,transcriber's ,note3 ,this version of the text cannot represent certain typographical effects4 ,italics are delimited with the #8' character as italic4 ,bold characters are delimited by #8' as bold4 ,the single appearance of blackletter font is noted here by enclosing the text in #8' as #8blackletter text'4 ,minor errors in punctuation and formatting have been silently corrected4 ,please see the transcriber's note at the end of this text for details regarding the handling of any textual issues encountered during its preparation4 ,the position of illustrations may have been adjusted slightly to avoid falling within a paragraph4 ,illustration3 ,,gifts ,,of ,,forest ,,and ,,field4 ,,toadstools1 ,,mushrooms1 ,,fungi ,,edible ,,and ,,poisonous ,,one ,,thousand ,,american ,,fungi ,revised ,edition ,,how ,,to ,,select ,,and ,,cook ,,the ,,edible2 ,,how ,,to ,,distinguish ,,and ,,avoid ,,the ,,poisonous ,,with ,,full ,,botanic ,,descriptions ,,by ,,charles ,,mcilvaine ,,president ,,philadelphia ,,mycological ,,center1 ,,honorary ,,member ,,salem ,,county ,,and ,,gloucester ,,county1 ,n4,j41 ,,medical ,,societies ,,and ,,robert ,k4 ,,macadam ,,toadstool ,,poisons ,,and ,,their ,,treatment1 ,,instructions ,,to ,,students1 ,,recipes ,,for ,,cooking1 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,,indianapolis ,,the ,,bowen-,,merrill ,,company ,,publishers ,,copyright #aijj1 #aijb ,,the ,,bowen-,,merrill ,,company ,,all ,,rights ,,reserved ,,press ,,of ,,braunworth ,,co4 ,,bookbinders ,,and ,,printers ,,brooklyn1 ,n4,y4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,contents ,list of ,illustrations v ,preface xiii ,introduction xv ,instructions to ,students xxix ,abbreviations of the ,names of ,authors of ,species xxxv ,names of the ,principal ,reporters of ,american ,species xxxvii ,text #a ,toadstool ,poisoning and its ,treatment #fba ,recipes for ,cooking and ,preparing for the ,table #fce ,glossary #fea ,index to ,genera #fij ,index to ,species #fib ,index to ,recipes for ,cooking and ,preparing for the ,table #gjb ,index to ,general ,contents #gjc ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations ,,plate ,,fig4 ,,text ,,plate ,,page ,,page ,frontispiece1 colored4 ,i4 ,tabular view of the genera of ,agaricace #b ,,ii4 ,leucospor4 ,chart of ,genera #b ,,iii4 ,progressive growth of ,agarics #b ,,iv4 ,gill shapes #b ,v4 ,ring shapes and positions2 volva shapes #b ,,vi4 ,colored #f #a4 ,amanita spreta #aa #b4 phalloides 7white var47 #g #c4 phalloides 7brown var47 #g #d4 muscaria #ad #e4 ,frostiana #af #f4 ,gyromitra esculenta #edf ,,vii4 ,section of ,amanita phalloides showing parts of an ,agaric #c ,,viii4 ,colored #ah #a4 ,amanita chlorinosma #be #b4 rubescens and section #ba #c4 strobiliformis #ai ,,ix4 ,amanita muscaria4 ,half-tone #ad ,x4 ,colored #bh #a4 ,amanitopsis vaginata #bh #b4 vaginata1 var4 livida #bi #c4 nivalis #bi #d4 strangulata #cj #e4 ,mycena galericulata #abg #f4 prolifera #abf #g4 prolifera 7section7 #abf ,,xi4 #a4 ,lepiota procera4 ,section #cc ,,xii4 ,colored #cb #a4 ,lepiota ,americana #dh #b4 naucinoides #de #c4 cepstipes #df #d4 ,amanita rubescens #ba ,,xiii4 ,lepiota procera4 ,half-tone #cd ,,xiv4 ,lepiota ,morgani4 ,half-tone #cf ,,xv4 naucinoides4 ,half-tone #dd ,,xva4 ,americana #dh ,,xvi4 ,colored #eb #a4 ,armillaria mellea #ee #b4 mellea1 var4 exannulata #ef #c4 ,lentinus lepideus #bcj ,,xvii4 ,armillaria mellea4 ,section #eb ,,xviii4 ,colored #fj #a1 #b4 ,tricholoma personatum #gi #c4 russula #fe #d4 terreum #ga #e4 columbetta #fh #f4 humile #ha ,,xix4 ,tricholoma 7section7 #ei ,,xx4 ,tricholoma decorosum #fg ,,xxi4 ,tricholoma rutilans #gj ,,xxii4 ,tricholoma terreum #ga ,,xxiii4 ,tricholoma imbricatum #gc ,,xxiv4 ,colored #hb #a1 #b1 #c4 ,clitocybe ochropurpurea #ajh #d4 ochropurpurea 7section7 #ajh #e4 maxima #ii #f4 maxima 7section7 #ii #g4 nebularis #he #h4 amethystina #ajg #i4 odora #ij #aj4 laccata #ajg #aa4 infundibuliformis #ajj ,,xxv4 ,clitocybe clavipes #hf ,,xxvi4 ,clitocybe media #hg ,,xxvii4 ,clitocybe monadelpha4 ,half-tone #hh ,,xxviia4 #a4 ,clitocybe multiceps #id #b4 multiceps1 var4 #id ,,xxviii4 ,colored #aab #a4 ,collybia platyphylla #aad #b4 platyphylla1 after rain #aad #c4 dryophila #abj #d4 fusipes #aaf ,,xxix4 ,collybia radicata4 ,half-tone #aab ,,xxixa4 ,colored #if ,clitocybe illudens #if ,,xxixb4 ,collybia velutipes #aah ,,xxx4 ,collybia butyrace #aag ,,xxxi4 ,collybia acervata #abb ,,xxxii4 ,mycena galericulata #abd ,,xxxiii4 ,hiatula ,wynni #acb ,,xxxiv4 ,omphalia umbellifera #acb ,,xxxv4 ,pleurotus ostreatus4 ,half-tone #acd ,,xxxvi4 ,pleurotus sapidus 7section7 #ada ,,xxxvii4 ,colored #adf #a4 ,hygrophorus pratensis 7white var47 #aeb #b4 pratensis 7colored var47 #aeb #c4 pratensis 7after rain7 #aeb #d4 miniatus #aei #e4 cantharellus #aef #f4 virgineus #aec #g4 niveus #aec ,,xxxviii4 ,hygrophorus pratensis #adg ,,xxxix4 ,hygrophorus flavo-discus #aeg ,,xl4 ,hygrophorus fuligineus #aeh ,,xla4 ,lactarius blennius #afe ,,xli4 ,colored #afj #a4 ,lactarius piperatus #afh #b4 indigo #aga #c4 deliciosus #agj #d4 volemus #ahj ,,xlii4 ,lactarius hygrophoroides #ahj ,,xliii4 ,lactarius subdulcis #ahb ,,xliv4 ,colored #ahd #a4 ,russula cyanoxantha #aih #b4 emetica #bja #c4 flavida #aig #d4 sordida #aij #e4 roseipes #bji #f4 virescens #aid #g4 puellaris #bjh ,,xlv4 ,russula 7section7 #ahe ,,xlva4 ,russula purpurina4 ,half-tone #ahh ,,xlvb4 ,russula brevipes #ahi ,,xlvi4 ,colored #bad #a4 ,cantharellus floccosus #bah #b4 ,morchella esculenta #edb #c4 ,cantharellus cibarius #bae #d4 cibarius #bae #e4 brevipes #bai ,,xlvii4 ,cantharellus cibarius #baf ,,xlviii4 ,cantharellus rosellus #bah ,,xlix4 ,cantharellus brevipes #bai ,l4 ,nyctalis parasiticus #bbj ,,li4 ,marasmius oreades #bba ,,lii4 ,lentinus 7section7 #bbh ,,liii4 ,lentinus tigrinus #bbi ,,liv4 ,panus torulosus #bcb ,,lv4 ,panus strigosus4 ,half-tone #bcb ,,lva4 ,panus strigosus #bcd ,,lvi4 ,xerotus degener #bcg ,,lvii4 ,lenzites #bch ,,lviii4 ,trogia crispa #bcg ,,lviiia4 ,schizophyllum commune #bch ,,lviiib4 ,colored #bch ,rhodospor4 ,chart of ,genera4 ,,lix4 ,volvaria bombycina4 ,half-tone #bdj ,,lixa4 ,volvaria bombycina #bdj ,,lx4 ,volvaria volvacea #bda ,,lxi4 ,colored #bdb #a4 ,pluteus cervinus #bdb #b4 cervinus var4 #bde ,,lxii4 ,entoloma sinuatum #bea ,,lxiii4 ,colored #bed #a4 ,clitopilus abortivus #beg #b4 abortivus 7aborted7 #beh #c4 abortivus 7aborted section7 #beh #d4 prunulus #bee #e4 prunulus 7section7 #bee ,,lxiv4 ,clitopilus prunulus #bed ,,lxv4 ,clitopilus ,orcella #bef ,,lxvi4 ,leptonia #bfc ,,lxvii4 ,nolanea pascua #bfd ,,lxviii4 ,eccilia atropuncta #bfe ,,lxix4 ,eccilia carneo-grisea #bfe ,,lxx4 ,claudopus variabilis #bff ,,lxxi4 ,colored #bfh #a4 ,hebeloma glutinosum #bhe #b4 ,pholiota caperata #bgj #c4 squarrosa #bgc #d4 subsquarrosa #bge ,,lxxia4 ,colored #bfh ,ochrospor4 ,chart of ,genera4 ,,lxxii4 ,pholiota prcox #bgb ,,lxxiii4 ,pholiota squarrosa #bgc ,,lxxiv4 ,pholiota adiposa #bgf ,,lxxv4 ,inocybe lanuginosa #bha ,,lxxvi4 ,pluteolus reticulatus #bhb ,,lxxvia4 ,hebeloma fastibile #bhd ,,lxxvib4 ,flammula alnicola #bij ,,lxxvii4 ,tubaria furfuracea #bic ,,lxxviii4 ,naucoria semiorbicularis #bid ,,lxxviiia4 striapes #bif ,,lxxix4 ,galera tenera #cjj ,,lxxx4 ,bolbitius fragilis #cjc ,,lxxxa4 ,bolbitius nobilis #cjc ,,lxxxi4 ,crepidotus mollis #cjd ,,lxxxii4 ,colored #cjf #a4 ,cortinarius squamulosus #cah #b4 violaceus #cad #c4 ochraceus #cai #d4 ,cortinarius turmalis #cji #e4 armillatus #cbc ,,lxxxiii4 ,cortinarius collinitus #cac ,,lxxxiv4 ,cortinarius albo-violaceus #caf ,,lxxxv4 ,cortinarius asper #cag ,,lxxxvi4 ,cortinarius squamulosus #cah ,,lxxxvia4 ,cortinarius autumnalis #cai ,,lxxxvib4 ,cortinarius annulatus #cbj ,,lxxxvii4 ,cortinarius cinnamomeus #cbb ,,lxxxviii4 ,cortinarius armillatus #cbc ,,xc4 ,paxillus involutus #cbh ,,xci4 ,colored #ccb #a4 ,agaricus variabilis #cdf #b4 silvicola #cdc #c4 placomyces #cde #d4 campester #ccb #e4 campester #ccb ,,xcii4 ,colored #ccj ,porphyrospor4 ,chart of ,genera4 ,,xciii4 ,chitonia rubriceps #ccj ,,xciv4 ,agaricus magnificus4 ,colored #cdb ,,xcv4 ,pilosace ,algeriensis 7section7 #cdh ,,xcvi4 ,stropharia ruginosa #cdi ,,xcvia4 ,stropharia semiglobata 7section7 #cea ,,xcvii4 ,colored #ceb #a4 ,hypholoma appendiculatum #cfc #b4 perplexum #ced #c4 sublateritium #cei #d4 ,gomphidius rhodoxanthus #cid #e4 rhodoxanthus 7section7 #cid ,,xcviia4 ,hypholoma incertum4 ,half-tone #cfb ,,xcviii4 ,hypholoma fascicularis #ceb ,,xcix4 ,psilocybe spadicea #cfe ,c4 ,psathyra gyroflexa #cfg ,,ci4 ,colored #cfh ,melanospor4 ,chart of ,genera4 ,,cii4 ,colored #cgb #a4 ,coprinus atramentarius #cgc #b4 micaceus #cgh #c4 ,panolus solidipes #che #d4 solidipes 7section7 #che ,,ciii4 ,coprinus comatus4 ,half-tone #cgj ,,civ4 ,coprinus macrosporus #cge ,,cv4 ,coprinus fimetarius #cgf ,,cvi4 ,coprinus domesticus #cha ,,cvii4 ,coprinus silvaticus #chb ,,cviii4 ,panolus #chd ,,cix4 ,anellaria separata #chh ,,cx4 ,psathyrella graciloides #cij ,,cxi4 ,psathyrella disseminata #cia ,,cxii4 ,gomphidius viscidus #cid ,,cxiia4 ,boletinus paluster #dja ,,cxiii4 ,boletinus porosus4 ,half-tone #djb ,,cxiv4 ,colored #dad #a4 ,boletus gracilis #dfg #b4 subaureus #dad #c4 castaneus #dgb ,,cxv4 ,boletus spectabilis #djh ,,cxva4 ,boletus subluteus #dab ,,cxvi4 ,colored #dbj #a4 ,boletus eccentricus #dgj #b4 badiceps #dcf #c4 fulvus #dfe #d4 subsanguineus #dbj #e4 crassipes #deb ,,cxvii4 ,colored #dbd #a1b4 ,boletus bicolor #dbe #c4 rubropunctus #dbi #d4 pallidus #dbi ,,cxviii4 ,colored #dcf #a4 ,boletus separans #dde #b4 ,russelli #dcf #c4 illudens #dci #d4 scaber areolatus #dfa1 #dfc #e4 edulis #dde ,,cxix4 #a4 ,boletus edulis1 var4 clavipes #dde #b1c4 edulis #dde ,,cxx4 ,boletus affinis #ddh ,,cxxi4 ,boletus scaber #dfb ,,cxxii4 ,colored #dfh #a4 ,boletus indecisus #dfh #b1c1d4 felleus #dfi ,,cxxiv4 ,strobilomyces strobilaceus #dge ,,cxxv4 ,colored #dgf #a4 ,fistulina hepatica #dgg #b4 ,polyporus sulphureus #dhe ,,cxxvi4 ,etching #dgh #a4 ,polyporus fumosus #dgi #b4 ,polystictus versicolor #c4 ,merulius corium #dij #d4 ,polyporus perennis and section #e4 ,ddalea quercina #f4 ,fomes igniarius #g4 ,trametes gibbosa ,,cxxviii4 ,polyporus frondosus4 ,half-tone #dhb ,,cxxix4 ,polyporus intybaceus 7section7 #dhc ,,cxxx4 ,polyporus squamosus4 ,half-tone #dhj ,,cxxxi4 ,hydnum scabrosum #dif ,,cxxxii4 ,hydnum repandum #dig ,,cxxxiii4 ,hydnum albidum #dii ,,cxxxiv4 ,hydnum coralloides4 ,half-tone #ejj ,,cxxxv4 ,hydnum caput-,medus #ejb ,,cxxxvi4 ,colored #ejh #a4 ,spathularia clavata #edi #b4 ,peziza coccinea #eei #c4 aurantia #eeg #d4 ,cantharellus aurantiacus #baf #e4 ,hypomyces lactifluorum #efb #f4 ,hygrophorus coccineus #aef #g4 ,craterellus sinuosus1 var4 crispus #eaj #h4 cornucopoides #eji #i4 ,cantharellus lutescens #bah ,,cxxxvii4 ,sparassis crispa4 ,half-tone #eab ,,cxxxviii4 ,colored #ebb #a4 ,clavaria fusiformis #ebc #b4 pistillaris 7yellow var47 #ebd #c4 ,clavaria pistillaris 7dark var47 #ebd ,,cxxxix4 ,colored #eaf #a4 ,clavaria amethystina #eaf #b4 aurea #ebj #c4 formosa #ebj ,,cxl4 ,clavaria cinerea #eah ,,cxli4 ,clavaria cristata4 ,half-tone #eah ,,cxlii4 ,clavaria circinans #ebb ,,cxliii4 ,hirneola auricula-,judea #ebh ,,cxliv4 ,tremella mesenterica #ecj ,,cxliva4 ,tremella mycetophila #eca ,,cxlv4 ,tremellodon gelatinosum #ecc ,,cxlvi4 ,helvella crispa #ecf ,,cxlvii4 ,leotia lubrica #eda ,,cxlviii4 ,gyromitra brunnea #edg ,,cxlviiia4 ,gyromitra esculenta4 ,section #edf ,,cxlix4 ,morchella semilibera #ede ,,cl4 ,mitrula vitellina #edh ,,cli4 ,geoglossum glutinosum #eej ,,clii4 ,peziza badia4 ,half-tone #eed ,,cliii4 ,tuber niveum 7,terfezia leonis7 #efe ,,cliv4 ,tuber stivum #eff ,,clv4 ,pachyma cocos 7,tuckahoe7 #efg ,,clvi4 #a4 ,lycoperdon1 parts described 7section7 #efh #b4 echinatum #efh ,,clviii4 ,phallus impudicus4 ,half-tone #egb ,,clix4 ,mutinus caninus #ege ,,clx4 ,geaster hygrometricus #ehj ,,clxi4 ,tylostoma ,myenianum #ehb ,,clxii4 ,calvatia cyathiformis4 ,half-tone #ehd ,lycoperdon cyathiforme4 ,,clxiii4 ,calvatia craniiformis #ehf ,,clxiv4 ,calvatia elata #ehh ,,clxv4 ,lycoperdon constellatum #eib ,,clxvi4 ,lycoperdon glabellum #eie ,,clxvii4 ,lycoperdon rimulatum #eig ,,clxviii4 ,lycoperdon ,wrightii1 var4 separans #fjd ,,clxix4 ,lycoperdon pedicellatum #fjj ,,clxx4 ,lycoperdon eximium #fja ,,clxxa4 ,lycoperdon ,curtisii #fja ,,clxxb4 ,lycoperdon ,turneri #fjb ,,clxxi4 ,lycoperdon pyriforme4 ,half-tone #fjb ,,clxxii4 ,lycoperdon subincarnatum #fjd ,,clxxiii4 ,lycoperdon pusillum #fjf ,,clxxiv4 ,lycoperdon cepsforme #fjf ,,clxxv4 ,lycoperdon coloratum #fjg ,,clxxvi4 ,lycoperdon acuminatum #fjg ,,clxxvia4 ,bovistella ,ohiensis 7section7 #fjh ,,clxxvii4 ,bovistella ,ohiensis #fjh ,,clxxviii4 ,catastoma circumscissum #fji ,,clxxix4 ,bovista minor #faj ,,clxxx4 ,scleroderma vulgare #fae ,,clxxxi4 ,polysaccum pisocarpium #fah ,,clxxxii4 ,mycenastrum spinulosum #fac ,,preface ,a score of years ago 7#ahhj-ahhe7 ,i was living in the mountains of ,west ,virginia4 ,while riding on horseback through the dense forests of that great unfenced state1 ,i saw on every side luxuriant growths of fungi1 so inviting in color1 cleanliness and flesh that it occurred to me they ought to be eaten4 ,i remembered having read a short time before this inspiration seized me a very interesting article in the ,popular ,science ,monthly for ,may1 #ahgg1 written by ,mr4 ,julius ,a4 ,palmer1 ,jr41 entitled 8,toadstool ,eating40 ,hunting it up ,i studied it carefully1 and soon found myself interested in a delightful study which was not without immediate reward4 ,up to this time ,i had been living1 literally1 on the fat of the land--bacon2 but my studies enabled me to supplement this1 the staple dish of the state1 with a vegetable luxury that centuries ago graced the dinners of the ,csars4 ,so absorbing did the study become from gastronomic1 culinary and scientific points of view1 that ,i have continued it ever since1 with thorough intellectual enjoyment and much gratification of appetite as my reward4 ,i hope to interest students in the study as ,i am myself interested4 ,for twenty years my little friends--the toadstools--have been my constant companions4 ,they have interested me1 delighted me1 fed me1 and ,i have found much pleasure in making the public acquainted with their habits1 structure1 lusciousness and food value4 ,my researches have been confined to the species large enough to appease the appetite of a hungry naturalist if found in reasonable quantity2 and my work has been devoted to segregating the edible and innocuous from the tough1 undesirable and poisonous kinds4 ,to accomplish this1 because of the persistent inaccuracy of the books upon the subject1 it was necessary to personally test the edible qualities of hundreds of species about which mycologists have either written nothing or have followed one another in giving erroneous information4 ,while often wishing ,i had not undertaken the work because of the unpleasant results from personally testing fungi which proved to be poisonous1 my reward has been generous in the discovery of many delicacies among the more than seven hundred edible varieties ,i have found4 ,for ten years ,i have planned to publish in book form what ,i know about toadstools2 each effort to compile my information has shown me how much more ,i ought to know before going into print4 ,even now my work is still unfinished4 ,i am urged by my many toadstool friends 7as ,i lovingly call those who1 from all over the land1 send me specimens for identification1 and grow interested with me in the work71 to publish what ,i already know upon the subject1 that they1 and others1 may have a helpful book to guide them to a goodly portion of the edible species1 and away from those that are inedible or poisonous4 ,in this book ,i comply with these requests4 ,i have selected over seven hundred of the most plentiful and best varieties for the table1 from my toadstool bill of fare2 and ,i describe and caution against several species1 some of which are deadly in their effects1 if eaten2 others of which induce ill-effects more or less serious4 ,one thousand species and varieties are named and described4 ,birds1 flowers1 insects1 stones delight the observant4 ,why not toadstools8 ,a tramp after them is absorbing1 study of them interesting1 and eating of them health-giving and supremely satisfying4 ,,charles ,,mcilvaine4 ,,introduction ,america is without a text-book of the ,american species of ,fungi1 among which the edible and poisonous varieties are found4 ,many excellent but expensive foreign volumes describe species common to both continents1 and several special but widely scattered monographs have been published here4 ,the need of the mycologist1 mycophagist and amateur toadstool student is a book giving the genus1 names and descriptions of the prominent ,american toadstools whose edibility has been tested1 or whose poisonous qualities have been discovered4 ,the absence of such a book1 and the universal and rapidly-growing interest all over the ,united ,states in edible fungi1 have led to the publication of the present work1 which includes every species known to be esculent in ,north ,america4 ,as a precautionary measure1 full explications of all those known or suspected to be poisonous are included4 ,many species found in this country only have been described and named by various authors1 from the time of ,schweinitz 7#ahbb7 to the present day4 ,these have been published in the botanical magazines and in the papers of scientific societies and colleges4 ,the greater number have as author ,professor ,charles ,h4 ,peck1 ,new ,york ,state ,botanist1 who has contributed an annual report each year from #ahfh4 ,these appear in the reports of the ,state ,museum of ,new ,york1 and coming from the pen of our ablest mycologist are of great value to everyone interested in the study4 ,the classifications and 7in many instances7 modified descriptions by such an eminent authority upon fungoid growth should therefore be the guides to ,american forms1 that the confusion created by numerous descriptions of the same fungus by different observers may be avoided4 ,professor ,n4,l4 ,britton1 editor of the ,torrey ,botanical ,club1 has courteously given permission to use the descriptions of new species given in its instructive ,bulletins4 ,professor ,a4,p4 ,morgan and ,laura ,v4 ,morgan1 with equal courtesy1 grant the use of text and illustrations contained in the most complete monograph published upon the ,lycoperdace 7puff-balls1 etc47 of ,america4 ,while the scientific classifications and descriptions have been strictly followed1 the language has been simplified--with no sacrifice of scientific accuracy--that this volume may be fully adapted to popular use4 ,professor ,peck has given his valuable assistance in the identification of many species1 all that were difficult or obscure having been submitted to him1 and the writer is deeply indebted to him for many and long-continued courtesies1 aiding in study and in the preparation of this work4 ,several new species have been found by the writer1 the greater part of excellent food value4 ,he preferred that these should be named1 described and placed in their proper genus and section by ,professor ,peck1 believing it to be best for the discoverers of new species to defer to one whose vast experience enables him to name and classify in accordance with the demands of ,american species4 ,where a species is vouched for as edible1 it has been personally tested by the author and his willing undertasters up to eating full meals of it1 or at least beyond all doubt as to its safety4 ,where others have eaten species which he has not had the opportunity to test1 their names and opinions are given4 ,when species heretofore under the ban of suspicion are in this volume1 for the first time1 announced to be edible 7there are many of them71 personal tests have not been considered sufficient1 as idiosyncrasy might have affected the results4 ,others1 at the writer's request1 have eaten of the species until their innocence was fully established4 ,in some cases1 where the reputation of the fungi eaten was especially bad1 scientists of note have made elaborate and exhaustive physiological tests of their substances1 and in every instance confirmed the human testing4 ,while species which contain deadly poisons are few1 their individuals are produced in great number4 ,nicety in distinguishing their botanic variance from edible species closely resembling them is necessary4 ,no charm will detect the poison4 ,eating toadstools before their certain identification as belonging to edible species1 is neither bravery nor common sense4 ,the amateur should go slow4 ,the question often asked is3 ,by what rule do you distinguish between edible and poisonous mushrooms8 ,the answer usually surprises the questioner--there is no general rule4 ,all such rules which have been given are false and unreliable4 ,the quality of each was learned1 one at a time4 ,sweet and sour apples alike grow on large and small trees1 may be red or green1 large or small1 oblong or globular1 and no visible appearance gives the least clue to the quality4 ,in a few genera certain rules may be applied1 as in ,clavaria--all not bitter or tough are edible4 ,but such generalizations are each limited to its own genus4 ,the toadstools containing deadly poisons are thought to be confined to one genus of the gilled kind--,amanita1 and to ,helvella esculenta1 now ,gyromitra esculenta1 to which are charged fatal results4 ,the poisonous qualities of ,gyromitra esculenta are not proven4 ,recent testings of this species prove it to be harmless and of good quality4 ,by far the greater number of species contained in ,amanita are notable for their tender substance and delicious flavor4 ,by their stately beauty and unusual attractiveness both the poisonous and harmless kinds are seductive4 ,any toadstool with white or lemon-yellow gills1 casting white spores when laid--gills downward--upon a sheet of paper1 having remnants of a fugitive skin in the shape of scabs or warts upon the upper surface of its cap1 with a veil or ring1 or remnants or stains of one1 having at the base of its stem--in the ground--a loose1 skin-like sheath surrounding it1 or remnants of one1 should never be eaten until the collector is thoroughly conversant with the technicalities of every such species1 or has been taught by one whose authority is well known1 that it is a harmless species4 ,this rule purposely includes the renowned ,amanita ,csaria1 everywhere written as luscious4 ,i regard it as the most dangerous of toadstools1 because of its close resemblance to its sister plant--the ,amanita muscaria--which is deadly4 ,in the description of these species1 other forcible reasons are given4 ,another deadly species--the ,amanita phalloides--is frequently mistaken by the inexperienced for the common mushroom4 ,safety lies in the strict observance of two rules3 ,never eat a toadstool found in the woods or shady places1 believing it to be the common mushroom4 ,never eat a white- or yellow-gilled toadstool in the same belief4 ,the common mushroom does not grow in the woods1 and its gills are at first pink1 then purplish-brown or black4 ,if through carelessness1 or by accident1 a poisonous ,amanita has been eaten1 and sickness results1 take an emetic at once1 and send for a physician with instructions to bring hypodermic syringe and atropine sulphate4 ,the dose is #aahj of a grain1 and doses should be continued heroically until the #abj of a grain is administered1 or until1 in the physician's opinion1 a proper quantity has been injected4 ,where the victim is critically ill the #abj of a grain may be administered4 ,in every case of toadstool poisoning1 the physician must be guided by the symptoms exhibited4 ,professor ,w4,s4 ,carter1 by numerous exhaustive trials upon animals1 has proved that atropine1 while valuable as against the first1 is not an antidote for the late effects of the greater toadstool poisons4 7,see his chapter on toadstool poisons1 especially prepared for this work47 ,there are other species which contain minor poisons producing very undesirable effects4 ,these are soon remedied by taking an emetic1 then one or two doses of whisky and sweet oil2 or vinegar may be substituted for the whisky4 ,a few species of fungi are innocuous to the majority of persons and harmful to a few4 ,so it is with many common foods--strawberries1 apples1 tomatoes1 celery1 even potatoes4 ,the beginner at toadstool eating usually expects commendation for bravery1 and fearfully watches for hours the coming of something dreadful4 ,indigestion from any other cause is always laid to the traditionary enemy1 fright ensues1 a physician is called1 the scare spreads1 and a pestilential story of 8,severe ,poisoning by ,toadstools10 gets into the newspapers4 ,the writer has traced many such publications to imprudences in eating1 with which toadstools had nothing to do4 ,the authoritative analysis of several common food species by ,lafayette ,b4 ,mendel1 of ,sheffield ,laboratory of ,physiological ,chemistry1 ,yale ,university1 is given1 and will correct the popular error about the great nutritive value of fungi1 arising from previous erroneous analyses4 ,while species are reported as found in certain localities1 it by no means follows that their growth is confined to these places4 ,a species reported as found in the ,adirondack mountains1 unless belonging to the few peculiar to northern regions and high altitudes1 is reasonably sure to be more plentiful in a like habitat south and west of them4 ,south it will appear earlier and its season last longer4 ,size is largely dependent upon latitude and may vary greatly in the same group4 ,temperature1 moisture1 favorable nourishment are important factors in growth4 ,each species has its favorite habitat1 and will thrive best upon it4 ,there are few things under the sun upon which fungi do not grow4 ,their mission is particularly directed toward converting decaying matter1 or matter which has accomplished its work in one direction1 into usefulness in another4 ,they are the wood-choppers1 stewards1 caterers of the forest1 converters in the fields and chemists everywhere4 ,they can not assimilate inorganic matter because of the absence of chlorophyl in their composition1 but in organic matter they are omnivorous4 ,when they feed on dead substances they are called saprophytes2 when their support is derived from living tissues1 parasites4 ,scores of species of fungi were found in the forests1 ravines and clearings of the ,west ,virginia mountains from #ahha to #ahhe inclusive1 and eaten by the writer years before he had the opportunity to learn their names from books or obtain the friendly assistance of experts in identifying them4 ,he knew the individuals without knowing their names1 as one knows the bird song and plumage before formal introduction to the pretty creatures that charm him4 ,after he was able to get ,european publications upon the subject1 and by their aid trace the species he had eaten to their names1 descriptions and qualities1 he was surprised to read that many of them were warned against as deadly4 ,as informed by these books1 he properly ought to have died several times4 ,it soon became evident that authors had followed one another in condemning species1 some because they bore brilliant hues1 others because they were unpleasant when raw 7just as is a potato71 rather than investigate their qualities by testing them4 ,here was a realm of food-giving plants almost entirely unexplored4 ,the writer determined to explore it4 ,instead of the one hundred and eleven species then recorded by the late ,doctor ,curtis as edible1 my number of edible species now exceeds his by over six hundred4,a ,footnote ,a3 ,this book contains one hundred and fifty pages more than were originally estimated and promised to the subscribers4 ,that all known edible and poisonous species might be fully described and published within one volume1 the author was compelled to cut fifty thousand words from his manuscript4 ,the localities from which species have been reported and the names of the reporters have been taken out1 excepting where it was desirable to show that foreign species have been found in the ,united ,states1 and where tested species have been found by the author4 ,the principal cut has been from the notes of the author and of enlarged descriptions4 ,let us clear away the rubbish and superstition that have so long obscured the straight path to a knowledge of edible toadstools4 ,let us bear in mind that a mushroom is a toadstool and a toadstool is a mushroom--the terms are interchangeable4 ,if toads ever occupied the one-legged seat assigned them from time immemorial1 they have learned in this enlightened age that the ground is much more reliable1 and so squat upon it1 except when exercising their constitutional right to hop4 ,snails1 slugs1 insects of many kinds1 mice1 squirrels and rabbits prey upon good and bad1 each to its liking1 notwithstanding oft-repeated assertion that snails and slugs infect noxious varieties only1 or that animals select the innocuous only4 ,we are warned against those which grow in the dark or damp2 the mushroom of commerce is grown by the ton in the subterranean quarries of ,france1 and everywhere in vaults and cellars for domestic use4 ,the valued truffle never sees the light until it is taken from darkness to be eaten1 and other varieties of the best prefer seclusion4 ,the wiseacres tell us that they must have equal gills1 must not have thin tops1 must not turn yellow when sprinkled with salt1 must not blacken a silver spoon1 that we must not eat of those changing color when cut or broken1 of those exuding milk1 or those which are acrid1 hot1 or bitter1 and give many other specifics for determining the good from the bad4 ,these tests are all worse than worthless1 for if confidence is placed in them they will not only lead us away from esculent and excellent varieties but directly into eating venomous ones4 ,there are whole genera of fungi which are innocuous2 but in the ,family of ,agaricace1 where the greatest variety of the edible and poisonous species are found1 it is necessary to master one by one the details of their construction and learn to distinguish their differences as one does those of the many kinds of roses1 or pinks1 or hundreds of bright-faced pansies1 and in the mastery of them lies the only charm that will safely guide4 ,carefully remove the first toadstool found from whatever it is growing upon1 and with it a portion of that from which it springs4 ,if it is the earth a curious white network is discernible1 fine as the delicate spinning of the spider1 spreading its meshes throughout the mass4 ,it will often remind of miniature vines climbing over miniature lattices4 ,this is the mycelium from which the toadstool grew4 ,in many instances it penetrates the earth to a considerable depth1 and takes possession of large territory4 ,it is often seen as the gardener turns up the soil or its fertilizer1 and is perhaps taken for a mold4 ,if the specimen is gathered from mat of wood leaves1 the same white vine is observable slipping in between its layers4 ,if taken from a tree1 the decaying wood is traversed by it4 ,from wherever a toadstool is plucked1 it is removed from its mycelium4 ,this mycelium is but a thread-like mass of simple cells joined together at their ends and interlacing in a way a thousand-fold more intricate than a ,chinese puzzle4 ,nothing in its structure indicates what its special product will be4 ,the fungus which is plucked from it is in all its parts simply a mass of these threads--cells strung together1 interlacing and ramifying4 ,when the season favors1 the mycelium--which has1 winter and summer and from year to year1 lived its hidden life1 or has sprung from a germinating spore--develops a number of its cells in a minute knob1 small as a pin head4 ,at this point the cells make special growth efforts to bring themselves within the favoring influences of heat and moisture2 this tiny knob labors within itself1 producing cell after cell1 which takes shape and function for the future toadstool4 ,as it rapidly enlarges it pushes its way toward the surface of the ground1 becomes more or less egg-shaped in this stage of its growth1 and if cut in half longitudinally and examined1 it will display what it is going to be when it grows up4 ,suppose that it belongs to the first of the two great sections into which fungi are divided under the classification of ,fries1 who modified that of ,persoon4 ,the first has the spores--which represent the seeds in plants--naked1 and it is called sporifera or spore-bearing4 ,the second1 which has the spores enclosed in cells or cysts1 is called sporidifera or sporidia-bearing4 ,if the cap of a gill-bearing toadstool be laid1 gills downward1 on a watch crystal or piece of white paper for a few hours1 or1 in some instances1 a few minutes1 a complete representation of the spaces between the gills will be found deposited as an impalpable powder4 ,these are the spores4 ,the first section is divided into four cohorts4 ,two of these have hymeniums or spore-bearing surfaces more or less expanded4 ,these are ,hymenomycetes and ,gastromycetes4 ,in ,hymenomycetes the hymenium is always exposed in matured plants1 as with the common mushroom4 ,when young1 some plants are covered with a membrane4 ,in ,gastromycetes the hymenium is always concealed within a covering which bursts at maturity1 as with the ,lycoperdons or puff-balls4 ,cohort ,coniomycetes includes rusts1 smuts1 etc41 formed for the most part on living plants4 ,there is no hymenium present4 ,the spores are produced on the ends of inconspicuous threads1 free or enclosed in a bottle-like receptacle called a perithecium4 ,cohort ,hypomycetes is composed of those species of fungi commonly called molds4 ,the spores are produced1 naked1 from the ends of inconspicuous threads4 ,in the ,agaricace--the first family in ,hymenomycetes--the young plant is completely enveloped4 7,plate ,,iii1 fig4 ,b1 p4 #b47 ,its head is as yet undefined and its body may be classed as dumpy1 but shut in and protected are a great quantity of knife-like plaits 7,plate ,,iii1 fig4 ,c41 p4 #b71 on the outer surface of which1 when the plant matures1 will be borne its spores4 ,it therefore belongs to the ,hymenomycetes1 and to the ,family ,agaricace--gill-bearing4 ,if the ground becomes moist or there comes a heavy dew or a rain1 the young plant1 closely compacted and very solid1 which has been under the surface for many days waiting its chance to get forth to light and air1 rapidly swells1 breaks through the moistened earth1 goes rapidly to cell-making1 ruptures its outside covering1 the head expands and in so doing spreads out its gills or hymenium4 7,plate ,,iii1 figs4 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 p4 #b47 ,the membrane which covered the gills either vanishes1 or gathers round the stem in the form of a ring or circular apron1 or it may partially adhere to the edges of the top1 cap or pileus and hang as a fringe from it2 the stem elongates2 the whole plant assumes the colors of its species and in a few hours or days at most it stands forth1 a marvel of beauty1 structure and workmanship4 ,but little is known of how these spores reproduce themselves4 ,the microscope fails to completely penetrate the mystery4 ,a whole fungus is but a mass of cells1 the spore is but one of them4 ,that these simple cells do produce after their kind there is no doubt1 but so minute is the germ and hidden its methods that science has failed to solve them4 ,the first ,family of ,hymenomycetes is ,agaricace4 ,its members always have gills or modifications of them4 ,in some cases--notably in ,cantharellus--the gills have the appearance of smooth1 raised veins over which is the spore-bearing surface4 ,the hymenium is but an extension of the fibers of the cap1 folded up like the plaits and flutings of ruffles1 and laundered with exquisite neatness4 ,if it is carefully detached and spread out like a fan it will cover a large surface1 many times the size of the cap from which it has been taken1 and will show that what is a consumption of material in dress ornamentation is utilized by economical ,dame ,nature to increase the spore-bearing surface within a small space and for purely business purposes--spore-bearing4 ,the color of these spores has much to do with the classification4 ,the microscope with high light reveals the delicate shades of their coloring1 but the main colors are readily distinguished by the naked eye when the spores are collected in a mass on glass or paper4 ,the ,polyporace have in place of gills closely packed tubes on the inside of which is the spore-bearing surface2 each has a mouth from which to eject the spores4 ,the ,hydnace bear their spores from spines or spicules of various length protruding from the external surface of the cap4 ,sometimes the spines mock in miniature the stalactites of the ,caverns of ,luray1 sometimes the shaggy mane of the lion1 sometimes flowing locks of hair4 ,these three ,families belong to the ,cohort ,hymenomycetes1 having their spore-bearing surface exposed early in life by the rupture of the universal veil4 ,the ,lycoperdons or ,puff-balls have the hymenium enclosed within an outer case1 just as the apple with its seeds is enclosed for a dumpling4 ,when the spores are matured the sack is ruptured and they escape as the dusty powder so well known to all4 ,the ,puff-ball belongs to the ,cohort ,gastromycetes1 because its spores are protected within the hymenium until they are matured4 ,there are other ,families which contain edible species4 ,the ,clavariace--branched or club-shaped--often found in as beautiful forms as delight us in coral1 includes a few4 ,in ,ascomycetes1 of the covered spore division ,sporidifera1 there are several species which are excellent1 and as they dry readily are much valued for flavoring purposes when winter forbids the growth of outdoor fungi4 ,of these the ,morell has preference4 ,the cap is covered with sinuosities and pits which bear the spores4 ,there are several varieties of the ,morell in the ,united ,states4 ,they are known among the country people who cook and pickle them1 as ,honey-comb mushrooms4 ,the ,tuberace are subterranean fungi4 ,the common truffle so much prized by epicures is a good representative4 ,it is found a foot or more under the surface of the earth1 and of such value is it that in some countries pigs are trained to hunt it from its hiding place4 ,it is one of the few foreign growths apparently not taking kindly to our country4 ,efforts have been made to import and cultivate it1 but without success4 ,it is possible1 even probable1 that it may yet be found in ,america by assiduous search4 ,i have said that there is but one way to distinguish the edible from the non-edible fungi2 that is by mastering the characteristics of each species one by one4 ,there are signs which point to the evil and those which point to the good1 but they must be used as signals1 not directors4 ,a nauseous1 fetid odor should condemn a species as non-edible at once4 ,those having the flavor of flour or fresh meal are generally accepted as worthy of trial4 ,slimy1 water-soaked1 partially decomposed plants1 or those impressing one as unpleasant in any way1 should never find their place upon the table4 ,do not eat of any toadstool1 unknown to the collector1 beyond the careful and systematic testing required to determine whether it is edible or not4 ,a few species have a serious charge remaining against them2 that of partiality4 ,they unmistakably signify with whom they will agree and with whom they will not4 ,these are notably ,clitocybe illudens1 ,lepiota ,morgani1 ,panolus papilionaceus1 all specialized in their places in the text4 ,other species have hereditary taints upon their reputations4 ,most1 if not all of them have stood present tests and relieved themselves of suspicion4 ,but1 alas that it should be so6 ,the stigma must rest upon them for yet a while and until their defenders are so numerous that their purity1 without a smirch1 is popularly proclaimed4 ,wherever wood grows and decays as it will1 ,polyporus1 ,panus1 ,lenzites1 ,schizophyllum and kindred genera stand prominently forth in countless numbers4 ,the great majority of them are inedible because of their woody substance4 ,a few are valued as food4 ,very many of them yield their soluble matter and flavor when boiled1 and in this way make excellent soups and gravies1 just as flax-seed and the bark of the slippery elm yield succulent matter4 ,these1 however1 are not1 with a few exceptions1 mentioned in this book4 ,numbers of ,clavarie and ,hydne are in the same category4 ,m4,c4 ,cooke tersely says3 8,fruits that are not peaches or apricots may be very good plums40 ,in the introductions to genera their attributes are given2 under 8,instructions to ,students0 every guide to identification and selection will be found4 ,a ,glossary1 containing the botanic terms used in this book and1 it is believed1 all other terms used by mycologists in describing fungi1 follows the descriptive text4 ,it is strongly advised that it be carefully studied4 ,the roots and derivatives of the botanic terms are fully and carefully given by ,dr4 ,john ,w4 ,harshberger1 professor of botany1 ,university of ,pennsylvania1 to whom the author is specially indebted4 ,the excellent ,glossary published by ,dr4 ,edwin ,a4 ,daniels1 ,boston1 has furnished many comprehensive definitions4 ,it is the property of the ,boston ,mycological ,club1 and can be obtained from its secretary for twenty-five cents4 ,the determination of the proper accentuation of the generic and specific terms has been in many cases a difficult task1 and1 in some cases1 owing to the dubious origin of the words in question1 there is certainly room for difference of opinion4 ,this task has been kindly and conscientiously performed by ,prof4 ,m4,w4 ,easton1 professor of ,comparative and ,english ,philology1 ,university of ,pennsylvania4 ,thanks are due to the ,hon4 ,addison ,brown1 president of the ,torrey ,botanical ,club1 and ,dr4 ,nathaniel ,l4 ,britton1 professor of ,botany in ,columbia ,college1 authors of 8,illustrated ,flora10 for the determination of the accentuation of non-classical words ending in inus4 ,three indexes are given3 the first refers to the general contents1 the second to the genera1 the third to species and their genera1 alphabetically arranged4 ,mrs4 ,emma ,p4 ,ewing and ,mrs4 ,sarah ,t4 ,rorer have kindly furnished some of their recipes for the preparation of several varieties of toadstools4 ,the best results of the author's long experience in cooking toadstools are given in the chapter 8,recipes for ,cooking and ,preparing for the ,table10 together with others selected from many sources4 ,the personal taste of the server must be guide to the choice4 ,a child-friend of the writer1 in telling him of her mother's cook1 said3 8,she's a good cooker1 but she has a bad temper40 ,a good 8cooker0 will soon learn how to best display the individual flavor of each species4 ,and be it known that each species of toadstool has a flavor of its own4 ,these flavors vary as much as among meats and vegetables4 ,no one species can be taken as standard of excellence4 ,the greatest care has been taken to secure illustrations correct in every botanic detail4 ,with few exceptions the colored figures were drawn and painted by the writer4 ,to obtain this important feature the requirements of art have frequently been sacrificed4 ,an artist can make a picture of a toadstool2 the mycologist must guide his brush or pencil in the making of a correct presentation4 ,the happy combination of artist and mycologist occurs in ,mr4 ,val4 ,w4 ,starnes1 ,augusta1 ,ga41 to whom this volume owes many of its illustrations4 ,mr4 ,frank ,d4 ,briscoe1 widely known as an artist of rare ability1 has arranged and painted in groups the studies made by the writer from typical plants1 and added to the illustrations many excellent drawings of his own4 ,the unfailing reliability of the sun has been masterfully used by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,weist1 ex-,secretary of the ,american ,society of ,surgeons1 ,richmond1 ,ind42 ,h4,i4 ,miller1 ,superintendent ,terre ,haute and ,indianapolis ,railroad1 ,terre ,haute1 ,ind41 and ,mr4 ,luther ,g4 ,harpel1 ,lebanon1 ,pa41 in making the unexcelled photographs generously contributed by them4 ,the author is most thankful to them and to ,mr4 ,c4,g4 ,lloyd1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio--a scientific gentleman devoting lavishly of his time and money to the spread of mycological knowledge--for the privilege of selecting from his extensive collection of realistic photographs those adaptable to the species described herein4 ,the author's thanks are gratefully given to the many who have by help and encouragement furthered his efforts in producing this1 the first ,american text-book upon fungi4 ,space precludes the naming of the many1 but the few named do not outrank them in their interest1 help and the author's appreciation3 ,miss ,lydia ,m4 ,patchen1 ,president of the ,westfield1 ,n4,y41 ,toadstool ,club 7the first in ,america72 ,mrs4 ,e4,c4 ,anthony1 ,thomas ,j4 ,collins1 ,e4,b4 ,sterling1 ,berry ,benson1 ,melvil ,dewey1 ,new ,york ,state ,librarian2 ,dr4 ,j4,e4 ,schadle1 ,prof4 ,j4,p4 ,arnold1 ,university of ,pennsylvania2 ,prof4 ,w4,s4 ,carter1 ,university of ,texas2 ,boston ,school of ,natural ,history2 ,massachusetts ,horticultural ,society2 ,prof4 ,wm4 ,g4 ,farlow1 ,university of ,harvard4 ,thus aided the author believes that his own conscientious1 patient1 loved labor in the study of edible and non-edible fungi and the production of this volume will be far-reaching in its one object--encouraging the study of toadstools4 ,the time for writing a complete flora of the ,united ,states has not yet come2 a large part of the country remains as yet unexplored by mycologists2 new species are being constantly discovered in the districts best known4 ,every book on the subject must be necessarily incomplete4 ,on the other hand1 so far as concerns the known fungus-flora1 there is imperative need of some guide to the student1 which shall at least save him some part of the weary toil of hunting through the scattered literature in which alone1 as things are at present1 can be found the information he seeks4 ,in this book ,i have tried to meet this need4 ,it is not complete1 but ,i have tried to so arrange the matter that the student can always decide whether the particular specimen in hand is or is not included1 and1 at least for all of our more conspicuous fungi1 determine the family and genus4 ,if the student can do so much1 the task of finding the specific name1 even when not included in this book1 becomes very much simpler4 ,so much for the more scientific aspect of my book4 ,but ,i have also kept in constant view the needs of the large and constantly growing number of persons who have no aim further than to learn to know the principal toadstools seen in their walks1 just as they wish to know the principal trees and the more conspicuous birds4 ,for such as these1 the difficulty of deciding whether or no a particular individual fungus is described in the brief 7sketching7 manuals hitherto accessible is even more formidable than with the special student of botany4 ,finally1 ,i have kept in view throughout the work the needs of the mycophagists4 ,they are not pot-hunters2 they care much less for the physical pleasure of the appetite than for the close study of ,nature that their inclination leads them into4 ,some day the delights of a mushroom hunt along lush pastures and rich woodlands will take the rank of the gentlest craft among those of hunting1 and may perchance find its own ,izaak ,walton4 ,,author',s ,,and ,,publisher',s ,,note4 ,it is the intention of the author and the publisher to keep this book up to date4 ,recognizing that future testing will prove many more species of toadstools to be edible1 and that scientists will have more exact knowledge of toadstool poisons and their antidotes1 they announce that illustrated sheets publishing new edible species and current information upon fungi will be1 from time to time1 issued1 conforming in shape and style to this volume and at an acceptable price4 ,that the author and publishers may keep in touch with the owner of each volume1 and be informed of new discoveries in species and of new experience1 owners are requested to communicate their book numbers to ,captain ,charles ,mc,ilvaine1 or the ,bowen-,merrill ,co41 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,,instructions ,,to ,,students ,to catch fish one must know more than the fish2 to find toadstools one must know their season and habitats4 ,they are propagated by their spores and from their mycelium--that web-like growth which is the result of spore germination4 ,the spores of ground-growing kinds1 when shed upon the ground1 are washed by rains along the natural drainage2 therefore1 when a specimen of one of these kinds is found1 it is well to look up and down the natural water-shed1 and follow it4 ,good reward will usually come of it4 ,few fungi are strictly solitary4 ,careful observation of the habitats of the various genera and species will enable the student to know what may and may not be expected in a particular locality1 and will save many a hunt4 ,when an unknown species is found1 collect it carefully1 examine it closely1 note all its features4 ,determine to which division of fungi it belongs4 ,if to the gilled family 7,agaricace7 obtain the color of the spores 7see directions74 ,look at the chart 8,tabular ,view of ,genera of ,agaricace10 ,plate ,i1 p4 #b 7after ,w4,g4 ,smith1 but enlarged1 redrawn and emended74 ,if the spores are white1 it belongs to one of the genera in the first column--,leucospor2 if pink1 to one in the second column1 and so on4 ,it is often difficult to determine the spore color1 because spores vary through many shades of the typical color4 ,what are called white spores may be creamy1 dirty1 yellowish or brownish-white2 pink spores will vary from almost white to reddish and salmon-color2 brown spores from light-ochraceous through cinnamon to rusty2 purple spores from dark-violet to purplish-black4 ,experience alone will enable the student to decide which color series is present4 ,the ,genera ,charts1 preceding the five different color series1 show typical spore colors only4 ,again1 authors describing the species frequently fail to see colors alike2 if they do1 their names for them frequently vary4 ,for instance1 few persons will agree upon a color expressed as 8livid40 ,the color system principally used by botanists is ,saccardo's 8,chromotaxia10 costing fifty cents4 ,it is decidedly inadequate4 ,ridgway's 8,nomenclature of ,colors for ,naturalists0 is far better1 but it is out of print and obtainable only at the principal libraries4 8,the ,prang ,standard of ,color0 is the most complete ever issued1 but it is inapplicable to existing descriptions of fungi4 ,sidenote3 ,make and ,preserve ,spore ,prints4 ,take1 to print upon1 sheets of ,bristol-board or any stiff1 hard-surfaced white paper #fi inches or larger4 ,cut a round hole1 four inches in diameter1 in one of the sheets4 ,use this as a stencil4 ,lay it upon a print-sheet and where the opening occurs1 paint with a weak solution of gum arabic-- oz4 7one teaspoonful7 to one pint of water4 ,dry the print-sheets4 ,when a spore-print is to be taken1 select a fully-grown specimen1 remove the stem1 place the spore-bearing surface upon the gummed paper1 cover tightly with an inverted bowl or saucer1 and allow to stand undisturbed for eight or ten hours4 ,the moisture in the plant will soften the gummed surface2 the spores will be shed and will adhere to it1 making a perfect1 permanent print4 ,when the print is plain1 remove the specimen carefully and dry the print4 ,number the print-cards to correspond with the number of the specimen in the 8,record of ,fungi10 and place them in a box or cover4 ,some genera shed their spores sooner and more freely than others4 ,a surplus of spores is objectionable4 ,in order to know when a print is plainly made1 without disturbing the process1 have either a specimen of the same age1 or a piece of the one under the bowl1 on another piece of gummed paper1 covered in like manner4 ,this can be examined and will give the desired information4 ,a little experience will enable the student to obtain good and lasting prints4 ,the large black figures on some calendars1 if cut with the white about them1 are convenient as trial sheets for spore-printing4 ,lay the specimen partly on the white1 partly on the black4 ,if the spores are light1 they show best on black ground1 and if colored1 they show best on the light4 ,spore measurements1 as given by different observers1 vary to such a degree that they are of little value1 excepting as determining a few species1 but spore shapes and characteristics are of use as a last resort1 in accurate determinations4 ,a microscope of considerable power is needed4 ,a metrical scale and table of measures is here given1 that the student may have a present guide to such measurements as are given in mycological publications4 ,measures ,illustration3 ,decimetre4 #a ,metre #ci4cga ,inches #a ,decimetre #c4icga 0 #a ,centimetre 7,c ,m47 4#cicga 0 #a ,millimetre 7,m4,m47 4#jcicga 0 #a ,micron 77 #a ,millionth of a #abedjj of an ,inch4 ,metre #a ,line 77 #aab of an ,inch #a ,gramme #ae4dcc ,troy ,grains #a ,decigramme #a4edc 0 0 #a ,centigramme 4#aedc 0 0 #a ,milligramme 4#jaedc 0 0 ,sidenote3 ,use of ,charts of ,genera4 ,the spore color being determined1 turn to the ,genera ,chart1 showing spores of like color4 ,ascertain from the specimen whether or not its cap or hymenophore is distinct or easily separable from the stem and the gills free from the stem2 if they are1 it may belong to one of the genera in the upper row of figures2 if the cap is not easily separable nor the gills free1 look at the shape of the gills1 and find on the chart a corresponding gill-shape4 ,it is probable that the genus can thus be determined4 ,then turn to this genus in the text1 read the heading1 look over the 8,analysis of ,tribes10 go to the tribe nearest in designating the properties of the specimen2 comparing the specimen with the descriptions of species given thereunder1 will probably enable the seeker to decide upon its name4 ,it should be remembered that the descriptions in the text are of the specimen or specimens which the author of the species saw4 ,what the author says fixes the type of the species4 ,specimens of the species may1 and very frequently do1 vary greatly from the type4 ,if the first attempt to fix the genus is not satisfactory1 try again1 and keep on trying until reasonably sure4 ,the amateur will find1 however good an opinion may exist in his mind of the stock of patience on hand1 that the territory of patience has just been reached4 ,sidenote3 ,making and ,preserving ,notes4 ,an excellent blank form for 8,collectors' ,notes0 is published by the ,boston ,mycological ,club1 at one cent4 ,it is desirable that there should be uniformity in collectors' notes1 and that they should be as full as possible4 ,a form of this1 or a similar kind1 should be filled in and kept1 and should also be used when specimens are sent to an expert for identification4 ,such specimens should be fresh1 wrapped separately in tissue paper1 numbered1 and a few should be packed in a box that will not crush in the mail4 ,the address of the sender should be upon the outside4 ,the collector's notes should be sent in a letter1 with a postage stamp for reply enclosed4 ,if the specimens have to go a great distance1 they should be partially dried in a slow1 open oven1 or they will be a rotten mass when they reach their destination4 ,sidenote3 ,to ,test ,edibility of ,species4 ,there is but one way by which to determine the edibility of a species4 ,if it looks and smells inviting1 and its species can not be determined1 taste a very small piece4 ,do not swallow it4 ,note the effect on the tongue and mouth4 ,but many species1 delicious when cooked1 are not inviting raw4 ,cook a small piece2 do not season it4 ,taste again2 if agreeable eat it 7unless it is an ,amanita74 ,after several hours1 no unpleasant effect arising1 cook a larger piece1 and increase the quantity until fully satisfied as to its qualities4 ,never vary from this system1 no matter how much tempted4 ,no possible danger can arise from adhering firmly to it4 ,recipes for preparing1 cooking and serving are given in chapter on cooking4 ,it is better for the student to first become familiar with the common species1 one at a time1 than to attempt tracing the rare or many4 ,worry1 fatigue and uncertainty are plentiful in an indiscriminate gathering of fungi4 ,one species a day1 properly traced and named1 means learning three hundred and sixty-five species a year4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,glossary4 ,unfamiliar terms will be encountered in the descriptive text4 ,the ,glossary defines them2 and not only those in this book1 but1 it is believed1 all those found in other books upon fungi4 ,where possible throughout the text1 botanical terms have been anglicized4 ,the meanings of those remaining unchanged should be memorized4 ,it is quite as easy1 and far better1 to learn the botanical names of species and their characteristics1 as to learn their common names2 easier in fact1 for the common names often vary with locality4 ,the writer received a letter from an ,alsatian living in ,st4 ,louis1 telling him of favorite fungi he used to eat when in his own country4 ,to all he gave local names1 not one of which could be referred to the particular species meant4 ,success and pleasure in the study of fungi will attend the student who observes carefully and who systematically records that which is observed4 ,,abbreviations ,,of ,,the ,,names ,,of ,,authors ,,of ,,species ,a4 and ,s41 ,albertini and ,schweinitz ,arrh41 ,arrhenius ,b4 or ,bull41 ,bulliard ,bad41 ,badham ,bagl41 ,baglietto ,bat4 or ,batsch1 ,batsch ,batt41 ,battara ,berk4 or ,m4,j4,b41 ,berkeley ,berk4 and ,br41 ,berkeley and ,broome ,bolt41 ,bolton ,bon41 ,bonorden ,boud41 ,boudier ,boud4 and ,pat41 ,boudier and ,patonillard ,bref41 ,brefeld ,bres41 ,bresadola ,brig41 ,briganti ,brond41 ,brondeau ,brot41 ,brotero ,cav4 and ,sech41 ,cavalier and ,schier ,c4,b4,p41 ,plowright ,chev41 ,chevalier ,cke41 ,cooke ,cord41 ,corda ,crn41 ,crouan ,cum41 ,cumino ,curt41 ,curtis ,d4 and ,l41 ,durieu and ,lveill ,d4,c41 ,de ,candolle ,de ,guern41 ,de ,guernisac ,desm41 ,desmazieres ,dill41 ,dillenius ,dittm41 ,dittmar ,dun41 ,dunal ,ehrb41 ,ehrenberg ,ellis or ,j4,b4,e41 ,j4,b4 ,ellis ,eng41 ,english ,botany ,fayod1 ,fayod ,fl4 d41 ,flora danica ,forq41 ,forquignon ,fr41 ,elias ,fries ,fckl4 or ,fuck41 ,fuckel ,g4 or ,gill41 ,gillet ,g4 and ,r41 ,gillet and ,rounregure ,god41 ,goddard ,grv41 ,grville ,h4 and ,m41 ,harkness and ,moore ,hazs41 ,hazslinsky ,hedw41 ,hedwig ,hoffm41 ,hoffmann ,holmsk41 ,holmskiold ,huds41 ,hudson ,huss41 ,mrs4 ,t4,j4 ,hussey ,jacq41 ,jacquin ,jungh41 ,junghuhn ,kalchb41 ,kalchbrenner ,karst41 ,karsten ,klotzsch1 ,klotzsch ,k41 ,krombholz ,lam41 ,lamark ,lang41 ,langlois ,lasch1 ,lasch ,lenz1 ,lenz ,let41 ,letell41 ,letellier ,lv41 ,lveill ,leys41 ,leysser ,lib41 ,libert ,linn4 or ,l41 ,linnus ,mart41 ,martius ,mich41 ,micheli ,m4,j4,b41 ,berkeley ,mont41 ,montagne ,morg41 ,morgan ,moug41 ,mougeot ,mll41 ,mller ,nees1 ,nees ,osb41 ,osbeck ,pat41 ,patouillard ,paul41 ,paulet ,pers41 ,persoon ,pk41 ,peck ,pol4 or ,poll41 ,pollini ,q4 or ,quel41 ,quelet ,rab41 ,rabenhorst ,rav41 ,ravenel ,relh41 ,relhan ,retz41 ,retzius ,riess1 ,riess ,rost41 ,rostkovius ,roz41 ,roze ,roz4 and ,rich41 ,roze and ,richon ,sacc41 ,saccardo ,saund4 and ,sm41 ,saunders and ,smith ,sch41 ,schaeff41 ,schaeffer ,schr4 or ,schrad41 ,schrader ,schroet41 ,schrter ,schulz1 ,schulz ,schum41 ,schumacher ,schw41 ,schweinitz ,scop41 ,scopoli ,sec41 ,secretan ,somm41 ,sommerfelt ,sow41 ,sowerby ,sw41 ,swartz ,t4 or ,tul41 ,tulasne ,tod41 ,tode ,tour41 ,tournefort ,trat41 ,trattinik ,u4 and ,e41 ,underwood and ,earle ,vent41 ,venturi ,vill41 ,villars ,vitt41 ,vittadini ,wahl41 ,wahlenberg ,wall41 ,wallroth ,weinm41 ,weinmann ,willd41 ,willdenow ,with41 ,withering ,w4,p41 ,phillips ,w4,g4,s41 ,sm4 or ,worth4 ,sm1 ,worthington ,smith ,wulf41 ,wulfen ,,names ,,of ,,the ,,principal ,,reporters ,,of ,,american ,,species ,alabama ,lucien ,m4 ,underwood1 ,f4,s4 ,earle 7,u4 and ,e474 ,california ,h4,w4 ,harkness1 ,justin ,p4 ,moore 7,h4 and ,m471 ,wm4 ,phillips4 ,canada ,john ,dearness4 ,connecticut --- ,wright4 ,florida --- ,calkins4 ,georgia ,berry ,benson1 ,h4,n4 ,starnes1 ,val ,w4 ,starnes4 ,illinois ,frederick ,j4 ,brndle4 ,indiana ,h4,i4 ,miller1 ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,weist4 ,iowa ,charles ,e4 ,bessey1 ,t4,h4 ,macbride4 ,kansas ,f4,w4 ,cragin1 ,elam ,bartholomew1 ,w4,a4 ,kellerman4 ,kentucky ,c4,g4 ,lloyd1 ,a4,p4 ,morgan4 ,louisiana ,rev4 ,a4,b4 ,langlois4 ,maryland ,miss ,mary ,e4 ,banning4 ,massachusetts ,charles ,c4 ,frost1 ,w4,g4 ,farlow1 ,james ,l4 ,bennett1 ,charles ,j4 ,sprague1 ,robert ,k4 ,macadam1 ,julius ,a4 ,palmer1 ,hollis ,webster4 ,minnesota ,asa ,emory ,johnson4 ,mississippi ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,missouri ,william ,trelease4 ,nebraska ,charles ,e4 ,bessey1 ,f4,e4 ,clements1 ---- ,webber4 ,new ,brunswick ,a4,c4 ,waghorne1 ,james ,fowler4 ,new ,england ,boston ,mycological ,club4 ,new ,jersey ,j4,b4 ,ellis1 ,benjamin ,everhart1 ,e4,b4 ,sterling1 ,charles ,mc,ilvaine4 ,new ,york ,charles ,h4 ,peck1 ,george ,f4 ,atkinson1 ,john ,torrey4 ,north ,carolina ,rev4 ,m4,a4 ,curtis1 ,rev4 ,lewis de ,schweinitz1 ,charles ,mc,ilvaine4 ,nova ,scotia ,dr4 ,john ,somers4 ,ohio ,charles ,g4 ,lloyd1 ,a4,p4 ,morgan1 ,w4,s4 ,sullivant4 ,oregon ,dr4 ,harry ,lane4 ,pennsylvania ,dr4 ,william ,herbst1 ,rev4 ,lewis de ,schweinitz1 ,charles ,mc,ilvaine1 ,philadelphia ,mycological ,center4 ,rhode ,island ,james ,l4 ,bennett4 ,south ,carolina ,dr4 ,h4,w4 ,ravenel4 ,west ,virginia ,charles ,mc,ilvaine1 ,l4,w4 ,nuttall4 ,wisconsin ,w4,f4 ,bundy1 ,william ,trelease4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration ,,plate ,,iii4 ,,progressive ,,growth ,,of ,,agarics4 ,a4 ,,sterile ,,cells4 ,b4 ,,basidia4 ,c4 ,,cystidia4 ,,figs4 ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,d4 ,e4 ,,stages ,,of ,,development ,,of ,,an ,,agaric4 ,f4 ,,gills ,,shedding ,,spores4 ,,figs4 ,a4 ,,spore-,,print4 ,g4 ,,section ,,of ,,gill ,,magnified4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration ,,plate ,,iv4 ,,gill ,,shapes4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,gills ,,as ,,veins2 ,,infundibuliform4 #b4 ,,gills ,,rounded ,,in ,,front 7anteriorly47 #c4 ,,gills ,,rounded ,,behind 7posteriorly47 #d4 ,,gills ,,lanceolate4 #e4 ,,gills ,,ventricose4 #f4 ,,gills ,,unequal2 ,,cap ,,convex4 #g4 ,,gills ,,adnexed4 #h4 ,,gills ,,emarginate1 ,,also ,,adnate ,,and ,,having ,,decurrent ,,tooth4 ,,fig4 #i4 ,,gills ,,serrate4 #aj4 ,,gills ,,flexuose2 ,,waved4 #aa4 ,,gills ,,dichotomous4 #ab4 ,,gills ,,free2 ,,cap ,,broadly ,,umbonate4 #ac4 ,,gills ,,narrow2 ,,cap ,,margin ,,reflexed4 #ad4 ,,gills ,,slightly ,,adnexed2 ,,cap ,,umbonate2 ,,margin ,,involute4 #ae4 ,,gills ,,decurrent2 ,,cap ,,umbilicate4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration ,,plate ,v4 ,,ring ,,shapes ,,and ,,positions2 ,,volva ,,shapes4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,ring ,,superior1 ,,broad4 #b4 ,,ring ,,medial1 ,,pendulous4 #c4 ,,ring ,,inferior 7low down74 #d4 ,,ring ,,narrow1 ,,fragments ,,appendiculate4 #e4 ,,ring ,,fibrillose4 ,,fig4 #f4 ,,ring ,,persistent1 ,,sometimes ,,movable4 #g4 ,,volva ,,free4 #h4 ,,volva ,,separating1 ,,circumscissile4 #i4 ,,volva ,,irregularly1 ,,circumscissile4 #aj4 ,,volva ,,friable1 ,,disappearing4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,class1 ,,fungi ---------- ,,sub-,,class ,,basidiomycetes ,,cohort ,,hymenomycetes4 ,gr4--a membrane1 a fruit-bearing surface2 ,gr4--a mushroom4 7,so called from the hymenium or fruit-bearing surface47 ,fungi composed of membranes1 fleshy1 woody or gelatinous1 growing on wood or on the ground4 ,the hymenium or spore-bearing surface exposed at an early stage4 ,the spores are borne on basidia1 spread over the surface4 ,the common mushroom is typical of the family4 ,all the members resemble it1 more or less1 in organization and reproductive organs4 ,these latter1 in the mushroom1 are spread over lamell or gills4 ,the spores1 after ripening and dissemination1 germinate and produce a mycelium or thread-like vine1 which in turn develops the spore-producing part of the plant4 ,hymenomycetes is divided into the following six ,families3-- a4 ,,hymenium ,,figurate4 ,i4 ,spread over the surface of lamell or ,,agaricace4 gills4 ,,ii4 ,lining the interior of tubes or pores4 ,,polyporace4 ,,iii4 ,clothing the surface of spines or ,,hydnace4 protuberances of various forms4 b4 ,,hymenium ,,even4 ,,iv4 ,horizontal and mostly on the under ,,thelephorace4 surface4 ,v4 ,vertical and produced all over the ,,clavariace4 surface4 ,,vi4 ,superior1 gelatinous fungi4 ,,tremellace4 ,,family ,i4--,,agaricace4 ,in the ,agaricace the hymenium is spread over lamell or gills which radiate from a center or stem4 ,the gills are composed of a double membrane1 and are simple or branched4 ,the parts of an ,agaric may all be present as in ,amanit1 or severally absent in other genera4 ,when the young fungus is entirely enclosed in a wrapper or case1 this case is called the universal veil4 ,when this veil is ruptured by the growth of the stem1 that part which remains attached to the base is called the volva4 ,the membrane reaching from the stem to the margin of the cap is the partial veil2 when it ruptures by the expansion of the cap and all or a portion adheres to and about the stem it forms the annulus or ring4 ,in some species one or both veils may be present1 or one or both may be absent4 ,the stem is central when supporting the cap at its center2 excentric when at one side of the center2 lateral when it supports the cap from the side4 ,if the stem is absent1 the cap is said to be sessile2 if the cap is horizontal and supported by a broad base it is dimidiate2 if attached to its place of growth by its back it is resupinate4 ,genera are largely distinguished by the manner in which the gills are attached to the stem4 ,these distinguishing attachments are shown in the plates illustrating genera and in ,plate ,,iv4 ,gill-shapes4 ,for convenience ,agaricace is divided by the color of the spores into five series3 white1 pink1 brown1 purple1 black4 ,the last two1 owing to the similarity of hue1 are by some writers 7preferably7 included in the black-spored series4 ,spore color is a valuable assistant in determining species4 ,series ,i4 ,,leucospor4 ,gr4--white2 ,gr4--seed4 ,spores white1 rarely dingy or inclining to reddish4 ,in the genus ,russula the spores of some species are white1 in some cream-color1 and in several pale ochraceous4 ,variations from pure white are found in the spores of ,tricholoma personatum and a few other species4 ,gill-color is not a guide to spore-color4 ,purple1 yellow1 brown1 pinkish gills may produce white spores4 ,,leucosporae ,,rhodosporae ,,ochrosporae ,,porphyrosporae,,melanosporae4 7,,white7 7,,pink7 7,,brown7 7,,purple7 7,,black7 ,,amanita ,,amanitopsis ,,volvaria ,,acetabularia ,,chitonia ,,lepiota ,,agaricus ,,coprinus 7,,psalliota7 ,,pluteus ,,bolbitius ,,pilosace ,,armillaria ,,pholiota ,,stropharia ,,gomphidius ,,cortinarius ,,tricholoma ,,entoloma ,,hebeloma ,,hypholoma ,,pan,,olus ,,lactarius ,,inocybe ,,anellaria ,,russula ,,hygrophorus ,,clitocybe ,,clitopilus ,,flammula ,,xerotus ,,paxillus ,,nyctalis ,,lenzites ,,lentinus ,,pleurotus ,,claudopus ,,crepidotus ,,panus ,,trogia ,,schizophyllum ,,collybia ,,leptonia ,,naucoria ,,psilocybe ,,marasmius ,,heliomyces ,,mycena ,,nolanea ,,pluteolus ,,psathyra ,,psathyrella ,,hiatula ,,galera ,,omphalia ,,eccilia ,,tubaria ,,deconica ,,montagnites ,plate ,i4 ,,leucosporae4 ,hymenophore distinct from fleshy stem4 ,,amanita4 ,,lepiota4 ,,amanitopsis4 ,hymenophore confluent and homogeneous with fleshy stem4 ,,armillaria4 ,,tricholoma4 ,lactarius4 ,russula4 ,,clitocybe4 ,hygrophorus4 ,xerotus4 ,nyctalis4 ,,pleurotus4 ,lentinus4 ,lenzites4 ,panus4 ,trogia4 ,schizophyllum4 ,hymenophore confluent with1 but heterogeneous from cartilaginous stem4 ,,collybia4 ,marasmius4 ,heliomyces4 ,,mycena4 ,hiatula4 ,,omphalia4 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,,chart ,,of ,,genera ,,in ,,white ,,spored ,,series ,,leucosporae4 ,,amanita4 7,a name given to some esculent fungi by ,galen1 perhaps from ,mount ,amanus47 ,universal veil 7volva71 which is at first continuous 7completely enveloping the young plant71 distinct from the skin of the cap4 ,hymenophore or cap1 the part which bears the spore-bearing surface1 distinct and easily separable from the stem1 which leaves a socket in the flesh when it is removed4 ,all growing upon the ground4 ,fries4 7,plate ,,vii47 ,illustration3 ,,section ,,of ,,amanita ,,phalloides4 ,pileus somewhat fleshy1 convex then expanded4 ,gills free4 ,universal veil at first enclosing the entire plant1 which as it grows bursts through1 generally carrying the upper part on the pileus1 where it appears as patches or scales1 the remainder enclosing the stem at the base as a volva1 either in a cup-like form1 closely adherent or friable and evanescent4 ,the partial veil in youth extends from the stem to the margin of the pileus1 enclosing the gills2 when ruptured it depends from the stem as a ring4 ,stem furnished with a ring1 and different in substance from that of the pileus4 ,spores white4 ,on the ground4 ,the nearest allied genus1 ,amanitopsis1 is separated by the absence of a ring1 and ,lepiota by its lack of a volva2 ,volvaria1 ,acetabularia and ,chitonia1 possessing volvas1 are distinguished by the color of their spores4 ,amanit are the most beautiful and conspicuous of fungi4 ,while there are comparatively few species of them1 the individual members are plentiful in appearing from spring until the coming of frost4 ,they are solitary or gregarious in growth4 ,occasionally two or three are found together4 ,they frequent woods1 groves1 copse1 margins of woods and land recently cleared of trees4 ,they are seldom found in open fields4 ,a careful study of all their botanic points should be the first duty of the student of fungi4 ,familiarity with every characteristic of the ,amanit will insure against fatal toadstool poisoning1 for it is the well-grounded belief of those who have made thorough investigation that1 with the exception of ,helvella esculenta1 now ,gyromitra esculenta1 the ,amanit1 alone1 contain deadly poisons4 ,no ,amanita1 or piece of one1 should be eaten before its identity is fully established and its qualities ascertained by referring to the descriptions herein given or to the opinion of an expert4 ,they are the aristocrats of fungi4 ,their noble bearing1 their beauty1 their power for good or evil1 and above all their perfect structure1 have placed them first in their realm2 and they proudly bear the three badges of their clan and rank--the volva or sheath from which they spring1 the kid-like apron encircling their waists1 and patch-marks of their high birth upon their caps4 ,in their youth1 when in or just appearing above the ground1 they are completely invested with a membrane or universal veil1 which is distinct and free from the skin of the cap4 ,as the plant grows the membrane stretches and finally bursts4 ,it sometimes ruptures in one place only and remains about the base of the stem as the volva4 ,when such a rupture occurs the caps are smooth4 ,in most species portions of the volva remain upon the cap as scruff or warts--pointed or rough--or as feathery adornment2 any or all of which may in part or whole vanish with age or be washed away by rain4 ,extending from the stem to the margin of the cap1 and covering the gills1 is the partial veil--a membranaceous1 white texture of varying thickness4 ,as the cap expands this veil tears from it4 ,portions frequently remain pendant from the edges1 the rest contracts to the stem as a ring1 or droops from it as a surrounding ruffle1 or1 if of slight consistency1 may be fugacious and disappear1 but marks1 remains1 or the veil itself will always be traceable upon the stem4 ,the ,amanit are of all colors1 from the brilliant orange of the ,a4 ,csarea1 the rich scarlet or crimson of the ,a4 muscaria1 to the pure white of the ,a4 phalloides in its white form4 ,their stems are usually long1 and taper from the base toward the top4 ,in some forms the base is distinctly bulbous4 ,the volva at the base is attached to the stem at its lower extremity4 ,it may be visible as a cup or ruptured pouch with spreading mouth1 or it may be of such friable texture as to appear like mealy scales4 ,often1 when the plant is pulled from the ground1 the volva remains1 but the marks of its attachment will appear and should be carefully looked for4 ,their gills are commonly white1 are of equal length and radiate from near the stem1 which they do not reach1 to the circumference of the cap4 ,they are white1 unless tinged with age1 excepting upon ,a4 ,csarea and ,a4 ,frostiana where they are yellow4,b ,their caps are umbrella-shaped1 flat or convex4 ,their flesh is white1 does not change color when bruised4 ,they are scentless and almost tasteless when fresh1 when old they have a slightly offensive odor and taste4 ,footnote ,b3 ,a4 ,frostiana is not always yellow gilled4 ,the family is not a large one1 not over thirty members complete its circle4 ,every feature1 every part of its several members1 should be thoroughly known before the intimacy of eating4 ,while at least nine of the family are not only edible but delicate and sapid1 far better will it be to leave all alone than to make a mistake4 ,a piece of a poisonous variety the size of a dime will often cause serious disorders if eaten4 ,many persons have died from eating very small quantities4 ,because of its ovate or button-like form when young1 it is frequently mistaken for the common field mushroom2 even experienced mycophagists have been deceived by it4 ,no other poison has so puzzled scientists4 ,other varieties of fungi may interfere with digestion1 but to the ,amanit all deaths from toadstool-eating are traceable4 ,its subtle alkaloid is absorbed by the system1 and in most cases lies unsuspected for from six to twelve hours1 then its iron grip holds to the death4 ,for centuries it has defied all remedies4 ,the problem has been partially solved4 ,at ,shenandoah1 ,pa41 ,august #ca1 #ahhe1 a family of five were poisoned by toadstools2 two died1 three lived4 ,noting the sad account in the newspapers1 ,i at once wrote to ,shenandoah for specimens of the fungi eaten and a description of the treatment4 ,i promptly received from ,dr4 ,j4,e4 ,schadle 7now ,professor ,schadle71 the physician in charge of the cases1 a box containing two harmless varieties and several fine specimens of the ,amanita phalloides1 all of which were gathered on the same spot and by the same person who gathered the toadstools doing the poisoning4 ,they told the tale4 ,a remarkably full and interesting account of the cases was sent to me by ,dr4 ,schadle4 ,after exhausting all other remedies1 and after two of the five had died1 he administered subcutaneously1 by hypodermic injection1 sulphate of atropine--a product of the deadly nightshade analagous to belladonna--#aahj to #afj of a grain at a dose4 ,it proved to be an antidote and saved the lives of the remaining three4 ,the action of atropine in arresting the deadly work of poisoning by amanitine had been foreshadowed by ,schmidberg and ,koppe1 and dwelt upon in numerous published articles by ,mr4 ,julius ,a4 ,palmer1 to whom more than any other is due the branding of the murderous members of the ,amanita family2 but for the first time atropine was used upon the human system to ward their blows4 ,all of the species herein described are found in the ,united ,states4 ,of the twenty-seven1 nine are edible1 nine are either known to be deadly or are so closely allied to deadly species that it is unsafe to class them as other than poisonous until absolute proof is obtained of their harmlessness4 ,the remaining nine ,i have not seen1 neither is there any record of their qualities4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,species4 99 ,volva opening at the top or splitting all around1 leaving a manifest1 free border at the base of the stem4 ,pileus naked or with broad membranaceous patches4 9999 ,volva splitting regularly all round the lower portion1 persistent1 more or less closely embracing the base of the bulbous stem4 ,the upper portion being adnate to the pileus appears on it by expansion as scattered1 thick warts4 999999 ,volva friable1 entirely broken up into wart-like scales1 therefore not persistent at the base of the stem1 which is at first globose-bulbous1 becoming less so as it lengthens4 ,pileus bearing mealy patches1 soon disappearing or with small1 hard1 pointed warts4 99999999 ,volva rudimentary1 flocculose1 wholly disappearing4 99 ,volva bursting at top1 etc4 ,a4 virosa ,fr4--virus1 poison4 ,shining white4 ,pileus #c-d in4 broad1 fleshy1 at first conical and acute1 afterwards bell-shaped1 then expanded1 naked1 viscous in wet weather1 shining when dry1 margin always even1 but most frequently unequal1 turned backward and inflexed4 ,flesh white1 unchangeable4 ,stem #d-f in4 long1 wholly stuffed1 almost solid1 split up into longitudinal fibrils1 cylindrical from the bulbous base1 often compressed at the apex1 torn into scales on the surface1 springing from a lax1 wide1 thick volva1 which bursts open at the apex4 ,ring close to the top1 lax1 silky1 splitting up into floccose fragments4 ,gills free1 thin1 narrow1 narrowing at both ends1 but a little broader in front1 not decurrent on the stem 7although the apex of the stem is often striate71 crowded1 somewhat floccose at the edge4 ,fries4 ,the pilei are most frequently oblique1 extended and lobed on one side as in ,hygrophorous conicus1 scarcely ever depressed4 ,the pileus rarely becomes yellow4 ,the fragments of the veil often adhere to the edge of the gills4 ,illustration3 ,grouped by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,studies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,amanita ,,spreta1 #aa #d4 ,,amanita ,,muscaria1 #ad #b4 ,,amanita ,,phalloides 7,,white #g #e4 ,,amanita ,,frostiana1 #af ,,var471 #c4 ,,amanita ,,phalloides 7,,brown #g #f4 ,,gyromitra ,,esculenta1 #edf ,,var471 ,in woods4 ,uncommon4 ,august to ,october4 ,fetid1 poisonous4 ,stevenson4 ,spores spheroid or subspheroid1 #aj-af1 ,k42 #h ,w4,p42 sub-globose1 #h-aj ,massee4 ,,poisonous4 ,i think it a variety of ,a4 phalloides4 ,a4 phalloides ,fr4 ,gr4--phallus-like4 7,plate ,,vi1 figs4 #b1 #c1 p4 #f47 ,pileus #c-d in4 broad1 commonly shining white or lemon-yellow1 fleshy1 oval bell-shaped1 then expanded1 obtuse1 covered over with a pellicle which is viscid 7not glutinous7 in wet weather1 naked1 rarely sprinkled with one or two fragments of the volva1 the regular margin even4 ,stem #c-e in4 long1 in4 and more thick1 solid downward1 bulbous1 hollow and attenuated upward1 rather smooth1 white4 ,ring superior1 reflexed1 slightly striate1 swollen1 commonly entire1 white4 ,volva more or less buried in the soil1 bulbous1 semifree1 bursting open in a torn manner at the apex1 with a lax border4 ,gills free1 ventricose1 #d lines broad1 shining white4 ,fries4 ,pileus very variable in color1 commonly white or yellow 7,a4 citrina ,pers471 becoming green 7,a4 viridis ,pers471 olivaceous and occasionally variegated with tiger spots2 in late autumn with the disk almost black but whitish round the margin4 ,odor somewhat fetid1 but little remarkable as compared with that of ,a4 virosa4 ,in woods4 ,frequent4 ,august to ,november4 ,a very ,,poisonous and dangerous species4 ,stevenson4 ,spores #h-i ,w4,g4,s42 #h-aj ,b42 #g-i diam4 ,massee2 globose1 #g4ff ,peck4 ,pileus at first ovate or subcampanulate1 then expanded1 slightly viscid when young and moist1 smooth or rarely adorned by a few fragments of the volva1 even on the margin1 white1 yellowish-brown or blackish-brown4 ,lamell rather broad1 rounded behind1 free1 white4 ,stem equal or slightly tapering upward1 stuffed or hollow1 smooth or slightly floccose1 ringed1 bulbous1 the ruptured volva either appressed loose or merely forming a narrow margin to the bulb4 ,plant #d-h in4 high4 ,pileus #b-e in4 broad4 ,stem #c-f lines thick4 ,this species is common and variable4 ,it occurs everywhere in woods and assumes such different colors that the inexperienced mycologist is apt to mistake its different forms for distinct species4 ,with us the prevailing colors of the pileus are white1 yellowish-white1 grayish-brown and blackish-brown4 ,it is remarkable that the form with a greenish pileus1 which seems to be common enough in ,europe1 does not occur here4 ,fries also mentions a form having a white pileus with a black disk4 ,a somewhat similar form occurs here1 in which the pileus is grayish-brown with a black disk4 ,some of the variously colored forms were formerly taken to be distinct species1 in consequence of which several synonyms have arisen1 of which ,a4 virescens ,fl4 ,dan41 ,amanita viridis ,pers41 and ,amanita citrina ,pers41 are examples4 ,a4 verna ,bull4 is a variety having a white pileus1 a rather thick annulus and an appressed volva4 ,it sometimes occurs early in the season2 hence the specific name4 ,it also occurs late in the season and runs into the typical form so that it is not easy to keep it distinct4 ,the flesh and the lamell are white1 the stem is white1 pallid or brownish1 and the annulus is either white or brownish4 ,the bulb is generally very broad and abrupt or depressed1 though it sometimes is small and approaches an ovate form4 ,the large bulbs are sometimes split externally in two or three places and are1 therefore1 two- or three-lobed4 ,in such cases the volva is less persistent than usual and its free portion then furnishes merely an acute edge or narrow margin to the bulb4 ,specimens sometimes occur in which the margin of the pileus is narrowly adorned with a slight woolly hairiness1 but usually it is perfectly smooth and even4 ,by this character1 taken in connection with the membranous volva and bulbous base of the stem1 the species is readily distinguished4 ,sometimes a strong odor is emitted by it1 but usually the odor is slight4 ,authors generally pronounce this a poisonous and very dangerous species4 ,its appearance is attractive1 but its use as food is to be avoided4 ,peck1 #cc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,common in woods and recently cleared woodlands4 ,frequent over the ,united ,states4 ,june to frost4 ,an exceedingly poisonous1 dangerous1 seductive species1 responsible for most of the deaths from toadstool eating2 because in its white form it is mistaken for the common mushroom--,agaricus campester4 ,the real fault is with the collector1 who should never eat any fungus found in the woods1 believing it to be the mushroom4 ,the mushroom does not grow in the woods4 ,neither has it white gills1 nor white spores1 nor a volva at the base of the stem as have ,amanit4 ,the caps of ,a4 phalloides vary in color--white1 oyster-color1 smoky brown4 ,the color of the commonest form is from white to a light hue of greenish yellow4 ,the center of the cap1 whatever may be the prevailing color1 is usually several shades darker4 ,in shape1 the cap changes from a knob in youth1 through the shapes of expansion1 until it becomes fully spread1 when it is umbrella-shaped1 or almost flat4 ,some forms have a slightly raised portion or umbo in the center of the cap4 ,the gills are white1 of good width1 rounded next to the stem and free from it4 ,the stem conforms in color to the cap1 but in lighter shades4 ,white-capped varieties have white stems4 ,the stem has a sudden broad1 distinct bulb at the base4 ,on the upper side of the bulb there is usually a margin or rim4 ,the stem tapers more or less toward the cap1 from which it is easily separable4 ,the cup1 wrapper or volva is torn or split or irregular at the upper part1 and is not pressed to the stem as in some forms4 ,professor ,peck1 in his #dhth ,report1 gives the following excellent synopsis of differences between the poisonous ,amanita and edible fungi1 for which it could only by great stupidity be mistaken3 ,poison amanita4 ,gills persistently white4 ,stem equal to or longer than the diameter of the cap1 with a broad1 distinct bulb at the base4 ,common mushroom4 ,gills pink1 becoming blackish-brown4 ,stem shorter than the diameter of the cap1 with no bulb at the base4 ,from all forms of the edible ,sheathed amanitopsis the ,poison amanita differs in its distinctly bulbous stem1 in having a collar on the stem and in the absence of striations on the margin of the cap4 ,from the edible ,reddish amanita1 it is easily separated by the entire absence of any reddish hues or stains and of warts upon its cap4 ,from the ,smooth lepiota its distinct1 abrupt and marginal bulb at once distinguishes it4 ,a4 verna ,bull4--vernus1 of spring4 ,a variety of ,a4 phalloides4 ,,poisonous4 ,white4 ,pileus ovate then expanded1 somewhat depressed1 viscid1 margin orbicular1 even4 ,stem stuffed then hollow1 equal1 floccose1 closely sheathed with the free border of the volva4 ,ring reflexed1 swollen4 ,gills free4 ,pileus glabrous1 even on the margin1 white1 viscid when moist4 ,gills white4 ,stem ringed1 white1 floccose1 stuffed or hollow1 closely sheathed at the base by the remains of the membranous volva1 bulbous4 ,spores globose1 #h broad4 ,in woods4 ,spring and summer4 ,the ,vernal ,amanita scarcely differs from white forms of the ,a4 phalloides except in the more persistent and more closely sheathing remains of the wrapper at the base of the stem4 ,it is probably only a variety of that species1 as most mycologists now regard it1 and it should be considered quite as dangerous4 ,i have not found it earlier than in ,july1 although in ,europe it is said to appear in spring1 as its name implies4 ,peck1 #dhth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,common over the ,united ,states4 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania1 ,may to ,november4 ,it appeared at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 on ,may #bh1 #ahii4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,the absence of a ring separates white forms of ,a4 volvata and ,a4 vaginata4 ,the virulence of its poison is the same as that of ,a4 phalloides4 ,a4 magnivelaris ,pk4--magnus1 large2 velum1 veil4 ,pileus convex or nearly plane1 glabrous1 slightly viscid when moist1 even on the margin1 white or yellowish-white4 ,gills close1 free1 white4 ,stem long1 nearly equal1 glabrous1 white1 furnished with a large membranous white annulus1 sheathed at the base by the appressed remains of the membranous volva1 the bulbous base tapering downward and radicating4 ,spores broadly elliptical1 #ajf-h4 ,pileus #c-e in4 broad4 ,stem #e-g in4 long1 #d-f lines thick4 ,solitary in woods4 ,port ,jefferson1 ,suffolk county4 ,july4 ,the species resembles ,amanita verna1 from which it is separated by its large persistent annulus1 the elongated downwardly tapering bulb of its stem1 and especially by its elliptical spores4 ,peck1 #ejth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,i have not seen this species4 ,its resemblance to ,a4 verna is enough to place the ban upon it until it has been tested4 ,a4 mappa ,fr4--mappa1 a napkin4 ,from the volva4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad1 commonly white or becoming yellow1 slightly fleshy1 convexo-plane1 obtuse or depressed1 orbicular1 dry1 margin for the most part even4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #c-e lines thick1 stuffed then hollow1 almost equal above the bulb1 rather smooth1 white4 ,ring superior1 soft1 lax1 here and there torn4 ,volva regularly circularly split1 somewhat obliterated2 the globoso-bulbous base united with the stem1 with an acute and distant margin2 the portion covering the pileus divided into broad1 irregular1 somewhat separating scales4 ,gills annexed1 crowded1 narrow1 shining1 white4 ,fries4 ,odor stinking4 ,the color is that of ,a4 phalloides1 with which ,a4 virosa exactly agrees1 more rarely straw color1 lemon-yellow1 becoming green4 ,in mixed woods4 ,frequent4 ,stevenson4 ,spores spheroid1 #g-aj ,k42 #h-if-h ,b42 subglobose1 #g-i diameter ,massee4 ,new ,york woods and fields1 common1 ,september to ,october1 ,peck1 #bb;d ,rep42 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis2 ,new ,england1 ,frost2 ,minnesota1 ,johnson2 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,district ,columbia1 ,miss ,taylor4 ,,poisonous4 ,probably but a variety of ,a4 phalloides4 ,a4 spreta ,pk4--spreta1 hated4 7,plate ,,vi1 fig4 #a1 p4 #f47 ,pileus subovate1 then convex or expanded1 smooth or adorned with a few fragments of the volva1 substriate on the margin1 whitish or pale-brown4 ,gills close1 reaching the stem1 white4 ,stem equal1 smooth1 annulate1 stuffed or hollow1 whitish1 finely striate at the top from the decurrent lines of the lamell1 not bulbous at the base1 but the volva rather large1 loose1 subochreate4 ,spores elliptical1 generally with a single large nucleus1 #aj-acf-h4 ,plant #d-f in4 high4 ,pileus #c-e in4 broad4 ,stem #d-f lines thick4 ,ground in open places4 ,sandlake and ,gansevoort4 ,august4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,this is a dangerous species1 because containing a deadly poison and resembling the most common forms of ,amanitopsis1 therefore likely to be mistaken for them4 ,specimens sent by me to ,professor ,peck were identified as his species4 ,i add my own description4 ,pileus oval1 broadly umbonate1 date-brown toward and on umbo1 soft1 dry1 smooth1 more or less sulcate on edge4 ,flesh white1 thin1 except at center4 ,stem tapers rapidly above ring and at base1 white-reddish-brown toward middle1 narrows toward volva from which it is almost free at the base1 hollow1 furfuraceous above ring4 ,gills white1 crowded1 free4 ,ring white1 thin1 persistent1 but at times hard to distinguish because clinging to stem4 ,volva free1 fitting close1 upper margin thin1 lower part quite thick1 making stem appear bulbous1 which it is not4 ,white forms occur4 ,not as virulent as ,a4 phalloides1 but like it in its ,,poisonous effects4 ,it differs from ,amanitopsis in having a ring4 ,grows in woods and on wood-margins4 ,angora woods1 ,west ,philadelphia4 ,on ground in mixed woods1 open and grassy places in wood and wood-margins4 ,august to ,september4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a4 recutita ,fr4--having a fresh or new skin4 ,pileus convex then plane1 dry1 smooth1 frequently bearing fragments of the volva1 margin nearly even4 ,stem stuffed then hollow1 attenuated1 silky1 volva circumscissile1 becoming obliterated1 margin closely pressed to stem2 ring distant1 white4 ,gills striate-decurrent4 ,in pine woods4 ,common4 ,no report upon quality4 ,a4 ,csarea ,scop4--king-like4 7,called by the ,greeks ,cibus ,deorum1 food of the gods47 ,,caution4 ,pileus #c-h in4 across1 hemispherical1 then expanded1 free from warts1 distinctly striate on the margin1 red or orange becoming yellow4 ,gills free1 yellow4 ,stem #d-f in4 long1 up to in4 thick at base1 slightly tapering upward1 yellowish1 flocculose1 stuffed with white fibrils or hollow1 with a conspicuous yellowish ring or veil4 ,volva white1 large1 distinct and membranous4 ,spores elliptical1 #h-aj ,peck4 ,open woods1 under pines on lawns4 ,july to ,october4 ,reported from ,north ,carolina1 ,south ,carolina1 ,massachusetts1 ,maryland1 ,new ,jersey1 ,ohio1 ,alabama1 ,louisiana1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,york4 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bc1 #cb1 #cc1 #dh4 ,this emperor of fungi is the most showy of its race4 ,it grows to #aj in4 in height4 ,the cap reaches #h in4 in diameter and the stem over #a in4 in thickness4 ,in very much smaller specimens about the same proportions occur4 ,the cap is at first ovate1 then hemispherical1 then expanded4 ,it has no warts or scales upon it4 ,the margin is distinctly striate4 ,the flesh is white1 yellow or reddish under the skin2 next to the gills it is usually yellow4 ,the stem tapers upward from the socket at its base4 ,it is yellowish and covered with loose fibrils of darker hue4 ,the ring is white1 but frequently tinged with yellow4 ,in taste and smell it is mild4 ,open woods is its favorite habitat1 yet it is found growing luxuriantly under pines1 maples1 elms1 on lawns4 ,it is not often found1 but when it is1 it is solitary1 or in groups or rings4 ,in the latitude of ,philadelphia it is found from ,july until ,october #ast4 ,further south its stay conforms to temperature1 and it is more frequent4 ,there is no doubt of its rare edibility abroad1 and of its being eaten in ,america4 ,a specimen believed to be it should never be eaten until carefully distinguished from ,a4 muscaria and ,a4 ,frostiana1 which have warts or scales on the cap 7which sometimes are not discernible after rain71 white gills1 and a volva which soon breaks up into fragments or scabs4 ,appearing like a small form of ,a4 muscaria1 to which it was formerly referred1 is ,a4 ,frostiana ,pk4 7,frost's ,agaric74 ,it closely resembles small ,a4 ,csarea1 especially in the yellow tinge of stem1 ring and gills4 ,the volva and ring 7persistent in ,a4 ,csarea7 soon disappear1 but are traceable by fluffy fragments1 or yellow stains4 ,it is extremely poisonous4 ,the differences1 concisely1 are these3 ,a4 ,csarea 7,orange ,amanita74 ,cap smooth1 though occasionally with a few fragments of the volva as patches upon it4 ,gills yellow4 ,stem yellow4 ,volva usually persistent1 sometimes breaking up into soft1 fluffy masses4 ,a4 muscaria 7,fly ,amanita74 ,poisonous4 ,cap covered with remains of the volva as scales or wart-like patches4 ,gills white4 ,stem white or light-yellow4 ,volva not persistent1 breaking up into fluffy fragments or scales4 ,a4 ,frostiana4 ,poisonous4 ,smaller and more delicate than the two preceding4 ,cap smooth or with yellow scales or wart-like patches4 ,gills yellow or tinged on edge with yellow4 ,stem white or yellow1 the ring evanescent1 but always leaving a yellow mark on stem4 ,volva yellow1 breaking up into yellow fluffy fragments4 ,far better for the amateur to let the ,a4 ,csarea1 and anything resembling it1 respectfully alone4 ,new ,york1 ,gansvoort4 ,circle forty feet in diameter4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep42 ,maryland4 ,there is not a doubt that this fungus can be eaten with impunity1 ,banning2 ,alabama1 abundant4 ,edible4 ,alabama ,bull4 ,no4 #hj4 ,rogues and ,cordier1 ,french writers1 regard it as the finest and most delicate of fungi1 the perfume and taste being exquisite4 ,the writer has not had opportunity to eat ,a4 ,csarea4 ,if such should occur he would go about it very cautiously4 ,no suspicion attaches to it abroad1 but evidence is accumulating in the hands of the writer 7not yet convincing7 that either locality may render it poisonous or that ,a4 muscaria varies so much in appearance as to deceive even the expert into mistaking it for ,a4 ,csarea4 ,it is possible that ,a4 muscaria is1 at times1 in certain localities1 harmless2 but no such exception as this is noted in the entire fungoid realm4 ,it is not so common that collectors should mourn its waste4 ,it is better1 far1 to let it alone4 9999 ,volva splitting regularly all around2 pileus bearing thick warts1 etc4 ,a4 muscaria ,linn4--musca1 a fly4 7,plate ,,vi1 fig4 #d1 p4 #f4 ,plate ,,ix47 ,,poisonous4 ,pileus #d in4 and more broad1 normally at first blood-red1 soon orange and becoming pale1 whitening when old1 globose1 then convex and at length flattened1 covered with a pellicle which is at first thick1 and in wet weather glutinous1 but which gradually disappears1 and sprinkled with thick1 angular1 separating fragments of the volva2 margin when full-grown slightly striate4 ,flesh not compact1 white1 yellow under the pellicle4 ,stem as much as a span long1 shining white1 firm1 torn into scales1 at first stuffed with lax1 spider-web fibrils1 soon hollow2 the adnate base of the volva forms an ovate bulb1 which is marginate with concentric scales4 ,ring very soft1 torn1 even1 inserted at the apex of the stem1 which is often dilated4 ,gills free1 but reaching the stem1 decurrent in the form of lines1 crowded1 broader in front1 white1 rarely becoming yellow4 ,var4 regalis1 twice as large4 ,stem stuffed1 solid when young1 as much as #a-b in4 thick1 becoming light-yellow within2 the volva terminates in #h-aj concentric squamoso-reflexed rows of scales4 ,pileus very glutinous1 bay-brown or the color of cooked liver4 ,gills yellowish4 ,var4 formosa1 soft1 fragile4 ,pileus at first lemon-yellow1 with mealy1 lax1 yellowish1 easily-separating warts1 often naked4 ,gills often becoming yellow4 ,a4 formosa1 with the warts rubbed off4 ,var4 umbrina1 thinner and more slender4 ,stem hollow1 often twisted1 bulb narrowed4 ,pileus at first umber1 then livid1 with the exception of the disk1 which is dingy-brown4 ,gills at length remote4 ,stev4 ,illustration3 ,photographed by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,weist4 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,,amanita ,,muscaria4 ,pileus at first ovate or hemispherical1 then broadly convex or nearly plane1 slightly viscid when young and moist1 rough with numerous whitish or yellowish warts1 rarely smooth1 narrowly and slightly striate on the margin1 white1 yellow or orange-red4 ,gills white4 ,stem equal or slightly tapering upward1 stuffed with webby fibrils or hollow1 bearing a white ring above1 ovate-bulbous at the base1 white or yellowish2 the volva usually breaking up into scales and adhering to the upper part of the bulb and the base of the stem4 ,spores elliptical1 #h-ajx#f-h4 ,plant #e-h in4 high4 ,pileus #c-f in4 broad4 ,peck1 #cc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,a white variety1 with the pileus thickly studded with sharp warts1 occurs in ,albany ,rural ,cemetery4 ,july4 ,peck1 #bdth ,rep4 ,var4 alba ,pk4 ,it also occurs on ,long ,island in two forms1 the normal one and a smaller one1 in which the warts of the pileus are evanescent or wanting4 ,not unfrequently it makes a close approach to white forms of ,a4 pantherina1 in having the upper part of the bulb uniformly margined by the remains of the definitely circumscissile volva1 but this margin is more acute than in that species4 ,peck1 #dfth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores spheroid-ellipsoid1 #aj-abx#h-i ,k42 #fx#i1 ,w4,g4,s42 elliptical1 #h-ajx#f-h ,peck4 8,at ,cincinnati1 yellow ,a4 muscaria are all we find40 ,lloyd4 ,reported from most of the states4 ,at ,mt4 ,gretna ,i found it in great quantity1 and frequently three or four tightly crowded together4 ,many pounds of it were sent to ,professor ,chittenden1 ,sheffield ,laboratory1 ,yale ,university4 ,near ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 large patches annually grow under pines1 gorgeous in their rich orange-red caps1 usually scaly1 with at times lemon-yellow in the same clusters1 smooth as ,a4 ,csarea4 ,it grows from ,july until after hard frosts4 ,it is undoubtedly poisonous to a high degree4 ,its juices in minute quantity1 carefully and scientifically injected into the circulation of etherized cats1 kill in less than a minute4 ,a raw piece of the cap1 the size of a hazel nut1 affects me sensibly if taken on an empty stomach4 ,dizziness1 nausea1 exaggeration of vision and pallor result from it4 ,the pulse quickens and is full1 and a dreaded pressure affects the breathing4 ,i have not noticed change in the pupil of the eye4 ,nicotine from smoking a pipe with me abates the symptoms1 which entirely disappear in two hours1 leaving as reminiscence a torturing1 dull1 skull-pervading headache4 ,if1 as is asserted on good authority1 the ,siberians use it as an intoxicant1 they certainly suffer the accustomed penalty4 ,it is possible that persons may1 in a degree1 become immune to its poison1 as they do to arsenic1 strychnia1 opium1 nicotine1 or it may be that a portion of the poison is extracted by boiling4 ,it is1 however1 extremely dangerous to rely upon extracting by any means the poison of the ,amanita1 and to eat the residue4 ,acetic acid or vinegar does not destroy the poison2 it dissolves it to an extent and extracts it1 and becomes as poisonous as the plant itself4 ,there is no means of telling how much of the poison remains in the plant after such treatment4 ,the safe plan is to eat1 only1 of toadstools which do not contain any poison to extract4 ,one redeeming virtue1 alone1 rests with ,a4 muscaria--it kills flies4 ,a4 ,frostiana ,pk4--in honor of ,charles ,c4 ,frost4 ,,poisonous4 7,plate ,,vi1 fig4 #e1 p4 #f47 ,pileus convex or expanded1 bright-orange or yellow1 warty1 sometimes nearly or quite smooth1 striate on the margin4 ,gills free1 white or slightly tinged with yellow4 ,stem white or yellow1 stuffed1 bearing a slight1 sometimes evanescent ring1 bulbous at the base1 the bulb slightly margined by the volva4 ,spores globose1 #h-aj in diameter4 ,plant #b-c in4 high4 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad4 ,stem about #b lines thick4 ,june to ,october4 ,this appears like a very small form of the ,fly ,agaric1 to which1 as var4 minor1 it was formerly referred4 ,the only decided characters for distinguishing it are its small size and globose spores4 ,our plant sometimes grows in company with ,a4 muscaria1 but it seems to prefer more dense woods1 especially mixed or hemlock woods4 ,it is generally very regular and beautiful and has the stem quite often of a yellow color1 and the bulb margined above with a collar-like ring4 ,peck1 #cc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,north ,carolina1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a4 ,frostiana is found well over the land4 ,it is frequent in shady woods and seems to favor ground under the prevailing tree--oak1 chestnut1 pine1 hemlock1 whichever it may be4 ,from the many hundreds ,i have seen1 ,i think it more likely to be mistaken by the novice for ,a4 ,csarea than ,a4 muscaria1 because of its often yellow gills and stem4 ,it is much smaller and thinner than either4 ,in the states ,i have found it1 it is darker than described1 being a rich reddish-orange or scarlet4 ,the partial veil or ring is very evanescent but often found upon the stem as a yellow1 floccose remnant4 ,the stain of the ring is always noticeable4 ,the volva is seldom found entire4 ,it1 too1 is evanescent1 but1 like the veil1 is found yellow and fluffy1 adhering to the fingers when touched4 ,it is probable that its highly colored cap has caused it to be gathered by the careless collector of bright-capped ,russul1 and that thus ,r4 emetica got its bad name4 ,examine carefully any toadstool resembling it4 ,the ,russul have neither ring nor volva4 ,a4 excelsa ,fr4--excelsus1 tall4 ,,poisonous4 ,pileus #d-e in4 broad1 brownish-gray1 darker in the center1 fleshy1 soft1 globose1 then plane1 pellicle thin1 but viscous1 and in reality separable in wet weather1 then the surface is often wrinkled-papillose1 or in a peculiar manner hollowed and pitted1 sprinkled with angular1 unequal1 whitish-gray1 easily separating warts1 the remains of the friable volva2 margin at first even1 but when properly developed manifestly striate1 even furrowed4 ,flesh soft1 white throughout1 unchangeable4 ,stem #d-f in4 long1 #a in4 thick1 at first stuffed1 almost solid1 but at length hollow1 globose-depressed at the base1 attenuated upward from the bulb1 covered1 sometimes as far as the ring1 sometimes only on the lower part with dense1 squarrose1 concentric scales 7from the epidermis of the stem being torn71 striate at the apex4 ,ring superior1 large1 separating-free or at length torn4 ,gills quite free1 rounded 7not decurrent on the stem in the form of lines71 very ventricose1 in4 and more broad1 shining white4 ,the bulb when young is somewhat marginate1 but by no means separable1 the margin proper1 like that of ,a4 muscaria1 is marked with scales1 buried in the soil1 somewhat rooting1 beneath the margin marked here and there with a concentric furrow4 ,the shorter gills intermixed are more numerous than is usual among ,amanit4 ,there is a smaller variety1 with the margin more frequently striate and the stem stuffed1 then hollow4 ,fries4 ,solitary1 in woods1 chiefly under beech4 ,stevenson4 ,spores #fx#i ,w4,g4,s42 #h-ie-f ,massee4 ,north ,carolina1 ,schweinitz1 ,curtis2 ,south ,carolina1 ,ravenel2 ,california1 ,harkness and ,moore2 ,massachusetts1 ,frost1 ,andrews2 ,minnesota1 ,johnson2 ,rhode ,island1 ,olney4 ,a4 pantherina ,de ,c4--spotted like a panther4 ,doubtful4 ,pileus commonly olivaceous-umber when young1 fleshy1 convex then flattened or somewhat depressed1 with a sticky pellicle1 which is at first thick and olivaceous dingy-brown1 then thinned out1 almost disappearing and livid1 the disk only becoming brownish2 margin evidently striate2 the fragments of the volva divided into small1 equal1 white1 regularly arranged1 moderately persistent warts4 ,flesh wholly white1 never yellow beneath the pellicle4 ,stem #c-d in4 long1 in4 thick1 at first stuffed then hollow with spider-web fibrils within1 equal or attenuated upward1 slightly firm and sometimes scaly downward1 greaved at the base by the separable volva which has an entire and obtuse margin4 ,ring more or less distant1 adhering obliquely1 white1 rarely superior4 ,gills free1 reaching the stem1 broader in front1 #c-d lines broad1 shining white4 ,it is readily distinguished from ,a4 muscaria1 var4 umbrina1 by the white flesh never becoming yellow beneath the pellicle4 ,variable in size and color1 which1 however1 is never red or yellow1 and in the position of the ring4 ,in woods and pastures4 ,stevenson4 ,spores #g-hd-e ,k42 #f-aj ,b42 #hd ,w4,g4,s42 #g4fd4h ,morgan4 ,not poisonous1 ,w4,g4,s42 not edible1 ,roze2 poisonous1 ,leuba4 ,north ,carolina1 ,pennsylvania1 ,ohio1 ,california1 ,wisconsin1 ,minnesota1 ,iowa1 ,new ,york4 ,peck4 ,a4 ,ravenelii ,b4 and ,c4--in honor of ,henry ,w4 ,ravenel4 ,pileus #d in4 across1 convex1 broken up into distinct areas1 each of which is raised into an acute1 rigid1 pyramidal wart4 ,stem #c in4 high1 bulbous4 ,volva thick1 warty1 somewhat lobed4 ,ring deflexed4 ,south ,carolina1 ,june1 ,h4,w4 ,ravenel2 a very fine species allied to ,a4 strobiliformis1 ,vitt4 ,ann4 and ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist41 #ahei2 ,alabama1 ,atkinson 7,ll4 ,volv74 ,properties not stated4 ,a4 russuloides ,pk4--resembling a ,russula4 ,pileus at first ovate1 then expanded or convex1 rough with a few superficial warts1 or entirely smooth1 viscid when moist1 widely striate-tuberculate on the margin1 pale-yellow or straw color4 ,gills close1 free1 narrowed toward the stem1 white4 ,stem firm1 smooth1 stuffed1 annulate1 equal or slightly tapering upward1 bulbous2 annulus thin1 soon vanishing4 ,volva fragile1 subappressed4 ,spores broadly elliptical1 #ajh4 ,plant #b-c in4 high4 ,pileus #a4e-b in4 broad4 ,stem #c-e lines thick4 ,grassy ground in open woods4 ,greenbush4 ,june4 ,this species is remarkable for the thin striate-tuberculate margin of the pileus1 which causes it to resemble some species of ,russula4 ,peck1 #beth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,qualities not stated4 ,massachusetts1 ,francis4 ,illustration3 ,grouped by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,studies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,amanita ,,chlorinosma1 #be #b4 ,,amanita ,,rubescens ,,and #ba ,,section1 #c4 ,,amanita ,,strobiliformis1 #ai ,a4 strobiliformis ,vitt4--strobilis1 a pine-cone1 from the shape of the warts4 7,plate ,,viii1 fig4 #c1 p4 #ah47 ,cap #c-aj in4 across1 convex or nearly plane1 white or cinereous1 sometimes yellow on the disk1 rough with angular1 mostly persistent warts which sometimes fall away and leave the pileus nearly smooth2 generally whitish1 sometimes tinged with brown2 the margin even and extending a little beyond the lamell4 ,gills free1 rounded behind4 ,veil large and portions sometimes adhere to margin of cap4 ,stem #c-h in4 long1 up to #a in4 thick1 equal or slightly tapering upward1 solid1 floccose-scaly1 white1 bulbous1 the bulb very large1 sometimes weighing a pound1 margined above and furnished with one or two concentric furrows1 somewhat pointed below1 firmly and deeply imbedded in the earth1 floccose-mealy when young4 ,spores elliptical1 #ac-aeh-aj ,peck4 ,open woods and borders4 ,june to ,october4 ,edible4 ,w4,g4 ,smith1 ,curtis1 ,peck4 ,this is among the best of species4 ,its size1 solidity1 flavor are marked4 ,i have found specimens weighing a pound and a half4 ,it grows singly1 but when one is found several are apt to be neighbors4 ,when young1 the cap is but a small knob upon a beet or top-shaped base1 which is largely under ground4 ,it cuts like a soft turnip1 and has a strong1 pungent1 unmistakable odor1 like chloride of lime1 which entirely disappears in cooking4 ,as the plant develops the bulb decreases in size4 ,on all the many specimens the author has seen and eaten1 the scabs are light brown and reddish-brown4 ,a4 solitaria ,bull4--growing alone4 ,pileus convex or plane1 warty1 white or whitish1 even on the margin4 ,gills reaching the stem1 white or slightly tinged with cream color4 ,stem at first mealy or scaly1 equal1 solid1 white1 bulbous1 the bulb scaly or mealy1 narrowed below into a root-like prolongation4 ,ring lacerated1 often adhering in fragments to the margin of the pileus and gills4 ,spores elliptical-oblong1 #h-acf4e4 ,plant #d-h in4 high4 ,pileus #c-f in4 broad4 ,stem #d-f lines thick4 ,peck1 #cc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,solitary in woods and open places4 ,july to ,october4 ,georgia1 ,h4,n4 ,starnes2 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,miller2 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible4 ,curtis1 ,h4,n4 ,starnes1 ,philadelphia ,myc4 ,club4 ,in many localities ,i find it quite plentiful1 and it is so reported from ,georgia4 ,southern and middle ,new ,jersey woods abound with it1 and at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 it is always present in its growing months4 ,the cap is sometimes tinged with brown as are the angular1 erect warts which are generally numerous1 but often falling off or few and scattered4 ,the flesh is white and smells like chloride of lime1 but not nearly so strong as ,a4 strobiliformis4 ,the volva is broken up into floccose scales which cling to bulb and lower part of stem4 ,these scales may be white and mealy or brownish4 ,the entire fungus has a fluffy exterior1 which is easily removed by rubbing4 ,the annulus is torn1 a part often adhering to the margin of the pileus and the gills4 ,this and the long1 tapering1 rooting bulb are marked characteristics4 ,the bulb is brittle4 ,it is difficult to get the fungus from the ground entire4 ,stem and cap are juicy1 tender1 mild in flavor1 wholesome4 ,it is not equal in flavor to ,a4 rubescens1 but is more delicate4 ,by many its properties have been stated as poisonous1 doubtful4 ,quantities of it have been eaten by myself and friends4 ,hypodermic injection of its juices into the blood circulation of live animals prove it perfectly harmless4 ,a4 candida ,pk4--shining white4 ,pileus thin1 broadly convex or nearly plane1 verrucose with numerous small1 erect1 angular or pyramidal1 easily separable warts1 often becoming smooth with age1 white1 even on the margin4 ,flesh white4 ,gills rather narrow1 close1 reaching to the stem1 white4 ,stem solid1 bulbous1 floccose-squamose1 white1 the annulus attached to the top of the stem1 becoming pendent and often disappearing with age1 floccose-squamose on the lower surface1 striate on the upper1 the bulb rather large1 ovate1 squamose1 not margined1 tapering above into the stem and rounded or merely abruptly pointed below4 ,spores elliptical1 #aj-ach4 ,pileus #c-f in4 broad4 ,stem #b4e-e in4 long1 #e-h lines thick1 the bulb #a-a4e in4 thick in the dried specimens4 ,this is a fine large species related to ,a4 solitaria1 but differing from it in the character of its bulb and of its annulus4 ,the bulb is not marginate nor imbricately squamose4 ,its scales are small and numerous4 ,nor is it clearly radicating1 though sometimes it has a slight abrupt point or myceloid-agglomerated mass of soil at its base4 ,the veil or annulus is large and well developed1 but it is apt to fall away and disappear with age4 ,its attachment at the very top of the stem brings it closely in contact with the lamell of the young plant and the striations of its upper surface appear to be due to the pressure of the edges of these upon it4 ,it separates readily from the margin of the pileus and is not lacerated4 ,in the mature plant the warts have generally disappeared from the pileus and sometimes its margin is curved upward ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torr4 ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bd1 ,no4 #c4 ,woods4 ,auburn1 ,n4,y41 ,alabama1 ,u4 and ,e42 ,pennsylvania1 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,august to ,october1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a dozen or more specimens were found in oak woods near ,philadelphia1 and carefully tested4 ,their edible qualities were found to be precisely the same as ,a4 solitaria4 999999 ,whole volva friable1 etc4 ,a4 rubescens ,pers4--rubesco1 to become red4 7,plate ,,viii1 fig4 #b1 p4 #ah4 ,plate ,,xii1 fig4 #d1 p4 #cb47 ,pileus about #d in4 broad1 dingy-reddish1 becoming pale flesh-color1 tan1 scarcely pure1 fleshy1 convex1 then plane1 obtuse1 moist but not glutinous in rainy weather and opaque when dry1 covered with unequal1 soft1 mealy1 whitish1 easily-separating warts1 which are smaller1 harder and more closely adherent in dry weather2 margin even and1 when old1 slightly striate only in wet weather4 ,flesh commonly soft1 white when fresh1 reddening when broken4 ,stem #d-e in4 long1 as much as #a in4 thick1 stuffed1 somewhat solid1 though soft within1 conico-attenuated from the thickened base1 reddish-scaled1 becoming red-white1 and without a trace of a distinct volva at the base4 ,ring superior1 large1 membranaceous1 soft1 striate and white within4 ,gills reaching the stem in an attenuated manner1 forming decurrent lines upon it1 thin1 crowded1 soft1 as much as in4 broad1 shining white4 ,very changeable1 but readily distinguished from all others of the same group by the flesh being reddish when broken2 the stem and pileus are commonly spotted-red when wounded4 ,in dry weather it is firmer1 flesh reddening more slowly1 warts minute4 ,odor scarcely any4 ,there is a remarkable variety circinata1 pileus becoming plane1 umber-brown1 warts adnate1 crowded1 roundish4 ,a4 circinatus ,schum4 ,stevenson4 ,spores spheroid-ellipsoid1 #g-hf ,k42 #hf ,w4,g4,s42 #g-if-h ,b42 elliptical1 #h-i long4 ,peck4 ,not reported west of the ,mississippi river4 ,oak woods1 borders and open places4 ,july to ,september4 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,miller2 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,north ,carolina1 ,pennsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,it is quite common1 often growing in large patches4 ,recent authors agree upon the edibility and deliciousness of this species4 ,the author knows it to be one of the most plentiful1 useful and delicious1 after several years of pleasant experience with it4 ,in ,july1 #ahii1 at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,i found1 growing from the ground gregariously1 a singular fungoid growth from #b-e in4 high2 cap hemispherical1 #a in4 in diameter1 tightly fitting a solid stem of nearly the diameter of the cap4 ,the whole was watery white1 and evidently affected by a parasite4 ,it was edible4 ,september #ast ,professor ,peck wrote to me3 8,i think ,i have found the identity of the diseased ,agaric1 of which you sent me samples some time ago4 ,i mean the one affected by ,hypomyces inqualis ,pk4 ,the host is ,amanita rubescens1 at least sometimes1 and probably always40 ,the plant is very heavy for its size4 ,the lack of a volva1 the dingy color and reddish stains distinctly separate this from any poisonous ,amanita4 ,a4 spissa ,fr4--compact1 dense2--of the warts4 ,pileus umber1 sooty or gray1 fleshy1 somewhat compact1 convexo-plane1 obtuse1 smooth1 even1 but marked with small1 ash-colored1 angular1 adnate warts2 margin even1 but often torn into fibers4 ,flesh firm1 white1 quite unchangeable4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 as much as #a in4 thick1 solid1 turnip-shaped at the base1 somewhat rooting with a globoso-depressed not marginate bulb1 curt1 firm1 shining white1 at length squamulose with concentric cracks4 ,ring superior1 large4 ,gills reaching the stem1 slightly striato-decurrent1 broad1 crowded1 shining white4 ,fries4 ,spores #ad ,w4,g4,s42 subglobose1 #h-aj ,c4,b4,p42 #f ,w4,p42 rather pear-shaped1 #i-ajf ,massee4 ,cap #b-c in4 across4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 up to in4 thick4 ,new ,jersey1 oak woods1 ,august and ,september4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a4 spissa has been reported from but few localities4 ,it is rare in the latitude of ,philadelphia4 ,half a dozen specimens have been found in neighboring ,new ,jersey4 ,taste and smell strong1 but when cooked the dish is savory and not unlike one of ,a4 rubescens4 ,a4 aspera ,fr4--asper1 rough4 ,pileus #b-c in4 across4 ,flesh rather thick at the disk1 whitish1 white or reddish with tints of livid or gray1 reddish or brownish under the cuticle2 convex then plane1 margin thin and even1 rough with firmly adnate1 minute1 closely crowded1 angular warts1 reddish-brown or livid-brownish1 not pure white1 unchangeable4 ,gills free and rounded behind1 not striately decurrent1 ventricose1 white4 ,stem stuffed1 striate above the ring1 short at first1 ovate1 then elongating to #b-c in41 attenuated upward from a wrinkled bulb1 squamulose1 white without and within4 ,ring superior1 entire4 ,spores #hf ,massee2 #hf-g ,w4,g4,s4 ,the flesh of stem and bulb when eaten by insects is reddish1 the bulb when old is a reddish-brown4 ,the large ring and stem become red when touched4 ,in these particulars it resembles ,a4 rubescens4 ,in smell it is somewhat strong1 not unlike ,a4 strobiliformis1 but not nearly so pungent4 ,cooked it is of excellent quality and flavor4 ,i have eaten it since #ahhe4 ,a4 abrupta ,pk4--abrupt1 of the bulb4 ,pileus thin1 broadly convex or nearly plane1 covered with small angular or pyramidal1 erect1 somewhat evanescent warts1 white1 slightly striate on the margin4 ,flesh white4 ,gills moderately close1 reaching the stem and sometimes terminating in slightly decurrent lines upon it1 white4 ,stem slender1 glabrous1 solid1 bulbous1 white1 the bulb abrupt1 subglobose1 often coated below by the white persistent mycelium1 the ring membranous1 persistent4 ,spores broadly elliptical or subglobose1 #h-ajf-h4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad4 ,stem #b4e-d in4 long1 #c-d lines thick4 ,the chief distinguishing mark of this species is the abrupt1 nearly globose1 bulbous base of the stem4 ,this is somewhat flattened above and is sometimes longitudinally split on the sides4 ,the small warts of the pileus are easily separable1 and in mature specimens they have often wholly or partly disappeared4 ,the remains of the volva are not present on the bulb in mature dried specimens1 which indicates that the species should be placed in the same group with ,a4 rubescens1 ,a4 spissa1 etc4 ,the latter species have the bulb of the stem similar to that of our plant1 but the color of the pileus and other characters easily separate it4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torr4 ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bd1 ,no4 #c4 ,alabama1 ,underwood2 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,july to ,september4 ,this species is edible and quite equal in quality to ,a4 rubescens4 ,great care should be exercised in distinguishing it4 ,a4 nitida ,fr4--niteo1 to shine4 ,pileus when flattened #d in4 broad1 whitish1 fleshy1 somewhat compact1 at first hemispherical1 wrapped up1 the thick volva forming a floccose crust1 then broken up into thick1 remarkably angular1 adhering warts1 which become brownish1 dry1 shining1 without a glutinous pellicle1 margin always even4 ,flesh white1 quite unchangeable4 ,stem #c in4 long1 #a in4 thick1 solid1 firm1 conico-attenuated1 with a bulb-shaped base1 squamulose1 white4 ,ring superior1 thin1 torn1 slightly striate1 white1 villous beneath1 at length disappearing4 ,gills free1 crowded1 very broad1 as much as in41 ventricose1 shining white4 ,fries4 ,menands4 ,albany county4 ,our plant is more slender than the typical form1 and has smaller but more numerous warts1 but in other respects it exhibits the characters of this species4 ,peck1 #dc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,california1 ,h4 and ,m42 ,maryland4 ,common in nearly every woods in ,maryland4 ,banning4 ,from its likeness to poisonous species it should be suspected4 ,a4 prairiicola ,pk--prairie1 colo1 to inhabit4 ,pileus thin1 convex1 slightly verrucose1 white1 more or less tinged with yellow1 even on the margin4 ,flesh white4 ,gills rather broad1 subdistant1 reaching the stem1 white4 ,stem equal or slightly tapering upward1 somewhat squamose toward the base1 white or whitish1 the annulus persistent4 ,spores large1 broadly elliptical1 #ab-ad long1 #g-i broad4 ,pileus #a4e-c in4 broad4 ,stem #b-b4e in4 long1 #b-d lines thick4 ,bare ground on open prairies4 ,kansas4 ,september4 ,e4 ,bartholomew4 ,this species belongs to the same tribe as ,a4 abrupta4 ,the only evidence of the presence of a volva shown by the dried specimens is found in a few inconspicuous1 but separable warts on the pileus4 ,there is no well marked bulb to the stem and no evidence remains of a volva at its base4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torr4 ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bd1 ,no4 #c4 ,reported from ,kansas only4 ,qualities unknown4 ,a4 monticulosa ,berk4--mountain1 from the warts4 ,pileus #b4e-c in4 across1 convex1 areolate1 with a wart in the center of each areola2 those toward the margin consisting of soft threads meeting in a point1 but sometimes simply flocculent1 the central warts angular1 pyramidal1 truncate1 discolored4 ,stem bulbous1 scaly1 flocculent1 white4 ,veil thick1 at length distant4 ,gills free1 ventricose1 remote1 forming a well-defined area around the top of the stem4 ,the warts are not hard and rigid as in ,a4 nitida1 and the free remote gills separate it from that and the neighboring species4 ,berk4 ,north ,carolina1 sandy woods1 common4 ,curtis4 ,properties not known4 ,a4 daucipes ,b4 and ,m4--daucum1 a carrot2 pes1 a foot4 ,pileus #b-e in4 broad1 hemispherical1 globose4 ,flesh white1 soft1 warts regular1 pyramidal1 saffron color4 ,gills narrow1 reaching the stem1 broadest in the middle4 ,stem #e-f in4 high1 solid1 base bulbous1 with a restricted cortina above1 squamulose downward4 ,veil fibrillose1 extending from the margin of the pileus to the apex of the stem1 fugacious4 ,in cultivated fields4 ,ohio4 ,sullivant4 ,properties not given4 ,a4 lenticularis ,lasch4--resembling 7the stem7 a lentil4 ,fries places this species in ,amanita1 in which ,stevenson follows him4 ,cooke and ,massee place it in ,lepiota1 where it will be found4 99999999 ,volva rudimentary1 wholly disappearing4 ,a4 chlorinosma ,pk4--smelling like chlorine4 7,plate ,,viii1 fig4 #a1 p4 #ah47 ,pileus convex or expanded1 warty on the disk1 covered on the even margin with a light powdery1 at length evanescent substance1 white4 ,gills white4 ,stem nearly cylindrical1 stout1 deeply penetrating the earth4 ,spores broadly elliptical1 #g-aj long4 ,odor distinct1 chlorine-like4 ,plant #f-g in4 high4 ,pileus #d-f in4 broad4 ,stem #a-b in4 thick4 ,peck1 ,bot4 ,gaz41 ,vol4 #d4 ,burnt ground in woods4 ,august4 ,closter1 ,n4,j41 ,c4,f4 ,austin2 ,alabama1 ,u4 and ,e42 ,west ,virginia1 ,nuttall2 ,new ,jersey1 ,ellis2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,july1 in a cluster of a dozen individuals1 and afterward until frost1 strong smelling1 warts brownish-white4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,it is edible and equal to ,a4 strobiliformis4 ,a4 calyptrata ,pk4 ,pileus fleshy1 thick1 convex or nearly plane1 centrally covered by a large irregular persistent grayish-white fragment of the volva1 glabrous elsewhere1 striate on the margin1 greenish-yellow or yellowish-brown tinged with green1 the margin often a little paler or more yellow than the rest4 ,lamell close1 nearly free1 but reaching the stem and forming slight decurrent lines or striations on it1 yellowish-white tinged with green4 ,stem stout1 rather long1 equal or slightly tapering upward1 surrounded at the base by the remains of the ruptured volva1 white or yellowish white with a faint greenish tint4 ,spores broadly elliptic1 #aj long1 #f broad1 usually containing a single large nucleus4 ,pileus #aj-bj cm4 broad4 ,stem #aj-ae cm4 long1 #ab-bj mm4 thick4 ,rich ground in fir woods or their borders4 ,autumn4 ,oregon4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,lane4 ,this is a large and interesting species1 well marked and easily recognized by its large size1 by the greenish tint that pervades the pileus1 lamell1 annulus and stem1 and especially by the large persistent patch of grayish-white felty material that covers the center of the pileus and sometimes extends nearly to the margin4 ,this is in fact the upper part of the ruptured volva that is carried up by the growing plant1 and is very suggestive of the specific name4 ,in the young state the plant is entirely enveloped in the volva1 which then is similar to a goose egg in size and shape1 and its walls are one-fourth to one-half inch thick4 ,so thick and firm are they that the young plant appears sometimes to be unable to break through and it decays in its infancy4 ,dr4 ,lane says that1 having found that the ,italians made use of this mushroom for food1 he began eating it and introducing it to his friends1 and he learned by personal trial that it is a thoroughly good and wholesome mushroom1 which1 when broiled with bacon1 fried1 baked or stewed1 may be eaten with perfect safety and that it is a nutritious food4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bg1 ,january1 #aijj4 ,a4 crenulata ,pk4 ,pileus thin1 broadly ovate1 becoming convex or nearly plane and somewhat striate on the margin1 adorned with a few thin whitish floccose warts or with whitish flocculent patches1 whitish or grayish1 sometimes tinged with yellow4 ,lamell close1 reaching the stem1 and sometimes forming decurrent lines upon it1 floccose crenulate on the edge1 the short ones truncate at the inner extremity1 white4 ,stem equal1 bulbous1 floccose mealy above1 stuffed or hollow1 white1 the annulus slight1 evanescent4 ,spores broadly elliptic or subglobose1 #g4e-aj long1 nearly as broad1 usually containing a single large nucleus4 ,pileus #b4e-e cm4 broad4 ,stem #b4e-e cm4 long1 #f-h mm4 thick4 ,low ground1 under trees4 ,eastern ,massachusetts4 ,september4 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,blackford and ,george ,e4 ,morris4 ,the volva in this species must be very slight1 as its remains quickly disappear from the bulb of the stem4 ,the remains carried up by the pileus form slight warts or thin whitish areolate patches4 ,the annulus is present in very young plants1 but is often wanting in mature ones1 in which state the plant might be mistaken for a species of ,amanitopsis4 ,its true affinity is with the tribe to which ,a4 rubescens belongs4 ,as in that species1 the bulb soon becomes naked and exhibits no remains of the volva4 ,it is similar to ,a4 farinosa also in this respect1 but quite unlike it in color1 in the adornments of the pileus and in the character of its margin1 which is even in the young plant and but slightly striate in the mature state4 ,its dimensions are said sometimes to exceed those here given1 and it is reported to have been eaten without harm and to be of an excellent flavor4 ,i have had no opportunity to try4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bg1 ,january1 #aijj4 ,,amanitop,,sis ,roze4 ,amanita2 opsis1 resembling4 ,having a universal veil at first completely enveloping the young plant1 which soon bursts through1 carrying particles of it on the pileus1 where they appear as scattered warts readily brushed off2 the remainder or volva closely enwraps the base of the stem4 ,ring absent4 ,spores white4 ,this genus was formerly included in ,amanita4 ,it differs from ,amanita in the absence of a ring or collar upon the stem and in the more sheathing volva4 ,it differs from ,lepiota in having a volva4 ,close observation is necessary in collecting ,amanitopsis for the table4 ,it has no trace of ring or veil upon the stem4 ,so far as the species are known no poisonous one exists4 ,but ,amanita spreta ,pk41 which is deadly1 so closely resembles forms of ,amanitopsis that those confident of their knowledge will be deceived4 ,the veil or traces of veil1 which ,amanita spreta always has1 sometimes so adheres to and wraps the stem that it is not noticeable without close examination1 thus giving to it every appearance of an ,amanitopsis4 ,the volva of ,a4 spreta is attached for a considerable distance to the base of the tapering stem1 and is not readily removed4 ,this is a guide to detect it4 ,it is a wolf in sheep's clothing4 ,amanitopsis corresponds to ,volvaria in the pink-spored series1 in which1 as far as known1 there is no poisonous species4 ,all ,american species of ,amanitopsis are given4 ,several have not been tested by the writer because of lack of opportunity4 ,illustration3 ,grouped by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,studies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,x4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,amanitopsis ,,vaginata1 #bh #e4 ,,mycena ,,galericulata1 #abg #b4 ,,amanitopsis ,,vaginata1 #bi #f4 ,,mycena ,,prolifera1 #abf ,,var4 ,,livida1 #c4 ,,amanitopsis ,,nivalis1 #bi #g4 ,,mycena ,,prolifera #abf 7,,section71 #d4 ,,amanitopsis ,,strangulata1 #cj ,a4 vaginata ,roze--vagina1 a sheath4 7,plate ,x1 figs4 #a1 #b1 p3 #bh47 ,pileus thin1 fragile1 glossy1 smooth except in rare instances where a few fragments of the volva adhere to it for a time1 deeply and distinctly striate on the margin1 sometimes umbonate4 ,flesh white1 in the dark forms grayish under the skin4 ,stem ringless1 sometimes smooth1 but generally mealy or floccose1 hollow or stuffed with a cottony pith1 not bulbous4 ,volva long1 thin1 fragile1 closely sheathing yet free from the stem1 except in the lower part1 easily detachable and frequently remaining in the ground when the plant is pulled4 ,color variable1 generally mouse-gray1 sometimes livid1 tawny-yellow or white1 in one variety a rich date-brown4 ,spores globose1 #h-aj broad ,peck2 elliptical #ajg-h ,massee4 ,var4 livida ,pers4--livid4 ,leaden brown1 gills dingy4 7,plate ,x1 fig4 #b1 p4 #bh47 ,var4 fulva ,schff4--yellowish4 ,tawny-yellow or pale ochraceous4 ,this plant is widely dispersed1 having been reported from many localities in the ,united ,states1 also from ,nova ,scotia and ,greenland4 ,on ground in woods and on margins of woods1 under trees1 in shaded grassy places4 ,sometimes in open stubble and pastures4 ,june to frost4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,september1 #ahii1 found a cluster on decayed chestnut stump4 ,various colors abound--hazel1 brown1 gray1 yellow1 whitish4 ,the caps and stems are tender as asparagus tips1 but without much distinct flavor when cooked4 ,great care must be taken to distinguish these forms from ,amanita spreta ,pk4 which is poisonous4 ,see heading of genus--,amanitopsis4 ,a4 nivalis ,grev4--snowy4 7,plate ,x1 fig4 #c1 p4 #bh47 ,pileus at first ovate1 then convex or plane1 smooth1 striate on the thin margin1 white1 sometimes tinged with yellow or ochraceous on the disk4 ,flesh white4 ,gills subdistant1 white1 free4 ,stem equal1 rather tall1 nearly smooth1 bulbous1 stuffed1 white2 the volva very fragile1 soon breaking up into fragments or sometimes persisting in the form of a collar-like ring at the upper part of the bulb4 ,spores globose1 #g4e-aj in diameter4 ,plant #d-f in4 high4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad4 ,stem #b-d lines thick4 ,july to ,october4 ,it approaches in some respects ,a4 ,frostiana1 but its larger size1 smooth pileus1 lighter color and the absence of an annulus will easily distinguish it from that species4 ,peck1 #cc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,specimens have been repeatedly found by the writer in open oak woods near ,philadelphia4 ,a strong1 unpleasant bitter1 which appears to develop while cooking1 renders it unpalatable4 ,it is harmless1 but its use is not advised4 ,a4 velosa ,pk4--velosus1 fleecy4 ,pileus at first subglobose1 then bell-shaped or nearly plane1 generally bearing patches of the remains of the whitish felty or tomentose volva1 elsewhere glabrous1 becoming sulcate-striate on the margin1 buff or orange-buff4 ,flesh compact1 white4 ,gills close1 reaching the stem1 subventricose1 pale cream color4 ,stem firm1 at first attenuated and tomentose at the top1 then nearly equal1 stuffed1 white or whitish1 closely sheathed at the base by the thick volva4 ,spores globose1 #aj-ac4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad4 ,stem #c-d in4 long1 #c-d lines thick4 ,under oak trees4 ,pasadena1 ,california4 ,april4 ,a4,j4 ,mc,clatchie4 ,this fungus is closely related to ,a4 vaginata1 from which it may be separated by the more adherent remains of the thicker volva which sometimes cover the whole surface of the pileus1 and by the thicker gills which are somewhat adnate to the stem and terminate with a decurrent tooth4 ,bull4 ,torr4 ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bb1 ,no4 #ab4 ,as it is probable this species will be found elsewhere than ,california1 and from its close relation to ,a4 vaginata likely to be edible1 its description is here given4 ,a4 strangulata 7,fr47 ,roze--choked1 from the stuffed stem4 7,plate ,x1 fig4 #d1 p4 #bh47 ,pileus at first ovate or subelliptical1 then bell-shaped1 convex or plane1 warty1 slightly viscid when moist1 deeply and distinctly striate on the margin1 grayish-brown4 ,gills free1 close1 white4 ,stem equal or tapering upward1 stuffed or hollow1 nearly smooth1 white or whitish1 the volva soon breaking up into scales or subannular fragments4 ,spores globose1 #aj-ac4 ,plant #d-f in4 high4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad4 ,stem #c-f lines thick4 ,peck1 #cc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,a4 ,cecili ,b4 and ,br4 is a synonym4 ,not distinct in color and general appearance from ,a4 vaginata1 but distinctly separated by its warty pileus and evanescent mouse-colored volva which does not sheath the stem4 ,pileus striate when young1 then sulcate4 ,stem mealy1 especially on the upper part4 ,woods1 open grassy places1 wheat stubble1 etc4 ,june to ,september4 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey1 ,west ,virginia1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,in the latitude of ,philadelphia the plant is found in great abundance4 ,its rather early appearance1 staying quality1 delicate consistency and flavor make it valuable as a food supply4 ,pearl color1 bluish-gray and gray are the prevailing cap-coloring4 ,a4 adnata 7,w4,g4,s47 ,roze--adnatus1 adnate1 of the gills4 ,pileus about #c in4 across4 ,flesh thick1 whitish1 firm1 convex1 then expanded1 rather moist1 pale yellowish-buff1 often furnished with irregular1 woolly patches of volva2 margin even1 extending beyond the gills4 ,stem #b-d in4 long1 in4 thick1 cylindrical1 rough1 fibrillose1 pale buff1 flesh distinct from that of the pileus1 stuffed1 then hollow2 base slightly swollen4 ,volva adnate1 white1 downy1 margin free and lax1 sometimes almost obsolete4 ,gills truly adnate1 crowded1 with many intermediate shorter ones1 white4 ,spores subglobose1 with an oblique point1 #g-h ,massee4 ,tender1 good flavor1 yielding more substance when cooked than any other ,amanitopsis4 ,a4 volvata ,pk4--possessing a volva4 ,pileus convex1 then nearly plane1 slightly striate on the margin1 hairy or floccose-scaly1 white or whitish1 the disk sometimes brownish4 ,gills close1 free1 white4 ,stem equal or slightly tapering upward1 stuffed1 minutely floccose-scaly1 whitish1 inserted at the base in a large1 firm1 cup-shaped1 persistent volva4 ,spores elliptical1 #ajh4 ,plant #b-c in4 high4 ,pileus #b-c broad4 ,stem #c-d lines thick4 ,peck1 #cc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,the plant is easily recognized by its large1 cup-shaped volva and cap1 which is not smooth1 as is usual in a species with a persistent membranous volva1 more or less scaly with minute tufts of fibrils or tomentose hairs4 ,the gills are white in the fresh plant4 ,professor ,peck notes the species as quite rare4 ,numerous specimens occur in the sandy oak woods of ,new ,jersey1 and in oak woods near ,angora1 ,philadelphia4 ,july to ,october4 ,care must be taken to determine the absence of an annulus or any trace of one4 ,tender1 delicate1 without pronounced flavor4 ,equal to ,amanitopsis vaginata4 ,a4 farinosa ,schw4--covered with farina1 meal4 ,pileus nearly plane1 thin1 flocculent-pulverulent1 widely and deeply striate on the margin1 grayish-brown or livid-brown4 ,gills free1 whitish4 ,stem whitish or pallid1 equal1 stuffed or hollow1 mealy1 sub-bulbous1 the volva flocculent-pulverulent1 evanescent4 ,spores variable1 elliptical ovate or subglobose1 #f-h long4 ,plant about #b in4 high4 ,pileus #a in4 to #ae lines broad4 ,stem #a-c lines thick4 ,july to ,september4 ,this is our smallest ,amanita 7now ,amanitopsis74 ,it is neither very common nor very abundant when it does occur4 ,it is described by ,schweinitz as 8solid10 but ,i have always found it stuffed or hollow4 ,peck1 #cc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,a4 pusilla ,pk4--small4 ,pileus thin1 broadly convex or nearly plane1 subglabrous1 slightly umbonate1 even on the margin1 pale brown4 ,gills narrow1 thin1 close1 free1 becoming brownish4 ,stem short1 hollow1 bulbous1 the bulb margined by the remains of the membranous volva4 ,spores broadly elliptical1 #e-fd4 ,pileus about #a in4 broad4 ,stem #h-ab lines long1 #a-b lines thick4 ,grassy ground4 ,gouverneur1 ,st4 ,lawrence county4 ,september4 ,mrs4 ,anthony4 ,peck1 #ejth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,edibility not tested4 ,a4 pubescens ,schw4--downy4 ,pileus yellow1 covered with a thin pubescence1 margin involute4 ,stem short1 about #a in4 in length1 at first white becoming yellowish1 bulbous1 bulb thick4 ,volva evanescent4 ,gills white4 ,in grassy grounds4 ,rare4 ,north ,carolina1 ,schweinitz1 ,curtis4 ,a4 agglutinata ,b4 and ,c4--viscid4 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad1 white1 hemispheric then plane1 viscid1 areolate-scaly from the remains of the volva1 margin thin1 sulcate4 ,stem 4#e-a4e in4 long1 #b lines thick1 short1 solid1 bulbous4 ,volva with a free margin4 ,gills broad1 ventricose1 rotundate-free4 ,spores elliptic4 ,in pine woods4 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis4 ,resembling some of the dwarf forms of ,a4 vaginata but at once distinguished by its solid stem and decidedly viscid1 areolate-squamose pileus4 ,am4 ,jour4 ,sci4 and ,arts1 #ahdh4 ,illustration3 ,grouped by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,studies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,xii4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,lepiota ,,americana1 #dh #c4 ,,lepiota ,,cepaestipes1 #df #b4 ,,lepiota ,,naucinoides1 #de #d4 ,,amanita ,,rubescens1 #ba ,,lepio,,ta ,fr4 ,lepis1 a scale4 7,plate ,,xi47 ,illustration3 ,,section ,,of ,,lepiota ,,procera4 ,pileus generally scaly from the breaking up of the cuticle and the adherence of the concrete veil4 ,gills free1 often very distant from the stem and attached to a cartilaginous collar4 ,stem hollow or stuffed1 its flesh distinct from that of the pileus4 ,ring at first attached to the cuticle of the pileus1 often movable1 sometimes evanescent4 ,on the ground4 ,several are found in hot-houses and hot-beds1 and are probably introduced species4 ,the universal veil1 covering the entire plant when very young1 is closely applied to the pileus1 which from the breaking up of the cuticle is generally scaly4 ,the stem in most species differs in substance from the pileus4 ,this is readily seen by splitting the plant in half from cap to base4 ,it is easily separated from the cap1 leaving a cup-like depression therein4 ,gills usually white4 ,in some species they are yellow-tinted4 ,in others they become a dingy red when wounded or ageing4 ,the veil in this genus1 being concrete with the cuticle of the pileus1 never appears as loose warts or patches1 neither is there a volva as in ,amanita and ,amanitopsis4 ,these three genera are the only ones in the white-spored series having gills free from the stem4 ,in a few species the gills are slightly attached to the stem1 but are never decurrent upon it as in ,armillaria4 ,when the plant is young it is egg-shaped4 ,it then gradually spreads1 becomes convex1 and opens until it is nearly flat1 with a knob in the center4 ,the only species in this genus known to be poisonous to some persons is ,l4 ,morgani ,pk41 which is distinguished by its green spores and white gills becoming green4 ,l4 ,vittadini has also been regarded with suspicion4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,tribes4 ,a4 ,,pileus ,,dry4 ,,proceri 7,l4 procera74 ,page #ce4 ,ring movable4 ,the plant is at first entirely enclosed in a universal veil1 which splits around at the base1 the lower part disappearing on the bulb1 the upper part attached to the pileus breaking up into scales4 ,stem encircled at the top with a cartilaginous collar to which the free1 remote gills are attached4 ,,clypeolarii 7,l4 clypeolaria74 ,page #ci4 ,ring fixed1 attached to the upper portion of the universal veil which sheaths the stem from the base upward1 making it downy or scaly below the ring4 ,the remainder of the veil united with the pileus breaking up and becoming downy or scaly4 ,collar at the apex of stem not so large as in ,proceri1 hence the gills are not usually so remote4 ,taste and smell unpleasant1 resembling that of radishes4 ,,annulosi 7annulus1 a ring74 ,page #dd4 ,ring fixed1 somewhat persistent1 universal veil closely attached to the pileus4 ,collar absent or similar in texture to the stem4 ,stem1 not sheathed4 ,,granulosi 7,l4 granulosa74 ,page #di4 ,pileus granular or warty4 ,universal veil sheathing the stem1 at first continuous from the stem to the pileus1 finally rupturing1 forming a ring nearer the base4 ,stem not so distinctly different from the pileus as in other sections4 ,,mesomorphi 7,l4 mesomorpha74 ,small1 slender1 stem hollow4 ,pileus smooth1 dry4 ,b4 ,,pileus ,,viscid4 ,,neither ,,scaly ,,nor ,,warty4 ,illustration3 ,photographed by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,weist4 ,,plate ,,xiii4 ,,lepiota ,,procera4 ,a4 ,,pileus ,,dry4 ,,proce,,ri4 ,ring movable1 etc4 ,l4 procera ,scop4--procerus1 tall4 7,plate ,,xiii1 p4 #cd47 ,tall ,lepiota1 ,parasol ,mushroom1 in some localities ,pasture ,mushroom 7a misleading title74 ,the ,flesh not very thick1 soft1 permanently white4 ,pileus at first ovate1 finally expanded1 cuticle soon breaking up into brown scales1 excepting upon the umbo1 umbo smooth1 dark-brown1 distinct4 ,the caps vary in shades of brown1 sometimes they have a faint tinge of lavender4 ,gills whitish1 crowded1 narrowing toward the stem1 and very remote from it4 ,stem variable in length1 often very long1 tubular1 at first stuffed with light fibrils1 quite bulbous at base1 generally spotted or scaly with peculiar snake-like markings below the ring1 which is thick1 firm and readily movable4 ,when the stem is removed from pileus it leaves a deep cavity extending nearly to the cuticle4 ,pileus #c-f in4 broad4 ,stem #e-ab in4 high1 about in4 thick4 ,white spores elliptical1 #ad-ahi-aa ,peck2 #ab-aeh-i ,massee2 #adaj ,lloyd4 ,readily known by its extremely tall stem1 shaggy cap1 distinct umbo and the channel between the gills and stem4 ,resembles no poisonous species4 ,before cooking the scurf should be rubbed from the caps1 which alone should be eaten1 as the stem is tough4 ,though the flesh is thin1 the gills are meaty and have a pleasant1 nutty flavor4 ,fried in butter it has few equals4 ,it makes a superior catsup4 ,l4 rachodes ,vitt4 ,gr4--a ragged1 tattered garment4 ,pileus very fleshy1 but very soft when full grown1 globose then flattened or depressed1 not umbonate1 at first incrusted with a thick1 rigid1 even1 very smooth1 bay-brown1 wholly continuous cuticle1 which remains entire at the disk but otherwise soon becomes elegantly reticulated with cracks2 these very readily separate into persistent1 polygonal1 concentric scales1 which are revolute at the margin and attached to the surface with beautifully radiating fibers1 the surface remaining coarsely fibrillose-downy4 ,flesh white1 immediately becoming saffron-red when broken1 easily separating from the apex of the distinct stem1 which is encircled with a prominent collar4 ,stem stout1 at the first bulbous with a distinct margin upon the bulb1 conical when young1 then elongated1 attenuated upward1 as much as a span long1 very robust1 #a in4 thick1 and more at the base1 always even1 and without a trace of scales or even of fibrils although the appearance is obsoletely silky1 wholly whitish1 hollow within1 stuffed with spider-web threads1 the walls remarkably and coarsely fibrous4 ,ring movable1 adhering longer to the margin of the pileus than to the apex of the stem1 hence rayed with fibers at the circumference1 clothed beneath with one or two zones of scales4 ,gills very remote1 tapering toward each end or broadest at the middle1 crowded1 whitish1 sometimes reddening4 ,stevenson4 ,veil remarkable in its development and thick margin4 ,spores #fh ,w4,g4,s4 ,fort ,edward1 ,howe2 ,westfield1 ,n4,y41 ,miss ,l4,m4 ,patchen2 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a heavier species than ,l4 procera1 of which by some writers it has been considered a variety1 but it differs in the absence of umbo and flesh becoming tinged with red4 ,stem is decidedly swollen downward4 ,veil heavy1 apparently double1 thickest at margin of cap to which it remains attached in heavy fragments4 ,it tears from the stem1 leaving no mark of ring4 ,var4 puellaris ,fr4--puella1 a girl4 ,smaller than typical form1 shining white1 pileus with downy scales4 ,not yet reported in ,america4 ,edible qualities similar to those of ,l4 procera4 ,it is sold indiscriminately with it in ,london markets4 ,l4 excoriata ,schaeff4--stripped of its skin4 ,flesh spongy1 rather thick1 white1 unchangeable4 ,pileus at first globose1 then flat1 hardly umbonate1 pale-fawn or whitish1 disk dark2 cuticle thin1 silky or scaly1 sometimes areolate1 more or less peeled toward margin1 hence its name4 ,gills ventricose1 white1 free1 somewhat remote4 ,stem attenuated1 hollow or stuffed1 short1 scarcely bulbous1 smooth1 white1 not spotted1 very distinct from flesh of pileus4 ,ring movable but not so freely as that of ,l4 procera4 ,stem #a-b high1 less than in4 thick4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad4 ,spores #ad-aeh-i ,massee4 ,in pastures or grassy lawns4 ,may to ,september4 ,north ,carolina1 edible1 ,curtis2 ,massachusetts1 ,frost2 ,california1 ,h4 and ,m42 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,minnesota1 ,johnson4 ,distinguished from the preceding by its smaller size and short stem which is scarcely bulbous4 ,esculent qualities good4 ,l4 mastoidea ,fr4 ,gr4--breast-shaped4 ,pileus rather thin1 ovate1 bell-shaped1 then flattened1 with a conspicuous acute umbo1 cuticle thin1 brownish1 breaking up in minute scattered scales2 the pileus appears whitish beneath4 ,stem hollow1 smooth1 tough1 flexible1 attenuated from the bulbous base to the apex4 ,ring entire1 movable4 ,gills very remote1 crowded1 broad1 tapering at both ends1 white4 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #c-d lines thick at base1 #a-b lines at apex4 ,north ,carolina1 edible1 ,curtis4 ,it is generally eaten in ,europe4 ,in woods1 especially about old stumps4 ,october4 ,the entire plant is whitish and is well marked by the prominent umbo1 which generally has a depression around it4 ,it has the least substance of any in this section1 and consequently not much value as food4 ,l4 gracilenta ,krombh4--gracilis1 slender4 ,pileus rather fleshy1 thickest at the disk1 ovate then bell-shaped1 finally flattened1 obscurely umbonate2 at first brownish from the adnate cuticle1 which1 breaking up into broad adpressed scales1 allows the whitish pileus to be seen beneath them4 ,gills remote1 very broad1 crowded1 pallid4 ,stem whitish1 obscurely scaly1 hollow or containing slight fibrils1 slightly bulbous4 ,ring thin1 floccose1 vanishing4 ,stem #e-f in4 long1 #c-e lines thick4 ,in pastures1 also in woods4 ,spores #aah ,w4,g4,s4 ,almost as tall as ,l4 procera1 but slighter in stem and pileus2 the ring1 instead of being firm and persistent1 is thin and fugacious1 and the stem is hardly bulbous4 ,edible1 but not of the first quality4 ,illustration3 ,photographed by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,weist4 ,,plate ,,xiv4 ,,lepiota ,,morgani4 ,l4 ,morgani ,pk4--in honor of ,professor ,morgan4 7,plate ,,xiv47 ,pileus fleshy1 soft1 at first subglobose1 then expanded or even depressed1 white1 the brownish or yellowish cuticle breaking up into scales except on the disk4 ,gills close1 lanceolate1 remote1 white1 then green4 ,stem firm1 equal or tapering upward1 subbulbous1 smooth1 webby-stuffed1 whitish1 tinged with brown4 ,ring rather large1 movable4 ,flesh both of the pileus and stem white1 changing to reddish and then to yellowish when cut or bruised4 ,spores ovate or subelliptical1 mostly uninucleate1 sordid green1 #aj-acg-h4 ,plant #f-h in4 high4 ,pileus #e-i in4 broad4 ,stem #f-ab lines thick4 ,peck in ,bot4 ,gaz41 ,march1 #ahgi4 ,open dry grassy places4 ,dayton1 ,ohio4 ,a4,p4 ,morgan4 ,this species is remarkable because of the peculiar color of the spores4 ,no green-spored ,agaric1 so far as ,i am aware1 has before been discovered1 and no one of the five series1 in which the very numerous species of the genus have been arranged1 is characterized in such a way as to receive this species4 ,it seems a little hasty to found a series 7,viridispori7 on the strength of a single species4 ,until other species of such a supposed series shall be discovered it seems best to regard this as an aberrant member of the white-spored series4 ,the same course has been taken with those ,agarics which have sordid or yellowish or lilac-tinted spores4 ,it gives me great pleasure to dedicate this fine species to its discoverer ,mr4 ,morgan4 ,peck4 ,commonly #f-h in4 high1 #e-i in4 diameter1 though larger specimens are sometimes found4 ,it is the most conspicuous ,agaric in the meadows and pastures of the ,miami valley2 it appears to flourish from spring to autumn whenever there is abundance of rain4 ,it is heavier and stouter than ,l4 procera and ,i am disposed to claim that it is the largest ,agaric in the world4 ,spores #aj-abg-h4 ,in immature specimens they are greenish-yellow4 ,morgan4 ,kansas1 ,bartholomew 7,peck1 ,rep4 #ej72 ,kansas1 ,cragin2 ,alabama1 ,u4 and ,e42 ,georgia1 ,benson2 ,louisiana1 ,rev4 ,a4,b4 ,langlois2 ,michigan1 ,c4,f4 ,wheeler 7,lloyd1 ,myc4 ,notes72 ,texas1 ,prof4 ,w4,s4 ,carter2 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,miller4 ,l4 ,morgani is one of the largest1 handsomest of the genus4 ,it is very abundant in the western and southwestern states4 ,mr4 ,h4,i4 ,miller1 ,terre ,haute1 ,ind41 writes ,august #ah1 #ahih3 8,i have recently measured several which were more than twelve inches across4 ,at the present time this mushroom is growing in more abundance throughout ,indiana than any other4 ,it grows luxuriantly in the pastures1 generally in grand fairy rings1 five1 ten1 fifteen feet in diameter4 ,we find it also in the woods4 ,it is beautifully white and majestic1 and these rings can be seen in meadows where the grass has been eaten close1 for half a mile or more4 ,the gills are white until the cap is almost opened1 by which time the green spores begin to cause the gills to change to green4 ,the meat is fine and is usually more free from worms than other mushrooms4 ,six families1 here1 have eaten heartily of them4 ,the experience is that one or two members of each family are made sick1 though in two families1 who have several times eaten them1 no one was made sick4 ,i enjoy them immensely1 and never feel any the worse for eating them4 ,i doubt if we have a finer-flavored fungus4 ,the meat is simply delicious4 ,one fairy ring yields a bushel40 ,prof4 ,w4,s4 ,carter1 ,university of ,texas1 ,galveston1 reported to me 7and sent specimens of ,l4 ,morganii7 the poisoning of three laboring men from eating this fungus4 ,they were seriously sick1 but recovered4 ,the conclusion is inevitable that this green-spored ,lepiota contains a poison which violently attacks some persons1 yet is harmless upon others4 ,i have not had opportunity to test it4 ,it should be tested with great caution4 ,,clypeola,,rii4 ,clypeus1 a shield4 ,ring fixed2 stem sheathed1 etc4 ,l4 ,friesii ,lasch4--in honor of ,fries4 ,pileus fleshy1 soft1 lacerated into appressed tomentose scales4 ,stem hollow1 with a webby pith1 subbulbous1 scaly4 ,ring superior1 pendulous1 equal4 ,gills subremote1 linear1 crowded1 branched4 ,fries4 ,pileus fleshy but rather thin1 convex or nearly plane1 clothed with a soft1 tawny or brownish-tawny down1 which breaks up into appressed1 often subconfluent scales1 the disk rough with small acute1 erect scales4 ,flesh soft1 white4 ,gills narrow1 crowded1 free1 white1 some of them forked4 ,stem equal or slightly tapering upward1 subbulbous1 hollow1 colored like the pileus below the ring1 and there clothed with tomentose fibrils which sometimes form floccose or tomentose scales1 white and powdered above4 ,ring well developed1 flabby1 white above1 tawny and floccose-scaly below4 ,spores #g-hc-d4 ,plant #b-e in4 high4 ,pileus #a-d in4 broad4 ,stem #b-e lines thick4 ,catskill mountains and ,east ,worcester4 ,july to ,september4 ,i have quoted the description of this species as it is found in ,epicrisis1 because the ,american plant which ,i have referred to it does not in all respects agree with this description1 but comes so near it that it can scarcely be specifically distinct4 ,in the ,american plant1 so far as ,i have seen it1 erect1 acute scales are always present1 especially on the disk1 and the down of the pileus does not always break up into distinct areas or scales4 ,neither is the stem usually scaly1 but rather clothed with soft tomentose or almost silky fibrils4 ,the gills are crowded and some of them are forked4 ,at the furcations there are slight depressions which interrupt the general level of the edges1 and give them the appearance of having been eaten by insects4 ,the plant has a slight odor1 especially when cut or bruised4 ,peck1 #ceth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,remarks under ,l4 acutesquamosa apply to ,l4 ,friesii1 which ,fries himself doubts being distinct from the first4 ,the plants vary greatly in size1 color and habitat4 ,the name--acutesquamosa--carries a descriptive meaning with it that ,l4 ,friesii does not4 ,it does not appear to have been reported except by ,professor ,peck1 but probably appears as ,l4 acutesquamosa in other lists4 ,the edible qualities are excellent4 ,l4 acutesquamosa ,wein4--acutus1 sharp2 squama1 a scale4 ,pileus fleshy1 obtuse1 at first hairy-floccose1 then bristly with erect1 acute1 rough scales4 ,stem somewhat stuffed1 stout1 bulbous1 powdered above the moderate-sized ring4 ,gills approximate1 lanceolate1 simple4 ,fries4 ,pileus convex or nearly plane1 obtuse or broadly subumbonate1 clothed with a soft tawny or brownish-tawny tomentum1 which usually breaks up into imperfect areas or squam1 rough with erect1 acute scales1 which are generally larger and more numerous on the disk4 ,gills close1 free1 white or yellowish4 ,stem equal1 hollow or stuffed with webby filaments1 subbulbous4 ,spores about #gc-d4 ,woods and conservatories4 ,buffalo1 ,g4,w4 ,clinton2 ,albany1 ,a4,f4 ,chatfield2 ,adirondack mountains and ,brewertown1 ,peck4 ,the form found in the hot-houses seems to have the tomentum of the pileus less dense and the erect scales more numerous than in the form growing in woods4 ,the annulus is frequently lacerated4 ,in the specimens of the woods the erect scales are sometimes blackish in color1 and they then contrast quite conspicuously with the tawny or brownish-tawny tomentum beneath them4 ,they vary in size and shape4 ,some resemble pointed papill1 others1 being more elongated1 are almost spine-like4 ,these are sometimes curved4 ,they are generally larger and more numerous on the disk than elsewhere1 and often they are wholly wanting on the margin4 ,peck1 #ceth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,west ,philadelphia1 #ahig1 on lawn and growing from trunk of a maple tree2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 mixed woods4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,i first saw specimens of ,l4 acutesquamosa when sent to me by ,miss ,lydia ,m4 ,patchen1 ,president ,westfield ,toadstool ,club4 ,it was later found by myself and tested4 ,specimens were sent to ,professor ,peck and identified as ,l4 acutesquamosa4 ,caps and stems brownish-purple4 ,the pointed squamules or tufts have dark-brown points1 shaded to a delicate purple at base4 ,gills light1 faint flesh-color4 ,veil is silky1 transparent1 beautiful1 quite tenacious--stretching until cap is well expanded1 persistent1 though at times fugacious4 ,smell like stewed mushrooms4 ,the caps are of excellent substance and flavor4 ,l4 hispida ,lasch4--rough4 ,pileus #b-c in4 across4 ,flesh thin1 white1 unchangeable2 hemispherical then expanded1 umbonate1 tomentose or downy at first from the remains of the universal veil2 during expansion the down becomes broken up into small1 spreading1 scaly points1 which eventually disappear1 umber-brown1 sometimes with a tawny tinge4 ,gills free but near to the stem1 the collar of the pileus prominent and sheathing the stem1 crowded1 ventricose1 simple1 white4 ,stem about #c-e in4 long1 #c-e lines thick1 attenuated upward1 densely squamosely-woolly up to the superior1 membranaceous1 reflexed ring1 dingy-brown1 stem tubular1 but fibrillosely stuffed4 ,spores #f-gd ,massee4 ,in margins of and in open mixed woods1 under pine trees1 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,july to ,september1 #ahib4 ,quite plentiful year after year in the same places4 ,the ,american plant is taller than the ,english species1 the stem reaching five inches1 and the color of the cap a delicate tawny-brown4 ,smell slight1 but pungent like radishes4 ,the whole fungus is tender and delicious4 ,it is one of the few ,lepiot that stews well4 ,l4 felina ,pers4--belonging to a cat4 ,pileus thin1 bell-shaped or convex1 subumbonate1 adorned with numerous subtomentose or floccose blackish-brown scales4 ,gills close1 free1 white4 ,stem slender1 rather long1 equal or slightly tapering upward1 hollow1 clothed with soft1 loose1 floccose filaments1 brown4 ,ring slight1 evanescent4 ,spores elliptical1 #f-hd-e4 ,plant #b-c4e in4 high4 ,pileus 4#e-a4e in4 broad4 ,stem #a-b lines thick4 ,woods4 ,adirondack ,mountains4 ,august and ,september4 ,it is easily distinguished from ,a4 rubrotincta by the darker color of the scales of the pileus1 by the loose floccose filaments that clothe the brown stem1 by the fugacious ring and the smaller spores4 ,peck1 #ceth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,the caps compare favorably with other ,lepiot in substance and flavor4 ,l4 cristata ,a4 and ,s4--crista1 a tuft1 crest4 ,pileus thin1 bell-shaped or convex1 then nearly plane1 obtuse1 at first with an even reddish or reddish-brown surface1 then white adorned with reddish or reddish-brown scales formed by the breaking up of the cuticle1 the central part or disk colored like the scales4 ,gills close1 free1 white4 ,stem slender1 hollow1 equal1 smooth or silky-fibrillose below the ring1 whitish4 ,ring small1 white4 ,spores oblong or narrowly subelliptical1 #e-gc-d4 ,plant #a-b in4 high4 ,pileus 4#e-a4e in4 broad4 ,stem #a-b lines thick4 ,grassy places and borders of woods4 ,june to ,september4 ,this species is easily known by its small size and the crested appearance of the white pileus1 an appearance produced by the orbicular unruptured portion of the cuticle that remains like a colored spot on the disk4 ,the fragments or scales are more close near this central part and more distant from each other toward the margin1 where they are often wholly wanting4 ,the scales are sometimes very small and almost granular4 ,in very wet weather the margin of the pileus in this and some other species becomes upturned or reflexed4 ,peck1 #ceth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,found in ,woodland ,cemetery1 ,philadelphia4 ,june to ,september1 #ahig4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,scales were appressed and slightly tinged with brown1 often very small4 ,caps of same1 upturned and bare near margin4 ,taste sweet1 slightly like new meal4 ,odor strong4 ,cooked it is of good consistency and pleasing to taste4 ,l4 alluvina ,pk4--alluvies1 the over-flowing of a river4 ,pileus thin1 convex or plane1 reflexed on the margin1 white1 adorned with minute pale-yellow hairy or fibrillose scales4 ,gills thin1 close1 free1 white or yellowish4 ,stem slender1 fibrillose1 whitish or pallid1 slightly thickened at the base4 ,ring slight1 subpersistent1 often near the middle of the stem4 ,spores elliptical1 #f-gd-e4 ,plant #a-b in4 high4 ,pileus 4#e-a in4 broad4 ,stem #a-a4e lines thick4 ,alluvial soil1 among weeds4 ,albany4 ,july4 ,in the fresh plant the scales are of a pale yellow or lemon color1 but in drying they and the whole pileus take a deeper rich yellow hue4 ,the ring is generally remote from the pileus1 sometimes even below the middle of the stem4 ,peck1 #ceth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,in #ahig1 ,i found it growing among weeds on lot near ,university of ,pennsylvania1 ,philadelphia4 ,seemingly it is a city resident4 ,the taste and smell are pleasant4 ,cooked it is tender and savory4 ,both stems and caps are good4 ,l4 metulspora ,b4 and ,br4--metula1 an obelisk4 ,pileus thin1 bell-shaped or convex1 subumbonate1 at first with a uniform pallid or brownish surface1 which soon breaks up into small brownish scales1 the margin more or less striate1 often appendiculate with fragments of the veil4 ,gills close1 free1 white4 ,stem slender1 equal or slightly tapering upward1 hollow1 adorned with soft floccose scales or filaments1 pallid4 ,ring slight1 evanescent4 ,spores long1 subfusiform4 ,plant #b-c4e in4 high4 ,pileus 4#e-a4e in4 broad4 ,stem #a-b lines thick4 ,woods4 ,adirondack mountains4 ,august and ,september4 ,this species occurs with us in the same localities as ,l4 felina1 which it very much resembles in size1 shape and general characters1 differing only in color1 the striate margin of the pileus and the character of the spores4 ,the species has a wide range1 having been found in ,ceylon1 ,england1 ,alabama and ,kentucky4 ,peck1 #ceth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,this has not been elsewhere noted in the ,united ,states1 probably from neglect of the spore characters1 being reported as ,l4 clypeolaria4 ,new ,jersey and ,pennsylvania4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,annulo,,si4 ,ring large1 fixed2 stem not sheathed4 ,l4 holosericea ,fr4 ,gr4--entire1 silken4 ,pileus #c in4 and more broad1 whitish or clay-white1 fleshy1 soft1 convex then expanded1 rather plane1 obtuse1 floccoso-silky1 somewhat fibrillose1 becoming even1 fragile1 disk by no means gibbous2 and wholly of the same color2 margin involute when young4 ,flesh soft1 white4 ,stem #b-d in4 long1 in4 and more thick1 solid1 bulbous and not rooted at the base1 soft1 fragile1 silky-fibrillose1 whitish4 ,ring superior1 membranaceous1 large1 soft1 pendulous1 the margin again ascending4 ,gills wholly free1 broad1 ventricose1 crowded1 becoming pale-white4 ,fries4 ,a species well marked from all others4 ,inodorous4 ,on soil in flower beds4 ,spores elliptical1 #g-he ,massee2 #fi ,w4,g4,s4 ,wisconsin1 ,bundy2 ,minnesota1 ,johnson4 ,considered esculent in ,europe4 ,l4 ,vittadini ,fr4--in honor of the ,italian mycologist4 ,pileus #c-d in4 across4 ,flesh #d-f lines thick at the disk1 becoming very thin at the margin1 white2 convex then plane1 obtuse or gibbous1 densely covered with small1 erect1 wart-like scales1 altogether whitish4 ,gills free but rather close to the stem1 #c-d lines broad1 rounded in front1 thickish1 ventricose1 with a greenish tinge4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 up to in4 thick1 cylindrical1 with numerous concentric rings of squarrose scales1 up to the superior1 large ring2 whitish1 or the edges of the scales often tipped with red1 solid4 ,fries4 ,in pastures1 etc4 ,intermediate between ,lepiota and ,amanita4 ,noted by ,fries as poisonous4 ,it may or may not be1 but as a matter of precaution it is described4 ,a large species1 pure white1 extremely beautiful4 ,massachusetts1 ,farlow4 ,illustration3 ,photographed by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,weist4 ,,plate ,,xv4 ,,lepiota ,,naucinoides4 ,l4 naucina ,fr4 ,no translation applicable4 ,pileus #a-a in4 broad1 white1 the disk of the same color1 fleshy1 soft1 gibbous or obtusely umbonate when flattened1 even1 the thin cuticle splitting up into granules4 ,stem #a-c in4 long1 stuffed1 at length somewhat hollow1 but without a definite tube1 attenuated upward from the thickened base1 fibrillose1 unspotted1 white4 ,ring superior1 tender1 but persistent1 adhering to the stem1 at length reflexed4 ,gills free1 approximate1 crowded1 ventricose1 soft1 white4 ,there is a prominent collar1 as in the ,clypeolarii1 embracing the stem4 ,stature and appearance of ,l4 excoriata1 but commonly smaller1 the superior ring adfixed1 etc4 ,fries4 ,spores subglobose1 #f-g ,massee4 ,l4 naucina ,fr4 is the ,european species which has its ,american counterpart in ,l4 naucinoides ,pk4 ,the variations in the ,american species are noted under ,l4 naucinoides4 ,as ,amanita phalloides--in its white form--the poisonous white ,amanita1 resembles ,l4 naucina or ,l4 naucinoides in some stages of its growth and may be confounded with it1 careful note should be taken of their external differences4 ,in ,l4 naucinoides the bulb and stem are continuous1 each passing into the other imperceptibly2 in ,a4 phalloides the junction of stem and bulb is abrupt and remains so1 and the bulb is more or less enwrapped in the volva4 ,the ring is also larger than in ,l4 naucinoides and is pendulous1 and the gills are permanently white4 ,a certain means of distinguishing between them is by the application of heat as in cooking4 ,on toasting both it will be found that the gills of the ,amanita remain white1 but those of the ,lepiota turn quickly brown4 ,l4 naucinoides ,pk4 ,no translation applicable4 7,plates ,plate ,,xv1 ,,xii fig4 #b1 p4 #cb47 ,pileus soft1 smooth1 white or snowy-white4 ,gills free1 white1 slowly changing with age to a dirty pinkish-brown or smoky-brown color4 ,stem ringed1 slightly thickened at the base1 colored like the pileus4 ,spores subelliptical1 uninucleate1 white1 #h-aj long#e-h broad4 ,peck1 #dhth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,kansas1 ,cragin2 ,wisconsin1 ,bundy2 ,new ,jersey1 ,ellis2 ,iowa1 ,macbride2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #bc;d1 #bith1 #ceth ,rep42 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,miller1 ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,weist4 ,l4 naucinoides ,pk4 is the ,american counterpart of ,l4 naucina ,fr41 a ,european species1 excepting that the spores of the latter are described as globose4 ,the caps are ovate when young and usually from #a-c in4 across when expanded1 but occasionally reach #d in41 smooth1 but frequently rough or minutely cracked in the center1 white or varying shades of white deepening in color at the summit4 ,in a rare form var4 squamosa1 large1 thick scales occur which are caused by the breaking up of the cap surface4 ,when young the gills are white or faintly yellow1 becoming pinkish or dull brown in age4 ,the pinkish hue is not always apparent4 ,the outer edge of the veil or ring is thickest2 usually it is firmly attached to the stem1 but movable rings are frequently noticed4 ,when the plant ages the ring is often missing1 but traces of it are always discernible4 ,stem rarely equal1 often it is distinctly bulbous1 generally tapering upward from a more or less enlarged base1 hollow when fully grown1 until then containing cottony fibers within the cavity or appearing solid1 #b-c in4 long1 - in4 thick4 ,its habitat is similar to that of the common mushroom--lawns1 pastures1 grassy places--though unlike the latter it is found in woods4 ,until thoroughly acquainted with it1 specimens found in woods and supposed to be ,l4 naucinoides should not be eaten4 ,an ,amanita might be mistaken for it4 ,it is readily distinguishable from the common mushroom and its allies by the color of the gills and spores which are white1 and differences in stem and veil4 ,it is found from ,july until after hard frosts4 ,it was first reported edible by ,professor ,peck in #ahge1 under the name of ,agaricus naucinus4 ,the ,l4 naucinoides is rewarding the favor with which it has been received as an esculent1 it being equal to the common mushroom and quite free from insects4 ,large crops of it are reported from all over the country1 and from many sections it is told of as a stranger4 ,during #ahig-ih the author has found it in plenty upon ground familiar to him for years1 upon which it had not previously shown itself4 ,the common mushroom must look to its laurels4 ,its cultivation as a marketable crop is possible and probable4 ,l4 cepstipes ,sow4--cepa1 an onion2 stipes1 stem4 7,plate ,,xii1 fig4 #c1 p4 #cb47 ,pileus thin1 at first ovate1 then bell-shaped or expanded1 umbonate1 soon adorned with numerous minute brownish scales1 which are often granular or mealy1 folded into lines on the margin1 white or yellow1 the umbo darker4 ,gills thin1 close1 free1 white1 becoming dingy with age or in drying4 ,stem rather long1 tapering toward the apex1 generally enlarged in the middle or near the base1 hollow4 ,ring thin1 subpersistent4 ,spores subelliptical1 with a single nucleus1 #h-aje-h4 ,plant often cespitose1 #b-d in4 high4 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad4 ,stem #b-c lines thick4 ,rich ground and decomposing vegetable matter4 ,also in graperies and conservatories4 ,buffalo1 ,g4,w4 ,clinton2 ,albany1 ,a4,f4 ,chatfield4 ,peck1 #ceth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores elliptical1 #g-hd ,massee2 #hd ,w4,g4,s42 #h-aje-h ,peck4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,pennsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine2 ,new ,york1 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,c4 ,anthony2 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,miller4 ,july to ,october4 ,whoever has seen the seed-stalks of an onion knows the shape from which this fungus takes its name4 ,the dense clusters are graceful1 dainty1 and contain many individuals of all ages--from the very young with egg-shaped heads1 like pigmy ,c4 comatus1 to the fluff-capped eldest1 willowy and fair to look upon4 ,the out-door kind soon droops when matured2 the young plants of a cluster will remain fresh for several days after taken from their habitat4 ,stems in these tufts are often quill-shaped1 and the striations on the cap margins are shorter than those on their indoor cousins4 ,these grow in hot-houses and stables4 ,one of the two forms has a yellow cap1 the other is white and fair4 ,these forms have often come to my table as a pleasant winter surprise4 ,children in the hot-houses of ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 watched for its appearance among the bedded plants1 sure of a present when they brought me a meal of it4 ,both the white and yellow varieties were equally enjoyed4 ,the entire fungus is tender and delicious cooked in any way4 ,l4 farinosa ,pk4--farina1 meal4 ,pileus thin1 rather tough1 flexible1 at first globose or ovate1 then bell-shaped or convex1 covered with a soft1 dense1 white veil of mealy down1 which soon ruptures1 forming irregular1 easily-detersible scales1 more persistent and sometimes brownish on the disk4 ,flesh white1 unchangeable4 ,gills close1 free1 white1 minutely downy on the edge4 ,stem equal or slightly tapering upward1 somewhat thickened at the base1 slightly mealy1 often becoming glabrous1 hollow or with a cottony pith above1 solid at the base1 white1 pallid or straw-colored1 the ring lacerated1 somewhat appendiculate on the margin of the pileus1 evanescent4 ,spores subovate1 #aj-ach4 ,pileus #a4e-b4e in4 broad4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #b-d lines thick4 ,mushroom beds in a conservatory1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,march4 ,communicated by ,e4,j4 ,forster4 ,this species is related to ,l4 cepstipes1 from which it may be distinguished by its pileus1 which is not folded on the margin1 and by its larger spores4 ,it is edible4 ,it is very distinct from ,amanita farinosa4 ,peck1 #dc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,ohio1 ,lloyd1 ,prof4 ,william ,miller 7,lloyd ,myc4 ,notes74 ,l4 ,americana ,pk4 7,plate ,,xii1 fig4 #a1 p4 #cb4 ,plate ,,xva47 ,pileus at first ovate1 then convex or expanded1 umbonate1 scaly1 white1 the umbo and scales reddish or reddish-brown4 ,gills close1 free1 white4 ,stem somewhat thickened at or a little above the base1 hollow1 bearing a ring1 white4 ,spores subelliptical1 uninucleate1 #h-aje-h4 ,the ,american lepiota belongs to the same genus as the parasol mushroom and the ,smooth lepiota4 ,it has one character in which it differs from all other species of ,lepiota4 ,the whole plant when fresh is white1 except the umbo and the scales of the cap1 but in drying it assumes a dull reddish or smoky-red color4 ,by this character it is easily recognized4 ,in the very young plant the cap is somewhat egg-shaped and nearly covered by the thin reddish-brown cuticle1 but as the plant enlarges the cuticle separates and forms the scales that adorn the cap4 ,on the central prominence or umbo1 however1 it usually remains entire4 ,the margin of the cap is thin and is generally marked with short radiating lines or striations4 ,the gills do not quite reach the stem and are1 therefore1 free from it4 ,sometimes they are connected with each other at or near their inner extremity by transverse branches4 ,they are a little broader near the margin of the cap than at their inner extremity4 ,the stem affords a peculiar feature4 ,it is often enlarged towards the base and then abruptly narrowed below the enlargement1 as in the ,onion-stemmed lepiota4 ,in some instances1 however1 the enlargement is not contracted below and then the stem gradually tapers from the base upward4 ,the stem is hollow and usually furnished with a collar1 but sometimes this is thin and may disappear with advancing age4 ,wounds or bruises are apt to assume brownish-red hues4 ,the caps vary in width from #a-d in42 the stems are from #c-e in4 long1 and #b-e lines thick4 ,sometimes plants attain even larger dimensions than these4 ,the plants grow singly or in tufts in grassy ground or on old stumps4 ,they may be found from ,july to ,october4 ,illustration3 ,photographed by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,weist4 ,,plate ,,xva4 ,,lepiota ,,americana4 ,in flavor this species is not much inferior to the parasol mushroom1 but when cooked in milk or cream it imparts its own reddish color to the material in which it is cooked4 ,it is1 however1 a fine addition to our list of esculent species4 ,peck1 #dith ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,i found several on a decaying willow trunk1 and on the ground beside it1 in ,philadelphia4 ,in ,july1 #ahih1 large quantities1 often clustered1 grew under the great1 open auditorium of the ,pennsylvania ,chautauqua1 at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 from ground covered with crushed limestone4 ,the caps are meaty and excellent in flavor4 ,they should be broiled or fried4 ,,granulosi4 ,pileus granular or warty4 ,stem sheathed1 etc4 ,l4 granulosa ,batsch4--granosus1 full of grains4 ,pileus thin1 convex or nearly plane1 sometimes almost umbonate1 rough1 with numerous granular or branny scales1 often radiately wrinkled1 rusty-yellow or reddish-yellow1 often growing paler with age4 ,flesh white or reddish-tinged4 ,gills close1 rounded behind and usually slightly adnexed1 white4 ,stem equal or slightly thickened at the base1 stuffed or hollow1 white above the ring1 colored and adorned like the pileus below it4 ,ring slight1 evanescent4 ,spores elliptical #d-ec-d4 ,plant #a-b4e in4 high4 ,pileus #a-b4e in4 broad4 ,stem #a-c lines thick4 ,woods1 copses and waste places4 ,common4 ,august to ,october4 ,this is a small species with a short stem and granular reddish-yellow pileus1 and gills slightly attached to the stem1 a character by which it differs from all the preceding4 ,the ring is very small and fugacious1 being little more than the abrupt termination to the coating of the stem4 ,peck1 #ceth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores #e-fc ,b42 #cd ,w4,g4,s42 elliptical1 #d-ec-d ,peck4 ,var4 rufescens ,b4 and ,br4 ,pure white at first1 then partially turning red and in drying acquiring everywhere a reddish tint4 ,var4 albida ,pk4 ,persistently white4 ,though small many plants grow neighboring4 ,being fleshy for their size1 and of pleasing quality1 they well repay gathering4 ,remove stems4 ,open woods1 ,angora1 ,west ,philadelphia2 ,haddonfield1 ,new ,jersey1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a4 ,,cuticle ,,viscid4 ,,neither ,,scaly ,,nor ,,warty4 ,l4 delicata ,fr4--delicatus1 delicate4 ,up to #a in4 across1 reddish1 becoming yellowish toward margin4 ,flesh well proportioned to cap1 convex1 obscurely umbonate1 glabrous1 slightly viscid4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 very thin1 but covered with dense downy scales1 equal1 lighter than cap4 ,ring usually entire1 membranaceous1 fluffy from scales4 ,gills free1 crowded1 ventricose1 white4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,january1 #ahif-ig1 in hot-houses4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a delicate1 delicious ,lepiota4 ,though small1 it is meaty4 ,its appearance in hot-houses 7it is found in woods7 insures a crop at a time of year when other species are not plentiful1 and when anything edible in the toadstool line is most welcome to their lovers4 ,l4 lenticularis ,lasch4--lenticula1 a lentil4 ,pileus at first globose1 then convex1 even1 naked1 pinkish-tan color4 ,flesh thick1 spongy1 white4 ,gills close to stem1 but free from it1 ventricose1 crowded1 whitish4 ,stem #d-f in4 high1 thick1 equal or swollen at base1 solid but spongy1 more or less covered with scales2 above the ring it is frequently covered with drops of water more or less green1 which leave spots when they dry4 ,veil superior and very large4 ,pileus #c-d in4 across4 ,stem #d-f in4 long1 in4 and more thick4 ,in damp woods4 ,redman's ,woods1 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j4 ,september1 #ahid4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,this species is included in ,amanita by ,fries and ,stevenson4 ,massee places it in ,lepiota4 ,in the dozen or more specimens ,i have found1 there was no trace of a volva1 even when very young4 ,i tested it carefully and at one time ate three good-sized caps without experiencing any indications of poison4 ,i have seen it during but one season and not then 7at one time7 in sufficient quantity to make a meal off it4 ,cooked it has a slight cheesy flavor which is pleasant4 ,l4 illinita ,fr4--illino1 to smear over4 ,pileus rather thin1 soft1 at first ovate1 then campanulate or expanded1 subumbonate1 smooth1 white1 very viscid or glutinous1 even or striate on the margin4 ,gills close1 free1 white4 ,stem equal or slightly tapering upward1 stuffed or hollow1 viscid1 white4 ,spores broadly elliptical1 #ed broad4 ,plant #b-d in4 high4 ,pileus #a-b4e in4 broad4 ,stem #b-c lines thick4 ,thin or open woods4 ,adirondack mountains4 ,july to ,september4 ,this is a smooth white species with the stem and pileus clothed with a clear viscid or glutinous veil4 ,the margin of the pileus is often even1 but the typical form of the species has it striate4 ,the flesh is soft and white4 ,the species may be distinguished from the viscid white species of ,hygrophorus by the free1 not adnate nor decurrent lamell4 ,peck1 #ceth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,springton and ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 #ahhg-ahig4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,not yet found by me in quantity4 ,several specimens eaten were of good flavor4 ,l4 rugulosa ,pk4 ,pileus thin1 submembranaceous1 broadly convex or nearly plane1 umbonate1 rugulose1 widely striate on the margin1 whitish4 ,lamell thin1 narrow1 close1 free1 whitish4 ,stem short1 equal1 slightly silky1 whitish1 the annulus thin1 persistent1 white4 ,spores elliptic1 #g4e long1 #d broad4 ,pileus #ab-bj mm4 broad4 ,stem about #b4e cm4 long1 #b mm4 thick4 ,moist grassy places under trees4 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,july4 ,mrs4 ,e4,m4 ,williams4 ,perhaps in the fresh state the pileus is not as distinctly rugulose as when dry4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bg1 ,january1 #aijj4 ,illustration ,,armilla,,ria ,fr4 ,armilla1 a ring4 7,plate ,,xvii47 ,illustration3 ,,armillaria ,,mellea4 ,pileus and ,stem continuous4 ,veil partial1 sometimes only indicated by the scales which clothe the stem terminating in the form of a ring4 ,spores white4 ,on the ground or on stumps4 ,in the young plant the veil extends from the stem to the pileus1 sometimes forming scaly patches upon it2 below the ring it is attached to the stem often in scales4 ,but for the presence of the ring the species of this genus could be distributed in ,tricholoma1 ,clitocybe and ,collybia1 with which they agree in all other characters4 ,in ,amanita and ,lepiota1 the other ringed genera of the white-spored series1 the flesh of the stem and pileus is not continuous2 and their stems are therefore easily separated4 ,amanita is also distinguished by its volva4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,tribes4 ,,tricholomata4 ,page #eb4 ,gills sinuately adnexed1 stem fleshy1 ring often evanescent4 7,like ,tricholoma47 ,,clitocyb4 ,page #ee4 ,gills not sinuate1 more or less decurrent1 narrowed behind2 ring permanent4 7,resembling ,clitocybe47 ,,collybl4 ,page #eh4 ,gills adnate1 equal behind2 stem somewhat cartilaginous outside2 ring permanent4 7,resembling ,collybia47 ,illustration3 ,grouped by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,studies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine and ,val ,starnes4 ,,plate ,,xvi4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,armillaria mellea1 #ee #c-d4 ,lentinus #bcj lepideus1 #b4 ,armillaria mellea var4 #ef exannulata1 ,i4--,,tricholomata4 ,gills sinuately adnexed1 etc4 ,a4 robusta ,a4 and ,s4--robustus1 robust1 sturdy4 ,substance of entire plant compact4 ,pileus #b-c in4 across1 varying in shades of gray and brown1 scaly1 fibrillose on margin1 decreasing toward center or smooth1 convex or top-shaped and margin involute at first1 expanding4 ,flesh firm1 very thick4 ,gills broad1 emarginate1 nearly free1 crowded1 whitish1 up to in4 broad4 ,veil large1 membranaceous1 sometimes floccose1 remaining adherent to the stem4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 obese1 solid1 tapering at the base1 brownish-white and fibrillose below veil1 white and flocculose above1 flesh of stem continuous with that of the cap4 ,stevenson gives var4 minor with even cap with both gills and ring very narrow4 ,spores ovoid-spherical4 #g4 ,q4 ,edible1 ,curtis2 ,district ,columbia1 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,fuller4 ,in mixed woods4 ,pennsylvania1 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,the substance of ,a4 robusta differs from all other ,armillaria in being very compact4 ,it is not acrid but has a marked flavor4 ,cut into small pieces and well cooked it makes an acceptable dish4 ,it is best in croquettes and patties1 or served with meats4 ,a4 viscidipes ,pk4--viscidus1 sticky2 pes1 a foot4 ,pileus fleshy1 compact1 convex or nearly plane1 glabrous1 whitish with a slight yellowish or reddish-yellow tint4 ,flesh white1 odor peculiar1 penetrating1 sub-alkaline4 ,gills narrow1 crowded1 sinuate or subdecurrent1 whitish4 ,stem equal1 solid1 viscid and slightly tinged with yellow below the narrow membranous ring1 whitish above4 ,spores elliptical1 #he4 ,pileus #c-f in4 broad4 ,stem #c-d in4 long1 #f-ab lines thick4 ,in mixed woods4 ,rock ,city1 ,dutchess county4 ,october4 ,it is a large fine fungus1 easily known by its white and yellowish hues1 its crowded gills1 viscid stem and peculiar penetrating almost alkaline odor4 ,the cuticle of the pileus is thin and soft to the touch1 but it sometimes cracks longitudinally and is sometimes slightly adorned with innate fibrils4 ,a4 dehiscens is said to have a viscid stem1 but it is also squamose and the pileus is yellowish-ochraceous4 ,peck1 #ddth ,rep ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,quite common in ,pennsylvania and ,new ,jersey4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,it loses its strong odor when cooked and is equal to other ,armillaria in edibility4 ,unless well cooked it has a slight saponaceous flavor4 ,this is easily overcome by a few drops of lemon juice or sherry4 ,a4 appendiculata ,pk4--bearing an appendicula or small appendage4 ,pileus broadly convex1 glabrous1 whitish1 often tinged with rust color or brownish rust color on the disk4 ,flesh white or whitish4 ,gills close1 rounded behind1 whitish4 ,stem equal or slightly tapering upward1 solid1 bulbous1 whitish1 the veil either membranous or webby1 white1 commonly adhering in fragments to the margin of the pileus4 ,spores subelliptical1 #he4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad4 ,stem #a4e-c4e in4 long2 #e-aj lines thick4 ,auburn1 ,ala4 ,october4 ,c4,f4 ,baker4 ,the general appearance of this species is suggestive of ,tricholoma album1 but the presence of a veil separates it from that fungus and places it in the genus ,armillaria4 ,the veil1 however1 is often slightly lacerated or webby and adherent to the margin of the pileus4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bd4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,angora1 ,pa4 ,on decaying roots in ground4 ,august to ,november4 ,found plentifully in resorts of other ,armillaria4 ,edibility the same4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a4 ponderosa ,pk4--ponderosus1 weighty1 ponderous4 ,pileus thick1 compact1 convex or subcampanulate1 smooth1 white or yellowish1 the naked margin strongly involute beneath the slightly viscid1 persistent veil4 ,gills crowded1 narrow1 slightly emarginate1 white inclining to cream color4 ,stem stout1 subequal1 firm1 solid1 coated by the veil1 colored like the pileus1 white and furfuraceous above the ring4 ,flesh white4 ,spores nearly globose1 #d in diameter4 ,plant #d-f in4 high4 ,pileus #d-f in4 broad4 ,stem about #a in4 thick4 ,ground in woods4 ,copake1 ,columbia county4 ,october4 ,the veil for a long time conceals the gills1 and finally becomes lacerated and adheres in shreds or fragments to the stem and margin of the pileus4 ,peck1 #bfth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,new ,england1 ,frost2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,repts4 #bf1 #bi1 #da4 ,west ,virginia and ,pennsylvania4 ,ground in woods4 ,september to ,november4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,professor ,peck says in #bfth ,report3 8,this species has not been found since its discovery in #ahgb40 ,where the ,armillaria mellea frequents ,i have often found ,a4 ponderosa4 ,it was plentiful at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 in ,september1 #ahih4 ,young specimens are quite as edible as ,a4 mellea1 and rather more juicy4 ,,ii4--,,clitocyb4 ,gills not sinuate1 etc4 ,a4 mellea ,vahl4--melleus1 of the color of honey4 7,plate ,,xvi1 fig4 #a1 p4 #eb47 ,pileus adorned with minute tufts of brown or blackish hairs1 sometimes glabrous1 even or when old slightly striate on the margin4 ,gills adnate or slightly decurrent1 white or whitish1 becoming sordid with age and sometimes variegated with reddish-brown spots4 ,stem ringed1 at length brownish toward the base4 ,spores elliptical1 white1 #h-aj long4 ,peck1 #dhth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores #ie-f ,w4,g4,s42 #ajh ,b42 #h-aj ,peck4 ,the ,a4 mellea is unusually prolific and is common over the ,united ,states and ,europe4 ,specimens may be found in the spring-time1 but in middle latitudes it is common from ,august until after light frosts4 ,it is usually in tufts1 some of which contain scores of plants and are showy over ground filled with roots1 or on stumps or boles of decaying trees4 ,it frequents dense woods and open clearings4 ,i have seen acres of dense woodland at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 so covered with it and its varieties that but few square yards were unoccupied4 ,a description of the typical ,a4 mellea will rarely apply to any one plant4 ,a combination of its variable features in one description would include something of nearly every white-spored ,agaric under the sun4 ,yet there is something indescribable about it which once learned will unerringly betray it4 ,its ,caps vary from perfectly smooth1 through tufts of scales and hairs1 more or less dense1 to matted woolliness4 ,it may show any one of these conditions in youth and be bald in age4 ,some shade of yellow is the prevailing color1 but this will vary from whitish to dark-purplish or reddish-brown4 ,when water-soaked it is one color1 when dry1 another4 ,commonly the margins of the ,caps are striated1 sometimes they are smooth as a cymbal1 and not unlike one1 have a raised place or umbo in the center4 ,flesh white or whitish4 ,gills when young are white or creamy1 usually running down the stem1 sometimes slightly notched at attachment4 ,they freckle in age and lose their fair complexion4 ,the ,veil or collar about the stem is as variable as fashion--thick and closely woven or flimsy as gossamer1 or vanishing as the plant grows old4 ,the ,stems may be even as a lead pencil1 or swollen like a pen-holder1 or bulbous toward the base1 or distorted by pressure in the tufts4 ,it is as variable in color as the cap1 usually darkening downward in hues of brown4 ,the outside is firm and fibrous1 sometimes furrowed1 inside soft or hollow4 ,cap #a-f in4 across4 ,stem #a-f in4 long1 - in4 thick4 ,var4 obscura has the cap covered with numerous small blackish scales4 ,var4 flava has the cap yellow or reddish-yellow1 but in other respects it is like the type4 ,var4 glabra has the cap smooth1 otherwise like the type4 ,var4 radicata has a tapering1 root-like prolongation of the stem1 which penetrates the earth deeply4 ,var4 bulbosa has a distinctly bulbous base to the stem1 and in this respect is the reverse of var4 radicata4 ,professor ,peck writes3 8,var4 exannulata 7,plate ,,xvi1 fig4 #b1 p4 #eb7 has the cap smooth and even on the margin1 and the stem tapering at the base4 ,the annulus is very slight and evanescent or wholly wanting4 ,the cap is usually about an inch broad1 or a little more1 and the plants grow in clusters1 which sometimes contain forty or fifty individuals4 ,it is more common farther south than it is in our state 7,n4,y471 and is reported to be the most common form in ,maryland4 ,this ,i call var4 exannulata40 ,from ,dr4 ,taylor1 ,washington1 ,d4,c42 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,miller4 ,to these may be added also var4 albida ,pk4 in which the pileus is white or whitish4 ,a variety1 perhaps a variation of var4 bulbosa was sent to me by ,e4 ,b4 ,sterling1 ,trenton1 ,n4,j41 and afterward found by myself at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,the ,cap purplish-brown1 convex1 striate and light on margin1 edge irregular with parts of veil attached4 ,flesh white1 very thin4 ,gills decurrent1 arcuate1 pinkish-gray4 ,stem stuffed1 fibrous1 white above1 dense floccose veil1 same color as cap below1 swollen toward base which is pointed1 sulcate1 white inside1 closely clustered and some of the stems distinctly bulbous4 ,taste decidedly unpleasant4 ,an intense acridity develops and increases when the juices of raw pieces are swallowed1 and the salivary glands are much excited4 ,the acridity is not lost in cooking4 ,it simply can not be eaten4 ,specimens were sent by me to ,professor ,peck who referred it to ,a4 mellea4 ,i have never seen the abortive form of ,clitopilus abortivus1 though found in many places and in great quantity1 showing any part or trace of the original plant4 ,but that a similar monstrosity occurs upon ,a4 mellea is shown by individuals and parts of individuals of a cluster being aborted4 ,without such positive proof1 no one would suspect either of these odd formations to be abortive of either ,c4 abortivus or ,a4 mellea1 or any other fungus4 ,i consider the abortive form of ,a4 mellea far superior in substance and flavor to it or any of its varieties4 ,the ,armillaria can not be ranked among the tender or high-flavored toadstools1 yet their abundance1 meaty caps and nourishing qualities place them among our most valuable food species4 ,the caps when chopped into small pieces make good patties and croquettes4 ,they have an impressive flavor of their own1 and offer an esculent medium for seasoning and the gravies of various meats4 ,a4 nardosmia ,ellis--nardosmius1 of the odor of nardus4 7,a name applied by the ancients to several plants1 especially spica nardi--spikenard47 ,pileus fleshy1 firm1 thick and compact on the disk1 thin toward the margin1 whitish1 variegated with brown spots1 with a thick1 tough and separable cuticle4 ,flesh white4 ,gills crowded1 subventricose1 slightly emarginate1 whitish4 ,stem solid1 fibrous1 not bulbous1 sheathed below by the brown velvety veil1 the ring narrow1 spreading1 uneven on the edge4 ,spores subglobose1 #f in diameter4 ,pileus about #c in4 broad4 ,stem #a4e-c in4 long1 #d-f lines thick4 ,ground in woods1 ,suffolk county4 ,september4 ,peck1 #dc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,several specimens from sandy grounds in pine woods1 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 were sent by me to ,professor ,peck and were identified by him4 ,plentiful at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,september to frost1 #ahih4 ,in mixed woods1 on gravelly ground4 ,eaten in quantity by several persons4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,cuticle of caps when dry breaking up into brownish1 squamulose scales1 margin involute4 ,gills subdecurrent4 ,veil thick1 persistent4 ,stem short1 subbulbous1 solid4 ,flesh white4 ,very much resembles a short-stemmed ,lepiota4 ,smell and taste strong1 like almonds4 ,disappears in cooking4 ,,iii4--,,collybi4 ,gills adnate1 stem somewhat cartilaginous4 ,a4 mucida ,schrad4--mucidus1 slimy4 ,pileus commonly shining white1 thin1 almost transparent1 hemispherical then expanded1 obtuse1 more or less radiato-wrinkled1 smeared over with a thick tenacious gluten2 margin striate when thinner4 ,stem #a-c in4 long1 #a-b lines thick at the apex1 thickened at the base1 stuffed1 thin1 rigid1 curved ascending1 smooth1 white1 but sooty scaly at the base when most perfectly developed4 ,ring inserted at the apex of the stem1 bent downward and glued close to the stem1 furrowed1 the white border again erect1 with a swollen and entire margin1 which sometimes becomes dingy brown4 ,gills rounded behind1 obtuse1 adhering to the stem and striato-decurrent1 distant1 broad1 lax1 mucid1 always shining white4 ,very variable in stature1 from #a in4 7when of this size the stem is almost equal7 to as much as #f in4 broad4 ,the color of the pileus varies gray1 fuliginous1 olivaceous4 ,the gills sometimes become yellow1 but only from disease4 ,sometimes solitary1 sometimes a few are joined in a cespitose manner at the base4 ,stevenson4 ,spores elliptical1 #ae-afh-i ,massee2 #agad ,w4,g4,s4 ,north ,carolina1 ,schweinitz1 ,curtis2 ,pennsylvania1 ,schweinitz2 ,maryland1 ,miss ,banning4 ,west ,virginia mountains1 #ahhb1 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 #ahia-id1 on beech trees and roots4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,commonly considered esculent in ,europe4 ,dirt adheres so tenaciously to it that it is difficult to clean4 ,this1 however1 occurs only when the fungus grows from roots and pushes its way up through covering earth4 ,when growing from trees it is attractive and of good quality4 ,should be chopped fine and well cooked4 ,,tricholo,,ma ,fr4 ,gr4--a hair1 a fringe4 7,plate ,,xix47 ,illustration3 ,,section ,,of ,,tricholoma4 ,pileus symmetrical1 generally fleshy1 never truly umbilicate1 seldom umbonate4 ,veil absent or appearing only as fibrils or down on the margin of the pileus4 ,gills sinuate 7the small sudden curve near the stem always apparent in the young plant71 sometimes with a slightly decurrent tooth4 ,stem central1 usually stout1 fleshy-fibrous1 without a bark-like skin4 ,flesh continuous with that of the pileus4 ,ring and ,volva absent4 ,spores white or dingy4 ,but one is known to be poisonous4 ,some are acrid or unpleasant in flavor4 ,with one exception all grow on the ground in pastures and woods1 appearing from ,may to late in the autumn4 ,gills generally white or dingy1 frequently spotted or stained4 ,the pileus may be smooth or adorned with fibrous or downy scales1 dry1 moist1 viscid or water-soaked4 ,the distinguishing feature of ,tricholoma is the sinuate gills4 ,in ,collybia the stem bears a distinct bark-like skin2 in ,clitocybe the gills are never sinuate2 species of ,pleurotus are distinguished by growing on wood only1 and ,paxillus by their strongly-incurved margin and anastomosing gills4 ,in cooking ,tricholoma consistency must be the guide to plan and time4 ,the tougher varieties require to be cut into small pieces and to be well cooked1 while the brittle and delicate varieties will cook quickly4 ,many of them make excellent soups4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,tribes4 ,a4 ,,pileus ,,viscid1 ,,fibrillose1 ,,scaly ,,or ,,downy1 ,,not ,,water-,,soaked4 ,stem fibrillose from the remains of the adnate universal veil4 ,,limacina 7limas1 a slug or snail1 slimy74 ,page #fa4 ,cuticle of pileus viscid when moist1 innately fibrillose or scaly1 but not lacerated2 flesh of pileus thick1 firm2 margin almost naked4 99 ,gills not discolored1 nor becoming reddish4 9999 ,gills discolored1 usually spotted with reddish-brown4 ,,genuina4 ,page #fg4 ,cuticle of the pileus never moist or viscid2 torn into downy or floccose scales4 ,flesh soft1 not water-soaked2 margin involute and slightly downy at first4 99 ,gills not changing color1 nor spotted with red or black4 9999 ,gills becoming reddish or gray1 the edge at last generally with reddish or black spots4 ,,rigida 7rigeo1 to be stiff74 ,page #gd4 ,pileus rigid1 hard1 somewhat cartilaginous when fleshy1 very fragile when thin1 cuticle rigid1 granulated or broken up when dry into smooth scales1 not torn into fibrils4 ,young specimens occur which are fibrillose from the veil1 not from laceration of the cuticle4 99 ,gills white or pallid1 not becoming spotted with red or gray4 9999 ,gills becoming reddish1 grayish or spotted4 ,,sericella 7sericeus1 silky74 ,page #gd4 ,pileus first slightly silky1 soon becoming smooth1 very dry1 neither moist1 viscid1 water-soaked1 nor distinctly scaly2 rather thin1 opaque1 absorbing moisture1 but is the same color as the gills4 ,stem fibrous1 by which the smaller species resembling ,collybia may be distinguished4 99 ,gills broad1 rather thick1 somewhat distant4 99993sericella#b ,gills narrow1 thin1 crowded4 ,b4 ,,pileus ,,even1 ,,smooth1 ,,not ,,downy ,,nor ,,scaly1 ,,not ,,viscid4 ,in rainy weather moist2 when very young pruinose 7but rarely conspicuously7 from the universal veil4 ,flesh soft and spongy or very thin when it is water-soaked4 ,,guttata 7gutta1 a drop74 ,page #gf4 ,pileus fleshy1 soft1 fragile1 marked with drop-like spots or rivulose4 ,appearing in spring1 rarely in autumn4 ,cespitose1 in troops or often in rings4 99 ,gills whitish4 9999 ,gills becoming reddish or smoky-gray4 ,illustration3 ,grouped by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,studies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,xviii4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a-b4 ,,tricholoma ,,personatum1 #gi #e4 ,,tricholoma #fh ,,columbetta1 #c4 ,,tricholoma ,,russula1 #fe #f4 ,,tricholoma ,,humile1 #ha #d4 ,,tricholoma ,,terreum1 #ga ,,spongiosa 7spongia1 a sponge74 ,page #gh4 ,pileus compact1 then spongy1 obtuse1 even1 smooth1 moist but not hygrophanous2 firm1 growing in troops late in the autumn4 ,stem stout1 base usually thickened1 spongy fibrous4 ,gills at length decurrent but sinuate1 by which character they are distinguished from ,clitocybe4 99 ,gills not discolored4 9999 ,gills discolored4 ,,hygrophana 7,gr41 wet2 to appear74 ,page #hj4 ,pileus thin1 somewhat umbonate2 flesh at length soft1 watery4 ,stem rootless1 containing a pith1 entirely fibrous4 ,flesh not exceeding in depth the width of the not broad1 thin gills2 thinnest toward the margin1 hence somewhat umbonate4 ,color of the pileus either moist or dry1 very variable in the same species4 ,pileus sometimes pulverulent from the persistence of the veil in dry weather4 99 ,gills whitish1 not spotted4 9999 ,gills more or less violet1 gray or smoky4 ,not represented4 ,series ,a4 ,,pileus ,,viscid ,,or ,,fibrillose1 ,,downy ,,or ,,scaly4 ,i4--,,lima,,cina4 ,viscous when moist4 99 ,gills not becoming discolored1 nor becoming reddish4 ,t4 equestre ,linn4--equestre1 belonging to a horseman or knight1 from distinguished appearance4 ,pileus fleshy1 compact1 convex becoming expanded1 obtuse1 pale-yellowish1 more or less reddish tinged1 the disk and central scales often darker1 the margin naked1 often wavy4 ,flesh white or tinged with yellow4 ,gills rounded behind1 close1 nearly free1 sulphur-yellow4 ,stem stout1 solid1 pale-yellow or white1 white within4 ,spores #f4e-hd-e4 ,pileus #c-e in4 broad4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 #f-aj lines thick4 ,pine woods1 especially in sandy soil4 ,albany county4 ,september to ,november4 ,this is a noble species but not plentiful in our state 7,n4,y474 ,the pileus is said to become greenish very late in the season4 ,the stem1 in the typical form1 is described as sulphur-yellow in color1 but with us it is more often white4 ,the scales of the disk are sometimes wanting4 ,in our plant the taste is slightly farinaceous at first1 but it is soon unpleasant4 ,var4 pinastreti ,a4 and ,s4 is a slender form having a thin1 even pileus1 thinner and more narrow gills and a more slender stem4 ,a4 crassus ,scop41 ,a4 aureus ,schaeff41 and ,a4 flavovirens ,pers4 are recorded as synonyms of this species4 ,peck1 #ddth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,professor ,peck later says in 8,mushrooms and ,their ,use10 p4 #eb3 8,i confidently add it to the list of edible species40 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania and ,west ,virginia4 ,in pine forests and groves4 ,september to frost4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,i have eaten it since #ahhc4 ,all disagreeable odor about ,t4 equestre 7which ,i have seldom noticed7 disappears upon cooking4 ,the substance is rather tough1 but good4 ,t4 coryphum ,fr4--chief1 leader4 ,from its distinguished appearance4 ,pileus very fleshy but not compact1 convex then plane1 obtuse1 viscid1 yellowish1 streaked with small brownish scales4 ,stem solid1 attenuated upward4 ,gills emarginate1 crowded1 white1 edge yellow4 ,large and of striking appearance4 ,in shady beech woods4 ,pronounced a good edible by the ,boston ,myc4 ,club4 ,the color of the plants is given as greenish-yellow4 ,bull4 ,boston ,myc4 ,club1 #ahif4 ,t4 ustale ,fr4--uro1 to burn4 ,pileus fleshy1 convex1 then plane1 obtuse1 even1 smooth1 viscid1 bay-brownish4 ,stem stuffed1 equal1 dry1 rufo-fibrillose1 apex naked1 silky1 nearly smooth4 ,gills emarginate1 crowded1 white1 at length with reddish spots4 ,cooke4 ,chiefly in pine woods4 ,pileus #c in4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 about in4 thick4 ,spores #eh ,w4,g4,s42 #g-he ,massee4 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis1 pine woods1 ,schweinitz2 ,kansas1 ,cragin4 ,massachusetts4 ,edible4 ,boston ,myc4 ,club1 ,bull4 ,no4 #e4 ,t4 resplendens ,fr4--shining brightly4 ,pileus fleshy1 convex then nearly plane1 even1 bare1 viscid1 white1 sometimes hyaline-spotted or yellowish on the disk1 shining when dry1 the margin straight4 ,flesh white1 taste mild1 odor pleasant4 ,gills nearly free when young1 then emarginate1 somewhat crowded1 rather thick1 entire1 white4 ,stem solid1 bare1 subbulbous1 even1 dry1 white4 ,spores #hd4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #d-h lines thick4 ,thin woods4 ,catskill mountains4 ,september4 ,peck1 #ddth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 in mixed woods4 ,october and ,november4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,it is of excellent flavor1 consistency and food value4 ,t4 transmutans ,pk4--changing4 ,pileus convex1 nearly bare1 viscid when moist1 brownish1 reddish-brown or tawny-red1 usually paler on the margin4 ,flesh white1 taste and odor farinaceous4 ,gills narrow1 close1 sometimes branched1 whitish or pale yellowish1 becoming dingy or reddish-spotted when old4 ,stem equal or slightly tapering upward1 bare or slightly silky-fibrillose1 stuffed or hollow1 whitish1 often marked with reddish stains or becoming reddish-brown toward the base1 white within4 ,spores subglobose1 #e4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad4 ,stem #c-d in4 long1 #c-f lines thick4 ,woods4 ,the plants are often cespitose4 ,i suspect that ,agaricus frumentaceus of ,curtis's catalogue belongs to this species4 ,both the pileus and stem1 as well as the gills1 are apt to assume darker hues with age or in drying1 and this character suggested the specific name4 ,the species is classed as edible4 ,peck1 #ddth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,curtis catalogues ,t4 frumentaceum as edible4 ,t4 transmutans is reported from many states4 ,it has a mealy taste and odor4 ,wherever it is found it is a valuable food species4 ,t4 sejunctum ,sow4--separated2 from the peculiar manner in which the gills separate from the stem4 ,pileus fleshy1 convex then expanded1 umbonate1 slightly viscid1 streaked with innate brown or blackish fibrils1 whitish or yellowish1 sometimes greenish-yellow4 ,flesh white1 fragile4 ,gills broad1 subdistant1 rounded behind or emarginate1 white4 ,stem solid1 stout1 often irregular1 white4 ,spores subglobose1 #f4e4 ,pileus #a-c in4 broad4 ,stem #a-c in4 long1 #d-h lines thick4 ,mixed woods4 ,suffolk county1 ,n4,y4 ,september4 ,the plants referred to this species are not uncommon on ,long ,island1 growing on sandy soil in woods of oak and pine4 ,they are usually more or less irregular and the pileus becomes fragile4 ,it is quite variable in color1 sometimes approaching a smoky-brown hue1 again being nearly white4 ,the taste of the typical form is said to be bitter1 but the flavor of our plant is scarcely bitter4 ,in other respects1 however1 it agrees well with the description of the species4 ,peck1 #ddth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores #f4 ,w4,g4,s4 ,flesh is tender4 ,cooked1 of good body and peculiar but pleasant flavor4 ,a valuable species1 baked1 scalloped1 fried4 ,t4 terriferum ,pk4--terra1 earth2 fero1 to bear4 ,pileus broadly convex or nearly plane1 irregular1 often wavy on the margin1 glabrous1 viscid1 pale-yellow1 generally soiled with adhering particles of earth carried up in its growth4 ,flesh white1 with no decided odor4 ,gills thin1 crowded1 slightly adnexed1 white1 not spotted or changeable4 ,stem equal1 short1 solid1 white1 floccose-squamulose at the apex4 ,spores minute1 subglobose1 #c4 ,pileus #c-d in4 broad4 ,stem #a-a4e in4 long1 #f-h lines thick4 ,woods4 ,catskill mountains4 ,september4 ,peck1 #ddth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,found in ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey4 ,august to frost4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,not inviting1 hard to clean1 nevertheless edible and good4 ,t4 portentosum ,fr4--portentosus1 strange1 monstrous4 ,pileus #c-e in4 broad1 sooty1 livid1 sometimes violaceous1 fleshy1 but thin in comparison with the stoutness of the stem1 convexo-plane1 somewhat umbonate1 unequal and turned up1 viscid1 streaked with black lines 7innate fibrils71 but otherwise even and smooth1 the very thin margin naked4 ,flesh not compact1 white1 fragile4 ,stem commonly #c in4 often #d-f in4 long1 #a in4 thick1 stout1 solid1 the whole remarkably fibrous-fleshy1 somewhat equal1 naked1 but fibrilloso-striate1 white2 the base1 which is occasionally attenuato-rooted1 villous4 ,gills rounded1 almost free1 #c-d lines to as much as #a in4 broad1 distant1 white1 but varying1 becoming pale-gray or yellow4 ,fries4 ,spores #d-ed ,k42 #ed ,w4,g4,s ,west ,virginia1 #ahhb2 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania1 in woods and open places4 ,may to ,november4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,it is one of the first toadstools ,i experimented upon4 ,i have been constant to it4 ,its caps fried in butter are unsurpassed4 9999 ,gills discolored1 usually spotted with reddish-brown4 ,t4 flavo-brunneum ,fr4--flavus1 yellow2 brunneus1 brown4 ,pileus fleshy1 conical1 then convex1 at length expanded1 subumbonate1 viscid1 clothed with streak-like scales4 ,stem hollow1 somewhat ventricose1 fibrillose1 at first viscid1 yellowish within1 tip naked4 ,gills emarginate1 decurrent1 crowded1 yellowish1 then reddish4 ,fries4 ,odor that of new meal4 ,stem #c-e in4 long1 in4 thick1 dull-reddish or brownish4 ,pileus #c-f in4 broad1 disk darker1 dingy dull-red or reddish-brown4 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis2 damp woods1 ,a4 fulvus1 ,schweinitz4 ,edible1 ,cooke1 #ahia4 ,t4 russula ,schaeff4--reddish4 7,plate ,,xviii1 fig4 #c1 p4 #fj47 ,pileus fleshy1 convex1 becoming plane or centrally depressed1 obtuse1 viscid1 even or dotted with granular squamules on the disk1 red or incarnate1 the margin usually paler1 involute and minutely downy in the young plant4 ,flesh white1 sometimes tinged with red1 taste mild4 ,gills sub-distant1 rounded behind or subdecurrent1 white1 often becoming red-spotted with age4 ,stem solid1 firm1 whitish or rose-red1 squamulose at the apex4 ,spores elliptical1 #gd4 ,pileus #c-e in4 broad4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 #f-h lines thick4 ,mixed woods4 ,albany4 ,cattaraugus and ,steuben counties4 ,september and ,october4 ,according to the description the typical plant has the pileus incarnate and the stem rosy-red1 but in the ,american plant the pileus is generally more clearly red and the stem white1 though this is often varied by reddish stains4 ,peck1 #ddth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,mixed woods4 ,august until after frost4 ,at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 #ahig-ahih the patches were large1 generous yielders4 ,edible1 ,cooke2 edible1 ,cordier1 ,roques4 ,t4 russula is a dressy fungus and has a fashion of its own4 ,the mottlings upon its cap1 gill and stem1 in shades of red1 subdued though they be1 give it a handsome personality distinct from any other4 ,the species is a variable one in its minor markings4 ,when moisture is prevalent the caps of all are viscid4 ,both young and old are often cracked4 ,stems frequently not squamulose at apex1 frequently rosy when young1 often flattened4 ,the fibrous interior of the stem and its fibrous connection with the flesh of the cap are very marked4 ,gills emarginate in youth as well as in age4 ,it is solitary1 gregarious1 occasionally bunched4 ,an excellent fungus1 a free late grower1 meaty1 easily cooked1 and of fine flavor4 ,t4 frumentaceum ,bull4--frumentum1 made of corn4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad1 whitish or clay-color and variegated dull red1 truly fleshy1 convex then plane1 obtuse1 viscous1 dry in fine weather1 even1 smooth4 ,flesh white4 ,stem #c in4 long1 in4 thick1 solid1 equal1 fibrillose when dry1 whitish4 ,gills rounded1 somewhat crowded1 rather broad1 white1 at length spotted-red4 ,wholly becoming pale white1 but the stem and pileus are alike marked-red1 and the gills are at length reddish1 wherefore1 as well as for the strong smell of new meal1 it is undoubtedly nearest to ,a4 pessundatus4 ,when full grown it has all the appearance of ,entoloma4 ,on the ground4 ,stevenson4 ,spores #f ,w4,g4,s4 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis4 ,edible4 ,porcher says ,dr4 ,curtis was the first to declare it edible4 ,t4 pessundatum ,fr4--pessum dare1 bent downward4 ,pileus fleshy1 compact1 convex1 very obtuse1 repand1 viscid1 granulose or spotted4 ,stem solid1 firm1 at first ovato-bulbous1 everywhere villose with whitish scales4 ,gills emarginate1 nearly free1 crowded1 white1 at length spotted with red4 ,in pine woods4 ,odor and taste mealy4 ,pileus bay1 reddish1 paler at the margin4 ,stature of ,ag4 equestris4 ,fries4 ,spores #eb4e ,massee2 very minute1 globose1 #b-c ,c4,b4,p4 ,reckoned edible1 but very rare4 ,stevenson4 ,california1 ,h4 and ,m4 ,,ii4--,,genui,,na4 ,cuticle of pileus torn into downy or fibrillose scales4 99 ,gills not changing color nor becoming spotted4 7,plate ,,xx47 ,illustration3 ,,tricholoma ,,decorosum4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,t4 decorosum ,pk4--decorus1 decorous4 ,pileus firm1 at first hemispherical1 then convex or nearly plane1 adorned with numerous brownish sub-squarrose tomentose scales1 dull ochraceous or tawny4 ,flesh white4 ,gills close1 rounded and slightly emarginate behind1 the edge slightly scalloped4 ,stem solid1 equal or slightly tapering upward1 white and smooth at the top1 elsewhere tomentose-scaly and colored like the pileus4 ,spores broadly elliptical1 #ed4 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad4 ,stem #b-d in4 long1 #b-d lines thick4 ,decaying trunks of trees4 ,catskill mountains and ,alleghany county4 ,september and ,october4 ,a rare but beautiful species4 ,it is often cespitose4 ,it departs from the character of the genus in growing on decaying wood4 ,peck1 #ddth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,tricholoma decorosum is not rare in ,pennsylvania4 ,i have found it at ,angora1 ,philadelphia and in ,chester county1 ,pa41 growing in clusters and singly4 ,at first sight one might take it for one of the many forms of ,armillaria1 but even cursory examination shows the difference4 ,it is of good consistency and flavor1 having a decided mushroom taste4 ,t4 flavescens ,pk4--pale yellow4 ,pileus convex1 firm1 often irregular1 dry1 slightly silky becoming bare1 sometimes cracking into minute scales on the disk1 whitish or pale yellow4 ,flesh whitish or yellowish4 ,gills close1 white or pale-yellow1 emarginate1 floccose on the edge4 ,stems firm1 solid1 often unequal1 central or sometimes eccentric1 single or cespitose1 colored like the pileus4 ,spores subglobose1 #e in diameter4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad4 ,stem #a-b4e in4 long1 #d-f lines thick4 ,pine stumps4 ,albany and ,rensselaer counties4 ,october4 ,the species seems to be related to ,t4 rutilans but has not the red or purplish tomentum of that fungus4 ,it1 like ,t4 decorosum1 is always lignicolous4 ,t4 rutilans is sometimes so4 ,peck1 #ddth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,frequently found in ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania and ,west ,virginia4 ,pine stumps4 ,september to frost4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,the flesh compares with that of ,t4 rutilans1 and makes an equally good dish4 ,t4 grande ,pk4 ,pileus thick1 firm1 hemispherical1 becoming convex1 often irregular1 dry1 scaly1 somewhat silky-fibrillose toward the margin1 white1 the margin at first involute4 ,flesh grayish-white1 taste farinaceous4 ,gills close1 rounded behind1 adnexed1 white4 ,stem stout1 solid1 fibrillose1 at first tapering upward1 then equal or but slightly thickened at the base1 pure white4 ,spores elliptical1 #i-aaf4 ,pileus #d-e in4 broad4 ,stem #b-d in4 long1 #a-a4e in4 thick4 ,among fallen leaves in woods4 ,cattaraugus county4 ,september4 ,the plants are often cespitose1 and then the pileus is more or less irregular and the gills somewhat lacerated4 ,the species is related to ,t4 columbetta1 from which its larger size1 constantly scaly pileus1 more cespitose mode of growth1 larger spores and farinaceous taste separate it4 ,the scales of the pileus are brownish1 and the pileus itself is sometimes slightly dingy on the disk4 ,the young margin is pure white like the stem1 and both it and the upper part of the stem are sometimes studded with drops of moisture4 ,the plant was found on trial to be edible1 but not of first quality4 ,the flesh is not very tender1 nor the flavor captivating even in young specimens4 ,peck1 #ddth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,mixed woods4 ,august to frost4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,gross when old4 ,young specimens of medium quality and flavor4 ,t4 columbetta ,fr4--columba1 a pigeon4 7,plate ,,xviii1 fig4 #e1 p4 #fj47 ,pileus convex1 then nearly plane1 fleshy1 obtuse1 rigid1 somewhat flexuous1 dry1 at first bare1 then silky-fibrillose1 becoming even or scaly1 white1 the margin at first involute1 more or less tomentose4 ,flesh white1 taste mild4 ,gills close1 emarginate1 thin1 white4 ,stem stout1 solid1 unequal1 nearly bare1 white4 ,spores #g-hd4e4 ,the species is very variable and the following varieties have been described3 ,var4 ,a4 ,pileus nearly always repand or lobed1 at first bare1 even1 at length cracked-scaly1 often reddish spotted1 the margin when young inflexed1 tomentose4 ,stem obese1 even1 unequal1 swollen1 an inch thick4 ,the typical form4 ,birch wood among mosses4 ,var4 ,b4 ,pileus subflexuous1 silky-fibrillose1 at length scaly1 sometimes dingy-brown spotted1 the margin scarcely tomentose4 ,stem longer1 equal or slightly narrowed at the base4 ,bushy places4 ,intermediate between ,a and ,c4 ,var4 ,c4 ,pileus regular1 flattened1 evidently fibrillose1 sometimes spotted with blue1 four inches broad4 ,stem equal1 cylindrical1 fibrillose-striate1 four inches long4 ,beech woods4 ,a showy variety so diverse from variety ,a that it might be regarded as a distinct species1 did not variety ,b connect them1 and so much resemble both that it might with equal propriety be referred to either4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad4 ,stem #a-d in4 long1 #c-ab lines thick4 ,woods and pastures4 ,albany county1 ,n4,y4 ,it may be distinguished from ,t4 album by its mild taste4 ,it is recorded as edible4 ,peck1 #ddth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,edible1 ,curtis1 ,cooke1 ,stevenson4 ,this much varied ,tricholoma is as varied in its habitat4 ,i have found it on vacant lots in ,philadelphia1 in mixed woods at ,devon1 ,pa41 and in the forests of the ,west ,virginia mountains1 and eaten it since #ahha4 ,it cooks readily and is of mild1 agreeable flavor4 ,t4 rutilans ,schaeff4--rutilo1 to be reddish4 ,pileus fleshy1 campanulate becoming plane1 dry1 at first covered with a dark-red or purplish tomentum then somewhat scaly1 the margin thin1 at first involute4 ,flesh yellow4 ,gills crowded1 rounded1 yellow1 thickened and downy on the edge4 ,stem somewhat hollow1 nearly equal or slightly thickened or bulbous at the base1 soft1 pale-yellow variegated with red or purplish floccose scales4 ,spores #f4e-hf4e4 7,plate ,,xxi47 ,illustration3 ,,tricholoma ,,rutilans4 ,about three-eights natural size4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad4 ,stem #b-d in4 long1 #e-h lines thick4 ,on or about pine stumps1 rarely on hemlock trunks4 ,july to ,november4 ,peck1 #ddth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores subglobose1 #e-f diameter ,massee2 #f-hf ,b42 #fi ,w4,g4,s4 ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey4 ,may to ,november4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,quite common in ,west ,virginia mountains and in pine woods of ,new ,jersey4 ,the ,boston ,mycological ,club reports it found in quantity in ,massachusetts4 ,the flesh when cooked is gummy1 like the marshmallow confection4 ,it is excellent4 9999 ,gills becoming reddish or gray1 etc4 ,t4 vaccinum ,pers4--vacca1 a cow4 ,pileus fleshy1 convex or campanulate1 becoming nearly plane1 umbonate1 dry1 floccose-scaly1 reddish-brown1 the margin involute1 tomentose4 ,flesh white4 ,gills adnexed1 subdistant1 whitish1 then reddish or reddish-spotted4 ,stem equal1 hollow1 covered with a fibrillose bark1 naked at the apex1 pale reddish4 ,spores subglobose1 #f4 ,pileus #a-c in4 broad4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #d-f lines thick4 ,under or near coniferous trees4 ,greene and ,essex counties4 ,september and ,october4 ,peck1 #ddth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,recorded as edible by ,gillet4 ,plentiful in ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania1 ,west ,virginia4 ,have eaten it since #ahhe4 ,fair4 ,t4 fuligineum ,pk4--fuligineus1 resembling soot4 ,pileus convex or nearly plane1 obtuse1 often irregular1 dry1 minutely scaly1 sooty-brown4 ,flesh grayish1 odor and taste farinaceous4 ,gills subdistant1 uneven on the edge1 ash-colored becoming blackish in drying4 ,stem short1 solid1 equal1 bare1 ash-colored4 ,spores oblong-elliptical1 #hd4 ,pileus #a-b4e in4 broad4 ,stem #a-a4e in4 long1 #c-e lines thick4 ,among mosses in open places4 ,greene county4 ,september4 ,rare4 ,peck1 #ddth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,quite common in ,pennsylvania and ,new ,jersey on mossy wood margins4 ,it is of fair quality and flavor4 7,plate ,,xxii47 ,illustration3 ,,tricholoma ,,terreum4 ,one-half natural size4 ,t4 terreum ,schaeff4--the earth4 7,plate ,,xviii1 fig4 #d1 p4 #fj47 ,pileus fleshy1 thin1 soft1 convex1 campanulate or nearly plane1 obtuse or umbonate1 innately fibrillose or floccose-scaly1 ashy-brown1 grayish-brown or mouse color4 ,flesh white or whitish4 ,gills adnexed1 subdistant1 more or less eroded on the edge1 white becoming ash-colored4 ,stem equal1 varying from solid to stuffed or hollow1 fibrillose1 white or whitish4 ,spores broadly elliptical1 #f-gd-e4 ,pileus #a-c in4 broad4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 #b-d lines thick4 ,woods4 ,albany1 ,rensselaer and ,cattaraugus counties4 ,september to ,november4 ,peck1 #ddth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores #ge4e ,morgan2 #e-f1 ,massee2 #f-gd ,k42 #f ,w4,g4,s4 ,eaten by ,professor ,peck4 ,eaten by ,mc,ilvaine4 ,quality fair4 ,t4 terreum ,schaeff4--var4 fragrans ,pk4 ,pileus convex or nearly plane1 dry1 innately-fibrillose or minutely floccose-scaly1 grayish-brown or blackish-brown4 ,gills rather broad1 adnexed1 whitish or ash-colored4 ,stem equal1 solid or stuffed1 rarely hollow1 whitish4 ,spores broadly elliptical1 #f-gd-e4 ,the ,fragrant tricholoma has a distinct farinaceous odor and flavor4 ,in other respects it closely resembles the ,earth-colored tricholoma of which it is considered a mere variety4 ,the typical ,european plant is said to be without odor or nearly so and has not been classed among the edible species by ,european writers4 ,but our variety1 though not high-flavored1 is fairly good and entirely harmless4 ,its cap varies considerably in color but is some shade of gray or brown4 ,its center is without any prominence or very bluntly prominent1 and its surface is commonly very obscurely marked with innate fibrils or in small plants may have very small flocculose tufts or scales4 ,the flesh is whitish as also are the gills1 though these sometimes assume a more decided grayish hue4 ,they are rather broad and loose and sometimes uneven on the edge or even split transversely4 ,they are usually deeply excavated next the stem and attached to it by a narrow part4 ,the stem is whitish or slightly shaded with the color of the cap4 ,it often has a few longitudinal fibrils1 but never any collar4 ,it may be either solid1 stuffed or spongy within1 or in large specimens1 hollow4 ,the plants grow gregariously or sometimes in tufts on the ground under or near trees or in thin woods1 especially of pine1 or in mixed woods4 ,the caps vary from #a-d in4 broad1 and the stems from #a-c in4 long and from #b-f lines thick4 ,the plants occur in autumn4 ,in ,europe there is a variety of this species which also has a farinaceous odor1 but it differs from our plant in having reddish edges to the gills4 ,it is called variety orirubens4 ,peck1 #dith ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,var4 fragrans is plentiful and gregarious among ,new ,jersey pines1 ,october to frost4 ,other varieties are often found4 ,specimens found by me at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 and sent to ,professor ,peck who identified them as var4 fragrans ,pk41 were decidedly umbonate4 ,gills were easily separable from cap4 ,var4 fragrans is a favorite4 ,it is pleasant to many1 even raw4 ,plentiful salting while cooking develops a high and exquisite flavor4 ,t4 fumescens ,pk4--smoky4 ,pileus convex or expanded1 dry1 clothed with a very minute appressed tomentum1 whitish4 ,gills narrow1 crowded1 rounded behind1 whitish or pale cream color1 changing to smoky-blue or blackish where bruised4 ,stem short1 cylindrical1 whitish4 ,spores oblong-elliptical1 #e-f4e4 ,pileus #a in4 broad4 ,stem #a-a4e in4 high1 #b-c lines thick4 ,woods4 ,columbia county4 ,october4 ,rare4 ,the species is remarkable for the smoky or blackish hue assumed by the gills when bruised and also in drying4 ,it is apparently related to ,t4 immundum ,berk41 but in that species the whole plant becomes blackish when bruised1 and the gills are marked with transverse lines and tinged with pink4 ,peck1 #ddth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,september to ,november1 #ahih4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,the size of cap sometimes attains to #c in and stem to in4 in thickness4 ,taste at first farinaceous then sweetish4 ,the caps are of excellent quality and flavor4 7,plate ,,xxiii47 ,illustration3 ,,tricholoma ,,imbricatum4 ,one-half natural size4 ,t4 imbricatum ,fr4--covered with tiles4 ,pileus fleshy1 compact1 convex or nearly plane1 obtuse1 dry1 innately scaly1 fibrillose toward the margin1 brown or reddish-brown1 the margin thin1 at first slightly inflexed and pubescent then naked4 ,flesh firm1 thick1 white4 ,gills slightly emarginate1 almost adnate1 rather close1 white when young1 becoming reddish or spotted4 ,stem solid1 firm1 nearly equal1 fibrillose1 white and mealy or pulverulent at the top1 elsewhere colored like the pileus4 ,spores #f4e #d-e4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #d-aj lines thick4 ,under or near coniferous trees4 ,greene and ,essex counties4 ,september and ,october4 ,this is an edible species4 ,it has a farinaceous odor and taste when fresh4 ,peck1 #ddth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,closely resembles ,t4 transmutans in size1 color and taste4 ,it is1 however1 easily separated by its dry cap and solid stem4 ,peck4 ,plentiful in pine woods of ,new ,jersey1 and among hemlocks in ,west ,virginia4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 under pines4 ,october and ,november1 #ahih4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,specimens found at ,mt4 ,gretna had caps dark umber when young1 and margin incurved to stem4 ,gills yellowish4 ,stem up to #d in4 long1 stout1 solid1 swollen at base1 and having a short pointed ending1 firm1 fibrillose1 white4 ,flavor farinaceous4 ,flesh of good texture and taste4 ,,iii4--,,rig,,ida4 ,pileus rigid1 cuticle broken up into smooth scales1 etc4 99 ,gills white or pallid1 not becoming spotted with red or gray4 ,not represented4 9999 ,gills becoming reddish or grayish1 spotted1 etc4 ,t4 saponaceum ,fr4--sapo1 soap4 ,strong1 smelling of an undefinable soap4 ,cap #b-d in4 across1 involute at first1 convex then flattened1 dry1 glabrous1 moist in wet weather1 never viscid1 brownish1 more or less spotted or having the skin cracked into scales1 occasionally covered with dark fibrils4 ,flesh firm1 whitish becoming reddish when wounded4 ,gills emarginate1 with a hooked tooth 7uncinate7 thin1 distant1 pale white4 ,stem #b-d in4 long1 about in4 thick1 often unequal1 base sometimes long and rooting1 usually smooth1 at times reticulated with black fibrils1 or is scaly4 ,distasteful4 ,the species is variable in size and color4 ,stevenson remarks3 8,scarcely any species has been more confounded with others40 ,it may always be safely distinguished by its odor1 by its distant gills1 by the smooth cuticle of the cap cracking into scales1 and by the change of color to reddish when bruised4 ,west ,virginia mountains4 ,august to frost4 #ahha-he4 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,this fungus is not extremely unpleasant when eaten--like ,t4 sulphureum1 but no one will care to eat it4 ,there is nothing in the flavor to recommend it or to inspire a cultivation of taste for it4 ,,iv4--,,sericel,,la4 ,pileus slightly silky1 soon smooth1 etc4 99 ,gills broad1 rather thick1 somewhat distant4 ,t4 sulphureum ,bull4--sulphur1 brimstone4 ,odor strong1 fetid or like gas tar4 ,cap #a-d in4 across1 subglobose1 then convex and plane1 slightly umbonate1 sometimes depressed1 fleshy1 margin at first involute4 ,color dingy or reddish sulphur-yellow1 at first silky1 becoming smooth or minutely tomentose4 ,flesh thick1 yellow4 ,gills rather thick1 narrowed behind1 emarginate or acutely adnate1 sometimes appearing arcuate from shape of cap4 ,stem #b-d in4 long1 #c-e lines thick1 equal or slightly bulbous1 often curved1 smooth striate1 sulphur-yellow1 stuffed1 fibrous or hollow1 yellow within1 at times having yellow fibrous roots4 ,spores #i-aje ,massee4 ,very variable in size4 ,gregarious1 common in mixed woods4 ,west ,virginia1 #ahha4 ,west ,philadelphia1 #ahhf4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,when quite young ,t4 sulphureum is showy and inviting4 ,its smell is discouraging1 its taste forbidding4 ,no amount of cooking removes its unpleasant flavor4 ,i have tried to eat enough of it to test its qualities1 but was satisfied after strenuous efforts to mark it ,,inedible4 ,t4 chrysenteroides ,pk4--like gold4 ,pileus fleshy1 convex or plane1 not at all umbonate1 firm1 dry1 glabrous or slightly silky1 pale-yellow or buff1 becoming dingy with age1 the margin sometimes reflexed1 flesh pale-yellow1 taste and odor farinaceous4 ,gills rather close1 emarginate1 yellowish1 becoming dingy or pallid with age1 marked with transverse veinlets along the upper edge1 the interspaces veined4 ,stem equal1 firm1 solid1 bare1 fibrous-striate1 yellowish without and within4 ,spores elliptical1 #h-aje-f4 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #c-d lines thick4 ,woods4 ,lewis and ,cattaraugus counties4 ,september4 ,nearly allied to ,t4 chrysenterum1 but separable by the gills1 which are somewhat veiny and not free1 by the entire absence of an umbo and by its farinaceous odor and taste4 ,peck1 #ddth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,frequently found at ,angora1 and in ,woodland ,cemetery1 ,west ,philadelphia4 ,edible4 ,fair flavor and good quality4 ,t4 opicum ,fr4--uncouth4 ,pileus #a-a in4 across4 ,flesh rather thin1 becoming grayish2 convex1 then expanded1 obtusely-umbonate1 at length usually upturned and split1 very dry1 even at first1 then minutely scaly1 gray4 ,gills broadly emarginate1 ventricose1 rather thick1 scarcely distant1 hoary4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #b-c lines thick1 equal1 fibrillose1 becoming almost glabrous1 pallid then grayish1 stuffed4 ,massee4 ,among moss1 in pine woods1 etc4 ,inodorous4 ,somewhat resembling ,t4 saponaceum1 but distinguished by the absence of smell4 ,waretown1 ,n4,j4 ,under pines and open places in pine woods4 ,august to ,september1 #ahhi4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,when wet the caps become darker and have a mottled appearance4 ,they are tender1 but rather tasteless4 ,the species serves to make quantity when cooked with others of higher flavor4 ,t4 piperatum ,pk4--piper1 pepper4 ,pileus rather thin1 firm1 dry1 convex1 obtuse or subumbonate1 virgate with innate brownish fibrils1 varying in color from grayish-brown to blackish-brown1 sometimes with greenish or yellowish tints4 ,flesh white or whitish1 taste acrid4 ,gills broad1 close1 rounded behind1 adnexed1 whitish or yellowish4 ,stem generally short1 equal1 solid1 silky1 slightly mealy or pruinose at the top1 white or slightly tinged with yellow4 ,spores elliptic1 #f-g long1 #e broad4 ,pileus #d-g cm4 broad4 ,stem #e-g cm4 long1 #f-ab mm4 thick4 ,the central part of the pileus is sometimes a little darker than the rest4 ,the peppery or acrid taste is very distinct and remains in the mouth many minutes4 ,this and the innately fibrillose character of the pileus are distinguishing characters of the species4 ,the plants appear from ,september to ,november4 ,peck1 ,torr4 ,bull41 ,vol4 #bf4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,october to ,november1 #ahih1 on damp ground among moss4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,cap up to #c in4 across1 bell-shaped1 then convex1 depressed in center and undulate1 light-brown1 darker toward center1 dry1 minutely fibrillose4 ,flesh thick1 white1 thin toward margin4 ,gills emarginate1 unequal1 not forked4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 hard1 equal or enlarging toward base1 white1 silky1 striate4 ,though peppery raw1 this ,tricholoma is of good substance and flavor when cooked4 ,b4 ,,pileus ,,even1 ,,smooth1 ,,not ,,downy1 ,,scaly1 ,,nor ,,viscid1 ,,etc4 ,v4--,,gutta,,ta4 ,pileus marked with drop-like spots or rivulose4 99 ,gills whitish4 ,t4 gambosum ,fr4--gambosus1 swelling near the hoof4 ,pileus #c-d in4 and more broad1 becoming pale-tan1 fleshy1 hemispherico-convex1 then flattened1 obtuse1 undulated and bent backward1 even1 smooth1 but spotted as with drops1 at length widely cracked 7not1 however1 torn into squamules71 the margin at the first involute and tomentose4 ,flesh thick1 soft1 fragile1 white4 ,stem #b in4 and more long1 -#a in4 thick1 solid1 fleshy-firm1 almost equal1 often curved-ascending at the base1 white1 downy at the apex4 ,gills rounded or emarginato-adnexed1 with a somewhat decurrent tooth and when old sinuato-decurrent1 crowded1 ventricose1 #b-c lines broad1 whitish4 ,fries4 ,odor pleasant1 of new meal4 ,often forming large rings or clusters4 ,a whitish form must not be confounded with ,t4 albellus4 ,spores #acaa ,w4,g4,s42 #ac-adh-i ,massee2 #acaj ,cooke4 ,angora1 ,philadelphia4 ,chester and ,lebanon county1 ,pa4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,fair4 9999 ,gills becoming reddish or smoky-gray4 ,t4 tigrinum ,schaeff4--spotted like a tiger4 ,pileus #b in4 broad1 pallid-brown1 variegated with crowded and darker dingy-brown spots1 compactly fleshy1 convex then expanded1 obtuse1 repand4 ,flesh thick1 firm1 white1 unchangeable1 but thin at the involute margin4 ,stem #a in4 long and thick1 very compact1 solid1 pruinate1 white4 ,gills rounded behind1 at length decurrent with a tooth1 crowded1 narrow1 white1 at length darker4 ,solitary or cespitose4 ,very distinguished1 obese1 and without any marked smell of new meal4 ,in fir woods and open grassy ground4 ,rare4 ,june to ,july4 ,stevenson4 ,edible1 ,cooke1 ,fries4 ,t4 albellum ,fr4--albus1 white4 ,pileus about #c in4 broad1 becoming pale-white1 passing into gray when dry1 fleshy1 thick at the disk1 thinner at the sides1 conical then convex1 gibbous when expanded1 when in vigor moist on the surface1 spotted 7mottled7 as with scales1 the thin margin naked4 ,flesh soft1 floccose1 white1 unchangeable4 ,stem curt1 #a-b in4 long1 #a in4 thick at the base1 reaching in4 toward the apex1 solid1 fleshy-compact1 ovato-bulbous 7conical to the middle1 cylindrical above the middle71 fibrillose-striate1 white4 ,gills very much attenuated behind1 not emarginate1 becoming broad in front1 very crowded1 quite entire1 white4 ,fries4 ,spores elliptical1 #f-gd ,massee2 ovoid1 #c ,w4,g4,s42 ovoid1 #c ,cooke4 ,pileus not becoming yellow4 ,odor weak when fresh1 taste pleasant1 almost that of cooked flesh4 ,there are two forms3 one larger1 solitary1 another smaller1 connato-cespitose1 quite as in ,a4 albellus ,sow4 ,it is often confounded with smaller forms of ,a4 gambosus4 ,stevenson4 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis4 ,damp woods4 ,edible4 ,,vi4--,,spongio,,sa4 ,pileus compact then spongy1 smooth1 moist4 99 ,gills not discolored4 ,t4 virescens ,pk4--viresco1 to grow green4 ,pileus convex or nearly plane1 sometimes centrally depressed1 moist1 bare1 dingy-green1 the margin sometimes wavy or lobed4 ,gills close1 gradually narrowed toward the outer extremity1 rounded or slightly emarginate at the inner1 white4 ,stem subequal1 stuffed or hollow1 thick but brittle1 whitish1 sometimes tinged with green4 ,spores broadly elliptical1 #ed4 ,pileus #c-e in4 broad4 ,stem #c-d in4 long1 #f-ab lines thick4 ,thin woods4 ,essex county4 ,july4 ,the dull smoky-green hue of the pileus is the distinguishing feature of this species4 ,peck1 #ddth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,quite common in ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey and ,pennsylvania4 ,july to ,october4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible4 ,tastes somewhat like many ,russul1 when cooked4 ,flavor good4 ,t4 fumidellum ,pk4--smoky4 ,pileus convex1 then expanded1 subumbonate1 bare1 moist1 dingy-white or clay-color clouded with brown1 the disk or umbo generally smoky-brown4 ,gills crowded1 subventricose1 whitish4 ,stem equal1 bare1 solid1 whitish4 ,spores minute1 subglobose1 #d4ed4 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad4 ,stem #a4e-b4e in4 long1 #b-c lines thick4 ,woods4 ,albany county and ,catskill mountains4 ,september and ,october4 ,the stem splits easily and the pileus becomes paler in drying4 ,it sometimes becomes cracked in areas4 ,peck1 #ddth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,on ground4 ,mt4 ,gretna4 ,october and ,november4 #ahig4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,the species was plentiful among the leaf mold1 growing from the ground in mixed woods4 ,the caps are delicate in substance and flavor4 ,t4 leucocephalum ,fr4 ,gr4--white2 head4 ,pileus #a-b in4 across1 convex then plane1 even1 moist1 smooth1 but when young covered with a satiny down2 water-soaked after rain4 ,flesh thin1 tough1 white4 ,gills rounded behind and almost free1 white4 ,stem up to #b in4 long1 in4 thick1 exterior hard1 shining1 fibrous2 interior hollow but solid at base which is attenuated and rooting1 twisted4 ,smell strong of new meal4 ,taste pleasant4 ,spores #i-ajg-h4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,grassy woods and borders4 ,october to ,november1 #ahih4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,quite common4 ,the caps are excellent4 ,t4 album ,schaeff4--albus1 white4 ,pileus fleshy1 tough1 convex1 becoming plane or depressed1 obtuse1 very dry1 even1 glabrous1 white1 sometimes yellowish on the disk1 rarely wholly yellowish1 the margin at first involute4 ,flesh white1 taste acrid or bitter4 ,gills emarginate1 somewhat crowded1 distinct1 white4 ,stem solid1 elastic1 equal or tapering upward1 externally fibrous1 obsoletely frosted at the apex1 white4 ,spores elliptical1 #e-f1 long4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad4 ,stem #b-d in4 long1 #d-f lines thick4 ,woods4 ,common4 ,august to ,october4 ,this species is variable in color and in size1 being sometimes robust1 sometimes slender4 ,it grows singly1 in troops or in tufts4 ,it has no decided odor1 but a bitter unpleasant taste4 ,peck1 #ddth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,cooked1 tender and of fair flavor4 9999 ,gills becoming discolored4 ,t4 personatum ,fr4--wearing a mask 7from its many varieties of colors74 7,plate ,,xviii1 p4 #fj47 ,pileus compact1 becoming soft1 thick1 convex or plane1 obtuse1 regular1 moist1 bare1 variable in color1 generally pallid or ashy tinged with violet or lilac1 the margin at first involute and frosted with fine hairs4 ,flesh whitish4 ,gills broad1 crowded1 rounded behind1 free1 violaceous becoming sordid-whitish or dingy-brown4 ,stem generally thick1 subbulbous1 solid1 fibrillose or frosted with fine hairs1 whitish or colored like the pileus4 ,spores dingy white1 subelliptical1 #h-id-e4 ,on white paper the spores have a slight salmon tint1 but they are regular in shape1 not angular as in ,entoloma4 ,pileus #b-e in4 broad4 ,stem #a-c in4 long1 #f-ab lines thick4 ,peck1 #ddth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,woods and open places1 and growing from old1 matted stable straw4 ,common over the ,united ,states4 ,when ,t4 personatum becomes known to the collector1 either in the field or on the table1 it is sure to become a favorite4 ,it is fleshy1 rotund1 stocky1 moist and smooth1 with a tendency in its cap to be wavy-rimmed and jauntily cocked in wet weather4 ,it grows singly or in troops1 occasionally in tufts of from five to six individuals4 ,a patch of it is valuable and worth husbanding with covering of fine straw4 ,cortinarius violaceus resembles it somewhat in color and shape1 but it shows a spidery veil1 and has brown spores4 ,it is edible4 ,the common name of ,t4 personatum in ,england is ,blewits1 which translated into understandable ,english is believed to be 8blue-hats40 ,it is everywhere eaten1 being of substantial substance1 good flavor and cookable in any way4 ,it is especially fine in patties1 stews and croquettes4 ,t4 nudum ,bull4--naked4 ,pileus about #c in4 broad1 becoming purple-violaceous then changing color1 reddish1 fleshy1 comparatively thin1 convexo-plane then depressed1 obtuse1 even1 smooth1 with a pellicle which is moist and manifest in rainy weather2 margin inflexed1 thin1 naked4 ,flesh thin1 pliant1 colored4 ,stem about #c in4 long1 in4 thick1 stuffed1 elastic1 equal1 almost naked1 mealy at the apex1 violaceous then becoming pale4 ,gills rounded then decurrent 7on account of the depressed pileus71 crowded1 narrow1 of the same color as the pileus or deeper violaceous1 but soon changing color1 at length reddish without the least tinge of violet4 ,stevenson4 ,spores #gc4e ,massee2 #f-hd ,b42 #fc ,w4,g4,s4 ,on ground among leaves4 ,esculent1 very good and delicate4 ,cordier4 ,edible4 ,roze4 ,edible1 all ,american authorities4 ,,vii4--,,hygroph,,ana4 ,pileus thin1 water-soaked1 etc4 99 ,gills whitish1 not spotted4 ,t4 grammopodium ,bull4 ,gr4--a line2 ,gr4--a foot4 ,pileus #c-f in4 broad1 pallid-livid or brownish-red when moist1 whitish when dry1 fleshy1 very thin toward the margin1 campanulate then convex1 and at length flattened1 obtusely umbonate1 even1 smooth1 pellicle moist in rainy weather1 not viscous1 separating1 flesh-colored when moist1 white when dry1 soft1 fragile4 ,stem tall1 about #c-d in4 long1 in4 and more thick1 solid1 elastic1 equal with exception of the thickened base1 cylindrical1 firm1 smooth1 evidently longitudinally sulcate1 whitish4 ,gills arcuato-adnate or broadly horizontally emarginate1 acute at both ends1 very crowded1 quite entire1 very many shorter1 somewhat branched behind1 white4 ,odor moldy4 ,striking in appearance2 the chief of this group4 ,there is a variety wholly white4 ,in pastures and grassy woods4 ,stevenson4 ,spores #e-f ,massee4 ,distinguished by the grooved stem and crowded gills1 which are adnate when the pileus is expanded4 ,often growing in rings4 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis4 ,not reported elsewhere4 ,esculent4 ,cooke4 ,much eaten in ,europe4 ,t4 brevipes ,bull4--brevis1 short2 pes1 a foot4 ,pileus about #b in4 broad1 umber then becoming pale1 fleshy1 soft1 convex then becoming plane1 even1 smooth1 moist 7opaque when dry72 flesh of the pileus becoming brownish when moist1 becoming white when dry4 ,stem solid1 very rigid1 at length fibrous1 pruinate at the apex1 externally and internally fuscous2 otherwise very variable1 sometimes very short1 #b-c lines only long and thick1 attenuated downward2 commonly #a in41 sometimes bulbous1 sometimes equal1 more slender4 ,gills emarginato-free1 crowded1 ventricose1 disappearing short of the margin1 quite entire1 becoming fuscous then whitish4 ,solitary4 ,inodorous4 ,the pileus is often stained with soil4 ,stevenson4 ,spores elliptical1 #g4ee ,peck2 #g-d ,massee4 ,esculent and very delicate4 ,paulet4 ,esculent4 ,cooke4 ,t4 humile ,pers4--low1 small4 7,plate ,,xviii1 fig4 #f1 p4 #fj47 ,very variable in form and color4 ,cap #b-c in4 across1 convex then expanded1 wavy1 flattened1 sometimes umbonate1 sometimes depressed1 glabrous1 occasionally powdered with thin white dust1 fragments of veil1 sometimes viscid4 ,color changes with moisture1 blackish1 grayish1 and having somewhat the appearance of an oyster4 ,gills rounded-adnexed1 with a slight tooth1 arcuately decurrent1 crowded1 #b-c lines broad1 whitish4 ,flesh soft1 whitish or grayish4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 up to in4 thick1 equal 7misshapen by pressure when tufted71 light gray1 covered with fine down1 stuffed1 becoming hollow1 soft1 fragile4 ,gregarious1 usually tufted4 ,spores #g-he-f ,k4 ,open woods1 in gardens1 among cinders1 grass1 etc41 ,september to frost4 ,woodland ,cemetery1 ,philadelphia1 #ahig4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,its tufted habit and fair size1 fleshy cap of good flavor1 make it a desirable species4 ,it cooks readily and the caps are of fine flavor4 ,t4 pdidum ,fr4--pdidus1 nasty4 ,pileus about #a- in4 across4 ,flesh very thin1 tough1 becoming whitish2 bell-shaped then convex1 at length expanded1 umbonate1 at length depressed round the conical1 prominent umbo1 moist1 virgate or streaked with innate fibrils radiating from the center1 otherwise almost even1 smoky-mouse color1 opaque1 margin naked4 ,gills adnexed with a slight decurrent tooth1 slightly sinuate1 crowded1 narrow1 white then gray4 ,stem about #a in4 long and #b lines thick1 base slightly bulbous1 tough1 slightly striate1 naked1 dingy-gray4 ,spores elliptic-fusiform1 #aj-aae-f4 ,in gardens1 on dung-hills1 etc4 ,small1 tough1 color dingy1 without a trace of violet tinge4 ,massee4 ,edible4 ,cooks tender1 and is of good flavor1 notwithstanding its name1 which in no way applies4 ,t4 subpulverulentum ,pers4--slightly dusty4 ,pileus #a-b in4 across1 convex then plane or depressed in center1 even1 innately pruinose1 hoary1 white1 whitish1 grayish1 margin extending as a slight rim incurved beyond gills4 ,flesh white1 thick1 firm1 hygrophanous4 ,gills rounded without a tooth1 close1 narrow1 white4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #c-e lines thick1 equal1 solid1 somewhat striate1 whitish4 ,spores #ec ,massee2 #dc ,w4,g4,s4 ,biological grounds1 ,university of ,pennsylvania4 ,philadelphia4 ,may to ,november1 #ahih4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a species one is glad to find4 ,it has a healthy substantial presence full of promise4 ,it is a solitary grower among grass on lawns and pastures1 but its individuals are neighborly4 ,caps and stems are excellent4 ,illustration ,grouped by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,studies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,xxiv4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a-b-c4 ,,clitocybe #ajh #h4 ,,clitocybe ,,amethystina1 #ajg ,,ochropurpurea1 #d4 ,,clitocybe #ajh #i4 ,,clitocybe ,,odora1 #ij ,,ochropurpurea 7,,section71 #e4 ,,clitocybe ,,maxima1 #ii #aj4 ,,clitocybe ,,laccata1 #ajg #f4 ,,clitocybe ,,maxima #ii #aa4 ,,clitocybe #ajj 7,,section71 ,,infundibuliformis1 #g4 ,,clitocybe ,,nebularis1 #he ,,clito,,cybe ,fr4 ,gr4--sloping4 7,from the depression of the pileus47 ,pileus generally fleshy1 becoming thin toward the margin1 flexible or tough1 plane or depressed1 margin involute4 ,gills adnate or decurrent1 never sinuate4 ,stem confluent and homogeneous with flesh of pileus1 somewhat elastic1 with a spongy stuffing1 frequently becoming hollow1 externally fibrous4 ,universal veil when present conspicuous on the pileus like frost or silky dew1 but commonly wanting4 ,growing on the ground1 frequently in groups4 ,the thinner and hygrophanous species appear late in autumn4 ,some are quite fragrant4 ,collybia1 ,mycena and ,omphalia are separated by their stems being cartilaginous1 not externally fibrous as in ,clitocybe4 ,tricholoma by its sinuate gills4 ,variations in species of ,clitocybe are great4 ,a few are easily fixed in the genus1 but many of them will puzzle the amateur and perplex the expert4 ,the gills are always attached to the stem1 and usually run down it4 ,they are not notched next to the stem as in ,tricholoma4 ,like ,tricholoma1 ,clitocybe has many species1 most of which are common1 and are probably edible4 ,i therefore give ,professor ,peck's description of all ,clitocybes thus far submitted to him4 ,i know of but one species which is injurious to some persons--,clitocybe illudens4 ,many eat and enjoy it4 ,it does not agree with others4 ,a few untried species are suspicious to a like extent4 ,clitocybe illudens possesses the property of phosphorescence4 ,several species of ,clitocybe have not been seen or tested by me1 nor have ,i information that these have been tested4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,tribes4 ,a4 ,,pileus ,,fleshy1 ,,often ,,pallid ,,when ,,dry1 not hygrophanous4 ,flesh firm1 not watery1 nor splitting into plates4 ,those which turn pale in drying differ from ,series ,b by their silky luster4 ,,disciformes 7disk-shaped74 ,page #he4 ,pileus somewhat equally fleshy2 convex then plane or depressed1 obtuse1 regular2 gills at first adnate or regularly adnato-decurrent4 ,normally solitary4 99 ,pileus gray or brownish4 9999 ,pileus violet or reddish4 999999 ,pileus becoming yellowish4 99999999 ,pileus greenish1 becoming pale4 9999999999 ,pileus white1 becoming shining white4 ,distinguished from white hygrophanous species and white species of ,paxillus4 ,,difformes 7irregularly shaped74 ,page #id4 ,pileus fleshy in the center1 thin at the margin1 at first umbonate1 then expanded and depressed1 irregular4 ,gills unequally decurrent1 longer in some places than in others1 sometimes rounded on one side of the stem or only reaching it as in ,tricholoma4 ,stem somewhat cartilaginous externally1 but fibrous4 ,cespitose1 often grown together at base1 variable in form1 sometimes solitary4 ,,infundibuliformes 7funnel-shaped74 ,page #ih4 ,pileus becoming thin from the fleshy center to the margin1 at length funnel-shaped or deeply umbilicately depressed in the center4 ,stem spongy1 externally fibrous4 ,gills deeply and equally decurrent from the first4 ,pileus often becoming discolored or pallid1 not hygrophanous4 99 ,pileus colored or becoming pale1 the surface 7at least under a lens7 innately flocculose or silky1 bibulous1 not moist4 9999 ,pileus colored or pallid1 smooth1 moist in rainy weather4 999999 ,pileus shining whitish1 with scattered superficial flocci or becoming smooth4 ,b4 ,,pileus ,,fleshy-,,membranaceous4 ,flesh thin1 soft1 watery1 hygrophanous4 ,,cyathiformes 7cup-shaped74 ,page #ajd4 ,flesh of pileus thin1 consisting of two separable plates1 disk not compact1 hygrophanous1 depressed then cup-shaped2 gills at first adnate then decurrent1 descending1 straight4 ,color dingy when moist4 ,,orbiformes 7round-shaped74 ,page #aji4 ,pileus somewhat fleshy1 hygrophanous1 convex then flattened or depressed1 polished1 not squamulose nor mealy2 gills plane1 horizontal1 thin1 crowded1 adnate or decurrent with a small tooth4 ,color dingy or becoming watery pale4 99 ,gills becoming ash-colored4 ,pileus at first dark4 9999 ,gills whitish4 ,pileus becoming pale4 ,,versiformes 7variable in shape74 ,page #ajf4 ,pileus thin1 convex then deformed1 tough1 more or less squamulose or furfuraceous2 gills adnate1 broad1 rather thick1 generally distant4 ,color hygrophanous4 99 ,pileus squalid or brownish with dark squamules4 ,none known to be edible4 9999 ,pileus bright1 of one color4 ,series ,a4 ,i4--,,discifor,,mes4 99 ,pileus gray or brownish4 ,c4 nebularis ,batsch4--nebula1 a cloud4 7,plate ,,xxiv1 fig4 #g1 p4 #hb47 ,the ,clouded clitocybe1 ,clitocybe nebularis1 takes its name from the clouded-gray appearance of its thick cap1 which is at first convex1 but when mature1 either flat or a little depressed4 ,its flesh is white1 thickest in the middle1 and in a vertical section is seen to taper rapidly downward into the stem4 ,the gills are close together and rather narrow for the size of the plant4 ,they are white or yellowish-white4 ,the stout solid stem usually tapers upward from the base and is whitish4 ,the cap is two to four inches or more broad1 the stem one to two inches long and about half an inch thick4 ,the ,clouded mushroom grows in woods1 and sometimes forms large tufts or clusters among fallen leaves4 ,it is found in autumn1 but is not very common in this country4 ,authors differ in their estimate of the edible qualities of this mushroom1 but the more recent ones generally agree in classing it as edible4 8,mushrooms and ,their ,use10 ,c4,h4 ,peck4 ,spores #d4ec ,cooke2 elliptical #fc4e ,massee2 #cd ,w4,g4,s4 ,there has been great diversity of opinion as to the edibility of this species on the continent4 ,cordier and a friend suffered from it4 ,paulet counseled mistrust4 ,this fungus is quite common in the ,west ,virginia mountains and in some parts of ,pennsylvania and ,new ,jersey1 where ,i have found it4 ,it is1 however1 limited to localities4 ,it is one of my favorites1 being of marked flavor and agreeable consistency4 ,i have not known it to harm anyone4 7,plate ,,xxv47 ,illustration3 ,,clitocybe ,,clavipes4 ,about two-thirds natural size4 ,c4 clavipes ,pers4--clava1 a club2 pes1 a foot4 ,pileus #a-b in4 across1 rather convex at first1 soon plane1 at length almost obconical1 very obtuse1 even1 glabrous1 dry1 sometimes all one color1 brown1 sooty1 livid-gray1 etc41 sometimes whitish towards the margin1 very rarely entirely white4 ,flesh loose in texture1 white1 thin at the margin4 ,gills deeply decurrent1 continued down the stem as straight lines1 rather distant1 flaccid1 quite entire1 broad1 entirely and persistently white4 ,stem #b in4 long1 base in4 and more thick1 conically attenuated upward1 rather fibrillose1 livid1 sooty1 solid1 spongy within4 ,spores elliptical1 #f-gd4 ,in woods1 especially pine4 ,resembling ,c4 nebularis in color1 but quite distinct4 ,smell pleasant1 entire substance soft and elastic4 ,fries4 ,spores elliptical1 #f-gd ,massee2 sub-ellipsoid1 #e-gc-d ,k42 #fh ,w4,g4,s4 ,found in pine woods of ,new ,jersey1 and under spruce in ,west ,virginia4 ,its substance is spongy1 therefore does not stew well4 ,cooked in any other way it is delicate and of excellent flavor4 ,c4 gangrnosa ,fr4--gangrna1 gangrene4 ,pileus fleshy1 convex then plane1 obtuse1 whitish1 at first sprinkled with white powder1 then naked1 variegated1 streaked4 ,gills slightly decurrent1 arcuate1 crowded1 dingy-white4 ,stem somewhat bulbous1 soft1 striate1 spongy1 solid4 ,stinking2 large1 flesh becoming blackish and variegated with black4 ,stem curved1 sometimes excentric4 ,pileus whitish1 here and there greenish1 livid1 etc4 ,fries4 ,var4 nigrescens ,lasch4 ,whitish2 pileus thin1 soft1 at first convex1 obtuse then plane1 somewhat umbonate1 and somewhat depressed2 gills decurrent1 very much crowded1 narrow1 stem solid1 downy4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad4 ,stem #a-a in4 long1 #b-c lines thick4 ,odor rather sweet1 taste unpleasant4 ,cooke4 ,new ,jersey1 ,haddonfield1 pine woods4 ,july to ,august4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,this ,clitocybe is in every way unattractive4 ,it is not poisonous1 but no one would care to eat it4 7,plate ,,xxvi47 ,illustration3 ,,clitocybe ,,media4 ,one-half natural size4 ,c4 media ,pk4--medius1 middle4 ,because intermediate between ,c4 nebularis and ,c4 clavipes4 ,pileus fleshy1 convex1 becoming plane or slightly depressed1 dry1 dark grayish-brown1 the margin often wavy or irregular1 flesh white1 taste mild4 ,gills broad1 subdistant1 adnate or decurrent1 whitish1 the interspaces somewhat venose4 ,stem equal or but slightly thickened at the base1 solid1 elastic1 not polished1 colored like or a little paler than the pileus4 ,spores elliptical1 #he4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 #d-h lines thick4 ,mossy ground in deep woods4 ,north ,elba4 ,september4 ,this species is intermediate between ,c4 nebularis and ,c4 clavipes4 ,in its general appearance1 and in the character of the pileus and stem1 it resembles ,c4 nebularis1 but in the character of the more distant gills and in the size of the spores it is nearer ,c4 clavipes1 of which it might perhaps be regarded as a variety4 ,two forms are distinguishable4 ,in one the gills are more distant1 slightly rounded behind1 and adnate or abruptly terminated2 in the other they are closer and more distinctly decurrent4 ,the plant is edible4 ,peck1 #db;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,i have known this fungus very favorably since #ahhc1 and regard it as one of the best4 ,i have seen it in the ,west ,virginia mountains only1 but it will probably be found in cool1 shaded1 high localities all over the country4 ,both it and the ,c4 nebularis are well worthy of search4 ,c4 vilescens ,pk4--vilesco1 of little value4 ,pileus convex1 then plane or depressed1 often irregular1 glabrous1 slightly pruinose on the involute margin1 brown or grayish-brown1 becoming paler with age1 often concentrically rivulose4 ,gills close1 adnate or decurrent1 cinereous1 sometimes tinged with dingy-yellow4 ,stem short1 solid1 sometimes compressed1 grayish-brown1 with a whitish tomentum at the base4 ,spores subglobose or broadly elliptical1 #e-f4e2 flesh whitish-gray1 odor slight4 ,plant gregarious1 #a-b in4 high4 ,pileus #a-a4e in4 broad4 ,stem #a-b lines thick4 ,grassy pastures4 ,jamesville1 ,august4 ,peck1 #cc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,a pale form of this species grows on sandy soil1 in which the pileus is smoky white1 but it becomes grayish-brown in drying4 ,the mycelium binds together a mass of sand1 so that when the plant is taken up carefully a little ball of sandy soil adheres to the base of the stem4 ,the stem is sometimes pruinose4 ,the flavor is mild and agreeable4 ,peck1 #ejth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,sometimes plentiful about ,philadelphia4 ,edible4 ,caps tender1 slight flavor4 ,c4 comitialis ,fr4--belonging to an assembly4 ,pileus about #a in4 across1 fleshy1 convex1 then plane1 obtuse1 even1 glabrous1 rather moist but not hygrophanous1 every part colored alike1 sooty-umber1 almost black4 ,flesh firm1 white4 ,gills very slightly decurrent1 horizontal1 plane1 thin1 crowded1 white4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #c-d lines thick1 equally attenuated upward from the base1 glabrous1 sooty1 elastic1 stuffed4 ,spores elliptical1 #g-hd4 ,damp places among mosses in pine woods1 etc4 ,distinguished by the blackish color of the almost flat pileus1 and the very slightly decurrent gills4 ,somewhat allied to ,c4 clavipes1 but firmer1 smaller and inodorous4 ,massee4 ,rather rare4 ,found in ,new ,jersey among pines2 in ,pennsylvania in mixed woods4 ,edible4 ,good texture and flavor4 ,illustration3 ,photographed by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,weist4 ,,plate ,,xxvii4 ,,clitocybe ,,monadelpha4 9999 ,violet or reddish4 ,c4 cyanopha ,fr4 ,gr4--blue4 ,pileus #c-d in4 broad1 becoming bluish-dusky-brown1 compact1 convex then plane1 obtuse1 smooth4 ,stem #c in4 long1 #a in4 thick at the base1 attenuated upward1 robust1 solid1 smooth1 becoming azure-blue when young1 abruptly white at the apex4 ,gills deeply decurrent1 crowded1 violaceous1 then becoming pale4 ,new ,york1 ,albion4 ,in woods4 ,october4 ,edible4 ,dr4 ,e4,l4 ,cushing4 ,specimens sent to me by ,dr4 ,cushing are the first and only ones of the species ,i have seen4 ,the description is accurate4 ,the spores were cream color4 ,c4 monadelpha ,morg4--monas1 single2 adelphos1 a brother4 ,from its cespitose habit4 7,plate ,,xxvii47 ,densely cespitose4 ,pileus fleshy1 convex then depressed1 at first glabrous1 then scaly1 honey color1 varying to pallid-brownish or reddish4 ,stem elongated1 solid1 crooked1 twisted1 fibrous1 tapering at the base1 pallid-brownish or flesh color4 ,gills short1 decurrent1 not crowded1 pallid flesh color4 ,spores white1 a little irregular1 #g4ee4e4 ,on the ground in wet woods1 spring to late autumn4 ,pileus #a-c in4 ,stem #c-g in4 ,morgan4 ,grassy places4 ,menands4 ,albany county4 ,september4 ,edible4 ,resembling ,armillaria mellea1 but distinguished from it by the absence of a collar from the stem1 by the more decidedly decurrent lamell and by the solid stem4 ,it is also more agreeable in flavor4 ,it is related to ,c4 illudens in habit and manner of growth4 ,peck1 #east ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores #he ,peck4 ,october #ae1 #ahih4 ,identified by ,professor ,peck4 ,september until frost4 ,grows in great clusters about roots1 etc41 at ,mt4 ,gretna4 ,frequently much water-soaked and uninviting4 ,taste variable1 sometimes strong1 woody4 ,it is edible1 but care should be exercised in collecting to get young1 fresh groups4 ,c4 socialis ,fr4--socius1 a companion4 ,pileus about #a in4 broad1 pale-yellowish with a reddish tinge1 fleshy1 convex then expanded1 acutely umbonate especially when young1 even1 smooth1 dry4 ,flesh moderately thin1 white4 ,stem #a in4 long1 #b lines or a little more thick1 solid1 fibrous1 commonly ascending1 smooth1 reddish1 the rooting base hairy4 ,gills plano-decurrent1 scarcely crowded1 becoming yellow4 ,fries4 ,a very pretty species1 densely gregarious1 inodorous4 ,the stem is sheathed-hairy at the base like ,marasmius peronatus4 ,its greatest affinity is with ,a4 vernicosus1 of which it is perhaps a variety4 ,stevenson4 ,quite common in pine woods of ,new ,jersey4 ,though small1 goodly messes of it may be gathered from its patches4 ,the caps make a pleasing dish4 999999 ,pileus becoming yellow4 ,none reported as tested for edibility4 99999999 ,pileus greenish or becoming pallid4 ,c4 odora ,bull4--odorus1 fragrant4 7,plate ,,xxiv1 fig4 #i1 p4 #hb47 ,fragrant4 ,pileus about #b in4 across1 flesh rather thick1 tough2 soon plane and wavy1 even1 smooth1 pale dingy green1 silky when dry4 ,gills adnate1 rather close1 broad1 greenish or pallid4 ,stem about #a-a in4 long1 #b lines thick1 base incrassated1 elastic1 stuffed4 ,spores elliptical1 #f-hd-e4 ,in woods4 ,massee4 ,readily distinguished by the strong1 aniseed smell1 dingy bluish-green pileus1 and the pallid or greenish gills4 ,sometimes somewhat cespitose4 ,tough2 size variable1 color varies between pale green and greenish-gray1 usually all colored alike1 but the gills are sometimes white2 smell pleasant1 spicy1 especially when dry4 ,fries4 ,spores #fe ,k42 #hd ,b4 ,a rather delicate1 even exquisite dish4 ,cooke4 ,edible4 ,exceedingly spicy4 ,the flavor is pleasant1 but rather strong4 ,a few specimens mixed with others of like texture but less flavor make a tasty dish4 ,c4 rivulosa ,pers4--rivus1 a stream4 7,named from rivulet-like streaks on pileus47 ,pileus #a-c in4 across1 flesh thin1 convex then plane and depressed1 obtuse1 often undulately lobed1 dingy flesh-color or reddish1 becoming pale1 glabrous1 then covered with a whitish down4 ,gills slightly decurrent1 broad1 rather crowded1 pinkish-white4 ,stem about #b in4 long1 #c-d lines thick1 rather fibrillose1 tough1 elastic1 whitish1 stuffed4 ,spores elliptical1 #fc4e4 ,massee4 ,among grass by road-sides1 etc4 ,not common1 but when found it is basket-filling4 ,i have found it in ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey and ,west ,virginia4 ,edible4 ,the caps are rather tough but become glutinous and tender when well cooked4 ,flavor fine4 9999999999 ,pileus white1 shining when dry4 ,c4 cerussata ,fr4--cerussa1 white lead4 ,pileus #a-c in4 across1 flesh thick at the disk1 becoming thin toward the margin2 convex then almost plane1 obtuse1 even1 minutely floccose then almost glabrous1 white4 ,gills adnate1 then decurrent1 very much crowded1 thin1 permanently white4 ,stem about #b in4 long1 #c-e lines thick1 smooth1 tough1 elastic1 naked1 spongy and solid1 white4 ,among dead leaves1 etc4 ,taste mild1 smell almost obsolete4 ,stem rather thickened at the base and often tomentose4 ,pileus said to be gibbous1 but not umbonate nor becoming rufescent4 ,gills not changing to yellowish4 ,fries4 ,spores #c ,w4,g4,s4 ,edible4 ,good4 ,c4 phyllophila ,fr4 ,gr4--leaf-loving4 ,whitish-tan4 ,pileus #a-c in4 across1 rather fleshy1 convex then plane1 becoming umbilicate and depressed1 sometimes wavy1 smooth and even4 ,gills thin1 subdistant1 white then tinged with ocher1 rather broad1 very slightly decurrent4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 equal1 stuffed then hollow1 whitish1 tough1 silky-fibrillose4 ,spores #fd4 ,among leaves in woods1 etc4 ,spores #fd ,massee2 #fc ,w4,g4,s42 #e4eb4h ,morgan4 ,found at ,devon1 ,pa41 #ahhh2 ,angora1 ,west ,philadelphia1 #ahig4 ,it is equal to the ,pleurotus ostreatus 7oyster mushroom7 in texture1 but not so high in flavor4 ,well cooked it is an agreeable and valuable food4 ,c4 pithyophila ,secr4 ,gr4--pine-loving4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad1 dead-white when moist1 shining whitish when dry1 fleshy but thin1 rather plane1 umbilicate1 at length irregularly shaped1 repand and undulato-lobed1 even1 smooth1 flaccid1 the margin slightly striate when old4 ,stem somewhat hollow1 rounded then compressed1 equal1 even1 smooth1 obsoletely or scarcely pruinose at the apex1 white tomentose at the 7not bulbous7 base4 ,gills adnate1 somewhat decurrent1 very crowded1 plane1 #b-c lines broad1 distinct1 quite entire1 white4 ,odor not remarkable1 but pleasant4 ,gregarious1 somewhat cespitose2 white indeed1 but when moist watery and somewhat hygrophanous1 in which it evidently differs from ,a4 phyllophila4 ,a4 tuba1 which appears in the same places1 is very like it4 ,stevenson4 ,spores #f-gd ,b4 ,massachusetts1 ,sprague2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,bull4 #ahhg4 ,albion1 ,orleans county1 ,n4,y41 ,october1 #ahih1 ,dr4 ,cushing4 ,several specimens received were clearly referable to ,c4 pithyophila1 though varying in having caps deeply depressed but not umbilicate4 ,the white tomentosity at base was present but indistinct4 ,four specimens were eaten and found good4 ,eaten enjoyably by ,dr4 ,cushing4 ,c4 fuscipes ,pk4--fuscus1 dirty2 pes1 a foot4 ,pileus thin1 broadly convex or plane1 umbilicate1 glabrous1 whitish and striatulate when moist1 pure white when dry1 odor and taste farinaceous4 ,gills nearly plane1 subdistant1 adnate or slightly decurrent1 white4 ,stem equal1 glabrous or slightly mealy at the top1 hollow1 dingy brown when moist1 paler when dry4 ,spores globose1 #e-f4 ,pileus #d-h lines broad4 ,stem about #a in4 long4 ,under pine trees4 ,carrollton4 ,september4 ,peck1 #ddth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,edible4 ,its small size gives it minor importance1 but a quantity of it makes an excellent meal4 ,c4 candicans ,pers4--candico1 to be shining white4 ,entirely white4 ,pileus about #a in4 across1 flesh thin1 convex then plane or slightly depressed1 umbilicate1 regular or slightly excentric1 even1 with an adpressed silkiness1 shining1 shining white when dry4 ,gills adnate then slightly decurrent1 crowded1 very thin1 narrow1 straight4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 #a-b lines thick1 even1 glabrous1 cartilaginous1 polished1 equal1 hollow1 base incurved1 rooting1 downy4 ,spores broadly elliptical or subglobose1 #e-fd4 ,massee4 ,among damp fallen leaves1 etc4 ,entirely white1 small1 rather tough2 approaching ,omphalia in the structure of the stem4 ,the following form is described by ,fries as occurring in pine woods3 ,stem thin1 flexuous1 base glabrous2 pileus plane1 not umbilicate1 naked 7without silky down74 ,gills scarcely decurrent4 ,a remarkable form but scarcely to be separated as a species4 ,fries4 ,quite common in ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey4 ,the caps are excellent when well cooked4 ,c4 dealbata ,sow4--dealbo1 to whitewash4 ,pileus about #a in4 or a little more broad1 white1 slightly fleshy1 tough1 convex then plane and at length revolute and undulated1 always dry 7not watery in rainy weather71 even1 smooth1 somewhat shining1 but as if innately pruinose under a lens4 ,flesh thin1 arid1 white4 ,stem #a in4 long1 #b lines thick1 stuffed1 wholly fibrous1 at length also tubed1 equal1 but often ascending1 whitish1 mealy at the apex4 ,gills adnate1 scarcely decurrent1 thin1 crowded1 white4 ,pileus sometimes orbicular1 sometimes upturned and wavy4 ,odor weak1 pleasant1 but not very remarkable4 ,most distinct from ,a4 candicans in the nature of the stem4 ,edible4 ,its top is exceedingly like ivory4 ,its charming flavor is exceeded by very few other fungi4 ,stevenson4 ,among leaves and grass4 ,woodland ,cemetery1 ,philadelphia4 ,this charming fungus is common over the land4 ,i have known it since #ahha1 and found it from ,north ,carolina to ,west ,virginia4 ,c4 robusta ,pk4--robustus1 stout4 ,pileus thick1 firm1 at first convex1 soon plane or slightly depressed in the center1 glabrous1 white1 the margin at first involute or decurved1 naked4 ,flesh white4 ,gills narrow1 close1 decurrent1 whitish4 ,stem stout1 rather short1 solid1 glabrous1 equal or slightly tapering upward1 often with a bulbous base1 white4 ,spores elliptical1 #hd-e4 ,pileus #c-d in4 broad4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 #h-ab lines thick4 ,woods among fallen leaves4 ,catskill mountains4 ,september to ,november4 ,this large and robust fungus is closely allied to ,c4 candida ,bres41 from which it differs in the naked margin of the pileus1 the absence of any marked odor and especially in the more elliptical shape of its spores4 ,the same plant has been collected in ,maryland by ,mr4 ,l4,j4 ,atwater1 who considers it edible1 having eaten it with satisfaction and safety4 ,peck1 #dith ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,this fungus is quite plentiful in ,pennsylvania and in open oak woods in ,new ,jersey4 ,its size and sometimes gregarious growth give it a permanent food value4 ,its texture is coarse1 but when cooked it is highly satisfactory4 ,c4 gallinacea ,scop4--gallina1 a hen4 ,application not apparent4 ,white2 acrid4 ,pileus #a-a in4 across1 rather fleshy at the disk1 margin thin2 convex then depressed1 but not funnel-shaped1 even1 dry1 opaque4 ,gills slightly decurrent1 narrow1 crowded1 thin4 ,stem about #a in4 long1 #b lines thick1 equal1 even1 solid4 ,among grass1 moss1 etc4 ,resembling ,c4 dealbata in form1 but smaller1 opaque1 dingy-white1 taste somewhat acrid4 ,stem solid1 but not cartilaginous1 about #b in4 long1 equal1 ascending or flexuous1 excentric1 at first floccosely mealy1 always opaque1 white4 ,pileus slightly fleshy1 convex then plane1 not depressed1 obtuse1 -#a in4 broad1 unequal1 dry1 pruinosely hoary2 flesh white1 compact1 but thin4 ,gills adnato-decurrent1 thin1 crowded1 plane4 ,fries4 ,it loses its acridity in cooking and is quite equal to ,c4 dealbata4 ,c4 truncicola ,pk4--truncus1 trunk of a tree4 ,pileus thin1 firm1 expanded or slightly depressed in the center1 smooth1 dry1 white4 ,gills narrow1 thin1 crowded1 adnate-decurrent4 ,stem equal1 stuffed1 smooth1 often excentric and curved1 whitish4 ,plant #a in4 high4 ,pileus #a in4 broad4 ,stem #a line thick4 ,trunks of frondose trees1 especially maples4 ,croghan4 ,september4 ,peck1 #bfth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores #ec4e ,morgan4 ,found on maple trees in ,west ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,edible4 ,good quality4 ,illustration3 ,grouped by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,studies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,xxviia4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,clitocybe ,,multiceps1 #ie #b4 ,,clitocybe ,,multiceps1 #ie ,,var4 ,,ii4--,,diffor,,mes4 ,c4 decastes ,fr4 ,gr4--a decade2 a number of ten4 ,from the stems being often joined in bundles of about ten4 ,densely cespitose4 ,pileus #e-ab in4 across1 soon almost plane1 disk gibbous or obtuse2 margin at first shortly incurved1 then expanded1 very much waved and often lobed1 even1 glabrous1 dingy-brown or livid when moist1 pale clay-color when dry4 ,flesh exceedingly thin except at the disk1 whitish4 ,stem #d-g in4 long1 -#a in4 thick1 usually slightly thinner upward1 rather soft1 entirely fibrous1 solid1 white1 usually curved and ascending1 coalescent into a solid mass at the base4 ,gills adnato-decurrent1 or often more or less adnexed1 up to in4 broad1 rather narrowed towards the margin1 often wavy4 ,spores globose1 smooth1 #d diameter4 ,on the ground and on sawdust4 ,albion1 ,orleans county1 ,n4,y41 ,dr4 ,cushing4 ,october1 #ahih4 ,on ground in grassy places 7,woodland ,cemetery1 ,may #bb1 #ahig74 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,particularly welcome to toadstool lovers are the early comers4 ,the present species is among the first4 ,it is rich in quantity1 substance and flavor4 ,c4 multiceps ,pk4--multus1 many2 caput1 a head4 7,plate ,,xxviia1 p4 #id47 ,pileus fleshy1 thin except on the disk1 firm1 convex1 slightly moist in wet weather1 whitish1 grayish or yellowish-gray4 ,flesh white1 taste mild4 ,gills close1 adnate and slightly decurrent1 whitish4 ,stems densely cespitose1 equal or slightly thickened at the base1 solid or stuffed1 firm1 elastic1 slightly pruinose at the apex1 whitish4 ,spores globose1 #e-h4 ,pileus #a-c in4 broad4 ,stem #b-d in4 long1 #c-f lines thick4 ,open places1 grassy ground1 etc4 ,albany and ,sandlake4 ,june and ,october4 ,this species forms dense tufts1 often composed of many individuals4 ,in this respect it is related to such species as ,c4 tumulosa1 ,c4 aggregata and ,c4 illudens4 ,from the crowding together of many individuals the pileus is often irregular4 ,sometimes the disk is brownish and occasionally slightly silky4 ,the gills are sometimes slightly sinuate1 thus indicating a relationship to the species of ,tricholoma4 ,the taste1 though mild1 is somewhat oily and unpleasant4 ,the plants appear in wet1 rainy weather1 either early in the season or in autumn4 ,specimens have been sent to me from ,massachusetts by ,r4,k4 ,macadam and ,professor ,farlow1 and from ,pennsylvania by ,dr4 ,w4 ,herbst4 ,peck1 #dc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,in ,may1 and in autumn months4 ,very variable in size1 color1 shape of gills1 texture and taste4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,the early spring clusters are remarkable for their tenderness and excellence4 ,clusters of hundreds of individuals grew abundantly at ,mt4 ,gretna in ,may1 #ahii4 ,when the fungus was young the gills were sometimes adnate1 almost free1 often decurrent4 ,the varying color of oysters is well seen in ,c4 multiceps4 ,edible4 ,they should be well cooked4 ,the addition of a little lemon juice or sherry conceals a slight raw taste sometimes present4 ,illustration3 ,photographed by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,weist--,painted by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,xxixa4 ,,page4 ,,clitocybe ,,illudens #if ,c4 illudens ,schw4--mocking1 deceiving4 7,plate ,,xxixa1 p4 #if47 ,pileus fleshy1 convex or expanded1 smooth1 generally with a small umbo4 ,gills not crowded1 unequally decurrent1 some of them branched1 narrowed toward each end1 the edge1 in dry specimens1 discolored4 ,stem firm1 solid1 long1 smooth1 tapering at the base4 ,height #e-h in41 breadth of pileus #d-f in4 ,stem #f-h lines thick4 ,spores #d-e ,peck4 ,grows in clumps or large masses about stumps or decaying trees from ,august to ,october4 ,its bright1 deep yellow is attractive from a distance4 ,as many as fifty plants may form a cluster4 ,cap from #b-f in41 fleshy1 convex or expanded1 often with a raised center directly over the stem2 flesh juicy and yellow2 gills yellow1 widely separated1 running down stem unequally2 stem long1 firm1 solid1 smooth1 tapering toward base4 ,when cooked the taste is rather saponaceous4 ,strong stomachs can retain a meal of them1 but the fungus generally sickens the eater4 ,many testings show it to contain a minor poison4 ,it is not deadly1 but should not be eaten4 ,bull4 ,no4 #b1 ,phila4 ,myc4 ,center4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bc-di4 ,well known in southern states4 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,miller4 ,the mysterious property of phosphorescence is possessed by this fungus4 ,as heat is known to develop in masses of the fungus it is of interest to know whether it is from the phosphorescence or a ferment4 ,its radiance by night surpasses its splendor by day4 ,mr4 ,h4,i4 ,miller1 of ,terre ,haute1 ,ind41 first drew the writer's attention to this quality4 ,a large box of specimens sent by him retained their luminous quality after three days of travel to such an extent that the print of a newspaper could be read when held close to the mass4 ,mr4 ,miller writes3 8,there is something about this fungus which generates heat4 ,when ,i bring in a basketful of it1 for the pleasure its phosphorescence affords my friends1 ,i find that after having been in the basket for two or three hours1 and while piled one bunch upon top of another1 that to insert one's hand among the different clusters is like putting it close to a hot stove40 ,this fungus is so inviting in quantity and beauty that one turns from it with a regret that lingers4 ,eaten in quantity it acts upon some persons as an emetic4 ,i have several times eaten of it without other than pleasurable sensations1 but persons partaking of the same cooking have been sickened4 ,c4 fumosa ,pers4--fumus1 smoke4 ,pileus #a-c in4 across1 fleshy1 margin thin2 convex1 often gibbous when young1 regular or wavy1 even1 pellicle not separable1 glabrous1 sooty-brown1 soon livid or gray when dry4 ,gills adnate in regular forms1 but often decurrent when the pileus is irregular1 crowded1 distinct1 grayish-white from the first4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #c-f lines thick1 almost equal1 often twisted or curved1 glabrous1 dingy-white1 apex mealy1 solid1 fibrous4 ,spores subglobose1 #e-f diam4 ,in woods4 ,autumn4 ,gregarious1 somewhat cespitose1 tough1 rather cartilaginous4 ,pileus truly obtuse1 never streaked1 often regular4 ,smell none4 ,fries4 ,var4 polius4 ,densely and connately cespitose4 ,pileus convex1 then plane1 obtuse1 smooth1 gray4 ,stem flexuous1 smooth4 ,gills crowded1 whitish4 ,edible4 ,cooke1 #ahia4 ,var4 polius found growing in large quantities in ,boston navy yard in stone barn4 ,determined by ,professor ,peck4 ,a fair edible4 ,r4,k4 ,macadam4 ,this woods-growing ,clitocybe has been many times found by me in a hot-house in ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j4 ,professor ,peck confirmed my identification4 ,either its spores or mycelium had evidently been carried thither in the wood-earth used by florists4 ,the hot-house crops appeared in ,march1 and continued until ,june4 ,several of the plants showed an effort to comply with some condition unusual to them1 by producing gills upon the upper side of the pileus4 ,those below were venose and crisped4 ,this wild species had thus been brought into cultivation4 ,the cultivated plants were much more tender than the wild4 ,both are excellent4 ,c4 connexa ,pk4--connexus1 joined4 ,from its relation to ,tricholoma4 ,pileus thin1 convex or expanded1 subumbonate1 clothed with a minute appressed silkiness1 white1 the margin sometimes faintly tinged with blue4 ,gills crowded1 narrow1 white inclining to yellowish4 ,stem equal or tapering downward1 solid1 whitish4 ,plant #b-c in4 high4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad4 ,stem #b lines thick4 ,ground in woods4 ,croghan4 ,september4 ,the gills sometimes terminate rather abruptly and are not strongly decurrent1 hence it might easily be mistaken for a ,tricholoma4 ,the margin of the pileus is sometimes marked with slight ridges as in ,ag4 laterarius4 ,the odor is weak but aromatic and agreeable4 ,peck1 #bfth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,found in plenty in oak woods near ,philadelphia1 and in ,west ,virginia2 a few specimens in southern ,new ,jersey4 ,autumn4 ,edible1 and quite equal to most of the ,clitocybes4 ,c4 tumulosa ,kalchbr4--tumulus1 a mound4 ,cespitose4 ,pileus #a-b in4 across1 disk fleshy1 margin thin2 conico-convex then expanded1 obtusely umbonate or obtuse1 even1 glabrous1 brownish-umber1 becoming pale1 margin drooping4 ,gills more or less decurrent or slightly emarginate1 crowded narrow1 white1 then grayish4 ,stem #c-e in4 long1 unequal1 usually thicker below1 minutely downy1 pallid1 solid4 ,on the ground in woods4 ,spring and autumnal months4 ,readily distinguished by the densely clustered habit1 and the umber pileus4 ,the gills are very variable1 sometimes distinctly decurrent1 at others rounded behind1 and almost resembling a ,tricholoma4 ,spores subglobose1 #e-f4 ,massee4 ,california1 ,h4 and ,m42 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #db4 ,sent to me by ,mrs4 ,mary ,fuller1 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,the specimens eaten were of good consistency and flavor4 ,,iii4--,,infundibulfor,,mes4 99 ,pileus colored or becoming pale1 etc41 surface innately flocculose or silky2 not moist4 ,c4 gigantea ,sow4--giganteus1 of gigantic size4 ,pileus #f-aj in4 across4 ,flesh rather thin in proportion to the size of the fungus1 white1 or tinged with tan1 glabrous when moist1 slightly flocculose when dry2 margin involute then spreading1 glabrous1 rather coarsely grooved4 ,gills slightly decurrent1 broad1 very much crowded1 branched and connected by veins1 whitish then pale tan-color1 not separating spontaneously from the hymenophore4 ,stem #a-b in4 long and nearly the same in thickness1 equal1 pallid1 solid4 ,spores white1 #ec4 ,in woods1 etc4 ,a very distinct species1 very showy1 large1 subcespitose1 entirely whitish tan-color2 without close affinities4 ,stem solid1 compact1 and firm inside and outside1 #b in4 long1 in4 thick1 equal1 even1 glabrous4 ,pileus depressed from the first1 then broadly1 i4 e41 plano-infundibuliform1 thin but equally fleshy1 soft1 not flaccid1 but easily splitting from the margin toward the center 7almost papery and involute when old71 upward of a foot broad1 often excentric and generally sinuately lobed1 moist and adpressedly downy when growing1 slightly flocculose and cracked into scales when dry2 margin at first very thin1 involute1 pubescent1 soon spreading1 glabrous1 at length revolute1 coarsely furrowed or radiately wrinkled4 ,gills slightly decurrent1 closely crowded1 almost #c lines broad 7#b-c times as broad as thickness of flesh of pileus71 connected by veins1 thin1 fragile1 straight1 but sometimes varying to crisped and anastomosing1 whitish then yellowish or tinged with rufous1 smell weak4 ,fries4 ,this species was placed in ,clitocybe in ,syst4 ,myc4 and ,epicrisis1 but in ,hym4 ,europ4 ,fries removed it to ,paxillus in which he is followed by ,stevenson4 ,cooke and ,massee continue it in ,clitocybe4 ,dr4 ,somers found one measuring over #ae inches in diameter4 ,r4,k4,m4 ,north ,carolina1 ,schweinitz4 ,edible1 ,curtis2 ,wisconsin1 ,bundy2 ,california1 ,h4 and ,m42 ,nova ,scotia1 ,dr4 ,somers4 ,large quantities of ,clitocybe gigantea grow in the ,west ,virginia mountains1 and in woods around ,philadelphia4 ,july to ,november4 ,its substance is coarse1 but of good flavor4 ,it should be chopped fine4 ,c4 maxima ,grtn and ,meyer4 7,fl4 ,wett47--greatest4 7,plate ,,xxiv1 fig4 #e1 page #hb47 ,pileus as much as #a foot broad1 becoming pale-tan or whitish1 fleshy1 compact at the disk1 otherwise thin1 somewhat flaccid 7not capable of being split71 broadly funnel-shaped1 gibbous with a central umbo1 always very dry1 the surface becoming silky-even or squamulose2 margin involute1 pubescent1 always even4 ,flesh white1 at length soft4 ,stem as much as #d in4 long1 #a in4 thick1 solid1 compact1 but internally spongy1 elastic1 attenuated upward1 fibrillosestriate1 whitish4 ,gills deeply decurrent1 pointed at both ends1 somewhat crowded1 soft1 simple1 whitish1 not changeable4 ,the pileus is always very dry because the surface absorbs moisture4 ,odor weak1 pleasant1 almost that of ,a4 infundibuliformis4 ,on account of its gigantic stature and color1 it has often been interchanged with ,a4 gigantea ,sow42 it is in no wise1 however1 allied to that species1 but is so closely allied to ,a4 infundibuliformis that it might be taken for a very luxuriant form of it4 ,stevenson4 ,spores #fd ,massee2 #ec1 ,w4,g4,s4 ,new ,england1 ,frost2 ,california1 ,h4 and ,m4 ,common in the ,west ,virginia mountains1 mixed woods in ,new ,jersey and ,pennsylvania4 ,june to ,november4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,it is coarse1 dry1 hard1 but chopped fine and cooked in various ways1 either by itself or with meats1 it is a good food4 ,c4 infundibuliformis ,schaeff4--infundibulum1 a funnel2 forma1 form4 7,plate ,,xxiv1 fig4 #aa1 p4 #hb47 ,the ,funnel-form clitocybe1 ,clitocybe infundibuliformis1 is a neat and pretty species easily recognized by the funnel shape of its mature cap and by its pale red color4 ,when very young the cap is slightly convex and often adorned with a slight umbo in its center4 ,as it matures the margin becomes elevated so that the cap assumes a shape somewhat resembling that of a wine glass4 ,the margin is sometimes wavy4 ,the flesh is thin and white4 ,the gills are close1 thin1 white or whitish and decurrent4 ,the stem is smooth1 colored like or a little paler than the cap and mostly tapering from the base upward4 ,the cap is #b-c in4 broad1 the stem #a-c in4 long and - in4 thick4 ,the funnel-shaped mushroom grows in woods or copses in summer and autumn1 especially in wet seasons4 ,it is somewhat variable in color1 but is usually a pale-red1 tinged with buff1 and sometimes becoming more pale with age4 ,it delights to grow among fallen leaves1 and often there is an abundant white cottony mycelium at the base of the stem4 ,when it grows in clusters the caps are apt to be irregular because of mutual pressure4 8,mushrooms and ,their ,use40 ,peck4 ,spores #e-fc-d ,b4 ,very common and in plenty after rains1 when large patches of it may be found4 ,i have usually found the light pinkish-buff color to abound1 and the stem thinner than described by ,prof4 ,peck4 ,size of cap from #a-c in4 ,it is a good1 reliable food species4 ,the stem should be removed1 and the caps well cooked4 9999 ,pileus colored or pallid1 smooth1 moist in wet weather4 ,c4 subzonalis ,pk4--sub1 under2 zonalis1 pertaining to a zone4 ,pileus thin1 centrally depressed or subinfundibuliform1 marked with two or three obscure zones1 with a slight appressed silkiness1 pale yellow4 ,gills close1 narrow1 equally decurrent1 some of them forked1 pallid or yellowish4 ,stem equal1 slightly fibrillose1 stuffed1 pale yellow4 ,plant #b in4 high4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad4 ,stem #b-c lines thick4 ,ground in woods4 ,croghan4 ,september4 ,peck1 #bfth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,found in oak woods1 ,angora1 ,west ,philadelphia1 growing singly4 ,specimens few4 ,edible2 pleasant4 ,c4 gilva ,pers4--gilvus1 pale brownish-yellow4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad1 pale yellowish1 fleshy1 compact1 convex then depressed1 very obtuse1 even1 smooth1 dampish when fresh1 polished and shining when dry1 here and there spotted as with drops1 the margin remaining long involute4 ,flesh compact1 not laxly floccose1 but at length fragile1 somewhat of the same color as the pileus4 ,stem #a-b in4 and more long1 in4 and more thick1 solid1 fleshy1 stout1 not elastic1 somewhat equal1 smooth1 paler than the pileus1 villous at the base4 ,gills decurrent1 thin1 very much crowded1 often branched1 arcuate1 narrow1 pallid then ochraceous4 ,odor not remarkable4 ,the stem has been noticed at length also hollow1 perhaps eroded by larv4 ,it corresponds with the ,paxilli4 ,the primary form1 which is very different from all the rest1 is curt1 obese1 robust1 scarcely ever infundibuliform4 ,stevenson4 ,spores #d-ee ,k42 #d-e ,massee4 ,north ,carolina1 ,schweinitz1 ,curtis2 ,pennsylvania1 ,schweinitz2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,r4 #ea1 under pines4 ,july to ,september4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,july1 #ahih1 ground1 mixed woods4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,pileus #a-b in4 across1 depressed1 almost infundibuliform1 smooth4 ,color varied lemon to bright orange4 ,flesh lemon color throughout4 ,gills varying in color1 usually same color as pileus4 ,stem all of one color1 same as pileus1 stuffed1 sometimes short1 and pointed1 sometimes thickened at base4 ,taste and smell pleasant4 ,edible2 good4 ,c4 subinvoluta ,batsch4--turned under at the margin4 ,pileus brick color1 convex1 depressed1 smooth1 margin closely involute4 ,flesh pallid4 ,stem paler1 stout1 straight1 somewhat equal1 veined on the lower part with oblique coalescing slightly elevated wrinkles1 tomentose and inclining to flesh color above toward the gills1 base obtuse4 ,gills decurrent1 rather broad1 of the same color as the pileus4 ,the stem is rough on the surface and destitute of luster4 ,it resembles ,paxillus involutus in size and habit1 in the crenate and involute margin of the pileus1 and in the stem being obsoletely veined at the base and tomentose toward the gills4 ,stevenson4 ,new ,england1 ,frost2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bb4 ,edible1 ,cooke4 ,c4 geotropa ,bull4 ,gr4--the earth2 ,gr4--to turn4 ,from the turned down margin4 ,pileus #b-e in4 across4 ,flesh thick1 white convex1 then plane and finally more or less depressed1 obtusely umbonate1 the prominence remaining after the pileus becomes depressed1 very smooth1 even1 margin thin1 incurved1 downy1 pale pinkish-tan or buff4 ,gills decurrent1 crowded1 narrow1 simple1 white1 then colored like the pileus4 ,stem #c-e in4 long1 #a in4 or more thick at the base1 slightly attenuated upward1 compact1 fibrillose1 colored like the pileus or paler1 solid4 ,spores elliptical1 #f-gd-e4 ,massee4 ,in woods and on their borders4 ,often in rings or troops4 ,differs from ,c4 maxima in being firmer1 glabrous1 and color much more variable2 from ,c4 gilva in the thinner pileus1 less crowded gills1 and white flesh4 ,spores #e-g ,w4,g4,s4 ,in ,england and on the continent it is considered excellent and superior to most edible fungi4 ,found in ,west ,virginia1 #ahha2 ,haddonfield1 ,n ,j41 #ahia4 ,spring and autumn4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible1 coarse1 dry4 ,in stews and mixed to form croquettes or patties1 it is a desirable species1 owing to its plentifulness4 ,c4 splendens ,pers4--splendens1 shining4 ,solitary4 ,pileus #b-c in4 across1 flesh rather thick1 white1 plane then depressed or funnel-shaped1 glabrous1 shining1 yellowish4 ,gills deeply decurrent1 narrow1 crowded1 simple1 white4 ,stem about #a in4 long1 #c lines thick1 glabrous1 colored like the pileus1 solid1 slightly thickened at the base or equal4 ,massee4 ,in woods1 among pine leaves1 etc4 ,intermediate between ,c4 gilva and ,c4 flaccida4 ,the typical form of ,c4 gilva differs in the compact pileus1 often with drop-like markings1 the very much crowded1 somewhat branched1 pale ochraceous gills and flesh4 ,fries4 ,sent to me from ,trenton1 ,n4,j41 by ,e4,b4 ,sterling4 ,edible2 quality good1 deficient in flavor4 ,c4 inversus ,scop4--inverto1 inverted4 ,pileus #b-c in4 across4 ,flesh thin1 fragile2 convex1 soon funnel-shaped1 margin involute1 glabrous1 even1 reddish or dull brownish-orange4 ,gills decurrent1 simple1 pallid then reddish4 ,stem about #a in4 long1 #b lines thick1 glabrous1 rather rigid1 paler than the pileus1 stuffed1 soon hollow4 ,spores subglobose1 #d diameter4 ,massee4 ,among leaves1 etc4 ,gregarious1 subcespitose1 forming very large tufts1 especially late in the autumn1 deformed4 ,smell peculiar1 slightly acid4 ,stem sometimes stuffed1 usually hollow1 hence compressed1 rather rigid and corticated outside1 not elastic1 without a bulb1 glabrous1 whitish2 the somewhat rooting base with white down1 and often growing together in tufts1 variously deformed1 curved1 ascending1 etc4 ,fries4 ,spores subglobose1 #d ,massee2 #c ,w4,g4,s4 ,closely resembles ,c4 infundibuliformis1 but differs from it in the color of gills and flesh4 ,the entire plant is dark in color4 ,solitary2 in troops2 cespitose4 ,found in mixed woods4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j4 ,summer and autumn4 ,that part of the plant which readily breaks away from the stem is tender and of good flavor4 ,the remainder is tough4 ,c4 flaccida ,sow4--flaccidus1 limp4 ,pileus #b-c in4 across1 flaccid1 orbicular1 umbilicate1 umbo persistently absent1 margin spreading1 arched1 glabrous1 even1 rarely cracking into minute squamules1 tawny-rust colored1 shining1 not becoming pale4 ,flesh thin1 pallid1 rather fragile when fresh1 but quite flaccid when dry4 ,gills deeply decurrent1 arcuate1 crowded1 narrow1 about #a line broad1 white1 then tinged yellowish4 ,stem imperfectly hollow1 elastic1 tough1 #a-b in4 long1 #b-c lines thick somewhat equal1 polished1 naked1 reddish-rust color1 base thickened1 downy4 ,spores subglobose1 #d-ec-d4 ,among leaves1 etc4 ,gregarious1 stems often grown together at the base4 ,sometimes solitary and regular4 ,summer and autumn4 ,massee4 ,spores subglobose1 #d-ec-d4 ,found in #ahhf in ,west ,philadelphia--oak woods4 ,since in ,new ,jersey1 ,north ,carolina1 and interior of ,pennsylvania4 ,edible4 ,well cooked it compares favorably with ,c4 infundibuliformis and others of like texture4 999999 ,pileus shining white4 ,c4 catina ,fr4--catinus1 a bowl4 ,pileus #b in4 broad1 at first white1 in no wise hygrophanous1 then passing into pale flesh-color during rain1 and into tan-color in dry weather1 fleshy1 moderately thin1 plane then funnel-shaped1 always obtuse1 even1 smooth4 ,flesh thin1 flaccid1 white4 ,stem #c in4 long1 #a in4 thick1 stuffed1 internally spongy1 elastic1 tough1 thickened and tomentose at the base4 ,gills decurrent1 straight1 descending1 not horizontal1 broad1 not much crowded1 persistently white4 ,fries4 ,ray ,brook1 ,adirondack mountains4 ,august4 ,the pileus is at first white1 but in wet weather it becomes pallid or discolored with age4 ,the plants were found growing among pieces of bark of arbor vit lying on the ground4 ,peck1 #dc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,quite common in ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey4 ,woods among dead leaves4 ,august until frost4 ,edible4 ,excellent in flavor and quality4 ,series ,b4 ,,iv4--,,cyathifor,,mes4 ,c4 cyathiformis ,bull4--cyathus1 a cup2 formis1 form4 ,pileus #a-c in4 across1 flesh thin1 plano-depressed when young1 then infundibuliform1 even1 glabrous1 hygrophanous1 rather slimy and usually dark brown when moist1 becoming pale and opaque when dry1 undulate in large specimens1 the margin remains involute for a long time4 ,flesh watery1 similar in color to the pileus1 splitting4 ,gills adnate1 becoming decurrent with the depression of the pileus1 joined behind1 distant1 grayish-brown1 sometimes branched4 ,stem spongy and stuffed inside1 elastic1 at length often hollow1 #b-d in4 long1 #c-d lines thick1 attenuated upward1 brownish-fibrillose1 fibrils forming an imperfect reticulation1 colored like the pileus or a little paler1 apex naked 7not mealy71 base villous4 ,massee4 ,on the ground in pastures and woods1 rarely on rotten wood4 ,usually blackish-umber1 but varies to paler grayish-brown1 pinky-tan1 pale cinnamon or brownish2 then dingy-ochraceous or tan-color4 ,margin expanded when old1 and also indistinctly striate4 ,fries4 ,var4 cinerascens ,fr4 ,pileus up to #a in4 across1 thin1 infundibuliform1 pale smoky-brown4 ,gills decurrent1 yellowish-white4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 #a line thick1 grayish1 reticulately fibrillose1 hollow4 ,spores #he ,w4,g4,s42 #aj-abe-f1 ,b42 #if ,morgan4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,among leaves in woods4 ,september to ,october4 ,gregarious4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,fair in quality4 ,c4 brumalis ,fr4--bruma1 winter4 ,from its late appearance4 ,pileus about #a in4 across4 ,flesh thin1 expanded1 umbilicate then infundibuliform and usually variously waved and lobed1 glabrous1 flaccid1 hygrophanous1 livid1 whitish or yellowish when dry1 disk often darker4 ,gills decurrent1 about #a line broad1 crowded1 pallid4 ,stem up to #b in4 long and about #b lines thick1 nearly equal1 slightly curved1 glabrous1 whitish1 often compressed1 imperfectly hollow4 ,spores #d-ec-d4 ,in woods1 etc4 ,truly autumnal1 being most abundant in ,november4 ,there are two forms3 7a7 on pine leaves in pine woods2 7b7 among heather4 7a7 ,stem rather firm1 hollow1 about #b in4 long1 #b lines thick1 equal or slightly thickened at the apex1 at length compressed1 somewhat incurved1 glabrous1 naked1 becoming livid1 white when dry1 base white and downy4 ,flesh of pileus membranaceous1 at first convex1 umbilicate1 margin reflexed1 about #a in4 across1 then funnel-shaped1 often irregular and undulate1 up to #b in4 broad1 glabrous1 even1 livid when moist1 whitish then becoming yellowish when dry1 disk at first usually darker4 ,gills decurrent1 at first arcuate1 then descending1 #a line broad1 crowded1 distinct1 livid then yellowish-white1 smell weak1 not unpleasant4 7b7 ,entirely watery white2 stem hollow1 somewhat striate1 base glabrous2 pileus infundibuliform1 margin deflexed1 milky-white when dry4 ,gills less crowded1 but rather broader1 whitish4 ,fries4 ,spores #c ,w4,g4,s42 #d-ec-d ,massee4 ,edible4 ,cooke4 ,c4 morbifera ,pk4--morbus1 disease2 fero1 to bear4 ,pileus thin1 fragile1 glabrous1 convex1 becoming plane or centrally depressed1 slightly hygrophanous1 grayish-brown when moist1 whitish or cinereous when dry1 sometimes slightly umbonate4 ,gills narrow1 close1 adnate or slightly decurrent1 whitish or pallid4 ,stem short1 equal1 hollow1 colored like the pileus or a little paler4 ,spores minute1 broadly elliptical1 #d long1 almost as broad4 ,pileus 4#e-a4e in4 broad4 ,stem about #a in4 long1 - in4 thick4 ,grassy ground and lawns4 ,november4 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,f4,j4 ,braendle4 ,the species seems related to ,c4 expallens1 but the margin of the pileus is not striate as in that fungus4 ,the taste is very disagreeable and remains in the mouth a long time4 ,two persons were made ill by eating it1 but their sickness lasted only about three hours4 ,peck4 ,i have not seen this species4 ,its reputation is bad4 ,caution should be observed4 ,v4--,,versifor,,mes4 ,pileus bright1 of one color4 ,c4 trullisata ,ellis4 ,pileus fleshy1 plano-convex1 at length depressed in the center1 innate fibrous-scaly1 becoming smoother on the disk1 margin thin4 ,gills unequal1 not crowded1 coarse and thick1 adnate with a decurrent tooth1 at length white pulverulent1 purple-violet at first1 becoming dark brick-red4 ,stem stuffed1 fibrillose1 with a long club-shaped base penetrating deeply into the sand4 ,spores large1 cylindric-oblong1 #ae-bj4 ,in old sandy fields4 ,september to ,october4 ,the interior of the stem in the young plant is like the gills1 violet-purple1 and the club-shaped base is covered with a tomentose coat1 to which the sand adheres tenaciously4 ,related to ,a4 laccatus and ,a4 ochropurpureus ,b4 ,resembles the larger forms of ,a4 laccatus1 but it has a stouter habit1 the pileus is more squamulose1 the stem is bulbous or thickened at the base1 the mycelium is violet-colored and the spores are oblong4 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,november1 #ahgd4 ,new ,jersey1 ,ellis2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #cc4 ,haddonfield1 ,watertown1 ,n4,j4 ,sandy soil in pine woods4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,densely cespitose4 ,caps and stems brown1 glutinous and so incrusted with sand that it is almost impossible to clean them4 ,edible1 but not desirable4 ,c4 laccata ,scop4--made of lac4 7,plate ,,xxiv1 fig4 #aj1 p4 #hb47 ,pileus thin1 fleshy1 convex1 sometimes expanded1 even or slightly umbilicate1 smooth or minutely tomentose-scaly1 hygrophanous when moist1 dull reddish-yellow or reddish flesh-colored1 sometimes striatulate when dry1 pallid or pale dull ochraceous4 ,gills broad1 rather thick and distant1 attached1 not decurrent1 flesh-colored4 ,stem slender1 firm1 fibrous1 stuffed1 equal1 concolorous4 ,height #a-f in41 breadth of pileus #f lines to #b in4 ,common4 ,june to ,october4 ,an extremely variable and abundant species occurring almost everywhere throughout the season4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores #h-i ,massee2 #h-aj ,b4 ,var4 pallidifolia ,pk4--pallidus1 pale2 foliumaf4 ,gills whitish or pallid1 decurrent4 ,var4 striatula ,pk4--stria1 a furrow4 ,pileus moist1 smooth1 thin1 showing shading radiating lines1 extending from near the center to the margin4 ,in wet or damp places4 ,a form occurs with a decidedly bulbous base4 ,gills appearing emarginate with a decurrent tooth4 ,clitocybe laccata is made the type of a new genus by ,berkeley and ,broome4 ,massee accepts the genus but it is not generally accepted by the standard authors4 ,it is a well defined genus1 and a fitting place for ,c4 laccata1 ,c4 amethystina1 ,c4 ochropurpurea1 ,c4 tortilis1 which it puzzles anyone to identify as ,clitocybe4 ,c4 amethystina ,bolt4--amethystinus1 color of an amethyst4 7,plate ,,xxiv1 fig4 #h1 p4 #hb47 ,pileus #a-b in4 across1 dark-purple1 umbilicate1 smooth1 minutely tomentose1 involute4 ,gills dark-purple1 decurrent1 broad4 ,stem #b-c in4 high1 fibrillose1 purple1 streaked with white fibrils1 equal1 densely covered with white tomentum at base4 ,also written ,clitocybe laccata amethystina ,sacc4 8,in my opinion it is a good species and should be kept distinct as ,bolton gave it1 and not be tacked on to ,c4 laccata as a variety4 ,i should write it ,clitocybe amethystina ,bolt40 ,peck1 letter ,september #ag1 #ahig4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #da2 ,new ,jersey1 ,sterling2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 on wood soil1 ,june to frost1 #ahig-ahih1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,generally included in ,c4 laccata as a variety1 and has therefore been reported under that name4 ,great quantities of ,c4 amethystina grew in troops on beds made up of wood earth about the cottages at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,the woods over them is dense4 ,the caps are tough1 but they cook readily and make a pleasing dish4 ,c4 tortilis ,bolt4--tortilis1 twisted4 ,pileus membranaceous1 convexo-plane then depressed1 obscurely marked with radiating stri4 ,stem hollow1 twisted1 fragile4 ,gills adnate1 thick1 distant1 fleshy-rose1 cespitose1 small1 irregular1 pileus and stem rusty in color4 ,hard ground in an old road4 ,sandlake4 ,august4 ,a species closely allied to ,c4 laccata and appearing like an irregular dwarf form of that species4 ,sometimes cespitose4 ,peck1 #dast ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,excepting that this fungus is frequently found with ,c4 laccata1 and might be taken for a new species if not here described1 it would not be separated from ,c4 laccata4 ,its edible qualities are similar4 ,c4 ochropurpurea ,berk4--ochra1 ocher2 purpureus1 purple4 7,plate ,,xxiv1 figs4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 p4 #hb47 ,pileus subhemispherical1 at length depressed1 fleshy1 compact1 tough1 pale yellow1 slightly changing to purplish1 cuticle easily separable2 margin inflexed1 at first tomentose4 ,stem paler1 here and there becoming purplish1 solid1 swollen in the middle1 occasionally equal4 ,gills thick1 purple1 broader behind1 decurrent4 ,spores white or pale yellow4 ,pileus #b in4 broad4 ,stem #b in4 high1 in4 thick in the center4 ,august4 ,on clayey soil in woodlands4 ,its spores darken when shed in quantity1 have a granulated and light-lilac appearance4 ,it is a solitary grower1 sometimes reaching the height of six inches4 ,the upturned1 wavy pileus1 showing the purple gills in contrast with the pale ,naples-yellow of the cap is markedly attractive4 ,the stem is often rough with fibers1 hard and tough4 ,the caps are tough4 ,it grows in grassy woods and open places4 ,the novice1 even the expert1 will be puzzled to place it in its genus4 ,specimens were sent to me by ,miss ,lydia ,m4 ,patchen1 ,westfield1 ,n4,y41 and ,e4,b4 ,sterling1 ,trenton1 ,n4,j4 ,i afterward found many at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,i reported their edible qualities to ,prof4 ,peck who wrote1 ,september #c1 #ahig3 8,i have often wished it was edible1 but it has such a disagreeable flavor when fresh that ,i have never ventured to eat it4 ,i have known it to be mistaken for the common mushroom1 but not eaten40 ,though tough it cooks tender and is excellent4 ,stew and put in patties or croquettes4 ,,vi4--,,orbifor,,mes4 99 ,gills becoming ash-colored4 ,c4 ditopa ,fr4 ,gr4--twofold2 ,gr4--a foot4 ,probably from stems growing two together4 ,pileus thin1 submembranaceous1 convex1 rarely with a small umbo1 smooth1 hygrophanous1 brown when young and moist1 grayish-white when dry4 ,gills grayish1 close1 thin1 attached1 not decurrent4 ,stem slender1 equal1 smooth1 hollow4 ,height #a-b in41 breadth of pileus #f-ah lines4 ,stem #a-b lines thick4 ,pine woods4 ,west ,albany4 ,october4 ,the plant has the odor and taste of new meal4 ,i have seen no specimens with the pileus depressed4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,c4 metachroa ,fr4 ,gr4--changing color4 ,separated from ,c4 ditopa by its thicker1 depressed pileus1 its thicker1 less close gills1 and the absence of odor4 ,pine woods4 ,west ,albany4 ,october4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,moderately plentiful in ,new ,jersey pines4 ,september to ,october4 ,edible1 tough2 when well stewed of good flavor4 9999 ,gills whitish4 ,c4 compressipes ,pk4--compressus1 pressed together2 pes1 a foot4 ,pileus thin1 convex or expanded1 umbilicate1 glabrous1 hygrophanous1 brownish when moist1 whitish or pale yellow when dry1 margin thin4 ,gills close1 subarcuate or horizontal1 adnate or subdecurrent1 whitish4 ,stem firm1 hollow1 generally compressed1 slightly pruinose4 ,spores elliptical1 #e-f4ed-d4e4 ,flesh white when dry1 odor slight1 farinaceous4 ,plant gregarious1 #a-a4e in4 high4 ,pileus #f-af lines broad4 ,stem #a-b lines thick4 ,grassy places4 ,albany4 ,july4 ,the moist pileus is sometimes obscurely zonate4 ,the odor is not always perceptible unless the pileus is moist or broken4 ,the stem is sometimes compressed at the top only1 sometimes at the base only1 and rarely it is wholly top-shaped4 ,peck1 #cc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,found on open lots in ,west ,philadelphia4 ,though small it usually grows in troops which yield fair quantity4 ,the caps are tender and of good flavor4 ,c4 fragrans ,sow4--fragrans1 fragrant4 ,smell strong1 spicy4 ,pileus about #a in4 across4 ,flesh rather thick2 convex1 soon expanded and slightly depressed or umbilicate1 even1 glabrous1 hygrophanous1 uniform watery-white1 disk not darker1 whitish when dry4 ,gills slightly decurrent1 rather crowded1 #a line broad1 distinct1 whitish4 ,stem about #b in4 long1 equal1 slightly curved1 elastic1 glabrous1 whitish1 stuffed then hollow4 ,in woods among moss1 etc4 ,distinguished from other species resembling it in color and size1 by the fragrant smell resembling aniseed4 ,massee4 ,spores #fd4 ,w4,g4,s4 ,found in ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania4 ,july to severe frosts4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible4 ,the strong taste of anise is not lost in cooking4 ,c4 pinophila--pine loving4 ,pileus thin1 convex1 umbilicate or centrally depressed1 glabrous1 moist1 pale tan-color1 paler or alutaceous when dry4 ,gills moderately close1 subarcuate1 adnate or slightly decurrent1 whitish4 ,stem equal1 stuffed or hollow1 glabrous or subpruinose1 colored like the pileus4 ,spores nearly elliptical1 #d-f long2 odor and taste resembling that of fresh meal4 ,plant #a-b in4 high4 ,pileus about #a in4 broad4 ,stem #a-b lines thick4 ,ground under pine trees4 ,albany and ,ticonderoga4 ,july and ,august4 ,peck1 #cast ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,quite plentiful in pine woods of ,new ,jersey4 ,edible2 pleasant4 ,illustration ,,colly,,bia ,fr4 ,gr4--a small coin4 ,pileus fleshy1 usually thin1 margin incurved at first1 not corrugated4 ,stem different in substance from the pileus1 but confluent with it2 hollow1 with a cartilaginous bark1 internally cartilaginous or soft1 often rooting4 ,gills free or obtusely adnexed1 membranaceous1 soft4 ,growing on the ground1 wood1 leaves and decaying fungi4 ,in ,clitocybe and ,tricholoma the substance of the stem and pileus is alike2 they differ in the character of the stem4 ,tricholoma has no distinct bark-like coat1 and in ,clitocybe the stem is covered with minute fibers4 ,in ,mycena as in ,collybia the stem is different in substance from the pileus1 but is distinguished by the margin of the pileus being straight4 ,it is most closely allied to ,marasmius1 which is characterized by its tough coriaceous substance1 which when dried fully revives and expands on being moistened4 ,the line between them can not always be closely drawn1 and there are numerous species which it is difficult to place with certainty in either genus4 ,this does not apply to the fleshy edible species of this genus as they are quite distinct from ,marasmius4 ,peck's #dith ,report contains a monograph of the ,new ,york species of ,collybia1 supplemented by one of those found in other states4 ,several common1 prolific1 long-season1 delicious fungi occur in this genus4 ,they vary in size from 8a small coin0 to five inches across4 ,they grow in woods1 on wood1 on ground1 on leaves1 on lawns and among moss and grass in shaded places4 ,the writer has tested many species raw1 and eaten small quantities cooked1 which are not herein described for the reason that not enough of a species was found to test to full extent4 ,so far as is reported and as his experience goes1 there is not a poisonous species in ,collybia4 ,many of them are strong in odor4 ,illustration3 ,photographed by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,weist4 ,,plate ,,xxix4 ,,collybia ,,radicata4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,tribes4 ,series ,a4 ,,gills ,,white ,,or ,,brightly ,,colored1 ,,not ,,gray4 ,,flesh ,,white4 ,,stri,,pedes 7striate-stemmed74 ,page #aac4 ,stem stout1 hollow or imperfectly filled with a spongy pith2 grooved or striate with fibers4 99 ,gills broad1 rather distant4 9999 ,gills narrow1 crowded4 ,,vestipedes 7clothed-stemmed74 ,page #aah4 ,stem thin1 equal1 hollow or with a pith1 even1 velvety1 downy or covered with a bloom4 99 ,gills broad1 rather distant4 9999 ,gills very narrow1 closely crowded4 ,l,,vipedes 7even-stemmed74 ,page #abj4 ,stem thin1 equal1 hollow1 naked1 smooth--except the base--apparently not striate1 but some species are minutely striate under a lens4 99 ,gills broad1 lax1 usually more or less distant4 9999 ,gills narrow1 crowded4 ,series ,b4 ,,gills ,,becoming ,,gray4 ,,hygrophanous4 ,,tephrophan4 ,page ---4 ,color brownish becoming gray4 ,allied to the last section of ,tricholoma and ,clitocybe1 but distinguished from them by the cartilaginous stem4 ,some are strong scented4 ,none known to be edible4 ,,stri,,pedes4 99 ,gills broad1 rather distant4 ,c4 radicata ,relh4--radix1 a root4 7,plate ,,xxix1 p4 #aab47 ,pileus #a-d in4 across1 from convex to nearly plane1 broadly umbonate1 frequently wrinkled toward and at the umbo1 glutinous when moist4 ,color variable1 usually brown in grayish shades1 from dark to almost white4 ,flesh thin1 white1 elastic4 ,gills white1 thick1 tough1 distant1 ventricose1 adnexed1 rounded or notched behind like ,tricholoma1 sometimes with a decurrent tooth4 ,stem #d-h in4 long1 #c-e lines thick1 smooth1 firm1 same color as pileus1 tapering upward1 becoming vertically striate or grooved1 often twisted1 ending in a long1 tapering1 pointed root deeply planted in the earth4 ,spores elliptical1 #ad-aeh-i ,massee2 #aaag ,w4,g4,s42 #aai ,w4,p42 #af-agaj-aa ,b4 ,often sombre1 but erect1 neat and handsome4 ,growing solitary and in troops in woods1 usually near stumps1 if much decayed1 sometimes on them1 or on shaded lawns and grassy places4 ,june to ,october4 ,var4 furfuracea ,pk4 ,stem furfuraceous1 less distinctly striate4 ,var4 pusilla ,pk4 ,plant small4 ,pileus about #a in4 broad1 passing gradually into the typical form4 ,stem slender4 ,professor ,peck says3 8,the variety furfuracea is common and connects this species with ,c4 longipes1 which has a villose stem and dry velvety pileus40 #dith ,rep4 ,common to the ,united ,states4 ,edible4 ,curtis1 according to ,dr4 ,f4 ,peyre ,porcher of ,charleston1 ,s4,c41 was the first to declare this edible4 ,a very attractive species4 ,the purity of its gills is especially noticeable4 ,i began eating it in #ahha1 and it has continued to be a favorite4 ,the caps should be broiled or fried4 ,they are sweet1 pleasing in texture1 and delicately flavored4 ,c4 platyphylla ,fr4 ,gr4--broad2 a leaf4 7,plate ,,xxviii1 fig4 #a1 p4 #aad47 ,pileus #c-d in4 broad1 dusky and gray then whitish1 fleshy-membranaceous1 thin1 fragile1 soon flattened1 obtuse1 watery when moist1 streaked with fibrils4 ,stem #c-d in4 long1 in4 thick1 stuffed1 soft1 equal1 fibrilloso-striate1 otherwise smooth1 naked or obsoletely powdered at the apex1 whitish1 shortly and bluntly rooted at the base4 ,gills obliquely cut off behind1 slightly adnexed1 in4 and more broad1 distant1 soft1 white4 ,odor not remarkable4 ,it inclines toward the ,tricholomata in the somewhat membranaceous cuticle of the soft stem4 ,fries4 ,spores #acai ,w4,g4,s4 ,solitary1 gregarious1 rarely clustered4 ,on rotten wood1 roots1 ground near stumps1 among leaves1 etc4 ,june to ,october4 ,illustration3 ,grouped by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,studies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,xxviii4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,collybia ,,platyphylla1 #aad #c4 ,,collybia ,,dryophila1 #abj #b4 ,,collybia ,,platyphylla #aad #d4 ,,collybia ,,fusipes1 #aaf 7,,after ,,rain71 ,distinguished by the very broad and deeply emarginate gills1 which frequently slope up behind to near the cap then with a short turn downward connect with the stem which is either stuffed or hollow1 and by the abundant1 cord-like rooting mycelium4 ,the gills are very broad4 ,professor ,peck says3 8,the species is quite variable4 ,the pileus is sometimes irregular and even eccentric1 the thin margin may be slightly striate1 is often split and in wet weather may be upturned or revolute4 ,the lamell are sometimes in4 broad or more and transversely split4 ,they may be obscurely striated transversely and even veiny above with venose interspaces4 ,occasionally a slight anise-like odor is perceptible1 but in decay the plants have a very disagreeable odor and disgusting appearance40 #dith ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,west ,virginia1 #ahhj-ahhe2 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 #ahif4 ,gregarious1 and in large bunches4 ,mt4 ,gretna and ,eagle's ,mere1 ,pa41 #ahig1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,when fresh1 in good condition1 the caps are good1 but they are not nearly equal in substance or flavor to ,c4 radicata and ,c4 longipes4 ,they are best broiled or fried4 ,var4 repens ,fr4 ,pileus more fleshy1 depressed4 ,stem hollow1 compressed1 pruinate at the apex1 with a creeping1 string-like mycelium4 ,it is best distinguished by its white1 villous1 anastomosing1 very much branched mycelium which creeps a long distance in a rooting string-like manner4 ,the so-called roots are quite different from the stem1 not a prolongation of the stem itself4 ,fries4 ,clearly a variety of ,c4 platyphylla4 ,c4 platyphylla is quite variable1 even puzzling4 ,edible qualities the same4 ,c4 longipes ,bull4--longus1 long2 pes1 a foot4 ,pileus #a-b in4 across1 conical then expanded1 umbonate1 dry1 minutely1 beautifully velvety4 ,color from pale to date-brown1 sometimes umber4 ,flesh white1 thin1 elastic4 ,gills white1 broad1 tough1 thick1 adnexed1 distant1 ventricose1 rounded behind1 emarginate4 ,stem #d-f in4 long1 #b-d lines thick1 tapering upward1 usually densely and minutely velvety like the cap1 nearly same color1 with a long1 tapering root4 ,on much decayed stumps and logs4 ,july to ,october4 ,closely resembles ,c4 radicata4 ,it is readily distinguished by its velvety cap and stem4 ,it is more glutinous4 ,spores spheroid1 #ab ,q4 ,california4 ,edible4 ,h4 and ,m4 ,west ,virginia mountains1 #ahhj-ahhe2 ,cheltenham1 ,pa41 #ahhi4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,excepting from ,california1 ,c4 longipes has not previously been reported as found in the ,united ,states4 ,it is not plentiful in the forests of ,west ,virginia1 yet ,i often found it upon rotting stumps and logs1 solitary1 but up to a dozen in the same vicinity4 ,it is unmistakable4 ,its rich yet dull velvety cap and stem and the purity of its gills hold the finder's admiration4 ,the caps fried or broiled are delicious1 resembling in every way those of ,c4 radicata4 ,c4 fusipes ,bull4--fusus1 a spindle2 pes1 a foot4 7,plate ,,xxviii1 fig4 #d1 p4 #aab47 ,pileus #a-c in4 broad1 reddish-brown1 becoming pale and also dingy-tan1 fleshy1 convex then flattened1 umbonate 7the umbo at length vanishing71 even1 smooth1 dry1 here and there broken up in cracks when dry4 ,stem #c in4 and more long1 commonly in41 but here and there as much as #a in4 broad1 fibrous-stuffed then hollow1 remarkably cartilaginous externally1 swollen1 ventricose in the middle1 attenuated at both ends1 often twisted1 longitudinally furrowed1 red or reddish-brown1 rooted in a spindle-shaped manner at the base4 ,gills annulato-adnexed 7joined into a ring71 soon separating1 free1 broad1 distant1 firm1 connected by veins1 crisped1 white then becoming somewhat of the same color as the pileus1 often spotted4 ,stevenson4 ,spores #fc ,w4,g4,s42 #d-eb-d ,b4 ,solitary1 gregarious1 usually densely clustered on decaying wood1 roots1 etc4 ,august until after heavy frosts4 ,west ,virginia1 #ahhb1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,in the ,west ,virginia mountains ,c4 fusipes is frequent4 ,caps in the clusters rarely exceed #a in4 across4 ,they show an auburn or burgundy shade of brown in their color4 ,when young they are smooth and appear to remain so unless rained upon or moistened1 when they crack more or less finely in drying4 ,at first the connection of the gills with the stem is peculiar--they join in a collar-like ring at the top of the stem4 ,as the cap expands the gills part more or less and separate from the stem4 ,the stem is markedly spindle-shaped1 though variously flattened by compression in dense clusters2 the outside often splitting1 breaking and turning out from the stem4 ,the caps1 alone1 are good1 the stem being hard and refractory4 ,the caps are very fine1 cooked in any way4 ,the caps dry well1 and are a pleasant addition to gravies1 soups and other dishes4 ,they make a choice pickle4 9999 ,gills narrow1 crowded4 ,c4 maculata ,a4 and ,s4--macula1 a spot4 ,pileus fleshy1 firm1 convex or nearly plane1 even1 glabrous1 white or whitish1 sometimes varied with reddish spots or stains4 ,flesh white4 ,gills narrow1 crowded1 adnexed1 sometimes nearly or quite free1 white or whitish4 ,stem generally stout1 firm1 equal or slightly swollen in the middle1 striate1 white1 stuffed or sometimes hollow1 commonly narrowed at the base1 rooting1 often curved at the base1 rarely slightly thickened and blunt4 ,spores subglobose1 #d-f broad1 sometimes showing a slight point at one end4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad4 ,stem #b-d in4 long1 #c-f lines thick4 ,var4 immaculata ,cke4 ,this differs from the type in having no reddish spots or stains4 ,this species is easily recognized by its large size1 firm or compact substance and white color4 ,it grows in soil filled with decaying vegetable matter or on much decayed wood4 ,peck1 #dith ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,west ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,weed grown lot near ,university of ,pennsylvania4 ,september to frost4 ,grew gregariously over a large lot4 ,the plants varied greatly in size and appearance4 ,the gills of most were crenulate 7scalloped74 ,assorted specimens were sent ,professor ,peck who wrote3 8,they are all forms of ,c4 maculata40 ,the caps were stewed and eaten in abundance by many1 and pronounced 8,fine40 7,plate ,,xxx47 ,illustration3 ,,collybia ,,butyracea4 ,c4 butyracea ,bull4--butyrum1 butter2 buttery to the touch4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad1 normally reddish-brown1 but becoming pale1 fleshy1 convex then expanded1 more or less umbonate1 dry1 even1 smooth4 ,flesh buttery1 soft1 somewhat hygrophanous1 flesh-color then white4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 attenuated upward from the thickened white downy base1 hence much thinner at the apex1 #b-c lines only1 but at the base -#a in4 thick1 externally covered over with a rigid cartilaginous cuticle1 internally stuffed with soft spongy pith1 or hollow only when old1 striate1 reddish1 commonly smooth1 but varying with white deciduous scales1 and occasionally wholly downy with soft hairs4 ,gills slightly adnexed1 somewhat free1 thin1 crowded1 notched at the edge1 white1 never spotted-reddish4 ,stevenson4 ,spores #f-ajc-e ,b42 elliptical1 #g-id-e4 ,cap greasy looking4 ,umbo dark4 ,the color of the cap is variable4 ,the species differs from ,c4 dryophila in having an umbonate pileus1 slightly uneven gill-edges and stem which tapers upward4 ,solitary and in troops under coniferous trees4 ,spring1 autumn4 ,west ,virginia1 ,chester county and ,eagle's ,mere1 ,pa41 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,the caps cook quickly1 are tender and have a good flavor4 ,,vesti,,pedes4 99 ,gills broad1 rather distant4 7,plate ,,xxixb47 ,illustration3 ,,collybia ,,velutipes4 ,natural size4 ,c4 velutipes ,curt4--velutum1 velvet2 pes1 a foot4 ,pileus #a-d in4 broad in the same cluster1 tawny1 sometimes paler at the margin1 moderately fleshy at the disk1 but thin at the circumference1 convex then soon becoming plane1 often eccentric1 irregular and bent backward1 smooth1 viscous2 margin spreading and at length slightly striate4 ,flesh watery1 soft1 slightly tawny-hyaline4 ,stem #a-c in4 long1 #a-d lines thick1 tough1 externally cartilaginous1 umber then becoming black1 densely1 minutely velvety1 commonly ascending or twisted1 commonly equal1 even1 internally fibrous-stuffed and hollow4 ,gills broader and rounded behind1 slightly adnexed1 so as at first sight to appear free1 somewhat distant1 very unequal1 becoming pallid-yellow or tawny4 ,fr4 ,spores ellipsoid1 #g ,w4,g4,s42 #fd ,b42 elliptical1 #gc-c4e ,massee4 ,our ,american plant1 common to the states1 is rarely found attaining such dimensions4 ,its usual size is from #a-b in4 across1 more frequently at #a-a4 ,it is generally found in clusters more or less dense4 ,the color varies from yellowish to a dark yellowish-brown4 ,the center is darker than the margin4 ,the cap viscid when moist1 often irregular from crowding4 ,gills may be rounded or notched at their attachment to the stem1 whitish or yellowish4 ,stem usually hollow1 #a-d in4 long1 #a-c lines thick1 whitish when young becoming colored with the dense brownish velvety hairs4 ,it grows on stumps1 roots in the ground1 trunks and earth heavily charged with wood matter4 ,i have found it in every month of the year4 ,the heavier crop appears in ,september1 ,october and ,november1 and lasts until long after heavy frosts4 ,then sporadic clusters spring up wherever the winter sun gives them encouragement4 ,it sometimes does considerable damage to the tree so unfortunate as to be its host4 ,it begins its growth upon some injured or decayed spot and by continually insinuating itself under the surrounding bark it1 by its mycelium and growth1 pries the bark away from the wood until the tree is entirely denuded4 ,it is a valuable species1 not only on account of its continuous growth1 but because of its plentifulness and excellent substance4 9999 ,gills very narrow1 closely crowded4 ,c4 confluens ,pers4--,pileus -#a in4 broad1 thin1 tough1 flaccid1 convex or nearly plane1 obtuse1 rarely somewhat umbonate1 glabrous1 hygrophanous1 reddish grayish-red or reddish-brown and often striatulate on the margin when moist1 pallid1 whitish or grayish when dry4 ,lamell narrow1 crowded1 free1 whitish or yellowish-gray4 ,stem #b-e in4 long1 #a-b lines thick1 equal1 cartilaginous1 hollow1 clothed with a short dense somewhat pulverulent whitish pubescence or down4 ,spores minute ovate or subelliptical1 slightly pointed at one end1 #e-fc-d4 ,among fallen leaves in woods4 ,common4 ,july to ,october4 ,the plants commonly grow in tufts1 but sometimes in lines or arcs of circles or scattered4 ,they revive under the influence of moisture and thereby indicate an intimate relationship to the genus ,marasmius4 ,the pileus varies much in color1 but commonly has a dull reddish or russety tinge when moist1 sometimes approaching bay-red4 ,it fades in drying and becomes almost white or grayish-white1 but sometimes the center remains more deeply colored than the margin4 ,the stem is commonly rather long in proportion to the width of the pileus4 ,occasionally it is somewhat flattened either at the top or throughout its entire length4 ,sometimes the stems become united at the base which union is suggestive of the specific name4 ,peck1 #dith ,rep4 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,july to frost4 ,the caps of ,c4 confluens are of excellent substance and flavor4 ,their quantity makes up for their small size4 ,i have gathered them #b in4 across1 but their average size is about #a in4 ,they dry well4 ,l,,vi,,pedes4 99 ,gills broad1 more or less distant4 ,c4 esculenta ,wulf4--esculent4 ,pileus in4 and more broad1 ochraceous-clay1 often becoming dusky1 slightly fleshy1 convex then plane1 orbicular1 obtuse1 smooth1 even or when old slightly striate4 ,flesh tough1 white1 savory4 ,stem #a in4 and more long1 scarcely #a line thick1 or thread-like and wholly equal1 obsoletely tubed1 tough1 stiff and straight1 even1 smooth1 slightly shining1 clay-yellow1 with a long perpendicular1 commonly smooth1 tail-like root4 ,gills adnexed1 even decurrent with a very thin small tooth1 then separating1 very broad1 limber1 somewhat distant1 whitish1 sometimes clay-color4 ,gregarious but never cespitose4 ,the tube of the stem is very narrow4 ,stevenson4 ,the smallest edible ,collybia4 ,cooke4 ,edible4 ,in dense woods4 ,curtis4 ,it is dried and preserved4 ,cordier4 ,in pastures and grassy places4 ,spring and early summer4 ,edible1 but rather bitter flavor4 ,in ,austria1 where it is in great plenty in ,april1 large baskets are brought to market under the name of ,nagelschwmme--nail mushrooms4 ,professor ,peck describes ,c4 esculentoides ,pk41 #dith ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot41 which he states3 8,differs from the type in its paler and more ochraceous color and in its farinaceous flavor1 and is related to the ,european ,c4 esculenta from which it differs essentially in the umbilicate pileus and in the absence of any radicating base to the stem40 9999 ,gills narrow1 crowded4 ,c4 dryophila ,bull4 ,gr4--oak-loving4 7,plate ,,xxviii1 fig4 #c1 p4 #aab47 ,pileus #a-c in4 across1 bay-brown-rufous1 etc41 becoming pale1 but not hygrophanous1 slightly fleshy1 tough1 convexo-plane1 obtuse1 commonly depressed in the center1 even1 smooth2 margin at first inflexed then flattened4 ,flesh thin1 white4 ,stem #a-c in4 long1 #a-c lines thick1 cartilaginous1 remarkably tubed1 thin1 even1 smooth1 somewhat rooting1 commonly becoming yellow or reddish4 ,gills somewhat free1 with a small decurrent tooth1 but appearing adnexed when the pileus is depressed1 crowded1 narrow1 distinct1 plane1 white or becoming pale4 ,there are numerous monstrous forms which are very deceiving3 a4 ,stem elongated1 waved1 decumbent1 inflated at the base2 pileus broader1 lobed2 gills white4 b4 ,funicularis1 larger1 cespitose1 the lax and decumbent stem equal and hairy at the base1 gills sulphur-yellow4 ,these forms1 analagous with ,a4 repens ,bull41 occur on heaps of leaves4 c4 ,countless specimens growing together in a large cluster2 stems thick1 inflated1 irregularly shaped1 sulcate1 brown1 the mycelium collecting the soil in the form of a ball2 pileus very irregularly shaped1 full of angles1 undulated1 blackish then bay-brown4 ,in gardens4 ,stevenson4 ,spores elliptic-fusiform1 #g-hd2 #f ,w4,g4,s4 ,professor ,peck1 #dith ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot41 gives the following3 ,pileus thin1 convex or nearly plane1 sometimes with the margin elevated1 irregular1 obtuse1 glabrous1 varying in color1 commonly some shade of bay-red or tan-color4 ,flesh white4 ,lamell narrow1 crowded1 adnexed or almost free1 white or whitish1 rarely yellowish4 ,stem equal or sometimes thickened at the base1 cartilaginous1 glabrous1 hollow1 yellowish or rufescent1 commonly similar in color to the pileus4 ,spores1 #f-hc-d4 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 #a-b lines thick4 ,woods1 groves and open places4 ,common4 ,june to ,october4 ,west ,virginia1 ,north ,carolina1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,c4 dryophila is so common and variable that descriptions would fail to cover it in its eccentricities4 ,the writer has eaten it in all the forms obtained since #ahha4 ,a very pretty form grew in large quantities among pine needles at ,eagle's ,mere1 ,pa41 in ,august1 #ahig4 ,it was cooked and served at the hotel table4 ,many ate it and were delighted4 ,dr4 ,badham refers to a case in which illness was caused by eating it4 ,in my eighteen years' experience with it1 knowing it to have been enjoyably eaten by scores of persons1 ,i have not heard of the slightest discomfort from it4 ,c4 spinulifera ,pk4--spinula1 a little thorn4 ,pileus fleshy1 thin1 convex or nearly plane1 glabrous1 hygrophanous reddish tan-color tinged with pink and slightly striatulate on the margin when moist1 paler when dry1 adorned with minute colored spinules or set4 ,gills narrow1 close1 rounded behind and free1 pale cinnamon-color1 becoming somewhat darker with age1 spinuliferous4 ,stem slender1 tough1 glabrous1 shining1 hollow1 reddish-brown1 often paler or whitish at the top1 especially in young plants1 with a whitish myceloid tomentum at the base4 ,spores elliptical or nearly so1 #d4 ,plant cespitose4 ,pileus #h-af lines broad4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 about #a line thick4 ,prostrate trunks and ground among leaves in woods4 ,lewis county4 ,september4 ,in this species the lamell1 under a lens1 appear to be minutely pubescent or velvety4 ,this is due to the colored spinules or set which clothe them4 ,peck1 #dith ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,angora1 ,pa4 ,september1 #ahig4 ,among moss in mixed woods4 ,september to frost4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,specimens identified by ,professor ,peck4 ,stems of some tapered at base4 ,excepting the extreme base of stems the whole plant is tender and of good flavor4 7,plate ,,xxxi47 ,illustration3 ,,collybia ,,acervata 7young74 ,c4 acervata ,fr4--acervus1 a heap4 ,pileus fleshy but thin1 convex or nearly plane1 obtuse1 glabrous1 hygrophanous1 pale tan-color or dingy pinkish-red and commonly striatulate on the margin when moist1 paler or whitish when dry4 ,gills narrow1 close1 adnexed or free1 whitish or tinged with flesh-color4 ,stem slender1 rigid1 hollow1 glabrous1 reddish1 reddish-brown or brown1 often whitish at the top1 especially when young1 commonly with a white matted down at the base4 ,spores elliptical1 #fc-d4 ,plant cespitose4 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 about #a line thick4 ,decaying wood and ground among fallen leaves in woods4 ,adirondack mountains4 ,august and ,september4 ,peck1 #dith ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,this very pretty plant resembles forms of ,c4 dryophila4 ,the coloring of the stems is often extremely delicate1 like paintings upon rice paper4 ,west ,virginia mountains2 ,eagle's ,mere1 ,pa4 ,august to frost4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,the entire plant is tender1 delicate and of fine flavor4 ,in these qualities it is not distinguishable when cooked from the smaller forms of ,c4 dryophila4 ,illustration ,,myce,,na ,fr4 ,gr4--a fungus4 7,plate ,,xxxii47 ,illustration3 ,,mycena ,,galericulata4 ,pileus regular1 rarely depressed in the center1 thin1 usually streaked with longitudinal lines1 at first conico-cylindrical1 margin at the first straight1 closely embracing the stem which is attenuated upward4 ,stem hollow1 slender1 cartilaginous4 ,gills adnate or adnexed1 sometimes with a small tooth1 never decurrent4 ,spores white4 ,generally small and slender1 growing on branches1 twigs1 heaps of leaves1 sometimes on the ground1 some minute species on single dead leaves4 ,long1 rooting stems are not uncommon4 ,clitocybe and ,omphalia are separated by their decurrent gills and in ,collybia the margin is at first incurved4 ,in this genus the species of the various sections are not always distinguished by single sharply defined characteristics1 so that it will sometimes be necessary to pay attention to all the features4 ,species with a thread-like stem are found in other sections than ,filipedes and some of the ,lactipedes are slippery when moist1 but not truly viscous4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,tribes4 ,,calodontes 7kalos1 beautiful2 odontes1 teeth74 ,page #abf4 ,stem juiceless1 not dilated into a disk at the base4 ,edges of gills darker1 minutely toothed4 ,,adonide 7,adonis1 referring to beauty74 ,page #abf4 ,stem juiceless1 not dilated at the base4 ,gills of one color1 not changing color4 ,color pure-colored1 bright1 not becoming brownish or gray4 ,on the ground4 ,,rigipedes 7rigid-stemmed74 ,page #abf4 ,stem firm1 rigid1 rather tough1 juiceless1 more or less rooting4 ,gills changing color1 white1 then gray or reddish1 generally at length connected by veins4 ,tough1 persistent1 inodorous1 usually on wood1 very cespitose1 but individuals of the same species sometimes grow singly on the ground4 ,,fragilipedes 7fragile-stemmed74 ,page #acj4 ,stem fragile1 juiceless1 fibrillose at the base1 scarcely rooting4 ,pileus hygrophanous4 ,gills becoming discolored1 at length somewhat connected by veins4 ,thin1 fragile1 often soft1 normally growing singly on the ground4 ,a few strong smelling1 cespitose on wood4 ,,filipedes 7thread-stemmed74 ,page #acj4 ,stem thread-like1 flaccid1 somewhat tough1 rooting1 juiceless1 generally extremely long in proportion to the pileus4 ,gills becoming discolored1 paler at the edge4 ,straight1 growing singly on the ground2 inodorous4 ,pileus dingy-brown1 becoming paler4 ,,lactipedes 7milky-stemmed74 ,page #acj4 ,gills and rooting stem milky when broken4 ,,glutinipedes 7glutinous-stemmed74 ,page #aca4 ,stem juiceless but externally sticky with gluten4 ,gills at length decurrent with a tooth4 ,,basipedes 7base-stemmed74 ,page #aca4 ,stem dry1 rootless1 the base naked and dilated into a disk or small hairy bulb4 ,growing singly1 slender1 soon becoming flaccid4 ,,insititi 7insero1 to insert or graft74 ,page #aca4 ,stem very thin1 dry1 growing as if inserted in the supporting surface1 not downy1 not disk-like at the base4 ,gills adnate with a small decurrent tooth4 ,small1 very tender1 becoming flaccid with the first touch of the sun4 ,mycena is a large genus composed of small species4 ,about sixty members have been found in ,america4 ,they are from to #a in4 across the cap1 with thin stems and altogether delicate appearance4 ,yet the flesh of most of them has a gummy consistency in the mouth1 and they shrink but little in stewing4 ,heretofore not any appear to have been reported as edible1 probably because the size of the species has not attracted experimenters4 ,while some have a strong odor and taste of radishes1 and one species is bitter1 it is probable that all are edible4 ,the writer has eaten1 raw and cooked1 small quantities 7all he has found7 of many species not here reported as edible1 which will1 when further tested1 be reported upon4 ,the substance and flavor of those here given is remarkably pleasant4 ,their late coming1 hardiness and abundance are commendable qualities4 ,i4--,,calodon,,tes4 ,stem juiceless4 ,gills minutely toothed4 ,none tested4 ,,ii4--,,adoni,,de4 ,stem juiceless4 ,gills of one color1 etc4 ,none tested4 ,,iii4--,,rigidi,,pedes4 ,stem rigid4 ,gills at first white1 changing color1 etc4 ,m4 prolifera ,sow4--proles1 offspring2 fero1 to bear4 7,plate ,x1 figs4 #f1 #g1 p4 #bh47 ,pileus -#a in4 across1 slightly fleshy1 expanded bell-shape1 dry1 the broad umbo darker 7dingy-brown71 slightly striate1 and at length furrowed or rimosely split at the margin 7pale yellowish or becoming brownish-tan74 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 firm1 rigid1 smooth1 shining1 slightly striate1 rooted4 ,gills adnexed1 somewhat distinct1 becoming pale white4 ,inodorous1 only at length nauseous4 ,very closely allied to ,m4 galericulata1 in habit approaching nearest to ,m4 cohrens4 ,the stems are pallid at the apex1 but slightly tawny-bay-brown below1 and glued together by hairy down at the base4 ,there is a white form with transparent stem--on trunks4 ,fries4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,on ground in grass4 ,mycelium spreading on leaves4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,found in great plenty4 ,base of stems is sometimes white when in dense tufts4 ,the whole plant is tender1 cooking in fifteen minutes1 and is of fine flavor4 ,no one will want a better fungus4 ,m4 rugosa ,fr4--ruga1 a wrinkle4 ,pileus ash-color but becoming pale1 very tough1 slightly fleshy at the disk1 otherwise membranaceous1 bell-shaped then expanded1 at length rather plane1 somewhat obtuse1 more or less corrugated 7unequal with elevated wrinkles71 always dry1 not moist even in rainy weather1 striate at the circumference4 ,stem commonly short1 remarkably cartilaginous1 tubed1 rigid1 tough1 straight1 at length compressed1 even1 smooth1 pallid1 with a short oblique hairy root4 ,gills arcuato-adnate1 with a decurrent tooth1 united behind in a collar1 somewhat distant1 connected by veins1 broad1 ventricose1 white then gray1 edge sometimes quite entire1 sometimes with saw-like teeth4 ,always inodorous4 ,formerly connected with ,m4 galericulata4 ,m4 rugosa is arid1 very tough1 more rarely cespitose1 the pileus firm1 somewhat obtuse1 wrinkled but without stri1 the gills arcuato-adnate with a hooked tooth1 white then ash-color4 ,the genuine ,m4 galericulata is fasciculato-cespitose1 somewhat fragile1 the pileus thinner1 at first conical and umbonate1 striate without wrinkles1 the gills adnate1 with a decurrent tooth1 white then flesh-color4 ,between these there is a long series of intermediate forms4 ,fries4 ,california1 ,h4 and ,m42 ,kansas1 ,cragin2 ,wisconsin1 ,bundy2 ,new ,york1 ,september1 ,peck1 #dfth ,rep42 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania4 ,on decaying wood and ground near stumps4 ,august to ,november4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,the tenacity frequently occurring in ,mycena is well shown in this species4 ,the caps and stem cook tender1 but it is better to discard the stems1 as the two do not become tender at the same time4 ,m4 galericulata ,scop4--galericulum1 a small peaked cap4 7,plate ,plate ,x1 fig4 #e1 p4 #bh47 ,pileus somewhat membranaceous1 conical bell-shaped then expanded1 striate to the umbo1 dry1 smooth1 becoming brownish-livid or changeable in color4 ,stem rigid1 polished1 even1 smooth1 with a spindle-shaped root at the base4 ,gills adnate1 decurrent with a tooth1 connected by veins1 whitish and flesh-colored4 ,very protean4 ,normally growing in bunches1 the numerous stems 7never sticky7 glued together with soft hairy down at the base4 ,but it occurs also solitary1 larger1 pileus as much as #b in4 broad1 wrinkled-striate4 ,the essential marks by which it is distinguished from ,a4 rugosa are these3 ,stem in general thinner1 less tense and straight1 often curved1 more fragile4 ,pileus membranaceous1 conico bell-shaped1 umbonate1 striate but not corrugated1 moist in rainy weather4 ,gills adnate1 with a decurrent tooth1 more crowded1 whitish then flesh-colored4 ,the color both of the pileus 7normally dingy-brownish then livid7 and of the stem 7normally becoming livid-brownish7 is much more changeable than that of ,a4 rugosa1 becoming yellow1 rust colored1 etc4 ,it is not so tough and pliant as ,a4 rugosa4 ,forms departing from the type are very numerous2 the most beautiful is var4 calopus 7,gr41 beautiful2 ,gr41 a foot7 with chestnut-colored stems1 united in a spindle-shaped tail4 ,fries4 ,spores spheroid or subspheroid1 #i-ajf-h ,k42 #h-aad-f ,b42 #f-gd ,massee4 ,common4 ,autumnal4 ,very variable4 ,on trunks1 fallen leaves4 ,two well-marked varieties of this very variable species were observed the past season4 ,one grows on the ground among fallen leaves4 ,it has a dark brown pileus1 close lamell and a very long stem1 generally of a delicate pink color toward the top4 ,it might be called var4 longipes4 ,the other grows under pine trees1 has a broadly convex or expanded grayish-brown pileus and a short stem4 ,it might be called var4 expansus4 ,peck1 #bfth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 8,m4 alcalina is closely allied to it 7,m4 galericulata71 but has a stronger alkaline odor and a rather more fragile stem4 ,in one of your specimens ,i detect a slight incarnate tint to the gills1 and this is pretty conclusive evidence that it belongs to ,m4 galericulata4 ,species of ,mycena are not generally reckoned among edible fungi or even promising fungi2 ,i suppose on account of the thin flesh of the cap1 but of course it is possible to make up in numbers what is lacking in size4 ,i am glad to know you have found this to be an esculent one40 ,letter ,professor ,peck to ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine1 ,october #e1 #ahic4 ,the caps and stems when young make as good a dish as one cares to eat4 ,the substance is pleasant1 and the flavor delicate4 ,they are best stewed slowly in their own fluids1 after washing1 for ten minutes and seasoned with pepper1 salt and butter4 ,m4 parabolica ,fr4--shaped like a parabola4 ,pileus becoming black at the disk1 inclining to violaceous1 otherwise becoming pale1 whitish1 somewhat membranaceous1 at first erect and oval1 then parabolic1 obtuse1 never expanded1 moist1 somewhat shining when dry1 smooth1 even1 striate toward the entire margin4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #a line thick1 tubed1 tense and straight but not very rigid1 thickened and bearded-rooted at the base1 pale below1 dark violaceous above1 when young white-mealy1 otherwise even1 smooth1 dry4 ,gills simply adnate1 ascending1 somewhat distant1 rarely connected by veins1 quite entire1 white1 somewhat gray at the base4 ,stem less rigid than that of ,a4 galericulatus4 ,truly gregarious or cespitose4 ,fries4 ,spores #abf ,b42 elliptical1 #aa-abf ,massee4 ,trenton1 ,n4,j4 ,june4 ,e4,b4 ,sterling2 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania1 on decaying stumps1 trunks of oak1 chestnut1 poplar1 pine4 ,june until far into the winter4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,plant up to #b in4 high4 ,caps usually about in41 but reaching in4 ,a neat1 attractive plant1 whether single or in dense tufts4 ,its smell is strong of fresh meal1 and taste of that delicate flavor one finds in the succulent base of the round1 swamp rush1 when pulled from its sheath--one that every country school boy and girl knows4 ,it is pleasant raw1 and delicious when cooked4 ,m4 latifolia ,pk4--latus1 broad2 folium1 a leaf4 ,pileus convex1 rarely somewhat umbonate1 striatulate1 grayish-brown4 ,gills white1 broad1 hooked1 decurrent-toothed4 ,stem slender1 smooth1 hollow1 subconcolorous1 white-villous at the base4 ,height #a-a4e in41 breadth of pileus #d-f lines4 ,stem 4#e lines thick4 ,under pine trees4 ,center4 ,october4 ,a small species with quite broad gills1 growing among the fallen leaves of pine trees4 ,gregarious4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,among pine needles1 scattered1 sometimes four or five in a cluster4 ,september to ,october4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,autumnal4 ,not rare4 ,the caps though small are tenacious in the mouth and lose little in cooking4 ,the substance is agreeable and flavor fine4 ,,iv4-- ,,fragili,,pedes4 ,stem fragile1 juiceless1 etc4 ,none tested4 ,v4--,,fili,,pedes4 ,stem thread-like1 etc4 ,m4 collariata ,fr4--collare1 a collar4 ,pileus in4 and more broad1 typically dingy-brown1 but becoming pale1 commonly gray-whitish1 becoming brownish only at the disk1 membranaceous1 bell-shaped then convex1 somewhat umbonate1 striate1 when dry rigid1 smooth1 not soft nor slightly silky4 ,stem about #b in4 long1 tubed1 thread-like but almost #a line thick1 tough1 dry1 smooth1 even or slightly striate under a lens1 becoming pale4 ,gills adnate1 joined in a collar behind1 thin1 crowded1 hoary-whitish or obsoletely flesh-colored4 ,the gills are somewhat distant when the pileus is expanded4 ,there is not a separate collar as in ,marasmius rotula2 the gills are only joined in the form of a collar1 and remain cohering when they separate from the stem4 ,fries4 ,spores #h-ajd-f ,b4 ,new ,york4 ,old stumps and rotten logs4 ,june4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,cespitose on decaying wood4 ,july1 ,september and ,october4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,very much like ,m4 galericulata1 but gills not connected by veins4 ,the caps usually have a pinkish hue1 often brownish4 ,the stems are not as tender as the caps4 ,the flavor is excellent4 ,,vi4--,,lacti,,pedes4 ,stem and gills milky1 etc4 ,m4 hmatopa ,pers4 ,gr4--blood2 ,gr4--a foot4 ,pileus about #a in4 broad1 white flesh-color1 fleshy-membranaceous1 slightly fleshy chiefly at the disk1 conical then bell-shaped1 obtuse1 nay convex and spuriously umbonate1 naked1 even or slightly striate at the margin1 which is at the first elegantly toothed4 ,stem #b-d in4 long1 #a line and more thick1 remarkably tubed1 rigid1 normally everywhere powdered with whitish1 delicate1 soft hairy down1 sometimes1 however1 denuded of it4 ,gills adnate1 often with a small decurrent tooth1 the alternate ones shorter1 in front disappearing short of the slight margin of the pileus1 whitish and wholly of the same color at the edge4 ,cespitose 7very many of the stems conjoined and hairy at the base71 firm1 stature almost that of ,m4 galericulata1 wholly abounding with dark blood-colored juice4 ,on stumps4 ,frequent4 ,september4 ,stevenson4 ,spores spheroid-ellipsoid1 #ajf-g ,k4 ,i find a non-cespitose form of this species with red-margined gills4 ,its red juice1 however1 will serve to distinguish it and show its true relations4 ,peck1 #cast ,rep4 ,common in tufts like ,m4 galericulata and of about the same size1 but is readily distinguished by its red juice4 ,this pretty plant can often be gathered in considerable quantity1 and well repays the collector4 ,,vii4--,,glutini,,pedes4 ,stems gelatinous1 etc4 ,none tested4 ,,viii4--,,basi,,pedes4 ,stem dilated at base1 etc4 ,none tested4 ,,ix4--,,insiti,,ti4 ,stem inserted4 ,none tested4 ,illustration ,,hia,,tula ,fr4 7,plate ,,xxxiii47 ,illustration3 ,,hiatula ,,wynni4 ,hio1 to gape4 ,pileus symmetrical1 very thin1 without a distinct pellicle1 formed by the union of the backs of the gills1 splitting when expanded4 ,gills almost or quite free1 white4 ,stem central4 ,spores white4 ,allied to ,lepiota in the thin pileus and free gills1 but differing in the entire absence of a ring4 ,not at all deliquescent as in the genus ,coprinus1 near to which it was at one time placed by ,fries4 ,massee4 ,reported from ,north ,carolina4 ,,ompha,,lia ,fr4 ,gr4--belonging to an umbilicus4 7,plate ,,xxxiv47 ,illustration3 ,,omphalia ,,umbellifera4 ,enlarged about two sizes4 ,pileus generally thin1 usually umbilicate at first1 then funnel-shaped1 often hygrophanous1 margin incurved or straight4 ,gills truly decurrent from the first1 sometimes branched4 ,stem distinctly cartilaginous1 polished1 tubular1 often stuffed when young4 ,flesh continuous with that of the pileus but differing in character4 ,spores white1 somewhat elliptical1 smooth4 ,generally on wood1 preferring hilly woods and a damp climate4 ,resembling ,collybia and ,mycena in the flesh of stem and pileus being different in texture and in the externally cartilaginous stem4 ,it is perfectly separated by the gills being markedly decurrent from the first4 ,the ,american species of ,omphalia number between thirty-five and forty4 ,many of them are common4 ,few woods are free from them4 ,several of them are beautiful4 ,they are usually small and lacking in substance4 ,raw1 the writer has not found one that is objectionable in any way2 a few have a woody taste4 ,but two species have been found by him in sufficient quantity to make a dish4 ,it is probable that all are edible4 ,at best the species of ,omphalia are valuable in emergency only4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,tribes4 ,,collybarii4 99 ,pileus dilated from the first1 margin incurved4 ,,mycenarii4 ,pileus campanulate at first1 margin straight and pressed to the stem4 ,,collyba,,rii4 99 ,pileus dilated from the first2 margin incurved4 ,o4 oniscus ,fr4 ,gr4--a wood-louse4 ,from the ashy color4 ,pileus scarcely #a in4 broad1 dark ashy becoming pale1 gray-hoary when dry1 somewhat membranaceous1 or slightly fleshy1 flaccid1 fragile when old1 convexo-umbilicate or funnel-shaped1 often irregular1 undulato-flexuous1 even-lobed1 smooth1 even1 margin striate4 ,stem #a in4 long1 #a line and more thick1 stuffed then tubed1 slightly firm1 moderately tough1 sometimes round1 curved1 sometimes unequal1 compressed1 ascending1 undulated1 gray4 ,gills shortly decurrent1 somewhat distant1 quaternate1 ash-color4 ,not cespitose4 ,fries4 ,spores #abg-h ,b4 ,massachusetts1 ,sprague2 ,california1 ,h4 and ,m41 who record it as edible4 ,o4 umbellifera--umbella1 a little shade2 fero1 to bear4 ,from its umbrella-like shape4 7,plate ,,xxxiv1 p4 #acb47 ,pileus about in4 broad1 commonly whitish1 slightly fleshy-membranaceous1 convex then plane1 broadly obconic with the decurrent gills1 not at all or only slightly umbilicate1 hygrophanous1 when moist watery1 rayed with darker stri1 when dry even1 changeable in appearance1 silky1 flocculose1 rarely squamulose1 the margin1 which is at first inflexed1 crenate 7scalloped74 ,stem short1 not exceeding #a in4 long1 almost #a line thick1 stuffed then soon tubed1 slightly firm1 equal or dilated toward the apex into the pileus1 of the same color as the pileus1 commonly smooth1 but varying pubescent1 white villous at the base4 ,gills very broad behind1 triangular1 decurrent1 very distant1 edge of the gills straight4 ,cosmopolitan4 ,the common form is to be found everywhere from the sea level to #d1jjj feet4 ,stevenson4 ,spores #cd ,w4,g4,s42 #ajd ,w4,p42 green variety #ajf ,w4,p42 broadly elliptical1 #h-aje-f ,peck4 ,o4 umbellifera is known the world over4 ,it is very variable in size and color4 ,with us it is seldom over in4 broad4 ,stem -#a line thick4 ,it grows on decaying wood and ground full of decaying material4 ,there are several varieties4 ,all are edible1 but not worth describing4 ,this description is given that the student may recognize one of our common plants1 and eat it1 if very hungry4 ,,mycena,,rii4 ,o4 campanella ,batsch4--campana1 a bell4 ,pileus thin1 rather tough1 hemispherical or convex1 glabrous1 umbilicate1 hygrophanous1 rusty yellow-color and striatulate when moist1 paler when dry4 ,gills moderately close1 arcuate1 decurrent1 yellowish1 the interspaces venose4 ,stem firm1 rigid1 hollow1 brown1 often paler at the top1 tawny-strigose at the base4 ,spores elliptical1 #f-gc-d4 ,pileus #d-h lines broad4 ,stem about #a in4 long1 scarcely #a line thick4 ,much decayed wood of coniferous trees4 ,very common4 ,may to ,november4 ,peck1 #deth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores ellipsoid1 #f-hc-d ,c4,b4,p42 #gc ,w4,p42 #f-ic-d ,b4 ,the quantity alone1 in which this small species can be found1 makes it worth mentioning as an edible species4 ,it is common over the ,united ,states where coniferous trees abound4 ,its favorite habitat is upon the rotting debris of these trees4 ,occasionally it grows from the ground1 but only from that which is heavily charged with woody material4 ,it is social in troops1 or affectionate in clusters1 or maintains a single existence4 ,it is edible1 of good substance when stewed1 tender and of fair flavor4 ,illustration3 ,photographed by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,weist4 ,,plate ,,xxxv4 ,,pleurotus ,,ostreatus4 ,,pleuro,,tus4 ,gr4--a side2 ,gr4--an ear4 ,stem excentric1 lateral or none4 ,epiphytal 7very rarely growing on the ground71 irregular1 fleshy or membranaceous4 ,fries4 ,the excentric1 generally lateral stem1 absent in some of the species1 separates this from other genera of the white-spored series4 ,pileus varying from fleshy in the larger to membranaceous in the smaller forms1 but never becoming woody4 ,veil generally wanting1 when present its remains sometimes appear on the margin of the pileus1 or as an evanescent ring on the stem4 ,gills1 edge acute1 generally decurrent1 in some species with a well-marked tooth1 rarely simply adnate4 ,stem fleshy1 confluent and homogeneous with the pileus4 ,wood1 dead or alive2 a few species appear on the ground4 ,p4 ulmarius and others of the larger forms1 when growing in an upright position1 may have the stem central and the pileus horizontal4 ,the stems of some species of ,clitocybe and ,omphalia if growing laterally are sometimes excentric and oblique4 ,this genus is analogous to ,claudopus1 pink-spored1 and ,crepidotus1 brown-spored4 ,spores white1 but those of ,p4 sapidus are faintly tinged with lilac1 and of ,p4 ostreatus1 var4 euosmus1 with purple4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,tribes4 ,,excentrici4 ,page #acg4 ,pileus entire1 laterally extended1 excentric1 not truly lateral4 99 ,veil fugacious1 fragments adhering to stem or margin of pileus4 9999 ,veil none1 gills sinuate or obtusely adnate4 999999 ,veil none1 gills very decurrent1 stem distinct1 almost vertical4 99999999 ,veil none1 gills very decurrent1 stem proper absent1 pileus lateral1 extended behind into a short1 stem-like oblique base4 ,,dimidiati4 ,page #add4 ,pileus not at first resupinate1 lateral1 prolonged without a definite margin behind1 into a very short lateral1 stem-like base4 ,,resupinati4 ,page #adf4 ,pileus resupinate from the first1 then reflexed4 ,if any odium attaches to the word toadstool1 it should be forgotten and forever banished in presence of this cleanly1 neat1 handsome genus1 choice in its growing places from lichen-covered stumps1 or bark-clad boles1 or highly perched limbs1 or the scented surfaces of decaying wood4 ,several of its species perfume themselves throughout with pleasant spicy odors4 ,many are most accommodating in their constant coming4 ,mr4 ,h4,i4 ,miller1 superintendent ,terre ,haute and ,indianapolis ,railroad1 writes3 8,most of the mushroom books give greatest space to the ,a4 campester4 ,for some parts of the country this may be desirable1 but for ,indiana and ,ohio1 considering the food value1 the ,p4 ostreatus is the best fungus we have in these states1 from the fact that anybody wanting a mess can nearly always obtain a basketful of this variety1 whereas the others depend upon a good many weather conditions4 ,having located a few logs and stumps in the spring1 where the ,p4 ostreatus grows1 these same stumps and logs can be used all season4 ,the crops are successive1 and while some of the spots seem to be barren for a few days at a time1 the others will be bearing4 ,it does not make much difference what the kind of log or stump1 whether it be beech1 oak or elm1 or what the species of tree4 ,i think ,i have found them on all our forest trees1 and it is not necessary for the tree to be dead4 ,if there is a decaying portion1 the spores seem to be carried by the little black beetle that infests the ostreatus1 from one place to another1 and wherever a small spot of dead wood is found we are likely to find the ,p4 ostreatus4 ,this being the only edible mushroom that we can find in large quantities all through the season in this neck of the woods1 it seems to me that a general knowledge of it will serve the economic purpose more than any other fungi40 ,the presence of the ,p4 ostreatus and its esculent companions is noted from our northern boundary to the gulf4 ,poplar1 maple1 birch1 hickory1 ash1 apple1 laburnum and oak trees are its favored residences4 ,deer feed upon it1 and kine are attracted by its scent even when deep under snow4 ,when properly selected and slowly cooked1 the ,pleuroti are toothsome4 ,from the fact that the spores of this fleshy and valuable genus find fostering lodgment in many trees when in decay1 it is more than probable that the several species can be propagated by planting their spores upon such decaying woods1 or by transplanting the mycelium4 ,growths of ,p4 ostreatus1 ,p4 sapidus1 ,p4 salignus1 and probably other species of ,pleurotus1 can be forced1 by watering the spots upon which they are known to grow4 ,dr4 ,kalchbrenner mentions that the ,p4 sapidus is in this way cultivated in ,hungary4 ,acting upon this mention the writer had good success with ,p4 ostreatus4 ,experiments in this direction are likely to be interesting and rewarding4 ,no species is suspected of being noxious4 ,an analysis of ,p4 ostreatus is given by ,lafayette ,b4 ,mendel1 ,sheffield ,laboratory of ,physiological ,chemistry1 ,yale ,university1 as follows3 ,water #gc4gj ,total solids #bf4cj ,the dry substance contained3 ,total nitrogen #b4dj ,extractive nitrogen #a4bg ,protein nitrogen #a4ac ,ether extract #a4f ,crude fiber #g4e ,ash #f4a ,material soluble in #he #ca4e alcohol ,american ,journal of ,physiology1 ,vol4 #a1 ,no4 #aa1 ,march #a1 #ahih4 ,i4--,,excen,,trici4 99,veil fugacious1 etc4 ,p4 dryinus ,pers4 ,gr4--oak4 ,pileus #b in4 broad1 whitish1 variegated with spot-like scales which become dingy-brown1 lateral1 oblique1 rather plane4 ,flesh thick4 ,stem very curt and obese1 commonly #a in4 long and thick1 somewhat lateral1 somewhat woody1 squamulose1 white1 with a short1 blunt root4 ,veil scarcely conspicuous on the stem1 but appendiculate round the margin of the pileus when young4 ,gills not very decurrent1 somewhat simple1 not anastomosing behind1 narrow1 white1 becoming yellow when old4 ,on trunks1 oak1 ash1 willow1 etc4 ,stevenson4 ,spores #ajd ,massee4 ,edible4 ,cordier1 ,cooke4 ,when young the caps are tender2 of the consistency1 when cooked1 of ,polyporus sulphureus4 ,in taste and smell the species varies from other ,pleuroti1 in having a distinct musk-like flavor4 ,this is agreeable1 reminding one of the common mushroom--,a4 campester4 9999,veil none1 gills sinuate1 etc4 ,p4 ulmarius ,bull4--ulmus1 an elm4 ,pileus #c-e in4 and more broad1 becoming pale-livid1 often marbled with round spots1 fleshy1 compact1 horizontal1 moderately regular although more or less excentric1 convex then plane1 disk-shaped1 even1 smooth4 ,flesh white1 tough4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #a in4 thick1 solid1 firm1 elastic1 somewhat excentric1 curved-ascending1 thickened and tomentose at the base1 not rarely villous throughout1 white4 ,gills horizontal1 emarginate or rounded behind1 slightly adnexed1 broad 7broader in the middle71 somewhat crowded1 whitish4 ,the pileus is sometimes cracked in a tessellated manner4 ,stevenson4 ,spores nearly globose1 #e long ,morgan2 #e-f4e broad ,peck2 #f ,w4,g4,s4 ,var4 acericola--acer1 maple2 colo1 to inhabit4 ,plant smaller1 cespitose4 ,trunks and roots of maple trees4 ,adirondack mountains4 ,september4 ,var4 populicola--populus1 poplar2 colo1 to inhabit4 ,plant subcespitose1 stem wholly tomentose4 ,west ,albany4 ,peck1 ,monograph1 ,n4,y4 ,species of ,pleurotus1 ,rep4 #ci4 ,the gills are sometimes torn across like those of ,lentinus4 ,the historic elms of ,boston ,common have borne copious crops of this well-known and easily distinguished species from time immemorial4 ,every fall1 about the first of ,september1 if the season is favorable1 later if not1 copious crops appear decorating the trunks1 and branches1 sometimes at a height of thirty or forty feet4 ,growth takes place where branches have broken off or the trees have been wounded from other causes4 ,they occur very generally on elms in the outlying districts of the city1 but are rare in the country1 seeming to be distinctly urban in their tastes4 ,no damage is apparent from their growth4 ,immediately in the rear of ,independence ,hall1 ,philadelphia1 a fine cluster appears with equal autumnal regularity4 ,though the elm tree is the chosen habitat of this fungus1 it is little less select in its choice than other members of its genus4 ,when young and small ,p4 ulmarius is tender and of acceptable flavor4 ,the stems and centers of older specimens should be cut away1 and the tender parts of the caps1 only1 used4 ,p4 tessulatus ,bull4--tessela1 a small cube for pavement4 ,pileus becoming pale-tawny1 horizontal1 compactly fleshy1 convex then plane1 and in a form which is somewhat lateral depressed behind1 irregular1 even1 smooth1 variegated with round and hexagonal paler spots4 ,flesh thick1 white4 ,stem short1 #a in4 or little more long1 solid1 compact1 equal or attenuated at the base1 very excentric1 curved-ascending1 even1 smooth1 white4 ,gills sinuate behind1 uncinato-adnate1 thin1 crowded1 white or becoming yellow4 ,solitary2 according to some cespitose4 ,the pileus is not cracked in a tessellated manner1 as one might easily imagine from the name1 but variegated with spots4 ,smaller than ,a4 ulmarius 7to which it is too closely allied71 but almost more compact1 with a smell of new meal4 ,on trunks4 ,stevenson4 ,north ,carolina1 ,schweinitz4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,edible4 ,cordier4 ,on specimens growing cespitose and singly1 found at ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j4 ,september1 #ahie1 on trunk of apple tree1 and at ,eagle's ,mere1 ,pa41 singly on sugar maple1 ,august1 #ahih1 the margin of caps were beautifully marked1 but not cracked4 ,in quality it is better than ,p4 ulmarius4 ,p4 subpalmatus ,fr4--sub and palma1 a palm4 ,pileus #c-e in4 across4 ,flesh thick1 soft1 variegated2 convex then more or less flattened1 irregularly circular1 obtuse1 wrinkled1 smooth1 with a gelatinous cuticle1 rufescent4 ,stem excentric or almost lateral1 but the pileus is always marginate behind1 fibrillose1 short1 equal1 flesh fibrous1 soft4 ,gills adnate1 #c-d lines broad1 crowded1 joined behind1 dingy4 ,massee4 ,on old trunks1 squared timber1 etc4 ,very remarkable for having the flesh variegated as in ,fistulina hepatica4 ,pileus1 especially when young1 covered with a viscid pellicle4 ,fr4 ,spores minutely echinulate1 nearly globose1 #e4fg ,morgan4 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,wisconsin1 ,bundy4 ,i frequently found this species in ,north ,carolina1 growing from oak ties and standing oak timber4 ,i did not notice distillation of rufescent drops from the cap4 ,the soft flesh had good flavor4 ,the gelatinous cuticle imparts its character to the dish4 ,mixed with ,lentinus lepideus1 a much tougher plant1 which grows in great abundance in the same localities1 it makes toothsome food4 ,p4 lignatilis ,fr4--lignum1 wood4 ,dingy whitish4 ,pileus #a-d in4 broad1 rarely central1 commonly more or less excentric1 occasionally wholly lateral1 often kidney-shaped1 fleshy1 thin1 but compact and tough1 fissile1 convex then plane1 obtuse and often umbilicate1 flocculoso-pruinate1 at length denuded with rain1 repand1 margin at first involute then expanded1 undulato-lobed when luxuriant4 ,stem sometimes #b-c in41 sometimes #c-d lines long 7even obliterated71 stuffed then hollow1 always thin1 unequal1 curved1 curved or flexuous1 tough and flexile1 whitish1 everywhere pruinato-villous1 rooting and somewhat tomentose at the base4 ,gills adnate1 very crowded and narrow1 unequal1 divergent in the lobes1 shining white4 ,fries4 ,exceedingly variable1 wholly inconstant in form2 substance thin and pliant2 commonly densely cespitose1 but also single4 ,odor strong of new meal4 ,on wood1 beech1 etc4 ,stevenson4 ,parasitic on a rotten plant of ,polyporus annosus on elm4 ,w4,g4,s4 ,white and grayish-white1 margin faintly striate2 white-spotted1 odor distinctly farinaceous4 ,c4,m4 ,spores #c-d long1 ,morgan1 ,cooke1 ,w4,g4,s42 #d-e ,k4 ,var4 abscondens ,pk4--obscure4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #ca1 #ci4 ,on trunks1 scattered1 sometimes loosely clustered4 ,griffins1 ,delaware county1 ,n4,y4 ,september4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #ca1 #ci4 ,kingsessing1 near ,philadelphia2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,this is a good species in every way4 ,i have not found it in extended quantity1 but it is probable that it will be found in plenty when closer observed and better known4 ,p4 circinatus ,fr4--to make round4 ,wholly white1 not hygrophanous4 ,pileus about #c in4 broad1 orbicular1 horizontal1 fleshy1 tough1 convex then plano-disk-shaped1 obtuse1 even1 but covered over with a shining whitish slightly silky luster4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 #c-d lines thick1 stuffed1 elastic1 equal1 central or slightly excentric1 commonly straight1 smooth1 bluntly rooted at the base4 ,gills adnate1 slightly decurrent1 crowded1 broad 7as much as #c lines71 white4 ,fries4 ,an exceedingly distinct species4 ,regular1 solitary1 with a weak1 pleasant1 not mealy odor4 ,the pileus is a little thicker than that of ,a4 lignatilis1 but less compact2 the gills are twice as broad4 ,as ,a4 lignatilis is changeable1 this is always constant in form4 ,on rotting birch stump4 ,stevenson4 ,california1 ,h4 and ,m4 ,found at ,eagle's ,mere1 ,pa41 ,august1 #ahih1 on birch trees4 ,generally solitary2 sometimes six or eight on one tree1 beautifully shining white1 at a distance resembling young ,polyporus betulinus4 ,large quantities of it grow in the extensive birch forests at ,eagle's ,mere1 yielding a ready food supply4 ,its flavor is pleasant1 and texture1 when cooked1 quite tender4 ,p4 pubescens ,pk4--pubes1 down or soft hair4 ,pileus fleshy1 convex1 suborbicular1 pubescent1 yellowish4 ,gills broad1 subdistant1 rounded behind1 sinuate1 pallid tinged with red4 ,stem short1 firm1 curved1 eccentric1 colored like the pileus4 ,spores globose1 #h broad4 ,pileus about #b in4 broad4 ,stem scarcely #a in4 long4 ,trunks of trees4 ,lyndonville4 ,c4,e4 ,fairman4 ,peck1 #ddth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,west ,virginia1 on oak trunks4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,high1 agreeable flavor2 texture about as in ,p4 ostreatus4 999999 ,gills decurrent2 stem distinct1 etc4 7,plate ,,xxxvi47 ,illustration3 ,,section ,,of ,,pleurotus ,,sapidus4 ,one-half natural size4 ,p4 sapidus ,kalchb4--savory4 ,cespitose1 or several pilei appearing to spring from a common branched stem4 ,pileus #a-c in4 across4 ,flesh thick1 excentric1 regular1 convex or obtusely gibbous then depressed1 glabrous1 white or brownish4 ,stem stout1 solid1 several usually springing from a thickened knob1 whitish1 #a-b in4 long1 expanding upward into the pileus4 ,gills decurrent1 rather distant1 narrow1 whitish4 ,spores elliptical1 #aj-aad-e4 ,on elm trunks4 ,a very variable species2 according to ,kalchbrenner1 the spores have a faint tinge of lilac1 and the pileus is white1 tawny1 brownish1 or umber on the same trunk4 ,the white form only has been met with in this country4 ,massee4 ,spores with a lilac tinge1 oblong or a little curved and pointed1 #h4cc4g ,morgan2 oblong1 #i-aa4ed-e ,peck2 #aj-aad-e ,massee4 ,not observed in ,england until #ahhg4 ,quite common throughout the ,united ,states1 growing upon decaying wood1 whether above or under ground4 ,it has few distinct features4 ,the only positive one distinguishing it from ,p4 ostreatus is its lilac-tinted spores4 ,the tint is faint but noticeable upon white background4 ,excepting for purposes of the student1 its separation1 as a species1 from ,p4 ostreatus is not necessary4 ,when old it has more body than the latter1 but is equally superior as a food fungus4 ,professor ,peck remarks of it3 8,a stew made of it is a very good substitute for an oyster stew40 ,it can be cultivated by watering the places upon which it is known to appear4 ,p4 pometi ,fr4--pometum1 an orchard4 ,pileus white1 fleshy1 soft1 sub-flaccid1 irregular1 involute1 convex1 even1 smooth1 disk depressed4 ,gills decurrent1 crowded1 separate behind4 ,stem #b-c in4 high1 #c-d lines thick1 excentric1 solid1 tough1 ascending1 rooting4 ,on trunks of pear and apple trees4 ,especially distinguished by the rooting stem4 ,north ,carolina1 edible1 ,curtis2 ,california1 ,h4 and ,m4 99999999 ,gills decurrent4 ,stem lateral1 etc4 ,p4 ostreatus ,jacq4--ostrea1 an oyster4 7,plate ,,xxxv1 p4 #acd1 ,,xxxva1 p4 #adb47 ,pileus #c-e in4 broad1 when young almost becoming black1 soon becoming pale1 brownish-ash color1 passing into yellow when old1 fleshy1 soft1 shell-shaped1 somewhat dimidiate1 ascending1 smooth1 moist1 even1 but sometimes with the cuticle torn into squamules4 ,stem shortened or obliterated1 firm1 elastic1 ascending obliquely1 thickening upward1 white1 strigoso-villous at the base4 ,gills decurrent1 anastomosing behind1 somewhat distant1 broad1 white1 sometimes turning light yellow1 and without glandules4 ,for the most part cespitose1 imbricated1 very variable1 sometimes almost central4 ,the pileus is at first convex and horizontal1 then expanded and ascending4 ,stevenson4 ,spores #aj-abd-e ,massee2 #g4e-ajd ,peck4 ,general over the ,united ,states4 ,var4 glandulosus ,ag4 g4 ,bull4--,with the habit of the typical form1 but larger4 ,pileus dark brown1 becoming pale4 ,gills white1 with scattered small wart-like or glandular bodies4 ,on trunks4 ,a very constant but somewhat rare variety2 easily known by the dark-brown pileus4 ,the gland-like bodies on the gills are due to the outward growth of the hyph of the trama in minute patches here and there4 ,massee4 ,var4 euosmus ,berk4--strong-smelling4 ,strong scented1 imbricate4 ,pileus fleshy1 depressed1 shining1 silky when dry1 at first white with a tinge of blue1 then brownish4 ,stem short or obsolete4 ,gills decurrent1 ventricose1 dingy1 white4 ,spores #ab-ade1 pale pinkish-lilac4 ,on elm trunks4 ,pilei very much crowded1 #b in4 or more across1 deeply depressed1 unequal1 at first white1 invested with a slight blue varnish1 at length of a pale brown4 ,stems distinct above1 connate below4 ,gills rather broad2 running down to the bottom of the free portion of the stem4 ,spores oblong1 narrow1 oblique1 white1 tinged with purple4 ,the whole plant smells1 when first gathered1 strongly of tarragon4 ,b4 and ,br4 ,found at ,richmond1 ,ind41 ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,weist4 ,on hickory stump at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,mc,ilvaine2 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,t4,j4 ,collins4 ,this esculent fungus closely allied to ,p4 ostreatus1 and differing only in having lilac spores1 has been followed from book to book by a bad reputation1 probably because of its 8rosy0 or lilac spores--all fungi having pink spores having been1 until recently1 ignorantly branded by authors as poisonous4 ,the writer has eaten meals of it many times1 as have his friends4 ,it is in every way equal to ,p4 ostreatus4 ,the rare qualities of this species are stated in the descriptive heading of the genus4 ,its very name implies excellence4 ,the camel is gratefully called the ship of the desert2 the oyster mushroom is the shellfish of the forest4 ,when the tender parts are dipped in egg1 rolled in bread crumbs1 and fried as an oyster they are not excelled by any vegetable1 and are worthy of place in the daintiest menu4 ,p4 salignus ,schwam4--salix1 willow4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad1 sooty ash-color or ochraceous1 fleshy1 compact1 spongy1 somewhat dimidiate1 horizontal1 at first pulvinate1 even1 at length depressed behind and here and there strigose1 the incurved margin entire4 ,stem always short1 firm1 more or less tomentose4 ,gills horizontal1 hence less manifestly decurrent1 separate behind1 but branched in the middle1 crowded1 dingy1 often eroded at the edge1 not glandular4 ,among the larger and firmer species4 ,solitary1 scarcely ever cespitose4 ,it is commonly confounded with ,a4 ostreatus1 but is certainly a different species4 ,although the stature is in general the same1 it is easily distinguished by the pileus being more compact1 and more pulverulent when young1 then depressed1 by the gills being thinner1 more crowded1 somewhat branched1 but not anastomosing behind1 and dingy soot-color2 the spores also are dingy4 ,stevenson4 ,spores oblong or cylindrical-oblong1 #hd ,w4,g4,s42 #h-ajc-d ,b4 ,dr4 ,curtis wrote of this3 8,indeed ,i have found several persons who class this among the most palatable species4 ,to such persons a dish of fresh mushrooms need seldom be wanting1 as this one can be had every month of the year in this latitude40 ,in ,new ,jersey1 in the vicinity of ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 ,i have found ,p4 salignus in quantity4 ,it has been sent to me by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,weist1 of ,richmond1 ,ind41 who writes1 8,i have eaten it with great enjoyment40 ,in #ahha ,i found it frequently on water beeches and willows1 and thoroughly tested its edible qualities4 ,r4,k4 ,macadam1 ,boston4 ,when young or fresh1 it is quite equal to any ,pleurotus4 ,when old1 as with others of the ,pleuroti1 it is tough4 ,nevertheless their margins are always edible unless decaying4 ,,ii4--,,dimidia,,ti4 ,p4 petaloides ,bull4--petal of a flower4 ,pileus #a-b in4 long1 dingy-brown1 becoming pale1 dimidiate1 fleshy1 but in no wise compact1 rather plane1 somewhat spathulate1 continuous with the stem and depressed behind1 hence the villous down of the stem ascends to this point 7the disk7 of the pileus1 otherwise smooth1 even1 margin at first involute then expanded4 ,stem about in4 long1 sometimes however very short1 solid1 firm1 compressed1 channeled when larger1 more or less villous1 whitish4 ,gills decurrent1 very crowded1 very narrow 7scarcely beyond #b mm4 broad71 linear1 very unequal1 white then ash-color4 ,taste bitter4 ,the form on wood is somewhat horizontal1 gregarious here and there imbricated4 ,stevenson4 ,spores #i-ajd ,massee2 #hd ,w4,g4,s42 minutely globose1 #c-d ,peck4 ,edible4 ,cooke1 ,cordier4 ,p4 spathulatus ,pers4--shaped like a spathula4 ,pileus rather thin1 #a-b in4 broad1 ascending1 spathulate1 tapering behind into the stem1 glabrous1 convex or depressed on the disk and there sometimes pubescent1 alutaceous or brownish tinged with gray1 red or yellow4 ,gills crowded1 linear1 decurrent1 whitish or yellowish4 ,stem compressed1 sometimes channeled above1 grayish-tomentose4 ,spores elliptical1 #g4fd-e broad2 odor and taste farinaceous4 ,ground4 ,sandlake4 ,june4 ,edible4 ,it grows singly or in tufts and is an inch or more in height4 ,the margin is thin and sometimes striatulate and reflexed4 ,toward the base the flesh is thicker than the breadth of the gills4 ,the cuticle is tough and separable4 ,the flesh is said by ,gillet to be tender and delicate4 ,persoon describes the disk as spongy-squamulose1 but in our specimens it is merely pubescent or tomentose4 ,peck1 #cith ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,recorded as edible by ,professor ,peck4 ,at ,eagle's ,mere1 ,pa41 ,i found many specimens agreeing with this description4 ,they grew from decaying wood under ground1 yet had the appearance of growing from the earth4 ,it is probable that others have been deceived4 ,in quality ,i found this to be one of the best4 ,p4 serotinus ,fr4--late4 ,pileus fleshy1 #a-c in4 broad1 compact1 convex or nearly plane1 viscid when young and moist1 dimidiate kidney-shaped or suborbicular1 solitary or cespitose and imbricated1 variously colored1 dingy-yellow1 reddish-brown1 greenish-brown or olivaceous1 the margin at first involute4 ,gills close1 determinate1 whitish or yellowish4 ,stem very short1 lateral1 thick1 yellowish beneath and minutely tomentose or squamulose with blackish points4 ,spores minute1 elliptical1 #e long1 #b4e broad4 ,dead trunks of deciduous trees4 ,peck1 #cith ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 #ahhg1 and at ,mt4 ,moriah1 near ,philadelphia1 from ,august until ,november1 #ahih4 ,upon these findings the pileus was tomentose at base1 as was the short stem4 ,the species is not noticeably viscid after its youth4 ,the viscidity can be detected in old specimens by moistening the pileus4 ,its flavor is not marked1 nor is its texture as pleasing as most others of its genus1 but being a late species it satisfies the longing of the mycophagist for his accustomed food4 ,p4 pulmonarius ,fr4--pulmo1 lung1 from texture4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad1 ash-colored1 continuous with the stem1 fleshy1 soft1 but tough1 flaccid1 obovate or kidney-shaped1 plane or reflexo-conchate at the margin1 even1 smooth4 ,flesh thin1 soft1 white4 ,stem very short1 solid1 exactly lateral1 horizontal or ascending1 round1 villous1 expanded into the pileus4 ,gills decurrent but ending determinately1 moderately broad1 distinct1 not branched or anastomosing at the base1 livid or ash-color4 ,the primary form is solitary4 ,the pileus is ashy-tan when dried4 ,it differs from ,a4 salignus alike in the definitely lateral stem and in the thin flaccid pileus4 ,fries4 ,not previously reported4 ,found by ,miss ,madeleine ,le ,moyne1 ,washington1 ,pa41 ,september1 #ahih1 and sent to writer4 ,gills #c lines broad1 not narrow in proportion to flesh4 ,taste and smell similar to ,p4 ostreatus4 ,cooked it is tender1 and more succulent than ,p4 ostreatus4 ,,iii4--,,resupina,,ti4 ,p4 mastrucatus ,fr4--mastruca1 a sheepskin4 ,pileus up to #b in4 long and #a in4 broad1 sessile1 at first resupinate then expanded and horizontal1 often lobed1 upper stratum of pileus gelatinous1 brown1 bristling with squarrose or erect squamules4 ,flesh thickish4 ,gills radiating from the point of attachment1 broad1 rather distant1 grayish-white4 ,on old trunks4 ,imbricated4 ,readily distinguished by the brown1 squarrosely scaly pileus4 ,massee4 ,spores oblong1 oblique1 #he ,morgan4 ,in ,june1 #ahhf1 the writer found this species in oak woods near ,philadelphia4 ,it grew on fallen trunks and on decaying spots of living timber4 ,it is edible1 and of good flavor1 but is rough in the mouth4 ,if found in quantity1 the extract of it would make a delicate soup4 ,illustration3 ,grouped by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,studies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,xxxvii4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,hygrophorus ,,pratensis 7,,white #e4 ,,hygrophorus ,,var471 #aeb ,,cantharellus1 #aef #b4 ,,hygrophorus ,,pratensis 7,,colored #f4 ,,hygrophorus ,,virgineus1 ,,var471 #aeb #aec #c4 ,,hygrophorus ,,pratensis 7,,after #g4 ,,hygrophorus ,,niveus1 ,,rain71 #aeb #aec #d4 ,,hygrophorus ,,miniatus1 #aei ,,hygroph,,orus ,fr4 ,gr4--moist2 ,gr4--to bear4 7,plate ,,xxxviii47 ,illustration3 ,,hygrophorus ,,pratensis4 ,pileus regular or undulated and wavy1 often viscid or moist4 ,flesh of the pileus continuous with that of the stem and descending as a trama into the gills4 ,gills adnate or adnexed1 more or less decurrent1 waxy1 often thick and forked1 edge always thin and sharp1 often branched4 ,on the ground4 ,many species are brightly colored4 ,spores white4 ,this genus differs from the preceding genera in the manifest trama1 the substance of which is similar to that of the pileus2 from ,lactarius and ,russula by the trama not being vesicular1 but somewhat floccose with granules intermixed2 from ,cantharellus1 its nearest ally1 by the sharp edge of the gills4 ,the ,cortinarii1 ,paxilli and ,gomphidii are at once distinguished from it by their colored spores and the changing color of their gills1 as well as by other marks4 ,from all the other genera of ,agaricini it is distinguished by a mark peculiar to itself1 viz41 by the hymeneal stratum of the gills changing into a waxy mass1 which is at length removable from the trama4 ,this altogether singular character is specially remarkable in ,h4 caprinus1 coccineus1 murinaceus1 etc4 ,hence the gills seem full of watery juice1 but they do not become milky like those of the ,lactarii4 ,fries4 ,from the description by ,fries1 the author of the genus1 it is manifest that one has to wait the ripening of the fungus before the peculiar characteristic mark of the genus1 i4 e4--gills turning into a waxy mass1 easily removable from the cap--can be observed4 ,many of the species are difficult to determine when fresh4 ,nevertheless1 there is an indescribable1 watery1 waxy1 translucent appearance about the gills which catches the eye of the expert1 and is soon learned by the novice4 ,the white spores readily separate the genus from kindred shapes in the colored-spored genera4 ,so far as tested none of the species is poisonous4 ,one ,english species is fetid4 ,it is probable that they are all edible1 varying in quality only4 ,fries well1 and is superior in croquettes and patties4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,tribes4 ,,limacium 7limax1 a slug74 ,page #adh4 ,universal veil viscid1 with occasionally a floccose partial one1 which is annular or marginal4 99 ,white or becoming yellowish4 9999 ,reddish4 999999 ,tawny or yellow4 99999999 ,olivaceous-umber4 9999999999 ,dingy cinereous or livid4 ,none known to be edible4 ,,camarophyllus 7,gr4--a vault2 a leaf74 ,page #aeb4 7,from the arched shape of the gills47 ,veil none4 ,stem even1 smooth or fibrillose1 not rough with points4 ,pileus firm1 opaque1 moist after rain1 not viscid4 ,gills distant1 arcuate4 99 ,gills deeply and at length obconically decurrent4 9999 ,gills ventricose1 sinuately arcuate or plano-adnate4 ,,hygrocybe 7,gr--moist2 ,gr--the head74 ,page #aee4 ,veil none4 ,whole fungus thin1 watery1 succulent1 fragile4 ,pileus when moist viscid1 shining when dry1 rarely floccoso-scaly4 ,stem hollow1 soft1 without dots4 ,gills soft4 ,most of the species are brightly colored and shining4 ,this tribe is the type of the genus4 99 ,gills decurrent4 9999 ,gills adnexed1 somewhat separating4 ,,lima,,cium4 99 ,white or yellowish-white4 ,h4 chrysodon ,fr4 ,gr--gold2 a tooth4 ,from tooth-like squamules4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad1 white1 shining when dry1 but commonly yellowish with minute adpressed squamules at the disk1 light yellow-flocculose at the involute margin1 fleshy1 convex then plane1 obtuse1 viscid4 ,flesh white1 sometimes reddish4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 about in4 thick1 stuffed1 soft1 somewhat equal 7sometimes1 however1 irregularly shaped or thickened at the base71 white1 with minute light yellow squamules1 which are more crowded and arranged in the form of a ring toward the apex4 ,gills decurrent1 distant1 #c lines broad1 thin1 white1 somewhat yellowish at the edge1 sometimes crisped4 ,odor not unpleasant4 ,there is a manifest veil1 not woven into a continuous ring1 but collected in the form of floccose squamules at the apex of the stem and the margin of the pileus4 ,var4 leucodon with white squamules4 ,fries4 ,in woods4 ,the lamell are said to be crisped1 and when young1 to have the edge yellow-floccose2 but ,i have seen no such specimens4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores #hd ,cooke4 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a pleasant1 excellent species1 whose rarity is regrettable4 ,h4 eburneus ,bull4 ,fr4--ebur1 ivory4 ,wholly shining white4 ,pileus fleshy1 sometimes thin1 sometimes somewhat compact1 convexo-plane1 somewhat repand1 even1 very glutinous in rainy weather1 margin soon naked4 ,stem sometimes short1 sometimes elongated1 stuffed then hollow1 unequal1 glutinous like the pileus1 rough at the apex with dots in the form of squamules4 ,gills decurrent1 distant1 veined at the base1 #c-d lines broad1 tense and straight1 quite entire4 ,fries4 ,odor mild1 not unpleasant4 ,very changeable4 ,the veil is absent1 unless the very plentiful gluten which envelops the stem be regarded as a universal veil2 margin of the young pileus involute1 only at the first pubescent1 soon naked4 ,the stem is soft internally1 at length hollow1 attenuated toward the base4 ,in woods and pastures4 ,frequent4 ,september to ,october4 ,stevenson4 ,the whole plant is pure white when fresh1 but in drying the gills assume a cinnamon-brown hue4 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bf4 ,spores #fe ,cooke2 #de ,w4,g4,s42 #e-f ,k42 #fd ,c4,b4,p4 ,a common and wide-spread species frequenting woods and pastures4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,the author ate it in ,west ,virginia1 in #ahhb2 at ,devon1 ,pa41 #ahhg2 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 #ahij4 ,it is well flavored but in texture is not of first quality4 ,h4 penarius ,fr4--penus1 food4 ,pileus tan-color1 opaque1 fleshy1 especially when young1 at first umbonate1 then very obtuse1 hemispherical then flattened1 even1 smooth1 commonly dry1 margin at first involute1 exceeding the gills1 undulated when flattened4 ,flesh thick1 hard1 whitish1 unchangeable4 ,stem curt1 #a in4 or more long1 about in4 thick at the apex1 solid1 compact1 hard1 attenuated at the base into a spindle-shaped root1 ventricose to the neck1 again attenuated upward or wholly fusiform-attenuated1 pale-white1 smeared with tenacious1 easily dried slime1 warty4 ,flesh firm1 but externally more rigid1 cuticle somewhat fragile4 ,veil not conspicuous4 ,gills adnato-decurrent1 acute behind1 distant1 thick1 #c-d lines broad1 veined1 tan inclining to pale4 ,fries4 ,odor pleasant1 taste sweet4 ,the fusiform root is as long as the stem4 ,in mixed woods4 ,stevenson4 ,spores #g-hd-e4 ,edible4 ,cooke4 ,large specimens occurred in mixed woods1 in ,november1 #ahih1 at ,mt4 ,gretna4 ,the caps varied from #a-e in4 across4 ,the color was white1 tinged with yellow1 much lighter than described4 ,the caps look coarse and the stems are not inviting2 but the caps have a pleasant odor4 ,when stewed for twenty minutes they are meaty and tasty4 9999 ,reddish4 ,h4 erubescens ,fr4--erubesco1 to become red4 ,pileus #b-d in4 and more broad1 white becoming everywhere red1 fleshy1 gibbous then convexo-plane1 viscid1 adpressedly dotted with squamules or becoming smooth1 sometimes wholly compact1 sometimes thin towards the margin which is at the first naked4 ,flesh firm1 white4 ,stem sometimes short1 robust1 #b in4 long1 #a in4 thick and attenuated upward1 sometimes elongated1 #d in4 long1 equal or attenuated at the base1 solid1 flexuous1 with red fibrils1 dotted with red upward4 ,gills decurrent1 distant1 soft1 white1 with red spots4 ,fries4 ,veil none4 ,the ground color is white1 as it is also internally1 but it everywhere becomes red and the pileus often rosy blood-color4 ,handsome1 growing in troops1 commonly forming large lax circles4 ,in pine woods4 ,stevenson4 ,spores ellipsoid1 very obtuse at both ends1 #h-ajd-e ,k42 #hd ,cooke4 ,edible4 ,cooke4 999999 ,tawny or yellow4 ,h4 nitidus ,b4 and ,rav4--shining4 ,pileus thin1 fleshy1 convex1 broadly umbilicate1 smooth1 shining1 viscid1 pale yellow with the margin striatulate when moist1 nearly white when dry4 ,gills arcuate1 decurrent1 yellow4 ,stem slender1 brittle1 smooth1 viscid1 hollow1 yellow4 ,flesh yellow4 ,height #b-d in41 breadth of ,pileus #h-ab lines4 ,stem #a-b lines thick4 ,swamps4 ,sandlake4 ,august4 ,the cavity of the stem is very small4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,found in many states and places1 usually on moist ground beside streams1 or spring heads4 ,it sometimes parades itself in irregular processions1 at others in sparse patches4 ,it is delicate in flavor1 and tender cooked4 99999999 ,olivaceous-umber4 ,h4 limacinus ,fr4--limax1 a slug4 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad1 disk umber then sooty1 paler round the margin1 fleshy1 convex then flattened1 obtuse1 smooth1 viscid4 ,flesh rather firm1 white4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 in4 thick1 solid1 firm1 ventricose1 sticky1 flocculose1 fibrilloso-striate1 roughened with squamules at the apex4 ,gills adnate1 then decurrent1 somewhat distant1 thin1 white inclining to ash-color4 ,fries4 ,veil entirely viscous1 not floccose4 ,in woods among damp leaves4 ,stevenson4 ,spores #abd ,cooke4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #cd4 ,thin woods and open places4 ,reported edible ,bulletin ,no4 #e1 #ahig1 ,boston ,mycological ,club4 ,h4 hypothejus ,fr4 ,gr4--under2 ,gr--sulphur 7under gluten74 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad1 at first smeared with olivaceous gluten1 ash-colored1 when the gluten disappears1 becoming pale and yellowish1 orange or rarely 7when rotting7 rufescent1 fleshy1 thin1 convex then depressed1 obtuse1 even1 somewhat streaked4 ,flesh thin1 white then becoming light yellow4 ,stem #b-d in4 long1 #b-c lines and more thick1 stuffed1 equal1 even1 viscous1 but rarely spotted with the veil1 at length hollow4 ,partial veil floccose1 at the first cortinate and annular1 soon fugacious4 ,gills decurrent1 distant1 distinct1 at first pallid 7even whitish7 soon yellow1 sometimes flesh-color4 ,fries4 ,very protean1 changeable in color and variable in size4 ,stem not scabrous4 ,there is no trace of the veil when the plant is full grown4 ,appearing after the first cold autumn nights1 and lasting even till snow4 ,in pine woods4 ,frequent4 ,stevenson4 ,spores #ajf ,cooke2 #abd ,w4,g4,s4 ,hollis ,webster1 in ,bulletin ,no4 #e1 #ahig1 ,boston ,mycological ,club1 writes3 8,h4 hypothejus ,fr41 when dried1 is crisp and nutty1 and very good to carry in the pocket for occasional nibble40 ,,ii4--,,camarophyl,,lus4 99 ,gills deeply decurrent1 etc4 ,h4 pratensis ,fr4--pratum1 a meadow4 7,plate ,,xxxvii1 figs4 #a1 #b1 #c1 p4 #adf4 ,plate ,,xxxviii1 p4 #adg47 ,pileus #a-b in4 and more broad1 somewhat pale yellowish1 compactly fleshy especially at the disk1 thin toward the margin1 convex then flattened1 almost top-shaped from the stem being thickened upward1 even1 smooth1 moist 7but not viscous7 in rainy weather1 when dry often rimosely incised1 here and there split regularly round4 ,flesh firm1 white4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 in4 and more thick1 stuffed1 internally spongy1 externally polished-evened and firmer1 attenuated downward1 even1 smooth1 naked4 ,gills remarkably decurrent1 at first arcuate1 then extended in the form of an inverted cone1 very distant1 thick1 firm1 brittle1 connected by veins at the base1 very broad in the middle1 of the same color as the pileus4 ,fries4 ,very protean4 ,veil none4 ,the flesh of the pileus is formed as it were of the stem dilated upward4 ,the typical form resembles the ,cantharelli4 ,everywhere becoming light yellow-tawny1 but varying with the stem and gills pale-white4 ,in pastures4 ,common4 ,stevenson4 ,spores #fd ,cooke2 #f-ajd-f ,k4 ,common over the ,united ,states4 ,west ,virginia1 #ahha1 ,north ,carolina1 #ahij1 ,pennsylvania1 #ahhg1 ,mt4 ,gretna1 #ahig-ahih4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,gregarious1 and often in tufts1 sometimes in partial rings4 ,an exceedingly variable species4 ,white1 buff1 smoky1 pinkish colors are common4 ,the cap shapes are also diverse4 ,the margins of some are incurved2 of others repand4 ,the weather seems to have much to do with their shapes4 ,m4,c4 ,cooke says3 8,it requires careful cooking1 as it is liable to be condemned as tough1 unless treated slowly1 but it is a great favorite abroad40 ,he calls them 8,buff ,caps40 ,all fungi are the better for slow cooking4 ,the ,h4 pratensis in all its forms is excellent1 but particularly so in croquettes and pats4 ,h4 virgineus ,fr4--virgo1 a virgin4 7,plate ,,xxxvii1 fig4 #f1 p4 #adf47 ,wholly white4 ,pileus fleshy1 convex then plane1 obtuse1 moist1 at length depressed1 cracked into patches1 floccose when dry4 ,stem curt1 stuffed1 firm1 attenuated at the base1 externally becoming even and naked4 ,gills decurrent1 distant1 rather thick4 ,fries4 ,flesh sometimes equal1 sometimes abruptly thin4 ,commonly confounded with ,h4 niveus1 but it is more difficult to distinguish it from white forms of ,h4 pratensis4 ,it is distinguished chiefly by its smaller stature1 by the color being constantly white1 sometimes becoming pale1 by the obtuse pileus being scarcely turbinate1 at length cracked into patches and floccose when dry1 and by the gills being thinner1 etc4 ,in pastures4 ,common4 ,stevenson4 ,spores #abe-f ,cooke4 ,tastes like ,m4 oreades4 ,m4,j4,b4 ,delicious broiled or stewed4 ,cooke4 8,mony littles make muckle10 says the ,scotch proverb4 ,it applies well to the brave little toadstool looking through the first grass of lawns for the coming of spring1 and coming again in the autumn1 defiant of early frosts4 ,small though it be1 its numbers soon fill the basket4 ,the 8,ivory ,caps0 are plentiful1 and extend their haunts to the woods1 where thick mold or grassy places abound4 ,h4 niveus ,fr4--niveus1 snow-white4 7,plate ,,xxxvii1 fig4 #g1 