,vol4 ,,ii4 ,no4 #b4 ,,! ,,national ,,geographic ,,magaz9e4 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,national ,,geographic ,,society4 ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,price #ej ,c5ts4 ,,cont5ts4 ,! ,riv]s ( ,nor!rn ,new ,j]sey1 ) notes on ! classification ( riv]s 9 g5]al3 ,william ,morris ,davis 7,) sev5 illu/rations47 ,a ,critical ,review ( ,b]+'s ,fir/ ,exp$ition1 #agbe-cj1 toge!r ) a translation ( 8 orig9al ,report ^u x3 ,dr4 ,wm4 ,h4 ,dall 7,illu/rat$ by "o map47 ,supplem5t>y note on ! alleg$ obs]vation ( a ,lun> ,eclipse by ,b]+ 9 #agbh-i3 ,m>cus ,bak] ,publi%$ ,may1 #ahij4 ,,press ,,( ,,tuttle1 ,,moreh\se ,,taylor1 ,,new ,,hav51 ,,conn4 ,,! ,,national ,,geographic ,,magaz9e4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 #ahij4 ,no4 #b4 ,,! ,,riv]s ,,( ,,nor!rn ,,new ,,j]sey1 ,,) ,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,classification ,,( ,,riv]s ,,9 ,,g5]al4 ,,by ,,william ,,morris ,,davis4 ,,outl9e4--,riv]s ( diff]5t k9ds3 consequ5t1 antec$5t1 sup]impos$1 subsequ5t1 adju/$4--,topography ( ,nor!rn ,new ,j]sey4--,reviv$ & sup]impos$ riv]s 9 ,new ,j]sey4--,dra9age ( ! ,wat*ung cresc5t4--,re-arrangem5t ( sup]impos$ riv]s by ! gr[? ( subsequ5t /reams4--,application ( ?is pr9ciple to ! ,gre5 riv] 9 ! ,u9ta m\nta9s3 ,p[ell's & ,emmons' !ories4--,! ,gre5 riv] probably sup]impos$ & its bran*es re-arrang$ by ! gr[? ( subsequ5t /reams4--,anacl9al & rev]s$ riv]s 9 ,new ,j]sey4 ,nor!rn ,new ,j]sey is dra9$ by sev]al /reams :i* rise 9 ! ,ar*ean ,highl&s1 fl[ s\!a/w>d across ! c5tral ,triassic pla9 & rea* ! sea ne> ! inl& m>g9 ( ! ,cretace\s =mation4 ,:at k9ds ( riv]s are ^!8 ,su* a "q c h>dly be answ]$ until we h exam9$ riv]s 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 ga9+ mat]ial = a g5]al hi/ory ( riv]s by induction f z l>ge z possible a v>iety ( examples2 & until we h d$uc$ f our g5]alizations a s]ies ( critical features suffici5t to s]ve = ! detection ( riv]s ( diff]5t k9ds :]ev] f\nd4 ,! g5]alizations "h ref]r$ to may be pres5t$ 9 ! =m ( a classification1 foll[+ ! ideas ( ,p[ell1 ,gilb]t1 ,heim1 ,lwl & o!rs1 z foll[s3 ,consequ5t riv]s4--,^? t h 9 _! bir?1 at ! "t ( _! orig9al e/abli%m5t on ! c\ntry :i* !y dra91 select$ c\rses 9 accordance ) ! con/ructional slopes ( ! surface2 = example1 ! ,r$ ,riv] ( ! ,nor? & su* ( its bran*es z fl[ on ! ev5 surface ( ! lacu/r9e pla9 ( ,lake ,agassiz2 ! sev]al /reams t dra9 ! brok5 lava blocks ( ,s\!rn ,oregon2 c]ta9 /reams & riv]s ( ! ,jura t dra9 ! syncl9al tr\ghs ( ^? m\nta9s4 ,consequ5t /reams may be divid$ into def9ite & indef9ite gr\ps4 ,def9ite consequ5t /reams are ^? t foll[ well def9$ con/ructional *annels1 su* z ! axial l9e ( a syncl9al tr\gh1 or ! l[e/ po9t ( an anticl9al ar* betwe5 two syncl9al bas9s2 !y are def9$ 9 location z well z 9 direction4 ,indef9ite consequ5t /reams are ^? t fl[ d[n con/ructional slopes1 su* z ! flanks ( an anticl9e1 b ^: precise location dep5ds on ^? m9or inequalities ( surface t we t]m accid5tal2 !y are def9$ 9 direction b n 9 location2 & !y are z a rule bran*es ( def9ite consequ5t /reams4 ,antec$5t riv]s4--,^? t dur+ & = a "t aft] a di/urbance ( _! dra9age area ma9ta9 ! c\rses t !y _h tak5 be=e ! di/urbance4 ,9 ,p[ell's orig9al def9ition ( ?is class ( riv]s1 he said t ! valleys ( ! ,u9ta m\nta9s are occupi$ by dra9age t 0 e/abli%$ antec$5t to ! corrugation or displacem5t ( ! b$s by fault+ or fold+4#a ,no limit is set to ! am\nt ( corrugation or displacem5t or to ! /r5g? ( ! fault+ or fold+4 ,x !re=e seems advisable to consid] :at v>iations !re may be f ! /rongly m>k$ antec$5t type2 "o extreme be+ 9 ^? cases :]e ! displacem5t 0 a m9imum & ! p]sev]ance ( ! /reams a maximum1 ! o!r :]e ! displacem5t 0 a maximum & ! successful p]sev]ance ( ! /reams a m9imum1 or z]o4 ,! simple/ examples ( antec$5t riv]s are !re=e f\nd 9 regions t h be5 broadly elevat$ ) ! g5tle/ *anges ( slope1 s z to ent] a new cycle ( topographic developm5t1 all ! /reams reta9+ _! previ\s c\rses1 b ga9+ ability to deep5 _! =m] *annels d[n to ! new baselevel2 su* /reams may be call$ reviv$4 ,examples ( reviv$ /reams are v common2 ne>ly all ! /reams ( ! ,highl&s ( ,new ,j]sey are ( ?is k9d2 all ! /reams ( c5tral & we/]n ,p5nsylvania seem to belong 9 ! same class4 ,f ^! simple & common examples1 we %all "s day1 :5 our k ( riv]s is bett] develop$1 be able to =m a complete s]ies lead+ to :at is g5]ally und]/ood z ! typical antec$5t riv]1 :i* has outliv$ de=mation z well z elevation )\t suff]+ ei!r deflection or pond+4 ,l>ge riv]s ( /rong slope1 well enclos$ 9 /eep-sid$ valleys1 or 9 o!r words vigor\s adolesc5t riv]s h ! be/ opportunity to p]si/ across a belt ( ris+ or wri?+ c\ntry1#b because a great de=mation w\ld be requir$ to ?r[ !m f _! c\rses4 ,small /reams or l>ge ones ( fa9t slope 9 an op5 l[ c\ntry are m easily deflect$4 ,f ! typical antec$5t riv]1 ! s]ies may be cont9u$ by examples 9 :i* ev5 ! l>g] /reams are less or m pond$ or deflect$ by ! de=mation1 until at ! end ( ! s]ies !re is a complete ext9ction ( ! antec$5t dra9age & ! e/abli%m5t ( an entirely orig9al consequ5t dra9age4 ,! p]fectly typical antec$5t riv]1 9 ! middle ( ?is s]ies1 is c]ta9ly ( r>e occurr5ce1 & is p]haps unkn[n4 ,footnote #a3 ,colorado riv] ( ! ,we/1 #afc4 ,footnote #b3 ,/ur's expression ,gebirg%ub od] ,gebirgs*ub sugge/$ to me ! t]ms "h employ$4 ,consequ5t /reams1 ^: c\rse is tak5 on a relatively ?91 uncon=mably ov]ly+ mass1 = a "t pres]ve _! initial c\rses1 ev5 ?\gh !y may be q out ( accord ) ! und]ly+ /ructures on :i* !y h desc5d$4 ,su* /reams 7 fir/ recogniz$ by ,m>v9e1 & aft]w>ds nam$ sup]impos$1 inh]it$ or epig5etic by v>i\s au?ors4 ,a full collection ( examples ( ?is class %\ld beg9 ) /reams t dep>t f true consequ5t c\rses only locally1 :]e !y h discov]$ a small portion ( ! und]ly+ =mation1 l ! ,m]rimack at ,man*e/] & o!r wat]-p[] t[ns ( ,new ,hamp%ire1 :]e ! /ream has sunk ^u rocky l$ges b5ea? ! surface drift & s&s2 or l ! ,mississippi & o!r riv]s 9 ,m9nesota :i* h 9 places cut ?r\gh ! drift %eet to ! und]ly+ cry/all9es4 ,! s]ies w\ld conclude ) /reams t h /ripp$ (f ! cov] on :i* !y 7 consequ5t1 & h ?us become sup]impos$ on ! und]ly+ =mation 9 _! :ole l5g?4 ,!re is a curi\s int]m$iate type ( dra9age lately recogniz$ by ,mc,gee 9 ! s\!rn /ates1 a sup]impos$ dra9age t is n inconsequ5t ^u ! buri$ surface b5ea? ! uncon=mably ov]ly+ surface lay]4 ,x occurs 9 regions :]e a well-m>k$ dra9age _h be5 e/abli%$2 a brief subm]g5ce !n all[$ ! deposition ( a relatively ?9 mask ( s$im5ts2 an elevation br\ght ! mask$ surface up aga91 & z x rose1 ! /reams took possession ( l9es ess5tially id5tical ) ! c\rses ( _! ance/ors1 because ! mask ( new] deposits _h n ext+ui%$ ! antec$5t topography4 ,mc,gee proposes to call su* /reams resurrect$4 ,riv]s ( all classes z a rule develop dur+ _! adolesc5ce & m mature gr[? c]ta9 subsequ5t bran*es t 7 n 9 any way repres5t$ 9 ! e>ly y\? ( ! sy/em4 ,?us ! indef9ite memb]s ( ! consequ5t dra9age ( ! ,jura m\nta9s h develop$ subsequ5t /reams on s(t b$s ( monocl9al & anticl9al /ructures1 :]e !re c\ld n possibly h be5 any consequ5t dra9age l9es at ! bir? ( ?is sy/em1 unless we admit ! suppos$ fractur+ ( ! anticl9al cre/s1 :i* seems unnecess>y to say ! lea/4 ,ev5 9 ! simple/ /yle ( dra9age1 gr[+ on a level surface1 _m ( ! bran*es mu/ be subsequ5t1 or z ,mc,gee has call$ !m 9 su* cases1 autog5etic4 ,riv]s ( all classes are subject to spontane\s re-arrangem5t or adju/m5t ( _! c\rses to a great] or less ext5t1 9 accordance ) ! weak] /ructural l9es4 ,?is results f ! migration ( divides & ! consequ5t ab/raction or capture ( "o /ream by ano!r4 ,! capture is g5]ally made by ! headw>d developm5t ( "s subsequ5t bran*4 ,b aft] ?is k9d ( *ange has advanc$ to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! divides become /able1 & fur!r *ange ceases4 ,! riv]s may !n be said to be maturely adju/$4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions1 *iefly great initial altitude ( surface1 & great div]sity ( /ructure1 t is1 9 m\nta9\s regions1 ! *anges aris+ f adju/m5ts ( ?is spontane\s k9d are v great1 s t ! c\rses ( a riv]'s middle age may h little resemblance to ^? ( its y\?1 z ,lwl has po9t$ out & z ,i h tri$ to %[ 9 ! case ( ! ,p5nsylvanian riv]s4 ,x may be difficult to recognize 9 su* cases :e!r ! y\?ful c\rses ( a riv] sy/em 7 consequ5t1 antec$5t or sup]impos$4 ,adju/m5ts ( ?is k9d 7 n discuss$ by ,p[ell1 al?\gh he makes brief m5tion ( :at ,i h call$ subsequ5t /reams4 ,! fir/ appreciation t ,i ga9$ ( riv] adju/m5ts came f ! writ+s ( ,lwl2 b ,i h s9ce f\nd t ! g5]al pr9ciples gov]n+ _! opportunity 7 /at$ by ,gilb]t 9 8 monograph on ! ,h5ry ,m\nta9s ( ,utah 7pp4 #ada1 #adi71 & by ,heim 9 8 ,me*anismus d] ,gebirgsbildung 7i1 #bgb1 etc41 ii1 #gi1 #cbj74 ,:]e d ! riv]s ( nor!rn ,new ,j]sey /& 9 ?is g5]al s*eme ( riv] classification8 ,we mu/ aga9 po/pone ! answ] to ! "q1 :ile review+ ! hi/ory ( ! g5]al geographical developm5t ( ! region4#c ,footnote #c3 ,! m detail$ /atem5t ( ?is hi/ory may be f\nd 9 an essay prep>$ by ! au?or ) ! collaboration ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,wood1 ,jr41 ( ! class ( #ahhh 9 ,h>v>d ,college1 ! /udy be+ und]tak5 z a jo9t !sis by in/ructor & /ud5t 9 a second c\rse 9 ,physical ,geography4 ,! essay is publi%$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 #ahhi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,! topography ( nor!rn ,new ,j]sey may be briefly describ$ z made up ( valleys & l[l&s t h be5 et*$ 9 ! n[ elevat$ surface ( :at may be call$ ! ,s*ooley p5epla9 on ! ,cretace\s baselevel4 ,! topographical atlas ( ,new ,j]sey %\ld be con/antly ref]r$ to1 9 ord] to foll[ su* a /atem5t z ?is2 b 9 ord] t ! read] may )\t undue difficulty appreh5d ! mean+ ( my descriptions & recognize ! v>i\s localities yet to be nam$ )\t ! tr\ble ( se>*+ = !m on ! maps ( ! atlas1 ,i h attempt$ to draw a g5]aliz$ bird's eye view ( nor!rn ,new ,j]sey1 z x w\ld be se5 by an obs]v] ab\t sev5ty miles v]tically above ! c5t] ( s\!rn ,new ,j]sey4 ,! m]idians are v]tical & ea/ & we/ l9es are horizontal1 b oblique azimu?s are =e%ort5$4 ,! result is h>dly m ?an a geographical c>icature1 & ,i publi% x 9 "p to exp]im5t ^u ! usefulness ( s imp]fect an ef=t4 ,an active imag9ation may p]ceive ! long ev5 cre/ l9e ( ,kittat9ny ,m\nta9 on ! nor?we/1 ris+ beyond ! roll+ floor ( ! ,kittat9ny ,valley1 z ! great ,alleghany lime/one l[l& is "h call$2 !n come ! ,highl& plateaus1 ( accordant altitude "o ) ano!r1 b )\t ! mesa-l m>g9 t my p5 has n kn[n h[ to avoid indicat+4 ,! ,c5tral pla9 lies 9 ! =egr\nd1 div]sifi$ by ! v>i\s trap ridges t rise above its surface2 ,fir/ & ,second m\nta9s ( ! d\ble ,wat*ung cresc5t ne> ! ,highl&s2 ,s\rl& ,m\nta9 9 ! s\?we/2 & ,rocky ,hill1 ! s\?we/]n re-appe>ance ( ! ,palisades intrusive trap %eet1 ly+ a little ne>] to u4 ,! ,c5tral pla9 is also div]sifi$ by ! ,fall-l9e1 a slight b r di/9ct break 9 its surface f ,tr5ton 7,tr47 on ! ,delaw>e to a little bel[ ,new ,brunswick 7,n4 ,b47 on ! ,r>itan4 ,! important dra9age l9es are3 ! ,delaw>e1 =m+ ! we/]n b\nd>y ( ! ,/ate1 tr5*+ ,kittat9ny ,m\nta9 at ! ,wat] ,gap1 cutt+ a deep transv]se valley ?r\gh ! ,highl&s :]e x receives longitud9al bran*es1 & a %all[] tr5* across ! ,kittat9ny l[l& & ! ,c5tral pla92 ! ,r>itan1 ^: nor? & s\? bran*es head 9 ! ,highl&s1 :ile ! ,mill/one jo9s x f s\? ( ! fall-l9e1 cutt+ ?r\gh ,rocky ,hill ne> ,pr9ceton 7,pr47 on ! way2 & ! ,pequannock-,passaic1 ris+ 9 ! ,highl&s1 ga!r+ tribut>ies 9 ! l[ bas9 beh9d ! ,wat*ung ridges1 & escap+ to ! front c\ntry z a s+le /ream1 ! ,passaic1 ?r\gh deep gaps at ,patt]son4 ,! t]m9al mora9e1 m>k+ ! fur!/ advance ( ! second glacial invasion ( po/-t]ti>y "t1 is indicat$ by an irregul> dott$ b& cross+ ! ,/ate1 f ! ,n>r[s ( ,new ,york ,bay1 :i* x def9es1 on ! ea/1 pass+ ov] ,second ,m\nta9 by ! gap at ,summit 7,s71 ris+ midway 9 ! ,highl&s ov] ,s*ooley ,m\nta91 & trav]s$ by ! ,delaw>e at ,belvid]e 7,b74 ,! ,s*ooley p5epla9 is indicat$ by ! cre/ & summit altitudes ( ,kittat9ny ,m\nta91 ! ,highl& plateaus & ! trap ridges4 ,?is p5epla9 once lay l[ & ess5tially horizontal1 ! practically complet$ "w ( ! processes ( d5udation act+ on a previ\sly high l& ?r\gh a long p]iod ( "t3 x is n[ lift$ & tilt$1 s t its inl& portion rises to ! height ( ! ,highl&s1 :i* are its remnants1 :ile its seaw>d portion desc5ds sl[ly b5ea? a cov] ( uncon=mable ,cretace\s b$s1 s\!a/ ( ! fall-l9e1 & ?us hidd5 s9ks g5tly b5ea? ! ,atlantic %ore4 ,! cov] ( ,cretace\s s$im5ts 0 laid on ! s\!a/]n "p ( ! old p5epla9 dur+ a mod]ate subm]g5ce ( its seaw>d portion1 be=e ! elevation & tilt+ above m5tion$ 7fig4 #b1 bel[74 ,mu* ( ! cov] has be5 worn away s9ce ! "t ( elevation 7figs4 #c-f1 bel[71 :i* gave opportunity = ! op5+ ( deep valleys on ! s(t lime/ones & slates among ! h>d cry/all9e rocks ( ! ,highl&s2 & = ! production ( ! broad ,kittat9ny ,valley l[l& or p5epla9 on ! wide belt ( lime/ones beyond ! ,highl&s2 & fur!rmore = ! developm5t ( a broad baselevell$ pla9 on ! weak ,triassic %ales & s&/ones1 :]e ! old p5epla9 has be5 almo/ entirely de/roy$4 ,! ,cretace\s cov] rema9s only ne> ! coa/1 :]e x /ood too l[ to be attack$ :ile ! valleys & l[l&s j describ$ 7 c>v$ out4 ,an int]e/+ peculi>ity 9 ! relation betwe5 ! new] baselevel pla9 on ! ,triassic area & ! old ,cretace\s p5epla9 is t _! surfaces mutually int]sect at a small angle along ! l9e :i* n[ m>ks ! visible contact betwe5 ! ,triassic & ,cretace\s =mations3 ! new] pla9 /&+ b5ea? ! erod$ portion ( ! old] "o nor?we/ ( ?is l9e1 :ile x rises above ! buri$ "p ( ! old] "o & obliquely truncates its ,cretace\s cov] to ! s\!a/ ( ! l9e4 ,f9ally1 ! l& z a :ole has be5 rais$ a little s9ce ! mak+ ( ! new] pla91 & %all[ valleys int]rupt its broad surface4 ,x is no long] a true pla92 x has become a pa/pla94 ,a few words may be all[$ me conc]n+ ^! t]ms1 p5epla9 & pa/pla94 ,giv5 suffici5t "t = ! action ( d5ud+ =ces on a mass ( l& /&+ fix$ ) ref]5ce to a con/ant baselevel1 & x mu/ be worn d[n s l[ & s smoo?1 t x w\ld fully des]ve ! "n ( pla94 ,b x is v unusual = a mass ( l& to ma9ta9 a fix$ position z long z is "h assum$4 ,_m in/ances might be quot$ ( regions :i* h /ood /ill s long t _! surface is almo/ r$uc$ to its ultimate =m2 b ! truly ultimate /age is seldom rea*$4 ,we c select regions 9 :i* ! valley l[l&s h become broad & flat1 ! int]m$iate doab hills h wa/$ away l[] & l[] until !y are r$uc$ to =ms ( insignificant relief2 & yet ! surface /ill does n des]ve ! "n ( pla9 z unqualifi$ly z d ^? "y l&s newly born f seas or lakes 9 :i* _! geometrically level surfaces 7 =m$4 ,i h !re=e else:]e sugge/$#d t an old region1 ne>ly baselevell$1 %\ld be call$ an almo/-pla92 t is1 a p5epla94 ,footnote #d3 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 xxxvii1 #ahhi1 #dcj4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an old baselevell$ region1 ei!r a p5epla9 or a truly ultimate pla91 w1 :5 ?r[n by elevation into a new cycle ( developm5t1 dep>t by great] & great] degrees f its simple featureless =m1 z "y n>r[ valleys are sunk b5ea? its surface by its reviv$ /reams4 ,x !re=e no long] fully des]ves ! "n t 0 prop]ly applicable be=e its elevation4 ,x mu/ n aga9 be call$ a p5epla91 = x is n[ n approa*+ & almo/ atta9+ a smoo? surface1 b is becom+ r\gh] & r\gh]4 ,x has pass$ beyond ! /age ( m9imum relief1 & ?is significant fact des]ves implication1 at lea/1 9 a "n4 ,i w\ld !re=e call su* a region a pa/pla94 ,! area ( ! weak ,triassic %ales 01 until its late elevation1 z good an example ( an ultimate baselevell$ pla9 z any t ,i h f\nd2 b n[ x is a pa/pla91 z any "o may see :ile travel+ across x on ! tra93 its doabs are broad & cont9u\s1 & its valleys are relatively n>r[ & %all[4 ,! ,kittat9ny l[l& is int]sect$ by /reams ^: valleys s9k bel[ its g5]ally ev51 g5tly roll+ surface2 b x 0 nev] s smoo? z ! ,triassic pla94 ,x 0 only a p5epla91 & x is n[ a r\gh5$ p5epla94 ,p]haps ! m adv5tur\s t]m9ologi/ w call x a pa/-p5epla92 b ,i d>e n v5ture q s f> z t4 ,:5 ! ,highl&s 7 l[l&s1 _! surface well des]v$ ! "n ( p5epla92 b !y 7 lift$ s long ago into s high a position t !y are n[ cut into a complicat$ mass ( rugg$ upl&s4 ,!y no long] des]ve ! "n ( p5epla92 & if 9 prec$+ p>agraphs ,i h ref]r$ to !m z con/itut+ an old p5epla91 x is because no satisfactory "n has yet be5 appli$ to ! p>ticul> /age ( developm5t ( pla9s & plateaus 9 :i* !y n[ /&4 ,hav+ tri$ 9 va9 to inv5t a t]m ) :i* to "n ! ,highl&s1 let me n[ adv]tise = "o 9 ! pages ( our ,magaz9e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,want$3 a "n applicable to ^? brok51 rugg$ regions t h be5 develop$ by ! normal processes ( d5udation f ! once cont9u\s surface ( a pla9 or p5epla94 ,! "n %\ld be if possible homolog\s ) ! words1 pla91 p5epla9 & pa/pla92 x %\ld be ( simple1 conv5i5t & euphoni\s =m2 x mu/ be satisfactory to _m o!r p]sons ?an its inv5tor2 & its etymological con/ruction %\ld n be emb>rass$ by ! attempt to cr[d too mu* mean+ into x4 ,! m]e sugge/ion t x 0 once a pla9 & t x is n[ maturely div]sifi$ w suffice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! topography ( nor!rn ,new ,j]sey is !re=e1 l its /ructure1 polyg5etic4 ,x exhibits v cle>ly a s]ies ( =ms develop$ "u ?ree diff]5t geographic cycles1 & clos] se>* w d\btless discov] =ms belong+ to yet o!r cycles1 less complete & ( brief] duration ?an ^! ?ree4 ,!re is ! tilt$ & deeply erod$ p5epla9 ( ! ,highl&s1 ^: initial =m may be call$ ! ,s*ooley p5epla91 f ! di/9ct exhibition ( "o ( its remnants on ,s*ooley's m\nta92 ?is 0 ! product ( ,jurassic & ,cretace\s d5udation4 ,!re is ! y\ng] c5tral baselevell$ pla91 develop$ dur+ ,t]ti>y "t1 or !reab\ts1 on ! weak] ,triassic & ,cretace\s b$s2 & ! associat$ valleys ( ! same age t h be5 sunk into ! weake/ rocks ( ! ,highl&s4 ,!re are ! %all[ valleys 9 ! ,c5tral pla91 ( ! late/ po/-t]ti>y cycle1 requir+ ! "n ( ?is region to be *ang$ f pla91 z x 0 lately1 to pa/pla91 z x is n[4 ,! fir/ cycle1 9 :i* ! ,s*ooley p5epla9 0 produc$1 witness$ ! accompli%m5t ( a great "w2 x includ$ 9 its lat] "p1 besides v>i\s o!r oscillations1 ! sub-cycle :5 ! seaw>d or s\!a/]n "p ( ! p5epla9 0 g5tly subm]g$ & buri$ to a slight dep? "u ,cretace\s deposits4 ,! second cycle 0 %ort]2 be+ a "t suffici5t to baselevel ! s(t] b$s1 b n s]i\sly to consume ! h>d] p>ts ( ! pre-exi/+ surface4 ,we are /ill 9 ! ?ird cycle1 ( :i* b a small "p has elaps$4 ,! "q ) :i* ?is essay op5$ may n[ be tak5 up4 ,! /reams & riv]s ( nor!rn ,new ,j]sey may be exam9$1 ) ! int5tion ( classify+ !m accord+ to _! conditions ( orig91 to _! degree ( complexity z indicat$ by ! numb] ( geographic cycles ?r\gh :i* !y h liv$1 & to ! advance made t[>d _! mature adju/m5t4 ,! ,musconetcong may be tak5 z ! type ( ! ,highl& /reams4 ,x fl[s s\?we/w>d along a n>r[ lime/one valley betwe5 cry/all9e plateaus on ei!r side1 ent]+ ! ,delaw>e a little bel[ ,ea/on1 ,pa41 7,e1 fig4 #a74 ,x dra9s a c\ntry t has be5 enorm\sly d5ud$1 & dur+ ! ,jura-,cretace\s cycle ( ?is deep d5udation1 !re mu/ h be5 "t = x & its fell[s to become ?or\ghly adju/$ to ! /ructure ( ! region2 x mu/ be *iefly = ?is reason t x fl[s s closely along ! weak lime/one belt1 & has its divides close by on ! adjo9+ h>d] cry/all9es1 7,m1 fig4 #b74 ,:atev] its orig91 x has lo/ e initial feature t 0 discordant ) ! deep /ructures t x discov]$ b5ea? ! initial surface2 x is maturely adju/$ to its environm5t4 ,x endur$ to an old age dur+ ! baselevell+ ( ! ,s*ooley p5epla91 & is n[ a reviv$ /ream1 9 at lea/ its second cycle ( "w4 ,mo/ ( ! o!r /reams ( ! ,highl&s & ! c\ntry f>!r inl& are also ( ?is well adju/$1 reviv$ k9d4 ,! /reams ( ! ,kittat9ny valley l[l& %[ n only ! fir/ revival ( ! k9d j describ$1 b also a second revival1 9 consequ5ce ( ! rec5t uplift t has introduc$ ! ?ird cycle ( developm5t2 ?is n be+ s cle>ly manife/$ 9 ! ,highl&s1 :]e ! rocks are h>d]1 & ! valleys ( ! second cycle are n>r[]4 ,look n[ at ! dra9age ( ! cresc5tic ,wat*ung m\nta9s2 ! curv$ edges ( two great w>p$ lava-fl[s ( ! ,triassic belt4 ,! notewor?y feature ( ?is di/rict is t ! small /reams 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! cresc5t rise on ! back slope ( ! inn] m\nta9 & cut gaps 9 bo? m\nta9s 9 ord] to rea* ! out] "p ( ! ,c5tral ,pla94 ,if ^! /reams 7 desc5d$ directly or by revival f ance/ors antec$5t to or consequ5t ^u ! monocl9al tilt+ ( ! ,triassic =mation1 !y c\ld n possibly1 9 ! long "t & deep d5udation t ! region has endur$1 h d[n to ! pres5t "t ma9ta9$ c\rses s little adju/$ to ! /ructure ( _! bas9s4 ,9 s long a "t z has elaps$ s9ce ! tilt+ ( ! ,triassic =mation1 ! divides w\ld h tak5 _! places on ! cre/ ( ! trap ridges & n beh9d ! cre/ on ! back slope4 ,!y _c be subsequ5t /reams1 = su* c\ld n h pu%$ _! s\rces headw>ds ?r\gh a h>d trap ridge4 ,subsequ5t /reams are develop$ 9 accordance ) /ructural details1 n 9 violation ( !m4 ,_! c\rses mu/ h be5 tak5 n long ago1 else !y mu/ surely h lo/ _! heads back ( ! second m\nta92 "s piratical subsequ5t bran* ( a l>g] transv]se /ream1 l ! ,passaic1 w\ld h behead$ !m4 ,! only me?od n[ kn[n by :i* ^! sev]al d\bly transv]se /reams c\ld h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! n too di/ant pa/1 is by sup]imposition f ! ,cretace\s cov] t 0 laid ^u ! old ,s*ooley p5epla94 ,x has already be5 /at$ t :5 ! ,highl&s & ?is region toge!r _h be5 ne>ly baselevell$1 ! coa/al portion ( ! result+ p5epla9 0 subm]g$ & buri$ by an uncon=mable cov] ( wa/e d]iv$ f ! non-subm]g$ portion3 h5ce :5 ! :ole area 0 lift$ to some?+ l its pres5t height1 a new sy/em ( consequ5t /reams 0 born on ! reveal$ sea bottom4 ,s9ce !n1 "t en\gh may h pass$ to all[ ! /reams to s9k _! *annels ?r\gh ! uncon=mable cov] & /rip x (f1 & ?us sup]impose !mselves on ! ,triassic rocks bel[3 we %\ld !re=e f9d !m1 9 s f> z !y h n yet be5 re-adju/$1 foll[+ inconsequ5t1 discordant c\rses on ! "u =mation4 ,! exi/+ ov]lap ( ! ,cretace\s b$s on ! /ill buri$ ,triassic portion ( ! old ,s*ooley p5epla9 makes x evid5t t su* an orig9 = ! ,wat*ung /reams is possible2 b x has n yet be5 indep5d5tly prov$ t ! ,cretace\s cov] ev] rea*$ s f> inl& z to cross ! ,wat*ung ridges4 ,want ( o!r explanation = ! ,wat*ung /reams is n satisfactory evid5ce 9 favor ( ! explanation "h sugge/$4 ,!re %\ld be ext]nal evid5ce t ! ,triassic area has actually be5 subm]g$ & buri$ aft] x 0 baselevell$ to ! ,s*ooley p5epla9 & be=e x 0 uplift$ to its pres5t altitude2 o!r /reams z well z ! ones ?us f> indicat$1 %\ld be> signs ( sup]imposition2 & if adju/m5t ( ! sup]impos$ c\rses has begun1 x %\ld be sy/ematically c>ri$ f>!