,vol4 ,,ii4 ,no4 #b4 ,,the ,,national ,,geographic ,,magazine4 ,,published ,,by ,,the ,,national ,,geographic ,,society4 ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,price #ej ,cents4 ,,contents4 ,the ,rivers of ,northern ,new ,jersey1 with notes on the classification of rivers in general3 ,william ,morris ,davis 7,with seven illustrations47 ,a ,critical ,review of ,bering's ,first ,expedition1 #agbe-cj1 together with a translation of his original ,report upon it3 ,dr4 ,wm4 ,h4 ,dall 7,illustrated by one map47 ,supplementary note on the alleged observation of a ,lunar ,eclipse by ,bering in #agbh-i3 ,marcus ,baker ,published ,may1 #ahij4 ,,press ,,of ,,tuttle1 ,,morehouse ,,taylor1 ,,new ,,haven1 ,,conn4 ,,the ,,national ,,geographic ,,magazine4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 #ahij4 ,no4 #b4 ,,the ,,rivers ,,of ,,northern ,,new ,,jersey1 ,,with ,,notes ,,on ,,the ,,classification ,,of ,,rivers ,,in ,,general4 ,,by ,,william ,,morris ,,davis4 ,,outline4--,rivers of different kinds3 consequent1 antecedent1 superimposed1 subsequent1 adjusted4--,topography of ,northern ,new ,jersey4--,revived and superimposed rivers in ,new ,jersey4--,drainage of the ,watchung crescent4--,re-arrangement of superimposed rivers by the growth of subsequent streams4--,application of this principle to the ,green river in the ,uinta mountains3 ,powell's and ,emmons' theories4--,the ,green river probably superimposed and its branches re-arranged by the growth of subsequent streams4--,anaclinal and reversed rivers in ,new ,jersey4 ,northern ,new ,jersey is drained by several streams which rise in the ,archean ,highlands1 flow southeastward across the central ,triassic plain and reach the sea near the inland margin of the ,cretaceous formation4 ,what kinds of rivers are these8 ,such a question can hardly be answered until we have examined rivers in many parts of the world1 gaining material for a general history of rivers by induction from as large as possible a variety of examples2 and until we have deduced from our generalizations a series of critical features sufficient to serve for the detection of rivers of different kinds wherever found4 ,the generalizations here referred to may be presented in the form of a classification1 following the ideas of ,powell1 ,gilbert1 ,heim1 ,lwl and others1 as follows3 ,consequent rivers4--,those that have in their birth1 at the time of their original establishment on the country which they drain1 selected courses in accordance with the constructional slopes of the surface2 for example1 the ,red ,river of the ,north and such of its branches as flow on the even surface of the lacustrine plain of ,lake ,agassiz2 the several streams that drain the broken lava blocks of ,southern ,oregon2 certain streams and rivers of the ,jura that drain the synclinal troughs of those mountains4 ,consequent streams may be divided into definite and indefinite groups4 ,definite consequent streams are those that follow well defined constructional channels1 such as the axial line of a synclinal trough1 or the lowest point of an anticlinal arch between two synclinal basins2 they are defined in location as well as in direction4 ,indefinite consequent streams are those that flow down constructional slopes1 such as the flanks of an anticline1 but whose precise location depends on those minor inequalities of surface that we term accidental2 they are defined in direction but not in location2 and they are as a rule branches of definite consequent streams4 ,antecedent rivers4--,those that during and for a time after a disturbance of their drainage area maintain the courses that they had taken before the disturbance4 ,in ,powell's original definition of this class of rivers1 he said that the valleys of the ,uinta mountains are occupied by drainage that was established antecedent to the corrugation or displacement of the beds by faulting or folding4#a ,no limit is set to the amount of corrugation or displacement or to the strength of the faulting or folding4 ,it therefore seems advisable to consider what variations there may be from the strongly marked antecedent type2 one extreme being in those cases where the displacement was a minimum and the perseverance of the streams a maximum1 the other where the displacement was a maximum and the successful perseverance of the streams a minimum1 or zero4 ,the simplest examples of antecedent rivers are therefore found in regions that have been broadly elevated with the gentlest changes of slope1 so as to enter a new cycle of topographic development1 all the streams retaining their previous courses1 but gaining ability to deepen their former channels down to the new baselevel2 such streams may be called revived4 ,examples of revived streams are very common2 nearly all the streams of the ,highlands of ,new ,jersey are of this kind2 all the streams of central and western ,pennsylvania seem to belong in the same class4 ,from these simple and common examples1 we shall some day1 when our knowledge of rivers is better developed1 be able to form a complete series leading to what is generally understood as the typical antecedent river1 which has outlived deformation as well as elevation without suffering either deflection or ponding4 ,large rivers of strong slope1 well enclosed in steep-sided valleys1 or in other words vigorous adolescent rivers have the best opportunity to persist across a belt of rising or writhing country1#b because a great deformation would be required to throw them from their courses4 ,small streams or large ones of faint slope in an open low country are more easily deflected4 ,from the typical antecedent river1 the series may be continued by examples in which even the larger streams are less or more ponded or deflected by the deformation1 until at the end of the series there is a complete extinction of the antecedent drainage and the establishment of an entirely original consequent drainage4 ,the perfectly typical antecedent river1 in the middle of this series1 is certainly of rare occurrence1 and is perhaps unknown4 ,footnote #a3 ,colorado river of the ,west1 #afc4 ,footnote #b3 ,stur's expression ,gebirgshub oder ,gebirgschub suggested to me the terms here employed4 ,consequent streams1 whose course is taken on a relatively thin1 unconformably overlying mass1 for a time preserve their initial courses1 even though they may be quite out of accord with the underlying structures on which they have descended4 ,such streams were first recognized by ,marvine1 and afterwards named superimposed1 inherited or epigenetic by various authors4 ,a full collection of examples of this class should begin with streams that depart from true consequent courses only locally1 where they have discovered a small portion of the underlying formation1 like the ,merrimack at ,manchester and other water-power towns of ,new ,hampshire1 where the stream has sunk upon rocky ledges beneath the surface drift and sands2 or like the ,mississippi and other rivers in ,minnesota which have in places cut through the drift sheet to the underlying crystallines4 ,the series would conclude with streams that have stripped off the cover on which they were consequent1 and have thus become superimposed on the underlying formation in their whole length4 ,there is a curious intermediate type of drainage lately recognized by ,mc,gee in the southern states1 a superimposed drainage that is not inconsequent upon the buried surface beneath the unconformably overlying surface layer4 ,it occurs in regions where a well-marked drainage had been established2 a brief submergence then allowed the deposition of a relatively thin mask of sediments2 an elevation brought the masked surface up again1 and as it rose1 the streams took possession of lines essentially identical with the courses of their ancestors1 because the mask of newer deposits had not extinguished the antecedent topography4 ,mc,gee proposes to call such streams resurrected4 ,rivers of all classes as a rule develop during their adolescence and more mature growth certain subsequent branches that were not in any way represented in the early youth of the system4 ,thus the indefinite members of the consequent drainage of the ,jura mountains have developed subsequent streams on soft beds of monoclinal and anticlinal structures1 where there could not possibly have been any consequent drainage lines at the birth of this system1 unless we admit the supposed fracturing of the anticlinal crests1 which seems unnecessary to say the least4 ,even in the simplest style of drainage1 growing on a level surface1 many of the branches must be subsequent1 or as ,mc,gee has called them in such cases1 autogenetic4 ,rivers of all classes are subject to spontaneous re-arrangement or adjustment of their courses to a greater or less extent1 in accordance with the weaker structural lines4 ,this results from the migration of divides and the consequent abstraction or capture of one stream by another4 ,the capture is generally made by the headward development of some subsequent branch4 ,but after this kind of change has advanced to a certain extent1 the divides become stable1 and further change ceases4 ,the rivers may then be said to be maturely adjusted4 ,under certain conditions1 chiefly great initial altitude of surface1 and great diversity of structure1 that is1 in mountainous regions1 the changes arising from adjustments of this spontaneous kind are very great1 so that the courses of a river's middle age may have little resemblance to those of its youth1 as ,lwl has pointed out and as ,i have tried to show in the case of the ,pennsylvanian rivers4 ,it may be difficult to recognize in such cases whether the youthful courses of a river system were consequent1 antecedent or superimposed4 ,adjustments of this kind were not discussed by ,powell1 although he makes brief mention of what ,i have called subsequent streams4 ,the first appreciation that ,i gained of river adjustments came from the writings of ,lwl2 but ,i have since found that the general principles governing their opportunity were stated by ,gilbert in his monograph on the ,henry ,mountains of ,utah 7pp4 #ada1 #adi71 and by ,heim in his ,mechanismus der ,gebirgsbildung 7i1 #bgb1 etc41 ii1 #gi1 #cbj74 ,where do the rivers of northern ,new ,jersey stand in this general scheme of river classification8 ,we must again postpone the answer to the question1 while reviewing the history of the general geographical development of the region4#c ,footnote #c3 ,the more detailed statement of this history may be found in an essay prepared by the author with the collaboration of ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,wood1 ,jr41 of the class of #ahhh in ,harvard ,college1 the study being undertaken as a joint thesis by instructor and student in a second course in ,physical ,geography4 ,the essay is published in the ,proceedings of the ,boston ,society of ,natural ,history1 #ahhi4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,the topography of northern ,new ,jersey may be briefly described as made up of valleys and lowlands that have been etched in the now elevated surface of what may be called the ,schooley peneplain on the ,cretaceous baselevel4 ,the topographical atlas of ,new ,jersey should be constantly referred to1 in order to follow such a statement as this2 but in order that the reader may without undue difficulty apprehend the meaning of my descriptions and recognize the various localities yet to be named without the trouble of searching for them on the maps of the atlas1 ,i have attempted to draw a generalized bird's eye view of northern ,new ,jersey1 as it would be seen by an observer about seventy miles vertically above the center of southern ,new ,jersey4 ,the meridians are vertical and east and west lines are horizontal1 but oblique azimuths are foreshortened4 ,the result is hardly more than a geographical caricature1 and ,i publish it in part to experiment upon the usefulness of so imperfect an effort4 ,an active imagination may perceive the long even crest line of ,kittatinny ,mountain on the northwest1 rising beyond the rolling floor of the ,kittatinny ,valley1 as the great ,alleghany limestone lowland is here called2 then come the ,highland plateaus1 of accordant altitude one with another1 but without the mesa-like margin that my pen has not known how to avoid indicating4 ,the ,central plain lies in the foreground1 diversified by the various trap ridges that rise above its surface2 ,first and ,second mountains of the double ,watchung crescent near the ,highlands2 ,sourland ,mountain in the southwest2 and ,rocky ,hill1 the southwestern re-appearance of the ,palisades intrusive trap sheet1 lying a little nearer to us4 ,the ,central plain is also diversified by the ,fall-line1 a slight but rather distinct break in its surface from ,trenton 7,tr47 on the ,delaware to a little below ,new ,brunswick 7,n4 ,b47 on the ,raritan4 ,the important drainage lines are3 the ,delaware1 forming the western boundary of the ,state1 trenching ,kittatinny ,mountain at the ,water ,gap1 cutting a deep transverse valley through the ,highlands where it receives longitudinal branches1 and a shallower trench across the ,kittatinny lowland and the ,central plain2 the ,raritan1 whose north and south branches head in the ,highlands1 while the ,millstone joins it from south of the fall-line1 cutting through ,rocky ,hill near ,princeton 7,pr47 on the way2 and the ,pequannock-,passaic1 rising in the ,highlands1 gathering tributaries in the low basin behind the ,watchung ridges1 and escaping to the front country as a single stream1 the ,passaic1 through deep gaps at ,patterson4 ,the terminal moraine1 marking the furthest advance of the second glacial invasion of post-tertiary time1 is indicated by an irregular dotted band crossing the ,state1 from the ,narrows of ,new ,york ,bay1 which it defines1 on the east1 passing over ,second ,mountain by the gap at ,summit 7,s71 rising midway in the ,highlands over ,schooley ,mountain1 and traversed by the ,delaware at ,belvidere 7,b74 ,the ,schooley peneplain is indicated by the crest and summit altitudes of ,kittatinny ,mountain1 the ,highland plateaus and the trap ridges4 ,this peneplain once lay low and essentially horizontal1 the practically completed work of the processes of denudation acting on a previously high land through a long period of time3 it is now lifted and tilted1 so that its inland portion rises to the height of the ,highlands1 which are its remnants1 while its seaward portion descends slowly beneath a cover of unconformable ,cretaceous beds1 southeast of the fall-line1 and thus hidden sinks gently beneath the ,atlantic shore4 ,the cover of ,cretaceous sediments was laid on the southeastern part of the old peneplain during a moderate submergence of its seaward portion1 before the elevation and tilting above mentioned 7fig4 #b1 below74 ,much of the cover has been worn away since the time of elevation 7figs4 #c-f1 below71 which gave opportunity for the opening of deep valleys on the soft limestones and slates among the hard crystalline rocks of the ,highlands2 and for the production of the broad ,kittatinny ,valley lowland or peneplain on the wide belt of limestones beyond the ,highlands2 and furthermore for the development of a broad baselevelled plain on the weak ,triassic shales and sandstones1 where the old peneplain has been almost entirely destroyed4 ,the ,cretaceous cover remains only near the coast1 where it stood too low to be attacked while the valleys and lowlands just described were carved out4 ,an interesting peculiarity in the relation between the newer baselevel plain on the ,triassic area and the old ,cretaceous peneplain is that their surfaces mutually intersect at a small angle along the line which now marks the visible contact between the ,triassic and ,cretaceous formations3 the newer plain standing beneath the eroded portion of the older one northwest of this line1 while it rises above the buried part of the older one and obliquely truncates its ,cretaceous cover to the southeast of the line4 ,finally1 the land as a whole has been raised a little since the making of the newer plain1 and shallow valleys interrupt its broad surface4 ,it is no longer a true plain2 it has become a pastplain4 ,a few words may be allowed me concerning these terms1 peneplain and pastplain4 ,given sufficient time for the action of denuding forces on a mass of land standing fixed with reference to a constant baselevel1 and it must be worn down so low and so smooth1 that it would fully deserve the name of plain4 ,but it is very unusual for a mass of land to maintain a fixed position as long as is here assumed4 ,many instances might be quoted of regions which have stood still so long that their surface is almost reduced to its ultimate form2 but the truly ultimate stage is seldom reached4 ,we can select regions in which the valley lowlands have become broad and flat1 the intermediate doab hills have wasted away lower and lower until they are reduced to forms of insignificant relief2 and yet the surface still does not deserve the name of plain as unqualifiedly as do those young lands newly born from seas or lakes in which their geometrically level surfaces were formed4 ,i have therefore elsewhere suggested#d that an old region1 nearly baselevelled1 should be called an almost-plain2 that is1 a peneplain4 ,footnote #d3 ,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 xxxvii1 #ahhi1 #dcj4 ,on the other hand1 an old baselevelled region1 either a peneplain or a truly ultimate plain1 will1 when thrown by elevation into a new cycle of development1 depart by greater and greater degrees from its simple featureless form1 as young narrow valleys are sunk beneath its surface by its revived streams4 ,it therefore no longer fully deserves the name that was properly applicable before its elevation4 ,it must not again be called a peneplain1 for it is now not approaching and almost attaining a smooth surface1 but is becoming rougher and rougher4 ,it has passed beyond the stage of minimum relief1 and this significant fact deserves implication1 at least1 in a name4 ,i would therefore call such a region a pastplain4 ,the area of the weak ,triassic shales was1 until its late elevation1 as good an example of an ultimate baselevelled plain as any that ,i have found2 but now it is a pastplain1 as any one may see while traveling across it on the train3 its doabs are broad and continuous1 and its valleys are relatively narrow and shallow4 ,the ,kittatinny lowland is intersected by streams whose valleys sink below its generally even1 gently rolling surface2 but it was never so smooth as the ,triassic plain4 ,it was only a peneplain1 and it is now a roughened peneplain4 ,perhaps the more adventurous terminologist will call it a past-peneplain2 but ,i dare not venture quite so far as that4 ,when the ,highlands were lowlands1 their surface well deserved the name of peneplain2 but they were lifted so long ago into so high a position that they are now cut into a complicated mass of rugged uplands4 ,they no longer deserve the name of peneplain2 and if in preceding paragraphs ,i have referred to them as constituting an old peneplain1 it is because no satisfactory name has yet been applied to the particular stage of development of plains and plateaus in which they now stand4 ,having tried in vain to invent a term with which to name the ,highlands1 let me now advertise for one in the pages of our ,magazine4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,wanted3 a name applicable to those broken1 rugged regions that have been developed by the normal processes of denudation from the once continuous surface of a plain or peneplain4 ,the name should be if possible homologous with the words1 plain1 peneplain and pastplain2 it should be of simple1 convenient and euphonious form2 it must be satisfactory to many other persons than its inventor2 and its etymological construction should not be embarrassed by the attempt to crowd too much meaning into it4 ,the mere suggestion that it was once a plain and that it is now maturely diversified will suffice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the topography of northern ,new ,jersey is therefore1 like its structure1 polygenetic4 ,it exhibits very clearly a series of forms developed under three different