p4 #adf47 ,wholly white4 ,pileus scarcely reaching #a in4 broad1 somewhat membranaceous1 and without a more compact disk1 hence truly umbilicate1 bell-shaped then convex1 smooth1 striate and viscid when moist1 not cracked when dry4 ,flesh thin1 everywhere equal1 white1 hygrophanous4 ,stem #b in4 or a little more long1 #a-b lines thick1 tubed1 equal1 even1 smooth1 tense and straight4 ,gills decurrent1 distant1 thin1 scarcely connected by veins1 arcuate1 quite entire4 ,thinner1 tougher1 and later than ,h4 virgineus1 etc4 ,being hygrophanous the pileus is shining white when dry4 ,very tender forms occur4 ,in pastures4 ,stevenson4 ,spores #gd ,cooke4 ,the ,h4 niveus1 ,h4 virgineus1 8,ivory ,caps0 as ,m4,c4 ,cooke calls them1 are pretty and plentiful in some sections4 ,in the ,west ,virginia mountains1 along grass-grown road-sides1 their purity and exquisite perfume attracted me in #ahha4 ,i have them and a few others to thank for seducing me into becoming a mycophagist4 ,i think of them affectionately4 ,i have seldom met with them since4 ,they are found on lawns and in pastures and on grassy edges of woods1 early in spring and late in autumn4 ,h4 borealis ,pk4--northern4 ,pileus thin1 convex or expanded1 smooth1 moist1 white1 sometimes striatulate4 ,gills arcuate-decurrent1 distant1 white4 ,stem smooth1 equal or tapering downward1 stuffed1 white4 ,plant #b in4 high4 ,pileus #h-ab lines broad4 ,stem #a line thick4 ,ground in woods4 ,croghan and ,copake4 ,september and ,october4 ,the species is related to ,h4 niveus but the pileus is not viscid4 ,peck1 #bfth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,found at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,october #bj1 #ahih1 ground in mixed woods4 ,the cap is white1 silky1 smooth1 not viscid4 ,stem likewise4 ,a neat species pleasant in every way4 9999 ,gills ventricose1 adnate1 etc4 ,h4 distans ,berk4--distant 7of the gills74 ,pileus about #b in4 broad1 white1 with a silky luster1 here and there stained with brown1 somewhat fleshy1 plane or depressed1 viscid4 ,stem white above1 gray below1 and attenuated1 not spotted4 ,gills decurrent1 few1 very distant1 somewhat ventricose1 pure white then tinged with ash-color1 interstices obscurely wrinkled4 ,often umbilicate4 ,remarkable for the few and distant gills4 ,stevenson4 ,spores #ajh ,cooke4 ,caps white1 shaded to light pinkish-brown toward center4 ,gills very distant4 ,leaves adhere to cap4 ,specimens tested were of mild1 pleasant flavor4 ,h4 sphrosporus ,pk4 ,pileus fleshy and thick in the center1 sub-obconic1 convex1 obtuse or slightly umbonate1 whitish1 inclining to reddish-brown1 the margin incurved4 ,flesh firm1 white4 ,gills rather broad1 subdistant1 adnate or slightly decurrent1 white4 ,stems tufted1 flexuous1 solid1 glabrous1 often slightly thickened at the base1 colored like the pileus4 ,spores globose1 #f-h broad4 ,pileus #f-ab lines broad4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 #b-c lines thick4 ,iowa4 ,october4 ,communicated by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,the fresh plant is said to have no decided odor1 but when partly dried it emits a slight but rather unpleasant odor4 ,it belongs apparently to the section ,camarophyllus1 and is related to ,hygrophorus ,peckii4 ,peck1 ,torr4 ,bull41 ,vol4 #bb1 ,no4 #ab4 ,received by the writer from ,hon4 ,thomas ,updegraff1 ,mac,gregor1 ,iowa1 and forwarded to ,professor ,peck as a new species4 ,the fungus has but slight taste and is without odor when fresh4 ,it is probably edible4 ,not received in sufficient quantity to test4 ,,iii4--,,hygro,,cybe4 99 ,gills decurrent4 ,h4 ceraceus ,fr4--cera1 wax4 ,pileus about #a in4 broad1 waxy-yellow1 shining1 slightly fleshy1 thin1 but slightly firm1 convexo-plane1 obtuse1 slightly pellucid-striate1 viscid4 ,stem #a-b in4 and more long1 about #b lines thick1 hollow1 often unequal1 flexuous and at length compressed1 even1 smooth1 of the same color as the pileus1 never darker at the apex4 ,gills adnato-decurrent1 broad1 almost triangular1 distinct1 yellow4 ,fries4 ,fragile2 easily distinguished from others by its waxy 7not changeable7 color4 ,stevenson4 ,spores #hf ,cooke4 ,eaten in ,germany4 ,found at ,angora and ,kingsessing1 ,philadelphia1 #ahhg4 ,august to ,october4 ,open grassy places in woods1 and in pastures4 ,scattered and in troops4 ,excellent4 ,stew slowly4 ,h4 cantharellus ,schw4 ,gr--a small vase4 7,plate ,,xxxvii1 fig4 #e1 p4 #adf47 ,pileus thin1 convex1 at length umbilicate or centrally depressed1 minutely squamulose1 moist1 bright red1 becoming orange or yellow4 ,gills distant1 subarcuate1 decurrent1 yellow1 sometimes tinged with vermilion4 ,stem smooth1 equal1 subsolid1 sometimes becoming hollow1 concolorous1 whitish within4 ,height #b-d in41 breadth of pileus #f-ab lines4 ,stem #a-b lines thick4 ,swamps and damp shaded places in fields or woods4 ,july to ,september4 ,common4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,var4 flava4 ,pileus and stem pale yellow4 ,gills arcuate1 strongly decurrent4 ,var4 flavipes4 ,pileus red or reddish4 ,stem yellow4 ,var4 flaviceps4 ,pileus yellow4 ,stem red or reddish4 ,var4 ,rosea4 ,has the pileus expanded and the margin wavy scalloped4 ,swamps4 ,sandlake4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,common in the ,adirondack region1 and throughout ,pennsylvania and ,new ,jersey1 in all its varieties4 ,the resemblance to ,h4 miniatus in color is great1 but there is a marked difference in the gills1 which extend further down the thinner stem4 ,it is tougher1 and takes longer to cook4 ,it has a flavor of its own which is enjoyed by some and condemned by others4 ,h4 coccineus ,schaeff4--of a scarlet color4 7,plate ,,cxxxvi1 fig4 #f1 p4 #ejh47 ,pileus #a-b in4 and more broad1 at first bright scarlet1 then soon changing color and becoming pale1 slightly fleshy1 convex1 then plane and often unequal1 obtuse1 at first viscid and even1 smooth1 not floccose-scaly4 ,flesh of the same color as the pileus4 ,stem #b in4 long1 #c-d lines thick1 hollow1 then compressed and rather even1 not slippery1 scarlet upward1 always yellow at the base4 ,gills wholly adnate1 decurrent with a tooth1 plane1 distant1 connected by veins1 watery-soft as if fatty1 when full grown purplish at the base1 light yellow in the middle1 glaucous at the edge4 ,fries4 ,flesh of the pileus descending into the gills and forming a trama of the same color4 ,fragile4 ,varying in stature1 easily mistaken for some of the following species which are of the same color4 ,pileus at length becoming yellow4 ,stevenson4 ,spores #aj-abf ,cooke2 #gd ,morgan4 ,edible4 ,cooke1 ,peck4 ,in woods and pastures4 ,in troops4 ,common in ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,excellent when stewed for twenty minutes4 7,plate ,,xxxix47 ,illustration3 ,,hygrophorus ,,flavo-,,discus4 ,about two-thirds natural size4 ,h4 flavo-discus ,frost--flavus1 yellow2 discus1 disk4 ,pileus convex or plane1 smooth1 glutinous1 white with a pale-yellow or reddish-yellow disk4 ,flesh white4 ,gills adnate or decurrent1 subdistant1 white1 sometimes with a slight flesh-colored tint1 the inter-spaces sometimes veiny4 ,stem subequal1 solid1 glutinous1 white1 sometimes slightly stained with yellow4 ,spores elliptical1 #f-hd4 ,plant #b-c in4 high4 ,pileus #a-c in4 broad4 ,stem #b-h lines thick4 ,pine woods4 ,west ,albany4 ,november4 ,this1 like ,h4 fuligineus1 has a short white space at the top of the stem1 free from the viscidity that exists elsewhere4 ,it resembles in many respects ,hygrophorus speciosus1 which has the pileus red1 fading to yellow with advancing age4 ,perhaps the three may yet prove to be forms of one very variable species1 for the most conspicuous differences between them consist in the colors of the pileus4 ,the constancy with which the three styles of coloration has thus far been maintained indicates a specific difference1 but color alone is not generally regarded as having any specific value4 ,peck1 #ceth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores #f4d-g4fd ,peck4 ,i find this very good but its dirty pellicle should be peeled before using4 ,peck1 in letter1 #ahif4 ,mr4 ,hollis ,webster writes of ,h4 flavo-discus 7,yellow ,sweet ,bread7 in ,bull4 ,no4 #de1 of the ,boston ,mycological ,club1 #ahig3 8,this is a mushroom worth going a long way to get4 ,it is abundant in rich woods under pines in certain localities1 and is a great favorite with those who know it4 ,it is easily prepared and requires little cooking40 ,i have eaten enjoyably of it since #ahha4 ,plentiful in the ,jersey pines1 in ,west ,virginia and ,pennsylvania1 and equal to any toadstool of its size4 7,plate ,,xl47 ,illustration3 ,,hygrophorus ,,fuligineus4 ,about one-half natural size4 ,h4 fuligineus ,frost--resembling soot4 ,pileus convex or nearly plane1 glabrous1 very viscid or glutinous1 grayish-brown or soot-color1 the disk often darker or almost black4 ,gills subdistant1 adnate or decurrent1 white4 ,stem solid1 viscid or glutinous1 white or whitish4 ,spores elliptical1 #g-ie4 ,the ,sooty hygrophorous resembles the ,club-stemmed clitocybe in the color of its cap1 but in nearly every other respect it is different4 ,when moist the cap is covered with an abundant gluten which when dry gives it a shining appearance as if varnished4 ,the color varies from grayish-brown to a very dark or sooty-brown with the central part usually still darker or almost black1 but never with an umbo4 ,the flesh and the gills are white4 ,the stem also is white or but slightly shaded toward the base with the color of the cap4 ,it is variable in length and shape1 being long or short1 straight or crooked1 everywhere equal in thickness or tapering toward the base4 ,it is glutinous and unpleasant to handle4 ,the cap is #a-d in4 broad1 the stem #b-d in4 long1 and #d-h lines thick4 ,the plants grow either singly or in tufts4 ,in the latter case the caps are often irregular from mutual pressure4 ,the plants occur early in ,october and ,november1 in pine woods or woods of pine and hemlock intermixed4 ,this mushroom is tender and of excellent flavor1 but its sticky and often dirty covering should be peeled before cooking4 ,peck1 #dith ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,found at ,angora1 near ,philadelphia1 ,august #a1 #ahig4 ,densely cespitose4 ,raw it tastes like dead leaves4 ,tender and of fine flavor when cooked4 ,h4 miniatus ,fr4--minium1 red lead4 7,plate ,,xxxvii1 fig4 #d1 p4 #adf47 ,pileus thin1 fragile1 at first convex1 becoming nearly plane1 glabrous or minutely squamulose1 often umbilicate1 generally red4 ,gills distant1 adnate1 yellow1 often tinged with red4 ,stem slender1 glabrous1 colored like the pileus4 ,spores elliptical1 white1 #h long4 ,cap -#b in4 broad4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 #a-b lines thick4 ,peck1 #dhth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,var4 lutescens4 ,pileus yellow or reddish-yellow4 ,stem and gills yellow4 ,plant often cespitose4 ,peck1 #dast ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores #ajf ,cooke2 elliptical1 white4 ,grows where it pleases and abundantly throughout the land4 ,in wet weather ,i have found it in ,july and late in autumn4 ,professor ,peck says3 ,it is scarcely surpassed by any mushroom in tenderness of substance and agreeableness of flavor4 ,the gunner for partridges will not shoot rabbits2 the knowing toadstool seeker will pass all others where ,h4 miniatus abounds4 9999 ,gills adnexed1 etc4 ,h4 puniceus ,fr4--blood-red4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad1 glittering blood-scarlet1 in dry weather and when old becoming pale especially at the disk1 slightly fleshy for its breadth1 at first bell-shaped1 obtuse1 commonly repand or lobed1 very irregular1 even1 smooth1 viscid4 ,flesh of the same color1 fragile4 ,stem #c in4 long1 -#a in4 thick1 solid when young1 at length hollow1 very stout 7not compressed71 ventricose 7attenuated at both ends71 striate1 and for the most part squamulose at the apex1 when dry light yellowish or of the same color as the pileus1 always white and often incurved at the base4 ,gills ascending1 ventricose1 #b-d lines broad1 thick1 distant1 white-light yellow or yellow and often reddish at the base4 ,fries4 ,the largest of the group and very handsome4 ,it certainly differs from ,h4 coccineus1 for which it is commonly mistaken1 in stature1 in the adnexed gills1 and in the white base of the striate stem4 ,the attachment of the gills varies1 but from the form of the pileus they ascend to the base of the cone and appear free4 ,in pastures4 ,stevenson4 ,spores #he ,cooke4 ,edible4 ,cooke4 ,no harm would come of confusing it with the vermilion mushroom--,h4 miniatus ,pk4 ,h4 conicus ,fr4--conical4 ,pileus thin1 submembranaceous1 fragile1 smooth1 conical1 generally acute1 sometimes obtuse1 the margin often lobed4 ,gills rather close and broad1 subventricose1 narrower toward the stem1 free1 terminating in an abrupt tooth at the outer extremity1 scarcely reaching the margin1 yellow4 ,stem equal1 fibrous-striate1 yellow1 hollow4 ,height #c-f in41 breadth of pileus #f-ab lines4 ,stem #a-b lines thick4 ,ground in woods and open places4 ,north ,elba and ,center4 ,august to ,october4 ,the color of the pileus is variable4 ,i have taken specimens with it pale sulphur-yellow and others with it bright red or scarlet4 ,the plant turns black in drying4 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bc1 ,new ,york ,state ,bot4 ,spores #ajg ,cooke2 #ajf ,morgan4 ,an old-time cure-all had medicinal virtues proportionate to its offensiveness4 ,old-time writers1 contrariwise1 gave every toadstool a bad name which changed color or displeased their noses4 ,the pretty little ,hygrophorus conicus1 for these reasons1 has1 until now1 been under the ban of suspicion4 ,m4,c4 ,cooke1 in his handy book1 ,edible and ,poisonous ,mushrooms1 was the first to lighten its sentence and make it a sort of ticket-of-leave culprit4 ,the writer has frequently eaten it1 and is glad to vouch for its harmlessness and testify to its eminent respectability4 ,h4 chlorophanus ,fr4 ,gr--greenish-yellow4 ,pileus #a in4 broad1 commonly bright sulphur-yellow1 sometimes1 however1 scarlet1 not changing color1 somewhat membranaceous1 very fragile1 at first convex1 then plane1 obtuse1 orbicular and lobed1 and at length cracked1 smooth1 viscid1 striate4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #b-c lines thick1 hollow1 equal1 round1 rarely compressed1 wholly even1 smooth1 viscid when moist1 shining when dry1 wholly unicolorous1 rich light yellow4 ,gills emarginato-adnexed1 very ventricose1 with a thin decurrent tooth1 thin1 distant1 distinct4 ,fries4 ,very much allied to ,h4 conicus1 but never becoming black1 and otherwise certainly distinguished by its convex1 obtuse1 striate pileus1 by its even and viscous stem1 and by its emarginato-free1 thin1 somewhat distant1 whiter gills4 ,like ,h4 ceraceus in appearance4 ,in grassy and mossy places4 ,common4 ,august to ,october4 ,stevenson4 ,spores #he ,cooke2 #h ,q4 ,received from ,e4,b4 ,sterling1 ,trenton1 ,n4,j41 ,august1 #ahig4 ,open grassy woods4 ,but three specimens were tested4 ,they were in every way agreeable4 ,illustration3 ,grouped by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,studies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,xli4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,lactarius ,,piperatus1 #afh #c4 ,,lactarius ,,deliciosus1 #agj #b4 ,,lactarius ,,indigo1 #aga #d4 ,,lactarius ,,volemus1 #ahj ,,lacta,,rius ,fr4 ,giving lac 7milk74 ,the hymenophore continuous with the stem4 ,pileus somewhat rigid1 fleshy1 becoming more or less depressed1 often marked with concentric zones4 ,gills unequal1 membranaceous-waxy1 slightly rigid1 milky1 edge acute1 decurrent or adnate and often branched4 ,stem stout1 central1 rarely excentric except in those growing on trunks4 ,spores globose1 minutely echinulate1 white1 rarely yellowish4 ,nearly all grow on the ground4 ,distinguished from all other fungi by the presence of a granular milk which pervades every part of the plant and especially the gills2 it is commonly white1 sometimes changing color and in section ,dapetes highly colored from the first4 ,the nature of the milk1 especially its taste1 whether acrid1 subacrid or mild1 must be carefully noted in distinguishing species1 as it is the most useful characteristic4 ,in ,russula1 the only allied genus1 the milk-bearing cells are present1 but their contents do not appear as milk4 ,many of the species are peppery1 acrid1 astringent2 some mildly so1 others will be long remembered if tasted raw4 ,yet not a species is hotter than some radishes1 onions1 and others of our favorite vegetables4 ,who would condemn them because they are peppery8 ,there is not a single species of ,lactarius which retains its pepperiness after cooking4 ,this quality has to be and is supplied by one of our favorite condiments--pepper itself4 ,simply because they are toadstools and hot1 they have been condemned without trial4 ,it is remarkable that not one of the fungi known to be deadly gives any warning by appearance or flavor of the presence of a poison4 ,the day will probably come when it can be said that if toadstool eaters will confine themselves to hot species1 otherwise attractive1 they will run no risk4 ,panus stypticus is astringent1 not hot4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,tribes4 ,,piperites 7peppery1 after piperitis1 pepperwort74 ,page #afc4 ,stem central4 ,gills unchangeable1 not pruinose nor becoming discolored4 ,milk white at first1 usually acrid4 99 ,,tricholomoidei--inclining to ,tricholoma4 ,pileus moist1 viscid1 margin incurved and downy at first4 9999 ,,limacini--limax1 a slug4 ,pileus viscid when moist1 with a pellicle1 margin naked4 999999 ,,piperati4 ,pileus without a pellicle1 hence absolutely dry1 often more or less downy or unpolished4 ,,dapetes 7daps1 a feast74 ,page #agj4 ,stem central4 ,gills naked4 ,milk highly colored from the first4 ,,russularia 7inclining to ,russula74 ,page #agc4 ,stem central4 ,gills pallid then discolored1 at length dark and powdered with the white spores4 ,milk at first white1 mild1 or from mild becoming acrid4 99 ,,viscidi--viscidus1 viscid1 sticky4 ,pileus viscid at first4 9999 ,,impoliti--impolitus1 unpolished4 ,pileus squamulose1 downy or pruinose4 999999 ,,glabrati--glaber1 smooth4 ,pileus polished1 smooth4 ,,pleuropus 7pleura1 side2 pous1 a foot74 ,stem excentric or lateral4 ,growing on trunks4 ,none known to be edible4 ,i4--,,piperi,,tes4 99 ,,tricholomoi,,dei4 ,pileus viscid1 margin incurved1 etc4 ,l4 torminosus ,fr4--tormina1 gripes4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad1 convex1 then depressed1 viscid when young or moist1 yellowish-red or paleochraceous tinged with red or flesh color1 often varied with zones or spots1 the at first involute margin persistently tomentose-hairy4 ,gills thin1 close1 narrow1 whitish1 often tinged with yellow or flesh color4 ,stem #a4e-c in4 long1 #d-h lines thick1 equal or slightly tapering downward1 hollow1 sometimes spotted1 whitish4 ,spores subglobose or broadly elliptical1 #i-aj4 ,milk white1 taste acrid4 ,woods4 ,adirondack mountains and ,sandlake4 ,august4 ,peck1 #chth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,poisonous1 and ,gillet declares it to be deleterious and even dangerous1 and that in the raw state it is a very strong drastic purgative4 ,on the other hand1 ,cordier states that almost all authors agree in stating that it is eaten with impunity1 and that ,letellier has eaten it more than once without inconvenience4 ,cooke states3 8,whether it is poison is rather uncertain1 and probably assumed from its acridity40 ,bulliard says3 8,it is very acrid and this is changed by heat into an astringent of such power that a very little suffices to produce the most terrible accidents40 ,on the other hand1 ,boudier says that the presence of an acrid milk is an indication of no importance1 that in certain parts of the country they eat such ,lactaria as even ,l4 piperatus and do not experience any trouble4 ,certain ,russul as acrid as any ,lactaria are known to be inoffensive4 ,the ,russians preserve it in salt and eat it seasoned with oil and vinegar4 ,l4 turpis ,fr4--turpis1 base1 from its ugly appearance4 ,pileus large1 as much as #c-ab in4 broad1 olivaceous inclining to umber1 fleshy1 rigid1 convex becoming plane1 disk-shaped or umbilicate1 at length depressed1 innately hairy at the circumference or wholly covered over with tenacious gluten1 zoneless1 sometimes tawny toward the margin1 at length entirely inclining to umber2 margin for a long time involute1 at the first villous1 olivaceous-light-yellow1 then more or less flattened1 at length often densely furrowed4 ,flesh compact1 white1 then slightly reddish4 ,stem #a-c in4 long1 -#a in4 and more thick1 solid1 hard1 equal or attenuated downward1 even or pitted and uneven1 but not spotted1 viscid or dry1 pallid or dark olivaceous1 ochraceous-whitish at the apex4 ,gills adnato-decurrent1 thin1 #a-b lines broad1 much crowded1 forked1 white straw-color1 spotted brownish when broken or bruised4 ,milk acrid1 white1 unchangeable4 ,fries4 ,gregarious1 rigidly and compactly fleshy2 habit almost that of ,paxillus involutus4 ,it varies with the stem hollow1 and the pileus somewhat zoned4 ,spores spheroid or subspheroid1 uniguttate1 echinulate1 #f-h ,k42 minutely spinulose1 #f-h ,massee4 ,new ,jersey1 ,trenton1 ,e4,b4 ,sterling2 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis1 ,schweinitz2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,september1 #ahih4 ,along road in woods1 moist places4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,the species is attractive by its very homeliness and odd individuality4 ,it is not inviting4 ,cooked it is coarse and resembles ,l4 piperatus4 ,an emergency species4 ,l4 controversus ,fr4--contra1 against2 verto1 to turn4 ,pileus #c in4 and more broad1 fleshy1 compact1 rigid1 at the first convex1 broadly umbilicate1 when fuller grown somewhat funnel-shaped1 oblique1 on emerging from the ground dry1 flocculose1 whitish1 then with rain smooth1 viscid1 reddish1 with blood-colored spots and zones 7especially toward the margin71 margin acute when young1 closely involute1 more or less villous4 ,flesh very firm4 ,stem commonly #a in4 long and thick1 sometimes1 however1 #b in4 long and then manifestly attenuated toward the base and often excentric1 solid1 obese1 even but pruinate and as if striate at the apex from the obsoletely decurrent tooth of the gills1 wholly white1 never pitted4 ,gills decurrent1 thin1 very crowded1 #a-b lines broad1 with many shorter ones intermixed1 but rarely branched1 pallid-white-flesh-color4 ,milk white1 unchangeable1 plentiful4 ,fries4 ,odor weak but pleasant1 taste very acrid4 ,allied to ,l4 piperatus4 ,in woods4 ,uncommon4 ,august to ,october4 ,stevenson4 ,spores echinulate1 #hf ,w4,g4,s42 globose1 rough1 #f-h ,massee4 ,california1 ,h4 and ,m4 ,edible1 rather deficient in aroma and flavor4 ,cooke4 7,plate ,,xla47 ,illustration3 ,,lactarius ,,blennius4 ,about one-fourth natural size4 ,l4 blennius ,fr4 ,gr--slimy4 ,pileus #c-e in4 across4 ,flesh thick1 firm2 soon expanded and more or less depressed1 glutinous1 dingy greenish-gray1 often more or less zoned with drop-like markings2 margin at first incurved and downy4 ,gills slightly decurrent1 crowded1 narrow1 whitish or with an ochraceous tinge4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 up to #a in4 thick at the apex1 where it expands into the thick flesh of the pileus1 often attenuated at the base1 viscid1 colored like the stem or paler1 soon hollow4 ,milk persistently white1 very acrid4 ,spores subglobose1 #g-hf4 ,in woods1 on the ground1 very rarely on trunks4 ,l4 turpis somewhat resembles the present species but differs in the darker olive-brown pileus and the yellow down on the incurved margin1 especially when young4 ,massee4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad1 fleshy1 rarely subzonate1 convex1 the margin generally involute and adpresso-tomentose 7quite smooth1 ,fries72 at length more or less depressed1 dull cinereous-green1 at first viscid1 more or less pitted4 ,milk white1 not changeable4 ,gills rather narrow1 pale ochraceous1 scarcely forked1 not connected by veins4 ,stem #a in4 long1 - in4 thick1 paler than the pileus1 attenuated downward1 obtuse1 smooth1 at length hollow1 sometimes pitted1 very acrid4 ,berk4 ,edible4 ,coarse4 9999 ,,limaci,,ni4 ,pileus viscid1 etc4 ,l4 insulsus ,fr4--tasteless4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad1 convex and umbilicate1 then funnel-shaped1 glabrous1 viscid1 more or less zonate1 yellowish1 the margin naked4 ,gills thin1 close1 adnate or decurrent1 some of them forked at the base1 whitish or pallid4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 #d-f lines thick1 equal or slightly tapering downward1 stuffed or hollow1 whitish or yellowish1 generally spotted4 ,spores #g4f-i4 ,milk white1 taste acrid4 ,thin woods and open1 grassy places4 ,greenbush and ,sandlake1 ,n4,y4 ,july and ,august4 ,our plant has the pileus pale yellow or straw color1 and sometimes nearly white1 but ,european forms have been described as having it orange-yellow and brick-red4 ,it is generally1 though often obscurely1 zonate4 ,the zones are ordinarily more distinct near the margin1 where they are occasionally very narrow and close4 ,the milk in the ,greenbush specimens had a thin1 somewhat watery appearance4 ,peck1 #chth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey4 ,july to ,september4 ,common in mixed woods and grassy places4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible4 ,cordier1 ,curtis4 ,l4 insulsus is another peppery member of ,lactarius which has suffered unjustly4 ,i have eaten it since #ahha1 and think it the best of the hot milk species4 ,its flesh is not as coarse as others1 and is of better flavor4 ,there is little difference in quality between it and ,l4 deliciosus4 ,l4 hysginus ,fr4 ,gr--a crimson dye4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad1 rigid1 at first convex1 then nearly plane1 umbilicate or slightly depressed1 even1 viscid1 zoneless or rarely obscurely zonate1 reddish-incarnate1 tan-color or brownish-red1 becoming paler with age1 the thin margin inflexed4 ,gills close1 adnate or subdecurrent1 whitish1 becoming yellowish or cream-colored4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 #d-h lines thick1 equal1 glabrous1 stuffed or hollow1 colored like the pileus1 or a little paler1 sometimes spotted4 ,milk white1 taste acrid4 ,woods4 ,sandlake and ,canoga1 ,n4,y4 ,july and ,august4 ,not common4 ,the reddish hue of the pileus distinguishes this species from its allies4 ,the gluten or viscidity of the pileus in our specimens was rather tenacious and persistent4 ,peck1 #chth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores subglobose1 whitish on black paper1 yellowish on white paper1 #i-aj ,peck2 #ajg-h ,massee4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 #ahig4 ,mixed woods4 ,august1 ,september4 ,not very acrid4 ,the entire acridity disappears in cooking4 ,several specimens were found and eaten1 enough to prove it esculent and of good quality4 999999 ,,piperati4 ,pileus dry1 etc4 ,l4 plumbeus ,fr4--like plumbum1 lead4 ,pileus #b--e in4 broad1 compact1 convex1 then infundibuliform1 dry1 unpolished sooty or brownish-black4 ,gills crowded1 white1 or yellowish4 ,stem #a4e-c in4 long1 #c-f lines thick1 solid1 equal1 thick4 ,milk white1 acrid1 unchangeable4 ,spores #f4c-g4f4 ,the specimens which ,i have referred to this species were found in the ,catskill mountains several years ago1 growing in hemlock woods1 under spruce and balsam trees4 ,i have not met with the species since4 ,the pileus in the larger specimens had a minutely tomentose appearance1 but in the dried specimens this has disappeared4 ,they also varied in color from blackish-brown to pinkish-brown and grayish-brown1 but they can scarcely be more than a mere form or variety of the species the description of which1 as given by ,fries1 ,i have quoted4 ,in the ,handbook the pileus is described as dark fuliginous-gray or brown1 and ,gillet describes it as black-brown1 dark fuliginous or lead color1 and adds that the plant is poisonous and the milk very acrid and burning4 ,cordier says that the flesh is white and the taste bitter and disagreeable4 ,peck1 #chth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,poisonous4 ,gillet4 ,l4 pergamenus ,fr4--parchment4 ,white4 ,pileus fleshy1 pliant1 convex then plano-depressed1 spread1 zoneless1 slightly wrinkled1 smooth4 ,stem stuffed1 smooth1 changing color4 ,gills adnate1 very narrow1 horizontal1 very crowded1 branched1 white1 then straw-color4 ,milk white1 acrid4 ,very much allied to ,l4 piperatus1 but differing in the stem being stuffed1 at length softer internally1 elongated1 #c in41 unequal1 attenuated downward and here and there ascending1 quite smooth2 in the pileus being thinner1 pliant1 elastic1 most frequently irregular and excentric1 for the most part flexuous1 at first convex 7not umbilicate71 then rather plane1 the surface very smooth1 but unpolished and wrinkled in a peculiar manner2 and in the gills being adnate1 not decurrent1 very crowded1 very narrow 7scarcely #a line broad71 always straight and horizontal1 not arcuate or extended upward1 soon straw-color4 ,the flesh is very milky1 but the gills are sparingly so4 ,fries4 ,in woods4 ,october4 ,spores subglobose1 rather irregular1 #f-h ,c4,b4,p42 broadly elliptical1 echinulate1 #ge-f ,massee4 ,eaten on the continent and ,nova ,scotia4 ,edible4 ,cooke4 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis2 ,new ,england1 ,frost2 ,ohio1 ,morgan4 ,l4 piperatus ,fr4--piper1 pepper4 7,plate ,,xli1 fig4 #a1 p4 #afj47 ,pileus #d-i in4 broad1 white1 fleshy1 rigid1 umbilicate when young1 reflexed 7margin at first involute7 at the circumference1 when full grown wholly funnel-shaped1 for the most part regular1 even1 smooth1 zoneless4 ,flesh white4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 #a-b in4 thick1 solid1 obese1 equal or obconical1 even1 obsoletely pruinose1 white4 ,gills decurrent1 crowded1 narrow1 scarcely broader than #a line1 obtuse at the edge1 dividing by pairs1 arcuate then all extended upward in a straight line1 white1 here and there with yellow spots4 ,milk white1 unchangeable1 plentiful and very acrid4 ,compact1 firm1 dry1 inodorous4 ,the pileus becomes obsoletely yellow when old4 ,although the gills are spotted with yellow1 they do not change to straw color like those of ,l4 pergamenus4 ,fries4 ,spores white1 nearly smooth1 #f4c-g4f ,peck2 subglobose1 #h-i diameter ,massee2 #ef ,w4,g4,s4 ,pennsylvania1 ,west ,virginia1 #ahha-ahhe4 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania in woods and on grassy places4 ,july to ,october4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,l4 piperatus is a readily distinguished species4 ,it is very common4 ,in #ahha1 after an extensive forest fire in the ,west ,virginia forests1 ,i saw miles of the blackened district made white by a growth of this fungus4 ,it was the phenomenal growth which first attracted my attention to toadstools4 ,i collected it then in quantity and used it1 with good results1 as a fertilizer on impoverished ground4 ,it has been eaten for many years in most countries1 yet a few writers continue to warn against it4 ,it is the representative fungus of its class--meaty1 coarse1 fair flavor4 ,it is edible and is good food when one is hungry and can not get better4 ,it is best used as an absorbent of gravies4 ,l4 deceptivus ,pk4--deceiving4 ,pileus #c-e in4 broad1 compact1 at first convex and umbilicate1 then expanded and centrally depressed or subinfundibuliform1 obsoletely tomentose or glabrous except on the margin1 white or whitish1 often varied with yellowish or sordid stains1 the margin at first involute and clothed with a dense1 soft or cottony tomentum1 then spreading or elevated and more or less fibrillose4 ,gills rather broad1 distant or subdistant1 adnate or decurrent1 some of them forked1 whitish1 becoming cream-colored4 ,stem #a-c in4 long1 #h-ah lines thick1 equal or narrowed downward1 solid1 pruinose-pubescent1 white4 ,spores white1 #i-ab4g4 ,milk white1 taste acrid4 ,woods and open places1 especially under hemlock trees4 ,common4 ,july to ,september4 ,trial of its edible qualities was made without any evil consequences4 ,the acridity was destroyed by cooking4 ,peck1 #chth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,alabama1 ,u4 and ,e42 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #chth ,rep42 ,west ,virginia1 #ahha-ahhe1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey4 ,woods and open places4 ,july to ,october4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,in common with all peppery ,lactarii the present species loses the quality in cooking4 ,the edible qualities then depend upon texture1 substance1 flavor4 ,the species is coarse but meaty and of fair flavor4 ,l4 vellereus ,fr4--vellus1 fleece4 ,pileus #b-e in4 broad1 compact1 at first convex and umbilicate1 then expanded and centrally depressed or subinfundibuliform1 the whole surface minutely velvety-tomentose1 soft to the touch1 white or whitish1 the margin at first involute1 then reflexed4 ,gills distant or subdistant1 adnate or decurrent1 sometimes forked1 whitish becoming yellowish or cream-colored4 ,stem 4#e-b in4 long1 #f-af lines thick1 firm1 solid1 equal or tapering downward1 pruinose-pubescent1 white4 ,milk white1 taste acrid4 ,spores white4 ,woods and open places4 ,common4 ,july to ,september4 ,peck1 #chth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores white1 nearly smooth1 #g-i4 ,peck2 #dh ,w4,g4,s4 ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey4 ,woods and open places4 ,july to ,october4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,poisonous according to some authors4 ,cordier4 ,edible4 ,leveille4 ,eaten it for eighteen years4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,this common1 very acrid species is characterized by the downy covering of its cap4 ,it is a coarse species1 but meaty4 ,its acridity is lost in cooking1 when it makes a fair dish4 ,l4 involutus ,soppitt4--involved4 ,every part white or with a very slight ochraceous tinge4 ,pileus #a-b in4 across1 flesh about #a lines thick1 equal up to the margin1 compact1 rigid1 convex1 soon becoming plane or slightly depressed1 margin strongly and persistently involute1 extreme edge minutely silky1 remainder even and glabrous4 ,gills very slightly decurrent1 densely crowded1 not line broad1 sometimes forked4 ,stem -#a in4 long1 #b-c lines thick1 equal1 or slightly thickened at the base1 glabrous1 even1 solid1 very firm4 ,milk white1 unchangeable1 not scanty1 very hot4 ,spores obliquely elliptical1 smooth1 #ec4 ,very firm and rigid1 resembling in habit ,l4 vellereus in miniature4 ,most nearly allied to ,l4 scoticus1 but known at once by the exceedingly narrow1 densely-crowded gills and the smooth1 elliptical spores4 ,massee4 ,west ,virginia1 #ahha-ahhe1 plentiful4 ,angora1 ,west ,philadelphia4 ,august1 ,september1 #ahig4 ,in mixed woods4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,much smaller than ,l4 piperatus4 ,pileus convex1 then plane with depressions in center1 margin involute4 ,gills slightly decurrent1 densely crowded1 very narrow4 ,stem short1 firm1 solid4 ,milk white1 very hot4 ,l4 involutus is readily mistaken for small forms of ,l4 vellereus and ,l4 piperatus4 ,the extremely narrow gills1 so close and firm that it takes sharp eyes to follow them1 are a distinguishing mark4 ,its flesh is of same consistency as ,l4 piperatus--hard and coarse4 ,it loses its pepperiness in cooking and is a good emergency plant1 or solvent4 ,,ii4--,,dapetes--daps1 food4 ,milk highly colored1 etc4 ,america is rich in this section4 ,fries records but two species1 ,l4 deliciosus and ,l4 sanguifluus1 while ,america has four4 ,the edible properties of three are known to be good2 ,l4 subpurpureus has not come under observation1 but is added to complete the series as it is probably edible and is well marked by its dark-red milk4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,l4 deliciosus ,fr4--delicious4 7,plate ,,xli1 fig4 #c1 p4 #afj47 ,pileus #b-f in4 broad1 orange-brick-color1 yellowish or grayish-orange1 becoming pale1 fleshy1 when quite young depressed in the center1 margin naked1 involute1 then plano-depressed or broadly funnel-shaped with the margin unfolded1 smooth1 slightly viscid1 zoned 7zones sometimes obsolete74 ,flesh soft1 not compact1 pallid1 colored at the circumference only by the juice4 ,stem #a-b in4 and more long1 #a in4 thick1 stuffed then hollow1 at length fragile1 equal or attenuated at the base1 spotted in a pitted manner1 of the same color as the pileus or paler4 ,gills somewhat decurrent1 crowded1 narrow1 arcuate1 often branched1 typically saffron-yellow1 but becoming pale and always becoming green when wounded4 ,milk aromatic1 from the first red-brick-saffron4 ,fries4 ,spores white1 spheroid1 echinulate #g-h ,k42 #f ,w4,g4,s42 echinulate1 #i-ajg-h ,massee2 subglobose1 #g4f-aj ,peck4 ,in woods1 under firs1 etc4 ,pileus dingy orange-red becoming pale1 often greenish4 ,every part turns to a homely green when bruised4 ,it is from #c to #e in4 across1 thick1 convex1 then depressed in center1 margin at first curved in4 ,gills decurrent1 narrow1 saffron-color4 ,milk saffron-red or orange changing to green2 sweet scented but slightly acrid4 ,i have never seen but one specimen with milk distinctly orange1 and changing to green4 ,the milk in this species varies in color1 much depending upon moisture4 ,it grows in patches1 sometimes in clusters4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,there is no question of its edibility4 ,old and modern writers applaud it4 ,each cooks to his liking and thinks his own way best4 ,it requires forty minutes' stewing or baking2 less time if roasted or fried4 ,it can be cooked in any way1 but1 like all ,lactarii1 it must be well cooked4 ,l4 indigo ,schw4--7,plate ,,xli1 fig4 #b1 p4 #afj47 ,pileus #b-e in4 broad1 at first umbilicate with the margin involute1 then depressed or infundibuliform1 indigo-blue with a silvery-gray luster1 zonate1 especially on the margin1 sometimes spotted1 becoming paler and less distinctly zonate with age or in drying4 ,gills close1 indigo-blue1 becoming yellowish and sometimes greenish with age4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 #f-aj lines thick1 short nearly equal1 hollow1 often spotted with blue1 colored like the pileus4 ,milk dark-blue4 ,dry places1 especially under or near pine trees4 ,not rare but seldom abundant4 ,july to ,september4 ,peck1 #chth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores subglobose1 #g4f-i long ,peck4 ,west ,virginia1 ,north ,carolina1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania4 ,solitary and in groups1 in pine and mixed woods4 ,july to ,september4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,the exceptional color of ,l4 indigo will halt anyone with ordinary observing power4 ,it is unnecessary to describe it further4 ,being a large1 stout plant it frequently lifts the leaf mat as it pushes upward1 making leaf-mounds under which it is hidden1 as do many of the ,cortinarii4 ,but even in such instances there are usually a few solitary plants standing prominently forth as sentinels4 ,it is edible1 but coarse4 ,good flavor4 ,l4 chelidonium ,pk4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad1 at first convex1 then nearly plane and umbilicate or centrally depressed1 grayish-yellow or tawny1 at length varied with bluish and greenish stains1 often with a few narrow zones on the margin4 ,gills narrow1 close1 sometimes forked1 anastomosing or wavy at the base1 grayish-yellow4 ,stem #a-a4e in4 long1 #d-f lines thick1 short1 subequal1 hollow1 colored like the pileus4 ,spores globose1 #g4e4 ,milk sparse1 saffron-yellow2 taste mild4 ,sandy soil1 under or near pine trees4 ,saratoga and ,bethlehem4 ,the milk of this species resembles in color the juice of celandine1 ,chelidonium majus4 ,it is paler than that of ,l4 deliciosus4 ,by this character and by the dull color of the pileus1 the narrow lamell1 short stem and its fondness for dry situations1 it may be separated from the other species4 ,wounds of the flesh are at first stained with the color of the milk1 then with blue1 finally with green4 ,a saffron-color is sometimes attributed to the milk of ,l4 deliciosus1 which may indicate that this species has been confused with that1 or that the relationship of the two plants is a closer one than we have assigned to them4 ,peck1 #chth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,in mixed woods1 gravelly low ground4 ,september1 ,october4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a score or more solitary specimens were found and eaten4 ,the substance and flavor are not distinguishable from ,l4 deliciosus1 which is lauded to the summit of good toadstools4 ,l4 subpurpureus ,pk4--sub1 under2 purpureus1 purple4 ,pileus at first convex1 then nearly plane or subinfundibuliform1 more or less spotted and zonate when young1 and moist dark-red with a grayish luster4 ,gills close1 dark-red1 becoming less clear and sometimes greenish-stained with age4 ,stem equal or slightly tapering upward1 soon hollow1 often spotted with red1 colored like the pileus1 sometimes hairy at the base4 ,spores subglobose1 #i-aj4 ,milk dark-red4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad4 ,stem #a4e-c in4 long1 #c-e lines thick4 ,damp or mossy ground in woods and swamps4 ,july and ,august4 ,at once known by the peculiar dark-red or purplish hue of the milk1 which color also appears in the spots of the stem and in a more subdued tone in the whole plant4 ,the color of the pileus1 gills and stem is modified by grayish and yellowish hues4 ,in age and dryness the zones are less clear1 and dried specimens can scarcely be distinguished from ,l4 deliciosus4 ,peck1 #chth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,i have not seen this species4 ,,iii4--,,russularia4 99 ,,viscidi4 ,pileus viscid4 ,l4 pallidus ,fr4--pale4 ,pileus #c-f in4 broad1 flesh-color or clay-color to pallid1 somewhat tan1 fleshy1 umbilicato-convex1 depressed1 obtuse1 margin broadly and for a long time involute1 smooth1 gluey1 zoneless4 ,flesh pallid4 ,stem #b in4 and more long1 about in4 thick1 somewhat equal1 stuffed then hollow1 even1 smooth1 of the same color as the pileus4 ,gills somewhat decurrent1 arcuate1 rather broad1 #a-b lines and more2 somewhat thin1 crowded1 somewhat branched1 whitish at length of the same color as the pileus4 ,milk white1 unchangeable4 ,fries4 ,taste somewhat mild4 ,stature that of ,l4 deliciosus1 but more lax in texture and always pallid4 ,there is a variety with the pileus inclining to dingy-brown4 ,stevenson4 ,mixed woods4 ,september to ,october4 ,spores echinulate1 almost round1 #h ,w4,g4,s42 #g-aa ,cooke2 #i-ajg-h ,massee4 ,north ,carolina1 ,schweinitz1 ,curtis2 ,massachusetts1 ,frost2 ,minnesota1 ,johnson2 ,rhode ,island1 ,bennett4 ,edible4 ,cooke4 ,l4 quietus ,fr4--calm1 mild4 ,pileus #c in4 broad1 fleshy1 depressed1 obtuse1 margin deflexed1 smooth1 at first viscid1 somewhat cinnamon1 flesh-color1 disk darker1 somewhat zoned1 soon dry1 somewhat silky1 opaque1 becoming pale4 ,flesh white then reddish4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 in4 and more thick1 stuffed1 spongy1 smooth1 reddish1 at length beautifully rust-color4 ,gills adnato-decurrent1 somewhat forked at the base1 #a-b lines broad1 white then soon brick-red4 ,milk white1 unchangeable1 sweet4 ,fries4 ,in woods4 ,august to ,november4 ,stevenson4 ,spores echinulate1 #h-ajf-g ,massee2 #aj-ab ,cooke4 ,nova ,scotia1 ,somers2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #db4 ,edible4 ,cooke4 ,eaten in ,france and held in estimation4 ,l4 theiogalus ,fr4 ,gr--brimstone2 milk4 ,pileus #b-e in4 broad1 fleshy1 thin1 convex1 then depressed1 even1 glabrous1 viscid1 tawny-reddish4 ,lamell adnate or decurrent1 close1 pallid or reddish4 ,stem #a-c in4 long1 #d-aj lines thick1 stuffed or hollow1 even1 colored like the pileus4 ,spores yellowish1 inclining to pale flesh-color1 subglobose1 #g4e-i4 ,milk white1 changing to sulphur-yellow1 taste tardily acrid1 bitterish4 ,woods and groves4 ,common4 ,july to ,october4 ,our plant does not fully accord with the description of the species as given by ,fries4 ,peck1 #chth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores subglobose1 #g-h diameter ,massee2 subglobose1 #g4e-i ,peck4 ,west ,virginia1 #ahha-ahhe2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,july1 #ahig2 ,new ,jersey1 common in mixed woods4 ,july to frost4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,l4 theiogalus possesses all the good qualities of the hot milk species4 ,while ,i ate it whenever ,i chose in ,west ,virginia1 ,i did not again eat it until #ahig at ,mt4 ,gretna4 ,there several partook of it and thought it rather coarse1 but of good flavor4 ,it requires long cooking4 ,l4 fuliginosus ,fr4--fuligo1 soot4 ,pileus #a-b4e in4 broad1 firm1 becoming soft1 convex plane or slightly depressed1 even1 dry1 zoneless1 dingy ash-color or buff-gray1 appearing as if covered with a dingy pruinosity1 the margin sometimes wavy or lobed4 ,gills adnate or subdecurrent1 subdistant1 whitish then yellowish1 becoming stained with pink-red or salmon-color where wounded4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 #c-e lines thick1 equal or slightly tapering downward1 firm1 stuffed1 colored like the pileus4 ,spores globose1 yellowish1 #g4e-aj4 ,milk white1 taste tardily and sometimes slightly acrid4 ,thin woods and open grassy places4 ,greenbush and ,sandlake1 ,n4,y4 ,july and ,august4 ,peck1 #chth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,a form with the pileus colored like that of ,l4 lignyotus1 but with the gills much closer than in that species1 was found in a swamp near ,sevey4 ,july4 ,peck1 #dc;d ,rep4 ,,poisonous4 ,barla and ,reveil1 ,cordier4 ,l4 fumosus ,pk4 ,pileus #a4e-b4e in4 broad1 firm1 convex1 then expanded and slightly depressed in the center1 smooth1 dry1 smoky-brown or sordid-white4 ,gills close1 adnate or slightly rounded behind1 white1 then yellowish4 ,stem #c-e lines thick1 firm1 short1 smooth1 stuffed1 generally tapering downward4 ,spores distinctly echinulate1 yellow1 #f in diameter4 ,flesh and ,milk white2 taste at first mild1 then acrid4 ,plant #a4e-b in4 high4 ,grassy ground in open woods4 ,greenbush4 ,july4 ,the peculiar smoky hue of the pileus and yellow spores enable this species to be easily recognized4 ,the flesh when wounded slowly changes to a dull pinkish-color4 ,related to ,l4 fuliginosus4 ,peck1 #bdth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 9999 ,,impoliti4 ,pileus downy1 etc4 ,l4 rufus ,fr4--red4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad1 convex and centrally depressed1 then funnel-shaped1 generally with a small umbo1 glabrous1 sometimes slightly floccose or pubescent when young1 especially on the margin1 zoneless1 bay-red or brownish-red1 shining4 ,gills narrow or moderately broad1 sometimes forked1 close1 subdecurrent1 yellowish or reddish4 ,stem #b-d in4 long1 #c-e lines thick1 nearly equal1 firm1 stuffed1 paler than or colored like the pileus4 ,spores white1 #g4f-aj4 ,milk white1 taste very acrid4 ,low woods and swamps4 ,north ,elba4 ,august4 ,rare4 ,the red ,lactarius is known by its rather large size1 dark-red pileus and intensely acrid taste4 ,it has been found but once in our state4 ,the flesh is pinkish and the stem sometimes pruinose4 ,it is designated by authors as very poisonous and extremely poisonous4 ,cordier even says that worms never attack it4 ,peck1 #chth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,massachusetts1 ,frost2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bc1 ,rep4 #ch4 ,i have not recognized this species4 ,it is given as markedly ,,poisonous4 ,l4 glyciosmus ,fr4 ,gr--sweet2 ,gr--scent4 ,pileus -#a in4 broad1 thin1 convex nearly plane or depressed1 often with a small umbo or papilla1 minutely squamulose1 ash-colored1 grayish-brown or smoky-brown1 sometimes tinged with pink1 the margin even or slightly and distinctly striate4 ,gills narrow1 close1 adnate or decurrent1 whitish or yellowish4 ,stem -#a in4 long1 #a-c lines thick1 equal1 glabrous or obsoletely pubescent1 stuffed1 rarely hollow1 whitish or colored like the pileus4 ,milk white1 taste acrid and unpleasant1 sometimes bitterish1 odor aromatic4 ,peck1 #chth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,smell agreeable1 of melilot1 as that of ,l4 camphoratus4 ,spores spheroid1 echinulate1 #f-h ,k42 subglobose1 size variable1 #f-aj ,massee4 ,the ,american plant1 so far as observed1 does not have the red hues ascribed to the ,european4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,t4,j4 ,collins2 ,scranton1 ,pa41 ,dr4 ,j4,m4 ,phillips2 ,chester county1 ,pa41 ,september1 #ahhg1 on ground in woods1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,this small ,lactarius was found on several occasions4 ,its odor is attractive1 but its taste is not4 ,cooked it is of high flavor1 but will not be liked by many4 ,l4 aquifluus ,pk4--watery4 ,pileus fragile1 fleshy1 convex or expanded1 at length centrally depressed1 dry1 smooth1 or sometimes appearing as if clothed with a minute appressed tomentum1 reddish tan-colored1 the decurved margin often flexuous4 ,gills rather narrow1 close1 whitish1 becoming dull reddish yellow4 ,stem more or less elongated1 equal or slightly tapering upward1 colored like the pileus1 smooth1 hollow1 the cavity irregular as if eroded4 ,spores subglobose1 rough1 #g4f4 ,flesh colored like the pileus4 ,milk sparse1 watery4 ,plant #c-h in4 high4 ,pileus #c-f in4 broad4 ,stem #e-aj lines thick4 ,swamps and wet mossy places in woods4 ,sandlake and ,north ,elba4 ,august and ,september4 ,the relationship of this plant is with ,l4 serifluus1 to which it was formerly referred1 but from which ,i am now satisfied it is distinct4 ,the hollow stem is a constant character in our plant1 and affords a ready mark of distinction4 ,the plant1 though large1 is very fragile1 and breaks easily4 ,the taste is mild or but slightly acrid4 ,sometimes there is an obscure zonation on the pileus1 which1 in large specimens1 is apt to be irregular and much worm-eaten4 ,the milk looks like little drops of water when first issuing from a wound1 but it becomes a little less clear on exposure to the atmosphere4 ,the decided but agreeable odor of the dried specimens persists a long time4 ,peck1 #bhth ,rep4 ,this plant is sometimes cespitose4 ,the pileus when dry is tawny-gray and scaly or cracked scaly4 ,the margin may be even or coarsely sulcate-striate4 ,the flesh is grayish or reddish-gray4 ,the color of the lamell varies from creamy-white to tawny-yellow4 ,the stem often has a conspicuous white myceloid tomentum at its base4 ,i have never found this plant with a white or milky juice1 and therefore ,i am disposed to regard it not as a variety of ,l4 helvus1 but as a distinct species4 ,its mild taste and agreeable odor suggested a trial of its edible qualities4 ,it is harmless1 but the lack of flavor induces me to omit it from the list of edible species4 ,peck1 #ejth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,var4 brevissimus ,pk4 ,pileus #a-a4e in4 broad1 grayish-buff4 ,gills crowded1 adnate1 yellowish or cream-color4 ,stem very short1 #f-h lines long4 ,black mucky soil in roads in woods4 ,township #bd1 ,franklin county4 ,september4 ,plant fragrant2 sometimes cespitose4 ,peck1 #east ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,angora1 ,west ,philadelphia1 in moist oak woods4 ,august1 #ahig1 ,philadelphia ,myc4 ,center4 ,flesh rather hard when cooked1 and insipid4 ,good as an absorbent or in emergency4 ,l4 lignyotus ,fr4--lignum1 wood4 ,pileus #a-d in4 broad1 broadly convex plane or slightly depressed1 dry1 with or without a small umbo1 generally rugose-wrinkled1 dark-brown1 appearing subpulverulent or as if suffused with a dingy pruinosity1 the margin sometimes crenately lobed and distinctly plicate4 ,gills moderately close or subdistant1 adnate1 white or yellowish1 slowly changing to pinkish-red or salmon color where wounded4 ,stem #a-c in4 long1 #b-f lines thick1 equal or abruptly narrowed at the apex1 even1 glabrous1 stuffed1 colored like the pileus1 sometimes plicate at the top4 ,milk white1 taste mild or tardily and slightly acrid4 ,var4 tenuipes4 ,pileus about #a in4 broad4 ,stem slender1 #b-c in4 long and about #b lines thick4 ,wet or mossy ground in woods and swamps4 ,adirondack mountains and ,sandlake4 ,july and ,august4 ,not rare in hilly and mountainous districts4 ,peck1 #chth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores globose1 yellowish1 #i-aa4c ,peck2 pale ochraceous1 subglobose1 minutely echinulate1 #i-aj diameter ,massee4 ,west ,virginia mountains1 #ahha-ahhe2 ,eagle's ,mere2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,solitary and gregarious1 moist woods and wooded places4 ,july to ,september4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,in my long experience with the plant ,i have not seen any change of color1 save that1 like the white milk of other species1 it darkens slightly to a cream color4 ,i have found it distinctly umbilicate and quite umbonate in the same patch4 ,l4 lignyotus is one of the best of ,lactarii and quite equal to ,l4 volemus4 ,l4 corrugis ,pk4--having wrinkles or folds4 ,pileus #c-e in4 broad1 firm1 convex1 then nearly plane or centrally depressed1 rugose reticulated1 covered with a velvety pruinosity or pubescence1 dark reddish-brown or chestnut-color1 fading with age to tawny-brown4 ,gills close1 dark cream-color or subcinnamon1 becoming paler when old1 sordid or brownish where bruised or wounded4 ,stem #c-e in4 long1 #f-ab lines thick1 equal1 solid1 glabrous or merely pruinose1 paler than but similar in color to the pileus4 ,spores subglobose1 #aj-ac4 ,milk copious1 white1 taste mild4 ,thin woods4 ,sandlake1 ,gansevoort and ,brewerton1 ,n4,y4 ,august and ,september4 ,this curious ,lactarius is related to ,l4 volemus1 from which it may be separated by its darker colors and its corrugated pileus4 ,the flexuous reticulated rug present an appearance similar to that of the hymenium of a ,merulius4 ,the pileus is everywhere pruinose-pubescent and the gills bear numerous spine-like or acicular cystidia or spicules1 #d-e long4 ,these are so numerous on and near the edges of the gills that they give them a pubescent appearance4 ,peck1 #chth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,i found many at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 up to #f in4 in diameter4 ,flesh not so firm as ,l4 volemus4 ,stem equal1 rugulose1 flattened in old specimens4 ,milk very slightly acrid4 ,better in taste and quality than ,l4 volemus4 ,l4 luteolus ,pk4--yellowish4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad1 fleshy1 rather thin1 convex or nearly plane1 commonly umbilicately depressed in the center and somewhat rugulose1 pruinose or subglabrous1 buff-color4 ,flesh white1 taste mild4 ,milk copious1 flowing easily1 white or whitish4 ,gills close1 nearly plane1 adnate or slightly rounded behind1 whitish1 becoming brownish where wounded4 ,stem #a-a4e in4 long1 #c-e lines thick1 short1 equal or tapering downward1 solid1 but somewhat spongy within1 colored like the pileus4 ,spores globose1 #g4f broad4 ,dry woods4 ,east ,milton1 ,mass4 ,august4 ,h4 ,webster4 ,this species is related to ,lactarius volemus and ,l4 hygrophoroides1 but its smaller size and short stem will distinguish it from the former and its close gills from the latter4 ,its paler buff-color will separate it from both4 ,some specimens have a narrow encircling furrow or depressed zone near the margin and a slightly darker shade of color on the margin4 ,the milk constitutes a remarkable feature of the species4 ,according to the notes of the collector it is exceedingly copious1 rather sticky1 serous in character with white particles in suspension4 ,it flows from many points as soon as the plant is disturbed and it stains the gills4 ,it is impossible to collect an unstained specimen1 so free is the flow of the milk4 ,he1 ,mr4 ,webster1 says3 8,i have never succeeded in picking a specimen so quietly as to prevent an instant and copious flow of its milk40 ,torrey ,bull41 ,vol4 #bc1 ,no4 #aj1 #ahif4 ,angora1 ,west ,philadelphia1 ,august1 #ahig4 ,in oak woods4 ,august1 ,september4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,quite frequent there4 ,my attention was directed to it by the 8narrow encircling furrow or depressed zone near the margin40 ,it is of like quality to ,l4 volemus4 ,l4 ,gerardii ,pk4 ,pileus #a4e-d in4 broad1 broadly convex plane or slightly depressed1 dry1 generally rugose-wrinkled1 with or without a small umbo or papilla1 dingy-brown1 the thin spreading margin sometimes flexuous lobed or irregular4 ,gills distant1 adnate or decurrent1 white or whitish1 the interspaces generally uneven4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 #c-f lines thick1 subequal1 stuffed or hollow1 colored like the pileus4 ,spores globose1 white1 #i-aa4c4 ,milk white1 unchangeable1 taste mild4 ,woods and open places4 ,poughkeepsie1 ,w4,r4 ,gerard4 ,greenbush1 ,sandlake and ,croghan1 ,n4,y4 ,july to ,september4 ,this ,lactarius closely resembles the ,sooty lactarius in color1 but differs from it in its more distant gills1 white spores and constantly mild taste4 ,wounds of the flesh and gills do not become pinkish-red as in that plant4 ,from ,l4 hygrophoroides its darker color1 hollow stem and more globose rougher spores separate it4 ,peck1 #chth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,in the color of the pileus and stem this species is like the larger forms of ,l4 fuliginosus4 ,peck1 #bfth ,rep4 ,edible4 ,boston ,myc4 ,club ,bull4 999999 ,,glabra,,ti4 ,pileus smooth4 ,l4 volemus ,fr4--volema pira1 a kind of large pear4 7,plate ,,xli1 fig4 #d1 p4 #afj7 ,pileus #b-e in4 broad1 firm1 convex1 nearly plane or centrally depressed1 rarely funnel-shaped1 sometimes with a small umbo1 generally even1 glabrous1 dry1 golden-tawny or brownish-orange1 sometimes darker in the center1 often becoming rimose-areolate4 ,gills close1 adnate or subdecurrent1 white or yellowish1 becoming sordid or brownish where bruised or wounded4 ,stem #a-d in4 long1 #d-aj lines thick1 subequal1 variable in length1 firm1 solid1 glabrous or merely pruinose1 colored like the pileus1 sometimes a little paler4 ,milk copious1 white1 taste mild1 flat4 ,var4 subrugosus4 ,pileus rugose-reticulated on the margin4 ,peck1 #chth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores globose1 white1 #i-aa4c ,peck2 #e-f diameter ,massee4 ,very delicious raw and celebrated from early times4 ,fries4 ,common over the ,united ,states1 well known everywhere and distinguished for its edible qualities4 ,it is crisp and unless carefully cooked is hard and granular4 ,it should have long1 slow cooking1 though it may be roasted or fried4 7,plate ,,xlii47 ,illustration3 ,,lactarius ,,hygrophoroides4 ,l4 hygrophoroides ,b4 and ,c4--resembling ,hygrophorus4 ,pileus #a-d in4 broad1 firm1 convex or nearly plane1 umbilicate or slightly depressed1 rarely funnel-shaped1 glabrous or sometimes with a minute velvety pubescence or tomentum1 dry1 sometimes rugose-wrinkled and often becoming cracked in areas1 yellowish-tawny or brownish-orange4 ,gills distant1 adnate or subdecurrent1 white or cream-color1 the interspaces uneven or venose4 ,stem 4#e-a in4 long1 #d-h lines thick1 short1 equal or tapering downward1 solid1 glabrous or merely pruinose1 colored like the pileus4 ,spores subglobose or broadly elliptical1 nearly smooth1 #i-aa4c4 ,milk white1 taste mild4 ,grassy ground and borders of woods4 ,albany1 ,greenbush and ,sandlake4 ,july and ,august4 ,this plant has almost exactly the color of ,l4 volemus1 but differs from it in its distant gills1 short stem1 less copious milk and less globose spores4 ,its flesh is white1 with a thickness about equal to the breadth of the gills4 ,it is probably edible1 but has not yet been tested4 ,the typical ,l4 hygrophoroides is described as having the pileus yellowish-red and pulverulent1 and the gills luteous4 ,it is also represented as a small plant2 but our specimens1 while not fully agreeing with this description1 approach so closely to it in some of their forms that they doubtless belong to the same species4 ,we have therefore extended the description so that it may include our plant4 ,in wet weather the pileus sometimes becomes funnel-form by the elevation of the margin4 ,peck1 #chth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 #ahig1 grassy grounds and borders of woods4 ,mixed1 moist woods and grassy borders4 ,july to ,september4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,pileus up to #d in4 across4 ,stem #a-b in41 tapering1 equal or tapering downward4 ,when growing in woods the stem is longer than when growing on borders4 ,its edible qualities are excellent4 ,l4 mitissimus ,fr4--mitis1 mild4 ,pileus #a-c in4 broad1 golden-tawny1 zoneless1 fleshy1 thin1 somewhat rigid1 convex1 papillate1 depressed1 papilla vanishing1 even1 smooth1 somewhat slippery when moist4 ,flesh pallid4 ,stem elongated1 #a-c in4 long1 - in4 thick1 stuffed1 then hollow1 even1 smooth1 of the same color as the pileus4 ,gills adnato-decurrent1 somewhat arcuate1 then tense and straight1 #a-a lines and more broad1 thin1 crowded1 a little paler than the pileus1 most frequently stained with minute red spots4 ,milk white1 mild1 plentiful4 ,thin2 very much allied to ,l4 subdulcis1 but distinguished by the taste being mild1 then somewhat bitterish1 and especially by the bright1 golden-tawny1 resplendent color of the pileus and stem4 ,fries4 ,in mixed and pine woods4 ,august to ,november4 ,stevenson4 ,spores #f-he-f ,massee2 #aj ,cooke2 spheroid1 echinulate1 #f-g ,c4,b4,p4 ,california1 ,h4 and ,m4 ,edible4 ,cooke4 ,eaten on the continent4 7,plate ,,xliii47 ,illustration3 ,,lactarius ,,subdulcis4 ,l4 subdulcis ,fr4--sub2 dulcis1 sweet4 ,pileus 4#e-b in4 broad1 thin1 convex1 then plane or slightly funnel-shaped1 with or without a small umbo or papilla1 glabrous1 even1 zoneless1 moist or dry1 tawny-red1 cinnamon-red or brownish-red1 the margin sometimes wavy or flexuous4 ,gills rather narrow1 thin1 close1 whitish1 sometimes tinged with red4 ,stem #a-b4e in4 long1 #a-c lines thick1 equal or slightly tapering upward1 slender1 glabrous1 sometimes villous at the base1 stuffed or hollow1 paler than or colored like the pileus4 ,spores #g4f-i4 ,milk white1 taste mild or tardily and slightly acrid1 sometimes woody or bitterish and unpleasant4 ,flesh whitish1 pinkish or reddish gray1 odor none4 ,fields1 copses1 woods1 swamps and wet places4 ,july to ,october4 ,very common4 ,this species grows in almost every variety of soil and locality4 ,it may be found in showery weather on dry1 rocky soil1 on bare ground or among mosses or fallen leaves4 ,in drier weather it is still plentiful in swamps and wet1 shaded places1 and in sphagnous marshes4 ,it sometimes grows on decaying wood4 ,it is also as variable as it is common4 ,gillet has described the following varieties3 ,var4 cinnamomeus4 ,pileus cinnamon-red1 sub-shining4 ,stem stuffed1 then hollow2 taste mild1 becoming slightly acrid or bitter4 ,var4 rufus4 ,pileus dull chestnut-red2 becoming more concave4 ,stem spongy2 taste mild4 ,var4 badius4 ,pileus bay-red1 shining as if varnished1 with an obtuse disk and an inflexed1 elegantly crenulate margin4 ,stem very glabrous1 hollow4 ,the first and second varieties have occurred within our limits4 ,the first also has the stem elastic and furnished with a whitish or grayish tomentum or strigose villosity at the base1 when growing among moss in swamps4 ,a form occurred in ,sandlake1 in which some of the specimens were proliferous4 ,the umbo had developed into a minute pileus4 ,with us the prevailing color of the pileus is yellowish-red or cinnamon-red4 ,sometimes the color is almost the same as that of ,l4 volemus and ,l4 hygrophoroides1 and again it is a tan-color or a bay-red1 as in ,l4 camphoratus1 from which such specimens are scarcely separable1 except by their lack of odor4 ,in young plants the pileus usually has a moist appearance1 which is sometimes retained in maturity4 ,cordier pronounces the species edible1 and says that he has tested it several times without inconvenience4 ,peck1 #chth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores #aj ,cooke2 #g ,w4,g4,s4 ,west ,virginia mountains1 #ahha-ahhe2 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey1 everywhere on moist ground4 ,july to ,october4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,the description of ,fries as enlarged and modified by ,professor ,peck1 together with that of the varieties placed to the credit of the species by ,gillet1 are given above in full4 ,the species with its ascribed varieties is common and well known4 ,var4 badius occurs in ,west ,virginia and ,pennsylvania4 ,they are all edible and vary but little in quality4 ,l4 subdulcis requires long cooking4 ,l4 mutabilis ,pk4--changeable4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad1 thin1 convex or nearly plane1 zonate when moist1 reddish-brown1 the disk and zones darker1 zoneless when dry1 flesh colored like the pileus4 ,milk sparse1 white1 taste mild4 ,gills narrow1 close1 adnate1 whitish1 with a yellowish or cream-colored tint when old4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 #c-e lines thick1 equal or tapering upward1 stuffed or spongy within1 glabrous1 colored like the pileus4 ,spores subglobose1 rough1 #g4f broad4 ,low1 damp places4 ,selkirk and ,yaphank1 ,n4,y4 ,june and ,september4 ,the species is allied to ,l4 subdulcis1 from which the larger size and zonate pileus separate it4 ,the zones disappear in the dry plant1 and this change in the marking of the pileus suggests the specific name4 ,they appear to be formed by concentric series of more or less confluent spots and are suggestive of such species as ,l4 deliciosus and ,l4 subpurpureus4 ,peck1 #dc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania4 ,solitary but frequent4 ,in moist woods and margins of woods4 ,june to ,october4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,i have been familiar with and eaten this plant since #ahhb1 but thought it might be a variety of ,l4 deliciosus1 with light-colored milk4 ,l4 mutabilis is an excellent species1 equal to any ,lactarius4 ,l4 camphoratus ,fr4--camphor4 ,pileus #a-b in4 across1 brown-brick-red1 somewhat zoned1 sometimes zoneless1 fleshy1 thin1 depressed1 dry1 smooth4 ,stem short1 #a-b in41 stuffed1 somewhat undulated1 of the same color as the pileus4 ,gills adnate1 crowded1 yellowish-brick-color4 ,milk mild1 white1 odor agreeable1 spicy4 ,fries4 ,strong smelling4 ,so like ,l4 subdulcis that it can be distinguished safely only by its odor of melilot when dried4 ,stevenson4 ,pileus 4#e-a4e in4 broad4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 #b-c lines4 ,peck1 #chth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores spherical1 echinulate1 #f-g ,q42 subglobose1 #h-i ,massee2 #g4f-i ,peck4 ,taste and smell not of camphor1 but of melilot4 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis2 ,south ,carolina1 ,ravenel2 ,wisconsin1 ,bundy2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bc1 ,mon4 #chth ,rep4 ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,july to ,october1 in moist places4 ,mixed woods1 etc4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible4 ,gillet4 ,its mild taste distinguishes it at once from ,l4 rufus4 ,it has high but pleasant flavor4 ,if the flavor is too evident to suit some tastes1 it is well to mix milder species with it4 ,illustration3 ,grouped by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,studies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,xliv4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,russula ,,cyanoxantha1 #aih #e4 ,,russula ,,roseipes1 #bji #b4 ,,russula ,,emetica1 #bja #f4 ,,russula ,,virescens1 #aid #c4 ,,russula ,,flavida1 #aig #g4 ,,russula ,,puellaris1 #bjh #d4 ,,russula ,,sordida1 #aij ,,rus,,sula ,pers4 ,reddish4 7,plate ,,xlv47 ,illustration3 ,,russula4 ,pileus regular1 rigid1 usually becoming more or less depressed4 ,flesh of the pileus descending into the gills forming a cellular trama4 ,veil and consequently the ring absent4 ,stem smooth1 stout1 rigid1 brittle1 spongy within4 ,gills rigid1 fragile1 edge thin and acute4 ,spores rounded1 often echinulate1 white or yellowish4 ,on the ground4 ,closely allied to ,lactarius but separated by the absence of milk4 ,the gills of some species exude watery drops in moist weather4 ,owing to the similarity of form and the variable coloring many species are difficult to determine2 all the characters should be carefully noted1 not omitting that of the taste4 ,russul are readily distinguished by the stout1 short1 brittle stem and the fragility of the pileus and gills4 ,they especially love open woods and appear during the summer and fall months1 some being found until sharp frosts occur4 ,it has been claimed by mushroom growers1 until within a few years1 that the spores of the mushroom have to pass through the digestive apparatus of the horse before they will germinate4 ,it has been conclusively demonstrated that such a transmission is not a necessity4 ,it was for a long time my opinion--following the opinion of others--that such assistance was necessary4 ,in my many efforts to propagate valuable food species of the wild toadstools ,i endeavored to find the method by which the spores were disseminated1 and through what digestive medium they passed--either of insect or animal--before germination4 ,noticing that the ,russul were fed upon by a small black beetle1 ,i planted in suitable places1 not the toadstools1 but the beetles found upon them4 ,the result was that in several instances ,i grew the ,russul4 ,my experiments1 while interesting1 are not conclusive1 because ,i later found that the same results could be obtained from the toadstool itself when planted under its own natural life conditions4 ,it is certain that beetles can not be raised by planting ,russul4 ,the beetles known as tumble-bugs--canthon lvis--deposit eggs in the center of balls made of animal droppings2 dig a hole in the ground and drop them into it4 ,these droppings frequently contain the spores of the meadow mushroom4 ,thus planted with the proper surrounding of manure1 and at the proper depth1 the spores germinate1 spread mycelium1 and a crop of mushrooms is the result4 ,the beetle becomes a horticulturist4 ,no wonder the ,egyptians1 thousands of years ago1 made it--the scarabeus--their sacred emblem1 and that1 today1 the fleur-de-lis of ,france1 so the ,rosicrucians say1 perpetuates its glorious worth and calling4 ,most ,russul are sweet and nutty to the taste2 some are as hot as the fiercest of cayenne1 but this they lose upon cooking4 ,to this genus authors have done especial injustice2 there is not a single species among them known to be poisonous1 and1 where they are not too strong of cherry bark and other highly flavored substances1 they are all edible2 most of them are favorites4 ,where they present no objectionable appearance or taste1 their caps make most palatable dishes when stewed1 baked1 roasted or escalloped4 ,the time of cooking should be determined by the consistency of the variety2 some will cook in five minutes1 others not under thirty4 ,salt1 butter and pepper are the only necessaries as seasoning4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,tribes4 ,i4--,,compact 7compingo1 to put together2 compact74 ,page #ahg4 ,pileus fleshy throughout1 hence the margin is at first bent inward and always without stri1 without a distinct gluey pellicle 7in consequence of which the color is not variable1 but only changes with age and the state of the atmosphere74 ,flesh compact1 firm4 ,stem solid1 fleshy4 ,gills unequal4 ,,ii4--,,furcat 7furca1 a fork4 ,with forked gills74 ,page #aia4 ,pileus compact1 firm1 covered with a thin1 closely adnate pellicle1 which at length disappears1 margin abruptly thin1 at first inflexed1 then spreading1 acute1 even4 ,stem at first compact1 at length spongy-soft within4 ,gills somewhat forked1 with a few shorter ones intermixed1 commonly attenuated at both ends1 thin and normally narrow4 ,,iii4--,,rigid 7rigidus1 rigid74 ,page #aid4 ,pileus without a viscid pellicle1 absolutely dry1 rigid1 the cuticle commonly breaking up into flocci or granules4 ,flesh thick1 compact1 firm1 vanishing away short of the margin which is straight 7never involute71 soon spreading1 and always without stri4 ,stem solid1 at first hard1 then softer and spongy4 ,gills1 a few dimidiate1 others divided1 rigid1 dilated in front and running out with a very broad1 rounded apex1 whence the margin of the pileus becomes obtuse and is not inflexed4 ,exceedingly handsome1 but rather rare4 ,,iv4--,,heterophyll 7,r4 heterophylla1 the typical species of the section74 ,page #aih4 ,pileus fleshy1 firm1 with a thin margin which is at first inflexed1 then expanded and striate1 covered with a thin adnate pellicle4 ,the gills consist of many shorter ones mixed with longer ones1 along with others which are forked4 ,stem solid1 stout1 spongy within4 ,v4--,,fragiles 7fragilis1 fragile or brittle74 ,page #bja4 ,pileus more or less fleshy1 rigid-fragile1 covered with a pellicle which is always continuous1 and in wet weather viscid and somewhat separable2 margin membranaceous1 at first convergent and not involute1 in full-grown plants commonly sulcate and tubercular4 ,flesh commonly floccose1 lax1 friable4 ,stem spongy1 at length wholly soft and hollow4 ,gills almost all equal1 simple1 broadening in front1 free in the pileus when closed4 ,several doubtful forms occur4 ,r4 integra is specially fallacious from the variety of its colors4 99 ,gills and spores white4 9999 ,gills and spores white1 then light-yellowish or bright lemon-yellowish4 999999 ,gills and spores ochraceous4 ,,compac,t4 ,r4 nigricans ,bull4--nigrico1 to be blackish4 ,pileus #b-d in4 and more broad1 olivaceous-fuliginous1 at length black1 fleshy to the margin which is at first bent inwards1 convex then flattened1 umbilicato-depressed1 when young and moist slightly viscid and even 7without a separable pellicle71 at length cracked in scales4 ,flesh firm1 white1 when broken becoming red on exposure to the air4 ,stem #a in4 thick1 persistently solid1 equal1 pallid when young1 at length black4 ,gills rounded behind1 slightly adnexed1 thick1 distant1 unequal1 paler1 reddening when touched4 ,fries4 ,compact1 obese1 inodorous1 within and without at length wholly black1 in which it differs from all others4 ,the flesh becomes red when broken because it is saturated with red juice1 although it does not exude milk4 ,sometimes a very few of the gills are dimidiate4 ,in woods4 ,common4 ,june to ,november4 ,stevenson4 ,var4 albonigra ,krombh4--albo1 white2 negro1 to be black4 ,pileus fleshy1 convexo-plane1 depressed in the middle1 at length funnel-shaped1 viscid1 whitish1 smoky about the margin4 ,flesh white1 turning black when broken4 ,stem solid1 stout1 dusky1 becoming blackened4 ,gills decurrent1 crowded1 unequal1 dusky-whitish4 ,in grassy places4 ,spores papillose1 #h ,w4,g4,s42 subglobose1 rough1 #h-i ,massee4 ,new ,york4 ,our specimens agree with the description in every respect1 except that the gills are not distant4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,mild when raw1 but with a heavy woody taste4 ,cooked it makes a good dish1 but does not equal most ,russul4 ,r4 purpurina ,quel4 and ,schulz4--purple4 7,plate ,,xlva47 ,pileus fleshy1 margin acute1 subglobose1 then plane1 at length depressed in the center1 slightly viscid in very wet weather1 not striate1 often split1 pellicle separable1 rosy-pink1 paling even to light yellow4 ,gills crowded in youth1 afterward subdistant1 white1 in age yellowish1 reaching the stem1 #b-d lines broad in front1 not greatly narrowed behind1 almost equal1 not forked4 ,stem spongy1 stuffed1 very variable1 cylindrical1 attenuated above and below the middle1 rosy-pink becoming paler 7rarely white7 toward the base1 color obscure in age4 ,flesh fragile1 white1 reddish under the skin2 odor slight1 taste mild4 ,spores white1 globose1 sometimes sub-elliptical1 #d-h long1 minutely warted4 ,pileus #a4e-b4e in4 across4 ,stem up to 4#d in4 thick1 #a4b in4 long4 8,this is a beautiful and very distinct species easily known by its red stem1 mild taste and white spores40 ,peck1 #db;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,illustration3 ,photographed by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,weist4 ,,plate ,,xlva4 ,,russula ,,purpurina4 ,r4 adusta ,fr4--aduro1 to scorch4 ,pileus pallid or whitish1 grayish-sooty1 equally fleshy1 compact1 depressed then somewhat infundibuliform1 margin at first inflexed1 smooth1 then erect1 without stri4 ,flesh unchangeable4 ,stem solid1 obese1 of the same color as the pileus4 ,gills adnate then decurrent1 thin1 crowded1 unequal1 white then dingy1 not reddening when touched4 ,fries4 ,spores subglobose1 almost smooth1 #h-i ,massee4 ,in pine and mixed woods4 ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey1 in pine woods and in mixed woods4 ,august to frost4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,r4 adusta is solitary but often in small troops4 ,it is easily recognized by the brownish blotches upon its cap1 and the crowding of its thin gills4 ,the solid flesh must be well cooked4 ,it is then of good flavor4 7,plate ,,xlvb47 ,illustration3 ,,russula ,,brevipes4 ,after ,prof4 ,peck4 ,r4 brevipes ,pk4--brevis1 short2 pes1 a foot4 ,pileus #c-e in4 broad1 at first convex and umbilicate1 then infundibuliform1 dry1 glabrous or slightly villose on the margin1 white1 sometimes varied with reddish-brown stains4 ,flesh whitish1 taste mild1 slowly becoming slightly acrid4 ,lamell thin1 close1 adnate or slightly rounded behind2 white4 ,stem solid1 white4 ,spores globose1 verruculose1 #aj-ac4 ,stem #f-aj lines long1 #f-aj lines thick4 ,sandy soil in pine woods4 ,quogue4 ,september4 ,this species is related to ,russula delica1 but is easily distinguished by its short stem and crowded gills4 ,the pileus also is not shining and the taste is tardily somewhat acrid4 ,from ,lactarius exsuccus it is separated by the character of the gills and the very short stem which is about as broad as it is long4 ,the spores also are larger than in that species4 ,the gills in the young plant are sometimes studded with drops of water4 ,they are not clearly decurrent4 ,some of them are forked at the base4 ,the pileus is but slightly raised above the surface of the ground and is generally soiled by adhering dirt and often marked by rusty or brownish stains4 ,the plants grew in old roads in the woods where the soil had been trodden and compacted4 ,peck1 #dc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,west ,virginia1 #ahhb2 ,pennsylvania1 #ahhg-ahid2 ,new ,jersey1 #ahib4 ,solitary in pine and hemlock woods1 generally on bare1 compact ground4 ,august to ,october4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,this species is a sparse grower1 but its good size and respectable numbers soon fill the basket4 ,when fresh it is of good substance and flavor4 ,r4 delica ,fr4--delicus1 weaned4 7,milkless1 juiceless in gills47 ,white4 ,pileus #c-e in4 broad1 fleshy throughout1 firm1 umbilicate then infundibuliform1 regular1 everywhere even1 smooth with a whitish luster1 the involute margin without stri4 ,flesh firm1 juiceless1 not very thick1 white4 ,stem curt1 #a-b in4 long1 in4 and more thick1 solid1 even1 smooth1 white4 ,gills decurrent1 thin1 distant1 very unequal1 white1 exuding small watery drops in wet weather4 ,fries4 ,spores minutely echinulate1 white1 broadly elliptical1 #h-ajf-g ,massee4 ,in appearance it resembles ,lactarius vellereus and ,l4 piperatus1 but its gills do not distill milk or juice4 ,it differs1 too1 in its mild taste4 ,it is related to ,r4 brevipes ,pk4 ,a large1 coarse species1 cup-shaped at maturity4 ,i have found it in several localities in ,massachusetts in ,july and ,august4 ,it is of fair quality cooked1 but much inferior to ,r4 virescens1 etc4 ,macadam4 ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey1 in mixed woods1 ,august to ,october4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible4 ,taste mild4 ,from the juiceless variety of ,l4 vellereus its mild taste alone furnishes a separate character4 ,peck4 ,i have eaten it since #ahhb1 but it is not a favorite4 ,its quality is fair4 ,r4 sordida ,pk4--dirty4 7,plate ,,xliv1 fig4 #d1 p4 #ahd47 ,pileus firm1 convex1 centrally depressed1 dry1 sordid-white1 sometimes clouded with brown4 ,gills close1 white1 some of them forked4 ,stem equal1 solid1 concolorous4 ,spores globose1 #g4e4 ,taste acrid4 ,flesh changing color when wounded1 becoming black or bluish-black4 ,plant #d-e in4 high4 ,pileus #c-e in4 broad4 ,stem #f-ab lines thick4 ,ground under hemlock trees4 ,worcester4 ,july4 ,it resembles ,l4 piperatus in general appearance4 ,the whole plant turns black in drying4 ,peck1 #bfth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,pennsylvania1 ,herbst2 ,west ,virginia1 #ahha-ahhe1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey1 pine1 hemlock and mixed woods1 ,july to ,september4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,it is of better quality than most coarse-grained ,russul4 ,,furca,t4 ,r4 furcata ,fr4--furca1 a fork4 ,pileus #c in4 broad1 sometimes greenish1 sometimes umber-greenish1 fleshy1 compact1 gibbous then plano-depressed or infundibuliform1 even1 smooth1 but often sprinkled with slightly silky luster1 pellicle here and there separable1 margin thin1 at first inflexed1 then spreading1 always even4 ,flesh firm1 somewhat cheesy1 white4 ,stem #b in4 or a little more long1 solid1 firm1 equal or attenuated downward1 even1 white4 ,gills adnato-decurrent1 rather thick1 somewhat distant but broad1 attenuated at both ends1 frequently forked1 shining white4 ,fries4 ,spores globose1 echinulate1 #f-g ,c4,b4,p42 #g-hi ,massee4 ,in woods1 and grass under trees4 ,the frequently forked gills1 from which the species takes its name1 their being thick and slightly decurrent1 help to distinguish it4 ,it is quite common in its several varieties4 ,taste mild at first4 ,a slight bitter develops which disappears in cooking4 ,it is then of good quality1 not equal to ,r4 virescens4 ,older writers marked it poisonous1 doubtless for no other cause than its slight bitter4 ,i have eaten it freely for fifteen years4 ,r4 sanguinea ,fr4--sanguis1 blood4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad1 blood-red or becoming pale round the even1 spreading1 acute margin1 fleshy1 firm1 at first convex1 obtuse1 then depressed and infundibuliform and commonly gibbous in the center1 polished1 even1 moist in damp weather4 ,flesh firm1 cheesy1 white4 ,stem stout1 spongy-stuffed1 at first contracted at the apex1 then equal1 slightly striate1 white or reddish4 ,gills at first adnate1 then truly decurrent1 very crowded1 very narrow1 connected by veins1 fragile1 somewhat forked1 shining white4 ,fries4 ,spores #i-aj diameter ,massee4 ,in pine and mixed woods4 ,july to ,october4 ,color same as ,r4 rubra but differs in its hard cheesy flesh1 rigid1 slightly yellowish gills in age4 ,the gills of ,r4 sanguinea are truly decurrent1 and pointed in front4 ,poisonous4 ,stevenson4 ,krapp says he has experienced grave inconveniences from eating it4 ,myself and very many friends eat all fresh inviting ,russul4 ,we do not discriminate against a single peppery or acrid species1 not even the ,r4 emetica which has been severely maligned4 ,in fact the peppery ,russul are usually substantial in flesh and choice in substance4 ,the opinion of many is that ,r4 sanguinea is one of the best4 ,i have eaten it for years4 ,r4 depallens ,pers4--palleo1 to be pale4 ,pileus #c-d in4 across1 pallid-reddish or inclining to dingy-brown1 etc41 fleshy1 firm1 convex1 then plane1 more rarely depressed1 but commonly irregularly shaped and undulated1 even1 the thin1 adnate pellicle presently changing color1 especially at the disk1 the spreading margin even1 but slightly striate when old4 ,flesh white4 ,stem about #a in4 long1 solid1 firm1 commonly attenuated downward1 white1 becoming cinereous when old4 ,gills adnexed1 broad1 crowded1 distinct1 but commonly forked at the base1 often with shorter ones intermixed4 ,inodorous1 taste mild4 ,the color of the pileus is at first pallid-reddish1 or inclining to brownish1 then whitish or yellowish1 opaque in every stage of growth4 ,it approaches nearest to the ,heterophyll4 ,fries4 ,in beech woods1 pastures1 etc4 ,august to ,september4 ,spores subglobose1 echinulate1 #g-h ,massee4 ,r4 depallens somewhat resembles ,r4 heterophylla4 ,both are edible4 ,it is a solitary grower and not common1 but when found it occurs in good quantity4 ,it belongs to the best class of ,russul4 ,r4 subdepallens ,pk4--sub1 de and palleo1 to be pale4 ,pileus fleshy1 at first convex and striate on the margin1 then expanded or centrally depressed and tuberculate-striate on the margin1 viscid1 blood-red or purplish red1 mottled with yellowish spots1 becoming paler or almost white with age1 often irregular4 ,flesh fragile1 white1 becoming cinereous with age1 reddish under the cuticle1 taste mild4 ,lamell broad1 subdistant1 adnate1 white or whitish1 the interspaces venose4 ,stem stout1 solid but spongy within1 persistently white4 ,spores white1 globose1 rough1 #h broad4 ,pileus #c-f in4 broad4 ,stem #a4e-c in4 long1 #f-ab lines thick4 ,under a hickory tree4 ,trexlertown1 ,pa4 ,june4 ,w4 ,herbst4 ,closely related to ,russula depallens1 from which it differs in having the margin of the pileus striate at first and more strongly so when mature1 also in the pileus being spotted at first1 the gills more distant1 the stem persistently white and the spores white4 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club4 ,vol4 #bc1 ,no4 #aj4 ,october1 #ahif4 ,i do not doubt its edibility4 ,see ,r4 depallens4 ,r4 ochrophylla ,pk4--ochra1 a yellow earth2 phyllon1 a leaf4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad1 firm1 convex becoming nearly plane or slightly depressed in the center1 even or rarely very slightly striate on the margin when old1 purple or dark purplish red4 ,flesh white1 purplish under the adnate cuticle1 taste mild4 ,gills entire1 a few of them forked at the base1 subdistant1 adnate1 at first yellowish1 becoming bright ochraceous buff when mature1 dusted by the spores1 the interspaces somewhat venose4 ,stem equal or nearly so1 solid or spongy within1 reddish or rosy tinted1 paler than the pileus4 ,spores bright ochraceous buff1 globose-verruculose1 #aj broad4 ,the ochery-gilled ,russula is a large fine species1 but not a common one4 ,it differs but little in color and size from the ,european pungent ,russula1 ,russula drimeia1 but it is easily distinguished from it by its mild taste4 ,the cap is dry1 convex or a little depressed in the center1 purple or purplish red1 the white flesh purplish under the cuticle1 which1 however1 is not easily separable4 ,the gills are nearly all entire1 extending from the stem to the margin of the cap4 ,they are therefore much closer together near the stem than at the margin4 ,they are at first yellowish1 but a bright ochraceous buff when mature4 ,they are then dusted by the similarly colored spores4 ,the stem is stout1 nearly cylindric1 firm but spongy in the center and colored like the cap1 but generally a little paler4 ,there is a variety in which the stem is white and the cap deep red4 ,in other respects it is like the typical form4 ,its name is ,russula ochrophylla albipes4 ,the ochery-gilled ,russula grows in groups under trees1 especially oak trees1 and should be sought in ,july and ,august4 ,peck1 #east ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,july to ,september1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible4 ,peck1 #ejth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,,ri',,gid4 ,r4 lac'tea ,fr4--lac1 milk4 ,pileus #b in4 broad1 at the first milk-white1 then tan-white1 throughout compactly fleshy1 bell-shaped1 then convex1 often excentric1 without a pellicle1 always dry1 at the first even1 then slightly cracked when dry1 margin straight1 thin1 obtuse1 even4 ,flesh compact1 white4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 #a in4 thick1 solid1 very compact1 but at length spongy-soft within1 equal1 even1 always white4 ,gills free1 very broad1 thick1 distant1 rigid1 forked1 white4 ,fries4 ,spores subglobose1 echinulate1 #g-i ,massee4 ,closely allied to ,r4 albella ,pk4 from which it differs in its shorter stem1 and pileus cracking into areol1 and gills not being entire4 ,in mixed woods1 in patches1 not common4 ,botanic creek1 ,west ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 patches1 ,mc,ilvaine1 #ahhg4 ,edible and of good flavor4 ,macadam4 ,raw1 it has a raw1 rather unpleasant taste and odor1 a little like some acorns4 ,but its firm1 thick flesh1 meaty gills and stem1 and good flavor when well cooked1 rank it equal to any4 ,r4 albel'la ,pk4--whitish4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad1 thin1 fragile1 dry1 plane or slightly depressed in the center1 even or obscurely striate on the margin1 commonly white1 sometimes tinged with pink or rosy-red1 especially on the margin4 ,flesh white1 taste mild4 ,lamell entire1 white1 becoming dusted by the spores4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 #c-d lines thick1 equal1 solid or spongy within1 white4 ,spores white1 globose1 #g4f broad4 ,dry soil of frondose woods4 ,port ,jefferson4 ,july4 ,closely allied to ,r4 lactea1 but differing in its fragile texture1 entire lamell1 more slender stem1 and in the pileus not cracking into areas4 ,peck1 #ejth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,r4 vires'cens ,fr4--viresco1 to be green4 7,plate ,,xliv1 fig4 #f1 p4 #ahd47 ,pileus green1 compactly fleshy1 globose then expanded1 at length depressed1 often unequal1 always dry1 not furnished with a pellicle1 wherefore the flocculose cuticle is broken up into patches or warts1 margin straight1 obtuse1 even4 ,flesh white1 not very compact4 ,stem solid1 internally spongy1 firm1 somewhat rivulose1 white4 ,gills free1 somewhat crowded1 sometimes equal1 sometimes forked1 with a few shorter ones intermixed1 white4 ,fries4 ,taste mild2 good1 raw4 ,spores scarcely echinulate1 almost globular1 #f ,w4,g4,s4 ,spores #h-aj ,massee2 #f-g4f ,peck4 ,cap round when young1 very hard1 then convex or becoming dished1 sometimes repand4 ,it is without a separable skin1 covered with various sized areas of mouldy looking patches which are at times distinctly cracked4 ,the color varies from a bright bluish-green to grayish-green1 such shades remind one of mouldy cheese or the shades of ,roquefort2 again the color may vary in shades of light leather brown1 occasionally the caps are almost white1 opaque in each shade of color4 ,flesh crisp1 brittle1 thick1 white1 mild1 good raw4 ,gills and stem as described4 ,r4 virescens is common in the ,united ,states but not generally plentiful4 ,it is a solitary grower1 usually but few are found in a patch4 ,striking in appearance when its green colors are present1 and always clean looking and inviting4 ,it sometimes attains the size of #e in4 across4 ,it is a hot weather ,russula and rarely appears before the latter part of ,june1 then after rains4 ,to eat1 it should be in a healthy1 fresh condition4 ,all ,russul impart a stale flavor if any part of gills or cap is wilting1 drying or decaying4 ,it requires forty minutes' slow stewing1 or it can be dressed raw as a salad4 ,roasted or fried crisp in a hot buttered pan it is at its best4 ,it should be well salted4 ,r4 lepida ,fr4--lepidus1 neat1 elegant4 ,pileus #c in4 broad1 blood-red-rose1 becoming pale1 whitish especially at the disk1 somewhat equally fleshy1 convex then expanded1 scarcely depressed1 obtuse1 opaque1 unpolished1 with a silky appearance1 at length often cracked scaly1 margin spreading1 obtuse1 without stri4 ,stem as much as #c in4 long1 often #a in4 thick1 even1 white or rose-color4 ,gills rounded behind1 rather thick1 somewhat crowded1 often forked1 connected by veins1 white1 often red at the edge4 ,taste mild2 wholly compact and firm1 but the flesh is cheesy1 not somewhat clotted4 ,the gills are often red at the edge1 chiefly toward the margin1 on account of the margin of the pileus being continuous with the gills4 ,fries4 ,spores #h-ajf-h ,syll4 ,frequent4 ,july to ,october1 in mixed woods4 ,a common and variable species in size and color1 but the cap is always some shade of rose-red or lake4 ,the flesh is compact and cheesy4 ,the gills sometimes edged with pink as they near the margin4 ,taste mild4 ,the crisp flesh of ,r4 lepida requires forty minutes' slow stewing1 if stewed4 ,it yields a delicate pink shade to the dish4 ,roasted or cooked in a hot buttered pan it is excellent4 ,r4 rubra ,fr4--ruber1 red4 ,pileus unicolorous1 a cinnabar-vermilion1 but becoming pale 7tan7 when old1 disk commonly darker1 compact1 hard but fragile1 convex1 then flattened1 here and there depressed1 absolutely dry1 without a pellicle1 but becoming polished-even1 often sinuously cracked when old1 margin spreading1 obtuse1 even1 always persistent4 ,flesh white1 reddish under the cuticle4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 about #a in4 thick1 solid1 even1 varying white and red4 ,gills obtusely adnate1 somewhat crowded1 whitish1 then yellowish1 with dimidiate and forked ones intermixed4 ,very acrid1 very hard and rigid1 most distinct from all the others of this group in the pileus becoming polished-even1 although without a pellicle1 in the flesh being somewhat clotted1 and in the very acrid taste4 ,gills often red at the edge4 ,fries4 ,spores whitish1 ,fries2 spheroid1 #h-aj ,k4 ,krapp says he has experienced grave inconveniences from eating it4 ,european authorities mark 8poisonous40 ,i do not hesitate to cook it either by itself or with other ,russul and serve it at my table4 ,it is easier cooked than ,r4 virescens and others of the crisp species1 and has equal flavor4 ,r4 ,linni ,fr4--in honor of ,linnus4 ,pileus #c-d in4 broad1 unicolorous1 dark purple1 blood-red or bright rose1 opaque1 not becoming pale1 everywhere fleshy1 rigid1 plano-depressed1 sometimes spread upward1 even1 smooth1 dry1 without a separable pellicle1 margin spreading1 obtuse1 without stri4 ,flesh thick1 spongy-compact1 white4 ,stem #a in4 and more long1 #a in4 and more thick1 stout1 firm1 but spongy-soft within1 somewhat ventricose1 obsoletely reticulated with fibers1 intensely blood-red4 ,gills adnate1 somewhat decurrent1 rather thick1 not crowded1 broad 7more than in471 fragile1 sparingly connected by veins1 white1 becoming yellow when dry1 with a few dimidiate ones intermixed1 somewhat anastomosing behind4 ,fries4 ,spores wholly white1 ,fries2 ellipsoid1 spheroid1 echinulate1 #aa ,q42 #i-aah-i ,massee4 ,west ,virginia1 #ahha-ahhe4 ,west ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 on ,bartram's ,botanic creek4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,r4 ,linni is one of our handsomest and best ,russul4 ,european authors state its habit to be exactly that of ,r4 emetica1 but though ,i have known it intimately for many years ,i have not been struck with this in the ,american plant4 ,its large size1 its more or less red stem never entirely white1 at times hollow1 cavernous1 its less solid flesh1 habit of growing in troops1 sometimes parts of rings1 flourishing best where the leaf mat is heaviest1 loving the leaf drift in fence-corners1 are well marked distinctions4 ,when young there is no better ,russula4 ,as it ages the stem becomes soft1 spongy and should be thrown away4 ,the caps1 only1 eaten4 ,r4 olivacea ,fr4--oliva1 an olive2 olivaceus1 the color of an olive4 ,pileus #b-d in4 across1 dingy-purple then olivaceous or wholly brownish-olivaceous1 fleshy1 convexo-flattened and depressed1 slightly silky and squamulose1 margin spreading1 even4 ,flesh white1 becoming somewhat yellow4 ,stem firm1 ventricose1 rose-color to pallid1 spongy-stuffed within4 ,gills adnexed1 wide1 yellow1 with shorter and forked ones intermixed4 ,mild4 ,near to ,r4 rubra1 but certainly distinct in the stem being definitely spongy1 in the pileus being unpolished1 and in the gills being soft and brightly colored2 corresponding with ,r4 alutacea4 ,fries4 ,spores light yellow1 ,fries2 spheroid1 punctate1 #aj ,q42 globose1 minutely granulate1 yellow1 #i-aj diameter ,massee4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 #ahig-ahih4 ,pileus #b-d in4 across1 #b-c in4 long1 - in4 thick4 ,the caps are equally good with ,r4 alutacea4 ,they must be fresh1 and similarly cooked4 ,r4 flavida ,frost--yellow4 7,plate ,,xliv1 fig4 #c1 p4 #ahd47 ,pileus fleshy1 convex1 slightly depressed1 unpolished1 bright yellow4 ,gills white1 adnate1 turning cinereous4 ,stem yellow1 solid1 white at the extreme apex4 ,frost ,ms4 ,pileus fleshy1 convex1 slightly depressed in the center1 not polished1 yellow1 the margin at first even1 then slightly striate-tuberculate4 ,gills nearly entire1 venose-connected1 white1 then cinereous or yellowish4 ,stem firm1 solid1 yellow1 sometimes white at the top4 ,spores yellow1 subglobose1 #f4e-g4f in diameter4 ,flesh white1 taste mild4 ,plant #b-c in4 high4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad4 ,stem #d-f lines thick4 ,frost ,mss4 ,ground in woods4 ,sandlake4 ,august4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,r4 flavida is showy1 solitary and in patches4 ,the stem when young and solid is equally good with the cap4 ,cooks in twenty-five minutes and is of good flavor4 ,,heterophyl,l4 ,r4 vesca ,fr4--vesco1 to feed4 ,pileus red-flesh-color1 disk darker1 fleshy1 slightly firm1 plano-depressed1 slightly wrinkled with veins1 with a viscid pellicle1 margin at length spreading4 ,flesh cheesy1 firm1 shining white4 ,stem solid1 compact1 externally rigid1 reticulated and wrinkled in a peculiar manner1 often attenuated at the base1 shining white4 ,gills adnate1 crowded1 thin1 shining white1 with many unequal and forked ones intermixed1 but scarcely connected by veins4 ,of middle stature4 ,taste mild1 pleasant4 ,fries4 ,spores globose1 echinulate1 white1 #i-aj diameter4 ,massee4 ,in mixed woods4 ,common4 ,august to frost4 ,r4 vesca is frequent in woods or margins1 and under trees in the open4 ,it is especially fond of growing in the grass under lone chestnut trees4 ,the caps seldom exceed #b- in4 across4 ,it is one of the best4 ,r4 cyanoxantha 7,schaeff47 ,fr4 ,gr--blue2 ,gr--yellow4 7,from the colors47 7,plate ,,xliv1 fig4 #a1 p4 #ahd47 ,pileus #b-c in4 and more broad1 lilac or purplish then olivaceous-green1 disk commonly becoming pale often yellowish1 margin commonly becoming azure-blue or livid purple1 compact1 convex then plane1 then depressed or infundibuliform1 sometimes even1 sometimes wrinkled or streaked1 viscous1 margin deflexed then expanded1 remotely and slightly striate4 ,flesh firm1 cheesy1 white1 commonly reddish beneath the separable pellicle4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 as much as #a in4 thick1 spongy-stuffed1 but firm1 often cavernous within when old1 equal1 smooth1 even1 shining white4 ,gills rounded behind1 connected by veins1 not much crowded1 broad1 forked with shorter ones intermixed1 shining white4 ,allied to ,r4 vesca in its mild1 pleasant taste and in other respects1 but constantly different in the color of the pileus1 which is very variable1 whereas in ,r4 vesca it is unchangeable4 ,the peculiar combination of colors in the pileus1 though very variable1 always readily distinguishes it4 ,fries4 ,spores #h-i1 cystidia numerous1 pointed1 ,massee2 #h-ajf-h ,sacc4 ,in mixed woods4 ,common4 ,august to ,october4 ,pronounced one of the best esculent species by all authorities4 ,r4 heterophylla ,fr4 ,gr--differing2 ,gr--a leaf4 7,gills differing in length47 ,pileus very variable in color1 but never becoming reddish or purple1 fleshy1 firm1 convexo-plane then depressed1 even1 polished1 the very thin pellicle disappearing1 margin thin1 even or densely but slightly striate4 ,flesh white4 ,stem solid1 firm1 somewhat equal1 even1 shining white4 ,gills reaching the stem in an attenuated form1 very narrow1 very crowded1 forked and dimidiate1 shining white4 ,taste always mild1 as in ,r4 cyanoxantha1 from which it differs in its smaller stature1 in the pileus being thinner1 even1 never reddish or purplish1 with a thin closely adnate pellicle1 in the stem being firm and solid1 and in the gills being thin1 very narrow1 very crowded1 etc4 ,the apex of the stem is occasionally dilated in the form of a cup1 so that the gills appear remote4 ,fries4 ,spores echinulate1 #eg ,w4,g4,s42 #g-h diameter ,massee4 ,common4 ,woods4 ,july to ,november4 ,edible1 of a sweet nutty flavor4 ,stevenson4 ,r4 heterophylla is very common4 ,its smooth1 even pileus1 colored in some dingy shade of green1 distinguishes it4 ,it is much infested by grubs4 ,specimens for the table should be young and fresh4 ,wilted specimens are unpleasant4 ,r4 foetens ,fr4--foetens1 stinking4 ,pileus #d-e in4 and more broad1 dingy yellow1 often becoming pale1 thinly fleshy1 at first bullate1 then expanded and depressed1 covered with a pellicle which is adnate1 not separable1 and viscid in wet weather1 margin broadly membranaceous1 at the first bent inward with ribs which are at length tubercular4 ,flesh thin1 rigid-fragile1 pallid4 ,stem #b in4 and more long1 -#a in4 thick1 stout1 stuffed then hollow1 whitish4 ,gills adnexed1 crowded1 connected by veins1 with very many dimidiate and forked ones intermixed1 whitish1 at the first exuding watery drops4 ,fetid4 ,taste acrid4 ,very rigid1 most distinct from all others in its very heavy empyreumatic odor4 ,in very dry weather the odor is often obsolete4 ,the margin is more broadly membranaceous and hence marked with longer furrows than in any other species4 ,it differs from all the preceding ones in the gills at the first exuding watery drops4 ,the gills become obsoletely light yellow1 and dingy when bruised4 ,fries4 ,pileus fleshy1 with a wide thin margin1 hemispherical or convex1 then expanded or depressed1 viscid when moist1 widely striate-tuberculate on the margin1 dull pale yellow or straw color4 ,lamell rather broad1 close1 venose-connected1 some of them forked1 whitish4 ,stipe nearly cylindrical1 whitish1 hollow4 ,spores white4 ,plant sometimes cespitose4 ,height #b-d in42 breadth of pileus #b-c in4 ,stipe #d-f lines thick4 ,pine woods4 ,west ,albany4 ,october4 ,taste mild at first1 then slightly disagreeable4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores minute1 echinulate1 almost globular1 #h ,w4,g4,s42 #h-aj ,massee4 ,in woods4 ,common4 ,july to ,october4 ,var4 granulata has the pileus rough with small granular scales4 ,peck1 ,rep4 #ci4 ,a very coarse and easily recognized species4 ,reckoned poisonous1 though eaten by slugs4 ,w4,g4,s4 ,the verdict is against it4 ,both smell and taste are usually unpleasant4 ,cooked it retains its flavor1 more closely resembling wild cherry bark than anything else4 ,on two occasions ,i ate enough to convince me that it was not poisonous4 ,r4 elegans ,bresad4--elegans1 pretty4 ,mild at first1 becoming acrid with age4 ,pileus #b-c in4 across4 ,flesh rather thick2 convex then depressed2 margin tuberculose and striate when old1 viscid1 bright rosy flesh-color1 soon ochraceous at the circumference1 everywhere densely granulated4 ,gills adnexed or slightly rounded1 narrow behind1 very much crowded1 equal1 rarely forked1 whitish1 becoming either entirely or here and there ochraceous-orange4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 #e-g lines thick1 a little thickened at the base1 rather rugulose1 white1 base ochraceous4 ,flesh white1 turning ochraceous and acrid when old4 ,spores #h-aj diameter ,massee4 ,allied to ,r4 vesca4 ,known by the bright rose-colored1 densely granular pileus and tuberculose margin4 ,when old the pileus is almost entirely ochraceous4 ,massee4 ,frequent in the ,west ,virginia forests1 #ahha-ahhe4 ,chester county1 ,pa41 #ahhg-ahij4 ,in mixed woods4 ,july to ,september4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,it differs from ,r4 vesca in its cap being minutely granulated instead of streaked1 and in becoming acrid with age4 ,the caps are of good quality1 needing to be well cooked4 ,,fra,,giles4 99 ,gills and spores white4 ,r4 emetica ,fr4--an emetic4 7,plate ,,xliv1 fig4 #b1 p4 #ahd47 ,pileus #c-d in4 broad1 at first rosy then blood-color1 tawny when old1 sometimes becoming yellow and at length 7in moist places7 white1 at first bell-shaped then flattened or depressed1 polished1 margin at length furrowed and tubercular4 ,flesh white1 reddish under the separable pellicle4 ,stem spongy-stuffed1 stout1 elastic when young1 fragile when older1 even1 white or reddish4 ,gills somewhat free1 broad1 somewhat distant1 shining white4 ,handsome1 regular1 moderately firm1 but fragile when full grown1 taste very acrid4 ,fries4 ,spores shining white1 ,fries2 spheroid1 echinulate1 #h-aj ,k42 #g ,w4,g4,s4 ,maryland1 ,miss ,banning2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bb2 ,indiana1 ,illinois1 ,h4,i4 ,miller4 ,said to act as its name implies as an emetic4 ,certainly poisonous4 ,stevenson4 ,krapp says he has himself experienced rare inconveniences from eating it4 ,preferred to others in ,indiana and ,illinois4 ,h4,i4 ,miller1 #ahih4 ,the varying reports upon ,r4 emetica are quoted above4 ,in #ahha1 in the ,west ,virginia mountains1 ,i began testing this ,russula and soon found that it was harmless4 ,at least twenty persons ate it in quantity1 during its season1 for four years4 ,yet1 in my many published articles1 ,i continued1 out of regard for the opinions of others and in excess of caution1 to warn against all bitter and peppery fungi4 ,but from that time until the present ,i have eaten it1 and ,i have made special effort to establish its innocence by getting numbers of my friendly helpers to eat it4 ,it was suggested by one of its prosecutors that perhaps ,i was mistaking another fungus for it4 ,in ,october1 #ahih1 ,i sent to ,professor ,peck a lot of the ,russula ,i was eating4 ,he wrote3 8,it seems to be ,r4 emetica as you state4 ,it certainly is hot enough for it40 ,r4 pectinata ,fr4--pecten1 a comb4 ,pileus #c in4 broad1 at first gluey1 toast-brown1 then dry1 becoming pale1 tan1 with the disk always darker1 fleshy1 rigid1 convex then flattened and depressed or concavo-infundibuliform 7basin-shaped72 margin thin1 pectinato-sulcate 7deeply ribbed71 here and there irregularly shaped4 ,flesh white1 light yellowish under the pellicle1 which is not easily separable4 ,stem curt1 #c in4 long1 -#a in4 thick1 rigid1 spongy-stuffed1 longitudinally slightly striate1 shining white1 often attenuated at the base4 ,gills attenuato-free behind1 broader toward the margin1 somewhat crowded1 equal1 simple1 white4 ,odor weak1 but nauseous1 approaching that of ,r4 foetens4 ,fries4 ,spores #h-i diameter ,massee4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #dc;d ,rep4 ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey4 ,common in woods1 grassy1 mossy places4 ,july to frost4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,named from the furrows of the margin being like the teeth of a comb4 ,both the appearance and smell of this ,russula will detect it4 ,the peculiar comb-like furrows of its margin1 viscid or varnished-looking cap1 and strong but more spicy smell than cherry-bark are noticeable4 ,it is edible1 but so strong in flavor that a piece of one will spoil a dish if cooked with other kinds4 ,r4 ochroleuca ,fr4 ,gr--pale yellow2 ,gr--white4 ,pileus yellow1 becoming pale1 fleshy1 flattened or depressed1 polished1 with an adnate pellicle1 the spreading margin becoming even4 ,stem spongy1 stuffed1 firm1 slightly reticulato-wrinkled1 white1 becoming cinereous4 ,gills rounded behind1 united1 broad1 somewhat equal1 white becoming pale4 ,odor obsolete1 but pleasant4 ,the pileus is never reddish4 ,it agrees wholly with ,r4 emetica in structure and stature1 as well as in the acrid taste2 it differs however in the stem being slightly recticulato-wrinkled1 white becoming cinereous1 in the adnate pellicle of the pileus1 in the margin remaining for a long time even 7remotely striate1 but not tubercular1 only when old71 and in the gills being rounded behind and becoming pale4 ,the color of the pileus is constant4 ,the gills remain free and do not exude drops4 ,fries4 ,cap #b-d in4 across4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 up to in4 thick4 ,spores papillose1 #g ,w4,g4,s41 #hi ,massee4 ,frequent in woods4 ,july to ,october4 ,not as common as ,r4 emetica1 yet frequently found1 usually solitary1 at times gregarious4 ,it is quite peppery1 but loses pepperiness in cooking4 ,myself and others have frequently eaten it4 ,r4 citrina ,gillet--citrina1 citron colored4 ,mild4 ,pileus #b-c in4 across1 slightly fleshy at the disk1 margin thin2 convex then more or less expanded and slightly depressed1 rather viscid when moist1 smooth1 slightly wrinkled at the margin when old1 bright lemon-yellow1 color usually uniform1 sometimes paler at the margin1 occasionally with a greenish tint1 center of pileus at length becoming pale-ochraceous2 pellicle separable4 ,gills slightly decurrent1 broadest a short distance from the margin1 and gradually becoming narrower towards the base1 forked at the base and also sometimes near the middle1 white1 #a lines deep at broadest part4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 about #d lines thick1 equal or slightly narrowed at the base1 slightly wrinkled1 straight or very slightly waved1 solid4 ,spores subglobose1 echinulate1 #h diameter4 ,in woods4 ,known by the clear lemon-yellow or citron-colored pileus and the persistently white gills and stem4 ,the taste is mild at first1 but becomes slightly acrid if kept in the mouth for a short time4 ,massee4 ,r4 citrina can hardly be classed among the acrid species4 ,the taste is slightly of cherry-bark and disappears in cooking4 ,it is usually found in patches which contain ten to twenty individuals4 ,it is a species of fair quality4 ,r4 fragilis ,fr4--fragile4 ,pileus #a-a in4 broad1 rarely more1 flesh-color1 changing color1 very thin1 fleshy only at the disk1 at the first convex and often umbonate1 then plane and depressed1 pellicle thin1 becoming pale1 slightly viscid in wet weather2 margin very thin1 tuberculoso-striate4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 spongy within1 soon hollow1 often slightly striate1 white4 ,gills slightly adnexed1 very thin1 crowded1 broad1 ventricose1 all equal1 shining white4 ,fries4 ,very acrid4 ,smaller and more fragile than the rest of the group1 directly changing color4 ,the color is variable1 often opaque1 typically flesh-color1 when changed in color white externally and internally1 often with reddish spots4 ,among varieties of color is to be noted a livid flesh-colored form1 with the disk becoming fuscous4 ,it is not easy to define it from fragile forms of ,r4 emetica1 but the gills are much more crowded1 thinner1 and often slightly eroded at the edge1 ventricose2 the pileus thinner and more lax1 etc4 ,stevenson4 ,var4 nivea ,fr4--nivea1 snowy4 ,whole plant white4 ,spores minutely echinulate #h-ajh ,massee4 ,though one of the peppery kind1 ,i have not1 after fifteen years of eating it1 had reason to question its edibility4 ,the caps are not meaty1 but what there is of them is good4 ,r4 punctata ,gillet--punctata1 dotted4 ,mild4 ,pileus #a-b in4 across4 ,flesh thin1 white1 reddish under the cuticle2 convex then flattened1 viscid1 rosy1 disk darkest1 punctate with dark reddish point-like warts1 pale when old2 margin striate4 ,gills slightly adnexed1 #b lines broad1 white then yellowish1 edge often reddish4 ,stem about #a in4 long1 #d-e lines thick1 attenuated and whitish at the base1 remainder colored like the pileus1 stuffed4 ,spores #h-i diameter ,massee4 ,among grass4 ,edible4 ,boston ,myc4 ,club ,bull4 #ahif4 9999 ,gills and spores white then yellowish or bright lemon4 ,r4 integra ,fr4--integer1 entire1 whole4 ,pileus #d-e in4 across1 typically red1 changing color1 fleshy1 campanulato-convex then expanded and depressed1 fragile when full-grown1 with a gluey pellicle1 at length furrowed and somewhat tubercular at the margin4 ,flesh white1 sometimes yellowish above4 ,stem at first short1 conical1 then club-shaped or ventricose1 as much as #c in4 long1 up to #a in4 thick1 spongy-stuffed1 commonly stout1 even1 shining white4 ,gills somewhat free1 very broad1 up to in41 equal or bifid at the stem1 somewhat distant1 connected by veins1 pallid-white1 at length light yellow1 somewhat powdered yellow with the spores4 ,taste mild1 often astringent4 ,the most changeable of all species1 especially in the color of the pileus which is typically red1 but at the same time inclining to azure-blue1 bay-brown1 olivaceous1 etc4 ,sometimes the gills are sterile and remain white4 ,fries4 ,spores ellipsoid-spheroid or spheroid echinulate1 globose1 rough1 #h-i ,c4,b4,p42 #i-aj diameter1 pale ochraceous4 ,massee4 ,it is difficult to separate ,r4 integra from ,r4 alutacea4 ,the spores usually show upon the gills as pale dull yellow powder4 ,it is of equal excellence4 ,r4 decolorans ,fr4--de and coloro1 to color4 ,pileus #c-e in4 broad1 color various1 at first orange-red1 then light yellow and becoming pale1 fleshy1 spherical then expanded and depressed1 remarkably regular1 viscid when moist1 thin and at length striate at the margin4 ,flesh white1 but becoming somewhat cinereous when broken1 and more or less variegated with black spots when old4 ,stem elongated1 #c-e in41 cylindrical1 solid1 but spongy within1 often wrinkled-striate1 white then becoming cinereous especially within4 ,gills adnexed1 often in pairs1 thin1 crowded1 fragile1 white then yellowish4 ,taste mild4 ,colors changeable according to a fixed rule1 but not variable4 ,the gills are not ochraceous-pulverulent as in ,r4 integra1 nor shining and pure yellow as in ,r4 aurata1 etc4 ,fries4 ,spores yellow1 #h4c ,morgan4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,angora1 ,west ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 #ahig1 in mixed woods4 ,august to ,october4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,esculent and of good quality4 ,morgan4 ,meals of it make one regret its scarcity4 ,r4 basifurcata ,pk4--forked near stem4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad1 firm1 convex1 umbilicate1 becoming somewhat funnel form1 glabrous1 slightly viscid when moist1 the thin pellicle scarcely separable except on the margin1 dingy-white1 sometimes tinged with yellow or reddish-yellow1 the margin nearly even4 ,lamell rather close1 narrowed toward the base1 adnate or slightly emarginate1 many of them forked near the base1 a few short ones intermingled1 white becoming yellowish4 ,stem #h-ab lines long1 #e-f lines thick1 firm1 solid1 becoming spongy within1 white4 ,spores elliptical1 pale yellow1 uninucleate or shining1 #if4e4 ,flesh white1 taste mild1 then bitterish4 ,dry hard ground in paths and wood roads4 ,canoga1 ,n4,y4 ,july4 ,this species closely resembles pale forms of ,r4 furcata1 from which it is separated by the absence of any silky micor and by the yellowish color and elliptical shape of the spores and by the yellowish hue of the lamell4 ,peck1 #chth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,september1 #ahih1 to frost4 ,gravelly ground4 ,solitary4 ,gills adnate4 ,identified as his species by ,professor ,peck4 ,the slight bitterish taste disappears in cooking4 ,it is edible and of fair quality4 ,r4 aurata ,fr4--aurum1 gold4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad1 varying lemon-yellow1 orange and red1 disk darker1 fleshy1 rigid1 brittle however1 hemispherical then plane1 disk not depressed1 pellicle thin1 adnate1 viscid in wet weather1 margin even1 and slightly striate only when old1 but sometimes wrinkled4 ,flesh lemon-yellow under the pellicle1 white below4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 solid1 firm1 but spongy within1 cylindrical1 obsoletely striate1 white or lemon-yellow4 ,gills rounded free1 connected by veins1 broad1 equal1 shining1 never pulverulent1 whitish inclining to light yellow1 but vivid lemon-yellow at the edge4 ,fries4 ,west ,virginia1 #ahha-ahhe2 ,pennsylvania1 #ahhg-ahih4 ,in woods under pines4 ,july to ,october4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,pileus sometimes depressed in center1 very viscid when wet4 ,a troop of this ,russula upon brown wood mat is a pretty sight4 ,its rich and brightly-colored cap attracts the eye from a distance4 ,the yellow edge of its gills is the distinctive mark of the species4 ,the smell is pleasant1 the taste slightly of cherry bark4 ,cooked it is one of the best ,russul4 ,r4 atropurpurea ,pk4--atre1 black2 purpureus1 purple4 ,dark purple ,russula4 ,pileus #c-d in4 broad1 at first convex1 then centrally depressed1 glabrous1 dark purple1 blackish in the center1 the margin even or slightly striate4 ,flesh white1 grayish or grayish-purple under the separable pellicle1 taste mild1 odor of the drying plant fetid1 very unpleasant4 ,lamell nearly equal1 subdistant1 sometimes forked near the stem1 at first white1 then yellowish1 becoming brownish where bruised4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #e-h lines thick1 equal1 glabrous1 spongy within1 white1 brownish where bruised4 ,spores subglobose1 minutely rough1 pale ochraceous with a salmon tint1 #h-aj4 ,open woods4 ,gansevoort4 ,july4 ,in color this species resembles ,r4 variata1 but in other respects it is very different4 ,it is very distinct in the peculiar color of its spores1 and in the brownish hue assumed by wounds4 ,peck1 #dast ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,west ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,july1 #ahig4 ,open woods4 ,solitary4 ,philadelphia ,myc4 ,center4 ,many were eaten and enjoyed4 ,only fresh plants are acceptable1 and they should be cooked as soon as gathered4 ,even in wilting they become unpleasant4 999999 ,gills and spores ochraceous4 ,r4 alutacea ,fr4--aluta1 tanned leather4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad1 commonly bright blood-color or red1 even black-purple1 but becoming pale1 especially at the disk1 fleshy1 bell-shaped then convex1 flattened and somewhat umbilicate1 even1 with a remarkably sticky pellicle1 margin thin1 at length striate1 tubercular4 ,flesh snow-white4 ,stem #b in4 long1 solid1 stout1 equal1 even1 white1 most frequently variegated-reddish1 even purple4 ,gills at first free1 thick1 very broad1 connected by veins1 all equal1 somewhat distant1 at first pallid light yellow1 then bright ochraceous1 not pulverulent4 ,it is distinguished from ,r4 integra by its gills not being pulverulent4 ,fries4 ,spores yellow #g-i ,massee2 #aa-adh-aj ,sacc41 ,syll4 ,july to frost4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,r4 alutacea is easily recognized among ,russul by its mild taste and broad yellow gills4 ,in young specimens one sometimes has to look at the gills at an angle to detect the yellow4 ,it is quite common but a solitary grower4 ,it is everywhere eaten as a favorite4 ,only fresh plants yield a good flavor4 ,when the stem is soft1 it should be thrown away4 ,r4 puellaris ,fr4 7,plate ,,xliv1 fig4 #g1 p4 #ahd47 ,mild4 ,pileus #a-a in4 across1 flesh almost membranaceous except the disk2 conico-convex then expanded1 at first rather gibbous1 then slightly depressed1 scarcely viscid1 color peculiar1 purplish-livid then yellowish1 disk always darker and brownish2 tuberculosely striate1 often to the middle4 ,gills adnate but very much narrowed behind1 thin1 crowded1 white then pale-yellow1 not shining nor powdered with the spores4 ,stem #a-a in4 long1 #b-d lines thick1 equal1 soft1 fragile1 wrinkled under a lens1 white or yellowish2 stuffed1 soon hollow2 taste mild4 ,spores subglobose1 pale-yellow1 echinulate1 #ajh-i ,massee4 ,in woods4 ,among the most frequent and readily recognized of species1 occurring in troops4 ,always small1 thin1 taste mild4 ,allied to ,r4 nitida1 but more slender2 color paler1 and not shining4 ,fries4 ,distinguished from ,r4 nitida and ,r4 nauseosa by the absence of smell4 ,massee4 ,var4 intensior ,cke4 ,nearly the same size as the typical form2 pileus deep purple1 nearly black at the disk4 ,the stem has a tendency to become thickened at the base1 and turns yellowish when touched4 ,var4 roseipes ,sec41 given by ,massee1 has been retained as a distinct species by ,professor ,peck1 ,rep4 #ea1 and is described in place4 ,r4 pusilla ,pk41 #ejth ,rep41 is closely allied to it4 ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey1 ,north ,carolina4 ,common in woods and under trees in short grass4 ,july to ,september4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,this little ,russula is ubiquitous4 ,it does not amount to much when other fungi are plenty1 because of its very thin cap1 but it thrives in all sorts of summer weather4 ,when its companions are scarce or parched ,r4 puellaris is gladly gathered by the mycophagist1 its numbers making up for its lightness and lack of flavor4 ,r4 pusilla ,pk4--little4 ,pileus very thin1 nearly plane or slightly and umbilicately depressed in the center1 glabrous1 slightly striate on the margin1 red1 sometimes a little darker in the center1 the thin pellicle separable4 ,flesh white1 taste mild4 ,lamell broad for the size of the plant1 subventricose1 subdistant1 adnate or slightly rounded behind1 white1 becoming yellowish-ochraceous in drying4 ,stem short1 soft1 solid or spongy within1 white4 ,spores faintly tinged with yellow1 #g4f broad4 ,pileus scarcely #a in4 broad4 ,stem #f-ab lines long1 #b-c lines thick4 ,bare ground in thin woods4 ,port ,jefferson4 ,july4 ,the coloring matter of the pileus may be rubbed upon paper and produce on it red stains if the surface is previously moistened with water or dilute alcohol4 ,this is one of the smallest ,russulas known to me4 ,the pileus was less than an inch broad and the stem less than an inch long in all the specimens seen by me4 ,the species is closely allied to ,r4 puellaris1 and especially resembles the variety intensior in color4 ,it differs in its smaller size1 even or but slightly striate margin1 broad lamell and in the stem or flesh not becoming yellowish spotted where touched4 ,peck1 #ejth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,west ,virginia1 #ahha-ahhe4 ,pennsylvania1 #ahif-ahig4 ,july to ,september4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,it makes up in quality what it lacks in quantity4 ,r4 roseipes 7,secr47 ,bres4--rosa1 a rose2 pes1 a foot4 7,plate ,,xliv1 fig4 #e1 p4 #ahd47 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad1 convex becoming nearly plane or slightly depressed1 at first viscid1 soon dry1 becoming slightly striate on the thin margin1 rosy-red variously modified by pink orange or ochraceous hues1 sometimes becoming paler with age1 taste mild4 ,gills moderately close1 nearly entire1 rounded behind and slightly adnexed1 ventricose1 whitish becoming yellow4 ,stem #a-c in4 long1 #c-d lines thick1 slightly tapering upward1 stuffed or somewhat cavernous1 white tinged with red4 ,spores yellow1 globose or subglobose4 ,the plants grow in woods of pine and hemlock and have been collected in ,july and ,august4 ,the flesh is tender and agreeable in flavor4 ,peck1 #east ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores globose1 minutely echinulate1 pale ochraceous1 #h-aj diameter ,massee4 ,r4 roseipes is common in ,west ,virginia under hemlocks and spruces4 ,at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 it grew sparingly under pines4 ,it is excellent4 ,r4 ,mari ,pk4 ,pileus fleshy1 convex1 subumbilicate1 at length expanded and centrally depressed1 minutely pulverulent1 bright pink-red 7crimson lake71 the disk a little darker1 margin even4 ,lamell rather close1 reaching the stem1 some of them forked1 venose-connected1 white1 then yellowish4 ,stem equal1 solid1 colored like the pileus except the extremities which are usually white4 ,spores globose1 nearly smooth1 #g4f in diameter2 flesh of the pileus white1 red under the cuticle1 taste mild4 ,plant #b in4 high4 ,pileus #a4e-b in4 broad4 ,stem #c-f lines thick4 ,dry ground in woods4 ,catskill mountains4 ,july4 ,the minute colored granules1 which give the pileus a soft pruinose appearance1 are easily rubbed off on paper1 and water put upon the fresh specimens is colored by them4 ,peck1 #bdth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #bdth and #ejth ,rep42 ,west ,virginia1 #ahhb-ahhe2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 solitary in mixed woods4 ,july to ,september4 #ahig-ahih4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,it is on a par with most ,russul4 ,r4 ochracea ,fr4--ochra1 a yellow earth4 ,mild4 ,pileus about #c in4 across4 ,flesh rather thick at the center1 becoming thin toward the margin1 pale ochraceous1 soft2 convex then expanded and depressed1 margin coarsely striate1 pellicle thin1 viscid1 ochraceous with a tinge of yellow1 disk usually becoming darker4 ,gills slightly adnexed1 broad1 scarcely crowded1 ochraceous4 ,stem about #a in4 long1 #e-g lines thick1 slightly wrinkled longitudinally1 ochraceous1 stuffed1 soft4 ,spores globose1 echinulate1 ochraceous1 #aj-ab diameter4 ,in pine and mixed woods4 ,the mild taste and ochraceous color of every part1 including the flesh1 separate the present from every other species4 ,commonly confounded with ,russula fellea1 but known at once by its mild taste4 ,agreeing most nearly with ,r4 lutea in color1 but differing in the softer flesh1 which becomes ochraceous upward2 sulcate margin of the pileus1 and broader1 less crowded gills4 ,pileus persistently ochraceous1 disk usually darker4 ,stem sometimes yellow1 sometimes white4 ,fries4 ,north ,carolina1 borders of woods1 ,curtis2 ,california1 ,harkness and ,moore4 ,fries says that the flavor is mild1 but ,roze places it in the list of suspected species1 although he notes it as not acrid2 it may be inferred that he considers the flavor unpleasant4 ,macadam4 8,like chicken10 not common4 ,boston ,myc4 ,club ,bull4 #ahif4 ,r4 lutea 7,huds47 ,fr4--luteus1 yellow4 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad1 yellow1 at length becoming pale1 and occasionally wholly white1 thinly fleshy1 soon convexo-plane or plano-depressed1 sticky when moist1 even or when old obsoletely striate at the margin4 ,flesh white4 ,stem in4 long1 #c-d lines thick1 stuffed then hollow1 soft1 fragile1 equal1 even1 white1 never reddish4 ,gills somewhat free1 connected by veins1 crowded1 narrow1 all equal1 ochraceous-egg-yellow4 ,always small1 very regular1 taste mild4 ,when young the pileus is always of a beautiful yellow4 ,fries4 ,spores yellow1 echinulate1 #h ,w4,g4,s42 globose1 rough1 #f-g ,c4,b4,p42 #h-ajg-h ,massee4 ,allied to ,r4 vitellina1 but differs in having the margin of the cap even1 and but little odor4 ,the plant ,i have so referred has the gills at first white and the stem yellow like the pileus2 it may be a new species4 ,in beech woods1 ,morgan2 ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey1 in mixed woods1 often under beeches1 ,august to ,november1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,the plants ,i have found have white gills when young 7few species have not71 but rapidly become yellow4 ,the stem is usually white when young1 and sometimes remains so1 but often becomes more or less yellow4 ,it is a pretty species4 ,the flavor is not as strong as in some species1 but is delicate4 ,r4 nauseosa ,fr4 ,pileus variable in color1 typically purplish at the disk1 then livid1 but becoming pale and often whitish1 laxly fleshy1 thin1 at first plano-gibbous1 then depressed1 viscid in wet weather1 furrowed and somewhat tubercular at the somewhat membranaceous margin4 ,flesh soft1 white4 ,stem short1 about #a in4 long1 #d lines thick1 spongy-stuffed1 slightly striate1 white4 ,gills adnexed1 ventricose1 somewhat distant1 here and there with a few shorter ones intermixed1 light yellow then dingy ochraceous4 ,the taste is mild1 but also nauseous1 as the odor often is4 ,the habit is that of ,r4 nitida1 of the same color of pileus1 but differing in the color of the gills4 ,fries4 ,cap about #b in4 across4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 - in4 thick4 ,spores dingy yellow1 #h-i diameter4 ,massee4 ,north ,carolina and ,pennsylvania1 ,schweinitz2 ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey1 in pine and mixed woods4 ,august to ,october4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,the odor and taste of ,r4 nauseosa are misnamed1 therefore the plant4 ,they are heavy at times1 when the plant is wet or old1 as is the case with ,r4 foetens1 but they are always of cherry bark4 ,both odor and taste disappear in cooking4 ,the species is as good as any ,russula of its texture4 ,r4 vitellina ,fr4--vitellus1 yolk of egg4 ,pileus #a in4 broad1 uni-colorous1 light yellow then wholly pallid1 somewhat membranaceous1 at length tuberculoso-striate1 somewhat dry1 disk very small1 slightly fleshy4 ,stem thin1 scarcely exceeding #a in4 long1 #b lines thick1 equal4 ,gills separating-free1 equal1 distant1 rather thick1 connected by veins1 saffron-yellow4 ,pretty1 very fragile1 strong-smelling1 mild4 ,fries4 ,spores #g-h diameter ,massee4 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania1 ,august to ,october4 ,in pine and mixed woods1 ,july to ,october4 ,not common in number4 ,this pretty species has a cherry-bark taste and smell like ,r4 foetens1 though not so offensively heavy4 ,it is not poisonous4 ,a small piece of it will affect a whole dish of other ,russul4 ,r4 chamleontina ,fr4--changing color like a chamleon4 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad1 thinly fleshy1 soon flattened1 sometimes oblique with a thin1 separable1 viscid pellicle1 which is at first flesh-color1 then presently changing color1 becoming yellow at the disk and at length wholly yellow1 margin even1 then slightly striate4 ,stem as much as #c in4 long1 but thin1 somewhat hollow1 slightly striate1 white4 ,gills more or less adnexed1 thin1 crowded1 equal1 narrow1 somewhat forked1 light-yellow-ochraceous4 ,mild1 inodorous1 very fragile4 ,pileus rosy blood-red1 purplish lilac1 etc4 ,sometimes even at the first yellowish at the disk4 ,fries4 ,spores globose1 ochraceous1 #g-h diameter ,massee4 ,in pine and in mixed woods4 ,august to ,october4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,the change in color of the cap which gives name to this species is not remarkable4 ,most species of ,russul are sensitive to light4 ,an otherwise highly colored cap will be almost white when a leaf adheres to it4 ,if in youth it grows under dense shade it will be very much lighter than if where light is generous1 and will remain so4 ,if in growing it thrusts itself out of shadow1 its color will change and it will deepen4 ,the apparent rarity of ,r4 chamleontina ,i think due to the close observation necessary to detect its changes in color1 which1 as ,i have found it1 are by no means constant4 ,it is quite plentiful in the pines of southern ,new ,jersey1 and at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 it is frequently found4 ,it is a good esculent species4 ,illustration ,,cantharel,,lus ,adans4 ,gr--a vase1 a cup4 ,hymenophore continuous with the stem1 descending unchanged into the trama4 ,gills thick1 fleshy1 waxy1 fold-like1 somewhat branched1 obtuse at the edge4 ,spores white4 ,fleshy1 putrescent fungi1 without a veil4 ,fries4 ,illustration3 ,,cantharellus ,,cibarius4 ,in ,cantharellus the gills--vein-like and generally thick with an obtuse edge--are entirely different from those of all the preceding genera4 ,in those they are thin1 and distinct from the pileus and from each other4 ,in ,hygrophorus the gills are frequently thick1 but the edge is always sharp4 ,the species of ,craterellus are funnel-shaped1 resembling some of those in ,cantharellus1 but are distinguished by their lack of evident gills4 ,monograph ,new ,york ,species of ,cantharellus1 ,peck1 ,bull4 #ahhg4 ,the members of this genus are few1 but they are choice4 ,of them is the ,cantharellus cibarius1 of which ,trattinik quaintly says3 8,not only this same fungus never did any one harm1 but might even restore the dead40 ,the writer first made its acquaintance when among the ,west ,virginia mountains in #ahha4 ,the golden patches of single and clustered cibarius1 fragrant as ripened apricots1 tufting the short grass or mossy ground under beeches1 oaks and like-growing trees1 through which the sunlight filtered generously1 were so tempting1 that he determined there must be luxury1 even in death1 from such toadstools4 ,experiments made by the writer in ,west ,virginia where the species grows luxuriantly and is of much higher flavor than any he has found elsewhere1 prove that it is easy to transplant within congenial habitats1 either by the mycelium or spores4 ,nature1 there1 resorts to washing masses of leaves containing the propagating parts of the fungus along the depressions of the water-sheds1 and it is found growing plentifully where the wind has drifted forest leaves against trees1 brush1 and fence-corners4 ,illustration3 ,grouped by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,studies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,xlvi4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,cantharellus ,,floccosus1 #bah #d4 ,,cantharellus ,,cibarius1 #bae #b4 ,,morchella ,,esculenta1 #edb #e4 ,,cantharellus ,,brevipes1 #bai #c4 ,,craterellus #ejh ,,cantharellus1 ,other species of the genus do not1 as a rule1 grow so plentifully1 neither are they of equal excellence1 but several of them are equal to any other species4 ,suspicion has been thrown upon ,c4 aurantiacus4 ,there is such a marked difference between the excellence of the genus in ,west ,virginia and other localities1 that it is possible ,c4 aurantiacus may be noxious elsewhere1 but the writer has not found it so2 and it would be an astonishing contradiction of ,nature's ways if it was4 ,stevenson says3 8,it 7,c4 cibarius7 must have four hours slow cooking40 ,the writer has found thirty minutes to be sufficient2 and it will fry in butter as quickly as any other fungus4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,tribes4 ,,mesopus 7mesos1 middle2 pous1 a foot74 ,page #bae4 ,stem central4 99 ,stem solid4 9999 ,stem tubular4 ,,pleuropus 7pleura1 the side2 pous1 a foot74 ,stem lateral4 ,,resupinatus 7resupinatus1 lying on the back74 ,stem absent4 ,all the species known to be edible belong to ,mesopus4 ,,me,,sopus4 99 ,stem solid4 ,c4 cibarius ,fr4--cibaria1 food4 7,plate ,,xlvi1 fig4 #d1 p4 #bad4 ,plate ,,xlvii47 ,pileus fleshy1 obconic1 smooth1 egg-yellow1 slightly depressed4 ,gills thick1 distant1 more or less branching and anastomosing1 concolorous4 ,stem firm1 solid1 often tapering downward1 concolorous4 ,flesh white4 ,height #b-d in41 breadth of pileus #b-c in4 ,stem #c-f lines thick4 ,in open woods and grassy places4 ,common4 ,july and ,august4 ,edible4 ,the smell of apricots is not always clearly perceptible in ,american specimens4 ,peck1 ,monograph ,new ,york ,species of ,cantharellus1 ,rep4 #bc4 ,spores #fh ,w4,g4,s42 #g4fe ,morgan2 spheroid-ellipsoid1 #h-ie-f ,k42 #aa ,q4 ,reported from the ,atlantic to the ,pacific and from ,columbia river to ,louisiana4 ,june to ,september4 ,wherever grown ,c4 cibarius is one of the best4 ,in ,european countries it is highly rated1 and is expensive4 ,its mode of growth varies with its plentifulness4 ,in the ,west ,virginia mountains large patches of it closely cover the ground4 ,clusters weighing pound are frequent4 7,plate ,,xlvii47 ,illustration3 ,,cantharellus ,,cibarius4 ,when shredded1 or cut across the fibers1 slow cooking for half an hour is sufficient1 if the plants are fresh4 ,if gathered for some hours1 they should be soaked for a time4 ,c4 minor ,pk4 ,pileus fleshy1 thin1 convex then expanded and depressed1 egg-yellow4 ,gills very narrow1 distant1 sparingly branched1 yellowish4 ,stem slender1 subflexuous1 equal1 smooth1 hollow or stuffed1 concolorous4 ,height #a-b in41 breadth of pileus #f-ab lines4 ,in open woods4 ,july4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores #f4d-g4fd-e ,peck4 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,york1 ,pennsylvania4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,grows in the ,west ,virginia mountains1 along with ,c4 cibarius1 and separate from it4 ,it is more tender than ,c4 cibarius1 and not equal in flavor to those found there4 ,i usually cooked them together and thus got quantity well flavored4 ,c4 aurantiacus ,fr4--orange-yellow4 7,plate ,,cxxxvi1 fig4 #d1 p4 #ejh47 ,pileus fleshy1 obconic1 nearly plane above1 smooth or minutely tomentose1 dull orange with the disk usually brownish1 the margin decurved and sometimes yellowish4 ,gills narrow1 close1 repeatedly forked1 orange1 sometimes yellowish4 ,stem inequal1 generally tapering upward1 colored like the pileus4 ,flesh yellowish1 taste mild4 ,height #b-c in41 breadth of ,pileus #a-c in4 ,stem #b-d lines thick4 ,ground and very rotten logs in woods or in fields4 ,common4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores #f4d-g4fd-e ,peck1 #aje ,massee4 ,var4 pallidus ,pk4 ,pileus and gills pale yellow or whitish yellow4 ,stevenson says of the ,english species1 8,unpleasant1 reckoned poisonous40 ,the writer's acquaintance with ,c4 aurantiacus has been principally confined to ,west ,virginia4 ,there its taste is mild1 scent but little1 flavor not distinguishable from eastern ,c4 ,cibarius4 ,there it is perfectly safe and wholesome2 neither have the writer and his friends any reason for condemning it4 ,c4 umbonatus ,fr4--having an umbo4 ,pileus #a in4 and more broad1 ashy-blackish1 slightly fleshy1 convex when young1 umbonate1 at length depressed1 even1 dry1 flocculoso-silky on the surface1 shining brightly especially under a lens4 ,flesh soft1 white1 often becoming red when wounded4 ,stem #c in4 long1 about #d lines thick1 stuffed1 equal1 elastic1 villous at the base1 ash-colored1 but paler than the pileus4 ,gills decurrent1 thin1 tense and straight1 crowded1 repeatedly divided by pairs1 shining-white4 ,odor and taste scarcely notable4 ,gregarious4 ,among the taller mosses the stem is longer4 ,often overlooked from its habit being that of an agaric4 ,it varies with the pileus squamulose and blackish4 ,in woods4 ,april to ,august4 ,fries4 ,the rather prominent gills of this small species are likely to confuse those not familiar with its variance from the genuine type4 ,reddish tinge to flesh not noticed in the ,american species4 ,the writer has gathered it in several states and enjoyed it for many years4 7,plate ,,xlviii47 ,illustration3 ,,cantharellus ,,rosellus4 ,natural size4 ,c4 rosellus ,pk4--rosy4 ,pileus thin1 funnel-shaped1 regular1 glabrous1 pale pinkish-red4 ,flesh white4 ,gills narrow1 close1 dichotomous1 deeply decurrent1 whitish1 tinged with pink4 ,stem equal1 slender1 solid1 subglabrous1 often flexuous1 colored like the pileus4 ,spores minute1 broadly elliptical1 #c4eb4e4 ,pileus #d-h lines broad4 ,stem about #a in4 long1 scarcely #a line thick4 ,mossy ground in groves of balsam4 ,north ,elba4 ,september4 ,this small species belongs to the section ,agaricoides1 and is apparently closely allied to ,c4 albidus1 from which its smaller size and different color distinguish it4 ,the pileus is sometimes deeply umbilicate4 ,peck1 #db;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,frequent in pine woods of ,new ,jersey1 near ,haddonfield1 where the plant is sturdier than described4 ,though small it grows gregarious and in troops from which appetizing quantities can be gathered4 ,it makes a pretty dish of pinkish hue and one of rare excellence4 ,c4 lutescens ,bull4--yellowish4 7,plate ,,cxxxvi1 fig4 #i1 p4 #ejh47 ,pileus thin1 fleshy1 convex1 umbilicate1 brownish-floccose1 yellowish4 ,gills very distant1 sparingly branched1 arcuate-decurrent1 pale ochraceous4 ,stem slender1 slightly tapering downward1 smooth1 shining1 bright orange-tinted yellow1 stuffed or hollow4 ,height #b-c in41 breadth of ,pileus #h-ae lines4 ,mossy ground in woods4 ,catskill and ,adirondack mountains1 also ,sandlake4 ,august to ,october4 ,this is regarded by some as a variety of ,a4 tubformis4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,in mixed and scrub-pine woods near ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j42 mixed woods ,angora and ,kingsessing1 ,philadelphia4 ,perhaps constancy to ,c4 cibarius has influenced the writer in favor of members of its family1 and accounts for the gusto in 8,fine0 set opposite his notes to the present species4 ,nevertheless such is his opinion4 9999 ,stem tubular4 ,c4 floccosus ,schw4--woolly4 7,plate ,,xlvi1 fig4 #a1 p4 #bad47 ,pileus fleshy1 elongated funnel-form or trumpet shape1 floccose-squamose1 ochraceous-yellow4 ,gills vein-like1 close1 much anastomosing above1 long decurrent and subparallel below1 concolorous4 ,stem very short1 thick1 rarely deeply rooting4 ,height #b-d in41 breadth of ,pileus at the top #a-c in4 ,woods and their borders4 ,not rare4 ,utica1 ,johnson4 ,albany and ,sandlake4 ,july and ,august4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores #ab4e-aeg4f ,peck4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bc2 ,maine1 ,mrs4 ,stella ,f4 ,fairbanks2 ,west ,virginia1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a beautiful species of good quality4 7,plate ,,xlix47 ,illustration3 ,,cantharellus ,,brevipes4 ,small plant1 two-thirds natural size4 ,c4 brevipes ,pk4--brevis1 short2 pes1 a foot4 7,plate ,,xlvi1 fig4 #e1 p4 #bad47 ,pileus fleshy1 obconic1 glabrous1 alutaceous or dingy cream-color1 the thin margin erect1 often irregular and lobed1 tinged with lilac in the young plant2 folds numerous1 nearly straight on the margin1 abundantly anastomosing below1 pale umber tinged with lilac4 ,stem short1 tomentose-pubescent1 ash-colored1 solid1 often tapering downward4 ,spores yellowish1 oblong-elliptical1 uninucleate1 #aj-abe4 ,plant #c-d in4 high4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad4 ,stem #d-f lines thick4 ,woods4 ,ballston1 ,saratoga county4 ,july4 ,this interesting species is related to the ,c4 floccosus1 both by its short stem and its abundantly anastomosing folds4 ,the two species should be separated from the others and constitute a distinct section4 ,the flesh in ,c4 brevipes is soft and whitish1 and the folds are generally thinner than in ,c4 floccosus4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,plentiful in ,west ,virginia mountains in #ahhd1 growing in patches4 ,found in mixed woods near ,cheltenham1 ,pa41 and at ,springton1 ,pa41 #ahhg4 ,in ,west ,virginia it is prolific and rivals the ,c4 cibarius in excellence4 ,the flesh is softer1 not so fibrous1 and cooks more readily4 ,in that locality there is a marked difference between ,c4 brevipes and ,c4 floccosus4 ,the latter is much longer1 and markedly resembles the large end of a gold lined cornet4 ,like the ,c4 cibarius it is not of as good quality in eastern states4 ,illustration ,,nyc,,talis ,fr4 ,gr--night4 ,from inhabiting dark places4 7,plate ,l47 ,illustration3 ,,nyctalis ,,parasiticus4 ,hymenophore continuous with the stem4 ,gills fleshy1 thick1 juicy1 obtuse at the edge1 not decurrent on the stem nor fold-like4 ,veil 7in species which have been fully observed7 floccoso-pruinose4 ,fleshy fungi1 not reviving1 of uncertain and irregular occurrence1 differing in many respects from one another and from the rest of the ,agaricini4 ,fries4 ,the typical species are saprophytic on decaying fungi4 ,but one species1 ,nyctalis asterophora1 reported in ,america4 ,see ,peck1 #bfth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,,maras,,mius ,fr4 ,gr--to wither or shrivel4 7,plate ,,li47 ,illustration3 ,,marasmius ,,oreades4 ,about one-half natural size4 ,pileus regular1 thin1 tough and pliant4 ,gills pliant1 rather tough1 somewhat distant1 variously attached or free1 with an acute entire edge4 ,stem cartilaginous or horny1 continuous with the pileus but of different texture4 ,not putrescent but drying up with lack of moisture1 reviving and assuming the original form with the advent of rain4 ,this character distinguishes ,marasmius from all other genera of ,agaricace4 ,its nearer relations are ,collybia and ,mycena4 ,fries says that all ,agaricace having the smell of garlic are found in this genus4 ,on the ground1 but generally on wood or leaves4 ,professor ,peck reports over forty species of this genus found in ,new ,york state4 ,several not found in ,new ,york are reported from other states4 ,the writer has found a few such species in ,pennsylvania and ,west ,virginia4 ,many untried species will probably prove to be edible2 the majority are too small to be of food value4 ,m4 urens1 reported poisonous1 and ,m4 peronatus1 heretofore considered poisonous1 have been found by the writer to be edible4 ,several species not described herein have been tested for edibility to a limited extent only4 ,in this genus occurs the famed ,m4 oreades1 the ,mousseron of ,france1 the ,champignon and ,scotch bonnet of ,england1 the ,fairy-ring mushroom of ,america4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,tribes4 ,,collybia 7inclining to ,collybia74 ,page #bbc4 ,flesh of pileus pliant1 at length rather leathery1 grooved or wrinkled1 margin incurved at first4 ,stem somewhat cartilaginous2 mycelium woolly1 absent in some species4 ,a4 ,,scortei 7scorteus1 leathery74 ,page #bbc4 ,stem solid or stuffed1 then hollow1 fibrous within1 outside covered with down4 ,gills separating from the stem1 free4 99 ,base of stem woolly or strigose4 9999 ,stem naked at the base1 often interwoven with twisted fibers4 ,b4 ,,tergini 7terginus1 leathery74 ,page #bbe4 ,stem rooting1 distinctly tubular1 not fibrous1 distinctly cartilaginous4 ,gills receding then free4 ,pileus thinner than in the preceding group1 hygrophanous1 even or with the margin striate4 99 ,stem woolly below1 smooth above4 9999 ,stem when dry covered with velvety down4 ,c4 ,,calopodes 7,gr--beautiful2 ,gr--a foot74 ,page #bbf4 ,stem short1 not rooting1 often with a floccose or downy1 tubercular base4 ,pileus convex1 involute1 then plane and more or less depressed1 in which state the gills typically adnate are subdecurrent4 ,on twigs1 branches1 etc4 ,gregarious4 99 ,stem quite smooth above1 shining1 base not swollen4 9999 ,stem covered with velvety down1 rather swollen at the base4 ,,mycena 7inclining to ,mycena74 ,page #bbg4 ,stem horny1 hollow1 often filled with pith1 tough1 dry4 ,mycelium rooting1 not floccose4 ,pileus somewhat membranaceous1 bell-shaped1 then expaned1 margin at first straight and pressed to the stem4 ,a4 ,,chordales 7chorda1 a gut74 ,page #bbg4 ,stem rigid1 rooting or dilated at the base4 ,pileus bell-shaped or convex4 ,type manifestly that of ,mycena4 ,b4 ,,rotul 7rotula1 a little wheel74 ,stem thread-like1 flaccid1 base not dilated or floccose but appearing to enter the matrix abruptly4 ,pileus soon becoming plane or umbilicate4 ,on leaves4 99 ,stem quite smooth1 shining4 9999 ,stem minutely velvety or hairy4 ,,apus 7a1 without2 pous1 a foot74 ,pileus sessile1 resupinate4 ,i4--,,colly,,bia4 ,a4 ,,scortei4 99 ,stem woolly or strigose at base4 ,m4 urens ,fr4--uro1 to burn4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad1 unicolorous1 pale yellowish1 becoming pale1 slightly fleshy1 moderately compact at the disk1 even1 but here and there scaly or cracked in wavy lines when dry1 smooth1 the thin margin involute4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #c lines thick1 solid1 composed of crisp tough fibers1 rigid1 equal1 sometimes however ventricose1 in4 thick1 everywhere clothed with white flocci1 pale1 white-downy at the base4 ,gills free1 united behind1 at length remote from the stem1 distant1 tough1 at first pale-wood-color1 then brown4 ,gregarious1 somewhat cespitose4 ,taste very stinging4 ,the stem is not strigosely sheathed at the base4 ,fries4 ,in mixed woods4 ,frequent4 ,june to ,september4 ,a curious form occurred with the pileus turning very dark when full-grown4 ,b4 and ,br4 ,,poisonous4 ,worthington ,smith has tested it by accident4 ,it produced headache1 swimming of brain1 burning in throat and stomach1 followed by severe purging and vomiting4 ,stevenson4 ,gregarious or cespitose4 ,taste very pungent1 a feature which separates the present from ,m4 oreades4 ,not coarsely tomentose at the base1 as in ,m4 peronatus1 but only downy4 ,massee4 ,spores #cd ,w4,g4,s42 elliptical1 #hd ,massee4 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey1 ,west ,virginia4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,i have not known it to disagree with myself or friends4 ,that it may not agree with some persons is unquestioned4 ,collectors should carefully test it upon themselves4 ,m4 peronatus ,fr4--pero1 a kind of boot4 ,pileus #a-b in4 and more broad1 light yellowish or pallid brick-red1 then becoming pale1 wood-color or tan1 at first fleshy-pliant1 then coriaceo-membranaceous1 convex then plane1 obtuse1 flaccid1 slightly wrinkled1 even at the disk1 at length pitted1 striate at the margin4 ,flesh white4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #a-b lines thick1 stuffed1 fibrous1 tough1 attenuated upward1 at length hollow and compressed1 furnished with a bark1 light yellow then pallid1 cuticle villous but separating and reddish when rubbed1 somewhat incurved at the base1 where it is clothed with dense1 somewhat strigose1 yellowish or white villous down4 ,gills adnexed1 then separating1 free1 moderately thin1 and crowded1 when young whitish1 pallid wood-color1 at length somewhat remote1 reddish4 ,b4 ,woolly sheathed at the base4 ,taste acrid like that of ,m4 urens1 odor none4 ,fries4 ,in woods4 ,common4 ,stevenson4 ,spores pip-shaped1 #gd ,w4,g4,s42 #ajf-g ,massee4 ,new ,york4 ,thin woods4 ,north ,elba4 ,august4 ,september4 ,peck1 #db;d ,rep42 ,west ,virginia1 ,june to ,december1 ,west ,philadelphia and ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,chester county1 ,pa4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,m4 peronatus is the wood-cousin of ,m4 oreades4 ,it is still reputed poisonous by all writers upon the subject1 though ,m4,c4 ,cooke gives it the benefit of a doubt4 ,the name is given because of the base of the stem being densely covered with short hairs or a woolly down1 and is thus easily recognized4 ,it is common in woods1 among decaying leaves1 especially of the oak1 from ,may until after frosts4 ,it is usually solitary1 but a few individuals are sometimes clustered4 ,it is quite peppery to the taste1 but pleasantly so4 ,i have repeatedly eaten it1 as have my friends4 ,it loses its acridity in cooking1 and though the caps are tougher than ,m4 oreades1 they make a highly flavored and delicious dish4 ,collectors should carefully test it for themselves4 9999 ,stem naked at the base1 etc4 ,m4 oreades ,fr4 ,gr--mountain-nymphs4 ,scotch bonnet4 ,champignon4 ,mousseron4 7,plate ,,li1 p4 #bba47 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad1 reddish then becoming pale1 absorbing moisture1 whitish when dry1 fleshy1 pliant1 convex then plane1 somewhat umbonate1 even1 smooth1 slightly striate at the margin when moist4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #a lines thick1 solid1 very tough1 equal1 tense and straight1 everywhere clothed with a villous-woven cuticle which can be rubbed off1 pallid2 bluntly rooted at the base1 naked1 not villous or tomentose4 ,gills free1 broad1 distant1 the alternate ones shorter1 at first soft1 then firmer1 pallid-white4 ,odor weak1 but pleasant1 stronger when dried1 taste mild4 ,commonly growing in circles or rows4 ,fries4 ,spores #f-ge-f ,k42 elliptical1 #he ,massee2 nearly elliptical1 white1 #g4f-i long ,peck4 ,common throughout the states during the summer months after rains1 and in rings1 but can be found from ,may until after frost4 ,if one knows where the rings are to be found ,m4 oreades can be gathered when shriveled1 and are quite as good1 after soaking1 as when fresh4 ,m4 oreades must be sought for where the grass is luxuriant4 ,it hides among it4 ,it is well worthy of the search4 ,raw1 fresh or shriveled1 it is sweet1 nutty1 succulent when eaten2 stewed well it is delicious4 ,though tough its consistency is agreeable4 ,the most delicate stomachs can digest it4 ,the writer saved the life of a lovely woman by feeding her upon it when nothing else could be retained2 and of another1 by feeding ,coprinus micaceus1 after a dangerous operation4 ,he introduced these species1 together with a few others1 into a large hospital in ,philadelphia1 where they were used with marked beneficial effect1 and such use is now widespread4 ,when dried1 by exposure to the air or sun1 it can be kept indefinitely1 neither losing its aroma or flavor1 which it graciously imparts to soups or any other dish4 ,collybia dryophila1 ,stropharia semi-globata1 and ,naucoria semi-orbicularis are sometimes found growing with it4 ,these species are delicious and harmless4 ,lafayette ,b4 ,mendel in the ,am4 ,jour4 of ,physiology1 ,march1 #ahih1 gives the following analysis3 ,twenty freshly gathered specimens 7from ,new ,haven7 weighed #i grams1 an average weight of #j4de grams each4 ,the analysis gave3 ,water #gd4if ,total solids #be4jd ,total nitrogen of dry #e4ig substance ,ash of dry substance #g4bc ,b4 ,,tergini4 9999 ,stem downy when dry1 etc4 ,m4 ,wynnei ,b4 and ,br4 ,pileus #a-a in4 broad1 lilac-brown1 tardily changing color1 fleshy1 convexo-plane1 somewhat umbonate4 ,stem #b in4 long1 #a line thick1 tubed1 furfuraceous1 somewhat of the same color as the pileus4 ,gills adnexed1 thick1 distant1 bright-colored1 beautifully tinged with lilac2 interstices even4 ,inodorous4 ,gregarious or cespitose4 ,the stem springs from a white mycelium1 but is by no means strigose or tawny at the base4 ,quite distinct from ,m4 fusco-purpureus4 ,fries4 ,among leaves1 twigs1 etc4 ,stevenson4 ,spores elliptical1 #g-hd ,massee4 ,kingsessing1 ,west ,philadelphia4 ,gregarious and cespitose1 among leaves1 etc41 in oak woods4 ,september to ,october1 #ahhe4 ,this very pretty fungus very much resembles at first sight the small purplish ,clitocybes1 but is readily distinguished on examination4 ,i ate the caps and enjoyed them during the seasons of #ahhe and #ahhg1 but have not seen the plant since4 ,the caps are equal to ,m4 oreades4 ,c4 ,,calopodes4 99 ,stem smooth1 etc4 ,m4 scorodonius ,fr4 ,gr--a plant that smells like garlic4 ,pileus in4 and more broad1 rufous when young1 but soon becoming pale1 whitish 7not hygrophanous71 slightly fleshy1 pliant1 convex then soon plane1 obtuse1 always arid2 even when young1 at length wrinkled and crisped4 ,stem #a in4 long1 scarcely #a line thick1 horny1 tough1 tubed1 equal1 very smooth throughout1 shining1 reddish1 inserted and naked at the base4 ,gills adnate1 often separating1 connected by veins1 at length crisped in drying1 whitish4 ,commonly gregarious4 ,readily distinguished from neighboring species by its strong odor of garlic4 ,fries4 ,heaths and dry pastures on twigs1 etc4 ,rare4 ,edible4 ,esteemed for flavoring4 ,stevenson4 ,spores elliptical1 #fd ,massee4 ,north ,carolina1 ,schweinitz1 ,curtis2 ,new ,england1 ,frost2 ,new ,jersey1 ,ellis2 ,new ,york1 ,august1 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,m4 calopes ,fr4 ,gr--beautiful2 a foot4 ,pileus about #d lines broad1 whitish1 slightly fleshy1 tough1 convex then flattened1 obtuse1 rarely depressed1 even1 smooth1 slightly wrinkled when dried4 ,stem #a in4 long1 #a line thick1 tubed1 slightly attenuated upward1 even1 smooth1 tough1 dull-red or bay-brown-red1 shining1 somewhat rooted4 ,gills slightly emarginate1 in groups of #b-d1 thin1 white4 ,inodorous4 ,almost smaller than ,m4 scorodonius1 but the stem is longer1 otherwise very like it4 ,fries4 ,spores elliptical1 #gd ,massee4 ,twigs and stems among fallen leaves in woods4 ,ticonderoga4 ,august4 ,this might easily be mistaken for ,m4 scorodonius1 but it is without odor1 and has a different insertion of the lamell4 ,it is sometimes cespitose4 ,the pileus in our specimens is whitish4 ,peck1 #cast ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,because of its similarity to ,m4 scorodonius1 which is edible1 it is given here4 ,,ii4--,,mycena4 ,a4 ,,chordales4 ,m4 alliaceus ,fr4--allium1 garlic4 ,pileus #a-a in4 broad1 whitish inclining to fuscous1 often milk-white when young1 somewhat membranaceous1 campanulate then expanded1 somewhat umbonate1 even1 at length striate and sulcate1 smooth1 dry4 ,stem as much as #h in4 long1 horny1 rigid1 fistulose1 attenuated upward1 pruinato-velvety1 blackish1 rooted at the base where it is somewhat incurved and naked4 ,gills adnexed in the form of a ring1 then free1 slightly ventricose1 arid1 slightly distant1 fuscous-whitish1 crisped when dry4 ,odor strong1 of garlic1 persistent4 ,there is nothing of a reddish tinge in the whole plant4 ,the stem is not tomentose at the base as in the ,tergini4 ,fries4 ,among leaves and on rotten wood4 ,frequent4 ,august to ,october4 ,stevenson4 ,spores #ad-afh4 ,massee4 ,north ,carolina1 ,schweinitz1 ,curtis2 ,pennsylvania1 ,schweinitz2 ,minnesota1 ,johnson2 ,novia ,scotia1 ,somers4 ,edible4 ,bull4 ,boston ,myc4 ,club4 ,illustration ,,heliomyces ,lev4 ,helios1 the sun2 myces1 a fungus4 ,pileus membranaceous1 between leathery and gelatinous1 radiately sulcate4 ,gills equal1 edge acute4 ,stem somewhat woody1 cylindrical1 central4 ,allied to ,marasmius1 but differing in its sub-gelatinous substance4 ,none reported edible4 ---------- ,,lenti,,nus ,fr4 ,lentus1 tough or pliant4 7,plate ,,lii47 ,illustration3 ,,section ,,of ,,lentinus4 ,pileus fleshy-coriaceous1 pliant1 tough and hard when old1 persistent4 ,gills becoming dry1 tough1 simple1 unequal1 thin1 margin acute1 toothed1 more or less decurrent4 ,stem when present central1 excentric or lateral1 hard and firm1 continuous with the flesh of the pileus4 ,growing on wood4 ,spores somewhat round1 even1 white4 ,distinguished from other coriaceous genera by its serrated and torn gills4 8,the genera ,lentinus and ,lenzites are found in every region of the world2 their principal center1 however1 is in hot countries1 where they attain a splendid development4 ,on the contrary1 toward the north they rapidly decrease in number40 ,fungi4 ,cooke and ,berkeley4 ,in habitat and mode of growth ,lentinus closely resembles ,pleurotus1 and parallel genera with colored spores4 ,when young the species are inviting1 and when well cooked are meal-giving4 ,they are not delicacies1 but substantials4 ,they dry well4 ,grated they make soups1 and give their pleasant flavor to any dish4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,tribes4 ,,mesopodes 7mesos1 middle2 pous1 a foot74 ,page #bbi4 ,stem distinct4 ,,pleuroti 7pleura1 a side2 ous1 an ear74 ,stem lateral or absent4 ,none known to be edible ,i4--,,meso,,podes 7center-stemmed74 ,l4 ,lecomtei ,fr4 ,pileus coriaceous1 funnel-shaped1 regularly reflexed1 hairy1 tawny4 ,gills crowded1 pallid4 ,stem short1 hairy1 tawny4 ,common to the states4 ,professor ,peck writes to me3 8,this plant1 by reason of its rather tough substance1 has commonly been referred to ,lentinus1 under the name ,l4 ,lecomtei ,schw41 but this reference is scarcely satisfactory to me1 since the edge of the lamell is scarcely at all serrate as required by that genus4 ,it seems to me it would go better under the genus ,panus4 ,it is variable--sometimes eccentric or even lateral4 ,it is sometimes called ,lentinus strigosus1 but ,i do not think the two are distinct species1 however distinct they may be in form40 ,february #bf1 #ahid4 ,like all ,lentinus the present species is rather tough1 yet chopped into small pieces1 well cooked and seasoned1 it is quite equal to ,p4 ostreatus and many others of high renown4 7,plate ,,liii47 ,illustration3 ,,lentinus ,,tigrinus4 ,about one-half natural size4 ,l4 tigrinus ,fr4--tigris1 a tiger4 ,from the markings4 ,pileus commonly #b in4 broad1 white1 variegated with somewhat adpressed1 blackish1 hairy squamules1 fleshy-coriaceous1 thin1 commonly orbicular and central1 at first convexo-plane1 umbilicate1 at length funnel-shaped1 often split at the margin when dry4 ,stem about #b in4 long1 thin1 solid1 very hard1 commonly attenuated downward1 minutely squamulose1 whitish1 often ascending and becoming dingy-brown at the base1 at first furnished at the apex with an entire reflexed ring1 which soon falls off4 ,gills decurrent 7by no means sinuate71 narrow1 crowded1 unequal1 toothed like a saw1 white4 ,somewhat gregarious1 even cespitose1 thinner and more coriaceous and regular than ,l4 lepideus ,b41 wholly blackish with squamules4 ,fries4 ,on old stumps4 ,rare4 ,stevenson4 ,when fresh very tender and easily torn1 when dry coriaceous4 ,sow4 ,smell strong1 acrid1 like that of some ,lactarii4 ,m4,j4,b4 ,spores #f4fc4c ,morgan2 elliptical1 smooth1 #gc4e ,massee4 ,agreeable taste and odor1 eaten in ,europe4 ,roques4 ,edible1 tough when old and never very delicate or digestible4--,m4 ,c4 ,cooke4 ,not found in sufficient quantity to test4 ,l4 lepideus ,fr4 ,gr--scaly4 7,plate ,,xvi1 fig4 #c1 #d1 p4 #eb47 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad1 pallid-ochraceous1 variegated with adpressed1 darker1 spot-like scales1 fleshy1 very compact and firm1 irregular1 commonly excentric1 convex then depressed1 but not truly umbilicate1 sometimes broken up into cracks4 ,flesh pliant1 white4 ,stem short1 commonly #a in4 long1 solid1 stout1 very irregularly formed1 almost woody1 tomentose-scaly1 whitish1 rooted at the base1 at the first furnished with a veil toward the apex4 ,gills decurrent1 but sinuate behind1 crowded broad1 transversely striate1 whitish1 edge torn into teeth4 ,odor pleasant4 ,fries4 ,spores #aae ,w4,g4,s41 #gc4 ,massee4 ,lentinus lepideus is a sort of commercial traveler4 ,it is common wherever railroads are4 ,it is partial to oak ties and its mycelium is injurious to them4 ,it is found upon pine and other timbers4 ,the writer has collected large clusters of it from oak sawdust4 ,the ,european plant is noted as 8almost always solitary40 ,in the ,united ,states it is seldom so4 ,it is noted as growing in damp1 dark places1 but it loves the sun4 ,as a food it is about on a par with ,p4 ulmarius1 not as tough1 but harder when old4 ,it is a reliable species from spring until late autumn1 is persistent and dries well4 ,it is neat1 handsome1 prolific4 ,when young it makes a good dish1 and when old can be used to advantage in soups4 ,l4 cochleatus ,fr4--cochlea1 a snail4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad1 flesh-color1 but becoming pale1 somewhat tan1 fleshy-pliant1 thin1 commonly excentric1 imbricated1 very unequal1 somewhat lobed or contorted1 sometimes plane1 sometimes funnel-shaped-umbilicate1 but not pervious1 smooth4 ,stem solid1 firm1 sometimes central1 most frequently excentric1 sometimes wholly lateral1 always sulcate1 smooth1 flesh-colored upward1 reddish-brown downward4 ,gills decurrent1 crowded1 serrated1 white-flesh-color4 ,fries4 ,pliant1 tough1 flaccid1 very changeable in form1 sometimes solitary1 sometimes cespitose1 imbricated1 growing into each other4 ,from very small forms which are commonly solitary1 with the stem and pileus scarcely #a in4 it ranges to #c in4 ,on stumps4 ,frequent4 ,august to ,october4 ,according to ,fries the odor is weak1 of anise2 but it is generally strong and very pleasant4 ,stevenson4 ,spores nearly globular1 #d diameter ,morgan2 spheroid or ellipsoid-spheroid1 uniguttate1 #d-f ,k42 almost globular1 #d ,w4,g4,s4 ,the dense clusters of all sized members are usually plenty in favored localities4 ,it is inviting in appearance1 taste and spicy odor4 ,it retains a suspicion of the latter when cooked which gives the dish a flavor pleasant to many4 ,it must be young to be tender4 ,when dry--like others of its kind--it can be grated and used in many ways4 ,l4 ,underwoodii ,pk4 ,pileus fleshy1 tough1 convex or nearly plane1 the glabrous surface cracking into areola-like scales which are indistinct or wanting toward the margin1 whitish or slightly tinged with buff or pale ochraceous4 ,flesh white4 ,gills moderately close1 decurrent1 slightly connecting or anastomosing at the base1 somewhat notched on the edge1 whitish1 becoming discolored in drying4 ,stem stout1 hard1 solid1 eccentric1 squamose1 colored like the pileus4 ,spores oblong1 #ac-aee-f4e4 ,plant cespitose4 ,pileus #c-f in4 broad4 ,stem #a4e-c in4 long1 about #a in4 thick4 ,this differs from ,l4 magnus in its cespitose habit1 eccentric stem1 longer spores1 less distinctly areolate-squamose pileus and in its habitat4 ,the gills are connected at the base very much like those of ,pleurotus ostreatus4 ,peck1 ,torr4 ,bull4 ,vol4 #bc1 ,no4 #aj4 ,north ,carolina1 ,pennsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,the writer first met with it in ,north ,carolina1 near ,washington1 on oaks and railroad timbers1 and in ,fairmount ,park1 ,philadelphia4 ,it attains quite a size1 grows singly and in clusters4 ,its clean1 cake-like appearance is attractive4 ,cooked it ranks with ,p4 ulmarius1 ,l4 lepideus1 and ,panus strigosus4 ,illustration ,,pa,,nus ,fr4 ,a name given to a tree-growing fungus by ,pliny4 7,plate ,,liv47 ,illustration3 ,,panus ,,torulosus4 ,about one-fourth natural size4 ,whole fungus between fleshy and leathery1 tough1 not woody1 texture fibrous4 ,gills unequal1 tough1 becoming leathery1 edge acute and unbroken4 ,stem present or absent4 ,growing on wood4 ,various in form1 lasting long4 ,allied to ,lentinus but differing in the tough and very entire gills4 ,spores even1 white4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,species4 99 ,stem excentric4 9999 ,stem lateral4 999999 ,stem absent4 ,pileus resupinate or dimidiate4 ,species of this genus are among our most observable fungi4 ,their settlements are frequent on decaying trees1 stumps1 branches1 on fences1 cut timber1 etc4 ,most of them are small1 but their coriaceous build prevents their shrinking in cooking4 ,most species have a pleasant farinaceous taste and odor1 which they yield1 together with a gummy substance1 to soups and gravies4 ,tasting a small piece will immediately tell1 if the species is not known1 whether it is edible or of the styptic kind4 99 ,stem excentric4 ,p4 conchatus ,fr4--,formed like concha1 a shell-fish4 ,pileus about #c in4 across1 tough and flexible1 unequal1 excentric or dimidiate1 margin often lobed1 cinnamon-color becoming pale1 at length more or less scaly4 ,flesh thin4 ,gills narrow1 forming decurrent lines on the stem1 somewhat branched2 pinkish-white then pale-ochraceous4 ,stem about in4 long1 #c-d lines thick1 solid1 unequal1 pale1 base downy4 ,massee4 ,on trunks of beech1 poplar1 etc4 ,often imbricated and more or less grown together4 ,allied to ,panus torulosus1 but distinguished by the much thinner pileus1 more expanded and excentric1 also dimidiate1 flaccid1 cinnamon becoming pale1 but the form not constant4 ,stem about in4 long1 #d lines thick1 often compressed1 downy at the base4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad1 scaly when old4 ,gills decurrent in long1 parallel lines1 not at all resembling those of ,pleurotus ostreatus1 which anastomose behind1 but frequently unequally branched1 at first whitish or pale flesh-color1 then wood-color1 crisped when dry4 ,fries4 ,always known by its shell-like form and its tough substance4 ,sent to the writer by ,mr4 ,e4,b4 ,sterling1 ,trenton1 ,n4,j4 ,september1 #ahih4 ,the appearance of scales upon the pileus was scarcely noticeable4 ,taste pleasant4 ,the fungus is tough when old1 but yields an excellent gravy4 ,illustration3 ,photographed by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,weist4 ,,plate ,,lv4 ,,panus ,,strigosus4 ,p4 torulosus ,fr4--a tuft of hair4 7,plate ,,liv1 p4 #bcb47 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad1 somewhat flesh-color1 but varying reddish-livid and becoming violet1 entire1 but very excentric1 fleshy1 somewhat compact when young1 plano-infundibuliform1 even1 smooth4 ,flesh pallid4 ,stem short1 commonly #a in41 solid1 oblique1 tough1 firm1 commonly with gray1 but often violaceous down4 ,gills decurrent1 somewhat distant1 simple1 separate behind1 reddish then tan-color4 ,very changeable in form1 at first fleshy-pliant1 at length coriaceous4 ,in the covering of the stem it approaches ,paxillus atro-tomentosus1 but there is no affinity between them4 ,fries4 ,on old stumps4 ,spores #fc ,w4,g4,s4 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis2 ,massachusetts1 ,frost2 ,minnesota1 ,johnson2 ,kansas1 ,cragin2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #cj4 ,much esteemed in ,france1 ,w4,d4,h4 ,edible1 but tough4 ,m4,c4,c4 ,p4 lvis ,b4 and ,c4--light4 ,pileus #c in4 broad1 orbicular1 slightly depressed1 white1 clothed in the center with long1 intricate1 rather delicate hairs1 which are shorter and more matted toward the inflected margin2 substance rather thin4 ,stem #c in4 high1 in4 thick1 attenuated upward1 generally excentric1 sometimes lateral1 not rooting1 solid1 hairy below like the margin of the pileus4 ,gills rather broad1 entire1 decurrent1 but not to a great degree1 the interstices even above1 behind clothed with the same coat as the top of the stem4 ,spores white4 ,on oak and hickory trunks4 ,a most distinct species1 remarkable for its great lightness when dry and the long villous but not compressed or compound flocci of the pileus4 ,sometimes the center of the pileus becomes quite smooth when old4 ,one of the prettiest of fungi4 ,the markings upon the white margin are more precise than those of the finest bee comb4 ,one does not tire looking at the work of ,nature's geometrician4 ,it is not plentiful1 but is of useful size4 ,it has good flavor and cooks quite tender4 7,plate ,,lva47 ,illustration3 ,,panus ,,strigosus4 ,one-third natural size4 ,p4 strigosus ,b4 and ,c4--covered with stiff hairs4 ,pileus white1 excentric1 clothed with coarse strigose pubescence1 margin thin4 ,stem strigose like the pileus4 ,gills broad1 distant1 decurrent4 ,allied to ,p4 lvis4 ,pileus #h in4 broad4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #a in4 or more thick4 ,on oak stumps4 ,decaying wood of deciduous trees4 ,september4 ,it is remarkable for its large size and the dense hairy covering of the pileus and stem4 ,peck1 #bfth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,a remarkably handsome fungus4 ,a specimen taken from a cluster growing upon an apple tree measured #aj in4 across4 ,its creamy whiteness1 and short hairy stem make it unmistakable among other tree-fungi4 ,when very young it is edible1 but soon becomes woody4 ,even when aged it yields a well flavored gravy4 9999 ,stem lateral4 ,p4 farinaceus ,schum4--farina1 meal4 ,from the scurf on the pileus4 ,pileus cinnamon-umber1 somewhat coriaceous1 flexuous1 cuticle separating into whitish-bluish-gray scurf4 ,stem short1 lateral1 of the same color as the pileus4 ,gills determinately free1 distinct1 paler4 ,the habit is that of ,p4 stipticus4 ,stevenson4 ,pennsylvania1 ,a4 pleurotus f41 ,schweinitz2 ,ohio1 ,morgan4 ,var4 albido-tomentosus4 ,see ,panus albido-tomentosus4 ,p4 albido-tomentosus ,,cke4 ,,mass4--albidus1 white2 tomentum1 down4 ,pileus about in4 long1 in4 broad1 horizontal1 sometimes imbricated1 semi-circular1 subcoriaceous1 flexuous or regular1 pale umber1 densely clothed with a short1 whitish1 velvety down1 which seems to be persistent1 but thinner and shorter toward the shortly incurved margin4 ,stem lateral1 very short1 or entirely absent1 and attached by a downy base4 ,gills radiating from the point of attachment2 narrowed behind1 lanceolate1 honey-colored1 margin entire1 rigid1 scarcely crowded1 shorter ones intermixed4 ,spores subglobose1 smooth1 #e diameter4 ,on trunks and branches4 ,pileus about #a in4 broad1 often in imbricated tufts4 ,it is doubtful whether this is not a distinct species from the type described by ,fries4 ,cooke and ,massee4 ,panus albido-tomentosus is given by ,cooke and ,massee as a variety of ,panus farinaceus4 ,the writer decides to give it place as a species4 ,it has been sent to me by ,mr4 ,h4,i4 ,miller1 from ,terre ,haute1 ,ind41 by ,dr4 ,e4,l4 ,cushing1 ,albion1 ,n4,y41 ,miss ,madeleine ,le ,moyne1 ,washington1 ,pa4 ,i have found it in ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey and many parts of ,pennsylvania4 ,it is plentiful in patches upon branches and boles of deciduous trees4 ,long1 slow cooking makes it tender4 ,it makes a luscious gravy after thirty minutes' stewing4 999999 ,stem absent1 pileus resupinate or dimidiate4 ,p4 betulinus ,pk4--betula1 birch4 ,pileus thin1 suborbicular or dimidiate1 nearly plane1 glabrous1 prolonged behind into a short stem1 grayish-brown1 darker or blackish toward the stem4 ,gills narrow1 close1 decurrent1 whitish4 ,stem adorned with a slight tawny hairiness which is more fully developed toward the base4 ,spores minute1 #d-ea4e-b4 ,decaying wood of birch4 ,newfoundland4 ,october1 ,rev4 ,a4,c4 ,waghorne4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bc1 ,no4 #aj4 ,common in ,west ,virginia mountains on birches1 #ahhb2 found at ,eagle's ,mere1 ,pa41 ,august1 #ahih4 ,quite plentiful on decaying birch trees1 which abound there4 ,size from -#a in4 across4 ,eaten raw it has a gummy quality and very pleasant nutty flavor4 ,i did not have opportunity to cook it1 but regard it as a species well worth trying4 ,p4 stipticus ,fr4--stypticus1 astringent4 ,pileus -#a in4 broad1 cinnamon becoming pale1 arid1 thin1 but not membranaceous1 kidney-shaped1 pruinose1 the cuticle separating into furfuraceous scales4 ,stem not reaching #a in4 long1 solid1 definitely lateral1 compressed1 dilated upward1 ascending1 pruinose1 paler than the gills4 ,gills ending determinately 7not decurrent71 thin1 very narrow1 crowded1 elegantly connected by veins1 cinnamon4 ,fries4 ,gregarious1 cespitose1 remarkable for its astringent taste4 ,the pileus sometimes has a funnel-shaped appearance with lobes all around4 ,on stumps1 etc4 ,common4 ,august to ,february4 ,reckoned poisonous4 ,stevenson4 ,spores obovoid-spheroid1 #b-ca-b ,k42 #cd ,w4,g4,s4 ,plentiful and general4 ,the markings upon the cap in moist weather are sometimes exquisitely regular4 ,the immediate and lasting unpleasantness of this fungus to mouth and throat1 whether cooked or raw1 will cancel all desire to eat of it forevermore4 ,a nibble will detect it4 ,it is reckoned poisonous1 and may be4 ,no one but a determined suicide would resort to it4 ,dr4 ,lambotte asserts that it is a violent purgative4 ,illustration ,,xer,,otus ,fr4 ,gr--dry2 ,gr--an ear4 7,plate ,,lvi47 ,illustration3 ,,xerotus ,,degener4 ,hymenophore continuous with the stem1 descending into the trama which is homogeneous with the coriaceous pileus4 ,gills coriaceous1 broadly plicform1 dichotomous1 edge quite entire1 obtuse4 ,rigid1 persistent1 analogous with the ,cantharelli1 but differing in the whole structure4 ,fries4 ,the gills are more distant than in any species of ,agaricacc4 ,none edible4 ,,tro,,gia ,fr4 ,after ,trog1 a ,swiss botanist4 7,plate ,,lviii47 ,illustration3 ,,trogia ,,crispa4 ,natural size4 ,gills fold-like1 edge longitudinally channelled 7in the single ,european species only crisped74 ,in other respects agreeing with ,xerotus4 ,soft1 flaccid1 but arid and persistent1 texture fibrillose4 ,fries4 ,reviving when wet4 ,spores white4 ,stevenson4 ,spores elongated or cylindrical4 ,american representative1 ,trogia crispa1 var4 variegata4 ,pileus and gills variegated with bluish or greenish-blue stains4 ,sandlake4 ,september4 ,peck1 #chth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,not edible4 ,,schizophyl,,lum ,fr4 ,gr--to split2 ,gr--a leaf4 7,plate ,,lviiia47 ,illustration3 ,,schizophyllum ,,commune4 ,pileus fleshless1 arid4 ,gills coriaceous1 fan-wise branched1 united above by the tomentose pellicle1 bifid1 split longitudinally at the edge4 ,spores somewhat round1 white4 ,fries4 ,the two lips of the split edge of the gills are commonly revolute4 ,the farthest removed of all the ,agaricini from the type4 ,growing on wood4 ,stevenson4 ,common on decaying wood4 ,tough4 ,,lenzites ,fr4 ,after ,lenz1 a ,german botanist4 ,pileus corky or coriaceous1 texture arid and floccose4 ,gills coriaceous1 firm1 sometimes simple and unequal1 sometimes anastomosing and forming pores behind1 trama floccose and similar to the pileus1 edge somewhat acute4 ,the ,european species are dimidiate1 sessile1 persistent1 growing on wood1 quite resembling ,ddalea4 ,fries4 ,allied most nearly to ,trametes and ,ddalea and forming as it were the transition from ,agaricace to ,polyporace4 ,in tropical countries they are more woody in texture4 ,stevenson4 ,very common4 ,none edible4 7,plate ,,lvii47 ,illustration ,,rhodosporae4 ,illustration ,hymenophore distinct from fleshy stem4 ,,volvaria4 ,,pluteus ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,hymenophore confluent and homogeneous with fleshy stem4 ,,entoloma4 ,,clitopilus4 ,,claudopus4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,hymenophore confluent with1 but heterogeneous from cartilaginous stem4 ,,leptonia4 ,,nolanea4 ,,eccilia4 ,,plate ,,lviiib4 ,,chart ,,of ,,genera ,,in ,,pink-,,spored ,,series--,,rhodosporae4 ,,page #bci4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ---------- ,series ,,ii4 ,,rhodospor4 ,gr--rose2 ,gr--seed4 ,or ,,hyporho,,dii--hypo1 under2 rhodon1 rose4 ,spores pink or salmon-color4 ,in ,volvaria1 ,pluteus and most of ,clitopilus1 the spores are regular in shape1 as in the white-spored series1 in the rest of the subgenera they are generally angular and irregular4 ,though ,european writers1 generally1 condemn the rosy-spored series as inedible1 a few of our best ,american edibles are found in it--notably ,pluteus cervinus4 ,,volva,,ria ,fr4 ,volva1 a wrapper4 ,spores regular1 oval1 pink1 or salmon4 ,veil universal1 forming a perfect volva1 distinct from the cuticle of the pileus4 ,stem separating easily from the pileus4 ,gills free1 rounded behind1 at the very first white then pinkish1 soft4 ,analogous with ,amanita4 ,growing in woods and on rich mold1 rotten wood and damp ground1 hence often found in hot-houses and gardens4 ,v4 ,loveiana ,berk4 is parasitic on ,clitocybe nebularis4 ,there are thirteen species reported from different parts of the ,united ,states4 ,most of them grow upon wood4 ,two species have previously been reported as edible1 to which ,i have added ,v4 ,taylori1 tested by myself4 ,one species1 ,v4 gloiocephala1 is upon the authority of ,letellier1 given as poisonous4 ,it is found in several parts of the ,united ,states1 but no comment has been made upon its edibility4 ,i have not seen it4 ,a careful study of its botanic characters is urged4 ,it should be regarded as poisonous until its reputation is cleared up1 as it probably will be4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,species4 99 ,pileus dry1 silky or fibrillose4 9999 ,pileus more or less viscid1 smooth4 ,illustration3 ,photographed by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,weist4 ,,plate ,,lix4 ,,volvaria ,,bombycina4 99 ,pileus dry1 silky or fibrillose4 7,plate ,,lixa47 ,illustration3 ,,volvaria ,,bombycina4 ,natural size4 ,v4 bombycina ,schaeff4--bombyx1 silk4 ,pileus #c-h in4 broad1 wholly white1 fleshy1 soft1 at first globose1 soon bell-shaped1 at length convex1 somewhat umbonate1 everywhere silky or1 when older1 hairy-scaled1 more rarely becoming smooth at the vertex4 ,flesh not thick1 white4 ,stem #c-f in4 long1 in4 thick or more at the base1 solid1 equally attenuated from the base to the apex1 even1 smooth1 white4 ,volva1 soon torn asunder1 ample1 #b-c in4 broad1 membranaceous1 lax1 slashed1 somewhat viscid1 persistent4 ,gills free1 very crowded when young1 almost cohering1 ventricose1 in groups of #b-d1 then toothed1 flesh-colored4 ,ovate when young4 ,according to some becoming brownish4 ,the stem is curved-ascending on vertical trunks and straight on prostrate ones4 ,commonly solitary1 sometimes however cespitose4 ,stevenson4 ,spores elliptic1 smooth1 #f-gd ,massee2 #f-h ,lloyd4 ,considered edible4 ,stevenson4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,very general but not common over the ,united ,states4 ,it is a large plant1 from #c in4 upward across cap4 ,growing from wood1 oaks1 maples1 beech1 etc4 ,the writer has not been successful in finding it4 ,drawing1 spore-print and description received from ,h4,i4 ,miller1 ,terre ,haute1 ,ind4 ,upon such an authority as the late ,dr4 ,curtis there is no doubt of its edibility4 7,plate ,,lx47 ,illustration3 ,,volvaria ,,volvacea4 ,two-fifths natural size4 ,v4 volvacea ,bull4--volva1 a wrapper4 ,pileus #b-c in4 across4 ,flesh white1 thick at the disk1 very thin elsewhere1 soft1 bell-shaped then expanded1 obtuse1 grayish-yellow1 virgate or streaked with adpressed blackish fibrils4 ,gills free1 about #b lines broad1 pale flesh-color4 ,stem #b-d in4 long1 about #d lines thick1 almost equal1 white1 solid4 ,volva large1 loose1 whitish4 ,spores smooth1 elliptical1 #f-hc4e-d2 no cystidia4 ,massee4 ,on the ground by roadsides1 etc41 also in stoves4 ,allied to ,v4 bombycina1 but constantly different in the less ample and less persistent1 brownish volva4 ,pileus #c in4 across1 rarely more1 gray1 elegantly virgate with blackish fibrils2 flesh-color of the gills not so pure4 ,fries4 ,once found in woods at roots of a tree4 ,it occurs every year in the cellar of our drug store4 ,lloyd 8,volv40 ,north ,carolina1 ,schweinitz2 ,minnesota1 ,johnson2 ,ohio1 ,morgan4 ,probably edible1 should be carefully tested4 ,v4 ,taylori ,berk4 ,pileus #a in4 high and broad1 livid1 conico-campanulate1 obtuse1 striately cracked from the apex1 thin1 margin lobed and sinuated4 ,stem #b in4 long1 in4 thick1 pallid1 solid1 nearly equal1 slightly bulbous at the base4 ,volva date-brown1 lobed1 somewhat lax1 small4 ,gills uneven1 broad in front1 very much attenuated behind1 rose-color4 ,pileus beautifully penciled and cracked4 ,the dark volva1 bell-shaped pileus1 and uneven1 attenuated gills are marked characters4 ,the habit is rather that of some ,entoloma than of its more immediate allies4 ,fries4 ,spores #fi ,w4,g4,s42 broadly elliptical1 smooth1 #ec4e-d ,massee4 ,indiana1 ,mrs4 ,l4,h4 ,cox2 ,west ,philadelphia1 in much decayed stump of maple4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,caps #a-b in4 across and beautifully penciled and cracked4 ,stem #a-c in4 long4 ,gills up to in4 wide4 ,the spores when shed in body are a beautiful maroon4 ,resembling ,v4 volvacea1 but lighter in color1 and having a brown volva4 ,specimens sent me by ,j4,j4 ,newbaker1 ,steelton1 ,pa41 had snow-white caps and when young were velvety to the touch4 ,gills tinged with pink2 volva dark brown4 ,the few specimens eaten were of good flavor1 somewhat resembling ,pluteus cervinus4 9999,pileus more or less viscid1 smooth4 ,v4 speciosa ,fr4--speciosus1 handsome4 ,pileus #c-e in4 broad1 whitish1 gray or umber at the disk1 fleshy1 globose when young1 then bell-shaped1 at length plane and somewhat umbonate1 even1 smooth1 gluey4 ,flesh soft1 floccose1 white4 ,stem #d-h in4 long1 as much as #a in4 thick1 solid1 firm1 slightly attenuated from the base as far as the apex1 when young1 white-villous and tomentose at the base1 then becoming smooth1 white4 ,volva bulbous rather than lax1 free however1 variously torn into loops1 membranaceous1 -#a in4 broad1 externally tomentose1 white4 ,gills free1 flesh-colored4 ,the gills are wholly the same as those of ,a4 bombycinus4 ,it occurs also thinner1 with the pileus wholly gray4 ,fries4 ,spores #ab-ahh-aj ,k42 elliptical or subglobose1 smooth1 #ad-afh ,massee4 ,distinguished by the whitish1 viscid pileus1 and the downy volva and stem4 ,massee4 8,common in cultivated soil1 especially grain fields and along roads4 ,a fine edible agaric and our most abundant one in ,california40 ,mc,clatchie4 ,volv1 ,u4,s41 ,lloyd4 ,v4 gloiocephala ,dec4 ,fl4 ,gr--sticking2 head4 ,pileus dark opaque brown1 fleshy1 bell-shaped then expanded1 umbonate1 smooth1 glutinous1 striate at the margin4 ,stem solid1 smooth1 becoming brownish or tawny2 the volva1 which is circularly split1 pressed close4 ,gills free1 reddish4 ,fragments of the volva are sometimes seen on the pileus4 ,the stem is commonly more slender than that of ,a4 speciosus4 ,fries4 ,on the ground4 ,uncommon4 ,june to ,october4 ,stevenson4 ,pileus about #c in4 across1 with a strong regular1 obtuse umbo in the center1 of a delicate mouse-gray1 viscid when moist1 but when dry shining1 quite smooth1 margin striate in consequence of the thinness of the flesh4 ,stem #f in4 or more high1 about in4 thick in the center1 attenuated upward1 bulbous at the base1 clothed with a few slight fibers1 easily splitting1 solid1 rather dingy1 ringless4 ,volva loose1 villous like the base of the stem1 splitting into several unequal lobes2 the gills are broad1 especially in front1 narrower behind and quite free1 so as to leave a space round the top of the stem1 white1 tinged with grayish-pink2 margin slightly toothed4 ,smell strong and unpleasant1 and taste disagreeable4 ,m4,j4,b4 ,,very ,,poisonous according to ,letellier4 ,stevenson4 ,spores #aii ,w4,g4,s42 elliptical1 smooth1 #aj-abf-g ,massee4 ,distinguished by the smoky1 glutinous pileus4 ,the measurement of the spores as given by ,saccardo 7#aii7 is certainly too large1 and is probably an uncorrected error4 ,massee4 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis2 ,south ,carolina1 ,ravenel2 ,ontario1 ,dearness2 ,california1 ,harkness and ,moore2 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,mississippi1 ,minnesota1 ,johnson4 ,illustration3 ,grouped by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,studies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,lxi4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,pluteus ,,cervinus1 #bdc #b4 ,,pluteus ,,cervinus1 #bde ,,var41 ,,plu,,teus ,fr4 7,pluteus1 a shed4 ,from the conical shape of the pileus47 ,stem fleshy1 distinct from the pileus4 ,gills free1 rounded behind 7never emarginate71 at first cohering1 white1 then colored by the spores4 ,generally growing on or near trunks of trees4 ,resembling ,volvaria in all respects but the volva4 ,spores rosy4 ,several of the genus are edible4 ,pluteus cervinus is one of our earliest1 persistent1 plentiful1 delicious food species4 ,the caps of those tested are tender1 easily cooked and best fried4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,species4 99 ,cuticle of the pileus separating into fibrils or down1 which at length disappear4 9999 ,pileus frosted with atoms1 somewhat powdery4 999999 ,pileus naked1 smooth4 99 ,cuticle of pileus fibrillose1 etc4 ,p4 cervinus ,schaeff4--cervus1 a deer4 7,plate ,,lxi1 fig4 #a1 p4 #bdb47 ,pileus fleshy1 at first campanulate1 then convex or expanded1 even1 glabrous1 generally becoming fibrillose or slightly floccose-villose on the disk1 occasionally cracked1 variable in color4 ,lamell broad1 somewhat ventricose1 at first whitish1 then flesh-colored4 ,stem equal or slightly tapering upward1 firm1 solid1 fibrillose or subglabrous1 variable in color4 ,spores broadly elliptical1 #f4e-he-f4e4 ,plant #b-f in4 high4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad4 ,stem #c-f lines thick4 ,the typical form has the pileus and stem of a dingy or brown color and adorned with blackish fibrils1 but specimens occur with the pileus white1 yellowish1 cinereous1 grayish-brown or blackish-brown4 ,i have never seen it of a true cervine color4 ,it is sometimes quite glabrous and smooth to the touch and in wet weather it is even slightly viscid4 ,it also occurs somewhat floccose-villose on the disk1 and the disk1 though usually plane or obtuse1 is occasionally slightly prominent or subumbonate4 ,the form with the surface of the pileus longitudinally rimose or chinky is probably due to meteorological conditions4 ,the gills1 though at first crowded1 become more lax with the expansion of the pileus4 ,they are generally a little broader toward the marginal than toward the inner extremity4 ,their tendency to deliquesce is often shown by their wetting the paper on which the pileus has been placed for the purpose of catching the spores4 ,the stem is usually somewhat fibrous and striated but forms occur in which it is even and glabrous4 ,when growing from the sides of stumps and prostrate trunks it is apt to be curved4 ,two forms deserve varietal distinction4 ,var4 albus4 ,pileus and stem white or whitish4 ,var4 albipes4 ,pileus cinereous yellowish or brown4 ,stem white or whitish1 destitute of blackish fibrils4 ,in ,europe there are three or four forms which have been designated as species under the names of ,a4 rigens1 ,a4 patricius1 ,a4 eximius and ,a4 petasatus1 but ,fries gives them as varieties or subspecies of ,a4 cervinus1 though admitting that they are easily distinguished4 ,none of these have occurred in our state4 ,peck1 #chth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,var4 viscosus4 ,the normal character of the cuticle of the species is slightly viscid in wet weather1 but the specimens we collected and photographed were exceedingly viscid4 ,they also differed from the normal form in their lighter color1 flesh much thicker at the disk and thin at the margins1 and cuticle not appearing fibrillose4 ,it is close to petasatus1 but differs1 however1 in its narrower gills and in having no stri4 ,it is a good variety if it is not a good species4 ,lloyd1 ,myc4 ,notes4 ,spores #g-he-f ,k42 #f-hd-e ,b42 #de ,w4,g4,s42 #e4hd4f ,morgan4 ,frequent on decaying stumps1 roots and wood1 ,may to frost4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,its free gills should distinguish it from any ,entoloma1 though both have pink spores and eventually pink gills4 ,among the earliest of large species4 ,the sight of it is stimulating to the mycophagist4 ,he then knows the toadstool season to be truly opened4 ,caps only are tender4 ,the stems are edible1 but they are not of the same consistency as the caps1 therefore will not cook with them4 ,fried in a buttered pan or broiled1 they are exceedingly toothsome4 ,in ,october1 #ahih1 a beautiful variety 7see ,plate ,,lxi1 fig4 #b1 p4--71 occurred which ,i had not previously seen4 ,it was sent by me to ,professor ,peck4 ,the plants grew in large clusters from rotting1 refuse straw in the ruin of a stable2 the white1 cottony mycelium running upon and through the straw4 ,the solid stems of some were straight1 others curved1 ranging from #b-f in4 long1 the taller ones tapering from base to spindling apex1 the shorter ones decidedly bulbous and ending abruptly4 ,they were twisted and delicately marked4 ,these markings break up into dark thread-like fibrils1 leaving the stem striate and satin-glossy4 ,pileus from #b-d in4 across1 dark ,vandyke-brown when young1 lighter in age1 streaked1 glossy4 ,gills at first white1 tardily changing to light salmon color1 broad1 ventricose1 free4 ,taste and smell pleasant of almonds4 ,good1 delicious4 ,professor ,peck wrote of it3 8,it has the general appearance of ,pluteus cervinus1 but these specimens seem to depart from the usual form of growing in clusters from the ground1 and in having an almond flavor4 ,without knowing more about it ,i would scarcely feel justified in separating it from such a variable species4 ,as ,fries sometimes remarks concerning variable species3 ,perhaps several species are concealed under the one name1 but a pretty full and accurate knowledge of them is desirable if one is to split them up40 ,this is excellent judgment4 ,while ,i believe the above to be a distinct species1 the disposition to make new species of varieties is regrettable in many botanists4 ,var4 ,bullii ,berk41 ,,ms4 ,pileus #d-f in4 across1 flesh thick1 convex then expanded1 smooth1 even1 pallid1 the disk darker4 ,gills free1 rounded behind1 rather distant from the stem1 crowded1 in4 broad1 pale salmon-color4 ,stem #c-d in4 long1 #a in4 and more thick1 slightly swollen at the base1 fibrillose1 pale brown1 darkest at the base1 solid4 ,massee4 ,pileus #f in4 across1 expanded from bell-shape1 ashy-white 7oyster color71 glossy1 like floss silk1 silky fibrillose1 irregularly corrugated4 ,skin separable4 ,flesh spongy1 pure white1 like shreds of cotton1 separable into plates1 very brittle1 in4 thick at stem1 immediately thinning to in41 very thin toward margin4 ,gills thin1 elastic1 rounded behind1 close to stem1 free1 in4 wide1 close1 alternate short and long1 white1 then tinged and spotted pink with spores which when cast in mass are a pinkish-brown with slight lavender shade4 ,stem #e in4 long1 - in4 thick1 subequal1 spreading at top1 white1 silky-fibrillose1 changing to very light yellowish brown from center to base1 exterior hard1 skin thin1 tough1 interior filled with continuous1 cottony fibers1 snow-white1 brittle1 watery1 slightly swollen at base4 ,taste pleasant4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,july1 #ahih1 on chestnut stump and in woods on ground among leaves4 ,leaves adhere to base of stem which is powdery-white4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,cooked1 it is as good as ,p4 cervinus4 ,var4 petasatus ,fr4 ,pileus #c-d in4 across1 flesh rather thick1 campanulate then expanded1 umbonate1 grayish-white1 very smooth1 with a viscid cuticle1 at length striate to the middle4 ,gills free1 in4 and more broad1 crowded1 becoming dry1 white then reddish4 ,stem #d-e in4 long1 - in4 thick1 rigid1 very slightly and equally attenuated from the base1 whitish1 fibrillosely striate1 solid4 ,on heaps of straw and dung1 sawdust1 etc4 ,color verging on bay when old4 ,stem and margin of gills at length with a tawny tinge4 ,fries4 ,haddonfield1 ,new ,jersey1 ,bell's ,mill1 sawdust1 #ahij2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,august1 #ahih1 among sawdust from ice-house4 ,caps #f in4 across4 ,stem easily split1 exterior hard1 fibrillose1 streaked1 whitish1 shining1 stuffed with cottony fibers4 ,spores dark pink4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,equal to ,p4 cervinus4 ,p4 umbrosus ,pers4--shady1 from its dark color4 ,pileus fleshy1 at first bell-shaped1 then convex or expanded1 roughly wrinkled and more or less villose on the disk1 fimbriate on the margin1 blackish-brown4 ,gills broad1 somewhat ventricose1 at first whitish1 then flesh-colored1 blackish-brown and fringed or toothed on the edge4 ,stem solid1 colored like or paler than the pileus1 fibrillose or villose-squamose4 ,spores elliptical1 #he4 ,decaying woods and swamps1 especially of pine1 both in shaded and open places4 ,not rare4 ,peck1 #chth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores broadly elliptical1 smooth1 #f-ge2 cystidia ventricose1 #fe-geah-bj ,massee4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #cb1 #ch2 ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,north ,carolina1 ,new ,jersey1 frequent on decaying logs1 stumps1 pine and other woods4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,at times the caps are a deep sepia-brown4 ,it is readily distinguished from ,p4 cervinus by the wrinkled1 downy disk of the cap and the gills having dark-brown edges4 ,smell rather strong4 ,professor ,peck says he has not seen it with the margin fimbriate4 ,neither have ,i1 though this is prominent in the ,european species4 ,p4 umbrosus is a fine species1 equal in every way to ,p4 cervinus1 which is seldom excelled4 ,caps only are tender4 ,p4 pellitus ,fr4 ,pileus #a-b in4 across4 ,flesh thin1 soft1 white1 convex then plane1 somewhat umbonate1 regular1 silky-fibrous1 dry1 white4 ,gills free1 rounded behind1 crowded1 #a line broad1 ventricose1 white then flesh-color1 margin slightly toothed4 ,stem about #b in4 long1 #b-c lines thick1 slightly thickened at the base1 even1 glabrous1 shining1 white1 stuffed4 ,spores elliptical1 smooth1 #ajf4 ,among grass at the roots of trees1 etc4 ,our only ,pluteus with a pure white1 even pileus and stem4 ,superficially resembling ,entoloma prunuloides1 which differs in the broadly emarginate--not free--gills1 and in the strong smell of new meal4 ,massee4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,october1 #ahih4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,pileus up to #c in4 across4 ,gills in4 broad1 free1 moist1 imbricated4 ,stem up to #e in4 long1 easily detachable from cap1 solid1 juicy1 solitary and cespitose4 ,on very old sawdust1 upon which grass was growing4 ,tender1 excellent4 9999 ,pileus frosted1 etc4 ,p4 granularis ,pk4--sprinkled with grains4 ,pileus convex or nearly plane1 subumbonate1 rugose-wrinkled1 granulose or granulose-villose1 varying in color from yellow to brown4 ,lamell rather broad1 crowded1 ventricose1 whitish1 then flesh colored4 ,stem equal1 solid1 colored like the pileus1 often paler at the top1 velvety-pubescent1 rarely scaly4 ,spores subglobose or broadly elliptical1 #f4e-he-f4e4 ,plant #a4e-c in4 high4 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad4 ,stem #a-b lines thick4 ,decaying wood and prostrate trunks in woods4 ,hilly and mountainous districts4 ,june to ,september4 ,the species is closely related to ,p4 cervinus and ,p4 umbrosus1 but is readily distinguished from them by the peculiar vesture of the pileus and stem4 ,the granules are so minute and so close that they form a sort of plush on the pileus1 more dense on the disk and radiating wrinkles than elsewhere4 ,the clothing of the stem is finer1 and has a velvety-pubescent appearance1 but in some instances it breaks up into small scales or squamules4 ,the color of the pileus and stem is usually