/ ne> ! l>ge/ /reams4 ,i %all n "h /ate m ?an 9 brief =m1 ! suffici5t evid5ce t c be quot$ 9 favor ( ! fir/ & second requisites4 ,suffice x to say t ! ov]lap ( ! ,cretace\s b$s 7:i* conta9 practically no ,triassic fragm5ts7 on ! bevell$ ,triassic /rata at ,amboy & else:]e indicates subm]g5ce aft] baselevell+2 & t ! pebbles1 s&s & m>ls ( ! ,cretace\s s]ies po9t cle>ly to ! ,highl&s z _! s\rce4 ,! subm]g5ce mu/ !re=e h rea*$ inl& across ! ,triassic =mation at lea/ to ! m>g9 ( ! cry/all9e rocks4 ,"s %ore-l9e cutt+ mu/ h be5 done at ! m>g9 ( ! ,highl&s dur+ ,cretace\s "t1 b ! g5]ally roll+ surface ( ! old p5epla9 leads me to ascribe its orig9 *iefly to subarial wa/+4 ,moreov]1 ! ,nor? ,bran* ( ! ,r>itan1 betwe5 ,m5dham & ,peapack 799 ,fig4 #a7 & ! ,lockatong 7,l71 a small bran* ( ! ,delaw>e on ! ,we/ ,hunt]don s&/one plateau1 give /rik+ indications ( sup]imposition 9 ! discordance ( _! c\rses ) ! weak] /ructural l9es ( _! bas9s1 s unlike ! ?or\ghly adju/$ c\rse ( ! ,musconetcong & its fell[s1 ! ,pohatcong1 ! ,lopatcong1 & o!rs4 ,! ?ird requisite ( ! pro( ( ! inl& ext5sion ( ! ,cretace\s1 & ! result+ sup]impos$ orig9 ( ! ,wat*ung /reams may be /at$ 9 detail1 z be+ m 9 ! l9e ( ?is essay3 has ! adju/m5t t accompanies sup]imposition sy/ematically advanc$ f>!r ne> ! l>ge /reams ?an ne> ! small ones8 ,! "* ( ?is adju/m5t %\ld be fir/ exam9$ d$uctively4 ,giv5 a s]ies ( /reams ( diff]5t volumes1 fl[+ s\!a/w>d1 9 ! direction ( ! pres5t dip ( ! remnant ( ! ,cretace\s cov]1 ov] ! =m] inl& ext5sion ( ?is sup]pos$ =mation2 h[ w ^! /reams react on "o ano!r :5 !y s9k _! *annels into ! und]ly+ ,triassic =mation8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,! conditions dur+ ! =mation ( ! cov] ( ,cretace\s b$s are illu/rat$ 9 fig4 #b1 :]e ! ,triassic portion ( ! p5epla9 is subm]g$1 & ! %ore-l9e ( ! transgress+ ocean has rea*$ ! m>g9 ( ! cry/all9e rocks4 ,! wa/e f ! cry/all9es is spread out z a s]ies ( gravels1 s&s & m>ls on ! baselevell$ ,triassic area4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,!n foll[s ! elevation & tilt+ ( ! p5epla9 ) ! cov] on its back2 & ) ?is regression ( ! sea1 !re is an equival5t ga9 ( new l&2 a smoo? g5tly slop+ pla9 is reveal$ z ! %ore l9e retreats2 /reams run out across x f ! cry/all9e area1 or beg9 on its op5 surface1 gr[+ m\?w>d z ! l& rises4 ,?ree su* /reams1 ,a1 ,c1 ,d1 are %[n 9 fig4 #c2 _! opportunity = deep valley-cutt+ is indicat$ by ! dep? ( ! new baselevel1 ,,bl1 bel[ ! g5]al surface ( ! c\ntry4 ,:ile ^! /reams are deep5+ _! *annels 9 ! ,cretace\s cov]1 :i* is un%ad$ ) m>g9al cont\r l9es 9 ! figures1 _! subsequ5t1 autog5etic bran*es are irregul>ly dispos$1 because !re is no lat]al v>iation ( /ructure to guide !m2 b aft] a "t1 ! baselevell$ surface ( ! buri$ ,triassic b$s is rea*$1 z is %[n by l9e> %ad+ 9 ! valley bottoms ( figs4 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g4 ,! gr[? ( ! subsequ5t bran*es !n develop$1 w be along ! /rike ( ! ,triassic s(t] b$s1 t is1 ab\t squ>e to ! c\rse ( ! ?ree transv]se /reams "u consid]ation4 ,! mo/ rapid gr[? w be f\nd on ! bran*es ( ! l>ge/ /ream1 ,a1 because x w mo/ quickly cut d[n its *annel close to ! baselevel ( ! "t & ?us provide /eep slop+ valley-sides1 f :i* ! subsequ5t bran*es cut backw>ds mo/ en]getically4 ,9 due "t ! ma9 /reams discov] ! p>ticul>ly resi/ant transv]se lava %eets 9 ! und]ly+ =mation2 & !n ! subsequ5t bran*es ( ! l>ge/ transv]se /ream on ! up-/ream side ( ! ob/ructions1 = example1 ,f & ,g1 fig4 #d1 w h a great advantage ov] ^? ( ! small] /reams4 ,! mo/ rapidly gr[+ subsequ5t bran*1 ,g1 fig4 #e1 ( ! l>ge/ transv]se ma/] /ream1 ,a1 may gr[ headw>ds s fa/ z to pu% away ! divide1 ,x1 :i* sep>ates x f ! head ( ! oppos+ subsequ5t bran*1 ,j1 ( ! next adjac5t small] transv]se /ream1 ,c1 & ?us f9ally to capture & div]t ! headwat]s1 ,h1 ( ! small] transv]se /ream to ! l>g] "o1 z 9 fig4 #f4 ,! divide creeps :ile ! two oppos+ subsequ5t bran*es are 9 conte/2 x leaps :5 ! successful subsequ5t bran* rea*es ! *annel ( ! conqu]$ /ream4 ,! fir/ /ream captur$ 9 ?is way mu/ necess>ily be ! ne>e/ to ! l>ge /ream4 ,! div]sion ( ! consid]able volume ( headwat]s1 ,h1 to ! *annel ( ! small subsequ5t bran*1 ,g1 causes x to deep5 its *annel rapidly2 ! same effect is p]ceptible 9 ,h = a di/ance above its po9t ( capture & div]sion3 ! increas$ load ( s$im5t ?us giv5 to ,g w be 9 great "p dropp$ 9 a fan-delta :]e x ent]s ! flat valley ( ! ma/] /ream1 ,a1 7fig4 #f74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,ga9+ /r5g? by conque/1 o!r captures are made1 fa/] = a "t1 b ) decreas+ sl[ness z ! head ( ! div]t+ subsequ5t bran* rec$es f ! orig9al ma/]3 & at la/1 equilibrium may be ga9$ :5 ! headwat] slope ( ! div]t+ bran* is no great] ?an t ( ! oppos+ subsequ5t bran* ( ! next uncaptur$ transv]se /ream4 ,aft] ! capture ( a transv]se /ream has be5 effect$ 9 ?is way1 ! divide1 ,y1 betwe5 its div]t$ upp] portions1 ,h1 fig4 #f1 & its behead$ l[] portion1 ,c1 w be pu%$ d[n /ream by ! gr[? ( an inv]t$ /ream1 ,v4 ,?is goes on until equilibrium is atta9$ & fur!r %ift+ is prev5t$ on rea*+ ! h>d transv]se lava %eets1 ,z1 fig4 #g2 "h ! divide is maturely e/abli%$4 ,9 ! case ( a sy/em ( transv]se /reams1 ,c1 ,d1 etc41 fig4 #g1 successively captur$ by ! subsequ5t bran* ( a s+le ma/]1 ! divides 7,z1 ,y'71 betwe5 ! inv]t$ 7,v1 ,v'7 & behead$ 7,c1 ,d7 portions ( ! captur$ /reams w = a "t pres5t diff]5t /ages ( approa* to e/abli%m5t4 ,! divide on ! l9e ( t "o ( ! orig9al /reams1 ,c1 t is ne>e/ to ! ma/] /ream1 ,a1 may rea* a f9al /able position1 ,z2 :ile on ! next /ream fur!r away f ! ma/]1 ! behead$ portion1 ,d1 may /ill reta9 a %ort piece above ! gap 9 ! upp] lava %eet1 n yet secur$ by ! inv]t$ /ream1 ,v'2 & a ?ird /ream1 fur!r away /ill f ! ma/] 7n %[n 9 figure #g7 might rema9 uncaptur$ & indep5d5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,x is by su* te/s z ^! t we may hope to recognize ! occurr5ce ( p>tial adju/m5t 9 ! /reams ( ! ,wat*ung cresc5t z a result ( _! sup]imposition on ! ,triassic =mation f its =m] ,cretace\s cov]4 ,! great] ! degree ( complexity 9 ! te/s propos$1 ! m confid5ce we %all h 9 ! !ory :5 ! te/s successfully meet ! facts4 ,h5ce ! reason = d$uctively c>ry+ out ! !oretical conditions to _! extreme/ consequ5ces 9 ord] to increase ! complexity ( ! te/s t are to be confront$ ) ! facts4 ,?is1 z a matt] ( me?od1 seems to me ( great practical importance 9 any attempt to deciph] ! pa/ progress ( geographical developm5t4 ,! admirable cont\r$ topographic maps ( ,new ,j]sey1 issu$ by ! ,geological ,survey ( t /ate "u ! lead]%ip ( ! late ,pr(essor ,george ,h4 ,cook1 af=d$ means ( apply+ ! d$uctive te/s above outl9$ )\t ! necessity ( plodd+ ov] all ! c\ntry conc]n$2 b h[ev] good ! maps are1 x is h>dly necess>y to say t !y c be int]pret$ ) a bett] appreciation ( ! facts t !y repres5t aft] an excursion on ! gr\nd has giv5 ! /ud5t "s p]sonal acqua9tance ) x4 ,?is ,i h tri$ to ga9 on v>i\s occasions1 maps 9 h&4 ,atlas %eet numb] six1 includ+ ! ,c5tral r$-s&/one area1 & ! five-mile-to-an-in* geological map ( ! /ate pres5t 9 ! cle>e/ mann] ! facts ( =m & /ructure involv$ 9 our problem2 & to my m9d1 ! correspond5ce betwe5 !ory & fact is v /rik+4 ,! ,pequannock-,passaic is ! ma/] transv]se /ream ( ! region3 its prem95ce 0 probably due 9 ! beg9n+ to its ga!r+1 f ! unsubm]g$ ,highl&s1 a great] am\nt ( dra9age ?an belong$ to any o!r /ream t ran s\!a/w>d d[n ! g5tle slope ( ! newly reveal$ ,cretace\s cov]4 ,x 0 at t "t a comp\nd1 composite riv]3#e comp\nd because x dra9$ areas ( diff]5t ages2 composite1 because ^! areas 7 ( diff]5t /ructures4 ,exi/+ examples ( comp\nd1 composite riv]s are se5 9 ! ,catawba1 ! ,yadk9-,p$ee1 ! ,cape ,fe> & ! ,neuse riv]s ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 :i* all rise on ! inl& cry/all9e area1 & trav]se ! coa/al quat]n>y pla9 be=e rea*+ ! sea4 ,b unlike ^!1 !re mu/ h be51 :5 ! old subm]g$ l& rose ) ! ,cretace\s cov] on its back1 num]\s small /reams ^: dra9age area lay entirely )9 ! ,cretace\s pla94 ,^! 7 simple /reams1 fl[+ ov] a /ructure ( "o k9d & "o age4 ,_! mod]n homologues are se5 9 ! ,maurice1 ! ,great & ,little ,egg ,h>bor & ! ,wad+ riv]s ( s\!rn ,new ,j]sey1 & ,i suppose also 9 v>i\s relatively %ort /reams ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 su* z ! ,lumb]1 ,great ,coh]a & ,moccass94 ,footnote #e3 ,see t]m9ology sugge/$ by ! au?or4 ,nat4 ,geogr4 ,mag41 i1 #ahhi1 #bah4 ,x _c be suppos$ t ! orig9al ,pequannock-,passaic possess$ ! l>ge s\!rn bran*1 :i* ,i %all call ! upp] ,passaic1 by :i* ,great ,swamp is n[ dra9$2#f = _h ?is be5 ! case1 ! divides betwe5 ! bran*es ( ! upp] ,passaic & ! heads ( ! small /reams t n[ /ill cross bo? ( ! trap ridges1 mu/ h long ago be5 driv5 to a /able position on ! cre/ l9e ( ! inn] ridge4 ,! upp] ,passaic memb] ( ! ,pequannock-,passaic sy/em mu/ be reg>d$ z a bran* ( subsequ5t developm5t1 guid$ by "s ( ! s(t] ,triassic b$s :5 !y 7 rea*$ b5ea? ! ,cretace\s cov]1 & v successful 9 captur+ & div]t+ o!r transv]se /reams t 7 small] ?an its ma/]4 ,= "s di/ance on ei!r side f ! ,pequannock-,passaic gap 9 ! trap ridges at ,patt]son1 ! exi/+ /reams are p]fectly adju/$ to ! ,triassic /ructure2 t is1 ! ridges are p]si/5t divides1 & ! lat]al subsequ5t bran*es ( ! ma/] fl[ along ! /rike ( ! s(t] %ales & s&/ones1 except :]e lately ?r[n (f _! c\rses by glacial drift b>ri]s4 ,?is ,i int]pret z mean+ t ! ,pequannock-,passaic ma/] /ream h]eab\ts made s e>ly a capture ( adjac5t sup]impos$ /reams t all traces ( _! initial discordant c\rses h be5 oblit]at$ by ! developm5t ( /ructurally accordant subsequ5t /reams4 ,footnote #f3 ,x %\ld be recogniz$ t ! pres5t r\nd-ab\t dra9age ( ! ,great ,swamp is a po/-glacial feature1 det]m9$ by ! mora9ic b>ri] t crosses ! bas9 f ,summit 7,s7 to ,morri/[n 7,m73 ! pre-glacial dra9age ( ! s\!rn "p ( ! inn] cresc5t 0 und\bt$ly ( a simpl] & m direct patt]n4 ,! ,wat*ung ridges ext5d only ab\t eight miles nor?w>d ( ! ,pat]son gaps1 b rea* ?irty miles s\?we/w>d4 ,x is !re=e *iefly 9 ! latt] direction t we may expect to f9d examples ( incomplete adju/m5t foll[+ sup]imposition & capture4 ,at ,milburn1 !re is a deep gap 9 ,fir/ m\nta91 & opposite ?is at ,summit 7,s1 fig4 #a7 a p>tly drift-fill$ gap 9 ,second m\nta93 ?is ,i am dispos$ to reg>d z ! =m] outlet ( ! ,rockaway-,rahway riv]1 :i* on acc\nt ( its consid]able size 0 n captur$ by ! ,passaic until x _h cut its passage across ! trap %eets almo/ to a safe dep?4 ,! div]t$ upp] portion--! ,rockaway--n[ jo9s ! ,passaic2 its crook$ c\rse f ! ,highl&s via ,boonton 7,bn7 be+ a po/-glacial irregul>ity2 ! behead$ l[] portion--! ,rahway--heads on ! ridge ( ,second m\nta91 reta9s ! pair ( subsequ5t /reams betwe5 ! two ridges1 & fl[s 9 dim9i%$ volume to ! sea3 ! divide betwe5 ! two portions be+ 9 its mature /able position on ,second m\nta94 ,s\? ( ! ,milburn gap1 !re are ?ree /reams t ma9ta9 wat] gaps 9 ,fir/ m\nta91 & five head bran*es ( ^! ?ree /reams rise beh9d ! cre/ ( ,second m\nta94 ,^! mu/ be int]pret$ z remnants ( /reams t once rose fur!r inl&1 & ^: upp] c\rses h be5 captur$ by ! victori\s upp] ,passaic2 b x is notewor?y t "h1 at ! greate/ di/ance f ! gap ( ! ma/] /ream at ,pat]son1 ! divides betwe5 ! div]t$ & behead$ portions ( ^! s\!rn /reams %\ld lie 9 un/able positions1 back ( ! cre/ l9e ( ,second m\nta94 ,?is is exactly :at ! hypo!sis ( a sup]impos$ orig9 = ^! /reams w\ld require2 & if ! complexity ( accordance betwe5 d$uction & fact "h pres5t$ be duly consid]$1 ,i believe new confid5ce may be ga9$ 9 ! hypo!sis ( sup]imposition1 already r5d]$ likely f o!r evid5ce4 ,! rectangul> c\rses ( ! /reams t cross ,fir/ & ,second m\nta9s s\?we/ ( ,milburn d n militate aga9/ _! initial obliquely sup]impos$ c\rses2 =1 z ,gilb]t has %[n1 oblique c\rses across tilt$ b$s1 alt]nately h>d & s(t1 w gradually %ift until !y foll[ rectangul> c\rses1 along ! /rike ( ! s(t b$s & squ>e across ! /rike ( ! h>d b$s4 ,middle ,brook1 at ! s\!rn b5d ( ,fir/ m\nta9 ne> ,b\nd ,brook 7,b1 ,b71 pres5ts ! peculi>ity ( bran*+ ea/ & we/ :ile on ! trap %eet ( ! m\nta93 ?is may be due to a ret5tion "h1 :]e ! dip is mod]ate1 ( an initially sup]impos$ bifurcation2 or to guidance by fractures at ?is po9t :]e ! c\rse ( ! m\nta9 *anges r abruptly2 ! facts at h& d n s]ve to make *oice betwe5 ^! alt]natives4 ,! lesson ( greate/ importance 9 ?is /udy lies1 to my m9d1 9 ! gradual developm5t ( accordant subsequ5t /reams 9 a region :]e ! un*ang$ sup]impos$ dra9age w\ld %[ no su* accordance4 ,simil> adju/m5t ( subsequ5t /reams to /ructural features may *>act]ize dra9age sy/ems t 7 orig9ally antec$5t3 & ) ?is pr9ciple 9 m9d1 ,i h rec5tly read ov] ) r5ew$ int]e/ ,p[ell's classic /udy ( ! ,gre5 riv] :]e x crosses ! ,u9ta m\nta9s4#g ,! ,gre5 riv] & ! small] /reams ( its lat]al caons & valleys are all reg>d$ z antec$5t4 ,let u exam9e ! argum5ts on :i* ?is conclusion re/s4 ,footnote #g3 ,exploration ( ! ,colorado riv] ( ! we/1 ,wa%+ton1 #ahge1 #aeb-aff4 ,see also ! geological map 9 ! ,geology ( ! ,u9ta m\nta9s1 #ahgf4 ,! ,gre5 riv] itself rises _m miles nor? ( ! ,u9ta range1 trav]ses a relatively l[ bas9 be=e rea*+ ! flank ( ! m\nta9s1 & !n in/ead ( turn+ away1 x boldly ent]s ! great uplift & tr5*es x f side to side 9 a pr(\nd caon1 fl[+ out to ! s\?we/ on its way to ! ,colorado4 ,!re is relatively l[ gr\nd at ! ea/]n end ( ! range1 sev]al ?\s& feet l[] ?an ! summits ( ! range on ei!r side ( ! ,gre5 riv] caon1 & _m ?\s& feet l[] ?an ! re/or$ cre/ ( ! great uplift2 b ! riv] does n foll[ ?is op5 r\nd-ab\t c\rse4 ,p[ell says t ! riv] cut ?r\gh1 in/ead ( runn+ ar\nd1 ! great ob/ruction1 because x _h ! "r ( way2 444 x 0 runn+ ere ! m\nta9s 7 =m$4 ,_h ! m\nta9 fold be5 =m$ sudd5ly1 x w\ld h turn$ ! riv] ar\nd x to ! ea/2 b ! em]g5ce ( ! fold above ! g5]al surface ( ! c\ntry 0 little or no fa/] ?an ! progress ( ! corrasion ( ! *annel4 444 ,! riv] pres]v$ its level1 b ! m\nta9s 7 lift$ up4444 ,! riv] 0 ! saw :i* cut ! m\nta9s 9 two 7#aeb1 #aec74 ,if ?is int]pretation is correct1 ! ,gre5 riv] w\ld be ! type ( a p]fect antec$5t /ream3 b x appe>s to me t ! case is probably ov]/at$ 9 t respect4 ,p]haps x w\ld h be5 m delib]ately /at$ 9 a lat] volume if ,p[ell's int5tion ( describ+ m fully ! ?ree *ief k9ds ( dra9age ( ! region _h be5 c>ri$ out4#h ,n hav+ se5 ! region1 my comm5ts may h little value2 b ! context ( ,p[ell's report1 ! description ( ! imm5se s]ies ( lacu/r9e b$s1 ov] a mile ?ick1 nor? ( ! m\nta9s1 & ! ea/w>d deflection ( ! riv] :]e x trav]ses ! m\nta9s all seem to me to indicate t ! ,gre5 0 by no means cont9u\sly successful 9 ma9ta9+ its antec$5t c\rse across ! uplift4 ,x is by no means a typical antec$5t riv]4 ,! great s]ies ( lacu/r9e b$s up-/ream f ! caon1 ) conglom]ates :]e !y re/ on ! nor!rn flank ( ! m\nta9s1 are fully recogniz$ 9 ! report1 & mu/ mean t ! upp] portion ( ! riv] 0 = a "t %ut back1 or pond$4 ,dur+ "p ( ?is "t1 !re may h be5 no ov]fl[ across ! gr[+ m\nta9s1 = ! l[] lacu/r9e b$s conta9 fossils indicative ( bracki% wat]4#i ,! int]mitt5t gr[? ( ! m\nta9s & ! repeat$ return ( lacu/r9e conditions1 ) gradually fre%5+ wat]1 is indicat$ by ! /rong uncon=mities t occur at v>i\s po9ts 9 ! lacu/r9e b$s1 & by ! *ange 9 ! fossil fauna4 ,x mu/ be conc$$ f ?is t ! upp] portion ( ,gre5 riv] 0 repeat$ly pond$ back by m\nta9 gr[? across its middle c\rse2 we !re=e h n n[ any close indication ( its pre-lacu/r9e c\rse above ! m\nta9s2 ! anci5t1 or pre-,u9ta1 upp] portion ( ! riv] 0 ext+ui%$ by ! lacu/r9e s$im5ts1 & to t ext5t ! ,gre5 riv] dep>ts f ! p]fect antec$5t type4 ,footnote #h3 ,geol4 ,u9ta m\nta91 page v4 ,footnote #i3 ,geology ( ! ,u9ta m\nta9s1 #ahgf1 #hd2 ,*apt] ,,iii1 by ,c4 ,a4 ,:ite4 ,9 ! second place1 if ! orig9al ,gre5 riv] exi/$ ^u ! upp] surface ( ! b$s t 7 at a subsequ5t date rais$ to =m ! ,u9ta uplift1 x does n appe> to be cle>ly prov$ t its c\rse at t e>ly "t 0 closely co9cid5t ) its pres5t c\rse 9 ! m\nta9\s area4 ,! fir/ de=mations ( ! m\nta9 gr[? may h tempor>ily int]rupt$ its fl[1 z is made likely by ! lacu/r9e deposits already ref]r$ to2 & :5 ! rise 9 ! level ( ! wat]s ( ! lake ov]took ! uplift1 probably at a "t ( sl[] m\nta9 gr[? ?an t :i* fir/ =m$ ! lake1 ! po9t ( ov]fl[ may h be5 _m miles to "o side ( its previ\s dr[n$-out c\rse4 ,! mod]ate elevation ( ! ea/]n end ( ! range1 :]e x connects ) ! ,yampa plateau1 may possibly h !n be5 a little high] ?an a po9t f>!r we/1 :]e ! ov]fl[ 0 consequ5tly locat$4 ,?is is p]haps h>dly z probable z ! po/ulates involv$ 9 argu+ a truly antec$5t c\rse = ! riv]2 b its impossibility is n z /rictly prov$ z w\ld be necess>y be=e a def9ite conclusion z to ! cont9u\s p]si/5ce ( an antec$5t riv] c\ld be f9ally accept$4 ,su* cont9uity ( action mu/ be r>e & %\ld be rigor\sly demon/rat$ if possible4 ,x mu/1 moreov]1 be rememb]$ t ,emmons#aj is ( ! op9ion t ! ,colorado riv] is n antec$5t at all1 b is sup]impos$ on ! ea/]n portion ( ! ,u9ta range f a c\rse t x _h *os5 ^u a %eet ( horizontal s$im5ts--! ,wyom+ conglom]ate--:i* he supposes once /ret*$ uncon=mably all ov] ! previ\sly deeply erod$ surface ( ! uplift$ range1 :]e ! caon is n[ cut4 ,he quotes facts ( two k9ds 9 evid5ce ( ?is2 fir/1 ! remnants ( ! ,wyom+ conglom]ate /ill lie on ridges z high z ^? t enclose ! riv] caons2 second1 ! ,gre5 & c]ta9 ( its bran*es possess tortu\s c\rses1 out ( accord ) ! /ructure ( ! range4 ,x might be add$ t ! wide op5 valley ( ,br[n's p>k1 9 ! middle ( ! range is be/ expla9$ z ! product ( a pre-,wyom+ cycle ( erosion by riv]s t 7 ext+ui%$ :5 ! ,wyom+ b$s 7 laid ov] ! m\nta9s4 ,! /ronge/ objection to ,emmons' conclusion seems to be ! great am\nt ( erosion t x requires2 erosion suffici5t n only to remove ! ,wyom+ conglom]ate f ne>ly all its =m] ov]lap on ! ,u9ta range1 :]e x _h buri$ & ext+ui%$ a pre-,wyom+ dra9age1 b also to c>ry away a va/ ext5sion ( ! =mation at ! same height nor? ( ! range4 ,x may be be/ to conclude t bo? antec$5t & sup]impos$ processes mu/ be call$ on3 = "o mu/ hesitate be=e admitt+ t ! ,wyom+ b$s /ret*$ all across ! c\ntry nor? & ea/ ( ! ,u9ta range up to ! height at :i* ! remnants are n[ f\nd on ! range2 x seems m likely t "s "p ( ! height ( ^! remnants is due to a relatively local elevation4 ,z f> z ?is is ! case1 x gives reason = reg>d+ ! ,gre5 z an antec$5t riv]2 t is1 antec$5t to ! local elevation ( ! ,wyom+ b$s1 b long po/]ior to ! elevation ( ! ,u9ta range3 b z ! riv] n[ fl[s--accord+ to ,emmons' !ory--on b$s ly+ uncon=mably bel[ ^? on :i* its c\rse 0 *os51 x is = ?is reason to be class$ z sup]impos$4 ,footnote #aj3 ,=tie? ,p>allel ,survey1 ii1 #ahgg1 #aid1 #bje1 #bjf4 ,! ,gre5 riv] !re=e c]ta9ly dep>ts f ! type ( an antec$5t /ream2 ! dep>ture is di/9ct 9 its repeat$ pond+1 :]eby its upp] c\rse 0 broadly & indet]m9ately %ift$ f its orig9al location2 & is at lea/ possible if n probable 9 its defeat at ! l9e ( uplift & subsequ5t sup]imposition on a new l9e ( ov]fl[4 ,! m\nta9s wr5*$ ! saw t aft]w>ds cut !m 9 two4 ,a /udy ( ! ,jura dra9age1 ( :i* a full] acc\nt may be giv5 at "s future "t1 has l$ to ! provisional conclusion t _m ( its /reams %[ a comb9ation ( consequ5t & antec$5t *>act]i/ics4 ,!y appe> to be consequ5t on ! e>ly /ages ( ! de=mation b antec$5t to its lat] gr[?1 & = ?is k9d ( a /ream ,i h no satisfactory "n to sugge/ at pres5t4 ,heim has %[n t ! ,reuss & ! adjac5t small] transv]se /reams ( nor!rn ,switz]l& ne> ,luc]ne are 9 "p p]si/5t across a s]ies ( folds1 & 9 "p slightly %ift$ f "o c\rse to ano!r & pond$ 9 ,lake ,luc]ne2 b unless ! o!r ranges ( ! ,alps rise h]eaft] fa/] ?an !y h h]et(ore1 ! geologi/ ( ! future w reasonably reg>d ! m mature ,reuss z an ess5tially successful antec$5t riv]4 ,! ,sutlej & o!r riv]s t escape f ! inn] valleys ( ! ,himalaya by deep gaps 9 ! out] ranges1 are describ$ by ,m$licott z antec$5t to ! elevation ( ! ranges ?r\gh :i* !y fl[3 _! antec$5t orig9 be+ argu$ f ! delta-l /ructure ( ! upturn$ b$s 9 ! out] gorges1 z if ! riv]s 7 n[ cutt+ d[n ! de=m$ deltas ( an e>li] "t2 b ! heavy gravel & s& deposits 9 _! upp] valleys indicates t !y 7 ne>ly if n q pond$ = a "t dur+ ! de=mation4 ,riv]s seem to h ! habit ( cutt+ d[n _! upturn$ deltas4 ,bonney ref]s to sev]al su* examples among ! riv]s t fl[ nor?w>d f ! ,alps1 & transect p>ticul>ly ?ick portions ( ! upturn$ m>g9al conglom]ates & s&/ones1 :i* he reg>ds z ! deltas =m$ by ! same riv]s at an e>li] "t1 :5 ! m\nta9 fold+ _h n ext5d$ outw>d z f> z x does n[ f ! axis ( ! ,alps4 ,i h suspect$ t ! same k9d ( evid5ce might be us$ to indicate t ! ,delaw>e above ,tr5ton1 betwe5 ,p5nsylvania & ,new ,j]sey1 is 9 "p ( ev5 pre-,triassic orig92 = :]e x n[ ent]s ! ,triassic belt1 !re is a p>ticul>ly heavy & co>se s&/one1 sometimes conglom]atic4 ,be+ a l>ge /ream1 x might p]si/ 9 an anacl9al c\rse ?r\gh ! nor?we/w>d monocl9e =m$ by ! ,jurassic uplift ( ! ,triassic b$s1 al?\gh ! small] /reams ( ! region 7 !n probably ext+ui%$1 to be replac$ by a new sy/em consequ5t ^u ! new ord] ( ?+s4 ,l>ge riv]s1 m or less p]si/5t 9 ! face ( oppos+ di/urbance1 !re=e appe> to be g5]ally recogniz$2 b x is noticeable t ^? quot$ f ! ,himalaya & ! ,alps presumably occupi$1 at ! "t ( di/urbance1 well enclos$ valleys1 f :i* x w\ld h be5 difficult = !m to escape backw>ds or lat]ally2 & t1 ev5 if successful 9 ! end1 !y = a "t suff]$ defeat or pond+ ( great] or less ext5t & duration4 ,!re is no evid5ce t ! ,gre5 riv] 0 well enclos$ imm$iately nor? ( ! ,u9ta m\nta9s at ! "t ( _! fir/ elevation2 h5ce ! likelihood ( its tempor>y pond+ or enclosure is increas$4 ,x is /at$ by ,p[ell t n only ! ,gre5 b ev5 ! small] /reams ( ! ,u9tas are ( orig9 antec$5t to ! m\nta9s4 ,he writes3 ! explanation ( ! caons ( ,gre5 riv] w assi/ u 9 und]/&+ ! orig9 ( ! lat]al valleys & caons4 ,! /reams 7 !re be=e ! m\nta9s 7 made--t is1 ! /reams c>v$ out ! valleys & left ! m\nta9s4 ,! direction ( ! /reams is indisputable evid5ce t ! elevation ( ! fold 0 s sl[ z n to div]t ! /reams1 al?\gh ! total am\nt ( elevation 0 _m ?\s&s ( feet4 ,_h ! fold be5 lift$ m rapidly ?an ! pr9cipal /reams c\ld h cut _! *annels1 ,gre5 riv] w\ld h be5 turn$ ab\t x1 & all ! small] /reams & wat]ways w\ld h be5 catacl9al 7,colorado ,riv]1 #afb74 ,?is appe>s to me an unprov$ conclusion1 & ! evid5ce ( x ne$s c>eful att5tion4 ,x appe>s t !re are sev]al /reams :i* desc5d f ! cre/ ( ! m\nta9s t[>ds ! flanks1 b in/ead ( runn+ all ! way out to ! m>g9 ( ! fold1 !y turn along ! /rike ( a monocl9al valley1 & ?us rea* ! ma9 riv] by a %ort cut4 ,su* /reams are catacl9al = a "t1 !n monocl9al4 ,x is 9 ref]5ce to ^! t x is said1 ! /reams 7 !re be=e ! m\nta9s 7 made2 & aga9 t ! dra9age 0 e/abli%$ antec$5t to ! corrugation or displacem5t ( ! b$s by fault+ & fold+ 7#afc74 ,9 approa*+ ?is conclusion1 ,p[ell says ^! /reams _c be consequ5t2 = valleys consequ5t ^u ! corrugation1 :i* 0 "o ( ! conditions ( ! orig9 ( ! ,u9ta m\nta9s1 c\ld n h tak5 ! direction obs]v$ 9 ?is sy/em2 !y w\ld h all be5 catacl9al1 z !y ran d[n f ! m\nta9s1 & turn$ into syncl9al valleys at ! foot1 =m+ a v diff]5t sy/em f t :i* n[ obta9s 7#aff74 ,nor c ! /reams be sup]impos$1 = ! lat] s$im5t>y b$s1 bo? to ! nor? & s\?1 7 f\nd n to h be5 cont9u\s ov] ! m\nta9 sy/em1 b to h be5 deposit$ 9 wat]s ^: %ores 7 limit$ by ! l[] rea*es ( ! range 7#aff74 ,!re=e ! discordant /reams mu/ be antec$5t4 ,x appe>s to me t ! possibility ( error 9 ?is argum5t lies 9 ! omission ( all consid]ation ( ! migration ( divides & ! result+ adju/m5t ( /ream c\rses to deep int]nal /ructure2 b at ! "t ( ! exploration ( ! ,colorado riv]1 ?is important process 9 ! developm5t ( riv]s 0 n und]/ood4 ,x n[ seems only natural t ! orig9al1 consequ5t1 catacl9al /reams1 fl[+ d[n ! slopes ( ! range f cre/ to flanks1 %\ld h p]mitt$ ! op5+ ( subsequ5t monocl9al bran*es on ! s(t b$s t !y discov]$2 & t ! %ift+ ( divides 9 ^! monocl9al valleys %\ld h l$ to ! capture ( sev]al catacl9al /reams by t p>ticul> "o ( ! subsequ5t bran*es t grew out f ! ma/] /ream1 ! ,gre5 riv] itself4 ,?us x mu/ happ5 t ! /reams :i* head ne> ! summit ( ! range1 &1 runn+ d[n ! flank1 turn into ! ,gre5 riv]1 are1 9 _! upp] c\rses1 catacl9al1 & :5 !y turn to foll[ ! /rike ( ! rocks into ,gre5 riv]1 are monocl9al 7#afa73 ?is be+ a normal result ( riv] "w 9 cutt+ d[n ! ?\s&s ( feet ( rocks ( v>i\s h>dnesses1 "h conc]n$4 ,! small] /reams ( ! ,u9ta range are !re=e c]ta9ly n ( necessity antec$5t to ! ,u9ta uplift3 ! probability is t !y 7 orig9ally purely consequ5t1 & t at pres5t !y are nicely adju/$ to ! /ructures t !y h discov]$4 ,i h le>n$ s mu* f ! doctr9e ( baselevell+1 z pres5t$ 9 ,major ,p[ell's writ+s1 t ,i %all hope to pr(it by ! lesson ( ! ,u9ta dra9age z well3 t is1 ! possibility t an app>5tly s\nd conclusion may be ov]turn$ :5 new processes t be> ^u x are discov]$4 ,x is "h said t ! dra9age ( ! ,wat*ung cresc5t 9 ,new ,j]sey is an example ( p>tial adju/m5t foll[+ a sup]impos$ orig93 h5ce ! necessity ( wat*+ closely = ! discov]y ( new pr9ciples 9 ! hi/ory ( riv] "w t may call = a revision ( ?is conclusion4 ,!re are two o!r examples ( peculi> accid5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( riv]s 9 ,new ,j]sey1 to :i* ,i wi% to call att5tion2 bo? ( !m 9 ! late/ cycle ( ! developm5t ( ! ,/ate1 t is1 9 ! cycle :i* has *ang$ ! c5tral region f its ev5 baselevell$ l[l& surface1 to ! pa/pla9 z we n[ see x4 ,l ! uplift ( ! ,s*ooley 7,highl&7 p5epla91 ! uplift ( ! ,c5tral pla91 9 pass+ f ! second to ! ?ird cycle1 0 n uni=m ?r\gh\t1 b 0 great] 9 "o place ?an 9 ano!r4 ,9 ! neighborhood ( ! l[] ,r>itan riv]1 a di/9ct ?