul\s4 ,rem>kably analog\s ) ,a4 ovalis1 b easily di/+ui%$ by ! l9e> gills & ! abs5ce ( a veil2 v fragile4 ,fries4 ,spores #aae ,w4,p42 #aa-abe-f ,massee4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,on dung & ri* pa/ures4 ,june to fro/4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,! n>r[ conical cap1 di/9ctly /riate1 di/+ui%es ?is species f ,g4 t5]a4 ,9 quality !re is no diff]5ce4 ,x is a well-flavor$1 delicate species4 7,plate ,,lxxix47 ,illu/ration3 ,,gal]a ,,t5]a4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,g4 ten]a ,s*aeff4--t5]1 t5d]4 ,pileus 94 & m high1 ( "o color1 pallid ru/-color :5 damp1 becom+ pale :5 dry1 hygrophan\s1 some:at membranace\s1 conico-bell-%ap$1 commonly smoo?1 slightly /riate :5 moi/1 :olly ev5 :5 dry1 opaque1 some:at atomate4 ,/em commonly #c-d 94 long1 #a l9e ?ick1 tubul>1 fragile1 equal or :5 l>g] ?ick5$ d[nw>d1 t5se & /raight1 some:at %9+1 /riate upw>d1 ( ! same color z ! pileus :5 moi/1 & l x becom+ pale :5 dry4 ,gills adnate 9 ! top ( ! cone1 appe>+ z if free1 asc5d+1 some:at cr[d$1 l9e>1 c9namon4 ,pa/ures & grassy places 9 woods4 ,common4 ,may to ,novemb]4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores ellipsoid1 #ad-bah-ab ,k42 #ad-h ,w4,g4,s42 #adg ,w4,p42 #ab-acg ,massee2 elliptical1 d>k ru/-color1 almo/ rubig9\s1 #ac-af4eh-aj ,peck4 ,v>4 pilosella 7,ag>icus pilosellus ,p]s471 has bo? pileus & /em clo!d ) a m9ute erect pubesc5ce :5 moi/4 ,a =m is sometimes f\nd 9 :i* ! c5t] ( ! pileus is br[n or blacki%-br[n4 ,peck1 #df? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,v>4 obscurior ,pk4 ,a notable =m ( ?is species 0 f\nd gr[+ 9 an old /able ( an ab&on$ lumb] camp4 ,! plants 7 l>ge1 ! pileus 9 "s be+ m ?an an in* broad1 ! /ems 7 #c-f 94 long & ! color 0 ru/-color$ z 9 ,g4 ovalis1 to :i* ! plants might be ref]r$ b = ! l>ge spores4 ,essex c\nty4 ,july4 ,i h label$ ! specim5s v>iety obscurior4 ,peck1 #ej? ,rep4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j42 ,*e/] c\nty2 ,we/ ,philadelphia1 ,pa42 ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,9 ri* pa/ures1 on lawns1 dung 9 woods4 ,common4 ,june to ,octob]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,v v>iable 9 size & 9 color :5 wet & dry4 ,! color ( gills & spores readily di/+ui%es x 9 its habitats4 ,f spr+ to fro/ x c usually be ga!r$ 9 quantity4 ,x is small1 t5d]1 %rivels 9 cook+1 b makes a savory1 excell5t di%4 ,v>4 obscurior f\nd cespitose on v old manure at a ru9$ /able1 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,augu/4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,g4 flava ,pk4--flavus1 yell[4 ,pileus membran\s1 ovate or bell %ap$1 moi/ or subhygrophan\s1 obtuse1 plicate /riate on ! m>g91 yell[4 ,lamell ?91 n>r[1 cr[d$1 adnate1 at fir/ :iti%1 !n yell[i%-c9namon4 ,/em equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 holl[1 slightly /riate at ! top1 spr9kl$ ) :ite mealy p>ticles1 :ite or yell[i%4 ,spores ovate or subelliptical1 br[ni%-ru/-color1 #ach4 ,pileus #f-ab l9es broad4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #a-a4e l9es ?ick4 ,damp vegetable mold 9 woods4 ,tompk9s c\nty4 ,july4 ,?is species is well m>k$ by ! pale-yell[ color ( ! pileus & its plicate /riations :i* are v di/9ct ev5 9 ! dri$ specim5s4 ,!y ext5d half way to ! disk or m4 ,:5 dry ! pileus is se5 to be spr9kl$ ) %9+ atoms z 9 "s o!r species ( ! same g5us4 ,occasionally ! yell[ cuticle cracks into squamules or small scales4 ,peck1 #df? ,rep4 ,tr5ton1 ,n4,j41 ,/]l+2 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j42 ,p5nsylvania4 ,among *ips 9 woods & on woods gr\nd4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,?is species is frequ5t1 & :5 pl5tiful well wor? ga!r+4 ,x has a m woody flavor ?an o!r ,gal]a1 b is ta/y4 ,g4 vitt=mis ,fr4--vitta1 a *aplet2 =ma1 =m4 ,pileus -#a 94 broad1 date-br[n :5 moi/1 membranace\s1 conical !n hemisph]ical1 obtuse1 ev5 at ! disk1 /riate t[>d ! m>g91 smoo?4 ,/em #a-c 94 long1 -#a l9e ?ick1 tubul>1 equal1 some:at /raight1 b n t5se & /raight1 smoo? or sometimes pubesc5t1 slightly /riate "u a l5s1 opaque1 ru/-color4 ,veil sc>cely conspicu\s4 ,gills adnate1 broad] at ! middle1 9 ! =m ( a segm5t :5 l>g]1 some:at asc5d+1 some:at di/ant1 at fir/ wat]y-c9namon1 at l5g? ru/-color4 ,fries4 ,spores elliptical1 #abf ,massee4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j42 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,on pa/ures1 lawns1 etc4 ,june to ,septemb]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,n previ\sly report$4 ,?\gh small x makes up 9 quantity :5 f\nd4 ,! /ems are n z t5d] z ! caps4 ,quality good4 ,illu/ration ,,bolbitius ,fr4 ,gr--c['s dung4 ,pileus membranace\s4 ,gills adnex$ or free1 membranace\s1 s(t1 salmon-color or ru/y1 dissolv+ 7n dripp+ z 9 ,copr9us71 p[d]$ ) ! ru/y spores4 ,/em c5tral2 univ]sal veil abs5t1 p>tial veil (t5 obsolete4 ,v delicate & fragile1 rem>kable among ! ,o*rospor = ! gills dissolv+ into mucus1 & 9 ?is respect analog\s ) ,copr9us among ! ,melanospor1 & ,hiatula among/ ! ,leucospor4 ,gr[+ on dung or among/ grass :]e dung ab\nds4 ,a small b v natural g5us1 ) ! vegetative portion l ,copr9us & ! fructification resembl+ ,cort9>ius1 h5ce occupy+ an int]m$iate position betwe5 ^! two g5]a4 ,fries4 ,b4 ,boltoni ,fr4--aft] ,bolton4 ,pileus r fle%y1 viscid1 at fir/ ev51 !n ) ! membranace\s m>g9 sulcate1 disk d>k]1 subdepress$4 ,/em att5uat$1 yell[i%1 at fir/ floccose f ! rema9s ( ! fugaci\s veil4 ,gills subadnate1 yell[ !n livid-br[n4 ,fries4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 cespitose among manure on sawdu/4 ,( small sub/ance b good consi/5cy & flavor4 7,plate ,,lxxx47 ,illu/ration3 ,,bolbitius ,,fragilis4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,b4 fragilis ,fr4 ,pileus #b 94 broad1 light yell[1 !n becom+ pale1 some:at membranace\s1 almo/ pellucid1 conical !n exp&$1 some:at umbonate1 smoo?1 visc\s1 /riate r\nd ! m>g9 7:i* is (t5 cr5ulat$74 ,/em #c 94 long1 #a l9e or little m ?ick1 fi/ulose1 att5uat$ upw>d1 nak$1 smoo? 7& )\t a manife/ veil71 yell[4 ,gills att5uato-adnex$1 almo/ free1 v5tricose1 yell[ !n pale c9namon4 ,spores ru/-color$4 ,fries4 ,?9n] ?an ,b4 ,boltoni1 etc41 v fragile1 rapidly )]+4 ,on dung4 ,common4 ,june to ,octob]4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores subsph]oid-ellipsoid1 elliptical1 #gc-e ,massee4 ,we/ ,virg9ia2 ,p5nsylvania4 ,june to fro/4 ,on ri* grass & dung4 ,pileus usually n ov] #a4e 94 across4 ,(t5 9 pl5ty4 ,its sub/ance does n cook away z ) ,c4 micaceus4 ,x amply repays ga!r+1 be+ highly flavor$4 7,plate ,,lxxxa47 ,illu/ration3 ,,bolbitius ,,nobilis4 ,ab\t two-?irds natural size4 ,b4 nobilis ,pk4--noble4 ,pileus ?91 fle%y on ! disk1 ovate !n bell-%ap$1 smoo?1 plicate-/riate1 pale-yell[1 ! disk t+$ ) r$1 ! m>g9 at l5g? recurv$ & splitt+4 ,gills subdi/ant1 tap]+ outw>dly1 atta*$1 ! alt]nate ones m n>r[1 pale-yell[ ) a d>k] edge4 ,/em long1 equal1 smoo?1 /riate at ! top1 holl[1 :ite4 ,plant cespitose1 #c-e 94 high4 ,pileus #a 94 broad4 ,/em #a l9e ?ick4 ,gr\nd 9 woods4 ,greig4 ,septemb]4 ,a f9e l>ge species1 b probably r>e4 ,peck1 #bd? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,i h n se5 ?is species4 ,figure aft] ,pr(essor ,peck4 ,,crepido,,tus ,fr4 ,gr--a slipp]4 7,plate ,,lxxxi47 ,illu/ration3 ,,crepidotus ,,mollis4 ,natural size4 ,veil want+ or n manife/4 ,pileus ecc5tric1 lat]al or resup9ate4 ,spores ru/-color4 ,! ,crepidoti correspond 9 %ape & habit to ! small] ,pleuroti & ! ,claudopodes1 b !y are di/+ui%$ f bo? by ! ru/-color ( _! spores4 ,^! are globose 9 sev]al species1 9 o!rs !y are elliptical4 ,9 "s !re is a depression on "o side :i* gives !m a naviculoid "* & causes ! spore to appe> slightly curv$ :5 view$ 9 a c]ta9 position4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! simil>ity ( sev]al ( our species1 ! "* ( ! spores is ( mu* importance 9 _! id5tification1 & x is un=tunate t ,european mycologi/s h s g5]ally neglect$ to give ! spore *>act]s 9 _! descriptions ( ^! fungi4 ,9 mo/ ( ! species ! pileus is at fir/ resup9ate1 b x g5]ally becomes reflex$ z x enl>ges4 ,x is g5]ally sessile or atta*$ by a mass ( :ite fibrils or tom5tum4 ,= ?is reason x is usually some:at tom5tose or villose ab\t ! po9t ( atta*m5t1 ev5 9 species t are o!rwise glabr\s4 ,9 sev]al species ! pileus is moi/ or hygrophan\s & !n ! ?9 m>g9 is commonly /riatulate4 ,?is "* is attribut$ to b "o ( ! doz5 or m ,european species4 ,_! mode ( gr[? is usually greg>i\s or some:at loosely imbricat$1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! pileus1 :i* 9 mo/ species is :ite or yell[i%1 is (t5 /a9$ by ! spores1 & !n x has a ru/y1 /a9$ or squalid appe>ance4 ,! species occur especially on old /umps1 pro/rate trunks & s(t mu* decay$ wood 9 damp1 %ad$ places4 ,peck1 #ci? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,c4 fulvo-tom5tosus ,pk4--tawny-tom5tose4 ,pileus -#b 94 broad1 scatt]$ or greg>i\s1 suborbicul>1 kidney-%ap$ or dimidiate1 sessile or atta*$ by a %ort1 :ite-villose tub]cle or rudim5t>y /em1 hygrophan\s1 wat]y-br[n & sometimes /riatulate on ! m>g9 :5 moi/1 :iti%1 yell[i% or pale o*race\s :5 dry1 adorn$ ) small1 tawny1 hairy or tom5tose scales4 ,lamell broad1 subv5tricose1 mod]ately close1 r\nd$ beh9d1 radiat+ f a lat]al or ecc5tric :ite villose spot1 :iti% becom+ br[ni%-f]rug9\s4 ,spores elliptical (t5 un9ucleate1 #h-aje-f4 ,decay+ wood ( popl>1 maple1 etc4 ,common4 ,june to ,octob]4 ,a pretty species1 correspond+ 9 "s respects to ! ,european ,c4 calolepis1 b mu* l>g] & ) tawny1 in/ead ( r$di% scales4 ,! cuticle is sep>able & is t5aci\s1 ?\gh x has a hyal9e gelat9\s appe>ance4 ,! pileus is subp]si/5t1 & specim5s dri$ 9 _! place ( gr[? are n r>e4 ,peck1 #ci? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j42 ,angora1 ,we/ ,philadelphia4 ,on decay+ hickory4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,sub/ance fair4 ,ta/e /rong b pleasant4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p$ by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,/udies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,lxxxii4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,cort9>ius #cah #d4 ,,cort9>ius ,,turmalis1 #cji ,,squamulosus1 #b4 ,,cort9>ius ,,violaceus1 #cad #e4 ,,cort9>ius #cbc ,,armillatus1 #c4 ,,cort9>ius ,,o*raceus1 #cai ,,cort9a,,rius ,fr4 ,cort9a1 a veil or curta94 ,veil resembl+ ! consi/5cy ( a cob-web1 sup]ficial1 di/9ct f ! cuticle ( ! pileus4 ,fle% ( pileus & /em cont9u\s4 ,gills p]si/5t1 dry1 *ang+ color1 p[d]$ ) ! spores4 ,trama fibrillose4 ,spores globose or oblong1 some:at o*race\s on :ite pap]4 ,fries4 ,?is g5us is n easily conf\nd$ ) any o!r1 ! cob-webby veil /ret*$ f /em to pileus 9 ! "y plant n be+ f\nd 9 o!r fungi4 ,?is mu/ be look$ = only 9 y\?1 z f its t5d] "* x soon breaks & (t5 appe>s only z a v indi/9ct coll> on ! /em1 color$ f cat*+ ! fall+ spores4 ,! colors are g5]ally pron\nc$ & (t5 extremely bright1 !re be+ v few pretti] toad/ools ?an ^? incl9$ to ! blue or purple %ades1 :i* are n uncommon 9 ! immature =m4 ,! color ( ! spores is also a m>k$ feature1 be+ ru/y or br[ni%-o*race\s1 turn+ ! gills to ! same color at maturity4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is *ange x is g5]ally necess>y to h specim5s at bo? /ages ( gr[? to accurately det]m9e ! species4 ,! gills are ?91 atta*$ to ! /em 9 v>i\s mann]s1 r>ely slightly decurr5t4 ,cort9>ius is di/+ui%$ f ,flammula by gr[+ on ! gr\nd & by ! bright f]rug9\s color ( its spores4 ,cort9>ius is a /urdy1 h>dy g5us pref]r+ nor!rn latitudes & autumnal mon?s1 ?\gh sev]al ( its species gr[ z f> s\? z ,alabama1 & "o1 a new species describ$ by ,pr(essor ,peck1 is f\nd on ! ,held]b]g m\nta9s 9 ,may4 ,! g5us conta9s _m species1 mo/ ( :i* produce 9 great numb]s1 yet be+ woods-gr[+1 & com+ z !y d :5 leaves are fall+1 !y are (t5 miss$ because ( _! simil>ity to _! surr\nd+s4 ,h]et(ore1 less ?an a doz5 species h be5 report$ z eat54 ,?is numb] is n[ d\bl$4 ,:ile sev]al species are bitt] & o!rs equally unpleasant1 n "o has be5 accus$ ( h>m4 ,x is highly probable t o!r v>ieties ?an ^? h]e9 giv5 w prove equally acceptable z food4 ,i h te/$ all ,i h f\nd 9 suffici5t quantity to w>rant pass+ judgm5t ^u !m4 ,! g5us does n conta9 z _m species ( sup]ior excell5ce z o!r fle%y g5]a ( l numb]s4 ,! fle% is frequ5tly dry & ( a /rong woody or musky flavor1 :i* x does n lose 9 cook+4 ,! /ems are seldom cookable4 ,all c be fri$ 9 butt]1 b cut 9 small pieces & well /ew$1 or /ew$ & s]v$ 9 patties1 or made into croquettes are c]ta9 ways ( keep+ !m 9 palate memory4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,tribes4 ,,phlegmacium 7,gr--%9y or clammy moi/ure74 ,page #cjh4 ,pileus viscid4 ,/em firm1 dry4 ,veil p>tial1 cobweb-l4 ,a4 ,,clidu*ii 7,gr--hold+ ! keys--! typical subdivision74 ,page #cjh4 ,p>tial veil z a r+ on ! upp] "p ( ! /em :i* is equal or slightly exp&$ above4 ,n di/9ctly bulb\s4 99 ,gills pallid !n clay-color$4 9999 ,gills purpli% !n clay-color$4 ,b4 ,,scauri 7,gr--club-foot$74 ,page #caj4 ,bulb\s4 ,bulb depress$ or top-%ap$1 ) a di/9ct m>g9 caus$ by ! pressure ( ! pileus be=e expansion4 ,veil g5]ally asc5d+ f ! m>g9 ( ! bulb4 ,gills some:at s9uate4 99 ,gills :iti% !n c9namon4 9999 ,gills blue !n c9namon4 999999 ,gills br[ni%-:ite !n c9namon4 ,,myxacium 7,gr--mucus74 ,page #cac4 ,univ]sal veil glut9\s4 ,pileus & /em viscid4 ,/em slightly bulb\s4 ,gills adnate4 ,,inoloma 7,gr--a fibr\s fr+e74 ,page #cad4 ,pileus dry1 n hygrophan\s or viscid1 cov]$ at fir/ ) innate silky scales or fibrils1 becom+ smoo?4 ,veil simple4 ,pileus & /em fle%y1 r bulb\s4 99 ,gills violace\s1 !n c9namon4 9999 ,gills p9ki%-br[n1 !n c9namon4 999999 ,gills yell[1 !n c9namon4 ,,d]mocybe4 ,page #cbj4 ,pileus ?91 equally fle%y1 at fir/ silky ) a f9e d[n1 becom+ smoo? :5 adult4 ,n hygrophan\s1 b fle% wat]y :5 moi/ or color$4 ,/em equal or l>g] above1 ext]nally rigid1 ela/ic or brittle1 int]nally /uff$ or holl[4 ,veil s+le1 ?read-l4 ,,telamonia4 ,page #cbc4 ,pileus moi/1 hygrophan\s1 at fir/ smoo? or spr9kl$ ) ! :iti% sup]ficial evanesc5t fibrils ( ! veil4 ,fle% ?91 or :5 ?ick x becomes abruptly ?9 t[>d ! m>g91 scissile4 ,/em r+$ bel[ or coat$ f ! univ]sal veil1 slightly veil$ at ! apex1 h5ce ) almo/ a d\ble veil4 ,,hygrocybe4 ,page #cbe4 ,pileus hygrophan\s1 smoo? or cov]$ ) sup]ficial :ite fibrils1 n viscid1 moi/ :5 fre%1 becom+ discolor$ :5 dry4 ,fle% v ?9 or scissile1 r>ely m compact at ! c5t]4 ,/em r rigid1 b>e4 ,veil ?91 r>ely collaps+ & =m+ an irregul> r+ on ! /em4 ,,phlegma,,cium4 7,gr--clammy moi/ure47 ,a4 ,,clidu*ii4 99 ,gills pallid1 !n clay-color$4 ,c4 sebaceus ,fr4--sebum1 tall[4 ,pileus #b-e 94 broad1 unicolor\s1 pale1 ( ! color ( tall[1 equally fle%y1 convex !n r plane1 commonly v rep&1 viscid1 smoo?1 b at ! fir/ cov]$ ov] ) a :iti% pru9ose lu/]4 ,fle% :ite4 ,/em #c-d 94 long1 -#a 94 ?ick1 solid1 /\t1 compact1 nev] bulb\s1 (t5 twi/$ & compress$1 slightly fibrillose1 pale :ite4 ,cort9a delicate1 fugaci\s1 adh]+ only to ! m>g9 ( ! pileus4 ,gills em>g9ate1 n cr[d$1 connect$ by ve9s1 #d l9es broad1 clay-color or pallid-c9namon1 pal] at ! sides4 ,fries4 ,! fle% ( ! pileus is n compact at ! disk & abruptly ?9 at ! circumf]5ce1 b equally att5uat$ t[>d ! m>g94 ,! fle% ( ! /em is :ite4 ,! gills nev] turn blui%-gray4 ,ta/e mild4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores pip-%ap$1 #ig ,cooke4 ,a v common & prolific species 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,pu%+ f ! e>? 9 great clu/]s x raises ! mat ( leaves above x into hut-l m\nds ?r\gh :i* x seldom bur/s4 ,yet side op5+s to its huts %[ its coz9ess1 & reveal ! gr\nd ?ickly du/$ ) its spores4 ,detect+ ^! m\nds is "p ( ! woodcraft ( a toad-/ool hunt]4 ,:]e clu/]s are n d5se1 or ! fungus is solit>y1 ! /em is frequ5tly swoll5 at ! base1 ev5 bulb\s4 ,bo? caps & /ems are edible1 b ! /ems are n equal to ! caps4 ,x is a valuable food species1 because ( its lat5ess & quantity4 ,x is n ( be/ quality4 ,c4 turmalis ,fr4--turma1 a troop4 7,plate ,,lxxxii1 fig4 #d1 p4 #cjf47 ,pileus yell[-tan1 mo/ frequ5tly d>k] at ! disk1 n *angeable1 compact1 convex !n plane1 v obtuse1 ev51 smoo? 7sometimes obsoletely piloso-virgate71 :5 "y veil$ ) pru9ate b v fugaci\s vill\s d[n1 soon nak$1 viscid4 ,fle% :ite4 ,/em sometimes #c 941 sometimes #f 94 long1 #a 94 ?ick1 solid1 v h>d1 rigid1 cyl9drical1 "h & !re att5uat$ at ! base1 %9+ :ite :5 dry1 :5 "y %ea!d ) a :ite woolly veil1 nak$ :5 full gr[n4 ,cort9a entirely fibrillose1 sup]ior & p]si/5t 9 ! =m ( a r+1 at l5g? f]rug9\s ) ! spores4 ,gills v>i\sly adnex$1 r\nd$ or em>g9ate1 ev5 decurr5t ) a too?1 cr[d$1 s]rat$1 :ite !n clay-color4 ,fries4 ,i f9d x edible & ( great value1 be+ pl5tiful 9 p9e woods1 ,m>yl&4 ,i h collect$ a bu%el 9 less ?an an h\r 9 ,octob]4 ,"u p9e ne$les =m+ m\nds4 ,taylor4 ,! localities & ! habit ( ,c4 turmalis are v l t ( ,c4 sebaceus4 ,! leaf mat broods ! clu/]s4 ,c4 turmalis is on a p> ) ,c4 sebaceus4 ,p]sonally ,i pref] ! latt]4 9999 ,gills purpli%1 !n clay-color$4 ,c4 varius 7,s*aeff47 ,fr4--v>ius1 *angeable4 ,pileus #b 94 & m broad1 bright f]rug9\s-tawny1 compact1 hemisph]ico-flatt5$1 v obtuse1 regul>1 slightly viscid1 ev51 smoo?1 ! ?9 m>g9 at fir/ incurv$1 app5diculate ) ! cort9a4 ,fle% firm1 :ite4 ,/em curt1 #a-b 94 long1 #a 94 & m ?ick1 bulb\s1 absolutely imm>g9ate1 compact1 %9+ :ite1 adpress$ly flocculose1 ! sup]ior veil p5dul\s4 ,gills em>g9ate1 ?91 some:at cr[d$1 at fir/ n>r[1 violace\s-purpli%1 !n broad] & o*race\s-c9namon1 always q entire4 ,v>iable 9 /ature1 b ! habit & colors are always un*angeable4 ,x v>ies ) ! /em tall] & some:at equal1 ! pileus yell[-tawny1 & ! gills d>k blue4 ,fries4 ,9 woods4 ,uncommon4 ,septemb] to ,novemb]4 ,/ev5son4 ,m9nesota2 ,ohio4 ,edible4 ,cooke1 #ahia4 ,b4 ,,scau,,ri4 99 ,gills :iti% !n c9namon4 ,c4 intrusus ,pk4 ,pileus fle%y1 r ?91 convex1 !n exp&$1 glabr\s1 some:at viscid :5 moi/1 ev5 or radiately wr9kl$ on ! m>g91 yell[i% or buff1 sometimes ) a r$di% t9t4 ,fle% :ite4 ,lamell ?91 close1 r\nd$ beh9d1 at fir/ :iti% or creamy-:ite1 !n c9namon1 (t5 unev5 on ! edge4 ,/em equal or slightly tap]+ ei!r upw>d or d[nw>d1 /uff$ or holl[1 sometimes beautifully /riate at ! top only or ne>ly to ! base1 m9utely floccose :5 "y1 soon glabr\s1 :ite4 ,spores broadly elliptical1 br[ni%-c9namon1 #f-hd-e4 ,pileus #a-b4e 94 broad4 ,/em #a-c 94 long1 #c-f l9es ?ick4 ,mu%room b$s1 manur$ soil 9 cons]vatories or 9 plant pots4 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,r4,k4 ,macadam4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j4 ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,?is int]e/+ species is closely alli$ to ,cort9>ius multi=mis & belongs to ! ,section ,phlegmacium4 ,x has a slight odor ( radi%es & is pron\nc$ edible by ,mr4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,its habitat is peculi>1 b x possibly f9ds its way into cons]vatories & mu%room b$s ?r\gh ! introduction ( manure or soil1 or leaf mold f ! woods4 ,x seems /range1 h[ev]1 t x has n yet be5 detect$ gr[+ 9 ! woods or fields4 ,hebeloma fa/ibile is said sometimes to invade mu%room b$s1 & our plant resembles x 9 s _m p>ticul>s t x is ) "s hesitation ,i sep>ate x4 ,! *ief diff]5ces are 9 ! /em & spores4 ,! =m]1 9 ,hebeloma fa/ibile1 is describ$ z solid & fibr\s-squamose & ! latt] z #ajf micromillimet]s 9 size4 ,! bright] color ( ! small] spores & ! /uff$ or holl[ smoo? /em ( our plant w sep>ate x f ?is species4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ( ! ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,octob]1 #ahif4 ,cort9>ius intrusus 0 a happy f9d4 ,sev]al p9ts ( x 7 collect$ by ! au?or 9 ,febru>y--usually a fam9e mon? = ! mycophagi/4 ,!y grew on ! gr\nd1 9 b$s among plants1 & ) pott$ plants 9 a hot-h\se 9 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j4 ,! crop cont9u$ well into ! spr+4 ,! species is delicate1 savory1 & a mo/ accommodat+ r5egade f its k9d4 ,i h nev] f\nd x else:]e4 9999 ,gills blue1 !n c9namon4 ,c4 crulesc5s ,fr4 ,pileus #b-c 94 across1 equally fle%y1 convex !n plane1 obtuse1 regul>1 ev51 almo/ glabr\s1 b (t5 fibrilloso-/reak$2 viscid1 :5 dry %9+ or opaque1 d+y yell[1 almo/ tan-color$1 v>y+ to yell[i%-br[n1 etc4 ,gills slightly r\nd$ beh9d1 adnex$1 ?91 closely cr[d$1 #b l9es broad1 at fir/ cle> int5se blue !n becom+ purpli%1 at l5g? d+y c9namon4 ,/em ab\t #b 94 long1 94 ?ick 7bulb m ?an an in*71 firm1 equally att5uat$ upw>d1 at fir/ fibrillose1 bright violet1 !n becom+ pale & :iti%1 nak$1 bulb (t5 disappe>+ ) age2 veil fibrillose1 fugaci\s4 ,spores elliptical1 #i-aje4 ,among/ moss 9 woods1 etc4 ,nei!r ! gills nor ! fle% *ange color :5 brok51 a po9t :i* di/+ui%es ! pres5t f ,c4 purpurasc5s4 ,:5 "y e "p is g5]ally blue4 ,smell sc>cely any4 ,fries4 ,spores #aj-abe ,cooke4 ,haddonfield2 ,we/ ,virg9ia2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,9 woods ,septemb] to fro/4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,! ,am]ican species seldom entirely loses ! blui%-purple color ( its cap4 ,! beautiful color fades some:at or becomes splot*$ ) yell[4 ,nei!r does ! bulb ord9>ily disappe> ) age4 ,x is common4 ,ta/e ( cap is mild1 some:at woody4 ,!y require long1 sl[ /ew+1 & are bett] made into patties & croquettes4 ,c4 purpurasc5s ,fr4--gills becom+ purple :5 bruis$4 ,pileus #d-e 94 across1 fle%y1 disk compact1 obtuse1 wavy1 v>iable1 cov]$ ) a d5se lay] ( glut51 b opaque :5 dry1 bay or r$di% !n tawny-olivace\s1 spott$2 (t5 depress$ r\nd ! m>g91 :i* is at fir/ incurv$ !n wavy1 m>k$ ) a rais$ br[n l9e4 ,fle% entirely cle> blue4 ,gills broadly em>g9ate1 #c l9es & m broad1 cr[d$1 blui%-tan1 !n c9namon1 violet-purple :5 bruis$4 ,/em ab\t #c 94 long1 94 & m ?ick1 solid1 bulb\s1 ev]y:]e fibrillose1 int5sely pallid cle> blue1 v compact1 juicy1 becom+ purpli%-blue :5 t\*$1 bulb subm>g9ate4 ,spores elliptical1 #aj-abe-f ,fries4 ,v>4 subpurpurasc5s4 ,massa*usetts4 ,fro/4 ,pl5tiful 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9s 9 mix$ woods1 #ahhb4 ,on ,s\? ,valley ,hill1 ne> ,d[n+ton1 ,pa41 ,octob]1 #ahhg4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 #ahib4 ,9 woods4 ,septemb] to fro/4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,bo? /ems & caps are juicy :5 "y & ( agreeable flavor4 ,x is among ! be/ edible species ( ,cort9>ius4 999999 ,gills br[ni%-:ite1 !n f]rug9\s4 ,c4 turb9atus ,fr4--turbo1 a top4 ,pileus unicolor\s1 d+y-yell[ or gre51 becom+ pale1 hygrophan\s1 opaque :5 dry1 fle%y1 convex !n flatt5$1 obtuse1 at l5g? depress$1 orbicul>1 ev51 smoo?1 viscid4 ,fle% s(t1 :ite4 ,/em commonly curt1 #b 941 b v>y+ elongat$1 yell[i%1 spr++ f a globoso-depress$ di/9ctly m>g9ate bulb1 o!rwise equal1 cyl9drical1 /uff$ !n holl[4 ,gills att5uato-adnate1 ?91 cr[d$1 broad1 q entire1 at fir/ pallid light-yell[i%1 at l5g? some:at f]rug9\s4 ,! typical =m is regul>1 di/9ct f its allies 9 ! hygrophan\s pileus1 9 ! gills be+ isabell9e-f]rug9\s & q entire1 & 9 be+ )\t any d>k-purple or purple color4 ,easily di/+ui%$ by its turb9ate bulb4 ,fries4 ,9 woods4 ,uncommon4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores r\gh1 #ad-afg2 r\gh1 ,cooke4 ,cap #b-d 94 across4 ,/em commonly ab\t #b 94 long1 sometimes long]4 ,massee4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s*we9itz2 ,p5nsylvania1 ,s*we9itz2 ,massa*usetts1 ,fro/2 ,m9nesota2 ,nova ,scotia4 ,edible4 ,cooke4 ,,myxa,,cium4 7,gr--mucus47 7,plate ,,lxxxiii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,cort9>ius ,,coll9itus4 ,ab\t natural size4 ,c4 coll9itus ,fr4--coll9o1 to besme>4 ,pileus convex1 obtuse1 glabr\s1 glut9\s :5 moi/1 %9+ :5 dry4 ,gills r broad1 d+y-:ite or grayi% :5 "y4 ,/em cyl9drical1 solid1 viscid or glut9\s :5 moi/1 transv]sely crack+ :5 dry1 :iti% or pal] ?an ! pileus4 ,spores subelliptical1 #ac-ae4 ,! ,sme>$ cort9>ius is mu* m common ?an ! ,violet cort9>ius & has a mu* wid] range4 ,bo? ! cap & /em are cov]$ ) a viscid sub/ance or glut5 :i* makes x unpleasant to h&le4 ,! cap v>ies 9 color f yell[ to gold5 or tawny-yell[ & :5 ! glut5 on x has dri$ x is v smoo? & %9+4 ,! fle% is :ite or :iti%4 ,! "y gills h a peculi> blui%-:ite or d+y-:ite color :i* might be call$ grayi% or clay color1 b :5 mature !y assume ! color ( ! spores4 ,!y are sometimes m9utely unev5 on ! edge4 ,! /em is /raight1 solid1 cyl9drical & usually pal] ?an ! cap4 ,:5 ! glut5 on x dries x cracks transv]sely1 giv+ to ! /em a peculi> scaly appe>ance4 ,! cap is #a-c 94 broad1 & ! /em #b-d 94 long1 & - 94 ?ick4 ,! plant gr[s 9 ?9 woods1 copses & p>tly cle>$ l&s & may be f\nd f ,augu/ to ,septemb]4 ,x is well to peel ! caps be=e cook+1 s9ce ! glut5 causes dirt & rubbi% to adh]e t5aci\sly to !m4 ,peck1 #dh? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,9 #da/ ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 p4 #ga1 ,pr(essor ,peck describes a closely alli$ species1 ,c4 muscig5us1 n4 sp41 8sep>at$ by its m highly-color$ pileus1 /riate m>g9 & ev51 n diffract$-squamose /em40 ,pr(4 ,l4,b4 ,m5del gives ! foll[+ analysis3 8,"y specim5s ga!r$ 9 ,new ,hav5 e>ly 9 ,novemb]1 #ahig1 gave3 ,wat] #ia4ac ,total solids #h4hg ,total nitrog5 ( dry #c4fc0 sub/ance ,edible4 ,cooke4 ,9 appe>ance ! ,sme>$ cort9>ius does n appeal to be eat54 ,nei!r does an eel4 ,b peel$ bo? are invit+4 ,raw1 ! caps ( ?is fungus h a /rong woody smell & ta/e4 ,?is is some:at subdu$ by cook+4 ,i h f\nd ! plant 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania & ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 (t5 among ! leaves 9 mix$ woods1 b x pref]s a goodly supply ( light & ! fre$om ( op5 places4 ,x is (t5 greg>i\s1 sometimes tuft$4 ,c4 iodes ,b4 & ,c4 ,pileus #a-b 941 convex1 at l5g? plane1 viscid1 firm1 violet-purple4 ,fle% :ite1 ?ick4 ,veil fugaci\s1 spid]-web4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #a 94 ?ick1 solid1 ?ick5$ bel[4 ,gills violet1 at l5g? c9namon1 v5tricose1 adnate1 sub-em>g9ate1 irregul>1 sometimes =k$4 ,b4 & ,c4 ,?is is a small b beautiful species1 ! pileus1 lamell & /em be+ ( a bright-violet or purpli%-violet hue4 ,! spores are subelliptical1 g5]ally un9ucleate1 #ajf4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,! pileus 9 ?is species is sometimes spott$ ) :ite4 ,! bulb\s :ite /em is adorn$ ) lilac-color$ fibrils4 ,peck1 #ce? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,sp>+ly f\nd among roots at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,septemb]1 #ahig-ahih4 ,! caps are fairly good4 ,,inolo,,ma4 7,gr--fib]2 ,gr--a fr+e47 99 ,gills violace\s !n c9namon4 ,c4 violaceus ,fr4 7,plate ,,lxxxii1 fig4 #b1 page #cjf47 ,"o ( our mo/ pl5tiful & beautiful autumnal fungi4 ,z ! ,am]ican plant diff]s some:at f ! ,european1 ,pr(essor ,peck's description is giv54 ,pileus convex1 becom+ ne>ly plane1 dry1 adorn$ ) num]\s p]si/5t hairy tufts or scales1 d>k violet4 ,lamell r ?ick1 di/ant1 r\nd$ or deeply not*$ at ! inn] extremity1 color$ l ! pileus 9 ! "y plant1 br[ni%-c9namon 9 ! mature plant4 ,/em solid1 fibrillose1 bulb\s1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores subelliptical1 #ab4e long4 ,! ,violet cort9>ius is a v beautiful mu%room & "o easy ( recognition4 ,at fir/ ! :ole plant is uni=mly color$1 b ) age ! gills assume a d+y o*race\s or br[ni%-c9namon hue4 ,! cap is g5]ally well =m$ & regul> & is beautifully adorn$ ) little hairy scales or tufts4 ,^! are r>ely %[n 9 figures ( ! ,european plant1 b !y are q noticeable 9 ! ,am]ican plant & %\ld n be ov]look$4 ,! fle% is m or less t+$ ) violet4 ,! gills :5 "y are color$ l ! cap4 ,!y are r broad1 not*$ at ! inn] extremity & n>r[$ t[>d ! m>g9 ( ! cap4 ,:5 mature !y become du/$ ) ! spores ^: color !y take4 ,! /em also is color$ l ! cap4 ,x is swoll5 into a bulb at ! base & sometimes a fa9t o*race\s b& may be se5 ne> ! top4 ,?is is due to ! fall+ spores :i* lodge on ! webby filam5ts ( ! veil rema9+ atta*$ to ! /em4 ,cap #b-d 94 broad4 ,/em #c-e 94 long1 ab\t 94 ?ick4 ,peck1 #dh? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,m9]va1 ,essex c\nty4 ,a =m ( ?is species occurs "h1 hav+ ! pileus m]ely d[ny or punctate-hairy "u a l5s1 no squamules be+ di/+ui%able by ! nak$ eye4 ,july4 ,peck1 #ej? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores #ab-adaj ,cooke4 ,! spid] web veil is exquisitely display$ 9 ?is species4 ,?is1 ) its /rongly bulb\s base & violet t+e ?r\gh\t1 easily m>k x4 ,?\gh usually solit>y great numb]s ( x are f\nd 9 its settlem5ts4 ,! mix$ woods ( c5tral ,new ,j]sey ab\nd ) x 9 ,july1 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,?r\gh\t ,p5nsylvania & ,we/ ,virg9ia x is common1 & is report$ f sev]al o!r /ates4 ,9 ,r$man's woods1 ne> ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 a d5sely clu/]$ =m ( s+ul> beauty occurs4 ,a doz5 individuals ( v>i\s =ms & sizes ) swoll5 /ems =m a compact mass1 ri* 9 color1 & cutt+ crisp & juicy z an apple4 ,!y are f> bett] ?an o!r ,cort9>ii ,i h eat54 ,i h n se5 x else:]e4 ,c4 violaceus is ev]y:]e eat51 & is 9 my op9ion ! be/ ( its g5us4 ,! ,am]ican plant is n inodor\s1 b has a decid$ mu%room smell & ta/e4 7,plate ,,lxxxiv47 ,illu/ration3 ,,cort9>ius ,,albo-,,violaceus4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,c4 albo-violaceus ,p]s4 ,pileus fle%y1 r ?91 convex1 !n exp&$1 sometimes broadly subumbonate1 smoo?1 silky1 :iti%1 t+$ ) lilac or pale violet4 ,lamell g5]ally s]rulate1 :iti%-violet1 !n c9namon-color4 ,/em equal or a little tap]+ upw>d1 solid1 silky1 :ite1 /a9$ ) violet1 especially at ! top1 slightly bulb\s1 ! bulb gradually tap]+ into ! /ipe4 ,height1 #c-d 942 bread? ( pileus1 #b-c 942 /ipe1 #c-f l9es ?ick4 ,gr\nd 9 ?9 woods1 m frequ5tly "u popl>s4 ,c5t]4 ,octob]4 ,! /em is sometimes subannulate1 & be+ violet above & :ite bel[ ! obscure r+1 x appe>s z if %ea!d ) a silky-:ite cov]+4 ,inodor\s4 ,sometimes ! /em gradually tap]s f ! base to ! top1 s t x c sc>cely be call$ bulb\s4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores #abe-f ,cooke2 #f-id-e ,k42 pruni=m1 #aj ,q4 ,an alli$ species ,c4 7,inoloma7 lilac9us1 ,peck1 ) ! /em & bulb\s "p mu* broad] ?an ! cap1 is n z common1 b ( f> bett] flavor4 ,common 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 9 mix$ woods4 ,septemb] to fro/4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a mu%room flavor develops 9 cook+4 ,! consi/5cy ( ! fle% is good4 ,x is ( m$ium grade4 ,c4 lilacinus ,pk4 ,pileus firm1 hemisph]ical1 !n convex1 m9utely silky1 lilac-color4 ,lamell close1 lilac1 !n c9namon4 ,/em /\t1 bulb\s1 silky-fibrillose1 solid1 :iti%1 t+$ ) lilac4 ,spores nucleate1 #ajf4 ,plant #d-e 94 high4 ,pileus #c 94 broad4 ,/em #d-f l9es ?ick4 ,l[ mossy gr\nd 9 woods4 ,croghan4 ,septemb]4 ,?is is a r>e b beautiful plant1 alli$ to ,c4 alboviolaceus1 f :i* x may be di/+ui%$ by its /\t] habit1 deep] color & bulb\s /em4 ,9 ! "y plant ! bulb is mu* broad] ?an ! undevelop$ pileus t surm\nts x4 ,peck1 #bf? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,massa*usetts1 ,fro/2 ,m9nesota1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,i h f\nd a few specim5s 9 sev]al places3 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,r$man's woods1 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 9 :i* place x is m pl5tiful ?an 9 any locality ,i h not$4 ,ne> lake at ,eagle's ,m]e1 ,pa41 ,augu/1 & at ,spr+ton1 ,pa4 ,excell5t4 7,plate ,,lxxxv47 ,illu/ration3 ,,cort9>ius ,,asp]4 ,ab\t two-?irds natural size4 ,c4 zp] ,pk4--r\gh4 ,pileus fle%y1 firm1 hemisph]ical1 !n convex1 r\gh ) m9ute1 erect1 br[n scales1 o*race\s4 ,gills close1 r\nd$ beh9d & slightly em>g9ate1 dull violace\s1 !n pale c9namon4 ,/em equal1 bulb\s1 solid1 fibrillose-scaly1 color$ l ! pileus b smoo? & violace\s at ! top1 ! bulb :ite ) an abundant mycelium4 ,spores broadly elliptical1 ) a pellucid nucleus1 #h long4 ,plant #c-d 94 high4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad4 ,/em #c-e l9es ?ick4 ,gr\nd 9 cle>$ places4 ,greig4 ,septemb]4 ,a f9e species4 ,! fle% ( ! /em is violace\s4 ,peck1 #bd? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,?is plant sometimes gr[s 9 tufts or clu/]s & be>s a v close resemblance to ,armill>ia mellea1 bo? 9 color & 9 ! "* ( ! scales ( ! pileus4 ,peck1 #bg? ,rep4 ,9 ?9 woods & cle>+s1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,! :ole fungus is edible :5 "y1 & ranks high 9 ,cort9>ii4 ,:5 full gr[n ! /em is h>d4 ,cut 9 ?91 transv]se slices x cooks t5d]1 b does n equal ! cap4 ,l mo/ ( ! ,cort9>ii x is f\nd 9 ! autumn until fro/ kills x4 9999 ,gills p9ki%-br[n !n c9namon4 7,plate ,,lxxxvi47 ,illu/ration3 ,,cort9>ius ,,squamulosus4 ,c4 squamulosus ,pk4 7,plate ,,lxxxii1 fig4 #a1 p4 #cjf74 ,pileus ?ick1 fle%y1 convex1 d5sely fibrillose-squamulose1 c9namon-br[n1 ! scales d>k]4 ,lamell n cr[d$1 deeply em>g9ate1 pale p9ki%-br[n1 !n c9namon-color$4 ,/ipe ?ick1 solid1 %r$dy1 subsquamulose1 concolor\s1 swoll5 at ! base into a v l>ge tap]+ or subv5tricose bulb4 ,height #d-f 941 bread? ( pileus #b-d 941 /ipe #f-i l9es ?ick at ! top1 #ab-ah l9es at ! bottom4 ,bord]s ( swamps 9 woods4 ,s&lake4 ,augu/4 ,relat$ to ,c4 pholideus & ,c4 ar5atus1 b di/9ct by ! deep em>g9ation ( ! lamell4 ,x gives out a /rong odor :ile dry+4 ,! color ( ! fle% is p9ki%-:ite4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,?is species 0 discov]$ 9 #ahfi1 & _h n s9ce be5 obs]v$ by ! writ] until ! pa/ season4 ,x is manife/ly a species ( r>e occurr5ce4 ,peck1 #bh? ,rep4 ,massa*usetts1 ,fro/2 ,wiscons91 ,m9nesota4 ,ranges f ,new ,engl& to ,k5tucky un*ang$4 ,morgan4 ,specim5s f ,e4,b4 ,/]l+1 ,tr5ton1 ,n4,j41 ,septemb]1 #ahig4 ,asylum gr\nds4 ,sev]al f\nd at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 #ahig4 ,solit>y 9 oak woods1 gravelly soil4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,s5t to ,pr(essor ,peck & id5tifi$4 ,specim5s 7 mu* d>k] ?an ,pr(essor ,peck's plates4 ,c4 squamulosus is n attractive 9 appe>ance4 ,! caps1 only1 are edible4 ,_! consi/5cy is v pleasant & flavor fairly good4 7,plate ,,lxxxvia47 ,illu/ration3 ,,cort9>ius ,,autumnalis4 ,c4 autumnalis ,pk4 ,pileus fle%y1 convex or exp&$1 dull ru/y-yell[1 v>iegat$ or /reak$ ) innate ru/-color$ fibrils4 ,gills r broad1 ) a wide %all[ em>g9ation4 ,/em equal1 solid1 firm1 bulb\s1 a little pal] ?an ! pileus4 ,height #c-d 941 bread? ( pileus #b-d 94 ,/em #f l9es ?ick4 ,p9e woods4 ,be?lehem4 ,novemb]4 ,! plant is sometimes cespitose4 ,! fle% is :ite4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 #ahii4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,quality fair4 ,caps meaty4 ,c4 o*raceus ,pk4 7,plate ,,lxxxii1 fig4 #c1 p4 #cjf47 ,pileus fle%y1 convex1 at l5g? broadly subumbonate or gibb\s1 smoo?1 ev5 or obscurely wr9kl$1 pale o*race\s4 ,/em solid1 fibrillose1 o*race\s at ! top1 :ite bel[1 gradually enl>g$ into a ?ick bulb\s base4 ,height #b-d 941 bread? ( pileus #b-c 94 ,/em #d-f l9es ?ick at ! top1 #ab-ah l9es at ! base4 ,"u balsam trees 9 op5 places4 ,catskill m\nta9s4 ,octob]4 ,! /em appe>s z if %ea!d4 ,9 "s specim5s ! /em is %ort & rapidly tap]s f ! base to ! top4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,_m ( ! species 7 f\nd by ! writ] 9 mix$ woods among leaves at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,septemb]1 #ahih4 ,specim5s 7 id5tifi$ by ,pr(essor ,peck4 ,! gills are bright yell[ :5 "y4 ,cap smoo?1 innately fibrillose1 n viscid4 ,spores light br[n4 ,ta/eless2 smell fa9t4 ,good consi/5cy4 ,a fair flavor develops 9 cook+4 999999 ,gills yell[4 7,plate ,,lxxxvib47 ,illu/ration3 ,,cort9>ius ,,annulatus4 ,natural size4 ,c4 7,inoloma7 annulatus ,pk4 ,pileus broadly convex1 dry1 villose-squamulose1 yell[4 ,fle% yell[i%4 ,lamell r broad1 subdi/ant1 adnex$1 yell[4 ,/em solid1 bulb\s1 some:at p]onate by ! yell[ fibrillose annul>-t]m9at$ veil4 ,spores broadly elliptical or subglobose1 #h long4 ,pileus #a-c 94 broad4 ,/em #a4e-c 94 long1 #c-f l9es ?ick4 ,?9 woods4 ,:itehall4 ,augu/4 ,! :ole plant is yell[ incl9+ to o*race\s4 ,x has ! odor ( radi%es4 ,! squamules ( ! pileus are po9t$ & erect on ! disk1 & (t5 d>k]-color$ !re4 ,! species is alli$ to ,c4 tophaceus & ,c4 calli/eus1 f :i* x is sep>at$ by its p]si/5tly annulate /em & m yell[ color4 ,peck1 #dc;d ,rep4 ,specim5s receiv$ f ,e4,b4 ,/]l+1 ,tr5ton1 ,n4,j41 ,septemb] #e1 #ahig4 ,id5tifi$ by ,pr(essor ,peck4 ,mix$ woods ,k+sess+1 ne> ,b>tram's ,g>d51 ,philadelphia1 ,septemb]1 #ahig4 ,solit>y among grass & leaves4 ,! p]man5t m>k+ ( ! veil is conspicu\s4 ,eight specim5s 7 f\nd & eat54 ,! caps cook t5d]1 & h a decid$ b n unpleasant flavor4 ,,d]mo,,cybe4 7,gr--sk92 ,gr--a head47 ,c4 c9nab>inus ,fr4--c9nab>is1 dragon's blood4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad1 sc>let-r$1 truly fle%y1 campanulate1 !n flatt5$1 obtuse or v obtusely umbonate1 silky1 !n becom+ smoo? & %9+1 or obsoletely scaly2 ! firm fle% pal]4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 #c-d l9es & m ?ick1 solid1 equal1 sometimes h[ev] bulb\s1 fibrillose or /riate1 sc>let-r$1 r$di% brick-color int]nally4 ,cort9a fibrillose1 lax1 c9nab>4 ,gills :olly adnate1 some:at decurr5t1 #c l9es broad1 some:at di/ant1 connect$ by ve9s1 unequal & d>k] at ! edge1 d>k blood-color :5 bruis$4 ,odor ( radi%4 ,readily di/+ui%$ f all o!rs by its spl5did sc>let color1 & f ,c4 sangu9eus by its %ort solid & firm /em1 its broad pileus & some:at di/ant gills4 ,/em nev] becom+ yell[4 ,fries4 ,spores #g-hd ,cooke4 ,x is a v>iable species ) u4 ,cap #a 94 across1 convex1 broadly umbonate1 m>g9 involute1 yell[i%-br[n1 silky1 innately fibrillose1 %9+1 :5 "y ! cap is r\nd1 m>g9 involute4 ,veil :ite1 fibrillose1 fugaci\s1 leav+ no trace on /em4 ,fle% ?ick 9 c5t]1 solid1 close-gra9$1 :ite1 t+$ ) br[n4 ,ta/es /rongly z radi%es4 ,sk9 p>tially deta*able4 ,gills exce$+ly beautiful 9 _! deep cl>et-color1 :i* is p]man5t1 decurr5t4 ,/em #c 94 long1 %9+1 smoo?1 :ite ne> top1 br[ni% bel[1 equal1 fibr\s1 /uff$1 sk9 removable4 ,on gr\nd among p9es1 ne> /ation1 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,augu/ to fro/4 ,solit>y1 greg>i\s & cespitose4 ,ta/e & smell l radi%es4 ,! caps cook well & are ( fair flavor4 ,makes good patties & croquettes4 ,c4 c9nab>9us1 ,v>4 #a4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,augu/ to fro/4 ,on decay+ *e/nut /umps4 ,cap #a 94 across1 %9+1 convex1 orange-br[n1 :ite on m>g9 & "u m9ute appress$ squamules1 b few on m>g92 app>5t remnant ( a veil on cap1 z a viscid sk94 ,gills r\nd$ beh9d1 slightly em>g9ate1 l ,tri*oloma1 grayi%-br[n :5 "y1 becom+ a brilliant sc>let1 unequal4 ,/em #b 94 high1 ov] 94 ?ick1 :ite1 cov]$ ) br[ni%-orange appress$ squamules1 (t5 ) /a9$ m>k+ ( veil or fragm5ts ( veil z r+4 ,cespitose1 connate4 ,ta/e & smell /rong l radi%es4 ,flavor 9 di% is decid$ b pleasant4 ,makes good patties & croquettes4 ,specim5s 7 id5tifi$ by ,pr(essor ,peck z ,c4 c9nab>9us1 z 7 ^? ( ! prec$+4 ,! v>iations are s great t ,i give ?is place z a v>iety4 ,c4 sangu9eus ,fr4--sanguis1 blood4 ,pileus #a-a 94 broad1 blood-color1 becom+ slightly pale :5 dry1 fle%y1 ?91 convex !n plane1 obtuse1 occasionally depress$1 silky or squamulose4 ,fle% r$di%1 pal]4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #b-c l9es ?ick1 /uff$ !n holl[1 equal 7r att5uat$ ?an ?ick5$ at ! base71 "h & !re flexu\s1 ) fibrils ( ! same color1 almo/ d>k] ?an ! pileus4 ,cort9a ara*noid1 fugaci\s1 r$ blood-color4 ,gills adnate1 cr[d$1 #b-c l9es broad1 q entire1 d>k blood-color4 ,:olly d>k blood-color1 ! /em :5 compress$ p\r+ =? bloody juice4 ,odor ( radi%4 ,?9n] ?an species ne>e/ to x4 ,! spores are o*race\s on a :ite gr\nd1 some:at f]rug9\s on a black gr\nd4 ,fries4 ,spores #fd ,w4,g4,s4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis2 ,massa*usetts1 ,sprague1 ,f>l[1 ,fro/2 ,connecticut1 ,wright2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,edible4 ,leuba4 7,plate ,,lxxxvii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,cort9>ius ,,c9namomeus4 ,natural size4 ,c4 c9namomeus ,fr4 ,pileus #a-b 94 across4 ,fle% ?91 convexo-campanulate1 umbonate1 some:at c9namon color1 silky squamulose ) yell[i% innate fibrils1 becom+ almo/ glabr\s4 ,gills adnate1 broad1 cr[d$1 %9+1 yell[i%1 !n tawny-yell[4 ,/em #b-d 94 long1 equal1 yell[1 z is also ! fle% & ! veil1 holl[4 ,spores #g-hd-e4 ,a v common species1 especially 9 mossy places 9 p9e woods1 occurr+ "u _m well def9$ =ms1 :i* c n be sep>at$ z species4 ,ess5tial po9ts common to all4 7#a7 ,/em ev]y:]e equal1 /uff$1 !n holl[1 yell[i%1 fibrillose f ! simil>ly color$ veil4 7#b7 ,pileus ?91 flatt5$ & obtusely umbonate1 silky ) yell[i% d[n1 (t5 glabr\s :5 adult1 & !n bright c9namon1 b ! color is v>iable4 7#c7 ,fle% splitt+1 yell[i%4 7#d7 ,gills adnate1 cr[d$1 ?91 broad1 always %9+4 7#e7 ,spores d>k o*race\s1 size & color v v>iable2 pileus f -#c-d 94 across2 color ( pileus *angeable1 dep5d+ on ! m or less p]si/5ce ( ! d[n 7fundam5tal color & veil con/ant 9 ?is species & its allies72 gills v>y+ ?r\gh blood-r$1 r$di% c9namon1 tawny saffron1 gold5 & yell[4 ,fries4 ,pileus ?91 convex1 obtuse or umbonate1 dry1 fibrillose at lea/ :5 "y4 ,fle% yell[i%4 ,lamell ?91 close1 adnate4 ,/em sl5d]1 equal1 /uff$ or holl[4 ,spores elliptical1 #h long4 ,peck1 #dh? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores #g-hd ,cooke4 ,! ,g]mans are said to be v fond ( ?is species1 :i* is g5]ally /ew$ 9 butt] & s]v$ ) sauce = vegetables4 ,catalogu$ by ,dr4 ,m4,a4 ,curtis1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 z edible4 ,edible4 ,cooke4 ,v>4 semi-sangu9eus receiv$ f ,e4,b4 ,/]l+1 ,tr5ton1 ,n4,j41 ,augu/1 #ahig4 ,juicy & good4 ,! species is common ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates & pl5tiful 9 its num]\s v>ieties f ,augu/ to fro/4 ,x frequ5ts mix$ woods1 bord]s & op5 & mossy places4 ,! p9e woods ( ,new ,j]sey yield x 9 quantity1 z d ! hemlock =e/s ( ,eagle's ,m]e1 ,pa41 & oak woods ( ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,x has a smell & ta/e--mildly ( radi%es4 ,its flavor :5 cook$ is decid$ b pleasant4 ,,telamo,,nia4 7,gr--l9t47 7,plate ,,lxxxviii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,cort9>ius ,,armillatus4 ,c4 armillatus ,fr4--armilla1 a r+4 7,plate ,,lxxxii1 fig4 #e1 p4 #cjf47 ,pileus #c-e 94 broad1 r$-brick color1 truly fle%y1 b n v compact1 at fir/ cyl9drical1 soon campanulate1 at l5g? flatt5$1 dry1 at fir/ smoo?1 soon innately fibrillose or squamulose1 fle% d+y pallid4 ,/em #c-f 94 long1 94 ?ick1 solid1 firm1 rem>kably bulb\s 7bulb #a 94 ?ick1 vill\s1 :iti%7 & fibrillose at ! base1 :5 old /riate & r$di%-pallid1 int]nally dirty yell[4 ,ext]ior veil wov51 r$1 arrang$ 9 #b-d di/ant c9nab> zones encircl+ ! /em2 p>tial veil cont9u\s ) ! upp] zone1 ara*noid1 r$di%-:ite4 ,gills adnate1 slightly r\nd$1 di/ant1 at fir/ pallid c9namon1 at l5g? v broad 7 9471 d>k f]rug9\s1 almo/ bay-br[n4 ,odor ( radi%4 ,a v /rik+ species4 ,f ! pileus n be+ hygrophan\s1 at ! fir/ smoo? & at l5g? torn into fibrils or squamulose1 x might easily be tak5 = a species ( ,inoloma4 ,! cort9a itself is pal] ?an ! zones4 ,x diff]s f all o!rs 9 ^! zones4 ,! r+s are usually some:at oblique4 ,fries4 ,pr(essor ,peck 9 ! #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,cab4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 describes ! ,am]ican species z foll[s3 8,pileus fle%y1 ?ick1 convex or subcampanulate1 !n exp&$1 m9utely squamulose1 yell[i%-r$4 ,lamell n close1 broad1 slightly em>g9ate1 :iti%-o*race\s1 !n c9namon4 ,/ipe /\t1 solid1 fibrillose1 :iti%1 girt ) "o to f\r r$ b&s1 bulb\s4 8,height #d-f 941 bread? ( pileus #b-d 941 /ipe #d-h 94 ?ick4 8,woods4 ,nor? ,elba4 ,augu/4 8,a l>ge & noble species4 ,! m>g9 ( ! pileus is ?9 & sometimes unev52 ! upp] b& on ! /em is usually ! brighte/ & mo/ regul>4 ,! pileus is n di/9ctly hygrophan\s40 ,spores #ajf ,cooke4 ,edible4 ,cooke4 ,septemb] #h1 #ahig1 ,mr4 ,e4,b4 ,/]l+1 ,tr5ton1 ,n4,j41 s5t me sev]al specim5s new to me & rem>kable 9 hav+ two well-def9$ veils1 ! l[] & ?ick] "o ( :i* left a d>k zone ^u ! /em1 ! upp]1 fibrillose1 0 m p]si/5t1 b left a fa9t] impression4 ,^! veils are n m5tion$ 9 ,pr(essor ,peck's description ( ! ,am]ican species1 b are prom95tly not$ 9 t ( ,fries1 z above4 ,9 a v "y specim5 bo? veils 7 pres5t4 ,cap light br[n1 m9utely squamulose1 ) a few small r$ spots2 m>g9 ?91 involute1 fle% ?ick1 yell[i%1 firm2 gills di/ant1 r\nd$ beh9d1 slightly em>g9ate1 alt]nate ones %ort1 light br[n incl9$ to c9]e\s on edge4 ,spores br[n4 ,small "y specim5s did n %[ bulb\s /em z di/9ct z l>g] & old] ones4 ,i aft]w>d f\nd sev]al specim5s at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,septemb] & ,octob]1 #ahig4 ,! fle% is excell5t1 closely resembl+ ,pholiota subsqu>rosa4 ,! species seems to be r>e4 ,if f\nd 9 quantity x w prove "o ( our v be/ edibles4 ,c4 distans ,pk4 ,pileus ?9 except ! disk1 convex1 squamulose1 bay-br[n :5 moi/1 tawny :5 dry4 ,lamell broad1 di/ant1 ?ick1 d>k c9namon-color4 ,/ipe subequal1 (t5 a little tap]+ upw>d1 solid1 slightly fibrillose-scaly1 concolor\s4 ,height #b-c 941 bread? ( pileus #a-b 941 /ipe #d-f 94 ?ick4 ,grassy gr\nd 9 p9e woods4 ,gre5bu%4 ,june4 ,! fle% is dull-yell[i%4 ,! pileus1 :5 dry+1 has = a "t a br[n-m>g9al zone4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,new ,j]sey p9es4 ,eagle's ,m]e1 ,pa41 conif]\s woods4 ,augu/4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 p9es4 ,augu/1 ,septemb]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,l mo/ ( ! hygrophan\s ,cort9>ii1 ! ta/e is m or less t ( rott5 wood4 ,! flavor is flat & undesirable4 ,c4 furfurellus ,pk4 ,pileus ?91 convex1 furfurace\s ) m9ute squamules1 hygrophan\s1 wat]y-tawny :5 moi/1 pale o*race\s :5 dry4 ,lamell broad1 ?ick1 di/ant1 adnate or slightly em>g9ate1 tawny-yell[1 !n c9namon4 ,/em equal1 p]onate1 color$ l ! pileus1 ) a slight annulus ne> ! top4 ,spores subelliptical1 m9utely r\gh1 #h-ajf4 ,plant #a-b 94 high4 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad4 ,/em #b-d l9es ?ick4 ,moi/ gr\nd 9 op5 places4 ,gansevoort4 ,augu/4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,/rong woody flavor--l rott5 wood4 ,n poison\s1 b n desirable4 ,,hygrocybe4 ,c4 ca/aneus ,bull4--*e/nut4 ,pileus fle%y1 ?91 campanulate or convex1 !n exp&$1 d>k *e/nut-color :5 moi/1 pal] :5 dry4 ,lamell r broad1 violet-t+$1 !n c9namon4 ,/ipe fibrillose1 /uff$ or holl[1 lilac t+$ at ! top1 :ite bel[4 ,height #b-c 941 bread? ( pileus #a-b 941 /ipe #c-d l9es ?ick4 ,gr\nd "u spruce or balsam trees4 ,catskill m\nta9s4 ,octob]4 ,edible4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores #he4 ,x is c]ta9ly a :olesome1 escul5t species1 b a great numb] w\ld be requir$ to make a good di%4 ,m4,c4 ,cooke4 ,catalogu$ by ,rev4 ,m4,a4 ,curtis1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 z edible4 ,eat5 9 ,italy4 ,inodor\s1 edible & agreeable4 ,cordi]4 ,m ?an fair4 ,i h (t5 eat5 x4 ,r4,k4 ,macadam4 ,illu/ration ,,paxil,,lus ,fr4 ,paxillus1 a small /ake4 ,hym5ophore cont9u\s ) ! /em1 decurr5t4 ,gills membranace\s1 some:at bran*$1 frequ5tly ana/omos+ beh9d1 di/9ct f ! hym5ophore & easily sep>able f x4 ,spores d+y-:ite or f]rug9\s4 ,fle%y putresc5t fungi1 m>g9 ( pileus at fir/ involute1 !n cont9ually & gradually unfold+ & exp&+4 ,fries4 ,pileus symmetrical or ecc5tric4 ,/em c5tral1 ecc5tric or want+4 ,edge ( gills entire1 %>p4 ,! m>k$ features ( ?is g5us are ! /rongly involute m>g91 ! s(t1 t\gh1 decurr5t gills1 sep>at+ readily f ! fle%1 & ! color ( ! spores4 ,! memb]s ( ?is g5us possess "s ( ! *>act]s ( ,boletus4 ,! gills sep>ate easily f ! hym5ophore z d ! tubes ( ! latt]1 & _! ana/omos+ t5d5cy is 9 ,p4 porosus s m>k$ t ! hym5ium consi/s ( l>ge angul> tubes4 ,! gills ( ,p4 solidus ,b4 & ,c4 =m pores at ! base1 & its spores are elongat$1 bo? features indicat+ an aff9ity ) ,boletus4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,tribes4 ,,lepi/a 7a pan74 ,page #cbg4 ,pileus entire1 c5tral4 ,spores d+y-:ite1 9 ,p4 panolus some:at ru/-color4 ,on ! gr\nd4 ,,tap9ia 7to depress74 ,page ----4 ,pileus g5]ally ecc5tric or resup9ate4 ,spores ru/-color4 ,on ! gr\nd or on /umps4 ,s f> z kn[n ! species ( ?is g5us are h>mless4 ,_m ( !m are l>ge1 fle%y & invit+ 9 appe>ance1 b _! fle% is usually dry & co>se1 &1 ?\gh absorb5t1 is h>d to cook t5d]4 ,p4 atrotom5tosus1 :i* seems to be r>e1 is an exception4 ,! fle% ( ?is species be+ firm 9 texture & readily made into a fir/-class di%4 ,,lepis,,ta4 ,p4 lepista ,fr4--lepi/a1 a pan4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad1 flat or depress$1 dirty-:ite1 smoo?1 sometimes m9utely crack$ ne> ! m>g9 :i* is ?91 involute & (t5 undulate4 ,/em v v>iable 9 l5g?1 #a-d 941 - 94 ?ick1 d+y :ite or cream1 solid1 :ite inside1 equal1 ) a c>tilag9\s cuticle pass+ betwe5 ! gills & ! fle% ( ! pileus1 base blunt1 vill\s1 :ite4 ,gills v decurr5t1 cr[d$1 #b-c l9es broad1 slightly bran*$ b n at ! base1 d+y-:ite becom+ d>k]4 ,spores r$di%1 becom+ d+y br[n4 ,broadly pyri=me #fh ,massee4 ,p5nsylvania4 ,septemb]1 #ahid4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,albion1 ,n4,y41 ,dr4 ,cu%+1 #ahih4 ,on gr\nd 9 woods & m>g9s ( woods4 ,fle% :ite4 ,gills n>r[1 cr[d$1 brittle1 decurr5t1 d+y-:ite or pale-buff1 easily sep>at+ f cap4 ,/em solid1 ela/ic1 at l5g? holl[1 (t5 %ort1 an in* long1 tap]+ d[nw>d1 frequ5tly up to f\r in*es 9 l5g? & equal1 base villose4 ,resembl+ ,lact>ius pip]atus & "s =ms ( ,clitocybe4 ,x is sep>at$ f ! =m] by ! abs5ce ( milk & f ! latt] by its involute m>g94 ,! ,clitocybe resembl+ x are all edible4 ,smell /rong1 l old oily nuts4 ,edible b co>se4 ,p4 lividus ,cke4 ,pileus #a-b 94 across1 convex1 at l5g? slightly depress$ at ! disk1 m>g9 slightly ar*$ & incurv$1 d+y-:ite1 or livid o*race\s1 opaque4 ,gills decurr5t1 arcuate1 almo/ cr[d$1 #a l9e broad1 :ite4 ,/em #c-d 94 long1 94 ?ick at ! apex1 att5uat$ d[nw>d1 :ite1 fibrillose1 /uff$ !n holl[1 usually r flexu\s4 ,fle% ne>ly :ite4 ,spores globose1 #c-c4e diamet]1 ne>ly :ite4 ,9 woods4 ,usually 9 small clu/]s4 ,closely alli$ to ,paxillus revolutus1 b di/+ui%$ by ! abs5ce ( any t+e ( violet on ! pileus or /em1 & by ! p]si/5tly :ite gills4 ,massee4 ,receiv$ f ,ka!r9e ,a4 ,hall1 ,danville1 ,n4,y4 ,octob]1 #ahih4 ,raw x ta/es l a drug-/ore smell4 ,edible1 pleasant4 ,,tapi,,nia4 7,plate ,,xc47 ,illu/ration3 ,,paxillus ,,involutus4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,p4 involutus 7,bats*7 ,fr4--involutus1 roll$ inw>d4 ,pileus #b-e 94 broad1 fle%y1 compact1 convexo-plane !n depress$1 smoo?1 viscid :5 moi/1 %9+ :5 dry1 yell[i% or tawny-o*race\s1 /rongly involute1 m>g9 d5sely d[ny1 fle% pallid4 ,/em #b-d 94 high1 ab\t 94 ?ick1 solid1 firm1 pal] ?an ! pileus1 c5tral or ecc5tric4 ,gills #b-c l9es broad1 cr[d$1 bran*$1 ana/omos+1 =m+ pores beh9d1 :iti% !n yell[i% or ru/y1 spott+ :5 bruis$4 ,spores ru/-color1 ellipsoid or oblong-ellipsoid #h-aff ,k42 #ef ,w4,g4,s4 ,elliptical1 #h-aj ,peck4 ,x gr[s s+ly or 9 gr\ps & likes damp mossy soil4 ,common 9 cool hemlock or spruce woods 9 ! ,adirondack m\nta9s2 n r>e 9 ! mix$ woods ( all our hilly di/ricts4 ,:5 gr[+ on decay$ /umps ! /em is sometimes ecc5tric4 ,augu/1 ,novemb]4 ,c4,h4 ,peck4 ,9 op5 woods ne> ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 x gr[s to a l>ge size & 9 quantity4 ,9 ,angora woods ne> ,philadelphia a complete r+ ( x #bj ft4 9 diamet] 0 se54 ,consid]$ edible ?r\gh\t ,europe & said to be highly e/eem$ 9 ,russia4 ,! fle% ( ! ,am]ican plant is dry & co>se1 does n cook t5d] & is r ta/eless4 ,p4 atro-tom5tosus 7,bats*47 ,fr4--at]1 black2 tom5tum1 d[n4 ,pileus #c-f 94 broad1 ru/-color or r$di%-br[n1 compactly fle%y1 ecc5tric1 convex !n plane or depress$1 m>g9 ?91 frequ5tly m9utely rivulose1 sometimes tom5tose 9 ! c5t]4 ,fle% :ite4 ,/em #c-f 94 high1 -#a 94 ?ick1 /\t1 solid1 ela/ic1 ecc5tric or lat]al1 unequal root+1 cov]$ ) d5se velvety d[n1 v d>k br[n4 ,gills adnate1 #c l9es broad1 close1 ana/omos+ at ! base1 yell[i%1 int]spaces v5ose4 ,spores subhyal9e #d-fc-d ,k4 ,elliptical1 pale-yell[i%1 #eb4e-c ,massee4 ,elliptical #e-fd ,peck4 ,f\nd ne> ,philadelphia1 greg>i\s 9 old woods4 ,septemb]4 ,9 ,new ,j]sey 9 p9e woods on /umps & on ! gr\nd1 probably gr[+ f roots4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,gr[s s+ly or cespitose1 sometimes 9 l>ge tufts1 :5 ! pileus is frequ5tly irregul> f compression4 ,9 wet wea!r ! pileus is moi/ & sometimes obscurely mottl$ ) d>k spots4 ,occasionally x has an unpleasant dirt-l odor4 ,peck4 ,cordi] consid]s ?is species suspici\s & ,paulet inutile on acc\nt ( its bad ta/e4 ,! fle% diff]s f mo/ ,paxilli 9 be+ v f9e gra9$ & cook$ is ( ! consi/5cy ( a m>%mall[4 ,! ta/e is m>k$ b pleasant4 ,s]ies ,,iv4 ,,porphyro,,spor 7,pratelli74 ,gr--purple4 ,spores typically black-purple or br[ni%-purple1 m r>ely dusky br[n4 7,x is to be obs]v$ t ! spores v>y 9 color accord+ to ! color ( ! gr\nd on :i* !y are deposit$47 ,!re are /]ile =ms ) ! gills p]si/5tly :ite 7,a4 obturatus1 ,a4 udus74 ,^? species are m deceptive 9 :i* ! gills cont9ue = a long "t :ite1 & ev5 beg9 to decay be=e !y are discolor$ by ! spores2 ^! may be easily mi/ak5 = ,leucospori4 ,fries4 ,pratelli is ! "n giv5 by ! e>ly au?ors to ?is s]ies1 bas$ ^u ! spore color2 ,porphyrospor is ! "n n[ us$4 ,! species )9 ! gr\p are closely alli$ to ^? hav+ black spores )\t a t+e ( purple or violet 7,melanospor71 b 9 none ( ! species d ! gills deliquesce z 9 ,copr9us1 nei!r are !re resup9ate or lat]al /emm$ species4 ,!re is a pres5t t5d5cy to d away ) ?is s]ies & include all d>k-spor$ species 9 ! ,melanospor4 ,pr(essor ,atk9son & ,b]?a ,/oneman1 9 _! 8,provisional ,key to ! ,g5]a ( ,hym5omycetes10 omit ! s]ies & give 8,melanospor1 ,gill & ,butz 7,pratell & ,copr9>i 9 broade/ s5se74 ,spores d>k br[n1 purpli%-br[n or black40 ,illu/ration3 ,,porphyrosporae4 ,hym5ophore di/9ct f fle%y /em4 ,,pilosace4 ,,ag>icus4 7,,psalliota47 ,,*itonia4 ,hym5ophore conflu5t & homog5e\s ) fle%y /em4 ,,/roph>ia4 ,,hypholoma4 ,hym5ophore conflu5t )1 b het]og5e\s f c>tilag9\s /em4 ,,psilocybe4 ,,psa?yra4 ,,deconica4 ,,plate ,,xcii4 ,,*>t ,,( ,,g5]a ,,9 ,,purple-,,spor$ ,,s]ies--,,porphyrosporae1 ,,page #ccj4 7,plate ,,xciii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,*itonia ,,rubriceps4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,x is frequ5tly difficult to det]m9e by ! spore-color ( ?is s]ies ev5 to :i* s]ies a specim5 belongs4 ,_m ( our be/ edibles belong 9 ?is s]ies4 ,i "k ( none noxi\s4 ,,*iton,,ia ,fr4 ,univ]sal veil di/9ct f ! pileus1 at maturity =m+ a di/9ct volva r\nd ! base ( ! r+less c5tral /em4 ,gills free f ! /em4 ,spores br[ni%-purple4 ,analog\s 9 /ructure ) ,volv>ia & ,amanitopsis4 ,an exotic g5us import$ into ?is c\ntry4 ,no ,am]ican species report$4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p$ by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,/udies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,xci4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,ag>icus ,,v>iabilis1 #cdf #d4 ,,ag>icus ,,campe/]1 #ccb #b4 ,,ag>icus ,,silvicola1 #cdc #e4 ,,ag>icus ,,campe/] #ccb 7,,section71 #c4 ,,ag>icus ,,placomyces1 #cde ,,ag>,,icus4 ,ag>icon1 a ,greek "n = fungi1 said to be d]iv$ f ! "n ( a t[n1 ,ag>a4 ,pileus fle%y1 fle% ( ! /em diff]5t f t ( ! pileus1 furni%$ ) a di/9ct r+4 ,gills at fir/ enclos$ by ! veil1 free1 r\nd$ beh9d1 at fir/ :ite or :iti%1 9 "s species ?is /age la/+ b a %ort "t1 !n p9k or r$di%1 at l5g? d>k purpli%-br[n f ! spores4 ,spores br[n1 br[ni% or r$di%-purple4 ,on ! gr\nd1 g5]ally 9 pa/ures1 mead[s or manur$ gr\nd1 a few species occur 9 woods4 ,analog\s ) ,lepiota ( ! :ite-spor$ s]ies4 ,/roph>ia also be>s a r+ & has simil> color$ spores1 b is sep>at$ by ! fle% ( /em & pileus be+ cont9u\s & ! gills be+ m or less adnate4 ,=m]ly 9 ,ag>icus z sub-g5us ,psalliota 7psallion1 psalion1 9 poetry1 a r+74 ,:5 ,psalliota 0 rais$ to g5]ic rank x 0 giv5 ! "n ( ! great g5us ,ag>icus z a m>k ( di/9ction on acc\nt ( its includ+ ! mo/ widely kn[n & useful mu%room ( ! _w--,ag>icus campe/]4 ,! "n ,psalliota is n 9 mod]n use4 ,old ,ag>icus includ$ _m subg5]a & consequ5tly _m m species4 ,n[ x conta9s b few4 ,all ( !m are highly flavor$ & ( m>k$ excell5ce4 ,be=e ! subg5]a "u ,ag>icus 7 promot$ to full g5]ic /&+ x 0 cu/om>y to /ate ! "n ( a species ?us3 ,ag>icus 7,psalliota7 campe/]4 ,ag>icus 7,/roph>ia7 semi-orbicul>is4 ,?is 0 l5g?y & clumsy4 ,9 ! old] books ?is =m prevails4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 ! subg5us is omitt$ be=e ! "n1 :i* compels ! /ud5t to look up ! subg5us to :i* ! species belongs4 ,! old] books are !re=e puzzl+ to mod]n /ud5ts1 :o f9d !re simply ! "n ,ag>icus to guide !m4 ,! pres5t g5us ( a kn[n species 9 old ,ag>icus c be easily f\nd by look+ 9 ! index = its specific "n4 ,! "n ( ! g5us foll[s x 9 p>5!ses4 ,all ( ! g5us c be cook$ 9 any desir$ way4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,species4 99 ,gills at fir/ or v soon p9k or rosy4 9999 ,gills at fir/ br[ni% or gray4 999999 ,gills at fir/ :ite or :iti%4 99 ,gills at fir/ or v soon p9k or rosy4 ,a4 campest] ,l9n4--campus1 a field4 7,plate ,,xci1 fig4 #d 7#c figs47 fig4 #e1 section1 p4 #ccb74 ,pileus at fir/ hemisph]ical or convex1 !n exp&$ ) decurv$ m>g9 or ne>ly plane1 smoo?1 silky floccose or hairy squamulose1 ! m>g9 ext5d+ beyond ! lamell1 ! fle% r ?ick1 firm1 :ite4 ,lamell free1 close1 v5tricose1 at fir/ delicate p9k or fle% color1 !n blacki%-br[n1 subdeliquesc5t4 ,/em equal or slightly ?ick5$ t[>d ! base1 /uff$1 :ite or :iti%1 ne>ly or q smoo?4 ,r+ at or ne> ! middle1 m or less lac]at$1 sometimes evanesc5t4 ,spores elliptical1 #f-hd-e4 ,plant #b-d 94 high4 ,pileus #a4e-d 94 or m broad4 ,/em #d-h l9es ?ick4 ,peck1 #cf? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores sph]oid-ellipsoid1 #if ,k42 #fh ,w4,g4,s4 ,! v>ieties ( ,a4 campe/] are num]\s4 ,all ( !m are edible & v>y b slightly 9 _! excell5ce4 ,v>4 albus ,b]k4--albus1 :ite4 ,a v common wild =m4 ,cap #b-d 94 across1 smoo? or slightly fibrillose4 ,/em #a-c 94 long1 - 94 ?ick1 :ite or :iti%4 ,spr+ to autumn1 9 ri* grassy places4 ,sometimes v l>ge4 ,x is cultivat$4 ,v>4 griseus ,pk4--griseus1 gray4 ,cap grayi%1 silky1 %9+4 ,r+ vani%+4 ,report$ f ,virg9ia4 ,v>4 praticola ,vitt4--pratum1 a mead[2 colo1 to inhabit4 ,mead[ v>iety4 ,cap cov]$ ) r$di% scales4 ,fle% p9ki%4 ,p>ade gr\nd1 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,v>4 umbrinus ,vitt4--umb]1 d>k br[n4 ,cap br[n1 smoo?4 ,/em %ort1 m9utely scaly4 8,v>4 rufesc5s ,b]k4--rufesc5s1 becom+ r$4 ,pileus r$di%1 m9utely scaly4 ,gills at fir/ :ite4 ,/em elongat$4 ,fle% turn+ bright r$ :5 cut or bruis$4 ,?is dep>ts s decid$ly f ! ord9>y *>act]s ( ! type1 especially 9 ! :ite color ( ! "y gills1 t x seems to m]it sep>ation z a di/9ct species40 ,peck1 #cf? ,rep4 ,v>4 villaticus ,brond4--belong+ to a villa4 ,cap scaly4 ,/em scaly4 ,v>4 hort5sis ,cke4--gr[+ 9 g>d5s4 ,cap br[ni% or yell[i%-br[n1 cov]$ ) fibrils or m9ute hairs4 ,?is is a cultivat$ species4 8,v>4 ,bu*anni4 ,cap :ite1 smoo?1 depress$ 9 c5t]1 ! m>g9 nak$4 ,/em /\t4 ,r+ ?91 lac]at$4 ,a r>e v>iety1 sometimes occurr+ 9 mu%room b$s4 8,v>4 elongatus--elongat$4 ,long-/emm$ v>iety4 ,pileus small1 smoo?1 convex1 ! m>g9 adorn$ ) ! adh]5t rema9s ( ! lac]at$ veil4 ,/em long1 sl5d]1 slightly ?ick5$ t[>d ! base4 ,r+ slight or evanesc5t4 ,?is is also a v>iety ( mu%room b$s4 8,v>4 vaporarius4 ,gre5-h\se v>iety 7,a4 vapor>ius ,vitt47 ,pileus br[ni%1 coat$ ) long hairs or fibrils4 ,/em hairy-fibrillose1 becom+ transv]sely scaly4 ,cons]vatories1 cell>s1 etc4 ,n diff]+ greatly f ,v>4 hort5sis40 ,peck1 #cf? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,! ,a4 campe/] is kn[n ! _w ov] z ! common mu%room4 ,x is cosmopolitan1 appe>+ 9 pa/ures & ri* places f spr+ & until long aft] sev]e fro/s4 ,x is ! sweet morsel ( g\rmets4 ,indirectly x has done m damage ?an ! assembl$ vici\sness ( all o!r toad/ools4 ,x is by mi/ak+ ! "y button =ms ( ! deadly ,amanita = ! button =ms ( ! common mu%room t mo/ cases ( fatal toad/ool poison+ are br\ght ab\t4 ,x is1 also1 usually ! p]sons :o ?9k !y "k ! mu%room1 & c n be deceiv$1 t get poison$4 ,if two rules are obs]v$ dang] c be avoid$4 7#a7 ,nev] eat a fungus ga!r$ 9 ! woods believ+ x to be ! mu%room4 ,! typical ,a4 campe/] does n gr[ 9 ! woods2 species ( ,ag>icus some:at resembl+ x d4 7#b7 ,look at ! gills2 ^? ( ! mu%room are at fir/ a light-p9k :i* rapidly1 z ! plant matures1 d>k5 to a d>k-br[n1 purpli%-br[n1 or purpli%-black4 ,?is is due to ! rip5+ ( ! spores4 ,^? ( ! ,amanita are con/antly :ite4 ,pages c\ld be writt5 ^u ! mu%room & its culture1 & recipes = ! cook+ ( x w\ld fill a volume4 ,"o important ?+ is omitt$ f !m all--x is cul9>y h]esy to peel a mu%room4 ,mu* ( ! flavor lies 9 ! sk91 z x does 9 t ( apples1 apricots1 pea*es1 grapes1 *]ries & o!r fruits4 ,! mu%room %\ld be wip$ ) a co>se flannel or t[el until ! sk9 is clean4 ,see *apt] on cook+1 etc4 ,lafayette ,b4 ,m5del1 9 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,physiology1 ,m>*1 #ahih1 gives ! foll[+ analysis ( ,a4 campe/]3 ,two v>ieties ( ! common mu%room 7 collect$ 9 ,new ,hav54 ,fifte5 specim5s ( "o v>iety weigh$ #a ounce1 an av]age weight ( #dc gra9s ea*4 ,! analysis gave3 a4 b4 ,wat] #hg4hh #ib4bj ,total solids #ab4ab #g4hj ,total nitrog5 9 dry #d4db #d4ib sub/ance ,a% 9 dry sub/ance #aa4ff #ag4ah ,a4 comptulus ,fr4--comptus1 gaily adorn$4 ,pileus #a-a 94 broad1 yell[i%-:ite1 slightly fle%y1 convex !n plane1 obtuse1 adpress$ly fibrilloso-silky1 becom+ ev54 ,fle% ?91 s(t1 ( ! same color z ! pileus4 ,/em #b 94 long1 #b-c l9es ?ick1 holl[1 /uff$ ) floccules :5 "y1 some:at att5uat$1 ev51 smoo?1 :ite1 becom+ some:at light yell[4 ,r+ m$ial1 torn1 fugaci\s1 ( ! same color4 ,gills r\nd$-free beh9d1 cr[d$1 s(t1 broad] 9 front1 fle%-color !n rose1 n d+y-fle%-color except :5 old4 ,closely alli$ to ,a4 campe/ris1 b con/antly di/9ct 9 its m beautifully color$ gills4 ,fries4 ,cultivat$ gr\nd4 ,m5&s4 ,augu/4 ,peck1 ,rep4 #da4 ,closely alli$ to ,a4 campe/ris1 f :i* x may be sep>at$ by its small] size1 ! yell[i% hue ( ! dry plant & by ! small] spores4 ,peck1 #da/ ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,p>ade gr\nd1 ) ,a4 campe/]2 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j4 ,augu/ to fro/4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a4 comptulus appe>s frequ5tly 9 ! latitude ( ,philadelphia4 ,x is a neat species1 b n sub/antial 9 fle%4 ,"h x usually gr[s close to ! gr\nd4 ,! r+ is v evanesc5t4 ,its edible qualities are ^? ( ,a4 campe/]4 ,a4 silvaticus ,s*aeff4--belong+ to woods4 ,pileus ?91 at fir/ convex or bell-%ap$1 !n exp&$1 gibb\s or subumbonate1 fibrillose or v>iegat$ ) a few ?9 tawny br[ni% or r$di%-br[n spot-l adpress$ scales1 :iti%1 br[ni% or smoky-gray1 ! disk sometimes t+$ ) r$ or r$di%-br[n1 ! fle% :ite or fa9tly r$di%4 ,lamell ?91 close1 free1 n>r[$ t[>d ea* end1 r$di%1 !n blacki%-br[n4 ,/em r long1 equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 holl[1 :iti%4 ,spores elliptical1 #e-f4ed-e4 ,plant #c-e 94 high4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad4 ,/em #d-f l9es ?ick4 ,woods4 ,summ] & autumn4 ,n common4 ,peck1 #cf? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,massa*usetts1 ,f>l[2 ,m9nesota1 ,johnson2 ,cali=nia--edible1 ,h4 & ,m4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 #ahha-ahhe1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,augu/ to fro/4 ,9 p9e & mix$ woods4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible1 ,curtis4 ,edible1 ,peck4 ,9 ta/e & smell ,a4 silvaticus resembles ,a4 silvicola1 b is /rong]4 ,x is a frequ5t b n common species 9 ! localities :]e ,i h f\nd x4 ,quantities ( x h n occurr$1 b myself & fri5ds h eat5 x = ye>s1 kn[+ no di/9ction 9 effect betwe5 x & alli$ species4 ,its /rong ta/e requires t x be well cook$4 ,x does n lose its high flavor1 :i* may be objectionable to "s4 ,i pref] us+ its juices z a flavor+4 ,a4 dim9utivus ,pk4--dim9utive4 ,pileus ?91 fragile1 at fir/ convex1 !n plane or c5trally depress$1 sometimes slightly umbonate1 :iti% or yell[i%1 fa9tly spott$ ) small ?9 silky appress$ br[ni% scales1 ! disk br[ni% or r$di%-br[n4 ,lamell close1 ?91 free1 v5tricose1 br[ni%-p9k becom+ br[n1 blacki%-br[n or black4 ,/em equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 /uff$ or holl[1 smoo?1 pallid4 ,annulus ?91 p]si/5t1 :ite4 ,spores elliptical #ed4 ,plant #a4e-b 94 high4 ,pileus #a-a4e 94 broad4 ,/em #a-b l9es ?ick4 ,woods4 ,croghan & ,s&lake1 ,n4,y4 ,augu/4 ,autumn4 ,?is is a small b symmetrical & beautiful ,ag>ic4 ,x is p]haps too closely relat$ to ! prec$+ species 7,a4 silvaticus71 ( :i* x may possibly prove to be a m]e v>iety or dw>f =m4 ,its pileus is q ?9 & fragile4 ,usually ! d>k] or r$di% hue ( ! disk gradually loses itself 9 ! pal] color ( ! m>g91 b sometimes ! :ole surface is t+$ ) r$4 ,peck1 #cf? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,*e/] c\nty2 ,we/ ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 ,septemb]2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,eagle's ,m]e1 ,pa41 ,augu/4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,i h f\nd ,a4 dim9utivus s intimately associat$ ) ,a4 silvaticus t its be+ a dw>f =m ( ! latt] seem$ m ?an probable4 ,its edible qualities are ! same4 ,a4 ,rodmani ,pk4 ,pileus r ?ick1 firm1 at fir/ convex1 !n ne>ly or q plane1 ) decurv$ m>g91 smoo? or r>ely slightly crack$ into scales on ! disk1 :ite or :iti%1 becom+ yell[i% or subo*race\s on ! disk1 ! fle% :ite1 un*angeable4 ,lamell close1 n>r[1 r\nd$ beh9d1 free1 rea*+ ne>ly or q to ! /em1 at fir/ :iti% !n p9k or r$di%-p9k1 f9ally blacki%-br[n4 ,/em %ort1 subequal1 solid1 :iti%1 smoo? bel[ ! r+1 (t5 scurfy or slightly mealy-squamulose above2 r+ v>iable1 ?ick or ?91 entire or lac]at$1 at or bel[ ! middle ( ! /em4 ,spores broadly elliptical or subglobose1 g5]ally un9ucleate1 #e-fd-e4 ,plant #b-c 94 high4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad4 ,/em #f-aj l9es ?ick4 ,grassy gr\nd & pav$ gutt]s4 ,a/oria1 ,l4,i4 ,rev4 ,w4 ,rodman4 ,wa%+ton ,p>k1 ,albany4 ,may to ,july4 ,?is species is int]m$iate betwe5 ,a4 campe/ris & ,a4 arv5sis1 f bo? ( :i* x may be di/+ui%$ by its n>r[ gills1 solid /em & small]1 almo/ globose1 spores4 ,9 size1 %ape ( ! pileus & g5]al appe>ance x mo/ resembles ,a4 campe/ris1 b 9 ! :iti% prim>y color ( ! gills & 9 ! yell[i% t9ts :i* ! pileus (t5 assumes1 x approa*es ne>] to ,a4 arv5sis4 99 99 99 ,peck1 #cf? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,i c n[ add my own te/imony to t ( ,mr4 ,rodman z to its edibility4 ,its fle% is firm b crisp1 n t\gh1 & its flavor1 ?\gh n equal to t ( ! common mu%room1 is nev]!less agreeable1 & its use z food is p]fectly safe4 ,peck1 ,rep4 #di4 ,?is species has gr[n freely = sev]al ye>s at ,hull & ,cohasset1 ,mass4 ,x is usually f\nd ab\t ,june #a/1 & is n se5 aga9 until e>ly autumn4 ,x is ! h&some/ mu%room ,i h se51 & its edible qualities are on a p> ) its appe>ance4 ,macadam4 ,a4 hmorrhoidarius ,%ulz]4 ,gr--dis*>g+ blood4 ,pileus #d 94 across1 r$di%-br[n1 fle%y1 ovate !n exp&$1 cov]$ ) broad adpress$ scales1 m>g9 at fir/ b5t inw>d4 ,fle% :5 brok5 imm$iately blood-r$4 ,/em #d 94 high1 #a 94 ?ick1 soon holl[1 fibrillose1 ! solid base some:at bulb\s4 ,r+ sup]ior1 l>ge4 ,gills free1 approximate1 cr[d$1 rosy-fle%-color1 at l5g? purple-umb]4 ,v /rik+1 #c-d 94 high4 ,! pileus & ! :ite /em become spott$ blood-r$ :5 t\*$4 ,! /em :5 "y is adpress$ly squamulose bel[1 :5 full gr[n mealy1 becom+ smoo?4 ,fries4 ,spores purple-br[n1 #g-he ,massee2 br[n1 elliptical1 #e-fd ,peck4 ,a r>e or ov]look$ plant 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 fir/ record$ by ,pr(essor ,peck1 :o f\nd x b once1 gr[+ "u a hemlock tree4 ,rep4 #de4 ,nebraska1 ,clem5ts2 ,we/ ,virg9ia2 ,eagle's ,m]e & ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,9 hemlock & mix$ woods4 ,autumn4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,cap #b-d 94 across4 ,/em #c-d 94 long1 up to 94 ?ick4 ,e "p ( ! plant turns r$ & has a conge/$ appe>ance :5 bruis$4 ,! fle% is :ite b imm$iately becomes r$ :5 brok54 ,x is a frequ5t b n common species1 gr[+ s+ly1 or 9 small clu/]s4 ,9 flavor & sub/ance x is equal to any mu%room4 ,a4 m>itimus ,pk4 ,pileus v fle%y1 firm1 at fir/ subglobose1 !n broadly convex or ne>ly plane1 glabr\s1 sometimes slightly squamose ) appress$ spot-l scales1 :ite becom+ d+y or grayi%-br[n :5 old4 ,fle% :iti%1 quickly r$d5+ :5 cut1 ta/e agreeable1 odor di/9ct1 sugge/ive ( ! odors ( ! sea%ore4 ,lamell n>r[1 close1 free1 p9ki% becom+ purpli%-br[n ) age1 ! edge :ite4 ,/em %ort1 /\t1 firm1 solid1 equal1 sometimes bulb\s1 :ite1 ! annulus delicate1 slight & easily oblit]at$4 ,spores broadly elliptic1 purpli%-br[n1 #g-h long1 #e-f broad4 ,pileus #b-h 94 broad4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 4#f 94 ?ick4 ,s&y soil ne> salt wat]1 ,lynn1 ,mahant & ,m>blehead1 ,mass4 ,june to ,decemb]4 ,r4,f4 ,de>born4 ,?is is a v int]e/+ & an excell5t mu%room4 ,dr4 ,de>born writes t he has us$ x on ! table = f\rte5 ye>s & t x is ! only mu%room t he has ev] eat5 9 :i* ! /em is z good z ! cap4 ,he consid]s x ! mo/ he>ty & satisfy+ ( all ! num]\s species t he has ev] eat54 ,bo? its ta/e & odor is sugge/ive ( ! sea4 ,! latt] is q /rong1 & p]ceptible by "o rid+ along ! road by ^: side ! mu%rooms are gr[+4 ,!y sometimes gr[ 9 semicircles & atta9 a l>g] size 9 w>m wea!r ?an 9 ! cold] wea!r ( autumn4 ,!y are mo/ abundant 9 ,augu/4 ,! fle%1 :5 cut or brok51 quickly assumes a p9k or r$di% hue on ! fre%ly-expos$ surface4 ,?is is a v di/9ctive "* & ) ! m>itime habitat makes ! species easy to recognize4 ,ano!r species1 ,ag>icus hmorrhoid>ius ,kal*b4 exhibits a simil> *ange ( color 9 its w\nd$ fle%1 b is ( v r>e occurr5ce ) u1 does n1 s f> z asc]ta9$1 gr[ ne> ! sea1 has a d>k] cap & a long holl[ /em4 ,! /em 9 ! m>itime mu%room is %ort & solid4 ,its coll> is v slight & easily de/roy$4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torr4 ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bf1 ,no4 #b1 ,f4 #ahii4 ,a4 ,cali=nicus ,pk4--,pileus at fir/ subconical1 becom+ convex1 m9utely silky or fibrillose1 :iti%1 t+$ ) purple or br[ni%-purple on ! disk4 ,fle% :iti%4 ,gills close1 free1 p9k becom+ purpli%1 !n blacki%-br[n4 ,/em r long1 solid or /uff$1 equal or tap]+ upw>d1 di/9ctly & r abruptly n>r[$ above ! entire ext]nally silky r+1 pallid or br[ni%4 ,spores broadly elliptical1 #e-fd-e4 ,pileus #a-c 94 broad4 ,/em #a4e-c 94 long1 #b-d l9es ?ick4 ,"u oak trees4 ,pasad5a4 ,janu>y4 ,mc,clatchie4 ,?is fungus is simil> 9 size1 %ape & habitat to ,a4 hemorrhoid>ius1 b x is unlike t species 9 color1 9 ! adornm5t ( ! pileus & 9 its color n *ang+ :]e bruis$ or brok54 ,bull4 ,torr4 ,bot4 ,club1 #bb-e ,my4 #ie4 ,a4 ,elv5sis ,b4 & ,br4--,"n f riv] ,elwy1 ,wales1 :]e fir/ f\nd4 ,tuft$4 ,pileus #d-f 94 or m across1 subglobose !n hemisph]ical1 fibrillose1 brok5 up into l>ge p]si/5t br[n scales1 areolate 9 ! c5t]1 m>g9 v obtuse1 ?ick1 cov]$ ) pyramidal w>ts4 ,/em at fir/ ne>ly equal1 at l5g? swoll5 9 ! c5t]1 & att5uat$ at ! base1 #d-f 94 high1 #b 94 ?ick 9 ! c5t]1 fibrillose & areolate bel[1 ne>ly smoo? )9 ! pileus1 solid1 /uff$ ) delicate ?reads4 ,r+ ?ick1 v l>ge1 deflex$1 brok5 "h & !re1 w>t$ 9 areas b5ea?4 ,gills r cr[d$1 94 broad1 free1 ( a br[ni% fle%-color4 ,spores elliptic oblong1 #hd4 ,"u oak trees1 etc4 ,edible1 delici\s eat+4 ,fle% ( pileus 94 ?ick1 r$ :5 cut4 ,massee4 ,cali=nia1 ,h4 & ,m4 ,edible4 ,cooke1 #ahia4 ,a4 foed]atus ,b]k4 & ,mont4--conf$]at$4 ,pileus fle%y1 ?91 at fir/ ovoid !n bell-%ap$1 f9ally convex1 some:at umbilicate ) ! c5t] slightly depress$1 m>g9 hang+ d[n 7:5 dry involute71 fragm5ts ( ! veil hang+ f ! m>g91 tawny1 scaly ) m9ute1 scatt]$1 :ite1 p]si/5t granules1 #b-c 94 broad1 -#a 94 high4 ,/em /\t1 holl[1 /uff$ ) fib]s1 gradually increas+ 9 size to ! base2 bel[ ! r+ r\gh f ! ruptur$ b>k1 #d 94 high4 ,r+ sup]ior1 broad1 reflex$1 torn1 p]si/5t4 ,gills l9e>1 m$ium broad1 at fir/ p9ki%-lilac1 :5 adult br[ni%1 edge :ite1 pulv]ul5t1 adnate1 gradually att5uat$ t[>d ! m>g94 ,spores d+y-br[n1 ovoid oblong1 #aj long4 ,some:at cespitose4 ,elegant4 ,on ! gr\nd 9 pa/ures4 ,july4 ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,sullivant1 ,mont4 ,syll41 p4 #aba4 ,edibility n report$4 ,i h n se5 ?is species4 ,a4 xylog5us ,mont4 ,gr--produc$ on wood4 ,pileus membranace\s1 at fir/ ovoid1 !n conical1 bell-%ap$1 umbonate1 f9ally convexo-plane1 smoo?1 pale-yell[1 c5t] br[ni%1 m>g9 split1 /riate :5 dry1 #a-b 94 broad1 #a 94 high4 ,/em c>tilag9\s1 :ite1 #c 94 high1 94 ?ick1 gradually ?ick5$ t[>d ! base1 holl[4 ,r+ ( m$ium size1 inf]ior1 erect or reflex$4 ,gills free1 remote1 lance-%ap$1 r\nd$ beh9d1 att5uat$ t[>d ! m>g91 p9k z 9 ,a4 campe/]4 ,spores sph]ical1 colorless1 hyal9e1 #e-g4e4 ,on dead wood4 ,augu/4 ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,sullivant4 ,mont4 ,syll41 p4 #abb4 ,edibility n report$4 ,i h n se5 ?is species4 9999 ,gills at fir/ br[ni% or gray4 ,a4 arg5teus ,brndle--( silv]4 ,pileus ?91 convex becom+ ne>ly plane1 slightly silky or glabr\s1 pale grayi% :ite or grayi% br[n1 %9+ ) a silv]y lu/] :5 dry1 ! m>g9 sometimes /riate1 at fir/ incurv$1 (t5 revolute :5 old4 ,fle% :iti%1 becom+ blacki% :]e cut4 ,lamell close1 free1 at fir/ br[ni% becom+ blacki% br[n or black ) age4 ,/em %ort1 glabr\s1 solid1 (t5 n>r[$ t[>d ! base1 ! annulus slight1 evanesc5t4 ,spores broadly elliptic1 #g-aj long1 #f broad4 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad4 ,/em #a-a 94 long1 - 94 ?ick4 ,lawns & grassy places 9 ri* soil4 ,(t5 associat$ ) ,/roph>ia bilamellata ,pk4 ,aft] ra9s f ,april to ,novemb]4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 ,f4,j4 ,brndle4 ,?is is a small mu%room1 peculi> 9 hav+ ! "y gills ( a d>k color & 9 ! abs5ce ( any p9k hues4 ,! gills sometimes become moi/ & manife/ a t5d5cy to deliquesce4 ,! dry+ specim5s emit a /rong b n unpleasant odor4 ,mr4 ,brndle says t _! edible quality is excell5t & t x is n impair$ by dry+4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torr4 ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bf1 ,f4 #ahii4 ,a4 prat5sis ,s*aeff4--a mead[4 ,pileus #b-c 94 across1 ovoid !n exp&$1 becom+ smoo? or sometimes brok5 up into scales m or less conc5trically arrang$1 :iti%1 !n grayi%4 ,fle% ?ick 9 ! c5t]1 ?9 t[>d ! m>g91 :ite4 ,gills free1 r\nd$ beh9d1 ab\t 94 broad1 grayi%1 !n br[n4 ,/em ab\t #b 94 long1 - 94 ?ick1 base ?ick5$1 smoo?1 :iti%4 ,r+ m$ian1 simple1 usually decidu\s4 ,/em becom+ m or less holl[4 ,spores elliptical1 apiculate1 #fc4e4 ,on pa/ures & woods4 ,di/+ui%$ by ! grayi% gills becom+ br[n )\t any int]m$iate p9k or fle%y t+e1 & 9 be+ r\nd$ beh9d1 ! m$ian decidu\s r+1 & ! m or less holl[ /em4 ,massee4 ,cali=nia4 ,common4 ,edible4 ,h4 & ,m4 ,n else:]e report$4 ,a4 a*im5es ,b4 & ,c4 ,gr--an amb]-color$ plant4 ,pileus #d-f 94 broad1 pallid or yell[i%-:ite1 smoo? l kid lea!r1 b /udd$ ) w>ty excresc5ces especially t[>d ! c5t]4 ,/em #d-f 94 high1 #c-d l9es ?ick1 :ite1 /uff$ ) floccose fib]s1 furni%$ t[>d ! apex ) a l>ge deflex$ r+4 ,gills broad1 cr[d$ at fir/1 :iti% !n a%-color$ & d+y-br[n1 free4 ,spores br[ni%1 oval or ovate4 ,a spl5did species alli$ to ,a4 fabaceus1 b diff]+ 9 its pal] spores1 w>ty cap1 ample r+1 etc4 ,on ! e>?4 ,solit>y4 ,june4 ,s4,c4 ,rav5el4 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci4 & ,arts1 #ahdi4 ,i h n se5 ?is species4 ,a4 fabaceus ,b]k4--relat+ to beans4 ,pileus #d-e 94 across1 ?91 almo/ submembranace\s1 umbonate1 conical :5 "y1 becom+ ne>ly plane z x exp&s1 :ite1 viscid :5 moi/2 epid]mis smoo?1 t\gh1 feel+ l f9e kid lea!r1 turn+ yell[ :5 bruis$4 ,/em #c-d 94 high1 94 ?ick1 :ite1 smoo?1 ) ! exception ( a few fibrilla1 equal except at ! base4 ,veil l>ge1 at fir/ cov]+ ! gills & connect+ ! m>g9 ) ! /em1 :ite1 ext]nally floccose4 ,gills cr[d$1 v ?91 n v5tricose1 free1 br[n :5 "y1 !n d>k] br[n1 at l5g? almo/ black l ! d>k "p ( a bean fl[]4 ,a f9e species alli$ to ,a4 arv5sis4 ,:5 "y x has a peculi> b n unpleasant smell4 ,on ! gr\nd1 among/ dead leaves 9 op5 woods4 ,waynesville1 ,septemb] #aj1 #ahdd4 ,hook]'s ,london ,j\r4 ( ,botany1 #ahdg4 ,describ$ by ,b]keley f specim5s collect$ by ,?omas ,g4 ,lea1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,c9c9nati4 ,on gr\nd among old leaves 9 woods4 ,common4 ,pileus #c-d 94 broad4 ,/em #c-d 94 high4 ,spores br[n1 nucleate on "o side1 small1 #e4e long4 ,morgan4 ,?is is among ! mo/ delici\s species = ! table4 ,fre% specim5s h a di/9ct ta/e & odor ( pea* k]nels or bitt] almonds :i* is ne>ly lo/ 9 cook+4 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci5ce & ,arts1 #ahej4 ,curtis4 ,ohio1 ,lea1 ,morgan2 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis2 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,rav5el2 ,massa*usetts1 ,sprague4 999999 ,gills at fir/ :iti%4 ,a4 arv5sis ,s*aeff4--belong+ to cultivat$ gr\nd4 ,,horse ,,mu%room1 ,,pl[$-,,l& ,,mu%room4 7,a4 ,georgii ,s[41 ,a4 prat5sis ,scop41 ,a4 edulis ,krombh41 ,a4 exquisitus ,vitt47 ,pileus at fir/ convex or conical1 bell-%ap$ !n exp&$1 at fir/ m or less floccose or mealy1 !n smoo? :ite or yell[i%4 ,fle% :ite4 ,gills close1 free1 g5]ally broad] t[>d /em1 at fir/ :iti%1 !n p9ki%1 f9ally blacki%-br[n4 ,/em equal or slightly ?ick5$ t[>d ! base1 smoo?1 holl[ or /uff$ ) a floccose pi?2 r+ r l>ge1 ?ick1 ! l[] or ext]ior surface (t5 crack$ 9 a radiate mann]4 ,plant #b-e 94 high4 ,pileus #c-e 94 or m broad4 ,/em #d-aj l9es ?ick4 ,cultivat$ fields & pa/ures4 ,summ] & autumn4 ,?is species is s closely relat$ to ! common mu%room t x is reg>d$ by "s au?ors z a m]e v>iety ( x4 ,ev5 ! r5[n$ ,p]soon is said to h writt5 conc]n+ x3 8,x appe>s to be only a v>iety ( ,a4 campe/ris40 ,fries also says t x is commonly n di/+ui%$ f ,a4 campe/ris1 b t x is div]se 9 "s respects2 its :ite fle% be+ un*angeable1 its gills nev] deliquesc+1 rema9+ a long "t pale & n becom+ d>k-r$ 9 middle age4 ,b]keley says ( x3 8,a co>se b :olesome species1 (t5 turn+ yell[ :5 bruis$40 ,peck1 #cf? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores sph]oid-elliptical1 #if ,k42 #aaf ,w4,g4,s42 elliptical1 #h-aje-f4e ,peck4 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,mill]2 ,m9nesota1 ,b4,l4 ,taylor2 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,unless ! num]ical sy/em ( ,john ,phoenix to express degrees ( quality is adopt$ by a mycophagi/s' congress1 & "o species ( fungus is *os5 z ! /&>d ( excell5ce1 ! comp>ative excell5ce ( species w nev] be settl$4 ,engli% epicures %un ,a4 arv5sis2 ! ,fr5* pref] x4 ,b]keley says x is inf]ior to ! common mu%room2 ,vittad9i says x is v sapid & v nutriti\s4 ,s op9ion v>ies4 ,individual ta/es mu/ decide excell5ce4 ,comp>ison nev] w4 ,toad/ools diff] 9 sub/ance1 texture & ta/e z "o meat or vegetable diff]s f ano!r4 ,beef c\ld n be *os5 z ! /&>d = meats1 or cabbage z ! /&>d = vegetables4 ,ag>icus arv5sis is good4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p$ by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,/udies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,xciv4 ,,page4 ,,ag>icus ,,magnificus4 ,,peck1 #cdb ,a new species ( ,ag>icus4 ,a4 magnificus ,pk4--magnific5t4 7,plate ,,xciv47 ,pileus #e-ae cm4 7#b-f 947 broad1 fle%y1 ?ick1 convex1 becom+ ne>ly plane or c5trally depress$1 b>e1 (t5 wavy & split on ! m>g91 :ite or :iti%1 (t5 br[ni% 9 ! c5t]4 ,fle% #a4e-b cm4 7 947 ?ick 9 ! c5t]1 ?9 on ! m>g91 :ite1 un*angeable4 ,gills num]\s1 r broad1 close1 free1 v5tricose1 :ite becom+ d>k purpli% br[n ) age1 nev] p9k4 ,/em #aj-ae cm4 long 7#d-f 9471 ab\t #b4e cm4 ?ick 7#a 9471 firm1 /uff$ ) cottony pi?1 bulb\s or ?ick5$ at ! base1 fibrillose1 /riate1 m9utely furfurace\s 7cov]$ ) scurf7 t[>d ! base1 r+$1 pallid or :iti%1 ! r+ ?91 p]si/5t1 :ite4 ,spores small1 elliptic1 #e-f long1 #c-d broad4 ,greg>i\s or cespitose2 ?9 woods1 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,augu/4 ,*>les ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a l>ge f9e species di/+ui%$ f its ne> allies by ! abs5ce ( p9k hues f ! gills4 ,mr4 ,mc,ilvaine rem>ks t x has an anise-l flavor & odor & t :5 "y ! :ole fungus is t5d] & high flavor$1 b :5 full gr[n ! caps only are edible4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torr4 ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bf1 ,f4 #ahii4 ,a4 silvicola ,vitt4--silva1 a wood2 colo1 to inhabit4 7,plate ,,xci1 fig4 #b1 p4 #ccb47 7,a4 arv5sis1 v>4 abruptus ,pk42 n[ ,a4 abruptus ,pk47 ,pileus convex or sub-bell-%ap$1 sometimes exp&$ or ne>ly plane1 smoo?1 %9+1 :ite or yell[i%4 ,gills close1 ?91 free1 r\nd$ beh9d1 g5]ally n>r[$ t[>d ea* end1 at fir/ :iti%1 !n p9ki%1 f9ally blacki%-br[n4 ,/em long1 cyl9drical1 /uff$ or holl[1 :ite1 bulb\s2 r+ ei!r ?ick or ?91 entire or lac]at$4 ,spores elliptical1 #f-hd-e4 ,plant #d-f 94 high4 ,pileus #c-f 94 broad4 ,/em #d-h l9es ?ick4 ,woods1 copses & groves or along _! bord]s4 ,summ] & autumn4 ,peck1 #cf? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,v good eat+1 ?\gh sc>cely z highly flavor$ z ! common mu%room4 ,peck4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,june to fro/4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a4 silvicola1 by _m au?ors consid]$ a v>iety ( ,a4 campe/]1 is1 seem+ly1 becom+ common4 ,pr(essor ,peck 9 #df? ,rep4 has made ! abrupt bulb & its usual d\ble veil di/9ctive m>ks :i* ally x to ,a4 arv5sis4 ,he !re=e calls x v>4 abruptus4 ,z ?is book goes to press ,pr(essor ,peck writes me t he concludes v>4 abruptus to be a good & di/9ct species4 ,x is !re=e giv5 z su*4 ,:ile famili> ) x s9ce #ahha1 ,i nev] f\nd x 9 quantity until #ahih1 at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,!re1 among ! /raw & rubbi% ( ab&on$ camps on wood m>g9s1 x grew 9 great quantity2 sometimes s+ly1 at o!rs 9 cr[d$ clu/]s4 ,:5 gr[+ s+ly x exhibits all ! *>act]i/ics ( its description2 :5 clu/]$1 ! /ems are n always bulb\s4 ,! caps are ?9 b fle%y1 brittle & be> a disproportionate wid? to ! /em--l a plate on a pipe /em4 ,! caps :5 mature are usually t+$ ) yell[ & are spread flat2 ! r+ is l>ge1 (t5 d\ble1 yell[i%1 (t5 torn1 fragm5ts ( x frequ5tly hang f ! cap m>g92 ! bulb :5 p]fect is small1 abrupt1 z if x _h once be5 r\nd b ! /em pu%$ into x4 ,x has a /rong spicy mu%room odor & ta/e1 & makes a high-flavor$ di%4 ,x is delici\s ) meats4 ,x is ! v be/ mu%room = catsup4 ,mix$ ) ,russul or ,lact>ii or o!r species lack+ 9 mu%room flavor1 x enri*es ! entire di%4 ,! /ems1 except+ ( ! v "y1 are t\gh4 ,l>v d n infe/ ,a4 silvicola4 ,its habit ( gr[? %[s x to be cultivatable4 ,x has b "o draw-back4 ,gr[+ z x does 9 woods & 9 ! pres5ce ( ! poison\s ,amanita1 x is possible = ! c>eless collector to conf\nd ! two4 ,! ,amanit h l>g] bulbs1 cups at ! base1 & :ite gills2 ! ,a4 silvicola has no volva1 has :iti% gills :5 v "y only1 !y become p9ki%1 !n a m>k$ blacki%-br[n4 ,a4 cretaceus ,fr4--creta1 *alk4 ,pileus #c 94 & m broad1 :olly :ite1 fle%y1 l5s-%ap$-globose :5 "y1 !n convexo-flatt5$1 obtuse1 dry1 sometimes ev51 sometimes rivulose *iefly r\nd ! m>g9 f ! cuticle sep>at+ into squamules4 ,fle% ?ick1 :ite1 un*angeable4 ,/em #c 94 long1 #c-f l9es & m ?ick1 holl[1 /uff$ ) a spid]-web pi?1 firm1 att5uat$ upw>d1 ev51 smoo?1 n spott$1 :ite4 ,gills free1 !n remote1 v5tricose b v mu* n>r[$ t[>d ! /em1 cr[d$1 rema9+ long :ite1 becom+ d+y-br[n only :5 old4 ,fries4 ,spores #cd ,w4,g4,s42 #e-fc4e ,massee4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions ! spores are :ite4 ,m4,j4,b4 ,9 lawns & ri* gr\nd4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 on e>? & wood4 ,edible1 ,curtis2 ,m9nesota1 r>e1 ,johnson2 ,cali=nia1 ,h4 & ,m42 ,ohio1 ,lloyd2 ,k5tucky1 ,lloyd1 ,rep4 #d2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bb4 ,a4 subrufesc5s ,pk4--sub1 "u2 rufesc5s1 becom+ r$4 ,pileus at fir/ deeply hemisph]ical1 becom+ convex or broadly exp&$1 silky fibrillose & m9utely or obscurely scaly1 :iti%1 grayi% or dull r$di%-br[n1 usually smoo? & d>k] on ! disk4 ,fle% :ite1 un*angeable4 ,lamell at fir/ :ite or :iti%1 !n p9ki%1 f9ally blacki%-br[n4 ,/em r long1 (t5 some:at ?ick5$ or bulb\s at ! base1 at fir/ /uff$1 !n holl[1 :ite2 ! annulus flocculose or floccose-scaly on ! l[] surface2 mycelium :iti%1 =m+ sl5d] bran*+ root-l /r+s4 ,spores elliptical1 #f-g ,peck1 #dh? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,mill]1 #ahih2 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,june #b1 #ahif1 ,i f\nd sev]al specim5s ( a fungus new to me1 & s5t !m to ,pr(essor ,peck = id5tification4 ,he pron\nc$ x a dw>f =m ( 8 species ,a4 subrufesc5s4 ,! clu/] grew on a flori/'s compo/ pile at ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j4 ,its fle% has a flavor l t ( almonds4 ,?is species is n[ cultivat$ & has manife/ advantages ov] ! m>ket$ species--x is easi] to cultivate1 v productive1 produces 9 less "t aft] plant+ ! spawn1 is free f attacks ( insects1 c>ries bett] & keeps long]4 ,amateurs are likely to succe$ 9 gr[+ x1 & to h goodly crops ( mu%rooms in/ead ( disappo9tm5ts4 ,a4 placomyces ,pk4 ,gr--a flat cake4 7,plate ,,xci1 fig4 #c1 p4 #ccb47 ,pileus ?91 at fir/ convex1 becom+ flat ) age1 :iti%1 br[n 9 ! c5t] & else:]e adorn$ ) m9ute br[n scales4 ,lamell close1 :ite1 !n p9ki%1 f9ally blacki%-br[n4 ,/em smoo?1 annulate1 /uff$ or holl[1 bulb\s1 :ite or :iti%1 ! bulb (t5 /a9$ ) yell[4 ,spores elliptical1 #e-f4e long4 ,cap #b-d 94 broad4 ,/em #c-e 94 long1 to ne>ly 94 ?ick4 ,x gr[s 9 ! bord]s ( hemlock woods or "u hemlock trees f ,july to ,septemb]4 ,x has be5 eat5 by ,mr4 ,c4,l4 ,%e>1 :o pron\nces x v good4 ,i h n f\nd x 9 suffici5t quantity to give x a trial4 ,?is mu%room is v closely relat$ to ! wood mu%room or silvan mu%room1 ,ag>icus silvaticus1 a species :i* is also record$ z edible1 b :i* is app>5tly m r>e 9 our /ate 7,new ,york7 ?an ev5 ! flat-cap mu%room4 ,?is diff]s f ! silvan mu%room 9 its pal] color1 9 hav+ ! cap m m9utely1 p]si/5tly & regul>ly scaly1 & 9 its be+ de/itute ( a prom95t c5t]4 ,9 ! silvan mu%room ! scales1 :5 pres5t1 are few1 & !y disappe> ) age4 ,peck1 #dh? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,mrs4 ,e4,c4 ,an?ony1 ,g\v]neur1 ,n4,y41 ,june1 #ahih1 writes3 8,9 great abundance on lawn1 tumbl+ ov] "o ano!r 9 _! ha/e to make _! appe>ance4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/1 :i* did n h half a *ance to display its proportions1 w\ld probably measure #g 941 p]haps m4 ,:5 mature !y crack across ! top1 %[+ ! :ite fle%4 ,! gills are p9k1 /em :ite1 solid & bulb\s4 ,!re is no p]ceptible odor :5 fre%40 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,mill]1 edible1 good4 ,specim5s s5t to me by ,mrs4 ,an?ony1 ?\gh n fre%1 7 eat5 by me4 ,!y v mu* resembl$ ! common mu%room1 b probably1 ow+ to _! condition1 7 n s t5d]4 ,i h n f\nd ! species4 ,! illu/ration is aft] a pa9t+ by ,mrs4 ,e4,c4 ,an?ony4 ,a4 v>iabilis ,pk4--v>iable4 7,plate ,,xci1 fig4 #a1 p4 #ccb47 ,cap #b-f 94 across1 ovate1 bell-%ap$1 irregul>ly convex & wavy1 m>g9 incurv$ b nev] /riate1 smoo?1 m9utely fibrillose1 ) few rema9+ floccose scales2 mature plant pure :ite1 :5 "y di/9ctly t+$ ) lilac & "h & !re ) yell[ :5 mature1 slightly1 broadly umbonate & depress$ ar\nd umbo1 cracks along gills4 ,fle% ?ick 9 c5t]1 v ?91 ev5 membranace\s t[>d m>g91 spongy1 un*angeable4 ,gills free1 close1 ?91 flaccid1 v5tricose1 n>r[ next /em1 b few %ort1 pure-:ite :5 "y1 !n d>k-umb] )\t purple t+e4 ,/em equal1 tub$1 :ite1 silky1 smoo? above r+1 rippl$ & m9utely furfurace\s 7scurfy7 bel[1 flocculose-furfurace\s :5 "y1 d5sely hairy at base1 & occasionally slightly exp&+1 b n bulb\s1 d5sely cespitose ) a co>se1 :ite1 root-l mycelium4 ,veil heavy at fir/1 mottl$ ) yell[ scales b5ea?2 z cap exp&s veil becomes ?91 l tissue pap]1 ruptures at bo? /em & m>g9 leav+ torn r+ on /em & app5diculate fragm5ts on edge ( cap4 ,spores %$ 9 great quantity1 ri* d>k umb]-br[n )\t %ade ( purple4 ,ta/e /rong l almond4 ,smell slightly ( musk1 l ! runn+ mycelium ( ,a4 campe/]4 ,f\nd at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,*>les ,mc,ilvaine4 ,i h nev] f\nd worms 9 ?is species4 ,x is v prolific & its habitat %[s t x c be cultivat$4 ,its fre$om f worms & la/+ c>ry+ quality w make x comm]cially valuable4 ,x grew 9 an old ro(less /able f ,septemb] until aft] sev]al fro/s1 9 enorm\s quantity1 #be or #cj p\nds 9 a pat*4 ,x diff]s f ,a4 subrufesc5s 9 n hav+ a %ade ( r$ ab\t x1 9 its v di/9ct light-lilac cap :5 full gr[n1 & 9 its sn[-:ite y\?4 ,! "y gills are pure :ite z are ! caps4 ,! /ems sometimes tap] upw>d1 b !y are usually rem>kably equal4 ,x is delicate :5 cook$ & ( excell5t flavor4 ,a4 tabularis ,pk4--relat+ to bo>ds4 ,pileus #e-aj cm4 broad1 v ?ick1 fle%y1 firm1 convex1 deeply crack$ 9 areas1 :iti%1 fle% :iti%1 t+$ ) yell[1 ! areas pyramidal1 truncate1 ! sides horizontally /riate1 _! apices sometimes tom5tose4 ,lamell n>r[1 close1 free1 blacki%-br[n :5 mature4 ,/em %ort1 ?ick1 solid4 ,spores broadly elliptical1 #g4e-i long1 #f-g4e broad1 g5]ally conta9+ a s+le l>ge nucleus4 ,9 clay soil by roadsides4 ,craig1 ,colorado4 ,augu/4 ,e4 ,be!l4 ,?is species is rem>kable = ! peculi> upp] surface ( ! pileus :i* is brok5 into pyramidal areas4 ,! sides ( ^! are m>k$ by p>allel l9es 9 su* a way t !y appe> z if =m$ by small tablets plac$ "o ^u ano!r1 ea* successive tablet be+ a little small] ?an ! "o imm$iately prec$+ x4 ,only dri$ & brok5 specim5s h be5 se5 by me & ! notes ( ! collector d n give ! color ( ! "y lamell4 ,!re is a trace ( a ?ick r+ on ! brok5 /em ( "o specim54 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torr4 ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #be1 ,no4 #f1 #ahih4 ,n else:]e report$4 ,edible qualities n giv54 ,illu/ration ,,pilosace ,fr4 7,plate ,,xcv47 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,,pilosace ,,alg]i5sis4 ,hym5ium diff]5tiat$ f ! /em4 ,gills free f ! /em2 g5]al & p>tial veil bo? abs5t1 h5ce !re is no r+ on ! c5tral /em4 ,spores purple-br[n4 ,a peculi> g5us1 ) ! habit ( ,ag>icus1 b )\t a trace ( a r+4 ,massee4 ,p4 eximius ,pk41 #bd? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot41 is ! only species ?us f> report$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,edible qualities unkn[n4 ,illu/ration ,,/ropha,,ria4 ,gr--a sword-belt4 7,ref]r+ to ! r+47 ,fle% ( /em & pileus cont9u\s4 ,veil pres5t1 :5 ruptur$ =m+ a di/9ct r+ on ! /em4 ,gills m or less adnate4 ,on ! gr\nd or epiphytal4 ,sep>at$ f all ! g5]a ( ! purple-spor$ s]ies b ,ag>icus by ! pres5ce ( a di/9ct r+1 & f t by ! cont9uity ( fle% 9 /em & pileus1 & by ! gills n be+ free4 ,pileus some:at fle%y1 sometimes viscid4 ,! species belong+ to ?is g5us are r small1 & f _! habitats are frequ5tly pass$ or ov]look$4 ,yet _m ( !m are common & pl5tiful4 ,^? :i* h be5 te/$ are excell5t & wor? seek+ 9 _! season4 ,! entire g5us has be5 "u a cl\d4 ,writ]s ^u x ass]t "s ( its memb]s to be dang]\sly poison\s4 ,s f> z c>efully te/$ by ! writ] no d\btful "o has be5 enc\nt]$1 & "o--semiglobata--has be5 eat5 by himself & fri5ds s9ce #ahha1 not)/&+ its dang]\s reputation4 ,! division betwe5 ?is g5us & ,ag>icus is n always %>ply def9$4 ,s4 rug9osa1 ,s4 semiglobata & ,s4 /]cor>ia 7 =m]ly plac$ 9 ,psalliota1 n[ ,ag>icus4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,tribes4 ,a4 ,,viscipelles 7viscum1 bird-lime2 pellis1 a sk974 ,page #cdi4 ,pellicle ( ! pileus ev5 or scaly1 g5]ally viscid4 99 ,mundi--mundus1 clean4 ,n gr[+ on dung4 9999 ,m]d>ii--m]da1 dung4 ,r+ (t5 incomplete4 ,b4 ,,sp9trig]i 7,/roph>ia sp9trig]74 ,pileus )\t a pellicle1 b fibrillose1 n viscid4 ,none kn[n to be edible4 ,a4 ,,viscipelles4 ,pellicle ( ! pileus ev5 or scaly4 99 ,mundi--n gr[+ on dung4 7,plate ,,xcvi47 ,illu/ration3 ,,/roph>ia ,,rug9osa4 ,natural size4 7,aft] ,/ev5son47 ,s4 rug9osa ,curt4--rugo1 v]digris4 ,pileus fle%y1 b n compact1 convex-bell-%ap$ !n flatt5$1 some:at umbonate 7obtuse :5 l>g]71 ) v viscid pellicle1 ! gr\nd color yell[i% b v]digris f ! azure-blue slime ) :i* x is m or less cov]$ ov]1 becom+ pale z ! slime sep>ates4 ,/em holl[1 s(t1 equal1 at ! fir/ scaly or fibrillose bel[ ! r+1 viscid1 becom+ m or less azure-blue gre54 ,r+ di/ant4 ,gills adnate1 plane1 #b l9es & m broad1 n cr[d$1 s(t1 :iti% !n dusky1 becom+ some:at purple4 ,! above are ! ess5tial m>ks ( ?is species4 ,v>iable 9 =m1 sometimes cespitose4 ,! typical & h&some/ =m is ga!r$ 9 soak+ wea!r 9 lat] autumn 9 %ad$ woods2 x is l>ge 7pileus & /em #c 94 & m71 /em squ>rose ) :ite spread+ scales1 int5sely v]digris or azure-blue-pelliculose & v glut9\s4 ,f ?is !re is a long s]ies ( =ms ) ! glut5 m sep>at+ 7on ! sep>ation ( ! glut5 ! pileus becomes yell[71 & ! scales alike ( ! pileus & /em rubb$ (f4 ,f9ally1 a small] =m occurs 9 op5 mead[s1 /em sc>cely #b 94 long1 only #b l9es ?ick1 becom+ azure-blue-gre5 & )\t scales1 pileus #a-b 94 broad1 pale v]digris soon light yell[i%1 less viscid4 ,9 ?is =m ! r+ is incomplete1 :ile 9 ! typical =m x is entire1 spread+1 & p]si/5t4 ,9 woods1 mead[s1 etc4 ,common4 ,july to ,novemb]4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores ellipsoid or sph]oid-ellipsoid1 #hd-e ,k42 #eg ,w4,g4,s42 elliptical1 #aje ,massee4 ,,poison\s4 ,/ev5son4 8,!re is a :ite v>iety1 9 :i* ! pileus is p]fectly :ite f ! fir/40 ,cooke4 ,s4 rug9osa has be5 not$ "h by ,s*we9itz 9 ,p5nsylvania1 ,curtis 9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,fro/ 9 ,v]mont & ,massa*usetts1 ,h>kness & ,moore1 ,cali=nia1 ,morgan1 ,ohio4 ,! qualities ( ! ,am]ican repres5tatives are n report$4 ,i h n se5 ! species4 ,z x is ass]t$ to be poison\s by ,european writ]s x may be4 ,m4,c4 ,cooke says3 8,x has ! reputation1 :i* is some:at g5]al on ! cont95t1 ( be+ poison\s1 b probably ?is is only assum$ f its disagreeable ta/e & repulsive appe>ance40 ,collectors are caution$ to look out = x1 & n to eat ( x c>elessly4 ,i c f9d no case ( poison+ by ?is species report$4 ,x pres5ts ano!r case ( 8,n prov540 9999 ,m]darii--r+ (t5 incomplete4 ,s4 /]eoraria ,fr4--/]cus1 dung4 ,pileus #a 94 broad1 yell[1 fle%y1 b ?9 at ! m>g91 hemisph]ical !n exp&$1 obtuse1 orbicul>1 ) a viscid pellicle1 nak$1 smoo?1 ev5 or at l5g? slightly /riate only at ! m>g94 ,/em #c 94 & m long1 #b-c l9es ?ick1 /uff$ ) a sep>ate fibr\s pi?1 equal1 clo!d to ! r+ 7:i* is sc>cely #a 94 di/ant f ! pileus1 visc\s1 n>r[1 b some:at spread+7 ) ! flocculose veil :i* is at ! same "t visc\s 7s t x appe>s z if smoo?71 yell[4 ,gills adnate1 v broad beh9d1 #b l9es broad1 some:at cr[d$1 dusky-umb] or dusky-olivace\s1 ( "o color1 q entire4 ,/em silky-visc\s :5 moi/1 :5 dry becom+ ev51 %9+ & yell[i%-:ite1 & )\t a manife/ veil4 ,! gills are truncate & some:at decurr5t4 ,fries4 ,spores #agac ,w4,g4,s42 elliptical1 #ah-bjh-aj ,massee4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 #ahha-ahhe2 ,p5nsylvania2 ,new ,j]sey4 ,june to ,novemb]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,i h enjoy$ ?is species1 :i* is common1 s9ce #ahha4 ,x is usually conspicu\s ^u dropp+s & manure piles4 ,x also occurs on ri*ly-manur$ gr\nd1 9 wood & field1 usually s+le2 sometimes two or ?ree are unit$4 ,caps & /ems are edible1 b d n cook 9 ! same "t4 ,x is bett] to cook ! caps only4 ,!y are delici\s4 7,plate ,,xcvia47 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,,/roph>ia ,,semiglobata4 ,natural size4 7,f ,massee47 ,s4 semiglobata ,bats*4--semi1 half2 globus1 a ball4 ,pileus commonly 94 broad1 light-yell[1 slightly fle%y1 hemisph]ical1 n exp&$1 v obtuse1 ev51 visc\s4 ,/em ab\t #c 94 long1 #a l9e ?ick1 tub$1 sl5d]1 firm & /raight1 equal1 ev51 smoo?1 becom+ yell[1 pal] at ! apex1 p[d]$ ) ! spores1 o!rwise sme>$ ) ! glut9\s veil :i* is abrupt above t]m9at+ 9 an incomplete 7n membranace\s7 visc\s1 di/ant r+4 ,gills adnate1 v broad1 plane1 cl\d$ ) black4 ,spores dusky-purple4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores blacki%-purple1 #ach ,w4,g4,s42 elliptical1 ends r acute1 #abf ,massee4 ,gr[s on dung1 ri* lawns & pa/ures4 ,april to ,novemb]4 ,a common1 frequ5t1 solit>y species1 easily recogniz$ by its hemisph]ical cap1 d>k mottl$ gills4 ,at fir/ sight x resembles ,naucoria semiorbicul>is4 ,! caps are equal to any mu%room4 ,i h eat5 x s9ce #ahha4 ,m4,c4 ,cooke says3 8,x 0 ,s[]by :o drew att5tion to ?is species z dang]\s1 & intimat$ t x _h be5 fatal4 ,s9ce t p]iod we are n aw>e ( any fur!r evid5ce aga9/ x40 ,x is t5d]1 good & h>mless4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p$ by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,/udies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,xcvii4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,hypholoma ,,app5diculatum1 #cfc #c4 ,,hypholoma ,,sublat]itium1 #cei #b4 ,,hypholoma ,,p]plexum1 #ced #d4 ,,gomphidius ,,rhodoxan?us1 #cid ,,hypholo,,ma4 ,gr--a web2 ,gr--a fr+e4 7,plate ,,xcviii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,hypholoma ,,fascicul>is4 ,natural size4 ,pileus m or less fle%y1 m>g9 at fir/ incurv$4 ,veil webby1 adh]+ 9 fragm5ts to ! m>g9 ( ! pileus1 n =m+ a di/9ct r+ on ! /em4 ,/em fle%y1 simil> 9 sub/ance to t ( ! pileus ) :i* x is cont9u\s4 ,gills atta*$ to ! /em1 sometimes ) a not* at ! juncture 7em>g9ate71 occasionally sep>at+ & !n appe>+ to be free4 ,g5]ally cespitose1 mo/ly gr[+ on wood above or "u ! gr\nd4 ,spores br[ni%-purple1 sometimes int5se-purple1 almo/ black4 ,correspond+ to ,tri*oloma1 ,entoloma & ,hebeloma4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,tribes4 ,,fascicul>es 7,h4 fascicul>is74 ,page #ced4 ,pileus t\gh1 smoo?1 bright color$1 n hygrophan\s4 ,,viscidi 7viscidus1 viscid74 ,pileus nak$1 viscid4 ,none kn[n to be edible4 ,,velut9i 7,h4 velut9us74 ,page #cfj4 ,pileus silky or /reak$ ) small fib]s4 ,,flocculosi 7floccus1 a lock ( wool74 ,pileus cov]$ ) sup]ficial floccose scales1 at l5g? disappe>+4 7,none report$ edible47 ,,app5diculati 7,h4 app5diculatus74 ,page #cfb4 ,pileus smoo?1 hygrophan\s4 ,memb]s ( ?is purple-spor$ g5us gr[ ^u decay$ wood1 ei!r /&+ or z roots 9 ! gr\nd1 or f gr\nd heavily lad5 ) woody mat]ial4 ,!y gr[ s+ly1 9 gr\ps1 or 9 d5sely-tuft$ or ov]lapp+ masses4 ,! sev]al species v>y 9 %ades ( yell[1 r$1 orange1 brick-color & br[n2 _! caps are f #a-f 94 across2 _! /ems are %ort or long1 z ! numb] 9 ! clu/] p]mits2 :5 gr[+ s+ly ! /ems are %ort & /urdy4 ,!re is a floccose veil1 or remnants ( "o1 ab\t ! /em4 ,! gills are yell[i%1 gre5i%1 olivace\s or gre5i% %ades ( yell[1 gray1 purple1 almo/ black4 ,!y are %[y1 easily recogniz$ & are f\nd f ,septemb] until mid-w9t]4 ,i h ga!r$ !m :5 froz5 h>d4 ,! fle% is solid1 or spongy1 flexible or fragile1 :ite or yell[i%2 ! ta/es are sweet1 nutty1 bitt] & saponace\s4 ,pat*es ( !m--& !y are frequ5t 9 almo/ e woods 9 ! l&--(t5 yield sev]al bu%els4 ,tons ( !m annually g to wa/e4 ,old au?ors & "s copyi/s say 8! species are n edible1 ! t\gh ones be+ bitt]1 ! fragile ones almo/ void ( fle%40 ,eighte5 ye>s ( exp]i5ce ) !m w>rants my say+ t !re is n a s+le wild g5us approa*+ x 9 economic value1 & :5 its mo/ prom95t species are prop]ly cook$1 few equal x 9 consi/5cy & flavor4 ,z a pickle ! ,hypholomas h no sup]ior4 ,half a doz5 or m ( ! species are exce$+ly difficult to sep>ate4 ,pr(essor ,peck has happily made a new species1 ,h4 p]plexum1 :i* is well nam$4 ,= all cul9>y purposes ^! affiliat$ species may be ga!r$ "u t conv5i5t "n2 = botanic purposes 8 description cov]s sev]al p]plex+ *>act]i/ics common to :at h be5 writt5 z sep>ate species1 & cov]s a composite species4 ,! occasional bitt] ta/e ( "s species is n con/ant1 & c n be reli$ ^u z a di/+ui%+ m>k4 ,9 ! same tufts "s individuals may be mild1 o!rs bitt]2 "s individuals 9 gr\ps are 9 a position & ( an age to absorb wat]2 o!rs are n4 ,!re w be a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 _! ta/e raw4 ,a few 9 ! same gr\p may h be5 infe/$ by insects2 o!rs n4 ,^? infe/$ are (t5 int5sely bitt]1 :ile _! companions are ( pleasant flavor4 ,! same rem>ks apply to neighbor+ clu/]s & individuals4 ,i am ( ! op9ion1 f long obs]vation1 t ! bitt] is l>gely due to ! injury & excrem5t ( l>v4 ,*anges ( ta/e occur 9 toad/ools 9 a mo/ m>k$ & rapid mann]4 ,apples f ! same tree1 *e/nuts f ! same tree1 acorns f ! same oak1 radi%es f ! same se$1 blackb]ries f ! same bu%1 diff] widely 9 ta/e4 ,:y n toad/ools ( ! same species8 ,i h (t5 se5 species ( ?is g5us1 describ$ z hav+ /ems up to #e 94 long1 /ret* & twi/ _! /ems to ov] a foot 9 ord] to get _! caps f ! inside (1 or f a crack 9 a decay+ /ump1 out into ! light2 & ,i h se5 /ems ( ! same species /\t1 solid & /urdy :5 individuals grew upright & s+ly4 ,b :]ev] & h[ev] !y gr[1 ,hypholomas are safe4 ,i h eat5 !m indiscrim9ately s9ce #ahha1 & z long ago z #ahhe publi%$ _! edibility4 ,,fascicula,,res4 ,pileus smoo?1 etc4 ,h4 p]plexum ,pk4--p]plexus1 p]plex$4 ,p]plex+ ,hypholoma4 7,plate ,,xcvii1 fig4 #b1 p4 #ceb47 ,pileus convex or ne>ly plane1 glabr\s1 sometimes broadly & slightly umbonate1 r$di% or br[ni%-r$ fad+ to yell[ on ! m>g91 ! fle% :ite or :iti%4 ,lamell ?91 close1 slightly r\nd$ at ! inn] extremity1 at fir/ pale-yell[1 !n t+$ ) gre51 f9ally purpli%-br[n4 ,/em ne>ly equal1 firm1 holl[1 slightly fibrillose1 :iti% or yell[i% above1 ru/y-r$di% or r$di%-br[n bel[4 ,spores elliptical1 purpli%-br[n1 #hd4 ,! ,p]plex+ hypholoma has receiv$ ! "n because x is "o ( a gr\p ( five or six v closely alli$ species1 ^: sep>ation f ea* o!r is some:at difficult & p]plex+4 ,( ^! six species ?ree h a decid$ly bitt]1 unpleasant flavor1 & ?ree are mild1 or n decid$ly bitt]1 if we may rely on ! publi%$ descriptions ( !m4 ,! ?ree bitt] ones1 also1 h no purpli% t9ts to ! mature gills2 b two ( ! mild ones h4 ,by us+ ^! & o!r di/+ui%+ *>act]s ! six species may be tabulat$ & _! sev]al peculi>ities m cle>ly %[n4 ,ta/e bitt] #a ,ta/e mild1 or n cle>ly bitt] #c #a4 ,/em solid or /uff$1 fle% :iti%1 gills sublat]itium :iti%1 !n sooty-olive #a4 ,/em holl[1 fle% yell[ #b #b4 ,cap yell[ or t+$ ) tawny1 /em yell[1 fascicul>e gills yell[1 becom+ gre5i% #b4 ,cap brick-r$1 /em f]rug9\s1 gills gre51 elodes becom+ olive #c4 ,cap r$ or brick-r$1 ) a yell[ m>g92 gills p]plexum yell[1 !n gre5i%1 f9ally purpli%-br[n #c4 ,cap yell[1 or slightly tawny on ! disk only #d #d4 ,gills gray1 becom+ purpli%-br[n capnoides #d4 ,gills yell[1 becom+ gray1 nei!r gre5 nor epixan?um purpli% ,probably 9 g5]al appe>ance ! ,p]plex+ hypholoma mo/ ne>ly resembles ! brick-r$ ,hypholoma1 ,h4 sublat]itium2 b x has (t5 be5 mi/ak5 = ! tuft$ ,hypholoma1 ,h4 fascicul>e4 ,f ?is x may be sep>at$ by ! m r$ cap1 ! :iti% fle%1 ! purpli%-br[n color ( ! mature gills1 & ! mild flavor4 ,f ,h4 sublat]itium x is di/+ui%$ by its usually small] size1 m sl5d] holl[ /em1 ! yell[ gre5i% & purpli% t9ts ( ! gills1 & ! abs5ce ( a bitt] flavor4 ,"s may pref] to consid] x a v>iety ( ?is fungus1 r ?an a di/9ct species4 ,its cap is #a-c 94 broad1 its /em #b-c 94 long & #b-d l9es ?ick4 ,x commonly gr[s 9 clu/]s1 ?