some shade of yellow or brown1 but occasionally a grayish hue predominates4 ,the darker color of the granules imparts a dingy or smoky tinge to the general color4 ,the disk is often darker than the rest of the pileus4 ,peck1 #chth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,west ,virginia mountains4 ,eagle's ,mere and ,springton ,hills1 ,pa4 ,frequent4 ,july to ,october1 on decaying wood4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,p4 granularis is a much smaller species than ,p4 cervinus and its allies4 ,at ,eagle's ,mere1 ,pa41 ,august1 #ahih1 it was quite plentiful in mixed woods4 ,its caps are excellent4 999999 ,pileus naked4 ,p4 admirabilis ,pk4--admirable4 ,pileus thin1 convex or expanded1 generally broadly umbonate1 glabrous1 rugose-reticulated1 moist or hygrophanous1 striatulate on the margin when moist1 often obscurely striate when dry1 yellow or brown4 ,lamell close1 broad1 rounded behind1 ventricose1 whitish or yellowish1 then flesh-colored4 ,stem slender1 glabrous1 hollow1 equal or slightly thickened at the base1 yellow or yellowish white1 with a white mycelium4 ,spores subglobose or broadly elliptical1 #f4e-hf4e4 ,var4 fuscus4 ,pileus brown or yellowish-brown4 ,plant #a-b in4 high4 ,pileus #f-aj lines broad4 ,stem 4#e-a line thick4 ,decaying wood and prostrate trunks in forests4 ,common in hilly and mountainous districts4 ,july to ,september4 ,this beautiful ,pluteus is closely related to ,p4 chrysophlebius ,b4 and ,r41 a southern species1 which1 according to the description1 has the veins of the pileus darker colored than the rest of the surface and the stem enlarged above and hairy at the base1 characters not shown by our plant4 ,in our plant small young specimens sometimes have the stem solid1 but when fully developed it is hollow1 though the cavity is small4 ,this character1 with its small size1 distinguishes it from ,p4 leoninus4 ,peck1 #chth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,springton ,hills1 ,chester county1 ,pa41 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,frequent4 ,june to frost4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,possesses the same rare edible qualities as ,p4 cervinus1 ,p4 umbrosus4 ,the caps1 only1 are tender4 ,p4 chrysophus ,schaeff4 ,gr--gold4 ,pileus #a-b in4 across4 ,flesh very thin except at the disk1 bell-shaped then expanded1 glabrous1 naked1 slightly wrinkled1 margin striate1 cinnamon-color4 ,gills free1 #b-c lines broad1 whitish then pale salmon-color4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #b-c lines thick1 whitish1 glabrous1 equal1 more or less hollow4 ,on beech trunks1 etc4 ,resembling ,p4 leoninus in size1 but differing in the cinnamon color of the pileus1 which is often obtusely umbonate4 ,massee4 ,spores #e ,w4,p4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j4 ,june to ,october1 beech roots and trunks4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,excellent4 ,,entolo,,ma ,fr4 ,gr--within2 ,gr--a fringe4 7,probably referring to the innate character of the pseudo veil47 ,pileus rather fleshy1 margin incurved1 without a distinct veil4 ,stem fleshy or fibrous1 soft1 sometimes waxy1 continuous with the flesh of the pileus4 ,gills sinuate1 adnexed1 often separating from the stem4 ,spores rosy1 elliptical1 smooth or subglobose and coarsely warted4 ,corresponding in structure with ,tricholoma1 ,hebeloma and ,hypholoma2 separated from other rosy-spored genera by the sinuate gills4 ,about twenty species of ,entoloma are given in the states2 of them seventeen are described by ,professor ,peck1 as found in ,new ,york4 ,i have not found a single species in sufficient quantity to test its edibility4 ,two of the ,european species1 ,e4 sinuata ,fr4 and ,e4 livida ,bull41 are reputed to be very poisonous1 producing headache1 dizziness1 vomiting1 etc4 ,worthington ,smith ate oz41 which nearly proved fatal4 ,professor ,peck reports a species1 ,e4 grande ,pk41 which he considers suspicious4 ,even the reported poisonous species have a pleasant odor corresponding to those of the esculent species4 ,this makes them the more deceptive and dangerous4 ,the pinkish or flesh-colored spores and gills distinguish ,entoloma from ,hebeloma1 which has brown spores1 and ,tricholoma1 which has white4 ,pluteus1 which has pink spores and gills1 is readily separated from it4 ,great caution should be observed4 ,entolomas should be thrown away or carefully tested4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,tribes4 ,,genui,,ni 7genuine1 typical species74 ,page #bea4 ,pileus smooth1 moist or viscid2 not hygrophanous4 ,,leptoni,,dei 7inclining to ,leptonia74 ,pileus flocculose or squamulose2 absolutely dry4 ,,nolani,,dei 7inclining to ,nolanea74 ,page #beb4 ,pileus thin1 hygrophanous1 somewhat silky when dry4 ,i4--,,genui,,ni4 ,e4 grande ,pk4--,pileus fleshy1 thin toward the margin1 glabrous1 nearly plane when mature1 commonly broadly umbonate and rugosely wrinkled about the umbo1 moist in wet weather1 dingy yellowish-white verging to brownish or grayish-brown4 ,flesh white1 odor and flavor farinaceous4 ,lamell broad1 subdistant1 slightly adnexed1 becoming free or nearly so1 often wavy or uneven on the edge1 whitish becoming flesh-colored with maturity4 ,stem equal or nearly so1 solid1 somewhat fibrous externally1 mealy at the top1 white4 ,spores angular1 #c-aj4 ,pileus #d-f in4 broad4 ,stem #d-f in4 long1 #h-ab lines thick4 ,thin mixed woods4 ,menands4 ,august4 ,the flavor of this mushroom is not at first disagreeable1 but an unpleasant burning sensation is left in the mouth for a considerable time after tasting4 ,it is therefore to be regarded with suspicion4 ,peck1 #ejth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,,suspicious4 ,i have not seen this species4 ,it is given that it may be guarded against until tested for edibility4 7,plate ,,lxii47 ,illustration3 ,,entoloma ,,sinuatum4 ,about one-fourth natural size4 ,e4 sinuatum ,fr4--waved4 ,pileus #f in4 broad1 becoming yellow-white1 very fleshy1 convex then expanded1 at first gibbous1 at length depressed1 repand and sinuate at the margin4 ,stem #c-f in4 long1 #a in4 thick1 solid1 firm1 stout1 equal1 compact1 at first fibrillose1 then smooth1 naked1 shining white4 ,gills emarginate1 slightly adnexed1 - in4 broad1 crowded1 distinct1 pale yellowish-red4 ,fries4 ,gregarious1 compact1 handsome4 ,odor strong1 pleasant1 almost like that of burnt sugar1 not of new meal4 ,the pileus becomes broken into squamules when dry4 ,there is a variety with a shorter stem4 ,in mixed woods4 ,uncommon4 ,july to ,october4 ,the gills are often irregular in their attachment4 ,very poisonous2 producing headache1 swimming of the brain1 stomach pains1 vomiting1 etc4 ,worthington ,smith1 who first experimented with it1 ate about oz41 which very nearly proved fatal4 ,stevenson4 ,spores #i ,w4,g4,s4 ,rhode ,island1 ,olney 7,curtis ,am4 ,jour472 ,massachusetts1 ,sprague2 ,connecticut1 ,wright2 ,minnesota1 ,johnson2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #ce4 8,this and ,e4 fertilis1 which are closely allied1 are deserving of more than suspicion1 for they are veritably dangerous40 ,cooke4 8,wholesome and very good to eat40 ,cordier4 ,in the presence of such opposite opinions it is better to choose the safer4 ,do not eat it4 ,e4 prunuloides ,fr4--prunus1 a plum4 ,pileus #b in4 and more broad1 whitish1 becoming yellow or livid1 fleshy1 bell-shaped then convex1 at length flattened1 somewhat umbonate1 unequal 7but not repand71 even1 viscid1 smooth1 at length longitudinally cracked1 at length slightly striate at margin4 ,stem #c in4 long1 #c-d lines thick1 fibrous-fleshy1 solid1 equal1 even or slightly striate1 smooth1 naked1 white4 ,gills somewhat free1 emarginate1 rarely rounded1 at first only slightly adnexed1 #c-d lines broad1 crowded1 ventricose1 white then flesh-color4 ,fries4 ,odor strong of new meal1 wholly that of ,a4 prunulus4 ,very scattered in growth4 ,like ,a4 lividus1 but very different1 thrice as small4 ,it differs entirely from ,a4 cervinus4 ,on the ground in woods4 ,autumn4 ,spores subglobose1 coarsely warted1 #aj ,massee2 regularly six-angled or one angle more marked1 #h ,b42 #i ,w4,p4 ,north ,carolina1 dry swamps1 ,curtis2 ,minnesota1 ,johnson4 ,,poisonous4 ,roze4 ,i have not seen this species4 ,do not eat it before carefully testing4 ,,iii4--,,nolani,,dei4 ,pileus thin1 hygrophanous1 repand1 etc4 ,e4 clypeatum ,linn4--resembling a shield4 ,pileus as much as #c in4 broad1 lurid when moist1 when dry gray and variegated or streaked with darker spots or lines1 fleshy1 bell-shaped then flattened1 umbonate1 smooth1 fragile4 ,flesh thin1 white when dry4 ,stem almost #c in4 long1 #c-d lines and more thick1 stuffed1 at length hollow1 wholly fibrous1 equal1 round1 fragile1 longitudinally fibrillose1 becoming ash-colored1 pulverulent at the very apex4 ,gills rounded-adnexed1 separating-free1 #c-d lines broad1 ventricose1 somewhat distant1 dingy1 then red-pulverulent with the spores1 serrulated at the edge chiefly behind4 ,it has occurred in ,may cespitose2 better developed and solitary in the end of ,august4 ,in woods1 gardens and waste places4 ,frequent4 ,spring1 autumn4 ,stevenson4 ,north ,carolina1 ,schweinitz1 ,curtis2 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,new ,england1 ,frost2 ,california1 ,h4 and ,m42 ,rhode ,island1 ,bennett2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bc4 ,,poisonous4 ,leuba4 ,i have not seen this species4 ,it should not be eaten before careful testing4 ,e4 rhodopolium ,fr4 ,gr--rose2 ,gr--gray4 ,pileus #b-e in4 broad1 hygrophanous1 when moist dingy-brown 7young7 or livid1 becoming pale 7when full grown71 when dry isabelline-livid1 silky-shining1 slightly-fleshy1 bell-shaped when young1 then expanded and somewhat umbonate or gibbous1 at length rather plane and sometimes depressed1 fibrillose when young1 smooth when full grown1 margin at the first bent inwards and when larger undulated4 ,flesh white4 ,stem #b-d in4 long1 #c-e lines thick1 hollow1 equal when smaller1 when larger attenuated upwards and white-pruinate at the apex1 otherwise smooth1 slightly striate1 white4 ,gills adnate then separating1 somewhat sinuate1 slightly distant1 #b-d lines broad1 white then rose-color4 ,fries4 ,fragile1 commonly large and often handsome1 almost inodorous4 ,in mixed woods4 ,frequent4 ,august to ,october4 ,spores pretty regular1 #h-ajf-h ,b42 #g ,w4,g4,s4 ,new ,england1 ,frost2 ,minnesota1 ,johnson2 ,iowa1 ,broendle2 ,rhode ,island1 ,bennett2 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bc;d1 #chth1 ,a4 rhodopolius1 var4 umbilicatus ,pk41 the same as ,clitopilus subvilis ,pk41 ,rep4 #dj4 ,edible4 ,paulet4 ,edible4 ,cooke4 ,illustration3 ,grouped by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,studies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,lxiii4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,clitopilus ,,abortivus1 #beg #d4 ,,clitopilus ,,prunulus1 #bee #b4 ,,clitopilus ,,abortivus #bef #e4 ,,clitopilus ,,prunulus #bee 7,,aborted71 7,,section71 #c4 ,,clitopilus ,,abortivus #beh 7,,aborted7 7,,section71 ,,clitopi,,lus ,fr4 ,gr--a declivity2 ,gr--a cap4 7,plate ,,lxiv47 ,illustration3 ,,clitopilus ,,prunulus4 ,one-third natural size4 ,pileus more or less excentric or regular1 margin at first involute4 ,gills more or less decurrent1 never sinuate nor seceding from the stem1 salmon-color4 ,stem fleshy or fibrous1 not polished and cartilaginous externally1 central1 expanded upward into the flesh of the pileus4 ,spores smooth or warted4 ,closely resembling ,eccilia1 differing mostly in the stem not being cartilaginous at the surface4 ,distinguished from ,entoloma by the gills not being sinuate4 ,agrees in structure with ,clitocybe in the ,leucospor4 ,massee4 ,growing on the ground1 often strong smelling4 ,caps usually depressed or umbilicate and waved on margin4 ,some of the best of edible kinds are within this genus2 a few are unpleasant raw1 none poisonous4 ,most authors follow ,fries in the arrangement of the species1 dividing them into two groups1 the ,orcelli1 distinguished by deeply decurrent gills and an irregular1 scarcely hygrophanous pileus1 with the margin at first flocculose2 and ,sericelli1 distinguished by adnate or slightly decurrent gills and a regular silky or hygrophanous-silky pileus with a naked margin4 ,this arrangement is not strictly applicable to some of our species4 ,c4 abortivus1 ,c4 erythrosporus and ,c4 ,noveaboracensis have the gills deeply decurrent in some individuals1 adnate or slightly decurrent in others1 and therefore the same species might be sought in both groups4 ,for this reason the primary grouping of our species has been made to depend upon the variation in the spore colors4 ,by far the greater number of our species appear to be peculiar to this country1 only two of them occurring also in ,europe4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,species4 ,spores and mature gills flesh-colored #a ,spores and mature gills rosy-red #i ,spores very pale flesh-colored #aj #a4 ,pileus hygrophanous #h #a4 ,pileus not hygrophanous #b #b4 ,pileus gray or grayish-brown #e #b4 ,pileus some other color #c #c4 ,pileus white or whitish #d #c4 ,pileus pale tan-color ,c4 pascuensis #d4 ,pileus firm1 dry1 pruinate ,c4 prunulus #d4 ,pileus soft1 slightly viscid when moist ,c4 ,orcella #e4 ,pileus large1 more than #a4e in4 broad ,c4 abortivus #e4 ,pileus small1 less than #a4e in4 broad #f #f4 ,spores even ,c4 unitinctus #f4 ,spores angular #g #g4 ,stem longer than the width of the zoneless ,c4 albogriseus pileus #g4 ,stem shorter than the width of the commonly ,c4 micropus zonate pileus #h4 ,pileus brown or grayish-brown ,c4 subvilis #h4 ,pileus white or yellowish-white ,c4 ,woodianus #i4 ,stem colored like the pileus ,c4 erythrosporus #i4 ,stem white1 paler than the pileus ,c4 conissans #aj4 ,pileus even #aa #aj4 ,pileus rivulose ,c4 ,noveboracensis #aa4 ,stems cespitose1 solid ,c4 cspitosus #aa4 ,stems not cespitose1 hollow ,c4 ,seymourianus ,peck1 #db;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,,spores ,,flesh-,,color4 ,a4 ,,spores ,,even4 ,c4 prunulus ,scop4--prunus1 plum4 7,plate ,,lxiii1 fig4 #d1 #e1 p4 #bed47 ,pileus fleshy1 compact1 at first convex and regular1 then repand1 dry1 pruinate1 white or ashy-white4 ,flesh white1 unchangeable1 with a pleasant farinaceous odor4 ,gills deeply decurrent1 subdistant1 flesh-colored4 ,stem solid1 naked1 striate1 white4 ,spores subelliptical1 pointed at each end1 #aj-aae-f4 ,pileus #a4e-c in4 broad4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 #c-d lines thick4 ,woods4 ,not abundant1 but edible1 and said to be delicious and one of the best of the esculent species4 ,peck1 #db;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,june to ,october4 ,most plentiful in ,august and ,september4 ,very plentiful in oak woods at ,angora1 ,west ,philadelphia1 moderate crops at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,an abortive form 7see ,plate ,,lxiii1 fig4 #b1 #c1 p4 #bed7 occurs not distinguishable from that of ,armillaria mellea4 ,it grows singly and in tufts1 very variable in shape1 white1 tinged with brown on ruptured surfaces4 ,this form equals its original4 ,c4 prunulus has a strong smell of fresh meal4 ,it is a delicious species4 ,stew4 ,it is one of the very best in patties1 croquettes1 etc4 7,plate ,,lxv47 ,illustration3 ,,clitopilus ,,orcella4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,c4 ,orcella ,bull4--,pileus fleshy1 soft1 plane or slightly depressed1 often irregular1 even when young1 slightly silky1 somewhat viscid when moist1 white or yellowish-white4 ,flesh white1 taste and odor farinaceous4 ,gills deeply decurrent1 close1 whitish then flesh-colored4 ,stem short1 solid1 flocculose1 often eccentric1 thickened above1 white4 ,spores elliptical1 #i-aje4 ,generally a little smaller than the preceding species1 softer and more irregular1 but so closely allied that by some it is considered a mere variety of it4 ,it is said to be edible and of delicate flavor4 ,it occurs in wet weather in pastures and open places4 ,peck1 #db;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,grows in oak woods1 ,angora1 ,west ,philadelphia2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,qualities same as ,c4 prunulus4 ,delicious4 ,c4 pascuensis ,pk4--pasture4 ,pileus fleshy1 compact1 centrally depressed1 glabrous1 reddish or pale yellowish1 the cuticle of the disk cracking into minute areas4 ,gills rather narrow1 close1 decurrent1 whitish1 becoming flesh-colored4 ,stem short1 equal or tapering downward1 solid1 glabrous1 colored like the pileus4 ,spores subelliptical1 pale incarnate1 #g4e-aje-f4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad4 ,stem #h-ah lines long1 #d-f lines thick4 ,pastures4 ,saratoga county4 ,the species is related to ,c4 prunulus from which it is distinct by its shorter1 paler spores1 its glabrous pileus cracked in areas on the disk and tinged with red or yellowish and by its paler gills4 ,from ,c4 pseudo-orcella it differs in its glabrous pileus with no silky luster and in its closer gills4 ,its odor is obsolete but it has a farinaceous flavor4 ,it is probably esculent1 but has not been found in sufficient quantity to afford a test of qualities4 ,peck1 #db;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,c4 unitinctus ,pk4--one-colored4 ,pileus thin1 submembranaceous1 flexible1 convex or nearly plane1 centrally depressed or umbilicate1 glabrous1 subshining1 often concentrically rivulose1 grayish or grayish-brown4 ,flesh whitish or grayish-white1 odor obsolete1 taste mild4 ,gills narrow1 moderately close1 adnate or slightly decurrent1 colored like the pileus4 ,stem slender1 straight or flexuous1 subtenacious1 equal1 slightly pruinose1 grayish-brown1 with a close white myceloid tomentum at the base and white root-like fibers of mycelium permeating the soil4 ,spores elliptical1 #g4ee4 ,var4 albidus4 ,whitish or grayish-white1 not rivulose4 ,gills broader4 ,spores brownish flesh-color4 ,pileus #f-af lines broad4 ,stem about #a in4 long1 #a line thick4 ,woods of pine or balsam4 ,albany and ,essex counties4 ,autumn4 ,the variety is a little paler than the typical form1 with gills a little broader1 but is probably not specifically distinct4 ,peck1 #db;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,i have not seen this species4 ,edibility not reported4 ,b4 ,,spores ,,angular ,,or ,,irregular4 #a4 ,pileus not hygrophanous4 ,c4 abortivus ,b4 and ,c4--abortive4 7,plate ,,lxiii1 fig4 #a1 #b1 #c1 p4 #bed47 ,pileus fleshy1 firm1 convex or nearly plane1 regular or irregular1 dry1 clothed with a minute silky tomentum1 becoming smooth with age1 gray or grayish-brown4 ,flesh white1 taste and odor subfarinaceous4 ,gills thin1 close1 slightly or deeply decurrent1 at first whitish or pale gray1 then flesh-colored4 ,stem nearly equal1 solid1 minutely flocculose1 sometimes fibrous-striated1 colored like or paler than the pileus4 ,spores irregular1 #g4e-ajf4e4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad4 ,stem #a4e-c in4 long1 #c-f lines thick4 ,ground and old prostrate trunks of trees in woods and open places4 ,august and ,september4 ,our species has been found to be edible1 but its flavor is scarcely as agreeable as that of some other species4 ,peck1 #db;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,it requires longer cooking than ,c4 prunulus1 and is then quite equal in excellence4 ,the fungus is so named because of the abortive form of it frequently found associated with it4 ,this is faithfully portrayed on ,plate ,,lxiii4 ,this is in every way similar to the aborted forms of ,c4 prunulus and ,armillaria mellea4 ,both forms plentiful near ,philadelphia4 ,the undeveloped masses are also similar to those of ,c4 prunulus4 ,the abortive form is a superior edible to the original4 ,c4 popinalis ,fr4--popina1 a cook-shop4 ,pileus #a-b in4 across1 flesh thin1 flaccid1 convex then depressed1 somewhat wavy1 glabrous1 opaque1 gray1 spotted and marbled4 ,flesh grayish-white1 unchangeable4 ,gills very decurrent1 broader than the thickness of the flesh of the pileus1 lanceolate1 crowded1 dark-gray1 at length reddish from the spores4 ,stem stuffed1 #a-b in4 long1 #b lines thick1 equal1 often flexuous1 naked1 paler than the pileus4 ,spores subglobose1 slightly angular1 #d-e ,massee4 ,solitary or gregarious1 smell pleasant like new meal1 entirely gray4 ,fries4 ,woods4 ,gansevoort4 ,july4 ,the whole plant is of a grayish color except the mature gills1 which have a flesh-colored hue1 and the base of the stem1 which is clothed with a white tomentum4 ,it has a farinaceous odor4 ,peck1 #east ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,scattered4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,september to ,november4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible1 pleasant4 ,c4 carneo-albus ,wither4--light flesh color4 ,pileus up to #a in4 across1 convex then expanded1 center becoming depressed and the margin drooping1 even1 polished1 white1 the disk becoming usually tinged with red4 ,flesh thin4 ,gills slightly decurrent1 #a line broad1 crowded1 salmon color4 ,stem #a-a in4 long1 #a line thick1 about equal1 solid1 white4 ,spores globose1 nodulose1 #g-h diameter4 ,inodorous2 gregarious4 ,in the section given in ,cke4 ,illustr41 the stem is represented as being distinctly hollow4 ,massee4 ,new ,york1 shaded ground4 ,june4 ,peck1 #deth ,rep4 ,c4 albogriseus ,pk4--pale-gray4 ,pileus firm1 convex or slightly depressed1 glabrous1 pale-gray1 odor farinaceous4 ,gills moderately close1 adnate or slightly decurrent1 grayish then flesh-colored4 ,stem solid1 colored like the pileus4 ,spores angular or irregular1 #aj-aag4e4 ,pileus #f-ab lines broad4 ,stem #a4e-b4e in4 long1 #a-b lines thick4 ,woods4 ,adirondack mountains4 ,august4 ,peck1 #db;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,scattered4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 woods4 ,august to ,october4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible1 pleasant4 ,c4 micropus ,pk4--short-stemmed4 ,pileus thin1 fragile1 convex or centrally depressed1 umbilicate1 silky1 gray1 usually with one or two narrow zones on the margin1 odor farinaceous4 ,gills narrow1 close1 adnate or slightly decurrent1 gray1 becoming flesh-colored4 ,stem short1 solid1 slightly thickened at the top1 pruinose1 gray with a white mycelium at the base4 ,spores angular or irregular1 #ajf4 ,pileus #f-ab lines broad4 ,stem #h-aj lines long1 #a line thick4 ,thin woods4 ,essex and ,rensselaer counties4 ,august4 ,this species is closely allied to the preceding one1 but may be separated from it by its short stem and silky umbilicate subzonate pileus4 ,both species are rare and have been observed only in wet1 rainy weather4 ,peck1 #db;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,scattered markedly umbilicate4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 woods4 ,august1 ,september4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible1 pleasant4 #b4 ,pileus hygrophanous4 ,c4 subvilis ,pk4--small value4 ,pileus thin1 centrally depressed or umbilicate1 with the margin decurved1 hygrophanous1 dark-brown and striatulate on the margin when moist1 grayish-brown and silky shining when dry1 taste farinaceous4 ,gills subdistant1 adnate or slightly decurrent1 whitish when young1 then flesh-colored4 ,stem slender1 brittle1 rather long1 stuffed or hollow1 glabrous1 colored like the pileus or a little paler4 ,spores angular1 #g4e-aj4 ,pileus #h-ae lines broad4 ,stem #a4e-c in4 long1 #a-b lines thick4 ,damp soil in thin woods4 ,albany county4 ,october4 ,the species is allied to ,c4 vilis1 from which it is separated by its silky-shining pileus1 subdistant gills and farinaceous taste4 ,peck1 #db;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,scattered4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,september to ,november4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible1 pleasant4 ,c4 ,woodianus ,pk4 ,pileus thin1 convex or nearly plane1 umbilicate or centrally depressed1 hygrophanous1 striatulate on the margin when moist1 whitish or yellowish-white and shining when dry1 the margin often wavy or flexuous4 ,gills close1 adnate or slightly decurrent1 whitish1 then flesh-colored4 ,stem equal1 flexuous1 shining1 solid1 colored like the pileus4 ,spores subglobose1 angular1 #f-g4e4 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #b lines thick4 ,ground and decayed prostrate trunks in woods4 ,lewis county4 ,september4 ,this species is perhaps too closely allied to the preceding1 but it may easily be separated by its paler color1 closer gills and solid stem1 though this is sometimes hollow from the erosion of insects4 ,peck1 #db;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,c4 ,underwoodii ,pk4--in honor of ,l4,m4 ,underwood4 ,pileus rather thin but fleshy1 nearly plane or slightly depressed in the center1 even1 whitish4 ,gills narrow1 close1 slightly decurrent1 pale flesh-colored4 ,stem rather short1 equal or slightly tapering upward1 solid1 whitish4 ,spores subglobose1 #d-e long4 ,pileus #f-ah lines broad4 ,stem about #a in4 long and #b lines thick4 ,syracuse and ,jamesville4 ,september and ,october4 ,l4,m4 ,underwood4 ,peck1 #dith ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,,spores ,,rosy-,,red4 ,c4 erythrosporus ,pk4 ,gr--red-spored4 ,pileus thin1 hemispherical or strongly convex1 glabrous or merely pruinose1 pinkish-gray4 ,flesh whitish tinged with pink1 taste farinaceous4 ,gills narrow1 crowded1 arcuate1 deeply decurrent1 colored like the pileus4 ,stem equal or slightly tapering upward1 hollow1 slightly pruinose at the top1 colored like the pileus4 ,spores elliptical1 #ec-d4 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad4 ,stem #a-a4e in4 long1 #b-c lines thick4 ,decayed wood and among fallen leaves in woods4 ,albany and ,ulster counties4 ,september and ,october4 ,the species is easily recognized by its peculiar uniform color1 its narrow1 crowded and generally very decurrent gills and by its bright rosy-red spores4 ,sometimes individuals occur in which the gills are less decurrent4 ,peck1 #db;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 among fallen leaves4 ,sparsely gregarious4 ,september to ,november4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible1 good4 ,c4 conissans ,pk4--dusted4 ,pileus thin1 convex1 glabrous1 pale alutaceous1 often dusted by the copious spores4 ,gills close1 adnate1 reddish-brown4 ,stem slender1 brittle1 hollow1 cespitose1 white4 ,spores narrowly elliptical1 #g4ed4 ,pileus #a-a4e in4 broad4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 #a-b lines thick4 ,base of an apple tree4 ,catskill mountains4 ,september4 ,remarkable for the bright rosy-red spores which are sometimes so thickly dusted over the lower pilei of a tuft as to conceal their real color4 ,the species is very rare4 ,peck1 #db;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,,spores ,,very ,,pale ,,flesh-,,colored1 ,,merely ,,tinted4 ,c4 cspitosus ,pk4--tufted4 ,pileus at first convex1 firm1 nearly regular1 shining1 white1 then nearly plane1 fragile1 often irregular or eccentric1 glabrous but with a slight silky luster1 even1 whitish4 ,flesh white1 taste mild4 ,gills narrow1 thin1 crowded1 often forked1 adnate or slightly decurrent1 whitish1 becoming dingy or brownish-pink4 ,stems cespitose1 solid1 silky-fibrillose1 slightly mealy at the top1 white4 ,spores #ed4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad4 ,stem #a4e-c in4 long1 #b-d lines thick4 ,thin woods and pastures4 ,ulster county4 ,september4 ,this is a large1 fine species1 very distinct by its cespitose habit1 white color and very pale sordid-tinted spores4 ,but for the color of these the plant might easily be taken for a species of ,clitocybe4 ,the tufts sometimes form long rows4 ,peck1 #db;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,october4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,tender1 not much flavor4 ,c4 ,noveboracensis ,pk4--,new ,york ,clitopilus4 ,pileus thin1 convex1 then expanded or slightly depressed1 dingy white1 cracked in areas or concentrically rivulose1 sometimes obscurely zonate1 odor farinaceous1 taste bitter4 ,gills narrow1 close1 deeply decurrent1 some of them forked1 white1 becoming dingy1 tinged with yellow or flesh-color4 ,stem equal1 solid1 colored like the pileus1 the mycelium white1 often forming white branching root-like fibers4 ,spores globose1 #d-e broad4 ,var4 brevis4 ,margin of the pileus1 in the moist plant1 pure white4 ,gills adnate or slightly decurrent4 ,stem short4 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 #a-c lines thick4 ,woods and pastures4 ,adirondack mountains1 ,albany and ,rensselaer counties4 ,august to ,october4 ,the plant is gregarious or cespitose4 ,sometimes1 especially in the variety1 it grows in lines or arcs of circles4 ,the margin is often undulated1 and in the variety it is1 when fresh and moist1 clothed with a film of interwoven webby white fibrils which give it a peculiar appearance1 and if the spore characters are neglected it might be mistaken for ,clitocybe phyllophila4 ,the disk is often tinged with reddish-yellow or rusty hues when moist1 and its rivulose character is then more distinct4 ,a farinaceous odor is generally present1 especially in the broken or bruised plant1 but its taste is bitter and unpleasant4 ,sometimes bruises of the fresh plant manifest a tendency to assume a smoky-brown or blackish color4 ,the base of the stem is sometimes clothed with a white mycelioid tomentum4 ,peck1 #db;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,c4 ,seymourianus ,pk4--,pileus fleshy1 thin1 broadly convex or slightly depressed1 even1 pruinose1 whitish with a dark lilac tinge1 sometimes lobed and eccentric4 ,gills narrow1 crowded1 decurrent1 some of them forked at the base1 whitish with a pale flesh-colored tint4 ,stem equal1 silky-fibrillose1 hollow4 ,spores minute1 globose or nearly so1 #c4e-d long4 ,pileus #a-b4e in4 broad4 ,stem #a4e-b4e in4 long1 #c-d lines thick4 ,woods4 ,lewis county4 ,september4 ,peck1 #db;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,,lepto,,nia ,fr4 ,gr--slender4 7,plate ,,lxvi47 ,illustration3 ,,leptonia4 ,rosy-spored4 ,stem cartilaginous1 tubular 7the tube stuffed or hollow71 polished1 somewhat shining4 ,pileus thin1 umbilicate or with a darker disk1 cuticle fibrillose or separating into darker scales1 margin at first incurved4 ,gills at first adnexed or adnate but readily separating4 ,fries4 ,the ,leptoni are related to the ,clitopili as the ,collybi are to the ,clitocyb4 ,the species are small1 elegant1 brightly colored1 inodorous 7except ,a4 incanus71 and abound in rainy weather4 ,gregarious or growing in troops2 on the ground1 commonly on dry mossy pastures1 but also in marshy places4 ,stevenson4 ,six ,american species reported4 ,i have not seen any4 ,,nola,,nea ,fr4 ,nola1 a little bell4 7,plate ,,lxvii47 ,illustration3 ,nolanea pascua4 ,about natural size4 ,rosy-spored4 ,stem tubed1 the tube more rarely stuffed with a pith1 cartilaginous4 ,pileus somewhat membranaceous1 bell-shaped1 somewhat papillate1 striate and sometimes even1 sometimes also clothed with flocci1 margin straight and at the first pressed to the stem1 and not involute4 ,gills free or adfixed1 and not decurrent4 ,fries4 ,nolanea agrees with ,leptonia and ,eccilia among the pink-spored species4 ,it corresponds with ,mycena1 ,galera and ,psathyra4 ,several ,entolomata are nearly allied4 ,the species are thin and slender1 commonly inodorous and fragile1 though some of them are tough4 ,growing on the ground in summer and autumn4 ,stevenson4 ,seven ,american species reported4 ,none seen by writer4 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bd1 #bf1 #ce1 #ci1 #ej4 ,,ecci,,lia ,fr4 ,gr--,i hollow out4 7,plate ,,lxviii47 ,illustration3 ,,eccilia ,,atropuncta4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,stem cartilaginous1 tubular 7the tube hollow or stuffed71 expanded upward into the pileus1 which is somewhat membranaceous and at the first turned inward at the margin4 ,gills attenuated behind1 truly decurrent1 becoming more so when the pileus is depressed1 and not separating as those of ,nolanea4 ,corresponding in structure with ,omphalia of the white-spored and ,tubaria of the brown-spored series4 ,allied to ,clitopilus in the decurrent gills1 but separated by the cartilaginous1 smooth stem4 7,plate ,,lxix47 ,illustration3 ,,eccilia ,,carneo-,,grisea4 ,natural size4 ,,eccilia ,,atropuncta4 ,e4 carneo-grisea ,b4 and ,br4--caro1 flesh2 griseus1 gray4 ,pileus about #a in4 broad1 gray flesh-color1 umbilicate1 striate1 delicately dotted1 margin slightly glittering with dark particles4 ,stem about #a in4 long1 slender1 fibrous-hollow upward1 wavy1 of the same color as the pileus1 shining1 smooth1 white-downy at the base4 ,gills adnato-decurrent1 somewhat undulated1 distant1 rosy1 the irregular margin darker4 ,stevenson4 ,spores irregularly oblong1 rough1 #ge ,massee4 ,nova ,scotia1 ,dr4 ,somers4 ,new ,jersey1 ,e4,b4 ,sterling1 ,august1 #ahig2 ,eagle's ,mere1 ,pa41 common under pines1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,this neat little species is sweet and pleasant raw1 and when cooked makes an agreeable dish4 ,european authorities give the taste as unpleasant1 but there is nothing of the sort about the ,american representative4 ,,clau,,dopus ,smith4 ,claudus--lame2 pous--a foot4 7,plate ,,lxx47 ,illustration3 ,,claudopus ,,variabilis4 ,natural size4 ,pileus eccentric1 lateral or resupinate4 ,spores pinkish4 ,the species of this genus were formerly distributed among the ,pleuroti and ,crepidoti1 which they resemble in all respects except the color of the spores4 ,the genus at first was made to include species with lilac-colored as well as pink spores1 but ,professor ,fries limited it to species with pink spores4 ,in this sense we have taken it4 ,the spores in some species are even1 in others rough or angulated4 ,the stem is either entirely wanting or is very short and inconspicuous1 a character indicated by the generic name4 ,the pileus often rests upon its back and is attached by a point when young1 but it becomes turned backward with age4 ,the species are few and infrequent4 ,all inhabit decaying wood4 ,,synopsis ,,of ,,the ,,species4 ,pileus yellow ,c4 nidulans ,pileus white or whitish #a #a4 ,spores even ,c4 variabilis #a4 ,spores angulated4 ,c4 depluens ,pileus gray or brown #b #b4 ,pileus striatulate when ,c4 ,greigensis moist #b4 ,pileus not striatulate ,c4 byssisedus ,peck1 #cith ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,c4 nidulans ,pers4--nidus1 a nest4 ,pileus #a-c in4 broad1 stemless1 attached by the pileus or rarely narrowed behind into a short stem-like base1 caps often overlapping one another1 suborbicular or kidney-shaped1 downy1 somewhat pointed-hairy or scaly-hairy toward the margin1 yellow or buff color1 the margin at first turned inward4 ,lamell rather broad1 moderately close or subdistant1 orange-yellow4 ,spores even1 slightly curved1 #f-h long1 about half as broad1 delicate pink4 ,decaying wood4 ,sandlake4 ,catskill and ,adirondack mountains4 ,autumn4 ,this fungus was placed by ,fries among the ,pleuroti1 and in this he has been followed by most authors4 ,but the spores have a delicate pink color closely resembling that of the young lamell of the common mushroom1 ,agaricus campestris4 ,we have1 therefore1 placed it among the ,claudopodes1 where ,fries himself has suggested it should be placed if removed at all from ,pleurotus4 ,our plant has sometimes been referred to ,panus dorsalis ,bosc41 but with the description of that species it does not well agree4 ,the tawny-color1 spoon-shaped pileus1 pale floccose scales1 short lateral stem and decurrent lamell ascribed to that species are not well shown by our plant4 ,the substance of the pileus1 though rather tenacious and persistent1 can scarcely be called leathery4 ,the flesh is white or pale yellow4 ,the hairy down of the pileus is often matted in small tufts and intermingled with coarse hairs1 especially toward the margin4 ,this gives a scaly or pointed-hairy appearance4 ,the color of the pileus is often paler toward the base than it is on the margin4 ,peck1 #cith ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,november1 #ahih1 decaying stumps4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,an autumnal species growing upon wood4 ,not common4 ,the light yellow tomentosity of the cap arranges itself into shapes as fascinating as crystals of snow4 ,taste pleasant1 mild4 ,texture more solid than ,p4 ostreatus1 consequently tougher4 ,it is edible but not desirable4 ,must be chopped fine and cooked well4 ,illustration3 ,grouped by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,studies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,lxxi4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,hebeloma ,,glutinosum1 #bhc #c4 ,,pholiota ,,squarrosa1 #bgc #b4 ,,pholiota ,,caperata1 #bgj #d4 ,,pholiota ,,subsquarrosa1 #bge ,hymenophore distinct from fleshy stem4 ,,acetabularia4 ,,bolbitius4 ,hymenophore confluent and homogenous with fleshy stem4 ,,cortinarius4 ,,pholiota4 ,,inocybe4 ,,hebeloma4 ,,flammula4 ,,paxillus4 ,,crepidotus4 ,hymenophore confluent with1 but heterogeneous from cartilaginous stem4 ,,naucoria4 ,,galera4 ,,pluteolus4 ,,tubaria4 ,series ,,iii4 ,,ochro,,spor 7,dermini74 ,spores brown4 ,ochrospor1 third in color series1 ranges in spore color from dull ochraceous1 through bright ocher1 to rusty orange and ferruginous or iron-rust4 ,the various shades will tax even a color expert4 ,there are no species in the series corresponding to ,amanit4 ,in ,acetabularia there is a cup-like volva2 in ,pholiota there is a distinct interwoven ring on the stem2 in ,cortinarius the secondary veil is like a cobweb1 and may form an imperfect zone around the stem1 or hang as fibers from the margin of the cap2 ,pluteolus exactly resembles ,pluteus4 ,there are many edible species of good quality in the series4 ,none are known to be poisonous4 ,the substance1 as a rule1 is tougher than in most of the preceding genera1 and in many instances has a strong woody flavor4 ,several species are late growers1 and are among the best of fungi4 ,notably in ,pholiota4 ,,acetabula,,ria ,berk4 ,acetabulum1 a vinegar-cup4 ,from the cup-like volva4 ,universal veil distinct from the pileus2 hymenophore distinct2 gills free2 spores pallid1 tawny or brown4 ,analogous to ,volvaria and ,chitonia4 ,no ,american species reported4 ,illustration ,,pholio,,ta ,fr4 ,gr--a scale4 ,pileus more or less fleshy4 ,gills adnate1 with or without a decurrent tooth1 tawny or rust colored at maturity from the spores4 ,flesh of stem continuous with that of the pileus4 ,ring distinct1 interwoven4 ,spores sepia-brown1 bright yellowish-brown or light red4 ,generally on wood1 sometimes on the ground in damp moss1 frequently densely cespitose4 ,some of the species are large and bright colored4 ,distinguished from all other genera of the brown-spored series by the possession of a distinct ring4 ,in ,cortinarius the veil and ring are web-like4 ,stevenson notes in his description of the genus3 8,none are to be commended as edible40 ,my investigation shows that there are several delicious species1 notably ,p4 squarrosa and subsquarrosa4 ,their lateness and plentifulness make them valuable food fungi4 ,i have nothing but praise for the entire genus4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,tribes4 ,a4 ,,humigeni 7humus1 ground2 gigno1 to bear74 ,page #bgj4 ,on the ground1 rarely cespitose4 99 ,eudermini4 ,gr--well2 dermini1 the brown-spored series4 ,spores ferruginous4 9999 ,photi4 ,gr--dusky4 ,spores dusky rust-colored4 ,b4 ,,truncigeni 7truncus1 a trunk2 gigno1 to bear74 ,page #bgc4 ,on wood2 subcespitose4 99 geritini4 ,p4 gerita1 the type of the section4 ,pileus naked1 not scaly1 sometimes cracked4 ,gills pallid1 then reddish or dusky4 ,none known to be edible4 9999 ,squamosi--squama1 a scale4 ,pileus scaly1 not hygrophanous4 ,gills becoming discolored4 99 ,gills not becoming purely rust-colored4 9999 ,gills yellow1 then rust-color or tawny4 999999 ,hygrophani4 ,gr--moist2 to appear4 ,gills cinnamon1 not at first yellow4 ,c4 ,,muscigeni 7muscus1 moss2 gigno1 to bear74 ,hygrophanous4 ,like ,galera with a ring4 ,a4 ,,humigeni4 ,on ground4 99 ,eudermini4 ,spores ferruginous4 ,p4 caperata ,pers4--capero1 to wrinkle4 7,plate ,,lxxi1 fig4 #b1 page #bfh47 ,pileus #c-e in4 broad1 more or less intensely yellow1 fleshy1 but thin in proportion to its size and robust stem1 ovate then expanded1 obtuse1 viscid only when moist and not truly so1 even at the disk1 wrinkled in pits at the sides1 incrusted with white superficial flocci4 ,stem #d-f in4 long1 more than #a in4 thick1 solid1 stout1 cylindrical with exception of the base which is often tuberous1 shining white1 scaly above the ring1 which is membranaceous1 reflexo-pendulous1 and broken into squamules at the apex4 ,gills adnate1 crowded1 thin1 somewhat serrated1 clay-cinnamon4 ,when young the pileus is incrusted with the veil or with white mealy-floccose soft1 hairy down1 which is crowded on the even disk and scaly towards the thin pitted-furrowed margin2 and as this separates the pileus is naked4 ,veil universal1 floccoso-mealy1 at the first cohering in the form of a volva but not continuous2 in rainy weather remaining in the form of a volva at the base4 ,spores dark ferruginous on a white ground1 paler on a black ground4 ,there is a smaller form 7,a4 macropus ,pers47 in pine woods1 pileus even and paler4 ,stem #c in4 long1 and without a tuberous base4 ,ring oblique and often incomplete4 ,stev4 ,spores #aj ,b4 and ,br42 #abd ,w4,p42 spheroid-ellipsoid1 uniguttate1 #aa-abh-i ,k42 #abd4e ,massee4 ,not previously reported4 ,this fungus occurs sparingly in rich woods near ,boston4 ,it is much esteemed in ,germany1 and eagerly sought by the common people1 who call it familiarly the 8,zigeuner0 7,gypsy74 ,boston ,myc4 ,club ,bull4 #ahif4 ,i have found this species in but one place--on the south hill of the great ,chester valley1 ,pa41 where it grows plentifully in woods4 ,the taste raw was slightly acrid1 but when cooked this disappeared4 ,many ate of the species and enjoyed it4 ,p4 togularis ,bull4--togula1 a little cloak4 ,from the ample ring4 ,pileus #a in4 broad1 pallid ochraceous1 fleshy1 soft1 bell-shaped then expanded1 obtuse1 orbicular1 without stri1 smooth4 ,flesh thin1 soft1 becoming yellow4 ,stem #c-d in4 long1 #b lines thick1 tubed1 rigid1 equal1 cylindrical1 rough with stiff fibers1 naked and becoming yellow at the apex1 becoming dingy brown downward4 ,ring medial1 more than #a in4 distant1 entire1 spreading-reflexed4 ,gills adnato-separating1 ventricose1 crowded1 narrowed in front1 becoming yellow1 at length pale rust-color1 never becoming dingy brown4 ,protean1 slender1 very variable in stature1 growing in troops4 b4 ,more slender1 but densely gregarious1 with the wholly pallid smooth stem thinner1 often flexuous4 ,this form is exactly ,a4 mesodactylus ,berk4 c4 ,very small4 ,pileus #a in4 ,stem #a in4 or a little more1 scarcely #a line thick1 very flexuous1 becoming rust-color4 ,stevenson4 ,spores elliptical1 #hc4e ,massee4 ,new ,jersey1 on decayed chips mixed with dirt4 ,may1 #ahih4 ,e4,b4 ,sterling4 ,not previously reported4 ,the specimens sent were tested and found to be of good quality4 9999 ,photi4 ,spores fuscous--ferruginous 7dingy rust-color74 ,p4 dura ,bolt4--durus1 hard4 ,pileus #c in4 and more broad1 tawny1 tan-color1 becoming dingy brown1 fleshy1 somewhat compact1 convexo-plane1 obtuse1 smooth1 then cracked into patches1 margin even4 ,stem commonly curt1 #b in4 long1 about in4 thick1 stuffed1 even solid1 hard1 becoming silky-even1 then longitudinally cracked when dry1 thickened at the apex1 mealy and more than usually widened into the pileus1 varying ventricose and irregularly-shaped4 ,ring torn4 ,gills adnate1 striato-decurrent with a tooth1 ventricose1 in4 broad1 livid then dingy rust-color4 ,the stem is abundantly furnished with fibrillose rootlets at the base4 ,although very closely allied to ,a4 prcox1 it is readily distinguished by its rust-color or brown-rust spores4 ,stevenson4 ,spores #ie ,w4,g4,s42 #h-ie-f ,massee4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j4 ,june to ,october4 ,florist's garden1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,after rains ,p4 dura appears1 solitary1 from spring to autumn4 ,the cracked cap1 in mature specimens1 distinguishes it from other species found on its habitat4 ,it varies in size from #a in4 up to #d in4 across4 ,the caps are excellent4 7,plate ,,lxxii47 ,illustration3 ,,pholiota ,,pr,,cox4 ,after ,peck4 ,p4 prcox ,pers4--prcox1 early4 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad1 convex or nearly plane1 soft1 nearly or quite glabrous1 whitish1 more or less tinged with yellow or tan-color4 ,gills close1 adnexed1 at first whitish1 then brownish or rusty-brownish4 ,stem #a4e-c in4 long1 #b-b4e lines thick1 rather slender1 mealy or glabrous1 stuffed or hollow1 whitish4 ,spores elliptical1 rusty-brown1 #aj-acf-h4 ,the ,early ,pholiota is a small but variable species4 ,from other similarly colored species that appear in grassy ground early in the season1 the collar on the stem will generally distinguish it4 ,its cap is usually convex when young but nearly flat in the mature plant4 ,it is rather pale in color but not a clear white1 being tinted with yellow or pale tan-colored hues4 ,the gills are whitish when the cap first opens1 but they soon change to a rusty-brown hue in consequence of the ripening of the spores4 ,they are excavated at the inner extremity and slightly attached to the stem4 ,they are ventricose when the cap is fully expanded4 ,the stem is rather slender1 nearly or quite straight and soon smooth and hollow4 ,it is pale or whitish1 and usually furnished with a small collar4 ,sometimes the collar is slight and disappears with age and sometimes the fragments of the veil remain attached to the margin of the cap leaving nothing for a collar4 ,the plants usually grow in grassy ground1 lawns and gardens1 and appear from ,may to ,july4 ,var4 minor ,batt4 is a small form having the cap only about #a in4 broad and the remnants of the veil adherent to the margin of the cap4 ,it is represented by figures #f to #ab4 ,var4 sylvestris ,pk4 has the center of the cap brownish or rusty-brown1 and grows in thin woods4 ,peck1 #dith ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores inclining to fuscous1 spheroid-ellipsoid1 #h-ace-g ,k42 #hf ,w4,g4,s42 #h-acf-g ,massee4 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,north ,carolina1 ,pennsylvania1 ,may to ,august4 ,on rich ground1 lawns1 gardens1 etc4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,coming as it does in early spring1 it is a prized species wherever found4 ,the caps only are good4 ,b4 ,,truncigeni4 ,on wood4 9999 ,squamosi4 ,scaly4 7,plate ,,lxxiii47 ,illustration3 ,,pholiota ,,squarrosa4 ,one-half natural size4 ,p4 squarrosa ,mull4--squarrosus1 scurfy4 7,plate ,,lxxi1 fig4 #c1 page #bfh47 ,pileus #c-e in4 broad1 saffron-rust-color1 scaly with innate1 crowded1 revolute1 darker 7becoming dingy brown71 persistent scales1 fleshy1 convex bell-shaped then flattened1 commonly obtusely umbonate or gibbous1 dry4 ,flesh light-yellow1 compact when young1 sometimes thin4 ,stems curt when young1 as much as #h in4 long when full-grown1 as much as #a in4 thick at the apex1 remarkably attenuated downwards1 stuffed1 scaly as far as the ring with crowded1 revolute1 darker scales4 ,ring only slightly distant from the apex1 rarely membranaceous1 entire or often slashed1 generally floccoso-radiate1 of the same color as the scales4 ,gills adnate with a decurrent tooth1 crowded1 narrow1 pallid-olivaceous then rust-color4 ,spores ferruginous4 ,very cespitose1 forming large heaps4 ,stems commonly cohering at the base1 varying very much in stature in the same cluster2 varying also much thinner1 scarcely ever curved-ascending4 ,odor heavy1 stinking2 sometimes1 however1 obsolete4 ,stevenson4 ,spores ellipsoid1 #g-hx#d-e ,k42 #dx#e ,w4,g4,s42 #hx#d ,massee4 ,on trunks of trees1 on and near stumps1 etc4 ,common4 ,august to ,december4 ,west ,virginia1 #ahha-ahhe1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania4 ,on rotten wood and stumps4 ,august to long after frost4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,the ,american species1 as ,i have repeatedly found it1 is not so large as given in the ,european description1 and the habitat is more closely confined to the trunks of standing trees and stumps not much decayed4 ,it is a showy species1 to be seen from afar off1 especially after the leaves fall4 ,taste when young1 raw1 is sweet1 mealy2 when mature1 like stale lard4 ,cooked1 the caps are of good substance and flavor4 ,one of the very best4 ,p4 squarrosoides ,pk4--squarrosus1 scurfy2 eidos1 form4 ,pileus firm1 convex1 viscid when moist1 at first densely covered by erect papillose or subspinose tawny scales1 which soon separate from each other1 revealing the whitish color and viscid character of the pileus4 ,lamell close1 emarginate1 at first whitish1 then pallid or dull cinnamon color4 ,stem equal1 firm1 stuffed1 rough with thick squarrose scales1 white above the thick floccose ring1 pallid or tawny below4 ,spores minute1 elliptical1 #ed4 ,densely cespitose1 #c-f in4 high4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad4 ,stem #c-e lines thick4 ,dead trunks and old stumps of maple4 ,adirondack and ,catskill mountains4 ,autumn4 ,this is evidently closely related to ,a4 squarrosus1 with which it has1 perhaps1 been confused1 but its different colors and viscid pileus appear to warrant its separation4 ,peck1 #cast ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,occurred in large clusters on sugar maples at ,eagle's ,mere in ,october1 and on stumps at ,mt4 ,gretna4 ,it very closely resembles ,p4 squarrosa4 ,its caps are of the very best4 ,p4 subsquarrosa ,fr4--sub1 under2 squarrosus1 scurfy4 7,plate ,,lxxi1 fig4 #d1 p4 #bfh47 ,pileus #b in4 and more broad1 brown rust-color1 with darker1 adpressed1 floccose scales1 fleshy1 convex1 obtuse or gibbous1 viscid4 ,stem #c in4 long1 #d-e lines thick1 stuffed 7often hollow when old71 equal1 yellow-rust-color1 clothed with darker scales which are adpressed1 or spreading only at the apex1 not rough1 furnished with an annular zone at the apex1 becoming yellow-rust-color within4 ,gills deeply sinuate1 emarginate1 almost free1 arcuate1 crowded1 at first pale then dingy yellow4 ,spores rust-color4 ,the pileus is viscid1 but not glutinous like that of ,a4 adiposus4 ,it holds a doubtful place between ,a4 aurivellus and ,a4 squarrosus1 departing from both1 however1 in the gills being at the first yellow2 and from ,a4 squarrosus1 to which it is more like1 in the gills being emarginato-free1 not decurrent4 ,somewhat cespitose4 ,almost inodorous4 ,fries4 ,spores ferruginous1 size not stated4 ,west ,philadelphia1 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j4 ,september until after frosts4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,not previously reported4 ,the maple trees in ,west ,philadelphia frequently show large clusters of it up to twenty feet from ground2 to be seen from afar after the leaves have fallen4 ,our ,american species differs somewhat from the ,european4 ,american species3 ,pileus #a-c in4 across1 fleshy1 convex1 very viscid1 rich brownish-yellow1 covered with darker adpressed floccose scales4 ,flesh slightly yellow4 ,gills white when very young slightly emarginate1 adnexed1 crowded1 in4 broad1 brown4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 in4 thick1 equal or tapering toward base1 stuffed1 then hollow1 covered with squamose scales as far up as the slight ring1 smooth above ring4 ,ring membranaceous1 slight4 ,spores rust-color4 ,the species is variable and differs greatly in youth and maturity4 ,the caps1 fried in hot buttered pan1 are unexcelled4 ,equally fine in croquettes and patties4 9999 ,gills yellow1 then rust-color4 7,plate ,,lxxiv47 ,illustration3 ,,pholiota ,,adiposa4 ,about natural size4 ,p4 adiposa ,fr4--adeps1 fat4 ,pileus fleshy1 firm1 at first hemispherical or subconical1 then convex1 very viscid or glutinous when moist1 scaly1 yellow4 ,flesh whitish4 ,gills close1 adnate1 yellowish becoming rust-color with age4 ,stem equal or slightly thickened at the base1 scaly below the slight radiating floccose ring1 solid or stuffed1 yellow1 generally rust-color at the base4 ,spores elliptical1 #g4fe4 ,the ,fat pholiota is a showy species4 ,its tufted mode of growth1 rather large size1 yellow color and rusty-brown scales make it a noticeable object4 ,the stem is somewhat and the cap very viscid when moist1 and this viscidity when dry gives it a shining appearance4 ,the scales of the cap become erect or reflexed and sometimes appear blackish at the tips4 ,they sometimes disappear with age4 ,the flesh is firm and white or whitish4 ,the gills when young are yellow or pale-yellow1 but when mature they assume a ferruginous or rusty color like that of the spores4 ,the stem is similar in color to the cap1 but paler or nearly white at the top and usually reddish-brown or rusty-brown at the base4 ,the collar is slight and often scarcely noticeable in mature specimens4 ,the ,cap is #b-d in4 broad1 the ,stem #b-d in4 long and #d-f lines thick4 ,the plants commonly grow in tufts on stumps or dead trunks of deciduous trees in or near woods4 ,they may be found from ,september to ,november4 ,it is well to peel the caps before cooking4 ,this species is not classed as edible by ,european authors1 but ,i find its flavor agreeable and its substance digestible and harmless4 ,peck1 #dith ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores #he ,w4,g4,s42 elliptical1 ferruginous1 #gc ,massee4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,october until after frost4 ,about trees and stumps and on logs4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,p4 adiposa yields a substantial substance of good flavor4 ,p4 flammans ,fr4--flamma1 flame4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad1 yellow-tawny1 fleshy1 convex then plane1 somewhat umbonate1 absolutely dry1 sprinkled with superficial1 pilose1 somewhat concentric1 paler or sulphur-yellow1 rough or curly scales2 margin at first inflexed1 then spread when larger4 ,flesh thin1 light yellow4 ,stem #c in4 long1 #b-c lines thick1 stuffed then hollow1 equal1 most frequently flexuous1 very light yellow as are also the crowded rough scales4 ,ring membranaceous1 entire1 not far removed from the pileus1 of the same color4 ,gills adnate and without a tooth1 somewhat thin1 crowded1 at the first bright sulphur-yellow1 at length rust-color1 edge quite entire4 ,pileus by no means hygrophanous4 ,it is distinguished from all others by the sulphur-yellow scales on the tawny pileus4 ,forming small clusters4 ,inodorous4 ,the ring is sometimes only indicated by an annular zone4 ,fries4 ,spores ellipsoid1 #db ,k42 ellipsoid1 #c-db-b4e ,c4,b4,p42 #db ,w4,p42 #hd ,massee4 ,quite plentiful in the ,new ,jersey pines1 from ,october until after heavy frosts4 ,caps seldom over #c in4 across4 ,solitary1 and in clusters of not over half a dozen4 ,the caps fried are delicious4 ,p4 luteofolia ,pk4--luteus1 yellow2 folium1 a leaf4 ,pileus firm1 convex1 dry1 scaly1 fibrillose on the margin1 pale-red or yellowish4 ,lamell broad1 subdistant1 emarginate1 serrate on the edge1 yellow1 becoming bright rust-color4 ,stem firm1 fibrillose1 solid1 colored like the pileus1 often curved from the place of growth4 ,ring obsolete4 ,spores bright rust-color1 #gd4 ,plant subcespitose1 #b-c in4 high4 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad4 ,stem #c-e lines thick4 ,trunks of birch trees4 ,forestburgh4 ,september4 ,the general appearance of this plant is like ,a4 variegatus or reddish forms of ,a4 multipunctus4 ,the reddish color appears sometimes to fade with age4 ,peck1 #bgth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,eagle's ,mere1 ,pa4 ,in clusters1 on birch trees4 ,august1 #ahih4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,grows in quantity in the birch forests4 ,the caps are delicious4 ,p4 ornella ,pk4 7,agaricus ornellus ,pk41 #cd ,rep41 p4 #db47 ,pileus convex or nearly plane1 slightly squamose1 reddish-brown tinged with purple1 the margin paler1 floccose-appendiculate4 ,gills moderately close1 yellowish or pallid1 becoming brown4 ,stem equal or slightly thickened upward1 solid1 squamulose1 pale-yellow1 sometimes expanded at the base into a brownish disk margined with yellowish filaments4 ,spores brown1 elliptical1 #f-g4ed-e4 ,plant #a-b in4 high4 ,pileus about #a in4 broad4 ,stem #a line to #a4e lines thick4 ,decaying wood4 ,south ,ballston1 ,saratoga county4 ,october4 ,the scales of the pileus are sometimes arranged in concentric circles4 ,the purplish tint is not always uniform1 but in some instances forms spots or patches4 ,peck1 #cdth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,specimens1 clustered1 found by me on railroad ties at ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,september1 #ahig1 had caps #a-a in4 broad1 of a dull green without tinge of purple2 skin minutely cracked1 showing the white flesh in the interstices2 stem #a-b in4 long1 #c-d lines thick1 slightly thickened upward1 pale orange1 solid1 squamulose2 ring floccose2 taste when raw1 slightly bitter4 ,these were sent to ,professor ,peck who wrote3 8,appears to be a form of ,p4 ornella ,pk41 but it differs some in color1 being more of a green hue than of purple or olivaceous4 ,it is pretty and ,i would like to know more about it before deciding on it fully40 ,i have not since found it4 ,very palatable when cooked4 999999 ,hygrophani4 ,gills cinnamon1 etc4 ,p4 mutabilis ,schaeff4--changeable4 ,pileus about #b in4 broad1 cinnamon when moist1 becoming pale when dry1 hygrophanous1 slightly fleshy1 convex then flattened1 commonly obtusely umbonate1 sometimes depressed1 even and smooth1 but when young occasionally scaly throughout4 ,stem about #b-c in4 long1 #b lines and more thick1 rigid1 stuffed then hollow1 equal or attenuated downward1 scaly-rough as far as the ring1 rust-color1 blackish or umber downward1 often ascending or twisted4 ,ring membranaceous1 externally scaly4 ,gills adnato-decurrent1 crowded1 rather broad1 pallid then cinnamon4 ,stevenson4 ,densely cespitose1 variable in stature4 ,spores ellipsoid-obovate1 #faa ,w4,g4,s42 #gd ,w4,p2 #i-aae-f ,massee2 #aag ,morgan4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,considered excellent in ,europe4 ,p4 marginata ,batsch4--marginatus1 margined4 ,pileus #a in4 and more broad1 honey-colored when moist1 tan when dry1 hygrophanous1 slightly fleshy1 convex then expanded1 obtuse1 even1 smooth1 margin striate4 ,stem about #b in4 long1 #a-b lines thick1 tubed1 equal1 fibrillose or slightly striate1 not scaly1 of the same color as the pileus1 but becoming dingy-brown1 and commonly white velvety at the base4 ,ring #a-b lines distant from the apex1 often in the form of a cortina and fugacious4 ,gills adnate1 crowded1 thin1 narrow1 at first pallid1 then darker cinnamon4 ,it varies much1 and is deceptive on account of the vanishing veil4 ,in hedges there is a very small cespitose form with the pileus only in4 broad1 and the stem tough and smooth1 with exception of the remains of the fugacious cortina4 ,there also occur on the ground among mosses smaller and paler forms1 which must be carefully distinguished from ,a4 unicolor1 etc4 ,stevenson4 ,spores #g-hd ,massee4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,november1 ,december1 #ahif4 ,in pine woods4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,the caps of this small ,pholiota1 seldom over #a in4 across1 can be gathered in goodly numbers where it frequents4 ,they are of excellent quality4 ,p4 discolor ,pk4--changing color4 ,pileus thin1 convex1 then expanded or slightly depressed1 smooth1 viscid1 hygrophanous1 watery-cinnamon and striatulate on the margin when moist2 bright ochraceous-yellow when dry4 ,lamell close1 narrow1 pallid then pale rust-color4 ,stem equal1 hollow1 fibrillose-striate1 pallid4 ,ring distinct1 persistent4 ,spores elliptical1 #ge4 ,plant subcespitose1 #b-c in4 high4 ,pileus #h-af lines broad4 ,stem #a line thick4 ,old logs in woods4 ,greig4 ,september4 ,the change of color from the moist to the dry state is very marked4 ,this species resembles ,agaricus autumnalis1 in which the annulus is fugacious and the spores are longer4 ,the edge of the gills in both is white-flocculose4 ,peck1 #beth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,two forms of this species are found4 ,one has a scattered form of growth1 the other found on decaying wood of birch is cespitose4 ,the species is allied to ,p4 marginata1 from which it is readily distinguished by its viscid pileus4 ,peck1 ,rep4 #dd4 ,var4 discolor minor ,pk4 ,small4 ,pileus #f-aj lines broad1 chestnut color when young or moist4 ,stem about #a line thick1 at first clothed with whitish fibrils4 ,among mosses about or on the base of stumps4 ,september4 ,peck1 ,rep4 #df4 ,west ,virginia4 ,eagle's ,mere1 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,august to frost4 ,on decaying wood4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,this little ,pholiota is abundant where it does grow4 ,in the ,west ,virginia forests ,i have seen logs with many tufts of it upon each4 ,the caps are fairly good4 ,illustration ,,ino,,cybe ,fr4 ,gr--fiber2 ,gr--head4 7,plate ,,lxxv47 ,illustration3 ,,inocybe ,,lanuginosa4 ,one-fourth natural size4 ,universal veil somewhat fibrillose1 concrete with the cuticle of the pileus1 often free at the margin1 in the form of a cortina4 ,gills somewhat sinuate 7but they occur also adnate and in two species decurrent71 changing color1 but not powdered with cinnamon4 ,spores often rough1 but in others even1 more or less brownish-rust color4 ,inocybe 7with ,hebeloma7 corresponds with ,tricholoma4 ,inocybe and ,hebeloma have some common features1 but they are really very distinct4 ,inocybe is readily distinguished by the fibrillose covering of the pileus1 which never has a distinct pellicle1 by the veil which is continuous and homogeneous with the fibrils of the pileus1 and by the rusty-brown spores4 ,all grow on the ground4 ,they are 7mostly7 strong-smelling 7commonly nauseous74 ,none are edible4 ,stevenson4 ,none reported as either edible or poisonous4 ,those ,i have tested are not pleasant4 ,illustration ,,plute,,olus ,fr4 ,dim4 of pluteus1 a shed4 ,pileus conical or bell-shaped1 then expanded1 rather fleshy1 viscid1 margin at first straight and pressed to the stem4 ,gills free1 rounded behind4 ,stem somewhat cartilaginous1 its substance different from that of the pileus4 ,growing on wood4 ,spores rust or saffron color4 ,pluteus1 the only genus having the same structure1 is separated by its salmon-colored spores4 7,plate ,,lxxvi47 ,illustration3 ,,pluteolus ,,reticulatus4 ,about natural size4 ,p4 reticulatus ,pers4--rete1 a net4 ,from the net-work of veins on the pileus4 ,pileus slightly fleshy1 bell-shaped1 then expanded1 sticky1 reticulate with anastomosing veins1 pale violaceous1 striate on the margin4 ,lamell free1 ventricose1 crowded1 rusty-saffron4 ,stem hollow1 fragile1 fibrillose1 mealy at the top1 white4 ,spores elliptical1 ferruginous1 #aj-ace-f4e4 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 #a-b lines thick4 ,decaying wood4 ,cattaraugus county4 ,september4 ,the specimens which ,i have referred to this species appear to be a small form with the pileus scarcely more than an inch broad and merely wrinkled on the disk1 not distinctly reticulate as in the type4 ,in the dried specimens the pileus has assumed a dark violaceous color4 ,the dimensions of the spores have been taken from the ,american plant4 ,i do not find them given by any ,european author4 ,peck1 #dfth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,in ,october1 #ahig1 ,p4 reticulatus grew in large quantities on a fallow lot close by the ,university of ,pennsylvania1 ,philadelphia4 ,the lot was thickly covered with tall heavy-stemmed weeds1 a mat of which1 from the year before was present4 ,the reticulations upon the cap are intricate and distinct4 ,i have not seen it since4 ,the whole plant is tender and of fine flavor4 ,,hebelo,,ma ,fr4 ,hebe1 youth2 loma1 fringe4 ,partial veil fibrillose or absent4 ,pileus smooth1 continuous1 somewhat viscid1 margin at first incurved4 ,flesh of stem continuous with that of the pileus2 fleshy1 fibrous1 clothed1 top rather mealy4 ,gills attached1 notched at the stem1 edge inclined to be pale4 ,spores clay-colored4 ,on the ground4 ,closely allied to ,inocybe1 formerly included in ,hebeloma1 but differing in the character of the cuticle of the pileus which in ,inocybe is scaly or fibrillose4 ,many of the species are strong in smell and taste4 ,none have hitherto been considered edible and some have been regarded as poisonous4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,tribes4 ,,indusiati 7indusium1 a garment74 ,page #bhc4 ,furnished with a ring from the manifest veil1 which often makes the margin of the pileus superficially silky4 ,,denudati 7denudo1 to lay bare74 ,page #bhf4 ,pileus smooth4 ,veil absent4 ,none known to be edible4 ,,pusillus 7pusus1 a little boy74 ,pileus scarcely an inch broad4 ,none known to be edible4 ,the writer has not as yet investigated the edible qualities of this genus to his satisfaction4 ,much work remains to be done4 ,but two species of ,hebeloma are given as edible4 ,they are good1 but do not rank above second-class4 ,several others have been tested1 but not in sufficient quantity to report upon their quality with perfect safety4 ,so far as tested the species have been harmless4 ,,indusia,,ti4 ,with a ring1 etc4 ,h4 mussivum ,fr4--mussivus1 undecided4 7,uncertain in generic place47 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad1 either of one color1 yellow or darker at the disk which is like a smooth sugar-cake1 fleshy1 compact1 firm1 convex then plane1 unequal1 very obtuse1 viscid1 at first smooth and even1 margin bent inward1 even1 then commonly turning upward and broken up into scales4 ,flesh thick1 becoming yellow4 ,stem #d in4 long1 commonly #a in4 thick1 very fleshy1 sometimes stuffed1 sometimes hollow at the top1 equal or broad in the middle1 wholly fibrillose and powdered at the top1 light yellow4 ,veil fibrillose1 very evanescent4 ,gills emarginate1 somewhat crowded1 #c lines broad1 dry 7not distilling drops71 at first light yellow1 then together with the spores somewhat rust-colored4 ,odor weak1 not unpleasant4 ,very distinct4 ,it departs widely from all the following species in its habit and bright colors4 ,the habit is that of a ,flammula or ,cortinarius1 but the gills are emarginate and not powdered2 from the turned up pileus and from the stem being powdered at the top1 and from other marks it is to be referred to ,hebeloma4 ,fries4 ,spores elliptical1 #abf ,massee4 ,new ,jersey1 ,haddonfield4 ,under pine trees4 ,solitary4 ,frequent4 ,september1 #ahif4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,not previously reported4 ,taste1 even raw1 is pleasant4 ,it is meaty and the meat is good4 ,it requires slow cooking and is best chopped fine and served in patties or croquettes4 7,plate ,,lxxvia47 ,illustration3 ,,hebeloma ,,fastibile4 ,one-fourth natural size4 ,h4 fastibile ,fr4--fastidibilis1 loathsome4 ,from the smell4 ,pileus #b in4 and more broad1 pale yellowish1 tan or becoming pale1 compactly fleshy1 convexo-plane1 obtuse1 somewhat wavy1 even1 smooth1 the turned-in margin downy4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 in4 thick1 solid1 wholly fleshy-fibrous1 stout1 somewhat bulbous1 often twisted1 everywhere white-silky and fibrillose1 white1 but varying pallid1 white-scaly upward4 ,cortina remarkable1 white1 occasionally in the form of a ring4 ,gills remarkably emarginate1 somewhat distant1 rather broad1 at first becoming pale-white1 then dingy clay-color1 edge whitish1 distilling drops in rainy weather4 ,somewhat cespitose4 ,odor and taste of radish1 bitterish4 ,like ,a4 crustiliniformis2 the odor is the same except that it is stronger1 but it differs conspicuously in the manifest veil and somewhat distant gills4 ,var4 alba1 stem longer1 equal1 somewhat hollow1 fibrous-scaly at the apex1 gills distant4 ,a4 spiloleucus ,krombh41 ,a4 sulcatus ,lindgr4 is an elegant form with the margin of the pileus sulcate or rugoso-plicate4 ,in mixed woods4 ,common4 ,july to ,october4 ,stevenson4 ,spores #aah ,w4,g4,s42 elliptical1 pointed1 #ajh ,morgan4 ,var4 elegans4 ,pileus purple-brown4 ,this sometimes appears on disused mushroom beds in large quantities1 but the method by which the spores gain access is involved in darkness4 8,a very suspicious species and has the reputation of being noxious40 ,cooke4 8,there is considerable external resemblance between this and ,a4 campestris4 ,no fungus is so often mistaken for ,a4 campestris as this dangerous plant40 ,w4,g4 ,smith4 ,this species is considered noxious abroad4 ,no test is reported of its qualities here4 ,i have not seen it4 ,h4 glutinosum ,lind4--gluten1 glue4 7,plate ,,lxxi1 fig4 #a1 p4 #bfh47 ,pileus about #c in4 broad1 yellow-white1 the disk darker1 fleshy1 convex then plane1 regular1 obtuse1 with a tenacious viscous gluten1 and slimy in wet weather1 sprinkled with white superficial scales4 ,flesh whitish1 becoming light-yellow4 ,stem #c in4 long1 stuffed1 firm1 somewhat bulbous1 white-scaly and fibrillose1 and white-mealy at the top1 often rough with bundles of hairs at the base1 at length rust-color within4 ,partial thread-like veil manifest1 in the form of a cortina4 ,gills sinuato-adnate1 somewhat decurrent1 crowded1 broad1 pallid then light-yellowish1 at length clay-cinnamon4 ,odor peculiar1 mild4 ,on branches and among leaves1 oak and beech4 ,frequent4 ,september to ,december4 ,stevenson4 ,spores #ed ,w4,p42 plum-shaped1 #g ,q42 elliptical1 #aj-abe ,massee2 ellipsoid1 #f-gc-d ,k4 ,new ,york4 ,among fallen leaves and half-buried decaying wood1 in thin woods4 ,conklingville4 ,september4 ,in wet weather the gluten is sufficiently copious to drop from the pileus4 ,peck1 ,rep4 #dj4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 among leaves in mixed woods4 ,frequent4 #ahif4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 among leaves under oaks4 ,frequent4 ,september to ,november4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,caps #a-c in4 across4 ,remarkably glutinous1 shining as if varnished when wet4 ,partial veil not always noticeable4 ,the odor and taste are pleasant4 ,the caps when well cooked are meaty1 good1 but of second quality4 ,,denuda,,ti4 ,pileus smooth1 etc4 ,h4 crustuliniforme ,bull4--crustulum1 a small pie2 forma1 form4 ,pileus pale-whitish tan1 most frequently pale-yellowish or brick-color at the disk1 fleshy1 convexo-plane1 obtuse or slightly gibbous with an obtuse umbo1 somewhat spreading with an uneven margin1 even1 smooth1 at first slightly viscid1 not zoned4 ,flesh transparent when moist4 ,stem stuffed then hollow1 stout1 somewhat bulbous1 white1 naked1 white-scaly at the top4 ,gills rounded-adnexed1 crowded1 narrowed1 #a line broad and linear1 thin1 whitish then clay-color1 at length date-brown1 the unequal edge distilling watery drops in wet weather1 spotted when dry4 ,veil quite wanting4 ,odor strong1 fetid1 of radish4 ,very variable in stature2 the stem1 however1 is never elongated as in ,a4 elatus1 etc42 in smaller specimens equal1 pileus regular1 gills almost adnate4 ,in mixed woods4 ,common4 ,august to ,november4 ,stevenson4 ,spores ellipsoid1 #aj-abe-g ,k42 #ie ,w4,g4,s4 ,var4 minor ,cke4 ,smaller than the type4 ,minnesota1 common in woods1 ,johnson2 ,california1 ,h4 and ,m42 ,wisconsin1 ,bundy2 ,new ,jersey1 ,ellis2 ,vermont1 ,burt 7,lloyd72 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #dast ,rep42 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,november1 #ahih4 ,in woods4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,but one specimen found and that was sent to ,professor ,peck4 ,taste bitter4 ,regarded as poisonous by ,european writers4 ,it is not reported as tested in ,america4 ,illustration ,,flam,,mula ,fr4 ,flamma1 a flame4 7,in reference to the bright colors of many of the species47 ,pileus fleshy1 margin at first turned inward4 ,veil fibrillose or none4 ,stem fleshy-fibrous1 not mealy at the top4 ,gills decurrent or attached without a tooth4 ,spores mostly pure rust color2 some brownish-rust1 others tawny-ochraceous4 ,a few species grow on the ground1 the majority on wood4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,tribes4 ,,gymnoti 7naked74 ,page #bhh4 ,pileus dry1 generally scaly4 ,spores not yellowish4 ,,lubrici 7lubricus1 slimy74 ,page #bhi4 ,pileus covered with a continuous1 viscid1 smooth1 partly separable cuticle4 ,veil fibrillose4 ,spores not yellowish4 ,gregarious1 on the ground1 rarely on wood4 ,distinguished from ,hebeloma by the gills not being sinuate and the top of the stem not mealy4 ,,udi 7udus1 moist74 ,page #bij4 ,veil slight1 generally hanging in fragments4 ,cuticle of the pileus continuous1 not separable1 smooth1 in places superficially downy1 moist or slightly viscid in rainy weather4 ,spores not yellowish4 ,cespitose1 growing on wood4 ,,sapinei 7sapinus1 pine74 ,page #bia4 ,veil silky1 very slight1 adpressed to the stem or forming a silky ring on it4 ,cuticle of pileus thin1 the flesh splitting at the surface into scales1 not viscid4 ,distinguished by the gills and spores being light yellow or tawny4 ,somewhat cespitose2 always on pine or on the ground among pine branches4 ,,sericelli 7sericeus1 silky74 ,cuticle of the pileus slightly silky1 dry or at the first viscid4 ,none known to be edible4 ,the genus ,flammula is not represented in our territory by a large number of species4 ,it is1 nevertheless1 not very sharply distinct from the allied genera1 ,pholiota1 ,hebeloma and ,naucoria4 ,from ,pholiota it is especially separated by the slight development of the veil which is merely fibrillose or entirely wanting4 ,it never forms a persistent membranous collar on the stem4 ,from ,hebeloma it may be distinguished by the absence of a sinus at or near the inner extremity of the gills1 by the absence of white particles or mealiness from the upper part of the stem and by the brighter or more distinctly rusty or ochraceous color of the spores4 ,from ,naucoria the fleshy or fibrously fleshy stem affords the most available distinguishing character4 ,the genus belongs to the ,ochrospor or ochraceous-spored series1 but the spores of its species vary in color from ochraceous or tawny-ochraceous to rust-color or brownish-rust color4 ,the three things to be especially kept in mind in order to recognize the species are the color of the spores1 the adnate or decurrent but not clearly sinuate gills and the fleshy or fibrously fleshy stem without a membranous ring4 ,our species are mostly of medium size1 none being very small and one only meriting the appellation large4 ,they appear chiefly in late summer or in autumn and grow in woods or in wooded regions either on the ground or more often on decaying wood4 ,many are gregarious or cespitose in their mode of growth4 ,some have a bitterish or unpleasant flavor and none of our species has yet been classed as edible4 ,fries arranged the species in five groups1 of which the names and more prominent characters are here given4 ,peck1 #ejth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,the few species which the writer has found to be edible1 and the two new species found by him1 were tested after the publication of the above4 ,several of the species found are not mentioned herein for the reason that a sufficient quantity was not obtained to make certain their quality as a food4 ,the bitterness1 as far as observed1 with which most of the species are tainted disappears in cooking4 ,,gymno,,ti4 ,veil absent1 pileus dry1 etc4 ,f4 aliena ,pk4 ,pileus thin1 flexible1 broadly convex1 umbilicate1 dry1 bare1 slightly striate on the margin when old1 grayish or pale grayish-brown4 ,flesh white1 fibrous4 ,gills thin1 subdistant1 bow-shaped1 decurrent1 ochraceous-brown4 ,stem firm1 fibrous-striate1 solid1 slightly tapering upward1 colored like the pileus1 covered at the base with a dense white tomentum4 ,spores rusty-brown1 globose1 #e broad4 ,pileus #c-e cm4 broad4 ,stem #e cm4 long1 #d-f mm4 thick4 ,gregarious on partly burned anthracite coal1 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,september4 ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,the species is peculiar in its color and habitat4 ,in the dried specimen the gills have assumed a brown color with no ochraceous tint4 ,mr4 ,mc,ilvaine remarks that it is an edible species1 dries well1 and is excellent when cooked4 ,its relationship is with ,f4 anomala ,pk41 but it is a larger plant with darker color and a different habitat4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torr4 ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bf1 ,f4 #ahii4 ,it grows on partly burned anthracite coal1 not buried1 as printed in the ,torrey ,bulletin4 ,the mycelium completely involves the pieces of coal1 holding them tightly in its meshes4 ,patches of it were strictly limited to the size of the ash-pile containing the partly burned coal4 ,quite fifty were found4 ,as stated1 it is edible1 and it is of remarkably fine substance for a ,flammula4 ,,lu,,brici4 ,pileus viscid1 etc4 ,f4 edulis ,pk4--eatable4 ,pileus fleshy1 convex1 obtuse1 glabrous1 moist1 brown1 grayish-brown or yellowish-brown1 sometimes rimose4 ,flesh whitish4 ,lamell rather broad1 close1 decurrent1 bright tan color1 becoming brownish-rusty4 ,stems cespitose1 equal1 stuffed or hollow1 brown4 ,spores subelliptical1 #ace-f4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #c-f lines thick4 ,grassy ground1 along pavements1 in gutters and by the side of wooden frames of hotbeds4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j4 ,october4 ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,the collector of this species informs me that the flavor of the fresh plant is slightly bitter1 but that this disappears in cooking and the fungus furnishes a very good and tender article of food4 ,successive crops continued to appear for a month4 ,in the dried specimens the stem is striate4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torr4 ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bd1 ,no4 #c4 ,this new species appears annually in the same place4 ,i have not found it elsewhere4 ,it is meaty and excellent4 ,,udi4 ,pileus smooth1 not viscid2 veil fragmentary1 etc4 7,plate ,,lxxvib4 ,illustration3 ,,flammula ,,alnicola4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,f4 alnicola ,fr4--alnus1 alder2 colo1 to inhabit4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad1 yellow1 at length becoming rust-color and sometimes green1 fleshy1 convex then flattened1 obtuse1 slimy when moist1 but not truly viscous1 at the first superficially fibrillose toward the margin4 ,flesh not very compact1 of the same color as the pileus4 ,stem #b-c in4 and more long1 in4 thick1 stuffed then hollow1 attenuato-rooted1 commonly curved-flexuous1 fibrillose1 at first yellow1 then becoming rust-color4 ,veil manifest1 sometimes fibrillose1 sometimes woven into a spider-web veil4 ,gills somewhat adnate1 broad1 plane1 at first dingy-pallid or yellowish-pallid1 at length together with the plentiful spores rust-colored4 ,the gills vary decurrent and rounded according to situation4 ,odor and taste bitter4 ,there are two forms3 a4 ,pileus irregular1 fibrillose round the margin2 gills at first dingy-pallid4 b4 ,salicicola1 pileus somewhat convex1 smooth1 rarely at the first downy-scaly2 gills at first yellowish-pallid4 ,fries4 ,spores subelliptical1 #he ,k42 #h-aje-f ,peck4 ,new ,york1 swampy woods about base of alders1 ,october1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #ce2 at base of alders1 with adnate gills1 and on birch stumps1 with the gills rounded behind1 ,rep4 #ci4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,new ,jersey1 mixed woods1 ,august to ,november1 #ahih1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,gregarious and in loose tufts1 not plentiful4 ,it is a pretty plant1 usually of a bright yellow1 sometimes darker at the center of cap4 ,traces of an evanescent fibrillose ring are occasionally found or the fibrils adorn the margin of the cap4 ,the gills next to the stem are either rounded1 attached or slightly decurrent4 ,raw the taste is slightly bitter4 ,this disappears in long cooking4 ,f4 flavida ,schaeff4 7,pers47--flavidus1 light yellow4 ,pileus fleshy1 thin1 broadly convex or nearly plane1 glabrous1 moist1 pale yellow4 ,flesh whitish or pale yellow1 taste bitter4 ,lamell moderately close1 adnate1 pale or yellowish becoming rust-color4 ,stem equal1 often more or less curved1 hollow1 fibrillose1 whitish or pale yellow1 with a white mycelium at the base4 ,spores #he4 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad4 ,stem #a-c in4 long1 #a-c lines thick4 ,decaying wood of various trees4 ,commonly in wooded or mountainous districts4 ,summer and autumn4 ,our specimens were found on wood of both coniferous and deciduous trees4 ,the plants are sometimes cespitose4 ,the pileus becomes more highly colored in drying4 ,the spores are pale rust-colored approaching ochraceous4 ,in ,sylloge the spores of this species are described as pale yellowish4 ,peck1 #ejth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores broadly elliptical1 #f-he ,massee4 ,new ,york1 decaying wood1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #cb1 #ej2 ,mrs4 ,e4,c4 ,anthony1 ,august4 ,west ,virginia1 #ahha-ahhe2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,august to ,october4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,f4 flavida is a frequent species1 gregarious and tufted on decaying wood1 either standing1 fallen1 or as roots in the ground4 ,the texture and substance are good4 ,the slight bitter when raw disappears in cooking4 ,the caps1 only1 are tender4 ,,sapin,,ei4 ,gills and spores yellowish1 etc4 ,f4 hybrida ,fr4--hybrida1 a hybrid4 ,pileus about #b in4 broad1 at first tawny-cinnamon1 then tawny-orange1 fleshy1 hemispherical with the margin involute1 then expanded1 obtuse1 regular and well formed1 even1 smooth1 moist4 ,flesh moderately compact1 pallid4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #d-e lines thick1 at first stuffed with a soft pith1 then hollow1 attenuated 7almost conico-attenuated7 upward1 whitish with adpressed silky-hairy down 7becoming tawny when the down is rubbed off7 slightly striate1 with white hairs at the base1 and somewhat mealy at the apex4 ,veil manifest in the form of an annular zone at the apex of the stem1 white or at length colored with the spores4 ,gills adnate1 somewhat crowded1 light yellow then tawny1 not spotted4 ,fries4 ,spores elliptical1 tawny-ochraceous1 #g-hd-e ,massee2 #fd ,w4,p4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,august1 ,september1 #ahih4 ,on ground under pine trees4 ,gregarious4 ,w4,h4 ,rorer4 ,not elsewhere reported4 ,this is a handsome plant1 quite prolific in the large pine groves at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,the caps are of good flavor4 ,f4 magna ,pk4--magnus1 large4 ,pileus fleshy1 broadly convex1 soft1 dry1 fibrillose and somewhat streaked1 pale yellow or buff1 the margin commonly becoming revolute with age4 ,flesh whitish or yellowish4 ,gills close1 adnate or slightly decurrent1 often crisped or wavy toward the stem1 about three lines wide1 ochraceous4 ,stem equal or thickened toward the base1 fleshy-fibrous1 solid1 elastic1 fibrillose1 colored like the pileus1 brighter yellow within4 ,spores subelliptical1 ochraceous1 #ajf4 ,cespitose4 ,pileus #d-f in4 broad4 ,stem #c-d in4 long1 #h-ab lines thick4 ,about the base of trees4 ,westchester county4 ,october4 ,this is a large and showy species4 ,the stems are sometimes united at the base into a solid mass4 ,the young gills are probably yellow1 but ,i have seen only mature specimens4 ,peck1 #ejth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,new ,jersey1 ,trenton1 ground in clearing1 in pairs and singly4 ,november1 ,e4,b4 ,sterling2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,mixed thin woods4 ,october to ,november4 ,near trees4 ,cespitose1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,individuals of all ages were found and eaten4 ,the young gills are very light yellow1 darkening to a deep1 rich yellow4 ,the caps are of good substance and flavor4 ,when very young the stems are edible4 ,illustration ,,tuba,,ria ,w4,g4,s4 ,tuba1 a trumpet4 7,plate ,,lxxvii47 ,illustration3 ,,tubaria ,,furfuracea4 ,natural size4 ,stem somewhat cartilaginous1 fistulose4 ,pileus somewhat membranaceous1 often clothed with the universal floccose veil4 ,gills somewhat decurrent4 ,spores rust-color or 7in ,photi7 brownish-rust color4 ,the species referred to this subgenus were taken from ,naucoria and ,galera because they correspond with ,omphalia and ,eccilia4 ,the pileus is1 however1 distinctly umbilicate or depressed in only a few of them2 the others are placed here on account of their somewhat decurrent gills1 which are broadest behind and triangular4 ,fries4 ,small and unimportant4 ,illustration ,,nauco,,ria ,fr4 ,naucum1 a nut-shell4 7,plate ,,lxxviii47 ,illustration3 ,,naucoria ,,semi-,,orbicularis4 ,natural size4 ,pileus more or less fleshy1 conical or convex1 then expanded1 margin at first incurved4 ,gills free or adnate1 not decurrent4 ,veil fugacious or absent1 sometimes attached in minute flakes to the edge of the young pileus4 ,stem cartilaginous1 hollow or with a spongy stuffing4 ,growing on wood or on the ground1 sometimes rooted4 ,spores various shades of brown1 dull or bright4 ,naucoria corresponds with ,collybia1 ,leptonia and ,psilocybe2 from the latter it is distinguished by the spore colors and from ,galera in the brown-spored series by the margin of the pileus being at first incurved4 8,the spores are rust-color1 or brownish rust-color4 ,the color of the pileus is some shade of yellow4 ,the stem is not distinctly ringed1 but sometimes a slight spore-stained band marks the place of the obsolete ring40 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,the members of this genus are with two or three exceptions very common1 and common over the land4 ,the greater number grow on the ground among grass2 a few grow upon decaying wood4 ,the stems are not of the same texture as the cap and frequently will not cook tender4 ,the caps1 however1 are1 of all species tested1 tender and of good flavor4 ,species of the genus are among the first to appear in spring1 and well reward the enterprising mycophagist for his early tramps4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,tribes4 ,,gymnoti 7,gr--naked74 ,page #bie4 ,pileus smooth4 ,veil absent4 ,spores rust-color1 not becoming dusky-rust-color4 ,,ph,,oti 7,gr--dusky74 ,page #bif4 ,pileus smooth4 ,gills and spores dusky rust-color4 ,veil rarely manifest4 ,,lepidoti 7lepis1 a scale74 ,pileus flocculose or squamulose4 ,veil manifest4 ,none known to be edible4 ,i4--,,gymno,,ti4 ,n4 hamadryas ,fr4--,gr1 a nymph attached to her tree4 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad1 bay-brown-ferruginous when young and moist1 pale yellowish when old and becoming pale1 slightly fleshy1 convex then expanded1 gibbous1 even1 smooth4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #c lines thick1 somewhat fragile1 hollow1 equal1 naked1 smooth1 pallid4 ,gills attenuato-adnexed1 somewhat free1 slightly ventricose1 almost #b lines broad1 crowded1 rust-color1 opaque4 ,veil none4 ,widely removed from neighboring species4 ,pileus somewhat separate as in ,plutei4 ,fries4 ,spores elliptical1 rust-color1 #ac-adg ,massee4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j4 ,frequent4 ,solitary4 ,on ground along pavements1 under trees1 in woods4 ,spring to autumn4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,massee gives it as hygrophanous4 ,i have not found it so4 ,it is moist after rain and dew4 ,the caps and upper part of the stem are tender1 easily cooked and of good flavor4 ,n4 cerodes ,fr4 ,gr--wax4 ,pileus -#a in4 broad1 watery cinnamon when moist1 tan-color when dry1 somewhat membranaceous1 convex bell-shape and flattened1 at length depressed1 obtuse1 when moist smooth1 pellucid-striate at the circumference1 when dry even1 slightly silky-atomate4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #a-b lines thick1 slightly firm1 tubed1 equal1 somewhat flexuous1 fibrilloso-striate under a lens1 becoming dingy bay-brown sometimes for the most part1 sometimes only at the base1 pallid upward1 mealy at the apex4 ,gills adnate1 separating1 very broad behind1 hence almost triangular1 somewhat distant1 broad1 plane1 soft1 distinct1 pallid then cinnamon very finely fimbriated at the edge under a lens4 ,fries4 ,the typical form1 growing among damp mosses1 is quite early1 gregarious1 with the colors almost those of ,galera hypnorum1 but otherwise very different4 b4 ,another form occurs on naked1 commonly burnt soil1 in late autumn1 with almost the habit of ,n4 pediades1 but with a different color of gills and spores2 this form is firmer4 ,stem #a in4 long1 tense and straight1 and color more ochraceous4 ,stevenson4 ,spores #i ,b4 and ,br42 smooth1 #fc ,massee4 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania1 in grass and moss1 along damp wood margins4 ,august to ,october4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,n4 cerodes is not plentiful where ,i have found it4 ,enough has been collected at a time to prove it esculent4 ,it is tender1 but has not much flavor4 7,plate ,,lxxviiia47 ,illustration3 ,,naucoria ,,striapes4 ,n4 striapes ,cke4--stria1 a line2 pes1 a foot4 ,pileus #a-a in4 broad1 ochraceous1 bell-shaped1 obtuse1 then expanded1 smooth1 even4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #b lines thick1 hollow1 equal1 erect or flexuous1 white1 longitudinally striate4 ,gills slightly adnate behind1 rather distant1 tawny rust-color4 ,cespitose or gregarious4 ,among grass on lawn4 ,stevenson4 ,spores narrowly elliptical1 #aj-abd ,massee4 ,new ,jersey1 ,trenton4 ,growing among leaves near dump4 ,may to ,november4 ,e4,b4 ,sterling4 ,the few specimens tested were delicate and of slight flavor4 ,,ii4--,,ph,,oti4 ,n4 pediades ,fr4--,gr1 a plain4 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad1 yellow or pale yellowish-ochraceous then becoming pale1 slightly fleshy1 convex then plane1 obtuse1 even1 dry1 smooth1 at length crookedly cracked1 but always without stri4 ,flesh white4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #a-b lines thick1 stuffed with a pith1 somewhat flexuous1 tough1 equal1 but with a small bulb at the base1 slightly silky becoming even1 yellowish4 ,gills adnexed1 #b lines broad1 at first crowded1 at length somewhat distant1 somewhat dingy-brown1 then dingy cinnamon4 ,spores brownish-rust-color4 ,the small bulb at the base is formed by the mycelium being rolled together4 ,stature variable4 ,fries4 ,spores dingy rust-color1 elliptical1 #aj-abd-e ,massee4 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania1 in grassy places1 pastures and along pavements4 ,common4 ,may to ,november4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,in #ahig ,fairmount ,park1 ,philadelphia1 abounded with ,n4 pediades1 which were collected and eaten by many4 ,the caps are tender and of a mushroom flavor4 ,n4 semi-orbicularis ,bull4--semi1 half2 orbicularis1 round4 7,plate ,,lxxviii1 p4 #bid47 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad1 tawny rust-color then ochraceous1 slightly fleshy1 convexo-expanded1 obtuse1 dry1 even1 smooth1 corrugated when dry4 ,stem #c-d in4 long1 scarcely beyond #a line thick1 cartilaginous1 tough1 slender1 tense and straight1 equal1 even1 smooth1 becoming pallid rust-color1 shining1 often darker at the base1 internally containing a separate narrow tube which is easily broken up into fibrils4 ,gills adnate1 rarely sinuate behind1 almost #c lines broad1 and many times broader than the flesh of the pileus1 crowded1 pallid then rust-color4 ,the pileus is slightly viscid when fresh and moist4 ,easily distinguished from ,s4 semi-globatus1 with which it has been confounded1 by the stem4 ,stevenson4 ,spores #adh ,w4,g4,s42 #aje-f ,massee4 ,allied to ,n4 pediades1 distinguished by its viscid cap when moist1 and dark stem4 ,common over the states4 ,washington1 ,d4,c41 ,mrs4 ,mary ,fuller4 ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,north ,carolina1 ,new ,jersey4 ,solitary1 sometimes cespitose1 very common on lawns1 rich pastures1 etc4 ,april until frost4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,this is one of our first appearing toadstools1 coming up when the grass shows its full spring hue4 ,it is found after rains until the coming of frost4 ,its hemispherical caps1 precise1 neat1 dark gills and brown spores readily distinguish it4 ,while usually small1 patience and picking will soon gather quarts4 ,the caps cook easily and are of excellent flavor4 ,n4 platysperma ,pk4--platys1 broad2 sperma1 seed4 ,pileus convex1 becoming nearly plane1 glabrous1 slightly tinged with ochraceous or reddish-yellow when young1 soon whitish1 the margin at first adorned with vestiges of a white flocculent veil4 ,flesh white4 ,lamell moderately close1 slightly rounded behind1 pallid1 becoming brownish4 ,stem equal1 stuffed with a white pith1 slightly flocculent or furfuraceous above when young1 whitish1 the mycelium sometimes forming white thread-like strands4 ,spores broadly elliptical1 #ae long1 #ab4e broad4 ,pileus #a-a4e in4 broad4 ,stem #c-e4e in4 long1 #a4e-b in4 thick4 ,on the ground4 ,compton1 ,cal4 ,prof4 ,a4,j4 ,mc,clatchie4 ,this species differs from ,n4 pediades and ,n4 semi-orbicularis1 to which it is related1 by its larger1 broader spores and paler color4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torr4 ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #be1 ,no4 #f4 ,this new species reported from ,california is so closely allied to ,n4 semi-orbicularis and ,n4 pediades1 both of which are edible1 that it is here given1 that it may be recognized by students on the ,pacific coast or wherever it occurs4 ,illustration ,,gale,,ra ,fr4 ,galerus1 a cap4 ,pileus more or less membranaceous1 conical or oval1 then expanded1 striate1 margin at the first straight1 then adpressed to the stem4 ,gills not decurrent4 ,stem somewhat cartilaginous1 continuous with the pileus1 but differing in texture1 tubular4 ,veil none or fibrillose4 ,spores tawny-ochraceous4 ,slender1 fragile1 generally growing on the ground4 ,galera corresponds with ,mycena1 ,nolanea1 ,psathyra and ,psathyrella1 which are distinguished by their spore colors4 ,in the brown-spored series ,naucoria is separated by the margin of the pileus being at first incurved1 and ,tubaria by the decurrent gills4 ,the genus is composed of small species1 but many grow in clusters1 and are of a consistency which decreases but little in quick cooking4 ,those tested are delicate in texture and flavor4 ,g4 lateritia ,fr4--later1 a brick4 ,pileus #a in4 high1 pale yellowish when moist1 ochraceous when dry1 hygrophanous1 membranaceous1 acorn-shaped then bell-shaped1 obtuse1 even1 smooth1 slightly and densely striate at the margin when moist4 ,stem #c in4 and more long1 #a line thick1 tubular1 attenuated upward1 tense and straight1 even1 but white-pruinose1 whitish4 ,gills adnexed in the top of the cone1 hence appearing as if free1 ascending1 very narrow1 crowded1 cinnamon4 ,gills almost adpressed to the stem1 almost pendulous4 ,remarkably analogous with ,a4 ovalis1 but easily distinguished by the linear gills and the absence of a veil2 very fragile4 ,fries4 ,spores #aae ,w4,p42 #aa-abe-f ,massee4 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,north ,carolina1 ,pennsylvania4 ,on dung and rich pastures4 ,june to frost4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,the narrow conical cap1 distinctly striate1 distinguishes this species from ,g4 tenera4 ,in quality there is no difference4 ,it is a well-flavored1 delicate species4 7,plate ,,lxxix47 ,illustration3 ,,galera ,,tenera4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,g4 tenera ,schaeff4--tener1 tender4 ,pileus in4 and more high1 of one color1 pallid rust-color when damp1 becoming pale when dry1 hygrophanous1 somewhat membranaceous1 conico-bell-shaped1 commonly smooth1 slightly striate when moist1 wholly even when dry1 opaque1 somewhat atomate4 ,stem commonly #c-d in4 long1 #a line thick1 tubular1 fragile1 equal or when larger thickened downward1 tense and straight1 somewhat shining1 striate upward1 of the same color as the pileus when moist1 and like it becoming pale when dry4 ,gills adnate in the top of the cone1 appearing as if free1 ascending1 somewhat crowded1 linear1 cinnamon4 ,pastures and grassy places in woods4 ,common4 ,may to ,november4 ,stevenson4 ,spores ellipsoid1 #ad-bah-ab ,k42 #ad-h ,w4,g4,s42 #adg ,w4,p42 #ab-acg ,massee2 elliptical1 dark rust-color1 almost rubiginous1 #ac-af4eh-aj ,peck4 ,var4 pilosella 7,agaricus pilosellus ,pers471 has both pileus and stem clothed with a minute erect pubescence when moist4 ,a form is sometimes found in which the center of the pileus is brown or blackish-brown4 ,peck1 #dfth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,var4 obscurior ,pk4 ,a notable form of this species was found growing in an old stable of an abandoned lumber camp4 ,the plants were large1 the pileus in some being more than an inch broad1 the stems were #c-f in4 long and the color was rust-colored as in ,g4 ovalis1 to which the plants might be referred but for the large spores4 ,essex county4 ,july4 ,i have labeled the specimens variety obscurior4 ,peck1 #ejth ,rep4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j42 ,chester county2 ,west ,philadelphia1 ,pa42 ,west ,virginia4 ,in rich pastures1 on lawns1 dung in woods4 ,common4 ,june to ,october4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,very variable in size and in color when wet and dry4 ,the color of gills and spores readily distinguishes it in its habitats4 ,from spring to frost it can usually be gathered in quantity4 ,it is small1 tender1 shrivels in cooking1 but makes a savory1 excellent dish4 ,var4 obscurior found cespitose on very old manure at a ruined stable1 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,august4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,g4 flava ,pk4--flavus1 yellow4 ,pileus membranous1 ovate or bell shaped1 moist or subhygrophanous1 obtuse1 plicate striate on the margin1 yellow4 ,lamell thin1 narrow1 crowded1 adnate1 at first whitish1 then yellowish-cinnamon4 ,stem equal or slightly tapering upward1 hollow1 slightly striate at the top1 sprinkled with white mealy particles1 white or yellowish4 ,spores ovate or subelliptical1 brownish-rust-color1 #ach4 ,pileus #f-ab lines broad4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #a-a4e lines thick4 ,damp vegetable mold in woods4 ,tompkins county4 ,july4 ,this species is well marked by the pale-yellow color of the pileus and its plicate striations which are very distinct even in the dried specimens4 ,they extend half way to the disk or more4 ,when dry the pileus is seen to be sprinkled with shining atoms as in some other species of the same genus4 ,occasionally the yellow cuticle cracks into squamules or small scales4 ,peck1 #dfth ,rep4 ,trenton1 ,n4,j41 ,sterling2 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j42 ,pennsylvania4 ,among chips in woods and on woods ground4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,this species is frequent1 and when plentiful well worth gathering4 ,it has a more woody flavor than other ,galera1 but is tasty4 ,g4 vittformis ,fr4--vitta1 a chaplet2 forma1 form4 ,pileus -#a in4 broad1 date-brown when moist1 membranaceous1 conical then hemispherical1 obtuse1 even at the disk1 striate toward the margin1 smooth4 ,stem #a-c in4 long1 -#a line thick1 tubular1 equal1 somewhat straight1 but not tense and straight1 smooth or sometimes pubescent1 slightly striate under a lens1 opaque1 rust-color4 ,veil scarcely conspicuous4 ,gills adnate1 broader at the middle1 in the form of a segment when larger1 somewhat ascending1 somewhat distant1 at first watery-cinnamon1 at length rust-color4 ,fries4 ,spores elliptical1 #abf ,massee4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j42 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,on pastures1 lawns1 etc4 ,june to ,september4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,not previously reported4 ,though small it makes up in quantity when found4 ,the stems are not as tender as the caps4 ,quality good4 ,illustration ,,bolbitius ,fr4 ,gr--cow's dung4 ,pileus membranaceous4 ,gills adnexed or free1 membranaceous1 soft1 salmon-color or rusty1 dissolving 7not dripping as in ,coprinus71 powdered with the rusty spores4 ,stem central2 universal veil absent1 partial veil often obsolete4 ,very delicate and fragile1 remarkable among the ,ochrospor for the gills dissolving into mucus1 and in this respect analogous with ,coprinus among the ,melanospor1 and ,hiatula amongst the ,leucospor4 ,growing on dung or amongst grass where dung abounds4 ,a small but very natural genus1 with the vegetative portion like ,coprinus and the fructification resembling ,cortinarius1 hence occupying an intermediate position between these two genera4 ,fries4 ,b4 ,boltoni ,fr4--after ,bolton4 ,pileus rather fleshy1 viscid1 at first even1 then with the membranaceous margin sulcate1 disk darker1 subdepressed4 ,stem attenuated1 yellowish1 at first floccose from the remains of the fugacious veil4 ,gills subadnate1 yellow then livid-brown4 ,fries4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 cespitose among manure on sawdust4 ,of small substance but good consistency and flavor4 7,plate ,,lxxx47 ,illustration3 ,,bolbitius ,,fragilis4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,b4 fragilis ,fr4 ,pileus #b in4 broad1 light yellow1 then becoming pale1 somewhat membranaceous1 almost pellucid1 conical then expanded1 somewhat umbonate1 smooth1 viscous1 striate round the margin 7which is often crenulated74 ,stem #c in4 long1 #a line or little more thick1 fistulose1 attenuated upward1 naked1 smooth 7and without a manifest veil71 yellow4 ,gills attenuato-adnexed1 almost free1 ventricose1 yellow then pale cinnamon4 ,spores rust-colored4 ,fries4 ,thinner than ,b4 ,boltoni1 etc41 very fragile1 rapidly withering4 ,on dung4 ,common4 ,june to ,october4 ,stevenson4 ,spores subspheroid-ellipsoid1 elliptical1 #gc-e ,massee4 ,west ,virginia2 ,pennsylvania4 ,june to frost4 ,on rich grass and dung4 ,pileus usually not over #a4e in4 across4 ,often in plenty4 ,its substance does not cook away as with ,c4 micaceus4 ,it amply repays gathering1 being highly flavored4 7,plate ,,lxxxa47 ,illustration3 ,,bolbitius ,,nobilis4 ,about two-thirds natural size4 ,b4 nobilis ,pk4--noble4 ,pileus thin1 fleshy on the disk1 ovate then bell-shaped1 smooth1 plicate-striate1 pale-yellow1 the disk tinged with red1 the margin at length recurved and splitting4 ,gills subdistant1 tapering outwardly1 attached1 the alternate ones more narrow1 pale-yellow with a darker edge4 ,stem long1 equal1 smooth1 striate at the top1 hollow1 white4 ,plant cespitose1 #c-e in4 high4 ,pileus #a in4 broad4 ,stem #a line thick4 ,ground in woods4 ,greig4 ,september4 ,a fine large species1 but probably rare4 ,peck1 #bdth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,i have not seen this species4 ,figure after ,professor ,peck4 ,,crepido,,tus ,fr4 ,gr--a slipper4 7,plate ,,lxxxi47 ,illustration3 ,,crepidotus ,,mollis4 ,natural size4 ,veil wanting or not manifest4 ,pileus eccentric1 lateral or resupinate4 ,spores rust-color4 ,the ,crepidoti correspond in shape and habit to the smaller ,pleuroti and the ,claudopodes1 but they are distinguished from both by the rust-color of their spores4 ,these are globose in several species1 in others they are elliptical4 ,in some there is a depression on one side which gives them a naviculoid character and causes the spore to appear slightly curved when viewed in a certain position4 ,in consequence of the similarity of several of our species1 the character of the spores is of much importance in their identification1 and it is unfortunate that ,european mycologists have so generally neglected to give the spore characters in their descriptions of these fungi4 ,in most of the species the pileus is at first resupinate1 but it generally becomes reflexed as it enlarges4 ,it is generally sessile or attached by a mass of white fibrils or tomentum4 ,for this reason it is usually somewhat tomentose or villose about the point of attachment1 even in species that are otherwise glabrous4 ,in several species the pileus is moist or hygrophanous and then the thin margin is commonly striatulate4 ,this character is attributed to but one of the dozen or more ,european species4 ,their mode of growth is usually gregarious or somewhat loosely imbricated1 in consequence of which the pileus1 which in most species is white or yellowish1 is often stained by the spores1 and then it has a rusty1 stained or squalid appearance4 ,the species occur especially on old stumps1 prostrate trunks and soft much decayed wood in damp1 shaded places4 ,peck1 #cith ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,c4 fulvo-tomentosus ,pk4--tawny-tomentose4 ,pileus -#b in4 broad1 scattered or gregarious1 suborbicular1 kidney-shaped or dimidiate1 sessile or attached by a short1 white-villose tubercle or rudimentary stem1 hygrophanous1 watery-brown and sometimes striatulate on the margin when moist1 whitish1 yellowish or pale ochraceous when dry1 adorned with small1 tawny1 hairy or tomentose scales4 ,lamell broad1 subventricose1 moderately close1 rounded behind1 radiating from a lateral or eccentric white villose spot1 whitish becoming brownish-ferruginous4 ,spores elliptical often uninucleate1 #h-aje-f4 ,decaying wood of poplar1 maple1 etc4 ,common4 ,june to ,october4 ,a pretty species1 corresponding in some respects to the ,european ,c4 calolepis1 but much larger and with tawny1 instead of reddish scales4 ,the cuticle is separable and is tenacious1 though it has a hyaline gelatinous appearance4 ,the pileus is subpersistent1 and specimens dried in their place of growth are not rare4 ,peck1 #cith ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j42 ,angora1 ,west ,philadelphia4 ,on decaying hickory4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,substance fair4 ,taste strong but pleasant4 ,illustration3 ,grouped by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,studies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,lxxxii4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,cortinarius #cah #d4 ,,cortinarius ,,turmalis1 #cji ,,squamulosus1 #b4 ,,cortinarius ,,violaceus1 #cad #e4 ,,cortinarius #cbc ,,armillatus1 #c4 ,,cortinarius ,,ochraceus1 #cai ,,cortina,,rius ,fr4 ,cortina1 a veil or curtain4 ,veil resembling the consistency of a cob-web1 superficial1 distinct from the cuticle of the pileus4 ,flesh of pileus and stem continuous4 ,gills persistent1 dry1 changing color1 powdered with the spores4 ,trama fibrillose4 ,spores globose or oblong1 somewhat ochraceous on white paper4 ,fries4 ,this genus is not easily confounded with any other1 the cob-webby veil stretched from stem to pileus in the young plant not being found in other fungi4 ,this must be looked for only in youth1 as from its tender character it soon breaks and often appears only as a very indistinct collar on the stem1 colored from catching the falling spores4 ,the colors are generally pronounced and often extremely bright1 there being very few prettier toadstools than those inclined to the blue or purple shades1 which are not uncommon in the immature form4 ,the color of the spores is also a marked feature1 being rusty or brownish-ochraceous1 turning the gills to the same color at maturity4 ,on account of this change it is generally necessary to have specimens at both stages of growth to accurately determine the species4 ,the gills are thin1 attached to the stem in various manners1 rarely slightly decurrent4 ,cortinarius is distinguished from ,flammula by growing on the ground and by the bright ferruginous color of its spores4 ,cortinarius is a sturdy1 hardy genus preferring northern latitudes and autumnal months1 though several of its species grow as far south as ,alabama1 and one1 a new species described by ,professor ,peck1 is found on the ,helderberg mountains in ,may4 ,the genus contains many species1 most of which produce in great numbers1 yet being woods-growing1 and coming as they do when leaves are falling1 they are often missed because of their similarity to their surroundings4 ,heretofore1 less than a dozen species have been reported as eaten4 ,this number is now doubled4 ,while several species are bitter and others equally unpleasant1 not one has been accused of harm4 ,it is highly probable that other varieties than those herein given will prove equally acceptable as food4 ,i have tested all ,i have found in sufficient quantity to warrant passing judgment upon them4 ,the genus does not contain as many species of superior excellence as other fleshy genera of like numbers4 ,the flesh is frequently dry and of a strong woody or musky flavor1 which it does not lose in cooking4 ,the stems are seldom cookable4 ,all can be fried in butter1 but cut in small pieces and well stewed1 or stewed and served in patties1 or made into croquettes are certain ways of keeping them in palate memory4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,tribes4 ,,phlegmacium 7,gr--shiny or clammy moisture74 ,page #cjh4 ,pileus viscid4 ,stem firm1 dry4 ,veil partial1 cobweb-like4 ,a4 ,,cliduchii 7,gr--holding the keys--the typical subdivision74 ,page #cjh4 ,partial veil as a ring on the upper part of the stem which is equal or slightly expanded above4 ,not distinctly bulbous4 99 ,gills pallid then clay-colored4 9999 ,gills purplish then clay-colored4 ,b4 ,,scauri 7,gr--club-footed74 ,page #caj4 ,bulbous4 ,bulb depressed or top-shaped1 with a distinct margin caused by the pressure of the pileus before expansion4 ,veil generally ascending from the margin of the bulb4 ,gills somewhat sinuate4 99 ,gills whitish then cinnamon4 9999 ,gills blue then cinnamon4 999999 ,gills brownish-white then cinnamon4 ,,myxacium 7,gr--mucus74 ,page #cac4 ,universal veil glutinous4 ,pileus and stem viscid4 ,stem slightly bulbous4 ,gills adnate4 ,,inoloma 7,gr--a fibrous fringe74 ,page #cad4 ,pileus dry1 not hygrophanous or viscid1 covered at first with innate silky scales or fibrils1 becoming smooth4 ,veil simple4 ,pileus and stem fleshy1 rather bulbous4 99 ,gills violaceous1 then cinnamon4 9999 ,gills pinkish-brown1 then cinnamon4 999999 ,gills yellow1 then cinnamon4 ,,dermocybe4 ,page #cbj4 ,pileus thin1 equally fleshy1 at first silky with a fine down1 becoming smooth when adult4 ,not hygrophanous1 but flesh watery when moist or colored4 ,stem equal or larger above1 externally rigid1 elastic or brittle1 internally stuffed or hollow4 ,veil single1 thread-like4 ,,telamonia4 ,page #cbc4 ,pileus moist1 hygrophanous1 at first smooth or sprinkled with the whitish superficial evanescent fibrils of the veil4 ,flesh thin1 or when thick it becomes abruptly thin toward the margin1 scissile4 ,stem ringed below or coated from the universal veil1 slightly veiled at the apex1 hence with almost a double veil4 ,,hygrocybe4 ,page #cbe4 ,pileus hygrophanous1 smooth or covered with superficial white fibrils1 not viscid1 moist when fresh1 becoming discolored when dry4 ,flesh very thin or scissile1 rarely more compact at the center4 ,stem rather rigid1 bare4 ,veil thin1 rarely collapsing and forming an irregular ring on the stem4 ,,phlegma,,cium4 7,gr--clammy moisture47 ,a4 ,,cliduchii4 99 ,gills pallid1 then clay-colored4 ,c4 sebaceus ,fr4--sebum1 tallow4 ,pileus #b-e in4 broad1 unicolorous1 pale1 of the color of tallow1 equally fleshy1 convex then rather plane1 commonly very repand1 viscid1 smooth1 but at the first covered over with a whitish pruinose luster4 ,flesh white4 ,stem #c-d in4 long1 -#a in4 thick1 solid1 stout1 compact1 never bulbous1 often twisted and compressed1 slightly fibrillose1 pale white4 ,cortina delicate1 fugacious1 adhering only to the margin of the pileus4 ,gills emarginate1 not crowded1 connected by veins1 #d lines broad1 clay-color or pallid-cinnamon1 paler at the sides4 ,fries4 ,the flesh of the pileus is not compact at the disk and abruptly thin at the circumference1 but equally attenuated toward the margin4 ,the flesh of the stem is white4 ,the gills never turn bluish-gray4 ,taste mild4 ,stevenson4 ,spores pip-shaped1 #ig ,cooke4 ,a very common and prolific species in ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania1 ,north ,carolina4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,pushing from the earth in great clusters it raises the mat of leaves above it into hut-like mounds through which it seldom bursts4 ,yet side openings to its huts show its coziness1 and reveal the ground thickly dusted with its spores4 ,detecting these mounds is part of the woodcraft of a toad-stool hunter4 ,where clusters are not dense1 or the fungus is solitary1 the stem is frequently swollen at the base1 even bulbous4 ,both caps and stems are edible1 but the stems are not equal to the caps4 ,it is a valuable food species1 because of its lateness and quantity4 ,it is not of best quality4 ,c4 turmalis ,fr4--turma1 a troop4 7,plate ,,lxxxii1 fig4 #d1 p4 #cjf47 ,pileus yellow-tan1 most frequently darker at the disk1 not changeable1 compact1 convex then plane1 very obtuse1 even1 smooth 7sometimes obsoletely piloso-virgate71 when young veiled with pruinate but very fugacious villous down1 soon naked1 viscid4 ,flesh white4 ,stem sometimes #c in41 sometimes #f in4 long1 #a in4 thick1 solid1 very hard1 rigid1 cylindrical1 here and there attenuated at the base1 shining white when dry1 when young sheathed with a white woolly veil1 naked when full grown4 ,cortina entirely fibrillose1 superior and persistent in the form of a ring1 at length ferruginous with the spores4 ,gills variously adnexed1 rounded or emarginate1 even decurrent with a tooth1 crowded1 serrated1 white then clay-color4 ,fries4 ,i find it edible and of great value1 being plentiful in pine woods1 ,maryland4 ,i have collected a bushel in less than an hour in ,october4 ,under pine needles forming mounds4 ,taylor4 ,the localities and the habit of ,c4 turmalis are very like that of ,c4 sebaceus4 ,the leaf mat broods the clusters4 ,c4 turmalis is on a par with ,c4 sebaceus4 ,personally ,i prefer the latter4 9999 ,gills purplish1 then clay-colored4 ,c4 varius 7,schaeff47 ,fr4--varius1 changeable4 ,pileus #b in4 and more broad1 bright ferruginous-tawny1 compact1 hemispherico-flattened1 very obtuse1 regular1 slightly viscid1 even1 smooth1 the thin margin at first incurved1 appendiculate with the cortina4 ,flesh firm1 white4 ,stem curt1 #a-b in4 long1 #a in4 and more thick1 bulbous1 absolutely immarginate1 compact1 shining white1 adpressedly flocculose1 the superior veil pendulous4 ,gills emarginate1 thin1 somewhat crowded1 at first narrow1 violaceous-purplish1 then broader and ochraceous-cinnamon1 always quite entire4 ,variable in stature1 but the habit and colors are always unchangeable4 ,it varies with the stem taller and somewhat equal1 the pileus yellow-tawny1 and the gills dark blue4 ,fries4 ,in woods4 ,uncommon4 ,september to ,november4 ,stevenson4 ,minnesota2 ,ohio4 ,edible4 ,cooke1 #ahia4 ,b4 ,,scau,,ri4 99 ,gills whitish then cinnamon4 ,c4 intrusus ,pk4 ,pileus fleshy1 rather thin1 convex1 then expanded1 glabrous1 somewhat viscid when moist1 even or radiately wrinkled on the margin1 yellowish or buff1 sometimes with a reddish tint4 ,flesh white4 ,lamell thin1 close1 rounded behind1 at first whitish or creamy-white1 then cinnamon1 often uneven on the edge4 ,stem equal or slightly tapering either upward or downward1 stuffed or hollow1 sometimes beautifully striate at the top only or nearly to the base1 minutely floccose when young1 soon glabrous1 white4 ,spores broadly elliptical1 brownish-cinnamon1 #f-hd-e4 ,pileus #a-b4e in4 broad4 ,stem #a-c in4 long1 #c-f lines thick4 ,mushroom beds1 manured soil in conservatories or in plant pots4 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,r4,k4 ,macadam4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j4 ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,this interesting species is closely allied to ,cortinarius multiformis and belongs to the ,section ,phlegmacium4 ,it has a slight odor of radishes and is pronounced edible by ,mr4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,its habitat is peculiar1 but it possibly finds its way into conservatories and mushroom beds through the introduction of manure or soil1 or leaf mold from the woods4 ,it seems strange1 however1 that it has not yet been detected growing in the woods or fields4 ,hebeloma fastibile is said sometimes to invade mushroom beds1 and our plant resembles it in so many particulars that it is with some hesitation ,i separate it4 ,the chief differences are in the stem and spores4 ,the former1 in ,hebeloma fastibile1 is described as solid and fibrous-squamose and the latter as #ajf micromillimeters in size4 ,the brighter color of the smaller spores and the stuffed or hollow smooth stem of our plant will separate it from this species4 ,peck1 ,bull4 of the ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,october1 #ahif4 ,cortinarius intrusus was a happy find4 ,several pints of it were collected by the author in ,february--usually a famine month for the mycophagist4 ,they grew on the ground1 in beds among plants1 and with potted plants in a hot-house in ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j4 ,the crop continued well into the spring4 ,the species is delicate1 savory1 and a most accommodating renegade from its kind4 ,i have never found it elsewhere4 9999 ,gills blue1 then cinnamon4 ,c4 crulescens ,fr4 ,pileus #b-c in4 across1 equally fleshy1 convex then plane1 obtuse1 regular1 even1 almost glabrous1 but often fibrilloso-streaked2 viscid1 when dry shining or opaque1 dingy yellow1 almost tan-colored1 varying to yellowish-brown1 etc4 ,gills slightly rounded behind1 adnexed1 thin1 closely crowded1 #b lines broad1 at first clear intense blue then becoming purplish1 at length dingy cinnamon4 ,stem about #b in4 long1 in4 thick 7bulb more than an inch71 firm1 equally attenuated upward1 at first fibrillose1 bright violet1 then becoming pale and whitish1 naked1 bulb often disappearing with age2 veil fibrillose1 fugacious4 ,spores elliptical1 #i-aje4 ,amongst moss in woods1 etc4 ,neither the gills nor the flesh change color when broken1 a point which distinguishes the present from ,c4 purpurascens4 ,when young every part is generally blue4 ,smell scarcely any4 ,fries4 ,spores #aj-abe ,cooke4 ,haddonfield2 ,west ,virginia2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,in woods ,september to frost4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,the ,american species seldom entirely loses the bluish-purple color of its cap4 ,the beautiful color fades somewhat or becomes splotched with yellow4 ,neither does the bulb ordinarily disappear with age4 ,it is common4 ,taste of cap is mild1 somewhat woody4 ,they require long1 slow stewing1 and are better made into patties and croquettes4 ,c4 purpurascens ,fr4--gills becoming purple when bruised4 ,pileus #d-e in4 across1 fleshy1 disk compact1 obtuse1 wavy1 variable1 covered with a dense layer of gluten1 but opaque when dry1 bay or reddish then tawny-olivaceous1 spotted2 often depressed round the margin1 which is at first incurved then wavy1 marked with a raised brown line4 ,flesh entirely clear blue4 ,gills broadly emarginate1 #c lines and more broad1 crowded1 bluish-tan1 then cinnamon1 violet-purple when bruised4 ,stem about #c in4 long1 in4 and more thick1 solid1 bulbous1 everywhere fibrillose1 intensely pallid clear blue1 very compact1 juicy1 becoming purplish-blue when touched1 bulb submarginate4 ,spores elliptical1 #aj-abe-f ,fries4 ,var4 subpurpurascens4 ,massachusetts4 ,frost4 ,plentiful in ,west ,virginia mountains in mixed woods1 #ahhb4 ,on ,south ,valley ,hill1 near ,downington1 ,pa41 ,october1 #ahhg4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 #ahib4 ,in woods4 ,september to frost4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,both stems and caps are juicy when young and of agreeable flavor4 ,it is among the best edible species of ,cortinarius4 999999 ,gills brownish-white1 then ferruginous4 ,c4 turbinatus ,fr4--turbo1 a top4 ,pileus unicolorous1 dingy-yellow or green1 becoming pale1 hygrophanous1 opaque when dry1 fleshy1 convex then flattened1 obtuse1 at length depressed1 orbicular1 even1 smooth1 viscid4 ,flesh soft1 white4 ,stem commonly curt1 #b in41 but varying elongated1 yellowish1 springing from a globoso-depressed distinctly marginate bulb1 otherwise equal1 cylindrical1 stuffed then hollow4 ,gills attenuato-adnate1 thin1 crowded1 broad1 quite entire1 at first pallid light-yellowish1 at length somewhat ferruginous4 ,the typical form is regular1 distinct from its allies in the hygrophanous pileus1 in the gills being isabelline-ferruginous and quite entire1 and in being without any dark-purple or purple color4 ,easily distinguished by its turbinate bulb4 ,fries4 ,in woods4 ,uncommon4 ,stevenson4 ,spores rough1 #ad-afg2 rough1 ,cooke4 ,cap #b-d in4 across4 ,stem commonly about #b in4 long1 sometimes longer4 ,massee4 ,north ,carolina1 ,schweinitz2 ,pennsylvania1 ,schweinitz2 ,massachusetts1 ,frost2 ,minnesota2 ,nova ,scotia4 ,edible4 ,cooke4 ,,myxa,,cium4 7,gr--mucus47 7,plate ,,lxxxiii47 ,illustration3 ,,cortinarius ,,collinitus4 ,about natural size4 ,c4 collinitus ,fr4--collino1 to besmear4 ,pileus convex1 obtuse1 glabrous1 glutinous when moist1 shining when dry4 ,gills rather broad1 dingy-white or grayish when young4 ,stem cylindrical1 solid1 viscid or glutinous when moist1 transversely cracking when dry1 whitish or paler than the pileus4 ,spores subelliptical1 #ac-ae4 ,the ,smeared cortinarius is much more common than the ,violet cortinarius and has a much wider range4 ,both the cap and stem are covered with a viscid substance or gluten which makes it unpleasant to handle4 ,the cap varies in color from yellow to golden or tawny-yellow and when the gluten on it has dried it is very smooth and shining4 ,the flesh is white or whitish4 ,the young gills have a peculiar bluish-white or dingy-white color which might be called grayish or clay color1 but when mature they assume the color of the spores4 ,they are sometimes minutely uneven on the edge4 ,the stem is straight1 solid1 cylindrical and usually paler than the cap4 ,when the gluten on it dries it cracks transversely1 giving to the stem a peculiar scaly appearance4 ,the cap is #a-c in4 broad1 and the stem #b-d in4 long1 and - in4 thick4 ,the plant grows in thin woods1 copses and partly cleared lands and may be found from ,august to ,september4 ,it is well to peel the caps before cooking1 since the gluten causes dirt and rubbish to adhere tenaciously to them4 ,peck1 #dhth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,in #dast ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 p4 #ga1 ,professor ,peck describes a closely allied species1 ,c4 muscigenus1 n4 sp41 8separated by its more highly-colored pileus1 striate margin and even1 not diffracted-squamose stem40 ,prof4 ,l4,b4 ,mendel gives the following analysis3 8,young specimens gathered in ,new ,haven early in ,november1 #ahig1 gave3 ,water #ia4ac ,total solids #h4hg ,total nitrogen of dry #c4fc0 substance ,edible4 ,cooke4 ,in appearance the ,smeared cortinarius does not appeal to be eaten4 ,neither does an eel4 ,but peeled both are inviting4 ,raw1 the caps of this fungus have a strong woody smell and taste4 ,this is somewhat subdued by cooking4 ,i have found the plant in ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania and ,north ,carolina1 often among the leaves in mixed woods1 but it prefers a goodly supply of light and the freedom of open places4 ,it is often gregarious1 sometimes tufted4 ,c4 iodes ,b4 and ,c4 ,pileus #a-b in41 convex1 at length plane1 viscid1 firm1 violet-purple4 ,flesh white1 thick4 ,veil fugacious1 spider-web4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #a in4 thick1 solid1 thickened below4 ,gills violet1 at length cinnamon1 ventricose1 adnate1 sub-emarginate1 irregular1 sometimes forked4 ,b4 and ,c4 ,this is a small but beautiful species1 the pileus1 lamell and stem being of a bright-violet or purplish-violet hue4 ,the spores are subelliptical1 generally uninucleate1 #ajf4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,the pileus in this species is sometimes spotted with white4 ,the bulbous white stem is adorned with lilac-colored fibrils4 ,peck1 #ceth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,sparingly found among roots at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,september1 #ahig-ahih4 ,the caps are fairly good4 ,,inolo,,ma4 7,gr--fiber2 ,gr--a fringe47 99 ,gills violaceous then cinnamon4 ,c4 violaceus ,fr4 7,plate ,,lxxxii1 fig4 #b1 page #cjf47 ,one of our most plentiful and beautiful autumnal fungi4 ,as the ,american plant differs somewhat from the ,european1 ,professor ,peck's description is given4 ,pileus convex1 becoming nearly plane1 dry1 adorned with numerous persistent hairy tufts or scales1 dark violet4 ,lamell rather thick1 distant1 rounded or deeply notched at the inner extremity1 colored like the pileus in the young plant1 brownish-cinnamon in the mature plant4 ,stem solid1 fibrillose1 bulbous1 colored like the pileus4 ,spores subelliptical1 #ab4e long4 ,the ,violet cortinarius is a very beautiful mushroom and one easy of recognition4 ,at first the whole plant is uniformly colored1 but with age the gills assume a dingy ochraceous or brownish-cinnamon hue4 ,the cap is generally well formed and regular and is beautifully adorned with little hairy scales or tufts4 ,these are rarely shown in figures of the ,european plant1 but they are quite noticeable in the ,american plant and should not be overlooked4 ,the flesh is more or less tinged with violet4 ,the gills when young are colored like the cap4 ,they are rather broad1 notched at the inner extremity and narrowed toward the margin of the cap4 ,when mature they become dusted with the spores whose color they take4 ,the stem also is colored like the cap4 ,it is swollen into a bulb at the base and sometimes a faint ochraceous band may be seen near the top4 ,this is due to the falling spores which lodge on the webby filaments of the veil remaining attached to the stem4 ,cap #b-d in4 broad4 ,stem #c-e in4 long1 about in4 thick4 ,peck1 #dhth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,minerva1 ,essex county4 ,a form of this species occurs here1 having the pileus merely downy or punctate-hairy under a lens1 no squamules being distinguishable by the naked eye4 ,july4 ,peck1 #ejth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores #ab-adaj ,cooke4 ,the spider web veil is exquisitely displayed in this species4 ,this1 with its strongly bulbous base and violet tinge throughout1 easily mark it4 ,though usually solitary great numbers of it are found in its settlements4 ,the mixed woods of central ,new ,jersey abound with it in ,july1 ,august and ,september4 ,throughout ,pennsylvania and ,west ,virginia it is common1 and is reported from several other states4 ,in ,redman's woods1 near ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 a densely clustered form of singular beauty occurs4 ,a dozen individuals of various forms and sizes with swollen stems form a compact mass1 rich in color1 and cutting crisp and juicy as an apple4 ,they are far better than other ,cortinarii ,i have eaten4 ,i have not seen it elsewhere4 ,c4 violaceus is everywhere eaten1 and is in my opinion the best of its genus4 ,the ,american plant is not inodorous1 but has a decided mushroom smell and taste4 7,plate ,,lxxxiv47 ,illustration3 ,,cortinarius ,,albo-,,violaceus4 ,one-half natural size4 ,c4 albo-violaceus ,pers4 ,pileus fleshy1 rather thin1 convex1 then expanded1 sometimes broadly subumbonate1 smooth1 silky1 whitish1 tinged with lilac or pale violet4 ,lamell generally serrulate1 whitish-violet1 then cinnamon-color4 ,stem equal or a little tapering upward1 solid1 silky1 white1 stained with violet1 especially at the top1 slightly bulbous1 the bulb gradually tapering into the stipe4 ,height1 #c-d in42 breadth of pileus1 #b-c in42 stipe1 #c-f lines thick4 ,ground in thin woods1 more frequently under poplars4 ,center4 ,october4 ,the stem is sometimes subannulate1 and being violet above and white below the obscure ring1 it appears as if sheathed with a silky-white covering4 ,inodorous4 ,sometimes the stem gradually tapers from the base to the top1 so that it can scarcely be called bulbous4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores #abe-f ,cooke2 #f-id-e ,k42 pruniform1 #aj ,q4 ,an allied species ,c4 7,inoloma7 lilacinus1 ,peck1 with the stem and bulbous part much broader than the cap1 is not as common1 but of far better flavor4 ,common in ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey1 in mixed woods4 ,september to frost4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a mushroom flavor develops in cooking4 ,the consistency of the flesh is good4 ,it is of medium grade4 ,c4 lilacinus ,pk4 ,pileus firm1 hemispherical1 then convex1 minutely silky1 lilac-color4 ,lamell close1 lilac1 then cinnamon4 ,stem stout1 bulbous1 silky-fibrillose1 solid1 whitish1 tinged with lilac4 ,spores nucleate1 #ajf4 ,plant #d-e in4 high4 ,pileus #c in4 broad4 ,stem #d-f lines thick4 ,low mossy ground in woods4 ,croghan4 ,september4 ,this is a rare but beautiful plant1 allied to ,c4 alboviolaceus1 from which it may be distinguished by its stouter habit1 deeper color and bulbous stem4 ,in the young plant the bulb is much broader than the undeveloped pileus that surmounts it4 ,peck1 #bfth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,massachusetts1 ,frost2 ,minnesota1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,i have found a few specimens in several places3 ,west ,virginia1 ,redman's woods1 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 in which place it is more plentiful than in any locality ,i have noted4 ,near lake at ,eagle's ,mere1 ,pa41 ,august1 and at ,springton1 ,pa4 ,excellent4 7,plate ,,lxxxv47 ,illustration3 ,,cortinarius ,,asper4 ,about two-thirds natural size4 ,c4 asper ,pk4--rough4 ,pileus fleshy1 firm1 hemispherical1 then convex1 rough with minute1 erect1 brown scales1 ochraceous4 ,gills close1 rounded behind and slightly emarginate1 dull violaceous1 then pale cinnamon4 ,stem equal1 bulbous1 solid1 fibrillose-scaly1 colored like the pileus but smooth and violaceous at the top1 the bulb white with an abundant mycelium4 ,spores broadly elliptical1 with a pellucid nucleus1 #h long4 ,plant #c-d in4 high4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad4 ,stem #c-e lines thick4 ,ground in cleared places4 ,greig4 ,september4 ,a fine species4 ,the flesh of the stem is violaceous4 ,peck1 #bdth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,this plant sometimes grows in tufts or clusters and bears a very close resemblance to ,armillaria mellea1 both in color and in the character of the scales of the pileus4 ,peck1 #bgth ,rep4 ,in thin woods and clearings1 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania4 ,the whole fungus is edible when young1 and ranks high in ,cortinarii4 ,when full grown the stem is hard4 ,cut in thin1 transverse slices it cooks tender1 but does not equal the cap4 ,like most of the ,cortinarii it is found in the autumn until frost kills it4 9999 ,gills pinkish-brown then cinnamon4 7,plate ,,lxxxvi47 ,illustration3 ,,cortinarius ,,squamulosus4 ,c4 squamulosus ,pk4 7,plate ,,lxxxii1 fig4 #a1 p4 #cjf74 ,pileus thick1 fleshy1 convex1 densely fibrillose-squamulose1 cinnamon-brown1 the scales darker4 ,lamell not crowded1 deeply emarginate1 pale pinkish-brown1 then cinnamon-colored4 ,stipe thick1 solid1 shreddy1 subsquamulose1 concolorous1 swollen at the base into a very large tapering or subventricose bulb4 ,height #d-f in41 breadth of pileus #b-d in41 stipe #f-i lines thick at the top1 #ab-ah lines at the bottom4 ,borders of swamps in woods4 ,sandlake4 ,august4 ,related to ,c4 pholideus and ,c4 arenatus1 but distinct by the deep emargination of the lamell4 ,it gives out a strong odor while drying4 ,the color of the flesh is pinkish-white4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,this species was discovered in #ahfi1 and had not since been observed by the writer until the past season4 ,it is manifestly a species of rare occurrence4 ,peck1 #bhth ,rep4 ,massachusetts1 ,frost2 ,wisconsin1 ,minnesota4 ,ranges from ,new ,england to ,kentucky unchanged4 ,morgan4 ,specimens from ,e4,b4 ,sterling1 ,trenton1 ,n4,j41 ,september1 #ahig4 ,asylum grounds4 ,several found at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,august and ,september1 #ahig4 ,solitary in oak woods1 gravelly soil4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,sent to ,professor ,peck and identified4 ,specimens were much darker than ,professor ,peck's plates4 ,c4 squamulosus is not attractive in appearance4 ,the caps1 only1 are edible4 ,their consistency is very pleasant and flavor fairly good4 7,plate ,,lxxxvia47 ,illustration3 ,,cortinarius ,,autumnalis4 ,c4 autumnalis ,pk4 ,pileus fleshy1 convex or expanded1 dull rusty-yellow1 variegated or streaked with innate rust-colored fibrils4 ,gills rather broad1 with a wide shallow emargination4 ,stem equal1 solid1 firm1 bulbous1 a little paler than the pileus4 ,height #c-d in41 breadth of pileus #b-d in4 ,stem #f lines thick4 ,pine woods4 ,bethlehem4 ,november4 ,the plant is sometimes cespitose4 ,the flesh is white4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 #ahii4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,quality fair4 ,caps meaty4 ,c4 ochraceus ,pk4 7,plate ,,lxxxii1 fig4 #c1 p4 #cjf47 ,pileus fleshy1 convex1 at length broadly subumbonate or gibbous1 smooth1 even or obscurely wrinkled1 pale ochraceous4 ,stem solid1 fibrillose1 ochraceous at the top1 white below1 gradually enlarged into a thick bulbous base4 ,height #b-d in41 breadth of pileus #b-c in4 ,stem #d-f lines thick at the top1 #ab-ah lines at the base4 ,under balsam trees in open places4 ,catskill mountains4 ,october4 ,the stem appears as if sheathed4 ,in some specimens the stem is short and rapidly tapers from the base to the top4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,many of the species were found by the writer in mixed woods among leaves at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,september1 #ahih4 ,specimens were identified by ,professor ,peck4 ,the gills are bright yellow when young4 ,cap smooth1 innately fibrillose1 not viscid4 ,spores light brown4 ,tasteless2 smell faint4 ,good consistency4 ,a fair flavor develops in cooking4 999999 ,gills yellow4 7,plate ,,lxxxvib47 ,illustration3 ,,cortinarius ,,annulatus4 ,natural size4 ,c4 7,inoloma7 annulatus ,pk4 ,pileus broadly convex1 dry1 villose-squamulose1 yellow4 ,flesh yellowish4 ,lamell rather broad1 subdistant1 adnexed1 yellow4 ,stem solid1 bulbous1 somewhat peronate by the yellow fibrillose annular-terminated veil4 ,spores broadly elliptical or subglobose1 #h long4 ,pileus #a-c in4 broad4 ,stem #a4e-c in4 long1 #c-f lines thick4 ,thin woods4 ,whitehall4 ,august4 ,the whole plant is yellow inclining to ochraceous4 ,it has the odor of radishes4 ,the squamules of the pileus are pointed and erect on the disk1 and often darker-colored there4 ,the species is allied to ,c4 tophaceus and ,c4 callisteus1 from which it is separated by its persistently annulate stem and more yellow color4 ,peck1 #dc;d ,rep4 ,specimens received from ,e4,b4 ,sterling1 ,trenton1 ,n4,j41 ,september #e1 #ahig4 ,identified by ,professor ,peck4 ,mixed woods ,kingsessing1 near ,bartram's ,garden1 ,philadelphia1 ,september1 #ahig4 ,solitary among grass and leaves4 ,the permanent marking of the veil is conspicuous4 ,eight specimens were found and eaten4 ,the caps cook tender1 and have a decided but not unpleasant flavor4 ,,dermo,,cybe4 7,gr--skin2 ,gr--a head47 ,c4 cinnabarinus ,fr4--cinnabaris1 dragon's blood4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad1 scarlet-red1 truly fleshy1 campanulate1 then flattened1 obtuse or very obtusely umbonate1 silky1 then becoming smooth and shining1 or obsoletely scaly2 the firm flesh paler4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 #c-d lines and more thick1 solid1 equal1 sometimes however bulbous1 fibrillose or striate1 scarlet-red1 reddish brick-color internally4 ,cortina fibrillose1 lax1 cinnabar4 ,gills wholly adnate1 somewhat decurrent1 #c lines broad1 somewhat distant1 connected by veins1 unequal and darker at the edge1 dark blood-color when bruised4 ,odor of radish4 ,readily distinguished from all others by its splendid scarlet color1 and from ,c4 sanguineus by its short solid and firm stem1 its broad pileus and somewhat distant gills4 ,stem never becoming yellow4 ,fries4 ,spores #g-hd ,cooke4 ,it is a variable species with us4 ,cap #a in4 across1 convex1 broadly umbonate1 margin involute1 yellowish-brown1 silky1 innately fibrillose1 shining1 when young the cap is round1 margin involute4 ,veil white1 fibrillose1 fugacious1 leaving no trace on stem4 ,flesh thick in center1 solid1 close-grained1 white1 tinged with brown4 ,tastes strongly as radishes4 ,skin partially detachable4 ,gills exceedingly beautiful in their deep claret-color1 which is permanent1 decurrent4 ,stem #c in4 long1 shining1 smooth1 white near top1 brownish below1 equal1 fibrous1 stuffed1 skin removable4 ,on ground among pines1 near station1 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,august to frost4 ,solitary1 gregarious and cespitose4 ,taste and smell like radishes4 ,the caps cook well and are of fair flavor4 ,makes good patties and croquettes4 ,c4 cinnabarinus1 ,var4 #a4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,august to frost4 ,on decaying chestnut stumps4 ,cap #a in4 across1 shining1 convex1 orange-brown1 white on margin and under minute appressed squamules1 but few on margin2 apparent remnant of a veil on cap1 as a viscid skin4 ,gills rounded behind1 slightly emarginate1 like ,tricholoma1 grayish-brown when young1 becoming a brilliant scarlet1 unequal4 ,stem #b in4 high1 over in4 thick1 white1 covered with brownish-orange appressed squamules1 often with stained marking of veil or fragments of veil as ring4 ,cespitose1 connate4 ,taste and smell strong like radishes4 ,flavor in dish is decided but pleasant4 ,makes good patties and croquettes4 ,specimens were identified by ,professor ,peck as ,c4 cinnabarinus1 as were those of the preceding4 ,the variations are so great that ,i give this place as a variety4 ,c4 sanguineus ,fr4--sanguis1 blood4 ,pileus #a-a in4 broad1 blood-color1 becoming slightly pale when dry1 fleshy1 thin1 convex then plane1 obtuse1 occasionally depressed1 silky or squamulose4 ,flesh reddish1 paler4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #b-c lines thick1 stuffed then hollow1 equal 7rather attenuated than thickened at the base71 here and there flexuous1 with fibrils of the same color1 almost darker than the pileus4 ,cortina arachnoid1 fugacious1 red blood-color4 ,gills adnate1 crowded1 #b-c lines broad1 quite entire1 dark blood-color4 ,wholly dark blood-color1 the stem when compressed pouring forth bloody juice4 ,odor of radish4 ,thinner than species nearest to it4 ,the spores are ochraceous on a white ground1 somewhat ferruginous on a black ground4 ,fries4 ,spores #fd ,w4,g4,s4 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis2 ,massachusetts1 ,sprague1 ,farlow1 ,frost2 ,connecticut1 ,wright2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,edible4 ,leuba4 7,plate ,,lxxxvii47 ,illustration3 ,,cortinarius ,,cinnamomeus4 ,natural size4 ,c4 cinnamomeus ,fr4 ,pileus #a-b in4 across4 ,flesh thin1 convexo-campanulate1 umbonate1 somewhat cinnamon color1 silky squamulose with yellowish innate fibrils1 becoming almost glabrous4 ,gills adnate1 broad1 crowded1 shining1 yellowish1 then tawny-yellow4 ,stem #b-d in4 long1 equal1 yellow1 as is also the flesh and the veil1 hollow4 ,spores #g-hd-e4 ,a very common species1 especially in mossy places in pine woods1 occurring under many well defined forms1 which can not be separated as species4 ,essential points common to all4 7#a7 ,stem everywhere equal1 stuffed1 then hollow1 yellowish1 fibrillose from the similarly colored veil4 7#b7 ,pileus thin1 flattened and obtusely umbonate1 silky with yellowish down1 often glabrous when adult1 and then bright cinnamon1 but the color is variable4 7#c7 ,flesh splitting1 yellowish4 7#d7 ,gills adnate1 crowded1 thin1 broad1 always shining4 7#e7 ,spores dark ochraceous1 size and color very variable2 pileus from -#c-d in4 across2 color of pileus changeable1 depending on the more or less persistence of the down 7fundamental color and veil constant in this species and its allies72 gills varying through blood-red1 reddish cinnamon1 tawny saffron1 golden and yellow4 ,fries4 ,pileus thin1 convex1 obtuse or umbonate1 dry1 fibrillose at least when young4 ,flesh yellowish4 ,lamell thin1 close1 adnate4 ,stem slender1 equal1 stuffed or hollow4 ,spores elliptical1 #h long4 ,peck1 #dhth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores #g-hd ,cooke4 ,the ,germans are said to be very fond of this species1 which is generally stewed in butter and served with sauce for vegetables4 ,catalogued by ,dr4 ,m4,a4 ,curtis1 ,north ,carolina1 as edible4 ,edible4 ,cooke4 ,var4 semi-sanguineus received from ,e4,b4 ,sterling1 ,trenton1 ,n4,j41 ,august1 #ahig4 ,juicy and good4 ,the species is common over the ,united ,states and plentiful in its numerous varieties from ,august to frost4 ,it frequents mixed woods1 borders and open and mossy places4 ,the pine woods of ,new ,jersey yield it in quantity1 as do the hemlock forests of ,eagle's ,mere1 ,pa41 and oak woods of ,west ,virginia4 ,it has a smell and taste--mildly of radishes4 ,its flavor when cooked is decided but pleasant4 ,,telamo,,nia4 7,gr--lint47 7,plate ,,lxxxviii47 ,illustration3 ,,cortinarius ,,armillatus4 ,c4 armillatus ,fr4--armilla1 a ring4 7,plate ,,lxxxii1 fig4 #e1 p4 #cjf47 ,pileus #c-e in4 broad1 red-brick color1 truly fleshy1 but not very compact1 at first cylindrical1 soon campanulate1 at length flattened1 dry1 at first smooth1 soon innately fibrillose or squamulose1 flesh dingy pallid4 ,stem #c-f in4 long1 in4 thick1 solid1 firm1 remarkably bulbous 7bulb #a in4 thick1 villous1 whitish7 and fibrillose at the base1 when old striate and reddish-pallid1 internally dirty yellow4 ,exterior veil woven1 red1 arranged in #b-d distant cinnabar zones encircling the stem2 partial veil continuous with the upper zone1 arachnoid1 reddish-white4 ,gills adnate1 slightly rounded1 distant1 at first pallid cinnamon1 at length very broad 7 in471 dark ferruginous1 almost bay-brown4 ,odor of radish4 ,a very striking species4 ,from the pileus not being hygrophanous1 at the first smooth and at length torn into fibrils or squamulose1 it might easily be taken for a species of ,inoloma4 ,the cortina itself is paler than the zones4 ,it differs from all others in these zones4 ,the rings are usually somewhat oblique4 ,fries4 ,professor ,peck in the #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,cab4 ,nat4 ,hist41 describes the ,american species as follows3 8,pileus fleshy1 thick1 convex or subcampanulate1 then expanded1 minutely squamulose1 yellowish-red4 ,lamell not close1 broad1 slightly emarginate1 whitish-ochraceous1 then cinnamon4 ,stipe stout1 solid1 fibrillose1 whitish1 girt with one to four red bands1 bulbous4 8,height #d-f in41 breadth of pileus #b-d in41 stipe #d-h in4 thick4 8,woods4 ,north ,elba4 ,august4 8,a large and noble species4 ,the margin of the pileus is thin and sometimes uneven2 the upper band on the stem is usually the brightest and most regular4 ,the pileus is not distinctly hygrophanous40 ,spores #ajf ,cooke4 ,edible4 ,cooke4 ,september #h1 #ahig1 ,mr4 ,e4,b4 ,sterling1 ,trenton1 ,n4,j41 sent me several specimens new to me and remarkable in having two well-defined veils1 the lower and thicker one of which left a dark zone upon the stem1 the upper1 fibrillose1 was more persistent1 but left a fainter impression4 ,these veils are not mentioned in ,professor ,peck's description of the ,american species1 but are prominently noted in that of ,fries1 as above4 ,in a very young specimen both veils were present4 ,cap light brown1 minutely squamulose1 with a few small red spots2 margin thin1 involute1 flesh thick1 yellowish1 firm2 gills distant1 rounded behind1 slightly emarginate1 alternate ones short1 light brown inclined to cinereous on edge4 ,spores brown4 ,small young specimens did not show bulbous stem as distinct as larger and older ones4 ,i afterward found several specimens at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,september and ,october1 #ahig4 ,the flesh is excellent1 closely resembling ,pholiota subsquarrosa4 ,the species seems to be rare4 ,if found in quantity it will prove one of our very best edibles4 ,c4 distans ,pk4 ,pileus thin except the disk1 convex1 squamulose1 bay-brown when moist1 tawny when dry4 ,lamell broad1 distant1 thick1 dark cinnamon-color4 ,stipe subequal1 often a little tapering upward1 solid1 slightly fibrillose-scaly1 concolorous4 ,height #b-c in41 breadth of pileus #a-b in41 stipe #d-f in4 thick4 ,grassy ground in pine woods4 ,greenbush4 ,june4 ,the flesh is dull-yellowish4 ,the pileus1 when drying1 has for a time a brown-marginal zone4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,new ,jersey pines4 ,eagle's ,mere1 ,pa41 coniferous woods4 ,august4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 pines4 ,august1 ,september4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,like most of the hygrophanous ,cortinarii1 the taste is more or less that of rotten wood4 ,the flavor is flat and undesirable4 ,c4 furfurellus ,pk4 ,pileus thin1 convex1 furfuraceous with minute squamules1 hygrophanous1 watery-tawny when moist1 pale ochraceous when dry4 ,lamell broad1 thick1 distant1 adnate or slightly emarginate1 tawny-yellow1 then cinnamon4 ,stem equal1 peronate1 colored like the pileus1 with a slight annulus near the top4 ,spores subelliptical1 minutely rough1 #h-ajf4 ,plant #a-b in4 high4 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad4 ,stem #b-d lines thick4 ,moist ground in open places4 ,gansevoort4 ,august4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,strong woody flavor--like rotten wood4 ,not poisonous1 but not desirable4 ,,hygrocybe4 ,c4 castaneus ,bull4--chestnut4 ,pileus fleshy1 thin1 campanulate or convex1 then expanded1 dark chestnut-color when moist1 paler when dry4 ,lamell rather broad1 violet-tinged1 then cinnamon4 ,stipe fibrillose1 stuffed or hollow1 lilac tinged at the top1 white below4 ,height #b-c in41 breadth of pileus #a-b in41 stipe #c-d lines thick4 ,ground under spruce or balsam trees4 ,catskill mountains4 ,october4 ,edible4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores #he4 ,it is certainly a wholesome1 esculent species1 but a great number would be required to make a good dish4 ,m4,c4 ,cooke4 ,catalogued by ,rev4 ,m4,a4 ,curtis1 ,north ,carolina1 as edible4 ,eaten in ,italy4 ,inodorous1 edible and agreeable4 ,cordier4 ,more than fair4 ,i have often eaten it4 ,r4,k4 ,macadam4 ,illustration ,,paxil,,lus ,fr4 ,paxillus1 a small stake4 ,hymenophore continuous with the stem1 decurrent4 ,gills membranaceous1 somewhat branched1 frequently anastomosing behind1 distinct from the hymenophore and easily separable from it4 ,spores dingy-white or ferruginous4 ,fleshy putrescent fungi1 margin of pileus at first involute1 then continually and gradually unfolding and expanding4 ,fries4 ,pileus symmetrical or eccentric4 ,stem central1 eccentric or wanting4 ,edge of gills entire1 sharp4 ,the marked features of this genus are the strongly involute margin1 the soft1 tough1 decurrent gills1 separating readily from the flesh1 and the color of the spores4 ,the members of this genus possess some of the characters of ,boletus4 ,the gills separate easily from the hymenophore as do the tubes of the latter1 and their anastomosing tendency is in ,p4 porosus so marked that the hymenium consists of large angular tubes4 ,the gills of ,p4 solidus ,b4 and ,c4 form pores at the base1 and its spores are elongated1 both features indicating an affinity with ,boletus4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,tribes4 ,,lepista 7a pan74 ,page #cbg4 ,pileus entire1 central4 ,spores dingy-white1 in ,p4 panolus somewhat rust-color4 ,on the ground4 ,,tapinia 7to depress74 ,page ----4 ,pileus generally eccentric or resupinate4 ,spores rust-color4 ,on the ground or on stumps4 ,so far as known the species of this genus are harmless4 ,many of them are large1 fleshy and inviting in appearance1 but their flesh is usually dry and coarse1 and1 though absorbent1 is hard to cook tender4 ,p4 atrotomentosus1 which seems to be rare1 is an exception4 ,the flesh of this species being firm in texture and readily made into a first-class dish4 ,,lepis,,ta4 ,p4 lepista ,fr4--lepista1 a pan4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad1 flat or depressed1 dirty-white1 smooth1 sometimes minutely cracked near the margin which is thin1 involute and often undulate4 ,stem very variable in length1 #a-d in41 - in4 thick1 dingy white or cream1 solid1 white inside1 equal1 with a cartilaginous cuticle passing between the gills and the flesh of the pileus1 base blunt1 villous1 white4 ,gills very decurrent1 crowded1 #b-c lines broad1 slightly branched but not at the base1 dingy-white becoming darker4 ,spores reddish1 becoming dingy brown4 ,broadly pyriforme #fh ,massee4 ,pennsylvania4 ,september1 #ahid4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,albion1 ,n4,y41 ,dr4 ,cushing1 #ahih4 ,on ground in woods and margins of woods4 ,flesh white4 ,gills narrow1 crowded1 brittle1 decurrent1 dingy-white or pale-buff1 easily separating from cap4 ,stem solid1 elastic1 at length hollow1 often short1 an inch long1 tapering downward1 frequently up to four inches in length and equal1 base villose4 ,resembling ,lactarius piperatus and some forms of ,clitocybe4 ,it is separated from the former by the absence of milk and from the latter by its involute margin4 ,the ,clitocybe resembling it are all edible4 ,smell strong1 like old oily nuts4 ,edible but coarse4 ,p4 lividus ,cke4 ,pileus #a-b in4 across1 convex1 at length slightly depressed at the disk1 margin slightly arched and incurved1 dingy-white1 or livid ochraceous1 opaque4 ,gills decurrent1 arcuate1 almost crowded1 #a line broad1 white4 ,stem #c-d in4 long1 in4 thick at the apex1 attenuated downward1 white1 fibrillose1 stuffed then hollow1 usually rather flexuous4 ,flesh nearly white4 ,spores globose1 #c-c4e diameter1 nearly white4 ,in woods4 ,usually in small clusters4 ,closely allied to ,paxillus revolutus1 but distinguished by the absence of any tinge of violet on the pileus or stem1 and by the persistently white gills4 ,massee4 ,received from ,katherine ,a4 ,hall1 ,danville1 ,n4,y4 ,october1 #ahih4 ,raw it tastes like a drug-store smell4 ,edible1 pleasant4 ,,tapi,,nia4 7,plate ,,xc47 ,illustration3 ,,paxillus ,,involutus4 ,one-half natural size4 ,p4 involutus 7,batsch7 ,fr4--involutus1 rolled inward4 ,pileus #b-e in4 broad1 fleshy1 compact1 convexo-plane then depressed1 smooth1 viscid when moist1 shining when dry1 yellowish or tawny-ochraceous1 strongly involute1 margin densely downy1 flesh pallid4 ,stem #b-d in4 high1 about in4 thick1 solid1 firm1 paler than the pileus1 central or eccentric4 ,gills #b-c lines broad1 crowded1 branched1 anastomosing1 forming pores behind1 whitish then yellowish or rusty1 spotting when bruised4 ,spores rust-color1 ellipsoid or oblong-ellipsoid #h-aff ,k42 #ef ,w4,g4,s4 ,elliptical1 #h-aj ,peck4 ,it grows singly or in groups and likes damp mossy soil4 ,common in cool hemlock or spruce woods in the ,adirondack mountains2 not rare in the mixed woods of all our hilly districts4 ,when growing on decayed stumps the stem is sometimes eccentric4 ,august1 ,november4 ,c4,h4 ,peck4 ,in open woods near ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 it grows to a large size and in quantity4 ,in ,angora woods near ,philadelphia a complete ring of it #bj ft4 in diameter was seen4 ,considered edible throughout ,europe and said to be highly esteemed in ,russia4 ,the flesh of the ,american plant is dry and coarse1 does not cook tender and is rather tasteless4 ,p4 atro-tomentosus 7,batsch47 ,fr4--ater1 black2 tomentum1 down4 ,pileus #c-f in4 broad1 rust-color or reddish-brown1 compactly fleshy1 eccentric1 convex then plane or depressed1 margin thin1 frequently minutely rivulose1 sometimes tomentose in the center4 ,flesh white4 ,stem #c-f in4 high1 -#a in4 thick1 stout1 solid1 elastic1 eccentric or lateral1 unequal rooting1 covered with dense velvety down1 very dark brown4 ,gills adnate1 #c lines broad1 close1 anastomosing at the base1 yellowish1 interspaces venose4 ,spores subhyaline #d-fc-d ,k4 ,elliptical1 pale-yellowish1 #eb4e-c ,massee4 ,elliptical #e-fd ,peck4 ,found near ,philadelphia1 gregarious in old woods4 ,september4 ,in ,new ,jersey in pine woods on stumps and on the ground1 probably growing from roots4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,grows singly or cespitose1 sometimes in large tufts1 when the pileus is frequently irregular from compression4 ,in wet weather the pileus is moist and sometimes obscurely mottled with dark spots4 ,occasionally it has an unpleasant dirt-like odor4 ,peck4 ,cordier considers this species suspicious and ,paulet inutile on account of its bad taste4 ,the flesh differs from most ,paxilli in being very fine grained and cooked is of the consistency of a marshmallow4 ,the taste is marked but pleasant4 ,series ,,iv4 ,,porphyro,,spor 7,pratelli74 ,gr--purple4 ,spores typically black-purple or brownish-purple1 more rarely dusky brown4 7,it is to be observed that the spores vary in color according to the color of the ground on which they are deposited47 ,there are sterile forms with the gills persistently white 7,a4 obturatus1 ,a4 udus74 ,those species are more deceptive in which the gills continue for a long time white1 and even begin to decay before they are discolored by the spores2 these may be easily mistaken for ,leucospori4 ,fries4 ,pratelli is the name given by the early authors to this series1 based upon the spore color2 ,porphyrospor is the name now used4 ,the species within the group are closely allied to those having black spores without a tinge of purple or violet 7,melanospor71 but in none of the species do the gills deliquesce as in ,coprinus1 neither are there resupinate or lateral stemmed species4 ,there is a present tendency to do away with this series and include all dark-spored species in the ,melanospor4 ,professor ,atkinson and ,bertha ,stoneman1 in their 8,provisional ,key to the ,genera of ,hymenomycetes10 omit the series and give 8,melanospor1 ,gill and ,butz 7,pratell and ,coprinari in broadest sense74 ,spores dark brown1 purplish-brown or black40 ,illustration3 ,,porphyrosporae4 ,hymenophore distinct from fleshy stem4 ,,pilosace4 ,,agaricus4 7,,psalliota47 ,,chitonia4 ,hymenophore confluent and homogeneous with fleshy stem4 ,,stropharia4 ,,hypholoma4 ,hymenophore confluent with1 but heterogeneous from cartilaginous stem4 ,,psilocybe4 ,,psathyra4 ,,deconica4 ,,plate ,,xcii4 ,,chart ,,of ,,genera ,,in ,,purple-,,spored ,,series--,,porphyrosporae1 ,,page #ccj4 7,plate ,,xciii47 ,illustration3 ,,chitonia ,,rubriceps4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,it is frequently difficult to determine by the spore-color of this series even to which series a specimen belongs4 ,many of our best edibles belong in this series4 ,i know of none noxious4 ,,chiton,,ia ,fr4 ,universal veil distinct from the pileus1 at maturity forming a distinct volva round the base of the ringless central stem4 ,gills free from the stem4 ,spores brownish-purple4 ,analogous in structure with ,volvaria and ,amanitopsis4 ,an exotic genus imported into this country4 ,no ,american species reported4 ,illustration3 ,grouped by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,studies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,xci4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,agaricus ,,variabilis1 #cdf #d4 ,,agaricus ,,campester1 #ccb #b4 ,,agaricus ,,silvicola1 #cdc #e4 ,,agaricus ,,campester #ccb 7,,section71 #c4 ,,agaricus ,,placomyces1 #cde ,,agar,,icus4 ,agaricon1 a ,greek name for fungi1 said to be derived from the name of a town1 ,agara4 ,pileus fleshy1 flesh of the stem different from that of the pileus1 furnished with a distinct ring4 ,gills at first enclosed by the veil1 free1 rounded behind1 at first white or whitish1 in some species this stage lasting but a short time1 then pink or reddish1 at length dark purplish-brown from the spores4 ,spores brown1 brownish or reddish-purple4 ,on the ground1 generally in pastures1 meadows or manured ground1 a few species occur in woods4 ,analogous with ,lepiota of the white-spored series4 ,stropharia also bears a ring and has similar colored spores1 but is separated by the flesh of stem and pileus being continuous and the gills being more or less adnate4 ,formerly in ,agaricus as sub-genus ,psalliota 7psallion1 psalion1 in poetry1 a ring74 ,when ,psalliota was raised to generic rank it was given the name of the great genus ,agaricus as a mark of distinction on account of its including the most widely known and useful mushroom of the world--,agaricus campester4 ,the name ,psalliota is not in modern use4 ,old ,agaricus included many subgenera and consequently many more species4 ,now it contains but few4 ,all of them are highly flavored and of marked excellence4 ,before the subgenera under ,agaricus were promoted to full generic standing it was customary to state the name of a species thus3 ,agaricus 7,psalliota7 campester4 ,agaricus 7,stropharia7 semi-orbicularis4 ,this was lengthy and clumsy4 ,in the older books this form prevails4 ,often1 however1 the subgenus is omitted before the name1 which compels the student to look up the subgenus to which the species belongs4 ,the older books are therefore puzzling to modern students1 who find there simply the name ,agaricus to guide them4 ,the present genus of a known species in old ,agaricus can be easily found by looking in the index for its specific name4 ,the name of the genus follows it in parentheses4 ,all of the genus can be cooked in any desired way4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,species4 99 ,gills at first or very soon pink or rosy4 9999 ,gills at first brownish or gray4 999999 ,gills at first white or whitish4 99 ,gills at first or very soon pink or rosy4 ,a4 campester ,linn4--campus1 a field4 7,plate ,,xci1 fig4 #d 7#c figs47 fig4 #e1 section1 p4 #ccb74 ,pileus at first hemispherical or convex1 then expanded with decurved margin or nearly plane1 smooth1 silky floccose or hairy squamulose1 the margin extending beyond the lamell1 the flesh rather thick1 firm1 white4 ,lamell free1 close1 ventricose1 at first delicate pink or flesh color1 then blackish-brown1 subdeliquescent4 ,stem equal or slightly thickened toward the base1 stuffed1 white or whitish1 nearly or quite smooth4 ,ring at or near the middle1 more or less lacerated1 sometimes evanescent4 ,spores elliptical1 #f-hd-e4 ,plant #b-d in4 high4 ,pileus #a4e-d in4 or more broad4 ,stem #d-h lines thick4 ,peck1 #cfth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores spheroid-ellipsoid1 #if ,k42 #fh ,w4,g4,s4 ,the varieties of ,a4 campester are numerous4 ,all of them are edible and vary but slightly in their excellence4 ,var4 albus ,berk4--albus1 white4 ,a very common wild form4 ,cap #b-d in4 across1 smooth or slightly fibrillose4 ,stem #a-c in4 long1 - in4 thick1 white or whitish4 ,spring to autumn1 in rich grassy places4 ,sometimes very large4 ,it is cultivated4 ,var4 griseus ,pk4--griseus1 gray4 ,cap grayish1 silky1 shining4 ,ring vanishing4 ,reported from ,virginia4 ,var4 praticola ,vitt4--pratum1 a meadow2 colo1 to inhabit4 ,meadow variety4 ,cap covered with reddish scales4 ,flesh pinkish4 ,parade ground1 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,var4 umbrinus ,vitt4--umber1 dark brown4 ,cap brown1 smooth4 ,stem short1 minutely scaly4 8,var4 rufescens ,berk4--rufescens1 becoming red4 ,pileus reddish1 minutely scaly4 ,gills at first white4 ,stem elongated4 ,flesh turning bright red when cut or bruised4 ,this departs so decidedly from the ordinary characters of the type1 especially in the white color of the young gills1 that it seems to merit separation as a distinct species40 ,peck1 #cfth ,rep4 ,var4 villaticus ,brond4--belonging to a villa4 ,cap scaly4 ,stem scaly4 ,var4 hortensis ,cke4--growing in gardens4 ,cap brownish or yellowish-brown1 covered with fibrils or minute hairs4 ,this is a cultivated species4 8,var4 ,buchanni4 ,cap white1 smooth1 depressed in center1 the margin naked4 ,stem stout4 ,ring thin1 lacerated4 ,a rare variety1 sometimes occurring in mushroom beds4 8,var4 elongatus--elongated4 ,long-stemmed variety4 ,pileus small1 smooth1 convex1 the margin adorned with the adherent remains of the lacerated veil4 ,stem long1 slender1 slightly thickened toward the base4 ,ring slight or evanescent4 ,this is also a variety of mushroom beds4 8,var4 vaporarius4 ,green-house variety 7,a4 vaporarius ,vitt47 ,pileus brownish1 coated with long hairs or fibrils4 ,stem hairy-fibrillose1 becoming transversely scaly4 ,conservatories1 cellars1 etc4 ,not differing greatly from ,var4 hortensis40 ,peck1 #cfth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,the ,a4 campester is known the world over as the common mushroom4 ,it is cosmopolitan1 appearing in pastures and rich places from spring and until long after severe frosts4 ,it is the sweet morsel of gourmets4 ,indirectly it has done more damage than the assembled viciousness of all other toadstools4 ,it is by mistaking the young button forms of the deadly ,amanita for the button forms of the common mushroom that most cases of fatal toadstool poisoning are brought about4 ,it is1 also1 usually the persons who think they know the mushroom1 and can not be deceived1 that get poisoned4 ,if two rules are observed danger can be avoided4 7#a7 ,never eat a fungus gathered in the woods believing it to be the mushroom4 ,the typical ,a4 campester does not grow in the woods2 species of ,agaricus somewhat resembling it do4 7#b7 ,look at the gills2 those of the mushroom are at first a light-pink which rapidly1 as the plant matures1 darken to a dark-brown1 purplish-brown1 or purplish-black4 ,this is due to the ripening of the spores4 ,those of the ,amanita are constantly white4 ,pages could be written upon the mushroom and its culture1 and recipes for the cooking of it would fill a volume4 ,one important thing is omitted from them all--it is culinary heresy to peel a mushroom4 ,much of the flavor lies in the skin1 as it does in that of apples1 apricots1 peaches1 grapes1 cherries and other fruits4 ,the mushroom should be wiped with a coarse flannel or towel until the skin is clean4 ,see chapter on cooking1 etc4 ,lafayette ,b4 ,mendel1 in ,american ,journal of ,physiology1 ,march1 #ahih1 gives the following analysis of ,a4 campester3 ,two varieties of the common mushroom were collected in ,new ,haven4 ,fifteen specimens of one variety weighed #a ounce1 an average weight of #dc grains each4 ,the analysis gave3 a4 b4 ,water #hg4hh #ib4bj ,total solids #ab4ab #g4hj ,total nitrogen in dry #d4db #d4ib substance ,ash in dry substance #aa4ff #ag4ah ,a4 comptulus ,fr4--comptus1 gaily adorned4 ,pileus #a-a in4 broad1 yellowish-white1 slightly fleshy1 convex then plane1 obtuse1 adpressedly fibrilloso-silky1 becoming even4 ,flesh thin1 soft1 of the same color as the pileus4 ,stem #b in4 long1 #b-c lines thick1 hollow1 stuffed with floccules when young1 somewhat attenuated1 even1 smooth1 white1 becoming somewhat light yellow4 ,ring medial1 torn1 fugacious1 of the same color4 ,gills rounded-free behind1 crowded1 soft1 broader in front1 flesh-color then rose1 not dingy-flesh-color except when old4 ,closely allied to ,a4 campestris1 but constantly distinct in its more beautifully colored gills4 ,fries4 ,cultivated ground4 ,menands4 ,august4 ,peck1 ,rep4 #da4 ,closely allied to ,a4 campestris1 from which it may be separated by its smaller size1 the yellowish hue of the dry plant and by the smaller spores4 ,peck1 #dast ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,parade ground1 with ,a4 campester2 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j4 ,august to frost4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a4 comptulus appears frequently in the latitude of ,philadelphia4 ,it is a neat species1 but not substantial in flesh4 ,here it usually grows close to the ground4 ,the ring is very evanescent4 ,its edible qualities are those of ,a4 campester4 ,a4 silvaticus ,schaeff4--belonging to woods4 ,pileus thin1 at first convex or bell-shaped1 then expanded1 gibbous or subumbonate1 fibrillose or variegated with a few thin tawny brownish or reddish-brown spot-like adpressed scales1 whitish1 brownish or smoky-gray1 the disk sometimes tinged with red or reddish-brown1 the flesh white or faintly reddish4 ,lamell thin1 close1 free1 narrowed toward each end1 reddish1 then blackish-brown4 ,stem rather long1 equal or slightly tapering upward1 hollow1 whitish4 ,spores elliptical1 #e-f4ed-e4 ,plant #c-e in4 high4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad4 ,stem #d-f lines thick4 ,woods4 ,summer and autumn4 ,not common4 ,peck1 #cfth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,massachusetts1 ,farlow2 ,minnesota1 ,johnson2 ,california--edible1 ,h4 and ,m4 ,west ,virginia1 #ahha-ahhe1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania4 ,august to frost4 ,in pine and mixed woods4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible1 ,curtis4 ,edible1 ,peck4 ,in taste and smell ,a4 silvaticus resembles ,a4 silvicola1 but is stronger4 ,it is a frequent but not common species in the localities where ,i have found it4 ,quantities of it have not occurred1 but myself and friends have eaten it for years1 knowing no distinction in effect between it and allied species4 ,its strong taste requires that it be well cooked4 ,it does not lose its high flavor1 which may be objectionable to some4 ,i prefer using its juices as a flavoring4 ,a4 diminutivus ,pk4--diminutive4 ,pileus thin1 fragile1 at first convex1 then plane or centrally depressed1 sometimes slightly umbonate1 whitish or yellowish1 faintly spotted with small thin silky appressed brownish scales1 the disk brownish or reddish-brown4 ,lamell close1 thin1 free1 ventricose1 brownish-pink becoming brown1 blackish-brown or black4 ,stem equal or slightly tapering upward1 stuffed or hollow1 smooth1 pallid4 ,annulus thin1 persistent1 white4 ,spores elliptical #ed4 ,plant #a4e-b in4 high4 ,pileus #a-a4e in4 broad4 ,stem #a-b lines thick4 ,woods4 ,croghan and ,sandlake1 ,n4,y4 ,august4 ,autumn4 ,this is a small but symmetrical and beautiful ,agaric4 ,it is perhaps too closely related to the preceding species 7,a4 silvaticus71 of which it may possibly prove to be a mere variety or dwarf form4 ,its pileus is quite thin and fragile4 ,usually the darker or reddish hue of the disk gradually loses itself in the paler color of the margin1 but sometimes the whole surface is tinged with red4 ,peck1 #cfth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,chester county2 ,west ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 ,september2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,eagle's ,mere1 ,pa41 ,august4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,i have found ,a4 diminutivus so intimately associated with ,a4 silvaticus that its being a dwarf form of the latter seemed more than probable4 ,its edible qualities are the same4 ,a4 ,rodmani ,pk4 ,pileus rather thick1 firm1 at first convex1 then nearly or quite plane1 with decurved margin1 smooth or rarely slightly cracked into scales on the disk1 white or whitish1 becoming yellowish or subochraceous on the disk1 the flesh white1 unchangeable4 ,lamell close1 narrow1 rounded behind1 free1 reaching nearly or quite to the stem1 at first whitish then pink or reddish-pink1 finally blackish-brown4 ,stem short1 subequal1 solid1 whitish1 smooth below the ring1 often scurfy or slightly mealy-squamulose above2 ring variable1 thick or thin1 entire or lacerated1 at or below the middle of the stem4 ,spores broadly elliptical or subglobose1 generally uninucleate1 #e-fd-e4 ,plant #b-c in4 high4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad4 ,stem #f-aj lines thick4 ,grassy ground and paved gutters4 ,astoria1 ,l4,i4 ,rev4 ,w4 ,rodman4 ,washington ,park1 ,albany4 ,may to ,july4 ,this species is intermediate between ,a4 campestris and ,a4 arvensis1 from both of which it may be distinguished by its narrow gills1 solid stem and smaller1 almost globose1 spores4 ,in size1 shape of the pileus and general appearance it most resembles ,a4 campestris1 but in the whitish primary color of the gills and in the yellowish tints which the pileus often assumes1 it approaches nearer to ,a4 arvensis4 99 99 99 ,peck1 #cfth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,i can now add my own testimony to that of ,mr4 ,rodman as to its edibility4 ,its flesh is firm but crisp1 not tough1 and its flavor1 though not equal to that of the common mushroom1 is nevertheless agreeable1 and its use as food is perfectly safe4 ,peck1 ,rep4 #di4 ,this species has grown freely for several years at ,hull and ,cohasset1 ,mass4 ,it is usually found about ,june #ast1 and is not seen again until early autumn4 ,it is the handsomest mushroom ,i have seen1 and its edible qualities are on a par with its appearance4 ,macadam4 ,a4 hmorrhoidarius ,shulzer4 ,gr--discharging blood4 ,pileus #d in4 across1 reddish-brown1 fleshy1 ovate then expanded1 covered with broad adpressed scales1 margin at first bent inward4 ,flesh when broken immediately blood-red4 ,stem #d in4 high1 #a in4 thick1 soon hollow1 fibrillose1 the solid base somewhat bulbous4 ,ring superior1 large4 ,gills free1 approximate1 crowded1 rosy-flesh-color1 at length purple-umber4 ,very striking1 #c-d in4 high4 ,the pileus and the white stem become spotted blood-red when touched4 ,the stem when young is adpressedly squamulose below1 when full grown mealy1 becoming smooth4 ,fries4 ,spores purple-brown1 #g-he ,massee2 brown1 elliptical1 #e-fd ,peck4 ,a rare or overlooked plant in ,united ,states1 first recorded by ,professor ,peck1 who found it but once1 growing under a hemlock tree4 ,rep4 #de4 ,nebraska1 ,clements2 ,west ,virginia2 ,eagle's ,mere and ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,in hemlock and mixed woods4 ,autumn4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,cap #b-d in4 across4 ,stem #c-d in4 long1 up to in4 thick4 ,every part of the plant turns red and has a congested appearance when bruised4 ,the flesh is white but immediately becomes red when broken4 ,it is a frequent but not common species1 growing singly1 or in small clusters4 ,in flavor and substance it is equal to any mushroom4 ,a4 maritimus ,pk4 ,pileus very fleshy1 firm1 at first subglobose1 then broadly convex or nearly plane1 glabrous1 sometimes slightly squamose with appressed spot-like scales1 white becoming dingy or grayish-brown when old4 ,flesh whitish1 quickly reddening when cut1 taste agreeable1 odor distinct1 suggestive of the odors of the seashore4 ,lamell narrow1 close1 free1 pinkish becoming purplish-brown with age1 the edge white4 ,stem short1 stout1 firm1 solid1 equal1 sometimes bulbous1 white1 the annulus delicate1 slight and easily obliterated4 ,spores broadly elliptic1 purplish-brown1 #g-h long1 #e-f broad4 ,pileus #b-h in4 broad4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 4#f in4 thick4 ,sandy soil near salt water1 ,lynn1 ,mahant and ,marblehead1 ,mass4 ,june to ,december4 ,r4,f4 ,dearborn4 ,this is a very interesting and an excellent mushroom4 ,dr4 ,dearborn writes that he has used it on the table for fourteen years and that it is the only mushroom that he has ever eaten in which the stem is as good as the cap4 ,he considers it the most hearty and satisfying of all the numerous species that he has ever eaten4 ,both its taste and odor is suggestive of the sea4 ,the latter is quite strong1 and perceptible by one riding along the road by whose side the mushrooms are growing4 ,they sometimes grow in semicircles and attain a larger size in warm weather than in the colder weather of autumn4 ,they are most abundant in ,august4 ,the flesh1 when cut or broken1 quickly assumes a pink or reddish hue on the freshly-exposed surface4 ,this is a very distinctive character and with the maritime habitat makes the species easy to recognize4 ,another species1 ,agaricus hmorrhoidarius ,kalchb4 exhibits a similar change of color in its wounded flesh1 but is of very rare occurrence with us1 does not1 so far as ascertained1 grow near the sea1 has a darker cap and a long hollow stem4 ,the stem in the maritime mushroom is short and solid4 ,its collar is very slight and easily destroyed4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torr4 ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bf1 ,no4 #b1 ,f4 #ahii4 ,a4 ,californicus ,pk4--,pileus at first subconical1 becoming convex1 minutely silky or fibrillose1 whitish1 tinged with purple or brownish-purple on the disk4 ,flesh whitish4 ,gills close1 free1 pink becoming purplish1 then blackish-brown4 ,stem rather long1 solid or stuffed1 equal or tapering upward1 distinctly and rather abruptly narrowed above the entire externally silky ring1 pallid or brownish4 ,spores broadly elliptical1 #e-fd-e4 ,pileus #a-c in4 broad4 ,stem #a4e-c in4 long1 #b-d lines thick4 ,under oak trees4 ,pasadena4 ,january4 ,mc,clatchie4 ,this fungus is similar in size1 shape and habitat to ,a4 hemorrhoidarius1 but it is unlike that species in color1 in the adornment of the pileus and in its color not changing where bruised or broken4 ,bull4 ,torr4 ,bot4 ,club1 #bb-e ,my4 #ie4 ,a4 ,elvensis ,b4 and ,br4--,name from river ,elwy1 ,wales1 where first found4 ,tufted4 ,pileus #d-f in4 or more across1 subglobose then hemispherical1 fibrillose1 broken up into large persistent brown scales1 areolate in the center1 margin very obtuse1 thick1 covered with pyramidal warts4 ,stem at first nearly equal1 at length swollen in the center1 and attenuated at the base1 #d-f in4 high1 #b in4 thick in the center1 fibrillose and areolate below1 nearly smooth within the pileus1 solid1 stuffed with delicate threads4 ,ring thick1 very large1 deflexed1 broken here and there1 warted in areas beneath4 ,gills rather crowded1 in4 broad1 free1 of a brownish flesh-color4 ,spores elliptic oblong1 #hd4 ,under oak trees1 etc4 ,edible1 delicious eating4 ,flesh of pileus in4 thick1 red when cut4 ,massee4 ,california1 ,h4 and ,m4 ,edible4 ,cooke1 #ahia4 ,a4 foederatus ,berk4 and ,mont4--confederated4 ,pileus fleshy1 thin1 at first ovoid then bell-shaped1 finally convex1 somewhat umbilicate with the center slightly depressed1 margin hanging down 7when dry involute71 fragments of the veil hanging from the margin1 tawny1 scaly with minute1 scattered1 white1 persistent granules1 #b-c in4 broad1 -#a in4 high4 ,stem stout1 hollow1 stuffed with fibers1 gradually increasing in size to the base2 below the ring rough from the ruptured bark1 #d in4 high4 ,ring superior1 broad1 reflexed1 torn1 persistent4 ,gills linear1 medium broad1 at first pinkish-lilac1 when adult brownish1 edge white1 pulverulent1 adnate1 gradually attenuated toward the margin4 ,spores dingy-brown1 ovoid oblong1 #aj long4 ,somewhat cespitose4 ,elegant4 ,on the ground in pastures4 ,july4 ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,sullivant1 ,mont4 ,syll41 p4 #aba4 ,edibility not reported4 ,i have not seen this species4 ,a4 xylogenus ,mont4 ,gr--produced on wood4 ,pileus membranaceous1 at first ovoid1 then conical1 bell-shaped1 umbonate1 finally convexo-plane1 smooth1 pale-yellow1 center brownish1 margin split1 striate when dry1 #a-b in4 broad1 #a in4 high4 ,stem cartilaginous1 white1 #c in4 high1 in4 thick1 gradually thickened toward the base1 hollow4 ,ring of medium size1 inferior1 erect or reflexed4 ,gills free1 remote1 lance-shaped1 rounded behind1 attenuated toward the margin1 pink as in ,a4 campester4 ,spores spherical1 colorless1 hyaline1 #e-g4e4 ,on dead wood4 ,august4 ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,sullivant4 ,mont4 ,syll41 p4 #abb4 ,edibility not reported4 ,i have not seen this species4 9999 ,gills at first brownish or gray4 ,a4 argenteus ,brndle--of silver4 ,pileus thin1 convex becoming nearly plane1 slightly silky or glabrous1 pale grayish white or grayish brown1 shining with a silvery luster when dry1 the margin sometimes striate1 at first incurved1 often revolute when old4 ,flesh whitish1 becoming blackish where cut4 ,lamell close1 free1 at first brownish becoming blackish brown or black with age4 ,stem short1 glabrous1 solid1 often narrowed toward the base1 the annulus slight1 evanescent4 ,spores broadly elliptic1 #g-aj long1 #f broad4 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad4 ,stem #a-a in4 long1 - in4 thick4 ,lawns and grassy places in rich soil4 ,often associated with ,stropharia bilamellata ,pk4 ,after rains from ,april to ,november4 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,f4,j4 ,brndle4 ,this is a small mushroom1 peculiar in having the young gills of a dark color and in the absence of any pink hues4 ,the gills sometimes become moist and manifest a tendency to deliquesce4 ,the drying specimens emit a strong but not unpleasant odor4 ,mr4 ,brndle says that their edible quality is excellent and that it is not impaired by drying4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torr4 ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bf1 ,f4 #ahii4 ,a4 pratensis ,schaeff4--a meadow4 ,pileus #b-c in4 across1 ovoid then expanded1 becoming smooth or sometimes broken up into scales more or less concentrically arranged1 whitish1 then grayish4 ,flesh thick in the center1 thin toward the margin1 white4 ,gills free1 rounded behind1 about in4 broad1 grayish1 then brown4 ,stem about #b in4 long1 - in4 thick1 base thickened1 smooth1 whitish4 ,ring median1 simple1 usually deciduous4 ,stem becoming more or less hollow4 ,spores elliptical1 apiculate1 #fc4e4 ,on pastures and woods4 ,distinguished by the grayish gills becoming brown without any intermediate pink or fleshy tinge1 and in being rounded behind1 the median deciduous ring1 and the more or less hollow stem4 ,massee4 ,california4 ,common4 ,edible4 ,h4 and ,m4 ,not elsewhere reported4 ,a4 achimenes ,b4 and ,c4 ,gr--an amber-colored plant4 ,pileus #d-f in4 broad1 pallid or yellowish-white1 smooth like kid leather1 but studded with warty excrescences especially toward the center4 ,stem #d-f in4 high1 #c-d lines thick1 white1 stuffed with floccose fibers1 furnished toward the apex with a large deflexed ring4 ,gills broad1 crowded at first1 whitish then ash-colored and dingy-brown1 free4 ,spores brownish1 oval or ovate4 ,a splendid species allied to ,a4 fabaceus1 but differing in its paler spores1 warty cap1 ample ring1 etc4 ,on the earth4 ,solitary4 ,june4 ,s4,c4 ,ravenel4 ,am4 ,jour4 ,sci4 and ,arts1 #ahdi4 ,i have not seen this species4 ,a4 fabaceus ,berk4--relating to beans4 ,pileus #d-e in4 across1 thin1 almost submembranaceous1 umbonate1 conical when young1 becoming nearly plane as it expands1 white1 viscid when moist2 epidermis smooth1 tough1 feeling like fine kid leather1 turning yellow when bruised4 ,stem #c-d in4 high1 in4 thick1 white1 smooth1 with the exception of a few fibrilla1 equal except at the base4 ,veil large1 at first covering the gills and connecting the margin with the stem1 white1 externally floccose4 ,gills crowded1 very thin1 not ventricose1 free1 brown when young1 then darker brown1 at length almost black like the dark part of a bean flower4 ,a fine species allied to ,a4 arvensis4 ,when young it has a peculiar but not unpleasant smell4 ,on the ground1 amongst dead leaves in open woods4 ,waynesville1 ,september #aj1 #ahdd4 ,hooker's ,london ,jour4 of ,botany1 #ahdg4 ,described by ,berkeley from specimens collected by ,thomas ,g4 ,lea1 in the vicinity of ,cincinnati4 ,on ground among old leaves in woods4 ,common4 ,pileus #c-d in4 broad4 ,stem #c-d in4 high4 ,spores brown1 nucleate on one side1 small1 #e4e long4 ,morgan4 ,this is among the most delicious species for the table4 ,fresh specimens have a distinct taste and odor of peach kernels or bitter almonds which is nearly lost in cooking4 ,am4 ,jour4 ,science and ,arts1 #ahej4 ,curtis4 ,ohio1 ,lea1 ,morgan2 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis2 ,south ,carolina1 ,ravenel2 ,massachusetts1 ,sprague4 999999 ,gills at first whitish4 ,a4 arvensis ,schaeff4--belonging to cultivated ground4 ,,horse ,,mushroom1 ,,plowed-,,land ,,mushroom4 7,a4 ,georgii ,sow41 ,a4 pratensis ,scop41 ,a4 edulis ,krombh41 ,a4 exquisitus ,vitt47 ,pileus at first convex or conical1 bell-shaped then expanded1 at first more or less floccose or mealy1 then smooth white or yellowish4 ,flesh white4 ,gills close1 free1 generally broader toward stem1 at first whitish1 then pinkish1 finally blackish-brown4 ,stem equal or slightly thickened toward the base1 smooth1 hollow or stuffed with a floccose pith2 ring rather large1 thick1 the lower or exterior surface often cracked in a radiate manner4 ,plant #b-e in4 high4 ,pileus #c-e in4 or more broad4 ,stem #d-aj lines thick4 ,cultivated fields and pastures4 ,summer and autumn4 ,this species is so closely related to the common mushroom that it is regarded by some authors as a mere variety of it4 ,even the renowned ,persoon is said to have written concerning it3 8,it appears to be only a variety of ,a4 campestris40 ,fries also says that it is commonly not distinguished from ,a4 campestris1 but that it is diverse in some respects2 its white flesh being unchangeable1 its gills never deliquescing1 remaining a long time pale and not becoming dark-red in middle age4 ,berkeley says of it3 8,a coarse but wholesome species1 often turning yellow when bruised40 ,peck1 #cfth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores spheroid-elliptical1 #if ,k42 #aaf ,w4,g4,s42 elliptical1 #h-aje-f4e ,peck4 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,miller2 ,minnesota1 ,b4,l4 ,taylor2 ,west ,virginia1 ,north ,carolina1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,unless the numerical system of ,john ,phoenix to express degrees of quality is adopted by a mycophagists' congress1 and one species of fungus is chosen as the standard of excellence1 the comparative excellence of species will never be settled4 ,english epicures shun ,a4 arvensis2 the ,french prefer it4 ,berkeley says it is inferior to the common mushroom2 ,vittadini says it is very sapid and very nutritious4 ,so opinion varies4 ,individual tastes must decide excellence4 ,comparison never will4 ,toadstools differ in substance1 texture and taste as one meat or vegetable differs from another4 ,beef could not be chosen as the standard for meats1 or cabbage as the standard for vegetables4 ,agaricus arvensis is good4 ,illustration3 ,grouped by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,studies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,xciv4 ,,page4 ,,agaricus ,,magnificus4 ,,peck1 #cdb ,a new species of ,agaricus4 ,a4 magnificus ,pk4--magnificent4 7,plate ,,xciv47 ,pileus #e-ae cm4 7#b-f in47 broad1 fleshy1 thick1 convex1 becoming nearly plane or centrally depressed1 bare1 often wavy and split on the margin1 white or whitish1 often brownish in the center4 ,flesh #a4e-b cm4 7 in47 thick in the center1 thin on the margin1 white1 unchangeable4 ,gills numerous1 rather broad1 close1 free1 ventricose1 white becoming dark purplish brown with age1 never pink4 ,stem #aj-ae cm4 long 7#d-f in471 about #b4e cm4 thick 7#a in471 firm1 stuffed with cottony pith1 bulbous or thickened at the base1 fibrillose1 striate1 minutely furfuraceous 7covered with scurf7 toward the base1 ringed1 pallid or whitish1 the ring thin1 persistent1 white4 ,spores small1 elliptic1 #e-f long1 #c-d broad4 ,gregarious or cespitose2 thin woods1 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,august4 ,charles ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a large fine species distinguished from its near allies by the absence of pink hues from the gills4 ,mr4 ,mc,ilvaine remarks that it has an anise-like flavor and odor and that when young the whole fungus is tender and high flavored1 but when full grown the caps only are edible4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torr4 ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bf1 ,f4 #ahii4 ,a4 silvicola ,vitt4--silva1 a wood2 colo1 to inhabit4 7,plate ,,xci1 fig4 #b1 p4 #ccb47 7,a4 arvensis1 var4 abruptus ,pk42 now ,a4 abruptus ,pk47 ,pileus convex or sub-bell-shaped1 sometimes expanded or nearly plane1 smooth1 shining1 white or yellowish4 ,gills close1 thin1 free1 rounded behind1 generally narrowed toward each end1 at first whitish1 then pinkish1 finally blackish-brown4 ,stem long1 cylindrical1 stuffed or hollow1 white1 bulbous2 ring either thick or thin1 entire or lacerated4 ,spores elliptical1 #f-hd-e4 ,plant #d-f in4 high4 ,pileus #c-f in4 broad4 ,stem #d-h lines thick4 ,woods1 copses and groves or along their borders4 ,summer and autumn4 ,peck1 #cfth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,very good eating1 though scarcely as highly flavored as the common mushroom4 ,peck4 ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey1 ,june to frost4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a4 silvicola1 by many authors considered a variety of ,a4 campester1 is1 seemingly1 becoming common4 ,professor ,peck in #dfth ,rep4 has made the abrupt bulb and its usual double veil distinctive marks which ally it to ,a4 arvensis4 ,he therefore calls it var4 abruptus4 ,as this book goes to press ,professor ,peck writes me that he concludes var4 abruptus to be a good and distinct species4 ,it is therefore given as such4 ,while familiar with it since #ahha1 ,i never found it in quantity until #ahih1 at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,there1 among the straw and rubbish of abandoned camps on wood margins1 it grew in great quantity2 sometimes singly1 at others in crowded clusters4 ,when growing singly it exhibits all the characteristics of its description2 when clustered1 the stems are not always bulbous4 ,the caps are thin but fleshy1 brittle and bear a disproportionate width to the stem--like a plate on a pipe stem4 ,the caps when mature are usually tinged with yellow and are spread flat2 the ring is large1 often double1 yellowish1 often torn1 fragments of it frequently hang from the cap margin2 the bulb when perfect is small1 abrupt1 as if it had once been round but the stem pushed into it4 ,it has a strong spicy mushroom odor and taste1 and makes a high-flavored dish4 ,it is delicious with meats4 ,it is the very best mushroom for catsup4 ,mixed with ,russul or ,lactarii or other species lacking in mushroom flavor1 it enriches the entire dish4 ,the stems1 excepting of the very young1 are tough4 ,larv do not infest ,a4 silvicola4 ,its habit of growth shows it to be cultivatable4 ,it has but one draw-back4 ,growing as it does in woods and in the presence of the poisonous ,amanita1 it is possible for the careless collector to confound the two4 ,the ,amanit have larger bulbs1 cups at the base1 and white gills2 the ,a4 silvicola has no volva1 has whitish gills when very young only1 they become pinkish1 then a marked blackish-brown4 ,a4 cretaceus ,fr4--creta1 chalk4 ,pileus #c in4 and more broad1 wholly white1 fleshy1 lens-shaped-globose when young1 then convexo-flattened1 obtuse1 dry1 sometimes even1 sometimes rivulose chiefly round the margin from the cuticle separating into squamules4 ,flesh thick1 white1 unchangeable4 ,stem #c in4 long1 #c-f lines and more thick1 hollow1 stuffed with a spider-web pith1 firm1 attenuated upward1 even1 smooth1 not spotted1 white4 ,gills free1 then remote1 ventricose but very much narrowed toward the stem1 crowded1 remaining long white1 becoming dingy-brown only when old4 ,fries4 ,spores #cd ,w4,g4,s42 #e-fc4e ,massee4 ,under certain conditions the spores are white4 ,m4,j4,b4 ,in lawns and rich ground4 ,north ,carolina1 on earth and wood4 ,edible1 ,curtis2 ,minnesota1 rare1 ,johnson2 ,california1 ,h4 and ,m42 ,ohio1 ,lloyd2 ,kentucky1 ,lloyd1 ,rep4 #d2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bb4 ,a4 subrufescens ,pk4--sub1 under2 rufescens1 becoming red4 ,pileus at first deeply hemispherical1 becoming convex or broadly expanded1 silky fibrillose and minutely or obscurely scaly1 whitish1 grayish or dull reddish-brown1 usually smooth and darker on the disk4 ,flesh white1 unchangeable4 ,lamell at first white or whitish1 then pinkish1 finally blackish-brown4 ,stem rather long1 often somewhat thickened or bulbous at the base1 at first stuffed1 then hollow1 white2 the annulus flocculose or floccose-scaly on the lower surface2 mycelium whitish1 forming slender branching root-like strings4 ,spores elliptical1 #f-g ,peck1 #dhth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,miller1 #ahih2 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,june #b1 #ahif1 ,i found several specimens of a fungus new to me1 and sent them to ,professor ,peck for identification4 ,he pronounced it a dwarf form of his species ,a4 subrufescens4 ,the cluster grew on a florist's compost pile at ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j4 ,its flesh has a flavor like that of almonds4 ,this species is now cultivated and has manifest advantages over the marketed species--it is easier to cultivate1 very productive1 produces in less time after planting the spawn1 is free from attacks of insects1 carries better and keeps longer4 ,amateurs are likely to succeed in growing it1 and to have goodly crops of mushrooms instead of disappointments4 ,a4 placomyces ,pk4 ,gr--a flat cake4 7,plate ,,xci1 fig4 #c1 p4 #ccb47 ,pileus thin1 at first convex1 becoming flat with age1 whitish1 brown in the center and elsewhere adorned with minute brown scales4 ,lamell close1 white1 then pinkish1 finally blackish-brown4 ,stem smooth1 annulate1 stuffed or hollow1 bulbous1 white or whitish1 the bulb often stained with yellow4 ,spores elliptical1 #e-f4e long4 ,cap #b-d in4 broad4 ,stem #c-e in4 long1 to nearly in4 thick4 ,it grows in the borders of hemlock woods or under hemlock trees from ,july to ,september4 ,it has been eaten by ,mr4 ,c4,l4 ,shear1 who pronounces it very good4 ,i have not found it in sufficient quantity to give it a trial4 ,this mushroom is very closely related to the wood mushroom or silvan mushroom1 ,agaricus silvaticus1 a species which is also recorded as edible1 but which is apparently more rare in our state 7,new ,york7 than even the flat-cap mushroom4 ,this differs from the silvan mushroom in its paler color1 in having the cap more minutely1 persistently and regularly scaly1 and in its being destitute of a prominent center4 ,in the silvan mushroom the scales1 when present1 are few1 and they disappear with age4 ,peck1 #dhth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,mrs4 ,e4,c4 ,anthony1 ,gouverneur1 ,n4,y41 ,june1 #ahih1 writes3 8,in great abundance on lawn1 tumbling over one another in their haste to make their appearance4 ,one of the largest1 which did not have half a chance to display its proportions1 would probably measure #g in41 perhaps more4 ,when mature they crack across the top1 showing the white flesh4 ,the gills are pink1 stem white1 solid and bulbous4 ,there is no perceptible odor when fresh40 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,miller1 edible1 good4 ,specimens sent to me by ,mrs4 ,anthony1 though not fresh1 were eaten by me4 ,they very much resembled the common mushroom1 but probably1 owing to their condition1 were not so tender4 ,i have not found the species4 ,the illustration is after a painting by ,mrs4 ,e4,c4 ,anthony4 ,a4 variabilis ,pk4--variable4 7,plate ,,xci1 fig4 #a1 p4 #ccb47 ,cap #b-f in4 across1 ovate1 bell-shaped1 irregularly convex and wavy1 margin incurved but never striate1 smooth1 minutely fibrillose1 with few remaining floccose scales2 mature plant pure white1 when young distinctly tinged with lilac and here and there with yellow when mature1 slightly1 broadly umbonate and depressed around umbo1 cracks along gills4 ,flesh thick in center1 very thin1 even membranaceous toward margin1 spongy1 unchangeable4 ,gills free1 close1 thin1 flaccid1 ventricose1 narrow next stem1 but few short1 pure-white when young1 then dark-umber without purple tinge4 ,stem equal1 tubed1 white1 silky1 smooth above ring1 rippled and minutely furfuraceous 7scurfy7 below1 flocculose-furfuraceous when young1 densely hairy at base1 and occasionally slightly expanding1 but not bulbous1 densely cespitose with a coarse1 white1 root-like mycelium4 ,veil heavy at first1 mottled with yellow scales beneath2 as cap expands veil becomes thin1 like tissue paper1 ruptures at both stem and margin leaving torn ring on stem and appendiculate fragments on edge of cap4 ,spores shed in great quantity1 rich dark umber-brown without shade of purple4 ,taste strong like almond4 ,smell slightly of musk1 like the running mycelium of ,a4 campester4 ,found at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,charles ,mc,ilvaine4 ,i have never found worms in this species4 ,it is very prolific and its habitat shows that it can be cultivated4 ,its freedom from worms and lasting carrying quality will make it commercially valuable4 ,it grew in an old roofless stable from ,september until after several frosts1 in enormous quantity1 #be or #cj pounds in a patch4 ,it differs from ,a4 subrufescens in not having a shade of red about it1 in its very distinct light-lilac cap when full grown1 and in its snow-white youth4 ,the young gills are pure white as are the caps4 ,the stems sometimes taper upward1 but they are usually remarkably equal4 ,it is delicate when cooked and of excellent flavor4 ,a4 tabularis ,pk4--relating to boards4 ,pileus #e-aj cm4 broad1 very thick1 fleshy1 firm1 convex1 deeply cracked in areas1 whitish1 flesh whitish1 tinged with yellow1 the areas pyramidal1 truncate1 the sides horizontally striate1 their apices sometimes tomentose4 ,lamell narrow1 close1 free1 blackish-brown when mature4 ,stem short1 thick1 solid4 ,spores broadly elliptical1 #g4e-i long1 #f-g4e broad1 generally containing a single large nucleus4 ,in clay soil by roadsides4 ,craig1 ,colorado4 ,august4 ,e4 ,bethel4 ,this species is remarkable for the peculiar upper surface of the pileus which is broken into pyramidal areas4 ,the sides of these are marked by parallel lines in such a way that they appear as if formed by small tablets placed one upon another1 each successive tablet being a little smaller than the one immediately preceding it4 ,only dried and broken specimens have been seen by me and the notes of the collector do not give the color of the young lamell4 ,there is a trace of a thick ring on the broken stem of one specimen4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torr4 ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #be1 ,no4 #f1 #ahih4 ,not elsewhere reported4 ,edible qualities not given4 ,illustration ,,pilosace ,fr4 7,plate ,,xcv47 ,illustration3 ,,section ,,of ,,pilosace ,,algeriensis4 ,hymenium differentiated from the stem4 ,gills free from the stem2 general and partial veil both absent1 hence there is no ring on the central stem4 ,spores purple-brown4 ,a peculiar genus1 with the habit of ,agaricus1 but without a trace of a ring4 ,massee4 ,p4 eximius ,pk41 #bdth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot41 is the only species thus far reported in ,america4 ,edible qualities unknown4 ,illustration ,,stropha,,ria4 ,gr--a sword-belt4 7,referring to the ring47 ,flesh of stem and pileus continuous4 ,veil present1 when ruptured forming a distinct ring on the stem4 ,gills more or less adnate4 ,on the ground or epiphytal4 ,separated from all the genera of the purple-spored series but ,agaricus by the presence of a distinct ring1 and from that by the continuity of flesh in stem and pileus1 and by the gills not being free4 ,pileus somewhat fleshy1 sometimes viscid4 ,the species belonging to this genus are rather small1 and from their habitats are frequently passed or overlooked4 ,yet many of them are common and plentiful4 ,those which have been tested are excellent and worth seeking in their season4 ,the entire genus has been under a cloud4 ,writers upon it assert some of its members to be dangerously poisonous4 ,so far as carefully tested by the writer no doubtful one has been encountered1 and one--semiglobata--has been eaten by himself and friends since #ahha1 notwithstanding its dangerous reputation4 ,the division between this genus and ,agaricus is not always sharply defined4 ,s4 ruginosa1 ,s4 semiglobata and ,s4 stercoraria were formerly placed in ,psalliota1 now ,agaricus4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,tribes4 ,a4 ,,viscipelles 7viscum1 bird-lime2 pellis1 a skin74 ,page #cdi4 ,pellicle of the pileus even or scaly1 generally viscid4 99 ,mundi--mundus1 clean4 ,not growing on dung4 9999 ,merdarii--merda1 