geographic cycles1 and closer search will doubtless discover forms belonging to yet other cycles1 less complete and of briefer duration than these three4 ,there is the tilted and deeply eroded peneplain of the ,highlands1 whose initial form may be called the ,schooley peneplain1 from the distinct exhibition of one of its remnants on ,schooley's mountain2 this was the product of ,jurassic and ,cretaceous denudation4 ,there is the younger central baselevelled plain1 developed during ,tertiary time1 or thereabouts1 on the weaker ,triassic and ,cretaceous beds2 and the associated valleys of the same age that have been sunk into the weakest rocks of the ,highlands4 ,there are the shallow valleys in the ,central plain1 of the latest post-tertiary cycle1 requiring the name of this region to be changed from plain1 as it was lately1 to pastplain1 as it is now4 ,the first cycle1 in which the ,schooley peneplain was produced1 witnessed the accomplishment of a great work2 it included in its later part1 besides various other oscillations1 the sub-cycle when the seaward or southeastern part of the peneplain was gently submerged and buried to a slight depth under ,cretaceous deposits4 ,the second cycle was shorter2 being a time sufficient to baselevel the softer beds1 but not seriously to consume the harder parts of the pre-existing surface4 ,we are still in the third cycle1 of which but a small part has elapsed4 ,the question with which this essay opened may now be taken up4 ,the streams and rivers of northern ,new ,jersey may be examined1 with the intention of classifying them according to their conditions of origin1 to their degree of complexity as indicated by the number of geographic cycles through which they have lived1 and to the advance made toward their mature adjustment4 ,the ,musconetcong may be taken as the type of the ,highland streams4 ,it flows southwestward along a narrow limestone valley between crystalline plateaus on either side1 entering the ,delaware a little below ,easton1 ,pa41 7,e1 fig4 #a74 ,it drains a country that has been enormously denuded1 and during the ,jura-,cretaceous cycle of this deep denudation1 there must have been time for it and its fellows to become thoroughly adjusted to the structure of the region2 it must be chiefly for this reason that it flows so closely along the weak limestone belt1 and has its divides close by on the adjoining harder crystallines1 7,m1 fig4 #b74 ,whatever its origin1 it has lost every initial feature that was discordant with the deep structures that it discovered beneath the initial surface2 it is maturely adjusted to its environment4 ,it endured to an old age during the baselevelling of the ,schooley peneplain1 and is now a revived stream1 in at least its second cycle of work4 ,most of the other streams of the ,highlands and the country farther inland are also of this well adjusted1 revived kind4 ,the streams of the ,kittatinny valley lowland show not only the first revival of the kind just described1 but also a second revival1 in consequence of the recent uplift that has introduced the third cycle of development2 this not being so clearly manifested in the ,highlands1 where the rocks are harder1 and the valleys of the second cycle are narrower4 ,look now at the drainage of the crescentic ,watchung mountains2 the curved edges of two great warped lava-flows of the ,triassic belt4 ,the noteworthy feature of this district is that the small streams in the southern part of the crescent rise on the back slope of the inner mountain and cut gaps in both mountains in order to reach the outer part of the ,central ,plain4 ,if these streams were descended directly or by revival from ancestors antecedent to or consequent upon the monoclinal tilting of the ,triassic formation1 they could not possibly1 in the long time and deep denudation that the region has endured1 have down to the present time maintained courses so little adjusted to the structure of their basins4 ,in so long a time as has elapsed since the tilting of the ,triassic formation1 the divides would have taken their places on the crest of the trap ridges and not behind the crest on the back slope4 ,they cannot be subsequent streams1 for such could not have pushed their sources headwards through a hard trap ridge4 ,subsequent streams are developed in accordance with structural details1 not in violation of them4 ,their courses must have been taken not long ago1 else they must surely have lost their heads back of the second mountain2 some piratical subsequent branch of a larger transverse stream1 like the ,passaic1 would have beheaded them4 ,the only method now known by which these several doubly transverse streams could have been established in the not too distant past1 is by superimposition from the ,cretaceous cover that was laid upon the old ,schooley peneplain4 ,it has already been stated that when the ,highlands and this region together had been nearly baselevelled1 the coastal portion of the resulting peneplain was submerged and buried by an unconformable cover of waste derived from the non-submerged portion3 hence when the whole area was lifted to something like its present height1 a new system of consequent streams was born on the revealed sea bottom4 ,since then1 time enough may have passed to allow the streams to sink their channels through the unconformable cover and strip it off1 and thus superimpose themselves on the ,triassic rocks below3 we should therefore find them1 in so far as they have not yet been re-adjusted1 following inconsequent1 discordant courses on the under formation4 ,the existing overlap of the ,cretaceous beds on the still buried ,triassic portion of the old ,schooley peneplain makes it evident that such an origin for the ,watchung streams is possible2 but it has not yet been independently proved that the ,cretaceous cover ever reached so far inland as to cross the ,watchung ridges4 ,want of other explanation for the ,watchung streams is not satisfactory evidence in favor of the explanation here suggested4 ,there should be external evidence that the ,triassic area has actually been submerged and buried after it was baselevelled to the ,schooley peneplain and before it was uplifted to its present altitude2 other streams as well as the ones thus far indicated1 should bear signs of superimposition2 and if adjustment of the superimposed courses has begun1 it should be systematically carried farthest near the largest streams4 ,i shall not here state more than in brief form1 the sufficient evidence that can be quoted in favor of the first and second requisites4 ,suffice it to say that the overlap of the ,cretaceous beds 7which contain practically no ,triassic fragments7 on the bevelled ,triassic strata at ,amboy and elsewhere indicates submergence after baselevelling2 and that the pebbles1 sands and marls of the ,cretaceous series point clearly to the ,highlands as their source4 ,the submergence must therefore have reached inland across the ,triassic formation at least to the margin of the crystalline rocks4 ,some shore-line cutting must have been done at the margin of the ,highlands during ,cretaceous time1 but the generally rolling surface of the old peneplain leads me to ascribe its origin chiefly to subarial wasting4 ,moreover1 the ,north ,branch of the ,raritan1 between ,mendham and ,peapack 799 ,fig4 #a7 and the ,lockatong 7,l71 a small branch of the ,delaware on the ,west ,hunterdon sandstone plateau1 give striking indications of superimposition in the discordance of their courses with the weaker structural lines of their basins1 so unlike the thoroughly adjusted course of the ,musconetcong and its fellows1 the ,pohatcong1 the ,lopatcong1 and others4 ,the third requisite of the proof of the inland extension of the ,cretaceous1 and the resulting superimposed origin of the ,watchung streams may be stated in detail1 as being more in the line of this essay3 has the adjustment that accompanies superimposition systematically advanced farther near the large streams than near the small ones8 ,the character of this adjustment should be first examined deductively4 ,given a series of streams of different volumes1 flowing southeastward1 in the direction of the present dip of the remnant of the ,cretaceous cover1 over the former inland extension of this superposed formation2 how will these streams react on one another when they sink their channels into the underlying ,triassic formation8 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,the conditions during the formation of the cover of ,cretaceous beds are illustrated in fig4 #b1 where the ,triassic portion of the peneplain is submerged1 and the shore-line of the transgressing ocean has reached the margin of the crystalline rocks4 ,the waste from the crystallines is spread out as a series of gravels1 sands and marls on the baselevelled ,triassic area4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,then follows the elevation and tilting of the peneplain with the cover on its back2 and with this regression of the sea1 there is an equivalent gain of new land2 a smooth gently sloping plain is revealed as the shore line retreats2 streams run out across it from the crystalline area1 or begin on its open surface1 growing mouthward as the land rises4 ,three such streams1 ,a1 ,c1 ,d1 are shown in fig4 #c2 their opportunity for deep valley-cutting is indicated by the depth of the new baselevel1 ,,bl1 below the general surface of the country4 ,while these streams are deepening their channels in the ,cretaceous cover1 which is unshaded with marginal contour lines in the figures1 their subsequent1 autogenetic branches are irregularly disposed1 because there is no lateral variation of structure to guide them2 but after a time1 the baselevelled surface of the buried ,triassic beds is reached1 as is shown by linear shading in the valley bottoms of figs4 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g4 ,the growth of the subsequent branches then developed1 will be along the strike of the ,triassic softer beds1 that is1 about square to the course of the three transverse streams under consideration4 ,the most rapid growth will be found on the branches of the