\gh sometimes s+ly1 on or ab\t old /umps or pro/rate trunks ( trees1 9 woods or op5 places4 ,! caps ( ! l[] ones 9 a clu/] are (t5 defil$ & app>5tly discolor$ by ! spores t h lodg$ on !m f ! upp] ones4 ,x appe>s 9 autumn1 & cont9ues until freez+ wea!r /ops its gr[?4 ,x is a v common species1 z well z a late "o1 & may (t5 be ga!r$ 9 l>ge quantity4 ,its flavor is n fir/ quality1 b ) good prep>ation x makes a v acceptable di%4 ,x has be5 te/$ by myself & correspond5ts sev]al times1 & has be5 prov$ h>mless4 ,peck1 #di? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 #ahha-ahhe2 ,new ,j]sey1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,octob] to ,janu>y4 ,on /umps1 roots1 gr\nd conta9+ decay$ woody matt]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,h4 p]plexum is abundant 9 mo/ if n all ! /ates4 ,i h eat5 x & its alli$ species s9ce #ahha2 dri$ !m1 pickl$ !m1 & f$ !m to _m4 ,if ! collector gets puzzl$1 z he w1 ov] "o or all ( ^! species1 because no description fits1 he c :et 8 pati5ce & appetite by call+ x ,h4 p]plexum & graci\sly eat+ x4 ,h4 capnoides ,fr4 ,gr--l smoke1 f ! color ( ! gills4 ,pileus #a 94 sometimes #c 94 broad1 o*race\s-yell[i%1 fle%y1 convex1 !n flatt5$1 obtuse1 dry1 smoo?4 ,fle% some:at ?91 :ite4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #b-d l9es ?ick1 gr[+ toge!r at ! base1 holl[1 equal1 (t5 curv$ & flexu\s1 becom+ silky-ev51 pallid1 :iti% at ! apex1 "h & !re /riate1 becom+ ru/-color$ "u ! surface-cov]+ :5 old4 ,cort9a app5diculate1 :ite1 !n becom+ br[ni%-purple4 ,gills adnate1 easily sep>at+1 some:at cr[d$1 r broad1 arid1 at fir/ blui%-gray !n becom+ br[ni%-purple4 ,cespitose1 fasciculate2 odor & ta/e mild4 ,on p9e-/umps4 ,uncommon4 ,fries4 ,spores ellipsoid-sph]oid1 #ge ,k42 elliptical1 br[ni%-purple1 #hd ,massee4 ,cali=nia1 ,h4 & ,m42 ,m9nesota1 n necess>ily 9 fir-woods1 ,johnson2 ,new ,york1 on or ab\t /umps or decay+ wood ( spruce4 ,peck1 #ej? ,rep4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 #ahid4 ,p9e roots & /umps1 & on gr\nd4 ,cespitose4 ,septemb] to fro/4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a pretty species ) caps up to #a 94 across4 ,/em #b-d 94 long1 - 94 ?ick1 gr[+ toge!r 7connate74 ,! ta/e & smell are pleasant4 ,! basket is soon fill$ f its clu/]s4 ,!re is n a bett] ,hypholoma4 ,! slightly soapy ta/e :i* atta*es to mo/ ( ! abundant & bett] kn[n species is abs5t 9 ?is4 ,h4 fascicularis ,huds4--fasciculus1 a small bundle4 7,plate ,,xcviii1 p4 #ceb47 ,pileus ab\t #b 94 broad1 light yell[1 ! disk commonly d>k]1 fle%y1 ?91 convex1 !n flatt5$1 some:at umbonate or obtuse1 ev51 smoo?1 dry4 ,fle% light yell[4 ,/em v v>iable 9 l5g?1 holl[1 ?91 incurv$ or flexu\s1 fibrillose1 ( ! same color z ! pileus & fle%4 ,gills adnate1 v cr[d$1 l9e>1 some:at deliquesc5t1 sulphur-yell[ !n becom+ gre54 ,x is v easily di/+ui%$ f ! prec$+ species by its bitt] odor & ta/e1 light-yell[ fle%1 & some:at deliquesc5t1 sulphur-yell[ !n gre5 gills4 ,x =ms also m cr[d$ clu/]s4 ,!re are _m rem>kable v>ieties2 "o robu/ior 7m robu/71 /em ?ick5$ at ! base1 ano!r nana 7dw>f71 bo? on ! gr\nd4 ,cespitose on old /umps & ! gr\nd4 ,extremely common4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores elliptical1 #gd ,massee2 #f-gd ,k42 #fd ,w4,g4,s42 f]rug9\s purple1 #fd ,morgan4 8,x is v usual to reg>d ?is z a poison\s species1 b possibly x is n s 9 reality40 ,cooke4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 #ahha1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a v common species appe>+ 9 ,octob] & la/+ until well into ! w9t]1 gr[+ 9 l>ge1 ov]lapp+ masses or 9 tufts f old /umps or roots1 & ab\t trees :]e decay has begun4 ,sometimes solit>y4 ,x is !n %ort-/emm$ & /urdy4 ,!re are sev]al closely alli$ species4 ,to "k ! "o f ! o!r1 a c>eful /udy ( ! gr\p is necess>y4 7,see introduction to g5us1 ,h4 epixan?um1 ,h4 sublat]itium1 ,h4 capnoides1 ,h4 elodes1 & ,h4 p]plexum47 ,old au?ors give x z bitt] & poison\s4 ,! bitt] is n always pres5t4 ,any !re is disappe>s 9 cook+4 ,x is n poison\s1 b "o ( our mo/ valuable species4 ,i h eat5 x s9ce #ahha4 ,a little lemon juice or %]ry w cov] ! slightly saponace\s ta/e sometimes pres5t4 ,! caps only are good4 ,x makes a *oice pickle & a good catsup4 ,h4 epixan?um ,fr4 ,gr--epixan?os1 yell[i%-br[n4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad1 light-yell[ or becom+ pale1 ! disk commonly d>k]1 fle%y1 mod]ately ?91 convexo-plane1 obtuse or gibb\s1 ev51 slightly silky !n becom+ smoo?4 ,fle% :ite1 becom+ light-yell[4 ,/em ab\t #h 94 long1 #c-d l9es ?ick1 holl[1 att5uat$ f ! ?ick5$ base or equal2 floccose-fibrillose1 pale ru/ color or becom+ d+y-br[n bel[1 ) a fro/y bloom at ! apex2 veil hang+ f m>g9 ( pileus1 :ite4 ,gills adnate1 cr[d$1 at fir/ light yell[-:ite1 at l5g? becom+ a%-color$1 n deliquesc5t1 & n becom+ purple or gre54 ,/rong smell+1 odor acid2 extremely v>iable 9 /ature2 n hygrophan\s4 ,fries4 ,spores elliptical1 #gd ,massee4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,on oak1 *e/nut /umps & gr[+ f tree roots 9 gr\nd4 ,octob] to ,decemb]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 7,see ,h4 p]plexum1 ,h4 sublat]itium & comp>e descriptions47 ,?is species1 9 common ) its allies1 is extremely h>d to det]m9e4 ,:5 gr[+ s+ly f roots or f gr\nd heavily *>g$ ) decay+ wood1 x is a /urdy1 solid plant2 :5 9 clu/]s ! /em is long]1 m flexible & ! :ole "* ( ! plant is modifi$4 ,except = botanic purposes !re is no occasion to puzzle ov] x4 ,x is 9 e way an excell5t & useful fungus4 ,h4 disp]sus ,fr4--disp]go1 to scatt]4 ,pileus #a-a 94 broad1 tawny-honey-color1 n hygrophan\s1 slightly fle%y1 bell-%ap$ !n convex1 at l5g? exp&$1 ev51 sup]ficially silky r\nd ! m>g9 ) ! veil1 or squamulose1 o!rwise ev5 & smoo?4 ,fle% ?91 a little pal] ?an ! pileus4 ,/em #b 94 or a little m long1 #b l9es ?ick1 tub$1 equal1 t5se & /raight1 t\gh1 fibrilloso-silky1 some:at ru/-color$1 becom+ d+y-br[n at ! base1 pale at ! apex4 ,gills adnate1 ?91 v5tricose1 broad1 #c-d l9es1 cr[d$1 at fir/ pallid-/raw color1 at l5g? cr[d$1 obsoletely gre54 ,fries4 ,gills broad] ?an ,h4 fascicul>is1 etc4 ,solit>y1 sc>cely ev] cespitose4 ,on p9e /umps & ! gr\nd4 ,april to ,novemb]4 ,spores elliptical1 #gc-d ,massee4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 9 p9e woods1 ,curtis2 ,cali=nia1 ,h4 & ,m42 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,difficult to di/+ui% f ,h4 fascicul>is :5 gr[+ solit>y4 ,its edible qualities are precisely ! same4 ,h4 elodes ,fr4 ,gr--an olive2 ,gr--eidos1 appe>ance4 ,pileus brick-r$ or tan1 fle%y1 r plane1 some:at umbonate1 dry1 smoo?1 opaque4 ,fle% yell[4 ,/em /uff$ !n holl[1 equal1 commonly sl5d]1 incurv$ or flexu\s1 fibrillose1 ( ! same color z ! pileus1 becom+ ru/-color4 ,gills adnate1 cr[d$1 ?91 gre5 !n pure olivace\s4 ,cespitose4 ,odor bitt]4 ,on trunks & on ! gr\nd4 ,fries4 ,cap #a-b 94 across4 ,/em #b-d 94 long1 - 94 ?ick1 /uff$ !n holl[4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 #ahha-ahhe1 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j42 ,p5nsylvania4 ,on /umps1 roots & gr\nd 9 woods1 etc4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,n report$ else:]e4 ,its habit is ! same z ,h4 fascicul>is1 to :i* x is closely alli$1 & to me seems b a =m ( ?is v v>iable species4 ,x is equally good4 ,h4 sublat]itium ,s*aeff4--sub & lat]1 a brick4 7,plate ,,xcvii1 fig4 #c1 p4 #ceb47 ,pileus #b-c 94 & m broad1 tawny-brick-r$1 b pal] r\nd ! m>g9 & cov]$ ov] ) a sup]ficial1 some:at silky1 :iti% cl\d9ess 7aris+ f ! veil71 fle%y1 convexo-plane1 obtuse1 discoid1 dry1 ev51 becom+ smoo?4 ,fle% compact1 :ite1 !n becom+ yell[4 ,/em #c-d 94 long1 #c-e l9es ?ick1 /uff$1 /\t & firm1 commonly manife/ly att5uat$ d[nw>d1 r>ely equal1 scaly-fibrillose1 fibrils pallid1 ru/-color$ d[nw>d4 ,cort9a sup]ior1 at fir/ :ite1 at l5g? becom+ black4 ,gills adnate1 m or less cr[d$ accord+ to /ature1 n>r[1 at fir/ d+y yell[i% & d>k] at ! base1 !n sooty1 & at l5g? incl9+ to olivace\s4 ,spores br[ni% purple4 ,some:at cespitose4 ,/em incurv$ f position4 ,!re are _m v>ieties3 ,b1 some:at solit>y1 ! pileus & /em1 :i* is ?ick5$ at ! base1 ( ! same color1 r$di%4 ,c1 small]1 pileus light yell[i%1 ! holl[ /em equal4 ,s*aeff4 ,v>4 squamosum1 ,cooke4 ,pileus convex1 bright brick-r$1 %ad+ to yell[ at ! m>g91 spott$ ) sup]ficial scales4 ,fle% v ?ick1 yell[i%4 ,gills n>r[i%1 adnate4 ,/em elongat$1 /\t1 pale above1 ru/-color$ bel[1 holl[1 veil hang+ f ! m>g9 :5 "y4 ,on trunks4 ,a v beautiful v>iety1 l>g] & m robu/ ?an ! typical =m4 ,massee4 ,spores #fc4 ,w4,g4,s42 elliptical1 sooty-br[n1 #hd ,massee4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 #ahha-ahhe2 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 d5sely cespitose on /umps & roots4 ,octob] to long aft] fro/s4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible4 ,dr4 ,taylor1 #ahic4 ,dept4 ( ,agr4 ,rep4 ,no4 #e4 ,h4 sublat]itium has _m =ms4 ,bo? ,fries & ,/ev5son indicate ?is z a v>iable species & my own obs]vation confirms ! tru? ( ?is4 ,?is is a v common autumnal species1 la/+ into ! w9t]4 ,old au?ors give x z bitt] & v poison\s4 ,i te/$ x 9 #ahha & h be5 eat+ x1 9 common ) all ,hypholomas ,i h f\nd1 ev] s9ce4 ,at times x is bitt]4 ,i believe ?is to be due to ! passage ( l>v ?r\gh ! fle%4 ,unattack$ specim5s are slightly saponace\s to ! ta/e :ile o!rs 9 ! same bun* are bitt]4 ,,vis,,cidi4 ,pileus viscid1 etc4 7,none kn[n to be edible47 ,velut9i4 ,pileus silky1 etc4 ,h4 velutinus ,p]s4--vellus1 a fleece4 ,velvety4 ,pileus fle%y1 ?91 convex or exp&$1 brittle1 m9utely tom5tose-scaly1 becom+ smoo?1 hygrophan\s1 yell[ ) ! disk r$di%4 ,lamell r broad1 atta*$1 tap]+ t[>d ! out] extremity1 d>k br[n t+$ ) r$1 ! edge :iti%-bead$4 ,/em equal1 r sl5d]1 holl[1 fibrillose1 subconcolor\s1 :ite-mealy & slightly /riate at ! top4 ,spores black4 ,height ab\t #b 941 bread? ( pileus #a-a4e 94 ,roadsides4 ,albany ,cemet]y4 ,septemb]4 ,! pileus sometimes cracks transv]sely4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores #fh ,w4,g4,s42 elliptical1 #aje ,massee4 ,(t5 us$ 9 catsup4 ,innoc5t & edible4 ,cooke4 ,we/ ,virg9ia4 #ahha-ahhe1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,we/ ,philadelphia1 ,b>tram's ,creek1 #ahhg1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,v>4 leiocephalus ,b4 & ,br4 7,gr--smoo?2 ,gr--head1 f its smoo? pileus74 ,pileus hygrophan\s1 rugg$1 smoo? except at ! m>g91 :]e x is fibrillose1 pallid z is ! /em1 ^: apex is mealy4 ,d5sely cespitose1 mu* small] ?an ! common =m1 b app>5tly a m]e v>iety1 ?\gh a /rik+ "o f its smoo? b v rugg$ disk4 ,on old /umps4 ,/ev5son4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep42 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,we/ ,philadelphia1 ,b>tram's ,creek1 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,septemb] to ,novemb]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,quantities ( v>4 leiocephalus gr[ 9 ! ,we/ ,virg9ia =e/s on /umps & on ! gr\nd f decay+ roots4 #a 94 is ! limit ( its wid?4 ,its frequ5t & d5se clu/]s1 its t5d]ness & delicacy ( flavor make x a favorite4 ,h4 aggregatum ,pk4--aggrego1 to gr[ toge!r4 ,d5sely cespitose4 ,pileus ?91 convex or subcampanulate1 grayi%-:ite1 obscurely spott$ ) appress$ br[ni% fibrils4 ,lamell subdi/ant1 r\nd$ beh9d1 ne>ly free1 at fir/ :iti%1 !n br[n or blacki%-br[n ) a :iti% edge4 ,/em r long1 holl[1 some:at woolly or fibrillose1 :ite4 ,spores br[n1 elliptical1 #hd-e4 ,pileus ab\t #a 94 broad4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #a4e-b l9es ?ick4 ,at ! base ( trees & /umps 9 woods4 ,alcove4 ,septemb]4 ,! cespitose habit & obscurely spott$ grayi%-:ite pileus are m>k$ features ( ?is species4 ,f ,h4 silve/re ! species may be di/+ui%$ by its small] size1 adnex$ or ne>ly free lamell :i* h no rosy t9t1 & by its v cespitose mode ( gr[?4 ,peck1 #df? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ab\t trees & /umps4 ,septemb] to ,novemb]1 #ahih-ahii4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,n report$ else:]e4 ,! caps are oy/]-color4 ,amateurs accu/om$ to ! gay] colors ( ! autumnal ,hypholomas w n suspect ?is ( belong+ to ! g5us1 until ! color ( ! spores is obta9$4 ,! caps are f9e4 ,h4 la*rymabundum ,fr4--la*ryma1 a te>4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad1 :iti% :5 "y1 !n d+y-br[n1 becom+ pale ar\nd ! m>g91 truly fle%y b n compact1 convex1 obtuse1 scaly ) hairs1 ! innate scales d>k]4 ,fle% :ite4 ,/em #b 94 long1 #c-d l9es ?ick1 holl[1 some:at ?ick5$ at ! base1 scaly ) fibrils1 becom+ br[ni%-:iti%4 ,veil sep>ate1 clo!d ) fib]s1 hang+ f ! pileus1 :ite4 ,gills adnate1 cr[d$1 #c l9es broad1 :iti% !n br[ni%-purple1 edge :iti% & di/ill+ drops 9 wet wea!r4 ,spores br[ni%-purple4 ,f mutual pressure ! caps are (t5 irregul>4 ,v cespitose1 firm4 ,fries4 ,spores br[ni%-purple1 #id ,massee4 ,on gr\nd & on trunks4 ,truly cespitose4 ,small] ?an ,h4 velut9us1 b firm]1 truly fle%y1 n hygrophan\s4 ,bu%y pa/ures4 ,be?lehem4 ,octob]4 ,our specim5s d n agree 9 all respects ) ! publi%$ description ( ! species4 ,! pileus is sometimes :olly de/itute ( scales & sometimes d5sely clo!d ) hairy1 erect ones4 ,! species is manife/ly v>iable4 ,peck1 #cj? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 8,l ,h4 fascicul>is 9 quality4 ,int5sely irritant4 ,x is b\nd ) ! weight ( its own guilt40 ,hay4 ,?is is a good specim5 ( ,hay's comm5ts4 ,h4 fascicul>is is nev] irritant1 is good eat+1 is innoc5t4 ,!re is irony 9 ! comm5t ( ,dr4 ,cooke3 8,?is d\btful species is us$ by ! small] ket*up mak]s40 ,i h n se5 ?is species4 ,:5 ,i d ,i %all eat x & expect to live4 ,,app5dicula,,ti4 ,pileus hygrophan\s1 smoo?4 ,h4 inc]tum ,pk4 7,plate ,,xcviia47 ,pileus fragile1 convex or subcampanulate1 !n exp&$1 hygrophan\s1 (t5 radiately wr9kl$1 :iti% ) ! disk yell[i%1 ! ?9 m>g9 sometimes purpli%-t9t$1 (t5 wavy1 adorn$ by fragm5ts ( ! :ite floccul5t fugaci\s veil4 ,lamell close1 n>r[1 :iti% !n rosy-br[n1 ! edge (t5 unev54 ,/em equal1 /raight1 holl[1 easily splitt+1 :iti% ) a fro/y bloom or slightly scurfy at ! top4 ,spores elliptical1 purpli%-br[n1 #he4 ,plant greg>i\s or subcespitose1 #b-c 94 high4 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad4 ,/em #a-b l9es ?ick4 ,gr\nd among bu%es4 ,gre5 ,isl& & ,s&lake4 ,june & ,july4 ,! veil is sometimes s /rongly develop$ z to =m an imp]fect r+4 ,! color is ne>ly :ite f ! fir/4 ,peck1 #bi? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,z ! "n indicates1 ,i 0 unc]ta9 :e!r ?is 0 a =m ( ,h4 ,c&olleanum1 to :i* x is v closely relat$1 b z ,fries says ( t 8,gills at fir/ violace\s10 & z our plant has !m at fir/ :ite or :iti%1 ,i conclud$ to risk ! unc]ta9ty on a new species4 ,i h se5 ,c5tral ,p>k1 ,new ,york1 well cov]$ ) x 9 ,may4 ,x is also common 9 ! vic9ity ( ,bo/on4 ,( v agreeable flavor & delicate sub/ance4 ,! pr(usion ( its gr[? comp5sates = its small size4 ,macadam4 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,mill]2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 9 great clu/]s betwe5 railroad ties & beside track1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,t5d]4 ,"o ( ! be/4 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph$ by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,wei/4 ,,plate ,,xcviia4 ,,hypholoma ,,inc]tum4 ,h4 app5diculatum ,bull4--a small app5dage4 ,f ! veil adh]+ to m>g9 ( pileus4 7,plate ,,xcvii1 p4 #ceb47 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad1 date-br[n !n tawny1 becom+ pale yell[i% :5 dry1 fle%y-membranace\s1 ?91 ovate !n exp&$1 at l5g? flatt5$1 obtuse1 smoo?1 :5 dry slightly wr9kl$1 some:at spr9kl$ ) atoms4 ,/em #c 94 long1 #b-c l9es ?ick1 fi/ulose1 equal1 smoo?1 :ite1 pru9ate at ! apex2 veil fr++ ! m>g9 ( ! pileus1 fugaci\s1 :ite4 ,gills some:at adnate1 cr[d$1 dry1 :ite !n fle%-color$1 at l5g? d+y-br[n4 ,d5sely cespitose1 v fragile & hygrophan\s4 ,mu* ?9n] & m fragile ?an ,h4 ,c&olleanus4 ,x may be safely di/+ui%$ f species :i* are ne>e/ to x by ! gills be+ :iti% !n br[ni%-fle% color4 ,v>4 lanatum4 ,a curi\s =m1 d5sely woolly :5 "y1 traces ( ! woolly coat rema9+ at ! apex :5 ! pileus is fully exp&$4 ,sibb]t(t4 ,b4 & ,br41 #ahgf4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores ellipsoid1 pellucid1 #f-hc-d ,k42 #df ,w4,g4,s42 elliptical1 #eb4e ,massee4 ,angora1 ,we/ ,philadelphia1 ,octob]1 ,novemb]1 ,decemb]1 #ahig2 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 cespitose & greg>i\s 9 woods ab\t /umps4 ,mc,ilvaine4 8,x is v common & edible40 ,f>l[4 ,at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,octob]1 #ahih1 9 great abundance4 ,:5 f\nd x 0 greg>i\s 9 l>ge pat*es & cespitose on /umps4 ,my id5tification 0 confirm$ by ,pr(essor ,peck4 ,x dries well1 & reta9s flavor & escul5t qualities4 ,cook$ x is among ! be/4 ,h4 ,c&olleanum ,fr4--,aft] ,de ,c&olle4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad1 date-br[n !n becom+ :ite1 ! top some:at yell[i%1 some:at fle%y1 acorn-%ap$ !n bell-%ap$1 soon convex & at l5g? flatt5$1 obtuse & unequal1 smoo?1 ev54 ,fle% ?91 :ite4 ,/em #c 94 long1 #b-d l9es ?ick1 fi/ulose1 solid at ! base1 some:at ?ick5$1 fibrillose1 :ite1 /riate at ! apex2 veil 9 ! =m ( a cort9a1 web-l1 app5diculate 7dep5d+ f ! m>g9 ( ! pileus71 :ite1 at l5g? becom+ d+y-br[n4 ,gills r\nd$-adnex$1 !n sep>at+1 cr[d$1 violace\s !n br[ni%-c9namon1 ! edge at fir/ :iti%4 ,readily di/+ui%$ f neighbor+ species by ! gills be+ at fir/ beautifully d>k violace\s1 nev] fle%-color$4 ,d5sely cespitose1 fragile1 v hygrophan\s4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores elliptical1 #hd ,massee4 ,edible1 (t5 us$ 9 catsup4 ,cooke4 ,a species v>iable 9 color ) ! wea!r4 ,its gills are cream-color$ at fir/1 !n purpli%1 !n v d>k4 ,aft] ra9 ! fragile cap (t5 turns up at ! m>g9 & splits4 ,x diff]s some:at 9 texture f o!r ,hypholomas1 be+ m delicate 9 texture & sub/ance4 ,x is excell5t4 ,h4 subaquilum ,bann+4--aquilus1 br[ni%1 tawny4 ,pileus br[n1 convex1 smoo?1 hygrophan\s1 (t5 %ad$ into o*] at m>g91 veil delicate1 silk-l1 encircl+ & cov]+ ! m>g9al extremities ( ! lamell b =m+ no r+ on ! /em4 ,fle% :ite1 turn+ umb] :5 cut4 ,lamell adnex$ or ne>ly free1 close1 =k$1 umb]4 ,/em cespitose1 regul>1 holl[1 silky1 :ite1 #b-c 94 long4 ,spores br[n1 #de4 ,bann+ ,,ms4 ,druid ,hill ,p>k1 ,baltimore1 ,miss ,bann+2 decay+ wood1 ,adirondack m\nta9s4 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,new ,york4 ,peck1 #de? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,h4 subaquilum is closely alli$ to ,h4 app5diculatum1 b is di/+ui%$ by its d>k] color$ cap & gills4 ,its edible qualities are ! same4 ,x is among ! be/4 ,illu/ration ,,psilo,,cybe ,fr4 ,gr--nak$2 head4 ,pileus m or less fle%y1 smoo?1 m>g9 at fir/ incurv$4 ,gills becom+ br[ni% or purple4 ,/em some:at c>tilag9\s1 rigid or t\gh1 tubul>1 holl[ or /uff$1 (t5 root+4 ,veil abs5t or rudim5t>y1 nev] =m+ a membrane4 ,spores purple1 purple-br[n or slate-color4 ,g5]ally gr[+ on ! gr\nd1 greg>i\s1 sometimes cespitose4 ,psilocybe is analog\s 9 =m to ,collybia1 ,leptonia & ,naucoria1 :i* are di/+ui%$ by _! spore colors4 ,sep>at$ f ,psa?yra by ! incurv$ m>g9 ( ! pileus4 ,b "o species ( ,psilocybe is h]e9 giv5 z edible4 ,( x1 alone1 ! writ] has _h opportunity to eat meals4 ,sev]al o!rs ( ! species h be5 f\nd by him & te/$ 9 small quantity4 ,!y are all ( good texture1 sub/ance & flavor1 ?\gh mo/ are small4 ,he is ( ! op9ion t increas$ te/+ w prove ! entire g5us edible4 ,no?+ c or %\ld be progno/icat$ ab\t a toad/ool1 b ! indications are all 9 favor ( ,psilocybe4 7,plate ,,xcix47 ,illu/ration3 ,,psilocybe ,,spadicea4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,p4 spadicea ,s*aeff4--spadiceus1 date-br[n4 ,pileus ?91 submembranace\s1 hemisph]ical1 !n convex or exp&$1 smoo?1 hygrophan\s1 pale grayi%-br[n & /riatulate :5 moi/1 :ite or yell[i% :5 dry4 ,gills n>r[1 close1 atta*$1 easily sep>at+ f ! /em1 at fir/ :iti%1 !n br[n1 t+$ ) fle%-color4 ,/em /raight1 equal1 holl[1 smoo?1 :ite4 ,height #a-b 941 bread? ( pileus #a-a4e 94 ,/em #a-b l9es ?ick4 ,grassy gr\nd 9 y>ds & fields4 ,albany4 ,june4 ,greg>i\s or cespitose4 ,! pileus is fragile1 ! spores are br[n4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores br[n1 #id ,massee2 purpli% br[n1 #g4fe4a ,morgan4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,octob]1 ,novemb]1 ,decemb]1 #ahif4 ,9 l>ge pat*es & :]e /umps _h be5 tak5 f ! gr\nd4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,v>4 hygrophilus ,fr4 ,gr--moi/2 lov+4 ,pileus tawny1 !n clay-color4 ,/em #d-f 94 long1 r fusi=m1 root+4 ,gills em>g9ate ) a deeply decurr5t l9e2 at l5g? umb]-br[n4 ,v>4 polycephalus ,fr4--polus1 _m2 cephale1 head4 ,d5sely cr[d$4 ,/em ?9n]1 flexu\s4 ,gills ne>ly free1 at l5g? tawny-umb]4 ,! plant is t5d]1 cooks easily & is ( f9e flavor4 ,p4 semilanceata ,fr4--semi1 half2 lancea1 a spe>4 ,pileus 94 high1 n broad1 v>i\s 9 color1 becom+ yell[1 gre51 d+y-br[n1 some:at membranace\s1 acutely conical1 almo/ cuspidate1 nev] exp&$1 b ! m>g9 :5 "y at fir/ b5t inw>d1 cov]$ ) a pellicle :i* is visc\s & sep>able 9 wet wea!r1 slightly /riate *iefly r\nd ! m>g94 ,/em z mu* z #c 94 long1 sc>cely #a l9e ?ick1 tubul> & conta9+ a pi?1 equal1 m frequ5tly flexu\s1 smoo?1 capable ( be+ twi/$ r\nd ! f+]1 smoo?1 becom+ pale2 furni%$ ) a veil :5 "y4 ,gills asc5d+ into ! summit ( ! cone1 adnex$1 almo/ l9e>1 cr[d$1 becom+ purple-black4 ,fries4 ,greg>i\s1 v t\gh4 ,pa/ures & roadsides1 etc4 ,common4 ,augu/ to ,novemb]4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores ellipsoid1 #i-afd-i ,k42 #adi ,w4,g4,s4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bc2 ,novia ,scotia1 ,som]s4 ,v>4 crulesc5s ,cooke--becom+ blue4 ,base ( /em turn+ indigo-blue4 ,n common 9 ,am]ica1 b frequ5tly f\nd4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,c4 ,cooke--a c>eful au?ority--,p4 semilanceata has a dang]\s reputation4 ,x is said to h prov$ fatal to *ildr5 :5 eat5 raw4 ,x is n delet]i\s :5 cook$4 ,illu/ration ,,psa,,?yra ,fr4 ,gr--friable4 7,plate ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,,psa?yra ,,gyr(lexa4 ,natural size4 7,aft] ,massee47 ,omitt$ f ,index to ,species4 ,veil none or only univ]sal1 & floccoso-fibrillose4 ,/em some:at c>tilag9\s1 fi/ulose ) a tube1 poli%$1 fragile4 ,pileus conical or bell-%ap$1 membranace\s1 ! m>g9 at ! fir/ /raight & adpress$ to ! /em4 ,gills becom+ purple or br[ni%4 ,sl5d]1 fragile1 hygrophan\s4 ,"s ( ! la/ species ( ,hypholoma & ,psilocybe are v closely alli$ to !m4 ,! ,copr9>ii are readily di/+ui%$ by ! gills be+ :ite or a%-color1 !n black1 n dusky-br[n nor becom+ purple4 ,psa?yra corresponds ) ,myc5a1 ,nolanea1 ,gal]a & ,psa?yrella4 ,all ! species gr[ on ! gr\nd or on trunks4 ,/ev5son4 ,b f\r ,am]ican species report$4 ,small & unimportant4 ,,deconica4 ,/em t\gh2 m>g9 ( ,pileus at fir/ incurv$4 ,gills subtriangul>ly decurr5t4 ,corresponds ) ,omphalia1 ,eccilia1 ,tub>ia4 ,few ,am]ican species4 ,small & unimportant4 ,s]ies ,v4 ,,melanos,,por 7spores black74 ,gr--black2 ,gr--se$4 ,v>i\s z are ! spore colors 9 ?is s]ies 79 its broade/ s5se71 !re is an entire abs5ce ( br[n & purple %ades 9 ! black spores ( f\r ( ! g5]a belong+ to ?is gr\p or s]ies4 ,9 ,gomphidius ! spores are d+y-olivace\s4 ,x is an outsid] affiliat+ ) ?or\ghbr$s because ( m te*nical cong5iality ?an o!r g5]a af=d4 ,l comets 9 ! univ]se1 x has no home4 ,! s+ul> g5us ,montagnites 7( :i* b "o species has be5 f\nd 9 ,am]ica1 & t 9 ,texas7 has ! relation%ip ( spore-color4 ,panolus1 ,anell>ia1 ,psa?yrella1 :5 "y1 h gills free f ea* o!r2 ,copr9us1 9 e>ly life1 pres5ts !m press$ tightly toge!r2 z ! plants age & ! spores rip51 ! entire gill /ructure becomes black & dissolves into an inky fluid1 ! color ( :i* is due to ! spores4 ,! species are all ( delicate body1 & _m ( !m add g5]\sly to table luxuries4 ,,copri,,nus ,p]s4 ,gr--dung4 ,pileus sep>ate f ! /em4 ,gills membranace\s1 at fir/ closely press$ toge!r1 coh]+1 at l5g? melt+ into a black fluid4 ,trama obsolete4 ,spores oval1 ev51 black4 ,! extreme clos5ess ( ! gills & _! entire deliquesc5ce into a fluid1 black f ! spores1 %>ply def9e ?is g5us & sep>ate x f all o!rs4 ,at fir/ ! =m is oval or cyl9drical2 mo/ are furni%$ ) a d[ny or scurfy veil (t5 adh]+ to ! pileus1 sometimes =m+ an adh]+ volva at ! base ( ! /em4 ,ne>ly all are ephem]al1 _m completely disappe>+ 9 a day4 ,cy/idia 7/]ile cells7 ( l>ge size are frequ5t on ! gills ( _m species4 ,illu/ration3 ,,melanosporae4 ,hym5ophore di/9ct f fle%y /em4 ,,copr9us4 ,hym5ophore conflu5t & homog5e\s ) fle%y /em4 ,,anell>ia4 ,,panaeolus4 ,spores d+y olivace\s ,,gomphidius4 ,hym5ophore conflu5t )1 b het]og5e\s f c>tilag9\s /em4 ,,psa?yrella4 ,,montagnites4 ,,plate ,,ci4 ,,*>t ,,( ,,g5]a ,,9 ,,black-,,spor$ ,,s]ies--,,melanosporae1 ,,page #cfh4 ,! majority gr[ on ri*ly manur$ gr\nd or dung1 "s on rott5 wood & o!r mat]ials4 ,bolbitius1 ! only ally1 has ! same ephem]al exi/5ce1 & gr[s 9 simil> situations1 b ! gills only s(t5 7n melt+7 & ! spores are some:at ru/-color$4 ,! black5+ ( ! gills is n a process ( decay1 b is due to ! gr[? ( ! spores1 & ! plant is /ill 7be=e deliquesc5ce7 p]fectly edible al?\gh n s invit+ 9 appe>ance z be=e4 ,species ( ,copr9us are v common & are easily recogniz$ by ! deliquesc5t gills :i*1 :5 mature1 /a9 ! f+]s black4 ,9 8,once ^u a ,"t10 :5 c\ntry p made _! own writ+ inks1 ! conv5i5t ,copr9us gave its juices = ?is purpose4 ,a little corrosive sublimate add$ to ! boil$ & /ra9$ fluid prev5t$ x f mold+4 ,) few exceptions ! species are small4 ,!y are t5d]1 ( real mu%room flavor & highly enjoyable4 ,!y make a ?91 well flavor$ catsup1 b are bett] us$ to give flavor to _! less favor$ bre?r54 ,!y /ew 9 f two to fifte5 m9utes1 dep5d+ ^u ! solidity ( ! species4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,tribes4 ,a4 ,,pelliculosi 7pellicula1 a ?9 sk974 ,page #cgj4 ,gills cov]$ above ) a fle%y or membranace\s sk91 h5ce ! pileus does n split along ! l9es ( ! gills1 b becomes lac]at$ ) ! edges turn$ upw>d4 99 ,comati--coma1 hair4 ,furni%$ ) a r+ =m$ f ! free m>g9 ( ! volva4 ,! sk9 ( ! pileus torn into innate scales4 9999 ,atram5t>ii--atram5tum1 ink4 ,r+ imp]fect4 ,volva abs5t4 ,pileus dott$ ) m9ute innate scales4 999999 ,picacei--pica1 a magpie4 ,univ]sal veil d[ny1 at fir/ cont9u\s !n brok5 up into sup]ficial scales =m+ pat*es on ! pileus4 99999999 ,tom5tosi--tom5tum1 d[n4 ,pileus at fir/ cov]$ ) a loose hairy d[n1 becom+ torn into di/9ct scales1 at l5g? disappe>+4 ,r+ abs5t4 9999999999 ,micacei--mico1 to glitt]4 ,pileus at fir/ cov]$ ) m9ute gli/5+ scales1 soon disappe>+4 ,r+ none4 999999999999 ,glabrati4 ,pileus smoo?4 ,veil abs5t4 ,b4 ,,veli=mes 7velum1 a veil2 =ma1 =m74 ,page #chj4 ,pileus v ?9 )\t a sk91 at l5g? op5+ into furr[s along ! backs ( ! gills & becom+ fold$ 9 furr[s4 ,/em ?91 holl[4 ,gills wa/+ away into ?9 l9es4 99 ,cyclodei4 ,gr--a circle2 appe>ance4 ,/em ) a r+ or volva4 9999 ,lanatuli--lanatus1 woolly4 ,pileus cov]$ ) sup]ficial woolly floccules1 at l5g? disappe>+4 ,r+less4 999999 ,furfurelli--furfureus1 branny4 ,pileus mealy or scurfy4 ,gills g5]ally atta*$ to a coll> at ! apex ( ! /em4 ,r+less4 99999999 ,hem]obii4 ,gr4--liv+ a day4 ,pileus always smoo?4 ,none kn[n to be edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph$ by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,wei/4 ,,plate ,,ciii4 ,,copr9us ,,comatus4 ,a4 ,,pelliculo,,si4 ,cap becom+ torn1 edge turn+ upw>d1 etc4 99 ,comati4 ,furni%$ ) a r+1 etc4 ,c4 comatus ,fr4--coma1 hair4 7,plate ,,ciii47 ,pileus #b-g 94 high1 :ite1 fle%y1 at fir/ oblong1 becom+ bell-%ap$1 seldom exp&$1 :5 9 mature deliquesc+ /ate1 splitt+ at ! m>g9 along ! l9e ( ! gills1 ! cuticle1 except ^u ! apex1 sep>at+ into %aggy1 (t5 conc5tric scales1 at times yell[i%1 at o!rs t+$ ) purpli%-black4 ,gills free f ! /em1 cr[d$ & at fir/ coh]+1 broad1 :ite !n t+$ ) p9k or salmon color1 !n purple to black & dissolv+ into ink4 ,/em up to #aj 94 long1 up to 94 ?ick1 att5uat$ upw>d1 mo/ "p conceal$ )9 ! cap1 holl[1 b ) spid]-web ?reads )91 smoo? or fibrillose1 :ite or lilac-:ite1 easily pull+ out ( cap1 brittle4 ,r+ ?91 torn1 sometimes entire & movable4 ,on ri* soil1 lawns1 g>d5s1 roads1 dumps1 especially :]e a%es h be5 plac$4 ,solit>y or 9 l>ge d5se clu/]s4 ,augu/ until aft] fro/1 b x is occasionally f\nd dur+ ! spr+ mon?s4 ,spores elliptical1 black1 #ac-ah long ,peck4 ,almo/ black1 elliptical1 #ac-ahg-h ,massee2 #aa-acf-h ,k42 #aeh ,w4,g4,s4 ,v>4 breviceps ,pk4 ,pileus be=e expansion subovate1 %ort] & broad] ?an 9 ! typical =m1 #a4e-b4e 94 high4 ,dump+ gr\nd4 ,albany4 ,novemb]4 ,h4 ,neiman4 ,peck1 #di? ,rep4 ,copr9us comatus is common to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 its p]fection x is a /ately & beautiful plant4 ,i h se5 x ) ! oblong cap eight in*es long1 b its usual height is f #b-d 94 ,x occurs aft] h>d ra9 & (t5 9 ! mo/ unexpect$ places4 ,x is a r dome/ic species1 usually 9 troops1 b (t5 9 clu/]s ( f five to fifty individuals4 ,i h se5 x lift firmly sodd$ gr\nd ab\t railroad /ations1 & aga91 bulg+ ! surface ( g>d5s l mole-hills4 ,!re are toad/ools ( high] flavor1 b n "o ( great] delicacy4 ,9 ?is ,c4 comatus is n excell$ f its e>lie/ /age until fully rip5$4 ,x is ev]y:]e comm5d$4 ,lafayette ,b4 ,m5del1 9 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,physiology1 gives ! foll[+ analysis3 ,! specim5s 7 fre%ly ga!r$ & _h n yet turn$ 8inky40 ,!y v>i$ v widely 9 size1 ?irty-six mu%rooms weigh+ #adhe grams1 ( :i* #ihj grams belong$ to ! caps 7pileus7 & #eje grams to ! /ems4 ,! av]age weight ( a fre% specim5 0 ?us3 ,pileus #bg grams ,/em #ad -- ,total weight #da ,a specim5 :i* _h atta9$ ! av]age gr[? weigh$3 ,pileus #dc grams ,/em #be -- ,total weight #fh ,an analysis yield$ ! foll[+ results3 ,wat] #ib4ai p] c5t4 ,total solids #g4ha ,! dry sub/ance conta9$3 ,total nitrog5 #e4gi p] c5t4 ,extractive nitrog5 #c4hg ,prote9 nitrog5 #a4ib ,e!r extract #c4c ,crude fib] #g4c ,a% #ab4e ,mat]ial soluble 9 #he #ef4c p] c5t4 alcohol ,c4 sobolif]us ,fr4 ,pileus #a-b 94 across1 subcyl9drical1 !n oval bell-%ap$1 l[] half ( pileus usually undulate b n furr[$ or /riate1 disk obtuse1 usually depress$1 di/9ctly scaly1 d+y :ite1 t[>d ! apex t+$ ) pale br[n1 scales d>k]4 ,fle% v ?94 ,gills free1 tap]+ t[>d ea* end1 94 or m broad1 cr[d$1 pale !n blacki%4 ,/em #e-h 94 long1 94 ?ick at ! base1 slightly att5uat$ upw>d1 silky-:ite1 /uff$2 t[>d ! base !re is a depress$ zone caus$ by ! edge ( ! pileus :5 "y4 ,r+ fugaci\s4 ,spores elliptical1 #aeg4 ,among/ grass ne> to trunks1 buri$ wood1 etc4 ,a v l>ge & beautiful species1 di/+ui%$ f ,copr9us atram5t>ius1 its ne>e/ ally1 by ! l>g] size ( e "p1 ! co/ate 7ribb$7 or wav$ l[] portion ( ! pileus1 ! truncate1 depress$ disk1 ) di/9ct squamules1 ! :iti% color ( ! pileus1 & ! imp]fectly holl[ or /uff$ /em4 ,spores elliptical1 #aeg ,massee4 ,alm%\se gr\nds1 ,philadelphia4 ,on maple roots 9 grass-gr[n places1 ,may1 #ahig-ahih4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,n previ\sly not$ 9 ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,c4 sobolif]us is a sub/antial food-giv+ species1 v heavy = its size4 ,x gr[s s+ly & 9 clu/]s & w imm$iately attract att5tion1 :]ev] f\nd4 ,x is ( f9e flavor & sub/ance4 ,cook at once4 ,c4 ovatus 7,s*aeff47 ,fr4--ovum1 an egg4 ,pileus :ite1 some:at membranace\s1 at ! fir/ egg-%ap$ & d5sely imbricat$ ) ?ick spread+ conc5tric scales1 cov]$ ) an ev5 hood at ! apex1 !n exp&$1 /riate4 ,/em #c-d 94 long1 solid at ! base1 root+1 o!rwise holl[1 ) spid]-web ?reads )91 att5uat$ upw>d1 d[ny1 %9+ :ite4 ,r+ n v conspicu\s & soon vani%+4 ,gills free1 remote1 slightly v5tricose1 at ! fir/ some:at nak$ & rema9+ long %9+ :ite1 at l5g? umb]-blacki%1 nev] becom+ purple4 ,small]1 ?9n]1 less h&some ?an ,c4 comatus4 ,= ! mo/ "p solit>y4 ,fries4 ,spores #aa-abg-h ,massee4 ,on ri* gr\nd1 dumps1 etc4 ,same habitat z ,c4 comatus4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,s closely alli$ to ,c4 comatus t x is ) difficulty di/+ui%$ f x4 ,h[ev]1 its edible qualities are ! same1 & into ^! ! "n does n ent]4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p$ by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,/udies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,cii4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,copr9us ,,atram5t>ius1 #cgc #c4 ,,panaeolus ,,solidipes1 #che #b4 ,,copr9us ,,micaceus1 #cgh #d4 ,,panaeolus ,,solidipes #che 7,,section71 ,c4 /]quilinus ,fr4--/]quil9ium1 a dunghill4 ,pileus ab\t #b 94 across :5 exp&$1 conical1 !n exp&$1 sulcate m ?an half way f m>g9 to disk1 at fir/ vill\s or silky1 disk r fle%y ) r\gh scales1 silv]y-gray1 t+$ ) br[n at ! apex4 ,fle% ?94 ,gills free1 v5tricose1 ab\t #b l9es broad1 pale !n umb]-purple4 ,/em #d-f 94 high1 slightly att5uat$ upw>d1 :ite1 fibrillose1 holl[1 ?ick5$ base solid1 & boot$ = ab\t an in* f ! base1 m>g9 ( %ea? end+ 9 a free bord] or r+4 ,on dung4 ,a f9e l>ge species kn[n by ! scaly apex ( ! pileus1 ! basal portion ( ! /em surr\nd$ by a volva-l1 adnate /ructure ) a free upp] m>g94 ,! /em soon becomes black :5 bruis$4 ,base ( /em n root+ b abrupt1 & furni%$ ) a few :ite fib]s4 ,massee4 ,edible1 ,cooke1 #ahia2 also ,leuba4 ,nova ,scotia1 ,dr4 ,som]s4 ,?is species is n report$ z f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 9999 ,atram5t>ii4 ,r+ imp]fect1 etc4 ,c4 atram5tarius 7,bull47 ,fr4--atram5tum1 ink4 7,plate ,,cii1 fig4 #a1 p4 #cgb47 ,pileus #a-d 94 across1 ovate1 exp&+1 grayi%1 lead-color or grayi%-br[n1 ) occasionally a few obscure scales on disk1 (t5 cov]$ ) bloom2 m>g9 ribb$1 sometimes not*$1 s(t1 t5d]4 ,gills free1 v5tricose1 up to 94 broad1 cr[d$ & at fir/ coh]+ & :ite ) :ite floccose edges1 !n becom+ black & dissolv+ into ink4 ,/em up to #e 94 long1 up to 94 ?ick1 smoo?1 :iti%1 holl[1 at fir/ sp9dle-%ap$1 !n att5uat$ upw>d1 ) m or less di/9ct r+ ne> base4 ,spores subcyl9drical1 l>ge cy/idia num]\s1 #abf ,massee2 #i-ajf ,k42 #ie ,w4,g4,s42 #h-aj long ,peck4 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,mill]2 ,h>risburg1 ,pa41 ,dr4 ,j4,h4 ,fag]2 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,! /em is obscurely b&$ )91 by :i* x may be recogniz$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,x gr[s s+ly or 9 clu/]s ( _m individuals on ri* gr\nd1 :e!r lawns1 g>d5s1 gutt] sides1 or 9 woods1 b n on dung4 ,i "k ( a f9e clu/] gr[+ ye> aft] ye> on a mu*-decay$ pe>-/ump4 ,occasionally x appe>s 9 ! spr+ mon?s1 b is common dur+ ! summ] & autumn aft] ra9s1 & f its fir/ appe>ance x occurs 9 successive crops until /opp$ by sev]e fro/4 ,x is common 9 ,europe & ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! flavor is high] ?an t ( ,c4 comatus4 ,x %\ld be cook$ z soon z ga!r$1 & kept 9 a cool place until ne$$4 ,analysis %[s ! foll[+3 ,two sep>ate1 fre%ly-ga!r$ lots ( ?is species 7 exam9$4 ,! "o 7a7 conta9$ six "y small specim5s weigh+ #e4e grams1 or 4#i gram ea*2 ! o!r 7b7 conta9$ eight mu%rooms weigh+ #ab grams1 or #a4e grams ea*4 ,an analysis gave3 a4 b4 ,wat] #ib4ca p] c5t4 #id4db p] c5t4 ,total solids #g4fi #e4eh ,! dry sub/ance conta9$3 ,total nitrog5 #d4fh #d4gg ,e!r extract #c4a #e4g ,crude fib] #i4c 44444 ,a% #af4h #bj4a ,lafayette ,b4 ,m5del 9 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,physiology4 ,c4 fuscesc5s 7,s*aeff47 ,fr4--fuscus1 d>k or sw>?y4 ,pileus #a-a 94 across1 submembranace\s1 ovate1 exp&$1 dull1 disk r fle%y1 ev5 or crack$ into squamules1 grayi%-br[n1 disk r$di%4 ,gills adfix$1 blacki%-umb]4 ,/em #d-e 94 long1 ab\t 94 ?ick1 equal1 fragile1 holl[1 subfibrillose4 ,r+ indi/9ct or abs5t1 :iti%4 ,massee4 ,small] & m sl5d] ?an ,copr9us atram5t>ius4 ,pileus br[ni%-gray1 disk becom+ r$di%1 n spr9kl$ ) micace\s p>ticles1 b at fir/ cov]$ ) a mealy bloom4 ,gills adnex$1 att5uat$ f ! /em to ! m>g91 deliquesc5t4 ,fries4 ,spores elliptical1 po9t$ at ! ends1 #ajx#f ,massee2 #ajx#e ,w4,g4,s4 ,solit>y & 9 tufts4 ,on /umps1 trunks1 etc4 ,may to ,octob]4 ,we/ ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,c4 fuscesc5s is t5d]1 delicate & ( excell5t flavor4 ,9 ?is x ranks ) ,c4 atram5t>ius4 7,plate ,,civ47 ,illu/ration3 ,,copr9us ,,macrosporus4 ,enl>g$ "o-?ird4 ,c4 macrosporus ,pk4 ,pileus ovate1 !n exp&$1 rimose-/riate 7crack$ 9 l9es71 obscurely floccose-squamulose1 :ite1 ! small ev5 br[ni% disk scaly4 ,lamell cr[d$1 free1 :ite !n black4 ,/em glabr\s1 :ite1 ) traces ( an annulus 7r+7 ne> ! ?ick5$ or subbulb\s base4 ,spores v l>ge1 elliptical1 #bj-bj4e long1 #ab-af broad4 ,plant cespitose1 #b-c 94 high4 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad4 ,/em #a l9e ?ick4 ,gr\nd 9 op5 fields4 ,ticond]oga4 ,augu/4 ,! prom95t *>act]s ( ?is species are ! crack$ pileus1 squamose disk1 free lamell & l>ge spores4 ,9 its e>ly /ate x resembles "s species ( ,lepiota4 ,x seems to be int]m$iate betwe5 ! sections ,atram5t>ii & ,micacei4 ,peck1 #ca/ ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,f\nd 9 quantity at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,augu/ to ,septemb]1 #ahih1 gr[+ among old /able b$d+ on p>ade gr\nd4 ,c4 macrosporus is an excell5t species1 high] 9 flavor ?an any o!r ,copr9us4 999999 ,picacei4 ,univ]sal d[ny veil1 etc4 ,c4 picaceus 7,bull47 ,fr4 ,pileus #b-b 94 across1 membranace\s1 ovato-bell-%ap$1 /riate up to ! disk1 smoky-black1 v>iegat$ ) l>ge1 irregul>1 sup]ficial :ite pat*es4 ,gills free1 94 or m broad1 v5tricose1 grayi%-black4 ,/em #e-f 94 long1 base bulb\s1 abrupt1 o!rwise equal1 - 94 ?ick1 :ite1 holl[1 fragile1 smoo?4 ,spores elliptical1 apiculate1 #adh2 cy/idia l>ge1 num]\s4 ,massee4 ,decay+ trunks or bran*es ( trees 9 woods4 ,lyndonville4 ,june4 ,fairman4 ,! =m "h ref]r$ to ?is species diff]s some:at f ! description ( ! type 9 be+ small]1 9 hav+ no bulb to ! /em & 9 hav+ small] spores4 ,x is probably ! 8small] v>iety gr[+ on rott5 wood0 notic$ by ,/ev5son 9 8 ,briti% ,fungi4 ,i h se5 ! true =m ( ! species f ,kansas4 ,! ,new ,york plant seems to me to be wor?y ( di/9ctive designation1 at lea/ z a v>iety1 & ,i call x ,v>4 ebulbosus4 ,plant small]4 ,/em de/itute ( a bulb4 ,spores #h-aje4 ,peck1 #dd? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,m9nesota1 ,johnson1 #ahig2 ,kansas1 ,crag91 #ahhd2 ,wiscons91 ,bundy1 ,nebraska1 ,clem5ts4 ,edible4 ,leuba4 ,l>ge quantities grew on rott+ *e/nut & oak rails at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 f ,june to ,augu/1 #ahii4 ,x is /rong & unpleasant4 99999999 ,tom5tosi4 ,pileus at fir/ veil$ ) a loose hairy veil4 7,plate ,,cv47 ,illu/ration3 ,,copr9us ,,fimet>ius4 ,c4 fimetarius ,fr4--fimetum1 a dunghill4 ,pileus #a-b 94 across1 membranace\s1 ?91 at fir/ cyl9drical1 soon conical1 ! edge at l5g? revolute & torn at ! m>g91 :5 "y ev]y:]e cov]$ ) floccose-squ>rose :ite scales 7f ! univ]sal veil71 :i* sep>ate f ! v]tex t[>d ! circumf]5ce1 at l5g? nak$1 longitud9ally crack$1 b n op5+ into furr[s1 ! v]tex :i* rema9s entire1 livid4 ,/em ab\t #c 94 long1 #b-c l9es & m ?ick1 holl[1 fragile1 ?ick5$ & solid at ! base1 att5uat$ upw>d1 %9+ :ite & d[ny ) squamules ( ! same color4 ,gills free1 rea*+ ! /em1 at fir/ v5tricose1 !n l9e>1 flexu\s1 black4 ,/em :5 "y curt & firm]4 ,fries4 ,spores sph]oid-ellipsoid1 #ae-ahi-ab ,k42 #aei ,w4,g4,s42 #ab-adg-h ,massee4 ,sometimes !re is a root z long z ! /em4 ,m4,j4,b4 ,common on dung heaps 9 successive crops4 ,spr+ to autumn4 ,v>4 pullatus4 ,pileus ) adpress$ scales & tom5tose1 soon nak$1 br[ni%1 !n blacki%4 ,/em equal1 becom+ smoo?4 ,on dung4 ,clu/]$4 ,/ature ( ! type4 ,v>4 c9ereus4 ,pileus membranace\s1 floccosely mealy1 !n nak$1 a%y-gray4 ,/em subequal1 rootless1 holl[ to ! base1 (t5 twi/$4 ,spores #ab-h4 ,on dung & ri* soil4 ,v>4 macrorhiza4 ,pileus at fir/ ) fea!ry squamules4 ,/em %ort1 hairy1 root+1 sometimes m or less m>g9ately subbulb\s4 ,spores #ac-adh-i4 ,on dung4 ,pileus pale & small] ?an 9 ! typical =m1 /em %ort]1 ) a m or less elongat$ root+ base4 ,b]keley4 ,( ?is v v>iable species !re is a small =m gr[+ on decay$ wood 9 woods4 ,x has ! spores r small] ?an 9 ! type1 !y be+ #aj-aa long1 #h broad4 ,x might be designat$ ,v>4 silvicola4 ,peck1 #dc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 #ahha-ahhe1 ,may to ,octob]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,common to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,( excell5t flavor & t5d]4 ,x mu/ be cook$ at once4 ,c4 tom5tosus 7,bull47 ,fr4--tom5tum1 pubesc5ce4 ,pileus v ?91 at fir/ oblong-oval & floccose-scaly1 soon bell-%ap$1 nak$1 closely /riate1 grayi%-br[n or blacki%-br[n1 (t5 ) a lead5 hue1 f9ally exp&$1 ! disk smoo?1 r$di% or o*race\s-br[n1 ! m>g9 turn$ upw>ds & mu* split or lac]at$4 ,lamell closely cr[d$1 n>r[1 free1 :ite !n p9ki%1 f9ally black4 ,/em :ite1 tall1 fragile1 tap]+ upw>d1 f9ely floccose-squamulose1 holl[1 sometimes ) a l>ge tap root4 ,plant greg>i\s or cespitose4 ,height #c-f 941 bread? ( pileus #f-ah l9es4 ,v v>iable 9 size & color4 ,! cov]+ ( ! pileus is easily rubb$ (f4 ,x soon disappe>s & ! plant quickly decays1 seldom cont9u+ ?r\gh ! day4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ab\t old picket+ places 9 camp gr\nds4 ,pr(4 ,m4,w4 ,ea/on1 ,july1 #ahih4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,may to ,septemb]1 on dung1 ri* gr\nd1 g>d5s & 9 woods4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,v delicate2 ( /rong mu%room flavor4 ,x is common1 & c usually be collect$ 9 numb]s4 ,x is ( little food value 9 itself1 b yields an excell5t flavor to any?+ x is cook$ )4 ,x mu/ be cook$ z soon z ga!r$4 ,c4 niveus ,fr4--nix1 sn[4 ,pileus :ite1 #a-b 94 across1 ?91 ovate !n bell-%ap$1 m>g9 at l5g? turn$ upw>d1 split or cov]$ ) a d5se :ite1 mealy or d[ny cov]+1 slightly p9k4 ,gills adnex$1 n>r[1 cr[d$1 at fir/ coh]+1 :ite !n p9ki%1 !n black4 ,/em at fir/ %ort1 !n up to #d 941 sl5d]1 att5uat$ upw>d1 cov]$ ) :ite d[n1 fragile1 holl[4 ,spores #afaa-ac ,massee2 #ajab ,w4,g4,s4 ,common on dung & dung heaps1 clu/]$4 ,may to fro/4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,v v>iable 9 size1 b cle>ly di/+ui%$ by its sn[-:ite color & adnex$ gills4 ,l all ( ! ?91 delicate species ( ?is g5us !re is little sub/ance left aft] cook+1 b ! savory flavor is imp>t$ to ! cook+ m$ium4 9999999999 ,micacei4 ,pileus at fir/ cov]$ ) m9ute1 gli/5+ scales1 etc4 ,c4 micaceus 7,bull47 ,fr4--mica1 gra91 granul>4 7,plate ,,cii1 fig4 #b1 p4 #cgb47 ,pileus ?91 ovate1 !n bell-%ap$1 ) ! m>g9 m or less revolute1 wavy1 splitt+1 closely /riate1 ) a few m9ute scales & sp>kl+ atoms1 or nak$1 v>y+ 9 color f :iti%-o*race\s to livid-br[n1 g5]ally d>k] :5 moi/ or old4 ,gills r n>r[1 cr[d$1 :ite !n p9ki%1 f9ally black4 ,/em sl5d]1 fragile1 easily splitt+1 slightly silky1 :ite1 holl[1 (t5 twi/$4 ,plant mo/ly cespitose4 ,height #b-d 941 bread? ( pileus1 #a-b 94 ,/reets1 y>ds & fields1 on or ab\t old /umps4 ,may to ,septemb]4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores elliptical1 blacki%1 #g-hd-e ,massee2 #gh ,w4,g4,s42 #aje ,w4,p42 elliptical1 br[n1 #f-h ,peck4 ,v>4 granularis4 ,pileus spr9kl$ ) granules or furfurace\s scales4 ,new ,york4 ,augu/4 ,peck1 #dg? ,rep4 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,mill]2 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,may to ,octob]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,common f spr+ until fro/4 ,?is is ! oval-capp$ toad/ool f\nd 9 clu/]s ab\t trees1 po/s1 along grassy sides ( pavem5ts1 popp+ up1 ,br[nie-l1 f sodd$ places4 ,al?\gh small & ?91 its clu/]s soon fill baskets1 & its cont9u\s gr[? 9 "s places1 f mon? to mon?1 ye> to ye>1 makes x "o to be dep5d$ ^u4 ,/ew$ = t5 m9utes x makes a ri*1 lusci\s di%4 ,c4 congregatus closely resembles x & is equally good4 999999999999 ,glabrati4 ,pileus smoo?1 etc4 ,c4 deliquesc5s 7,bull47 ,fr4 ,pileus #c-d 94 broad1 livid-fulig9\s1 membranace\s1 bell-%ap$ !n exp&$1 smoo?1 b dott$ ) m9ute po9ts on ! disk1 nev] d[ny or split1 ! edge turn+ upw>d & /riate1 ! /ri broad b n deep4 ,/em #d 94 long1 #b-d l9es ?ick1 holl[1 ) a b>k-l cov]+1 equally att5uat$ upw>d1 smoo?1 %9+ :ite4 ,gills free1 at l5g? remote f ! /em1 v cr[d$1 flexu\s1 v n>r[1 only l9e broad1 lurid-blacki%4 ,fries4 ,frequ5t on /umps & among fall5 leaves1 sometimes 9 tufts4 ,july to ,octob]4 ,spores elliptical1 obliquely apiculate1 #he ,massee4 ,sometimes conf\nd$ ) ,c4 atram5t>ius4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,c4 deliquesc5s is ( good size & quality4 ,! /ems d n cook well ) ! caps4 ,! flavor is ! same z ,c4 atram5t>ius4 ,c4 congregatus 7,bull47 ,fr4 ,pileus - 94 high1 cyl9drical1 !n bell-%ap$1 f9ally exp&$ & split at ! m>g91 smoo?1 viscid1 m>g9 slightly /riate1 o*race\s4 ,gills ab\t #a l9e broad1 slightly adnex$1 :ite1 f9ally becom+ black4 ,/em #a 94 high1 equal1 smoo?1 holl[1 :iti%4 ,on ! gr\nd1 also 9 hot-h\ses4 ,massee4 ,readily di/+ui%$ by ! d5sely cespitose mode ( gr[?1 ! small size1 ! viscid1 o*race\s1 glabr\s pileus :i* rema9s elongato-cyl9drical = "s "t1 !n becomes campanulate & f9ally exp&s & splits at ! m>g94 ,d5sely cespitose1 fragile1 readily di/+ui%$ f ,c4 digitalis by its mu* small] size4 ,fries4 ,spores #gh ,w4,g4,s42 #aje ,w4,p4 ,fries & ,cooke consid]$ ?is a good species4 ,s closely alli$ to neighbor+ species t x is difficult to det]m9e x4 ,edible qualities are includ$ 9 ! alliance4 ,b4 ,,veli=mes4 ,pileus v ?91 etc4 99 ,cyclodei4 ,/em be>+ r+1 etc4 ,none edible4 9999 ,lanatuli4 ,pileus ) sup]ficial d[ny cov]+1 etc4 ,c4 lagopus ,fr4--,gr1 a h>e2 a foot4 ,pileus #a 94 broad1 :iti%1 disk livid1 v t5d]1 cyl9drical !n bell-%ap$1 :5 "y beautifully d[ny !n nak$1 flatt5$ & split1 radiately furr[$4 ,/em #e 94 & m long1 #a l9e ?ick1 v weak1 v fragile1 slightly att5uat$ at bo? ends1 ev]y:]e :ite-woolly4 ,gills at l5g? remote1 n>r[1 black4 ,fries4 ,fries di/+ui%es two =ms4 ,a1 nemorum4 ,/em sl5d]1 #d-f 94 long4 ,b1 vi>um4 ,/em #b-c 94 long4 ,pileus broad]1 livid4 ,bo? =ms are inodor\s4 ,! pileus ( ! long-/emm$ =m is sometimes entirely cle> br[n1 at o!rs grayi% ) a br[ni% disk4 ,/em v weak1 #e 94 & m 9 l5g?1 #a l9e ?ick1 att5uat$ at bo? ends4 ,pileus ?91 exp&$ bell-%ap$1 ab\t #a 94 across1 :5 "y elegantly flocculose1 !n furr[$1 disk livid4 ,gills r di/ant4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #ch? ,rep42 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,july1 #ahih1 on rubbi% ab\t ab&on$ camp4 ,pr(4 ,m4,w4 ,ea/on4 ,a /rik+ly beautiful species4 ,bo? =ms 7 f\nd 9 abundance1 te/$ & eat5 ) enjoym5t4 ,!y are extremely delicate1 & ( attractive b n high flavor4 ,c4 ,virg9eus ,bann+4 ,pileus ovate1 bell-%ap$1 or cyl9drical1 pale o*]1 ! m>g9 ?91 torn1 d[ny4 ,lamell n>r[1 close1 =k$1 at fir/ :ite1 turn+ d>k b nev] black1 adnex$4 ,/em #c 94 long1 /\t1 some:at /uff$1 att5uat$ :]e x meets ! pileus1 flatt5$1 d[ny4 ,spores black4 ,cespitose or greg>i\s at ! roots ( trees or ab\t old /umps4 ,also f\nd 9 ,virg9ia4 ,! plant is n rapidly deliquesc5t1 rema9+ p]fect = "s h\rs4 ,bann+ ,,ms4 ,m>yl&4 ,virg9ia4 ,miss ,m4,e4 ,bann+ ,,ms4 ,peck1 #dd? ,rep4 ,*e/] c\nty1 ,pa4 ,new ,j]sey1 ab\t pe> trees & /umps4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,?is little ,copr9us is a valuable species :5 f\nd4 ,a pat* ( x ab\t a tree or /ump is treasure trove4 ,pat*es ( x appe> 9 ,july & be> until ,octob]4 ,! n-p>ticul> obs]v] w\ld mi/ake x = ,c4 micaceus4 999999 ,furfurelli4 ,pileus micace\s or scurfy1 etc4 7,plate ,,cvi47 ,illu/ration3 ,,copr9us ,,dome/icus4 ,natural size4 ,c4 domesticus 7,p]s47 ,fr4--domus1 a h\se4 ,pileus #b 94 broad1 fulig9\s1 disk date-br[n1 ?91 ovate !n bell-%ap$1 cov]$ ) small branny scales1 !n op5+ into furr[s & flatt5$1 undulately sulcate1 disk obtuse1 ev54 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #b-c l9es ?ick1 fi/ulose1 slightly firm1 att5uat$ upw>d1 adpress$ly silky1 becom+ ev51 :ite4 ,gills adnex$1 at fir/ cr[d$1 di/ant :5 ! pileus is split1 l9e>1 :ite !n r$di%1 at l5g? br[ni%-blacki%4 ,a l>g] & m rem>kable species ?an all ! neighbor+ ones4 ,fries4 ,spores #ad-afg-h ,massee4 ,on mu* decay$ wood1 damp c>pets1 9 cell>s1 etc4 ,(t5 9 clu/]s4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,pr(4 ,m4,w4 ,ea/on1 ,july1 #ahih2 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,c4 dome/icus is ! l>ge/ ( its section & is sometimes ( rem>kable gr[?4 ,i h se5 x />t f "u a bo>d 9 a cell> & prolong its /ems = ov] a foot to get its caps to air & light4 ,"u su* conditions ! /ems are twi/$ 9 a confus$ mass4 ,x is v t5d] ) a decid$ mu%room flavor4 ,cook at once4 7,plate ,,cvii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,copr9us ,,silvaticus4 ,enl>g$ "o-f\r?4 7,aft] ,peck47 ,c4 silvaticus ,pk4 ,pileus membranace\s1 ) a ?9 fle%y disk1 convex1 /riate 9 folds on ! m>g91 d>k-br[n1 ! depress$ /ri pal]4 ,lamell subdi/ant1 n>r[1 atta*$ to ! /em1 br[ni%4 ,/em fragile1 sl5d]1 smoo?1 holl[1 :ite4 ,spores gibb\s-ovate1 #ab4g long4 ,plant #b 94 high4 ,pileus #f-aj l9es broad4 ,/em 4#e l9es ?ick4 ,gr\nd 9 woods4 ,greig4 ,septemb]4 ,! /ri ext5d ab\t half way up ! pileus4 ,alli$ to ,c4 plicatilis & ,c4 ephem]us ,peck1 #bd? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,frequ5t1 b n common4 ,on gr\nd 9 woods1 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,?is pretty little fungus is frequ5tly f\nd4 ,i h nev] be5 able to get x 9 quantity1 b h (t5 eat5 x4 ,its flavor is musky1 r /rong4 ,x is edible1 b is n obta9able 9 suffici5t numb]s to make x ( mu* food value4 ,c4 ephemerus ,fr4 ,gr--la/+ = a day4 ,pileus - 94 across1 v ?91 ovate1 !n bell-%ap$1 f9ally exp&$ & splitt+1 furr[$ radiately1 at fir/ slightly scurfy1 disk elevat$1 ev51 r$di%4 ,gills slightly atta*$1 l9e>1 :ite1 !n br[ni%1 at l5g? blacki%4 ,/em #a-b 94 high1 #a l9e or m ?ick1 equal1 glabr\s1 pellucid1 holl[1 :iti%4 ,spores #af-agi-aj4 ,on dunghills1 manur$ gr\nd1 etc4 ,to ! nak$ eye appe>+ almo/ glabr\s1 b "u a l5s se5 to be di/9ctly scurfy4 ,kn[n f ,copr9us plicatilis by ! disk ( ! pileus be+ prom95t & n depress$4 ,massee4 ,common dung & dung heaps4 ,may to ,octob]4 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 #bc;d ,rep4 ,( su* size & delicate sub/ance z to be ( little food value4 ,b x has a /rong mu%room flavor :i* is *oice z a flavor+4 ,x appe>s dur+ ! summ] mon?s on dung & dung heaps4 ,x mu/ be cook$ z soon z ga!r$4 ,c4 semilanatus ,pk4 ,pileus submembranace\s1 broadly conical1 !n exp&$ & /rongly revolute1 & ! m>g9 sometimes split1 cov]$ ) mealy atoms1 f9ely & obscurely rimose-/riate1 pale grayi%-br[n4 ,lamell n>r[1 close1 free4 ,/em elongat$1 fragile1 holl[1 slightly tap]+ upw>d1 :ite1 ! l[] half clo!d ) loose cottony flocci :i* rub (f easily1 ! upp] half smoo? or slightly f>9ace\s4 ,spores broadly elliptical1 #ab4g long4 ,plant v fragile1 #d-f 94 high4 ,pileus #h-ab l9es broad4 ,/em #a l9e ?ick at ! base4 ,ri* gr\nd & dung4 ,s&lake4 ,augu/4 7,plate ,,iv1 fig4 #ae-ah47 ,alli$ to ,c4 coop]tus4 ,peck1 #bd? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,we/ ,virg9ia4 #ahha-ahhe1 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,july to ,octob]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,i h seldom f\nd x1 ?\gh at times x 0 q common ab\t /ables 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,x has good mu%room flavor & is edible4 ,x is /ately1 attract+ att5tion by its peculi> cap4 ,c4 plicatilis ,fr4--plico1 to fold4 ,pileus #a 94 broad1 dusky-br[n !n blui%-gray-c9]e\s1 disk d>k]1 dusky-br[n or r$di%1 oval-cyl9drical !n campanulate1 soon exp&$1 op5+ into furr[s1 sulcate-plicate1 = ! mo/ "p smoo?1 disk broad1 ev51 at l5g? depress$4 ,/em #a-c 94 long1 fi/ulose1 ?91 equal1 ev51 smoo?1 pallid1 some:at pellucid4 ,gills remote f ! /em & adnate to a coll> :i* is =m$ f ! dilat$ apex ( ! /em1 di/ant1 gray-blacki%4 ,fries4 ,v t5d] & fragile1 b :5 scor*$ by ! sun n melt+ into fluid4 ,v v>iable 9 /ature & size4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores #ab-adh-aj ,massee2 broadly elliptic1 #e long1 ,m4,j4,b42 #aa-ac long1 #h-aj broad ,peck1 ,rep4 #ej4 ,common 9 ri* pa/ures1 lawns1 roadsides1 etc4 ,may to ,octob]4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a neat little fungus (t5 f\nd 9 great pl5ty4 ,?\gh small x is nev]!less edible & mu/ be writt5 ) its edible companions4 ,illu/ration ,,pan,,olus ,fr4 ,gr--all2 ,gr--v>iegat$4 7,plate ,,cviii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,pan,,olus4 ,pileus slightly fle%y1 n /riate1 m>g9 exce$+ ! gills4 ,gills asc5d+ 9 a conical mann]1 slate-gray1 mottl$ ) ! black spores4 ,/em poli%$4 ,veil wov51 (t5 abs5t4 ,spores black4 ,on ! gr\nd 9 ri* e>?1 & on dung4 ,9 ! black-spor$ s]ies ,psa?yrella is sep>at$ by ! /riate pileus1 n exce$+ ! gills1 ,anell>ia by ! r+ & ,copr9us by ! deliquesc5t gills4 ,panolus1 9 its entirety1 has a precise look+ memb]%ip4 ,if ! gills 7 cut f c>dbo>d & fix$ by ma*9]y1 !y c\ld n be m correct4 ,"s ( ! species are among ! e>lie/ arrivals at toad/ool lawn p>ties1 & "s are ! la/ to leave4 ,sev]al are cul9>y favorites1 notably ,panolus solidipes4 ,p4 papilionaceus possesses intoxicat+ prop]ties4 ,p4 campanulatus is report$ to be a s$ative4 ,! edible species are easily cook$ & are exceptionally delicate & well flavor$4 ,p4 retirugis ,fr4--rete1 a net2 ruga1 a wr9kle4 ,pileus ab\t #a 94 across1 at fir/ almo/ globose1 !n hemisph]ical1 subumbonate1 m9utely mealy1 opaque1 moi/1 furni%$ ) unit+ rais$ ribs1 p9ki% tan-color2 m>g9 ) irregul> fragm5ts ( ! veil atta*$4 ,fle% r ?ick4 ,gills adnex$1 asc5d+1 #b l9es or m broad1 grayi%-black4 ,/em #b-d 94 long1 ab\t #b l9es ?ick1 equal1 pru9ose1 purpli% fle%-color1 holl[4 ,fries4 ,spores elliptic-fusi=m1 #aa-acg ,massee4 ,on dung4 ,di/+ui%$ among ! species ( ,panolus by ! rais$ ribs on ! pileus & its app5diculate m>g94 ,! pileus is sometimes grayi%4 ,closely resembl+1 sup]ficially1 ,psa?yra corrugis1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 di/+ui%$ by ! violet-black gills4 ,spores elliptical1 %ortly fusi=m1 #bj ,q42 #afaa ,w4,g4,s4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 #ahha-ahhe4 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 frequ5t on dung4 ,june to fro/4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,p4 retirugis is n a common species1 & is a sp>se gr[]1 b is frequ5tly f\nd4 ,x is seldom t a mess c be _h at "o "t4 ,x is an excell5t species by itself & imp>ts a good flavor to o!rs4 ,p4 fimicola ,fr4--fimus1 dung2 cola1 to inhabit4 ,pileus - 94 across & high1 slightly fle%y1 convex bell-%ap$1 obtuse1 glabr\s1 opaque1 d+y-gray :5 moi/1 pal] & yell[i% :5 dry1 ) a n>r[ br[n encircl+ zone ne> ! m>g94 ,gills adnate1 #b l9es or m broad1 gray1 v>iegat$ ) smoky-black4 ,/em #b-d 94 high1 #a l9e or m ?ick1 equal1 fragile1 :iti%1 p[d]$ ) :ite meal upw>d1 holl[4 ,fries4 ,/em s(t1 fragile1 obsoletely silky-/riatulate1 #b-d 94 long4 ,pileus :5 moi/ commonly smoky-gray1 :5 dry grayi% clay-color1 sometimes discoid4 ,gills semi-ovate ) a m9ute decurr5t too?4 ,fries4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,frequ5t4 ,on dung & ri*ly manur$ places4 ,june to ,septemb]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,p4 fimicola is nei!r z l>ge nor heavy z ,p4 solidipes1 b 9 o!r respects equals x4 ,p4 solidipes ,pk4--solidus1 solid2 pes1 a foot4 7,plate ,,cii1 fig4 #c1 #d1 p4 #cgb47 ,pileus #b-c 94 across1 firm1 at fir/ hemisph]ical1 !n sub-campanulate or convex1 smoo?1 :iti%1 ! cuticle at l5g? break+ up into d+y-yell[i%1 r l>ge1 angul> scales4 ,gills broad1 slightly atta*$1 :iti%1 becom+ black4 ,/em #b-d l9es ?ick1 firm1 smoo?1 :ite1 solid1 slightly /riate at ! top4 ,spores v black ) a blui% t9t4 ,height ( plant #e-h 94 ,dung heaps4 ,we/ ,albany4 ,june4 ,a l>ge species1 rem>kable = its solid /em4 ,! scales on ! pileus are l>g] on ! disk1 becom+ small] t[>d ! m>g94 ,! upp] "p ( ! /ipe is sometimes bead$ ) drops ( moi/ure4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 #ahha-ahhe4 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 frequ5t on dung & dung heaps4 ,may to fro/4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,on mature plants1 or aft] ra9s1 ! scales are n always pres5t4 ,p4 solidipes is a h&some1 readily recogniz$ species ( good weight & sub/ance4 ,x is "o ( ! be/ ( toad/ools4 ,p4 campanulatus ,l9n4--campanula1 a little bell4 ,pileus oval1 bell-%ap$ or obtusely conical1 sometimes umbonate1 smoo?1 some:at %9+1 br[ni%1 ) a peculi> gray or lead-color$ t9t1 sometimes becom+ r$di%-t9t$1 ! m>g91 (t5 scallop$ or fr+$ ) ! app5diculate veil4 ,lamell n broad1 atta*$1 becom+ grayi%-black4 ,/em long1 sl5d]1 holl[1 r$di%1 pru9ose & slightly /riate at ! top1 at l5g? du/$ ) ! spores4 ,height #d-f 941 bread? ( pileus #f-ab l9es4 ,on horse dung & ri* soil4 ,june & ,july4 ,common4 ,9 v wet wea!r ! cuticle ( ! pileus sometimes cracks into scales or areas4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores subellipsoid1 #af-ahaj-ac ,k42 #h-if ,massee4 ,mr4 ,r4,k4 ,macadam1 ,bo/on1 ,mass41 in=ms me t he has in=mation ( a case ( poison+ by ?is fungus4 8,! victim exp]i5c$ dizz9ess1 dimness ( vision1 trembl+ & loss ( p[] & memory4 ,he recov]$ aft] simple treatm5t & 0 well inside ( #bd h\rs40 ,a full acc\nt ( ?is case is 9 8,! ,london ,m$ical & ,surgical ,j\rnal10 ,vol4 #cf1 ,novemb]1 #ahaf4 ,! poison acts z a s$ative4 ,i h sev]al times eat5 ( ?is fungus 9 small quantities1 because l>g] c\ld n be obta9$1 & ) no o!r ?an pleasant effect4 ,!re does n appe> to be any case ( poison+ report$ by x s9ce #ahaf1 :i*1 consid]+ ! inquisitiv5ess ( man1 is s+ul>4 ,caution is advis$4 ,p4 papilionaceus ,fr4--papilio1 a butt]fly4 ,pileus subhemisph]ical1 sometimes subumbonate1 smoo?1 or ) ! cuticle break+ up into scales1 :iti%-gray1 (t5 t+$ ) yell[4 ,lamell v broad1 atta*$1 becom+ black4 ,/em sl5d]1 firm1 holl[1 pru9ose above1 :iti%1 sometimes t+$ ) r$ or yell[1 slightly /riate at ! top & g5]ally /a9$ by ! spores4 ,height #c-e 941 bread? ( pileus #f-ah l9es4 ,on dung & ri* soil4 ,common4 ,may & ,june4 ,a small =m occurs ) ! pileus ne>ly :ite1 sc>cely half an in* 9 diamet]1 & ! cuticle n crack+4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,! effects ( ,p4 papilionaceus are v unc]ta94 ,i h se5 x produce hil>ity 9 a few in/ances1 & o!r mild symptoms ( intoxication1 :i* 7 soon ov]1 & ) little reaction4 ,b ,i h se51 at table1 ! same effects f eat+ pres]v$ pea*es & pres]v$ plums :i* _h f]m5t$4 ,_m p]sonal te/+s h be5 )\t effect4 ,te/+s ^u o!rs v>y ) ! individuals4 ,! fungus seems to conta9 a mild /imulant4 ,x is n dang]\s1 b %\ld be eat5 ) caution4 ,be+ ( small size1 & n a prolific species1 quantities ( x are difficult to obta94 ,mod]ate quantities ( x h no effect :atev]4 ,illu/ration ,,anella,,ria ,k>/4 ,anellus1 a little r+4 ,pileus slightly fle%y1 smoo? & ev54 ,gills adnex$1 d>k slate-color1 v>iegat$ ) ! black spores4 ,/em c5tral1 smoo?1 %9+1 r firm4 ,r+ pres5t at fir/1 ei!r p]si/5t or =m+ a zone ar\nd ! /em4 ,! species ( ?is g5us 7 =m]ly includ$ 9 ,panolus1 f :i* ?is is sep>at$ by ! pres5ce ( a r+1 m or less def9ite4 ,9 o!r *>act]s !y are simil>4 ,z 9 ,amanitopsis & ,amanita4 7,plate ,,cix47 ,illu/ration3 ,,anell>ia ,,sep>ata4 ,natural size4 ,a4 sep>ata ,k>/4--sep>atus1 di/9ct1 sep>ate4 ,pileus #a-a 94 across1 height ab\t ! same1 ovate1 !n bell-%ap$1 n exp&+1 viscid1 ev51 o*race\s1 !n :iti%1 %9+1 wr9kl$ :5 old4 ,fle% r ?ick4 ,gills adfix$1 asc5d+1 ?91 cr[d$1 broad1 #b-c l9es1 grayi%-black1 m>g9 pal]4 ,/em long1 #c-e 941 /raight1 base ?ick5$1 att5uat$ upw>d1 :iti%1 %9+1 top some:at /riate4 ,r+ p]si/5t1 di/ant4 ,massee4 ,on dung4 ,r v>iable 9 size4 ,pileus bell-%ap$1 b v obtuse at ! summit1 -#a 94 f ! base to ! apex1 n exp&+ at ! base )\t crack+4 ,spores broadly elliptic-fusi=m1 black1 opaque1 #ajg ,massee2 ellipsoid1 #af-bbaj-ab ,k42 #afaa ,w4,g4,s4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 #ahha-ahhe4 ,new ,j]sey1 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,july1 #ahih1 on dung4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a common1 frequ5t species f ,may to ,octob]4 ,x is sub/antial 9 fle%1 excell5t 9 sub/ance & flavor4 ,cook soon & n ov] fifte5 m9utes4 ,,psa?yrel,,la4 ,gr--fragile4 ,pileus membranace\s1 /riate1 m>g9 /raight1 at fir/ press$ to ! /em1 n ext5d+ beyond ! gills4 ,veil inconspicu\s4 ,gills sooty-black1 n v>iegat$4 ,spores black4 ,closely resembl+ ,psa?yra 9 appe>ance1 b sep>at$ by ! spore color4 ,9 ! black-spor$ s]ies ,panolus & ,anell>ia are di/+ui%$ by _! pilei n be+ /riate & ,copr9us by its deliquesc5t gills4 ,! species are small & c seldom be ga!r$ 9 quantity4 ,b ^? te/$ h ! full mu%room flavor & are valu$ = ! flavor !y give to less gift$ species :5 cook$ ) !m4 ,p4 gracilis ,fr4--sl5d]4 ,pileus -#a 94 broad1 sooty1 livid1 etc41 :5 dry1 tan1 rosy or :iti%1 hygrophan\s1 membranace\s1 bell-%ap$1 obtuse1 smoo?1 ev51 slightly & pellucidly-/riate only r\nd ! m>g94 ,/em #c 94 & m long1 sc>cely #a l9e ?ick1 tubul>1 rem>kably t5se & /raight1 equal1 nak$1 smoo?1 :iti%1 n root$1 :ite-vill\s at ! base4 ,gills :olly adnate1 commonly broad] beh9d 7r>ely l9e>71 almo/ di/ant1 di/9ct1 at fir/ :iti%1 !n c9]e\s-blacki% ) ! black spores1 edge rose-color$4 ,fries4 ,:5 dry ! pileus is s(t to ! t\*4 ,greg>i\s1 fragile4 ,v simil> to ,a4 corrugis1 & !re is a v>iety corrugat$4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores ellipsoid1 #ac-adg-h ,k42 #eab ,w4,g4,s42 #gc-c4e ,massee2 #adh ,morgan4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bc2 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 common1 ri* gr\nd1 ,june to ,octob]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a common & beautiful fungus1 gr[+ 9 pat*es on ri* gr\nd4 ,x is decid$ly prim4 ,its conical cap is regul> z an ext+ui%]4 ,x pays to ga!r x = flavor+ o!r species4 ,i h n se5 ! corrugat$ =m m5tion$ by ,fries4 ,p4 graciloides ,pk4 lacks ! rosy-edg$ gills2 gills are :iti%4 7,plate ,,cx47 ,illu/ration3 ,,psa?yrella ,,graciloides4 ,p4 graciloides ,pk4--sl5d]4 ,pileus ?91 conical or bell-%ap$1 glabr\s1 hygrophan\s1 br[n & /riatulate :5 moi/1 :iti% & subrugulose :5 dry4 ,lamell asc5d+1 r broad1 subdi/ant1 br[n1 becom+ blacki%-br[n1 ! edge :iti%4 ,/em long1 /raight1 fragile1 holl[1 smoo?1 :ite4 ,spores blacki%1 elliptical1 #ae-af4eh-h4e4 ,plant greg>i\s1 #d-f 94 high4 ,pileus #a 94 broad4 ,/em #a l9e ?ick4 ,gr\nd 9 an old doory>d4 ,m>yl&4 ,septemb]4 ,?is is alli$ to ,a4 gracilis ,fr41 b ! edge ( ! gills is n rosy4 ,:5 dry+ ! moi/ure leaves ! disk ( ! pileus fir/1 ! m>g9 la/4 ,:5 dry ! plant be>s "s resemblance to l>ge =ms ( ,a4 t5]4 ,"u a l5s ! texture ( ! surface ( ! pileus is se5 to be compos$ ( matt$ fibrils4 ,peck1 #cj? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,p5nsylvania & ,new ,j]sey1 on gr\nd ab\t h\ses & /ables1 (t5 9 b>n y>ds1 aft] !y h be5 clean$ out & are empty = ! summ]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,! :iti%-edg$ gills ) entire abs5ce ( ros9ess on gill edges di/+ui% ?is species f ,p4 gracilis ,fr4 ,x is frequ5t b n pl5tiful4 ,(t5 a p9t c be ga!r$4 ,x has a f9e mu%room flavor1 resembl+ ! delicate =ms ( ,copr9us4 ,p4 atomata ,fr4--atomatus1 atomate4 ,pileus -#a 94 broad1 livid1 :5 dry becom+ pale tan or pale fle%-color1 sometimes r$di%1 hygrophan\s1 membranace\s1 bell-%ap$1 obtuse1 slightly /riate1 :5 dry )\t /ri1 slightly wr9kl$1 spr9kl$ ) %9+ atoms4 ,/em #b 94 long1 almo/ #a l9e ?ick1 tubul>1 equal1 n root$1 lax1 slightly b5t 7n t5se & /raight71 :ite & :ite pulv]ul5t at ! apex4 ,gills adnate1 broad1 v5tricose1 slightly di/9ct1 :iti%1 b c9]e\s-blacki% ) ! black spores4 ,fries4 ,solit>y or greg>i\s4 ,pileus *ang+ l ,a4 gracilis f livid to :iti% & rose-color1 b m fragile4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores elliptical1 #ajd ,massee2 #adi ,w4,g4,s42 #aah ,morgan4 ,*e/] c\nty1 ,pa41 ,june to ,septemb]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,sev]al specim5s 7 eat54 ,9 flavor !y c\ld n be di/+ui%$ f ,c4 micaceus4 ,! sc>city & small size ( ! species make x ( little value1 save z a flavor+4 7,plate ,,cxi47 ,illu/ration3 ,,psa?yrella ,,dissem9ata4 ,p4 dissem9ata ,p]s4--dissem9o1 to scatt]4 ,f\nd ev]y:]e4 ,d5sely tuft$4 ,pileus ab\t 94 across1 membranace\s1 ovate1 bell-%ap$1 at fir/ scurfy1 !n nak$1 co>sely /riate1 m>g9 entire1 yell[i% !n gray4 ,gills adnate1 n>r[1 :iti%1 !n gray1 f9ally blacki%4 ,/em #a-a 94 long1 r curv$1 mealy !n smoo?1 fragile1 holl[4 ,massee4 ,cr[d$4 ,pileus ovate1 conical1 at l5g? bell-%ap$1 - 94 f ! base to ! apex1 /riate & plicate1 membranace\s1 pale buff or r$di%-br[n1 at l5g? gray1 becom+ flaccid & dissolv+4 ,gills di/ant1 n>r[1 pale br[n4 ,/ipes #a-c 94 long1 sl5d]1 weak1 brittle1 crook$1 holl[1 pale yell[i%1 :iti% or grayi%4 ,p>ticul>ly p>tial to old will[ trees1 & :5 gr[+ on a /ump ( a fell$ tree (t5 cov]+ ne>ly a squ>e y>d4 ,grev4 ,spores #hf ,w4,g4,s42 #g4fe ,morgan4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ab\t ab&on$ camp4 ,d5sely tuft$4 ,may to fro/4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,pat*es ( x are v common on old trunks1 ab\t decay+ trees1 on gr\nd4 ,! caps r>ely rea* #a 94 9 diamet]4 ,! plants cook away to almo/ no?+1 b !y are ( f9e flavor1 :i* !y imp>t to ! cook+ m$ium4 ,illu/ration ,,gomphi,,dius ,fr4 ,a wood5 bolt or nail4 ,hym5ophore decurr5t4 ,gills di/ant1 compos$ ( a mucilag9\s membrane1 :i* c be readily sep>at$ into two plates1 cont9u\s at ! edge :i* is acute & p[d]$ ) ! blacki% fusi=m spores4 ,veil viscoso-floccose4 ,fle%y1 putresc5t1 pileus at l5g? ! %ape ( an inv]t$ cone4 ,a small g5us ) great diff]5ce among ! species4 ,int]m$iate 9 habit betwe5 ,cort9>ius & ,hygrophorus4 ,univ]sal ,veil glut9\s1 at fir/ t]m9at+ on ! /em 9 a floccose r+ soon disappe>+4 ,! ,gills frequ5tly admit ( be+ deta*$ & /ret*$ out into a cont9u\s membrane4 ,fries4 ,a g5us possess+ sev]al well-m>k$ *>act]s4 ,! v decurr5t gills diff] f all o!rs 9 _! s(t mucilag9\s consi/5cy4 ,! spores are l>g] ?an usual 9 ! ,ag>icace & h ! elongat$ sp9dle-%ape f\nd 9 ,boleti4 ,! /em & pileus are ( ! same sub/ance1 & ! pileus & veil are bo? glut9\s :5 moi/4 ,! spores h be5 describ$ z gre5i%-gray becom+ black1 & z d+y-olive4 ,i h _h opportunity to see b two species ( ?is small g5us--,g4 rhodoxan?us & ,g4 viscidus4 ,( ^! ! spores are decid$ly olivace\s4 ,if ! six o!r species record$ z f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are z cr$itable1 !y are well wor? hunt+ =4 ,g4 ,oregon5sis ,pk4 is report$ z edible & z a valuable food species 9 ,oregon4 ,! glut9\s coat+s to pileus & /em d n appe> on ! ,am]ican =m ( ,g4 rhodoxan?us 9 ! localities ,i h f\nd x 9 dur+ fifte5 ye>s4 ,g4 glut9osus 7,s*aeff47 ,fr4--glut91 glue4 ,pileus #b-e 94 broad1 purple-br[n1 (t5 mottl$ ) black spots1 fle%y1 convex1 obtuse1 at l5g? plane1 ev5 depress$1 ev51 smoo?1 v glut9\s4 ,fle% ?ick1 ab\t 941 s(t1 :ite4 ,/em #b-c 94 & m long1 ab\t 94 ?ick1 solid1 :iti%1 ?ick5$ & ext]nally & int]nally yell[ at ! base1 viscid ) ! veil1 fibrillose or v>y+ ) black scales4 ,cort9a (t5 wov5 9 ! =m ( a r+1 b soon fugaci\s4 ,gills deeply decurr5t1 di/ant1 di/9ct1 bran*$1 q entire1 mucilag9\s1 #c-d l9es broad1 at fir/ :iti%1 !n c9]e\s1 cl\d$ ) ! spores4 ,trama none1 :]e=e ! gills easily sep>ate f ! pileus4 ,ta/e wat]y1 moldy4 ,odor n m>k$4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores #bj ,cooke2 #ah-bcf-h ,k42 #af-agf ,w4,g4,s42 #ah-bjf ,massee4 ,di/+ui%$ by ! bright yell[ base ( /em4 ,p9e woods4 ,july to ,novemb]4 ,nova ,scotia4 ,som]s4 ,edible4 ,leuba4 ,*iefly us$ = catsup4 ,cooke4 ,v>4 roseus4 ,pileus rose-color4 ,/em :ite1 att5uat$ & rosy fle%-color int]nally at ! base4 ,v di/+ui%$1 always small]4 ,spores #bj-bbf ,k4 ,nova ,scotia4 ,massa*usetts4 ,fro/4 ,i h n se5 ?is species or its v>iety4 ,em95t au?orities v\* = its edibility4 ,g4 ,oregon5sis ,pk4 ,pileus at fir/ convex1 becom+ ne>ly plane or some:at c5trally depress$1 viscid1 br[n or d>k-br[n1 becom+ black 9 dry+1 ta/e sweet & pleasant4 ,lamell num]\s1 r close1 adnate or slightly decurr5t1 blacki% 9 ! dri$ plant4 ,/em %ort1 solid1 equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores oblong1 #aj-ab4e long1 #d-e broad4 ,pileus #e-aj cm4 broad4 ,/em #b4e-e cm4 long1 #d-aj mm4 ?ick4 ,fir woods4 ,oregon4 ,septemb] to ,decemb]4 ,lane4 ,dr4 ,lane writes t ?is species is edible & gr[s s abundantly 9 fir woods t x might be ga!r$ by wagon loads & might be made a s\rce ( an abundant food supply4 ,peck4 ,torrey ,bullet91 ,vol4 #be1 ,no4 #f1 ,june1 #ahih4 7,plate ,,cxii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,gomphidius ,,viscidus4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,g4 viscidus ,fr4--viscid4 ,pileus #b-c 94 & m broad1 br[ni%-r$1 compact1 at fir/ bell-%ap$1 !n exp&$1 umbonate1 slightly visc\s1 %9+ :5 dry4 ,fle% yell[i%4 ,/em #c-d 94 & m long1 94 ?ick1 solid1 equal or att5uat$ at ! base :i* is rhub>b-color$ int]nally1 scaly-fibrillose1 n v visc\s1 yell[i%4 ,cort9a v evid5tly floccose1 n glut9\s1 wov5 9 ! =m ( a r+1 b readily fall+ (f4 ,gills deeply decurr5t1 di/ant1 ! %ort] ones adnex$ to ! long]1 n truly bran*$1 at fir/ pal]1 some:at olive1 at l5g? br[ni%-purple1 cl\d$ ) ! spores4 ,fries4 ,hym5ophore desc5d+ betwe5 ! gill plates4 ,odor n unpleasant4 ,/ev5son4 ,*iefly us$ 9 catsup4 ,cooke4 ,edible4 ,leuba4 ,cooke4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,massa*usetts1 ,fro/4 ,m9nesota1 ,cali=nia1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,_m grew "u p9es at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,septemb] to ,novemb]4 ,! gills seem$ bran*$1 b 7 gr[n toge!r4 ,ta/e & smell pleasant4 ,! caps are good1 b n equal to ,g4 rhodoxan?us4 ,g4 rhodoxan?us ,s*w4 7,plate ,,xcvii1 fig4 #d1 #e1 p4 #ceb47 ,solit>y4 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad1 cu%ion-%ap$1 r$di%-yell[1 sometimes ) dusky hues4 ,gills ar*$1 decurr5t1 orange-yell[4 ,/em att5uat$1 %ort1 firm4 ,spores oblong1 #aj-ab4e 9 l5g?4 ,peck4 ,olivace\s4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,solit>y1 greg>i\s or cespitose4 ,among leaves & grass 9 %ady places4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,:5 ! /ud5t has ma/]$ ! "n & memoriz$ ! description1 ,gomphidius rhodoxan?us c n be mi/ak5 = any o!r species4 ,x is n common 9 localities ,i h frequ5t$1 b its pres5ce is pretty g5]al 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 specim5s hav+ be5 s5t to me f ,georgia1 ,i[a1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 etc41 & ,i h f\nd x 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,woodl& ,cemet]y1 ,philadelphia1 & o!r places 9 ,p5nsylvania1 f ,july to ,septemb]1 #ahih1 inclusive4 ,hav+ enjoy$ x 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia 9 #ahhb1 ,i 0 delight$ to f9d x 9 g5]\s quantity at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 & to eat _m meals ( x4 ,its caps are n excell$ by any edible fungus4 ,!y h solid1 delici\s sub/ance & ri* full flavor4 ,! plant is (t5 cespitose4 ,i h nev] f\nd its cap viscid or glut9\s4 ,! cook$ fle% has ! latt] consi/5cy4 ,illu/ration ,,montagnites ,fr4 ,aft] ,montagne4 7,plate ,,ci1 fig4 #f1 p4 #cfh47 ,! univ]sal veil =m+ a volva1 p]si/5t4 ,/em dilat$ at ! apex into a plane r\nd disk1 ev5 on bo? sides1 to ! m>g9 ( :i* are adfix$ ! gills :i* are free1 n jo9$ by any membrane1 radiat+1 razor-%ap$1 p]si/5t1 obtuse at ! edge4 ,trama cellulose4 ,spores oblong1 ev51 black fusc\s4 ,fries4 ,a s+le species is report$ f ,texas4 ,,family ,,ii4--,,polyporace4 ,hym5ophore inf]ior1 fac+ ! gr\nd4 ,hym5ium consi/+ ( tubes ) pori=m m\?s :i* are r\nd or angul>1 sometimes s9u\s or torn1 l9$ ) #d-spor$ sporophores & cy/idia4 ,fle%y1 coriace\s or woody fungi1 mo/ abundant & luxuriant 9 w>m c\ntries4 ,int]m$iate betwe5 ! ,ag>icace & ! ,hydnace1 connect$ ) ! =m] by ,ddalea & ,l5zites1 & ) ! latt] by ,fi/ul9a & ,irpex4 ,fries4 ,)9 ?is l>ge family are fam$ edible species1 notably 9 ,bolet9us1 ,boletus & ,fi/ul9a4 ,9 ! woody species ! razor-/rop man f9ds mat]ial = 8 /rops 7,polyporus celul9us72 ! surgeon /yptics2 ! peasant punk to cat* sp>ks f 8 fl9t1 & ! #d? ( ,july ur*9 a fire-hold] to light 8 pyrote*nics4 ,! ,*9ese h plac$ "s species 9 _! fa?omless mat]ia m$ica1 :ile ! ,polyporus ( ! locu/ tree is us$ 9 ,am]ica z a m$ic9e = horses4 ,no fungoid gr[? is m univ]sal4 ,!y are ! ev] active prun]s ( our trees & conv]t]s ( =e/ debris4 ,!y beg9 ! task 9 ,nature's laboratory ( *ang+ decay+ wood into assimilable %ape z food to fe$ ! v trees t dropp$ x4 ,"s are ( annual gr[?1 o!rs add to _! sub/ance ye> aft] ye>1 (t5 atta9+ enorm\s size4 ,9 summ] & 9 w9t] !y are ev] pres5t objects = int]e/+ /udy4 ,,synopsis ,,( ,,g5]a4 ,,bolet9us4 ,page #cih4 ,hym5ium compos$ ( broad] radiat+ gills connect$ by v num]\s m n>r[ ana/omos+ bran*es or p>titions & =m+ l>ge angul> pores4 ,tubes some:at t5aci\s1 n easily sep>able f ! hym5ophore & f ea* o!r1 adnate or subdecurr5t1 yell[i%4 ,peck4 ,,boletus4 ,page #djd4 ,/ratum ( tubes easily sep>able f ! hym5ophore4 ,/em c5tral4 ,,/robilomyces4 ,page #dge4 ,tubes l ,boletus1 b pileus ) l>ge scales4 ,/em c5tral4 ,,fi/ul9a4 ,page #dgg4 ,fle%y1 lat]al1 tubes cr[d$ b di/9ct4 ,,polyporus4 ,page #dgi4 ,/ratum ( tubes di/9ct f hym5ophore1 b n sep>able1 n /ratose2 fle%y & t\gh1 /ipitate or sessile4 ,,fomes4 ,tubes z 9 ,polyporus1 (t5 /ratose2 woody1 sessile2 dimidiate4 7,no edible species report$47 ,,poly/ictus4 ,tubes z 9 ,polyporus1 n /ratose1 g5]ally develop+ f ! c5t] to ! m>g91 at fir/ %all[ & puncti=m1 coriace\s or membranace\s4 7,no edible species report$47 ,,poria4 ,tubes z 9 ,polyporus1 n /ratose2 entirely resup9ate4 7,no edible species report$47 ,,mucronoporus4 ,tubes /udd$ ) r$di%-br[n sp9es1 int]m+l$ ) ! basidia1 o!rwise z 9 ,poly/ictus 7& also z 9 ,polyporus & ,fomes74 ,atk9son4 7,no edible species report$47 ,,trametes4 ,tubes imm]s$ 9 fle% ( pileus1 ( v>i\s dep?s1 h5ce n =m+ a het]og5e\s /ratum1 subcyl9drical1 n /ratose2 corky2 sessile4 ,d,,dalea4 ,tubes z 9 ,trametes1 b s9u\s & labyr9?i=m2 corky2 n /ratose2 sessile4 7,no edible species report$47 ,,hexagonia4 ,tubes f ! fir/ dilat$ 9 hexagonal *annels1 n /ratose2 plants corky1 sessile4 ,atk9son4 7,no edible species report$47 ,,favolus4 ,tubes l>ge at fir/1 radiat+ f a c5tral /em1 or f a lat]al atta*m5t 9 sessile or dimidiate =ms2 plants t\gh & fle%y4 ,atk9son4 7,no edible species report$47 ,,cyclomyces4 ,gills or tubes 9 conc5tric circles4 ,/em c5tral1 subc5tral or none4 ,atk9son4 7,no edible species report$47 ,,m]ulius4 ,page #dij4 ,subgelat9\s4 ,tubes v %all[1 =m$ by ana/omos+ wr9kles2 resup9ate4 ,,boleti,,nus ,kal*b4 7,plate ,,cxiii1 p4 #djb47 ,hym5ophore n ev5 7z 9 ,boletus71 b ext5d$ 9 blunt po9ts desc5d+ l a trama among ! tubes4 ,tubes n easily sep>able f ! hym5ophore & f ea* o!r4 ,/em r+$1 holl[4 ,spores pale yell[i%4 ,sylloge1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #ea4 ,pr(essor ,peck has = excell5t reasons1 giv5 9 8 ,boleti ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 em5d$ ! g5]ic diagnosis ( ,fries ?us3 ,hym5ium compos$ ( broad] radiat+ lamell connect$ by v num]\s m n>r[ ana/omos+ bran*es or p>titions & =m+ l>ge angul> pores4 ,tubes some:at t5aci\s1 n easily sep>able f ! hym5ophore & f ea* o!r1 adnate or subdecurr5t1 yell[i%4 ,pr(essor ,peck classifies ,bolet9us z foll[s3 ,/em holl[ ,b4 cavipes ,/em solid #a #a4 ,/em lat]al or ecc5tric ,b4 porosus #a4 ,/em c5tral #b #b4 ,pileus pale yell[1 silky ,b4 decipi5s #b4 ,pileus r$ or adorn$ ) r$ scales #c #c4 ,pileus r$ ,b4 palu/] #c4 ,pileus soon r$-squamose ,b4 pictus ,boleti ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 p4 #gf4 ,!re are six species giv5 z f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates--,b4 cavipes ,kal*b41 ,b4 pictus ,pk41 ,b4 palu/] ,pk41 ,b4 decipi5s ,pk41 ,b4 porosus ,pk41 ,b4 app5diculatus ,pk4--( ^! ,i h f\nd & eat5 f\r4 ,b4 decipi5s has1 at ?is writ+1 n be5 se5 by ,pr(essor ,peck1 b ,pr(essor ,f>l[1 ( ,h>v>d1 has in=m$ him ( au!ntic specim5s4 ,!re is e probability ( its be+ z edible z ! o!rs2 a description ( x is1 !re=e1 giv54 ,9 consi/5cy ,bolet9us is ( ! be/1 be+ r l t ( m>%mall[s1 & ! same z ,boletus subaureus4 ,! flavor is mild & pleasant4 ,pr(essor ,peck m5tions t ! smell ( ,b4 porosus is sometimes unpleasant4 ,i h be5 =tunate 9 n hav+ _h ?is exp]i5ce4 ,b4 cavipes ,kal*b4 ,pileus broadly convex1 r t\gh1 flexible1 s(t1 subumbonate1 fibrillose-scaly1 tawny-br[n1 sometimes t+$ ) r$di% or purpli%4 ,fle% yell[i%4 ,tubes slightly decurr5t1 at fir/ pale-yell[1 !n d>k] & t+$ ) gre51 becom+ d+y-o*race\s ) age4 ,/em equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 some:at fibrillose or floccose1 slightly r+$1 holl[1 tawny-br[n or yell[i%-br[n1 yell[i% at ! top & m>k$ by ! decurr5t dissepim5ts ( ! tubes1 :ite )94 ,veil :iti%1 p>tly adh]+ to ! m>g9 ( ! pileus1 soon disappe>+4 ,spores #h-ajd4 ,pileus #a4e-d 94 broad4 ,/em #a4e-c 94 long1 #c-f l9es ?ick4 ,swamps & damp mossy gr\nd "u or ne> tam>ack trees4 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/4 ,! pileus is clo!d ) a fibrillose tom5tum :i* becomes m or less unit$ into floccose tufts or scales4 ,! umbo is n always pres5t & is g5]ally small4 ,! "y /em may sometimes be /uff$1 b1 if s1 x soon becomes holl[1 ?\gh ! cavity is irregul>4 ,! fre%ly %$ spores h a gre5i%-yell[ or olivace\s hue1 b 9 "t !y assume a pale or yell[i%-o*race\s hue4 ,?is species is app>5tly nor!rn 9 its range4 ,x loves cold sphagn\s swamps 9 m\nta9\s regions4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9s "u spruce trees4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 among scrub p9es4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 among p9es4 ,x is ( excell5t consi/5cy & ( mild pleasant flavor4 ,x is at its be/ 9 patties1 croquettes & escallops4 ,b4 app5diculatus ,pk4 ,pileus fle%y1 convex1 glabr\s1 o*race\s-yell[1 ! m>g9 app5diculate ) an incurv$ membran\s veil4 ,fle% pale-yell[1 un*angeable4 ,tubes r small1 yell[1 _! m\?s angul>1 unequal1 becom+ d>k] or br[ni% :]e w\nd$4 ,/em solid1 slightly ?ick5$ at ! base1 yell[4 ,spores pale-yell[1 oblong1 #aj-abd4 ,pileus #d-h 94 broad4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #d-f l9es ?ick4 ,"u or ne> fir trees4 ,wa%+ton4 ,septemb] to ,decemb]4 ,yeomans4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bc1 ,no4 #aj4 ,b4 pictus ,pk4 ,pileus convex or ne>ly plane1 at fir/ cov]$ ) a r$ fibrillose tom5tum :i* soon divides into small scales reveal+ ! yell[ color ( ! pileus b5ea?4 ,fle% yell[1 (t5 sl[ly *ang+ to dull p9ki% or r$di% t9ts :]e w\nd$4 ,tubes t5aci\s1 at fir/ pale yell[1 becom+ d>k] or d+y o*race\s ) age1 sometimes *ang+ to p9ki%-br[n :]e bruis$1 conceal$ 9 ! "y plant by ! copi\s :iti% webby veil4 ,/em equal or ne>ly s1 solid1 slightly & some:at evanesc5tly annulate1 clo!d & color$ l or a little pal] ?an ! pileus1 yell[i% at ! top4 ,spores o*race\s1 #i-aad-e4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad4 ,/em #a4e-c 94 long1 #c-f l9es ?ick4 ,woods & mossy swamps4 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/2 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9s1 #ahhb4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,angora1 ,we/ ,philadelphia1 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,9 mix$ woods1 pr9cipally oak4 ,leom9/]1 ,mass4 ,c4,f4 ,nixon1 ,ph4 ,g4 ,x is sometimes f\nd ^u mu* decay$ *e/nut /umps4 ,! caps ( "s species are s crack$ z to appe> di/9ctly areolate4 ,! :ite webby veil is (t5 p]si/5t4 ,! fungus is "o ( ! h&some/4 ,its ri* v>iegat$ colors impress x ^u eye-memory4 ,x is "o ( ! v be/ edible species4 7,plate ,,cxiia47 ,illu/ration3 ,,bolet9us ,,palu/]4 ,natural size4 7,aft] ,peck47 ,b4 palust] ,pk4--,pileus ?91 broadly convex1 plane or slightly depress$1 sometimes ) a small umbo1 floccose-tom5tose1 bright r$4 ,tubes v l>ge1 slightly decurr5t1 yell[1 becom+ o*race\s or d+y o*race\s4 ,/em sl5d]1 solid1 subglabr\s1 r$1 yell[i% at ! top4 ,spores p9ki%-br[n1 #h-id4 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 #b-c l9es ?ick4 ,wet places & sphagn\s mossy swamps4 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,ma9e1 ,h>vey4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,angora1 ,we/ ,philadelphia & ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,septemb]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a few specim5s f\nd at ,mt4 ,gretna _h /ems slightly reticulat$4 ,its ta/e is sweet1 smell mild1 & cook$ x is ( excell5t body & flavor4 ,b4 decipi5s 7,b4 & ,c47 ,pk4 ,pileus dry1 m9utely silky1 :iti%-yell[ or pale-buff1 fle% buff1 "o-?ird 94 ?ick2 hym5ium plane or some:at concave1 yell[1 consi/+ ( l>ge1 unequal1 flexu\s radiat+ tubes resembl+ multiseptate lamell4 ,/em equal1 solid b spongy4 ,veil floccose1 evanesc5t1 adh]+ = a "t to ! m>g9 ( ! pileus4 ,spores r m9ute1 oblong1 o*raceo-f]rug9\s 7ru/y yell[71 #h-ajc4e-d4 ,pileus #b 94 broad4 ,/em #b-b4e 94 long1 #c-d l9es ?ick4 ,?9 woods4 ,nor? & ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,m4,a4 ,curtis4 ,specim5s ( ?is species h n be5 se5 by me4 ,! au?ors rem>k t its aff9ities are cle>ly ) ,bolet9us flavidus & its allies1 f :i* x is di/+ui%$ by its l>ge radiat+ pores4 ,!y also say t :5 dry x is sc>cely di/+ui%able f ,paxillus porosus ,b]k41 except by its spores4 ,?is w\ld imply t its /em is ecc5tric or lat]al1 & ,i h be5 in=m$ by ,mr4 ,rav5el t x is sometimes s4 ,b specim5s ( ?is k9d1 label$ ,bolet9us decipi5s ,b4 & ,c41 h be5 receiv$1 :i* %[ by _! spores t !y are ,paxillus porosus4 ,besides1 ,pr(essor ,f>l[ in=ms me t au!ntic specim5s ( ,b4 decipi5s 9 ! ,curtisian ,h]b>ium h only c5tral /ems1 f :i* ?+s ,i suspect t ! two species h be5 confus$4 ,! spore dim5sions "h giv5 are d]iv$ f a specim5 9 ! ,curtis ,h]b>ium1 ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,pr(essor ,f>l[4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,i h n recogniz$ ?is ,bolet9us4 ,its aff9ities are ) excell5t edible species4 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph$ by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,wei/4 ,,plate ,,cxiii4 ,,bolet9us ,,porosus4 ,b4 porosus 7,b]k47 ,pk4 7,plate ,,cxiii47 ,pileus fle%y1 viscid :5 moi/1 %9+1 r$di%-br[n4 ,fle% #c-i l9es ?ick1 ! m>g9 ?9 & ev52 hym5ium por\s1 yell[1 =m$ by radiat+ lamell a l9e to half a l9e di/ant1 bran*+ & connect$ by num]\s irregul> ve9s ( less prom95ce & =m+ l>ge angul> pores4 ,/em lat]al1 t\gh1 diffus$ into ! pileus1 reticulat$ at ! top by ! decurr5t walls ( ! tubes1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores semi-ovate4 ,pileus #b-e 94 broad4 ,/em #f-af l9es long1 #d-f l9es ?ick4 ,v>4 opacus 7,paxillus porosus ,b]k41 ,bull4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,mus4 #b1 p4 #cb74 ,pileus dry1 glabr\s or subtom5tose1 n %9+1 br[n or tawny-br[n4 ,spores br[ni%-o*race\s1 #i-aaf-h4 ,damp gr\nd 9 woods & op5 places4 ,ohio1 ,lea1 ,morgan2 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis2 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/1 ,f>l[2 ,wiscons91 ,bundy2 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,?is species is rem>kable = its lat]al or ecc5tric /em4 ,!re is (t5 an em>g9ation 9 ! pileus on ! side ( ! /em :i* gives x a kidney %ape4 ,9 ! typical =m x is describ$ z viscid :5 moi/1 & ! ,wiscons9 plant is also describ$ z viscid1 b 9 all ! ,new ,york specim5s t ,i h se5 x is dry & sometimes m9utely tom5tose4 ,i h1 !re=e1 sep>at$ ^! z a v>iety4 ,! color ( ! pileus v>ies f yell[i%-br[n to r$di%-br[n or umb]4 ,a disagreeable odor is sometimes pres5t4 ,! tubes are r %ort & t\gh & d n easily sep>ate f ! hym5ophore & f ea* o!r4 ,9 ! "y plant !y are n sep>able4 ,!y sometimes become slightly blue :]e w\nd$4 ,z 9 o!r species !y are pale yell[ :5 "y1 b become d>k] or d+y-o*race\s ) age4 ,! spores h be5 describ$ z bright yell[1 b ,i d n f9d !m s 9 ! ,new ,york plant4 ,! plant is incongru\s among ! ,paxilli by reason ( its :olly por\s hym5ium1 b 9 ?is place x seems to be among its true allies4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,f9e specim5s 7 s5t to me by ,mr4 ,h4,i4 ,mill]1 ,t]re ,haute1 & ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,wei/1 ,ri*mond1 ,ind4 ,!y 7 9 condition to be eat5 & enjoy$4 ,no disagreeable odor 0 p]ceptible4 ,b4 borealis ,pk4 ,pileus fle%y1 convex1 obtuse or subumbonate1 br[ni%-yell[1 obscurely & some:at reticulately /reak$ ) r$di%-br[n l9es4 ,pores l>ge1 angul>1 unequal1 slightly decurr5t1 br[ni%-yell[4 ,/em %ort1 equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 br[ni%-yell[ ) a :iti% myceloid tom5tum at ! base4 ,spores oblong1 #aj-ab4ed-e4 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad4 ,/em ab\t #a 94 long4 ,s&y soil4 ,cap/an ,isl&1 ,labrador4 ,octob]4 ,waghorne4 ,! m>k+s ( ! pileus appe> z if due to ! dry+ ( a glut9\s sub/ance4 ,! radiat+ lamell & ! transv]se p>titions ( ! int]spaces are v pla9ly %[n4 ,describ$ f two dri$ specim5s4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torr4 ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bb1 ,no4 #e4 ,,bole,,tus ,dill4 ,gr--a clod4 ,! "n ( a fungus consid]$ a great delicacy among ! ,romans1 d]iv$ f bolos1 a clod1 probably to d5ote ! r\nd figure ( ! plant4 ,hym5ium :olly compos$ ( small tubes1 connect$ toge!r 9 a /ratum1 ! surface ( :i* is dott$ ) _! pori=m m\?s1 & :i* is di/9ct f ! hym5ophore on acc\nt ( ! latt] n desc5d+ into a trama4 ,tubes pack$ close toge!r1 easily sep>at+ f ! hym5ophore & f "o ano!r4 ,pores or m\?s ( ! tubes r\nd or angul> 79 ! subg5us ,gyrodon s9u\s or gyroso-plicate74 ,spores normally fusi=m1 r>ely oval or some:at r\nd4 ,gr[+ on ! gr\nd1 fle%y1 putresc5t1 ) c5tral /ems4 ,mo/ly edible1 & ( importance z articles ( food2 a few poison\s4 ,fries4 ,no ,am]ican species 9 ,gyrodon4 ,x is !re=e omitt$ 9 synopsis ( tribes4 ,c4,m4 ,?is g5us ab\nds 9 species & is relat$ to ,bolet9us on "o h& & to ,polyporus on ! o!r4 ,f ! latt] x is di/+ui%$ by ! abs5ce ( a trama & f bo? by ! tubes be+ easily sep>able f ! hym5ophore & f ea* o!r4 ,"s ( ! species are v v>iable1 o!rs are s closely alli$ t !y appe> to almo/ run toge!r4 ,! species are g5]ally t]re/rial1 b ,b4 hemi*rysus is habitually wood-gr[+1 & o!rs are occasionally s4 ,! spores v>y s mu* 9 color 9 su* closely relat$ species t ?is "* is sc>cely available = g5]al classification1 b x is valuable z a specific "* & %\ld always be not$4 ,,synopsis ,,( ,,! ,,tribes4 ,pileus & /em yell[-pulv]ul5t1 /em n reticulat$ ) ve9s 7p4 #dba47 ,pulv]ul5ti ,pileus & /em n yell[-pulv]ul5t1 or if s !n ! /em reticulat$ ) ve9s #a #a4 ,tubes yell[i% ) r$di%1 or r$di%-br[n m\?s 7p4 #dec47 ,luridi #a4 ,tubes ( "o color1 or m\?s n r$di%4 #b #b4 ,/em lacunose-reticulat$ & lac]at$4 7p4 #dcf47 ,lac]ip$es #b4 ,/em reticulat$ ) ve9s1 n lac]at$4 #c #b4 ,/em n reticulat$4 #e #c4 ,tubes :ite1 becom+ fle%-color$4 7p4 #dff47 ,hyporhodii #c4 ,tubes n becom+ fle%-color$4 #d #d4 ,tubes free1 or if adnate !n /uff$ :5 "y4 7p4 #ddd47 ,edules #d4 ,tubes adnate1 n /uff$ :5 "y4 7p4 #dch47 ,calopodes #e4 ,pileus viscid or glut9\s :5 moi/4 #f #e4 ,pileus dry4 #g #f4 ,tubes adnate4 7p4 #djf47 ,viscipelles #f4 ,tubes free or ne>ly s1 yell[i%4 7p4 #ddd47 ,edules #f4 ,tubes free or ne>ly s1 :iti%4 7p4 #dei47 ,v]sipelles #g4 ,/em solid4 #h #g4 ,/em spongy )91 soon cav]n\s or holl[4 7p4 #dga47 ,c>iosi #h4 ,tubes becom+ fle%-color$4 7p4 #dff47 ,hyporhodii #h4 ,tubes n becom+ fle%-color$4 #i #i4 ,tubes adnate4 #aj #i4 ,tubes free or ne>ly s4 #aa #aj4 ,pileus subtom5tose4 7p4 #dcj47 ,subtom5tosi #aj4 ,pileus glabr\s or pru9ose4 7p4 #dbc47 ,subpru9osi #aa4 ,tubes yell[i% or /uff$ :5 "y4 7p4 #ddd47 ,edules #aa4 ,tubes :iti%1 n /uff$4 7p4 #dei47 ,v]sipelles ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,c4,h4 ,peck1 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,botani/1 has contribut$ to ,mycological lit]ature 8 c>eful arrangem5t & analysis ( species ( ?is g5us1 9 8 8,boleti ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates40 ,species ( ! g5us are f\nd 9 e /ate ( ! ,union4 ,sev]al species are common to all ! /ates4 ,compreh5d+1 z d ! /ates1 all sorts ( climates )9 _! va/ range ( latitude1 diff]5ces 9 appe>ance & /ructure 9 ! same species mu/ be expect$1 dep5d5t l>gely1 z !y are 9 mo/ fungi1 ^u habitat & environm5t4 ,^! v>iations w frequ5tly sugge/ new species4 ,descriptions :i* are typical & :i* c be recogniz$ z /&>d are mo/ desirable4 ,pr(essor ,peck's are accept$ by ! writ] z su*1 t !re may be uni=mity1 & are quot$ z fully z space w p]mit4 ,su* v>iations z are attributable to locality w be not$4 ,s9ce #ahhb ! writ] has giv5 great att5tion to ! edible qualities ( ! ,boleti4 ,he is conv9c$ by _m p]sonal te/s & ^? made by 8 family & fri5ds1 t mu*1 if n all1 ( ! suspicion ?r[n ab\t ,boleti is unju/ & errone\s4 ,he is able to /ate positively t *ange ( color :5 bruis$ or brok52 bitt] & pepp]9ess h no?+ :atev] to d ) ! edible qualities ( species exhibit+ !m1 except+ 9 ,b4 felleus1 :i* exhibits an int5se bitt]1 n lo/ 9 cook+4 ,x is n poison\s4 ,! writ] has ! c\rage ( 8 convictions1 & has tak5 int]e/ 9 eat+ species ) a bad reputation :5ev] opportunity af=d$1 t _! j dues might be giv5 !m4 ,he has nev] exp]i5c$ ! slighte/ inconv5i5ce4 ,b o!rs may n be s =tunate4 ,be=e cook+ ,boleti ! /em1 unless crisp & t5d]1 %\ld be remov$1 z %\ld ! tubes unless "y & fre%4 ,!y broil1 fry1 /ew1 make good s\ps & dry well4 ,see recipes4 ,x is believ$ t all species ( ,boleti up to ?is "t f\nd 9 ,am]ica are describ$ 9 ?is volume4 ,:5 no rem>ks ( ! writ] foll[ ! descriptions1 he has n _h an opportunity to te/ ! edible quality ( ! species4 ,,viscipelles--viscum1 bird lime2 pells1 a sk94 ,pileus cov]$ ) a viscose pellicle4 ,/em solid1 nei!r bulb\s1 lac]at$ nor reticulat$ ) ve9s4 ,tubes adnate1 r>ely s9uate1 ( "o color4 ,! fir/ f\r & sev]al ( ! f9al species "h describ$ rec$e some:at f ! "* ( ! c5tral or typical species ( ! gr\p4 ,/em ) an annulus #a ,/em )\t an annulus #i #a4 ,/em dott$ bo? above & bel[ ! annulus #b #a4 ,/em dott$ above ! annulus #c #a4 ,/em n dott$ #d #b4 ,tubes salmon color ,b4 salmonicolor #b4 ,tubes yell[i% ,b4 subluteus #c4 ,annulus entirely viscose ,b4 flavidus #c4 ,annulus membran\s1 fugaci\s ,b4 elegans #c4 ,annulus membran\s1 p]si/5t ,b4 luteus #d4 ,pileus squamose ,b4 spectabilis #d4 ,pileus n squamose #e #e4 ,tubes :iti% or grayi% #f #e4 ,tubes yell[ or yell[i% #g #f4 ,fle% :ite1 un*angeable ,b4 ,elb5sis #f4 ,fle% :ite1 *ang+ to blui% ,b4 s]ot9us #g4 ,spores globose or broadly elliptical ,b4 sphrosporus #g4 ,spores mu* long] ?an broad #h #h4 ,annulus fugaci\s ,b4 flavus #h4 ,annulus p]si/5t ,b4 ,cl9tonianus #i4 ,/em dott$ ) gl&ules #aj #i4 ,/em n dott$ #af #aj4 ,pileus "s %ade ( yell[ #aa #aj4 ,pileus "s o!r color #ae #aa4 ,/em rhub>b color ,b4 punctipes #aa4 ,/em "s o!r color #ab #ab4 ,/em f\r l9es or m ?ick #ac #ab4 ,/em less ?an f\r l9es ?ick ,b4 ,am]icanus #ac4 ,pileus adorn$ ) tufts ( hairs or fibrils ,b4 hirtellus #ac4 ,pileus glabr\s #ad #ad4 ,/em yell[ )9 ,b4 subaureus #ad4 ,/em :iti% or yell[i%-:ite )9 ,b4 granulatus #ae4 ,pileus :ite ,b4 albus #ae4 ,pileus n :ite ,b4 granulatus #af4 ,/em squamulose #ag #af4 ,/em n squamulose #ah #ag4 ,pileus dull r$ ,b4 di*r\s #ag4 ,pileus "s o!r color ,b4 coll9itus ,w4,g4,s4u yell[ #ai ,w4,g4,s4u bay-r$ or *e/nut #bj ,w4,g4,s4u "s o!r color #ba #ai4 ,fle% pale-yell[ ,b4 unicolor #ai4 ,fle% :ite ,b4 bov9us #bj4 ,/em %ort1 "o in* or less ,b4 brevipes #bj4 ,/em long]1 two in*es or m ,b4 badius #ba4 ,tubes olivace\s or gold5-yell[ ,b4 mitis #ba4 ,tubes f]rug9\s #bb #bb4 ,ta/e mild ,b4 rub9ellus #bb4 ,ta/e acrid or pepp]y ,b4 pip]atus ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s41 p4 #hc4 7,plate ,,cxv47 ,illu/ration3 ,,boletus ,,spectabilis4 ,natural size4 ,b4 spectabilis ,pk4--spectabilis1 di/+ui%$4 ,pileus broadly convex1 at fir/ cov]$ ) a r$ tom5tum1 !n scaly1 viscid :5 moi/1 r$1 ! tom5tose scales becom+ grayi%-r$1 br[ni% or yell[i%4 ,fle% :iti% or pale-yell[4 ,tubes at fir/ yell[ & conceal$ by a r$di% glut9\s membrane1 !n o*race\s1 convex1 l>ge1 angul>1 adnate4 ,/em ne>ly equal1 annulate1 yell[ above ! annulus1 r$ or r$ ) yell[ /a9s bel[4 ,spores purpli%-br[n1 #ac-aef-g4 ,pileus #b-e 94 broad4 ,/em #c-e 94 long1 #d-f l9es ?ick4 ,?9 woods 9 swamps4 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,wiscons91 ,bundy4 ,?is is a r>e & %[y species :i* inhabits ! cold nor!rn swamps ( ! c\ntry4 ,x probably ext5ds into ,canada4 ,:5 cut1 ! fle% emits a /rong1 unpleasant odor4 ,w\nds ( ! fle% made by insects or o!r small animals h a bright-yell[ color4 ,:5 "y1 ! tom5tose veil cov]s ! :ole plant1 b x soon p>ts into scales on ! pileus & p>tly or :olly disappe>s f ! /em4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,london1 ,c41 ,j4 ,de>ness2 ,peck1 ,rep4 #dd1 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,b4 ,elb5sis ,pk4 ,pileus convex1 glabr\s1 viscid :5 moi/1 d+y gray or p9ki%-gray incl9+ to br[ni%1 obscurely spott$ or /reak$ z if ) pat*es ( innate fibrils4 ,fle% :ite4 ,tubes at fir/ :iti%1 becom+ d+y or br[ni%-o*race\s1 ne>ly plane1 adnate or slightly decurr5t1 r l>ge1 angul>4 ,/em ne>ly equal1 annulate1 :iti% above ! r+1 color$ l ! pileus bel[1 sometimes slightly reticulat$ at ! top4 ,spores f]rug9\s-br[n1 #aj-abd-e4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad4 ,/em #c-e 94 long1 #d-f l9es ?ick4 ,?9 woods ( tam>ack1 spruce & balsam4 ,new ,york4 ,peck4 ,its locality is ?us f> limit$ to ! ,adirondack region ( ?is /ate4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 s]ot9us ,fro/4--late4 ,bullet9 ,buffalo ,soc4 ,nat4 ,sci41 #ahgd4 ,pileus flat or convex1 viscid1 sordid br[n1 /reak$ ) ! remnants ( ! veil1 especially ne> ! m>g91 :i* is :ite1 v ?91 & :5 p>tly gr[n s+ul>ly p5d5t4 ,fle% :ite1 *ang+ to blui%4 ,tubes l>ge1 angul>1 unequal1 slightly decurr5t1 at fir/ sordid :ite or gray1 sometimes t+$ ) gre5 ne> ! /em1 aft]w>d c9namon-yell[4 ,/em reticulat$ above ! r+ :i* adh]es p>tly to x & p>tly to ! m>g9 ( ! pileus1 :ite b /a9$ by ! br[ni% spores & t+$ ) yell[ at maturity4 ,spores #ajf4 ,%ad$ grassy gr\nd4 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/4 ,probably ?is is only a v>iety ( ! prec$+ species4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 salmonicolor ,fro/4 ,bull4 ,buff4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,sci41 #ahgd4 ,pileus convex1 s(t1 v glut9\s1 br[ni% or tawny-:ite ) a fa9t t+e ( r$1 w9e-color :5 dry1 ! m>g9 ?94 ,fle% t+$ ) r$4 ,tubes simple1 ev51 angul>1 adnate1 pale salmon color4 ,/em small1 dott$ above ) bright f]rug9\s r$1 sordid bel[1 annulus d+y salmon-color4 ,spores #hb4e4 ,bord]s ( p9e woods4 ,new ,engl&4 ,fro/4 ,app>5tly a di/9ct species4 ,no specim5s se54 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 elegans ,s*um4 ,pileus convex or plane1 viscose1 gold5-yell[ or some:at ru/-color4 ,fle% pale-yell[4 ,tubes decurr5t1 gold5 or sulphur-yell[1 ! m\?s m9ute1 simple4 ,/em unequal1 firm1 gold5 or r$di%1 dott$ above ! fugaci\s :ite or pale-yell[i% annulus4 ,pileus #c-d4e 94 broad4 ,/em #b-d 94 long4 ,woods1 especially "u or ne> l>* trees4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis2 ,wiscons91 ,bundy2 ,m9nesota1 ,johnson4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,cordi] & ,gillet give ! species z edible ?