\gh g5tle slope to ! nor?we/ is app>5t 9 ! unconsum$ surface ( ! pa/pla92 b ?is /rong riv] runs s\!a/w>d aga9/ ! slope2 x is an anacl9al /ream4 ,! tilt+ ( ! pa/pla9 is mod]ate1 & its rocks are weak2 ! riv] is l>ge & /rong4 ,its anacl9al c\rse is !re=e be/ expla9$ by reg>d+ x z a mild example ( an antec$5t /ream4 ,b ,ambrose's brook1 a small /ream to "o side ( ! ,r>itan1 fl[s nor?we/ ) ! g5tle slope t 0 giv5 to ! pa/pla94 ,ambrose's brook !re=e mo/ likely is n a survivor f ! previ\s cycle1 b is a new /ream consequ5t on ! slight de=mation by :i* ! late/ cycle "h consid]$ 0 u%]$ 94 ,manalapan & ,assanp9k are app>5tly ( ! same k9d4 7,see fig4 #a74 ,! ,mill/one riv] appe>s to be int]m$iate z respects orig9 betwe5 ! ,r>itan & ,ambrose's brook4 ,x appe>s /ill to lie = ! mo/ "p 9 ! *annel t x occupi$ be=e ! elevation & tilt+ ( ! baselevell$ ,c5tral pla91 b ! tilt+ ( ! pla9 seems to h rev]s$ its direction ( fl[4 ,x rises ne> ! c5t] ( ! ,/ate & fl[s nor?we/w>d till x jo9s ! ,r>itan ne> ,som]ville1 & on ! way x crosses f ! ?r[n or depress$ to ! heav$ or elevat$ side ( ! fall-l9e1#aa & passes ?r\gh a deep gap 9 ! trap ridge ( ,rocky ,hill back ( ,pr9ceton4 ,i believe !re is no o!r ,atlantic riv] :i* runs aga9/ ! fall-l9e 9 ?is way2 & x is c]ta9ly at fir/ sight rem>kable t a /ream ( mod]ate size l ! ,mill/one %\ld h held its own aga9/ a displacem5t t suffic$ to deflect great riv]s l ! ,delaw>e & ! ,susquehanna f _! c\rses4 ,footnote #aa3 ,= an acc\nt ( ! fall-l9e displacem5t1 see ,mc,gee1 ,sev5? ,ann4 ,rep41 ,u4 ,s4 ,g4 ,s41 #ahhh1 #faf4 ,! ,mill/one appe>s to h be5 a /ream ( ! normal k9d 9 ! previ\s cycle1 be=e ! tilt+ ( ! ,c5tral pla91 :5 x probably ran s\!a/w>d ) its fell[s1 & c>ri$ (f its %>e ( wa/e 9 ! baselevell+ process ( t "t4 ,no o!r supposition ?an ?is seems consi/5t ) ! g5]al hi/ory ( ! region4 ,x 0 dur+ t cycle t ! deep gap 0 cut 9 ! ,rocky ,hill trap ridge4 ,!n came ! de=mation ( ! baselevell$ pla91 ! relatively rec5t elevation & g5tle tilt+ t h p]mitt$ ! /reams to c>ve x into a pa/pla92 & ) ?is1 ! dislocation along ! fall-l9e4 ,! incl9ation ( ! int]/ream surfaces ( ! pa/pla9 leaves no d\bt t x 0 tilt$ to ! nor?we/1 & to ?is tilt+ we mu/ ascribe ! pres5t direction ( ! ,mill/one fl[3 b :y did n ! accompany+ dislocation on ! fall-l9e ?r[ ?is mod]ate siz$ /ream (f ( its track & div]t x s\?we/w>d to ! ,delaw>e at ,tr5ton1 or nor!a/w>d to ! ,r>itan bel[ ,new ,brunswick4 ,! effect ( ! dislocation appe>s ) consid]able di/9ctness along a l9e f ,tr5ton t[>ds ,amboy1 9 ! less altitude ( ! g5]al surface ( ! pa/pla9 to ! s\!a/ ?an to ! nor?we/ ( ! l9e1 ! diff]5ce ( altitude ( ! two p>ts be+ ab\t a hundr$ feet4 ,! p]si/5ce ( ! ,mill/one aga9/ su* a dislocation seems to require t we %\ld po/ulate a sl[] & small] movem5t "h ?an t :i* deflect$ ! ,delaw>e4 ,! rev]s$ c\rse ( ! ,mill/one _c be reg>d$ z an example ( inv]sion foll[+ a capture ( its anci5t nor!rn headwat]s by a bran* ( ! ,r>itan2 = 9 su* a case1 surely ! inv]sion c\ld n h progress$ f>!r s\? ?an ! h>d trap ridge ( ,rocky ,hill1 :]e a /able divide w\ld h be5 =m$3 nor c ! ,mill/one be reg>d$ z an orig9al /ream1 fir/ develop$ & consequ5t ^u ! de=mation ( ! ,c5tral pla91 = 9 t case1 x %\ld consi/ ( two sep>ate p>ts2 "o "p runn+ f ! actual head ( ! riv] to ! fall-l9e1 :]e x w\ld turn s\?we/ & cross ! fa9t flat divide t sep>ates x f ! ,delaw>e2 ! o!r "p beg9n+ by ,pr9ceton nor? ( ! fall-l9e1 & runn+ !nce nor? to ! ,r>itan4 ,! cont9uity ( ^! two p>ts 9 ! actual ,mill/one seems to be explicable only by reg>d+ ! riv] z ! upp] portion ( a s+le l>g] riv] t _h rea*$ an old age 9 ! previ\s cycle2 x 0 !n brok5 9 two at ! head ( ! pres5t riv] :]e ! greate/ elevation ( ! ,c5tral pla9 occurr$1 & ?us _h its =m] head wat]s rev]s$ f a s\!a/ to a nor?we/ direction ( fl[ across & aga9/ ! fall-l9e break by ! tilt+ ( ! pla94 ,only 9 ?is way c ! deep gap 9 ,rocky ,hill be expla9$4 ,! riv] is ?us consequ5t on ! tilt+ ( ! pla91 & yet antec$5t to ! accompany+ fault+4 ,x _c be call$ an orig9al /ream1 = x _h an ance/or 9 its v *annel4 ,x is n a purely consequ5t /ream1 = x runs aga9/ ! heav$ side ( a fault4 ,x is n a /rictly antec$5t /ream1 = x fl[s 9 a direction det]m9$ by a di/urbance t occurr$ late 9 its life4 ,x is too exceptional a /ream to h a g5]ic "n4 ,we _c expect to f9d _m o!rs l x4 ,! result t has be5 ( ! greate/ int]e/ to me 9 ^! /udies is ! discov]y ( well-record$ & peculi> hi/ories 9 ! commonplace small-siz$ riv]s ( our ,atlantic slope4 ,we h look$ = "s ye>s to ! we/ z ! region :]e riv] hi/ory %\ld be illu/rat$1 because x 0 !re t ! pione]s 9 ?is bran* ( /udy taught u ! lessons on :i* our fur!r "w mu/ dep5d4 ,b home /udy z well z di/ant travel has its rew>ds1 & ) ! progress ( good topographic "w on ?is side ( ! c\ntry we confid5tly await mu* in/ruction f a close acqua9tance ) ! curi\s hi/ories ( _m ( our riv]s :i* we "k n[ only by "n4 ,h>v>d ,college1 ,janu>y1 #ahij4 99 99 99 99 99 ,supplem5t>y ,note4--,pr(essor ,albre*t ,p5ck ( ,vi5na has publi%$ a valuable essay on ,die ,bildung d] ,dur*bru*/hl] 7,v]e9 zur ,v]breitung naturwiss5s*aftli*] ,k5ntnisse 9 ,wi51 #ahhh7 f :i* ! foll[+ hi/orical notes are tak5 to illu/rate ! gradual ov]?r[ ( ! fracture !ory ( cross valleys by ! introduction ( ! idea t riv]s c sometimes cut d[n _! b$s z fa/ z ! l& is uplift$ or upfold$ b5ea? !m4 ,f]d4 ,rm]4 ,die jurassis*e ,wes]kette4 ,zeit4 d4 deuts*4 geol4 ,gesells*41 ix1 #aheg1 #eha4 ,! deep5+ ( valleys by riv]s & /reams mu/ keep pace ) ! gradual elevation ( cont95tal masses4 ,! ,porta ,we/phalica has ?us be5 cut by ! ,wes] 9 ! ,wieh5-,wes] range1 9 ! nor!a/]n "p ( ,we/phalia4 ,a simil> sugge/ion 0 briefly made a little lat] by ,bis*(f1 to expla9 ! gorge ( ! ,rh9e bel[ ,b+54 ,lehrb4 d4 *em4 u4 phys4 ,geol41 #b ,aufl41 i1 #cgd1 #chb2 & aga9 indep5d5tly = ! same riv] by ,dck]4 ,zeits*r4 d4 ,gesells*4 f4 ,erdk4 ,b]l91 v1 #ahgj1 #ahc4 ,gmbel expla9$ ! c\rse ( ! ,altmhl1 a bran* ( ! ,danube :i* crosses ! ,franki% ,jura 9 nor?we/]n ,bav>ia1 by suppos+ its c\rse 0 def9$ be=e & ma9ta9$ dur+ ! de=mation ( ! range4 ,bav>ia3 ,l&es- und ,volkskunde des ,knigrei*s ,bay]n1 #ahfe1 iii1 #gef4 ,m$licott recogniz$ t _m /reams fl[+ f ! inn] ,himalaya are old] ?an ! out] ranges1 & %[$ reason = believ+ t !y held _! places :ile ! out] ranges 7 tilt$ up4 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,survey ,india1 iii1 #ahfe1 #f1 #abb1 #abg1 #aeg1 #afc4 ,a little lat]1 he appli$ ! same explanation to "s ,alp9e riv]s4 ,! ,alps & ! ,himalayas1 a geological comp>ison4 ,q4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,london1 xiv1 #ahfh1 #dg1 #eb4 ,wynne expla9s ! ,indus & adjac5t riv]s z ( great] age ?an ! elevation ( ! ,salt ,range 9 nor?we/]n ,india4 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,survey ,india1 xi1 #ahge2 xiv1 #ahgh4 ,rtimey] recogniz$ ! possibility ( upris+ ranges be+ cut d[n by transv]se riv]s1 b reg>d$ ! occurr5ce z a r>e "o1 ?9k+ t lakes w\ld g5]ally appe> beh9d su* a gr[+ b>ri]4 ,he emphasiz$ ! idea t erosion works up/ream1 :i* ,lwl has lat] develop$ f>!r4 ,ueb] ,?al- und ,seebildung1 ,basel1 #ahfi2 #b ,aufl41 #ahgd4 ,tietze reg>d$ ! p]si/5ce ( riv]s across gr[+ ranges z ! rule r ?an ! exception4 ,die ,bildung von ,qu]?l]n1 ,jahrb4 d4 k4 k4 ,geol4 ,rei*san/41 #ahgh1 #eha4 ,hayd5 0 p]haps ! fir/ to po9t out 9 ?is c\ntry ! antec$5t orig9 ( c]ta9 headwat]s ( ! ,miss\ri 9 ,montana1 :]e ! m\nta9 ranges are frequ5tly cut across by deep caons4 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci5ce1 xxxiii1 #ahfb1 #cje4 ,hayd5's ,six? ,report1 #ahgb 7#ahgc71 #he4 ,ref]5ce may be made also to ,:ite1 ,hayd5's ,t5? ,report1 #ahgf 7#ahgh71 #eb2 ,peale1 id41 #afg2 ,be*l]1 id41 #cgb4 ,g5]al discussion ( valley mak+ is giv5 by ,gre51 ,geology = /ud5ts & g5]al read]s1 ,london1 #ahgf2 ,h>tung1 ,zeits*r4 ,gesells*4 f4 ,erdkunde1 ,b]l91 #ahgh1 #cjh4 ,9 spite ( ! e>ly date ( "s ( ^! essays1 ! idea ( ! antec$5t orig9 ( riv]s did n ga9 g5]al recognition & acceptance till x 0 /rongly /at$ by ,p[ell4 ,a ,,critical ,,review ,,( ,,b]+',s ,,fir/ ,,exp$ition1 #agbe-cj1 ,,toge!r ,,) ,a ,,translation ,,( ,,8 ,,orig9al ,,report ,,^u ,,x4 ,) a ,map4 ,,by ,,wm4 ,h4 ,,dall4 ,,cont5ts4--,introductory rem>ks4--,in/rum5ts & ,me?ods4--,s\rces ( in=mation4--,translation ( ,b]+'s ,report4--,b]+'s ,li/ ( ,geographical ,positions4--,an ,it9]>y ( ! ,exp$ition4--,annotat$ ,synopsis ( ! ,voyage compil$ f all accessible data4--,comp>ative ,table ( ,geographical ,positions4--,resum ( ! results ( ! ,exp$ition4 ,9 #afdh ! tide ( exploration & adv5ture sett+ ea/w>d ?r\gh ,sib]ia1 impell$ ! fitt+ out ( sev5 small trad+ boats on ! ,kolyma riv]4 ,?ree ( ^!1 9 *>ge ( ,simeon ,de%neff1 ,g]asim ,ankud9(f & ,feodor ,alexieff1 respectively1 rea*$ ,b]+ ,/rait4 ,ankud9(f's boat 0 wreck$ on ,ea/ ,cape1 b 8 p>ty 0 accommodat$ on ! o!rs4 ,!re 7 ho/ilities ) ! ,*uk*i1 ! two boats 7 sep>at$1 & ,de%neff's alone f9ally rea*$ ,kam*atka4 ,next ye> he con/ruct$ ! trad+ po/ on ! ,anadyr riv] subsequ5tly kn[n z ,anadyrsk4 ,!re is a tradition t 9 #afed a trad] nam$ ,t>as ,/aduk9 foll[$ ,de%neff's r\te1 made a portage across ! neck ( ,ea/ ,cape1 circumnavigat$ ,kam*atka1 discov]$ ! ,kurile ,isl&s1 & f9ally rea*$ ! ,gulf ( ,p5j9a 9 safety4 ,9 #agaa an emiss>y nam$ ,pet] ,iliuns5 ,pop(f 0 s5t to ,ea/ ,cape by ! ,russians to induce ! ,*uk*i to pay tribute4 ,9 ?is he fail$1 b br\ght back an acc\nt ( isl&s beyond ,ea/ ,cape1 & ( a cont95t report$ by ! ,*uk*i to exi/ beyond ^! isl&s4 ,"s /atem5ts :i* he made 9 reg>d to ! p ( ?is cont95t 7 reg>d$ by geograph]s ( ! la/ c5tury z fictiti\s1 b ) our bett] k1 !y set ! seal ( au!nticity ^u ,pop(f's report & %[ t 8 j\rney 0 really made4 ,! political disord]s :i* prevail$ 9 ,we/]n ,russia ab\t ?is p]iod1 prev5t$ any att5tion f be+ direct$ to ! reports ( ^! explorations1 :i* 7 pres]v$ 9 ! ar*ives at ,yakutsk4 ,some:at lat] ! att5tion ( geograph]s 0 direct$ t[>d ?is unkn[n corn] ( ! _w & ! subject 0 br\ght to ! notice ( ,pet] ! ,great4 ,he took great int]e/ 9 x1 drew up in/ructions = an exp$ition ) 8 own h& & deliv]$ !m to ,c\nt ,aprax9 ) ord]s to see !m execut$4 ,a few days lat]1 9 ,janu>y1 #agbe1 he di$2 b ! ,empress desir+ to c>ry out all ! plans ( h] deceas$ husb& z closely z possible1 ord]$ _! execution4 ,fleet-,capta9 ,vitus ,ivanovi* ,b]+ 0 nom9at$ to ! comm& ( ! exp$ition & ,lieut5ants ,m>t9 ,spanb]g#a & ,alexie ,*irik(f to be 8 assi/ants4 ,footnote #a3 ,s spell$ by ,b]+ himself4 ,?is exp$ition =ms ! subject ( ?is pap]4 ,x has be5 treat$ ( by v>i\s geograph]s & biograph]s1 b s f> ! orig9al report ( ,b]+1 pr9t$ 9 #ahdg 9 ! ,russian language1 has nev] be5 fai?fully translat$ into any o!r language2 :ile 8 map has nev]1 9 its entirety1 be5 publi%$ at all4 ,r$uc$ sket*es d]iv$ f ! maps & m or less mutilat$ & g>bl$ v]sions ( ! report h appe>$ 9 sundry collections ( voyages1 & ^u ^! ! late/ contributions to ! hi/ory ( ! exp$ition h be5 9 great "p bas$4 ,believ+ t ! orig9al report is a docum5t ( suffici5t hi/oric & geographic int]e/ to be made accessible to ^? :o d n read ,russian1 & t ! errors ( exi/+ works make a critical review ( ! subject desirable1 ,i h translat$ ! docum5t 9 "q & prep>$ a g5]al review ( ! pres5t /ate ( our k 9 reg>d to ! exp$ition4 ,b]+'s ,report be+ writt5 9 ar*aic & badly spell$ ,russian1 ) a s+ul> disreg>d ( punctuation & o!r lit]>y niceties1 ! translation pres5t$ unusual difficulties1 9 solv+ :i* ,i h _h ! k9d cop]ation ( t excell5t ,russian s*ol> ,mr4 ,j4 ,curt94 ,i am indebt$ to ! ,rev]5d ,fa!r ,ri*>ds1 presid5t ( ,georget[n ,univ]sity1 & ,fa!r ,maas ( ,wood/ock ,college1 ,md41 = valuable in=mation 9 reg>d to ! *ur* fe/ivals & sa9ts1 ^: names 7 utiliz$ 9 ! nom5clature ( ,b]+'s new discov]ies4 ,to ,mr4 ,m>cus ,bak]1 ,messrs4 ,gannett & ,woodw>d1 & ,mr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,d>w9 ( ! ,geological ,survey2 ,dr4 ,s4 ,h]tz5/e9 ( ! ,zoological ,museum ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg2 ,b>on ,nord5skild ( ,/ockholm1 & ,b>on ,rob]t ,kl9ck(/rm2 ,drs4 ,holm & ,/ejneg] ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 & ,pr(4 ,julius ,olson ( ,madison1 ,wiscons91 ,i am indebt$ = num]\s favors & c\rte\s assi/ance1 & to all ( ^! g5tlem5 ,i desire to express my ?anks4 ,9 conclusion ,i desire to /ate t ,i am well aw>e ?is pap] _c be reg>d$ z a f9ality1 b z a contribution to ! geographical hi/ory ( ,nor? ,am]ica x w n be )\t its value1 :ile ! fact t ,i h myself sp5t p>ts ( ?ree summ]s 9 sci5tific exploration ( ! coa/ visit$ by ,b]+ & fir/ *>t$ by him1 has greatly help$ me 9 my discussion ( m9or details ( 8 "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,b]+',s ,,*>t ,,( ,,8 ,,fir/ ,,voyage4 ,,f ,d',,anvilles ,,atlas4 #agcg4 ,! fir/ publi%$ map ( 8 ,explorations4 ,,in/rum5ts ,,& ,,me?ods4 ,9 consid]+ ! "w done by ! exp$ition x is v necess>y to be> 9 m9d ! "* ( ! in/rum5tal outfit1 if any1 :i* !y might h possess$1 & ! /ate ( ! sci5ce ( navigation at ! "t4 ,:5 ,b]+ & 8 two c>tograph]s left ,/4 ,pet]sburg 9 ,febru>y1 #agbe1 ! a/ronomical in/rum5t 9 use by navigators 0 ! ,davis quadrant or back/aff1 9 :i* ! sun's altitude 0 measur$ by sight+ )\t a telescope or tube on ! %ad[ ca/ by ! sun f "o projection ( ! in/rum5t ^u ano!r1 ! obs]v]'s back ( c\rse1 be+ turn$ to ! lum9>y4 ,! only alt]native to ?is 0 ! /ill old] a/rolabe ) :i* ! obs]v] _h to look along ! two l9es ( 8 angle at ! same "t1 & :i* also dep5d$ ^u sights or spurs atta*$ to a frame4 ,! reflect+ quadrant ( ,hadley 0 n inv5t$ until #agca & telescopes 7 n us$ on ! in/rum5ts ( navigation until some:at lat]4 ,!re 7 no *ronomet]s or reliable wat*es or clocks = use 9 divid+ int]vals ( "t4 ,ev5 aft] ! ,hadley quadrant came into use1 "t 0 not$ by a p5dulum vibrat+ seconds1 :i* c\ld n be us$ on %ip-bo>d4 ,a futile attempt _h be5 made by means ( tables ( v>iation ( ! compass to det]m9e ! longitude by comp>ison ) obs]v$ v>iation 9 ! field4 ,results by ?is me?od approa*$ ! tru? accid5tally1 if at all4 ,lun> obs]vations 7 ! only means ( gett+ an approximation to ! longitude except ! occultations ( ,jupit]'s satellites1 bo? me?ods be+ impracticable on bo>d %ip1 ) ! in/rum5ts !n employ$4 ,9 #agca ! a/ronom] ,halley prov$#b t at t date x 0 /ill impossible to f9d ! longitude correctly by ! moon1 ! lun> tables be+ s inaccurate t an error ( sev]al hundr$ miles 0 q possible & an accurate det]m9ation w\ld dep5d ^u ! respective errors ( in/rum5t1 obs]vation & ! lun> tables happ5+ to balance "o ano!r4 ,halley v5tur$ to express ! hope t ! tables may be s am5d$ t an error may sc>ce ev] exce$ ?ree m9utes1 :i* w\ld correspond to a degree & a half ( longitude1 am\nt+ at ! equator to a di/ance ( a little less ?an "o hundr$ miles4 ,mess]s*midt1 :o prec$$ ,b]+ z an explor] ( ,ea/]n ,sib]ia1 0 accord+ to ,midd5dorf 7,sib4 ,reise1 iv4 #a1 p4 #ef7 ?irty-two degrees out 9 8 det]m9ation ( ! longitude1 & ! ea/w>d ext5t ( ,asia 9 ?is region 0 und]rat$ by t am\nt or !reab\ts1 on _m maps4 ,footnote #b3 ,phil4 ,trans4 #agca1 ,no4 #dba4 ,"o o!r means ( approximat+ to ! m]idian rema9$1 9 ! obs]vation ( eclipses4 ,?is f ! comp>ative r>ity ( ^! occurr5ces 9 ! case ( ! sun & moon1 c\ld ) ! imp]fect in/rum5ts ( ^? days be available b seldom4 ,ow+ to ! difficulty ( det]m9+ ! exact "t ( ! fir/ & la/ contacts ! longitudes comput$ by ^! obs]vations 7 liable to q z great inaccuracy z ^? comput$ f ! lun> tables4 ,/ill an ord9>y spyglass w\ld enable an obs]v] to note ! "t )9 a m9ute or two1 &1 if he 0 possess$ ( ! local "t1 a simple comp>ison ) ! obs]v$ "t ( ! eclipse 9 "s locality :]e ! longitude 0 kn[n w\ld give a fairly good det]m9ation1 consid]+ ! in/rum5ts & me?ods ( ^? days4 ,( ! f\r eclipses ( ! moon occurr+ 9 #agbh-i two might h be5 obs]v$ )\t difficulty by ,b]+1 "o w\ld h be5 invisible to him1 & "o might b>ely h be5 not$1 b 9 all probability 0 n obs]v$ by him4 ,9 none ( ! publi%$ reports ( ! exp$ition is any m5tion made by ,b]+ or 8 (fic]s ( ! occurr5ce or obs]vation ( an eclipse1 :i* seems v s+ul> if by su* an obs]vation he 0 enabl$ to correct an error ( #cj 9 ! longitude ( nor!a/]n ,sib]ia4 ,h[ev]1 ,midd5dorf /ates 7,sib4 ,reise1 iv4 #a1 p4 #ef7 t ,b]+ & 8 lieut5ant 9 ! ye>s #agbh & #agbi obs]v$ 9 ,kam*atka#c two eclipses ( ! moon1 by :i* !y correct$ ! longitude4 ,he gives no au?ority = ?is /atem5t4 ,footnote #c3 ,x is possible t an eclipse obs]v$ at ,ilimsk 9 ,middle ,sib]ia by ,*irik(f is ?us errone\sly ref]r$ to4 ,eul]1 :o _h access to ! ar*ives ( ! ,admiralty ,college1 :ile engag$ on a ,geography ( ,russia1 m5tions 7,philos4 ,trans41 ,no4 #dhb1 p4 #dba7 t he 0 in=m$ t ,b]+ obs]v$ an eclipse at ,kam*atka4 ,?is lett] ( ,eul]'s is copi$ by ,campbell 9 ,h>ris' ,voyages 7vol4 ,,ii1 ,book ,,iii1 p4 #ajbd7 & ! expression at ,kam*atka has l$ to ! /atem5t t ^! obs]vations 7 made at ! =t or village ( ,l[] ,kam*atka4 ,?is is an error s9ce ,b]+ gives no longitude = ! =t 9 8 table ( geographical positions4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! "n ,kam*atka at t p]iod 0 appli$ n m]ely to ! p59sula z at pres5t1 b also to ! :ole region ( nor!a/]n ,sib]ia1 ! gov]nor ( ,kam*atka be+ locat$ at ,okhotsk4 ,s to come )9 ! probable mean+ ( ! phrases us$ by ,midd5dorf & ,eul] x is only necess>y to suppose t ! obs]vations 7 made some:]e 9 t region4 ,laurids5 7,dani% edition1 note #cd1 p4 #ahf7 ref]s to a pap] ( ,/ruve 7,bull4 phys4-ma?4 ,acad4 ,/4 ,pet]sb41 ,i1 #ahdb1 p4 #bij7 conta9+ a table ( geographical positions 9 ,russia1 9 connection ) ^! alleg$ obs]vations ( ,b]+4 ,an exam9ation ( ,/ruve's pap] does n be> out ! implication ( ,laurids5's ref]5ce1 z ,/ruve n only makes no m5tion :atev] ( ,b]+'s obs]vations !re b specifically /ates t ! fir/ obs]vations ( precision made 9 ?is "p ( ,sib]ia 7 ^? ( ,krassilnik(f :o accompani$ ,b]+'s second exp$ition 9 #agda4 ,x w\ld seem extraord9>y t a det]m9ation s important = geography z t ( ,b]+ & 8 companion %\ld be unkn[n to s di/+ui%$ an a/ronom] z ,/ruve :o mu/ h _h access to all ! ar*ives ( ! e>ly explorations by ,russia4 ,b x may be p]haps acc\nt$ = by ! facts t ,b]+'s obs]vations 7 necess>ily ( a v r\gh & primitive "*--z x is c]ta9 he _h no in/rum5ts ( precision2 & t1 = t reason1 !y 7 n receiv$ ) entire confid5ce2 s t ,/ruve may h consid]$ !m insuffici5tly exact to be includ$ ) ^? ( ,krassilnik(f & o!rs made ) m mod]n appliances4 ,f ! note 9 reg>d to ! eclipses :i* is k9dly contribut$ by ,mr4 ,m>cus ,bak] & f ! o!r circum/ances1 x is evid5t t if ,b]+ & 8 p>ty made ! obs]vations allud$ to1 ! eclipses not$ 7 ! p>tial eclipse ( ,feb4 #be 7local cal5d>71 #agbh1 ( :i* he might h obs]v$ ! la/ contact1 or ! total eclipse ( ,feb4 #ad1 #agbi1 ( :i* he might h obs]v$ ! fir/ contact & ! totality4 ,at ! "t ( ! la/ eclipse he 0 at ,l[] ,kam*atka po/1 & z1 9 ! li/ ( positions h&$ 9 ) 8 ,report 9 #agcj1 no longitude is ent]$ = ?is locality1 x w\ld seem t *oice is r$uc$ to ! fir/ ( ! two m5tion$2 :i* occurr$ :5 ,b]+ 0 ei!r at ,bol%]etsk or on 8 way f t place to ,l[] ,kam*atka1 :i* he rea*$ ab\t a mon? lat]4 ,campbell's table ( positions is cr$it$ by him to ! ye> #agbh1 b my own op9ion is t x 0 really d]iv$ 7) v>i\s errors1 int]polations1 etc47 f ,b]+'s table ( #agcj4 ,! ord9>y me?od ( gett+ ! longitude ( a place1 & t ^u :i* ,b]+ orig9ally dep5d$1 z 8 it9]>y table %[s1 0 by a cont9u\s record ( ! di/ances & directions travel$ f a po9t ( kn[n longitude4 ,?is record w\ld af=d ! data f :i* ! di/ance on a mean p>allel1 by means ( a trav]se table1 c\ld be comput$4 ,labori\s1 imp]fect1 & sl[ z x 01 x 0 ! only sure reliance ( ! travel] 9 ^? days4 ,:e!r ,b]+ obs]v$ an eclipse or n1 x is c]ta9 t 8 orig9al dep5d5ce 0 ^u 8 it9]>y1 t 8 report 0 bas$ ^u t & t ?is "p ( 8 "w 0 done z well z ! nature ( ! me?od w\ld p]mit4 ,8 sil5ce ab\t ! eclipse may be due to ! fact t he dep5d$ n ^u a/ronomical b ^u p$ometric obs]vations1 to :i* ! eclipse may h af=d$ "s corrections4 ,at any rate ! p$ometric det]m9ation ( ! di/ance betwe5 ,tobolsk & ,okhotsk or ! p59sula ( ,kam*atka 0 9 itself a trem5d\s und]tak+4 ,i f9d by a r\gh calculation f ,b]+'s data t ! longitude result+ f 8 it9]>y f ,tobolsk to ,okhotsk is #gg #cf' ,e4 ,! di/ance 9 a /raight l9e is ab\t #b1cij miles1 b by ! r\te ,b]+ travel$ ! di/ance is a little m ?an #c1gdf miles4 ,! longitude 9 ,b]+'s ,li/ ( ,positions is #gf #jg'1 :i* diff]s f ! p$ometric measurem5t by #a #bi' 7or ab\t #de miles74 ,on ,b]+'s map1 ,okhotsk is locat$ 9 longitude #gd #cj' ,e4 ( ,tobolsk1 :ile ! mo/ mod]n obs]vations = ,okhotsk put x 9 #adb #dj' ,e4 ( ,gre5wi* or #ge #dj' ,e4 ( ,tobolsk4 ,s t ,b]+'s p$ometric measurem5t 0 ne>ly #fj miles 9 excess2 8 revis$ table 7z correct$ by ! eclipse87 #bg miles 9 excess2 & 8 map ab\t #cj miles 9 error 9 ! opposite direction4 ,^! discrepancies %[ ! inexactness ( ! me?ods !n 9 vogue & also t ! p$ometric me?od 0 n v mu* worse ?an ! o!rs 9 its results4 ,al?\gh !re are sev]al typographic or o!r errors 9 8 table ( it9]>y :i* r5d] exact comp>isons impossible1 x may be said t ! error ( ! p$ometric me?od1 includ+ ! passage by sea f ,okhotsk to ,kam*atka1 av]ages ab\t two degrees or sixty geographical miles4 ,9 ! cases ( ,okhotsk & ,bol%]etsk ! error is "o ( excess2 9 ! case ( ! cape at ! m\? ( ! ,kam*atka riv] & ( ! turn+ po9t ( ! exp$ition nor? ( ,b]+ ,/rait1 ! result is too small by ab\t ! same am\nt4 ,t 8 *>t & 8 revis$ li/ ( positions %\ld diff] z !y d1 is q z likely ! result ( ! c>eless way 9 :i* ! m9uti ( su* "w 7 g5]ally reg>d$ at t day1 z to any diff]5ce ( date1 or ( int5tional modification4 ,to conclude our review ( ! in/rum5tal means & me?ods !n 9 use1 x may be said t ! compasses 9 use at t day 7 comp>atively r\ghly made & m or less inaccurate4 ,! v>iation 0 det]m9$ 9 a giv5 latitude by ! azimu? ( ! ,pole/> or ! sun at sett+ obs]v$ by means ( sights atta*$ to ! rim ( ! compass1 :i* 0 a me?od accurate en\gh = ! g5]al purposes ( navigation4 ,! di/ance run 0 measur$ on %ipbo>d by ! log :i* 0 9 ab\t ! same =m & p]fection z at pres5t1 be+ a v anci5t inv5tion4 ,! survey ( a g5]al coa/-l9e 0 made by compass be>+s on prom95t po9ts1 repeat$ f successive /ations1 ! di/ances ( ! %ip's c\rse be+ det]m9$ by ! log & ! c\rses by compass1 ) corrections = curr5t & ! v>iation4 ,! l9es ?us obta9$ 7 *eck$ by latitude obs]vations made ) ,davis' back/aff :5 ! wea!r p]mitt$4 ,ap>t f any ( ! me?ods m5tion$ x seems to h be5 ov]look$ t ,b]+ might h correct$ ! longitudes ( ! ,n4,e4 ,sib]ian coa/ by ! ord9>y dead reckon+ kept on bo>d 8 vessel1 provid$ he />t$ by adopt+ ! longitude = ! s\!rn "p ( ,kam*atka p59sula :i* 0 9 common use on _m ( ! *>ts ( 8 day4 ,?\gh x is true t ! maps ( t "p ( ,sib]ia nor? & nor!a/ f ! ,okhotsk sea 7 _m degrees 9 error 9 ! longitude1 ?is obs]vation does n hold good 9 reg>d to ! s\!rn end ( ,kam*atka4 ,! "w ( ! ,jesuit fa!rs 9 ,*9a _h already det]m9$ fairly well ! position ( ,*9a & ,korea1 :ile rude outl9es ( ! nor!rn isl&s ( ,japan1 ,sakhal91 ! ,kuriles & ! s\? end ( ,kam*atka1 7 add$ to ^! on maps ( ,asia4 ,! outl9es are (t5 v incorrect b x is q evid5t :at is int5d$4 ,9 ne>ly all e>ly maps ( ?is region :i* ,i h be5 able to consult1 z = in/ance ^? ( ,n4 de ,witt1 ,i h f\nd ! s\? end ( ,kam*atka 9 approximately correct longitude4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! ,novissimae ,ephem]ides ( ,manfr$io1 publi%$ at ,bonn ! same ye> t ,b]+ left ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 & :i* might well h be5 s5t to him be=e he sail$1 we f9d two *>ts ( ! pa?s ( sol> eclipses 7,plates ii & iii74 ,on ^! *>ts ! m]idian ( #ahj f ,f]ro passes across :at is unmi/akably ! s\? end ( ,kam*atka1 ?