dung4 ,ring often incomplete4 ,b4 ,,spintrigeri 7,stropharia spintriger74 ,pileus without a pellicle1 but fibrillose1 not viscid4 ,none known to be edible4 ,a4 ,,viscipelles4 ,pellicle of the pileus even or scaly4 99 ,mundi--not growing on dung4 7,plate ,,xcvi47 ,illustration3 ,,stropharia ,,ruginosa4 ,natural size4 7,after ,stevenson47 ,s4 ruginosa ,curt4--rugo1 verdigris4 ,pileus fleshy1 but not compact1 convex-bell-shaped then flattened1 somewhat umbonate 7obtuse when larger71 with very viscid pellicle1 the ground color yellowish but verdigris from the azure-blue slime with which it is more or less covered over1 becoming pale as the slime separates4 ,stem hollow1 soft1 equal1 at the first scaly or fibrillose below the ring1 viscid1 becoming more or less azure-blue green4 ,ring distant4 ,gills adnate1 plane1 #b lines and more broad1 not crowded1 soft1 whitish then dusky1 becoming somewhat purple4 ,the above are the essential marks of this species4 ,variable in form1 sometimes cespitose4 ,the typical and handsomest form is gathered in soaking weather in later autumn in shaded woods2 it is large 7pileus and stem #c in4 and more71 stem squarrose with white spreading scales1 intensely verdigris or azure-blue-pelliculose and very glutinous4 ,from this there is a long series of forms with the gluten more separating 7on the separation of the gluten the pileus becomes yellow71 and the scales alike of the pileus and stem rubbed off4 ,finally1 a smaller form occurs in open meadows1 stem scarcely #b in4 long1 only #b lines thick1 becoming azure-blue-green and without scales1 pileus #a-b in4 broad1 pale verdigris soon light yellowish1 less viscid4 ,in this form the ring is incomplete1 while in the typical form it is entire1 spreading1 and persistent4 ,in woods1 meadows1 etc4 ,common4 ,july to ,november4 ,stevenson4 ,spores ellipsoid or spheroid-ellipsoid1 #hd-e ,k42 #eg ,w4,g4,s42 elliptical1 #aje ,massee4 ,,poisonous4 ,stevenson4 8,there is a white variety1 in which the pileus is perfectly white from the first40 ,cooke4 ,s4 ruginosa has been noted here by ,schweinitz in ,pennsylvania1 ,curtis in ,north and ,south ,carolina1 ,frost in ,vermont and ,massachusetts1 ,harkness and ,moore1 ,california1 ,morgan1 ,ohio4 ,the qualities of the ,american representatives are not reported4 ,i have not seen the species4 ,as it is asserted to be poisonous by ,european writers it may be4 ,m4,c4 ,cooke says3 8,it has the reputation1 which is somewhat general on the continent1 of being poisonous1 but probably this is only assumed from its disagreeable taste and repulsive appearance40 ,collectors are cautioned to look out for it1 and not to eat of it carelessly4 ,i can find no case of poisoning by this species reported4 ,it presents another case of 8,not proven40 9999 ,merdarii--ring often incomplete4 ,s4 stereoraria ,fr4--stercus1 dung4 ,pileus #a in4 broad1 yellow1 fleshy1 but thin at the margin1 hemispherical then expanded1 obtuse1 orbicular1 with a viscid pellicle1 naked1 smooth1 even or at length slightly striate only at the margin4 ,stem #c in4 and more long1 #b-c lines thick1 stuffed with a separate fibrous pith1 equal1 clothed to the ring 7which is scarcely #a in4 distant from the pileus1 viscous1 narrow1 but somewhat spreading7 with the flocculose veil which is at the same time viscous 7so that it appears as if smooth71 yellow4 ,gills adnate1 very broad behind1 #b lines broad1 somewhat crowded1 dusky-umber or dusky-olivaceous1 of one color1 quite entire4 ,stem silky-viscous when moist1 when dry becoming even1 shining and yellowish-white1 and without a manifest veil4 ,the gills are truncate and somewhat decurrent4 ,fries4 ,spores #agac ,w4,g4,s42 elliptical1 #ah-bjh-aj ,massee4 ,west ,virginia1 #ahha-ahhe2 ,pennsylvania2 ,new ,jersey4 ,june to ,november4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,i have enjoyed this species1 which is common1 since #ahha4 ,it is usually conspicuous upon droppings and manure piles4 ,it also occurs on richly-manured ground1 in wood and field1 usually single2 sometimes two or three are united4 ,caps and stems are edible1 but do not cook in the same time4 ,it is better to cook the caps only4 ,they are delicious4 7,plate ,,xcvia47 ,illustration3 ,,section ,,of ,,stropharia ,,semiglobata4 ,natural size4 7,from ,massee47 ,s4 semiglobata ,batsch4--semi1 half2 globus1 a ball4 ,pileus commonly in4 broad1 light-yellow1 slightly fleshy1 hemispherical1 not expanded1 very obtuse1 even1 viscous4 ,stem about #c in4 long1 #a line thick1 tubed1 slender1 firm and straight1 equal1 even1 smooth1 becoming yellow1 paler at the apex1 powdered with the spores1 otherwise smeared with the glutinous veil which is abrupt above terminating in an incomplete 7not membranaceous7 viscous1 distant ring4 ,gills adnate1 very broad1 plane1 clouded with black4 ,spores dusky-purple4 ,stevenson4 ,spores blackish-purple1 #ach ,w4,g4,s42 elliptical1 ends rather acute1 #abf ,massee4 ,grows on dung1 rich lawns and pastures4 ,april to ,november4 ,a common1 frequent1 solitary species1 easily recognized by its hemispherical cap1 dark mottled gills4 ,at first sight it resembles ,naucoria semiorbicularis4 ,the caps are equal to any mushroom4 ,i have eaten it since #ahha4 ,m4,c4 ,cooke says3 8,it was ,sowerby who drew attention to this species as dangerous1 and intimated that it had been fatal4 ,since that period we are not aware of any further evidence against it40 ,it is tender1 good and harmless4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,grouped by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,studies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,xcvii4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,hypholoma ,,appendiculatum1 #cfc #c4 ,,hypholoma ,,sublateritium1 #cei #b4 ,,hypholoma ,,perplexum1 #ced #d4 ,,gomphidius ,,rhodoxanthus1 #cid ,,hypholo,,ma4 ,gr--a web2 ,gr--a fringe4 7,plate ,,xcviii47 ,illustration3 ,,hypholoma ,,fascicularis4 ,natural size4 ,pileus more or less fleshy1 margin at first incurved4 ,veil webby1 adhering in fragments to the margin of the pileus1 not forming a distinct ring on the stem4 ,stem fleshy1 similar in substance to that of the pileus with which it is continuous4 ,gills attached to the stem1 sometimes with a notch at the juncture 7emarginate71 occasionally separating and then appearing to be free4 ,generally cespitose1 mostly growing on wood above or under the ground4 ,spores brownish-purple1 sometimes intense-purple1 almost black4 ,corresponding to ,tricholoma1 ,entoloma and ,hebeloma4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,tribes4 ,,fasciculares 7,h4 fascicularis74 ,page #ced4 ,pileus tough1 smooth1 bright colored1 not hygrophanous4 ,,viscidi 7viscidus1 viscid74 ,pileus naked1 viscid4 ,none known to be edible4 ,,velutini 7,h4 velutinus74 ,page #cfj4 ,pileus silky or streaked with small fibers4 ,,flocculosi 7floccus1 a lock of wool74 ,pileus covered with superficial floccose scales1 at length disappearing4 7,none reported edible47 ,,appendiculati 7,h4 appendiculatus74 ,page #cfb4 ,pileus smooth1 hygrophanous4 ,members of this purple-spored genus grow upon decayed wood1 either standing or as roots in the ground1 or from ground heavily laden with woody material4 ,they grow singly1 in groups1 or in densely-tufted or overlapping masses4 ,the several species vary in shades of yellow1 red1 orange1 brick-color and brown2 their caps are from #a-f in4 across2 their stems are short or long1 as the number in the cluster permits2 when growing singly the stems are short and sturdy4 ,there is a floccose veil1 or remnants of one1 about the stem4 ,the gills are yellowish1 greenish1 olivaceous or greenish shades of yellow1 gray1 purple1 almost black4 ,they are showy1 easily recognized and are found from ,september until mid-winter4 ,i have gathered them when frozen hard4 ,the flesh is solid1 or spongy1 flexible or fragile1 white or yellowish2 the tastes are sweet1 nutty1 bitter and saponaceous4 ,patches of them--and they are frequent in almost every woods in the land--often yield several bushels4 ,tons of them annually go to waste4 ,old authors and some copyists say 8the species are not edible1 the tough ones being bitter1 the fragile ones almost void of flesh40 ,eighteen years of experience with them warrants my saying that there is not a single wild genus approaching it in economic value1 and when its most prominent species are properly cooked1 few equal it in consistency and flavor4 ,as a pickle the ,hypholomas have no superior4 ,half a dozen or more of the species are exceedingly difficult to separate4 ,professor ,peck has happily made a new species1 ,h4 perplexum1 which is well named4 ,for all culinary purposes these affiliated species may be gathered under that convenient name2 for botanic purposes his description covers several perplexing characteristics common to what have been written as separate species1 and covers a composite species4 ,the occasional bitter taste of some species is not constant1 and can not be relied upon as a distinguishing mark4 ,in the same tufts some individuals may be mild1 others bitter2 some individuals in groups are in a position and of an age to absorb water2 others are not4 ,there will be a marked difference in their taste raw4 ,a few in the same group may have been infested by insects2 others not4 ,those infested are often intensely bitter1 while their companions are of pleasant flavor4 ,the same remarks apply to neighboring clusters and individuals4 ,i am of the opinion1 from long observation1 that the bitter is largely due to the injury and excrement of larv4 ,changes of taste occur in toadstools in a most marked and rapid manner4 ,apples from the same tree1 chestnuts from the same tree1 acorns from the same oak1 radishes from the same seed1 blackberries from the same bush1 differ widely in taste4 ,why not toadstools of the same species8 ,i have often seen species of this genus1 described as having stems up to #e in4 long1 stretch and twist their stems to over a foot in order to get their caps from the inside of1 or from a crack in a decaying stump1 out into the light2 and ,i have seen stems of the same species stout1 solid and sturdy when individuals grew upright and singly4 ,but wherever and however they grow1 ,hypholomas are safe4 ,i have eaten them indiscriminately since #ahha1 and as long ago as #ahhe published their edibility4 ,,fascicula,,res4 ,pileus smooth1 etc4 ,h4 perplexum ,pk4--perplexus1 perplexed4 ,perplexing ,hypholoma4 7,plate ,,xcvii1 fig4 #b1 p4 #ceb47 ,pileus convex or nearly plane1 glabrous1 sometimes broadly and slightly umbonate1 reddish or brownish-red fading to yellow on the margin1 the flesh white or whitish4 ,lamell thin1 close1 slightly rounded at the inner extremity1 at first pale-yellow1 then tinged with green1 finally purplish-brown4 ,stem nearly equal1 firm1 hollow1 slightly fibrillose1 whitish or yellowish above1 rusty-reddish or reddish-brown below4 ,spores elliptical1 purplish-brown1 #hd4 ,the ,perplexing hypholoma has received the name because it is one of a group of five or six very closely allied species1 whose separation from each other is somewhat difficult and perplexing4 ,of these six species three have a decidedly bitter1 unpleasant flavor1 and three are mild1 or not decidedly bitter1 if we may rely on the published descriptions of them4 ,the three bitter ones1 also1 have no purplish tints to the mature gills2 but two of the mild ones have4 ,by using these and other distinguishing characters the six species may be tabulated and their several peculiarities more clearly shown4 ,taste bitter #a ,taste mild1 or not clearly bitter #c #a4 ,stem solid or stuffed1 flesh whitish1 gills sublateritium whitish1 then sooty-olive #a4 ,stem hollow1 flesh yellow #b #b4 ,cap yellow or tinged with tawny1 stem yellow1 fasciculare gills yellow1 becoming greenish #b4 ,cap brick-red1 stem ferruginous1 gills green1 elodes becoming olive #c4 ,cap red or brick-red1 with a yellow margin2 gills perplexum yellow1 then greenish1 finally purplish-brown #c4 ,cap yellow1 or slightly tawny on the disk only #d #d4 ,gills gray1 becoming purplish-brown capnoides #d4 ,gills yellow1 becoming gray1 neither green nor epixanthum purplish ,probably in general appearance the ,perplexing hypholoma most nearly resembles the brick-red ,hypholoma1 ,h4 sublateritium2 but it has often been mistaken for the tufted ,hypholoma1 ,h4 fasciculare4 ,from this it may be separated by the more red cap1 the whitish flesh1 the purplish-brown color of the mature gills1 and the mild flavor4 ,from ,h4 sublateritium it is distinguished by its usually smaller size1 more slender hollow stem1 the yellow greenish and purplish tints of the gills1 and the absence of a bitter flavor4 ,some may prefer to consider it a variety of this fungus1 rather than a distinct species4 ,its cap is #a-c in4 broad1 its stem #b-c in4 long and #b-d lines thick4 ,it commonly grows in clusters1 though sometimes singly1 on or about old stumps or prostrate trunks of trees1 in woods or open places4 ,the caps of the lower ones in a cluster are often defiled and apparently discolored by the spores that have lodged on them from the upper ones4 ,it appears in autumn1 and continues until freezing weather stops its growth4 ,it is a very common species1 as well as a late one1 and may often be gathered in large quantity4 ,its flavor is not first quality1 but with good preparation it makes a very acceptable dish4 ,it has been tested by myself and correspondents several times1 and has been proved harmless4 ,peck1 #dith ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,west ,virginia1 #ahha-ahhe2 ,new ,jersey1 ,north ,carolina1 ,pennsylvania1 ,october to ,january4 ,on stumps1 roots1 ground containing decayed woody matter4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,h4 perplexum is abundant in most if not all the states4 ,i have eaten it and its allied species since #ahha2 dried them1 pickled them1 and fed them to many4 ,if the collector gets puzzled1 as he will1 over one or all of these species1 because no description fits1 he can whet his patience and appetite by calling it ,h4 perplexum and graciously eating it4 ,h4 capnoides ,fr4 ,gr--like smoke1 from the color of the gills4 ,pileus #a in4 sometimes #c in4 broad1 ochraceous-yellowish1 fleshy1 convex1 then flattened1 obtuse1 dry1 smooth4 ,flesh somewhat thin1 white4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #b-d lines thick1 growing together at the base1 hollow1 equal1 often curved and flexuous1 becoming silky-even1 pallid1 whitish at the apex1 here and there striate1 becoming rust-colored under the surface-covering when old4 ,cortina appendiculate1 white1 then becoming brownish-purple4 ,gills adnate1 easily separating1 somewhat crowded1 rather broad1 arid1 at first bluish-gray then becoming brownish-purple4 ,cespitose1 fasciculate2 odor and taste mild4 ,on pine-stumps4 ,uncommon4 ,fries4 ,spores ellipsoid-spheroid1 #ge ,k42 elliptical1 brownish-purple1 #hd ,massee4 ,california1 ,h4 and ,m42 ,minnesota1 not necessarily in fir-woods1 ,johnson2 ,new ,york1 on or about stumps or decaying wood of spruce4 ,peck1 #ejth ,rep4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 #ahid4 ,pine roots and stumps1 and on ground4 ,cespitose4 ,september to frost4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a pretty species with caps up to #a in4 across4 ,stem #b-d in4 long1 - in4 thick1 growing together 7connate74 ,the taste and smell are pleasant4 ,the basket is soon filled from its clusters4 ,there is not a better ,hypholoma4 ,the slightly soapy taste which attaches to most of the abundant and better known species is absent in this4 ,h4 fascicularis ,huds4--fasciculus1 a small bundle4 7,plate ,,xcviii1 p4 #ceb47 ,pileus about #b in4 broad1 light yellow1 the disk commonly darker1 fleshy1 thin1 convex1 then flattened1 somewhat umbonate or obtuse1 even1 smooth1 dry4 ,flesh light yellow4 ,stem very variable in length1 hollow1 thin1 incurved or flexuous1 fibrillose1 of the same color as the pileus and flesh4 ,gills adnate1 very crowded1 linear1 somewhat deliquescent1 sulphur-yellow then becoming green4 ,it is very easily distinguished from the preceding species by its bitter odor and taste1 light-yellow flesh1 and somewhat deliquescent1 sulphur-yellow then green gills4 ,it forms also more crowded clusters4 ,there are many remarkable varieties2 one robustior 7more robust71 stem thickened at the base1 another nana 7dwarf71 both on the ground4 ,cespitose on old stumps and the ground4 ,extremely common4 ,stevenson4 ,spores elliptical1 #gd ,massee2 #f-gd ,k42 #fd ,w4,g4,s42 ferruginous purple1 #fd ,morgan4 8,it is very usual to regard this as a poisonous species1 but possibly it is not so in reality40 ,cooke4 ,west ,virginia1 #ahha1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey1 ,north ,carolina1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a very common species appearing in ,october and lasting until well into the winter1 growing in large1 overlapping masses or in tufts from old stumps or roots1 and about trees where decay has begun4 ,sometimes solitary4 ,it is then short-stemmed and sturdy4 ,there are several closely allied species4 ,to know the one from the other1 a careful study of the group is necessary4 7,see introduction to genus1 ,h4 epixanthum1 ,h4 sublateritium1 ,h4 capnoides1 ,h4 elodes1 and ,h4 perplexum47 ,old authors give it as bitter and poisonous4 ,the bitter is not always present4 ,any there is disappears in cooking4 ,it is not poisonous1 but one of our most valuable species4 ,i have eaten it since #ahha4 ,a little lemon juice or sherry will cover the slightly saponaceous taste sometimes present4 ,the caps only are good4 ,it makes a choice pickle and a good catsup4 ,h4 epixanthum ,fr4 ,gr--epixanthos1 yellowish-brown4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad1 light-yellow or becoming pale1 the disk commonly darker1 fleshy1 moderately thin1 convexo-plane1 obtuse or gibbous1 even1 slightly silky then becoming smooth4 ,flesh white1 becoming light-yellow4 ,stem about #h in4 long1 #c-d lines thick1 hollow1 attenuated from the thickened base or equal2 floccose-fibrillose1 pale rust color or becoming dingy-brown below1 with a frosty bloom at the apex2 veil hanging from margin of pileus1 white4 ,gills adnate1 crowded1 at first light yellow-white1 at length becoming ash-colored1 not deliquescent1 and not becoming purple or green4 ,strong smelling1 odor acid2 extremely variable in stature2 not hygrophanous4 ,fries4 ,spores elliptical1 #gd ,massee4 ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey1 ,north ,carolina4 ,on oak1 chestnut stumps and growing from tree roots in ground4 ,october to ,december4 ,mc,ilvaine4 7,see ,h4 perplexum1 ,h4 sublateritium and compare descriptions47 ,this species1 in common with its allies1 is extremely hard to determine4 ,when growing singly from roots or from ground heavily charged with decaying wood1 it is a sturdy1 solid plant2 when in clusters the stem is longer1 more flexible and the whole character of the plant is modified4 ,except for botanic purposes there is no occasion to puzzle over it4 ,it is in every way an excellent and useful fungus4 ,h4 dispersus ,fr4--dispergo1 to scatter4 ,pileus #a-a in4 broad1 tawny-honey-color1 not hygrophanous1 slightly fleshy1 bell-shaped then convex1 at length expanded1 even1 superficially silky round the margin with the veil1 or squamulose1 otherwise even and smooth4 ,flesh thin1 a little paler than the pileus4 ,stem #b in4 or a little more long1 #b lines thick1 tubed1 equal1 tense and straight1 tough1 fibrilloso-silky1 somewhat rust-colored1 becoming dingy-brown at the base1 pale at the apex4 ,gills adnate1 thin1 ventricose1 broad1 #c-d lines1 crowded1 at first pallid-straw color1 at length crowded1 obsoletely green4 ,fries4 ,gills broader than ,h4 fascicularis1 etc4 ,solitary1 scarcely ever cespitose4 ,on pine stumps and the ground4 ,april to ,november4 ,spores elliptical1 #gc-d ,massee4 ,north ,carolina1 in pine woods1 ,curtis2 ,california1 ,h4 and ,m42 ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,north ,carolina1 ,new ,jersey1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,difficult to distinguish from ,h4 fascicularis when growing solitary4 ,its edible qualities are precisely the same4 ,h4 elodes ,fr4 ,gr--an olive2 ,gr--eidos1 appearance4 ,pileus brick-red or tan1 fleshy1 rather plane1 somewhat umbonate1 dry1 smooth1 opaque4 ,flesh yellow4 ,stem stuffed then hollow1 equal1 commonly slender1 incurved or flexuous1 fibrillose1 of the same color as the pileus1 becoming rust-color4 ,gills adnate1 crowded1 thin1 green then pure olivaceous4 ,cespitose4 ,odor bitter4 ,on trunks and on the ground4 ,fries4 ,cap #a-b in4 across4 ,stem #b-d in4 long1 - in4 thick1 stuffed then hollow4 ,west ,virginia1 #ahha-ahhe1 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j42 ,pennsylvania4 ,on stumps1 roots and ground in woods1 etc4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,not reported elsewhere4 ,its habit is the same as ,h4 fascicularis1 to which it is closely allied1 and to me seems but a form of this very variable species4 ,it is equally good4 ,h4 sublateritium ,schaeff4--sub and later1 a brick4 7,plate ,,xcvii1 fig4 #c1 p4 #ceb47 ,pileus #b-c in4 and more broad1 tawny-brick-red1 but paler round the margin and covered over with a superficial1 somewhat silky1 whitish cloudiness 7arising from the veil71 fleshy1 convexo-plane1 obtuse1 discoid1 dry1 even1 becoming smooth4 ,flesh compact1 white1 then becoming yellow4 ,stem #c-d in4 long1 #c-e lines thick1 stuffed1 stout and firm1 commonly manifestly attenuated downward1 rarely equal1 scaly-fibrillose1 fibrils pallid1 rust-colored downward4 ,cortina superior1 at first white1 at length becoming black4 ,gills adnate1 more or less crowded according to stature1 narrow1 at first dingy yellowish and darker at the base1 then sooty1 and at length inclining to olivaceous4 ,spores brownish purple4 ,somewhat cespitose4 ,stem incurved from position4 ,there are many varieties3 ,b1 somewhat solitary1 the pileus and stem1 which is thickened at the base1 of the same color1 reddish4 ,c1 smaller1 pileus light yellowish1 the hollow stem equal4 ,schaeff4 ,var4 squamosum1 ,cooke4 ,pileus convex1 bright brick-red1 shading to yellow at the margin1 spotted with superficial scales4 ,flesh very thick1 yellowish4 ,gills narrowish1 adnate4 ,stem elongated1 stout1 pale above1 rust-colored below1 hollow1 veil hanging from the margin when young4 ,on trunks4 ,a very beautiful variety1 larger and more robust than the typical form4 ,massee4 ,spores #fc4 ,w4,g4,s42 elliptical1 sooty-brown1 #hd ,massee4 ,west ,virginia1 #ahha-ahhe2 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey1 densely cespitose on stumps and roots4 ,october to long after frosts4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible4 ,dr4 ,taylor1 #ahic4 ,dept4 of ,agr4 ,rep4 ,no4 #e4 ,h4 sublateritium has many forms4 ,both ,fries and ,stevenson indicate this as a variable species and my own observation confirms the truth of this4 ,this is a very common autumnal species1 lasting into the winter4 ,old authors give it as bitter and very poisonous4 ,i tested it in #ahha and have been eating it1 in common with all ,hypholomas ,i have found1 ever since4 ,at times it is bitter4 ,i believe this to be due to the passage of larv through the flesh4 ,unattacked specimens are slightly saponaceous to the taste while others in the same bunch are bitter4 ,,vis,,cidi4 ,pileus viscid1 etc4 7,none known to be edible47 ,velutini4 ,pileus silky1 etc4 ,h4 velutinus ,pers4--vellus1 a fleece4 ,velvety4 ,pileus fleshy1 thin1 convex or expanded1 brittle1 minutely tomentose-scaly1 becoming smooth1 hygrophanous1 yellow with the disk reddish4 ,lamell rather broad1 attached1 tapering toward the outer extremity1 dark brown tinged with red1 the edge whitish-beaded4 ,stem equal1 rather slender1 hollow1 fibrillose1 subconcolorous1 white-mealy and slightly striate at the top4 ,spores black4 ,height about #b in41 breadth of pileus #a-a4e in4 ,roadsides4 ,albany ,cemetery4 ,september4 ,the pileus sometimes cracks transversely4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores #fh ,w4,g4,s42 elliptical1 #aje ,massee4 ,often used in catsup4 ,innocent and edible4 ,cooke4 ,west ,virginia4 #ahha-ahhe1 ,pennsylvania1 ,west ,philadelphia1 ,bartram's ,creek1 #ahhg1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,var4 leiocephalus ,b4 and ,br4 7,gr--smooth2 ,gr--head1 from its smooth pileus74 ,pileus hygrophanous1 rugged1 smooth except at the margin1 where it is fibrillose1 pallid as is the stem1 whose apex is mealy4 ,densely cespitose1 much smaller than the common form1 but apparently a mere variety1 though a striking one from its smooth but very rugged disk4 ,on old stumps4 ,stevenson4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep42 ,west ,virginia1 ,west ,philadelphia1 ,bartram's ,creek1 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,september to ,november4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,quantities of var4 leiocephalus grow in the ,west ,virginia forests on stumps and on the ground from decaying roots4 #a in4 is the limit of its width4 ,its frequent and dense clusters1 its tenderness and delicacy of flavor make it a favorite4 ,h4 aggregatum ,pk4--aggrego1 to grow together4 ,densely cespitose4 ,pileus thin1 convex or subcampanulate1 grayish-white1 obscurely spotted with appressed brownish fibrils4 ,lamell subdistant1 rounded behind1 nearly free1 at first whitish1 then brown or blackish-brown with a whitish edge4 ,stem rather long1 hollow1 somewhat woolly or fibrillose1 white4 ,spores brown1 elliptical1 #hd-e4 ,pileus about #a in4 broad4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #a4e-b lines thick4 ,at the base of trees and stumps in woods4 ,alcove4 ,september4 ,the cespitose habit and obscurely spotted grayish-white pileus are marked features of this species4 ,from ,h4 silvestre the species may be distinguished by its smaller size1 adnexed or nearly free lamell which have no rosy tint1 and by its very cespitose mode of growth4 ,peck1 #dfth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 about trees and stumps4 ,september to ,november1 #ahih-ahii4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,not reported elsewhere4 ,the caps are oyster-color4 ,amateurs accustomed to the gayer colors of the autumnal ,hypholomas will not suspect this of belonging to the genus1 until the color of the spores is obtained4 ,the caps are fine4 ,h4 lachrymabundum ,fr4--lachryma1 a tear4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad1 whitish when young1 then dingy-brown1 becoming pale around the margin1 truly fleshy but not compact1 convex1 obtuse1 scaly with hairs1 the innate scales darker4 ,flesh white4 ,stem #b in4 long1 #c-d lines thick1 hollow1 somewhat thickened at the base1 scaly with fibrils1 becoming brownish-whitish4 ,veil separate1 clothed with fibers1 hanging from the pileus1 white4 ,gills adnate1 crowded1 #c lines broad1 whitish then brownish-purple1 edge whitish and distilling drops in wet weather4 ,spores brownish-purple4 ,from mutual pressure the caps are often irregular4 ,very cespitose1 firm4 ,fries4 ,spores brownish-purple1 #id ,massee4 ,on ground and on trunks4 ,truly cespitose4 ,smaller than ,h4 velutinus1 but firmer1 truly fleshy1 not hygrophanous4 ,bushy pastures4 ,bethlehem4 ,october4 ,our specimens do not agree in all respects with the published description of the species4 ,the pileus is sometimes wholly destitute of scales and sometimes densely clothed with hairy1 erect ones4 ,the species is manifestly variable4 ,peck1 #cjth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 8,like ,h4 fascicularis in quality4 ,intensely irritant4 ,it is bound with the weight of its own guilt40 ,hay4 ,this is a good specimen of ,hay's comments4 ,h4 fascicularis is never irritant1 is good eating1 is innocent4 ,there is irony in the comment of ,dr4 ,cooke3 8,this doubtful species is used by the smaller ketchup makers40 ,i have not seen this species4 ,when ,i do ,i shall eat it and expect to live4 ,,appendicula,,ti4 ,pileus hygrophanous1 smooth4 ,h4 incertum ,pk4 7,plate ,,xcviia47 ,pileus fragile1 convex or subcampanulate1 then expanded1 hygrophanous1 often radiately wrinkled1 whitish with the disk yellowish1 the thin margin sometimes purplish-tinted1 often wavy1 adorned by fragments of the white flocculent fugacious veil4 ,lamell close1 narrow1 whitish then rosy-brown1 the edge often uneven4 ,stem equal1 straight1 hollow1 easily splitting1 whitish with a frosty bloom or slightly scurfy at the top4 ,spores elliptical1 purplish-brown1 #he4 ,plant gregarious or subcespitose1 #b-c in4 high4 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad4 ,stem #a-b lines thick4 ,ground among bushes4 ,green ,island and ,sandlake4 ,june and ,july4 ,the veil is sometimes so strongly developed as to form an imperfect ring4 ,the color is nearly white from the first4 ,peck1 #bith ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,as the name indicates1 ,i was uncertain whether this was a form of ,h4 ,candolleanum1 to which it is very closely related1 but as ,fries says of that 8,gills at first violaceous10 and as our plant has them at first white or whitish1 ,i concluded to risk the uncertainty on a new species4 ,i have seen ,central ,park1 ,new ,york1 well covered with it in ,may4 ,it is also common in the vicinity of ,boston4 ,of very agreeable flavor and delicate substance4 ,the profusion of its growth compensates for its small size4 ,macadam4 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,miller2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 in great clusters between railroad ties and beside track1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,tender4 ,one of the best4 ,illustration3 ,photographed by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,weist4 ,,plate ,,xcviia4 ,,hypholoma ,,incertum4 ,h4 appendiculatum ,bull4--a small appendage4 ,from the veil adhering to margin of pileus4 7,plate ,,xcvii1 p4 #ceb47 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad1 date-brown then tawny1 becoming pale yellowish when dry1 fleshy-membranaceous1 thin1 ovate then expanded1 at length flattened1 obtuse1 smooth1 when dry slightly wrinkled1 somewhat sprinkled with atoms4 ,stem #c in4 long1 #b-c lines thick1 fistulose1 equal1 smooth1 white1 pruinate at the apex2 veil fringing the margin of the pileus1 fugacious1 white4 ,gills somewhat adnate1 crowded1 dry1 white then flesh-colored1 at length dingy-brown4 ,densely cespitose1 very fragile and hygrophanous4 ,much thinner and more fragile than ,h4 ,candolleanus4 ,it may be safely distinguished from species which are nearest to it by the gills being whitish then brownish-flesh color4 ,var4 lanatum4 ,a curious form1 densely woolly when young1 traces of the woolly coat remaining at the apex when the pileus is fully expanded4 ,sibbertoft4 ,b4 and ,br41 #ahgf4 ,stevenson4 ,spores ellipsoid1 pellucid1 #f-hc-d ,k42 #df ,w4,g4,s42 elliptical1 #eb4e ,massee4 ,angora1 ,west ,philadelphia1 ,october1 ,november1 ,december1 #ahig2 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 cespitose and gregarious in woods about stumps4 ,mc,ilvaine4 8,it is very common and edible40 ,farlow4 ,at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,october1 #ahih1 in great abundance4 ,when found it was gregarious in large patches and cespitose on stumps4 ,my identification was confirmed by ,professor ,peck4 ,it dries well1 and retains flavor and esculent qualities4 ,cooked it is among the best4 ,h4 ,candolleanum ,fr4--,after ,de ,candolle4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad1 date-brown then becoming white1 the top somewhat yellowish1 somewhat fleshy1 acorn-shaped then bell-shaped1 soon convex and at length flattened1 obtuse and unequal1 smooth1 even4 ,flesh thin1 white4 ,stem #c in4 long1 #b-d lines thick1 fistulose1 solid at the base1 somewhat thickened1 fibrillose1 white1 striate at the apex2 veil in the form of a cortina1 web-like1 appendiculate 7depending from the margin of the pileus71 white1 at length becoming dingy-brown4 ,gills rounded-adnexed1 then separating1 crowded1 violaceous then brownish-cinnamon1 the edge at first whitish4 ,readily distinguished from neighboring species by the gills being at first beautifully dark violaceous1 never flesh-colored4 ,densely cespitose1 fragile1 very hygrophanous4 ,stevenson4 ,spores elliptical1 #hd ,massee4 ,edible1 often used in catsup4 ,cooke4 ,a species variable in color with the weather4 ,its gills are cream-colored at first1 then purplish1 then very dark4 ,after rain the fragile cap often turns up at the margin and splits4 ,it differs somewhat in texture from other ,hypholomas1 being more delicate in texture and substance4 ,it is excellent4 ,h4 subaquilum ,banning4--aquilus1 brownish1 tawny4 ,pileus brown1 convex1 smooth1 hygrophanous1 often shaded into ocher at margin1 veil delicate1 silk-like1 encircling and covering the marginal extremities of the lamell but forming no ring on the stem4 ,flesh white1 turning umber when cut4 ,lamell adnexed or nearly free1 close1 forked1 umber4 ,stem cespitose1 regular1 hollow1 silky1 white1 #b-c in4 long4 ,spores brown1 #de4 ,banning ,,ms4 ,druid ,hill ,park1 ,baltimore1 ,miss ,banning2 decaying wood1 ,adirondack mountains4 ,august and ,september4 ,new ,york4 ,peck1 #deth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,h4 subaquilum is closely allied to ,h4 appendiculatum1 but is distinguished by its darker colored cap and gills4 ,its edible qualities are the same4 ,it is among the best4 ,illustration ,,psilo,,cybe ,fr4 ,gr--naked2 head4 ,pileus more or less fleshy1 smooth1 margin at first incurved4 ,gills becoming brownish or purple4 ,stem somewhat cartilaginous1 rigid or tough1 tubular1 hollow or stuffed1 often rooting4 ,veil absent or rudimentary1 never forming a membrane4 ,spores purple1 purple-brown or slate-color4 ,generally growing on the ground1 gregarious1 sometimes cespitose4 ,psilocybe is analogous in form to ,collybia1 ,leptonia and ,naucoria1 which are distinguished by their spore colors4 ,separated from ,psathyra by the incurved margin of the pileus4 ,but one species of ,psilocybe is herein given as edible4 ,of it1 alone1 the writer has had opportunity to eat meals4 ,several others of the species have been found by him and tested in small quantity4 ,they are all of good texture1 substance and flavor1 though most are small4 ,he is of the opinion that increased testing will prove the entire genus edible4 ,nothing can or should be prognosticated about a toadstool1 but the indications are all in favor of ,psilocybe4 7,plate ,,xcix47 ,illustration3 ,,psilocybe ,,spadicea4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,p4 spadicea ,schaeff4--spadiceus1 date-brown4 ,pileus thin1 submembranaceous1 hemispherical1 then convex or expanded1 smooth1 hygrophanous1 pale grayish-brown and striatulate when moist1 white or yellowish when dry4 ,gills narrow1 close1 attached1 easily separating from the stem1 at first whitish1 then brown1 tinged with flesh-color4 ,stem straight1 equal1 hollow1 smooth1 white4 ,height #a-b in41 breadth of pileus #a-a4e in4 ,stem #a-b lines thick4 ,grassy ground in yards and fields4 ,albany4 ,june4 ,gregarious or cespitose4 ,the pileus is fragile1 the spores are brown4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores brown1 #id ,massee2 purplish brown1 #g4fe4a ,morgan4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,october1 ,november1 ,december1 #ahif4 ,in large patches and where stumps had been taken from the ground4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,var4 hygrophilus ,fr4 ,gr--moist2 loving4 ,pileus tawny1 then clay-color4 ,stem #d-f in4 long1 rather fusiform1 rooting4 ,gills emarginate with a deeply decurrent line2 at length umber-brown4 ,var4 polycephalus ,fr4--polus1 many2 cephale1 head4 ,densely crowded4 ,stem thinner1 flexuous4 ,gills nearly free1 at length tawny-umber4 ,the plant is tender1 cooks easily and is of fine flavor4 ,p4 semilanceata ,fr4--semi1 half2 lancea1 a spear4 ,pileus in4 high1 not broad1 various in color1 becoming yellow1 green1 dingy-brown1 somewhat membranaceous1 acutely conical1 almost cuspidate1 never expanded1 but the margin when young at first bent inward1 covered with a pellicle which is viscous and separable in wet weather1 slightly striate chiefly round the margin4 ,stem as much as #c in4 long1 scarcely #a line thick1 tubular and containing a pith1 equal1 more frequently flexuous1 smooth1 capable of being twisted round the finger1 smooth1 becoming pale2 furnished with a veil when young4 ,gills ascending into the summit of the cone1 adnexed1 almost linear1 crowded1 becoming purple-black4 ,fries4 ,gregarious1 very tough4 ,pastures and roadsides1 etc4 ,common4 ,august to ,november4 ,stevenson4 ,spores ellipsoid1 #i-afd-i ,k42 #adi ,w4,g4,s4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bc2 ,novia ,scotia1 ,somers4 ,var4 crulescens ,cooke--becoming blue4 ,base of stem turning indigo-blue4 ,not common in ,america1 but frequently found4 ,according to ,m4 ,c4 ,cooke--a careful authority--,p4 semilanceata has a dangerous reputation4 ,it is said to have proved fatal to children when eaten raw4 ,it is not deleterious when cooked4 ,illustration ,,psa,,thyra ,fr4 ,gr--friable4 7,plate ,c47 ,illustration3 ,,psathyra ,,gyroflexa4 ,natural size4 7,after ,massee47 ,omitted from ,index to ,species4 ,veil none or only universal1 and floccoso-fibrillose4 ,stem somewhat cartilaginous1 fistulose with a tube1 polished1 fragile4 ,pileus conical or bell-shaped1 membranaceous1 the margin at the first straight and adpressed to the stem4 ,gills becoming purple or brownish4 ,slender1 fragile1 hygrophanous4 ,some of the last species of ,hypholoma and ,psilocybe are very closely allied to them4 ,the ,coprinarii are readily distinguished by the gills being white or ash-color1 then black1 not dusky-brown nor becoming purple4 ,psathyra corresponds with ,mycena1 ,nolanea1 ,galera and ,psathyrella4 ,all the species grow on the ground or on trunks4 ,stevenson4 ,but four ,american species reported4 ,small and unimportant4 ,,deconica4 ,stem tough2 margin of ,pileus at first incurved4 ,gills subtriangularly decurrent4 ,corresponds with ,omphalia1 ,eccilia1 ,tubaria4 ,few ,american species4 ,small and unimportant4 ,series ,v4 ,,melanos,,por 7spores black74 ,gr--black2 ,gr--seed4 ,various as are the spore colors in this series 7in its broadest sense71 there is an entire absence of brown and purple shades in the black spores of four of the genera belonging to this group or series4 ,in ,gomphidius the spores are dingy-olivaceous4 ,it is an outsider affiliating with thoroughbreds because of more technical congeniality than other genera afford4 ,like comets in the universe1 it has no home4 ,the singular genus ,montagnites 7of which but one species has been found in ,america1 and that in ,texas7 has the relationship of spore-color4 ,panolus1 ,anellaria1 ,psathyrella1 when young1 have gills free from each other2 ,coprinus1 in early life1 presents them pressed tightly together2 as the plants age and the spores ripen1 the entire gill structure becomes black and dissolves into an inky fluid1 the color of which is due to the spores4 ,the species are all of delicate body1 and many of them add generously to table luxuries4 ,,copri,,nus ,pers4 ,gr--dung4 ,pileus separate from the stem4 ,gills membranaceous1 at first closely pressed together1 cohering1 at length melting into a black fluid4 ,trama obsolete4 ,spores oval1 even1 black4 ,the extreme closeness of the gills and their entire deliquescence into a fluid1 black from the spores1 sharply define this genus and separate it from all others4 ,at first the form is oval or cylindrical2 most are furnished with a downy or scurfy veil often adhering to the pileus1 sometimes forming an adhering volva at the base of the stem4 ,nearly all are ephemeral1 many completely disappearing in a day4 ,cystidia 7sterile cells7 of large size are frequent on the gills of many species4 ,illustration3 ,,melanosporae4 ,hymenophore distinct from fleshy stem4 ,,coprinus4 ,hymenophore confluent and homogeneous with fleshy stem4 ,,anellaria4 ,,panaeolus4 ,spores dingy olivaceous ,,gomphidius4 ,hymenophore confluent with1 but heterogeneous from cartilaginous stem4 ,,psathyrella4 ,,montagnites4 ,,plate ,,ci4 ,,chart ,,of ,,genera ,,in ,,black-,,spored ,,series--,,melanosporae1 ,,page #cfh4 ,the majority grow on richly manured ground or dung1 some on rotten wood and other materials4 ,bolbitius1 the only ally1 has the same ephemeral existence1 and grows in similar situations1 but the gills only soften 7not melting7 and the spores are somewhat rust-colored4 ,the blackening of the gills is not a process of decay1 but is due to the growth of the spores1 and the plant is still 7before deliquescence7 perfectly edible although not so inviting in appearance as before4 ,species of ,coprinus are very common and are easily recognized by the deliquescent gills which1 when mature1 stain the fingers black4 ,in 8,once upon a ,time10 when country people made their own writing inks1 the convenient ,coprinus gave its juices for this purpose4 ,a little corrosive sublimate added to the boiled and strained fluid prevented it from molding4 ,with few exceptions the species are small4 ,they are tender1 of real mushroom flavor and highly enjoyable4 ,they make a thin1 well flavored catsup1 but are better used to give flavor to their less favored brethren4 ,they stew in from two to fifteen minutes1 depending upon the solidity of the species4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,the ,,tribes4 ,a4 ,,pelliculosi 7pellicula1 a thin skin74 ,page #cgj4 ,gills covered above with a fleshy or membranaceous skin1 hence the pileus does not split along the lines of the gills1 but becomes lacerated with the edges turned upward4 99 ,comati--coma1 hair4 ,furnished with a ring formed from the free margin of the volva4 ,the skin of the pileus torn into innate scales4 9999 ,atramentarii--atramentum1 ink4 ,ring imperfect4 ,volva absent4 ,pileus dotted with minute innate scales4 999999 ,picacei--pica1 a magpie4 ,universal veil downy1 at first continuous then broken up into superficial scales forming patches on the pileus4 99999999 ,tomentosi--tomentum1 down4 ,pileus at first covered with a loose hairy down1 becoming torn into distinct scales1 at length disappearing4 ,ring absent4 9999999999 ,micacei--mico1 to glitter4 ,pileus at first covered with minute glistening scales1 soon disappearing4 ,ring none4 999999999999 ,glabrati4 ,pileus smooth4 ,veil absent4 ,b4 ,,veliformes 7velum1 a veil2 forma1 form74 ,page #chj4 ,pileus very thin without a skin1 at length opening into furrows along the backs of the gills and becoming folded in furrows4 ,stem thin1 hollow4 ,gills wasting away into thin lines4 99 ,cyclodei4 ,gr--a circle2 appearance4 ,stem with a ring or volva4 9999 ,lanatuli--lanatus1 woolly4 ,pileus covered with superficial woolly floccules1 at length disappearing4 ,ringless4 999999 ,furfurelli--furfureus1 branny4 ,pileus mealy or scurfy4 ,gills generally attached to a collar at the apex of the stem4 ,ringless4 99999999 ,hemerobii4 ,gr4--living a day4 ,pileus always smooth4 ,none known to be edible4 ,illustration3 ,photographed by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,weist4 ,,plate ,,ciii4 ,,coprinus ,,comatus4 ,a4 ,,pelliculo,,si4 ,cap becoming torn1 edge turning upward1 etc4 99 ,comati4 ,furnished with a ring1 etc4 ,c4 comatus ,fr4--coma1 hair4 7,plate ,,ciii47 ,pileus #b-g in4 high1 white1 fleshy1 at first oblong1 becoming bell-shaped1 seldom expanded1 when in mature deliquescing state1 splitting at the margin along the line of the gills1 the cuticle1 except upon the apex1 separating into shaggy1 often concentric scales1 at times yellowish1 at others tinged with purplish-black4 ,gills free from the stem1 crowded and at first cohering1 broad1 white then tinged with pink or salmon color1 then purple to black and dissolving into ink4 ,stem up to #aj in4 long1 up to in4 thick1 attenuated upward1 most part concealed within the cap1 hollow1 but with spider-web threads within1 smooth or fibrillose1 white or lilac-white1 easily pulling out of cap1 brittle4 ,ring thin1 torn1 sometimes entire and movable4 ,on rich soil1 lawns1 gardens1 roads1 dumps1 especially where ashes have been placed4 ,solitary or in large dense clusters4 ,august until after frost1 but it is occasionally found during the spring months4 ,spores elliptical1 black1 #ac-ah long ,peck4 ,almost black1 elliptical1 #ac-ahg-h ,massee2 #aa-acf-h ,k42 #aeh ,w4,g4,s4 ,var4 breviceps ,pk4 ,pileus before expansion subovate1 shorter and broader than in the typical form1 #a4e-b4e in4 high4 ,dumping ground4 ,albany4 ,november4 ,h4 ,neiman4 ,peck1 #dith ,rep4 ,coprinus comatus is common to the ,united ,states4 ,in its perfection it is a stately and beautiful plant4 ,i have seen it with the oblong cap eight inches long1 but its usual height is from #b-d in4 ,it occurs after hard rain and often in the most unexpected places4 ,it is a rather domestic species1 usually in troops1 but often in clusters of from five to fifty individuals4 ,i have seen it lift firmly sodded ground about railroad stations1 and again1 bulging the surface of gardens like mole-hills4 ,there are toadstools of higher flavor1 but not one of greater delicacy4 ,in this ,c4 comatus is not excelled from its earliest stage until fully ripened4 ,it is everywhere commended4 ,lafayette ,b4 ,mendel1 in ,american ,journal of ,physiology1 gives the following analysis3 ,the specimens were freshly gathered and had not yet turned 8inky40 ,they varied very widely in size1 thirty-six mushrooms weighing #adhe grams1 of which #ihj grams belonged to the caps 7pileus7 and #eje grams to the stems4 ,the average weight of a fresh specimen was thus3 ,pileus #bg grams ,stem #ad -- ,total weight #da ,a specimen which had attained the average growth weighed3 ,pileus #dc grams ,stem #be -- ,total weight #fh ,an analysis yielded the following results3 ,water #ib4ai per cent4 ,total solids #g4ha ,the dry substance contained3 ,total nitrogen #e4gi per cent4 ,extractive nitrogen #c4hg ,protein nitrogen #a4ib ,ether extract #c4c ,crude fiber #g4c ,ash #ab4e ,material soluble in #he #ef4c per cent4 alcohol ,c4 soboliferus ,fr4 ,pileus #a-b in4 across1 subcylindrical1 then oval bell-shaped1 lower half of pileus usually undulate but not furrowed or striate1 disk obtuse1 usually depressed1 distinctly scaly1 dingy white1 toward the apex tinged with pale brown1 scales darker4 ,flesh very thin4 ,gills free1 tapering toward each end1 in4 or more broad1 crowded1 pale then blackish4 ,stem #e-h in4 long1 in4 thick at the base1 slightly attenuated upward1 silky-white1 stuffed2 toward the base there is a depressed zone caused by the edge of the pileus when young4 ,ring fugacious4 ,spores elliptical1 #aeg4 ,amongst grass near to trunks1 buried wood1 etc4 ,a very large and beautiful species1 distinguished from ,coprinus atramentarius1 its nearest ally1 by the larger size of every part1 the costate 7ribbed7 or waved lower portion of the pileus1 the truncate1 depressed disk1 with distinct squamules1 the whitish color of the pileus1 and the imperfectly hollow or stuffed stem4 ,spores elliptical1 #aeg ,massee4 ,almshouse grounds1 ,philadelphia4 ,on maple roots in grass-grown places1 ,may1 #ahig-ahih4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,not previously noted in ,united ,states4 ,c4 soboliferus is a substantial food-giving species1 very heavy for its size4 ,it grows singly and in clusters and will immediately attract attention1 wherever found4 ,it is of fine flavor and substance4 ,cook at once4 ,c4 ovatus 7,schaeff47 ,fr4--ovum1 an egg4 ,pileus white1 somewhat membranaceous1 at the first egg-shaped and densely imbricated with thick spreading concentric scales1 covered with an even hood at the apex1 then expanded1 striate4 ,stem #c-d in4 long1 solid at the base1 rooting1 otherwise hollow1 with spider-web threads within1 attenuated upward1 downy1 shining white4 ,ring not very conspicuous and soon vanishing4 ,gills free1 remote1 slightly ventricose1 at the first somewhat naked and remaining long shining white1 at length umber-blackish1 never becoming purple4 ,smaller1 thinner1 less handsome than ,c4 comatus4 ,for the most part solitary4 ,fries4 ,spores #aa-abg-h ,massee4 ,on rich ground1 dumps1 etc4 ,same habitat as ,c4 comatus4 ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,north ,carolina1 ,new ,jersey4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,so closely allied to ,c4 comatus that it is with difficulty distinguished from it4 ,however1 its edible qualities are the same1 and into these the name does not enter4 ,illustration3 ,grouped by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,studies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,cii4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,coprinus ,,atramentarius1 #cgc #c4 ,,panaeolus ,,solidipes1 #che #b4 ,,coprinus ,,micaceus1 #cgh #d4 ,,panaeolus ,,solidipes #che 7,,section71 ,c4 sterquilinus ,fr4--sterquilinium1 a dunghill4 ,pileus about #b in4 across when expanded1 conical1 then expanded1 sulcate more than half way from margin to disk1 at first villous or silky1 disk rather fleshy with rough scales1 silvery-gray1 tinged with brown at the apex4 ,flesh thin4 ,gills free1 ventricose1 about #b lines broad1 pale then umber-purple4 ,stem #d-f in4 high1 slightly attenuated upward1 white1 fibrillose1 hollow1 thickened base solid1 and booted for about an inch from the base1 margin of sheath ending in a free border or ring4 ,on dung4 ,a fine large species known by the scaly apex of the pileus1 the basal portion of the stem surrounded by a volva-like1 adnate structure with a free upper margin4 ,the stem soon becomes black when bruised4 ,base of stem not rooting but abrupt1 and furnished with a few white fibers4 ,massee4 ,edible1 ,cooke1 #ahia2 also ,leuba4 ,nova ,scotia1 ,dr4 ,somers4 ,this species is not reported as found in the ,united ,states4 9999 ,atramentarii4 ,ring imperfect1 etc4 ,c4 atramentarius 7,bull47 ,fr4--atramentum1 ink4 7,plate ,,cii1 fig4 #a1 p4 #cgb47 ,pileus #a-d in4 across1 ovate1 expanding1 grayish1 lead-color or grayish-brown1 with occasionally a few obscure scales on disk1 often covered with bloom2 margin ribbed1 sometimes notched1 soft1 tender4 ,gills free1 ventricose1 up to in4 broad1 crowded and at first cohering and white with white floccose edges1 then becoming black and dissolving into ink4 ,stem up to #e in4 long1 up to in4 thick1 smooth1 whitish1 hollow1 at first spindle-shaped1 then attenuated upward1 with more or less distinct ring near base4 ,spores subcylindrical1 large cystidia numerous1 #abf ,massee2 #i-ajf ,k42 #ie ,w4,g4,s42 #h-aj long ,peck4 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,miller2 ,harrisburg1 ,pa41 ,dr4 ,j4,h4 ,fager2 ,west ,virginia1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,the stem is obscurely banded within1 by which it may be recognized with certainty4 ,it grows singly or in clusters of many individuals on rich ground1 whether lawns1 gardens1 gutter sides1 or in woods1 but not on dung4 ,i know of a fine cluster growing year after year on a much-decayed pear-stump4 ,occasionally it appears in the spring months1 but is common during the summer and autumn after rains1 and from its first appearance it occurs in successive crops until stopped by severe frost4 ,it is common in ,europe and over the ,united ,states4 ,the flavor is higher than that of ,c4 comatus4 ,it should be cooked as soon as gathered1 and kept in a cool place until needed4 ,analysis shows the following3 ,two separate1 freshly-gathered lots of this species were examined4 ,the one 7a7 contained six young small specimens weighing #e4e grams1 or 4#i gram each2 the other 7b7 contained eight mushrooms weighing #ab grams1 or #a4e grams each4 ,an analysis gave3 a4 b4 ,water #ib4ca per cent4 #id4db per cent4 ,total solids #g4fi #e4eh ,the dry substance contained3 ,total nitrogen #d4fh #d4gg ,ether extract #c4a #e4g ,crude fiber #i4c 44444 ,ash #af4h #bj4a ,lafayette ,b4 ,mendel in ,american ,journal of ,physiology4 ,c4 fuscescens 7,schaeff47 ,fr4--fuscus1 dark or swarthy4 ,pileus #a-a in4 across1 submembranaceous1 ovate1 expanded1 dull1 disk rather fleshy1 even or cracked into squamules1 grayish-brown1 disk reddish4 ,gills adfixed1 blackish-umber4 ,stem #d-e in4 long1 about in4 thick1 equal1 fragile1 hollow1 subfibrillose4 ,ring indistinct or absent1 whitish4 ,massee4 ,smaller and more slender than ,coprinus atramentarius4 ,pileus brownish-gray1 disk becoming reddish1 not sprinkled with micaceous particles1 but at first covered with a mealy bloom4 ,gills adnexed1 attenuated from the stem to the margin1 deliquescent4 ,fries4 ,spores elliptical1 pointed at the ends1 #ajx#f ,massee2 #ajx#e ,w4,g4,s4 ,solitary and in tufts4 ,on stumps1 trunks1 etc4 ,may to ,october4 ,west ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,c4 fuscescens is tender1 delicate and of excellent flavor4 ,in this it ranks with ,c4 atramentarius4 7,plate ,,civ47 ,illustration3 ,,coprinus ,,macrosporus4 ,enlarged one-third4 ,c4 macrosporus ,pk4 ,pileus ovate1 then expanded1 rimose-striate 7cracked in lines71 obscurely floccose-squamulose1 white1 the small even brownish disk scaly4 ,lamell crowded1 free1 white then black4 ,stem glabrous1 white1 with traces of an annulus 7ring7 near the thickened or subbulbous base4 ,spores very large1 elliptical1 #bj-bj4e long1 #ab-af broad4 ,plant cespitose1 #b-c in4 high4 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad4 ,stem #a line thick4 ,ground in open fields4 ,ticonderoga4 ,august4 ,the prominent characters of this species are the cracked pileus1 squamose disk1 free lamell and large spores4 ,in its early state it resembles some species of ,lepiota4 ,it seems to be intermediate between the sections ,atramentarii and ,micacei4 ,peck1 #cast ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,found in quantity at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,august to ,september1 #ahih1 growing among old stable bedding on parade ground4 ,c4 macrosporus is an excellent species1 higher in flavor than any other ,coprinus4 999999 ,picacei4 ,universal downy veil1 etc4 ,c4 picaceus 7,bull47 ,fr4 ,pileus #b-b in4 across1 membranaceous1 ovato-bell-shaped1 striate up to the disk1 smoky-black1 variegated with large1 irregular1 superficial white patches4 ,gills free1 in4 or more broad1 ventricose1 grayish-black4 ,stem #e-f in4 long1 base bulbous1 abrupt1 otherwise equal1 - in4 thick1 white1 hollow1 fragile1 smooth4 ,spores elliptical1 apiculate1 #adh2 cystidia large1 numerous4 ,massee4 ,decaying trunks or branches of trees in woods4 ,lyndonville4 ,june4 ,fairman4 ,the form here referred to this species differs somewhat from the description of the type in being smaller1 in having no bulb to the stem and in having smaller spores4 ,it is probably the 8smaller variety growing on rotten wood0 noticed by ,stevenson in his ,british ,fungi4 ,i have seen the true form of the species from ,kansas4 ,the ,new ,york plant seems to me to be worthy of distinctive designation1 at least as a variety1 and ,i call it ,var4 ebulbosus4 ,plant smaller4 ,stem destitute of a bulb4 ,spores #h-aje4 ,peck1 #ddth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,minnesota1 ,johnson1 #ahig2 ,kansas1 ,cragin1 #ahhd2 ,wisconsin1 ,bundy1 ,nebraska1 ,clements4 ,edible4 ,leuba4 ,large quantities grew on rotting chestnut and oak rails at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 from ,june to ,august1 #ahii4 ,it is strong and unpleasant4 99999999 ,tomentosi4 ,pileus at first veiled with a loose hairy veil4 7,plate ,,cv47 ,illustration3 ,,coprinus ,,fimetarius4 ,c4 fimetarius ,fr4--fimetum1 a dunghill4 ,pileus #a-b in4 across1 membranaceous1 thin1 at first cylindrical1 soon conical1 the edge at length revolute and torn at the margin1 when young everywhere covered with floccose-squarrose white scales 7from the universal veil71 which separate from the vertex toward the circumference1 at length naked1 longitudinally cracked1 but not opening into furrows1 the vertex which remains entire1 livid4 ,stem about #c in4 long1 #b-c lines and more thick1 hollow1 fragile1 thickened and solid at the base1 attenuated upward1 shining white and downy with squamules of the same color4 ,gills free1 reaching the stem1 at first ventricose1 then linear1 flexuous1 black4 ,stem when young curt and firmer4 ,fries4 ,spores spheroid-ellipsoid1 #ae-ahi-ab ,k42 #aei ,w4,g4,s42 #ab-adg-h ,massee4 ,sometimes there is a root as long as the stem4 ,m4,j4,b4 ,common on dung heaps in successive crops4 ,spring to autumn4 ,var4 pullatus4 ,pileus with adpressed scales and tomentose1 soon naked1 brownish1 then blackish4 ,stem equal1 becoming smooth4 ,on dung4 ,clustered4 ,stature of the type4 ,var4 cinereus4 ,pileus membranaceous1 floccosely mealy1 then naked1 ashy-gray4 ,stem subequal1 rootless1 hollow to the base1 often twisted4 ,spores #ab-h4 ,on dung and rich soil4 ,var4 macrorhiza4 ,pileus at first with feathery squamules4 ,stem short1 hairy1 rooting1 sometimes more or less marginately subbulbous4 ,spores #ac-adh-i4 ,on dung4 ,pileus pale and smaller than in the typical form1 stem shorter1 with a more or less elongated rooting base4 ,berkeley4 ,of this very variable species there is a small form growing on decayed wood in woods4 ,it has the spores rather smaller than in the type1 they being #aj-aa long1 #h broad4 ,it might be designated ,var4 silvicola4 ,peck1 #dc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,west ,virginia1 #ahha-ahhe1 ,may to ,october4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,common to the ,united ,states4 ,of excellent flavor and tender4 ,it must be cooked at once4 ,c4 tomentosus 7,bull47 ,fr4--tomentum1 pubescence4 ,pileus very thin1 at first oblong-oval and floccose-scaly1 soon bell-shaped1 naked1 closely striate1 grayish-brown or blackish-brown1 often with a leaden hue1 finally expanded1 the disk smooth1 reddish or ochraceous-brown1 the margin turned upwards and much split or lacerated4 ,lamell closely crowded1 narrow1 free1 white then pinkish1 finally black4 ,stem white1 tall1 fragile1 tapering upward1 finely floccose-squamulose1 hollow1 sometimes with a large tap root4 ,plant gregarious or cespitose4 ,height #c-f in41 breadth of pileus #f-ah lines4 ,very variable in size and color4 ,the covering of the pileus is easily rubbed off4 ,it soon disappears and the plant quickly decays1 seldom continuing through the day4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 about old picketing places in camp grounds4 ,prof4 ,m4,w4 ,easton1 ,july1 #ahih4 ,west ,virginia1 ,north ,carolina1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania1 ,may to ,september1 on dung1 rich ground1 gardens and in woods4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,very delicate2 of strong mushroom flavor4 ,it is common1 and can usually be collected in numbers4 ,it is of little food value in itself1 but yields an excellent flavor to anything it is cooked with4 ,it must be cooked as soon as gathered4 ,c4 niveus ,fr4--nix1 snow4 ,pileus white1 #a-b in4 across1 thin1 ovate then bell-shaped1 margin at length turned upward1 split or covered with a dense white1 mealy or downy covering1 slightly pink4 ,gills adnexed1 narrow1 crowded1 at first cohering1 white then pinkish1 then black4 ,stem at first short1 then up to #d in41 slender1 attenuated upward1 covered with white down1 fragile1 hollow4 ,spores #afaa-ac ,massee2 #ajab ,w4,g4,s4 ,common on dung and dung heaps1 clustered4 ,may to frost4 ,west ,virginia1 ,north ,carolina1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,very variable in size1 but clearly distinguished by its snow-white color and adnexed gills4 ,like all of the thin1 delicate species of this genus there is little substance left after cooking1 but the savory flavor is imparted to the cooking medium4 9999999999 ,micacei4 ,pileus at first covered with minute1 glistening scales1 etc4 ,c4 micaceus 7,bull47 ,fr4--mica1 grain1 granular4 7,plate ,,cii1 fig4 #b1 p4 #cgb47 ,pileus thin1 ovate1 then bell-shaped1 with the margin more or less revolute1 wavy1 splitting1 closely striate1 with a few minute scales and sparkling atoms1 or naked1 varying in color from whitish-ochraceous to livid-brown1 generally darker when moist or old4 ,gills rather narrow1 crowded1 white then pinkish1 finally black4 ,stem slender1 fragile1 easily splitting1 slightly silky1 white1 hollow1 often twisted4 ,plant mostly cespitose4 ,height #b-d in41 breadth of pileus1 #a-b in4 ,streets1 yards and fields1 on or about old stumps4 ,may to ,september4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores elliptical1 blackish1 #g-hd-e ,massee2 #gh ,w4,g4,s42 #aje ,w4,p42 elliptical1 brown1 #f-h ,peck4 ,var4 granularis4 ,pileus sprinkled with granules or furfuraceous scales4 ,new ,york4 ,august4 ,peck1 #dgth ,rep4 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,miller2 ,west ,virginia1 ,north ,carolina1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey4 ,may to ,october4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,common from spring until frost4 ,this is the oval-capped toadstool found in clusters about trees1 posts1 along grassy sides of pavements1 popping up1 ,brownie-like1 from sodded places4 ,although small and thin1 its clusters soon fill baskets1 and its continuous growth in some places1 from month to month1 year to year1 makes it one to be depended upon4 ,stewed for ten minutes it makes a rich1 luscious dish4 ,c4 congregatus closely resembles it and is equally good4 999999999999 ,glabrati4 ,pileus smooth1 etc4 ,c4 deliquescens 7,bull47 ,fr4 ,pileus #c-d in4 broad1 livid-fuliginous1 membranaceous1 bell-shaped then expanded1 smooth1 but dotted with minute points on the disk1 never downy or split1 the edge turning upward and striate1 the stri broad but not deep4 ,stem #d in4 long1 #b-d lines thick1 hollow1 with a bark-like covering1 equally attenuated upward1 smooth1 shining white4 ,gills free1 at length remote from the stem1 very crowded1 flexuous1 very narrow1 only line broad1 lurid-blackish4 ,fries4 ,frequent on stumps and among fallen leaves1 sometimes in tufts4 ,july to ,october4 ,spores elliptical1 obliquely apiculate1 #he ,massee4 ,sometimes confounded with ,c4 atramentarius4 ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,c4 deliquescens is of good size and quality4 ,the stems do not cook well with the caps4 ,the flavor is the same as ,c4 atramentarius4 ,c4 congregatus 7,bull47 ,fr4 ,pileus - in4 high1 cylindrical1 then bell-shaped1 finally expanded and split at the margin1 smooth1 viscid1 margin slightly striate1 ochraceous4 ,gills about #a line broad1 slightly adnexed1 white1 finally becoming black4 ,stem #a in4 high1 equal1 smooth1 hollow1 whitish4 ,on the ground1 also in hot-houses4 ,massee4 ,readily distinguished by the densely cespitose mode of growth1 the small size1 the viscid1 ochraceous1 glabrous pileus which remains elongato-cylindrical for some time1 then becomes campanulate and finally expands and splits at the margin4 ,densely cespitose1 fragile1 readily distinguished from ,c4 digitalis by its much smaller size4 ,fries4 ,spores #gh ,w4,g4,s42 #aje ,w4,p4 ,fries and ,cooke considered this a good species4 ,so closely allied to neighboring species that it is difficult to determine it4 ,edible qualities are included in the alliance4 ,b4 ,,veliformes4 ,pileus very thin1 etc4 99 ,cyclodei4 ,stem bearing ring1 etc4 ,none edible4 9999 ,lanatuli4 ,pileus with superficial downy covering1 etc4 ,c4 lagopus ,fr4--,gr1 a hare2 a foot4 ,pileus #a in4 broad1 whitish1 disk livid1 very tender1 cylindrical then bell-shaped1 when young beautifully downy then naked1 flattened and split1 radiately furrowed4 ,stem #e in4 and more long1 #a line thick1 very weak1 very fragile1 slightly attenuated at both ends1 everywhere white-woolly4 ,gills at length remote1 narrow1 black4 ,fries4 ,fries distinguishes two forms4 ,a1 nemorum4 ,stem slender1 #d-f in4 long4 ,b1 viarum4 ,stem #b-c in4 long4 ,pileus broader1 livid4 ,both forms are inodorous4 ,the pileus of the long-stemmed form is sometimes entirely clear brown1 at others grayish with a brownish disk4 ,stem very weak1 #e in4 and more in length1 #a line thick1 attenuated at both ends4 ,pileus thin1 expanded bell-shaped1 about #a in4 across1 when young elegantly flocculose1 then furrowed1 disk livid4 ,gills rather distant4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #chth ,rep42 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,july1 #ahih1 on rubbish about abandoned camp4 ,prof4 ,m4,w4 ,easton4 ,a strikingly beautiful species4 ,both forms were found in abundance1 tested and eaten with enjoyment4 ,they are extremely delicate1 and of attractive but not high flavor4 ,c4 ,virgineus ,banning4 ,pileus ovate1 bell-shaped1 or cylindrical1 pale ocher1 the margin thin1 torn1 downy4 ,lamell narrow1 close1 forked1 at first white1 turning dark but never black1 adnexed4 ,stem #c in4 long1 stout1 somewhat stuffed1 attenuated where it meets the pileus1 flattened1 downy4 ,spores black4 ,cespitose or gregarious at the roots of trees or about old stumps4 ,also found in ,virginia4 ,the plant is not rapidly deliquescent1 remaining perfect for some hours4 ,banning ,,ms4 ,maryland4 ,virginia4 ,miss ,m4,e4 ,banning ,,ms4 ,peck1 #ddth ,rep4 ,chester county1 ,pa4 ,new ,jersey1 about pear trees and stumps4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,this little ,coprinus is a valuable species when found4 ,a patch of it about a tree or stump is treasure trove4 ,patches of it appear in ,july and bear until ,october4 ,the not-particular observer would mistake it for ,c4 micaceus4 999999 ,furfurelli4 ,pileus micaceous or scurfy1 etc4 7,plate ,,cvi47 ,illustration3 ,,coprinus ,,domesticus4 ,natural size4 ,c4 domesticus 7,pers47 ,fr4--domus1 a house4 ,pileus #b in4 broad1 fuliginous1 disk date-brown1 thin1 ovate then bell-shaped1 covered with small branny scales1 then opening into furrows and flattened1 undulately sulcate1 disk obtuse1 even4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #b-c lines thick1 fistulose1 slightly firm1 attenuated upward1 adpressedly silky1 becoming even1 white4 ,gills adnexed1 at first crowded1 distant when the pileus is split1 linear1 white then reddish1 at length brownish-blackish4 ,a larger and more remarkable species than all the neighboring ones4 ,fries4 ,spores #ad-afg-h ,massee4 ,on much decayed wood1 damp carpets1 in cellars1 etc4 ,often in clusters4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,prof4 ,m4,w4 ,easton1 ,july1 #ahih2 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,c4 domesticus is the largest of its section and is sometimes of remarkable growth4 ,i have seen it start from under a board in a cellar and prolong its stems for over a foot to get its caps to air and light4 ,under such conditions the stems are twisted in a confused mass4 ,it is very tender with a decided mushroom flavor4 ,cook at once4 7,plate ,,cvii47 ,illustration3 ,,coprinus ,,silvaticus4 ,enlarged one-fourth4 7,after ,peck47 ,c4 silvaticus ,pk4 ,pileus membranaceous1 with a thin fleshy disk1 convex1 striate in folds on the margin1 dark-brown1 the depressed stri paler4 ,lamell subdistant1 narrow1 attached to the stem1 brownish4 ,stem fragile1 slender1 smooth1 hollow1 white4 ,spores gibbous-ovate1 #ab4g long4 ,plant #b in4 high4 ,pileus #f-aj lines broad4 ,stem 4#e lines thick4 ,ground in woods4 ,greig4 ,september4 ,the stri extend about half way up the pileus4 ,allied to ,c4 plicatilis and ,c4 ephemerus ,peck1 #bdth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey4 ,frequent1 but not common4 ,on ground in woods1 ,august to ,october4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,this pretty little fungus is frequently found4 ,i have never been able to get it in quantity1 but have often eaten it4 ,its flavor is musky1 rather strong4 ,it is edible1 but is not obtainable in sufficient numbers to make it of much food value4 ,c4 ephemerus ,fr4 ,gr--lasting for a day4 ,pileus - in4 across1 very thin1 ovate1 then bell-shaped1 finally expanded and splitting1 furrowed radiately1 at first slightly scurfy1 disk elevated1 even1 reddish4 ,gills slightly attached1 linear1 white1 then brownish1 at length blackish4 ,stem #a-b in4 high1 #a line or more thick1 equal1 glabrous1 pellucid1 hollow1 whitish4 ,spores #af-agi-aj4 ,on dunghills1 manured ground1 etc4 ,to the naked eye appearing almost glabrous1 but under a lens seen to be distinctly scurfy4 ,known from ,coprinus plicatilis by the disk of the pileus being prominent and not depressed4 ,massee4 ,common dung and dung heaps4 ,may to ,october4 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 #bc;d ,rep4 ,of such size and delicate substance as to be of little food value4 ,but it has a strong mushroom flavor which is choice as a flavoring4 ,it appears during the summer months on dung and dung heaps4 ,it must be cooked as soon as gathered4 ,c4 semilanatus ,pk4 ,pileus submembranaceous1 broadly conical1 then expanded and strongly revolute1 and the margin sometimes split1 covered with mealy atoms1 finely and obscurely rimose-striate1 pale grayish-brown4 ,lamell narrow1 close1 free4 ,stem elongated1 fragile1 hollow1 slightly tapering upward1 white1 the lower half clothed with loose cottony flocci which rub off easily1 the upper half smooth or slightly farinaceous4 ,spores broadly elliptical1 #ab4g long4 ,plant very fragile1 #d-f in4 high4 ,pileus #h-ab lines broad4 ,stem #a line thick at the base4 ,rich ground and dung4 ,sandlake4 ,august4 7,plate ,,iv1 fig4 #ae-ah47 ,allied to ,c4 coopertus4 ,peck1 #bdth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,west ,virginia4 #ahha-ahhe1 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,july to ,october4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,i have seldom found it1 though at times it was quite common about stables in ,west ,virginia4 ,it has good mushroom flavor and is edible4 ,it is stately1 attracting attention by its peculiar cap4 ,c4 plicatilis ,fr4--plico1 to fold4 ,pileus #a in4 broad1 dusky-brown then bluish-gray-cinereous1 disk darker1 dusky-brown or reddish1 oval-cylindrical then campanulate1 soon expanded1 opening into furrows1 sulcate-plicate1 for the most part smooth1 disk broad1 even1 at length depressed4 ,stem #a-c in4 long1 fistulose1 thin1 equal1 even1 smooth1 pallid1 somewhat pellucid4 ,gills remote from the stem and adnate to a collar which is formed from the dilated apex of the stem1 distant1 gray-blackish4 ,fries4 ,very tender and fragile1 but when scorched by the sun not melting into fluid4 ,very variable in stature and size4 ,stevenson4 ,spores #ab-adh-aj ,massee2 broadly elliptic1 #e long1 ,m4,j4,b42 #aa-ac long1 #h-aj broad ,peck1 ,rep4 #ej4 ,common in rich pastures1 lawns1 roadsides1 etc4 ,may to ,october4 ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a neat little fungus often found in great plenty4 ,though small it is nevertheless edible and must be written with its edible companions4 ,illustration ,,pan,,olus ,fr4 ,gr--all2 ,gr--variegated4 7,plate ,,cviii47 ,illustration3 ,,pan,,olus4 ,pileus slightly fleshy1 not striate1 margin exceeding the gills4 ,gills ascending in a conical manner1 slate-gray1 mottled with the black spores4 ,stem polished4 ,veil woven1 often absent4 ,spores black4 ,on the ground in rich earth1 and on dung4 ,in the black-spored series ,psathyrella is separated by the striate pileus1 not exceeding the gills1 ,anellaria by the ring and ,coprinus by the deliquescent gills4 ,panolus1 in its entirety1 has a precise looking membership4 ,if the gills were cut from cardboard and fixed by machinery1 they could not be more correct4 ,some of the species are among the earliest arrivals at toadstool lawn parties1 and some are the last to leave4 ,several are culinary favorites1 notably ,panolus solidipes4 ,p4 papilionaceus possesses intoxicating properties4 ,p4 campanulatus is reported to be a sedative4 ,the edible species are easily cooked and are exceptionally delicate and well flavored4 ,p4 retirugis ,fr4--rete1 a net2 ruga1 a wrinkle4 ,pileus about #a in4 across1 at first almost globose1 then hemispherical1 subumbonate1 minutely mealy1 opaque1 moist1 furnished with uniting raised ribs1 pinkish tan-color2 margin with irregular fragments of the veil attached4 ,flesh rather thick4 ,gills adnexed1 ascending1 #b lines or more broad1 grayish-black4 ,stem #b-d in4 long1 about #b lines thick1 equal1 pruinose1 purplish flesh-color1 hollow4 ,fries4 ,spores elliptic-fusiform1 #aa-acg ,massee4 ,on dung4 ,distinguished among the species of ,panolus by the raised ribs on the pileus and its appendiculate margin4 ,the pileus is sometimes grayish4 ,closely resembling1 superficially1 ,psathyra corrugis1 which is1 however1 distinguished by the violet-black gills4 ,spores elliptical1 shortly fusiform1 #bj ,q42 #afaa ,w4,g4,s4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,west ,virginia1 #ahha-ahhe4 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey1 frequent on dung4 ,june to frost4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,p4 retirugis is not a common species1 and is a sparse grower1 but is frequently found4 ,it is seldom that a mess can be had at one time4 ,it is an excellent species by itself and imparts a good flavor to others4 ,p4 fimicola ,fr4--fimus1 dung2 cola1 to inhabit4 ,pileus - in4 across and high1 slightly fleshy1 convex bell-shaped1 obtuse1 glabrous1 opaque1 dingy-gray when moist1 paler and yellowish when dry1 with a narrow brown encircling zone near the margin4 ,gills adnate1 #b lines or more broad1 gray1 variegated with smoky-black4 ,stem #b-d in4 high1 #a line or more thick1 equal1 fragile1 whitish1 powdered with white meal upward1 hollow4 ,fries4 ,stem soft1 fragile1 obsoletely silky-striatulate1 #b-d in4 long4 ,pileus when moist commonly smoky-gray1 when dry grayish clay-color1 sometimes discoid4 ,gills semi-ovate with a minute decurrent tooth4 ,fries4 ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey4 ,frequent4 ,on dung and richly manured places4 ,june to ,september4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,p4 fimicola is neither as large nor heavy as ,p4 solidipes1 but in other respects equals it4 ,p4 solidipes ,pk4--solidus1 solid2 pes1 a foot4 7,plate ,,cii1 fig4 #c1 #d1 p4 #cgb47 ,pileus #b-c in4 across1 firm1 at first hemispherical1 then sub-campanulate or convex1 smooth1 whitish1 the cuticle at length breaking up into dingy-yellowish1 rather large1 angular scales4 ,gills broad1 slightly attached1 whitish1 becoming black4 ,stem #b-d lines thick1 firm1 smooth1 white1 solid1 slightly striate at the top4 ,spores very black with a bluish tint4 ,height of plant #e-h in4 ,dung heaps4 ,west ,albany4 ,june4 ,a large species1 remarkable for its solid stem4 ,the scales on the pileus are larger on the disk1 becoming smaller toward the margin4 ,the upper part of the stipe is sometimes beaded with drops of moisture4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,west ,virginia1 #ahha-ahhe4 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey1 frequent on dung and dung heaps4 ,may to frost4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,on mature plants1 or after rains1 the scales are not always present4 ,p4 solidipes is a handsome1 readily recognized species of good weight and substance4 ,it is one of the best of toadstools4 ,p4 campanulatus ,linn4--campanula1 a little bell4 ,pileus oval1 bell-shaped or obtusely conical1 sometimes umbonate1 smooth1 somewhat shining1 brownish1 with a peculiar gray or lead-colored tint1 sometimes becoming reddish-tinted1 the margin1 often scalloped or fringed with the appendiculate veil4 ,lamell not broad1 attached1 becoming grayish-black4 ,stem long1 slender1 hollow1 reddish1 pruinose and slightly striate at the top1 at length dusted with the spores4 ,height #d-f in41 breadth of pileus #f-ab lines4 ,on horse dung and rich soil4 ,june and ,july4 ,common4 ,in very wet weather the cuticle of the pileus sometimes cracks into scales or areas4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores subellipsoid1 #af-ahaj-ac ,k42 #h-if ,massee4 ,mr4 ,r4,k4 ,macadam1 ,boston1 ,mass41 informs me that he has information of a case of poisoning by this fungus4 8,the victim experienced dizziness1 dimness of vision1 trembling and loss of power and memory4 ,he recovered after simple treatment and was well inside of #bd hours40 ,a full account of this case is in 8,the ,london ,medical and ,surgical ,journal10 ,vol4 #cf1 ,november1 #ahaf4 ,the poison acts as a sedative4 ,i have several times eaten of this fungus in small quantities1 because larger could not be obtained1 and with no other than pleasant effect4 ,there does not appear to be any case of poisoning reported by it since #ahaf1 which1 considering the inquisitiveness of man1 is singular4 ,caution is advised4 ,p4 papilionaceus ,fr4--papilio1 a butterfly4 ,pileus subhemispherical1 sometimes subumbonate1 smooth1 or with the cuticle breaking up into scales1 whitish-gray1 often tinged with yellow4 ,lamell very broad1 attached1 becoming black4 ,stem slender1 firm1 hollow1 pruinose above1 whitish1 sometimes tinged with red or yellow1 slightly striate at the top and generally stained by the spores4 ,height #c-e in41 breadth of pileus #f-ah lines4 ,on dung and rich soil4 ,common4 ,may and ,june4 ,a small form occurs with the pileus nearly white1 scarcely half an inch in diameter1 and the cuticle not cracking4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,the effects of ,p4 papilionaceus are very uncertain4 ,i have seen it produce hilarity in a few instances1 and other mild symptoms of intoxication1 which were soon over1 and with little reaction4 ,but ,i have seen1 at table1 the same effects from eating preserved peaches and preserved plums which had fermented4 ,many personal testings have been without effect4 ,testings upon others vary with the individuals4 ,the fungus seems to contain a mild stimulant4 ,it is not dangerous1 but should be eaten with caution4 ,being of small size1 and not a prolific species1 quantities of it are difficult to obtain4 ,moderate quantities of it have no effect whatever4 ,illustration ,,anella,,ria ,karst4 ,anellus1 a little ring4 ,pileus slightly fleshy1 smooth and even4 ,gills adnexed1 dark slate-color1 variegated with the black spores4 ,stem central1 smooth1 shining1 rather firm4 ,ring present at first1 either persistent or forming a zone around the stem4 ,the species of this genus were formerly included in ,panolus1 from which this is separated by the presence of a ring1 more or less definite4 ,in other characters they are similar4 ,as in ,amanitopsis and ,amanita4 7,plate ,,cix47 ,illustration3 ,,anellaria ,,separata4 ,natural size4 ,a4 separata ,karst4--separatus1 distinct1 separate4 ,pileus #a-a in4 across1 height about the same1 ovate1 then bell-shaped1 not expanding1 viscid1 even1 ochraceous1 then whitish1 shining1 wrinkled when old4 ,flesh rather thick4 ,gills adfixed1 ascending1 thin1 crowded1 broad1 #b-c lines1 grayish-black1 margin paler4 ,stem long1 #c-e in41 straight1 base thickened1 attenuated upward1 whitish1 shining1 top somewhat striate4 ,ring persistent1 distant4 ,massee4 ,on dung4 ,rather variable in size4 ,pileus bell-shaped1 but very obtuse at the summit1 -#a in4 from the base to the apex1 not expanding at the base without cracking4 ,spores broadly elliptic-fusiform1 black1 opaque1 #ajg ,massee2 ellipsoid1 #af-bbaj-ab ,k42 #afaa ,w4,g4,s4 ,west ,virginia1 #ahha-ahhe4 ,new ,jersey1 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,july1 #ahih1 on dung4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a common1 frequent species from ,may to ,october4 ,it is substantial in flesh1 excellent in substance and flavor4 ,cook soon and not over fifteen minutes4 ,,psathyrel,,la4 ,gr--fragile4 ,pileus membranaceous1 striate1 margin straight1 at first pressed to the stem1 not extending beyond the gills4 ,veil inconspicuous4 ,gills sooty-black1 not variegated4 ,spores black4 ,closely resembling ,psathyra in appearance1 but separated by the spore color4 ,in the black-spored series ,panolus and ,anellaria are distinguished by their pilei not being striate and ,coprinus by its deliquescent gills4 ,the species are small and can seldom be gathered in quantity4 ,but those tested have the full mushroom flavor and are valued for the flavor they give to less gifted species when cooked with them4 ,p4 gracilis ,fr4--slender4 ,pileus -#a in4 broad1 sooty1 livid1 etc41 when dry1 tan1 rosy or whitish1 hygrophanous1 membranaceous1 bell-shaped1 obtuse1 smooth1 even1 slightly and pellucidly-striate only round the margin4 ,stem #c in4 and more long1 scarcely #a line thick1 tubular1 remarkably tense and straight1 equal1 naked1 smooth1 whitish1 not rooted1 white-villous at the base4 ,gills wholly adnate1 commonly broader behind 7rarely linear71 almost distant1 distinct1 at first whitish1 then cinereous-blackish with the black spores1 edge rose-colored4 ,fries4 ,when dry the pileus is soft to the touch4 ,gregarious1 fragile4 ,very similar to ,a4 corrugis1 and there is a variety corrugated4 ,stevenson4 ,spores ellipsoid1 #ac-adg-h ,k42 #eab ,w4,g4,s42 #gc-c4e ,massee2 #adh ,morgan4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bc2 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania1 common1 rich ground1 ,june to ,october4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a common and beautiful fungus1 growing in patches on rich ground4 ,it is decidedly prim4 ,its conical cap is regular as an extinguisher4 ,it pays to gather it for flavoring other species4 ,i have not seen the corrugated form mentioned by ,fries4 ,p4 graciloides ,pk4 lacks the rosy-edged gills2 gills are whitish4 7,plate ,,cx47 ,illustration3 ,,psathyrella ,,graciloides4 ,p4 graciloides ,pk4--slender4 ,pileus thin1 conical or bell-shaped1 glabrous1 hygrophanous1 brown and striatulate when moist1 whitish and subrugulose when dry4 ,lamell ascending1 rather broad1 subdistant1 brown1 becoming blackish-brown1 the edge whitish4 ,stem long1 straight1 fragile1 hollow1 smooth1 white4 ,spores blackish1 elliptical1 #ae-af4eh-h4e4 ,plant gregarious1 #d-f in4 high4 ,pileus #a in4 broad4 ,stem #a line thick4 ,ground in an old dooryard4 ,maryland4 ,september4 ,this is allied to ,a4 gracilis ,fr41 but the edge of the gills is not rosy4 ,when drying the moisture leaves the disk of the pileus first1 the margin last4 ,when dry the plant bears some resemblance to large forms of ,a4 tener4 ,under a lens the texture of the surface of the pileus is seen to be composed of matted fibrils4 ,peck1 #cjth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,pennsylvania and ,new ,jersey1 on ground about houses and stables1 often in barn yards1 after they have been cleaned out and are empty for the summer4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,the whitish-edged gills with entire absence of rosiness on gill edges distinguish this species from ,p4 gracilis ,fr4 ,it is frequent but not plentiful4 ,often a pint can be gathered4 ,it has a fine mushroom flavor1 resembling the delicate forms of ,coprinus4 ,p4 atomata ,fr4--atomatus1 atomate4 ,pileus -#a in4 broad1 livid1 when dry becoming pale tan or pale flesh-color1 sometimes reddish1 hygrophanous1 membranaceous1 bell-shaped1 obtuse1 slightly striate1 when dry without stri1 slightly wrinkled1 sprinkled with shining atoms4 ,stem #b in4 long1 almost #a line thick1 tubular1 equal1 not rooted1 lax1 slightly bent 7not tense and straight71 white and white pulverulent at the apex4 ,gills adnate1 broad1 ventricose1 slightly distinct1 whitish1 but cinereous-blackish with the black spores4 ,fries4 ,solitary or gregarious4 ,pileus changing like ,a4 gracilis from livid to whitish and rose-color1 but more fragile4 ,stevenson4 ,spores elliptical1 #ajd ,massee2 #adi ,w4,g4,s42 #aah ,morgan4 ,chester county1 ,pa41 ,june to ,september4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,several specimens were eaten4 ,in flavor they could not be distinguished from ,c4 micaceus4 ,the scarcity and small size of the species make it of little value1 save as a flavoring4 7,plate ,,cxi47 ,illustration3 ,,psathyrella ,,disseminata4 ,p4 disseminata ,pers4--dissemino1 to scatter4 ,found everywhere4 ,densely tufted4 ,pileus about in4 across1 membranaceous1 ovate1 bell-shaped1 at first scurfy1 then naked1 coarsely striate1 margin entire1 yellowish then gray4 ,gills adnate1 narrow1 whitish1 then gray1 finally blackish4 ,stem #a-a in4 long1 rather curved1 mealy then smooth1 fragile1 hollow4 ,massee4 ,crowded4 ,pileus ovate1 conical1 at length bell-shaped1 - in4 from the base to the apex1 striate and plicate1 membranaceous1 pale buff or reddish-brown1 at length gray1 becoming flaccid and dissolving4 ,gills distant1 narrow1 pale brown4 ,stipes #a-c in4 long1 slender1 weak1 brittle1 crooked1 hollow1 pale yellowish1 whitish or grayish4 ,particularly partial to old willow trees1 and when growing on a stump of a felled tree often covering nearly a square yard4 ,grev4 ,spores #hf ,w4,g4,s42 #g4fe ,morgan4 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 about abandoned camp4 ,densely tufted4 ,may to frost4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,patches of it are very common on old trunks1 about decaying trees1 on ground4 ,the caps rarely reach #a in4 in diameter4 ,the plants cook away to almost nothing1 but they are of fine flavor1 which they impart to the cooking medium4 ,illustration ,,gomphi,,dius ,fr4 ,a wooden bolt or nail4 ,hymenophore decurrent4 ,gills distant1 composed of a mucilaginous membrane1 which can be readily separated into two plates1 continuous at the edge which is acute and powdered with the blackish fusiform spores4 ,veil viscoso-floccose4 ,fleshy1 putrescent1 pileus at length the shape of an inverted cone4 ,a small genus with great difference among the species4 ,intermediate in habit between ,cortinarius and ,hygrophorus4 ,universal ,veil glutinous1 at first terminating on the stem in a floccose ring soon disappearing4 ,the ,gills frequently admit of being detached and stretched out into a continuous membrane4 ,fries4 ,a genus possessing several well-marked characters4 ,the very decurrent gills differ from all others in their soft mucilaginous consistency4 ,the spores are larger than usual in the ,agaricace and have the elongated spindle-shape found in ,boleti4 ,the stem and pileus are of the same substance1 and the pileus and veil are both glutinous when moist4 ,the spores have been described as greenish-gray becoming black1 and as dingy-olive4 ,i have had opportunity to see but two species of this small genus--,g4 rhodoxanthus and ,g4 viscidus4 ,of these the spores are decidedly olivaceous4 ,if the six other species recorded as found in the ,united ,states are as creditable1 they are well worth hunting for4 ,g4 ,oregonensis ,pk4 is reported as edible and as a valuable food species in ,oregon4 ,the glutinous coatings to pileus and stem do not appear on the ,american form of ,g4 rhodoxanthus in the localities ,i have found it in during fifteen years4 ,g4 glutinosus 7,schaeff47 ,fr4--glutin1 glue4 ,pileus #b-e in4 broad1 purple-brown1 often mottled with black spots1 fleshy1 convex1 obtuse1 at length plane1 even depressed1 even1 smooth1 very glutinous4 ,flesh thick1 about in41 soft1 white4 ,stem #b-c in4 and more long1 about in4 thick1 solid1 whitish1 thickened and externally and internally yellow at the base1 viscid with the veil1 fibrillose or varying with black scales4 ,cortina often woven in the form of a ring1 but soon fugacious4 ,gills deeply decurrent1 distant1 distinct1 branched1 quite entire1 mucilaginous1 #c-d lines broad1 at first whitish1 then cinereous1 clouded with the spores4 ,trama none1 wherefore the gills easily separate from the pileus4 ,taste watery1 moldy4 ,odor not marked4 ,stevenson4 ,spores #bj ,cooke2 #ah-bcf-h ,k42 #af-agf ,w4,g4,s42 #ah-bjf ,massee4 ,distinguished by the bright yellow base of stem4 ,pine woods4 ,july to ,november4 ,nova ,scotia4 ,somers4 ,edible4 ,leuba4 ,chiefly used for catsup4 ,cooke4 ,var4 roseus4 ,pileus rose-color4 ,stem white1 attenuated and rosy flesh-color internally at the base4 ,very distinguished1 always smaller4 ,spores #bj-bbf ,k4 ,nova ,scotia4 ,massachusetts4 ,frost4 ,i have not seen this species or its variety4 ,eminent authorities vouch for its edibility4 ,g4 ,oregonensis ,pk4 ,pileus at first convex1 becoming nearly plane or somewhat centrally depressed1 viscid1 brown or dark-brown1 becoming black in drying1 taste sweet and pleasant4 ,lamell numerous1 rather close1 adnate or slightly decurrent1 blackish in the dried plant4 ,stem short1 solid1 equal or slightly tapering upward1 colored like the pileus4 ,spores oblong1 #aj-ab4e long1 #d-e broad4 ,pileus #e-aj cm4 broad4 ,stem #b4e-e cm4 long1 #d-aj mm4 thick4 ,fir woods4 ,oregon4 ,september to ,december4 ,lane4 ,dr4 ,lane writes that this species is edible and grows so abundantly in fir woods that it might be gathered by wagon loads and might be made a source of an abundant food supply4 ,peck4 ,torrey ,bulletin1 ,vol4 #be1 ,no4 #f1 ,june1 #ahih4 7,plate ,,cxii47 ,illustration3 ,,gomphidius ,,viscidus4 ,one-half natural size4 ,g4 viscidus ,fr4--viscid4 ,pileus #b-c in4 and more broad1 brownish-red1 compact1 at first bell-shaped1 then expanded1 umbonate1 slightly viscous1 shining when dry4 ,flesh yellowish4 ,stem #c-d in4 and more long1 in4 thick1 solid1 equal or attenuated at the base which is rhubarb-colored internally1 scaly-fibrillose1 not very viscous1 yellowish4 ,cortina very evidently floccose1 not glutinous1 woven in the form of a ring1 but readily falling off4 ,gills deeply decurrent1 distant1 the shorter ones adnexed to the longer1 not truly branched1 at first paler1 somewhat olive1 at length brownish-purple1 clouded with the spores4 ,fries4 ,hymenophore descending between the gill plates4 ,odor not unpleasant4 ,stevenson4 ,chiefly used in catsup4 ,cooke4 ,edible4 ,leuba4 ,cooke4 ,north ,carolina1 ,massachusetts1 ,frost4 ,minnesota1 ,california1 ,pennsylvania4 ,many grew under pines at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,september to ,november4 ,the gills seemed branched1 but were grown together4 ,taste and smell pleasant4 ,the caps are good1 but not equal to ,g4 rhodoxanthus4 ,g4 rhodoxanthus ,schw4 7,plate ,,xcvii1 fig4 #d1 #e1 p4 #ceb47 ,solitary4 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad1 cushion-shaped1 reddish-yellow1 sometimes with dusky hues4 ,gills arched1 decurrent1 orange-yellow4 ,stem attenuated1 short1 firm4 ,spores oblong1 #aj-ab4e in length4 ,peck4 ,olivaceous4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,solitary1 gregarious or cespitose4 ,among leaves and grass in shady places4 ,august to ,october4 ,when the student has mastered the name and memorized the description1 ,gomphidius rhodoxanthus can not be mistaken for any other species4 ,it is not common in localities ,i have frequented1 but its presence is pretty general in the ,united ,states1 specimens having been sent to me from ,georgia1 ,iowa1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,jersey1 etc41 and ,i have found it in ,west ,virginia1 ,north ,carolina1 ,woodland ,cemetery1 ,philadelphia1 and other places in ,pennsylvania1 from ,july to ,september1 #ahih1 inclusive4 ,having enjoyed it in ,west ,virginia in #ahhb1 ,i was delighted to find it in generous quantity at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 and to eat many meals of it4 ,its caps are not excelled by any edible fungus4 ,they have solid1 delicious substance and rich full flavor4 ,the plant is often cespitose4 ,i have never found its cap viscid or glutinous4 ,the cooked flesh has the latter consistency4 ,illustration ,,montagnites ,fr4 ,after ,montagne4 7,plate ,,ci1 fig4 #f1 p4 #cfh47 ,the universal veil forming a volva1 persistent4 ,stem dilated at the apex into a plane round disk1 even on both sides1 to the margin of which are adfixed the gills which are free1 not joined by any membrane1 radiating1 razor-shaped1 persistent1 obtuse at the edge4 ,trama cellulose4 ,spores oblong1 even1 black fuscous4 ,fries4 ,a single species is reported from ,texas4 ,,family ,,ii4--,,polyporace4 ,hymenophore inferior1 facing the ground4 ,hymenium consisting of tubes with poriform mouths which are round or angular1 sometimes sinuous or torn1 lined with #d-spored sporophores and cystidia4 ,fleshy1 coriaceous or woody fungi1 most abundant and luxuriant in warm countries4 ,intermediate between the ,agaricace and the ,hydnace1 connected with the former by ,ddalea and ,lenzites1 and with the latter by ,fistulina and ,irpex4 ,fries4 ,within this large family are famed edible species1 notably in ,boletinus1 ,boletus and ,fistulina4 ,in the woody species the razor-strop man finds material for his strops 7,polyporus celulinus72 the surgeon styptics2 the peasant punk to catch sparks from his flint1 and the #dth of ,july urchin a fire-holder to light his pyrotechnics4 ,the ,chinese have placed some species in their fathomless materia medica1 while the ,polyporus of the locust tree is used in ,america as a medicine for horses4 ,no fungoid growth is more universal4 ,they are the ever active pruners of our trees and converters of forest debris4 ,they begin the task in ,nature's laboratory of changing decaying wood into assimilable shape as food to feed the very trees that dropped it4 ,some are of annual growth1 others add to their substance year after year1 often attaining enormous size4 ,in summer and in winter they are ever present objects for interesting study4 ,,synopsis ,,of ,,genera4 ,,boletinus4 ,page #cih4 ,hymenium composed of broader radiating gills connected by very numerous more narrow anastomosing branches or partitions and forming large angular pores4 ,tubes somewhat tenacious1 not easily separable from the hymenophore and from each other1 adnate or subdecurrent1 yellowish4 ,peck4 ,,boletus4 ,page #djd4 ,stratum of tubes easily separable from the hymenophore4 ,stem central4 ,,strobilomyces4 ,page #dge4 ,tubes like ,boletus1 but pileus with large scales4 ,stem central4 ,,fistulina4 ,page #dgg4 ,fleshy1 lateral1 tubes crowded but distinct4 ,,polyporus4 ,page #dgi4 ,stratum of tubes distinct from hymenophore1 but not separable1 not stratose2 fleshy and tough1 stipitate or sessile4 ,,fomes4 ,tubes as in ,polyporus1 often stratose2 woody1 sessile2 dimidiate4 7,no edible species reported47 ,,polystictus4 ,tubes as in ,polyporus1 not stratose1 generally developing from the center to the margin1 at first shallow and punctiform1 coriaceous or membranaceous4 7,no edible species reported47 ,,poria4 ,tubes as in ,polyporus1 not stratose2 entirely resupinate4 7,no edible species reported47 ,,mucronoporus4 ,tubes studded with reddish-brown spines1 intermingled with the basidia1 otherwise as in ,polystictus 7and also as in ,polyporus and ,fomes74 ,atkinson4 7,no edible species reported47 ,,trametes4 ,tubes immersed in flesh of pileus1 of various depths1 hence not forming a heterogeneous stratum1 subcylindrical1 not stratose2 corky2 sessile4 ,d,,dalea4 ,tubes as in ,trametes1 but sinuous and labyrinthiform2 corky2 not stratose2 sessile4 7,no edible species reported47 ,,hexagonia4 ,tubes from the first dilated in hexagonal channels1 not stratose2 plants corky1 sessile4 ,atkinson4 7,no edible species reported47 ,,favolus4 ,tubes large at first1 radiating from a central stem1 or from a lateral attachment in sessile or dimidiate forms2 plants tough and fleshy4 ,atkinson4 7,no edible species reported47 ,,cyclomyces4 ,gills or tubes in concentric circles4 ,stem central1 subcentral or none4 ,atkinson4 7,no edible species reported47 ,,merulius4 ,page #dij4 ,subgelatinous4 ,tubes very shallow1 formed by anastomosing wrinkles2 resupinate4 ,,boleti,,nus ,kalchb4 7,plate ,,cxiii1 p4 #djb47 ,hymenophore not even 7as in ,boletus71 but extended in blunt points descending like a trama among the tubes4 ,tubes not easily separable from the hymenophore and from each other4 ,stem ringed1 hollow4 ,spores pale yellowish4 ,sylloge1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #ea4 ,professor ,peck has for excellent reasons1 given in his ,boleti of the ,united ,states1 emended the generic diagnosis of ,fries thus3 ,hymenium composed of broader radiating lamell connected by very numerous more narrow anastomosing branches or partitions and forming large angular pores4 ,tubes somewhat tenacious1 not easily separable from the hymenophore and from each other1 adnate or subdecurrent1 yellowish4 ,professor ,peck classifies ,boletinus as follows3 ,stem hollow ,b4 cavipes ,stem solid #a #a4 ,stem lateral or eccentric ,b4 porosus #a4 ,stem central #b #b4 ,pileus pale yellow1 silky ,b4 decipiens #b4 ,pileus red or adorned with red scales #c #c4 ,pileus red ,b4 paluster #c4 ,pileus soon red-squamose ,b4 pictus ,boleti of the ,united ,states1 p4 #gf4 ,there are six species given as found in the ,united ,states--,b4 cavipes ,kalchb41 ,b4 pictus ,pk41 ,b4 paluster ,pk41 ,b4 decipiens ,pk41 ,b4 porosus ,pk41 ,b4 appendiculatus ,pk4--of these ,i have found and eaten four4 ,b4 decipiens has1 at this writing1 not been seen by ,professor ,peck1 but ,professor ,farlow1 of ,harvard1 has informed him of authentic specimens4 ,there is every probability of its being as edible as the others2 a description of it is1 therefore1 given4 ,in consistency ,boletinus is of the best1 being rather like that of marshmallows1 and the same as ,boletus subaureus4 ,the flavor is mild and pleasant4 ,professor ,peck mentions that the smell of ,b4 porosus is sometimes unpleasant4 ,i have been fortunate in not having had this experience4 ,b4 cavipes ,kalchb4 ,pileus broadly convex1 rather tough1 flexible1 soft1 subumbonate1 fibrillose-scaly1 tawny-brown1 sometimes tinged with reddish or purplish4 ,flesh yellowish4 ,tubes slightly decurrent1 at first pale-yellow1 then darker and tinged with green1 becoming dingy-ochraceous with age4 ,stem equal or slightly tapering upward1 somewhat fibrillose or floccose1 slightly ringed1 hollow1 tawny-brown or yellowish-brown1 yellowish at the top and marked by the decurrent dissepiments of the tubes1 white within4 ,veil whitish1 partly adhering to the margin of the pileus1 soon disappearing4 ,spores #h-ajd4 ,pileus #a4e-d in4 broad4 ,stem #a4e-c in4 long1 #c-f lines thick4 ,swamps and damp mossy ground under or near tamarack trees4 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,new ,england1 ,frost4 ,the pileus is clothed with a fibrillose tomentum which becomes more or less united into floccose tufts or scales4 ,the umbo is not always present and is generally small4 ,the young stem may sometimes be stuffed1 but1 if so1 it soon becomes hollow1 though the cavity is irregular4 ,the freshly shed spores have a greenish-yellow or olivaceous hue1 but in time they assume a pale or yellowish-ochraceous hue4 ,this species is apparently northern in its range4 ,it loves cold sphagnous swamps in mountainous regions4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,west ,virginia mountains under spruce trees4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 among scrub pines4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 among pines4 ,it is of excellent consistency and of mild pleasant flavor4 ,it is at its best in patties1 croquettes and escallops4 ,b4 appendiculatus ,pk4 ,pileus fleshy1 convex1 glabrous1 ochraceous-yellow1 the margin appendiculate with an incurved membranous veil4 ,flesh pale-yellow1 unchangeable4 ,tubes rather small1 yellow1 their mouths angular1 unequal1 becoming darker or brownish where wounded4 ,stem solid1 slightly thickened at the base1 yellow4 ,spores pale-yellow1 oblong1 #aj-abd4 ,pileus #d-h in4 broad4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #d-f lines thick4 ,under or near fir trees4 ,washington4 ,september to ,december4 ,yeomans4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bc1 ,no4 #aj4 ,b4 pictus ,pk4 ,pileus convex or nearly plane1 at first covered with a red fibrillose tomentum which soon divides into small scales revealing the yellow color of the pileus beneath4 ,flesh yellow1 often slowly changing to dull pinkish or reddish tints where wounded4 ,tubes tenacious1 at first pale yellow1 becoming darker or dingy ochraceous with age1 sometimes changing to pinkish-brown where bruised1 concealed in the young plant by the copious whitish webby veil4 ,stem equal or nearly so1 solid1 slightly and somewhat evanescently annulate1 clothed and colored like or a little paler than the pileus1 yellowish at the top4 ,spores ochraceous1 #i-aad-e4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad4 ,stem #a4e-c in4 long1 #c-f lines thick4 ,woods and mossy swamps4 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,new ,england1 ,frost2 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,west ,virginia mountains1 #ahhb4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,angora1 ,west ,philadelphia1 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,august and ,september4 ,in mixed woods1 principally oak4 ,leominster1 ,mass4 ,c4,f4 ,nixon1 ,ph4 ,g4 ,it is sometimes found upon much decayed chestnut stumps4 ,the caps of some species are so cracked as to appear distinctly areolate4 ,the white webby veil is often persistent4 ,the fungus is one of the handsomest4 ,its rich variegated colors impress it upon eye-memory4 ,it is one of the very best edible species4 7,plate ,,cxiia47 ,illustration3 ,,boletinus ,,paluster4 ,natural size4 7,after ,peck47 ,b4 paluster ,pk4--,pileus thin1 broadly convex1 plane or slightly depressed1 sometimes with a small umbo1 floccose-tomentose1 bright red4 ,tubes very large1 slightly decurrent1 yellow1 becoming ochraceous or dingy ochraceous4 ,stem slender1 solid1 subglabrous1 red1 yellowish at the top4 ,spores pinkish-brown1 #h-id4 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 #b-c lines thick4 ,wet places and sphagnous mossy swamps4 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,maine1 ,harvey4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,angora1 ,west ,philadelphia and ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,september4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a few specimens found at ,mt4 ,gretna had stems slightly reticulated4 ,its taste is sweet1 smell mild1 and cooked it is of excellent body and flavor4 ,b4 decipiens 7,b4 and ,c47 ,pk4 ,pileus dry1 minutely silky1 whitish-yellow or pale-buff1 flesh buff1 one-third in4 thick2 hymenium plane or somewhat concave1 yellow1 consisting of large1 unequal1 flexuous radiating tubes resembling multiseptate lamell4 ,stem equal1 solid but spongy4 ,veil floccose1 evanescent1 adhering for a time to the margin of the pileus4 ,spores rather minute1 oblong1 ochraceo-ferruginous 7rusty yellow71 #h-ajc4e-d4 ,pileus #b in4 broad4 ,stem #b-b4e in4 long1 #c-d lines thick4 ,thin woods4 ,north and ,south ,carolina4 ,m4,a4 ,curtis4 ,specimens of this species have not been seen by me4 ,the authors remark that its affinities are clearly with ,boletinus flavidus and its allies1 from which it is distinguished by its large radiating pores4 ,they also say that when dry it is scarcely distinguishable from ,paxillus porosus ,berk41 except by its spores4 ,this would imply that its stem is eccentric or lateral1 and ,i have been informed by ,mr4 ,ravenel that it is sometimes so4 ,but specimens of this kind1 labeled ,boletinus decipiens ,b4 and ,c41 have been received1 which show by their spores that they are ,paxillus porosus4 ,besides1 ,professor ,farlow informs me that authentic specimens of ,b4 decipiens in the ,curtisian ,herbarium have only central stems1 from which things ,i suspect that the two species have been confused4 ,the spore dimensions here given are derived from a specimen in the ,curtis ,herbarium1 through the kindness of ,professor ,farlow4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,i have not recognized this ,boletinus4 ,its affinities are with excellent edible species4 ,illustration3 ,photographed by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,weist4 ,,plate ,,cxiii4 ,,boletinus ,,porosus4 ,b4 porosus 7,berk47 ,pk4 7,plate ,,cxiii47 ,pileus fleshy1 viscid when moist1 shining1 reddish-brown4 ,flesh #c-i lines thick1 the margin thin and even2 hymenium porous1 yellow1 formed by radiating lamell a line to half a line distant1 branching and connected by numerous irregular veins of less prominence and forming large angular pores4 ,stem lateral1 tough1 diffused into the pileus1 reticulated at the top by the decurrent walls of the tubes1 colored like the pileus4 ,spores semi-ovate4 ,pileus #b-e in4 broad4 ,stem #f-af lines long1 #d-f lines thick4 ,var4 opacus 7,paxillus porosus ,berk41 ,bull4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,mus4 #b1 p4 #cb74 ,pileus dry1 glabrous or subtomentose1 not shining1 brown or tawny-brown4 ,spores brownish-ochraceous1 #i-aaf-h4 ,damp ground in woods and open places4 ,ohio1 ,lea1 ,morgan2 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis2 ,new ,england1 ,frost1 ,farlow2 ,wisconsin1 ,bundy2 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,this species is remarkable for its lateral or eccentric stem4 ,there is often an emargination in the pileus on the side of the stem which gives it a kidney shape4 ,in the typical form it is described as viscid when moist1 and the ,wisconsin plant is also described as viscid1 but in all the ,new ,york specimens that ,i have seen it is dry and sometimes minutely tomentose4 ,i have1 therefore1 separated these as a variety4 ,the color of the pileus varies from yellowish-brown to reddish-brown or umber4 ,a disagreeable odor is sometimes present4 ,the tubes are rather short and tough and do not easily separate from the hymenophore and from each other4 ,in the young plant they are not separable4 ,they sometimes become slightly blue where wounded4 ,as in other species they are pale yellow when young1 but become darker or dingy-ochraceous with age4 ,the spores have been described as bright yellow1 but ,i do not find them so in the ,new ,york plant4 ,the plant is incongruous among the ,paxilli by reason of its wholly porous hymenium1 but in this place it seems to be among its true allies4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,fine specimens were sent to me by ,mr4 ,h4,i4 ,miller1 ,terre ,haute1 and ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,weist1 ,richmond1 ,ind4 ,they were in condition to be eaten and enjoyed4 ,no disagreeable odor was perceptible4 ,b4 borealis ,pk4 ,pileus fleshy1 convex1 obtuse or subumbonate1 brownish-yellow1 obscurely and somewhat reticulately streaked with reddish-brown lines4 ,pores large1 angular1 unequal1 slightly decurrent1 brownish-yellow4 ,stem short1 equal or slightly tapering upward1 brownish-yellow with a whitish myceloid tomentum at the base4 ,spores oblong1 #aj-ab4ed-e4 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad4 ,stem about #a in4 long4 ,sandy soil4 ,capstan ,island1 ,labrador4 ,october4 ,waghorne4 ,the markings of the pileus appear as if due to the drying of a glutinous substance4 ,the radiating lamell and the transverse partitions of the interspaces are very plainly shown4 ,described from two dried specimens4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torr4 ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bb1 ,no4 #e4 ,,bole,,tus ,dill4 ,gr--a clod4 ,the name of a fungus considered a great delicacy among the ,romans1 derived from bolos1 a clod1 probably to denote the round figure of the plant4 ,hymenium wholly composed of small tubes1 connected together in a stratum1 the surface of which is dotted with their poriform mouths1 and which is distinct from the hymenophore on account of the latter not descending into a trama4 ,tubes packed close together1 easily separating from the hymenophore and from one another4 ,pores or mouths of the tubes round or angular 7in the subgenus ,gyrodon sinuous or gyroso-plicate74 ,spores normally fusiform1 rarely oval or somewhat round4 ,growing on the ground1 fleshy1 putrescent1 with central stems4 ,mostly edible1 and of importance as articles of food2 a few poisonous4 ,fries4 ,no ,american species in ,gyrodon4 ,it is therefore omitted in synopsis of tribes4 ,c4,m4 ,this genus abounds in species and is related to ,boletinus on one hand and to ,polyporus on the other4 ,from the latter it is distinguished by the absence of a trama and from both by the tubes being easily separable from the hymenophore and from each other4 ,some of the species are very variable1 others are so closely allied that they appear to almost run together4 ,the species are generally terrestrial1 but ,b4 hemichrysus is habitually wood-growing1 and others are occasionally so4 ,the spores vary so much in color in such closely related species that this character is scarcely available for general classification1 but it is valuable as a specific character and should always be noted4 ,,synopsis ,,of ,,the ,,tribes4 ,pileus and stem yellow-pulverulent1 stem not reticulated with veins 7p4 #dba47 ,pulverulenti ,pileus and stem not yellow-pulverulent1 or if so then the stem reticulated with veins #a #a4 ,tubes yellowish with reddish1 or reddish-brown mouths 7p4 #dec47 ,luridi #a4 ,tubes of one color1 or mouths not reddish4 #b #b4 ,stem lacunose-reticulated and lacerated4 7p4 #dcf47 ,laceripedes #b4 ,stem reticulated with veins1 not lacerated4 #c #b4 ,stem not reticulated4 #e #c4 ,tubes white1 becoming flesh-colored4 7p4 #dff47 ,hyporhodii #c4 ,tubes not becoming flesh-colored4 #d #d4 ,tubes free1 or if adnate then stuffed when young4 7p4 #ddd47 ,edules #d4 ,tubes adnate1 not stuffed when young4 7p4 #dch47 ,calopodes #e4 ,pileus viscid or glutinous when moist4 #f #e4 ,pileus dry4 #g #f4 ,tubes adnate4 7p4 #djf47 ,viscipelles #f4 ,tubes free or nearly so1 yellowish4 7p4 #ddd47 ,edules #f4 ,tubes free or nearly so1 whitish4 7p4 #dei47 ,versipelles #g4 ,stem solid4 #h #g4 ,stem spongy within1 soon cavernous or hollow4 7p4 #dga47 ,cariosi #h4 ,tubes becoming flesh-colored4 7p4 #dff47 ,hyporhodii #h4 ,tubes not becoming flesh-colored4 #i #i4 ,tubes adnate4 #aj #i4 ,tubes free or nearly so4 #aa #aj4 ,pileus subtomentose4 7p4 #dcj47 ,subtomentosi #aj4 ,pileus glabrous or pruinose4 7p4 #dbc47 ,subpruinosi #aa4 ,tubes yellowish or stuffed when young4 7p4 #ddd47 ,edules #aa4 ,tubes whitish1 not stuffed4 7p4 #dei47 ,versipelles ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,c4,h4 ,peck1 ,n4,y4 ,state ,botanist1 has contributed to ,mycological literature his careful arrangement and analysis of species of this genus1 in his 8,boleti of the ,united ,states40 ,species of the genus are found in every state of the ,union4 ,several species are common to all the states4 ,comprehending1 as do the states1 all sorts of climates within their vast range of latitude1 differences in appearance and structure in the same species must be expected1 dependent largely1 as they are in most fungi1 upon habitat and environment4 ,these variations will frequently suggest new species4 ,descriptions which are typical and which can be recognized as standard are most desirable4 ,professor ,peck's are accepted by the writer as such1 that there may be uniformity1 and are quoted as fully as space will permit4 ,such variations as are attributable to locality will be noted4 ,since #ahhb the writer has given great attention to the edible qualities of the ,boleti4 ,he is convinced by many personal tests and those made by his family and friends1 that much1 if not all1 of the suspicion thrown about ,boleti is unjust and erroneous4 ,he is able to state positively that change of color when bruised or broken2 bitter and pepperiness have nothing whatever to do with the edible qualities of species exhibiting them1 excepting in ,b4 felleus1 which exhibits an intense bitter1 not lost in cooking4 ,it is not poisonous4 ,the writer has the courage of his convictions1 and has taken interest in eating species with a bad reputation whenever opportunity afforded1 that their just dues might be given them4 ,he has never experienced the slightest inconvenience4 ,but others may not be so fortunate4 ,before cooking ,boleti the stem1 unless crisp and tender1 should be removed1 as should the tubes unless young and fresh4 ,they broil1 fry1 stew1 make good soups and dry well4 ,see recipes4 ,it is believed that all species of ,boleti up to this time found in ,america are described in this volume4 ,when no remarks of the writer follow the descriptions1 he has not had an opportunity to test the edible quality of the species4 ,,viscipelles--viscum1 bird lime2 pells1 a skin4 ,pileus covered with a viscose pellicle4 ,stem solid1 neither bulbous1 lacerated nor reticulated with veins4 ,tubes adnate1 rarely sinuate1 of one color4 ,the first four and several of the final species here described recede somewhat from the character of the central or typical species of the group4 ,stem with an annulus #a ,stem without an annulus #i #a4 ,stem dotted both above and below the annulus #b #a4 ,stem dotted above the annulus #c #a4 ,stem not dotted #d #b4 ,tubes salmon color ,b4 salmonicolor #b4 ,tubes yellowish ,b4 subluteus #c4 ,annulus entirely viscose ,b4 flavidus #c4 ,annulus membranous1 fugacious ,b4 elegans #c4 ,annulus membranous1 persistent ,b4 luteus #d4 ,pileus squamose ,b4 spectabilis #d4 ,pileus not squamose #e #e4 ,tubes whitish or grayish #f #e4 ,tubes yellow or yellowish #g #f4 ,flesh white1 unchangeable ,b4 ,elbensis #f4 ,flesh white1 changing to bluish ,b4 serotinus #g4 ,spores globose or broadly elliptical ,b4 sphrosporus #g4 ,spores much longer than broad #h #h4 ,annulus fugacious ,b4 flavus #h4 ,annulus persistent ,b4 ,clintonianus #i4 ,stem dotted with glandules #aj #i4 ,stem not dotted #af #aj4 ,pileus some shade of yellow #aa #aj4 ,pileus some other color #ae #aa4 ,stem rhubarb color ,b4 punctipes #aa4 ,stem some other color #ab #ab4 ,stem four lines or more thick #ac #ab4 ,stem less than four lines thick ,b4 ,americanus #ac4 ,pileus adorned with tufts of hairs or fibrils ,b4 hirtellus #ac4 ,pileus glabrous #ad #ad4 ,stem yellow within ,b4 subaureus #ad4 ,stem whitish or yellowish-white within ,b4 granulatus #ae4 ,pileus white ,b4 albus #ae4 ,pileus not white ,b4 granulatus #af4 ,stem squamulose #ag #af4 ,stem not squamulose #ah #ag4 ,pileus dull red ,b4 dichrous #ag4 ,pileus some other color ,b4 collinitus ,w4,g4,s4us yellow #ai ,w4,g4,s4us bay-red or chestnut #bj ,w4,g4,s4us some other color #ba #ai4 ,flesh pale-yellow ,b4 unicolor #ai4 ,flesh white ,b4 bovinus #bj4 ,stem short1 one inch or less ,b4 brevipes #bj4 ,stem longer1 two inches or more ,b4 badius #ba4 ,tubes olivaceous or golden-yellow ,b4 mitis #ba4 ,tubes ferruginous #bb #bb4 ,taste mild ,b4 rubinellus #bb4 ,taste acrid or peppery ,b4 piperatus ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s41 p4 #hc4 7,plate ,,cxv47 ,illustration3 ,,boletus ,,spectabilis4 ,natural size4 ,b4 spectabilis ,pk4--spectabilis1 distinguished4 ,pileus broadly convex1 at first covered with a red tomentum1 then scaly1 viscid when moist1 red1 the tomentose scales becoming grayish-red1 brownish or yellowish4 ,flesh whitish or pale-yellow4 ,tubes at first yellow and concealed by a reddish glutinous membrane1 then ochraceous1 convex1 large1 angular1 adnate4 ,stem nearly equal1 annulate1 yellow above the annulus1 red or red with yellow stains below4 ,spores purplish-brown1 #ac-aef-g4 ,pileus #b-e in4 broad4 ,stem #c-e in4 long1 #d-f lines thick4 ,thin woods in swamps4 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,wisconsin1 ,bundy4 ,this is a rare and showy species which inhabits the cold northern swamps of the country4 ,it probably extends into ,canada4 ,when cut1 the flesh emits a strong1 unpleasant odor4 ,wounds of the flesh made by insects or other small animals have a bright-yellow color4 ,when young1 the tomentose veil covers the whole plant1 but it soon parts into scales on the pileus and partly or wholly disappears from the stem4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,london1 ,can41 ,j4 ,dearness2 ,peck1 ,rep4 #dd1 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,b4 ,elbensis ,pk4 ,pileus convex1 glabrous1 viscid when moist1 dingy gray or pinkish-gray inclining to brownish1 obscurely spotted or streaked as if with patches of innate fibrils4 ,flesh white4 ,tubes at first whitish1 becoming dingy or brownish-ochraceous1 nearly plane1 adnate or slightly decurrent1 rather large1 angular4 ,stem nearly equal1 annulate1 whitish above the ring1 colored like the pileus below1 sometimes slightly reticulated at the top4 ,spores ferruginous-brown1 #aj-abd-e4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad4 ,stem #c-e in4 long1 #d-f lines thick4 ,thin woods of tamarack1 spruce and balsam4 ,new ,york4 ,peck4 ,its locality is thus far limited to the ,adirondack region of this state4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 serotinus ,frost4--late4 ,bulletin ,buffalo ,soc4 ,nat4 ,sci41 #ahgd4 ,pileus flat or convex1 viscid1 sordid brown1 streaked with the remnants of the veil1 especially near the margin1 which is white1 very thin1 and when partly grown singularly pendent4 ,flesh white1 changing to bluish4 ,tubes large1 angular1 unequal1 slightly decurrent1 at first sordid white or gray1 sometimes tinged with green near the stem1 afterward cinnamon-yellow4 ,stem reticulated above the ring which adheres partly to it and partly to the margin of the pileus1 white but stained by the brownish spores and tinged with yellow at maturity4 ,spores #ajf4 ,shaded grassy ground4 ,new ,england1 ,frost4 ,probably this is only a variety of the preceding species4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 salmonicolor ,frost4 ,bull4 ,buff4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,sci41 #ahgd4 ,pileus convex1 soft1 very glutinous1 brownish or tawny-white with a faint tinge of red1 wine-color when dry1 the margin thin4 ,flesh tinged with red4 ,tubes simple1 even1 angular1 adnate1 pale salmon color4 ,stem small1 dotted above with bright ferruginous red1 sordid below1 annulus dingy salmon-color4 ,spores #hb4e4 ,borders of pine woods4 ,new ,england4 ,frost4 ,apparently a distinct species4 ,no specimens seen4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 elegans ,schum4 ,pileus convex or plane1 viscose1 golden-yellow or somewhat rust-color4 ,flesh pale-yellow4 ,tubes decurrent1 golden or sulphur-yellow1 the mouths minute1 simple4 ,stem unequal1 firm1 golden or reddish1 dotted above the fugacious white or pale-yellowish annulus4 ,pileus #c-d4e in4 broad4 ,stem #b-d in4 long4 ,woods1 especially under or near larch trees4 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis2 ,wisconsin1 ,bundy2 ,minnesota1 ,johnson4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,cordier and ,gillet give the species as edible though not delicate4 ,west ,philadelphia on lawns under larches1 #ahhg-ahia4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,the caps are of good flavor and consistency4 ,they are best fried or broiled4 ,b4 ,clintonianus ,pk4 ,pileus convex1 very viscid or glutinous1 glabrous1 soft1 shining1 golden-yellow1 reddish yellow or chestnut color1 the margin thin4 ,flesh pale yellow1 becoming less bright or dingy on exposure to the air4 ,tubes nearly plane1 adnate or subdecurrent1 small1 angular or subrotund1 pale-yellow1 becoming dingy-ochraceous with age1 changing to brown or purplish-brown where bruised4 ,stem equal or slightly thickened toward the base1 straight or flexuous1 yellow at the top1 reddish or reddish-brown below the annulus1 sometimes varied with yellow stains1 the annulus white or yellow1 persistent1 forming a thick band about the stem4 ,spores brownish-ochraceous1 #aj-aad-e4 ,pileus #b-e in4 broad4 ,stem #b-e in4 long1 #d-i lines thick4 ,mossy or grassy ground in woods or open places1 especially under or near tamarack trees4 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,new ,england1 ,frost4 ,this is apparently closely related to ,b4 elegans1 from which it differs in its thick persistent ring1 in its stem which is not at all dotted and in its longer and darker-colored spores4 ,its smaller tubes and persistent ring separate it also from ,b4 flavus4 ,in the typical form the pileus is bay-red or chestnut color1 but plants growing in open places generally have it yellowish or reddish-yellow4 ,it is mild to the taste and ,i have eaten it sparingly4 ,it sometimes grows in tufts4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 inflexus ,pk4--curving4 ,pileus convex1 glabrous1 viscid1 yellow1 often red or reddish on the disk1 the margin thin1 inflexed1 concealing the marginal tubes4 ,flesh whitish1 not changing color where wounded4 ,tubes rather long1 adnate1 yellowish1 becoming dingy-yellow with age1 the mouths small1 dotted with reddish glandules4 ,stem rather slender1 not ringed1 solid1 viscid1 dotted with livid-yellow glandules4 ,spores yellowish1 #aj-abd-e4 ,pileus about #a in4 broad4 ,stem about #b in4 long1 #b-d lines thick4 ,open woods4 ,trexlertown4 ,september4 ,herbst4 ,this ,boletus belongs to the tribe ,viscipelles4 ,it is remarkable for and easily recognized by the inflexed margin of the pileus1 which imitates to some extent the appendiculate veil of ,boletus versipellis4 ,it sometimes grows in tufts4 ,the paper in which fresh specimens were wrapped was stained yellow4 ,boletus ,braunii ,bres4 has an inflexed margin1 but that is a much larger plant with a yellowish-brown pileus1 a fibrillose stem and much smaller spores4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torr4 ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bb1 ,no4 #e4 ,b4 flavus ,with4 ,pileus convex1 compact1 covered with a brownish separating gluten1 pale-yellow4 ,flesh pale-yellow4 ,tubes large1 angular1 adnate1 yellow4 ,stem yellow1 becoming brownish1 reticulated above the membranous fugacious dirty yellowish annulus4 ,spores #h-ajc-d4 ,pileus #b-e in4 broad4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #f-aj lines thick4 ,woods4 ,minnesota1 ,johnson2 ,wisconsin1 ,bundy4 ,this is apparently a rare species in this country4 ,i have not seen it4 ,it is said to resemble ,b4 luteus1 from which it is separated by the large angular mouths of the tubes4 ,in ,british ,fungi the spores are described as 8spindle-shaped1 yellowish-brown20 in ,sylloge1 as 8ovoid-oblong1 acute at the base1 granulose1 pale ochraceous40 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 fistulosus ,pk4 ,pileus convex1 viscid1 glabrous1 yellow1 the margin at first incurved or involute4 ,flesh yellow4 ,tubes plane or subventricose1 medium size1 round with thin walls1 adnate or sometimes depressed around the stem1 yellow4 ,stem rather slender1 subequal1 viscid1 glabrous1 hollow1 yellow1 with a white mycelioid tomentum at the base4 ,spores elliptical1 #acf4 ,pileus about #a in4 broad4 ,stem #b-d in4 long1 about #c lines thick4 ,grassy woods4 ,auburn1 ,ala4 ,july4 ,underwood4 ,a small but pretty species of a yellow color throughout4 ,it is remarkable for its hollow stem1 which is suggestive of the specific name4 ,it is referable to the tribe ,viscipelles4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bd1 ,no4 #c4 ,b4 sphrosporus ,pk4--globose-spored4 7,bulletin ,torrey ,botanical ,club1 ,vol4 ,,xii47 ,pileus at first hemispherical1 then convex1 glabrous1 viscid1 creamy-yellow1 becoming reddish-brown or chestnut color with age4 ,flesh pale yellowish-brown4 ,tubes adnate or slightly decurrent1 large1 angular1 pale-yellow1 becoming brown1 sometimes tinged with green4 ,stem stout1 equal1 even or slightly reticulated at the top1 the membranous annulus persistent1 sometimes partly adhering to the margin of the pileus4 ,spores globose or broadly elliptical1 #h-i long4 ,pileus #c-h in4 broad4 ,stem #a-c in4 long1 #f-ab lines thick4 ,low ravines and sandy places4 ,wisconsin1 ,trelease2 ,iowa1 ,mc,bride4 ,the spores easily serve to distinguish this species from its allies4 ,the ,european ,b4 sphrocephalus has ovoid spores1 but its tube mouths are minute and rotund and its stem is densely squamose4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 luteus ,l4--yellow4 ,pileus gibbous or convex1 covered with a brownish separating gluten1 becoming yellowish-brown and virgate-spotted4 ,flesh white4 ,tubes adnate1 minute1 simple1 yellow1 becoming darker with age4 ,stem stout1 yellowish and dotted above the large membranous brownish-white annulus1 brownish-white or yellowish below4 ,spores fusiform1 yellowish-brown1 #f-gc-d4 ,pileus #b-e in4 broad4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 #f-aj lines thick4 ,pine woods and groves4 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,b4 luteus has an international reputation for edibility4 ,i have found it at ,waretown and ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j42 in ,bartram's ,garden1 ,west ,philadelphia1 always under pines4 ,at ,waretown it was gregarious4 ,pine needles1 sand1 anything through which it grows1 adheres to the glutinous cap4 ,it must be carefully cleaned before cooking4 ,it is then of choice consistency and good flavor4 7,plate ,,cxva47 ,illustration3 ,,section ,,of ,,boletus ,,subluteus4 ,b4 subluteus ,pk4--luteus1 yellow4 ,pileus convex or nearly plane1 viscid or glutinous when moist1 often obscurely virgate-spotted1 dingy-yellowish1 inclining to rusty-brown4 ,flesh whitish1 varying to dull-yellowish4 ,tubes plane or convex1 adnate1 small1 subrotund1 yellow becoming ochraceous4 ,stem equal1 slender1 pallid or yellowish1 dotted both above and below the ring with reddish or brownish glandules2 ring submembranous1 glutinous1 at first concealing the tubes1 then generally collapsing and forming a narrow whitish or brownish band around the stem4 ,spores subfusiform1 ochraceo-ferruginous1 #h-ajd-e4 ,pileus #a4e-c in4 broad4 ,stem #a4e-b4e in4 long1 #b-d lines thick4 ,sandy soil in pine woods4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,clinton2 ,new ,england1 ,frost4 ,the species is closely related to ,b4 luteus1 from which it differs in its smaller size1 more slender stem and glutinous collapsing veil4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,found at ,waretown1 ,n4,j41 #ahhg1 under pines and in same locality as ,b4 luteus1 for which it can be readily mistaken4 ,it is usually covered with adherent sand or pine needles4 ,its flesh is tender with a pleasant glutinosity4 ,flavor good4 ,b4 flavidus ,fr4--light yellowish4 ,pileus thin1 gibbous1 then plane1 viscose1 livid1 yellowish4 ,flesh pallid4 ,tubes decurrent1 with large angular compound mouths1 dirty yellowish4 ,stem slender1 subequal1 pallid1 sprinkled with fugacious glandules above the entirely viscose ring4 ,spores oblong-ellipsoid1 straight1 subhyaline1 #h-ajc-d4 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #b-c lines thick4 ,pine woods and swamps4 ,pennsylvania1 ,schweinitz2 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis2 ,new ,england1 ,frost2 ,california1 ,h4 and ,m42 ,rhode ,island1 ,bennett4 ,fries says that this species is more slender than its allies1 and differs from them all in its merely glutinous veil4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,dr4 ,curtis1 of ,north ,carolina1 places it among edible species4 ,many specimens were found by the writer near ,waretown and ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 and a few at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,the stems are thin and slightly spreading at the top4 ,they are hard4 ,the caps are excellent4 ,b4 ,americanus ,pk4 ,pileus thin1 convex or nearly plane1 sometimes umbonate1 soft1 very viscid or glutinous when moist1 slightly tomentose on the margin when young1 soon glabrous or the margin sometimes remaining scaly1 rarely scale-spotted from the drying of the gluten1 yellow1 becoming dingy or less bright with age1 sometimes vaguely dotted or streaked with bright red4 ,flesh pale-yellow1 less clear or pinkish-gray on exposure to the air4 ,tubes plane or convex1 adnate1 rather large1 angular1 pale-yellow1 becoming sordid-ochraceous4 ,stem slender1 equal or slightly tapering upward1 firm1 not at all annulate1 yellow1 often pallid or brownish toward the base1 marked with numerous brown or reddish-brown persistent glandular dots1 yellow within4 ,spores oblong or subfusiform1 ochraceo-ferruginous1 #i-aad-e4 ,pileus #a-c in4 broad4 ,stem #a4e-b4e in4 long1 #b-d lines thick4 ,woods1 swamps and open places1 especially under or near pine trees4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,clinton2 ,minnesota1 ,arthur4 ,a slight subacid odor is sometimes perceptible in our plant4 ,it sometimes grows on much decayed wood4 ,its mycelium is white4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,the caps1 only1 are good4 ,b4 subaureus ,pk4--sub and aureus1 golden4 7,plate ,,cxiv1 fig4 #b1 p4 #dad47 ,pileus convex or nearly plane1 viscose1 pale-yellow1 sometimes adorned with darker spots1 the young margin slightly grayish-tomentose4 ,flesh pale-yellow4 ,tubes small or medium2 somewhat angular1 adnate or subdecurrent1 pale-yellow becoming dingy-ochraceous4 ,stem equal1 stout1 glandular-dotted1 yellow without and within4 ,spores oblong or subfusiform1 ochraceo-ferruginous1 #h-ajd4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad4 ,stem #a4e-b4e in4 long1 #d-f lines thick4 ,thin woods and open places4 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,north ,carolina1 ,c4,j4 ,curtis2 ,massachusetts1 ,mississippi1 ,g4 ,survey 7,rep4 #ea74 ,this plant might almost be considered a stout variety of the preceding1 but in addition to its thicker pileus and stouter stem1 it has smaller tubes of a clearer yellow color1 and the exuding drops are yellow1 not whitish1 as in that species4 ,in habit it appears more like ,b4 granulatus1 from which it is distinct in color4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,from early ,october1 through heavy frosts and until long after ,november snows ,i found this species at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 in #ahig-ahih4 ,specimens were sent to ,professor ,peck and identified as this species4 ,it grew in grass on borders of woods1 or gravelly ground1 sometimes among pine needles4 ,large troops of it were frequent1 and tufts containing many individuals were common4 ,i regard ,b4 subaureus as among the most valuable of our food species4 ,its plentifulness1 lateness1 excellent quality will commend it to all ,mycophagists4 ,it can be cooked in any way4 ,the tubes need not be removed4 ,illustration3 ,grouped by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,studies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,cxiv4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,boletus ,,gracilis1 #dfg #c4 ,,boletus ,,castaneus1 #dgb #b4 ,,boletus ,,subaureus1 #dad ,b4 hirtellus ,pk4--slightly hairy4 ,pileus broadly convex1 soft1 viscose1 golden-yellow1 adorned with small tufts of hairs or fibrils4 ,flesh pale-yellow4 ,tubes adnate1 medium size1 angular1 becoming dingy-ochraceous4 ,stem subcespitose1 equal1 stout1 glandular dotted1 yellow4 ,spores pale1 ochraceous-brown1 #i-ajd4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #d-f lines thick4 ,sandy soil under pine trees4 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,this species is very rare and was formerly confused with the preceding from which it is separated by the hairy adornment of the pileus and the darker1 more brown color of the spores4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 punctipes ,pk4--punctum1 a dot2 pes1 a foot4 ,pileus convex or nearly plane1 glutinous when moist1 yellow1 the thin margin at first minutely grayish-pulverulent1 becoming recurved with age4 ,tubes short1 nearly plane1 adnate1 small1 subrotund1 at first brownish1 then sordid-ochraceous4 ,stem rather long1 tapering upward1 grandular-dotted1 rhubarb-yellow4 ,spores #i-ajd-e4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #c-e lines thick4 ,mixed woods4 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,the rhubarb-colored stem and the brownish color of the young hymenium are the distinguishing features of this species4 ,the glandules occur also on the tubes4 ,the species is rare4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,not seen by ,professor ,peck since its discovery in #ahgh4 ,spores when first dropped are olive-green on white paper1 but the green hue soon changes to brownish-ochraceous4 ,peck1 #ddth ,rep4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,ontario1 ,prof4 ,dearness 7,lloyd1 ,r4 #d74 ,b4 albus ,pk4--white4 ,pileus convex1 viscid when moist1 white4 ,flesh white or yellowish4 ,tubes plane1 small or medium1 subrotund1 adnate1 whitish1 becoming yellow or ochraceous4 ,stem equal or slightly tapering downward1 both it and the tubes glandular-dotted1 white1 sometimes tinged with pink toward the base4 ,spores ochraceous1 subfusiform1 #h-id4 ,pileus #a4e-c in4 broad4 ,stem #a4e-c in4 long1 #c-e lines thick4 ,woods1 especially of pine or hemlock4 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,new ,england1 ,frost4 ,this species is easily known by its white pileus1 but its color is lost in drying4 ,sometimes the fresh plant emits a peculiar fetid odor4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 granulatus--granula1 a granule4 ,pileus convex or nearly plane1 very viscid or glutinous and rusty-brown when moist1 yellowish when dry4 ,flesh pale-yellowish4 ,tubes short1 adnate1 yellowish1 their mouths simple1 granulated4 ,stem dotted with glandules above1 pale-yellowish4 ,spores spindle-shaped1 yellowish-orange1 #g4e-ajb-c4 ,pileus #a4e-d in4 broad4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 #d-f lines thick4 ,woods1 especially of pine and in open places under or near pine trees4 ,very common4 ,the plant is generally gregarious and sometimes grows in circles1 whence the name ,b4 circinans ,pers4 ,occasionally it is cespitose4 ,the pileus is very variable in color--pinkish-gray1 reddish-brown1 yellowish-gray1 tawny-ferruginous or brownish--and is sometimes obscurely spotted by the drying gluten4 ,the flesh is rather thick and often almost white1 except near the tubes1 where it is tinged with yellow4 ,the tubes are small1 at first almost white or very pale-yellow1 but they become dingy-ochraceous with age4 ,the stem is generally short1 stout and firm1 whitish-pallid or yellowish1 and often dotted to the base1 though the glandules are more numerous and distinct on the upper part4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 granulatus is of frequent and general occurrence4 ,i have found it in the pine woods of ,new ,jersey1 ,north ,carolina1 ,pennsylvania and ,west ,virginia1 and in ,west ,virginia and ,pennsylvania in mixed woods4 ,it is a late-growing species1 appearing in ,september and continuing until frost4 ,all authors1 with one exception 7,gillet71 give the species as edible4 ,from frequent and copious testings1 the writer vouches for its edibility and excellence4 ,it bears favorable comparison with any of the late ,boleti4 ,b4 brevipes ,pk4--brevis1 short2 pes1 foot4 ,pileus thick1 convex1 covered with a thick1 tough gluten when young or moist1 dark chestnut color1 sometimes fading to dingy-tawny1 the margin inflexed4 ,flesh white or tinged with yellow4 ,tubes short1 nearly plane1 adnate or slightly depressed around the stem1 small1 subrotund1 at first whitish becoming dingy-ochraceous4 ,stem whitish1 not dotted or rarely with a few very minute inconspicuous dots at the apex1 very short4 ,spores subfusiform1 #g4ec4 ,pileus #a4e-b4e in4 broad4 ,stem 4#e-a in4 long1 #c-e lines thick4 ,sandy soil in pine groves and woods4 ,new ,england1 ,frost2 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,the species is closely related to ,b4 granulatus1 from which it differs especially in its darker colored pileus1 more copious gluten1 shorter stem and the almost entire absence of granules from the tube mouths and stem4 ,in the rare instances in which these are present they are extremely minute and inconspicuous4 ,the plant occurs very late in the season and the pileus appears as if enveloped in slime and resting stemless on the ground4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,specimens found in pine woods of ,new ,jersey1 identified by ,professor ,peck4 ,lambertville1 ,n4,j41 ,c4,s4 ,ridgway2 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,t4,j4 ,collins2 ,pleasantville1 ,isaac ,f4 ,shaner4 ,b4 brevipes is a disreputable1 dirty1 tramp-looking fungus1 from which the collector would expect no good4 ,nevertheless1 when it has had a good scrubbing it becomes respectable and is sweet1 tender1 good eating4 ,when other species abound1 it does not pay for the cleansing4 ,b4 collinitus ,fr4--collino1 to besmear4 ,pileus convex1 even1 becoming pale when the brown gluten separates4 ,flesh white4 ,tubes adnate1 elongated1 naked1 the mouths two-parted1 pallid1 becoming yellow4 ,stem firm1 often tapering downward1 somewhat reticulate with appressed squamules1 white1 becoming brown4 ,woods of pine or fir4 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis2 ,new ,england1 ,frost4 ,i have seen no specimens of this apparently rare species4 ,it is said to be solitary in its mode of growth and to resemble ,b4 luteus in size and color1 but to be distinct from it by its ringless1 dotless stem4 ,dr4 ,curtis records it as edible4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,i found three specimens at ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,october1 #ahig1 under scrub pines4 ,cap #b in4 across1 convex1 gibbous2 stem equal1 #b in4 long1 in4 in diameter1 slightly tapering at base4 ,the two-parted mouths to the tubes were very distinct4 ,the stems were tough1 but the caps1 washed and fried1 were good4 ,b4 dichrous ,ellis4 ,pileus convex1 viscose1 dull red4 ,flesh soft1 dull1 yellowish-white1 changing to greenish-blue where wounded1 finally yellow4 ,tubes subdepressed around the stem1 large1 unequal1 straw-colored1 changing color like the flesh where wounded4 ,stem thickened below1 solid1 covered with a red scaly coat1 except at the yellow apex1 yellow within4 ,spores elliptical1 slightly bent at one end1 #b long4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad4 ,stem #c in4 long1 #f lines thick4 ,dry soil in oak and pine woods4 ,new ,jersey4 ,ellis4 ,i have seen no specimens of this species4 ,from the description1 its affinities appear to be with ,b4 bicolor1 but it is placed here because of its viscose pileus4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 badius ,fr4--bay-brown4 ,pileus convex1 even1 soft1 viscose or glutinous1 shining when dry1 tawny-chestnut4 ,flesh whitish1 tinged with yellow1 bluish next the tubes4 ,tubes large1 angular1 long1 adnate or sinuate-depressed1 whitish-yellow1 becoming tinged with green4 ,stem subequal1 even1 solid1 paler1 brown-pruinate4 ,spores fusoid-oblong4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad4 ,stem #b-d in4 long1 #c-e lines thick4 ,woods1 especially of pine4 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,minnesota1 ,johnson2 ,wisconsin1 ,bundy2 ,nova ,scotia1 ,somers4 ,in the ,american plant the spores are #aj-abd-e4 ,cordier classes it among the edible species4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,united ,states4 ,b4 mitis ,krombh4--mild4 ,pileus convex1 then plane or depressed1 firm1 viscid1 yellowish-flesh color1 reddish-rust color when dry4 ,flesh pale1 grayish-yellow4 ,tubes short1 olivaceous or golden-yellow1 their mouths compound1 angular1 unequal4 ,stem firm1 short1 even1 narrowed toward the base1 colored like the pileus4 ,spores #ab-add4 ,pileus #b-b4e in4 broad4 ,stem #b-b4e in4 long4 ,mixed woods4 ,new ,england1 ,frost4 ,this species is unknown to me and is recorded by ,mr4 ,frost only4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,united ,states4 ,b4 unicolor ,frost ,,ms4 ,pileus broadly convex or nearly plane1 viscid when moist1 even1 sometimes streaked as if with minute innate brown fibrils1 pale-yellow4 ,flesh pale-yellow4 ,tubes adnate or slightly decurrent1 rather short1 compound1 lemon-yellow1 becoming darker with age4 ,stem even1 equal or narrowed toward the base1 colored like the pileus4 ,spores reddish-yellow1 #i-aad4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad4 ,stem #b in4 long1 #d-f lines thick4 ,pine woods and open sedgy places4 ,new ,england1 ,frost4 ,specimens not seen4 ,the species seems too near ,b4 bovinus1 of which it may possibly be a variety1 but its yellow flesh and the colors ascribed to the tubes and spores require its separation4 ,rev4 ,c4,j4 ,curtis sends notes of a species found by him in ,north ,carolina1 which agree with this in its characters so far as noted4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 ignoratus ,pk4 ,pileus convex1 viscid1 bright lemon-color1 marked with wrinkled lines of orange color1 which are distributed over the pileus1 giving it a streaked appearance4 ,flesh white1 solid1 does not change color when cut or broken2 taste slightly acid4 ,pores lemon-color1 moderately large1 free1 connected with the stem by web-like filaments4 ,stem larger at the apex1 somewhat tapering toward the base1 yellow1 smooth1 solid4 ,spores #d4eaa4 ,this closely approaches ,boletus unicolor ,fr41 from which it scarcely differs except in its white flesh and free tubes4 ,fungi of ,maryland1 ,mary ,e4 ,banning4 ,peck1 #ddth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,b4 bovinus--bos1 an ox4 ,pileus nearly plane1 glabrous1 viscid1 pale yellow4 ,flesh white4 ,tubes very short1 subdecurrent1 their mouths compound1 pale yellow or grayish1 becoming rust-colored4 ,stem equal1 even1 colored like the pileus4 ,spores fusiform1 dingy greenish-ocher1 #g4e-ajc-d4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad4 ,stem #a4e-b in4 long1 sometimes cespitose4 ,pine woods4 ,north ,carolina1 ,schweinitz1 ,curtis2 ,pennsylvania1 ,schweinitz2 ,new ,england1 ,frost1 ,palmer1 ,bennett1 ,sprague1 ,farlow2 ,california1 ,h4 and ,m4 ,the shallow tubes1 #b-c lines long1 are said to resemble the pores of ,merulius lacrymans4 ,the species is recorded edible by ,curtis1 ,gillet and ,palmer4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,west ,virginia mountains under hemlocks1 #ahhb-ahhe1 and near ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 under pines4 ,mc,ilvaine1 #ahib4 ,gregarious and in clusters4 ,the pore surface was in some specimens broadly wrinkled4 ,smell and taste pleasant4 ,cooked1 the quality is of the best in ,boleti4 ,b4 rubinellus ,pk4--dim4 of ruber1 red4 ,pileus broadly conical or convex1 viscid when moist1 subtomentose or slightly pubescent when dry1 red fading to yellow on the margin4 ,flesh whitish or yellowish1 taste mild4 ,tubes adnate or slightly depressed around the stem1 dingy-reddish1 becoming subferruginous4 ,stem equal1 slender1 even1 colored like the tubes1 yellow within1 sometimes yellow at the base4 ,spores oblong-fusiform1 ferruginous-brown1 #ab4e-aed4 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 #a-c lines thick4 ,mixed woods or under or near coniferous trees in open places4 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 piperatus ,bull4--piper1 pepper4 ,pileus convex or nearly plane1 glabrous1 slightly viscid when moist1 yellowish1 cinnamon or subferruginous4 ,flesh white or yellowish1 taste acrid1 peppery4 ,tubes rather long and large1 angular1 often unequal1 plane or convex1 adnate or subdecurrent1 reddish-rust color4 ,stem slender1 subequal1 tawny-yellow1 bright yellow at the base4 ,spores subfusiform1 ferruginous-brown1 #i-aad4 ,pileus #a-c in4 broad4 ,stem #a4e-c in4 long1 #b-d lines thick4 ,woods and open places4 ,common and variable4 ,this species may easily be recognized by its peppery flavor4 ,the pileus sometimes appears as if slightly tomentose1 and both this and the preceding species recede from the character of the tribe by the slight viscidity of the pileus4 ,this is sometimes cracked into areas and sometimes the margin is very obtuse by the elongation of the tubes4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 #ahib4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,this fungus is reckoned poisonous by ,stevenson4 ,massee gives its taste as very hot4 ,the taste of the ,american plant is peppery but not offensively so4 ,this pepperiness it loses in cooking4 ,it has been eaten by the writer and his friends with enjoyment and without any discomfort4 ,illustration3 ,grouped by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,studies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine ,new ,species4 ,,plate ,,cxvi4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,boletus ,,eccentricus1 #dgj #d4 ,,boletus ,,subsanguineus1 #dbj #b4 ,,boletus ,,badiceps1 #dcf #e4 ,,boletus ,,crassipes1 #deb #c4 ,,boletus ,,fulvus1 #dfe ,b4 subsanguineus ,pk4--sub and sanguineus1 bloody4 7,plate ,,cxvi1 fig4 #d1 p4 #dbj47 ,pileus convex or slightly depressed in the center1 glabrous1 viscid1 bright-red or scarlet4 ,flesh thick1 firm but flexible1 white1 slowly changing to a pale brownish-lilac on exposure to the air1 taste slightly bitter4 ,tubes very short1 #b-d mm4 long1 adnate1 but often separating from the stem with the expansion of the pileus1 reddish1 the mouths minute1 stuffed at first1 pinkish1 then brownish-yellow1 changing to a light-brown where wounded4 ,stem short1 thick1 uneven1 often tapering downward1 streaked with red1 pale-yellow at the top1 white at the base1 marked at the top by the decurrent walls of the tubes4 ,pileus #b4e-aj cm4 broad4 ,stem #b4e-e cm4 long1 #b-d cm4 thick4 ,solitary1 gregarious or cespitose4 ,under beech trees4 ,west ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,august4 ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,this is a very showy species1 easily recognized by its bright-red viscid pileus and its short1 thick and uneven or somewhat lacunose stem4 ,it is closely related to the ,european ,b4 sanguineus ,with41 from which it is separated by its minute tubes1 its uneven stem and the brownish hues assumed where wounded4 ,the spore characters of this and the four succeeding species are unknown1 but the other characters are quite distinctive and apparently sufficient for the recognition of the species4 ,the descriptions have been derived from colored figures and other data furnished by ,mr4 ,mc,ilvaine1 who says all are edible4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,no4 #bg4 ,when slowly stewed for thirty minutes1 there is no better ,boletus4 ,,pulverulenti4 ,pileus clothed with a yellow dust or a yellow powdery down4 ,stem more or less yellow powdered1 neither bulbous nor distinctly reticulated4 ,the species which constitute this tribe are easily distinguished from all others by the sulphur-colored pulverulence which coats the pileus and stem like a universal veil4 ,they appear thus far to be peculiar to this country4 ,though strongly resembling each other in the tribal character they are very diverse in other respects4 ,one species1 by its viscidity1 connects with the preceding tribe2 another by its differently colored tube mouths is related to the ,luridi2 and the third is peculiar in its ligneous habitat4 ,plant growing on the ground #a ,plant growing on wood ,b4 hemichrysus #a4 ,tubes adnate1 of one color ,b4 ,ravenelii #a4 ,tubes free1 with red mouths ,b4 auriflammeus ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s41 p4 #ajc4 ,b4 hemichrysus ,b4 and ,c4--half-golden4 ,pileus convex1 at length plane or irregularly depressed1 floccose-squamulose1 covered with a yellow powder1 sometimes cracked1 bright golden-yellow4 ,flesh thick1 yellow4 ,tubes adnate or decurrent1 yellow1 becoming reddish-brown1 the mouths large1 angular4 ,stem short1 irregular1 narrowed below1 sprinkled with a yellow dust1 yellowish tinged with red2 mycelium yellow4 ,spores oblong1 minute1 dingy-ochraceous4 ,var4 mutabilis4 ,flesh slightly changing to blue where wounded4 ,stem reddish1 yellow within1 sometimes eccentric4 ,spores oblong-elliptical1 #g4e-ic-d4 ,pileus #a4e-b4e in4 broad4 ,stem about #a in4 long1 #c-f lines thick4 ,roots of pine1 ,pinus palustris4 ,the variety on stumps of ,pinus strobus4 ,south ,carolina1 ,ravenel2 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis2 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,the species is remarkable for its habitat1 which is lignicolous4 ,the ,new ,york variety grew on a stump of white pine4 ,by its eccentric stem it connects this genus with ,boletinus1 through ,boletinus porosus4 ,according to the authors of this species it resembles ,boletus variegatus4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 ,ravenelii ,b4 and ,c4--after ,ravenel4 ,pileus convex or nearly plane1 slightly viscid when young or moist1 covered with a sulphur-yellow powdery down1 becoming naked and dull-red on the disk4 ,flesh whitish4 ,tubes at first plane1 adnate1 pale-yellow1 becoming yellowish-brown or umber1 dingy-greenish where bruised1 the mouths large or medium size1 subrotund4 ,stem nearly equal1 clothed and colored like the young pileus1 yellow within1 with a slight evanescent webby or tomentose ring4 ,spores ochraceous-brown1 #aj-abe-f4 ,pileus #a-c in4 broad4 ,stem #a4e-d in4 long1 #c-f lines thick4 ,woods and copses4 ,south ,carolina1 ,ravenel2 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis2 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,new ,england1 ,frost4 ,this is a very distinct and very beautiful species4 ,mr4 ,ravenel remarks in his notes that 8this plant is not infested by larv and preserves more constant characters than any other ,boletus with which ,i am acquainted40 ,the webby powdered filaments constitute a universal veil which at first covers the whole plant and conceals the young tubes4 ,as the pileus expands this generally disappears from the disk1 and1 separating between the margin and the stem1 a part adheres to each4 ,the flesh is sometimes stained with yellow4 ,the tubes in some instances become convex and slightly depressed around the stem4 ,they are almost white when young1 and often exhibit brownish hues where wounded4 ,the plant is sometimes cespitose4 ,i have observed a greenish tint to the freshly shed spores1 but it soon disappears4 ,boletus subchromeus ,frost ,ms4 is this species4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 auriflammeus ,b4 and ,c4--flaming yellow4 ,pileus convex1 dry1 powdered1 bright golden-yellow4 ,flesh white1 unchangeable4 ,tubes plane or convex1 free1 yellow1 their broad angular mouths scarlet4 ,stem slightly tapering upward1 powdered1 colored like the pileus4 ,spores #aj-ab4ee4 ,pileus #h-ab lines broad4 ,stem #a-a4e in4 long4 ,woods4 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis2 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,this is evidently a rare species and as beautiful as it is rare4 ,the whole plant is bright-yellow except the tube mouths1 and is sprinkled with yellow dust or minute yellow branny particles4 ,in the ,new ,york specimen the scarlet color is wanting in the marginal tube mouths and the stem is marked with fine subreticulating elevated lines4 ,in other respects it agrees well with the diagnosis of the species4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,,subpruinosi--sub1 pruina1 hoar frost4 ,pileus glabrous1 but more often pruinose4 ,tubes adnate1 yellowish4 ,stem equal1 even1 neither bulbous nor reticulated4 ,the species of this tribe have the pileus neither viscid nor distinctly and permanently tomentose4 ,typically it is glabrous or merely pruinose1 but ,fries has admitted into the group one species with a pulverulent1 and one with a silky pileus4 ,the species are not sharply distinguished from those of the following tribes1 and possibly some have been admitted here which might as well have been placed there4 ,some of the species are variable in color and their characters are not sufficiently well known4 ,tubes bright-yellow1 golden or subochraceous #a #a4 ,tubes pale or whitish-yellow #f #a4 ,tubes changing to blue where wounded #b #a4 ,tubes not changing to blue #c #b4 ,stem pallid1 with a circumscribing red ,b4 glabellus line at the top #b4 ,stem yellow1 sometimes with red stains ,b4 miniato-olivaceus #b4 ,stem red1 yellow at the top ,b4 bicolor #c4 ,stem viscid or glutinous when moist ,b4 auriporus #c4 ,stem not viscid #d #d4 ,plant growing on ,scleroderma ,b4 parasiticus #d4 ,plant terrestrial #e #e4 ,tubes greenish-yellow ,b4 alutaceus #e4 ,tubes golden-yellow ,b4 tenuiculus #f4 ,pileus reticulated with subcutaneous brown ,b4 dictyocephalus lines #f4 ,pileus not reticulated #g #g4 ,tubes changing to blue where wounded ,b4 pallidus #g4 ,tubes not changing to blue #h #h4 ,stem uniformly colored ,b4 subglabripes #h4 ,stem yellowish1 streaked with brown ,b4 innixus ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 miniato-olivaceus ,frost--olive-red4 ,pileus at first convex and firm1 then nearly plane1 soft and spongy1 glabrous1 vermilion1 becoming olivaceous4 ,flesh pale-yellow1 changing to blue where wounded4 ,tubes bright lemon-yellow1 adnate or subdecurrent4 ,stem glabrous1 enlarged at the top1 pale-yellow1 brighter within1 sometimes lurid at the base4 ,spores #ab4ef4 ,var4 sensibilis 7,boletus sensibilis ,rep4 #cb1 p4 #cc74 ,pileus at first pruinose-tomentose1 red1 becoming glabrous and ochraceous-red with age4 ,tubes bright-yellow tinged with green1 becoming sordid-yellow4 ,stem lemon-yellow with red or rhubarb stains at the base1 contracted at the top when young1 subcespitose4 ,spores #aj-ab4ed-e4 ,pileus #b-f in4 broad4 ,stem #c-d in4 long1 #c-f lines thick4 ,woods and their borders4 ,new ,england1 ,frost2 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,though the sensitive ,boletus differs considerably in some respects from the olive-red ,boletus1 it is probably only a variety1 and as such ,i have subjoined it here4 ,in it every part of the plant quickly changes to blue where wounded1 and even the pressure of the fingers in handling the fresh specimens is sufficient to induce this change of color4 ,i have not found the typical plant in ,new ,york1 but specimens received from ,mr4 ,frost are not1 in the dry state1 distinguishable from the variety4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,miller2 ,west ,virginia4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j4 ,cheltenham1 ,pa41 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,years ago ,i marked it edible and excellent when young4 ,my friends have eaten it1 and continue to do so4 ,yet ,professor ,peck 7#dhth ,rep41 p4 #bjb7 reports a case brought to his notice of an entire family being sickened by eating ,b4 sensibilis4 ,all recovered4 ,it may1 therefore1 be one of those species which1 while disagreeing with some persons1 can be eaten by the majority4 ,clitocybe illudens1 ,lepiota ,morgani and others of the ,agaricace are such species4 ,illustration3 ,grouped by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,studies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,cxvii4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a-b4 ,,boletus ,,bicolor1 #dbe #d4 ,,boletus ,,pallidus1 #dbi #c4 ,,boletus ,,rubropunctus1 #dbi ,b4 bicolor ,pk4--two-color4 7,plate ,,cxvii1 figs4 #a1 #b1 p4 #dbd47 ,pileus convex1 glabrous or merely pruinose-tomentose1 dark-red1 firm1 becoming soft1 paler and sometimes spotted or stained with yellow when old4 ,flesh yellow1 not at all or but slightly and slowly changing to blue where wounded4 ,tubes nearly plane1 adnate1 bright-yellow1 becoming ochraceous1 slowly changing to blue where wounded1 their mouths small1 angular or subrotund4 ,stem subequal1 firm1 solid1 red1 generally yellow at the top4 ,spores pale1 ochraceous-brown1 #aj-ab4ed-e4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad4 ,stem #a-c in4 long1 #d-f lines thick4 ,woods and open places4 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,wisconsin1 ,bundy4 ,the color of this plant is somewhat variable4 ,in the typical form the pileus and stem are dark red1 approaching ,indian red1 but when old the color of the pileus fades and is often intermingled with yellow4 ,the surface sometimes cracks and becomes cracked in areas4 ,from the ,european ,b4 ,barl this species is separated by its solid stem2 from ,b4 versicolor by its small tube mouths and its red stem4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,plentiful at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,july1 ,august1 ,september1 #ahih1 in mixed woods4 ,very variable in shape and color4 ,identified by ,professor ,peck from painting and description4 ,fine eating1 one of the very best4 ,b4 glabellus ,pk4--smooth4 ,pileus fleshy1 thick1 broadly convex or nearly plane1 soft1 dry1 subglabrous1 smoky-buff4 ,flesh white1 both it and the tubes changing to blue where wounded4 ,tubes nearly plane1 adnate1 ochraceous1 tinged with green1 their mouths small1 subrotund4 ,stem subequal1 glabrous1 even1 reddish toward the base1 pallid above1 with a narrow reddish circumscribing zone or line at the top4 ,spores oblong1 brownish-ochraceous1 tinged with green when fresh1 #aj-ab4ed4 ,pileus #c-e in4 broad4 ,stem #a-c in4 long1 #e-aj lines thick4 ,grassy ground under oaks4 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,the species is well marked by the reddish band or line on the stem just below the tubes1 but this disappears in drying4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 alutaceus ,morgan--yellowish4 ,pileus cushion-shaped1 glabrous1 alutaceous with a tinge of red4 ,flesh white1 inclining to reddish4 ,tubes semifree1 medium in size1 unequal1 angular1 greenish-yellow4 ,stem nearly equal1 striate1 reticulate at the apex1 colored like the pileus4 ,spores fusiform1 brownish-olive1 #ab4ee4 ,pileus #c in4 broad4 ,rocky woods of oak and chestnut4 ,kentucky1 ,morgan4 ,the general aspect of the figure of this species recalls some of the forms of ,boletus subtomentosus4 ,the tubes are nearly equal in length to the thickness of the flesh of the pileus4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,quite frequent at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 in mixed woods1 principally oak and chestnut4 ,stem should be removed1 and tubes when old4 ,it cooks well and is especially good4 ,b4 tenuiculus ,frost--thin4 ,pileus nearly plane1 thin1 lurid-red on a yellow ground4 ,flesh unchangeable4 ,tubes short1 adnate1 small1 golden-yellow4 ,stem slender1 equal1 colored like the pileus4 ,spores #ajf4 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad4 ,stem #d-f in4 long4 ,woods4 ,new ,england4 ,frost4 ,the thin pileus and long slender stem readily distinguish this species4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 auriporus ,pk4--golden-pore4 ,pileus convex or nearly plane1 glabrous or merely pruinose-tomentose1 grayish-brown1 yellowish-brown1 or reddish-brown4 ,flesh white1 unchangeable4 ,tubes plane or slightly depressed around the stem1 adnate or subdecurrent1 bright golden-yellow1 retaining their color when dried4 ,stem equal or slightly thickened at the base1 viscid or glutinous when moist1 especially toward the base1 colored like or a little paler than the pileus4 ,spores #g4e-ajd-e4 ,pileus #a-c in4 broad4 ,stem #a-c in4 long1 #b-d lines thick4 ,thin woods and shaded banks4 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,new ,england1 ,frost4 ,this species is remarkable for the rich yellow color of the tubes1 which is retained unchanged in the dried specimens1 and for the viscid stem4 ,this character1 however1 is not noticeable in dry weather and was overlooked in the original specimens4 ,boletus glutinipes ,frost ,ms4 is not distinct4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,hopkins' ,woods1 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j4 ,grassy oak woods4 #ahia-ahid4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,the caps are delicious4 ,b4 innixus ,frost4 ,pileus convex or nearly plane1 glabrous1 yellowish-brown1 slightly cracked in areas when old1 yellow in the interstices4 ,flesh white4 ,tubes adnate1 lemon-yellow1 unchangeable4 ,stem slender1 short1 much thickened at the base in large specimens1 yellowish1 streaked with brown1 brownish within4 ,spores #aje4 ,grassy woods4 ,new ,england4 ,frost4 ,the whole plant often reclines as if for support1 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 parasiticus ,bull4--a parasite4 ,pileus convex or nearly plane1 dry1 silky1 becoming glabrous1 soon tessellately cracked1 grayish or dingy-yellow4 ,tubes decurrent1 medium size1 golden yellow4 ,stem equal1 rigid1 incurved1 yellow without and within4 ,spores oblong-fusiform1 pale-brown1 #ab4e-aed4 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 #b-d lines thick4 ,parasitic on species of ,scleroderma4 ,new ,york1 ,gerard2 ,new ,england1 ,sprague1 ,bennett4 ,this species is very rare in this country4 ,it is remarkable for its peculiar habitat4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,new ,york1 ,lydia ,m4 ,patchen2 ,westfield1 on ,scleroderma vulgare4 ,i found many specimens of this rare species during ,august1 #ahig1 growing on ,scleroderma vulgare4 ,professor ,peck1 to whom ,i sent specimens1 identified them as ,b4 parasiticus4 ,the tubes were large1 unequal1 dissepiments thin1 decurrent4 ,the ,sclerodermas frequently appear to be parasitic upon the ,boletus4 ,i have seen the host plant thrown entirely free from the ground by the ,boletus4 ,b4 parasiticus is edible1 but it is not of agreeable flavor4 ,b4 dictyocephalus ,pk4--reticulate4 ,pileus convex1 glabrous1 reticulate with brown lines beneath the thin separable cuticle1 brownish-orange1 darker in the center and there tinged with pink4 ,flesh white1 unchangeable4 ,tubes nearly plane1 slightly depressed around the stem1 grayish-yellow1 becoming brown where bruised4 ,stem equal or slightly tapering at the top1 solid1 rimose1 dotted with scales1 lemon-yellow1 darker toward the base4 ,spores #ae-bjf4 ,pileus #b4e in4 broad4 ,stem #c-d in4 long1 #e-f lines thick4 ,mixed woods4 ,north ,carolina4 ,c4,j4 ,curtis4 ,the description here given has been derived from a single dried specimen and from the notes kindly sent by ,mr4 ,curtis4 ,the species is apparently well marked and very distinct by the peculiar reticulations of the pileus4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 subglabripes ,pk4--rather smooth4 ,pileus convex or nearly plane1 glabrous1 reddish inclining to chestnut color4 ,flesh white1 unchangeable4 ,tubes adnate1 nearly plane in the mass1 pale yellow1 becoming convex and darker or greenish-yellow with age1 the mouths small1 subrotund4 ,stem equal1 solid1 scurfy1 pale yellow4 ,spores oblong-fusiform1 #ab4e-aed-e4 ,the smoothish-stemmed ,boletus is well marked by its cylindric minutely scurfy stem which is colored like the tubes4 ,its cap is smooth and nearly always some shade of red or bay4 ,specimens occur occasionally in which it approaches grayish-brown or wood-brown4 ,the flesh is white and unchangeable when cut or broken4 ,the tubes at first have a nearly plane surface1 but this becomes somewhat convex with age1 and slightly depressed around the stem4 ,the tube mouths are small and nearly round4 ,the color of the tubes is at first a beautiful pale yellow1 but it becomes darker or slightly greenish-yellow with age4 ,the stem is colored very nearly like the tubes1 but sometimes it has a slight reddish tint toward the base4 ,its peculiar feature consists of the minute1 branny particles upon it4 ,they are so small and pale that they are easily overlooked4 ,there is a variety in which the cap is corrugated or irregularly pitted and wrinkled4 ,its name is ,boletus subglabripes corrugis ,pk4 ,the cap is #a-d in4 broad1 the stem is #b-c in4 long and #d-h lines thick4 ,the plants are found in woods in ,july and ,august4 ,peck1 #east ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,b4 pallidus ,frost--pale4 7,plate ,,cxvii1 fig4 #d1 p4 #dbd47 ,pileus convex1 becoming plane or centrally depressed1 soft1 glabrous1 pallid or brownish-white1 sometimes tinged with red4 ,flesh white4 ,tubes plane or slightly depressed around the stem1 nearly adnate1 very pale or whitish-yellow1 becoming darker with age1 changing to blue where wounded1 the mouths small4 ,stem equal or slightly thickened toward the base1 rather long1 glabrous1 often flexuous1 whitish1 sometimes streaked with brown1 often tinged with red within4 ,spores pale ochraceous-brown1 #aj-abe-f4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad4 ,stem #c-e lines long1 #d-h lines thick4 ,woods4 ,new ,england1 ,frost2 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,the species is readily recognized by its dull pale color1 rather long stem1 and tubes changing to blue where wounded4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,common in ,west ,virginia mountains1 ,angora1 ,west ,philadelphia1 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,solitary1 on ground in mixed woods4 ,the caps are tender and delicately flavored4 ,b4 rubropunctus ,pk4--red-dotted4 7,plate ,,cxvii1 fig4 #c1 p4 #dbd47 ,pileus convex1 glabrous1 reddish-brown4 ,flesh yellowish1 unchangeable4 ,tubes nearly plane1 depressed about the stem1 their mouths small1 round1 bright golden-yellow1 not changing color where bruised4 ,stem firm1 solid1 tapering upward1 yellow1 punctate with reddish dots or squamules4 ,spores olive-green1 #ab4ed-e4 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 #c-f lines thick4 ,woods4 ,port ,jefferson4 ,july4 ,cold ,spring ,harbor1 ,h4,c4 ,beardslee4 ,this is a pretty ,boletus1 well marked by the red dots of the stem4 ,it is apparently a very rare species4 ,b4 radicans is said to have the stem sprinkled with red particles1 but that is a larger plant with the margin of the pileus persistently involute or incurved and with a radicating stem1 characters which are not shown by our fungus4 ,peck1 #ejth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,i found my specimens at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,august-,september1 #ahih4 ,identified for the writer by ,professor ,peck from painting and description4 ,taste and smell slight4 ,cooks well and is pleasant to the taste4 ,the tubes should be removed4 ,,subtomento,,si--sub1 tomentosus1 downy4 ,pileus when young villose or subtomentose1 rarely becoming glabrous with age1 destitute of a viscid pellicle4 ,tubes of one color1 adnate4 ,stem at first extended1 neither bulbous nor reticulated with veins1 wrinkled or striated in some species4 ,flesh in some changing color where wounded4 ,the tubes are generally yellow or greenish-yellow4 ,in some species they are occasionally somewhat depressed around the stem1 but they do not form a rounded free stratum1 nor1 with the exception of ,b4 rubeus1 are they stuffed when young as in most of the ,edules4 ,the species are scarcely separable from those of the preceding tribe except by the more evidently tomentose young pileus4 ,tubes brown1 becoming cinnamon ,b4 variegatus ,tubes not having these colors #a #a4 ,flesh or tubes changing to blue where #b wounded #a4 ,flesh or tubes not changing to blue #e #b4 ,stem glabrous #c #b4 ,stem not glabrous #d #c4 ,flesh yellow under the cuticle ,b4 rubeus #c4 ,flesh red under the cuticle ,b4 chrysenteron #d4 ,stem velvety at the base ,b4 stripes #d4 ,stem with a reddish bloom or scurf ,b4 radicans #d4 ,stem with brown dot-like scales ,b4 mutabilis #e4 ,tubes whitish1 becoming yellow ,b ,roxan #e4 ,tubes yellow #f #f4 ,tube mouths large and angular ,b4 subtomentosus #f4 ,tube mouths minute ,b4 spadiceus ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 variegatus ,swartz4 ,pileus at first convex1 then plane1 obtuse1 moist1 sprinkled with superficial bundled hairy squamules1 dark-yellow1 the acute margin at first flocculose4 ,flesh yellow1 here and there becoming blue4 ,tubes adnate1 unequal1 minute1 brown then cinnamon4 ,stem firm1 equal1 even1 dark-yellow1 sometimes reddish4 ,spores oblong-ellipsoid1 hyaline or very pale-yellowish1 #g4e-ajc-d4 ,pileus #b-e in4 broad4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #f lines thick4 ,woods1 especially of pine4 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis1 ,schweinitz2 ,california1 ,harkness1 ,moore2 ,rhode ,island1 ,bennett4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,west ,virginia mountains1 #ahhb-ahhe4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,mc,ilvaine2 ,doylestown1 ,pa41 ,paschall4 ,quite common on flat benches where hemlocks and spruces have grown4 ,when the caps are cooked they are sweet1 nutty1 excellent4 ,b4 ,roxan ,frost4 ,pileus broadly convex1 at first subtomentose1 then covered with red hairs in bundles1 yellowish-brown4 ,flesh yellowish-white4 ,tubes at first whitish1 then light-yellow1 arcuate-adnate or slightly depressed around the stem1 the mouths small4 ,stem enlarged toward the base1 striate at the apex1 yellowish or pale-cinnamon4 ,spores #ajd4 ,var4 auricolor4 ,pileus and subequal stem bright-yellow1 the tomentum of the pileus yellow4 ,pileus #a4e-c in4 broad4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 #c-e lines thick4 ,borders of woods4 ,new ,england1 ,frost2 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 stripes ,secr4--striate stem4 ,pileus convex or plane1 soft1 silky1 olivaceous1 the cuticle rust-color within4 ,flesh white1 yellow next the tubes1 sparingly changing to blue4 ,tubes adnate1 greenish1 their mouths minute1 angular1 yellow4 ,stem firm1 curved1 marked with brownish-black striations1 yellow1 velvety and brownish-rufescent at the base4 ,spores #aj-acd4 ,pine and oak woods4 ,minnesota1 ,johnson4 ,i have seen no specimens of this species1 which is recorded from but one locality in our country4 ,the character--flesh sparingly changing to blue--is given on the authority of ,rev4 ,m4,j4 ,berkeley4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 chrysenteron ,fr4--golden within4 ,pileus convex or plane1 soft1 floccose-squamulose1 often cracked in areas1 brown or brick-red4 ,flesh yellow1 red beneath the cuticle1 often slightly changing to blue where wounded4 ,tubes subadnate2 greenish-yellow1 changing to blue where wounded2 their mouths rather large1 angular1 unequal4 ,stem subequal1 rigid1 fibrous-striate1 red or pale-yellow4 ,spores fusiform1 pale-brown1 #aa-ab4ed-e4 ,pileus #a-c in4 broad4 ,stem #a-c in4 long1 #c-f lines thick4 ,woods and mossy banks4 ,the species is common and very variable4 ,the color of the pileus may be yellowish-brown1 reddish-brown1 brick-red1 tawny or olivaceous4 ,the subcutaneous reddish tint and the reddish chinks of the cracked pileus are distinguishing features4 ,wounds of the tubes sometimes become blue then greenish4 ,authors disagree concerning the edible qualities of this ,boletus4 ,stevenson gives it as edible1 but ,cordier and ,gillet say that it is regarded with suspicion4 ,in one strongly marked form the tubes are decidedly depressed around the stem1 in another the flesh is whitish tinged with red4 ,it may be doubted whether these are varieties or distinct species4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,i have found1 and eaten plentifully of this species in ,west ,virginia1 ,north ,carolina1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania1 from ,july until ,october4 ,i have no hesitancy in recommending it in all of its varieties4 ,excepting from very young specimens the tubes and stems should be removed4 ,the flesh is sweet1 delicate and toothsome4 ,b4 fumosipes ,pk4 ,pileus convex or nearly plane1 minutely tomentose1 sometimes minutely rivulose1 dark olive-brown4 ,flesh whitish4 ,tubes at first nearly plane1 becoming convex with age1 their mouths whitish when young1 becoming yellowish-brown1 changing to bluish-black where bruised4 ,stem equal1 solid1 smoky-brown1 minutely scurfy under a lens4 ,spores purplish-brown1 #ab4e-aee-f4 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 #c-d lines thick4 ,woods4 ,port ,jefferson4 ,july4 ,this species resembles small dark-colored forms of ,b4 chrysenteron1 and this resemblance is still more noticeable in those specimens in which the pileus cracks in areas1 for in these the chinks become red as in that species4 ,the different color of the stem and tubes will at once separate these species4 ,peck1 #ejth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,b4 rubeus ,frost--red4 ,pileus broadly convex1 very finely appressed subtomentose1 bright brick-red when young1 becoming mottled with red and yellow1 yellow under the cuticle1 the thin margin at first inflexed1 then horizontal1 curved upward when old4 ,flesh pale-yellow1 changing to blue where wounded4 ,tubes adnate or slightly depressed around the stem1 lemon-yellow and stuffed when young1 becoming yellow and sometimes red at the mouths4 ,stem small1 often flexuous1 colored like the pileus1 reddish within1 white-tomentose at the base4 ,spores #i-ab4ed-e4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad4 ,stem #a-c in4 long1 #c-e lines thick4 ,deep woods4 ,rare4 ,new ,england1 ,frost4 ,this is apparently too closely related to ,b4 chrysenteron1 and it also resembles ,b4 bicolor4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 fraternus ,pk4 ,pileus convex1 becoming plane or depressed1 slightly tomentose1 deep red when young1 becoming dull red with age4 ,flesh yellow1 slowly changing to greenish-blue where wounded4 ,tubes rather long1 becoming ventricose1 slightly depressed about the stem1 their walls sometimes slightly decurrent1 the mouths large1 angular or irregular1 sometimes compound1 bright yellow1 quickly changing to blue where wounded4 ,stem short1 cespitose1 often irregular1 solid1 subtomentose1 slightly velvety at the base1 pale reddish-yellow1 paler above and below1 yellow within1 quickly changing to dark green where wounded4 ,spores #ab4ef4 ,pileus #a-a4e in4 broad4 ,stem #a-a4e in4 long1 #c-f lines thick4 ,shaded streets4 ,auburn1 ,alabama4 ,july4 ,underwood4 ,the species is apparently allied to ,b4 rubeus1 but is very distinct by its small size1 cespitose habit1 color of the flesh of the stem and by the peculiar hues assumed where wounded4 ,when the pileus cracks the chinks become yellow as in ,b4 subtomentosus4 ,the species belongs to the tribe ,subtomentosi4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bd1 ,no4 #c4 ,b4 subtomentosus ,l4--sub2 tomentosus1 downy4 ,pileus convex or nearly plane1 soft1 dry1 villoso-tomentose1 subolivaceous1 concolorous beneath the cuticle1 often cracked in areas4 ,flesh white or pallid4 ,tubes adnate or somewhat depressed around the stem1 yellow1 their mouths large1 angular4 ,stem stout1 somewhat ribbed-sulcate1 scabrous or scurfy with minute dots4 ,spores #aj-ab4ed-e4 ,pileus #a-d in4 broad4 ,stem #a-b4e in4 long1 #b-e lines thick4 ,common and variable4 ,the pileus is usually olivaceous or yellowish-brown1 but it may be reddish-brown or tawny-red4 ,when it cracks the chinks become yellow4 ,the species1 as ,i understand it1 may be distinguished from its near relative1 ,b4 chrysenteron1 by its paler flesh1 the clearer yellow tubes not changing to blue where wounded1 and by the chinks of the pileus becoming yellow4 ,the species is recorded edible by ,cordier1 ,curtis and ,palmer4 ,gillet says it is only medium in quality4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,found and eaten in ,west ,virginia1 ,north ,carolina1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania4 ,specimens received from ,indiana1 ,minnesota1 ,alabama4 ,i have not seen any change of color in flesh or tubes4 ,it is common in ,woodland ,cemetery and ,fairmount ,park1 ,philadelphia4 ,if the tubes are not removed the dish is slimy4 ,the ,b4 chrysenteron also makes such a dish when stewed1 but fried1 and well done1 both species are decidedly good4 ,b4 cspitosus ,pk4--cespitose4 ,pileus broadly convex or nearly plane1 sometimes slightly concave by the elevation of the margin1 even1 brown or blackish-brown1 the margin often a little paler or reddish-brown4 ,flesh slightly tinged with red4 ,tubes adnate or slightly decurrent1 yellow1 their mouths rather large1 angular1 concolorous4 ,stem short1 even1 solid1 glabrous1 tapering upward1 brown or reddish-brown4 ,spores oblong-elliptic1 #aj long1 #e broad4 ,pileus #a-b4e cm4 broad4 ,stem #b-b4e cm4 long1 #d-f mm4 thick4 ,cespitose4 ,virginia4 ,august4 ,r4,s4 ,phifer4 ,a small species growing in tufts and referable to the tribe ,subtomentosi4 ,the tubes retain their bright yellow color in the dried specimens4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,january #bg1 #aijj4 ,edible qualities not stated4 ,b4 spadiceus ,schaeff4--nut brown4 ,pileus convex or plane1 moderately compact1 dry1 tomentose1 opaque1 date-brown1 irregularly cracked4 ,flesh white1 unchangeable1 brownish-red above4 ,tubes adnate1 yellow1 their mouths minute1 subrotund4 ,stem firm1 clavate1 even1 woolly-scaled1 yellow or brownish1 yellowish-white within4 ,spores #abd4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad4 ,woods4 ,new ,england1 ,frost4 ,this species is admitted on the authority of ,mr4 ,frost who alone has recorded it in this country4 ,but specimens received from him under this name do not in my opinion belong to it1 and its occurrence here is somewhat doubtful4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,in oak woods near ,bartram's ,garden1 ,west ,philadelphia1 in #ahhg-ahhh1 ,i found several ,boleti answering the description1 exactly1 of ,b4 spadiceus4 ,they proved to be good eating4 ,b4 radicans ,pers4--radix1 a root4 ,pileus convex1 dry1 subtomentose1 olivaceous-cinereus1 becoming pale-yellowish1 the margin thin1 involute4 ,flesh pale-yellow1 instantly changing to dark blue1 taste bitterish4 ,tubes adnate1 their mouths large1 unequal1 lemon-yellow4 ,stem even1 tapering downward and radicating1 flocculose with a reddish bloom1 pale-yellow1 becoming naked and dark with a touch4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad4 ,stem #b in4 long1 #f lines thick4 ,woods4 ,ohio1 ,morgan4 ,of the ,american plant ,mr4 ,morgan says that the pileus is quite firm and dry1 becomes reddish or brownish-yellow and nearly glabrous1 that the flesh is pale-yellow1 but that he has not observed any bluish tinge1 and that the spores are olive1 fusiform1 #aj-ab4ee4 ,those of the ,european plant have been described as very pale ocher1 almost white1 #f long1 #c broad4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,near ,bryn ,mawr1 ,pa4 ,w4,c4 ,alderson1 #ahid4 ,several specimens brought to me were eaten4 ,the change in color of flesh was instantaneous upon exposure to the air4 ,taste strong and raw rather than bitterish4 ,the caps alone were cooked1 and dish marked 8fine40 ,b4 mutabilis ,morg4--changeable4 ,jour4 ,cin4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,vol4 ,,vii4 ,pileus convex1 then plane or depressed1 compact1 dry1 subtomentose1 brown4 ,flesh bright-yellow1 promptly changing to blue where wounded4 ,tubes adnate or subdecurrent1 their mouths large1 angular1 unequal1 some of them compound1 yellow changing to greenish yellow and quickly becoming blue where wounded4 ,stem stout1 solid1 flexuous1 subsulcate1 yellowish beneath the brown dot-like scales1 bright yellow within4 ,spores olive1 fusiform1 #ab-ace4 ,pileus #b4e-d in4 broad4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #f lines thick4 ,thick woods4 ,ohio1 ,morgan4 ,a shade of yellow sometimes appears beneath the brown of the pileus1 and as the plants grow old the pileus becomes blackish1 glabrous and shining4 ,the stem increases in thickness above and downward4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 badiceps ,pk4--badius1 bay and head4 7,plate ,,cxvi1 p4 #dbj47 ,pileus firm1 convex or somewhat centrally depressed when mature1 dry1 velvety1 obliquely truncate on the margin1 bay-red or dark-maroon color4 ,flesh white unchangeable1 taste and odor mild1 sweet1 suggestive of molasses4 ,tubes plane1 adnate1 white or whitish1 becoming dingy with age1 the mouths minute4 ,stem equal or slightly swollen in the middle1 radicating1 glabrous1 solid1 brownish4 ,pileus #d-h cm4 broad4 ,stem #d-e cm4 long1 #a4e-c cm4 thick4 ,oak woods4 ,west ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,august and ,september4 ,charles ,mc,ilvaine4 ,the truncate or beveled margin of the pileus is a striking feature in this species4 ,it is about #d mm4 broad and as even as if cut with a knife4 ,sometimes the surface of the stem ruptures transversely just below the top1 the liberated shreds above curling upward against the tubes and those below curving outward and downward4 ,in mature plants brownish spots appear in the flesh of the pileus4 8,when cooked it is of high flavor and tender as kidney10 ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,january #bg1 #aijj4 ,illustration3 ,grouped by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,studies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,cxviii4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,boletus ,,separans1 #dde #d4 ,,boletus ,,scarer ,,areolatus1 #dfa-dfc #b4 ,,boletus ,,russelli1 #dcf #e4 ,,boletus ,,edulis1 #dde #c4 ,,boletus ,,illudens1 #dci ,,laceri,,pedes--lacerated stem4 ,stem elongated1 coarsely pitted or deeply and lacunosely reticulated in small hollows1 the ridges somewhat intumescent in wet weather and more or less lacerated1 giving a rough or shaggy appearance to the stem4 ,the species of this tribe are few1 very closely allied and so far as known are peculiar to this country4 ,pileus viscid #a ,pileus dry ,b4 ,russelli #a4 ,stem red in the depressions1 tubes tinged with ,b4 ,morgani green #a4 ,stem pale-yellow1 tubes not greenish ,b4 ,betula ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 ,russelli ,frost--,russell's ,boletus4 7,plate ,,cxviii1 fig4 #b1 p4 #dcf47 ,pileus thick1 hemispherical or convex1 dry1 covered with downy scales or bundles of red hairs1 yellowish beneath the tomentum1 often cracked in areas4 ,flesh yellowish1 unchangeable4 ,tubes subadnate1 often depressed around the stem1 rather large1 dingy-yellow or yellowish-green4 ,stem very long1 equal or tapering upward1 roughened by the lacerated margins of the reticular depressions1 red or brownish-red4 ,spores olive-brown1 #ah-bbh-aj4 ,pileus #a4e-d in4 broad4 ,stem #c-g in4 long1 #c-f lines thick4 ,this is distinguished from the other species by the dry squamulose pileus and the color of the stem4 ,the latter is sometimes curved at the base4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 ,russelli occurs in the ,west ,virginia mountains1 where ,i found and ate it in ,august1 #ahhc4 ,though solitary in its method of growth1 it is frequent in many parts of ,pennsylvania1 among leaves in mixed woods4 ,august to ,october4 ,taste when raw1 sweet1 mild4 ,cooked it is rather soft1 tasty4 ,tubes and stem should be removed4 ,b4 ,morgani ,pk4 ,pileus convex1 soft1 glabrous viscid1 red or yellow1 or red fading to yellow on the margin4 ,flesh whitish tinged with red and yellow1 unchangeable4 ,tubes convex1 depressed around the stem1 rather long and large1 bright-yellow becoming greenish-yellow4 ,stem elongated1 tapering upward1 pitted with long1 narrow depressions1 yellow1 red in the depressions1 colored within like the flesh of the pileus4 ,spores olive-brown1 #ah-bb long1 about half as broad4 ,pileus #a4e-b4e in4 broad4 ,stem #c-e in4 long1 #c-f lines thick4 ,rocky hillsides in woods of deciduous trees4 ,kentucky1 ,morgan4 ,in wet weather the anastomosing ridges of the stem swell and become broadly winged1 thereby giving the stem a peculiar lacerated appearance4 ,the glabrous viscid pileus and the coloration of the stem distinguish the species4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 ,morgani is found in like localities with ,b4 ,russelli4 ,excepting in its smooth1 viscid cap and whitish flesh1 it closely resembles the latter4 ,the ridges in the stems of both species swell when moist4 ,its edible qualities are the same as ,b4 ,russelli4 ,b4 ,betula ,schw4--birch4 ,pileus convex1 viscose and shining in wet weather1 tessellately cracked and reticulated1 orange-fawn color1 rather small4 ,flesh yellowish-white4 ,tubes separating1 rather large1 yellow1 almost like those of ,b4 subtomentosus but not greenish4 ,stem long1 attenuated downward1 everywhere covered with a deciduous reticulated bark two lines high and separating like the bark of birches1 pale-yellow without and within4 ,pileus #a4e in4 broad4 ,stem #e-f in4 long4 ,ligneous earth4 ,north ,carolina1 ,schweinitz1 ,curtis2 ,pennsylvania1 ,schweinitz4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,during several seasons ,i found ,b4 ,betula in ,woodland ,cemetery1 ,philadelphia4 ,edible qualities good4 ,,calo,,podes4 ,gr--beautiful2 ,gr--feet4 ,stem stout1 at first bulbous1 typically venose-reticulated with veins4 ,tubes adnate1 their mouths not reddish4 ,the reticulate stem and adnate tubes of one color distinguish the species of this tribe4 ,in the ,luridi the mouths of the tubes are differently colored1 and in the closely related ,edules the tubes are more or less depressed around the stem or sub-free1 and their pores are commonly stuffed when young4 ,fries did not admit species with whitish tubes into this tribe1 but we have done so in those cases in which this was the only character to exclude them4 ,tubes yellow or yellowish #a ,tubes white or whitish1 at least when young #g #a4 ,tubes or flesh changing to blue where wounded #b #a4 ,tubes or flesh not changing to blue where wounded #e #b4 ,pileus red1 at least when young #c #b4 ,pileus some other color #d #c4 ,stem red ,b4 ,peckii #c4 ,stem yellow or reddish only at the base ,b4 speciosus #d4 ,tubes angular1 pileus olivaceous ,b4 calopus #d4 ,tubes rotund1 pileus not olivaceous ,b4 pachypus #e4 ,pileus viscid ,b4 ,curtisii #e4 ,pileus pulverulent1 stems cespitose ,b4 retipes #e4 ,pileus neither viscid nor pulverulent #f #f4 ,stem yellow ,b4 ornatipes #f4 ,stem brown ,b4 modestus #f4 ,stem yellowish-white ,b4 rimosellus #g4 ,pileus some shade of red #h #g4 ,pileus some shade of brown or gray #i #h4 ,stem pallid or yellowish ,b4 rubignosus #h4 ,stem dark-brown ,b4 ferrugineus #i4 ,pileus pale-brown1 stem flexuous ,b4 flexuosipes #i4 ,pileus gray or grayish-black1 stem straight ,b4 griseus ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 speciosus ,frost--handsome4 ,pileus at first very thick1 subglobose1 compact1 then softer1 convex1 glabrous or nearly so1 red4 ,flesh pale-yellow or bright lemon-yellow1 changing to blue where wounded4 ,tubes adnate1 small1 subrotund1 plane or but slightly depressed around the stem1 bright lemon-yellow1 becoming dingy-yellow with age1 changing to blue where wounded4 ,stem stout1 subequal or somewhat bulbous1 reticulated1 bright lemon-yellow without and within1 sometimes reddish at the base4 ,spores oblong-fusiform1 pale ochraceous-brown1 #aj-ab4ed-e4 ,pileus #c-g in4 broad4 ,stem #b-d in4 long1 #aj-bd lines thick4 ,thin woods4 ,new ,england1 ,frost2 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,this is a very beautiful ,boletus4 ,when young the whole plant except the surface of the pileus is of a vivid lemon-yellow color4 ,wounds quickly change to green1 then to blue4 ,the color of the pileus approaches closely to solferino4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,caps of specimens found in mixed woods at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 were minutely areolate when old4 ,stems yellow at top and with purplish red over the bright yellow toward the bulbous base1 solid1 bright yellow within4 ,stems and caps are edible and rank high in flavor and texture4 ,b4 illudens ,pk4--deceiving4 7,plate ,,cxviii1 fig4 #c1 p4 #dcf47 ,pileus convex1 dry1 subglabrous1 yellowish-brown or grayish-brown1 sometimes tinged with red1 especially in the center4 ,flesh pallid or yellowish4 ,tubes bright yellow1 plane or somewhat convex when old1 adnate1 their mouths angular or subrotund1 often larger near the stem4 ,stem nearly equal1 sometimes abruptly pointed at the base1 glabrous1 pallid or yellowish1 coarsely reticulated either wholly or at the top only4 ,spores oblong or subfusiform1 yellowish-brown tinged with green1 #aa-ab4ed-e4 ,pileus #a4e-c in4 broad4 ,stem #a4e-b4e in4 long1 #c-e lines thick4 ,woods and copses4 ,port ,jefferson4 ,july4 ,peck1 #ejth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,found in plenty at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,september1 #ahih4 ,on ground and old stumps in mixed woods4 ,identified by ,professor ,peck4 ,taste and smell pleasant4 ,cooked as egg-plant it is one of the best4 ,remove tubes4 ,b4 ,peckii ,frost--after ,c4,h4 ,peck4 ,pileus convex1 firm1 dry1 subglabrous1 red1 fading to yellowish-red or buff-brown with age1 the margin usually retaining its red color longer than the disk4 ,tubes adnate or slightly decurrent1 nearly plane1 yellow1 changing to blue where wounded4 ,stem equal or subventricose1 reticulated1 red1 yellow at the top4 ,spores oblong1 pale ochraceous-brown1 #i-abd-e4 ,var4 lvipes4 ,stem reticulated above1 even below4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #c-f lines thick4 ,woods of frondose trees4 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 calopus ,fr4 ,gr--beautiful2 ,gr--foot4 ,pileus globose1 then convex1 unpolished1 subtomentose1 olivaceous4 ,flesh pallid1 slightly changing to blue when wounded4 ,tubes adnate1 their mouths minute1 angular1 yellow4 ,stem firm1 conical1 then elongated and subequal1 reticulated1 wholly scarlet or at the apex only1 sometimes colored like the pileus toward the base4 ,spores fusiform1 yellowish-brown1 #g-hc-d4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad4 ,stem longer than the diameter of the pileus4 ,woods4 ,north ,carolina1 ,schweinitz1 ,curtis2 ,pennsylvania1 ,schweinitz2 ,new ,england1 ,sprague1 ,bennett4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 ornatipes ,pk4--ornate-stem4 7,boletus retipes1 ,rep4 #bc47 ,pileus convex1 firm1 dry1 glabrous or very minutely tomentose1 grayish-brown or yellowish-brown4 ,flesh yellow or pale-yellow4 ,tubes adnate1 plane1 or concave1 rarely convex1 the mouths small or medium size1 clear-yellow4 ,stem firm1 subequal1 distinctly and beautifully reticulated1 yellow without and within4 ,spores oblong1 ochraceous-brown1 #ab-afd-e4 ,pileus #b-e in4 broad4 ,stem #b-d in4 long1 #d-f lines thick4 ,thin woods and open places4 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,the color of the tubes becomes darker with age1 but it does not change to blue where wounded4 ,the species is related to the next following one with which it has sometimes been confused1 but from which it is clearly distinct4 ,the color of the spores is quite dark and approaches snuff-brown4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,edible4 ,good4 ,b4 retipes ,b4 and ,c4--reticulate stem4 ,pileus convex1 dry1 powdered with yellow1 sometimes rivulose or cracked in areas4 ,tubes adnate1 yellow4 ,stem subequal1 cespitose1 reticulate to the base1 pulverulent below4 ,spores greenish-ochraceous1 #ab-aed-e4 ,pileus #a4e-b in4 broad4 ,stem #b in4 long1 #c-f lines thick4 ,the tufted mode of growth1 pulverulent pileus and paler-colored spores separate this species from the preceding one4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,west ,virginia1 #ahhb-ahhe4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa42 ,new ,jersey1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,the caps1 alone1 of this species1 are desirable1 the stems not cooking well4 ,its way of bunching itself gratifies the collector1 as do its flavor and quality4 ,b4 pachypus ,fr4 ,gr--thick-footed4 ,pileus convex1 subtomentose1 brownish or pale tan-color4 ,flesh thick1 whitish1 changing slightly to blue4 ,tubes rather long1 somewhat depressed around the stem1 their mouths round1 pale-yellow1 at length tinged with green4 ,stem thick1 firm1 reticulated1 at first ovate-bulbous1 then elongated1 equal1 variegated with red and pale-yellow4 ,spores large1 ovate1 pale yellowish-ochraceous1 #ab4e-ade-f4 ,pileus #d-h in4 broad4 ,stem #b-d in4 long4 ,woods1 either of pine or beech4 ,this species is noted for its thick1 stout stem1 which sometimes attains a diameter of more than two inches4 ,it approaches the ,edules in habit1 but according to ,gillet it is poisonous1 or at least to be suspected1 has a penetrating unpleasant odor and a somewhat nauseous flavor4 ,he also describes the pores as at first whitish4 ,the stem is sometimes intensely blood-red4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,a common species in ,west ,virginia mountains1 #ahha-ahhe1 in beech groves4 ,august to frost4 ,it is rare in the pines of ,new ,jersey1 though ,i have found it there4 ,like ,b4 felleus1 its size and attractiveness induce the finder to over and over again try cooking it1 hoping the discovery of a successful way to rid it of its unpleasantness4 ,i have never succeeded4 ,it is not poisonous4 ,b4 rimosellus ,pk4--cracked4 ,pileus broadly convex1 flat or irregular1 glabrous1 tessellately cracked1 dark-brown4 ,flesh whitish4 ,tubes adnate or sinuately decurrent1 somewhat depressed around the stem1 pale-yellow1 becoming darker or brownish with age4 ,stem tapering upward1 broadly reticulated with brown veins1 yellowish-white4 ,spores fusiform1 #ae-ag4ee-f4 ,pileus #c-e in4 broad4 ,stem #c-d in4 long1 #f-i lines thick4 ,mixed woods4 ,north ,carolina1 ,c4,j4 ,curtis4 ,i have described this species from the notes and a single dried specimen sent me by ,mr4 ,curtis4 ,more extended observation may require some modification of the description4 ,the color of the spores is described as brown4 ,they are remarkable for their size4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 modestus ,pk4--modest4 ,pileus convex or nearly plane1 often irregular1 firm1 dry1 very minutely tomentose1 yellowish-brown4 ,flesh gray or pinkish-gray4 ,tubes nearly plane1 adnate or subdecurrent1 the mouths angular1 pale-ochraceous4 ,stem equal1 reticulated1 brown4 ,spores elliptical1 #aje4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 #b-d lines thick4 ,grassy ground in thin woods4 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,miss ,banning finds in ,maryland what appears to be a form of this species in which the part of the hymenium near the stem consists of lamell1 the rest of tubes4 ,the species needs further investigation4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 ,curtisii ,berk4--after ,dr4 ,curtis4 ,pileus hemispherical or convex1 viscose1 golden-yellow4 ,tubes depressed around the stem1 nearly free1 their mouths umber1 at length tawny4 ,stem slender1 attenuated upward1 polished1 reticulated1 straw-colored4 ,spores ferruginous1 subelliptical1 slightly attenuated at each end4 ,pileus #a in4 or more broad4 ,stem #b in4 long1 #b-c lines thick4 ,pine woods4 ,north and ,south ,carolina1 ,curtis4 ,in the original description the stem of this species is said to be hollow4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 griseus ,frost--gray4 ,pileus broadly convex1 firm1 dry1 subglabrous1 gray or grayish-black4 ,flesh whitish or gray4 ,tubes adnate or slightly depressed around the stem1 nearly plane1 their mouths small1 subrotund1 white or whitish4 ,stem equal or slightly tapering upward1 distinctly reticulated1 whitish or yellowish1 sometimes reddish toward the base4 ,spores ochraceous-brown1 #aj-add-e4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad4 ,stem #b-d in4 long1 #c-f lines thick4 ,thin woods and open places4 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 flexuosipes ,pk4--flexuous stem4 ,pileus convex or plane1 even1 subtomentose1 pale-brown4 ,flesh white1 unchangeable1 the cuticle separable4 ,tubes long1 convex1 decurrent1 white or whitish1 becoming brownish with age4 ,stem flexuous1 solid1 reticulated1 whitish or pallid1 changing to brown where bruised4 ,spores #g4e-ajd4 ,pileus #c-d in4 broad4 ,stem #d-f in4 long1 #h-ae lines thick4 ,mixed woods4 ,north ,carolina1 ,c4,j4 ,curtis4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 ferrugineus ,frost--rust color4 ,pileus convex1 soft1 subtomentose1 dark reddish-brown4 ,flesh white1 unchangeable4 ,tubes generally adnate1 dingy-white1 their mouths stained brown by the spores4 ,stem short1 reticulated1 dark-brown4 ,spores #aj-acf4 ,pileus #c-f in4 broad4 ,borders of woods4 ,new ,england1 ,frost4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,alabama1 #ahig4 ,b4 rubiginosus ,fr4--rusty4 ,pileus convex1 soft1 pubescent1 soon bare1 brownish-rust color4 ,flesh subspongy1 white1 unchangeable4 ,tubes adnate1 their mouths unequal1 white4 ,stem firm1 stout1 reticulated1 at first whitish or pallid1 then yellowish1 subcinereous or yellowish-olivaceous where touched4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #a in4 thick4 ,woods4 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis4 ,although apparently distinct1 this and the two preceding species are not sufficiently well known4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 tabacinus ,und4 ,pileus fleshy1 convex or nearly plane1 subglabrous1 often cracked in areas1 tawny-brown4 ,flesh at maturity soft and similarly colored4 ,tubes concave or nearly plane1 depressed around the stem1 their mouths small1 angular1 colored like the pileus4 ,stem subequal1 solid1 reticulated1 concolorous4 ,spores oblong or subfusiform1 #ab4e-ade4 ,pileus #b4e-e in4 broad4 ,stem #a4e-c in4 long1 #f-aj lines thick4 ,along road-sides4 ,alabama4 ,may4 ,underwood4 ,the species is referable to the section ,calopodes1 but the tubes are more or less depressed about the stem4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bc1 ,no4 #aj4 ,,edu,,les--edulis1 edible4 ,tubes subfree1 rounded-depressed around the stem1 their mouths not at first reddish1 but commonly white-stuffed4 ,stem stout1 bulbous as in the ,luridi but not1 with a few exceptions1 reticulate nor dotted with pointed scales nor red4 ,flesh