\gh n delicate4 ,we/ ,philadelphia on lawns "u l>*es1 #ahhg-ahia4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,! caps are ( good flavor & consi/5cy4 ,!y are be/ fri$ or broil$4 ,b4 ,cl9tonianus ,pk4 ,pileus convex1 v viscid or glut9\s1 glabr\s1 s(t1 %9+1 gold5-yell[1 r$di% yell[ or *e/nut color1 ! m>g9 ?94 ,fle% pale yell[1 becom+ less bright or d+y on exposure to ! air4 ,tubes ne>ly plane1 adnate or subdecurr5t1 small1 angul> or subrotund1 pale-yell[1 becom+ d+y-o*race\s ) age1 *ang+ to br[n or purpli%-br[n :]e bruis$4 ,/em equal or slightly ?ick5$ t[>d ! base1 /raight or flexu\s1 yell[ at ! top1 r$di% or r$di%-br[n bel[ ! annulus1 sometimes v>i$ ) yell[ /a9s1 ! annulus :ite or yell[1 p]si/5t1 =m+ a ?ick b& ab\t ! /em4 ,spores br[ni%-o*race\s1 #aj-aad-e4 ,pileus #b-e 94 broad4 ,/em #b-e 94 long1 #d-i l9es ?ick4 ,mossy or grassy gr\nd 9 woods or op5 places1 especially "u or ne> tam>ack trees4 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/4 ,?is is app>5tly closely relat$ to ,b4 elegans1 f :i* x diff]s 9 its ?ick p]si/5t r+1 9 its /em :i* is n at all dott$ & 9 its long] & d>k]-color$ spores4 ,its small] tubes & p]si/5t r+ sep>ate x also f ,b4 flavus4 ,9 ! typical =m ! pileus is bay-r$ or *e/nut color1 b plants gr[+ 9 op5 places g5]ally h x yell[i% or r$di%-yell[4 ,x is mild to ! ta/e & ,i h eat5 x sp>+ly4 ,x sometimes gr[s 9 tufts4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 inflexu ,pk4--curv+4 ,pileus convex1 glabr\s1 viscid1 yell[1 (t5 r$ or r$di% on ! disk1 ! m>g9 ?91 inflex$1 conceal+ ! m>g9al tubes4 ,fle% :iti%1 n *ang+ color :]e w\nd$4 ,tubes r long1 adnate1 yell[i%1 becom+ d+y-yell[ ) age1 ! m\?s small1 dott$ ) r$di% gl&ules4 ,/em r sl5d]1 n r+$1 solid1 viscid1 dott$ ) livid-yell[ gl&ules4 ,spores yell[i%1 #aj-abd-e4 ,pileus ab\t #a 94 broad4 ,/em ab\t #b 94 long1 #b-d l9es ?ick4 ,op5 woods4 ,trexl]t[n4 ,septemb]4 ,h]b/4 ,?is ,boletus belongs to ! tribe ,viscipelles4 ,x is rem>kable = & easily recogniz$ by ! inflex$ m>g9 ( ! pileus1 :i* imitates to "s ext5t ! app5diculate veil ( ,boletus v]sipellis4 ,x sometimes gr[s 9 tufts4 ,! pap] 9 :i* fre% specim5s 7 wrapp$ 0 /a9$ yell[4 ,boletus ,braunii ,bres4 has an inflex$ m>g91 b t is a mu* l>g] plant ) a yell[i%-br[n pileus1 a fibrillose /em & mu* small] spores4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torr4 ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bb1 ,no4 #e4 ,b4 flavus ,)4 ,pileus convex1 compact1 cov]$ ) a br[ni% sep>at+ glut51 pale-yell[4 ,fle% pale-yell[4 ,tubes l>ge1 angul>1 adnate1 yell[4 ,/em yell[1 becom+ br[ni%1 reticulat$ above ! membran\s fugaci\s dirty yell[i% annulus4 ,spores #h-ajc-d4 ,pileus #b-e 94 broad4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #f-aj l9es ?ick4 ,woods4 ,m9nesota1 ,johnson2 ,wiscons91 ,bundy4 ,?is is app>5tly a r>e species 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,i h n se5 x4 ,x is said to resemble ,b4 luteus1 f :i* x is sep>at$ by ! l>ge angul> m\?s ( ! tubes4 ,9 ,briti% ,fungi ! spores are describ$ z 8sp9dle-%ap$1 yell[i%-br[n20 9 ,sylloge1 z 8ovoid-oblong1 acute at ! base1 granulose1 pale o*race\s40 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 fi/ulosus ,pk4 ,pileus convex1 viscid1 glabr\s1 yell[1 ! m>g9 at fir/ incurv$ or involute4 ,fle% yell[4 ,tubes plane or subv5tricose1 m$ium size1 r\nd ) ?9 walls1 adnate or sometimes depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 yell[4 ,/em r sl5d]1 subequal1 viscid1 glabr\s1 holl[1 yell[1 ) a :ite mycelioid tom5tum at ! base4 ,spores elliptical1 #acf4 ,pileus ab\t #a 94 broad4 ,/em #b-d 94 long1 ab\t #c l9es ?ick4 ,grassy woods4 ,auburn1 ,ala4 ,july4 ,und]wood4 ,a small b pretty species ( a yell[ color ?r\gh\t4 ,x is rem>kable = its holl[ /em1 :i* is sugge/ive ( ! specific "n4 ,x is ref]able to ! tribe ,viscipelles4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bd1 ,no4 #c4 ,b4 sphrosporus ,pk4--globose-spor$4 7,bullet9 ,torrey ,botanical ,club1 ,vol4 ,,xii47 ,pileus at fir/ hemisph]ical1 !n convex1 glabr\s1 viscid1 creamy-yell[1 becom+ r$di%-br[n or *e/nut color ) age4 ,fle% pale yell[i%-br[n4 ,tubes adnate or slightly decurr5t1 l>ge1 angul>1 pale-yell[1 becom+ br[n1 sometimes t+$ ) gre54 ,/em /\t1 equal1 ev5 or slightly reticulat$ at ! top1 ! membran\s annulus p]si/5t1 sometimes p>tly adh]+ to ! m>g9 ( ! pileus4 ,spores globose or broadly elliptical1 #h-i long4 ,pileus #c-h 94 broad4 ,/em #a-c 94 long1 #f-ab l9es ?ick4 ,l[ rav9es & s&y places4 ,wiscons91 ,trelease2 ,i[a1 ,mc,bride4 ,! spores easily s]ve to di/+ui% ?is species f its allies4 ,! ,european ,b4 sphrocephalus has ovoid spores1 b its tube m\?s are m9ute & rotund & its /em is d5sely squamose4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 luteus ,l4--yell[4 ,pileus gibb\s or convex1 cov]$ ) a br[ni% sep>at+ glut51 becom+ yell[i%-br[n & virgate-spott$4 ,fle% :ite4 ,tubes adnate1 m9ute1 simple1 yell[1 becom+ d>k] ) age4 ,/em /\t1 yell[i% & dott$ above ! l>ge membran\s br[ni%-:ite annulus1 br[ni%-:ite or yell[i% bel[4 ,spores fusi=m1 yell[i%-br[n1 #f-gc-d4 ,pileus #b-e 94 broad4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 #f-aj l9es ?ick4 ,p9e woods & groves4 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,b4 luteus has an int]national reputation = edibility4 ,i h f\nd x at ,w>et[n & ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j42 9 ,b>tram's ,g>d51 ,we/ ,philadelphia1 always "u p9es4 ,at ,w>et[n x 0 greg>i\s4 ,p9e ne$les1 s&1 any?+ ?r\gh :i* x gr[s1 adh]es to ! glut9\s cap4 ,x mu/ be c>efully clean$ be=e cook+4 ,x is !n ( *oice consi/5cy & good flavor4 7,plate ,,cxva47 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,,boletus ,,subluteus4 ,b4 subluteus ,pk4--luteus1 yell[4 ,pileus convex or ne>ly plane1 viscid or glut9\s :5 moi/1 (t5 obscurely virgate-spott$1 d+y-yell[i%1 incl9+ to ru/y-br[n4 ,fle% :iti%1 v>y+ to dull-yell[i%4 ,tubes plane or convex1 adnate1 small1 subrotund1 yell[ becom+ o*race\s4 ,/em equal1 sl5d]1 pallid or yell[i%1 dott$ bo? above & bel[ ! r+ ) r$di% or br[ni% gl&ules2 r+ submembran\s1 glut9\s1 at fir/ conceal+ ! tubes1 !n g5]ally collaps+ & =m+ a n>r[ :iti% or br[ni% b& ar\nd ! /em4 ,spores subfusi=m1 o*raceo-f]rug9\s1 #h-ajd-e4 ,pileus #a4e-c 94 broad4 ,/em #a4e-b4e 94 long1 #b-d l9es ?ick4 ,s&y soil 9 p9e woods4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,cl9ton2 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/4 ,! species is closely relat$ to ,b4 luteus1 f :i* x diff]s 9 its small] size1 m sl5d] /em & glut9\s collaps+ veil4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,f\nd at ,w>et[n1 ,n4,j41 #ahhg1 "u p9es & 9 same locality z ,b4 luteus1 = :i* x c be readily mi/ak54 ,x is usually cov]$ ) adh]5t s& or p9e ne$les4 ,its fle% is t5d] ) a pleasant glut9osity4 ,flavor good4 ,b4 flavidus ,fr4--light yell[i%4 ,pileus ?91 gibb\s1 !n plane1 viscose1 livid1 yell[i%4 ,fle% pallid4 ,tubes decurr5t1 ) l>ge angul> comp\nd m\?s1 dirty yell[i%4 ,/em sl5d]1 subequal1 pallid1 spr9kl$ ) fugaci\s gl&ules above ! entirely viscose r+4 ,spores oblong-ellipsoid1 /raight1 subhyal9e1 #h-ajc-d4 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #b-c l9es ?ick4 ,p9e woods & swamps4 ,p5nsylvania1 ,s*we9itz2 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis2 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/2 ,cali=nia1 ,h4 & ,m42 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,b5nett4 ,fries says t ?is species is m sl5d] ?an its allies1 & diff]s f !m all 9 its m]ely glut9\s veil4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,dr4 ,curtis1 ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 places x among edible species4 ,_m specim5s 7 f\nd by ! writ] ne> ,w>et[n & ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 & a few at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,! /ems are ?9 & slightly spread+ at ! top4 ,!y are h>d4 ,! caps are excell5t4 ,b4 ,am]icanus ,pk4 ,pileus ?91 convex or ne>ly plane1 sometimes umbonate1 s(t1 v viscid or glut9\s :5 moi/1 slightly tom5tose on ! m>g9 :5 "y1 soon glabr\s or ! m>g9 sometimes rema9+ scaly1 r>ely scale-spott$ f ! dry+ ( ! glut51 yell[1 becom+ d+y or less bright ) age1 sometimes vaguely dott$ or /reak$ ) bright r$4 ,fle% pale-yell[1 less cle> or p9ki%-gray on exposure to ! air4 ,tubes plane or convex1 adnate1 r l>ge1 angul>1 pale-yell[1 becom+ sordid-o*race\s4 ,/em sl5d]1 equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 firm1 n at all annulate1 yell[1 (t5 pallid or br[ni% t[>d ! base1 m>k$ ) num]\s br[n or r$di%-br[n p]si/5t gl&ul> dots1 yell[ )94 ,spores oblong or subfusi=m1 o*raceo-f]rug9\s1 #i-aad-e4 ,pileus #a-c 94 broad4 ,/em #a4e-b4e 94 long1 #b-d l9es ?ick4 ,woods1 swamps & op5 places1 especially "u or ne> p9e trees4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,cl9ton2 ,m9nesota1 ,ar?ur4 ,a slight subacid odor is sometimes p]ceptible 9 our plant4 ,x sometimes gr[s on mu* decay$ wood4 ,its mycelium is :ite4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,! caps1 only1 are good4 ,b4 subaureus ,pk4--sub & aureus1 gold54 7,plate ,,cxiv1 fig4 #b1 p4 #dad47 ,pileus convex or ne>ly plane1 viscose1 pale-yell[1 sometimes adorn$ ) d>k] spots1 ! "y m>g9 slightly grayi%-tom5tose4 ,fle% pale-yell[4 ,tubes small or m$ium2 some:at angul>1 adnate or subdecurr5t1 pale-yell[ becom+ d+y-o*race\s4 ,/em equal1 /\t1 gl&ul>-dott$1 yell[ )\t & )94 ,spores oblong or subfusi=m1 o*raceo-f]rug9\s1 #h-ajd4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad4 ,/em #a4e-b4e 94 long1 #d-f l9es ?ick4 ,?9 woods & op5 places4 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,c4,j4 ,curtis2 ,massa*usetts1 ,mississippi1 ,g4 ,survey 7,rep4 #ea74 ,?is plant might almo/ be consid]$ a /\t v>iety ( ! prec$+1 b 9 addition to its ?ick] pileus & /\t] /em1 x has small] tubes ( a cle>] yell[ color1 & ! exud+ drops are yell[1 n :iti%1 z 9 t species4 ,9 habit x appe>s m l ,b4 granulatus1 f :i* x is di/9ct 9 color4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,f e>ly ,octob]1 ?r\gh heavy fro/s & until long aft] ,novemb] sn[s ,i f\nd ?is species at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 9 #ahig-ahih4 ,specim5s 7 s5t to ,pr(essor ,peck & id5tifi$ z ?is species4 ,x grew 9 grass on bord]s ( woods1 or gravelly gr\nd1 sometimes among p9e ne$les4 ,l>ge troops ( x 7 frequ5t1 & tufts conta9+ _m individuals 7 common4 ,i reg>d ,b4 subaureus z among ! mo/ valuable ( our food species4 ,its pl5tifulness1 lat5ess1 excell5t quality w comm5d x to all ,mycophagi/s4 ,x c be cook$ 9 any way4 ,! tubes ne$ n be remov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p$ by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,/udies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,cxiv4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,boletus ,,gracilis1 #dfg #c4 ,,boletus ,,ca/aneus1 #dgb #b4 ,,boletus ,,subaureus1 #dad ,b4 hirtellus ,pk4--slightly hairy4 ,pileus broadly convex1 s(t1 viscose1 gold5-yell[1 adorn$ ) small tufts ( hairs or fibrils4 ,fle% pale-yell[4 ,tubes adnate1 m$ium size1 angul>1 becom+ d+y-o*race\s4 ,/em subcespitose1 equal1 /\t1 gl&ul> dott$1 yell[4 ,spores pale1 o*race\s-br[n1 #i-ajd4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #d-f l9es ?ick4 ,s&y soil "u p9e trees4 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,?is species is v r>e & 0 =m]ly confus$ ) ! prec$+ f :i* x is sep>at$ by ! hairy adornm5t ( ! pileus & ! d>k]1 m br[n color ( ! spores4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 punctipes ,pk4--punctum1 a dot2 pes1 a foot4 ,pileus convex or ne>ly plane1 glut9\s :5 moi/1 yell[1 ! ?9 m>g9 at fir/ m9utely grayi%-pulv]ul5t1 becom+ recurv$ ) age4 ,tubes %ort1 ne>ly plane1 adnate1 small1 subrotund1 at fir/ br[ni%1 !n sordid-o*race\s4 ,/em r long1 tap]+ upw>d1 gr&ul>-dott$1 rhub>b-yell[4 ,spores #i-ajd-e4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #c-e l9es ?ick4 ,mix$ woods4 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,! rhub>b-color$ /em & ! br[ni% color ( ! "y hym5ium are ! di/+ui%+ features ( ?is species4 ,! gl&ules occur also on ! tubes4 ,! species is r>e4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,n se5 by ,pr(essor ,peck s9ce its discov]y 9 #ahgh4 ,spores :5 fir/ dropp$ are olive-gre5 on :ite pap]1 b ! gre5 hue soon *anges to br[ni%-o*race\s4 ,peck1 #dd? ,rep4 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,ont>io1 ,pr(4 ,de>ness 7,lloyd1 ,r4 #d74 ,b4 albus ,pk4--:ite4 ,pileus convex1 viscid :5 moi/1 :ite4 ,fle% :ite or yell[i%4 ,tubes plane1 small or m$ium1 subrotund1 adnate1 :iti%1 becom+ yell[ or o*race\s4 ,/em equal or slightly tap]+ d[nw>d1 bo? x & ! tubes gl&ul>-dott$1 :ite1 sometimes t+$ ) p9k t[>d ! base4 ,spores o*race\s1 subfusi=m1 #h-id4 ,pileus #a4e-c 94 broad4 ,/em #a4e-c 94 long1 #c-e l9es ?ick4 ,woods1 especially ( p9e or hemlock4 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/4 ,?is species is easily kn[n by its :ite pileus1 b its color is lo/ 9 dry+4 ,sometimes ! fre% plant emits a peculi> fetid odor4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 granulatus--granula1 a granule4 ,pileus convex or ne>ly plane1 v viscid or glut9\s & ru/y-br[n :5 moi/1 yell[i% :5 dry4 ,fle% pale-yell[i%4 ,tubes %ort1 adnate1 yell[i%1 _! m\?s simple1 granulat$4 ,/em dott$ ) gl&ules above1 pale-yell[i%4 ,spores sp9dle-%ap$1 yell[i%-orange1 #g4e-ajb-c4 ,pileus #a4e-d 94 broad4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 #d-f l9es ?ick4 ,woods1 especially ( p9e & 9 op5 places "u or ne> p9e trees4 ,v common4 ,! plant is g5]ally greg>i\s & sometimes gr[s 9 circles1 :5ce ! "n ,b4 circ9ans ,p]s4 ,occasionally x is cespitose4 ,! pileus is v v>iable 9 color--p9ki%-gray1 r$di%-br[n1 yell[i%-gray1 tawny-f]rug9\s or br[ni%--& is sometimes obscurely spott$ by ! dry+ glut54 ,! fle% is r ?ick & (t5 almo/ :ite1 except ne> ! tubes1 :]e x is t+$ ) yell[4 ,! tubes are small1 at fir/ almo/ :ite or v pale-yell[1 b !y become d+y-o*race\s ) age4 ,! /em is g5]ally %ort1 /\t & firm1 :iti%-pallid or yell[i%1 & (t5 dott$ to ! base1 ?\gh ! gl&ules are m num]\s & di/9ct on ! upp] "p4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 granulatus is ( frequ5t & g5]al occurr5ce4 ,i h f\nd x 9 ! p9e woods ( ,new ,j]sey1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,p5nsylvania & ,we/ ,virg9ia1 & 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia & ,p5nsylvania 9 mix$ woods4 ,x is a late-gr[+ species1 appe>+ 9 ,septemb] & cont9u+ until fro/4 ,all au?ors1 ) "o exception 7,gillet71 give ! species z edible4 ,f frequ5t & copi\s te/+s1 ! writ] v\*es = its edibility & excell5ce4 ,x be>s favorable comp>ison ) any ( ! late ,boleti4 ,b4 brevipes ,pk4--brevis1 %ort2 pes1 foot4 ,pileus ?ick1 convex1 cov]$ ) a ?ick1 t\gh glut5 :5 "y or moi/1 d>k *e/nut color1 sometimes fad+ to d+y-tawny1 ! m>g9 inflex$4 ,fle% :ite or t+$ ) yell[4 ,tubes %ort1 ne>ly plane1 adnate or slightly depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 small1 subrotund1 at fir/ :iti% becom+ d+y-o*race\s4 ,/em :iti%1 n dott$ or r>ely ) a few v m9ute inconspicu\s dots at ! apex1 v %ort4 ,spores subfusi=m1 #g4ec4 ,pileus #a4e-b4e 94 broad4 ,/em 4#e-a 94 long1 #c-e l9es ?ick4 ,s&y soil 9 p9e groves & woods4 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/2 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,! species is closely relat$ to ,b4 granulatus1 f :i* x diff]s especially 9 its d>k] color$ pileus1 m copi\s glut51 %ort] /em & ! almo/ entire abs5ce ( granules f ! tube m\?s & /em4 ,9 ! r>e in/ances 9 :i* ^! are pres5t !y are extremely m9ute & inconspicu\s4 ,! plant occurs v late 9 ! season & ! pileus appe>s z if envelop$ 9 slime & re/+ /emless on ! gr\nd4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,specim5s f\nd 9 p9e woods ( ,new ,j]sey1 id5tifi$ by ,pr(essor ,peck4 ,lamb]tville1 ,n4,j41 ,c4,s4 ,ridgway2 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,t4,j4 ,coll9s2 ,pleasantville1 ,isaac ,f4 ,%an]4 ,b4 brevipes is a disreputable1 dirty1 tramp-look+ fungus1 f :i* ! collector w\ld expect no good4 ,nev]!less1 :5 x has _h a good scrubb+ x becomes respectable & is sweet1 t5d]1 good eat+4 ,:5 o!r species ab\nd1 x does n pay = ! cleans+4 ,b4 coll9itus ,fr4--coll9o1 to besme>4 ,pileus convex1 ev51 becom+ pale :5 ! br[n glut5 sep>ates4 ,fle% :ite4 ,tubes adnate1 elongat$1 nak$1 ! m\?s two-p>t$1 pallid1 becom+ yell[4 ,/em firm1 (t5 tap]+ d[nw>d1 some:at reticulate ) appress$ squamules1 :ite1 becom+ br[n4 ,woods ( p9e or fir4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis2 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/4 ,i h se5 no specim5s ( ?is app>5tly r>e species4 ,x is said to be solit>y 9 its mode ( gr[? & to resemble ,b4 luteus 9 size & color1 b to be di/9ct f x by its r+less1 dotless /em4 ,dr4 ,curtis records x z edible4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,i f\nd ?ree specim5s at ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,octob]1 #ahig1 "u scrub p9es4 ,cap #b 94 across1 convex1 gibb\s2 /em equal1 #b 94 long1 94 9 diamet]1 slightly tap]+ at base4 ,! two-p>t$ m\?s to ! tubes 7 v di/9ct4 ,! /ems 7 t\gh1 b ! caps1 wa%$ & fri$1 7 good4 ,b4 di*r\s ,ellis4 ,pileus convex1 viscose1 dull r$4 ,fle% s(t1 dull1 yell[i%-:ite1 *ang+ to gre5i%-blue :]e w\nd$1 f9ally yell[4 ,tubes subdepress$ ar\nd ! /em1 l>ge1 unequal1 /raw-color$1 *ang+ color l ! fle% :]e w\nd$4 ,/em ?ick5$ bel[1 solid1 cov]$ ) a r$ scaly coat1 except at ! yell[ apex1 yell[ )94 ,spores elliptical1 slightly b5t at "o end1 #b long4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad4 ,/em #c 94 long1 #f l9es ?ick4 ,dry soil 9 oak & p9e woods4 ,new ,j]sey4 ,ellis4 ,i h se5 no specim5s ( ?is species4 ,f ! description1 its aff9ities appe> to be ) ,b4 bicolor1 b x is plac$ "h because ( its viscose pileus4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 badius ,fr4--bay-br[n4 ,pileus convex1 ev51 s(t1 viscose or glut9\s1 %9+ :5 dry1 tawny-*e/nut4 ,fle% :iti%1 t+$ ) yell[1 blui% next ! tubes4 ,tubes l>ge1 angul>1 long1 adnate or s9uate-depress$1 :iti%-yell[1 becom+ t+$ ) gre54 ,/em subequal1 ev51 solid1 pal]1 br[n-pru9ate4 ,spores fusoid-oblong4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad4 ,/em #b-d 94 long1 #c-e l9es ?ick4 ,woods1 especially ( p9e4 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,m9nesota1 ,johnson2 ,wiscons91 ,bundy2 ,nova ,scotia1 ,som]s4 ,9 ! ,am]ican plant ! spores are #aj-abd-e4 ,cordi] classes x among ! edible species4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,b4 mitis ,krombh4--mild4 ,pileus convex1 !n plane or depress$1 firm1 viscid1 yell[i%-fle% color1 r$di%-ru/ color :5 dry4 ,fle% pale1 grayi%-yell[4 ,tubes %ort1 olivace\s or gold5-yell[1 _! m\?s comp\nd1 angul>1 unequal4 ,/em firm1 %ort1 ev51 n>r[$ t[>d ! base1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores #ab-add4 ,pileus #b-b4e 94 broad4 ,/em #b-b4e 94 long4 ,mix$ woods4 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/4 ,?is species is unkn[n to me & is record$ by ,mr4 ,fro/ only4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,b4 unicolor ,fro/ ,,ms4 ,pileus broadly convex or ne>ly plane1 viscid :5 moi/1 ev51 sometimes /reak$ z if ) m9ute innate br[n fibrils1 pale-yell[4 ,fle% pale-yell[4 ,tubes adnate or slightly decurr5t1 r %ort1 comp\nd1 lemon-yell[1 becom+ d>k] ) age4 ,/em ev51 equal or n>r[$ t[>d ! base1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores r$di%-yell[1 #i-aad4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad4 ,/em #b 94 long1 #d-f l9es ?ick4 ,p9e woods & op5 s$gy places4 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/4 ,specim5s n se54 ,! species seems too ne> ,b4 bov9us1 ( :i* x may possibly be a v>iety1 b its yell[ fle% & ! colors ascrib$ to ! tubes & spores require its sep>ation4 ,rev4 ,c4,j4 ,curtis s5ds notes ( a species f\nd by him 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 :i* agree ) ?is 9 its *>act]s s f> z not$4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 ignoratus ,pk4 ,pileus convex1 viscid1 bright lemon-color1 m>k$ ) wr9kl$ l9es ( orange color1 :i* are di/ribut$ ov] ! pileus1 giv+ x a /reak$ appe>ance4 ,fle% :ite1 solid1 does n *ange color :5 cut or brok52 ta/e slightly acid4 ,pores lemon-color1 mod]ately l>ge1 free1 connect$ ) ! /em by web-l filam5ts4 ,/em l>g] at ! apex1 some:at tap]+ t[>d ! base1 yell[1 smoo?1 solid4 ,spores #d4eaa4 ,?is closely approa*es ,boletus unicolor ,fr41 f :i* x sc>cely diff]s except 9 its :ite fle% & free tubes4 ,fungi ( ,m>yl&1 ,m>y ,e4 ,bann+4 ,peck1 #dd? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,b4 bovinus--bos1 an ox4 ,pileus ne>ly plane1 glabr\s1 viscid1 pale yell[4 ,fle% :ite4 ,tubes v %ort1 subdecurr5t1 _! m\?s comp\nd1 pale yell[ or grayi%1 becom+ ru/-color$4 ,/em equal1 ev51 color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores fusi=m1 d+y gre5i%-o*]1 #g4e-ajc-d4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad4 ,/em #a4e-b 94 long1 sometimes cespitose4 ,p9e woods4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s*we9itz1 ,curtis2 ,p5nsylvania1 ,s*we9itz2 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/1 ,palm]1 ,b5nett1 ,sprague1 ,f>l[2 ,cali=nia1 ,h4 & ,m4 ,! %all[ tubes1 #b-c l9es long1 are said to resemble ! pores ( ,m]ulius lacrymans4 ,! species is record$ edible by ,curtis1 ,gillet & ,palm]4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9s "u hemlocks1 #ahhb-ahhe1 & ne> ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 "u p9es4 ,mc,ilvaine1 #ahib4 ,greg>i\s & 9 clu/]s4 ,! pore surface 0 9 "s specim5s broadly wr9kl$4 ,smell & ta/e pleasant4 ,cook$1 ! quality is ( ! be/ 9 ,boleti4 ,b4 rub9ellus ,pk4--dim4 ( rub]1 r$4 ,pileus broadly conical or convex1 viscid :5 moi/1 subtom5tose or slightly pubesc5t :5 dry1 r$ fad+ to yell[ on ! m>g94 ,fle% :iti% or yell[i%1 ta/e mild4 ,tubes adnate or slightly depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 d+y-r$di%1 becom+ subf]rug9\s4 ,/em equal1 sl5d]1 ev51 color$ l ! tubes1 yell[ )91 sometimes yell[ at ! base4 ,spores oblong-fusi=m1 f]rug9\s-br[n1 #ab4e-aed4 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 #a-c l9es ?ick4 ,mix$ woods or "u or ne> conif]\s trees 9 op5 places4 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 pip]atus ,bull4--pip]1 pepp]4 ,pileus convex or ne>ly plane1 glabr\s1 slightly viscid :5 moi/1 yell[i%1 c9namon or subf]rug9\s4 ,fle% :ite or yell[i%1 ta/e acrid1 pepp]y4 ,tubes r long & l>ge1 angul>1 (t5 unequal1 plane or convex1 adnate or subdecurr5t1 r$di%-ru/ color4 ,/em sl5d]1 subequal1 tawny-yell[1 bright yell[ at ! base4 ,spores subfusi=m1 f]rug9\s-br[n1 #i-aad4 ,pileus #a-c 94 broad4 ,/em #a4e-c 94 long1 #b-d l9es ?ick4 ,woods & op5 places4 ,common & v>iable4 ,?is species may easily be recogniz$ by its pepp]y flavor4 ,! pileus sometimes appe>s z if slightly tom5tose1 & bo? ?is & ! prec$+ species rec$e f ! "* ( ! tribe by ! slight viscidity ( ! pileus4 ,?is is sometimes crack$ into areas & sometimes ! m>g9 is v obtuse by ! elongation ( ! tubes4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 #ahib4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,?is fungus is reckon$ poison\s by ,/ev5son4 ,massee gives its ta/e z v hot4 ,! ta/e ( ! ,am]ican plant is pepp]y b n (f5sively s4 ,?is pepp]9ess x loses 9 cook+4 ,x has be5 eat5 by ! writ] & 8 fri5ds ) enjoym5t & )\t any discom=t4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p$ by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,/udies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine ,new ,species4 ,,plate ,,cxvi4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,boletus ,,ecc5tricus1 #dgj #d4 ,,boletus ,,subsangu9eus1 #dbj #b4 ,,boletus ,,badiceps1 #dcf #e4 ,,boletus ,,crassipes1 #deb #c4 ,,boletus ,,fulvus1 #dfe ,b4 subsangu9eus ,pk4--sub & sangu9eus1 bloody4 7,plate ,,cxvi1 fig4 #d1 p4 #dbj47 ,pileus convex or slightly depress$ 9 ! c5t]1 glabr\s1 viscid1 bright-r$ or sc>let4 ,fle% ?ick1 firm b flexible1 :ite1 sl[ly *ang+ to a pale br[ni%-lilac on exposure to ! air1 ta/e slightly bitt]4 ,tubes v %ort1 #b-d mm4 long1 adnate1 b (t5 sep>at+ f ! /em ) ! expansion ( ! pileus1 r$di%1 ! m\?s m9ute1 /uff$ at fir/1 p9ki%1 !n br[ni%-yell[1 *ang+ to a light-br[n :]e w\nd$4 ,/em %ort1 ?ick1 unev51 (t5 tap]+ d[nw>d1 /reak$ ) r$1 pale-yell[ at ! top1 :ite at ! base1 m>k$ at ! top by ! decurr5t walls ( ! tubes4 ,pileus #b4e-aj cm4 broad4 ,/em #b4e-e cm4 long1 #b-d cm4 ?ick4 ,solit>y1 greg>i\s or cespitose4 ,"u bee* trees4 ,we/ ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,augu/4 ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,?is is a v %[y species1 easily recogniz$ by its bright-r$ viscid pileus & its %ort1 ?ick & unev5 or some:at lacunose /em4 ,x is closely relat$ to ! ,european ,b4 sangu9eus ,)41 f :i* x is sep>at$ by its m9ute tubes1 its unev5 /em & ! br[ni% hues assum$ :]e w\nd$4 ,! spore *>act]s ( ?is & ! f\r succe$+ species are unkn[n1 b ! o!r *>act]s are q di/9ctive & app>5tly suffici5t = ! recognition ( ! species4 ,! descriptions h be5 d]iv$ f color$ figures & o!r data furni%$ by ,mr4 ,mc,ilvaine1 :o says all are edible4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,no4 #bg4 ,:5 sl[ly /ew$ = ?irty m9utes1 !re is no bett] ,boletus4 ,,pulv]ul5ti4 ,pileus clo!d ) a yell[ du/ or a yell[ p[d]y d[n4 ,/em m or less yell[ p[d]$1 nei!r bulb\s nor di/9ctly reticulat$4 ,! species :i* con/itute ?is tribe are easily di/+ui%$ f all o!rs by ! sulphur-color$ pulv]ul5ce :i* coats ! pileus & /em l a univ]sal veil4 ,!y appe> ?us f> to be peculi> to ?is c\ntry4 ,?\gh /rongly resembl+ ea* o!r 9 ! tribal "* !y are v div]se 9 o!r respects4 ,"o species1 by its viscidity1 connects ) ! prec$+ tribe2 ano!r by its diff]5tly color$ tube m\?s is relat$ to ! ,luridi2 & ! ?ird is peculi> 9 its ligne\s habitat4 ,plant gr[+ on ! gr\nd #a ,plant gr[+ on wood ,b4 hemi*rysus #a4 ,tubes adnate1 ( "o color ,b4 ,rav5elii #a4 ,tubes free1 ) r$ m\?s ,b4 auriflammeus ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s41 p4 #ajc4 ,b4 hemi*rysus ,b4 & ,c4--half-gold54 ,pileus convex1 at l5g? plane or irregul>ly depress$1 floccose-squamulose1 cov]$ ) a yell[ p[d]1 sometimes crack$1 bright gold5-yell[4 ,fle% ?ick1 yell[4 ,tubes adnate or decurr5t1 yell[1 becom+ r$di%-br[n1 ! m\?s l>ge1 angul>4 ,/em %ort1 irregul>1 n>r[$ bel[1 spr9kl$ ) a yell[ du/1 yell[i% t+$ ) r$2 mycelium yell[4 ,spores oblong1 m9ute1 d+y-o*race\s4 ,v>4 mutabilis4 ,fle% slightly *ang+ to blue :]e w\nd$4 ,/em r$di%1 yell[ )91 sometimes ecc5tric4 ,spores oblong-elliptical1 #g4e-ic-d4 ,pileus #a4e-b4e 94 broad4 ,/em ab\t #a 94 long1 #c-f l9es ?ick4 ,roots ( p9e1 ,p9us palu/ris4 ,! v>iety on /umps ( ,p9us /robus4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,rav5el2 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis2 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,! species is rem>kable = its habitat1 :i* is lignicol\s4 ,! ,new ,york v>iety grew on a /ump ( :ite p9e4 ,by its ecc5tric /em x connects ?is g5us ) ,bolet9us1 ?r\gh ,bolet9us porosus4 ,accord+ to ! au?ors ( ?is species x resembles ,boletus v>iegatus4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 ,rav5elii ,b4 & ,c4--aft] ,rav5el4 ,pileus convex or ne>ly plane1 slightly viscid :5 "y or moi/1 cov]$ ) a sulphur-yell[ p[d]y d[n1 becom+ nak$ & dull-r$ on ! disk4 ,fle% :iti%4 ,tubes at fir/ plane1 adnate1 pale-yell[1 becom+ yell[i%-br[n or umb]1 d+y-gre5i% :]e bruis$1 ! m\?s l>ge or m$ium size1 subrotund4 ,/em ne>ly equal1 clo!d & color$ l ! "y pileus1 yell[ )91 ) a slight evanesc5t webby or tom5tose r+4 ,spores o*race\s-br[n1 #aj-abe-f4 ,pileus #a-c 94 broad4 ,/em #a4e-d 94 long1 #c-f l9es ?ick4 ,woods & copses4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,rav5el2 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis2 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/4 ,?is is a v di/9ct & v beautiful species4 ,mr4 ,rav5el rem>ks 9 8 notes t 8?is plant is n infe/$ by l>v & pres]ves m con/ant *>act]s ?an any o!r ,boletus ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$40 ,! webby p[d]$ filam5ts con/itute a univ]sal veil :i* at fir/ cov]s ! :ole plant & conceals ! "y tubes4 ,z ! pileus exp&s ?is g5]ally disappe>s f ! disk1 &1 sep>at+ betwe5 ! m>g9 & ! /em1 a "p adh]es to ea*4 ,! fle% is sometimes /a9$ ) yell[4 ,! tubes 9 "s in/ances become convex & slightly depress$ ar\nd ! /em4 ,!y are almo/ :ite :5 "y1 & (t5 exhibit br[ni% hues :]e w\nd$4 ,! plant is sometimes cespitose4 ,i h obs]v$ a gre5i% t9t to ! fre%ly %$ spores1 b x soon disappe>s4 ,boletus sub*romeus ,fro/ ,ms4 is ?is species4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 auriflammeus ,b4 & ,c4--flam+ yell[4 ,pileus convex1 dry1 p[d]$1 bright gold5-yell[4 ,fle% :ite1 un*angeable4 ,tubes plane or convex1 free1 yell[1 _! broad angul> m\?s sc>let4 ,/em slightly tap]+ upw>d1 p[d]$1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores #aj-ab4ee4 ,pileus #h-ab l9es broad4 ,/em #a-a4e 94 long4 ,woods4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis2 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,?is is evid5tly a r>e species & z beautiful z x is r>e4 ,! :ole plant is bright-yell[ except ! tube m\?s1 & is spr9kl$ ) yell[ du/ or m9ute yell[ branny p>ticles4 ,9 ! ,new ,york specim5 ! sc>let color is want+ 9 ! m>g9al tube m\?s & ! /em is m>k$ ) f9e subreticulat+ elevat$ l9es4 ,9 o!r respects x agrees well ) ! diagnosis ( ! species4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,,subpru9osi--sub1 pru9a1 ho> fro/4 ,pileus glabr\s1 b m (t5 pru9ose4 ,tubes adnate1 yell[i%4 ,/em equal1 ev51 nei!r bulb\s nor reticulat$4 ,! species ( ?is tribe h ! pileus nei!r viscid nor di/9ctly & p]man5tly tom5tose4 ,typically x is glabr\s or m]ely pru9ose1 b ,fries has admitt$ into ! gr\p "o species ) a pulv]ul5t1 & "o ) a silky pileus4 ,! species are n %>ply di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ! foll[+ tribes1 & possibly "s h be5 admitt$ "h :i* might z well h be5 plac$ !re4 ,"s ( ! species are v>iable 9 color & _! *>act]s are n suffici5tly well kn[n4 ,tubes bright-yell[1 gold5 or subo*race\s #a #a4 ,tubes pale or :iti%-yell[ #f #a4 ,tubes *ang+ to blue :]e w\nd$ #b #a4 ,tubes n *ang+ to blue #c #b4 ,/em pallid1 ) a circumscrib+ r$ ,b4 glabellus l9e at ! top #b4 ,/em yell[1 sometimes ) r$ /a9s ,b4 m9iato-olivaceus #b4 ,/em r$1 yell[ at ! top ,b4 bicolor #c4 ,/em viscid or glut9\s :5 moi/ ,b4 auriporus #c4 ,/em n viscid #d #d4 ,plant gr[+ on ,scl]od]ma ,b4 p>asiticus #d4 ,plant t]re/rial #e #e4 ,tubes gre5i%-yell[ ,b4 alutaceus #e4 ,tubes gold5-yell[ ,b4 t5uiculus #f4 ,pileus reticulat$ ) subcutane\s br[n ,b4 dictyocephalus l9es #f4 ,pileus n reticulat$ #g #g4 ,tubes *ang+ to blue :]e w\nd$ ,b4 pallidus #g4 ,tubes n *ang+ to blue #h #h4 ,/em uni=mly color$ ,b4 subglabripes #h4 ,/em yell[i%1 /reak$ ) br[n ,b4 innixus ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 m9iato-olivaceus ,fro/--olive-r$4 ,pileus at fir/ convex & firm1 !n ne>ly plane1 s(t & spongy1 glabr\s1 v]milion1 becom+ olivace\s4 ,fle% pale-yell[1 *ang+ to blue :]e w\nd$4 ,tubes bright lemon-yell[1 adnate or subdecurr5t4 ,/em glabr\s1 enl>g$ at ! top1 pale-yell[1 bright] )91 sometimes lurid at ! base4 ,spores #ab4ef4 ,v>4 s5sibilis 7,boletus s5sibilis ,rep4 #cb1 p4 #cc74 ,pileus at fir/ pru9ose-tom5tose1 r$1 becom+ glabr\s & o*race\s-r$ ) age4 ,tubes bright-yell[ t+$ ) gre51 becom+ sordid-yell[4 ,/em lemon-yell[ ) r$ or rhub>b /a9s at ! base1 contract$ at ! top :5 "y1 subcespitose4 ,spores #aj-ab4ed-e4 ,pileus #b-f 94 broad4 ,/em #c-d 94 long1 #c-f l9es ?ick4 ,woods & _! bord]s4 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/2 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,?\gh ! s5sitive ,boletus diff]s consid]ably 9 "s respects f ! olive-r$ ,boletus1 x is probably only a v>iety1 & z su* ,i h subjo9$ x "h4 ,9 x e "p ( ! plant quickly *anges to blue :]e w\nd$1 & ev5 ! pressure ( ! f+]s 9 h&l+ ! fre% specim5s is suffici5t to induce ?is *ange ( color4 ,i h n f\nd ! typical plant 9 ,new ,york1 b specim5s receiv$ f ,mr4 ,fro/ are n1 9 ! dry /ate1 di/+ui%able f ! v>iety4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,mill]2 ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j4 ,*elt5ham1 ,pa41 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,ye>s ago ,i m>k$ x edible & excell5t :5 "y4 ,my fri5ds h eat5 x1 & cont9ue to d s4 ,yet ,pr(essor ,peck 7#dh? ,rep41 p4 #bjb7 reports a case br\ght to 8 notice ( an entire family be+ sick5$ by eat+ ,b4 s5sibilis4 ,all recov]$4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be "o ( ^? species :i*1 :ile disagree+ ) "s p]sons1 c be eat5 by ! majority4 ,clitocybe illud5s1 ,lepiota ,morgani & o!rs ( ! ,ag>icace are su* species4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p$ by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,/udies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,cxvii4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a-b4 ,,boletus ,,bicolor1 #dbe #d4 ,,boletus ,,pallidus1 #dbi #c4 ,,boletus ,,rubropunctus1 #dbi ,b4 bicolor ,pk4--two-color4 7,plate ,,cxvii1 figs4 #a1 #b1 p4 #dbd47 ,pileus convex1 glabr\s or m]ely pru9ose-tom5tose1 d>k-r$1 firm1 becom+ s(t1 pal] & sometimes spott$ or /a9$ ) yell[ :5 old4 ,fle% yell[1 n at all or b slightly & sl[ly *ang+ to blue :]e w\nd$4 ,tubes ne>ly plane1 adnate1 bright-yell[1 becom+ o*race\s1 sl[ly *ang+ to blue :]e w\nd$1 _! m\?s small1 angul> or subrotund4 ,/em subequal1 firm1 solid1 r$1 g5]ally yell[ at ! top4 ,spores pale1 o*race\s-br[n1 #aj-ab4ed-e4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad4 ,/em #a-c 94 long1 #d-f l9es ?ick4 ,woods & op5 places4 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,wiscons91 ,bundy4 ,! color ( ?is plant is some:at v>iable4 ,9 ! typical =m ! pileus & /em are d>k r$1 approa*+ ,indian r$1 b :5 old ! color ( ! pileus fades & is (t5 int]m+l$ ) yell[4 ,! surface sometimes cracks & becomes crack$ 9 areas4 ,f ! ,european ,b4 ,b>l ?is species is sep>at$ by its solid /em2 f ,b4 v]sicolor by its small tube m\?s & its r$ /em4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,pl5tiful at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,july1 ,augu/1 ,septemb]1 #ahih1 9 mix$ woods4 ,v v>iable 9 %ape & color4 ,id5tifi$ by ,pr(essor ,peck f pa9t+ & description4 ,f9e eat+1 "o ( ! v be/4 ,b4 glabellus ,pk4--smoo?4 ,pileus fle%y1 ?ick1 broadly convex or ne>ly plane1 s(t1 dry1 subglabr\s1 smoky-buff4 ,fle% :ite1 bo? x & ! tubes *ang+ to blue :]e w\nd$4 ,tubes ne>ly plane1 adnate1 o*race\s1 t+$ ) gre51 _! m\?s small1 subrotund4 ,/em subequal1 glabr\s1 ev51 r$di% t[>d ! base1 pallid above1 ) a n>r[ r$di% circumscrib+ zone or l9e at ! top4 ,spores oblong1 br[ni%-o*race\s1 t+$ ) gre5 :5 fre%1 #aj-ab4ed4 ,pileus #c-e 94 broad4 ,/em #a-c 94 long1 #e-aj l9es ?ick4 ,grassy gr\nd "u oaks4 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,! species is well m>k$ by ! r$di% b& or l9e on ! /em j bel[ ! tubes1 b ?is disappe>s 9 dry+4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 alutaceus ,morgan--yell[i%4 ,pileus cu%ion-%ap$1 glabr\s1 alutace\s ) a t+e ( r$4 ,fle% :ite1 incl9+ to r$di%4 ,tubes semifree1 m$ium 9 size1 unequal1 angul>1 gre5i%-yell[4 ,/em ne>ly equal1 /riate1 reticulate at ! apex1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores fusi=m1 br[ni%-olive1 #ab4ee4 ,pileus #c 94 broad4 ,rocky woods ( oak & *e/nut4 ,k5tucky1 ,morgan4 ,! g5]al aspect ( ! figure ( ?is species recalls "s ( ! =ms ( ,boletus subtom5tosus4 ,! tubes are ne>ly equal 9 l5g? to ! ?ickness ( ! fle% ( ! pileus4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,q frequ5t at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 9 mix$ woods1 pr9cipally oak & *e/nut4 ,/em %\ld be remov$1 & tubes :5 old4 ,x cooks well & is especially good4 ,b4 t5uiculus ,fro/--?94 ,pileus ne>ly plane1 ?91 lurid-r$ on a yell[ gr\nd4 ,fle% un*angeable4 ,tubes %ort1 adnate1 small1 gold5-yell[4 ,/em sl5d]1 equal1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores #ajf4 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad4 ,/em #d-f 94 long4 ,woods4 ,new ,engl&4 ,fro/4 ,! ?9 pileus & long sl5d] /em readily di/+ui% ?is species4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 auriporus ,pk4--gold5-pore4 ,pileus convex or ne>ly plane1 glabr\s or m]ely pru9ose-tom5tose1 grayi%-br[n1 yell[i%-br[n1 or r$di%-br[n4 ,fle% :ite1 un*angeable4 ,tubes plane or slightly depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 adnate or subdecurr5t1 bright gold5-yell[1 reta9+ _! color :5 dri$4 ,/em equal or slightly ?ick5$ at ! base1 viscid or glut9\s :5 moi/1 especially t[>d ! base1 color$ l or a little pal] ?an ! pileus4 ,spores #g4e-ajd-e4 ,pileus #a-c 94 broad4 ,/em #a-c 94 long1 #b-d l9es ?ick4 ,?9 woods & %ad$ banks4 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/4 ,?is species is rem>kable = ! ri* yell[ color ( ! tubes1 :i* is reta9$ un*ang$ 9 ! dri$ specim5s1 & = ! viscid /em4 ,?is "*1 h[ev]1 is n noticeable 9 dry wea!r & 0 ov]look$ 9 ! orig9al specim5s4 ,boletus glut9ipes ,fro/ ,ms4 is n di/9ct4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,hopk9s' ,woods1 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j4 ,grassy oak woods4 #ahia-ahid4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,! caps are delici\s4 ,b4 innixu ,fro/4 ,pileus convex or ne>ly plane1 glabr\s1 yell[i%-br[n1 slightly crack$ 9 areas :5 old1 yell[ 9 ! int]/ices4 ,fle% :ite4 ,tubes adnate1 lemon-yell[1 un*angeable4 ,/em sl5d]1 %ort1 mu* ?ick5$ at ! base 9 l>ge specim5s1 yell[i%1 /reak$ ) br[n1 br[ni% )94 ,spores #aje4 ,grassy woods4 ,new ,engl&4 ,fro/4 ,! :ole plant (t5 recl9es z if = support1 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 p>asiticus ,bull4--a p>asite4 ,pileus convex or ne>ly plane1 dry1 silky1 becom+ glabr\s1 soon tessellately crack$1 grayi% or d+y-yell[4 ,tubes decurr5t1 m$ium size1 gold5 yell[4 ,/em equal1 rigid1 incurv$1 yell[ )\t & )94 ,spores oblong-fusi=m1 pale-br[n1 #ab4e-aed4 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 #b-d l9es ?ick4 ,p>asitic on species ( ,scl]od]ma4 ,new ,york1 ,g]>d2 ,new ,engl&1 ,sprague1 ,b5nett4 ,?is species is v r>e 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x is rem>kable = its peculi> habitat4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,new ,york1 ,lydia ,m4 ,pat*52 ,we/field1 on ,scl]od]ma vulg>e4 ,i f\nd _m specim5s ( ?is r>e species dur+ ,augu/1 #ahig1 gr[+ on ,scl]od]ma vulg>e4 ,pr(essor ,peck1 to :om ,i s5t specim5s1 id5tifi$ !m z ,b4 p>asiticus4 ,! tubes 7 l>ge1 unequal1 dissepim5ts ?91 decurr5t4 ,! ,scl]od]mas frequ5tly appe> to be p>asitic ^u ! ,boletus4 ,i h se5 ! ho/ plant ?r[n entirely free f ! gr\nd by ! ,boletus4 ,b4 p>asiticus is edible1 b x is n ( agreeable flavor4 ,b4 dictyocephalus ,pk4--reticulate4 ,pileus convex1 glabr\s1 reticulate ) br[n l9es b5ea? ! ?9 sep>able cuticle1 br[ni%-orange1 d>k] 9 ! c5t] & !re t+$ ) p9k4 ,fle% :ite1 un*angeable4 ,tubes ne>ly plane1 slightly depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 grayi%-yell[1 becom+ br[n :]e bruis$4 ,/em equal or slightly tap]+ at ! top1 solid1 rimose1 dott$ ) scales1 lemon-yell[1 d>k] t[>d ! base4 ,spores #ae-bjf4 ,pileus #b4e 94 broad4 ,/em #c-d 94 long1 #e-f l9es ?ick4 ,mix$ woods4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,c4,j4 ,curtis4 ,! description "h giv5 has be5 d]iv$ f a s+le dri$ specim5 & f ! notes k9dly s5t by ,mr4 ,curtis4 ,! species is app>5tly well m>k$ & v di/9ct by ! peculi> reticulations ( ! pileus4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 subglabripes ,pk4--r smoo?4 ,pileus convex or ne>ly plane1 glabr\s1 r$di% incl9+ to *e/nut color4 ,fle% :ite1 un*angeable4 ,tubes adnate1 ne>ly plane 9 ! mass1 pale yell[1 becom+ convex & d>k] or gre5i%-yell[ ) age1 ! m\?s small1 subrotund4 ,/em equal1 solid1 scurfy1 pale yell[4 ,spores oblong-fusi=m1 #ab4e-aed-e4 ,! smoo?i%-/emm$ ,boletus is well m>k$ by its cyl9dric m9utely scurfy /em :i* is color$ l ! tubes4 ,its cap is smoo? & ne>ly always "s %ade ( r$ or bay4 ,specim5s occur occasionally 9 :i* x approa*es grayi%-br[n or wood-br[n4 ,! fle% is :ite & un*angeable :5 cut or brok54 ,! tubes at fir/ h a ne>ly plane surface1 b ?is becomes some:at convex ) age1 & slightly depress$ ar\nd ! /em4 ,! tube m\?s are small & ne>ly r\nd4 ,! color ( ! tubes is at fir/ a beautiful pale yell[1 b x becomes d>k] or slightly gre5i%-yell[ ) age4 ,! /em is color$ v ne>ly l ! tubes1 b sometimes x has a slight r$di% t9t t[>d ! base4 ,its peculi> feature consi/s ( ! m9ute1 branny p>ticles ^u x4 ,!y are s small & pale t !y are easily ov]look$4 ,!re is a v>iety 9 :i* ! cap is corrugat$ or irregul>ly pitt$ & wr9kl$4 ,its "n is ,boletus subglabripes corrugis ,pk4 ,! cap is #a-d 94 broad1 ! /em is #b-c 94 long & #d-h l9es ?ick4 ,! plants are f\nd 9 woods 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,peck1 #ea/ ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,b4 pallidus ,fro/--pale4 7,plate ,,cxvii1 fig4 #d1 p4 #dbd47 ,pileus convex1 becom+ plane or c5trally depress$1 s(t1 glabr\s1 pallid or br[ni%-:ite1 sometimes t+$ ) r$4 ,fle% :ite4 ,tubes plane or slightly depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 ne>ly adnate1 v pale or :iti%-yell[1 becom+ d>k] ) age1 *ang+ to blue :]e w\nd$1 ! m\?s small4 ,/em equal or slightly ?ick5$ t[>d ! base1 r long1 glabr\s1 (t5 flexu\s1 :iti%1 sometimes /reak$ ) br[n1 (t5 t+$ ) r$ )94 ,spores pale o*race\s-br[n1 #aj-abe-f4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad4 ,/em #c-e l9es long1 #d-h l9es ?ick4 ,woods4 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/2 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,! species is readily recogniz$ by its dull pale color1 r long /em1 & tubes *ang+ to blue :]e w\nd$4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,common 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9s1 ,angora1 ,we/ ,philadelphia1 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,solit>y1 on gr\nd 9 mix$ woods4 ,! caps are t5d] & delicately flavor$4 ,b4 rubropunctus ,pk4--r$-dott$4 7,plate ,,cxvii1 fig4 #c1 p4 #dbd47 ,pileus convex1 glabr\s1 r$di%-br[n4 ,fle% yell[i%1 un*angeable4 ,tubes ne>ly plane1 depress$ ab\t ! /em1 _! m\?s small1 r\nd1 bright gold5-yell[1 n *ang+ color :]e bruis$4 ,/em firm1 solid1 tap]+ upw>d1 yell[1 punctate ) r$di% dots or squamules4 ,spores olive-gre51 #ab4ed-e4 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 #c-f l9es ?ick4 ,woods4 ,port ,jeff]son4 ,july4 ,cold ,spr+ ,h>bor1 ,h4,c4 ,be>dslee4 ,?is is a pretty ,boletus1 well m>k$ by ! r$ dots ( ! /em4 ,x is app>5tly a v r>e species4 ,b4 radicans is said to h ! /em spr9kl$ ) r$ p>ticles1 b t is a l>g] plant ) ! m>g9 ( ! pileus p]si/5tly involute or incurv$ & ) a radicat+ /em1 *>act]s :i* are n %[n by our fungus4 ,peck1 #ej? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,i f\nd my specim5s at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,augu/-,septemb]1 #ahih4 ,id5tifi$ = ! writ] by ,pr(essor ,peck f pa9t+ & description4 ,ta/e & smell slight4 ,cooks well & is pleasant to ! ta/e4 ,! tubes %\ld be remov$4 ,,subtom5to,,si--sub1 tom5tosus1 d[ny4 ,pileus :5 "y villose or subtom5tose1 r>ely becom+ glabr\s ) age1 de/itute ( a viscid pellicle4 ,tubes ( "o color1 adnate4 ,/em at fir/ ext5d$1 nei!r bulb\s nor reticulat$ ) ve9s1 wr9kl$ or /riat$ 9 "s species4 ,fle% 9 "s *ang+ color :]e w\nd$4 ,! tubes are g5]ally yell[ or gre5i%-yell[4 ,9 "s species !y are occasionally some:at depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 b !y d n =m a r\nd$ free /ratum1 nor1 ) ! exception ( ,b4 rubeus1 are !y /uff$ :5 "y z 9 mo/ ( ! ,edules4 ,! species are sc>cely sep>able f ^? ( ! prec$+ tribe except by ! m evid5tly tom5tose "y pileus4 ,tubes br[n1 becom+ c9namon ,b4 v>iegatus ,tubes n hav+ ^! colors #a #a4 ,fle% or tubes *ang+ to blue :]e #b w\nd$ #a4 ,fle% or tubes n *ang+ to blue #e #b4 ,/em glabr\s #c #b4 ,/em n glabr\s #d #c4 ,fle% yell[ "u ! cuticle ,b4 rubeus #c4 ,fle% r$ "u ! cuticle ,b4 *rys5t]on #d4 ,/em velvety at ! base ,b4 /ripes #d4 ,/em ) a r$di% bloom or scurf ,b4 radicans #d4 ,/em ) br[n dot-l scales ,b4 mutabilis #e4 ,tubes :iti%1 becom+ yell[ ,b ,roxan #e4 ,tubes yell[ #f #f4 ,tube m\?s l>ge & angul> ,b4 subtom5tosus #f4 ,tube m\?s m9ute ,b4 spadiceus ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 v>iegatus ,sw>tz4 ,pileus at fir/ convex1 !n plane1 obtuse1 moi/1 spr9kl$ ) sup]ficial bundl$ hairy squamules1 d>k-yell[1 ! acute m>g9 at fir/ flocculose4 ,fle% yell[1 "h & !re becom+ blue4 ,tubes adnate1 unequal1 m9ute1 br[n !n c9namon4 ,/em firm1 equal1 ev51 d>k-yell[1 sometimes r$di%4 ,spores oblong-ellipsoid1 hyal9e or v pale-yell[i%1 #g4e-ajc-d4 ,pileus #b-e 94 broad4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #f l9es ?ick4 ,woods1 especially ( p9e4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis1 ,s*we9itz2 ,cali=nia1 ,h>kness1 ,moore2 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,b5nett4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9s1 #ahhb-ahhe4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,mc,ilvaine2 ,doyle/[n1 ,pa41 ,pas*all4 ,q common on flat b5*es :]e hemlocks & spruces h gr[n4 ,:5 ! caps are cook$ !y are sweet1 nutty1 excell5t4 ,b4 ,roxan ,fro/4 ,pileus broadly convex1 at fir/ subtom5tose1 !n cov]$ ) r$ hairs 9 bundles1 yell[i%-br[n4 ,fle% yell[i%-:ite4 ,tubes at fir/ :iti%1 !n light-yell[1 arcuate-adnate or slightly depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 ! m\?s small4 ,/em enl>g$ t[>d ! base1 /riate at ! apex1 yell[i% or pale-c9namon4 ,spores #ajd4 ,v>4 auricolor4 ,pileus & subequal /em bright-yell[1 ! tom5tum ( ! pileus yell[4 ,pileus #a4e-c 94 broad4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 #c-e l9es ?ick4 ,bord]s ( woods4 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/2 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 /ripes ,secr4--/riate /em4 ,pileus convex or plane1 s(t1 silky1 olivace\s1 ! cuticle ru/-color )94 ,fle% :ite1 yell[ next ! tubes1 sp>+ly *ang+ to blue4 ,tubes adnate1 gre5i%1 _! m\?s m9ute1 angul>1 yell[4 ,/em firm1 curv$1 m>k$ ) br[ni%-black /riations1 yell[1 velvety & br[ni%-rufesc5t at ! base4 ,spores #aj-acd4 ,p9e & oak woods4 ,m9nesota1 ,johnson4 ,i h se5 no specim5s ( ?is species1 :i* is record$ f b "o locality 9 our c\ntry4 ,! "*--fle% sp>+ly *ang+ to blue--is giv5 on ! au?ority ( ,rev4 ,m4,j4 ,b]keley4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 *rys5t]on ,fr4--gold5 )94 ,pileus convex or plane1 s(t1 floccose-squamulose1 (t5 crack$ 9 areas1 br[n or brick-r$4 ,fle% yell[1 r$ b5ea? ! cuticle1 (t5 slightly *ang+ to blue :]e w\nd$4 ,tubes subadnate2 gre5i%-yell[1 *ang+ to blue :]e w\nd$2 _! m\?s r l>ge1 angul>1 unequal4 ,/em subequal1 rigid1 fibr\s-/riate1 r$ or pale-yell[4 ,spores fusi=m1 pale-br[n1 #aa-ab4ed-e4 ,pileus #a-c 94 broad4 ,/em #a-c 94 long1 #c-f l9es ?ick4 ,woods & mossy banks4 ,! species is common & v v>iable4 ,! color ( ! pileus may be yell[i%-br[n1 r$di%-br[n1 brick-r$1 tawny or olivace\s4 ,! subcutane\s r$di% t9t & ! r$di% *9ks ( ! crack$ pileus are di/+ui%+ features4 ,w\nds ( ! tubes sometimes become blue !n gre5i%4 ,au?ors disagree conc]n+ ! edible qualities ( ?is ,boletus4 ,/ev5son gives x z edible1 b ,cordi] & ,gillet say t x is reg>d$ ) suspicion4 ,9 "o /rongly m>k$ =m ! tubes are decid$ly depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 9 ano!r ! fle% is :iti% t+$ ) r$4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r ^! are v>ieties or di/9ct species4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,i h f\nd1 & eat5 pl5tifully ( ?is species 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 f ,july until ,octob]4 ,i h no hesitancy 9 recomm5d+ x 9 all ( its v>ieties4 ,except+ f v "y specim5s ! tubes & /ems %\ld be remov$4 ,! fle% is sweet1 delicate & too?some4 ,b4 fumosipes ,pk4 ,pileus convex or ne>ly plane1 m9utely tom5tose1 sometimes m9utely rivulose1 d>k olive-br[n4 ,fle% :iti%4 ,tubes at fir/ ne>ly plane1 becom+ convex ) age1 _! m\?s :iti% :5 "y1 becom+ yell[i%-br[n1 *ang+ to blui%-black :]e bruis$4 ,/em equal1 solid1 smoky-br[n1 m9utely scurfy "u a l5s4 ,spores purpli%-br[n1 #ab4e-aee-f4 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 #c-d l9es ?ick4 ,woods4 ,port ,jeff]son4 ,july4 ,?is species resembles small d>k-color$ =ms ( ,b4 *rys5t]on1 & ?is resemblance is /ill m noticeable 9 ^? specim5s 9 :i* ! pileus cracks 9 areas1 = 9 ^! ! *9ks become r$ z 9 t species4 ,! diff]5t color ( ! /em & tubes w at once sep>ate ^! species4 ,peck1 #ej? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,b4 rubeus ,fro/--r$4 ,pileus broadly convex1 v f9ely appress$ subtom5tose1 bright brick-r$ :5 "y1 becom+ mottl$ ) r$ & yell[1 yell[ "u ! cuticle1 ! ?9 m>g9 at fir/ inflex$1 !n horizontal1 curv$ upw>d :5 old4 ,fle% pale-yell[1 *ang+ to blue :]e w\nd$4 ,tubes adnate or slightly depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 lemon-yell[ & /uff$ :5 "y1 becom+ yell[ & sometimes r$ at ! m\?s4 ,/em small1 (t5 flexu\s1 color$ l ! pileus1 r$di% )91 :ite-tom5tose at ! base4 ,spores #i-ab4ed-e4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad4 ,/em #a-c 94 long1 #c-e l9es ?ick4 ,deep woods4 ,r>e4 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/4 ,?is is app>5tly too closely relat$ to ,b4 *rys5t]on1 & x also resembles ,b4 bicolor4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 frat]nus ,pk4 ,pileus convex1 becom+ plane or depress$1 slightly tom5tose1 deep r$ :5 "y1 becom+ dull r$ ) age4 ,fle% yell[1 sl[ly *ang+ to gre5i%-blue :]e w\nd$4 ,tubes r long1 becom+ v5tricose1 slightly depress$ ab\t ! /em1 _! walls sometimes slightly decurr5t1 ! m\?s l>ge1 angul> or irregul>1 sometimes comp\nd1 bright yell[1 quickly *ang+ to blue :]e w\nd$4 ,/em %ort1 cespitose1 (t5 irregul>1 solid1 subtom5tose1 slightly velvety at ! base1 pale r$di%-yell[1 pal] above & bel[1 yell[ )91 quickly *ang+ to d>k gre5 :]e w\nd$4 ,spores #ab4ef4 ,pileus #a-a4e 94 broad4 ,/em #a-a4e 94 long1 #c-f l9es ?ick4 ,%ad$ /reets4 ,auburn1 ,alabama4 ,july4 ,und]wood4 ,! species is app>5tly alli$ to ,b4 rubeus1 b is v di/9ct by its small size1 cespitose habit1 color ( ! fle% ( ! /em & by ! peculi> hues assum$ :]e w\nd$4 ,:5 ! pileus cracks ! *9ks become yell[ z 9 ,b4 subtom5tosus4 ,! species belongs to ! tribe ,subtom5tosi4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bd1 ,no4 #c4 ,b4 subtom5tosus ,l4--sub2 tom5tosus1 d[ny4 ,pileus convex or ne>ly plane1 s(t1 dry1 villoso-tom5tose1 subolivace\s1 concolor\s b5ea? ! cuticle1 (t5 crack$ 9 areas4 ,fle% :ite or pallid4 ,tubes adnate or some:at depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 yell[1 _! m\?s l>ge1 angul>4 ,/em /\t1 some:at ribb$-sulcate1 scabr\s or scurfy ) m9ute dots4 ,spores #aj-ab4ed-e4 ,pileus #a-d 94 broad4 ,/em #a-b4e 94 long1 #b-e l9es ?ick4 ,common & v>iable4 ,! pileus is usually olivace\s or yell[i%-br[n1 b x may be r$di%-br[n or tawny-r$4 ,:5 x cracks ! *9ks become yell[4 ,! species1 z ,i und]/& x1 may be di/+ui%$ f its ne> relative1 ,b4 *rys5t]on1 by its pal] fle%1 ! cle>] yell[ tubes n *ang+ to blue :]e w\nd$1 & by ! *9ks ( ! pileus becom+ yell[4 ,! species is record$ edible by ,cordi]1 ,curtis & ,palm]4 ,gillet says x is only m$ium 9 quality4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,f\nd & eat5 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,specim5s receiv$ f ,indiana1 ,m9nesota1 ,alabama4 ,i h n se5 any *ange ( color 9 fle% or tubes4 ,x is common 9 ,woodl& ,cemet]y & ,fairm\nt ,p>k1 ,philadelphia4 ,if ! tubes are n remov$ ! di% is slimy4 ,! ,b4 *rys5t]on also makes su* a di% :5 /ew$1 b fri$1 & well done1 bo? species are decid$ly good4 ,b4 cspitosus ,pk4--cespitose4 ,pileus broadly convex or ne>ly plane1 sometimes slightly concave by ! elevation ( ! m>g91 ev51 br[n or blacki%-br[n1 ! m>g9 (t5 a little pal] or r$di%-br[n4 ,fle% slightly t+$ ) r$4 ,tubes adnate or slightly decurr5t1 yell[1 _! m\?s r l>ge1 angul>1 concolor\s4 ,/em %ort1 ev51 solid1 glabr\s1 tap]+ upw>d1 br[n or r$di%-br[n4 ,spores oblong-elliptic1 #aj long1 #e broad4 ,pileus #a-b4e cm4 broad4 ,/em #b-b4e cm4 long1 #d-f mm4 ?ick4 ,cespitose4 ,virg9ia4 ,augu/4 ,r4,s4 ,phif]4 ,a small species gr[+ 9 tufts & ref]able to ! tribe ,subtom5tosi4 ,! tubes reta9 _! bright yell[ color 9 ! dri$ specim5s4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,janu>y #bg1 #aijj4 ,edible qualities n /at$4 ,b4 spadiceus ,s*aeff4--nut br[n4 ,pileus convex or plane1 mod]ately compact1 dry1 tom5tose1 opaque1 date-br[n1 irregul>ly crack$4 ,fle% :ite1 un*angeable1 br[ni%-r$ above4 ,tubes adnate1 yell[1 _! m\?s m9ute1 subrotund4 ,/em firm1 clavate1 ev51 woolly-scal$1 yell[ or br[ni%1 yell[i%-:ite )94 ,spores #abd4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad4 ,woods4 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/4 ,?is species is admitt$ on ! au?ority ( ,mr4 ,fro/ :o alone has record$ x 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,b specim5s receiv$ f him "u ?is "n d n 9 my op9ion belong to x1 & its occurr5ce "h is some:at d\btful4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,9 oak woods ne> ,b>tram's ,g>d51 ,we/ ,philadelphia1 9 #ahhg-ahhh1 ,i f\nd sev]al ,boleti answ]+ ! description1 exactly1 ( ,b4 spadiceus4 ,!y prov$ to be good eat+4 ,b4 radicans ,p]s4--radix1 a root4 ,pileus convex1 dry1 subtom5tose1 olivace\s-c9]eus1 becom+ pale-yell[i%1 ! m>g9 ?91 involute4 ,fle% pale-yell[1 in/antly *ang+ to d>k blue1 ta/e bitt]i%4 ,tubes adnate1 _! m\?s l>ge1 unequal1 lemon-yell[4 ,/em ev51 tap]+ d[nw>d & radicat+1 flocculose ) a r$di% bloom1 pale-yell[1 becom+ nak$ & d>k ) a t\*4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad4 ,/em #b 94 long1 #f l9es ?ick4 ,woods4 ,ohio1 ,morgan4 ,( ! ,am]ican plant ,mr4 ,morgan says t ! pileus is q firm & dry1 becomes r$di% or br[ni%-yell[ & ne>ly glabr\s1 t ! fle% is pale-yell[1 b t he has n obs]v$ any blui% t+e1 & t ! spores are olive1 fusi=m1 #aj-ab4ee4 ,^? ( ! ,european plant h be5 describ$ z v pale o*]1 almo/ :ite1 #f long1 #c broad4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,ne> ,bryn ,mawr1 ,pa4 ,w4,c4 ,ald]son1 #ahid4 ,sev]al specim5s br\ght to me 7 eat54 ,! *ange 9 color ( fle% 0 in/antane\s ^u exposure to ! air4 ,ta/e /rong & raw r ?an bitt]i%4 ,! caps alone 7 cook$1 & di% m>k$ 8f9e40 ,b4 mutabilis ,morg4--*angeable4 ,j\r4 ,c94 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,vol4 ,,vii4 ,pileus convex1 !n plane or depress$1 compact1 dry1 subtom5tose1 br[n4 ,fle% bright-yell[1 promptly *ang+ to blue :]e w\nd$4 ,tubes adnate or subdecurr5t1 _! m\?s l>ge1 angul>1 unequal1 "s ( !m comp\nd1 yell[ *ang+ to gre5i% yell[ & quickly becom+ blue :]e w\nd$4 ,/em /\t1 solid1 flexu\s1 subsulcate1 yell[i% b5ea? ! br[n dot-l scales1 bright yell[ )94 ,spores olive1 fusi=m1 #ab-ace4 ,pileus #b4e-d 94 broad4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #f l9es ?ick4 ,?ick woods4 ,ohio1 ,morgan4 ,a %ade ( yell[ sometimes appe>s b5ea? ! br[n ( ! pileus1 & z ! plants gr[ old ! pileus becomes blacki%1 glabr\s & %9+4 ,! /em increases 9 ?ickness above & d[nw>d4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 badiceps ,pk4--badius1 bay & head4 7,plate ,,cxvi1 p4 #dbj47 ,pileus firm1 convex or some:at c5trally depress$ :5 mature1 dry1 velvety1 obliquely truncate on ! m>g91 bay-r$ or d>k-m>oon color4 ,fle% :ite un*angeable1 ta/e & odor mild1 sweet1 sugge/ive ( molasses4 ,tubes plane1 adnate1 :ite or :iti%1 becom+ d+y ) age1 ! m\?s m9ute4 ,/em equal or slightly swoll5 9 ! middle1 radicat+1 glabr\s1 solid1 br[ni%4 ,pileus #d-h cm4 broad4 ,/em #d-e cm4 long1 #a4e-c cm4 ?ick4 ,oak woods4 ,we/ ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,*>les ,mc,ilvaine4 ,! truncate or bevel$ m>g9 ( ! pileus is a /rik+ feature 9 ?is species4 ,x is ab\t #d mm4 broad & z ev5 z if cut ) a knife4 ,sometimes ! surface ( ! /em ruptures transv]sely j bel[ ! top1 ! lib]at$ %r$s above curl+ upw>d aga9/ ! tubes & ^? bel[ curv+ outw>d & d[nw>d4 ,9 mature plants br[ni% spots appe> 9 ! fle% ( ! pileus4 8,:5 cook$ x is ( high flavor & t5d] z kidney10 ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,janu>y #bg1 #aijj4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p$ by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,/udies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,cxviii4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,boletus ,,sep>ans1 #dde #d4 ,,boletus ,,sc>] ,,areolatus1 #dfa-dfc #b4 ,,boletus ,,russelli1 #dcf #e4 ,,boletus ,,edulis1 #dde #c4 ,,boletus ,,illud5s1 #dci ,,lac]i,,p$es--lac]at$ /em4 ,/em elongat$1 co>sely pitt$ or deeply & lacunosely reticulat$ 9 small holl[s1 ! ridges some:at intumesc5t 9 wet wea!r & m or less lac]at$1 giv+ a r\gh or %aggy appe>ance to ! /em4 ,! species ( ?is tribe are few1 v closely alli$ & s f> z kn[n are peculi> to ?is c\ntry4 ,pileus viscid #a ,pileus dry ,b4 ,russelli #a4 ,/em r$ 9 ! depressions1 tubes t+$ ) ,b4 ,morgani gre5 #a4 ,/em pale-yell[1 tubes n gre5i% ,b4 ,betula ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 ,russelli ,fro/--,russell's ,boletus4 7,plate ,,cxviii1 fig4 #b1 p4 #dcf47 ,pileus ?ick1 hemisph]ical or convex1 dry1 cov]$ ) d[ny scales or bundles ( r$ hairs1 yell[i% b5ea? ! tom5tum1 (t5 crack$ 9 areas4 ,fle% yell[i%1 un*angeable4 ,tubes subadnate1 (t5 depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 r l>ge1 d+y-yell[ or yell[i%-gre54 ,/em v long1 equal or tap]+ upw>d1 r\gh5$ by ! lac]at$ m>g9s ( ! reticul> depressions1 r$ or br[ni%-r$4 ,spores olive-br[n1 #ah-bbh-aj4 ,pileus #a4e-d 94 broad4 ,/em #c-g 94 long1 #c-f l9es ?ick4 ,?is is di/+ui%$ f ! o!r species by ! dry squamulose pileus & ! color ( ! /em4 ,! latt] is sometimes curv$ at ! base4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 ,russelli occurs 9 ! ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9s1 :]e ,i f\nd & ate x 9 ,augu/1 #ahhc4 ,?\gh solit>y 9 its me?od ( gr[?1 x is frequ5t 9 _m p>ts ( ,p5nsylvania1 among leaves 9 mix$ woods4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,ta/e :5 raw1 sweet1 mild4 ,cook$ x is r s(t1 ta/y4 ,tubes & /em %\ld be remov$4 ,b4 ,morgani ,pk4 ,pileus convex1 s(t1 glabr\s viscid1 r$ or yell[1 or r$ fad+ to yell[ on ! m>g94 ,fle% :iti% t+$ ) r$ & yell[1 un*angeable4 ,tubes convex1 depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 r long & l>ge1 bright-yell[ becom+ gre5i%-yell[4 ,/em elongat$1 tap]+ upw>d1 pitt$ ) long1 n>r[ depressions1 yell[1 r$ 9 ! depressions1 color$ )9 l ! fle% ( ! pileus4 ,spores olive-br[n1 #ah-bb long1 ab\t half z broad4 ,pileus #a4e-b4e 94 broad4 ,/em #c-e 94 long1 #c-f l9es ?ick4 ,rocky hillsides 9 woods ( decidu\s trees4 ,k5tucky1 ,morgan4 ,9 wet wea!r ! ana/omos+ ridges ( ! /em swell & become broadly w+$1 !reby giv+ ! /em a peculi> lac]at$ appe>ance4 ,! glabr\s viscid pileus & ! coloration ( ! /em di/+ui% ! species4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 ,morgani is f\nd 9 l localities ) ,b4 ,russelli4 ,except+ 9 its smoo?1 viscid cap & :iti% fle%1 x closely resembles ! latt]4 ,! ridges 9 ! /ems ( bo? species swell :5 moi/4 ,its edible qualities are ! same z ,b4 ,russelli4 ,b4 ,betula ,s*w4--bir*4 ,pileus convex1 viscose & %9+ 9 wet wea!r1 tessellately crack$ & reticulat$1 orange-fawn color1 r small4 ,fle% yell[i%-:ite4 ,tubes sep>at+1 r l>ge1 yell[1 almo/ l ^? ( ,b4 subtom5tosus b n gre5i%4 ,/em long1 att5uat$ d[nw>d1 ev]y:]e cov]$ ) a decidu\s reticulat$ b>k two l9es high & sep>at+ l ! b>k ( bir*es1 pale-yell[ )\t & )94 ,pileus #a4e 94 broad4 ,/em #e-f 94 long4 ,ligne\s e>?4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s*we9itz1 ,curtis2 ,p5nsylvania1 ,s*we9itz4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,dur+ sev]al seasons ,i f\nd ,b4 ,betula 9 ,woodl& ,cemet]y1 ,philadelphia4 ,edible qualities good4 ,,calo,,podes4 ,gr--beautiful2 ,gr--feet4 ,/em /\t1 at fir/ bulb\s1 typically v5ose-reticulat$ ) ve9s4 ,tubes adnate1 _! m\?s n r$di%4 ,! reticulate /em & adnate tubes ( "o color di/+ui% ! species ( ?is tribe4 ,9 ! ,luridi ! m\?s ( ! tubes are diff]5tly color$1 & 9 ! closely relat$ ,edules ! tubes are m or less depress$ ar\nd ! /em or sub-free1 & _! pores are commonly /uff$ :5 "y4 ,fries did n admit species ) :iti% tubes into ?is tribe1 b we h done s 9 ^? cases 9 :i* ?is 0 ! only "* to exclude !m4 ,tubes yell[ or yell[i% #a ,tubes :ite or :iti%1 at lea/ :5 "y #g #a4 ,tubes or fle% *ang+ to blue :]e w\nd$ #b #a4 ,tubes or fle% n *ang+ to blue :]e w\nd$ #e #b4 ,pileus r$1 at lea/ :5 "y #c #b4 ,pileus "s o!r color #d #c4 ,/em r$ ,b4 ,peckii #c4 ,/em yell[ or r$di% only at ! base ,b4 speciosus #d4 ,tubes angul>1 pileus olivace\s ,b4 calopus #d4 ,tubes rotund1 pileus n olivace\s ,b4 pa*ypus #e4 ,pileus viscid ,b4 ,curtisii #e4 ,pileus pulv]ul5t1 /ems cespitose ,b4 retipes #e4 ,pileus nei!r viscid nor pulv]ul5t #f #f4 ,/em yell[ ,b4 ornatipes #f4 ,/em br[n ,b4 mode/us #f4 ,/em yell[i%-:ite ,b4 rimosellus #g4 ,pileus "s %ade ( r$ #h #g4 ,pileus "s %ade ( br[n or gray #i #h4 ,/em pallid or yell[i% ,b4 rubignosus #h4 ,/em d>k-br[n ,b4 f]rug9eus #i4 ,pileus pale-br[n1 /em flexu\s ,b4 flexuosipes #i4 ,pileus gray or grayi%-black1 /em /raight ,b4 griseus ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 speciosus ,fro/--h&some4 ,pileus at fir/ v ?ick1 subglobose1 compact1 !n s(t]1 convex1 glabr\s or ne>ly s1 r$4 ,fle% pale-yell[ or bright lemon-yell[1 *ang+ to blue :]e w\nd$4 ,tubes adnate1 small1 subrotund1 plane or b slightly depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 bright lemon-yell[1 becom+ d+y-yell[ ) age1 *ang+ to blue :]e w\nd$4 ,/em /\t1 subequal or some:at bulb\s1 reticulat$1 bright lemon-yell[ )\t & )91 sometimes r$di% at ! base4 ,spores oblong-fusi=m1 pale o*race\s-br[n1 #aj-ab4ed-e4 ,pileus #c-g 94 broad4 ,/em #b-d 94 long1 #aj-bd l9es ?ick4 ,?9 woods4 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/2 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,?is is a v beautiful ,boletus4 ,:5 "y ! :ole plant except ! surface ( ! pileus is ( a vivid lemon-yell[ color4 ,w\nds quickly *ange to gre51 !n to blue4 ,! color ( ! pileus approa*es closely to solf]9o4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,caps ( specim5s f\nd 9 mix$ woods at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 7 m9utely areolate :5 old4 ,/ems yell[ at top & ) purpli% r$ ov] ! bright yell[ t[>d ! bulb\s base1 solid1 bright yell[ )94 ,/ems & caps are edible & rank high 9 flavor & texture4 ,b4 illud5s ,pk4--deceiv+4 7,plate ,,cxviii1 fig4 #c1 p4 #dcf47 ,pileus convex1 dry1 subglabr\s1 yell[i%-br[n or grayi%-br[n1 sometimes t+$ ) r$1 especially 9 ! c5t]4 ,fle% pallid or yell[i%4 ,tubes bright yell[1 plane or some:at convex :5 old1 adnate1 _! m\?s angul> or subrotund1 (t5 l>g] ne> ! /em4 ,/em ne>ly equal1 sometimes abruptly po9t$ at ! base1 glabr\s1 pallid or yell[i%1 co>sely reticulat$ ei!r :olly or at ! top only4 ,spores oblong or subfusi=m1 yell[i%-br[n t+$ ) gre51 #aa-ab4ed-e4 ,pileus #a4e-c 94 broad4 ,/em #a4e-b4e 94 long1 #c-e l9es ?ick4 ,woods & copses4 ,port ,jeff]son4 ,july4 ,peck1 #ej? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,f\nd 9 pl5ty at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,septemb]1 #ahih4 ,on gr\nd & old /umps 9 mix$ woods4 ,id5tifi$ by ,pr(essor ,peck4 ,ta/e & smell pleasant4 ,cook$ z egg-plant x is "o ( ! be/4 ,remove tubes4 ,b4 ,peckii ,fro/--aft] ,c4,h4 ,peck4 ,pileus convex1 firm1 dry1 subglabr\s1 r$1 fad+ to yell[i%-r$ or buff-br[n ) age1 ! m>g9 usually reta9+ its r$ color long] ?an ! disk4 ,tubes adnate or slightly decurr5t1 ne>ly plane1 yell[1 *ang+ to blue :]e w\nd$4 ,/em equal or subv5tricose1 reticulat$1 r$1 yell[ at ! top4 ,spores oblong1 pale o*race\s-br[n1 #i-abd-e4 ,v>4 lvipes4 ,/em reticulat$ above1 ev5 bel[4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #c-f l9es ?ick4 ,woods ( frondose trees4 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 calopus ,fr4 ,gr--beautiful2 ,gr--foot4 ,pileus globose1 !n convex1 unpoli%$1 subtom5tose1 olivace\s4 ,fle% pallid1 slightly *ang+ to blue :5 w\nd$4 ,tubes adnate1 _! m\?s m9ute1 angul>1 yell[4 ,/em firm1 conical1 !n elongat$ & subequal1 reticulat$1 :olly sc>let or at ! apex only1 sometimes color$ l ! pileus t[>d ! base4 ,spores fusi=m1 yell[i%-br[n1 #g-hc-d4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad4 ,/em long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! pileus4 ,woods4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s*we9itz1 ,curtis2 ,p5nsylvania1 ,s*we9itz2 ,new ,engl&1 ,sprague1 ,b5nett4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 ornatipes ,pk4--ornate-/em4 7,boletus retipes1 ,rep4 #bc47 ,pileus convex1 firm1 dry1 glabr\s or v m9utely tom5tose1 grayi%-br[n or yell[i%-br[n4 ,fle% yell[ or pale-yell[4 ,tubes adnate1 plane1 or concave1 r>ely convex1 ! m\?s small or m$ium size1 cle>-yell[4 ,/em firm1 subequal1 di/9ctly & beautifully reticulat$1 yell[ )\t & )94 ,spores oblong1 o*race\s-br[n1 #ab-afd-e4 ,pileus #b-e 94 broad4 ,/em #b-d 94 long1 #d-f l9es ?ick4 ,?9 woods & op5 places4 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,! color ( ! tubes becomes d>k] ) age1 b x does n *ange to blue :]e w\nd$4 ,! species is relat$ to ! next foll[+ "o ) :i* x has sometimes be5 confus$1 b f :i* x is cle>ly di/9ct4 ,! color ( ! spores is q d>k & approa*es snuff-br[n4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,edible4 ,good4 ,b4 retipes ,b4 & ,c4--reticulate /em4 ,pileus convex1 dry1 p[d]$ ) yell[1 sometimes rivulose or crack$ 9 areas4 ,tubes adnate1 yell[4 ,/em subequal1 cespitose1 reticulate to ! base1 pulv]ul5t bel[4 ,spores gre5i%-o*race\s1 #ab-aed-e4 ,pileus #a4e-b 94 broad4 ,/em #b 94 long1 #c-f l9es ?ick4 ,! tuft$ mode ( gr[?1 pulv]ul5t pileus & pal]-color$ spores sep>ate ?is species f ! prec$+ "o4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 #ahhb-ahhe4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa42 ,new ,j]sey1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,! caps1 alone1 ( ?is species1 are desirable1 ! /ems n cook+ well4 ,its way ( bun*+ itself gratifies ! collector1 z d its flavor & quality4 ,b4 pa*ypus ,fr4 ,gr--?ick-foot$4 ,pileus convex1 subtom5tose1 br[ni% or pale tan-color4 ,fle% ?ick1 :iti%1 *ang+ slightly to blue4 ,tubes r long1 some:at depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 _! m\?s r\nd1 pale-yell[1 at l5g? t+$ ) gre54 ,/em ?ick1 firm1 reticulat$1 at fir/ ovate-bulb\s1 !n elongat$1 equal1 v>iegat$ ) r$ & pale-yell[4 ,spores l>ge1 ovate1 pale yell[i%-o*race\s1 #ab4e-ade-f4 ,pileus #d-h 94 broad4 ,/em #b-d 94 long4 ,woods1 ei!r ( p9e or bee*4 ,?is species is not$ = its ?ick1 /\t /em1 :i* sometimes atta9s a diamet] ( m ?an two in*es4 ,x approa*es ! ,edules 9 habit1 b accord+ to ,gillet x is poison\s1 or at lea/ to be suspect$1 has a p5etrat+ unpleasant odor & a some:at nause\s flavor4 ,he also describes ! pores z at fir/ :iti%4 ,! /em is sometimes int5sely blood-r$4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,a common species 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9s1 #ahha-ahhe1 9 bee* groves4 ,augu/ to fro/4 ,x is r>e 9 ! p9es ( ,new ,j]sey1 ?\gh ,i h f\nd x !re4 ,l ,b4 felleus1 its size & attractiv5ess induce ! f9d] to ov] & ov] aga9 try cook+ x1 hop+ ! discov]y ( a successful way to rid x ( its unpleasantness4 ,i h nev] succe$$4 ,x is n poison\s4 ,b4 rimosellus ,pk4--crack$4 ,pileus broadly convex1 flat or irregul>1 glabr\s1 tessellately crack$1 d>k-br[n4 ,fle% :iti%4 ,tubes adnate or s9uately decurr5t1 some:at depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 pale-yell[1 becom+ d>k] or br[ni% ) age4 ,/em tap]+ upw>d1 broadly reticulat$ ) br[n ve9s1 yell[i%-:ite4 ,spores fusi=m1 #ae-ag4ee-f4 ,pileus #c-e 94 broad4 ,/em #c-d 94 long1 #f-i l9es ?ick4 ,mix$ woods4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,c4,j4 ,curtis4 ,i h describ$ ?is species f ! notes & a s+le dri$ specim5 s5t me by ,mr4 ,curtis4 ,m ext5d$ obs]vation may require "s modification ( ! description4 ,! color ( ! spores is describ$ z br[n4 ,!y are rem>kable = _! size4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 modestus ,pk4--mode/4 ,pileus convex or ne>ly plane1 (t5 irregul>1 firm1 dry1 v m9utely tom5tose1 yell[i%-br[n4 ,fle% gray or p9ki%-gray4 ,tubes ne>ly plane1 adnate or subdecurr5t1 ! m\?s angul>1 pale-o*race\s4 ,/em equal1 reticulat$1 br[n4 ,spores elliptical1 #aje4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 #b-d l9es ?ick4 ,grassy gr\nd 9 ?9 woods4 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,miss ,bann+ f9ds 9 ,m>yl& :at appe>s to be a =m ( ?is species 9 :i* ! "p ( ! hym5ium ne> ! /em consi/s ( lamell1 ! re/ ( tubes4 ,! species ne$s fur!r inve/igation4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 ,curtisii ,b]k4--aft] ,dr4 ,curtis4 ,pileus hemisph]ical or convex1 viscose1 gold5-yell[4 ,tubes depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 ne>ly free1 _! m\?s umb]1 at l5g? tawny4 ,/em sl5d]1 att5uat$ upw>d1 poli%$1 reticulat$1 /raw-color$4 ,spores f]rug9\s1 subelliptical1 slightly att5uat$ at ea* end4 ,pileus #a 94 or m broad4 ,/em #b 94 long1 #b-c l9es ?ick4 ,p9e woods4 ,nor? & ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis4 ,9 ! orig9al description ! /em ( ?is species is said to be holl[4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 griseus ,fro/--gray4 ,pileus broadly convex1 firm1 dry1 subglabr\s1 gray or grayi%-black4 ,fle% :iti% or gray4 ,tubes adnate or slightly depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 ne>ly plane1 _! m\?s small1 subrotund1 :ite or :iti%4 ,/em equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 di/9ctly reticulat$1 :iti% or yell[i%1 sometimes r$di% t[>d ! base4 ,spores o*race\s-br[n1 #aj-add-e4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad4 ,/em #b-d 94 long1 #c-f l9es ?ick4 ,?9 woods & op5 places4 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 flexuosipes ,pk4--flexu\s /em4 ,pileus convex or plane1 ev51 subtom5tose1 pale-br[n4 ,fle% :ite1 un*angeable1 ! cuticle sep>able4 ,tubes long1 convex1 decurr5t1 :ite or :iti%1 becom+ br[ni% ) age4 ,/em flexu\s1 solid1 reticulat$1 :iti% or pallid1 *ang+ to br[n :]e bruis$4 ,spores #g4e-ajd4 ,pileus #c-d 94 broad4 ,/em #d-f 94 long1 #h-ae l9es ?ick4 ,mix$ woods4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,c4,j4 ,curtis4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 f]rugineus ,fro/--ru/ color4 ,pileus convex1 s(t1 subtom5tose1 d>k r$di%-br[n4 ,fle% :ite1 un*angeable4 ,tubes g5]ally adnate1 d+y-:ite1 _! m\?s /a9$ br[n by ! spores4 ,/em %ort1 reticulat$1 d>k-br[n4 ,spores #aj-acf4 ,pileus #c-f 94 broad4 ,bord]s ( woods4 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,alabama1 #ahig4 ,b4 rubig9osus ,fr4--ru/y4 ,pileus convex1 s(t1 pubesc5t1 soon b>e1 br[ni%-ru/ color4 ,fle% subspongy1 :ite1 un*angeable4 ,tubes adnate1 _! m\?s unequal1 :ite4 ,/em firm1 /\t1 reticulat$1 at fir/ :iti% or pallid1 !n yell[i%1 subc9]e\s or yell[i%-olivace\s :]e t\*$4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #a 94 ?ick4 ,woods4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis4 ,al?\gh app>5tly di/9ct1 ?is & ! two prec$+ species are n suffici5tly well kn[n4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 tabacinus ,und4 ,pileus fle%y1 convex or ne>ly plane1 subglabr\s1 (t5 crack$ 9 areas1 tawny-br[n4 ,fle% at maturity s(t & simil>ly color$4 ,tubes concave or ne>ly plane1 depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 _! m\?s small1 angul>1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,/em subequal1 solid1 reticulat$1 concolor\s4 ,spores oblong or subfusi=m1 #ab4e-ade4 ,pileus #b4e-e 94 broad4 ,/em #a4e-c 94 long1 #f-aj l9es ?ick4 ,along road-sides4 ,alabama4 ,may4 ,und]wood4 ,! species is ref]able to ! section ,calopodes1 b ! tubes are m or less depress$ ab\t ! /em4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bc1 ,no4 #aj4 ,,edu,,les--edulis1 edible4 ,tubes subfree1 r\nd$-depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 _! m\?s n at fir/ r$di%1 b commonly :ite-/uff$4 ,/em /\t1 bulb\s z 9 ! ,luridi b n1 ) a few exceptions1 reticulate nor dott$ ) po9t$ scales nor r$4 ,fle% sc>cely *angeable4 ,ta/e pleasant4 ,?is tribe is n %>ply limit$ b p>takes to "s ext5t ( ! *>act]s ( ,calopodes & ,luridi4 ,f ! =m] its ne>ly free & at fir/ :ite-/uff$ tubes & its g5]ally ev5 /em sep>ate x1 f ! latt] its tubes ) concolor\s m\?s or at lea/ ) m\?s n r$ or r$di% :5 "y w di/+ui% x4 ,! species are g5]ally ( l>ge or m$ium size & not$ = _! escul5t qualities4 ,/em br[ni%-lilac or *ocolate color #a ,/em "s o!r color #b #a4 ,/em reticulat$ ,b4 sep>ans #a4 ,/em n reticulat$1 furfurace\s ,b4 eximius #b4 ,pileus viscid ,b4 limatulus #b4 ,pileus n viscid #c #c4 ,tubes yell[ ) no t+e ( gre5 #d #c4 ,tubes t+$ ) gre5 or becom+ gre5 :]e #f bruis$ #d4 ,pileus :iti% ,b4 /ivalis #d4 ,pileus n :iti% #e #e4 ,/em glabr\s ,b4 aff9is #e4 ,/em pubesc5t ,b4 impolitus #f4 ,pileus becom+ :ite-spott$ :]e bruis$ ,b4 leprosus #f4 ,pileus n becom+ spott$ #g #g4 ,pileus glabr\s ,b4 edulis #g4 ,pileus n glabr\s #h #h4 ,/em reticulat$1 :iti% or pallid ,b4 v>iipes #h4 ,/em ev51 br[ni%-r$ ,b4 decorus ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 separans ,pk4 7,plate ,,cxviii1 fig4 #a1 p4 #dcf47 ,pileus convex1 ?ick1 glabr\s1 sub%9+1 (t5 pitt$1 pitt$ or corrugat$1 br[ni%-r$ or dull-lilac1 sometimes fad+ to yell[i% on ! m>g94 ,fle% :ite1 un*angeable4 ,tubes at fir/ ne>ly plane1 adnate1 :ite & /uff$1 !n convex1 depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 o*race\s-yell[ or br[ni%-yell[ & sometimes sep>at+ f ! /em by ! expansion ( ! pileus4 ,/em equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 reticulat$ ei!r :olly or 9 ! upp] "p only1 color$ l ! pileus or a little pal]1 sometimes slightly furfurace\s4 ,spores subfusi=m1 br[ni%-o*race\s1 #ab-aee-f4 ,pileus #c-f 94 broad4 ,/em #b-d 94 long1 #f-ab l9es ?ick4 ,?9 grassy woods4 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,septemb]1 #ahha4 ,new ,j]sey & ,p5nsylvania4 ,octob]1 #ahhg1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,indiana1 ,octob]1 #ahih4 ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,wei/1 ,h4,i4 ,mill]4 ,"o ( ! h&some/ ( ,boleti4 ,x v>ies greatly 9 size & color1 b traces ( purple or lilac are always detectable4 ,! reticulations ^u ! /em are (t5 obscure1 especially 9 "y specim5s4 ,x is pleasant :5 raw1 & q equal to any ,boletus :5 cook$4 7,plate ,,cxix47 ,illu/ration3 #a1 ,,boletus ,,edulis1 ,,v>4 ,,clavipes4 #b1 #c1 ,,boletus ,,edulis4 ,b4 edulis ,bull4--edulis1 edible4 7,plate ,,cxviii1 fig4 #e1 p4 #dcf47 ,pileus convex or ne>ly plane1 glabr\s1 moi/1 at fir/ compact1 !n s(t1 v>iable 9 color1 grayi%-r$1 br[ni%-r$ or tawny-br[n1 (t5 pal] on ! m>g94 ,fle% :ite or yell[i%1 r$di% b5ea? ! cuticle4 ,tubes convex1 ne>ly free1 long1 m9ute1 r\nd1 :ite1 !n yell[ & gre5i%4 ,/em %ort or long1 /raight or flexu\s1 subequal or bulb\s1 /\t1 m or less reticulate1 especially above1 :iti%1 pallid or br[ni%4 ,spores oblong-fusi=m1 #ab-aed-e4 ,v>4 clavipes4 ,plate ,,cxix4 ,/em tap]+ upw>d f an enl>g$ base1 ev]y:]e reticulat$4 ,pileus #d-f 94 broad4 ,/em #b-f 94 long1 #f-ah l9es ?ick4 ,woods & op5 places4 ,n r>e4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,mill]1 ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,wei/2 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,"s species ( fungi appe> to h t prize ( ,fairyl&--! ,wi%+ ,cap--& by its p[] be able to take on any =m !y please4 ,boletus edulis is "o ( !m4 ,its v>iabl5ess is puzzl+4 ,x is eat5 ev]y:]e :]e f\nd & is a favorite4 ,c>efully slic$1 dri$ & kept :]e safe f mold x may be prep>$ = ! table at any season4 ,b4 edulis ,bull4--,v>4 clavipes ,pk4 7,plate ,,cxix1 fig4 #a1 p4 #dde47 ,pileus fle%y1 convex1 glabr\s1 grayi%-r$1 bay-r$ or *e/nut-color4 ,fle% :ite1 un*angeable4 ,tubes at fir/ concave or ne>ly plane1 :ite & /uff$1 !n convex1 slightly depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 o*race\s yell[4 ,/em mo/ly obclavate 7inv]sely club-%ap$7 & reticulate to ! base4 ,spores oblong-fusi=m1 #ab-aed-e4 ,! club-/emm$ ,boletus is s closely relat$ to ! edible ,boletus & s closely connect$ by ! int]m$iate =ms t x seems to be only a v>iety ( x1 b "o wor?y ( illu/ration4 ,x diff]s 9 ! m uni=m color ( ! cap1 9 hav+ ! tubes less depress$ ar\nd ! /em & less t9t$ ) gre5 :5 mature1 & 9 hav+ ! /em m club-%ape & commonly reticulat$ to ! base4 ,! l[] reticulations are usually co>s] b less p]man5t ?an ! upp]4 ,! cap is m highly color$ :5 "y & is apt to become pal] ) age1 b ! m>g9 does n become pal] ?an ! c5tral "p1 z x s (t5 does 9 ! edible ,boletus4 ,individuals sometimes occur 9 :i* ! /em is ne>ly cyl9dric & reticulat$ only on ! upp] "p4 ,^! connect s closely ) ! edible ,boletus t we h consid]$ ?is to be a m]e v>iety ( x4 ,9 size & 9 edible qualities x is v simil> to t species4 ,peck1 #ea/ ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,same 9 quality z ,b4 edulis4 ,b4 v>iipes ,pk4--v>iable /em4 ,pileus convex or ne>ly plane1 ?ick1 s(t1 dry1 scaly1 po9t$ scaly or m9utely tom5tose1 grayi% or pale grayi%-br[n1 sometimes t+$ ) yell[ or o*race\s4 ,fle% :ite1 un*angeable4 ,tubes convex or ne>ly plane1 slightly depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 at fir/ :ite1 !n gre5i%-yell[1 _! m\?s small1 subrotund1 o*race\s1 /uff$ :5 "y4 ,/em firm1 reticulat$1 :iti% or pallid4 ,spores oblong-fusi=m1 o*race\s-br[n t+$ ) gre51 #ab-aee4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,augu/1 #ahih4 ,/em slightly reticulat$ at top1 indi/9ctly /riate bel[4 ,smell & ta/e /rong1 l ,b4 felleus1 b sweeti%1 n bitt]4 ,:5 tubes are remov$ & cap fri$ x is excell5t4 ,v>4 albipes4 ,/em :iti%1 :olly reticulat$1 ! reticulations co>s] ne> ! base4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,augu/1 #ahih4 ,ta/e slightly acrid1 smell slight4 ,excell5t4 ,v>4 pallidipes4 ,/em pallid1 slightly furfurace\s1 ev5 or obscurely reticulat$ t[>d ! base1 di/9ctly reticulat$ above4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,sat9y1 %9+4 ,ta/e slightly acrid1 smell slight4 ,excell5t4 ,v>4 t5uipes4 ,/em sl5d]1 elongat$4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,augu/1 #ahih1 on decay+ *e/nut /ump & on gr\nd4 ,excell5t4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,?is species1 ) its v>ieties1 gr[s 9 mix$ woods1 ! d5sity ( :i* has mu* to d ) its g5]al appe>ance4 ,individuals gr[+ :]e ! sun plays ^u !m1 %[ ! reticulations pla9] ?an ^? matur+ 9 ! %ade4 ,! tubes %\ld be remov$ be=e cook+4 ,! caps are be/ fri$4 ,b4 eximius ,pk4--select4 ,pileus at fir/ v compact1 subglobose or hemisph]ical1 subpru9ose1 purpli%-br[n or *ocolate color1 sometimes ) a fa9t t+e ( lilac1 becom+ convex1 s(t1 smoky-r$ or pale-*e/nut4 ,fle% grayi% or r$di%-:ite4 ,tubes at fir/ concave or ne>ly plane1 /uff$1 color$ ne>ly l ! pileus1 becom+ pal] ) age & depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 _! m\?s m9ute1 rotund4 ,/em /\t1 g5]ally %ort1 equal or tap]+ upw>d1 abruptly n>r[$ at ! base1 m9utely branny1 color$ l or a little pal] ?an ! pileus1 purpli%-gray )94 ,spores subf]rug9\s1 #ab4e-aee-f4 ,pileus #c-aj 94 broad4 ,/em #b-d 94 long1 #f-ab l9es ?ick4 ,woods & _! bord]s4 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/2 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,9 mix$ woods & 9 new cle>+s ne> ,b>tram's ,g>d51 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a pat* ( x is treasure trove4 ,b4 leprosus ,pk4--lepr\s4 ,pileus v convex1 glabr\s1 s(t l kid1 c9]e\s-yell[i%-drab or pale-br[n1 sl[ly *ang+ to :iti% :]e bruis$1 ! cuticle sep>able4 ,fle% :ite1 *ang+ to yell[i%4 ,tubes yell[ or br[ni%-yell[1 *ang+ to gre5i% :]e w\nd$1 plane1 depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 %ort1 small1 /uff$ :5 "y4 ,/em solid1 enl>g$ at ! top1 lemon-yell[4 ,spores oblong-fusi=m1 #ab4e-aee4 ,pileus #d-f 94 broad4 ,/em #b 94 long1 #a 94 ?ick4 ,mix$ woods4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,c4,j4 ,curtis4 ,?is plant is rem>kable = ! :iti% or lepr\s spots :i* ! pileus assumes1 ev5 f be+ h&l$1 & = ! *ange 9 ! color ( ! fle% & tubes4 ,! /em is v ?ick at ! top b tap]s d[nw>d4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 7,plate ,,cxx47 ,illu/ration3 ,,boletus ,,aff9is4 ,b4 affinis ,pk4--relat$4 ,pileus convex above or ne>ly plane1 subglabr\s1 r$di%-br[n or *e/nut color fad+ to tawny or d+y-o*race\s ) age4 ,fle% :ite4 ,tubes plane or convex1 adnate or slightly depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 at fir/ :ite & /uff$1 !n glauc\s-yell[ or subo*race\s1 *ang+ to ru/y-o*race\s :]e w\nd$4 ,/em subequal1 ev51 glabr\s1 color$ l or pal] ?an ! pileus4 ,spores ru/y-o*race\s1 #i-abd-e4 ,! ,relat$ boletus belongs to ! tribe ( ,boleti kn[n z ,edules because ( _! especially escul5t "*1 b x diff]s f ! g5]al "* ( ! tribe 9 hav+ its tubes n at all or b slightly %ort5$ ar\nd ! /em & 9 its /em n be+ ?ick5$ or bulb\s at ! base4 ,! species is q v>iable 9 ! color ( ! cap1 :i* is g5]ally d>k] 9 "y plants1 pal] 9 old ones4 ,x may be br[n1 r$di%-br[n or blacki%-br[n :5 "y1 b is m or less t+$ ) tawny or o*race\s :5 old4 ,x is smoo? & ev5 or m9utely tom5tose & sometimes slightly rugose4 ,9 wet wea!r ! m>g9 ( ! cap sometimes curves upw>d1 giv+ a v convex surface to ! tubes4 ,sometimes ! w\nd$ fle% sl[ly assumes a yell[i% hue4 ,! peculi> ru/y-o*race\s hue ( ! spores is also se5 sometimes 9 ! tubes ( old specim5s4 ,z 9 _m species1 ! fle% ( old plants is m s(t ?an t ( "y ones4 ,! /em is q v>iable & is (t5 n>r[$ d[nw>d4 ,x is sometimes v obscurely reticulat$ at ! top4 ,! cap is g5]ally #b-d 94 broad1 ! /em #a4e-c 94 long1 #d-h l9es ?ick4 ,! plants are f\nd 9 ?9 woods or 9 bu%y places 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,v>4 maculosus ,pk4 diff]s f ! type simply 9 hav+ a few yell[i% spots scatt]$ ov] ! cap4 ,:ile n z high flavor$ z "s ,boleti ?is is1 nev]!less1 a fairly good & p]fectly safe "o4 ,peck1 #di? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,v op5 timb] 9 ,woodl&s ,cemet]y1 ,philadelphia4 ,augu/1 #ahih4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a solit>y species :i* does n appe> to be pl5tiful4 ,! :ole fungus is edible1 b ! /ems & tubes are ( diff]5t texture f ! caps & d n cook well ) !m4 ,b4 /ivalis ,fr4--p]ta9+ to summ]4 ,pileus convex or ne>ly plane1 ev51 glabr\s1 :iti%1 granulose 9 dry wea!r4 ,fle% yell[ bel[1 :ite above4 ,tubes ne>ly free1 ! m\?s m9ute1 equal1 yell[4 ,/em v ?ick1 bulb\s1 ev51 glabr\s1 pale yell[1 r$di% )9 at ! base4 ,spores elongat$-oval1 gre5i%-br[n1 r d>k1 #aad-e4 ,pileus #d-f 94 broad4 ,/em #d-e 94 long4 ,woods & woodl& pa/ures4 ,m9nesota1 ,johnson2 ,cali=nia1 ,h4 & ,m4 ,a l>ge species1 record$ z edible & said to be pleasant & delicate 9 flavor4 ,i h se5 no specim5s ( ?is4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9s1 #ahhb1 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 #ahid1 ,mc,ilvaine1 on grassy m>g9 ( woods4 ,! fle% is sweet1 nutty4 ,remove /ems & tubes :5 old4 ,b4 impolitus ,fr4--unpoli%$4 ,pileus convex1 dilat$1 flocculose1 at l5g? gra9$ 9 l9es1 unpoli%$1 tawny-br[n4 ,fle% :ite or :iti%1 un*angeable1 yell[i% "u ! cuticle4 ,tubes free1 _! m\?s m9ute1 yell[4 ,/em /\t1 subbulb\s1 ev51 pubesc5t1 pale-yell[1 sometimes ) a r$di% zone ne> ! top4 ,spores oval or fusi=m1 pale gre5i%-br[n1 #g4e-aje4 ,pileus #d-f 94 broad4 ,/em #b 94 long4 ,oak woods4 ,cali=nia1 ,h>kness & ,moore4 ,?is species is record$ z edible & said to be among ! mo/ delici\s4 ,x is evid5tly r>e 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,accord+ to ,quelet ! spores are ellipsoid1 papillate1 #ae-ah long4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,ne> ,b>tram's ,g>d51 ,we/ ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 #ahhe4 ,?9 mix$ woods4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,t ?is species is edible & delici\s is v\*$ = by _m4 ,i c add my own pleasurable exp]i5ce4 ,b4 decorus ,fro/4--decor\s4 ,pileus convex1 r firm1 tom5tose1 br[ni% t+$ ) r$1 ! m>g9 (t5 d>k] color$4 ,fle% :ite1 un*angeable4 ,tubes becom+ free1 yell[1 *ang+ to gre5 :]e w\nd$4 ,/em bulb\s1 m9utely branny1 br[ni%-r$1 ! bulb sometimes :ite & att5uat$ at ! base4 ,spores #ace4 ,ri* woods4 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,leom9/]1 ,mass41 ,c4,f4 ,nixon1 ,augu/1 #ahig2 ,woodl& ,cemet]y1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 ,augu/1 #ahig1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,cap #b-c 94 broad4 ,/em #b-b 94 high1 b v>iable 9 size4 ,its edible qualities are excell5t4 ,b4 limatulus ,fro/--poli%$4 ,pileus ne>ly flat1 ?91 glabr\s1 viscid :5 moi/1 some:at poli%$ & %9+ :5 dry1 ri* yell[i%-br[n4 ,fle% r$di% 9 ! pileus1 d>k] 9 ! /em4 ,tubes depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 gre5i%-yell[1 _! m\?s yell[i%-br[n4 ,/em small1 subbulb\s1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores #ab-aed-e4 ,pileus #a-b4e 94 broad4 ,woods4 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/4 ,by ! diff]5tly-color$ tube m\?s1 ?is species approa*es ^? ( ! next foll[+ tribe1 b x is plac$ "h because ^! are n r$ or r$di%4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 auripes ,pk4--yell[-/em4 ,pileus convex1 subglabr\s1 yell[i%-br[n1 sometimes crack+ 9 areas :5 old4 ,fle% yell[1 fad+ to :iti% ) age4 ,tubes ne>ly plane1 _! m\?s small1 subrotund1 at fir/ /uff$1 yell[4 ,/em ne>ly equal1 solid1 ev5 or slightly reticulat$ at ! top1 bright yell[1 a little pal] )94 ,spores o*race\s-br[n t+$ ) gre51 #abe4 ,pileus #c-f 94 broad4 ,/em #c-e 94 long1 #h-ab l9es ?ick4 ,"u m\nta9 laurel1 ,kalmia latifolia4 ,port ,jeff]son4 ,july4 ,! :ole plant1 except ! upp] surface ( ! pileus1 is ( a beautiful yell[ color4 ,! /em is sometimes m highly color$ ?an ! tubes4 ,! species is ref]able to ! tribe ,edules4 ,peck1 #ej? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,augu/1 ,septemb]1 #ahih4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,9 mix$ woods 9 :i* ,kalmia latifolia is pl5tiful4 ,! specim5s f\nd 7 9 its vic9ity4 ,! caps are excell5t4 ,b4 leptocephalus ,pk4 ,gr--?92 ,gr--head4 ,pileus ?91 broadly convex or ne>ly plane1 dry1 m9utely crack$1 especially ne> ! m>g91 light tawny-br[n1 sometimes t+$ ) r$di%-br[n4 ,fle% yell[i%-:ite1 ta/e at fir/ mild1 !n slightly acrid4 ,tubes subv5tricose1 depress$ ab\t ! /em1 ne>ly free1 d+y olive-yell[1 ! m\?s small1 subrotund4 ,/em ne>ly equal1 enl>g$ at ! top1 solid1 glabr\s or slightly pru9ose-mealy1 reticulat$ above1 color$ l ! pileus1 :ite )91 ) a :ite mycelium at ! base4 ,spores gre5i%-olivace\s1 fusi=m1 #ab4e-ag4e long1 #e-f broad4 ,pileus #aj-ab4e cm4 broad4 ,/em #aj-ab4e cm4 long1 #a4b-a4f cm4 ?ick4 ,dry1 op5 woods4 ,july4 ,e>le4 ,! reticulation ( ! upp] "p ( ! /em appe>s to be =m$ by ! decurr5t walls ( ! tubes4 ,! species belongs to ! tribe ,edules4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torr4 ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #be4 ,edible4 ,b4 fragrans ,vitt4--fragrant4 ,fasciculate or solit>y4 ,pileus #a-d 94 across1 convex1 d>k-br[n or umb]-br[n1 (t5 wavy1 slightly tom5tose1 m>g9 incurv$4 ,fle% v ?ick1 yell[i%1 sometimes un*angeable1 at o!rs *ang+ to gre5 or blue1 & f9ally becom+ r$di% :5 brok54 ,tubes %ort5$ ar\nd ! /em & almo/ free1 94 or m long1 op5+s small1 r\ndi%1 yell[ !n gre5i%4 ,/em at fir/ /\t1 ovate1 usually tap]+ at ! base1 !n l5g!n+ & becom+ ?9n] upw>d1 ev51 v>iegat$ ) yell[ & r$1 solid4 ,spores pale-olive1 elongato-fusi=m1 #aj-abd4 ,9 woods1 "u oaks1 etc4 ,pileus bronze-br[n1 sometimes ) purple %ades4 ,(t5 gr[s 9 d5se clu/]s1 & 9 ?is p>ticul> diff]+ f any o!r ,briti% species4 ,v good = eat+4 ,massee4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j4 ,oak woods4 ,augu/ to ,septemb]1 #ahid4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 #ahih4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,solit>y4 ,a h&some valuable species :i* appe>s to be r>e 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,%ade a beautiful bronze4 ,cap #c-d 94 across4 ,a doz5 or m individuals 7 f\nd & eat54 ,excell5t4 ,b4 fru/ulosus ,pk4--fru/ulum1 a small bit4 ,pileus ?ick1 convex or ne>ly plane1 subglabr\s1 crack$ 9 areas1 :ite or :iti%4 ,fle% :iti%4 ,tubes equal to or a little long] ?an ! ?ickness ( ! fle% ( ! pileus1 depress$ ab\t ! /em1 :iti%1 becom+ pale br[n4 ,/em equal1 solid1 :iti%1 reticulat$ above4 ,spores #ae-age-f4 ,pileus #c-e 94 broad4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 #f-aj l9es ?ick4 ,op5 gr\nds & clay banks4 ,ocean ,spr+s1 ,mississippi & ,akron1 ,alabama4 ,may & ,june4 ,und]wood4 ,! deeply crack$ surface ( ! pileus is ! mo/ notable feature ( ?is species4 ,?is sometimes is se5 ev5 9 q "y plants4 ,! crack$ areas are q unequal 9 size4 ,! deep *9ks ) slop+ sides cause !m to appe> l fru/a ( polygonal pyramids4 ,9 "s specim5s ! reticulations ( ! /em ext5d ne>ly or q to its base1 & make ! place ( ! species ambigu\s betwe5 ! ,calopodes & ,edules4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bd1 ,no4 #c4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,septemb]1 #ahih1 on soil ov] r$ conglom]ate & on road-sides4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,! deep cracks 9 ! cap readily di/+ui% ?is species4 ,aft] ra9s ! caps are frequ5tly slightly di%$ & widely crack$ at m>g94 ,! expos$ fle% dries ) a f9e silky gloss4 ,! caps are excell5t4 ,! tubes & /em %\ld be remov$4 ,b4 crassipes ,pk4--?ick-foot$4 7,plate ,,cxvi1 fig4 #e1 p4 #dbj47 ,pileus convex or c5trally depress$1 firm1 dry1 velvety1 br[n t+$ ) yell[1 ! wavy or lob$ involute m>g9 ext5d+ beyond ! tubes4 ,fle% lemon-yell[1 un*angeable1 ta/e sweet1 odor l t ( yea/4 ,tubes r %ort1 depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 almo/ free1 yell[i% mottl$ ) br[n1 ! m\?s m9ute1 /uff$ :5 "y4 ,/em /\t1 ?ick1 sometimes swoll5 9 ! middle & sometimes bulb\s1 beautifully reticulat$ b ! reticulations sometimes disappe>+ ) age1 orange-yell[ t+$ ) br[n4 ,fle% ( a bright] yell[ ?an t ( ! pileus4 ,pileus #e-aj cm4 broad4 ,/em #f-h cm4 long1 #b4e-c4e cm4 ?ick4 ,oak woods4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,! ?ick1 beautifully reticulat$ /em1 ! deep velvety br[n color ( ! pileus & ! yell[ color ( ! fle% s]ve to di/+ui% ?is species4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torr4 ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bg1 ,janu>y1 #aijj4 ,x is "o ( ! be/ edible mu%rooms4 ,i h also f\nd x 9 ,new ,j]sey4 ,,lu,,ridi4 ,/ratum ( tubes r\nd$ t[>d ! /em & free1 _! m\?s at fir/ clos$ & r$4 ,pileus compact1 !n s(t1 cu%ion-%ap$1 ! fle% juicy1 *angeable4 ,/em /\t1 at fir/ %ort1 bulbi=m1 !n elongat$ & subequal1 subreticulat$ or dott$4 ,gr[+ especially 9 frondose woods4 ,v poison\s4 ,9 ?is tribe ! tubes & _! m\?s are diff]5tly color$1 ! latt] be+ r$ or "s %ade ( r$4 ,by ?is "* ! species are easily di/+ui%$ f ^? ( o!r tribes4 ,fle% di/9ctly *ang+ color :]e w\nd$ #a ,fle% n at all or sc>cely *ang+ color :]e #g w\nd$ #a4 ,fle% :ite or :iti% #b #a4 ,fle% yell[ or yell[i% #e #b4 ,fle% *ang+ to r$ or violet ,b4 ,satanus #b4 ,fle% *ang+ to blue #c #c4 ,/em r\gh5$ ,b4 alveolatus #c4 ,/em ev5 #d #d4 ,/em hairy at ! base ,b4 subvelutipes #d4 ,/em n hairy at ! base ,b4 v]miculosus #e4 ,/em r$ ,b4 luridus #e4 ,/em yell[ or r$di% only at ! base #f #f4 ,pileus purpli%-r$ ,b4 purpureus #f4 ,pileus gray ,b4 firmus #f4 ,pileus yell[ or yell[i% ,b4 magnisporus #g4 ,pileus blood-r$ ,b4 ,fro/ii #g4 ,pileus r$di%-tawny or br[n ,b4 ,sullivantii ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,all au?ors1 up to ?is date1 agree 9 /at+ t ! species )9 ?is s]ies are poison\s4 ,exp]im5ts made by ,smi$eb]g & ,koppe ) ,boletus ,satanus develop$ symptoms closely resembl+ poison+ by ,amanit4 ,kob]t1 :o made analysis ( ,b4 luridus1 %[s t x conta9s musc>9e1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ deadly poisons4 ,su* a mass ( evid5ce comm&s respect4 ,x is urg$ ^u f9d]s ( ^! species to ei!r leave !m alone or te/ !m 9 m9ute quantities until !y h e/abli%$ _! ability to eat !m )\t injury4 ,i h tak5 special pa9s to e/abli% ! edibility ( ,b4 ,satanus & ,b4 luridus4 ,= fifte5 ye>s ,i h eat5 !m 9 quantity :5 opportunity af=d$1 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey & ,p5nsylvania4 ,my family1 & my fri5ds 9 widely sep>at$ localities1 h p>tak5 freely ( !m _m times & )\t discom=t4 ,!y are rem>kably f9e eat+4 ,! same c be said ( ,b4 alveolatus1 ,b4 purpureus1 ,b4 subvelutipes4 ,i h n se5 ! o!r species ( ?is tribe4 ,i h det]m9$ s _m ( ! reput$ poison\s species to be edible1 t unless positively au!nticat$1 ,i d n accept repute z tru?1 b c>efully te/ suspici\s species ^u myself4 ,:5 sure !re is no dang]1 ,i z c>efully h !m te/$ by my num]\s "u-ta/]s--male & female4 ,b4 ,satanus ,l5z4--,satanic4 ,pileus convex1 glabr\s1 some:at gluey1 br[ni%-yell[ or :iti%4 ,fle% :iti%1 becom+ r$di% or violace\s :]e w\nd$4 ,tubes free1 yell[1 _! m\?s bright r$ becom+ orange-color$ ) age4 ,/em ?ick1 ovate-v5tricose1 m>k$ above ) r$ reticulations4 ,spores #abe4 ,pileus #c-h 94 broad4 ,/em #b-c 94 long4 ,woods4 ,r>e4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis2 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,cali=nia1 ,h4 & ,m41 ,n4,j4 ,ellis4 ,?\gh mild to ! ta/e1 ?is ,boletus is said to be v poison\s1 a "* sugge/ive ( ! specific "n4 ,fries describes ! color ( ! spores z e>?y-yell[2 ,smi? z ri* br[n4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,boletus ,satanus is sometimes pl5tiful 9 spots4 ,:]e x luxuriates x is a ri* decoration to ! gr\nd1 & e>? ^u upturn$-roots ^u :i* x (t5 gr[s4 ,x does n live long aft] rea*+ maturity1 b decomposes into a putresc5t mass4 ,its reputation rivals t ( ! orig9al possessor ( its "n4 ,b old prov]b saye? t ev5 8,! ,devil is n z black z he is pa9t$40 ,see rem>ks head+ ,luridi4 ,b4 alveolatus ,b4 & ,c4 ,pileus convex1 glabr\s1 %9+1 bright crimson or m>oon-color1 sometimes pal] & v>i$ ) pat*es ( yell[4 ,fle% firm1 :ite1 *ang+ to blue :]e w\nd$4 ,tubes adnate1 subdecurr5t1 yell[ ) m>oon-color$ m\?s1 ! hym5ial surface unev5 ) irregul> alveol> depressions4 ,/em v r\gh ) ! m>g9s ( r co>se subreticul> depressions1 ! reticulations bright-r$ above ) yell[ /a9s4 ,spores yell[i%-br[n1 #ab4e-aed-e4 ,pileus #c-f 94 broad4 ,/em #c-d 94 long1 #i l9es ?ick4 ,damp woods4 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9s1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 9 mix$ woods & on banks ( /reams4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,b4 alveolatus appe>s to be m g5]ally di/ribut$ ?an ,b4 ,satanus4 ,x is n z clanni%1 ?\gh occasionally ?ree or f\r are f\nd gr[+ toge!r4 ,:5 gr[+ f ! banks ( creeks1 or betwe5 ! roots ( bee* & o!r trees 9 l[ places1 x is (t5 de=m$ 9 cap & /em4 ,! texture is firm1 close & ! ta/e is v pleasant4 ,x botanically takes its place 9 ?is suspect$ s]ies4 ,i consid] x "o ( ! be/ ,boleti4 ,see rem>ks head+ ,luridi4 ,b4 luridus ,s*aeff4--lurid 9 color4 ,pileus convex1 tom5tose1 br[n-olivace\s1 !n some:at viscose1 sooty4 ,fle% yell[1 *ang+ to blue :]e w\nd$4 ,tubes free1 yell[1 becom+ gre5i%1 _! m\?s r\nd1 v]milion1 becom+ orange4 ,/em /\t1 v]milion1 some:at orange at ! top1 reticulate or punctate4 ,spores gre5i%-gray1 #aei4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad4 ,/em #b-c 94 long4 ,! lurid ,boletus1 ?