largest stream1 ,a1 because it will most quickly cut down its channel close to the baselevel of the time and thus provide steep sloping valley-sides1 from which the subsequent branches cut backwards most energetically4 ,in due time the main streams discover the particularly resistant transverse lava sheets in the underlying formation2 and then the subsequent branches of the largest transverse stream on the up-stream side of the obstructions1 for example1 ,f and ,g1 fig4 #d1 will have a great advantage over those of the smaller streams4 ,the most rapidly growing subsequent branch1 ,g1 fig4 #e1 of the largest transverse master stream1 ,a1 may grow headwards so fast as to push away the divide1 ,x1 which separates it from the head of the opposing subsequent branch1 ,j1 of the next adjacent smaller transverse stream1 ,c1 and thus finally to capture and divert the headwaters1 ,h1 of the smaller transverse stream to the larger one1 as in fig4 #f4 ,the divide creeps while the two opposing subsequent branches are in contest2 it leaps when the successful subsequent branch reaches the channel of the conquered stream4 ,the first stream captured in this way must necessarily be the nearest to the large stream4 ,the diversion of the considerable volume of headwaters1 ,h1 to the channel of the small subsequent branch1 ,g1 causes it to deepen its channel rapidly2 the same effect is perceptible in ,h for a distance above its point of capture and diversion3 the increased load of sediment thus given to ,g will be in great part dropped in a fan-delta where it enters the flat valley of the master stream1 ,a1 7fig4 #f74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,gaining strength by conquest1 other captures are made1 faster for a time1 but with decreasing slowness as the head of the diverting subsequent branch recedes from the original master3 and at last1 equilibrium may be gained when the headwater slope of the diverting branch is no greater than that of the opposing subsequent branch of the next uncaptured transverse stream4 ,after the capture of a transverse stream has been effected in this way1 the divide1 ,y1 between its diverted upper portions1 ,h1 fig4 #f1 and its beheaded lower portion1 ,c1 will be pushed down stream by the growth of an inverted stream1 ,v4 ,this goes on until equilibrium is attained and further shifting is prevented on reaching the hard transverse lava sheets1 ,z1 fig4 #g2 here the divide is maturely established4 ,in the case of a system of transverse streams1 ,c1 ,d1 etc41 fig4 #g1 successively captured by the subsequent branch of a single master1 the divides 7,z1 ,y'71 between the inverted 7,v1 ,v'7 and beheaded 7,c1 ,d7 portions of the captured streams will for a time present different stages of approach to establishment4 ,the divide on the line of that one of the original streams1 ,c1 that is nearest to the master stream1 ,a1 may reach a final stable position1 ,z2 while on the next stream further away from the master1 the beheaded portion1 ,d1 may still retain a short piece above the gap in the upper lava sheet1 not yet secured by the inverted stream1 ,v'2 and a third stream1 further away still from the master 7not shown in figure #g7 might remain uncaptured and independent4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,it is by such tests as these that we may hope to recognize the occurrence of partial adjustment in the streams of the ,watchung crescent as a result of their superimposition on the ,triassic formation from its former ,cretaceous cover4 ,the greater the degree of complexity in the tests proposed1 the more confidence we shall have in the theory when the tests successfully meet the facts4 ,hence the reason for deductively carrying out the theoretical conditions to their extremest consequences in order to increase the complexity of the tests that are to be confronted with the facts4 ,this1 as a matter of method1 seems to me of great practical importance in any attempt to decipher the past progress of geographical development4 ,the admirable contoured topographic maps of ,new ,jersey1 issued by the ,geological ,survey of that state under the leadership of the late ,professor ,george ,h4 ,cook1 afforded means of applying the deductive tests above outlined without the necessity of plodding over all the country concerned2 but however good the maps are1 it is hardly necessary to say that they can be interpreted with a better appreciation of the facts that they represent after an excursion on the ground has given the student some personal acquaintance with it4 ,this ,i have tried to gain on various occasions1 maps in hand4 ,atlas sheet number six1 including the ,central red-sandstone area1 and the five-mile-to-an-inch geological map of the state present in the clearest manner the facts of form and structure involved in our problem2 and to my mind1 the correspondence between theory and fact is very striking4 ,the ,pequannock-,passaic is the master transverse stream of the region3 its preminence was probably due in the beginning to its gathering1 from the unsubmerged ,highlands1 a greater amount of drainage than belonged to any other stream that ran southeastward down the gentle slope of the newly revealed ,cretaceous cover4 ,it was at that time a compound1 composite river3#e compound because it drained areas of different ages2 composite1 because these areas were of different structures4 ,existing examples of compound1 composite rivers are seen in the ,catawba1 the ,yadkin-,pedee1 the ,cape ,fear and the ,neuse rivers of ,north ,carolina1 which all rise on the inland crystalline area1 and traverse the coastal quaternary plain before reaching the sea4 ,but unlike these1 there must have been1 when the old submerged land rose with the ,cretaceous cover on its back1 numerous small streams whose drainage area lay entirely within the ,cretaceous plain4 ,these were simple streams1 flowing over a structure of one kind and one age4 ,their modern homologues are seen in the ,maurice1 the ,great and ,little ,egg ,harbor and the ,wading rivers of southern ,new ,jersey1 and ,i suppose also in various relatively short streams of ,north ,carolina1 such as the ,lumber1 ,great ,cohera and ,moccassin4 ,footnote #e3 ,see terminology suggested by the author4 ,nat4 ,geogr4 ,mag41 i1 #ahhi1 #bah4 ,it cannot be supposed that the original ,pequannock-,passaic possessed the large southern branch1 which ,i shall call the upper ,passaic1 by which ,great ,swamp is now drained2#f for had this been the case1 the divides between the branches of the upper ,passaic and the heads of the small streams that now still cross both of the trap ridges1 must have long ago been driven to a stable position on the crest line of the inner ridge4 ,the upper ,passaic member of the ,pequannock-,passaic system must be regarded as a branch of subsequent development1 guided by some of the softer ,triassic beds when they were reached beneath the ,cretaceous cover1 and very successful in capturing and diverting other transverse streams that were smaller than its master4 ,for some distance on either side from the ,pequannock-,passaic gap in the trap ridges at ,patterson1 the existing streams are perfectly adjusted to the ,triassic structure2 that is1 the ridges are persistent divides1 and the lateral subsequent branches of the master flow along the strike of the softer shales and sandstones1 except where lately thrown off their courses by glacial drift barriers4 ,this ,i interpret as meaning that the ,pequannock-,passaic master stream hereabouts made so early a capture of adjacent superimposed streams that all traces of their initial discordant courses have been obliterated by the development of structurally accordant subsequent streams4 ,footnote #f3 ,it should be recognized that the present round-about drainage of the ,great ,swamp is a post-glacial feature1 determined by the morainic barrier that crosses the basin from ,summit 7,s7 to ,morristown 7,m73 the pre-glacial drainage of the southern part of the inner crescent was undoubtedly of a simpler and more direct pattern4 ,the ,watchung ridges extend only about eight miles northward of the ,paterson gaps1 but reach thirty miles southwestward4 ,it is therefore chiefly in the latter direction that we may expect to find examples of incomplete adjustment following superimposition and capture4 ,at ,milburn1 there is a deep gap in ,first mountain1 and opposite this at ,summit 7,s1 fig4 #a7 a partly drift-filled gap in ,second mountain3 this ,i am disposed to regard as the former outlet of the ,rockaway-,rahway river1 which on account of its considerable size was not captured by the ,passaic until it had cut its passage across the trap sheets almost to a safe depth4 ,the diverted upper portion--the ,rockaway--now joins the ,passaic2 its crooked course from the ,highlands via ,boonton 7,bn7 being a post-glacial irregularity2 the beheaded lower portion--the ,rahway--heads on the ridge of ,second mountain1 retains the pair of subsequent streams between the two ridges1 and flows in diminished volume to the sea3 the divide between the two portions being in its mature stable position on ,second mountain4 ,south of the ,milburn gap1 there are three streams that maintain water gaps in ,first mountain1 and five head branches of these three streams rise behind the crest of ,second mountain4 ,these must be interpreted as remnants of streams that once rose further inland1 and whose upper courses have been captured by the victorious upper ,passaic2 but it is noteworthy that here1 at the greatest distance from the gap of the master stream at ,paterson1 the divides between the diverted and beheaded portions of these southern streams should lie in unstable positions1 back of the crest line of ,second mountain4 ,this is exactly what the hypothesis of a superimposed origin for these streams would require2 and if the complexity of accordance between deduction and fact here presented be duly considered1 ,i believe new confidence may be gained in the hypothesis of superimposition1 already rendered likely from other evidence4 ,the rectangular courses of the streams that cross ,first and ,second mountains southwest of ,milburn do