scarcely changeable4 ,taste pleasant4 ,this tribe is not sharply limited but partakes to some extent of the characters of ,calopodes and ,luridi4 ,from the former its nearly free and at first white-stuffed tubes and its generally even stem separate it1 from the latter its tubes with concolorous mouths or at least with mouths not red or reddish when young will distinguish it4 ,the species are generally of large or medium size and noted for their esculent qualities4 ,stem brownish-lilac or chocolate color #a ,stem some other color #b #a4 ,stem reticulated ,b4 separans #a4 ,stem not reticulated1 furfuraceous ,b4 eximius #b4 ,pileus viscid ,b4 limatulus #b4 ,pileus not viscid #c #c4 ,tubes yellow with no tinge of green #d #c4 ,tubes tinged with green or becoming green where #f bruised #d4 ,pileus whitish ,b4 stivalis #d4 ,pileus not whitish #e #e4 ,stem glabrous ,b4 affinis #e4 ,stem pubescent ,b4 impolitus #f4 ,pileus becoming white-spotted where bruised ,b4 leprosus #f4 ,pileus not becoming spotted #g #g4 ,pileus glabrous ,b4 edulis #g4 ,pileus not glabrous #h #h4 ,stem reticulated1 whitish or pallid ,b4 variipes #h4 ,stem even1 brownish-red ,b4 decorus ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 separans ,pk4 7,plate ,,cxviii1 fig4 #a1 p4 #dcf47 ,pileus convex1 thick1 glabrous1 subshining1 often pitted1 pitted or corrugated1 brownish-red or dull-lilac1 sometimes fading to yellowish on the margin4 ,flesh white1 unchangeable4 ,tubes at first nearly plane1 adnate1 white and stuffed1 then convex1 depressed around the stem1 ochraceous-yellow or brownish-yellow and sometimes separating from the stem by the expansion of the pileus4 ,stem equal or slightly tapering upward1 reticulated either wholly or in the upper part only1 colored like the pileus or a little paler1 sometimes slightly furfuraceous4 ,spores subfusiform1 brownish-ochraceous1 #ab-aee-f4 ,pileus #c-f in4 broad4 ,stem #b-d in4 long1 #f-ab lines thick4 ,thin grassy woods4 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,west ,virginia4 ,september1 #ahha4 ,new ,jersey and ,pennsylvania4 ,october1 #ahhg1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,indiana1 ,october1 #ahih4 ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,weist1 ,h4,i4 ,miller4 ,one of the handsomest of ,boleti4 ,it varies greatly in size and color1 but traces of purple or lilac are always detectable4 ,the reticulations upon the stem are often obscure1 especially in young specimens4 ,it is pleasant when raw1 and quite equal to any ,boletus when cooked4 7,plate ,,cxix47 ,illustration3 #a1 ,,boletus ,,edulis1 ,,var4 ,,clavipes4 #b1 #c1 ,,boletus ,,edulis4 ,b4 edulis ,bull4--edulis1 edible4 7,plate ,,cxviii1 fig4 #e1 p4 #dcf47 ,pileus convex or nearly plane1 glabrous1 moist1 at first compact1 then soft1 variable in color1 grayish-red1 brownish-red or tawny-brown1 often paler on the margin4 ,flesh white or yellowish1 reddish beneath the cuticle4 ,tubes convex1 nearly free1 long1 minute1 round1 white1 then yellow and greenish4 ,stem short or long1 straight or flexuous1 subequal or bulbous1 stout1 more or less reticulate1 especially above1 whitish1 pallid or brownish4 ,spores oblong-fusiform1 #ab-aed-e4 ,var4 clavipes4 ,plate ,,cxix4 ,stem tapering upward from an enlarged base1 everywhere reticulated4 ,pileus #d-f in4 broad4 ,stem #b-f in4 long1 #f-ah lines thick4 ,woods and open places4 ,not rare4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,miller1 ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,weist2 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania1 ,west ,virginia1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,some species of fungi appear to have that prize of ,fairyland--the ,wishing ,cap--and by its power be able to take on any form they please4 ,boletus edulis is one of them4 ,its variableness is puzzling4 ,it is eaten everywhere where found and is a favorite4 ,carefully sliced1 dried and kept where safe from mold it may be prepared for the table at any season4 ,b4 edulis ,bull4--,var4 clavipes ,pk4 7,plate ,,cxix1 fig4 #a1 p4 #dde47 ,pileus fleshy1 convex1 glabrous1 grayish-red1 bay-red or chestnut-color4 ,flesh white1 unchangeable4 ,tubes at first concave or nearly plane1 white and stuffed1 then convex1 slightly depressed around the stem1 ochraceous yellow4 ,stem mostly obclavate 7inversely club-shaped7 and reticulate to the base4 ,spores oblong-fusiform1 #ab-aed-e4 ,the club-stemmed ,boletus is so closely related to the edible ,boletus and so closely connected by the intermediate forms that it seems to be only a variety of it1 but one worthy of illustration4 ,it differs in the more uniform color of the cap1 in having the tubes less depressed around the stem and less tinted with green when mature1 and in having the stem more club-shape and commonly reticulated to the base4 ,the lower reticulations are usually coarser but less permanent than the upper4 ,the cap is more highly colored when young and is apt to become paler with age1 but the margin does not become paler than the central part1 as it so often does in the edible ,boletus4 ,individuals sometimes occur in which the stem is nearly cylindric and reticulated only on the upper part4 ,these connect so closely with the edible ,boletus that we have considered this to be a mere variety of it4 ,in size and in edible qualities it is very similar to that species4 ,peck1 #east ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,same in quality as ,b4 edulis4 ,b4 variipes ,pk4--variable stem4 ,pileus convex or nearly plane1 thick1 soft1 dry1 scaly1 pointed scaly or minutely tomentose1 grayish or pale grayish-brown1 sometimes tinged with yellow or ochraceous4 ,flesh white1 unchangeable4 ,tubes convex or nearly plane1 slightly depressed around the stem1 at first white1 then greenish-yellow1 their mouths small1 subrotund1 ochraceous1 stuffed when young4 ,stem firm1 reticulated1 whitish or pallid4 ,spores oblong-fusiform1 ochraceous-brown tinged with green1 #ab-aee4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,august1 #ahih4 ,stem slightly reticulated at top1 indistinctly striate below4 ,smell and taste strong1 like ,b4 felleus1 but sweetish1 not bitter4 ,when tubes are removed and cap fried it is excellent4 ,var4 albipes4 ,stem whitish1 wholly reticulated1 the reticulations coarser near the base4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,august1 #ahih4 ,taste slightly acrid1 smell slight4 ,excellent4 ,var4 pallidipes4 ,stem pallid1 slightly furfuraceous1 even or obscurely reticulated toward the base1 distinctly reticulated above4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,satiny1 shining4 ,taste slightly acrid1 smell slight4 ,excellent4 ,var4 tenuipes4 ,stem slender1 elongated4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,august1 #ahih1 on decaying chestnut stump and on ground4 ,excellent4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,this species1 with its varieties1 grows in mixed woods1 the density of which has much to do with its general appearance4 ,individuals growing where the sun plays upon them1 show the reticulations plainer than those maturing in the shade4 ,the tubes should be removed before cooking4 ,the caps are best fried4 ,b4 eximius ,pk4--select4 ,pileus at first very compact1 subglobose or hemispherical1 subpruinose1 purplish-brown or chocolate color1 sometimes with a faint tinge of lilac1 becoming convex1 soft1 smoky-red or pale-chestnut4 ,flesh grayish or reddish-white4 ,tubes at first concave or nearly plane1 stuffed1 colored nearly like the pileus1 becoming paler with age and depressed around the stem1 their mouths minute1 rotund4 ,stem stout1 generally short1 equal or tapering upward1 abruptly narrowed at the base1 minutely branny1 colored like or a little paler than the pileus1 purplish-gray within4 ,spores subferruginous1 #ab4e-aee-f4 ,pileus #c-aj in4 broad4 ,stem #b-d in4 long1 #f-ab lines thick4 ,woods and their borders4 ,new ,england1 ,frost2 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,in mixed woods and in new clearings near ,bartram's ,garden1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a patch of it is treasure trove4 ,b4 leprosus ,pk4--leprous4 ,pileus very convex1 glabrous1 soft like kid1 cinereous-yellowish-drab or pale-brown1 slowly changing to whitish where bruised1 the cuticle separable4 ,flesh white1 changing to yellowish4 ,tubes yellow or brownish-yellow1 changing to greenish where wounded1 plane1 depressed around the stem1 short1 small1 stuffed when young4 ,stem solid1 enlarged at the top1 lemon-yellow4 ,spores oblong-fusiform1 #ab4e-aee4 ,pileus #d-f in4 broad4 ,stem #b in4 long1 #a in4 thick4 ,mixed woods4 ,north ,carolina1 ,c4,j4 ,curtis4 ,this plant is remarkable for the whitish or leprous spots which the pileus assumes1 even from being handled1 and for the change in the color of the flesh and tubes4 ,the stem is very thick at the top but tapers downward4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 7,plate ,,cxx47 ,illustration3 ,,boletus ,,affinis4 ,b4 affinis ,pk4--related4 ,pileus convex above or nearly plane1 subglabrous1 reddish-brown or chestnut color fading to tawny or dingy-ochraceous with age4 ,flesh white4 ,tubes plane or convex1 adnate or slightly depressed around the stem1 at first white and stuffed1 then glaucous-yellow or subochraceous1 changing to rusty-ochraceous where wounded4 ,stem subequal1 even1 glabrous1 colored like or paler than the pileus4 ,spores rusty-ochraceous1 #i-abd-e4 ,the ,related boletus belongs to the tribe of ,boleti known as ,edules because of their especially esculent character1 but it differs from the general character of the tribe in having its tubes not at all or but slightly shortened around the stem and in its stem not being thickened or bulbous at the base4 ,the species is quite variable in the color of the cap1 which is generally darker in young plants1 paler in old ones4 ,it may be brown1 reddish-brown or blackish-brown when young1 but is more or less tinged with tawny or ochraceous when old4 ,it is smooth and even or minutely tomentose and sometimes slightly rugose4 ,in wet weather the margin of the cap sometimes curves upward1 giving a very convex surface to the tubes4 ,sometimes the wounded flesh slowly assumes a yellowish hue4 ,the peculiar rusty-ochraceous hue of the spores is also seen sometimes in the tubes of old specimens4 ,as in many species1 the flesh of old plants is more soft than that of young ones4 ,the stem is quite variable and is often narrowed downward4 ,it is sometimes very obscurely reticulated at the top4 ,the cap is generally #b-d in4 broad1 the stem #a4e-c in4 long1 #d-h lines thick4 ,the plants are found in thin woods or in bushy places in ,july and ,august4 ,var4 maculosus ,pk4 differs from the type simply in having a few yellowish spots scattered over the cap4 ,while not as high flavored as some ,boleti this is1 nevertheless1 a fairly good and perfectly safe one4 ,peck1 #dith ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,very open timber in ,woodlands ,cemetery1 ,philadelphia4 ,august1 #ahih4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a solitary species which does not appear to be plentiful4 ,the whole fungus is edible1 but the stems and tubes are of different texture from the caps and do not cook well with them4 ,b4 stivalis ,fr4--pertaining to summer4 ,pileus convex or nearly plane1 even1 glabrous1 whitish1 granulose in dry weather4 ,flesh yellow below1 white above4 ,tubes nearly free1 the mouths minute1 equal1 yellow4 ,stem very thick1 bulbous1 even1 glabrous1 pale yellow1 reddish within at the base4 ,spores elongated-oval1 greenish-brown1 rather dark1 #aad-e4 ,pileus #d-f in4 broad4 ,stem #d-e in4 long4 ,woods and woodland pastures4 ,minnesota1 ,johnson2 ,california1 ,h4 and ,m4 ,a large species1 recorded as edible and said to be pleasant and delicate in flavor4 ,i have seen no specimens of this4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,united ,states4 ,west ,virginia mountains1 #ahhb1 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 #ahid1 ,mc,ilvaine1 on grassy margin of woods4 ,the flesh is sweet1 nutty4 ,remove stems and tubes when old4 ,b4 impolitus ,fr4--unpolished4 ,pileus convex1 dilated1 flocculose1 at length grained in lines1 unpolished1 tawny-brown4 ,flesh white or whitish1 unchangeable1 yellowish under the cuticle4 ,tubes free1 their mouths minute1 yellow4 ,stem stout1 subbulbous1 even1 pubescent1 pale-yellow1 sometimes with a reddish zone near the top4 ,spores oval or fusiform1 pale greenish-brown1 #g4e-aje4 ,pileus #d-f in4 broad4 ,stem #b in4 long4 ,oak woods4 ,california1 ,harkness and ,moore4 ,this species is recorded as edible and said to be among the most delicious4 ,it is evidently rare in this country4 ,according to ,quelet the spores are ellipsoid1 papillate1 #ae-ah long4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,near ,bartram's ,garden1 ,west ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 #ahhe4 ,thin mixed woods4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,that this species is edible and delicious is vouched for by many4 ,i can add my own pleasurable experience4 ,b4 decorus ,frost4--decorous4 ,pileus convex1 rather firm1 tomentose1 brownish tinged with red1 the margin often darker colored4 ,flesh white1 unchangeable4 ,tubes becoming free1 yellow1 changing to green where wounded4 ,stem bulbous1 minutely branny1 brownish-red1 the bulb sometimes white and attenuated at the base4 ,spores #ace4 ,rich woods4 ,new ,england1 ,frost4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,leominster1 ,mass41 ,c4,f4 ,nixon1 ,august1 #ahig2 ,woodland ,cemetery1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 ,august1 #ahig1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,cap #b-c in4 broad4 ,stem #b-b in4 high1 but variable in size4 ,its edible qualities are excellent4 ,b4 limatulus ,frost--polished4 ,pileus nearly flat1 thin1 glabrous1 viscid when moist1 somewhat polished and shining when dry1 rich yellowish-brown4 ,flesh reddish in the pileus1 darker in the stem4 ,tubes depressed around the stem1 greenish-yellow1 their mouths yellowish-brown4 ,stem small1 subbulbous1 colored like the pileus4 ,spores #ab-aed-e4 ,pileus #a-b4e in4 broad4 ,woods4 ,new ,england1 ,frost4 ,by the differently-colored tube mouths1 this species approaches those of the next following tribe1 but it is placed here because these are not red or reddish4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 auripes ,pk4--yellow-stem4 ,pileus convex1 subglabrous1 yellowish-brown1 sometimes cracking in areas when old4 ,flesh yellow1 fading to whitish with age4 ,tubes nearly plane1 their mouths small1 subrotund1 at first stuffed1 yellow4 ,stem nearly equal1 solid1 even or slightly reticulated at the top1 bright yellow1 a little paler within4 ,spores ochraceous-brown tinged with green1 #abe4 ,pileus #c-f in4 broad4 ,stem #c-e in4 long1 #h-ab lines thick4 ,under mountain laurel1 ,kalmia latifolia4 ,port ,jefferson4 ,july4 ,the whole plant1 except the upper surface of the pileus1 is of a beautiful yellow color4 ,the stem is sometimes more highly colored than the tubes4 ,the species is referable to the tribe ,edules4 ,peck1 #ejth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,august1 ,september1 #ahih4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,in mixed woods in which ,kalmia latifolia is plentiful4 ,the specimens found were in its vicinity4 ,the caps are excellent4 ,b4 leptocephalus ,pk4 ,gr--thin2 ,gr--head4 ,pileus thin1 broadly convex or nearly plane1 dry1 minutely cracked1 especially near the margin1 light tawny-brown1 sometimes tinged with reddish-brown4 ,flesh yellowish-white1 taste at first mild1 then slightly acrid4 ,tubes subventricose1 depressed about the stem1 nearly free1 dingy olive-yellow1 the mouths small1 subrotund4 ,stem nearly equal1 enlarged at the top1 solid1 glabrous or slightly pruinose-mealy1 reticulated above1 colored like the pileus1 white within1 with a white mycelium at the base4 ,spores greenish-olivaceous1 fusiform1 #ab4e-ag4e long1 #e-f broad4 ,pileus #aj-ab4e cm4 broad4 ,stem #aj-ab4e cm4 long1 #a4b-a4f cm4 thick4 ,dry1 open woods4 ,july4 ,earle4 ,the reticulation of the upper part of the stem appears to be formed by the decurrent walls of the tubes4 ,the species belongs to the tribe ,edules4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torr4 ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #be4 ,edible4 ,b4 fragrans ,vitt4--fragrant4 ,fasciculate or solitary4 ,pileus #a-d in4 across1 convex1 dark-brown or umber-brown1 often wavy1 slightly tomentose1 margin incurved4 ,flesh very thick1 yellowish1 sometimes unchangeable1 at others changing to green or blue1 and finally becoming reddish when broken4 ,tubes shortened around the stem and almost free1 in4 or more long1 openings small1 roundish1 yellow then greenish4 ,stem at first stout1 ovate1 usually tapering at the base1 then lengthening and becoming thinner upward1 even1 variegated with yellow and red1 solid4 ,spores pale-olive1 elongato-fusiform1 #aj-abd4 ,in woods1 under oaks1 etc4 ,pileus bronze-brown1 sometimes with purple shades4 ,often grows in dense clusters1 and in this particular differing from any other ,british species4 ,very good for eating4 ,massee4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j4 ,oak woods4 ,august to ,september1 #ahid4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 #ahih4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,solitary4 ,a handsome valuable species which appears to be rare in the ,united ,states4 ,shade a beautiful bronze4 ,cap #c-d in4 across4 ,a dozen or more individuals were found and eaten4 ,excellent4 ,b4 frustulosus ,pk4--frustulum1 a small bit4 ,pileus thick1 convex or nearly plane1 subglabrous1 cracked in areas1 white or whitish4 ,flesh whitish4 ,tubes equal to or a little longer than the thickness of the flesh of the pileus1 depressed about the stem1 whitish1 becoming pale brown4 ,stem equal1 solid1 whitish1 reticulated above4 ,spores #ae-age-f4 ,pileus #c-e in4 broad4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 #f-aj lines thick4 ,open grounds and clay banks4 ,ocean ,springs1 ,mississippi and ,akron1 ,alabama4 ,may and ,june4 ,underwood4 ,the deeply cracked surface of the pileus is the most notable feature of this species4 ,this sometimes is seen even in quite young plants4 ,the cracked areas are quite unequal in size4 ,the deep chinks with sloping sides cause them to appear like frusta of polygonal pyramids4 ,in some specimens the reticulations of the stem extend nearly or quite to its base1 and make the place of the species ambiguous between the ,calopodes and ,edules4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bd1 ,no4 #c4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,september1 #ahih1 on soil over red conglomerate and on road-sides4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,the deep cracks in the cap readily distinguish this species4 ,after rains the caps are frequently slightly dished and widely cracked at margin4 ,the exposed flesh dries with a fine silky gloss4 ,the caps are excellent4 ,the tubes and stem should be removed4 ,b4 crassipes ,pk4--thick-footed4 7,plate ,,cxvi1 fig4 #e1 p4 #dbj47 ,pileus convex or centrally depressed1 firm1 dry1 velvety1 brown tinged with yellow1 the wavy or lobed involute margin extending beyond the tubes4 ,flesh lemon-yellow1 unchangeable1 taste sweet1 odor like that of yeast4 ,tubes rather short1 depressed around the stem1 almost free1 yellowish mottled with brown1 the mouths minute1 stuffed when young4 ,stem stout1 thick1 sometimes swollen in the middle and sometimes bulbous1 beautifully reticulated but the reticulations sometimes disappearing with age1 orange-yellow tinged with brown4 ,flesh of a brighter yellow than that of the pileus4 ,pileus #e-aj cm4 broad4 ,stem #f-h cm4 long1 #b4e-c4e cm4 thick4 ,oak woods4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,august and ,september4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,the thick1 beautifully reticulated stem1 the deep velvety brown color of the pileus and the yellow color of the flesh serve to distinguish this species4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torr4 ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bg1 ,january1 #aijj4 ,it is one of the best edible mushrooms4 ,i have also found it in ,new ,jersey4 ,,lu,,ridi4 ,stratum of tubes rounded toward the stem and free1 their mouths at first closed and red4 ,pileus compact1 then soft1 cushion-shaped1 the flesh juicy1 changeable4 ,stem stout1 at first short1 bulbiform1 then elongated and subequal1 subreticulated or dotted4 ,growing especially in frondose woods4 ,very poisonous4 ,in this tribe the tubes and their mouths are differently colored1 the latter being red or some shade of red4 ,by this character the species are easily distinguished from those of other tribes4 ,flesh distinctly changing color where wounded #a ,flesh not at all or scarcely changing color where #g wounded #a4 ,flesh white or whitish #b #a4 ,flesh yellow or yellowish #e #b4 ,flesh changing to red or violet ,b4 ,satanus #b4 ,flesh changing to blue #c #c4 ,stem roughened ,b4 alveolatus #c4 ,stem even #d #d4 ,stem hairy at the base ,b4 subvelutipes #d4 ,stem not hairy at the base ,b4 vermiculosus #e4 ,stem red ,b4 luridus #e4 ,stem yellow or reddish only at the base #f #f4 ,pileus purplish-red ,b4 purpureus #f4 ,pileus gray ,b4 firmus #f4 ,pileus yellow or yellowish ,b4 magnisporus #g4 ,pileus blood-red ,b4 ,frostii #g4 ,pileus reddish-tawny or brown ,b4 ,sullivantii ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,all authors1 up to this date1 agree in stating that the species within this series are poisonous4 ,experiments made by ,smiedeberg and ,koppe with ,boletus ,satanus developed symptoms closely resembling poisoning by ,amanit4 ,kobert1 who made analysis of ,b4 luridus1 shows that it contains muscarine1 which is one of the most deadly poisons4 ,such a mass of evidence commands respect4 ,it is urged upon finders of these species to either leave them alone or test them in minute quantities until they have established their ability to eat them without injury4 ,i have taken special pains to establish the edibility of ,b4 ,satanus and ,b4 luridus4 ,for fifteen years ,i have eaten them in quantity when opportunity afforded1 in ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey and ,pennsylvania4 ,my family1 and my friends in widely separated localities1 have partaken freely of them many times and without discomfort4 ,they are remarkably fine eating4 ,the same can be said of ,b4 alveolatus1 ,b4 purpureus1 ,b4 subvelutipes4 ,i have not seen the other species of this tribe4 ,i have determined so many of the reputed poisonous species to be edible1 that unless positively authenticated1 ,i do not accept repute as truth1 but carefully test suspicious species upon myself4 ,when sure there is no danger1 ,i as carefully have them tested by my numerous under-tasters--male and female4 ,b4 ,satanus ,lenz4--,satanic4 ,pileus convex1 glabrous1 somewhat gluey1 brownish-yellow or whitish4 ,flesh whitish1 becoming reddish or violaceous where wounded4 ,tubes free1 yellow1 their mouths bright red becoming orange-colored with age4 ,stem thick1 ovate-ventricose1 marked above with red reticulations4 ,spores #abe4 ,pileus #c-h in4 broad4 ,stem #b-c in4 long4 ,woods4 ,rare4 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis2 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,california1 ,h4 and ,m41 ,n4,j4 ,ellis4 ,though mild to the taste1 this ,boletus is said to be very poisonous1 a character suggestive of the specific name4 ,fries describes the color of the spores as earthy-yellow2 ,smith as rich brown4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,boletus ,satanus is sometimes plentiful in spots4 ,where it luxuriates it is a rich decoration to the ground1 and earth upon upturned-roots upon which it often grows4 ,it does not live long after reaching maturity1 but decomposes into a putrescent mass4 ,its reputation rivals that of the original possessor of its name4 ,but old proverb sayeth that even 8,the ,devil is not as black as he is painted40 ,see remarks heading ,luridi4 ,b4 alveolatus ,b4 and ,c4 ,pileus convex1 glabrous1 shining1 bright crimson or maroon-color1 sometimes paler and varied with patches of yellow4 ,flesh firm1 white1 changing to blue where wounded4 ,tubes adnate1 subdecurrent1 yellow with maroon-colored mouths1 the hymenial surface uneven with irregular alveolar depressions4 ,stem very rough with the margins of rather coarse subreticular depressions1 the reticulations bright-red above with yellow stains4 ,spores yellowish-brown1 #ab4e-aed-e4 ,pileus #c-f in4 broad4 ,stem #c-d in4 long1 #i lines thick4 ,damp woods4 ,new ,england1 ,frost4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,west ,virginia mountains1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania1 in mixed woods and on banks of streams4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,b4 alveolatus appears to be more generally distributed than ,b4 ,satanus4 ,it is not as clannish1 though occasionally three or four are found growing together4 ,when growing from the banks of creeks1 or between the roots of beech and other trees in low places1 it is often deformed in cap and stem4 ,the texture is firm1 close and the taste is very pleasant4 ,it botanically takes its place in this suspected series4 ,i consider it one of the best ,boleti4 ,see remarks heading ,luridi4 ,b4 luridus ,schaeff4--lurid in color4 ,pileus convex1 tomentose1 brown-olivaceous1 then somewhat viscose1 sooty4 ,flesh yellow1 changing to blue where wounded4 ,tubes free1 yellow1 becoming greenish1 their mouths round1 vermilion1 becoming orange4 ,stem stout1 vermilion1 somewhat orange at the top1 reticulate or punctate4 ,spores greenish-gray1 #aei4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad4 ,stem #b-c in4 long4 ,the lurid ,boletus1 though pleasant to the taste1 is reputed very poisonous4 ,boletus rubeolarius ,pers41 having a short bulbous scarcely reticulated stem1 is regarded as a variety of this species4 ,the red-stemmed ,boletus1 ,b4 erythropus ,pers41 is also indicated as a variety of it by ,fries4 ,it is smaller than ,b4 luridus1 has a brown or reddish-brown pileus and a slender cylindrical stem1 not reticulated1 but dotted with squamules4 ,it has been reported from ,california by ,harkness and ,moore4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,var4 erythropus received from ,dr4 ,j4,w4 ,harshberger1 ,philadelphia1 ,may1 #ahif4 ,often shining as if varnished and very handsome4 ,i frequently found it in ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey and ,pennsylvania in mixed woods among leaves4 ,its reputation is bad4 ,it is undoubtedly edible by many1 and is delicious4 ,the caution heading ,luridi should be carefully observed4 ,b4 purpureus ,fr4--purple4 ,pileus convex1 opaque1 dry1 somewhat velvety1 purplish-red4 ,flesh in the young plant only becoming blue1 then dark-yellow4 ,tubes nearly free1 yellow or greenish-yellow1 their mouths minute1 purple-orange1 changing to blue where wounded4 ,stem stout1 firm1 adorned with purple veins or dots1 sometimes reticulated at the apex only1 yellow1 reddish within1 especially at the base4 ,spores greenish-brown1 #aj-abe-f4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad4 ,stem #b-d in4 long1 #f-h lines thick4 ,woods4 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis2 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,minnesota1 ,johnson4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,west ,virginia1 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 #ahig-ahih1 ,b4 purpureus was common in oak and chestnut woods4 ,it is a showy species1 easily distinguished by its velvety cap4 ,in young specimens the stem is robust1 then tapering upward4 ,when old the cap loses its rich color toward the margin1 becoming yellowish4 ,the flesh is thick1 firm and of excellent flavor4 ,it undoubtedly proved itself delicious and harmless to many eating it4 ,b4 vermiculosus ,pk4--wormy4 ,pileus broadly convex1 thick1 firm1 dry1 glabrous1 or very minutely tomentose1 brown1 yellowish-brown or grayish-brown1 sometimes tinged with red4 ,flesh white or whitish1 quickly changing to blue where wounded4 ,tubes plane or slightly convex1 nearly free1 yellow1 their mouths small1 round1 brownish-orange1 becoming darker or blackish with age1 changing promptly to blue where wounded4 ,stem subequal1 firm1 even1 paler than the pileus4 ,spores ochraceous-brown1 #aj-abd-e4 ,var4 ,spraguei4 7,boletus ,spraguei ,frost1 ,bull4 ,buff4 ,soc41 p4 #ajb47 ,stem yellow above1 minutely velvety below4 ,pileus #c-e in4 broad4 ,stem #b-d in4 long1 #d-aj lines thick4 ,woods4 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,new ,england1 ,frost4 ,the species is separated from ,b4 luridus by its dry pileus1 white flesh1 even stem1 which is neither reticulated nor dotted1 and by its smaller spores4 ,i can not distinguish specimens of ,b4 ,spraguei received from ,mr4 ,frost1 from this species4 ,the name is scarcely appropriate1 for specimens are not always infested by larv4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,i have not seen this species1 therefore1 have not tested it4 ,,caution4 ,b4 subvelutipes ,pk4--velvety-stem4 ,pileus convex1 firm1 subglabrous1 yellowish-brown or reddish-brown4 ,flesh whitish1 both it and the tubes changing to blue where wounded4 ,tubes plane or slightly convex1 nearly free1 yellowish1 their mouths small1 brownish-red4 ,stem equal or slightly tapering upward1 firm1 even1 somewhat pruinose above1 velvety with a hairy tomentum toward the base1 yellow at the top1 reddish-brown below1 varied with red and yellow within4 ,spores #ae-ahe-f4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 #d-f lines thick4 ,woods4 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,this species resembles the preceding one in general appearance1 but it is very distinct by its much longer spores and by the velvety hairiness toward the base of the stem4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,boletus subvelutipes is common in some localities in ,pennsylvania1 especially on the ,springton ,hills1 in chestnut and oak woods4 ,i have frequently eaten it and found it excellent4 ,others should carefully test it4 ,b4 firmus ,frost--firm4 ,pileus convex1 very firm1 slightly tomentose1 gray1 often pitted4 ,flesh yellowish or deep-yellow1 changing to blue where wounded4 ,tubes adnate1 deeply arcuate1 unequal1 yellow1 their mouths tinged with red4 ,stem solid1 hard1 very finely reticulated1 yellowish1 reddish at the base4 ,spores #acc4 ,pileus #b4e-d in4 broad4 ,stem #b-d in4 long4 ,rich moist wood4 ,new ,england1 ,frost4 ,apparently a well-marked and very distinct species4 ,according to the author1 it is readily distinguished by its tenacity and generally distorted growth4 ,i have not seen it nor the next4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,professor ,peck's measurement of spores1 #ejth ,report1 ,new ,york ,state ,botanist1 is #ac long1 #f wide4 ,b4 magnisporus ,frost4 ,pileus convex1 firm1 tomentose1 golden-yellow2 tubes scarcely adnate1 even1 greenish-yellow1 their mouths light cinnabar-red4 ,stem long1 slender1 yellow above1 red below4 ,spores #ae-ahf4 ,pileus #b4e to #c4e in4 broad4 ,woods and thickets4 ,new ,england1 ,frost2 ,ohio1 ,morgan4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,i have not recognized it4 ,,caution4 ,b4 ,frostii ,russell4 ,pileus convex1 polished1 shining1 blood-red1 the margin thin4 ,flesh scarcely changing to blue4 ,tubes nearly free1 greenish-yellow1 becoming yellowish-brown with age1 their mouths blood-red or cinnabar4 ,stem equal or tapering upward1 distinctly reticulated1 firm1 blood-red4 ,spores #ab4e-aee4 ,pileus #c-d in4 broad4 ,stem #b-d in4 long1 #c-f lines thick4 ,grassy places under trees or in thin woods4 ,new ,england1 ,frost2 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,new ,jersey1 ,ellis4 ,this is a highly colored1 beautiful ,boletus1 but it is not common4 ,the stem sometimes fades with age1 and both it and the tubes are apt to lose their color in drying4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,i have not recognized it4 ,,caution4 ,b4 ,sullivantii ,b4 and ,m4 ,pileus hemispherical1 glabrous1 reddish-tawny or brown1 brownish when dry1 cracked in squares4 ,tubes free1 convex1 medium size1 angular1 longer toward the margin1 their mouths reddish4 ,stem solid1 violaceous at the thickened base1 red-reticulated at the apex1 expanded into the pileus4 ,spores pallid ochraceous1 oblong-fusiform1 #aj-bj long4 ,pileus #c-d in4 broad4 ,stem #a4e-c in4 long4 ,compact soil4 ,ohio4 ,sullivant4 ,the species is said to be intermediate between ,boletus scaber and ,b4 edulis4 ,from the former it differs in its reticulated stem1 from the latter1 in its larger tubes and from both in its stratum of tubes being remote from the stem4 ,i have not seen it4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 ,underwoodii ,pk4 ,pileus rather thin1 convex1 becoming nearly plane1 slightly velvety1 bright brownish-red1 becoming paler with age4 ,flesh yellow1 changing to greenish-blue where wounded4 ,tubes adnate or slightly decurrent1 greenish-yellow1 becoming bluish where wounded1 their mouths very small1 round1 cinnabar red1 becoming brownish-orange4 ,stem equal or slightly tapering upward1 somewhat irregular1 solid1 yellow without and within4 ,spores #aj-ab x #e4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad4 ,stem #c-d in4 long1 #d-f lines thick4 ,grassy woods4 ,auburn1 ,alabama4 ,july4 ,underwood4 ,this species is remarkable for its adnate or subdecurrent tubes1 in which it departs from the character of the tribe to which it belongs according to the colors of the tubes4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bd1 ,no4 #c4 ,b4 parvus ,pk4--parvus1 small4 ,pileus convex1 becoming plane1 often slightly umbonate1 subtomentose1 reddish4 ,flesh yellowish-white1 slowly changing to pinkish where wounded4 ,tubes nearly plane1 adnate1 their mouths rather large1 angular1 at first bright red1 becoming reddish-brown4 ,stem equal or slightly thickened below1 red4 ,spores oblong1 #ab4ed4 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 #b-c lines thick4 ,grassy woods4 ,auburn1 ,ala4 ,july4 ,underwood4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bd1 ,no4 #c4 ,,versipel,,les--verto1 to change2 pellis1 a skin4 ,tubes at first white or whitish1 minute1 round1 equal1 forming a convex stratum free from the stem4 ,stem black ,b4 alboater ,stem some other color #a #a4 ,stem yellow at the base ,b4 chromapes #a4 ,stem not yellow at the base #b #b4 ,margin of the pileus ,b4 versipellis appendiculate #b4 ,margin not appendiculate #c #c4 ,stem scabrous or ,b4 scaber punctate-squamulose #c4 ,stem even #d #d4 ,pileus white or whitish ,b4 albellus #d4 ,pileus dark-brown ,b4 sordidus ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 alboater ,schw4--black and white4 ,pileus convex1 subtomentose-velvety1 black4 ,tubes free1 their mouths rather small1 white4 ,stem black4 ,pileus #c in4 broad4 ,stem #b in4 long4 ,moist woods4 ,frequent4 ,north ,carolina and ,pennsylvania1 ,schweinitz4 ,in ,epicrisis1 p4 #dbd1 ,fries adds to the description here quoted1 that the stem is flocculose-veiled4 ,he subjoins to this as a subspecies1 ,boletus floccosus ,schw42 but in ,syn4 ,n4,a4 ,fung41 ,schweinitz makes this a synonym of ,boletus floccopus4 ,the species does not appear to have been recognized by recent collectors1 which seems strange unless there is some error concerning it4 ,can it be a black variety of ,boletus scaber8 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,gravelly woods4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,cap #a-d in4 across1 convex1 slightly depressed1 margin involute when young1 black1 densely velvety in youth and age--beautifully so4 ,flesh firm1 thick1 solid1 white changing to grayish4 ,tubes white1 stuffed1 sometimes blackish when young1 excepting a grayish-white circle around stem1 becoming yellowish-white when matured1 rotund1 minute1 up to in4 long1 plane when young2 when caps expand tubes draw away from stem leaving a deep white depression4 ,this drawing away apparently elongates many dissepiments1 creating a gill-like effect1 decurrent upon stem4 ,stem #b-c in4 long1 swollen toward base when young1 equal1 expanding into cap and tapering to a point at base2 -#a in4 thick1 slightly compressible1 hard1 sooty-black1 velvety near base1 satiny and glossy upward1 has the appearance of having been blackened with burnt cork1 usually with narrow white band next to the tubes1 no trace of veil1 composed of rather hard waved fibers1 white when split1 but changing to sooty black toward base1 lighter upward4 ,smell like common mushroom2 taste nutty4 ,gregarious in sandy-conglomerate soil in mixed woods1 among moss and leaves4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,differs from ,b4 alboater ,schw41 in having densely tomentose cap1 tubes widely separated from stem in age4 ,a young specimen of apparently same species in same patch had very short1 decurrent tubes 7not over #a line7 which were sooty-black4 ,delicious4 ,b4 sordidus ,frost--sordid4 ,pileus convex1 subtomentose1 dirty dark-brown4 ,flesh white1 slightly tinged with green4 ,tubes long1 nearly free1 at first white1 changing to bluish-green4 ,stem smaller at the top1 brownish1 marked with darker streaks1 generally greenish above4 ,spores #aj-ace4 ,pileus about #b in4 broad4 ,recent excavations in woods4 ,new ,england1 ,frost2 ,ohio1 ,morgan4 ,the ,ohio plant occurs in damp woods1 has the flesh sometimes tinged with red and green1 the tubes white1 then sordid1 but changing to bluish-green when bruised1 their mouths large and angular1 the stem somewhat flexuous and striate and the spores fusiform and dirty-brown1 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 versipellis ,fr4 ,pileus convex1 dry1 at first compact and minutely tomentose1 then squamose or smooth1 reddish or orange-red1 the margin appendiculate with the inflexed remains of the membranous veil4 ,flesh white or grayish4 ,tubes at first concave or nearly plane1 almost or quite free1 minute1 sordid-white1 their mouths gray4 ,stem equal or tapering upward1 solid1 wrinkled-scaly1 whitish or pallid4 ,spores oblong-fusiform1 #ad-ahd-f4 ,pileus #b-f in4 broad4 ,stem #c-e in4 long1 #d-aj lines thick4 ,woods and open places1 especially in sandy soil4 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis2 ,new ,england1 ,frost2 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,california1 ,h4 and ,m4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,the caps are good cooked in any way4 7,plate ,,cxxi47 ,illustration3 ,,boletus ,,scaber4 ,one-half natural size4 ,b4 scaber ,fr4--scaber1 rough4 7,plate ,,cxviii1 fig4 #d1 p4 #dcf47 ,pileus convex1 glabrous1 viscid when moist1 at length wrinkled or lined4 ,tubes free1 convex1 white1 then sordid1 their mouths minute1 rotund4 ,stem solid1 attenuated above1 roughened with fibrous scales4 ,spores oblong-fusiform1 snuff-brown1 #ad-ahd-f4 ,pileus #a-e in4 broad4 ,stem #c-e in4 long1 #c-h lines thick4 ,woods1 swamps and open places4 ,very common and appearing through summer and autumn4 ,this may fairly be called our most common and variable species4 ,it is recorded in nearly every local list of fungi4 ,the pileus is convex1 hemispherical or even subconical4 ,it may be glabrous1 minutely tomentose1 subvelvety or squamulose4 ,the flesh is white or whitish and sometimes slightly changeable where wounded4 ,the tubes are generally rather long and with a rounded or convex surface4 ,the stem is distinctly scabrous or roughened with small blackish-brown or reddish dots or scales1 the ground color generally being whitish1 grayish or pallid4 ,the spores have been described as pale-brown and light-yellowish4 ,when caught in a mass on white paper they appear to me to approach snuff-brown4 ,the viscidity of the pileus is not always clearly discernible4 ,indeed the pileus is often quite as dry as in ,b4 versipellis4 ,when moistened by heavy rains it sometimes is smooth and clammy to the touch but scarcely viscid4 ,several varieties have been indicated which are expressive of the variations in the color of the pileus4 ,var4 testaceus4 ,pileus brick-red4 ,var4 aurantiacus4 ,pileus orange or orange-red4 ,these appear to connect this species and ,b4 versipellis4 ,var4 alutaceus4 ,pileus yellowish-tan color4 ,var4 fuligineus4 ,pileus fuliginous or cinereous-fuliginous4 ,var4 fuscus4 ,pileus brown or dark-brown4 ,var4 olivaceus4 ,pileus olivaceous4 ,var4 niveus4 ,pileus white1 when old sometimes stained with blue or livid-blue4 ,to these might be added3 ,var4 areolatus4 ,pileus rimose-areolate4 7,plate ,,cxviii1 fig4 #d1 p4 #dcf47 ,var4 mutabilis4 ,flesh changing slightly to brown or pinkish where wounded4 ,var4 gracilipes4 ,stem very slender1 #b-c in4 long1 #b-c lines thick4 ,pileus thin1 translucent when held toward the light4 ,this ,boletus is classed among the edible species1 but it is said to be less agreeable than ,b4 edulis4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,west ,virginia1 ,north ,carolina1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,the numerous varieties with their peculiarities here given by ,professor ,peck will enable the finder of a ,boletus with a distinctly scabrous stem--roughened with scales1 not reticulate--to select its name4 ,for the mycophagist it is enough to know that he has ,boletus scaber4 ,in all of its varieties it is edible4 ,the stems1 often the tubes1 unless young1 should be discarded1 as they do not cook in the same time as the caps4 ,the comparative excellence of the species rests with the devourer4 ,it deserves a high place4 ,b4 scaber1 var4 areolatus1 ,plate ,,cxviii1 fig4 #d1 has slight flavor1 but is of pleasing consistency4 ,b4 duriusculus ,schulz--somewhat hard4 ,pileus #b-e in4 across1 hemispherical1 minutely velvety1 viscid when moist1 varying in color from pale-brown1 through dingy-chestnut1 to umber-brown1 often becoming cracked in areas when dry1 interstices paler4 ,flesh thick1 white or tinged yellow1 when cut becoming reddish copper-color4 ,tubes - in4 long1 shortened round the stem and free1 openings about mm4 across1 often compound1 irregularly angular1 bright-yellow4 ,stem #d-g in4 long1 fusiform1 thickest part #a-b in4 across1 situated below the middle1 yellowish1 rough with blackish points1 which are sometimes arranged in a subreticulate manner1 apex sometimes more or less grooved1 solid1 flesh of upper part becoming coppery like the pileus4 ,spores elongato-cylindrical1 pale-umber1 #ad-afe-f4 ,in woods4 ,esculent and very delicious4 ,allied to ,boletus scaber1 but distinguished by the bright-yellow tubes and the very firm flesh1 which turns coppery-red when exposed to the air2 this color eventually changes to a dingy grayish-violet4 ,also allied to ,boletus porphyrosporus4 ,massee4 ,snow ,hill1 ,n4,j4 ,gravelly soil1 mixed woods1 #ahib4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,the stem and tubes should be removed4 ,the caps are very fine4 ,b4 albellus ,pk4--whitish4 ,pileus convex or gibbous1 soft1 glabrous1 whitish4 ,flesh white1 unchangeable4 ,tubes convex1 free1 or nearly so1 small1 subrotund1 whitish1 unchangeable4 ,stem glabrous or minutely branny1 substriate1 bulbous or thickened at the base1 whitish4 ,spores brownish-ochraceous1 #ad-afe-f4 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 #c-f lines thick4 ,woods4 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,this is closely related to ,b4 scaber1 of which it may possibly prove to be a dwarf form2 but it is easily distinguished by its smooth or only slightly scurfy and subbulbous stem4 ,it presents no appearance of the colored dot-like squamules which are a constant and characteristic feature of that species4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,west ,virginia4 ,woodland ,cemetery1 ,philadelphia4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,specimens found at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 had a satiny1 glossy stem1 beautifully furfuraceous1 and stem not thickened at base4 ,professor ,peck1 to whom specimens were sent1 writes3 8,stem is a little more furfuraceous1 and not thickened at the base1 otherwise the agreement is very good40 ,it is good fried4 ,b4 chromapes ,frost4 ,pileus convex or nearly plane1 slightly and sometimes fasciculately tomentose1 pale-red4 ,flesh white1 unchangeable4 ,tubes subadnate1 more or less depressed around the stem1 white or whitish1 becoming brown4 ,stem equal or slightly tapering upward1 rough-spotted1 whitish or pallid1 chrome-yellow at the base both without and within1 sometimes reddish above4 ,spores oblong1 #ab-add-e4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad4 ,stem #b-d in4 long1 #d-f lines thick4 ,woods4 ,new ,england1 ,frost2 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,the yellow base of the stem appears to be a peculiar and constant character by which the species may easily be recognized4 ,it imitates ,boletus piperatus in this respect1 but in everything else it is very distinct from that plant4 ,sometimes the stem is so badly infested by larv that it is difficult to procure a sound specimen4 ,the spores have a subferruginous color with a slight incarnate tint1 but the rough-dotted stem indicates a relationship with ,b4 scaber4 ,through this species1 ,boletus conicus and ,b4 gracilis1 the ,versipelles and the ,hyporhodii appear to run together4 ,in the ,catalogue of ,plants of ,amherst the specific name is 8chromapus40 ,it would be more in accordance with present custom to write it 8chromopus40 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,a dozen or more specimens referable to this species were found by me at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,august1 #ahig1 in mixed woods4 ,the caps were eaten and were excellent4 ,b4 nebulosus ,pk4 ,pileus convex1 dry1 snuff-brown or smoky-brown4 ,flesh white1 unchangeable4 ,tubes convex1 depressed around the stem1 pallid or brownish1 becoming purplish-brown where wounded1 the mouths small1 rotund4 ,stem enlarged toward the base1 solid1 scurfy1 colored like the pileus4 ,spores #ab4e-aef4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad4 ,stem #c-d in4 long1 #d-f lines thick4 ,shaded banks by road-side4 ,raybrook4 ,august4 ,no young or immature specimens were seen1 and the description is to that extent incomplete4 ,peck1 #east ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,by a painting made by the writer ,september1 #ahhe1 ,professor ,peck identified the species of which it is a picture as ,b4 nebulosus ,pk4 ,the following notes accompany it1 which have been verified many times since their writing3 ,oak woods4 ,west ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 ,september4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,september4 ,pileus chestnut-brown and darker1 covered with small1 low1 black spots2 convex1 often depressed in center1 sharp on margin4 ,flesh white1 thick1 solid1 unchangeable4 ,tubes very small1 and light pinkish-brown4 ,when touched they change to a deeper hue4 ,stem same color as pileus1 but a shade lighter1 solid1 scurfy1 having a striate appearance1 enlarging toward base4 ,taste sweet and pleasant4 ,cooked it is juicy1 meaty and very fine4 ,b4 fulvus ,pk4--brownish-yellow4 7,plate ,,cxvi1 fig4 #c1 p4 #dbj47 ,pileus thick1 convex or subcampanulate1 dry1 glabrous1 rimose-areolate1 tawny-yellow1 the extreme margin dark-brown4 ,flesh spongy1 tough1 white1 slowly assuming a reddish tint upon exposure to the air4 ,tubes rather long1 ventricose1 depressed around the stem and free or nearly so1 greenish-yellow1 the mouths small1 tawny-yellow4 ,stem rather long1 often narrowed and striate at the top1 dotted with brownish-orange granules or points1 radicating1 tough1 stuffed with greenish-yellow fibers1 colored like the pileus4 ,spores unknown4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad4 ,stem #d-e in4 long1 #d-h lines thick4 ,cespitose on decaying stumps4 ,west ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,august4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,mr4 ,mc,ilvaine says that there were between twenty and thirty specimens on and about an old stump and that they were as attractive to the eye as a cluster of ,clitocybe illudens4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bg1 ,january1 #aijj4 ,excellent in flavor1 rather spongy1 but fine4 ,,hyporho,,dii4 ,gr--somewhat rose-colored4 ,tubes adnate to the stem1 whitish1 then white-incarnate from the rosy spores4 ,in this tribe the tubes are at first whitish1 but with the development of the spores they usually assume a pinkish or flesh-colored hue4 ,wounds of the tubes in some species cause a change in color but not to blue1 nor are the tube mouths differently colored as in the ,luridi4 ,the stem in some is more or less reticulated but this is scarcely a constant or reliable character in these species4 ,typically the spores are rosy or flesh-colored1 but ,i have admitted species in which they incline to rust-colored1 giving more weight to the color of the tubes than to that of the spores4 ,pileus black or blackish ,b4 nigrellus ,pileus some other color #a #a4 ,stem more than four lines thick #b #a4 ,stem slender1 generally less than four ,b4 lines thick gracilis #b4 ,stem not reticulated #c #b4 ,stem more or less reticulated #d #c4 ,tubes angular1 flesh-colored ,b4 conicus #c4 ,tubes round1 white ,b4 alutarius #d4 ,taste mild ,b4 indecisus #d4 ,taste bitter ,b4 felleus ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 conicus ,rav4--conical4 ,pileus convex or subconical1 clothed with bundled appressed yellowish flocci4 ,flesh white1 unchangeable1 tasteless4 ,tubes ventricose1 flesh-colored1 becoming darker from the spores1 the mouths small1 angular1 slightly fringed4 ,stem glabrous1 tapering upward1 pale-yellow4 ,spores fusiform1 subferruginous4 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad4 ,stem #b in4 long1 #f lines thick4 ,damp pine woods4 ,south ,carolina1 ,ravenel4 ,the species is compared to ,boletus scaber1 from which it differs in its smaller tubes and smooth stem1 and from both this and ,b4 albellus it differs in the color of the tubes and in the yellowish flocci of the pileus4 ,i have seen no specimens1 but on account of the color of the tubes ,i have placed the species with the ,hyporhodii4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 gracilis ,pk4--slender4 7,plate ,,cxiv1 fig4 #a1 p4 #dad47 ,pileus convex1 glabrous or minutely tomentose1 rarely squamulose1 ochraceous-brown1 tawny-brown or reddish-brown4 ,flesh white4 ,tubes plane or convex1 depressed around the stem1 nearly free1 whitish1 becoming pale flesh-colored1 their mouths subrotund4 ,stem long1 slender1 equal or slightly tapering upward1 pruinose or minutely branny1 even or marked by slender elevated anastomosing lines which form long narrow reticulations4 ,spores subferruginous1 #ab4e-ag4ee-f4 ,var4 loevipes4 ,stem even4 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad4 ,stem #c-e in4 long1 #b-d lines thick4 ,woods4 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,new ,england1 ,frost2 ,ohio1 ,morgan4 ,the slender habit separates this species from all the others here included in this tribe4 ,its spores are not a clear incarnate in color1 but incline to dull-ferruginous1 and by this character this and the preceding species connect this tribe with ,versipelles4 ,in color ,b4 gracilis resembles some forms of ,b4 felleus1 but in size1 habit and color of spores it is easily distinct4 ,the tomentum of the pileus sometimes breaks into tufts or squamules4 ,this is ,boletus vinaceus1 ,frost ,,ms4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 gracilis1 var4 lvipes1 was found by the writer in ,woodland ,cemetery1 ,west ,philadelphia1 ,august1 #ahig1 and at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,september1 #ahih4 ,the stem of some specimens spreads at the top4 ,the pileus is often cracked on the margin1 and the upturning of the margin often exposes the tubes4 ,painting1 as of this species1 identified by ,professor ,peck4 ,the taste is at first sweet1 then bitter4 ,the bitterness is lost in cooking4 ,edible1 good4 ,b4 indecisus ,pk4--undecided4 7,plate ,,cxxii1 fig4 #a1 p4 #dfh47 ,pileus convex or nearly plane1 dry1 slightly tomentose1 ochraceous-brown1 often wavy or irregular on the margin4 ,flesh white1 unchangeable2 taste mild4 ,tubes nearly plane or convex1 adnate1 grayish becoming tinged with flesh color when mature1 changing to brownish where wounded1 their mouths small1 subrotund4 ,stem minutely furfuraceous1 straight1 or flexuous1 reticulated above1 pallid without and within4 ,spores oblong1 brownish flesh color1 #ab4e-aed4 ,pileus #c-d in4 broad4 ,stem #b-d in4 long1 #d-f lines thick4 ,thin oak woods4 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,the mild taste and darker colored spores will separate this ,boletus from any form of ,b4 felleus4 ,its stem reticulated above distinguishes it from ,b4 alutarius4 ,it resembles ,b4 modestus in some respects1 but its tubes are not at all yellow4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,kentucky1 ,lloyd1 ,rep4 #d4 ,woodland ,cemetery1 ,philadelphia1 ,july1 #ahig1 ,mc,ilvaine2 ,trenton1 ,n4,j41 ,august1 #ahig1 ,sterling4 ,in open mixed woods4 ,boletus indecisus so closely resembles ,b4 felleus in some of its forms that until the color of the spores is ascertained1 the sweet taste1 without trace of bitter1 is the only thing that will enable the finder to discriminate between them4 ,young ,b4 felleus are at first pleasant to the taste and do not1 at once1 develop their intense bitter in the mouth4 ,they may readily be taken for ,b4 indecisus4 ,if1 by mistake1 a single ,b4 felleus is cooked with mild species1 the dish will be spoiled4 ,specimens believed to be ,b4 indecisus should be tested4 ,a minute will perfectly satisfy anyone4 ,the ,b4 indecisus is delicious4 ,illustration3 ,grouped by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,studies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,cxxii4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,boletus ,,indecisus1 #dfh #b-c-d4 ,,boletus ,,felleus1 #dfj ,b4 alutarius ,fr4--aluta1 tanned leather4 ,pileus convex1 then nearly plane1 soft1 velvety1 becoming glabrous1 brownish tan color4 ,flesh almost unchangeable1 taste mild1 watery4 ,tubes depressed around the stem1 plane1 short1 round1 white1 becoming brownish where wounded4 ,stem solid1 bulbous1 nearly even1 small1 irregular prominences at the top4 ,spores #add4 ,pileus #c-d in4 broad4 ,stem #d-e in4 long4 ,grassy woods4 ,minnesota1 ,johnson4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,west ,virginia mountains1 #ahhb-ahhe4 ,margins of woods4 ,cheltenham1 ,pa4 ,margins of woods1 #ahhh-ahhi1 grassy woods and margins4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,common in ,west ,virginia mountains where it grows with ,b4 felleus1 from which it is impossible to distinguish it without tasting4 ,it is delicious when cooked4 ,but ,i long ago ceased collecting for the table any ,boletus questionable for ,b4 felleus4 ,i have been deceived so many times--taken the bitter for the sweet--that1 preferring the sweet1 ,i take no chances for the bitter4 ,b4 felleus ,bull4--fel1 gall4 ,bitter4 7,plate ,,cxxii1 fig4 #b1 #c1 #d1 p4 #dfh47 ,pileus convex or nearly plane1 firm1 becoming soft1 glabrous1 even1 variable in color1 pale-yellowish1 grayish-brown1 yellowish-brown1 reddish-brown or chestnut4 ,flesh white1 often changing to flesh color where wounded1 taste bitter4 ,tubes adnate1 long1 convex1 depressed around the stem1 their mouths angular1 white1 becoming tinged with flesh-color4 ,stem variable1 equal or tapering upward1 short or long1 sometimes bulbous or enlarged at the base1 subglabrous1 generally reticulated above1 colored like or a little paler than the pileus4 ,spores oblong-fusiform1 flesh-colored1 #ab4e-ag4ed-e4 ,var4 obesus4 ,pileus large4 ,stem thick1 coarsely and distinctly reticulated nearly or quite to the base4 ,pileus #c-h in4 broad4 ,stem #b-d in4 long1 #f-ab lines thick4 ,the variety is large and solitary in its mode of growth4 ,it is remarkable for the coarse reticulations of the stem which extend nearly or quite to the base4 ,after heavy rains the pileus is viscid4 ,it may prove to be a distinct species4 ,the flesh in the ,american plant does not always assume incarnate hues where wounded4 ,the color of the fresh tubes often changes to a deeper tint where wounded4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey1 ,north ,carolina1 ,mc,ilvaine2 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,miller4 ,a very common species in woods and on thin margins1 on open grassy places1 and about decayed stumps4 ,i saw hundreds of plants1 var4 obesus1 some a foot in diameter1 in a wheat stubble near oak woods4 ,one of the most attractive of ,boleti4 ,its cap resembles a handsomely browned cake4 ,its solidity is inviting2 its flesh1 generous in quantity1 excites appetite4 ,until one experiences its intense lasting bitter1 one clings to it with hope4 ,even after tasting1 it is thrown away with regret4 ,it is not poisonous1 but a small piece of one will embitter a whole dish4 ,mc,ilvaine1 ,bull4 ,phila4 ,myc4 ,center4 ,july1 #ahih4 ,b4 nigrellus ,pk4--blackish4 ,pileus broadly convex or nearly plane1 dry1 subglabrous1 blackish4 ,flesh soft1 white1 unchangeable4 ,tubes plane or convex1 adnate1 sometimes slightly depressed around the stem1 their mouths small1 subrotund1 whitish becoming flesh-colored1 slowly changing to brown or blackish where wounded4 ,stem equal1 short1 even1 colored like or a little paler than the pileus4 ,spores dull flesh-colored1 #aj-abe-f4 ,pileus #c-f in4 broad4 ,stem #a4e-b4e in4 long1 #f-ab lines thick4 ,woods and copses4 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,the blackish color of the pileus and stem distinguishes this species4 ,from ,boletus alboater ,schw41 the adnate1 flesh-colored tubes will separate it4 ,the surface of the pileus sometimes becomes cracked in areas4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,august1 #ahih4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,another distinguishing mark from ,b4 alboater is the velvety pileus of the latter4 ,b4 nigrellus is mild in taste and smell and an excellent species for the table4 ,b4 eccentricus ,pk4--eccentric4 7,plate ,,cxvi1 fig4 #a1 p4 #dbj47 ,pileus thick1 firm1 convex1 irregular1 glabrous1 more or less lobed or wavy on the involute margin1 gray or yellowish-gray4 ,flesh white1 close-grained1 elastic1 unchangeable1 taste and odor farinaceous4 ,tubes convex1 depressed around the stem1 not reaching the margin of the pileus1 somewhat uneven and pitted on the surface1 yellowish-brown1 the mouths subangular1 at first concolorous1 becoming reddish or reddish-purple4 ,stem eccentric1 tapering downward1 solid1 uneven with short irregular shallow grooves or obscure reticulations1 tinged with red at the top1 grayish below1 tinged with red or purple within at the base4 ,pileus #e-aj cm4 broad4 ,stem #d-e cm4 long1 #c-d cm4 thick at the top4 ,sandy soil in grassy places in woods4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,august and ,september4 ,the species is well marked by its eccentric stem1 thick irregular pileus and the reddish or reddish-purple mouths of the mature tubes4 ,mr4 ,mc,ilvaine remarks that when it is cooked it is delicate and savory4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,no4 #bg4 ,in commenting upon this new species to the writer1 ,professor ,peck says3 8,i suspect that the spores of this 7,b4 eccentricus7 are pinkish or rosy4 ,if so1 it belongs here 7in ,hyporhodii74 ,if not1 it may have to go in the ,luridi1 or possibly may be made the type of a new tribe40 ,,cario,,si--caries1 rottenness4 ,stem never reticulated1 stuffed with a spongy pith1 at length commonly excavated4 ,tubes at first white1 then often yellowish1 their mouths minute1 round4 ,fries adds to these characters1 8spores white40 ,but in our species the spores are pale-yellow when shed in a mass on white paper4 ,they are more elliptical in outline than the spores of most ,boleti4 ,the character of the stem is peculiar and easily distinguishes the tribe4 ,the exterior is firm1 the interior soft and spongy1 becoming irregularly hollow or cavernous in the typical species4 ,flesh unchangeable #a ,flesh quickly changing to blue where wounded ,b4 cyanescens #a4 ,pileus minutely velvety-tomentose ,b4 castaneus #a4 ,pileus granulated ,b4 ,murray ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 cyanescens ,bull4--cyaneus1 deep-blue4 ,pileus convex or nearly plane1 opaque1 floccose-scaly or covered with an appressed tomentum1 pale-buff1 grayish-yellow1 yellowish or somewhat brown4 ,flesh rigid1 white1 quickly changing to blue where wounded4 ,tubes free1 white1 becoming yellowish1 the mouths minute1 round1 changing color like the flesh4 ,stem ventricose1 hoary with fine hairs1 stuffed1 becoming cavernous1 contracted and even at the top1 colored like the pileus4 ,spores subelliptical1 #aj-ab4ef-g4e4 ,pileus #b-e in4 broad4 ,stem #b-d in4 long1 #h-ah lines thick4 ,woods and open places4 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,new ,england1 ,frost1 ,bennett2 ,minnesota1 ,johnson2 ,wisconsin1 ,bundy4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,high ground in woods4 ,solitary4 ,west ,virginia mountains1 ,springton ,hills1 ,pa41 ,kingsessing1 ,philadelphia1 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,boletus cyanescens is a sparse grower4 ,the quality of the juice varies4 ,that of young specimens stains the fingers blue1 that of old1 brown4 ,the caps are firm and make an excellent dish cooked in any way4 ,b4 castaneus ,bull4--chestnut4 7,plate ,,cxiv1 fig4 #c1 p4 #dad47 ,pileus convex1 nearly plane or depressed1 firm1 even1 dry1 minutely velvety-tomentose1 cinnamon or reddish-brown4 ,flesh white1 unchangeable4 ,tubes free1 short1 small1 white becoming yellow4 ,stem equal or tapering upward1 even1 stuffed or hollow1 clothed and colored like the pileus4 ,spores #aj-ab4ef-g4e4 ,pileus #a4e-c in4 broad4 ,stem #a-b4e in4 long1 #c-e lines thick4 ,woods and open places4 ,rather common and wide spread4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,boletus castaneus is one of the neatest looking of fungi4 ,the prevailing color is cinnamon1 that of the tubes white or very light yellow1 spotted with brown wherever insects have touched them4 ,the pore surface of mature specimens is usually irregular4 ,whoever has seen the stalagmites of ,luray ,cave will recognize their color on the stems of ,b4 castaneus4 ,these are brittle1 snapping like pipe stems1 with a small tube in center4 ,the fungus is common from ,june until ,september4 ,it is gregarious1 occasionally three or four individuals form a group4 ,either raw or cooked the caps are edible and will become favorites4 ,b4 ,murrayi ,b4 and ,c4 ,pileus hemispherical1 granulated1 vivid red4 ,flesh yellow4 ,tubes decurrent1 about #a line deep1 yellow4 ,stem clavate1 even1 pale-yellow4 ,spores pale-yellow4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad1 nearly #a4e thick4 ,new ,england1 ,murray4 ,on account of the color of the spores this species has been placed with the ,cariosi4 ,the description does not mention the character of the interior of the stem1 and the decurrent tubes depart from the character of the typical species so that its true position is uncertain4 ,the species seems well marked by the character of the pileus4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 isabellinus ,pk4 ,pileus convex1 firm1 minutely tomentose1 whitish1 becoming darker and smoother with age4 ,flesh isabelline4 ,tubes adnate1 minute1 sometimes larger near the stem1 nearly round1 whitish4 ,stem nearly equal1 subglabrous1 hollow1 whitish4 ,spores subelliptical1 #g4e-ie-f4 ,pileus #b-c in4 broad4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 #d-f lines thick4 ,woods4 ,ocean ,springs1 ,miss4 ,june4 ,underwood4 ,the species belongs to the ,cariosi4 ,peck1 in ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol #bd1 ,no4 #c4 ,,appendix 7,boletus74 ,the descriptions of the following species are scarcely sufficient to permit of the satisfactory reference of the species to their places in the tribes4 ,it is to be hoped that these plants may again be found and their proper relations be ascertained4 ,b4 ,ananas ,curt4 ,pileus pulvinate1 thickly and rigidly floccose-verrucose1 yellow1 flocci white above1 flesh-colored beneath1 the margin thin1 membranous1 lacerated2 hymenium plane1 depressed around the stem1 yellow or tawny-yellow1 becoming greenish where wounded1 their mouths medium size1 obtusely angular4 ,stem even1 solid1 somewhat enlarged at the base1 white4 ,spores ferruginous4 ,pileus #c-d in4 broad4 ,stem #c-d in4 long1 #f-i lines thick4 ,under prostrate trunks of pine trees4 ,south ,carolina1 ,ravenel2 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis4 ,this is said to approach ,s4 strobilaceus in habitat1 but to be otherwise very different4 ,it is placed among the ,subtomentosi in ,sylloge1 but from these it recedes by its floccose wart-like scales4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 radicosus ,bundy4 ,pileus thin1 wide1 recurved1 yellow tinged with brown1 the cuticle easily removed4 ,flesh pale-yellowish tinged with pink1 not changing color when bruised4 ,tubes decurrent1 large1 uneven-mouthed1 compound1 angular1 tinged with brown4 ,stem flexuous1 yellow above1 whitish below1 rough with dark appressed scales1 fibrous-rooted4 ,pileus #d in4 broad4 ,stem #c-d in4 long1 #e lines thick4 ,wisconsin1 ,bundy4 ,the pileus is not described as viscid1 but in other respects the species appears to belong to the ,viscipelles and to be related to ,boletus collinitus4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,b4 ,pocono ,schw4 ,pileus pulvinate1 cervine 7dun color71 minutely covered with bundles of tomentum on the closely-inflexed margin4 ,tubes rather large1 somewhat prominently angular1 concolorous4 ,stem subattenuated1 thickened toward the base1 pallid-striate at the apex1 elsewhere spadiceous1 subfurfuraceous4 ,pileus #a in4 broad4 ,stem #b-c in4 long4 ,beech woods4 ,pennsylvania1 ,schweinitz4 ,illustration ,,strobilo,,myces ,berk4 ,gr--a pine cone2 a fungus4 7,plate ,,cxxiv47 ,illustration3 ,,strobilomyces ,,strobilaceus4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,hymenophore even4 ,tubes not easily separable from it1 large1 equal4 ,pileus and stem distinctly rough-scaled1 the flesh tough4 ,syl4 ,fung41 ,vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #di4 ,i have given ,professor ,saccardo's emended diagnosis of this genus1 because it expresses what appears to me to be the most important generic character1 that is1 tubes not easily separable from the hymenophore4 ,by this character and by the tough substance the transition between ,boletus and ,polyporus is made4 ,tubes nearly equal in length ,s4 strobilaceus ,tubes shortened around the stem ,s4 floccopus ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,s4 strobilaceus ,berk4 ,gr--cone-like4 7,plate ,,cxxiv47 ,pileus hemispherical or convex1 dry1 covered with thick floccose projecting blackish or blackish-brown scales1 the margin somewhat appendiculate with scales and fragments of the veil4 ,flesh whitish1 changing to reddish and then to blackish where wounded4 ,tubes adnate1 whitish1 becoming brown or blackish with age2 their mouths large1 angular1 changing color like the flesh4 ,stem equal or tapering upward1 sulcate at the top1 floccose-tomentose1 colored like the pileus4 ,spores subglobose1 rough1 blackish-brown1 #aj-ab4e4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad4 ,stem #c-e in4 long1 #d-aj lines thick4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,west ,virginia mountains1 ,pennsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine2 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,miller4 ,common in woods and their margins1 under the overhanging sods of washes and road-cuts4 ,often in troops1 occasionally cespitose4 ,the rough fuzzy cap reminds of short fur that has been wet and dried4 ,its appearance is unique among ,boleti4 ,before cooking the stem and tubes should be removed1 unless the latter are very firm and fresh4 ,the squamules must be cut away or the dish will be rough4 ,with many this ,boletus is a prime favorite4 ,it has a strong woody taste1 sometimes musky1 sometimes faintly of anisette4 ,it cooks well by any method4 ,s4 floccopus ,vahl4--floccose-stemmed4 ,pileus convex1 soft1 covered with areas of bunched rough1 scaly tomentum1 cinereous1 at length blackish1 appendiculate with the silky1 thick annular veil4 ,tubes shortened behind1 their mouths large1 whitish-gray4 ,stem stout1 pitted above1 umber-tomentose below4 ,spores perfectly globose1 brown1 #i broad4 ,pileus #d-e in4 broad4 ,stem #d-e in4 long1 #a in4 thick4 ,woods4 ,north ,carolina and ,pennsylvania1 ,schweinitz2 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,according to ,fries this is a larger and firmer species than ,s4 strobilaceus but manifestly related to it4 ,the ,new ,york specimens which ,i have referred to it differ from ,s4 strobilaceus in no respect1 except in the tubes being depressed around the stem4 ,unless there are other differences in the ,european plant1 it scarcely seems to me to be worthy of specific distinction4 ,boletus floccopus1 ,rost4 tab4 #dj1 is referred to ,boletus scaber1 as is ,b4 holopus1 ,rost4 tab4 #dh4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4,s4 ,i agree with ,professor ,peck that this species is not worthy of specific distinction4 ,during #ahih ,i found a bunch containing eight individuals which varied through all botanic characteristics given to both species4 ,the largest individual was #d in4 across cap1 the smallest #a in4 ,on some the tubes were adnate1 on others shortened behind4 ,there was no difference in flavor excepting that due to age4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cxxv4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,fistulina ,,hepatica1 #dgg #b4 ,,polyporus ,,sulphureus1 #dhe ,,fistuli,,na ,bull4 ,fistula1 a pipe4 ,hymenium formed on the under surface of a fleshy hymenophore1 at first warted1 the warts developing into cylindrical tubes that remain distinct and free from each other1 producing in their interior cellular processes each bearing four spores4 ,conidia are produced in cavities of the old hymenophore4 ,with the outward appearance of a ,polyporus1 but separated by the tubes being free from each other4 ,a small genus of which ,f4 hepatica is the principal species4 ,this is known and valued in ,europe and wherever found in this country4 ,unfortunately it is rare or unknown in many localities4 ,a new species has recently been found in the ,united ,states--,fistulina firma1 by ,mrs4 ,a4 ,m4 ,hadley1 ,manchester1 ,n4,h4--a white-flesh species whose edibility is not reported4 ,torrey ,bull41 #ahii4 ,f4 pallida ,b4 and ,rav42 ,f4 radicata1 ,schw42 ,f4 spathulata ,b4 and ,c41 are reported from ,alabama4 ,edible qualities not stated4 ,the writer has not seen them or he surely would have tested them4 ,the spread and cultivation of ,f4 hepatica is possible4 ,experiments in this line are desirable4 ,f4 hepatica 7,huds47 ,fr4 ,gr--resembling the liver4 7,plate ,,cxxv1 fig4 #a1 p4 #dgf47 ,juicy-fleshy1 not rooting4 ,pileus entire1 blood-red4 ,flesh thick1 soft1 viscid above1 transversed with tenacious fibers1 hence variegated-red4 ,tubes at first pallid4 ,changeable in form1 sessile or extended into a lateral stem4 ,fries4 ,spores salmon-color1 nearly round with an oblique apiculus1 #c ,w4,g4,s42 broadly elliptical1 #e-fc-d2 conidia1 #f-aje ,massee2 yellowish1 elliptical1 #e-f4e long ,peck4 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania4 ,august to frost4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,small specimens may be confounded with ,f4 pallida1 which follows4 ,fistulina hepatica is celebrated in most countries1 and known usually as the ,beefsteak fungus4 ,it grows from decaying crevices in oak1 chestnut and other trees and stumps1 but those named are its favorites4 ,july1 ,august1 ,september are its months1 and after rains4 ,in some localities and years it is rare4 ,at ,mt4 ,gretna1 in #ahih1 a hundred pounds of it could be gathered almost any day4 ,august1 #ahii1 at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,i found several specimens in vicinity which1 though evidently ,f4 hepatica1 were remarkable for their structure--#b-d in4 across1 irregularly cylindrical1 with spore surface covering the entire fungus4 ,stem curt1 eccentric1 almost central4 ,specimens were sent ,professor ,peck1 who writes3 8,the sample of ,fistulina which you send is a singular thing4 ,saccardo has noted a somewhat similar form but without pore surface4 ,yours has pore surface1 but ,i do not find spores developed in it4 ,i am inclined to think it a monstrosity1 as you do1 but as you say you have found several of them ,i think it would be well to put it on record and ,i will enter it in my record as ,fistulina hepatica monstrosa n4 var4 and indicate its characters40 ,letter from ,professor ,peck1 ,august #bh1 #ahii4 ,i have partially succeeded in transplanting the mycelium of ,f4 hepatica4 ,experiments in this direction1 ,i feel confident1 will introduce this valuable fungus to localities where it is not now found1 or is rare4 ,experiments with the spores have not been as yet successful4 ,f4 hepatica monstrosa n4 var4 ,pk4 ,subglobose1 supported on a short stem or stem-like base1 the external surface entirely covered with tubules #b-d mm4 long4 ,pennsylvania4 ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,in color and texture resembling the common form1 but ,mr4 ,mc,ilvaine informs me that there is nothing in the position or place of growth of the specimens to account for their peculiar character4 ,they are #b-d in4 in diameter4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 #bg1 ,january1 #aijj4 ,excellent4 ,f4 pallida ,b4 and ,rav4--pallidus1 pale4 ,pileus kidney-shaped1 pallid-red1 pulverulent1 #a-b in4 broad1 about #a in4 long1 margin inflexed4 ,tubes more or less decurrent4 ,stem lateral1 striate1 when dry1 #a in4 long1 in4 thick4 ,mountains of ,south ,carolina on the ground4 ,ravenel4 ,alabama1 base of stumps of white oak4 ,peters4 ,grev41 ,vol4 #a1 ,no4 #e4 ,new ,jersey1 ,ellis4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cxxvi4 ,no4 #a4 ,,polyporus ,,fumosus4 #b4 ,,polystictus ,,versicolor4 ,about natural size4 #c4 ,,merulius ,,corium4 #d4 ,,polyporus ,,perennis ,,and ,,section4 #e4 ,d,,dalea ,,quercina4 #f4 ,,fomes ,,igniarius4 ,reduced in size4 #g4 ,,trametes ,,gibbosa4 ,,poly,,porus ,fr4 ,gr--many2 a passage1 pore4 ,pileus fleshy1 moist1 tough1 becoming harder in age1 internally composed of radiating fibers2 the spore-bearing surface is within passages or pores which are made by the descending substance of the pileus forming the dissepiments or separating walls1 hence they are not easily separable from the pileus or from one another4 ,the pores not appearing at first1 then becoming rounded1 angular or torn4 ,they form a distinct strata4 ,stem central1 eccentric1 lateral or absent4 ,with few exceptions growing from wood4 ,section ,merisma contains species which are conspicuous among fungi for their size and beauty4 ,the majority of this genus are unedible1 because of their being woody1 tough or bitter4 ,few of the edible species are of the first class4 ,excellent dishes are made by stewing the species well1 serving them in patties or in croquettes4 ,the cooking of ,p4 intybaceus is a guide to all4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,tribes4 ,i4--,,mesopus4 7,gr--middle2 a foot47 ,page #dgi4 ,stem single1 distinct1 central or eccentric2 not black at the base4 ,,ii4--,,pleuropus4 7,gr--the side2 a foot47 ,page #dhj4 ,stem single1 lateral or eccentric2 base black4 ,,iii4--,,merisma4 7,gr--to divide47 ,page #dhb4 ,divided into numerous pileoli1 borne on a simple or much-branched stem1 or a short1 thick tubercle4 ,,iv4--,,apus4 7,gr--without2 a foot47 ,page #dhh4 ,stem wanting2 pileus attached by the side or spread on the matrix4 ,v4--,,resupinati4 7,lying on the back47 ,page #dhi4 ,the pores being placed directly upon the wood or on the mycelium1 the pileus proper is absent4 ,i4--,,me,,sopus4 ,p4 ovinus ,schaeff4--relating to sheep4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad1 fleshy1 thick1 fragile1 irregular in shape1 becoming scaly1 whitish4 ,stem short1 thick1 #a in4 or more in length1 white4 ,pores minute1 equal1 round1 white then citron-color4 ,on the ground4 ,autumn4 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis2 ,massachusetts1 ,frost2 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,new ,york1 ground in pine woods4 ,bethlehem4 ,september1 ,peck1 #bb;d ,rep4 ,cordier says it possesses an agreeable odor of almonds and that ,fries and his companions ate it raw in their mycological excursions4 ,edible4 ,peck1 ,curtis4 ,p4 leucomelas 7,pers47 ,fr4--leucos1 white2 melas1 black4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad1 fleshy1 somewhat fragile1 irregularly-shaped1 silky1 sooty-black4 ,flesh soft1 reddish when broken4 ,stem #a-c in4 in length1 stout1 unequal1 somewhat tomentose1 sooty-black1 becoming black internally4 ,pileus and stem becoming black in places4 ,pores rather large1 unequal1 ashy or whitish1 becoming black in drying4 ,spores pale brown1 #aj-abd-e4 ,massee4 ,north ,carolina1 edible1 ,curtis2 ,ohio1 a curious esculent4 ,morgan4 ,p4 circinatus ,fr4--round4 ,pileus #c-d in4 broad1 compact1 thick round1 plane1 zoneless1 velvety1 reddish-brown4 ,flesh the same color4 ,it forms duplicate strata of pilei1 the inferior contiguous with the stem and corky2 the superior compact1 soft1 floccose4 ,stem #a in4 thick and high1 bearing a reddish-brown tomentum4 ,pores decurrent1 entire1 dusky-gray4 ,in fir woods4 ,a noble species1 memorable for the stratified duplicate pilei4 ,var4 proliferus4 ,like the typical form but having one or more pilei developed from the upper surface of the first one4 ,fulton ,chain4 ,august4 ,peck1 #dfth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,new ,york4 ,on ground in borders of woods4 ,september4 ,peck1 #cb;d1 #dfth ,rep4 ,on ground in oak woods1 ,west ,philadelphia4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,when young the soft pilei are good4 ,illustration3 ,photographed by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,weist4 ,,plate ,,cxxx4 ,,polyporus ,,squamosus4 ,,ii4--,,pleuropus4 ,p4 squamosus ,fr4--squama1 a scale4 7,plate ,,cxxx1 p4 #dhj47 ,pileus #c in4-#a ft4 broad1 somewhat ochraceous1 variegated with a broad1 adpressed1 spot-like1 centrifugal1 darker scales1 fleshy-pliant1 fan-shaped1 flattened4 ,stem excentric and lateral1 obese1 reticulated at the apex1 blackish at the base4 ,pores thin1 variable 7at first minute71 then large1 angular and torn1 pallid4 ,fries4 ,handsome1 commonly very large1 somewhat central and umbilicate when young1 at length lateral1 very variable in shape4 ,on trunks and stumps1 chiefly ash4 ,common4 ,may to ,november4 ,stevenson4 ,spores oval1 white1 #adf ,w4,g4,s42 elliptical1 colorless1 #abe ,massee4 ,massachusetts1 ,sprague2 ,iowa1 ,macbride2 ,new ,york4 ,trunk of elm4 ,may4 ,peck1 #bgth ,rep42 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania4 ,on fallen trunks and on stumps4 ,may to ,november4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,this species does not seem to be common in ,america1 but is found throughout ,europe4 ,it varies in size from #c in4 to over #c feet4 ,it has been known to attain the circumference of #g ft4 #e in41 and the weight of #dj lbs4 ,dr4 ,badham says that it can not be masticated and that its expressed juice is very disagreeable4 ,the fact1 however1 remains that it is eaten1 and is recorded as edible by most authors4 ,it is undoubtedly tough1 but cut fine and stewed slowly for half an hour it is quite as tender as the muscle of an oyster and has a pleasant flavor4 ,p4 picipes ,fr4--pix1 pitch2 pes1 a foot4 ,pallid then chestnut1 commonly pale yellowish-livid1 with the disk chestnut4 ,pileus fleshy-coriaceous1 then rigid1 tough1 even1 smooth1 depressed at the disk or behind4 ,flesh white4 ,stem excentric and lateral1 equal1 firm1 at first velvety1 then naked1 dotted1 black up to the pores4 ,pores decurrent1 round1 very small1 rather slender1 white1 then slightly pale yellowish4 ,fries4 ,imbricated1 odor somewhat sweet4 ,the pileus is depressed behind1 commonly emarginate1 funnel-shaped with lobes all round4 ,on trunks1 especially willow4 ,frequent4 ,july to ,december4 ,stevenson4 ,many young plants1 in tufts upon a decaying oak log1 were found by me at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,august1 #ahii4 ,they were oyster-color1 the very thin caps translucent1 #b-f in4 across1 #aaf in4 thick2 pores not visible to the naked eye4 ,the black dots upon the stems developed some time after gathering4 ,they were pleasantly crisp when stewed and of fine flavor4 ,older specimens were bitter and tough4 ,,iii4--,,merisma4 ,p4 umbellatus ,fr4--umbella1 a sun-shade4 ,very much branched1 fibrous-fleshy1 toughish4 ,pileoli very numerous1 -#a in4 broad1 sooty1 dull-red or pallid light-yellow1 entire1 umbilicate4 ,stems elongated1 separate1 united at the base1 white4 ,pores minute1 white4 ,the pileoli have occurred white4 ,fries4 ,edible4 ,fries4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #ea2 ,richmond1 ,ind41 ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,weist2 ,gouverneur1 ,n4,y41 ,mrs4 ,e4,c4 ,anthony2 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania4 ,on decaying roots in ground and on stumps4 ,may to ,november4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,tufts dense1 branches spreading from a center4 ,the pilei up to #b in4 across1 connected at base4 ,the dense spreading tufts1 up to a foot across and half as high1 are very noticeable4 ,the flesh is soft and of good flavor4 ,cook like ,p4 intybaceus4 ,p4 anax ,berk4 ,fleshy1 fibrous1 rather tough1 dusky-gray1 branching out from a thick1 single stem at the base and forming a large head of branches and pileoli #aj-bj lines in diameter2 the branches terminate in numerous large pileoli of various forms and size1 imbricating1 confluent and recurved4 ,flesh and pores white4 ,stems thick1 growing together1 white4 ,pores large1 unequal1 angular1 white4 ,spores white1 subelliptic1 #g-h long4 ,ohio1 at the base of oak trees and stumps4 ,autumn4 ,morgan4 ,this species has apparently been confused by some ,american mycologists with ,p4 intybaceus4 ,i have received specimens of it bearing that name4 ,the spores of that species are described as elliptic or ovoid4 ,the spores of ,polyporus anax1 as shown by our specimens1 are globose4 ,peck1 #east ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #east ,rep42 ,new ,jersey1 ,sterling2 ,angora1 ,west ,philadelphia1 growing on rotting stump4 ,september1 #ahig1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible when young and fresh4 ,illustration3 ,photographed by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,weist4 ,,plate ,,cxxviii4 ,,polyporus ,,frondosus4 ,p4 frondosus ,fr4--frons1 a leafy branch4 7,plate ,,cxxviii1 p4 #dhb47 ,tuft -#a ft4 broad1 very much branched1 fibrous-fleshy1 toughish4 ,pileoli very numerous1 -#b in41 sooty-gray1 dimidiate1 wrinkled1 lobed1 intricately recurved4 ,flesh white4 ,stems growing into each other1 white4 ,pores rather tender1 very small1 acute1 white4 ,pores commonly round1 but in an oblique position1 gaping open and torn4 ,fries4 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis2 ,iowa1 ,macbride2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #bdth ,rep42 ,west ,virginia1 #ahha-ahhe1 ,chester county1 ,angora1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,on stumps1 roots1 etc4 ,rare4 ,september to frost1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,sold in the ,roman market4 ,tufts up to #ab in4 across2 the branches very numerous1 up to #b in4 wide4 ,the plant is tender when young and grows tough as it matures4 ,when young it is of good flavor and edible--older it makes a well-flavored gravy1 or is edible if chopped fine and very well cooked4 7,plate ,,cxxix47 ,illustration3 ,,polyporus ,,intybaceus4 ,p4 intybaceus ,fr4--succory-like4 ,very much branched1 fleshy1 somewhat fragile4 ,pileoli very numerous1 pale-yellowish inclining to fuscous1 dimidiate1 stretched out1 sinuate1 at length spathulate4 ,stems connate in a very short trunk4 ,pores firm1 obtuse1 white1 inclining to dingy-brown4 ,fries4 ,about same size as ,p4 frondosus and larger4 ,stevenson4 ,spores colorless1 elliptical1 #gc4e ,massee2 #fc ,w4,g4,s4 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,miller4 ,base of living trees4 ,woodland ,cemetery1 ,west ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey4 ,large tufts growing from oak roots in ground and at base of oak trees4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible4 ,stevenson4 ,paulet says3 ,in place of its being heavy upon the stomach1 he will feel all the lighter who sups upon it4 ,the people of the ,vosges call it the ,hen-of-the-,woods4 ,the words of the old song-- 8,so very much depends upon ,the way in which it's done10 apply with exceptional force to the cooking of ,p4 intybaceus4 ,if it is cut in thin slices across the grain and slowly stewed for half an hour it will be tender and of good flavor4 ,it can then be served in that way1 or made into patties or croquettes4 ,p4 cristatus ,fr4--crista1 a crest4 ,branched1 firmly fleshy1 fragile4 ,pileoli about #c in4 broad1 reddish-green1 entire and dimidiate1 imbricated1 depressed1 somewhat pulverulent-villous1 then cracked into scales4 ,stems connate1 irregularly shaped1 white4 ,pores minute1 angular and torn1 whitish4 ,fries4 ,very changeable in form1 sometimes simple with an undulato-lobed1 central pileus4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,woodland ,cemetery1 ,philadelphia1 ,west ,virginia4 ,on ground over roots1 open woods and grassy places4 ,september1 ,october4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,variable in form1 but usually in rose-shaped clusters1 which are slightly greenish at times2 oftener shades of yellow4 ,the substance is the same in texture as ,p4 intybaceus4 ,cook in same manner4 ,p4 confluens ,fr4--stems confluent2 adherent4 ,pilei branched1 fleshy1 fragile1 thick1 dimidiate1 imbricated1 confluent1 smooth1 fleshy-yellow becoming obscure1 slightly scaly4 ,stem short4 ,pores short1 minute1 pallid-white4 ,eaten about ,nice2 savor a little sharp4 ,cordier2 ,north ,carolina1 superior eating4 ,curtis4 ,pine woods4 ,new ,scotland4 ,september4 ,our specimens are not at all squamulose1 and this character is not attributed to the species by all authors4 ,it is probable that it is not uniform in this respect4 ,peck1 #cith ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,p4 ,berkeleyi ,fr4 ,very much branched4 ,pileoli very large1 subzonate1 finally tomentose1 yellowish1 fleshy1 tough becoming corky and hard4 ,stem short or none1 arising from a long and thick common base growing out of the ground usually near trees or stumps4 ,pores rather large1 irregular1 angular1 pale yellowish4 ,a magnificent specimen found near ,boston a dozen years ago and exhibited in the window of ,doyle1 the florist1 was fully four feet high and from two to three feet broad1 containing very many pileoli4 ,north ,carolina1 edible1 ,curtis2 ,iowa1 ,bessey2 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 very large specimens1 #bj in4 across4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible when young4 ,p4 giganteus ,fr4--gigas1 a giant4 ,tuft #a-b ft4 and more broad1 in many imbricated layers1 fleshy-pliant then somewhat coriaceous4 ,pilei date-brown1 dimidiate1 very broad1 flaccid1 somewhat zoned1 rivulose1 depressed behind4 ,stems connato-branched from a common tuber4 ,pores minute1 somewhat round1 pallid1 at length torn4 ,the rigid cuticle separates into granules or fibrillose squamules4 ,pores becoming dark when touched4 ,fries4 ,edible1 ,curtis4 ,esculent when young4 ,on the continent its esculent qualities are known and appreciated4 ,cooke4 ,west ,virginia1 ,chester county1 ,pa41 ,eagle's ,mere1 ,pa4 ,on decaying stumps and roots4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,it is well marked by its spore-surface becoming black to the touch4 ,when young and fresh it stews to a pleasant1 edible consistency1 but is tough if not well cooked or too old4 ,the flavor of a gravy from it is at all times good4 ,p4 sulphureus ,fr4--sulphur1 brimstone4 7,plate ,,cxxv1 fig4 #b1 p4 #dgf47 ,in many cespitose layers1 #a-b ft4 and more1 juicy-cheesy4 ,pilei #h in4 or more broad1 reddish-yellow1 imbricated1 undulated1 rather smooth4 ,flesh light yellowish1 then white1 splitting open and not hardened when old4 ,pores minute1 plane1 sulphur-yellow4 ,fries4 ,soon becoming pale4 ,commonly sessile1 but varying with a stem1 lateral on standing trees1 but expanded on all sides on fallen ones2 also club-shaped1 porous throughout4 ,sow4 ,in its fullest vigor it is filled with sulphur-yellow milk4 ,on living trees and stumps4 ,frequent4 ,august to ,october4 ,stevenson4 ,spores oval1 white1 minutely papillose1 #he ,w4,g4,s42 elliptical1 hyaline1 slightly papillose1 #g-hd-e ,massee4 ,edible4 ,stevenson1 ,curtis4 ,maryland1 ,miss ,banning2 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,miller2 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania4 ,on willow1 apple1 cherry1 maple1 hickory1 etc4 ,frequent4 ,august to ,november4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,frequently in large masses4 ,commonly broadly attached1 but sometimes with a short stem4 ,very occasionally a single pileus will protrude from a tree like a giant yellow tongue shaded with reddish-orange4 ,usually the pilei are in clusters united in a solid base1 white-fleshed and rich in color4 ,i have seen clusters two feet across4 ,on an old willow at ,mt4 ,gretna1 a cluster #ah in4 across afforded a dozen meals4 ,whenever a meal was wanted a pound or two was broken off4 ,it lasted until ,january4 ,if ,p4 sulphureus is cooked properly it is a delicious fungus4 ,cut fine1 stew slowly and well1 season1 add butter1 milk with a little thickening4 ,p4 maculatus ,pk4--having macul-spots4 ,pileus of a cheesy consistence1 broad1 flattened1 sometimes confluent1 sessile or narrowed into a short stem1 slightly uneven1 white or yellowish-white1 marked with darker zones and watery spots4 ,pores minute1 subangular1 short1 whitish1 sometimes tinged with brown4 ,flesh white4 ,pileus #d-f in4 broad1 #f-h lines thick4 ,prostrate trunks of trees in woods4 ,worcester4 ,july4 ,in texture and shape this species is related to ,p4 sulphureus1 but the pores are smaller than in that species4 ,the plants are sometimes cespitose1 sometimes single4 ,the spots in the dried specimens have a smooth depressed appearance4 ,peck1 #bfth ,rep4 ,angora1 ,west ,philadelphia4 ,september1 #ahif4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,september1 #ahig-ahih4 ,on white oak trunks4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,several specimens of different ages proved good eating4 ,like ,p4 sulphureus it must be well cooked4 ,p4 heteroclitus ,fr4 ,gr--one of two2 ,gr1 to lean4 ,in many cespitose layers1 coriaceous4 ,pilei #b in4 broad1 orange1 sessile1 expanded on all sides from a radical tubercle1 lobed1 villous1 zoneless4 ,pores irregularly shaped and elongated1 golden-yellow4 ,fries4 ,on the ground under oak4 ,rare4 ,the flat pilei extend horizontally from the tubercle4 ,irregular1 eccentric4 ,stevenson4 ,minnesota1 ,johnson4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,hopkin's woods4 ,june to ,july1 #ahij-ahif4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,of all fungoid growth this is the most showy4 ,its clusters1 often a foot and a half in diameter and spread like mammoth dahlias1 are gorgeous in color and conspicuous in design4 ,resting upon the ground or reared against the base of tree or stump1 they deceive by their likeness to gaudy bouquets1 left by foreign picnickers4 ,in quality it is the same as ,p4 sulphureus4 ,it does not1 however1 retain its edibility4 ,as it ages it becomes offensive4 ,p4 poripes ,fr4--porous-stemmed4 ,pileus #a4e-c in4 broad1 rather fleshy1 sinuately repand1 smooth1 grayish-brown4 ,stem central or excentric1 firm1 smooth1 #a4e-c in4 long1 #d-f lines thick1 punctuated by the whitish decurrent pores4 ,on earth in hilly regions4 ,cap #b in4 across1 light drab1 smooth1 slightly furfuraceous toward center1 broken into minute appressed squamules1 zoned4 ,flesh fibrous1 white-pliable4 ,tubes very shallow1 round mouths with obtuse divisions1 china-white1 running down to base of stem4 ,stem eccentric1 almost lateral1 entirely surrounded by pores1 connate at base1 in4 thick4 ,smell pleasant4 ,new ,york4 ,ground4 ,august1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bd2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,august to ,november1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a large tufted species growing on the ground in woods1 ,august to ,november1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,when raw tastes like the best chestnuts or filberts1 but rather too dry cooked4 ,curtis4 ,it must be chopped fine and slowly cooked4 ,p4 immitis ,pk4--wide1 rude4 ,pilei cespitose-imbricated1 broad1 slightly convex or flattened1 more or less rough or uneven1 radiately-wrinkled1 tuberculose or fibrous-bristled1 zoneless1 white1 becoming tinged with yellow or alutaceous in drying4 ,flesh white1 slightly fibrous1 soft and moist when fresh1 cheesy when dry1 with a subacid odor4 ,pores minute1 angular or even subflexuous1 about equal in length to the thickness of the pileus1 the dissepiments thin1 white1 often at length dentate or lacerate on the edge4 ,spores minute1 white1 elliptical1 #c-dah-bj4 ,pilei #b-d in4 broad1 the flesh commonly #c-d lines thick4 ,decaying ash trunks4 ,east ,berne4 ,august4 ,the species is apparently related to ,p4 csareus1 but the character of the pores is quite different in the two species4 ,peck1 #ceth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,on dead black oak4 ,august to ,november1 #ahih4 ,several clusters grew on dead black oaks4 ,the pilei overlap and the wrinkled corrugated margins curve downward1 giving them the semblance of shells4 ,from a distance a group looks like ,pleurotus ostreatus4 ,the substance is juicy2 while cooking it is at first bitter1 but this disappears4 ,it becomes tender and well flavored4 ,p4 alligatus ,fr4--alligo1 to bind to4 ,in many cespitose layers1 fibrous-fleshy1 rigid-fragile4 ,pilei tan-isabelline1 imbricated1 unequal1 zoneless1 villous4 ,pores minute1 soft1 white1 readily becoming stopped up with flocci4 ,often clavate when young4 ,commonly wrapping round stipules and grasses4 ,fries4 ,spores elliptical1 pale1 #fg ,massee4 ,woodland ,cemetery1 ,philadelphia4 ,among oak trees on grassy ground4 ,july1 ,august1 ,september4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,tufts frequently weigh two pounds4 ,when young the plant cooks well1 is tender and of sweet1 pleasant flavor4 ,when old it has a sour unpleasant odor4 ,,iv4--,,apus4 ,p4 chioneus ,fr4 ,gr--snow4 ,white pileus #a in4 and more broad1 fleshy1 soft1 becoming even1 smooth1 zoneless1 often extended behind1 margin inflexed4 ,pores curt1 very small1 round1 equal1 quite entire4 ,fries4 ,always soft1 fragile1 hyaline-white when moist1 shining white when dry4 ,odor acid4 ,without a cuticle4 ,stevenson4 ,spores white1 oval1 #bac ,w4,g4,s4 ,new ,york4 ,decaying wood of frondose trees4 ,peck1 #cc;d ,rep4 ,angora1 ,philadelphia1 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,on standing and fallen timber4 ,june to ,september4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,this snow-white ,polyporus is too conspicuous to be passed unseen4 ,one does not expect to find snow-balls stuck against trees in ,august4 ,at a distance it resembles one4 ,when young and fresh it is good4 ,p4 betulinus ,fr4--betula1 birch4 ,pileus fleshy1 then corky1 hoof-shaped1 obtuse1 zoneless1 smooth1 the oblique vertex in the form of an umbo1 pellicle thin1 separating4 ,pores late of being developed1 curt1 minute1 unequal1 at length separating4 ,fries4 ,on living and dead birch4 ,common4 ,may to ,december4 ,pileus #c-f in4 broad4 ,the pileus is at first pale1 then acquiring a brownish tinge4 ,the edge is always very obtuse4 ,stevenson4 ,the lower surface or hymenium is frequently rough with numerous acicular projections1 making the plant look like a ,hydnum when viewed horizontally4 ,peck1 #bdth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,massachusetts1 ,kansas1 ,new ,york4 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bd4 ,wherever the birch grows this neat1 white-fleshed ,polyporus abounds4 ,when young it is eaten by deer4 ,dried it burns with a white flame1 or holds fire as well as the best punk4 ,it is a valuable fuel1 already prepared for the stove4 ,in the birch forests near ,eagle's ,mere1 ,pa41 tons of it can be seen protruding from tree and log4 ,when very young it is fair4 ,unpleasant when old4 ,v4--,,resupinati4 ,p4 sinuosus ,fr4--full of folds4 ,broadly effused1 adnate1 dry1 the evanescent mycelium somewhat rooting1 white then yellowish4 ,pores large1 surface flexuous1 acute1 lacerated4 ,odor of licorice4 ,new ,york4 ,decaying wood of maple4 ,peck1 #djth ,rep4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,of but little food value4 ,collected carefully and boiled1 it yields a pleasantly flavored liquor4 ,illustration ,,meru,,lius ,hall4 7,plate ,,cxxvi1 fig4 #c1 p4 #dgh47 ,hymenophore resting on a loose mold-like mycelium1 covered with the soft1 waxy1 continuous hymenium1 having its surface variously plicate or wrinkled1 the folds forming irregular pores1 sometimes obsoletely toothed4 ,generally on wood4 ,i have tasted1 raw1 every species ,i have found4 ,they are all more or less woody in flavor1 and ,i believe them to be edible4 ,at the best ,merulius would be an emergency genus4 ,m4 tremellosus is substantial1 as is ,m4 rubellus ,pk4 ,m4 tremellosus ,schrad4--tremellosus1 trembling4 ,resupinate2 margin becoming free and more or less reflexed1 usually radiately-toothed1 gelatinoso-cartilaginous2 hymenium variously wrinkled and porous2 whitish and subtranslucent looking1 becoming tinged brown in the center4 ,spores cylindrical1 curved1 about #da4 ,on wood4 ,from #a-c in4 across1 remaining pale when growing in dark places4 ,margin sometimes tinged rose1 radiating when well developed4 ,massee4 ,spores cylindrical1 curved1 hyaline1 #da ,k4 ,new ,york4 ,old logs1 stumps1 ,catskill mountains4 ,peck1 #bb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,common1 both rose-colored and translucent brown species1 numerous on decaying wood4 ,october to ,november1 #ahih-ahii4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,m4 tremellosus is a common species and rather attractive looking4 ,in substance it approaches ,tremella and ,peziza4 ,the spore-bearing surface is superior 7turned upward7 and then sometimes turned in at the margin which frequently is bright rose color1 sometimes yellowish-rose4 ,it is rather tasteless--slightly woody in flavor1 rather tough4 ,an emergency species4 ,m4 rubellus ,pk4--rubellus1 dim4 of ruber1 reddish4 ,generally cespitose1 imbricated1 sessile1 dimidiate1 soft1 tenacious1 tomentose1 evenly red1 pale when dry2 margin mostly undulately inflexed2 hymenium white or flesh-color2 folds branching1 forming anastomosing pores4 ,spores elliptical1 hyaline1 minute1 #d-eb4e-c4 ,pileus #b-c in4 long1 #a4e in4 broad4 ,somewhat related to ,m4 tremellosus4 ,on trunks of beech in woods4 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,indiana1 ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,weist2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,november4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,specimens identified by ,professor ,peck4 ,tough1 but edible4 ,,family ,,iii4--,,hydna,,ce4 ,hymenium inferior or amphigenous 7not confined to one surface71 from the first definitely protuberant1 spread over persistent spines1 bristles1 teeth1 tubercles or papilla4 ,fries4 ,while the highest members of this family possess the general form of the mushroom1 others1 lacking a stem1 recline on the back 7resupinate72 the lowest1 without even the appearance of a distinct pileus1 seem to be simply spread over the supporting body 7effused74 ,in the highest class the spines or other spore-bearing surface are inferior1 i4 e41 below the pileus2 in the others they are of course superior1 i4 e41 above the pileus4 ,of the eleven genera but two contain species of food value4 ,hydnum1 characterized by its acute spines1 embraces species which are eaten as delicacies1 and ,irpex1 distinguished by its somewhat acute teeth growing from a ridgy hymenium1 contains those which may furnish sustenance in time of need4 ,in ,caldesia1 bearing spines1 the texture is floccose not fleshy4 ,sistotrema has a pileus and a central stem1 but instead of spines bears irregular flattened teeth4 ,the remaining genera are separated by the tubercles1 granules1 folds1 etc41 which take the place of spines or teeth4 ,several species of ,hydnum are common to earth and wood1 others are distinct in their habitats4 ,,synopsis ,,of ,,the ,,genera4 ,,hydnum4 ,page #did4 ,sporophore fleshy1 with a central stem or entirely resupinate1 texture compact1 spines acute1 distinct at the base4 ,,caldesiella4 ,resupinate2 texture floccose1 spines acute2 spores muriculate4 7,no edible species reported47 ,,sistotrema4 ,pileate2 fleshy1 central-stemmed1 teeth flattened1 irregular1 inferior4 7,no edible species reported47 ,,irpex4 ,page #ejd4 ,resupinate2 teeth rather acute1 springing from folds or ridges that often anastomose irregularly4 ,,radulum4 ,resupinate2 tubercles coarse1 deformed1 subcylindrical1 obtuse4 7,no edible species reported47 ,,phlebia4 ,resupinate2 hymenium covered with folds or wrinkles1 having the edge entire or corrugated4 7,no edible species reported47 ,,grandinia4 ,resupinate2 hymenium with crowded1 globose1 persistent1 hemispherical1 minute granules1 having their apices more or less excavated4 7,no edible species reported47 ,,porothelium4 ,resupinate2 hymenium with scattered wart-like granules1 which become more or less elongated and excavated at the apices4 7,no edible species reported47 ,,odontia4 ,resupinate2 hymenium densely covered with small granules that are divided at the apices in a penicillate manner4 7,no edible species reported47 ,,kneiffia4 ,resupinate2 hymenium covered with very minute1 barren1 acute spinules4 7,no edible species reported47 ,,mucronella4 ,spines slender1 elongated1 acute1 not springing from a sporophore or subiculum4 7,no edible species reported47 ,,hyd,,num4 ,gr--name for some edible fungus4 ,hymenium inferior1 bearing awl-shaped ,spines1 distinct at the base4 ,fries4 ,in this genus the spines proceed from an even surface1 not folded or wrinkled1 and are covered with the spore-bearing surface4 ,the forms are extremely variable1 the type of the first section1 ,h4 repandum1 being easily mistaken for one of the ,agaricace until examined1 the stem being nearly central and upright1 while in other forms it is lateral or absent4 ,some are dimidiate 7as if part of the pileus had been removed and the plant attached by the remaining portion72 the lower forms are resupinate4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,tribes4 ,,mesopus 7,gr--middle1 a foot74 ,page #die4 ,entire1 simple1 stem central4 ,on the ground1 mostly in pine woods4 ,,pleuropus 7,gr--the side2 a foot74 ,stem lateral4 ,none known to be edible4 ,,merisma 7,gr--to divide74 ,page #eja4 ,very much branched or of an irregular form without a distinct margin4 ,,apus 7,gr--without2 a foot74 ,page #ejc4 ,stemless1 dimidiate1 margin distinct4 ,,resupinati 7resupino1 to throw on the back74 ,without stem or distinct pileus4 ,none known to be edible4 ,,mes,,opus4 ,gr--middle2 a foot4 7,entire1 simple1 stem central4 ,on the ground1 mostly in pine woods47 ,h4 imbricatum ,l4--imbrex1 a tile4 ,pileus about #b-e in4 broad1 umber1 zoneless1 fleshy1 rather plane1 somewhat umbilicate1 floccose1 tessulato-scaly4 ,flesh dingy whitish4 ,stem curt1 #a-c in4 long1 #a-b in4 thick1 even4 ,spines #d-f lines long1 decurrent1 ashy-white4 ,there are two forms2 one with the pileus plane and with thick persistent scales1 another with the pileus somewhat infundibuliform1 and with thinner1 at length separating scales4 ,stevenson4 ,spores pale yellow brown1 rough1 #f-ge ,massee2 #fe ,w4,g4,s4 ,fleshy4 ,the numerous scales over lapping toward the center4 ,the surface of the cap often cracks in a tesselated manner4 ,flesh dingy1 buffish or reddish4 ,spines short1 blunt1 grayish-white and mostly of equal length4 ,in pine and mixed woods4 ,autumn4 ,of delicate taste4 ,cordier4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,fine specimens grew at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 from ,september to ,november4 ,until closely examined the cap may be mistaken for that of ,h4 zonatum4 ,the zones of the latter and the pervading rust-color will distinguish it4 ,both are edible1 though ,h4 zonatum is much tougher4 ,h4 imbricatum is slightly bitter1 raw4 ,it must be sliced thin and well cooked4 ,h4 lvigatum ,swartz--lvis1 smooth4 ,pileus #d-f in4 broad1 umber1 fleshy1 compact1 firm1 regular1 plane1 even1 very smooth1 margin circinate 7not repand74 ,flesh whitish1 compact1 but by no means fibrous1 soft when fresh1 pliant when dry4 ,stem short1 thick1 even1 pallid-brown4 ,spines thin1 pallid-brown4 ,its size is that of ,h4 imbricatum1 but it occurs twice as large1 with the pileus minutely rimuloso-rivulose1 by no means scaly4 ,the stem varies curt and unequal or longer and equal4 ,quite distinct from ,h4 fragile4 ,stevenson4 ,spores #aj-ae long1 ,massee2 globose1 warted1 pale lemon-yellow1 #g ,q4 ,in pine woods4 ,august to ,october4 ,edible1 ,curtis2 edible1 ,leuba4 8,eaten in ,alpine districts40 ,barla4 7,plate ,,cxxxi47 ,illustration3 ,,hydnum ,,scabrosum4 ,natural size4 ,h4 scabrosum ,fr4--scabrosus1 rough4 ,pileus about #a-d in4 broad1 brownish-yellow1 compactly fleshy1 at first top-shaped1 then plane above1 very convex beneath1 at first tomentose1 then rough with flocci which are fasciculate in the form of minute crowded squamules1 slightly repand at the margin4 ,flesh very thick1 white1 descending into the stem4 ,stem very curt1 #a in4 long1 and equally thick1 round or compressed1 dotted with the rudiments of spines decurrent upon it1 ash-color1 attenuated downward1 roundish and blackish at the base4 ,spines #d lines long1 equal1 awl-shaped1 dingy-rust color1 whitish at the apex1 at first sight grayish-brown4 ,fries4 ,spores #d-e diameter4 ,massee4 ,hydnum scabrosum is frequently found in ,pennsylvania1 among pines and in mixed woods where pines grow4 ,it occurs at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 and on ,springton ,hills under hemlocks4 ,the caps are soft1 fleshy1 and equal to ,h4 repandum in quality4 ,h4 squamosum ,schaeff4--squama1 a scale4 ,pileus #a-c in4 across1 reddish-brown1 fleshy1 irregular1 depressed1 smooth1 breaking up into irregular scales4 ,flesh whitish4 ,stem curt1 attenuated downward1 white4 ,spines grayish-brown1 whitish at the apex4 ,stevenson4 ,spores subglobose1 #e-f diameter4 ,massee4 ,pileus smooth and even when young4 ,flesh whitish4 ,spores grayish-brown4 ,spines whitish1 giving the lower surface a much lighter appearance than the upper4 ,under hemlock and spruce in ,west ,virginia1 #ahhd4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,caps are good when sliced thin and well cooked4 ,h4 subsquamosum ,batsch4 ,pileus fleshy1 somewhat convex1 subumbilicate1 brownish-rust color1 superficial scales soon dropping off2 spotted with brown4 ,stem stout1 unequal1 smooth4 ,spines whitish1 becoming brown1 apex remaining whitish4 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis2 ,alabama1 ,peters2 ,massachusetts1 ,sprague4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,edible4 ,cordier4 7,plate ,,cxxxii47 ,illustration3 ,,hydnum ,,repandum4 ,h4 repandum ,l4--repandus1 bent backward 7of the cap1 upward74 ,pileus #b-f in4 broad1 pallid1 etc41 fleshy1 fragile1 somewhat repand1 rather smooth4 ,stem #b-e in4 long1 -#a in4 thick1 irregularly shaped1 pallid4 ,spines #d lines long1 unequal1 of the same color4 ,stevenson4 ,spores pointed1 #e-h ,massee4 ,pileus sometimes depressed1 often turned upward at margin1 often waved1 sometimes tomentose4 ,color variable--light-buff1 brown1 pinkish1 reddish4 ,flesh whitish1 compact1 fragile4 ,spines conical1 up to in4 in length1 whitish but rich creamy shades1 mostly pointed1 but sometimes appearing to be hollow4 ,stem central or eccentric1 sometimes covered with white down1 thick1 uneven1 usually crooked1 solid1 fleshy1 light in color4 ,july to ,november4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,common to most countries1 and1 although given as a ground-growing species1 it is rather indiscriminate in its habitats4 ,woods1 fields1 leaf-covered or bare places1 much decayed wood and stumps are its living places4 ,dr4 ,cooke thinks it irreproachable4 ,popularly it goes by the name of the ,hedgehog mushroom4 ,h4 repandum varies greatly in shape1 color and texture4 ,in the open it is usually symmetrical and tough2 when clustered it is irregular1 often fanciful and quite brittle--tender4 ,when sliced thin an hour's slow cooking is sufficient4 ,all writers commend it1 and properly4 ,h4 rufescens ,pers4--rufus1 red4 ,pileus #b-c in4 across1 thin1 fragile1 usually regular1 pubescent1 reddish4 ,spines #a-c lines long1 regular4 ,stem #a-c in4 long1 commonly thin1 nearly equal1 reddish4 ,the whole plant is reddish4 ,in all other respects it resembles ,h4 repandum4 ,usually more regular4 ,commonly found in woods4 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis1 ,schweinitz4 ,edible1 ,curtis4 ,edible1 ,leuba4 ,fries considered ,h4 rufescens a variety of ,h4 repandum1 and the writer agrees with him4 ,it is given distinct place here because ,massee and ,stevenson--books in the hands of many students of fungi--give it importance4 ,it is quite as good as ,h4 repandum4 ,h4 ferrugineum ,fr4 ,pileus #a-d in4 across1 corky1 soft1 convex1 then plane or depressed1 irregularly pitted1 ferruginous1 at first with whitish tomentum4 ,flesh ferruginous4 ,spines thin1 acute1 about #b lines long1 rusty-brown4 ,stem firm1 #b-c in4 long1 unequal1 rusty-brown4 ,spores subglobose1 #d diameter4 ,in fir woods4 ,often gregarious2 soft when young1 corky and dry at maturity4 ,massee4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,november to ,december1 #ahih4 ,among pine leaves4 ,taste mild1 mealy4 ,tough1 but when young it cooks tender4 ,h4 zonatum ,batsch4 ,ferruginous4 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad1 equally coriaceous1 thin1 expanded1 somewhat infundibuliform1 zoned1 becoming smooth1 radiately-wrinkled1 the paler margin sterile beneath4 ,stem - in4 long1 #b-c lines thick1 slender1 somewhat equal1 floccose1 base tuberous4 ,spines #a-a lines long1 slender1 pallid1 then rust-color4 ,stevenson4 ,spores rough1 globose1 pale watery brown1 #d diameter ,massee4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #bdth ,rep4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,abundant among hemlocks2 ,west ,virginia4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,coriaceous4 ,edible4 ,it will not cook tender1 but yields a pleasant flavor to a gravy made of its juices4 ,h4 albonigrum ,pk4 ,pileus convex or nearly plane1 broadly obconical1 tough but soft and densely tomentose on the upper surface1 buff-brown or smoky brown1 often wholly covered with a whitish downy tomentum1 sometimes on the margin only1 substance within soft tomentose and buff-brown in the upper stratum1 the lower half hard and black4 ,spines short1 at first white1 then whitish or grayish4 ,stem short1 often irregular1 compressed or growing together1 blackish when moist1 buff-brown when dry1 covered with a thick dense tomentum1 which is frequently more abundant toward the base1 hard and black within4 ,spores white1 globose1 #d-e4 ,pileus #a-c in4 broad1 sometimes #b or #c confluent4 ,stem #a-b in4 long4 ,ground in mixed woods4 ,gansevoort4 ,august4 ,peck1 #ejth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,specimens from pine woods ,new ,jersey1 ,t4,j4 ,collins1 ,september1 #ahig4 #a in4 across4 ,frequent at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,edible4 ,good flavor1 but tough4 ,h4 vellereum ,pk4 ,this species appears to be very much like the preceding one 7,h4 albonigrum ,pk47 from which it is separated by its smaller size and the paler brownish or rusty-brown substance of its pileus and stem4 ,peck1 #ejth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 the species grows with ,h4 albonigrum4 ,in quality it is the same4 7,plate ,,cxxxiii47 ,illustration3 ,,hydnum ,,albidum4 ,h4 albidum ,pk4 ,pileus fleshy1 thin1 broadly convex or nearly plane1 subpruinose1 white4 ,flesh white4 ,spines short1 white4 ,stem short1 solid1 central or eccentric1 white4 ,spores subglobose1 #d-e broad4 ,the whitish ,hydnum is uniformly colored in all parts4 ,it grows in groups or in clusters4 ,in the latter case the caps are sometimes irregular because of the crowded mode of growth and the stems are occasionally eccentric4 ,it is a small species not liable to be mistaken for any other except possibly for very small pale forms of the spreading ,hydnum4 ,but wholly white examples of this species have never been seen by me4 ,the caps are #a-b in4 broad and the stems are generally about #a in4 long and #c-e lines thick4 ,the plants grow in thin woods or in open bushy places and appear in ,june and ,july4 ,it is not a common species1 and though well flavored it is not of very great importance as an edible mushroom1 because of its scarcity and small size4 ,peck1 #east ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,port ,jefferson4 ,july4 ,this fungus has been tested and found to be edible4 ,peck1 #ejth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 #ahig4 ,specimens identified by ,professor ,peck4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,the caps are edible and superior to ,h4 repandum4 ,h4 fennicum ,karst4 ,cap fleshy1 fragile1 unequal1 at first scaly1 at length breaking up1 reddish-brick color becoming darker1 margin undulately lobed1 #b-d in4 broad4 ,flesh white4 ,stem sufficiently stout1 unequal below1 attenuated1 flexuous or curved1 smooth1 of the same color as the cap1 base acute1 light white tomentum outside1 inside light pale-blue or dark-gray 7wood-ash71 #a-c in4 long1 4#d-a in4 thick4 ,teeth decurrent1 equal1 pointed1 from white dusky1 about #d mm4 long4 ,spores ellipso-spheroidical or sub-spheroidical1 rough1 dusky1 #d-f long1 #c-e broad4 ,found in gravelly or sandy soil in woods4 ,found at ,angora near ,philadelphia4 ,top cracked4 ,identified by ,professor ,peck4 ,occurs frequently at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ground in mixed woods4 ,august to ,september4 ,the taste and smell are at first inviting1 but the extreme bitter which develops destroys all desire to eat it4 ,h4 spongiosipes ,pk4 ,pileus convex1 soft1 spongy-tomentose1 but tough in texture1 rusty-brown1 the lower stratum more firm and fibrous4 but concolorous4 ,spines slender1 #a-b lines long1 rusty-brown1 becoming darker with age4 ,stem hard and corky within1 externally spongy-tomentose1 colored like the pileus1 the central substance often transversely zoned especially near the top4 ,spores subglobose1 nodulose1 purplish-brown1 #d-f broad4 ,pileus #a4e-d in4 broad4 ,stem #a4e-c in4 long1 #d-h lines thick4 ,woods4 ,rensselaer and ,saratoga counties4 ,august4 ,this plant was formerly referred to ,hydnum ferrugineum ,fr4 ,peck1 #ejth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,found in pine woods1 near ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 by ,t4,j4 ,collins1 ,september1 #ahig4 ,cap and stem dark brown4 ,spines darker4 ,stem swelling toward base1 which then tapers in a long rooting way4 ,cap umbilicate4 ,specimens identified by ,professor ,peck4 ,edible but tough and uninviting4 ,yields a good fungoid flavor to the water in which it is boiled4 ,h4 gelatinosum ,scop4 ,transferred to ,tremelledon as ,t4 gelatinosum1 under which heading it is described and its edible qualities noted4 ,illustration3 ,photographed by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,weist4 ,,plate ,,cxxxiv4 ,,hydnum ,,coralloides4 ,,meris,,ma4 ,gr--a division4 7,very much branched or of an irregular form without a distinct margin47 ,h4 coralloides ,scop4 7,plate ,,cxxxiv47 #f-ah in4 across4 ,tufts on wood4 ,pure shining white growing yellow with age1 composed wholly of attenuated interlacing branches in4 at base1 tapering to a point4 ,spines growing from one side of the branches1 #c-d lines in length1 awl-shaped4 ,spores globose1 #d-f diameter ,massee4 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bb2 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,miller2 ,massachusetts1 ,sprague2 ,california2 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,grows upon standing and fallen timber which is attacked by decay4 ,fir1 oak1 beech1 ash1 birch1 hickory and other trees are inhabited by it4 ,august to frost4 ,this beautiful species can not be mistaken for any other4 ,its name is the best guide to its identification4 ,dame ,nature has made many exquisite decorations for herself and this is one of them4 ,it is generally eaten1 but is rare4 ,professor ,peck speaks affectionately of it as a gratuitous adjunct to his bill of fare when on botanical tramps in the ,adirondacks4 ,h4 caput-ursi ,fr4--bear-head4 #f-h in4 high1 #f-h in4 across4 ,tufts usually pendulous1 compact1 white1 becoming yellow and brownish4 ,spines up to #a in4 long1 round1 pointed4 ,branches in every direction1 short4 ,closely resembling ,h4 coralloides and in small forms with shorter spines easily mistaken for it4 ,position of growth has much to do with its shape and appearance4 ,on fallen timber the branchlets and spines may be erect4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #ddth ,rep42 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis2 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,edible4 ,peck4 ,hydnum caput-ursi is common in ,west ,virginia forests4 ,it is conspicuous on standing oaks1 and at a distance a puzzling object to one not familiar with such excrescences4 ,it grows on standing oaks near ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 and sparsely at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,it is more compact1 and is tougher than ,h4 coralloides and ,h4 ,medus1 but cooks tender and is very good4 ,illustration3 ,photographed by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,weist4 ,,plate ,,cxxxv4 ,,hydnum ,,caput-,,medus4 ,h4 caput-,medus ,bull4--head of ,medus4 7,plate ,,cxxxv47 #c-ah in4 across1 #b-h in4 high4 ,tufts pendulous4 ,white then grayish4 ,body compact1 tapering to a solid base1 more or less stem-like4 ,spines covering entire surface4 ,those upon top are long1 thin1 straight or distorted1 growing shorter around and to the under side where they are short and straight4 ,the wavy appearance of the slender spines remind of the snaky locks of ,medusa1 hence the name4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,edible4 ,leuba4 ,on elms at ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j42 on oaks at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 and in ,woodland ,cemetery1 and on elms in ,washington ,square1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,commonly eaten in ,italy and parts of ,austria2 rare elsewhere in ,europe4 ,occurring over the ,united ,states4 ,specimens eighteen inches across were seen by the writer in the ,west ,virginia mountains4 ,mr4 ,h4,i4 ,miller1 ,terre ,haute1 ,ind41 sent me a fine specimen weighing #aj pounds4 ,the ,american species1 as far as seen by the writer1 changes to a light yellow when ageing4 ,the entire fungus is edible and excellent1 but the tender spines and more delicate parts make a dish equaled by few fungi4 ,h4 erinaceum ,bull4--erinaceus1 a hedgehog4 #b-h in4 and more across4 ,tufts pendulous4 ,white and yellowish-white becoming yellow-brownish1 fleshy1 elastic1 tough1 sometimes emarginate 7broadly attached as if tuft was cut in two1 sliced off where attached71 a mass of latticed branches and fibrils4 ,spines #a-d in4 long1 crowded1 straight1 equal1 pendulous4 ,stem sometimes rudimentary4 ,on trunks of oak1 beech1 etc4 ,july to ,october4 ,spores subglobose1 #e-f diameter ,massee2 white1 plain1 #ef ,w4,g4,s4 ,alabama1 ,miss ,k4 ,skehan2 ,pennsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine2 ,massachusetts1 ,sprague2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bb4 ,eaten in ,germany and ,france4 ,cooke4 ,a dead beech trunk at ,eagle's ,mere1 ,pa41 in ,august1 #ahih1 bore at least fifty pounds of it4 ,it draped one side of the tree from root to top with yellowish1 pendulous tufts1 with spines up to #c in4 long1 which waved in the wind4 ,the spines and tender parts were stewed1 and enjoyed by many4 ,it shrinks very much in drying1 becoming sour4 ,a,,pus4 ,gr--without2 a foot4 7,stemless1 dimidiate1 margin distinct47 ,h4 septentrionale ,fr4--,northern4 ,fleshy-fibrous1 becoming pale1 imbricated4 ,pilei not numerous1 growing one above the other1 plane1 behind thick1 consolidated1 margin straight1 whole4 ,spines very crowded1 slender1 equal4 ,the largest known ,hydnum4 ,received from ,e4,b4 ,sterling1 ,trenton1 ,n4,j41 ,september1 #ahig4 ,the specimens formed part of a dense fasciculate mass weighing over #bj pounds1 growing on a beech stump4 ,edges of the young plant are edible1 but have little taste4 ,illustration ,,ir,,pex ,fr4 ,a harrow4 ,hymenium inferior1 toothed from the first4 ,teeth firm1 somewhat coriaceous1 acute1 concrete with the pileus1 arranged in rows or like network1 connected at the base by folds1 which are gill-like 7in sessile species7 or resemble honeycomb 7in resupinate ones74 ,sporophores #d-spored4 ,growing on wood1 somewhat growing from the side or upon the back1 approaching ,lenzites and ,ddale4 ,irpex differs from ,hydnum in having the spines connected at the base1 and in their being less awl-shaped and pointed4 ,it is reported as found well up in the northern ,states1 but its species prefer warm climates4 ,irpex contains no choice species1 but all ,i have tested can be eaten4 ,i4 obliquus ,fr4--oblique4 ,white1 inclining to pale1 effused 7spread71 forming an adnate crust1 circumference flaxy4 ,teeth extended from a base resembling honeycomb1 compressed1 unequal1 incised1 oblique1 #b-c lines long4 ,at first abundantly porous1 but toothed from the first1 at length quite as in ,hydna4 ,on stumps and dead branches4 ,november to ,february4 ,stevenson4 ,this spreads in irregular patches on the surface of decaying wood4 ,the pores for a small space round the margin are round and distinct1 but toward the center are greatly lengthened out1 lying one upon another in an imbricated manner4 ,the color is white at first1 when old it changes to a yellow-brown1 and at last to a dirty fuscous black4 ,bolton4 ,at first it looks more like a small white orbicular resupinate ,polyporus than an ,irpex4 ,peck4 ,the species is common and can be collected at most times of the year4 ,when fresh and moist it can be shaved from its host plant4 ,goodly quantities can thus be obtained4 ,it stews to a firm gelatinous mass of pleasant flavor4 ,the lost hunter need not die of starvation in any woods if he will but study the tree-growing fungi1 and especially the small species1 hitherto insignificant in food circles4 ,i4 carneus ,fr4--resembling the color of flesh4 ,reddish1 effused1 #a-c in4 long1 cartilaginous-gelatinous1 membranaceous1 adnate4 ,teeth obtuse and awl-shaped1 entire1 united at the base4 ,it inclines to ,radula and ,phlebia4 ,stevenson4 ,on tulip poplar1 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,september1 #ahib2 on hickory1 ,angora1 ,philadelphia1 ,september1 #ahig4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,the entire fungus is good1 cooking like a ,hydnum4 ,i4 deformis ,fr4--deformed4 ,white1 effused1 crustaceous1 thin1 circumference pubescent1 somewhat flaxy4 ,teeth extended in awl-shape from a minutely porous base1 thin1 somewhat digitato-incised 7cut in finger-shape71 #a-b lines long4 ,fries4 ,it approaches the ,polypori4 ,grows on wood4 ,stevenson4 ,north ,carolina1 ,schweinitz1 ,curtis2 ,massachusetts1 ,frost4 ,common on stumps and trees4 ,the awl-shaped teeth1 which have the appearance of shreds1 can be scraped from the fresh plant1 or if dried plants are moistened1 the teeth are detachable1 and are food-giving4 ,i4 fusco-vioiaceus ,fr4--fuscus1 brown2 violaceous1 violet4 ,pileus #b in4 long1 more than #a in4 broad1 white inclining to hoary1 effuso-reflexed1 coriaceous1 silky1 zoned4 ,teeth in rows in the form of plates1 brownish-violet1 incised at the apex4 ,fries4 ,on pine trunks4 ,stevenson4 ,decaying trunks of spruce1 abies nigra4 ,adirondack mountains4 ,july4 ,our specimens are not 8silky10 as required by the description1 but villose or tomentose-villose as in ,polyporus hirsutus and ,p4 abietinus1 the latter of which this species closely resembles4 ,the hymenium1 however1 is coarser1 more highly colored and lamellated to such an extent that young specimens might easily be taken for a ,lenzites4 ,peck1 #cjth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,found in ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania1 and elsewhere4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,very common on logs of coniferous trees4 ,it is difficult to collect it entirely free from resin1 which as a seasoning is not recommended4 ,,family ,,iv4--,,thelephora,,ce ,fr4 ,gr--a teat2 ,gr--to bear4 ,sporophore erect and stipitate1 with a central stem1 effused1 with the upper portion free and bent backward1 or entirely resupinate4 ,hymenium perfectly even or radiately wrinkled1 glabrous or minutely bristled with projecting cystidia2 basidia normally #d-spored4 ,spores without a division1 colorless or colored4 ,massee4 ,in ,thelephorace are shapes closely resembling those found in ,hydnace1 ,polyporace and ,agaricace4 ,the genus ,craterellus is closely allied to ,cantharellus1 and1 though the spore surface is much less wrinkled or veined1 resembles it in several of its species4 ,other types show likeness to ,merulius in ,polyporace2 others to ,tremelline and ,clavariace4 ,many puzzles are presented by its species1 but the solving is interesting4 ,though populous it contains but few edibles4 ,the best of them is ,craterellus cornucopoides4 ,,synopsis ,,of ,,genera4 ,a4 ,,spores ,,colored4 ,spores smooth4 ,,coniophora4 ,resupinate1 dry and pulverulent4 7,no edible species reported47 ,,aldridgea4 ,resupinate1 soft and subgelatinous4 7,no edible species reported47 ,spores warted or echinulate4 ,,thelephora4 ,dry and fibrous1 hymenium rugulose4 7,no edible species reported47 ,,soppittella4 ,subgelatinous1 effused or variously incrusting1 hymenium even4 7,no edible species reported47 ,b4 ,,spores ,,colorless4 ,parasitic on living leaves or stems4 ,,exobasidium4 ,saprophytes growing on dead wood1 branches1 etc4 ,hymenium minutely setulose with projecting cystidia4 ,,peniophora4 ,cystidia colorless1 rough at the tip with particles of lime4 7,no edible species reported47 ,,hymenoch,,te4 ,cystidia brown1 smooth4 7,no edible species reported47 ,hymenium glabrous4 ,,corticium4 ,entirely resupinate1 hymenium usually cracked when dry4 7,no edible species reported47 ,,stereum4 ,effuso-reflexed1 pileus silky or strigose1 hymenium even4 7,no edible species reported47 ,,cladoderris4 ,horizontal and attached by a narrow point behind1 hymenium radiato-rugulose4 7,no edible species reported47 ,,craterellus4 ,page #ejh4 ,large1 erect1 funnel-shaped4 ,,cyphella4 ,minute1 cup-shaped1 mouth open4 7,no edible species reported47 ,,solenia4 ,minute1 cylindrical1 gregarious or crowded1 tubular1 mouth contracted4 7,no edible species reported47 ,,craterel,,lus ,fr4 ,crater1 a bowl4 ,hymenium waxy-membranaceous1 distinct but adnate to the hymenophore1 inferior1 continuous1 smooth1 even or wrinkled4 ,spores white4 ,fries4 ,this1 the only genus of ,thelephorace containing edible fungi1 has the form and general appearance of ,cantharellus to which it is allied1 but it is distinguished by its nearly even hymenium1 which in ,cantharellus has the form of gills1 fold-like and thick but still distinctly gills4 ,the species vary from fleshy to membranaceous1 all having a funnel-shaped pileus and stem merging into it4 ,on the ground4 ,autumn4 ,the slightly veined surface where the spores are borne1 and the spores themselves1 when a microscope is brought to bear upon them1 distinguish this genus from ,cantharellus2 and its thin flesh and funnel-shape from the large forms of ,pistillaria4 ,several of the species are edible4 ,it is probable that all are4 ,toadstools1 despite their name1 are more popularly associated with fairies than with toads4 8,fairy rings10 8,fairy ,bread0 and 8,fairy ,clubs0 are titles belonging to them1 and these link us to the pretty belief of childhood--a belief we often do not outgrow4 ,a group of ,c4 lutescens or ,c4 cornucopoides may well be likened to fairy trumpets1 or to a tiny orchestrion thrusting its horns through wood earth where roots of stumps abound4 ,c4 cantharellus ,schw4 7,plate ,,xlvi1 fig4 #c47 ,capn4 across1 convex1 often becoming depressed and funnel-shaped1 glabrous1 yellowish or pinkish-yellow4 ,flesh white1 tough1 elastic4 ,hymenium slightly wrinkled1 yellow or faint salmon color4 ,stem #a-c in4 high1 #c-e lines thick1 glabrous1 solid1 yellow4 ,spores on white paper yellowish or pale salmon4 ,spores #g4e-aje-f ,peck4 ,west ,virginia1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,no one not looking for minute botanic details would separate this species from ,cantharellus cibarius1 especially if found growing near or with it4 ,the pinkish tinge sometimes present in ,c4 cantharellus ,i have never observed in ,c4 cibarius4 ,the present species is of equal excellence4 ,illustration3 ,grouped by ,val ,starnes--,studies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,cxxxvi4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,spathularia ,,clavata1 #edi #f4 ,,hygrophorus ,,coccineus1 #aef #b4 ,,peziza ,,coccinea1 #eei #g4 ,,craterellus ,,sinuosus1 #eaj ,,var4 ,,crispus1 #c4 ,,peziza ,,aurantia1 #eeg #h4 ,,craterellus #eji ,,cornucopoides1 #d4 ,,cantharellus ,,aurantiacus1 #baf #i4 ,,cantharellus ,,lutescens1 #bah #e4 ,,hypomyces ,,lactifluorum1 #efb ,c4 cornucopoides ,pers4--cornu and copi1 horn of plenty4 7,plate ,,cxxxvi1 fig4 #h1 p4 #ejh47 ,cap dark sooty shades of gray or brown--shades of well-worn velveteen--#a-b in4 across1 whole plant from #b-d in4 high1 trumpet-shaped1 or like a funnel with its open mouth1 plane1 wavy1 split or in folds4 ,substance very thin and either brittle or tough4 ,the inside is sometimes minutely scaly1 the opening extending to the base2 outside1 where the spores are borne1 it has neither gills1 pores nor protuberances1 but a slightly uneven surface varying little in color4 ,stem obsolete or seldom noticeable4 ,odor slight4 ,spores pointed1 #aa-abg-h ,massee4 ,grows single1 clustered or in troops along shaded roads1 or from leaf mold and ground in woods4 ,july to frost4 ,large patches1 clustered1 grow near stumps in moist places on ,botanic ,creek1 ,west ,philadelphia4 ,it is plentiful near ,haddonfield1 ,n4 ,j41 at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 and many other places in the ,united ,states4 ,it is not pleasant to look upon1 because of its peculiar color1 but when one gets used to it it has an attractiveness of its own4 ,its graceful shape1 even its funereal hue and name--,trompet du ,morte--are alluring4 ,it dries well1 and when moistened expands to its normal size4 ,it is a first-class edible fungus4 ,it should be stewed slowly until tender4 ,c4 clavatus ,fr4--clava1 a club4 ,pileus #b in4 broad1 somewhat light-yellowish1 fleshy1 top-shape1 truncate or depressed1 flexuous1 unpolished1 attenuated into the solid stem4 ,flesh thick1 white4 ,hymenium even1 then corrugated1 purplish then changing color4 ,fries4 ,spores elliptical1 pale-yellow1 #aj-abd-e ,massee4 ,professor ,peck notes that the species so closely resembles ,cantharellus cibarius that it might easily be mistaken for a deformed condition of it4 ,the resemblance to the yellow forms of ,clavaria pistillaria is marked4 ,massachusetts1 ,sprague1 ,farlow2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #cb2 ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,an excellent species4 ,its scarcity is regrettable4 ,c4 dubius ,pk4 ,pileus infundibuliform1 subfibrillose1 lurid-brown1 pervious to the base1 the margin generally wavy and lobed4 ,hymenium dark cinereous1 rugose when moist1 the minute crowded irregular folds abundantly anastomosing1 nearly even when dry4 ,stem short4 ,spores broadly elliptical or subglobose1 #f-g4e long4 ,plant simple or cespitose1 #b-c in4 high4 ,pileus #a-b in4 broad4 ,ground under spruce trees4 ,adirondack mountains4 ,august4 ,in color this species bears some resemblance to ,cantharellus cinereus4 ,from ,craterellus sinuosus it is separated by its pervious stem1 and from ,c4 cornucopoides by its more cespitose habit1 paler color and smaller spores4 ,peck1 #cast ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,its edible qualities are in every way equal to those of ,c4 cornucopoides4 ,c4 sinuosus ,fr4--sinus1 a curve4 ,strong scented4 ,pileus funnel-shaped1 downy1 grayish-brown1 margin undulated4 ,stem pale yellow1 elongated1 stuffed4 ,hymenium with anastomosing ribs1 grayish4 ,spores elliptical1 pale yellow1 #h-ie4 ,in woods4 ,pileus -#a in4 high and broad4 ,stem about #a in4 high1 sometimes very short4 ,smell strong1 musky4 ,hymenium becoming tan-color when dry4 ,pileus more or less villose4 ,massee4 ,the above description is given so that ,var4 crispus which follows may be compared with it4 ,fries considered var4 crispus a good species4 ,var4 crispus--crispus1 curled4 7,plate ,,cxxxvi1 fig4 #g1 p4 #ejh47 ,margin of hymenium sinuous and crisped4 ,pileus pervious4 ,stem stuffed at base only4 ,hymenium almost even4 ,massee4 ,solitary and cespitose in mixed woods4 ,found by ,dr4 ,s4,c4 ,schmucker near ,west ,chester1 ,pa41 #ahif2 ,wm4 ,h4 ,rorer1 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,august1 #ahig4 ,cap varies in color from dark to light brownish-gray4 ,gills brownish-gray1 almost even4 ,stem hollow1 dark yellow4 ,smell strong1 musky1 much like ,a4 silvicola4 ,substance tender and of markedly high and pleasant flavor4 ,illustration ,,family ,v4--,,clavaria,,ce4 ,hymenium not distinct from the hymenophore1 covering entire outer surface4 ,somewhat fleshy1 not coriaceous1 vertical1 simple or branched4 ,fries4 ,for the most part growing upon the ground4 ,in this family there is no separation into stem and pileus1 with the spore-bearing surface restricted to gills or tubes1 but the substance of the plant is continuous1 and the spores are produced on the clubs or branches4 ,but three genera--,clavaria1 ,sparassis and ,pistillaria--include species of food value4 ,they are easily recognized4 ,the genus ,calcocera resembles ,clavaria in form1 but is very different in material1 being a jelly-like viscid1 cartilaginous substance1 horny when dry1 resembling that of ,tremella4 ,,synopsis ,,of ,,genera4 ,,sparassis4 ,page #eab4 ,very much branched1 branches compressed1 plate-like1 crisped4 ,,typhula4 ,simple or club-shaped1 with a thread-like stem4 ,,clavaria4 ,page #eac4 ,fleshy1 simple or branched1 branches typically round1 some forms club-shaped4 ,,pistillaria4 ,club-shaped1 simple1 rigid when dry2 usually minute4 ,,pterula4 ,branches numerous1 slender1 forming a tuft1 or single1 leathery1 round or compressed4 ,,sparas,,sis ,fr4 ,gr--to tear in pieces4 ,fleshy1 branched1 with flat leaf-like branches1 composed of two plates1 fertile on both sides1 with four-spored sporophores4 ,fries4 ,very beautiful plants of striking appearance4 ,unfortunately they are not common1 although they generally occur yearly in the same locality4 ,s4 ,herbstii ,pk4 ,plants much branched1 forming tufts #d-e in4 high and #e-f in4 broad1 whitish1 inclining to creamy-yellow1 tough1 moist1 the branches numerous1 thin1 flattened1 concrescent1 dilated above and spatulate or fan-shaped1 often somewhat longitudinally curved or wavy1 mostly uniformly colored1 rarely with a few indistinct1 nearly concolorous1 transverse zones near the broad1 entire apices4 ,spores subglobose or broadly elliptical1 #e-fd-e4 ,trexlertown4 ,august4 ,closely allied to ,s4 spathulata ,schw41 but differs in its paler color with no rufescent hues1 more branching habit and absence of any distinct zones4 ,four specimens were found at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 during ,august1 #ahih4 ,these were not as symmetrical as ,s4 crispa1 which they closely resembled in fold and texture4 ,they were of equal excellence cooked4 ,s4 laminosa ,fr4--a thin plate4 ,base branching1 straw-color4 ,branches erect1 crowded1 growing together1 straight at the top1 zoneless1 entire4 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis4 ,on oak log4 ,edible1 ,curtis4 8,deliciosa10 ,fries4 ,illustration3 ,photographed by ,luther ,g4 ,harpel1 ,lebanon1 ,pa4 ,,plate ,,cxxxvii4 ,,sparassis ,,crispa4 ,s4 crispa ,fr4--crispus1 curly4 7,plate ,,cxxxvii47 ,height #c-ab in41 width #d-bd in4 ,tufts very handsome1 whitish1 oyster color or pale-yellow1 very much branched4 ,branches flat1 leaf-like4 ,spore surface on both sides1 sometimes crimped on edges4 ,compacted into a round mass1 ending below in a solid rooting base4 ,spores pale-ochraceous1 #e-fc-d ,massee4 ,very variable in size4 ,on ground in woods and grassy places in open woods4 ,summer1 autumn4 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis2 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,have seen it #b ft4 across4 8,delicosissima40 ,fries4 ,a perfect specimen of ,s4 crispa resembles a huge rosette1 round and many-folded in tortuous design4 ,the folds are wide1 flattened branches springing from a common base1 thin1 semi-transparent1 not unlike damp sheets of gelatine although thicker4 ,surfaces of the leaves are dull1 like the flattened seaweeds and the light-colored sea-rock mosses4 ,s4 crispa may be easily dried1 and though shrinking much in size1 retains its shape1 forming a very pretty ornament for the desk of the mycologist4 ,it is not common4 ,where it has chosen a habitat several tufts may be found during the moderate season4 ,the writer found three specimens ranging from #f-ab in4 in diameter near ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 others1 not as large1 in ,west ,virginia and in ,chester county1 ,pa4 ,it has long been known as edible4 ,it makes an ever-to-be-remembered dish4 ,,clava,,ria ,l4 ,clava1 a club4 ,fleshy1 branched or simple1 somewhat round1 without a distinct stem4 ,hymenium continuous1 dry1 homogeneous4 ,for the most part growing on ground4 ,fries4 ,the members of this genus vary greatly in form1 which in some is that of a club growing singly or cespitose1 while others present a more or less bush-like appearance1 being slightly or excessively branched4 ,the color of the plant covers a wide range1 as it may be white1 red1 yellow1 violet or their various shades1 and to be in harmony the spores do not confine themselves to one color1 but are white1 ochraceous or cinnamon4 ,in cases where the plant is not otherwise well defined the spore colors will be found a valuable aid in placing it4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,tribes4 ,,ramaria 7ramus1 a branch74 ,page #ead4 ,branched1 branches attenuated upward4 ,a4 ,,spores ,,white ,,or ,,pallid4 99 ,plant1 color bright1 red1 yellow or violet4 9999 ,plant white1 gray or yellowish4 ,b4 ,,spores ,,ochraceous ,,or ,,cinnamon4 99 ,plant yellow or dingy ochraceous4 9999 ,growing on wood4 ,,syncoryne 7,gr--together2 a club74 ,page #ebc4 ,clubs almost simple1 tufted at the base4 ,,holocoryne 7,gr--entire2 a club74 ,page #ebd4 ,clubs almost simple1 distinct at the base4 ,excepting to toadstool hunters the ,clavaria1 though numerous1 are not known to those who 8,know a toadstool when they see it40 ,they bear no semblance to the stereotyped toadstool4 ,they seem to possess an imitative faculty4 ,those growing among grasses harmonize with the faded stalks under debris or the bleached surfaces of blades famishing for sunlight2 those of the woods take on the color of the leaf mat or of the lichens1 and shapes of club and deer-horn mosses1 or assemble in groves as pigmy trees1 boled and sturdy-branched in mimicry of their giant protectors towering above them4 ,in their forms many are delicate1 graceful1 beautiful1 others are intricate4 ,there is fascination for eye and brain in looking through the vistas and labyrinths of their branches4 ,a few species are tough as shoe-strings2 a few bitter2 one1 ,c4 dichotoma1 on the authority of ,leuba1 contains a minor poison4 ,the genus is plentiful and reliable4 ,many individuals are of marked excellence4 ,in soups1 stews1 patties1 they remind one of noodles2 sometimes of macaroni4 ,the hard parts of the stem should be removed1 the branches broken or cut in in4 lengths4 ,if stewed1 they require time and slow cooking2 if fried in butter they are crisp1 choice bits4 ,,rama,,ria--ramus1 a branch4 ,branched1 branches attenuated upward4 ,a4 ,,spores ,,white ,,or ,,pallid4 99 ,plant1 color bright1 red1 yellow or violet4 ,c4 flava ,schaeff4--yellow4 ,fragile1 trunk thick1 fleshy1 white1 very much branched4 ,branches even1 round1 fastigiate1 obtuse1 yellow4 ,fries4 ,height #b-d in41 #b-d in4 across2 pale-yellow1 dingy-yellow4 ,stem or trunk short1 robust1 whitish4 ,branches very numerous1 dense1 fragile1 erect1 straight1 lighter than the yellow tips 7fading with age7 which are toothed4 ,flesh white4 ,spores white4 ,taste and odor pleasant4 ,woods and open places4 ,june to frost4 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,miller2 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,the ,c4 flava and ,c4 botrytes have long been noted edible species1 liberally commended abroad and in the ,united ,states4 ,variations in their structure are interchangeable2 variations in their quality are due to environment4 ,there is a slight difference in the measurement of their spores1 but the difference is not so great as between spores of the same specimen4 ,specific differences may exhibit themselves in young plants1 yet disappear with age4 ,plants for the table should be young and fresh4 ,when aged or when the ravages of insects appear1 they should not be used1 as they then have an unpleasant taste which will effect a whole dish4 ,they should be cut into small pieces and stewed slowly for fully thirty minutes4 ,they can be seasoned and eaten as a stew or made into patties4 ,c4 botrytes ,pers4 ,gr--a cluster of grapes 7from shape74 ,height #c-d in41 #c-f in4 across1 white1 yellow1 pinkish1 dingy in shades of these colors4 ,base thick1 short1 fleshy1 unequal4 ,branches many1 swollen1 thick1 crowded1 unequal1 enlarged at the ends and divided into several small branchlets which are sometimes reddish at tips4 ,flesh white4 ,spores ellipsoid1 sub-transparent1 white1 #he ,massee4 ,on wood earth4 ,common4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bd2 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a general favorite and highly esteemed in ,europe4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 8,when old the branches both of this species and of ,c4 flava become elongated1 obtuse1 very fragile1 and of a uniform color4 ,the yellow tips of the latter and the red ones of the former species wholly disappear40 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,excepting when young 7not always then7 the red tips to the branchlets can not be relied upon as distinctive features of this species4 ,the place of its growth and the character of the soil have very much to do with its size1 and the color and quality of its flesh4 ,a well-shaded thin-soiled spot will1 after a rain1 grow pale1 spindling1 tender bunches1 having but a tinge of red upon the points2 perhaps not any4 ,a rich1 better lighted spot will produce more robust and highly colored plants4 ,the same can be said of ,c4 flava4 ,c4 botrytes is plentiful in ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey1 ,west ,virginia and like latitudes4 ,it must be well cooked4 ,c4 amethystina ,bull4--amethyst in color4 7,plate ,,cxxxix1 fig4 #a1 p4 #eaf47 ,height -#c in4 ,color violet1 very much branched or almost simple4 ,branches round1 even1 fragile1 smooth1 obtuse1 known by its color4 ,spores elliptical1 pale ochraceous1 sub-transparent1 #aj-abf-g ,massee4 ,common in open woods and grassy places4 ,new ,york1 ,peck #cjth ,rep42 ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,august1 ,september4 ,eaten in ,europe1 and by some preferred to any other4 ,a handsome species1 very brittle1 and though large1 delicate4 ,c4 fastigiata--fastigium1 the top4 ,height #a-b in41 tufted1 yellow4 ,branches numerous1 flexible1 tough1 equal1 fastigiate 7branches pointing upward71 sometimes short and simple1 when higher very much branched4 ,spores white1 irregularly globose1 #d-f ,massee4 ,in pastures and grassy places1 during warm months4 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis2 ,california1 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,commonly eaten throughout ,europe4 ,in ,germany they call it ,ziegenbart--goat's beard4 ,this is one of the species that has to be looked for4 ,grass tufts hide it4 ,its yellowish stools are not unlike them in color4 ,it is freely found1 and1 though not of the best1 well rewards the seeker4 ,illustration3 ,grouped by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,studies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine ,,plate ,,cxxxix4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,clavaria ,,amethystina1 #eaf #c4 ,,clavaria ,,formosa1 #ebj #b4 ,,clavaria ,,aurea1 #ebj ,c4 muscoides--muscus1 moss4 ,height #a-a in41 slightly tufted1 yellow4 ,stem slender1 tomentose at base1 becoming two or three times forked4 ,branchlets thin1 tapering1 crescent-shaped1 acute4 ,spores white1 subglobose1 #e-f ,massee4 ,in pastures4 ,north ,carolina1 ,schweinitz1 ,curtis2 ,ohio2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #dgth ,rep4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,c4 ,herveyi ,pk4 ,gregarious or subcespitose1 simple or with a few branches1 often compressed or irregular1 scarcely #a in4 high1 golden-yellow1 sometimes brownish at the apex4 ,flesh white4 ,branches when present1 short1 simple or terminating in few or many more or less acute denticles4 ,spores globose1 #g4e broad1 minutely roughened2 mycelium white4 ,ground under hemlock trees4 ,orono1 ,me4 ,september4 ,f4,l4 ,hervey4 ,allied to ,c4 fastigiata and ,c4 muscoides1 but distinct from both by its more irregular and less branching character and by its larger spores4 ,peck1 #deth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,near ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,august1 #ahij1 among scrub pines and spruce4 ,a pretty species of medium flavor4 9999 ,plant white1 gray or yellowish4 ,c4 coralloides ,linn4 ,height #b-d in41 usually tufted1 growing into each other1 white4 ,trunk thick1 short1 much branched4 ,branches repeatedly forked1 compressed1 hollow within1 fragile1 dilated upward1 tips crowded acute4 ,occasionally the branches do not develop entirely and are obtuse2 they then somewhat resemble in shape ,c4 rugosa1 but are not wrinkled4 ,spores pale-ochraceous1 pointed1 #ajh ,massee4 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,miller2 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a common edible species in ,europe4 ,common in ,united ,states4 ,the writer has eaten it for many years4 ,it is not always tender4 ,it should be young1 fresh1 and the branches alone cooked4 ,it requires slow1 patient cooking if at all old4 ,it does dry well1 as stated by some writers1 but it does not wet well again4 7,plate ,,cxl47 ,illustration3 ,,clavaria ,,cinerea4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,c4 cinerea ,bull4--cinis1 ashes4 7,plate ,,cxl47 ,height #a-c in41 gregarious or tufted1 sometimes in rows4 ,gray4 ,stem either thin or thick1 short1 lighter than branches4 ,branches very numerous compressed1 wrinkled1 irregular1 somewhat obtuse or flattened and divided into slender points4 ,its gray color easily distinguishes it from others4 ,it is variable in its mode of growth and in its shape4 ,on ground in woods4 ,common4 ,june to frost4 ,eatable1 but injurious in quantities4 ,cordier4 ,edible1 but provokes indigestion in delicate stomachs4 ,leuba4 ,eaten generally in ,europe4 ,in ,france it is called pied de coq4 ,plentiful in ,united ,states1 in mixed woods4 ,june to frost4 ,the writer and his friends have eaten it for fifteen years1 and know of no ,clavaria equalling it4 ,c4 tetragona ,schw4--,four-angled4 ,very fragile1 deep orange-yellow1 twice forked4 ,stem and branches quadrangular1 #a-a in4 tall4 ,moist shady places4 ,new ,york4 ,ground in shaded places4 ,august and ,september4 ,poughkeepsie1 ,gerard1 ,peck1 #bdth ,rep42 ,north ,carolina1 ,schweinitz1 ,curtis2 ,pennsylvania1 ,schweinitz4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,illustration3 ,photographed by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,weist4 ,,plate ,,cxli4 ,,clavaria ,,cristata4 ,c4 cristata ,pers4--crista1 a crest4 7,plate ,,cxli1 p4 #eah47 ,height #a-e in41 whitish1 tufts of broad flattened branches cut on margins or crested4 ,base short1 stout4 ,branches numerous1 irregular1 flattened upward and divided like moose horns1 tough1 stuffed1 dingy4 ,this peculiarity distinguishes it and separates it from ,c4 coralloides4 ,spores pale ochraceous1 pointed1 #ajh ,massee4 ,woods4 ,common4 ,summer and autumn4 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,miller2 ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,after a summer rain the crested ,clavaria is usually abundant where there is good encouragement of mossy beds or mats of rich wood-soil in woods where leaves and mold accumulate4 ,it is not as tender as many other species1 but chopped fine and stewed slowly for an hour it will be eaten with enjoyment4 ,c4 rugosa ,bull4--ruga1 a wrinkle4 ,white or dingy1 simple or tufted1 #b-d in4 high1 branched from the base with irregular blunt branches wrinkled lengthwise1 sometimes thickened upward4 ,distinguished by the distinct1 irregular1 longitudinal wrinkles4 ,spores white1 irregularly globose1 #h-aj ,massee4 ,in woods1 solitary or gregarious4 ,august to ,november4 ,north ,carolina1 ,schweinitz1 ,curtis4 ,pennsylvania1 ,ohio4 ,it is reported edible by ,dr4 ,curtis1 ,m4,c4 ,cooke and ,dr4 ,badham4 ,c4 pyxidata ,pers4--pyxis1 a small box4 ,tufted1 light tan-color1 shaded with red1 #a-c in4 high4 ,stem or trunk thin1 smooth1 variable in length1 dividing into many erect forked branches1 which are cup-shaped at the tips4 ,the margins of these tips have slender branchlets issuing from them 7proliforme74 ,distinguished by the cup-like tips4 ,spores white1 #dc ,massee4 ,on rotten wood1 on rotten roots in ground4 ,june and into the autumn4 ,north ,carolina1 ,schweinitz1 ,curtis2 ,pennsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,specimen sent by writer to ,prof4 ,peck1 ,june1 #ahig1 and identified by him4 ,not tested by writer1 but is in ,dr4 ,curtis' list of edible species4 ,c4 subtilis ,pers4 ,scattered1 slender1 subtenaceous1 pallid-white1 bases smooth and of equal thickness1 branches few1 forked1 subfastigiate4 ,north ,carolina1 ,schweinitz1 ,curtis2 ,pennsylvania4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,c4 densa ,pk4 ,tufts #b-d in4 high1 nearly as broad1 whitish or creamy-yellow1 branching from the base4 ,branches very numerous1 nearly parallel1 crowded1 terete1 somewhat wrinkled when dry1 the tips dentate1 concolorous4 ,spores slightly colored1 elliptical1 #g4e-aje-h4e4 ,ground in woods4 ,selkirk4 ,august4 ,apparently closely allied to ,c4 condensata1 but differing decidedly in color4 ,peck1 #dast ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,specimens identified by ,professor ,peck4 ,large masses of it grew at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,july1 ,august and ,september1 #ahih1 in mixed woods4 ,brittle2 when young it is very compact4 ,it is without much flavor1 but stews tender and makes a good dish4 ,b4 ,,spores ,,ochraceous ,,or ,,cinnamon4 9999 ,plant yellow or dingy ochraceous4 ,c4 aurea ,schaeff4--aurum1 gold4 7,plate ,,cxxxix1 fig4 #b1 p4 #eaf47 ,trunk thick1 elastic1 pallid4 ,flesh white1 dividing into numerous thick branches that become repeatedly divided in a dichotomous manner upward1 and terminate in slender1 erect1 round1 yellow branchlets4 ,spores pale ochraceous1 elliptical1 #aj-aae-f4 ,in woods4 ,forming large tufts #b-c in4 high1 colorless or almost so below1 tips yellow4 ,massee4 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis2 ,ohio1 ,alabama4 ,found in ,west ,virginia1 #ahhb2 ,devon1 ,angora1 ,eagle's ,mere1 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa42 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j4 ,august and ,september4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,eaten in ,europe4 ,edible4 ,curtis4 ,in structure it reminds one of a miniature cropped ,lombardy poplar4 ,the color is not bright1 but dingy-yellow4 ,resembles ,c4 flava2 distinguished by different color of spores4 ,the branches 7not stem7 are tender and good4 ,var4 rufescens ,schaeff4 ,this plant occurs after heavy rains4 ,it sometimes grows in continuous rows several feet in extent4 ,the pinkish-red tips of the branches fade with age4 ,the axils are rounded and the plant is quite fragile4 ,fries considers it a variety of ,c4 aurea4 ,peck1 #beth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,found at ,springton1 ,chester county1 ,pa41 ,august1 #ahhg4 ,it is edible and good4 ,the plant is tender and easily cooked4 ,c4 formosa ,pers4--formosus1 finely formed4 7,plate ,,cxxxix1 fig4 #c1 p4 #daf47 ,height #b-d in4 ,trunk #a in4 and more thick1 whitish or yellowish1 elastic4 ,branches numerous1 crowded1 elongated1 divided at ends into yellow branchlets which are thin1 straight1 obtuse or toothed4 ,spores ochraceous #ic-d ,massee2 elongated1 oval1 rough1 #afh ,w4,g4,s4 ,on ground in woods1 in large tufts1 frequently in rows several feet long4 ,north ,carolina1 ,schweinitz1 ,curtis2 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,esteemed in ,europe4 ,edible4 ,dr4 ,curtis4 ,common in the ,united ,states in woods4 ,variable4 ,an orange-rose color is sometimes prominent on the tips4 ,the tenderer portions of the plant are excellent1 but must be well cooked4 ,c4 spinulosa ,pers4--spined4 ,height #b-c in4 high4 ,stem -#a in4 thick4 ,trunk stout1 short1 whitish4 ,branches numerous1 crowded1 erect1 tense1 elongated1 tapering upward4 ,color cinnamon-brown or darker4 ,spores ochraceous1 elliptical1 #aa-ace-f ,massee4 ,on ground in pine woods4 ,august to ,october4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #bdth ,rep42 ,new ,jersey1 ,sterling2 ,pennsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,of same edible quality as ,c4 aurea1 which it resembles1 excepting that it is darker and less abrupt in the ending of its clusters4 ,c4 flaccida ,fr4--flaccidus1 flaccid4 ,height #a-c in41 bright ochraceous1 slender4 ,stem short1 smooth1 sometimes wanting1 thin1 #a-b lines thick1 repeatedly branched4 ,branches crowded1 unequal1 flaccid1 upper ones forcep-shaped1 pointed4 ,does not turn green when bruised like ,c4 abietina4 ,the whitish mycelium creeps over the leaves on which it grows4 ,brittle1 tender1 flesh white4 ,spores ochraceous1 broadly elliptical #d-ec ,k4 ,received from ,e4,b4 ,sterling1 ,trenton1 ,n4,j4 ,two specimens eaten4 ,these were quite dry4 ,after soaking they were tender and had good flavor4 7,plate ,,cxlii47 ,illustration3 ,,clavaria ,,circinans4 7,after ,peck47 ,c4 circinans ,pk4--circino1 to make round4 7,plate ,,cxlii47 ,stem short1 solid1 dichotomously or subverticillately branched4 ,branches slightly diverging or nearly parallel1 nearly equal in length1 the ultimate ones terminating in two or more short acute concolorous ramuli4 ,spores ochraceous4 ,plant #a-b in4 high1 obconic in outline1 flat-topped1 appearing almost as if truncated1 pallid or almost whitish in color1 generally growing in imperfect circles or curved lines4 ,under spruce and balsam trees4 ,adirondack mountains4 ,august4 ,peck1 #cith ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,where pines have grown1 but where now oak and chestnut trees make rather open woods1 it grows at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,a stumpy fungus impressing one as stunted4 ,its texture is solid4 ,it does not cook tender1 but yields a fungus flavor to the cooking medium4 9999 ,growing on wood4 ,c4 stricta ,pers4--stringo1 to draw tight4 ,height #b-c in4 ,color pale dull-yellow becoming brown when bruised4 ,stem distinct1 thick1 short4 ,branches numerous1 repeatedly forked1 straight1 closely pressed1 tips pointed4 ,spores dark cinnamon1 ,fries2 creamy yellow #df ,w4,g4,s4 ,var4 fumida4 ,the whole plant is a dingy1 smoky-brownish hue1 otherwise of the typical form4 ,catskill mountains4 ,september4 ,in the fresh state the specimens appear very unlike the ordinary form1 but in the dried state they are scarcely to be distinguished4 ,peck1 #dast ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,eaten in ,germany4 ,this form occurs in ,west ,virginia mountains and at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,trenton1 ,n4,j41 in ,august and ,september1 among leaves in mixed woods4 ,it compares favorably with the ordinary run of ,clavaria4 ,c4 dichotoma ,god4--dividing by pairs4 ,cespitose1 white2 branches regularly dividing by pairs1 elongated1 flexuous1 diverging1 somewhat compressed1 extremities obtuse1 rounded at or just below the apex broadly compressed4 ,on the ground1 under beeches4 8,notwithstanding its beauty this is dangerous4 ,in #ahhc1 when it was very plentiful1 ,i saw entire families sick from it and in #ahhh there was a repetition with new victims4 8,it produces nausea1 vertigo and violent diarrhea40 ,leuba4 ,i have not seen the plant4 ,,synco,,ryne4 ,gr--together1 a club4 ,clubs almost simple1 tufted at the base4 ,illustration3 ,grouped by ,f4,d4 ,briscoe--,studies by ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,plate ,,cxxxviii4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,,clavaria ,,fusiformis1 #ebc #c4 ,,clavaria ,,pistillaris #ebd 7,,dark ,,var471 #b4 ,,clavaria ,,pistillaris #ebd 7,,yellow ,,var471 ,c4 fusiformis ,sow4--fusus1 a spindle4 7,plate ,,cxxxviii1 fig4 #a1 p4 #ebb47 ,yellow1 cespitoso-connate1 slightly firm1 soon hollow4 ,clubs somewhat fusiform1 simple and toothed1 even1 attenuated to the base which is of the same color4 ,stevenson4 ,spores pale yellow1 globose1 #d-e ,massee4 ,closely resembles ,c4 inqualis ,fl4 ,dan4 ,woods and pastures4 ,august to ,november4 ,received from ,e4,b4 ,sterling1 ,trenton1 ,n4,j41 ,august1 #ahig4 ,the clubs are #aaf in4 through1 #d in4 high1 light clear yellow1 translucent1 clustered in groups of four or five united at the base4 ,tender1 well flavored1 cooks easily4 ,c4 aurantio-cinnabarino ,schw4--aurantius1 orange2 cinnabaris1 vermilion4 ,orange-red2 base white with a sub-hairy powder2 clubs simple1 flexuous1 fleshy1 somewhat tenacious1 fasciculate1 thickened in the middle and attenuated toward either end1 at first cylindrical then compressed1 #f-g mm4 thick1 #b-d in4 high4 ,pennsylvania4 ,on the ground among rhododendrons4 ,received from ,e4,b4 ,sterling1 ,trenton1 ,n4,j4 ,the plant when fresh is a beautiful rose color1 inclining to orange at the tips4 ,it reminds one of the peach-blow vase color in some of its shades4 ,the single clubs1 growing in cluster1 to the height of four inches1 graceful in outline1 exquisitely shaded1 are a sight one lingers over4 ,while they invite the mycophagist to eat them1 his voracity is checked by their beauty4 ,they are tender and delicious4 ,it is regrettable that thus far it has not been reported in quantity4 ,c4 inqualis ,fl4 ,dan4--unequal4 ,height #b-c in4 club-shaped1 yellow1 gregarious1 single or in loose tufts1 fragile1 stuffed4 ,clubs club-shaped or almost equal1 simple1 sometimes forked or variously cut at tip1 one color4 ,spores colorless1 elliptical1 #i-aje ,massee4 ,woods and pastures4 ,august to ,october4 ,distinguished from ,c4 fusiformis by the tips not being sharp-pointed and colored4 ,north ,carolina1 ,schweinitz2 ,new ,jersey1 ,sterling4 ,this ,clavaria is quite common in ,new ,jersey4 ,its clusters are clear bright yellow and conspicuously pretty4 ,the clubs are translucent and smooth4 ,excepting in color it resembles ,c4 aurantio-cinnabarino4 ,in the many specimens seen there was nothing to suggest the propriety of the name1 excepting height of clubs4 ,a dish of it is a delicacy4 ,c4 vermicularis ,scop4--vermis1 a worm4 ,height #a-b in41 white1 tufted4 ,clubs simple1 quill-shaped1 stuffed1 awl-shaped1 brittle1 pointed4 ,spores white1 elliptical1 #dc ,massee4 ,new ,york1 ,north ,carolina1 ,pennsylvania1 ,ohio4 ,thin grassy woods and among grass4 ,july to ,october4 ,edible4 ,cordier4 ,common in southern ,new ,jersey1 and in warm soils from ,june to frost4 ,when growing among grass it is not conspicuous and is often missed unless specially sought for4 ,its purity1 its choice of refreshing abode1 its excellent qualities1 make it select among ,clavaria4 ,,holoco,,ryne4 ,gr--entire2 ,gr--a club4 ,clubs almost simple1 distinct at the base4 ,c4 pistillaris ,l4--pistillum1 a pestle4 7,plate ,,cxxxviii1 figs4 #b1 #c1 p4 #ebb47 ,height #b-ab in41 up to #a in4 and more thick1 color light yellow1 ochraceous1 brownish1 chocolate4 ,clubs ,indian-club shape1 ovate-rounded1 puckered at top1 simple1 fleshy1 white within1 spongy1 exterior smooth or more or less wrinkled1 usually with smooth base4 ,spores white1 #aje ,w4,g4,s42 #i-aae-f ,massee4 ,mixed woods1 moss and grassy places4 ,august until ,november4 ,north ,carolina1 ,pennsylvania1 ,california1 ,alabama4 ,eaten in ,poland1 ,russia and ,germany4 ,the writer first found this truly club-like species in ,west ,virginia in #ahhb1 and ate it4 ,but few specimens were found1 and those of a dark chocolate color4 ,at ,mount ,gretna in #ahig and #ahih the yellow variety grew in considerable quantity from ,july until after frost4 ,the largest specimen found measured #e in4 and was #a in4 in diameter at its thickest part4 ,the average height is #b in4 ,both varieties grew in mixed woods from the leaf-covered ground4 ,they are often clustered1 four or five together1 and of different sizes4 ,the surface1 especially of the dark variety1 is regularly1 vertically wrinkled1 truncated in few places1 very much resembling that of the ,craterellus cantharellus4 ,the stems of both are white4 ,the apex of the clubs is folded inward as though pulled by drawing-strings4 ,the flesh is soft1 white1 fine grained4 ,a slight bitter is present in the dark variety1 when raw1 which entirely disappears upon cooking4 ,this is one of the best of ,clavari4 ,c4 clavata ,pk4 ,simple1 straight1 clavate1 obtuse1 smooth1 not hollow1 yellow when fresh1 rugose-wrinkled and orange-colored when dry1 #d-f lines high4 ,damp shaded banks by road-sides4 ,sandlake4 ,june4 ,peck1 #beth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,patches of it are conspicuous--golden-hued upon somber background4 ,they are seen at ,eagle's ,mere1 ,mt4 ,gretna1 and on the ,springton ,hills1 ,pa41 along wooded road-sides4 ,raw1 they have a mild1 pleasant flavor1 and have the same when cooked4 ,a small species seldom found in sufficient quantity to make a comforting dish4 ,illustration ,,family ,,vi4--,,tremella,,ce ,fr4 ,whole fungus homogeneous1 gelatinous1 shrivelling when dry1 reviving when moistened1 pervaded internally with branched filaments1 terminating toward the surface all round in sporophores4 ,spores transparent1 from globose to sausage-shape and curved1 sometimes septate4 ,fries4 ,the ,tremellace1 as their name signifies1 tremble1 because jelly-like when moist4 ,they are hard1 tough1 horny when dry1 but swell and become gelatinous when wet4 ,in the typical genus1 ,tremella1 there is often but little consistency4 ,whoever has climbed an old rail fence on a rainy day has had the doubtful pleasure of acquaintance with some of them4 ,sections for the microscope are obtainable by hardening them in alcohol4 ,there are several edible species in the family4 ,they are good in soups1 giving them flavor and body1 and some are excellent when stewed4 ,,synopsis ,,of ,,genera4 ,sub-,family--,auricularie4 ,page #ebh4 ,,auricularia4 ,broadly attached1 margin free and reflexed4 7,no edible species reported47 ,,hirneola4 ,page #ebh4 ,cartilaginous1 ear-shaped1 attached by a point4 ,sub-,family--,tremelline4 ,page #ebi4 ,,exidia4 ,cup-shaped1 truncate1 or irregularly lobed2 spores reniform1 producing curved sporidiola on germination4 7,no edible species reported47 ,,ulocolla4 ,pulvinate and gyrose2 spores reniform1 producing rod-shaped sporidiola on germination4 7,no edible species reported47 ,,tremella4 ,page #ebi4 ,brain-like or lobed2 spores globose or ovoid4 ,n,,matelia4 ,firm1 convex1 with a central hard nucleus4 7,no edible species reported47 ,,gyrocephalus4 ,erect1 spathulate4 7,no edible species reported47 ,,tremelledon4 ,page #ecc4 ,gelatinous1 tremelloid1 fan-shaped1 fleshy2 hymenium with distinct spines4 ,sub-,family--,dacryomycete4 ,,dacryomyces4 ,small1 pulvinate and gyrose4 7,no edible species reported47 ,,guepinia4 ,irregularly cup-shaped1 hymenium on one surface only4 7,no edible species reported47 ,,dacryopsis4 ,hymenium at the apex of a short stem1 bearing conidia and spores4 7,no edible species reported47 ,,ditiola4 ,stem distinct1 bearing the hymenium at its expanded apex4 7,no edible species reported47 ,,apyrenium4 ,subglobose or lobed1 hollow4 7,no edible species reported47 ,,calocera4 ,subcylindrical and erect1 simple or branched 7,no edible species reported47 ,sub-,family--,auricularie4 ,,hirne,,ola ,fr4 ,hirnea1 a small jug4 ,gelatinous1 rather cartilaginous1 soft and tremulous when moist1 but not distended with jelly1 horny when dry1 becoming somewhat cartilaginous when moistened4 ,the hard skin forming the hymenium1 which covers the cup-shaped cavity and is of a different color1 can be separated entire after a thorough soaking in water4 ,sporophores 7spore-bearing processes7 not involved in jelly4 ,spores oblong1 curved4 ,fries4 ,a very peculiar and distinct genus separated from the neighboring genera by its disk-like1 somewhat cup-shaped cavity and by its not being distended with jelly4 7,plate ,,cxliii47 ,illustration3 ,,hirneola ,,auricula-,,judea4 ,about two-thirds nat4 size4 ,h4 auricula--,judea 7,linn47 ,berk4--,jew's ear4 #a-d in4 across1 thin1 and flexible when moist1 hard when dry1 date-brown or blackish4 ,hymenium venoso-plicate 7vein-plaited71 forming irregular depressions such as are in the ear1 yellowish-gray or grayish beneath and hairy4 ,the large depressions or corrugations branch from smaller ones near the center of the plant4 ,spores #bj-beg-i ,massee4 ,h4 auricula-,judea is not very particular in the trees it patronizes4 ,elm1 maple1 hickory1 balsam-fir1 spruce1 alder bear it4 ,when the plant grows on upright timber it usually turns upward4 ,it is not generally reported in the ,united ,states4 ,ohio1 ,maryland1 ,miss ,banning2 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,miller2 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania1 ,west ,virginia1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,extensively used in ,china1 where eating it probably antedates all ,european records by several thousand years4 ,it is brought there dried from ,tahiti in great quantities and made into soup4 ,the writer has found and eaten several specimens of it4 ,it is not as tender as other gelatinous species1 but it is an oddity that pleases4 ,sub-,family--,tremelline4 ,,tremel,,la ,dill4 ,tremo--to tremble4 ,distended with jelly when moist1 tremulous1 without a defined margin and without nipple-like elevations4 ,spore-bearing processes globose1 becoming divided into four parts1 each division producing an elongated free point terminating in a simple spore4 ,fries4 ,distinguished by its peculiarly convoluted habit and jelly-like substance1 which is more or less inclined to be cartilaginous4 ,exidia1 similar in form1 is separated by possessing minute nipple-like elevations and ,hirneola by its distinct difference in form4 ,generally growing on dead wood2 some species are found on trees and others on the ground1 etc4 ,old tradition1 in many countries1 attests that the ,tremellas are ,fairy bread1 and ,t4 albida the choicest baking4 ,pretty1 indeed1 must have been the feasts when piles of such purity filled the board1 and the brilliant ,pezizae were wassail cups4 ,they are better suited to ,fairy appetites than to those of mortals2 being watery their nutritive value is small4 ,nevertheless they have dainty flavor4 ,so far as tested no suspicion rests upon ,tremell4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,tribes4 ,,mesenterifor,,mes 7,gr--the mesentery74 ,page #ecj4 ,gelatinous inclining to cartilaginous1 foliaceous1 naked4 ,,cerebrin 7cerebrum1 the brain74 ,page #ecj4 ,firm1 then pulpy1 somewhat pruinose with the spores4 ,,crusta,,ce 7crusta1 a crust74 ,diffused1 becoming plane4 ,,tuberculifor,,mes 7tuberculum1 a little tuber74 ,small1 somewhat erumpent4 ,i4--,,mesenterifor,,mes4 ,gelatinous1 inclining to cartilaginous4 ,t4 fimbriata ,pers4--fimbri1 fringe4 ,olivaceous inclining to black1 cespitose1 clusters #b-c in4 high and even broader1 erect1 corrugated2 lobes flaccid1 incised at the margin1 undulately fringed4 ,when soaked with water it has a dark tawny tinge4 ,stevenson4 ,spores subpyriform4 ,on roots1 dead branches1 stumps1 rails1 etc4 ,from ,july to ,december1 #ahih1 tufts five inches in diameter grew from an oak stump close by the writer's cottage at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,these tufts dried1 and revived after rain into a gelatinous condition4 ,they were nibbled at raw1 and several were cooked4 ,tufts were found elsewhere in the same woods and eaten by others4 ,they were unanimously approved4 ,the species dries hard1 like thin glue1 but is darker4 ,a dried piece swells in the mouth1 grows tough1 and has but little taste4 ,flavor develops in cooking4 ,t4 lutescens ,pers4--luteus1 yellow4 ,yellowish1 cespitose1 small1 cluster -#a in4 broad1 very soft1 circling in wavy1 undulating folds2 lobes entire1 naked4 ,inclining to be fluid4 ,whitish when young4 ,stevenson4 ,spores subglobose1 #ab-af diameter ,massee4 ,north ,carolina1 common4 ,curtis4 ,on decaying branches1 stumps1 etc4 ,july to ,february4 ,it dries and revives1 or swells with moisture1 very soft and tremulous4 ,edible4 ,leuba4 ,,ii4--,,cerebrin4 ,firm then pulpy1 etc4 7,plate ,,cxliv47 ,illustration3 ,,tremella ,,mesenterica4 ,natural size4 ,t4 mesenterica ,retz4 ,gr--the mesentary4 ,gelatinous but firm1 bright orange-yellow1 variously contorted2 lobes short1 smooth1 pruinose with the white spores at maturity4 ,spores broadly elliptical1 #f-i diameter2 conidia #a-a4e diameter4 ,on dead branches4 ,very variable in form but known by the bright orange color4 ,from -#b in4 across4 ,massee4 ,north ,carolina4 ,common1 edible4 ,curtis2 ,california1 ,ohio1 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,weist1 ,richmond1 ,ind41 ,november1 #ahih1 sent me fine specimens4 ,very common as an apparent exudation from sticks1 branches and rails4 ,it can usually be collected in quantity from ,june until far into the winter4 ,it can be found in every month in the year4 ,during the civil war the writer's first attempt at making a dish of cornstarch resulted in getting it into knots4 ,t4 mesenterica1 when stewed1 very much resembles these same knots4 ,it has a mild1 woody flavor1 slightly sweet1 and is good4 7,plate ,,cxliva47 ,illustration3 ,,tremella ,,mycetophila on ,,collybia ,,dryophila4 7,after ,peck47 ,t4 mycetophila ,pk4 7,plate ,,cxliva47 ,suborbicular1 depressed1 circling in folds1 tremelloid-fleshy1 slightly pruinose1 yellowish or pallid1 #d-h lines broad4 ,peck1 #bhth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,august1 #ahie4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,professor ,peck notes it as found parasitic upon ,collybia dryophila4 ,i found ,t4 mycetophila growing parasitic upon ,marasmius oreades1 ,august1 #ahid4 ,the mass was #b in4 in diameter4 ,separating them was taking the host from the parasite4 ,cooked it is glutinous1 tender--like calf's head4 ,rather tasteless4 ,t4 albida ,huds4--albidus1 whitish4 ,whitish1 becoming dingy-brown when dry1 #a in4 broad1 ascending1 tough1 expanded1 undulated1 somewhat circling in folds1 powdered4 ,stevenson4 ,spores oblong1 obtuse1 curved1 #b-;guttate1 subhyaline1 #ab-add-e ,k4 ,where birch1 sugar-maple1 hickory are in abundance the ,t4 albida will be found4 ,at ,eagle's ,mere and ,springton1 ,pa41 and other wooded places1 it is common during the warm months4 ,it has slight taste1 sweet1 woody1 but makes a pleasant dish4 ,t4 intumescens ,eng4 ,bot4--intumesco1 to swell up4 ,gelatinous2 subcespitose1 rounded1 broken up into numerous tortuous lobes1 brown1 shining1 obscurely dotted1 becoming darker when dry4 ,spores oblong1 slightly curved1 #ab-adc-d4 ,from #a-b in4 across4 ,massee4 ,entire year1 but dried or frozen during winter1 swelling in wet weather4 ,north ,carolina4 ,common4 ,curtis4 ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,t4 intumescens is not rare in ,west ,virginia1 or where beech logs are in plenty1 though it does not confine itself to beech4 ,it occurs on maples and some other woods4 ,it resembles the ,t4 mesenterica in taste1 but is sweeter4 ,it is not as large1 but is equally good4 ,,tremel,,lodon ,pers4 ,tremo1 to tremble4 ,gelatinous1 pileate1 prickly below1 spines awl-shaped1 equal4 ,fries4 ,the members of this genus resemble in form the section ,mesopus of ,hydnum and have the same awl-shaped spines1 but differ in their gelatinous consistency and fructification4 7,plate ,,cxlv47 ,illustration3 ,,tremellodon ,,gelatinosum4 ,t4 gelatinosum ,pers4--gelatina1 jelly4 ,pileus covered with a greenish-brown bloom1 gelatinous1 tremulous1 dimidiate1 somewhat stipitate1 covered with small pimples4 ,spines soft1 glaucous4 ,on fir1 trunks and sawdust4 ,september to ,october4 ,stevenson4 ,of singular beauty1 almost translucent with steel-blue tints shading into violet1 while the spines are of a pure soft white4 ,spores round1 somewhat irregular1 white1 #b ,w4,g4,s4 ,can not be confounded with any4 ,the only gelatinous spiny fungus4 ,north ,carolina1 ,schweinitz1 ,curtis2 ,pennsylvania1 ,massachusetts1 ,farlow1 ,frost2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bb4 ,t4 gelatinosum is well distributed over the ,united ,states but is not reported in quantity4 ,it is an autumnal grower1 lasting well into the winter4 ,the writer found specimens near ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 in ,february1 #ahid1 and sent them to ,professor ,peck4 ,it is delicious when slowly stewed4 ,,sub-,,class ,,ascomycetes4 ,the reproductive bodies consisting of sporidia mostly definite1 contained in asci--mother cells or sacs--springing from a naked or enclosed stratum of fructifying cells and forming a hymenium or nucleus4 ,the sporidia are often accompanied by simple or branched threads1 which are abortive asci1 called paraphyses4 ,in ,hymenomycetes the spores are entirely unenclosed and are borne on stalk-like processes on the gills of ,agaricace1 in the tubes of ,polyporace1 on the spines of ,hydnace1 etc4 ,in ,ascomycetes they are enclosed in sacs springing from the external layer of the fruit-bearing surface1 which may be on the outer surface of the plant or enclosed4 ,,cohort ,,discomycetes4 ,gr--a sac2 ,gr--a fungus4 ,the most important distinctive feature of ,discomycetes consists in the disk or hymenium being fully exposed at maturity4 ,it includes families which contain choice edible species4 ,,family4--,,helvella,,ce4 ,fleshy1 waxy or gelatinous2 hymenium or sac-bearing surface exposed at first1 or at length more or less exposed4 ,where a distinct stem is present it is surmounted by a more or less definite pileus or the stem is expanded into a club-like head4 ,in ,peziza the definite stem is absent and the plant is seated on the supporting surface4 ,many more genera than are noted below are included in ,helvellace1 but are not known to contain edible species4 ,,synopsis ,,of ,,the ,,genera4 99 ,margin only or whole of pileus free from sides of stem4 ,,helvella4 ,page #ecf4 ,pileus drooping1 irregularly waved and lobed4 ,,verpa4 ,page #eci4 ,pileus drooping1 regular1 margin entire1 thimble-shaped4 ,,leotia4 ,page #edj4 ,pileus fleshy1 discoid4 9999 ,pileus adnate throughout to the stem4 ,,morchella4 ,page #eda4 ,surface of pileus furnished with stout1 anastomosing ribs bounding deep irregular pits4 ,,gyromitra4 ,page #edf4 ,surface of pileus covered with rounded1 variously contorted folds4 ,,mitrula4 ,page #edh4 ,pileus subglobose or clavate1 surface even4 ,,spathularia4 ,page #edi4 ,pileus flattened1 running down the stem for some distance on opposite sides4 ,,geoglossum4 ,page #eej4 ,,helvel,,la ,linn4 ,a small pot herb4 ,stem of medium thickness4 ,pileus hanging loosely over the stem1 more or less folded1 but not into pits4 ,hymenium on the upper side only4 ,helvella esculenta is now ,gyromitra esculenta1 and is in bad repute4 ,meanings of the unfamiliar words are too lengthy to give in the descriptions of species4 ,they are in the ,glossary4 ,dr4 ,badham says3 8,all ,helvell are esculent1 have an agreeable odor1 and bear a general resemblance in flavor to the ,morell40 7,plate ,,cxlvi47 ,illustration3 ,,helvella ,,crispa4 ,natural size4 ,h4 crispa ,fr4--curled4 ,pileus deflexed1 lobed or variously contorted1 white or whitish4 ,stem equal or slightly swollen at the base1 deeply and uninterruptedly grooved1 white or whitish4 ,spores elliptical1 #ahbb long4 ,peck1 #dhth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,distinguished from all other species by the stout1 costate1 lacunose1 hollow stem2 entirely glabrous1 fragile and with a semi-transparent look4 ,color variable1 included under the following forms3 ,var4 alba4 ,pileus whitish4 ,var4 ,grevillei4 ,under surface of the pileus reddish2 stem white4 ,var4 incarnata4 ,pileus and stem flesh-color4 ,var4 fulva4 ,pileus yellowish or tawny4 ,massee4 ,pileus whitish1 flesh-colored or yellowish1 deflexed1 lobed1 at length free1 crisped4 ,stem hollow1 ribbed outside forming deep pits1 #c-e in4 high1 snowy white4 ,edible4 ,badham1 ,cordier1 ,cooke1 ,berkeley1 ,peck4 ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,h4 crispa is white and variable in shape of cap4 ,in its color it differs from all others of its genus4 ,it is found in the woods only1 from ,july until frost4 ,it is not usually abundant4 ,it is an esculent species and good of its kind4 ,h4 ,californica ,phillips4 ,pileus bell-shaped or saddle-shaped1 deflexed1 sublobate1 free1 veined beneath1 purplish-brown4 ,stem longitudinally pitted between ridges1 rosy-pink4 ,asci cylindrical1 narrowed toward the base4 ,sporidia #h1 elliptical1 binucleate1 #agi paraphyses linear1 clavate and brown at the apices4 #b-f in4 in diameter4 ,stem #b-f in4 high1 4#ge-a4e in4 in diameter4 ,on the earth in dense forests near rocks4 ,sierra ,nevada mountains2 ,california1 ,harkness4 ,edible4 ,harkness4 ,it presents characters essentially different from those of any species hitherto described4 ,its nearest ally is ,h4 crispa1 from which it differs in the color of the hymenium and stem and in being a larger species4 ,h4 lacunosa ,afzel4--uneven1 pitted4 ,pileus inflated1 lobed1 cinereous-black1 lobes deflexed1 adnate4 ,stem white or dusky1 hollow1 exterior ribbed1 forming intervening cavities2 asci cylindrical1 stemmed2 sporidia ovate1 hyaline4 ,solitary or gregarious2 very variable in size4 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis2 ,massachusetts1 ,sprague1 ,frost2 ,white mountains1 ,farlow2 ,rhode ,island1 ,bennett2 ,california1 ,h4 and ,m4 ,edible4 ,cordier1 ,berkeley1 ,badham1 ,cooke1 ,curtis4 ,h4 sulcata ,afzel4--furrowed4 ,pileus deflexed1 equally #b-c lobed1 even1 compressed1 darker when dry4 ,stem #b in4 long1 #d-e lines thick1 stuffed1 equal1 longitudinally furrowed4 ,spores very broadly elliptic1 with a single large globose nucleus1 #ae-ah long ,b4 and ,br4 ,solitary1 rarely gregarious4 ,var4 minor ,clem4 ,bot4 ,surv4 of ,neb4 ,univ4 of ,neb4 ,pileus 4#h-a4b in41 rarely #c4b in4 wide1 4#h-b in4 high4 ,stem 4#h-a4b in41 rarely #d in4 high1 4#f-a4d in4 wide2 sporidia #aeaj4 ,on shady ground4 ,otowanie woods1 ,lancaster county4 ,the prominent character in this species1 as indicated by the name1 is the sulcate stem4 ,the furrows are very deep1 and extend1 without interruption1 the entire length of the stem4 ,the whole stem1 as shown by a cross-section1 is made up of the cost intervening between these furrows4 ,i do not find the stem 8stuffed10 as required by the description in ,syst4 ,myc41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ae4 ,the pileus is generally darker than that of ,h4 crispa4 ,peck1 #cast ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,on decaying wood1 stumps1 trunks4 ,spring until autumn4 ,known to be edible4 ,peck4 ,h4 elastica ,bull4--elastic4 ,pileus free from the stem1 drooping1 #b-c lobed1 center depressed1 even1 whitish1 brownish or sooty1 almost smooth underneath1 about #b cm4 broad4 ,stem #b-c4e in4 high1 #c-e lines thick at the inflated base2 tapering upward1 elastic1 even or often more or less pitted1 colored like the pileus1 minutely velvety or furfuraceous1 at first solid1 then hollow4 ,spores hyaline1 smooth1 continuous1 elliptical1 ends obtuse1 often #a-;guttulate1 #ah-bjaj-aa2 #a-seriate2 paraphyses septate1 clavate4 ,massee4 ,it is not uncommon to find the pileus attached in one or two points to the stem4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,var4 alba 7,pers47 ,sacc4 ,on decaying wood4 ,august to frost4 ,massachusetts1 ,frost2 ,rhode ,island1 ,bennett2 ,nebraska1 ,clements2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bd1 #cb1 #ea4 ,edible4 ,unger1 ,cordier4 ,known to be edible4 ,peck4 ,h4 infula ,schaeff4--a head dress4 ,pileus hooded1 in #b-d irregular1 drooping lobes1 at length undulate1 strongly adherent to the sides of the stem1 reddish-brown or cinnamon more or less deep in color1 whitish and downy underneath1 #a4e-c in4 broad4 ,stem #a-b in4 long1 in4 and more thick1 usually smooth and even1 sometimes compressed and irregularly pitted1 pallid or tinged with red1 covered with a white meal or down1 solid when young but becoming hollow with age2 asci cylindrical1 apex somewhat truncate1 #h-spored4 ,spores hyaline1 smooth1 continuous1 elliptical1 ends obtuse1 #ba-bcaa-ab ,massee4 ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania4 ,decaying trunks1 stumps and roots4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible4 ,cooke1 ,curtis1 ,peck4 ,equal to any ,helvella4 ,,ver,,pa ,swartz4 ,verpa1 a rod4 ,ascophore stipitate1 campanulate1 attached to the tip of the stem and hanging down like a bell1 surrounding but free from the side of the stem1 regular1 smooth or slightly wrinkled but not ribbed1 persistent1 thin1 excipulum formed of interwoven1 septate hyph1 hymenium entirely covering the outer surface of the ascophore2 asci cylindrical1 #h-spored4 ,spores elliptical1 continuous1 hyaline or nearly so1 #a-seriate2 paraphyses septate4 ,stem elongated1 stuffed4 ,very closely allied to ,helvella2 distinguished by the ascophore being more regular in form1 and more evidently deflexed round the apex of the stem1 which it surrounds like a thimble on a finger1 and is quite free from the stem except at the apex4 ,the species grow on the ground1 in spring4 ,massee4 ,v4 digitaliformis ,pers4--digitus1 a finger4 ,pileus at first nearly even1 olivaceous-umber1 dark at the apex4 ,stem obese1 furnished at the base with a few reddish radicles1 white with a slight rufous tinge1 marked with transverse reddish spots2 smooth to the naked eye1 but under a lens clothed with fine adpressed flocci1 the rupture of which gives rise to the spots1 which are1 in fact1 minute scales4 ,in the mature plant the pileus is in4 high1 bell-shaped1 finger-form1 or subglobose1 more or less closely pressed to the stem1 but always free1 the edge sometimes inflexed so as to form a white border1 wrinkled1 but not reticulated1 under side slightly pubescent2 sporidia yellowish1 elliptic4 ,stem #c in4 high1 in4 or more thick1 slightly attenuated downward1 loosely stuffed1 by no means hollow4 ,berkeley4 ,minnesota1 ,johnson2 ,california1 ,h4 and ,m42 ,new ,york1 ,buffalo1 ,clinton2 ,oneida1 ,warne1 ,may4 ,peck1 #cjth1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,july1 #ahig4 ,road-side bank4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,sold in ,italy4 ,vittadini4 ,not to be despised when one can not get better nor to be eaten when one can4 ,badham4 ,the substance of this fungus is the same as that of ,helvella4 ,it is pleasant but rather tasteless4 ,,leotia ,hill4 ,ascophore stipitate1 substance fleshy1 soft and somewhat gelatinous4 ,pileus orbicular1 spreading2 margin drooping or incurved free from the stem1 glabrous1 hymenium entirely covering the upper surface4 ,stem central1 elongated2 asci cylindric-clavate1 apex narrowed1 #h-spored4 ,spores hyaline1 continuous or #a-septate1 elongated and narrowly elliptical1 obliquely #a-b seriate2 paraphyses present4 ,growing on the ground1 or on decaying wood4 ,hill4 ,emended4 ,massee4 ,stem long4 ,pileus flattened1 margin incurved1 covered everywhere with the smooth1 somewhat viscid hymenium4 ,l4 chlorocephala ,schw4--chloros1 green2 kephalos1 a head4 ,cespitose1 stipitate4 ,pileus #d-f lines across1 depresso-globose1 somewhat translucent1 more or less wavy1 margin incurved1 dark verdigris-green to blackish-green4 ,stem #a-a in4 long1 almost equal1 green but often paler than the pileus1 pulverulent1 often twisted2 asci cylindric-clavate1 apex rather narrowed1 #h-spored4 ,spores smooth1 hyaline1 narrowly elliptical1 ends acute1 often slightly curved1 usually #b-c-;guttulate1 #ag-bje1 irregularly #b-seriate2 paraphyses slender1 hyaline4 ,on the ground4 ,distinguished from ,l4 lubrica by the green stem4 ,massee4 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis2 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania4 ,cespitose4 ,in mixed woods1 moist ground4 ,july until long after frosts4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a small clustered plant having a green gelatinous appearance4 ,quarts of it can frequently be gathered after rains4 ,both it and ,l4 lubrica have less flavor than the larger ,helvellace1 but they make a palatable dish4 7,plate ,,cxlvii47 ,illustration3 ,,leotia ,,lubrica4 ,natural size4 ,l4 lubrica1 ,pers4--slippery4 ,gregarious or in small clusters1 stipitate1 somewhat gelatinous4 ,pileus irregularly hemispherical1 inflated1 wavy1 margin very obtuse1 yellowish olive-green1 #f-h lines across4 ,stem #a4e-b in4 high1 nearly equal or more or less inflated at the base1 pulpy within then hollow1 externally yellowish and covered with minute white granules2 asci cylindrical1 apex slightly narrowed1 #h-spored4 ,spores obliquely #a-seriate1 hyaline1 continuous1 smooth1 often guttulate1 narrowly elliptical1 straight or very slightly curved1 #bb-bee-f2 paraphyses slender1 cylindrical1 hyaline4 ,on the ground in woods4 ,massee4 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis2 ,massachusetts1 ,frost2 ,minnesota1 ,johnson2 ,new ,york1 ,ellis4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep42 ,trenton1 ,n4,j4 ,cespitose on damp ground in woods4 ,forty specimens1 ,july1 #ahih4 ,e4,b4 ,sterling2 ,new ,jersey2 ,pennsylvania4 ,gregarious and cespitose in several localities4 ,july to frost4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,irregular in appearance4 ,helvella-like but with a very soft gelatinous stem1 yellow4 ,the color of the stem distinguishes it from ,l4 chlorocephala1 which has a green stem4 ,it is a small plant1 but of good food value4 ,where it occurs there is often a goodly quantity4 ,,morchel,,la ,dill4 ,gr--a mushroom4 ,stipitate or subsessile4 ,pileus globose or ovate1 adnate throughout its length to the sides of the stem1 remaining closed at the apex1 hollow and continuous with the cavity of the stem2 externally furnished with stout1 branched and anastomosing ribs or plates1 every part bearing the hymenium4 ,stem stout1 stuffed or hollow2 asci cylindrical1 #b-d-h-spored4 ,spores #a-seriate1 continuous1 hyaline1 elliptical2 paraphyses septate1 clavate4 ,most nearly allied to ,gyromitra2 differs in the ribs of the pileus being deep and plate-like1 and anastomosing to form elongated or irregularly polygonal deep pits4 ,growing on the ground in the spring4 ,massee4 ,stem stout2 pileus ovoid or conical1 deeply folded into pits1 resembling honeycomb4 ,notwithstanding ,dill1 the author of the genus1 describes the caps as adnate throughout their length to the stem1 such is not the case4 ,professor ,peck arranges the genus into two groups1 8in one of which the margin of the cap is wholly attached to the stem1 in the other it is free40 ,in the latter group are ,m4 bispora and ,m4 semilibera4 ,the species are so much alike that botanical descriptions are omitted of all but ,m4 esculenta and ,professor ,peck's species4 ,not one of the ,morells is even suspicious4 ,they are favorites wherever found4 ,the ,morell is one of the few species known to the settler and to the farmer4 ,it loves old apple orchards1 probably because ashes have been used about the trees2 ashes and cinders are its choice fertilizers4 ,in ,germany peasants formerly burned forests to insure a bountiful crop4 ,mr4 ,moore1 of ,san ,francisco1 ,cal41 says3 8,we find it in profusion on burnt hillsides all along the ,pacific coast40 ,but it does not confine its habitat to burned surfaces4 ,it grows in thin open woods or on borders of woods4 ,it grows under pine1 ash1 oaks and other trees4 ,strange to say it grows under the walnut tree where very few fungi of any kind grow4 ,especially does it love the white walnut or butternut4 ,morchella dry well and keep well for winter use4 ,m4 esculenta ,pers4--esculent4 7,plate ,,xlvi1 fig4 #b1 p4 #bad47 ,pileus globose1 ovate or oblong1 adnate to the stem at the base1 hollow1 ribs stout1 forming irregular1 polygonal1 deep pits1 pale dingy yellow1 buff or tawny1 #a4be-b4e in4 high and broad4 ,stem stout1 whitish1 almost even1 hollow or stuffed1 #a4be-b4e in4 high1 4#h in4 and more thick2 asci cylindrical1 #h-spored4 ,spores continuous1 smooth1 hyaline1 elliptical1 ends obtuse1 #ai-bjaj1 paraphyses rather slender1 slightly thickened upward4 ,on the ground4 ,spring and early summer4 ,edible4 ,variable in form1 size and color1 but distinguished by the pileus being adnate to the stem at the base1 and the stout ribs anastomosing to form irregular1 polygonal pits of about equal size1 and not elongated4 ,massee4 ,common over the states1 ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey4 ,in orchards1 on ashes and cinders1 under walnut1 pine and oak trees4 ,may and ,june4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,the common ,morell varies in size1 #b-d in4 high1 sometimes larger4 ,the cap1 usually broader than it is long1 oval1 at times tapering to a rounded top4 ,the cavities resemble those of a weather-beaten honeycomb1 and are whitish1 or grayish or brownish4 ,the stem is about in4 in diameter4 ,it is an easily recognized species4 ,edible4 ,choice4 ,total nitrogen1 according to ,lafayette ,b4 ,mendel1 #d4ff per cent4 ,m4 crassipes ,pers4--crassus1 thick2 pes1 a foot4 ,agreeing with ,m4 esculenta in having the pits of the pileus irregular in form1 not much1 if at all1 longer than broad1 and in not having a main series of more or less parallel and vertical ribs2 differing in the stout stem being much longer than the pileus4 ,massee4 ,attains a height of #i in4 or more4 ,not rare in ,may4 ,kansas1 ,cragin2 ,minnesota1 ,johnson4 ,esculent4 ,cooke4 ,m4 deliciosa ,fr4 ,the ,delicious morell is easily known by the shape of its cap1 which is cylindrical or nearly so4 ,sometimes it is slightly narrowed toward the top and occasionally curved1 as in the preceding species1 but its long narrow shape and blunt apex is quite strongly contrasted with that species4 ,it is usually two or three times as long as it is broad1 and generally it is longer than the stem4 ,specimens also occur in which the cap is slightly more narrow in the middle than it is above and below1 and rarely it is slightly pointed at the apex4 ,the pits on its surface are rather narrow and mostly longer than broad4 ,the stem is often rather short4 ,the plant varies from #a-c in4 high4 ,peck1 #dhth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,its name gives it esculent properties4 ,m4 conica ,pers4--conical4 ,the ,conical morell has the cap conical or oblong-conical1 as its name indicates4 ,the longitudinal ridges on its surface run more regularly from top to base than in the ,common morell4 ,they are connected by short transverse ridges which are so distant from each other or so incomplete that the resulting pits or depressions are generally longer than broad1 and sometimes rather irregular4 ,the color in the young plant is a beautiful buff-yellow or very pale ochraceous1 but it becomes darker with age4 ,the plants are generally #c-e in4 high1 with the cap #a-b in4 thick in its broadest part1 and distinctly broader than the stem4 ,peck1 #dhth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,kansas2 ,california2 ,rhode ,island2 ,ohio1 ,lloyd2 ,new ,york2 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,miller1 orchards1 thin woods2 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania1 ,west ,virginia1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,the conical form distinguishes ,m4 conica from ,m4 esculenta1 if they are really different species1 as some writers doubt4 ,for the table there is not any difference4 ,m4 bispora ,sor4--,two-spored4 ,the ,two-spored morell is very similar to the ,half-free morell in external appearance4 ,it is distinguishable by its cap1 which is free from the stem almost or quite to the top4 ,the stem of the ,european plant has been described as stuffed1 but in our plant it is hollow1 though possibly in very young plants it may be stuffed4 ,the remarkable and very distinctive character which gives name to the species can only be seen by the aid of a microscope4 ,in this species there are only two spores in each ascus or sack and these are much larger than the spores of the other species4 ,they are two or three times longer and sometimes slightly curved4 ,the spores of the other species are eight in an ascus and are very much alike in size and shape1 and do not furnish decided specific characters2 but in this species their importance can not be overlooked4 ,their length is about #fj1 while in the others it is #bj-be4 ,this is probably our rarest species4 ,i am not aware that it has been found in but one locality in our state4 ,a few years ago ,mr4 ,h4,a4 ,warne detected it growing among fallen leaves in a ravine near ,oneida4 ,i have not tested its edible qualities1 but would have no hesitation in eating it if opportunity should be afforded4 ,peck1 #dhth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,var4 truncata4 ,pileus broadly rounded or truncate1 its cost slightly prominent1 the margin often a little recurved2 paraphyses numerous4 ,stem long4 ,michigan4 ,may4 ,hicks4 ,peck1 #dfth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,m4 angusticeps ,pk4--angustus1 narrow2 caput1 head4 ,pileus oblong-conical and subobtuse or narrowly conical and acute1 adnate to the stem1 #a-b in4 high1 and about half as broad at the base1 ribs longitudinal1 here and there anastomosing or connected by transverse veins4 ,stem subequal1 hollow1 whitish1 furfuraceous without and within1 even or rarely rough with irregular longitudinal furrows2 asci cylindrical4 ,spores elliptical1 whitish tinged with ocher1 #bj-beab4e-ah2 paraphyses short1 clavate1 with one or two septa near the base4 ,sandy soil in the borders of woods and in open places4 ,west ,albany and ,center4 ,april and ,may4 ,two forms occur1 one with the pileus oblong-conical1 rather obtuse1 often tipped with a slight umbo or papilla1 and with a diameter a little surpassing that of the stem from which the base is separated by a slight groove2 the other with the pileus narrowly conical1 rather acute1 scarcely exceeding the stem in diameter and without any separating groove4 ,the stem and fruit are alike in both forms4 ,the stem is usually about equal in length to the pileus4 ,the species is related to ,m4 conica and ,m4 elata1 but may be separated from both by the size of the spores and the character of the