\gh pleasant to ! ta/e1 is reput$ v poison\s4 ,boletus rubeol>ius ,p]s41 hav+ a %ort bulb\s sc>cely reticulat$ /em1 is reg>d$ z a v>iety ( ?is species4 ,! r$-/emm$ ,boletus1 ,b4 ery?ropus ,p]s41 is also indicat$ z a v>iety ( x by ,fries4 ,x is small] ?an ,b4 luridus1 has a br[n or r$di%-br[n pileus & a sl5d] cyl9drical /em1 n reticulat$1 b dott$ ) squamules4 ,x has be5 report$ f ,cali=nia by ,h>kness & ,moore4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,v>4 ery?ropus receiv$ f ,dr4 ,j4,w4 ,h>%b]g]1 ,philadelphia1 ,may1 #ahif4 ,(t5 %9+ z if v>ni%$ & v h&some4 ,i frequ5tly f\nd x 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey & ,p5nsylvania 9 mix$ woods among leaves4 ,its reputation is bad4 ,x is und\bt$ly edible by _m1 & is delici\s4 ,! caution head+ ,luridi %\ld be c>efully obs]v$4 ,b4 purpureus ,fr4--purple4 ,pileus convex1 opaque1 dry1 some:at velvety1 purpli%-r$4 ,fle% 9 ! "y plant only becom+ blue1 !n d>k-yell[4 ,tubes ne>ly free1 yell[ or gre5i%-yell[1 _! m\?s m9ute1 purple-orange1 *ang+ to blue :]e w\nd$4 ,/em /\t1 firm1 adorn$ ) purple ve9s or dots1 sometimes reticulat$ at ! apex only1 yell[1 r$di% )91 especially at ! base4 ,spores gre5i%-br[n1 #aj-abe-f4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad4 ,/em #b-d 94 long1 #f-h l9es ?ick4 ,woods4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis2 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,m9nesota1 ,johnson4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 #ahig-ahih1 ,b4 purpureus 0 common 9 oak & *e/nut woods4 ,x is a %[y species1 easily di/+ui%$ by its velvety cap4 ,9 "y specim5s ! /em is robu/1 !n tap]+ upw>d4 ,:5 old ! cap loses its ri* color t[>d ! m>g91 becom+ yell[i%4 ,! fle% is ?ick1 firm & ( excell5t flavor4 ,x und\bt$ly prov$ itself delici\s & h>mless to _m eat+ x4 ,b4 v]miculosus ,pk4--wormy4 ,pileus broadly convex1 ?ick1 firm1 dry1 glabr\s1 or v m9utely tom5tose1 br[n1 yell[i%-br[n or grayi%-br[n1 sometimes t+$ ) r$4 ,fle% :ite or :iti%1 quickly *ang+ to blue :]e w\nd$4 ,tubes plane or slightly convex1 ne>ly free1 yell[1 _! m\?s small1 r\nd1 br[ni%-orange1 becom+ d>k] or blacki% ) age1 *ang+ promptly to blue :]e w\nd$4 ,/em subequal1 firm1 ev51 pal] ?an ! pileus4 ,spores o*race\s-br[n1 #aj-abd-e4 ,v>4 ,spraguei4 7,boletus ,spraguei ,fro/1 ,bull4 ,buff4 ,soc41 p4 #ajb47 ,/em yell[ above1 m9utely velvety bel[4 ,pileus #c-e 94 broad4 ,/em #b-d 94 long1 #d-aj l9es ?ick4 ,woods4 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/4 ,! species is sep>at$ f ,b4 luridus by its dry pileus1 :ite fle%1 ev5 /em1 :i* is nei!r reticulat$ nor dott$1 & by its small] spores4 ,i c n di/+ui% specim5s ( ,b4 ,spraguei receiv$ f ,mr4 ,fro/1 f ?is species4 ,! "n is sc>cely appropriate1 = specim5s are n always infe/$ by l>v4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,i h n se5 ?is species1 !re=e1 h n te/$ x4 ,,caution4 ,b4 subvelutipes ,pk4--velvety-/em4 ,pileus convex1 firm1 subglabr\s1 yell[i%-br[n or r$di%-br[n4 ,fle% :iti%1 bo? x & ! tubes *ang+ to blue :]e w\nd$4 ,tubes plane or slightly convex1 ne>ly free1 yell[i%1 _! m\?s small1 br[ni%-r$4 ,/em equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 firm1 ev51 some:at pru9ose above1 velvety ) a hairy tom5tum t[>d ! base1 yell[ at ! top1 r$di%-br[n bel[1 v>i$ ) r$ & yell[ )94 ,spores #ae-ahe-f4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 #d-f l9es ?ick4 ,woods4 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,?is species resembles ! prec$+ "o 9 g5]al appe>ance1 b x is v di/9ct by its mu* long] spores & by ! velvety hair9ess t[>d ! base ( ! /em4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,boletus subvelutipes is common 9 "s localities 9 ,p5nsylvania1 especially on ! ,spr+ton ,hills1 9 *e/nut & oak woods4 ,i h frequ5tly eat5 x & f\nd x excell5t4 ,o!rs %\ld c>efully te/ x4 ,b4 firmus ,fro/--firm4 ,pileus convex1 v firm1 slightly tom5tose1 gray1 (t5 pitt$4 ,fle% yell[i% or deep-yell[1 *ang+ to blue :]e w\nd$4 ,tubes adnate1 deeply arcuate1 unequal1 yell[1 _! m\?s t+$ ) r$4 ,/em solid1 h>d1 v f9ely reticulat$1 yell[i%1 r$di% at ! base4 ,spores #acc4 ,pileus #b4e-d 94 broad4 ,/em #b-d 94 long4 ,ri* moi/ wood4 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/4 ,app>5tly a well-m>k$ & v di/9ct species4 ,accord+ to ! au?or1 x is readily di/+ui%$ by its t5acity & g5]ally di/ort$ gr[?4 ,i h n se5 x nor ! next4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,pr(essor ,peck's measurem5t ( spores1 #ej? ,report1 ,new ,york ,/ate ,botani/1 is #ac long1 #f wide4 ,b4 magnisporus ,fro/4 ,pileus convex1 firm1 tom5tose1 gold5-yell[2 tubes sc>cely adnate1 ev51 gre5i%-yell[1 _! m\?s light c9nab>-r$4 ,/em long1 sl5d]1 yell[ above1 r$ bel[4 ,spores #ae-ahf4 ,pileus #b4e to #c4e 94 broad4 ,woods & ?ickets4 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/2 ,ohio1 ,morgan4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,i h n recogniz$ x4 ,,caution4 ,b4 ,frostii ,russell4 ,pileus convex1 poli%$1 %9+1 blood-r$1 ! m>g9 ?94 ,fle% sc>cely *ang+ to blue4 ,tubes ne>ly free1 gre5i%-yell[1 becom+ yell[i%-br[n ) age1 _! m\?s blood-r$ or c9nab>4 ,/em equal or tap]+ upw>d1 di/9ctly reticulat$1 firm1 blood-r$4 ,spores #ab4e-aee4 ,pileus #c-d 94 broad4 ,/em #b-d 94 long1 #c-f l9es ?ick4 ,grassy places "u trees or 9 ?9 woods4 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/2 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,new ,j]sey1 ,ellis4 ,?is is a highly color$1 beautiful ,boletus1 b x is n common4 ,! /em sometimes fades ) age1 & bo? x & ! tubes are apt to lose _! color 9 dry+4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,i h n recogniz$ x4 ,,caution4 ,b4 ,sullivantii ,b4 & ,m4 ,pileus hemisph]ical1 glabr\s1 r$di%-tawny or br[n1 br[ni% :5 dry1 crack$ 9 squ>es4 ,tubes free1 convex1 m$ium size1 angul>1 long] t[>d ! m>g91 _! m\?s r$di%4 ,/em solid1 violace\s at ! ?ick5$ base1 r$-reticulat$ at ! apex1 exp&$ into ! pileus4 ,spores pallid o*race\s1 oblong-fusi=m1 #aj-bj long4 ,pileus #c-d 94 broad4 ,/em #a4e-c 94 long4 ,compact soil4 ,ohio4 ,sullivant4 ,! species is said to be int]m$iate betwe5 ,boletus scab] & ,b4 edulis4 ,f ! =m] x diff]s 9 its reticulat$ /em1 f ! latt]1 9 its l>g] tubes & f bo? 9 its /ratum ( tubes be+ remote f ! /em4 ,i h n se5 x4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 ,und]woodii ,pk4 ,pileus r ?91 convex1 becom+ ne>ly plane1 slightly velvety1 bright br[ni%-r$1 becom+ pal] ) age4 ,fle% yell[1 *ang+ to gre5i%-blue :]e w\nd$4 ,tubes adnate or slightly decurr5t1 gre5i%-yell[1 becom+ blui% :]e w\nd$1 _! m\?s v small1 r\nd1 c9nab> r$1 becom+ br[ni%-orange4 ,/em equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 some:at irregul>1 solid1 yell[ )\t & )94 ,spores #aj-ab x #e4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad4 ,/em #c-d 94 long1 #d-f l9es ?ick4 ,grassy woods4 ,auburn1 ,alabama4 ,july4 ,und]wood4 ,?is species is rem>kable = its adnate or subdecurr5t tubes1 9 :i* x dep>ts f ! "* ( ! tribe to :i* x belongs accord+ to ! colors ( ! tubes4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bd1 ,no4 #c4 ,b4 p>vus ,pk4--p>vus1 small4 ,pileus convex1 becom+ plane1 (t5 slightly umbonate1 subtom5tose1 r$di%4 ,fle% yell[i%-:ite1 sl[ly *ang+ to p9ki% :]e w\nd$4 ,tubes ne>ly plane1 adnate1 _! m\?s r l>ge1 angul>1 at fir/ bright r$1 becom+ r$di%-br[n4 ,/em equal or slightly ?ick5$ bel[1 r$4 ,spores oblong1 #ab4ed4 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 #b-c l9es ?ick4 ,grassy woods4 ,auburn1 ,ala4 ,july4 ,und]wood4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bd1 ,no4 #c4 ,,v]sipel,,les--v]to1 to *ange2 pellis1 a sk94 ,tubes at fir/ :ite or :iti%1 m9ute1 r\nd1 equal1 =m+ a convex /ratum free f ! /em4 ,/em black ,b4 alboat] ,/em "s o!r color #a #a4 ,/em yell[ at ! base ,b4 *romapes #a4 ,/em n yell[ at ! base #b #b4 ,m>g9 ( ! pileus ,b4 v]sipellis app5diculate #b4 ,m>g9 n app5diculate #c #c4 ,/em scabr\s or ,b4 scab] punctate-squamulose #c4 ,/em ev5 #d #d4 ,pileus :ite or :iti% ,b4 albellus #d4 ,pileus d>k-br[n ,b4 sordidus ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 alboat] ,s*w4--black & :ite4 ,pileus convex1 subtom5tose-velvety1 black4 ,tubes free1 _! m\?s r small1 :ite4 ,/em black4 ,pileus #c 94 broad4 ,/em #b 94 long4 ,moi/ woods4 ,frequ5t4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,p5nsylvania1 ,s*we9itz4 ,9 ,epicrisis1 p4 #dbd1 ,fries adds to ! description "h quot$1 t ! /em is flocculose-veil$4 ,he subjo9s to ?is z a subspecies1 ,boletus floccosus ,s*w42 b 9 ,syn4 ,n4,a4 ,fung41 ,s*we9itz makes ?is a synonym ( ,boletus floccopus4 ,! species does n appe> to h be5 recogniz$ by rec5t collectors1 :i* seems /range unless !re is "s error conc]n+ x4 ,c x be a black v>iety ( ,boletus scab]8 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,gravelly woods4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,cap #a-d 94 across1 convex1 slightly depress$1 m>g9 involute :5 "y1 black1 d5sely velvety 9 y\? & age--beautifully s4 ,fle% firm1 ?ick1 solid1 :ite *ang+ to grayi%4 ,tubes :ite1 /uff$1 sometimes blacki% :5 "y1 except+ a grayi%-:ite circle ar\nd /em1 becom+ yell[i%-:ite :5 matur$1 rotund1 m9ute1 up to 94 long1 plane :5 "y2 :5 caps exp& tubes draw away f /em leav+ a deep :ite depression4 ,?is draw+ away app>5tly elongates _m dissepim5ts1 creat+ a gill-l effect1 decurr5t ^u /em4 ,/em #b-c 94 long1 swoll5 t[>d base :5 "y1 equal1 exp&+ into cap & tap]+ to a po9t at base2 -#a 94 ?ick1 slightly compressible1 h>d1 sooty-black1 velvety ne> base1 sat9y & glossy upw>d1 has ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 black5$ ) burnt cork1 usually ) n>r[ :ite b& next to ! tubes1 no trace ( veil1 compos$ ( r h>d wav$ fib]s1 :ite :5 split1 b *ang+ to sooty black t[>d base1 light] upw>d4 ,smell l common mu%room2 ta/e nutty4 ,greg>i\s 9 s&y-conglom]ate soil 9 mix$ woods1 among moss & leaves4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,diff]s f ,b4 alboat] ,s*w41 9 hav+ d5sely tom5tose cap1 tubes widely sep>at$ f /em 9 age4 ,a "y specim5 ( app>5tly same species 9 same pat* _h v %ort1 decurr5t tubes 7n ov] #a l9e7 :i* 7 sooty-black4 ,delici\s4 ,b4 sordidus ,fro/--sordid4 ,pileus convex1 subtom5tose1 dirty d>k-br[n4 ,fle% :ite1 slightly t+$ ) gre54 ,tubes long1 ne>ly free1 at fir/ :ite1 *ang+ to blui%-gre54 ,/em small] at ! top1 br[ni%1 m>k$ ) d>k] /reaks1 g5]ally gre5i% above4 ,spores #aj-ace4 ,pileus ab\t #b 94 broad4 ,rec5t excavations 9 woods4 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/2 ,ohio1 ,morgan4 ,! ,ohio plant occurs 9 damp woods1 has ! fle% sometimes t+$ ) r$ & gre51 ! tubes :ite1 !n sordid1 b *ang+ to blui%-gre5 :5 bruis$1 _! m\?s l>ge & angul>1 ! /em some:at flexu\s & /riate & ! spores fusi=m & dirty-br[n1 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 v]sipellis ,fr4 ,pileus convex1 dry1 at fir/ compact & m9utely tom5tose1 !n squamose or smoo?1 r$di% or orange-r$1 ! m>g9 app5diculate ) ! inflex$ rema9s ( ! membran\s veil4 ,fle% :ite or grayi%4 ,tubes at fir/ concave or ne>ly plane1 almo/ or q free1 m9ute1 sordid-:ite1 _! m\?s gray4 ,/em equal or tap]+ upw>d1 solid1 wr9kl$-scaly1 :iti% or pallid4 ,spores oblong-fusi=m1 #ad-ahd-f4 ,pileus #b-f 94 broad4 ,/em #c-e 94 long1 #d-aj l9es ?ick4 ,woods & op5 places1 especially 9 s&y soil4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis2 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/2 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,cali=nia1 ,h4 & ,m4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,! caps are good cook$ 9 any way4 7,plate ,,cxxi47 ,illu/ration3 ,,boletus ,,scab]4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,b4 scab] ,fr4--scab]1 r\gh4 7,plate ,,cxviii1 fig4 #d1 p4 #dcf47 ,pileus convex1 glabr\s1 viscid :5 moi/1 at l5g? wr9kl$ or l9$4 ,tubes free1 convex1 :ite1 !n sordid1 _! m\?s m9ute1 rotund4 ,/em solid1 att5uat$ above1 r\gh5$ ) fibr\s scales4 ,spores oblong-fusi=m1 snuff-br[n1 #ad-ahd-f4 ,pileus #a-e 94 broad4 ,/em #c-e 94 long1 #c-h l9es ?ick4 ,woods1 swamps & op5 places4 ,v common & appe>+ ?r\gh summ] & autumn4 ,?is may fairly be call$ our mo/ common & v>iable species4 ,x is record$ 9 ne>ly e local li/ ( fungi4 ,! pileus is convex1 hemisph]ical or ev5 subconical4 ,x may be glabr\s1 m9utely tom5tose1 subvelvety or squamulose4 ,! fle% is :ite or :iti% & sometimes slightly *angeable :]e w\nd$4 ,! tubes are g5]ally r long & ) a r\nd$ or convex surface4 ,! /em is di/9ctly scabr\s or r\gh5$ ) small blacki%-br[n or r$di% dots or scales1 ! gr\nd color g5]ally be+ :iti%1 grayi% or pallid4 ,! spores h be5 describ$ z pale-br[n & light-yell[i%4 ,:5 caught 9 a mass on :ite pap] !y appe> to me to approa* snuff-br[n4 ,! viscidity ( ! pileus is n always cle>ly disc]nible4 ,inde$ ! pileus is (t5 q z dry z 9 ,b4 v]sipellis4 ,:5 moi/5$ by heavy ra9s x sometimes is smoo? & clammy to ! t\* b sc>cely viscid4 ,sev]al v>ieties h be5 indicat$ :i* are expressive ( ! v>iations 9 ! color ( ! pileus4 ,v>4 te/aceus4 ,pileus brick-r$4 ,v>4 aurantiacus4 ,pileus orange or orange-r$4 ,^! appe> to connect ?is species & ,b4 v]sipellis4 ,v>4 alutaceus4 ,pileus yell[i%-tan color4 ,v>4 fulig9eus4 ,pileus fulig9\s or c9]e\s-fulig9\s4 ,v>4 fuscus4 ,pileus br[n or d>k-br[n4 ,v>4 olivaceus4 ,pileus olivace\s4 ,v>4 niveus4 ,pileus :ite1 :5 old sometimes /a9$ ) blue or livid-blue4 ,to ^! might be add$3 ,v>4 areolatus4 ,pileus rimose-areolate4 7,plate ,,cxviii1 fig4 #d1 p4 #dcf47 ,v>4 mutabilis4 ,fle% *ang+ slightly to br[n or p9ki% :]e w\nd$4 ,v>4 gracilipes4 ,/em v sl5d]1 #b-c 94 long1 #b-c l9es ?ick4 ,pileus ?91 transluc5t :5 held t[>d ! light4 ,?is ,boletus is class$ among ! edible species1 b x is said to be less agreeable ?an ,b4 edulis4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,! num]\s v>ieties ) _! peculi>ities "h giv5 by ,pr(essor ,peck w enable ! f9d] ( a ,boletus ) a di/9ctly scabr\s /em--r\gh5$ ) scales1 n reticulate--to select its "n4 ,= ! mycophagi/ x is en\gh to "k t he has ,boletus scab]4 ,9 all ( its v>ieties x is edible4 ,! /ems1 (t5 ! tubes1 unless "y1 %\ld be disc>d$1 z !y d n cook 9 ! same "t z ! caps4 ,! comp>ative excell5ce ( ! species re/s ) ! dev\r]4 ,x des]ves a high place4 ,b4 scab]1 v>4 areolatus1 ,plate ,,cxviii1 fig4 #d1 has slight flavor1 b is ( pleas+ consi/5cy4 ,b4 duriusculus ,s*ulz--some:at h>d4 ,pileus #b-e 94 across1 hemisph]ical1 m9utely velvety1 viscid :5 moi/1 v>y+ 9 color f pale-br[n1 ?r\gh d+y-*e/nut1 to umb]-br[n1 (t5 becom+ crack$ 9 areas :5 dry1 int]/ices pal]4 ,fle% ?ick1 :ite or t+$ yell[1 :5 cut becom+ r$di% copp]-color4 ,tubes - 94 long1 %ort5$ r\nd ! /em & free1 op5+s ab\t mm4 across1 (t5 comp\nd1 irregul>ly angul>1 bright-yell[4 ,/em #d-g 94 long1 fusi=m1 ?icke/ "p #a-b 94 across1 situat$ bel[ ! middle1 yell[i%1 r\gh ) blacki% po9ts1 :i* are sometimes arrang$ 9 a subreticulate mann]1 apex sometimes m or less groov$1 solid1 fle% ( upp] "p becom+ copp]y l ! pileus4 ,spores elongato-cyl9drical1 pale-umb]1 #ad-afe-f4 ,9 woods4 ,escul5t & v delici\s4 ,alli$ to ,boletus scab]1 b di/+ui%$ by ! bright-yell[ tubes & ! v firm fle%1 :i* turns copp]y-r$ :5 expos$ to ! air2 ?is color ev5tually *anges to a d+y grayi%-violet4 ,also alli$ to ,boletus porphyrosporus4 ,massee4 ,sn[ ,hill1 ,n4,j4 ,gravelly soil1 mix$ woods1 #ahib4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,! /em & tubes %\ld be remov$4 ,! caps are v f9e4 ,b4 albellus ,pk4--:iti%4 ,pileus convex or gibb\s1 s(t1 glabr\s1 :iti%4 ,fle% :ite1 un*angeable4 ,tubes convex1 free1 or ne>ly s1 small1 subrotund1 :iti%1 un*angeable4 ,/em glabr\s or m9utely branny1 sub/riate1 bulb\s or ?ick5$ at ! base1 :iti%4 ,spores br[ni%-o*race\s1 #ad-afe-f4 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 #c-f l9es ?ick4 ,woods4 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,?is is closely relat$ to ,b4 scab]1 ( :i* x may possibly prove to be a dw>f =m2 b x is easily di/+ui%$ by its smoo? or only slightly scurfy & subbulb\s /em4 ,x pres5ts no appe>ance ( ! color$ dot-l squamules :i* are a con/ant & *>act]i/ic feature ( t species4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,woodl& ,cemet]y1 ,philadelphia4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,specim5s f\nd at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 _h a sat9y1 glossy /em1 beautifully furfurace\s1 & /em n ?ick5$ at base4 ,pr(essor ,peck1 to :om specim5s 7 s5t1 writes3 8,/em is a little m furfurace\s1 & n ?ick5$ at ! base1 o!rwise ! agreem5t is v good40 ,x is good fri$4 ,b4 *romapes ,fro/4 ,pileus convex or ne>ly plane1 slightly & sometimes fasciculately tom5tose1 pale-r$4 ,fle% :ite1 un*angeable4 ,tubes subadnate1 m or less depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 :ite or :iti%1 becom+ br[n4 ,/em equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 r\gh-spott$1 :iti% or pallid1 *rome-yell[ at ! base bo? )\t & )91 sometimes r$di% above4 ,spores oblong1 #ab-add-e4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad4 ,/em #b-d 94 long1 #d-f l9es ?ick4 ,woods4 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/2 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,! yell[ base ( ! /em appe>s to be a peculi> & con/ant "* by :i* ! species may easily be recogniz$4 ,x imitates ,boletus pip]atus 9 ?is respect1 b 9 ev]y?+ else x is v di/9ct f t plant4 ,sometimes ! /em is s badly infe/$ by l>v t x is difficult to procure a s\nd specim54 ,! spores h a subf]rug9\s color ) a slight inc>nate t9t1 b ! r\gh-dott$ /em indicates a relation%ip ) ,b4 scab]4 ,?r\gh ?is species1 ,boletus conicus & ,b4 gracilis1 ! ,v]sipelles & ! ,hyporhodii appe> to run toge!r4 ,9 ! ,catalogue ( ,plants ( ,amh]/ ! specific "n is 8*romapus40 ,x w\ld be m 9 accordance ) pres5t cu/om to write x 8*romopus40 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,a doz5 or m specim5s ref]able to ?is species 7 f\nd by me at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,augu/1 #ahig1 9 mix$ woods4 ,! caps 7 eat5 & 7 excell5t4 ,b4 nebulosus ,pk4 ,pileus convex1 dry1 snuff-br[n or smoky-br[n4 ,fle% :ite1 un*angeable4 ,tubes convex1 depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 pallid or br[ni%1 becom+ purpli%-br[n :]e w\nd$1 ! m\?s small1 rotund4 ,/em enl>g$ t[>d ! base1 solid1 scurfy1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores #ab4e-aef4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad4 ,/em #c-d 94 long1 #d-f l9es ?ick4 ,%ad$ banks by road-side4 ,raybrook4 ,augu/4 ,no "y or immature specim5s 7 se51 & ! description is to t ext5t incomplete4 ,peck1 #ea/ ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,by a pa9t+ made by ! writ] ,septemb]1 #ahhe1 ,pr(essor ,peck id5tifi$ ! species ( :i* x is a picture z ,b4 nebulosus ,pk4 ,! foll[+ notes accompany x1 :i* h be5 v]ifi$ _m times s9ce _! writ+3 ,oak woods4 ,we/ ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 ,septemb]4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,septemb]4 ,pileus *e/nut-br[n & d>k]1 cov]$ ) small1 l[1 black spots2 convex1 (t5 depress$ 9 c5t]1 %>p on m>g94 ,fle% :ite1 ?ick1 solid1 un*angeable4 ,tubes v small1 & light p9ki%-br[n4 ,:5 t\*$ !y *ange to a deep] hue4 ,/em same color z pileus1 b a %ade light]1 solid1 scurfy1 hav+ a /riate appe>ance1 enl>g+ t[>d base4 ,ta/e sweet & pleasant4 ,cook$ x is juicy1 meaty & v f9e4 ,b4 fulvus ,pk4--br[ni%-yell[4 7,plate ,,cxvi1 fig4 #c1 p4 #dbj47 ,pileus ?ick1 convex or subcampanulate1 dry1 glabr\s1 rimose-areolate1 tawny-yell[1 ! extreme m>g9 d>k-br[n4 ,fle% spongy1 t\gh1 :ite1 sl[ly assum+ a r$di% t9t ^u exposure to ! air4 ,tubes r long1 v5tricose1 depress$ ar\nd ! /em & free or ne>ly s1 gre5i%-yell[1 ! m\?s small1 tawny-yell[4 ,/em r long1 (t5 n>r[$ & /riate at ! top1 dott$ ) br[ni%-orange granules or po9ts1 radicat+1 t\gh1 /uff$ ) gre5i%-yell[ fib]s1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores unkn[n4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad4 ,/em #d-e 94 long1 #d-h l9es ?ick4 ,cespitose on decay+ /umps4 ,we/ ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,augu/4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,mr4 ,mc,ilvaine says t !re 7 betwe5 tw5ty & ?irty specim5s on & ab\t an old /ump & t !y 7 z attractive to ! eye z a clu/] ( ,clitocybe illud5s4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bg1 ,janu>y1 #aijj4 ,excell5t 9 flavor1 r spongy1 b f9e4 ,,hyporho,,dii4 ,gr--some:at rose-color$4 ,tubes adnate to ! /em1 :iti%1 !n :ite-inc>nate f ! rosy spores4 ,9 ?is tribe ! tubes are at fir/ :iti%1 b ) ! developm5t ( ! spores !y usually assume a p9ki% or fle%-color$ hue4 ,w\nds ( ! tubes 9 "s species cause a *ange 9 color b n to blue1 nor are ! tube m\?s diff]5tly color$ z 9 ! ,luridi4 ,! /em 9 "s is m or less reticulat$ b ?is is sc>cely a con/ant or reliable "* 9 ^! species4 ,typically ! spores are rosy or fle%-color$1 b ,i h admitt$ species 9 :i* !y incl9e to ru/-color$1 giv+ m weight to ! color ( ! tubes ?an to t ( ! spores4 ,pileus black or blacki% ,b4 nigrellus ,pileus "s o!r color #a #a4 ,/em m ?an f\r l9es ?ick #b #a4 ,/em sl5d]1 g5]ally less ?an f\r ,b4 l9es ?ick gracilis #b4 ,/em n reticulat$ #c #b4 ,/em m or less reticulat$ #d #c4 ,tubes angul>1 fle%-color$ ,b4 conicus #c4 ,tubes r\nd1 :ite ,b4 alut>ius #d4 ,ta/e mild ,b4 indecisus #d4 ,ta/e bitt] ,b4 felleus ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 conicus ,rav4--conical4 ,pileus convex or subconical1 clo!d ) bundl$ appress$ yell[i% flocci4 ,fle% :ite1 un*angeable1 ta/eless4 ,tubes v5tricose1 fle%-color$1 becom+ d>k] f ! spores1 ! m\?s small1 angul>1 slightly fr+$4 ,/em glabr\s1 tap]+ upw>d1 pale-yell[4 ,spores fusi=m1 subf]rug9\s4 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad4 ,/em #b 94 long1 #f l9es ?ick4 ,damp p9e woods4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,rav5el4 ,! species is comp>$ to ,boletus scab]1 f :i* x diff]s 9 its small] tubes & smoo? /em1 & f bo? ?is & ,b4 albellus x diff]s 9 ! color ( ! tubes & 9 ! yell[i% flocci ( ! pileus4 ,i h se5 no specim5s1 b on acc\nt ( ! color ( ! tubes ,i h plac$ ! species ) ! ,hyporhodii4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 gracilis ,pk4--sl5d]4 7,plate ,,cxiv1 fig4 #a1 p4 #dad47 ,pileus convex1 glabr\s or m9utely tom5tose1 r>ely squamulose1 o*race\s-br[n1 tawny-br[n or r$di%-br[n4 ,fle% :ite4 ,tubes plane or convex1 depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 ne>ly free1 :iti%1 becom+ pale fle%-color$1 _! m\?s subrotund4 ,/em long1 sl5d]1 equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 pru9ose or m9utely branny1 ev5 or m>k$ by sl5d] elevat$ ana/omos+ l9es :i* =m long n>r[ reticulations4 ,spores subf]rug9\s1 #ab4e-ag4ee-f4 ,v>4 loevipes4 ,/em ev54 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad4 ,/em #c-e 94 long1 #b-d l9es ?ick4 ,woods4 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/2 ,ohio1 ,morgan4 ,! sl5d] habit sep>ates ?is species f all ! o!rs "h includ$ 9 ?is tribe4 ,its spores are n a cle> inc>nate 9 color1 b incl9e to dull-f]rug9\s1 & by ?is "* ?is & ! prec$+ species connect ?is tribe ) ,v]sipelles4 ,9 color ,b4 gracilis resembles "s =ms ( ,b4 felleus1 b 9 size1 habit & color ( spores x is easily di/9ct4 ,! tom5tum ( ! pileus sometimes breaks into tufts or squamules4 ,?is is ,boletus v9aceus1 ,fro/ ,,ms4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 gracilis1 v>4 lvipes1 0 f\nd by ! writ] 9 ,woodl& ,cemet]y1 ,we/ ,philadelphia1 ,augu/1 #ahig1 & at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,septemb]1 #ahih4 ,! /em ( "s specim5s spreads at ! top4 ,! pileus is (t5 crack$ on ! m>g91 & ! upturn+ ( ! m>g9 (t5 exposes ! tubes4 ,pa9t+1 z ( ?is species1 id5tifi$ by ,pr(essor ,peck4 ,! ta/e is at fir/ sweet1 !n bitt]4 ,! bitt]ness is lo/ 9 cook+4 ,edible1 good4 ,b4 indecisus ,pk4--undecid$4 7,plate ,,cxxii1 fig4 #a1 p4 #dfh47 ,pileus convex or ne>ly plane1 dry1 slightly tom5tose1 o*race\s-br[n1 (t5 wavy or irregul> on ! m>g94 ,fle% :ite1 un*angeable2 ta/e mild4 ,tubes ne>ly plane or convex1 adnate1 grayi% becom+ t+$ ) fle% color :5 mature1 *ang+ to br[ni% :]e w\nd$1 _! m\?s small1 subrotund4 ,/em m9utely furfurace\s1 /raight1 or flexu\s1 reticulat$ above1 pallid )\t & )94 ,spores oblong1 br[ni% fle% color1 #ab4e-aed4 ,pileus #c-d 94 broad4 ,/em #b-d 94 long1 #d-f l9es ?ick4 ,?9 oak woods4 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,! mild ta/e & d>k] color$ spores w sep>ate ?is ,boletus f any =m ( ,b4 felleus4 ,its /em reticulat$ above di/+ui%es x f ,b4 alut>ius4 ,x resembles ,b4 mode/us 9 "s respects1 b its tubes are n at all yell[4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,k5tucky1 ,lloyd1 ,rep4 #d4 ,woodl& ,cemet]y1 ,philadelphia1 ,july1 #ahig1 ,mc,ilvaine2 ,tr5ton1 ,n4,j41 ,augu/1 #ahig1 ,/]l+4 ,9 op5 mix$ woods4 ,boletus indecisus s closely resembles ,b4 felleus 9 "s ( its =ms t until ! color ( ! spores is asc]ta9$1 ! sweet ta/e1 )\t trace ( bitt]1 is ! only ?+ t w enable ! f9d] to discrim9ate betwe5 !m4 ,"y ,b4 felleus are at fir/ pleasant to ! ta/e & d n1 at once1 develop _! int5se bitt] 9 ! m\?4 ,!y may readily be tak5 = ,b4 indecisus4 ,if1 by mi/ake1 a s+le ,b4 felleus is cook$ ) mild species1 ! di% w be spoil$4 ,specim5s believ$ to be ,b4 indecisus %\ld be te/$4 ,a m9ute w p]fectly satisfy anyone4 ,! ,b4 indecisus is delici\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p$ by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,/udies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,cxxii4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,boletus ,,indecisus1 #dfh #b-c-d4 ,,boletus ,,felleus1 #dfj ,b4 alutarius ,fr4--aluta1 tann$ lea!r4 ,pileus convex1 !n ne>ly plane1 s(t1 velvety1 becom+ glabr\s1 br[ni% tan color4 ,fle% almo/ un*angeable1 ta/e mild1 wat]y4 ,tubes depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 plane1 %ort1 r\nd1 :ite1 becom+ br[ni% :]e w\nd$4 ,/em solid1 bulb\s1 ne>ly ev51 small1 irregul> prom95ces at ! top4 ,spores #add4 ,pileus #c-d 94 broad4 ,/em #d-e 94 long4 ,grassy woods4 ,m9nesota1 ,johnson4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9s1 #ahhb-ahhe4 ,m>g9s ( woods4 ,*elt5ham1 ,pa4 ,m>g9s ( woods1 #ahhh-ahhi1 grassy woods & m>g9s4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,common 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9s :]e x gr[s ) ,b4 felleus1 f :i* x is impossible to di/+ui% x )\t ta/+4 ,x is delici\s :5 cook$4 ,b ,i long ago ceas$ collect+ = ! table any ,boletus que/ionable = ,b4 felleus4 ,i h be5 deceiv$ s _m times--tak5 ! bitt] = ! sweet--t1 pref]r+ ! sweet1 ,i take no *ances = ! bitt]4 ,b4 felleus ,bull4--fel1 gall4 ,bitt]4 7,plate ,,cxxii1 fig4 #b1 #c1 #d1 p4 #dfh47 ,pileus convex or ne>ly plane1 firm1 becom+ s(t1 glabr\s1 ev51 v>iable 9 color1 pale-yell[i%1 grayi%-br[n1 yell[i%-br[n1 r$di%-br[n or *e/nut4 ,fle% :ite1 (t5 *ang+ to fle% color :]e w\nd$1 ta/e bitt]4 ,tubes adnate1 long1 convex1 depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 _! m\?s angul>1 :ite1 becom+ t+$ ) fle%-color4 ,/em v>iable1 equal or tap]+ upw>d1 %ort or long1 sometimes bulb\s or enl>g$ at ! base1 subglabr\s1 g5]ally reticulat$ above1 color$ l or a little pal] ?an ! pileus4 ,spores oblong-fusi=m1 fle%-color$1 #ab4e-ag4ed-e4 ,v>4 obesus4 ,pileus l>ge4 ,/em ?ick1 co>sely & di/9ctly reticulat$ ne>ly or q to ! base4 ,pileus #c-h 94 broad4 ,/em #b-d 94 long1 #f-ab l9es ?ick4 ,! v>iety is l>ge & solit>y 9 its mode ( gr[?4 ,x is rem>kable = ! co>se reticulations ( ! /em :i* ext5d ne>ly or q to ! base4 ,aft] heavy ra9s ! pileus is viscid4 ,x may prove to be a di/9ct species4 ,! fle% 9 ! ,am]ican plant does n always assume inc>nate hues :]e w\nd$4 ,! color ( ! fre% tubes (t5 *anges to a deep] t9t :]e w\nd$4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,mc,ilvaine2 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,mill]4 ,a v common species 9 woods & on ?9 m>g9s1 on op5 grassy places1 & ab\t decay$ /umps4 ,i saw hundr$s ( plants1 v>4 obesus1 "s a foot 9 diamet]1 9 a :eat /ubble ne> oak woods4 ,"o ( ! mo/ attractive ( ,boleti4 ,its cap resembles a h&somely br[n$ cake4 ,its solidity is invit+2 its fle%1 g5]\s 9 quantity1 excites appetite4 ,until "o exp]i5ces its int5se la/+ bitt]1 "o cl+s to x ) hope4 ,ev5 aft] ta/+1 x is ?r[n away ) regret4 ,x is n poison\s1 b a small piece ( "o w embitt] a :ole di%4 ,mc,ilvaine1 ,bull4 ,phila4 ,myc4 ,c5t]4 ,july1 #ahih4 ,b4 nigrellus ,pk4--blacki%4 ,pileus broadly convex or ne>ly plane1 dry1 subglabr\s1 blacki%4 ,fle% s(t1 :ite1 un*angeable4 ,tubes plane or convex1 adnate1 sometimes slightly depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 _! m\?s small1 subrotund1 :iti% becom+ fle%-color$1 sl[ly *ang+ to br[n or blacki% :]e w\nd$4 ,/em equal1 %ort1 ev51 color$ l or a little pal] ?an ! pileus4 ,spores dull fle%-color$1 #aj-abe-f4 ,pileus #c-f 94 broad4 ,/em #a4e-b4e 94 long1 #f-ab l9es ?ick4 ,woods & copses4 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,! blacki% color ( ! pileus & /em di/+ui%es ?is species4 ,f ,boletus alboat] ,s*w41 ! adnate1 fle%-color$ tubes w sep>ate x4 ,! surface ( ! pileus sometimes becomes crack$ 9 areas4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,augu/1 #ahih4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,ano!r di/+ui%+ m>k f ,b4 alboat] is ! velvety pileus ( ! latt]4 ,b4 nigrellus is mild 9 ta/e & smell & an excell5t species = ! table4 ,b4 ecc5tricus ,pk4--ecc5tric4 7,plate ,,cxvi1 fig4 #a1 p4 #dbj47 ,pileus ?ick1 firm1 convex1 irregul>1 glabr\s1 m or less lob$ or wavy on ! involute m>g91 gray or yell[i%-gray4 ,fle% :ite1 close-gra9$1 ela/ic1 un*angeable1 ta/e & odor f>9ace\s4 ,tubes convex1 depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 n rea*+ ! m>g9 ( ! pileus1 some:at unev5 & pitt$ on ! surface1 yell[i%-br[n1 ! m\?s subangul>1 at fir/ concolor\s1 becom+ r$di% or r$di%-purple4 ,/em ecc5tric1 tap]+ d[nw>d1 solid1 unev5 ) %ort irregul> %all[ grooves or obscure reticulations1 t+$ ) r$ at ! top1 grayi% bel[1 t+$ ) r$ or purple )9 at ! base4 ,pileus #e-aj cm4 broad4 ,/em #d-e cm4 long1 #c-d cm4 ?ick at ! top4 ,s&y soil 9 grassy places 9 woods4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,! species is well m>k$ by its ecc5tric /em1 ?ick irregul> pileus & ! r$di% or r$di%-purple m\?s ( ! mature tubes4 ,mr4 ,mc,ilvaine rem>ks t :5 x is cook$ x is delicate & savory4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,no4 #bg4 ,9 comm5t+ ^u ?is new species to ! writ]1 ,pr(essor ,peck says3 8,i suspect t ! spores ( ?is 7,b4 ecc5tricus7 are p9ki% or rosy4 ,if s1 x belongs "h 79 ,hyporhodii74 ,if n1 x may h to g 9 ! ,luridi1 or possibly may be made ! type ( a new tribe40 ,,c>io,,si--c>ies1 rott5ness4 ,/em nev] reticulat$1 /uff$ ) a spongy pi?1 at l5g? commonly excavat$4 ,tubes at fir/ :ite1 !n (t5 yell[i%1 _! m\?s m9ute1 r\nd4 ,fries adds to ^! *>act]s1 8spores :ite40 ,b 9 our species ! spores are pale-yell[ :5 %$ 9 a mass on :ite pap]4 ,!y are m elliptical 9 outl9e ?an ! spores ( mo/ ,boleti4 ,! "* ( ! /em is peculi> & easily di/+ui%es ! tribe4 ,! ext]ior is firm1 ! int]ior s(t & spongy1 becom+ irregul>ly holl[ or cav]n\s 9 ! typical species4 ,fle% un*angeable #a ,fle% quickly *ang+ to blue :]e w\nd$ ,b4 cyanesc5s #a4 ,pileus m9utely velvety-tom5tose ,b4 ca/aneus #a4 ,pileus granulat$ ,b4 ,murray ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 cyanesc5s ,bull4--cyaneus1 deep-blue4 ,pileus convex or ne>ly plane1 opaque1 floccose-scaly or cov]$ ) an appress$ tom5tum1 pale-buff1 grayi%-yell[1 yell[i% or some:at br[n4 ,fle% rigid1 :ite1 quickly *ang+ to blue :]e w\nd$4 ,tubes free1 :ite1 becom+ yell[i%1 ! m\?s m9ute1 r\nd1 *ang+ color l ! fle%4 ,/em v5tricose1 ho>y ) f9e hairs1 /uff$1 becom+ cav]n\s1 contract$ & ev5 at ! top1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores subelliptical1 #aj-ab4ef-g4e4 ,pileus #b-e 94 broad4 ,/em #b-d 94 long1 #h-ah l9es ?ick4 ,woods & op5 places4 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/1 ,b5nett2 ,m9nesota1 ,johnson2 ,wiscons91 ,bundy4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,high gr\nd 9 woods4 ,solit>y4 ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9s1 ,spr+ton ,hills1 ,pa41 ,k+sess+1 ,philadelphia1 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,boletus cyanesc5s is a sp>se gr[]4 ,! quality ( ! juice v>ies4 ,t ( "y specim5s /a9s ! f+]s blue1 t ( old1 br[n4 ,! caps are firm & make an excell5t di% cook$ 9 any way4 ,b4 ca/aneus ,bull4--*e/nut4 7,plate ,,cxiv1 fig4 #c1 p4 #dad47 ,pileus convex1 ne>ly plane or depress$1 firm1 ev51 dry1 m9utely velvety-tom5tose1 c9namon or r$di%-br[n4 ,fle% :ite1 un*angeable4 ,tubes free1 %ort1 small1 :ite becom+ yell[4 ,/em equal or tap]+ upw>d1 ev51 /uff$ or holl[1 clo!d & color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores #aj-ab4ef-g4e4 ,pileus #a4e-c 94 broad4 ,/em #a-b4e 94 long1 #c-e l9es ?ick4 ,woods & op5 places4 ,r common & wide spread4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,boletus ca/aneus is "o ( ! neate/ look+ ( fungi4 ,! prevail+ color is c9namon1 t ( ! tubes :ite or v light yell[1 spott$ ) br[n :]ev] insects h t\*$ !m4 ,! pore surface ( mature specim5s is usually irregul>4 ,:oev] has se5 ! /alagmites ( ,luray ,cave w recognize _! color on ! /ems ( ,b4 ca/aneus4 ,^! are brittle1 snapp+ l pipe /ems1 ) a small tube 9 c5t]4 ,! fungus is common f ,june until ,septemb]4 ,x is greg>i\s1 occasionally ?ree or f\r individuals =m a gr\p4 ,ei!r raw or cook$ ! caps are edible & w become favorites4 ,b4 ,murrayi ,b4 & ,c4 ,pileus hemisph]ical1 granulat$1 vivid r$4 ,fle% yell[4 ,tubes decurr5t1 ab\t #a l9e deep1 yell[4 ,/em clavate1 ev51 pale-yell[4 ,spores pale-yell[4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad1 ne>ly #a4e ?ick4 ,new ,engl&1 ,murray4 ,on acc\nt ( ! color ( ! spores ?is species has be5 plac$ ) ! ,c>iosi4 ,! description does n m5tion ! "* ( ! int]ior ( ! /em1 & ! decurr5t tubes dep>t f ! "* ( ! typical species s t its true position is unc]ta94 ,! species seems well m>k$ by ! "* ( ! pileus4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 isabellinus ,pk4 ,pileus convex1 firm1 m9utely tom5tose1 :iti%1 becom+ d>k] & smoo!r ) age4 ,fle% isabell9e4 ,tubes adnate1 m9ute1 sometimes l>g] ne> ! /em1 ne>ly r\nd1 :iti%4 ,/em ne>ly equal1 subglabr\s1 holl[1 :iti%4 ,spores subelliptical1 #g4e-ie-f4 ,pileus #b-c 94 broad4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 #d-f l9es ?ick4 ,woods4 ,ocean ,spr+s1 ,miss4 ,june4 ,und]wood4 ,! species belongs to ! ,c>iosi4 ,peck1 9 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol #bd1 ,no4 #c4 ,,app5dix 7,boletus74 ,! descriptions ( ! foll[+ species are sc>cely suffici5t to p]mit ( ! satisfactory ref]5ce ( ! species to _! places 9 ! tribes4 ,x is to be hop$ t ^! plants may aga9 be f\nd & _! prop] relations be asc]ta9$4 ,b4 ,ananas ,curt4 ,pileus pulv9ate1 ?ickly & rigidly floccose-v]rucose1 yell[1 flocci :ite above1 fle%-color$ b5ea?1 ! m>g9 ?91 membran\s1 lac]at$2 hym5ium plane1 depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 yell[ or tawny-yell[1 becom+ gre5i% :]e w\nd$1 _! m\?s m$ium size1 obtusely angul>4 ,/em ev51 solid1 some:at enl>g$ at ! base1 :ite4 ,spores f]rug9\s4 ,pileus #c-d 94 broad4 ,/em #c-d 94 long1 #f-i l9es ?ick4 ,"u pro/rate trunks ( p9e trees4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,rav5el2 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis4 ,?is is said to approa* ,s4 /robilaceus 9 habitat1 b to be o!rwise v diff]5t4 ,x is plac$ among ! ,subtom5tosi 9 ,sylloge1 b f ^! x rec$es by its floccose w>t-l scales4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 radicosus ,bundy4 ,pileus ?91 wide1 recurv$1 yell[ t+$ ) br[n1 ! cuticle easily remov$4 ,fle% pale-yell[i% t+$ ) p9k1 n *ang+ color :5 bruis$4 ,tubes decurr5t1 l>ge1 unev5-m\!d1 comp\nd1 angul>1 t+$ ) br[n4 ,/em flexu\s1 yell[ above1 :iti% bel[1 r\gh ) d>k appress$ scales1 fibr\s-root$4 ,pileus #d 94 broad4 ,/em #c-d 94 long1 #e l9es ?ick4 ,wiscons91 ,bundy4 ,! pileus is n describ$ z viscid1 b 9 o!r respects ! species appe>s to belong to ! ,viscipelles & to be relat$ to ,boletus coll9itus4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,b4 ,pocono ,s*w4 ,pileus pulv9ate1 c]v9e 7dun color71 m9utely cov]$ ) bundles ( tom5tum on ! closely-inflex$ m>g94 ,tubes r l>ge1 some:at prom95tly angul>1 concolor\s4 ,/em subatt5uat$1 ?ick5$ t[>d ! base1 pallid-/riate at ! apex1 else:]e spadice\s1 subfurfurace\s4 ,pileus #a 94 broad4 ,/em #b-c 94 long4 ,bee* woods4 ,p5nsylvania1 ,s*we9itz4 ,illu/ration ,,/robilo,,myces ,b]k4 ,gr--a p9e cone2 a fungus4 7,plate ,,cxxiv47 ,illu/ration3 ,,/robilomyces ,,/robilaceus4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,hym5ophore ev54 ,tubes n easily sep>able f x1 l>ge1 equal4 ,pileus & /em di/9ctly r\gh-scal$1 ! fle% t\gh4 ,syl4 ,fung41 ,vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #di4 ,i h giv5 ,pr(essor ,sacc>do's em5d$ diagnosis ( ?is g5us1 because x expresses :at appe>s to me to be ! mo/ important g5]ic "*1 t is1 tubes n easily sep>able f ! hym5ophore4 ,by ?is "* & by ! t\gh sub/ance ! transition betwe5 ,boletus & ,polyporus is made4 ,tubes ne>ly equal 9 l5g? ,s4 /robilaceus ,tubes %ort5$ ar\nd ! /em ,s4 floccopus ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,s4 /robilaceus ,b]k4 ,gr--cone-l4 7,plate ,,cxxiv47 ,pileus hemisph]ical or convex1 dry1 cov]$ ) ?ick floccose project+ blacki% or blacki%-br[n scales1 ! m>g9 some:at app5diculate ) scales & fragm5ts ( ! veil4 ,fle% :iti%1 *ang+ to r$di% & !n to blacki% :]e w\nd$4 ,tubes adnate1 :iti%1 becom+ br[n or blacki% ) age2 _! m\?s l>ge1 angul>1 *ang+ color l ! fle%4 ,/em equal or tap]+ upw>d1 sulcate at ! top1 floccose-tom5tose1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores subglobose1 r\gh1 blacki%-br[n1 #aj-ab4e4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad4 ,/em #c-e 94 long1 #d-aj l9es ?ick4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9s1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine2 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,mill]4 ,common 9 woods & _! m>g9s1 "u ! ov]hang+ sods ( wa%es & road-cuts4 ,(t5 9 troops1 occasionally cespitose4 ,! r\gh fuzzy cap rem9ds ( %ort fur t has be5 wet & dri$4 ,its appe>ance is unique among ,boleti4 ,be=e cook+ ! /em & tubes %\ld be remov$1 unless ! latt] are v firm & fre%4 ,! squamules mu/ be cut away or ! di% w be r\gh4 ,) _m ?is ,boletus is a prime favorite4 ,x has a /rong woody ta/e1 sometimes musky1 sometimes fa9tly ( anisette4 ,x cooks well by any me?od4 ,s4 floccopus ,vahl4--floccose-/emm$4 ,pileus convex1 s(t1 cov]$ ) areas ( bun*$ r\gh1 scaly tom5tum1 c9]e\s1 at l5g? blacki%1 app5diculate ) ! silky1 ?ick annul> veil4 ,tubes %ort5$ beh9d1 _! m\?s l>ge1 :iti%-gray4 ,/em /\t1 pitt$ above1 umb]-tom5tose bel[4 ,spores p]fectly globose1 br[n1 #i broad4 ,pileus #d-e 94 broad4 ,/em #d-e 94 long1 #a 94 ?ick4 ,woods4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,p5nsylvania1 ,s*we9itz2 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,accord+ to ,fries ?is is a l>g] & firm] species ?an ,s4 /robilaceus b manife/ly relat$ to x4 ,! ,new ,york specim5s :i* ,i h ref]r$ to x diff] f ,s4 /robilaceus 9 no respect1 except 9 ! tubes be+ depress$ ar\nd ! /em4 ,unless !re are o!r diff]5ces 9 ! ,european plant1 x sc>cely seems to me to be wor?y ( specific di/9ction4 ,boletus floccopus1 ,ro/4 tab4 #dj1 is ref]r$ to ,boletus scab]1 z is ,b4 holopus1 ,ro/4 tab4 #dh4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4,s4 ,i agree ) ,pr(essor ,peck t ?is species is n wor?y ( specific di/9ction4 ,dur+ #ahih ,i f\nd a bun* conta9+ eight individuals :i* v>i$ ?r\gh all botanic *>act]i/ics giv5 to bo? species4 ,! l>ge/ individual 0 #d 94 across cap1 ! smalle/ #a 94 ,on "s ! tubes 7 adnate1 on o!rs %ort5$ beh9d4 ,!re 0 no diff]5ce 9 flavor except+ t due to age4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,cxxv4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,fi/ul9a ,,hepatica1 #dgg #b4 ,,polyporus ,,sulphureus1 #dhe ,,fi/uli,,na ,bull4 ,fi/ula1 a pipe4 ,hym5ium =m$ on ! "u surface ( a fle%y hym5ophore1 at fir/ w>t$1 ! w>ts develop+ into cyl9drical tubes t rema9 di/9ct & free f ea* o!r1 produc+ 9 _! int]ior cellul> processes ea* be>+ f\r spores4 ,conidia are produc$ 9 cavities ( ! old hym5ophore4 ,) ! outw>d appe>ance ( a ,polyporus1 b sep>at$ by ! tubes be+ free f ea* o!r4 ,a small g5us ( :i* ,f4 hepatica is ! pr9cipal species4 ,?is is kn[n & valu$ 9 ,europe & :]ev] f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,un=tunately x is r>e or unkn[n 9 _m localities4 ,a new species has rec5tly be5 f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates--,fi/ul9a firma1 by ,mrs4 ,a4 ,m4 ,hadley1 ,man*e/]1 ,n4,h4--a :ite-fle% species ^: edibility is n report$4 ,torrey ,bull41 #ahii4 ,f4 pallida ,b4 & ,rav42 ,f4 radicata1 ,s*w42 ,f4 spa?ulata ,b4 & ,c41 are report$ f ,alabama4 ,edible qualities n /at$4 ,! writ] has n se5 !m or he surely w\ld h te/$ !m4 ,! spread & cultivation ( ,f4 hepatica is possible4 ,exp]im5ts 9 ?is l9e are desirable4 ,f4 hepatica 7,huds47 ,fr4 ,gr--resembl+ ! liv]4 7,plate ,,cxxv1 fig4 #a1 p4 #dgf47 ,juicy-fle%y1 n root+4 ,pileus entire1 blood-r$4 ,fle% ?ick1 s(t1 viscid above1 transv]s$ ) t5aci\s fib]s1 h5ce v>iegat$-r$4 ,tubes at fir/ pallid4 ,*angeable 9 =m1 sessile or ext5d$ into a lat]al /em4 ,fries4 ,spores salmon-color1 ne>ly r\nd ) an oblique apiculus1 #c ,w4,g4,s42 broadly elliptical1 #e-fc-d2 conidia1 #f-aje ,massee2 yell[i%1 elliptical1 #e-f4e long ,peck4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,augu/ to fro/4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,small specim5s may be conf\nd$ ) ,f4 pallida1 :i* foll[s4 ,fi/ul9a hepatica is celebrat$ 9 mo/ c\ntries1 & kn[n usually z ! ,beef/eak fungus4 ,x gr[s f decay+ crevices 9 oak1 *e/nut & o!r trees & /umps1 b ^? nam$ are its favorites4 ,july1 ,augu/1 ,septemb] are its mon?s1 & aft] ra9s4 ,9 "s localities & ye>s x is r>e4 ,at ,mt4 ,gretna1 9 #ahih1 a hundr$ p\nds ( x c\ld be ga!r$ almo/ any day4 ,augu/1 #ahii1 at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,i f\nd sev]al specim5s 9 vic9ity :i*1 ?\gh evid5tly ,f4 hepatica1 7 rem>kable = _! /ructure--#b-d 94 across1 irregul>ly cyl9drical1 ) spore surface cov]+ ! entire fungus4 ,/em curt1 ecc5tric1 almo/ c5tral4 ,specim5s 7 s5t ,pr(essor ,peck1 :o writes3 8,! sample ( ,fi/ul9a :i* y s5d is a s+ul> ?+4 ,sacc>do has not$ a some:at simil> =m b )\t pore surface4 ,y\rs has pore surface1 b ,i d n f9d spores develop$ 9 x4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k x a mon/rosity1 z y d1 b z y say y h f\nd sev]al ( !m ,i ?9k x w\ld be well to put x on record & ,i w ent] x 9 my record z ,fi/ul9a hepatica mon/rosa n4 v>4 & indicate its *>act]s40 ,lett] f ,pr(essor ,peck1 ,augu/ #bh1 #ahii4 ,i h p>tially succe$$ 9 transplant+ ! mycelium ( ,f4 hepatica4 ,exp]im5ts 9 ?is direction1 ,i feel confid5t1 w introduce ?is valuable fungus to localities :]e x is n n[ f\nd1 or is r>e4 ,exp]im5ts ) ! spores h n be5 z yet successful4 ,f4 hepatica mon/rosa n4 v>4 ,pk4 ,subglobose1 support$ on a %ort /em or /em-l base1 ! ext]nal surface entirely cov]$ ) tubules #b-d mm4 long4 ,p5nsylvania4 ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,9 color & texture resembl+ ! common =m1 b ,mr4 ,mc,ilvaine in=ms me t !re is no?+ 9 ! position or place ( gr[? ( ! specim5s to acc\nt = _! peculi> "*4 ,!y are #b-d 94 9 diamet]4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 #bg1 ,janu>y1 #aijj4 ,excell5t4 ,f4 pallida ,b4 & ,rav4--pallidus1 pale4 ,pileus kidney-%ap$1 pallid-r$1 pulv]ul5t1 #a-b 94 broad1 ab\t #a 94 long1 m>g9 inflex$4 ,tubes m or less decurr5t4 ,/em lat]al1 /riate1 :5 dry1 #a 94 long1 94 ?ick4 ,m\nta9s ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a on ! gr\nd4 ,rav5el4 ,alabama1 base ( /umps ( :ite oak4 ,pet]s4 ,grev41 ,vol4 #a1 ,no4 #e4 ,new ,j]sey1 ,ellis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,cxxvi4 ,no4 #a4 ,,polyporus ,,fumosus4 #b4 ,,poly/ictus ,,v]sicolor4 ,ab\t natural size4 #c4 ,,m]ulius ,,corium4 #d4 ,,polyporus ,,p]5nis ,,& ,,section4 #e4 ,d,,dalea ,,qu]c9a4 #f4 ,,fomes ,,igni>ius4 ,r$uc$ 9 size4 #g4 ,,trametes ,,gibbosa4 ,,poly,,porus ,fr4 ,gr--_m2 a passage1 pore4 ,pileus fle%y1 moi/1 t\gh1 becom+ h>d] 9 age1 int]nally compos$ ( radiat+ fib]s2 ! spore-be>+ surface is )9 passages or pores :i* are made by ! desc5d+ sub/ance ( ! pileus =m+ ! dissepim5ts or sep>at+ walls1 h5ce !y are n easily sep>able f ! pileus or f "o ano!r4 ,! pores n appe>+ at fir/1 !n becom+ r\nd$1 angul> or torn4 ,!y =m a di/9ct /rata4 ,/em c5tral1 ecc5tric1 lat]al or abs5t4 ,) few exceptions gr[+ f wood4 ,section ,m]isma conta9s species :i* are conspicu\s among fungi = _! size & beauty4 ,! majority ( ?is g5us are un$ible1 because ( _! be+ woody1 t\gh or bitt]4 ,few ( ! edible species are ( ! fir/ class4 ,excell5t di%es are made by /ew+ ! species well1 s]v+ !m 9 patties or 9 croquettes4 ,! cook+ ( ,p4 intybaceus is a guide to all4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,tribes4 ,i4--,,mesopus4 7,gr--middle2 a foot47 ,page #dgi4 ,/em s+le1 di/9ct1 c5tral or ecc5tric2 n black at ! base4 ,,ii4--,,pleuropus4 7,gr--! side2 a foot47 ,page #dhj4 ,/em s+le1 lat]al or ecc5tric2 base black4 ,,iii4--,,m]isma4 7,gr--to divide47 ,page #dhb4 ,divid$ into num]\s pileoli1 borne on a simple or mu*-bran*$ /em1 or a %ort1 ?ick tub]cle4 ,,iv4--,,apus4 7,gr--)\t2 a foot47 ,page #dhh4 ,/em want+2 pileus atta*$ by ! side or spread on ! matrix4 ,v4--,,resup9ati4 7,ly+ on ! back47 ,page #dhi4 ,! pores be+ plac$ directly ^u ! wood or on ! mycelium1 ! pileus prop] is abs5t4 ,i4--,,me,,sopus4 ,p4 ovinus ,s*aeff4--relat+ to %eep4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad1 fle%y1 ?ick1 fragile1 irregul> 9 %ape1 becom+ scaly1 :iti%4 ,/em %ort1 ?ick1 #a 94 or m 9 l5g?1 :ite4 ,pores m9ute1 equal1 r\nd1 :ite !n citron-color4 ,on ! gr\nd4 ,autumn4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis2 ,massa*usetts1 ,fro/2 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,new ,york1 gr\nd 9 p9e woods4 ,be?lehem4 ,septemb]1 ,peck1 #bb;d ,rep4 ,cordi] says x possesses an agreeable odor ( almonds & t ,fries & 8 companions ate x raw 9 _! mycological excursions4 ,edible4 ,peck1 ,curtis4 ,p4 leucomelas 7,p]s47 ,fr4--leucos1 :ite2 melas1 black4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad1 fle%y1 some:at fragile1 irregul>ly-%ap$1 silky1 sooty-black4 ,fle% s(t1 r$di% :5 brok54 ,/em #a-c 94 9 l5g?1 /\t1 unequal1 some:at tom5tose1 sooty-black1 becom+ black int]nally4 ,pileus & /em becom+ black 9 places4 ,pores r l>ge1 unequal1 a%y or :iti%1 becom+ black 9 dry+4 ,spores pale br[n1 #aj-abd-e4 ,massee4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 edible1 ,curtis2 ,ohio1 a curi\s escul5t4 ,morgan4 ,p4 circ9atus ,fr4--r\nd4 ,pileus #c-d 94 broad1 compact1 ?ick r\nd1 plane1 zoneless1 velvety1 r$di%-br[n4 ,fle% ! same color4 ,x =ms duplicate /rata ( pilei1 ! inf]ior contigu\s ) ! /em & corky2 ! sup]ior compact1 s(t1 floccose4 ,/em #a 94 ?ick & high1 be>+ a r$di%-br[n tom5tum4 ,pores decurr5t1 entire1 dusky-gray4 ,9 fir woods4 ,a noble species1 memorable = ! /ratifi$ duplicate pilei4 ,v>4 proliferus4 ,l ! typical =m b hav+ "o or m pilei develop$ f ! upp] surface ( ! fir/ "o4 ,fulton ,*a94 ,augu/4 ,peck1 #df? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,new ,york4 ,on gr\nd 9 bord]s ( woods4 ,septemb]4 ,peck1 #cb;d1 #df? ,rep4 ,on gr\nd 9 oak woods1 ,we/ ,philadelphia4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,:5 "y ! s(t pilei are good4 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph$ by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,wei/4 ,,plate ,,cxxx4 ,,polyporus ,,squamosus4 ,,ii4--,,pleuropus4 ,p4 squamosus ,fr4--squama1 a scale4 7,plate ,,cxxx1 p4 #dhj47 ,pileus #c 94-#a ft4 broad1 some:at o*race\s1 v>iegat$ ) a broad1 adpress$1 spot-l1 c5trifugal1 d>k] scales1 fle%y-pliant1 fan-%ap$1 flatt5$4 ,/em exc5tric & lat]al1 obese1 reticulat$ at ! apex1 blacki% at ! base4 ,pores ?91 v>iable 7at fir/ m9ute71 !n l>ge1 angul> & torn1 pallid4 ,fries4 ,h&some1 commonly v l>ge1 some:at c5tral & umbilicate :5 "y1 at l5g? lat]al1 v v>iable 9 %ape4 ,on trunks & /umps1 *iefly a%4 ,common4 ,may to ,novemb]4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores oval1 :ite1 #adf ,w4,g4,s42 elliptical1 colorless1 #abe ,massee4 ,massa*usetts1 ,sprague2 ,i[a1 ,macbride2 ,new ,york4 ,trunk ( elm4 ,may4 ,peck1 #bg? ,rep42 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,on fall5 trunks & on /umps4 ,may to ,novemb]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,?is species does n seem to be common 9 ,am]ica1 b is f\nd ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,x v>ies 9 size f #c 94 to ov] #c feet4 ,x has be5 kn[n to atta9 ! circumf]5ce ( #g ft4 #e 941 & ! weight ( #dj lbs4 ,dr4 ,badham says t x c n be ma/icat$ & t its express$ juice is v disagreeable4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 rema9s t x is eat51 & is record$ z edible by mo/ au?ors4 ,x is und\bt$ly t\gh1 b cut f9e & /ew$ sl[ly = half an h\r x is q z t5d] z ! muscle ( an oy/] & has a pleasant flavor4 ,p4 picipes ,fr4--pix1 pit*2 pes1 a foot4 ,pallid !n *e/nut1 commonly pale yell[i%-livid1 ) ! disk *e/nut4 ,pileus fle%y-coriace\s1 !n rigid1 t\gh1 ev51 smoo?1 depress$ at ! disk or beh9d4 ,fle% :ite4 ,/em exc5tric & lat]al1 equal1 firm1 at fir/ velvety1 !n nak$1 dott$1 black up to ! pores4 ,pores decurr5t1 r\nd1 v small1 r sl5d]1 :ite1 !n slightly pale yell[i%4 ,fries4 ,imbricat$1 odor some:at sweet4 ,! pileus is depress$ beh9d1 commonly em>g9ate1 funnel-%ap$ ) lobes all r\nd4 ,on trunks1 especially will[4 ,frequ5t4 ,july to ,decemb]4 ,/ev5son4 ,_m "y plants1 9 tufts ^u a decay+ oak log1 7 f\nd by me at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,augu/1 #ahii4 ,!y 7 oy/]-color1 ! v ?9 caps transluc5t1 #b-f 94 across1 #aaf 94 ?ick2 pores n visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,! black dots ^u ! /ems develop$ "s "t aft] ga!r+4 ,!y 7 pleasantly crisp :5 /ew$ & ( f9e flavor4 ,old] specim5s 7 bitt] & t\gh4 ,,iii4--,,m]isma4 ,p4 umbellatus ,fr4--umbella1 a sun-%ade4 ,v mu* bran*$1 fibr\s-fle%y1 t\ghi%4 ,pileoli v num]\s1 -#a 94 broad1 sooty1 dull-r$ or pallid light-yell[1 entire1 umbilicate4 ,/ems elongat$1 sep>ate1 unit$ at ! base1 :ite4 ,pores m9ute1 :ite4 ,! pileoli h occurr$ :ite4 ,fries4 ,edible4 ,fries4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #ea2 ,ri*mond1 ,ind41 ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,wei/2 ,g\v]neur1 ,n4,y41 ,mrs4 ,e4,c4 ,an?ony2 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,on decay+ roots 9 gr\nd & on /umps4 ,may to ,novemb]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,tufts d5se1 bran*es spread+ f a c5t]4 ,! pilei up to #b 94 across1 connect$ at base4 ,! d5se spread+ tufts1 up to a foot across & half z high1 are v noticeable4 ,! fle% is s(t & ( good flavor4 ,cook l ,p4 intybaceus4 ,p4 anax ,b]k4 ,fle%y1 fibr\s1 r t\gh1 dusky-gray1 bran*+ out f a ?ick1 s+le /em at ! base & =m+ a l>ge head ( bran*es & pileoli #aj-bj l9es 9 diamet]2 ! bran*es t]m9ate 9 num]\s l>ge pileoli ( v>i\s =ms & size1 imbricat+1 conflu5t & recurv$4 ,fle% & pores :ite4 ,/ems ?ick1 gr[+ toge!r1 :ite4 ,pores l>ge1 unequal1 angul>1 :ite4 ,spores :ite1 subelliptic1 #g-h long4 ,ohio1 at ! base ( oak trees & /umps4 ,autumn4 ,morgan4 ,?is species has app>5tly be5 confus$ by "s ,am]ican mycologi/s ) ,p4 intybaceus4 ,i h receiv$ specim5s ( x be>+ t "n4 ,! spores ( t species are describ$ z elliptic or ovoid4 ,! spores ( ,polyporus anax1 z %[n by our specim5s1 are globose4 ,peck1 #ea/ ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #ea/ ,rep42 ,new ,j]sey1 ,/]l+2 ,angora1 ,we/ ,philadelphia1 gr[+ on rott+ /ump4 ,septemb]1 #ahig1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible :5 "y & fre%4 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph$ by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,wei/4 ,,plate ,,cxxviii4 ,,polyporus ,,frondosus4 ,p4 frondosus ,fr4--frons1 a leafy bran*4 7,plate ,,cxxviii1 p4 #dhb47 ,tuft -#a ft4 broad1 v mu* bran*$1 fibr\s-fle%y1 t\ghi%4 ,pileoli v num]\s1 -#b 941 sooty-gray1 dimidiate1 wr9kl$1 lob$1 intricately recurv$4 ,fle% :ite4 ,/ems gr[+ into ea* o!r1 :ite4 ,pores r t5d]1 v small1 acute1 :ite4 ,pores commonly r\nd1 b 9 an oblique position1 gap+ op5 & torn4 ,fries4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis2 ,i[a1 ,macbride2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #bd? ,rep42 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 #ahha-ahhe1 ,*e/] c\nty1 ,angora1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,on /umps1 roots1 etc4 ,r>e4 ,septemb] to fro/1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,sold 9 ! ,roman m>ket4 ,tufts up to #ab 94 across2 ! bran*es v num]\s1 up to #b 94 wide4 ,! plant is t5d] :5 "y & gr[s t\gh z x matures4 ,:5 "y x is ( good flavor & edible--old] x makes a well-flavor$ gravy1 or is edible if *opp$ f9e & v well cook$4 7,plate ,,cxxix47 ,illu/ration3 ,,polyporus ,,intybaceus4 ,p4 intybaceus ,fr4--succory-l4 ,v mu* bran*$1 fle%y1 some:at fragile4 ,pileoli v num]\s1 pale-yell[i% incl9+ to fusc\s1 dimidiate1 /ret*$ out1 s9uate1 at l5g? spa?ulate4 ,/ems connate 9 a v %ort trunk4 ,pores firm1 obtuse1 :ite1 incl9+ to d+y-br[n4 ,fries4 ,ab\t same size z ,p4 frondosus & l>g]4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores colorless1 elliptical1 #gc4e ,massee2 #fc ,w4,g4,s4 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,mill]4 ,base ( liv+ trees4 ,woodl& ,cemet]y1 ,we/ ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,l>ge tufts gr[+ f oak roots 9 gr\nd & at base ( oak trees4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible4 ,/ev5son4 ,paulet says3 ,9 place ( its be+ heavy ^u ! /oma*1 he w feel all ! light] :o sups ^u x4 ,! p ( ! ,vosges call x ! ,h5-(-!-,woods4 ,! words ( ! old song-- 8,s v mu* dep5ds ^u ,! way 9 :i* x's done10 apply ) exceptional =ce to ! cook+ ( ,p4 intybaceus4 ,if x is cut 9 ?9 slices across ! gra9 & sl[ly /ew$ = half an h\r x w be t5d] & ( good flavor4 ,x c !n be s]v$ 9 t way1 or made into patties or croquettes4 ,p4 cri/atus ,fr4--cri/a1 a cre/4 ,bran*$1 firmly fle%y1 fragile4 ,pileoli ab\t #c 94 broad1 r$di%-gre51 entire & dimidiate1 imbricat$1 depress$1 some:at pulv]ul5t-vill\s1 !n crack$ into scales4 ,/ems connate1 irregul>ly %ap$1 :ite4 ,pores m9ute1 angul> & torn1 :iti%4 ,fries4 ,v *angeable 9 =m1 sometimes simple ) an undulato-lob$1 c5tral pileus4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,woodl& ,cemet]y1 ,philadelphia1 ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,on gr\nd ov] roots1 op5 woods & grassy places4 ,septemb]1 ,octob]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,v>iable 9 =m1 b usually 9 rose-%ap$ clu/]s1 :i* are slightly gre5i% at times2 (t5] %ades ( yell[4 ,! sub/ance is ! same 9 texture z ,p4 intybaceus4 ,cook 9 same mann]4 ,p4 conflu5s ,fr4--/ems conflu5t2 adh]5t4 ,pilei bran*$1 fle%y1 fragile1 ?ick1 dimidiate1 imbricat$1 conflu5t1 smoo?1 fle%y-yell[ becom+ obscure1 slightly scaly4 ,/em %ort4 ,pores %ort1 m9ute1 pallid-:ite4 ,eat5 ab\t ,nice2 savor a little %>p4 ,cordi]2 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 sup]ior eat+4 ,curtis4 ,p9e woods4 ,new ,scotl&4 ,septemb]4 ,our specim5s are n at all squamulose1 & ?is "* is n attribut$ to ! species by all au?ors4 ,x is probable t x is n uni=m 9 ?is respect4 ,peck1 #ci? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,p4 ,b]keleyi ,fr4 ,v mu* bran*$4 ,pileoli v l>ge1 subzonate1 f9ally tom5tose1 yell[i%1 fle%y1 t\gh becom+ corky & h>d4 ,/em %ort or none1 aris+ f a long & ?ick common base gr[+ out ( ! gr\nd usually ne> trees or /umps4 ,pores r l>ge1 irregul>1 angul>1 pale yell[i%4 ,a magnific5t specim5 f\nd ne> ,bo/on a doz5 ye>s ago & exhibit$ 9 ! w9d[ ( ,doyle1 ! flori/1 0 fully f\r feet high & f two to ?ree feet broad1 conta9+ v _m pileoli4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 edible1 ,curtis2 ,i[a1 ,bessey2 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 v l>ge specim5s1 #bj 94 across4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible :5 "y4 ,p4 giganteu ,fr4--gigas1 a giant4 ,tuft #a-b ft4 & m broad1 9 _m imbricat$ lay]s1 fle%y-pliant !n some:at coriace\s4 ,pilei date-br[n1 dimidiate1 v broad1 flaccid1 some:at zon$1 rivulose1 depress$ beh9d4 ,/ems connato-bran*$ f a common tub]4 ,pores m9ute1 some:at r\nd1 pallid1 at l5g? torn4 ,! rigid cuticle sep>ates into granules or fibrillose squamules4 ,pores becom+ d>k :5 t\*$4 ,fries4 ,edible1 ,curtis4 ,escul5t :5 "y4 ,on ! cont95t its escul5t qualities are kn[n & appreciat$4 ,cooke4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,*e/] c\nty1 ,pa41 ,eagle's ,m]e1 ,pa4 ,on decay+ /umps & roots4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,x is well m>k$ by its spore-surface becom+ black to ! t\*4 ,:5 "y & fre% x /ews to a pleasant1 edible consi/5cy1 b is t\gh if n well cook$ or too old4 ,! flavor ( a gravy f x is at all times good4 ,p4 sulphureus ,fr4--sulphur1 brim/one4 7,plate ,,cxxv1 fig4 #b1 p4 #dgf47 ,9 _m cespitose lay]s1 #a-b ft4 & m1 juicy-*eesy4 ,pilei #h 94 or m broad1 r$di%-yell[1 imbricat$1 undulat$1 r smoo?4 ,fle% light yell[i%1 !n :ite1 splitt+ op5 & n h>d5$ :5 old4 ,pores m9ute1 plane1 sulphur-yell[4 ,fries4 ,soon becom+ pale4 ,commonly sessile1 b v>y+ ) a /em1 lat]al on /&+ trees1 b exp&$ on all sides on fall5 ones2 also club-%ap$1 por\s ?r\gh\t4 ,s[4 ,9 its fulle/ vigor x is fill$ ) sulphur-yell[ milk4 ,on liv+ trees & /umps4 ,frequ5t4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores oval1 :ite1 m9utely papillose1 #he ,w4,g4,s42 elliptical1 hyal9e1 slightly papillose1 #g-hd-e ,massee4 ,edible4 ,/ev5son1 ,curtis4 ,m>yl&1 ,miss ,bann+2 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,mill]2 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,on will[1 apple1 *]ry1 maple1 hickory1 etc4 ,frequ5t4 ,augu/ to ,novemb]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,frequ5tly 9 l>ge masses4 ,commonly broadly atta*$1 b sometimes ) a %ort /em4 ,v occasionally a s+le pileus w protrude f a tree l a giant yell[ tongue %ad$ ) r$di%-orange4 ,usually ! pilei are 9 clu/]s unit$ 9 a solid base1 :ite-fle%$ & ri* 9 color4 ,i h se5 clu/]s two feet across4 ,on an old will[ at ,mt4 ,gretna1 a clu/] #ah 94 across af=d$ a doz5 meals4 ,:5ev] a meal 0 want$ a p\nd or two 0 brok5 (f4 ,x la/$ until ,janu>y4 ,if ,p4 sulphureus is cook$ prop]ly x is a delici\s fungus4 ,cut f9e1 /ew sl[ly & well1 season1 add butt]1 milk ) a little ?ick5+4 ,p4 maculatus ,pk4--hav+ macul-spots4 ,pileus ( a *eesy consi/5ce1 broad1 flatt5$1 sometimes conflu5t1 sessile or n>r[$ into a %ort /em1 slightly unev51 :ite or yell[i%-:ite1 m>k$ ) d>k] zones & wat]y spots4 ,pores m9ute1 subangul>1 %ort1 :iti%1 sometimes t+$ ) br[n4 ,fle% :ite4 ,pileus #d-f 94 broad1 #f-h l9es ?ick4 ,pro/rate trunks ( trees 9 woods4 ,worce/]4 ,july4 ,9 texture & %ape ?is species is relat$ to ,p4 sulphureus1 b ! pores are small] ?an 9 t species4 ,! plants are sometimes cespitose1 sometimes s+le4 ,! spots 9 ! dri$ specim5s h a smoo? depress$ appe>ance4 ,peck1 #bf? ,rep4 ,angora1 ,we/ ,philadelphia4 ,septemb]1 #ahif4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,septemb]1 #ahig-ahih4 ,on :ite oak trunks4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,sev]al specim5s ( diff]5t ages prov$ good eat+4 ,l ,p4 sulphureus x mu/ be well cook$4 ,p4 het]oclitus ,fr4 ,gr--"o ( two2 ,gr1 to lean4 ,9 _m cespitose lay]s1 coriace\s4 ,pilei #b 94 broad1 orange1 sessile1 exp&$ on all sides f a radical tub]cle1 lob$1 vill\s1 zoneless4 ,pores irregul>ly %ap$ & elongat$1 gold5-yell[4 ,fries4 ,on ! gr\nd "u oak4 ,r>e4 ,! flat pilei ext5d horizontally f ! tub]cle4 ,irregul>1 ecc5tric4 ,/ev5son4 ,m9nesota1 ,johnson4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,hopk9's woods4 ,june to ,july1 #ahij-ahif4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,( all fungoid gr[? ?is is ! mo/ %[y4 ,its clu/]s1 (t5 a foot & a half 9 diamet] & spread l mammo? dahlias1 are gorge\s 9 color & conspicu\s 9 design4 ,re/+ ^u ! gr\nd or re>$ aga9/ ! base ( tree or /ump1 !y deceive by _! lik5ess to gaudy b\quets1 left by =eign picnick]s4 ,9 quality x is ! same z ,p4 sulphureus4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 reta9 its edibility4 ,z x ages x becomes (f5sive4 ,p4 poripes ,fr4--por\s-/emm$4 ,pileus #a4e-c 94 broad1 r fle%y1 s9uately rep&1 smoo?1 grayi%-br[n4 ,/em c5tral or exc5tric1 firm1 smoo?1 #a4e-c 94 long1 #d-f l9es ?ick1 punctuat$ by ! :iti% decurr5t pores4 ,on e>? 9 hilly regions4 ,cap #b 94 across1 light drab1 smoo?1 slightly furfurace\s t[>d c5t]1 brok5 into m9ute appress$ squamules1 zon$4 ,fle% fibr\s1 :ite-pliable4 ,tubes v %all[1 r\nd m\?s ) obtuse divisions1 *9a-:ite1 runn+ d[n to base ( /em4 ,/em ecc5tric1 almo/ lat]al1 entirely surr\nd$ by pores1 connate at base1 94 ?ick4 ,smell pleasant4 ,new ,york4 ,gr\nd4 ,augu/1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bd2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,augu/ to ,novemb]1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a l>ge tuft$ species gr[+ on ! gr\nd 9 woods1 ,augu/ to ,novemb]1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,:5 raw ta/es l ! be/ *e/nuts or filb]ts1 b r too dry cook$4 ,curtis4 ,x mu/ be *opp$ f9e & sl[ly cook$4 ,p4 immitis ,pk4--wide1 rude4 ,pilei cespitose-imbricat$1 broad1 slightly convex or flatt5$1 m or less r\gh or unev51 radiately-wr9kl$1 tub]culose or fibr\s-bri/l$1 zoneless1 :ite1 becom+ t+$ ) yell[ or alutace\s 9 dry+4 ,fle% :ite1 slightly fibr\s1 s(t & moi/ :5 fre%1 *eesy :5 dry1 ) a subacid odor4 ,pores m9ute1 angul> or ev5 subflexu\s1 ab\t equal 9 l5g? to ! ?ickness ( ! pileus1 ! dissepim5ts ?91 :ite1 (t5 at l5g? d5tate or lac]ate on ! edge4 ,spores m9ute1 :ite1 elliptical1 #c-dah-bj4 ,pilei #b-d 94 broad1 ! fle% commonly #c-d l9es ?ick4 ,decay+ a% trunks4 ,ea/ ,b]ne4 ,augu/4 ,! species is app>5tly relat$ to ,p4 cs>eus1 b ! "* ( ! pores is q diff]5t 9 ! two species4 ,peck1 #ce? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,on dead black oak4 ,augu/ to ,novemb]1 #ahih4 ,sev]al clu/]s grew on dead black oaks4 ,! pilei ov]lap & ! wr9kl$ corrugat$ m>g9s curve d[nw>d1 giv+ !m ! semblance ( %ells4 ,f a di/ance a gr\p looks l ,pleurotus o/reatus4 ,! sub/ance is juicy2 :ile cook+ x is at fir/ bitt]1 b ?is disappe>s4 ,x becomes t5d] & well flavor$4 ,p4 alligatus ,fr4--alligo1 to b9d to4 ,9 _m cespitose lay]s1 fibr\s-fle%y1 rigid-fragile4 ,pilei tan-isabell9e1 imbricat$1 unequal1 zoneless1 vill\s4 ,pores m9ute1 s(t1 :ite1 readily becom+ /opp$ up ) flocci4 ,(t5 clavate :5 "y4 ,commonly wrapp+ r\nd /ipules & grasses4 ,fries4 ,spores elliptical1 pale1 #fg ,massee4 ,woodl& ,cemet]y1 ,philadelphia4 ,among oak trees on grassy gr\nd4 ,july1 ,augu/1 ,septemb]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,tufts frequ5tly weigh two p\nds4 ,:5 "y ! plant cooks well1 is t5d] & ( sweet1 pleasant flavor4 ,:5 old x has a s\r unpleasant odor4 ,,iv4--,,apus4 ,p4 *ioneus ,fr4 ,gr--sn[4 ,:ite pileus #a 94 & m broad1 fle%y1 s(t1 becom+ ev51 smoo?1 zoneless1 (t5 ext5d$ beh9d1 m>g9 inflex$4 ,pores curt1 v small1 r\nd1 equal1 q entire4 ,fries4 ,always s(t1 fragile1 hyal9e-:ite :5 moi/1 %9+ :ite :5 dry4 ,odor acid4 ,)\t a cuticle4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores :ite1 oval1 #bac ,w4,g4,s4 ,new ,york4 ,decay+ wood ( frondose trees4 ,peck1 #cc;d ,rep4 ,angora1 ,philadelphia1 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,on /&+ & fall5 timb]4 ,june to ,septemb]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,?is sn[-:ite ,polyporus is too conspicu\s to be pass$ unse54 ,"o does n expect to f9d sn[-balls /uck aga9/ trees 9 ,augu/4 ,at a di/ance x resembles "o4 ,:5 "y & fre% x is good4 ,p4 betulinus ,fr4--betula1 bir*4 ,pileus fle%y1 !n corky1 ho(-%ap$1 obtuse1 zoneless1 smoo?1 ! oblique v]tex 9 ! =m ( an umbo1 pellicle ?91 sep>at+4 ,pores late ( be+ develop$1 curt1 m9ute1 unequal1 at l5g? sep>at+4 ,fries4 ,on liv+ & dead bir*4 ,common4 ,may to ,decemb]4 ,pileus #c-f 94 broad4 ,! pileus is at fir/ pale1 !n acquir+ a br[ni% t+e4 ,! edge is always v obtuse4 ,/ev5son4 ,! l[] surface or hym5ium is frequ5tly r\gh ) num]\s acicul> projections1 mak+ ! plant look l a ,hydnum :5 view$ horizontally4 ,peck1 #bd? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,massa*usetts1 ,kansas1 ,new ,york4 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bd4 ,:]ev] ! bir* gr[s ?is neat1 :ite-fle%$ ,polyporus ab\nds4 ,:5 "y x is eat5 by de]4 ,dri$ x burns ) a :ite flame1 or holds fire z well z ! be/ punk4 ,x is a valuable fuel1 already prep>$ = ! /ove4 ,9 ! bir* =e/s ne> ,eagle's ,m]e1 ,pa41 tons ( x c be se5 protrud+ f tree & log4 ,:5 v "y x is fair4 ,unpleasant :5 old4 ,v4--,,resup9ati4 ,p4 s9uosus ,fr4--full ( folds4 ,broadly effus$1 adnate1 dry1 ! evanesc5t mycelium some:at root+1 :ite !n yell[i%4 ,pores l>ge1 surface flexu\s1 acute1 lac]at$4 ,odor ( licorice4 ,new ,york4 ,decay+ wood ( maple4 ,peck1 #dj? ,rep4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,( b little food value4 ,collect$ c>efully & boil$1 x yields a pleasantly flavor$ liquor4 ,illu/ration ,,m]u,,lius ,hall4 7,plate ,,cxxvi1 fig4 #c1 p4 #dgh47 ,hym5ophore re/+ on a loose mold-l mycelium1 cov]$ ) ! s(t1 waxy1 cont9u\s hym5ium1 hav+ its surface v>i\sly plicate or wr9kl$1 ! folds =m+ irregul> pores1 sometimes obsoletely too!d4 ,g5]ally on wood4 ,i h ta/$1 raw1 e species ,i h f\nd4 ,!y are all m or less woody 9 flavor1 & ,i believe !m to be edible4 ,at ! be/ ,m]ulius w\ld be an em]g5cy g5us4 ,m4 tremellosus is sub/antial1 z is ,m4 rubellus ,pk4 ,m4 tremellosus ,s*rad4--tremellosus1 trembl+4 ,resup9ate2 m>g9 becom+ free & m or less reflex$1 usually radiately-too!d1 gelat9oso-c>tilag9\s2 hym5ium v>i\sly wr9kl$ & por\s2 :iti% & subtransluc5t look+1 becom+ t+$ br[n 9 ! c5t]4 ,spores cyl9drical1 curv$1 ab\t #da4 ,on wood4 ,f #a-c 94 across1 rema9+ pale :5 gr[+ 9 d>k places4 ,m>g9 sometimes t+$ rose1 radiat+ :5 well develop$4 ,massee4 ,spores cyl9drical1 curv$1 hyal9e1 #da ,k4 ,new ,york4 ,old logs1 /umps1 ,catskill m\nta9s4 ,peck1 #bb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,common1 bo? rose-color$ & transluc5t br[n species1 num]\s on decay+ wood4 ,octob] to ,novemb]1 #ahih-ahii4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,m4 tremellosus is a common species & r attractive look+4 ,9 sub/ance x approa*es ,tremella & ,peziza4 ,! spore-be>+ surface is sup]ior 7turn$ upw>d7 & !n sometimes turn$ 9 at ! m>g9 :i* frequ5tly is bright rose color1 sometimes yell[i%-rose4 ,x is r ta/eless--slightly woody 9 flavor1 r t\gh4 ,an em]g5cy species4 ,m4 rubellus ,pk4--rubellus1 dim4 ( rub]1 r$di%4 ,g5]ally cespitose1 imbricat$1 sessile1 dimidiate1 s(t1 t5aci\s1 tom5tose1 ev5ly r$1 pale :5 dry2 m>g9 mo/ly undulately inflex$2 hym5ium :ite or fle%-color2 folds bran*+1 =m+ ana/omos+ pores4 ,spores elliptical1 hyal9e1 m9ute1 #d-eb4e-c4 ,pileus #b-c 94 long1 #a4e 94 broad4 ,some:at relat$ to ,m4 tremellosus4 ,on trunks ( bee* 9 woods4 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,indiana1 ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,wei/2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,novemb]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,specim5s id5tifi$ by ,pr(essor ,peck4 ,t\gh1 b edible4 ,,family ,,iii4--,,hydna,,ce4 ,hym5ium inf]ior or amphig5\s 7n conf9$ to "o surface71 f ! fir/ def9itely protub]ant1 spread ov] p]si/5t sp9es1 bri/les1 tee?1 tub]cles or papilla4 ,fries4 ,:ile ! highe/ memb]s ( ?is family possess ! g5]al =m ( ! mu%room1 o!rs1 lack+ a /em1 recl9e on ! back 7resup9ate72 ! l[e/1 )\t ev5 ! appe>ance ( a di/9ct pileus1 seem to be simply spread ov] ! support+ body 7effus$74 ,9 ! highe/ class ! sp9es or o!r spore-be>+ surface are inf]ior1 i4 e41 bel[ ! pileus2 9 ! o!rs !y are ( c\rse sup]ior1 i4 e41 above ! pileus4 ,( ! elev5 g5]a b two conta9 species ( food value4 ,hydnum1 *>act]iz$ by its acute sp9es1 embraces species :i* are eat5 z delicacies1 & ,irpex1 di/+ui%$ by its some:at acute tee? gr[+ f a ridgy hym5ium1 conta9s ^? :i* may furni% su/5ance 9 "t ( ne$4 ,9 ,caldesia1 be>+ sp9es1 ! texture is floccose n fle%y4 ,si/otrema has a pileus & a c5tral /em1 b in/ead ( sp9es be>s irregul> flatt5$ tee?4 ,! rema9+ g5]a are sep>at$ by ! tub]cles1 granules1 folds1 etc41 :i* take ! place ( sp9es or tee?4 ,sev]al species ( ,hydnum are common to e>? & wood1 o!rs are di/9ct 9 _! habitats4 ,,synopsis ,,( ,,! ,,g5]a4 ,,hydnum4 ,page #did4 ,sporophore fle%y1 ) a c5tral /em or entirely resup9ate1 texture compact1 sp9es acute1 di/9ct at ! base4 ,,caldesiella4 ,resup9ate2 texture floccose1 sp9es acute2 spores muriculate4 7,no edible species report$47 ,,si/otrema4 ,pileate2 fle%y1 c5tral-/emm$1 tee? flatt5$1 irregul>1 inf]ior4 7,no edible species report$47 ,,irpex4 ,page #ejd4 ,resup9ate2 tee? r acute1 spr++ f folds or ridges t (t5 ana/omose irregul>ly4 ,,radulum4 ,resup9ate2 tub]cles co>se1 de=m$1 subcyl9drical1 obtuse4 7,no edible species report$47 ,,phlebia4 ,resup9ate2 hym5ium cov]$ ) folds or wr9kles1 hav+ ! edge entire or corrugat$4 7,no edible species report$47 ,,gr&9ia4 ,resup9ate2 hym5ium ) cr[d$1 globose1 p]si/5t1 hemisph]ical1 m9ute granules1 hav+ _! apices m or less excavat$4 7,no edible species report$47 ,,poro!lium4 ,resup9ate2 hym5ium ) scatt]$ w>t-l granules1 :i* become m or less elongat$ & excavat$ at ! apices4 7,no edible species report$47 ,,odontia4 ,resup9ate2 hym5ium d5sely cov]$ ) small granules t are divid$ at ! apices 9 a p5icillate mann]4 7,no edible species report$47 ,,kneiffia4 ,resup9ate2 hym5ium cov]$ ) v m9ute1 b>r51 acute sp9ules4 7,no edible species report$47 ,,mucronella4 ,sp9es sl5d]1 elongat$1 acute1 n spr++ f a sporophore or subiculum4 7,no edible species report$47 ,,hyd,,num4 ,gr--"n = "s edible fungus4 ,hym5ium inf]ior1 be>+ awl-%ap$ ,sp9es1 di/9ct at ! base4 ,fries4 ,9 ?is g5us ! sp9es proce$ f an ev5 surface1 n fold$ or wr9kl$1 & are cov]$ ) ! spore-be>+ surface4 ,! =ms are extremely v>iable1 ! type ( ! fir/ section1 ,h4 rep&um1 be+ easily mi/ak5 = "o ( ! ,ag>icace until exam9$1 ! /em be+ ne>ly c5tral & upright1 :ile 9 o!r =ms x is lat]al or abs5t4 ,"s are dimidiate 7z if "p ( ! pileus _h be5 remov$ & ! plant atta*$ by ! rema9+ portion72 ! l[] =ms are resup9ate4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,tribes4 ,,mesopus 7,gr--middle1 a foot74 ,page #die4 ,entire1 simple1 /em c5tral4 ,on ! gr\nd1 mo/ly 9 p9e woods4 ,,pleuropus 7,gr--! side2 a foot74 ,/em lat]al4 ,none kn[n to be edible4 ,,m]isma 7,gr--to divide74 ,page #eja4 ,v mu* bran*$ or ( an irregul> =m )\t a di/9ct m>g94 ,,apus 7,gr--)\t2 a foot74 ,page #ejc4 ,/emless1 dimidiate1 m>g9 di/9ct4 ,,resup9ati 7resup9o1 to ?r[ on ! back74 ,)\t /em or di/9ct pileus4 ,none kn[n to be edible4 ,,mes,,opus4 ,gr--middle2 a foot4 7,entire1 simple1 /em c5tral4 ,on ! gr\nd1 mo/ly 9 p9e woods47 ,h4 imbricatum ,l4--imbrex1 a tile4 ,pileus ab\t #b-e 94 broad1 umb]1 zoneless1 fle%y1 r plane1 some:at umbilicate1 floccose1 tessulato-scaly4 ,fle% d+y :iti%4 ,/em curt1 #a-c 94 long1 #a-b 94 ?ick1 ev54 ,sp9es #d-f l9es long1 decurr5t1 a%y-:ite4 ,!re are two =ms2 "o ) ! pileus plane & ) ?ick p]si/5t scales1 ano!r ) ! pileus some:at infundibuli=m1 & ) ?9n]1 at l5g? sep>at+ scales4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores pale yell[ br[n1 r\gh1 #f-ge ,massee2 #fe ,w4,g4,s4 ,fle%y4 ,! num]\s scales ov] lapp+ t[>d ! c5t]4 ,! surface ( ! cap (t5 cracks 9 a tesselat$ mann]4 ,fle% d+y1 buffi% or r$di%4 ,sp9es %ort1 blunt1 grayi%-:ite & mo/ly ( equal l5g?4 ,9 p9e & mix$ woods4 ,autumn4 ,( delicate ta/e4 ,cordi]4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,f9e specim5s grew at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 f ,septemb] to ,novemb]4 ,until closely exam9$ ! cap may be mi/ak5 = t ( ,h4 zonatum4 ,! zones ( ! latt] & ! p]vad+ ru/-color w di/+ui% x4 ,bo? are edible1 ?\gh ,h4 zonatum is mu* t\gh]4 ,h4 imbricatum is slightly bitt]1 raw4 ,x mu/ be slic$ ?9 & well cook$4 ,h4 lvigatum ,sw>tz--lvis1 smoo?4 ,pileus #d-f 94 broad1 umb]1 fle%y1 compact1 firm1 regul>1 plane1 ev51 v smoo?1 m>g9 circ9ate 7n rep&74 ,fle% :iti%1 compact1 b by no means fibr\s1 s(t :5 fre%1 pliant :5 dry4 ,/em %ort1 ?ick1 ev51 pallid-br[n4 ,sp9es ?91 pallid-br[n4 ,its size is t ( ,h4 imbricatum1 b x occurs twice z l>ge1 ) ! pileus m9utely rimuloso-rivulose1 by no means scaly4 ,! /em v>ies curt & unequal or long] & equal4 ,q di/9ct f ,h4 fragile4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores #aj-ae long1 ,massee2 globose1 w>t$1 pale lemon-yell[1 #g ,q4 ,9 p9e woods4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,edible1 ,curtis2 edible1 ,leuba4 8,eat5 9 ,alp9e di/ricts40 ,b>la4 7,plate ,,cxxxi47 ,illu/ration3 ,,hydnum ,,scabrosum4 ,natural size4 ,h4 scabrosum ,fr4--scabrosus1 r\gh4 ,pileus ab\t #a-d 94 broad1 br[ni%-yell[1 compactly fle%y1 at fir/ top-%ap$1 !n plane above1 v convex b5ea?1 at fir/ tom5tose1 !n r\gh ) flocci :i* are fasciculate 9 ! =m ( m9ute cr[d$ squamules1 slightly rep& at ! m>g94 ,fle% v ?ick1 :ite1 desc5d+ into ! /em4 ,/em v curt1 #a 94 long1 & equally ?ick1 r\nd or compress$1 dott$ ) ! rudim5ts ( sp9es decurr5t ^u x1 a%-color1 att5uat$ d[nw>d1 r\ndi% & blacki% at ! base4 ,sp9es #d l9es long1 equal1 awl-%ap$1 d+y-ru/ color1 :iti% at ! apex1 at fir/ sight grayi%-br[n4 ,fries4 ,spores #d-e diamet]4 ,massee4 ,hydnum scabrosum is frequ5tly f\nd 9 ,p5nsylvania1 among p9es & 9 mix$ woods :]e p9es gr[4 ,x occurs at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 & on ,spr+ton ,hills "u hemlocks4 ,! caps are s(t1 fle%y1 & equal to ,h4 rep&um 9 quality4 ,h4 squamosum ,s*aeff4--squama1 a scale4 ,pileus #a-c 94 across1 r$di%-br[n1 fle%y1 irregul>1 depress$1 smoo?1 break+ up into irregul> scales4 ,fle% :iti%4 ,/em curt1 att5uat$ d[nw>d1 :ite4 ,sp9es grayi%-br[n1 :iti% at ! apex4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores subglobose1 #e-f diamet]4 ,massee4 ,pileus smoo? & ev5 :5 "y4 ,fle% :iti%4 ,spores grayi%-br[n4 ,sp9es :iti%1 giv+ ! l[] surface a mu* light] appe>ance ?an ! upp]4 ,"u hemlock & spruce 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 #ahhd4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,caps are good :5 slic$ ?9 & well cook$4 ,h4 subsquamosum ,bats*4 ,pileus fle%y1 some:at convex1 subumbilicate1 br[ni%-ru/ color1 sup]ficial scales soon dropp+ (f2 spott$ ) br[n4 ,/em /\t1 unequal1 smoo?4 ,sp9es :iti%1 becom+ br[n1 apex rema9+ :iti%4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis2 ,alabama1 ,pet]s2 ,massa*usetts1 ,sprague4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,edible4 ,cordi]4 7,plate ,,cxxxii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,hydnum ,,rep&um4 ,h4 repandum ,l4--rep&us1 b5t backw>d 7( ! cap1 upw>d74 ,pileus #b-f 94 broad1 pallid1 etc41 fle%y1 fragile1 some:at rep&1 r smoo?4 ,/em #b-e 94 long1 -#a 94 ?ick1 irregul>ly %ap$1 pallid4 ,sp9es #d l9es long1 unequal1 ( ! same color4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores po9t$1 #e-h ,massee4 ,pileus sometimes depress$1 (t5 turn$ upw>d at m>g91 (t5 wav$1 sometimes tom5tose4 ,color v>iable--light-buff1 br[n1 p9ki%1 r$di%4 ,fle% :iti%1 compact1 fragile4 ,sp9es conical1 up to 94 9 l5g?1 :iti% b ri* creamy %ades1 mo/ly po9t$1 b sometimes appe>+ to be holl[4 ,/em c5tral or ecc5tric1 sometimes cov]$ ) :ite d[n1 ?ick1 unev51 usually crook$1 solid1 fle%y1 light 9 color4 ,july to ,novemb]4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,common to mo/ c\ntries1 &1 al?\gh giv5 z a gr\nd-gr[+ species1 x is r indiscrim9ate 9 its habitats4 ,woods1 fields1 leaf-cov]$ or b>e places1 mu* decay$ wood & /umps are its liv+ places4 ,dr4 ,cooke ?9ks x irreproa*able4 ,popul>ly x goes by ! "n ( ! ,h$gehog mu%room4 ,h4 rep&um v>ies greatly 9 %ape1 color & texture4 ,9 ! op5 x is usually symmetrical & t\gh2 :5 clu/]$ x is irregul>1 (t5 fanciful & q brittle--t5d]4 ,:5 slic$ ?9 an h\r's sl[ cook+ is suffici5t4 ,all writ]s comm5d x1 & prop]ly4 ,h4 rufesc5s ,p]s4--rufus1 r$4 ,pileus #b-c 94 across1 ?91 fragile1 usually regul>1 pubesc5t1 r$di%4 ,sp9es #a-c l9es long1 regul>4 ,/em #a-c 94 long1 commonly ?91 ne>ly equal1 r$di%4 ,! :ole plant is r$di%4 ,9 all o!r respects x resembles ,h4 rep&um4 ,usually m regul>4 ,commonly f\nd 9 woods4 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis1 ,s*we9itz4 ,edible1 ,curtis4 ,edible1 ,leuba4 ,fries consid]$ ,h4 rufesc5s a v>iety ( ,h4 rep&um1 & ! writ] agrees ) him4 ,x is giv5 di/9ct place "h because ,massee & ,/ev5son--books 9 ! h&s ( _m /ud5ts ( fungi--give x importance4 ,x is q z good z ,h4 rep&um4 ,h4 f]rugineum ,fr4 ,pileus #a-d 94 across1 corky1 s(t1 convex1 !n plane or depress$1 irregul>ly pitt$1 f]rug9\s1 at fir/ ) :iti% tom5tum4 ,fle% f]rug9\s4 ,sp9es ?91 acute1 ab\t #b l9es long1 ru/y-br[n4 ,/em firm1 #b-c 94 long1 unequal1 ru/y-br[n4 ,spores subglobose1 #d diamet]4 ,9 fir woods4 ,(t5 greg>i\s2 s(t :5 "y1 corky & dry at maturity4 ,massee4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,novemb] to ,decemb]1 #ahih4 ,among p9e leaves4 ,ta/e mild1 mealy4 ,t\gh1 b :5 "y x cooks t5d]4 ,h4 zonatum ,bats*4 ,f]rug9\s4 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad1 equally coriace\s1 ?91 exp&$1 some:at infundibuli=m1 zon$1 becom+ smoo?1 radiately-wr9kl$1 ! pal] m>g9 /]ile b5ea?4 ,/em - 94 long1 #b-c l9es ?ick1 sl5d]1 some:at equal1 floccose1 base tub]\s4 ,sp9es #a-a l9es long1 sl5d]1 pallid1 !n ru/-color4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores r\gh1 globose1 pale wat]y br[n1 #d diamet] ,massee4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #bd? ,rep4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,abundant among hemlocks2 ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,coriace\s4 ,edible4 ,x w n cook t5d]1 b yields a pleasant flavor to a gravy made ( its juices4 ,h4 albonigrum ,pk4 ,pileus convex or ne>ly plane1 broadly obconical1 t\gh b s(t & d5sely tom5tose on ! upp] surface1 buff-br[n or smoky br[n1 (t5 :olly cov]$ ) a :iti% d[ny tom5tum1 sometimes on ! m>g9 only1 sub/ance )9 s(t tom5tose & buff-br[n 9 ! upp] /ratum1 ! l[] half h>d & black4 ,sp9es %ort1 at fir/ :ite1 !n :iti% or grayi%4 ,/em %ort1 (t5 irregul>1 compress$ or gr[+ toge!r1 blacki% :5 moi/1 buff-br[n :5 dry1 cov]$ ) a ?ick d5se tom5tum1 :i* is frequ5tly m abundant t[>d ! base1 h>d & black )94 ,spores :ite1 globose1 #d-e4 ,pileus #a-c 94 broad1 sometimes #b or #c conflu5t4 ,/em #a-b 94 long4 ,gr\nd 9 mix$ woods4 ,gansevoort4 ,augu/4 ,peck1 #ej? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,specim5s f p9e woods ,new ,j]sey1 ,t4,j4 ,coll9s1 ,septemb]1 #ahig4 #a 94 across4 ,frequ5t at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,edible4 ,good flavor1 b t\gh4 ,h4 vellereum ,pk4 ,?is species appe>s to be v mu* l ! prec$+ "o 7,h4 albonigrum ,pk47 f :i* x is sep>at$ by its small] size & ! pal] br[ni% or ru/y-br[n sub/ance ( its pileus & /em4 ,peck1 #ej? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ! species gr[s ) ,h4 albonigrum4 ,9 quality x is ! same4 7,plate ,,cxxxiii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,hydnum ,,albidum4 ,h4 albidum ,pk4 ,pileus fle%y1 ?91 broadly convex or ne>ly plane1 subpru9ose1 :ite4 ,fle% :ite4 ,sp9es %ort1 :ite4 ,/em %ort1 solid1 c5tral or ecc5tric1 :ite4 ,spores subglobose1 #d-e broad4 ,! :iti% ,hydnum is uni=mly color$ 9 all p>ts4 ,x gr[s 9 gr\ps or 9 clu/]s4 ,9 ! latt] case ! caps are sometimes irregul> because ( ! cr[d$ mode ( gr[? & ! /ems are occasionally ecc5tric4 ,x is a small species n liable to be mi/ak5 = any o!r except possibly = v small pale =ms ( ! spread+ ,hydnum4 ,b :olly :ite examples ( ?is species h nev] be5 se5 by me4 ,! caps are #a-b 94 broad & ! /ems are g5]ally ab\t #a 94 long & #c-e l9es ?ick4 ,! plants gr[ 9 ?9 woods or 9 op5 bu%y places & appe> 9 ,june & ,july4 ,x is n a common species1 & ?\gh well flavor$ x is n ( v great importance z an edible mu%room1 because ( its sc>city & small size4 ,peck1 #ea/ ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,port ,jeff]son4 ,july4 ,?is fungus has be5 te/$ & f\nd to be edible4 ,peck1 #ej? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 #ahig4 ,specim5s id5tifi$ by ,pr(essor ,peck4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,! caps are edible & sup]ior to ,h4 rep&um4 ,h4 f5nicum ,k>/4 ,cap fle%y1 fragile1 unequal1 at fir/ scaly1 at l5g? break+ up1 r$di%-brick color becom+ d>k]1 m>g9 undulately lob$1 #b-d 94 broad4 ,fle% :ite4 ,/em suffici5tly /\t1 unequal bel[1 att5uat$1 flexu\s or curv$1 smoo?1 ( ! same color z ! cap1 base acute1 light :ite tom5tum outside1 inside light pale-blue or d>k-gray 7wood-a%71 #a-c 94 long1 4#d-a 94 ?ick4 ,tee? decurr5t1 equal1 po9t$1 f :ite dusky1 ab\t #d mm4 long4 ,spores ellipso-sph]oidical or sub-sph]oidical1 r\gh1 dusky1 #d-f long1 #c-e broad4 ,f\nd 9 gravelly or s&y soil 9 woods4 ,f\nd at ,angora ne> ,philadelphia4 ,top crack$4 ,id5tifi$ by ,pr(essor ,peck4 ,occurs frequ5tly at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 gr\nd 9 mix$ woods4 ,augu/ to ,septemb]4 ,! ta/e & smell are at fir/ invit+1 b ! extreme bitt] :i* develops de/roys all desire to eat x4 ,h4 spongiosipes ,pk4 ,pileus convex1 s(t1 spongy-tom5tose1 b t\gh 9 texture1 ru/y-br[n1 ! l[] /ratum m firm & fibr\s4 b concolor\s4 ,sp9es sl5d]1 #a-b l9es long1 ru/y-br[n1 becom+ d>k] ) age4 ,/em h>d & corky )91 ext]nally spongy-tom5tose1 color$ l ! pileus1 ! c5tral sub/ance (t5 transv]sely zon$ especially ne> ! top4 ,spores subglobose1 nodulose1 purpli%-br[n1 #d-f broad4 ,pileus #a4e-d 94 broad4 ,/em #a4e-c 94 long1 #d-h l9es ?ick4 ,woods4 ,r5ssela] & ,s>atoga c\nties4 ,augu/4 ,?is plant 0 =m]ly ref]r$ to ,hydnum f]rug9eum ,fr4 ,peck1 #ej? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,f\nd 9 p9e woods1 ne> ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 by ,t4,j4 ,coll9s1 ,septemb]1 #ahig4 ,cap & /em d>k br[n4 ,sp9es d>k]4 ,/em swell+ t[>d base1 :i* !n tap]s 9 a long root+ way4 ,cap umbilicate4 ,specim5s id5tifi$ by ,pr(essor ,peck4 ,edible b t\gh & un9vit+4 ,yields a good fungoid flavor to ! wat] 9 :i* x is boil$4 ,h4 gelat9osum ,scop4 ,transf]r$ to ,tremell$on z ,t4 gelat9osum1 "u :i* head+ x is describ$ & its edible qualities not$4 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph$ by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,wei/4 ,,plate ,,cxxxiv4 ,,hydnum ,,coralloides4 ,,m]is,,ma4 ,gr--a division4 7,v mu* bran*$ or ( an irregul> =m )\t a di/9ct m>g947 ,h4 coralloides ,scop4 7,plate ,,cxxxiv47 #f-ah 94 across4 ,tufts on wood4 ,pure %9+ :ite gr[+ yell[ ) age1 compos$ :olly ( att5uat$ int]lac+ bran*es 94 at base1 tap]+ to a po9t4 ,sp9es gr[+ f "o side ( ! bran*es1 #c-d l9es 9 l5g?1 awl-%ap$4 ,spores globose1 #d-f diamet] ,massee4 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bb2 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,mill]2 ,massa*usetts1 ,sprague2 ,cali=nia2 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,gr[s ^u /&+ & fall5 timb] :i* is attack$ by decay4 ,fir1 oak1 bee*1 a%1 bir*1 hickory & o!r trees are inhabit$ by x4 ,augu/ to fro/4 ,?is beautiful species c n be mi/ak5 = any o!r4 ,its "n is ! be/ guide to its id5tification4 ,dame ,nature has made _m exquisite decorations = h]self & ?is is "o ( !m4 ,x is g5]ally eat51 b is r>e4 ,pr(essor ,peck speaks affectionately ( x z a gratuit\s adjunct to 8 bill ( f>e :5 on botanical tramps 9 ! ,adirondacks4 ,h4 caput-ursi ,fr4--be>-head4 #f-h 94 high1 #f-h 94 across4 ,tufts usually p5dul\s1 compact1 :ite1 becom+ yell[ & br[ni%4 ,sp9es up to #a 94 long1 r\nd1 po9t$4 ,bran*es 9 e direction1 %ort4 ,closely resembl+ ,h4 coralloides & 9 small =ms ) %ort] sp9es easily mi/ak5 = x4 ,position ( gr[? has mu* to d ) its %ape & appe>ance4 ,on fall5 timb] ! bran*lets & sp9es may be erect4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #dd? ,rep42 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis2 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,edible4 ,peck4 ,hydnum caput-ursi is common 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia =e/s4 ,x is conspicu\s on /&+ oaks1 & at a di/ance a puzzl+ object to "o n famili> ) su* excresc5ces4 ,x gr[s on /&+ oaks ne> ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 & sp>sely at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,x is m compact1 & is t\gh] ?an ,h4 coralloides & ,h4 ,m$us1 b cooks t5d] & is v good4 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph$ by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,wei/4 ,,plate ,,cxxxv4 ,,hydnum ,,caput-,,m$us4 ,h4 caput-,m$us ,bull4--head ( ,m$us4 7,plate ,,cxxxv47 #c-ah 94 across1 #b-h 94 high4 ,tufts p5dul\s4 ,:ite !n grayi%4 ,body compact1 tap]+ to a solid base1 m or less /em-l4 ,sp9es cov]+ entire surface4 ,^? ^u top are long1 ?91 /raight or di/ort$1 gr[+ %ort] ar\nd & to ! "u side :]e !y are %ort & /raight4 ,! wavy appe>ance ( ! sl5d] sp9es rem9d ( ! snaky locks ( ,m$usa1 h5ce ! "n4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,edible4 ,leuba4 ,on elms at ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j42 on oaks at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 & 9 ,woodl& ,cemet]y1 & on elms 9 ,wa%+ton ,squ>e1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,commonly eat5 9 ,italy & p>ts ( ,au/ria2 r>e else:]e 9 ,europe4 ,occurr+ ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,specim5s eighte5 in*es across 7 se5 by ! writ] 9 ! ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9s4 ,mr4 ,h4,i4 ,mill]1 ,t]re ,haute1 ,ind41 s5t me a f9e specim5 weigh+ #aj p\nds4 ,! ,am]ican species1 z f> z se5 by ! writ]1 *anges to a light yell[ :5 age+4 ,! entire fungus is edible & excell5t1 b ! t5d] sp9es & m delicate p>ts make a di% equal$ by few fungi4 ,h4 er9aceum ,bull4--er9aceus1 a h$gehog4 #b-h 94 & m across4 ,tufts p5dul\s4 ,:ite & yell[i%-:ite becom+ yell[-br[ni%1 fle%y1 ela/ic1 t\gh1 sometimes em>g9ate 7broadly atta*$ z if tuft 0 cut 9 two1 slic$ (f :]e atta*$71 a mass ( lattic$ bran*es & fibrils4 ,sp9es #a-d 94 long1 cr[d$1 /raight1 equal1 p5dul\s4 ,/em sometimes rudim5t>y4 ,on trunks ( oak1 bee*1 etc4 ,july to ,octob]4 ,spores subglobose1 #e-f diamet] ,massee2 :ite1 pla91 #ef ,w4,g4,s4 ,alabama1 ,miss ,k4 ,skehan2 ,p5nsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine2 ,massa*usetts1 ,sprague2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bb4 ,eat5 9 ,g]many & ,france4 ,cooke4 ,a dead bee* trunk at ,eagle's ,m]e1 ,pa41 9 ,augu/1 #ahih1 bore at lea/ fifty p\nds ( x4 ,x drap$ "o side ( ! tree f root to top ) yell[i%1 p5dul\s tufts1 ) sp9es up to #c 94 long1 :i* wav$ 9 ! w9d4 ,! sp9es & t5d] p>ts 7 /ew$1 & enjoy$ by _m4 ,x %r9ks v mu* 9 dry+1 becom+ s\r4 ,a,,pus4 ,gr--)\t2 a foot4 7,/emless1 dimidiate1 m>g9 di/9ct47 ,h4 sept5trionale ,fr4--,nor!rn4 ,fle%y-fibr\s1 becom+ pale1 imbricat$4 ,pilei n num]\s1 gr[+ "o above ! o!r1 plane1 beh9d ?ick1 consolidat$1 m>g9 /raight1 :ole4 ,sp9es v cr[d$1 sl5d]1 equal4 ,! l>ge/ kn[n ,hydnum4 ,receiv$ f ,e4,b4 ,/]l+1 ,tr5ton1 ,n4,j41 ,septemb]1 #ahig4 ,! specim5s =m$ "p ( a d5se fasciculate mass weigh+ ov] #bj p\nds1 gr[+ on a bee* /ump4 ,edges ( ! "y plant are edible1 b h little ta/e4 ,illu/ration ,,ir,,pex ,fr4 ,a h>r[4 ,hym5ium inf]ior1 too!d f ! fir/4 ,tee? firm1 some:at coriace\s1 acute1 concrete ) ! pileus1 arrang$ 9 r[s or l network1 connect$ at ! base by folds1 :i* are gill-l 79 sessile species7 or resemble honeycomb 79 resup9ate ones74 ,sporophores #d-spor$4 ,gr[+ on wood1 some:at gr[+ f ! side or ^u ! back1 approa*+ ,l5zites & ,ddale4 ,irpex diff]s f ,hydnum 9 hav+ ! sp9es connect$ at ! base1 & 9 _! be+ less awl-%ap$ & po9t$4 ,x is report$ z f\nd well up 9 ! nor!rn ,/ates1 b its species pref] w>m climates4 ,irpex conta9s no *oice species1 b all ,i h te/$ c be eat54 ,i4 obliquus ,fr4--oblique4 ,:ite1 incl9+ to pale1 effus$ 7spread71 =m+ an adnate cru/1 circumf]5ce flaxy4 ,tee? ext5d$ f a base resembl+ honeycomb1 compress$1 unequal1 incis$1 oblique1 #b-c l9es long4 ,at fir/ abundantly por\s1 b too!d f ! fir/1 at l5g? q z 9 ,hydna4 ,on /umps & dead bran*es4 ,novemb] to ,febru>y4 ,/ev5son4 ,?is spreads 9 irregul> pat*es on ! surface ( decay+ wood4 ,! pores = a small space r\nd ! m>g9 are r\nd & di/9ct1 b t[>d ! c5t] are greatly l5g!n$ out1 ly+ "o ^u ano!r 9 an imbricat$ mann]4 ,! color is :ite at fir/1 :5 old x *anges to a yell[-br[n1 & at la/ to a dirty fusc\s black4 ,bolton4 ,at fir/ x looks m l a small :ite orbicul> resup9ate ,polyporus ?an an ,irpex4 ,peck4 ,! species is common & c be collect$ at mo/ times ( ! ye>4 ,:5 fre% & moi/ x c be %av$ f its ho/ plant4 ,goodly quantities c ?us be obta9$4 ,x /ews to a firm gelat9\s mass ( pleasant flavor4 ,! lo/ hunt] ne$ n die ( />vation 9 any woods if he w b /udy ! tree-gr[+ fungi1 & especially ! small species1 hi!rto insignificant 9 food circles4 ,i4 c>neus ,fr4--resembl+ ! color ( fle%4 ,r$di%1 effus$1 #a-c 94 long1 c>tilag9\s-gelat9\s1 membranace\s1 adnate4 ,tee? obtuse & awl-%ap$1 entire1 unit$ at ! base4 ,x incl9es to ,radula & ,phlebia4 ,/ev5son4 ,on tulip popl>1 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,septemb]1 #ahib2 on hickory1 ,angora1 ,philadelphia1 ,septemb]1 #ahig4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,! entire fungus is good1 cook+ l a ,hydnum4 ,i4 de=mis ,fr4--de=m$4 ,:ite1 effus$1 cru/ace\s1 ?91 circumf]5ce pubesc5t1 some:at flaxy4 ,tee? ext5d$ 9 awl-%ape f a m9utely por\s base1 ?91 some:at digitato-incis$ 7cut 9 f+]-%ape71 #a-b l9es long4 ,fries4 ,x approa*es ! ,polypori4 ,gr[s on wood4 ,/ev5son4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s*we9itz1 ,curtis2 ,massa*usetts1 ,fro/4 ,common on /umps & trees4 ,! awl-%ap$ tee?1 :i* h ! appe>ance ( %r$s1 c be scrap$ f ! fre% plant1 or if dri$ plants are moi/5$1 ! tee? are deta*able1 & are food-giv+4 ,i4 fusco-vioiaceus ,fr4--fuscus1 br[n2 violace\s1 violet4 ,pileus #b 94 long1 m ?an #a 94 broad1 :ite incl9+ to ho>y1 effuso-reflex$1 coriace\s1 silky1 zon$4 ,tee? 9 r[s 9 ! =m ( plates1 br[ni%-violet1 incis$ at ! apex4 ,fries4 ,on p9e trunks4 ,/ev5son4 ,decay+ trunks ( spruce1 abies nigra4 ,adirondack m\nta9s4 ,july4 ,our specim5s are n 8silky10 z requir$ by ! description1 b villose or tom5tose-villose z 9 ,polyporus hirsutus & ,p4 abiet9us1 ! latt] ( :i* ?is species closely resembles4 ,! hym5ium1 h[ev]1 is co>s]1 m highly color$ & lamellat$ to su* an ext5t t "y specim5s might easily be tak5 = a ,l5zites4 ,peck1 #cj? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,f\nd 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 & else:]e4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,v common on logs ( conif]\s trees4 ,x is difficult to collect x entirely free f res91 :i* z a season+ is n recomm5d$4 ,,family ,,iv4--,,!lephora,,ce ,fr4 ,gr--a teat2 ,gr--to be>4 ,sporophore erect & /ipitate1 ) a c5tral /em1 effus$1 ) ! upp] portion free & b5t backw>d1 or entirely resup9ate4 ,hym5ium p]fectly ev5 or radiately wr9kl$1 glabr\s or m9utely bri/l$ ) project+ cy/idia2 basidia normally #d-spor$4 ,spores )\t a division1 colorless or color$4 ,massee4 ,9 ,!lephorace are %apes closely resembl+ ^? f\nd 9 ,hydnace1 ,polyporace & ,ag>icace4 ,! g5us ,crat]ellus is closely alli$ to ,can?>ellus1 &1 ?\gh ! spore surface is mu* less wr9kl$ or ve9$1 resembles x 9 sev]al ( its species4 ,o!r types %[ lik5ess to ,m]ulius 9 ,polyporace2 o!rs to ,tremell9e & ,clav>iace4 ,_m puzzles are pres5t$ by its species1 b ! solv+ is int]e/+4 ,?\gh popul\s x conta9s b few edibles4 ,! be/ ( !m is ,crat]ellus cornucopoides4 ,,synopsis ,,( ,,g5]a4 ,a4 ,,spores ,,color$4 ,spores smoo?4 ,,coniophora4 ,resup9ate1 dry & pulv]ul5t4 7,no edible species report$47 ,,aldridgea4 ,resup9ate1 s(t & subgelat9\s4 7,no edible species report$47 ,spores w>t$ or e*9ulate4 ,,!lephora4 ,dry & fibr\s1 hym5ium rugulose4 7,no edible species report$47 ,,soppittella4 ,subgelat9\s1 effus$ or v>i\sly incru/+1 hym5ium ev54 7,no edible species report$47 ,b4 ,,spores ,,colorless4 ,p>asitic on liv+ leaves or /ems4 ,,exobasidium4 ,saprophytes gr[+ on dead wood1 bran*es1 etc4 ,hym5ium m9utely setulose ) project+ cy/idia4 ,,p5iophora4 ,cy/idia colorless1 r\gh at ! tip ) p>ticles ( lime4 7,no edible species report$47 ,,hym5o*,,te4 ,cy/idia br[n1 smoo?4 7,no edible species report$47 ,hym5ium glabr\s4 ,,corticium4 ,entirely resup9ate1 hym5ium usually crack$ :5 dry4 7,no edible species report$47 ,,/]eum4 ,effuso-reflex$1 pileus silky or /rigose1 hym5ium ev54 7,no edible species report$47 ,,cladod]ris4 ,horizontal & atta*$ by a n>r[ po9t beh9d1 hym5ium radiato-rugulose4 7,no edible species report$47 ,,crat]ellus4 ,page #ejh4 ,l>ge1 erect1 funnel-%ap$4 ,,cyphella4 ,m9ute1 cup-%ap$1 m\? op54 7,no edible species report$47 ,,sol5ia4 ,m9ute1 cyl9drical1 greg>i\s or cr[d$1 tubul>1 m\? contract$4 7,no edible species report$47 ,,crat]el,,lus ,fr4 ,crat]1 a b[l4 ,hym5ium waxy-membranace\s1 di/9ct b adnate to ! hym5ophore1 inf]ior1 cont9u\s1 smoo?1 ev5 or wr9kl$4 ,spores :ite4 ,fries4 ,?is1 ! only g5us ( ,!lephorace conta9+ edible fungi1 has ! =m & g5]al appe>ance ( ,can?>ellus to :i* x is alli$1 b x is di/+ui%$ by its ne>ly ev5 hym5ium1 :i* 9 ,can?>ellus has ! =m ( gills1 fold-l & ?ick b /ill di/9ctly gills4 ,! species v>y f fle%y to membranace\s1 all hav+ a funnel-%ap$ pileus & /em m]g+ into x4 ,on ! gr\nd4 ,autumn4 ,! slightly ve9$ surface :]e ! spores are borne1 & ! spores !mselves1 :5 a microscope is br\ght to be> ^u !m1 di/+ui% ?is g5us f ,can?>ellus2 & its ?9 fle% & funnel-%ape f ! l>ge =ms ( ,pi/ill>ia4 ,sev]al ( ! species are edible4 ,x is probable t all are4 ,toad/ools1 despite _! "n1 are m popul>ly associat$ ) fairies ?an ) toads4 8,fairy r+s10 8,fairy ,bread0 & 8,fairy ,clubs0 are titles belong+ to !m1 & ^! l9k u to ! pretty belief ( *ildhood--a belief we (t5 d n outgr[4 ,a gr\p ( ,c4 lutesc5s or ,c4 cornucopoides may well be lik5$ to fairy trumpets1 or to a t9y or*e/rion ?ru/+ its horns ?r\gh wood e>? :]e roots ( /umps ab\nd4 ,c4 can?>ellus ,s*w4 7,plate ,,xlvi1 fig4 #c47 ,capn4 across1 convex1 (t5 becom+ depress$ & funnel-%ap$1 glabr\s1 yell[i% or p9ki%-yell[4 ,fle% :ite1 t\gh1 ela/ic4 ,hym5ium slightly wr9kl$1 yell[ or fa9t salmon color4 ,/em #a-c 94 high1 #c-e l9es ?ick1 glabr\s1 solid1 yell[4 ,spores on :ite pap] yell[i% or pale salmon4 ,spores #g4e-aje-f ,peck4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,no "o n look+ = m9ute botanic details w\ld sep>ate ?is species f ,can?>ellus cib>ius1 especially if f\nd gr[+ ne> or ) x4 ,! p9ki% t+e sometimes pres5t 9 ,c4 can?>ellus ,i h nev] obs]v$ 9 ,c4 cib>ius4 ,! pres5t species is ( equal excell5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p$ by ,val ,/>nes--,/udies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,cxxxvi4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,spa?ul>ia ,,clavata1 #edi #f4 ,,hygrophorus ,,cocc9eus1 #aef #b4 ,,peziza ,,cocc9ea1 #eei #g4 ,,crat]ellus ,,s9uosus1 #eaj ,,v>4 ,,crispus1 #c4 ,,peziza ,,aurantia1 #eeg #h4 ,,crat]ellus #eji ,,cornucopoides1 #d4 ,,can?>ellus ,,aurantiacus1 #baf #i4 ,,can?>ellus ,,lutesc5s1 #bah #e4 ,,hypomyces ,,lactifluorum1 #efb ,c4 cornucopoides ,p]s4--cornu & copi1 horn ( pl5ty4 7,plate ,,cxxxvi1 fig4 #h1 p4 #ejh47 ,cap d>k sooty %ades ( gray or br[n--%ades ( well-worn velvete5--#a-b 94 across1 :ole plant f #b-d 94 high1 trumpet-%ap$1 or l a funnel ) its op5 m\?1 plane1 wavy1 split or 9 folds4 ,sub/ance v ?9 & ei!r brittle or t\gh4 ,! inside is sometimes m9utely scaly1 ! op5+ ext5d+ to ! base2 outside1 :]e ! spores are borne1 x has nei!r gills1 pores nor protub]ances1 b a slightly unev5 surface v>y+ little 9 color4 ,/em obsolete or seldom noticeable4 ,odor slight4 ,spores po9t$1 #aa-abg-h ,massee4 ,gr[s s+le1 clu/]$ or 9 troops along %ad$ roads1 or f leaf mold & gr\nd 9 woods4 ,july to fro/4 ,l>ge pat*es1 clu/]$1 gr[ ne> /umps 9 moi/ places on ,botanic ,creek1 ,we/ ,philadelphia4 ,x is pl5tiful ne> ,haddonfield1 ,n4 ,j41 at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 & _m o!r places 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is n pleasant to look ^u1 because ( its peculi> color1 b :5 "o gets us$ to x x has an attractiv5ess ( its own4 ,its graceful %ape1 ev5 its fun]eal hue & "n--,trompet du ,morte--are allur+4 ,x dries well1 & :5 moi/5$ exp&s to its normal size4 ,x is a fir/-class edible fungus4 ,x %\ld be /ew$ sl[ly until t5d]4 ,c4 clavatus ,fr4--clava1 a club4 ,pileus #b 94 broad1 some:at light-yell[i%1 fle%y1 top-%ape1 truncate or depress$1 flexu\s1 unpoli%$1 att5uat$ into ! solid /em4 ,fle% ?ick1 :ite4 ,hym5ium ev51 !n corrugat$1 purpli% !n *ang+ color4 ,fries4 ,spores elliptical1 pale-yell[1 #aj-abd-e ,massee4 ,pr(essor ,peck notes t ! species s closely resembles ,can?>ellus cib>ius t x might easily be mi/ak5 = a de=m$ condition ( x4 ,! resemblance to ! yell[ =ms ( ,clav>ia pi/ill>ia is m>k$4 ,massa*usetts1 ,sprague1 ,f>l[2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #cb2 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,an excell5t species4 ,its sc>city is regrettable4 ,c4 dubius ,pk4 ,pileus infundibuli=m1 subfibrillose1 lurid-br[n1 p]vi\s to ! base1 ! m>g9 g5]ally wavy & lob$4 ,hym5ium d>k c9]e\s1 rugose :5 moi/1 ! m9ute cr[d$ irregul> folds abundantly ana/omos+1 ne>ly ev5 :5 dry4 ,/em %ort4 ,spores broadly elliptical or subglobose1 #f-g4e long4 ,plant simple or cespitose1 #b-c 94 high4 ,pileus #a-b 94 broad4 ,gr\nd "u spruce trees4 ,adirondack m\nta9s4 ,augu/4 ,9 color ?is species be>s "s resemblance to ,can?>ellus c9]eus4 ,f ,crat]ellus s9uosus x is sep>at$ by its p]vi\s /em1 & f ,c4 cornucopoides by its m cespitose habit1 pal] color & small] spores4 ,peck1 #ca/ ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,its edible qualities are 9 e way equal to ^? ( ,c4 cornucopoides4 ,c4 s9uosus ,fr4--s9us1 a curve4 ,/rong sc5t$4 ,pileus funnel-%ap$1 d[ny1 grayi%-br[n1 m>g9 undulat$4 ,/em pale yell[1 elongat$1 /uff$4 ,hym5ium ) ana/omos+ ribs1 grayi%4 ,spores elliptical1 pale yell[1 #h-ie4 ,9 woods4 ,pileus -#a 94 high & broad4 ,/em ab\t #a 94 high1 sometimes v %ort4 ,smell /rong1 musky4 ,hym5ium becom+ tan-color :5 dry4 ,pileus m or less villose4 ,massee4 ,! above description is giv5 s t ,v>4 crispus :i* foll[s may be comp>$ ) x4 ,fries consid]$ v>4 crispus a good species4 ,v>4 crispus--crispus1 curl$4 7,plate ,,cxxxvi1 fig4 #g1 p4 #ejh47 ,m>g9 ( hym5ium s9u\s & crisp$4 ,pileus p]vi\s4 ,/em /uff$ at base only4 ,hym5ium almo/ ev54 ,massee4 ,solit>y & cespitose 9 mix$ woods4 ,f\nd by ,dr4 ,s4,c4 ,s*muck] ne> ,we/ ,*e/]1 ,pa41 #ahif2 ,wm4 ,h4 ,ror]1 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,augu/1 #ahig4 ,cap v>ies 9 color f d>k to light br[ni%-gray4 ,gills br[ni%-gray1 almo/ ev54 ,/em holl[1 d>k yell[4 ,smell /rong1 musky1 mu* l ,a4 silvicola4 ,sub/ance t5d] & ( m>k$ly high & pleasant flavor4 ,illu/ration ,,family ,v4--,,clav>ia,,ce4 ,hym5ium n di/9ct f ! hym5ophore1 cov]+ entire out] surface4 ,some:at fle%y1 n coriace\s1 v]tical1 simple or bran*$4 ,fries4 ,= ! mo/ "p gr[+ ^u ! gr\nd4 ,9 ?is family !re is no sep>ation into /em & pileus1 ) ! spore-be>+ surface re/rict$ to gills or tubes1 b ! sub/ance ( ! plant is cont9u\s1 & ! spores are produc$ on ! clubs or bran*es4 ,b ?ree g5]a--,clav>ia1 ,sp>assis & ,pi/ill>ia--include species ( food value4 ,!y are easily recogniz$4 ,! g5us ,calcoc]a resembles ,clav>ia 9 =m1 b is v diff]5t 9 mat]ial1 be+ a jelly-l viscid1 c>tilag9\s sub/ance1 horny :5 dry1 resembl+ t ( ,tremella4 ,,synopsis ,,( ,,g5]a4 ,,sp>assis4 ,page #eab4 ,v mu* bran*$1 bran*es compress$1 plate-l1 crisp$4 ,,typhula4 ,simple or club-%ap$1 ) a ?read-l /em4 ,,clav>ia4 ,page #eac4 ,fle%y1 simple or bran*$1 bran*es typically r\nd1 "s =ms club-%ap$4 ,,pi/ill>ia4 ,club-%ap$1 simple1 rigid :5 dry2 usually m9ute4 ,,pt]ula4 ,bran*es num]\s1 sl5d]1 =m+ a tuft1 or s+le1 lea!ry1 r\nd or compress$4 ,,sp>as,,sis ,fr4 ,gr--to te> 9 pieces4 ,fle%y1 bran*$1 ) flat leaf-l bran*es1 compos$ ( two plates1 f]tile on bo? sides1 ) f\r-spor$ sporophores4 ,fries4 ,v beautiful plants ( /rik+ appe>ance4 ,un=tunately !y are n common1 al?