not militate against their initial obliquely superimposed courses2 for1 as ,gilbert has shown1 oblique courses across tilted beds1 alternately hard and soft1 will gradually shift until they follow rectangular courses1 along the strike of the soft beds and square across the strike of the hard beds4 ,middle ,brook1 at the southern bend of ,first mountain near ,bound ,brook 7,b1 ,b71 presents the peculiarity of branching east and west while on the trap sheet of the mountain3 this may be due to a retention here1 where the dip is moderate1 of an initially superimposed bifurcation2 or to guidance by fractures at this point where the course of the mountain changes rather abruptly2 the facts at hand do not serve to make choice between these alternatives4 ,the lesson of greatest importance in this study lies1 to my mind1 in the gradual development of accordant subsequent streams in a region where the unchanged superimposed drainage would show no such accordance4 ,similar adjustment of subsequent streams to structural features may characterize drainage systems that were originally antecedent3 and with this principle in mind1 ,i have recently read over with renewed interest ,powell's classic study of the ,green river where it crosses the ,uinta mountains4#g ,the ,green river and the smaller streams of its lateral caons and valleys are all regarded as antecedent4 ,let us examine the arguments on which this conclusion rests4 ,footnote #g3 ,exploration of the ,colorado river of the west1 ,washington1 #ahge1 #aeb-aff4 ,see also the geological map in the ,geology of the ,uinta mountains1 #ahgf4 ,the ,green river itself rises many miles north of the ,uinta range1 traverses a relatively low basin before reaching the flank of the mountains1 and then instead of turning away1 it boldly enters the great uplift and trenches it from side to side in a profound caon1 flowing out to the southwest on its way to the ,colorado4 ,there is relatively low ground at the eastern end of the range1 several thousand feet lower than the summits of the range on either side of the ,green river caon1 and many thousand feet lower than the restored crest of the great uplift2 but the river does not follow this open round-about course4 ,powell says that the river cut through1 instead of running around1 the great obstruction1 because it had the right of way2 444 it was running ere the mountains were formed4 ,had the mountain fold been formed suddenly1 it would have turned the river around it to the east2 but the emergence of the fold above the general surface of the country was little or no faster than the progress of the corrasion of the channel4 444 ,the river preserved its level1 but the mountains were lifted up4444 ,the river was the saw which cut the mountains in two 7#aeb1 #aec74 ,if this interpretation is correct1 the ,green river would be the type of a perfect antecedent stream3 but it appears to me that the case is probably overstated in that respect4 ,perhaps it would have been more deliberately stated in a later volume if ,powell's intention of describing more fully the three chief kinds of drainage of the region had been carried out4#h ,not having seen the region1 my comments may have little value2 but the context of ,powell's report1 the description of the immense series of lacustrine beds1 over a mile thick1 north of the mountains1 and the eastward deflection of the river where it traverses the mountains all seem to me to indicate that the ,green was by no means continuously successful in maintaining its antecedent course across the uplift4 ,it is by no means a typical antecedent river4 ,the great series of lacustrine beds up-stream from the caon1 with conglomerates where they rest on the northern flank of the mountains1 are fully recognized in the report1 and must mean that the upper portion of the river was for a time shut back1 or ponded4 ,during part of this time1 there may have been no overflow across the growing mountains1 for the lower lacustrine beds contain fossils indicative of brackish water4#i ,the intermittent growth of the mountains and the repeated return of lacustrine conditions1 with gradually freshening water1 is indicated by the strong unconformities that occur at various points in the lacustrine beds1 and by the change in the fossil fauna4 ,it must be conceded from this that the upper portion of ,green river was repeatedly ponded back by mountain growth across its middle course2 we therefore have not now any close indication of its pre-lacustrine course above the mountains2 the ancient1 or pre-,uinta1 upper portion of the river was extinguished by the lacustrine sediments1 and to that extent the ,green river departs from the perfect antecedent type4 ,footnote #h3 ,geol4 ,uinta mountain1 page v4 ,footnote #i3 ,geology of the ,uinta mountains1 #ahgf1 #hd2 ,chapter ,,iii1 by ,c4 ,a4 ,white4 ,in the second place1 if the original ,green river existed upon the upper surface of the beds that were at a subsequent date raised to form the ,uinta uplift1 it does not appear to be clearly proved that its course at that early time was closely coincident with its present course in the mountainous area4 ,the first deformations of the mountain growth may have temporarily interrupted its flow1 as is made likely by the lacustrine deposits already referred to2 and when the rise in the level of the waters of the lake overtook the uplift1 probably at a time of slower mountain growth than that which first formed the lake1 the point of overflow may have been many miles to one side of its previous drowned-out course4 ,the moderate elevation of the eastern end of the range1 where it connects with the ,yampa plateau1 may possibly have then been a little higher than a point farther west1 where the overflow was consequently located4 ,this is perhaps hardly as probable as the postulates involved in arguing a truly antecedent course for the river2 but its impossibility is not as strictly proved as would be necessary before a definite conclusion as to the continuous persistence of an antecedent river could be finally accepted4 ,such continuity of action must be rare and should be rigorously demonstrated if possible4 ,it must1 moreover1 be remembered that ,emmons#aj is of the opinion that the ,colorado river is not antecedent at all1 but is superimposed on the eastern portion of the ,uinta range from a course that it had chosen upon a sheet of horizontal sediments--the ,wyoming conglomerate--which he supposes once stretched unconformably all over the previously deeply eroded surface of the uplifted range1 where the caon is now cut4 ,he quotes facts of two kinds in evidence of this2 first1 the remnants of the ,wyoming conglomerate still lie on ridges as high as those that enclose the river caons2 second1 the ,green and certain of its branches possess tortuous courses1 out of accord with the structure of the range4 ,it might be added that the wide open valley of ,brown's park1 in the middle of the range is best explained as the product of a pre-,wyoming cycle of erosion by rivers that were extinguished when the ,wyoming beds were laid over the mountains4 ,the strongest objection to ,emmons' conclusion seems to be the great amount of erosion that it requires2 erosion sufficient not only to remove the ,wyoming conglomerate from nearly all its former overlap on the ,uinta range1 where it had buried and extinguished a pre-,wyoming drainage1 but also to carry away a vast extension of the formation at the same height north of the range4 ,it may be best to conclude that both antecedent and superimposed processes must be called on3 for one must hesitate before admitting that the ,wyoming beds stretched all across the country north and east of the ,uinta range up to the height at which the remnants are now found on the range2 it seems more likely that some part of the height of these remnants is due to a relatively local elevation4 ,as far as this is the case1 it gives reason for regarding the ,green as an antecedent river2 that is1 antecedent to the local elevation of the ,wyoming beds1 but long posterior to the elevation of the ,uinta range3 but as the river now flows--according to ,emmons' theory--on beds lying unconformably below those on which its course was chosen1 it is for this reason to be classed as superimposed4 ,footnote #aj3 ,fortieth ,parallel ,survey1 ii1 #ahgg1 #aid1 #bje1 #bjf4 ,the ,green river therefore certainly departs from the type of an antecedent stream2 the departure is distinct in its repeated ponding1 whereby its upper course was broadly and indeterminately shifted from its original location2 and is at least possible if not probable in its defeat at the line of uplift and subsequent superimposition on a new line of overflow4 ,the mountains wrenched the saw that afterwards cut them in two4 ,a study of the ,jura drainage1 of which a fuller account may be given at some future time1 has led to the provisional conclusion that many of its streams show a combination of consequent and antecedent characteristics4 ,they appear to be consequent on the early stages of the deformation but antecedent to its later growth1 and for this kind of a stream ,i have no satisfactory name to suggest at present4 ,heim has shown that the ,reuss and the adjacent smaller transverse streams of northern ,switzerland near ,lucerne are in part persistent across a series of folds1 and in part slightly shifted from one course to another and ponded in ,lake ,lucerne2 but unless the other ranges of the ,alps rise hereafter faster than they have heretofore1 the geologist of the future will reasonably regard the more mature ,reuss as an essentially successful antecedent river4 ,the ,sutlej and other rivers that escape from the inner valleys of the ,himalaya by deep gaps in the outer ranges1 are described by ,medlicott as antecedent to the elevation of the ranges through which they flow3 their antecedent origin being argued from the delta-like structure of the upturned beds in the outer gorges1 as if the rivers were now cutting down the deformed deltas of an earlier time2 but the heavy gravel and sand deposits in their upper valleys indicates that they were nearly if not quite ponded for a time