paraphyses4 ,in our plant ,i have never seen these as long as the asci4 ,large forms appear also to approach ,m4 rimosipes1 but that species has the margin of the pileus more free1 the stem proportionately longer1 and the paraphyses as long as the asci1 if we may rely upon the figure of it4 ,our plant is edible4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,the plants are commonly #b-c in4 high1 with the cap generally less than an inch broad in its widest part1 but sometimes much larger specimens occur4 ,peck1 #dhth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 7,plate ,,cxlix47 ,illustration3 ,,morchella ,,semilibera4 ,m4 semilibera ,d4,c4--half-free4 ,the ,half-free morell has a conical cap1 the lower half of which is free from the stem4 ,it rarely exceeds #a in4 or #a in4 in length1 and is usually much shorter than its stem4 ,the pits on its surface are longer than broad4 ,deformed specimens occur in which the cap is hemispherical and very blunt or obtuse at the apex2 in others it is abruptly narrowed above and pointed4 ,the plants are #b-d in4 high4 ,the species is rare with us4 ,peck1 #dhth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores pale-yellow4 ,odor feeble1 becomes stronger in drying4 ,much less sapid than ,m4 esculenta4 ,neither of these funguses should be gathered after rain1 as they are then insipid and soon spoil4 ,badham4 ,,gyromi,,tra ,fr4 ,gyro1 to turn2 mitra1 a head-covering4 ,ascophore stipitate2 hymenophore subglobose1 inflated and more or less hollow1 or cavernous1 variously gyrose and convolute at the surface1 which is everywhere covered with the hymenium2 substance fleshy2 asci cylindrical1 #h-spored4 ,spores uniseriate1 elongated1 hyaline or nearly so1 continuous2 paraphyses present4 ,helvella of old authors4 ,distinguished from ,morchella by the thick1 brain-like folds of the hymenophore not anastomosing to form irregularly polygonal depressions2 and from ,helvella in the hymenophore not being free from the stem at the base4 ,growing on the ground4 ,massee4 7,plate ,,cxlviiia47 ,illustration3 ,,section ,,of ,,gyromitra ,,esculenta4 ,g4 esculenta ,fr4 7,plate ,,vi1 fig4 #f1 p4 #f47 ,pileus rounded1 lobed1 irregular1 gyrose-convolute1 glabrous1 bay-red4 ,stem stout1 stuffed or hollow1 whitish1 often irregular4 ,spores elliptical1 binucleate1 yellowish1 #bj-bb long4 ,the ,edible gyromitra1 formerly known as ,helvella esculenta1 is easily recognized by its chestnut-red irregularly rounded and lobed cap with its brain-like convolutions4 ,the margin of the cap is attached to the stem in two or three places4 ,when cut through it is found to be hollow1 whitish within and uneven1 with a few prominent irregular ribs or ridges4 ,the stem is whitish1 slightly scurfy1 and when mature1 hollow4 ,in large specimens it sometimes appears as if formed by the union of two or more smaller ones4 ,the plant is #b-d in4 high and the cap commonly #b-c in4 broad4 ,specimens sometimes occur weighing a pound each4 ,it is fond of sandy soil and is found in ,may and ,june4 ,it grows chiefly in wet weather or in wet ravines or springy places in the vicinity of pine groves or pine trees4 ,peck1 #dhth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,g4 esculenta crispa n4 var4 ,whole surface of the pileus finely reticulated with anastomosing cost 7ribs or veins74 ,under evergreens4 ,north ,elba4 ,june4 ,peck1 #east ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,since #ahhb myself and friends have repeatedly eaten it4 ,in no instance was the slightest discomfort felt from it4 ,it was always enjoyed4 ,mr4 ,charles ,h4 ,allen1 ,san ,jose1 ,cal41 writes to me that ,g4 esculenta grows plentifully in his region1 and that it is not only edible1 but he has found it one of the best4 ,but the species1 though long ago esteemed highly in ,europe and by many in ,america1 now rests under decided suspicion4 ,it is not probable that in our great food-giving country anyone will be narrowed to ,g4 esculenta for a meal4 ,until such an emergency arrives1 the species would be better let alone4 ,g4 curtipes ,fr4--curtus1 short2 pes1 a foot4 ,pileus inflated1 gyrosely undulated1 oblong1 rotund1 at first pallid then brownish2 margin of pileus closely adnexed to the stem4 ,stem irregular1 short or almost absent4 ,asci cylindrical4 ,sporidia 4#cji fusiform1 uninucleate4 ,paraphyses clavate4 ,on the ground4 ,spring4 ,readily distinguished from other species by the almost obliterated stem4 ,fries commends it highly as an esculent4 ,separated from ,g4 esculenta by paler color1 shorter stem and different spores4 ,g4 ,caroliniana 7,bosc47 ,fr4 ,pileus rotund1 base free1 surface woven into deep irregular undulating folds4 ,stem conical1 sulcate4 ,asci cylindrical4 ,sporidia #c-c4ba2 somewhat fusiform2 paraphyses thickened toward the top4 ,in woods4 ,esculent4 ,massachusetts4 ,sprague4 7,plate ,,cxlviii47 ,illustration3 ,,gyromitra ,,brunnea4 ,g4 brunnea ,underwood--brunneus1 brown4 ,a stout1 fleshy1 stipitate plant1 #c-e in4 high1 bearing a broad1 much contorted1 brown ascoma4 ,stem -#a4e in4 thick1 more or less enlarged and spongy1 solid at the base1 hollow below1 rarely slightly fluted1 clear white2 receptacle #b-d in4 across in the widest direction1 the two diameters usually considerably unequal1 irregularly lobed and plicate1 in places faintly marked into areas by indistinct anastomosing ridges1 closely cohering with the stem in the various parts1 rich chocolate-brown or somewhat lighter if much covered with the leaves among which it grows1 whitish underneath2 asci #h-spored4 ,spores oval1 #bh-cj long1 by about #ad wide1 hyaline1 somewhat roughened-tuberculate1 usually nucleate1 the highly refractive nucleus spherical or oval1 #aa or1 if oval1 #adaa in diameter2 paraphyses slender1 enlarged at the apex1 faintly septate4 ,in rich woods1 mostly in beech-leaf mold4 ,putnam county1 ,ind41 ,may1 #ahib1 #ahic and #ahid4 ,first found by ,dr4 ,w4,v4 ,brown4 ,the plant is esculent1 tender and possesses a fine flavor4 ,often as many as #h or #aj plants would be found in one small area1 but the plant appears to be local and never very abundant4 ,some single plants would weigh nearly half a pound4 ,,mi,,trula ,fr4 7,emended1 ,massee47 ,ascophore stipitate1 fleshy4 ,head subglobose1 ovate1 or clavate1 even1 glabrous1 everywhere covered with the hymenium1 adnate throughout to the more or less elongated stem2 asci cylindric-clavate1 #h-spored4 ,spores narrowly elliptic-fusiform1 hyaline1 continuous or septate1 irregularly #a-b-seriate2 paraphyses present4 ,fries4 7,plate ,,cl47 ,illustration3 ,,mitrulla ,,vitellina4 ,m4 vitellina ,sacc41 var4 irregularis ,pk4--vitellus1 egg-yolk4 ,pileus clavate1 often irregular or compressed and somewhat lobed1 obtuse1 glabrous1 yellow1 tapering below into the short1 rather distinct1 yellowish or whitish stem4 ,spores narrowly elliptical1 #h-aj long4 ,when the ,irregular mitrula is well grown and symmetrical it closely resembles the typical ,european plant1 but usually the clubs or caps are curved1 twisted1 compressed or lobed in such a way that it is difficult to find two plants just alike4 ,the plants are usually only one or two inches high1 so that they would scarcely be thought of any importance as an edible species4 ,but sometimes it grows in considerable profusion in wet mossy places in woods1 so that it would not be difficult to gather a pint of them in a short time4 ,its beautiful bright yellow color makes it a very attractive object4 ,it is our largest species of ,mitrula and occurs in autumn4 ,it was first reported as an edible species in the forty-second report4 ,its flesh is tender and its flavor delicate and agreeable4 ,peck1 #dhth ,rep4 ,ontario1 ,dearness 7,,li4 ,r4 #d74 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania4 ,common1 gregarious in moist woods4 ,september to ,november4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,those fortunate enough to find this species will hunt for it again assiduously4 ,even raw1 when cut in strips1 it makes a picturesque and delicious salad4 ,,spathula,,ria ,pers4 ,a spatula4 ,receptacle erect1 spathulate1 compressed1 hollow1 adnate to the stem1 down which it runs for some distance on opposite sides1 everywhere covered with the hymenium4 ,stem subcylindrical1 hollow2 asci clavate1 apex narrowed1 #h-spored4 ,spores elongated1 cylindric-clavate1 multi-septate at maturity1 arranged in a parallel fascicle in the ascus2 paraphyses filiform1 septate4 ,distinguished by the broad1 flattened ascophore running down opposite sides of the stem4 ,growing on pine leaves or on the ground among moss4 ,massee4 ,resembling a spatha1 an instrument for stirring a liquid1 shaped like an apothecary's spatula4 ,pileus irregular1 compressed1 folded1 running down into the stem on either side4 ,s4 clavata 7,schaeff47 ,sacc4--club-shaped4 ,s4 flavida ,pers4 ,elvela clavata ,schaeff4 7,plate ,,cxxxvi1 p4 #ejh47 ,head spathulate or broadly clavate1 obtuse or sometimes more or less divided at the apex1 hollow1 much compressed1 running down the stem for some distance on opposite sides1 glabrous1 margin crisped or undulated1 surface wavy or slightly lacunose1 yellow1 rarely tinged red1 4#h-a4b in4 high1 4#f-a in4 broad4 ,stem white then tinged yellow1 #a4b-b4d in4 long1 4#b-c lines thick1 hollow1 cylindrical or slightly compressed2 asci clavate1 apex narrowed1 #h-spored4 ,spores arranged in a parallel fascicle1 hyaline1 linear-clavate1 usually very slightly bent1 multiguttulate then multiseptate1 #ej-fjc4e-d2 paraphyses filiform1 septate1 often branched1 tips not thickened1 wavy4 ,massee4 ,new ,york4 ,woods in hilly and mountainous districts4 ,common4 ,peck1 #bb;d ,rep4 ,professor ,peck gives ,s4 rugosa1 which has the club wrinkled4 ,this odd1 pretty little plant was found by me in great numbers at ,eagle's ,mere1 ,pa41 ,august1 #ahig1 growing among mosses4 ,the contrast of its bright yellow paddle-shapes against the moss-green is very pleasing to one who loves choice bits of color4 ,its consistency when stewed is tenacious but tender1 and its flavor is delicate4 ,,geoglos,,sum ,pers4 7,emended47 7,plate ,,cli47 ,illustration3 ,,geoglossum ,,glutinosum4 ,about nat4 size4 ,entire fungus more or less clavate1 erect1 the apical1 thickened portion everywhere covered with the hymenium2 glabrous or hairy1 often viscid2 asci clavate1 apex narrowed1 #h-spored4 ,spores elongated1 arranged in a parallel fascicle1 cylindrical or very slightly thickened above the middle1 and inclined to become cylindric-clavate1 brown1 septate1 usually slightly curved2 paraphyses septate1 brown at the tips1 often longer than the asci4 ,distinguished among the clavate species by the long1 narrow1 brown1 septate spores4 ,the entire plant is black in all ,british species4 ,growing on the ground1 among grass1 etc4 ,massee4 ,g4 glutinosum ,pers4 ,ascophore #a4e-b in4 high1 black1 glabrous2 ascigerous portion about of the entire length1 oblong1 lanceolate1 up to 4#d in4 broad1 obtuse1 slightly viscid1 more or less compressed1 passing imperceptibly into the somewhat slender1 cylindrical1 viscid1 brownish-black stem2 asci clavate1 tapering downward into a long1 slender pedicel4 ,spores #h1 arranged more or less parallel near the apex of the ascus1 cylindrical1 ends obtuse1 #c-septate and clear-brown at maturity1 straight or very slightly curved1 #fe-gee-f2 paraphyses numerous1 distinctly septate1 about #b thick1 pale-brown1 apex broadly pyriform and filled with dark-brown coloring matter4 ,on the ground among grass1 etc4 ,the most important features of the present species are #c-septate brown spores and compressed ascophore4 ,massee4 ,new ,jersey1 ,e4,b4 ,sterling4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,august1 #ahii1 gregarious in wet ground4 ,over a quart found in one patch4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,stewed it is delicious4 ,illustration ,,family4--,,peziz4 ,,pezi,,za ,linn4 ,peziz1 a sort of mushroom without root or stalk1 mentioned by ,pliny4 ,ascophore sessile1 but sometimes narrowed to a short1 stem-like base1 fleshy and brittle1 closed at first1 then expanding until cup-shaped1 saucer-shaped1 or in some species quite plane or even convex2 disk even1 nodulose or veined2 externally warted1 scurfy1 or rarely almost glabrous2 cortical cells irregularly polygonal2 asci cylindrical1 #h-spored4 ,spores obliquely #a-seriate1 continuous1 hyaline 7rarely tinged brown71 elliptical1 epispore smooth or rough2 paraphyses present4 ,dill4 ,emended4 ,massee4 ,the genus is large4 ,professor ,peck reports #aej ,american species4 ,some are large1 others require the microscope to find them4 ,they are rather indiscriminate in their habitats2 some are eccentric2 these grow on damp walls1 on dung1 in cellars and cisterns1 on spent hops and on old fungi4 ,one or two species grow on sticks under water1 an unusual place for fungi of any kind4 ,minute species grow upon stems of herbaceous plants2 nine or ten upon the nettle4 ,two species contain a milky fluid1 ,p4 succosa and ,p4 saniosa4 ,many are known in ,europe which have not been found in ,america4 ,european authors differ as to their qualities2 some call them insipid1 some speak of them with kindly respect4 ,much depends upon their cooking4 ,they are1 as a rule1 tenacious in texture4 ,to cook them properly requires time and slow stewing4 ,they then become soft and rather glutinous4 ,their flavor is slight but pleasant1 and their consistency agreeable4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,tribes4 ,i4--,,aleuria4 ,page #eec ,externally powdered or with a woolly scurf4 ,,ii4--,,lachnea4 ,page #eeh4 ,externally hairy or downy4 ,,iii4--,,phialea4 ,externally almost naked1 smooth4 ,no edible species reported4 ,i4--,,aleuria ,fr4 ,fleshy or fleshy-membranaceous1 externally powdered or with a woolly scurf4 99 ,macropodes--macros1 long2 podes1 feet4 ,stem firm1 elongated1 furrowed4 9999 ,cochleata--cochleatus1 spiral4 ,subsessile1 oblique or twisted4 999999 ,cupulares4 ,subsessile1 regular4 99999999 ,humaria4 ,small1 somewhat fleshy1 margin downy4 7,none known to be edible47 9999999999 ,encoelia4 ,more or less coriaceous4 7,none known to be edible47 99 ,macropodes4 ,stem firm1 elongated1 etc4 ,p4 acetabulum ,linn4--a cup4 ,ascophore stipitate1 cup-shaped1 fleshy1 rather tough1 disk dark umber-brown1 externally paler and minutely scurfy or flocculose2 mouth somewhat contracted2 #a4b-b in4 broad1 #a4b-a4d in4 high4 ,stem 4#d-4f in4 high1 often 4#d in4 thick1 imperfectly hollow1 with parallel or anastomosing ribs1 which continue for some distance up the ascophore as branching veins1 pale umber2 cells of the cortex give off short1 rather closely septate hyph in groups2 asci cylindrical1 #h-spored4 ,spores obliquely #a-seriate1 hyaline1 smooth1 broadly elliptical1 ends obtuse1 with a very large oil-globule1 #ah-bbab-ad2 paraphyses straight1 septate1 the brownish1 clavate tip #e-f thick4 ,the fluted stem and veined outside of the excipulum mark the present species4 ,the colorless hypothecium is composed of very densely and compactly interwoven hyph4 ,massee4 ,season spring4 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis2 ,new ,jersey1 ,ellis2 ,massachusetts1 ,frost2 ,rhode ,island1 ,bennett2 ,ohio1 ,lloyd1 ,r4 #d4 ,esculent4 ,cordier1 ,cooke4 ,p4 macropus ,pers4--macros1 long2 pous1 a foot4 ,solitary1 #a-c in4 high1 cups #a-b in4 broad4 ,the cups become expanded1 and sometimes reflexed2 the exterior is ash-colored and clothed with little hairy or villous warts1 the hairs consisting of concatenate cells1 their extremities free4 ,the stem is enlarged downward1 often pitted1 occasionally becoming hollow with age4 ,phillips4 ,asci cylindrical1 #h-spored4 ,spores #a-seriate1 smooth1 hyaline1 elliptical1 #bh-ccaa-ac2 paraphyses straight1 tips brownish and thickened in a clavate manner up to #h-aj ,massee4 ,on the ground in shady places4 ,summer and autumn4 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis2 ,new ,jersey1 ,ellis2 ,minnesota1 ,johnson2 ,massachusetts1 ,frost2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bb4 ,esculent4 ,cordier4 9999 ,cochleata4 ,subsessile1 oblique1 etc4 ,p4 venosa ,pers4--venosus1 full of veins4 ,smell strong1 nitrous2 sessile or contracted into a short1 stout1 stem-like base2 cup-shaped and with the margin incurved when young1 then expanding and the margin becoming more or less split or lobed and wavy1 #a4b-b in4 across2 disk umber-brown1 externally whitish1 minutely granular1 and furnished with rather stout1 anastomosing ribs which radiate from the base2 excipulum pseudoparenchymatous1 cells largest at the periphery1 where some run out as clavate1 free tips2 asci cylindrical1 #h-spored4 ,spores obliquely #a-seriate1 smooth1 hyaline1 often with #a large oil-globule1 elliptical1 ends obtuse1 wall rather thick1 #ah-bdaa-ac2 paraphyses septate1 tips clavate1 brownish4 ,on the ground4 ,spring4 ,massee4 ,massachusetts1 ,frost2 ,california1 ,h4 and ,m42 ,rhode ,island1 ,bennett2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bd4 ,edible4 ,has a most decided nitrous odor and also fungoid flavor4 ,cooke4 ,illustration3 ,photographed by ,c4,g4 ,lloyd1 ,cincinnati1 ,o4 ,,plate ,,clii4 ,,peziza ,,badia4 ,p4 badia ,pers4--of a brown or bay color4 7,plate ,,clii1 p4 #eed47 ,gregarious or cespitose1 sessile or narrowed into a very short1 stout1 stem-like base and often more or less lacunose2 subglobose and closed at first1 then cup-shaped or more expanded1 margin entire or nearly so1 the entire cup often wavy1 rather thick1 #a4b-b in4 across2 disk dark-brown1 externally paler-brown and minutely granular1 often with a purple tinge2 hypothecium and excipulum formed of stout1 septate1 irregularly inflated hyph1 hypothecium compact1 excipulum spongy and cavernous2 cortex compact1 the hyph running out in irregular lumps to form the external granulations2 asci cylindrical1 apex truncate1 #h-spored4 ,spores obliquely #a-seriate1 hyaline1 continuous1 elliptical1 with one large oil-globule1 minutely warted at maturity1 #ae-aii-aj2 paraphyses septate1 tips slightly clavate4 ,on the ground among grass1 etc41 also on scorched places4 ,readily distinguished by the bay or umber-brown disk1 and the minutely-warted spores4 ,massee4 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis2 ,california1 ,h4 and ,m42 ,minnesota1 ,johnson2 ,nebraska1 ,clements2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #be4 ,alabama4 ,on ground1 ,alabama ,bull4 ,no4 #hj1 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania4 ,on ground4 ,frequent4 ,july to ,october4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,esculent4 ,cordier4 ,p4 badia is frequent on bare ground1 along wood roads1 etc4 ,in the ,west ,virginia mountains it occurs where there have been brush fires4 ,it is a meaty plant1 without much flavor4 ,it must be cut fine and slowly cooked if stewed1 or can be quickly fried in a hot buttered pan4 ,it has more flavor fried crisp than stewed4 ,p4 cochleata--spiral4 ,sessile1 cespitose1 variously contorted and plicate1 fleshy1 brittle1 disk umber-brown1 externally paler and pruinose1 sometimes altogether paler and leather-color or pale dingy-ochraceous1 #b-c4b in4 diameter2 when solitary or almost so1 at first globose1 then expanding with the margin involute1 finally spreading and irregularly plicate2 excipulum spongy and cavernous1 due to the loose weft formed by interlacing1 hyaline1 thin-walled1 flaccid1 septate hyph1 cortex compact1 running out into irregular groups of cells that form the scurfy exterior2 asci cylindrical1 apex slightly truncate1 #h-spored4 ,spores obliquely #a-seriate1 hyaline1 continuous1 smooth1 usually #b-;guttulate1 #af-ahg-h2 paraphyses slender1 septate2 tip slightly clavate1 often curved and sometimes branched4 ,the entire substance is brittle and rather watery1 and usually assumes a yellowish tint when bruised4 ,smell and taste almost none4 ,sometimes the ascophores are closely crowded1 hence irregular and much contorted1 and resembling a foliaceous ,tremella or a small specimen of ,sparassis crispa4 ,massee4 ,new ,york4 ,ground in woods4 ,helderberg mountains and ,greenbush4 ,june4 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bc2 ,alabama1 ,peters1 ,ala4 ,bull4 ,no4 #hj2 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis2 ,massachusetts1 ,frost2 ,ohio1 ,lloyd1 ,rep4 #d4 ,this species is quite insipid and somewhat leathery1 but ,mr4 ,berkeley has seen it offered for sale under the name of ,morell4 ,badham4 ,esculent4 ,cordier1 ,cooke4 ,p4 leporina ,batsch4--lepus1 a hare4 ,cup #a-c in4 high1 #a-c in4 broad1 gregarious1 often cespitose2 margin involute1 divided to the base on one side2 disk even or rarely wrinkled1 a shade darker than the exterior2 paraphyses slender1 hardly thickened at the summits1 but almost invariably crooked4 ,this fine species grows as large as ,o4 onotica at times1 but is not so brightly colored1 being throughout of a sober tan-color1 resembling common wash leather used for cleaning plate4 ,phillips4 ,asci cylindrical1 #h-spored4 ,spores obliquely uniseriate1 hyaline1 smooth1 continuous1 #a-b guttulate1 elliptical1 #ab-aeg-h2 paraphyses filiform1 septate1 apex slightly swollen1 and usually strongly curved4 ,on the ground in woods1 among leaves1 etc4 ,massee4 ,california1 edible1 ,h4 and ,m4 ,esculent4 ,cordier4 ,p4 onotica ,pers4 ,very variable in form1 usually elongated on one side and ear-shaped1 but sometimes almost equal-sided and entire1 #a-c in4 high1 up to #b in4 wide1 becoming narrowed to a more or less wrinkled1 short stem-like base2 disk pale orange1 usually with a rosy tinge1 externally pale tawny-orange4 ,asci elongated1 narrowly cylindrical1 #h-spored4 ,spores obliquely #a-seriate1 hyaline1 smooth1 colorless1 ends obtuse1 #a-b-;guttulate1 #ad-aeh-i2 paraphyses straight1 septate1 apex clavate4 ,on the ground in woods1 among leaves1 etc4 ,massee4 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis2 ,iowa1 ,fitzpatrick 7,ll4 ,r4 #d72 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bh4 ,esculent4 ,cordier4 ,p4 unicisa ,pk4--implying one incision4 ,cup large1 thin1 split on one side to the base1 sessile or with a short stem1 externally wrinkled1 minutely pulverulent under a lens1 yellow1 within pale-yellow slightly tinged with pink4 ,spores elliptical1 usually containing two nuclei1 #ab-ae4 ,ground in woods4 ,croghan4 ,september4 ,the cups are about two inches broad4 ,the species is related to ,p4 onotica4 ,peck1 #bfth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,minnesota1 ,johnson2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,on ground in mixed woods1 gravelly ground4 ,september to ,october4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,many specimens were found scattered and in patches1 and were eaten4 ,they were of slight flavor but good4 ,p4 aurantia ,pers4 7,plate ,,cxxxvi1 fig4 #c1 p4 #ejh47 ,sessile or protracted into a very short stem-like base1 cespitose and irregular1 or growing singly and then circular in outline and regular1 becoming almost plane2 thin1 brittle1 disk clear1 deep orange or sometimes orange-red1 externally much paler1 or sometimes almost white1 with a pink tinge1 delicately tomentose1 due to the presence of short1 stout1 blunt1 #a-b-septate hyaline hairs2 varying from -#c4b in4 broad4 ,spores #ae-afg-h4 ,on the ground1 often near stumps or among chips4 ,sometimes crowded1 large1 with the margin raised and very much waved and more or less incised1 at others scattered1 smaller1 almost or quite even and finally spread flat on the ground4 ,easily recognized by the large size1 bright orange disk1 pale1 downy exterior1 and the broadly elliptical spores covered with a delicate net-work of raised lines at maturity4 ,massee4 ,massachusetts1 ,frost2 ,rhode ,island1 ,bennett2 ,minnesota1 ,johnson2 ,california1 ,h4 and ,m42 ,alabama1 ,peters2 ,new ,york1 ,october1 ,peck1 #bc1 #bd ,rep42 ,indiana1 ,richmond1 ,november1 ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,weist2 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania4 ,on ground4 ,september to ,october4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,esculent4 ,cordier4 ,at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 patches of it twenty feet long1 made the ground along a road on the margin of a woods golden with its clusters4 ,the plants grew from sand mixed with leaf-mold4 ,i have eaten it for fifteen years4 ,fair flavor4 999999 ,cupulares4 ,subsessile1 etc4 ,p4 repanda ,wahlenb4--bent backward4 ,clustered or scattered1 subsessile1 contracted into a short1 stout1 stem-like base1 which is often rooting2 saucer-shaped1 then quite expanded and the margin more or less split and wavy1 sometimes drooping and revolute1 extreme edge often crenate2 #a4f-d in4 across2 disk pale or dark brown or umber1 more or less wrinkled toward the center1 externally whitish1 minutely granular4 ,spores obliquely #a-seriate1 hyaline1 smooth1 continuous1 elliptical1 ends obtuse1 #ah-bbaa-ab2 paraphyses septate1 clavate and brownish at the tips4 ,massee4 ,on the ground1 often in beech-woods2 also on decayed trunks4 ,new ,york1 ,ellis2 ,minnesota1 ,johnson2 ,ohio1 ,lloyd1 ,r4 #d4 ,new ,york4 ,ground and decaying wood4 ,croghan4 ,september4 ,peck1 #bhth ,rep4 ,specimens sent to the writer by ,dr4 ,w4,b4 ,miller1 ,altoona1 ,pa41 were #c in4 across1 and a beautiful velvety brown4 ,cooked they had a mushroom flavor4 ,p4 vesiculosa ,bull4--full of bladders4 ,clustered1 often distorted from mutual pressure1 sessile but more or less narrowed at the base1 globose and closed at first1 then expanding1 but the margin usually remaining more or less incurved and somewhat notched2 disk pale brown1 externally brownish and coarsely granular from the presence of minute1 irregular warts1 #a4b-c in4 across4 ,spores obliquely #a-seriate1 smooth1 hyaline1 continuous1 elliptical1 ends obtuse1 #ba-bdaa-ab2 paraphyses slender1 septate1 clavate4 ,var4 cerea ,rehm4 ,similar in size1 habit and general structure to the typical form2 differing in the wax-yellow color1 the more distinct stem-like base1 and the slightly smaller spores1 #ah-aiaj2 very brittle4 ,massee4 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis2 ,california1 ,h4 and ,m42 ,massachusetts1 ,frost2 ,new ,jersey1 ,ellis2 ,ohio1 ,lloyd1 ,rep4 #d2 var4 minor1 ,sacc42 ,nebraska1 ,clements2 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #be4 ,esculent4 ,cordier4 ,,ii4--,,lachnea4 ,p4 odorata ,pk4 ,cups 4#e-c in4 broad1 gregarious or scattered1 thin1 sessile1 rather brittle when fresh1 shallow1 expanded or even convex from the decurving of the margin1 at first brownish1 then white or whitish1 the hymenium ochraceous-brown2 asci cylindrical1 opening by a lid1 4#ja-4jab in4 long1 4#jjjf-4jjjh in4 broad1 paraphyses filiform1 obscurely septate1 slightly thickened at the tips4 ,spores elliptical1 even1 #bj-bb4baj-ab4e4 ,ground in cellar4 ,maine4 ,june4 ,f4,l4 ,harvey4 ,the plant when fresh has the peculiar fungoid flavor suggestive of that of chestnut blossoms4 ,the species is apparently allied to ,p4 ,petersii1 from which it may be distinguished by its larger spores and distinct but peculiar odor4 ,the spores also are not binucleate1 as in that species4 ,in drying1 the hymenium is apt to become blackish4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #bc1 ,no4 #aj4 ,a cluster #d inches across1 in general appearance resembling ,p4 repanda1 was found by the writer at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,june1 #ahih1 growing from between the staves of an empty flour barrel which was exposed to the weather4 ,the margin1 instead of being revolute1 turned inward 7involute7 until it touched the short stem4 ,the cluster was eaten and had the flavor of ,p4 repanda4 ,in ,june1 #ahii1 several pounds grew on and around the same barrel4 ,professor ,peck recognized it as ,p4 odorata4 ,p4 coccinea ,jacq4--scarlet or crimson4 ,geopyxis coccinea ,mass4 7,plate ,,cxxxvi1 fig4 #b1 p4 #ejh47 ,scattered or in groups of #b-c specimens1 stipitate2 at first closed1 then expanding and becoming shallowly cup-shaped1 margin entire1 4#h-a4f in4 across2 disk clear and deep carmine1 externally whitish or pinkish1 delicately tomentose1 due to the presence of wavy1 usually aseptate1 hyaline1 cylindrical hyph1 #e-f thick4 ,stem 4#d-4h in4 long1 #a4b-b in4 thick1 whitish and tomentose4 ,spores #a-seriate1 elliptic-oblong1 ends obtuse1 hyaline1 wall rather thick and forming a hyaline border1 straight1 #be-cjh-i2 paraphyses very slender1 hardly thickened at the tips4 ,on rotten branches lying on the ground4 ,spring4 ,readily distinguished among the large1 stipitate ,peziz by the deep rose-red or carmine disk and the whitish1 tomentose exterior4 ,the stem varies considerably in length2 when the fungus springs from the underside of a branch the stem is often elongated and curved4 ,the base of the stem is attached to the branch by a mass of whitish1 tomentose mycelium4 ,massee4 ,new ,york4 ,half-buried sticks4 ,april and ,may4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep42 ,new ,jersey1 ,e4,b4 ,sterling2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,new ,jersey4 ,on sticks on ground4 ,spring4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,this brilliant fungus is one of the beauties of the woods4 ,though small it attracts the eye by its deep carmine in striking contrast with the somber carpeting4 ,it is frequent when in season4 ,a half pint of it may be gathered from a few acres4 ,its substance is tenacious1 taste pleasant4 ,mr4 ,massee mentions that it is abundant in some of the woods near ,scarboro1 ,england1 and is regularly collected and sold along with moss for decorative purposes4 ,exquisite effects may be produced by arranging the brightly colored fungi among moss and leaves4 8,fairy ,cups10 they are called4 ,rosy must be the lips that do not pale beside them4 ,p4 calycina ,schum4--resembling a bud4 ,ascophores cespitose1 gregarious or scattered1 narrowed into a short1 stout1 stem-like base1 rather fleshy1 #a-c mm4 broad2 disk orange-yellow1 externally white and villose1 hairs rather wavy1 cylindrical1 obtuse1 colorless1 minutely rough1 #ajj-aejd-e2 asci subcylindrical1 apex obtuse1 #h-spored4 ,spores #a-seriate or inclined to be #b-seriate above1 hyaline1 elliptic-fusiform1 continuous1 #ah-bef-h2 paraphyses slender1 hyaline1 cylindrical4 ,on bark of larch and ,scotch fir4 ,massee4 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis2 ,massachusetts1 ,frost2 ,new ,york4 ,gum spots on spruce1 bark of pines1 ,peck1 #bb;d ,rep4 ,esculent4 ,cooke4 ,illustration ,cohort ,,pyrenomycetes4 ,,family4--,,hypocreace4 ,,hypo,,myces ,fr4 ,gr--under2 ,gr--fungus4 ,perithecia 7the hollow narrow-mouthed cases which contain the spores7 gregarious1 with a cottony stroma in which they are more or less immersed4 ,mostly parasitic on various ,hymenomycetes or ,discomycetes2 bright colored1 with papilliform 7nipple-shaped7 or slightly elongated ostiola 7apertures74 ,asci mostly cylindrical1 #h-spored1 without paraphyses4 ,sporidia oblong or fusoid1 uniseptate1 hyaline4 ,conidial stage represented by ,asterophora1 etc4 ,this parasite attacks several species of fungi1 and so alters their structure and appearance that it is difficult to distinguish the host-plant4 ,the attack is made in the extreme youth of the plant4 ,the writer is fully satisfied from his own observation that ,h4 lactifluorum and ,h4 purpurea infest ,lactarius piperatus4 ,the milk cells are so changed by ,h4 lactifluorum that they yield no milk4 ,when attacked by ,h4 purpurea the milk is a beautiful purple4 ,in both cases the pepperiness of the host-plant is destroyed4 ,i have seen the same host plant attacked by both forms of the ,hypomyces4 ,after the host-plant of ,hypomyces lactifluorum is fully grown1 and infested1 it is frequently attacked by ,hypomyces purpureus4 ,purple spots appear1 which gradually spread until the entire plant is covered4 ,this ,hypomyces seems to affect the milk cells4 ,a beautiful1 profuse1 purple fluid results4 ,the parasite is proving itself an enemy to fungi1 but a friend to man4 ,upon ,l4 piperatus and upon ,amanita rubescens it very much adds to the weight of the plants1 and improves the texture and edible qualities4 ,the same may be said of ,l4 volemus1 but not to such a degree4 ,prof4 ,m4,w4 ,easton in ,august1 #ahii1 found this species at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 attacked by a parasitic fungus in such a manner as to destroy its milk-giving quality and completely transform its gills into a corrugated1 granular surface4 ,professor ,peck1 to whom ,i submitted the parasite1 thinks it a new species and calls it ,h4 volemi4 ,further study of ,hypomyces and its effect upon fungi1 and of the particular host-plants is desirable4 ,h4 lactifluorum 7,schw47 ,tulasne--lac1 milk2 fluorum1 flowing4 7,plate ,,cxxxvi1 fig4 #e1 p4 #ejh47 ,asci long and slender1 sporidia in one row1 spindle-shaped1 straight or slightly curved1 rough1 hyaline1 uniseptate1 cuspidate-pointed at the ends1 #cj-chf-h4 ,the general appearance is much the same as that of ,h4 aurantius 7,pers47 ,tul41 but the sporidia are larger1 rough and warted1 and the felt-like mycelium is wanting4 ,in the affected species of ,lactarius the gills are entirely obliterated1 so that the hymenium of the agaric presents an even1 orange-colored surface on which the subglobose perithecia are thickly bedded1 with only their slightly prominent reddish ostiola visible4 ,in decay the color changes to a purplish-red4 ,on ,lactarius1 especially ,l4 piperatus4 ,new ,jersey1 ,ellis2 ,alabama1 ,u4 and ,e42 ,minnesota1 ,arthur2 ,nova ,scotia1 ,dr4 ,somers2 on various species of ,lactarius1 #ahie1 ,ala4 ,bull42 ,south ,carolina1 ,ravenel2 ,pennsylvania1 ,everhart4 ,west ,virginia1 #ahha-ahhb2 ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 ,august to ,october4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,this fungus puzzled me for many years4 ,august1 #ahif1 ,i sent several specimens to ,professor ,peck of different colors--orange1 red1 whitish and purple4 ,professor ,peck kindly identified the specimens and wrote3 8,in one the matrix of the host-plant has not been so completely changed or transformed as in the other4 ,it would be interesting to know what species of ,lactarius it is that ,hypomyces attacks4 ,i have never been able to ascertain1 and have sometimes thought it might be ,cantharellus cibarius1 but this specimen of yours indicates1 rather1 a ,lactarius40 ,of the purple specimen he wrote3 8,this is a beautiful thing1 and as ,i find nothing like it described ,i have given it a name--,hypomyces purpureus ,peck40 ,well cooked1 in small pieces1 it is one of the very best4 ,h4 purpureus ,pk4--purpureus1 purple4 ,subiculum effused1 purple1 permeating1 transforming and discoloring the matrix2 perithecia minute1 sunk in the subiculum1 the ostiola emergent1 black2 asci cylindrical2 spores fusiform1 uniseptate1 purple1 with a cusp-like point at each end1 #ce-dj long1 #g4e broad1 oozing out and forming beautiful purple masses or patches on the surface of the matrix4 ,pennsylvania4 ,august4 ,charles ,mc,ilvaine4 ,the species is similar in all respects to ,h4 lactifluorum1 except in color4 ,it is apparently parasitic on some species of ,lactarius1 but the host plant is so transformed and discolored that the species is not recognizable4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,vol4 #be1 ,no4 #f4 ,h4 purpureus ,pk4 was sent by the writer to ,professor ,peck in ,august1 #ahig1 who wrote3 8,this is a beautiful thing and as ,i find nothing like it described1 ,i have given it a name40 ,of itself ,h4 purpureus is a minute parasitic fungus as above described4 ,but it possesses the power of so altering the structure--changing form1 shape and appearance--of the fungus upon which it has taken its abode that the host-plant1 be it ,cantharellus cibarius1 ,craterellus cantharellus or one of the ,lactari1 or whatever the species1 becomes difficult to recognize1 so that it is not yet certain upon which species it is parasitic4 ,it may be upon many4 ,the present plant seems to be parasitic upon one of the ,lactarii4 ,it therefore becomes necessary to describe the host as it appears when possessed by the parasite4 ,the plant is variable in shape from an irregular nodule to a distorted-capped1 short-stemmed mass1 #b-d in4 across1 #a-c in4 high1 hard1 brittle1 coarse in appearance and rough to the touch2 deep orange1 wholly or in part stained with a beautiful purple4 ,the purple juice exudes and dyes everything with which it comes in contact4 ,the growth is very heavy for its size4 ,to all appearances it is the same host as is attacked by ,hypomyces lactifluorum1 resembling it in every particular excepting in the purple stain and juice4 ,it is frequent in open oak and chestnut woods1 but prefers oak4 ,it grows from among leaves or from grassy spots4 ,august to ,october4 ,while it is beautiful in its coloring it is not inviting in appearance as an edible4 ,yet sliced1 cut small and stewed for twenty minutes it is one of the very best fungi ,i have eaten4 ,h4 volemi ,pk4 ,subiculum very thin1 whitish or isabelline2 perithecia minute1 brown1 nestling in the subiculum2 asci very slender1 #ajj-abe long1 sporiferous part #d broad4 ,spores oblong-fusiform1 #ab-ae long1 #d broad1 commonly binucleate4 ,parasitic on the hymenium of ,lactarius volemus4 ,pennsylvania4 ,charles ,mc,ilvaine4 ,the hymenium of the host plant is changed in appearance by the parasite1 but the stem and upper surface of the pileus remain unchanged4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 #bg1 ,january1 #aijj4 ,the edible qualities are in nowise affected by the parasite4 ,,family4--,,tubera,,ce4 7,plate ,,cliii47 ,illustration3 ,,tuber ,,niveum or ,,terfezia ,,leonis4 ,by courtesy ,rev4 ,a4,b4 ,langlois4 ,a4 ,plant4 ,b4 ,interior 7section74 ,c4 ,asci4 ,d4 ,spore4 ,subterranean2 ascophore irregularly globose1 usually large1 not rupturing4 ,to this family belongs the ,truffle of commerce renowned for its flavoring qualities4 ,it has not yet been found in ,america1 though several fungi are ignorantly bought in our markets under that name2 notably ,coprinus comatus or maned mushroom4 ,the writer has frequently been informed with all the logical force of genuine market-women that this was the real ,truffle1 because they raised it themselves4 ,until quite recently but one species of ,truffle has been reported as growing in ,america4 ,this1 ,tuber niveum ,desf4 or ,terfezia leonis ,tul4 was found by ,rev4 ,a4,b4 ,langlois1 ,st4 ,martinville1 ,la4 ,he reported it as growing plentifully1 buried or nearly so in the red sand land along the ,red river near ,natchitoches4 ,he writes me3 8,the people where it is found are looking for it with great care and are eating it with great relish4 ,i had occasion to eat it once and ,i found it delicious40 ,he kindly sent the original illustration from which the accompanying drawing was made4 ,it was taken from ,jour4 ,myc41 ,january1 #ahhg1 ,j4 ,b4 ,ellis1 who first published a description of the ,american representative of the species4 ,he describes it as 8subglobose1 up to full two inches in diameter1 strongly plicate or furrowed below1 nearly smooth and pale reddish-brown outside1 marbled-white within and of compact texture much like a potato1 but softer4 ,when first dug from the ground the color is pure white1 the reddish tint being due to exposure to the air4 ,the asci obovate or subglobose1 #ge-hjfj-gj4 ,each contains eight globose spores1 thickly clothed with obtuse1 elongated1 wart-like tubercles and about #bj in diameter4 ,the home of the white ,truffle is said to be in ,northern ,africa1 though it is not uncommon in ,southern ,europe1 where its growth is favored by mild winters40 ,it is probable that the ,truffle will be found in other southern states4 ,perhaps in the north1 as ,fries reports that two specimens were found near ,linkoping1 ,sweden1 and ,mr4 ,h4,w4 ,harkness reports ,tubers in the ,sierras at the height of #g1jjj feet4 ,it is worth hunting for4 ,it is possible that the common ,truffle--,tuber stivum--will be found in ,america4 ,fame awaits the finder4 ,a description of it with illustration is therefore given4 7,plate ,,cliv47 ,illustration3 ,,tuber ,,stivum4 7,common ,truffle4 ,a4 ,plant4 ,b4 ,section showing interior4 ,tuber stivum ,vitt4 ,peridium warty1 of a blackish-brown color1 the warts polygonal and striate2 flesh transversed by numerous veins2 asci #d-f-spored2 spores elliptical1 reticulated4 ,this plant1 the common ,truffle of our markets1 is abundant in ,wiltshire and some other parts of ,england1 and probably occurs in many places where it escapes observation from its subterranean habit4 ,badham4 ,it is cultivated largely in ,france4 8,perigord ,truffles0 are a costly delicacy4 ,the ,truffle is of subterranean habit1 growing under various kinds of trees and from #ab-dh in4 under ground4 ,as it does not manifest its presence above ground1 dogs and pigs are trained to find it by scent4 ,an interesting chapter on ,truffles will be found in ,british ,edible ,fungi1 ,m4,c4 ,cooke1 #ahia4 ,any plant of similar habit1 when found1 should be immediately sent by the finder to a known expert for identification4 ,thirteen species of ,tuber and several ,terfezi are reported in ,california1 and are described and beautifully illustrated in 8,california ,hypogous ,fungi0 by ,h4,w4 ,harkness1 8,proceedings of the ,california ,academy of ,sciences10 #ahii4 ,terfezia spinosa ,harkness closely resembles ,t4 leonis ,tul41 and ,t4 7sphrotuber7 ,californicum n4 sp41 found under oaks beneath vegetable humus in ,alameda county1 ,cal41 ,professor ,harkness remarks1 is nearly identical with an edible species found in ,italy4 ,all species found in ,california are said to be edible1 but to be too rare to be of food value4 7,plate ,,clv47 ,illustration3 ,,pachyma ,,cocos--8,,tuckahoe40 ,after ,century ,dictionary4 ,a4 ,mass of ,tuckahoe4 ,b4 ,showing method of growing around a root4 ,there is a well known growth1 found from ,new ,jersey south to the ,gulf and west to ,kansas1 called ,tuckahoe 7,pachyma cocos71 7,plate ,,clv71 an ,indian name meaning a round loaf or cake1 and famed for its edible qualities4 ,its exact place in plant growth has been variously determined4 ,it is now conceded that it is the sclerotium or cellular reservoir of reserve material of some fungus4 ,it is usually found attached to the roots of trees1 in low marshy places4 ,it grows several feet below the surface1 and to the size of a man's head4 ,it varies in shape1 being oblong or round1 having a coarse brown covering1 looking like a cocoanut4 ,its interior is white1 compact1 without cellular structure2 it has no mycelium or trace of fructification4 ,it contains as high as #gg per cent4 of pectose and is therefore highly nutritious4 ,for full accounts see ,torrey ,bulletin1 ,october1 #ahhb2 ,smithsonian ,inst4 ,rep41 #ahha1 p4 #fic2 article by ,professor ,j4 ,howard ,gore2 also ,garden and ,forest1 ,,ix1 p4 #cjb4 ,the illustration is after that in the ,century ,dictionary1 8,tuckahoe40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,sub-,,class ,,basidiomycetes4 ,,cohort ,,gastromycetes4 ,gr--gasteron1 a sac1 etc4 7,plate ,,clvi47 ,illustration #a4 ,a4 ,exterior skin1 bark1 rind1 cortex1 scurf1 warts1 spines1 bristles--peridium4 ,plants with long spines--echinate4 ,b4 ,inner rind or true peridium4 ,a4,b4--peridia 7plural of peridium74 ,c4 ,columella--those filaments springing from the base and rising1 which do not unite freely with those issuing from the inner peridium4 ,this mass of threads is usually conical1 but sometimes globose4 ,d4 ,capillitium--a soft mass of cottony threads interspersed with minute dust-like spores2 the space occupied is called the gleba4 ,e4 ,coarse empty1 sterile cells4 ,the space they occupy is called the subgleba4 ,f4 ,echinate spores magnified4 ,g4 ,spines 7magnified7 which fall off and leave the inner peridium exposed4 #b4 ,a4 ,lycoperdon echinatum4 ,b4 ,spines 7magnified7 which fall off and leave tesselated inner peridium exposed4 7,after ,morgan47 ,as has been stated1 the two ,cohorts in which a hymenium or spore-bearing surface is present are called ,hymenomycetes and ,gastromycetes4 ,in the first the hymenium is exposed1 as in the common mushroom4 ,in the second--,gastromycetes--the hymenium is at first enclosed in a sac or peridium1 as in the common puff-ball4 ,the botanical description of ,gastromycetes1 given by ,m4,c4 ,cooke1 is3 8,hymenium more or less permanently concealed1 consisting in most cases of closely-packed cells1 of which the fertile ones bear naked spores on distinct spicules1 exposed only by the rupture or decay of the insisting coat or peridium4' ,the ,gastromycetes are usually large1 ground-growing fungi4 ,a few grow upon wood4 ,the peridium is of dense structure1 usually globose and of considerable thickness4 ,it commonly consists of two layers4 ,these form the sac holding the spore-bearing structure1 which is called the gleba4 ,the gleba consists of innumerable chambers or cells1 curved and branched1 and only to be distinguished by magnifying4 ,the primary structure is retained in some species throughout the life of the plants1 excepting changes due to growth and maturing1 or in others these cells or chambers are large and few1 and form distinct peridiola1 which contain the spores4 ,the maturing of the plant and the consequent changes in the gleba is accompanied by various transformations of the peridium40 ,it is impossible within the scope of this book to even name all the genera of ,gastromycetes4 ,professor ,morgan's table of the families and table of the genera of ,lycoperdace are here given4 ,the orders are defined as are some of the genera1 and the edible species are described4 ,,table ,,of ,,families ,,of ,,gastromycetes4 ,a4 ,,terrestrial4 7a7 ,peridium double4 ,i4--,phalloide4 ,page #egj4 ,peridium becoming transformed into a receptacle of various shape1 with a volva at its base4 ,gleba becoming dissolved into a dark green mass of jelly4 ,,ii4--,lycoperdace4 ,page #egg4 ,peridium sessile1 usually with a more or less thickened base or sometimes stipitate1 at maturity filled with a dusty mass of mingled threads and spores4 7b7 ,peridium single4 ,,iii4--,sclerodermace4 ,page #fae4 ,peridium discrete from the gleba1 often with a columella2 cells of the gleba subpersistent4 ,,iv4--,hymenogastrace4 ,peridium concrete with the gleba1 indehiscent2 cells of the gleba persistent4 7,no edible species reported4 ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine47 ,b4 ,,epiphytal4 ,v4--,nidulariace4 ,peridium cyathiform1 open at the top1 containing one or more distinct peridiola4 ,morgan4 7,small4 ,no species reported edible4 ,c4 ,mc,ilvaine47 ,a4 ,,terrestrial4 7a7 ,peridium double4 ,,family ,i4--,,phalloide4 ,receptacle and gleba at first enclosed in a universal volva composed of three distinct layers1 the central one being gelatinous at maturity4 ,spores minute1 elliptic-oblong1 smooth1 when mature involved in mucus4 ,massee4 ,spores #c-e in length4 ,morgan4 ,there are but few edible species within the family1 and those edible only when very young4 ,the family embraces the very offensive fungi known as stink-horns4 ,,table ,,of ,,genera4 ,i4--,,phalle4 ,receptacle consisting of an elongated stipe bearing the gleba on a conical pileus at its apex4 #a4 ,,phallus4 ,page #ega4 ,pileus attached only to the apex of the stipe1 dependent free all around below4 #b4 ,,mutinus4 ,page #ege4 ,pileus wholly adnate to the summit of the stipe4 ,,ii4--,,clathre4 ,receptacle a hollow clathrate body1 with the gleba attached to the upper part of the inner surface4 #c4 ,,clathrus4 ,receptacle composed of obliquely anastomosing bars and sessile4 #d4 ,,simblum4 ,receptacle composed of obliquely anastomosing bars and stipitate4 #e4 ,,laternea4 ,receptacle composed of a few vertical columns and sessile4 ,morgan4 ,illustration3 ,photographed by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,weist4 ,,plate ,,clviii4 ,,phallus ,,ravenelii4 ,i4--,,phal,,le4 ,receptacle consisting of an elongated stem bearing the gleba on a conical pileus at its apex4 ,stem cylindric1 hollow1 composed of one to several layers of round-celled tissue2 the gleba occupying the outer surface of the pileus4 ,,genus ,i4--,,phal,,lus ,mich4 ,stem hollow within1 the wall composed of several layers of round-celled tissue4 ,pileus attached only to the apex of the stipe1 dependent free all around below1 the gleba occupying its outer surface4 ,morgan4 ,the following synoptical tables will exhibit the prominent distinctive features of the species of ,phallus of this state 7,new ,york7 and the ,united ,states1 so far as ,i am able to get them from the published descriptions and the specimens at my command4 ,,new ,,york ,,species ,,of ,,phallus4 ,denuded pileus reticulate with coarse deep pits or cells ,veil exposed1 reticulate with small perforations ,p4 ,dmonum ,rumph4 ,veil none ,p4 impudicus ,l4 ,denuded pileus porous1 veil not perforate1 ,p4 ,ravenelii ,b4 concealed and ,c4 ,,united ,,states ,,species ,,of ,,phallus4 ,denuded pileus reticulate with coarse deep pits or cells4 ,veil exposed4 ,large and reticulate with large perforations4 ,p4 indusiatus ,vent4 ,smaller and reticulate with small perforations4 ,p4 ,dmonum ,rumph4 ,smaller and plicate4 ,p4 duplicatus ,bosc4 ,veil none4 ,p4 impudicus ,l4 ,denuded pileus even or merely porous4 ,veil short1 concealed beneath the pileus4 ,p4 ,ravenelii ,b4 and ,c4 ,veil none4 ,p4 rubicundus ,bosc4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,i4--,,hymenophal,,lus4 ,an indusium or veil surrounding the stipe and dependent from its apex beneath the pileus4 a4 ,veil reticulate1 hanging below the pileus4 ,p4 ,dmonum ,rumph4 ,volva globose1 not very thick1 pinkish2 segments #c or #d1 irregular4 ,stem cylindric1 tapering at each end1 cellulose2 the veil reticulate1 somewhat expanded and bell-shaped1 hanging nearly to the middle of the stem4 ,pileus bell-shaped1 somewhat oblique2 the surface reticulate-pitted after deliquescence2 the apex truncate1 smooth1 perforate4 ,spores elliptic-oblong1 #db4 ,plant #i in4 high4 ,volva #b in4 in diameter4 ,stem #a in4 thick at the middle4 ,pileus #b in4 in height2 the lower edge of the veil hangs about #d in4 from the apex of the stem4 ,the short veil and the smooth ring at the apex will distinguish this species from the next4 ,morgan4 ,growing on the ground in woods4 ,ohio1 ,morgan1 ,lea2 ,maryland1 ,miss ,banning2 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ground in mixed woods1 ,august1 #ahii4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,several specimens were found2 but two in the early or ovum stage4 ,in this condition the species is edible4 ,quality same as ,p4 impudicus4 ,p4 duplicatus ,bosc4 ,volva depressed globose1 thick1 flabby white2 segments #c-e1 acute4 ,stipe fusiform-cylindric cellulose2 the veil reticulate1 hanging down to the volva1 sometimes much expanded1 often torn and shreddy with pieces adherent to the stipe4 ,pileus campanulate1 reticulate-pitted after deliquescence2 the apex acute1 not regularly perforate4 ,spores elliptic-oblong1 #db4 ,plant #f-h in4 high4 ,volva #b in4 in diameter4 ,stipe #a in4 thick in the middle4 ,pileus #b in4 in height4 ,the long veil usually clings close to the stipe though sometimes swinging free and much expanded4 ,in this species the gleba extends over the apex and there is no thick smooth ring encircling the perforation as in the preceding species 7,p4 ,dmonum74 ,morgan4 ,growing in woods about old stumps and rotten logs4 ,west ,virginia1 in woods1 along mountain trails2 ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 in mixed woods1 summer4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,in the forests of the ,west ,virginia mountains1 ,p4 duplicatus is frequent4 ,before rupture of the volva the plant is a semi-gelatinous mass1 tenacious and elastic4 ,it has little taste or smell4 ,cut in slices and fried1 or stewed1 it is a tender1 agreeable food4 b4 ,veil not reticulate1 concealed beneath the pileus4 ,p4 ,ravenelii ,b4 and ,c4 ,volva subglobose or ovoid1 pinkish2 with an inner membrane1 the lower half of the veil surrounding the base of the stem2 segments #b or #c4 ,stem cylindric1 tapering at each end1 cellulose2 the veil membranous1 scarcely half as long as the pileus and concealed beneath it4 ,pileus conico-bell-shaped2 the surface not reticulate-pitted after deliquescence2 the apex smooth and closed or finally perforate4 ,spores elliptic-oblong1 #d-eb4 ,plant #e-g in4 high4 ,volva #a-b in4 in diameter4 ,stem nearly #a in4 thick4 ,pileus #a in4 in height4 ,this species vitiates the genus ,dictyophora and it can not very well be placed in ,ithyphallus4 ,growing in woods and fields about rotting stumps and logs4 ,morgan4 ,south ,carolina1 ,ravenel2 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,,ii4--,,ithyphal,,lus ,fischer4 7,gr--erect2 ,gr--phallus47 ,stipe without an indusium or veil dependent from its apex4 ,morgan4 ,p4 impudicus ,linn4 7,plate ,,clviii47 ,volva globose or ovoid1 white or pinkish2 segments #b or #c4 ,stem cylindric1 tapering at each end1 cellulose1 without a veil4 ,pileus conic-campanulate2 the surface reticulate pitted after deliquescence1 the apex smooth1 at first closed1 at length perforate4 ,spores elliptic-oblong1 #d-eb4 ,growing on the ground in woods4 ,plant #f-h in4 high4 ,volva #b in4 in diameter4 ,stem #a in4 thick4 ,pileus #b in4 in height4 ,by the elongation of the stem the thin membrane which separates the stipe from the pileus is torn into shreds and the pileus is thus liberated from the stipe except at the apex4 ,morgan4 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania4 ,summer and autumn4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,p4 impudicus makes itself known wherever it grows4 ,the stench of the full-grown plant is aggravatingly offensive1 attracting blow-flies in quantities1 and the carrion beetle ,necrophorus ,americanus4 ,it is common over the ,united ,states1 in woods1 open fence corners1 along road-sides1 but a favorite abode is in kitchen yards and under wooden steps1 where1 when mature1 it will compel the household to seek it in self-defense4 ,it is a beautiful plant4 ,when in the egg-shape it is white or light dull-green1 semi-gelatinous1 tenacious and elastic4 ,as many as a dozen sometimes grow in a bunch1 each from a peculiar white1 cord-like root or mycelium4 ,they look1 when young1 like bubbles of some thick substance4 ,in this condition they are very good when fried4 ,they demand to be eaten at this time1 if at any4 ,,genus ,,ii4--,,muti,,nus ,fr4 ,stipe hollow within1 the wall composed of a single layer of round-celled tissue4 ,pileus wholly adnate to the summit of the stipe1 the gleba occupying its outer surface4 ,morgan4 ,distinguished from ,ithyphallus by the cap being adnate to the receptacle4 7,plate ,,clix47 ,illustration3 ,,mutinus ,,caninus4 7,after ,massee and ,morgan47 ,m4 caninus ,fr4 7,phallus caninus ,berk42 ,phallus inodorus ,sow47 ,receptacle elongato-fusiform1 cellular1 white or rosy4 ,pileus short1 subacute1 rugulose1 red4 ,spores cylindrical1 involved in green mucus1 #c-eb4 ,in woods and bushy places4 ,sporophore from - in4 before the volva is ruptured4 ,when fully evolved #c-d in4 high4 ,sometimes scentless1 at others with a distinct odor1 but never so strong and disagreeable as in ,ithyphallus impudicus4 ,massee4 ,spores elliptic1 #fd ,morgan2 #c-eb ,massee4 ,new ,england1 ,frost2 ,new ,york1 ,warne2 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,this species is common4 ,few old woods are without it4 ,it is conspicuous in color among the brown of the forest carpet4 ,the plant has not the mal-odor of its relations1 but is not pleasant4 ,in the egg shape it is gelatinous1 tenacious1 rather firm1 edible and good when sliced and fried4 ,m4 bovinus ,morg4 ,volva oblong-ovoid1 pinkish1 segments #b or #c4 ,stem cylindric1 tapering gradually to the apex1 white or pinkish below1 bright red above4 ,pileus indeterminate1 conic-acuminate1 perforate at the apex4 ,spores elliptic-oblong1 #d-eb4 ,plant #d-g in4 in height1 the stem of an in4 in thickness1 the volva not much thicker and #a-a in4 in height2 the pileus occupies #a-b in4 of the pointed apex1 but is not definitely limited below4 ,this plant has the strong disagreeable odor of other ,phalloids4 ,growing in rich soil in cultivated grounds and in woods4 ,morgan4 ,common in mixed woods1 ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania4 ,smell strong1 but not so offensive as ,p4 impudicus4 ,edible in the egg-shape4 ,m4 brevis ,b4 and ,c4--short4 ,volva globose or ovoid1 segments #b or #c4 ,stem bright red1 coarsely cribrose1 attenuated below4 ,pileus somewhat broadly clavate1 sometimes conical1 but always more or less obtuse1 perforate at the apex4 ,plant #b-c in4 high4 ,stem #d-e lines thick1 the volva of an in4 in diameter1 the pileus sometimes half as long as the stem4 ,growing on the ground in fields and gardens4 ,morgan4 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis2 ,south ,carolina1 ,ravenel2 ,new ,england1 ,wright2 ,new ,york1 ,howe1 ,gerard1 ,peck4 ,in the remaining genera1 ,clathrus1 ,simblum1 ,laternea1 no species have been reported as tested4 ,,family ,,ii4--,,lycoperda,,ce4 ,peridium sessile1 usually with a more or less thickened base or sometimes stipitate1 at maturity filled with a dusty mass of mingled threads and spores4 ,this order contains many of our most delicious and important food species4 ,the characteristics of all genera are given4 ,in several of them no species are reported edible1 but it is more than probable that all are4 ,the genera are therefore given in this table1 but are omitted in place to save room4 ,the omitted genera are ,nos4 #a1 ,polyplocium2 #b1 ,batarrea2 #c1 ,myriostoma2 #e1 ,astreus2 #f1 ,mitremyces4 ,,table ,,of ,,genera ,,of ,,lycoperdace4 ,i4--,,volvat4 ,outer peridium a thick1 firm1 persistent coat1 bursting irregularly or splitting from the apex downward into segments4 7a7 ,inner peridium stipitate1 the outer remaining as a volva at the base of the stipe4 #a4 ,,polyplocium4 ,inner peridium pileate1 with aculeiform processes underneath2 threads of the capillitium slender1 hyaline1 scarcely branched4 #b4 ,,batarrea4 ,inner peridium circumscissile1 the upper part coming off like a lid2 threads of the capillitium with spiral markings4 7b7 ,inner peridium sessile1 the outer splitting into segments which become reflexed4 #c4 ,,myriostoma4 ,inner peridium dehiscent above by many mouths2 columella ----2 threads of the capillitium simple1 tapering to each extremity4 #d4 ,,geaster4 ,page #ehj4 ,inner peridium dehiscent at the apex by a single mouth2 columella present2 threads of the capillitium simple1 tapering to each extremity4 #e4 ,,astr,,us4 ,inner peridium membranaceous2 dehiscent at the apex by a single mouth2 columella none2 threads of the capillitium very long1 much branched and interwoven4 #f4 ,,mitremyces4 ,inner peridium cartilaginous1 dehiscent at the apex by a stellate fissure2 columella none2 threads of the capillitium very long1 much branched and interwoven4 ,,ii4--,,corticat4 ,outer peridium 7cortex7 a soft1 fragile1 more or less deciduous layer1 often with external projections in the shape of warts1 spines or scales4 7c7 ,peridium stipitate4 #g4 ,,tylostoma4 ,page #ehb4 ,peridium membranaceous1 dehiscent by a regular apical mouth2 threads of the capillitium very long1 much branched and interwoven4 7d7 ,peridium sessile1 but with a more or less thickened base4 #h4 ,,calvatia4 ,page #ehb4 ,peridium large1 globose or turbinate1 breaking up into fragments from above downward1 and gradually falling away2 threads of the capillitium very long1 much branched and interwoven4 #i4 ,,lycoperdon4 ,page #ehi4 ,peridium small1 globose1 obovoid or turbinate1 membranaceous1 dehiscent by a regular apical mouth1 threads of the capillitium long1 slender1 simple or branched4 #aj4 ,,bovistella4 ,page #fjh4 ,peridium subglobose1 membranaceous1 dehiscent by a regular apical mouth2 threads of the capillitium free1 short1 several times dichotomously branched4 7e7 ,peridium sessile1 without any thickened base4 #aa4 ,,catastoma4 ,page #fji4 ,peridium globose1 subcoriaceous1 dehiscent by a basal aperture2 threads of the capillitium free1 short1 simple1 or scarcely branched4 #ab4 ,,bovista4 ,page #faj4 ,peridium subglobose1 membranaceous1 dehiscent by an apical mouth1 or opening irregularly2 threads of the capillitium free1 short1 several times dichotomously branched4 #ac4 ,,mycenastrum4 ,page #fac4 ,peridium subglobose1 very thick1 coriaceous1 the upper part finally breaking up into irregular lobes or fragments2 threads of the capillitium free1 short1 with a few short branches and scattered prickles4 ,morgan4 ,,genus ,,iv4--,,gea,,ster ,mich4 ,gr--the earth2 ,gr--star4 ,mycelium filamentous or fibrous1 much branched and interwoven with the soil4 ,peridium subglobose1 composed of two distinct persistent coats2 outer peridium thick1 fleshy-coriaceous1 at first closely investing the inner1 but discrete 7distinct7 at maturity splitting from the apex downward into several segments which become reflexed2 inner peridium thin1 membranaceous then papyraceous 7like parchment71 sessile or with a short pedicel1 dehiscent at the apex by a single mouth4 ,capillitium taking its origin from the inner surface of the peridium and also from a distinct central columella1 which arises from its base2 threads simple1 long1 slender1 thickest in the middle and tapering to each extremity1 fixed at one end and free at the other4 ,spores small1 globose1 minutely warted1 brown4 ,morgan4 7,plate ,,clx47 ,illustration3 ,,geaster ,,hygrometricus4 ,natural size4 7,after ,morgan47 ,g4 minimus1 when found by the writer1 was not tested because not found in condition4 ,it is a plant beautiful in its oddity4 ,its seven to nine outer segments of skin loosen at the bottom1 spring up1 raising the oval body of the plant with them1 turn their points down and balance on the lower points1 and look1 in miniature1 just as would two sectional orange peels spread at their loose points if one was rested1 point to point1 upon the other4 ,this hoisting of the spore-bearing part aloft1 that it may better eject its spores to the wind1 does not seem to have been noted by ,professor ,morgan4 ,specimens sent to ,professor ,peck by the writer beautifully illustrated this enterprise of the plant4 ,g4 hygrometricus ,pers4 7,plate ,,clx1 #b figs41 p4 #ehj47 ,peridium depressed-globose1 the cuticle deciduous with the mycelium2 outer peridium deeply parted1 the segments #g-bj1 strongly hygrometric1 acute at the apex2 inner peridium depressed-globose1 sessile1 reticulate1 pitted1 whitish becoming gray or brownish2 the mouth an irregularly lacerate aperture4 ,threads of the capillitium rather thinner than the spores1 hyaline4 ,spores globose1 minutely warted1 brown1 #h-aa in4 in diameter4 ,growing in fields and woods in sandy soil4 ,a very common species found everywhere in the world4 ,inner peridium -#a in4 in diameter1 the segments expanding to a breadth of #b-c in4 ,the inner layer of the outer peridium is cartilaginous-gelatinous1 hard and rigid when dry1 swelling greatly and flexible when wet though constantly becoming more and more cracked and fissured1 it retains its hygroscopic qualities a long time1 and the outer peridium remains lying on the soil1 stellate in shape1 spreading out its rays in moist weather and bending them inward in dry4 ,morgan4 ,mr4 ,morgan made a new genus--,astrus1 in which he placed this species4 ,it is so widely known as ,geaster hygrometricus that to avoid confusion it is placed in its old genus4 ,this natural barometer1 spreading its stellate covering on the soil about it when the air is laden with moisture1 and closing it around its puffy body when humidity is absent1 is odd and interesting4 ,the entire genus is more or less gifted with this weather-wise quality4 ,the species is very common1 but seldom found in number4 ,once1 in the ,west ,virginia mountains1 #ahhb1 ,i found a large patch of it1 and was able to collect from it enough young ones to test its edibility4 ,it is difficult to find before it bursts its outer coat4 ,when young it is1 when cooked1 soft and creamy inside4 ,the outer part is tough and semi-glutinous but of pleasant texture4 ,it has not a marked flavor1 but makes a succulent dish4 ,illustration ,,ii4--,,corticat4 ,,genus ,,vii4--,,tylos,,toma ,pers4 ,gr--a knob4 7,plate ,,clxi47 ,illustration3 ,,tylostoma ,,meyenianum4 7,after ,morgan47 ,plants growing on the ground1 oftenest in dry and sandy regions4 ,the genus is readily distinguished from all others of the ,lycoperdace by the entire peridium being mounted upon the apex of the stem4 ,morgan4 ,the genus contains but few species4 ,those ,i have found were not in condition to test4 ,there is no report upon the edibility of any4 ,,genus ,,viii4--,,calva,,tia ,fr4 ,mycelium fibrous1 usually thick and cord-like1 rooting from the base4 ,peridium large1 globose and nearly sessile1 or turbinate with a well-developed base2 cortex a very thin adherent layer1 often smooth and continuous1 sometimes composed of minute spinules or granules2 inner peridium a loosely woven and very fragile covering1 after maturity breaking up into fragments from above downward and gradually falling away4 ,subgleba cellulose1 mostly definitely limited and concave above1 persistent2 mass of spores and capillitium dense1 compact1 persistent a long time and slowly dissipating after the fracture of the peridium2 the threads very long1 slender1 much branched and interwoven4 ,spores small1 globose1 usually sessile or with only a minute pedicel4 ,morgan4 ,puffballs of the largest size1 growing on the ground in fields and woods4 ,morgan4 ,i4--,,sessiles4 ,peridium very large1 without a distinct base2 subgleba nearly obsolete1 the mass of spores and capillitium quite filling the interior4 ,c4 gigantea ,batsch4--gigantic4 7,l4 bovista ,linn42 ,l4 maximum ,schaeff42 ,l4 giganteum ,batsch47 ,very large1 #aj-bj in4 in diameter1 obconic or depressed-globose1 nearly or quite sessile1 white or whitish1 becoming discolored by age1 smooth or slightly roughened by weak spinose or minute floccose warts1 sometimes cracking in areas2 capillitium and spores yellowish-green to dingy-olive4 ,spores smooth1 #d in4 in diameter4 ,edible4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores globose1 even or sometimes minutely warted1 #c4e-d4e in4 in diameter1 often with a minute pedicel4 ,morgan4 ,common over the states4 ,growing on the ground in grassy places in fields and woods4 ,august to ,october4 ,as the name implies1 this species is gigantic4 ,it is the largest of all fungi4 ,it has attained the diameter of three feet in this country1 but is reported larger in ,europe4 ,i have found it in ,west ,virginia weighing nine pounds1 but one is reported as found in ,gordon ,park weighing forty-seven pounds4 ,i have often followed the advice of ,vittadini and sliced a meal for my family from growing individuals4 ,the cut surface contracts and dries4 ,the plant seems to be deprived of its power to further ripen4 ,it can thus be cut for many days4 ,it has other than food uses in its dry form--as a sponge1 as tinder1 as a color1 as a styptic in hemorrhage2 the ,finns make a remedy of it for diarrhea in calves1 and it is burned under bee-hives to stupefy bees4 ,it1 as well as ,l4 cyathiforme1 is an admirable and delicate fungus4 ,c4 pachyderma ,pk4 ,gr--thick-skinned4 ,peridium very large1 globose or obovoid1 often irregular1 with a thick cord-like root2 cortex thin1 smooth1 whitish1 persistent1 drying up into polygonal areol which are white in the center with a brown border2 inner peridium very thick but fragile1 with a separable membranaceous lining1 after maturity gradually breaking up into fragments and falling away4 ,subgleba obsolete2 mass of spores and capillitium greenish-yellow then olive-brown2 the threads very long1 occasionally septate1 branched1 mostly thinner than the spores4 ,spores globose1 distinctly warted1 #e-f in diameter1 sometimes with a minute pedicel4 ,growing on the ground4 ,arizona1 ,pringle2 ,dakota1 ,miss ,nellie ,crouch4 ,peridium #d-h in4 in diameter4 ,remarkable for its thick peridium1 which becomes white spotted and areolate4 ,morgan4 ,i have not seen this species4 ,illustration3 ,photographed by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,weist4 ,,plate ,,clxii4 ,,calvatia ,,cyathiformis4 7,lycoperdon ,cyathiforme47 ,,ii4--,,cyathiformes4 ,peridium large1 top-shaped1 with a stout thick base2 subgleba limited and concave above1 persistent4 ,c4 cyathiformis ,bosc4--cup-shaped4 7,l4 cyathiforme ,bosc47 7,plate ,,clxii1 p4 #ehd47 ,peridium #c-f in4 in diameter1 globose or depressed-globose1 smooth or minutely floccose or scaly1 whitish cinereous brown or pinkish brown1 often cracking into areas in the upper part1 commonly with a short1 thick1 stem-like base2 capillitium and spores purple-brown1 these and the upper part of the peridium falling away and disappearing when old1 leaving a cup-shaped base with a ragged margin4 ,spores globose1 rough1 purple-brown1 #e-f4e broad4 ,peck1 #dhth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,common over ,united ,states4 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,miller2 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey4 ,on open grassy ground4 ,july to ,october4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,often a queer1 ragged1 cup-shaped1 purplish mass is noticed protruding from the ground1 looking as if the upper half had been cut off horizontally4 ,this is the mature ,c4 cyathiformis1 or rather1 what is left of it4 ,the upper half has blown away and is spreading its spores elsewhere4 ,a first-class ,lycoperdon1 meaty and of excellent flavor4 ,when it occurs1 it is usually in plenty4 ,on the great parade ground at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 it annually appears in large quantities4 ,cows are fond of it1 and it is this fungus which is currently believed among farmers to affect milk4 ,i have watched cows pawing it to pieces and eating portions of it4 ,c4 fragilis ,vitt4--fragile4 ,peridium obovoid1 plicate below1 with a short-pointed base and a cord-like root4 ,cortex a smooth continuous layer1 very thin and fragile1 separable1 white or grayish1 becoming brownish and tinged with violet and purple1 commonly areolate above2 inner peridium thin1 violet to purple1 velvety1 extremely fragile1 after maturity the upper part soon breaking up into fragments and falling away4 ,subgleba occupying but a small portion of the peridium1 cup-shaped above1 persistent2 mass of spores and capillitium from violet to pale purple2 the threads very long1 mostly thinner than the spores1 scarcely branched4 ,spores globose1 minutely warted1 #d-e4e in diameter1 sessile4 ,growing on the open prairies4 ,wisconsin1 ,brown2 ,iowa1 ,mc,bride2 ,nebraska1 ,wyoming1 ,webber2 ,kansas1 ,cragin2 ,california1 ,harkness4 ,peridium #a-c in4 in diameter4 ,morgan4 ,not seen by writer4 ,doubtless edible4 ,c4 sigillata ,cragin--adorned with figures4 ,peridium large1 depressed above1 narrowed below into a stem-like base4 ,cortex very thin and fragile1 white1 easily abraded2 inner peridium subcoriaceous1 with a fragile rust-color brown lining1 marked off above into polygonal areas by lines of depression1 at length breaking up into fragments and falling away4 ,mass of spores and capillitium violet to dark-purple4 ,spores globose1 even1 #c4e-d4e in diameter1 with a long pedicel4 ,growing on the open prairie4 ,kansas1 ,cragin4 ,peridium #d-e in4 in diameter4 ,the species is well marked by the even pedicellate spores4 ,morgan4 ,c4 clata ,bull4--carved in relief4 7,l4 clatum ,bull42 ,l4 bovista ,pers47 ,peridium large1 obovoid or top-shaped1 depressed above1 with a stout thick base and a cord-like root4 ,cortex a thickish floccose layer1 with coarse warts or spines above1 whitish then ochraceous or finally brown1 at length breaking up into areola which are more or less persistent2 inner peridium thick but fragile1 thinner about the apex1 where it finally ruptures1 forming a large irregular lacerate aperture4 ,subgleba occupying nearly half the peridium1 cup-shaped above and a long time persistent2 mass of spores and capillitium compact1 farinaceous1 greenish-yellow or olivaceous1 becoming pale to dark-brown2 the threads very much branched1 the primary branches two or three times as thick as the spores1 very brittle1 soon breaking up into fragments4 ,spores globose1 even1 #d-d4e in diameter1 sessile or sometimes with a short or minute pedicel4 ,growing on the ground in fields and woods4 ,peridium #c-e in4 in diameter1 sometimes larger4 ,morgan4 ,wisconsin1 ,brown2 ,minnesota1 ,johnson2 ,kansas1 ,kellerman2 ,l4 clatum1 ,new ,york1 edible1 ,peck1 #bc;d ,rep42 ,indiana1 good1 ,h4,i4 ,miller4 ,common1 ,west ,virginia1 wooded lanes1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,an excellent species4 ,c4 hiemalis ,bull4--belonging to winter4 ,peridium obovoid or top-shaped1 depressed above1 with a stout thick base and a cord-like root4 ,cortex a thin furfuraceous coat1 with stout convergent spines above1 whitish or gray1 becoming yellowish and reddish1 after maturity gradually falling away from the upper part2 inner peridium thin1 submembranaceous1 pallid or brownish1 dehiscent at the apex by an irregular lacerate mouth4 ,subgleba occupying nearly half the peridium1 cup-shaped above and a long time persistent2 mass of spores and capillitium soft1 lax1 greenish-yellow then brownish-olivaceous2 the threads very long1 much branched1 the primary branches about as thick as the spores1 the ultimate ones long1 slender and tapering4 ,spores globose1 even1 #c4e-d4e in diameter1 with a short or minute pedicel4 ,growing on the ground in fields and pastures4 ,peridium #b-d in4 in diameter and #c-e in4 in height4 ,i find this species referred to ,north ,america in ,saccardo's ,sylloge4 ,it is ,lycoperdon clatum of ,fries ,s4 ,m4 ,possibly the ,l4 clatum of ,curtis's catalogue may be this species4 ,morgan4 ,not seen by writer4 7,plate ,,clxiii47 ,illustration3 ,,calvatia ,,craniiformis4 7,after ,morgan47 ,c4 craniiformis ,schw4--cranion1 a skull4 ,peridium very large1 obovoid or turbinate1 depressed above1 the base thick and stout1 with a cord-like root4 ,cortex a smooth continuous layer1 very thin and fragile1 easily peeling off1 pallid or grayish1 sometimes with a reddish tinge1 often becoming folded in areas2 the inner peridium thin1 ochraceous to bright brown1 velvety1 extremely fragile1 after maturity the upper part breaking up into fragments and falling away4 ,subgleba occupying about one-half of the peridium1 cup-shaped above and a long time persistent2 mass of spores and capillitium greenish-yellow then ochraceous or dirty olivaceous2 the threads very long1 about as thick as the spores1 branched4 ,spores globose1 even1 #c-c4e in diameter1 with a minute pedicel4 ,growing on the ground in woods4 ,peridium commonly #c-f in4 in diameter and #d-e in4 in height1 but much larger specimens are sometimes met with4 ,this species abounds in the woods of southern ,ohio1 growing in great patches of numerous individuals4 ,i do not know that the edible qualities of this species have been tested4 ,morgan4 ,chester county1 ,pa4 ,springton ,hills4 ,on ground in mixed woods4 ,august to ,october4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,not a frequent species with us4 ,i have seen it only in the locality named4 ,the substance is very like that of ,l4 pyriforme4 ,when white it has a strong but pleasant odor1 and in this condition it is an excellent fungus4 ,the slightest change to yellow makes it bitter4 ,c4 rubro-flava ,cragin--reddish-yellow4 ,peridium obconic1 tapering gradually downward to the rooting mycelium4 ,cortex a very thin furfuraceous or granulose coat1 with a few short1 scattered spinules above2 inner peridium thin and fragile1 at first whitish1 soon becoming orange-red to orange-brown in color1 after maturity the upper part breaking up into fragments and falling away4 ,subgleba occupying about a third part of the peridium2 mass of spores and capillitium reddish-ocher then olivaceous-orange2 the threads very long1 rather thicker than the spores1 branched4 ,spores globose1 even1 #c-c4e in diameter1 sometimes with a minute pedicel4 ,growing on the ground4 ,kansas1 ,cragin1 ,kellerman4 ,peridium #a-c in4 in height with a breach of #a-b in4 ,the peculiar orange or rather reddish-ocher color with which the whole plant is pervaded at maturity is very remarkable4 ,morgan4 ,,iii4--,,stipitat4 ,peridium depressed1 globose above1 abruptly contracted below into a long stem-like base2 subgleba not definitely limited above1 continuous with the capillitium1 persistent4 ,c4 saccata 7,vahl47 ,fr4--saccus1 a bag or pouch4 ,medium size1 #b-d in4 high1 #a-b in4 broad4 ,peridium depressed-globose or somewhat lentiform1 supported by a long stem-like base1 furfuraceous with minute persistent mealy or granular warts or spinules1 often plicate beneath1 white or creamy-white1 at maturity becoming brown or olive-brown1 subshining and very thin or membranous1 breaking up into irregular fragments which sometimes adhere to the capillitium for a considerable time1 the stem-like base cylindrical or narrowed downward1 sometimes thick2 capillitium rather dense1 subpersistent1 and with the spores dingy-olive or dingy-brown1 sometimes verging toward purplish-brown4 ,spores rough1 #d-e in diameter4 ,edible4 ,low mossy grounds and bushy swamps1 especially under alders4 ,sandlake1 ,center and ,adirondack mountains4 ,august to ,october4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,west ,virginia1 #ahha-ahhe2 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey1 ,north ,carolina4 ,frequent1 thin moist woods4 ,july to ,november4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,c4 saccata1 the long-stemmed puff-ball1 is a common and pleasing species4 ,shape1 color1 feel1 combine to make it attractive4 ,it is one of the very best we have4 ,when white inside and otherwise in good condition it is delicious4 7,plate ,,clxiv47 ,illustration3 ,,calvatia ,,elata4 7,after ,morgan47 ,c4 elata ,massee4 ,peridium globose or depressed-globose above1 plicate below and abruptly contracted into a long stem-like base2 the base slender1 cylindric or tapering downward1 sometimes pitted2 mycelium fibrous and filamentous4 ,cortex a very thin coat of minute persistent spinules or granules2 inner peridium white or cream-colored1 becoming brown or olivaceous1 very thin and fragile1 after maturity the upper part soon breaking up into fragments and falling away4 ,subgleba occupying the stem-like base1 a long time persistent2 mass of spores and capillitium brown or brownish-olivaceous2 the threads very long1 branched1 the main stem as thick as the spores1 the branches more slender4 ,spores globose1 even or very minutely warted1 #d-e in diameter with a short or minute pedicel4 ,growing among mosses in low grounds and bushy places4 ,new ,england1 ,humphrey2 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,peridium #a-b in4 in diameter and #c-f in4 in height1 the stem-like base - of an inch in thickness4 ,this ,american form of ,lycoperdon saccatum has lately been separated from it1 and named1 figured and described as ,lycoperdon elatum by ,george ,massee4 ,morgan4 ,edible4 ,,genus ,,ix4--,,lycoper,,don ,tourn4 ,mycelium fibrous1 rooting from the base4 ,peridium small1 globose1 obovoid or turbinate1 with a more or less thickened base2 cortex a subpersistent coat of soft spines1 scales1 warts or granules2 inner peridium thin1 membranaceous becoming papyraceous1 dehiscent by a regular apical mouth4 ,morgan4 ,when the plant sits 7without stem7 directly upon the ground or wood it is sessile4 ,the outer layer of the two parts of its covering is the exterior peridium 7sometimes spoken of as cortex74 ,this frequently breaks up into scales1 spines1 bristles1 minute flocculent or powdery masses1 and these vary in size and in many species disappear as the plant matures4 ,these are of determining value in several species of ,lycoperdace4 ,plants with coarse1 long spines are echinate because they bristle4 ,when the spines incline together and form a point they are stellate4 ,various formations of this outside covering are also called warts4 ,the inner rind or skin is the true peridium4 ,the mass of thread-like filaments which fills the interior of the plant is called the capillitium4 ,the filaments are deftly interlaced4 ,at times filaments springing from the base do not interlace with the others2 these are called columell4 ,these filaments bear the spores--the dust which puffs out in such quantity and gives the common name to the plant--puff-ball--and its ,mephistophelian one--,the ,devil's ,snuff-box4 ,in some species the filaments at the base of the plant are sterile--they do not bear spores4 ,these filaments are more contracted and form the neck1 stem or subgleba4 ,the gleba is the upper interior of the plant1 in which the spores are contained4 ,see plate ,,clvi4 ,dehiscent is said of an organ which opens of itself at maturity4 ,a plant is dehiscent at the discharging point of its spores4 ,if this is at the summit it is apically dehiscent4 ,the descriptions herein given of ,american representatives of ,european species are in many instances those of ,a4,p4 ,morgan1 who has made special study of this genus1 and those of ,professor ,c4,h4 ,peck1 whose interstate experience acquaints him with every varying form4 ,mr4 ,morgan has kindly given permission to use his text and drawings4 ,no one has yet had reason to doubt the harmlessness of any puff-ball4 ,there are a few ,i have not eaten1 but believing that these will be proven edible1 descriptions of all species occurring in ,america are given4 ,there are first and second-class puff-balls4 ,usually the small species are slightly strong1 and if a shade of yellow appears upon breaking any puff-ball1 it will be more or less bitter and will spoil a whole dish4 ,the larger species are milder4 ,the flavor of puff-balls appears to be issued to them as a ration4 ,it is all there in a little fellow1 and in a big one it is simply spread through more substance4 ,lafayette ,b4 ,mendel in ,am4 ,jour4 of ,physiology1 ,march1 #ahih1 gives the nitrogenous compounds in ,l4 bovista as3 ,nitrogen soluble in gastric juice #c4ac ,digestible protein nitrogen #c4ac ,indigestible protein nitrogen #b4gj ,protein nitrogen #e4gi ,extractive nitrogen #b4dj ,total nitrogen #h4ai ,,table ,,of ,,the ,,species ,,of ,,lycoperdon4 ,i4--,,purple-,,spored ,,series4 ,mature spores purplish-brown4 a4 ,cortex consisting of very long convergent spines4 ,page #eia4 b4 ,cortex composed of long slender convergent spines4 ,page #eib4 c4 ,cortex composed of minute spinules4 ,page #eid4 d4 ,cortex a furfuraceous persistent coat4 ,page #eie4 e4 ,cortex a smooth1 continuous layer1 becoming areolate4 ,page #eig4 ,,ii4--,,olive-,,spored ,,series4 ,mature spores usually brownish-olivaceous4 ,a4 ,,peridium ,,obovoid ,,or ,,turbinate1 ,,the ,,subgleba ,,well ,,developed4 f4 ,cortex of long spines mingled with shorter ones1 the former at length fall away1 leaving a reticulate surface to the inner peridium4 ,page #eih4 g4 ,cortex of stout spines which fall away and leave a tomentose or furfuraceous surface to the inner peridium4 ,page #eii4 h4 ,cortex of long spines1 curved and convergent at the apex1 which fall away and leave a smooth surface to the inner peridium4 ,page #fjj4 i4 ,cortex of minute spinules and granules or furfuraceous scales4 ,terrestrial4 ,page #fjb4 k4 ,cortex of minute spinules1 scales or granules4 ,lignatile4 ,page #fjc4 ,b4 ,,peridium ,,very ,,small1 ,,globose1 ,,the ,,subgleba ,,nearly ,,obsolete4 l4 ,cortex a thin coat of minute spinules1 scales or granules4 ,page #fjd4 ,morgan4 ,i4--,,purple-,,spored ,,series4 7a7 ,cortex consisting of very long convergent spines2 denuded peridium smooth4 ,l4 echinatum ,pers4--prickly4 7,l4 ,peckii ,morg47 7,plate ,,clvi1 fig4 #b1 p4 #efh47 ,peridium -#a in4 broad1 subglobose1 generally narrowed below into a short stem-like base1 whitish brownish or pinkish-brown1 echinate above with rather stout spines1 which at length fall off and leave the surface smooth2 toward the base spinulose or furfuraceous2 capillitium and spores dingy-olive4 ,spores minutely rough1 #d in diameter4 ,ground and decaying wood in woods4 ,albany1 ,forestburg and ,adirondack mountains4 ,august to ,october4 ,the whole plant is generally obovate1 pyriform or turbinate1 and the spines are larger and more or less curved at and near the apex1 diminishing in size toward the base where they are more persistent4 ,in the immature condition it is difficult to distinguish it from ,l4 pedicellatum2 but when mature its smooth peridium and spores destitute of pedicels separate it4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,l4 echinatum appears to be common to all the states4 ,august to frost4 ,it is frequent but not abundant4 ,raw the taste is slight4 ,cooked it is tender and of good flavor4 ,l4 pulcherrimum ,b4 and ,c4 7,l4 ,frostii ,pk47 ,peridium usually obovoid1 sometimes subturbinate1 with a short stout base2 the mycelium forming a thick cord-like root4 ,cortex consisting of very long white spines1 converging and often coherent at the apex2 the spines at length fall away from the upper part of the peridium1 leaving the inner peridium with a smooth purplish-brown shining surface1 sometimes faintly reticulated4 ,subgleba occupying about a third part of the peridium2 mass of spores and capillitium at first olivaceous1 then brownish-purple2 the threads much branched1 the main stem thicker than the spores1 the branches long1 slender and tapering4 ,spores globose1 minutely warted1 #d4e-e4e in diameter4 ,peridium #a-b in4 in diameter and #a-b in4 in height4 ,the fresh specimens of this plant have a strong and not unpleasant fragrance4 ,growing in low grounds1 in fields and woods4 ,september1 ,october4 ,l4 pulcherrimum is frequent1 but not abundant4 ,it ranks with second-class puff-balls4 ,it is good when young and fresh4 7,plate ,,clxv47 ,illustration3 ,,lycoperdon ,,constellatum4 7,after ,peck47 ,l4 constellatum ,fr4--grouped4 ,peridium subglobose or obovate1 sometimes depressed1 #aj-ah lines broad1 echinate with rather long stout crowded brown spines which are either straight curved or stellately united and which at length fall off and leave the surface reticulate with brown lines2 capillitium and spores brown or purplish-brown1 columella present4 ,spores rough1 #e-f4e in diameter4 ,ground in dense shades and groves4 ,oneida1 ,warne4 ,rare4 ,autumn4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 7b7 ,cortex composed of long1 slender convergent spines2 denuded peridium smooth4 ,l4 hirtum ,mart4--hairy4 ,peridium broadly turbinate1 depressed above1 contracted below into a short1 thick1 tapering or pointed base1 with a cord-like root4 ,cortex a dense coat of soft spines1 long1 slender and convergent above1 becoming shorter downward1 gray or brownish in color2 these finally fall away1 leaving the inner peridium with a brown or purplish-brown1 smooth1 shining surface4 ,subgleba occupying from one-third to one-half of the peridium2 mass of spores and capillitium olivaceous1 then brownish-purple2 the threads branched1 the main stem about as thick as the spores1 with slender1 tapering branches4 ,spores globose1 distinctly warted1 #e-f in diameter4 ,growing on the ground in woods4 ,peridium #a-b in4 in diameter and #a-b in4 in height4 ,this species in this country heretofore has been included with ,l4 atropurpureum4 ,i have followed ,mr4 ,massee in keeping them separate4 ,this is perhaps ,l4 bicolor ,w4 and ,c41 of the ,pacific ,coast ,catalogue4 ,morgan4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #dfth ,rep42 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania4 ,ground in woods4 ,august to ,october4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,it is edible4 ,good when young and fresh4 ,l4 atropurpureum ,vitt4--ater1 black2 purpureus1 purple--of the spores4 ,peridium globose depressed-globose or obovate1 #f-cj lines broad1 generally narrowed below into a short stem-like base1 white cinereous or brownish1 mealy-spinulose1 hairy-spinulose1 echinate or stellately echinate1 when denuded smooth and subshining2 capillitium and spores finally purplish-brown1 columella present4 ,spores rough1 #e-f in diameter4 ,sandy pastures1 woods and bushy places4 ,common4 ,august to ,october4 ,this appears to be one of the most polymorphous species we have4 ,it is so variable that ,i have been obliged to modify the usual description very much1 in order to include forms which are quite diverse1 yet which appear to me to run together in such a way that ,i am unable to draw any satisfactory line of distinction between them4 ,there are three principal varieties which ,i have referred to this species4 ,the first is usually #a-b in4 broad1 sessile1 or with a very short stem1 nearly smooth1 being mealy or pruinose1 and having a few minute1 weak1 scattered spinules or scales4 ,its color is generally whitish or white slightly clouded with brown4 ,it grows in sandy pastures and cleared lands1 and is probably the nearest of the three in its resemblance to the type4 ,i regard the second and third as worthy of a name and designate and define them as follows3 ,var4 hirtellum4 ,peridium hairy-spinulose with erect or curved sometimes stellately united spinules1 which are often of a blackish color4 ,ground and decaying vegetable matter in woods4 ,var4 stellare4 ,peridium echinate or stellately echinate with rather stout easily deciduous spines4 ,ground in woods and bushy places4 ,in this species the capillitium and spores are at first greenish-yellow1 olive-tinted or brownish2 but when fully mature they are purple-tinted4 ,some care will1 therefore1 be necessary1 lest the last variety be confused with the ,echinate ,puff-ball1 ,l4 echinatum4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,spores #f-g ,massee2 globose1 distinctly warted1 #e4e-f1 ,morgan4 ,ohio1 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania4 ,on ground in woods4 ,august to ,october4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,l4 atropurpureum is frequent1 not abundant4 ,it is edible1 good4 7c7 ,cortex composed of minute spinules2 denuded peridium smooth4 ,l4 cupricum ,bon4--coppery4 ,peridium obconic1 depressed above and tapering downward1 the base plicate1 with a fibrous mycelium4 ,cortex gray or flesh-color1 composed of minute spinules circularly arranged and convergent and coherent at the apex2 these dry up1 becoming dark purplish in color1 and finally fall away from the smooth1 shining1 copper-colored surface of the inner peridium4 ,subgleba occupying nearly a third part of the peridium2 mass of spores and capillitium1 at length purplish-brown2 the threads branched1 the main stem thinner than the spores1 with long1 tapering branches4 ,spores globose1 distinctly warted1 #f-g in diameter4 ,growing in sandy soil in woods4 ,new ,jersey1 ,ellis4 ,peridium about #a in4 in diameter and an inch or more in height4 ,the microscopic features are given from specimens received from ,mr4 ,ellis4 ,morgan4 ,near ,haddonfield1 ,n4,j41 #ahia-ahif4 ,sandy woods4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,not frequent4 ,those found upon several occasions were eaten and found good4 ,l4 asterospermum ,d4 and ,m4--aster1 star2 sperma1 seed4 ,peridium obovoid or pyriform 7pear-shaped71 the base short and pointed1 with a slender fibrous mycelium4 ,cortex a thin coat of minute spinules with intermingled granules1 gray or brownish above1 paler below2 these dry up and are a long time persistent1 but they finally fall away1 leaving the inner peridium with a pale brown1 smooth1 shining surface4 ,subgleba obconical1 occupying nearly a third part of the peridium2 mass of spores and capillitium olivaceous1 then brownish-purple2 the threads about as thick as the spores1 with slender tapering branches4 ,spores globose1 distinctly warted1 #e4e-f4e in diameter4 ,peridium #a-a in4 in diameter4 ,a very pretty species of regular form2 its glossy cortex is quite persistent4 ,morgan4 ,growing on the ground in open woods4 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,nebraska1 ,webber4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #dfth1 #east ,rep42 ,ohio1 ,lloyd4 ,l4 delicatum ,berk4 ,peridium subglobose1 plicate underneath1 with a fibrous mycelium4 ,cortex a thin coat of minute spinules and granules1 gray or brownish above1 whitish below1 finally falling away from the smooth1 shining1 pale or brownish surface of the inner peridium4 ,subgleba very small or quite obsolete2 mass of spores and capillitium olivaceous1 then pale or brownish-purplish2 the threads rather thinner than the spores1 with slender tapering branches4 ,spores globose1 distinctly warted1 #e-f in diameter4 ,peridium #a-b in4 in diameter4 ,morgan4 ,growing on the ground4 ,pennsylvania1 ,gentry2 ,missouri1 ,professor ,trelease 7,peck1 ,rep4 #dj72 ,louisiana1 ,langlois4 7d7 ,cortex a furfuraceous persistent coat4 7,plate ,,clxvi47 ,illustration3 ,,lycoperdon ,,glabellum4 7,after ,morgan47 ,l4 glabellum ,pk4--smooth1 bare4 ,subglobose or subturbinate1 #a-a4e in4 broad1 sometimes narrowed below into a short stem-like base1 furfuraceous with very minute nearly uniform persistent warts1 which appear to the naked eye like minute granules or papill1 yellow1 opening by a small aperture2 inner mass purplish-brown1 capillitium with a central columella4 ,spores purplish-brown1 globose1 rough1 #e-f4e in diameter4 ,ground in copses and in pine woods4 ,west ,albany and ,north ,greenbush4 ,autumn4 ,peck1 #cast ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,wisconsin1 ,trelease2 ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey4 ,frequent4 ,autumn4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,one of the prettiest ,lycoperdons4 ,symmetrical1 and otherwise attractive4 ,sweet1 firm1 solid4 ,it is not high in flavor1 but is delicate4 ,l4 elongatum ,berk4--elongated4 ,peridium globose above1 contracted below into a stout thick base1 more or less elongated and cylindric or tapering downward2 mycelium composed of thick fibers4 ,cortex a loose flocculose white or yellowish coat1 drying up into a mealy or furfuraceous persistent layer1 which scarcely reveals the pale shining surface of the inner peridium4 ,subgleba occupying more than half the interior of the peridium2 mass of spores and capillitium pale olivaceous1 then pale brown or finally purplish2 the threads much branched1 the main stem much thicker than the spores1 the branches tapering4 ,spores globose1 distinctly warted1 #e4e-f4e in diameter4 ,growing on the ground in damp woods4 ,ohio1 ,morgan4 ,peridium #a-b in4 in diameter and #b-c in4 in height1 the base -#a in4 in thickness4 ,in form it somewhat resembles ,l4 gemmatum1 but it has a cortex like that of ,l4 glabellum4 ,morgan4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #dith ,rep4 ,closely allied to ,l4 glabellum4 ,its stout elongated base serves as a mark of distinction4 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,pennsylvania1 ,washington1 ,pa41 ,myc4 ,club4 ,not common4 ,sometimes tufted1 three or four together4 ,edible1 good4 ,l4 elegans ,morgan--elegant4 ,peridium large1 depressed globose1 plicate underneath and sometimes with a narrow umboniform base1 which is continuous with the thick root4 ,cortex at first flocculose1 white or yellowish1 drying up into a dense furfuraceous persistent coat1 which becomes ochraceous or brownish in color1 and sometimes obscurely areolate4 ,subgleba broad1 convex above1 occupying a third part or more of the peridium2 mass of spores and capillitium olivaceous1 then pale-brown or finally purplish-brown2 the threads much branched1 the main stem thicker than the spores1 the branches long and tapering4 ,spores globose1 distinctly warted1 #e-f1 in diameter4 ,growing on rich soil on the open prairie about ,iowa ,city1 ,ia41 ,prof4 ,t4,h4 ,mc,bride4 ,peridium #a-c in4 in diameter4 ,in form and size this species somewhat resembles ,calvatia fragilis1 but the threads are arranged in two sets as in ,lycoperdon2 the cortex is similar to that of ,l4 glabellum2 the mycelium forms a remarkably thick root4 ,morgan4 7e7 ,cortex a smooth1 continuous layer1 becoming areolate4 7,plate ,,clxvii47 ,illustration3 ,,lycoperdon ,,rimulatum4 ,with magnified spores4 7,after ,morgan47 ,l4 rimulatum ,pk4--rimula1 a small chink4 ,peridium depressed--globose or broadly obovoid1 plicate underneath with a slender fibrous mycelium4 ,cortex at first a thin1 smooth1 continuous fibrillose layer1 gray or bluish-gray1 sometimes with a purplish tinge2 this at length breaks into a network of fine lines or fissures1 gradually dries up into minute thin adnate scales1 and finally falls away from the smooth grayish or purplish-brown surface of the inner peridium4 ,subgleba broad1 but distinct1 plane above1 occupying about a fourth part of the peridium2 mass of spores and capillitium purplish-gray1 then brownish-purple2 the threads simple or scarcely branched1 variable in thickness1 but always thinner than the spores4 ,spores glovose1 distinctly warted1 #f-g in diameter1 often pedicellate4 ,growing on the ground in fields and open woods4 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,south ,carolina1 ,atkinson2 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,wisconsin1 ,trelease4 ,peridium -#a in4 in diameter1 scarcely an inch in height4 ,morgan4 ,new ,jersey1 ,t4,j4 ,collins2 ,pennsylvania4 ,autumn4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a pretty species1 generally in groups4 ,frequent4 ,it is not common1 but occasionally generous patches of it are found4 ,edible1 good4 ,l4 velatum ,vitt4--velatus1 having a velum4 ,peridium globose or obovoid1 with a cord-like root4 ,cortex white or yellowish1 at first a thickish continuous layer1 then breaking up into circular or irregular persistent patches with fimbriate margins4 ,subgleba occupying about a third part of the peridium2 mass of spores and capillitium olivaceous1 then purplish-brown2 the threads branched1 the main stem nearly as thick as the spores1 the branches long and tapering4 ,spores globose1 distinctly warted1 #e-f in diameter4 ,growing on the ground in woods4 ,south ,carolina1 ,ravenel4 ,peridium #a-b in4 in diameter4 ,morgan4 ,new ,jersey1 ,t4,j4 ,collins2 ,chester county1 ,pa41 sometimes clustered1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,good4 ,,ii4--,,olive-,,spored ,,series4 ,a4 ,,peridium ,,top-,,shaped1 ,,the ,,subgleba ,,well ,,developed4 7f7 ,cortex of long spines1 etc4 ,l4 gemmatum ,batsch4--gemmed4 ,peridium turbinate1 depressed above1 the base short and obconic or more elongated and tapering or subcylindric1 arising from a fibrous mycelium4 ,cortex consisting of long1 thick1 erect spines or warts of irregular shape1 with intervening smaller ones1 whitish or gray in color1 sometimes with a tinge of red or brown2 the larger spines first fall away1 leaving pale spots on the surface1 and giving it a reticulate appearance4 ,subgleba variable in amount1 usually more than half the peridium2 mass of spores and capillitium greenish-yellow1 then pale-brown2 threads simple or scarcely branched1 about as thick as the spores4 ,spores globose1 even or very minutely warted1 #c4e-d4e in diameter4 ,peridium #a-b in4 in diameter and #a-c in4 in height4 ,this species is distinguished from all others by the peculiar large erect terete spines or warts1 the so-called gems which stud its upper surface4 ,morgan4 ,growing on the ground and sometimes on rotten trunks in woods1 often cespitose4 ,frost4 ,new ,york1 ,peck4 ,found in every part of the world4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bb2 ,indiana1 ,h4,i4 ,miller2 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania4 ,on the ground and on logs4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible1 but not pleasant4 ,peck4 ,edible1 ,h4,i4 ,miller4 ,professor ,peck gives two varieties3 ,var4 hirtum4 ,turbinate1 subsessile1 hairy with soft1 slender warts which generally become blackish4 ,var4 papillatum4 ,subrotund1 sessile1 papillose1 furfuraceous-pulverulent4 ,very common and known in all countries4 ,it is1 to my thinking1 our prettiest puff-ball4 ,its beautifully studded surface1 reminding of exquisite settings1 is in itself worth studying for the designs4 ,it is usually solitary or in small groups1 but at times these groups contain scores of individuals4 ,it grows in the open on the ground or from both ground and wood1 in woods4 ,i think it equal to any other puff-ball4 ,but great care must be taken to examine each specimen before putting it into the pan4 ,a single one1 which has turned yellow in the slightest degree1 will spoil a whole dish4 ,and this is the case with any of the small puff-balls4 ,one ageing ,l4 pyriforme will embitter a hundred4 ,l4 perlatum ,pers4--perfero1 to endure4 7,enduring through winter47 ,peridium turbinate1 broad and depressed above1 plicate underneath and contracted into a short and pointed or sometimes elongated and tapering base2 mycelium fibrous4 ,cortex of long slender spines1 mingled with smaller spinules and warts1 gray brown or blackish in color2 the longer spines first fall away1 leaving a reticulate surface to the inner peridium4 ,subgleba occupying one-third to one-half of the peridium2 mass of spores and capillitium greenish-yellow1 then brownish-olivaceous2 the threads mostly simple1 some of them thicker than the spores4 ,spores globose1 even or very minutely warted1 #c4e-d4e in diameter4 ,growing on the ground in woods4 ,peridium #a-b in4 in diameter and #a-b in4 in height4 ,this is ,l4 gemmatum1 var4 hirtum1 of ,peck's ,united ,states species of ,lycoperdon4 ,morgan4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #dfth ,rep42 ,maryland1 ,james2 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey4 ,occasional4 ,on ground and decaying wood4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible4 ,same habit and quality as ,l4 gemmatum4 7g7 ,cortex of stout spines which fall away1 etc4 ,l4 excipuliforme ,scop4--excipula1 a receptacle4 ,peridium turbinate1 depressed above1 plicate below and contracted into a more or less elongated base4 ,cortex of large stout spines1 convergent above1 becoming smaller downward1 which at length fall away1 leaving a tomentose surface to the inner peridium4 ,subgleba occupying one-half or more of the peridium2 mass of spores and capillitium greenish-yellow1 then brownish-olivaceous2 the threads about as thick as the spores1 scarcely branched4 ,spores globose1 minutely warted1 #d-e in diameter4 ,peridium #a-b in4 in diameter and #a-d in4 in height4 ,morgan4 ,growing on the ground in meadows and woods4 ,pennsylvania1 ,north ,carolina1 ,schweinitz2 ,canada1 ,saccardo4 7h7 ,cortex of long spines1 etc41 which fall away1 etc4 7,plate ,,clxix47 ,illustration3 ,,lycoperdon ,,pedicellatum ,with magnified spores4 7,after ,morgan47 ,l4 pedicellatum ,pk4--pediculus1 a little foot4 ,peridium -#a in4 in diameter1 globose or depressed-globose1 sessile or narrowed below into a stem-like base1 whitish or cinereous1 becoming dingy or smoky-brown with age1 echinate with rather dense spines which are either straight1 curved or stellately united and which at length fall off and leave impressions or obscure reticulations on the surface2 capillitium and spores greenish-yellow1 then dingy-olive1 columella present4 ,spores smooth1 pedicellate1 #d-d4e in diameter1 the pedicel three to five times as long4 ,ground and decaying wood in woods and bushy places4 ,croghan1 ,center1 ,brewerton and ,catskill mountains4 ,autumn4 ,oneida4 ,warne4 ,the pedicellate spores constitute the peculiar feature of this species4 ,it is one which suggests the name and which enables the species to be easily distinguished from all its allies4 ,the spore is terminally and persistently attached to the pedicel1 as in some species of ,bovista4 ,the plant is sometimes sessile1 but usually it is narrowed below into a stem-like base4 ,in the immature state it has a rough1 shaggy appearance1 but the spines shrivel with age so that it appears less rough when old4 ,the pitted surface of the denuded peridium affords a mark of distinction from ,l4 echinatum4 ,l4 pulcherrimum ,b4 and ,c4 is evidently the same species1 but the name here adopted has priority of publication4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,growing on the ground and on rotten wood in woods4 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,alabama1 ,atkinson2 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,wisconsin1 ,trelease4 7,plate ,,clxx47 ,illustration3 ,,lycoperdon ,,eximium4 ,with magnified spores4 7,after ,morgan47 ,l4 eximium ,morgan--eximius1 excellent4 ,peridium obovoid1 with a fibrous mycelium4 ,cortex white or brownish1 composed of long slender spines1 often curved and convergent at the apex1 which at length fall away from above downward1 leaving a pale smooth surface to the inner peridium4 ,subgleba small1 occupying scarcely more than a fourth part of the peridium2 mass of spores and capillitium greenish-yellow1 then brownish-olivaceous2 the threads mostly thinner than the spores1 much branched4 ,spores oval1 even1 #e-fd-d4e1 usually furnished with a short pedicel4 ,peridium -#a in4 in diameter and about #a in4 in height4 ,this species is readily distinguished by its large oval spores4 ,morgan4 ,growing on the ground in sandy soil4 ,south ,carolina1 ,prof4 ,geo4 ,f4 ,atkinson2 ,alabama ,u4 and ,e4 7,plate ,,clxxa47 ,illustration3 ,,lycoperdon ,,curtisii4 7,after ,morgan47 ,l4 ,curtisii ,berk4--in honor of ,rev4 ,m4,a4 ,curtis4 ,peridium globose1 with a very short rooting base and a slender fibrous mycelium4 ,cortex consisting of a pale yellowish farinaceous layer1 covered by a coat of soft1 fragile white spines1 curved and convergent at the apex2 after maturity it soon disappears1 leaving a pale smooth surface to the inner peridium4 ,subgleba small1 but distinct1 convex above and definitely limited2 mass of spores and capillitium greenish-yellow1 then pale olivaceous2 the threads long1 simple1 hyaline1 two to three times as thick as the spores4 ,spores globose1 even1 #c4e-d in diameter4 ,peridium - of an inch in diameter4 ,this is ,l4 ,wrightii1 var4 typicum1 of ,peck's ,u4,s4 species of ,lycoperdon4 ,the peculiar characteristic of the species is the hyaline threads of the capillitium2 although they are of large diameter1 yet the walls are very thin and the threads collapse in drying4 ,morgan4 ,general4 ,growing gregariously and sometimes cespitosely on the ground1 in meadows1 pastures and even in cultivated fields4 ,this being ,l4 ,wrightii1 var4 typicum ,pk41 and being edible1 it is hardly necessary to repeat the old axiom3 ,things which are equal to the same thing are equal to one another4 7i7 ,cortex of minute spinules1 granules1 etc4 ,l4 molle ,pers4--mollis1 soft4 7,l4 muscorum ,morg47 ,peridium #f-af lines broad1 globose or depressed-globose1 narrowed below into a stem-like base1 furfuraceous with nearly uniform persistent minute weak spinules or granular warts1 sometimes with a few larger papilliform ones toward the apex1 whitish1 sometimes tinged with yellow1 when mature brownish or olive-brown1 nearly smooth1 subshining2 capillitium and spores dingy-olive2 columella present4 ,spores minutely rough1 #d-d4e in diameter4 ,among mosses1 especially ,polytrichum1 in old meadows and pastures4 ,albany1 ,summit and ,south ,corinth4 ,autumn4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania4 ,on ground in woods and grassy places in the open4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,l4 molle is of frequent occurrence but not abundant4 ,though exceedingly soft1 it holds its body in cooking and is well flavored4 7,plate ,,clxxb47 ,illustration3 ,,lycoperdon ,,turneri ,with magnified spores4 7,after ,morgan47 ,l4 ,turneri ,e4 and ,e4 ,peridium obovoid1 somewhat depressed above1 plicate underneath1 with a mycelium of rooting fibers4 ,cortex white1 often gray or brownish above1 consisting of minute spinules with intermingled granules2 these after maturity dry up and are quite persistent1 forming a minutely scabrous coat on the olive-brown shining surface of the inner peridium4 ,subgleba broad and shallow1 scarcely occupying more than a fourth part of the peridium2 mass of spores and capillitium greenish-yellow1 then brownish-olivaceous2 the threads with the main stem about as thick as the spores1 and long tapering branches4 ,spores globose1 minutely warted1 #d-e in diameter1 mostly with a short pedicel4 ,peridium #a-b in4 in diameter and #a-b in4 in height4 ,a very pretty puff-ball with a silky shining coat4 ,morgan4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #dith ,rep42 ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey4 ,ground in woods4 ,august to ,october4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,not frequent though general4 ,it is good but must be young4 ,illustration3 ,photographed by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,weist4 ,,plate ,,clxxi4 ,,lycoperdon ,,pyriforme4 ,l4 calyptriforme ,berk4--hood-shaped4 ,peridium about #f lines high1 #c-d in4 broad1 ovate or subconical1 sessile1 whitish1 furfuraceous with minute warts or spinules2 capillitium and spores olivaceous or yellowish-olivaceous4 ,spores smooth1 #d in diameter4 ,moss-covered rocks4 ,very rare4 ,adirondack mountains4 ,august4 ,i have met with this very small and rare species but once1 and then but two specimens were found4 ,in these the apex was compressed or laterally flattened1 instead of papilliform1 as required by the original description of the species2 but in all other respects they agree well with the specific characters4 ,the plant is very distinct from all our other species by its small size and ovate or conical shape4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 7k7 ,cortex of minute spinules1 scales or granules4 ,lignatile4 ,l4 pyriforme ,schaeff4--pear-shape4 7,plate ,,clxxi1 p4 #fjb47 ,plant #f-ae lines broad1 #aj-bj lines high1 generally cespitose1 obovate1 pyriform or turbinate1 sessile or with a short stem-like base1 radicating with white branching and creeping root-like fibers1 subumbonate1 covered with very minute subpersistent1 nearly uniform warts or scales1 often with a few slender scattered deciduous spinules intermingled1 pallid dingy-whitish or brownish2 capillitium and spores greenish-yellow1 then dingy-olivaceous1 columella present4 ,spores smooth1 #d in diameter4 ,edible1 but not well-flavored4 ,decaying wood and ground both in woods and cleared fields4 ,very common4 ,july to ,october4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,common the world over4 ,growing on logs1 stumps1 ground containing decaying woody matter4 ,so dense in its clusters at times as to present an impervious surface4 ,it is slightly acrid to taste and smell when raw4 ,edible4 ,tender and of second-class flavor when young2 white inside2 intensely bitter when slightest tinge of yellow is visible4 ,one too old will embitter a whole dish4 ,a little lemon juice or sherry improves it4 7,plate ,,clxxii47 ,illustration3 ,,lycoperdon ,,subincarnatum ,with spines and pits magnified4 7,after ,morgan47 ,l4 subincarnatum ,pk4--pale flesh-color4 ,peridium #f-ab lines broad1 globose1 rarely either depressed or obovate1 gregarious or cespitose1 sessile1 with but little cellular tissue at the base1 covered with minute nearly uniform pyramidal or subspinulose at length deciduous warts1 pinkish-brown1 the denuded peridium whitish or cinereous1 minutely reticulate-pitted2 capillitium and spores greenish-yellow1 then dingy-olivaceous1 columella present4 ,spores minutely roughened1 #d-e in diameter4 ,prostrate trunks1 old stumps1 etc41 in woods4 ,common4 ,august to ,october4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 ,rep4 #bdth1 #cb;d2 ,pennsylvania1 ,gentry2 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,wisconsin1 ,brown4 ,b4 ,,peridium ,,very ,,small1 ,,globose1 ,,etc4 7l7 ,cortex a thin coat of minute spinules1 etc4 7,plate ,,clxviii47 ,illustration3 ,,lycoperdon ,,separans ,with magnified spores4 7,after ,morgan47 ,l4 ,wrightii ,b4 and ,c4--in honor of ,charles ,wright4 ,peridium globose1 depressed-globose or lentiform1 #f-bd lines in diameter1 generally sessile1 white or whitish1 echinate with deciduous sometimes crowded stellate spines or pyramidal warts1 when denuded smooth or minutely velvety2 capillitium and spores dingy-olive1 columella present4 ,spores smooth1 #d in diameter4 ,edible4 ,ground in pastures and grassy places4 ,very common4 ,july to ,october4 ,this is another very variable species4 ,the typical form is a small one1 minutely echinate and having the denuded peridium smooth4 ,the plant often occurs much larger and more coarsely echinate with stout angular spines or pyramidal warts1 which fall off and generally leave the surface of the peridium velvety4 ,var4 typicum4 ,small1 #f-i lines broad1 globose1 minutely echinate1 the warts quickly falling off and leaving the peridium smooth4 7,l4 ,wrightii ,b4 and ,c47 ,var4 separans4 ,larger1 #aj-bd lines broad1 subglobose or lentiform1 echinate with coarse substellate spines or pyramidal warts1 which at length fall off and leave the peridium smooth or velvety4 7,l4 separans ,pk47 ,var4 atropunctum4 ,larger1 #aj-ae lines broad1 subglobose1 pure white1 warts or coarse spines brown or blackish at the tips4 ,this species is generally gregarious1 but sometimes it forms tufts of several individuals closely crowded together4 ,it sometimes occurs in cultivated grounds and stubble fields4 ,the under surface is occasionally plicate as in the long-stemmed puff-ball4 ,in the var4 separans the warts or spines are crowded at their thickened bases and slightly attached to each other1 so that they come off at maturity in flakes or patches4 ,when the denuded surface of the peridium is velvety1 it is usually of a darker color than when smooth1 being subcinnamon1 reddish-brown or dark-brown4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,ground in grassy places4 ,july to frost4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,i have found var4 separans in ,december1 under snow4 ,edible4 ,peck1 ,rep4 #cb4 ,the edible qualities of ,l4 ,wrightii and varieties are good4 ,l4 calvescens ,b4 and ,c4--calvesco1 to become bald4 ,subglobose1 at first rough with warts which soon disappear1 leaving the surface slightly velvety1 #a in4 broad1 bearing short rootlets at the base4 ,spores globose1 smooth1 having at first only a slight stalk 7pedicel71 dingy-ochraceous1 #c-d4 ,nearly related to ,l4 ,wrightii4 ,connecticut1 ,wright1 ,new ,york1 ground in open woods4 ,bethlehem1 ,peck1 #bb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 7,plate ,,clxxiii47 ,illustration3 ,,lycoperdon ,,pusillum4 7,after ,morgan47 ,l4 pusillum 7,batsch47 ,fr4--small4 ,peridium -#a in4 broad1 globose1 scattered or cespitose1 sessile1 radicating1 with but little cellular tissue at the base1 white or whitish1 brownish when old1 rimose-squamulose or slightly roughened with minute floccose or furfuraceous persistent warts2 capillitium and spores greenish-yellow1 then dingy-olivaceous4 ,spores smooth1 #d in diameter4 ,ground in grassy places and pastures4 ,common4 ,june to ,october4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey1 ,north ,carolina4 ,common4 ,spring to autumn on ground in grassy places4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,grows where almost nothing else will1 and where ,i have despaired of finding a meal of fungi1 ,i could always find the ubiquitous ,l4 pusillum4 ,l4 oblongisporum ,b4 and ,c4--oblong-spored4 ,peridium subglobose1 with a slender mycelial cord4 ,cortex a thin1 whitish1 furfuraceous coat1 drying up into minute persistent granules on the pale-brown surface of the inner peridium4 ,subgleba nearly obsolete2 mass of spores and capillitium olivaceous1 then brown2 threads much branched1 the main stem about as thick as the spores1 the branches tapering4 ,spores elliptic1 even1 #e-fc-d1 sometimes with a minute pedicel4 ,growing on the ground in dense woods4 ,wisconsin1 ,trelease4 ,peridium -#a in4 in diameter4 ,this pretty species1 previously known only from ,cuba1 is indistinguishable from ,l4 pusillum when immature1 the spores affording the only really characteristic feature4 ,morgan4 7,plate ,,clxxiv47 ,illustration3 ,,lycoperdon ,,cep,,sforme4 7,after ,morgan47 ,l4 cepsforme ,bull4--onion-shaped4 ,peridium globose or depressed-globose1 plicate underneath1 with a cordlike root4 ,cortex at first a thin1 white1 minutely furfuraceous coat1 this soon becomes rimulose and at length breaks up into small scales and patches1 which finally disappear from the pale or pale-brown surface of the inner peridium4 ,subgleba nearly obsolete2 mass of spores and capillitium greenish-yellow1 then pale-olivaceous2 the threads very much branched1 the main stem thicker than the spores1 the branches long and tapering4 ,spores globose1 even1 #c4e-d in diameter1 often with a minute pedicel4 ,peridium -#a in4 in diameter4 ,growing on the ground in meadows and pastures4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #east ,rep4 ,good4 7,plate ,,clxxv47 ,illustration3 ,,lycoperdon ,,coloratum4 7,after ,morgan47 ,l4 coloratum ,pk4--colored4 ,peridium #e-aj lines broad1 globose or obovate1 subsessile1 radicating1 yellow or reddish-yellow1 brownish when old1 slightly roughened with minute granular or furfuraceous persistent warts2 capillitium and spores at first pale1 inclining to sulphur-color1 then dingy-olive4 ,spores subglobose1 smooth1 about #d in diameter4 ,ground in thin woods and bushy places4 ,sandlake and ,catskill mountains4 ,july and ,august4 ,peck1 #cb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,new ,york1 ,peck1 #bith ,rep42 ,new ,england1 ,morgan2 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,wisconsin1 ,trelease4 7,plate ,,clxxvi47 ,illustration3 ,,lycoperdon ,,acuminatum ,with spores4 7,from ,morgan47 ,l4 acuminatum ,bosc4--pointed4 ,peridium globose1 then ovoid1 with a mycelium of fine white fibers4 ,cortex a white soft delicate continuous coat1 drying up into a thin furfuraceous persistent layer on the surface of the inner peridium4 ,subgleba obsolete2 mass of spores and capillitium pale-olivaceous then dirty-gray2 threads simple1 hyaline1 two to three times as thick as the spores4 ,spores globose1 even1 #c in diameter4 ,plate ,,ii1 fig4 #h4 ,peridium - of an inch in height4 ,growing on the mosses of old logs and about the base of living trees4 ,new ,york1 ,peck2 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis2 ,south ,carolina1 ,ravenel1 ,atkinson2 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,costa ,rica1 ,oersted4 ,illustration ,,genus ,x4--,,bovistel,,la ,morg4 7,plate ,,clxxvia47 ,illustration3 ,,section ,,bovistella ,,ohiensis4 ,showing cellulose and definitely limited subgleba and the free threads of the capillitium4 7,from ,morgan47 ,mycelium cord-like1 rooting from the base4 ,peridium subglobose1 with a well-developed base2 cortex a dense floccose subpersistent coat2 inner peridium thin1 membranaceous1 dehiscent by a regular apical mouth4 ,subgleba cellulose1 cup-shaped above and definitely limited1 persistent2 capillitium originating within the tissue of the gleba2 the threads free1 short1 several times dichotomously 7two-forked7 branched1 the main stem thicker than the diameter of the spores1 the branches tapering4 ,spores small1 globose or oval1 even1 pedicellate4 ,a puff-ball of moderate size1 growing in fields and open woods4 ,morgan4 ,b4 ,ohiensis ,ellis and ,morg4 ,peridium globose or broadly obovoid1 sometimes much depressed1 plicate underneath1 with a thick cord-like root4 ,cortex a dense floccose coat1 sometimes segregated into soft warts or spines1 white or grayish in color2 this dries up into a thick buff-colored or dirty ochraceous layer1 which gradually falls away1 leaving a smooth1 shining1 pale-brown or yellowish surface to the inner peridium4 ,subgleba broad1 ample1 occupying one-half the peridium1 a long time persistent2 mass of spores and capillitium lax1 friable1 clay-color to pale-brown2 the threads 4#f-4h mm4 in extent1 three to five times branched1 the main stem #f-h in thickness1 the branches tapering4 ,spores globose or oval1 even1 #d-e in length by #c4e-d in breadth1 with long hyaline persistent pedicels4 7,plate ,,clxxvii47 ,illustration3 ,,bovistella ,,ohiensis4 ,natural size4 ,growing on the ground in old pastures1 in fields and open woods4 ,morgan4 ,this species of puff-ball is made the type of the new genus ,bovistella by ,mr4 ,morgan4 ,,genus ,,xi4--,,catas,,toma ,morg4 ,puff-balls growing just beneath the surface of the ground and connected immediately with it by filamentous threads1 which issue from every part of the cortex2 after maturity1 when the peridium breaks away1 the lower part of the outer coat is held fast by the soil1 while the upper portion which has attained the surface remains1 covering the inner peridium like a cap or inverted cup2 consequently the apparent apex at which the mouth is situated is the actual base of the plant as it grows4 ,the capillitium threads are similar to the densely interwoven hyph1 which form the inner peridium and are evidently branches of them radiating from the interior4 ,it is plain that the affinities of these plants are closest with ,tylostoma and ,astrus1 but the needs of a systematic arrangement1 according to more obvious characters1 causes us to place them next to ,bovista4 ,morgan4 7,plate ,,clxxviii47 ,illustration3 ,,catastoma ,,circumscissum4 ,showing method of growth1 breaking away and turning over4 ,section of same showing origin of the threads of the capillitium4 7,after ,morgan47 ,c4 circumscissum ,b4 and ,c4 7,plate ,,clxxviii47 ,peridium subglobose1 more or less depressed and often quite irregular2 cortex thickish1 fragile1 usually rough and uneven from the adhering soil1 after maturity torn away1 leaving the lower two-thirds or more in the ground2 inner peridium depressed-globose1 subcoriaceous1 rather thin1 pallid1 becoming gray1 minutely furfuraceous1 with a small regular basal mouth4 ,mass of spores and capillitium soft1 compact1 then friable1 olivaceous1 changing to pale brown2 the pieces of the threads short1 unequal in length1 flexuous1 hyaline1 #c-d in thickness4 ,spores globose1 minutely warted1 #d-e in diameter1 often with a minute pedicel4 ,growing in heavy clay soil in old lanes and pastures1 especially along the hard-trodden paths4 ,maine1 ,blake2 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,kansas1 ,kellerman2 ,nebraska1 ,webber4 ,inner peridium - in4 in diameter4 ,this is ,bovista circumscissa ,b4 and ,c41 of ,berkeley's ,notices of ,north ,america ,fungi4 ,it grows in great abundance with us some seasons1 right in the hard-trodden barn-yard1 and along the lane to the cattle pasture4 ,arachnion album ,schw4 usually keeps it company4 ,morgan4 ,i have not seen this acrobatic species4 ,study of its unique habit suggests the query3 ,is not the turning over of its spore-filled portion a substitute for an original but lost power of growing right side up8 ,,genus ,,xii4--,,bovis,,ta ,dill4 7,plate ,,clxxix47 ,illustration3 ,,bovista ,,minor ,,and ,,section4 7,from ,morgan47 ,mycelium fibrous or sometimes filamentous4 ,peridium subglobose1 without a thickened base2 cortex a thin fragile continuous layer1 shelling off or disappearing at maturity1 except sometimes a small portion about the base2 inner peridium thin1 membranaceous1 becoming papyraceous1 dehiscent by an apical mouth or opening irregularly4 ,capillitium originating within the tissue of the gleba2 the threads free1 short1 several times dichotomously branched1 the main stem much thicker than the diameter of the spores1 the branches tapering4 ,spores small1 globose1 or oval1 even1 brown4 ,morgan4 ,small puff-balls growing upon the ground in fields and woods4 ,one grows underground4 ,b4 pila ,b4 and ,c4--a ball4 ,peridium globose or obovoid1 with a stout1 cord-like root4 ,cortex a thin1 white1 smooth1 continuous coat1 breaking up at maturity into minute scales1 which soon disappear2 inner peridium thickish1 tough1 rigid1 becoming brown or purplish-brown1 smooth and shining1 a long time persistent1 and finally with age often fading to silvery-gray2 dehiscence taking place at length by an irregular1 torn aperture at or about the apex4 ,mass of spores and capillitium very firm1 compact and persistent1 at first clay-colored1 pale brown or olivaceous1 at length dark or purplish-brown2 the threads rather small1 4#f-4h mm4 in extent1 three to five times branched1 #ab-ae thick1 the ultimate branches rigid1 nearly straight1 tapering to a fine point4 ,spores globose1 even1 #d-e in diameter1 sessile or with only a minute pedicel4 ,growing on the ground in woods4 ,peridium #a-b in4 in diameter4 ,this ,bovista is remarkably tough1 it maintains its shape firmly and persists a long time2 it breaks away from its root and rolls about over the old leaves before the wind1 even till the following season4 ,morgan4 ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey1 in fields and woods on ground4 ,june to ,october4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible4 ,trelease4 ,when young and fresh it is excellent4 ,b4 ,montana ,morg4 ,peridium subglobose with a cord-like root4 ,cortex a thin white continuous layer1 breaking up at maturity into a mealy or furfuraceous coat1 which soon falls away2 inner peridium thin1 flaccid1 becoming brown1 smooth and shining1 dehiscent by an irregular torn aperture about the apex4 ,mass of spores and capillitium soft1 lax1 at first ochraceous or pale-brown1 finally purplish-brown2 the threads curled and flexuous1 very large1 with an expanse of #a4be-a4ge mm41 four to seven times branched1 the main stem #ae-bj in thickness1 the ultimate branches long and tapering4 ,spores globose1 even1 #d4e-e4e in diameter1 often with a minute pedicel4 ,growing on the ground4 ,rocky mountains4 ,jones4 ,peridium #a-b in4 in diameter4 ,this differs from ,b4 pila in being soft1 flaccid1 and soon collapsing2 it1 no doubt1 is not so persistent4 ,microscopically it is readily distinguished by its much larger threads4 ,morgan4 ,b4 nigrescens 7,vitt47 ,pers4--blackish4 ,peridium subglobose1 with a fibrous mycelium4 ,cortex a thin1 smooth1 white continuous layer1 at maturity breaking up into scales1 which soon disappear2 inner peridium thin1 flaccid1 becoming dark-brown1 smooth and shining1 dehiscent at the apex by a lacerate mouth4 ,mass of spores and capillitium soft1 lax1 at first ochraceous or olivaceous1 at length purplish-brown2 the threads flexuous1 about #a mm4 in extent1 three to five times branched1 the main stem #ab-ah thick1 the ultimate branches tapering4 ,spores globose or oval1 even1 #e-f in diameter1 with long hyaline pedicels4 ,growing in old pastures1 in fields and woods4 ,canada1 ,saccardo2 ,pennsylvania1 ,schweinitz2 ,north ,carolina1 ,curtis2 ,ohio1 ,lea2 ,california1 ,harkness4 ,peridium #a-b in4 in diameter4 ,i have never succeeded in obtaining an ,american specimen of this species2 my description is drawn up from ,european specimens4 ,morgan4 ,pennsylvania1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,b4 nigrescens is a first-class puff-ball4 ,b4 plumbea ,pers4--lead-colored4 ,peridium -#a in4 in diameter1 depressed-globose1 with a fibrous mycelium4 ,cortex a thin1 smooth1 white continuous coat1 loosening at maturity and shelling off1 except sometimes a small portion about the base2 inner peridium thin1 tough1 smooth1 lead-colored1 dehiscent at the apex by a round or oblong aperture4 ,mass of spores and capillitium soft1 lax1 ochraceous or olivaceous1 then purplish-brown1 the threads 4#h-a4j mm4 in extent1 three to five times branched1 the main stem #ab-af thick1 the ultimate branches long1 straight and tapering to a fine point4 ,spores oval1 even1 #f-ge-f1 with long hyaline pedicels4 ,growing on the ground in meadows and pastures4 ,morgan4 ,indiana1 in abandoned brick-yard1 ,h4,i4 ,miller2 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania4 ,common on ground in open places4 ,solitary or in groups4 ,spring to autumn2 after rains1 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,edible4 ,trelease1 ,badham4 ,the botanic difference between a ,lycoperdon and a ,bovista does not affect the ,mycophagist4 ,he can not distinguish the difference when cooked4 ,b4 plumbea is given in ,cooke and in ,massee as ,lycoperdon plumbeum4 ,bovista plumbea is a first-class edible4 ,b4 minor ,morg4 7,plate ,,clxxix1 p4 #faj47 ,peridium subglobose1 deeply sunk in the soil and connected with it by a filamentous mycelium1 which issues from every part of the surface4 ,cortex thickish1 rough and irregular from the adherent soil1 fragile1 falling away at maturity1 except sometimes a small portion about the base2 inner peridium thin1 smooth1 flaccid1 reddish-brown1 dehiscent by a regular apical mouth4 ,mass of spores and capillitium olivaceous1 then reddish-brown2 the threads curled and flexuous1 with an expanse of #a4j-a4e mm41 two to four times branched1 the main stem #aj-ae thick1 the ultimate branches very long and tapering to a fine point4 ,spores globose or slightly oval1 even1 #c4e-d4e in diameter1 with long hyaline pedicels4 ,growing in damp shaded situations4 ,ohio1 ,morgan2 ,nebraska1 ,webber4 ,peridium - of an inch in diameter4 ,a species well marked by its peculiar habit4 ,the curled and flexuous threads are interesting microscopic objects4 ,morgan4 ,,genus ,,xiii4--,,mycenas,,trum ,desv4 7,plate ,,clxxxii47 ,illustration3 ,,mycenastrum ,,spinulosum ,,pk4 7,after ,morgan47 ,mycelium funicular1 rooting from the base4 ,peridium subglobose1 without a thickened base2 cortex a smooth continuous layer1 at first closely adnate to the inner peridium1 after maturity gradually breaking up and falling away2 inner peridium thick1 tough1 coriaceous1 becoming hard1 rigid and corky1 the upper part finally breaking up into irregular lobes or fragments4 ,capillitium originating within the tissue of the gleba2 the threads free1 short1 thick1 with a few short branches1 acutely pointed and with scattered prickles4 ,spores large1 globose1 sessile1 brown4 ,puff-balls of considerable size1 growing in the sandy soil of dry regions4 ,a very distinct genus1 in no way related to ,scleroderma1 and resembling it only in its thick1 corky1 inner peridium4 ,the threads of the capillitium originate within the tissue of the gleba1 along with the spores1 and are set free by deliquescence1 the same as in ,bovista4 ,morgan4 ,m4 spinulosum ,pk4 ,peridium globose1 depressed globose1 sometimes elongated and often irregular1 with a thick1 cord-like root4 ,cortex at first a thickish1 white1 smooth1 continuous layer2 after maturity it cracks or becomes furrowed into large polygonal areas1 and at length falls away in large flakes or scales2 inner peridium very thick1 at first white and coriaceous1 becoming hard1 dry1 brown and rigid1 the upper part finally breaking up into irregular lobes or fragments4 ,mass of spores and capillitium compact then friable1 at first olivaceous1 then dark purplish-brown2 the threads bent1 curved and flexuous1 subhyaline1 4#b-4g mm4 in length1 about the same thickness as the spores1 with a few short branches1 and with scattered prickles1 which are most abundant toward the acute extremities4 ,spores globose1 very minutely warted1 opaque1 #i-ab in4 diameter1 often with a minute or slender hyaline pedicel4 ,growing on the sandy soil of the western prairies4 ,wisconsin1 ,brown2 ,dakota1 ,ellis2 ,nebraska1 ,webber2 ,colorado1 ,trelease2 ,kansas1 ,kellerman1 ,cragin2 ,new ,mexico1 ,irish4 ,peridium #b-d in4 in diameter4 ,the plants are said to grow together in groups1 sometimes of many individuals2 after maturity they are easily loosened from their place of growth and are then rolled about by the wind4 ,morgan4 ,no report upon edibility4 ,probably good4 ,,family ,,iii4--,,scleroderma,,ce4 ,peridium discrete from the gleba1 often with a columella2 cells of the gleba subpersistent4 ,morgan4 ,,genus ,i4--,,scleroder,,ma ,pers4 ,scleros1 hard2 derma1 skin4 ,skin firm with an innate bark1 bursting irregularly2 woolly threads adhering on all sides to the bark and forming distinct veins in the central mass4 ,base sterile1 usually becoming elongated into a stem-like structure4 ,spores large1 granulated4 ,scleroderma vulgare and verrucosum are general and very common over the ,united ,states4 ,s4 bovista and ,s4 geaster have the same range but are not so common4 ,they much resemble puff-balls1 but are more pudgy1 solid-looking4 ,all are edible4 ,their qualities are noted under their descriptions4 7,plate ,,clxxx47 ,illustration3 ,,scleroderma ,,vulgare4 ,a-,b4 ,firm when young and remain nearly so when mature4 ,s4 vulgare ,fr4--vulgaris1 common4 7,plate ,,clxxx47 ,subsessile1 irregular2 bark corky1 hard1 opening indefinitely2 inner mass in which the spores are collected into little heaps separated by a few grayish woolly threads1 bluish-black4 ,spores dingy2 in the mass blackish with purple tinge1 globose1 warted1 #i-aa ,massee4 ,the larger form is generally of a yellowish or brownish hue1 surface warty or covered with rough scales2 the smaller1 stemless minutely warty1 bright brown4 ,under trees1 etc4 ,often cespitose1 #a-c in4 across4 ,peridium variable1 white or pale-brown1 often becoming pink when cut4 ,dehiscing by decay of upper portion of peridium4 ,massee4 ,scleroderma vulgare is one of our most common and plentiful toadstools4 ,its hard1 rough1 warty1 light brown knobs1 single or clustered1 growing along brook-banks or under trees1 generally choosing hard ground1 are known to all who observe ,nature's curiosities4 ,when quite young they are white inside4 ,as they enlarge the center darkens and this purplish color finally develops into a grayish-purplish-black which extends throughout the interior and gives it a granular appearance4 ,the fungus is solid1 cutting like a potato4 ,its smell is strong2 also its taste when raw4 ,sliced and well-cooked the species is good1 even after it has become purplish1 but if a single one is wilted it will embitter a whole dish4 ,or if it is not very well stewed or fried it remains strong4 ,in no condition is it injurious4 ,specimens must be pared1 and the base well cut away4 ,s4 bovista ,fr4 ,subsessile1 often irregular1 peridium thin1 pliant1 almost smooth2 tramal walls floccose1 yellow1 mass of spores olive-brown1 spores globose1 warted1 #aj-ac4 ,sandy soil under trees1 etc4 ,from #a-b in4 across4 ,distinguished by the thin1 almost smooth peridium1 and the yellow tramal walls4 ,massee4 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania4 ,on ground under trees4 ,june to ,november4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,not rough like ,s4 vulgare and ,s4 verrucosum1 nor as solid4 ,same habit1 same edible qualities when young4 ,it is not good after it begins to change color4 ,s4 verrucosum ,pers4--verrucosus1 covered with warts 7verrucoe74 ,peridium thin above1 ochraceous or dingy brown1 covered with minute warts1 subglobose1 continued downward as a more or less elongated stem-like base4 ,spores umber in the mass2 trama whitish4 ,spores globose1 warted1 #aj-ac4 ,on the ground1 under trees1 etc4 ,peridium #a-c in4 across4 ,stem -#b in4 long1 thick1 flatly pitted1 sometimes almost sessile1 when it approaches ,s4 vulgare1 but is distinguished by the thin peridium and absence of purple tinge in the immature spore mass4 ,massee4 ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania4 ,june to ,october4 ,on ground under trees4 ,same habit as ,s4 vulgare4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,s4 verrucosum closely resembles ,s4 vulgare4 ,the distinctions are noted in the description4 ,it must be young1 fresh and white inside1 or it is bitter4 ,it is not of as good quality as ,s4 vulgare4 ,s4 geaster ,fr4--resembling genus ,geaster in its manner of opening4 ,subglobose1 sessile1 peridium thick1 rigid1 almost smooth1 splitting in an irregularly stellate manner at the apex4 ,spores warted1 #ab-af4 ,sandy places4 ,known by the peridium dehiscing in a stellate manner2 from #a-b in4 across4 ,massee4 ,new ,jersey1 ,august4 ,in sandy woods4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,i have found but few specimens4 ,those were edible and good4 ,,genus ,,ii4--,,polysac,,cum ,de ,c4 ,polus1 many2 saccus1 a sack4 7,plate ,,clxxxi47 ,illustration3 ,,polysaccum ,,pisocarpium4 ,natural size4 ,peridium irregularly globose1 thick1 attenuated downward into a stem-like base1 opening by disintegration of its upper portion2 internal mass 7gleba7 divided into distinct sack-like cells4 ,allied to ,scleroderma and distinguished by the cavities of the gleba containing distinct peridiola4 ,massee4 ,p4 pisocarpium ,fr4 ,gr--a pea2 ,gr--fruited4 ,peridium irregularly globose1 indistinctly nodulose1 passing downward into a stout stem-like base2 peridiola irregularly angular1 #d-eb-c1 yellow4 ,spores globose1 warted1 coffee-color1 #i-ac ,massee4 ,p4 pisocarpium was quite common at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,pa41 from ,august to ,october1 #ahih1 in open pine and mixed woods1 growing from sandy ground4 ,the height reached #e in4 and diameter #b in4 ,the shapes were usually those of inverted pears1 more or less flattened along their lengths4 ,skin hard1 polished1 olivaceous-black with dull yellow mottlings1 not unlike rattlesnake skin4 ,when broken the peridiola 7small ovate cylinders which bear the spores within7 are very distinct1 often over in4 long4 ,the entire interior is dark when mature1 and the rupture of the plant is irregular and by disintegration of the upper part4 ,they often dry without rupturing4 ,search as ,i would1 ,i could not find a young one1 or one in edible condition4 ,the plant is here given because interesting and one the student will wish to identify4 ,it is so odd that it is not surprising to find it employed as a medicine in ,china4 ,illustration ,,toadstool ,,poisoning ,,and ,,its ,,treatment ,,by ,w4,s4 ,,carter1 ,m4,d4 ,professor of ,physiology and ,hygiene1 ,university of ,texas1 ,galveston1 ,texas4 ,the poisonous mushrooms1 or so-called toadstools1 may be grouped in two classes3 7#a7 ,those containing minor or irritant poisons1 which act locally on the gastro-intestinal tract1 such as the ,clitocybe illudens1 ,lepiota ,morgani and others1 and 7#b7 those containing major poisons which act on the nerve centers after absorption1 causing symptoms to appear a long time after the poison has been taken and very often terminating fatally4 ,this group includes the ,amanita muscaria1 the ,amanita bulbosa or ,am4 verna and the ,amanita phalloides4 ,from the prompt way in which vomiting and purging begin after eating the toadstools of the first group there seems to be no doubt of the local irritant action on the alimentary canal4 ,grave symptoms from any constitutional effect or any serious disturbances of the circulation do not occur4 ,although intensely disagreeable1 such poisoning terminates in recovery and may not be regarded as dangerous unless the poison be taken in enormous quantity or by one in poor health4 ,in poisoning by the deadly toxic ,amanit vomiting and purging may also occur as prominent symptoms1 but generally only occur late--ten to fifteen hours after eating the toadstool--and are due to the action of the poison on the nerve centers4 ,this is clear from the fact that these symptoms appear when the poison is given either hypodermatically or intravenously to animals4 ,it is exceedingly unfortunate that these deadly poisonous toadstools do not give some warning either in an unpleasant taste or contain an irritant which would act locally to cause emesis and purgation1 for in that case the patient would get rid of the poison before such large quantities were absorbed and fatal poisoning would be less frequent4 ,they are not at all unpalatable and sometimes large quantities are eaten by mistake4 ,formerly frequent allusion was made to the possibility of poisoning by decomposition products from putrefactive changes in mushrooms4 ,not a single case has come to the writer's notice where this form of poisoning has actually occurred4 ,in many reported cases of poisoning it is distinctly stated they were eaten soon after gathering2 in none does the reporter mention any suspicion of poisoning of this nature4 ,at one time very many mushrooms were supposed to be poisonous4 ,we now know that there are only a few dangerous ones1 and where serious poisoning occurs it seems clearly to be due to some definite and constant poisons contained in certain fungi4 ,we shall not deal here with the irritant poisons1 as they are not dangerous and usually ,nature gets rid of them easily1 but shall consider the poisons of the ,amanita muscaria or 8,fly mushroom10 the ,a4 bulbosus vernus ,bull4 or ,a4 verna1 and the ,a4 phalloides or 8death cup40 ,the writer has not had any personal experience with poisoning by these in man1 but bases his observations upon over one hundred experiments made upon lower animals4,c ,this is a distinct advantage in reaching any conclusion1 as the facts are definite without any doubt as to the kind or quantity of the poison taken4 ,in many of the reports of poisoning by mushrooms in man no mention of the species is made4 ,in all these cases many kinds have been mixed together in preparing them for the table and it has never been known how many of the poisonous and how many of the edible ones have been eaten by any one individual partaking of the dish4 ,of course the fluid in which they are cooked contains some of the poison4 ,this explains why some patients recover after having eaten several mushrooms while others die from a part of one only4 7,see report of six cases by ,dr4 ,g4,e4 ,caglieri1 ,new ,york ,med4 ,record1 ,august #bh1 #ahig2 also ,dr4 ,berry's cases reported by ,prentiss1 ,philadelphia ,med4 ,journal1 ,september #bd1 #ahih47 ,then1 too1 different poisonous species may be mixed together4 ,the symptoms produced by the different ,amanit poisons are quite different4 ,those containing irritant poisons may be taken with those containing deadly poisons4 ,this accounts for the great variety of symptoms presented in cases reported4 ,footnote ,c3 ,all of the toadstools used have been very kindly furnished and identified by ,capt4 ,chas4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,unfortunately only fifteen experiments could be made with the fresh fungi while the writer was at the ,university of ,pennsylvania4 ,since leaving there it has been impossible to get any in a fresh state1 and the other experiments have been made either with dried fungi or alcoholic or glycerine extracts of the fresh4 ,,poisoning ,,by ,,amanita ,,muscaria4 ,the symptoms of poisoning by this fungus usually appear from eight to twelve hours after it has been eaten1 unless it has been taken in enormous quantities1 as in the cases reported by ,prentiss 7,phila4 ,med4 ,jour41 ,september #bd1 #ahih71 where they came on in half an hour4 ,these begin with cramp-like pains in the extremities1 colicky pains in the abdomen1 burning thirst1 vomiting and purging4 ,the pulse may be very slow and strong at first1 but later becomes rapid1 small and feeble4 ,the blood pressure is low and1 as a result of this disturbance of the circulation1 faintness is a common early symptom4 ,extreme pallor is often noticed4 ,the secretions are increased1 and the sweat and the saliva may be secreted in abnormal quantities4 ,the pupils are strongly contracted and dullness of the vision or double vision may be noticed early4 ,the respirations are slow and become shallow and stertorous when the poisoning is severe4 ,the mental state may be clear at first1 but becomes dull1 deepening into unconsciousness and deep coma if a large quantity has been taken4 ,convulsions are reported to have occurred in some cases from poisoning by this toadstool in man4 ,the dried ,amanita muscaria or extracts of the fresh fail to produce convulsions in the lower animals1 even in frogs1 which are very susceptible4 ,either there is a considerable difference in the susceptibility to this poison or there is some poison present in the fresh fungus which is lost by drying4 ,small amounts of the dried ,amanita muscaria are said to be used by inhabitants of northern ,asia for the stimulating effect upon the nervous system1 producing1 like other narcotic poisons1 a dreamy state of intoxication1 deepening into sleep 7,von ,boeck in ,ziemssen's ,cyclopedia of ,medicine1 ,vol4 ,,vii74 ,in animals the most striking effect is upon the circulation4 ,when injected intravenously it causes tremendous inhibition of the heart's action--a moderate amount causing the heart to beat slowly and powerfully2 a large amount causing complete arrest4 ,even with the partial inhibition there is an enormous fall of pressure4 ,the slowing of the heart soon passes off1 and when a moderate amount has been injected1 the circulation quickly returns to normal4 ,in one of my experiments on a dog1 the heart stopped for #a minutes and then began beating again1 the circulation soon recovering4 ,late in the poisoning the heart beats may be rapid and feeble and the blood pressure low4 ,the lowered blood pressure is largely due to dilatation of the small blood vessels resulting from a loss of control over them by the nerve center which normally keeps the arterioles in a state of partial contraction4 ,the inhibition of the heart is due to the action of the well-known alkaloid muscarine upon nerve ganglia in the heart4 ,the contraction of the pupil and the increased secretory activity of the glands are also due to this substance which was discovered by ,schmideberg and ,koppe in #ahfi4 ,it was soon found that although dogs recovered from the immediate or early effects 7i4 e41 from the muscarine7 of enormous quantities of toadstools1 they succumbed from the late effects of much smaller quantities4 ,atropine fails to avert this result from the late effect1 whether given before the poison1 with it1 or after it4 ,the inhibition of the heart passes off long before death occurs4 ,late death does not appear to be due to muscarine4 ,all these facts put together point to the existence of some other poison or poisons in the ,amanita muscaria to which atropine is not an antidote4 ,this peculiar poisoning causing death so late will be discussed again after considering the other poisonous mushrooms as they act similarly4 ,gastro-intestinal symptoms were not as common in my experiments with ,amanita muscaria as with the ,amanita phalloides4 ,vomiting and purging occasionally occurred early1 but much more frequently late in the poisoning and often not at all4 ,convulsions did not occur in any of the animals poisoned by this fungus4 ,convulsions are recorded in some cases of poisoning in man1 but not so constantly as with the ,a4 phalloides and ,a4 verna4 ,where they occurred either a large amount had been taken 7as in ,prentiss' case7 or there is some doubt about the ,amanita muscaria having been the only toadstool eaten 7as in ,caglieri's cases74 ,frogs are very easily thrown into spasms1 but no spasms were observed1 even in fatal poisoning of them by this toadstool4 ,regarding cerebral symptoms1 little can be said except that unconsciousness and coma may come on early and persist till death4 ,in cases terminating fatally the animal seemed to be conscious1 but so depressed that it was unable to stand or even move when called4 ,concerning differences in the susceptibility of different animals to the poisons of ,amanita muscaria1 cats seemed to be more susceptible than dogs in the earlier experiments with extracts of the fresh fungus1 but more numerous experiments with the dried fungus failed to show any greater difference than can be observed between different animals of the same kind4 ,as to the nature of the poisons very little can be stated from the experiments1 as they were undertaken as a preliminary step to chemical studies to be carried on later4 ,the alkaloid muscarine is one of our best known poisons and nothing can be added to what is already known about it4 ,the poisons are extracted by distilled water as well as by a solution of sodium chloride2 they are soluble in glycerine and in alcohol and very little difference can be seen in the action of these extracts1 unless the alcoholic extract contains more of the muscarine1 while the glycerine extract contains more of the other poisons4 ,it is stated that muscarine is not poisonous to flies2 that the ,amanita muscaria contains a volatile poison which is poisonous to flies 7hence the name 8,fly mushroom071 and which is lost by drying2 that inhabitants of northern ,asia use the dried fungus 7after the volatile poison has been lost7 for producing intoxication 7,von ,boeck in ,ziemssen's ,cyclopedia1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #ibg74 ,my experiments have been entirely with mammals and frogs1 and unfortunately those performed with the fresh toadstools were not numerous enough to enable me to draw positive conclusions as to any loss of toxicity by drying4 ,a single experiment with a cat seemed to indicate that boiling of the fungus lessened the toxicity but subsequent experiments indicated that a boiled solution was no less toxic than one not boiled4 ,one thing we can state definitely2 that boiling the dried ,a4 muscaria does not destroy its toxicity4 ,this indicates that the poison is not of an albuminous nature1 which would be coagulated by heat4 ,whether or not any volatile poison is lost by boiling a solution of the fresh fungus or by drying at #dj ,c4 can not be stated definitely as the experiments made with the fresh fungus were few in number on account of the extreme difficulty in getting them perfectly fresh4 ,the average of six observations in which it was possible to weigh the toadstools before and after drying at #dj ,c4 showed a loss of #hd4d per cent4 of water4 ,in other words1 #a gram of the dried equals #f4d grams of the fresh4 ,comparing the lethal doses of the dried with the lethal doses of the fresh extracted by glycerine and alcohol1 it does not appear that there is any great loss of the toxicity by drying as is shown by the following3 ,lethal dose of dried in ,experiment #ca was 4#jhe gram4 per kilo of body weight2 in ,experiment #ee1 4#jcc gram4 per kilo caused early death1 while 4#bbc gram4 of dried per kilo and 4#abj gram4 per kilo caused death from late effects 7,exps4 #cb and #eg74 ,the lethal doses of the fresh were 4#ia gram4 per kilo 7,exp4 #bi7 and #a4jee gram4 per kilo 7,exp4 #cf7 when a glycerine extract of the fresh growth was used1 while #a4bbb gram4 per kilo 7,exp4 #af7 made from an alcoholic extract failed to kill4 ,it may be well to introduce here the results of an experiment which shows there is no highly poisonous volatile material given off from the ,a4 phalloides4 ,this is rather an important fact to determine1 as the opinion is held by some that there is a volatile poison1 and most of my experiments were made with the dried fungus4 ,a #a per cent4 solution of fresh ,a4 phalloides was distilled until three-fourths of the fluid had passed over as distillate4 ,the latter was injected into the vein of a dog and found not at all toxic4 ,the opportunity has not been afforded me of repeating this experiment personally1 but ,dr4 ,j4,p4 ,arnold has kindly repeated it for me1 injecting the distillate into rabbits and frogs and failed to find it toxic4 ,certainly if there is any volatile poison in the ,a4 phalloides it must be either in very minute quantity or very slightly toxic4 ,,antidotal ,,value ,,of ,,atropine4 ,in arriving at any conclusion we must bear in mind the variation of different animals in their susceptibility to poisons4 ,thus1 to give the greatest difference observed1 4#jhe gram4 dried ,amanita muscaria per kilo of body weight killed one dog in an hour1 while in another dog 4#bbc grams4 of the same preparation per kilo only killed after #bd hours1 the cardiac inhibition having disappeared one-half hour after the poison was injected4 ,however1 an average of six 7#f7 experiments on cats and dogs with dried ,a4 muscaria in which no antidote was given shows the lethal dose to be 4#ajc gram4 per kilo of body weight4 ,the average of four 7#d7 experiments1 in which the fungus1 dried in the same way1 was used but atropine was given as an antidote1 gives the lethal dose of 4#cce gram4 per kilo and death only occurred late in each case4 ,there can be no doubt1 therefore1 of the antidotal value of atropine for poisoning by ,amanita muscaria4 ,it should be borne in mind1 however1 that it is not an infallible antidote even when given early1 and that it does not prevent death from the late effects in severe cases1 although given in large doses4 ,in some experiments atropine was administered at the same time the poison was given and in others before it4 ,the important practical lesson is that too much reliance should not be placed upon atropine4 ,it will be shown later that it has little value as an antidote to ,a4 verna and ,a4 phalloides4 ,probably these fungi contain less muscarine than ,a4 muscaria4 ,although there is no drug so antagonistic in its physiological action to the poison of the ,a4 muscaria as atropine1 the use of other remedies should not be neglected4 ,the symptoms have to be treated as they arise4 ,strychnia1 alcohol in moderate amounts and suprarenal extract could all be used to advantage in restoring the circulation1 especially late in the poisoning4 ,atropine merely removes the inhibition of the heart which occurs as an early symptom4 ,external heat should be applied if the body temperature is subnormal4 ,the treatment of gastro-intestinal symptoms will depend upon the conditions of each individual case4 ,the injection of a large amount of warm physiological salt solution 74#f-4g per cent4 sodium chloride7 into the subcutaneous tissues should also be tried in severe cases seen late in the poisoning4 ,,poisoning ,,by ,,amanita ,,verna ,,or ,a4 ,,bulbosus ,,verna ,,bull4 ,the symptoms appear from six to fifteen hours after the ingestion of the poison and may be largely choleraic in nature1 i4 e41 vomiting and purging1 the discharges from the bowel being watery with small flakes suspended and sometimes containing blood4 ,the disturbance of the circulation is somewhat similar to that caused by ,a4 muscaria1 viz41 slow1 strong pulse early1 but rapid and weak later4 ,dizziness and faintness may be early symptoms4 ,sometimes the skin is pale and covered with cold1 clammy sweat2 at others there is great cyanosis4 ,the body temperature is subnormal1 unless nervous symptoms are very severe4 ,very prominent among the symptoms are tetanic convulsions1 which may appear comparatively early and persist until the end4 ,in animals the effect of this toadstool is entirely different from that of ,a4 muscaria4 ,perhaps the most striking difference is the frequency with which convulsions appear4 ,convulsions occurred repeatedly in mammals and in nearly every frog to which the toadstool was given4 ,this fungus seems to contain some poison that acts upon the spinal cord very much as strychnia does1 though less powerfully1 of course4 ,the circulatory conditions are also different4 ,the inhibition of the heart may be pronounced as an early condition1 but the pressure does not return to the normal after this disappears1 either from giving atropine or from cutting the pneumogastric nerves4 ,section of these nerves removes the cardiac inhibition much more completely than after poisoning by the ,a4 muscaria4 ,there is often a fall of pressure without cardiac inhibition4 ,in other words1 there is a much greater permanent fall of blood-pressure due to paralysis of the nerve center controlling the blood vessels 7vaso-motor center74 ,this condition will last a long time and does not show the same tendency to disappear as after ,a4 muscaria4 ,moreover it is produced by comparatively small amounts of the ,a4 verna4 ,the respirations are very slow4 ,the blood is poorly oxygenated and this probably causes the cyanosis sometimes observed in men poisoned by this fungus4 ,bloody fluid is sometimes vomited or comes from the nose4 ,it may also occur in the discharge from the bowel4 ,retching and purging occurred more frequently as early symptoms than in animals poisoned by ,a4 muscaria4 ,coma appeared early and continued until death4 ,the administration of atropine soon after giving the poison when cardiac inhibition was present1 caused a slight temporary rise of blood pressure but did not affect the dilated condition of the blood vessels4 ,the pressure continued low notwithstanding the atropine4 ,although the experiments with this fungus were not as numerous as with the ,a4 muscaria because of difficulty in obtaining it1 yet it seems clear that atropine is of very little value as an antidote4 ,death very rarely resulted from the cardiac inhibition occurring early but usually came on late after that condition had disappeared4 ,the lethal dose was no larger when atropine was given than when no antidote was used4 ,amanita verna is very much more toxic than ,a4 muscaria1 the average of four experiments in which the former was given without an antidote being 4#jcd gram4 7dried7 per kilo of body weight1 while 4#ajc gram4 7dried7 per kilo1 was the average for the latter fungus4 ,,poisoning ,,by ,,amanita ,,phalloides4 ,the symptoms described in man are very similar to those caused by the ,a4 verna1 except that the convulsions are less constant and cyanosis is not mentioned4 ,in some cases vomiting and purging are prominent symptoms4 ,there is dizziness and fainting1 extreme ashy pallor1 cold skin covered with sweat1 subnormal temperature1 muscular twitchings and occasional convulsions and somnolence which deepens into coma and lasts until death1 which usually occurs two or three days after eating the poison4 ,sometimes the gastro-intestinal symptoms are less severe or may be absent1 though they are usually present2 in that case the nervous symptoms are more prominent1 particularly the convulsions and circulatory disturbance4 ,in experiments upon animals the convulsions were not observed so constantly as with the ,a4 verna4 ,out of twenty-five dogs poisoned by the ,amanita phalloides1 convulsions only occurred twice1 while twelve frogs injected with different preparations 7dried toadstool and glycerine and alcoholic extracts of the fresh7 failed to show a convulsive seizure in a single instance4 ,it seems to be difficult for mycologists to draw a sharp line between the ,a4 verna and the ,a4 phalloides and say to which of these two certain fungi belong4 ,this may explain why convulsions are recorded more frequently in persons poisoned by this toadstool than in animals poisoned by it4 ,frogs are very susceptible to poisons acting upon the spinal cord1 and all of those poisoned by lethal doses of ,a4 verna had convulsions1 while none of those poisoned by the ,a4 phalloides had any4 ,it would therefore appear from this striking difference in the physiological actions that the two are separate and distinct4 ,the circulatory and gastro-intestinal symptoms were quite similar to those caused by the ,a4 verna4 ,a4 phalloides is less toxic than the ,a4 verna1 but more so than the ,a4 muscaria1 the average lethal dose of the dried fungus 7eight experiments7 for dogs1 where no antidote was used1 being 4#aag gram4 per kilo4 ,the antidotal value of atropine is very slight1 if indeed it has any action other than removing the temporary cardiac inhibition4 ,the animals very seldom died from this1 but mostly from the late effects after the inhibition had disappeared4 ,in four experiments on dogs in which atropine was given either at the same time as the poison or before it1 the average lethal dose was 4#aih gram4 of the dried fungus per kilo4 ,two dogs were killed by 4#a gram4 per kilo without atropine2 another was given the same amount and was given atropine hypodermatically a number of times and recovered1 though very ill for two days4 ,transfusion of physiological salt solution 74#f per cent4 table salt7 was practiced in three dogs4 ,although death occurred in all of these and the lethal dose was not unusually high1 the pressure was restored for a time at least4 ,it should be employed in treating poisoning in man1 and not be depended upon as the only procedure1 but used in conjunction with other remedies4 ,this will be referred to again in describing treatment4 ,it will be seen from the above that poisoning by the ,a4 verna and ,a4 phalloides present symptoms in the lower animals which are quite different from those caused by the ,a4 muscaria1 and that in either case poisoning is far more serious than by the latter fungus4 ,this is not only because they are so much more toxic1 but also because there is no decidedly antagonistic action by atropine1 and hence its value as an antidote is much less4 ,in treating a case of poisoning by either ,a4 verna or ,a4 phalloides the only thing that can be done is to meet the indications in the individual case4 ,if the heart is beating slowly1 atropine should be given in liberal doses4 ,this will not overcome the chief disturbance of the circulation1 viz41 the tremendous dilation of the blood vessels4 ,strychnia will do this to a certain extent1 but its use may be contra-indicated by twitchings or convulsions from the toadstools4 ,if it can be used it is exceedingly valuable1 as it stimulates not only the vaso-motor center but the respiration and heart as well4 ,caffein or strong coffee may also be used to this end if the stomach will retain it4 ,suprarenal extract should also be given hypodermatically1 as it will restore the blood pressure more nearly to normal than any other drug1 according to our experiments4 ,it has the advantage of not increasing the excitability of the spinal cord as strychnia does1 and hence would not be contra-indicated by nervous symptoms4 ,perhaps the most rational treatment to meet the most serious condition of the poisoning by these toadstools is the transfusion of normal saline solution 74#f-4g per cent4 solution of table salt7 into the subcutaneous tissues4 ,this should1 of course1 only be given by a physician1 as great care is required in sterilizing the syringe4 ,it can be given with a fountain syringe and aspirating needle beneath the skin of the thigh4 ,large quantities should be used--at least a quart 7#ajjj cc47 or more4 ,the fluid is rapidly absorbed by the lymphatics and gets into the blood vessels4 ,it restores the blood pressure by increasing the fluid in the vessels and also doubtless aids the organs of excretion in eliminating the poison2 at the same time it would relieve the intense thirst patients complain of4 ,clinicians who have observed cases of poisoning by the ,a4 phalloides in man have suggested this procedure as the most rational one to meet the symptoms presented4 ,from the condition produced in animals poisoned by this toadstool the writer was led to the same conclusion4 ,in two experiments upon dogs1 when transfusion of warm physiological salt solution was made directly into the vein after poisoning by the ,a4 phalloides1 death occurred in both cases and the lethal dose was not unusually large1 although the amount transferred was equal to the estimated volume of the blood of the animal in one case and half that amount in another4 ,in another animal atropine was given before the poison and the pressure had been reduced by the latter to one-fifth of the normal1 the transfusion of an amount of normal salt solution equivalent to two-thirds of the bulk of blood restored the pressure to three-fourths of normal in about #ae minutes1 but further injection of the poison caused late death4 ,although the rise of pressure is not so great from transfusion as from suprarenal extract in large doses1 it is more permanent4 ,transfusion 7or transfusion into the subcutaneous tissues by hypodermoclysis which amounts to the same thing7 has the additional advantage of increasing the flow of urine1 which is often suppressed in these cases4 ,even if it does no good it can do no harm if done antiseptically and should be tried but always in conjunction with other remedies4 ,a remarkable case of recovery after the injection of a large amount of normal saline solution has been reported by ,delobel 7,presse medicale ,september #cj1 #ahii74 ,a man aged fifty-two ate some ,a4 phalloides2 he was seen four hours afterward4 ,the skin was covered with cold1 clammy sweat2 body temperature was sub-normal2 shivering and tremors present2 had not vomited or purged2 urine suppressed2 respiration stertorous2 pulse #bh per minute and so feeble that it was almost imperceptible4 ,two full doses of atropine were given hypodermatically as well as #aj cc4 of ether and #bjj cc4 of strong coffee with #bj cc4 of rum were given by the mouth and hot bottles applied externally4 ,in spite of all this the symptoms became worse and the patient sank into a condition of profound collapse1 the pulse dropping to #bd per minute and the tremors ceased4 ,one liter 7#a quart7 of normal saline solution was injected hypodermatically and improvement began in #ae minutes after the injection4 ,the respiration lost the ,cheyne-,stokes character2 the pulse improved in tension and in an hour was #fj per minute2 the skin improved and the temperature returned to normal and the patient went to work next day4 ,the circulatory symptoms are most prominent and demand most attention4 ,vomiting and purging have to be treated according to the conditions in the individual case and no rule can be followed4 ,as the peripheral vessels are dilated the body temperature is usually subnormal4 ,this should be overcome by applying hot bottles externally4 ,the suppression of urine should receive attention1 and the activity of the kidneys be stimulated as much as possible4 ,it is probable the suppression is largely due to the tremendous fall of blood pressure4 ,if the urine is secreted but retained in the bladder it should be drawn off4 ,just as there is no simple way of detecting the presence of poisonous mushrooms in a mixture of mushrooms1 so there is no simple way of destroying or removing the poisons4 ,pouchet stated that boiling destroyed the poison and ,chestnut has stated the poison of ,a4 phalloides is a toxic albumen4 ,if this were the case boiling would destroy it4 ,in our experiments1 however1 boiling has not diminished the toxicity at all and it can be definitely stated that the poison is not an albumen4 ,there is also a popular impression that vinegar will remove the poison and numerous observers claim to have removed the poison of ,a4 muscaria completely by soaking the fungus in vinegar4 ,we have not had the opportunity of trying this with fresh ,a4 muscaria1 but in one experiment in which the ,a4 verna was soaked over night in vinegar it failed to get rid of the poison--any more than would have dissolved in that amount of water4 ,toadstool poisoning differs from most poisonings in the long time elapsing before death in fatal cases4 ,the only inorganic poisons causing death after such a long interval produce profound tissue changes4 ,husemann believed death from poisonous mushrooms to be due to fatty degeneration of the various organs4 ,we have examined microscopically the tissue of dogs and cats dying from the late effects of the ,a4 muscaria and ,a4 phalloides and found them to be perfectly normal4 ,mr4 ,v4,k4 ,chestnut1 in a bulletin published by the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture 7,circular ,no4 #ac1 p4 #bc71 states that death from the ,a4 phalloides is due to a destruction of the red-blood corpuscles4 ,upon what authority this assertion is made is not stated4 ,the conclusion has probably been based upon the venosity of the blood in cases of poisoning resulting from the disturbance of the respiration and circulation4 ,the blood corpuscles of animals poisoned by all three of the ,amanit studied have been counted repeatedly in our experiments and in none of them has there been any appreciable reduction4 ,it can be positively stated that death is not due to a destruction of the red blood cells4 ,further1 the coloring matter of the blood 7hmoglobin71 which carries oxygen to the tissues1 has been examined with the spectroscope to see if any new compound had been formed which would prevent it from carrying oxygen4 ,no such compound has been found--no alteration could be detected in the hmoglobin4 ,it is quite evident that these toadstools do not kill by their action on the blood1 for in a number of experiments the blood was examined a very short time before death4 ,thinking that they might act upon the nerve cells of the brain and spinal cord very much as certain toxins of infectious diseases do1 those structures were examined by special staining methods 7silver impregnation71 but no greater variation than is normal could be detected in any of those examined4 ,no statement can be made as to the cause of this late death1 but it would appear to be due to some disturbance of nutrition4 ,late death occurs not only in animals1 but in most of the cases of poisoning in man recorded in medical literature4 ,the contrast between the early and late symptoms is not so great in poisoning by ,a4 phalloides and ,a4 verna as in the case of poisoning by ,a4 muscaria4 ,in the first two the serious symptoms appear early and continue till the end2 in the last the early effects of the muscarine soon passes off or can be removed by atropine1 but the late symptoms1 strikingly in contrast with the early ones1 still appear1 and continue till death4 ,illustration ,,recipes ,,for ,,cooking ,,and ,,preparing ,,for ,,the ,,table ,preparing toadstools for the table should begin while collecting them4 ,have a soft brush1 a knife1 half a dozen one or two-pound paper bags and an open-topped1 roomy1 shallow basket4 ,sidenote3 ,collecting4 ,cleansing4,as edible species are found1 cut them loose well above their attachment4 ,keep the spore surface down until the top is brushed clean and every particle of dirt removed from the stem4 ,this prevents dirt from getting upon the spore surface1 from which it is very hard to dislodge4 ,never clean a toadstool over other toadstools4 ,if the stem is hard1 tough or wormy1 remove it4 ,having cleaned the plant1 place it in one of the paper bags1 spore surface down4 ,write its name on the bag4 ,place but one kind in the same bag1 unless species of about the same texture and flavor are found and mixing is not objectionable4 ,where another species is found1 give it a bag to itself4 ,select fresh1 inviting plants only4 ,do all possible cleaning in the field4 ,sidenote3 ,selection,plants keep clean1 pack better1 and more of them can be carried4 ,a careless jumble is gritty1 bruised and disappointing4 ,if not ready to cook the find1 place the bags in the ice chest4 ,it is best to cook fungi as soon as possible4 ,cooked1 they can be kept much longer than when uncooked4 ,when ready to cook1 wash the plants by throwing them into a deep pan of water4 ,sidenote3 ,washing4,pass the fingers quietly through them upward2 let stand a moment for the dirt to settle1 then gather them from the water with the fingers as a drain4 ,remove any scurf or adhering dirt with a coarse flannel or a cloth4 ,wash in this way through two or three waters4 ,lay to drain4 ,by experience in draining1 exactly the amount of water necessary to cook a particular species can be allowed to remain within its spore surface1 if it is a gilled species4 ,to other kinds1 water must usually be added4 ,the removal of the skin of any toadstool is seldom justifiable4 ,as with the apple and most fruits1 the largest amount of flavor is in the skin4 ,by the consistency of the species in hand1 decide upon the best method of cooking it and the time and medium required4 ,if it is thin1 juicy1 tender1 from five to ten minutes' slow stewing will be ample2 if it is thick1 dry1 tough1 from thirty to forty minutes will be required4 ,after any species is cooked tender1 it may be seasoned to one's liking and served as one chooses4 ,many species1 which absolutely refuse to become tender after prolonged stewing1 quickly succumb in the frying pan and make crisp1 delicate morsels4 ,edible kinds which dry well1 or are hard when found1 often grate or powder easily1 and are excellent 7after soaking7 made into soups1 fritters or pts4 ,hundreds upon hundreds of recipes for cooking the common mushroom and the few other fungi heretofore eaten1 are at hand4 ,the simpler methods--those which retain the natural flavor of the species cooked--are the best4 ,when a species has good body1 and but little flavor1 it may be made delicious by cooking with it another species of higher flavor4 ,the most concise instruction is3 ,cook in any way you can cook an oyster4 ,the writer's best and long-tried recipes are here given4 ,mrs4 ,sarah ,tyson ,rorer has kindly contributed some of her own choice methods2 ,mrs4 ,emma ,p4 ,ewing1 of culinary celebrity1 is represented2 and that every recipe needed may be found herein1 the most sensible of ,english and ,french recipes are given4 ,,to ,,cook ,,mushrooms4 ,gather mushrooms whenever they can be found4 ,that is the best time of the day to collect them4 ,the gills grow darker and the flavor improves as the spores ripen4 ,they are in good condition up to the time the gills begin to grow moist and to soften4 ,cut off the extreme butt of the stem1 holding the gills downward4 ,rub off the cap and stem with a rough towel or flannel4 ,do not peel4 ,wash in cold water4 ,drain well1 gills downward4 ,the ,english method is to scald them1 but there is more of custom than use in it4 ,mushrooms may be preserved temporarily by boiling them in salt and water for five minutes1 draining and wiping dry4 ,a better way is to cook them1 place in ice-chest1 and reheat when wanted4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,to ,,broil4--,use well-spread caps only4 ,use double iron broiler4 ,place the caps on it1 gills down1 and broil two minutes1 turn and broil two minutes more4 ,while hot1 season with salt and pepper1 and butter well1 especially upon the gill side4 ,serve upon toast4 ,mrs4 ,s4,t4 ,rorer4 ,,baked ,,mushrooms ,,on ,,toast4 ,bake under a glass or basin1 on toast along with scalded or clotted cream or a little melted butter1 and salt and pepper to taste4 ,they take about a quarter of an hour in a gentle oven or before a fire2 when they are taken up1 do not remove glass for a few minutes2 by that time the vapor will have condensed and gone into the toast4 ,stevens4 ,,crusts ,,of ,,mushrooms4 ,cut into small1 even-sized squares a pint of the selected toadstool2 stew in a little water until done2 add two ounces butter and one teaspoonful of salt1 one-half teaspoonful of pepper4 ,wet a teaspoonful of flour with two gills of cream and mix with the beaten yolks of two eggs4 ,add1 and mix well with the toadstool4 ,cut the upper crust from some small ,french rolls4 ,scoop out the inside of both upper and lower part1 brush them with melted butter and brown in the oven2 fill them1 put on the top4 ,serve4 ,or1 when cooked as directed1 serve in paper cases1 or pastry shells4 ,,to ,,dry ,,mushrooms4 7,english method47 ,take those neither very young nor very old4 ,remove the butts only4 ,then slice1 string or skewer the slices lightly1 and expose to a current of warm dry air4 ,a warm oven1 with the door open1 is a good place4 ,when quite dry and shrivelled1 pack in tins1 with spice at top and bottom4 ,when wanted for use1 soak the slices in tepid water for some hours4 ,then cook4 ,hay4 ,,stewed ,,mushrooms ,,on ,,toast4 ,cut the mushrooms--caps and stems--into pieces of equal size4 ,place in a covered saucepan4 ,to each pint add one ounce 7two level tablespoonfuls7 of butter4 ,enough water will have been retained by the gills after washing to make sufficient liquor4 ,stew slowly twenty minutes2 season to taste with pepper and salt4 ,place upon toast4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,to ,,fry ,,mushrooms4 ,lay them in a frying pan in which butter has been heated boiling hot4 ,after frying five minutes serve on a hot dish--pouring over them the sauce made by thickening the butter with a little flour4 ,this is as delicious as more elaborate ways of cooking and retains the mushroom's distinctive flavor in full perfection4 ,,fricasse ,,of ,,mushrooms4 ,wash1 put them into a chafing dish1 sprinkle over a teaspoonful of salt1 a quarter of a teaspoonful of black pepper1 cover and cook slowly for five minutes4 ,moisten a tablespoonful of flour in a gill of milk1 strain this into the mushrooms1 bring to boiling point1 add the yolks of two eggs slightly beaten1 a tablespoonful of chopped parsley1 and serve at once4 ,mrs4 ,s4,t4 ,rorer4 ,,mushroom ,,pickles4 ,one-half peck of either ,agaricus campester1 ,lepiota procera1 ,hypholoma fascicularis1 ,hypholoma perplexum1 ,clitocybe multiceps1 ,russula virescens4 ,select sound specimens1 cut off ends of stems 7entire stem of fascicularis or procerus71 rub the tops with flannel dipped in salt4 ,throw them into milk and water 7one-fourth milk74 ,drain and put them into a stew pan4 ,sprinkle the layers with salt--one-half gill to one-half peck mushrooms4 ,cover them close and put them over a gentle fire for five minutes to draw out the water4 ,then put them on a coarse cloth and drain until cold 7or put on mosquito netting in a colander74 ,to prepare a pickle for them3 ,take one-half gallon vinegar 7if strong dilute with water71 two ounces mace1 one-fourth ounce cloves1 one-half pound salt 7,worcester71 one teaspoonful red pepper1 one nutmeg cut in slices4 ,put in a jar covered with a wet cloth and keep the cloth wet4 ,place over a very slow fire1 cook as long as the acid is prominent and no longer4 ,take small wide-mouthed bottles1 fill with the mushrooms1 pour on the pickle until the bottle is filled4 ,tie down tight4 7,to slice a nutmeg1 boil it in vinegar--slice while hot4 ,makes of salt vary in strength2 the 8,worcester0 is a strong salt47 ,n4,b4--,when ,h4 fascicularis is used1 wipe the tops with a wet cloth4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,to ,,pickle ,,mushrooms4 7,english style47 ,take buttons and remove butts only4 ,put into jars and cover with cold1 spiced pickling vinegar4 ,add a few peppercorns and mustard seeds and seal hermetically4 ,hay4 ,,mushroom ,,catchup4 ,take the opened toadstools1 clean carefully1 bruise them4 ,put a layer on the bottom of an earthen pan1 strew salt over them 7two tablespoonfuls to one-fourth peck71 another layer1 more salt and so on4 ,one-half ounce cloves1 one-half ounce mace1 one-half ounce allspice1 one-half ounce whole pepper4 ,let stand six days4 ,stir every day4 ,then put in gentle oven1 cover pan with wet cloth1 keep wet1 and heat for four hours4 ,strain through a fine cloth or sieve4 ,to every gallon of liquor add one quart red wine4 ,salt to taste4 ,add a race or two of ginger cut small4 ,strain2 let catchup get cold4 ,pour it from the settlings4 ,bottle4 ,cork tight4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,mushroom ,,catchup4 ,a catchup superior to that sold in the stores may be made at home4 ,break the toadstools into bits and place in a stone jar1 with an ounce and a half of salt for every quart of plants4 ,let stand in a cool place for three days1 stirring several times a day4 ,on the third day put over the fire1 in a porcelain kettle1 and heat slowly4 ,in about half an hour the juice will flow freely1 when strain through a hair sieve1 return to the fire and boil twenty minutes4 ,measure the liquid and to each quart allow an ounce of ginger root1 a blade of mace1 a bay leaf1 a pinch of cayenne1 and an ounce each of allspice and black pepper2 boil down to one-half the quantity1 add a teaspoonful of the best brandy to each half-pint4 ,bottle4 ,cork and seal with wax or rosin4 ,anon4 ,,mushroom ,,catchup4 7,english style47 ,remove the butts4 ,sprinkle all with salt4 ,pile in a bowl4 ,let them remain so for three days1 stirring occasionally4 ,then squeeze out all the liquor4 ,to each gallon of it add cloves and mustard seed1 crushed1 of each half an ounce2 allspice1 peppercorns and ginger1 crushed1 of each one ounce4 ,heat slowly up to boiling point in a covered vessel4 ,set aside in a warm place for a fortnight4 ,then strain and bottle4 ,if the catchup shows signs of not keeping1 add more salt and spice1 heat and proceed as before4 ,hay4 ,,canned ,,mushroom ,,sauce4 ,cook together1 until a light brown color1 two tablespoonfuls each of butter and flour1 add a can of button mushrooms1 with the water it contains1 and a cupful of water or broth4 ,simmer five minutes1 stirring meanwhile1 season and serve4 ,the flavor of the mushroom is more distinct and pronounced if the sauce is seasoned only with salt and mixed pepper4 ,if broth is used in the preparation of mushroom sauce instead of water1 it should be the broth of such meat as the sauce is to be served with--for instance1 chicken broth when to be served with chicken1 beef broth when to be served with beef1 etc4 ,mrs4 ,emma ,p4 ,ewing4 ,,fresh ,,mushroom ,,sauce4 ,put in a graniteware or porcelain-lined saucepan two tablespoonfuls of butter4 ,when hot add two cups of fresh1 prepared mushrooms1 cover closely1 and cook briskly two or three minutes4 ,season to taste with salt and pepper1 and serve with broiled beefsteak1 birds1 or sweetbreads4 ,mrs4 ,e4,p4 ,ewing4 ,,to ,,cook ,,boleti4 ,remove the stems1 and the tubes unless they are compact and young1 or the dish will be slimy from the tubes4 ,wipe the caps clean4 ,,to ,,broil4--,put on wire broiler or in a hot buttered pan4 ,cook well4 ,add butter1 pepper and salt4 ,,to ,,stew4--,after cutting the caps in pieces of similar size1 stew in a covered saucepan for twenty minutes4 ,do not use much water4 ,when done1 add butter1 or cream1 pepper and salt4 ,some persons may prefer to add a little lemon juice or sherry4 ,,to ,,bake4--,bake for half an hour in covered dish1 add oil or butter1 a little parsley1 and garlic if liked1 pepper and salt4 ,,to ,,fry4--,remove the tubes from all the caps1 excepting of very young or very short-tubed species4 ,slice the caps as you would eggplant4 ,fry in butter1 oil or fat1 or dip in batter or in egg crumbs4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,b4 ,,edulis ,,soup 7as made in ,hungary74--,having dried some ,boleti in an oven1 soak them in tepid water1 thickening with toast bread1 till the whole be of the consistency of a puree1 then rub them through a sieve1 throw in some stewed ,boleti1 boil together1 and serve with the usual condiments4 ,paulet4 ,,to ,,dry ,,boleti 7,english method74--,gather in dry weather4 ,remove stems and tubes4 ,wipe clean with a damp cloth4 ,slice4 ,string the slices4 ,hang up in a warm place for two days4 ,then give them a minute in a moderately warm oven4 ,pack in tins with spice4 ,when wanted steep the slices in tepid water for some hours1 till they swell4 ,then proceed to dress as for fresh ,bolets4 ,the ,russians retain the stems and dry their ,bolets whole1 stringing them up the stem and through the center of the cap4 ,hay4 ,,to ,,cook ,,cantharellus ,,cibarius4 ,cut the mushrooms across and remove the stems2 put them into a closely-covered saucepan with a little fresh butter1 and sweat them until tender1 at the lowest possible temperature4 ,a great heat always destroys the flavor4 ,mrs4 ,hussey4 ,wash1 cut into pieces and put into boiling water2 then stew with fresh butter1 a little olive oil1 chopped tarragon1 pepper1 salt and a little lemon peel2 when cooked simmer over a slow fire for twenty minutes1 moistening from time to time with beef gravy or cream4 ,when ready to serve thicken with the yolk of egg4 ,m4,c4 ,cooke4 ,,to ,,fry4--,dip caps in egg and bread crumbs1 season with pepper and salt and fry in hot butter or oil4 ,,to ,,stew4--,cut the whole plant into small pieces across the grain1 stew slowly in a covered saucepan for forty minutes4 ,add thickened cream or milk4 ,use freely of butter and season to taste4 ,,to ,,roast4--,place in a hot dry pan over a slow fire1 shake and turn until the plants are crisp4 ,butter and season with pepper and salt4 ,a fine camp dish4 ,,to ,,preserve ,,for ,,winter ,,use4--,pull into strips one-half inch wide1 spread on a piece of mosquito netting and place in the sun or current of warm air4 ,when dry hang up in small bags or mosquito netting in a dry place4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,to ,,cook ,,clavaria4 ,fry in hot butter1 oil or fat until well done2 or stew1 covered with a little water1 over a slow fire for half an hour4 ,when done add cream or milk1 a little flour1 plenty of butter and season with pepper and salt4 ,salt last1 always1 or it will harden the plants4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,to ,,pickle 7,english recipe74--,put the tender parts into jars with peppercorns1 mustard seeds and nasturtium seeds4 ,pour on them cold white wine vinegar4 ,fill up and cork hermetically4 ,hay4 ,,to ,,cook ,,clitocybe ,,multiceps4 ,,to ,,bake4--,wash caps1 remove stems1 let drain for a few minutes2 place gills upward in a pan2 place on gills a small-sized lump of butter2 season with pepper and salt2 grate cheese over each layer1 cover pan1 and place in hot oven to bake for one-half hour4 ,an exceptionally fine dish4 ,they are excellent fried4 ,other species of similar consistency may be cooked in the same way4 ,see ,toadstools with ,cheese4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,to ,,cook ,,coprinus4 8,in regard to the ,c4 micaceus ,i find that they are better cooked after the following recipe3 8,trim the stems1 wash the toadstools carefully through several waters1 then drain them in a colander4 ,spread them out in a long baking pan1 dust lightly with salt1 pepper1 put over a few bits of butter1 cover with another pan and bake in a moderate oven for twenty-five minutes4 ,add four tablespoonfuls of cream1 bring to boiling point2 dish on toast4 8,the ,c4 atramentarius may be cooked in precisely the same manner4 ,i find that all these inky mushrooms are better cooked in a very slow heat in the oven1 and they must be covered or they lose their flavor40 ,mrs4 ,s4,t4 ,rorer4 ,c4 comatus1 or any other ,coprinus1 may be treated in the same manner2 or they may be stewed slowly in a covered dish for from five to ten minutes4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,croquettes4 ,to one pint of any well-cooked toadstool of meaty species1 add two hard-boiled eggs1 a sprig of parsley2 pepper and salt to taste2 chop all very fine1 then take two level tablespoonfuls of butter and one of flour1 put over the fire with the toadstools and eggs2 mix thoroughly together1 set aside to cool4 ,when cold1 shape1 dip in egg and bread crumbs1 and fry in hot oil1 butter or fat4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,deviled ,,toadstools4 ,for deviled toadstools prepare the meat as for patties1 adding the yolks of two hard-boiled eggs to each pint of meat1 a pinch of red pepper and a little chopped parsley4 ,serve hot or cold in halves of egg shells1 nested among green4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,to ,,cook ,,fistulina ,,hepatica4 ,mrs4 ,hussey says of it3 8,if it is not beef itself1 it is sauce for it40 ,it can be sliced thin and dressed as a salad with mayonnaise dressing or otherwise4 ,the simplest and best way is to cut the fungus into slices as one would egg-plant4 ,if it is small1 slice it into two parts1 fry in hot butter1 season with pepper and salt4 ,another favorite way is to slice the plant across the grain1 cut into squares of one-half inch and cook very slowly in a covered pan for twenty minutes4 ,add a little water1 and plenty of butter4 ,season with pepper and salt4 ,the ,f4 hepatica always has a slightly acid taste1 which is very acceptable to most persons1 but objectionable to a few4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,salad4--,cut in thin slices and rub them with garlic4 ,mingle with lettuce or other green salad4 ,dress with oil1 vinegar1 pepper1 mustard and salt4 ,serve4 ,hay4 ,,to ,,broil ,,any ,,capped ,,fungus4 ,select those that are spread open and keep the unopened for other styles of serving4 ,cut off the stems close to the tops4 ,baste well with melted butter and sprinkle lightly with pepper and salt4 ,heat the broiler very hot1 lay the caps upon it with the gills up and broil over a clear fire1 turning the broiler first on one side and then on the other4 ,as soon as tender1 which will be in about five minutes1 open the broiler1 remove the caps with care1 and place on well-buttered slices of the toast which have been previously prepared4 ,pour over the whole a sauce made of drawn butter1 or hot water thickened with flour to the consistency of cream4 ,,fried ,,toadstools4 ,take the caps only--one pint--well drained and carefully seasoned with one teaspoonful of salt1 one-half teaspoonful black pepper4 ,place in a pan with one ounce of butter 7a lump the size of a small egg74 ,fry slowly for ten minutes4 ,add a little milk or cream thickened with flour4 ,serve on hot toast4 ,,to ,,cook ,,hydnum4 ,in cooking ,hydnei care must be taken to cook slowly and well4 ,use the tender parts only of stems and caps of the capped species1 and soft1 fresh parts of the maned species2 cut into small pieces of similar size1 stew slowly in covered saucepan for from thirty to forty minutes1 season with butter1 pepper and salt4 ,serve4 ,or1 after stewing for forty minutes as above1 drain off the water1 chop fine1 make into croquettes or into pts4 ,a ,,hunter',s ,,toast4 ,carry a vial of olive oil or a small can of butter1 some pepper and salt mixed4 ,an edible toadstool found1 collect a few dry twigs1 fire them4 ,split a green stick 7sassafras1 birch or spice-wood best7 at one end2 put the toadstool in the cleft1 hold it over the fire2 oil or butter1 season4 ,eat from the stick4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,to ,,cook ,,hypholomas4 ,,to ,,stew4--,wash the caps1 stew slowly in the water which the gills retain1 for half an hour1 keeping dish covered4 ,add plenty of butter1 pepper and salt to taste1 add cream or milk with a little thickening4 ,the ,hypholomas have a slightly bitter taste1 of which most persons become very fond2 if it is objectionable1 add a small amount of lemon juice or sherry4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,h4 ,,perplexum4--,put one dessertspoonful of vinegar in a quart of water4 ,soak the caps in this mixture twenty minutes4 ,then take them out and stew slowly for half an hour in a covered vessel1 adding butter1 pepper and salt to suit the taste4 ,a small quantity of onion is thought by some to improve the flavor1 and a thickening of flour and milk just before serving is an improvement4 ,prof4 ,c4,h4 ,peck4 ,the above is given as recipe for cooking ,h4 perplexum4 ,it answers equally well for the many ,hypholomas resembling it4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,to ,,bake4--,wash caps1 remove stems1 let drain for a few minutes1 place gills upward in a pan1 place on gills a small-sized lump of butter1 season with pepper and salt1 cover pan1 and place in oven to bake for one-half hour4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,to ,,cook ,,lactarii4 ,the rich juices of the ,lactarii are best retained by baking4 ,the species grow hard and granular if cooked rapidly4 ,baked they are excellent4 ,this method is preferable to stewing1 but no one will despise a properly made stew of them4 ,,to ,,cook ,,marasmius ,,oreades4 ,remove the stems1 wash the caps1 place in a covered saucepan and simmer for thirty minutes1 adding sufficient water to prevent scorching2 add a little milk or cream1 butter and season with salt and pepper to taste4 ,or1 simply fry in butter1 make a gravy and season to taste4 ,,to ,,dry4--,string the caps on threads and loop up in a dry place1 and when thoroughly dry place in tight glass jars or tin cases4 ,,to ,,cook ,,the ,,morell--,,morchella 7from ,persoon74 #a4 ,having washed and cleansed them from the earth which is apt to collect between the plaits or hollows of the plant1 dry thoroughly in a napkin and put them into a saucepan with pepper1 salt and parsley1 adding or not a piece of ham4 ,stew for an hour1 pouring in occasionally a little broth to prevent burning4 ,when sufficiently done1 bind with the yolks of two or three eggs and serve on buttered toast4 #b4 ,,morelles ,a ,l',,italienne4--,having washed and dried1 divide them across1 put them on the fire with some parsley1 scallion1 chevril1 burnet1 tarragon1 chives1 a little salt1 and two spoonfuls of fine oil4 ,stew till the juices run out1 then thicken with a little flour2 serve with bread crumbs and a squeeze of lemon juice4 ,p,t,s4 ,the toadstools good for croquettes and pts are such as the ,puff-balls1 ,lactarii1 ,gomphidius rhodoxanthus1 ,fistulina hepatica1 ,tricholoma personatum and many others of the meaty kinds4 ,cut the toadstools into small pieces1 cook slowly until tender1 adding butter1 pepper and salt4 ,let them cook almost dry1 then add cream or milk and thickening4 ,fill pastry shells and serve4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a pretty effect is produced by dipping the rims of the shells in partially beaten white of egg1 then in finely-chopped parsley before filling4 ,,to ,,cook ,,pleurotus ,,ostreatus4 ,remove tough stem-part1 if any1 and use only such parts of the plants as seem fresh and tender4 ,,to ,,stew4--,cut in small pieces across the grain4 ,stew twenty minutes over slow fire with a little water4 ,add cream or milk with a little thickening2 season with butter1 pepper1 salt4 ,,to ,,fry4--,cut into pieces about the size of a medium-sized oyster1 dip in egg and bread crumbs1 and fry in hot butter or oil1 as oysters are fried4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,with ,,cheese--au gratin4--,cut into medium-sized pieces4 ,stew slowly1 rather dry1 for fifteen minutes4 ,pour off liquor2 save it4 ,place in baking dish 7or in individual dishes1 clam shells1 etc47 a layer of ostreatus1 buttering and seasoning each layer1 sprinkle with bread crumbs and grated cheese and so on until dish is filled1 placing cheese on top4 ,pour liquor over the dish4 ,place in slow oven and bake until well browned4 ,this manner of cooking is a favorite4 ,any toadstool may be cooked in this way4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,wash4 ,put them into a chafing dish with one ounce of butter to each half pound of plant4 ,sprinkle over half a teaspoonful of salt1 cover the dish and cook slowly for five minutes4 ,beat the yolks of two eggs with one gill of good milk1 lift the lid1 add the mixture of eggs and milk2 when smoking hot serve4 ,do not allow the mixture to boil or the eggs will become curdled4 ,,recipe ,,no4 #b4--,wash4 ,dust with salt and pepper1 dip in egg1 then in bread crumbs and fry quickly in smoking hot olive oil4 ,the following recipe was given me by a chef3 8,put into the saucepan a tablespoonful of butter1 add a clove of garlic1 a thin slice of onion1 stir until slightly brown and add a tablespoonful of flour4 ,mix carefully1 add a quarter of a teaspoonful of beef extract dissolved in half a cup of water and the same quantity of cream4 ,bring to boiling point1 add a tablespoonful of chopped carrot1 a bay leaf1 and a blade of mace4 ,stand the mixture on the back part of the stove where it will scarcely boil1 for ten minutes4 ,strain and add half a pound of ostreatus4 ,cover and cook for ten minutes4 ,serve on toast40 ,mrs4 ,s4,t4 ,rorer4 ,,to ,,cook ,,puff-,,balls4 ,,to ,,fry4--,remove the thin outer rind1 slice1 dip in egg and bread crumbs1 and fry as egg-plant2 serve without tomato sauce4 ,,to ,,stew4--,cut in dice-shaped pieces1 stew for fifteen minutes in a little water1 pour off the water1 dust with a little flour1 add a small quantity of milk or cream1 butter1 pepper and salt and a little parsley4 ,stew slowly for five minutes4 ,serve4 ,these also may be served in pts4 ,when these are broken open they should be perfectly white inside2 any stains or yellow part should be removed1 otherwise they will be bitter4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,salads4--,cut into strips1 mingle with mustard and cress1 or with blanched dandelions1 scallions and hard-boiled egg1 and dress as ordinarily for a salad4 ,or1 amalgamate with potato salad a l',allemande4 ,hay4 ,,to ,,cook ,,tricholoma ,,personatum4 ,,to ,,stew4--,wash and cut into small pieces4 ,stew for thirty minutes4 ,pour off the water1 add milk slightly thickened1 butter1 pepper1 salt and a little chopped parsley4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,to ,,stew ,,the ,,tougher ,,toadstools4 7,hydnace1 ,polyporace1 ,etc47 ,cut into small pieces of even size4 ,soak for half an hour in tepid water4 ,remove from water1 do not drain2 place in covered pan and simmer for forty minutes4 ,add proper proportion of thickened milk or cream1 butter1 pepper1 salt4 ,those who like may add parsley or nutmeg1 or beef gravy2 in fact1 any flavoring4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,salads4 ,many species of fungi make good salads4 ,the best of these are1 ,russul when young1 fresh and firm2 either sliced raw or stewed and drained2 ,clitocybe multiceps stewed and drained2 ,tricholoma personatum1 raw or stewed2 ,clitopilus prunulus1 raw or stewed2 ,coprinus comatus1 ,c4 micaceus1 atramentarius1 raw2 ,clavaria1 fresh1 young1 brittle1 either raw or stewed2 ,fistulina hepatica1 raw2 any of the edible ,polyporace1 after stewing2 any of the edible ,hydnace after stewing2 the puff-balls1 raw or stewed4 ,any favorite species will make a salad4 ,after cooking allow to drain and cool2 then mix with mayonnaise dressing1 or make a dressing to taste of oil1 