\gh !y g5]ally occur ye>ly 9 ! same locality4 ,s4 ,h]b/ii ,pk4 ,plants mu* bran*$1 =m+ tufts #d-e 94 high & #e-f 94 broad1 :iti%1 incl9+ to creamy-yell[1 t\gh1 moi/1 ! bran*es num]\s1 ?91 flatt5$1 concresc5t1 dilat$ above & spatulate or fan-%ap$1 (t5 some:at longitud9ally curv$ or wavy1 mo/ly uni=mly color$1 r>ely ) a few indi/9ct1 ne>ly concolor\s1 transv]se zones ne> ! broad1 entire apices4 ,spores subglobose or broadly elliptical1 #e-fd-e4 ,trexl]t[n4 ,augu/4 ,closely alli$ to ,s4 spa?ulata ,s*w41 b diff]s 9 its pal] color ) no rufesc5t hues1 m bran*+ habit & abs5ce ( any di/9ct zones4 ,f\r specim5s 7 f\nd at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 dur+ ,augu/1 #ahih4 ,^! 7 n z symmetrical z ,s4 crispa1 :i* !y closely resembl$ 9 fold & texture4 ,!y 7 ( equal excell5ce cook$4 ,s4 lam9osa ,fr4--a ?9 plate4 ,base bran*+1 /raw-color4 ,bran*es erect1 cr[d$1 gr[+ toge!r1 /raight at ! top1 zoneless1 entire4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis4 ,on oak log4 ,edible1 ,curtis4 8,deliciosa10 ,fries4 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph$ by ,lu!r ,g4 ,h>pel1 ,lebanon1 ,pa4 ,,plate ,,cxxxvii4 ,,sp>assis ,,crispa4 ,s4 crispa ,fr4--crispus1 curly4 7,plate ,,cxxxvii47 ,height #c-ab 941 wid? #d-bd 94 ,tufts v h&some1 :iti%1 oy/] color or pale-yell[1 v mu* bran*$4 ,bran*es flat1 leaf-l4 ,spore surface on bo? sides1 sometimes crimp$ on edges4 ,compact$ into a r\nd mass1 end+ bel[ 9 a solid root+ base4 ,spores pale-o*race\s1 #e-fc-d ,massee4 ,v v>iable 9 size4 ,on gr\nd 9 woods & grassy places 9 op5 woods4 ,summ]1 autumn4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis2 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,h se5 x #b ft4 across4 8,delicosissima40 ,fries4 ,a p]fect specim5 ( ,s4 crispa resembles a huge rosette1 r\nd & _m-fold$ 9 tortu\s design4 ,! folds are wide1 flatt5$ bran*es spr++ f a common base1 ?91 semi-transp>5t1 n unlike damp %eets ( gelat9e al?\gh ?ick]4 ,surfaces ( ! leaves are dull1 l ! flatt5$ seawe$s & ! light-color$ sea-rock mosses4 ,s4 crispa may be easily dri$1 & ?\gh %r9k+ mu* 9 size1 reta9s its %ape1 =m+ a v pretty ornam5t = ! desk ( ! mycologi/4 ,x is n common4 ,:]e x has *os5 a habitat sev]al tufts may be f\nd dur+ ! mod]ate season4 ,! writ] f\nd ?ree specim5s rang+ f #f-ab 94 9 diamet] ne> ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 o!rs1 n z l>ge1 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia & 9 ,*e/] c\nty1 ,pa4 ,x has long be5 kn[n z edible4 ,x makes an ev]-to-be-rememb]$ di%4 ,,clava,,ria ,l4 ,clava1 a club4 ,fle%y1 bran*$ or simple1 some:at r\nd1 )\t a di/9ct /em4 ,hym5ium cont9u\s1 dry1 homog5e\s4 ,= ! mo/ "p gr[+ on gr\nd4 ,fries4 ,! memb]s ( ?is g5us v>y greatly 9 =m1 :i* 9 "s is t ( a club gr[+ s+ly or cespitose1 :ile o!rs pres5t a m or less bu%-l appe>ance1 be+ slightly or excessively bran*$4 ,! color ( ! plant cov]s a wide range1 z x may be :ite1 r$1 yell[1 violet or _! v>i\s %ades1 & to be 9 h>mony ! spores d n conf9e !mselves to "o color1 b are :ite1 o*race\s or c9namon4 ,9 cases :]e ! plant is n o!rwise well def9$ ! spore colors w be f\nd a valuable aid 9 plac+ x4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,tribes4 ,,ram>ia 7ramus1 a bran*74 ,page #ead4 ,bran*$1 bran*es att5uat$ upw>d4 ,a4 ,,spores ,,:ite ,,or ,,pallid4 99 ,plant1 color bright1 r$1 yell[ or violet4 9999 ,plant :ite1 gray or yell[i%4 ,b4 ,,spores ,,o*race\s ,,or ,,c9namon4 99 ,plant yell[ or d+y o*race\s4 9999 ,gr[+ on wood4 ,,syncoryne 7,gr--toge!r2 a club74 ,page #ebc4 ,clubs almo/ simple1 tuft$ at ! base4 ,,holocoryne 7,gr--entire2 a club74 ,page #ebd4 ,clubs almo/ simple1 di/9ct at ! base4 ,except+ to toad/ool hunt]s ! ,clav>ia1 ?\gh num]\s1 are n kn[n to ^? :o 8,"k a toad/ool :5 !y see x40 ,!y be> no semblance to ! /]eotyp$ toad/ool4 ,!y seem to possess an imitative faculty4 ,^? gr[+ among grasses h>monize ) ! fad$ /alks "u debris or ! blea*$ surfaces ( blades fami%+ = sunlight2 ^? ( ! woods take on ! color ( ! leaf mat or ( ! li*5s1 & %apes ( club & de]-horn mosses1 or assemble 9 groves z pigmy trees1 bol$ & /urdy-bran*$ 9 mimicry ( _! giant protectors t[]+ above !m4 ,9 _! =ms _m are delicate1 graceful1 beautiful1 o!rs are intricate4 ,!re is fasc9ation = eye & bra9 9 look+ ?r\gh ! vi/as & labyr9?s ( _! bran*es4 ,a few species are t\gh z %oe-/r+s2 a few bitt]2 "o1 ,c4 di*otoma1 on ! au?ority ( ,leuba1 conta9s a m9or poison4 ,! g5us is pl5tiful & reliable4 ,_m individuals are ( m>k$ excell5ce4 ,9 s\ps1 /ews1 patties1 !y rem9d "o ( noodles2 sometimes ( mac>oni4 ,! h>d p>ts ( ! /em %\ld be remov$1 ! bran*es brok5 or cut 9 94 l5g?s4 ,if /ew$1 !y require "t & sl[ cook+2 if fri$ 9 butt] !y are crisp1 *oice bits4 ,,rama,,ria--ramus1 a bran*4 ,bran*$1 bran*es att5uat$ upw>d4 ,a4 ,,spores ,,:ite ,,or ,,pallid4 99 ,plant1 color bright1 r$1 yell[ or violet4 ,c4 flava ,s*aeff4--yell[4 ,fragile1 trunk ?ick1 fle%y1 :ite1 v mu* bran*$4 ,bran*es ev51 r\nd1 fa/igiate1 obtuse1 yell[4 ,fries4 ,height #b-d 941 #b-d 94 across2 pale-yell[1 d+y-yell[4 ,/em or trunk %ort1 robu/1 :iti%4 ,bran*es v num]\s1 d5se1 fragile1 erect1 /raight1 light] ?an ! yell[ tips 7fad+ ) age7 :i* are too!d4 ,fle% :ite4 ,spores :ite4 ,ta/e & odor pleasant4 ,woods & op5 places4 ,june to fro/4 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,mill]2 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,! ,c4 flava & ,c4 botrytes h long be5 not$ edible species1 lib]ally comm5d$ abroad & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,v>iations 9 _! /ructure are int]*angeable2 v>iations 9 _! quality are due to environm5t4 ,!re is a slight diff]5ce 9 ! measurem5t ( _! spores1 b ! diff]5ce is n s great z betwe5 spores ( ! same specim54 ,specific diff]5ces may exhibit !mselves 9 "y plants1 yet disappe> ) age4 ,plants = ! table %\ld be "y & fre%4 ,:5 ag$ or :5 ! ravages ( insects appe>1 !y %\ld n be us$1 z !y !n h an unpleasant ta/e :i* w effect a :ole di%4 ,!y %\ld be cut into small pieces & /ew$ sl[ly = fully ?irty m9utes4 ,!y c be season$ & eat5 z a /ew or made into patties4 ,c4 botrytes ,p]s4 ,gr--a clu/] ( grapes 7f %ape74 ,height #c-d 941 #c-f 94 across1 :ite1 yell[1 p9ki%1 d+y 9 %ades ( ^! colors4 ,base ?ick1 %ort1 fle%y1 unequal4 ,bran*es _m1 swoll51 ?ick1 cr[d$1 unequal1 enl>g$ at ! ends & divid$ into sev]al small bran*lets :i* are sometimes r$di% at tips4 ,fle% :ite4 ,spores ellipsoid1 sub-transp>5t1 :ite1 #he ,massee4 ,on wood e>?4 ,common4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bd2 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a g5]al favorite & highly e/eem$ 9 ,europe4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 8,:5 old ! bran*es bo? ( ?is species & ( ,c4 flava become elongat$1 obtuse1 v fragile1 & ( a uni=m color4 ,! yell[ tips ( ! latt] & ! r$ ones ( ! =m] species :olly disappe>40 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,except+ :5 "y 7n always !n7 ! r$ tips to ! bran*lets c n be reli$ ^u z di/9ctive features ( ?is species4 ,! place ( its gr[? & ! "* ( ! soil h v mu* to d ) its size1 & ! color & quality ( its fle%4 ,a well-%ad$ ?9-soil$ spot w1 aft] a ra91 gr[ pale1 sp9dl+1 t5d] bun*es1 hav+ b a t+e ( r$ ^u ! po9ts2 p]haps n any4 ,a ri*1 bett] light$ spot w produce m robu/ & highly color$ plants4 ,! same c be said ( ,c4 flava4 ,c4 botrytes is pl5tiful 9 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,we/ ,virg9ia & l latitudes4 ,x mu/ be well cook$4 ,c4 ame?yst9a ,bull4--ame?y/ 9 color4 7,plate ,,cxxxix1 fig4 #a1 p4 #eaf47 ,height -#c 94 ,color violet1 v mu* bran*$ or almo/ simple4 ,bran*es r\nd1 ev51 fragile1 smoo?1 obtuse1 kn[n by its color4 ,spores elliptical1 pale o*race\s1 sub-transp>5t1 #aj-abf-g ,massee4 ,common 9 op5 woods & grassy places4 ,new ,york1 ,peck #cj? ,rep42 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,augu/1 ,septemb]4 ,eat5 9 ,europe1 & by "s pref]r$ to any o!r4 ,a h&some species1 v brittle1 & ?\gh l>ge1 delicate4 ,c4 fa/igiata--fa/igium1 ! top4 ,height #a-b 941 tuft$1 yell[4 ,bran*es num]\s1 flexible1 t\gh1 equal1 fa/igiate 7bran*es po9t+ upw>d71 sometimes %ort & simple1 :5 high] v mu* bran*$4 ,spores :ite1 irregul>ly globose1 #d-f ,massee4 ,9 pa/ures & grassy places1 dur+ w>m mon?s4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis2 ,cali=nia1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,commonly eat5 ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,9 ,g]many !y call x ,zieg5b>t--goat's be>d4 ,?is is "o ( ! species t has to be look$ =4 ,grass tufts hide x4 ,its yell[i% /ools are n unlike !m 9 color4 ,x is freely f\nd1 &1 ?\gh n ( ! be/1 well rew>ds ! seek]4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p$ by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,/udies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine ,,plate ,,cxxxix4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,clav>ia ,,ame?y/9a1 #eaf #c4 ,,clav>ia ,,=mosa1 #ebj #b4 ,,clav>ia ,,aurea1 #ebj ,c4 muscoides--muscus1 moss4 ,height #a-a 941 slightly tuft$1 yell[4 ,/em sl5d]1 tom5tose at base1 becom+ two or ?ree times =k$4 ,bran*lets ?91 tap]+1 cresc5t-%ap$1 acute4 ,spores :ite1 subglobose1 #e-f ,massee4 ,9 pa/ures4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s*we9itz1 ,curtis2 ,ohio2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #dg? ,rep4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,c4 ,h]veyi ,pk4 ,greg>i\s or subcespitose1 simple or ) a few bran*es1 (t5 compress$ or irregul>1 sc>cely #a 94 high1 gold5-yell[1 sometimes br[ni% at ! apex4 ,fle% :ite4 ,bran*es :5 pres5t1 %ort1 simple or t]m9at+ 9 few or _m m or less acute d5ticles4 ,spores globose1 #g4e broad1 m9utely r\gh5$2 mycelium :ite4 ,gr\nd "u hemlock trees4 ,orono1 ,me4 ,septemb]4 ,f4,l4 ,h]vey4 ,alli$ to ,c4 fa/igiata & ,c4 muscoides1 b di/9ct f bo? by its m irregul> & less bran*+ "* & by its l>g] spores4 ,peck1 #de? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,ne> ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,augu/1 #ahij1 among scrub p9es & spruce4 ,a pretty species ( m$ium flavor4 9999 ,plant :ite1 gray or yell[i%4 ,c4 coralloides ,l9n4 ,height #b-d 941 usually tuft$1 gr[+ into ea* o!r1 :ite4 ,trunk ?ick1 %ort1 mu* bran*$4 ,bran*es repeat$ly =k$1 compress$1 holl[ )91 fragile1 dilat$ upw>d1 tips cr[d$ acute4 ,occasionally ! bran*es d n develop entirely & are obtuse2 !y !n some:at resemble 9 %ape ,c4 rugosa1 b are n wr9kl$4 ,spores pale-o*race\s1 po9t$1 #ajh ,massee4 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,mill]2 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a common edible species 9 ,europe4 ,common 9 ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! writ] has eat5 x = _m ye>s4 ,x is n always t5d]4 ,x %\ld be "y1 fre%1 & ! bran*es alone cook$4 ,x requires sl[1 pati5t cook+ if at all old4 ,x does dry well1 z /at$ by "s writ]s1 b x does n wet well aga94 7,plate ,,cxl47 ,illu/ration3 ,,clav>ia ,,c9]ea4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,c4 c9erea ,bull4--c9is1 a%es4 7,plate ,,cxl47 ,height #a-c 941 greg>i\s or tuft$1 sometimes 9 r[s4 ,gray4 ,/em ei!r ?9 or ?ick1 %ort1 light] ?an bran*es4 ,bran*es v num]\s compress$1 wr9kl$1 irregul>1 some:at obtuse or flatt5$ & divid$ into sl5d] po9ts4 ,its gray color easily di/+ui%es x f o!rs4 ,x is v>iable 9 its mode ( gr[? & 9 its %ape4 ,on gr\nd 9 woods4 ,common4 ,june to fro/4 ,eatable1 b injuri\s 9 quantities4 ,cordi]4 ,edible1 b provokes indige/ion 9 delicate /oma*s4 ,leuba4 ,eat5 g5]ally 9 ,europe4 ,9 ,france x is call$ pi$ de coq4 ,pl5tiful 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 mix$ woods4 ,june to fro/4 ,! writ] & 8 fri5ds h eat5 x = fifte5 ye>s1 & "k ( no ,clav>ia equall+ x4 ,c4 tetragona ,s*w4--,f\r-angl$4 ,v fragile1 deep orange-yell[1 twice =k$4 ,/em & bran*es quadrangul>1 #a-a 94 tall4 ,moi/ %ady places4 ,new ,york4 ,gr\nd 9 %ad$ places4 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,p\ghkeepsie1 ,g]>d1 ,peck1 #bd? ,rep42 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s*we9itz1 ,curtis2 ,p5nsylvania1 ,s*we9itz4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph$ by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,wei/4 ,,plate ,,cxli4 ,,clav>ia ,,cri/ata4 ,c4 cri/ata ,p]s4--cri/a1 a cre/4 7,plate ,,cxli1 p4 #eah47 ,height #a-e 941 :iti%1 tufts ( broad flatt5$ bran*es cut on m>g9s or cre/$4 ,base %ort1 /\t4 ,bran*es num]\s1 irregul>1 flatt5$ upw>d & divid$ l moose horns1 t\gh1 /uff$1 d+y4 ,?is peculi>ity di/+ui%es x & sep>ates x f ,c4 coralloides4 ,spores pale o*race\s1 po9t$1 #ajh ,massee4 ,woods4 ,common4 ,summ] & autumn4 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,mill]2 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,aft] a summ] ra9 ! cre/$ ,clav>ia is usually abundant :]e !re is good enc\ragem5t ( mossy b$s or mats ( ri* wood-soil 9 woods :]e leaves & mold accumulate4 ,x is n z t5d] z _m o!r species1 b *opp$ f9e & /ew$ sl[ly = an h\r x w be eat5 ) enjoym5t4 ,c4 rugosa ,bull4--ruga1 a wr9kle4 ,:ite or d+y1 simple or tuft$1 #b-d 94 high1 bran*$ f ! base ) irregul> blunt bran*es wr9kl$ l5g?wise1 sometimes ?ick5$ upw>d4 ,di/+ui%$ by ! di/9ct1 irregul>1 longitud9al wr9kles4 ,spores :ite1 irregul>ly globose1 #h-aj ,massee4 ,9 woods1 solit>y or greg>i\s4 ,augu/ to ,novemb]4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s*we9itz1 ,curtis4 ,p5nsylvania1 ,ohio4 ,x is report$ edible by ,dr4 ,curtis1 ,m4,c4 ,cooke & ,dr4 ,badham4 ,c4 pyxidata ,p]s4--pyxis1 a small box4 ,tuft$1 light tan-color1 %ad$ ) r$1 #a-c 94 high4 ,/em or trunk ?91 smoo?1 v>iable 9 l5g?1 divid+ into _m erect =k$ bran*es1 :i* are cup-%ap$ at ! tips4 ,! m>g9s ( ^! tips h sl5d] bran*lets issu+ f !m 7proli=me74 ,di/+ui%$ by ! cup-l tips4 ,spores :ite1 #dc ,massee4 ,on rott5 wood1 on rott5 roots 9 gr\nd4 ,june & into ! autumn4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s*we9itz1 ,curtis2 ,p5nsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,specim5 s5t by writ] to ,pr(4 ,peck1 ,june1 #ahig1 & id5tifi$ by him4 ,n te/$ by writ]1 b is 9 ,dr4 ,curtis' li/ ( edible species4 ,c4 subtilis ,p]s4 ,scatt]$1 sl5d]1 subt5ace\s1 pallid-:ite1 bases smoo? & ( equal ?ickness1 bran*es few1 =k$1 subfa/igiate4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s*we9itz1 ,curtis2 ,p5nsylvania4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,c4 d5sa ,pk4 ,tufts #b-d 94 high1 ne>ly z broad1 :iti% or creamy-yell[1 bran*+ f ! base4 ,bran*es v num]\s1 ne>ly p>allel1 cr[d$1 t]ete1 some:at wr9kl$ :5 dry1 ! tips d5tate1 concolor\s4 ,spores slightly color$1 elliptical1 #g4e-aje-h4e4 ,gr\nd 9 woods4 ,selkirk4 ,augu/4 ,app>5tly closely alli$ to ,c4 cond5sata1 b diff]+ decid$ly 9 color4 ,peck1 #da/ ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,specim5s id5tifi$ by ,pr(essor ,peck4 ,l>ge masses ( x grew at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,july1 ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 #ahih1 9 mix$ woods4 ,brittle2 :5 "y x is v compact4 ,x is )\t mu* flavor1 b /ews t5d] & makes a good di%4 ,b4 ,,spores ,,o*race\s ,,or ,,c9namon4 9999 ,plant yell[ or d+y o*race\s4 ,c4 aurea ,s*aeff4--aurum1 gold4 7,plate ,,cxxxix1 fig4 #b1 p4 #eaf47 ,trunk ?ick1 ela/ic1 pallid4 ,fle% :ite1 divid+ into num]\s ?ick bran*es t become repeat$ly divid$ 9 a di*otom\s mann] upw>d1 & t]m9ate 9 sl5d]1 erect1 r\nd1 yell[ bran*lets4 ,spores pale o*race\s1 elliptical1 #aj-aae-f4 ,9 woods4 ,=m+ l>ge tufts #b-c 94 high1 colorless or almo/ s bel[1 tips yell[4 ,massee4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis2 ,ohio1 ,alabama4 ,f\nd 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 #ahhb2 ,devon1 ,angora1 ,eagle's ,m]e1 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa42 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j4 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,eat5 9 ,europe4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,9 /ructure x rem9ds "o ( a m9iature cropp$ ,lomb>dy popl>4 ,! color is n bright1 b d+y-yell[4 ,resembles ,c4 flava2 di/+ui%$ by diff]5t color ( spores4 ,! bran*es 7n /em7 are t5d] & good4 ,v>4 rufesc5s ,s*aeff4 ,?is plant occurs aft] heavy ra9s4 ,x sometimes gr[s 9 cont9u\s r[s sev]al feet 9 ext5t4 ,! p9ki%-r$ tips ( ! bran*es fade ) age4 ,! axils are r\nd$ & ! plant is q fragile4 ,fries consid]s x a v>iety ( ,c4 aurea4 ,peck1 #be? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,f\nd at ,spr+ton1 ,*e/] c\nty1 ,pa41 ,augu/1 #ahhg4 ,x is edible & good4 ,! plant is t5d] & easily cook$4 ,c4 =mosa ,p]s4--=mosus1 f9ely =m$4 7,plate ,,cxxxix1 fig4 #c1 p4 #daf47 ,height #b-d 94 ,trunk #a 94 & m ?ick1 :iti% or yell[i%1 ela/ic4 ,bran*es num]\s1 cr[d$1 elongat$1 divid$ at ends into yell[ bran*lets :i* are ?91 /raight1 obtuse or too!d4 ,spores o*race\s #ic-d ,massee2 elongat$1 oval1 r\gh1 #afh ,w4,g4,s4 ,on gr\nd 9 woods1 9 l>ge tufts1 frequ5tly 9 r[s sev]al feet long4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s*we9itz1 ,curtis2 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,e/eem$ 9 ,europe4 ,edible4 ,dr4 ,curtis4 ,common 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 woods4 ,v>iable4 ,an orange-rose color is sometimes prom95t on ! tips4 ,! t5d]] portions ( ! plant are excell5t1 b mu/ be well cook$4 ,c4 sp9ulosa ,p]s4--sp9$4 ,height #b-c 94 high4 ,/em -#a 94 ?ick4 ,trunk /\t1 %ort1 :iti%4 ,bran*es num]\s1 cr[d$1 erect1 t5se1 elongat$1 tap]+ upw>d4 ,color c9namon-br[n or d>k]4 ,spores o*race\s1 elliptical1 #aa-ace-f ,massee4 ,on gr\nd 9 p9e woods4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #bd? ,rep42 ,new ,j]sey1 ,/]l+2 ,p5nsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,( same edible quality z ,c4 aurea1 :i* x resembles1 except+ t x is d>k] & less abrupt 9 ! end+ ( its clu/]s4 ,c4 flaccida ,fr4--flaccidus1 flaccid4 ,height #a-c 941 bright o*race\s1 sl5d]4 ,/em %ort1 smoo?1 sometimes want+1 ?91 #a-b l9es ?ick1 repeat$ly bran*$4 ,bran*es cr[d$1 unequal1 flaccid1 upp] ones =cep-%ap$1 po9t$4 ,does n turn gre5 :5 bruis$ l ,c4 abiet9a4 ,! :iti% mycelium creeps ov] ! leaves on :i* x gr[s4 ,brittle1 t5d]1 fle% :ite4 ,spores o*race\s1 broadly elliptical #d-ec ,k4 ,receiv$ f ,e4,b4 ,/]l+1 ,tr5ton1 ,n4,j4 ,two specim5s eat54 ,^! 7 q dry4 ,aft] soak+ !y 7 t5d] & _h good flavor4 7,plate ,,cxlii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,clav>ia ,,circ9ans4 7,aft] ,peck47 ,c4 circ9ans ,pk4--circ9o1 to make r\nd4 7,plate ,,cxlii47 ,/em %ort1 solid1 di*otom\sly or subv]ticillately bran*$4 ,bran*es slightly div]g+ or ne>ly p>allel1 ne>ly equal 9 l5g?1 ! ultimate ones t]m9at+ 9 two or m %ort acute concolor\s ramuli4 ,spores o*race\s4 ,plant #a-b 94 high1 obconic 9 outl9e1 flat-topp$1 appe>+ almo/ z if truncat$1 pallid or almo/ :iti% 9 color1 g5]ally gr[+ 9 imp]fect circles or curv$ l9es4 ,"u spruce & balsam trees4 ,adirondack m\nta9s4 ,augu/4 ,peck1 #ci? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,:]e p9es h gr[n1 b :]e n[ oak & *e/nut trees make r op5 woods1 x gr[s at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,a /umpy fungus impress+ "o z /unt$4 ,its texture is solid4 ,x does n cook t5d]1 b yields a fungus flavor to ! cook+ m$ium4 9999 ,gr[+ on wood4 ,c4 /ricta ,p]s4--/r+o1 to draw tight4 ,height #b-c 94 ,color pale dull-yell[ becom+ br[n :5 bruis$4 ,/em di/9ct1 ?ick1 %ort4 ,bran*es num]\s1 repeat$ly =k$1 /raight1 closely press$1 tips po9t$4 ,spores d>k c9namon1 ,fries2 creamy yell[ #df ,w4,g4,s4 ,v>4 fumida4 ,! :ole plant is a d+y1 smoky-br[ni% hue1 o!rwise ( ! typical =m4 ,catskill m\nta9s4 ,septemb]4 ,9 ! fre% /ate ! specim5s appe> v unlike ! ord9>y =m1 b 9 ! dri$ /ate !y are sc>cely to be di/+ui%$4 ,peck1 #da/ ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,eat5 9 ,g]many4 ,?is =m occurs 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9s & at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,tr5ton1 ,n4,j41 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 among leaves 9 mix$ woods4 ,x comp>es favorably ) ! ord9>y run ( ,clav>ia4 ,c4 di*otoma ,god4--divid+ by pairs4 ,cespitose1 :ite2 bran*es regul>ly divid+ by pairs1 elongat$1 flexu\s1 div]g+1 some:at compress$1 extremities obtuse1 r\nd$ at or j bel[ ! apex broadly compress$4 ,on ! gr\nd1 "u bee*es4 8,not)/&+ its beauty ?is is dang]\s4 ,9 #ahhc1 :5 x 0 v pl5tiful1 ,i saw entire families sick f x & 9 #ahhh !re 0 a repetition ) new victims4 8,x produces nausea1 v]tigo & viol5t di>rhea40 ,leuba4 ,i h n se5 ! plant4 ,,synco,,ryne4 ,gr--toge!r1 a club4 ,clubs almo/ simple1 tuft$ at ! base4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p$ by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,/udies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,cxxxviii4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,clav>ia ,,fusi=mis1 #ebc #c4 ,,clav>ia ,,pi/ill>is #ebd 7,,d>k ,,v>471 #b4 ,,clav>ia ,,pi/ill>is #ebd 7,,yell[ ,,v>471 ,c4 fusi=mis ,s[4--fusus1 a sp9dle4 7,plate ,,cxxxviii1 fig4 #a1 p4 #ebb47 ,yell[1 cespitoso-connate1 slightly firm1 soon holl[4 ,clubs some:at fusi=m1 simple & too!d1 ev51 att5uat$ to ! base :i* is ( ! same color4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores pale yell[1 globose1 #d-e ,massee4 ,closely resembles ,c4 9qualis ,fl4 ,dan4 ,woods & pa/ures4 ,augu/ to ,novemb]4 ,receiv$ f ,e4,b4 ,/]l+1 ,tr5ton1 ,n4,j41 ,augu/1 #ahig4 ,! clubs are #aaf 94 ?r\gh1 #d 94 high1 light cle> yell[1 transluc5t1 clu/]$ 9 gr\ps ( f\r or five unit$ at ! base4 ,t5d]1 well flavor$1 cooks easily4 ,c4 aurantio-c9nab>ino ,s*w4--aurantius1 orange2 c9nab>is1 v]milion4 ,orange-r$2 base :ite ) a sub-hairy p[d]2 clubs simple1 flexu\s1 fle%y1 some:at t5aci\s1 fasciculate1 ?ick5$ 9 ! middle & att5uat$ t[>d ei!r end1 at fir/ cyl9drical !n compress$1 #f-g mm4 ?ick1 #b-d 94 high4 ,p5nsylvania4 ,on ! gr\nd among rhodod5drons4 ,receiv$ f ,e4,b4 ,/]l+1 ,tr5ton1 ,n4,j4 ,! plant :5 fre% is a beautiful rose color1 incl9+ to orange at ! tips4 ,x rem9ds "o ( ! pea*-bl[ vase color 9 "s ( its %ades4 ,! s+le clubs1 gr[+ 9 clu/]1 to ! height ( f\r in*es1 graceful 9 outl9e1 exquisitely %ad$1 are a sight "o l+]s ov]4 ,:ile !y invite ! mycophagi/ to eat !m1 8 voracity is *eck$ by _! beauty4 ,!y are t5d] & delici\s4 ,x is regrettable t ?us f> x has n be5 report$ 9 quantity4 ,c4 9qualis ,fl4 ,dan4--unequal4 ,height #b-c 94 club-%ap$1 yell[1 greg>i\s1 s+le or 9 loose tufts1 fragile1 /uff$4 ,clubs club-%ap$ or almo/ equal1 simple1 sometimes =k$ or v>i\sly cut at tip1 "o color4 ,spores colorless1 elliptical1 #i-aje ,massee4 ,woods & pa/ures4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,di/+ui%$ f ,c4 fusi=mis by ! tips n be+ %>p-po9t$ & color$4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s*we9itz2 ,new ,j]sey1 ,/]l+4 ,?is ,clav>ia is q common 9 ,new ,j]sey4 ,its clu/]s are cle> bright yell[ & conspicu\sly pretty4 ,! clubs are transluc5t & smoo?4 ,except+ 9 color x resembles ,c4 aurantio-c9nab>9o4 ,9 ! _m specim5s se5 !re 0 no?+ to sugge/ ! propriety ( ! "n1 except+ height ( clubs4 ,a di% ( x is a delicacy4 ,c4 v]micularis ,scop4--v]mis1 a worm4 ,height #a-b 941 :ite1 tuft$4 ,clubs simple1 quill-%ap$1 /uff$1 awl-%ap$1 brittle1 po9t$4 ,spores :ite1 elliptical1 #dc ,massee4 ,new ,york1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,ohio4 ,?9 grassy woods & among grass4 ,july to ,octob]4 ,edible4 ,cordi]4 ,common 9 s\!rn ,new ,j]sey1 & 9 w>m soils f ,june to fro/4 ,:5 gr[+ among grass x is n conspicu\s & is (t5 miss$ unless specially s\ght =4 ,its purity1 its *oice ( refre%+ abode1 its excell5t qualities1 make x select among ,clav>ia4 ,,holoco,,ryne4 ,gr--entire2 ,gr--a club4 ,clubs almo/ simple1 di/9ct at ! base4 ,c4 pi/ill>is ,l4--pi/illum1 a pe/le4 7,plate ,,cxxxviii1 figs4 #b1 #c1 p4 #ebb47 ,height #b-ab 941 up to #a 94 & m ?ick1 color light yell[1 o*race\s1 br[ni%1 *ocolate4 ,clubs ,indian-club %ape1 ovate-r\nd$1 puck]$ at top1 simple1 fle%y1 :ite )91 spongy1 ext]ior smoo? or m or less wr9kl$1 usually ) smoo? base4 ,spores :ite1 #aje ,w4,g4,s42 #i-aae-f ,massee4 ,mix$ woods1 moss & grassy places4 ,augu/ until ,novemb]4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,cali=nia1 ,alabama4 ,eat5 9 ,pol&1 ,russia & ,g]many4 ,! writ] fir/ f\nd ?is truly club-l species 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia 9 #ahhb1 & ate x4 ,b few specim5s 7 f\nd1 & ^? ( a d>k *ocolate color4 ,at ,m\nt ,gretna 9 #ahig & #ahih ! yell[ v>iety grew 9 consid]able quantity f ,july until aft] fro/4 ,! l>ge/ specim5 f\nd measur$ #e 94 & 0 #a 94 9 diamet] at its ?icke/ "p4 ,! av]age height is #b 94 ,bo? v>ieties grew 9 mix$ woods f ! leaf-cov]$ gr\nd4 ,!y are (t5 clu/]$1 f\r or five toge!r1 & ( diff]5t sizes4 ,! surface1 especially ( ! d>k v>iety1 is regul>ly1 v]tically wr9kl$1 truncat$ 9 few places1 v mu* resembl+ t ( ! ,crat]ellus can?>ellus4 ,! /ems ( bo? are :ite4 ,! apex ( ! clubs is fold$ inw>d z ?\gh pull$ by draw+-/r+s4 ,! fle% is s(t1 :ite1 f9e gra9$4 ,a slight bitt] is pres5t 9 ! d>k v>iety1 :5 raw1 :i* entirely disappe>s ^u cook+4 ,?is is "o ( ! be/ ( ,clav>i4 ,c4 clavata ,pk4 ,simple1 /raight1 clavate1 obtuse1 smoo?1 n holl[1 yell[ :5 fre%1 rugose-wr9kl$ & orange-color$ :5 dry1 #d-f l9es high4 ,damp %ad$ banks by road-sides4 ,s&lake4 ,june4 ,peck1 #be? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,pat*es ( x are conspicu\s--gold5-hu$ ^u somb] backgr\nd4 ,!y are se5 at ,eagle's ,m]e1 ,mt4 ,gretna1 & on ! ,spr+ton ,hills1 ,pa41 along wood$ road-sides4 ,raw1 !y h a mild1 pleasant flavor1 & h ! same :5 cook$4 ,a small species seldom f\nd 9 suffici5t quantity to make a com=t+ di%4 ,illu/ration ,,family ,,vi4--,,tremella,,ce ,fr4 ,:ole fungus homog5e\s1 gelat9\s1 %rivell+ :5 dry1 reviv+ :5 moi/5$1 p]vad$ int]nally ) bran*$ filam5ts1 t]m9at+ t[>d ! surface all r\nd 9 sporophores4 ,spores transp>5t1 f globose to sausage-%ape & curv$1 sometimes septate4 ,fries4 ,! ,tremellace1 z _! "n signifies1 tremble1 because jelly-l :5 moi/4 ,!y are h>d1 t\gh1 horny :5 dry1 b swell & become gelat9\s :5 wet4 ,9 ! typical g5us1 ,tremella1 !re is (t5 b little consi/5cy4 ,:oev] has climb$ an old rail f5ce on a ra9y day has _h ! d\btful pleasure ( acqua9tance ) "s ( !m4 ,sections = ! microscope are obta9able by h>d5+ !m 9 alcohol4 ,!re are sev]al edible species 9 ! family4 ,!y are good 9 s\ps1 giv+ !m flavor & body1 & "s are excell5t :5 /ew$4 ,,synopsis ,,( ,,g5]a4 ,sub-,family--,auricul>ie4 ,page #ebh4 ,,auricul>ia4 ,broadly atta*$1 m>g9 free & reflex$4 7,no edible species report$47 ,,hirneola4 ,page #ebh4 ,c>tilag9\s1 e>-%ap$1 atta*$ by a po9t4 ,sub-,family--,tremell9e4 ,page #ebi4 ,,exidia4 ,cup-%ap$1 truncate1 or irregul>ly lob$2 spores r5i=m1 produc+ curv$ sporidiola on g]m9ation4 7,no edible species report$47 ,,ulocolla4 ,pulv9ate & gyrose2 spores r5i=m1 produc+ rod-%ap$ sporidiola on g]m9ation4 7,no edible species report$47 ,,tremella4 ,page #ebi4 ,bra9-l or lob$2 spores globose or ovoid4 ,n,,matelia4 ,firm1 convex1 ) a c5tral h>d nucleus4 7,no edible species report$47 ,,gyrocephalus4 ,erect1 spa?ulate4 7,no edible species report$47 ,,tremell$on4 ,page #ecc4 ,gelat9\s1 tremelloid1 fan-%ap$1 fle%y2 hym5ium ) di/9ct sp9es4 ,sub-,family--,dacryomycete4 ,,dacryomyces4 ,small1 pulv9ate & gyrose4 7,no edible species report$47 ,,guep9ia4 ,irregul>ly cup-%ap$1 hym5ium on "o surface only4 7,no edible species report$47 ,,dacryopsis4 ,hym5ium at ! apex ( a %ort /em1 be>+ conidia & spores4 7,no edible species report$47 ,,ditiola4 ,/em di/9ct1 be>+ ! hym5ium at its exp&$ apex4 7,no edible species report$47 ,,apyr5ium4 ,subglobose or lob$1 holl[4 7,no edible species report$47 ,,caloc]a4 ,subcyl9drical & erect1 simple or bran*$ 7,no edible species report$47 ,sub-,family--,auricul>ie4 ,,hirne,,ola ,fr4 ,hirnea1 a small jug4 ,gelat9\s1 r c>tilag9\s1 s(t & tremul\s :5 moi/1 b n di/5d$ ) jelly1 horny :5 dry1 becom+ some:at c>tilag9\s :5 moi/5$4 ,! h>d sk9 =m+ ! hym5ium1 :i* cov]s ! cup-%ap$ cavity & is ( a diff]5t color1 c be sep>at$ entire aft] a ?or\gh soak+ 9 wat]4 ,sporophores 7spore-be>+ processes7 n involv$ 9 jelly4 ,spores oblong1 curv$4 ,fries4 ,a v peculi> & di/9ct g5us sep>at$ f ! neighbor+ g5]a by its disk-l1 some:at cup-%ap$ cavity & by its n be+ di/5d$ ) jelly4 7,plate ,,cxliii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,hirneola ,,auricula-,,judea4 ,ab\t two-?irds nat4 size4 ,h4 auricula--,judea 7,l9n47 ,b]k4--,jew's e>4 #a-d 94 across1 ?91 & flexible :5 moi/1 h>d :5 dry1 date-br[n or blacki%4 ,hym5ium v5oso-plicate 7ve9-plait$71 =m+ irregul> depressions su* z are 9 ! e>1 yell[i%-gray or grayi% b5ea? & hairy4 ,! l>ge depressions or corrugations bran* f small] ones ne> ! c5t] ( ! plant4 ,spores #bj-beg-i ,massee4 ,h4 auricula-,judea is n v p>ticul> 9 ! trees x patronizes4 ,elm1 maple1 hickory1 balsam-fir1 spruce1 ald] be> x4 ,:5 ! plant gr[s on upright timb] x usually turns upw>d4 ,x is n g5]ally report$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,ohio1 ,m>yl&1 ,miss ,bann+2 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,mill]2 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,ext5sively us$ 9 ,*9a1 :]e eat+ x probably ant$ates all ,european records by sev]al ?\s& ye>s4 ,x is br\ght !re dri$ f ,tahiti 9 great quantities & made into s\p4 ,! writ] has f\nd & eat5 sev]al specim5s ( x4 ,x is n z t5d] z o!r gelat9\s species1 b x is an oddity t pleases4 ,sub-,family--,tremell9e4 ,,tremel,,la ,dill4 ,tremo--to tremble4 ,di/5d$ ) jelly :5 moi/1 tremul\s1 )\t a def9$ m>g9 & )\t nipple-l elevations4 ,spore-be>+ processes globose1 becom+ divid$ into f\r p>ts1 ea* division produc+ an elongat$ free po9t t]m9at+ 9 a simple spore4 ,fries4 ,di/+ui%$ by its peculi>ly convolut$ habit & jelly-l sub/ance1 :i* is m or less incl9$ to be c>tilag9\s4 ,exidia1 simil> 9 =m1 is sep>at$ by possess+ m9ute nipple-l elevations & ,hirneola by its di/9ct diff]5ce 9 =m4 ,g5]ally gr[+ on dead wood2 "s species are f\nd on trees & o!rs on ! gr\nd1 etc4 ,old tradition1 9 _m c\ntries1 atte/s t ! ,tremellas are ,fairy bread1 & ,t4 albida ! *oice/ bak+4 ,pretty1 inde$1 mu/ h be5 ! fea/s :5 piles ( su* purity fill$ ! bo>d1 & ! brilliant ,pezizae 7 wassail cups4 ,!y are bett] suit$ to ,fairy appetites ?an to ^? ( mortals2 be+ wat]y _! nutritive value is small4 ,nev]!less !y h da9ty flavor4 ,s f> z te/$ no suspicion re/s ^u ,tremell4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,tribes4 ,,mes5t]i=,,mes 7,gr--! mes5t]y74 ,page #ecj4 ,gelat9\s incl9+ to c>tilag9\s1 foliace\s1 nak$4 ,,c]ebr9 7c]ebrum1 ! bra974 ,page #ecj4 ,firm1 !n pulpy1 some:at pru9ose ) ! spores4 ,,cru/a,,ce 7cru/a1 a cru/74 ,diffus$1 becom+ plane4 ,,tub]culi=,,mes 7tub]culum1 a little tub]74 ,small1 some:at erump5t4 ,i4--,,mes5t]i=,,mes4 ,gelat9\s1 incl9+ to c>tilag9\s4 ,t4 fimbriata ,p]s4--fimbri1 fr+e4 ,olivace\s incl9+ to black1 cespitose1 clu/]s #b-c 94 high & ev5 broad]1 erect1 corrugat$2 lobes flaccid1 incis$ at ! m>g91 undulately fr+$4 ,:5 soak$ ) wat] x has a d>k tawny t+e4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores subpyri=m4 ,on roots1 dead bran*es1 /umps1 rails1 etc4 ,f ,july to ,decemb]1 #ahih1 tufts five in*es 9 diamet] grew f an oak /ump close by ! writ]'s cottage at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,^! tufts dri$1 & reviv$ aft] ra9 into a gelat9\s condition4 ,!y 7 nibbl$ at raw1 & sev]al 7 cook$4 ,tufts 7 f\nd else:]e 9 ! same woods & eat5 by o!rs4 ,!y 7 unanim\sly approv$4 ,! species dries h>d1 l ?9 glue1 b is d>k]4 ,a dri$ piece swells 9 ! m\?1 gr[s t\gh1 & has b little ta/e4 ,flavor develops 9 cook+4 ,t4 lutesc5s ,p]s4--luteus1 yell[4 ,yell[i%1 cespitose1 small1 clu/] -#a 94 broad1 v s(t1 circl+ 9 wavy1 undulat+ folds2 lobes entire1 nak$4 ,incl9+ to be fluid4 ,:iti% :5 "y4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores subglobose1 #ab-af diamet] ,massee4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 common4 ,curtis4 ,on decay+ bran*es1 /umps1 etc4 ,july to ,febru>y4 ,x dries & revives1 or swells ) moi/ure1 v s(t & tremul\s4 ,edible4 ,leuba4 ,,ii4--,,c]ebr94 ,firm !n pulpy1 etc4 7,plate ,,cxliv47 ,illu/ration3 ,,tremella ,,mes5t]ica4 ,natural size4 ,t4 mes5t]ica ,retz4 ,gr--! mes5t>y4 ,gelat9\s b firm1 bright orange-yell[1 v>i\sly contort$2 lobes %ort1 smoo?1 pru9ose ) ! :ite spores at maturity4 ,spores broadly elliptical1 #f-i diamet]2 conidia #a-a4e diamet]4 ,on dead bran*es4 ,v v>iable 9 =m b kn[n by ! bright orange color4 ,f -#b 94 across4 ,massee4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,common1 edible4 ,curtis2 ,cali=nia1 ,ohio1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,wei/1 ,ri*mond1 ,ind41 ,novemb]1 #ahih1 s5t me f9e specim5s4 ,v common z an app>5t exudation f /icks1 bran*es & rails4 ,x c usually be collect$ 9 quantity f ,june until f> into ! w9t]4 ,x c be f\nd 9 e mon? 9 ! ye>4 ,dur+ ! civil w> ! writ]'s fir/ attempt at mak+ a di% ( corn/>* result$ 9 gett+ x into knots4 ,t4 mes5t]ica1 :5 /ew$1 v mu* resembles ^! same knots4 ,x has a mild1 woody flavor1 slightly sweet1 & is good4 7,plate ,,cxliva47 ,illu/ration3 ,,tremella ,,mycetophila on ,,collybia ,,dryophila4 7,aft] ,peck47 ,t4 mycetophila ,pk4 7,plate ,,cxliva47 ,suborbicul>1 depress$1 circl+ 9 folds1 tremelloid-fle%y1 slightly pru9ose1 yell[i% or pallid1 #d-h l9es broad4 ,peck1 #bh? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,augu/1 #ahie4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,pr(essor ,peck notes x z f\nd p>asitic ^u ,collybia dryophila4 ,i f\nd ,t4 mycetophila gr[+ p>asitic ^u ,m>asmius oreades1 ,augu/1 #ahid4 ,! mass 0 #b 94 9 diamet]4 ,sep>at+ !m 0 tak+ ! ho/ f ! p>asite4 ,cook$ x is glut9\s1 t5d]--l calf's head4 ,r ta/eless4 ,t4 albida ,huds4--albidus1 :iti%4 ,:iti%1 becom+ d+y-br[n :5 dry1 #a 94 broad1 asc5d+1 t\gh1 exp&$1 undulat$1 some:at circl+ 9 folds1 p[d]$4 ,/ev5son4 ,spores oblong1 obtuse1 curv$1 #b-;guttate1 subhyal9e1 #ab-add-e ,k4 ,:]e bir*1 sug>-maple1 hickory are 9 abundance ! ,t4 albida w be f\nd4 ,at ,eagle's ,m]e & ,spr+ton1 ,pa41 & o!r wood$ places1 x is common dur+ ! w>m mon?s4 ,x has slight ta/e1 sweet1 woody1 b makes a pleasant di%4 ,t4 intumesc5s ,eng4 ,bot4--intumesco1 to swell up4 ,gelat9\s2 subcespitose1 r\nd$1 brok5 up into num]\s tortu\s lobes1 br[n1 %9+1 obscurely dott$1 becom+ d>k] :5 dry4 ,spores oblong1 slightly curv$1 #ab-adc-d4 ,f #a-b 94 across4 ,massee4 ,entire ye>1 b dri$ or froz5 dur+ w9t]1 swell+ 9 wet wea!r4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,common4 ,curtis4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,t4 intumesc5s is n r>e 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 or :]e bee* logs are 9 pl5ty1 ?\gh x does n conf9e itself to bee*4 ,x occurs on maples & "s o!r woods4 ,x resembles ! ,t4 mes5t]ica 9 ta/e1 b is sweet]4 ,x is n z l>ge1 b is equally good4 ,,tremel,,lodon ,p]s4 ,tremo1 to tremble4 ,gelat9\s1 pileate1 prickly bel[1 sp9es awl-%ap$1 equal4 ,fries4 ,! memb]s ( ?is g5us resemble 9 =m ! section ,mesopus ( ,hydnum & h ! same awl-%ap$ sp9es1 b diff] 9 _! gelat9\s consi/5cy & fructification4 7,plate ,,cxlv47 ,illu/ration3 ,,tremellodon ,,gelat9osum4 ,t4 gelat9osum ,p]s4--gelat9a1 jelly4 ,pileus cov]$ ) a gre5i%-br[n bloom1 gelat9\s1 tremul\s1 dimidiate1 some:at /ipitate1 cov]$ ) small pimples4 ,sp9es s(t1 glauc\s4 ,on fir1 trunks & sawdu/4 ,septemb] to ,octob]4 ,/ev5son4 ,( s+ul> beauty1 almo/ transluc5t ) /eel-blue t9ts %ad+ into violet1 :ile ! sp9es are ( a pure s(t :ite4 ,spores r\nd1 some:at irregul>1 :ite1 #b ,w4,g4,s4 ,c n be conf\nd$ ) any4 ,! only gelat9\s sp9y fungus4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s*we9itz1 ,curtis2 ,p5nsylvania1 ,massa*usetts1 ,f>l[1 ,fro/2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bb4 ,t4 gelat9osum is well di/ribut$ ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates b is n report$ 9 quantity4 ,x is an autumnal gr[]1 la/+ well into ! w9t]4 ,! writ] f\nd specim5s ne> ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 9 ,febru>y1 #ahid1 & s5t !m to ,pr(essor ,peck4 ,x is delici\s :5 sl[ly /ew$4 ,,sub-,,class ,,ascomycetes4 ,! reproductive bodies consi/+ ( sporidia mo/ly def9ite1 conta9$ 9 asci--"m cells or sacs--spr++ f a nak$ or enclos$ /ratum ( fructify+ cells & =m+ a hym5ium or nucleus4 ,! sporidia are (t5 accompani$ by simple or bran*$ ?reads1 :i* are abortive asci1 call$ p>aphyses4 ,9 ,hym5omycetes ! spores are entirely un5clos$ & are borne on /alk-l processes on ! gills ( ,ag>icace1 9 ! tubes ( ,polyporace1 on ! sp9es ( ,hydnace1 etc4 ,9 ,ascomycetes !y are enclos$ 9 sacs spr++ f ! ext]nal lay] ( ! fruit-be>+ surface1 :i* may be on ! out] surface ( ! plant or enclos$4 ,,cohort ,,discomycetes4 ,gr--a sac2 ,gr--a fungus4 ,! mo/ important di/9ctive feature ( ,discomycetes consi/s 9 ! disk or hym5ium be+ fully expos$ at maturity4 ,x includes families :i* conta9 *oice edible species4 ,,family4--,,helvella,,ce4 ,fle%y1 waxy or gelat9\s2 hym5ium or sac-be>+ surface expos$ at fir/1 or at l5g? m or less expos$4 ,:]e a di/9ct /em is pres5t x is surm\nt$ by a m or less def9ite pileus or ! /em is exp&$ into a club-l head4 ,9 ,peziza ! def9ite /em is abs5t & ! plant is seat$ on ! support+ surface4 ,_m m g5]a ?an are not$ bel[ are includ$ 9 ,helvellace1 b are n kn[n to conta9 edible species4 ,,synopsis ,,( ,,! ,,g5]a4 99 ,m>g9 only or :ole ( pileus free f sides ( /em4 ,,helvella4 ,page #ecf4 ,pileus droop+1 irregul>ly wav$ & lob$4 ,,v]pa4 ,page #eci4 ,pileus droop+1 regul>1 m>g9 entire1 ?imble-%ap$4 ,,leotia4 ,page #edj4 ,pileus fle%y1 discoid4 9999 ,pileus adnate ?r\gh\t to ! /em4 ,,mor*ella4 ,page #eda4 ,surface ( pileus furni%$ ) /\t1 ana/omos+ ribs b\nd+ deep irregul> pits4 ,,gyromitra4 ,page #edf4 ,surface ( pileus cov]$ ) r\nd$1 v>i\sly contort$ folds4 ,,mitrula4 ,page #edh4 ,pileus subglobose or clavate1 surface ev54 ,,spa?ul>ia4 ,page #edi4 ,pileus flatt5$1 runn+ d[n ! /em = "s di/ance on opposite sides4 ,,geoglossum4 ,page #eej4 ,,helvel,,la ,l9n4 ,a small pot h]b4 ,/em ( m$ium ?ickness4 ,pileus hang+ loosely ov] ! /em1 m or less fold$1 b n into pits4 ,hym5ium on ! upp] side only4 ,helvella escul5ta is n[ ,gyromitra escul5ta1 & is 9 bad repute4 ,mean+s ( ! unfamili> words are too l5g?y to give 9 ! descriptions ( species4 ,!y are 9 ! ,gloss>y4 ,dr4 ,badham says3 8,all ,helvell are escul5t1 h an agreeable odor1 & be> a g5]al resemblance 9 flavor to ! ,morell40 7,plate ,,cxlvi47 ,illu/ration3 ,,helvella ,,crispa4 ,natural size4 ,h4 crispa ,fr4--curl$4 ,pileus deflex$1 lob$ or v>i\sly contort$1 :ite or :iti%4 ,/em equal or slightly swoll5 at ! base1 deeply & un9t]rupt$ly groov$1 :ite or :iti%4 ,spores elliptical1 #ahbb long4 ,peck1 #dh? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,di/+ui%$ f all o!r species by ! /\t1 co/ate1 lacunose1 holl[ /em2 entirely glabr\s1 fragile & ) a semi-transp>5t look4 ,color v>iable1 includ$ "u ! foll[+ =ms3 ,v>4 alba4 ,pileus :iti%4 ,v>4 ,grevillei4 ,"u surface ( ! pileus r$di%2 /em :ite4 ,v>4 inc>nata4 ,pileus & /em fle%-color4 ,v>4 fulva4 ,pileus yell[i% or tawny4 ,massee4 ,pileus :iti%1 fle%-color$ or yell[i%1 deflex$1 lob$1 at l5g? free1 crisp$4 ,/em holl[1 ribb$ outside =m+ deep pits1 #c-e 94 high1 sn[y :ite4 ,edible4 ,badham1 ,cordi]1 ,cooke1 ,b]keley1 ,peck4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,h4 crispa is :ite & v>iable 9 %ape ( cap4 ,9 its color x diff]s f all o!rs ( its g5us4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! woods only1 f ,july until fro/4 ,x is n usually abundant4 ,x is an escul5t species & good ( its k9d4 ,h4 ,cali=nica ,phillips4 ,pileus bell-%ap$ or saddle-%ap$1 deflex$1 sublobate1 free1 ve9$ b5ea?1 purpli%-br[n4 ,/em longitud9ally pitt$ betwe5 ridges1 rosy-p9k4 ,asci cyl9drical1 n>r[$ t[>d ! base4 ,sporidia #h1 elliptical1 b9ucleate1 #agi p>aphyses l9e>1 clavate & br[n at ! apices4 #b-f 94 9 diamet]4 ,/em #b-f 94 high1 4#ge-a4e 94 9 diamet]4 ,on ! e>? 9 d5se =e/s ne> rocks4 ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s2 ,cali=nia1 ,h>kness4 ,edible4 ,h>kness4 ,x pres5ts *>act]s ess5tially diff]5t f ^? ( any species hi!rto describ$4 ,its ne>e/ ally is ,h4 crispa1 f :i* x diff]s 9 ! color ( ! hym5ium & /em & 9 be+ a l>g] species4 ,h4 lacunosa ,afzel4--unev51 pitt$4 ,pileus inflat$1 lob$1 c9]e\s-black1 lobes deflex$1 adnate4 ,/em :ite or dusky1 holl[1 ext]ior ribb$1 =m+ int]v5+ cavities2 asci cyl9drical1 /emm$2 sporidia ovate1 hyal9e4 ,solit>y or greg>i\s2 v v>iable 9 size4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis2 ,massa*usetts1 ,sprague1 ,fro/2 ,:ite m\nta9s1 ,f>l[2 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,b5nett2 ,cali=nia1 ,h4 & ,m4 ,edible4 ,cordi]1 ,b]keley1 ,badham1 ,cooke1 ,curtis4 ,h4 sulcata ,afzel4--furr[$4 ,pileus deflex$1 equally #b-c lob$1 ev51 compress$1 d>k] :5 dry4 ,/em #b 94 long1 #d-e l9es ?ick1 /uff$1 equal1 longitud9ally furr[$4 ,spores v broadly elliptic1 ) a s+le l>ge globose nucleus1 #ae-ah long ,b4 & ,br4 ,solit>y1 r>ely greg>i\s4 ,v>4 minor ,clem4 ,bot4 ,surv4 ( ,neb4 ,univ4 ( ,neb4 ,pileus 4#h-a4b 941 r>ely #c4b 94 wide1 4#h-b 94 high4 ,/em 4#h-a4b 941 r>ely #d 94 high1 4#f-a4d 94 wide2 sporidia #aeaj4 ,on %ady gr\nd4 ,ot[anie woods1 ,lanca/] c\nty4 ,! prom95t "* 9 ?is species1 z indicat$ by ! "n1 is ! sulcate /em4 ,! furr[s are v deep1 & ext5d1 )\t int]ruption1 ! entire l5g? ( ! /em4 ,! :ole /em1 z %[n by a cross-section1 is made up ( ! co/ int]v5+ betwe5 ^! furr[s4 ,i d n f9d ! /em 8/uff$10 z requir$ by ! description 9 ,sy/4 ,myc41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ae4 ,! pileus is g5]ally d>k] ?an t ( ,h4 crispa4 ,peck1 #ca/ ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,on decay+ wood1 /umps1 trunks4 ,spr+ until autumn4 ,kn[n to be edible4 ,peck4 ,h4 elastica ,bull4--ela/ic4 ,pileus free f ! /em1 droop+1 #b-c lob$1 c5t] depress$1 ev51 :iti%1 br[ni% or sooty1 almo/ smoo? und]nea?1 ab\t #b cm4 broad4 ,/em #b-c4e 94 high1 #c-e l9es ?ick at ! inflat$ base2 tap]+ upw>d1 ela/ic1 ev5 or (t5 m or less pitt$1 color$ l ! pileus1 m9utely velvety or furfurace\s1 at fir/ solid1 !n holl[4 ,spores hyal9e1 smoo?1 cont9u\s1 elliptical1 ends obtuse1 (t5 #a-;guttulate1 #ah-bjaj-aa2 #a-s]iate2 p>aphyses septate1 clavate4 ,massee4 ,x is n uncommon to f9d ! pileus atta*$ 9 "o or two po9ts to ! /em4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,v>4 alba 7,p]s47 ,sacc4 ,on decay+ wood4 ,augu/ to fro/4 ,massa*usetts1 ,fro/2 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,b5nett2 ,nebraska1 ,clem5ts2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bd1 #cb1 #ea4 ,edible4 ,ung]1 ,cordi]4 ,kn[n to be edible4 ,peck4 ,h4 9fula ,s*aeff4--a head dress4 ,pileus hood$1 9 #b-d irregul>1 droop+ lobes1 at l5g? undulate1 /rongly adh]5t to ! sides ( ! /em1 r$di%-br[n or c9namon m or less deep 9 color1 :iti% & d[ny und]nea?1 #a4e-c 94 broad4 ,/em #a-b 94 long1 94 & m ?ick1 usually smoo? & ev51 sometimes compress$ & irregul>ly pitt$1 pallid or t+$ ) r$1 cov]$ ) a :ite meal or d[n1 solid :5 "y b becom+ holl[ ) age2 asci cyl9drical1 apex some:at truncate1 #h-spor$4 ,spores hyal9e1 smoo?1 cont9u\s1 elliptical1 ends obtuse1 #ba-bcaa-ab ,massee4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,decay+ trunks1 /umps & roots4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible4 ,cooke1 ,curtis1 ,peck4 ,equal to any ,helvella4 ,,v],,pa ,sw>tz4 ,v]pa1 a rod4 ,ascophore /ipitate1 campanulate1 atta*$ to ! tip ( ! /em & hang+ d[n l a bell1 surr\nd+ b free f ! side ( ! /em1 regul>1 smoo? or slightly wr9kl$ b n ribb$1 p]si/5t1 ?91 excipulum =m$ ( int]wov51 septate hyph1 hym5ium entirely cov]+ ! out] surface ( ! ascophore2 asci cyl9drical1 #h-spor$4 ,spores elliptical1 cont9u\s1 hyal9e or ne>ly s1 #a-s]iate2 p>aphyses septate4 ,/em elongat$1 /uff$4 ,v closely alli$ to ,helvella2 di/+ui%$ by ! ascophore be+ m regul> 9 =m1 & m evid5tly deflex$ r\nd ! apex ( ! /em1 :i* x surr\nds l a ?imble on a f+]1 & is q free f ! /em except at ! apex4 ,! species gr[ on ! gr\nd1 9 spr+4 ,massee4 ,v4 digitali=mis ,p]s4--digitus1 a f+]4 ,pileus at fir/ ne>ly ev51 olivace\s-umb]1 d>k at ! apex4 ,/em obese1 furni%$ at ! base ) a few r$di% radicles1 :ite ) a slight ruf\s t+e1 m>k$ ) transv]se r$di% spots2 smoo? to ! nak$ eye1 b "u a l5s clo!d ) f9e adpress$ flocci1 ! rupture ( :i* gives rise to ! spots1 :i* are1 9 fact1 m9ute scales4 ,9 ! mature plant ! pileus is 94 high1 bell-%ap$1 f+]-=m1 or subglobose1 m or less closely press$ to ! /em1 b always free1 ! edge sometimes inflex$ s z to =m a :ite bord]1 wr9kl$1 b n reticulat$1 "u side slightly pubesc5t2 sporidia yell[i%1 elliptic4 ,/em #c 94 high1 94 or m ?ick1 slightly att5uat$ d[nw>d1 loosely /uff$1 by no means holl[4 ,b]keley4 ,m9nesota1 ,johnson2 ,cali=nia1 ,h4 & ,m42 ,new ,york1 ,buffalo1 ,cl9ton2 ,oneida1 ,w>ne1 ,may4 ,peck1 #cj?1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,july1 #ahig4 ,road-side bank4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,sold 9 ,italy4 ,vittad9i4 ,n to be despis$ :5 "o c n get bett] nor to be eat5 :5 "o c4 ,badham4 ,! sub/ance ( ?is fungus is ! same z t ( ,helvella4 ,x is pleasant b r ta/eless4 ,,leotia ,hill4 ,ascophore /ipitate1 sub/ance fle%y1 s(t & some:at gelat9\s4 ,pileus orbicul>1 spread+2 m>g9 droop+ or incurv$ free f ! /em1 glabr\s1 hym5ium entirely cov]+ ! upp] surface4 ,/em c5tral1 elongat$2 asci cyl9dric-clavate1 apex n>r[$1 #h-spor$4 ,spores hyal9e1 cont9u\s or #a-septate1 elongat$ & n>r[ly elliptical1 obliquely #a-b s]iate2 p>aphyses pres5t4 ,gr[+ on ! gr\nd1 or on decay+ wood4 ,hill4 ,em5d$4 ,massee4 ,/em long4 ,pileus flatt5$1 m>g9 incurv$1 cov]$ ev]y:]e ) ! smoo?1 some:at viscid hym5ium4 ,l4 *lorocephala ,s*w4--*loros1 gre52 kephalos1 a head4 ,cespitose1 /ipitate4 ,pileus #d-f l9es across1 depresso-globose1 some:at transluc5t1 m or less wavy1 m>g9 incurv$1 d>k v]digris-gre5 to blacki%-gre54 ,/em #a-a 94 long1 almo/ equal1 gre5 b (t5 pal] ?an ! pileus1 pulv]ul5t1 (t5 twi/$2 asci cyl9dric-clavate1 apex r n>r[$1 #h-spor$4 ,spores smoo?1 hyal9e1 n>r[ly elliptical1 ends acute1 (t5 slightly curv$1 usually #b-c-;guttulate1 #ag-bje1 irregul>ly #b-s]iate2 p>aphyses sl5d]1 hyal9e4 ,on ! gr\nd4 ,di/+ui%$ f ,l4 lubrica by ! gre5 /em4 ,massee4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis2 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,cespitose4 ,9 mix$ woods1 moi/ gr\nd4 ,july until long aft] fro/s4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a small clu/]$ plant hav+ a gre5 gelat9\s appe>ance4 ,qu>ts ( x c frequ5tly be ga!r$ aft] ra9s4 ,bo? x & ,l4 lubrica h less flavor ?an ! l>g] ,helvellace1 b !y make a palatable di%4 7,plate ,,cxlvii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,leotia ,,lubrica4 ,natural size4 ,l4 lubrica1 ,p]s4--slipp]y4 ,greg>i\s or 9 small clu/]s1 /ipitate1 some:at gelat9\s4 ,pileus irregul>ly hemisph]ical1 inflat$1 wavy1 m>g9 v obtuse1 yell[i% olive-gre51 #f-h l9es across4 ,/em #a4e-b 94 high1 ne>ly equal or m or less inflat$ at ! base1 pulpy )9 !n holl[1 ext]nally yell[i% & cov]$ ) m9ute :ite granules2 asci cyl9drical1 apex slightly n>r[$1 #h-spor$4 ,spores obliquely #a-s]iate1 hyal9e1 cont9u\s1 smoo?1 (t5 guttulate1 n>r[ly elliptical1 /raight or v slightly curv$1 #bb-bee-f2 p>aphyses sl5d]1 cyl9drical1 hyal9e4 ,on ! gr\nd 9 woods4 ,massee4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis2 ,massa*usetts1 ,fro/2 ,m9nesota1 ,johnson2 ,new ,york1 ,ellis4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep42 ,tr5ton1 ,n4,j4 ,cespitose on damp gr\nd 9 woods4 ,=ty specim5s1 ,july1 #ahih4 ,e4,b4 ,/]l+2 ,new ,j]sey2 ,p5nsylvania4 ,greg>i\s & cespitose 9 sev]al localities4 ,july to fro/4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,irregul> 9 appe>ance4 ,helvella-l b ) a v s(t gelat9\s /em1 yell[4 ,! color ( ! /em di/+ui%es x f ,l4 *lorocephala1 :i* has a gre5 /em4 ,x is a small plant1 b ( good food value4 ,:]e x occurs !re is (t5 a goodly quantity4 ,,mor*el,,la ,dill4 ,gr--a mu%room4 ,/ipitate or subsessile4 ,pileus globose or ovate1 adnate ?r\gh\t its l5g? to ! sides ( ! /em1 rema9+ clos$ at ! apex1 holl[ & cont9u\s ) ! cavity ( ! /em2 ext]nally furni%$ ) /\t1 bran*$ & ana/omos+ ribs or plates1 e "p be>+ ! hym5ium4 ,/em /\t1 /uff$ or holl[2 asci cyl9drical1 #b-d-h-spor$4 ,spores #a-s]iate1 cont9u\s1 hyal9e1 elliptical2 p>aphyses septate1 clavate4 ,mo/ ne>ly alli$ to ,gyromitra2 diff]s 9 ! ribs ( ! pileus be+ deep & plate-l1 & ana/omos+ to =m elongat$ or irregul>ly polygonal deep pits4 ,gr[+ on ! gr\nd 9 ! spr+4 ,massee4 ,/em /\t2 pileus ovoid or conical1 deeply fold$ into pits1 resembl+ honeycomb4 ,not)/&+ ,dill1 ! au?or ( ! g5us1 describes ! caps z adnate ?r\gh\t _! l5g? to ! /em1 su* is n ! case4 ,pr(essor ,peck arranges ! g5us into two gr\ps1 89 "o ( :i* ! m>g9 ( ! cap is :olly atta*$ to ! /em1 9 ! o!r x is free40 ,9 ! latt] gr\p are ,m4 bispora & ,m4 semilib]a4 ,! species are s mu* alike t botanical descriptions are omitt$ ( all b ,m4 escul5ta & ,pr(essor ,peck's species4 ,n "o ( ! ,morells is ev5 suspici\s4 ,!y are favorites :]ev] f\nd4 ,! ,morell is "o ( ! few species kn[n to ! settl] & to ! f>m]4 ,x loves old apple or*>ds1 probably because a%es h be5 us$ ab\t ! trees2 a%es & c9d]s are its *oice f]tiliz]s4 ,9 ,g]many peasants =m]ly burn$ =e/s to insure a b\ntiful crop4 ,mr4 ,moore1 ( ,san ,francisco1 ,cal41 says3 8,we f9d x 9 pr(usion on burnt hillsides all along ! ,pacific coa/40 ,b x does n conf9e its habitat to burn$ surfaces4 ,x gr[s 9 ?9 op5 woods or on bord]s ( woods4 ,x gr[s "u p9e1 a%1 oaks & o!r trees4 ,/range to say x gr[s "u ! walnut tree :]e v few fungi ( any k9d gr[4 ,especially does x love ! :ite walnut or butt]nut4 ,mor*ella dry well & keep well = w9t] use4 ,m4 escul5ta ,p]s4--escul5t4 7,plate ,,xlvi1 fig4 #b1 p4 #bad47 ,pileus globose1 ovate or oblong1 adnate to ! /em at ! base1 holl[1 ribs /\t1 =m+ irregul>1 polygonal1 deep pits1 pale d+y yell[1 buff or tawny1 #a4be-b4e 94 high & broad4 ,/em /\t1 :iti%1 almo/ ev51 holl[ or /uff$1 #a4be-b4e 94 high1 4#h 94 & m ?ick2 asci cyl9drical1 #h-spor$4 ,spores cont9u\s1 smoo?1 hyal9e1 elliptical1 ends obtuse1 #ai-bjaj1 p>aphyses r sl5d]1 slightly ?ick5$ upw>d4 ,on ! gr\nd4 ,spr+ & e>ly summ]4 ,edible4 ,v>iable 9 =m1 size & color1 b di/+ui%$ by ! pileus be+ adnate to ! /em at ! base1 & ! /\t ribs ana/omos+ to =m irregul>1 polygonal pits ( ab\t equal size1 & n elongat$4 ,massee4 ,common ov] ! /ates1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,9 or*>ds1 on a%es & c9d]s1 "u walnut1 p9e & oak trees4 ,may & ,june4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,! common ,morell v>ies 9 size1 #b-d 94 high1 sometimes l>g]4 ,! cap1 usually broad] ?an x is long1 oval1 at times tap]+ to a r\nd$ top4 ,! cavities resemble ^? ( a wea!r-beat5 honeycomb1 & are :iti%1 or grayi% or br[ni%4 ,! /em is ab\t 94 9 diamet]4 ,x is an easily recogniz$ species4 ,edible4 ,*oice4 ,total nitrog51 accord+ to ,lafayette ,b4 ,m5del1 #d4ff p] c5t4 ,m4 crassipes ,p]s4--crassus1 ?ick2 pes1 a foot4 ,agree+ ) ,m4 escul5ta 9 hav+ ! pits ( ! pileus irregul> 9 =m1 n mu*1 if at all1 long] ?an broad1 & 9 n hav+ a ma9 s]ies ( m or less p>allel & v]tical ribs2 diff]+ 9 ! /\t /em be+ mu* long] ?an ! pileus4 ,massee4 ,atta9s a height ( #i 94 or m4 ,n r>e 9 ,may4 ,kansas1 ,crag92 ,m9nesota1 ,johnson4 ,escul5t4 ,cooke4 ,m4 deliciosa ,fr4 ,! ,delici\s morell is easily kn[n by ! %ape ( its cap1 :i* is cyl9drical or ne>ly s4 ,sometimes x is slightly n>r[$ t[>d ! top & occasionally curv$1 z 9 ! prec$+ species1 b its long n>r[ %ape & blunt apex is q /rongly contra/$ ) t species4 ,x is usually two or ?ree times z long z x is broad1 & g5]ally x is long] ?an ! /em4 ,specim5s also occur 9 :i* ! cap is slightly m n>r[ 9 ! middle ?an x is above & bel[1 & r>ely x is slightly po9t$ at ! apex4 ,! pits on its surface are r n>r[ & mo/ly long] ?an broad4 ,! /em is (t5 r %ort4 ,! plant v>ies f #a-c 94 high4 ,peck1 #dh? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,its "n gives x escul5t prop]ties4 ,m4 conica ,p]s4--conical4 ,! ,conical morell has ! cap conical or oblong-conical1 z its "n indicates4 ,! longitud9al ridges on its surface run m regul>ly f top to base ?an 9 ! ,common morell4 ,!y are connect$ by %ort transv]se ridges :i* are s di/ant f ea* o!r or s incomplete t ! result+ pits or depressions are g5]ally long] ?an broad1 & sometimes r irregul>4 ,! color 9 ! "y plant is a beautiful buff-yell[ or v pale o*race\s1 b x becomes d>k] ) age4 ,! plants are g5]ally #c-e 94 high1 ) ! cap #a-b 94 ?ick 9 its broade/ "p1 & di/9ctly broad] ?an ! /em4 ,peck1 #dh? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,kansas2 ,cali=nia2 ,rhode ,isl&2 ,ohio1 ,lloyd2 ,new ,york2 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,mill]1 or*>ds1 ?9 woods2 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,! conical =m di/+ui%es ,m4 conica f ,m4 escul5ta1 if !y are really diff]5t species1 z "s writ]s d\bt4 ,= ! table !re is n any diff]5ce4 ,m4 bispora ,sor4--,two-spor$4 ,! ,two-spor$ morell is v simil> to ! ,half-free morell 9 ext]nal appe>ance4 ,x is di/+ui%able by its cap1 :i* is free f ! /em almo/ or q to ! top4 ,! /em ( ! ,european plant has be5 describ$ z /uff$1 b 9 our plant x is holl[1 ?\gh possibly 9 v "y plants x may be /uff$4 ,! rem>kable & v di/9ctive "* :i* gives "n to ! species c only be se5 by ! aid ( a microscope4 ,9 ?is species !re are only two spores 9 ea* ascus or sack & ^! are mu* l>g] ?an ! spores ( ! o!r species4 ,!y are two or ?ree times long] & sometimes slightly curv$4 ,! spores ( ! o!r species are eight 9 an ascus & are v mu* alike 9 size & %ape1 & d n furni% decid$ specific *>act]s2 b 9 ?is species _! importance c n be ov]look$4 ,_! l5g? is ab\t #fj1 :ile 9 ! o!rs x is #bj-be4 ,?is is probably our r>e/ species4 ,i am n aw>e t x has be5 f\nd 9 b "o locality 9 our /ate4 ,a few ye>s ago ,mr4 ,h4,a4 ,w>ne detect$ x gr[+ among fall5 leaves 9 a rav9e ne> ,oneida4 ,i h n te/$ its edible qualities1 b w\ld h no hesitation 9 eat+ x if opportunity %\ld be af=d$4 ,peck1 #dh? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,v>4 truncata4 ,pileus broadly r\nd$ or truncate1 its co/ slightly prom95t1 ! m>g9 (t5 a little recurv$2 p>aphyses num]\s4 ,/em long4 ,mi*igan4 ,may4 ,hicks4 ,peck1 #df? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,m4 angusticeps ,pk4--angu/us1 n>r[2 caput1 head4 ,pileus oblong-conical & subobtuse or n>r[ly conical & acute1 adnate to ! /em1 #a-b 94 high1 & ab\t half z broad at ! base1 ribs longitud9al1 "h & !re ana/omos+ or connect$ by transv]se ve9s4 ,/em subequal1 holl[1 :iti%1 furfurace\s )\t & )91 ev5 or r>ely r\gh ) irregul> longitud9al furr[s2 asci cyl9drical4 ,spores elliptical1 :iti% t+$ ) o*]1 #bj-beab4e-ah2 p>aphyses %ort1 clavate1 ) "o or two septa ne> ! base4 ,s&y soil 9 ! bord]s ( woods & 9 op5 places4 ,we/ ,albany & ,c5t]4 ,april & ,may4 ,two =ms occur1 "o ) ! pileus oblong-conical1 r obtuse1 (t5 tipp$ ) a slight umbo or papilla1 & ) a diamet] a little surpass+ t ( ! /em f :i* ! base is sep>at$ by a slight groove2 ! o!r ) ! pileus n>r[ly conical1 r acute1 sc>cely exce$+ ! /em 9 diamet] & )\t any sep>at+ groove4 ,! /em & fruit are alike 9 bo? =ms4 ,! /em is usually ab\t equal 9 l5g? to ! pileus4 ,! species is relat$ to ,m4 conica & ,m4 elata1 b may be sep>at$ f bo? by ! size ( ! spores & ! "* ( ! p>aphyses4 ,9 our plant ,i h nev] se5 ^! z long z ! asci4 ,l>ge =ms appe> also to approa* ,m4 rimosipes1 b t species has ! m>g9 ( ! pileus m free1 ! /em proportionately long]1 & ! p>aphyses z long z ! asci1 if we may rely ^u ! figure ( x4 ,our plant is edible4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,! plants are commonly #b-c 94 high1 ) ! cap g5]ally less ?an an in* broad 9 its wide/ "p1 b sometimes mu* l>g] specim5s occur4 ,peck1 #dh? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 7,plate ,,cxlix47 ,illu/ration3 ,,mor*ella ,,semilib]a4 ,m4 semilibera ,d4,c4--half-free4 ,! ,half-free morell has a conical cap1 ! l[] half ( :i* is free f ! /em4 ,x r>ely exce$s #a 94 or #a 94 9 l5g?1 & is usually mu* %ort] ?an its /em4 ,! pits on its surface are long] ?an broad4 ,de=m$ specim5s occur 9 :i* ! cap is hemisph]ical & v blunt or obtuse at ! apex2 9 o!rs x is abruptly n>r[$ above & po9t$4 ,! plants are #b-d 94 high4 ,! species is r>e ) u4 ,peck1 #dh? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores pale-yell[4 ,odor feeble1 becomes /rong] 9 dry+4 ,mu* less sapid ?an ,m4 escul5ta4 ,nei!r ( ^! funguses %\ld be ga!r$ aft] ra91 z !y are !n insipid & soon spoil4 ,badham4 ,,gyromi,,tra ,fr4 ,gyro1 to turn2 mitra1 a head-cov]+4 ,ascophore /ipitate2 hym5ophore subglobose1 inflat$ & m or less holl[1 or cav]n\s1 v>i\sly gyrose & convolute at ! surface1 :i* is ev]y:]e cov]$ ) ! hym5ium2 sub/ance fle%y2 asci cyl9drical1 #h-spor$4 ,spores unis]iate1 elongat$1 hyal9e or ne>ly s1 cont9u\s2 p>aphyses pres5t4 ,helvella ( old au?ors4 ,di/+ui%$ f ,mor*ella by ! ?ick1 bra9-l folds ( ! hym5ophore n ana/omos+ to =m irregul>ly polygonal depressions2 & f ,helvella 9 ! hym5ophore n be+ free f ! /em at ! base4 ,gr[+ on ! gr\nd4 ,massee4 7,plate ,,cxlviiia47 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,,gyromitra ,,escul5ta4 ,g4 escul5ta ,fr4 7,plate ,,vi1 fig4 #f1 p4 #f47 ,pileus r\nd$1 lob$1 irregul>1 gyrose-convolute1 glabr\s1 bay-r$4 ,/em /\t1 /uff$ or holl[1 :iti%1 (t5 irregul>4 ,spores elliptical1 b9ucleate1 yell[i%1 #bj-bb long4 ,! ,edible gyromitra1 =m]ly kn[n z ,helvella escul5ta1 is easily recogniz$ by its *e/nut-r$ irregul>ly r\nd$ & lob$ cap ) its bra9-l convolutions4 ,! m>g9 ( ! cap is atta*$ to ! /em 9 two or ?ree places4 ,:5 cut ?r\gh x is f\nd to be holl[1 :iti% )9 & unev51 ) a few prom95t irregul> ribs or ridges4 ,! /em is :iti%1 slightly scurfy1 & :5 mature1 holl[4 ,9 l>ge specim5s x sometimes appe>s z if =m$ by ! union ( two or m small] ones4 ,! plant is #b-d 94 high & ! cap commonly #b-c 94 broad4 ,specim5s sometimes occur weigh+ a p\nd ea*4 ,x is fond ( s&y soil & is f\nd 9 ,may & ,june4 ,x gr[s *iefly 9 wet wea!r or 9 wet rav9es or spr+y places 9 ! vic9ity ( p9e groves or p9e trees4 ,peck1 #dh? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,g4 escul5ta crispa n4 v>4 ,:ole surface ( ! pileus f9ely reticulat$ ) ana/omos+ co/ 7ribs or ve9s74 ,"u ev]gre5s4 ,nor? ,elba4 ,june4 ,peck1 #ea/ ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,s9ce #ahhb myself & fri5ds h repeat$ly eat5 x4 ,9 no in/ance 0 ! slighte/ discom=t felt f x4 ,x 0 always enjoy$4 ,mr4 ,*>les ,h4 ,all51 ,san ,jose1 ,cal41 writes to me t ,g4 escul5ta gr[s pl5tifully 9 8 region1 & t x is n only edible1 b he has f\nd x "o ( ! be/4 ,b ! species1 ?\gh long ago e/eem$ highly 9 ,europe & by _m 9 ,am]ica1 n[ re/s "u decid$ suspicion4 ,x is n probable t 9 our great food-giv+ c\ntry anyone w be n>r[$ to ,g4 escul5ta = a meal4 ,until su* an em]g5cy arrives1 ! species w\ld be bett] let alone4 ,g4 curtipes ,fr4--curtus1 %ort2 pes1 a foot4 ,pileus inflat$1 gyrosely undulat$1 oblong1 rotund1 at fir/ pallid !n br[ni%2 m>g9 ( pileus closely adnex$ to ! /em4 ,/em irregul>1 %ort or almo/ abs5t4 ,asci cyl9drical4 ,sporidia 4#cji fusi=m1 un9ucleate4 ,p>aphyses clavate4 ,on ! gr\nd4 ,spr+4 ,readily di/+ui%$ f o!r species by ! almo/ oblit]at$ /em4 ,fries comm5ds x highly z an escul5t4 ,sep>at$ f ,g4 escul5ta by pal] color1 %ort] /em & diff]5t spores4 ,g4 ,c>ol9iana 7,bosc47 ,fr4 ,pileus rotund1 base free1 surface wov5 into deep irregul> undulat+ folds4 ,/em conical1 sulcate4 ,asci cyl9drical4 ,sporidia #c-c4ba2 some:at fusi=m2 p>aphyses ?ick5$ t[>d ! top4 ,9 woods4 ,escul5t4 ,massa*usetts4 ,sprague4 7,plate ,,cxlviii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,gyromitra ,,brunnea4 ,g4 brunnea ,und]wood--brunneus1 br[n4 ,a /\t1 fle%y1 /ipitate plant1 #c-e 94 high1 be>+ a broad1 mu* contort$1 br[n ascoma4 ,/em -#a4e 94 ?ick1 m or less enl>g$ & spongy1 solid at ! base1 holl[ bel[1 r>ely slightly flut$1 cle> :ite2 receptacle #b-d 94 across 9 ! wide/ direction1 ! two diamet]s usually consid]ably unequal1 irregul>ly lob$ & plicate1 9 places fa9tly m>k$ into areas by indi/9ct ana/omos+ ridges1 closely coh]+ ) ! /em 9 ! v>i\s p>ts1 ri* *ocolate-br[n or some:at light] if mu* cov]$ ) ! leaves among :i* x gr[s1 :iti% und]nea?2 asci #h-spor$4 ,spores oval1 #bh-cj long1 by ab\t #ad wide1 hyal9e1 some:at r\gh5$-tub]culate1 usually nucleate1 ! highly refractive nucleus sph]ical or oval1 #aa or1 if oval1 #adaa 9 diamet]2 p>aphyses sl5d]1 enl>g$ at ! apex1 fa9tly septate4 ,9 ri* woods1 mo/ly 9 bee*-leaf mold4 ,putnam c\nty1 ,ind41 ,may1 #ahib1 #ahic & #ahid4 ,fir/ f\nd by ,dr4 ,w4,v4 ,br[n4 ,! plant is escul5t1 t5d] & possesses a f9e flavor4 ,(t5 z _m z #h or #aj plants w\ld be f\nd 9 "o small area1 b ! plant appe>s to be local & nev] v abundant4 ,"s s+le plants w\ld weigh ne>ly half a p\nd4 ,,mi,,trula ,fr4 7,em5d$1 ,massee47 ,ascophore /ipitate1 fle%y4 ,head subglobose1 ovate1 or clavate1 ev51 glabr\s1 ev]y:]e cov]$ ) ! hym5ium1 adnate ?r\gh\t to ! m or less elongat$ /em2 asci cyl9dric-clavate1 #h-spor$4 ,spores n>r[ly elliptic-fusi=m1 hyal9e1 cont9u\s or septate1 irregul>ly #a-b-s]iate2 p>aphyses pres5t4 ,fries4 7,plate ,,cl47 ,illu/ration3 ,,mitrulla ,,vitell9a4 ,m4 vitellina ,sacc41 v>4 irregul>is ,pk4--vitellus1 egg-yolk4 ,pileus clavate1 (t5 irregul> or compress$ & some:at lob$1 obtuse1 glabr\s1 yell[1 tap]+ bel[ into ! %ort1 r di/9ct1 yell[i% or :iti% /em4 ,spores n>r[ly elliptical1 #h-aj long4 ,:5 ! ,irregul> mitrula is well gr[n & symmetrical x closely resembles ! typical ,european plant1 b usually ! clubs or caps are curv$1 twi/$1 compress$ or lob$ 9 su* a way t x is difficult to f9d two plants j alike4 ,! plants are usually only "o or two in*es high1 s t !y w\ld sc>cely be ?\ght ( any importance z an edible species4 ,b sometimes x gr[s 9 consid]able pr(usion 9 wet mossy places 9 woods1 s t x w\ld n be difficult to ga!r a p9t ( !m 9 a %ort "t4 ,its beautiful bright yell[ color makes x a v attractive object4 ,x is our l>ge/ species ( ,mitrula & occurs 9 autumn4 ,x 0 fir/ report$ z an edible species 9 ! =ty-second report4 ,its fle% is t5d] & its flavor delicate & agreeable4 ,peck1 #dh? ,rep4 ,ont>io1 ,de>ness 7,,li4 ,r4 #d74 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,common1 greg>i\s 9 moi/ woods4 ,septemb] to ,novemb]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,^? =tunate en\gh to f9d ?is species w hunt = x aga9 assidu\sly4 ,ev5 raw1 :5 cut 9 /rips1 x makes a picturesque & delici\s salad4 ,,spa?ula,,ria ,p]s4 ,a spatula4 ,receptacle erect1 spa?ulate1 compress$1 holl[1 adnate to ! /em1 d[n :i* x runs = "s di/ance on opposite sides1 ev]y:]e cov]$ ) ! hym5ium4 ,/em subcyl9drical1 holl[2 asci clavate1 apex n>r[$1 #h-spor$4 ,spores elongat$1 cyl9dric-clavate1 multi-septate at maturity1 arrang$ 9 a p>allel fascicle 9 ! ascus2 p>aphyses fili=m1 septate4 ,di/+ui%$ by ! broad1 flatt5$ ascophore runn+ d[n opposite sides ( ! /em4 ,gr[+ on p9e leaves or on ! gr\nd among moss4 ,massee4 ,resembl+ a spa?a1 an in/rum5t = /irr+ a liquid1 %ap$ l an apo!c>y's spatula4 ,pileus irregul>1 compress$1 fold$1 runn+ d[n into ! /em on ei!r side4 ,s4 clavata 7,s*aeff47 ,sacc4--club-%ap$4 ,s4 flavida ,p]s4 ,elvela clavata ,s*aeff4 7,plate ,,cxxxvi1 p4 #ejh47 ,head spa?ulate or broadly clavate1 obtuse or sometimes m or less divid$ at ! apex1 holl[1 mu* compress$1 runn+ d[n ! /em = "s di/ance on opposite sides1 glabr\s1 m>g9 crisp$ or undulat$1 surface wavy or slightly lacunose1 yell[1 r>ely t+$ r$1 4#h-a4b 94 high1 4#f-a 94 broad4 ,/em :ite !n t+$ yell[1 #a4b-b4d 94 long1 4#b-c l9es ?ick1 holl[1 cyl9drical or slightly compress$2 asci clavate1 apex n>r[$1 #h-spor$4 ,spores arrang$ 9 a p>allel fascicle1 hyal9e1 l9e>-clavate1 usually v slightly b5t1 multiguttulate !n multiseptate1 #ej-fjc4e-d2 p>aphyses fili=m1 septate1 (t5 bran*$1 tips n ?ick5$1 wavy4 ,massee4 ,new ,york4 ,woods 9 hilly & m\nta9\s di/ricts4 ,common4 ,peck1 #bb;d ,rep4 ,pr(essor ,peck gives ,s4 rugosa1 :i* has ! club wr9kl$4 ,?is odd1 pretty little plant 0 f\nd by me 9 great numb]s at ,eagle's ,m]e1 ,pa41 ,augu/1 #ahig1 gr[+ among mosses4 ,! contra/ ( its bright yell[ paddle-%apes aga9/ ! moss-gre5 is v pleas+ to "o :o loves *oice bits ( color4 ,its consi/5cy :5 /ew$ is t5aci\s b t5d]1 & its flavor is delicate4 ,,geoglos,,sum ,p]s4 7,em5d$47 7,plate ,,cli47 ,illu/ration3 ,,geoglossum ,,glut9osum4 ,ab\t nat4 size4 ,entire fungus m or less clavate1 erect1 ! apical1 ?ick5$ portion ev]y:]e cov]$ ) ! hym5ium2 glabr\s or hairy1 (t5 viscid2 asci clavate1 apex n>r[$1 #h-spor$4 ,spores elongat$1 arrang$ 9 a p>allel fascicle1 cyl9drical or v slightly ?ick5$ above ! middle1 & incl9$ to become cyl9dric-clavate1 br[n1 septate1 usually slightly curv$2 p>aphyses septate1 br[n at ! tips1 (t5 long] ?an ! asci4 ,di/+ui%$ among ! clavate species by ! long1 n>r[1 br[n1 septate spores4 ,! entire plant is black 9 all ,briti% species4 ,gr[+ on ! gr\nd1 among grass1 etc4 ,massee4 ,g4 glut9osum ,p]s4 ,ascophore #a4e-b 94 high1 black1 glabr\s2 ascig]\s portion ab\t ( ! entire l5g?1 oblong1 lanceolate1 up to 4#d 94 broad1 obtuse1 slightly viscid1 m or less compress$1 pass+ imp]ceptibly into ! some:at sl5d]1 cyl9drical1 viscid1 br[ni%-black /em2 asci clavate1 tap]+ d[nw>d into a long1 sl5d] p$icel4 ,spores #h1 arrang$ m or less p>allel ne> ! apex ( ! ascus1 cyl9drical1 ends obtuse1 #c-septate & cle>-br[n at maturity1 /raight or v slightly curv$1 #fe-gee-f2 p>aphyses num]\s1 di/9ctly septate1 ab\t #b ?ick1 pale-br[n1 apex broadly pyri=m & fill$ ) d>k-br[n color+ matt]4 ,on ! gr\nd among grass1 etc4 ,! mo/ important features ( ! pres5t species are #c-septate br[n spores & compress$ ascophore4 ,massee4 ,new ,j]sey1 ,e4,b4 ,/]l+4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,augu/1 #ahii1 greg>i\s 9 wet gr\nd4 ,ov] a qu>t f\nd 9 "o pat*4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,/ew$ x is delici\s4 ,illu/ration ,,family4--,,peziz4 ,,pezi,,za ,l9n4 ,peziz1 a sort ( mu%room )\t root or /alk1 m5tion$ by ,pl9y4 ,ascophore sessile1 b sometimes n>r[$ to a %ort1 /em-l base1 fle%y & brittle1 clos$ at fir/1 !n exp&+ until cup-%ap$1 sauc]-%ap$1 or 9 "s species q plane or ev5 convex2 disk ev51 nodulose or ve9$2 ext]nally w>t$1 scurfy1 or r>ely almo/ glabr\s2 cortical cells irregul>ly polygonal2 asci cyl9drical1 #h-spor$4 ,spores obliquely #a-s]iate1 cont9u\s1 hyal9e 7r>ely t+$ br[n71 elliptical1 epispore smoo? or r\gh2 p>aphyses pres5t4 ,dill4 ,em5d$4 ,massee4 ,! g5us is l>ge4 ,pr(essor ,peck reports #aej ,am]ican species4 ,"s are l>ge1 o!rs require ! microscope to f9d !m4 ,!y are r indiscrim9ate 9 _! habitats2 "s are ecc5tric2 ^! gr[ on damp walls1 on dung1 9 cell>s & ci/]ns1 on sp5t hops & on old fungi4 ,"o or two species gr[ on /icks "u wat]1 an unusual place = fungi ( any k9d4 ,m9ute species gr[ ^u /ems ( h]bace\s plants2 n9e or t5 ^u ! nettle4 ,two species conta9 a milky fluid1 ,p4 succosa & ,p4 saniosa4 ,_m are kn[n 9 ,europe :i* h n be5 f\nd 9 ,am]ica4 ,european au?ors diff] z to _! qualities2 "s call !m insipid1 "s speak ( !m ) k9dly respect4 ,mu* dep5ds ^u _! cook+4 ,!y are1 z a rule1 t5aci\s 9 texture4 ,to cook !m prop]ly requires "t & sl[ /ew+4 ,!y !n become s(t & r glut9\s4 ,_! flavor is slight b pleasant1 & _! consi/5cy agreeable4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,tribes4 ,i4--,,aleuria4 ,page #eec ,ext]nally p[d]$ or ) a woolly scurf4 ,,ii4--,,la*nea4 ,page #eeh4 ,ext]nally hairy or d[ny4 ,,iii4--,,phialea4 ,ext]nally almo/ nak$1 smoo?4 ,no edible species report$4 ,i4--,,aleuria ,fr4 ,fle%y or fle%y-membranace\s1 ext]nally p[d]$ or ) a woolly scurf4 99 ,macropodes--macros1 long2 podes1 feet4 ,/em firm1 elongat$1 furr[$4 9999 ,co*leata--co*leatus1 spiral4 ,subsessile1 oblique or twi/$4 999999 ,cupul>es4 ,subsessile1 regul>4 99999999 ,hum>ia4 ,small1 some:at fle%y1 m>g9 d[ny4 7,none kn[n to be edible47 9999999999 ,encoelia4 ,m or less coriace\s4 7,none kn[n to be edible47 99 ,macropodes4 ,/em firm1 elongat$1 etc4 ,p4 acetabulum ,l9n4--a cup4 ,ascophore /ipitate1 cup-%ap$1 fle%y1 r t\gh1 disk d>k umb]-br[n1 ext]nally pal] & m9utely scurfy or flocculose2 m\? some:at contract$2 #a4b-b 94 broad1 #a4b-a4d 94 high4 ,/em 4#d-4f 94 high1 (t5 4#d 94 ?ick1 imp]fectly holl[1 ) p>allel or ana/omos+ ribs1 :i* cont9ue = "s di/ance up ! ascophore z bran*+ ve9s1 pale umb]2 cells ( ! cortex give (f %ort1 r closely septate hyph 9 gr\ps2 asci cyl9drical1 #h-spor$4 ,spores obliquely #a-s]iate1 hyal9e1 smoo?1 broadly elliptical1 ends obtuse1 ) a v l>ge oil-globule1 #ah-bbab-ad2 p>aphyses /raight1 septate1 ! br[ni%1 clavate tip #e-f ?ick4 ,! flut$ /em & ve9$ outside ( ! excipulum m>k ! pres5t species4 ,! colorless hypo!cium is compos$ ( v d5sely & compactly int]wov5 hyph4 ,massee4 ,season spr+4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis2 ,new ,j]sey1 ,ellis2 ,massa*usetts1 ,fro/2 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,b5nett2 ,ohio1 ,lloyd1 ,r4 #d4 ,escul5t4 ,cordi]1 ,cooke4 ,p4 macropus ,p]s4--macros1 long2 p\s1 a foot4 ,solit>y1 #a-c 94 high1 cups #a-b 94 broad4 ,! cups become exp&$1 & sometimes reflex$2 ! ext]ior is a%-color$ & clo!d ) little hairy or vill\s w>ts1 ! hairs consi/+ ( concat5ate cells1 _! extremities free4 ,! /em is enl>g$ d[nw>d1 (t5 pitt$1 occasionally becom+ holl[ ) age4 ,phillips4 ,asci cyl9drical1 #h-spor$4 ,spores #a-s]iate1 smoo?1 hyal9e1 elliptical1 #bh-ccaa-ac2 p>aphyses /raight1 tips br[ni% & ?ick5$ 9 a clavate mann] up to #h-aj ,massee4 ,on ! gr\nd 9 %ady places4 ,summ] & autumn4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis2 ,new ,j]sey1 ,ellis2 ,m9nesota1 ,johnson2 ,massa*usetts1 ,fro/2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bb4 ,escul5t4 ,cordi]4 9999 ,co*leata4 ,subsessile1 oblique1 etc4 ,p4 v5osa ,p]s4--v5osus1 full ( ve9s4 ,smell /rong1 nitr\s2 sessile or contract$ into a %ort1 /\t1 /em-l base2 cup-%ap$ & ) ! m>g9 incurv$ :5 "y1 !n exp&+ & ! m>g9 becom+ m or less split or lob$ & wavy1 #a4b-b 94 across2 disk umb]-br[n1 ext]nally :iti%1 m9utely granul>1 & furni%$ ) r /\t1 ana/omos+ ribs :i* radiate f ! base2 excipulum pseudop>5*ymat\s1 cells l>ge/ at ! p]iph]y1 :]e "s run out z clavate1 free tips2 asci cyl9drical1 #h-spor$4 ,spores obliquely #a-s]iate1 smoo?1 hyal9e1 (t5 ) #a l>ge oil-globule1 elliptical1 ends obtuse1 wall r ?ick1 #ah-bdaa-ac2 p>aphyses septate1 tips clavate1 br[ni%4 ,on ! gr\nd4 ,spr+4 ,massee4 ,massa*usetts1 ,fro/2 ,cali=nia1 ,h4 & ,m42 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,b5nett2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bd4 ,edible4 ,has a mo/ decid$ nitr\s odor & also fungoid flavor4 ,cooke4 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph$ by ,c4,g4 ,lloyd1 ,c9c9nati1 ,o4 ,,plate ,,clii4 ,,peziza ,,badia4 ,p4 badia ,p]s4--( a br[n or bay color4 7,plate ,,clii1 p4 #eed47 ,greg>i\s or cespitose1 sessile or n>r[$ into a v %ort1 /\t1 /em-l base & (t5 m or less lacunose2 subglobose & clos$ at fir/1 !n cup-%ap$ or m exp&$1 m>g9 entire or ne>ly s1 ! entire cup (t5 wavy1 r ?ick1 #a4b-b 94 across2 disk d>k-br[n1 ext]nally pal]-br[n & m9utely granul>1 (t5 ) a purple t+e2 hypo!cium & excipulum =m$ ( /\t1 septate1 irregul>ly inflat$ hyph1 hypo!cium compact1 excipulum spongy & cav]n\s2 cortex compact1 ! hyph runn+ out 9 irregul> lumps to =m ! ext]nal granulations2 asci cyl9drical1 apex truncate1 #h-spor$4 ,spores obliquely #a-s]iate1 hyal9e1 cont9u\s1 elliptical1 ) "o l>ge oil-globule1 m9utely w>t$ at maturity1 #ae-aii-aj2 p>aphyses septate1 tips slightly clavate4 ,on ! gr\nd among grass1 etc41 also on scor*$ places4 ,readily di/+ui%$ by ! bay or umb]-br[n disk1 & ! m9utely-w>t$ spores4 ,massee4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis2 ,cali=nia1 ,h4 & ,m42 ,m9nesota1 ,johnson2 ,nebraska1 ,clem5ts2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #be4 ,alabama4 ,on gr\nd1 ,alabama ,bull4 ,no4 #hj1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,on gr\nd4 ,frequ5t4 ,july to ,octob]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,escul5t4 ,cordi]4 ,p4 badia is frequ5t on b>e gr\nd1 along wood roads1 etc4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9s x occurs :]e !re h be5 bru% fires4 ,x is a meaty plant1 )\t mu* flavor4 ,x mu/ be cut f9e & sl[ly cook$ if /ew$1 or c be quickly fri$ 9 a hot butt]$ pan4 ,x has m flavor fri$ crisp ?an /ew$4 ,p4 co*leata--spiral4 ,sessile1 cespitose1 v>i\sly contort$ & plicate1 fle%y1 brittle1 disk umb]-br[n1 ext]nally pal] & pru9ose1 sometimes altoge!r pal] & lea!r-color or pale d+y-o*race\s1 #b-c4b 94 diamet]2 :5 solit>y or almo/ s1 at fir/ globose1 !n exp&+ ) ! m>g9 involute1 f9ally spread+ & irregul>ly plicate2 excipulum spongy & cav]n\s1 due to ! loose weft =m$ by int]lac+1 hyal9e1 ?9-wall$1 flaccid1 septate hyph1 cortex compact1 runn+ out into irregul> gr\ps ( cells t =m ! scurfy ext]ior2 asci cyl9drical1 apex slightly truncate1 #h-spor$4 ,spores obliquely #a-s]iate1 hyal9e1 cont9u\s1 smoo?1 usually #b-;guttulate1 #af-ahg-h2 p>aphyses sl5d]1 septate2 tip slightly clavate1 (t5 curv$ & sometimes bran*$4 ,! entire sub/ance is brittle & r wat]y1 & usually assumes a yell[i% t9t :5 bruis$4 ,smell & ta/e almo/ none4 ,sometimes ! ascophores are closely cr[d$1 h5ce irregul> & mu* contort$1 & resembl+ a foliace\s ,tremella or a small specim5 ( ,sp>assis crispa4 ,massee4 ,new ,york4 ,gr\nd 9 woods4 ,held]b]g m\nta9s & ,gre5bu%4 ,june4 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bc2 ,alabama1 ,pet]s1 ,ala4 ,bull4 ,no4 #hj2 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis2 ,massa*usetts1 ,fro/2 ,ohio1 ,lloyd1 ,rep4 #d4 ,?is species is q insipid & some:at lea!ry1 b ,mr4 ,b]keley has se5 x (f]$ = sale "u ! "n ( ,morell4 ,badham4 ,escul5t4 ,cordi]1 ,cooke4 ,p4 leporina ,bats*4--lepus1 a h>e4 ,cup #a-c 94 high1 #a-c 94 broad1 greg>i\s1 (t5 cespitose2 m>g9 involute1 divid$ to ! base on "o side2 disk ev5 or r>ely wr9kl$1 a %ade d>k] ?an ! ext]ior2 p>aphyses sl5d]1 h>dly ?ick5$ at ! summits1 b almo/ inv>iably crook$4 ,?is f9e species gr[s z l>ge z ,o4 onotica at times1 b is n s brightly color$1 be+ ?r\gh\t ( a sob] tan-color1 resembl+ common wa% lea!r us$ = clean+ plate4 ,phillips4 ,asci cyl9drical1 #h-spor$4 ,spores obliquely unis]iate1 hyal9e1 smoo?1 cont9u\s1 #a-b guttulate1 elliptical1 #ab-aeg-h2 p>aphyses fili=m1 septate1 apex slightly swoll51 & usually /rongly curv$4 ,on ! gr\nd 9 woods1 among leaves1 etc4 ,massee4 ,cali=nia1 edible1 ,h4 & ,m4 ,escul5t4 ,cordi]4 ,p4 onotica ,p]s4 ,v v>iable 9 =m1 usually elongat$ on "o side & e>-%ap$1 b sometimes almo/ equal-sid$ & entire1 #a-c 94 high1 up to #b 94 wide1 becom+ n>r[$ to a m or less wr9kl$1 %ort /em-l base2 disk pale orange1 usually ) a rosy t+e1 ext]nally pale tawny-orange4 ,asci elongat$1 n>r[ly cyl9drical1 #h-spor$4 ,spores obliquely #a-s]iate1 hyal9e1 smoo?1 colorless1 ends obtuse1 #a-b-;guttulate1 #ad-aeh-i2 p>aphyses /raight1 septate1 apex clavate4 ,on ! gr\nd 9 woods1 among leaves1 etc4 ,massee4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis2 ,i[a1 ,fitzpatrick 7,ll4 ,r4 #d72 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bh4 ,escul5t4 ,cordi]4 ,p4 unicisa ,pk4--imply+ "o incision4 ,cup l>ge1 ?91 split on "o side to ! base1 sessile or ) a %ort /em1 ext]nally wr9kl$1 m9utely pulv]ul5t "u a l5s1 yell[1 )9 pale-yell[ slightly t+$ ) p9k4 ,spores elliptical1 usually conta9+ two nuclei1 #ab-ae4 ,gr\nd 9 woods4 ,croghan4 ,septemb]4 ,! cups are ab\t two in*es broad4 ,! species is relat$ to ,p4 onotica4 ,peck1 #bf? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,m9nesota1 ,johnson2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,on gr\nd 9 mix$ woods1 gravelly gr\nd4 ,septemb] to ,octob]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,_m specim5s 7 f\nd scatt]$ & 9 pat*es1 & 7 eat54 ,!y 7 ( slight flavor b good4 ,p4 aurantia ,p]s4 7,plate ,,cxxxvi1 fig4 #c1 p4 #ejh47 ,sessile or protract$ into a v %ort /em-l base1 cespitose & irregul>1 or gr[+ s+ly & !n circul> 9 outl9e & regul>1 becom+ almo/ plane2 ?91 brittle1 disk cle>1 deep orange or sometimes orange-r$1 ext]nally mu* pal]1 or sometimes almo/ :ite1 ) a p9k t+e1 delicately tom5tose1 due to ! pres5ce ( %ort1 /\t1 blunt1 #a-b-septate hyal9e hairs2 v>y+ f -#c4b 94 broad4 ,spores #ae-afg-h4 ,on ! gr\nd1 (t5 ne> /umps or among *ips4 ,sometimes cr[d$1 l>ge1 ) ! m>g9 rais$ & v mu* wav$ & m or less incis$1 at o!rs scatt]$1 small]1 almo/ or q ev5 & f9ally spread flat on ! gr\nd4 ,easily recogniz$ by ! l>ge size1 bright orange disk1 pale1 d[ny ext]ior1 & ! broadly elliptical spores cov]$ ) a delicate net-"w ( rais$ l9es at maturity4 ,massee4 ,massa*usetts1 ,fro/2 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,b5nett2 ,m9nesota1 ,johnson2 ,cali=nia1 ,h4 & ,m42 ,alabama1 ,pet]s2 ,new ,york1 ,octob]1 ,peck1 #bc1 #bd ,rep42 ,indiana1 ,ri*mond1 ,novemb]1 ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,wei/2 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,on gr\nd4 ,septemb] to ,octob]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,escul5t4 ,cordi]4 ,at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 pat*es ( x tw5ty feet long1 made ! gr\nd along a road on ! m>g9 ( a woods gold5 ) its clu/]s4 ,! plants grew f s& mix$ ) leaf-mold4 ,i h eat5 x = fifte5 ye>s4 ,fair flavor4 999999 ,cupul>es4 ,subsessile1 etc4 ,p4 repanda ,wahl5b4--b5t backw>d4 ,clu/]$ or scatt]$1 subsessile1 contract$ into a %ort1 /\t1 /em-l base1 :i* is (t5 root+2 sauc]-%ap$1 !n q exp&$ & ! m>g9 m or less split & wavy1 sometimes droop+ & revolute1 extreme edge (t5 cr5ate2 #a4f-d 94 across2 disk pale or d>k br[n or umb]1 m or less wr9kl$ t[>d ! c5t]1 ext]nally :iti%1 m9utely granul>4 ,spores obliquely #a-s]iate1 hyal9e1 smoo?1 cont9u\s1 elliptical1 ends obtuse1 #ah-bbaa-ab2 p>aphyses septate1 clavate & br[ni% at ! tips4 ,massee4 ,on ! gr\nd1 (t5 9 bee*-woods2 also on decay$ trunks4 ,new ,york1 ,ellis2 ,m9nesota1 ,johnson2 ,ohio1 ,lloyd1 ,r4 #d4 ,new ,york4 ,gr\nd & decay+ wood4 ,croghan4 ,septemb]4 ,peck1 #bh? ,rep4 ,specim5s s5t to ! writ] by ,dr4 ,w4,b4 ,mill]1 ,altoona1 ,pa41 7 #c 94 across1 & a beautiful velvety br[n4 ,cook$ !y _h a mu%room flavor4 ,p4 vesiculosa ,bull4--full ( bladd]s4 ,clu/]$1 (t5 di/ort$ f mutual pressure1 sessile b m or less n>r[$ at ! base1 globose & clos$ at fir/1 !n exp&+1 b ! m>g9 usually rema9+ m or less incurv$ & some:at not*$2 disk pale br[n1 ext]nally br[ni% & co>sely granul> f ! pres5ce ( m9ute1 irregul> w>ts1 #a4b-c 94 across4 ,spores obliquely #a-s]iate1 smoo?1 hyal9e1 cont9u\s1 elliptical1 ends obtuse1 #ba-bdaa-ab2 p>aphyses sl5d]1 septate1 clavate4 ,v>4 cerea ,rehm4 ,simil> 9 size1 habit & g5]al /ructure to ! typical =m2 diff]+ 9 ! wax-yell[ color1 ! m di/9ct /em-l base1 & ! slightly small] spores1 #ah-aiaj2 v brittle4 ,massee4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis2 ,cali=nia1 ,h4 & ,m42 ,massa*usetts1 ,fro/2 ,new ,j]sey1 ,ellis2 ,ohio1 ,lloyd1 ,rep4 #d2 v>4 m9or1 ,sacc42 ,nebraska1 ,clem5ts2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #be4 ,escul5t4 ,cordi]4 ,,ii4--,,la*nea4 ,p4 odorata ,pk4 ,cups 4#e-c 94 broad1 greg>i\s or scatt]$1 ?91 sessile1 r brittle :5 fre%1 %all[1 exp&$ or ev5 convex f ! decurv+ ( ! m>g91 at fir/ br[ni%1 !n :ite or :iti%1 ! hym5ium o*race\s-br[n2 asci cyl9drical1 op5+ by a lid1 4#ja-4jab 94 long1 4#jjjf-4jjjh 94 broad1 p>aphyses fili=m1 obscurely septate1 slightly ?ick5$ at ! tips4 ,spores elliptical1 ev51 #bj-bb4baj-ab4e4 ,gr\nd 9 cell>4 ,ma9e4 ,june4 ,f4,l4 ,h>vey4 ,! plant :5 fre% has ! peculi> fungoid flavor sugge/ive ( t ( *e/nut blossoms4 ,! species is app>5tly alli$ to ,p4 ,pet]sii1 f :i* x may be di/+ui%$ by its l>g] spores & di/9ct b peculi> odor4 ,! spores also are n b9ucleate1 z 9 t species4 ,9 dry+1 ! hym5ium is apt to become blacki%4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bc1 ,no4 #aj4 ,a clu/] #d in*es across1 9 g5]al appe>ance resembl+ ,p4 rep&a1 0 f\nd by ! writ] at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,june1 #ahih1 gr[+ f betwe5 ! /aves ( an empty fl\r b>rel :i* 0 expos$ to ! wea!r4 ,! m>g91 in/ead ( be+ revolute1 turn$ inw>d 7involute7 until x t\*$ ! %ort /em4 ,! clu/] 0 eat5 & _h ! flavor ( ,p4 rep&a4 ,9 ,june1 #ahii1 sev]al p\nds grew on & ar\nd ! same b>rel4 ,pr(essor ,peck recogniz$ x z ,p4 odorata4 ,p4 coccinea ,jacq4--sc>let or crimson4 ,geopyxis cocc9ea ,mass4 7,plate ,,cxxxvi1 fig4 #b1 p4 #ejh47 ,scatt]$ or 9 gr\ps ( #b-c specim5s1 /ipitate2 at fir/ clos$1 !n exp&+ & becom+ %all[ly cup-%ap$1 m>g9 entire1 4#h-a4f 94 across2 disk cle> & deep c>m9e1 ext]nally :iti% or p9ki%1 delicately tom5tose1 due to ! pres5ce ( wavy1 usually aseptate1 hyal9e1 cyl9drical hyph1 #e-f ?ick4 ,/em 4#d-4h 94 long1 #a4b-b 94 ?ick1 :iti% & tom5tose4 ,spores #a-s]iate1 elliptic-oblong1 ends obtuse1 hyal9e1 wall r ?ick & =m+ a hyal9e bord]1 /raight1 #be-cjh-i2 p>aphyses v sl5d]1 h>dly ?ick5$ at ! tips4 ,on rott5 bran*es ly+ on ! gr\nd4 ,spr+4 ,readily di/+ui%$ among ! l>ge1 /ipitate ,peziz by ! deep rose-r$ or c>m9e disk & ! :iti%1 tom5tose ext]ior4 ,! /em v>ies consid]ably 9 l5g?2 :5 ! fungus spr+s f ! und]side ( a bran* ! /em is (t5 elongat$ & curv$4 ,! base ( ! /em is atta*$ to ! bran* by a mass ( :iti%1 tom5tose mycelium4 ,massee4 ,new ,york4 ,half-buri$ /icks4 ,april & ,may4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep42 ,new ,j]sey1 ,e4,b4 ,/]l+2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,new ,j]sey4 ,on /icks on gr\nd4 ,spr+4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,?is brilliant fungus is "o ( ! beauties ( ! woods4 ,?\gh small x attracts ! eye by its deep c>m9e 9 /rik+ contra/ ) ! somb] c>pet+4 ,x is frequ5t :5 9 season4 ,a half p9t ( x may be ga!r$ f a few acres4 ,its sub/ance is t5aci\s1 ta/e pleasant4 ,mr4 ,massee m5tions t x is abundant 9 "s ( ! woods ne> ,sc>boro1 ,engl&1 & is regul>ly collect$ & sold along ) moss = decorative purposes4 ,exquisite effects may be produc$ by arrang+ ! brightly color$ fungi among moss & leaves4 8,fairy ,cups10 !y are call$4 ,rosy mu/ be ! lips t d n pale beside !m4 ,p4 calycina ,s*um4--resembl+ a bud4 ,ascophores cespitose1 greg>i\s or scatt]$1 n>r[$ into a %ort1 /\t1 /em-l base1 r fle%y1 #a-c mm4 broad2 disk orange-yell[1 ext]nally :ite & villose1 hairs r wavy1 cyl9drical1 obtuse1 colorless1 m9utely r\gh1 #ajj-aejd-e2 asci subcyl9drical1 apex obtuse1 #h-spor$4 ,spores #a-s]iate or incl9$ to be #b-s]iate above1 hyal9e1 elliptic-fusi=m1 cont9u\s1 #ah-bef-h2 p>aphyses sl5d]1 hyal9e1 cyl9drical4 ,on b>k ( l>* & ,scot* fir4 ,massee4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis2 ,massa*usetts1 ,fro/2 ,new ,york4 ,gum spots on spruce1 b>k ( p9es1 ,peck1 #bb;d ,rep4 ,escul5t4 ,cooke4 ,illu/ration ,cohort ,,pyr5omycetes4 ,,family4--,,hypocreace4 ,,hypo,,myces ,fr4 ,gr--"u2 ,gr--fungus4 ,p]i!cia 7! holl[ n>r[-m\!d cases :i* conta9 ! spores7 greg>i\s1 ) a cottony /roma 9 :i* !y are m or less imm]s$4 ,mo/ly p>asitic on v>i\s ,hym5omycetes or ,discomycetes2 bright color$1 ) papilli=m 7nipple-%ap$7 or slightly elongat$ o/iola 7ap]tures74 ,asci mo/ly cyl9drical1 #h-spor$1 )\t p>aphyses4 ,sporidia oblong or fusoid1 uniseptate1 hyal9e4 ,conidial /age repres5t$ by ,a/]ophora1 etc4 ,?is p>asite attacks sev]al species ( fungi1 & s alt]s _! /ructure & appe>ance t x is difficult to di/+ui% ! ho/-plant4 ,! attack is made 9 ! extreme y\? ( ! plant4 ,! writ] is fully satisfi$ f 8 own obs]vation t ,h4 lactifluorum & ,h4 purpurea infe/ ,lact>ius pip]atus4 ,! milk cells are s *ang$ by ,h4 lactifluorum t !y yield no milk4 ,:5 attack$ by ,h4 purpurea ! milk is a beautiful purple4 ,9 bo? cases ! pepp]9ess ( ! ho/-plant is de/roy$4 ,i h se5 ! same ho/ plant attack$ by bo? =ms ( ! ,hypomyces4 ,aft] ! ho/-plant ( ,hypomyces lactifluorum is fully gr[n1 & infe/$1 x is frequ5tly attack$ by ,hypomyces purpureus4 ,purple spots appe>1 :i* gradually spread until ! entire plant is cov]$4 ,?is ,hypomyces seems to affect ! milk cells4 ,a beautiful1 pr(use1 purple fluid results4 ,! p>asite is prov+ itself an enemy to fungi1 b a fri5d to man4 ,^u ,l4 pip]atus & ^u ,amanita rubesc5s x v mu* adds to ! weight ( ! plants1 & improves ! texture & edible qualities4 ,! same may be said ( ,l4 volemus1 b n to su* a degree4 ,pr(4 ,m4,w4 ,ea/on 9 ,augu/1 #ahii1 f\nd ?is species at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 attack$ by a p>asitic fungus 9 su* a mann] z to de/roy its milk-giv+ quality & completely trans=m its gills into a corrugat$1 granul> surface4 ,pr(essor ,peck1 to :om ,i submitt$ ! p>asite1 ?9ks x a new species & calls x ,h4 volemi4 ,fur!r /udy ( ,hypomyces & its effect ^u fungi1 & ( ! p>ticul> ho/-plants is desirable4 ,h4 lactifluorum 7,s*w47 ,tulasne--lac1 milk2 fluorum1 fl[+4 7,plate ,,cxxxvi1 fig4 #e1 p4 #ejh47 ,asci long & sl5d]1 sporidia 9 "o r[1 sp9dle-%ap$1 /raight or slightly curv$1 r\gh1 hyal9e1 uniseptate1 cuspidate-po9t$ at ! ends1 #cj-chf-h4 ,! g5]al appe>ance is mu* ! same z t ( ,h4 aurantius 7,p]s47 ,tul41 b ! sporidia are l>g]1 r\gh & w>t$1 & ! felt-l mycelium is want+4 ,9 ! affect$ species ( ,lact>ius ! gills are entirely oblit]at$1 s t ! hym5ium ( ! ag>ic pres5ts an ev51 orange-color$ surface on :i* ! subglobose p]i!cia are ?ickly b$d$1 ) only _! slightly prom95t r$di% o/iola visible4 ,9 decay ! color *anges to a purpli%-r$4 ,on ,lact>ius1 especially ,l4 pip]atus4 ,new ,j]sey1 ,ellis2 ,alabama1 ,u4 & ,e42 ,m9nesota1 ,ar?ur2 ,nova ,scotia1 ,dr4 ,som]s2 on v>i\s species ( ,lact>ius1 #ahie1 ,ala4 ,bull42 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,rav5el2 ,p5nsylvania1 ,ev]h>t4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 #ahha-ahhb2 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,?is fungus puzzl$ me = _m ye>s4 ,augu/1 #ahif1 ,i s5t sev]al specim5s to ,pr(essor ,peck ( diff]5t colors--orange1 r$1 :iti% & purple4 ,pr(essor ,peck k9dly id5tifi$ ! specim5s & wrote3 8,9 "o ! matrix ( ! ho/-plant has n be5 s completely *ang$ or trans=m$ z 9 ! o!r4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k :at species ( ,lact>ius x is t ,hypomyces attacks4 ,i h nev] be5 able to asc]ta91 & h sometimes ?\ght x might be ,can?>ellus cib>ius1 b ?is specim5 ( y\rs indicates1 r1 a ,lact>ius40 ,( ! purple specim5 he wrote3 8,?is is a beautiful ?+1 & z ,i f9d no?+ l x describ$ ,i h giv5 x a "n--,hypomyces purpureus ,peck40 ,well cook$1 9 small pieces1 x is "o ( ! v be/4 ,h4 purpureus ,pk4--purpureus1 purple4 ,subiculum effus$1 purple1 p]meat+1 trans=m+ & discolor+ ! matrix2 p]i!cia m9ute1 sunk 9 ! subiculum1 ! o/iola em]g5t1 black2 asci cyl9drical2 spores fusi=m1 uniseptate1 purple1 ) a cusp-l po9t at ea* end1 #ce-dj long1 #g4e broad1 ooz+ out & =m+ beautiful purple masses or pat*es on ! surface ( ! matrix4 ,p5nsylvania4 ,augu/4 ,*>les ,mc,ilvaine4 ,! species is simil> 9 all respects to ,h4 lactifluorum1 except 9 color4 ,x is app>5tly p>asitic on "s species ( ,lact>ius1 b ! ho/ plant is s trans=m$ & discolor$ t ! species is n recognizable4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #be1 ,no4 #f4 ,h4 purpureus ,pk4 0 s5t by ! writ] to ,pr(essor ,peck 9 ,augu/1 #ahig1 :o wrote3 8,?is is a beautiful ?+ & z ,i f9d no?+ l x describ$1 ,i h giv5 x a "n40 ,( itself ,h4 purpureus is a m9ute p>asitic fungus z above describ$4 ,b x possesses ! p[] ( s alt]+ ! /ructure--*ang+ =m1 %ape & appe>ance--( ! fungus ^u :i* x has tak5 its abode t ! ho/-plant1 be x ,can?>ellus cib>ius1 ,crat]ellus can?>ellus or "o ( ! ,lact>i1 or :atev] ! species1 becomes difficult to recognize1 s t x is n yet c]ta9 ^u :i* species x is p>asitic4 ,x may be ^u _m4 ,! pres5t plant seems to be p>asitic ^u "o ( ! ,lact>ii4 ,x !re=e becomes necess>y to describe ! ho/ z x appe>s :5 possess$ by ! p>asite4 ,! plant is v>iable 9 %ape f an irregul> nodule to a di/ort$-capp$1 %ort-/emm$ mass1 #b-d 94 across1 #a-c 94 high1 h>d1 brittle1 co>se 9 appe>ance & r\gh to ! t\*2 deep orange1 :olly or 9 "p /a9$ ) a beautiful purple4 ,! purple juice exudes & dyes ev]y?+ ) :i* x comes 9 contact4 ,! gr[? is v heavy = its size4 ,to all appe>ances x is ! same ho/ z is attack$ by ,hypomyces lactifluorum1 resembl+ x 9 e p>ticul> except+ 9 ! purple /a9 & juice4 ,x is frequ5t 9 op5 oak & *e/nut woods1 b pref]s oak4 ,x gr[s f among leaves or f grassy spots4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,:ile x is beautiful 9 its color+ x is n invit+ 9 appe>ance z an edible4 ,yet slic$1 cut small & /ew$ = tw5ty m9utes x is "o ( ! v be/ fungi ,i h eat54 ,h4 volemi ,pk4 ,subiculum v ?91 :iti% or isabell9e2 p]i!cia m9ute1 br[n1 ne/l+ 9 ! subiculum2 asci v sl5d]1 #ajj-abe long1 sporif]\s "p #d broad4 ,spores oblong-fusi=m1 #ab-ae long1 #d broad1 commonly b9ucleate4 ,p>asitic on ! hym5ium ( ,lact>ius volemus4 ,p5nsylvania4 ,*>les ,mc,ilvaine4 ,! hym5ium ( ! ho/ plant is *ang$ 9 appe>ance by ! p>asite1 b ! /em & upp] surface ( ! pileus rema9 un*ang$4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 #bg1 ,janu>y1 #aijj4 ,! edible qualities are 9 n[ise affect$ by ! p>asite4 ,,family4--,,tub]a,,ce4 7,plate ,,cliii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,tub] ,,niveum or ,,t]fezia ,,leonis4 ,by c\rtesy ,rev4 ,a4,b4 ,langlois4 ,a4 ,plant4 ,b4 ,int]ior 7section74 ,c4 ,asci4 ,d4 ,spore4 ,subt]ranean2 ascophore irregul>ly globose1 usually l>ge1 n ruptur+4 ,to ?is family belongs ! ,truffle ( comm]ce r5[n$ = its flavor+ qualities4 ,x has n yet be5 f\nd 9 ,am]ica1 ?\gh sev]al fungi are ignorantly b\ght 9 our m>kets "u t "n2 notably ,copr9us comatus or man$ mu%room4 ,! writ] has frequ5tly be5 in=m$ ) all ! logical =ce ( g5u9e m>ket-wom5 t ?is 0 ! real ,truffle1 because !y rais$ x !mselves4 ,until q rec5tly b "o species ( ,truffle has be5 report$ z gr[+ 9 ,am]ica4 ,?is1 ,tub] niveum ,desf4 or ,t]fezia leonis ,tul4 0 f\nd by ,rev4 ,a4,b4 ,langlois1 ,/4 ,m>t9ville1 ,la4 ,he report$ x z gr[+ pl5tifully1 buri$ or ne>ly s 9 ! r$ s& l& along ! ,r$ riv] ne> ,nat*ito*es4 ,he writes me3 8,! p :]e x is f\nd are look+ = x ) great c>e & are eat+ x ) great reli%4 ,i _h occasion to eat x once & ,i f\nd x delici\s40 ,he k9dly s5t ! orig9al illu/ration f :i* ! accompany+ draw+ 0 made4 ,x 0 tak5 f ,j\r4 ,myc41 ,janu>y1 #ahhg1 ,j4 ,b4 ,ellis1 :o fir/ publi%$ a description ( ! ,am]ican repres5tative ( ! species4 ,he describes x z 8subglobose1 up to full two in*es 9 diamet]1 /rongly plicate or furr[$ bel[1 ne>ly smoo? & pale r$di%-br[n outside1 m>bl$-:ite )9 & ( compact texture mu* l a potato1 b s(t]4 ,:5 fir/ dug f ! gr\nd ! color is pure :ite1 ! r$di% t9t be+ due to exposure to ! air4 ,! asci obovate or subglobose1 #ge-hjfj-gj4 ,ea* conta9s eight globose spores1 ?ickly clo!d ) obtuse1 elongat$1 w>t-l tub]cles & ab\t #bj 9 diamet]4 ,! home ( ! :ite ,truffle is said to be 9 ,nor!rn ,africa1 ?\gh x is n uncommon 9 ,s\!rn ,europe1 :]e its gr[? is favor$ by mild w9t]s40 ,x is probable t ! ,truffle w be f\nd 9 o!r s\!rn /ates4 ,p]haps 9 ! nor?1 z ,fries reports t two specim5s 7 f\nd ne> ,l9kop+1 ,sw$51 & ,mr4 ,h4,w4 ,h>kness reports ,tub]s 9 ! ,si]ras at ! height ( #g1jjj feet4 ,x is wor? hunt+ =4 ,x is possible t ! common ,truffle--,tub] /ivum--w be f\nd 9 ,am]ica4 ,fame awaits ! f9d]4 ,a description ( x ) illu/ration is !re=e giv54 7,plate ,,cliv47 ,illu/ration3 ,,tub] ,,/ivum4 7,common ,truffle4 ,a4 ,plant4 ,b4 ,section %[+ int]ior4 ,tub] /ivum ,vitt4 ,p]idium w>ty1 ( a blacki%-br[n color1 ! w>ts polygonal & /riate2 fle% transv]s$ by num]\s ve9s2 asci #d-f-spor$2 spores elliptical1 reticulat$4 ,?is plant1 ! common ,truffle ( our m>kets1 is abundant 9 ,wilt%ire & "s o!r p>ts ( ,engl&1 & probably occurs 9 _m places :]e x escapes obs]vation f its subt]ranean habit4 ,badham4 ,x is cultivat$ l>gely 9 ,france4 8,p]igord ,truffles0 are a co/ly delicacy4 ,! ,truffle is ( subt]ranean habit1 gr[+ "u v>i\s k9ds ( trees & f #ab-dh 94 "u gr\nd4 ,z x does n manife/ its pres5ce above gr\nd1 dogs & pigs are tra9$ to f9d x by sc5t4 ,an int]e/+ *apt] on ,truffles w be f\nd 9 ,briti% ,edible ,fungi1 ,m4,c4 ,cooke1 #ahia4 ,any plant ( simil> habit1 :5 f\nd1 %\ld be imm$iately s5t by ! f9d] to a kn[n exp]t = id5tification4 ,?irte5 species ( ,tub] & sev]al ,t]fezi are report$ 9 ,cali=nia1 & are describ$ & beautifully illu/rat$ 9 8,cali=nia ,hypogous ,fungi0 by ,h4,w4 ,h>kness1 8,proce$+s ( ! ,cali=nia ,academy ( ,sci5ces10 #ahii4 ,t]fezia sp9osa ,h>kness closely resembles ,t4 leonis ,tul41 & ,t4 7sphrotub]7 ,cali=nicum n4 sp41 f\nd "u oaks b5ea? vegetable humus 9 ,alam$a c\nty1 ,cal41 ,pr(essor ,h>kness rem>ks1 is ne>ly id5tical ) an edible species f\nd 9 ,italy4 ,all species f\nd 9 ,cali=nia are said to be edible1 b to be too r>e to be ( food value4 7,plate ,,clv47 ,illu/ration3 ,,pa*yma ,,cocos--8,,tuckahoe40 ,aft] ,c5tury ,diction>y4 ,a4 ,mass ( ,tuckahoe4 ,b4 ,%[+ me?od ( gr[+ ar\nd a root4 ,!re is a well kn[n gr[?1 f\nd f ,new ,j]sey s\? to ! ,gulf & we/ to ,kansas1 call$ ,tuckahoe 7,pa*yma cocos71 7,plate ,,clv71 an ,indian "n mean+ a r\nd loaf or cake1 & fam$ = its edible qualities4 ,its exact place 9 plant gr[? has be5 v>i\sly det]m9$4 ,x is n[ conc$$ t x is ! scl]otium or cellul> res]voir ( res]ve mat]ial ( "s fungus4 ,x is usually f\nd atta*$ to ! roots ( trees1 9 l[ m>%y places4 ,x gr[s sev]al feet bel[ ! surface1 & to ! size ( a man's head4 ,x v>ies 9 %ape1 be+ oblong or r\nd1 hav+ a co>se br[n cov]+1 look+ l a cocoanut4 ,its int]ior is :ite1 compact1 )\t cellul> /ructure2 x has no mycelium or trace ( fructification4 ,x conta9s z high z #gg p] c5t4 ( pectose & is !re=e highly nutriti\s4 ,= full acc\nts see ,torrey ,bullet91 ,octob]1 #ahhb2 ,smi?sonian ,in/4 ,rep41 #ahha1 p4 #fic2 article by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,h[>d ,gore2 also ,g>d5 & ,=e/1 ,,ix1 p4 #cjb4 ,! illu/ration is aft] t 9 ! ,c5tury ,diction>y1 8,tuckahoe40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,sub-,,class ,,basidiomycetes4 ,,cohort ,,ga/romycetes4 ,gr--ga/]on1 a sac1 etc4 7,plate ,,clvi47 ,illu/ration #a4 ,a4 ,ext]ior sk91 b>k1 r9d1 cortex1 scurf1 w>ts1 sp9es1 bri/les--p]idium4 ,plants ) long sp9es--e*9ate4 ,b4 ,inn] r9d or true p]idium4 ,a4,b4--p]idia 7plural ( p]idium74 ,c4 ,columella--^? filam5ts spr++ f ! base & ris+1 :i* d n unite freely ) ^? issu+ f ! inn] p]idium4 ,?is mass ( ?reads is usually conical1 b sometimes globose4 ,d4 ,capillitium--a s(t mass ( cottony ?reads int]sp]s$ ) m9ute du/-l spores2 ! space occupi$ is call$ ! gleba4 ,e4 ,co>se empty1 /]ile cells4 ,! space !y occupy is call$ ! subgleba4 ,f4 ,e*9ate spores magnifi$4 ,g4 ,sp9es 7magnifi$7 :i* fall (f & leave ! inn] p]idium expos$4 #b4 ,a4 ,lycop]don e*9atum4 ,b4 ,sp9es 7magnifi$7 :i* fall (f & leave tesselat$ inn] p]idium expos$4 7,aft] ,morgan47 ,z has be5 /at$1 ! two ,cohorts 9 :i* a hym5ium or spore-be>+ surface is pres5t are call$ ,hym5omycetes & ,ga/romycetes4 ,9 ! fir/ ! hym5ium is expos$1 z 9 ! common mu%room4 ,9 ! second--,ga/romycetes--! hym5ium is at fir/ enclos$ 9 a sac or p]idium1 z 9 ! common puff-ball4 ,! botanical description ( ,ga/romycetes1 giv5 by ,m4,c4 ,cooke1 is3 8,hym5ium m or less p]man5tly conceal$1 consi/+ 9 mo/ cases ( closely-pack$ cells1 ( :i* ! f]tile ones be> nak$ spores on di/9ct spicules1 expos$ only by ! rupture or decay ( ! insi/+ coat or p]idium4' ,! ,ga/romycetes are usually l>ge1 gr\nd-gr[+ fungi4 ,a few gr[ ^u wood4 ,! p]idium is ( d5se /ructure1 usually globose & ( consid]able ?ickness4 ,x commonly consi/s ( two lay]s4 ,^! =m ! sac hold+ ! spore-be>+ /ructure1 :i* is call$ ! gleba4 ,! gleba consi/s ( innum]able *amb]s or cells1 curv$ & bran*$1 & only to be di/+ui%$ by magnify+4 ,! prim>y /ructure is reta9$ 9 "s species ?r\gh\t ! life ( ! plants1 except+ *anges due to gr[? & matur+1 or 9 o!rs ^! cells or *amb]s are l>ge & few1 & =m di/9ct p]idiola1 :i* conta9 ! spores4 ,! matur+ ( ! plant & ! consequ5t *anges 9 ! gleba is accompani$ by v>i\s trans=mations ( ! p]idium40 ,x is impossible )9 ! scope ( ?is book to ev5 "n all ! g5]a ( ,ga/romycetes4 ,pr(essor ,morgan's table ( ! families & table ( ! g5]a ( ,lycop]dace are "h giv54 ,! ord]s are def9$ z are "s ( ! g5]a1 & ! edible species are describ$4 ,,table ,,( ,,families ,,( ,,ga/romycetes4 ,a4 ,,t]re/rial4 7a7 ,p]idium d\ble4 ,i4--,phalloide4 ,page #egj4 ,p]idium becom+ trans=m$ into a receptacle ( v>i\s %ape1 ) a volva at its base4 ,gleba becom+ dissolv$ into a d>k gre5 mass ( jelly4 ,,ii4--,lycop]dace4 ,page #egg4 ,p]idium sessile1 usually ) a m or less ?ick5$ base or sometimes /ipitate1 at maturity fill$ ) a du/y mass ( m+l$ ?reads & spores4 7b7 ,p]idium s+le4 ,,iii4--,scl]od]mace4 ,page #fae4 ,p]idium discrete f ! gleba1 (t5 ) a columella2 cells ( ! gleba subp]si/5t4 ,,iv4--,hym5oga/race4 ,p]idium concrete ) ! gleba1 indehisc5t2 cells ( ! gleba p]si/5t4 7,no edible species report$4 ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine47 ,b4 ,,epiphytal4 ,v4--,nidul>iace4 ,p]idium cya?i=m1 op5 at ! top1 conta9+ "o or m di/9ct p]idiola4 ,morgan4 7,small4 ,no species report$ edible4 ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine47 ,a4 ,,t]re/rial4 7a7 ,p]idium d\ble4 ,,family ,i4--,,phalloide4 ,receptacle & gleba at fir/ enclos$ 9 a univ]sal volva compos$ ( ?ree di/9ct lay]s1 ! c5tral "o be+ gelat9\s at maturity4 ,spores m9ute1 elliptic-oblong1 smoo?1 :5 mature involv$ 9 mucus4 ,massee4 ,spores #c-e 9 l5g?4 ,morgan4 ,!re are b few edible species )9 ! family1 & ^? edible only :5 v "y4 ,! family embraces ! v (f5sive fungi kn[n z /9k-horns4 ,,table ,,( ,,g5]a4 ,i4--,,phalle4 ,receptacle consi/+ ( an elongat$ /ipe be>+ ! gleba on a conical pileus at its apex4 #a4 ,,phallus4 ,page #ega4 ,pileus atta*$ only to ! apex ( ! /ipe1 dep5d5t free all ar\nd bel[4 #b4 ,,mut9us4 ,page #ege4 ,pileus :olly adnate to ! summit ( ! /ipe4 ,,ii4--,,cla?re4 ,receptacle a holl[ cla?rate body1 ) ! gleba atta*$ to ! upp] "p ( ! inn] surface4 #c4 ,,cla?rus4 ,receptacle compos$ ( obliquely ana/omos+ b>s & sessile4 #d4 ,,simblum4 ,receptacle compos$ ( obliquely ana/omos+ b>s & /ipitate4 #e4 ,,lat]nea4 ,receptacle compos$ ( a few v]tical columns & sessile4 ,morgan4 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph$ by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,wei/4 ,,plate ,,clviii4 ,,phallus ,,rav5elii4 ,i4--,,phal,,le4 ,receptacle consi/+ ( an elongat$ /em be>+ ! gleba on a conical pileus at its apex4 ,/em cyl9dric1 holl[1 compos$ ( "o to sev]al lay]s ( r\nd-cell$ tissue2 ! gleba occupy+ ! out] surface ( ! pileus4 ,,g5us ,i4--,,phal,,lus ,mi*4 ,/em holl[ )91 ! wall compos$ ( sev]al lay]s ( r\nd-cell$ tissue4 ,pileus atta*$ only to ! apex ( ! /ipe1 dep5d5t free all ar\nd bel[1 ! gleba occupy+ its out] surface4 ,morgan4 ,! foll[+ synoptical tables w exhibit ! prom95t di/9ctive features ( ! species ( ,phallus ( ?is /ate 7,new ,york7 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 s f> z ,i am able to get !m f ! publi%$ descriptions & ! specim5s at my comm&4 ,,new ,,york ,,species ,,( ,,phallus4 ,d5ud$ pileus reticulate ) co>se deep pits or cells ,veil expos$1 reticulate ) small p]=ations ,p4 ,dmonum ,rumph4 ,veil none ,p4 impudicus ,l4 ,d5ud$ pileus por\s1 veil n p]=ate1 ,p4 ,rav5elii ,b4 conceal$ & ,c4 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,species ,,( ,,phallus4 ,d5ud$ pileus reticulate ) co>se deep pits or cells4 ,veil expos$4 ,l>ge & reticulate ) l>ge p]=ations4 ,p4 indusiatus ,v5t4 ,small] & reticulate ) small p]=ations4 ,p4 ,dmonum ,rumph4 ,small] & plicate4 ,p4 duplicatus ,bosc4 ,veil none4 ,p4 impudicus ,l4 ,d5ud$ pileus ev5 or m]ely por\s4 ,veil %ort1 conceal$ b5ea? ! pileus4 ,p4 ,rav5elii ,b4 & ,c4 ,veil none4 ,p4 rubicundus ,bosc4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,i4--,,hym5ophal,,lus4 ,an indusium or veil surr\nd+ ! /ipe & dep5d5t f its apex b5ea? ! pileus4 a4 ,veil reticulate1 hang+ bel[ ! pileus4 ,p4 ,dmonum ,rumph4 ,volva globose1 n v ?ick1 p9ki%2 segm5ts #c or #d1 irregul>4 ,/em cyl9dric1 tap]+ at ea* end1 cellulose2 ! veil reticulate1 some:at exp&$ & bell-%ap$1 hang+ ne>ly to ! middle ( ! /em4 ,pileus bell-%ap$1 some:at oblique2 ! surface reticulate-pitt$ aft] deliquesc5ce2 ! apex truncate1 smoo?1 p]=ate4 ,spores elliptic-oblong1 #db4 ,plant #i 94 high4 ,volva #b 94 9 diamet]4 ,/em #a 94 ?ick at ! middle4 ,pileus #b 94 9 height2 ! l[] edge ( ! veil hangs ab\t #d 94 f ! apex ( ! /em4 ,! %ort veil & ! smoo? r+ at ! apex w di/+ui% ?is species f ! next4 ,morgan4 ,gr[+ on ! gr\nd 9 woods4 ,ohio1 ,morgan1 ,lea2 ,m>yl&1 ,miss ,bann+2 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 gr\nd 9 mix$ woods1 ,augu/1 #ahii4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,sev]al specim5s 7 f\nd2 b two 9 ! e>ly or ovum /age4 ,9 ?is condition ! species is edible4 ,quality same z ,p4 impudicus4 ,p4 duplicatus ,bosc4 ,volva depress$ globose1 ?ick1 flabby :ite2 segm5ts #c-e1 acute4 ,/ipe fusi=m-cyl9dric cellulose2 ! veil reticulate1 hang+ d[n to ! volva1 sometimes mu* exp&$1 (t5 torn & %r$dy ) pieces adh]5t to ! /ipe4 ,pileus campanulate1 reticulate-pitt$ aft] deliquesc5ce2 ! apex acute1 n regul>ly p]=ate4 ,spores elliptic-oblong1 #db4 ,plant #f-h 94 high4 ,volva #b 94 9 diamet]4 ,/ipe #a 94 ?ick 9 ! middle4 ,pileus #b 94 9 height4 ,! long veil usually cl+s close to ! /ipe ?