\gh nor!a/]n ,sib]ia rema9s a blank4 ,?is w\ld be a suffici5t />t+ po9t & is q z correct z ,b]+'s det]m9ations2 9 fact is )9 a few miles ( ! mod]n longitudes = ! same "p ( ! p59sula4 ,dead reckon+ along ! %ores ( ! p59sula1 correct$ by latitude obs]vations1 w\ld h done all t 0 necess>y to correct ! m]idian )\t obs]v+ any lun> eclipse1 provid$ ! surveyor />t$ ) su* an assumption z ,manfr$io's or ,de ,witt's *>ts supply4 ,,s\rces ,,( ,,in=mation4 ,! g5]al ,hi/ory ( ,*9a etc4 ,done f ! ,fr5* ( ,pere4 ,du ,halde by ,r4 ,brookes4 ,london1 ,john ,watts1 #agcf4 #d vols4 #h ) maps & ills4 ,?is is ref]r$ to 9 ! foll[+ text by ! lett] ,b4 ,?is is ! fir/ ,engli% translation f ! orig9al ,fr5* edition ( ! ,description gographique et hi/orique de l'empire de la ,*9e by ! fa!r ,j4 ,b4 ,du ,halde1 publi%$ at ! ,hague 9 ! same ye> z ! above translation4 ,! text ( ! orig9al ,fr5* ,i h n be5 able to consult1 ?\gh1 s f> z ,b]+'s voyage is conc]n$1 !re does n seem to h be5 any mat]ial abridgm5t 9 ! translation above cit$1 = an opportunity ( consult+ :i* ,i am indebt$ to ! ,libr>ian ( ,congress4 ,! maps & *>ts ( ! orig9al ,fr5* edition 7 sep>ately pr9t$ 9 an atlas by !mselves1 = ! use ( ^? :o might desire to d )\t ! text1 "u ! foll[+ title3 ,n\vel ,atlas de la ,*9e1 de la ,t>t>ie ,*9oise1 et du ,?ibet3 cont5ant ,les ,*>tes gnrales p>ticuli]es de ces ,pays1 a9si que la ,c>te du ,royaume de ,core2 7etc473 ,rdiges p> ,mr ,d',anville1 ,gographe ord9aire de sa ,maje/ trs ,*rti5ne1 ,prc$ d'une description de la ,b\*>ie1 ,p> un ,(fici] ,su$ois que a fait quelque sej\r dans ce ,pays4 ,a la ,haye1 *ez ,h5ri ,s*eurle] ,,mdccxxvii4 ,folio1 #ab pp4 #db *>ts4 ,! *>t ( ,b]+ =ms %eet #db1 & diff]s f ! o!rs 9 be+ on ,m]cator's projection :i* indicates t x 0 copi$ directly f an orig9al z /at$ 9 ! text1 & n r$rawn4 ,x is #bj-c_/d by #i-c_/h in*es on ! neat-l9es & is entitl$3 ,c>te des ,pays trav]s p> le ,capne4 ,be]+s depuis la ville de ,tobolsk jusqu'a ,kamts*atka4 ,b5ea? ! title is a table ( f\r translit]at$ ,russian t]ms = =t1 po/1 village & conv5t1 ) _! ,fr5* equival5ts4 ,?is & c]ta9 peculi>ities 9 ! translit]ation ( prop] names make x c]ta9 t ! orig9al *>t 0 9 ,russian & t ! translit]ation 0 done by "s "o n p]fectly famili> ) bo? languages4 ,!re are a few errors ( ! engrav] 9 r5d]+ s+le lett]s c appe>+ = t & r = e 9 a few places4 ,! longitude is reckon$ 9 degrees ea/ f ,tobolsk to :i* #fg degrees :5 add$ w give practically ! m]idian ea/ f ,gre5wi*4 ,! transcrib] ( ! map f ! ,russian appe>s to h be5 a ,dane1 ,g4 ,kondet4 ,t "p ( ?is *>t ea/ f #aab ,e4 ,gr4 has be5 fairly reproduc$ by ,laurids5 7,*>t ,i7 ) ! omission ( "s unimportant names & ! addition ( a signature 7n ! ord9>y autograph7 ( ,b]+4 ,?is is reproduc$ ) a diff]5t runn+ headl9e to accompany ,olson's translation4 ,! f\r? volume ( ,brookes' translation 7pp4 #dbi-ddj7 conta9s ,a succ9ct n>rative ( ,capta9 ,be]+s's ,travels into ,sib]ia3 ) a r$uction ( ! above-m5tion$ map1 on :i* !re is no trace ( ! isl& ( ,/4 ,demetrius1 ev5 its "n1 :i* alone appe>s on ! ,du ,halde map1 is "h omitt$4 ,o!rwise ?is v]sion ( ! map does n diff] f ,du ,halde's1 m ?an "o copy ( a draw+ usually diff]s f ano!r4 ,:5 ,b]+ />t$ on 8 exp$ition he 0 accompani$ by two c>tograph]s 7,b]gh1 ,fir/ ,voy4 ( ! ,russ4 pp4 #b-e1 fide ,laurids57 ,luzh9 & ,potil(f1 & to "o or bo? ( !m "u ,b]+'s direction ! con/ruction ( ! map 9 "q 0 probably due4 ,:5 ,b]+ made 8 report x 0 accompani$ by a li/ ( positions = important places visit$ by ! ,exp$ition4 ,dr4 ,campbell1 :ile ga!r+ mat]ial = 8 second edition ( ,h>ris' ,voyages1 procur$ a copy ( ?is unpubli%$ li/ ( positions & pr9ts x 9 8 acc\nt ( ,b]+'s travels1 ) ! comm5t t x 0 s5t by ,b]+ f ,kam*atka1 be=e 8 return to ,russia1 & to ! ,s5ate at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 to :i* ,b]+ did n report4 ,:e!r due to ! transcrib] or ! pr9t] !re are sev]al v obvi\s errors 9 ! li/ z pr9t$ by ,campbell1 & :5 x is comp>$ ) ,b]+'s own li/ we see t !re are also sev]al int]polations4 ,b ! positions adopt$ 9 ! *>t1 said by ,du ,halde to h be5 br\ght to ,/4 ,pet]sburg by ,b]+ on 8 return 7a /atem5t confirm$ by ! m5tion ( a *>t 9 ! report itself71 are n id5tical ) ! positions enum]at$ 9 ! li/4 ,?is leads to ! suspicion t ,b]+'s fir/ *>t 0 n publi%$1 & t ! *>t issu$ 0 due to a recomputation & revision ( 8 data4 ,?is suspicion is made /rong] by ! /atem5t ( ,laurids51 :o gives no au?ority1 h[ev]1 t ,b]+'s *>t 0 made 9 ,mosc[ 9 #agca1d ?\gh ?is may m]ely mean t "s ( ! copies :i* 7 di/ribut$ to v>i\s p]sonages 7 s prep>$4 ,footnote #d3 ,laurids51 ,am4 ed41 p4 #eg4 ,^! manuscript copies ( ! *>t & report 7 s5t to v>i\s =eign c\rts1 z a matt] ( g5]al int]e/1 by ! ,russian au?orities4 ,! copy us$ by ,du ,halde 0 communicat$ to him by ! ,k+ ( ,pol& :o _h receiv$ x z a ,pres5t wor?y ( 8 reg>d & curiosity 7,du ,halde1 iv1 p4 #dci1 ,brookes' ed474 ,o!r copies 7 s5t to ,sw$5 & probably to ,engl& & o!r c\ntries4 ,9 ! j\rnal1 ,ym]1 ( ! ,sw$i% ,society = ,an?ropology & ,geography 7#ahhd1 p4 #ic7 is a %ort notice by ,e4 ,dahlgr5 ( ?ree manuscript copies ( ,b]+'s *>t ( 8 fir/ exp$ition1 or r ( *>ts embody+ its results4 ,two ( ^! *>ts are 9 ! ,royal ar*ives ( ,sw$5 & measures #eh x #ace cm4 ,"o ( !m is ornam5t$ ) t5 color$ draw+s ( natives ( ,sib]ia4 ,! o!r is )\t ^! b does n seem to be a copy ( ! fir/ z x has a numb] ( s\nd+s betwe5 ,/4 ,lawr5ce & ! ,diom$e ,isl&s :i* are n on ! =m]1 & "s names :i* are peculi> to x4 ,bo? h _m m names ?an are giv5 on ! *>t publi%$ by ,du ,halde4 ,bo? ( ! manuscripts h a leg5d ref]r+ to ! coa/ f ! ,kolyma ea/w>d1 on ! nor? coa/ ( ,sib]ia1 to ! effect t x is put d[n f old] *>ts & in=mation1 d\btless furni%$ by ! ar*ives at ,yakutsk4 ,! ?ird copy is 9 ! possession ( ,b>on ,rob]t ,kl9ck(/rm1 ( ,/afsund1 ,sw$54 ,?r\gh ! k9d (fices ( ,b>on ,nord5skild & ! g5]osity ( ,b>on ,kl9ck(/rm1 ! la/ m5tion$ *>t has be5 =w>d$ to ! writ] ?r\gh ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution = exam9ation4 ,x appe>s to be ess5tially ! same z ! second ( ! two *>ts ref]r$ to z compris$ 9 ! ,royal ,sw$i% ,ar*ives4 ,! result ( my exam9ation ( x leads me to ! belief t !re 7 two diff]5t *>ts s5t out 9 manuscript by ! ,russian au?orities4 ,! fir/1 :i* ,i reg>d z ! e>li]1 & :i* is c]ta9ly m accurate1 %[s ! isl& ( ,/4 ,demetrius 9 its prop] place 9 accordance ) ,b]+'s ,report & li/ ( positions4 ,x =m$ ! basis ( ,campbell's engrav+ :i* w be ref]r$ to lat]1 & ( ! *>t :i* appe>s 9 ! v>i\s editions ( ,du ,halde4 ,x is possible t ?is repres5ts ! orig9al *>t prep>$ by ,b]+ 9 ,kam*atka dur+ ! w9t] ( #agbh-i4 ,! second & probably lat] =m ( ! *>t is repres5t$ by ! ,kl9ck(/rm *>t1 ^u :i* ! "n & isl& ( ,/4 ,demetrius h vani%$ & a small] isl& 9 ! correspond+ latitude is repres5t$ close to ! ,sib]ian coa/ & we/w>d f ! m]idian pass+ ?r\gh ! ea/]n extreme ( ,ea/ ,cape4 ,?is isl& is nam$ ! isl& ( ,/4 ,diom$e4 ,if x is int5d$ z a revis$ position = ! isl& ( ,/4 ,demetrius ( ! o!r *>t & ( ,b]+'s ,report1 x is 9 conflict ) ! facts & ) ! position assign$ to ,/4 ,demetrius 9 ! report4 ,no "o :o _h sail$ betwe5 ,/4 ,demetrius & ,ea/ ,cape c\ld h sanction$ su* a position = ! isl& ) hone/y4 ,if a diff]5t isl& is int5d$ ! "q arises1 ,:y is ,/4 ,demetrius omitt$8 ,?is second *>t is obvi\sly ! basis ^u :i* 9 ,d',anville's *>t ( ,asia 7#agec7 ! configuration ( ! ea/]n extreme ( ,sib]ia is bas$1 & ,i suspect t ! *>t ( ! ,imp]ial ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,/4 ,pet]sburg & ! reproduction ( ,jeff]ys1 7 also d]iv$ f x z f> z ?is region is conc]n$4 ,x w\ld be ra%1 9 ! abs5ce ( au!ntic in=mation :i* only ! ,russian ar*ives c supply1 to haz>d an op9ion z to ! orig9 ( ! important diff]5ce betwe5 ^! *>ts4 ,i may return to ?is po9t lat]4 ,ap>t f ?is1 x may be add$ t ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,sib]ia f ,ea/ ,cape we/ to ,cape ,%elagskoi is repres5t$ z m\nta9\s ?r\gh\t its ext5t4 ,a leg5d /ates t x is laid d[n f old] *>ts & in=mation4 ,?is relieves ,b]+ f ! responsibility = ! fictiti\s or at lea/ grossly errone\s & exagg]at$ =m & direction giv5 to ,cape ,%elagskoi on 8 *>t4 ,! we/ coa/ ( ! ,okhotsk sea & "p ( its nor!a/]n %ores n visit$ by ,b]+ are /at$ to be laid d[n f in=mation4 ,?is map is n dat$ & ! blank space 9 ! title left = ,b]+'s autograph has nev] be5 fill$4 ,no "n ( draughtsman or place or au?ority ( issue are indicat$ ^u x4 ,x measures #ea by #bj-a_/h in*es betwe5 ! neat-l9es4 ,x is 9 black & :ite1 ! m\nta9s wa%$ 91 ! only color be+ small gre5 trees z a conv5tional sign = wood$ c\ntry4 ,a copy ( ! e>li] *>t fell into ! h&s ( ,dr4 ,campbell & 0 publi%$ by him 9 8 edition ( ,h>ris' ,voyages1#e toge!r ) a v]sion ( ! report :i* is m or less mutilat$ & to :i* ! editor to make 8 book m readable has add$ c]ta9 fl[]s ( rhetoric :i* detract f its accuracy4 ,campbell's copy ( ! map is ! mo/ p]fect yet publi%$ & ! only "o %[+ ! isl& ( ,/4 ,demetrius 9 its prop] place4 ,footnote #e3 ,,h>ris1 ,,john4 ,complete collection ( ,voyages & travels etc44 ,london1 ,t4 ,woodw>d & o!rs #agdh4 #b v4 folio1 maps & plates1 ,vol4 #b1 pp4 #ajaf-ajda1 is devot$ to a discussion ( ,b]+'s discov]ies1 entitl$3 ,book ,,iii1 ,section ,,viii4 ,a di/9ct acc\nt ( "p ( ! nor!a/ fronti] ( ! ,russian ,empire1 commonly call$ ! c\ntry ( ,kams*atka or ,kams*atska includ+ ! voyages ( ,capta9 ,behr+ = discov]+ t[>d ! ,ea/ etc41 collect$ f ! be/ au?orities bo? pr9t$ & manuscript4 ,9 ,du ,halde's copy & ^? d]iv$ f x ! ea/]n bord] ( ! *>t has cut (f ! isl&1 ?\gh 9 "s ( !m1 z 9 t ( #agcf1 ! "n rema9s4 ,! only fault to be not$ 9 ,campbell's edition ( ,b]+'s map is ! omission by ! engrav] ( ! small bay nam$ ,preobrazh5ia by ,b]+ & :i*1 ?\gh x is n nam$1 appe>s on ! o!r editions ( ! map4 ,! title is z foll[s3 ,an exact *>t ( all ! c\ntries ?r\gh :i* ,capt4 ,behr+ travell$1 f ,tobolski ,capital ( ,sib]ia to ! c\ntry ( ,kamts*atka4 ,! size ( ! map is #g x #ab in*es4 ,x ext5ds on ! ea/ to ! m]idian ( #abf ea/ f ,tobolsk :i* enables ! ,isle ( ,/4 ,demetrius 7our pres5t ,big ,diom$e7 to appe> 9 its prop] place4 ,! editions previ\sly report$ h all /opp$ at ! #abd? m]idian1 ?us cutt+ (f ! isl&1 ^: "n sometimes appe>$ & sometimes did n4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ,dr4 ,campbell 9 ?is pap] 0 ! means ( introduc+ ! errone\s & obnoxi\s ,g]maniz$ spell+ ( ,b]+'s "n into ,engli% lit]ature4 ,?is is a pretty good indication t he _h no autographic docum5ts f ,b]+ himself1 & t 8 manuscripts 7 obta9$ f ,g]man s\rces1 or at lea/ _h be5 transcrib$ into ! ,g]man language4 ,9 8 ?or\gh se>* ( ! lit]ature ( ! subject & l5g?y discussion ( ! results1 ,dr4 ,campbell und\bt$ly ga!r$ ! fulle/ acc\nt ( ! fir/ exp$ition :i* _h up to t date be5 pr9t$4 ,9 ord] to enliv5 8 hi/ory ( ! proce$+s1 ! good ,doctor occasionally rises to flights ( fancy1 & ! !ories he held 7 long s9ce prov$ errone\s4 ,!re are sev]al o!r ,engli% translations ( ,du ,halde's ,*9a1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is ! mo/ important3 ,a description ( ! empire ( ,*9a & ,*9ese-,t>t>y1 toge!r ) ! k+doms ( ,korea1 & ,tibet3 conta9+ ! geography & hi/ory 7natural z well z civil7 ( ^? c\ntries4 ,f ! ,fr5* ( ,p4 ,j4 ,b4 ,du ,halde1 ,jesuit4 ,illu/rat$ ) g5]al & p>ticul> maps1 & adorn$ ) a great numb] ( cuts4 ,) notes geographical1 hi/orical & critical1 & o!r improvem5ts1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! maps1 by ! ,translator4 ,london1 ,edw>d ,cave1 #agda4 #b vols4 folio1 maps & ills4 ,?is edition does n %[ ! "n ( ! translator1 b he 0 evid5tly a man ( no small atta9m5ts z a geograph] & c>tograph]1 & introduc$ num]\s improvem5ts & corrections into ! *>ts ( ,d',anville1 :i* accompani$ ! orig9al edition ( ,du ,halde4 ,a copy ( ?is 0 pres5t$ to ! libr>y ( ,h>v>d ,college by ! prov9ce ( ,new ,hamp%ire 9 #agfe-f1 = an opportunity ( exam9+ :i* ,i am indebt$ to ! c\rtesy ( ,mr4 ,ju/9 ,w9sor1 ! ,libr>ian4 ,! text ( ?is edition1 comp>$ ) t ( #agcf1 is z mu* z possible abridg$1 yet conta9s no?+ n 9 ! orig9al1 b ! map exhibits c]ta9 additions to be not$4 ,?is map is entitl$1 ,a ,map ( ,capt4 ,be]+s' travels f ,tobolskoy to ,kam*atka betwe5 ye ye>s #agbe & #agcj4 ,) improvem5ts by ye ,editor4 ,x conta9s ! foll[+ note by ! editor4 ,capt4 ,be]+s probably obs]v'd ye ,lat4d 9 ye ,pr9cipal places ?ro' w* he pass'd1 ?o' two ,obs]vations only are m5tion$ 9 8 ,j\rnal4 ,b ,mr ,kyril[ 9 8 ,map ( ! ,russian ,empire does n foll[ ye ,au?or 9 ?is respect = in/ance he places ,ilimski #a #cj' m nor?1 ,yakutskoy #b m s\?1 & ,cape ,*iokotskago #a m s\? ?an ,capt4 ,be]+s2 likewise o!r places 9 ,proportion4 ,i h reckon'd ye ,longd ( ,tobolskoy f ,p>is accord+ to an ,eclipse ( ye ,sun obs]v$ at ,hamburg & ,tobolskoy1 m5tion$ by ,mr4 ,/rahl5b]g 9 8 acc\nt ( ye ,nor!rn p>ts ( ,europe & ,asia4 ,?is is all t c be done till ye return ( ye ,russian ,ma!maticians s5t to make obs]vations & discov]ies ?r\gh\t ,sib]ia4 ,!n foll[s a l9e ,inscrib$ to ,francis ,ga%rey ,esqr4 ,! ma9 body ( ! *>t is t ( ,du ,halde's orig9al & ! scale is ! same1 b ! height ( ! neat-l9es is only #h-e_/h in*es4 ,b]+'s track f ,okhotsk to ,bol%]etsk1 across ,kam*atka1 nor?w>d to #fg #ah'2 also 8 track ea/w>d f ,kam*atka 9 #agbi & ar\nd ! p59sula to ,bol%]etsk & ,okhotsk2 are indicat$ by dott$ l9es4 ,! two latitudes not$ 9 ,b]+'s j\rnal are indicat$ on ?is map by a 1 & ! nor!rn "o is plac$ ne> ! ,asiatic coa/ 9 latitude #aah ,e4 f ,tobolsk4 ,at ! top ( ! map ! suppos$ ,p>is m]idians#f are indicat$1 a diff]5ce betwe5 ,p>is & ,tobolsk be+ assum$ ( #gj degrees1 :i* is ab\t five degrees too mu*4 ,!re are also sundry infelicities 9 ! translit]ation ( ! names f ! ,fr5* ( ,d',anville4 ,footnote #f3 ,9 ! ,campbell map ^! are tak5 z ea/ f ,london ) an all[ance ( #fg betwe5 ,london & ,tobolsk4 ,a *>t :i* des]ves notice1 ?\gh almo/ :olly fictiti\s1 be+ *iefly devot$ to ! spuri\s discov]ies ( ! alleg$ ,admiral de ,fonte1 0 issu$ by ,j4 ,n4 de ,l',isle ) ! concurr5ce ( ,m4 ,p4 ,bua*e1 or at 8 sugge/ion4 ,x appe>$ at ,p>is1 9 #ageb1 & 0 copi$ = ,jeff]ys' 7#b;d7 edition ( ,voyages f ,asia to ,am]ica 9 #agfd4 ,i d n "k if ?is copy appe>$ 9 ! fir/ edition1 b presume x did4 ,= pres5t purposes ! int]e/+ features ( ?is map are z foll[s3 ,opposite ! ea/]n extreme ( ! ,*uk*i p59sula !re is repres5t$ "p ( ,am]ica ) ! leg5d1 ,t]res vues p> ,mr4 ,spanb]g 9 #agbh1 frequ5tes prs5t p> les ,russes1 qui en apport5t de trs belles f\rrures4 ,9 ! ,engli% edition ! leg5d is ,se5 by ,spanb]g #agbh4 ,f\r isl&s are repres5t$ 9 ! /rait betwe5 ,asia & ,am]ica1 correspond+ 9 a g5]al way to ! f\r n[ kn[n to exi/ !re4 ,connect$ ) ,am]ica & nor? ( ! ,*uk*i p59sula is l& ) an isl& (f x correspond+ n badly to ,wrangell & ,h]ald ,isl&s1 & m>k$ ,discov]$ 9 #agbb4 ,x is possible t ?is l& is a hypo!tical comp\nd ( ! l& report$ by ! ,*uk*is ea/ ( ! /rait ) t :i* !y knew to be visible 9 cle> wea!r f ,cape ,yakan1 m or less confus$ acc\nts ( :i* _h long be5 curr5t among p]sons int]e/$ 9 ^! regions4 ,! next *>t ( note 9 ?is connection 0 publi%$ by ,d',anville1 ! royal geograph] ( ,france1 :o _h previ\sly prep>$ ! orig9al map ( ,b]+ = publication4 ,he issu$ a g5]al map ( ,asia1 9 ?ree p>ts1 ea* ( two leaves :i* c\ld be jo9$ toge!r1 ( :i* ! fir/ "p appe>$ 9 #agea & ! ?ird "p 9 #agec1 entitl$3 ,troisime ,p>tie de la ,c>te_/d',asie1_/cont5ant_/,la ,sibrie_/et quelques autres p>ties_/de la ,t>t>ie1_/,publie s\s les ,auspices de ,monseigneur_/,l\is-,philippe d',orlans_/,duc d',orlans_/,prmi] ,pr9ce du ,sang4_/,p> le ,sr4 d',anville1_/,scrtaire de ,son ,alts4 ,s]5isss4_/,,mdccliii4_/,avec ,privilge4_/ ,?is map is 9 two %eets 7ea* #bj x #ba in*es71 ! engrav+ ( ! geographical "p by ,guill4 de la ,haye & ( ! ornam5tal title by ,de ,lafosse4 ,! longitude is reckon$ f ,f]ro1 & ! map is con/ruct$ on a scale ( #bc ,fr5* leagues to #fj geographical miles4 ,! b\nd>ies are color$ & ! sea %ore %ad$ ) %ort horizontal l9es4 ,x is on ! polyconic projection4 ,?is map includes _m ( ! additions to geography 9 ea/]n ,sib]ia :i* 7 due to ! memb]s ( ! great ,sib]ian exp$ition4 ,! c\rses & bran*es ( ! riv]s especially 7 augm5t$ & correct$ z well z nam$4 ,! bran*es ( ! ,anadyr ,riv] 7 repres5t$ & nam$1 b z no new in=mation 9 reg>d to ! coa/ _h be5 receiv$ at t date1 ?is riv] 0 /ill mapp$ z ent]+ ! sea to ! s\? & we/ ( ,cape ,?addeus1 z errone\sly laid d[n by ,b]+1 :o conf\nd$ ) ! ,anadyr a small riv] :i* does come 9 "h1 & pass$ ! e/u>y ( ! true ,anadyr )\t see+ x4 ,! coa/ l9es are ess5tially ^? ( ,b]+4 ,beyond ! bas9s ( ! ,kolyma & ,anadyr is m>k$ ,t]re inconnue2 a small supplem5t 9 ! nor?-ea/ corn] ( ! map1 on half ! scale ( ! map1 repres5ts ! nor?-ea/ extreme ( ,asia z del9eat$ by ,b]+4 ,?is little supplem5t is ( consid]able int]e/ z x gives full] in=mation ?an t :i* appe>s on ! orig9al publication ( ,du ,halde1 p]haps f a m mod]n v]sion ( ,b]+'s *>t1 z previ\sly sugge/$4 ,sev]al names appe> = ! fir/ "t 9 c>tographic hi/ory1 ^u ?is map4 ,preobrazh5ia ,bay2 ,bol%oia ,riv] fall+ into ,holy ,cross ,bay1 & ! ,isle de ,/4 ,diomide are among ^!4 ,! ,isl& ( ,/4 ,demetrius is omitt$1 z well z its "n4 ,! ,isl& ( ,/4 ,diomide is plac$ ab\t on a l9e betwe5 ,ea/ ,cape & ,cape ,*ukotski1 to ! we/w>d ( ! m]idian ( ,ea/ ,cape4 ,!re is a discrepancy av]ag+ ab\t five m9utes 9 latitude & longitude betwe5 ! positions on ?is map & ^? on ! second v]sion ( ! ,b]+ manuscript *>ts4 ,b 9 ! ma9 ^! diff]5ces are1 ,i suspect1 m]ely due to c>elessness 9 copy+1 & ! g5]al h>mony betwe5 ! two leads to ! belief t ! ,d',anville outl9e = ?is region 0 bas$ on ! second v]sion ( ! manuscript4 ,! diff]5ces ( position = po9ts on ?is "p ( ! coa/ are num]\s4 ,i h not$ !m 9 ! comp>ative table ( positions h]e)4 ,!y may be *iefly ow+ to slips 9 transf]r+ f ! ,m]cator to ! ,polyconic projection2 b "s ( !m are due to new in=mation1 probably d]iv$ f ! surveyors ( ! second exp$ition4 ,b]+ isl& appe>s on ! map1 9 ab\t its prop] place1 ?\gh ,copp] isl& is n indicat$1 nor are any ( ! ,aleutians %[n4 ,i suspect ?is is ! fir/ publication ( a c>tographic k9d on :i* ,b]+ isl& is laid d[n1 z ! map ( ! ,imp]ial ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 embody+ ! geographical results ( ,b]+'s ,voyage to ! coa/ ( ,am]ica1 0 n engrav$ until a ye> lat]1 :ile ,de ,l',isle's ( #ageb does n conta9 !m4 ,! isl& betwe5 ,cape ,%elag9ski & ,ea/ ,cape (f ! nor!rn coa/1 on ,b]+'s map1 is omitt$ by ,d',anville4 ,! ,kam*atkan p59sula 9 latitude #ef is repres5t$ to h a wid? ( #ahj miles1 :ile ,b]+ made x #bgj miles4 ,a mo/ important contribution to ! subject appe>$ 9 ,mll]'s ,hi/orical ,collections kn[n z ! ,sammlung ,russis*e ,ges*i*te & publi%$ at ,/4 ,pet]sburg 7,kays]l4 ,academie d] ,wiss5s*aft51 #agcb-fd4 #h4 ,n9e volumes47 ,des dritt5 ,b&es 7er/es1 zweytes und drittes ,/ck1 pp4 #a-cjd1 #ageh7 conta9s ! orig9al acc\nt ( ! ,russian ,voyages t[>d ,am]ica f :i* ! "w ( ,jeff]ys has1 ) "s errors & omissions1 be5 translat$4 ,z f> z reg>ds ,b]+'s fir/ voyage1 !re is only "o error ( consequ5ce made by ,jeff]ys1 :i* w be not$ 9 its place4 ,?is book is extremely r>e1 & ! only copy 9 ,am]ica :i* ,i h be5 able to f9d aft] mu* enquiry1 is 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,! fir/ volume ( ?is s]ies has ! title ,erffnung e9es ,vors*lages zu ,v]bess]ung d] ,russis*5 ,hi/orie ,dur* d5 ,druck e9es ,/ckweise h]auszugeb5d5 ,sammelung5 von all]ly zu d5 ,um/&5 und ,begeb5heit5 dieses ,rei*s gehorig5 ,na*ri*t54 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 bey d] ,keys]l4 ,academie d] ,wiss5s*aft51 #agcb4 ,! succe$+ volumes h ! runn+ title ,sammlung ,russis*e ,ges*i*te ) ! numb] ( ! p>ts subjo9$ b no o!r title-page4 ,! acc\nt ( ! ,russian ,voyages is /at$ by ,mll] to h be5 prep>$ at ! direction ( ! ,empress & endors$ by ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,x conta9s invaluable mat]ial on ! e>ly explorations1 :i*1 if x _h n be5 = ,mll]'s pa9/ak+ rese>*es1 w\ld h be5 totally lo/1 z ! ar*ives ( ,yakutsk f :5ce ! data 7 d]iv$ by ,mll] 7 subsequ5tly de/roy$ by fire4 ,! errors :i* occur 9 x are *iefly due to ,mll]'s endeavor to utilize ! inexact geographical data ( ! ,promys*l5iks & ,cossacks by comb9+ !m ) ! less detail$ b m precise obs]vations ( lat] obs]v]s4 ,9 ?is attempt he add$ _m valuable details to ! *>ts1 b at ! same "t introduc$ sev]al errors4 ,! exagg]at$ di/ances report$ by ! fir/ explor]s :o 7 unable to correct _! e/imates by obs]vations ( precision1 di/ort ^? p>ts ( ! map due to _! reports4 ,! p59sula ( ,aliaska becomes hugely exagg]at$ z does ! ,%elagskoi promontory on ! ,arctic ,sea4 ,b no unprejudic$ p]son c read ,mll]'s acc\nt )\t p]ceiv+ 8 great caution 9 accept+ unres]v$ly ^! imp]fect contributions1 ! really important additions :i* he made to c>tography1 ! preci\sness ( ! facts :i* he rescu$ f oblivion1 & 8 desire to be fair to ev]ybody4 ,! ins9uations ( malice & ( a desire to injure ,b]+ by means ( ?is acc\nt giv5 by ,mll]1 :i* ,laurids5 attributes to ! latt]1 appe> to be entirely ! product ( a suspici\s temp]am5t & an excit$ imag9ation4 ,c]ta9ly ,i h se5 no?+ any:]e cit$ :i* l5ds to su* suspicions any t9t ( probability4 ,! facts cit$ 9 support ( !m c easily be o!rwise expla9$1 if "o desires to view ! subject judicially1 & = ! mo/ "p are n q ?or\ghly und]/ood by ! ,dani% au?or4 ,"o error ^u :i* ! latt] lays great /ress1 is due to a manipulation ( ! record1 orig9at$ or at lea/ adopt$ by ,b]+ himself1 & :i* is incorporat$ 9 ! map & report :i* all au?ors agree proce$$ directly f ,b]+'s own h&4 ,! next map ( importance 0 issu$ by ! ,imp]ial ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg 9 #aged4 ,x 0 made "u ! inspection ( ,g]h>d ,fri$ri*1 ,/aatsra? von ,mll]1 :o revis$ & correct$ x subsequ5tly1 :5 an edition dat$ #ageh 0 issu$4 ,?is map compris$ ! geographical results ( ! great ,sib]ian exp$ition s5t out by ! ,russian gov]nm5t2 ( ,b]+'s voyages2 & ( ! records ( ! hunt]s 7,promi%l5iks7 & trad]s 9 nor!a/]n ,sib]ia pres]v$ 9 ! ar*ives ( ,yakutsk4 ,! s\rces ( ?is map are fully expla9$ by ,mll] 9 ! ,russian ,discov]ies 7,jeff]ys' translation1 p4 #ajh et seq474 ,i h n be5 able to exam9e a copy ( ! orig9al map1 & h !re=e reli$ on ! ,engli% v]sion ( x :i* is to be f\nd 9 ,jeff]ys' translation1 second edition1 ,london1 #agfd4 ,among ! improvem5ts introduc$ on ?is map may be specifi$1 ! correction ( ! %ores ( ! ,okhotsk ,sea1 & ,gulf ( ,p5j9a1 ! correct] location ( ! m\? ( ! ,anadyr riv] & its e/u>y1 ! introduction ( ! results ( ! voyages ( ,gvosdeff1 ,b]+ & ,*irik(f to ! nor?we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica1 & a multitude ( details relat+ to nor!a/]n ,sib]ia4 ,! isl& ( ,/4 ,deomid 7,diom$e7 is n repres5t$ ?