vinegar1 salt and pepper4 ,serve on lettuce4 ,,soup4 ,dame ,nature never made a soup4 ,soup is a human invention of more or less distinctiveness4 ,usually it is a successful disguise or covering of invisibility for something which furnishes the name4 ,to make two quarts of a distinctly fungoid soup take one quart of any edible toadstools1 carefully cleaned4 ,put in a well-covered boiler with three pints of water1 and boil slowly for one hour4 ,rub the whole through a colander4 ,reject that which does not rub through readily4 ,add one-half pint of milk thickened with one tablespoonful of flour1 one ounce of butter1 a dessertspoonful of salt1 a teaspoonful of pepper4 ,bring to a boil4 ,serve4 ,any chosen thing or things may be added to the above--the toadstools can not resent it4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,toadstools ,,with ,,cheese4 ,several varieties of fungi are delicious when baked with a small quantity of cheese grated upon them2 notably ,clitocybe multiceps1 the ,hypholomas1 ,armillarias1 ,pleurotus ulmarius and ostreatus1 ,lentinus lepideus and many ,boleti4 ,see recipe for baking4 ,when several layers of plants compose the dish1 cheese should be grated on each layer4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,,baked ,,toadstools ,,of ,,any ,,gilled ,,kind4 ,wash1 place the caps in a tightly covered dish or pan after dipping them in bread crumbs4 ,lay them in layers1 with a small piece of butter on each toadstool1 as well as the proper amount of pepper and salt4 ,bake from twenty to forty minutes as suits the consistency of the species4 ,serve on toast4 ,or1 the caps prepared as above1 may be laid upon pieces of toast and placed in the pan4 ,if this plan is adopted the lower pieces of toast become saturated with the liquor2 therefore1 in serving1 cut from top to bottom of dish4 ,see ,to ,cook ,clitocybe ,multiceps4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,a ,,camp ,,bake4 ,cover the bottom of a tin plate with caps1 spore surface up4 ,sprinkle with salt and pepper1 place a bit of butter on each4 ,put another tin plate on top4 ,set on coals or a heated stone for fifteen minutes4 ,eat4 ,no better baking will result in the best oven4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,glossary ,a-1 prefixed signifies absence2 as aseptate1 without septa4 ,,abbreviations3 cm4 centimeter4 mm4 millimeter4 micron4 in4 inch4 inch or inches4 line7#aab inch7 or lines4 nov4 gen4 new genus4 n4 sp4 new species4 between two figures signifies by2 #bd #b by #d4 - between two figures to2 #b-d from #b to #d4 ,,aber,,rant 7aberran7t-7s1 ppr4 of aberrare1 stray from1 ab1 from1 errare1 to stray71 differing in some of its characters from the group in which it is placed1 said of a plant1 species1 genus4 ,,abjec,,tion 7abjectio7n-71 act of casting away1 abicere1 abjicere1 ab1 away1 jacere1 throw71 throwing off with force1 as spores or seeds2 expulsion4 ,,abjoint 7ab1 from1 junctus1 adjoining71 to joint off or delimit by septa or partitions4 ,,abnor,,mal 7abnormis1 deviating from a fixed rule1 irregular1 ab1 from1 norma1 a rule71 not conforming to the usual type2 irregular1 unnatural4 ,,abor,,tive 7abortivus1 born prematurely71 imperfect or wanting4 ,,abrupt 7abruptus1 steep1 disconnected1 ab1 off1 rumpere1 break71 terminating suddenly4 ,,abstric,,tion 7abstrictus1 ppr4 of abstringere1 abs1 from1 stringere1 bind71 separation of one part from another by constriction1 especially of spores from their hyph4 ,,acaules,,cent1 ,,acau,,line1 ,,acau,,lose1 ,,acau,,lous 7caulis1 a stem or stalk of a plant71 having a very short stem or none2 stemless4 ,,ac,,erose 7acerosus1 chaffy71 narrow1 stiff and pointed like spruce needles2 intermediate in form between acicular and subulate4 ,,acetab,,uliform 7acetabulum1 a cup-shaped vessel2 forma1 form71 cup-shaped1 having the form of a shallow bowl4 ,,ach,,roous 7,gr--priv4 ,gr--color71 colorless1 achromatic4 ,,acic,,ula 7pl4 ,,acicul77a needle1 a small pin1 dim4 of acus1 a needle71 a needle-shaped spine1 prickle or other body4 ,,acic,,ular1 ,,acic,,ulate1 ,,ac,,iform 7acicula1 a small pin or needle71 needle-shaped1 having a sharp point like a needle1 as pine leaves4 ,,ac,,rogen 7,gr--at the top1 ,gr--born1 produced71 a cryptogam which increases by development of an apical cell at the summit of an axis1 having a true stem1 leaf-like appendages1 etc41 as ferns1 mosses1 etc4 ,,acrog,,enous 7as acrogen ous71 7a7 produced at the apex1 as some spores from the apex of a hyphal branch2 7b7 of the nature of or pertaining to acrogens4 ,,acrop,,etal 7,gr--the top1 ,l4--petere1 seek71 developing from below upward1 or from the base toward the apex4 ,,acu,,leate1 ,,acu,,leated 7aculeatus1 furnished with prickles or stings71 slender-pointed4 ,,acu,,leus 7pl4 ,,acu,,lei7 7a sting1 prickle1 spine1 dim4 of acus1 a needle71 a prickle4 ,,acu,,minate 7acumen1 a point or extremity71 terminating in a long drawn point4 ,,acute 7acutus1 sharp71 sharp1 applied to gills having sharp edges or pointed at either end4 ,,ad,,nate 7adnatus1 grown to1 pp4 adnasci1 to grow to71 growing into or fast to2 of gills1 e4 g4 closely attached to the stem4 ,,adnexed 7adnexus1 connected71 of gills attached to the stem1 but not adnate to it4 ,,adpressed 7adpressus1 pp4 of adprimere1 ad1 to2 premere1 to press71 pressed in close contact but not adherent4 ,,adventi,,tious 7adventitius1 prop4 adventicius1 coming from abroad1 adventus1 pp4 of advenire1 come to1 arrive at71 appearing casually1 or in an abnormal or unusual position or place4 ,,ru,,ginose1 ,,ru,,ginous 7ruginosus1 rugo1 rust of copper71 verdigris-green4 ,,affin,,ity 7affinita7t-7s1 affinis1 neighboring1 related by marriage71 morphological relationship2 resemblance in general plan of structure4 ,,agam,,ic1 ,,ag,,amous 7,gr--unmarried ic71 sexless4 ,,ag,,amogen,,esis 7,gr--unmarried1 ,gr--production71 non-sexual reproduction4 ,,agam,,ospore 7,gr--unmarried1 spora1 spore71 spore formed without fertilization4 ,,ag,,aric 7agaricum1 a kind of tree-fungus used as tinder1 named1 according to ,dioscorides1 from the country of the ,agari in ,sarmatia1 where this fungus abounded71 any gill-bearing fungus2 formerly applied only to members of the genus ,agaricus4 ,,agar,,icioid1 of the nature of an agaric2 mushroom-like4 ,,agglom,,erate 7agglomeratus1 pp4 of agglomerare1 adglomerare1 wind into a ball1 ad1 to1 glomerare1 wind into a ball71 7a7 clustered densely1 but not connected together2 7b7 gathered into a rounded mass or into a compacted heap or pile4 ,,agglu,,tinated 7agglutinatus1 pp4 adglutinare1 paste to71 glued to a surface2 grown together fast2 applied to fungi that are firmly attached to matrix4 ,,ag,,gregate1 ,,ag,,gregated 7aggregatus1 pp4 adgregare1 lead to a flock2 add to71 collected together but not cohering4 ,,albu,,minoid 7albumen oid71 an organic substance containing nitrogen in its composition1 as proteids4 ,,allan,,toid 7,gr--a sausage1 ,gr--form71 sausage-shaped2 narrowly oblong4 ,,allia,,ceous 7allium1 garlic1 aceous71 having the odor of onions4 ,,aluta,,ceous 7alutacius1 aluta1 soft leather71 having the quality or color of tanned leather2 leathery4 ,,alveo,,late 7alveolatus1 hollowed out1 alveolus1 a small hollow71 with small depressions like a shallow honeycomb1 pitted4 ,,amor,,phous 7,gr--without form1 shapeless1 misshapen71 without definite form1 structure or position4 ,,am,,phigen 7,gr--around1 ,gr--produce71 a thallogen2 a name applied to a cryptogam which increases by development of cellular tissue in all directions and not at the summit of a distinct axis4 ,see ,,acrogen4 ,,amphig,,enous 7,gr--about2 ,gr--to beget71 not confined to one surface1 growing all around2 e4 g41 hymenium of ,clavaria4 ,,amyg,,daline 7amygdalinus1 amygdala1 almond71 resembling the almond4 ,,amyla,,ceous 7amylum1 starch1 aceous71 composed of1 containing or resembling starch4 ,,am,,ylum 7,gr--starch71 starch4 ,,anal,,ogy 7,gr--equality of ratios1 proportion71 superficial or general resemblance1 without structural agreement2 physiologically or functionally alike1 morphologically unlike4 ,,anas,,tomosing 7,gr--an opening1 outlet1 discharge71 united by running together irregularly2 intercommunication of vessels1 lines1 gills or veins with each other4 ,,angiocar,,pous 7,gr--a capsule1 case1 vessel of any kind71 having the hymenium developed in a closed receptacle4 ,,angus,,tate 7angustatus1 pp4 of angustere1 straiten1 narrow1 angustus1 narrow71 narrow4 ,,an,,nual 7annualis1 a year old1 annus1 a year71 completing growth in one year or season4 ,,an,,nular 7annularis1 relating to a ring1 annulus1 a ring71 ring-shaped4 ,,an,,nulate 7,see ,,annular71 having a ring4 ,,an,,nulus 7,see ,,annular71 the ring on the stem of a mushroom formed by the separation of the veil from the margin of the cap4 ,,anom,,alous 7anomalus1 irregular1 uneven71 deviating from a general rule1 method or analogy4 ,,anom,,aly 7anomalia1 irregularity1 unevenness71 any deviation from the usual character4 ,,ante,,rior 7as if from anterus1 ante1 before71 in front2 denotes a position on the under side of the pileus adjacent to the margin2 thus the end of a lamell next the margin is called the anterior end4 ,,aparaph,,ysate 7a ,gr--an offshoot71 without paraphyses4 ,a,,pex 7pl4 ,,api,,ces77apex1 the extreme end71 in mushrooms the extremity of the stem nearest the gill2 the end furthest from the base or point of attachment4 ,,ap,,ical 7apex1 the extreme end1 point71 relating to the apex or top4 ,,ap,,ices1 plural of apex4 ,,apic,,ulate 7apiculatus1 dim4 of apex1 a point71 terminating in a short1 abrupt point4 ,,apic,,ulus 7pl4 ,,apic,,uli7 7dim4 of apex 7apic-71 a point71 a short1 sharp point4 ,,apothe,,cium 7pl4 ,,apothe,,cia71 7,gr--a storehouse71 in ,ascomycetes1 an open cup-shaped fructification with the hymenium on its upper concave surface2 cup4 ,,appendic,,ulate 7appendiculatus appendicula1 appendix1 an appendage71 hanging in small fragments2 having an unusual appendage4 ,,ap,,planate 7applanatus ad1 to1 planus1 flat71 flattened out or horizontally expanded4 ,,appressed 7appressus1 adpressus1 pp4 of adprimere1 press to1 ad1 to1 premere1 press71 applied closely to the surface or to each other2 adpressed4 ,,approx,,imate 7approximatus1 pp4 approximare ad1 to2 proximare1 to approach71 of gills which approach but do not reach the stem4 ,aqueous 7as if aqueus1 aqua1 water71 watery2 nearly colorless2 hyaline4 ,,arach,,noid 7,gr--a spider's web2 forma1 form71 like a cobweb4 ,,arbo,,real1 ,,arbor,,ical 7arboreus1 pertaining to trees71 tree-inhabiting4 ,,ar,,cuate 7arcuatus1 pp4 arcuare1 to bend like a bow1 arcus1 a bow71 bow-shaped4 ,,arena,,ceous1 ,,arena,,rious1 ,,are,,nose 7arenaceus1 harenaceus1 sandy1 arena1 harena1 sand71 sandy2 growing in sandy places4 ,,are,,olate 7areola1 dim4 of area1 a plot71 divided into little areas or patches4 ,,argilla,,ceous 7argillaceus argilla1 white clay71 resembling or like clay4 ,,ar,,id 7aridus1 dry1 arere1 be dry71 dry4 ,,aris,,tate 7aristatus arista1 awn or beard71 having a pointed beard-like process as in barley4 ,,armil,,la 7armilla1 a bracelet1 armlet1 hoop1 ring1 dim4 prob4 of armus1 shoulder71 a plaited frill hanging from the apex of the stem4 ,,arte,,riole 7arteriola1 dim4 of arteria1 artery71 a small artery4 ,,artic,,ulate 7articulatus1 pp4 of articulare1 divide into joints or members1 articulus1 a joint1 etc471 jointed4 ,,ascend,,ing 7ad1 to1 scandere1 to climb71 inclining or growing upward2 applied to a lamella where its edge forms a line ascending in the direction from the margin of pileus toward the apex of the stipe2 as in conical shaped pilei2 applied to the partial veil when in the young stage its stem-attachment is below the level of its marginal one2 in this case a ring formed from it is called inferior4 ,,as,,ci 7,gr--a leathern bag1 bladder71 spore cases of certain mushrooms1 in which a definite number of spores are enclosed in a sac4 ,,ascif,,erous1 ,,ascoph,,orous 7ascus ferre1 bear71 ascus-bearing4 ,,ascig,,erous 7ascus gerere1 bear71 bearing asci4 ,,as,,cocarp 7,gr--a bag1 a fruit71 in ,ascomycetes1 sporocarp producing asci and ascospores4 ,,ascog,,enous 7,gr--a bag1 producing71 producing asci4 ,,ascomyce,,tes 7,gr--a bag1 ,gr--a mushroom71 group of fungi in which the spores are produced within little sack-like cells1 called asci4 ,,ascomyce,,tous1 of or pertaining to the ascomycetes4 ,,as',,cophore 7,gr--bearing wine-skins2 ,gr--a bag71 sporophore bearing an ascus or asci4 ,,ascoph,,orous1 bearing an ascus or asci4 ,,as,,cospores 7,gr--a bag1 ,gr--seed71 one of a number of spores formed within an ascus4 ,,as,,cus 7pl4 ,,as,,ci7 7,gr--a leather bag1 bottle1 bladder1 etc471 microscopic sack-like cells in which spores1 generally eight in number1 are developed4 ,,asep,,tate 7,gr--without1 ,l4--septum1 a fence71 without partitions or septa1 said of hyph and spores4 ,,ash ,,color 7,see ,,cinereous74 ,,as,,perate1 ,,as,,perated 7asperatus1 pp4 of asperare1 roughen1 asper1 rough71 having a rough1 uneven surface4 ,,as,,tichous 7astichus1 a ,gr--row71 not arranged in rows4 ,,asto,,matous 7astomatus1 mouthless71 without a mouth or aperture2 without stomata4 ,,as,,tomous 7astomus1 mouthless71 without a stoma or mouth4 ,,at,,omate 7,gr--an atom71 sprinkled with atoms or minute particles4 ,a,,tro 7ater1 black71 in composition 8black10 or 8dark40 ,a,,tropurpu,,reous 7ater1 black1 purpura1 purple dye1 ous71 dark purple4 ,a,,trosanguin,,eous 7ater1 black2 sanguineus1 blood1 bloody71 dark purple2 dark blood color4 ,,atten,,uate 7attenuatus1 pp4 of attenuare1 make thin1 weaken1 lessen1 ad1 to1 tenuare1 make thin71 becoming gradually narrowed or smaller4 ,,auranti,,aceous 7aurantium1 an orange71 orange-colored4 ,,aur,,eous 7aureus1 of gold1 golden1 aurum1 gold71 golden-yellow2 yellow with a slight tinge of red4 ,,auric,,ulate1 ,,aur,,iform 7auriculatus1 auricula1 the external ear71 ear-shaped4 ,,auto-,,basid,,ium 7actus1 an act1 dim4 of ,gr--a base1 basidium71 an unseptated basidium giving rise at the apex to four slender sterigmata 7sometimes fewer1 sometimes more71 each bearing a spore4 ,,auton,,omous 7,gr--independent2 of one's own free will2 ,gr--self1 ,gr--hold sway71 said of plants that are perfect and complete in themselves2 not forming part of a cycle2 independent4 ,,ax,,is 7axle1 axis1 pole of the earth71 the central line of growth2 stipe1 stalk1 etc4 ,,azo,,nate 7,gr--without1 ,l4--zona1 a zone71 without zones or circular bands of different color4 ,,ba,,dious 7badius1 bay71 bay2 reddish-brown2 chestnut color4 ,,band1 a broad bar of color4 ,,banded1 marked with bands4 ,,barbed 7barba1 beard71 furnished with barbs1 fibrils or hairs4 ,,base 7bassus1 low1 short1 thick71 the extremity opposite to the apex2 the part of an organ nearest its point of attachment2 applied to lamell2 7a7 the line of attachment to the pileus 7as connected by veins at the base72 7b7 sometimes used to define the end attached to the stipe 7broad or reticulate at the base74 ,,basid,,iogenet,,ic 7,gr--a base genesis71 produced upon a basidium4 ,,basid,,iomyce,,tes 7basidium ,gr--a mushroom71 group of fungi which has its spores produced upon basidia4 ,,basid,,iophore 7basidium ,gr--to bear71 a sporophore bearing basidia4 ,,basid,,iospore 7basidium ,gr--spora1 spore2 seed71 spore acrogenously abjointed upon a basidium4 ,,basid,,ium 7pl4 ,,basid,,ia71 mother cells in the hymenium of basidiomycetes formed on the end of a hyphal branch and abstricting spores2 the spores are generally four in number1 each on a sterigma1 but sometimes more1 sometimes fewer1 and sometimes sessile4 ,see ,,auto-,,basidium and ,,proto-,,basidium4 ,,basip,,etal 7basis1 a base1 petere1 seek1 al71 in the direction of the base4 ,,bay 7badius71 a very rich dark-reddish chestnut2 badious4 ,,bi-1 prefix1 meaning twice4 ,,bib,,ulous 7bibulus1 bibere1 drink71 having the quality of absorbing or imbibing moisture4 ,,bicip,,etal1 ,,bicip,,itous 7biceps 7bicipit-71 two-headed1 al71 in botany divided into two parts at the top or bottom4 ,,bi,,fid 7bifidus1 forked1 bi1 two1 findere1 cleave1 divide71 cleft or divided into two parts4 ,,bifur,,cated 7bifurcus1 two-forked71 divided into two forks or branches as in the gills of certain ,agarics4 ,,biloc,,ular 7bi1 two1 loculus1 a cell1 locus1 a place71 two-celled4 ,,biog,,enous 7bi1 two1 genus1 gena1 born71 growing on living organisms4 ,,bise,,riate1 ,,bise,,rial 7bi1 two1 seriate71 arranged in two rows4 ,,bis,,tre 7fuligineus71 a dark brown color somewhat more reddish than sepia1 but much less so than burnt umber4 ,,boot,,ed1 applied to the stem of a mushroom when enclosed in a sheath or volva2 peronate4 ,,boss1 a knob or short rounded protuberance2 umbo4 ,,bossed1 ,,bull,,ate 7bulla1 a bubble71 furnished with a boss1 stud or umbo4 ,,branched 7brancha1 claw71 dividing from the sides2 also styled furcate and forked2 ramifying1 diverging4 ,,brick1 trade-term for a mass of mushroom spawn1 in dimensions the size of a brick of masonry4 ,,brick ,,red 7testaceus1 lateritius1 rutilus71 a dull brownish-red color like the color of burnt bricks4 ,,broad1 wide or deep vertically1 not narrow4 ,,broccoli ,,color1 the color of a variety of cabbage4 ,,buff 7luteus1 luteolus71 a light dull brownish-yellow1 like the color of dressed buck-skin or chamois4 ,,bul,,bous 7bulbosus1 bulbus1 bulb71 said of the stem of a mushroom when it has a bulb-like swelling at the base4 ,,byssa,,ceous1 ,,bys,,soid 7as if byssaceus1 byssus71 resembling or consisting of fine filaments like the flax or cotton4 ,,bys,,sus 7,gr--originally a fine yellowish flax71 an old name for the filamentous mycelium of certain fungi4 ,c,,ru,,leus1 ,,ceru,,leos 7cruleus1 dark-blue1 dark-green1 dark colored71 light blue2 sky-blue4 ,c,,sious 7csius1 bluish-gray71 pale1 bluish-gray2 lavender colored4 ,c,s,,pitose1 ,c,s,,pitous1 ,,ces,,pitose 7cspitosus1 csposus1 a clump of turf71 growing in tufts or clumps4 ,,calca,,reous 7calcarius1 pertaining to lime1 calyx1 lime71 chalky1 chalk-like4 ,,callos,,ity1 ,,cal,,lus 7callosita1 callosus1 callous71 a hard or thickened spot or protuberance4 ,,calyp,,tra 7,gr--a veil1 hence calyptra1 a hood71 applied e4 g4 to the portion of the volva covering the pileus4 ,,campan,,ulate 7campana1 a bell71 bell-shaped4 ,,canalic,,ulate 7canaliculus1 a little channel71 channeled1 furrowed4 ,,can,,cellate 7cancellatus1 pp4 of cancellare1 make like or provide with a lattice71 latticed1 marked both longitudinally and transversely with an open network4 ,,can,,didous 7candidus71 shining white4 ,,canes,,cent 7canescen7t-7s1 pp4 of canescere1 canus1 white or hoary71 having whitish1 grayish or hoary pubescence4 ,,cap1 pileus2 the expanded1 umbrella-like receptacle of the common mushroom4 ,,cap,,illary 7capillaris1 pertaining to the hair1 capillus1 the hair71 pertaining to or resembling hair4 ,,capil,,liform 7capillus1 hair1 forma1 form71 in the shape or form of a hair4 ,,capillit,,ium 7capillus1 hair71 spore-bearing threads1 filling as a packing material the fruiting part of certain fungi1 variable in thickness and color1 sometimes continuous with the sterile base1 sometimes free1 dense1 persistent or lax and evanescent1 often branched2 found in the ,lycoperdons4 ,,cap,,itate 7capitatus1 having a head1 caput1 head71 having a head1 or the form of a head4 ,,capit,,ulum 7capitulum1 a small head1 caput1 head71 a small head4 ,,cap,,sule 7capsula1 a small box or chest1 dim4 of capsa1 a box71 an enclosing envelope usually thin and membranous4 ,,carbona,,ceous 7carbon aceous71 rigid1 blackish and brittle2 like or composed of carbon or coaly matter4 ,,car,,diac 7cardiacus1 heart71 of or pertaining to the heart2 pertaining to the esophageal portion of the stomach1 opposed to pyloric4 ,,ca,,rious 7cariosus1 caries1 decay71 decayed4 ,,carmine 7carmineus1 coccineus71 a very pure and intense crimson1 the purest of the cochineal colors4 ,,car,,neous 7carneus1 caro1 flesh71 fleshy2 flesh-colored4 ,,car,,nose 7carnosus1 fleshy1 caro1 flesh71 fleshy4 ,,cartilag,,inous 7cartilaginosus1 cartilago1 gristle71 firm and tough2 gristly4 ,,casta,,neous 7castaneus71 chestnut-colored2 chestnut color4 7,burnt umber vermilion47 ,,cau,,date 7caudatus1 cauda1 a tail71 having a tail-like appendage4 ,,caulic,,olous 7dim4 of caulis1 a stalk71 growing on herbaceous stems4 ,,cell 7cella1 a small room1 barn1 etc471 7a7 a small cavity1 compartment or hollow place2 7b7 a mass of protoplasm of various size and shape1 generally microscopic1 with or without a nucleus and enclosing wall1 the fundamental form-element of every organized body4 ,,cell,,ular 7cellula1 dim4 of a cell1 ar71 composed of cells4 ,,cell,,ulose 7cellula1 a cell71 the essential constituent of the primary wall-membrane of cells1 a secretion from the contained protoplasm2 allied to starch1 sugar and inulin4 ,chemical formula1 ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e4 ,,centimeter1 ,,cm4 7centum1 a hundred1 metre1 meter71 in the metric system a measure of length1 the hundredth part of a meter1 equal to #j4cicg of an ,english inch4 ,,centrif,,ugally 7centrum1 the center1 fugere1 flee71 from the center outwards4 ,,centrip,,etally 7centrum1 the center1 petere1 seek1 move toward71 from the circumference toward the center4 ,,ce,p,,form 7cepa1 an onion2 forma1 form71 onion-shaped4 ,,cera,,ceous 7ceraceus1 cera1 wax71 wax-like1 waxy4 ,,cereb,,riform 7cerebrum1 the brain1 forma1 form71 brain-shaped4 ,,cer,,vine 7cervinus1 cervus1 deer71 of a deep tawny or fawn color4 ,,chan,,neled 7canalis1 a water-pipe1 canal71 hollowed out like a gutter2 canaliculate ,,charta,,ceous 7chartaceus1 charta1 paper71 like paper4 ,,chestnut ,,color 7castaneus1 spadiceus71 a rich dark reddish-brown of a slightly purplish cast4 7,vermilion burnt umber47 ,,chlam,,ydospores 7,gr--mantle1 ,gr--seed7 7encased spores71 one of a number of thick-walled resting spores usually formed in rows from the breaking up of the hyph into spherical bead-like cells2 on germination they may develop sporangia or conidiophores4 ,,chlo,,rophyll 7chlorophyllum1 ,gr--yellowish-green2 ,gr,l41 folium1 a leaf71 the green coloring matter of plants4 ,,chloro,,sis 7,gr--greenness1 paleness71 loss of color1 etiolation4 ,,chocolate-,,brown 7chocolatinus71 a rich dark reddish-brown color1 like the exterior glazed surface of a cake of chocolate4 ,,chrome-,,green 7chromium-viridis71 a dull green color1 nearly intermediate between malachite green and sage green4 ,,chrome-,,yellow1 a deep yellow4 ,,cil,,ia 7pl4 of ,,cili,,um71 7cilium1 an eye-lid71 marginal hair-like processes4 ,,cil,,iate 7cilium1 an eye-lid71 fringed with hair-like processes4 ,,cine,,reous1 ,,cinera,,ceous 7cinereus1 cineraceus71 ash-gray2 a light bluish-gray color1 lighter than plumbeous4 ,,cin,,nabarine 7cinnabar1 vermilion1 ine71 cinnabar-colored2 bright red2 vermilion4 ,,cinnamo,,meous1 ,,cinnamon 7cinnamomeus1 cinnamominus71 a light reddish-brown color1 like the inner surface of cinnamon bark4 ,,cinnamon-,,rufous 7cinnamomeo-rufus71 rufous with a tinge of cinnamon4 7,burnt sienna raw umber light red white47 ,,cir,,cinate 7circinatus1 pp4 circinare1 to make round71 disposed in a circle2 circular1 coiled like a shepherd's crook4 ,,circumscis,,sile 7circumscissus1 pp4 of circumscindere1 cut about71 opening or dividing by a transverse circular line2 applied to a mode of dehiscence in some fruits4 ,,cit,,rine1 ,,cit,,reous1 ,,cit,,rinous 7citrus1 a lemon or citron71 lemon-yellow colored4 ,,clath,,rate1 ,,clath,,roid 7clathratus1 ,gr--a lattice71 latticed4 ,,cla,,vate1 ,,clav,,iform 7clavatus1 clava1 a club71 club-shaped1 gradually thickened towards the top4 ,,clay ,,color 7lutescens1 luteolus1 lutosus1 argillaceus71 a dull light brownish-yellow color1 nearly intermediate between yellow ocher and ,isabella color4 ,,cleis,,tocarp1 ,,clis,,tocarp 7,gr--that can be closed1 fruit71 an ascocarp which is entirely closed1 and from which the spores escape by its final rupture4 ,,close1 packed closely side by side2 said of lamell when they are close together2 also styled crowded4 ,,coales,,cent 7coalescens1 ppr4 of coalescere1 grow together71 growing together of similar parts2 coherent4 ,,coch,,leate1 ,,cochlear,,iform 7cochleatus1 cocleatus1 spiral1 cochlea1 coclea1 a snail's shell71 shaped like a snail shell4 ,,cohe,,rent 7coherens1 ppr4 of cohrere1 stick together1 cohere71 sticking together of similar parts2 sometimes used in the sense of connate4 ,,collen,,chyma 7,gr--glue1 ,gr--an infusion71 in ,geaster1 etc41 a cartilaginous-gelatinous tissue1 hygroscopic and with great capacity for swelling1 forming one of the inner layers of the peridium2 its swelling at maturity causes the outer peridium to burst outward in a stellate manner4 ,,collic,,ulose 7colliculus1 a little hill1 dim4 of collis1 a hill71 covered with little hill-like elevations4 ,colloid 7,gr--glue1 semblance71 like glue or jelly4 ,,columel,,la 7columella1 a little column71 a sterile tissue rising column-like in the midst of the capillitium1 serving as a point of insertion for the threads which connect it with the peridium in the form of a network4 7,in ,lycoperdace47 ,,co,,mate1 ,,co,,mose1 ,,co,,mous 7comatus1 hairy1 coma1 a hair71 furnished with a tuft of silky hairs2 hairy4 ,,com,,planate 7complanatus1 pp4 of complanare1 make plane or plain71 flattened vertically to a level surface above and below4 ,,compressed 7compressa1 fem4 of compressus1 pp4 of comprimere1 compress71 flattened laterally4 ,,concat,,enate 7con1 together1 catenare1 link1 chain1 catena1 a chain71 linked together in a chain4 ,,concave 7concavus1 hollow1 arched1 vaulted2 com1 together1 cavus1 hollow71 having a rounded1 incurved surface4 ,,concen,,tric 7con1 together2 centrum1 center71 having a common center1 as a series of rings1 one within another4 ,,concep,,tacle 7conceptaculum1 concipere1 pp4 conceptus1 contain1 conceive71 a closed sporiferous body4 ,,con,,chiform 7concha1 a shell1 forma1 shape71 shell-shaped1 resembling a clam-shell in shape4 ,,concolored1 ,,concol,,orous 7concolor1 of one color71 of a uniform color4 ,,concres,,cent 7concrescentia1 concrescere1 grow together71 growing together4 ,,con,,crete 7concretus1 grown together1 solid71 coalescent2 united in a coagulated1 condensed or solid mass2 grown together4 ,,confer,,void 7conferva1 a name applied to certain of the ,alg1 sea-weeds2 ,gr--form71 like a ,conferva1 from the finely branched threads2 loose and filamentous4 ,,con,,fluent 7con1 together1 ,gr--fluere1 flow71 blended into one4 ,,con,,gener 7congener1 of the same race1 con1 together1 genus 7gener71 race71 of the same genus or kind4 ,,congener,,ic1 ,,congener,,ical1 ,,congen,,erous 7congener1 of the same race1 ic1 ous71 belonging to or nearly allied to the same genus4 ,,congenet,,ic 7con1 together1 ,gr--generation1 seed71 produced at the same time or by the same cause2 alike in origin4 ,,conglom,,erate 7conglomeratus1 pp4 of conglomerare1 roll together1 heap together1 com1 together1 glomerare1 gather into a ball71 densely clustered2 gathered into a round mass2 composed of heterogeneous materials4 ,,conglu,,tinate 7conglutinatus1 pp4 of conglutinare1 glue together1 com1 together1 glutinare1 glue71 as if glued together4 ,,conid,,ial 7conidium al71 pertaining to or of the nature of a conidium or conidia2 characterized by the formation of conidia2 bearing conidia4 ,,conidiif,,erous1 ,,conidioph,,orous 7conidium1 dust1 ferre1 bear71 bearing conidia4 ,,conid,,iophore 7conidium1 ,gr--bearing71 a hypha from which are abstricted conidia4 ,,conid,,ium 7pl4 ,,conidia71 a non-sexual spore formed singly or in chains by abstriction from the ends of hyph or hyphal branches4 ,see under ,,spore4 ,,co,,nifer 7conifer1 cone-bearing1 conus1 a cone1 ferre1 bear71 a cone-bearing tree4 ,,conjuga,,tion 7conjugatio7n-71 a joining1 entomological relationship1 conjugare1 pp4 conjugatus1 join71 union of two cells to form a spore4 ,,con,,nate 7connatus1 pp4 connasci1 con1 together2 nascor1 to be born71 united by growing together from the first4 ,,con,,nivent 7conniven7t-7s1 coniven7t-7s1 ppr4 of connivere1 conivere1 wink at2 overlook71 having an inward direction1 converging1 coming in contact1 said of a cup whose sides curve inward and meet at the margin4 ,,con,,stant 7constan7t-7s1 steady1 firm1 com1 together1 stare71 always present or always in the same condition4 ,,constric,,ted 7constrict ed71 contracted so as to be smaller in one or more places than in others4 ,,con,,text 7contextus1 pp4 of contexere1 join or weave together71 texture2 substance4 ,,contig,,uous 7contiguus1 touching71 near1 or in contact4 ,,contin,,uous 7continuus1 joined1 continere1 hold together71 without a break2 applied to spores or hyph that have no septa4 ,,contor,,ted 7contortus1 pp4 of contorquere1 twist1 com1 together2 torquere1 twist71 distorted1 twisted1 crooked or deformed4 ,,con,,vex 7convexus1 vaulted1 arched1 convex1 concave71 elevated and regularly rounded2 forming the segment of a sphere or nearly so4 ,,convex,o-,,plane1 between convex and flat4 ,,con,,volute 7convolutus1 pp4 of convolvere1 roll together71 covered with irregular convexities and depressions resembling the convolutions of the brain4 ,,cor,,date 7cordatus1 heart-shaped71 heart-shaped4 ,,coria,,ceous 7coriaceus1 corium1 leather71 of a leathery texture4 ,,cor,,neous 7corneus1 horny71 of a horny texture4 ,,cor,,rugated 7corrugatus1 pp4 corrugare1 con1 together1 rugare1 to wrinkle71 wrinkled2 contracted2 puckered2 having a wrinkled appearance4 ,,cor,,tex 7cortex1 cork71 literally bark2 a covering of cells enclosing the axis2 cortical layer2 the outer rind-like layer or layers of some fungus bodies4 ,,cor,,tical 7cortex 7cortic71 bark1 rind1 al71 of or pertaining to the cortex4 ,,cor,,ticate1 ,,cor,,ticated 7corticatus1 pp4 adj41 cortex1 bark71 furnished with bark-like covering2 having a rind4 ,,corti,,na 7cortina71 a veil of spider-web structure rupturing at or near the stem2 applied to the peculiar veil of the genus ,cortinarius4 ,,cor,,tinate 7cortinatus1 cortina1 a curtain71 provided with or pertaining to a cortina4 ,,cos,,tate 7costatus1 ribbed1 costa1 rib71 having a ridge or ridges as if ribbed4 ,,cost 7pl4 of costa1 a rib1 a side71 ribs or primary veins 7as in a leaf74 ,,crate,,ra 7crater1 a bowl71 a cup-shaped receptacle4 ,,crater,,iform 7crater1 a crater1 forma1 shape71 basin or saucer-shaped2 having the form of a crater4 ,,cream ,,color 7cremeus71 a light pinkish-yellow color like cream4 ,,cre,,nate 7crenatus1 crena1 a notch71 notched at the edge1 indented1 scalloped3 ,the notches are blunt or rounded1 not sharp as in a serrated edge4 ,,cren,,ulate1 ,,cren,,ulated 7crenulatus71 same as crenate4 ,,creta,,ceous 7cretaceus1 chalky1 creta1 chalk71 chalky2 of the color of chalk4 ,,crib,,rate1 ,,crib,,riform 7cribrum1 a sieve1 forma1 shape71 sieve-like2 perforated with small holes4 ,,crib,,rose 7cribrosus1 cribrum1 a sieve71 pierced with holes2 perforated4 ,,crimson 7carmineus1 sanguineus1 sanguineo-ruber71 blood-red1 the color of the cruder sorts of carmine4 ,,cri,,nite 7crinitus1 haired1 pp4 of crinire1 provide with hair1 crinis1 hair71 having a tuft of long1 weak hairs4 ,,crisp1 ,,crisped1 ,,cris,,pate 7crispus1 curled1 wavy1 uneven1 tremulous71 having the surface1 especially near the margin1 strongly and finely undulate1 as the leaves of the ,savoy cabbage4 ,,cris,,tate 7cristatus1 crista1 a crest71 crested2 bearing a ridge1 mane or tuft on the top4 ,,cru,,ciate1 ,,cru,,ciform 7cruciatus1 pp4 of cruciare1 torture71 having the form of a cross with equal arms4 ,,crusta,,ceous 7crusta1 a crust1 aceous71 of hard and brittle texture4 ,,cryp,,togam 7,gr--hidden1 marriage71 a plant of the order ,cryptogamia4 ,,cryptoga,,mia 7,gr--hidden1 marriage71 flowerless plants propagated by spores4 ,,cryptog,,amy 7,gr--hidden1 marriage71 obscure fructification as in plants of the class ,cryptogamia4 ,,culm 7culmus1 a stalk71 the stem of grasses4 ,,cu,,neate1 ,,cune,,iform 7cuneatus1 pp4 of cuneare1 wedge1 make wedge-shaped1 cuneus1 a wedge71 wedge-shaped4 ,,cup 7cupa1 a tub1 cask1 vat71 the concave fruiting body of angiocarpous lichens and discomycetous fungi2 the peridium of a clustering fungus4 ,see ,,apothecium4 ,,cu,,preous 7cupreus1 of copper1 cuprum1 copper71 copper-colored4 ,,cu,,pular1 ,,cu,,pulate 7a little cup1 dim4 of cupa1 a cup71 cup-shaped4 ,,cu,,pule1 ,,cu,,pula 7a little cup1 dim4 of cupa1 a cup71 a receptacle shaped like a little cup1 as in ,peziza4 ,,curled1 same as ,,crisp4 ,,curt 7curtus1 clipped1 broken1 shortened71 short4 ,,cur,,tain 7cortina1 a small croft1 screen1 etc471 same as cortina4 ,,cus,,pidate 7cuspidatus1 pp4 cuspidare1 cuspis1 a point1 spear71 with a sharp spear-like point4 ,,cu,,ticle 7cuticula1 dim4 of cutis1 the skin71 a distinct skin-like layer2 cutis1 cuticle1 pellicle and epidermis have been used indiscriminately to describe the separable or inseparable skin-like layer sometimes present on the outer surface of the pileus and stem2 of these terms1 cuticle is used most commonly4 ,,cu,,tis4 ,see ,,cuticle4 ,,cya,,neous 7cyaneus1 dark blue71 bright blue2 azure2 lapis-lazuli blue4 ,,cyano,,sis 7,gr--dark-blue1 osis71 in pathology a blue or more or less livid color of the surface of the body1 due to imperfect circulation and oxygenation of the blood4 ,,cy,,athiform 7cyathus1 a cup2 forma1 form71 cup-shaped1 shape of a drinking glass slightly widened at the top4 ,,cylin,,dric1 ,,cylin,,drical 7cylindricus1 cylinder71 cylinder-shaped2 applied to a branch or stem having the same or nearly the same diameter throughout1 and its cross-section circular4 ,,cym,b,,form1 ,,cym,,biform 7cymba1 a boat1 forma1 shape71 boat-shape4 ,,cyst 7cystis1 the bladder1 bag1 pouch71 a bladder-like cell or cavity4 ,,cystid,,ium 7pl4 ,,cystid,,ia7 7,gr--the bladder1 the dim4 termination71 sterile bladder cells of the hymenium1 generally larger than the basidia cells between which and with which they are formed4 ,,dash1 -1 between two figures to2 from #b to #d4 ,,daughter-,,cell1 any cell when mentioned in relation to the one 7mother-cell7 from which it is derived4 ,,deal,,bate 7dealbatus1 pp4 of dealbare1 whiten1 white-wash1 etc41 de albare1 whiten71 as if white-washed2 covered with very white opaque powder4 ,,decid,,uous 7deciduus1 that falls down2 decidere1 de1 down1 cedere1 to fall71 falling off at maturity or at the end of the season1 not permanent2 losing the foliage every year4 ,,decor,,ticate1 ,,decor,,ticated 7decorticatus1 pp4 of decorticare1 de1 from1 cortex1 bark71 denuded of bark2 destitute of a cortex or cortical layer4 ,,decum,,bent 7decumben7t-7s1 ppr4 of decumbere1 lie down1 de1 down1 cumbere1 lie7 applied to a stem having the lower part resting on the ground4 ,,decur,,rent 7decurren7t-7s1 ppr4 decurrere1 run down71 applied to lamell 7gills7 which are prolonged down the stem4 ,,decurved 7decurve ed1 after decurvatus1 curved back71 curved downward2 opposed to recurved4 ,,deflexed 7deflexus1 pp4 deflectere1 turn aside71 bent or turned down4 ,,dehis,,cence 7dehiscen7t-7s1 dehiscent71 the spontaneous opening of a peridium at maturity to discharge the spores4 ,,dehis,,cent 7dehiscere1 gape1 open71 a closed organ opening of itself at maturity or when it has attained a certain development4 ,,deliques,,cent 7deliquescere1 melt away71 relating to mushrooms which at maturity become liquid or melt down4 ,,delimita,,tion 7delimitare1 mark out the limits1 de limitare1 limit1 bound71 the marking1 fixing or prescribing the limits or boundaries4 ,,den,,droid1 ,,den,,driform 7,gr--a tree1 ,l4--forma1 form71 tree-shaped4 ,,den,,tate 7dentatus1 tooth71 toothed with a concave serrature4 ,,dentic,,ulate 7denticulatus1 denticulus1 a small tooth71 finely dentate4 ,,denu,,date 7denudatus1 pp4 of denudare1 make bare1 strip71 naked2 exposed1 not immersed4 ,,depressed 7depressus1 pp4 of deprimere1 de1 down1 premere1 press71 as if pressed down or flattened2 sunk below the level of the surrounding margin4 ,,dermini1 a group of fungi with brown or rust-colored spores4 ,,descend,,ing 7descindere1 pp4 descensus1 come down1 fall1 de1 down1 scandere1 climb71 applied to a marginal veil when1 in the young stage1 its marginal attachment is below the level of its stem-attachment2 a ring formed from it is called superior2 turned downward4 ,,des,,iccate1 ,,des,,iccated 7desiccatus1 pp4 of desiccare1 dry up1 de1 intensive1 siccare1 dry71 dried4 ,,deter,,minate 7determinatus1 pp4 determinare1 fix1 limit71 ending definitely2 having a distinctly defined outline4 ,,determina,,tion 7determinatio7n71 boundary1 conclusion1 end1 determinare1 pp4 determinatus1 bound1 determine71 assignment to the proper place in a classification or series4 ,,diagno,,sis 7diagnosis1 a distinguishing71 scientific discrimination of any kind2 a short distinctive description1 as of a plant4 ,,diaph,,anous 7,gr--through1 to appear71 of a transparent texture2 permitting the passage of light4 ,,dichot,,omous 7,gr--in two1 to cut71 dividing into two2 regularly forked4 ,,dichot,,omy 7,gr--a cutting in two71 a mode of branching by constant forking or dividing in pairs4 ,,did,,ymous 7,gr--double1 twofold1 twin71 double2 of two equal parts4 ,,differen,,tiated 7differentia1 difference71 exhibiting differentiation4 ,,differentia,,tion 7differentia1 difference1 ation71 7a7 discrimination between by observing or describing the differences2 7b7 the evolutionary process or results by which originally different parts or organs become differentiated or specialized in either form or function2 specialization4 ,,dif,,fluent 7diffluen7t-7s1 ppr4 of diffluere1 dis1 away1 apart1 fluere1 flow71 readily dissolving4 ,,dif,,form1 ,,difformed 7deformis1 deformed71 irregular in form1 not uniform4 ,,diffuse 7diffusus1 pp4 of diffundere1 pour in different directions1 pour out1 dis1 away1 fundere1 flow71 spreading widely1 loosely and irregularly4 ,,dig,,itate 7digitatus1 having fingers or toes1 digitus1 finger71 furnished with fingers2 dividing like the fingers of the hand4 ,,dila,,ted 7dilatare1 spread out2 extend71 expanded2 enlarged4 ,,dimid,,iate 7dimidiatus1 dimidiare1 halve71 halved2 e4 g4 of gills which reach halfway to the stem2 also of pileus when it is semi-circular in outline or nearly so2 as many ,polyporei4 ,,dimor,,phic1 ,,dimor,,phous 7dimorphus1 having two forms71 existing in two distinct forms4 ,,dimor,,phism 7dimorphus1 having two forms71 the property of existing under two distinct forms4 ,,disc1 ,,disk 7discus1 a disk1 trencher71 7a7 any flat circular disk-like growth2 7b7 the central portion of the upper surface of a pileus2 the cup-shaped or otherwise variously shaped hymenial surface of a ,discomycete4 ,,dis,,ciform1 ,,dis,,coid1 ,,dis,,coidal 7discoides1 disk-shaped71 of a circular1 flat form2 disk-shaped4 ,,dis,,cocarp 7,gr--a disk1 ,gr--fruit71 ascocarp in which the hymenium or disk lies exposed while the asci are maturing as in ,peziza1 ,morchella1 etc4 ,,discomyce,,tes 7,gr--a disk1 ,gr--fungus71 a group of ascomycetous fungi in which the hymenium is exposed2 the fruiting body is cupular1 discoid or clavate1 and sometimes convoluted4 ,,discrete 7discretus1 distinguished1 separated71 distinct1 not coalescent4 ,,dissec,,ted 7dissectus1 pp4 of dissecare1 cut asunder1 dis1 asunder1 secare1 cut71 cut deeply into many lobes or divisions4 ,,dissep,,iments 7dissepimentum1 a partition7 dividing walls2 partitions4 ,,dis,,tal 7dist7ance7 al71 pertaining to the apex or outer extremity4 ,,dis,,tant1 7distans1 ppr4 distare1 stand apart71 far apart2 of gills which have a wide distance between them4 ,,dis,,tichous 7,gr--having two rows71 disposed in two rows4 ,,divar,,icate 7divaricatus1 pp4 divaricare1 spread asunder71 separating at an obtuse angle2 diverging widely4 ,,dor,,sal 7dorsalis1 dorsum1 the back71 pertaining to the back1 literally on the upper side4 ,,down1 fine1 soft pubescence4 ,e or ,,ex-1 prefix signifying 8destitute of10 8outside of10 or 8away from40 ,,ebe,,neous 7ebeneus1 of ebony1 ebenus1 ebony71 black like ebony4 ,,ebur,,neous 7eburneus1 of ivory1 ebur1 ivory71 ivory-white4 ,,eccen,,tric 7,gr--out of the center71 excentric4 ,,ech,,inate 7echinatus1 set with bristles1 prickly71 furnished with stiff bristles4 ,,echin,,ulate 7echinulus1 dim4 of echinus1 a hedgehog71 beset with short bristles4 ,,ecto- 7,gr--without1 outside71 prefix signifying 8outside40 ,,ectobasid,,ia 7,gr--outside1 basidium71 basidia placed on an exposed surface2 not enclosed4 ,,eden,,tate 7edentatus1 toothless1 pp4 of edentare1 render toothless71 without teeth4 ,,effused 7effusus1 pp4 effundere1 pour out71 spread over without regular form4 ,,effu,,so-,,reflexed1 effused with upper margin reflected forming a pileus4 ,,egg 7ovum1 an egg71 a young plant before rupture of the volva in ,phalloids1 ,amanitas1 etc4 ,,egutt,,ulate1 not containing guttul4 ,,ellip,,soid 7,gr--ellipse1 ,gr--form71 a solid figure all plane1 sections of which are ellipses or circles4 ,,ellipsoi,,dal1 shaped like an ellipsoid4 ,,ellip,,tic1 ,,ellip,,tical 7,gr--ellipse71 elongate-ovate2 more than twice as long as broad2 parallel-sided in the middle and rounded at both ends4 ,,emar,,ginate 7emarginatus1 pp4 emarginare1 e1 out of2 margo1 the margin71 notched at the end2 of gills with a sudden scoop1 as if scooped out at the point of attachment to the stem4 ,,embossed1 in botany projecting in the center like the boss or umbo of a round shield4 ,,em,,bryo1 the mushroom before leaving its volva1 also an early stage of mushrooms which have no volva4 ,,encrust,,ing 7incrustare1 cover with a rind or crust1 in1 on1 crusta1 a crust74 ,,endem,,ic 7,gr--native71 peculiar to and characteristic of a locality or region2 indigenous in some region and not elsewhere4 ,,endo-1 ,,ento- 7,gr--8in10 8within071 prefix signifying 8within10 8inside40 ,,endobasid,,ia 7,gr--within1 basidium71 basidia enclosed in a dehiscent or indehiscent conceptacle4 ,,endocau,,lous 7,gr--within1 caulis1 a stalk71 growing in the substance of herbaceous stems4 ,,en,,dogen 7,gr--within1 producing74 ,see ,,monocotyledon4 ,,endog,,enous 7,gr--within1 ,gr--producing1 ous71 produced within another body2 of or pertaining to the class of endogens4 ,,endoperid,,ium 7,gr--within1 peridium71 inner layer of the peridium4 ,,en,,dophyte 7,gr--within1 a plant71 a plant growing within an animal or another plant1 usually as a parasite2 entophyte4 ,,en,,dospore1 ,,endospo,,rium 7,gr--within1 ,gr--seed71 7a7 the inner coat of a spore2 7b7 spore which is produced within a sporangium or spore-sac as the ascospores4 ,,en,,siform 7ensis1 a sword1 forma1 shape71 sword-shaped4 ,,entire 7integer1 integrum1 whole71 the edge quite devoid of serrature or notch2 continuous4 ,,entomog,,enous 7,gr--an insect1 produced71 growing upon or in insects4 ,,entomoph,,ytous 7,gr--within1 grow71 growing upon or in insects4 ,,en,,tophyte1 endophyte4 ,,epider,,mis 7,gr--the outer skin71 the external or outer layer of the plant4 ,,epig,,enous 7,gr--growing after or late71 growing upon the surface of a part2 often limited to growth upon the upper surface1 in distinction from hypogenous4 ,,epig,,ous1 ,,epige,,ous 7,gr--on or of the earth2 on the ground71 growing on or in the ground4 ,,ep,,iphragm 7,gr--a covering2 lid71 a delicate membrane closing the cup-like receptacle of the ,nidulariace4 ,,ep,,iphytal1 ,,epiphyt,,ic1 ,,epiphyt,,ical 7,gr--upon1 a plant71 of the nature of an epiphyte4 ,,ep,,iphyte 7,gr--upon1 a plant71 growing upon the outside of another plant2 either parasitic or not4 ,,ep,,ispore1 ,,epispo,,rium 7,gr--upon1 seed71 the outer coat of a spore2 same as exosporium4 ,,epithe,,cium 7,gr--upon1 a case71 the layer sometimes formed above the asci by the concrescent tips of the paraphyses4 ,,epix,,ylous 7,gr--upon1 wood ous71 growing upon wood4 ,e,,qual 7qualis1 equal1 like71 all gills of the same1 or nearly the same1 length from back to front2 stem of uniform thickness4 ,,ero,,ded 7erodere1 gnaw off71 the edge ragged as if torn4 ,,erum,,pent 7erumpen7t-7s1 ppr4 of erumpere1 break out71 prominent2 originating beneath and bursting through the surface of the matrix4 ,e,,tiolate1 ,e,,tiolated 7stipula1 straw71 whitened1 blanched by exclusion of the sun's rays or by disease4 ,,evanes,,cent 7evanescen7t-7s1 ppr4 of evanescere1 vanish away71 fleeting2 vanishing2 soon disappearing4 ,e,,ven1 of a surface which is quite plane as contrasted e4 g4 with one which is striate1 pitted1 etc4 ,distinguished from smooth4 ,a surface may not be smooth and yet be even4 ,,ex-1 prefix4 ,see 8,e-40 ,,excen,,tric 7,gr--out of the center71 not central2 the stems of some mushrooms are always excentric4 ,,excip,,ulum 7excipulum1 a vessel for receiving liquids1 excipere1 take out1 receive71 outer layer of an apothecium or cup developed as part of the receptacle4 ,,exo-1 prefix signifying 8outside40 ,,ex,,ogen 7,gr--outside1 producing71 a plant in which the growth of the stem is in successive concentric layers4 ,,exog,,enous1 growing by additions on the outside2 belonging to or characteristic of the class of exogens2 produced on the outside1 as the spores of hyphomycetous and many other fungi4 ,,exoperid,,ium 7,gr--outside1 peridium71 outer layer of the peridium4 ,,ex,,ospores 7exosporium71 spores which are free1 not produced within a sporangium1 as basidio-spores4 ,,exospo,,rium 7,gr--outside1 seed71 the outer coat of a spore2 same as episporium4 ,,exot,,ic 7exoticus1 foreign1 alien71 foreign1 not native4 ,,expan,,ded 7expandere1 pp4 expansus1 spread out1 ex1 out1 pandere1 spread71 spread out1 as a pileus from convex to plane4 ,,ex,,planate 7explanatus1 flattened1 spread out71 flattened1 expanded2 applied usually to a part which has been rolled or folded4 ,,exser,,ted 7exsertus1 thrust out1 pp4 of exsere1 stretch out71 projecting2 standing out4 ,,exsicca,,ti 7exsiccatus1 pp4 of exsiccare1 dry up71 dried specimens2 especially those published in sets and distributed4 ,,fac,,ultative 7faculta7t-7s1 faculty71 capability1 etc41 having a faculty or power1 but exercising it only occasionally or incidentally2 optional or contingent4 ,,fac,,ultative-,,par,,asite1 an organism which normally lives throughout as a saprophyte1 but which may also go through its course either wholly or in part as a parasite4 ,,fac,,ultative-,,sap,,rophyte1 an organism which normally is parasitic1 but which can vegetate at certain stages as a saprophyte4 ,,fal,,cate1 ,,fal,,ciform 7falcatus1 bent1 curved1 hooked1 sickle-shaped1 falx1 a sickle71 hooked1 curved like a scythe or sickle4 ,,family 7familia1 household establishment1 famulus1 a servant71 a systematic group in a scientific classification embracing a greater or less number of genera which agree in certain characters not shared by others of the same order4 ,,farc,,tate 7farctus1 farcio1 to stuff71 stuffed2 without vacuities2 opposed to fistulose4 ,,farina,,ceous 7farinaceus1 farina1 meal71 mealy4 ,,far,,inose 7farinosus1 mealy71 covered with a white mealy powder4 ,,fas,,cia 7fascis1 a bundle71 a band or bar4 ,,fas,,ciate1 ,,fas,,ciated 7fascia1 a band or girth71 having broad parallel bands or stripes2 banded or compacted together2 exhibiting fasciation4 ,,fascia,,tion 7fascia1 a band71 the act or manner of binding with fasci1 a monstrous flattened expansion of the stem2 condition of being bound or compacted together4 ,,fas,,cicle1 ,,fascic,,ulus 7fasciculus1 a small bundle2 packet1 etc471 a close cluster2 a small bundle4 ,,fascic,,ulate 7fasciculus1 a small bundle71 growing in small bundles or fascicles4 ,,fastig,,iate 7fastigiatus1 sloping1 fastigium1 the top of a gable1 slope71 with branches erect and close together2 sloping upward to a summit1 point or edge4 ,,favose 7favosus1 favus1 a honey-comb71 honey-combed2 resembling a honey-comb4 ,,fawn-,,color 7cervinus1 cervineus71 a light warm-brown color4 ,,ferru,,gineous1 ,,ferru,,ginous 7ferrugineus71 rust-red or the color of iron rust4 ,,fi,,brillar1 ,,fi,,brillate1 ,,fi,,brillose1 ,,fi,,brillous 7fibrilla1 a fiber71 appearing to be covered or composed of minute fibers4 ,,fi,,brous 7fibrosus1 fibra1 a fiber71 clothed with small fibers4 ,,fi,,brous-,,myce,,lium1 ,,fibrillose-,,mycelium1 elongated branching mycelial strands1 formed by the union of hyph4 ,,fig,,urate 7figuratus1 pp4 figuare1 figura1 a form1 shape71 of a certain determinate form or shape4 ,,fil,,ament 7filum1 thread71 a separate fiber or fibril of any animal or vegetable tissue1 as a filament of silk1 wool1 etc4 ,,filamen,,tous1 like a thread2 composed of threads or filaments4 ,,filamen,,tous-,,myce,,lium1 ,,floc,,cose-,,myce,,lium1 mycelium of free hyph which are at most loosely interwoven1 but without forming bodies of definite shape and outline4 ,,fil,,aceous1 ,,fil,,iform 7filum1 a thread1 aceous71 like a thread or filament4 ,,fim,,briate1 ,,fim,,briated 7fimbriatus1 fimbri1 a fringe71 fringed2 cut jaggedly4 ,,fis,,sile 7fissilis1 cleft1 fissus1 pp4 findere1 split71 capable of being split1 cleft or divided in layers4 ,,fis,,sured 7fissura1 a cleft1 chink1 fissure71 cleft or split4 ,,fis,,tular1 ,,fis,,tulose 7fistularis1 like a pipe1 fistula1 a pipe71 tubular1 hollow in the center like a pipe4 ,,fixed1 said of lamell or spines not readily detached from the underlying tissue4 ,,flabel,,late1 ,,flabel,,liform 7flabellum1 a fan71 fan-shaped4 ,,flac,,cid 7flaccidus1 flabby1 pendulous71 soft and limber2 flabby2 without firmness or elasticity4 ,,flaves,,cent 7flavescens1 ppr4 flavescere1 become yellow1 flavus1 yellow71 yellowish or turning yellow4 ,,fla,,vous 7flavus1 golden-yellow1 reddish-yellow71 yellow4 ,,flesh1 inner substance of a fungus-body as distinguished from the cortical and hymenial layers4 ,,flesh-,,color 7carneus1 incarnatus71 a pinkish-color like that observable in the cheeks of a person of fair complexion2 carnation4 ,,flesh,y1 succulent2 composed of juicy cellular tissue4 ,,flex,,uose1 ,,flex,,uous 7flexuosus1 flexus1 a bending1 winding71 wavy4 ,,floc,,ci 7pl4 of ,,floc,,cus7 7floccus1 a lock of wool71 woolly locks4 ,,floc,,cose 7floccosus1 floccus1 a lock of wool71 downy1 woolly2 composed of or bearing flocci4 ,,floc,,culose 7flocculosus1 flocculus1 dim4 of floccus1 a lock of wool71 covered with flocci2 composed of or bearing minute flocci4 ,,folia,,ceous 7foliaceus1 leafy1 of leaves1 folium1 a leaf71 leaf-like2 bearing leaves4 ,,fo,,veate 7foveatus1 fovea1 a small pit1 pitfall71 marked with pits or depressions4 ,,fov,,eolate 7foveolatus1 foveola1 dim4 of fovea1 a small pit71 marked with minute pits or depressions4 ,,free1 said of gills which are not attached to the stem2 said of any part not attached to another2 of spores not inclosed in a special envelope4 ,,frill1 same as ,,armilla4 ,,front1 same as ,,anterior4 ,,fringe 7fimbria1 a border71 a lacerated1 marginal membrane4 ,,fruc,,tification 7fructificare1 bear fruit71 reproducing power of a plant2 fruiting2 also the organs concerned4 ,,fuga,,cious 7fugar1 fugere1 flee71 fleeting1 transitory2 falling or fading early4 ,,fu,,gitive 7fugitivus1 fleeing away2 a fugitive71 quickly disappearing2 evanescent4 ,,fuligin,,eous1 ,,fulig,,inous 7fuliginosus71 sooty-brown or dark smoke-color4 ,,fulves,,cent 7fulvescens71 inclining to a fulvous color4 ,,ful',,vous 7fulvus71 a rather indefinite brownish-yellow or yellowish-brown tint1 like tanned leather2 tawny4 ,,fu,,mose1 ,,fu,,mous 7fumosus1 full of smoke1 fumus1 smoke1 steam71 smoke-colored1 fuliginous4 ,,fun,,goid 7fungus1 mushroom1 ,gr--form71 of1 or pertaining to fungi4 ,,fungol,,ogy 7fungus1 mushroom1 ,gr--speak71 mycology4 ,,fun,,gus 7pl4 ,,fun,,gi7 7fungus1 a mushroom71 a thallophyte characterized by the absence of chlorophyl and deriving its sustenance from living or dead organic matter4 ,,funic,,ular 7funiculus1 a small cord71 having the character of a funicle or small cord4 ,,funic,,ulate 7funiculus1 a small cord71 having a funicle4 ,,funic,,ulus 7,l4--a small rope71 in ,nidulariace the cord of hyph attaching a peridiolum to the inner wall of the peridium4 ,,fur,,cate 7furcatus1 furca1 a fork71 forked4 ,,furfura,,ceous 7furfuraceus1 furfur1 bran71 with branny scales or scurf4 ,,fusces,,cent 7fuscus1 dark1 dusky1 escent71 somewhat fuscous4 ,,fus,,cous 7fuscus1 dusky71 brownish in color2 brown or brown tinged with gray2 dingy1 not pure4 ,,fu,,siform1 ,,fu,,soid 7fusus1 a spindle2 forma1 form71 spindle-shaped4 ,,gamogen,,esis 7,gr--marriage1 generation71 sexual reproduction4 ,,gas,,teromyce,,tes1 ,,gas,,tromyce,,tes 7,gr--stomach1 mushroom71 a group of ,basidiomycetes in which the hymenium is enclosed in a sack-like envelope called the peridium4 ,,gelat,,inous 7gelatinosus1 gelatina1 gelatine71 jelly-like4 ,,gener,,ic 7genus1 race1 sort71 pertaining to1 of the nature of1 or forming a mark of a genus2 having the rank or classificatory value of a genus4 ,,genet,,ic 7,gr--generation71 of or pertaining to origin or mode of production4 ,,ge,,nus 7pl4 ,,gen,,era7 7,l4--race1 birth1 origin1 kind71 a group of species having one or more characteristics in common2 the union of several genera presenting the same features constitute a tribe4 ,,gib,,bous 7gibbus1 hump-backed71 in the form of a swelling2 of a pileus e4 g4 which is more convex or tumid on one side than the other4 ,,gills1 the plates of an agaric on which the hymenium is situated2 the lamell4 ,,gil,,vous1 isabelline2 color of sole-leather4 ,,gla,,brous 7glaber1 smooth71 smooth1 devoid of pubescence2 a surface may be glabrous or smooth1 and not even1 or vice versa4 ,,glair 7clarus1 clear71 any viscous transparent substance resembling white of an egg4 ,,glands1 ,,glan,,dules 7glans1 an acorn1 dim4 glandula1 a gland71 moist or sticky dots resembling the glands on the epidermis of phenogams4 ,,glan,,dular1 bearing glands4 ,,glauces,,cent 7glaucescen7t-7s1 glaucus1 silvery1 gleaming71 inclining to glaucous4 ,,glau,,cous 7glaucus1 silvery1 gleaming71 covered with a whitish-green bloom or very fine white powder easily rubbed off4 ,somewhat like that of cabbage4 ,,gle,,ba 7gleba1 a clod71 in ,gastromycetes1 spore-bearing tissue composed of chambers lined with the hymenium and enclosed by the sack-like peridium1 as in puff-balls1 etc42 in phalloids the peridium or volva ruptures and the gleba is carried up on the stem-like or clathrate receptacle4 ,,glo,,bose1 ,,glob,,ular1 ,,glob,,ulose 7globosus1 round as a ball71 nearly spherical4 ,,glu,,tinose1 ,glutinous 7glutinosus1 gluey1 viscous1 gluten1 glue71 covered with a sticky exudation2 viscous2 glue-like4 ,,gonid,,ium 7,gr--generation2 seed71 same as conidium2 also preferably applied to the algal element of lichens4 ,,gran,,ular1 ,,gran,,ulate1 ,,gran,,ulose 7granula1 dim4 of granum1 grain71 covered with or composed of granules4 ,,gran,,ule 7granula1 dim4 of granum1 grain71 a little grain2 a fine particle2 a sporule found in all cryptogamic plants4 ,,gray 7griseus2 csius2 cinereus2 canus2 leucophus71 a color produced by the mixture of black and white4 ,various shades depending upon varying relative proportions of the components4 ,,greaved 7greve1 the shin-bone71 of a stem clothed like a leg in armor4 ,,grega,,rious 7gregarius1 of a flock71 of mushrooms not solitary but growing together in numbers in the same locality2 in groups but not in a tufted manner4 ,,gru,,mous 7grumosus1 grumus1 a little heap71 clotted2 of flesh e4 g4 composed of little clustered grains4 ,,gut,,tate 7guttatus1 gutta1 a tear71 marked with tear-like spots or drops4 ,,gutt,,ula 7pl4 ,,guttul7 7dim4 of gutta1 a drop71 a small drop or drop-like particle2 the oil-globule in some spores resembling a nucleus4 ,,gutt,,ulate1 finely guttate2 also1 containing or composed of fine drops or drop-like particles2 said of spores containing an oily nucleus-like globule or guttula4 ,,gymnocar,,pous 7,gr--naked1 ,gr--fruit71 having the hymenium exposed when the spores are maturing4 ,,gy,,rate1 ,,gy,,rose 7,gr--a circle71 circling in wavy folds2 having folds resembling the convolutions of the brain4 ,,hab,,itat 7habitat1 it dwells71 natural abode of a vegetable species4 ,,hausto,,rium 7pl4 ,,hausto,,ria7 7haustor1 a drawer1 haurire1 pp4 haustus1 draw71 special branch of filamentous mycelium1 which serves as an organ of adhesion and suction4 ,,hemiangiocar,,pous 7hemi1 half1 ,gr--a vessel1 a case71 partly angiocarpous as those agarics where the hymenium is at first enclosed by a veil or otherwise and later becomes exposed4 ,,hepat,,ic 7hepaticus1 of the liver71 pertaining to the liver1 hence liver-colored2 brownish-red4 ,,herbic,,olous1 growing on herbaceous plants4 ,,heteroge,,neous 7,gr--one of two71 of a structure which is different from adjacent ones4 ,,hibernac,,ulum 7pl4 ,,hibernac,,ula7 7winter residence1 hibernare1 pass the winter71 applied to bodies which are the forms in which certain fungi 7e4 g4 ,typhul7 pass the winter4 ,,hirsute 7hirsutus1 rough1 shaggy1 bristly71 hairy with stiff hairs4 ,,hir,,to-,,ver,,rucose1 bearing hairs grouped in wart-like masses4 ,,his,,pid 7hispidus1 rough1 shaggy1 bristly71 having strong hairs or bristles2 bristly4 ,,hoar,y1 covered with short dense grayish-white hairs2 canescent4 ,,holo-1 7,gr--entire1 complete in all parts71 a prefix signifying entire2 whole4 ,,homoge,,neous 7,gr--one and the same1 kind71 similar in structure2 of the same character4 ,,host1 the name given to any plant or animal supporting a parasitic fungus4 ,,homol,,ogous 7,gr--agreeing1 correspondent71 having the same relative position1 proportion1 value or structure2 having correspondence or likeness4 ,,hu,,mus 7earth1 ground1 soil71 vegetable mold2 woody fiber in a state of decay4 ,,hy,,aline 7,gr--clear71 colorless2 transparent2 clear like glass4 ,,hygromet,,ric 7,gr--wet1 moist1 a measure1 ic71 readily absorbing and retaining moisture4 ,,hygroph,,anous 7,gr--moist2 ,gr--to show71 of a watery appearance when moist and opaque when dry4 ,,hygroscop,,ic1 having the property of absorbing moisture from the atmosphere2 sensitive to moisture4 ,,hyme,,nium 7hymenial1 belonging to the hymenium2 ,gr--a membrane71 the fruit-bearing surface2 e4 g4 covering intimately each side of the gills of an ,agaric4 ,,hy,,menomyce,,tes 7,gr--a mushroom1 ,gr--a membrane71 a group of ,basidiomycetes having the hymenium on the free1 exposed surface of the sporophore4 ,,hy,,menophore1 ,,hymenoph,,orum 7,gr--a membrane1 to bear71 the structure which bears the hymenium2 in ,agarics e4 g4 the under surface of the pileus to which the gills are attached4 ,,hy,,pha 7pl4 ,,hy,,ph71 the elementary filament or thread of a fungus2 a cylindric thread-like branched body developing by apical growth1 and usually becoming transversely septate4 ,,hy,,phal1 of or pertaining to the hypha4 ,,hypocrater,,iform 7,gr--the stand of a crater1 forma1 form71 having the shape of a cylindrical cup the margin of which turns outward2 salver-shaped4 ,,hypog,,ous1 ,,hypoge,,al1 ,,hypoge,,ous 7hypogous1 underground71 subterranean2 forming below the surface of the ground4 ,,hypog,,enous 7,gr--under1 produced1 ous71 growing on the under surface4 ,,hypophyl,,lous 7foltum1 a leaf1 ous71 growing on the under side of a leaf4 ,,hypothe,,cium 7,gr--under1 a case71 layer of hyphal tissue immediately beneath a hymenium4 ,,identification1 the determination of a genus and species to which a given specimen belongs4 ,,im,,bricate1 ,,im,,bricated 7imbricatus1 pp4 of imbricare1 cover with gutter tiles2 form like a gutter tile71 to lay or lap one over another1 like shingles4 ,,immar,,ginate 7in1 negative2 marginatus1 marginate71 without a well-defined margin4 ,,immersed 7immersus1 pp4 of immergere1 dip or plunge into71 sunk into the matrix2 originating beneath the surface of the matrix or of the ground2 growing wholly under water4 ,,imper,,forate 7in1 not1 perforatus1 pp4 of perforare1 perforate71 without any aperture4 ,,incanes,,cent 7incanescen7t-7s1 ppr4 of incanescere1 become gray or hoary71 somewhat or slightly canescent4 ,,incar,,nate 7in1 in1 on1 caro 7carn71 flesh71 flesh-colored4 ,,incised 7incisus1 pp4 incindere1 cut into71 appearing as if cut into2 having marginal slits or notches4 ,,incras,,sated 7incrassatus1 pp4 of incrassare1 in1 in2 crassare1 make thick71 becoming thicker by degrees1 swelling or swollen4 ,,incrus,,ting 7incrustare1 cover with a rind or crust1 in1 on1 crusta1 a crust71 forming a crust-like coating4 ,,indehis,,cent1 applied to a peridium which does not open spontaneously at maturity2 the spores within it becoming freed by its decay4 ,,indif,,ferent1 primitive1 homogenous1 not developed into parts or organs of different structure or function4 ,,indig,,enous 7indigena1 a native71 native of a country4 ,,indigo ,,blue1 a dark blue-color like the indigo of commerce4 ,,in,,durated 7induratus1 pp4 of indurare1 harden1 in1 in1 durare1 harden71 hardened4 ,,indu,,sium 7,l4--a tunic1 induere1 put on71 in certain phalloids1 an appendage or veil hanging from the apex of the stem beneath the pileus4 ,,infe,,rior 7inferior1 lower71 growing below some other part2 of the ring of an ,agaric which is far down on the stem4 ,,infla,,ted1 swollen like a bladder4 ,,inflexed 7inflexus1 pp4 inflexere1 bent71 bent inward4 ,,infundib,,uliform 7infundibulum1 a funnel2 forma1 form71 funnel-shaped4 ,,inhibit,,ion 7inhibitio7n-71 a restraining1 inhibere1 restrain71 the lowering of the action of a nervous mechanism by nervous impulses reaching it from a connected mechanism4 ,,in,,nate 7innatus1 pp4 of innasci1 in1 into2 nascor1 to be born71 originating within the substance of the plant or matrix2 appearing to be within or blending with the substance of a part4 ,,inorgan,,ic1 not produced by vital processes2 not organic4 ,,isabella ,,color 7alutaceus71 a light grayish-cinnamon color1 or light buff-brown4 ,,inser,,ted 7insertus1 pp4 inserere1 to insert71 growing like a graft from its stock2 attached to or growing out of some other part4 ,,insiti,,tious 7insitio1 an ingrafting1 inserere1 pp4 insitus1 sow or plant1 ingraft71 inserted4 ,,inter- 7,l4--in the midst1 between1 among1 during71 prefix signifying 8between0 or 8among0 or 8during40 ,,inter,,calary1 ,,inter,,calated 7intercalatus1 pp4 of intercalare1 inter1 between1 calare1 call71 interposed2 inserted between4 ,,intercell,,ular 7inter1 between1 cellula1 cellule1 ar71 situated between the cells4 ,,interrupt,,ed1 said of any surface or series the continuity of which is broken4 ,,inter,,stices1 spaces between any surfaces or things4 ,,intra- 7intra1 within71 prefix signifying 8within40 ,,intracell,,ular1 situated within a cell or cells4 ,,intralam,,ellar1 situated within or between the plates of the lamell 7gills74 ,,intravenal 7intra1 within1 vena1 vein71 situated or occurring within veins4 ,,introduced1 applied to plants brought from another country and growing spontaneously4 ,,intumes,,cent 7intumescens1 ppr4 of intumescere1 swell up71 swelling up1 becoming tumid4 ,,invag,,inated 7in1 in1 vagina1 a sheath71 sheathed4 ,,in,,volute 7involutus1 pp4 involvere1 to roll up71 rolled inwards4 ,,isabel,,line1 of the color of soiled linen or sole leather2 alutaceous2 brownish-yellow1 yellowish-gray4 ,,la,,biate 7labiatus1 lipped1 labium1 lip71 said of an aperture with distinct lip-like borders4 ,,labyrin,,thine1 ,,labyrin,,thiform 7labyrinthus1 labyrinth71 characterized by intricate and sinuous lines2 like a labyrinth4 ,,lac,,cate 7laccatus1 lacca1 lac71 as if varnished or covered with a coat like sealing wax4 ,,lac,,erate1 ,,lac,,erated1 as if torn4 ,,lacin,,iate 7laciniatus1 lacinia1 a lappet71 divided into flaps2 irregularly cut into jagged edges1 more regular and larger than fimbriate4 ,,lactes,,cent 7lactescere1 turn to milk71 milk-bearing1 provided with a milky juice4 ,,lacu,,na 7pl4 ,,lacu,n7 7lacuna1 a pit1 hollow1 cavity1 etc471 a pit or hollow1 a gap2 a vacancy caused by the admission1 loss or obliteration of something necessary to continuity or completeness4 ,,lacu,,nose1 ,,lacu,,nous 7lacunosus1 full of hollows1 lacuna1 a pit71 marked with small hollows1 pitted2 having or full of lac4 ,,lamel,,la 7pl4 ,,lamel,l7 7lamella1 a thin piece of metal1 wood71 a gill or gills of mushrooms1 on which the hymenium is extended4 ,,la,,nate 7lanatus1 woolly1 lana1 wool71 woolly2 covered with a wool-like pubescence4 ,,lan,,ceolate 7lanceolatus1 lanceola1 a little spear71 lance-shaped2 tapering to both ends4 ,,lat,,eral1 attached to or by one side4 ,,lateric,,eous1 ,,laterit,,ious 7latericeus1 lateritius1 consisting of bricks1 later1 a brick71 brick-colored4 ,,la,,tex 7latex1 liquid2 ferre1 bear71 thick milky juice4 ,,laticif,,erous 7latex1 liquid1 ferre1 bear71 applied to the tubes containing latex1 as in the ,lactarii4 ,,lat,,ticed1 formed by interlacing and crossing lines or columns which leave open spaces between4 ,,lavender 7lavendulaceus71 a very pale purplish color1 paler and more delicate than lilac4 ,,lax 7laxus1 loose1 slack71 not compact1 limber1 flaccid4 ,,lead-,,color 7plumbeus71 same as ,,plumbeous4 ,,lemon-,,yellow 7citreus1 citrinus71 a very pure light-yellow color1 much like gamboge1 but purer and richer4 ,,lentic,,ular1 ,,len,,tiform 7lenticularis1 lentil-shaped1 lenticula1 a lentil71 shaped like a double convex lens2 lentil-shaped4 ,,lep,,idote 7,gr--scaly71 scurfy with minute scales4 ,,leucos,,por 7,gr--white2 ,gr--seed71 a group of fungi having white spores1 hence leucospore1 a white spore2 leucosporous1 having spores of a white color4 ,,lev,,igate 7levigatus1 pp4 of levigare1 make smooth71 having a polished surface4 ,,lig,,natile 7lignatilis1 lignum1 wood71 growing on wood4 ,,lig,,neous 7ligneus1 wooden71 of woody texture4 ,,lig,,ulate 7ligula1 a tongue1 strap1 etc41 ate71 strap-shaped1 flattened like a strap4 ,,lilac1 ,,lilaceous 7lilacinus1 lilaceus71 a light-purple color1 like the flowers of the lilac4 ,,lin,,ear 7linearis1 linea1 a line71 narrow and straight1 slender4 ,,ling,,uiform1 ,,ling,,ulate 7lingua1 tongue71 tongue-shaped4 ,,livid 7lividus1 black-and-blue71 bluish-black1 like the black and blue of a bruise4 ,,lobed1 ,,lo,,bate 7,gr--the lobe of an ear71 having divisions which are large and rounded4 ,,lob,,ulate1 having small lobes4 ,,loc,,ular1 ,,loc,,ulate1 ,,loc,,ulose1 ,,loc,,ulous 7loculus1 a box1 cell71 divided by internal partitions into loculi or cells4 ,,loc,,ulus 7pl4 ,,loc,,uli71 a little chamber or cell4 ,,lu,,cid 7lucidus1 light1 bright1 clear71 clear1 transparent1 bright4 ,,lu,,men 7lumen1 a window-light71 the internal cavity or spaces in a cell or any tubular organ4 ,,lu,,rid 7luridus1 pale-yellow1 wan1 etc471 a color between purple1 yellow and gray2 livid4 ,,lu,,teous 7luteus71 yellowish2 more or less like buff or clay color4 ,,lutes,,cent 7lutescen7t-7s1 ppr4 of lutescere1 turn to mud1 lutum1 mud71 yellowish4 ,,macro- 7,gr--long71 in composition 8large0 or 8long40 ,,mac,,ulate1 ,,mac,,ular1 ,,mac,,ulose 7maculatus1 pp4 of maculare1 spot1 speckle71 spotted4 ,,mam,,miform 7mamma1 a breast2 forma1 form71 breast-shaped2 mastoid2 teat-like4 ,,mar,,ginal ,,veil1 a horizontal membrane extending from the margin of the pileus to the stem2 found in ,hymenomycetes4 ,,mar,,ginate1 having a well-defined border4 ,,maroon 7atro-purpureus1 atro-coccineus71 a rich brownish-crimson1 nearly like the pigment called purple madder2 claret color4 ,,ma,,trix 7matrix1 a womb71 the substance upon or in which a fungus grows4 ,,mauve 7malvaceus1 malvinus71 a light tint of violet4 7,aniline violet white47 ,,medial 7medialis1 medius1 the middle71 applied to ring when situated about at the middle of stem4 ,,medul,,la 7medulla1 marrow1 pith1 kernel1 medius1 middle71 pith1 marrow1 kernel2 inner substance as distinguished from outer or cortical layer or layers4 ,,med,,ullary1 composed of or pertaining to a medulla4 ,,mega- 7,gr--great1 large71 prefix signifying 8great40 ,,melanos,,por 7,gr--black1 --seed71 a group of fungi having black spores4 ,,membrana,,ceous 7membranaceus1 of skin or membrane1 membrana1 skin1 membrane71 pertaining to1 or of the nature of1 skin1 membrane2 membranaceous2 thin1 rather soft and pliable4 ,,meris,,moid 7merisma1 from ,gr--to divide1 --form71 applied to pileus which is subdivided into many smaller pilei2 resembling a ,merisma2 having a branched or laciniate pileus4 ,,mes,,opod 7,gr--middle1 --foot71 plant having a central stem4 ,,mica,,ceous 7micaceus1 mica1 mica71 covered with glistening mica-like particles4 ,,mi,,cron1 ,,mi,,kron1 ,greek3 m21 microscopic unit of measure2 #aajjj of a millimeter2 nearly 4#jjjjd inch2 to convert inches to microns1 approximately1 divide by 4#jjjjd2 represented by the ,greek letter ,greek3 m1 following the number4 ,,millimeter1 ,,mm4 7mille1 a thousand1 meter71 the thousandth part of a meter1 equal to #j4jcicg inch or nearly1 #abe inch4 ,it is denoted by mm41 as #be4d mm4 is #a inch4 ,,min,,iate 7miniatus1 pp4 of miniare1 color with red lead1 minium1 red lead71 vermilion-colored2 of a bright1 vivid red color4 ,,mi,,trate1 ,,mit,,riform 7mitra1 a miter71 miter-shaped1 bonnet-shaped4 ,,mold1 ,,mould1 fine soft earth2 a general term to describe certain fungus growths of a low type4 ,,monil,,iform 7monile1 necklace2 forma1 form71 contracted at intervals in the length like a string of beads4 ,,monos,,tichous 7,gr--single1 --a line71 arranged in one row4 ,,mon,,strous1 of unnatural formation2 deviating greatly from the natural form or structure 7has no reference to size74 ,,morpholog,,ic1 ,,morpholog,,ical1 of or pertaining to morphology4 ,,morphol,,ogy 7,gr--form1 --speak71 the science of organic form2 the science of of outer form and internal structure4 ,,mother-,,cell1 a cell from which another is derived4 ,,mouse-,,gray 7murino-griseus2 murinus74 7,lamp-black white sepia47 ,,mov,,able1 applied to a ring which has separated from the stem and can be moved up and down4 ,,muced,,inous 7mucedo1 mucus71 having the character of or resembling mold or mildew4 ,,mu,,cid 7mucidus1 moldy1 mucere1 be moldy or musty1 mucus1 mucus71 musty1 moldy1 slimy4 ,,mucilag,,inous 7mucilago1 a moldy1 musty juice1 ous71 slimy1 ropy1 slightly viscid1 soft1 moist4 ,,mu,,cous 7mucosus1 slimy1 mucus1 slime71 pertaining to mucus1 or resembling it2 slimy1 ropy1 lubricous4 ,,mu,,cro 7,l4--a sharp point1 esp4 of a sword71 a short and abrupt point of a leaf or other organ4 ,,mu,,cronate 7mucronatus1 pointed1 mucro1 a sharp point71 tipped with an abrupt1 sharp short point4 ,,multi- 7multus1 much1 many71 in composition 8many40 ,,mul,,tifid 7multifidus1 many-cleft71 having many divisions4 ,,multipar,,tite 7multipartitus1 much divided71 divided into many parts4 ,,multisep,,tate 7as if multiseptatus1 multus1 many1 septum1 a partition71 divided by many partitions4 ,,mu,,ricate 7muricatus1 pointed71 rough with short hard points4 ,,muric,,ulate 7muriculatus1 dim4 of muricatus1 pointed71 finely muricate4 ,,mu,,riform 7murus1 wall1 forma1 shape71 resembling the arrangement of the bricks in the walls of a house2 said of spores having septa at right angles to each other4 ,,mu,,rine1 ,,mu,,rinous 7murinus1 of a mouse71 mouse-colored4 ,,mush,,room1 a cryptogamic plant of the class fungi3 applied in a general sense to almost any of the larger1 conspicuous fungi1 such as toadstools1 puff-balls1 hydnei1 etc41 but more particularly to the agaricoid fungi and especially to the edible forms4 ,,mu,,tualism1 symbiosis of two organisms living together and mutually helping and supporting each other4 ,,myc1 ,,mycet1 ,,myceto1 ,,myco1 prefix signifying 8fungus40 ,,myce,,lial1 of or pertaining to mycelium4 ,,myce,,lium 7,gr--a fungus1 an excrescence71 spawn of fungi resulting from the germination of spores2 in agarics e4 g4 forming root-like threads2 the weft of threads from which the mushroom arises4 ,,myce,,lioid1 like mycelium4 ,,myc,,eloid1 like a fungus4 ,,mycetol,,ogy 7,gr--a fungus1 --speak71 mycology4 ,,mycolog,,ical1 relating to fungi4 ,,mycol,,ogist1 one who is versed in mycology4 ,,mycol,,ogy 7,gr--a fungus1 --speak71 the science of fungi1 their structure1 classification1 etc4 ,,mycoph,,agist1 one who eats fungi4 ,,mycoph,,agy 7,gr--a fungus1 --eat71 the eating of fungi4 ,,na,,ked1 bare2 without covering of any kind1 as of an enveloping membrane1 pruinose1 farinaceous or furfuraceous particles1 tomentum1 fragments of volva or veil1 etc4 ,,nap,,iform 7napus1 a turnip1 forma1 form71 turnip-shaped4 ,,narrow1 of a very slight vertical width4 ,,nas,,cent 7nascen7t7s1 ppr4 of nasci1 be born71 in the earliest rudimentary condition2 beginning to exist or to grow4 ,,nat,,uralized1 said of a plant of foreign origin which thrives as if indigenous4 ,,navic,,ular1 ,,naviculoid 7navicula1 a small ship or boat71 boat-shaped2 scaphoid4 ,,netted1 covered with projecting1 reticulated lines4 ,,nigres,,cent1 ,,nig,,ricant 7nigrescen7t-7s1 ppr4 of nigrescere1 become black1 grow dark71 becoming black1 also blackish1 dusky1 fuscous4 ,,nit,,id1 ,,nit,,idus 7nitidus1 shining1 bright1 nitere1 to shine71 lustrous1 shining1 polished4 ,,ni,,veous 7niveus1 snowy1 nix1 snow71 snow-white4 ,,nod,,ule 7nodulus1 a little knot1 dim4 of nodus1 a knot71 a little knot or lump4 ,,nod,,ulose1 ,,nod,,ulous 7nodulosus1 nodulus1 a little knot71 having little swellings1 knotty4 ,,non-1 not2 prefix giving a negative sense to words4 ,,nu,,cleate1 ,,nu,,cleated 7nucleatus1 having a kernel71 having a nucleus or nuclei4 ,,nucle,,olus 7pl4 ,,nuclei7 7nucleolus1 dim4 of nucleus1 a little nut71 sharply defined point often seen in the nucleus4 ,,nu,,cleus 7pl4 ,,nu,,clei7 7nucleus1 a little nut1 kernel1 stone of a fruit72 the central1 highly differentiated mass of protoplasm in a spore or other cells of a fungus1 controlling cell division and reproduction1 functionally the most important portion of a cell1 for in it the process of cell division begins2 sometimes improperly applied to the oil globules or guttul and the vacuoles within some spores4 ,,ob-1 in composition 8inversely40 ,,obcla,,vate 7as if obclavatus1 ob1 from2 clava1 a club71 inversely club-shaped4 ,,obcon,,ic1 ,,obcon,,ical 7ob2 conus1 a cone71 inversely conical4 ,,obcor,,date 7ob2 cordatus1 heart-shaped71 like an inverted heart4 ,,obese 7obesus1 fat71 stout1 plump4 ,,ob,,ligate-,,parasite1 can only grow as a parasite2 see facultative parasite4 ,,ob,,ligate-,,saprophyte1 can only grow as a saprophyte4 ,see ,,facultative ,,saprophyte4 ,,ob,,long1 two or three times longer than broad1 with nearly parallel sides4 ,,obo,,vate1 inversely ovate1 having the broad end upward or toward the apex4 ,,obpyr,,iform 7ob pyriform1 pear-shaped71 inversely pear-shaped4 ,,ob,,solete1 indistinct1 very imperfectly developed2 hardly perceptible4 ,,obtuse1 blunt or rounded4 ,,ochra,,ceous1 ,o,,cherous1 ,o,,chreous1 ,o,,chroid1 ,o,,chry1 ,o,,chrous1 ,o,,chery 7ochre1 ocher1 aceous71 ocher-yellow2 brownish-yellow4 ,,ochra,,ceous-,,rufous 7ochraceo-rufus74 7,yellow ocher burnt sienna light red47 ,,ochre ,,yellow 7ochraceo-flavus74 ,the color of the pigment called yellow ocher4 ,,ochros,,por 7,gr--pale yellow71 a group of fungi having ocher or brown-colored spores4 ,,oleag,,inous 7oleum1 oil71 oily or oil-like4 ,,oliva,,ceous1 ,,olive 7olivaceus1 olivinus71 a greenish-brown color like that of olives 7,sepia light zinnober-green47 ,,olive-,,buff 7olivaceo-luteus74 7,yellow ocher cobalt-blue white47 ,,olive-,,green 7olivaceo-viridis71 a peculiar color1 produced by the mixture of yellow and gray1 resulting in a tint somewhat between olive and dull yellowish-green4 ,,olive-,,yellow 7olivaceo-flavus74 7,light-cadmium black white47 ,,opaque1 ,,opake1 mostly used in the sense of dull1 not shining4 ,,oper,,culum 7operculum1 a lid1 cover1 operire1 cover1 shut1 conceal71 a lid-like cover4 ,,orange 7aurantius71 a deep reddish-yellow like the rind of an orange4 ,,orange-,,rufous 7aurantio-rufus74 7,neutral-orange or cadmium-orange light-red47 ,,orange-,,yellow 7aurantio-flavus71 a color intermediate between orange and yellow4 ,,orbic,,ular 7orbicularis1 orbiculus1 a little disk71 having the form of an orb2 having the shape of a flat body nearly circular in outline4 ,,order1 the most important unit of classification above the genus4 ,,organ,,ic1 pertaining to either living or dead animal or vegetable organism4 ,,os,,mose 7osmosis1 thrust1 push1 impel71 the impulse or tendency of fluids to pass through membranes and mix or become diffused through each other4 ,,osmo,,sis 7,gr--impulsion1 pushing71 the diffusion of fluids through membranes2 see osmose4 ,,osmot,,ic1 of or pertaining to or characterized by osmose4 ,,os,,tiole1 ,,osti,,olum 7ostiolum1 a little door71 mouth of the perithecium2 orifice through which the spores are discharged4 ,o,,vate 7ovatus1 egg-shaped71 egg-shaped2 having a figure the shape of a longitudinal section of an egg4 ,o,,void 7ovum1 egg1 ,gr--form71 egg-shaped2 used to describe solids4 ,,pales,,cent1 inclining to paleness2 becoming pallid4 ,,pal,,lid1 pale1 undecided color4 ,,pal,,udine1 ,,palu,,dinous1 ,,pal,,udose1 ,,palus,,trine 7palus 7palud-71 a swamp71 growing in marshes or swamps4 ,,papil,,iona,,ceous 7papilio7n-71 butterfly71 variegated2 mottled2 marked with different colors2 as the lamell of some species of ,panolus mottled with black spores4 ,,papil,,la 7pl4 ,,papil,l7 7papilla1 a nipple1 a teat1 also a bud1 pimple1 dim4 of papula1 a pustule71 a small nipple-shaped elevation4 ,,pap,,illate 7papillatus1 papilla1 a nipple71 furnished with one or more nipple-like elevations4 ,,papil,,liform1 ,,papil,l,,form1 shaped like a papilla4 ,,papyra,,ceous 7papyraceus1 papyrus1 paper71 parchment2 resembling the material covering a hornet's nest2 pergamentous4 ,,paraph,,ysis 7pl4 ,,paraph,,yses7 7,gr--an off-shoot71 slender1 thread-like bodies growing with the asci2 sterile cells usually club-shaped found with the reproductive cells of some plants4 ,,par,,asite 7,gr--one who eats at another's table1 a guest71 a plant growing on or in another living body from which it derives all or part of its nourishment4 ,,parasit,,ic1 growing on and deriving support from another plant4 ,,paren,,chyma 7,gr--the peculiar tissue of the lungs1 liver1 kidney and spleen71 the fundamental cellular tissue of plants composed of thin walled1 approximately isodiametric cells2 absent in fungi4 ,see ,,pseudoparenchyma and ,,prosenchyma4 ,,parenchym,,atous1 pertaining to1 containing1 consisting of or resembling parenchyma4 ,,pa,,ries 7pl4 ,,pari,,eties71 wall of a cavity or capsule4 ,,pari,,etal 7parietalis1 belonging to walls1 paries 7pariet-71 a wall71 pertaining to or arising from a wall4 ,,par,,tial 7partialis1 divisible1 solitary1 pars1 a part71 secondary2 of a veil clothing the stem and reaching to the edge of the pileus1 but not extending beyond it2 marginal4 ,,pat,,ellate 7patella1 a small pan or dish1 a plate71 shaped like a dish4 ,,patell,,iform 7patella1 a pan1 dish2 forma1 form71 having the shape of a patella or knee pan4 ,,patent 7paten7t7s1 ppr4 patere1 lie open71 spreading1 diverging widely4 ,,pea ,,green1 a pale1 dull green color like the color of green pea pods4 ,,pearl ,,blue1 a very pale1 purplish-blue color4 ,,pearl ,,gray 7margaritaceus71 a very pale1 delicate1 blue-gray color4 ,,pec,,tinate 7pectinatus1 comb-like1 pp4 pectinare1 pecten1 a comb71 with narrow teeth1 arranged as in a comb4 ,,ped,,icel 7pediculus1 a little foot71 foot stalk2 any short1 very small1 stem-like stalk4 ,,ped,,icellate 7pedicellus1 dim4 of pediculus1 a little foot71 having a pedicel or little foot stalk4 ,,pel,,licle 7pellicula1 a small skin1 dim4 of pellis1 skin71 a little or thin skin1 a cuticle2 same as cortical layer and cuticle4 ,,pellic,,ulose 7pelliculosus1 pellicula1 dim4 of pellis1 skin71 furnished with a pellicle or distinct skin4 ,,pellu,,cid 7pellucidus1 perlucidus1 transparent1 pellucere1 perlucere1 shine through1 be transparent71 admitting the passage of light1 transparent1 translucent4 ,,pel,,tate 7peltatus1 armed with a light shield1 pelta1 a light shield71 formed like a shield and fixed to the stalk by the center1 or by some point distinctly within the margin4 ,,pen,,ciled 7pencillum1 a painter's brush71 marked with fine lines2 with pencil-like hairs either on the tip or border4 ,,pen,,dulous1 hanging down4 ,,pen,,icillate 7penicillus1 a pencil71 pencil-shaped2 having a tuft of short hairs resembling a camel's-hair brush4 ,,peren,,nial 7perennis1 lasting the year through1 per1 through1 annus1 year71 continuing growth from year to year4 ,,pergame,,neous 7pergamena1 parchment1 eous71 like parchment4 ,,pericli,,nal 7,gr--sloping on all sides al71 said of wall cells or any lines when parallel with the outer surface4 ,,peridi,,olum 7dim4 of peridium71 a secondary or interior peridium containing a hymenium4 ,,perid,,ium 7pl4 ,,perid,,ia7 7,gr--a pouch1 wallet71 the outer enveloping coat of the sporophore in angiocarpous fungi1 as in puff-balls4 ,,periph,,eral1 of1 belonging to or situated on the periphery4 ,,periph,,ery 7peripheria1 the line around a circle1 circumference1 part of a circle71 the exterior surface of any body4 ,,per,,istome 7peristomium1 around a mouth71 toothed or variously shaped ring around the mouth or orifice for discharge of spores in a peridium4 ,,perithe,,cium 7pl4 ,,perithe,,cia7 7,gr--a lid71 cup-shaped ascocarp with the margin incurved so as to form a narrow1 mouthed cavity2 the case or hollow shell which contains the spores4 ,,per,,onate 7peronatus1 pero1 a kind of high boot71 sheathed1 booted2 said of the stem when it has a boot-like or stocking-like covering4 ,,persis,,tent1 enduring1 continuing without withering1 decaying or falling off4 ,,per,,sonate 7personatus1 masked1 persona1 mask71 masked or disguised in any way4 ,,per,,vious 7pervius1 passable2 per1 through2 via1 a way71 having an open tube-like passage4 ,,pezi,,zoid1 resembling a ,peziza4 ,,pi,,leate 7pileatus1 capped1 bonneted71 having a cap or pileus4 ,,pile,,olus 7pl4 ,,pileoli7 7pileolus1 dim4 of pileus1 a hat71 secondary pileus1 arising from the division of a primary pileus2 a little pileus4 ,,pi,,leus 7pl4 ,,pi,,lei7 7pileus1 a hat71 a part of the receptacle of a fungus1 e4 g4 the cap-like heads of agarics2 it may be stipitate1 sessile1 dimidiate1 regular or irregular in form4 ,,pilif,,erous1 ,,pilig,,erous1 ,,pi,,lose1 ,,pi,,lous 7pilus1 hair1 ferre1 bear71 covered with hair1 especially with fine or soft hair4 ,,pi,,lose 7pilosus1 pilus1 a hair71 covered with hairs2 furry4 ,,pink 7caryophyllaceus71 a dilute1 rose-red color4 ,,pinkish-,,buff 7caryophyllaceo-luteus74 7,yellow-ocher light-red white47 ,,pinkish-,,vinaceous 7caryophyllaceo-vinaceus74 7,indian-red white47 ,,pip-,,shaped1 the shape of an apple seed4 ,,pi,,siform 7pisum1 a pea1 forma1 form71 pea-shaped4 ,,pith 7pit1 marrow1 kernel71 central stuffing in some stems4 ,,pits 7puteus1 a well1 a pit71 depressions in tubes or cells resembling pores2 applied also to hollow depressions in the surface of the cap of the ,morell4 ,,pit,,ted1 covered with pits or small depressions4 ,,placen,,tiform 7placenta1 placenta1 forma1 form71 in the form of a thickened circular disk depressed in the middle1 both above and below4 ,,plane1 having a flat surface4 ,,pli,,cate 7plicatus1 fold1 bend71 folded like a fan2 plaited4 ,,plum,,beous 7plumbeus71 a deep1 bluish-gray color like tarnished lead2 lead-color4 7,lamp-black intense blue white47 ,,plu,,mose1 ,,plu,,mous 7plumosus1 full of feathers or down71 feathery or feathered4 ,,pluri-1 prefixed has the significance of 8many40 ,,pneumogas,,tric 7,gr--lung1 --stomach71 pertaining to the lungs and stomach1 or to the functions of respiration and digestion2 in anatomy noting several nervous structures4 ,,poc,,uliform 7poculum1 cup1 forma1 form71 cup-shaped4 ,,poly-1 a prefix meaning 8many40 ,,polyg,,onal1 having many angles4 ,,polymor,,phism1 ,,pol,,ymorphy1 existence in or exhibition by the same species or group of different types of structure4 ,,polymor,,phous 7,gr--multiform1 manifold71 varying much in appearance1 form or structure in the same species or group2 characterized by polymorphism4 ,,polys,,tichous 7,gr--many1 --row1 line71 arranged in many rows4 ,,pore 7porus1 a pore71 in ,pyrenomycetes same as ostiole2 in ,hymenomycetes same as tubulus or tube1 as the tubules of ,polypores2 also the mouth of a tubulus4 ,,po,,riform 7porus1 a pore2 forma1 form71 in the form of pores4 ,,po,,rose1 ,,po,,rous 7porosus1 porus1 a pore71 furnished with pores or tubules2 pierced with small holes4 ,,porphyros,,pore 7,gr--purple1 --seed71 a group of fungi having purple spores4 ,,porrect 7porrectus1 pp4 of porrigere1 stretch out before1 reach out1 extend1 por1 forth1 regere1 stretch1 direct71 extended forward2 stretched forth horizontally4 ,,poste,,rior 7posterior1 compar4 of posterus1 coming after1 etc471 denotes a position or under side of the pileus adjacent to the stem2 the end of a lamella next the stem is the posterior end4 ,,premorse 7premorsus1 pp4 of premordere1 bite in front or at the end71 having the apex irregularly truncate as if bitten or broken off4 ,,primor,,dial 7primordium1 pl4 primordia1 origin1 beginning71 first formed2 existing from the beginning4 ,,primor,,dium 7,l4--commonly in pl4 primordia1 the beginnings1 primus1 first1 ordiri1 begin71 first beginning of any structure4 ,,primrose-,,yellow 7primulaceo-flavus71 a very delicate pale-yellow1 of a more creamy tint than sulphur-yellow4 7,pale cadmium white47 ,,proc,,ess1 an outgrowth or projection from a surface4 ,,procum,,bent 7procumben7t-7s1 ppr4 of procumbere1 fall forward or prostrate1 pro1 forward1 cumbere1 cubare1 lie71 prostrate2 unable to support itself1 therefore lying on the ground4 ,,projec,,ting1 the anterior end jutting out beyond the margin4 ,,prolif,,erous 7proles1 offspring2 fero1 to bear71 applied to an organ which gives rise to secondary ones of the same kind4 ,,pro,,tean 7,gr--the name of a sea-god71 exceedingly variable2 changeable in form4 ,,pro,,teid1 albuminoid4 ,,proto- 7,gr--first71 an element in compound words of ,greek origin meaning 8first0 and denoting precedence in time1 rank and degree4 ,,protobasid,,ium1 basidium divided by transverse septa into four cells1 each giving rise to a spore from a laterally inserted sterigma1 or a basidium divided longitudinally by septa intersecting each other at right angles into four cells terminating in a long1 tubular sterigma4 ,protoplasm 7,gr--first1 anything formed or molded71 the nitrogenous fluid of variable composition found in living cells2 it is the vital substance into which all food is assimilated1 and from which all parts of the plant are formed4 ,,prox,,imal 7proximus1 nearest71 pertaining to the base or extremity of attachment4 ,,pru,,inate1 ,,pru,,inose 7as if pruinatus1 pruina1 hoar-frost71 covered with a bloom or powder so as to appear as if frosted4 ,,prun,,iform 7prunum1 a plum2 forma1 form71 plum-shaped4 ,,pseudo 7,gr--false1 counterfeit1 etc471 prefix signifying 8false0 or 8spurious40 ,,pseudo-,,paren,,chyma1 a fungus tissue formed of closely woven and felted hyphal threads1 which on section has the appearance of the cellular structure of true parenchyma4 ,,pubes,,cence 7pubescen7t-7 ce71 general term to describe hairyness2 specifically covered with short1 soft1 downy hairs4 ,,pubes,,cent 7pubes1 of mature age71 covered with soft1 short hairs1 downy2 hairy4 ,,pullula,,tion 7pullulare1 pp4 pullulatus1 pullulate71 a mode of cell multiplication in which a cell forms a protuberance on one side which enlarges to size of parent cell and is cut-off from it by a dividing wall2 sprouting2 budding4 ,,pulvera,,ceous1 ,,pulver,,ulent 7pulvis 7pulver71 dust1 powder71 covered as if with powder or dust4 ,,pul,,vinate 7pulvinatus1 pulvinus1 a cushion71 cushion-shaped4 ,,punc,,tate 7punctatus1 punctus1 a point71 dotted with points4 ,,punc,,tiform 7punctum1 point2 forma1 form71 like a point or dot4 ,,pus,,tular1 ,,pus,,tulate 7pustulatus1 pp4 of pustulare1 to blister1 pustula1 a blister1 pimple71 having low elevations shaped like blisters or pustules4 ,,putres,,cent1 soon decaying4 ,,pyr,,iform 7pyrum1 a pear2 forma1 form71 pear-shaped4 ,,quad-1 ,,quadri- 7quadru1 four-cornered1 square1 fourfold1 quattuor1 four71 prefix signifying 8four40 ,,quad,,rate 7quadratus1 square1 pp4 of quadrare1 make four-cornered1 square1 quadra1 a square71 square2 sometimes used to mean 8of four equal parts40 ,,quater,,nate 7quaternatus1 quaterni1 four each71 arranged in groups of four4 ,,ra,,diate1 ,,ra,,diating 7radiatus1 pp4 of radiare1 furnish with spokes1 give out rays1 shine71 arranged like the spokes of a wheel4 ,,rad,,icating 7radicatus1 pp4 of radicare1 take root71 rooting2 having root-like strands which penetrate the matrix4 ,,rad,,icle 7radicula1 dim4 of radix1 a root71 a rootlet4 ,,ra,,meal1 ,,ra,,meous 7rameus1 a branch71 growing on twigs or branches4 ,,ramic,,ulous1 growing on branches4 ,,ram,,ification 7ramificare1 ramify71 branching1 or the manner of branching4 ,,ram,,ify 7ramus1 a branch1 ficare1 facere1 make71 to form branches4 ,,ra,,mose1 ,,ra,,mous 7ramosus1 full of branches71 having many small branches4 ,,recep,,tacle1 ,,receptac,,ulum 7receptaculum1 place to receive things in71 a part of the mushroom extremely varied in form1 consistency and size1 enclosing the organs of reproduction2 usually implying a hollowed-out body containing other bodies2 same as ,,stroma2 same as ,,sporophore2 in ,phalloids the stem1 stem and pileus1 or the clathrate body which supports the gleba4 ,,reflexed1 ,,reflec,,ted 7reflexus1 pp4 of reflectere1 reflect71 turned or bent back4 ,,remote 7remotus1 pp4 removere1 remove71 of gills which do not reach the stem1 but leave a free space between them and it4 ,,ren,,iform 7ren1 the kidney2 forma1 form71 kidney-shaped4 ,,repand 7repandus1 bent backward71 bent or turned up or back2 having a slightly undulating or sinuous margin4 ,,rep,,licate 7replicatus1 pp4 of replicare1 fold or bend back71 folded back upon itself as when the margin of a cup turns outward and downward4 ,,resu,,pinate 7resupinatus1 pp4 of resupinare1 throw on the back71 attached to the matrix by the back1 the hymenium facing outward2 said of fungi spread over the matrix without any stem and with the hymenium upwards4 ,,retic,,ulate1 ,,re,,tiform 7reticulatus1 reticulum1 a little net71 marked with crossed lines like the meshes of a net4 ,,rev,,olute 7revolutus1 pp4 of revolvere1 revolved71 rolled backwards or upwards2 of the margin of a pileus e4g4 the opposite of involute4 ,,rhi,,zines1 ,,rhi,,zoids 7,gr--root1 71 delicate filiform hyphal branches which serve to attach the sporophore to the substratum and supply nourishment4 ,,ri,,mose1 ,,ri,,mous 7rimosus1 rima1 a crack71 cracked1 full of clefts4 ,,rhi,,zomorphs 7,gr--root1 ,l4--forma1 form71 long1 branching or anastomosing1 rigid1 root-like cords of mycelium with a dark or black exterior1 often growing between the bark and timber or about and penetrating the roots of dead and living trees1 produced by ,agaricus melleus and various other fungi4 ,,rhizomor,,phoid 7,gr--root1 form71 root-like in form4 ,,rhodospo,r 7,gr--rose1 seed71 rose or pink spores4 ,,rim,,ulose1 ,,rim,,ulous 7rimula1 a little crack71 covered with small cracks4 ,,rind1 cortex2 bark4 ,,ring1 a part of the veil adhering in the form of a ring to the stem of an agaric2 same as annulus4 ,,ri,,vose 7rivus1 a stream1 channel1 groove71 marked with furrows which do not run in parallel directions4 ,,riv,,ulose 7rivulosus1 rivula1 a little stream71 marked with lines like rivulets4 ,,root,,ing1 same as radicating4 ,,rosaceous 7rosaceus1 pallidoroseus1 caryophyllaceus71 a very pure purplish-pink color1 like some varieties of roses4 ,,rose-,,red 7roseus1 rosaceo-ruber71 the purest possible purplish-red color4 ,,ros,,trate 7rostratus1 having a beak1 hook or crooked point1 rostrum1 a beak71 beaked2 having a process resembling the beak of a bird4 ,,rotund1 round or nearly so4 ,,rubes,,cent 7rubescents1 ppr4 of rubescere1 become red1 rubere1 be red71 tending to a red-color4 ,,rubig,,inous 7rubiginosus1 rubigo1 rust71 rust-colored4 ,,rufes,,cent 7rufescere1 to become reddish71 tending to rufous or a dull red color4 ,,ruf,,fled1 very strongly undulate4 ,,ru,,fous 7rufus71 a brownish-red color like the pigment called ,venetian-red1 light red1 ,indian-red1 red chalk1 etc41 which represents various shades of rufous4 ,the typical shade is light red4 ,,ru,,gose 7rugosus1 ruga1 a wrinkle71 wrinkled4 ,,ru,,gulose 7rugula1 dim4 of ruga1 a wrinkle71 minutely rugose4 ,,run,,cinate 7runcina1 a plane71 irregularly saw-toothed1 the divisions or teeth hooked backward4 ,,russet 7russatus71 a bright tawny-brown color with a tinge of rusty4 ,,sab,,uline1 ,,sab,,ulose 7sabulum1 sand1 ine71 growing in sandy places4 ,,sac,,cate 7saccus1 a bag71 in the form of a sack or pouch4 ,,sac,,charine 7saccharon1 sugar71 of or resembling sugar1 covered with shining grains like those of sugar4 ,,sac,,cule1 ,,sac,,culus 7sacculus1 dim4 of saccus1 a bag71 a small sack or pouch4 ,,salmon-,,color 7salmonaceus7 7carneus71 a color intermediate between flesh color and orange1 like the flesh of the salmon4 7,saturn red or orange chrome white47 ,,sanguin,,eous 7sanguineus1 of blood1 bloody71 blood-colored2 of a deep1 somewhat brownish-red color2 like the color of clotted blood4 ,,sap,,id 7sapidus1 having taste1 savory1 sapere1 have a taste71 agreeable to the taste4 ,,saprog,,enous 7,gr--rotten1 ,gr--producing71 growing in decaying or decomposing animal or vegetable matter4 ,,sap,,rophyte 7,gr--rotten1 ,gr--a plant71 a plant that lives on decaying vegetable or animal matter4 ,,saprophyt,,ic1 living upon and deriving its sustenance from dead organic matter4 ,,sca,,brate1 ,,sca,,brous 7scabrosus1 scaber1 rough71 rough on the surface2 rugged4 ,,scalar,,iform 7scalaria1 a flight of steps2 forma1 form71 in the form of a ladder4 ,,scaph,,oid 7,gr--like a bowl or boat1 ,gr--form71 boat-shaped4 ,,sca,,riose1 ,,sca,,rious 7scariosus1 from scaria1 a thorny shrub71 thin1 dry1 membranaceous2 applied to a shriveled membrane4 ,,scis,,sile 7scissilis1 to cleave71 capable of being easily split or cleft2 said of gills which can easily be split into two plates4 ,,sclerit,,ic1 ,,scle,,roid1 ,,scle,,rose1 ,,scle,,rosed 7,gr--hard1 rough1 harsh71 having a hard texture4 ,,sclero,,tioid 7,gr--hard1 resemblance71 in the form of a sclerotium2 a form assumed by the mycelium of certain fungi4 ,,sclero,,tium 7pl4 ,,sclerotia7 7,gr--hard71 hard1 black1 compact1 mostly tuber-like body1 which is the resting stage of certain fungi1 as in ,peziza tuberosa2 it remains dormant for a time and then sends up shoots1 which develop into sporophores at the expense of the reserve material4 ,,scrobic,,ulate 7scrobiculatus1 scrobiculus1 dim4 of scrobis1 a trench71 marked with small pits2 furrowed4 ,,scrupose1 rough with small irregular prominences4 ,,scu,,tellate 7scutellatus1 scutella1 a salver1 dish71 shaped like a plate or platter4 ,,section1 a cutting1 cutting off1 excision1 amputation1 etc4 ,,semi-1 prefix meaning 8half0 or 8partial40 ,,sep,,arable 7separabilis1 that can be separated1 separare1 separate71 capable of being detached4 ,,sep,,arating1 becoming detached1 as lamell from the stem1 or resupinate fungi from the matrix4 ,,se,,pia1 a deep1 dark-brown color1 with a little red in its composition4 ,the pigment called sepia is a carbonaceous matter1 prepared from the natural ink of a species of cuttle-fish4 ,,sep,,tate 7septum1 a fence71 having partitions4 ,,sep,,tum 7pl4 ,,septa7 7septum1 a fence71 partition4 ,,se,,riate 7seriatus1 pp4 of seriare1 arrange in a series71 arranged in rows4 ,,seric,,eous 7sericum1 silk71 silky4 ,,ser,,rate 7serratus1 saw-shaped71 having marginal teeth shaped like saw teeth4 ,,ser,,rulate 7serrulatus1 serrula1 dim4 of serra1 a saw71 minutely serrate4 ,,ses,,sile 7sessilis1 sessus1 pp4 sedere1 sit71 attached by the base2 having no stem or support4 ,,se,,ta 7pl4 ,,se,t7 7seta1 a bristle71 a stiff-bristle-like hair4 ,,seta,,ceous1 ,,setig,,erous1 ,,se,,tose 7seta1 bristle71 beset with bristles4 ,,se,,tose 7setosus1 abounding in bristles71 bristly4 ,,set,,ulose 7setula ose71 finely setose2 covered with setules4 ,,sig,,moid 7,gr--of the shape of a sigma71 said of an elongated spore having the ends bent slightly in opposite directions2 ,s-shaped4 ,,simple1 in botany not formed by a union of similar parts or groups of parts2 a simple stem or trunk is one not divided at the base4 ,,sin,,uate1 ,,sin,,uose1 ,,sin,,uous 7sinuatus1 pp4 sinuare1 sinus1 a curve71 waved2 serpentine2 applied to an edge the outline of which is alternately concave and convex2 a sinuate lamella has a sudden wave or sinus in its edge near the stem4 ,,si,,nus 7sinus1 the fold of a garment1 a curve1 hollow71 a rounded inward curve between two projecting lobes4 ,,slate-,,color 7schistaceus71 a dark gray or blackish gray color1 less bluish in tint than plumbeous or lead color4 ,,smoke-,,gray 7fumidio-canus74 7,black white raw umber47 ,,smooth1 glabrous2 applied to a surface which is destitute of hairs2 a surface may be uneven and yet smooth4 ,,sor,,did 7sordidus1 dirty1 filthy1 mean1 sordere1 be dirty71 of a dingy1 dirty hue4 ,,spadic,,eous 7spadiceus1 spadix1 a palm branch71 date-brown1 duller and darker than bay-brown4 ,,spath,,ulate1 ,,spat,,ulate 7spathula1 dim4 of spatha1 a broad1 flat instrument for stirring liquids71 shaped like a spathula or spoon2 oblong or rounded and flattened at the top with a long1 narrow1 attenuate base4 ,,spe,,cies1 an individual1 or collectively those individuals which differ specifically from all other members of a genus and which do not differ from each other except within narrow limits of variability1 and which produce by propagation other individuals of the same kind4 ,,specif,,ic 7species1 kind1 ficus1 facere1 make71 of1 pertaining to1 constituting1 peculiar to1 characteristic of1 designating species or a species2 not generic1 not of wider application than to a species4 ,,sphag,,num 7,gr--a kind of moss71 peat or bog moss4 ,,spher,,ical1 ,,sphe,,roid1 of the shape of a ball or globe or nearly so4 ,,spic,,ular1 ,,spic,,ulate1 ,,spic,,ulous 7spicule ar71 covered with spicules4 ,,spic,,ule 7spicula1 a little sharp point71 in ,hymenomycetes one of the small projections on the basidia which bear the spores4 ,,spin,,ule 7spinula1 dim4 of spina1 a thorn71 a small spine or prickle4 ,,sporan,,giophore 7sporangium ,gr--bear71 special mycelial branch bearing a sporangium4 ,,sporan,,gium 7pl4 ,,sporangia7 7spora1 a spore1 ,gr--vessels71 sac producing spores endogenously4 ,,spore 7,gr--a sowing1 seed time1 seed1 etc471 the reproductive body of cryptogams analogous to the seed of phenogams2 the terms spores1 sporidia1 sporules and conidia have been applied somewhat indiscriminately to all spore bodies4 ,,sporidif,,era1 a class of fungi in which the spores are enclosed in asci4 ,,sporidif,,erous1 ,,sporidiif,,erous 7sporidium1 ferre1 bear71 bearing sporidia2 applied to a fungus of the class ,sporidifera4 ,,sporid,,ium 7pl4 ,,sporid,,ia7 7dim4 of ,gr--spore71 an ascospore or endospore4 ,see ,,spore4 ,,sporif,,era1 a class of fungi in which the spores are free1 naked or soon exposed4 ,,sporif,,erous 7spora1 spore ferre1 bear71 bearing spores2 applied to a fungus of the class ,sporifera4 ,,spo,,rocarp 7spora1 spore1 ,gr--fruit71 in ,ascomycetes the entire fruit1 composed of the ascophore and the asci4 ,,sporog,,enous 7spora1 spore1 ,gr--producing71 producing spores4 ,,spo,,rophore 7spora1 spore71 branch or portion of thallus which bears spores or spore-mother-cells2 said to be simple or filamentous when consisting of a single hypha or branch of a hypha2 compound1 when formed by the cohesion of the ramifications of separate hyphal branches 7the common mushroom is a compound sporophore47 ,,sport1 an animal or plant1 or any part of one that varies suddenly or singularly from the normal type of structure1 and is usually of transient character or not perpetuated2 not so much deformed as 8monster40 ,,spo,,rule1 see under ,,spore4 ,,squa,,ma 7pl4 ,,squa,m7 7squama1 a scale71 a scale or scale-like appendage4 ,,squa,,mose1 ,,squa,,mous 7squamosus1 squama1 a scale71 covered with appressed scales2 scale-like4 ,,squam,,ula1 ,,squam,,ule 7dim4 of squama1 a scale71 a small squama4 ,,squam,,ulose 7squamulosus1 squamula1 dim4 of squama1 a scale71 covered with small scales4 ,,squar,,rose 7squarrosus1 scaly71 rough with scales2 roughened with projecting points4 ,,stalk1 stipe2 any stem-like supporting organ4 ,,stel,,late 7stellatus1 pp4 of stellare1 set or cover with stars1 stella1 star71 star-shaped4 ,,sterig,,ma 7pl4 ,,sterigmata7 7,gr-- a prop1 support71 stalk-like branch of a basidium bearing a spore4 ,,ster,,ile1 not fertile2 producing no spores4 ,,stipe 7,l4--a stock1 trunk1 post1 etc471 stalk of a mushroom4 ,,stip,,itate 7stipitatus1 stipes1 a stalk71 stemmed1 elevated on a stipe4 ,,sto,,ma 7pl4 ,,sto,,mata7 7,gr--the mouth1 opening1 entrance1 out-let1 etc471 a mouth or aperture2 little orifices in the epidermis of leaves1 etc41 opening into air cavities or intercellular spaces4 ,,straight1 applied to margin of pileus when not involute4 ,,stramin,,eous 7stramineus1 made of straw1 stramen1 straw71 straw-colored4 ,,stra,,tose 7stratum1 a layer71 arranged in distinct layers or strata4 ,,stra,,tum 7pl4 ,,stra,,ta7 7,l4--coverlet1 bed1 pavement1 etc471 a layer4 ,,straw-,,color1 ,,straw-,,yellow 7stramineus71 a very light impure yellow1 like cured straw4 ,,stri,a 7pl4 ,,stri7 7stria1 a channel1 furrow1 hollow71 parallel or radiating lines or markings4 ,,stri,,ate 7striatus1 pp4 of striare1 stria1 a channel1 flute of a column71 marked with stri4 ,,stri,,gose 7strigosus1 striga1 a swath71 rough with stiff hairs4 ,,strobil,,iform 7strobilus forma1 form71 resembling a pine cone4 ,,stro,,ma 7pl4 ,,stro,,mata7 7stroma1 a covering1 coverlet71 a mass in which another object is imbedded2 a compact mass of mycelium in the form of a cushion1 crust1 club or branched expansion upon or in which perithecia or other organs of fructification are borne4 ,,stuffed1 of a stem filled with material of a different texture from its walls4 ,,sub- 7sub1 under1 before1 near71 prefixed signifies 8somewhat10 8almost0 or 8under40 ,,su,,berized 7suber1 cork1 ized71 transformed into suberin or cork4 ,,sub-,,erose 7sub1 under1 erosus1 pp4 of erodere1 gnaw off or away1 consume71 slightly erose2 appearing as if eaten or gnawed on the margin4 ,,su,,berose 7suber1 cork71 corky4 ,,subgle,,ba 7sub1 under2 gleba1 a clod71 basal portion of the gleba4 ,,subic,,ulum 7subiculum1 an under layer71 a more or less thin and dense felt of hyph covering the matrix2 upon its surface is spread the hymenium1 or from it arise stalks supporting sporophores4 ,,substra,,tum 7substratum1 neut4 of substratus1 spread under71 sometimes used in the sense of matrix4 ,,subterra,,nean1 under ground4 ,,su,,bulate1 ,,su,,buliform 7subulatus1 subula1 an awl1 suere1 sew71 awl-shaped4 ,,suc,,culent 7succulentus1 full of juice1 sappy1 succus1 prop4 sucus1 juice71 fleshy1 juicy4 ,,sul,,cate 7sulcatus1 pp4 sulcare1 sulcus1 a furrow71 marked with furrows2 grooved4 ,,sul,,cus 7pl4 ,,sul,,ci7 7sulcus1 a furrow1 trench71 groove or furrow4 ,,sulphu,,reous1 ,,sulfu,,reous 7sulfureus1 sulphureus1 of or like sulphur1 sulfur1 sulphur71 sulphur-colored4 ,,sulphur ,,yellow 7sulphureus71 a very pale pure yellow color1 less orange in tint than dilute gamboge or lemon yellow4 ,,super-1 ,,supra- 7super1 over1 above1 beyond71 prefix meaning 8above0 in position or degree4 ,,superfic,,ial 7superficialis1 of or pertaining to the surface1 situated on or close to the surface4 ,,supe,,rior 7superus1 super1 above71 the upper surface2 or applied to a ring when it is near the apex of the stem4 ,,supravenal 7super1 over1 above2 vena1 vein71 situated or occurring above veins4 ,,sym,,bion1 ,,sym,,biont 7,gr--live together with71 an organism which lives in a state of symbiosis4 ,,symbio,,sis 7,gr--a living together71 the co-existence in more or less mutual interdependence of two different organisms2 mutualism2 mutual parasitism2 commensalism2 consortism2 with some authors commensalism implies an association less necessary or mutually helpful than symbiosis4 ,,symbiot,,ic1 living in that kind of consociation called symbiosis4 ,,syn,,onym 7,gr--a word having the same name with another71 a discarded name for a species or genus2 either of two or more names for the same species or genus4 ,,synon,,ymous1 expressing the same idea2 equivalent in meaning2 having the character of a synonym4 ,,tape,,sium 7tapesium1 tapestry1 carpet71 a carpet or layer of mycelium on which the receptacle is situated4 ,,tawny 7fulvus1 fulvescens1 alutaceus71 the color of tanned leather4 7,nearly synonymous with fulvous47 7,neutral orange raw sienna47 ,,tawny ,,ochraceous 7fulvo-ochraceus74 7,yellow ocher burnt sienna raw umber47 ,,tawny ,,olive 7fulvo-olivaceus74 7,yellow ocher raw umber47 ,,tena,,ceous 7tenax 7tenac-71 holding fast1 tenere1 hold71 tough4 ,,te,,rete 7teret1 round1 smooth71 cylindrical or nearly so1 having a circular1 transverse section2 top-shaped4 ,,terres,,trial 7terrestris1 of or belonging to the earth al71 growing on the ground4 ,,tes,,selated 7tessellatus1 made of small square stones1 checkered ed71 arranged in small squares2 checkered or reticulated in a regular manner4 ,,testa,,ceous 7testaceus1 consisting of tiles or sherds1 testa1 tile1 shell71 same as brick-red4 ,,tetan,,ic 7tetanicus1 affected with tetanus71 pertaining to or characterized by tetanus2 tetanic spasm2 tonic spasm of the voluntary muscles as seen in tetanus1 strychnic poisoning1 etc4 ,,tetra- 7quatuor1 four71 prefix signifying 8four40 ,,tet,,raspore 7,gr--four1 seed71 four spores forming one4 ,,thala,,mium 7,gr--inner chamber1 bedroom1 bed71 synonym for hymenium4 ,,thal,,logen 7,gr--a young shoot1 ,gr--producing71 same as thallophyte4 ,,thal,,lophyte 7,gr--a young shoot1 ,gr--a plant71 one of the so-called 8lower cryptogams10 plants in which the vegetative body usually consists of a thallus4 ,,thal,,lus 7,gr--a young shoot or twig71 a vegetative body which is not differentiated into a true root1 stem and leaf1 has no true vessels or woody fiber2 in fungi it is the whole body of the plant not serving directly as an organ of reproduction1 i4 e43 mycelium1 if any1 and sporophore but not including the hymenial layer4 ,,the,,ca 7,gr--a case1 box1 receptacle1 put1 place71 a sac or case1 generally used in the sense of capsule4 ,,the,,caspore1 the spore thus enclosed by the wall of the sac2 an ascospore4 ,,tis,,sue 7texere1 weave71 the cellular fabric out of which plant structures are built up4 ,,toad,,stool 7toad stool71 a general name applicable to any form of visible fungus2 usually applied to fleshy fungi as distinguished from the molds1 smuts1 etc4 ,mushroom is a name given to a few species of toadstools known to commerce1 and wrongly to other edible species1 of which there are many4 ,,tomen,,tose1 ,,tomentous 7tomentum1 wool1 etc471 densely pubescent with matted wool or tomentum4 ,,tomen,,tum 7tomentum1 a stuffing of wool1 hair1 feathers1 etc471 a species of pubescence consisting of longish1 soft1 entangled hairs pressed close to the surface4 ,,torn1 said of pores which are superficially rough and jagged as if torn4 ,,to,,rose1 ,,tor,,ulose 7torosus1 full of muscle or flesh1 torus1 a bulging1 protuberance71 swollen at intervals4 ,,tor,,sion 7torquere1 pp4 tortus1 twist1 wring71 the state of being twisted spirally4 ,,tor,,sive 7torsus1 pp4 torquere1 twist71 spirally twisted4 ,,tor,,tuous1 bending or turning in various directions4 ,,tox,,ic 7toxicum1 poison71 poisonous4 ,,tra,,ma 7trama1 the weft or filling of a web71 the substance proceeding from the hymenophore1 between the plates of 7central in7 the gills in ,agarics1 and between the double membranes of which the dissepiments of the pores are composed in ,polyporei2 the hyphal plates forming the walls of the chambers of the gleba1 in ,gasteromycetes4 ,,translu,,cent 7translucen7t7s1 ppr4 of translucere1 shine across or through1 trans1 over1 lucere1 shine71 transmitting rays of light without being transparent4 ,,trans,,verse 7transversus1 lying across71 from side to side4 ,,trem,,elloid1 ,,trem,,ellose 7tremo1 to tremble71 of a gelatinous or jelly-like consistency2 resembling ,tremella4 ,,tri- 7tri1 three71 prefix signifying 8three40 ,,tri,,fid 7trifidus1 tres 7tri-7 three1 findere1 cleave71 divided half way into three parts by linear sinuses with straight margins2 three-cleft4 ,,triquet,,rous 7triquetrus1 three-cornered1 triangular71 having three acute angles with concave faces2 triangular2 applied to the vertical radial section of some dimidiate pilei2 three-edged4 ,,trun,,cate 7truncatus1 pp4 truncare1 cut off71 ending abruptly as if cut short2 cut squarely off4 ,,tu,b,,form1 ,,tu,,biform 7tuba1 a tube2 forma1 form71 trumpet-shaped1 tubular4 ,,tube1 ,,tu,,bule 7tubus1 a pipe1 tube71 in polypores1 tube lined with hymenium2 same as pore4 ,,tu,,ber 7tuber1 a bump1 swelling1 knob on plant1 etc471 fleshy body1 usually of a rounded or oblong form1 produced on underground stems1 as the potato or artichoke2 a genus of underground fungi4 ,,tu,,bercle 7tuberculum1 dim4 of tuber1 a swelling71 a small1 wart-like excrescence2 a small swelling4 ,,tuber,,cular1 ,,tuber,,culate1 ,,tuber,,culose 7tuberculum1 tubercle71 having or covered with tubercles2 formed like or forming a tubercle4 ,,tuber,,culiform 7tuberculum1 tubercle1 forma1 form71 shaped like a tubercle4 ,,tu,,berous 7tuberosus1 full of lumps or protuberances1 tuber1 a knob1 lump71 rounded and swollen2 resembling a tuber4 ,,tu,,bular 7tubulus1 a small pipe71 hollow and cylindrical4 ,,tu,,bulus 7pl4 ,,tubuli7 7tubules1 tube71 same as tube2 pore4 ,,tu,,mid 7tumidus1 swollen1 swelling1 tumere1 swell71 swollen1 slightly inflated4 ,,tur,,binate 7turbinatus1 shaped like a top or cone71 top-shaped2 shape of an inverted cone4 ,,tur,,gid 7turgidus1 swollen1 turgere1 swell out71 thickened as if swollen2 distended with liquid4 ,,tur,,gor 7turgere1 swell71 the state of being turgid2 a state of distension and tension of plant cells and parts by reason of their fullness of liquid4 ,,type1 a perfect specimen or individual exemplifying the essential characters of the species to which it belongs2 the original specimen from which a species was described4 ,,typ,,ical1 agreeing closely with the characters assigned to a group or species4 ,,ulig,,inose1 ,,ulig,,inous 7uliginosus1 full of moisture1 damp1 uligo1 moisture1 marshiness71 growing in marshes or swamps4 ,,ul,,timate 7ultimatus1 farthest1 last1 pp4 of ultimare1 come to an end1 ultimus1 last1 finish71 farthest1 last4 ,,um,,ber1 ,,um,,brinous 7umbra1 shade1 shadow71 the color of the pigment called raw umber4 ,,umbil,,icate 7umbilicatus1 umbilicus1 navel71 with a central depression or rounded pit2 having a navel-like depression4 ,,umbili,,cus 7umbilicus1 navel71 a navel-like depression4 ,,umbo 7boss of a shield71 applied to the central elevation of the cap of some mushrooms4 ,,um,,bonate 7umbonatus1 umbo1 the boss of a shield71 with a central boss-like elevation4 ,,un,,cinate 7uncinatus1 uncinus1 a hook71 hooked2 forming a hook4 ,,un,,dulate1 ,,un,,date 7undatus1 pp4 of undare1 rise in waves1 unda1 a wave71 having the surface near the margin alternately concave and convex2 waved4 ,,une,,qual1 applied to gills when of unequal lengths2 to a stem not of uniform thickness4 ,,une,,ven1 said of surfaces that are irregular1 striate1 sulcate1 etc4 ,,un,,gulate1 ,,un,,gulous 7ungulatus1 having claws or hoofs1 ungula1 claw1 talon1 hoof71 hoof-shaped4 ,,uni-1 prefix signifying 8one40 ,,unicol,,orous 7unicolor1 having one color1 ous71 of a uniform color2 of the same color4 ,,unise,,riate 7unus1 one1 series1 series71 arranged in one row4 ,,univer,,sal 7universus1 whole71 said of the veil or volva which entirely envelopes the fungus when young4 ,,unsep,,tate 7un1 not2 septum1 a fence71 having no partitions4 ,,ur,,ceolate 7urceolus1 a little pitcher1 ate71 shaped like a pitcher with a contracted mouth4 ,u,,terus 7uterus1 the womb1 belly71 same as peridium in ,gastromycetes4 ,u,,tricle 7utriculus1 a little leather bag or bottle1 etc471 any thin bladder-like or bottle-like body4 ,,vac,,uolate1 ,,vac,,uolated 7vacuole ate71 provided with vacuoles4 ,,vac,,uole 7vacuolum1 dim4 of vacuum1 an empty space71 a cavity of greater or less size within the protoplasmic mass of active vegetable cells filled with water or cell-sap1 as it is called4 ,,vag,,inate 7vagina1 a sheath71 furnished with or contained in a sheath2 sheathed4 ,,vague1 indefinite1 indistinct4 ,,vandyke ,,brown1 a rich deep brown1 very similar to burnt umber1 but rather less reddish4 ,,va,,riable 7variabilis1 changeable1 variare1 change71 said of a species which embraces many individuals which depart more or less from the type of the group4 ,,va,,riegated1 marked with different colors2 mottled2 same as ,,papilionaceous4 ,,vari,,ety1 a subdivision of a species with minor characteristics uniformly varying from the type2 an incipient species4 ,,vas,,cular 7vasculum1 a small vessel71 consisting of1 relating to or furnished with vessels or ducts4 ,,vaul,,ted1 arched like the roof of the mouth4 ,,veil1 ,,ve,,lum 7velum1 a veil71 a covering of various texture more or less completely enwrapping a fungus2 occurring chiefly among the ,agaricini2 partial or marginal veil1 a special envelope extending from the margin of the pileus to the stem enclosing the gills2 universal veil or volva1 a special envelope enclosing the entire plant in the young state1 either concrete with the cuticle of the pileus as in ,lepiota or discrete as in ,amanita1 ultimately ruptured by the expanding pileus1 a membranaceous or fibrous or granulose coating stretched over the mouth of an apothecium or cup soon breaking into fragments4 ,,veins1 swollen wrinkles on the sides of1 and at the base between the gills1 often connected to form cross partitions1 7b7 so-called1 the rounded1 obtuse-edged gills found upon ,cantharellus1 ,craterellus1 7c7 the vein-like protuberances upon the surface of some fungi4 ,,vel,,iform1 ,,velamen,,tous 7velum1 covering2 forma1 form71 resembling or serving as a veil2 of a thin veil-like covering4 ,,ve,,lum1 veil4 ,,velu,,tine1 ,,velu,,tinous 7velutum1 velvet1 ine71 velvety4 ,,ve,,nate1 ,,veined1 ,,ve,,nose1 ,,ve,,nous 7vena1 vein1 artery71 intersected by swollen wrinkles below and on the sides4 ,,ven,,tral 7ventralis1 of or pertaining to the belly1 stomach1 venter1 belly1 stomach71 applied to the under side of pileus2 opposite to 8dorsal40 ,,ven,,tricose 7venter1 the belly71 swollen in the middle2 bellied4 ,,vermic,,ular1 ,,vermic,,ulate 7vermiculus1 a worm71 worm-shaped4 ,,vermilion 7cinnabarinus1 cinnabarino-ruber71 a very fine red color1 lighter and less rosy than carmine1 and not so pure or rich as scarlet4 ,,ver,,nal 7vernalis1 of the spring1 vernal1 ver1 spring71 of or pertaining to the spring4 ,,ver,,nicose 7vernix1 varnish71 appearing as if varnished4 ,,verru,,ca 7pl4 ,,verru,c7 7verruca1 a wart1 steep place or height71 wart4 ,,ver,,rucose 7verrucosus1 full of warts71 covered with warts or glandular elevations4 ,,verru,,ciform 7verruca1 a wart1 forma1 form71 warty1 resembling a wart in appearance4 ,,verru,,culose 7verrucula1 a little eminence1 a little wart1 dim4 of verruca1 a wart1 ose71 minutely verrucose4 ,,ver,,tex 7vertex1 vortex 7tic-71 a whirl1 eddy1 highest point1 etc471 the upper extremity4 ,,verticil,,late 7verticillus1 a whirl71 whorled4 ,,ves,,cicle 7vesicula1 a little blister1 a vesicle1 dim4 of vesica1 bladder1 blister71 a minute bladder-like cell or cavity4 ,,vesic,,ular1 ,,vesi,,culate1 ,,vesic,,ulose1 ,,vesic,,ulous 7vesicula1 vescicle71 composed of or like vescicles4 ,,vil,,lose1 ,,vil,,lous 7villosus1 villus1 a tuft of hair71 downy with soft weak hairs4 ,,vina,,ceous1 a brownish-pink or delicate brownish-purple color like wine dregs2 a soft1 delicate wine-colored pink or purple4 ,,vina,,ceous-,,buff 7vinaceo-luteus74 7,indian-red yellow ocher white47 ,,vina,,ceous-,,cinnamon 7vinaceo-cinnamomeus74 7,burnt umber burnt sienna white47 ,,vina,,ceous-,,pink 7vinaceo-caryophyllaceus74 7,madder-carmine light-red white47 ,,vina,,ceous-,,ru,,fous 7vinaceo-rufus74 7,indian-red light-red white47 ,,vi,,nous 7vinosus1 vinum1 wine71 wine-colored2 vinaceous4 ,,violet1 ,,viola,,ceous1 a purplish-blue color1 like the petals of a violet4 7,aniline-violet or mauve47 ,,vires,,cent 7virescere1 grow green1 greenish71 green or becoming green4 ,,vir,,gate 7virgatus1 virga1 a twig1 rod71 streaked2 having an erect1 slender shape like a rod4 ,,virides,,cent 7viridescens1 ppr4 of viridescere1 be green1 viridis1 green71 slightly green2 greenish4 ,,vis,,cid 7viscum1 bird-lime1 anything sticky71 moist and sticky1 glutinous1 clammy1 adhesive2 covered with a shiny liquid which adheres to the fingers when touched4 ,,vis,,cose1 ,,vis,,cous 7viscosus1 viscum1 bird-lime71 glutinous1 clammy1 adhesive4 ,,vitel,,line 7vitellus1 yolk of egg1 ine71 egg-yellow color2 luteous4 ,,volute 7voluta1 a spiral scroll71 rolled up in any direction4 ,,vol,,va 7volva1 a wrapper71 wrapper2 same as universal veil2 the name is often applied to that portion of a discrete volva which is left after rupturing1 either attached in fragments to1 or forming a distinct membranous sheath about1 the base of the stem1 the peridium in phalloids analogous to the volva in ,amanit4 ,,vol,,viform 7volva1 wrapper1 forma1 form71 having the form of a volva4 ,,wart 7verruca1 wart1 excrescence71 a wart-like excrescence found on the pileus of some mushrooms2 the remains of the volva in form of irregular or polygonal excrescences1 more or less adherent1 numerous and persistent4 ,,waved1 ,,wa,,vy4 ,see ,,undulate4 ,,wax-,,yellow 7ceraceus71 a deep but dull yellow1 resembling the color of fresh bees' wax4 ,,whorled1 having parts arranged in a circle around an axis2 verticillate4 ,,wine-,,purple 7vinaceo-purpureus71 a clear reddish-purple of a slightly brownish cast4 ,,wood-,,brown1 a light brown color like some varieties of wood4 7,raw umber burnt sienna white47 ,,yellow-,,ocher1 a bright yellowish-ochraceous or ocher-yellow color4 ,,zo,,nate1 ,,zoned 7zona1 a zone or girdle71 marked with concentric bands of color4 ,,zones 7zona1 a zone or girdle71 circular bands of color4 ,,index ,,to ,,genera ,acetabularia1 #bfh ,agaricus1 #cca ,aldridgea1 #ejf ,amanita 7introduction71 ,amanita1 #b ,amanitopsis1 #bh ,anellaria1 #chh ,apyrenium1 #ebg ,armillaria1 #eb ,astrus1 #egh ,auricularia1 #ebf ,batarrea1 #egg ,bolbitius1 #cjb ,boletinus1 #cif1 #cih ,boletus1 #cif1 #djd ,bovista1 #egi1 #faj ,bovistella1 #egh1 #fjh ,caldesiella1 #dib ,calocera1 #ebg ,calvatia1 #egh1 #ehb ,cantharellus1 #bad ,catastoma1 #egi1 #fji ,chitonia1 #ccj ,cladoderris1 #ejg ,clathrus1 #ega ,claudopus1 #bff ,clavaria1 #eaa1 #eac ,clitocybe1 #hc ,clitopilus1 #bed ,collybia1 #aab ,coniophora1 #ejf ,coprinus1 #cfh ,corticium1 #ejg ,cortinarius1 #cjf ,craterellus1 #ejg1 #ejh ,crepidotus1 #cjd ,cyclomyces1 #cih ,cyphella1 #ejg ,dacryomyces1 #ebg ,dacryopsis1 #ebg ,ddalea1 #cig ,deconica1 #cfg ,ditiola1 #ebg ,eccilia1 #bfe ,entoloma1 #bej ,exidia1 #ebf ,exobasidium1 #ejg ,favolus1 #cih ,fistulina1 #cig1 #dgg ,flammula1 #bhg ,fomes1 #cig ,galera1 #bii ,geaster1 #egh1 #ehj ,geoglossum1 #ece1 #eej ,gomphidius1 #cib ,grandinia1 #dic ,guepinia1 #ebg ,gyrocephalus1 #ebg ,gyromitra1 #ece1 #edf ,hebeloma1 #bhc ,heliomyces1 #bbh ,helvella1 #ecd1 #ecf ,hexagonia1 #cih ,hiatula1 #acb ,hirneola1 #ebf1 #ebh ,hydnum1 #dib1 #did ,hygrophorus1 #adg ,hymenochte1 #ejg ,hypholoma1 #ceb ,hypomyces1 #efa ,inocybe1 #bha ,irpex1 #dic1 #ejd ,kneiffia1 #dic ,laccaria 7described71 #ajg ,lactarius1 #afa ,laterna1 #ega ,lentinus1 #bbh ,lenzites1 #bch ,leotia1 #ece1 #edj ,lepiota1 #cc ,leptonia1 #bfc ,lycoperdon1 #egh1 #ehi ,marasmius1 #bba ,merulius1 #cih1 #dij ,mitremyces1 #egh ,mitrula1 #ece1 #edh ,montagnites1 #cie ,morchella1 #ece1 #eda ,mucronella1 #dic ,mucronoporus1 #cig ,mutinus1 #egj1 #ege ,mycena1 #abd ,mycenastrum1 #egi1 #fac ,myrisotoma1 #egg ,nmatelia1 #ebg ,naucoria1 #bid ,nolanea1 #bfd ,nyctalis1 #bbj ,odontia1 #dic ,omphalia1 #acb ,panolus1 #chd ,panus1 #bcb ,paxillus1 #cbf ,peniophora1 #ejg ,peziza1 #eeb ,phallus1 #egj1 #ega ,phlebia1 #dic ,pholiota1 #bfi ,pilosace1 #cdh ,pistillaria1 #eaa ,pleurotus1 #ace ,pluteolus1 #bhb ,pluteus1 #bdc ,polyplocium1 #egg ,polyporus1 #cig1 #dgi ,polysaccum1 #fah ,polystictus1 #cig ,poria1 #cig ,porothelium1 #dic ,psathyra1 #cfg ,psathyrella1 #chi ,psilocybe1 #cfe ,pterula1 #eaa ,radulum1 #dic ,russula1 #ahe ,schizophyllum1 #bch ,scleroderma1 #fae ,simblum1 #ega ,sistotrema1 #dic ,solenia1 #ejg ,soppittiella1 #ejf ,sparassis1 #eaa1 #eab ,spathularia1 #ece1 #edi ,stereum1 #ejg ,strobilomyces1 #cig1 #dge ,stropharia1 #cdh ,thelephora1 #ejf ,trametes1 #cig ,tremella1 #ebg1 #ebi ,tremellodon1 #ebg1 #ecc ,tricholoma1 #ei ,trogia1 #bcg ,tubaria1 #bic ,tuberace1 #efe ,tylostoma1 #egh1 #ehb ,typhula1 #eaa ,ulocolla1 #ebf ,verpa1 #ece1 #eci ,volvaria1 #bci ,xerotus1 #bcg ,,index ,,to ,,species abortivus 7,clitopilus71 #beg abortive form 7,clitopilus71 #beg abrupta 7,amanita71 #bc abruptus 7,agaricus71 #cdc acervata 7,collybia71 #abb acetabulum 7,peziza71 #eec achimenes 7,agaricus71 #cdj acuminatum 7,lycoperdon71 #fjg acutesquamosa 7,lepiota71 #dj adiposa 7,pholiota71 #bgf admirabilis 7,pluteus71 #bdh var4 fuscus 7,pluteus71 #bdh adnata 7,amanitopsis71 #cj adusta 7,russula71 #ahh ruginosa 7,stropharia71 #cdi stivalis 7,boletus71 #ddi stivum 7,tuber71 #eff affinis 7,boletus71 #ddh var4 maculosus1 #ddi agglutinata 7,amanitopsis71 #cb aggregatum 7,hypholoma71 #cfa albella 7,russula71 #aid albellum 7,tricholoma71 #gg albellus 7,boletus71 #dfd albida 7,tremella71 #eca albido-tomentosus 7,panus71 #bce albidum 7,hydnum71 #dii alboater 7,boletus71 #dfj albo-griseus 7,clitopilus71 #bei albo-nigrum 7,hydnum71 #dih albo-violaceus 7,cortinarius71 #caf album 7,tricholoma71 #gi albus 7,boletus71 #dae aliena 7,flammula71 #bhh alliaceus 7,marasmius71 #bbg alligatus 7,polyporus71 #dhh alluvina 7,lepiota71 #dc alnicola 7,flammula71 #bij alutacea 7,russula71 #bjg alutaceus 7,boletus71 #dbf alutarius 7,boletus71 #dfh alveolatus 7,boletus71 #dee ,americana 7,lepiota71 #dh ,americanus 7,boletus71 #dac amethystina 7,clavaria71 #eaf amethystina 7,clitocybe71 #ajg ,ananas 7,boletus71 #dgc anax 7,polyporus71 #dhb angusticeps 7,morchella71 #edd annulatus 7,cortinarius71 #cai appendiculata 7,armillaria71 #ed appendiculatum 7,hypholoma71 #cfc var4 lanatum1 #cfc appendiculatus 7,boletinus71 #djj aquifluus 7,lactarius71 #agf var4 brevissimus1 #agg argenteus 7,agaricus71 #cci armillatus 7,cortinarius71 #cbc arvensis 7,agaricus71 #cda asper 7,cortinarius71 #cag aspera 7,amanita71 #bc asterospermum 7,lycoperdon71 #eid atomata 7,psathyrella71 #cij atramentarius 7,coprinus71 #cgc atropurpurea 7,russula71 #bjf atropurpureum 7,lycoperdon71 #eic var4 hirtellum1 #eic var4 stellare1 #eic atro-tomentosus 7,paxillus71 #cbi aurantia 7,peziza71 #eeg aurantiacus 7,cantharellus71 #baf var4 pallidus1 #bag aurantio-cinnabarino 7,clavaria71 #ebc aurata 7,russula71 #bjf aurea 7,clavaria71 #ebj var4 rufescens1 #ebj auricula-,judea 7,hirneola71 #ebh auriflammeus 7,boletus71 #dbc auripes 7,boletus71 #dej auriporus 7,boletus71 #dbf autumnalis 7,cortinarius71 #cai badia 7,peziza71 #eed badiceps 7,boletus71 #dcf badius 7,boletus71 #dah basifurcata 7,russula71 #bje ,berkeleyi 7,polyporus71 #dhd ,betula 7,boletus71 #dcg betulinus 7,panus71 #bce betulinus 7,polyporus71 #dhh bicolor 7,boletus71 #dbe bispora 7,morchella71 #edd var4 truncata1 #edd blennius 7,lactarius71 #afe ,boltoni 7,bolbitius71 #cjb bombycina 7,volvaria71 #bdj borealis 7,boletinus71 #djc borealis 7,hygrophorus71 #aed botrytes 7,clavaria71 #eae bovinus 7,boletus71 #dai bovinus 7,mutinus71 #ege bovista 7,scleroderma71 #faf brevipes 7,boletus71 #daf brevipes 7,cantharellus71 #bai brevipes 7,russula71 #ahi brevipes 7,tricholoma71 #ha brevis 7,mutinus71 #egf brumalis 7,clitocybe71 #aje brunnea 7,gyromitra71 #edg butyracea 7,collybia71 #aag clata 7,calvatia71 #ehe crulescens 7,cortinarius71 #caa ,csarea 7,amanita71 #ab cspitosus 7,boletus71 #dcd cspitosus 7,clitopilus71 #bfa ,californica 7,helvella71 #ecg ,californicum 7,terfezia71 #eff ,californicus 7,agaricus71 #cch calopus 7,boletus71 #ddj calopus 7,marasmius71 #bbf calvescens 7,lycoperdon71 #fje calycina 7,peziza71 #efj calyptrata 7,amanita71 #bf calyptriforme 7,lycoperdon71 #fjc campanella 7,omphalia71 #acd campanulatus 7,panolus71 #chf campester 7,agaricus71 #ccb var4 albus1 #ccb var4 griseus1 #ccb var4 praticola1 #ccb var4 umbrinus1 #ccb var4 rufescens1 #ccb var4 villaticus1 #ccc var4 hortensis1 #ccc var4 ,buchani1 #ccc var4 elongatus1 #ccc var4 vaporarius1 #ccc camphoratus 7,lactarius71 #ahd candicans 7,clitocybe71 #ib candida 7,amanita71 #bj ,candolleanum 7,hypholoma71 #cfc caninus 7,mutinus71 #ege cantharellus 7,craterellus71 #ejh cantharellus 7,hygrophorus71 #aef var4 flava1 #aef var4 flavipes1 #aef var4 flaviceps1 #aef var4 ,rosea1 #aef caperata 7,pholiota71 #bgj capnoides 7,hypholoma71 #cef caput-,medus 7,hydnum71 #ejb caput-ursi 7,hydnum71 #eja carneo-albus 7,clitopilus71 #beh carneo-grisea 7,eccilia71 #bfe carneus 7,irpex71 #ejd ,caroliniana 7,gyromitra71 #edg castaneus 7,boletus71 #dgb castaneus 7,cortinarius71 #cbe catina 7,clitocybe71 #ajd cavipes 7,boletinus71 #cii cepsforme 7,lycoperdon71 #fjf cepstipes 7,lepiota71 #df ceraceus 7,hygrophorus71 #aee cerodes 7,naucoria71 #bie cerussata 7,clitocybe71 #ia cervinus 7,pluteus71 #bdc var4 albus1 #bdd var4 albipes1 #bdd var4 viscosus1 #bdd var4 ,bullii 7,pl4 ,,lxi1 fig4 #b1 p4 #bdb71 #bde var4 petasatus1 #bdf chamolentina 7,russula71 #bab chelidonium 7,lactarius71 #agb chioneus 7,polyporus71 #dhh chlorinosma 7,amanita71 #be chlorocephala 7,leotia71 #edj chlorophanus 7,hygrophorus71 #afj chromapes 7,boletus71 #dfd chrysenteroides 7,tricholoma71 #ge chrysenteron 7,boletus71 #dca chrysodon 7,hygrophorus71 #adh var4 leucodon1 #adi chrysophus 7,pluteus71 #bdi cibarius 7,cantharellus71 #bae cinnabarinus 7,cortinarius71 #cbj var4 #a1 #cba cinnamoneus 7,cortinarius71 #cbb var4 semi-sanguineus1 #cbc cinerea 7,clavaria71 #eag circinans 7,clavaria71 #eba circinatus 7,pleurotus71 #adj circinatus 7,polyporus71 #dhj var4 proliferus1 #dhj circumscissum 7,catastoma71 #fji citrina 7,amanita71 #g citrina 7,russula71 #bjc clavata 7,clavaria71 #ebe clavata 7,spathularia71 #edi clavatus 7,craterellus71 #eji clavipes 7,clitocybe71 #hf ,clintonianus 7,boletus71 #daj clypeatum 7,entoloma71 #beb coccinea 7,peziza71 #eei coccineus 7,hygrophorus71 #aef cochleata 7,peziza71 #eee cochleatus 7,lentinus71 #bca collariata 7,mycena71 #acj collinitus 7,boletus71 #dag collinitus 7,cortinarius71 #cac coloratum 7,lycoperdon71 #fjg columbetta 7,tricholoma71 #fh var4 ,a1 #fi var4 ,b1 #fi var4 ,c1 #fi comatus 7,coprinus71 #cgj var4 breviceps1 #cgj comitialis 7,clitocybe71 #hh compressipes 7,clitocybe71 #aaj comptulus 7,agaricus71 #ccd conchatus 7,panus71 #bcb confluens 7,collybia71 #aai confluens 7,polyporus71 #dhd congregatus 7,coprinus71 #cgi conica 7,morchella71 #edc conicus 7,boletus71 #dff conicus 7,hygrophorus71 #afj conissans 7,clitopilus71 #bfa connexa 7,clitocybe71 #ig constellatum 7,lycoperdon71 #eib controversus 7,lactarius71 #afd coralloides 7,clavaria71 #eag coralloides 7,hydnum71 #eja cornucopoides 7,craterellus71 #eji corrugis 7,lactarius71 #agh coryphum 7,tricholoma71 #fb craniiformis 7,calvatia71 #ehf crassipes 7,boletus71 #deb crassipes 7,morchella71 #edc crenulata 7,amanita71 #bg cretaceus 7,agaricus71 #cdd crispa 7,helvella71 #ecf var4 alba1 #ecf var4 ,grevillei1 #ecf var4 incarnata1 #ecf var4 fulva1 #ecf crispa 7,sparissis71 #eab cristata 7,clavaria71 #eah cristata 7,lepiota71 #db cristatus 7,polyporus71 #dhd crustuliniforme 7,hebeloma71 #bhf var4 minor1 #bhf cupricum 7,lycoperdon71 #eid curtipes 7,gyromitra71 #edg ,curtisii 7,boletus71 #ddb ,curtisii 7,lycoperdon71 7,l4 ,wrightii1 var4 typicum71 #fja cyanescens 7,boletus71 #dga cyanopha 7,clitocybe71 #hh cyanoxantha 7,russula71 #aih cyathiformis 7,calvatia71 7,l4 cyathiforme71 #ehd cyathiformis 7,clitocybe71 #ajd var4 cinerascens1 #aje dmonum 7,phallus71 #egb daucipes 7,amanita71 #be dealbata 7,clitocybe71 #ic decastes 7,clitocybe71 #id deceptivus 7,lactarius71 #afh decipiens 7,boletinus71 #dja decolorans 7,russula71 #bje decorosum 7,tricholoma71 #fg decorus 7,boletus71 #dej deformis 7,irpex71 #eje delica 7,russula71 #aij delicata 7,lepiota71 #di delicatum 7,lycoperdon71 #eie deliciosa 7,morchella71 #edc deliciosus 7,lactarius71 #agj deliquescens 7,coprinus71 #cgi densa 7,clavaria71 #eai depallens 7,russula71 #aib dichotoma 7,clavaria71 #ebb dichrous 7,boletus71 #dag dictyocephalus 7,boletus71 #dbh digitaliformis 7,verpa71 #eci diminutivus 7,agaricus71 #cce discolor 7,pholiota71 #bgi var4 discolor minor1 #bhj dispersus 7,hypholoma71 #ceh disseminata 7,psathyrella71 #cia distans 7,cortinarius71 #cbe distans 7,hygrophorus71 #aed ditopa 7,clitocybe71 #aji domesticus 7,coprinus71 #cha dryinus 7,pleurotus71 #acg dryophila 7,collybia71 #abj dubius 7,craterellus71 #eji duplicatus 7,phallus71 #egb dura 7,pholiota71 #bga duriusculus 7,boletus71 #dfc eburneus 7,hygrophorus71 #adi eccentricus 7,boletus71 #dgj echinatum 7,lycoperdon71 #eia edulis 7,boletus71 #dde var4 clavipes1 #dde edulis1 var4 clavipes 7,boletus71 #ddf edulis 7,flammula71 #bhi elodes 7,hypholoma71 #ceh elastica 7,helvella71 #ech var4 alba1 #ech elata 7,calvatia71 #ehh ,elbensis 7,boletus71 #djh elegans 7,boletus71 #dji elegans 7,lycoperdon71 #eif elegans 7,russula71 #bjj elongatum 7,lycoperdon71 #eif ,elvensis 7,agaricus71 #cch emetica 7,russula71 #bja ephemerus 7,coprinus71 #chb epixanthum 7,hypholoma71 #ceg equestre 7,tricholoma71 #fa var4 pinastreti1 #fb erinaceum 7,hydnum71 #ejb erubescens 7,hygrophorus71 #aej erythrosporus 7,clitopilus71 #bfa esculenta 7,collybia71 #abj esculenta 7,gyromitra71 #edf var4 crispa1 #edf esculenta 7,morchella71 #edb esculentoides 7,collybia71 #abj excelsa 7,amanita71 #ag excipuliforme 7,lycoperdon71 #eii excoriata 7,lepiota71 #cf eximium 7,lycoperdon71 #fja eximius 7,boletus71 #ddg fabaceus 7,agaricus71 #cda farinaceus 7,panus71 #bce var4 albido-tomentosus1 #bce farinosa 7,amanitopsis71 #ca farinosa 7,lepiota71 #dg fascicularis 7,hypholoma71 #ceg fastibile 7,hebeloma71 #bhd var4 alba1 #bhe var4 elegans1 #bhe fastigiata 7,clavaria71 #eaf felina 7,lepiota71 #da felleus 7,boletus71 #dfi var4 obesus1 #dfi fennicum 7,hydnum71 #ejj ferrugineum 7,hydnum71 #dih ferrugineus 7,boletus71 #ddc fimbriata 7,tremella71 #ecj fimetarius 7,coprinus71 #cgf var4 pullatus1 #cgf var4 cinereus1 #cgg var4 macrorhiza1 #cgg var4 silvicola1 #cgg fimicola 7,panolus71 #che firma 7,hepatica71 #dgg firmus 7,boletus71 #deg fistulosus 7,boletus71 #daa flaccida 7,clavaria71 #eba flaccida 7,clitocybe71 #ajc flammans 7,pholiota71 #bgg flava 7,clavaria71 #ead flava 7,galera71 #cja flavescens 7,tricholoma71 #fg flavida 7,flammula71 #bia flavida 7,russula71 #aig flavidus 7,boletus71 #dac flavo-brunneum 7,tricholoma71 #fe flavo-discus 7,hygrophorus71 #aeg flavus 7,boletus71 #daa flexuosipes 7,boletus71 #ddc floccopus 7,strobilomyces71 #dgf floccosus 7,cantharellus71 #bah foedoratus 7,agaricus71 #cci foetens 7,russula71 #aii var4 granulata1 #bjj formosa 7,clavaria71 #ebj fragilis 7,bolbitius71 #cjc fragilis 7,calvatia71 #ehd fragilis 7,russula71 #bjc var4 nivea1 #bjd fragrans 7,boletus71 #dea fragrans 7,clitocybe71 #aaj fraternus 7,boletus71 #dcc ,friesii 7,lepiota71 #ci frondosus 7,polyporus71 #dhc ,frostiana 7,amanita71 #af ,frostii 7,boletus71 #deh ,frostii 7,lycoperdon71 #eia frumentaceum 7,tricholoma71 #ff frustulosus 7,boletus71 #deb fuligineum 7,tricholoma71 #gj fuligineus 7,hygrophorus71 #aeh fuliginosus 7,lactarius71 #agd fulvo-tomentosus 7,crepidotus71 #cje fulvus 7,boletus71 #dfe fumescens 7,tricholoma71 #gb fumidellum 7,tricholoma71 #gh fumosa 7,clitocybe71 #ig var4 polius1 #ig fumosipes 7,boletus71 #dcb fumosus 7,lactarius71 #age furcata 7,russula71 #aia furfurellus 7,cortinarius71 #cbe fuscescens 7,coprinus71 #cgd fusco-violaceus 7,irpex71 #eje fusiformis 7,clavaria71 #ebc fuscipes 7,clitocybe71 #ib fusipes 7,collybia71 #aaf galericulata 7,mycena71 #abg var4 calopus1 #abh var4 longipes1 #abh var4 expansus1 #abh gallinacea 7,clitocybe71 #id gambosum 7,tricholoma71 #gf gangrnosa 7,clitocybe71 #hf var4 nigrescens1 #hg geaster 7,scleroderma71 #fag gelatinosum 7,hydnum71 #eja gelatinosum 7,tremelledon71 #ecc gemmatum 7,lycoperdon71 #eih var4 hirtum1 #eih var4 papillatum1 #eih geotropa 7,clitocybe71 #ajb ,gerardii 7,lactarius71 #agi gigantea 7,clitocybe71 #ih gigantea 7,calvatia71 #ehc giganteus 7,polyporus71 #dhe gilva 7,clitocybe71 #aja glabellum 7,lycoperdon71 #eie glabellus 7,boletus71 #dbe gloiocephala 7,volvaria71 #bdb glutinosum 7,geoglossum71 #eej glutinosum 7,hebeloma71 #bhe glutinosus 7,gomphidius71 #cic var4 roseus1 #cic glyciosmus 7,lactarius71 #age gracilenta 7,lepiota71 #cg gracilis 7,boletus71 #dfg var4 lvipes1 #dfg gracilis 7,psathyrella71 #chi graciloides 7,psathyrella71 #cij grammopodium 7,tricholoma71 #hj grande 7,entoloma71 #bea grande 7,tricholoma71 #fh granularis 7,pluteus71 #bdg granulatus 7,boletus71 #daf granulosa 7,lepiota71 #di var4 rufescens1 #di var4 albida1 #di griseus 7,boletus71 #ddb hmatopa 7,mycena71 #acj hmorrhoidarius 7,agaricus71 #ccf hamadryas 7,naucoria71 #bie hemichrysus 7,boletus71 #dba var4 mutabilis1 #dbb hepatica 7,fistulina71 #dgg var4 monstrosa1 #dgh ,herbstii 7,sparassis71 #eab ,herveyi 7,clavaria71 #eag heteroclitus 7,polyporus71 #dhf heterophylla 7,russula71 #aii hiemalis 7,calvatia71 #ehe hirtellus 7,boletus71 #dad hirtum 7,lycoperdon71 #eib hispida 7,lepiota71 #da holosericea 7,lepiota71 #dd humile 7,tricholoma71 #ha hybrida 7,flammula71 #bia hygrometricus 7,geaster71 #ehj hygrophoroides 7,lactarius71 #ahj hypothejus 7,hygrophorus71 #aea hysginus 7,lactarius71 #aff ignoratus 7,boletus71 #dai illinita 7,lepiota71 #ej illudens 7,boletus71 #dci illudens 7,clitocybe71 #if imbricatum 7,hydnum71 #die imbricatum 7,tricholoma71 #gc immitis 7,polyporus71 #dhg impolitus 7,boletus71 #ddi impudicus 7,phallus71 #egc inqualis 7,clavaria71 #ebc incertum 7,hypholoma71 #cfb indecisus 7,boletus71 #dfh indigo 7,lactarius71 #aga inflexus 7,boletus71 #daj infula 7,helvella71 #ech infundibuliformis 7,clitocybe71 #ajj innixus 7,boletus71 #dbg insulsus 7,lactarius71 #afe integra 7,russula71 #bjd intrusus 7,cortinarius71 #caj intumescens 7,tremella71 #ecb intybaceus 7,polyporus71 #dhc inversus 7,clitocybe71 #ajc involutus 7,lactarius71 #agj involutus 7,paxillus71 #cbh iodes 7,cortinarius71 #cad ,isabellinus 7,boletus71 #dgb laccata 7,clitocybe71 #ajg var4 pallidifolia1 #ajg var4 striatula1 #ajg lachrymabundum 7,hypholoma71 #cfa lactea 7,russula71 #aid lactifluorum 7,hypomyces71 #efb lacunosa 7,helvella71 #ecg lvigatum 7,hydnum71 #die lvis 7,panus71 #bcd lagopus 7,coprinus71 #chj var4 nemorum1 #chj var4 viarum1 #chj laminosa 7,sparassis71 #eab latifolia 7,mycena71 #abi lateritia 7,galera71 #bii ,lecomtei 7,lentinus71 #bbi lenticularis 7,amanita71 #be lenticularis 7,lepiota71 #ej leonis 7,terfezia71 #eff lepida 7,russula71 #aie lepideus 7,lentinus71 #bcj lepista 7,paxillus71 #cbg leporina 7,peziza71 #eef leprosus 7,boletus71 #ddh leptocephalus 7,boletus71 #dea leucocephalum 7,tricholoma71 #gh leucomelas 7,polyporus71 #dhj lignatilis 7,pleurotus71 #adj var4 abscondens1 #adj lignyotus 7,lactarius71 #agg var4 tenuipes1 #agg lilacinus 7,cortinarius71 #caf limacinus 7,hygrophorus71 #aea limatulus 7,boletus71 #dej ,linni 7,russula71 #aif lividus 7,paxillus71 #cbg longipes 7,collybia71 #aae lubrica 7,leotia71 #edj luridus 7,boletus71 #dee var4 erythropus1 #def lutea 7,russula71 #baa luteofolia 7,pholiota71 #bgg luteolus 7,lactarius71 #agh lutescens 7,cantharellus71 #bah lutescens 7,tremella71 #ecj luteus 7,boletus71 #dab macropus 7,peziza71 #eec macrosporus 7,coprinus71 #cgd maculata 7,collybia71 #aaf var4 immaculata1 #aag maculatus 7,polyporus71 #dhf magna 7,flammula71 #bib magnificus 7,agaricus71 #cdb magnisporus 7,boletus71 #deh magnivelaris 7,amanita71 #aj mappa 7,amanita71 #aj marginata 7,pholiota71 #bgi ,mari 7,russula71 #bji maritimus 7,agaricus71 #ccg mastoidea 7,lepiota71 #cg mastrucatus 7,pleurotus71 #adf maxima 7,clitocybe71 #ii media 7,clitocybe71 #hg mellea 7,armillaria71 #ee var4 obscura1 #ef var4 flava1 #ef var4 glabra1 #ef var4 radicata1 #ef var4 bulbosa1 #ef var4 albida1 #ef var4 exannulata1 #ef var4 abortive form1 #ef mesenterica 7,tremella71 #ecj metachroa 7,clitocybe71 #aji metulspora 7,lepiota71 #dc micaceus 7,coprinus71 #cgh var4 granularis1 #cgh micropus 7,clitopilus71 #bei miniato-olivaceus 7,boletus71 #dbd var4 sensibilis1 #dbd miniatus 7,hygrophorus71 #aei var4 lutescens1 #aei minor 7,bovista71 #fab minor 7,cantharellus71 #baf mitis 7,boletus71 #dah mitissimus 7,lactarius71 #aha modestus 7,boletus71 #ddb molle 7,lycoperdon71 #fjb monadelpha 7,clitocybe71 #hi ,montana 7,bovista71 #faa monticulosa 7,amanita71 #be morbifera 7,clitocybe71 #ajf ,morgani 7,boletus71 #dcg ,morgani 7,lepiota71 #cg mucida 7,armillaria71 #eh multiceps 7,clitocybe71 #ie ,murrayi 7,boletus71 #dgb muscaria 7,amanita71 #ad var4 regalis1 #ad var4 formosa1 #ad var4 umbrina1 #ad var4 alba1 #ae muscoides 7,clavaria71 #eaf muscorum 7,lycoperdon71 #fjb mussivum 7,hebeloma71 #bhc mutabilis 7,boletus71 #dce mutabilis 7,pholiota71 #bgh mutabilis 7,lactarius71 #ahc mycetophila 7,tremella71 #eca nardosmia 7,armillaria71 #eg naucina 7,lepiota71 #dd naucinoides 7,lepiota71 #de var4 squamosa1 #de nauseosa 7,russula71 #baa nebularis 7,clitocybe71 #he nebulosus 7,boletus71 #dfe nidulans 7,claudopus71 #bfg nigrellus 7,boletus71 #dgj nigrescens 7,bovista71 #faa nigricans 7,russula71 #ahg var4 albonigra1 #ahh nitida 7,amanita71 #bd nitidus 7,hygrophorous71 #aea nivalis 7,amanitopsis71 #bi niveum 7,tuckahoe71 #efe 7,terfezia leonis7 niveus 7,coprinus71 #cgh niveus 7,hygrophorus71 #aec nobilis 7,bolbitius71 #cjc ,noveboracensis 7,clitopilus71 #bfb var4 brevis1 #bfb nudum 7,tricholoma71 #hj obliquus 7,irpex71 #ejd oblongisporum 7,lycoperdon71 #fjf ochracea 7,russula71 #baj ochraceus 7,cortinarius71 #cai ochroleuca 7,russula71 #bjb ochrophylla 7,russula71 #aic ochropurpurea 7,clitocybe71 #ajh odora 7,clitocybe71 #ij odorata 7,peziza71 #eeh ,ohiensis 7,bovistella71 #fjh olivacea 7,russula71 #aig oniscus 7,omphalia71 #acc onotica 7,peziza71 #eef opicum 7,tricholoma71 #ge orcella 7,clitopilus71 #bef oreades 7,marasmius71 #bbd ,oregonensis 7,gomphidius71 #cic ornatipes 7,boletus71 #ddj ornella 7,pholiota71 #bgh ostreatus 7,pleurotus71 #adb var4 glandulosus1 #adc var4 euosmus1 #adc ovatus 7,coprinus71 #cgb ovinus 7,polyporus71 #dgi pachyderma 7,calvatia71 #ehc pachypus 7,boletus71 #dda pdidum 7,tricholoma71 #hb pallida 7,fistulina71 #dgh pallidus 7,boletus71 #dbi pallidus 7,lactarius71 #agc paluster 7,boletinus71 #dja pantherina 7,amanita71 #ag papilionaceus 7,panolus71 #chf parabolica 7,mycena71 #abh parasiticus 7,boletus71 #dbg parvus 7,boletus71 #dei pascuensis 7,clitopilus71 #bef ,peckii 7,boletus71 #ddj var4 lvipes1 #ddj pectinata 7,russula71 #bjb pediades 7,naucoria71 #bif pedicellatum 7,lycoperdon71 #fjj pellitus 7,pluteus71 #bdg penarius 7,hygrophorus71 #aej pergamenus 7,lactarius71 #afg perlatum 7,lycoperdon71 #eii peronatus 7,marasmius71 #bbc perplexum 7,hypholoma71 #ced personatum 7,tricholoma71 #gi pessundatum 7,tricholoma71 #ff petaloides 7,pleurotus71 #add phalloides 7,amanita71 #g phyllophila 7,clitocybe71 #ia picaceus 7,coprinus71 #cge var4 ebulbosus1 #cgf picipes 7,polyporus71 #dha pictus 7,boletinus71 #djj pila 7,bovista71 #faj pinophila 7,clitocybe71 #aaj piperatum 7,tricholoma71 #gf piperatus 7,boletus71 #dbj piperatus 7,lactarius71 #afh pisocarpium 7,polysaccum71 #fah pistillaris 7,clavaria71 #ebd pithyophylla 7,clitocybe71 #ia placomyces 7,agaricus71 #cde platyphylla 7,collybia71 #aad var4 repens1 #aae platysperma 7,naucoria71 #big plicatilis 7,coprinus71 #chc plumbea 7,bovista71 #fab plumbeus 7,lactarius71 #afg ,pocono 7,boletus71 #dgd pometi 7,pleurotus71 #adb ponderosa 7,armillaria71 #ed popinalis 7,clitopilus71 #beh poripes 7,polyporus71 #dhg porosus 7,boletinus71 #djb var4 opacus1 #djb portentosum 7,tricholoma71 #fd prcox 7,pholiota71 #bgb var4 minor1 #bgb var4 sylvestris1 #bgb praiicola 7,amanita71 #bd pratensis 7,agaricus71 #cdj pratensis 7,hygrophorus71 #aeb procera 7,lepiota71 #ce prolifera 7,mycena71 #abf prunuloides 7,entoloma71 #beb prunulus 7,clitopilus71 #bee abortive form 7,pl4 ,,lxiii1 p4 #bed71 #bef pubescens 7,amanitopsis71 #cb pubescens 7,pleurotus71 #ada puellaris 7,russula71 #bjh var4 intensior1 #bjh var4 roseipes1 #bjh pulcherrimum 7,lycoperdon71 #eia 7,l4 ,frostii7 pulmonarius 7,pleurotus71 #adf punctata 7,russula71 #bjd punctipes 7,boletus71 #dae puniceus 7,hygrophorus71 #aei purpurascens 7,cortinarius71 #caa var4 subpurpurascens1 #cab purpureus 7,boletus71 #def purpureus 7,hypomyces71 #efc purpurina 7,russula71 #ahh pusilla 7,amanitopsis71 #cb pusilla 7,russula71 #bjh pusillum 7,lycoperdon71 #fje pyriforme 7,lycoperdon71 #fjc pyxidata 7,clavaria71 #eai quietus 7,lactarius71 #agc rachodes 7,lepiota71 #ce var4 puellaris1 #cf radicans 7,boletus71 #dce radicata 7,collybia71 #aac var4 furfuracea1 #aad var4 pusilla1 #aad radicosus 7,boletus71 #dgc ,ravenelii 7,amanita71 #ah ,ravenelii 7,boletus71 #dbb ,ravenelii 7,phallus71 #egc recutita 7,amanita71 #ab repanda 7,peziza71 #eeg repandum 7,hydnum71 #dig resplendens 7,tricholoma71 #fc reticulatus 7,pluteolus71 #bhb retipes 7,boletus71 #dda retirugis 7,panolus71 #chd rhodopolium 7,entoloma71 #bec rhodoxanthus 7,gomphidius71 #cid rimosellus 7,boletus71 #ddb rimulatum 7,lycoperdon71 #eig rivulosa 7,clitocybe71 #ij robusta 7,armillaria71 #eb var4 minor1 #ec robusta 7,clitocybe71 #ic ,rodmani 7,agaricus71 #ccf roseipes 7,russula71 #bji rosellus 7,cantharellus71 #bag ,roxan 7,boletus71 #dca var4 auricolor1 #dca rubellus 7,merulius71 #dij rubescens 7,amanita71 #ba rubeus 7,boletus71 #dcb rubiginosus 7,boletus71 #ddc rubinellus 7,boletus71 #dai rubra 7,russula71 #aif rubro-flava 7,calvatia71 #ehg rubropunctus 7,boletus71 #dbi rufescens 7,hydnum71 #dig rufus 7,lactarius71 #age rugosa 7,clavaria71 #eai rugosa 7,mycena71 #abg rugulosa 7,lepiota71 #ea ,russelli 7,boletus71 #dcf ,russula 7,tricholoma71 #fe russuloides 7,amanita71 #ah rutilans 7,tricholoma71 #fi saccata 7,calvatia71 #ehg salignus 7,pleurotus71 #adc salmonicolor 7,boletus71 #dji sanguinea 7,russula71 #aia sanguineus 7,cortinarius71 #cba sapidus 7,pleurotus71 #ada saponaceum 7,tricholoma71 #gd ,satanus 7,boletus71 #ded scaber 7,boletus71 #dfa var4 testaceus1 #dfb var4 aurantiacus1 #dfb var4 alutaceus1 #dfb var4 fuligineus1 #dfb var4 fuscus1 #dfb var4 olivaceus1 #dfb var4 niveus1 #dfb var4 areolatus1 #dfc var4 mutabilis1 #dfc var4 gracilipes1 #dfc scabrosum 7,hydnum71 #dif scorodonius 7,marasmius71 #bbf sebaceus 7,cortinarius71 #cjh sejunctum 7,tricholoma71 #fc semiglobata 7,stropharia71 #cea semilanatus 7,coprinus71 #chb semilanceata 7,psilocybe71 #cff var4 crulescens1 #cff semilibera 7,morchella71 #ede semi-orbicularis 7,naucoria71 #big separans 7,boletus71 #dde separata 7,anellaria71 #chh septentrionale 7,hydnum71 #ejc serotinus 7,boletus71 #dji serotinus 7,pleurotus71 #ade ,seymourianus 7,clitopilus71 #bfb sigillata 7,calvatia71 #ehe silvaticus 7,agaricus71 #ccd silvaticus 7,coprinus71 #cha silvicola 7,agaricus71 #cdc var4 abruptus1 #cdc sinuatum 7,entoloma71 #bea sinuosus 7,craterellus71 #eaj var4 crispus1 #eaj sinuosus 7,polyporus71 #dhi soboliferus 7,coprinus71 #cga socialis 7,clitocybe71 #hi solidipes 7,panolus71 #che solitaria 7,amanita71 #ai sordida 7,russula71 #aij sordidus 7,boletus71 #dfa spadicea 7,psilocybe71 #cfe var4 hygrophilus1 #cff var4 polycephalus1 #cff spadiceus 7,boletus71 #dcd spathulatus 7,pleurotus71 #ade speciosa 7,volvaria71 #bdb speciosus 7,boletus71 #dci spectabilis 7,boletus71 #djh sphrosporus 7,boletus71 #daa sphrosporus 7,hygrophorus71 #aee spinosa 7,terfezia71 #eff spinulifera 7,collybia71 #abb spinulosa 7,clavaria71 #eba spinulosum 7,mycenastrum71 #fac spissa 7,amanita71 #bb splendens 7,clitocybe71 #ajb spongiosipes 7,hydnum71 #ejj spreta 7,amanita71 #aa squamosum 7,hydnum71 #dif squamosus 7,polyporus71 #dhj squamulosus 7,cortinarius71 #cah squarrosa 7,pholiota71 #bgc squarrosoides 7,pholiota71 #bgd stercoraria 7,stropharia71 #cej sterquilinus 7,coprinus71 #cgb stipticus 7,panus71 #bcf strangulata 7,amanitopsis71 #cj 7,a4 ,cecili7 stripes 7,boletus71 #dca striapes 7,naucoria71 #bif stricta 7,clavaria71 #ebb var4 fumida1 #ebb strigosus 7,panus71 #bcd strobilaceus 7,strobilomyces71 #dge strobiliformis 7,amanita71 #ai subaquilum 7,hypholoma71 #cfd subaureus 7,boletus71 #dad subdepallens 7,russula71 #aib subdulcis 7,lactarius71 #ahb var4 cinnamomeus1 #ahb var4 rufus1 #ahb var4 badius1 #ahb subglabripes 7,boletus71 #dbh subincarnatum 7,lycoperdon71 #fjd subinvoluta 7,clitocybe71 #ajb sublateritium 7,hypholoma71 #cei var4 squamosum1 #cei subluteus 7,boletus71 #dab subpalmatus 7,pleurotus71 #aci subpulverulentum 7,tricholoma71 #hb subpurpureus 7,lactarius71 #agb subrufescens 7,agaricus71 #cdd subsanguineus 7,boletus71 #dbj subsquamosum 7,hydnum71 #dif subsquarrosa 7,pholiota71 #bge subtilis 7,clavaria71 #eai subtomentosus 7,boletus71 #dcc subvelutipes 7,boletus71 #deg subvilis 7,clitopilus71 #bfj subzonalis 7,clitocybe71 #aja sulcata 7,helvella71 #ecg var4 minor1 #ecg ,sullivantii 7,boletus71 #deh sulphureum 7,tricholoma71 #gd sulphureus 7,polyporus71 #dhe tabacinus 7,boletus71 #ddc tabularis 7,agaricus71 #cdg ,taylori 7,volvaria71 #bda tenera 7,galera71 #cjj var4 pilosella1 #cjj var4 obscurior1 #cjj tenuiculus 7,boletus71 #dbf terreum 7,tricholoma71 #ga var4 fragrans1 #ga terriferum 7,tricholoma71 #fd tessulatus 7,pleurotus71 #aci tetragona 7,clavaria71 #eah theiogalus 7,lactarius71 #agd tigrinum 7,tricholoma71 #gg tigrinus 7,lentinus71 #bbi togularis 7,pholiota71 #bga tomentosus 7,coprinus71 #cgg torminosus 7,lactarius71 #afc tortilis 7,clitocybe71 #ajh torulosus 7,panus71 #bcc transmutans 7,tricholoma71 #fc tremellosus 7,merulius71 #dij trullisata 7,clitocybe71 #ajf truncicola 7,clitocybe71 #id tumulosa 7,clitocybe71 #ih turbinatus 7,cortinarius71 #cab turmalis 7,cortinarius71 #cji ,turneri 7,lycoperdon71 #fjb turpis 7,lactarius71 #afc ulmarius 7,pleurotus71 #ach var4 acericola1 #ach var4 populicola1 #ach umbellatus 7,polyporus71 #dhb umbellifera 7,omphalia71 #acc umbonatus 7,cantharellus71 #bag umbrosus 7,pluteus71 #bdf ,underwoodii 7,boletus71 #dei ,underwoodii 7,clitopilus71 #bfj ,underwoodii 7,lentinus71 #bca unicisa 7,peziza71 #eef unicolor 7,boletus71 #dah unitinctus 7,clitopilus71 #beg var4 albidus1 #beg urens 7,marasmius71 #bbc ustale 7,tricholoma71 #fb vaccinum 7,tricholoma71 #gj vaginata 7,amanitopsis71 #bh var4 livida1 #bi var4 fulva1 #bi variabilis 7,agaricus71 #cdf variegatus 7,boletus71 #dcj variipes 7,boletus71 #ddf var4 albipes1 #ddg var4 pallidipes1 #ddg var4 tenuipes1 #ddg varius 7,cortinarius71 #cji velatum 7,lycoperdon71 #eig vellereum 7,hydnum71 #dii vellereus 7,lactarius71 #afi velosa 7,amanitopsis71 #bi velutinus 7,hypholoma71 #cfj var4 leiocephalus1 #cfj velutipes 7,collybia71 #aah venosa 7,peziza71 #eed vermicularis 7,clavaria71 #ebd vermiculosus 7,boletus71 #def var4 ,spraguei1 #deg verna 7,amanita71 #i verrucosum 7,scleroderma71 #faf versipellis 7,boletus71 #dfa vesca 7,russula71 #aih vesiculosa 7,peziza71 #eeh var4 cerea1 #eeh vilescens 7,clitocybe71 #hh violaceus 7,cortinarius71 #cad virescens 7,amanita71 #h virescens 7,russula71 #aid virescens 7,tricholoma71 #gh ,virgineus 7,coprinus71 #chj virgineus 7,hygrophorus71 #aec viridis 7,amanita71 #h virosa 7,amanita71 #f viscidipes 7,armillaria71 #ec viscidus 7,gomphidius71 #cid vitellina 7,mitrula71 #edh vitellina 7,russula71 #bab ,vittadini 7,lepiota71 #dd vittformis 7,galera71 #cja volemi 7,hypomyces71 #efd volemus 7,lactarius71 #ahj var4 subrugosus1 #ahj volvacea 7,volvaria71 #bdj volvata 7,amanitopsis71 #ca vulgare 7,scleroderma71 #fae ,woodianus 7,clitopilus71 #bfj ,wrightii 7,lycoperdon71 #fjd var4 typicum1 #fje var4 separans1 #fje var4 atropunctum1 #fje ,wynnei 7,marasmius71 #bbe xylogenus 7,agaricus71 #cci zonatum 7,hydnum71 #dih ,,index ,,to ,,recipes ,,for ,,cooking ,,and ,,preparing ,,for ,,the ,,table ,bake1 ,a ,camp1 #fdi ,baked ,toadstools of any gilled kind1 #fdh ,boleti1 #fdj ,to bake1 #fda ,to broil1 #fdj ,to dry1 #fda ,to fry1 #fda ,to stew1 #fdj ,to make ,b4 edulis soup1 #fda ,cantharellus cibarius1 #fda ,to fry1 #fda ,to preserve for winter use1 #fdb ,to roast1 #fda ,to stew1 #fda ,clavaria4 ,to cook1 #fdb ,to pickle1 #fdb ,clitocybe multiceps1 #fdb ,to bake1 #fdb ,with cheese1 #fdb ,coprinus4 ,to cook 7,mrs4 ,s4,t4 ,rorer71 #fdb ,croquettes4 ,toadstool1 #fdc ,fistulina hepatica4 ,to cook1 #fdc ,fistulina hepatica salad1 #fdc ,fungus4 ,to broil any capped1 #fdc ,hydnei4 ,to cook1 #fdd ,hypholomas1 #fdd ,to bake1 #fde ,to stew1 #fdd ,lactarii4 ,to cook1 #fde ,lycoperdons 7,puff-balls71 #fdg ,to fry1 #fdg ,to stew1 #fdg ,to make salad of1 #fdg ,marasmius oreades4 ,to cook1 #fde ,morchella 7the ,morel74 ,to cook1 #fde ,morelles a l',italienne1 #fde ,mushrooms4 ,to cook1 #fcf ,baked1 on toast1 #fcg ,catchup 7,english method71 #fdj ,catchup 7,mc,ilvaine71 #fci ,crusts of1 #fcg ,fricassee of1 #fch ,pickles 7,english method71 #fci ,pickles 7,mc,ilvaine71 #fch ,sauce1 canned 7,mrs4 ,e4,p4 ,ewing71 #fdj ,sauce1 fresh 7,mrs4 ,e4,p4 ,ewing71 #fdj ,stewed1 on toast1 #fch ,to dry 7,english method71 #fcg ,to fry1 #fch ,pts4 ,toadstool1 #fdf ,pleurotus ostreatus4 ,to cook1 #fdf ,in chafing dish1 #fdf ,to fry1 #fdf ,to stew1 #fdf ,with cheese1 #fdf ,toadstools of any gilled kind1 baked1 #fdh ,toadstools deviled1 #fdc ,toadstools fried1 #fdd ,toadstool salads1 #fdh ,toadstool soups1 #fdh ,toadstools4 ,to stew tougher kinds of1 #fdg ,toadstools with cheese1 #fdh ,toast4 ,hunter's1 #fdd ,tricholoma4 ,to cook1 #fdg ,tricholoma personatum4 ,to stew1 #fdg ,,index ,,to ,,general ,,contents ,abbreviations of the ,names of ,authors1 xxxiv ,agaricaceae4 ,family1 xxii1 #a ,amanitine1 #e ,analysis1 ,agaricus campester1 #ccd ,coprinus atramentarius1 #cgd ,coprinus comatus1 #cga ,cortinarius collinitus1 #cad ,lycoperdon bovista1 #eij ,marasmius oreades1 #bbe ,morchella esculenta1 #edc ,pleurotus ostreatus1 #acg ,anthony1 ,mrs4 ,emilia ,c41 xxvi ,arnold1 ,prof4 ,j4,p41 xxvi ,ascomycetes4 ,sub-,class1 xxiii1 #ecd ,auricularie4 ,sub-,family1 #ebf ,author's and ,publisher's ,note1 xxvii ,basidiomycetes4 ,sub-,class1 #a1 #efh ,benson1 ,berry1 xxvi ,boston ,school of ,natural ,history1 xxvi ,briscoe1 ,frank ,d41 xxvi ,britton1 ,prof4 ,n4,l41 xv1 xxv ,brown1 ,hon4 ,addison1 xxv ,carter1 ,prof4 ,w4,s41 xviii1 xxvi1 #fba ,clavariace4 ,family1 xxiii1 #a1 #eaa ,collins1 ,thomas ,j41 xxvi ,cooking1 ,recipes for1 #fce ,curtis1 ,rev4 ,m4,a41 xix ,dacryomycetes4 ,sub-,family1 #ebg ,daniels1 ,dr4 ,edwin ,a41 xxv ,dewey1 ,melvil1 xxvi ,discomycetes4 ,cohort1 #ecd ,easton1 ,prof4 ,morton ,w41 xxv ,ewing1 ,mrs4 ,emma ,p41 xxv ,farlow1 ,prof4 ,william ,g41 xxvi ,fungi4 ,class1 #a ,gastromycetes4 ,sub-,class1 xxi1 #efh ,glossary1 #fea ,harpel1 ,luther ,g41 xxvi ,harshberger1 ,dr4 ,j4,w41 xxv ,helvellace4 ,family1 #ecd ,hydnace4 ,family1 xxiii1 #a1 #dib ,hymenogastrace4 ,family1 #efi ,hymenomycetes4 ,cohort1 xxi1 xxii1 #a ,index to ,genera1 #fij ,index to ,general ,contents1 #gjc ,index to ,recipes for ,cooking and ,preparing for the ,table1 #gjb ,index to ,species1 #fib ,instructions to ,students1 xxix ,introduction1 xv ,langlois1 ,rev4 ,a4,b41 #efe ,leucospor4 ,series1 #b ,list of ,illustrations1 v ,lloyd1 ,c4,g41 xxvi ,lycoperdace4 ,family1 #efi1 #egg ,massachusetts ,horticultural ,society1 xxvi ,melanospor4 ,series1 #cfh ,mendel1 ,lafayette ,b41 xviii ,metrical ,scale and ,table of ,measures1 xxxi ,miller1 ,henry ,irving1 xxvi ,morgan1 ,prof4 ,a4,p41 xv1 #ehi ,morgan1 ,laura ,v41 xv ,names of the principal ,american ,reporters of ,species1 xxxvi ,nidulariace4 ,family1 #egj ,notes1 collectors1 making and preserving1 xxxii ,ochrospor4 7,dermini47 ,series1 #bfh ,palmer1 ,julius ,a41 ,jr41 #e1 xiii ,patchen1 ,miss ,lydia ,m41 xxvi1 #da ,peck1 ,prof4 ,charles ,h41 xv1 xvi ,peziz4 ,family1 #eeb ,phalloide4 ,family1 #efi1 #egj ,polyporace4 ,family1 xxiii1 #a1 #cif ,porphyrospor 7,pratelli74 ,series1 #ccj ,preface1 xiii ,preparing for the table1 #fce ,pyrenomycetes4 ,family1 #efa ,recipes for cooking and preparing for the table1 #fce ,rhodospor 7,hyporhodii74 ,series1 #bci ,rorer1 ,mrs4 ,sarah ,tyson1 xxv ,schadle1 ,dr4 ,j4,e41 xxvi1 #e ,sclerodermace4 ,family1 #efi1 #fae ,spore-prints1 ,to make and preserve1 xxx ,starnes1 ,val ,w41 xxvi ,sterling1 ,e4,b41 xxvi ,thelephorace4 ,family1 #a1 #ejf ,toadstool poisoning and its treatment1 #fba ,to test edibility of species1 xxxii ,tremellace4 ,family1 #a1 #ebf ,truffles 7,tuberace71 #efe ,tuberace4 ,family1 #efe ,tuckahoe1 #efg ,weist1 ,dr4 ,james ,r41 xxvi ,,supplement ,,one ,,thousand ,,american ,,fungi ,,prefatory ,the first edition of 8,one ,thousand ,american ,fungi0 so fully embodied the species known to be edible1 that the field for fresh investigation has been confined principally to newly discovered species4 ,in the eighteen months elapsing since the publication of the first edition1 ,professor ,charles ,h4 ,peck--the ,american authority upon fungi--has reported several4 ,these1 with his descriptions1 are named in the supplement4 ,the many requests made of the author for information upon the raising of mushrooms show a prevalent interest in the industry4 ,what he knows is stated herein2 what he does not know1 and what is not known upon the subject1 would furnish the matter for a volume4 ,interest in the study of fungi is well established and is rapidly increasing4 ,this department of botany has been made a specialty in many colleges and schools4 ,its importance is everywhere recognized4 ,the author and publishers feel a just pride in the success of 8,one ,thousand ,american ,fungi40 ,the prompt sale of the first edition1 and immediate demand for the second1 warrant it4 ,their thanks are due to the many who have kindly interested themselves in obtaining subscriptions to the author's edition4 ,,charles ,,mcilvaine4 ,,publications ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,state ,,botanist1 ,,new ,,york ,,state ,,museum4 #aijj4 ,charles ,h4 ,peck4 ,albany1 ,n4,y4 ,with many colored plates4 ,price1 #ej cents4 ,purchasable from ,melvil ,dewey1 ,m4,a41 ,state ,librarian1 ,albany1 ,n4,y4 ,,the ,,genera ,,of ,,gastromycetes4 ,illustrated with #di figures4 ,by ,c4,g4 ,lloyd1 #bbd ,west ,court street1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 ,january1 #aijb4 ,a valuable monograph1 privately printed4 ,to be obtained by mycological workers from the author only1 in exchange for specimens of puff balls4 ,,illustrations ,,to ,,supplement ,,plate ,,page ,i4 ,agaricus abruptus ,pk4 #gbb ,,ii4 ,lepiota clypeolaria ,pk4 #gac ,,iii4 ,clitocybe patuloides ,pk4 #gad ,,iv4 ,lactarius subpurpureus #gaf ,pk4 ,v4 ,cantharellus cinnabarinus #gai ,pk4 ,,vi4 ,cortinarius corrugatus #gbj ,pk4 ,,index ,,to ,,supplement ,,page abietina 7,russula71 #gab abruptus 7,agaricus71 #gbb ,adirondackensis 7,clitocybe71 #gae chrysenteron albocarneus 7,boletus71 #gbc cinnabarinus 7,cantharellus71 #gai clypeolaria 7,lepiota71 #gab corrugatus 7,cortinarius71 #gbj distans 7,lactarius71 #gag ,frostiana pallidipes 7,amanita71 #gaa granulatus albidipes 7,boletus71 #gbb haemorrhoidarius 7,agaricus71 #gba var4 fumosus1 #gbb laur 7,hygrophorus71 #gaf maculosa 7,clitocybe71 #gae ,morgani 7,lepiota71 #gaa mushrooms1 ,raising at home1 #gbd naucinoides 7,lepiota71 #gac patuloides 7,clitocybe71 #gad ,publications1 #gji rugulosa 7,russula71 #gag subpurpureus 7,lactarius71 #gaf ,,supplement ,sidenote3 ,amanita4 ,amanita ,frostiana pallidipes n4 var4 7,see ,a4 ,frostiana1 page #af47 ,in his report of the ,new ,york ,state ,botanist for #ahii1 ,prof4 ,charles ,h4 ,peck describes a new variety of ,amanita ,frostiana as follows3 ,the typical form of this species1 which is common in our cool northern woods1 has the pileus and annulus1 and usually the stem also1 of a yellow color1 that of the pileus sometimes verging to orange4 ,but in warmer and more open or bushy places forms occur in which the whole plant is whitish1 but in other respects has the characters of the species4 ,sometimes the pileus is pale-yellow and the stem and annulus white4 ,the warts are soft and flocculent1 are sometimes numerous and persistent1 and again are few or wanting4 ,the form with yellow stem and annulus and yellow or orange pileus may be considered the typical form of the species1 but forms having the stem and annulus pale or white may be designated as variety pallidipes4 ,peck1 #ec;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,undoubtedly ,,poisonous4 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,sidenote3 ,lepiota4 ,lepiota ,morgani ,pk4 7,see page #cg47 ,the majority of mycophagists are immune to the poison of this species4 ,yet many cases of severe1 but not fatal poisoning by it came within the writer's knowledge during the season of #aijj-aija4 ,a valuable report is contained in a letter from ,george ,b4 ,clementson1 attorney1 ,lancaster1 ,wis43 899 99 99 ,lepiota ,morgani has grown in this locality this season in unusual abundance4 ,while ,i was absent last week1 my father picked a number1 mistaking them for ,l4 procera1 and my mother1 in preparing them for the table1 ate a small piece of the cap of one--a piece1 she assures me1 no larger than a hickory nut4 ,about two hours afterward and shortly after dinner 7at which the mushrooms were not served1 and at which nothing indigestible was eaten7 she experienced a peculiar numbness and nausea1 with constriction of the throat4 ,vomiting set in within half an hour and was excessive1 lasting several hours and giving no relief4 ,she was very greatly weakened and thought herself dying1 being so reduced at one time that she was unable to see4 ,purging set in not long after the vomiting4 ,the constriction of the throat did not disappear until after the vomiting stopped4 8,whisky and nitroglycerine 7by the stomach7 were given to keep up the heart's action4 8,it seems probable that the poison itself did not directly affect the heart1 but that the alarming weakness was due to the vomiting and purging4 ,that is my mother's own opinion4 ,after being in bed for a day she was able to get around1 but suffered considerable pain in the abdomen for forty-eight hours4 8,i presume that owing to the fact that my mother is not very strong and has a weak stomach1 she was more violently affected than many might be4 ,but a poison that in any person can produce such symptoms1 when taken in so small a quantity1 ought to be labeled decidedly dangerous4 8,there can be no question that the specimens were ,l4 ,morgani1 as ,i examined some that were left of those picked1 and also gathered others from the same patch where these were obtained4 8,as everything relating to mushroom poisoning should be of interest to the mycologist and mycophagist1 ,i take the liberty of reporting this case40 ,the ,lepiota ,morgani appears to be spreading4 ,in #aija ,i found large specimens of it outside a stable in ,lebanon1 ,pa4 ,its appearance and luxuriance are so much in its favor1 that the toadstool lover will be tempted to try it4 ,experiments in eating it should be conducted with the greatest caution4 7,plate ,,ii47 ,illustration3 ,,lepiota ,,clypeolaria ,,pk4 ,about one-half nat4 size4 ,after ,peck4 ,lepiota clypeolaria 7,bull47 ,fr4 ,shield ,lepiota4 7,plate ,,ii47 ,pileus thin1 soft1 convex or subcampanulate1 becoming nearly plane1 obtuse or umbonate1 squamose1 whitish or yellowish1 the center or umbo smooth1 yellowish or brownish1 the margin often appendiculate with fragments of the veil4 ,flesh white4 ,lamell thin1 close1 free1 white4 ,stem slender1 equal or slightly tapering upward1 hollow1 fragile1 pallid1 adorned with soft1 loose1 white or yellowish floccose scales or filaments4 ,spores oblong or subfusiform1 #ab-bj long1 #f-h broad4 ,the cap of the shield lepiota is at first somewhat ovate or bell-shaped1 but with advancing age it becomes convex above or nearly flat4 ,it is white or whitish1 but spotted with numerous small scales of a yellowish or brownish-yellow color4 ,these scales are the result of the breaking up of the thin cuticle that covers the very young plant1 and they have the same color as it4 ,a small space in the center is brown or yellowish-brown1 or darker than the rest of the cap1 because the cuticle covering it remains unbroken and retains its color4 ,the center in some specimens is more prominent than in others1 giving what is called an umbonate cap4 ,the margin of the cap is sometimes shaggy1 specially in young plants1 by the adhering fragments of the whitish veil4 ,the gills are thin1 closely placed side by side and rounded at the end next the stem1 but they are not attached to the stem4 ,they are white4 ,the stem is rather long and slender1 fragile and adorned with loose1 soft fibrils or flocculent1 cottony tufts1 which give it a somewhat shaggy appearance1 but it becomes smoother as the plant grows older4 ,the cap is usually from #a-b4e inches broad1 and the stem from #a4e-c inches long and #a4e-c lines thick4 ,the plants grow in woods1 specially in hilly and mountainous regions1 and are generally solitary or few in a place1 but in favorable seasons they are of frequent occurrence and may be found from ,july to ,october4 ,though small and thin1 the caps are well flavored and make a desirable dish4 ,l4 metulaespora ,b4 and ,br4 scarcely differs from this species1 except in the striate margin of its cap4 ,peck1 #edth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,lepiota naucinoides ,pk4 7,see page #de47 ,this valuable food species is spreading and rapidly increasing in many of the states4 ,prof4 ,charles ,h4 ,peck1 in #edth ,annual ,report of the ,new ,york ,state ,museum1 says of it3 8,it has shown considerable variability in some of its characters4 ,usually its pileus is very white and smooth1 clean and attractive1 but specimens have been found this year having the pileus dingy or smoky brown1 others have been seen in which the cuticle of the pileus was cracked in such a way as to form minute squamules1 and in one or two instances plants were observed having the surface of the pileus adorned with minute granules1 a character attributed to ,l4 naucina ,fr4 ,in such cases the importance of recognizing the spore characters is shown4 ,by disregarding this character our plant has sometimes been referred to ,l4 naucina and sometimes to ,agaricus cretaceus ,fr41 both of which it closely resembles1 and with which it appears to be confused by ,european mycologists1 some referring it to one species and some to the other40 ,the species named are equally excellent4 7,plate ,,iii47 ,illustration3 ,,clitocybe ,,patuloides ,,pk4 ,about two-thirds nat4 size4 ,after ,peck4 ,clitocybe patuloides ,pk4 7,plate ,,iii47 ,pileus fleshy1 firm1 rather thick1 convex1 becoming nearly plane or somewhat centrally depressed1 glabrous1 even and white when young1 with the margin incurved1 becoming pale ochraceous with age and often squamose or rimosely areolate4 ,flesh white1 taste mild1 odor like that of mushrooms4 ,lamell thin1 close1 slightly or strongly decurrent1 forked or anastomosing at the base1 white4 ,stem usually short1 equal or slightly tapering upward1 solid1 white4 ,spores broadly elliptic1 #f-h long1 #e broad4 ,pileus #a-d inches broad4 ,stem #a-c inches long1 #d-ab lines thick4 ,gregarious or cespitose4 ,woods1 especially of pine4 ,when growing in tufts the stem is often eccentric and the pileus irregular4 ,the base of the stem is often white tomentose4 ,its agreeable odor and mild taste led to a trial of its edible qualities1 but it developed a bitter taste in cooking4 ,peck1 #edth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,clitocybe ,adirondackensis ,pk4 ,adirondack ,clitocybe4 ,pileus thin1 convex or nearly plane and umbilicate1 or centrally depressed and funnel-form1 glabrous1 moist1 white or pale tan color4 ,flesh white4 ,lamell thin1 narrow1 close1 very decurrent1 white4 ,stem nearly equal1 glabrous1 stuffed or hollow1 colored like the pileus4 ,spores subglobose or broadly elliptic1 #d-e long1 #c-d broad4 ,the ,adirondack clitocybe is common in the northern forests of the state1 but is not limited to them4 ,its cap is thin1 and soon becomes nearly flat with a decurved margin and a central depression or umbilicus1 or very concave by the elevation of the margin1 and then it resembles a wineglass in shape4 ,its margin is sometimes wavy or irregular4 ,in color it varies from white to a very pale red or tan color4 ,white specimens sometimes have the center slightly darker than the rest4 ,the gills are very narrow1 being scarcely broader than the thickness of the flesh of the cap4 ,they are closely placed1 white and decurrent4 ,the stem is nearly cylindric1 smooth and stuffed or hollow4 ,it is colored like the cap4 ,often there is a white tomentum or cottony substance at its base4 ,the cap varies in size and is #a-b inches broad2 the stem #a4e-c inches long and #a-b lines thick4 ,it may be found from ,july to ,october4 ,its flavor is suggestive of that of the common mushroom4 ,peck1 #edth ,rep ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,clitocybe maculosa ,pk4 ,spotted ,clitocybe4 ,pileus fleshy1 convex1 often centrally depressed1 glabrous1 centrally marked with numerous small round spots1 yellowish-white1 the young margin involute and minutely downy4 ,flesh white1 taste mild4 ,lamell narrow1 close1 very decurrent1 whitish or slightly yellowish1 some of them forked4 ,stem equal or slightly tapering upward1 glabrous or sparingly fibrillose1 stuffed1 sometimes becoming hollow1 whitish4 ,spores subglobose or orbicular1 #d-e broad4 ,the peculiar mark by which the spotted clitocybe may be distinguished consists in the small round definite spots in the central part of the cap4 ,they have a slightly darker or watery or yellowish color and appear as if depressed below the rest of the surface4 ,the cap is smooth and whitish or yellowish white and is generally depressed in the center and decurved on the margin4 ,the margin is usually adorned with slight1 short radiating ridges4 ,the flesh is white and the taste mild4 ,the gills are closely placed side by side1 narrow and prolonged downward on the stem4 ,they have nearly the same color as the cap4 ,the stem is nearly cylindric1 smooth or adorned with a few silky fibrils1 whitish and spongy within or sometimes hollow when old4 ,the cap is from #a-c inches broad2 the stem #b-c inches long and #b-d lines thick4 ,this mushroom grows among fallen leaves in woods4 ,it appears in ,august and ,september4 ,i have found it in the ,adirondack forests only4 ,its range is probably northward1 and its rarity detracts from its importance as an edible species4 ,peck1 #edth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,hygrophorus laur ,morg4 ,pileus fleshy1 convex and umbonate1 then expanded and depressed1 more or less irregular1 glutinous1 white1 clouded with a reddish or brownish tinge especially on the disk4 ,stem solid1 more or less curved or crooked1 tapering downward1 yellowish-white2 the apex scabrous with scaly points4 ,lamell unequally adnate-decurrent1 distant1 white4 ,spores pellucid1 elliptic1 apiculate1 4#jjhc4jjee4 ,growing in rich soil among the leaves in hilly woods4 ,pileus #b-d in4 broad1 stipe #b-d in4 long and an inch thick4 ,this is a much larger plant than ,h4 eburneus1 has a wash of red or brown upon the disk1 and is covered with a thick gluten4 ,it is more like ,h4 cossus1 but has no odor4 ,journal ,cincinnati ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist4 ,vol4 ,,vi1 #ahj1 #ahhc4 ,edible4 ,prof4 ,c4,h4 ,peck4 7,plate ,,iv47 ,illustration3 ,,lactarius ,,subpurpureus ,,pk4 ,about one-half nat4 size4 ,after ,peck4 ,lactarius subpurpureus ,pk4 ,purplish ,lactarius4 7,plate ,,iv4 ,see page #agb47 8,when fresh1 their taste is slightly acrid1 but1 when they are cooked1 it is scarcely inferior to that of ,l4 deliciosus40 ,peck1 #edth ,rep4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,i had not seen this species when the first edition of this work went to press1 consequently could not report its edible qualities4 ,the favorable testing by ,professor ,peck adds weight to the opinion ,i have frequently expressed1 that acridity of species when raw is no evidence whatever that they are harmful4 ,acridity usually disappears in cooking4 ,lactarius distans ,pk4 ,distant-gilled ,lactarius4 ,pileus firm1 broadly convex or nearly plane1 umbilicate or slightly depressed in the center1 with a minute velvety pruinosity1 yellowish tawny or brownish orange4 ,lamell rather broad1 distant1 adnate or slightly decurrent1 white or creamy yellow1 the interspaces venose1 milk white1 mild4 ,stem short1 equal or tapering downward1 solid1 pruinose1 colored like the pileus4 ,spores subglobose4 #i-aa broad4 ,the distant-gilled ,lactarius is similar to the orange ,lactarius in color1 but in other respects it is quite distinct4 ,the short stem1 widely separated gills and pruinose surface of the cap are distinctive features4 ,the cap is broadly convex and often has a small central depression or umbilicus4 ,in some cases it becomes nearly plane or even slightly funnel-shape by the spreading or elevation of the margin4 ,the surface1 specially in young and in well-developed specimens1 has a soft pruinose or almost velvety appearance to the naked eye1 and when viewed through a magnifying glass it is seen to be covered with minute persistent granules4 ,the surface is sometimes wrinkled and frequently it cracks in such a way as to form small angular or irregular areas4 ,the color is a peculiar one1 varying somewhat in shade1 but with tawny hues prevailing4 ,it has been described as yellowish tawny and brownish orange4 ,the flesh is white or whitish and has a mild taste4 ,the gills are wide apart1 somewhat arched in specimens having a convex cap and slightly decurrent in those with fully expanded or centrally depressed caps4 ,their color is white or creamy yellow and in old and dried specimens they have a white pruinosity as if frosted by the spores4 ,the milk is white and mild4 ,the stem is short1 rarely more than an inch long1 and is cylindric or tapering downward4 ,it is solid and colored and clothed like the cap4 ,the cap is #a to #d in4 broad2 the stem is usually about #a in4 long1 #d to #h lines thick4 ,it is found in thin woods1 bushy places and pastures from ,july to ,september4 ,it is similar to the orange ,lactarius1 ,l4 volemus1 in its edible qualities4 ,peck1 #eb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,russula rugulosa n4 sp4 ,rugulose ,russula4 ,pileus rather thin1 fragile1 convex1 becoming nearly plane or centrally depressed1 viscid when moist1 roughened or uneven with small tubercles and rug1 even on the margin when young1 becoming tuberculate striate with age1 the viscid pellicle separable on the margin4 ,flesh white1 reddish under the cuticle1 taste tardily acrid4 ,lamell rather close1 adnate or slightly rounded behind1 white4 ,stem nearly equal1 spongy within1 white4 ,spores white1 rough1 subglobose1 #h-aj broad1 shining in transmitted light4 ,the rugulose russula is closely related to the emetic russula1 but differs from it in the uneven or rugulose surface of the cap1 in the tardily acrid taste and in its closer adnate gills4 ,its cap is red1 varying from pale-red to dark-red1 viscid when moist1 even on the margin when young1 but somewhat tuberculate and striate when old4 ,its surface is roughened by minute tubercles or pimples1 which sometimes appear to run together and form short ridges4 ,these are sometimes absent from the center of the cap4 ,the viscid cuticle easily peels from the margin of the cap1 but not from the center4 ,the flesh is white1 except just under the cuticle1 where it is reddish4 ,it is soft and fragile1 and its taste is slowly and much less sharply acrid than in the emetic russula4 ,its gills are closely placed1 attached to the stem and persistently white4 ,the stem is brittle1 soft and spongy within1 smooth and white4 ,the cap is #b-d inches broad1 the stem #b-c inches long1 #d-h lines thick4 ,it grows in woods among mosses and fallen leaves or on the bare ground1 and appears in ,august and ,september4 ,it is an inhabitant of the ,adirondack forests4 ,its slightly acrid flavor is destroyed in cooking1 and it affords a harmless1 tender and agreeable food4 ,peck1 #edth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,russula abietina n4 sp4 ,fir ,tree ,russula4 ,pileus thin1 fragile1 convex1 becoming nearly plane or slightly depressed in the center1 viscid when moist1 the viscid pellicle separable1 tuberculate striate on the margin4 ,flesh white1 taste mild4 ,lamell subdistant1 ventricose1 narrowed toward the stem1 rounded behind and nearly free1 whitish1 becoming pale yellow1 the interspaces venose4 ,stem equal or tapering toward the top1 stuffed or hollow1 white4 ,spores bright yellowish ochraceous1 subglobose1 rough1 #h-aj broad4 ,the fir tree russula is closely related to the youthful russula1 ,r4 puellaris ,fr41 from which it is separated by the viscid cap1 the gills rather widely separated from each other and nearly free1 the stem never yellowish nor becoming yellow where wounded1 and the spores having an ochraceous hue4 ,they are much brighter and more highly colored in the mass than the mature gills4 ,the cap varies much in color1 but the center is generally darker than the rest4 ,it may be dull purple or greenish purple with a brownish or blackish center1 or sometimes with an olive green center1 or it may be olive green or smoky green with a brownish center4 ,olive green and purplish hues of various shades are variously combined1 but sometimes the margin is grayish and the center olive green4 ,the flesh is white and its taste mild4 ,the gills are white when young1 or barely tinged with yellow1 but they become pale yellow with age4 ,they are neither crowded nor widely attached to the stem1 and are connected with each other by cross veins1 which can be seen at the bottom of the interspaces4 ,the stems are rather slender1 soft or spongy1 sometimes becoming hollow and occasionally tapering upward4 ,they are very constantly and persistently white4 ,the cap is #a-b4e inches broad1 the stem #a-b4e inches long1 #c-e lines thick4 ,this russula grows under or near pine1 spruce or balsam fir trees4 ,it occurs from ,july to ,october4 ,it is tender and palatable4 ,the stems also are tender and may be cooked with the caps4 ,peck1 #edth ,rep4 ,n4 ,v4 ,state ,bot4 7,plate ,v47 ,illustration3 ,,cantharellus ,,cinnabarinus ,,pk4 ,about one-half nat4 size4 ,after ,peck4 ,cantharellus cinnabarinus ,schw4 ,cinnabar ,chantarelle4 7,plate ,v47 ,pileus firm1 convex or slightly depressed in the center1 often irregular with a wavy or lobed margin1 glabrous1 cinnabar red4 ,flesh white4 ,lamell narrow1 distant1 branched1 decurrent1 red4 ,stem equal or tapering downward1 glabrous1 solid or stuffed1 red4 ,spores elliptic1 #h-aj long1 #d-e broad4 ,the cinnabar ,chantarelle is readily recognized by its color4 ,it is externally red in all its parts1 the interior only being white4 ,it is a small species but often quite irregular in shape4 ,small specimens are more likely to be regular than large ones4 ,sometimes the cap is more fully developed on one side than on the other4 ,this makes the stem eccentric or in some cases almost lateral4 ,the color is quite constant1 but in some instances it is paler and approaches a pinkish hue4 ,it is apt to fade or even disappear in dried specimens4 ,the gills are blunt on the edge as in other species of this genus4 ,they are forked or branched1 narrow and decurrent4 ,the stem is small1 smooth and usually rather short4 ,it is generally solid1 but in the original description it is characterized as stuffed4 ,the cap is #h to #ah lines broad2 the stem #f to #ab lines long and #a to #c broad4 ,it grows gregariously in thin woods and open places and may be found from ,july to ,september4 ,it sometimes occurs in great abundance1 which adds to its importance as an edible species4 ,the fresh plant has a tardily and slightly acrid flavor1 but this disappears in cooking4 ,in ,epicrisis1 ,fries referred this species to the genus ,hygrophorus1 and in ,sylloge also it is placed in that genus1 but it is a true ,cantharellus and belongs in the genus in which ,schweinitz placed it4 ,peck1 #eb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,cortinarius corrugatus ,pk4 ,corrugated ,cortinarius4 7,plate ,,vi47 ,pileus fleshy1 broadly campanulate or very convex1 viscid when moist1 coarsely corrugated1 bright-yellow1 reddish-yellow1 tawny or ochraceous4 ,flesh white4 ,lamell close1 pallid when young1 becoming tawny with age4 ,stem rather long1 equal1 hollow1 bulbous1 pallid or yellowish1 the bulb viscid and usually colored like the pileus4 ,spores broadly elliptical1 rough1 #aa-af long1 #h-aj broad4 ,the corrugated ,cortinarius is a well-marked and easily-recognized species1 quite distinct from its allies4 ,although the color of the pileus is variable1 its viscid1 corrugated surface and the viscid bulb of the stem afford distinctive and easily-recognized characters4 ,sometimes the corrugations or wrinkles anastomose with each other in such a way as to give a reticulated appearance4 ,the color varies from yellow to reddish-tawny or reddish-ochraceous4 ,the margin in young plants is incurved4 7,plate ,,vi47 ,illustration3 ,,cortinarius ,,corrugatus ,,pk4 ,about two-thirds nat4 size4 ,after ,peck4 ,there is a variety in which the cap is adorned with darker-colored spots or scales4 ,this bears the name1 variety subsquamosus4 ,in all other respects it is like the species4 ,the gills are closely placed side by side4 ,they are at first of a pale hue1 but assume a darker and more definite tawny color with age4 ,they are usually minutely uneven or eroded on the edge and transversely striate on the sides4 ,they are slightly narrowed toward the stem4 ,the stem is generally a little longer than the width of the cap4 ,it is commonly smooth1 but sometimes sprinkled near the top with minute yellowish particles and adorned below with a few fibrils4 ,it is hollow and has a distinct viscid bulbous base1 the viscidity of which is a peculiar feature4 ,this bulb in the very young plant is even broader than the young cap1 that at this stage of development appears to rest upon it4 ,the color of the bulb is usually like that of the cap1 but the stem is commonly paler than either4 ,the cap is #b to #d inches broad1 the stem #c to #e inches long1 #c to #h lines thick4 ,the plants are gregarious in woods and bushy places1 and may be found from ,june to ,september4 ,it sometimes grows in considerable abundance1 and as an edible species it is not to be despised4 ,peck1 #eb;d ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,agaricus hmorrhoidarius ,schulz4 ,bleeding ,mushroom4 ,the bleeding mushroom is easily recognized1 when fresh1 by the red color assumed by wounds of the flesh either of the cap or stem4 ,this character is also found in the seashore mushroom1 ,a4 maritimus1 a species that has a solid stem and has not yet been found growing far from the sea4 ,the cap is generally some shade of brown1 but sometimes when young it is white4 ,it is adorned with darker fibrils or scales1 though these sometimes become obscure or disappear with age4 ,when young it is hemispheric or very convex1 but it soon becomes broadly convex or nearly flat1 with the center either slightly depressed or somewhat prominent4 ,the flesh is generally whitish or grayish white when first exposed to the air4 ,it assumes the red color rather slowly and after a time loses it again4 ,the gills are pink or rarely whitish when young1 but become brown or blackish brown with age4 ,the stem is long or short1 cylindric or tapering upward1 sometimes slightly thickened or bulbous at the base1 sometimes not4 ,it is hollow1 but the cavity small1 at first fibrillose and more or less adorned with floccose scales toward the base1 but these generally disappear with age1 and the primary white color of the stem is apt to become darker with age4 ,the collar is membranaceous and at first conceals the gills4 ,it is persistent1 silky and white or whitish1 sometimes tinged with brown4 ,the cap is #b-d inches broad2 the stem #b-d inches long1 #c-e lines thick4 ,it grows in woods or bushy places and seems to prefer damp soil rich in vegetable mold4 ,it may be found from ,august to ,october4 ,it sometimes grows in clusters4 ,it gives to milk in which it is stewed a brownish color4 ,its flavor is similar to that of the common mushroom4 ,a variety in which the stem is commonly shorter and the pileus of a darker smoky brown color is sometimes abundant in low damp ground on ,long ,island4 ,it may be called variety fumosus4 ,peck1 #edth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,agaricus abruptus ,pk4 7,a4 silvicola ,vitt41 ,a4 arvensis var4 abruptus ,pk47 7,plate ,i1 page #gbb47 ,agaricus abruptus ,pk4 is described on page #cdc as ,a4 silvicola ,vitt4 ,it is very common in the woods of ,west ,virginia1 ,new ,jersey and ,pennsylvania4 ,in the summer of #aija1 ,i found it in ,rockingham ,co41 ,n4,c4 ,the probabilities are that its spread is extensive4 ,being the wood cousin of the field mushroom 7,a4 campester7 it deserves more than ordinary attention4 ,it is found during months which do not favor the growth of the mushroom4 ,it is equally good1 though not so fleshy4 ,it gives the true mushroom flavor to less flavored edible species when cooked with them4 ,when seen at a distance1 growing in the woods1 it has the appearance of an ,amanita1 but the color of the gills1 which are never white after the cap opens and become as the spores ripen a blackish brown1 distinguishes it at once4 ,neither has it a volva4 ,the excellent photograph of the species1 taken by the late ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,weist1 ,richmond1 ,ind41 presents a life-like picture of it4 ,illustration3 ,photograph by ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,weist4 ,,supplement1 ,,plate ,i4 ,,agaricus ,,abruptus ,,pk4 ,boletus granulatus albidipes n4 var4 8,under pine trees4 ,westport4 ,october4 ,this variety differs from the typical form of the species in having the flesh of the pileus white1 except next the tubes1 where it is faintly yellowish1 the stem white externally and internally1 and in having a slight membranaceous veil which forms a very thin annulus on the stem of the young plant1 or forms fragments which adhere to the margin of the pileus40 ,peck1 #edth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,for typical form ,b4 granulatus1 see page #daf4 ,boletus chrysenteron albocarneus n4 var4 ,white ,flesh ,boletus4 ,pileus fleshy1 convex above1 dry1 subglabrous1 varying from brick red to bay red4 ,flesh white1 sometimes tinged with red near the surface2 tubes rather long1 adnate or slightly depressed around the stem1 greenish yellow1 their mouths small1 subrotund4 ,stem equal or nearly so1 solid1 subglabrous1 colored like or a little paler than the pileus1 white within4 ,the white flesh boletus is quite common in the ,adirondack forests and quite constant in its characters4 ,i have not seen it with yellow flesh1 though in other respects it agrees very well with the description of ,b4 chrysenteron4 ,the cap is not often cracked1 but1 when it is1 the cracks are sometimes red1 sometimes yellowish1 though the flesh is constantly white except just beneath the cuticle1 where it is sometimes reddish4 ,the tubes are long and greenish yellow4 ,they are at first nearly plane in the mass1 but with the expansion of the cap the mass often becomes ventricose4 ,the mouths of the tubes are small and nearly round4 ,wounds or bruises of the mass become bluish or greenish blue4 ,the stem is firm1 solid and colored like the cap1 though it is sometimes a little paler4 ,the ,cap is #a-b4e inches broad2 the ,stem #a-b inches long1 #b-d lines thick4 ,the trial specimens were fried in butter and found to be harmless1 palatable and digestible4 ,peck1 #edth ,rep4 ,n4,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,for typical species--,b4 chrysenteron--see page #dca4 ,,raising ,,mushrooms ,,at ,,home ,by the courtesy of the publishers of ,the ,woman's ,home ,companion1 the author is permitted to republish his article1 8,raising ,mushrooms at ,home10 which appeared in the ,october1 #aija1 number of that excellent monthly--encyclopedic in all home matters4 ,in ,october is the time to prepare the manure and beds for house-raising of mushrooms4 ,during the warm months they can not be cultivated without trial of one's temper and test of one's taste4 ,any one having control of a cellar can raise a fine crop of expectations1 and may raise a crop of mushrooms by either accident or experience4 ,they are at all times the most contrary of growths1 and require the nicest management and much patience4 ,the first thing to do is to select a well-ventilated spot away from direct drafts1 where the temperature can be maintained at from fifty to sixty degrees and a moist atmosphere assured4 ,thoroughly cleanse the cellar and give it an entire covering of whitewash4 ,decide upon the size of bed desired4 ,in width the bed should not exceed reaching distance to its center when there is a pathway on each side of it1 say six feet4 ,the length of the bed should reach to its useful stopping-place4 ,if the cellar has a portable heater in it1 and is warm1 the bed should be ten to twelve inches in depth2 if the heater is walled in1 or the cellar is cool1 the bed should be fifteen inches deep4 ,calculate how much fresh horse-manure1 with the long straw only removed from it and that has not been rained upon1 it will take to make a bed of desired dimensions solidly tramped4 ,get it1 put it in a compact heap1 and keep it covered from rain4 ,it will heat rapidly and get smoking-hot1 because a fermentation sets in which produces heat4 ,if loam can be procured from a pasture or elsewhere it is well to add one-fifth 7in bulk7 of it to the manure1 mixing it thoroughly4 ,this addition retards the fermentation and absorbs the ammonia--a valuable fertilizer--which would otherwise be driven off by the heat4 ,it also takes up any surplus of moisture4 ,after the compact pile has been thus prepared it should stand two or three days1 then be well forked over and again piled4 ,this forking should be repeated from four to six times1 at intervals of from two to four days1 depending upon the use or not of loam1 which affects the rapidity of heating4 ,if loam is used the forking should be at longer intervals unless the heat becomes excessive4 ,the manure will probably then be in good order to go into beds4 ,it is upon proper1 careful preparation of this medium that successful mushroom-raising greatly depends4 ,all work and hopes are thrown away if the greatest care is not exercised4 ,just as it is folly to buy poor seeds upon which to expend costly labor1 so it is folly to make beds of poorly prepared manure4 ,illustration3 ,,brick ,,cut ,,for ,,planting4 ,the manure must neither contain too much nor too little water4 ,by far the largest percentage of failures is due to too much4 ,it rots the spawn vine 7mycelium71 and thus destroys the starting place of the fruit1 or mushroom4 ,the object in forking the manure so frequently is to sweeten it 7as the operation is called7 and to prevent overheating from fermentation4 ,if it gets too hot it 8burns0--gets too dry4 ,molding1 too1 is avoided4 ,moldy manure will not produce4 ,if1 in forking over the pile1 dry places are found1 they should be sprinkled with water2 if1 when the fermentation grows less active1 the manure is too wet1 spread it out to air and dry somewhat4 ,it is in good condition and properly moist when tight squeezing will not press water from it4 ,far better that it should be too dry than too wet4 ,the manure now ready should be moved to the cellar and made into beds while warm4 ,good ventilation is a necessity4 ,two thermometers are needed--one to mark the temperature of the cellar1 the other to place well and solidly down in the bed to record what it is doing in the heat way4 ,it is probable that the mercury will rise slowly4 ,it may go as high as one hundred and twenty-five or one hundred and thirty degrees4 ,do not disturb the bed1 however high it goes4 ,when it falls to between ninety and eighty degrees plant the spawn4 ,if possible1 keep the temperature up for several days4 ,it should then fall slowly to sixty degrees1 but go down no farther4 ,never plant on a rising temperature4 ,mushroom-spawn comes in brick-shaped blocks4 ,they can be purchased1 of good quality1 from any reliable seedsman4 ,these blocks are made of a mixture of dungs1 through which the mycelium1 or vine1 from which mushrooms grow1 has been run4 ,after this mixture is filled with the vine 7badly named spawn7 it is pressed into blocks and dried4 ,it should be kept dry until used4 ,spawning a bed is nothing more than placing cuttings of this exceedingly fine vine under the influence of moisture and heat in a soil fitted for its growth 7such as the bed should be71 then inducing it to run and fruit4 ,spawn is originally made to grow by planting the seed of mushrooms in specially prepared dungs and germinating them4 ,the mycelium1 or vine1 coming from this germination is called 8virgin spawn10 and is perpetuated in its growth by running 7training7 it through manures1 pieces of which form the spawn of commerce4 ,with a sharp hatchet cut the bricks into twelve pieces of equal size2 a fine1 clean meat-saw may be used1 as it reduces breakage4 ,with the hand make holes in the bed ten inches apart each way4 ,these holes must be so deep that when the lumps of spawn are thrust firmly down into them the top of the lumps will be not less than one inch or more than two inches below the surface of the bed4 ,cover the lumps firmly4 ,have the surface of the bed as even as possible4 ,without having to go very far into the cold region of mathematics1 the number of bricks of spawn needed is easily figured4 ,ascertain the number of holes1 ten inches apart1 that can be made in the bed4 ,divide this number by twelve1 and lo6 you have it4 ,after the bed is spawned it is well to lay a double thickness of newspapers over it1 putting a few plastering-laths or light sticks upon them to keep them in place4 ,this is to keep the heat in the bed1 as it is desirable that the temperature should not run down too rapidly4 ,it should be two weeks falling to sixty degrees4 ,ten days after spawning1 if the heat of the bed has gone down to sixty-five or sixty degrees1 cover the bed with two inches of loam and pat it solid with spade or board4 ,the bed should not be covered with loam when the temperature is too high4 ,removing the papers will allow the heat to escape4 ,at the time of covering with loam the spawn should have begun to spread4 ,it will show plainly in the manure close to the lumps of spawn4 ,its odor is unmistakable1 being musky1 spicy1 much like mushrooms1 but stronger4 ,care should be taken not to disturb the new mycelium1 as all breakage of the fine1 web-like threads lessens its product4 ,the mycelium should start and grow quickly up to the time of covering with loam4 ,after that a slow increase is best4 ,to effect this the surrounding outside temperature should be from fifty-seven to sixty-two degrees4 ,ventilation should be upward and good1 but not directly upon the bed4 ,the mycelium will now run and completely fill the bed4 ,minute white nodules will appear upon the threads of it2 these are the beginnings of the mushrooms to come4 ,in from seven to eight weeks after spawning tiny button mushrooms should appear on top of the bed4 ,if the cellar has been cool it may be a few days longer4 ,mr4 ,falconer says1 8,if the temperature of the bed falls below fifty-seven degrees1 and the atmospheric temperature below forty-five degrees1 the beds should be covered with matting or other material40 ,newspapers will do4 ,upon the appearance of the mushrooms is the time a moist atmosphere is needed4 ,this is obtained by sprinkling the walks and cellar well with warm water4 ,this moisture should be kept up all the while the crop is growing4 ,unless the fruiting beds show a marked dryness they should not be watered4 ,if watering is required1 do it very carefully with a fine rose or syringe4 ,have the pure water at ninety degrees1 and do not more than moisten the loam covering4 ,never let the water settle in pools or wash the surface4 ,after the bed is in bearing the addition of strong1 liquid manure plentifully applied between the bunches 7never on them7 will add to their weight and size4 ,it should be done with a long spout without rose4 ,a sprinkling of salt on bare places is beneficial4 ,illustration3 ,,berth ,,beds ,,against ,,cellar ,,walls4 ,,gathering ,,the ,,crop4 ,the mushrooms will now show in various sizes1 from pin-head to large1 full-grown specimens1 singly and in dense clusters4 ,as fast as they reach the desired size twist them from their sockets4 ,do not cut or pull them4 ,keep the gills downward1 to prevent dirt getting in them4 ,take care not to disturb those left in the beds more than is necessary4 ,it is unnecessary to add1 cook them1 but it is very necessary to tell how1 because many excellent cooks commit the outrageous sacrilege of peeling mushrooms4 ,a large amount of the flavor and deliciousness of a mushroom is in the skin--as it is in the apple4 ,one might just as well peel a strawberry4 ,first1 always holding the plant gills downward and not over others1 cut away the extreme base of the stem and brush off any adhering dirt4 ,if the cap shows much scruff1 rub it off with a piece of coarse flannel or cloth4 ,throw the mushrooms thus cleaned into cold water2 they will float4 ,run the fingers through them several times1 then lift them to a fresh pan of water1 wash them and place them1 gills downward1 on a cloth to drain1 or put them in a colander4 ,then cook them to taste4 ,here1 again1 sacrilege is frequent4 ,many foods are simply mediums for added flavors4 ,not so the mushroom2 it has a decided1 exquisite flavor of its own4 ,it should not be made in cooking to taste like something else4 ,put the mushrooms in a stew-pan with a little water2 cover them1 and stew slowly for twenty minutes1 adding butter1 salt and pepper to taste4 ,cream or milk may be added4 ,another very good way is to butter well a medium-hot pan2 cut the mushrooms into equal-sized pieces1 put them in it1 cover1 and fry4 ,stir them from time to time1 and when quite done season with salt and pepper4 ,a good gravy is made for them by using water1 milk or cream4 ,now if you must have a meat of some sort1 put the meat on one dish and the mushrooms on another4 ,by doing this you spoil the taste of neither4 ,beds will continue to produce for several weeks if properly cared for4 ,as soon as they cease bearing remove them1 clean up1 white-wash1 coal-oil every inch of wood1 salt the floor1 and be ready to try again4 ,after the amateur has his or her hand in1 the bed area can be largely increased by building rough berths1 one above the other1 in which beds can be made4 ,an important bit of advice is3 ,start in a small way4 ,do not expend any more money than you can afford to lose4 ,transcriber's ,note ,this is a complex text1 with a great deal of structure1 which occasionally lapses4 ,in general1 the text is given as printed1 except that minor lapses of the conventional punctuation have been silently corrected4 ,where the author's intent is unclear1 the notes collected here will indicate the resolution1 if any4 ,the text proved difficult to outline1 with different sections adopting various schemes4 ,the only class contained here is ,,fungi4 ,in each ,genus section1 the ',analysis of the ,tribes' tabulation indicates one or more subsections to follow1 keyed by one or more asterisks4 ,frequently1 these references have no corresponding subsection4 ,in general1 this scheme is unreliable4 ,on p4 #cd1 the outline entry #8,b4 ,,pileus ,,viscid4 ,,neither ,,scaly ,,nor ,,warty' almost certainly refers to the incorrectly lettered and titled section on p4 #di1 #8,a4 ,,cuticle ,,viscid4 ,,neither ,,scaly ,,nor ,,warty4'4 ,the #8cuticle' is an attribute of the #8pileus'4 ,as examples1 on p4 #acc1 there are no asterisks on the references to the ,collybarii or ,mycenarii1 but one asterisk appears in the subsection ,collybarii directly below4 ,on the other hand1 there is no matching subheading for ,mycenarii4 ,on p4 #bga1 the reference '99 geritini4 ,p4 gerita1 the type of the section1' in the ,table of the ,tribes has no matching section4 ,where the subsection references have matching subsections1 hyperlinks have been included to facilitate navigation4 ,there are number of issues associated with the many illustrations4 ,there is a parenthetical reference on p4 #adb to ,plate ,,xxxva on the same page1 which does not exist in the text1 nor in the ,list of ,illustrations4 ,on p4 #baf1 the page reference for ,plate ,,cxxxvi1 fig4 #d was omitted4 ,the correct page 7p4 #ejh7 has been provided4 ,on p4 #cai1 ,plate ,l,x,x,x,v,ia 7,cortinarius autumnalis7 is mislabeled as ,l,x,x,x,v,ib4 ,plate ,l,x,x,x,v,ib 7,cortinarius annulatus7 appears properly on p4 #cbj4 ,plates ,,lxxxix1 ,,cxxiii1 ,,cxxvii and ,,clvii are missing from both the ,list and the text4 ,on pp4 #efi-egj1 the quotation marks associated with the passage 8,the botanical description of ,gastromycetes1 given by ,m4,c4 ,cooke1 is 444 by various transformations of the peridium40 are confused4 ,they are given as printed here4 ,on p4 #ffd1 the reference to ,,monocotyledon in the entry for ,,endogen has no corresponding entry4 p4 xxiii ,the ,clavariace--branched or ,missing1 club-shaped--often found but likely4 p4 #fd ,in other respects ,added4 p4 #fe mottlings ,added4 p4 #ajj ,spores #e-fc-d ,b4 ,added4 p4 #bbg ,novia ,scotia ,sic4 p4 #bhe dangerous plant40 ,added4 p4 #big ,mrs4 ,mary ,fa_/uller ,corrected4 ',fuller' elsewhere4 p4 #cbd at ,mr_/t4 ,gretna1 ,pa4 ,corrected4 p4 #cea somewhat ,added4 p4 #ceb evidence against it40 ,added4 p4 #cfc ,a_/,h4 ,candolleanus ,corrected2 the genus following this entry4 p4 #djg ,pileous yellow ,removed4 p4 #dfd ,spores oblong1 #ab-add-e4 ,added4 p4 #dfg ,b4 gracilis ,added4 p4 #dga the type of a new tribe40 ,added4 p4 #dhd ,philadelphia ,added4 p4 #eag 9999 ,plant white1 gray or yellowish4 ,added4 p4 #edh ,,mitrul,l,a ,,vitellina4 sic4 p4 #ffj 7cortina7 ,added4 p4 #ffc plan tbefore_/plant before ,corrected4 p4 #fga ,,la,,tex 7latex1 liquid2 ferre1 ,sic4 bear71 p4 #fgi as if_/n pruinatus ,corrected4