\gh sometimes sw++ free & mu* exp&$4 ,9 ?is species ! gleba ext5ds ov] ! apex & !re is no ?ick smoo? r+ encircl+ ! p]=ation z 9 ! prec$+ species 7,p4 ,dmonum74 ,morgan4 ,gr[+ 9 woods ab\t old /umps & rott5 logs4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 9 woods1 along m\nta9 trails2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 9 mix$ woods1 summ]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,9 ! =e/s ( ! ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9s1 ,p4 duplicatus is frequ5t4 ,be=e rupture ( ! volva ! plant is a semi-gelat9\s mass1 t5aci\s & ela/ic4 ,x has little ta/e or smell4 ,cut 9 slices & fri$1 or /ew$1 x is a t5d]1 agreeable food4 b4 ,veil n reticulate1 conceal$ b5ea? ! pileus4 ,p4 ,rav5elii ,b4 & ,c4 ,volva subglobose or ovoid1 p9ki%2 ) an inn] membrane1 ! l[] half ( ! veil surr\nd+ ! base ( ! /em2 segm5ts #b or #c4 ,/em cyl9dric1 tap]+ at ea* end1 cellulose2 ! veil membran\s1 sc>cely half z long z ! pileus & conceal$ b5ea? x4 ,pileus conico-bell-%ap$2 ! surface n reticulate-pitt$ aft] deliquesc5ce2 ! apex smoo? & clos$ or f9ally p]=ate4 ,spores elliptic-oblong1 #d-eb4 ,plant #e-g 94 high4 ,volva #a-b 94 9 diamet]4 ,/em ne>ly #a 94 ?ick4 ,pileus #a 94 9 height4 ,?is species vitiates ! g5us ,dictyophora & x c n v well be plac$ 9 ,i?yphallus4 ,gr[+ 9 woods & fields ab\t rott+ /umps & logs4 ,morgan4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,rav5el2 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,,ii4--,,i?yphal,,lus ,fis*]4 7,gr--erect2 ,gr--phallus47 ,/ipe )\t an indusium or veil dep5d5t f its apex4 ,morgan4 ,p4 impudicus ,l9n4 7,plate ,,clviii47 ,volva globose or ovoid1 :ite or p9ki%2 segm5ts #b or #c4 ,/em cyl9dric1 tap]+ at ea* end1 cellulose1 )\t a veil4 ,pileus conic-campanulate2 ! surface reticulate pitt$ aft] deliquesc5ce1 ! apex smoo?1 at fir/ clos$1 at l5g? p]=ate4 ,spores elliptic-oblong1 #d-eb4 ,gr[+ on ! gr\nd 9 woods4 ,plant #f-h 94 high4 ,volva #b 94 9 diamet]4 ,/em #a 94 ?ick4 ,pileus #b 94 9 height4 ,by ! elongation ( ! /em ! ?9 membrane :i* sep>ates ! /ipe f ! pileus is torn into %r$s & ! pileus is ?us lib]at$ f ! /ipe except at ! apex4 ,morgan4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,summ] & autumn4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,p4 impudicus makes itself kn[n :]ev] x gr[s4 ,! /5* ( ! full-gr[n plant is aggravat+ly (f5sive1 attract+ bl[-flies 9 quantities1 & ! c>rion beetle ,necrophorus ,am]icanus4 ,x is common ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 woods1 op5 f5ce corn]s1 along road-sides1 b a favorite abode is 9 kit*5 y>ds & "u wood5 /eps1 :]e1 :5 mature1 x w compel ! h\sehold to seek x 9 self-def5se4 ,x is a beautiful plant4 ,:5 9 ! egg-%ape x is :ite or light dull-gre51 semi-gelat9\s1 t5aci\s & ela/ic4 ,z _m z a doz5 sometimes gr[ 9 a bun*1 ea* f a peculi> :ite1 cord-l root or mycelium4 ,!y look1 :5 "y1 l bubbles ( "s ?ick sub/ance4 ,9 ?is condition !y are v good :5 fri$4 ,!y dem& to be eat5 at ?is "t1 if at any4 ,,g5us ,,ii4--,,muti,,nus ,fr4 ,/ipe holl[ )91 ! wall compos$ ( a s+le lay] ( r\nd-cell$ tissue4 ,pileus :olly adnate to ! summit ( ! /ipe1 ! gleba occupy+ its out] surface4 ,morgan4 ,di/+ui%$ f ,i?yphallus by ! cap be+ adnate to ! receptacle4 7,plate ,,clix47 ,illu/ration3 ,,mut9us ,,can9us4 7,aft] ,massee & ,morgan47 ,m4 caninus ,fr4 7,phallus can9us ,b]k42 ,phallus inodorus ,s[47 ,receptacle elongato-fusi=m1 cellul>1 :ite or rosy4 ,pileus %ort1 subacute1 rugulose1 r$4 ,spores cyl9drical1 involv$ 9 gre5 mucus1 #c-eb4 ,9 woods & bu%y places4 ,sporophore f - 94 be=e ! volva is ruptur$4 ,:5 fully evolv$ #c-d 94 high4 ,sometimes sc5tless1 at o!rs ) a di/9ct odor1 b nev] s /rong & disagreeable z 9 ,i?yphallus impudicus4 ,massee4 ,spores elliptic1 #fd ,morgan2 #c-eb ,massee4 ,new ,engl&1 ,fro/2 ,new ,york1 ,w>ne2 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,?is species is common4 ,few old woods are )\t x4 ,x is conspicu\s 9 color among ! br[n ( ! =e/ c>pet4 ,! plant has n ! mal-odor ( its relations1 b is n pleasant4 ,9 ! egg %ape x is gelat9\s1 t5aci\s1 r firm1 edible & good :5 slic$ & fri$4 ,m4 bovinus ,morg4 ,volva oblong-ovoid1 p9ki%1 segm5ts #b or #c4 ,/em cyl9dric1 tap]+ gradually to ! apex1 :ite or p9ki% bel[1 bright r$ above4 ,pileus indet]m9ate1 conic-acum9ate1 p]=ate at ! apex4 ,spores elliptic-oblong1 #d-eb4 ,plant #d-g 94 9 height1 ! /em ( an 94 9 ?ickness1 ! volva n mu* ?ick] & #a-a 94 9 height2 ! pileus occupies #a-b 94 ( ! po9t$ apex1 b is n def9itely limit$ bel[4 ,?is plant has ! /rong disagreeable odor ( o!r ,phalloids4 ,gr[+ 9 ri* soil 9 cultivat$ gr\nds & 9 woods4 ,morgan4 ,common 9 mix$ woods1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,smell /rong1 b n s (f5sive z ,p4 impudicus4 ,edible 9 ! egg-%ape4 ,m4 brevis ,b4 & ,c4--%ort4 ,volva globose or ovoid1 segm5ts #b or #c4 ,/em bright r$1 co>sely cribrose1 att5uat$ bel[4 ,pileus some:at broadly clavate1 sometimes conical1 b always m or less obtuse1 p]=ate at ! apex4 ,plant #b-c 94 high4 ,/em #d-e l9es ?ick1 ! volva ( an 94 9 diamet]1 ! pileus sometimes half z long z ! /em4 ,gr[+ on ! gr\nd 9 fields & g>d5s4 ,morgan4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis2 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,rav5el2 ,new ,engl&1 ,wright2 ,new ,york1 ,h[e1 ,g]>d1 ,peck4 ,9 ! rema9+ g5]a1 ,cla?rus1 ,simblum1 ,lat]nea1 no species h be5 report$ z te/$4 ,,family ,,ii4--,,lycop]da,,ce4 ,p]idium sessile1 usually ) a m or less ?ick5$ base or sometimes /ipitate1 at maturity fill$ ) a du/y mass ( m+l$ ?reads & spores4 ,?is ord] conta9s _m ( our mo/ delici\s & important food species4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( all g5]a are giv54 ,9 sev]al ( !m no species are report$ edible1 b x is m ?an probable t all are4 ,! g5]a are !re=e giv5 9 ?is table1 b are omitt$ 9 place to save room4 ,! omitt$ g5]a are ,nos4 #a1 ,polyplocium2 #b1 ,bat>rea2 #c1 ,myrio/oma2 #e1 ,a/reus2 #f1 ,mitremyces4 ,,table ,,( ,,g5]a ,,( ,,lycop]dace4 ,i4--,,volvat4 ,out] p]idium a ?ick1 firm1 p]si/5t coat1 bur/+ irregul>ly or splitt+ f ! apex d[nw>d into segm5ts4 7a7 ,inn] p]idium /ipitate1 ! out] rema9+ z a volva at ! base ( ! /ipe4 #a4 ,,polyplocium4 ,inn] p]idium pileate1 ) aculei=m processes und]nea?2 ?reads ( ! capillitium sl5d]1 hyal9e1 sc>cely bran*$4 #b4 ,,bat>rea4 ,inn] p]idium circumscissile1 ! upp] "p com+ (f l a lid2 ?reads ( ! capillitium ) spiral m>k+s4 7b7 ,inn] p]idium sessile1 ! out] splitt+ into segm5ts :i* become reflex$4 #c4 ,,myrio/oma4 ,inn] p]idium dehisc5t above by _m m\?s2 columella ----2 ?reads ( ! capillitium simple1 tap]+ to ea* extremity4 #d4 ,,gea/]4 ,page #ehj4 ,inn] p]idium dehisc5t at ! apex by a s+le m\?2 columella pres5t2 ?reads ( ! capillitium simple1 tap]+ to ea* extremity4 #e4 ,,a/r,,u4 ,inn] p]idium membranace\s2 dehisc5t at ! apex by a s+le m\?2 columella none2 ?reads ( ! capillitium v long1 mu* bran*$ & int]wov54 #f4 ,,mitremyces4 ,inn] p]idium c>tilag9\s1 dehisc5t at ! apex by a /ellate fissure2 columella none2 ?reads ( ! capillitium v long1 mu* bran*$ & int]wov54 ,,ii4--,,corticat4 ,out] p]idium 7cortex7 a s(t1 fragile1 m or less decidu\s lay]1 (t5 ) ext]nal projections 9 ! %ape ( w>ts1 sp9es or scales4 7c7 ,p]idium /ipitate4 #g4 ,,tylo/oma4 ,page #ehb4 ,p]idium membranace\s1 dehisc5t by a regul> apical m\?2 ?reads ( ! capillitium v long1 mu* bran*$ & int]wov54 7d7 ,p]idium sessile1 b ) a m or less ?ick5$ base4 #h4 ,,calvatia4 ,page #ehb4 ,p]idium l>ge1 globose or turb9ate1 break+ up into fragm5ts f above d[nw>d1 & gradually fall+ away2 ?reads ( ! capillitium v long1 mu* bran*$ & int]wov54 #i4 ,,lycop]don4 ,page #ehi4 ,p]idium small1 globose1 obovoid or turb9ate1 membranace\s1 dehisc5t by a regul> apical m\?1 ?reads ( ! capillitium long1 sl5d]1 simple or bran*$4 #aj4 ,,bovi/ella4 ,page #fjh4 ,p]idium subglobose1 membranace\s1 dehisc5t by a regul> apical m\?2 ?reads ( ! capillitium free1 %ort1 sev]al times di*otom\sly bran*$4 7e7 ,p]idium sessile1 )\t any ?ick5$ base4 #aa4 ,,cata/oma4 ,page #fji4 ,p]idium globose1 subcoriace\s1 dehisc5t by a basal ap]ture2 ?reads ( ! capillitium free1 %ort1 simple1 or sc>cely bran*$4 #ab4 ,,bovi/a4 ,page #faj4 ,p]idium subglobose1 membranace\s1 dehisc5t by an apical m\?1 or op5+ irregul>ly2 ?reads ( ! capillitium free1 %ort1 sev]al times di*otom\sly bran*$4 #ac4 ,,myc5a/rum4 ,page #fac4 ,p]idium subglobose1 v ?ick1 coriace\s1 ! upp] "p f9ally break+ up into irregul> lobes or fragm5ts2 ?reads ( ! capillitium free1 %ort1 ) a few %ort bran*es & scatt]$ prickles4 ,morgan4 ,,g5us ,,iv4--,,gea,,/] ,mi*4 ,gr--! e>?2 ,gr--/>4 ,mycelium filam5t\s or fibr\s1 mu* bran*$ & int]wov5 ) ! soil4 ,p]idium subglobose1 compos$ ( two di/9ct p]si/5t coats2 out] p]idium ?ick1 fle%y-coriace\s1 at fir/ closely inve/+ ! inn]1 b discrete 7di/9ct7 at maturity splitt+ f ! apex d[nw>d into sev]al segm5ts :i* become reflex$2 inn] p]idium ?91 membranace\s !n papyrace\s 7l p>*m5t71 sessile or ) a %ort p$icel1 dehisc5t at ! apex by a s+le m\?4 ,capillitium tak+ its orig9 f ! inn] surface ( ! p]idium & also f a di/9ct c5tral columella1 :i* arises f its base2 ?reads simple1 long1 sl5d]1 ?icke/ 9 ! middle & tap]+ to ea* extremity1 fix$ at "o end & free at ! o!r4 ,spores small1 globose1 m9utely w>t$1 br[n4 ,morgan4 7,plate ,,clx47 ,illu/ration3 ,,gea/] ,,hygrometricus4 ,natural size4 7,aft] ,morgan47 ,g4 m9imus1 :5 f\nd by ! writ]1 0 n te/$ because n f\nd 9 condition4 ,x is a plant beautiful 9 its oddity4 ,its sev5 to n9e out] segm5ts ( sk9 loos5 at ! bottom1 spr+ up1 rais+ ! oval body ( ! plant ) !m1 turn _! po9ts d[n & balance on ! l[] po9ts1 & look1 9 m9iature1 j z w\ld two sectional orange peels spread at _! loose po9ts if "o 0 re/$1 po9t to po9t1 ^u ! o!r4 ,?is hoi/+ ( ! spore-be>+ "p al(t1 t x may bett] eject its spores to ! w9d1 does n seem to h be5 not$ by ,pr(essor ,morgan4 ,specim5s s5t to ,pr(essor ,peck by ! writ] beautifully illu/rat$ ?is ent]prise ( ! plant4 ,g4 hygrometricus ,p]s4 7,plate ,,clx1 #b figs41 p4 #ehj47 ,p]idium depress$-globose1 ! cuticle decidu\s ) ! mycelium2 out] p]idium deeply p>t$1 ! segm5ts #g-bj1 /rongly hygrometric1 acute at ! apex2 inn] p]idium depress$-globose1 sessile1 reticulate1 pitt$1 :iti% becom+ gray or br[ni%2 ! m\? an irregul>ly lac]ate ap]ture4 ,?reads ( ! capillitium r ?9n] ?an ! spores1 hyal9e4 ,spores globose1 m9utely w>t$1 br[n1 #h-aa 94 9 diamet]4 ,gr[+ 9 fields & woods 9 s&y soil4 ,a v common species f\nd ev]y:]e 9 ! _w4 ,inn] p]idium -#a 94 9 diamet]1 ! segm5ts exp&+ to a bread? ( #b-c 94 ,! inn] lay] ( ! out] p]idium is c>tilag9\s-gelat9\s1 h>d & rigid :5 dry1 swell+ greatly & flexible :5 wet ?\gh con/antly becom+ m & m crack$ & fissur$1 x reta9s its hygroscopic qualities a long "t1 & ! out] p]idium rema9s ly+ on ! soil1 /ellate 9 %ape1 spread+ out its rays 9 moi/ wea!r & b5d+ !m inw>d 9 dry4 ,morgan4 ,mr4 ,morgan made a new g5us--,a/ru1 9 :i* he plac$ ?is species4 ,x is s widely kn[n z ,gea/] hygrometricus t to avoid confusion x is plac$ 9 its old g5us4 ,?is natural b>omet]1 spread+ its /ellate cov]+ on ! soil ab\t x :5 ! air is lad5 ) moi/ure1 & clos+ x ar\nd its puffy body :5 humidity is abs5t1 is odd & int]e/+4 ,! entire g5us is m or less gift$ ) ?is wea!r-wise quality4 ,! species is v common1 b seldom f\nd 9 numb]4 ,once1 9 ! ,we/ ,virg9ia m\nta9s1 #ahhb1 ,i f\nd a l>ge pat* ( x1 & 0 able to collect f x en\gh "y ones to te/ its edibility4 ,x is difficult to f9d be=e x bur/s its out] coat4 ,:5 "y x is1 :5 cook$1 s(t & creamy inside4 ,! out] "p is t\gh & semi-glut9\s b ( pleasant texture4 ,x has n a m>k$ flavor1 b makes a succul5t di%4 ,illu/ration ,,ii4--,,corticat4 ,,g5us ,,vii4--,,tylos,,toma ,p]s4 ,gr--a knob4 7,plate ,,clxi47 ,illu/ration3 ,,tylo/oma ,,mey5ianum4 7,aft] ,morgan47 ,plants gr[+ on ! gr\nd1 (t5e/ 9 dry & s&y regions4 ,! g5us is readily di/+ui%$ f all o!rs ( ! ,lycop]dace by ! entire p]idium be+ m\nt$ ^u ! apex ( ! /em4 ,morgan4 ,! g5us conta9s b few species4 ,^? ,i h f\nd 7 n 9 condition to te/4 ,!re is no report ^u ! edibility ( any4 ,,g5us ,,viii4--,,calva,,tia ,fr4 ,mycelium fibr\s1 usually ?ick & cord-l1 root+ f ! base4 ,p]idium l>ge1 globose & ne>ly sessile1 or turb9ate ) a well-develop$ base2 cortex a v ?9 adh]5t lay]1 (t5 smoo? & cont9u\s1 sometimes compos$ ( m9ute sp9ules or granules2 inn] p]idium a loosely wov5 & v fragile cov]+1 aft] maturity break+ up into fragm5ts f above d[nw>d & gradually fall+ away4 ,subgleba cellulose1 mo/ly def9itely limit$ & concave above1 p]si/5t2 mass ( spores & capillitium d5se1 compact1 p]si/5t a long "t & sl[ly dissipat+ aft] ! fracture ( ! p]idium2 ! ?reads v long1 sl5d]1 mu* bran*$ & int]wov54 ,spores small1 globose1 usually sessile or ) only a m9ute p$icel4 ,morgan4 ,puffballs ( ! l>ge/ size1 gr[+ on ! gr\nd 9 fields & woods4 ,morgan4 ,i4--,,sessiles4 ,p]idium v l>ge1 )\t a di/9ct base2 subgleba ne>ly obsolete1 ! mass ( spores & capillitium q fill+ ! int]ior4 ,c4 gigantea ,bats*4--gigantic4 7,l4 bovi/a ,l9n42 ,l4 maximum ,s*aeff42 ,l4 giganteum ,bats*47 ,v l>ge1 #aj-bj 94 9 diamet]1 obconic or depress$-globose1 ne>ly or q sessile1 :ite or :iti%1 becom+ discolor$ by age1 smoo? or slightly r\gh5$ by weak sp9ose or m9ute floccose w>ts1 sometimes crack+ 9 areas2 capillitium & spores yell[i%-gre5 to d+y-olive4 ,spores smoo?1 #d 94 9 diamet]4 ,edible4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores globose1 ev5 or sometimes m9utely w>t$1 #c4e-d4e 94 9 diamet]1 (t5 ) a m9ute p$icel4 ,morgan4 ,common ov] ! /ates4 ,gr[+ on ! gr\nd 9 grassy places 9 fields & woods4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,z ! "n implies1 ?is species is gigantic4 ,x is ! l>ge/ ( all fungi4 ,x has atta9$ ! diamet] ( ?ree feet 9 ?is c\ntry1 b is report$ l>g] 9 ,europe4 ,i h f\nd x 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia weigh+ n9e p\nds1 b "o is report$ z f\nd 9 ,gordon ,p>k weigh+ =ty-sev5 p\nds4 ,i h (t5 foll[$ ! advice ( ,vittad9i & slic$ a meal = my family f gr[+ individuals4 ,! cut surface contracts & dries4 ,! plant seems to be depriv$ ( its p[] to fur!r rip54 ,x c ?us be cut = _m days4 ,x has o!r ?an food uses 9 its dry =m--z a sponge1 z t9d]1 z a color1 z a /yptic 9 hemorrhage2 ! ,f9ns make a rem$y ( x = di>rhea 9 calves1 & x is burn$ "u bee-hives to /upefy bees4 ,x1 z well z ,l4 cya?i=me1 is an admirable & delicate fungus4 ,c4 pa*yd]ma ,pk4 ,gr--?ick-sk9n$4 ,p]idium v l>ge1 globose or obovoid1 (t5 irregul>1 ) a ?ick cord-l root2 cortex ?91 smoo?1 :iti%1 p]si/5t1 dry+ up into polygonal areol :i* are :ite 9 ! c5t] ) a br[n bord]2 inn] p]idium v ?ick b fragile1 ) a sep>able membranace\s l9+1 aft] maturity gradually break+ up into fragm5ts & fall+ away4 ,subgleba obsolete2 mass ( spores & capillitium gre5i%-yell[ !n olive-br[n2 ! ?reads v long1 occasionally septate1 bran*$1 mo/ly ?9n] ?an ! spores4 ,spores globose1 di/9ctly w>t$1 #e-f 9 diamet]1 sometimes ) a m9ute p$icel4 ,gr[+ on ! gr\nd4 ,arizona1 ,pr+le2 ,dakota1 ,miss ,nellie ,cr\*4 ,p]idium #d-h 94 9 diamet]4 ,rem>kable = its ?ick p]idium1 :i* becomes :ite spott$ & areolate4 ,morgan4 ,i h n se5 ?is species4 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph$ by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,wei/4 ,,plate ,,clxii4 ,,calvatia ,,cya?i=mis4 7,lycop]don ,cya?i=me47 ,,ii4--,,cya?i=mes4 ,p]idium l>ge1 top-%ap$1 ) a /\t ?ick base2 subgleba limit$ & concave above1 p]si/5t4 ,c4 cya?i=mis ,bosc4--cup-%ap$4 7,l4 cya?i=me ,bosc47 7,plate ,,clxii1 p4 #ehd47 ,p]idium #c-f 94 9 diamet]1 globose or depress$-globose1 smoo? or m9utely floccose or scaly1 :iti% c9]e\s br[n or p9ki% br[n1 (t5 crack+ into areas 9 ! upp] "p1 commonly ) a %ort1 ?ick1 /em-l base2 capillitium & spores purple-br[n1 ^! & ! upp] "p ( ! p]idium fall+ away & disappe>+ :5 old1 leav+ a cup-%ap$ base ) a ragg$ m>g94 ,spores globose1 r\gh1 purple-br[n1 #e-f4e broad4 ,peck1 #dh? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,common ov] ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,mill]2 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,on op5 grassy gr\nd4 ,july to ,octob]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,(t5 a que]1 ragg$1 cup-%ap$1 purpli% mass is notic$ protrud+ f ! gr\nd1 look+ z if ! upp] half _h be5 cut (f horizontally4 ,?is is ! mature ,c4 cya?i=mis1 or r1 :at is left ( x4 ,! upp] half has bl[n away & is spread+ its spores else:]e4 ,a fir/-class ,lycop]don1 meaty & ( excell5t flavor4 ,:5 x occurs1 x is usually 9 pl5ty4 ,on ! great p>ade gr\nd at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 x annually appe>s 9 l>ge quantities4 ,c[s are fond ( x1 & x is ?is fungus :i* is curr5tly believ$ among f>m]s to affect milk4 ,i h wat*$ c[s paw+ x to pieces & eat+ portions ( x4 ,c4 fragilis ,vitt4--fragile4 ,p]idium obovoid1 plicate bel[1 ) a %ort-po9t$ base & a cord-l root4 ,cortex a smoo? cont9u\s lay]1 v ?9 & fragile1 sep>able1 :ite or grayi%1 becom+ br[ni% & t+$ ) violet & purple1 commonly areolate above2 inn] p]idium ?91 violet to purple1 velvety1 extremely fragile1 aft] maturity ! upp] "p soon break+ up into fragm5ts & fall+ away4 ,subgleba occupy+ b a small portion ( ! p]idium1 cup-%ap$ above1 p]si/5t2 mass ( spores & capillitium f violet to pale purple2 ! ?reads v long1 mo/ly ?9n] ?an ! spores1 sc>cely bran*$4 ,spores globose1 m9utely w>t$1 #d-e4e 9 diamet]1 sessile4 ,gr[+ on ! op5 prairies4 ,wiscons91 ,br[n2 ,i[a1 ,mc,bride2 ,nebraska1 ,wyom+1 ,webb]2 ,kansas1 ,crag92 ,cali=nia1 ,h>kness4 ,p]idium #a-c 94 9 diamet]4 ,morgan4 ,n se5 by writ]4 ,d\btless edible4 ,c4 sigillata ,crag9--adorn$ ) figures4 ,p]idium l>ge1 depress$ above1 n>r[$ bel[ into a /em-l base4 ,cortex v ?9 & fragile1 :ite1 easily abrad$2 inn] p]idium subcoriace\s1 ) a fragile ru/-color br[n l9+1 m>k$ (f above into polygonal areas by l9es ( depression1 at l5g? break+ up into fragm5ts & fall+ away4 ,mass ( spores & capillitium violet to d>k-purple4 ,spores globose1 ev51 #c4e-d4e 9 diamet]1 ) a long p$icel4 ,gr[+ on ! op5 prairie4 ,kansas1 ,crag94 ,p]idium #d-e 94 9 diamet]4 ,! species is well m>k$ by ! ev5 p$icellate spores4 ,morgan4 ,c4 clata ,bull4--c>v$ 9 relief4 7,l4 clatum ,bull42 ,l4 bovi/a ,p]s47 ,p]idium l>ge1 obovoid or top-%ap$1 depress$ above1 ) a /\t ?ick base & a cord-l root4 ,cortex a ?icki% floccose lay]1 ) co>se w>ts or sp9es above1 :iti% !n o*race\s or f9ally br[n1 at l5g? break+ up into areola :i* are m or less p]si/5t2 inn] p]idium ?ick b fragile1 ?9n] ab\t ! apex1 :]e x f9ally ruptures1 =m+ a l>ge irregul> lac]ate ap]ture4 ,subgleba occupy+ ne>ly half ! p]idium1 cup-%ap$ above & a long "t p]si/5t2 mass ( spores & capillitium compact1 f>9ace\s1 gre5i%-yell[ or olivace\s1 becom+ pale to d>k-br[n2 ! ?reads v mu* bran*$1 ! prim>y bran*es two or ?ree times z ?ick z ! spores1 v brittle1 soon break+ up into fragm5ts4 ,spores globose1 ev51 #d-d4e 9 diamet]1 sessile or sometimes ) a %ort or m9ute p$icel4 ,gr[+ on ! gr\nd 9 fields & woods4 ,p]idium #c-e 94 9 diamet]1 sometimes l>g]4 ,morgan4 ,wiscons91 ,br[n2 ,m9nesota1 ,johnson2 ,kansas1 ,kell]man2 ,l4 clatum1 ,new ,york1 edible1 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep42 ,indiana1 good1 ,h4,i4 ,mill]4 ,common1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 wood$ lanes1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,an excell5t species4 ,c4 hiemalis ,bull4--belong+ to w9t]4 ,p]idium obovoid or top-%ap$1 depress$ above1 ) a /\t ?ick base & a cord-l root4 ,cortex a ?9 furfurace\s coat1 ) /\t conv]g5t sp9es above1 :iti% or gray1 becom+ yell[i% & r$di%1 aft] maturity gradually fall+ away f ! upp] "p2 inn] p]idium ?91 submembranace\s1 pallid or br[ni%1 dehisc5t at ! apex by an irregul> lac]ate m\?4 ,subgleba occupy+ ne>ly half ! p]idium1 cup-%ap$ above & a long "t p]si/5t2 mass ( spores & capillitium s(t1 lax1 gre5i%-yell[ !n br[ni%-olivace\s2 ! ?reads v long1 mu* bran*$1 ! prim>y bran*es ab\t z ?ick z ! spores1 ! ultimate ones long1 sl5d] & tap]+4 ,spores globose1 ev51 #c4e-d4e 9 diamet]1 ) a %ort or m9ute p$icel4 ,gr[+ on ! gr\nd 9 fields & pa/ures4 ,p]idium #b-d 94 9 diamet] & #c-e 94 9 height4 ,i f9d ?is species ref]r$ to ,nor? ,am]ica 9 ,sacc>do's ,sylloge4 ,x is ,lycop]don clatum ( ,fries ,s4 ,m4 ,possibly ! ,l4 clatum ( ,curtis's catalogue may be ?is species4 ,morgan4 ,n se5 by writ]4 7,plate ,,clxiii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,calvatia ,,cranii=mis4 7,aft] ,morgan47 ,c4 cranii=mis ,s*w4--cranion1 a skull4 ,p]idium v l>ge1 obovoid or turb9ate1 depress$ above1 ! base ?ick & /\t1 ) a cord-l root4 ,cortex a smoo? cont9u\s lay]1 v ?9 & fragile1 easily peel+ (f1 pallid or grayi%1 sometimes ) a r$di% t+e1 (t5 becom+ fold$ 9 areas2 ! inn] p]idium ?91 o*race\s to bright br[n1 velvety1 extremely fragile1 aft] maturity ! upp] "p break+ up into fragm5ts & fall+ away4 ,subgleba occupy+ ab\t "o-half ( ! p]idium1 cup-%ap$ above & a long "t p]si/5t2 mass ( spores & capillitium gre5i%-yell[ !n o*race\s or dirty olivace\s2 ! ?reads v long1 ab\t z ?ick z ! spores1 bran*$4 ,spores globose1 ev51 #c-c4e 9 diamet]1 ) a m9ute p$icel4 ,gr[+ on ! gr\nd 9 woods4 ,p]idium commonly #c-f 94 9 diamet] & #d-e 94 9 height1 b mu* l>g] specim5s are sometimes met )4 ,?is species ab\nds 9 ! woods ( s\!rn ,ohio1 gr[+ 9 great pat*es ( num]\s individuals4 ,i d n "k t ! edible qualities ( ?is species h be5 te/$4 ,morgan4 ,*e/] c\nty1 ,pa4 ,spr+ton ,hills4 ,on gr\nd 9 mix$ woods4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,n a frequ5t species ) u4 ,i h se5 x only 9 ! locality nam$4 ,! sub/ance is v l t ( ,l4 pyri=me4 ,:5 :ite x has a /rong b pleasant odor1 & 9 ?is condition x is an excell5t fungus4 ,! slighte/ *ange to yell[ makes x bitt]4 ,c4 rubro-flava ,crag9--r$di%-yell[4 ,p]idium obconic1 tap]+ gradually d[nw>d to ! root+ mycelium4 ,cortex a v ?9 furfurace\s or granulose coat1 ) a few %ort1 scatt]$ sp9ules above2 inn] p]idium ?9 & fragile1 at fir/ :iti%1 soon becom+ orange-r$ to orange-br[n 9 color1 aft] maturity ! upp] "p break+ up into fragm5ts & fall+ away4 ,subgleba occupy+ ab\t a ?ird "p ( ! p]idium2 mass ( spores & capillitium r$di%-o*] !n olivace\s-orange2 ! ?reads v long1 r ?ick] ?an ! spores1 bran*$4 ,spores globose1 ev51 #c-c4e 9 diamet]1 sometimes ) a m9ute p$icel4 ,gr[+ on ! gr\nd4 ,kansas1 ,crag91 ,kell]man4 ,p]idium #a-c 94 9 height ) a brea* ( #a-b 94 ,! peculi> orange or r r$di%-o*] color ) :i* ! :ole plant is p]vad$ at maturity is v rem>kable4 ,morgan4 ,,iii4--,,/ipitat4 ,p]idium depress$1 globose above1 abruptly contract$ bel[ into a long /em-l base2 subgleba n def9itely limit$ above1 cont9u\s ) ! capillitium1 p]si/5t4 ,c4 saccata 7,vahl47 ,fr4--saccus1 a bag or p\*4 ,m$ium size1 #b-d 94 high1 #a-b 94 broad4 ,p]idium depress$-globose or some:at l5ti=m1 support$ by a long /em-l base1 furfurace\s ) m9ute p]si/5t mealy or granul> w>ts or sp9ules1 (t5 plicate b5ea?1 :ite or creamy-:ite1 at maturity becom+ br[n or olive-br[n1 sub%9+ & v ?9 or membran\s1 break+ up into irregul> fragm5ts :i* sometimes adh]e to ! capillitium = a consid]able "t1 ! /em-l base cyl9drical or n>r[$ d[nw>d1 sometimes ?ick2 capillitium r d5se1 subp]si/5t1 & ) ! spores d+y-olive or d+y-br[n1 sometimes v]g+ t[>d purpli%-br[n4 ,spores r\gh1 #d-e 9 diamet]4 ,edible4 ,l[ mossy gr\nds & bu%y swamps1 especially "u ald]s4 ,s&lake1 ,c5t] & ,adirondack m\nta9s4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 #ahha-ahhe2 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,frequ5t1 ?9 moi/ woods4 ,july to ,novemb]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,c4 saccata1 ! long-/emm$ puff-ball1 is a common & pleas+ species4 ,%ape1 color1 feel1 comb9e to make x attractive4 ,x is "o ( ! v be/ we h4 ,:5 :ite inside & o!rwise 9 good condition x is delici\s4 7,plate ,,clxiv47 ,illu/ration3 ,,calvatia ,,elata4 7,aft] ,morgan47 ,c4 elata ,massee4 ,p]idium globose or depress$-globose above1 plicate bel[ & abruptly contract$ into a long /em-l base2 ! base sl5d]1 cyl9dric or tap]+ d[nw>d1 sometimes pitt$2 mycelium fibr\s & filam5t\s4 ,cortex a v ?9 coat ( m9ute p]si/5t sp9ules or granules2 inn] p]idium :ite or cream-color$1 becom+ br[n or olivace\s1 v ?9 & fragile1 aft] maturity ! upp] "p soon break+ up into fragm5ts & fall+ away4 ,subgleba occupy+ ! /em-l base1 a long "t p]si/5t2 mass ( spores & capillitium br[n or br[ni%-olivace\s2 ! ?reads v long1 bran*$1 ! ma9 /em z ?ick z ! spores1 ! bran*es m sl5d]4 ,spores globose1 ev5 or v m9utely w>t$1 #d-e 9 diamet] ) a %ort or m9ute p$icel4 ,gr[+ among mosses 9 l[ gr\nds & bu%y places4 ,new ,engl&1 ,humphrey2 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,p]idium #a-b 94 9 diamet] & #c-f 94 9 height1 ! /em-l base - ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,?is ,am]ican =m ( ,lycop]don saccatum has lately be5 sep>at$ f x1 & nam$1 figur$ & describ$ z ,lycop]don elatum by ,george ,massee4 ,morgan4 ,edible4 ,,g5us ,,ix4--,,lycop],,don ,t\rn4 ,mycelium fibr\s1 root+ f ! base4 ,p]idium small1 globose1 obovoid or turb9ate1 ) a m or less ?ick5$ base2 cortex a subp]si/5t coat ( s(t sp9es1 scales1 w>ts or granules2 inn] p]idium ?91 membranace\s becom+ papyrace\s1 dehisc5t by a regul> apical m\?4 ,morgan4 ,:5 ! plant sits 7)\t /em7 directly ^u ! gr\nd or wood x is sessile4 ,! out] lay] ( ! two p>ts ( its cov]+ is ! ext]ior p]idium 7sometimes spok5 ( z cortex74 ,?is frequ5tly breaks up into scales1 sp9es1 bri/les1 m9ute floccul5t or p[d]y masses1 & ^! v>y 9 size & 9 _m species disappe> z ! plant matures4 ,^! are ( det]m9+ value 9 sev]al species ( ,lycop]dace4 ,plants ) co>se1 long sp9es are e*9ate because !y bri/le4 ,:5 ! sp9es incl9e toge!r & =m a po9t !y are /ellate4 ,v>i\s =mations ( ?is outside cov]+ are also call$ w>ts4 ,! inn] r9d or sk9 is ! true p]idium4 ,! mass ( ?read-l filam5ts :i* fills ! int]ior ( ! plant is call$ ! capillitium4 ,! filam5ts are deftly int]lac$4 ,at times filam5ts spr++ f ! base d n int]lace ) ! o!rs2 ^! are call$ columell4 ,^! filam5ts be> ! spores--! du/ :i* puffs out 9 su* quantity & gives ! common "n to ! plant--puff-ball--& its ,mephi/ophelian "o--,! ,devil's ,snuff-box4 ,9 "s species ! filam5ts at ! base ( ! plant are /]ile--!y d n be> spores4 ,^! filam5ts are m contract$ & =m ! neck1 /em or subgleba4 ,! gleba is ! upp] int]ior ( ! plant1 9 :i* ! spores are conta9$4 ,see plate ,,clvi4 ,dehisc5t is said ( an organ :i* op5s ( itself at maturity4 ,a plant is dehisc5t at ! dis*>g+ po9t ( its spores4 ,if ?is is at ! summit x is apically dehisc5t4 ,! descriptions h]e9 giv5 ( ,am]ican repres5tatives ( ,european species are 9 _m in/ances ^? ( ,a4,p4 ,morgan1 :o has made special /udy ( ?is g5us1 & ^? ( ,pr(essor ,c4,h4 ,peck1 ^: int]/ate exp]i5ce acqua9ts him ) e v>y+ =m4 ,mr4 ,morgan has k9dly giv5 p]mission to use 8 text & draw+s4 ,no "o has yet _h reason to d\bt ! h>mlessness ( any puff-ball4 ,!re are a few ,i h n eat51 b believ+ t ^! w be prov5 edible1 descriptions ( all species occurr+ 9 ,am]ica are giv54 ,!re are fir/ & second-class puff-balls4 ,usually ! small species are slightly /rong1 & if a %ade ( yell[ appe>s ^u break+ any puff-ball1 x w be m or less bitt] & w spoil a :ole di%4 ,! l>g] species are mild]4 ,! flavor ( puff-balls appe>s to be issu$ to !m z a ration4 ,x is all !re 9 a little fell[1 & 9 a big "o x is simply spread ?r\gh m sub/ance4 ,lafayette ,b4 ,m5del 9 ,am4 ,j\r4 ( ,physiology1 ,m>*1 #ahih1 gives ! nitrog5\s comp\nds 9 ,l4 bovi/a z3 ,nitrog5 soluble 9 ga/ric juice #c4ac ,dige/ible prote9 nitrog5 #c4ac ,indige/ible prote9 nitrog5 #b4gj ,prote9 nitrog5 #e4gi ,extractive nitrog5 #b4dj ,total nitrog5 #h4ai ,,table ,,( ,,! ,,species ,,( ,,lycop]don4 ,i4--,,purple-,,spor$ ,,s]ies4 ,mature spores purpli%-br[n4 a4 ,cortex consi/+ ( v long conv]g5t sp9es4 ,page #eia4 b4 ,cortex compos$ ( long sl5d] conv]g5t sp9es4 ,page #eib4 c4 ,cortex compos$ ( m9ute sp9ules4 ,page #eid4 d4 ,cortex a furfurace\s p]si/5t coat4 ,page #eie4 e4 ,cortex a smoo?1 cont9u\s lay]1 becom+ areolate4 ,page #eig4 ,,ii4--,,olive-,,spor$ ,,s]ies4 ,mature spores usually br[ni%-olivace\s4 ,a4 ,,p]idium ,,obovoid ,,or ,,turb9ate1 ,,! ,,subgleba ,,well ,,develop$4 f4 ,cortex ( long sp9es m+l$ ) %ort] ones1 ! =m] at l5g? fall away1 leav+ a reticulate surface to ! inn] p]idium4 ,page #eih4 g4 ,cortex ( /\t sp9es :i* fall away & leave a tom5tose or furfurace\s surface to ! inn] p]idium4 ,page #eii4 h4 ,cortex ( long sp9es1 curv$ & conv]g5t at ! apex1 :i* fall away & leave a smoo? surface to ! inn] p]idium4 ,page #fjj4 i4 ,cortex ( m9ute sp9ules & granules or furfurace\s scales4 ,t]re/rial4 ,page #fjb4 k4 ,cortex ( m9ute sp9ules1 scales or granules4 ,lignatile4 ,page #fjc4 ,b4 ,,p]idium ,,v ,,small1 ,,globose1 ,,! ,,subgleba ,,ne>ly ,,obsolete4 l4 ,cortex a ?9 coat ( m9ute sp9ules1 scales or granules4 ,page #fjd4 ,morgan4 ,i4--,,purple-,,spor$ ,,s]ies4 7a7 ,cortex consi/+ ( v long conv]g5t sp9es2 d5ud$ p]idium smoo?4 ,l4 e*9atum ,p]s4--prickly4 7,l4 ,peckii ,morg47 7,plate ,,clvi1 fig4 #b1 p4 #efh47 ,p]idium -#a 94 broad1 subglobose1 g5]ally n>r[$ bel[ into a %ort /em-l base1 :iti% br[ni% or p9ki%-br[n1 e*9ate above ) r /\t sp9es1 :i* at l5g? fall (f & leave ! surface smoo?2 t[>d ! base sp9ulose or furfurace\s2 capillitium & spores d+y-olive4 ,spores m9utely r\gh1 #d 9 diamet]4 ,gr\nd & decay+ wood 9 woods4 ,albany1 ,=e/burg & ,adirondack m\nta9s4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,! :ole plant is g5]ally obovate1 pyri=m or turb9ate1 & ! sp9es are l>g] & m or less curv$ at & ne> ! apex1 dim9i%+ 9 size t[>d ! base :]e !y are m p]si/5t4 ,9 ! immature condition x is difficult to di/+ui% x f ,l4 p$icellatum2 b :5 mature its smoo? p]idium & spores de/itute ( p$icels sep>ate x4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,l4 e*9atum appe>s to be common to all ! /ates4 ,augu/ to fro/4 ,x is frequ5t b n abundant4 ,raw ! ta/e is slight4 ,cook$ x is t5d] & ( good flavor4 ,l4 pul*]rimum ,b4 & ,c4 7,l4 ,fro/ii ,pk47 ,p]idium usually obovoid1 sometimes subturb9ate1 ) a %ort /\t base2 ! mycelium =m+ a ?ick cord-l root4 ,cortex consi/+ ( v long :ite sp9es1 conv]g+ & (t5 coh]5t at ! apex2 ! sp9es at l5g? fall away f ! upp] "p ( ! p]idium1 leav+ ! inn] p]idium ) a smoo? purpli%-br[n %9+ surface1 sometimes fa9tly reticulat$4 ,subgleba occupy+ ab\t a ?ird "p ( ! p]idium2 mass ( spores & capillitium at fir/ olivace\s1 !n br[ni%-purple2 ! ?reads mu* bran*$1 ! ma9 /em ?ick] ?an ! spores1 ! bran*es long1 sl5d] & tap]+4 ,spores globose1 m9utely w>t$1 #d4e-e4e 9 diamet]4 ,p]idium #a-b 94 9 diamet] & #a-b 94 9 height4 ,! fre% specim5s ( ?is plant h a /rong & n unpleasant fragrance4 ,gr[+ 9 l[ gr\nds1 9 fields & woods4 ,septemb]1 ,octob]4 ,l4 pul*]rimum is frequ5t1 b n abundant4 ,x ranks ) second-class puff-balls4 ,x is good :5 "y & fre%4 7,plate ,,clxv47 ,illu/ration3 ,,lycop]don ,,con/ellatum4 7,aft] ,peck47 ,l4 con/ellatum ,fr4--gr\p$4 ,p]idium subglobose or obovate1 sometimes depress$1 #aj-ah l9es broad1 e*9ate ) r long /\t cr[d$ br[n sp9es :i* are ei!r /raight curv$ or /ellately unit$ & :i* at l5g? fall (f & leave ! surface reticulate ) br[n l9es2 capillitium & spores br[n or purpli%-br[n1 columella pres5t4 ,spores r\gh1 #e-f4e 9 diamet]4 ,gr\nd 9 d5se %ades & groves4 ,oneida1 ,w>ne4 ,r>e4 ,autumn4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 7b7 ,cortex compos$ ( long1 sl5d] conv]g5t sp9es2 d5ud$ p]idium smoo?4 ,l4 hirtum ,m>t4--hairy4 ,p]idium broadly turb9ate1 depress$ above1 contract$ bel[ into a %ort1 ?ick1 tap]+ or po9t$ base1 ) a cord-l root4 ,cortex a d5se coat ( s(t sp9es1 long1 sl5d] & conv]g5t above1 becom+ %ort] d[nw>d1 gray or br[ni% 9 color2 ^! f9ally fall away1 leav+ ! inn] p]idium ) a br[n or purpli%-br[n1 smoo?1 %9+ surface4 ,subgleba occupy+ f "o-?ird to "o-half ( ! p]idium2 mass ( spores & capillitium olivace\s1 !n br[ni%-purple2 ! ?reads bran*$1 ! ma9 /em ab\t z ?ick z ! spores1 ) sl5d]1 tap]+ bran*es4 ,spores globose1 di/9ctly w>t$1 #e-f 9 diamet]4 ,gr[+ on ! gr\nd 9 woods4 ,p]idium #a-b 94 9 diamet] & #a-b 94 9 height4 ,?is species 9 ?is c\ntry h]et(ore has be5 includ$ ) ,l4 atropurpureum4 ,i h foll[$ ,mr4 ,massee 9 keep+ !m sep>ate4 ,?is is p]haps ,l4 bicolor ,w4 & ,c41 ( ! ,pacific ,coa/ ,catalogue4 ,morgan4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #df? ,rep42 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,gr\nd 9 woods4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,x is edible4 ,good :5 "y & fre%4 ,l4 atropurpureum ,vitt4--at]1 black2 purpureus1 purple--( ! spores4 ,p]idium globose depress$-globose or obovate1 #f-cj l9es broad1 g5]ally n>r[$ bel[ into a %ort /em-l base1 :ite c9]e\s or br[ni%1 mealy-sp9ulose1 hairy-sp9ulose1 e*9ate or /ellately e*9ate1 :5 d5ud$ smoo? & sub%9+2 capillitium & spores f9ally purpli%-br[n1 columella pres5t4 ,spores r\gh1 #e-f 9 diamet]4 ,s&y pa/ures1 woods & bu%y places4 ,common4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,?is appe>s to be "o ( ! mo/ polymorph\s species we h4 ,x is s v>iable t ,i h be5 oblig$ to modify ! usual description v mu*1 9 ord] to include =ms :i* are q div]se1 yet :i* appe> to me to run toge!r 9 su* a way t ,i am unable to draw any satisfactory l9e ( di/9ction betwe5 !m4 ,!re are ?ree pr9cipal v>ieties :i* ,i h ref]r$ to ?is species4 ,! fir/ is usually #a-b 94 broad1 sessile1 or ) a v %ort /em1 ne>ly smoo?1 be+ mealy or pru9ose1 & hav+ a few m9ute1 weak1 scatt]$ sp9ules or scales4 ,its color is g5]ally :iti% or :ite slightly cl\d$ ) br[n4 ,x gr[s 9 s&y pa/ures & cle>$ l&s1 & is probably ! ne>e/ ( ! ?ree 9 its resemblance to ! type4 ,i reg>d ! second & ?ird z wor?y ( a "n & designate & def9e !m z foll[s3 ,v>4 hirtellum4 ,p]idium hairy-sp9ulose ) erect or curv$ sometimes /ellately unit$ sp9ules1 :i* are (t5 ( a blacki% color4 ,gr\nd & decay+ vegetable matt] 9 woods4 ,v>4 /ellare4 ,p]idium e*9ate or /ellately e*9ate ) r /\t easily decidu\s sp9es4 ,gr\nd 9 woods & bu%y places4 ,9 ?is species ! capillitium & spores are at fir/ gre5i%-yell[1 olive-t9t$ or br[ni%2 b :5 fully mature !y are purple-t9t$4 ,"s c>e w1 !re=e1 be necess>y1 le/ ! la/ v>iety be confus$ ) ! ,e*9ate ,puff-ball1 ,l4 e*9atum4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,spores #f-g ,massee2 globose1 di/9ctly w>t$1 #e4e-f1 ,morgan4 ,ohio1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,on gr\nd 9 woods4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,l4 atropurpureum is frequ5t1 n abundant4 ,x is edible1 good4 7c7 ,cortex compos$ ( m9ute sp9ules2 d5ud$ p]idium smoo?4 ,l4 cupricum ,bon4--copp]y4 ,p]idium obconic1 depress$ above & tap]+ d[nw>d1 ! base plicate1 ) a fibr\s mycelium4 ,cortex gray or fle%-color1 compos$ ( m9ute sp9ules circul>ly arrang$ & conv]g5t & coh]5t at ! apex2 ^! dry up1 becom+ d>k purpli% 9 color1 & f9ally fall away f ! smoo?1 %9+1 copp]-color$ surface ( ! inn] p]idium4 ,subgleba occupy+ ne>ly a ?ird "p ( ! p]idium2 mass ( spores & capillitium1 at l5g? purpli%-br[n2 ! ?reads bran*$1 ! ma9 /em ?9n] ?an ! spores1 ) long1 tap]+ bran*es4 ,spores globose1 di/9ctly w>t$1 #f-g 9 diamet]4 ,gr[+ 9 s&y soil 9 woods4 ,new ,j]sey1 ,ellis4 ,p]idium ab\t #a 94 9 diamet] & an in* or m 9 height4 ,! microscopic features are giv5 f specim5s receiv$ f ,mr4 ,ellis4 ,morgan4 ,ne> ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 #ahia-ahif4 ,s&y woods4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,n frequ5t4 ,^? f\nd ^u sev]al occasions 7 eat5 & f\nd good4 ,l4 a/]osp]mum ,d4 & ,m4--a/]1 />2 sp]ma1 se$4 ,p]idium obovoid or pyri=m 7pe>-%ap$71 ! base %ort & po9t$1 ) a sl5d] fibr\s mycelium4 ,cortex a ?9 coat ( m9ute sp9ules ) int]m+l$ granules1 gray or br[ni% above1 pal] bel[2 ^! dry up & are a long "t p]si/5t1 b !y f9ally fall away1 leav+ ! inn] p]idium ) a pale br[n1 smoo?1 %9+ surface4 ,subgleba obconical1 occupy+ ne>ly a ?ird "p ( ! p]idium2 mass ( spores & capillitium olivace\s1 !n br[ni%-purple2 ! ?reads ab\t z ?ick z ! spores1 ) sl5d] tap]+ bran*es4 ,spores globose1 di/9ctly w>t$1 #e4e-f4e 9 diamet]4 ,p]idium #a-a 94 9 diamet]4 ,a v pretty species ( regul> =m2 its glossy cortex is q p]si/5t4 ,morgan4 ,gr[+ on ! gr\nd 9 op5 woods4 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,nebraska1 ,webb]4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #df?1 #ea/ ,rep42 ,ohio1 ,lloyd4 ,l4 delicatum ,b]k4 ,p]idium subglobose1 plicate und]nea?1 ) a fibr\s mycelium4 ,cortex a ?9 coat ( m9ute sp9ules & granules1 gray or br[ni% above1 :iti% bel[1 f9ally fall+ away f ! smoo?1 %9+1 pale or br[ni% surface ( ! inn] p]idium4 ,subgleba v small or q obsolete2 mass ( spores & capillitium olivace\s1 !n pale or br[ni%-purpli%2 ! ?reads r ?9n] ?an ! spores1 ) sl5d] tap]+ bran*es4 ,spores globose1 di/9ctly w>t$1 #e-f 9 diamet]4 ,p]idium #a-b 94 9 diamet]4 ,morgan4 ,gr[+ on ! gr\nd4 ,p5nsylvania1 ,g5try2 ,miss\ri1 ,pr(essor ,trelease 7,peck1 ,rep4 #dj72 ,l\isiana1 ,langlois4 7d7 ,cortex a furfurace\s p]si/5t coat4 7,plate ,,clxvi47 ,illu/ration3 ,,lycop]don ,,glabellum4 7,aft] ,morgan47 ,l4 glabellum ,pk4--smoo?1 b>e4 ,subglobose or subturb9ate1 #a-a4e 94 broad1 sometimes n>r[$ bel[ into a %ort /em-l base1 furfurace\s ) v m9ute ne>ly uni=m p]si/5t w>ts1 :i* appe> to ! nak$ eye l m9ute granules or papill1 yell[1 op5+ by a small ap]ture2 inn] mass purpli%-br[n1 capillitium ) a c5tral columella4 ,spores purpli%-br[n1 globose1 r\gh1 #e-f4e 9 diamet]4 ,gr\nd 9 copses & 9 p9e woods4 ,we/ ,albany & ,nor? ,gre5bu%4 ,autumn4 ,peck1 #ca/ ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,wiscons91 ,trelease2 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,frequ5t4 ,autumn4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,"o ( ! prettie/ ,lycop]dons4 ,symmetrical1 & o!rwise attractive4 ,sweet1 firm1 solid4 ,x is n high 9 flavor1 b is delicate4 ,l4 elongatum ,b]k4--elongat$4 ,p]idium globose above1 contract$ bel[ into a /\t ?ick base1 m or less elongat$ & cyl9dric or tap]+ d[nw>d2 mycelium compos$ ( ?ick fib]s4 ,cortex a loose flocculose :ite or yell[i% coat1 dry+ up into a mealy or furfurace\s p]si/5t lay]1 :i* sc>cely reveals ! pale %9+ surface ( ! inn] p]idium4 ,subgleba occupy+ m ?an half ! int]ior ( ! p]idium2 mass ( spores & capillitium pale olivace\s1 !n pale br[n or f9ally purpli%2 ! ?reads mu* bran*$1 ! ma9 /em mu* ?ick] ?an ! spores1 ! bran*es tap]+4 ,spores globose1 di/9ctly w>t$1 #e4e-f4e 9 diamet]4 ,gr[+ on ! gr\nd 9 damp woods4 ,ohio1 ,morgan4 ,p]idium #a-b 94 9 diamet] & #b-c 94 9 height1 ! base -#a 94 9 ?ickness4 ,9 =m x some:at resembles ,l4 gemmatum1 b x has a cortex l t ( ,l4 glabellum4 ,morgan4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #di? ,rep4 ,closely alli$ to ,l4 glabellum4 ,its /\t elongat$ base s]ves z a m>k ( di/9ction4 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,p5nsylvania1 ,wa%+ton1 ,pa41 ,myc4 ,club4 ,n common4 ,sometimes tuft$1 ?ree or f\r toge!r4 ,edible1 good4 ,l4 elegans ,morgan--elegant4 ,p]idium l>ge1 depress$ globose1 plicate und]nea? & sometimes ) a n>r[ umboni=m base1 :i* is cont9u\s ) ! ?ick root4 ,cortex at fir/ flocculose1 :ite or yell[i%1 dry+ up into a d5se furfurace\s p]si/5t coat1 :i* becomes o*race\s or br[ni% 9 color1 & sometimes obscurely areolate4 ,subgleba broad1 convex above1 occupy+ a ?ird "p or m ( ! p]idium2 mass ( spores & capillitium olivace\s1 !n pale-br[n or f9ally purpli%-br[n2 ! ?reads mu* bran*$1 ! ma9 /em ?ick] ?an ! spores1 ! bran*es long & tap]+4 ,spores globose1 di/9ctly w>t$1 #e-f1 9 diamet]4 ,gr[+ on ri* soil on ! op5 prairie ab\t ,i[a ,city1 ,ia41 ,pr(4 ,t4,h4 ,mc,bride4 ,p]idium #a-c 94 9 diamet]4 ,9 =m & size ?is species some:at resembles ,calvatia fragilis1 b ! ?reads are arrang$ 9 two sets z 9 ,lycop]don2 ! cortex is simil> to t ( ,l4 glabellum2 ! mycelium =ms a rem>kably ?ick root4 ,morgan4 7e7 ,cortex a smoo?1 cont9u\s lay]1 becom+ areolate4 7,plate ,,clxvii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,lycop]don ,,rimulatum4 ,) magnifi$ spores4 7,aft] ,morgan47 ,l4 rimulatum ,pk4--rimula1 a small *9k4 ,p]idium depress$--globose or broadly obovoid1 plicate und]nea? ) a sl5d] fibr\s mycelium4 ,cortex at fir/ a ?91 smoo?1 cont9u\s fibrillose lay]1 gray or blui%-gray1 sometimes ) a purpli% t+e2 ?is at l5g? breaks into a network ( f9e l9es or fissures1 gradually dries up into m9ute ?9 adnate scales1 & f9ally falls away f ! smoo? grayi% or purpli%-br[n surface ( ! inn] p]idium4 ,subgleba broad1 b di/9ct1 plane above1 occupy+ ab\t a f\r? "p ( ! p]idium2 mass ( spores & capillitium purpli%-gray1 !n br[ni%-purple2 ! ?reads simple or sc>cely bran*$1 v>iable 9 ?ickness1 b always ?9n] ?an ! spores4 ,spores glovose1 di/9ctly w>t$1 #f-g 9 diamet]1 (t5 p$icellate4 ,gr[+ on ! gr\nd 9 fields & op5 woods4 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,atk9son2 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,wiscons91 ,trelease4 ,p]idium -#a 94 9 diamet]1 sc>cely an in* 9 height4 ,morgan4 ,new ,j]sey1 ,t4,j4 ,coll9s2 ,p5nsylvania4 ,autumn4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a pretty species1 g5]ally 9 gr\ps4 ,frequ5t4 ,x is n common1 b occasionally g5]\s pat*es ( x are f\nd4 ,edible1 good4 ,l4 velatum ,vitt4--velatus1 hav+ a velum4 ,p]idium globose or obovoid1 ) a cord-l root4 ,cortex :ite or yell[i%1 at fir/ a ?icki% cont9u\s lay]1 !n break+ up into circul> or irregul> p]si/5t pat*es ) fimbriate m>g9s4 ,subgleba occupy+ ab\t a ?ird "p ( ! p]idium2 mass ( spores & capillitium olivace\s1 !n purpli%-br[n2 ! ?reads bran*$1 ! ma9 /em ne>ly z ?ick z ! spores1 ! bran*es long & tap]+4 ,spores globose1 di/9ctly w>t$1 #e-f 9 diamet]4 ,gr[+ on ! gr\nd 9 woods4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,rav5el4 ,p]idium #a-b 94 9 diamet]4 ,morgan4 ,new ,j]sey1 ,t4,j4 ,coll9s2 ,*e/] c\nty1 ,pa41 sometimes clu/]$1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,good4 ,,ii4--,,olive-,,spor$ ,,s]ies4 ,a4 ,,p]idium ,,top-,,%ap$1 ,,! ,,subgleba ,,well ,,develop$4 7f7 ,cortex ( long sp9es1 etc4 ,l4 gemmatum ,bats*4--gemm$4 ,p]idium turb9ate1 depress$ above1 ! base %ort & obconic or m elongat$ & tap]+ or subcyl9dric1 aris+ f a fibr\s mycelium4 ,cortex consi/+ ( long1 ?ick1 erect sp9es or w>ts ( irregul> %ape1 ) int]v5+ small] ones1 :iti% or gray 9 color1 sometimes ) a t+e ( r$ or br[n2 ! l>g] sp9es fir/ fall away1 leav+ pale spots on ! surface1 & giv+ x a reticulate appe>ance4 ,subgleba v>iable 9 am\nt1 usually m ?an half ! p]idium2 mass ( spores & capillitium gre5i%-yell[1 !n pale-br[n2 ?reads simple or sc>cely bran*$1 ab\t z ?ick z ! spores4 ,spores globose1 ev5 or v m9utely w>t$1 #c4e-d4e 9 diamet]4 ,p]idium #a-b 94 9 diamet] & #a-c 94 9 height4 ,?is species is di/+ui%$ f all o!rs by ! peculi> l>ge erect t]ete sp9es or w>ts1 ! s-call$ gems :i* /ud its upp] surface4 ,morgan4 ,gr[+ on ! gr\nd & sometimes on rott5 trunks 9 woods1 (t5 cespitose4 ,fro/4 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,f\nd 9 e "p ( ! _w4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bb2 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,mill]2 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,on ! gr\nd & on logs4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible1 b n pleasant4 ,peck4 ,edible1 ,h4,i4 ,mill]4 ,pr(essor ,peck gives two v>ieties3 ,v>4 hirtum4 ,turb9ate1 subsessile1 hairy ) s(t1 sl5d] w>ts :i* g5]ally become blacki%4 ,v>4 papillatum4 ,subrotund1 sessile1 papillose1 furfurace\s-pulv]ul5t4 ,v common & kn[n 9 all c\ntries4 ,x is1 to my ?9k+1 our prettie/ puff-ball4 ,its beautifully /udd$ surface1 rem9d+ ( exquisite sett+s1 is 9 itself wor? /udy+ = ! designs4 ,x is usually solit>y or 9 small gr\ps1 b at times ^! gr\ps conta9 scores ( individuals4 ,x gr[s 9 ! op5 on ! gr\nd or f bo? gr\nd & wood1 9 woods4 ,i ?9k x equal to any o!r puff-ball4 ,b great c>e mu/ be tak5 to exam9e ea* specim5 be=e putt+ x into ! pan4 ,a s+le "o1 :i* has turn$ yell[ 9 ! slighte/ degree1 w spoil a :ole di%4 ,& ?is is ! case ) any ( ! small puff-balls4 ,"o age+ ,l4 pyri=me w embitt] a hundr$4 ,l4 p]latum ,p]s4--p]f]o1 to endure4 7,endur+ ?r\gh w9t]47 ,p]idium turb9ate1 broad & depress$ above1 plicate und]nea? & contract$ into a %ort & po9t$ or sometimes elongat$ & tap]+ base2 mycelium fibr\s4 ,cortex ( long sl5d] sp9es1 m+l$ ) small] sp9ules & w>ts1 gray br[n or blacki% 9 color2 ! long] sp9es fir/ fall away1 leav+ a reticulate surface to ! inn] p]idium4 ,subgleba occupy+ "o-?ird to "o-half ( ! p]idium2 mass ( spores & capillitium gre5i%-yell[1 !n br[ni%-olivace\s2 ! ?reads mo/ly simple1 "s ( !m ?ick] ?an ! spores4 ,spores globose1 ev5 or v m9utely w>t$1 #c4e-d4e 9 diamet]4 ,gr[+ on ! gr\nd 9 woods4 ,p]idium #a-b 94 9 diamet] & #a-b 94 9 height4 ,?is is ,l4 gemmatum1 v>4 hirtum1 ( ,peck's ,unit$ ,/ates species ( ,lycop]don4 ,morgan4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #df? ,rep42 ,m>yl&1 ,james2 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,occasional4 ,on gr\nd & decay+ wood4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible4 ,same habit & quality z ,l4 gemmatum4 7g7 ,cortex ( /\t sp9es :i* fall away1 etc4 ,l4 excipuli=me ,scop4--excipula1 a receptacle4 ,p]idium turb9ate1 depress$ above1 plicate bel[ & contract$ into a m or less elongat$ base4 ,cortex ( l>ge /\t sp9es1 conv]g5t above1 becom+ small] d[nw>d1 :i* at l5g? fall away1 leav+ a tom5tose surface to ! inn] p]idium4 ,subgleba occupy+ "o-half or m ( ! p]idium2 mass ( spores & capillitium gre5i%-yell[1 !n br[ni%-olivace\s2 ! ?reads ab\t z ?ick z ! spores1 sc>cely bran*$4 ,spores globose1 m9utely w>t$1 #d-e 9 diamet]4 ,p]idium #a-b 94 9 diamet] & #a-d 94 9 height4 ,morgan4 ,gr[+ on ! gr\nd 9 mead[s & woods4 ,p5nsylvania1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s*we9itz2 ,canada1 ,sacc>do4 7h7 ,cortex ( long sp9es1 etc41 :i* fall away1 etc4 7,plate ,,clxix47 ,illu/ration3 ,,lycop]don ,,p$icellatum ,) magnifi$ spores4 7,aft] ,morgan47 ,l4 p$icellatum ,pk4--p$iculus1 a little foot4 ,p]idium -#a 94 9 diamet]1 globose or depress$-globose1 sessile or n>r[$ bel[ into a /em-l base1 :iti% or c9]e\s1 becom+ d+y or smoky-br[n ) age1 e*9ate ) r d5se sp9es :i* are ei!r /raight1 curv$ or /ellately unit$ & :i* at l5g? fall (f & leave impressions or obscure reticulations on ! surface2 capillitium & spores gre5i%-yell[1 !n d+y-olive1 columella pres5t4 ,spores smoo?1 p$icellate1 #d-d4e 9 diamet]1 ! p$icel ?ree to five times z long4 ,gr\nd & decay+ wood 9 woods & bu%y places4 ,croghan1 ,c5t]1 ,brew]ton & ,catskill m\nta9s4 ,autumn4 ,oneida4 ,w>ne4 ,! p$icellate spores con/itute ! peculi> feature ( ?is species4 ,x is "o :i* sugge/s ! "n & :i* enables ! species to be easily di/+ui%$ f all its allies4 ,! spore is t]m9ally & p]si/5tly atta*$ to ! p$icel1 z 9 "s species ( ,bovi/a4 ,! plant is sometimes sessile1 b usually x is n>r[$ bel[ into a /em-l base4 ,9 ! immature /ate x has a r\gh1 %aggy appe>ance1 b ! sp9es %rivel ) age s t x appe>s less r\gh :5 old4 ,! pitt$ surface ( ! d5ud$ p]idium af=ds a m>k ( di/9ction f ,l4 e*9atum4 ,l4 pul*]rimum ,b4 & ,c4 is evid5tly ! same species1 b ! "n "h adopt$ has priority ( publication4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,gr[+ on ! gr\nd & on rott5 wood 9 woods4 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,alabama1 ,atk9son2 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,wiscons91 ,trelease4 7,plate ,,clxx47 ,illu/ration3 ,,lycop]don ,,eximium4 ,) magnifi$ spores4 7,aft] ,morgan47 ,l4 eximium ,morgan--eximius1 excell5t4 ,p]idium obovoid1 ) a fibr\s mycelium4 ,cortex :ite or br[ni%1 compos$ ( long sl5d] sp9es1 (t5 curv$ & conv]g5t at ! apex1 :i* at l5g? fall away f above d[nw>d1 leav+ a pale smoo? surface to ! inn] p]idium4 ,subgleba small1 occupy+ sc>cely m ?an a f\r? "p ( ! p]idium2 mass ( spores & capillitium gre5i%-yell[1 !n br[ni%-olivace\s2 ! ?reads mo/ly ?9n] ?an ! spores1 mu* bran*$4 ,spores oval1 ev51 #e-fd-d4e1 usually furni%$ ) a %ort p$icel4 ,p]idium -#a 94 9 diamet] & ab\t #a 94 9 height4 ,?is species is readily di/+ui%$ by its l>ge oval spores4 ,morgan4 ,gr[+ on ! gr\nd 9 s&y soil4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,pr(4 ,geo4 ,f4 ,atk9son2 ,alabama ,u4 & ,e4 7,plate ,,clxxa47 ,illu/ration3 ,,lycop]don ,,curtisii4 7,aft] ,morgan47 ,l4 ,curtisii ,b]k4--9 honor ( ,rev4 ,m4,a4 ,curtis4 ,p]idium globose1 ) a v %ort root+ base & a sl5d] fibr\s mycelium4 ,cortex consi/+ ( a pale yell[i% f>9ace\s lay]1 cov]$ by a coat ( s(t1 fragile :ite sp9es1 curv$ & conv]g5t at ! apex2 aft] maturity x soon disappe>s1 leav+ a pale smoo? surface to ! inn] p]idium4 ,subgleba small1 b di/9ct1 convex above & def9itely limit$2 mass ( spores & capillitium gre5i%-yell[1 !n pale olivace\s2 ! ?reads long1 simple1 hyal9e1 two to ?ree times z ?ick z ! spores4 ,spores globose1 ev51 #c4e-d 9 diamet]4 ,p]idium - ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,?is is ,l4 ,wrightii1 v>4 typicum1 ( ,peck's ,u4,s4 species ( ,lycop]don4 ,! peculi> *>act]i/ic ( ! species is ! hyal9e ?reads ( ! capillitium2 al?\gh !y are ( l>ge diamet]1 yet ! walls are v ?9 & ! ?reads collapse 9 dry+4 ,morgan4 ,g5]al4 ,gr[+ greg>i\sly & sometimes cespitosely on ! gr\nd1 9 mead[s1 pa/ures & ev5 9 cultivat$ fields4 ,?is be+ ,l4 ,wrightii1 v>4 typicum ,pk41 & be+ edible1 x is h>dly necess>y to repeat ! old axiom3 ,?+s :i* are equal to ! same ?+ are equal to "o ano!r4 7i7 ,cortex ( m9ute sp9ules1 granules1 etc4 ,l4 molle ,p]s4--mollis1 s(t4 7,l4 muscorum ,morg47 ,p]idium #f-af l9es broad1 globose or depress$-globose1 n>r[$ bel[ into a /em-l base1 furfurace\s ) ne>ly uni=m p]si/5t m9ute weak sp9ules or granul> w>ts1 sometimes ) a few l>g] papilli=m ones t[>d ! apex1 :iti%1 sometimes t+$ ) yell[1 :5 mature br[ni% or olive-br[n1 ne>ly smoo?1 sub%9+2 capillitium & spores d+y-olive2 columella pres5t4 ,spores m9utely r\gh1 #d-d4e 9 diamet]4 ,among mosses1 especially ,polytri*um1 9 old mead[s & pa/ures4 ,albany1 ,summit & ,s\? ,cor9?4 ,autumn4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,on gr\nd 9 woods & grassy places 9 ! op54 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,l4 molle is ( frequ5t occurr5ce b n abundant4 ,?\gh exce$+ly s(t1 x holds its body 9 cook+ & is well flavor$4 7,plate ,,clxxb47 ,illu/ration3 ,,lycop]don ,,turn]i ,) magnifi$ spores4 7,aft] ,morgan47 ,l4 ,turn]i ,e4 & ,e4 ,p]idium obovoid1 some:at depress$ above1 plicate und]nea?1 ) a mycelium ( root+ fib]s4 ,cortex :ite1 (t5 gray or br[ni% above1 consi/+ ( m9ute sp9ules ) int]m+l$ granules2 ^! aft] maturity dry up & are q p]si/5t1 =m+ a m9utely scabr\s coat on ! olive-br[n %9+ surface ( ! inn] p]idium4 ,subgleba broad & %all[1 sc>cely occupy+ m ?an a f\r? "p ( ! p]idium2 mass ( spores & capillitium gre5i%-yell[1 !n br[ni%-olivace\s2 ! ?reads ) ! ma9 /em ab\t z ?ick z ! spores1 & long tap]+ bran*es4 ,spores globose1 m9utely w>t$1 #d-e 9 diamet]1 mo/ly ) a %ort p$icel4 ,p]idium #a-b 94 9 diamet] & #a-b 94 9 height4 ,a v pretty puff-ball ) a silky %9+ coat4 ,morgan4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #di? ,rep42 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,gr\nd 9 woods4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,n frequ5t ?\gh g5]al4 ,x is good b mu/ be "y4 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph$ by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,wei/4 ,,plate ,,clxxi4 ,,lycop]don ,,pyri=me4 ,l4 calyptri=me ,b]k4--hood-%ap$4 ,p]idium ab\t #f l9es high1 #c-d 94 broad1 ovate or subconical1 sessile1 :iti%1 furfurace\s ) m9ute w>ts or sp9ules2 capillitium & spores olivace\s or yell[i%-olivace\s4 ,spores smoo?1 #d 9 diamet]4 ,moss-cov]$ rocks4 ,v r>e4 ,adirondack m\nta9s4 ,augu/4 ,i h met ) ?is v small & r>e species b once1 & !n b two specim5s 7 f\nd4 ,9 ^! ! apex 0 compress$ or lat]ally flatt5$1 in/ead ( papilli=m1 z requir$ by ! orig9al description ( ! species2 b 9 all o!r respects !y agree well ) ! specific *>act]s4 ,! plant is v di/9ct f all our o!r species by its small size & ovate or conical %ape4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 7k7 ,cortex ( m9ute sp9ules1 scales or granules4 ,lignatile4 ,l4 pyri=me ,s*aeff4--pe>-%ape4 7,plate ,,clxxi1 p4 #fjb47 ,plant #f-ae l9es broad1 #aj-bj l9es high1 g5]ally cespitose1 obovate1 pyri=m or turb9ate1 sessile or ) a %ort /em-l base1 radicat+ ) :ite bran*+ & creep+ root-l fib]s1 subumbonate1 cov]$ ) v m9ute subp]si/5t1 ne>ly uni=m w>ts or scales1 (t5 ) a few sl5d] scatt]$ decidu\s sp9ules int]m+l$1 pallid d+y-:iti% or br[ni%2 capillitium & spores gre5i%-yell[1 !n d+y-olivace\s1 columella pres5t4 ,spores smoo?1 #d 9 diamet]4 ,edible1 b n well-flavor$4 ,decay+ wood & gr\nd bo? 9 woods & cle>$ fields4 ,v common4 ,july to ,octob]4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,common ! _w ov]4 ,gr[+ on logs1 /umps1 gr\nd conta9+ decay+ woody matt]4 ,s d5se 9 its clu/]s at times z to pres5t an imp]vi\s surface4 ,x is slightly acrid to ta/e & smell :5 raw4 ,edible4 ,t5d] & ( second-class flavor :5 "y2 :ite inside2 int5sely bitt] :5 slighte/ t+e ( yell[ is visible4 ,"o too old w embitt] a :ole di%4 ,a little lemon juice or %]ry improves x4 7,plate ,,clxxii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,lycop]don ,,sub9c>natum ,) sp9es & pits magnifi$4 7,aft] ,morgan47 ,l4 sub9c>natum ,pk4--pale fle%-color4 ,p]idium #f-ab l9es broad1 globose1 r>ely ei!r depress$ or obovate1 greg>i\s or cespitose1 sessile1 ) b little cellul> tissue at ! base1 cov]$ ) m9ute ne>ly uni=m pyramidal or subsp9ulose at l5g? decidu\s w>ts1 p9ki%-br[n1 ! d5ud$ p]idium :iti% or c9]e\s1 m9utely reticulate-pitt$2 capillitium & spores gre5i%-yell[1 !n d+y-olivace\s1 columella pres5t4 ,spores m9utely r\gh5$1 #d-e 9 diamet]4 ,pro/rate trunks1 old /umps1 etc41 9 woods4 ,common4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bd?1 #cb;d2 ,p5nsylvania1 ,g5try2 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,wiscons91 ,br[n4 ,b4 ,,p]idium ,,v ,,small1 ,,globose1 ,,etc4 7l7 ,cortex a ?9 coat ( m9ute sp9ules1 etc4 7,plate ,,clxviii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,lycop]don ,,sep>ans ,) magnifi$ spores4 7,aft] ,morgan47 ,l4 ,wrightii ,b4 & ,c4--9 honor ( ,*>les ,wright4 ,p]idium globose1 depress$-globose or l5ti=m1 #f-bd l9es 9 diamet]1 g5]ally sessile1 :ite or :iti%1 e*9ate ) decidu\s sometimes cr[d$ /ellate sp9es or pyramidal w>ts1 :5 d5ud$ smoo? or m9utely velvety2 capillitium & spores d+y-olive1 columella pres5t4 ,spores smoo?1 #d 9 diamet]4 ,edible4 ,gr\nd 9 pa/ures & grassy places4 ,v common4 ,july to ,octob]4 ,?is is ano!r v v>iable species4 ,! typical =m is a small "o1 m9utely e*9ate & hav+ ! d5ud$ p]idium smoo?4 ,! plant (t5 occurs mu* l>g] & m co>sely e*9ate ) /\t angul> sp9es or pyramidal w>ts1 :i* fall (f & g5]ally leave ! surface ( ! p]idium velvety4 ,v>4 typicum4 ,small1 #f-i l9es broad1 globose1 m9utely e*9ate1 ! w>ts quickly fall+ (f & leav+ ! p]idium smoo?4 7,l4 ,wrightii ,b4 & ,c47 ,v>4 separans4 ,l>g]1 #aj-bd l9es broad1 subglobose or l5ti=m1 e*9ate ) co>se sub/ellate sp9es or pyramidal w>ts1 :i* at l5g? fall (f & leave ! p]idium smoo? or velvety4 7,l4 sep>ans ,pk47 ,v>4 atropunctum4 ,l>g]1 #aj-ae l9es broad1 subglobose1 pure :ite1 w>ts or co>se sp9es br[n or blacki% at ! tips4 ,?is species is g5]ally greg>i\s1 b sometimes x =ms tufts ( sev]al individuals closely cr[d$ toge!r4 ,x sometimes occurs 9 cultivat$ gr\nds & /ubble fields4 ,! "u surface is occasionally plicate z 9 ! long-/emm$ puff-ball4 ,9 ! v>4 sep>ans ! w>ts or sp9es are cr[d$ at _! ?ick5$ bases & slightly atta*$ to ea* o!r1 s t !y come (f at maturity 9 flakes or pat*es4 ,:5 ! d5ud$ surface ( ! p]idium is velvety1 x is usually ( a d>k] color ?an :5 smoo?1 be+ subc9namon1 r$di%-br[n or d>k-br[n4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,gr\nd 9 grassy places4 ,july to fro/4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,i h f\nd v>4 sep>ans 9 ,decemb]1 "u sn[4 ,edible4 ,peck1 ,rep4 #cb4 ,! edible qualities ( ,l4 ,wrightii & v>ieties are good4 ,l4 calvesc5s ,b4 & ,c4--calvesco1 to become bald4 ,subglobose1 at fir/ r\gh ) w>ts :i* soon disappe>1 leav+ ! surface slightly velvety1 #a 94 broad1 be>+ %ort rootlets at ! base4 ,spores globose1 smoo?1 hav+ at fir/ only a slight /alk 7p$icel71 d+y-o*race\s1 #c-d4 ,ne>ly relat$ to ,l4 ,wrightii4 ,connecticut1 ,wright1 ,new ,york1 gr\nd 9 op5 woods4 ,be?lehem1 ,peck1 #bb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 7,plate ,,clxxiii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,lycop]don ,,pusillum4 7,aft] ,morgan47 ,l4 pusillum 7,bats*47 ,fr4--small4 ,p]idium -#a 94 broad1 globose1 scatt]$ or cespitose1 sessile1 radicat+1 ) b little cellul> tissue at ! base1 :ite or :iti%1 br[ni% :5 old1 rimose-squamulose or slightly r\gh5$ ) m9ute floccose or furfurace\s p]si/5t w>ts2 capillitium & spores gre5i%-yell[1 !n d+y-olivace\s4 ,spores smoo?1 #d 9 diamet]4 ,gr\nd 9 grassy places & pa/ures4 ,common4 ,june to ,octob]4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,common4 ,spr+ to autumn on gr\nd 9 grassy places4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,gr[s :]e almo/ no?+ else w1 & :]e ,i h despair$ ( f9d+ a meal ( fungi1 ,i c\ld always f9d ! ubiquit\s ,l4 pusillum4 ,l4 oblongisporum ,b4 & ,c4--oblong-spor$4 ,p]idium subglobose1 ) a sl5d] mycelial cord4 ,cortex a ?91 :iti%1 furfurace\s coat1 dry+ up into m9ute p]si/5t granules on ! pale-br[n surface ( ! inn] p]idium4 ,subgleba ne>ly obsolete2 mass ( spores & capillitium olivace\s1 !n br[n2 ?reads mu* bran*$1 ! ma9 /em ab\t z ?ick z ! spores1 ! bran*es tap]+4 ,spores elliptic1 ev51 #e-fc-d1 sometimes ) a m9ute p$icel4 ,gr[+ on ! gr\nd 9 d5se woods4 ,wiscons91 ,trelease4 ,p]idium -#a 94 9 diamet]4 ,?is pretty species1 previ\sly kn[n only f ,cuba1 is indi/+ui%able f ,l4 pusillum :5 immature1 ! spores af=d+ ! only really *>act]i/ic feature4 ,morgan4 7,plate ,,clxxiv47 ,illu/ration3 ,,lycop]don ,,cep,,s=me4 7,aft] ,morgan47 ,l4 ceps=me ,bull4--onion-%ap$4 ,p]idium globose or depress$-globose1 plicate und]nea?1 ) a cordlike root4 ,cortex at fir/ a ?91 :ite1 m9utely furfurace\s coat1 ?is soon becomes rimulose & at l5g? breaks up into small scales & pat*es1 :i* f9ally disappe> f ! pale or pale-br[n surface ( ! inn] p]idium4 ,subgleba ne>ly obsolete2 mass ( spores & capillitium gre5i%-yell[1 !n pale-olivace\s2 ! ?reads v mu* bran*$1 ! ma9 /em ?ick] ?an ! spores1 ! bran*es long & tap]+4 ,spores globose1 ev51 #c4e-d 9 diamet]1 (t5 ) a m9ute p$icel4 ,p]idium -#a 94 9 diamet]4 ,gr[+ on ! gr\nd 9 mead[s & pa/ures4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #ea/ ,rep4 ,good4 7,plate ,,clxxv47 ,illu/ration3 ,,lycop]don ,,coloratum4 7,aft] ,morgan47 ,l4 coloratum ,pk4--color$4 ,p]idium #e-aj l9es broad1 globose or obovate1 subsessile1 radicat+1 yell[ or r$di%-yell[1 br[ni% :5 old1 slightly r\gh5$ ) m9ute granul> or furfurace\s p]si/5t w>ts2 capillitium & spores at fir/ pale1 incl9+ to sulphur-color1 !n d+y-olive4 ,spores subglobose1 smoo?1 ab\t #d 9 diamet]4 ,gr\nd 9 ?9 woods & bu%y places4 ,s&lake & ,catskill m\nta9s4 ,july & ,augu/4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #bi? ,rep42 ,new ,engl&1 ,morgan2 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,wiscons91 ,trelease4 7,plate ,,clxxvi47 ,illu/ration3 ,,lycop]don ,,acum9atum ,) spores4 7,f ,morgan47 ,l4 acum9atum ,bosc4--po9t$4 ,p]idium globose1 !n ovoid1 ) a mycelium ( f9e :ite fib]s4 ,cortex a :ite s(t delicate cont9u\s coat1 dry+ up into a ?9 furfurace\s p]si/5t lay] on ! surface ( ! inn] p]idium4 ,subgleba obsolete2 mass ( spores & capillitium pale-olivace\s !n dirty-gray2 ?reads simple1 hyal9e1 two to ?ree times z ?ick z ! spores4 ,spores globose1 ev51 #c 9 diamet]4 ,plate ,,ii1 fig4 #h4 ,p]idium - ( an in* 9 height4 ,gr[+ on ! mosses ( old logs & ab\t ! base ( liv+ trees4 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis2 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,rav5el1 ,atk9son2 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,co/a ,rica1 ,o]/$4 ,illu/ration ,,g5us ,x4--,,bovi/el,,la ,morg4 7,plate ,,clxxvia47 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,bovi/ella ,,ohi5sis4 ,%[+ cellulose & def9itely limit$ subgleba & ! free ?reads ( ! capillitium4 7,f ,morgan47 ,mycelium cord-l1 root+ f ! base4 ,p]idium subglobose1 ) a well-develop$ base2 cortex a d5se floccose subp]si/5t coat2 inn] p]idium ?91 membranace\s1 dehisc5t by a regul> apical m\?4 ,subgleba cellulose1 cup-%ap$ above & def9itely limit$1 p]si/5t2 capillitium orig9at+ )9 ! tissue ( ! gleba2 ! ?reads free1 %ort1 sev]al times di*otom\sly 7two-=k$7 bran*$1 ! ma9 /em ?ick] ?an ! diamet] ( ! spores1 ! bran*es tap]+4 ,spores small1 globose or oval1 ev51 p$icellate4 ,a puff-ball ( mod]ate size1 gr[+ 9 fields & op5 woods4 ,morgan4 ,b4 ,ohi5sis ,ellis & ,morg4 ,p]idium globose or broadly obovoid1 sometimes mu* depress$1 plicate und]nea?1 ) a ?ick cord-l root4 ,cortex a d5se floccose coat1 sometimes segregat$ into s(t w>ts or sp9es1 :ite or grayi% 9 color2 ?is dries up into a ?ick buff-color$ or dirty o*race\s lay]1 :i* gradually falls away1 leav+ a smoo?1 %9+1 pale-br[n or yell[i% surface to ! inn] p]idium4 ,subgleba broad1 ample1 occupy+ "o-half ! p]idium1 a long "t p]si/5t2 mass ( spores & capillitium lax1 friable1 clay-color to pale-br[n2 ! ?reads 4#f-4h mm4 9 ext5t1 ?ree to five times bran*$1 ! ma9 /em #f-h 9 ?ickness1 ! bran*es tap]+4 ,spores globose or oval1 ev51 #d-e 9 l5g? by #c4e-d 9 bread?1 ) long hyal9e p]si/5t p$icels4 7,plate ,,clxxvii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,bovi/ella ,,ohi5sis4 ,natural size4 ,gr[+ on ! gr\nd 9 old pa/ures1 9 fields & op5 woods4 ,morgan4 ,?is species ( puff-ball is made ! type ( ! new g5us ,bovi/ella by ,mr4 ,morgan4 ,,g5us ,,xi4--,,catas,,toma ,morg4 ,puff-balls gr[+ j b5ea? ! surface ( ! gr\nd & connect$ imm$iately ) x by filam5t\s ?reads1 :i* issue f e "p ( ! cortex2 aft] maturity1 :5 ! p]idium breaks away1 ! l[] "p ( ! out] coat is held fa/ by ! soil1 :ile ! upp] portion :i* has atta9$ ! surface rema9s1 cov]+ ! inn] p]idium l a cap or inv]t$ cup2 consequ5tly ! app>5t apex at :i* ! m\? is situat$ is ! actual base ( ! plant z x gr[s4 ,! capillitium ?reads are simil> to ! d5sely int]wov5 hyph1 :i* =m ! inn] p]idium & are evid5tly bran*es ( !m radiat+ f ! int]ior4 ,x is pla9 t ! aff9ities ( ^! plants are close/ ) ,tylo/oma & ,a/ru1 b ! ne$s ( a sy/ematic arrangem5t1 accord+ to m obvi\s *>act]s1 causes u to place !m next to ,bovi/a4 ,morgan4 7,plate ,,clxxviii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,cata/oma ,,circumscissum4 ,%[+ me?od ( gr[?1 break+ away & turn+ ov]4 ,section ( same %[+ orig9 ( ! ?reads ( ! capillitium4 7,aft] ,morgan47 ,c4 circumscissum ,b4 & ,c4 7,plate ,,clxxviii47 ,p]idium subglobose1 m or less depress$ & (t5 q irregul>2 cortex ?icki%1 fragile1 usually r\gh & unev5 f ! adh]+ soil1 aft] maturity torn away1 leav+ ! l[] two-?irds or m 9 ! gr\nd2 inn] p]idium depress$-globose1 subcoriace\s1 r ?91 pallid1 becom+ gray1 m9utely furfurace\s1 ) a small regul> basal m\?4 ,mass ( spores & capillitium s(t1 compact1 !n friable1 olivace\s1 *ang+ to pale br[n2 ! pieces ( ! ?reads %ort1 unequal 9 l5g?1 flexu\s1 hyal9e1 #c-d 9 ?ickness4 ,spores globose1 m9utely w>t$1 #d-e 9 diamet]1 (t5 ) a m9ute p$icel4 ,gr[+ 9 heavy clay soil 9 old lanes & pa/ures1 especially along ! h>d-trodd5 pa?s4 ,ma9e1 ,blake2 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,kansas1 ,kell]man2 ,nebraska1 ,webb]4 ,inn] p]idium - 94 9 diamet]4 ,?is is ,bovi/a circumscissa ,b4 & ,c41 ( ,b]keley's ,notices ( ,nor? ,am]ica ,fungi4 ,x gr[s 9 great abundance ) u "s seasons1 "r 9 ! h>d-trodd5 b>n-y>d1 & along ! lane to ! cattle pa/ure4 ,ara*nion album ,s*w4 usually keeps x company4 ,morgan4 ,i h n se5 ?is acrobatic species4 ,/udy ( its unique habit sugge/s ! qu]y3 ,is n ! turn+ ov] ( its spore-fill$ portion a sub/itute = an orig9al b lo/ p[] ( gr[+ "r side up8 ,,g5us ,,xii4--,,bovis,,ta ,dill4 7,plate ,,clxxix47 ,illu/ration3 ,,bovi/a ,,m9or ,,& ,,section4 7,f ,morgan47 ,mycelium fibr\s or sometimes filam5t\s4 ,p]idium subglobose1 )\t a ?ick5$ base2 cortex a ?9 fragile cont9u\s lay]1 %ell+ (f or disappe>+ at maturity1 except sometimes a small portion ab\t ! base2 inn] p]idium ?91 membranace\s1 becom+ papyrace\s1 dehisc5t by an apical m\? or op5+ irregul>ly4 ,capillitium orig9at+ )9 ! tissue ( ! gleba2 ! ?reads free1 %ort1 sev]al times di*otom\sly bran*$1 ! ma9 /em mu* ?ick] ?an ! diamet] ( ! spores1 ! bran*es tap]+4 ,spores small1 globose1 or oval1 ev51 br[n4 ,morgan4 ,small puff-balls gr[+ ^u ! gr\nd 9 fields & woods4 ,"o gr[s und]gr\nd4 ,b4 pila ,b4 & ,c4--a ball4 ,p]idium globose or obovoid1 ) a /\t1 cord-l root4 ,cortex a ?91 :ite1 smoo?1 cont9u\s coat1 break+ up at maturity into m9ute scales1 :i* soon disappe>2 inn] p]idium ?icki%1 t\gh1 rigid1 becom+ br[n or purpli%-br[n1 smoo? & %9+1 a long "t p]si/5t1 & f9ally ) age (t5 fad+ to silv]y-gray2 dehisc5ce tak+ place at l5g? by an irregul>1 torn ap]ture at or ab\t ! apex4 ,mass ( spores & capillitium v firm1 compact & p]si/5t1 at fir/ clay-color$1 pale br[n or olivace\s1 at l5g? d>k or purpli%-br[n2 ! ?reads r small1 4#f-4h mm4 9 ext5t1 ?ree to five times bran*$1 #ab-ae ?ick1 ! ultimate bran*es rigid1 ne>ly /raight1 tap]+ to a f9e po9t4 ,spores globose1 ev51 #d-e 9 diamet]1 sessile or ) only a m9ute p$icel4 ,gr[+ on ! gr\nd 9 woods4 ,p]idium #a-b 94 9 diamet]4 ,?is ,bovi/a is rem>kably t\gh1 x ma9ta9s its %ape firmly & p]si/s a long "t2 x breaks away f its root & rolls ab\t ov] ! old leaves be=e ! w9d1 ev5 till ! foll[+ season4 ,morgan4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 9 fields & woods on gr\nd4 ,june to ,octob]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible4 ,trelease4 ,:5 "y & fre% x is excell5t4 ,b4 ,montana ,morg4 ,p]idium subglobose ) a cord-l root4 ,cortex a ?9 :ite cont9u\s lay]1 break+ up at maturity into a mealy or furfurace\s coat1 :i* soon falls away2 inn] p]idium ?91 flaccid1 becom+ br[n1 smoo? & %9+1 dehisc5t by an irregul> torn ap]ture ab\t ! apex4 ,mass ( spores & capillitium s(t1 lax1 at fir/ o*race\s or pale-br[n1 f9ally purpli%-br[n2 ! ?reads curl$ & flexu\s1 v l>ge1 ) an expanse ( #a4be-a4ge mm41 f\r to sev5 times bran*$1 ! ma9 /em #ae-bj 9 ?ickness1 ! ultimate bran*es long & tap]+4 ,spores globose1 ev51 #d4e-e4e 9 diamet]1 (t5 ) a m9ute p$icel4 ,gr[+ on ! gr\nd4 ,rocky m\nta9s4 ,jones4 ,p]idium #a-b 94 9 diamet]4 ,?is diff]s f ,b4 pila 9 be+ s(t1 flaccid1 & soon collaps+2 x1 no d\bt1 is n s p]si/5t4 ,microscopically x is readily di/+ui%$ by its mu* l>g] ?reads4 ,morgan4 ,b4 nigresc5s 7,vitt47 ,p]s4--blacki%4 ,p]idium subglobose1 ) a fibr\s mycelium4 ,cortex a ?91 smoo?1 :ite cont9u\s lay]1 at maturity break+ up into scales1 :i* soon disappe>2 inn] p]idium ?91 flaccid1 becom+ d>k-br[n1 smoo? & %9+1 dehisc5t at ! apex by a lac]ate m\?4 ,mass ( spores & capillitium s(t1 lax1 at fir/ o*race\s or olivace\s1 at l5g? purpli%-br[n2 ! ?reads flexu\s1 ab\t #a mm4 9 ext5t1 ?ree to five times bran*$1 ! ma9 /em #ab-ah ?ick1 ! ultimate bran*es tap]+4 ,spores globose or oval1 ev51 #e-f 9 diamet]1 ) long hyal9e p$icels4 ,gr[+ 9 old pa/ures1 9 fields & woods4 ,canada1 ,sacc>do2 ,p5nsylvania1 ,s*we9itz2 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,curtis2 ,ohio1 ,lea2 ,cali=nia1 ,h>kness4 ,p]idium #a-b 94 9 diamet]4 ,i h nev] succe$$ 9 obta9+ an ,am]ican specim5 ( ?is species2 my description is drawn up f ,european specim5s4 ,morgan4 ,p5nsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,b4 nigresc5s is a fir/-class puff-ball4 ,b4 plumbea ,p]s4--lead-color$4 ,p]idium -#a 94 9 diamet]1 depress$-globose1 ) a fibr\s mycelium4 ,cortex a ?91 smoo?1 :ite cont9u\s coat1 loos5+ at maturity & %ell+ (f1 except sometimes a small portion ab\t ! base2 inn] p]idium ?91 t\gh1 smoo?1 lead-color$1 dehisc5t at ! apex by a r\nd or oblong ap]ture4 ,mass ( spores & capillitium s(t1 lax1 o*race\s or olivace\s1 !n purpli%-br[n1 ! ?reads 4#h-a4j mm4 9 ext5t1 ?ree to five times bran*$1 ! ma9 /em #ab-af ?ick1 ! ultimate bran*es long1 /raight & tap]+ to a f9e po9t4 ,spores oval1 ev51 #f-ge-f1 ) long hyal9e p$icels4 ,gr[+ on ! gr\nd 9 mead[s & pa/ures4 ,morgan4 ,indiana1 9 ab&on$ brick-y>d1 ,h4,i4 ,mill]2 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,common on gr\nd 9 op5 places4 ,solit>y or 9 gr\ps4 ,spr+ to autumn2 aft] ra9s1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible4 ,trelease1 ,badham4 ,! botanic diff]5ce betwe5 a ,lycop]don & a ,bovi/a does n affect ! ,mycophagi/4 ,he c n di/+ui% ! diff]5ce :5 cook$4 ,b4 plumbea is giv5 9 ,cooke & 9 ,massee z ,lycop]don plumbeum4 ,bovi/a plumbea is a fir/-class edible4 ,b4 minor ,morg4 7,plate ,,clxxix1 p4 #faj47 ,p]idium subglobose1 deeply sunk 9 ! soil & connect$ ) x by a filam5t\s mycelium1 :i* issues f e "p ( ! surface4 ,cortex ?icki%1 r\gh & irregul> f ! adh]5t soil1 fragile1 fall+ away at maturity1 except sometimes a small portion ab\t ! base2 inn] p]idium ?91 smoo?1 flaccid1 r$di%-br[n1 dehisc5t by a regul> apical m\?4 ,mass ( spores & capillitium olivace\s1 !n r$di%-br[n2 ! ?reads curl$ & flexu\s1 ) an expanse ( #a4j-a4e mm41 two to f\r times bran*$1 ! ma9 /em #aj-ae ?ick1 ! ultimate bran*es v long & tap]+ to a f9e po9t4 ,spores globose or slightly oval1 ev51 #c4e-d4e 9 diamet]1 ) long hyal9e p$icels4 ,gr[+ 9 damp %ad$ situations4 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,nebraska1 ,webb]4 ,p]idium - ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,a species well m>k$ by its peculi> habit4 ,! curl$ & flexu\s ?reads are int]e/+ microscopic objects4 ,morgan4 ,,g5us ,,xiii4--,,myc5as,,trum ,desv4 7,plate ,,clxxxii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,myc5a/rum ,,sp9ulosum ,,pk4 7,aft] ,morgan47 ,mycelium funicul>1 root+ f ! base4 ,p]idium subglobose1 )\t a ?ick5$ base2 cortex a smoo? cont9u\s lay]1 at fir/ closely adnate to ! inn] p]idium1 aft] maturity gradually break+ up & fall+ away2 inn] p]idium ?ick1 t\gh1 coriace\s1 becom+ h>d1 rigid & corky1 ! upp] "p f9ally break+ up into irregul> lobes or fragm5ts4 ,capillitium orig9at+ )9 ! tissue ( ! gleba2 ! ?reads free1 %ort1 ?ick1 ) a few %ort bran*es1 acutely po9t$ & ) scatt]$ prickles4 ,spores l>ge1 globose1 sessile1 br[n4 ,puff-balls ( consid]able size1 gr[+ 9 ! s&y soil ( dry regions4 ,a v di/9ct g5us1 9 no way relat$ to ,scl]od]ma1 & resembl+ x only 9 its ?ick1 corky1 inn] p]idium4 ,! ?reads ( ! capillitium orig9ate )9 ! tissue ( ! gleba1 along ) ! spores1 & are set free by deliquesc5ce1 ! same z 9 ,bovi/a4 ,morgan4 ,m4 sp9ulosum ,pk4 ,p]idium globose1 depress$ globose1 sometimes elongat$ & (t5 irregul>1 ) a ?ick1 cord-l root4 ,cortex at fir/ a ?icki%1 :ite1 smoo?1 cont9u\s lay]2 aft] maturity x cracks or becomes furr[$ into l>ge polygonal areas1 & at l5g? falls away 9 l>ge flakes or scales2 inn] p]idium v ?ick1 at fir/ :ite & coriace\s1 becom+ h>d1 dry1 br[n & rigid1 ! upp] "p f9ally break+ up into irregul> lobes or fragm5ts4 ,mass ( spores & capillitium compact !n friable1 at fir/ olivace\s1 !n d>k purpli%-br[n2 ! ?reads b5t1 curv$ & flexu\s1 subhyal9e1 4#b-4g mm4 9 l5g?1 ab\t ! same ?ickness z ! spores1 ) a few %ort bran*es1 & ) scatt]$ prickles1 :i* are mo/ abundant t[>d ! acute extremities4 ,spores globose1 v m9utely w>t$1 opaque1 #i-ab 94 diamet]1 (t5 ) a m9ute or sl5d] hyal9e p$icel4 ,gr[+ on ! s&y soil ( ! we/]n prairies4 ,wiscons91 ,br[n2 ,dakota1 ,ellis2 ,nebraska1 ,webb]2 ,colorado1 ,trelease2 ,kansas1 ,kell]man1 ,crag92 ,new ,mexico1 ,iri%4 ,p]idium #b-d 94 9 diamet]4 ,! plants are said to gr[ toge!r 9 gr\ps1 sometimes ( _m individuals2 aft] maturity !y are easily loos5$ f _! place ( gr[? & are !n roll$ ab\t by ! w9d4 ,morgan4 ,no report ^u edibility4 ,probably good4 ,,family ,,iii4--,,scl]od]ma,,ce4 ,p]idium discrete f ! gleba1 (t5 ) a columella2 cells ( ! gleba subp]si/5t4 ,morgan4 ,,g5us ,i4--,,scl]od],,ma ,p]s4 ,scl]os1 h>d2 d]ma1 sk94 ,sk9 firm ) an innate b>k1 bur/+ irregul>ly2 woolly ?reads adh]+ on all sides to ! b>k & =m+ di/9ct ve9s 9 ! c5tral mass4 ,base /]ile1 usually becom+ elongat$ into a /em-l /ructure4 ,spores l>ge1 granulat$4 ,scl]od]ma vulg>e & v]rucosum are g5]al & v common ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,s4 bovi/a & ,s4 gea/] h ! same range b are n s common4 ,!y mu* resemble puff-balls1 b are m pudgy1 solid-look+4 ,all are edible4 ,_! qualities are not$ "u _! descriptions4 7,plate ,,clxxx47 ,illu/ration3 ,,scl]od]ma ,,vulg>e4 ,a-,b4 ,firm :5 "y & rema9 ne>ly s :5 mature4 ,s4 vulgare ,fr4--vulg>is1 common4 7,plate ,,clxxx47 ,subsessile1 irregul>2 b>k corky1 h>d1 op5+ indef9itely2 inn] mass 9 :i* ! spores are collect$ into little heaps sep>at$ by a few grayi% woolly ?reads1 blui%-black4 ,spores d+y2 9 ! mass blacki% ) purple t+e1 globose1 w>t$1 #i-aa ,massee4 ,! l>g] =m is g5]ally ( a yell[i% or br[ni% hue1 surface w>ty or cov]$ ) r\gh scales2 ! small]1 /emless m9utely w>ty1 bright br[n4 ,"u trees1 etc4 ,(t5 cespitose1 #a-c 94 across4 ,p]idium v>iable1 :ite or pale-br[n1 (t5 becom+ p9k :5 cut4 ,dehisc+ by decay ( upp] portion ( p]idium4 ,massee4 ,scl]od]ma vulg>e is "o ( our mo/ common & pl5tiful toad/ools4 ,its h>d1 r\gh1 w>ty1 light br[n knobs1 s+le or clu/]$1 gr[+ along brook-banks or "u trees1 g5]ally *oos+ h>d gr\nd1 are kn[n to all :o obs]ve ,nature's curiosities4 ,:5 q "y !y are :ite inside4 ,z !y enl>ge ! c5t] d>k5s & ?is purpli% color f9ally develops into a grayi%-purpli%-black :i* ext5ds ?r\gh\t ! int]ior & gives x a granul> appe>ance4 ,! fungus is solid1 cutt+ l a potato4 ,its smell is /rong2 also its ta/e :5 raw4 ,slic$ & well-cook$ ! species is good1 ev5 aft] x has become purpli%1 b if a s+le "o is wilt$ x w embitt] a :ole di%4 ,or if x is n v well /ew$ or fri$ x rema9s /rong4 ,9 no condition is x injuri\s4 ,specim5s mu/ be p>$1 & ! base well cut away4 ,s4 bovista ,fr4 ,subsessile1 (t5 irregul>1 p]idium ?91 pliant1 almo/ smoo?2 tramal walls floccose1 yell[1 mass ( spores olive-br[n1 spores globose1 w>t$1 #aj-ac4 ,s&y soil "u trees1 etc4 ,f #a-b 94 across4 ,di/+ui%$ by ! ?91 almo/ smoo? p]idium1 & ! yell[ tramal walls4 ,massee4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,on gr\nd "u trees4 ,june to ,novemb]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,n r\gh l ,s4 vulg>e & ,s4 v]rucosum1 nor z solid4 ,same habit1 same edible qualities :5 "y4 ,x is n good aft] x beg9s to *ange color4 ,s4 v]rucosum ,p]s4--v]rucosus1 cov]$ ) w>ts 7v]rucoe74 ,p]idium ?9 above1 o*race\s or d+y br[n1 cov]$ ) m9ute w>ts1 subglobose1 cont9u$ d[nw>d z a m or less elongat$ /em-l base4 ,spores umb] 9 ! mass2 trama :iti%4 ,spores globose1 w>t$1 #aj-ac4 ,on ! gr\nd1 "u trees1 etc4 ,p]idium #a-c 94 across4 ,/em -#b 94 long1 ?ick1 flatly pitt$1 sometimes almo/ sessile1 :5 x approa*es ,s4 vulg>e1 b is di/+ui%$ by ! ?9 p]idium & abs5ce ( purple t+e 9 ! immature spore mass4 ,massee4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,june to ,octob]4 ,on gr\nd "u trees4 ,same habit z ,s4 vulg>e4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,s4 v]rucosum closely resembles ,s4 vulg>e4 ,! di/9ctions are not$ 9 ! description4 ,x mu/ be "y1 fre% & :ite inside1 or x is bitt]4 ,x is n ( z good quality z ,s4 vulg>e4 ,s4 geast] ,fr4--resembl+ g5us ,gea/] 9 its mann] ( op5+4 ,subglobose1 sessile1 p]idium ?ick1 rigid1 almo/ smoo?1 splitt+ 9 an irregul>ly /ellate mann] at ! apex4 ,spores w>t$1 #ab-af4 ,s&y places4 ,kn[n by ! p]idium dehisc+ 9 a /ellate mann]2 f #a-b 94 across4 ,massee4 ,new ,j]sey1 ,augu/4 ,9 s&y woods4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,i h f\nd b few specim5s4 ,^? 7 edible & good4 ,,g5us ,,ii4--,,polysac,,cum ,de ,c4 ,polus1 _m2 saccus1 a sack4 7,plate ,,clxxxi47 ,illu/ration3 ,,polysaccum ,,pisoc>pium4 ,natural size4 ,p]idium irregul>ly globose1 ?ick1 att5uat$ d[nw>d into a /em-l base1 op5+ by dis9tegration ( its upp] portion2 int]nal mass 7gleba7 divid$ into di/9ct sack-l cells4 ,alli$ to ,scl]od]ma & di/+ui%$ by ! cavities ( ! gleba conta9+ di/9ct p]idiola4 ,massee4 ,p4 pisoc>pium ,fr4 ,gr--a pea2 ,gr--fruit$4 ,p]idium irregul>ly globose1 indi/9ctly nodulose1 pass+ d[nw>d into a /\t /em-l base2 p]idiola irregul>ly angul>1 #d-eb-c1 yell[4 ,spores globose1 w>t$1 c(fee-color1 #i-ac ,massee4 ,p4 pisoc>pium 0 q common at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 f ,augu/ to ,octob]1 #ahih1 9 op5 p9e & mix$ woods1 gr[+ f s&y gr\nd4 ,! height rea*$ #e 94 & diamet] #b 94 ,! %apes 7 usually ^? ( inv]t$ pe>s1 m or less flatt5$ along _! l5g?s4 ,sk9 h>d1 poli%$1 olivace\s-black ) dull yell[ mottl+s1 n unlike rattlesnake sk94 ,:5 brok5 ! p]idiola 7small ovate cyl9d]s :i* be> ! spores )97 are v di/9ct1 (t5 ov] 94 long4 ,! entire int]ior is d>k :5 mature1 & ! rupture ( ! plant is irregul> & by dis9tegration ( ! upp] "p4 ,!y (t5 dry )\t ruptur+4 ,se>* z ,i w\ld1 ,i c\ld n f9d a "y "o1 or "o 9 edible condition4 ,! plant is "h giv5 because int]e/+ & "o ! /ud5t w wi% to id5tify4 ,x is s odd t x is n surpris+ to f9d x employ$ z a m$ic9e 9 ,*9a4 ,illu/ration ,,toad/ool ,,poison+ ,,& ,,its ,,treatm5t ,,by ,w4,s4 ,,c>t]1 ,m4,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,physiology & ,hygi5e1 ,univ]sity ( ,texas1 ,galve/on1 ,texas4 ,! poison\s mu%rooms1 or s-call$ toad/ools1 may be gr\p$ 9 two classes3 7#a7 ,^? conta9+ m9or or irritant poisons1 :i* act locally on ! ga/ro-inte/9al tract1 su* z ! ,clitocybe illud5s1 ,lepiota ,morgani & o!rs1 & 7#b7 ^? conta9+ major poisons :i* act on ! n]ve c5t]s aft] absorption1 caus+ symptoms to appe> a long "t aft] ! poison has be5 tak5 & v (t5 t]m9at+ fatally4 ,?is gr\p includes ! ,amanita musc>ia1 ! ,amanita bulbosa or ,am4 v]na & ! ,amanita phalloides4 ,f ! prompt way 9 :i* vomit+ & purg+ beg9 aft] eat+ ! toad/ools ( ! fir/ gr\p !re seems to be no d\bt ( ! local irritant action on ! alim5t>y canal4 ,grave symptoms f any con/itutional effect or any s]i\s di/urbances ( ! circulation d n occur4 ,al?\gh int5sely disagreeable1 su* poison+ t]m9ates 9 recov]y & may n be reg>d$ z dang]\s unless ! poison be tak5 9 enorm\s quantity or by "o 9 poor heal?4 ,9 poison+ by ! deadly toxic ,amanit vomit+ & purg+ may also occur z prom95t symptoms1 b g5]ally only occur late--t5 to fifte5 h\rs aft] eat+ ! toad/ool--& are due to ! action ( ! poison on ! n]ve c5t]s4 ,?is is cle> f ! fact t ^! symptoms appe> :5 ! poison is giv5 ei!r hypod]matically or intrav5\sly to animals4 ,x is exce$+ly un=tunate t ^! deadly poison\s toad/ools d n give "s w>n+ ei!r 9 an unpleasant ta/e or conta9 an irritant :i* w\ld act locally to cause emesis & purgation1 = 9 t case ! pati5t w\ld get rid ( ! poison be=e su* l>ge quantities 7 absorb$ & fatal poison+ w\ld be less frequ5t4 ,!y are n at all unpalatable & sometimes l>ge quantities are eat5 by mi/ake4 ,=m]ly frequ5t allusion 0 made to ! possibility ( poison+ by decomposition products f putrefactive *anges 9 mu%rooms4 ,n a s+le case has come to ! writ]'s notice :]e ?is =m ( poison+ has actually occurr$4 ,9 _m report$ cases ( poison+ x is di/9ctly /at$ !y 7 eat5 soon aft] ga!r+2 9 none does ! report] m5tion any suspicion ( poison+ ( ?is nature4 ,at "o "t v _m mu%rooms 7 suppos$ to be poison\s4 ,we n[ "k t !re are only a few dang]\s ones1 & :]e s]i\s poison+ occurs x seems cle>ly to be due to "s def9ite & con/ant poisons conta9$ 9 c]ta9 fungi4 ,we %all n deal "h ) ! irritant poisons1 z !y are n dang]\s & usually ,nature gets rid ( !m easily1 b %all consid] ! poisons ( ! ,amanita musc>ia or 8,fly mu%room10 ! ,a4 bulbosus v]nus ,bull4 or ,a4 v]na1 & ! ,a4 phalloides or 8dea? cup40 ,! writ] has n _h any p]sonal exp]i5ce ) poison+ by ^! 9 man1 b bases 8 obs]vations ^u ov] "o hundr$ exp]im5ts made ^u l[] animals4,c ,?is is a di/9ct advantage 9 rea*+ any conclusion1 z ! facts are def9ite )\t any d\bt z to ! k9d or quantity ( ! poison tak54 ,9 _m ( ! reports ( poison+ by mu%rooms 9 man no m5tion ( ! species is made4 ,9 all ^! cases _m k9ds h be5 mix$ toge!r 9 prep>+ !m = ! table & x has nev] be5 kn[n h[ _m ( ! poison\s & h[ _m ( ! edible ones h be5 eat5 by any "o individual p>tak+ ( ! di%4 ,( c\rse ! fluid 9 :i* !y are cook$ conta9s "s ( ! poison4 ,?is expla9s :y "s pati5ts recov] aft] hav+ eat5 sev]al mu%rooms :ile o!rs die f a "p ( "o only4 7,see report ( six cases by ,dr4 ,g4,e4 ,cagli]i1 ,new ,york ,m$4 ,record1 ,augu/ #bh1 #ahig2 also ,dr4 ,b]ry's cases report$ by ,pr5tiss1 ,philadelphia ,m$4 ,j\rnal1 ,septemb] #bd1 #ahih47 ,!n1 too1 diff]5t poison\s species may be mix$ toge!r4 ,! symptoms produc$ by ! diff]5t ,amanit poisons are q diff]5t4 ,^? conta9+ irritant poisons may be tak5 ) ^? conta9+ deadly poisons4 ,?is acc\nts = ! great v>iety ( symptoms pres5t$ 9 cases report$4 ,footnote ,c3 ,all ( ! toad/ools us$ h be5 v k9dly furni%$ & id5tifi$ by ,capt4 ,*as4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,un=tunately only fifte5 exp]im5ts c\ld be made ) ! fre% fungi :ile ! writ] 0 at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,s9ce leav+ !re x has be5 impossible to get any 9 a fre% /ate1 & ! o!r exp]im5ts h be5 made ei!r ) dri$ fungi or alcoholic or glyc]9e extracts ( ! fre%4 ,,poison+ ,,by ,,amanita ,,musc>ia4 ,! symptoms ( poison+ by ?is fungus usually appe> f eight to twelve h\rs aft] x has be5 eat51 unless x has be5 tak5 9 enorm\s quantities1 z 9 ! cases report$ by ,pr5tiss 7,phila4 ,m$4 ,j\r41 ,septemb] #bd1 #ahih71 :]e !y came on 9 half an h\r4 ,^! beg9 ) cramp-l pa9s 9 ! extremities1 colicky pa9s 9 ! abdom51 burn+ ?ir/1 vomit+ & purg+4 ,! pulse may be v sl[ & /rong at fir/1 b lat] becomes rapid1 small & feeble4 ,! blood pressure is l[ &1 z a result ( ?is di/urbance ( ! circulation1 fa9tness is a common e>ly symptom4 ,extreme pallor is (t5 notic$4 ,! secretions are increas$1 & ! sweat & ! saliva may be secret$ 9 abnormal quantities4 ,! pupils are /rongly contract$ & dullness ( ! vision or d\ble vision may be notic$ e>ly4 ,! respirations are sl[ & become %all[ & /]tor\s :5 ! poison+ is sev]e4 ,! m5tal /ate may be cle> at fir/1 b becomes dull1 deep5+ into unconsci\sness & deep coma if a l>ge quantity has be5 tak54 ,convulsions are report$ to h occurr$ 9 "s cases f poison+ by ?is toad/ool 9 man4 ,! dri$ ,amanita musc>ia or extracts ( ! fre% fail to produce convulsions 9 ! l[] animals1 ev5 9 frogs1 :i* are v susceptible4 ,ei!r !re is a consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! susceptibility to ?is poison or !re is "s poison pres5t 9 ! fre% fungus :i* is lo/ by dry+4 ,small am\nts ( ! dri$ ,amanita musc>ia are said to be us$ by inhabitants ( nor!rn ,asia = ! /imulat+ effect ^u ! n]v\s sy/em1 produc+1 l o!r n>cotic poisons1 a dreamy /ate ( intoxication1 deep5+ into sleep 7,von ,boeck 9 ,ziemss5's ,cyclop$ia ( ,m$ic9e1 ,vol4 ,,vii74 ,9 animals ! mo/ /rik+ effect is ^u ! circulation4 ,:5 inject$ intrav5\sly x causes trem5d\s inhibition ( ! he>t's action--a mod]ate am\nt caus+ ! he>t to beat sl[ly & p[]fully2 a l>ge am\nt caus+ complete arre/4 ,ev5 ) ! p>tial inhibition !re is an enorm\s fall ( pressure4 ,! sl[+ ( ! he>t soon passes (f1 & :5 a mod]ate am\nt has be5 inject$1 ! circulation quickly returns to normal4 ,9 "o ( my exp]im5ts on a dog1 ! he>t /opp$ = #a m9utes & !n began beat+ aga91 ! circulation soon recov]+4 ,late 9 ! poison+ ! he>t beats may be rapid & feeble & ! blood pressure l[4 ,! l[]$ blood pressure is l>gely due to dilatation ( ! small blood vessels result+ f a loss ( control ov] !m by ! n]ve c5t] :i* normally keeps ! art]ioles 9 a /ate ( p>tial contraction4 ,! inhibition ( ! he>t is due to ! action ( ! well-kn[n alkaloid musc>9e ^u n]ve ganglia 9 ! he>t4 ,! contraction ( ! pupil & ! increas$ secretory activity ( ! gl&s are also due to ?is sub/ance :i* 0 discov]$ by ,s*mideb]g & ,koppe 9 #ahfi4 ,x 0 soon f\nd t al?\gh dogs recov]$ f ! imm$iate or e>ly effects 7i4 e41 f ! musc>9e7 ( enorm\s quantities ( toad/ools1 !y succumb$ f ! late effects ( mu* small] quantities4 ,atrop9e fails to av]t ?is result f ! late effect1 :e!r giv5 be=e ! poison1 ) x1 or aft] x4 ,! inhibition ( ! he>t passes (f long be=e dea? occurs4 ,late dea? does n appe> to be due to musc>9e4 ,all ^! facts put toge!r po9t to ! exi/5ce ( "s o!r poison or poisons 9 ! ,amanita musc>ia to :i* atrop9e is n an antidote4 ,?is peculi> poison+ caus+ dea? s late w be discuss$ aga9 aft] consid]+ ! o!r poison\s mu%rooms z !y act simil>ly4 ,ga/ro-inte/9al symptoms 7 n z common 9 my exp]im5ts ) ,amanita musc>ia z ) ! ,amanita phalloides4 ,vomit+ & purg+ occasionally occurr$ e>ly1 b mu* m frequ5tly late 9 ! poison+ & (t5 n at all4 ,convulsions did n occur 9 any ( ! animals poison$ by ?is fungus4 ,convulsions are record$ 9 "s cases ( poison+ 9 man1 b n s con/antly z ) ! ,a4 phalloides & ,a4 v]na4 ,:]e !y occurr$ ei!r a l>ge am\nt _h be5 tak5 7z 9 ,pr5tiss' case7 or !re is "s d\bt ab\t ! ,amanita musc>ia hav+ be5 ! only toad/ool eat5 7z 9 ,cagli]i's cases74 ,frogs are v easily ?r[n into spasms1 b no spasms 7 obs]v$1 ev5 9 fatal poison+ ( !m by ?is toad/ool4 ,reg>d+ c]ebral symptoms1 little c be said except t unconsci\sness & coma may come on e>ly & p]si/ till dea?4 ,9 cases t]m9at+ fatally ! animal seem$ to be consci\s1 b s depress$ t x 0 unable to /& or ev5 move :5 call$4 ,conc]n+ diff]5ces 9 ! susceptibility ( diff]5t animals to ! poisons ( ,amanita musc>ia1 cats seem$ to be m susceptible ?an dogs 9 ! e>li] exp]im5ts ) extracts ( ! fre% fungus1 b m num]\s exp]im5ts ) ! dri$ fungus fail$ to %[ any great] diff]5ce ?an c be obs]v$ betwe5 diff]5t animals ( ! same k9d4 ,z to ! nature ( ! poisons v little c be /at$ f ! exp]im5ts1 z !y 7 und]tak5 z a prelim9>y /ep to *emical /udies to be c>ri$ on lat]4 ,! alkaloid musc>9e is "o ( our be/ kn[n poisons & no?+ c be add$ to :at is already kn[n ab\t x4 ,! poisons are extract$ by di/ill$ wat] z well z by a solution ( sodium *loride2 !y are soluble 9 glyc]9e & 9 alcohol & v little diff]5ce c be se5 9 ! action ( ^! extracts1 unless ! alcoholic extract conta9s m ( ! musc>9e1 :ile ! glyc]9e extract conta9s m ( ! o!r poisons4 ,x is /at$ t musc>9e is n poison\s to flies2 t ! ,amanita musc>ia conta9s a volatile poison :i* is poison\s to flies 7h5ce ! "n 8,fly mu%room071 & :i* is lo/ by dry+2 t inhabitants ( nor!rn ,asia use ! dri$ fungus 7aft] ! volatile poison has be5 lo/7 = produc+ intoxication 7,von ,boeck 9 ,ziemss5's ,cyclop$ia1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #ibg74 ,my exp]im5ts h be5 entirely ) mammals & frogs1 & un=tunately ^? p]=m$ ) ! fre% toad/ools 7 n num]\s en\gh to enable me to draw positive conclusions z to any loss ( toxicity by dry+4 ,a s+le exp]im5t ) a cat seem$ to indicate t boil+ ( ! fungus less5$ ! toxicity b subsequ5t exp]im5ts indicat$ t a boil$ solution 0 no less toxic ?an "o n boil$4 ,"o ?+ we c /ate def9itely2 t boil+ ! dri$ ,a4 musc>ia does n de/roy its toxicity4 ,?is indicates t ! poison is n ( an album9\s nature1 :i* w\ld be coagulat$ by heat4 ,:e!r or n any volatile poison is lo/ by boil+ a solution ( ! fre% fungus or by dry+ at #dj ,c4 c n be /at$ def9itely z ! exp]im5ts made ) ! fre% fungus 7 few 9 numb] on acc\nt ( ! extreme difficulty 9 gett+ !m p]fectly fre%4 ,! av]age ( six obs]vations 9 :i* x 0 possible to weigh ! toad/ools be=e & aft] dry+ at #dj ,c4 %[$ a loss ( #hd4d p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,9 o!r words1 #a gram ( ! dri$ equals #f4d grams ( ! fre%4 ,comp>+ ! le?al doses ( ! dri$ ) ! le?al doses ( ! fre% extract$ by glyc]9e & alcohol1 x does n appe> t !re is any great loss ( ! toxicity by dry+ z is %[n by ! foll[+3 ,le?al dose ( dri$ 9 ,exp]im5t #ca 0 4#jhe gram4 p] kilo ( body weight2 9 ,exp]im5t #ee1 4#jcc gram4 p] kilo caus$ e>ly dea?1 :ile 4#bbc gram4 ( dri$ p] kilo & 4#abj gram4 p] kilo caus$ dea? f late effects 7,exps4 #cb & #eg74 ,! le?al doses ( ! fre% 7 4#ia gram4 p] kilo 7,exp4 #bi7 & #a4jee gram4 p] kilo 7,exp4 #cf7 :5 a glyc]9e extract ( ! fre% gr[? 0 us$1 :ile #a4bbb gram4 p] kilo 7,exp4 #af7 made f an alcoholic extract fail$ to kill4 ,x may be well to introduce "h ! results ( an exp]im5t :i* %[s !re is no highly poison\s volatile mat]ial giv5 (f f ! ,a4 phalloides4 ,?is is r an important fact to det]m9e1 z ! op9ion is held by "s t !re is a volatile poison1 & mo/ ( my exp]im5ts 7 made ) ! dri$ fungus4 ,a #a p] c5t4 solution ( fre% ,a4 phalloides 0 di/ill$ until ?ree-f\r?s ( ! fluid _h pass$ ov] z di/illate4 ,! latt] 0 inject$ into ! ve9 ( a dog & f\nd n at all toxic4 ,! opportunity has n be5 af=d$ me ( repeat+ ?is exp]im5t p]sonally1 b ,dr4 ,j4,p4 ,arnold has k9dly repeat$ x = me1 inject+ ! di/illate into rabbits & frogs & fail$ to f9d x toxic4 ,c]ta9ly if !re is any volatile poison 9 ! ,a4 phalloides x mu/ be ei!r 9 v m9ute quantity or v slightly toxic4 ,,antidotal ,,value ,,( ,,atrop9e4 ,9 arriv+ at any conclusion we mu/ be> 9 m9d ! v>iation ( diff]5t animals 9 _! susceptibility to poisons4 ,?us1 to give ! greate/ diff]5ce obs]v$1 4#jhe gram4 dri$ ,amanita musc>ia p] kilo ( body weight kill$ "o dog 9 an h\r1 :ile 9 ano!r dog 4#bbc grams4 ( ! same prep>ation p] kilo only kill$ aft] #bd h\rs1 ! c>diac inhibition hav+ disappe>$ "o-half h\r aft] ! poison 0 inject$4 ,h[ev]1 an av]age ( six 7#f7 exp]im5ts on cats & dogs ) dri$ ,a4 musc>ia 9 :i* no antidote 0 giv5 %[s ! le?al dose to be 4#ajc gram4 p] kilo ( body weight4 ,! av]age ( f\r 7#d7 exp]im5ts1 9 :i* ! fungus1 dri$ 9 ! same way1 0 us$ b atrop9e 0 giv5 z an antidote1 gives ! le?al dose ( 4#cce gram4 p] kilo & dea? only occurr$ late 9 ea* case4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 !re=e1 ( ! antidotal value ( atrop9e = poison+ by ,amanita musc>ia4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t x is n an infallible antidote ev5 :5 giv5 e>ly1 & t x does n prev5t dea? f ! late effects 9 sev]e cases1 al?\gh giv5 9 l>ge doses4 ,9 "s exp]im5ts atrop9e 0 adm9i/]$ at ! same "t ! poison 0 giv5 & 9 o!rs be=e x4 ,! important practical lesson is t too mu* reliance %\ld n be plac$ ^u atrop9e4 ,x w be %[n lat] t x has little value z an antidote to ,a4 v]na & ,a4 phalloides4 ,probably ^! fungi conta9 less musc>9e ?an ,a4 musc>ia4 ,al?\gh !re is no drug s antagoni/ic 9 its physiological action to ! poison ( ! ,a4 musc>ia z atrop9e1 ! use ( o!r rem$ies %\ld n be neglect$4 ,! symptoms h to be treat$ z !y arise4 ,/ry*nia1 alcohol 9 mod]ate am\nts & supr>5al extract c\ld all be us$ to advantage 9 re/or+ ! circulation1 especially late 9 ! poison+4 ,atrop9e m]ely removes ! inhibition ( ! he>t :i* occurs z an e>ly symptom4 ,ext]nal heat %\ld be appli$ if ! body temp]ature is subnormal4 ,! treatm5t ( ga/ro-inte/9al symptoms w dep5d ^u ! conditions ( ea* individual case4 ,! injection ( a l>ge am\nt ( w>m physiological salt solution 74#f-4g p] c5t4 sodium *loride7 into ! subcutane\s tissues %\ld also be tri$ 9 sev]e cases se5 late 9 ! poison+4 ,,poison+ ,,by ,,amanita ,,v]na ,,or ,a4 ,,bulbosus ,,v]na ,,bull4 ,! symptoms appe> f six to fifte5 h\rs aft] ! +e/ion ( ! poison & may be l>gely *ol]aic 9 nature1 i4 e41 vomit+ & purg+1 ! dis*>ges f ! b[el be+ wat]y ) small flakes susp5d$ & sometimes conta9+ blood4 ,! di/urbance ( ! circulation is some:at simil> to t caus$ by ,a4 musc>ia1 viz41 sl[1 /rong pulse e>ly1 b rapid & weak lat]4 ,dizz9ess & fa9tness may be e>ly symptoms4 ,sometimes ! sk9 is pale & cov]$ ) cold1 clammy sweat2 at o!rs !re is great cyanosis4 ,! body temp]ature is subnormal1 unless n]v\s symptoms are v sev]e4 ,v prom95t among ! symptoms are tetanic convulsions1 :i* may appe> comp>atively e>ly & p]si/ until ! end4 ,9 animals ! effect ( ?is toad/ool is entirely diff]5t f t ( ,a4 musc>ia4 ,p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ diff]5ce is ! frequ5cy ) :i* convulsions appe>4 ,convulsions occurr$ repeat$ly 9 mammals & 9 ne>ly e frog to :i* ! toad/ool 0 giv54 ,?is fungus seems to conta9 "s poison t acts ^u ! sp9al cord v mu* z /ry*nia does1 ?\gh less p[]fully1 ( c\rse4 ,! circulatory conditions are also diff]5t4 ,! inhibition ( ! he>t may be pron\nc$ z an e>ly condition1 b ! pressure does n return to ! normal aft] ?is disappe>s1 ei!r f giv+ atrop9e or f cutt+ ! pneumoga/ric n]ves4 ,section ( ^! n]ves removes ! c>diac inhibition mu* m completely ?an aft] poison+ by ! ,a4 musc>ia4 ,!re is (t5 a fall ( pressure )\t c>diac inhibition4 ,9 o!r words1 !re is a mu* great] p]man5t fall ( blood-pressure due to p>alysis ( ! n]ve c5t] controll+ ! blood vessels 7vaso-motor c5t]74 ,?is condition w la/ a long "t & does n %[ ! same t5d5cy to disappe> z aft] ,a4 musc>ia4 ,moreov] x is produc$ by comp>atively small am\nts ( ! ,a4 v]na4 ,! respirations are v sl[4 ,! blood is poorly oxyg5at$ & ?is probably causes ! cyanosis sometimes obs]v$ 9 m5 poison$ by ?is fungus4 ,bloody fluid is sometimes vomit$ or comes f ! nose4 ,x may also occur 9 ! dis*>ge f ! b[el4 ,ret*+ & purg+ occurr$ m frequ5tly z e>ly symptoms ?an 9 animals poison$ by ,a4 musc>ia4 ,coma appe>$ e>ly & cont9u$ until dea?4 ,! adm9i/ration ( atrop9e soon aft] giv+ ! poison :5 c>diac inhibition 0 pres5t1 caus$ a slight tempor>y rise ( blood pressure b did n affect ! dilat$ condition ( ! blood vessels4 ,! pressure cont9u$ l[ not)/&+ ! atrop9e4 ,al?\gh ! exp]im5ts ) ?is fungus 7 n z num]\s z ) ! ,a4 musc>ia because ( difficulty 9 obta9+ x1 yet x seems cle> t atrop9e is ( v little value z an antidote4 ,dea? v r>ely result$ f ! c>diac inhibition occurr+ e>ly b usually came on late aft] t condition _h disappe>$4 ,! le?al dose 0 no l>g] :5 atrop9e 0 giv5 ?an :5 no antidote 0 us$4 ,amanita v]na is v mu* m toxic ?an ,a4 musc>ia1 ! av]age ( f\r exp]im5ts 9 :i* ! =m] 0 giv5 )\t an antidote be+ 4#jcd gram4 7dri$7 p] kilo ( body weight1 :ile 4#ajc gram4 7dri$7 p] kilo1 0 ! av]age = ! latt] fungus4 ,,poison+ ,,by ,,amanita ,,phalloides4 ,! symptoms describ$ 9 man are v simil> to ^? caus$ by ! ,a4 v]na1 except t ! convulsions are less con/ant & cyanosis is n m5tion$4 ,9 "s cases vomit+ & purg+ are prom95t symptoms4 ,!re is dizz9ess & fa9t+1 extreme a%y pallor1 cold sk9 cov]$ ) sweat1 subnormal temp]ature1 muscul> twit*+s & occasional convulsions & somnol5ce :i* deep5s into coma & la/s until dea?1 :i* usually occurs two or ?ree days aft] eat+ ! poison4 ,sometimes ! ga/ro-inte/9al symptoms are less sev]e or may be abs5t1 ?