during the deformation4 ,rivers seem to have the habit of cutting down their upturned deltas4 ,bonney refers to several such examples among the rivers that flow northward from the ,alps1 and transect particularly thick portions of the upturned marginal conglomerates and sandstones1 which he regards as the deltas formed by the same rivers at an earlier time1 when the mountain folding had not extended outward as far as it does now from the axis of the ,alps4 ,i have suspected that the same kind of evidence might be used to indicate that the ,delaware above ,trenton1 between ,pennsylvania and ,new ,jersey1 is in part of even pre-,triassic origin2 for where it now enters the ,triassic belt1 there is a particularly heavy and coarse sandstone1 sometimes conglomeratic4 ,being a large stream1 it might persist in an anaclinal course through the northwestward monocline formed by the ,jurassic uplift of the ,triassic beds1 although the smaller streams of the region were then probably extinguished1 to be replaced by a new system consequent upon the new order of things4 ,large rivers1 more or less persistent in the face of opposing disturbance1 therefore appear to be generally recognized2 but it is noticeable that those quoted from the ,himalaya and the ,alps presumably occupied1 at the time of disturbance1 well enclosed valleys1 from which it would have been difficult for them to escape backwards or laterally2 and that1 even if successful in the end1 they for a time suffered defeat or ponding of greater or less extent and duration4 ,there is no evidence that the ,green river was well enclosed immediately north of the ,uinta mountains at the time of their first elevation2 hence the likelihood of its temporary ponding or enclosure is increased4 ,it is stated by ,powell that not only the ,green but even the smaller streams of the ,uintas are of origin antecedent to the mountains4 ,he writes3 the explanation of the caons of ,green river will assist us in understanding the origin of the lateral valleys and caons4 ,the streams were there before the mountains were made--that is1 the streams carved out the valleys and left the mountains4 ,the direction of the streams is indisputable evidence that the elevation of the fold was so slow as not to divert the streams1 although the total amount of elevation was many thousands of feet4 ,had the fold been lifted more rapidly than the principal streams could have cut their channels1 ,green river would have been turned about it1 and all the smaller streams and waterways would have been cataclinal 7,colorado ,river1 #afb74 ,this appears to me an unproved conclusion1 and the evidence of it needs careful attention4 ,it appears that there are several streams which descend from the crest of the mountains towards the flanks1 but instead of running all the way out to the margin of the fold1 they turn along the strike of a monoclinal valley1 and thus reach the main river by a short cut4 ,such streams are cataclinal for a time1 then monoclinal4 ,it is in reference to these that it is said1 the streams were there before the mountains were made2 and again that the drainage was established antecedent to the corrugation or displacement of the beds by faulting and folding 7#afc74 ,in approaching this conclusion1 ,powell says these streams cannot be consequent2 for valleys consequent upon the corrugation1 which was one of the conditions of the origin of the ,uinta mountains1 could not have taken the direction observed in this system2 they would have all been cataclinal1 as they ran down from the mountains1 and turned into synclinal valleys at the foot1 forming a very different system from that which now obtains 7#aff74 ,nor can the streams be superimposed1 for the later sedimentary beds1 both to the north and south1 were found not to have been continuous over the mountain system1 but to have been deposited in waters whose shores were limited by the lower reaches of the range 7#aff74 ,therefore the discordant streams must be antecedent4 ,it appears to me that the possibility of error in this argument lies in the omission of all consideration of the migration of divides and the resulting adjustment of stream courses to deep internal structure2 but at the time of the exploration of the ,colorado river1 this important process in the development of rivers was not understood4 ,it now seems only natural that the original1 consequent1 cataclinal streams1 flowing down the slopes of the range from crest to flanks1 should have permitted the opening of subsequent monoclinal branches on the soft beds that they discovered2 and that the shifting of divides in these monoclinal valleys should have led to the capture of several cataclinal streams by that particular one of the subsequent branches that grew out from the master stream1 the ,green river itself4 ,thus it must happen that the streams which head near the summit of the range1 and1 running down the flank1 turn into the ,green river1 are1 in their upper courses1 cataclinal1 and when they turn to follow the strike of the rocks into ,green river1 are monoclinal 7#afa73 this being a normal result of river work in cutting down the thousands of feet of rocks of various hardnesses1 here concerned4 ,the smaller streams of the ,uinta range are therefore certainly not of necessity antecedent to the ,uinta uplift3 the probability is that they were originally purely consequent1 and that at present they are nicely adjusted to the structures that they have discovered4 ,i have learned so much from the doctrine of baselevelling1 as presented in ,major ,powell's writings1 that ,i shall hope to profit by the lesson of the ,uinta drainage as well3 that is1 the possibility that an apparently sound conclusion may be overturned when new processes that bear upon it are discovered4 ,it is here said that the drainage of the ,watchung crescent in ,new ,jersey is an example of partial adjustment following a superimposed origin3 hence the necessity of watching closely for the discovery of new principles in the history of river work that may call for a revision of this conclusion4 ,there are two other examples of peculiar accidents in the history of rivers in ,new ,jersey1 to which ,i wish to call attention2 both of them in the latest cycle of the development of the ,state1 that is1 in the cycle which has changed the central region from its even baselevelled lowland surface1 to the pastplain as we now see it4 ,like the uplift of the ,schooley 7,highland7 peneplain1 the uplift of the ,central plain1 in passing from the second to the third cycle1 was not uniform throughout1 but was greater in one place than in another4 ,in the neighborhood of the lower ,raritan river1 a distinct though gentle slope to the northwest is apparent in the unconsumed surface of the pastplain2 but this strong river runs southeastward against the slope2 it is an anaclinal stream4 ,the tilting of the pastplain is moderate1 and its rocks are weak2 the river is large and strong4 ,its anaclinal course is therefore best explained by regarding it as a mild example of an antecedent stream4 ,but ,ambrose's brook1 a small stream to one side of the ,raritan1 flows northwest with the gentle slope that was given to the pastplain4 ,ambrose's brook therefore most likely is not a survivor from the previous cycle1 but is a new stream consequent on the slight deformation by which the latest cycle here considered was ushered in4 ,manalapan and ,assanpink are apparently of the same kind4 7,see fig4 #a74 ,the ,millstone river appears to be intermediate as respects origin between the ,raritan and ,ambrose's brook4 ,it appears still to lie for the most part in the channel that it occupied before the elevation and tilting of the baselevelled ,central plain1 but the tilting of the plain seems to have reversed its direction of flow4 ,it rises near the center of the ,state and flows northwestward till it joins the ,raritan near ,somerville1 and on the way it crosses from the thrown or depressed to the heaved or elevated side of the fall-line1#aa and passes through a deep gap in the trap ridge of ,rocky ,hill back of ,princeton4 ,i believe there is no other ,atlantic river which runs against the fall-line in this way2 and it is certainly at first sight remarkable that a stream of moderate size like the ,millstone should have held its own against a displacement that sufficed to deflect great rivers like the ,delaware and the ,susquehanna from their courses4 ,footnote #aa3 ,for an account of the fall-line displacement1 see ,mc,gee1 ,seventh ,ann4 ,rep41 ,u4 ,s4 ,g4 ,s41 #ahhh1 #faf4 ,the ,millstone appears to have been a stream of the normal kind in the previous cycle1 before the tilting of the ,central plain1 when it probably ran southeastward with its fellows1 and carried off its share of waste in the baselevelling process of that time4 ,no other supposition than this seems consistent with the general history of the region4 ,it was during that cycle that the deep gap was cut in the ,rocky ,hill trap ridge4 ,then came the deformation of the baselevelled plain1 the relatively recent elevation and gentle tilting that have permitted the streams to carve it into a pastplain2 and with this1 the dislocation along the fall-line4 ,the inclination of the interstream surfaces of the pastplain leaves no doubt that it was tilted to the northwest1 and to this tilting we must ascribe the present direction of the ,millstone flow3 but why did not the accompanying dislocation on the fall-line throw this moderate sized stream off of its track and divert it southwestward to the ,delaware at ,trenton1 or northeastward to the ,raritan below ,new ,brunswick4 ,the effect of the dislocation appears with considerable distinctness along a line from ,trenton towards ,amboy1 in the less altitude of the general surface of the pastplain to the southeast than to the northwest of the line1 the difference of altitude of the two parts being about a hundred feet4 ,the persistence of the ,millstone against such a dislocation seems to require that we should postulate a slower and smaller movement here than that which deflected the ,delaware4 ,the reversed course of the ,millstone cannot be regarded as an