\gh its "n appe>s on ! #fe? p>allel 9 ,b]+ ,/rait4 ,! isl& may h be5 on ! orig9al map & c>elessly omitt$ by ,jeff]ys' engrav] on 8 copy4 ,among ! errors1 or r mi/ak5 hypo!ses ( o!rs1 :i* are sugge/$ 9 ?is map by dott$ l9es1 are ! ext5sion we/w>d to #agd ,e4 ( ,gre5wi*1 ( ! p59sula ( ,aliaska :i* is also giv5 a :olly uncall$-= wid?2 & ! nor?w>d ext5sion ( ! coa/ on ea* side ( ,b]+ ,/rait4 ,9 ! =m] case ! c>tograph] 0 misl$ by ! errors ( ! map ( ,b]+ & ,*irik(f's la/ voyage & rumors report$ by o!r navigators2 & 9 ! second case he foll[$ ,b]+ 9 adopt+ an errone\s position & exagg]at$ =m = ! coa/ ea/w>d f ,koliu*9 ,bay1 due to ! uncorrect$ sket*es ( ! ,cossacks & trad]s4 ,! nor!rn ext5sion ( ! ,am]ican coa/ opposite1 0 purely hypo!tical & = ?is ,mll] mu/ be held responsible4 ,_m ( ! we/]n ,aleutians are exagg]at$ 9 size & errone\s 9 position b ! *>t ( ,b]+'s la/ voyage1 & ! exagg]at$ reports ( ! hunt]s :o foll[$ him1 mu/ be held responsible = ?is1 9 ! ma94 ,! "w 9 :i* ?is *>t appe>s is l>gely d]iv$ f ,mll]'s ,sammlung russis*e ges*i*te1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ageh1 vol4 iii1 ,p>ts ,i-,,iii 7cf4 antea74 ,! fir/ edition is entitl$1 accord+ to bibliographies3 ,voyages f ,asia to ,am]ica = complet+ ! discov]ies ( ! nor?we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica4 ,a summ>y ( voyages made by ! ,russians on ! froz5 sea4 ,f ! high ,dut* ( ,staatsra?4 ,mull] by ,t4 ,jeff]ys4 ,london3 ,t4 ,jeff]ys1 #agfa4 lxvi1 #gf pp4 #d1 ) f\r maps4 ,! second edition :i* is t ref]r$ to 9 ?is pap] is entitl$ ,voyages f ,asia to ,am]ica1 = complet+ ! discov]ies ( ! nor?we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica4 ,to :i* is prefix$1 a summ>y ( ! ,voyages made by ! ,russians on ! ,froz5 ,sea1 9 se>* ( a nor!a/ passage4 ,s]v+ z an explanation ( a map ( ! ,russian discov]ies1 publi%$ by ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,pet]sburgh1 etc4 ,london3 ,t4 ,jeff]ys1 #agfd1 viii1 #abj pp4 #d1 f\r maps4 ,a ,fr5* translation by ,dumas1 ) ! au?or's initials mispr9t$ ,g4 ,p4 in/ead ( ,g4 ,f41 0 pr9t$ at ,am/]dam 9 #agff4 ,x consi/$ ( two volumes1 #ahmo1 ) a map4 ,a ,dani% translation1 by ,mort5 ,hallag]1 0 issu$ at ,cop5hag5 9 #aghd1 z a portion ( a volume relat+ to nor!rn explorations4 ,bibliograph]s seem to h be5 puzzl$ by ! discrepancy ( initials1 n recogniz+ t ! ,s4 9 ,jeff]ys' volume /ood = a title & n a "n4 ,ano!r "w important 9 its collection ( facts be>+ ^u ! g5]al "q ( ! explorations ea/w>d by ! ,russians1 0 publi%$ by ! ar*deacon ( ,wilts1 ,rev4 ,william ,coxe 9 #aghj4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by a second edition dur+ ! same ye>4 ,a ?ird edition accompani$ by a ,supplem5t ( #eg pages 0 pr9t$ 9 #aghg & a f\r? 9 #ahjc4 ,!re 7 two app>5tly di/9ct translations ( ! book pr9t$ at ,p>is 9 #agha1 & a ,g]man edition at ,frankfurt & ,leipzig 9 #aghc4 ,! ?ird edition :i* is ! be/ & mo/ correct appe>$ bo? 9 octavo & qu>to =m1 & is t to :i* ref]5ce is made 9 ?is pap]4 ,x is entitl$3 ,acc\nt ( ! ,russian discov]ies betwe5 ,asia & ,am]ica4 ,to :i* are add$ ! ,conque/ ( ,sib]ia1 & ! hi/ory ( ! transactions & comm]ce betwe5 ,russia & ,*9a1 etc44 ,london3 ,t4 ,cadell1 #aghg4 #daj pp4 #h or #d ) f\r *>ts & "o plate2 to :i* is add$1 consecutively pag$3 ,a comp>ative view ( ! ,russian discov]ies ) ^? made by ,capta9s ,cook & ,cl]ke1 & a sket* ( :at rema9s to be asc]ta9$ by future navigators4 ,london3 ,t4 ,cadell1 #aghg4 #c l4 unp41 #dag-def pp4 #h4 ,! latt] 0 also sep>ately issu$4 ,among ! maps conta9$ 9 ?is "w ( ,coxe's are a r$uc$ copy ( ! g5]al map ( ,russia issu$ by ! ,imp]ial ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #aggf1 & a *>t ( ,synd's ,voyage t[>d ,*ukotski ,noss4 ,! latt] is ! only *>t ( ,synd's voyage 7#agfd-agfh7 :i* is accessible1 & x is v\*$ = z au!ntic by ,dr4 ,coxe4 ,comp>$ ) lat] *>ts x is1 ( c\rse1 extremely imp]fect yet !re is 9 x en\gh resemblance to ! tru? to enable u to recognize :at 0 int5d$ 9 _m in/ances4 ,9 ! nor!a/]n "p ( ! *>t1 ! latitudes are exagg]at$ & ! longitudes contract$ 9 a v errone\s mann]4 ,nev]!less we recognize ,ea/ ,cape1 "h nam$ ,prom4 ,ts*ukotskoi2 ! two isl&s n[ call$ ! ,diom$es b "h left nameless2 a l>ge isl&1 mov$ ea/w>d out ( place1 b d\btless int5d$ = ,arakam ,isl&1 is call$ ,i4 ,diom$is2 :ile among a cr[d ( islets 7ref]able to ! hills ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,isl& se5 ?r\gh a fog & laid d[n v inaccurately71 ! "n ,s4 ,diom$is appe>s aga94 ,! ,am]ican coa/ 0 se5 & l&$ ^u2 ,cape ,pr9ce ( ,wales & ! %ore s\? & ea/ f x are recognizable4 ,! isl& ( ,/4 ,ma!w 0 discov]$ & nam$1 ?\gh plac$ a degree too f> s\?4 ,! isl& ( ,/4 ,paul 9 ! ,pribil(f gr\p 0 discov]$ by ,synd1 put 9 its true latitude1 & nam$ ,preobrazh5ia or ,transfiguration ,isl&4 ,x is ab\t sev5 degrees out 9 relative longitude & f\rte5 9 absolute longitude4 ,"o _c d\bt h[ev] t x 0 ! isl& n[ kn[n z ,/4 ,paul :5 we recall ! fact t !re are no o!r isl&s ?an ! ,pribil(f gr\p1 9 t latitude or )9 t g5]al area ( ,b]+ ,sea4 ,! s\!rn ,cape ( ! ,*uk*i ,p59sula1 ,*ukotski ,cape ( ,b]+ & ,mll] is repres5t$ two degrees too f> s\?4 ,preobrazh5ia ,bay is n recognizable b ! "n is transf]r$ to ! bight we/ & nor? ( ,cape ,b]+ ( our pres5t *>ts4 ,?is "p ( ! coa/ 0 n h[ev] approa*$ by ,synd1 :o sp5t mu* "t on ! coa/ ( ,kam*atka4 ,on 8 *>t ?is p59sula is repres5t$ bett] ?an we %\ld h expect$ f ! rud5ess ( ! re/4 ,! map ( ! ,academy %[s ! influ5ce ( ^? :o discr$it$ ! ne> approa* ( ,am]ica to ea/]n ,sib]ia2 not)/&+ ! explorations ( ,de%neff1 ,gvosdeff & ,synd1 ! ,am]ican %ore ( ,b]+ ,/rait has disappe>$ altoge!r4 ,! ea/]n portion ( ! ,*uk*i ,p59sula is ind5t$ by a ho/ ( hypo!tical inlets1 & def5d$ by an unrecognizable ar*ipelago ( nameless isl&s4 ,! f>-/ret*+ *a9 ( isl&s1 among :i* ,b]+'s second exp$ition 0 s long entangl$1 except+ ^? confirm$ by ,kr5itz5 & ,leva%eff 7:o sail$ f> nor? ( ! s\!rn arc ( ! *a97 is also abs5t4 ,except+ t ! fictiti\s p59sula nor? f ,*uk*i l& is effac$1 ! map 9 its ma9 features = ?is region is less accurate ?an t ( ,b]+1 & does n comp>e v favorably ) t ( ,mll]4 ,& yet b %ortly aft] its publication1 ! explorations ( ,cook & ,cl]ke record$ ! facts :i* %\ld1 :5 publi%$1 exalt ! memory ( ! old] geograph]s & scatt] ! hypo!ses :i* = a "t prevail$ aga9/ !m4 ,_! explorations are includ$ 9 ,a voyage to ! ,pacific ,ocean1 und]tak5 by ! comm& ( 8 ,maje/y1 = mak+ discov]ies 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 etc41 p]=m$ "u ! direction ( capta9s ,cook1 ,cl]ke & ,gore1 9 8 ,maje/y's %ips ! ,resolution & ,discov]y1 9 ! ye>s #aggf-aghj4 ,london1 = ,t4 ,nicol & ,t4 ,cadell1 #aghd-e4 #c volumes #d & atlas folio4 ,?is is ! edition ord]$ by ! ,admiralty4 ,( ?is celebrat$ "w1 said to h be5 writt5 f ! explor]s' manuscripts by ,bi%op ,d\glas1 !re h be5 _m editions4 ,9 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,socit de ,gographie1 ,p>is1 #ahgi1 pp4 #dha-edj1 is a bibliography by ,james ,jackson4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ po9ts 9 reg>d to ,cook's explorations ab\t ,b]+ ,/rait are compris$ on ! *>t 7vol4 ii1 p4 #dfg7 entitl$3 ,*>t ( ,norton ,s\nd & ( ,bh]+s ,/rait made by ! ,ea/ ,cape ( ,asia & ! we/ po9t ( ,am]ica4 ,on ?is *>t ! ma9 features ( ! coa/ on ei!r side ( ! /rait are correctly indicat$1 ?\gh sev]al ( ! inlets & bays are want+4 ,! ,diom$es & ,fairway ,rock ( mod]n *>ts are locat$ b left )\t names1 ,k+'s ,isl& is nam$2 ,arakam 0 n recogniz$ z an isl& nor 0 ,po9t ,*apl9 7,indian ,po9t7 obs]v$4 ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,isl& 0 se5 9 foggy wea!r4 ,its isolat$ hills connect$ by v l[ flat l& l$ ,cook into ! error ( suppos+ t x compris$ sev]al isl&s1 "o ( :i* he correctly ref]r$ to t nam$ ,/4 ,lawr5ce by ,b]+ & ! re/ he lump$ "u ! "n ( ,cl]ke's ,isl&s4 ,a s+le fictiti\s isl&1 midway betwe5 ,/4 ,lawr5ce & ,k+'s appe>s on ! *>t1 b is n nam$ or m5tion$ 9 ! text4 ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,bay is nam$ & discov]$4 ,b]+ & ,mll]'s ,*ukotski cape is correctly id5tifi$4 ,ea/ ,cape is well del9eat$1 & ! "n ,s]dze ,kam5 7,he>t-,rock7 orig9ally giv5 to a cliff or bluff po9t at ! entrance ( ,holy ,cross ,bay is transf]r$ to a po9t on ! ,arctic %ore ( ! p59sula4 ,!re is a confus$ & some:at curi\s hi/ory connect$ ) ! use ( ! names ,s]dze-,kam5 & ,*ukotski ,cape4 ,aft] ! travels ( ,de%neff1 ,pop(f & o!rs & ! reception at v>i\s times ( in=mation f ! natives1 x 0 pretty g5]ally und]/ood among ! hunt]s & trad]s ( ?is region t ! extreme ( ,asia 0 a cape or po9t on or ne> :i* ! ,*uk*i dwelt1 or :i* !y describ$1 :i* 0 n def9itely locat$1 & :i* 0 vaguely kn[n z ! ,*uk*i ,cape or ! ,cape ( ! ,*uk*is1 ,*ukotski ,noss 9 ! ,russian tongue4 ,cape ,s]dze ,kam5 w be f\nd on ! *>t ( ,bill+s' ,voyage4 ,x 0 ! po9t :]e ! ,*uk*is successfully def5d$ !mselves aga9/ ! invad+ ,russians :o s\ght to =ce !m to pay tribute4 ,beyond x1 = ! ,russians all 0 my/]i\s ,*uk*i c\ntry ) an unkn[n coa/4 ,?is cape be+ _! ne plus ultra x is probable t x 0 m or less conf\nd$ by ^! illit]ate & ignorant hunt]s ) ! suppos$ ea/]n ,cape ( ,asia1 o!rwise ! ,cape ( ! ,*uk*is z us$ by ,mll]4 ,admit ?is & x is n difficult to frame an hypo!sis :i* %all acc\nt = ! confusion1 )\t rec\rse to ! absurd *>ges ) :i* ,laurids5 attempts to soil ! reputation ( ,mll]1 ,/ell] & o!rs4 ,:5 ,b]+ nam$ a cape ne> :i* he met a baid>-load ( ,*uk*i :o gave him "s geographical in=mation 7among o!r ?+s t ! coa/ made a turn aft] pass+ x7 he call$ ?is cape ) great propriety ! ,cape ( ! ,*uk*is1 z obs]v$ by ,cook 7ii1 p4 #dgd7 & ) no ref]5ce to ! leg5d>y ,cape ( ! ,*uk*is above ref]r$ to4 ,b :5 ,mll] & o!rs m famili> ) ! records ( ! e>li] explor]s came to make maps1 !y naturally appli$ ! leg5d>y "n to ! cape :i* !y suppos$ to be ! ea/]n end ( ,asia1 & beyond :i* ! coa/ makes a turn to ! we/4 ,mll] believ+ 9 a great cape or p59sula on ! nor!rn coa/ ( ! ,*uk*i c\ntry suppos$ ?is to be ! true ,cape ,*ukotski1 & to ! ea/]n ,cape ( ,b]+ he left ! "n ( ,s]dze-,kam51 probably kn[+ little ab\t ! orig9al ,cape ,s]dze4 ,& z ,b]+1 by ! ambiguity ( 8 j\rnal1 gave color to ! idea t he _h r\nd$ ,ea/ ,cape & pursu$ ! nor? coa/ we/ ( x = a few h\rs be=e turn+ homew>d1 :at m natural ?an t ^? little acqua9t$ ) ! region %\ld speak ( 8 turn+ back f ne> ,s]dze-,kam58 ,?us ,cook1 foll[+ out ! same idea d]iv$ f 8 /udy ( ! map & j\rnal 9 ,h>ris1 transf]r$ ! "n to a po9t 9 ! latitude at :i* ,b]+ turn$ back1 on ! coa/ :i* he suppos$ him to h survey$4 ,!re is pl5ty ( confusion "h b no j gr\nd = suppos+ malice 9 x4 ,a publication :i* ?r[s mu* light ^u ,b]+'s voyage ( #agbh 0 pr9t$ by ,vasili ,nikolaievi* ,b]gh 7or ,b]kh7 a well kn[n writ] on geographical matt]s 9 connection ) ,russian hi/ory4 ,x is 9 ! ,russian language & ! title may be translat$ z foll[s3 ,fir/ ,sea ,voyages ( ! ,russians und]tak5 = ! settlem5t ( ?is geographical problem--,are ,asia & ,am]ica unit$8--& p]=m$ 9 #agbg1 #bh & #bi1 "u ! comm& ( fleet capta9 ( ! fir/ rank1 ,vitus ,b]+4 ,to :i* is add$ a %ort biographical acc\nt ( ,capta9 ,b]+ & "s ( 8 (fic]s4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ,academical pr9t+ (fice1 #ahbc4 #h4 #c pr4 l4 iv1 #abf pp4 #a map4 ,russian text4 ,?is book 0 pr9t$1 z _m private books are1 at ! pr9t+ (fice ( ! ,imp]ial ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 b 0 n publi%$ or pr9t$ by ! ,academy4 ,! only copies ,i "k ( are ^? 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,academy & "o 9 ! ,briti% ,museum libr>y1 nei!r ( :i* ,i h be5 able p]sonally to consult4 ,b ?r\gh ! k9d (fices ( ,dr4 ,s4 ,h]tz5/e91 ( ! ,zoological ,museum ( ! ,academy1 ,i le>n t ,b]gh f\nd 9 ! ,ar*ives ( ! ,/ate ,admiralty ,dep>tm5t ! logbook ( mid%ipman ,pet] ,*apl9 entitl$1 ,mid%ipman ,pet] ,*apl9's j\rnal ( ! ,kam*atka exp$ition ( #agbe-agca4 ,f ?is ,,mss & f ! notes ( ,g4 ,f4 ,mll] & ,admiral ,nagaieff1 ,b]gh compil$ 8 "w4 ,*apl9's j\rnal is n repr9t$ v]batim b only p>aphras$ by ,b]gh :o adds 8 own comm5t>y on ! subject matt]1 & occasionally gives extracts f ,*apl9 ^: logbook seems to h be5 kept 9 a model way4 ,an ef=t w be made to obta9 a copy ( ! orig9al logbook1#g b = ! pres5t we are oblig$ to be cont5t ) :at ( au!nticity rema9s to ! data :i* h be5 translat$ or p>aphras$ by ,b]gh1 ,laurids5 & ,olson1 necess>ily submitt+ to m or less modification 9 ! process4 ,footnote #g3 ,simultane\sly ) ! pro(s ( ?is pap] ! "w ( ,b]gh has be5 communicat$ to me ?r\gh ! lib]ality ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,upsala1 ,sw$54 ,! results ( a critical exam9ation ( x w =m ! subject ( a lat] pap] z ! pres5t publication _c be delay$4 ,! mo/ au!ntic & important docum5t = ! hi/ory ( ?is voyage is naturally ! (ficial report h&$ 9 by ,b]+ himself & pr9t$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,milit>y ,topographical ,depot ( ! ,russian ,army1 volume x1 pp4 #fg-gi1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahdg4 ,?is j\rnal is a qu>to & ! report is pr9t$ v]batim et lit]atim if "o may judge by ! ar*aic & mispell$ words ) :i* x is adorn$4 ,x comprises ,b]+'s report includ+ 8 in/ructions1 a table ( geographical positions1 & a pa9fully detail$ table ( r\tes & di/ances by :i* 8 position 9 ,kam*atka 0 comput$4 ,?is report has nev] be5 translat$ 9 full & unmodifi$1 ! orig9al is ?\ght to h be5 lo/4 ,! pres5t publication is n ref]r$ to by ,laurids5 & 0 app>5tly unkn[n to him4 ,i h !re=e ?\ght x wor? :ile to prep>e an ,engli% v]sion ( ! report & geographical table :i* are incorporat$ 9 ?is pap]4 ,! result %[s t ! previ\s v]sions ( ! report :i* h appe>$ 7 m or less mutilat$ or color$ by ! editors pr9t+ !m1 probably ) ! view ( mak+ ! report ( m popul> int]e/ to _! read]s b ) injuri\s results to its hi/oric value = ref]5ce4 ,we n[ come to ! late/ contributions to ! subject4 ,if x 7 n = ! defici5cies 9 !m1 :i* seem to me s]i\s1 ?is pap] w\ld n h be5 prep>$1 b x seem$ to be a pity t ! s\rces ( in=mation 9 reg>d to ,b]+1 accessible to ^? :o d n read ,russian %\ld n be bo? m imp>tial & m accurate4 ,vitus ,j4 ,b]+ og de ,russiske opdagelsesrejs] fra #agbe-dc4 ,af ,p4 ,laurids54 ,udgivet m$ und]/ttelse af d5 ,hielm/i]ne-,ros5croneske /iftelse4 ,kjb5havn4 ,gyld5dalske ,bogh&els =lag 7,f4 ,hegel ,sn74 ,fr4 ,bagges bogtrykk]i1 #ahhe4 ,small #d1 six prel4 l4 #baa pp41 #d %eets ( *>ts1 "o plate1 "o wood-cut4 ,?is "w is an attempt at a life ( ,b]+ :i* %\ld comb9e an acc\nt ( 8 c>e] ) a rev]sal ( ! g5]ally receiv$ op9ion 9 reg>d to 8 indecision ( "*4 ,x embodies a g5]al polemic aga9/ ^? :o at diff]5t times h criticis$ ! explor]4 ,x conta9s a p>aphrase ( "s portions ( ,b]gh's "w :i* _h n previ\sly be5 accessible 9 any language except ! ,russian1 yet :i* w\ld h be5 mu* m valuable 9 ! %ape ( exact translation & quotation4 ,! au?or labor$ "u ! disadvantages ( n und]/&+ ! language 9 :i* all ! orig9al records bo? pr9t$ & 9 manuscript are writt52 ( hav+ little or no famili>ity ) nautical survey+ or c>tography2 & ( be+ app>5tly unacqua9t$ ) ! be/ mod]n *>ts ( ! region4 ,8 criticisms ( o!rs are c\*$ 9 v heat$ & n altoge!r p>liam5t>y language1 & he is ! victim ( a n>r[ _s ( nationalism :i* is sometimes mi/ak5 = patriotism4 ,nev]!less he has br\ght toge!r a great deal ( in=mation2 x is evid5t1 9 spite ( 8 viol5t criticisms1 t he has n int5d$ to be unfair1 s9ce he puts on record 9 sev]al in/ances evid5ce damag+ to 8 own views :i* w\ld n o!rwise h come to light2 & he has c]ta9ly exhibit$ ,b]+'s valuable qualities 9 a mann] :i* w d mu* t[>ds rehabilitat+ 8 reputation4#h ,footnote #h3 ,i may take opportunity 9 ?is place ( reply+ to c]ta9 criticisms ( ,mr4 ,laurids5 on ! *ronological *apt] ( my "w on ,alaska & its ,res\rces publi%$ 9 #ahgj4 ,t *apt] 0 & 0 /at$ 9 its introductory p>agraph to be a compilation f ! au?orities on ! subject4 ,x conta9$ no orig9al matt] except t relat+ to explorations subsequ5t to #ahfe4 ,= ,b]+'s two voyages ,i consult$ ! report on ! ,russian ,discov]ies pr9t$ by ord] ( ! ,empress & "u ! auspices ( ! ,imp]ial ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 prep>$ by ! di/+ui%$ geograph] ,mll]1 himself a memb] ( ! second exp$ition & p]sonally acqua9t$ ) ! actors 9 ^? sc5es4 ,no m au?oritative pr9t$ docum5t exi/s on ! subject4 ,! suppos$ errors animadv]t$ ^u by ,mr4 ,laurids5 are ei!r tak5 directly f ,mll]1 or are inf]5ces drawn f 8 report4 ,"s ( !m ! critic has misund]/ood or miscon/ru$1 :i* f ! necess>ily extreme cond5sation ( my table is p>ticul>ly easy4 ,! expression ( surprise t ,b]+ pass$ ?r\gh ,b]+ ,/rait )\t see+ ! ,diom$es1 0 w>rant$ by ! fact t ,b]+ n[h]e m5tions _! "n or speaks ( see+ any isl&s 9 _! location1 nor are !y on 8 e>lie/ pr9t$ *>ts4 ,?is po9t1 h[ev]1 w be m fully dealt ) lat]4 ,if ,i 7 to re-write t *apt] ,i %\ld probably modify ! criticisms ( ,b]+'s "* :i* appe> 9 x2 b at ! "t x 0 writt5 ,i 0 fre% f f\r ye>s' exploration 9 ! same region1 & 0 p>ticul>ly impress$ ) 8 failure to secure bett] results :5 to d s w\ld h be5 s easy1 z well z directly 9 ! l9e ( 8 duty4 ,review3 ,bullet9 ( ! ,am]ican ,geographical ,society = #ahhe4 ,new ,york1 ! ,society1 #ahhe4 pp4 #bhe-bih4 ,?is review =ms "p ( a ,reply to criticisms ^u ! voyage ( ! ,vega ar\nd ,asia & ,europe1 by ,b>on ,a4 ,e4 von ,nord5skiold1 translat$ f ! ,sw$i% by ,v]e ,a4 ,elfw+4 ,x is address$ only t[>d c]ta9 po9ts 9 ,laurids5's "w1 & conta9s valuable corrections ( c]ta9 errors !re91 & in=mation 9 reg>d to ! "w ( ,/rahl5b]g & ! o!r e>ly c>tograph]s ( ,ea/]n ,sib]ia4 ,x is a translation ( a pap] publi%$ 9 ,ym] = #ahhe1 to :i* = exact accuracy ref]5ce %\ld be made4 ,russian explorations1 #agbe-agdc4 ,vitus ,b]+3 ! discov]] ( ,b]+ ,/rait4 ,by ,pet] ,laurids5 7etc474 ,revis$ by ! au?or & translat$ f ! ,dani% by ,julius ,e4 ,olson 7etc474 ,*icago1 ,s4 ,c4 ,griggs ,company1 #ahhi4 #h xvi1 #bbc pp41 #b cuts1 #b fold+ %eets ( maps4 ,?is edition is a good deal cond5s$1 especially 9 ! matt] ( ref]5ces1 & does n h all ! illu/rations ( ! orig9al4 ,!re are also a good _m slips or typographical errors1 :i* affect its value z a "w ( ref]5ce4 ,"s ( ^? important 9 connection ) ! pres5t pap] are z foll[s3 page #ca1 l9e #d1 #fj #ej' ,n4 latitude %\ld be #fb #ej'4 ,on ! la/ l9e ( ! same page longitude %\ld be latitude4 ,page #cb1 aft] cl\dy wea!r 9 ! second l9e f ! bottom1 ! :ole rema9+ record ( ,augu/ #ae? is omitt$ altoge!r4 ,! s5t5ce beg9n+ ,f noon relates to ,augu/ #af?1 nautical reckon+4 ,page #cc1 l9e #e1 #cj #ai' ea/ %\ld be #cj #ag' ea/2 l9e #bj aft] half we/ %\ld be ins]t$ s\? by ea/1 by compass4 ,page #ea1 l9e #d f bottom1 latitude %\ld be longitude4 ,review3 ,nation 7,!7 ,new ,york1 vol4 xlix1 ,no4 #abge1 p4 #ded4 ,dec4 #e1 #ahhi4 ,i may add t a numb] ( ref]5ces to ,russian articles treat+ ( ,b]+ w be f\nd 9 my ,bibliography ( *>ts & publications relat+ to ,alaska & adjac5t region1 publi%$ by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,coa/ ,survey 9 #ahgi4 ,,report ,,( ,,fleet-,,capta9 ,,b]+ ,,on ,,8 ,,exp$ition ,,to ,,! ,,ea/]n ,,coa/ ,,( ,,sib]ia4 ,to ! mo/ ,s]5e ,sov]eign1 ! high & p[]ful1 ! ,empress ( all ! ,russias3 ,a %ort relation ( ! ,sib]ian ,exp$ition ^u :i* 0 s5t ,( y\r ,imp]ial ,maje/y ! mo/ humble s]vant & fleet-capta91 ,w4 ,i4 ,,b]+4 ,on ,febru>y #e ( ! late ye> #agbe ,i receiv$ f h] ,imp]ial ,maje/y ! ,empress ,ekat]9a ,alexievna1 ( happy & well-des]v+ memory1 ! autographic in/ructions ( 8 ,imp]ial ,maje/y ,pet] ! ,great1 ( happy & well-des]v+ memory1 a copy ( :i* is h]eunto affix$4 ,in/ructions4 7#a47 ,!re %\ld be built on ! ,kam*atka ,riv]1 or at "s o!r place adjac5t1 "o or two boats ) decks4 7#b47 ,) ^! boats y are direct$ to sail along ! coa/ :i* ext5ds nor?w>ds & :i* is suppos$ 7s9ce no "o kn[s ! end ( x7 to be cont9u\s ) ,am]ica4 7#c47 ,& !re=e y are direct$ to seek ! po9t :]e x connects ) ,am]ica & to g to "s settlem5t "u ,european rule1 or if any ,european vessel is se51 le>n ( x :at ! coa/ visit$ is call$1 :i* %\ld be tak5 d[n 9 writ+1 an au!ntic acc\nt prep>$1 plac$ on ! *>t & br\ght back "h4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ 7 ! in/ructions giv5 me by ! =m] ,g5]al ,admiral ,c\nt ,aprax91 9 :i* 7 writt53 ,artisans1 labor]s & :atev]1 9 my op9ion1 is necess>y = ! exp$ition1 are to be dem&$ f ! *ancellor's (fice ( ! gov]nm5t ( ,tobolsk & mon?ly reports s5t to ! ,imp]ial ,admiralty ,college4 ,be=e receiv+ ^! in/ructions1 ,janu>y #bd1 a lieut5ant & #bf m5 ( my comm& _h be5 ord]$ to s]vice on ! exp$ition by ! ,admiralty ,college ) ! necess>y equipm5t = #be wagons4 ,! :ole numb] ( my comm& s5t out am\nt$ to #cc m5 :o 7 ord]$ to ,vologdie & f ,/4 ,pet]sburg to ,tobolsk by a r\te :i* pass$ ?r\gh ! t[ns "h nam$3 ?r\gh ,vologdie1 ,totma1 ,upp] ,u/iuk1 ,solwi*]godsk1 ,kaigorodok1 ,solkamsk1 ,v]khoturia1 ,tur9sk1 ,epan*9 & ,tium54 ,on ! #af? day ( ,m>* we arriv$ at ,tobolsk & 7 !re until ! #ae? day ( ,may because ( ! lat5ess ( ! season int]f]+ ) travel4 ,dur+ ! delay at ,tobolsk requisitions 7 made = ! necess>y outfit = ! exp$ition4 ,may #ae? we left ,tobolsk by wat] d[n ! ,irti% to ,sam>ovska ,yama1 on f\r boats ( ! k9d call$ by ! ,sib]ians do/*5iki1 on :i* 7 load$ all ! outfit br\ght f ,/4 ,pet]sburg or obta9$ at ,tobolsk2 toge!r ) a *apla91 commiss>y1 sub-(fic]s & ?irty-f\r soldi]s4 ,i _h previ\sly s5t a g>de-m>9e (fic]1 on a small boat furni%$ by ! ,tobolsk au?orities 9 ob$i5ce to ! ord]s ( ! ,naval ,college1 to ! prop] settlem5ts :]e ! prep>ation ( freight-boats _h be5 ord]$ on ! ,y5isei & ,uskut riv]s1 & ,i ord]$ him to sail to ,yakutsk4 ,f ,sam>ovska ,yama ! ,obi riv] 0 asc5d$ to ,surgut & to ,n>im1 & !nce ! ,ket riv] to ,makovska po/4 ,f ,tobolsk to ,makovska z we travel$ live ,o/iaks :o 7 =m]ly idolat]s1 b1 s9ce ! ye> #agae1 ?r\gh ! labors ( ! ,metropolitan ( ,tobolsk !y h be5 conv]t$ to ! true fai?4 ,f ,makovska po/ to ,y5iseisk ! r\te lay ov]l&4 ,f ,y5iseisk to ! ,ilima-m\? we proce$$ also 9 f\r boats by way ( ! ,y5isei & ,tunguska riv]s4 ,on ! ,tunguska !re are ?ree rapids & sev]al %oals2 rapids be x und]/ood :]e across ! :ole wid? ( ! riv] l>ge rocks /& high 9 ! wat]1 ) a passage only 9 "o or two places2 & %oals1 simil>ly "u wat] & above wat] b compos$ ( small /ones1 alt]nate ) rapids & ) places :]e ! wat] 9 ! riv] is %all[ = ! di/ance ( "o or two v]/s1 & :i* are n surm\nt$ )\t a great deal ( labor4 ,f ,y5iseisk 9 pursuance ( ord]s f ,tobolsk we took ?irty m51 c>p5t]s & smi?s4 ,on ! ,ilima riv]1 on acc\nt ( rapids1 b>s & %oal wat]1 ! b>ges c\ld n be tak5 to ,ilimsk4 ,= a c]ta9 di/ance only small canoes 7 available1 = :i* reason ! heavie/ "p ( ! outfit 0 res]v$ to be s5t by sl$ges 9 w9t]4 ,lieut4 ,spanb]g1 ) a p>ty ( ?irty-n9e c>p5t]s & labor]s1 w5t by l& f ,ilimsk by ! ,uskut to ! riv] ,l5a1 to prep>e dur+ ! w9t] fifte5 b>ges on :i* ! comm& & its equipm5t %\ld be float$ d[n to ,yakutsk4 ,i rema9$ ) ! re/ ( ! p>ty ne> ,ilimsk j bel[ ! ,uskut1 because at ,ilimsk !re are few h\ses & on acc\nt ( ! difficulties involv$ 9 a w9t] j\rney to ,yakutsk1 f ! defici5cies ( transportation1 ! deep sn[ & ! sev]e cold1 :i* prev5t$ u f proce$+4 ,to ^! reasons 0 add$ ! necessity1 accord+ to ! ord]s f ! au?orities at ,tobolsk1 ( draw+ ! provisions = ! exp$ition f ,irkutsk & f ,ilimsk d[n to ,yakutsk because at ! latt] place gra9 is n cultivat$4 ,dur+ our w9t]+ at ,ilimsk ,i made a sl$ge j\rney to ,irkutsk to advise ) ! local ,voivod :o _h previ\sly be5 ,voivod at ,yakutsk & :o und]/ood :at w\ld be ne$$ by u 9 transport+ our outfit f ,yakutsk to ,okhotsk & ,kam*atka1 s9ce ,i did n possess any actual in=mation 9 reg>d to t region4 ,dur+ ! la/ days ( w9t] travel ,i w5t ov] to ! ,uskut & obta9$ f ,irkutsk tw5ty additional c>p5t]s & smi?s = ! "w ( ! exp$ition & two coop]s f ,ilimsk4 ,on ! ,tunguska1 ,ilima & ,l5a riv]s to ! ,vitim live ! s-call$ ,tunguses1 p :o own re9de] :i* !y use z draught animals1 :ile ^? :o d n own de] live ne> ! riv]s on fi% & travel 9 canoes made ( bir* b>k4 ,^! p are idolat]s4 ,f ,uskutsk on fifte5 b>ges1 9 ! spr+ ( #agbf1 we desc5d$ ! ,l5a to ,yakutsk4 ,f ! riv] ,vitim d[n to ! ,l5a1 on bo? banks live ,yakuts ) a small] proportion ( ,tunguses4 ,! ,yakuts possess h]ds ( cattle1 pl5ty ( horses & c[s by :i* !y subsi/1 & are cont5t$ ) ! product ( _! h]ds1 dep5d+ b little on fi% except :]e _! cattle are too few4 ,!y pay an idolatr\s rev]5ce to ! sun & moon z well z to birds1 su* z ! swan1 eagle & cr[4 ,!y also hold 9 great honor _! own =tunetell]s1 kn[n h]eab\ts z %amani1 ea* ( :om owns small idols or figures :i* !y call %aitan4 ,by _! own acc\nt ^! p are ( ,t>t> orig94 ,on rea*+ ,yakutsk 9 boats ,i requir$ ! aid ( all ! p ( my comm&4 ,?irte5 flat-bottom$ b>ges :i* _h be5 con/ruct$ at ,uskutsk1 "u ,lieut4 ,spanb]g1 proce$$ by wat] on ! ,l5a d[n to ! ,aldan to asc5d t riv]1 ! ,maya & ! upp] ,yudoma4 ,su* a c>go c\ld h>dly h be5 transport$ to t di/ance ov]l& on horseback :]e b little 9 ! way ( subsi/5ce 0 obta9able f l& or wat]4 ,! ,cross ( ,yudoma might only be rea*$ ) great difficulty1 b if successful ! exp5se w\ld be less ?an if ! mat]ial _h be5 c>ri$ on ! backs ( horses4 ,i myself ) a few p cross$ f ,yakutsk to ,okhotsk ) pack horses1 z is ! g5]al cu/om4 ,! load or pack tak5 is only ab\t five puds to "o horse1 less ?an by ! telega ord9>y c>t1 ! deep mire & high m\nta9s to be trav]s$ n p]mitt+ m1 ?\gh my supplies am\nt$ to #afjj puds4 ,at ! po/ call$ ,okhotsk is a ,russian village ( only t5 h\ses1 & ,lieut4 ,*irik(f 0 left to w9t] at ,yakutsk ) ord]s to come ov]l& to ! ,okhotsk po/ 9 ! spr+4 ,9 ! la/ days ( ,decemb]1 #agbf1 a message ask+ = assi/ance 0 receiv$ f ,lieut4 ,spanb]g1 :o _h be5 dispat*$ by ! riv]1 say+ t ! boats _h fail$ to get )9 #dej v]/s ( ,yudoma ,cross & 7 froz5 9 on ! ,gorbeh ,riv]1 :]e he 0 transport+ by sl$ges a c>go ( outfit indisp5sable to our p>ty4 ,i s5t at once1 f among ^? :o 7 w9t]+ ) me at ! po/ ( ,okhotsk1 a p>ty ) dogs & supplies & br\ght 9 ! ,lieut5ant to ! po/ on ! fir/ day ( ,janu>y1 #agbg1 b )\t any ( ! outfit1 he hav+ left ! ,gorbeh riv] ,novemb] #d?1 #agbf4 ,8 comm& _h be5 oblig$ by hung] to eat ! fle% ( _! horses & ev5 ! ra:ide h>ness1 ! sk9 ( _! fur clo?