\gh !y are usually pres5t2 9 t case ! n]v\s symptoms are m prom95t1 p>ticul>ly ! convulsions & circulatory di/urbance4 ,9 exp]im5ts ^u animals ! convulsions 7 n obs]v$ s con/antly z ) ! ,a4 v]na4 ,out ( tw5ty-five dogs poison$ by ! ,amanita phalloides1 convulsions only occurr$ twice1 :ile twelve frogs inject$ ) diff]5t prep>ations 7dri$ toad/ool & glyc]9e & alcoholic extracts ( ! fre%7 fail$ to %[ a convulsive seizure 9 a s+le in/ance4 ,x seems to be difficult = mycologi/s to draw a %>p l9e betwe5 ! ,a4 v]na & ! ,a4 phalloides & say to :i* ( ^! two c]ta9 fungi belong4 ,?is may expla9 :y convulsions are record$ m frequ5tly 9 p]sons poison$ by ?is toad/ool ?an 9 animals poison$ by x4 ,frogs are v susceptible to poisons act+ ^u ! sp9al cord1 & all ( ^? poison$ by le?al doses ( ,a4 v]na _h convulsions1 :ile none ( ^? poison$ by ! ,a4 phalloides _h any4 ,x w\ld !re=e appe> f ?is /rik+ diff]5ce 9 ! physiological actions t ! two are sep>ate & di/9ct4 ,! circulatory & ga/ro-inte/9al symptoms 7 q simil> to ^? caus$ by ! ,a4 v]na4 ,a4 phalloides is less toxic ?an ! ,a4 v]na1 b m s ?an ! ,a4 musc>ia1 ! av]age le?al dose ( ! dri$ fungus 7eight exp]im5ts7 = dogs1 :]e no antidote 0 us$1 be+ 4#aag gram4 p] kilo4 ,! antidotal value ( atrop9e is v slight1 if inde$ x has any action o!r ?an remov+ ! tempor>y c>diac inhibition4 ,! animals v seldom di$ f ?is1 b mo/ly f ! late effects aft] ! inhibition _h disappe>$4 ,9 f\r exp]im5ts on dogs 9 :i* atrop9e 0 giv5 ei!r at ! same "t z ! poison or be=e x1 ! av]age le?al dose 0 4#aih gram4 ( ! dri$ fungus p] kilo4 ,two dogs 7 kill$ by 4#a gram4 p] kilo )\t atrop9e2 ano!r 0 giv5 ! same am\nt & 0 giv5 atrop9e hypod]matically a numb] ( times & recov]$1 ?\gh v ill = two days4 ,transfusion ( physiological salt solution 74#f p] c5t4 table salt7 0 practic$ 9 ?ree dogs4 ,al?\gh dea? occurr$ 9 all ( ^! & ! le?al dose 0 n unusually high1 ! pressure 0 re/or$ = a "t at lea/4 ,x %\ld be employ$ 9 treat+ poison+ 9 man1 & n be dep5d$ ^u z ! only proc$ure1 b us$ 9 conjunction ) o!r rem$ies4 ,?is w be ref]r$ to aga9 9 describ+ treatm5t4 ,x w be se5 f ! above t poison+ by ! ,a4 v]na & ,a4 phalloides pres5t symptoms 9 ! l[] animals :i* are q diff]5t f ^? caus$ by ! ,a4 musc>ia1 & t 9 ei!r case poison+ is f> m s]i\s ?an by ! latt] fungus4 ,?is is n only because !y are s mu* m toxic1 b also because !re is no decid$ly antagoni/ic action by atrop9e1 & h5ce its value z an antidote is mu* less4 ,9 treat+ a case ( poison+ by ei!r ,a4 v]na or ,a4 phalloides ! only ?+ t c be done is to meet ! indications 9 ! individual case4 ,if ! he>t is beat+ sl[ly1 atrop9e %\ld be giv5 9 lib]al doses4 ,?is w n ov]come ! *ief di/urbance ( ! circulation1 viz41 ! trem5d\s dilation ( ! blood vessels4 ,/ry*nia w d ?is to a c]ta9 ext5t1 b its use may be contra-indicat$ by twit*+s or convulsions f ! toad/ools4 ,if x c be us$ x is exce$+ly valuable1 z x /imulates n only ! vaso-motor c5t] b ! respiration & he>t z well4 ,caffe9 or /rong c(fee may also be us$ to ?is end if ! /oma* w reta9 x4 ,supr>5al extract %\ld also be giv5 hypod]matically1 z x w re/ore ! blood pressure m ne>ly to normal ?an any o!r drug1 accord+ to our exp]im5ts4 ,x has ! advantage ( n increas+ ! excitability ( ! sp9al cord z /ry*nia does1 & h5ce w\ld n be contra-indicat$ by n]v\s symptoms4 ,p]haps ! mo/ rational treatm5t to meet ! mo/ s]i\s condition ( ! poison+ by ^! toad/ools is ! transfusion ( normal sal9e solution 74#f-4g p] c5t4 solution ( table salt7 into ! subcutane\s tissues4 ,?is %\ld1 ( c\rse1 only be giv5 by a physician1 z great c>e is requir$ 9 /]iliz+ ! syr+e4 ,x c be giv5 ) a f\nta9 syr+e & aspirat+ ne$le b5ea? ! sk9 ( ! ?igh4 ,l>ge quantities %\ld be us$--at lea/ a qu>t 7#ajjj cc47 or m4 ,! fluid is rapidly absorb$ by ! lymphatics & gets into ! blood vessels4 ,x re/ores ! blood pressure by increas+ ! fluid 9 ! vessels & also d\btless aids ! organs ( excretion 9 elim9at+ ! poison2 at ! same "t x w\ld relieve ! int5se ?ir/ pati5ts compla9 (4 ,cl9icians :o h obs]v$ cases ( poison+ by ! ,a4 phalloides 9 man h sugge/$ ?is proc$ure z ! mo/ rational "o to meet ! symptoms pres5t$4 ,f ! condition produc$ 9 animals poison$ by ?is toad/ool ! writ] 0 l$ to ! same conclusion4 ,9 two exp]im5ts ^u dogs1 :5 transfusion ( w>m physiological salt solution 0 made directly into ! ve9 aft] poison+ by ! ,a4 phalloides1 dea? occurr$ 9 bo? cases & ! le?al dose 0 n unusually l>ge1 al?\gh ! am\nt transf]r$ 0 equal to ! e/imat$ volume ( ! blood ( ! animal 9 "o case & half t am\nt 9 ano!r4 ,9 ano!r animal atrop9e 0 giv5 be=e ! poison & ! pressure _h be5 r$uc$ by ! latt] to "o-fif? ( ! normal1 ! transfusion ( an am\nt ( normal salt solution equival5t to two-?irds ( ! bulk ( blood re/or$ ! pressure to ?ree-f\r?s ( normal 9 ab\t #ae m9utes1 b fur!r injection ( ! poison caus$ late dea?4 ,al?\gh ! rise ( pressure is n s great f transfusion z f supr>5al extract 9 l>ge doses1 x is m p]man5t4 ,transfusion 7or transfusion into ! subcutane\s tissues by hypod]moclysis :i* am\nts to ! same ?+7 has ! additional advantage ( increas+ ! fl[ ( ur9e1 :i* is (t5 suppress$ 9 ^! cases4 ,ev5 if x does no good x c d no h>m if done antiseptically & %\ld be tri$ b always 9 conjunction ) o!r rem$ies4 ,a rem>kable case ( recov]y aft] ! injection ( a l>ge am\nt ( normal sal9e solution has be5 report$ by ,delobel 7,presse m$icale ,septemb] #cj1 #ahii74 ,a man ag$ fifty-two ate "s ,a4 phalloides2 he 0 se5 f\r h\rs aft]w>d4 ,! sk9 0 cov]$ ) cold1 clammy sweat2 body temp]ature 0 sub-normal2 %iv]+ & tremors pres5t2 _h n vomit$ or purg$2 ur9e suppress$2 respiration /]tor\s2 pulse #bh p] m9ute & s feeble t x 0 almo/ imp]ceptible4 ,two full doses ( atrop9e 7 giv5 hypod]matically z well z #aj cc4 ( e!r & #bjj cc4 ( /rong c(fee ) #bj cc4 ( rum 7 giv5 by ! m\? & hot bottles appli$ ext]nally4 ,9 spite ( all ?is ! symptoms became worse & ! pati5t sank into a condition ( pr(\nd collapse1 ! pulse dropp+ to #bd p] m9ute & ! tremors ceas$4 ,"o lit] 7#a qu>t7 ( normal sal9e solution 0 inject$ hypod]matically & improvem5t began 9 #ae m9utes aft] ! injection4 ,! respiration lo/ ! ,*eyne-,/okes "*2 ! pulse improv$ 9 t5sion & 9 an h\r 0 #fj p] m9ute2 ! sk9 improv$ & ! temp]ature return$ to normal & ! pati5t w5t to "w next day4 ,! circulatory symptoms are mo/ prom95t & dem& mo/ att5tion4 ,vomit+ & purg+ h to be treat$ accord+ to ! conditions 9 ! individual case & no rule c be foll[$4 ,z ! p]iph]al vessels are dilat$ ! body temp]ature is usually subnormal4 ,?is %\ld be ov]come by apply+ hot bottles ext]nally4 ,! suppression ( ur9e %\ld receive att5tion1 & ! activity ( ! kidneys be /imulat$ z mu* z possible4 ,x is probable ! suppression is l>gely due to ! trem5d\s fall ( blood pressure4 ,if ! ur9e is secret$ b reta9$ 9 ! bladd] x %\ld be drawn (f4 ,j z !re is no simple way ( detect+ ! pres5ce ( poison\s mu%rooms 9 a mixture ( mu%rooms1 s !re is no simple way ( de/roy+ or remov+ ! poisons4 ,p\*et /at$ t boil+ de/roy$ ! poison & ,*e/nut has /at$ ! poison ( ,a4 phalloides is a toxic album54 ,if ?is 7 ! case boil+ w\ld de/roy x4 ,9 our exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 boil+ has n dim9i%$ ! toxicity at all & x c be def9itely /at$ t ! poison is n an album54 ,!re is also a popul> impression t v9eg> w remove ! poison & num]\s obs]v]s claim to h remov$ ! poison ( ,a4 musc>ia completely by soak+ ! fungus 9 v9eg>4 ,we h n _h ! opportunity ( try+ ?is ) fre% ,a4 musc>ia1 b 9 "o exp]im5t 9 :i* ! ,a4 v]na 0 soak$ ov] night 9 v9eg> x fail$ to get rid ( ! poison--any m ?an w\ld h dissolv$ 9 t am\nt ( wat]4 ,toad/ool poison+ diff]s f mo/ poison+s 9 ! long "t elaps+ be=e dea? 9 fatal cases4 ,! only inorganic poisons caus+ dea? aft] su* a long int]val produce pr(\nd tissue *anges4 ,husemann believ$ dea? f poison\s mu%rooms to be due to fatty deg5]ation ( ! v>i\s organs4 ,we h exam9$ microscopically ! tissue ( dogs & cats dy+ f ! late effects ( ! ,a4 musc>ia & ,a4 phalloides & f\nd !m to be p]fectly normal4 ,mr4 ,v4,k4 ,*e/nut1 9 a bullet9 publi%$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture 7,circul> ,no4 #ac1 p4 #bc71 /ates t dea? f ! ,a4 phalloides is due to a de/ruction ( ! r$-blood corpuscles4 ,^u :at au?ority ?is ass]tion is made is n /at$4 ,! conclusion has probably be5 bas$ ^u ! v5osity ( ! blood 9 cases ( poison+ result+ f ! di/urbance ( ! respiration & circulation4 ,! blood corpuscles ( animals poison$ by all ?ree ( ! ,amanit /udi$ h be5 c\nt$ repeat$ly 9 our exp]im5ts & 9 none ( !m has !re be5 any appreciable r$uction4 ,x c be positively /at$ t dea? is n due to a de/ruction ( ! r$ blood cells4 ,fur!r1 ! color+ matt] ( ! blood 7hmoglob971 :i* c>ries oxyg5 to ! tissues1 has be5 exam9$ ) ! spectroscope to see if any new comp\nd _h be5 =m$ :i* w\ld prev5t x f c>ry+ oxyg54 ,no su* comp\nd has be5 f\nd--no alt]ation c\ld be detect$ 9 ! hmoglob94 ,x is q evid5t t ^! toad/ools d n kill by _! action on ! blood1 = 9 a numb] ( exp]im5ts ! blood 0 exam9$ a v %ort "t be=e dea?4 ,?9k+ t !y might act ^u ! n]ve cells ( ! bra9 & sp9al cord v mu* z c]ta9 tox9s ( infecti\s diseases d1 ^? /ructures 7 exam9$ by special /a9+ me?ods 7silv] impregnation71 b no great] v>iation ?an is normal c\ld be detect$ 9 any ( ^? exam9$4 ,no /atem5t c be made z to ! cause ( ?is late dea?1 b x w\ld appe> to be due to "s di/urbance ( nutrition4 ,late dea? occurs n only 9 animals1 b 9 mo/ ( ! cases ( poison+ 9 man record$ 9 m$ical lit]ature4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! e>ly & late symptoms is n s great 9 poison+ by ,a4 phalloides & ,a4 v]na z 9 ! case ( poison+ by ,a4 musc>ia4 ,9 ! fir/ two ! s]i\s symptoms appe> e>ly & cont9ue till ! end2 9 ! la/ ! e>ly effects ( ! musc>9e soon passes (f or c be remov$ by atrop9e1 b ! late symptoms1 /rik+ly 9 contra/ ) ! e>ly ones1 /ill appe>1 & cont9ue till dea?4 ,illu/ration ,,recipes ,,= ,,cook+ ,,& ,,prep>+ ,,= ,,! ,,table ,prep>+ toad/ools = ! table %\ld beg9 :ile collect+ !m4 ,h a s(t bru%1 a knife1 half a doz5 "o or two-p\nd pap] bags & an op5-topp$1 roomy1 %all[ basket4 ,sid5ote3 ,collect+4 ,cleans+4,z edible species are f\nd1 cut !m loose well above _! atta*m5t4 ,keep ! spore surface d[n until ! top is bru%$ clean & e p>ticle ( dirt remov$ f ! /em4 ,?is prev5ts dirt f gett+ ^u ! spore surface1 f :i* x is v h>d to dislodge4 ,nev] clean a toad/ool ov] o!r toad/ools4 ,if ! /em is h>d1 t\gh or wormy1 remove x4 ,hav+ clean$ ! plant1 place x 9 "o ( ! pap] bags1 spore surface d[n4 ,write its "n on ! bag4 ,place b "o k9d 9 ! same bag1 unless species ( ab\t ! same texture & flavor are f\nd & mix+ is n objectionable4 ,:]e ano!r species is f\nd1 give x a bag to itself4 ,select fre%1 invit+ plants only4 ,d all possible clean+ 9 ! field4 ,sid5ote3 ,selection,plants keep clean1 pack bett]1 & m ( !m c be c>ri$4 ,a c>eless jumble is gritty1 bruis$ & disappo9t+4 ,if n ready to cook ! f9d1 place ! bags 9 ! ice *e/4 ,x is be/ to cook fungi z soon z possible4 ,cook$1 !y c be kept mu* long] ?an :5 uncook$4 ,:5 ready to cook1 wa% ! plants by ?r[+ !m into a deep pan ( wat]4 ,sid5ote3 ,wa%+4,pass ! f+]s quietly ?r\gh !m upw>d2 let /& a mom5t = ! dirt to settle1 !n ga!r !m f ! wat] ) ! f+]s z a dra94 ,remove any scurf or adh]+ dirt ) a co>se flannel or a clo?4 ,wa% 9 ?is way ?r\gh two or ?ree wat]s4 ,lay to dra94 ,by exp]i5ce 9 dra9+1 exactly ! am\nt ( wat] necess>y to cook a p>ticul> species c be all[$ to rema9 )9 its spore surface1 if x is a gill$ species4 ,to o!r k9ds1 wat] mu/ usually be add$4 ,! removal ( ! sk9 ( any toad/ool is seldom ju/ifiable4 ,z ) ! apple & mo/ fruits1 ! l>ge/ am\nt ( flavor is 9 ! sk94 ,by ! consi/5cy ( ! species 9 h&1 decide ^u ! be/ me?od ( cook+ x & ! "t & m$ium requir$4 ,if x is ?91 juicy1 t5d]1 f five to t5 m9utes' sl[ /ew+ w be ample2 if x is ?ick1 dry1 t\gh1 f ?irty to =ty m9utes w be requir$4 ,aft] any species is cook$ t5d]1 x may be season$ to "o's lik+ & s]v$ z "o *ooses4 ,_m species1 :i* absolutely refuse to become t5d] aft] prolong$ /ew+1 quickly succumb 9 ! fry+ pan & make crisp1 delicate morsels4 ,edible k9ds :i* dry well1 or are h>d :5 f\nd1 (t5 grate or p[d] easily1 & are excell5t 7aft] soak+7 made into s\ps1 fritt]s or pts4 ,hundr$s ^u hundr$s ( recipes = cook+ ! common mu%room & ! few o!r fungi h]et(ore eat51 are at h&4 ,! simpl] me?ods--^? :i* reta9 ! natural flavor ( ! species cook$--are ! be/4 ,:5 a species has good body1 & b little flavor1 x may be made delici\s by cook+ ) x ano!r species ( high] flavor4 ,! mo/ concise in/ruction is3 ,cook 9 any way y c cook an oy/]4 ,! writ]'s be/ & long-tri$ recipes are "h giv54 ,mrs4 ,s>ah ,tyson ,ror] has k9dly contribut$ "s ( h] own *oice me?ods2 ,mrs4 ,emma ,p4 ,ew+1 ( cul9>y celebrity1 is repres5t$2 & t e recipe ne$$ may be f\nd h]e91 ! mo/ s5sible ( ,engli% & ,fr5* recipes are giv54 ,,to ,,cook ,,mu%rooms4 ,ga!r mu%rooms :5ev] !y c be f\nd4 ,t is ! be/ "t ( ! day to collect !m4 ,! gills gr[ d>k] & ! flavor improves z ! spores rip54 ,!y are 9 good condition up to ! "t ! gills beg9 to gr[ moi/ & to s(t54 ,cut (f ! extreme butt ( ! /em1 hold+ ! gills d[nw>d4 ,rub (f ! cap & /em ) a r\gh t[el or flannel4 ,d n peel4 ,wa% 9 cold wat]4 ,dra9 well1 gills d[nw>d4 ,! ,engli% me?od is to scald !m1 b !re is m ( cu/om ?an use 9 x4 ,mu%rooms may be pres]v$ tempor>ily by boil+ !m 9 salt & wat] = five m9utes1 dra9+ & wip+ dry4 ,a bett] way is to cook !m1 place 9 ice-*e/1 & reheat :5 want$4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,to ,,broil4--,use well-spread caps only4 ,use d\ble iron broil]4 ,place ! caps on x1 gills d[n1 & broil two m9utes1 turn & broil two m9utes m4 ,:ile hot1 season ) salt & pepp]1 & butt] well1 especially ^u ! gill side4 ,s]ve ^u toa/4 ,mrs4 ,s4,t4 ,ror]4 ,,bak$ ,,mu%rooms ,,on ,,toa/4 ,bake "u a glass or bas91 on toa/ along ) scald$ or clott$ cream or a little melt$ butt]1 & salt & pepp] to ta/e4 ,!y take ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r 9 a g5tle ov5 or be=e a fire2 :5 !y are tak5 up1 d n remove glass = a few m9utes2 by t "t ! vapor w h cond5s$ & gone into ! toa/4 ,/ev5s4 ,,cru/s ,,( ,,mu%rooms4 ,cut into small1 ev5-siz$ squ>es a p9t ( ! select$ toad/ool2 /ew 9 a little wat] until done2 add two ounces butt] & "o teaspoonful ( salt1 "o-half teaspoonful ( pepp]4 ,wet a teaspoonful ( fl\r ) two gills ( cream & mix ) ! beat5 yolks ( two eggs4 ,add1 & mix well ) ! toad/ool4 ,cut ! upp] cru/ f "s small ,fr5* rolls4 ,scoop out ! inside ( bo? upp] & l[] "p1 bru% !m ) melt$ butt] & br[n 9 ! ov52 fill !m1 put on ! top4 ,s]ve4 ,or1 :5 cook$ z direct$1 s]ve 9 pap] cases1 or pa/ry %ells4 ,,to ,,dry ,,mu%rooms4 7,engli% me?od47 ,take ^? nei!r v "y nor v old4 ,remove ! butts only4 ,!n slice1 /r+ or skew] ! slices lightly1 & expose to a curr5t ( w>m dry air4 ,a w>m ov51 ) ! door op51 is a good place4 ,:5 q dry & %rivell$1 pack 9 t9s1 ) spice at top & bottom4 ,:5 want$ = use1 soak ! slices 9 tepid wat] = "s h\rs4 ,!n cook4 ,hay4 ,,/ew$ ,,mu%rooms ,,on ,,toa/4 ,cut ! mu%rooms--caps & /ems--into pieces ( equal size4 ,place 9 a cov]$ saucepan4 ,to ea* p9t add "o ounce 7two level tablespoonfuls7 ( butt]4 ,en\gh wat] w h be5 reta9$ by ! gills aft] wa%+ to make suffici5t liquor4 ,/ew sl[ly tw5ty m9utes2 season to ta/e ) pepp] & salt4 ,place ^u toa/4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,to ,,fry ,,mu%rooms4 ,lay !m 9 a fry+ pan 9 :i* butt] has be5 heat$ boil+ hot4 ,aft] fry+ five m9utes s]ve on a hot di%--p\r+ ov] !m ! sauce made by ?ick5+ ! butt] ) a little fl\r4 ,?is is z delici\s z m elaborate ways ( cook+ & reta9s ! mu%room's di/9ctive flavor 9 full p]fection4 ,,fricasse ,,( ,,mu%rooms4 ,wa%1 put !m into a *af+ di%1 spr9kle ov] a teaspoonful ( salt1 a qu>t] ( a teaspoonful ( black pepp]1 cov] & cook sl[ly = five m9utes4 ,moi/5 a tablespoonful ( fl\r 9 a gill ( milk1 /ra9 ?is into ! mu%rooms1 br+ to boil+ po9t1 add ! yolks ( two eggs slightly beat51 a tablespoonful ( *opp$ p>sley1 & s]ve at once4 ,mrs4 ,s4,t4 ,ror]4 ,,mu%room ,,pickles4 ,"o-half peck ( ei!r ,ag>icus campe/]1 ,lepiota proc]a1 ,hypholoma fascicul>is1 ,hypholoma p]plexum1 ,clitocybe multiceps1 ,russula viresc5s4 ,select s\nd specim5s1 cut (f ends ( /ems 7entire /em ( fascicul>is or proc]us71 rub ! tops ) flannel dipp$ 9 salt4 ,?r[ !m into milk & wat] 7"o-f\r? milk74 ,dra9 & put !m into a /ew pan4 ,spr9kle ! lay]s ) salt--"o-half gill to "o-half peck mu%rooms4 ,cov] !m close & put !m ov] a g5tle fire = five m9utes to draw out ! wat]4 ,!n put !m on a co>se clo? & dra9 until cold 7or put on mosquito nett+ 9 a col&]74 ,to prep>e a pickle = !m3 ,take "o-half gallon v9eg> 7if /rong dilute ) wat]71 two ounces mace1 "o-f\r? ounce cloves1 "o-half p\nd salt 7,worce/]71 "o teaspoonful r$ pepp]1 "o nutmeg cut 9 slices4 ,put 9 a j> cov]$ ) a wet clo? & keep ! clo? wet4 ,place ov] a v sl[ fire1 cook z long z ! acid is prom95t & no long]4 ,take small wide-m\!d bottles1 fill ) ! mu%rooms1 p\r on ! pickle until ! bottle is fill$4 ,tie d[n tight4 7,to slice a nutmeg1 boil x 9 v9eg>--slice :ile hot4 ,makes ( salt v>y 9 /r5g?2 ! 8,worce/]0 is a /rong salt47 ,n4,b4--,:5 ,h4 fascicul>is is us$1 wipe ! tops ) a wet clo?4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,to ,,pickle ,,mu%rooms4 7,engli% /yle47 ,take buttons & remove butts only4 ,put into j>s & cov] ) cold1 spic$ pickl+ v9eg>4 ,add a few pepp]corns & mu/>d se$s & seal h]metically4 ,hay4 ,,mu%room ,,cat*up4 ,take ! op5$ toad/ools1 clean c>efully1 bruise !m4 ,put a lay] on ! bottom ( an e>!n pan1 /rew salt ov] !m 7two tablespoonfuls to "o-f\r? peck71 ano!r lay]1 m salt & s on4 ,"o-half ounce cloves1 "o-half ounce mace1 "o-half ounce allspice1 "o-half ounce :ole pepp]4 ,let /& six days4 ,/ir e day4 ,!n put 9 g5tle ov51 cov] pan ) wet clo?1 keep wet1 & heat = f\r h\rs4 ,/ra9 ?r\gh a f9e clo? or sieve4 ,to e gallon ( liquor add "o qu>t r$ w9e4 ,salt to ta/e4 ,add a race or two ( g+] cut small4 ,/ra92 let cat*up get cold4 ,p\r x f ! settl+s4 ,bottle4 ,cork tight4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,mu%room ,,cat*up4 ,a cat*up sup]ior to t sold 9 ! /ores may be made at home4 ,break ! toad/ools into bits & place 9 a /one j>1 ) an ounce & a half ( salt = e qu>t ( plants4 ,let /& 9 a cool place = ?ree days1 /irr+ sev]al times a day4 ,on ! ?ird day put ov] ! fire1 9 a porcela9 kettle1 & heat sl[ly4 ,9 ab\t half an h\r ! juice w fl[ freely1 :5 /ra9 ?r\gh a hair sieve1 return to ! fire & boil tw5ty m9utes4 ,measure ! liquid & to ea* qu>t all[ an ounce ( g+] root1 a blade ( mace1 a bay leaf1 a p9* ( cay5ne1 & an ounce ea* ( allspice & black pepp]2 boil d[n to "o-half ! quantity1 add a teaspoonful ( ! be/ br&y to ea* half-p9t4 ,bottle4 ,cork & seal ) wax or ros94 ,anon4 ,,mu%room ,,cat*up4 7,engli% /yle47 ,remove ! butts4 ,spr9kle all ) salt4 ,pile 9 a b[l4 ,let !m rema9 s = ?ree days1 /irr+ occasionally4 ,!n squeeze out all ! liquor4 ,to ea* gallon ( x add cloves & mu/>d se$1 cru%$1 ( ea* half an ounce2 allspice1 pepp]corns & g+]1 cru%$1 ( ea* "o ounce4 ,heat sl[ly up to boil+ po9t 9 a cov]$ vessel4 ,set aside 9 a w>m place = a =tnight4 ,!n /ra9 & bottle4 ,if ! cat*up %[s signs ( n keep+1 add m salt & spice1 heat & proce$ z be=e4 ,hay4 ,,cann$ ,,mu%room ,,sauce4 ,cook toge!r1 until a light br[n color1 two tablespoonfuls ea* ( butt] & fl\r1 add a c ( button mu%rooms1 ) ! wat] x conta9s1 & a cupful ( wat] or bro?4 ,simm] five m9utes1 /irr+ mean:ile1 season & s]ve4 ,! flavor ( ! mu%room is m di/9ct & pron\nc$ if ! sauce is season$ only ) salt & mix$ pepp]4 ,if bro? is us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( mu%room sauce in/ead ( wat]1 x %\ld be ! bro? ( su* meat z ! sauce is to be s]v$ )--= in/ance1 *ick5 bro? :5 to be s]v$ ) *ick51 beef bro? :5 to be s]v$ ) beef1 etc4 ,mrs4 ,emma ,p4 ,ew+4 ,,fre% ,,mu%room ,,sauce4 ,put 9 a granitew>e or porcela9-l9$ saucepan two tablespoonfuls ( butt]4 ,:5 hot add two cups ( fre%1 prep>$ mu%rooms1 cov] closely1 & cook briskly two or ?ree m9utes4 ,season to ta/e ) salt & pepp]1 & s]ve ) broil$ beef/eak1 birds1 or sweetbreads4 ,mrs4 ,e4,p4 ,ew+4 ,,to ,,cook ,,boleti4 ,remove ! /ems1 & ! tubes unless !y are compact & "y1 or ! di% w be slimy f ! tubes4 ,wipe ! caps clean4 ,,to ,,broil4--,put on wire broil] or 9 a hot butt]$ pan4 ,cook well4 ,add butt]1 pepp] & salt4 ,,to ,,/ew4--,aft] cutt+ ! caps 9 pieces ( simil> size1 /ew 9 a cov]$ saucepan = tw5ty m9utes4 ,d n use mu* wat]4 ,:5 done1 add butt]1 or cream1 pepp] & salt4 ,"s p]sons may pref] to add a little lemon juice or %]ry4 ,,to ,,bake4--,bake = half an h\r 9 cov]$ di%1 add oil or butt]1 a little p>sley1 & g>lic if lik$1 pepp] & salt4 ,,to ,,fry4--,remove ! tubes f all ! caps1 except+ ( v "y or v %ort-tub$ species4 ,slice ! caps z y w\ld eggplant4 ,fry 9 butt]1 oil or fat1 or dip 9 batt] or 9 egg crumbs4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,b4 ,,edulis ,,s\p 7z made 9 ,hung>y74--,hav+ dri$ "s ,boleti 9 an ov51 soak !m 9 tepid wat]1 ?ick5+ ) toa/ bread1 till ! :ole be ( ! consi/5cy ( a puree1 !n rub !m ?r\gh a sieve1 ?r[ 9 "s /ew$ ,boleti1 boil toge!r1 & s]ve ) ! usual condim5ts4 ,paulet4 ,,to ,,dry ,,boleti 7,engli% me?od74--,ga!r 9 dry wea!r4 ,remove /ems & tubes4 ,wipe clean ) a damp clo?4 ,slice4 ,/r+ ! slices4 ,hang up 9 a w>m place = two days4 ,!n give !m a m9ute 9 a mod]ately w>m ov54 ,pack 9 t9s ) spice4 ,:5 want$ /eep ! slices 9 tepid wat] = "s h\rs1 till !y swell4 ,!n proce$ to dress z = fre% ,bolets4 ,! ,russians reta9 ! /ems & dry _! ,bolets :ole1 /r++ !m up ! /em & ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! cap4 ,hay4 ,,to ,,cook ,,can?>ellus ,,cib>ius4 ,cut ! mu%rooms across & remove ! /ems2 put !m into a closely-cov]$ saucepan ) a little fre% butt]1 & sweat !m until t5d]1 at ! l[e/ possible temp]ature4 ,a great heat always de/roys ! flavor4 ,mrs4 ,hussey4 ,wa%1 cut into pieces & put into boil+ wat]2 !n /ew ) fre% butt]1 a little olive oil1 *opp$ t>ragon1 pepp]1 salt & a little lemon peel2 :5 cook$ simm] ov] a sl[ fire = tw5ty m9utes1 moi/5+ f "t to "t ) beef gravy or cream4 ,:5 ready to s]ve ?ick5 ) ! yolk ( egg4 ,m4,c4 ,cooke4 ,,to ,,fry4--,dip caps 9 egg & bread crumbs1 season ) pepp] & salt & fry 9 hot butt] or oil4 ,,to ,,/ew4--,cut ! :ole plant into small pieces across ! gra91 /ew sl[ly 9 a cov]$ saucepan = =ty m9utes4 ,add ?ick5$ cream or milk4 ,use freely ( butt] & season to ta/e4 ,,to ,,roa/4--,place 9 a hot dry pan ov] a sl[ fire1 %ake & turn until ! plants are crisp4 ,butt] & season ) pepp] & salt4 ,a f9e camp di%4 ,,to ,,pres]ve ,,= ,,w9t] ,,use4--,pull into /rips "o-half in* wide1 spread on a piece ( mosquito nett+ & place 9 ! sun or curr5t ( w>m air4 ,:5 dry hang up 9 small bags or mosquito nett+ 9 a dry place4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,to ,,cook ,,clav>ia4 ,fry 9 hot butt]1 oil or fat until well done2 or /ew1 cov]$ ) a little wat]1 ov] a sl[ fire = half an h\r4 ,:5 done add cream or milk1 a little fl\r1 pl5ty ( butt] & season ) pepp] & salt4 ,salt la/1 always1 or x w h>d5 ! plants4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,to ,,pickle 7,engli% recipe74--,put ! t5d] p>ts into j>s ) pepp]corns1 mu/>d se$s & na/urtium se$s4 ,p\r on !m cold :ite w9e v9eg>4 ,fill up & cork h]metically4 ,hay4 ,,to ,,cook ,,clitocybe ,,multiceps4 ,,to ,,bake4--,wa% caps1 remove /ems1 let dra9 = a few m9utes2 place gills upw>d 9 a pan2 place on gills a small-siz$ lump ( butt]2 season ) pepp] & salt2 grate *eese ov] ea* lay]1 cov] pan1 & place 9 hot ov5 to bake = "o-half h\r4 ,an exceptionally f9e di%4 ,!y are excell5t fri$4 ,o!r species ( simil> consi/5cy may be cook$ 9 ! same way4 ,see ,toad/ools ) ,*eese4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,to ,,cook ,,copr9us4 8,9 reg>d to ! ,c4 micaceus ,i f9d t !y are bett] cook$ aft] ! foll[+ recipe3 8,trim ! /ems1 wa% ! toad/ools c>efully ?r\gh sev]al wat]s1 !n dra9 !m 9 a col&]4 ,spread !m out 9 a long bak+ pan1 du/ lightly ) salt1 pepp]1 put ov] a few bits ( butt]1 cov] ) ano!r pan & bake 9 a mod]ate ov5 = tw5ty-five m9utes4 ,add f\r tablespoonfuls ( cream1 br+ to boil+ po9t2 di% on toa/4 8,! ,c4 atram5t>ius may be cook$ 9 precisely ! same mann]4 ,i f9d t all ^! inky mu%rooms are bett] cook$ 9 a v sl[ heat 9 ! ov51 & !y mu/ be cov]$ or !y lose _! flavor40 ,mrs4 ,s4,t4 ,ror]4 ,c4 comatus1 or any o!r ,copr9us1 may be treat$ 9 ! same mann]2 or !y may be /ew$ sl[ly 9 a cov]$ di% = f five to t5 m9utes4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,croquettes4 ,to "o p9t ( any well-cook$ toad/ool ( meaty species1 add two h>d-boil$ eggs1 a sprig ( p>sley2 pepp] & salt to ta/e2 *op all v f9e1 !n take two level tablespoonfuls ( butt] & "o ( fl\r1 put ov] ! fire ) ! toad/ools & eggs2 mix ?or\ghly toge!r1 set aside to cool4 ,:5 cold1 %ape1 dip 9 egg & bread crumbs1 & fry 9 hot oil1 butt] or fat4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,devil$ ,,toad/ools4 ,= devil$ toad/ools prep>e ! meat z = patties1 add+ ! yolks ( two h>d-boil$ eggs to ea* p9t ( meat1 a p9* ( r$ pepp] & a little *opp$ p>sley4 ,s]ve hot or cold 9 halves ( egg %ells1 ne/$ among gre54 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,to ,,cook ,,fi/ul9a ,,hepatica4 ,mrs4 ,hussey says ( x3 8,if x is n beef itself1 x is sauce = x40 ,x c be slic$ ?9 & dress$ z a salad ) mayonnaise dress+ or o!rwise4 ,! simple/ & be/ way is to cut ! fungus into slices z "o w\ld egg-plant4 ,if x is small1 slice x into two p>ts1 fry 9 hot butt]1 season ) pepp] & salt4 ,ano!r favorite way is to slice ! plant across ! gra91 cut into squ>es ( "o-half in* & cook v sl[ly 9 a cov]$ pan = tw5ty m9utes4 ,add a little wat]1 & pl5ty ( butt]4 ,season ) pepp] & salt4 ,! ,f4 hepatica always has a slightly acid ta/e1 :i* is v acceptable to mo/ p]sons1 b objectionable to a few4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,salad4--,cut 9 ?9 slices & rub !m ) g>lic4 ,m+le ) lettuce or o!r gre5 salad4 ,dress ) oil1 v9eg>1 pepp]1 mu/>d & salt4 ,s]ve4 ,hay4 ,,to ,,broil ,,any ,,capp$ ,,fungus4 ,select ^? t are spread op5 & keep ! unop5$ = o!r /yles ( s]v+4 ,cut (f ! /ems close to ! tops4 ,ba/e well ) melt$ butt] & spr9kle lightly ) pepp] & salt4 ,heat ! broil] v hot1 lay ! caps ^u x ) ! gills up & broil ov] a cle> fire1 turn+ ! broil] fir/ on "o side & !n on ! o!r4 ,z soon z t5d]1 :i* w be 9 ab\t five m9utes1 op5 ! broil]1 remove ! caps ) c>e1 & place on well-butt]$ slices ( ! toa/ :i* h be5 previ\sly prep>$4 ,p\r ov] ! :ole a sauce made ( drawn butt]1 or hot wat] ?ick5$ ) fl\r to ! consi/5cy ( cream4 ,,fri$ ,,toad/ools4 ,take ! caps only--"o p9t--well dra9$ & c>efully season$ ) "o teaspoonful ( salt1 "o-half teaspoonful black pepp]4 ,place 9 a pan ) "o ounce ( butt] 7a lump ! size ( a small egg74 ,fry sl[ly = t5 m9utes4 ,add a little milk or cream ?ick5$ ) fl\r4 ,s]ve on hot toa/4 ,,to ,,cook ,,hydnum4 ,9 cook+ ,hydnei c>e mu/ be tak5 to cook sl[ly & well4 ,use ! t5d] p>ts only ( /ems & caps ( ! capp$ species1 & s(t1 fre% p>ts ( ! man$ species2 cut into small pieces ( simil> size1 /ew sl[ly 9 cov]$ saucepan = f ?irty to =ty m9utes1 season ) butt]1 pepp] & salt4 ,s]ve4 ,or1 aft] /ew+ = =ty m9utes z above1 dra9 (f ! wat]1 *op f9e1 make into croquettes or into pts4 ,a ,,hunt]',s ,,toa/4 ,c>ry a vial ( olive oil or a small c ( butt]1 "s pepp] & salt mix$4 ,an edible toad/ool f\nd1 collect a few dry twigs1 fire !m4 ,split a gre5 /ick 7sassafras1 bir* or spice-wood be/7 at "o end2 put ! toad/ool 9 ! cleft1 hold x ov] ! fire2 oil or butt]1 season4 ,eat f ! /ick4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,to ,,cook ,,hypholomas4 ,,to ,,/ew4--,wa% ! caps1 /ew sl[ly 9 ! wat] :i* ! gills reta91 = half an h\r1 keep+ di% cov]$4 ,add pl5ty ( butt]1 pepp] & salt to ta/e1 add cream or milk ) a little ?ick5+4 ,! ,hypholomas h a slightly bitt] ta/e1 ( :i* mo/ p]sons become v fond2 if x is objectionable1 add a small am\nt ( lemon juice or %]ry4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,h4 ,,p]plexum4--,put "o dess]tspoonful ( v9eg> 9 a qu>t ( wat]4 ,soak ! caps 9 ?is mixture tw5ty m9utes4 ,!n take !m out & /ew sl[ly = half an h\r 9 a cov]$ vessel1 add+ butt]1 pepp] & salt to suit ! ta/e4 ,a small quantity ( onion is ?\ght by "s to improve ! flavor1 & a ?ick5+ ( fl\r & milk j be=e s]v+ is an improvem5t4 ,pr(4 ,c4,h4 ,peck4 ,! above is giv5 z recipe = cook+ ,h4 p]plexum4 ,x answ]s equally well = ! _m ,hypholomas resembl+ x4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,to ,,bake4--,wa% caps1 remove /ems1 let dra9 = a few m9utes1 place gills upw>d 9 a pan1 place on gills a small-siz$ lump ( butt]1 season ) pepp] & salt1 cov] pan1 & place 9 ov5 to bake = "o-half h\r4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,to ,,cook ,,lact>ii4 ,! ri* juices ( ! ,lact>ii are be/ reta9$ by bak+4 ,! species gr[ h>d & granul> if cook$ rapidly4 ,bak$ !y are excell5t4 ,?is me?od is pref]able to /ew+1 b no "o w despise a prop]ly made /ew ( !m4 ,,to ,,cook ,,m>asmius ,,oreades4 ,remove ! /ems1 wa% ! caps1 place 9 a cov]$ saucepan & simm] = ?irty m9utes1 add+ suffici5t wat] to prev5t scor*+2 add a little milk or cream1 butt] & season ) salt & pepp] to ta/e4 ,or1 simply fry 9 butt]1 make a gravy & season to ta/e4 ,,to ,,dry4--,/r+ ! caps on ?reads & loop up 9 a dry place1 & :5 ?or\ghly dry place 9 tight glass j>s or t9 cases4 ,,to ,,cook ,,! ,,morell--,,mor*ella 7f ,p]soon74 #a4 ,hav+ wa%$ & cleans$ !m f ! e>? :i* is apt to collect betwe5 ! plaits or holl[s ( ! plant1 dry ?or\ghly 9 a napk9 & put !m into a saucepan ) pepp]1 salt & p>sley1 add+ or n a piece ( ham4 ,/ew = an h\r1 p\r+ 9 occasionally a little bro? to prev5t burn+4 ,:5 suffici5tly done1 b9d ) ! yolks ( two or ?ree eggs & s]ve on butt]$ toa/4 #b4 ,,morelles ,a ,l',,itali5ne4--,hav+ wa%$ & dri$1 divide !m across1 put !m on ! fire ) "s p>sley1 scallion1 *evril1 burnet1 t>ragon1 *ives1 a little salt1 & two spoonfuls ( f9e oil4 ,/ew till ! juices run out1 !n ?ick5 ) a little fl\r2 s]ve ) bread crumbs & a squeeze ( lemon juice4 ,p,t,s4 ,! toad/ools good = croquettes & pts are su* z ! ,puff-balls1 ,lact>ii1 ,gomphidius rhodoxan?us1 ,fi/ul9a hepatica1 ,tri*oloma p]sonatum & _m o!rs ( ! meaty k9ds4 ,cut ! toad/ools into small pieces1 cook sl[ly until t5d]1 add+ butt]1 pepp] & salt4 ,let !m cook almo/ dry1 !n add cream or milk & ?ick5+4 ,fill pa/ry %ells & s]ve4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a pretty effect is produc$ by dipp+ ! rims ( ! %ells 9 p>tially beat5 :ite ( egg1 !n 9 f9ely-*opp$ p>sley be=e fill+4 ,,to ,,cook ,,pleurotus ,,o/reatus4 ,remove t\gh /em-"p1 if any1 & use only su* p>ts ( ! plants z seem fre% & t5d]4 ,,to ,,/ew4--,cut 9 small pieces across ! gra94 ,/ew tw5ty m9utes ov] sl[ fire ) a little wat]4 ,add cream or milk ) a little ?ick5+2 season ) butt]1 pepp]1 salt4 ,,to ,,fry4--,cut into pieces ab\t ! size ( a m$ium-siz$ oy/]1 dip 9 egg & bread crumbs1 & fry 9 hot butt] or oil1 z oy/]s are fri$4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,) ,,*eese--au grat94--,cut into m$ium-siz$ pieces4 ,/ew sl[ly1 r dry1 = fifte5 m9utes4 ,p\r (f liquor2 save x4 ,place 9 bak+ di% 7or 9 individual di%es1 clam %ells1 etc47 a lay] ( o/reatus1 butt]+ & season+ ea* lay]1 spr9kle ) bread crumbs & grat$ *eese & s on until di% is fill$1 plac+ *eese on top4 ,p\r liquor ov] ! di%4 ,place 9 sl[ ov5 & bake until well br[n$4 ,?is mann] ( cook+ is a favorite4 ,any toad/ool may be cook$ 9 ?is way4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,wa%4 ,put !m into a *af+ di% ) "o ounce ( butt] to ea* half p\nd ( plant4 ,spr9kle ov] half a teaspoonful ( salt1 cov] ! di% & cook sl[ly = five m9utes4 ,beat ! yolks ( two eggs ) "o gill ( good milk1 lift ! lid1 add ! mixture ( eggs & milk2 :5 smok+ hot s]ve4 ,d n all[ ! mixture to boil or ! eggs w become curdl$4 ,,recipe ,,no4 #b4--,wa%4 ,du/ ) salt & pepp]1 dip 9 egg1 !n 9 bread crumbs & fry quickly 9 smok+ hot olive oil4 ,! foll[+ recipe 0 giv5 me by a *ef3 8,put into ! saucepan a tablespoonful ( butt]1 add a clove ( g>lic1 a ?9 slice ( onion1 /ir until slightly br[n & add a tablespoonful ( fl\r4 ,mix c>efully1 add a qu>t] ( a teaspoonful ( beef extract dissolv$ 9 half a cup ( wat] & ! same quantity ( cream4 ,br+ to boil+ po9t1 add a tablespoonful ( *opp$ c>rot1 a bay leaf1 & a blade ( mace4 ,/& ! mixture on ! back "p ( ! /ove :]e x w sc>cely boil1 = t5 m9utes4 ,/ra9 & add half a p\nd ( o/reatus4 ,cov] & cook = t5 m9utes4 ,s]ve on toa/40 ,mrs4 ,s4,t4 ,ror]4 ,,to ,,cook ,,puff-,,balls4 ,,to ,,fry4--,remove ! ?9 out] r9d1 slice1 dip 9 egg & bread crumbs1 & fry z egg-plant2 s]ve )\t tomato sauce4 ,,to ,,/ew4--,cut 9 dice-%ap$ pieces1 /ew = fifte5 m9utes 9 a little wat]1 p\r (f ! wat]1 du/ ) a little fl\r1 add a small quantity ( milk or cream1 butt]1 pepp] & salt & a little p>sley4 ,/ew sl[ly = five m9utes4 ,s]ve4 ,^! also may be s]v$ 9 pts4 ,:5 ^! are brok5 op5 !y %\ld be p]fectly :ite inside2 any /a9s or yell[ "p %\ld be remov$1 o!rwise !y w be bitt]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,salads4--,cut into /rips1 m+le ) mu/>d & cress1 or ) blan*$ d&elions1 scallions & h>d-boil$ egg1 & dress z ord9>ily = a salad4 ,or1 amalgamate ) potato salad a l',allem&e4 ,hay4 ,,to ,,cook ,,tri*oloma ,,p]sonatum4 ,,to ,,/ew4--,wa% & cut into small pieces4 ,/ew = ?irty m9utes4 ,p\r (f ! wat]1 add milk slightly ?ick5$1 butt]1 pepp]1 salt & a little *opp$ p>sley4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,to ,,/ew ,,! ,,t\gh] ,,toad/ools4 7,hydnace1 ,polyporace1 ,etc47 ,cut into small pieces ( ev5 size4 ,soak = half an h\r 9 tepid wat]4 ,remove f wat]1 d n dra92 place 9 cov]$ pan & simm] = =ty m9utes4 ,add prop] proportion ( ?ick5$ milk or cream1 butt]1 pepp]1 salt4 ,^? :o l may add p>sley or nutmeg1 or beef gravy2 9 fact1 any flavor+4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,salads4 ,_m species ( fungi make good salads4 ,! be/ ( ^! are1 ,russul :5 "y1 fre% & firm2 ei!r slic$ raw or /ew$ & dra9$2 ,clitocybe multiceps /ew$ & dra9$2 ,tri*oloma p]sonatum1 raw or /ew$2 ,clitopilus prunulus1 raw or /ew$2 ,copr9us comatus1 ,c4 micaceus1 atram5t>ius1 raw2 ,clav>ia1 fre%1 "y1 brittle1 ei!r raw or /ew$2 ,fi/ul9a hepatica1 raw2 any ( ! edible ,polyporace1 aft] /ew+2 any ( ! edible ,hydnace aft] /ew+2 ! puff-balls1 raw or /ew$4 ,any favorite species w make a salad4 ,aft] cook+ all[ to dra9 & cool2 !n mix ) mayonnaise dress+1 or make a dress+ to ta/e ( oil1 v9eg>1 salt & pepp]4 ,s]ve on lettuce4 ,,s\p4 ,dame ,nature nev] made a s\p4 ,s\p is a human inv5tion ( m or less di/9ctiv5ess4 ,usually x is a successful disguise or cov]+ ( invisibility = some?+ :i* furni%es ! "n4 ,to make two qu>ts ( a di/9ctly fungoid s\p take "o qu>t ( any edible toad/ools1 c>efully clean$4 ,put 9 a well-cov]$ boil] ) ?ree p9ts ( wat]1 & boil sl[ly = "o h\r4 ,rub ! :ole ?r\gh a col&]4 ,reject t :i* does n rub ?r\gh readily4 ,add "o-half p9t ( milk ?ick5$ ) "o tablespoonful ( fl\r1 "o ounce ( butt]1 a dess]tspoonful ( salt1 a teaspoonful ( pepp]4 ,br+ to a boil4 ,s]ve4 ,any *os5 ?+ or ?+s may be add$ to ! above--! toad/ools c n res5t x4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,toad/ools ,,) ,,*eese4 ,sev]al v>ieties ( fungi are delici\s :5 bak$ ) a small quantity ( *eese grat$ ^u !m2 notably ,clitocybe multiceps1 ! ,hypholomas1 ,armill>ias1 ,pleurotus ulm>ius & o/reatus1 ,l5t9us lepideus & _m ,boleti4 ,see recipe = bak+4 ,:5 sev]al lay]s ( plants compose ! di%1 *eese %\ld be grat$ on ea* lay]4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,bak$ ,,toad/ools ,,( ,,any ,,gill$ ,,k9d4 ,wa%1 place ! caps 9 a tightly cov]$ di% or pan aft] dipp+ !m 9 bread crumbs4 ,lay !m 9 lay]s1 ) a small piece ( butt] on ea* toad/ool1 z well z ! prop] am\nt ( pepp] & salt4 ,bake f tw5ty to =ty m9utes z suits ! consi/5cy ( ! species4 ,s]ve on toa/4 ,or1 ! caps prep>$ z above1 may be laid ^u pieces ( toa/ & plac$ 9 ! pan4 ,if ?is plan is adopt$ ! l[] pieces ( toa/ become saturat$ ) ! liquor2 !re=e1 9 s]v+1 cut f top to bottom ( di%4 ,see ,to ,cook ,clitocybe ,multiceps4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a ,,camp ,,bake4 ,cov] ! bottom ( a t9 plate ) caps1 spore surface up4 ,spr9kle ) salt & pepp]1 place a bit ( butt] on ea*4 ,put ano!r t9 plate on top4 ,set on coals or a heat$ /one = fifte5 m9utes4 ,eat4 ,no bett] bak+ w result 9 ! be/ ov54 ,mc,ilvaine4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,gloss>y ,a-1 prefix$ signifies abs5ce2 z aseptate1 )\t septa4 ,,abbreviations3 cm4 c5timet]4 mm4 millimet]4 micron4 94 in*4 in* or in*es4 l9e7#aab in*7 or l9es4 nov4 g54 new g5us4 n4 sp4 new species4 betwe5 two figures signifies by2 #bd #b by #d4 - betwe5 two figures to2 #b-d f #b to #d4 ,,ab],,rant 7ab]ran7t-7s1 ppr4 ( ab]r>e1 /ray f1 ab1 f1 err>e1 to /ray71 diff]+ 9 "s ( its *>act]s f ! gr\p 9 :i* x is plac$1 said ( a plant1 species1 g5us4 ,,abjec,,tion 7abjectio7n-71 act ( ca/+ away1 abic]e1 abjic]e1 ab1 away1 jac]e1 ?r[71 ?r[+ (f ) =ce1 z spores or se$s2 expulsion4 ,,abjo9t 7ab1 f1 junctus1 adjo9+71 to jo9t (f or delimit by septa or p>titions4 ,,abnor,,mal 7abnormis1 deviat+ f a fix$ rule1 irregul>1 ab1 f1 norma1 a rule71 n con=m+ to ! usual type2 irregul>1 unnatural4 ,,abor,,tive 7abortivus1 born prematurely71 imp]fect or want+4 ,,abrupt 7abruptus1 /eep1 disconnect$1 ab1 (f1 rump]e1 break71 t]m9at+ sudd5ly4 ,,ab/ric,,tion 7ab/rictus1 ppr4 ( ab/r+]e1 abs1 f1 /r+]e1 b9d71 sep>ation ( "o "p f ano!r by con/riction1 especially ( spores f _! hyph4 ,,acaules,,c5t1 ,,acau,,l9e1 ,,acau,,lose1 ,,acau,,l\s 7caulis1 a /em or /alk ( a plant71 hav+ a v %ort /em or none2 /emless4 ,,ac,,erose 7ac]osus1 *affy71 n>r[1 /iff & po9t$ l spruce ne$les2 int]m$iate 9 =m betwe5 acicul> & subulate4 ,,acetab,,uli=m 7acetabulum1 a cup-%ap$ vessel2 =ma1 =m71 cup-%ap$1 hav+ ! =m ( a %all[ b[l4 ,,a*,,ro\s 7,gr--priv4 ,gr--color71 colorless1 a*romatic4 ,,acic,,ula 7pl4 ,,acicul77a ne$le1 a small p91 dim4 ( acus1 a ne$le71 a ne$le-%ap$ sp9e1 prickle or o!r body4 ,,acic,,ul>1 ,,acic,,ulate1 ,,ac,,i=m 7acicula1 a small p9 or ne$le71 ne$le-%ap$1 hav+ a %>p po9t l a ne$le1 z p9e leaves4 ,,ac,,rog5 7,gr--at ! top1 ,gr--born1 produc$71 a cryptogam :i* increases by developm5t ( an apical cell at ! summit ( an axis1 hav+ a true /em1 leaf-l app5dages1 etc41 z f]ns1 mosses1 etc4 ,,acrog,,en\s 7z acrog5 ous71 7a7 produc$ at ! apex1 z "s spores f ! apex ( a hyphal bran*2 7b7 ( ! nature ( or p]ta9+ to acrog5s4 ,,acrop,,etal 7,gr--! top1 ,l4--pet]e1 seek71 develop+ f bel[ upw>d1 or f ! base t[>d ! apex4 ,,acu,,leate1 ,,acu,,leat$ 7aculeatus1 furni%$ ) prickles or /+s71 sl5d]-po9t$4 ,,acu,,leus 7pl4 ,,acu,,lei7 7a /+1 prickle1 sp9e1 dim4 ( acus1 a ne$le71 a prickle4 ,,acu,,m9ate 7acum51 a po9t or extremity71 t]m9at+ 9 a long drawn po9t4 ,,acute 7acutus1 %>p71 %>p1 appli$ to gills hav+ %>p edges or po9t$ at ei!r end4 ,,ad,,nate 7adnatus1 gr[n to1 pp4 adnasci1 to gr[ to71 gr[+ into or fa/ to2 ( gills1 e4 g4 closely atta*$ to ! /em4 ,,adnex$ 7adnexus1 connect$71 ( gills atta*$ to ! /em1 b n adnate to x4 ,,adpress$ 7adpressus1 pp4 ( adprim]e1 ad1 to2 prem]e1 to press71 press$ 9 close contact b n adh]5t4 ,,adv5ti,,ti\s 7adv5titius1 prop4 adv5ticius1 com+ f abroad1 adv5tus1 pp4 ( adv5ire1 come to1 arrive at71 appe>+ casually1 or 9 an abnormal or unusual position or place4 ,,ru,,g9ose1 ,,ru,,g9\s 7rug9osus1 rugo1 ru/ ( copp]71 v]digris-gre54 ,,aff9,,ity 7aff9ita7t-7s1 aff9is1 neighbor+1 relat$ by m>riage71 morphological relation%ip2 resemblance 9 g5]al plan ( /ructure4 ,,agam,,ic1 ,,ag,,am\s 7,gr--unm>ri$ ic71 sexless4 ,,ag,,amog5,,esis 7,gr--unm>ri$1 ,gr--production71 non-sexual reproduction4 ,,agam,,ospore 7,gr--unm>ri$1 spora1 spore71 spore =m$ )\t f]tilization4 ,,ag,,aric 7ag>icum1 a k9d ( tree-fungus us$ z t9d]1 nam$1 accord+ to ,dioscorides1 f ! c\ntry ( ! ,ag>i 9 ,s>matia1 :]e ?is fungus ab\nd$71 any gill-be>+ fungus2 =m]ly appli$ only to memb]s ( ! g5us ,ag>icus4 ,,ag>,,icioid1 ( ! nature ( an ag>ic2 mu%room-l4 ,,agglom,,erate 7agglom]atus1 pp4 ( agglom]>e1 adglom]>e1 w9d into a ball1 ad1 to1 glom]>e1 w9d into a ball71 7a7 clu/]$ d5sely1 b n connect$ toge!r2 7b7 ga!r$ into a r\nd$ mass or into a compact$ heap or pile4 ,,agglu,,t9at$ 7agglut9atus1 pp4 adglut9>e1 pa/e to71 glu$ to a surface2 gr[n toge!r fa/2 appli$ to fungi t are firmly atta*$ to matrix4 ,,ag,,gregate1 ,,ag,,gregat$ 7aggregatus1 pp4 adgreg>e1 lead to a flock2 add to71 collect$ toge!r b n coh]+4 ,,albu,,m9oid 7album5 oid71 an organic sub/ance conta9+ nitrog5 9 its composition1 z proteids4 ,,allan,,toid 7,gr--a sausage1 ,gr--=m71 sausage-%ap$2 n>r[ly oblong4 ,,allia,,ce\s 7allium1 g>lic1 ace\s71 hav+ ! odor ( onions4 ,,aluta,,ce\s 7alutacius1 aluta1 s(t lea!r71 hav+ ! quality or color ( tann$ lea!r2 lea!ry4 ,,alveo,,late 7alveolatus1 holl[$ out1 alveolus1 a small holl[71 ) small depressions l a %all[ honeycomb1 pitt$4 ,,amor,,ph\s 7,gr--)\t =m1 %apeless1 mis%ap571 )\t def9ite =m1 /ructure or position4 ,,am,,phig5 7,gr--ar\nd1 ,gr--produce71 a ?allog52 a "n appli$ to a cryptogam :i* increases by developm5t ( cellul> tissue 9 all directions & n at ! summit ( a di/9ct axis4 ,see ,,acrog54 ,,amphig,,en\s 7,gr--ab\t2 ,gr--to beget71 n conf9$ to "o surface1 gr[+ all ar\nd2 e4 g41 hym5ium ( ,clav>ia4 ,,amyg,,dal9e 7amygdal9us1 amygdala1 almond71 resembl+ ! almond4 ,,amyla,,ce\s 7amylum1 />*1 ace\s71 compos$ (1 conta9+ or resembl+ />*4 ,,am,,ylum 7,gr--/>*71 />*4 ,,anal,,ogy 7,gr--equality ( ratios1 proportion71 sup]ficial or g5]al resemblance1 )\t /ructural agreem5t2 physiologically or functionally alike1 morphologically unlike4 ,,anas,,tomos+ 7,gr--an op5+1 outlet1 dis*>ge71 unit$ by runn+ toge!r irregul>ly2 int]communication ( vessels1 l9es1 gills or ve9s ) ea* o!r4 ,,angioc>,,p\s 7,gr--a capsule1 case1 vessel ( any k9d71 hav+ ! hym5ium develop$ 9 a clos$ receptacle4 ,,angus,,tate 7angu/atus1 pp4 ( angu/]e1 /rait51 n>r[1 angu/us1 n>r[71 n>r[4 ,,an,,nual 7annualis1 a ye> old1 annus1 a ye>71 complet+ gr[? 9 "o ye> or season4 ,,an,,nul> 7annul>is1 relat+ to a r+1 annulus1 a r+71 r+-%ap$4 ,,an,,nulate 7,see ,,annul>71 hav+ a r+4 ,,an,,nulus 7,see ,,annul>71 ! r+ on ! /em ( a mu%room =m$ by ! sep>ation ( ! veil f ! m>g9 ( ! cap4 ,,anom,,al\s 7anomalus1 irregul>1 unev571 deviat+ f a g5]al rule1 me?od or analogy4 ,,anom,,aly 7anomalia1 irregul>ity1 unev5ness71 any deviation f ! usual "*4 ,,ante,,rior 7z if f ant]us1 ante1 be=e71 9 front2 d5otes a position on ! "u side ( ! pileus adjac5t to ! m>g92 ?us ! end ( a lamell next ! m>g9 is call$ ! ant]ior end4 ,,ap>aph,,ysate 7a ,gr--an (f%oot71 )\t p>aphyses4 ,a,,pex 7pl4 ,,api,,ces77apex1 ! extreme end71 9 mu%rooms ! extremity ( ! /em ne>e/ ! gill2 ! end fur!/ f ! base or po9t ( atta*m5t4 ,,ap,,ical 7apex1 ! extreme end1 po9t71 relat+ to ! apex or top4 ,,ap,,ices1 plural ( apex4 ,,apic,,ulate 7apiculatus1 dim4 ( apex1 a po9t71 t]m9at+ 9 a %ort1 abrupt po9t4 ,,apic,,ulus 7pl4 ,,apic,,uli7 7dim4 ( apex 7apic-71 a po9t71 a %ort1 %>p po9t4 ,,apo!,,cium 7pl4 ,,apo!,,cia71 7,gr--a /oreh\se71 9 ,ascomycetes1 an op5 cup-%ap$ fructification ) ! hym5ium on its upp] concave surface2 cup4 ,,app5dic,,ulate 7app5diculatus app5dicula1 app5dix1 an app5dage71 hang+ 9 small fragm5ts2 hav+ an unusual app5dage4 ,,ap,,planate 7applanatus ad1 to1 planus1 flat71 flatt5$ out or horizontally exp&$4 ,,appress$ 7appressus1 adpressus1 pp4 ( adprim]e1 press to1 ad1 to1 prem]e1 press71 appli$ closely to ! surface or to ea* o!r2 adpress$4 ,,approx,,imate 7approximatus1 pp4 approxim>e ad1 to2 proxim>e1 to approa*71 ( gills :i* approa* b d n rea* ! /em4 ,aque\s 7z if aqueus1 aqua1 wat]71 wat]y2 ne>ly colorless2 hyal9e4 ,,ara*,,noid 7,gr--a spid]'s web2 =ma1 =m71 l a cobweb4 ,,arbo,,real1 ,,arbor,,ical 7arboreus1 p]ta9+ to trees71 tree-inhabit+4 ,,ar,,cuate 7arcuatus1 pp4 arcu>e1 to b5d l a b[1 arcus1 a b[71 b[-%ap$4 ,,ar5a,,ce\s1 ,,ar5a,,ri\s1 ,,are,,nose 7ar5aceus1 h>5aceus1 s&y1 ar5a1 h>5a1 s&71 s&y2 gr[+ 9 s&y places4 ,,are,,olate 7areola1 dim4 ( area1 a plot71 divid$ into little areas or pat*es4 ,,argilla,,ce\s 7argillaceus argilla1 :ite clay71 resembl+ or l clay4 ,,ar,,id 7aridus1 dry1 ar]e1 be dry71 dry4 ,,aris,,tate 7ari/atus ari/a1 awn or be>d71 hav+ a po9t$ be>d-l process z 9 b>ley4 ,,armil,,la 7armilla1 a bracelet1 armlet1 hoop1 r+1 dim4 prob4 ( armus1 %\ld]71 a plait$ frill hang+ f ! apex ( ! /em4 ,,arte,,riole 7art]iola1 dim4 ( art]ia1 art]y71 a small art]y4 ,,artic,,ulate 7articulatus1 pp4 ( articul>e1 divide into jo9ts or memb]s1 articulus1 a jo9t1 etc471 jo9t$4 ,,asc5d,,+ 7ad1 to1 sc&]e1 to climb71 incl9+ or gr[+ upw>d2 appli$ to a lamella :]e its edge =ms a l9e asc5d+ 9 ! direction f ! m>g9 ( pileus t[>d ! apex ( ! /ipe2 z 9 conical %ap$ pilei2 appli$ to ! p>tial veil :5 9 ! "y /age its /em-atta*m5t is bel[ ! level ( its m>g9al "o2 9 ?is case a r+ =m$ f x is call$ inf]ior4 ,,z,,ci 7,gr--a lea!rn bag1 bladd]71 spore cases ( c]ta9 mu%rooms1 9 :i* a def9ite numb] ( spores are enclos$ 9 a sac4 ,,ascif,,er\s1 ,,ascoph,,or\s 7ascus f]re1 be>71 ascus-be>+4 ,,ascig,,er\s 7ascus g]]e1 be>71 be>+ asci4 ,,z,,coc>p 7,gr--a bag1 a fruit71 9 ,ascomycetes1 sporoc>p produc+ asci & ascospores4 ,,ascog,,en\s 7,gr--a bag1 produc+71 produc+ asci4 ,,ascomyce,,tes 7,gr--a bag1 ,gr--a mu%room71 gr\p ( fungi 9 :i* ! spores are produc$ )9 little sack-l cells1 call$ asci4 ,,ascomyce,,t\s1 ( or p]ta9+ to ! ascomycetes4 ,,z',,cophore 7,gr--be>+ w9e-sk9s2 ,gr--a bag71 sporophore be>+ an ascus or asci4 ,,ascoph,,or\s1 be>+ an ascus or asci4 ,,z,,cospores 7,gr--a bag1 ,gr--se$71 "o ( a numb] ( spores =m$ )9 an ascus4 ,,z,,cus 7pl4 ,,z,,ci7 7,gr--a lea!r bag1 bottle1 bladd]1 etc471 microscopic sack-l cells 9 :i* spores1 g5]ally eight 9 numb]1 are develop$4 ,,asep,,tate 7,gr--)\t1 ,l4--septum1 a f5ce71 )\t p>titions or septa1 said ( hyph & spores4 ,,a% ,,color 7,see ,,c9]e\s74 ,,z,,p]ate1 ,,z,,p]at$ 7asp]atus1 pp4 ( asp]>e1 r\gh51 asp]1 r\gh71 hav+ a r\gh1 unev5 surface4 ,,z,,ti*\s 7a/i*us1 a ,gr--r[71 n arrang$ 9 r[s4 ,,a/o,,mat\s 7a/omatus1 m\?less71 )\t a m\? or ap]ture2 )\t /omata4 ,,z,,tom\s 7a/omus1 m\?less71 )\t a /oma or m\?4 ,,at,,omate 7,gr--an atom71 spr9kl$ ) atoms or m9ute p>ticles4 ,a,,tro 7at]1 black71 9 composition 8black10 or 8d>k40 ,a,,tropurpu,,re\s 7at]1 black1 purpura1 purple dye1 ous71 d>k purple4 ,a,,trosangu9,,e\s 7at]1 black2 sangu9eus1 blood1 bloody71 d>k purple2 d>k blood color4 ,,att5,,uate 7att5uatus1 pp4 ( att5u>e1 make ?91 weak51 less51 ad1 to1 t5u>e1 make ?971 becom+ gradually n>r[$ or small]4 ,,auranti,,ace\s 7aurantium1 an orange71 orange-color$4 ,,aur,,e\s 7aureus1 ( gold1 gold51 aurum1 gold71 gold5-yell[2 yell[ ) a slight t+e ( r$4 ,,auric,,ulate1 ,,aur,,i=m 7auriculatus1 auricula1 ! ext]nal e>71 e>-%ap$4 ,,auto-,,basid,,ium 7actus1 an act1 dim4 ( ,gr--a base1 basidium71 an unseptat$ basidium giv+ rise at ! apex to f\r sl5d] /]igmata 7sometimes few]1 sometimes m71 ea* be>+ a spore4 ,,auton,,om\s 7,gr--indep5d5t2 ( "o's own free w2 ,gr--self1 ,gr--hold sway71 said ( plants t are p]fect & complete 9 !mselves2 n =m+ "p ( a cycle2 indep5d5t4 ,,ax,,is 7axle1 axis1 pole ( ! e>?71 ! c5tral l9e ( gr[?2 /ipe1 /alk1 etc4 ,,azo,,nate 7,gr--)\t1 ,l4--zona1 a zone71 )\t zones or circul> b&s ( diff]5t color4 ,,ba,,di\s 7badius1 bay71 bay2 r$di%-br[n2 *e/nut color4 ,,b&1 a broad b> ( color4 ,,b&$1 m>k$ ) b&s4 ,,b>b$ 7b>ba1 be>d71 furni%$ ) b>bs1 fibrils or hairs4 ,,base 7bassus1 l[1 %ort1 ?ick71 ! extremity opposite to ! apex2 ! "p ( an organ ne>e/ its po9t ( atta*m5t2 appli$ to lamell2 7a7 ! l9e ( atta*m5t to ! pileus 7z connect$ by ve9s at ! base72 7b7 sometimes us$ to def9e ! end atta*$ to ! /ipe 7broad or reticulate at ! base74 ,,basid,,iog5et,,ic 7,gr--a base g5esis71 produc$ ^u a basidium4 ,,basid,,iomyce,,tes 7basidium ,gr--a mu%room71 gr\p ( fungi :i* has its spores produc$ ^u basidia4 ,,basid,,iophore 7basidium ,gr--to be>71 a sporophore be>+ basidia4 ,,basid,,iospore 7basidium ,gr--spora1 spore2 se$71 spore acrog5\sly abjo9t$ ^u a basidium4 ,,basid,,ium 7pl4 ,,basid,,ia71 "m cells 9 ! hym5ium ( basidiomycetes =m$ on ! end ( a hyphal bran* & ab/rict+ spores2 ! spores are g5]ally f\r 9 numb]1 ea* on a /]igma1 b sometimes m1 sometimes few]1 & sometimes sessile4 ,see ,,auto-,,basidium & ,,proto-,,basidium4 ,,basip,,etal 7basis1 a base1 pet]e1 seek1 al71 9 ! direction ( ! base4 ,,bay 7badius71 a v ri* d>k-r$di% *e/nut2 badi\s4 ,,bi-1 prefix1 mean+ twice4 ,,bib,,ul\s 7bibulus1 bib]e1 dr9k71 hav+ ! quality ( absorb+ or imbib+ moi/ure4 ,,bicip,,etal1 ,,bicip,,it\s 7biceps 7bicipit-71 two-head$1 al71 9 botany divid$ into two p>ts at ! top or bottom4 ,,bi,,fid 7bifidus1 =k$1 bi1 two1 f9d]e1 cleave1 divide71 cleft or divid$ into two p>ts4 ,,bifur,,cat$ 7bifurcus1 two-=k$71 divid$ into two =ks or bran*es z 9 ! gills ( c]ta9 ,ag>ics4 ,,biloc,,ul> 7bi1 two1 loculus1 a cell1 locus1 a place71 two-cell$4 ,,biog,,en\s 7bi1 two1 g5us1 g5a1 born71 gr[+ on liv+ organisms4 ,,bise,,riate1 ,,bise,,rial 7bi1 two1 s]iate71 arrang$ 9 two r[s4 ,,bis,,tre 7fulig9eus71 a d>k br[n color some:at m r$di% ?an sepia1 b mu* less s ?an burnt umb]4 ,,boot,,ed1 appli$ to ! /em ( a mu%room :5 enclos$ 9 a %ea? or volva2 p]onate4 ,,boss1 a knob or %ort r\nd$ protub]ance2 umbo4 ,,boss$1 ,,bull,,ate 7bulla1 a bubble71 furni%$ ) a boss1 /ud or umbo4 ,,bran*$ 7bran*a1 claw71 divid+ f ! sides2 also /yl$ furcate & =k$2 ramify+1 div]g+4 ,,brick1 trade-t]m = a mass ( mu%room spawn1 9 dim5sions ! size ( a brick ( masonry4 ,,brick ,,r$ 7te/aceus1 lat]itius1 rutilus71 a dull br[ni%-r$ color l ! color ( burnt bricks4 ,,broad1 wide or deep v]tically1 n n>r[4 ,,broccoli ,,color1 ! color ( a v>iety ( cabbage4 ,,buff 7luteus1 luteolus71 a light dull br[ni%-yell[1 l ! color ( dress$ buck-sk9 or *amois4 ,,bul,,b\s 7bulbosus1 bulbus1 bulb71 said ( ! /em ( a mu%room :5 x has a bulb-l swell+ at ! base4 ,,byssa,,ce\s1 ,,bys,,soid 7z if byssaceus1 byssus71 resembl+ or consi/+ ( f9e filam5ts l ! flax or cotton4 ,,bys,,sus 7,gr--orig9ally a f9e yell[i% flax71 an old "n = ! filam5t\s mycelium ( c]ta9 fungi4 ,c,,ru,,leus1 ,,c]u,,leos 7cruleus1 d>k-blue1 d>k-gre51 d>k color$71 light blue2 sky-blue4 ,c,,si\s 7csius1 blui%-gray71 pale1 blui%-gray2 lav5d] color$4 ,c,s,,pitose1 ,c,s,,pit\s1 ,,ces,,pitose 7cspitosus1 csposus1 a clump ( turf71 gr[+ 9 tufts or clumps4 ,,calca,,re\s 7calc>ius1 p]ta9+ to lime1 calyx1 lime71 *alky1 *alk-l4 ,,callos,,ity1 ,,cal,,lus 7callosita1 callosus1 call\s71 a h>d or ?ick5$ spot or protub]ance4 ,,calyp,,tra 7,gr--a veil1 h5ce calyptra1 a hood71 appli$ e4 g4 to ! portion ( ! volva cov]+ ! pileus4 ,,campan,,ulate 7campana1 a bell71 bell-%ap$4 ,,canalic,,ulate 7canaliculus1 a little *annel71 *annel$1 furr[$4 ,,c,,cellate 7cancellatus1 pp4 ( cancell>e1 make l or provide ) a lattice71 lattic$1 m>k$ bo? longitud9ally & transv]sely ) an op5 network4 ,,c,,did\s 7c&idus71 %9+ :ite4 ,,canes,,c5t 7canesc57t-7s1 pp4 ( canesc]e1 canus1 :ite or ho>y71 hav+ :iti%1 grayi% or ho>y pubesc5ce4 ,,cap1 pileus2 ! exp&$1 umbrella-l receptacle ( ! common mu%room4 ,,cap,,ill>y 7capill>is1 p]ta9+ to ! hair1 capillus1 ! hair71 p]ta9+ to or resembl+ hair4 ,,capil,,li=m 7capillus1 hair1 =ma1 =m71 9 ! %ape or =m ( a hair4 ,,capillit,,ium 7capillus1 hair71 spore-be>+ ?reads1 fill+ z a pack+ mat]ial ! fruit+ "p ( c]ta9 fungi1 v>iable 9 ?ickness & color1 sometimes cont9u\s ) ! /]ile base1 sometimes free1 d5se1 p]si/5t or lax & evanesc5t1 (t5 bran*$2 f\nd 9 ! ,lycop]dons4 ,,cap,,itate 7capitatus1 hav+ a head1 caput1 head71 hav+ a head1 or ! =m ( a head4 ,,capit,,ulum 7capitulum1 a small head1 caput1 head71 a small head4 ,,cap,,sule 7capsula1 a small box or *e/1 dim4 ( capsa1 a box71 an enclos+ envelope usually ?9 & membran\s4 ,,c>bona,,ce\s 7c>bon ace\s71 rigid1 blacki% & brittle2 l or compos$ ( c>bon or coaly matt]4 ,,c>,,diac 7c>diacus1 he>t71 ( or p]ta9+ to ! he>t2 p]ta9+ to ! esophageal portion ( ! /oma*1 oppos$ to pyloric4 ,,ca,,ri\s 7c>iosus1 c>ies1 decay71 decay$4 ,,c>m9e 7c>m9eus1 cocc9eus71 a v pure & int5se crimson1 ! pure/ ( ! co*9eal colors4 ,,c>,,ne\s 7c>neus1 c>o1 fle%71 fle%y2 fle%-color$4 ,,c>,,nose 7c>nosus1 fle%y1 c>o1 fle%71 fle%y4 ,,c>tilag,,in\s 7c>tilag9osus1 c>tilago1 gri/le71 firm & t\gh2 gri/ly4 ,,ca/a,,ne\s 7ca/aneus71 *e/nut-color$2 *e/nut color4 7,burnt umb] v]milion47 ,,cau,,date 7caudatus1 cauda1 a tail71 hav+ a tail-l app5dage4 ,,caulic,,ol\s 7dim4 ( caulis1 a /alk71 gr[+ on h]bace\s /ems4 ,,cell 7cella1 a small room1 b>n1 etc471 7a7 a small cavity1 comp>tm5t or holl[ place2 7b7 a mass ( protoplasm ( v>i\s size & %ape1 g5]ally microscopic1 ) or )\t a nucleus & enclos+ wall1 ! fundam5tal =m-elem5t ( e organiz$ body4 ,,cell,,ul> 7cellula1 dim4 ( a cell1 ar71 compos$ ( cells4 ,,cell,,ulose 7cellula1 a cell71 ! ess5tial con/itu5t ( ! prim>y wall-membrane ( cells1 a secretion f ! conta9$ protoplasm2 alli$ to />*1 sug> & inul94 ,*emical =mula1 ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e4 ,,c5timet]1 ,,cm4 7c5tum1 a hundr$1 metre1 met]71 9 ! metric sy/em a measure ( l5g?1 ! hundr$? "p ( a met]1 equal to #j4cicg ( an ,engli% in*4 ,,c5trif,,ugally 7c5trum1 ! c5t]1 fug]e1 flee71 f ! c5t] outw>ds4 ,,c5trip,,etally 7c5trum1 ! c5t]1 pet]e1 seek1 move t[>d71 f ! circumf]5ce t[>d ! c5t]4 ,,ce,p,,=m 7cepa1 an onion2 =ma1 =m71 onion-%ap$4 ,,c]a,,ce\s 7c]aceus1 c]a1 wax71 wax-l1 waxy4 ,,c]eb,,ri=m 7c]ebrum1 ! bra91 =ma1 =m71 bra9-%ap$4 ,,c],,v9e 7c]v9us1 c]vus1 de]71 ( a deep tawny or fawn color4 ,,*an,,nel$ 7canalis1 a wat]-pipe1 canal71 holl[$ out l a gutt]2 canaliculate ,,*>ta,,ce\s 7*>taceus1 *>ta1 pap]71 l pap]4 ,,*e/nut ,,color 7ca/aneus1 spadiceus71 a ri* d>k r$di%-br[n ( a slightly purpli% ca/4 7,v]milion burnt umb]47 ,,*lam,,ydospores 7,gr--mantle1 ,gr--se$7 7encas$ spores71 "o ( a numb] ( ?ick-wall$ re/+ spores usually =m$ 9 r[s f ! break+ up ( ! hyph into sph]ical bead-l cells2 on g]m9ation !y may develop sporangia or conidiophores4 ,,*lo,,rophyll 7*lorophyllum1 ,gr--yell[i%-gre52 ,gr,l41 folium1 a leaf71 ! gre5 color+ matt] ( plants4 ,,*loro,,sis 7,gr--gre5ness1 pal5ess71 loss ( color1 etiolation4 ,,*ocolate-,,br[n 7*ocolat9us71 a ri* d>k r$di%-br[n color1 l ! ext]ior glaz$ surface ( a cake ( *ocolate4 ,,*rome-,,gre5 7*romium-viridis71 a dull gre5 color1 ne>ly int]m$iate betwe5 mala*ite gre5 & sage gre54 ,,*rome-,,yell[1 a deep yell[4 ,,cil,,ia 7pl4 ( ,,cili,,um71 7cilium1 an eye-lid71 m>g9al hair-l processes4 ,,cil,,iate 7cilium1 an eye-lid71 fr+$ ) hair-l processes4 ,,c9e,,re\s1 ,,c9]a,,ce\s 7c9]eus1 c9]aceus71 a%-gray2 a light blui%-gray color1 light] ?an plumbe\s4 ,,c9,,nab>9e 7c9nab>1 v]milion1 ine71 c9nab>-color$2 bright r$2 v]milion4 ,,c9namo,,me\s1 ,,c9namon 7c9namomeus1 c9namom9us71 a light r$di%-br[n color1 l ! inn] surface ( c9namon b>k4 ,,c9namon-,,ruf\s 7c9namomeo-rufus71 ruf\s ) a t+e ( c9namon4 7,burnt si5na raw umb] light r$ :ite47 ,,cir,,c9ate 7circ9atus1 pp4 circ9>e1 to make r\nd71 dispos$ 9 a circle2 circul>1 coil$ l a %eph]d's crook4 ,,circumscis,,sile 7circumscissus1 pp4 ( circumsc9d]e1 cut ab\t71 op5+ or divid+ by a transv]se circul> l9e2 appli$ to a mode ( dehisc5ce 9 "s fruits4 ,,cit,,r9e1 ,,cit,,re\s1 ,,cit,,r9\s 7citrus1 a lemon or citron71 lemon-yell[ color$4 ,,cla?,,rate1 ,,cla?,,roid 7cla?ratus1 ,gr--a lattice71 lattic$4 ,,cla,,vate1 ,,clav,,i=m 7clavatus1 clava1 a club71 club-%ap$1 gradually ?ick5$ t[>ds ! top4 ,,clay ,,color 7lutesc5s1 luteolus1 lutosus1 argillaceus71 a dull light br[ni%-yell[ color1 ne>ly int]m$iate betwe5 yell[ o*] & ,isabella color4 ,,cleis,,toc>p1 ,,clis,,toc>p 7,gr--t c be clos$1 fruit71 an ascoc>p :i* is entirely clos$1 & f :i* ! spores escape by its f9al rupture4 ,,close1 pack$ closely side by side2 said ( lamell :5 !y are close toge!r2 also /yl$ cr[d$4 ,,coales,,c5t 7coalesc5s1 ppr4 ( coalesc]e1 gr[ toge!r71 gr[+ toge!r ( simil> p>ts2 coh]5t4 ,,co*,,leate1 ,,co*le>,,i=m 7co*leatus1 cocleatus1 spiral1 co*lea1 coclea1 a snail's %ell71 %ap$ l a snail %ell4 ,,cohe,,r5t 7coh]5s1 ppr4 ( cohr]e1 /ick toge!r1 coh]e71 /ick+ toge!r ( simil> p>ts2 sometimes us$ 9 ! s5se ( connate4 ,,coll5,,*yma 7,gr--glue1 ,gr--an infusion71 9 ,gea/]1 etc41 a c>tilag9\s-gelat9\s tissue1 hygroscopic & ) great capacity = swell+1 =m+ "o ( ! inn] lay]s ( ! p]idium2 its swell+ at maturity causes ! out] p]idium to bur/ outw>d 9 a /ellate mann]4 ,,collic,,ulose 7colliculus1 a little hill1 dim4 ( collis1 a hill71 cov]$ ) little hill-l elevations4 ,colloid 7,gr--glue1 semblance71 l glue or jelly4 ,,columel,,la 7columella1 a little column71 a /]ile tissue ris+ column-l 9 ! mid/ ( ! capillitium1 s]v+ z a po9t ( ins]tion = ! ?reads :i* connect x ) ! p]idium 9 ! =m ( a network4 7,9 ,lycop]dace47 ,,co,,mate1 ,,co,,mose1 ,,co,,m\s 7comatus1 hairy1 coma1 a hair71 furni%$ ) a tuft ( silky hairs2 hairy4 ,,com,,planate 7complanatus1 pp4 ( complan>e1 make plane or pla971 flatt5$ v]tically to a level surface above & bel[4 ,,compress$ 7compressa1 fem4 ( compressus1 pp4 ( comprim]e1 compress71 flatt5$ lat]ally4 ,,concat,,enate 7con1 toge!r1 cat5>e1 l9k1 *a91 cat5a1 a *a971 l9k$ toge!r 9 a *a94 ,,concave 7concavus1 holl[1 ar*$1 vault$2 com1 toge!r1 cavus1 holl[71 hav+ a r\nd$1 incurv$ surface4 ,,conc5,,tric 7con1 toge!r2 c5trum1 c5t]71 hav+ a common c5t]1 z a s]ies ( r+s1 "o )9 ano!r4 ,,concep,,tacle 7conceptaculum1 concip]e1 pp4 conceptus1 conta91 conceive71 a clos$ sporif]\s body4 ,,con,,*i=m 7con*a1 a %ell1 =ma1 %ape71 %ell-%ap$1 resembl+ a clam-%ell 9 %ape4 ,,concolor$1 ,,concol,,or\s 7concolor1 ( "o color71 ( a uni=m color4 ,,concres,,c5t 7concresc5tia1 concresc]e1 gr[ toge!r71 gr[+ toge!r4 ,,con,,crete 7concretus1 gr[n toge!r1 solid71 coalesc5t2 unit$ 9 a coagulat$1 cond5s$ or solid mass2 gr[n toge!r4 ,,conf],,void 7conf]va1 a "n appli$ to c]ta9 ( ! ,alg1 sea-we$s2 ,gr--=m71 l a ,conf]va1 f ! f9ely bran*$ ?reads2 loose & filam5t\s4 ,,con,,flu5t 7con1 toge!r1 ,gr--flu]e1 fl[71 bl5d$ into "o4 ,,con,,g5] 7cong5]1 ( ! same race1 con1 toge!r1 g5us 7g5]71 race71 ( ! same g5us or k9d4 ,,cong5],,ic1 ,,cong5],,ical1 ,,cong5,,er\s 7cong5]1 ( ! same race1 ic1 ous71 belong+ to or ne>ly alli$ to ! same g5us4 ,,cong5et,,ic 7con1 toge!r1 ,gr--g5]ation1 se$71 produc$ at ! same "t or by ! same cause2 alike 9 orig94 ,,conglom,,erate 7conglom]atus1 pp4 ( conglom]>e1 roll toge!r1 heap toge!r1 com1 toge!r1 glom]>e1 ga!r into a ball71 d5sely clu/]$2 ga!r$ into a r\nd mass2 compos$ ( het]og5e\s mat]ials4 ,,conglu,,t9ate 7conglut9atus1 pp4 ( conglut9>e1 glue toge!r1 com1 toge!r1 glut9>e1 glue71 z if glu$ toge!r4 ,,conid,,ial 7conidium al71 p]ta9+ to or ( ! nature ( a conidium or conidia2 *>act]iz$ by ! =mation ( conidia2 be>+ conidia4 ,,conidiif,,er\s1 ,,conidioph,,or\s 7conidium1 du/1 f]re1 be>71 be>+ conidia4 ,,conid,,iophore 7conidium1 ,gr--be>+71 a hypha f :i* are ab/rict$ conidia4 ,,conid,,ium 7pl4 ,,conidia71 a non-sexual spore =m$ s+ly or 9 *a9s by ab/riction f ! ends ( hyph or hyphal bran*es4 ,see "u ,,spore4 ,,co,,nif] 7conif]1 cone-be>+1 conus1 a cone1 f]re1 be>71 a cone-be>+ tree4 ,,conjuga,,tion 7conjugatio7n-71 a jo9+1 entomological relation%ip1 conjug>e1 pp4 conjugatus1 jo971 union ( two cells to =m a spore4 ,,con,,nate 7connatus1 pp4 connasci1 con1 toge!r2 nascor1 to be born71 unit$ by gr[+ toge!r f ! fir/4 ,,con,,niv5t 7conniv57t-7s1 coniv57t-7s1 ppr4 ( conniv]e1 coniv]e1 w9k at2 ov]look71 hav+ an inw>d direction1 conv]g+1 com+ 9 contact1 said ( a cup ^: sides curve inw>d & meet at ! m>g94 ,,con,,/ant 7con/an7t-7s1 /eady1 firm1 com1 toge!r1 />e71 always pres5t or always 9 ! same condition4 ,,con/ric,,t$ 7con/rict ed71 contract$ s z to be small] 9 "o or m places ?an 9 o!rs4 ,,con,,text 7contextus1 pp4 ( contex]e1 jo9 or weave toge!r71 texture2 sub/ance4 ,,contig,,u\s 7contiguus1 t\*+71 ne>1 or 9 contact4 ,,cont9,,u\s 7cont9uus1 jo9$1 cont9]e1 hold toge!r71 )\t a break2 appli$ to spores or hyph t h no septa4 ,,contor,,t$ 7contortus1 pp4 ( contorqu]e1 twi/1 com1 toge!r2 torqu]e1 twi/71 di/ort$1 twi/$1 crook$ or de=m$4 ,,con,,vex 7convexus1 vault$1 ar*$1 convex1 concave71 elevat$ & regul>ly r\nd$2 =m+ ! segm5t ( a sph]e or ne>ly s4 ,,convex,o-,,plane1 betwe5 convex & flat4 ,,con,,volute 7convolutus1 pp4 ( convolv]e1 roll toge!r71 cov]$ ) irregul> convexities & depressions resembl+ ! convolutions ( ! bra94 ,,cor,,date 7cordatus1 he>t-%ap$71 he>t-%ap$4 ,,coria,,ce\s 7coriaceus1 corium1 lea!r71 ( a lea!ry texture4 ,,cor,,ne\s 7corneus1 horny71 ( a horny texture4 ,,cor,,rugat$ 7corrugatus1 pp4 corrug>e1 con1 toge!r1 rug>e1 to wr9kle71 wr9kl$2 contract$2 puck]$2 hav+ a wr9kl$ appe>ance4 ,,cor,,tex 7cortex1 cork71 lit]ally b>k2 a cov]+ ( cells enclos+ ! axis2 cortical lay]2 ! out] r9d-l lay] or lay]s ( "s fungus bodies4 ,,cor,,tical 7cortex 7cortic71 b>k1 r9d1 al71 ( or p]ta9+ to ! cortex4 ,,cor,,ticate1 ,,cor,,ticat$ 7corticatus1 pp4 adj41 cortex1 b>k71 furni%$ ) b>k-l cov]+2 hav+ a r9d4 ,,corti,,na 7cort9a71 a veil ( spid]-web /ructure ruptur+ at or ne> ! /em2 appli$ to ! peculi> veil ( ! g5us ,cort9>ius4 ,,cor,,t9ate 7cort9atus1 cort9a1 a curta971 provid$ ) or p]ta9+ to a cort9a4 ,,cos,,tate 7co/atus1 ribb$1 co/a1 rib71 hav+ a ridge or ridges z if ribb$4 ,,co/ 7pl4 ( co/a1 a rib1 a side71 ribs or prim>y ve9s 7z 9 a leaf74 ,,crate,,ra 7crat]1 a b[l71 a cup-%ap$ receptacle4 ,,crat],,i=m 7crat]1 a crat]1 =ma1 %ape71 bas9 or sauc]-%ap$2 hav+ ! =m ( a crat]4 ,,cream ,,color 7cremeus71 a light p9ki%-yell[ color l cream4 ,,cre,,nate 7cr5atus1 cr5a1 a not*71 not*$ at ! edge1 ind5t$1 scallop$3 ,! not*es are blunt or r\nd$1 n %>p z 9 a s]rat$ edge4 ,,cr5,,ulate1 ,,cr5,,ulat$ 7cr5ulatus71 same z cr5ate4 ,,creta,,ce\s 7cretaceus1 *alky1 creta1 *alk71 *alky2 ( ! color ( *alk4 ,,crib,,rate1 ,,crib,,ri=m 7cribrum1 a sieve1 =ma1 %ape71 sieve-l2 p]=at$ ) small holes4 ,,crib,,rose 7cribrosus1 cribrum1 a sieve71 pi]c$ ) holes2 p]=at$4 ,,crimson 7c>m9eus1 sangu9eus1 sangu9eo-rub]71 blood-r$1 ! color ( ! crud] sorts ( c>m9e4 ,,cri,,nite 7cr9itus1 hair$1 pp4 ( cr9ire1 provide ) hair1 cr9is1 hair71 hav+ a tuft ( long1 weak hairs4 ,,crisp1 ,,crisp$1 ,,cris,,pate 7crispus1 curl$1 wavy1 unev51 tremul\s71 hav+ ! surface1 especially ne> ! m>g91 /rongly & f9ely undulate1 z ! leaves ( ! ,savoy cabbage4 ,,cris,,tate 7cri/atus1 cri/a1 a cre/71 cre/$2 be>+ a ridge1 mane or tuft on ! top4 ,,cru,,ciate1 ,,cru,,ci=m 7cruciatus1 pp4 ( cruci>e1 torture71 hav+ ! =m ( a cross ) equal arms4 ,,cru/a,,ce\s 7cru/a1 a cru/1 ace\s71 ( h>d & brittle texture4 ,,cryp,,togam 7,gr--hidd51 m>riage71 a plant ( ! ord] ,cryptogamia4 ,,cryptoga,,mia 7,gr--hidd51 m>riage71 fl[]less plants propagat$ by spores4 ,,cryptog,,amy 7,gr--hidd51 m>riage71 obscure fructification z 9 plants ( ! class ,cryptogamia4 ,,culm 7culmus1 a /alk71 ! /em ( grasses4 ,,cu,,neate1 ,,cune,,i=m 7cuneatus1 pp4 ( cune>e1 w$ge1 make w$ge-%ap$1 cuneus1 a w$ge71 w$ge-%ap$4 ,,cup 7cupa1 a tub1 cask1 vat71 ! concave fruit+ body ( angioc>p\s li*5s & discomycet\s fungi2 ! p]idium ( a clu/]+ fungus4 ,see ,,apo!cium4 ,,cu,,pre\s 7cupreus1 ( copp]1 cuprum1 copp]71 copp]-color$4 ,,cu,,pul>1 ,,cu,,pulate 7a little cup1 dim4 ( cupa1 a cup71 cup-%ap$4 ,,cu,,pule1 ,,cu,,pula 7a little cup1 dim4 ( cupa1 a cup71 a receptacle %ap$ l a little cup1 z 9 ,peziza4 ,,curl$1 same z ,,crisp4 ,,curt 7curtus1 clipp$1 brok51 %ort5$71 %ort4 ,,cur,,ta9 7cort9a1 a small cr(t1 scre51 etc471 same z cort9a4 ,,cus,,pidate 7cuspidatus1 pp4 cuspid>e1 cuspis1 a po9t1 spe>71 ) a %>p spe>-l po9t4 ,,cu,,ticle 7cuticula1 dim4 ( cutis1 ! sk971 a di/9ct sk9-l lay]2 cutis1 cuticle1 pellicle & epid]mis h be5 us$ indiscrim9ately to describe ! sep>able or insep>able sk9-l lay] sometimes pres5t on ! out] surface ( ! pileus & /em2 ( ^! t]ms1 cuticle is us$ mo/ commonly4 ,,cu,,tis4 ,see ,,cuticle4 ,,cya,,ne\s 7cyaneus1 d>k blue71 bright blue2 azure2 lapis-lazuli blue4 ,,cyano,,sis 7,gr--d>k-blue1 osis71 9 pa?ology a blue or m or less livid color ( ! surface ( ! body1 due to imp]fect circulation & oxyg5ation ( ! blood4 ,,cy,,a?i=m 7cya?us1 a cup2 =ma1 =m71 cup-%ap$1 %ape ( a dr9k+ glass slightly wid5$ at ! top4 ,,cyl9,,dric1 ,,cyl9,,drical 7cyl9dricus1 cyl9d]71 cyl9d]-%ap$2 appli$ to a bran* or /em hav+ ! same or ne>ly ! same diamet] ?r\gh\t1 & its cross-section circul>4 ,,cym,b,,=m1 ,,cym,,bi=m 7cymba1 a boat1 =ma1 %ape71 boat-%ape4 ,,cy/ 7cy/is1 ! bladd]1 bag1 p\*71 a bladd]-l cell or cavity4 ,,cy/id,,ium 7pl4 ,,cy/id,,ia7 7,gr--! bladd]1 ! dim4 t]m9ation71 /]ile bladd] cells ( ! hym5ium1 g5]ally l>g] ?an ! basidia cells betwe5 :i* & ) :i* !y are =m$4 ,,da%1 -1 betwe5 two figures to2 f #b to #d4 ,,daught]-,,cell1 any cell :5 m5tion$ 9 relation to ! "o 7"m-cell7 f :i* x is d]iv$4 ,,deal,,bate 7dealbatus1 pp4 ( dealb>e1 :it51 :ite-wa%1 etc41 de alb>e1 :it571 z if :ite-wa%$2 cov]$ ) v :ite opaque p[d]4 ,,decid,,u\s 7deciduus1 t falls d[n2 decid]e1 de1 d[n1 c$]e1 to fall71 fall+ (f at maturity or at ! end ( ! season1 n p]man5t2 los+ ! foliage e ye>4 ,,decor,,ticate1 ,,decor,,ticat$ 7decorticatus1 pp4 ( decortic>e1 de1 f1 cortex1 b>k71 d5ud$ ( b>k2 de/itute ( a cortex or cortical lay]4 ,,decum,,b5t 7decumb57t-7s1 ppr4 ( decumb]e1 lie d[n1 de1 d[n1 cumb]e1 lie7 appli$ to a /em hav+ ! l[] "p re/+ on ! gr\nd4 ,,decur,,r5t 7decurr57t-7s1 ppr4 decurr]e1 run d[n71 appli$ to lamell 7gills7 :i* are prolong$ d[n ! /em4 ,,decurv$ 7decurve ed1 aft] decurvatus1 curv$ back71 curv$ d[nw>d2 oppos$ to recurv$4 ,,deflex$ 7deflexus1 pp4 deflect]e1 turn aside71 b5t or turn$ d[n4 ,,dehis,,c5ce 7dehisc57t-7s1 dehisc5t71 ! spontane\s op5+ ( a p]idium at maturity to dis*>ge ! spores4 ,,dehis,,c5t 7dehisc]e1 gape1 op571 a clos$ organ op5+ ( itself at maturity or :5 x has atta9$ a c]ta9 developm5t4 ,,deliques,,c5t 7deliquesc]e1 melt away71 relat+ to mu%rooms :i* at maturity become liquid or melt d[n4 ,,delimita,,tion 7delimit>e1 m>k out ! limits1 de limit>e1 limit1 b\nd71 ! m>k+1 fix+ or prescrib+ ! limits or b\nd>ies4 ,,d5,,droid1 ,,d5,,dri=m 7,gr--a tree1 ,l4--=ma1 =m71 tree-%ap$4 ,,d5,,tate 7d5tatus1 too?71 too!d ) a concave s]rature4 ,,d5tic,,ulate 7d5ticulatus1 d5ticulus1 a small too?71 f9ely d5tate4 ,,d5u,,date 7d5udatus1 pp4 ( d5ud>e1 make b>e1 /rip71 nak$2 expos$1 n imm]s$4 ,,depress$ 7depressus1 pp4 ( deprim]e1 de1 d[n1 prem]e1 press71 z if press$ d[n or flatt5$2 sunk bel[ ! level ( ! surr\nd+ m>g94 ,,d]m9i1 a gr\p ( fungi ) br[n or ru/-color$ spores4 ,,desc5d,,+ 7desc9d]e1 pp4 desc5sus1 come d[n1 fall1 de1 d[n1 sc&]e1 climb71 appli$ to a m>g9al veil :51 9 ! "y /age1 its m>g9al atta*m5t is bel[ ! level ( its /em-atta*m5t2 a r+ =m$ f x is call$ sup]ior2 turn$ d[nw>d4 ,,des,,iccate1 ,,des,,iccat$ 7desiccatus1 pp4 ( desicc>e1 dry up1 de1 int5sive1 sicc>e1 dry71 dri$4 ,,det],,m9ate 7det]m9atus1 pp4 det]m9>e1 fix1 limit71 end+ def9itely2 hav+ a di/9ctly def9$ outl9e4 ,,det]m9a,,tion 7det]m9atio7n71 b\nd>y1 conclusion1 end1 det]m9>e1 pp4 det]m9atus1 b\nd1 det]m9e71 assignm5t to ! prop] place 9 a classification or s]ies4 ,,diagno,,sis 7diagnosis1 a di/+ui%+71 sci5tific discrim9ation ( any k9d2 a %ort di/9ctive description1 z ( a plant4 ,,diaph,,an\s 7,gr--?r\gh1 to appe>71 ( a transp>5t texture2 p]mitt+ ! passage ( light4 ,,di*ot,,om\s 7,gr--9 two1 to cut71 divid+ into two2 regul>ly =k$4 ,,di*ot,,omy 7,gr--a cutt+ 9 two71 a mode ( bran*+ by con/ant =k+ or divid+ 9 pairs4 ,,did,,ym\s 7,gr--d\ble1 tw(old1 tw971 d\ble2 ( two equal p>ts4 ,,diff]5,,tiat$ 7diff]5tia1 diff]5ce71 exhibit+ diff]5tiation4 ,,diff]5tia,,tion 7diff]5tia1 diff]5ce1 ation71 7a7 discrim9ation betwe5 by obs]v+ or describ+ ! diff]5ces2 7b7 ! evolution>y process or results by :i* orig9ally diff]5t p>ts or organs become diff]5tiat$ or specializ$ 9 ei!r =m or function2 specialization4 ,,dif,,flu5t 7difflu57t-7s1 ppr4 ( difflu]e1 dis1 away1 ap>t1 flu]e1 fl[71 readily dissolv+4 ,,dif,,=m1 ,,dif=m$ 7de=mis1 de=m$71 irregul> 9 =m1 n uni=m4 ,,diffuse 7diffusus1 pp4 ( diffund]e1 p\r 9 diff]5t directions1 p\r out1 dis1 away1 fund]e1 fl[71 spread+ widely1 loosely & irregul>ly4 ,,dig,,itate 7digitatus1 hav+ f+]s or toes1 digitus1 f+]71 furni%$ ) f+]s2 divid+ l ! f+]s ( ! h&4 ,,dila,,t$ 7dilat>e1 spread out2 ext5d71 exp&$2 enl>g$4 ,,dimid,,iate 7dimidiatus1 dimidi>e1 halve71 halv$2 e4 g4 ( gills :i* rea* halfway to ! /em2 also ( pileus :5 x is semi-circul> 9 outl9e or ne>ly s2 z _m ,polyporei4 ,,dimor,,phic1 ,,dimor,,ph\s 7dimorphus1 hav+ two =ms71 exi/+ 9 two di/9ct =ms4 ,,dimor,,phism 7dimorphus1 hav+ two =ms71 ! prop]ty ( exi/+ "u two di/9ct =ms4 ,,disc1 ,,disk 7discus1 a disk1 tr5*]71 7a7 any flat circul> disk-l gr[?2 7b7 ! c5tral portion ( ! upp] surface ( a pileus2 ! cup-%ap$ or o!rwise v>i\sly %ap$ hym5ial surface ( a ,discomycete4 ,,dis,,ci=m1 ,,dis,,coid1 ,,dis,,coidal 7discoides1 disk-%ap$71 ( a circul>1 flat =m2 disk-%ap$4 ,,dis,,coc>p 7,gr--a disk1 ,gr--fruit71 ascoc>p 9 :i* ! hym5ium or disk lies expos$ :ile ! asci are matur+ z 9 ,peziza1 ,mor*ella1 etc4 ,,discomyce,,tes 7,gr--a disk1 ,gr--fungus71 a gr\p ( ascomycet\s fungi 9 :i* ! hym5ium is expos$2 ! fruit+ body is cupul>1 discoid or clavate1 & sometimes convolut$4 ,,discrete 7discretus1 di/+ui%$1 sep>at$71 di/9ct1 n coalesc5t4 ,,dissec,,t$ 7dissectus1 pp4 ( dissec>e1 cut asund]1 dis1 asund]1 sec>e1 cut71 cut deeply into _m lobes or divisions4 ,,dissep,,im5ts 7dissepim5tum1 a p>tition7 divid+ walls2 p>titions4 ,,dis,,tal 7di/7ance7 al71 p]ta9+ to ! apex or out] extremity4 ,,dis,,tant1 7di/ans1 ppr4 di/>e1 /& ap>t71 f> ap>t2 ( gills :i* h a wide di/ance betwe5 !m4 ,,dis,,ti*\s 7,gr--hav+ two r[s71 dispos$ 9 two r[s4 ,,div>,,icate 7div>icatus1 pp4 div>ic>e1 spread asund]71 sep>at+ at an obtuse angle2 div]g+ widely4 ,,dor,,sal 7dorsalis1 dorsum1 ! back71 p]ta9+ to ! back1 lit]ally on ! upp] side4 ,,d[n1 f9e1 s(t pubesc5ce4 ,e or ,,ex-1 prefix signify+ 8de/itute (10 8outside (10 or 8away f40 ,,ebe,,ne\s 7eb5eus1 ( ebony1 eb5us1 ebony71 black l ebony4 ,,ebur,,ne\s 7eburneus1 ( ivory1 ebur1 ivory71 ivory-:ite4 ,,ecc5,,tric 7,gr--out ( ! c5t]71 exc5tric4 ,,e*,,inate 7e*9atus1 set ) bri/les1 prickly71 furni%$ ) /iff bri/les4 ,,e*9,,ulate 7e*9ulus1 dim4 ( e*9us1 a h$gehog71 beset ) %ort bri/les4 ,,ecto- 7,gr--)\t1 outside71 prefix signify+ 8outside40 ,,ectobasid,,ia 7,gr--outside1 basidium71 basidia plac$ on an expos$ surface2 n enclos$4 ,,ed5,,tate 7ed5tatus1 too?less1 pp4 ( ed5t>e1 r5d] too?less71 )\t tee?4 ,,effus$ 7effusus1 pp4 effund]e1 p\r out71 spread ov] )\t regul> =m4 ,,effu,,s-,,reflex$1 effus$ ) upp] m>g9 reflect$ =m+ a pileus4 ,,egg 7ovum1 an egg71 a "y plant be=e rupture ( ! volva 9 ,phalloids1 ,amanitas1 etc4 ,,egutt,,ulate1 n conta9+ guttul4 ,,ellip,,soid 7,gr--ellipse1 ,gr--=m71 a solid figure all plane1 sections ( :i* are ellipses or circles4 ,,ellipsoi,,dal1 %ap$ l an ellipsoid4 ,,ellip,,tic1 ,,ellip,,tical 7,gr--ellipse71 elongate-ovate2 m ?an twice z long z broad2 p>allel-sid$ 9 ! middle & r\nd$ at bo? ends4 ,,em>,,g9ate 7em>g9atus1 pp4 em>g9>e1 e1 out (2 m>go1 ! m>g971 not*$ at ! end2 ( gills ) a sudd5 scoop1 z if scoop$ out at ! po9t ( atta*m5t to ! /em4 ,,emboss$1 9 botany project+ 9 ! c5t] l ! boss or umbo ( a r\nd %ield4 ,,em,,bryo1 ! mu%room be=e leav+ its volva1 also an e>ly /age ( mu%rooms :i* h no volva4 ,,encru/,,+ 7incru/>e1 cov] ) a r9d or cru/1 91 on1 cru/a1 a cru/74 ,,endem,,ic 7,gr--native71 peculi> to & *>act]i/ic ( a locality or region2 indig5\s 9 "s region & n else:]e4 ,,endo-1 ,,ento- 7,gr--8910 8)9071 prefix signify+ 8)910 8inside40 ,,endobasid,,ia 7,gr--)91 basidium71 basidia enclos$ 9 a dehisc5t or indehisc5t conceptacle4 ,,endocau,,l\s 7,gr--)91 caulis1 a /alk71 gr[+ 9 ! sub/ance ( h]bace\s /ems4 ,,en,,dog5 7,gr--)91 produc+74 ,see ,,monocotyl$on4 ,,endog,,en\s 7,gr--)91 ,gr--produc+1 ous71 produc$ )9 ano!r body2 ( or p]ta9+ to ! class ( endog5s4 ,,endop]id,,ium 7,gr--)91 p]idium71 inn] lay] ( ! p]idium4 ,,en,,dophyte 7,gr--)91 a plant71 a plant gr[+ )9 an animal or ano!r plant1 usually z a p>asite2 entophyte4 ,,en,,dospore1 ,,endospo,,rium 7,gr--)91 ,gr--se$71 7a7 ! inn] coat ( a spore2 7b7 spore :i* is produc$ )9 a sporangium or spore-sac z ! ascospores4 ,,en,,si=m 7ensis1 a sword1 =ma1 %ape71 sword-%ap$4 ,,entire 7integ]1 integrum1 :ole71 ! edge q devoid ( s]rature or not*2 cont9u\s4 ,,entomog,,en\s 7,gr--an insect1 produc$71 gr[+ ^u or 9 insects4 ,,entomoph,,yt\s 7,gr--)91 gr[71 gr[+ ^u or 9 insects4 ,,en,,tophyte1 endophyte4 ,,epid],,mis 7,gr--! out] sk971 ! ext]nal or out] lay] ( ! plant4 ,,epig,,en\s 7,gr--gr[+ aft] or late71 gr[+ ^u ! surface ( a "p2 (t5 limit$ to gr[? ^u ! upp] surface1 9 di/9ction f hypog5\s4 ,,epig,,ous1 ,,epige,,ous 7,gr--on or ( ! e>?2 on ! gr\nd71 gr[+ on or 9 ! gr\nd4 ,,ep,,iphragm 7,gr--a cov]+2 lid71 a delicate membrane clos+ ! cup-l receptacle ( ! ,nidul>iace4 ,,ep,,iphytal1 ,,epiphyt,,ic1 ,,epiphyt,,ical 7,gr--^u1 a plant71 ( ! nature ( an epiphyte4 ,,ep,,iphyte 7,gr--^u1 a plant71 gr[+ ^u ! outside ( ano!r plant2 ei!r p>asitic or n4 ,,ep,,ispore1 ,,epispo,,rium 7,gr--^u1 se$71 ! out] coat ( a spore2 same z exosporium4 ,,epi!,,cium 7,gr--^u1 a case71 ! lay] sometimes =m$ above ! asci by ! concresc5t tips ( ! p>aphyses4 ,,epix,,yl\s 7,gr--^u1 wood ous71 gr[+ ^u wood4 ,e,,qual 7qualis1 equal1 l71 all gills ( ! same1 or ne>ly ! same1 l5g? f back to front2 /em ( uni=m ?ickness4 ,,ero,,d$ 7erod]e1 gnaw (f71 ! edge ragg$ z if torn4 ,,erum,,p5t 7erump57t-7s1 ppr4 ( erump]e1 break out71 prom95t2 orig9at+ b5ea? & bur/+ ?r\gh ! surface ( ! matrix4 ,e,,tiolate1 ,e,,tiolat$ 7/ipula1 /raw71 :it5$1 blan*$ by exclusion ( ! sun's rays or by disease4 ,,evanes,,c5t 7evanesc57t-7s1 ppr4 ( evanesc]e1 vani% away71 fleet+2 vani%+2 soon disappe>+4 ,e,,v51 ( a surface :i* is q plane z contra/$ e4 g4 ) "o :i* is /riate1 pitt$1 etc4 ,di/+ui%$ f smoo?4 ,a surface may n be smoo? & yet be ev54 ,,ex-1 prefix4 ,see 8,e-40 ,,exc5,,tric 7,gr--out ( ! c5t]71 n c5tral2 ! /ems ( "s mu%rooms are always exc5tric4 ,,excip,,ulum 7excipulum1 a vessel = receiv+ liquids1 excip]e1 take out1 receive71 out] lay] ( an apo!cium or cup develop$ z "p ( ! receptacle4 ,,exo-1 prefix signify+ 8outside40 ,,ex,,og5 7,gr--outside1 produc+71 a plant 9 :i* ! gr[? ( ! /em is 9 successive conc5tric lay]s4 ,,exog,,en\s1 gr[+ by additions on ! outside2 belong+ to or *>act]i/ic ( ! class ( exog5s2 produc$ on ! outside1 z ! spores ( hyphomycet\s & _m o!r fungi4 ,,exop]id,,ium 7,gr--outside1 p]idium71 out] lay] ( ! p]idium4 ,,ex,,ospores 7exosporium71 spores :i* are free1 n produc$ )9 a sporangium1 z basidio-spores4 ,,exospo,,rium 7,gr--outside1 se$71 ! out] coat ( a spore2 same z episporium4 ,,exot,,ic 7exoticus1 =eign1 ali571 =eign1 n native4 ,,expan,,d$ 7exp&]e1 pp4 expansus1 spread out1 ex1 out1 p&]e1 spread71 spread out1 z a pileus f convex to plane4 ,,ex,,planate 7explanatus1 flatt5$1 spread out71 flatt5$1 exp&$2 appli$ usually to a "p :i* has be5 roll$ or fold$4 ,,exs],,t$ 7exs]tus1 ?ru/ out1 pp4 ( exs]e1 /ret* out71 project+2 /&+ out4 ,,exsicca,,ti 7exsiccatus1 pp4 ( exsicc>e1 dry up71 dri$ specim5s2 especially ^? publi%$ 9 sets & di/ribut$4 ,,fac,,ultative 7faculta7t-7s1 faculty71 capability1 etc41 hav+ a faculty or p[]1 b ex]cis+ x only occasionally or incid5tally2 optional or cont+5t4 ,,fac,,ultative-,,p>,,asite1 an organism :i* normally lives ?r\gh\t z a saprophyte1 b :i* may also g ?r\gh its c\rse ei!r :olly or 9 "p z a p>asite4 ,,fac,,ultative-,,sap,,rophyte1 an organism :i* normally is p>asitic1 b :i* c vegetate at c]ta9 /ages z a saprophyte4 ,,fal,,cate1 ,,fal,,ci=m 7falcatus1 b5t1 curv$1 hook$1 sickle-%ap$1 falx1 a sickle71 hook$1 curv$ l a scy! or sickle4 ,,family 7familia1 h\sehold e/abli%m5t1 famulus1 a s]vant71 a sy/ematic gr\p 9 a sci5tific classification embrac+ a great] or less numb] ( g5]a :i* agree 9 c]ta9 *>act]s n %>$ by o!rs ( ! same ord]4 ,,f>c,,tate 7f>ctus1 f>cio1 to /uff71 /uff$2 )\t vacuities2 oppos$ to fi/ulose4 ,,f>9a,,ce\s 7f>9aceus1 f>9a1 meal71 mealy4 ,,f>,,inose 7f>9osus1 mealy71 cov]$ ) a :ite mealy p[d]4 ,,fas,,cia 7fascis1 a bundle71 a b& or b>4 ,,fas,,ciate1 ,,fas,,ciat$ 7fascia1 a b& or gir?71 hav+ broad p>allel b&s or /ripes2 b&$ or compact$ toge!r2 exhibit+ fasciation4 ,,fascia,,tion 7fascia1 a b&71 ! act or mann] ( b9d+ ) fasci1 a mon/r\s flatt5$ expansion ( ! /em2 condition ( be+ b\nd or compact$ toge!r4 ,,fas,,cicle1 ,,fascic,,ulus 7fasciculus1 a small bundle2 packet1 etc471 a close clu/]2 a small bundle4 ,,fascic,,ulate 7fasciculus1 a small bundle71 gr[+ 9 small bundles or fascicles4 ,,fa/ig,,iate 7fa/igiatus1 slop+1 fa/igium1 ! top ( a gable1 slope71 ) bran*es erect & close toge!r2 slop+ upw>d to a summit1 po9t or edge4 ,,favose 7favosus1 favus1 a honey-comb71 honey-comb$2 resembl+ a honey-comb4 ,,fawn-,,color 7c]v9us1 c]v9eus71 a light w>m-br[n color4 ,,f]ru,,g9e\s1 ,,f]ru,,g9\s 7f]rug9eus71 ru/-r$ or ! color ( iron ru/4 ,,fi,,brill>1 ,,fi,,brillate1 ,,fi,,brillose1 ,,fi,,brill\s 7fibrilla1 a fib]71 appe>+ to be cov]$ or compos$ ( m9ute fib]s4 ,,fi,,br\s 7fibrosus1 fibra1 a fib]71 clo!d ) small fib]s4 ,,fi,,br\s-,,myce,,lium1 ,,fibrillose-,,mycelium1 elongat$ bran*+ mycelial /r&s1 =m$ by ! union ( hyph4 ,,fig,,urate 7figuratus1 pp4 figu>e1 figura1 a =m1 %ape71 ( a c]ta9 det]m9ate =m or %ape4 ,,fil,,am5t 7filum1 ?read71 a sep>ate fib] or fibril ( any animal or vegetable tissue1 z a filam5t ( silk1 wool1 etc4 ,,filam5,,t\s1 l a ?read2 compos$ ( ?reads or filam5ts4 ,,filam5,,t\s-,,myce,,lium1 ,,floc,,cose-,,myce,,lium1 mycelium ( free hyph :i* are at mo/ loosely int]wov51 b )\t =m+ bodies ( def9ite %ape & outl9e4 ,,fil,,ace\s1 ,,fil,,i=m 7filum1 a ?read1 ace\s71 l a ?read or filam5t4 ,,fim,,briate1 ,,fim,,briat$ 7fimbriatus1 fimbri1 a fr+e71 fr+$2 cut jagg$ly4 ,,fis,,sile 7fissilis1 cleft1 fissus1 pp4 f9d]e1 split71 capable ( be+ split1 cleft or divid$ 9 lay]s4 ,,fis,,sur$ 7fissura1 a cleft1 *9k1 fissure71 cleft or split4 ,,fis,,tul>1 ,,fis,,tulose 7fi/ul>is1 l a pipe1 fi/ula1 a pipe71 tubul>1 holl[ 9 ! c5t] l a pipe4 ,,fix$1 said ( lamell or sp9es n readily deta*$ f ! und]ly+ tissue4 ,,flabel,,late1 ,,flabel,,li=m 7flabellum1 a fan71 fan-%ap$4 ,,flac,,cid 7flaccidus1 flabby1 p5dul\s71 s(t & limb]2 flabby2 )\t firmness or ela/icity4 ,,flaves,,c5t 7flavesc5s1 ppr4 flavesc]e1 become yell[1 flavus1 yell[71 yell[i% or turn+ yell[4 ,,fla,,v\s 7flavus1 gold5-yell[1 r$di%-yell[71 yell[4 ,,fle%1 inn] sub/ance ( a fungus-body z di/+ui%$ f ! cortical & hym5ial lay]s4 ,,fle%-,,color 7c>neus1 inc>natus71 a p9ki%-color l t obs]vable 9 ! *eeks ( a p]son ( fair complexion2 c>nation4 ,,fle%,y1 succul5t2 compos$ ( juicy cellul> tissue4 ,,flex,,uose1 ,,flex,,u\s 7flexuosus1 flexus1 a b5d+1 w9d+71 wavy4 ,,floc,,ci 7pl4 ( ,,floc,,cus7 7floccus1 a lock ( wool71 woolly locks4 ,,floc,,cose 7floccosus1 floccus1 a lock ( wool71 d[ny1 woolly2 compos$ ( or be>+ flocci4 ,,floc,,culose 7flocculosus1 flocculus1 dim4 ( floccus1 a lock ( wool71 cov]$ ) flocci2 compos$ ( or be>+ m9ute flocci4 ,,folia,,ce\s 7foliaceus1 leafy1 ( leaves1 folium1 a leaf71 leaf-l2 be>+ leaves4 ,,fo,,veate 7foveatus1 fovea1 a small pit1 pitfall71 m>k$ ) pits or depressions4 ,,fov,,eolate 7foveolatus1 foveola1 dim4 ( fovea1 a small pit71 m>k$ ) m9ute pits or depressions4 ,,free1 said ( gills :i* are n atta*$ to ! /em2 said ( any "p n atta*$ to ano!r2 ( spores n inclos$ 9 a special envelope4 ,,frill1 same z ,,armilla4 ,,front1 same z ,,ant]ior4 ,,fr+e 7fimbria1 a bord]71 a lac]at$1 m>g9al membrane4 ,,fruc,,tification 7fructific>e1 be> fruit71 reproduc+ p[] ( a plant2 fruit+2 also ! organs conc]n$4 ,,fuga,,ci\s 7fug>1 fug]e1 flee71 fleet+1 transitory2 fall+ or fad+ e>ly4 ,,fu,,gitive 7fugitivus1 flee+ away2 a fugitive71 quickly disappe>+2 evanesc5t4 ,,fulig9,,e\s1 ,,fulig,,in\s 7fulig9osus71 sooty-br[n or d>k smoke-color4 ,,fulves,,c5t 7fulvesc5s71 incl9+ to a fulv\s color4 ,,ful',,v\s 7fulvus71 a r indef9ite br[ni%-yell[ or yell[i%-br[n t9t1 l tann$ lea!r2 tawny4 ,,fu,,mose1 ,,fu,,m\s 7fumosus1 full ( smoke1 fumus1 smoke1 /eam71 smoke-color$1 fulig9\s4 ,,fun,,goid 7fungus1 mu%room1 ,gr--=m71 (1 or p]ta9+ to fungi4 ,,fungol,,ogy 7fungus1 mu%room1 ,gr--speak71 mycology4 ,,fun,,gus 7pl4 ,,fun,,gi7 7fungus1 a mu%room71 a ?allophyte *>act]iz$ by ! abs5ce ( *lorophyl & d]iv+ its su/5ance f liv+ or dead organic matt]4 ,,funic,,ul> 7funiculus1 a small cord71 hav+ ! "* ( a funicle or small cord4 ,,funic,,ulate 7funiculus1 a small cord71 hav+ a funicle4 ,,funic,,ulus 7,l4--a small rope71 9 ,nidul>iace ! cord ( hyph atta*+ a p]idiolum to ! inn] wall ( ! p]idium4 ,,fur,,cate 7furcatus1 furca1 a =k71 =k$4 ,,furfura,,ce\s 7furfuraceus1 furfur1 bran71 ) branny scales or scurf4 ,,fusces,,c5t 7fuscus1 d>k1 dusky1 esc5t71 some:at fusc\s4 ,,fus,,c\s 7fuscus1 dusky71 br[ni% 9 color2 br[n or br[n t+$ ) gray2 d+y1 n pure4 ,,fu,,si=m1 ,,fu,,soid 7fusus1 a sp9dle2 =ma1 =m71 sp9dle-%ap$4 ,,gamog5,,esis 7,gr--m>riage1 g5]ation71 sexual reproduction4 ,,gas,,t]omyce,,tes1 ,,gas,,tromyce,,tes 7,gr--/oma*1 mu%room71 a gr\p ( ,basidiomycetes 9 :i* ! hym5ium is enclos$ 9 a sack-l envelope call$ ! p]idium4 ,,gelat,,in\s 7gelat9osus1 gelat9a1 gelat9e71 jelly-l4 ,,g5],,ic 7g5us1 race1 sort71 p]ta9+ to1 ( ! nature (1 or =m+ a m>k ( a g5us2 hav+ ! rank or classificatory value ( a g5us4 ,,g5et,,ic 7,gr--g5]ation71 ( or p]ta9+ to orig9 or mode ( production4 ,,ge,,nus 7pl4 ,,g5,,era7 7,l4--race1 bir?1 orig91 k9d71 a gr\p ( species hav+ "o or m *>act]i/ics 9 common2 ! union ( sev]al g5]a pres5t+ ! same features con/itute a tribe4 ,,gib,,b\s 7gibbus1 hump-back$71 9 ! =m ( a swell+2 ( a pileus e4 g4 :i* is m convex or tumid on "o side ?an ! o!r4 ,,gills1 ! plates ( an ag>ic on :i* ! hym5ium is situat$2 ! lamell4 ,,gil,,v\s1 isabell9e2 color ( sole-lea!r4 ,,gla,,br\s 7glab]1 smoo?71 smoo?1 devoid ( pubesc5ce2 a surface may be glabr\s or smoo?1 & n ev51 or vice v]sa4 ,,glair 7cl>us1 cle>71 any visc\s transp>5t sub/ance resembl+ :ite ( an egg4 ,,gl&s1 ,,glan,,dules 7glans1 an acorn1 dim4 gl&ula1 a gl&71 moi/ or /icky dots resembl+ ! gl&s on ! epid]mis ( ph5ogams4 ,,glan,,dul>1 be>+ gl&s4 ,,glauces,,c5t 7glaucesc57t-7s1 glaucus1 silv]y1 gleam+71 incl9+ to glauc\s4 ,,glau,,c\s 7glaucus1 silv]y1 gleam+71 cov]$ ) a :iti%-gre5 bloom or v f9e :ite p[d] easily rubb$ (f4 ,some:at l t ( cabbage4 ,,gle,,ba 7gleba1 a clod71 9 ,ga/romycetes1 spore-be>+ tissue compos$ ( *amb]s l9$ ) ! hym5ium & enclos$ by ! sack-l p]idium1 z 9 puff-balls1 etc42 9 phalloids ! p]idium or volva ruptures & ! gleba is c>ri$ up on ! /em-l or cla?rate receptacle4 ,,glo,,bose1 ,,glob,,ul>1 ,,glob,,ulose 7globosus1 r\nd z a ball71 ne>ly sph]ical4 ,,glu,,t9ose1 ,glut9\s 7glut9osus1 gluey1 visc\s1 glut51 glue71 cov]$ ) a /icky exudation2 visc\s2 glue-l4 ,,gonid,,ium 7,gr--g5]ation2 se$71 same z conidium2 also pref]ably appli$ to ! algal elem5t ( li*5s4 ,,gran,,ul>1 ,,gran,,ulate1 ,,gran,,ulose 7granula1 dim4 ( granum1 gra971 cov]$ ) or compos$ ( granules4 ,,gran,,ule 7granula1 dim4 ( granum1 gra971 a little gra92 a f9e p>ticle2 a sporule f\nd 9 all cryptogamic plants4 ,,gray 7griseus2 csius2 c9]eus2 canus2 leucophu71 a color produc$ by ! mixture ( black & :ite4 ,v>i\s %ades dep5d+ ^u v>y+ relative proportions ( ! compon5ts4 ,,greav$ 7greve1 ! %9-bone71 ( a /em clo!d l a leg 9 armor4 ,,grega,,ri\s 7greg>ius1 ( a flock71 ( mu%rooms n solit>y b gr[+ toge!r 9 numb]s 9 ! same locality2 9 gr\ps b n 9 a tuft$ mann]4 ,,gru,,m\s 7grumosus1 grumus1 a little heap71 clott$2 ( fle% e4 g4 compos$ ( little clu/]$ gra9s4 ,,gut,,tate 7guttatus1 gutta1 a te>71 m>k$ ) te>-l spots or drops4 ,,gutt,,ula 7pl4 ,,guttul7 7dim4 ( gutta1 a drop71 a small drop or drop-l p>ticle2 ! oil-globule 9 "s spores resembl+ a nucleus4 ,,gutt,,ulate1 f9ely guttate2 also1 conta9+ or compos$ ( f9e drops or drop-l p>ticles2 said ( spores conta9+ an oily nucleus-l globule or guttula4 ,,gymnoc>,,p\s 7,gr--nak$1 ,gr--fruit71 hav+ ! hym5ium expos$ :5 ! spores are matur+4 ,,gy,,rate1 ,,gy,,rose 7,gr--a circle71 circl+ 9 wavy folds2 hav+ folds resembl+ ! convolutions ( ! bra94 ,,hab,,itat 7habitat1 x dwells71 natural abode ( a vegetable species4 ,,hau/o,,rium 7pl4 ,,hau/o,,ria7 7hau/or1 a draw]1 haurire1 pp4 hau/us1 draw71 special bran* ( filam5t\s mycelium1 :i* s]ves z an organ ( adhesion & suction4 ,,hemiangioc>,,p\s 7hemi1 half1 ,gr--a vessel1 a case71 p>tly angioc>p\s z ^? ag>ics :]e ! hym5ium is at fir/ enclos$ by a veil or o!rwise & lat] becomes expos$4 ,,hepat,,ic 7hepaticus1 ( ! liv]71 p]ta9+ to ! liv]1 h5ce liv]-color$2 br[ni%-r$4 ,,h]bic,,ol\s1 gr[+ on h]bace\s plants4 ,,het]oge,,ne\s 7,gr--"o ( two71 ( a /ructure :i* is diff]5t f adjac5t ones4 ,,hib]nac,,ulum 7pl4 ,,hib]nac,,ula7 7w9t] resid5ce1 hib]n>e1 pass ! w9t]71 appli$ to bodies :i* are ! =ms 9 :i* c]ta9 fungi 7e4 g4 ,typhul7 pass ! w9t]4 ,,hirsute 7hirsutus1 r\gh1 %aggy1 bri/ly71 hairy ) /iff hairs4 ,,hir,,to-,,v],,rucose1 be>+ hairs gr\p$ 9 w>t-l masses4 ,,8,,pid 7hispidus1 r\gh1 %aggy1 bri/ly71 hav+ /rong hairs or bri/les2 bri/ly4 ,,ho>,y1 cov]$ ) %ort d5se grayi%-:ite hairs2 canesc5t4 ,,holo-1 7,gr--entire1 complete 9 all p>ts71 a prefix signify+ entire2 :ole4 ,,homoge,,ne\s 7,gr--"o & ! same1 k9d71 simil> 9 /ructure2 ( ! same "*4 ,,ho/1 ! "n giv5 to any plant or animal support+ a p>asitic fungus4 ,,homol,,og\s 7,gr--agree+1 correspond5t71 hav+ ! same relative position1 proportion1 value or /ructure2 hav+ correspond5ce or lik5ess4 ,,hu,,mus 7e>?1 gr\nd1 soil71 vegetable mold2 woody fib] 9 a /ate ( decay4 ,,hy,,al9e 7,gr--cle>71 colorless2 transp>5t2 cle> l glass4 ,,hygromet,,ric 7,gr--wet1 moi/1 a measure1 ic71 readily absorb+ & reta9+ moi/ure4 ,,hygroph,,an\s 7,gr--moi/2 ,gr--to %[71 ( a wat]y appe>ance :5 moi/ & opaque :5 dry4 ,,hygroscop,,ic1 hav+ ! prop]ty ( absorb+ moi/ure f ! atmosph]e2 s5sitive to moi/ure4 ,,hyme,,nium 7hym5ial1 belong+ to ! hym5ium2 ,gr--a membrane71 ! fruit-be>+ surface2 e4 g4 cov]+ intimately ea* side ( ! gills ( an ,ag>ic4 ,,hy,,m5omyce,,tes 7,gr--a mu%room1 ,gr--a membrane71 a gr\p ( ,basidiomycetes hav+ ! hym5ium on ! free1 expos$ surface ( ! sporophore4 ,,hy,,m5ophore1 ,,hym5oph,,orum 7,gr--a membrane1 to be>71 ! /ructure :i* be>s ! hym5ium2 9 ,ag>ics e4 g4 ! "u surface ( ! pileus to :i* ! gills are atta*$4 ,,hy,,pha 7pl4 ,,hy,,ph71 ! elem5t>y filam5t or ?read ( a fungus2 a cyl9dric ?read-l bran*$ body develop+ by apical gr[?1 & usually becom+ transv]sely septate4 ,,hy,,phal1 ( or p]ta9+ to ! hypha4 ,,hypocrat],,i=m 7,gr--! /& ( a crat]1 =ma1 =m71 hav+ ! %ape ( a cyl9drical cup ! m>g9 ( :i* turns outw>d2 salv]-%ap$4 ,,hypog,,ous1 ,,hypoge,,al1 ,,hypoge,,ous 7hypogous1 und]gr\nd71 subt]ranean2 =m+ bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,,hypog,,en\s 7,gr--"u1 produc$1 ous71 gr[+ on ! "u surface4 ,,hypophyl,,l\s 7foltum1 a leaf1 ous71 gr[+ on ! "u side ( a leaf4 ,,hypo!,,cium 7,gr--"u1 a case71 lay] ( hyphal tissue imm$iately b5ea? a hym5ium4 ,,id5tification1 ! det]m9ation ( a g5us & species to :i* a giv5 specim5 belongs4 ,,im,,bricate1 ,,im,,bricat$ 7imbricatus1 pp4 ( imbric>e1 cov] ) gutt] tiles2 =m l a gutt] tile71 to lay or lap "o ov] ano!r1 l %+les4 ,,imm>,,g9ate 791 negative2 m>g9atus1 m>g9ate71 )\t a well-def9$ m>g94 ,,imm]s$ 7imm]sus1 pp4 ( imm]g]e1 dip or plunge into71 sunk into ! matrix2 orig9at+ b5ea? ! surface ( ! matrix or ( ! gr\nd2 gr[+ :olly "u wat]4 ,,imp],,=ate 791 n1 p]=atus1 pp4 ( p]=>e1 p]=ate71 )\t any ap]ture4 ,,incanes,,c5t 7incanesc57t-7s1 ppr4 ( incanesc]e1 become gray or ho>y71 some:at or slightly canesc5t4 ,,inc>,,nate 791 91 on1 c>o 7c>n71 fle%71 fle%-color$4 ,,incis$ 7incisus1 pp4 inc9d]e1 cut into71 appe>+ z if cut into2 hav+ m>g9al slits or not*es4 ,,incras,,sat$ 7incrassatus1 pp4 ( incrass>e1 91 92 crass>e1 make ?ick71 becom+ ?ick] by degrees1 swell+ or swoll54 ,,incrus,,t+ 7incru/>e1 cov] ) a r9d or cru/1 91 on1 cru/a1 a cru/71 =m+ a cru/-l coat+4 ,,indehis,,c5t1 appli$ to a p]idium :i* does n op5 spontane\sly at maturity2 ! spores )9 x becom+ fre$ by its decay4 ,,indif,,f]5t1 primitive1 homog5\s1 n develop$ into p>ts or organs ( diff]5t /ructure or function4 ,,indig,,en\s 7indig5a1 a native71 native ( a c\ntry4 ,,indigo ,,blue1 a d>k blue-color l ! indigo ( comm]ce4 ,,9,,durat$ 7induratus1 pp4 ( indur>e1 h>d51 91 91 dur>e1 h>d571 h>d5$4 ,,indu,,sium 7,l4--a tunic1 indu]e1 put on71 9 c]ta9 phalloids1 an app5dage or veil hang+ f ! apex ( ! /em b5ea? ! pileus4 ,,infe,,rior 7inf]ior1 l[]71 gr[+ bel[ "s o!r "p2 ( ! r+ ( an ,ag>ic :i* is f> d[n on ! /em4 ,,infla,,t$1 swoll5 l a bladd]4 ,,inflex$ 7inflexus1 pp4 inflex]e1 b5t71 b5t inw>d4 ,,infundib,,uli=m 7infundibulum1 a funnel2 =ma1 =m71 funnel-%ap$4 ,,inhibit,,ion 7inhibitio7n-71 a re/ra9+1 inhib]e1 re/ra971 ! l[]+ ( ! action ( a n]v\s me*anism by n]v\s impulses rea*+ x f a connect$ me*anism4 ,,9,,nate 7innatus1 pp4 ( innasci1 91 into2 nascor1 to be born71 orig9at+ )9 ! sub/ance ( ! plant or matrix2 appe>+ to be )9 or bl5d+ ) ! sub/ance ( a "p4 ,,inorgan,,ic1 n produc$ by vital processes2 n organic4 ,,isabella ,,color 7alutaceus71 a light grayi%-c9namon color1 or light buff-br[n4 ,,ins],,t$ 7ins]tus1 pp4 ins]]e1 to ins]t71 gr[+ l a graft f its /ock2 atta*$ to or gr[+ out ( "s o!r "p4 ,,insiti,,ti\s 7insitio1 an +raft+1 ins]]e1 pp4 insitus1 s[ or plant1 +raft71 ins]t$4 ,,int]- 7,l4--9 ! mid/1 betwe51 among1 dur+71 prefix signify+ 8betwe50 or 8among0 or 8dur+40 ,,int],,cal>y1 ,,int],,calat$ 7int]calatus1 pp4 ( int]cal>e1 int]1 betwe51 cal>e1 call71 int]pos$2 ins]t$ betwe54 ,,int]cell,,ul> 7int]1 betwe51 cellula1 cellule1 ar71 situat$ betwe5 ! cells4 ,,int]rupt,,ed1 said ( any surface or s]ies ! cont9uity ( :i* is brok54 ,,int],,/ices1 spaces betwe5 any surfaces or ?+s4 ,,intra- 7intra1 )971 prefix signify+ 8)940 ,,intracell,,ul>1 situat$ )9 a cell or cells4 ,,intralam,,ell>1 situat$ )9 or betwe5 ! plates ( ! lamell 7gills74 ,,intrav5al 7intra1 )91 v5a1 ve971 situat$ or occurr+ )9 ve9s4 ,,introduc$1 appli$ to plants br\ght f ano!r c\ntry & gr[+ spontane\sly4 ,,intumes,,c5t 7intumesc5s1 ppr4 ( intumesc]e1 swell up71 swell+ up1 becom+ tumid4 ,,invag,,inat$ 791 91 vag9a1 a %ea?71 %ea!d4 ,,9,,volute 7involutus1 pp4 involv]e1 to roll up71 roll$ inw>ds4 ,,isabel,,l9e1 ( ! color ( soil$ l95 or sole lea!r2 alutace\s2 br[ni%-yell[1 yell[i%-gray4 ,,la,,biate 7labiatus1 lipp$1 labium1 lip71 said ( an ap]ture ) di/9ct lip-l bord]s4 ,,labyr9,,?9e1 ,,labyr9,,?i=m 7labyr9?us1 labyr9?71 *>act]iz$ by intricate & s9u\s l9es2 l a labyr9?4 ,,lac,,cate 7laccatus1 lacca1 lac71 z if v>ni%$ or cov]$ ) a coat l seal+ wax4 ,,lac,,erate1 ,,lac,,erat$1 z if torn4 ,,lac9,,iate 7lac9iatus1 lac9ia1 a lappet71 divid$ into flaps2 irregul>ly cut into jagg$ edges1 m regul> & l>g] ?an fimbriate4 ,,lactes,,c5t 7lactesc]e1 turn to milk71 milk-be>+1 provid$ ) a milky juice4 ,,lacu,,na 7pl4 ,,lacu,n7 7lacuna1 a pit1 holl[1 cavity1 etc471 a pit or holl[1 a gap2 a vacancy caus$ by ! admission1 loss or oblit]ation ( some?+ necess>y to cont9uity or complet5ess4 ,,lacu,,nose1 ,,lacu,,n\s 7lacunosus1 full ( holl[s1 lacuna1 a pit71 m>k$ ) small holl[s1 pitt$2 hav+ or full ( lac4 ,,lamel,,la 7pl4 ,,lamel,l7 7lamella1 a ?9 piece ( metal1 wood71 a gill or gills ( mu%rooms1 on :i* ! hym5ium is ext5d$4 ,,la,,nate 7lanatus1 woolly1 lana1 wool71 woolly2 cov]$ ) a wool-l pubesc5ce4 ,,lan,,ceolate 7lanceolatus1 lanceola1 a little spe>71 lance-%ap$2 tap]+ to bo? ends4 ,,lat,,eral1 atta*$ to or by "o side4 ,,lat]ic,,e\s1 ,,lat]it,,i\s 7lat]iceus1 lat]itius1 consi/+ ( bricks1 lat]1 a brick71 brick-color$4 ,,la,,tex 7latex1 liquid2 f]re1 be>71 ?ick milky juice4 ,,laticif,,er\s 7latex1 liquid1 f]re1 be>71 appli$ to ! tubes conta9+ latex1 z 9 ! ,lact>ii4 ,,lat,,tic$1 =m$ by int]lac+ & cross+ l9es or columns :i* leave op5 spaces betwe54 ,,lav5d] 7lav5dulaceus71 a v pale purpli% color1 pal] & m delicate ?an lilac4 ,,lax 7laxus1 loose1 slack71 n compact1 limb]1 flaccid4 ,,lead-,,color 7plumbeus71 same z ,,plumbe\s4 ,,lemon-,,yell[ 7citreus1 citr9us71 a v pure light-yell[ color1 mu* l gamboge1 b pur] & ri*]4 ,,l5tic,,ul>1 ,,l5,,ti=m 7l5ticul>is1 l5til-%ap$1 l5ticula1 a l5til71 %ap$ l a d\ble convex l5s2 l5til-%ap$4 ,,lep,,idote 7,gr--scaly71 scurfy ) m9ute scales4 ,,leucos,,por 7,gr--:ite2 ,gr--se$71 a gr\p ( fungi hav+ :ite spores1 h5ce leucospore1 a :ite spore2 leucospor\s1 hav+ spores ( a :ite color4 ,,lev,,igate 7levigatus1 pp4 ( levig>e1 make smoo?71 hav+ a poli%$ surface4 ,,lig,,natile 7lignatilis1 lignum1 wood71 gr[+ on wood4 ,,lig,,ne\s 7ligneus1 wood571 ( woody texture4 ,,lig,,ulate 7ligula1 a tongue1 /rap1 etc41 ate71 /rap-%ap$1 flatt5$ l a /rap4 ,,lilac1 ,,lilace\s 7lilac9us1 lilaceus71 a light-purple color1 l ! fl[]s ( ! lilac4 ,,l9,,e> 7l9e>is1 l9ea1 a l9e71 n>r[ & /raight1 sl5d]4 ,,l+,,ui=m1 ,,l+,,ulate 7l+ua1 tongue71 tongue-%ap$4 ,,livid 7lividus1 black-&-blue71 blui%-black1 l ! black & blue ( a bruise4 ,,lob$1 ,,lo,,bate 7,gr--! lobe ( an e>71 hav+ divisions :i* are l>ge & r\nd$4 ,,lob,,ulate1 hav+ small lobes4 ,,loc,,ul>1 ,,loc,,ulate1 ,,loc,,ulose1 ,,loc,,ul\s 7loculus1 a box1 cell71 divid$ by int]nal p>titions into loculi or cells4 ,,loc,,ulus 7pl4 ,,loc,,uli71 a little *amb] or cell4 ,,lu,,cid 7lucidus1 light1 bright1 cle>71 cle>1 transp>5t1 bright4 ,,lu,,m5 7lum51 a w9d[-light71 ! int]nal cavity or spaces 9 a cell or any tubul> organ4 ,,lu,,rid 7luridus1 pale-yell[1 wan1 etc471 a color betwe5 purple1 yell[ & gray2 livid4 ,,lu,,te\s 7luteus71 yell[i%2 m or less l buff or clay color4 ,,lutes,,c5t 7lutesc57t-7s1 ppr4 ( lutesc]e1 turn to mud1 lutum1 mud71 yell[i%4 ,,macro- 7,gr--long71 9 composition 8l>ge0 or 8long40 ,,mac,,ulate1 ,,mac,,ul>1 ,,mac,,ulose 7maculatus1 pp4 ( macul>e1 spot1 speckle71 spott$4 ,,mam,,mi=m 7mamma1 a brea/2 =ma1 =m71 brea/-%ap$2 ma/oid2 teat-l4 ,,m>,,g9al ,,veil1 a horizontal membrane ext5d+ f ! m>g9 ( ! pileus to ! /em2 f\nd 9 ,hym5omycetes4 ,,m>,,g9ate1 hav+ a well-def9$ bord]4 ,,m>oon 7atro-purpureus1 atro-cocc9eus71 a ri* br[ni%-crimson1 ne>ly l ! pigm5t call$ purple madd]2 cl>et color4 ,,ma,,trix 7matrix1 a womb71 ! sub/ance ^u or 9 :i* a fungus gr[s4 ,,mauve 7malvaceus1 malv9us71 a light t9t ( violet4 7,anil9e violet :ite47 ,,m$ial 7m$ialis1 m$ius1 ! middle71 appli$ to r+ :5 situat$ ab\t at ! middle ( /em4 ,,m$ul,,la 7m$ulla1 m>r[1 pi?1 k]nel1 m$ius1 middle71 pi?1 m>r[1 k]nel2 inn] sub/ance z di/+ui%$ f out] or cortical lay] or lay]s4 ,,m$,,ull>y1 compos$ ( or p]ta9+ to a m$ulla4 ,,mega- 7,gr--great1 l>ge71 prefix signify+ 8great40 ,,melanos,,por 7,gr--black1 --se$71 a gr\p ( fungi hav+ black spores4 ,,membrana,,ce\s 7membranaceus1 ( sk9 or membrane1 membrana1 sk91 membrane71 p]ta9+ to1 or ( ! nature (1 sk91 membrane2 membranace\s2 ?91 r s(t & pliable4 ,,m]is,,moid 7m]isma1 f ,gr--to divide1 --=m71 appli$ to pileus :i* is subdivid$ into _m small] pilei2 resembl+ a ,m]isma2 hav+ a bran*$ or lac9iate pileus4 ,,mes,,opod 7,gr--middle1 --foot71 plant hav+ a c5tral /em4 ,,mica,,ce\s 7micaceus1 mica1 mica71 cov]$ ) gli/5+ mica-l p>ticles4 ,,mi,,cron1 ,,mi,,kron1 ,greek3 m21 microscopic unit ( measure2 #aajjj ( a millimet]2 ne>ly 4#jjjjd in*2 to conv]t in*es to microns1 approximately1 divide by 4#jjjjd2 repres5t$ by ! ,greek lett] ,greek3 m1 foll[+ ! numb]4 ,,millimet]1 ,,mm4 7mille1 a ?\s&1 met]71 ! ?