example of inversion following a capture of its ancient northern headwaters by a branch of the ,raritan2 for in such a case1 surely the inversion could not have progressed farther south than the hard trap ridge of ,rocky ,hill1 where a stable divide would have been formed3 nor can the ,millstone be regarded as an original stream1 first developed and consequent upon the deformation of the ,central plain1 for in that case1 it should consist of two separate parts2 one part running from the actual head of the river to the fall-line1 where it would turn southwest and cross the faint flat divide that separates it from the ,delaware2 the other part beginning by ,princeton north of the fall-line1 and running thence north to the ,raritan4 ,the continuity of these two parts in the actual ,millstone seems to be explicable only by regarding the river as the upper portion of a single larger river that had reached an old age in the previous cycle2 it was then broken in two at the head of the present river where the greatest elevation of the ,central plain occurred1 and thus had its former head waters reversed from a southeast to a northwest direction of flow across and against the fall-line break by the tilting of the plain4 ,only in this way can the deep gap in ,rocky ,hill be explained4 ,the river is thus consequent on the tilting of the plain1 and yet antecedent to the accompanying faulting4 ,it cannot be called an original stream1 for it had an ancestor in its very channel4 ,it is not a purely consequent stream1 for it runs against the heaved side of a fault4 ,it is not a strictly antecedent stream1 for it flows in a direction determined by a disturbance that occurred late in its life4 ,it is too exceptional a stream to have a generic name4 ,we cannot expect to find many others like it4 ,the result that has been of the greatest interest to me in these studies is the discovery of well-recorded and peculiar histories in the commonplace small-sized rivers of our ,atlantic slope4 ,we have looked for some years to the west as the region where river history should be illustrated1 because it was there that the pioneers in this branch of study taught us the lessons on which our further work must depend4 ,but home study as well as distant travel has its rewards1 and with the progress of good topographic work on this side of the country we confidently await much instruction from a close acquaintance with the curious histories of many of our rivers which we know now only by name4 ,harvard ,college1 ,january1 #ahij4 99 99 99 99 99 ,supplementary ,note4--,professor ,albrecht ,penck of ,vienna has published a valuable essay on ,die ,bildung der ,durchbruchsthler 7,verein zur ,verbreitung naturwissenschaftlicher ,kenntnisse in ,wien1 #ahhh7 from which the following historical notes are taken to illustrate the gradual overthrow of the fracture theory of cross valleys by the introduction of the idea that rivers can sometimes cut down their beds as fast as the land is uplifted or upfolded beneath them4 ,ferd4 ,rmer4 ,die jurassische ,weserkette4 ,zeit4 d4 deutsch4 geol4 ,gesellsch41 ix1 #aheg1 #eha4 ,the deepening of valleys by rivers and streams must keep pace with the gradual elevation of continental masses4 ,the ,porta ,westphalica has thus been cut by the ,weser in the ,wiehen-,weser range1 in the northeastern part of ,westphalia4 ,a similar suggestion was briefly made a little later by ,bischoff1 to explain the gorge of the ,rhine below ,bingen4 ,lehrb4 d4 chem4 u4 phys4 ,geol41 #b ,aufl41 i1 #cgd1 #chb2 and again independently for the same river by ,dcker4 ,zeitschr4 d4 ,gesellsch4 f4 ,erdk4 ,berlin1 v1 #ahgj1 #ahc4 ,gmbel explained the course of the ,altmhl1 a branch of the ,danube which crosses the ,frankish ,jura in northwestern ,bavaria1 by supposing its course was defined before and maintained during the deformation of the range4 ,bavaria3 ,landes- und ,volkskunde des ,knigreichs ,bayern1 #ahfe1 iii1 #gef4 ,medlicott recognized that many streams flowing from the inner ,himalaya are older than the outer ranges1 and showed reason for believing that they held their places while the outer ranges were tilted up4 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,survey ,india1 iii1 #ahfe1 #f1 #abb1 #abg1 #aeg1 #afc4 ,a little later1 he applied the same explanation to some ,alpine rivers4 ,the ,alps and the ,himalayas1 a geological comparison4 ,q4 ,journ4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,london1 xiv1 #ahfh1 #dg1 #eb4 ,wynne explains the ,indus and adjacent rivers as of greater age than the elevation of the ,salt ,range in northwestern ,india4 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,survey ,india1 xi1 #ahge2 xiv1 #ahgh4 ,rtimeyer recognized the possibility of uprising ranges being cut down by transverse rivers1 but regarded the occurrence as a rare one1 thinking that lakes would generally appear behind such a growing barrier4 ,he emphasized the idea that erosion works upstream1 which ,lwl has later developed farther4 ,ueber ,thal- und ,seebildung1 ,basel1 #ahfi2 #b ,aufl41 #ahgd4 ,tietze regarded the persistence of rivers across growing ranges as the rule rather than the exception4 ,die ,bildung von ,querthlern1 ,jahrb4 d4 k4 k4 ,geol4 ,reichsanst41 #ahgh1 #eha4 ,hayden was perhaps the first to point out in this country the antecedent origin of certain headwaters of the ,missouri in ,montana1 where the mountain ranges are frequently cut across by deep caons4 ,amer4 ,journ4 ,science1 xxxiii1 #ahfb1 #cje4 ,hayden's ,sixth ,report1 #ahgb 7#ahgc71 #he4 ,reference may be made also to ,white1 ,hayden's ,tenth ,report1 #ahgf 7#ahgh71 #eb2 ,peale1 id41 #afg2 ,bechler1 id41 #cgb4 ,general discussion of valley making is given by ,green1 ,geology for students and general readers1 ,london1 #ahgf2 ,hartung1 ,zeitschr4 ,gesellsch4 f4 ,erdkunde1 ,berlin1 #ahgh1 #cjh4 ,in spite of the early date of some of these essays1 the idea of the antecedent origin of rivers did not gain general recognition and acceptance till it was strongly stated by ,powell4 ,a ,,critical ,,review ,,of ,,bering',s ,,first ,,expedition1 #agbe-cj1 ,,together ,,with ,a ,,translation ,,of ,,his ,,original ,,report ,,upon ,,it4 ,with a ,map4 ,,by ,,wm4 ,h4 ,,dall4 ,,contents4--,introductory remarks4--,instruments and ,methods4--,sources of information4--,translation of ,bering's ,report4--,bering's ,list of ,geographical ,positions4--,an ,itinerary of the ,expedition4--,annotated ,synopsis of the ,voyage compiled from all accessible data4--,comparative ,table of ,geographical ,positions4--,resum of the results of the ,expedition4 ,in #afdh the tide of exploration and adventure setting eastward through ,siberia1 impelled the fitting out of seven small trading boats on the ,kolyma river4 ,three of these1 in charge of ,simeon ,deshneff1 ,gerasim ,ankudinoff and ,feodor ,alexieff1 respectively1 reached ,bering ,strait4 ,ankudinoff's boat was wrecked on ,east ,cape1 but his party was accommodated on the others4 ,there were hostilities with the ,chukchi1 the two boats were separated1 and ,deshneff's alone finally reached ,kamchatka4 ,next year he constructed the trading post on the ,anadyr river subsequently known as ,anadyrsk4 ,there is a tradition that in #afed a trader named ,taras ,stadukin followed ,deshneff's route1 made a portage across the neck of ,east ,cape1 circumnavigated ,kamchatka1 discovered the ,kurile ,islands1 and finally reached the ,gulf of ,penjina in safety4 ,in #agaa an emissary named ,peter ,iliunsen ,popoff was sent to ,east ,cape by the ,russians to induce the ,chukchi to pay tribute4 ,in this he failed1 but brought back an account of islands beyond ,east ,cape1 and of a continent reported by the ,chukchi to exist beyond these islands4 ,some statements which he made in regard to the people of this continent were regarded by geographers of the last century as fictitious1 but with our better knowledge1 they set the seal of authenticity upon ,popoff's report and show that his journey was really made4 ,the political disorders which prevailed in ,western ,russia about this period1 prevented any attention from being directed to the reports of these explorations1 which were preserved in the archives at ,yakutsk4 ,somewhat later the attention of geographers was directed toward this unknown corner of the world and the subject was brought to the notice of ,peter the ,great4 ,he took great interest in it1 drew up instructions for an expedition with his own hand and delivered them to ,count ,apraxin with orders to see them executed4 ,a few days later1 in ,january1 #agbe1 he died2 but the ,empress desiring to carry out all the plans of her deceased husband as closely as possible1 ordered their execution4 ,fleet-,captain ,vitus ,ivanovich ,bering was nominated to the command of the expedition and ,lieutenants ,martin ,spanberg#a and ,alexie ,chirikoff to be his assistants4 ,footnote #a3 ,so spelled by ,bering himself4 ,this expedition forms the subject of this paper4 ,it has been treated of by various geographers and biographers1 but so far the original report of ,bering1 printed in #ahdg in the ,russian language1 has never been faithfully translated into any other language2 while his map has never1 in its entirety1 been published at all4 ,reduced sketches derived from the maps and more or less mutilated and garbled versions of the report have appeared in sundry collections of voyages1 and upon these the latest contributions to the history of the expedition have been in great part based4 ,believing that the original report is a document of sufficient historic and geographic interest to be made accessible to those who do not read ,russian1 and that the errors of existing works make a critical review of the subject desirable1 ,i have translated the document in question and prepared a general review of the present state of our knowledge in regard to the expedition4 ,bering's ,report being written in archaic and badly spelled ,russian1 with a singular disregard of punctuation and other literary niceties1 the translation presented unusual difficulties1 in solving which ,i have had the kind coperation of that excellent ,russian scholar ,mr4 ,j4 ,curtin4 ,i am