+ & ! untann$ upp]s ( _! %oes4 ,_! c>go 0 all left at f\r diff]5t places along ! r\te1 :i* lay ?r\gh un9habit$ c\ntry4 ,! only addition to _! means :i* !y _h be5 able to secure1 0 "s ( our own fl\r1 to ! am\nt ( #aej puds1 :i* on my ov]l& j\rney ,i _h be5 oblig$ to leave ne> ,yudoma ,cross on acc\nt ( ! dea? ( "s ( my pack-horses4 ,along ! riv]s ,aldan & ,maia live ,yakuts ( ! same /ock z ^? ( ! ,l5a & ,yudoma riv]s4 ,b ne> & ar\nd ! po/ ( ,okhotsk w&] ! seaside ,tunguses & "s ,lamuts ) _! h]ds & _m re9de]1 :o travel ab\t w9t] & summ] :]e _! de] c f9d pa/urage2 & "s p$e/rian ,tunguses :o live ne> ! sea & riv]s & are pr(essional fi%]m5 z among ! ,yakuts4 ,febru>y #a1 n9ety m5 ) "s dogs & sl$ges 7 collect$ & s5t "u ,lieut4 ,spanb]g to br+ 9 ! outfit left beh9d by ! ,yudoma riv]1 & by ! #a/ ( ,april ab\t half ( x _h be5 transport$ safely to ,okhotsk4 ,s9ce m rema9$ ,i s5t tw5ty-sev5 m5 to ,yudoma ,cross to br+ ov] ! re/ ( ! mat]ial on pack-horses f t place1 :o return$ 9 ,may4 ,9 ?is region 9 w9t] "t f ,yakutsk to ,okhotsk & o!r di/ant places p always travel on foot 9 p>ties ( eight or t51 haul+ _! own sl$ges aft] !m4 ,^? belong+ to our comm&1 :5 s5t f ,gorbeh to ,okhotsk1 br\ght d[n t5 or fifte5 puds or m1 ! sn[ be+ sev5 feet deep 9 places & travel]s 9 w9t] be+ oblig$ to dig out a camp e ev5+1 d[n to ! gr\nd to keep w>m4 ,june #cj1 ,lieut4 ,spanb]g 9 8 newly built vessel sail$ across ! sea to ! port ( ,bol%]etsk ) a c>go ( outfit & supplies & ! mat]ial = ! %ipbuild]s & workm5 ( our comm&1 s5t to ,kam*atka to get out ! timb]s = a vessel1 be+ ord]$ to return aga9 = u4 ,july #c;d1 ,lieut4 ,*irik(f arriv$ f ,yakutsk ) #bcjj puds ( fl\r1 accord+ to my in/ructions4 ,augu/ #ba1 we load$ ! new vessel :i* _h return$ f ! l& ( ,kam*atka1 & ano!r old boat :i* _h be5 at ,bol%]etsk1 ) ! fl\r1 & ! :ole comm& !n at ,okhotsk proce$$ across ! sea to ,bol%]etsk4 ,! (fic] :o _h be5 left to gu>d ! provisions :i* _h n arriv$ f ! w9t]+ place on ! ,gorbeh riv] 0 direct$ to float !m d[n aga9 & take a receipt f ! au?orities at ,yakutsk & endeavor1 ! foll[+ ye>1 to deliv] to ! comm& 9 ,kam*atka "s "p ( ! provisions1 iron & t>4 ,x 0 necess>y to take ! supplies f ! m\? ( ! ,bol%oia riv] to ! po/ ( ,bol%]etsk by wat] 9 small boats4 ,at ! po/ 7 fifte5 h\ses inhabit$ by ,russians4 ,= ! asc5t ( ! %all[ riv] small boats _h be5 built z ,i desir$ t ! outfit & ! mo/ necess>y "p ( ! provisions %\ld be transport$ to ! upp] ,kam*atka po/1 a di/ance ( #abj v]/s by wat]4 ,! transportation betwe5 ,bol%]etsk & ,upp] & ,l[] ,kam*atka 9 w9t] 0 entirely c>ri$ on by ! use ( ! native dogs4 ,e ev5+ x is necess>y to dig out ! camp 9 ! sn[1 9 ord] to get %elt] f :irlw9ds ( sn[ :i* 9 ?is region are call$ poorga4 ,if "o makes camp 9 an op5 place free f sn[1 ^! sn[ squalls are liable to ov]:elm ! p>ty & !y may p]i%4 ,at ,upp] ,kam*atka !re are sev5te5 & at ,l[] ,kam*atka fifty h\ses1 at ano!r place ,middle ,kam*atka :]e !re is a *ur* are fifte5 h\ses1 & 9 all ^! settlem5ts !re are n ov] #aej ,russian subjects1 :o live by ! collection ( ! yassak tribute money1 beside ^? :o 7 br\ght to ! c\ntry on our exp$ition4 ,9 com+ ov] to ,bol%]etsk we br\ght #cjj puds ( :ale blubb] obta9$ f a :ale ca/ up by ! sea1 :i* s]v$ u z money1 toge!r ) ! ,circassian tobacco :i* is "h commonly s us$4 ,9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,kam*atka live ,kuriles1 9 ! nor!rn "p ,kam*adales1 ^: language is peculi>ly _! own ) b few introduc$ words4 ,( ^! p "s are idolat]s1 o!rs believe 9 no?+ & are /rang]s to all hone/y4 ,! ,russians :o live 9 ,kam*atka & ! indig5es gr[ no gra9 & h no dome/ic animals except draught dogs4 ,!y dress & subsi/ ^u :at !y c get1 pr9cipally fi%1 roots & b]ries1 9 summ] "t wild f[l & l>ge m>9e animals4 ,at pres5t 9 ! wild]ness ( ,yakutsk1 ! conv5t1 :i* is ( ! same age z ! ,kam*atka *ur*es1 cultivates b>ley1 hemp & turnips4 ,"h only turnips are gr[n by ! p ( ! ?ree settlem5ts1 b !y gr[ v l>ge1 9 ,russia !y are small]1 "h !re may be f\r turnips to a pud4 ,i br\ght ) me on my j\rney "s rye :i* 0 s[$ ar\nd ! e/abli%m5ts ne> u1 b :e!r x rip5$ or n ,i did n asc]ta94 ,! fro/ /rikes e>ly into ! gr\nd 9 ?is region & ! abs5ce ( cattle r5d]s x difficult = ! p to pl[4 ,! natives describ$ & f :om ! yassak tribute is collect$1 belong to ! ,russian ,empire & are all savages4 ,!y are kn[n = _! dirt & bad passions4 ,if a woman or any animal br+s =? tw9s !n "o ( !m is smo!r$1 ! h\r x is born1 & x is reg>d$ z a great fault if "o does n smo!r "o ( ! two4 ,! ,kam*adales are v sup]/iti\s4 ,if !re is any "o :o is v ill1 ev5 a fa!r or "m1 or ne> ! po9t ( dea?1 !y w c>ry !m out into ! woods & leave !m )\t n\ri%m5t = a week toge!r :e!r x be w9t] or summ]1 f :i* treatm5t _m die4 ,! dead are n cov]$ ) e>? b are dragg$ out & left to be eat5 by dogs4 ,! h\se ( a man :o has di$ is ab&on$4 ,among ! ,k>iak p x is ! cu/om to burn ! body1 al?\gh ?is is =bidd54 ,by ! "t ( our arrival at ! ,l[] ,kam*atka po/ ! %ip-timb] = our vessel 0 9 l>ge "p prep>$1 & ^u ! #d? ( ,april1 #agbh1 0 put ^u ! /ocks = ! vessel1 :i*1 ) ,god's help1 0 f9i%$ by ! #aj? ( ,july1 ! timb] be+ haul$ by dogs4 ,t> 0 made f ! native tree :i* is call$ ,li/v5nik spruce1 s9ce ! t> :i* we %\ld h br\ght ) u _h n arriv$4 ,be=e ?is x 0 n kn[n "h t t> c\ld be obta9$ f ! native trees4 ,s also = ! sea voyage1 ! defici5cy ( _s made f gra9 0 suppli$ by a liquor di/ill$ f h]bs1 & salt 0 made by boil+ sea wat]4 ,to increase our /ore ( sea provisions1 9 place ( c['s butt]1 fat 0 tri$ out f fi%1 9 place ( meat fi% 0 salt$4 ,! vessel 0 provision$ ) ev]y?+ ne$ful = =ty m5 = a ye>4 ,on ! #ad? day ( ,july we w5t out ( ! m\? ( ! ,kam*atka riv] into ! sea1 9 ob$i5ce to ! autographic ord]s giv5 me by 8 ,imp]ial ,maje/y ,pet] ! ,great1 z ! map con/ruct$ = t purpose w %[4 ,augu/ #h?1 hav+ arriv$ 9 nor? latitude #fd #cj'1 eight m5 r[$ to u f ! %ore 9 a sk9-boat1 enquir+ f :5ce we came & :at 0 our bus9ess !re4 ,!y said !y 7 ,*uk*i1 7:om ! ,russians ( ^! p>ts h long kn[n7 & z we lay to !y 7 urg$ to come to ! vessel4 ,!y inflat$ "s floats made ( sealsk9 & s5t "o man swimm+ to u to talk1 !n ! boat came up to ! vessel & !y told u t on ! coa/ liv$ _m ( _! nation2 t ! l& n f> f !re takes a decid$ turn to ! we/w>d1 & !y also said t at no great di/ance f :]e we 71 we %\ld see an isl&4 ,?is prov$ true1 b we saw no?+ valuable ^u x except huts4 ,?is isl& 9 honor ( ! day we nam$ ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 b we 7 n able to see any p ^u x1 ?\gh an (fic] 0 s5t 9 a boat f ! vessel on two occasions to look = inhabitants4 ,on ! #ae? ( ,augu/ we arriv$ 9 ! latitude ( #fg #ah' & ,i judg$ t we _h cle>ly & fully c>ri$ out ! in/ructions giv5 by 8 ,imp]ial ,maje/y ( glori\s & ev] des]v+ memory1 because ! l& no long] ext5d$ to ! nor?4 ,nei!r f ! ,*uk*i coa/ nor to ! ea/w>d c\ld any ext5sion ( ! l& be obs]v$4 ,if we %\ld cont9ue on our c\rse & happ5 to h contr>y w9ds we c\ld n get back to ,kam*atka be=e ! close ( navigation & might be oblig$ to w9t] 9 t region1 n only )\t a h>bor1 b :]e no fuel c\ld any:]e be obta9$1 :]e ! native p d n ackn[l$ge ! au?ority ( ! ,russian gov]nm5t1 b are :olly indep5d5t & unit$ aga9/ u 9 refus+ to pay tribute4 ,f ! m\? ( ! ,kam*atka riv] & all ! way to ?is place along ! seacoa/ w9d elevat$ m\nta9s1 resembl+ a wall 9 /eepness1 & f :i* ! sn[ does n disappe> 9 summ]4 ,on ! #bj? ( ,augu/ f\r canoes 7 obs]v$ r[+ t[>d u1 conta9+ ab\t =ty p :o 7 ,*uk*i ( ! same sort z ^? :om we _h met be=e4 ,!y br\ght = sale meat1 fre% wat]1 fi%1 fox sk9s1 ( :i* fifte5 7 ( ! :ite fox1 & f\r walrus tee?1 :i* my p b\ght ( !m = ne$les & fl9t-&-/eels4 ,!y said t "s among !m _h be5 ov]l& ) re9de] to ! ,kolyma riv] & t !y nev] w5t by sea to ! ,kolyma2 b1 at a great di/ance1 by ! sea%ore liv$ "s ( our p1 born ,russians1 p :om !y _h kn[n = a long "t1 & "o ( !m said t he _h be5 at ! ,anadyr po/ to trade4 ,to o!r que/ions !y gave ! same answ]s z ! ,*uk*i previ\sly se54 ,on ! #b;d ( ,septemb] we ent]$ ! m\? ( ! ,kam*atka riv] & w9t]$ at ! po/ ( ,l[] ,kam*atka4 ,on ! #e? ( ,june1 #agbi1 hav+ repair$ ! vessel :i* _h be5 laid up1 we w5t out ( ! m\? ( ! ,kam*atka riv] & put to sea to ! ea/w>d1 because ! inhabitants ( ,kam*atka decl>$ t on f9e days l& c\ld be se5 across ! sea4 ,?\gh none ( our own p _h obs]v$ x1 we w5t out to det]m9e ! au!nticity ( ! in=mation4 ,we sail$ ne>ly #bjj v]/s & saw n ! slighte/ trace ( l&4 ,we sail$ ar\nd ! s\? po9t ( ,kam*atka to ! m\? ( ! ,bol%oia riv]1 mak+ a *>t ( ?is "p :i* _h n previ\sly be5 del9eat$4 ,f ! m\? ( ! ,bol%oia riv] we sail$ across ! sea to ! po/ ( ,okhotsk hav+ left at ,l[] ,kam*atka & at ,bol%]etsk1 out ( ! supplies receiv$ by u f ! au?orities ( ,yakutsk1 fl\r1 meal & dry salt meat to ! am\nt ( #hjj puds4 ,on ! #bc;d ( ,july ! vessel rea*$ ! m\? ( ! ,okhotsk riv]1 :]e ! outfit & supplies ( ! exp$ition 7 turn$ ov] to ! gov]nor & ,i1 ) my comm&1 on hir$ horses1 cross$ ov] to ,yudoma ,cross & !nce 9 canoes d[n ! ,aldan riv]1 cross+ ov] at ,belskoi & bel[1 & c>ry+ ev]y?+ on pack horses ov] to ,yakutsk4 ,! :ole j\rney occupi$ ! "t f ,okhotsk1 ,july #bi?1 to ,yakutsk on ! #bi? ( ,augu/4 ,we rema9$ 9 ,yakutsk until ,septemb] #c;d1 & f ,septemb] #aj? until ,octob] #a/ travel$ 9 two b>ges on ! ,l5a :5 we 7 arre/$ by ice at ! settlem5t ( ,pel$uie4 ,"h we 7 deta9$ until ! #bi? ( ,octob]1 by ! abs5ce ( sn[ & ! pres5ce ( small ice 9 ! ,l5a4 ,:5 ! ice solidifi$ we proce$$ to ,ilimsk & f ,ilimsk to ,y5iseisk on ! ,tunguska riv]1 /opp+ at ,russian settlem5ts2 & f ,y5iseisk to ,tomsk ) ,russians & conv]t$ ,t>t>s2 f ,tomsk to ,*ausk ,o/rog1 ,russian settlem5ts2 f ,*ausk to ,t>i by ! ,b>ab9skoi /eppe2 f ,t>i to ,tobolsk by ! ,irti% riv] among ! ,t>t>s2 arriv+ at ,tobolsk ,janu>y #aj1 #agcj4 ,f ,tobolsk = ,/4 ,pet]sburg we left on ! #be? ( ! same mon?1 foll[+ ! same r\te by :i* we orig9ally rea*$ ,tobolsk f ! capital4 ,we arriv$ 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg ,m>* #a1 #agcj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,note4--,! ext5sive tabul> it9]>y cov]+ two qu>to pages1 %[+ ! details ( ! r\te trav]s$ 9 go+ to ,kam*atka1 ! di/ances & directions f po9t to po9t 7except dur+ ! sea voyages71 ! native tribes 9 ! region trav]s$1 etc4--is n reproduc$1 z x conta9s no in=mation ( importance 9 ! pres5t connection4 ,! o!r table1 %[+ ! a/ronomical position e/imat$ = ! m important places is h]e) transcrib$4 ,to get ! approximate ,gre5wi* longitude #fg %\ld be add$ to ! longitudes 9 ! table :i* are reckon$ f ,tobolsk4 ,i h provid$ a tabul> it9]>y1 :i* %[s ! dates ( ! ev5ts ( ! exp$ition1 d]iv$ f ,b]+'s ,report & f o!r s\rces1 :i* are indicat$ by lett]s4 ,b /&s = ,brookes' edition ( ,du ,halde2 ,h = ,campbell's v]sion 9 ,h>ris2 ,m = ,mll]'s acc\nt2 & ,l = ,laurids54 ,! a/ronomical ev5ts are tak5 f ,oppolz]'s /&>d catalogue ( sol> & lun> eclipses4 ,x w be not$ 9 ! foll[+ tables !re are a few discrepancies ( s+le days comp>$ ) ,laurids5's acc\nt or o!r au?orities4 ,^! ,i take to be due to ! use 9 ! %ip's j\rnal ( ! nautical day 9 :i* ! nautical second day ( ! mon? beg9s on ! fir/ cal5d> day at noon & ends at noon on ! second cal5d> day1 s t ev5ts occurr+ dur+ ! fir/ twelve h\rs ( ! nautical day w\ld h a date "o day lat] ?an ! true cal5d> date4 ,catalogue ( ! t[ns & notable ,sib]ian places put on ! *>t ?r\gh :i* ! r\te passes1 ) _! latitude & longitude1 ! latt] comput$ f ,tobolsk4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,cities & ,places4 ,latitude ,n4 ,long4 ,e4 ( ,tobolsk4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,tobolsk #eh #je' #jj #jj' ,sam>(ska ,yama #fj #ag #jj #cj ,t[n ( ,surgut #fj #ea #e #ah ,t[n ( ,n>im #eh #dh #ad #ce ,ketskoi po/ #eh #ai -- --#i ,los9oborski conv5t #eh #ag -- --#i ,mak(fska po/ #eh #jc #bc #ac ,y5iseisk #eh #bj #be #ab ,ka%im conv5t #eh #cg #cb #jj ,h\se ( ,simakh9a1 ,ilima riv] m\? #eg #be #ce #af ,ilimsk #ef #dj #cf #dd ,u/ ,kutskoi po/ #ef #dj #ch #bf ,kir9ski po/ #eg #ej #da #ja ,yakutsk #fb #jh #eg #ec ,okhotsk po/ #ei #ac #gf #jg ,m\? ( ,bol%oia riv]1 ,kam*atka #eb #db #hi #ea ,upp] ,kam*atka po/ #ed #dh -- --#i ,l[] ,kam*atka po/ #ef #aa -- --#i ,m\? ( ,kam*atka riv] #ef #jc #if #aj ,cape ,/4 ,?addeus #fb #bj #aaa #cb ,we/ cape1 ,holy ,cross bay #fe #ce #aae #ae ,ea/ cape1 ,holy ,cross bay #fe #bh #aae #cg ,preobrazh5ia bay #fe #ja #abj #cj ,*ukotski cape1 ea/ end #fd #be #abb #ee ,/4 ,lawr5ce isl& #fd #jj #abb #ee ,/4 ,diom$e isl& #ff #jj #abe #db ,place f :i* we turn$ back #fg #ah #abf #jg ,s\? cape ( ,kam*atka #ea #aj #hi #ea ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,footnote #i3 ,^! longitudes abs5t f ,b]+'s own report are suppli$ by ,campbell 9 8 li/1 probably f ! *>t4 ,9 ! ,table ( positions ! addition ( #fg w r$uce ! longitudes to ,e4 ( ,gre5wi*4 ,x is probably f ?is table t ,dr4 ,campbell d]iv$ 8 li/1 9 ,h>ris1 :i* is1 b>r+ "s additions1 errors1 & mi/ranslations1 mu* ! same4 ,z ,b]+ does n give any longitude = ,l[] ,kam*atka po/ x is highly improbable t he obs]v$ x at t place1 by means ( a lun> eclipse or o!rwise4 ,*irik(f's obs]vation ( a lun> eclipse at ,ilimsk made t po9t #cj #ac' ea/ longitude f ,tobolsk or1 approximately1 #ig #ac' ea/ f ,gre5wi*4 ,8 p$ometric obs]vations plac$ ,ilimsk 9 #ajc #dd' ,e4 ,gr4 ,on rec5t *>ts ,ilimsk is 9 ab\t #ajd ,e4 ,gr41 s t ! eclipse obs]vation 0 9 error ab\t #f degrees4 ,! m]idian us$ on ! voyage ( #agbh 0 t ( ,l[] ,kam*atka1 bas$ on p$ometric obs]vations f ,ilimsk comput$ by means ( a trav]se table4 ,^!1 accord+ to ,*irik(f's j\rnal1 gave = ! ,l[] ,kam*atka po/ a m]idian ( #abf #ja' #di ea/ f ,/4 ,pet]sburg or ab\t #aef #jb' ea/ f ,gre5wi*1 :i* is 9 error ab\t six & a qu>t] degrees4 ,disc>d+ ! eclipse obs]vation & us+ only ! p$ometric obs]vations f ,tobolsk to ,l[] ,kam*atka ! result = t place is #afb #cc' ,e4 ,gr41 :i* is v ne> ! tru?4 ,i h no d\bt t ?is result is :at 0 f9ally us$ 9 ! *>t 7?\gh n 9 ! orig9al report7 &1 !re=e1 t all ! obs]vations ( ,laurids5 & o!rs 9 reg>d to ! alleg$ eclipse 9 ,kam*atka are bas$ on a misund]/&+ & )\t value4 ,,it9]>y ,,= ,,b]+',s ,,fir/ ,,exp$ition4 ,dates correct$ to ord9>y cal5d>1 beg9n+ at midnight4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,date4 ,date4 ,au?orities4 ,old ,/yle4 ,new ,/yle4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #agbe4 ,advance p>ty "u ,*irik(f left ,/4 ,pet]sburg ,h4 ,l4 ,jan4 #bd4 ,feb4 #d4 ,b]+ foll[$ ,b4 ,l4 ,m4 ,feb4 #e4 ,feb4 #af4 ,b]+ arriv$ at ,tobolsk ,b4 ,h4 ,l4 ,m4 ,m>* #af4 ,m>* #bg4 ,b]+ left ,tobolsk ,b]+4 ,may #ae4 ,may #bg4 ,b]+ arriv$ at ,ilimsk1 :]e !y sp5t ! w9t] ( #agbe-f ,l4 ,sept4 #bi4 ,oct4 #aj4 ,lun> eclipse obs4 at ,ilimsk ,*irik(f4 ,oct4 #aj4 #agbf4 ,b]+ arriv$ at ,yakutsk ,l4 ,mid4 ,june4 ,end ,june4 ,b]+ left ,yakutsk ,l4 ,aug4 #af4 ,aug4 #bg4 ,b]+ rea*$ ,okhotsk ,l4 ,sept4 #cj4 ,oct4 #aa4 ,b]+'s provision tra9 arriv$ at ,okhotsk ,l4 ,end ,oct4 ,mid4 ,nov4 #agbg4 ,spanb]g rea*$ ,okhotsk 7,jan4 #f1 ,l7 ,m4 ,h4 ,jan4 #a4 ,jan4 #ab4 ,vessel ,=tuna laun*$ at ,okhotsk ,l4 ,june #h4 ,june #ai4 ,spanb]g sail$ = ,bol%oia riv] ,m4 ,h4 ,l4 ,june #cj4 ,july #aa4 ,*irik(f arriv$ at ,okhotsk ,b4 ,m4 ,l4 ,july #c4 ,july #ad4 ,spanb]g return$ ) ,=tuna ,l4 ,aug4 #aa4 ,aug4 #bb4 ,b]+ & p>ty sail$ = ,bol%oia riv] 7,laurids5 says ,augu/ #ai7 ,b4 ,m4 ,h4 ,aug4 #ba4 ,sept4 #a4 ,b]+ arriv$ at ,bol%oia riv] ,m4 ,sept4 #b4 ,sept4 #ac4 ,b]+ arriv$ at ,bol%]etsk ,l4 ,sept4 #d4 ,sept4 #ae4 #agbh4 ,p>tial eclipse ( moon1 visible 9 ,kam*atka1 la/ contact #g;h #dam ,p4,m4 ,oppolz]4 ,feb4 #ad4 ,feb4 #be4 ,b]+ arriv$ at ,l[] ,kam*atka ,l4 ,m>* #aa4 ,m>* #bb4 ,vessel ,gabriel put on ! /ocks ,b4 ,h4 ,m4 ,april #d4 ,april #ae4 ,! ,gabriel laun*$ 7,laurids5 says %e sail$ to ! m\? ( ! riv] ,july #i7 ,b4 ,h4 ,m4 ,june #aj4 ,june #ba4 ,! exp$ition left ! riv] to comm5ce explorations ,b4 ,h4 ,l4 ,july #ac4 ,july #bd4 ,! exp$ition sail$ nor?w>d ,m4 ,july #ad4 ,july #be4 ,b]+ rea*$ 8 nor!rnmo/ po9t & />t$ on 8 return ,m4 ,h4 ,b4 ,l4 ,aug4 #ae4 ,aug4 #bf4 ,!y rea*$ ! ,kam*atka riv] on _! return ,h4 ,l4 ,sept4 #b4 ,sept4 #ac4 #agbi4 ,total eclipse ( ! moon1 visible 9 ?is region1 beg9n+ at #f;h #jfm ,a4,m4 ,oppolz]4 ,feb4 #b4 ,feb4 #ac4 ,b]+ sail$ ,e4 f ,kam*atka riv] 7,laurids5 says ,july1 :i* is errone\s7 ,m4 ,h4 ,june #e4 ,june #af4 ,b]+ /e]$ to ! s\?we/ ,l4 ,june #h4 ,june #ai4 ,! p>ty arriv$ at ,bol%]etsk ,july #b4 ,july #ac4 ,b]+ sail$ = ,okhotsk ,l4 ,july #ad4 ,july #be4 ,b]+ arriv$ at ,okhotsk ,m4 ,b]4 ,july #bc4 ,aug4 #c4 ,b]+ left ,okhotsk ,h4 ,july #bi4 ,aug4 #i4 ,total eclipse ( ! moon same day1 b n visible 9 ?is "p ( ,asia ,oppolz]4 ,july #bi4 ,aug4 #i4 #agcj4 ,b]+ arriv$ at ,/4 ,pet]sburg ,h4 ,m4 ,b4 ,l4 ,m>* #a4 ,m>* #ab4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,synopsis ,,( ,,! ,,voyage4 ,! dates are r$uc$ to ! ,julian cal5d> f ! nautical acc\nt4 ,! longitude is /at$ 9 degrees ea/ f ,gre5wi*4 ,june #aj_/ba1 #agbh4 ,! vessel1 :i* 0 nam$ ! ,gabriel1 0 laun*$ at ! ,l[] ,kam*atka =t & load$ ) a ye>'s supply ( provisions = =ty m5 7,b4 ,c4 ,h4 ,m474 ,%e resembl$ ! packet boats us$ 9 ! ,baltic4 ,notes4--,?is vessel 0 con/ruct$ ( ! ,kam*atkan spruce1 a species accord+ to ,kittlitz closely resembl+ ,abies canad5sis ( ,am]ica4 ,!re is also a small] species1 ,a4 m]t5siana1 & by di/illation ( ^! two trees ! defici5cy 9 _! supply ( t> or pit* 0 made up4 ,! rigg+1 sail-clo?1 oakum & an*ors _h be5 transf]r$ ) great labor f ,tobolsk4 ,! plank+ & timb]s 7 d\btless fa/5$ ) tr5ails & n ) spikes1 s ! am\nt ( iron us$ 0 mu* small] ?an x w\ld be 9 mo/ mod]n vessels4 ,! provision+ ( ! exp$ition is ! subject ( a fanciful p>agraph g>bl$ f ,b]+'s orig9al report1 :i* has be5 quot$ by e "o ( ! hi/orians ( ! voyage f ,d',anville to ,laurids54 ,i transcribe x f ,brooke's translation ( #agcf1 pp4 #dcg-h4 ,! provisions consi/$ ( ,c>rots = want ( ,corn 7gra9 or :eat71 ! fat ( ,fi% uncur$ s]v$ in/ead ( ,butt] & salt fi% suppli$ ! place ( all o!r meats4 ,campbell 9 ,h>ris' ,voyages1 p4 #ajbj1 /ill fur!r enl>ges ?is /atem5t & ,laurids5 puts x ,fi% oil 0 8 butt] & dri$ fi% 8 beef & pork4 ,salt he 0 oblig$ to get f ! sea1 & he di/ill$ spirits f 'sweet /raw4' ,?is gives a totally false idea ( ! supplies provid$ = ! exp$ition4 ,b]+ receiv$ f ,yakutsk ov] =ty-two tons ( fl\r1 & l>ge numb]s1 fifty at a "t1 ( ! small ,sib]ian cattle 7 driv5 on ! ho( to ,okhotsk :]e _! fle% 0 p>tly dri$ & p>tly salt$4 ,on 8 return he deliv]$ surplus supplies to ! prop] (fic]s 9 ,kam*atka & at ,okhotsk ev] #cj1jjj lbs4 ( meal1 fl\r & salt meat4 ,!re 7 at t "t no c>rots to be _h 9 ,kam*atka z ,b]+ himself te/ifies4 ,salt$ salmon !n z n[1 =m$ a /aple article ( diet 9 ,kam*atka & 0 )\t d\bt includ$ 9 8 /ores4 ,! delicate fat obta9$ by boil+ ! bellies ( ! salmon1 is annually prep>$ 9 ,kam*atka & is reg>d$ to ?is day z a great delicacy 7cf4 ,voyage ( ! ,m>*esa1 #b;d edition1 p4 #ace47 ,a /ore ( x might )\t any h>d%ip be furni%$ to ! comm&] = use z butt]4 ,salt he obta9$ z x is usually obta9$ by evaporat+ sea-wat]1 & ! abs5ce ( /rong dr9k ( ,european orig9 0 suppli$ by a di/illation ( ! /alks ( ! be>'s foot or sweet h]b ( ! ,cossacks 7,h]acleum dulce ,kittlitz71 long us$ = t purpose by ! ,russians 9 ,sib]ia & f :i*1 ev5 9 mod]n times1 accord+ to ,seemann1 ! ,kam*adales secur$ additions to _! scanty supply ( syrup or sug>4 ,! supplies !n ( ! exp$ition1 7 n inf]ior to ^? 9 common use at sea at t p]iod1 & z f> z heal? is conc]n$ 7 c]ta9ly less likely to result 9 an invasion ( scurvy ?an ! use ( salt beef & pork alone w\ld h be54 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! f>e on naval vessels all ov] ! _w 9 ^? days1 0 rude & co>se to a degree n[ long unkn[n & t x 0 n until ! voyages ( ,cook1 ne>ly half a c5tury lat]1 t ! antiscorbutic & v>i$ regim51 n[ usually en=c$ by law 9 m>itime nations1 0 ev5 ?\ght (4 ,! =ce cr[d$ toge!r on ! little ,gabriel is enum]at$ by ,laurids5 presumably f ! acc\nt ( ,b]gh4 ,x consi/$ beside ! comm&]1 ( ,lieut5ants ,m>t9 ,spanb]g & ,alexie ,*irik(f2 ,second ,lieut5ant ,pet] ,*apl91 ,doctor ,nieman1 a qu>t]ma/]1 eight sailors1 a work] 9 lea!r1 a rope mak]1 five c>p5t]s1 a boatswa91 two cossacks ) a drumm] & n9e m>9es1 six s]vants1 /ew>ds1 etc41 & two ,k>iak int]pret]s1 a cab9 boy & a pilot1 9 all =ty-f\r p]sons4 ,x is n cle> f ,laurids5's acc\nt :e!r 9 ! above li/ are or are n includ$ ! two mates1 ,ri*>d ,engel & ,george ,morison1 or ! c>tograph] ,potil(f1 :o />t$ ) ,b]+ f ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,luzh9 0 left beh9d1 be+ ill4 ,july #ac_/bd4 ,! v>iation ( ! compass 0 det]m9$ to be #ac #aj' ea/]ly 7,l474 ,9 ! aft]noon 7be+ ! #ad? nautical reckon+7 ! vessel left ! ,kam*atka riv]4 7,b4 ,c4 ,h47 ,!y /e]$ to ! nor!a/ along ! coa/1 :i* 0 kept 9 sight to ! nor? & we/1 9 f n9e to twelve fa?oms wat]4 ,z ! po9t ( dep>ture ,cape ,kam*atka 0 det]m9$ to be 9 nor? latitude #ef #c' 7,m4 ,l47 ,notes4--,! v>iation ( ! compass 9 #ahhe 0 #b #cj' ea/]ly 7,s*ott74 ,z w be se5 by ! ,table ( ,positions1 ! latitude above giv5 = ! cape is n ! same z t adopt$ by ,b]+ on 8 *>t4 ,! dep? m5tion$ %[s t ! ,gabriel mu/ h kept )9 a few miles1 probably n exce$+ t51 f ! %ore & ! v sl[ progress made1 z indicat$ by ! log1 n mu* exce$+ two miles an h\r gives rise to ! suspicion t1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! voyage1 9 ord] to keep _! survey cont9u\s1 !y probably lay to dur+ ! h\rs ( d>kness4 ,(f ,k>ag9ski ,isl& ! v>iation ( ! compass 0 det]m9$ to be ! same z at ! m\? ( ! ,kam*atka riv]4 ,f ?is date to ! #bg?1 ! accessible au?orities give no data1 & ! exp$ition probably pursu$ its way unev5tfully4 ,july #bg_/;,aug4 #g4 ,?is day a prom95t ,cape 0 pass$ at a di/ance ( "s ?ree miles4 ,x 0 nam$ ,/4 ,?addeus1 aft] ! sa9t on ^: holy day x 0 aga9 se5 on ! return voyage4 ,_m grampus1 porpoises1 seals & sealions 7 se5 7,l474 ,notes4--,?is ,cape ,/4 ,?addeus is n ! cape ( ! same "n on mod]n *>ts1 b ! cape n[ kn[n z ,cape ,nav>94 ,?is is evid5t f ,b]+'s *>t4 ,b]+'s position = ! cape is 9 error ab\t fifte5 miles 9 latitude & ?ree degrees 9 longitude on 8 *>t1 :ile 9 ! li/ ( positions1 ! error is only ab\t five miles ( latitude & half a degree 9 longitude4 ,f ne> ,cape ,?addeus ,b]+ /ood across ,anadyr ,gulf1 out ( sight ( ! l[ l&1 miss+ ,anadyr ,bay1 & !reby fall+ into ! error ( plac+ on 8 *>t ! m\? ( ! ,anadyr ,riv] s\? ( ! cape4 ,! error 0 subsequ5tly correct$ by ,g4 ,f4 ,mll]4 ,laurids5 obs]ves 7,am]ican edition1 p4 #cj71 t hav+ sail$ pa/ ! ,anadyr ,riv] )\t q be+ able to f9d _! be>+s1 9 regions ( :i* !y _h n a s+le a/ronomical det]m9ation1 etc4 ,?is is absurd4 ,!y _h a compass & !re is no reason :y !y %\ld n f9d _! be>+s1 & x is c]ta9 !y 7 !re to make obs]vations & n to v]ify ^? already made4 ,no apology is ne$$ = ,b]+'s det]m9ation to press m rapidly nor?w>d4 ,x 0 9 accordance ) common s5se1 consid]+ ! lat5ess ( ! season & ! unc]ta9ty ( :at !y _h to accompli% be=e ! season clos$4 ,aug4 #a_/ab4 ,fe/ival ( ! ,holy ,cross4 ,! exp$ition saw l& to ! nor?w>d & soon aft] ent]$ a great bay :i* !y nam$ ,holy ,cross ,bay4 ,?is !y explor$ to ! riv] at its head :i* !y nam$ ,bol%oia 7,great7 ,riv]1 & on ! we/]n po9t ( entrance ! latitude 01 ,aug4 #b_/ac1 obs]v$ to be #fe #ce' nor?1 :ile ! longitude by dead reckon+ 0 e/imat$ at #ahb #ae' ea/ ( ,gre5wi*1 & ! magnetic v>iation ( a po9t ea/]ly4 ,notes4--,laurids5 says 7p4 #ca1 ,am]ican edition7 t 9 ,holy ,cross ,bay ! ,gabriel sp5t two days "u sail 9 se>* ( fre% wat] & a place to an*or4 ,?is is extremely s+ul>1 z !re is an an*orage imm$iately at ! entrance to ! bay1 on ! />bo>d h&1 & runs ( fre% wat] are abundant4 ,! application ( an obvi\s correction#aj to ! li/ ( positions giv5 by ,campbell makes ! position at ! we/]n elb[ or spit1 at ! m\? ( ,holy ,cross ,bay1 t :i* is giv5 above4 ,?is position is ov] a degree too f> we/ & ov] six miles too f> s\?4 ,b ,laurids5 7quot+ ,campbell )\t obs]v+ ! blund]87 n /at+ ! s\rce ( 8 in=mation1 gives a position 7,n4 ,lat4 #fb #ej'7 :i* is two hundr$ & twelve miles too f> s\? & ! ,engli% translation improves ^u ?is by mak+ x #fj #ej'1 or ?ree hundr$ & ?irty-two miles s\? ( ! tru?1 or two hundr$ & sixty-five miles s\? ( ! entrance to ! bay z platt$ on ,b]+'s own *>t4 ,footnote #aj3 ,9 ,h>ris' ,voy41 #b;d ed41 ii1 p4 #ajba1 ,b]+'s table ( positions is pr9t$3 7,n4 ,lat47 7,lon4 ,e4 ,tobolsk7 ,nis*uvi ,kams*atska ,oo/rog #ef #aa'1 #ih #cj' ,! ,m\? ( ! riv] ( ! ,apo/le ,?adeus & ! ,cape #ef #jc'1 #if #aj' ,! ,elb[ ( ! riv] ,swetoi ,kre/ #fb #bj'1 #aaa #cb' ,ea/]n ,po9t #fe #ce'1 #aae #ae' ,?is %\ld read1 errors & misplacem5ts correct$3 ,lat4 ,long4 ,nizhni ,kams*atsk ,o/rog #ef #aa'1 #ie #cj' ,! m\? ( ! ,riv] 7,kam*atka7 #ef #jc'1 #if #aj' ,! ,cape ( ! ,apo/le ,?add5s #fb #bj'1 #aaa #cb' ,! we/]n cape 7or spit7 ( ,svietoi ,kre/ ,bay #fe #ce'1 #aae #ae' ,! words 9 p>5!ses are add$ by ! writ] = cle>ness4 ,x is some:at surpris+ t 9 us+ ?is table nobody seems to h recogniz$ ^! errors4 ,b]+'s table 9 8 report & ,b]+'s *>t z pr9t$ by ,d',anville diff] f ea* o!r fifte5 miles 9 latitude & two degrees & tw5ty-five m9utes or ne>ly sev5ty-five miles 9 longitude4 ,! *>t is ! m correct1 b x diff]s m ?an ?irty miles 9 latitude & ne>ly a degree 9 longitude f ! mod]n obs]vations ( ,ltk & ,rodg]s = ! same locality4 ,aft] leav+ ,holy ,cross ,bay1 ! voyage 0 cont9u$ to ! s\!a/ along ! high & rocky coa/ ( :i* ,laurids5 7probably p>aphras+ ,b]gh7 says t e ind5tation 0 v c>efully explor$4 ,?is is obvi\sly a flight ( fancy1 s9ce a good "p ( ?is coa/ is l[ & s&y1 :ile !re is no indication ( two excell5t h>bors :i* x af=ds1 on any ( ! *>ts ( ,b]+ or 8 successors 9 t c5tury4 ,aug4 #f_/ag1 #agbh4 ,?is day1 ! fe/ival ( ! ,transfiguration1 f\nd ! ,gabriel ent]+ a small bay1 :i* on t acc\nt 0 nam$ ,transfiguration 7,preobrazh5ia7 ,bay4 ,"h !y an*or$ 7,l474 ,lieut5ant ,*apl9 0 s5t a%ore = wat] & f\nd native huts b no p4 ,notes4--,?is bay has nev] be5 survey$1 & on ! be/ mod]n *>ts is m]ely indicat$1 :ile on _m o!rs x is omitt$ altoge!r or ! "n transf]r$ to ! an*orage nor? ( ,cape ,b]+ or to ,plov] ,bay4 ,b]+'s position = ! spit at ! entrance ( ,transfiguration ,bay is two degrees & a qu>t] too f> ea/ & sixte5 miles too f> nor? by ! table1 b 8 *>t gives ! position mu* m closely1 ) a diff]5ce f ,rodg]s' *>t ( n exce$+ five miles4 ,aug4 #g_/ah4 ,!y proce$$ along ! coa/ 9 a s\?