\s&? "p ( a met]1 equal to #j4jcicg in* or ne>ly1 #abe in*4 ,x is d5ot$ by mm41 z #be4d mm4 is #a in*4 ,,m9,,iate 7m9iatus1 pp4 ( m9i>e1 color ) r$ lead1 m9ium1 r$ lead71 v]milion-color$2 ( a bright1 vivid r$ color4 ,,mi,,trate1 ,,mit,,ri=m 7mitra1 a mit]71 mit]-%ap$1 bonnet-%ap$4 ,,mold1 ,,m\ld1 f9e s(t e>?2 a g5]al t]m to describe c]ta9 fungus gr[?s ( a l[ type4 ,,monil,,i=m 7monile1 necklace2 =ma1 =m71 contract$ at int]vals 9 ! l5g? l a /r+ ( beads4 ,,monos,,ti*\s 7,gr--s+le1 --a l9e71 arrang$ 9 "o r[4 ,,mon,,/r\s1 ( unnatural =mation2 deviat+ greatly f ! natural =m or /ructure 7has no ref]5ce to size74 ,,morpholog,,ic1 ,,morpholog,,ical1 ( or p]ta9+ to morphology4 ,,morphol,,ogy 7,gr--=m1 --speak71 ! sci5ce ( organic =m2 ! sci5ce ( ( out] =m & int]nal /ructure4 ,,"m-,,cell1 a cell f :i* ano!r is d]iv$4 ,,m\se-,,gray 7mur9o-griseus2 mur9us74 7,lamp-black :ite sepia47 ,,mov,,able1 appli$ to a r+ :i* has sep>at$ f ! /em & c be mov$ up & d[n4 ,,muc$,,in\s 7muc$o1 mucus71 hav+ ! "* ( or resembl+ mold or mildew4 ,,mu,,cid 7mucidus1 moldy1 muc]e1 be moldy or mu/y1 mucus1 mucus71 mu/y1 moldy1 slimy4 ,,mucilag,,in\s 7mucilago1 a moldy1 mu/y juice1 ous71 slimy1 ropy1 slightly viscid1 s(t1 moi/4 ,,mu,,c\s 7mucosus1 slimy1 mucus1 slime71 p]ta9+ to mucus1 or resembl+ x2 slimy1 ropy1 lubric\s4 ,,mu,,cro 7,l4--a %>p po9t1 esp4 ( a sword71 a %ort & abrupt po9t ( a leaf or o!r organ4 ,,mu,,cronate 7mucronatus1 po9t$1 mucro1 a %>p po9t71 tipp$ ) an abrupt1 %>p %ort po9t4 ,,multi- 7multus1 mu*1 _m71 9 composition 8_m40 ,,mul,,tifid 7multifidus1 _m-cleft71 hav+ _m divisions4 ,,multip>,,tite 7multip>titus1 mu* divid$71 divid$ into _m p>ts4 ,,multisep,,tate 7z if multiseptatus1 multus1 _m1 septum1 a p>tition71 divid$ by _m p>titions4 ,,mu,,ricate 7muricatus1 po9t$71 r\gh ) %ort h>d po9ts4 ,,muric,,ulate 7muriculatus1 dim4 ( muricatus1 po9t$71 f9ely muricate4 ,,mu,,ri=m 7murus1 wall1 =ma1 %ape71 resembl+ ! arrangem5t ( ! bricks 9 ! walls ( a h\se2 said ( spores hav+ septa at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,,mu,,r9e1 ,,mu,,r9\s 7mur9us1 ( a m\se71 m\se-color$4 ,,mu%,,room1 a cryptogamic plant ( ! class fungi3 appli$ 9 a g5]al s5se to almo/ any ( ! l>g]1 conspicu\s fungi1 su* z toad/ools1 puff-balls1 hydnei1 etc41 b m p>ticul>ly to ! ag>icoid fungi & especially to ! edible =ms4 ,,mu,,tualism1 symbiosis ( two organisms liv+ toge!r & mutually help+ & support+ ea* o!r4 ,,myc1 ,,mycet1 ,,myceto1 ,,myco1 prefix signify+ 8fungus40 ,,myce,,lial1 ( or p]ta9+ to mycelium4 ,,myce,,lium 7,gr--a fungus1 an excresc5ce71 spawn ( fungi result+ f ! g]m9ation ( spores2 9 ag>ics e4 g4 =m+ root-l ?reads2 ! weft ( ?reads f :i* ! mu%room arises4 ,,myce,,lioid1 l mycelium4 ,,myc,,eloid1 l a fungus4 ,,mycetol,,ogy 7,gr--a fungus1 --speak71 mycology4 ,,mycolog,,ical1 relat+ to fungi4 ,,mycol,,ogi/1 "o :o is v]s$ 9 mycology4 ,,mycol,,ogy 7,gr--a fungus1 --speak71 ! sci5ce ( fungi1 _! /ructure1 classification1 etc4 ,,mycoph,,agi/1 "o :o eats fungi4 ,,mycoph,,agy 7,gr--a fungus1 --eat71 ! eat+ ( fungi4 ,,na,,k$1 b>e2 )\t cov]+ ( any k9d1 z ( an envelop+ membrane1 pru9ose1 f>9ace\s or furfurace\s p>ticles1 tom5tum1 fragm5ts ( volva or veil1 etc4 ,,nap,,i=m 7napus1 a turnip1 =ma1 =m71 turnip-%ap$4 ,,n>r[1 ( a v slight v]tical wid?4 ,,nas,,c5t 7nasc57t7s1 ppr4 ( nasci1 be born71 9 ! e>lie/ rudim5t>y condition2 beg9n+ to exi/ or to gr[4 ,,nat,,uraliz$1 said ( a plant ( =eign orig9 :i* ?rives z if indig5\s4 ,,navic,,ul>1 ,,naviculoid 7navicula1 a small %ip or boat71 boat-%ap$2 scaphoid4 ,,nett$1 cov]$ ) project+1 reticulat$ l9es4 ,,nigres,,c5t1 ,,nig,,ricant 7nigresc57t-7s1 ppr4 ( nigresc]e1 become black1 gr[ d>k71 becom+ black1 also blacki%1 dusky1 fusc\s4 ,,nit,,id1 ,,nit,,idus 7nitidus1 %9+1 bright1 nit]e1 to %9e71 lu/r\s1 %9+1 poli%$4 ,,ni,,ve\s 7niveus1 sn[y1 nix1 sn[71 sn[-:ite4 ,,nod,,ule 7nodulus1 a little knot1 dim4 ( nodus1 a knot71 a little knot or lump4 ,,nod,,ulose1 ,,nod,,ul\s 7nodulosus1 nodulus1 a little knot71 hav+ little swell+s1 knotty4 ,,non-1 n2 prefix giv+ a negative s5se to words4 ,,nu,,cleate1 ,,nu,,cleat$ 7nucleatus1 hav+ a k]nel71 hav+ a nucleus or nuclei4 ,,nucle,,olus 7pl4 ,,nuclei7 7nucleolus1 dim4 ( nucleus1 a little nut71 %>ply def9$ po9t (t5 se5 9 ! nucleus4 ,,nu,,cleus 7pl4 ,,nu,,clei7 7nucleus1 a little nut1 k]nel1 /one ( a fruit72 ! c5tral1 highly diff]5tiat$ mass ( protoplasm 9 a spore or o!r cells ( a fungus1 controll+ cell division & reproduction1 functionally ! mo/ important portion ( a cell1 = 9 x ! process ( cell division beg9s2 sometimes improp]ly appli$ to ! oil globules or guttul & ! vacuoles )9 "s spores4 ,,ob-1 9 composition 8inv]sely40 ,,obcla,,vate 7z if obclavatus1 ob1 f2 clava1 a club71 inv]sely club-%ap$4 ,,obcon,,ic1 ,,obcon,,ical 7ob2 conus1 a cone71 inv]sely conical4 ,,obcor,,date 7ob2 cordatus1 he>t-%ap$71 l an inv]t$ he>t4 ,,obese 7obesus1 fat71 /\t1 plump4 ,,ob,,ligate-,,p>asite1 c only gr[ z a p>asite2 see facultative p>asite4 ,,ob,,ligate-,,saprophyte1 c only gr[ z a saprophyte4 ,see ,,facultative ,,saprophyte4 ,,ob,,long1 two or ?ree times long] ?an broad1 ) ne>ly p>allel sides4 ,,obo,,vate1 inv]sely ovate1 hav+ ! broad end upw>d or t[>d ! apex4 ,,obpyr,,i=m 7ob pyri=m1 pe>-%ap$71 inv]sely pe>-%ap$4 ,,ob,,solete1 indi/9ct1 v imp]fectly develop$2 h>dly p]ceptible4 ,,obtuse1 blunt or r\nd$4 ,,o*ra,,ce\s1 ,o,,*]\s1 ,o,,*re\s1 ,o,,*roid1 ,o,,*ry1 ,o,,*r\s1 ,o,,*]y 7o*re1 o*]1 ace\s71 o*]-yell[2 br[ni%-yell[4 ,,o*ra,,ce\s-,,ruf\s 7o*raceo-rufus74 7,yell[ o*] burnt si5na light r$47 ,,o*re ,,yell[ 7o*raceo-flavus74 ,! color ( ! pigm5t call$ yell[ o*]4 ,,o*ros,,por 7,gr--pale yell[71 a gr\p ( fungi hav+ o*] or br[n-color$ spores4 ,,oleag,,in\s 7oleum1 oil71 oily or oil-l4 ,,oliva,,ce\s1 ,,olive 7olivaceus1 oliv9us71 a gre5i%-br[n color l t ( olives 7,sepia light z9nob]-gre547 ,,olive-,,buff 7olivaceo-luteus74 7,yell[ o*] cobalt-blue :ite47 ,,olive-,,gre5 7olivaceo-viridis71 a peculi> color1 produc$ by ! mixture ( yell[ & gray1 result+ 9 a t9t some:at betwe5 olive & dull yell[i%-gre54 ,,olive-,,yell[ 7olivaceo-flavus74 7,light-cadmium black :ite47 ,,opaque1 ,,opake1 mo/ly us$ 9 ! s5se ( dull1 n %9+4 ,,op],,culum 7op]culum1 a lid1 cov]1 op]ire1 cov]1 %ut1 conceal71 a lid-l cov]4 ,,orange 7aurantius71 a deep r$di%-yell[ l ! r9d ( an orange4 ,,orange-,,ruf\s 7aurantio-rufus74 7,neutral-orange or cadmium-orange light-r$47 ,,orange-,,yell[ 7aurantio-flavus71 a color int]m$iate betwe5 orange & yell[4 ,,orbic,,ul> 7orbicul>is1 orbiculus1 a little disk71 hav+ ! =m ( an orb2 hav+ ! %ape ( a flat body ne>ly circul> 9 outl9e4 ,,ord]1 ! mo/ important unit ( classification above ! g5us4 ,,organ,,ic1 p]ta9+ to ei!r liv+ or dead animal or vegetable organism4 ,,os,,mose 7osmosis1 ?ru/1 pu%1 impel71 ! impulse or t5d5cy ( fluids to pass ?r\gh membranes & mix or become diffus$ ?r\gh ea* o!r4 ,,osmo,,sis 7,gr--impulsion1 pu%+71 ! diffusion ( fluids ?r\gh membranes2 see osmose4 ,,osmot,,ic1 ( or p]ta9+ to or *>act]iz$ by osmose4 ,,os,,tiole1 ,,o/i,,olum 7o/iolum1 a little door71 m\? ( ! p]i!cium2 orifice ?r\gh :i* ! spores are dis*>g$4 ,o,,vate 7ovatus1 egg-%ap$71 egg-%ap$2 hav+ a figure ! %ape ( a longitud9al section ( an egg4 ,o,,void 7ovum1 egg1 ,gr--=m71 egg-%ap$2 us$ to describe solids4 ,,pales,,c5t1 incl9+ to pal5ess2 becom+ pallid4 ,,pal,,lid1 pale1 undecid$ color4 ,,pal,,ud9e1 ,,palu,,d9\s1 ,,pal,,udose1 ,,palus,,tr9e 7palus 7palud-71 a swamp71 gr[+ 9 m>%es or swamps4 ,,papil,,iona,,ce\s 7papilio7n-71 butt]fly71 v>iegat$2 mottl$2 m>k$ ) diff]5t colors2 z ! lamell ( "s species ( ,panolus mottl$ ) black spores4 ,,papil,,la 7pl4 ,,papil,l7 7papilla1 a nipple1 a teat1 also a bud1 pimple1 dim4 ( papula1 a pu/ule71 a small nipple-%ap$ elevation4 ,,pap,,illate 7papillatus1 papilla1 a nipple71 furni%$ ) "o or m nipple-l elevations4 ,,papil,,li=m1 ,,papil,l,,=m1 %ap$ l a papilla4 ,,papyra,,ce\s 7papyraceus1 papyrus1 pap]71 p>*m5t2 resembl+ ! mat]ial cov]+ a hornet's ne/2 p]gam5t\s4 ,,p>aph,,ysis 7pl4 ,,p>aph,,yses7 7,gr--an (f-%oot71 sl5d]1 ?read-l bodies gr[+ ) ! asci2 /]ile cells usually club-%ap$ f\nd ) ! reproductive cells ( "s plants4 ,,p>,,asite 7,gr--"o :o eats at ano!r's table1 a gue/71 a plant gr[+ on or 9 ano!r liv+ body f :i* x d]ives all or "p ( its n\ri%m5t4 ,,p>asit,,ic1 gr[+ on & d]iv+ support f ano!r plant4 ,,p>5,,*yma 7,gr--! peculi> tissue ( ! lungs1 liv]1 kidney & sple571 ! fundam5tal cellul> tissue ( plants compos$ ( ?9 wall$1 approximately isodiametric cells2 abs5t 9 fungi4 ,see ,,pseudop>5*yma & ,,pros5*yma4 ,,p>5*ym,,at\s1 p]ta9+ to1 conta9+1 consi/+ ( or resembl+ p>5*yma4 ,,pa,,ries 7pl4 ,,p>i,,eties71 wall ( a cavity or capsule4 ,,p>i,,etal 7p>ietalis1 belong+ to walls1 p>ies 7p>iet-71 a wall71 p]ta9+ to or aris+ f a wall4 ,,p>,,tial 7p>tialis1 divisible1 solit>y1 p>s1 a "p71 second>y2 ( a veil clo?+ ! /em & rea*+ to ! edge ( ! pileus1 b n ext5d+ beyond x2 m>g9al4 ,,pat,,ellate 7patella1 a small pan or di%1 a plate71 %ap$ l a di%4 ,,patell,,i=m 7patella1 a pan1 di%2 =ma1 =m71 hav+ ! %ape ( a patella or knee pan4 ,,pat5t 7pat57t7s1 ppr4 pat]e1 lie op571 spread+1 div]g+ widely4 ,,pea ,,gre51 a pale1 dull gre5 color l ! color ( gre5 pea pods4 ,,pe>l ,,blue1 a v pale1 purpli%-blue color4 ,,pe>l ,,gray 7m>g>itaceus71 a v pale1 delicate1 blue-gray color4 ,,pec,,t9ate 7pect9atus1 comb-l1 pp4 pect9>e1 pect51 a comb71 ) n>r[ tee?1 arrang$ z 9 a comb4 ,,p$,,icel 7p$iculus1 a little foot71 foot /alk2 any %ort1 v small1 /em-l /alk4 ,,p$,,icellate 7p$icellus1 dim4 ( p$iculus1 a little foot71 hav+ a p$icel or little foot /alk4 ,,pel,,licle 7pellicula1 a small sk91 dim4 ( pellis1 sk971 a little or ?9 sk91 a cuticle2 same z cortical lay] & cuticle4 ,,pellic,,ulose 7pelliculosus1 pellicula1 dim4 ( pellis1 sk971 furni%$ ) a pellicle or di/9ct sk94 ,,pellu,,cid 7pellucidus1 p]lucidus1 transp>5t1 pelluc]e1 p]luc]e1 %9e ?r\gh1 be transp>5t71 admitt+ ! passage ( light1 transp>5t1 transluc5t4 ,,pel,,tate 7peltatus1 arm$ ) a light %ield1 pelta1 a light %ield71 =m$ l a %ield & fix$ to ! /alk by ! c5t]1 or by "s po9t di/9ctly )9 ! m>g94 ,,p5,,cil$ 7p5cillum1 a pa9t]'s bru%71 m>k$ ) f9e l9es2 ) p5cil-l hairs ei!r on ! tip or bord]4 ,,p5,,dul\s1 hang+ d[n4 ,,p5,,icillate 7p5icillus1 a p5cil71 p5cil-%ap$2 hav+ a tuft ( %ort hairs resembl+ a camel's-hair bru%4 ,,p]5,,nial 7p]5nis1 la/+ ! ye> ?r\gh1 p]1 ?r\gh1 annus1 ye>71 cont9u+ gr[? f ye> to ye>4 ,,p]game,,ne\s 7p]gam5a1 p>*m5t1 e\s71 l p>*m5t4 ,,p]icli,,nal 7,gr--slop+ on all sides al71 said ( wall cells or any l9es :5 p>allel ) ! out] surface4 ,,p]idi,,olum 7dim4 ( p]idium71 a second>y or int]ior p]idium conta9+ a hym5ium4 ,,p]id,,ium 7pl4 ,,p]id,,ia7 7,gr--a p\*1 wallet71 ! out] envelop+ coat ( ! sporophore 9 angioc>p\s fungi1 z 9 puff-balls4 ,,p]iph,,eral1 (1 belong+ to or situat$ on ! p]iph]y4 ,,p]iph,,ery 7p]iph]ia1 ! l9e ar\nd a circle1 circumf]5ce1 "p ( a circle71 ! ext]ior surface ( any body4 ,,p],,i/ome 7p]i/omium1 ar\nd a m\?71 too!d or v>i\sly %ap$ r+ ar\nd ! m\? or orifice = dis*>ge ( spores 9 a p]idium4 ,,p]i!,,cium 7pl4 ,,p]i!,,cia7 7,gr--a lid71 cup-%ap$ ascoc>p ) ! m>g9 incurv$ s z to =m a n>r[1 m\!d cavity2 ! case or holl[ %ell :i* conta9s ! spores4 ,,p],,onate 7p]onatus1 p]o1 a k9d ( high boot71 %ea!d1 boot$2 said ( ! /em :5 x has a boot-l or /ock+-l cov]+4 ,,p]sis,,t5t1 endur+1 cont9u+ )\t )]+1 decay+ or fall+ (f4 ,,p],,sonate 7p]sonatus1 mask$1 p]sona1 mask71 mask$ or disguis$ 9 any way4 ,,p],,vi\s 7p]vius1 passable2 p]1 ?r\gh2 via1 a way71 hav+ an op5 tube-l passage4 ,,pezi,,zoid1 resembl+ a ,peziza4 ,,pi,,leate 7pileatus1 capp$1 bonnet$71 hav+ a cap or pileus4 ,,pile,,olus 7pl4 ,,pileoli7 7pileolus1 dim4 ( pileus1 a hat71 second>y pileus1 aris+ f ! division ( a prim>y pileus2 a little pileus4 ,,pi,,leus 7pl4 ,,pi,,lei7 7pileus1 a hat71 a "p ( ! receptacle ( a fungus1 e4 g4 ! cap-l heads ( ag>ics2 x may be /ipitate1 sessile1 dimidiate1 regul> or irregul> 9 =m4 ,,pilif,,er\s1 ,,pilig,,er\s1 ,,pi,,lose1 ,,pi,,l\s 7pilus1 hair1 f]re1 be>71 cov]$ ) hair1 especially ) f9e or s(t hair4 ,,pi,,lose 7pilosus1 pilus1 a hair71 cov]$ ) hairs2 furry4 ,,p9k 7c>yophyllaceus71 a dilute1 rose-r$ color4 ,,p9ki%-,,buff 7c>yophyllaceo-luteus74 7,yell[-o*] light-r$ :ite47 ,,p9ki%-,,v9ace\s 7c>yophyllaceo-v9aceus74 7,indian-r$ :ite47 ,,pip-,,%ap$1 ! %ape ( an apple se$4 ,,pi,,si=m 7pisum1 a pea1 =ma1 =m71 pea-%ap$4 ,,pi? 7pit1 m>r[1 k]nel71 c5tral /uff+ 9 "s /ems4 ,,pits 7puteus1 a well1 a pit71 depressions 9 tubes or cells resembl+ pores2 appli$ also to holl[ depressions 9 ! surface ( ! cap ( ! ,morell4 ,,pit,,t$1 cov]$ ) pits or small depressions4 ,,plac5,,ti=m 7plac5ta1 plac5ta1 =ma1 =m71 9 ! =m ( a ?ick5$ circul> disk depress$ 9 ! middle1 bo? above & bel[4 ,,plane1 hav+ a flat surface4 ,,pli,,cate 7plicatus1 fold1 b5d71 fold$ l a fan2 plait$4 ,,plum,,be\s 7plumbeus71 a deep1 blui%-gray color l t>ni%$ lead2 lead-color4 7,lamp-black int5se blue :ite47 ,,plu,,mose1 ,,plu,,m\s 7plumosus1 full ( fea!rs or d[n71 fea!ry or fea!r$4 ,,pluri-1 prefix$ has ! significance ( 8_m40 ,,pneumogas,,tric 7,gr--lung1 --/oma*71 p]ta9+ to ! lungs & /oma*1 or to ! functions ( respiration & dige/ion2 9 anatomy not+ sev]al n]v\s /ructures4 ,,poc,,uli=m 7poculum1 cup1 =ma1 =m71 cup-%ap$4 ,,poly-1 a prefix mean+ 8_m40 ,,polyg,,onal1 hav+ _m angles4 ,,polymor,,phism1 ,,pol,,ymorphy1 exi/5ce 9 or exhibition by ! same species or gr\p ( diff]5t types ( /ructure4 ,,polymor,,ph\s 7,gr--multi=m1 manifold71 v>y+ mu* 9 appe>ance1 =m or /ructure 9 ! same species or gr\p2 *>act]iz$ by polymorphism4 ,,polys,,ti*\s 7,gr--_m1 --r[1 l9e71 arrang$ 9 _m r[s4 ,,pore 7porus1 a pore71 9 ,pyr5omycetes same z o/iole2 9 ,hym5omycetes same z tubulus or tube1 z ! tubules ( ,polypores2 also ! m\? ( a tubulus4 ,,po,,ri=m 7porus1 a pore2 =ma1 =m71 9 ! =m ( pores4 ,,po,,rose1 ,,po,,r\s 7porosus1 porus1 a pore71 furni%$ ) pores or tubules2 pi]c$ ) small holes4 ,,porphyros,,pore 7,gr--purple1 --se$71 a gr\p ( fungi hav+ purple spores4 ,,porrect 7porrectus1 pp4 ( porrig]e1 /ret* out be=e1 rea* out1 ext5d1 por1 =?1 reg]e1 /ret*1 direct71 ext5d$ =w>d2 /ret*$ =? horizontally4 ,,po/e,,rior 7po/]ior1 comp>4 ( po/]us1 com+ aft]1 etc471 d5otes a position or "u side ( ! pileus adjac5t to ! /em2 ! end ( a lamella next ! /em is ! po/]ior end4 ,,premorse 7premorsus1 pp4 ( premord]e1 bite 9 front or at ! end71 hav+ ! apex irregul>ly truncate z if bitt5 or brok5 (f4 ,,primor,,dial 7primordium1 pl4 primordia1 orig91 beg9n+71 fir/ =m$2 exi/+ f ! beg9n+4 ,,primor,,dium 7,l4--commonly 9 pl4 primordia1 ! beg9n+s1 primus1 fir/1 ordiri1 beg971 fir/ beg9n+ ( any /ructure4 ,,primrose-,,yell[ 7primulaceo-flavus71 a v delicate pale-yell[1 ( a m creamy t9t ?an sulphur-yell[4 7,pale cadmium :ite47 ,,proc,,ess1 an outgr[? or projection f a surface4 ,,procum,,b5t 7procumb57t-7s1 ppr4 ( procumb]e1 fall =w>d or pro/rate1 pro1 =w>d1 cumb]e1 cub>e1 lie71 pro/rate2 unable to support itself1 !re=e ly+ on ! gr\nd4 ,,projec,,t+1 ! ant]ior end jutt+ out beyond ! m>g94 ,,prolif,,er\s 7proles1 (fspr+2 f]o1 to be>71 appli$ to an organ :i* gives rise to second>y ones ( ! same k9d4 ,,pro,,tean 7,gr--! "n ( a sea-god71 exce$+ly v>iable2 *angeable 9 =m4 ,,pro,,teid1 album9oid4 ,,proto- 7,gr--fir/71 an elem5t 9 comp\nd words ( ,greek orig9 mean+ 8fir/0 & d5ot+ prec$5ce 9 "t1 rank & degree4 ,,protobasid,,ium1 basidium divid$ by transv]se septa into f\r cells1 ea* giv+ rise to a spore f a lat]ally ins]t$ /]igma1 or a basidium divid$ longitud9ally by septa int]sect+ ea* o!r at "r angles into f\r cells t]m9at+ 9 a long1 tubul> /]igma4 ,protoplasm 7,gr--fir/1 any?+ =m$ or mold$71 ! nitrog5\s fluid ( v>iable composition f\nd 9 liv+ cells2 x is ! vital sub/ance into :i* all food is assimilat$1 & f :i* all p>ts ( ! plant are =m$4 ,,prox,,imal 7proximus1 ne>e/71 p]ta9+ to ! base or extremity ( atta*m5t4 ,,pru,,inate1 ,,pru,,inose 7z if pru9atus1 pru9a1 ho>-fro/71 cov]$ ) a bloom or p[d] s z to appe> z if fro/$4 ,,prun,,i=m 7prunum1 a plum2 =ma1 =m71 plum-%ap$4 ,,pseudo 7,gr--false1 c\nt]feit1 etc471 prefix signify+ 8false0 or 8spuri\s40 ,,pseudo-,,p>5,,*yma1 a fungus tissue =m$ ( closely wov5 & felt$ hyphal ?reads1 :i* on section has ! appe>ance ( ! cellul> /ructure ( true p>5*yma4 ,,pubes,,c5ce 7pubesc57t-7 ce71 g5]al t]m to describe hairyness2 specifically cov]$ ) %ort1 s(t1 d[ny hairs4 ,,pubes,,c5t 7pubes1 ( mature age71 cov]$ ) s(t1 %ort hairs1 d[ny2 hairy4 ,,pullula,,tion 7pullul>e1 pp4 pullulatus1 pullulate71 a mode ( cell multiplication 9 :i* a cell =ms a protub]ance on "o side :i* enl>ges to size ( p>5t cell & is cut-(f f x by a divid+ wall2 spr\t+2 budd+4 ,,pulv]a,,ce\s1 ,,pulv],,ul5t 7pulvis 7pulv]71 du/1 p[d]71 cov]$ z if ) p[d] or du/4 ,,pul,,v9ate 7pulv9atus1 pulv9us1 a cu%ion71 cu%ion-%ap$4 ,,punc,,tate 7punctatus1 punctus1 a po9t71 dott$ ) po9ts4 ,,punc,,ti=m 7punctum1 po9t2 =ma1 =m71 l a po9t or dot4 ,,pus,,tul>1 ,,pus,,tulate 7pu/ulatus1 pp4 ( pu/ul>e1 to bli/]1 pu/ula1 a bli/]1 pimple71 hav+ l[ elevations %ap$ l bli/]s or pu/ules4 ,,putres,,c5t1 soon decay+4 ,,pyr,,i=m 7pyrum1 a pe>2 =ma1 =m71 pe>-%ap$4 ,,quad-1 ,,quadri- 7quadru1 f\r-corn]$1 squ>e1 f\rfold1 quattuor1 f\r71 prefix signify+ 8f\r40 ,,quad,,rate 7quadratus1 squ>e1 pp4 ( quadr>e1 make f\r-corn]$1 squ>e1 quadra1 a squ>e71 squ>e2 sometimes us$ to mean 8( f\r equal p>ts40 ,,quat],,nate 7quat]natus1 quat]ni1 f\r ea*71 arrang$ 9 gr\ps ( f\r4 ,,ra,,diate1 ,,ra,,diat+ 7radiatus1 pp4 ( radi>e1 furni% ) spokes1 give out rays1 %9e71 arrang$ l ! spokes ( a :eel4 ,,rad,,icat+ 7radicatus1 pp4 ( radic>e1 take root71 root+2 hav+ root-l /r&s :i* p5etrate ! matrix4 ,,rad,,icle 7radicula1 dim4 ( radix1 a root71 a rootlet4 ,,ra,,meal1 ,,ra,,me\s 7rameus1 a bran*71 gr[+ on twigs or bran*es4 ,,ramic,,ul\s1 gr[+ on bran*es4 ,,ram,,ification 7ramific>e1 ramify71 bran*+1 or ! mann] ( bran*+4 ,,ram,,ify 7ramus1 a bran*1 fic>e1 fac]e1 make71 to =m bran*es4 ,,ra,,mose1 ,,ra,,m\s 7ramosus1 full ( bran*es71 hav+ _m small bran*es4 ,,recep,,tacle1 ,,receptac,,ulum 7receptaculum1 place to receive ?+s 971 a "p ( ! mu%room extremely v>i$ 9 =m1 consi/5cy & size1 enclos+ ! organs ( reproduction2 usually imply+ a holl[$-out body conta9+ o!r bodies2 same z ,,/roma2 same z ,,sporophore2 9 ,phalloids ! /em1 /em & pileus1 or ! cla?rate body :i* supports ! gleba4 ,,reflex$1 ,,reflec,,t$ 7reflexus1 pp4 ( reflect]e1 reflect71 turn$ or b5t back4 ,,remote 7remotus1 pp4 remov]e1 remove71 ( gills :i* d n rea* ! /em1 b leave a free space betwe5 !m & x4 ,,r5,,i=m 7r51 ! kidney2 =ma1 =m71 kidney-%ap$4 ,,rep& 7rep&us1 b5t backw>d71 b5t or turn$ up or back2 hav+ a slightly undulat+ or s9u\s m>g94 ,,rep,,licate 7replicatus1 pp4 ( replic>e1 fold or b5d back71 fold$ back ^u itself z :5 ! m>g9 ( a cup turns outw>d & d[nw>d4 ,,resu,,p9ate 7resup9atus1 pp4 ( resup9>e1 ?r[ on ! back71 atta*$ to ! matrix by ! back1 ! hym5ium fac+ outw>d2 said ( fungi spread ov] ! matrix )\t any /em & ) ! hym5ium upw>ds4 ,,retic,,ulate1 ,,re,,ti=m 7reticulatus1 reticulum1 a little net71 m>k$ ) cross$ l9es l ! me%es ( a net4 ,,rev,,olute 7revolutus1 pp4 ( revolv]e1 revolv$71 roll$ backw>ds or upw>ds2 ( ! m>g9 ( a pileus e4g4 ! opposite ( involute4 ,,rhi,,z9es1 ,,rhi,,zoids 7,gr--root1 71 delicate fili=m hyphal bran*es :i* s]ve to atta* ! sporophore to ! sub/ratum & supply n\ri%m5t4 ,,ri,,mose1 ,,ri,,m\s 7rimosus1 rima1 a crack71 crack$1 full ( clefts4 ,,rhi,,zomorphs 7,gr--root1 ,l4--=ma1 =m71 long1 bran*+ or ana/omos+1 rigid1 root-l cords ( mycelium ) a d>k or black ext]ior1 (t5 gr[+ betwe5 ! b>k & timb] or ab\t & p5etrat+ ! roots ( dead & liv+ trees1 produc$ by ,ag>icus melleus & v>i\s o!r fungi4 ,,rhizomor,,phoid 7,gr--root1 =m71 root-l 9 =m4 ,,rhodospo,r 7,gr--rose1 se$71 rose or p9k spores4 ,,rim,,ulose1 ,,rim,,ul\s 7rimula1 a little crack71 cov]$ ) small cracks4 ,,r9d1 cortex2 b>k4 ,,r+1 a "p ( ! veil adh]+ 9 ! =m ( a r+ to ! /em ( an ag>ic2 same z annulus4 ,,ri,,vose 7rivus1 a /ream1 *annel1 groove71 m>k$ ) furr[s :i* d n run 9 p>allel directions4 ,,riv,,ulose 7rivulosus1 rivula1 a little /ream71 m>k$ ) l9es l rivulets4 ,,root,,+1 same z radicat+4 ,,rosace\s 7rosaceus1 pallidoroseus1 c>yophyllaceus71 a v pure purpli%-p9k color1 l "s v>ieties ( roses4 ,,rose-,,r$ 7roseus1 rosaceo-rub]71 ! pure/ possible purpli%-r$ color4 ,,ros,,trate 7ro/ratus1 hav+ a beak1 hook or crook$ po9t1 ro/rum1 a beak71 beak$2 hav+ a process resembl+ ! beak ( a bird4 ,,rotund1 r\nd or ne>ly s4 ,,rubes,,c5t 7rubesc5ts1 ppr4 ( rubesc]e1 become r$1 rub]e1 be r$71 t5d+ to a r$-color4 ,,rubig,,in\s 7rubig9osus1 rubigo1 ru/71 ru/-color$4 ,,rufes,,c5t 7rufesc]e1 to become r$di%71 t5d+ to ruf\s or a dull r$ color4 ,,ruf,,fl$1 v /rongly undulate4 ,,ru,,f\s 7rufus71 a br[ni%-r$ color l ! pigm5t call$ ,v5etian-r$1 light r$1 ,indian-r$1 r$ *alk1 etc41 :i* repres5ts v>i\s %ades ( ruf\s4 ,! typical %ade is light r$4 ,,ru,,gose 7rugosus1 ruga1 a wr9kle71 wr9kl$4 ,,ru,,gulose 7rugula1 dim4 ( ruga1 a wr9kle71 m9utely rugose4 ,,run,,c9ate 7runc9a1 a plane71 irregul>ly saw-too!d1 ! divisions or tee? hook$ backw>d4 ,,russet 7russatus71 a bright tawny-br[n color ) a t+e ( ru/y4 ,,sab,,ul9e1 ,,sab,,ulose 7sabulum1 s&1 ine71 gr[+ 9 s&y places4 ,,sac,,cate 7saccus1 a bag71 9 ! =m ( a sack or p\*4 ,,sac,,*>9e 7sac*>on1 sug>71 ( or resembl+ sug>1 cov]$ ) %9+ gra9s l ^? ( sug>4 ,,sac,,cule1 ,,sac,,culus 7sacculus1 dim4 ( saccus1 a bag71 a small sack or p\*4 ,,salmon-,,color 7salmonaceus7 7c>neus71 a color int]m$iate betwe5 fle% color & orange1 l ! fle% ( ! salmon4 7,saturn r$ or orange *rome :ite47 ,,sangu9,,e\s 7sangu9eus1 ( blood1 bloody71 blood-color$2 ( a deep1 some:at br[ni%-r$ color2 l ! color ( clott$ blood4 ,,sap,,id 7sapidus1 hav+ ta/e1 savory1 sap]e1 h a ta/e71 agreeable to ! ta/e4 ,,saprog,,en\s 7,gr--rott51 ,gr--produc+71 gr[+ 9 decay+ or decompos+ animal or vegetable matt]4 ,,sap,,rophyte 7,gr--rott51 ,gr--a plant71 a plant t lives on decay+ vegetable or animal matt]4 ,,saprophyt,,ic1 liv+ ^u & d]iv+ its su/5ance f dead organic matt]4 ,,sca,,brate1 ,,sca,,br\s 7scabrosus1 scab]1 r\gh71 r\gh on ! surface2 rugg$4 ,,scal>,,i=m 7scal>ia1 a flight ( /eps2 =ma1 =m71 9 ! =m ( a ladd]4 ,,scaph,,oid 7,gr--l a b[l or boat1 ,gr--=m71 boat-%ap$4 ,,sca,,riose1 ,,sca,,ri\s 7sc>iosus1 f sc>ia1 a ?orny %rub71 ?91 dry1 membranace\s2 appli$ to a %rivel$ membrane4 ,,scis,,sile 7scissilis1 to cleave71 capable ( be+ easily split or cleft2 said ( gills :i* c easily be split into two plates4 ,,scl]it,,ic1 ,,scle,,roid1 ,,scle,,rose1 ,,scle,,ros$ 7,gr--h>d1 r\gh1 h>%71 hav+ a h>d texture4 ,,scl]o,,tioid 7,gr--h>d1 resemblance71 9 ! =m ( a scl]otium2 a =m assum$ by ! mycelium ( c]ta9 fungi4 ,,scl]o,,tium 7pl4 ,,scl]otia7 7,gr--h>d71 h>d1 black1 compact1 mo/ly tub]-l body1 :i* is ! re/+ /age ( c]ta9 fungi1 z 9 ,peziza tub]osa2 x rema9s dormant = a "t & !n s5ds up %oots1 :i* develop into sporophores at ! exp5se ( ! res]ve mat]ial4 ,,scrobic,,ulate 7scrobiculatus1 scrobiculus1 dim4 ( scrobis1 a tr5*71 m>k$ ) small pits2 furr[$4 ,,scrupose1 r\gh ) small irregul> prom95ces4 ,,scu,,tellate 7scutellatus1 scutella1 a salv]1 di%71 %ap$ l a plate or platt]4 ,,section1 a cutt+1 cutt+ (f1 excision1 amputation1 etc4 ,,semi-1 prefix mean+ 8half0 or 8p>tial40 ,,sep,,arable 7sep>abilis1 t c be sep>at$1 sep>>e1 sep>ate71 capable ( be+ deta*$4 ,,sep,,arat+1 becom+ deta*$1 z lamell f ! /em1 or resup9ate fungi f ! matrix4 ,,se,,pia1 a deep1 d>k-br[n color1 ) a little r$ 9 its composition4 ,! pigm5t call$ sepia is a c>bonace\s matt]1 prep>$ f ! natural ink ( a species ( cuttle-fi%4 ,,sep,,tate 7septum1 a f5ce71 hav+ p>titions4 ,,sep,,tum 7pl4 ,,septa7 7septum1 a f5ce71 p>tition4 ,,se,,riate 7s]iatus1 pp4 ( s]i>e1 arrange 9 a s]ies71 arrang$ 9 r[s4 ,,s]ic,,e\s 7s]icum1 silk71 silky4 ,,s],,rate 7s]ratus1 saw-%ap$71 hav+ m>g9al tee? %ap$ l saw tee?4 ,,s],,rulate 7s]rulatus1 s]rula1 dim4 ( s]ra1 a saw71 m9utely s]rate4 ,,ses,,sile 7sessilis1 sessus1 pp4 s$]e1 sit71 atta*$ by ! base2 hav+ no /em or support4 ,,se,,ta 7pl4 ,,se,t7 7seta1 a bri/le71 a /iff-bri/le-l hair4 ,,seta,,ce\s1 ,,setig,,er\s1 ,,se,,tose 7seta1 bri/le71 beset ) bri/les4 ,,se,,tose 7setosus1 ab\nd+ 9 bri/les71 bri/ly4 ,,set,,ulose 7setula ose71 f9ely setose2 cov]$ ) setules4 ,,sig,,moid 7,gr--( ! %ape ( a sigma71 said ( an elongat$ spore hav+ ! ends b5t slightly 9 opposite directions2 ,s-%ap$4 ,,simple1 9 botany n =m$ by a union ( simil> p>ts or gr\ps ( p>ts2 a simple /em or trunk is "o n divid$ at ! base4 ,,s9,,uate1 ,,s9,,uose1 ,,s9,,u\s 7s9uatus1 pp4 s9u>e1 s9us1 a curve71 wav$2 s]p5t9e2 appli$ to an edge ! outl9e ( :i* is alt]nately concave & convex2 a s9uate lamella has a sudd5 wave or s9us 9 its edge ne> ! /em4 ,,si,,nus 7s9us1 ! fold ( a g>m5t1 a curve1 holl[71 a r\nd$ inw>d curve betwe5 two project+ lobes4 ,,slate-,,color 7s*i/aceus71 a d>k gray or blacki% gray color1 less blui% 9 t9t ?an plumbe\s or lead color4 ,,smoke-,,gray 7fumidio-canus74 7,black :ite raw umb]47 ,,smoo?1 glabr\s2 appli$ to a surface :i* is de/itute ( hairs2 a surface may be unev5 & yet smoo?4 ,,sor,,did 7sordidus1 dirty1 fil?y1 mean1 sord]e1 be dirty71 ( a d+y1 dirty hue4 ,,spadic,,e\s 7spadiceus1 spadix1 a palm bran*71 date-br[n1 dull] & d>k] ?an bay-br[n4 ,,spa?,,ulate1 ,,spat,,ulate 7spa?ula1 dim4 ( spa?a1 a broad1 flat in/rum5t = /irr+ liquids71 %ap$ l a spa?ula or spoon2 oblong or r\nd$ & flatt5$ at ! top ) a long1 n>r[1 att5uate base4 ,,spe,,cies1 an individual1 or collectively ^? individuals :i* diff] specifically f all o!r memb]s ( a g5us & :i* d n diff] f ea* o!r except )9 n>r[ limits ( v>iability1 & :i* produce by propagation o!r individuals ( ! same k9d4 ,,specif,,ic 7species1 k9d1 ficus1 fac]e1 make71 (1 p]ta9+ to1 con/itut+1 peculi> to1 *>act]i/ic (1 designat+ species or a species2 n g5]ic1 n ( wid] application ?an to a species4 ,,sphag,,num 7,gr--a k9d ( moss71 peat or bog moss4 ,,sph],,ical1 ,,sphe,,roid1 ( ! %ape ( a ball or globe or ne>ly s4 ,,spic,,ul>1 ,,spic,,ulate1 ,,spic,,ul\s 7spicule ar71 cov]$ ) spicules4 ,,spic,,ule 7spicula1 a little %>p po9t71 9 ,hym5omycetes "o ( ! small projections on ! basidia :i* be> ! spores4 ,,sp9,,ule 7sp9ula1 dim4 ( sp9a1 a ?orn71 a small sp9e or prickle4 ,,sporan,,giophore 7sporangium ,gr--be>71 special mycelial bran* be>+ a sporangium4 ,,sporan,,gium 7pl4 ,,sporangia7 7spora1 a spore1 ,gr--vessels71 sac produc+ spores endog5\sly4 ,,spore 7,gr--a s[+1 se$ "t1 se$1 etc471 ! reproductive body ( cryptogams analog\s to ! se$ ( ph5ogams2 ! t]ms spores1 sporidia1 sporules & conidia h be5 appli$ some:at indiscrim9ately to all spore bodies4 ,,sporidif,,era1 a class ( fungi 9 :i* ! spores are enclos$ 9 asci4 ,,sporidif,,er\s1 ,,sporidiif,,er\s 7sporidium1 f]re1 be>71 be>+ sporidia2 appli$ to a fungus ( ! class ,sporidif]a4 ,,sporid,,ium 7pl4 ,,sporid,,ia7 7dim4 ( ,gr--spore71 an ascospore or endospore4 ,see ,,spore4 ,,sporif,,era1 a class ( fungi 9 :i* ! spores are free1 nak$ or soon expos$4 ,,sporif,,er\s 7spora1 spore f]re1 be>71 be>+ spores2 appli$ to a fungus ( ! class ,sporif]a4 ,,spo,,roc>p 7spora1 spore1 ,gr--fruit71 9 ,ascomycetes ! entire fruit1 compos$ ( ! ascophore & ! asci4 ,,sporog,,en\s 7spora1 spore1 ,gr--produc+71 produc+ spores4 ,,spo,,rophore 7spora1 spore71 bran* or portion ( ?allus :i* be>s spores or spore-"m-cells2 said to be simple or filam5t\s :5 consi/+ ( a s+le hypha or bran* ( a hypha2 comp\nd1 :5 =m$ by ! cohesion ( ! ramifications ( sep>ate hyphal bran*es 7! common mu%room is a comp\nd sporophore47 ,,sport1 an animal or plant1 or any "p ( "o t v>ies sudd5ly or s+ul>ly f ! normal type ( /ructure1 & is usually ( transi5t "* or n p]petuat$2 n s mu* de=m$ z 8mon/]40 ,,spo,,rule1 see "u ,,spore4 ,,squa,,ma 7pl4 ,,squa,m7 7squama1 a scale71 a scale or scale-l app5dage4 ,,squa,,mose1 ,,squa,,m\s 7squamosus1 squama1 a scale71 cov]$ ) appress$ scales2 scale-l4 ,,squam,,ula1 ,,squam,,ule 7dim4 ( squama1 a scale71 a small squama4 ,,squam,,ulose 7squamulosus1 squamula1 dim4 ( squama1 a scale71 cov]$ ) small scales4 ,,squ>,,rose 7squ>rosus1 scaly71 r\gh ) scales2 r\gh5$ ) project+ po9ts4 ,,/alk1 /ipe2 any /em-l support+ organ4 ,,/el,,late 7/ellatus1 pp4 ( /ell>e1 set or cov] ) />s1 /ella1 />71 />-%ap$4 ,,/]ig,,ma 7pl4 ,,/]igmata7 7,gr-- a prop1 support71 /alk-l bran* ( a basidium be>+ a spore4 ,,/],,ile1 n f]tile2 produc+ no spores4 ,,/ipe 7,l4--a /ock1 trunk1 po/1 etc471 /alk ( a mu%room4 ,,/ip,,itate 7/ipitatus1 /ipes1 a /alk71 /emm$1 elevat$ on a /ipe4 ,,/o,,ma 7pl4 ,,/o,,mata7 7,gr--! m\?1 op5+1 entrance1 out-let1 etc471 a m\? or ap]ture2 little orifices 9 ! epid]mis ( leaves1 etc41 op5+ into air cavities or int]cellul> spaces4 ,,/raight1 appli$ to m>g9 ( pileus :5 n involute4 ,,/ram9,,e\s 7/ram9eus1 made ( /raw1 /ram51 /raw71 /raw-color$4 ,,/ra,,tose 7/ratum1 a lay]71 arrang$ 9 di/9ct lay]s or /rata4 ,,/ra,,tum 7pl4 ,,/ra,,ta7 7,l4--cov]let1 b$1 pavem5t1 etc471 a lay]4 ,,/raw-,,color1 ,,/raw-,,yell[ 7/ram9eus71 a v light impure yell[1 l cur$ /raw4 ,,/ri,a 7pl4 ,,/ri7 7/ria1 a *annel1 furr[1 holl[71 p>allel or radiat+ l9es or m>k+s4 ,,/ri,,ate 7/riatus1 pp4 ( /ri>e1 /ria1 a *annel1 flute ( a column71 m>k$ ) /ri4 ,,/ri,,gose 7/rigosus1 /riga1 a swa?71 r\gh ) /iff hairs4 ,,/robil,,i=m 7/robilus =ma1 =m71 resembl+ a p9e cone4 ,,/ro,,ma 7pl4 ,,/ro,,mata7 7/roma1 a cov]+1 cov]let71 a mass 9 :i* ano!r object is imb$d$2 a compact mass ( mycelium 9 ! =m ( a cu%ion1 cru/1 club or bran*$ expansion ^u or 9 :i* p]i!cia or o!r organs ( fructification are borne4 ,,/uff$1 ( a /em fill$ ) mat]ial ( a diff]5t texture f its walls4 ,,sub- 7sub1 "u1 be=e1 ne>71 prefix$ signifies 8some:at10 8almo/0 or 8"u40 ,,su,,b]iz$ 7sub]1 cork1 iz$71 trans=m$ into sub]9 or cork4 ,,sub-,,erose 7sub1 "u1 erosus1 pp4 ( erod]e1 gnaw (f or away1 consume71 slightly erose2 appe>+ z if eat5 or gnaw$ on ! m>g94 ,,su,,b]ose 7sub]1 cork71 corky4 ,,subgle,,ba 7sub1 "u2 gleba1 a clod71 basal portion ( ! gleba4 ,,subic,,ulum 7subiculum1 an "u lay]71 a m or less ?9 & d5se felt ( hyph cov]+ ! matrix2 ^u its surface is spread ! hym5ium1 or f x arise /alks support+ sporophores4 ,,sub/ra,,tum 7sub/ratum1 neut4 ( sub/ratus1 spread "u71 sometimes us$ 9 ! s5se ( matrix4 ,,subt]ra,,nean1 "u gr\nd4 ,,su,,bulate1 ,,su,,buli=m 7subulatus1 subula1 an awl1 su]e1 sew71 awl-%ap$4 ,,suc,,cul5t 7succul5tus1 full ( juice1 sappy1 succus1 prop4 sucus1 juice71 fle%y1 juicy4 ,,sul,,cate 7sulcatus1 pp4 sulc>e1 sulcus1 a furr[71 m>k$ ) furr[s2 groov$4 ,,sul,,cus 7pl4 ,,sul,,ci7 7sulcus1 a furr[1 tr5*71 groove or furr[4 ,,sulphu,,re\s1 ,,sulfu,,re\s 7sulfureus1 sulphureus1 ( or l sulphur1 sulfur1 sulphur71 sulphur-color$4 ,,sulphur ,,yell[ 7sulphureus71 a v pale pure yell[ color1 less orange 9 t9t ?an dilute gamboge or lemon yell[4 ,,sup]-1 ,,supra- 7sup]1 ov]1 above1 beyond71 prefix mean+ 8above0 9 position or degree4 ,,sup]fic,,ial 7sup]ficialis1 ( or p]ta9+ to ! surface1 situat$ on or close to ! surface4 ,,supe,,rior 7sup]us1 sup]1 above71 ! upp] surface2 or appli$ to a r+ :5 x is ne> ! apex ( ! /em4 ,,suprav5al 7sup]1 ov]1 above2 v5a1 ve971 situat$ or occurr+ above ve9s4 ,,sym,,bion1 ,,sym,,biont 7,gr--live toge!r )71 an organism :i* lives 9 a /ate ( symbiosis4 ,,symbio,,sis 7,gr--a liv+ toge!r71 ! co-exi/5ce 9 m or less mutual int]dep5d5ce ( two diff]5t organisms2 mutualism2 mutual p>asitism2 comm5salism2 consortism2 ) "s au?ors comm5salism implies an association less necess>y or mutually helpful ?an symbiosis4 ,,symbiot,,ic1 liv+ 9 t k9d ( consociation call$ symbiosis4 ,,syn,,onym 7,gr--a ^w hav+ ! same "n ) ano!r71 a disc>d$ "n = a species or g5us2 ei!r ( two or m names = ! same species or g5us4 ,,synon,,ym\s1 express+ ! same idea2 equival5t 9 mean+2 hav+ ! "* ( a synonym4 ,,tape,,sium 7tapesium1 tape/ry1 c>pet71 a c>pet or lay] ( mycelium on :i* ! receptacle is situat$4 ,,tawny 7fulvus1 fulvesc5s1 alutaceus71 ! color ( tann$ lea!r4 7,ne>ly synonym\s ) fulv\s47 7,neutral orange raw si5na47 ,,tawny ,,o*race\s 7fulvo-o*raceus74 7,yell[ o*] burnt si5na raw umb]47 ,,tawny ,,olive 7fulvo-olivaceus74 7,yell[ o*] raw umb]47 ,,t5a,,ce\s 7t5ax 7t5ac-71 hold+ fa/1 t5]e1 hold71 t\gh4 ,,te,,rete 7t]et1 r\nd1 smoo?71 cyl9drical or ne>ly s1 hav+ a circul>1 transv]se section2 top-%ap$4 ,,t]res,,trial 7t]re/ris1 ( or belong+ to ! e>? al71 gr[+ on ! gr\nd4 ,,tes,,selat$ 7tessellatus1 made ( small squ>e /ones1 *eck]$ ed71 arrang$ 9 small squ>es2 *eck]$ or reticulat$ 9 a regul> mann]4 ,,te/a,,ce\s 7te/aceus1 consi/+ ( tiles or %]ds1 te/a1 tile1 %ell71 same z brick-r$4 ,,tetan,,ic 7tetanicus1 affect$ ) tetanus71 p]ta9+ to or *>act]iz$ by tetanus2 tetanic spasm2 tonic spasm ( ! volunt>y muscles z se5 9 tetanus1 /ry*nic poison+1 etc4 ,,tetra- 7quatuor1 f\r71 prefix signify+ 8f\r40 ,,tet,,raspore 7,gr--f\r1 se$71 f\r spores =m+ "o4 ,,?ala,,mium 7,gr--inn] *amb]1 b$room1 b$71 synonym = hym5ium4 ,,?al,,log5 7,gr--a "y %oot1 ,gr--produc+71 same z ?allophyte4 ,,?al,,lophyte 7,gr--a "y %oot1 ,gr--a plant71 "o ( ! s-call$ 8l[] cryptogams10 plants 9 :i* ! vegetative body usually consi/s ( a ?allus4 ,,?al,,lus 7,gr--a "y %oot or twig71 a vegetative body :i* is n diff]5tiat$ into a true root1 /em & leaf1 has no true vessels or woody fib]2 9 fungi x is ! :ole body ( ! plant n s]v+ directly z an organ ( reproduction1 i4 e43 mycelium1 if any1 & sporophore b n includ+ ! hym5ial lay]4 ,,!,,ca 7,gr--a case1 box1 receptacle1 put1 place71 a sac or case1 g5]ally us$ 9 ! s5se ( capsule4 ,,!,,caspore1 ! spore ?us enclos$ by ! wall ( ! sac2 an ascospore4 ,,tis,,sue 7tex]e1 weave71 ! cellul> fabric out ( :i* plant /ructures are built up4 ,,toad,,/ool 7toad /ool71 a g5]al "n applicable to any =m ( visible fungus2 usually appli$ to fle%y fungi z di/+ui%$ f ! molds1 smuts1 etc4 ,mu%room is a "n giv5 to a few species ( toad/ools kn[n to comm]ce1 & wrongly to o!r edible species1 ( :i* !re are _m4 ,,tom5,,tose1 ,,tom5t\s 7tom5tum1 wool1 etc471 d5sely pubesc5t ) matt$ wool or tom5tum4 ,,tom5,,tum 7tom5tum1 a /uff+ ( wool1 hair1 fea!rs1 etc471 a species ( pubesc5ce consi/+ ( longi%1 s(t1 entangl$ hairs press$ close to ! surface4 ,,torn1 said ( pores :i* are sup]ficially r\gh & jagg$ z if torn4 ,,to,,rose1 ,,tor,,ulose 7torosus1 full ( muscle or fle%1 torus1 a bulg+1 protub]ance71 swoll5 at int]vals4 ,,tor,,sion 7torqu]e1 pp4 tortus1 twi/1 wr+71 ! /ate ( be+ twi/$ spirally4 ,,tor,,sive 7torsus1 pp4 torqu]e1 twi/71 spirally twi/$4 ,,tor,,tu\s1 b5d+ or turn+ 9 v>i\s directions4 ,,tox,,ic 7toxicum1 poison71 poison\s4 ,,tra,,ma 7trama1 ! weft or fill+ ( a web71 ! sub/ance proce$+ f ! hym5ophore1 betwe5 ! plates ( 7c5tral 97 ! gills 9 ,ag>ics1 & betwe5 ! d\ble membranes ( :i* ! dissepim5ts ( ! pores are compos$ 9 ,polyporei2 ! hyphal plates =m+ ! walls ( ! *amb]s ( ! gleba1 9 ,ga/]omycetes4 ,,translu,,c5t 7transluc57t7s1 ppr4 ( transluc]e1 %9e across or ?r\gh1 trans1 ov]1 luc]e1 %9e71 transmitt+ rays ( light )\t be+ transp>5t4 ,,trans,,v]se 7transv]sus1 ly+ across71 f side to side4 ,,trem,,elloid1 ,,trem,,ellose 7tremo1 to tremble71 ( a gelat9\s or jelly-l consi/5cy2 resembl+ ,tremella4 ,,tri- 7tri1 ?ree71 prefix signify+ 8?ree40 ,,tri,,fid 7trifidus1 tres 7tri-7 ?ree1 f9d]e1 cleave71 divid$ half way into ?ree p>ts by l9e> s9uses ) /raight m>g9s2 ?ree-cleft4 ,,triquet,,r\s 7triquetrus1 ?ree-corn]$1 triangul>71 hav+ ?ree acute angles ) concave faces2 triangul>2 appli$ to ! v]tical radial section ( "s dimidiate pilei2 ?ree-edg$4 ,,trun,,cate 7truncatus1 pp4 trunc>e1 cut (f71 end+ abruptly z if cut %ort2 cut squ>ely (f4 ,,tu,b,,=m1 ,,tu,,bi=m 7tuba1 a tube2 =ma1 =m71 trumpet-%ap$1 tubul>4 ,,tube1 ,,tu,,bule 7tubus1 a pipe1 tube71 9 polypores1 tube l9$ ) hym5ium2 same z pore4 ,,tu,,b] 7tub]1 a bump1 swell+1 knob on plant1 etc471 fle%y body1 usually ( a r\nd$ or oblong =m1 produc$ on und]gr\nd /ems1 z ! potato or arti*oke2 a g5us ( und]gr\nd fungi4 ,,tu,,b]cle 7tub]culum1 dim4 ( tub]1 a swell+71 a small1 w>t-l excresc5ce2 a small swell+4 ,,tub],,cul>1 ,,tub],,culate1 ,,tub],,culose 7tub]culum1 tub]cle71 hav+ or cov]$ ) tub]cles2 =m$ l or =m+ a tub]cle4 ,,tub],,culi=m 7tub]culum1 tub]cle1 =ma1 =m71 %ap$ l a tub]cle4 ,,tu,,b]\s 7tub]osus1 full ( lumps or protub]ances1 tub]1 a knob1 lump71 r\nd$ & swoll52 resembl+ a tub]4 ,,tu,,bul> 7tubulus1 a small pipe71 holl[ & cyl9drical4 ,,tu,,bulus 7pl4 ,,tubuli7 7tubules1 tube71 same z tube2 pore4 ,,tu,,mid 7tumidus1 swoll51 swell+1 tum]e1 swell71 swoll51 slightly inflat$4 ,,tur,,b9ate 7turb9atus1 %ap$ l a top or cone71 top-%ap$2 %ape ( an inv]t$ cone4 ,,tur,,gid 7turgidus1 swoll51 turg]e1 swell out71 ?ick5$ z if swoll52 di/5d$ ) liquid4 ,,tur,,gor 7turg]e1 swell71 ! /ate ( be+ turgid2 a /ate ( di/5sion & t5sion ( plant cells & p>ts by reason ( _! fullness ( liquid4 ,,type1 a p]fect specim5 or individual exemplify+ ! ess5tial *>act]s ( ! species to :i* x belongs2 ! orig9al specim5 f :i* a species 0 describ$4 ,,typ,,ical1 agree+ closely ) ! *>act]s assign$ to a gr\p or species4 ,,ulig,,inose1 ,,ulig,,in\s 7ulig9osus1 full ( moi/ure1 damp1 uligo1 moi/ure1 m>%9ess71 gr[+ 9 m>%es or swamps4 ,,ul,,timate 7ultimatus1 f>!/1 la/1 pp4 ( ultim>e1 come to an end1 ultimus1 la/1 f9i%71 f>!/1 la/4 ,,um,,b]1 ,,um,,br9\s 7umbra1 %ade1 %ad[71 ! color ( ! pigm5t call$ raw umb]4 ,,umbil,,icate 7umbilicatus1 umbilicus1 navel71 ) a c5tral depression or r\nd$ pit2 hav+ a navel-l depression4 ,,umbili,,cus 7umbilicus1 navel71 a navel-l depression4 ,,umbo 7boss ( a %ield71 appli$ to ! c5tral elevation ( ! cap ( "s mu%rooms4 ,,um,,bonate 7umbonatus1 umbo1 ! boss ( a %ield71 ) a c5tral boss-l elevation4 ,,un,,c9ate 7unc9atus1 unc9us1 a hook71 hook$2 =m+ a hook4 ,,un,,dulate1 ,,un,,date 7undatus1 pp4 ( und>e1 rise 9 waves1 unda1 a wave71 hav+ ! surface ne> ! m>g9 alt]nately concave & convex2 wav$4 ,,une,,qual1 appli$ to gills :5 ( unequal l5g?s2 to a /em n ( uni=m ?ickness4 ,,une,,v51 said ( surfaces t are irregul>1 /riate1 sulcate1 etc4 ,,un,,gulate1 ,,un,,gul\s 7ungulatus1 hav+ claws or ho(s1 ungula1 claw1 talon1 ho(71 ho(-%ap$4 ,,uni-1 prefix signify+ 8"o40 ,,unicol,,or\s 7unicolor1 hav+ "o color1 ous71 ( a uni=m color2 ( ! same color4 ,,unise,,riate 7unus1 "o1 s]ies1 s]ies71 arrang$ 9 "o r[4 ,,univ],,sal 7univ]sus1 :ole71 said ( ! veil or volva :i* entirely envelopes ! fungus :5 "y4 ,,unsep,,tate 7un1 n2 septum1 a f5ce71 hav+ no p>titions4 ,,ur,,ceolate 7urceolus1 a little pit*]1 ate71 %ap$ l a pit*] ) a contract$ m\?4 ,u,,t]us 7ut]us1 ! womb1 belly71 same z p]idium 9 ,ga/romycetes4 ,u,,tricle 7utriculus1 a little lea!r bag or bottle1 etc471 any ?9 bladd]-l or bottle-l body4 ,,vac,,uolate1 ,,vac,,uolat$ 7vacuole ate71 provid$ ) vacuoles4 ,,vac,,uole 7vacuolum1 dim4 ( vacuum1 an empty space71 a cavity ( great] or less size )9 ! protoplasmic mass ( active vegetable cells fill$ ) wat] or cell-sap1 z x is call$4 ,,vag,,inate 7vag9a1 a %ea?71 furni%$ ) or conta9$ 9 a %ea?2 %ea!d4 ,,vague1 indef9ite1 indi/9ct4 ,,v&yke ,,br[n1 a ri* deep br[n1 v simil> to burnt umb]1 b r less r$di%4 ,,va,,riable 7v>iabilis1 *angeable1 v>i>e1 *ange71 said ( a species :i* embraces _m individuals :i* dep>t m or less f ! type ( ! gr\p4 ,,va,,riegat$1 m>k$ ) diff]5t colors2 mottl$2 same z ,,papilionace\s4 ,,v>i,,ety1 a subdivision ( a species ) m9or *>act]i/ics uni=mly v>y+ f ! type2 an incipi5t species4 ,,vas,,cul> 7vasculum1 a small vessel71 consi/+ (1 relat+ to or furni%$ ) vessels or ducts4 ,,vaul,,t$1 ar*$ l ! ro( ( ! m\?4 ,,veil1 ,,ve,,lum 7velum1 a veil71 a cov]+ ( v>i\s texture m or less completely enwrapp+ a fungus2 occurr+ *iefly among ! ,ag>ic9i2 p>tial or m>g9al veil1 a special envelope ext5d+ f ! m>g9 ( ! pileus to ! /em enclos+ ! gills2 univ]sal veil or volva1 a special envelope enclos+ ! entire plant 9 ! "y /ate1 ei!r concrete ) ! cuticle ( ! pileus z 9 ,lepiota or discrete z 9 ,amanita1 ultimately ruptur$ by ! exp&+ pileus1 a membranace\s or fibr\s or granulose coat+ /ret*$ ov] ! m\? ( an apo!cium or cup soon break+ into fragm5ts4 ,,ve9s1 swoll5 wr9kles on ! sides (1 & at ! base betwe5 ! gills1 (t5 connect$ to =m cross p>titions1 7b7 s-call$1 ! r\nd$1 obtuse-edg$ gills f\nd ^u ,can?>ellus1 ,crat]ellus1 7c7 ! ve9-l protub]ances ^u ! surface ( "s fungi4 ,,vel,,i=m1 ,,velam5,,t\s 7velum1 cov]+2 =ma1 =m71 resembl+ or s]v+ z a veil2 ( a ?9 veil-l cov]+4 ,,ve,,lum1 veil4 ,,velu,,t9e1 ,,velu,,t9\s 7velutum1 velvet1 ine71 velvety4 ,,ve,,nate1 ,,ve9$1 ,,ve,,nose1 ,,ve,,n\s 7v5a1 ve91 art]y71 int]sect$ by swoll5 wr9kles bel[ & on ! sides4 ,,v5,,tral 7v5tralis1 ( or p]ta9+ to ! belly1 /oma*1 v5t]1 belly1 /oma*71 appli$ to ! "u side ( pileus2 opposite to 8dorsal40 ,,v5,,tricose 7v5t]1 ! belly71 swoll5 9 ! middle2 belli$4 ,,v]mic,,ul>1 ,,v]mic,,ulate 7v]miculus1 a worm71 worm-%ap$4 ,,v]milion 7c9nab>9us1 c9nab>9o-rub]71 a v f9e r$ color1 light] & less rosy ?an c>m9e1 & n s pure or ri* z sc>let4 ,,v],,nal 7v]nalis1 ( ! spr+1 v]nal1 v]1 spr+71 ( or p]ta9+ to ! spr+4 ,,v],,nicose 7v]nix1 v>ni%71 appe>+ z if v>ni%$4 ,,v]ru,,ca 7pl4 ,,v]ru,c7 7v]ruca1 a w>t1 /eep place or height71 w>t4 ,,v],,rucose 7v]rucosus1 full ( w>ts71 cov]$ ) w>ts or gl&ul> elevations4 ,,v]ru,,ci=m 7v]ruca1 a w>t1 =ma1 =m71 w>ty1 resembl+ a w>t 9 appe>ance4 ,,v]ru,,culose 7v]rucula1 a little em95ce1 a little w>t1 dim4 ( v]ruca1 a w>t1 ose71 m9utely v]rucose4 ,,v],,tex 7v]tex1 vortex 7tic-71 a :irl1 eddy1 highe/ po9t1 etc471 ! upp] extremity4 ,,v]ticil,,late 7v]ticillus1 a :irl71 :orl$4 ,,ves,,cicle 7vesicula1 a little bli/]1 a vesicle1 dim4 ( vesica1 bladd]1 bli/]71 a m9ute bladd]-l cell or cavity4 ,,vesic,,ul>1 ,,vesi,,culate1 ,,vesic,,ulose1 ,,vesic,,ul\s 7vesicula1 vescicle71 compos$ ( or l vescicles4 ,,vil,,lose1 ,,vil,,l\s 7villosus1 villus1 a tuft ( hair71 d[ny ) s(t weak hairs4 ,,v9a,,ce\s1 a br[ni%-p9k or delicate br[ni%-purple color l w9e dregs2 a s(t1 delicate w9e-color$ p9k or purple4 ,,v9a,,ce\s-,,buff 7v9aceo-luteus74 7,indian-r$ yell[ o*] :ite47 ,,v9a,,ce\s-,,c9namon 7v9aceo-c9namomeus74 7,burnt umb] burnt si5na :ite47 ,,v9a,,ce\s-,,p9k 7v9aceo-c>yophyllaceus74 7,madd]-c>m9e light-r$ :ite47 ,,v9a,,ce\s-,,ru,,f\s 7v9aceo-rufus74 7,indian-r$ light-r$ :ite47 ,,vi,,n\s 7v9osus1 v9um1 w9e71 w9e-color$2 v9ace\s4 ,,violet1 ,,viola,,ce\s1 a purpli%-blue color1 l ! petals ( a violet4 7,anil9e-violet or mauve47 ,,vires,,c5t 7viresc]e1 gr[ gre51 gre5i%71 gre5 or becom+ gre54 ,,vir,,gate 7virgatus1 virga1 a twig1 rod71 /reak$2 hav+ an erect1 sl5d] %ape l a rod4 ,,virides,,c5t 7viridesc5s1 ppr4 ( viridesc]e1 be gre51 viridis1 gre571 slightly gre52 gre5i%4 ,,vis,,cid 7viscum1 bird-lime1 any?+ /icky71 moi/ & /icky1 glut9\s1 clammy1 adhesive2 cov]$ ) a %9y liquid :i* adh]es to ! f+]s :5 t\*$4 ,,vis,,cose1 ,,vis,,c\s 7viscosus1 viscum1 bird-lime71 glut9\s1 clammy1 adhesive4 ,,vitel,,l9e 7vitellus1 yolk ( egg1 ine71 egg-yell[ color2 lute\s4 ,,volute 7voluta1 a spiral scroll71 roll$ up 9 any direction4 ,,vol,,va 7volva1 a wrapp]71 wrapp]2 same z univ]sal veil2 ! "n is (t5 appli$ to t portion ( a discrete volva :i* is left aft] ruptur+1 ei!r atta*$ 9 fragm5ts to1 or =m+ a di/9ct membran\s %ea? ab\t1 ! base ( ! /em1 ! p]idium 9 phalloids analog\s to ! volva 9 ,amanit4 ,,vol,,vi=m 7volva1 wrapp]1 =ma1 =m71 hav+ ! =m ( a volva4 ,,w>t 7v]ruca1 w>t1 excresc5ce71 a w>t-l excresc5ce f\nd on ! pileus ( "s mu%rooms2 ! rema9s ( ! volva 9 =m ( irregul> or polygonal excresc5ces1 m or less adh]5t1 num]\s & p]si/5t4 ,,wav$1 ,,wa,,vy4 ,see ,,undulate4 ,,wax-,,yell[ 7c]aceus71 a deep b dull yell[1 resembl+ ! color ( fre% bees' wax4 ,,:orl$1 hav+ p>ts arrang$ 9 a circle ar\nd an axis2 v]ticillate4 ,,w9e-,,purple 7v9aceo-purpureus71 a cle> r$di%-purple ( a slightly br[ni% ca/4 ,,wood-,,br[n1 a light br[n color l "s v>ieties ( wood4 7,raw umb] burnt si5na :ite47 ,,yell[-,,o*]1 a bright yell[i%-o*race\s or o*]-yell[ color4 ,,zo,,nate1 ,,zon$ 7zona1 a zone or girdle71 m>k$ ) conc5tric b&s ( color4 ,,zones 7zona1 a zone or girdle71 circul> b&s ( color4 ,,index ,,to ,,g5]a ,acetabul>ia1 #bfh ,ag>icus1 #cca ,aldridgea1 #ejf ,amanita 7introduction71 ,amanita1 #b ,amanitopsis1 #bh ,anell>ia1 #chh ,apyr5ium1 #ebg ,armill>ia1 #eb ,a/ru1 #egh ,auricul>ia1 #ebf ,bat>rea1 #egg ,bolbitius1 #cjb ,bolet9us1 #cif1 #cih ,boletus1 #cif1 #djd ,bovi/a1 #egi1 #faj ,bovi/ella1 #egh1 #fjh ,caldesiella1 #dib ,caloc]a1 #ebg ,calvatia1 #egh1 #ehb ,can?>ellus1 #bad ,cata/oma1 #egi1 #fji ,*itonia1 #ccj ,cladod]ris1 #ejg ,cla?rus1 #ega ,claudopus1 #bff ,clav>ia1 #eaa1 #eac ,clitocybe1 #hc ,clitopilus1 #bed ,collybia1 #aab ,coniophora1 #ejf ,copr9us1 #cfh ,corticium1 #ejg ,cort9>ius1 #cjf ,crat]ellus1 #ejg1 #ejh ,crepidotus1 #cjd ,cyclomyces1 #cih ,cyphella1 #ejg ,dacryomyces1 #ebg ,dacryopsis1 #ebg ,ddalea1 #cig ,deconica1 #cfg ,ditiola1 #ebg ,eccilia1 #bfe ,entoloma1 #bej ,exidia1 #ebf ,exobasidium1 #ejg ,favolus1 #cih ,fi/ul9a1 #cig1 #dgg ,flammula1 #bhg ,fomes1 #cig ,gal]a1 #bii ,gea/]1 #egh1 #ehj ,geoglossum1 #ece1 #eej ,gomphidius1 #cib ,gr&9ia1 #dic ,guep9ia1 #ebg ,gyrocephalus1 #ebg ,gyromitra1 #ece1 #edf ,hebeloma1 #bhc ,heliomyces1 #bbh ,helvella1 #ecd1 #ecf ,hexagonia1 #cih ,hiatula1 #acb ,hirneola1 #ebf1 #ebh ,hydnum1 #dib1 #did ,hygrophorus1 #adg ,hym5o*te1 #ejg ,hypholoma1 #ceb ,hypomyces1 #efa ,inocybe1 #bha ,irpex1 #dic1 #ejd ,kneiffia1 #dic ,lacc>ia 7describ$71 #ajg ,lact>ius1 #afa ,lat]na1 #ega ,l5t9us1 #bbh ,l5zites1 #bch ,leotia1 #ece1 #edj ,lepiota1 #cc ,leptonia1 #bfc ,lycop]don1 #egh1 #ehi ,m>asmius1 #bba ,m]ulius1 #cih1 #dij ,mitremyces1 #egh ,mitrula1 #ece1 #edh ,montagnites1 #cie ,mor*ella1 #ece1 #eda ,mucronella1 #dic ,mucronoporus1 #cig ,mut9us1 #egj1 #ege ,myc5a1 #abd ,myc5a/rum1 #egi1 #fac ,myrisotoma1 #egg ,nmatelia1 #ebg ,naucoria1 #bid ,nolanea1 #bfd ,nyctalis1 #bbj ,odontia1 #dic ,omphalia1 #acb ,panolus1 #chd ,panus1 #bcb ,paxillus1 #cbf ,p5iophora1 #ejg ,peziza1 #eeb ,phallus1 #egj1 #ega ,phlebia1 #dic ,pholiota1 #bfi ,pilosace1 #cdh ,pi/ill>ia1 #eaa ,pleurotus1 #ace ,pluteolus1 #bhb ,pluteus1 #bdc ,polyplocium1 #egg ,polyporus1 #cig1 #dgi ,polysaccum1 #fah ,poly/ictus1 #cig ,poria1 #cig ,poro!lium1 #dic ,psa?yra1 #cfg ,psa?yrella1 #chi ,psilocybe1 #cfe ,pt]ula1 #eaa ,radulum1 #dic ,russula1 #ahe ,s*izophyllum1 #bch ,scl]od]ma1 #fae ,simblum1 #ega ,si/otrema1 #dic ,sol5ia1 #ejg ,soppittiella1 #ejf ,sp>assis1 #eaa1 #eab ,spa?ul>ia1 #ece1 #edi ,/]eum1 #ejg ,/robilomyces1 #cig1 #dge ,/roph>ia1 #cdh ,!lephora1 #ejf ,trametes1 #cig ,tremella1 #ebg1 #ebi ,tremellodon1 #ebg1 #ecc ,tri*oloma1 #ei ,trogia1 #bcg ,tub>ia1 #bic ,tub]ace1 #efe ,tylo/oma1 #egh1 #ehb ,typhula1 #eaa ,ulocolla1 #ebf ,v]pa1 #ece1 #eci ,volv>ia1 #bci ,x]otus1 #bcg ,,index ,,to ,,species abortivus 7,clitopilus71 #beg abortive =m 7,clitopilus71 #beg abrupta 7,amanita71 #bc abruptus 7,ag>icus71 #cdc ac]vata 7,collybia71 #abb acetabulum 7,peziza71 #eec a*im5es 7,ag>icus71 #cdj acum9atum 7,lycop]don71 #fjg acutesquamosa 7,lepiota71 #dj adiposa 7,pholiota71 #bgf admirabilis 7,pluteus71 #bdh v>4 fuscus 7,pluteus71 #bdh adnata 7,amanitopsis71 #cj adu/a 7,russula71 #ahh rug9osa 7,/roph>ia71 #cdi /ivalis 7,boletus71 #ddi /ivum 7,tub]71 #eff aff9is 7,boletus71 #ddh v>4 maculosus1 #ddi agglut9ata 7,amanitopsis71 #cb aggregatum 7,hypholoma71 #cfa albella 7,russula71 #aid albellum 7,tri*oloma71 #gg albellus 7,boletus71 #dfd albida 7,tremella71 #eca albido-tom5tosus 7,panus71 #bce albidum 7,hydnum71 #dii alboat] 7,boletus71 #dfj albo-griseus 7,clitopilus71 #bei albo-nigrum 7,hydnum71 #dih albo-violaceus 7,cort9>ius71 #caf album 7,tri*oloma71 #gi albus 7,boletus71 #dae ali5a 7,flammula71 #bhh alliaceus 7,m>asmius71 #bbg alligatus 7,polyporus71 #dhh alluv9a 7,lepiota71 #dc alnicola 7,flammula71 #bij alutacea 7,russula71 #bjg alutaceus 7,boletus71 #dbf alut>ius 7,boletus71 #dfh alveolatus 7,boletus71 #dee ,am]icana 7,lepiota71 #dh ,am]icanus 7,boletus71 #dac ame?y/9a 7,clav>ia71 #eaf ame?y/9a 7,clitocybe71 #ajg ,ananas 7,boletus71 #dgc anax 7,polyporus71 #dhb angu/iceps 7,mor*ella71 #edd annulatus 7,cort9>ius71 #cai app5diculata 7,armill>ia71 #ed app5diculatum 7,hypholoma71 #cfc v>4 lanatum1 #cfc app5diculatus 7,bolet9us71 #djj aquifluus 7,lact>ius71 #agf v>4 brevissimus1 #agg arg5teus 7,ag>icus71 #cci armillatus 7,cort9>ius71 #cbc arv5sis 7,ag>icus71 #cda asp] 7,cort9>ius71 #cag asp]a 7,amanita71 #bc a/]osp]mum 7,lycop]don71 #eid atomata 7,psa?yrella71 #cij atram5t>ius 7,copr9us71 #cgc atropurpurea 7,russula71 #bjf atropurpureum 7,lycop]don71 #eic v>4 hirtellum1 #eic v>4 /ell>e1 #eic atro-tom5tosus 7,paxillus71 #cbi aurantia 7,peziza71 #eeg aurantiacus 7,can?>ellus71 #baf v>4 pallidus1 #bag aurantio-c9nab>9o 7,clav>ia71 #ebc aurata 7,russula71 #bjf aurea 7,clav>ia71 #ebj v>4 rufesc5s1 #ebj auricula-,judea 7,hirneola71 #ebh auriflammeus 7,boletus71 #dbc auripes 7,boletus71 #dej auriporus 7,boletus71 #dbf autumnalis 7,cort9>ius71 #cai badia 7,peziza71 #eed badiceps 7,boletus71 #dcf badius 7,boletus71 #dah basifurcata 7,russula71 #bje ,b]keleyi 7,polyporus71 #dhd ,betula 7,boletus71 #dcg betul9us 7,panus71 #bce betul9us 7,polyporus71 #dhh bicolor 7,boletus71 #dbe bispora 7,mor*ella71 #edd v>4 truncata1 #edd bl5nius 7,lact>ius71 #afe ,boltoni 7,bolbitius71 #cjb bombyc9a 7,volv>ia71 #bdj borealis 7,bolet9us71 #djc borealis 7,hygrophorus71 #aed botrytes 7,clav>ia71 #eae bov9us 7,boletus71 #dai bov9us 7,mut9us71 #ege bovi/a 7,scl]od]ma71 #faf brevipes 7,boletus71 #daf brevipes 7,can?>ellus71 #bai brevipes 7,russula71 #ahi brevipes 7,tri*oloma71 #ha brevis 7,mut9us71 #egf brumalis 7,clitocybe71 #aje brunnea 7,gyromitra71 #edg butyracea 7,collybia71 #aag clata 7,calvatia71 #ehe crulesc5s 7,cort9>ius71 #caa ,cs>ea 7,amanita71 #ab cspitosus 7,boletus71 #dcd cspitosus 7,clitopilus71 #bfa ,cali=nica 7,helvella71 #ecg ,cali=nicum 7,t]fezia71 #eff ,cali=nicus 7,ag>icus71 #cch calopus 7,boletus71 #ddj calopus 7,m>asmius71 #bbf calvesc5s 7,lycop]don71 #fje calyc9a 7,peziza71 #efj calyptrata 7,amanita71 #bf calyptri=me 7,lycop]don71 #fjc campanella 7,omphalia71 #acd campanulatus 7,panolus71 #chf campe/] 7,ag>icus71 #ccb v>4 albus1 #ccb v>4 griseus1 #ccb v>4 praticola1 #ccb v>4 umbr9us1 #ccb v>4 rufesc5s1 #ccb v>4 villaticus1 #ccc v>4 hort5sis1 #ccc v>4 ,bu*ani1 #ccc v>4 elongatus1 #ccc v>4 vapor>ius1 #ccc camphoratus 7,lact>ius71 #ahd c&icans 7,clitocybe71 #ib c&ida 7,amanita71 #bj ,c&olleanum 7,hypholoma71 #cfc can9us 7,mut9us71 #ege can?>ellus 7,crat]ellus71 #ejh can?>ellus 7,hygrophorus71 #aef v>4 flava1 #aef v>4 flavipes1 #aef v>4 flaviceps1 #aef v>4 ,rosea1 #aef cap]ata 7,pholiota71 #bgj capnoides 7,hypholoma71 #cef caput-,m$us 7,hydnum71 #ejb caput-ursi 7,hydnum71 #eja c>neo-albus 7,clitopilus71 #beh c>neo-grisea 7,eccilia71 #bfe c>neus 7,irpex71 #ejd ,c>ol9iana 7,gyromitra71 #edg ca/aneus 7,boletus71 #dgb ca/aneus 7,cort9>ius71 #cbe cat9a 7,clitocybe71 #ajd cavipes 7,bolet9us71 #cii ceps=me 7,lycop]don71 #fjf cep/ipes 7,lepiota71 #df c]aceus 7,hygrophorus71 #aee c]odes 7,naucoria71 #bie c]ussata 7,clitocybe71 #ia c]v9us 7,pluteus71 #bdc v>4 albus1 #bdd v>4 albipes1 #bdd v>4 viscosus1 #bdd v>4 ,bullii 7,pl4 ,,lxi1 fig4 #b1 p4 #bdb71 #bde v>4 petasatus1 #bdf *amol5t9a 7,russula71 #bab *elidonium 7,lact>ius71 #agb *ioneus 7,polyporus71 #dhh *lor9osma 7,amanita71 #be *lorocephala 7,leotia71 #edj *lorophanus 7,hygrophorus71 #afj *romapes 7,boletus71 #dfd *rys5t]oides 7,tri*oloma71 #ge *rys5t]on 7,boletus71 #dca *rysodon 7,hygrophorus71 #adh v>4 leucodon1 #adi *rysophu 7,pluteus71 #bdi cib>ius 7,can?>ellus71 #bae c9nab>9us 7,cort9>ius71 #cbj v>4 #a1 #cba c9namoneus 7,cort9>ius71 #cbb v>4 semi-sangu9eus1 #cbc c9]ea 7,clav>ia71 #eag circ9ans 7,clav>ia71 #eba circ9atus 7,pleurotus71 #adj circ9atus 7,polyporus71 #dhj v>4 prolif]us1 #dhj circumscissum 7,cata/oma71 #fji citr9a 7,amanita71 #g citr9a 7,russula71 #bjc clavata 7,clav>ia71 #ebe clavata 7,spa?ul>ia71 #edi clavatus 7,crat]ellus71 #eji clavipes 7,clitocybe71 #hf ,cl9tonianus 7,boletus71 #daj clypeatum 7,entoloma71 #beb cocc9ea 7,peziza71 #eei cocc9eus 7,hygrophorus71 #aef co*leata 7,peziza71 #eee co*leatus 7,l5t9us71 #bca coll>iata 7,myc5a71 #acj coll9itus 7,boletus71 #dag coll9itus 7,cort9>ius71 #cac coloratum 7,lycop]don71 #fjg columbetta 7,tri*oloma71 #fh v>4 ,a1 #fi v>4 ,b1 #fi v>4 ,c1 #fi comatus 7,copr9us71 #cgj v>4 breviceps1 #cgj comitialis 7,clitocybe71 #hh compressipes 7,clitocybe71 #aaj comptulus 7,ag>icus71 #ccd con*atus 7,panus71 #bcb conflu5s 7,collybia71 #aai conflu5s 7,polyporus71 #dhd congregatus 7,copr9us71 #cgi conica 7,mor*ella71 #edc conicus 7,boletus71 #dff conicus 7,hygrophorus71 #afj conissans 7,clitopilus71 #bfa connexa 7,clitocybe71 #ig con/ellatum 7,lycop]don71 #eib controv]sus 7,lact>ius71 #afd coralloides 7,clav>ia71 #eag coralloides 7,hydnum71 #eja cornucopoides 7,crat]ellus71 #eji corrugis 7,lact>ius71 #agh coryphum 7,tri*oloma71 #fb cranii=mis 7,calvatia71 #ehf crassipes 7,boletus71 #deb crassipes 7,mor*ella71 #edc cr5ulata 7,amanita71 #bg cretaceus 7,ag>icus71 #cdd crispa 7,helvella71 #ecf v>4 alba1 #ecf v>4 ,grevillei1 #ecf v>4 inc>nata1 #ecf 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7,boletus71 #dde sep>ata 7,anell>ia71 #chh sept5trionale 7,hydnum71 #ejc s]ot9us 7,boletus71 #dji s]ot9us 7,pleurotus71 #ade ,seym\rianus 7,clitopilus71 #bfb sigillata 7,calvatia71 #ehe silvaticus 7,ag>icus71 #ccd silvaticus 7,copr9us71 #cha silvicola 7,ag>icus71 #cdc v>4 abruptus1 #cdc s9uatum 7,entoloma71 #bea s9uosus 7,crat]ellus71 #eaj v>4 crispus1 #eaj s9uosus 7,polyporus71 #dhi sobolif]us 7,copr9us71 #cga socialis 7,clitocybe71 #hi solidipes 7,panolus71 #che solit>ia 7,amanita71 #ai sordida 7,russula71 #aij sordidus 7,boletus71 #dfa spadicea 7,psilocybe71 #cfe v>4 hygrophilus1 #cff v>4 polycephalus1 #cff spadiceus 7,boletus71 #dcd spa?ulatus 7,pleurotus71 #ade speciosa 7,volv>ia71 #bdb speciosus 7,boletus71 #dci spectabilis 7,boletus71 #djh sphrosporus 7,boletus71 #daa sphrosporus 7,hygrophorus71 #aee sp9osa 7,t]fezia71 #eff sp9ulif]a 7,collybia71 #abb sp9ulosa 7,clav>ia71 #eba sp9ulosum 7,myc5a/rum71 #fac spissa 7,amanita71 #bb spl5d5s 7,clitocybe71 #ajb spongiosipes 7,hydnum71 #ejj spreta 7,amanita71 #aa squamosum 7,hydnum71 #dif squamosus 7,polyporus71 #dhj squamulosus 7,cort9>ius71 #cah squ>rosa 7,pholiota71 #bgc squ>rosoides 7,pholiota71 #bgd /]cor>ia 7,/roph>ia71 #cej /]quil9us 7,copr9us71 #cgb /ipticus 7,panus71 #bcf /rangulata 7,amanitopsis71 #cj 7,a4 ,cecili7 /ripes 7,boletus71 #dca /riapes 7,naucoria71 #bif /ricta 7,clav>ia71 #ebb v>4 fumida1 #ebb /rigosus 7,panus71 #bcd /robilaceus 7,/robilomyces71 #dge /robili=mis 7,amanita71 #ai subaquilum 7,hypholoma71 #cfd subaureus 7,boletus71 #dad subdepall5s 7,russula71 #aib subdulcis 7,lact>ius71 #ahb v>4 c9namomeus1 #ahb v>4 rufus1 #ahb v>4 badius1 #ahb subglabripes 7,boletus71 #dbh sub9c>natum 7,lycop]don71 #fjd sub9voluta 7,clitocybe71 #ajb sublat]itium 7,hypholoma71 #cei v>4 squamosum1 #cei subluteus 7,boletus71 #dab subpalmatus 7,pleurotus71 #aci subpulv]ul5tum 7,tri*oloma71 #hb subpurpureus 7,lact>ius71 #agb subrufesc5s 7,ag>icus71 #cdd subsangu9eus 7,boletus71 #dbj subsquamosum 7,hydnum71 #dif subsqu>rosa 7,pholiota71 #bge subtilis 7,clav>ia71 #eai subtom5tosus 7,boletus71 #dcc subvelutipes 7,boletus71 #deg subvilis 7,clitopilus71 #bfj subzonalis 7,clitocybe71 #aja sulcata 7,helvella71 #ecg v>4 m9or1 #ecg ,sullivantii 7,boletus71 #deh sulphureum 7,tri*oloma71 #gd sulphureus 7,polyporus71 #dhe tabac9us 7,boletus71 #ddc tabul>is 7,ag>icus71 #cdg ,taylori 7,volv>ia71 #bda t5]a 7,gal]a71 #cjj v>4 pilosella1 #cjj v>4 obscurior1 #cjj t5uiculus 7,boletus71 #dbf t]reum 7,tri*oloma71 #ga v>4 fragrans1 #ga t]rif]um 7,tri*oloma71 #fd tessulatus 7,pleurotus71 #aci tetragona 7,clav>ia71 #eah !iogalus 7,lact>ius71 #agd tigr9um 7,tri*oloma71 #gg tigr9us 7,l5t9us71 #bbi togul>is 7,pholiota71 #bga tom5tosus 7,copr9us71 #cgg torm9osus 7,lact>ius71 #afc tortilis 7,clitocybe71 #ajh torulosus 7,panus71 #bcc transmutans 7,tri*oloma71 #fc tremellosus 7,m]ulius71 #dij trullisata 7,clitocybe71 #ajf truncicola 7,clitocybe71 #id tumulosa 7,clitocybe71 #ih turb9atus 7,cort9>ius71 #cab turmalis 7,cort9>ius71 #cji ,turn]i 7,lycop]don71 #fjb turpis 7,lact>ius71 #afc ulm>ius 7,pleurotus71 #ach v>4 ac]icola1 #ach v>4 populicola1 #ach umbellatus 7,polyporus71 #dhb umbellif]a 7,omphalia71 #acc umbonatus 7,can?>ellus71 #bag umbrosus 7,pluteus71 #bdf ,und]woodii 7,boletus71 #dei ,und]woodii 7,clitopilus71 #bfj ,und]woodii 7,l5t9us71 #bca unicisa 7,peziza71 #eef unicolor 7,boletus71 #dah unit9ctus 7,clitopilus71 #beg v>4 albidus1 #beg ur5s 7,m>asmius71 #bbc u/ale 7,tri*oloma71 #fb vacc9um 7,tri*oloma71 #gj vag9ata 7,amanitopsis71 #bh v>4 livida1 #bi v>4 fulva1 #bi v>iabilis 7,ag>icus71 #cdf v>iegatus 7,boletus71 #dcj v>iipes 7,boletus71 #ddf v>4 albipes1 #ddg v>4 pallidipes1 #ddg v>4 t5uipes1 #ddg v>ius 7,cort9>ius71 #cji velatum 7,lycop]don71 #eig vell]eum 7,hydnum71 #dii vell]eus 7,lact>ius71 #afi velosa 7,amanitopsis71 #bi velut9us 7,hypholoma71 #cfj v>4 leiocephalus1 #cfj velutipes 7,collybia71 #aah v5osa 7,peziza71 #eed v]micul>is 7,clav>ia71 #ebd v]miculosus 7,boletus71 #def v>4 ,spraguei1 #deg v]na 7,amanita71 #i v]rucosum 7,scl]od]ma71 #faf v]sipellis 7,boletus71 #dfa vesca 7,russula71 #aih vesiculosa 7,peziza71 #eeh v>4 c]ea1 #eeh vilesc5s 7,clitocybe71 #hh violaceus 7,cort9>ius71 #cad viresc5s 7,amanita71 #h viresc5s 7,russula71 #aid viresc5s 7,tri*oloma71 #gh ,virg9eus 7,copr9us71 #chj virg9eus 7,hygrophorus71 #aec viridis 7,amanita71 #h virosa 7,amanita71 #f viscidipes 7,armill>ia71 #ec viscidus 7,gomphidius71 #cid vitell9a 7,mitrula71 #edh vitell9a 7,russula71 #bab ,vittad9i 7,lepiota71 #dd vitt=mis 7,gal]a71 #cja volemi 7,hypomyces71 #efd volemus 7,lact>ius71 #ahj v>4 subrugosus1 #ahj volvacea 7,volv>ia71 #bdj volvata 7,amanitopsis71 #ca vulg>e 7,scl]od]ma71 #fae ,woodianus 7,clitopilus71 #bfj ,wrightii 7,lycop]don71 #fjd v>4 typicum1 #fje v>4 sep>ans1 #fje v>4 atropunctum1 #fje ,wynnei 7,m>asmius71 #bbe xylog5us 7,ag>icus71 #cci zonatum 7,hydnum71 #dih ,,index ,,to ,,recipes ,,= ,,cook+ ,,& ,,prep>+ ,,= ,,! ,,table ,bake1 ,a ,camp1 #fdi ,bak$ ,toad/ools ( any gill$ k9d1 #fdh ,boleti1 #fdj ,to bake1 #fda ,to broil1 #fdj ,to dry1 #fda ,to fry1 #fda ,to /ew1 #fdj ,to make ,b4 edulis s\p1 #fda ,can?>ellus cib>ius1 #fda ,to fry1 #fda ,to pres]ve = w9t] use1 #fdb ,to roa/1 #fda ,to /ew1 #fda ,clav>ia4 ,to cook1 #fdb ,to pickle1 #fdb ,clitocybe multiceps1 #fdb ,to bake1 #fdb ,) *eese1 #fdb ,copr9us4 ,to cook 7,mrs4 ,s4,t4 ,ror]71 #fdb ,croquettes4 ,toad/ool1 #fdc ,fi/ul9a hepatica4 ,to cook1 #fdc ,fi/ul9a hepatica salad1 #fdc ,fungus4 ,to broil any capp$1 #fdc ,hydnei4 ,to cook1 #fdd ,hypholomas1 #fdd ,to bake1 #fde ,to /ew1 #fdd ,lact>ii4 ,to cook1 #fde ,lycop]dons 7,puff-balls71 #fdg ,to fry1 #fdg ,to /ew1 #fdg ,to make salad (1 #fdg ,m>asmius oreades4 ,to cook1 #fde ,mor*ella 7! ,morel74 ,to cook1 #fde ,morelles a l',itali5ne1 #fde ,mu%rooms4 ,to cook1 #fcf ,bak$1 on toa/1 #fcg ,cat*up 7,engli% me?od71 #fdj ,cat*up 7,mc,ilvaine71 #fci ,cru/s (1 #fcg ,fricassee (1 #fch ,pickles 7,engli% me?od71 #fci ,pickles 7,mc,ilvaine71 #fch ,sauce1 cann$ 7,mrs4 ,e4,p4 ,ew+71 #fdj ,sauce1 fre% 7,mrs4 ,e4,p4 ,ew+71 #fdj ,/ew$1 on toa/1 #fch ,to dry 7,engli% me?od71 #fcg ,to fry1 #fch ,pts4 ,toad/ool1 #fdf ,pleurotus o/reatus4 ,to cook1 #fdf ,9 *af+ di%1 #fdf ,to fry1 #fdf ,to /ew1 #fdf ,) *eese1 #fdf ,toad/ools ( any gill$ k9d1 bak$1 #fdh ,toad/ools devil$1 #fdc ,toad/ools fri$1 #fdd ,toad/ool salads1 #fdh ,toad/ool s\ps1 #fdh ,toad/ools4 ,to /ew t\gh] k9ds (1 #fdg ,toad/ools ) *eese1 #fdh ,toa/4 ,hunt]'s1 #fdd ,tri*oloma4 ,to cook1 #fdg ,tri*oloma p]sonatum4 ,to /ew1 #fdg ,,index ,,to ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts ,abbreviations ( ! ,names ( ,au?ors1 xxxiv ,ag>icaceae4 ,family1 xxii1 #a ,amanit9e1 #e ,analysis1 ,ag>icus campe/]1 #ccd ,copr9us atram5t>ius1 #cgd ,copr9us comatus1 #cga ,cort9>ius coll9itus1 #cad ,lycop]don bovi/a1 #eij ,m>asmius oreades1 #bbe ,mor*ella escul5ta1 #edc ,pleurotus o/reatus1 #acg ,an?ony1 ,mrs4 ,emilia ,c41 xxvi ,arnold1 ,pr(4 ,j4,p41 xxvi ,ascomycetes4 ,sub-,class1 xxiii1 #ecd ,auricul>ie4 ,sub-,family1 #ebf ,au?or's & ,publi%]'s ,note1 xxvii ,basidiomycetes4 ,sub-,class1 #a1 #efh ,b5son1 ,b]ry1 xxvi ,bo/on ,s*ool ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 xxvi ,briscoe1 ,frank ,d41 xxvi ,britton1 ,pr(4 ,n4,l41 xv1 xxv ,br[n1 ,hon4 ,addison1 xxv ,c>t]1 ,pr(4 ,w4,s41 xviii1 xxvi1 #fba ,clav>iace4 ,family1 xxiii1 #a1 #eaa ,coll9s1 ,?omas ,j41 xxvi ,cook+1 ,recipes =1 #fce ,curtis1 ,rev4 ,m4,a41 xix ,dacryomycetes4 ,sub-,family1 #ebg ,daniels1 ,dr4 ,edw9 ,a41 xxv ,dewey1 ,melvil1 xxvi ,discomycetes4 ,cohort1 #ecd ,ea/on1 ,pr(4 ,morton ,w41 xxv ,ew+1 ,mrs4 ,emma ,p41 xxv ,f>l[1 ,pr(4 ,william ,g41 xxvi ,fungi4 ,class1 #a ,ga/romycetes4 ,sub-,class1 xxi1 #efh ,gloss>y1 #fea ,h>pel1 ,lu!r ,g41 xxvi ,h>%b]g]1 ,dr4 ,j4,w41 xxv ,helvellace4 ,family1 #ecd ,hydnace4 ,family1 xxiii1 #a1 #dib ,hym5oga/race4 ,family1 #efi ,hym5omycetes4 ,cohort1 xxi1 xxii1 #a ,index to ,g5]a1 #fij ,index to ,g5]al ,cont5ts1 #gjc ,index to ,recipes = ,cook+ & ,prep>+ = ! ,table1 #gjb ,index to ,species1 #fib ,in/ructions to ,/ud5ts1 xxix ,introduction1 xv ,langlois1 ,rev4 ,a4,b41 #efe ,leucospor4 ,s]ies1 #b ,li/ ( ,illu/rations1 v ,lloyd1 ,c4,g41 xxvi ,lycop]dace4 ,family1 #efi1 #egg ,massa*usetts ,horticultural ,society1 xxvi ,melanospor4 ,s]ies1 #cfh ,m5del1 ,lafayette ,b41 xviii ,metrical ,scale & ,table ( ,measures1 xxxi ,mill]1 ,h5ry ,irv+1 xxvi ,morgan1 ,pr(4 ,a4,p41 xv1 #ehi ,morgan1 ,laura ,v41 xv ,names ( ! pr9cipal ,am]ican ,report]s ( ,species1 xxxvi ,nidul>iace4 ,family1 #egj ,notes1 collectors1 mak+ & pres]v+1 xxxii ,o*rospor4 7,d]m9i47 ,s]ies1 #bfh ,palm]1 ,julius ,a41 ,jr41 #e1 xiii ,pat*51 ,miss ,lydia ,m41 xxvi1 #da ,peck1 ,pr(4 ,*>les ,h41 xv1 xvi ,peziz4 ,family1 #eeb ,phalloide4 ,family1 #efi1 #egj ,polyporace4 ,family1 xxiii1 #a1 #cif ,porphyrospor 7,pratelli74 ,s]ies1 #ccj ,preface1 xiii ,prep>+ = ! table1 #fce ,pyr5omycetes4 ,family1 #efa ,recipes = cook+ & prep>+ = ! table1 #fce ,rhodospor 7,hyporhodii74 ,s]ies1 #bci ,ror]1 ,mrs4 ,s>ah ,tyson1 xxv ,s*adle1 ,dr4 ,j4,e41 xxvi1 #e ,scl]od]mace4 ,family1 #efi1 #fae ,spore-pr9ts1 ,to make & pres]ve1 xxx ,/>nes1 ,val ,w41 xxvi ,/]l+1 ,e4,b41 xxvi ,!lephorace4 ,family1 #a1 #ejf ,toad/ool poison+ & its treatm5t1 #fba ,to te/ edibility ( species1 xxxii ,tremellace4 ,family1 #a1 #ebf ,truffles 7,tub]ace71 #efe ,tub]ace4 ,family1 #efe ,tuckahoe1 #efg ,wei/1 ,dr4 ,james ,r41 xxvi ,,supplem5t ,,"o ,,?\s& ,,am]ican ,,fungi ,,prefatory ,! fir/ edition ( 8,"o ,?\s& ,am]ican ,fungi0 s fully embodi$ ! species kn[n to be edible1 t ! field = fre% inve/igation has be5 conf9$ pr9cipally to newly discov]$ species4 ,9 ! eighte5 mon?s elaps+ s9ce ! publication ( ! fir/ edition1 ,pr(essor ,*>les ,h4 ,peck--! ,am]ican au?ority ^u fungi--has report$ sev]al4 ,^!1 ) 8 descriptions1 are nam$ 9 ! supplem5t4 ,! _m reque/s made ( ! au?or = in=mation ^u ! rais+ ( mu%rooms %[ a preval5t int]e/ 9 ! indu/ry4 ,:at he kn[s is /at$ h]e92 :at he does n "k1 & :at is n kn[n ^u ! subject1 w\ld furni% ! matt] = a volume4 ,int]e/ 9 ! /udy ( fungi is well e/abli%$ & is rapidly increas+4 ,?is dep>tm5t ( botany has be5 made a specialty 9 _m colleges & s*ools4 ,its importance is ev]y:]e recogniz$4 ,! au?or & publi%]s feel a j pride 9 ! success ( 8,"o ,?\s& ,am]ican ,fungi40 ,! prompt sale ( ! fir/ edition1 & imm$iate dem& = ! second1 w>rant x4 ,_! ?anks are due to ! _m :o h k9dly int]e/$ !mselves 9 obta9+ subscriptions to ! au?or's edition4 ,,*>les ,,mcilva9e4 ,,publications ,,report ,,( ,,! ,,/ate ,,botani/1 ,,new ,,york ,,/ate ,,museum4 #aijj4 ,*>les ,h4 ,peck4 ,albany1 ,n4,y4 ,) _m color$ plates4 ,price1 #ej c5ts4 ,pur*asable f ,melvil ,dewey1 ,m4,a41 ,/ate ,libr>ian1 ,albany1 ,n4,y4 ,,! ,,g5]a ,,( ,,ga/romycetes4 ,illu/rat$ ) #di figures4 ,by ,c4,g4 ,lloyd1 #bbd ,we/ ,c\rt /reet1 ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio4 ,janu>y1 #aijb4 ,a valuable monograph1 privately pr9t$4 ,to be obta9$ by mycological work]s f ! au?or only1 9 ex*ange = specim5s ( puff balls4 ,,illu/rations ,,to ,,supplem5t ,,plate ,,page ,i4 ,ag>icus abruptus ,pk4 #gbb ,,ii4 ,lepiota clypeol>ia ,pk4 #gac ,,iii4 ,clitocybe patuloides ,pk4 #gad ,,iv4 ,lact>ius subpurpureus #gaf ,pk4 ,v4 ,can?>ellus c9nab>9us #gai ,pk4 ,,vi4 ,cort9>ius corrugatus #gbj ,pk4 ,,index ,,to ,,supplem5t ,,page abiet9a 7,russula71 #gab abruptus 7,ag>icus71 #gbb ,adirondack5sis 7,clitocybe71 #gae *rys5t]on alboc>neus 7,boletus71 #gbc c9nab>9us 7,can?>ellus71 #gai clypeol>ia 7,lepiota71 #gab corrugatus 7,cort9>ius71 #gbj di/ans 7,lact>ius71 #gag ,fro/iana pallidipes 7,amanita71 #gaa granulatus albidipes 7,boletus71 #gbb haemorrhoid>ius 7,ag>icus71 #gba v>4 fumosus1 #gbb laur 7,hygrophorus71 #gaf maculosa 7,clitocybe71 #gae ,morgani 7,lepiota71 #gaa mu%rooms1 ,rais+ at home1 #gbd nauc9oides 7,lepiota71 #gac patuloides 7,clitocybe71 #gad ,publications1 #gji rugulosa 7,russula71 #gag subpurpureus 7,lact>ius71 #gaf ,,supplem5t ,sid5ote3 ,amanita4 ,amanita ,fro/iana pallidipes n4 v>4 7,see ,a4 ,fro/iana1 page #af47 ,9 8 report ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,botani/ = #ahii1 ,pr(4 ,*>les ,h4 ,peck describes a new v>iety ( ,amanita ,fro/iana z foll[s3 ,! typical =m ( ?is species1 :i* is common 9 our cool nor!rn woods1 has ! pileus & annulus1 & usually ! /em also1 ( a yell[ color1 t ( ! pileus sometimes v]g+ to orange4 ,b 9 w>m] & m op5 or bu%y places =ms occur 9 :i* ! :ole plant is :iti%1 b 9 o!r respects has ! *>act]s ( ! species4 ,sometimes ! pileus is pale-yell[ & ! /em & annulus :ite4 ,! w>ts are s(t & floccul5t1 are sometimes num]\s & p]si/5t1 & aga9 are few or want+4 ,! =m ) yell[ /em & annulus & yell[ or orange pileus may be consid]$ ! typical =m ( ! species1 b =ms hav+ ! /em & annulus pale or :ite may be designat$ z v>iety pallidipes4 ,peck1 #ec;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,und\bt$ly ,,poison\s4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,sid5ote3 ,lepiota4 ,lepiota ,morgani ,pk4 7,see page #cg47 ,! majority ( mycophagi/s are immune to ! poison ( ?is species4 ,yet _m cases ( sev]e1 b n fatal poison+ by x came )9 ! writ]'s k dur+ ! season ( #aijj-aija4 ,a valuable report is conta9$ 9 a lett] f ,george ,b4 ,clem5tson1 attorney1 ,lanca/]1 ,wis43 899 99 99 ,lepiota ,morgani has gr[n 9 ?is locality ?is season 9 unusual abundance4 ,:ile ,i 0 abs5t la/ week1 my fa!r pick$ a numb]1 mi/ak+ !m = ,l4 proc]a1 & my "m1 9 prep>+ !m = ! table1 ate a small piece ( ! cap ( "o--a piece1 %e assures me1 no l>g] ?an a hickory nut4 ,ab\t two h\rs aft]w>d & %ortly aft] d9n] 7at :i* ! mu%rooms 7 n s]v$1 & at :i* no?+ indige/ible 0 eat57 %e exp]i5c$ a peculi> numbness & nausea1 ) con/riction ( ! ?roat4 ,vomit+ set 9 )9 half an h\r & 0 excessive1 la/+ sev]al h\rs & giv+ no relief4 ,%e 0 v greatly weak5$ & ?\ght h]self dy+1 be+ s r$uc$ at "o "t t %e 0 unable to see4 ,purg+ set 9 n long aft] ! vomit+4 ,! con/riction ( ! ?roat did n disappe> until aft] ! vomit+ /opp$4 8,:isky & nitroglyc]9e 7by ! /oma*7 7 giv5 to keep up ! he>t's action4 8,x seems probable t ! poison itself did n directly affect ! he>t1 b t ! al>m+ weakness 0 due to ! vomit+ & purg+4 ,t is my "m's own op9ion4 ,aft] be+ 9 b$ = a day %e 0 able to get ar\nd1 b suff]$ consid]able pa9 9 ! abdom5 = =ty-eight h\rs4 8,i presume t ow+ to ! fact t my "m is n v /rong & has a weak /oma*1 %e 0 m viol5tly affect$ ?an _m might be4 ,b a poison t 9 any p]son c produce su* symptoms1 :5 tak5 9 s small a quantity1 ought to be label$ decid$ly dang]\s4 8,!re c be no "q t ! specim5s 7 ,l4 ,morgani1 z ,i exam9$ "s t 7 left ( ^? pick$1 & also ga!r$ o!rs f ! same pat* :]e ^! 7 obta9$4 8,z ev]y?+ relat+ to mu%room poison+ %\ld be ( int]e/ to ! mycologi/ & mycophagi/1 ,i take ! lib]ty ( report+ ?is case40 ,! ,lepiota ,morgani appe>s to be spread+4 ,9 #aija ,i f\nd l>ge specim5s ( x outside a /able 9 ,lebanon1 ,pa4 ,its appe>ance & luxuriance are s mu* 9 its favor1 t ! toad/ool lov] w be tempt$ to try x4 ,exp]im5ts 9 eat+ x %\ld be conduct$ ) ! greate/ caution4 7,plate ,,ii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,lepiota ,,clypeol>ia ,,pk4 ,ab\t "o-half nat4 size4 ,aft] ,peck4 ,lepiota clypeol>ia 7,bull47 ,fr4 ,%ield ,lepiota4 7,plate ,,ii47 ,pileus ?91 s(t1 convex or subcampanulate1 becom+ ne>ly plane1 obtuse or umbonate1 squamose1 :iti% or yell[i%1 ! c5t] or umbo smoo?1 yell[i% or br[ni%1 ! m>g9 (t5 app5diculate ) fragm5ts ( ! veil4 ,fle% :ite4 ,lamell ?91 close1 free1 :ite4 ,/em sl5d]1 equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 holl[1 fragile1 pallid1 adorn$ ) s(t1 loose1 :ite or yell[i% floccose scales or filam5ts4 ,spores oblong or subfusi=m1 #ab-bj long1 #f-h broad4 ,! cap ( ! %ield lepiota is at fir/ some:at ovate or bell-%ap$1 b ) advanc+ age x becomes convex above or ne>ly flat4 ,x is :ite or :iti%1 b spott$ ) num]\s small scales ( a yell[i% or br[ni%-yell[ color4 ,^! scales are ! result ( ! break+ up ( ! ?9 cuticle t cov]s ! v "y plant1 & !y h ! same color z x4 ,a small space 9 ! c5t] is br[n or yell[i%-br[n1 or d>k] ?an ! re/ ( ! cap1 because ! cuticle cov]+ x rema9s unbrok5 & reta9s its color4 ,! c5t] 9 "s specim5s is m prom95t ?an 9 o!rs1 giv+ :at is call$ an umbonate cap4 ,! m>g9 ( ! cap is sometimes %aggy1 specially 9 "y plants1 by ! adh]+ fragm5ts ( ! :iti% veil4 ,! gills are ?91 closely plac$ side by side & r\nd$ at ! end next ! /em1 b !y are n atta*$ to ! /em4 ,!y are :ite4 ,! /em is r long & sl5d]1 fragile & adorn$ ) loose1 s(t fibrils or floccul5t1 cottony tufts1 :i* give x a some:at %aggy appe>ance1 b x becomes smoo!r z ! plant gr[s old]4 ,! cap is usually f #a-b4e in*es broad1 & ! /em f #a4e-c in*es long & #a4e-c l9es ?ick4 ,! plants gr[ 9 woods1 specially 9 hilly & m\nta9\s regions1 & are g5]ally solit>y or few 9 a place1 b 9 favorable seasons !y are ( frequ5t occurr5ce & may be f\nd f ,july to ,octob]4 ,?\gh small & ?91 ! caps are well flavor$ & make a desirable di%4 ,l4 metulaespora ,b4 & ,br4 sc>cely diff]s f ?is species1 except 9 ! /riate m>g9 ( its cap4 ,peck1 #ed? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,lepiota nauc9oides ,pk4 7,see page #de47 ,?is valuable food species is spread+ & rapidly increas+ 9 _m ( ! /ates4 ,pr(4 ,*>les ,h4 ,peck1 9 #ed? ,annual ,report ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,museum1 says ( x3 8,x has %[n consid]able v>iability 9 "s ( its *>act]s4 ,usually its pileus is v :ite & smoo?1 clean & attractive1 b specim5s h be5 f\nd ?is ye> hav+ ! pileus d+y or smoky br[n1 o!rs h be5 se5 9 :i* ! cuticle ( ! pileus 0 crack$ 9 su* a way z to =m m9ute squamules1 & 9 "o or two in/ances plants 7 obs]v$ hav+ ! surface ( ! pileus adorn$ ) m9ute granules1 a "* attribut$ to ,l4 nauc9a ,fr4 ,9 su* cases ! importance ( recogniz+ ! spore *>act]s is %[n4 ,by disreg>d+ ?is "* our plant has sometimes be5 ref]r$ to ,l4 nauc9a & sometimes to ,ag>icus cretaceus ,fr41 bo? ( :i* x closely resembles1 & ) :i* x appe>s to be confus$ by ,european mycologi/s1 "s ref]r+ x to "o species & "s to ! o!r40 ,! species nam$ are equally excell5t4 7,plate ,,iii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,clitocybe ,,patuloides ,,pk4 ,ab\t two-?irds nat4 size4 ,aft] ,peck4 ,clitocybe patuloides ,pk4 7,plate ,,iii47 ,pileus fle%y1 firm1 r ?ick1 convex1 becom+ ne>ly plane or some:at c5trally depress$1 glabr\s1 ev5 & :ite :5 "y1 ) ! m>g9 incurv$1 becom+ pale o*race\s ) age & (t5 squamose or rimosely areolate4 ,fle% :ite1 ta/e mild1 odor l t ( mu%rooms4 ,lamell ?91 close1 slightly or /rongly decurr5t1 =k$ or ana/omos+ at ! base1 :ite4 ,/em usually %ort1 equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 solid1 :ite4 ,spores broadly elliptic1 #f-h long1 #e broad4 ,pileus #a-d in*es broad4 ,/em #a-c in*es long1 #d-ab l9es ?ick4 ,greg>i\s or cespitose4 ,woods1 especially ( p9e4 ,:5 gr[+ 9 tufts ! /em is (t5 ecc5tric & ! pileus irregul>4 ,! base ( ! /em is (t5 :ite tom5tose4 ,its agreeable odor & mild ta/e l$ to a trial ( its edible qualities1 b x develop$ a bitt] ta/e 9 cook+4 ,peck1 #ed? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,clitocybe ,adirondack5sis ,pk4 ,adirondack ,clitocybe4 ,pileus ?91 convex or ne>ly plane & umbilicate1 or c5trally depress$ & funnel-=m1 glabr\s1 moi/1 :ite or pale tan color4 ,fle% :ite4 ,lamell ?91 n>r[1 close1 v decurr5t1 :ite4 ,/em ne>ly equal1 glabr\s1 /uff$ or holl[1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores subglobose or broadly elliptic1 #d-e long1 #c-d broad4 ,! ,adirondack clitocybe is common 9 ! nor!rn =e/s ( ! /ate1 b is n limit$ to !m4 ,its cap is ?91 & soon becomes ne>ly flat ) a decurv$ m>g9 & a c5tral depression or umbilicus1 or v concave by ! elevation ( ! m>g91 & !n x resembles a w9eglass 9 %ape4 ,its m>g9 is sometimes wavy or irregul>4 ,9 color x v>ies f :ite to a v pale r$ or tan color4 ,:ite specim5s sometimes h ! c5t] slightly d>k] ?an ! re/4 ,! gills are v n>r[1 be+ sc>cely broad] ?an ! ?ickness ( ! fle% ( ! cap4 ,!y are closely plac$1 :ite & decurr5t4 ,! /em is ne>ly cyl9dric1 smoo? & /uff$ or holl[4 ,x is color$ l ! cap4 ,(t5 !re is a :ite tom5tum or cottony sub/ance at its base4 ,! cap v>ies 9 size & is #a-b in*es broad2 ! /em #a4e-c in*es long & #a-b l9es ?ick4 ,x may be f\nd f ,july to ,octob]4 ,its flavor is sugge/ive ( t ( ! common mu%room4 ,peck1 #ed? ,rep ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,clitocybe maculosa ,pk4 ,spott$ ,clitocybe4 ,pileus fle%y1 convex1 (t5 c5trally depress$1 glabr\s1 c5trally m>k$ ) num]\s small r\nd spots1 yell[i%-:ite1 ! "y m>g9 involute & m9utely d[ny4 ,fle% :ite1 ta/e mild4 ,lamell n>r[1 close1 v decurr5t1 :iti% or slightly yell[i%1 "s ( !m =k$4 ,/em equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 glabr\s or sp>+ly fibrillose1 /uff$1 sometimes becom+ holl[1 :iti%4 ,spores subglobose or orbicul>1 #d-e broad4 ,! peculi> m>k by :i* ! spott$ clitocybe may be di/+ui%$ consi/s 9 ! small r\nd def9ite spots 9 ! c5tral "p ( ! cap4 ,!y h a slightly d>k] or wat]y or yell[i% color & appe> z if depress$ bel[ ! re/ ( ! surface4 ,! cap is smoo? & :iti% or yell[i% :ite & is g5]ally depress$ 9 ! c5t] & decurv$ on ! m>g94 ,! m>g9 is usually adorn$ ) slight1 %ort radiat+ ridges4 ,! fle% is :ite & ! ta/e mild4 ,! gills are closely plac$ side by side1 n>r[ & prolong$ d[nw>d on ! /em4 ,!y h ne>ly ! same color z ! cap4 ,! /em is ne>ly cyl9dric1 smoo? or adorn$ ) a few silky fibrils1 :iti% & spongy )9 or sometimes holl[ :5 old4 ,! cap is f #a-c in*es broad2 ! /em #b-c in*es long & #b-d l9es ?ick4 ,?is mu%room gr[s among fall5 leaves 9 woods4 ,x appe>s 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,i h f\nd x 9 ! ,adirondack =e/s only4 ,its range is probably nor?w>d1 & its r>ity detracts f its importance z an edible species4 ,peck1 #ed? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,hygrophorus laur ,morg4 ,pileus fle%y1 convex & umbonate1 !n exp&$ & depress$1 m or less irregul>1 glut9\s1 :ite1 cl\d$ ) a r$di% or br[ni% t+e especially on ! disk4 ,/em solid1 m or less curv$ or crook$1 tap]+ d[nw>d1 yell[i%-:ite2 ! apex scabr\s ) scaly po9ts4 ,lamell unequally adnate-decurr5t1 di/ant1 :ite4 ,spores pellucid1 elliptic1 apiculate1 4#jjhc4jjee4 ,gr[+ 9 ri* soil among ! leaves 9 hilly woods4 ,pileus #b-d 94 broad1 /ipe #b-d 94 long & an in* ?ick4 ,?is is a mu* l>g] plant ?an ,h4 eburneus1 has a wa% ( r$ or br[n ^u ! disk1 & is cov]$ ) a ?ick glut54 ,x is m l ,h4 cossus1 b has no odor4 ,j\rnal ,c9c9nati ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,vol4 ,,vi1 #ahj1 #ahhc4 ,edible4 ,pr(4 ,c4,h4 ,peck4 7,plate ,,iv47 ,illu/ration3 ,,lact>ius ,,subpurpureus ,,pk4 ,ab\t "o-half nat4 size4 ,aft] ,peck4 ,lact>ius subpurpureus ,pk4 ,purpli% ,lact>ius4 7,plate ,,iv4 ,see page #agb47 8,:5 fre%1 _! ta/e is slightly acrid1 b1 :5 !y are cook$1 x is sc>cely inf]ior to t ( ,l4 deliciosus40 ,peck1 #ed? ,rep4 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,i _h n se5 ?is species :5 ! fir/ edition ( ?is "w w5t to press1 consequ5tly c\ld n report its edible qualities4 ,! favorable te/+ by ,pr(essor ,peck adds weight to ! op9ion ,i h frequ5tly express$1 t acridity ( species :5 raw is no evid5ce :atev] t !y are h>mful4 ,acridity usually disappe>s 9 cook+4 ,lact>ius di/ans ,pk4 ,di/ant-gill$ ,lact>ius4 ,pileus firm1 broadly convex or ne>ly plane1 umbilicate or slightly depress$ 9 ! c5t]1 ) a m9ute velvety pru9osity1 yell[i% tawny or br[ni% orange4 ,lamell r broad1 di/ant1 adnate or slightly decurr5t1 :ite or creamy yell[1 ! int]spaces v5ose1 milk :ite1 mild4 ,/em %ort1 equal or tap]+ d[nw>d1 solid1 pru9ose1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores subglobose4 #i-aa broad4 ,! di/ant-gill$ ,lact>ius is simil> to ! orange ,lact>ius 9 color1 b 9 o!r respects x is q di/9ct4 ,! %ort /em1 widely sep>at$ gills & pru9ose surface ( ! cap are di/9ctive features4 ,! cap is broadly convex & (t5 has a small c5tral depression or umbilicus4 ,9 "s cases x becomes ne>ly plane or ev5 slightly funnel-%ape by ! spread+ or elevation ( ! m>g94 ,! surface1 specially 9 "y & 9 well-develop$ specim5s1 has a s(t pru9ose or almo/ velvety appe>ance to ! nak$ eye1 & :5 view$ ?r\gh a magnify+ glass x is se5 to be cov]$ ) m9ute p]si/5t granules4 ,! surface is sometimes wr9kl$ & frequ5tly x cracks 9 su* a way z to =m small angul> or irregul> areas4 ,! color is a peculi> "o1 v>y+ some:at 9 %ade1 b ) tawny hues prevail+4 ,x has be5 describ$ z yell[i% tawny & br[ni% orange4 ,! fle% is :ite or :iti% & has a mild ta/e4 ,! gills are wide ap>t1 some:at ar*$ 9 specim5s hav+ a convex cap & slightly decurr5t 9 ^? ) fully exp&$ or c5trally depress$ caps4 ,_! color is :ite or creamy yell[ & 9 old & dri$ specim5s !y h a :ite pru9osity z if fro/$ by ! spores4 ,! milk is :ite & mild4 ,! /em is %ort1 r>ely m ?an an in* long1 & is cyl9dric or tap]+ d[nw>d4 ,x is solid & color$ & clo!d l ! cap4 ,! cap is #a to #d 94 broad2 ! /em is usually ab\t #a 94 long1 #d to #h l9es ?ick4 ,x is f\nd 9 ?9 woods1 bu%y places & pa/ures f ,july to ,septemb]4 ,x is simil> to ! orange ,lact>ius1 ,l4 volemus1 9 its edible qualities4 ,peck1 #eb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,russula rugulosa n4 sp4 ,rugulose ,russula4 ,pileus r ?91 fragile1 convex1 becom+ ne>ly plane or c5trally depress$1 viscid :5 moi/1 r\gh5$ or unev5 ) small tub]cles & rug1 ev5 on ! m>g9 :5 "y1 becom+ tub]culate /riate ) age1 ! viscid pellicle sep>able on ! m>g94 ,fle% :ite1 r$di% "u ! cuticle1 ta/e t>dily acrid4 ,lamell r close1 adnate or slightly r\nd$ beh9d1 :ite4 ,/em ne>ly equal1 spongy )91 :ite4 ,spores :ite1 r\gh1 subglobose1 #h-aj broad1 %9+ 9 transmitt$ light4 ,! rugulose russula is closely relat$ to ! emetic russula1 b diff]s f x 9 ! unev5 or rugulose surface ( ! cap1 9 ! t>dily acrid ta/e & 9 its clos] adnate gills4 ,its cap is r$1 v>y+ f pale-r$ to d>k-r$1 viscid :5 moi/1 ev5 on ! m>g9 :5 "y1 b some:at tub]culate & /riate :5 old4 ,its surface is r\gh5$ by m9ute tub]cles or pimples1 :i* sometimes appe> to run toge!r & =m %ort ridges4 ,^! are sometimes abs5t f ! c5t] ( ! cap4 ,! viscid cuticle easily peels f ! m>g9 ( ! cap1 b n f ! c5t]4 ,! fle% is :ite1 except j "u ! cuticle1 :]e x is r$di%4 ,x is s(t & fragile1 & its ta/e is sl[ly & mu* less %>ply acrid ?an 9 ! emetic russula4 ,its gills are closely plac$1 atta*$ to ! /em & p]si/5tly :ite4 ,! /em is brittle1 s(t & spongy )91 smoo? & :ite4 ,! cap is #b-d in*es broad1 ! /em #b-c in*es long1 #d-h l9es ?ick4 ,x gr[s 9 woods among mosses & fall5 leaves or on ! b>e gr\nd1 & appe>s 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,x is an inhabitant ( ! ,adirondack =e/s4 ,its slightly acrid flavor is de/roy$ 9 cook+1 & x af=ds a h>mless1 t5d] & agreeable food4 ,peck1 #ed? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,russula abiet9a n4 sp4 ,fir ,tree ,russula4 ,pileus ?91 fragile1 convex1 becom+ ne>ly plane or slightly depress$ 9 ! c5t]1 viscid :5 moi/1 ! viscid pellicle sep>able1 tub]culate /riate on ! m>g94 ,fle% :ite1 ta/e mild4 ,lamell subdi/ant1 v5tricose1 n>r[$ t[>d ! /em1 r\nd$ beh9d & ne>ly free1 :iti%1 becom+ pale yell[1 ! int]spaces v5ose4 ,/em equal or tap]+ t[>d ! top1 /uff$ or holl[1 :ite4 ,spores bright yell[i% o*race\s1 subglobose1 r\gh1 #h-aj broad4 ,! fir tree russula is closely relat$ to ! y\?ful russula1 ,r4 puell>is ,fr41 f :i* x is sep>at$ by ! viscid cap1 ! gills r widely sep>at$ f ea* o!r & ne>ly free1 ! /em nev] yell[i% nor becom+ yell[ :]e w\nd$1 & ! spores hav+ an o*race\s hue4 ,!y are mu* bright] & m highly color$ 9 ! mass ?an ! mature gills4 ,! cap v>ies mu* 9 color1 b ! c5t] is g5]ally d>k] ?an ! re/4 ,x may be dull purple or gre5i% purple ) a br[ni% or blacki% c5t]1 or sometimes ) an olive gre5 c5t]1 or x may be olive gre5 or smoky gre5 ) a br[ni% c5t]4 ,olive gre5 & purpli% hues ( v>i\s %ades are v>i\sly comb9$1 b sometimes ! m>g9 is grayi% & ! c5t] olive gre54 ,! fle% is :ite & its ta/e mild4 ,! gills are :ite :5 "y1 or b>ely t+$ ) yell[1 b !y become pale yell[ ) age4 ,!y are nei!r cr[d$ nor widely atta*$ to ! /em1 & are connect$ ) ea* o!r by cross ve9s1 :i* c be se5 at ! bottom ( ! int]spaces4 ,! /ems are r sl5d]1 s(t or spongy1 sometimes becom+ holl[ & occasionally tap]+ upw>d4 ,!y are v con/antly & p]si/5tly :ite4 ,! cap is #a-b4e in*es broad1 ! /em #a-b4e in*es long1 #c-e l9es ?ick4 ,?is russula gr[s "u or ne> p9e1 spruce or balsam fir trees4 ,x occurs f ,july to ,octob]4 ,x is t5d] & palatable4 ,! /ems also are t5d] & may be cook$ ) ! caps4 ,peck1 #ed? ,rep4 ,n4 ,v4 ,/ate ,bot4 7,plate ,v47 ,illu/ration3 ,,can?>ellus ,,c9nab>9us ,,pk4 ,ab\t "o-half nat4 size4 ,aft] ,peck4 ,can?>ellus c9nab>9us ,s*w4 ,c9nab> ,*ant>elle4 7,plate ,v47 ,pileus firm1 convex or slightly depress$ 9 ! c5t]1 (t5 irregul> ) a wavy or lob$ m>g91 glabr\s1 c9nab> r$4 ,fle% :ite4 ,lamell n>r[1 di/ant1 bran*$1 decurr5t1 r$4 ,/em equal or tap]+ d[nw>d1 glabr\s1 solid or /uff$1 r$4 ,spores elliptic1 #h-aj long1 #d-e broad4 ,! c9nab> ,*ant>elle is readily recogniz$ by its color4 ,x is ext]nally r$ 9 all its p>ts1 ! int]ior only be+ :ite4 ,x is a small species b (t5 q irregul> 9 %ape4 ,small specim5s are m likely to be regul> ?an l>ge ones4 ,sometimes ! cap is m fully develop$ on "o side ?an on ! o!r4 ,?is makes ! /em ecc5tric or 9 "s cases almo/ lat]al4 ,! color is q con/ant1 b 9 "s in/ances x is pal] & approa*es a p9ki% hue4 ,x is apt to fade or ev5 disappe> 9 dri$ specim5s4 ,! gills are blunt on ! edge z 9 o!r species ( ?is g5us4 ,!y are =k$ or bran*$1 n>r[ & decurr5t4 ,! /em is small1 smoo? & usually r %ort4 ,x is g5]ally solid1 b 9 ! orig9al description x is *>act]iz$ z /uff$4 ,! cap is #h to #ah l9es broad2 ! /em #f to #ab l9es long & #a to #c broad4 ,x gr[s greg>i\sly 9 ?9 woods & op5 places & may be f\nd f ,july to ,septemb]4 ,x sometimes occurs 9 great abundance1 :i* adds to its importance z an edible species4 ,! fre% plant has a t>dily & slightly acrid flavor1 b ?is disappe>s 9 cook+4 ,9 ,epicrisis1 ,fries ref]r$ ?is species to ! g5us ,hygrophorus1 & 9 ,sylloge also x is plac$ 9 t g5us1 b x is a true ,can?>ellus & belongs 9 ! g5us 9 :i* ,s*we9itz plac$ x4 ,peck1 #eb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,cort9>ius corrugatus ,pk4 ,corrugat$ ,cort9>ius4 7,plate ,,vi47 ,pileus fle%y1 broadly campanulate or v convex1 viscid :5 moi/1 co>sely corrugat$1 bright-yell[1 r$di%-yell[1 tawny or o*race\s4 ,fle% :ite4 ,lamell close1 pallid :5 "y1 becom+ tawny ) age4 ,/em r long1 equal1 holl[1 bulb\s1 pallid or yell[i%1 ! bulb viscid & usually color$ l ! pileus4 ,spores broadly elliptical1 r\gh1 #aa-af long1 #h-aj broad4 ,! corrugat$ ,cort9>ius is a well-m>k$ & easily-recogniz$ species1 q di/9ct f its allies4 ,al?\gh ! color ( ! pileus is v>iable1 its viscid1 corrugat$ surface & ! viscid bulb ( ! /em af=d di/9ctive & easily-recogniz$ *>act]s4 ,sometimes ! corrugations or wr9kles ana/omose ) ea* o!r 9 su* a way z to give a reticulat$ appe>ance4 ,! color v>ies f yell[ to r$di%-tawny or r$di%-o*race\s4 ,! m>g9 9 "y plants is incurv$4 7,plate ,,vi47 ,illu/ration3 ,,cort9>ius ,,corrugatus ,,pk4 ,ab\t two-?irds nat4 size4 ,aft] ,peck4 ,!re is a v>iety 9 :i* ! cap is adorn$ ) d>k]-color$ spots or scales4 ,?is be>s ! "n1 v>iety subsquamosus4 ,9 all o!r respects x is l ! species4 ,! gills are closely plac$ side by side4 ,!y are at fir/ ( a pale hue1 b assume a d>k] & m def9ite tawny color ) age4 ,!y are usually m9utely unev5 or erod$ on ! edge & transv]sely /riate on ! sides4 ,!y are slightly n>r[$ t[>d ! /em4 ,! /em is g5]ally a little long] ?an ! wid? ( ! cap4 ,x is commonly smoo?1 b sometimes spr9kl$ ne> ! top ) m9ute yell[i% p>ticles & adorn$ bel[ ) a few fibrils4 ,x is holl[ & has a di/9ct viscid bulb\s base1 ! viscidity ( :i* is a peculi> feature4 ,?is bulb 9 ! v "y plant is ev5 broad] ?an ! "y cap1 t at ?is /age ( developm5t appe>s to re/ ^u x4 ,! color ( ! bulb is usually l t ( ! cap1 b ! /em is commonly pal] ?an ei!r4 ,! cap is #b to #d in*es broad1 ! /em #c to #e in*es long1 #c to #h l9es ?ick4 ,! plants are greg>i\s 9 woods & bu%y places1 & may be f\nd f ,june to ,septemb]4 ,x sometimes gr[s 9 consid]able abundance1 & z an edible species x is n to be despis$4 ,peck1 #eb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,ag>icus hmorrhoid>ius ,s*ulz4 ,ble$+ ,mu%room4 ,! ble$+ mu%room is easily recogniz$1 :5 fre%1 by ! r$ color assum$ by w\nds ( ! fle% ei!r ( ! cap or /em4 ,?is "* is also f\nd 9 ! sea%ore mu%room1 ,a4 m>itimus1 a species t has a solid /em & has n yet be5 f\nd gr[+ f> f ! sea4 ,! cap is g5]ally "s %ade ( br[n1 b sometimes :5 "y x is :ite4 ,x is adorn$ ) d>k] fibrils or scales1 ?\gh ^! sometimes become obscure or disappe> ) age4 ,:5 "y x is hemisph]ic or v convex1 b x soon becomes broadly convex or ne>ly flat1 ) ! c5t] ei!r slightly depress$ or some:at prom95t4 ,! fle% is g5]ally :iti% or grayi% :ite :5 fir/ expos$ to ! air4 ,x assumes ! r$ color r sl[ly & aft] a "t loses x aga94 ,! gills are p9k or r>ely :iti% :5 "y1 b become br[n or blacki% br[n ) age4 ,! /em is long or %ort1 cyl9dric or tap]+ upw>d1 sometimes slightly ?ick5$ or bulb\s at ! base1 sometimes n4 ,x is holl[1 b ! cavity small1 at fir/ fibrillose & m or less adorn$ ) floccose scales t[>d ! base1 b ^! g5]ally disappe> ) age1 & ! prim>y :ite color ( ! /em is apt to become d>k] ) age4 ,! coll> is membranace\s & at fir/ conceals ! gills4 ,x is p]si/5t1 silky & :ite or :iti%1 sometimes t+$ ) br[n4 ,! cap is #b-d in*es broad2 ! /em #b-d in*es long1 #c-e l9es ?ick4 ,x gr[s 9 woods or bu%y places & seems to pref] damp soil ri* 9 vegetable mold4 ,x may be f\nd f ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,x sometimes gr[s 9 clu/]s4 ,x gives to milk 9 :i* x is /ew$ a br[ni% color4 ,its flavor is simil> to t ( ! common mu%room4 ,a v>iety 9 :i* ! /em is commonly %ort] & ! pileus ( a d>k] smoky br[n color is sometimes abundant 9 l[ damp gr\nd on ,long ,isl&4 ,x may be call$ v>iety fumosus4 ,peck1 #ed? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,ag>icus abruptus ,pk4 7,a4 silvicola ,vitt41 ,a4 arv5sis v>4 abruptus ,pk47 7,plate ,i1 page #gbb47 ,ag>icus abruptus ,pk4 is describ$ on page #cdc z ,a4 silvicola ,vitt4 ,x is v common 9 ! woods ( ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,j]sey & ,p5nsylvania4 ,9 ! summ] ( #aija1 ,i f\nd x 9 ,rock+ham ,co41 ,n4,c4 ,! probabilities are t its spread is ext5sive4 ,be+ ! wood c\s9 ( ! field mu%room 7,a4 campe/]7 x des]ves m ?an ord9>y att5tion4 ,x is f\nd dur+ mon?s :i* d n favor ! gr[? ( ! mu%room4 ,x is equally good1 ?\gh n s fle%y4 ,x gives ! true mu%room flavor to less flavor$ edible species :5 cook$ ) !m4 ,:5 se5 at a di/ance1 gr[+ 9 ! woods1 x has ! appe>ance ( an ,amanita1 b ! color ( ! gills1 :i* are nev] :ite aft] ! cap op5s & become z ! spores rip5 a blacki% br[n1 di/+ui%es x at once4 ,nei!r has x a volva4 ,! excell5t photograph ( ! species1 tak5 by ! late ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,wei/1 ,ri*mond1 ,ind41 pres5ts a life-l picture ( x4 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,wei/4 ,,supplem5t1 ,,plate ,i4 ,,ag>icus ,,abruptus ,,pk4 ,boletus granulatus albidipes n4 v>4 8,"u p9e trees4 ,we/port4 ,octob]4 ,?is v>iety diff]s f ! typical =m ( ! species 9 hav+ ! fle% ( ! pileus :ite1 except next ! tubes1 :]e x is fa9tly yell[i%1 ! /em :ite ext]nally & int]nally1 & 9 hav+ a slight membranace\s veil :i* =ms a v ?9 annulus on ! /em ( ! "y plant1 or =ms fragm5ts :i* adh]e to ! m>g9 ( ! pileus40 ,peck1 #ed? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,= typical =m ,b4 granulatus1 see page #daf4 ,boletus *rys5t]on alboc>neus n4 v>4 ,:ite ,fle% ,boletus4 ,pileus fle%y1 convex above1 dry1 subglabr\s1 v>y+ f brick r$ to bay r$4 ,fle% :ite1 sometimes t+$ ) r$ ne> ! surface2 tubes r long1 adnate or slightly depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 gre5i% yell[1 _! m\?s small1 subrotund4 ,/em equal or ne>ly s1 solid1 subglabr\s1 color$ l or a little pal] ?an ! pileus1 :ite )94 ,! :ite fle% boletus is q common 9 ! ,adirondack =e/s & q con/ant 9 its *>act]s4 ,i h n se5 x ) yell[ fle%1 ?\gh 9 o!r respects x agrees v well ) ! description ( ,b4 *rys5t]on4 ,! cap is n (t5 crack$1 b1 :5 x is1 ! cracks are sometimes r$1 sometimes yell[i%1 ?\gh ! fle% is con/antly :ite except j b5ea? ! cuticle1 :]e x is sometimes r$di%4 ,! tubes are long & gre5i% yell[4 ,!y are at fir/ ne>ly plane 9 ! mass1 b ) ! expansion ( ! cap ! mass (t5 becomes v5tricose4 ,! m\?s ( ! tubes are small & ne>ly r\nd4 ,w\nds or bruises ( ! mass become blui% or gre5i% blue4 ,! /em is firm1 solid & color$ l ! cap1 ?\gh x is sometimes a little pal]4 ,! ,cap is #a-b4e in*es broad2 ! ,/em #a-b in*es long1 #b-d l9es ?ick4 ,! trial specim5s 7 fri$ 9 butt] & f\nd to be h>mless1 palatable & dige/ible4 ,peck1 #ed? ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,= typical species--,b4 *rys5t]on--see page #dca4 ,,rais+ ,,mu%rooms ,,at ,,home ,by ! c\rtesy ( ! publi%]s ( ,! ,woman's ,home ,companion1 ! au?or is p]mitt$ to republi% 8 article1 8,rais+ ,mu%rooms at ,home10 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,octob]1 #aija1 numb] ( t excell5t mon?ly--encyclop$ic 9 all home matt]s4 ,9 ,octob] is ! "t to prep>e ! manure & b$s = h\se-rais+ ( mu%rooms4 ,dur+ ! w>m mon?s !y c n be cultivat$ )\t trial ( "o's temp] & te/ ( "o's ta/e4 ,any "o hav+ control ( a cell> c raise a f9e crop ( expectations1 & may raise a crop ( mu%rooms by ei!r accid5t or exp]i5ce4 ,!y are at all times ! mo/ contr>y ( gr[?s1 & require ! nice/ managem5t & mu* pati5ce4 ,! fir/ ?+ to d is to select a well-v5tilat$ spot away f direct drafts1 :]e ! temp]ature c be ma9ta9$ at f fifty to sixty degrees & a moi/ atmosph]e assur$4 ,?or\ghly cleanse ! cell> & give x an entire cov]+ ( :itewa%4 ,decide ^u ! size ( b$ desir$4 ,9 wid? ! b$ %\ld n exce$ rea*+ di/ance to its c5t] :5 !re is a pa?way on ea* side ( x1 say six feet4 ,! l5g? ( ! b$ %\ld rea* to its useful /opp+-place4 ,if ! cell> has a portable heat] 9 x1 & is w>m1 ! b$ %\ld be t5 to twelve in*es 9 dep?2 if ! heat] is wall$ 91 or ! cell> is cool1 ! b$ %\ld be fifte5 in*es deep4 ,calculate h[ mu* fre% horse-manure1 ) ! long /raw only remov$ f x & t has n be5 ra9$ ^u1 x w take to make a b$ ( desir$ dim5sions solidly tramp$4 ,get x1 put x 9 a compact heap1 & keep x cov]$ f ra94 ,x w heat rapidly & get smok+-hot1 because a f]m5tation sets 9 :i* produces heat4 ,if loam c be procur$ f a pa/ure or else:]e x is well to add "o-fif? 79 bulk7 ( x to ! manure1 mix+ x ?or\ghly4 ,?is addition ret>ds ! f]m5tation & absorbs ! ammonia--a valuable f]tiliz]--:i* w\ld o!rwise be driv5 (f by ! heat4 ,x also takes up any surplus ( moi/ure4 ,aft] ! compact pile has be5 ?us prep>$ x %\ld /& two or ?ree days1 !n be well =k$ ov] & aga9 pil$4 ,?is =k+ %\ld be repeat$ f f\r to six times1 at int]vals ( f two to f\r days1 dep5d+ ^u ! use or n ( loam1 :i* affects ! rapidity ( heat+4 ,if loam is us$ ! =k+ %\ld be at long] int]vals unless ! heat becomes excessive4 ,! manure w probably !n be 9 good ord] to g into b$s4 ,x is ^u prop]1 c>eful prep>ation ( ?is m$ium t successful mu%room-rais+ greatly dep5ds4 ,all "w & hopes are ?r[n away if ! greate/ c>e is n ex]cis$4 ,j z x is folly to buy poor se$s ^u :i* to exp5d co/ly labor1 s x is folly to make b$s ( poorly prep>$ manure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,brick ,,cut ,,= ,,plant+4 ,! manure mu/ nei!r conta9 too mu* nor too little wat]4 ,by f> ! l>ge/ p]c5tage ( failures is due to too mu*4 ,x rots ! spawn v9e 7mycelium71 & ?us de/roys ! />t+ place ( ! fruit1 or mu%room4 ,! object 9 =k+ ! manure s frequ5tly is to sweet5 x 7z ! op]ation is call$7 & to prev5t ov]heat+ f f]m5tation4 ,if x gets too hot x 8burns0--gets too dry4 ,mold+1 too1 is avoid$4 ,moldy manure w n produce4 ,if1 9 =k+ ov] ! pile1 dry places are f\nd1 !y %\ld be spr9kl$ ) wat]2 if1 :5 ! f]m5tation gr[s less active1 ! manure is too wet1 spread x out to air & dry some:at4 ,x is 9 good condition & prop]ly moi/ :5 tight squeez+ w n press wat] f x4 ,f> bett] t x %\ld be too dry ?an too wet4 ,! manure n[ ready %\ld be mov$ to ! cell> & made into b$s :ile w>m4 ,good v5tilation is a necessity4 ,two !rmomet]s are ne$$--"o to m>k ! temp]ature ( ! cell>1 ! o!r to place well & solidly d[n 9 ! b$ to record :at x is do+ 9 ! heat way4 ,x is probable t ! m]cury w rise sl[ly4 ,x may g z high z "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five or "o hundr$ & ?irty degrees4 ,d n di/urb ! b$1 h[ev] high x goes4 ,:5 x falls to betwe5 n9ety & eighty degrees plant ! spawn4 ,if possible1 keep ! temp]ature up = sev]al days4 ,x %\ld !n fall sl[ly to sixty degrees1 b g d[n no f>!r4 ,nev] plant on a ris+ temp]ature4 ,mu%room-spawn comes 9 brick-%ap$ blocks4 ,!y c be pur*as$1 ( good quality1 f any reliable se$sman4 ,^! blocks are made ( a mixture ( dungs1 ?r\gh :i* ! mycelium1 or v9e1 f :i* mu%rooms gr[1 has be5 run4 ,aft] ?is mixture is fill$ ) ! v9e 7badly nam$ spawn7 x is press$ into blocks & dri$4 ,x %\ld be kept dry until us$4 ,spawn+ a b$ is no?+ m ?an plac+ cutt+s ( ?is exce$+ly f9e v9e "u ! influ5ce ( moi/ure & heat 9 a soil fitt$ = its gr[? 7su* z ! b$ %\ld be71 !n induc+ x to run & fruit4 ,spawn is orig9ally made to gr[ by plant+ ! se$ ( mu%rooms 9 specially prep>$ dungs & g]m9at+ !m4 ,! mycelium1 or v9e1 com+ f ?is g]m9ation is call$ 8virg9 spawn10 & is p]petuat$ 9 its gr[? by runn+ 7tra9+7 x ?r\gh manures1 pieces ( :i* =m ! spawn ( comm]ce4 ,) a %>p hat*et cut ! bricks into twelve pieces ( equal size2 a f9e1 clean meat-saw may be us$1 z x r$uces breakage4 ,) ! h& make holes 9 ! b$ t5 in*es ap>t ea* way4 ,^! holes mu/ be s deep t :5 ! lumps ( spawn are ?ru/ firmly d[n into !m ! top ( ! lumps w be n less ?an "o in* or m ?an two in*es bel[ ! surface ( ! b$4 ,cov] ! lumps firmly4 ,h ! surface ( ! b$ z ev5 z possible4 ,)\t hav+ to g v f> into ! cold region ( ma!matics1 ! numb] ( bricks ( spawn ne$$ is easily figur$4 ,asc]ta9 ! numb] ( holes1 t5 in*es ap>t1 t c be made 9 ! b$4 ,divide ?is numb] by twelve1 & lo6 y h x4 ,aft] ! b$ is spawn$ x is well to lay a d\ble ?ickness ( newspap]s ov] x1 putt+ a few pla/]+-la?s or light /icks ^u !m to keep !m 9 place4 ,?is is to keep ! heat 9 ! b$1 z x is desirable t ! temp]ature %\ld n run d[n too rapidly4 ,x %\ld be two weeks fall+ to sixty degrees4 ,t5 days aft] spawn+1 if ! heat ( ! b$ has gone d[n to sixty-five or sixty degrees1 cov] ! b$ ) two in*es ( loam & pat x solid ) spade or bo>d4 ,! b$ %\ld n be cov]$ ) loam :5 ! temp]ature is too high4 ,remov+ ! pap]s w all[ ! heat to escape4 ,at ! "t ( cov]+ ) loam ! spawn %\ld h begun to spread4 ,x w %[ pla9ly 9 ! manure close to ! lumps ( spawn4 ,its odor is unmi/akable1 be+ musky1 spicy1 mu* l mu%rooms1 b /rong]4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to di/urb ! new mycelium1 z all breakage ( ! f9e1 web-l ?reads less5s its product4 ,! mycelium %\ld />t & gr[ quickly up to ! "t ( cov]+ ) loam4 ,aft] t a sl[ increase is be/4 ,to effect ?is ! surr\nd+ outside temp]ature %\ld be f fifty-sev5 to sixty-two degrees4 ,v5tilation %\ld be upw>d & good1 b n directly ^u ! b$4 ,! mycelium w n[ run & completely fill ! b$4 ,m9ute :ite nodules w appe> ^u ! ?reads ( x2 ^! are ! beg9n+s ( ! mu%rooms to come4 ,9 f sev5 to eight weeks aft] spawn+ t9y button mu%rooms %\ld appe> on top ( ! b$4 ,if ! cell> has be5 cool x may be a few days long]4 ,mr4 ,falcon] says1 8,if ! temp]ature ( ! b$ falls bel[ fifty-sev5 degrees1 & ! atmosph]ic temp]ature bel[ =ty-five degrees1 ! b$s %\ld be cov]$ ) matt+ or o!r mat]ial40 ,newspap]s w d4 ,^u ! appe>ance ( ! mu%rooms is ! "t a moi/ atmosph]e is ne$$4 ,?is is obta9$ by spr9kl+ ! walks & cell> well ) w>m wat]4 ,?is moi/ure %\ld be kept up all ! :ile ! crop is gr[+4 ,unless ! fruit+ b$s %[ a m>k$ dryness !y %\ld n be wat]$4 ,if wat]+ is requir$1 d x v c>efully ) a f9e rose or syr+e4 ,h ! pure wat] at n9ety degrees1 & d n m ?an moi/5 ! loam cov]+4 ,nev] let ! wat] settle 9 pools or wa% ! surface4 ,aft] ! b$ is 9 be>+ ! addition ( /rong1 liquid manure pl5tifully appli$ betwe5 ! bun*es 7nev] on !m7 w add to _! weight & size4 ,x %\ld be done ) a long sp\t )\t rose4 ,a spr9kl+ ( salt on b>e places is b5eficial4 ,illu/ration3 ,,b]? ,,b$s ,,aga9/ ,,cell> ,,walls4 ,,ga!r+ ,,! ,,crop4 ,! mu%rooms w n[ %[ 9 v>i\s sizes1 f p9-head to l>ge1 full-gr[n specim5s1 s+ly & 9 d5se clu/]s4 ,z fa/ z !y rea* ! desir$ size twi/ !m f _! sockets4 ,d n cut or pull !m4 ,keep ! gills d[nw>d1 to prev5t dirt gett+ 9 !m4 ,take c>e n to di/urb ^? left 9 ! b$s m ?an is necess>y4 ,x is unnecess>y to add1 cook !m1 b x is v necess>y to tell h[1 because _m excell5t cooks commit ! outrage\s sacrilege ( peel+ mu%rooms4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( ! flavor & delici\sness ( a mu%room is 9 ! sk9--z x is 9 ! apple4 ,"o might j z well peel a /rawb]ry4 ,fir/1 always hold+ ! plant gills d[nw>d & n ov] o!rs1 cut away ! extreme base ( ! /em & bru% (f any adh]+ dirt4 ,if ! cap %[s mu* scruff1 rub x (f ) a piece ( co>se flannel or clo?4 ,?r[ ! mu%rooms ?us clean$ into cold wat]2 !y w float4 ,run ! f+]s ?r\gh !m sev]al times1 !n lift !m to a fre% pan ( wat]1 wa% !m & place !m1 gills d[nw>d1 on a clo? to dra91 or put !m 9 a col&]4 ,!n cook !m to ta/e4 ,"h1 aga91 sacrilege is frequ5t4 ,_m foods are simply m$iums = add$ flavors4 ,n s ! mu%room2 x has a decid$1 exquisite flavor ( its own4 ,x %\ld n be made 9 cook+ to ta/e l some?+ else4 ,put ! mu%rooms 9 a /ew-pan ) a little wat]2 cov] !m1 & /ew sl[ly = tw5ty m9utes1 add+ butt]1 salt & pepp] to ta/e4 ,cream or milk may be add$4 ,ano!r v good way is to butt] well a m$ium-hot pan2 cut ! mu%rooms into equal-siz$ pieces1 put !m 9 x1 cov]1 & fry4 ,/ir !m f "t to "t1 & :5 q done season ) salt & pepp]4 ,a good gravy is made = !m by us+ wat]1 milk or cream4 ,n[ if y mu/ h a meat ( "s sort1 put ! meat on "o di% & ! mu%rooms on ano!r4 ,by do+ ?is y spoil ! ta/e ( nei!r4 ,b$s w cont9ue to produce = sev]al weeks if prop]ly c>$ =4 ,z soon z !y cease be>+ remove !m1 clean up1 :ite-wa%1 coal-oil e in* ( wood1 salt ! floor1 & be ready to try aga94 ,aft] ! amateur has 8 or h] h& 91 ! b$ area c be l>gely increas$ by build+ r\gh b]?s1 "o above ! o!r1 9 :i* b$s c be made4 ,an important bit ( advice is3 ,/>t 9 a small way4 ,d n exp5d any m money ?an y c af=d to lose4 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,?is is a complex text1 ) a great deal ( /ructure1 :i* occasionally lapses4 ,9 g5]al1 ! text is giv5 z pr9t$1 except t m9or lapses ( ! conv5tional punctuation h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,:]e ! au?or's int5t is uncle>1 ! notes collect$ "h w indicate ! resolution1 if any4 ,! text prov$ difficult to outl9e1 ) diff]5t sections adopt+ v>i\s s*emes4 ,! only class conta9$ "h is ,,fungi4 ,9 ea* ,g5us section1 ! ',analysis ( ! ,tribes' tabulation indicates "o or m subsections to foll[1 key$ by "o or m a/]isks4 ,frequ5tly1 ^! ref]5ces h no correspond+ subsection4 ,9 g5]al1 ?is s*eme is unreliable4 ,on p4 #cd1 ! outl9e entry #8,b4 ,,pileus ,,viscid4 ,,nei!r ,,scaly ,,nor ,,w>ty' almo/ c]ta9ly ref]s to ! incorrectly lett]$ & titl$ section on p4 #di1 #8,a4 ,,cuticle ,,viscid4 ,,nei!r ,,scaly ,,nor ,,w>ty4'4 ,! #8cuticle' is an attribute ( ! #8pileus'4 ,z examples1 on p4 #acc1 !re are no a/]isks on ! ref]5ces to ! ,collyb>ii or ,myc5>ii1 b "o a/]isk appe>s 9 ! subsection ,collyb>ii directly bel[4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no mat*+ subhead+ = ,myc5>ii4 ,on p4 #bga1 ! ref]5ce '99 g]it9i4 ,p4 g]ita1 ! type ( ! section1' 9 ! ,table ( ! ,tribes has no mat*+ section4 ,:]e ! subsection ref]5ces h mat*+ subsections1 hyp]l9ks h be5 includ$ to facilitate navigation4 ,!re are numb] ( issues associat$ ) ! _m illu/rations4 ,!re is a p>5!tical ref]5ce on p4 #adb to ,plate ,,xxxva on ! same page1 :i* does n exi/ 9 ! text1 nor 9 ! ,li/ ( ,illu/rations4 ,on p4 #baf1 ! page ref]5ce = ,plate ,,cxxxvi1 fig4 #d 0 omitt$4 ,! correct page 7p4 #ejh7 has be5 provid$4 ,on p4 #cai1 ,plate ,l,x,x,x,v,ia 7,cort9>ius autumnalis7 is mislabel$ z ,l,x,x,x,v,ib4 ,plate ,l,x,x,x,v,ib 7,cort9>ius annulatus7 appe>s prop]ly on p4 #cbj4 ,plates ,,lxxxix1 ,,cxxiii1 ,,cxxvii & ,,clvii are miss+ f bo? ! ,li/ & ! text4 ,on pp4 #efi-egj1 ! quotation m>ks associat$ ) ! passage 8,! botanical description ( ,ga/romycetes1 giv5 by ,m4,c4 ,cooke1 is 444 by v>i\s trans=mations ( ! p]idium40 are confus$4 ,!y are giv5 z pr9t$ "h4 ,on p4 #ffd1 ! ref]5ce to ,,monocotyl$on 9 ! entry = ,,endog5 has no correspond+ entry4 p4 xxiii ,! ,clav>iace--bran*$ or ,miss+1 club-%ap$--(t5 f\nd b likely4 p4 #fd ,9 o!r respects ,add$4 p4 #fe mottl+s ,add$4 p4 #ajj ,spores #e-fc-d ,b4 ,add$4 p4 #bbg ,novia ,scotia ,sic4 p4 #bhe dang]\s plant40 ,add$4 p4 #big ,mrs4 ,m>y ,fa_/ull] ,correct$4 ',full]' else:]e4 p4 #cbd at ,mr_/t4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,correct$4 p4 #cea some:at ,add$4 p4 #ceb evid5ce aga9/ x40 ,add$4 p4 #cfc ,a_/,h4 ,c&olleanus ,correct$2 ! g5us foll[+ ?is entry4 p4 #djg ,pileou yell[ ,remov$4 p4 #dfd ,spores oblong1 #ab-add-e4 ,add$4 p4 #dfg ,b4 gracilis ,add$4 p4 #dga ! type ( a new tribe40 ,add$4 p4 #dhd ,philadelphia ,add$4 p4 #eag 9999 ,plant :ite1 gray or yell[i%4 ,add$4 p4 #edh ,,mitrul,l,a ,,vitell9a4 sic4 p4 #ffj 7cort9a7 ,add$4 p4 #ffc plan tbe=e_/plant be=e ,correct$4 p4 #fga ,,la,,tex 7latex1 liquid2 f]re1 ,sic4 be>71 p4 #fgi z if_/n pru9atus ,correct$4