-s\!a/]ly direction4 ,note4--,! total eclipse ( ! moon ( ?is date c\ld h>dly h be5 obs]v$ by ,b]+1 s9ce ! moon mu/ h be5 close to ! horizon & fir/ contact ( ! %ad[ occurr$ only ab\t five m9utes be=e ! moon set4 ,z ,b]+ does n m5tion x1 x is n likely t he not$ ! eclipse4 ,aug4 #h_/ai4 ,at sev5 9 ! morn+ a sk9-boat 7umiak or bid>r7 0 obs]v$ to be laun*$ f ! %ore1 eight m5 gett+ into x & r[+ t[>d ! vessel 7,b474 ,!y approa*$ )9 hail1 & 7 und]/ood1 ?r\gh ! aid ( ! ,k>iak int]pret]s on bo>d ! ,gabriel1 to enquire :5ce ! vessel came & :at 0 ! object ( ! exp$ition 9 ent]+ ^! wat]s4 ,aft] mu* p]suasion "o ( ! natives left ! sk9-boat & swam1 su/a9+ himself on two inflat$ seal-sk9s ti$ by a pole1 to ! ,gabriel & came on bo>d & ! o!rs1 see+ t no h>m befel him1 came ne>] ! vessel %ortly aft]w>d 7,m4 ,b4 ,c474 ,! int]pret]s _h "s difficulty 9 und]/&+ all ! natives said1 b x 0 ga!r$ f _! conv]sation t ^! p call$ !mselves ,*uk*i 7or by an analog\s "n72 t !y 7 acqua9t$ ) ! ,russians1 by report or o!rwise1 t !re 7 num]\s settlem5ts ( _! p along ?is %ore2 t ! ,anadyr ,riv] lay f> to ! we/ 7,l472 t to ! s\? & ea/ lay an isl& :i* w\ld soon be visible to ! p on ! ,gabriel if !y cont9u$ on ! c\rse !y 7 !n /e]+2 t 9 ! vic9ity ( ?is isl& ! %ore ( ! ma9l& *anges its direction & ext5ds beyond to ! nor? & !n to ! we/w>d 7,b4 ,m4 ,c4 ,h474 ,! man :o _h bo>d$ ! vessel 0 giv5 "s pres5ts & s5t back to ! native boat1 9 ! hope t he w\ld p]suade 8 comrades to come on bo>d ! ,gabriel1 b1 suspect+ "s evil design1 ! natives pull$ away t[>d ! %ore & disappe>$4 ,accord+ to ,b]gh1 ,*apl9's j\rnal expresses regret t m important in=mation c\ld n be obta9$ ow+ to ! difficulty 9 int]pret+ :at 0 said by ! ,*uk*i4 ,at noon ! latitude 0 e/imat$ to be #fd #cj'4 ,9 ! aft]noon ! cape m5tion$ by ! ,*uk*is 0 se54 ,notes4--,! acc\nt giv5 9 ,b]+'s report1 & v>i\sly r5d]$ by ,mll]1 ,brooks1 ,d',anville & ,campbell1 diff]s 9 sev]al details f t giv5 9 ,*apl9's j\rnal & describ$ by ,b]gh & ,laurids54 ,! v>i\s ,engli% v]sions ( bo? fail 9 cle>ly r5d]+ ! important po9t ga9$ by ?is int]view ) ! natives1 :i* 01 t1 at a %ort di/ance1 ! ma9 coa/ *anges its direction & turns to ! nor? & we/4 ,^! ,*uk*is po9t$ ! way to ! /rait = ! p>ty on ! ,gabriel1 & _! acc\nt prov$ to be accurate 9 e p>ticul>4 ,! p ( ?is "p ( ! coa/ call !mselves ,tsau-*1 :i* is _! tribal "n4 ,! simil> "n ( ano!r bran* liv+ ne> ! ,anadyr ,riv] has be5 corrupt$ into ! ^w ,*uk-*i1 by ! ,russians1 f :i* we d]ive our g5]al "n = ^! p4 ,laurids5 says ,br$5 v> #fd #da' :i* 9 ! ,am]ican edition /&s1 ! longitude 7sic7 0 #fd #da'4 ,b ! orig9al & all ! v>iants ( ,b]+'s own report make ! latitude #fd #cj' :i* is correct4 ,if x _h be5 #fd #da' !y w\ld h be5 nor? ( _! own position = ,transfiguration ,bay1 f :i* _! c\rse _h be5 ,s4,s4,e41 !re=e ! #da' is c]ta9ly errone\s4 ,on ,b]+'s *>t he ref]s to ! po9t ( ! coa/ :]e ! %ore *anges its direction "u ! "n ,*ukotskago ,noss1 :i* means ! promontory ( ! ,*uk*i1 ?\gh ?is is n ! same z ! ,*uk*i ,cape ( ! ,anadyr ,cossacks1 :o s d5om9at$ ! ea/]n extreme ( ,asia1 :i* !y knew f report & by ! voyage ( ,de%neff4 ,!re c be no reasonable d\bt t ,b]+ nam$ 8 cape aft] ! p :o _h describ$ x to him1 al?\gh ! imp]fections ( ! record leave ?is to be inf]r$4 ,b]+'s map gives ! latitude ( ! s\? extreme ( ! cape z ab\t #fd #jb'1 & x is errone\sly repres5t$ z ext5d+ s\? ( ! latitude ( ! nor?we/ end ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,isl&4 ,its real latitude is ab\t fifte5 miles fur!r nor?4 ,cook made x #fd #ac'4 ,*apl9's j\rnal 7accord+ to ,laurids57 makes x #fd #ah'1 :i* w\ld agree ) ! late/ surveys v ne>ly1 ?\gh ! co9cid5ce mu/ be reg>d$ z a happy accid5t 9 view ( _! imp]fect tables1 in/rum5ts & me?ods4 ,b]+'s report places its ea/]n extreme 9 #fd #be' & 7wrongly7 9 ! same longitude z ! we/ end ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,isl&4 ,aug4 #aj_/ba4 ,/4 ,lawr5ce's day4 ,! isl& ref]r$ to by ! ,*uk*i 0 se5 & ! vessel /ood t[>d x1 ab\t two o'clock 9 ! aft]noon4 ,twice1 an (fic] ) a f\r-o>$ boat 0 s5t to reconnoit] ! coa/ m closely1 b he saw only :at appe>$ to be huts )\t inhabitants 7,c74 ,! isl& 7( :i* only ! nor?we/ hilly portion 0 se51 ow+ to ! hazy wea!r7 0 nam$ aft] ! patron sa9t ( ! day & ! c\rse ( ! vessel 0 *ang$ to ! nor?w>d4 ,aug4 #aa_/bb4 ,at noon ! latitude 0 e/imat$ at #fd #bj'1 & at sunset an attempt 0 made by ! det]m9ation ( ! magnetic v>iation to get ! longitude 7,l474 ,notes4--,an illu/ration ( ! want ( c>e ) :i* ,laurids5 has weigh$ 8 comm5ts1 x may be po9t$ out t he claims 7p4 #cb1 ,am4 ,ed47 t on rea*+ latitude #fd #bj' ! ,gabriel 0 9 ,b]+ ,/rait1 :ile two pages lat]1 on h] return s\?w>d1 he decl>es h] to h got out ( ! /rait on rea*+ latitude #fd #bg'6 ,z a matt] ( fact1 at ! pres5t day1 ! :al]s & trad]s ( ?is region consid] t ,cape ,*apl9 7m commonly kn[n z ,indian ,po9t7 =ms ! s\?we/ po9t ( entrance to ! /rait2 & ?is po9t is situat$ 9 latitude #fd #be' & ,e4 longitude #ahg #dj'1 z det]m9$ by ! writ] 9 #ahhj4 ,?is is p]haps ! po9t ref]r$ to by ,b]+ z ! ea/]n po9t ( 8 ,*ukotskoi ,cape4 ,! magnetic me?od ( det]m9+ ! longitude w\ld give correct results only accid5tally1 z previ\sly expla9$4 ,! result ann\nc$ by ,laurids5 = ! pres5t occasion is #be #ca' ea/ f ,l[] ,kam*atka ,o/rog or #ahg #ea' ea/ f ,gre5wi*1 :i* w\ld be )9 a few miles ( ! late/ det]m9ations4 ,b x is obvi\s f ,b]+'s map t he c\ld n h made 8 position less ?an #bh #de' ea/ f ,l[] ,kam*atka1 & ! position above giv5 is p]haps an int]polation f mod]n s\rces1 :i* has be5 misund]/ood or mi/ranslat$4 ,z ,laurids5 has p>aphras$1 n quot$1 x is impossible 9 ! abs5ce ( ,b]gh's orig9al to det]m9e :o is responsible = ! incongruity4 ,an int]polation seems ! m likely s9ce ,b]+ himself gives ! longitude z #ahi #ee' ,e4 ,gr4#aa ,footnote #aa3 ,a glance at ,b]gh %[s t ?is /atem5t ( ,laurids5 is simply a blund]4 ,b]gh only says !y obta9$ ! magnetic v>iation 7#be #ca' ea/]ly7 by an amplitude obs]vation6 ,longitude is n m5tion$1 nor ,kam*atka4 ,aug4 #ab_/bc4 ,f noon ( ! #aa? to noon ( ?is day1 ! ,gabriel sail$ sixty-n9e miles1 b ! diff]5ce ( latitude 0 only #ba miles4 ,! w9d 0 light to fre% & ! wea!r ov]ca/ 7,l474 ,notes4--,if ! above /atem5t be tak5 lit]ally ) ! assumption t !y 7 at noon ( ! #aa? 9 latitude #fd #bj' & ,e4 longitude #ahh f ,gre5wi*1 x w\ld give _! position = noon ( ! #ab? z #fd #di' & longitude #aij #de' ,e4 ,gr41 :i* does n at all accord ) ! subsequ5tly n>rat$ c\rse1 etc4 ,if we proce$ on ! hypo!sis t x means t ! log record$ #fi miles & t only #bi miles 7 made good 7:i* might easily happ5 if ! pol> curr5t 7 runn+ /rong on ! we/ side ( ! /rait7 & t _! c\rse 0 p>allel ) ! ,sib]ian %ore 9 a g5]al way !y w\ld h be51 at noon ( ,augu/ #ab?1 9 latitude #fd #di' & longitude #ahh ,e4 ,gr4 or !reab\ts1 :i* agrees v fairly ) ! kn[n circum/ances4 ,aug4 #ac_/bd4 ,a fre% breeze & cl\dy wea!r4 ,! ,gabriel sail$ ! :ole day ) no l& 9 sight & ! diff]5ce 9 latitude 0 only #gh miles at noon1 reckon$ f noon ( ! #ab?4 ,! w9d dim9i%$ t[>d night4 ,notes4--,on ! same hypo!sis z to ! mean+ ( diff]5ce 9 latitude z ! words are us$ by ,laurids51 ! ,gabriel at noon ( ! #ac? w\ld h be5 t5 or twelve miles s\? f ,ea/ ,cape & 9 ab\t latitude #fe #ee'4 ,if ! words are to be tak5 lit]ally1 z a navigator w\ld use !m1 ! ,gabriel w\ld h be5 ab\t fifte5 miles to ! nor?w>d & ea/w>d ( ,ea/ ,cape1 :i* agrees mu* less ) ! subsequ5tly detail$ circum/ances4 ,) ! nautical day beg9n+ at noon on ! #ac? accord+ to ,laurids5 ! wea!r began to be calm & cl\dy :i* w\ld *eck _! progress4 ,aug4 #ad_/be4 ,?is is ! fe/ival ( ,sa9t ,demetrius ( ,africa4 ,a curr5t 0 exp]i5c$ dur+ ?is day :i* 0 e/imat$ to h help$ ! vessel nor?w>d eight miles & ?ree qu>t]s4 ,?is curr5t ran f s\?-s\!a/ to nor?-nor?we/4 ,f noon ( ! #ac? to noon ( ?is day ! vessel sail$ #bi miles 9 addition to ! curr5t drift4 ,at noon ! latitude 0 e/imat$ to be #ff #da' & high l& 0 visible a/]n4 ,at ?ree o'clock 9 ! aft]noon high m\nta9s 7 obs]v$ to ! s\?w>d1 :i*1 says ,*apl91 7 probably on ! cont95t4 ,notes4--,"u any hypo!sis ei!r ! run ( ! vessel 0 und]e/imat$ or ! latitude 0 ov]e/imat$4 ,add+ ! e/imat$ run to ! position atta9$ "u our hypo!sis = ! #ab? & #ac? x w put ! ,gabriel at noon1 ,augu/ #ad?1 9 ab\t nor? latitude #ff #bd' & longitude ,e4 ,gr4 #aia #cj'4 ,*apl9's reckon+ z giv5 by ,laurids5 w\ld h put ! ,gabriel m ?an fifty miles (f %ore :5 ! l& spok5 ( w\ld h be5 out ( sight4 ,our hypo!sis puts h] ab\t tw5ty-eight miles ,n4,e4 true f ,ea/ ,cape :5 ! high l& ( ei!r %ore1 "u favorable circum/ances1 might h be5 se5 ev5 if ! sky 7 ov]ca/4 ,cl\ds d n int]f]e ) see+1 unless att5d$ by fog or haze4 ,dur+ ?is day ! ,gabriel _h sail$ betwe5 ,ea/ ,cape & ! isl&s n[ kn[n z ! ,diom$es2 ! %ore be+ ne> by4 ,:y !n %\ld x be not$ 9 ! log t high l& 0 se5 a/]n at noon8 ,! high l& ( ,sib]ia !y _h se5 & sail$ along = days 9 full sight ( x4 ,x seems to u t ?is excludes ! idea t ! log ref]s to ! ,sib]ian highl& & t :at 0 se5 0 ! loom ( l& n be=e se51 z ( ! ,diom$es or ev5 ( ,am]ica4 ,x may n h be5 cle> to ! comm&] & yet h be5 m>k$ en\gh = ! subord9ate (fic] to h put x 9 8 log1 ) ! dead reckon+ & daily notes4#ab ,on sev]al old *>ts m5tion is made ( l& se5 by ,spanb]g :i* is suppos$ to h be5 ,am]ica1 aft] ,gwosdeff _h confirm$ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,am]ican ma9l& 9 t direction & ,synd _h l&$ ^u x4 ,?is sugge/ion is n unimportant 9 connection ) ! subsequ5t conduct ( ,b]+ & w be ref]r$ to aga9 9 its prop] connection4 ,! fur!r fact t all e>ly pr9t$ v]sions ( ,b]+'s li/ ( positions1 ref] to ! mod]n ,diom$es only z ! isl& ( ,/4 ,demetrius & t ?is day 0 ! fe/ival ( t obscure sa9t1 l5ds fur!r confirmation to ! above sugge/ions4 ,footnote #ab3 ,laurids5 gets ov] ! discrepancy by putt+ ! ^w /ill be=e se5 7,am4 ,ed41 p4 #da71 b !re is no?+ 9 ! orig9al s\rces to confirm ?is view ( ! matt]4 ,aug4 #ae_/bf4 ,! ,gabriel appe>s to h cont9u$ to sail 9 a nor!a/]ly direction until ?ree o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 hav+ be5 aid$ by ! curr5t to ! ext5t ( #h miles & sail$ #fe miles2 _m :ales 7 se5 & ! dep? av]ag$ betwe5 #bc & #cf fa?oms4 ,s9ce ! #ac? ! wat] _h appe>$ :iti% or discolor$4 ,! w9d 0 mod]ate & ! wea!r cl\dy4 ,betwe5 noon & ?ree o'clock ! vessel made sev5 miles aga9/ a head w9d4 ,! position ( ! ,gabriel at t "t 0 e/imat$ to be 9 nor? latitude #fg #ah' & #cj #ag' ea/ longitude f ! t[n ( ,l[] ,kam*atka 7,c4 correct$74 ,note4--,! nautical day ,aug4 #ae ext5d+ f noon ( ! #ad? to noon ( ! #ae? is altoge!r omitt$ f ! ,am]ican translation ( ,laurids5's book4 ,! position = ! turn+ po9t e/imat$ by ,*apl9 is manife/ly by dead reckon+1 z ! sky 0 cl\dy4 ,x 0 n adopt$ 9 ! li/ ( positions publi%$ by ,campbell 9 ,h>ris' ,voyages nor on ,b]+'s map4 ,9 ! =m] ! longitude he adopts is #bg #cg' ea/ ( ,l[] ,kam*atka =t1 & ?is agrees exactly ) ! po9t on ! coa/ 9 ,du ,halde's engrav+ ( ,b]+'s map :]e ! m\nta9s cease to be put d[n ne> ! %ore1 ! po9t on ! nor? coa/ ( ,sib]ia :]e ,laurids51 & ,*apl9 z quot$ by him1 say ,b]+ did n g1 & ! po9t :i* has be5 g5]ally reg>d$ z ,b]+'s f>!/6 ,if we apply ! di/ance & direction f ,*apl9's j\rnal to ! c\rse ( ! ,gabriel platt$ f 8 prec$+ data1 lit]ally1 x w put ! turn+ po9t ( ! voyage 9 ,n4 latitude #fg #cb' & ,e4 longitude #aic #cg' or !reab\ts1 :i* is ab\t ?irty-five miles (f ! ,am]ican coa/ s\?we/ f ,cape ,sepp+s4 ,b if we d ?is ! position is f> f agree+ ) ,*apl9's4 ,by apply+ ! hypo!tical correction :i* we h h]et(ore us$1 ! position w\ld be 9 latitude #fg #bd' & ,e4 longitude #aic #ae' f ,gre5wi* or #ca ea/ f ,l[] ,kam*atka =t1 agree+ m ne>ly ) ,*apl94 ,on ! o!r h& ! position (f ,cape ,sepp+s agrees bett] ) ,*apl9's figures = ! rema9d] ( ! day4 ,at ?is po9t ! comm&] ( ! exp$ition det]m9$ to turn homew>d4 ,! ,gabriel 0 put on a c\rse ,s4 by ,e4 by compass 7,s4 by ,w4 ,w4 true1 ! v>iation all[$ be+ #b po9ts ea/]ly7 be=e a brisk sev5 knot breeze1 mak+ bett] "t ?an is record$ = any "p ( h] outw>d voyage4 ,notes4--,laurids5 says#ac t1 9 t]m9at+ ! outw>d voyage1 ,b]+ ann\nc$ t z he _h n[ accompli%$ 8 task x 0 8 duty1 accord+ to 8 ord]s1 to return4 ,mll] & o!r au?orities quote1 m or less modifi$ 9 ! translation1 ! reasons giv5 9 ,b]+'s report4 ,b1 z !re is no reason to suppose ^! 7 utt]$ to ! %ip's company (ficially at ! "t1 a consid]ation ( !m may be def]r$ until ! total results ( ! voyage are discuss$4 ,! c\rse set1 accord+ to ,*apl9's j\rnal1 w\ld1 if made good1 h c>ri$ ! ,gabriel ea/ ( ! ,diom$es & close to ,cape ,pr9ce ( ,wales4 ,! nor?we/]ly curr5t ref]r$ to by ,*apl9 & recogniz$ by mo/ navigators :o h s9ce visit$ ^? seas1 w\ld h c>ri$ ! vessel m to ! we/w>d1 z 0 actually ! result1 & x 0 probably all[$ =4 ,footnote #ac3 ,b]gh 7p4 #ed7 quotes ,*apl9's j\rnal1 :i* says3 ,at ?ree o'clock ,capta9 ,b]+ ann\nc$3 t x 0 necess>y = him1 9 spite ( 8 in/ructions1 to turn back1 & put ! vessel ab\t ) ord]s to /e] ,s4 by ,e4 by compass4 ,! italics are ,b]gh's1 :o adds t1 9 ! j\rnal ( ,lieut4 ,*irik(f1 ! same /atem5t is made 9 ! same words4 ,i translit]ate ! italiciz$ phrases accord+ to ! s*$ule = ,russian lett]s publi%$ 9 ,nature1 ,feb4 #bg1 #ahij4 ,*to nadlezhit emu protiv ukazu vo ispoln5ie vozvratit'sya4 ,?is pla9 /atem5t1 :i* proves t 7at ! mom5t7 ,b]+ recogniz$ t he 0 n fulfill+ 8 ord]s1 is suppress$ by ,laurids5 & ( c\rse by ,b]+ himself :5 he came to prep>e 8 (ficial report4 ,laurids5 h[ev] is n satisfi$ ) suppress+ ! tru?1 :i* w\ld h weigh$ s heavily aga9/ 8 h]o & 8 argum5t1 b1 ) ! tru? 9 8 possession1 he has ins]t$ 9 8 book a /atem5t :i* is diametrically oppos$ to x z above cit$4 ,augu/ #af_/bg4 ,sa9t ,diom$e's day4 ,! ,gabriel _h kept on h] c\rse ) a free w9d mak+ m ?an sev5 knots 7miles7 an h\r4 ,at n9e 9 ! morn+ !y f\nd !mselves (f a high promontory on ! we/1 :]e !re 7 ,*uk*i habitations4 ,on ! ea/ & seaw>d !y saw an isl&1 :i* x 0 propos$ to call aft] ! sa9t ( ! day4 ,at noon ! vessel _h made s9ce ! previ\s noon #aae miles & _h rea*$ latitude #ff #jb'4 ,cont9u+ on _! way1 ) a fre% breeze & cl\dy wea!r1 !y sail$ along ! ,asiatic coa/ ne> en\gh to obs]ve _m natives & at two places !y saw dwell+s4 ,at ?ree ,p4,m4 v high l& & m\nta9s 7 pass$ 7probably ! highl&s ne> ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,bay74 ,notes4--,f #c ,p4,m4 ,aug4 #ae? to #i ,a4,m4 ,aug4 #af? is #ah h\rs1 :i* at sev5 knots an h\r 7all[+ ! alleg$ excess to be ! equival5t ( ! drift caus$ by ! curr5t7 w\ld am\nt to #abf miles4 ,d$uct f ?is ! sev5 miles sail$ betwe5 noon & #c ,p4,m4 ,aug4 #ae? 9 ! opposite direction & we h rema9+ #aai miles made on ! homew>d voyage at a "t :5 ! ,gabriel 0 betwe5 ! ,diom$es & ,ea/ ,cape1 or at lea/ 9 pla9 sight ( bo?4 ,b ?ree h\rs lat]1 at noon1 accord+ to ,laurids51 !y _h made only #aae miles 9 all1 al?\gh ! breeze 0 fre% & fair4 ,f ,*apl9's position = ! turn+ po9t to latitude #ff #jb' (f ,ea/ ,cape is #if miles4 ,f our hypo!tically correct$ position = ! turn+ po9t1 (f ,cape ,sepp+s1 ! di/ance w\ld be to ! same place #abf miles1 or !reab\ts4 ,x is evid5t t !re is a miscalculation1 or an error 9 ! record "h1 :i*1 )\t fur!r data1 x is n possible to correct4 ,x is c]ta9 t ,b]+ ) :om ! "r ( nam+ any new isl& w\ld h re/$1 did n !n "n ! isl& above m5tion$ aft] ,/ ,diom$e4 ,on all copies ( ! e>li] v]sion ( 8 *>t x appe>s if at all "u ! "n ( ! ,isl& ( ,/4 ,demetrius4 ,f ?is we may suspect t he id5tifi$ x ) ! high l& se5 ,aug4 #ad?1 ,/4 ,demetrius' day1 :ile o!rs on bo>d1 suspect+ !y 7 n ! same propos$ ! "n ( ,diom$e = ! pres5t isl&2 reg>d+ ! high l& z some?+ di/9ct4 ,if ! h>dy & self-will$ ,spanb]g 0 ! "o :o report$ ! l& ,aug4 #ad?1 & if he saw ! high l& ab\t ,cape ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 z sev]al old *>ts allege1 he w\ld h be5 ! la/ to admit t ! relatively small & adjac5t isl& n[ se51 %\ld be id5tifi$ ) 8 discov]y4 ,aug4 #ag_/bh4 ,! breeze hav+ be5 /rong & fair an obs]vation at noon indicat$ t ! latitude 0 #fd #bg' & t ! ,gabriel _h sail$ #afd miles s9ce noon ( ! #af?4 ,9 ! aft]noon ! wea!r 0 cle> & ! w9d became light4 7,! ,gabriel mu/ h come out ( ! /rait ?is aft]noon74 ,notes4--,a di/ance ( #afd miles f ! position ( ! previ\s noon w\ld h put ! ,gabriel 9 latitude #fc #ch'4 ,! di/ance on ! g5]al c\rse sail$ by ! ,gabriel f #ff #jb' to #fd #bg' is ab\t #ajg miles4 ,x is possible t 9 copy+ or pr9t+ #ajd miles has become transmut$ to #afd miles4 ,!re is an obvi\s error "h ( "s k9d4 ,aug4 #ah_/bi4 7,laurids5 does n ref] to any record = ?is day1 b x is probable t ! w9d cont9u$ light & ! wea!r fair & t ! ,gabriel 0 sl[ly work+ h] way we/w>d & s\?w>d 9 ! vic9ity ( ,cape ,*ukotski47 ,aug4 #ai_/cj4 ,9 ! aft]noon be+ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! place :]e !y _h met ! ,*uk*i boat on ! outw>d voyage1 f\r baid>s 7 se5 ) _! crews pull+ = ! vessel1 :i* accord+ly lay by = !m to come up ) h]4 ,!re 7 t5 natives to ea* baid>1 or =ty 9 all4 ,!y br\ght re9de] meat1 fi%1 & fre% wat] 9 l>ge bladd]s = sale = :i* !y 7 suitably rew>d$1 :ile ! crew ( ! ,gabriel obta9$ f !m sk9s ( ! r$ & ! pol> foxes & f\r walrus tee?1 :i* ! natives b>t]$ = ne$les1 fl9t-&-/eel = /rik+ fire1 & iron4 ,^! ,*uk*i told !m t !y w5t ov] l& to trade at ! ,kolyma ,riv]1 c>ry+ _! goods ) re9de]1 & t !y nev] w5t by sea4 ,!y _h long kn[n ! ,russians & "o ( !m _h ev5 be5 to ! ,anadyrsk =t to trade4 ,f ?is man !y _h hopes ( ga9+ valuable in=mation b he c\ld tell !m no?+ m ?an !y _h le>n$ f ! fir/ ,*uk*is :o _h be5 que/ion$4 ,aug4 #bj_/ca to ,aug4 #bi_/,sept4 #i4 7,= ?is p]iod ! docum5ts accessible to me give no in=mation1 b ! ,gabriel 0 d\btless pursu+ h] homew>d way unev5tfully along ! coa/ ( ,kam*atka47 ,aug4 #cj_/,sept4 #aj4 ,a heavy /orm arose ) fog & ! ,gabriel f9d+ h]self dang]\sly close to ! %ore an*or$ ne> ! l& to ride x out4 ,a note 9 ,h>ris indicates t !y may h be5 ne> ,k>ag9ski ,isl&4 ,aug4 #ca_/,sept4 #aa4 ,at "o ,p4,m4 ! /orm _h abat$1 b 9 weigh+ an*or ! cable _h be5 s *af$ by ! rocky bottom t x p>t$ & !y lo/ ! an*or1 & 7 oblig$ to put to sea )\t recov]+ x4 ,sept4 #a_/ab1 #agbh4 ,at five o'clock 9 ! aft]noon !y approa*$ & at sev5 ! next morn+ ent]$ ! m\? ( ! ,kam*atka riv]1 ?us end+ ! voyage4 ,note4--,! ,gabriel 0 secur$ 9 a sl\gh ( ! riv] & ! p>ty w5t up ! riv] to ! =t ( ,l[] ,kam*atka :]e ,b]+ pass$ ! w9t]4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! resid5ts ( ,kam*atka & o!rs m or less famili> ) ! reports ( ,cossack explorations 9 ,*uk*i-l& 7 n altoge!r satisfi$ ) ! summ>y mann] 9 :i* exploration _h be5 giv5 up by ,b]+1 & 8 app>5t assumption t !re 0 no adjac5t l& to ! ea/w>d except small isl&s4 ,m or less su* discussion & criticism c\ld h>dly h fail$ to rea* 8 e>s1 & 8 reflections may h l$ him to ?9k t1 aft] all1 he _h be5 too ha/y4 ,trees n indig5\s to ,kam*atka _h be5 se5 float+ ne> ! %ores1 no heavy break]s ev] proce$$ f ! ea/w>d & x 0 ev5 alleg$ t l& or ! loom ( l& might be se5 to ! ea/ f ! coa/ m\nta9s 9 v cle> wea!r4 ,on acc\nt ( ^! & o!r reasons#ad :i* 7 urg$ by resid5ts ( ! c\ntry1 ,b]+ det]m9$ to make a new trial4 ,in/ead ( proce$+ directly to ,okhotsk across ,kam*atka he fitt$ out ! ,gabriel = ano!r voyage4 ,beside ! fact t ,luzh91 "o ( 8 c>tograph]s1 _h explor$ ! ,kurile ,isl&s ly+ next to ,kam*atka1 ! vessel ,=tuna dur+ ,b]+'s abs5ce _h d\bl$ ,cape ,lopatka & 0 an*or$ 9 ! ,kam*atka ,riv] :5 ,b]+ ent]$ x on 8 return4 ,x 0 !re=e evid5t t ! /raits 7 navigable & ! return voyage might be made t way4 ,spanb]g 0 ord]$ to ,bol%]etsk on acc\nt ( illness 7,l471 & x is possible he took ! ,=tuna back !re s9ce %e _h already return$ to ,bol%]etsk :5 ,b]+ rea*$ t port1 on 8 way to ,okhotsk4 ,footnote #ad3 ,! natives ev5 claim$ t a man _h be5 /r&$ on ! coa/ ( ,kam*atka 9 #agae1 :o /at$ t 8 own c\ntry lay to ! ea/w>d & conta9$ =e/s ) high trees & l>ge riv]s4 7,laurids51 op4 cit4 ,am4 ed4 p4 #ea74 ,b]+ himself /ates t he made ! se>* ( #agbi at ! in/ance ( ! ,kam*atkan resid5ts4 ,laurids5 has ascrib$ to ,b]+'s own initiative ! will+ness to make ano!r se>* = l& z if ^! ideas 7 orig9al ) him4 ,x is evid5t t ?is is unju/ifi$ & fanciful4 ,mll]'s acc\nt %[s t ! incitem5t to a second attempt proce$$ f ! resid5ts ( ! c\ntry & t ,b]+ compli$ ) _! sugge/ions2 & ,b]+ says s himself 9 8 report4 ,on ,june#ae #e_/af1 #agbi1 ! ,gabriel left ! m\? ( ! ,kam*atka ,riv] & /ood to ! ea/w>d1 directly (f %ore4 ,%e cont9u$ on ?is c\rse ab\t =ty-eight h\rs1 sail+ a di/ance v>i\sly e/imat$ at f n9ety to "o hundr$ & ?irty miles4 ,! wea!r 0 foggy1 no l& 0 se51 ! w9d %ift$ to dead ahead at ea/ nor!a/1 & on ! ?ird day ,b]+ gave up ! se>* & /e]$ = ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,kam*atka1 ! extreme ( :i* is m>k$ by ! po9t kn[n z ,n>r[ 7,ooskoi7 ,cape1 or m g5]ally z ,%ovel 7,lopatka7 ,cape1 f its l[ squ>e t]m9ation4 ,he det]m9$ ! latitude ( ?is cape1 & pass+ ?r\gh ! /rait s\? ( x rea*$ ,bol%]etsk on ! we/ coa/ ( ! p59sula on ! second ( ,july4 ,mo/ ( ?is "t 0 probably sp5t 9 trac+ ! =m ( ! s\!rn "p ( ,kam*atka4 ,half way betwe5 ! ,kam*atka ,riv] & ! coa/ ! v>iation 0 obs]v$ to be "o po9t ea/]ly1 & (f ,avat*a ,bay ?ree-qu>t]s ( a po9t ea/]ly4 ,footnote #ae3 ,laurids5 says ,july1 :i* is errone\s4 ,9 ! ,am]ican translation ( ,laurids5 x is said 7p4 #ea7 t ,b]+ fix$ ! diff]5ce ( latitude 7= :i* "o %\ld read longitude7 betwe5 ,bol%]etsk & ,l[] ,kam*atka ,o/rog at #f #bi'4 ,b on ,b]+'s maps ! diff]5ce is only #c #ej'1 :ile 9 8 li/ ( positions no longitude is assign$ to ,l[] ,kam*atka po/4 ,9 ,campbell's li/ x /&s at #h #ci'1 :i* ! correction ( an evid5t error ( #ih = #ie r$uces to #e #ci'4 ,! true diff]5ce ( longitude accord+ to ! late/ *>ts is ab\t #e #be'4 ,:]e ,laurids5 got 8 figures he does n /ate4 ,campbell1 9 ,h>ris1 /ates t ,b]+ 0 ! fir/ navigator to d\ble ,cape ,lopatka1 b ! ,=tuna _h made ?is voyage 9 #agbh1 ?\gh h] comm&] is n kn[n4 ,at ,bol%]etsk ,b]+ left a crew = ! ,=tuna :i* _h return$ ?i!r2 turn$ ov] "s ( 8 surplus /ores to ! local au?orities & on ! #ad_/be ,july sail$ f ! ,bol%oia ,riv] = ,okhotsk4 ,"h he arriv$ ,july #bc_/;,aug4 #c & aft] "s days sp5t 9 turn+ ov] gov]nm5t prop]ty to ! local (ficials & procur+ 8 horses & outfit1 he left ,okhotsk ,july #bi_/;,aug4 #i on ! ov]l& j\rney to ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,! second eclipse ( ! moon = ! ye> occurr$ on ?is day1 b dur+ h\rs ( daylight1 & h5ce 0 invisible 9 ?is "p ( ,asia4 ,aft] an unev5tful b successful j\rney ,b]+ arriv$ 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg ,m>4 #a_/ab1 #agcj1 br++ ) him1 accord+ to ,du ,halde1 ! map & report he _h prep>$ ^u 8 explorations4 ,,table ,,( ,,geographical ,,positions ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,b]+',s ,,fir/ ,,voyage1 ,,r$uc$ ,,to ,,gre5wi*1 ,e4 ,,longitude4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,m]idian us$ 9 ! ,tobolsk4 ,tobolsk4 ,tobolsk4 ,gre5wi*4 orig9al1 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,am\nt us$ = #fg4 #fg4 #fg4 r$uction1 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,s\rce ( ! data1 ,b]+#af ,campbell4 ,du ,halde4 ,mod]n ,,ms4 #ag *>ts4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,date1 #agcj8 #agcj8 #agcf4 #aheb-hh4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ' ' ' ' ---------------------------------------- ---- ,okhotsk #eh #ed #ei #ac #eh #ed #ei #bjah #ada #cj #adc #jg #ada #bj #adb #dj ---------------------------------------- ---- ,bol%]etsk1 #eb #ce #eb #db #eb #dj #eb #ea ,kam*atka #aee #bh #aef #ea #aee #be #aef #ej ---------------------------------------- ---- ,upp] ,kam*atka #ed #aj #ed #dh #ed #aj -- -- settlem5t #aeg #aj #aeh #jj #aeg #ae -- -- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,l[] ,kam*atka #ee #df #ef #aa #ee #ej #ef #ae settlem5t #aei #bh #afb #cjai #aei #ae #afb #ae ---------------------------------------- ---- ,cape1 at ,kam*atka #ee #eb #ef #jc #ee #dj #ef #jj riv]-m\? #afb #je #afc #ajbj #afb #aj #afc #je ---------------------------------------- ---- ,cape ,?addeus #fa #ej #fb #bj #fb #jj #fb #ae 7,nav>97 #agf #je #agh #cbba #agf #jj #agi #jb ---------------------------------------- ---- ,we/ po9t1 entrance #fe #af #fe #ce #fe #ae #fe #bh ,holy ,cross ,bay #agi #dj #ahb #aebb #ahj #jjbc #aha #ab ---------------------------------------- ---- ,m\? ( riv]1 ,holy #ff #jj -- -- #fe #ej #ff #bb ,cross ,bay #agi #dj -- -- #agi #ej #ahj #de ---------------------------------------- ---- ,transfiguration ,bay #fd #de #fe #ja #fd #dj #fd #de 7ea/ entrance7 #ahe #ae #ahg #cj #ahe #aj #ahe #ae ---------------------------------------- ---- ,cape ,*ukotski1 ( #fc #ee #fd #be #fd #jb #fd #ad ,b]+ #ahf #ee #ahi #eebd #ahf #aj #ahf #ej ---------------------------------------- ---- ,n4 ,w4 po9t ,/4 #fc #ej #fd #jj #fd #jb #fc #ebbe ,lawr5ce ,id4 #ahg #jj #ahi #ee #ahg #bj #ahh #bg ---------------------------------------- ---- ,/4 ,demetrius ,id4 #fe #db #ff #jj -- -- #fe #ej 7,big ,diom$e7 #ahi #jebf #aib #dbbg -- -- #aij #be ---------------------------------------- ---- ,ea/ ,cape ( ,asia #ff #dj #fg #ah #ff #de #ff #je #ahi #dj #aic #jgbh #ahi #de #aij #cj ---------------------------------------- ---- ,b]+'s f>!/ n #fg #ah -- -- -- -- indicat$4 #aic #jgbi -- -- -- -- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,petropavlovsk1 #ec #aj #ec #ab #ec #ae #ec #jb ,ava*a ,bay #afj #jb #aei #ej #aeg #jj #aeh #cicj ---------------------------------------- ---- ,cape ,uskoi1 or #ej #ej #ea #aj #ea #aj #ej #eb ,lopatka#ca #aee #je #aef #ea #aee #aj #aef #dg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- 7table cont9u$7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,m]idian us$ 9 ! ,tobolsk4 ,f]ro4 ,f]ro4 ,gre5wi*4 orig9al1 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,am\nt us$ = #fg4 -#ah4 -#ah4 r$uction1 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,s\rce ( ! data1 ,b]+#af ,d',anville4 ,mll]4 ,mod]n ,,ms4 *>ts4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,date1 #agcj8 #agec4 #ageh4 #aheb-hh4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ' ' ' ' ---------------------------------------- ---- ,okhotsk #eh #ed -- -- #ei #bj #ei #bjah #ada #cj -- -- #ada #ae #adb #dj ---------------------------------------- ---- ,bol%]etsk1 #eb #ce #eb #dj #eb #edcb #eb #ea ,kam*atka #aee #bh #aee #cj #aef #cjcc #aef #ej ---------------------------------------- ---- ,upp] ,kam*atka #ed #aj #ec #dj #ed #bh -- -- settlem5t #aeg #aj #aef #cj #aef #ee -- -- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,l[] ,kam*atka #ee #df #ef #je #ef #bj #ef #ae settlem5t #aei #bh #aei #jj #aei #cj #afb #ae ---------------------------------------- ---- ,cape1 at ,kam*atka #ee #eb #ef #jj #ef #aj #ef #jj riv]-m\? #afb #je #aei #bj #afj #bj #afc #je ---------------------------------------- ---- ,cape ,?addeus #fa #ej #fb #je #fb #be #fb #ae 7,nav>97 #agf #je #aga #ad #age #bj #agi #jb ---------------------------------------- ---- ,we/ po9t1 entrance #fe #af #fe #ae #fe #cj #fe #bh ,holy ,cross ,bay #agi #dj #age #aj #agh #de #aha #ab ---------------------------------------- ---- ,m\? ( riv]1 ,holy #ff #jj #fe #de #ff #ae #ff #bb ,cross ,bay #agi #dj #age #jj #agh #ae #ahj #de ---------------------------------------- ---- ,transfiguration ,bay #fd #de #fd #be -- -- #fd #de 7ea/ entrance7 #ahe #ae #ahj #jj -- -- #ahe #ae ---------------------------------------- ---- ,cape ,*ukotski1 ( #fc #ee #fd #aj #fd #ce #fd #ad ,b]+ #ahf #ee #aha #aj #ahe #aj #ahf #ej ---------------------------------------- ---- ,n4 ,w4 po9t ,/4 #fc #ej #fd #jj #fd #ae #fc #ebbe ,lawr5ce ,id4 #ahg #jj #aha #bj #ahf #je #ahh #bg ---------------------------------------- ---- ,/4 ,demetrius ,id4 #fe #db #ff #jj -- -- #fe #ej 7,big ,diom$e7 #ahi #jebf #ahc #bjbf -- --#cd #aij #be ---------------------------------------- ---- ,ea/ ,cape ( ,asia #ff #dj #ff #cj #ff #de #ff #je #ahi #dj #ahd #jj #ahg #be #aij #cj ---------------------------------------- ---- ,b]+'s f>!/ n -- -- #ff #dece -- -- indicat$4 -- -- #ahg #be -- -- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,petropavlovsk1 #ec #aj #eb #ej #eb #eecf #ec #jb ,ava*a ,bay #afj #jb #aeh #ee #aeh #ac #aeh #cicj ---------------------------------------- ---- ,cape ,uskoi1 or #ej #ej #ea #bj #ea #bjcg #ej #eb ,lopatka#ca #aee #je #aef #jj #aeg #jj #aef #dg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,footnote #af3 ,?is column is tak5 directly f ,b>on ,kl9ck(/rm's manuscript copy ( ,b]+'s *>t4 ,footnote #ag3 ,date ( ,campbell's ,h>ris' ,voy41 #agdh2 date ( table ( positions1 #agbh2 fide ,campbell1 #ajba1 col4 #b4 ,footnote #ah3 ,! positions 9 ?is column are tak5 f ! mo/ rec5t *>ts ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,coa/ ,survey & ! ,u4 ,s4 & ,russian ,hydrographic bureaux4 ,footnote #ai3 ,campbell has #ih #cj' ,e4 ( ,tobolsk1 an error7871 = #ie #cj' 7#afb #cj' ,e4 ,gr474 ,b]+ omits ?is position4 ,footnote #bj3 ,campbell's confusion ( two entries is "h correct$ f ,b]+'s ,report4 ,footnote #ba3 ,confus$ ) prec$+ entry by ,campbell4 ,footnote #bb3 ,campbell's confusion "h correct$4 ,footnote #bc3 ,b]+ gives bo? ea/ & we/ po9ts ( entrance 9 8 table4 ,footnote #bd3 ,! s\!rn end ( ! cape is assum$ to be meant4 ,footnote #be3 ,u4 ,s4 ,coa/ ,survey1 #ahhj1 ,m>cus ,bak]1 obs]v]2 8 position is r$uc$ to ! ,n4 ,w4 extreme ( ! isl& by add+ #e' ( latitude & d$uct+ #cj' #ce 9 longitude4 ,see ,bull4 ,phil4 ,soc4 ( ,wa%+ton1 iv1 p4 #acc1 #ahhb1 & ,u4 ,s4 ,coa/ ,survey ,report = #ahhj1 ,app4 ,no4 #af4 ,footnote #bf3 ,/4 ,diomide on ! *>t4 ,footnote #bg3 ,! isl& is omitt$ by ,du ,halde & ,mll]1 b appe>s on ,campbell's v]sion ( ,b]+'s *>t4 ,footnote #bh3 ,campbell1 p4 #ajbd2 omitt$ by ,b]+ f 8 report4 ,footnote #bi3 ,campbell1 p4 #ajbb2 also ,b]+'s ,report4 ,footnote #cj3 ,lieut4 ,onatsevi* 9 ,report ,russ4 ,hydrographic (fice1 #ahgh4 ,footnote #ca3 ,oskoi 7error = ,ooskoi71 on mo/ e>ly *>ts2 sometimes ,osnoi 7error = ,uzhnois\!rn74 ,footnote #cb3 ,det]m9$ 9 #agda by ,krassilnik(f to be #eb #ee' & #aef #bd' ,e4 ,gr4 ,footnote #cc3 ,f ! *>t2 on p4 #aad ,mll] has #aef #aj'4 ,footnote #cd3 ,"n ,/4 ,deom$ on *>t1 b no isl& repres5t$4 ,footnote #ce3 ,f ,jeff]ys' copy ( ! *>t2 on p4 #dg ( text ,n4 ,lat4 #fg #ah' appe>s b no longitude is giv54 ,footnote #cf3 ,f ! *>t2 on p4 #aad ( text x is giv5 z #ec #ja' #de4 ,krassilnik(f 7see note #cb71 made x ,n4 ,lat4 #ec #ja' & #aeh #aj' ,e4 ,lon4 f ,gre5wi*1 f eclipses ( ,jupit]'s satellites4 ,footnote #cg3 ,f ! *>t2 ! text1 p4 #aad1 makes x #ea #jc'4 ,,resum ,,( ,,! ,,results4 ,b]+ _h br\ght a p>ty1 toge!r ) supplies & mat]ial1 ov] ! r\gh & difficult b long-travel$ r\tes to ,okhotsk4 ,:]ev] he w5t he f\nd settlem5ts & roads su* z !y 74 ,he transport$ 8 mat]ial to ,bol%]etsk & f !re across ! p59sula to ,l[] ,kam*atka settlem5t4 ,x w\ld h be5 mu* easi] & %ort] to h d\bl$ ! p59sula & tak5 8 /ores by sea2 "o ( 8 p>ty _h already explor$ ! /raits ne> ,cape ,lopatka1 b !re 0 ! *ance ( disa/] 9 ?is plan &1 ) 8 /ores on t]ra firma1 ,b]+ _c be blam$ = tak+ ! l& r\te2 especially z ! difficulties w\ld n inconv5i5ce him p]sonally4 ,he succe$$ 9 gett+ 8 /ores & %ipwrights to ! place designat$ & !re prep>$ himself = ! voyage4 ,9 all ?is !re 0 difficulty & tr\ble en\gh ( a c]ta9 k9d4 ,t x all 0 surm\nt$ ) success is v cr$itable to ,b]+ & 8 (fic]s4 ,b to call x exceptionally h]oic or extraord9>y1 is to =get ! hundr$s ( o!rs :o prec$$ ,b]+1 )\t ! /rong arm ( ! gov]nm5t at _! backs1 :o made ! trails he foll[$1 :o f\nd$ ! settlem5ts at :i* he re/$1 :o rais$ ! dogs1 ! horses & ! cattle :i* 7 us$ or consum$ by 8 p>ty4 ,:atev] praise we may feel due to ,b]+ & 8 companions1 & x is c]ta9ly no /9t$ all[ance1 ! appreciation ( _! /ruggles _c fail to include ) ju/ice1 ! /ill m rem>kable & ne>ly =gott5 pione] labors ( ! undaunt$ ,sib]iaks1 :o pav$ ! way1 n only = ,b]+'s we>y j\rney1 b = ! sl[ yet nev] ceas+ m>* ( civilization4 ,aft] leav+ port ,b]+ trac$ ! %ores ( ,kam*atka & ea/]n ,sib]ia z f> z ,ea/ ,cape4 ,!nce he sail$ 9 a nor!a/]ly direction4 ,at #c ,p4,m41 ,aug4 #ad?1 l& 0 se5 a/]n2 ! vessel cont9u$ 9 ! same direction until #c ,p4,m4 ! next aft]noon1 hav+1 at mo/1 sail$ ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs out ( sight ( l& b 9 %all[ wat]4 ,b]+ !n conclud$ he _h gone f> en\gh to %[ ! sep>ation ( ,asia f ,am]ica1 or any l& to ! ea/w>d4 ,no d\bt he 0 influ5c$ by ! te/imony ( ! resid5ts ( ,kam*atka :o knew ! "w :i* _h be5 p]=m$ 9 ?is region by ,de%neff & o!rs1 & also by ! fact t ! native te/imony all po9t$ ! same way4 ,if he 0 conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( ?is te/imony he w\ld h be5 dispos$ to accept z conclusive evid5ce :i* w\ld n be s reg>d$ by critics4 ,all ! evid5ce %[s ,b]+ z fai?ful to ! lett] ( 8 ord]s1 hone/1 pati5t ) ! ill-do+ or insubord9ation ( o!rs1 b p]fectly satisfi$ ) ! accompli%m5t ( :at he _h be5 specifically direct$ to p]=m1 & ) a t5d5cy to limit ! specifications to ! n>r[e/ con/ruction !y w\ld be>4 ,he adv5tur$ no?+ beyond4 ,9 ! arbitr>y gov]nm5t "u :i* he s]v$1 ) ! viol5t competition betwe5 =eign (fic]s 9 ! ,russian s]vice = promotion 9 rank & pay1 :o c criticise him = ! prud5ce & caution :i* kept him well )9 8 in/ructions8 ,i c]ta9ly d n4 ,b to say t he 0 a cauti\s1 prud5t & sagaci\s (fic]1 is a diff]5t ?+ f ass]t+ he 0 a d>+1 adv5tur\s & h]oic explor]4 ,i h n be5 able to discov] any?+ 9 8 c>e] ju/ify+ ! latt] e/imate ( 8 "*4 ,at all ev5ts 9 ! pres5t case x mu/ 9 "t h occurr$ to him1 or h be5 sugge/$ by 8 (fic]s or by ! ,kam*atkans aft] 8 return t ! m]e sail+ (f %ore 9 admitt$ly %all[ wat] = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 0 n an absolutely conclusive pro( t ! cont95ts 7 sep>at$4 ,"h 0 a man ) a new vessel1 a full crew1 a ye>'s provisions = all h&s1 :o has come half ar\nd ! globe1 tak+ ?ree & a half ye>s to d x1 build+ %ips & at no end ( labor ( "o sort & ano!r2 all ?is to get into ! region :]e !re is a "q to be answ]$2 & :5 he gets !re he b>ely gives tw5ty-f\r h\rs to se>*+ = t answ] ) a mon? ( ! season /ill available = "w2 & !n />ts = home )\t settl+ ! "q2 ) a "r conclusion1 x is true1 b n ( 8 own discov]y1 & )\t secur+ def9ite pro( to defy critics4 ,leav+ out ( acc\nt ! cont95t )9 half a day's sail :i* he fairly ran away f1 ignorantly1 :]e is !re any?+ adv5tur\s1 d>+ or h]oic 9 su* conduct8 ,x is evid5t t if ,b]+ _h sail$ along ! coa/ :i* ! ,*uk*is said ext5d$ to ! we/w>d1 in/ead ( go+ (f %ore1 away f x1 he w\ld h confirm$ t "p ( _! te/imony1 & giv5 high probability to ! assumption ( _! correctness 9 ! re/4 ,z x 01 he left ! "q 9 a /ate s unsettl$ z to be a subject ( debate = ne>ly half a c5tury2 ev5 au?orities s fri5dly z ,dr4 ,campbell assum+ ) great confid5ce t ,b]+'s conclusions z to ! sep>ation ( ! two cont95ts 7 errone\s4 ,x 0 n until ! voyages ( ,capta9 ,cook & 8 associates 7 giv5 to ! _w 9 #aghd t ! matt] 0 settl$ beyond controv]sy4 ,ev5 9 reg>d to ! details ( 8 voyage x 0 only ?r\gh ,b]gh's publication ( ,*apl9's logbook ( ! voyage 9 #ahbc1 t ! public 7 in=m$ z to :at ,b]+ did1 & x 0 only 9 #ahdg t ! unmutilat$1 b /ill ambigu\s ,report ( #agcj 0 accessible ev5 9 ,russian typography4 ,we f9d t all ! au?orities :o publi%$ 9 ! la/ c5tury copies ( ,b]+'s map & acc\nts ( 8 exp$ition arriv$ at :at ,laurids5 calls an int]e/+ misund]/&+4 ,?is misund]/&+ 0 t he _h sail$ along ! ,*uk*i coa/1 z above sugge/$1 & t 8 f>!/ po9t 0 9 latitude #fg #ah' on ! coa/ ( nor!a/]n ,sib]ia4 ,h[ 0 x possible t m5 ( su* exceptional intellig5ce z ,du ,halde & ,d',anville & ,mll]1 & ,hazius1 & ,eul] & ,campbell 7 all s deceiv$8 ,! facts are z foll[s3 7#a7 ,! v]batim ,report ( ! voyage1 ! logbook ( ! exp$ition1 ,b]+'s *>t 9 its entirety1 7 inaccessible to ! public = _m ye>s2 ! *>t has nev] be5 fully engrav$ = publication4 7#b7 ,! fragm5ts ( ! ,report :i* 7 circulat$ 9 pr9t 7 ambigu\s 9 _! language or errone\sly modifi$2 :ile ! publi%$ r$uctions ( ! *>t :i* got into pr9t 7 mislead+1 or ev5 errone\s4 7#c7 ,two conflict+ v]sions ( ! manuscript *>t 7 circulat$ & appe> to h be5 (ficially s5t out4 ,t :i* appe>s to be ! lat] ( ! two is 9 "s details q errone\s & at v>iance ) ,b]+'s report z pr9t$ & ) ! facts d]iv$ f ,*apl9's logbook1 ^! two con/itut+ ! only au!ntic orig9al in=mation :i* has yet rea*$ ! public 9 pr9t$ =m4 ,b ^! two s\rces ( correct data ab\t ! exp$ition 7 n pr9t$ until long aft] ! *>ts _h be5 widely circulat$1 :ile ! extracts f ! ,report :i* appe>$ 9 pr9t1 ev5 "u s fri5dly an editor z ,dr4 ,campbell 7 s modifi$ z to support r ?an expose ! orig9al error4 ,h[ ?is arose !re may be some?+ 9 ! ,russian ar*ives to expla91 or1 if n1 ! case seems insoluble4 ,:atev] conclusion "o arrives at1 x is difficult to acquit ,b]+ ( all responsibility = ! misconception1 if1 z ,laurids5 claims1 he 0 responsible = ! *>t ( ,du ,halde 9 ! =m x 0 engrav$4 ,9 8 report he /ates t _! nor!rnmo/ latitude 0 #fg #ah'1 t all along ! seacoa/ to ?is place w9d elevat$ m\nta9s4 ,on turn+ to ! ,du ,halde *>t we f9d ! range ( m\nta9s cont9u$ along ! ,*uk*i coa/ until x rea*es ! latitude ( #fg #ah' :]e x /ops4 ,if ,b]+ drew ! *>t s1 x w\ld h be5 deception1 b x is q z probable t ! editor modifi$ ! *>t 9 engrav+ x1 to correspond to 8 und]/&+ ( ,b]+'s ambiguity4 ,z ?is w\ld pres5t no?+ que/ionable to ! read]1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! details omitt$ by ,b]+1 x w\ld h be5 no?+ surpris+ if ,campbell's int]polation ( a false longitude = ,l[] ,kam*atka1 9 8 li/ ( positions1 might h be51 n a typographical error1 b an attempt to make ! position agree ) ?is errone\s assumption4 ,if x 0 a pure accid5t1 ! co9cid5ce is extraord9>y4 ,( c\rse ,b]+ nev] 0 on ?is coa/ b ,du ,halde's map is s engrav$ z to lead directly to ! false inf]5ce t he _h be54 ,aga9 ,b]+ says 9 8 ,report t at 8 turn+ po9t ! l& no long] ext5d$ to ! nor? & t no project+ po9ts c\ld be obs]v$ 9 any direction4 ,s9ce he _h delib]ately sail$ away f ! %ores )\t attempt+ to foll[ _! tr5d ?is obs]vation w\ld be absurd unless we suppose x address$ to a read] :o took x = grant$ t ! vessel 0 /ill skirt+ ! coa/4 ,!re is no m5tion 9 8 ,report ( ! fact t he _h sail$ away f ! coa/1 nor ( ! /ill m important fact t ! s\nd+s %[$ t ! wat] 0 comp>atively %all[ & discolor$4 ,( c\rse 9 ! abs5ce ( direct pro( ( ! sep>ation ( ,asia & ,am]ica ?is la/ evid5ce w\ld t5d to indicate t ,b]+ 0 only 9 a bay or %all[ arm ( ! sea & t he suppress$ x %[s1 if n a want ( c&or1 at lea/ an injudici\s retic5ce4 ,! map = ! day :5 x 0 made 79 ! e>li] v]sion7 0 a good "o1 & is appropriately prais$ by ,cook1 :o _h a copy ( ,campbell's ,h>ris on 8 vessel :5 explor+ 9 ! same region fifty ye>s lat]4 ,9 8 report ( ! trip ea/w>d f ,kam*atka 9 #agbi1 ,b]+ says no?+ ab\t ! wea!r be+ foggy or /ormy1 b m]ely ass]ts t he sail$ ne>ly #bjj v]/s & saw no trace ( l&4 ,he leaves x to be inf]r$ t he c\ld h se5 l& if x _h be5 !re to see1 :i* if ! wea!r 0 foggy 0 n true4 ,! impression :i* ^! facts leave ^u ! m9d is t ,b]+ did c]ta9ly frame 8 language s z to convey ! idea t 8 evid5ce ( ! sep>ation ( ! two cont95ts & ( ! abs5ce ( l& ea/w>d f ,kam*atka 0 m conclusive ?an x 0 9 reality4 ,t ?is 0 done to avoid criticism seems a natural inf]5ce4 ,t an exam9ation ( 8 li/ ( positions w\ld h %[n ! location ( ! po9t :5ce he turn$ back to be to ! ea/w>d ( ! ea/]nmo/ ( 8 report$ l& is true1 b 8 li/ ( positions 0 n publi%$ ) 8 report1 does n agree ) 8 maps1 & :5 publi%$ by ,campbell 0 g>bl$1 z ,i h %[n4 ,t ! tru?1 h[ev]1 did get out & t criticism 0 n successfully avoid$1 is a matt] ( hi/ory4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ,b]+'s anxiety to und]take ! second exp$ition1 :i* foll[$1 0 /imulat$ by a desire to set ^! criticisms 7:i* w\ld naturally be magnifi$ by 8 enemies7 f9ally at re/4 ,x may be sugge/$ t ,b]+'s report 0 modifi$ by ! au?orities1 ?\gh :y !y %\ld make ^! p>ticul> modifications is n v evid5t4 ,b]+ 0 ! only p]son :o c\ld pr(it by !m & ! natural conclusion is t he %\ld be held responsible4 ,9 po9t+ out t "s ( ,b]+'s acts are vuln]able to criticism ,i am f> f desir+ to sully 8 memory or give ! idea t he 0 n entitl$ to great praise = :at he accompli%$1 mu* ( :i* 0 admirably done4 ,i wi% m]ely to apply a g5tle corrective to ! exagg]at$ & injuri\s flatt]y & undiscrim9at+ praise :i* has be5 injudici\sly indulg$ 9 by 8 late/ biograph]4 ,if ! int]e/ 9 ! subject be /imulat$ by discussion f ^! oppos+ po9ts ( view1 s z to result 9 ! publication ( "s ( ! mat]ial /ill hidd5 9 ! ,russian ar*ives ,i %all be m ?an repaid = ! "t ,i h devot$ to ! "q1 ev5 if ! publication ( ! orig9al data %\ld %[ "s ( my conclusions to be ill f\nd$ or errone\s4 ,note--,! reception ( ! orig9al "w ( ,b]gh :ile read+ ! pro(s ( ^! pages has enabl$ me to correct sev]al errors ( previ\s writ]s1 b x 0 too late to incorporate "h ! additional mat]ial :i* ,b]gh's "w af=ds4 ,?is w enable me to add1 9 a future publication1 "s hi/orical data :i* h nev] appe>$ 9 ,engli% & :i* are necess>y to complete ! record4 ,i desire 9 ?is place to express my gratitude = & appreciation ( ! lib]ality ( ! au?orities ( t anci5t seat ( le>n+1 ! ,univ]sity ( ,upsala1 z exhibit$ 9 _! will+ness to s5d su* a valuable docum5t to a =eign /ud5t half ar\nd ! _w = purposes ( hi/orical rese>*4 ,,supplem5t>y ,,note ,,by ,,m>cus ,,bak]4 ,,on ,,! ,,alleg$ ,,obs]vation ,,( ,a ,,lun> ,,eclipse ,,by ,,b]+ ,,9 #agbh-i4 ,b]+ 0 9 ,ea/]n ,sib]ia1 ,kam*atka & ! adjac5t wat]s 9 #agbh & #agbi4 ,c\ld he h obs]v$ a lun> eclipse !re at t "t8 ,accord+ to ! ephem]is ( ,manfr$#a publi%$ at ,bonn 9 #agbe !re 7 two p>tial eclipses ( ! moon visible 9 ,europe 9 #agbh1 & two total eclipses ( ! moon 9 #agbi4 ,footnote #a3 ,manfr$ius 7,eu/a*ius74 ,novissimae ephem]ides motuum coele/ium e ,cass9ianis tabulis ad m]idianum ,bononiae supputatae auctoribus ,eu/a*io ,manfr$io 7etc47 ,tomus #a4 ex anno #agbf 9 annum #agcg 7etc47 #d ,bononiae1 ,,mdccxxv4 ,9 reg>d to ^! f\r eclipses ! ephem]is furni%es ! foll[+ data3 #agbh1 #agbh1 #agbi1 #agbi1 ,feb4 #bd4 ,aug4 #ai4 ,feb4 #ac4 ,aug4 #h4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,eclipse beg9s #ah;h #cbm #d;h #jgm #g;h #dem #ab;h #jbm ,total imm]sion -- -- -- -- #h #df #ac #jb ,middle ( eclipse #bj #j #e #ce #i #ce #ac #eb ,em]sion beg9s -- -- -- -- #aj #bd #ad #db ,eclipse ends #ba #bi #g #jc #aa #be #ae #db ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,digits eclips$ #i #ea ,s4 #g #de ,n4 #ai #df #ai #dd ,s4 ,sun rises #ah #cf -- -- -- -- -- -- ,sun sets -- -- #f #di -- -- -- -- ,eclipse ,p>tial ,p>tial ,total ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,sun's decl9ation -#i #ch' #ab #db' -#ac #af' #af #ji' h\rly motion #j4i - #j4h #j4h - #j4g ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,9 ?is table ! cal5d> is ,gregorian1 ! "t is app>5t or true sun "t1 ! day is reckon$ f noon & ! h\rs are c\nt$ cont9u\sly ?r\gh ! entire #bd4 ,! pres5t obs]vatory 9 ,bonn is 9 ,latitude #ej #dc' #de ,n4 ,longitude #j;h #bhm #bcs ,e4 f ,gre5wi*4 ,at ! date ( ! fir/ eclipse ,b]+ 0 on 8 way across ! s\!rn end ( ,kam*atka f ,bol%]etsk to ,l[] ,kam*atka4 ,?is w\ld make 8 position some:]e ne> latitude #ee ,n4 & longitude #afj or #aj;h #djm ,e4 f ,gre5wi*4 ,he 0 !re=e #aj;h #abm ea/ ( ,bonn = :i* we h ! elem5ts ( ?is eclipse z comput$ by ,manfr$4 ,) ?is data toge!r ) ! latitude & sun's decl9ation we h ! foll[+ data = ! eclipse 9 ! region :]e ,b]+ 04 ,beg9n+ ( eclipse #d;h #ddm ,middle ( eclipse #f #ab ,end ( eclipse #g #da ,sun sets #e #jg ,?is means t ! sun set1 be>+ ab\t ,w4 by ,s4 ,s41 & ! moon rose 9 p>tial eclipse1 be>+ ab\t ,e4 by ,n4 ,n41 at #e;h #jgm aft] app>5t noon or #bc m9utes aft] ! eclipse _h begun4 ,! eclipse la/$ = #b;h #cdm aft] sunset1 or until #g;h #dam 9 ! ev5+1 ?us r5d]+ obs]vation ( ! la/ contact pla9ly visible4 ,at ! date ( ! second eclipse ( #agbh1 ,augu/ #ai1 ,b]+ 0 at sea some:]e 9 ! vic9ity ( ! /rait :i* be>s 8 "n4 ,assum+ 8 position to h be5 latitude #fe ,n4 & longitude #ahh or #ab;h #cbm ,e4 f ,gre5wi*1 equal to #ab;h #jdm ,e4 f ,bonn1 & z be=e tak+ ! data f ,manfr$'s ephem]is we h z foll[s3 ,beg9n+ ( eclipse #af;h #aam ,middle ( eclipse #ag #ci ,end ( eclipse #ai #jg ,sun rises #af #jd ,x ?us appe>s t ! fir/ contact ( ?is p>tial eclipse ( ! nor!rn limb ( ! moon may h be5 j b>ely visible to ,b]+4 ,! moon be>+ ab\t ,,sw4 by ,w4 0 ent]+ ! e>?'s %ad[ ab\t five m9utes be=e ! sun's ris+ & its own sett+4 ,if mu* importance atta*es to det]m9+ ! possibility to ,b]+ ( obs]v+ ?is eclipse !n a m precise calculation is ne$ful4 ,at ! date ( ! fir/ lun> eclipse ( #agbi1 ,febru>y #ac1 ,b]+ 0 at ,l[] ,kam*atka1 9 latitude #ef #jc' ,n4 & longitude #afb #ae' or #aj;h #dim ,e4 f ,gre5wi* equal to #aj;h #bam ,e4 f ,bonn4 ,= ?is place we h f ,manfr$3 ,eclipse beg9s #ah;h #jfm ,total imm]sion #ai #jg ,middle ( eclipse #ai #ef ,em]sion beg9s #bj #de ,eclipse ends #ba #df ---------- ,sun rises #ai;h #bam ,?us x appe>s t ?is total & almo/ c5tral eclipse ( ! moon la/+ #c;h #djm began at ,b]+'s /ation #a;h & #aem be=e sunrise ( ,febru>y #ad1 ! total imm]sion occurr+ #ad m9utes be=e sunrise4 ,x is manife/1 !re=e1 t ,b]+ might h obs]v$ ?is eclipse4 ,! second lun> eclipse ( #agbi occurr$ ,augu/ #h1 :5 ,b]+ 0 9 or ne> ,okhotsk & ab\t return+ to ,europe4 ,we may assume 8 position to h be5 latitude #ei #bj' ,n4 & longitude #adb #dj' or #i;h #cam ,e4 f ,gre5wi*1 equal to #i;h #jcm ,e4 f ,bonn4 ,?is eclipse 0 also total & almo/ c5tral1 b at ,b]+'s /ation 0 :olly invisible1 beg9n+ at #i;h #jem ,a4,m4 & end+ at #ab;h #dem ,p4,m4