indebted to the ,reverend ,father ,richards1 president of ,georgetown ,university1 and ,father ,maas of ,woodstock ,college1 ,md41 for valuable information in regard to the church festivals and saints1 whose names were utilized in the nomenclature of ,bering's new discoveries4 ,to ,mr4 ,marcus ,baker1 ,messrs4 ,gannett and ,woodward1 and ,mr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,darwin of the ,geological ,survey2 ,dr4 ,s4 ,hertzenstein of the ,zoological ,museum of the ,academy of ,sciences1 ,st4 ,petersburg2 ,baron ,nordenskild of ,stockholm1 and ,baron ,robert ,klinckofstrm2 ,drs4 ,holm and ,stejneger of the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 and ,prof4 ,julius ,olson of ,madison1 ,wisconsin1 ,i am indebted for numerous favors and courteous assistance1 and to all of these gentlemen ,i desire to express my thanks4 ,in conclusion ,i desire to state that ,i am well aware this paper cannot be regarded as a finality1 but as a contribution to the geographical history of ,north ,america it will not be without its value1 while the fact that ,i have myself spent parts of three summers in scientific exploration of the coast visited by ,bering and first charted by him1 has greatly helped me in my discussion of minor details of his work4 ,illustration3 ,,bering',s ,,chart ,,of ,,his ,,first ,,voyage4 ,,from ,d',,anvilles ,,atlas4 #agcg4 ,the first published map of his ,explorations4 ,,instruments ,,and ,,methods4 ,in considering the work done by the expedition it is very necessary to bear in mind the character of the instrumental outfit1 if any1 which they might have possessed1 and the state of the science of navigation at the time4 ,when ,bering and his two cartographers left ,st4 ,petersburg in ,february1 #agbe1 the astronomical instrument in use by navigators was the ,davis quadrant or backstaff1 in which the sun's altitude was measured by sighting without a telescope or tube on the shadow cast by the sun from one projection of the instrument upon another1 the observer's back of course1 being turned to the luminary4 ,the only alternative to this was the still older astrolabe with which the observer had to look along the two lines of his angle at the same time1 and which also depended upon sights or spurs attached to a frame4 ,the reflecting quadrant of ,hadley was not invented until #agca and telescopes were not used on the instruments of navigation until somewhat later4 ,there were no chronometers or reliable watches or clocks for use in dividing intervals of time4 ,even after the ,hadley quadrant came into use1 time was noted by a pendulum vibrating seconds1 which could not be used on ship-board4 ,a futile attempt had been made by means of tables of variation of the compass to determine the longitude by comparison with observed variation in the field4 ,results by this method approached the truth accidentally1 if at all4 ,lunar observations were the only means of getting an approximation to the longitude except the occultations of ,jupiter's satellites1 both methods being impracticable on board ship1 with the instruments then employed4 ,in #agca the astronomer ,halley proved#b that at that date it was still impossible to find the longitude correctly by the moon1 the lunar tables being so inaccurate that an error of several hundred miles was quite possible and an accurate determination would depend upon the respective errors of instrument1 observation and the lunar tables happening to balance one another4 ,halley ventured to express the hope that the tables may be so amended that an error may scarce ever exceed three minutes1 which would correspond to a degree and a half of longitude1 amounting at the equator to a distance of a little less than one hundred miles4 ,messerschmidt1 who preceded ,bering as an explorer of ,eastern ,siberia1 was according to ,middendorf 7,sib4 ,reise1 iv4 #a1 p4 #ef7 thirty-two degrees out in his determination of the longitude1 and the eastward extent of ,asia in this region was underrated by that amount or thereabouts1 on many maps4 ,footnote #b3 ,phil4 ,trans4 #agca1 ,no4 #dba4 ,one other means of approximating to the meridian remained1 in the observation of eclipses4 ,this from the comparative rarity of these occurrences in the case of the sun and moon1 could with the imperfect instruments of those days be available but seldom4 ,owing to the difficulty of determining the exact time of the first and last contacts the longitudes computed by these observations were liable to quite as great inaccuracy as those computed from the lunar tables4 ,still an ordinary spyglass would enable an observer to note the time within a minute or two1 and1 if he was possessed of the local time1 a simple comparison with the observed time of the eclipse in some locality where the longitude was known would give a fairly good determination1 considering the instruments and methods of those days4 ,of the four eclipses of the moon occurring in #agbh-i two might have been observed without difficulty by ,bering1 one would have been invisible to him1 and one might barely have been noted1 but in all probability was not observed by him4 ,in none of the published reports of the expedition is any mention made by ,bering or his officers of the occurrence or observation of an eclipse1 which seems very singular if by such an observation he was enabled to correct an error of #cj in the longitude of northeastern ,siberia4 ,however1 ,middendorf states 7,sib4 ,reise1 iv4 #a1 p4 #ef7 that ,bering and his lieutenant in the years #agbh and #agbi observed in ,kamchatka#c two eclipses of the moon1 by which they corrected the longitude4 ,he gives no authority for this statement4 ,footnote #c3 ,it is possible that an eclipse observed at ,ilimsk in ,middle ,siberia by ,chirikoff is thus erroneously referred to4 ,euler1 who had access to the archives of the ,admiralty ,college1 while engaged on a ,geography of ,russia1 mentions 7,philos4 ,trans41 ,no4 #dhb1 p4 #dba7 that he was informed that ,bering observed an eclipse at ,kamchatka4 ,this letter of ,euler's is copied by ,campbell in ,harris' ,voyages 7vol4 ,,ii1 ,book ,,iii1 p4 #ajbd7 and the expression at ,kamchatka has led to the statement that these observations were made at the fort or village of ,lower ,kamchatka4 ,this is an error since ,bering gives no longitude for the fort in his table of geographical positions4 ,it must be remembered that the name ,kamchatka at that period was applied not merely to the peninsula as at present1 but also to the whole region of northeastern ,siberia1 the governor of ,kamchatka being located at ,okhotsk4 ,so to come within the probable meaning of the phrases used by ,middendorf and ,euler it is only necessary to suppose that the observations were made somewhere in that region4 ,lauridsen 7,danish edition1 note #cd1 p4 #ahf7 refers to a paper of ,struve 7,bull4 phys4-math4 ,acad4 ,st4 ,petersb41 ,i1 #ahdb1 p4 #bij7 containing a table of geographical positions in ,russia1 in connection with these alleged observations of ,bering4 ,an examination of ,struve's paper does not bear out the implication of ,lauridsen's reference1 as ,struve not only makes no mention whatever of ,bering's observations there but specifically states that the first observations of precision made in this part of ,siberia were those of ,krassilnikoff who accompanied ,bering's second expedition in #agda4 ,it would seem extraordinary that a determination so important for geography as that of ,bering and his companion should be unknown to so distinguished an astronomer as ,struve who must have had access to all the archives of the early explorations by ,russia4 ,but it may be perhaps accounted for by the facts that ,bering's observations were necessarily of a very rough and primitive character--as it is certain he had no instruments of precision2 and that1 for that reason1 they were not received with entire confidence2 so that ,struve may have considered them insufficiently exact to be included with those of ,krassilnikoff and others made with more modern appliances4 ,from the note in regard to the eclipses which is kindly contributed by ,mr4 ,marcus ,baker and from the other circumstances1 it is evident that if ,bering and his party made the observations alluded to1 the eclipses noted were the partial eclipse of ,feb4 #be 7local calendar71 #agbh1 of which he might have observed the last contact1 or the total eclipse of ,feb4 #ad1 #agbi1 of which he might have observed the first contact and the totality4 ,at the time of the last eclipse he was at ,lower ,kamchatka post1 and as1 in the list of positions handed in with his ,report in #agcj1 no longitude is entered for this locality1 it would seem that choice is reduced to the first of the two mentioned2 which occurred when ,bering was either at ,bolsheretsk or on his way from that place to ,lower ,kamchatka1 which he reached about a month later4 ,campbell's table of positions is credited by him to the year #agbh1 but my own opinion is that it was really derived 7with various errors1 interpolations1 etc47 from ,bering's table of #agcj4 ,the ordinary method of getting the longitude of a place1 and that upon which ,bering originally depended1 as his itinerary table shows1 was by a continuous record of the distances and directions traveled from a point of known longitude4 ,this record would afford the data from which the distance on a mean parallel1 by means of a traverse table1 could be computed4 ,laborious1 imperfect1 and slow as it was1 it was the only sure reliance of the traveler in those days4 ,whether ,bering observed an eclipse or not1 it is certain that his original dependence was upon his itinerary1 that his report was based upon that and that this part of his work was done as well as the nature of the method would permit4 ,his silence about the eclipse may be due to the fact that he depended not upon astronomical but upon pedometric observations1 to which the eclipse may have afforded some corrections4 ,at any rate the pedometric determination of the distance between ,tobolsk and ,okhotsk or the peninsula of ,kamchatka was in itself a tremendous undertaking4 ,i find by a rough calculation from ,bering's data that the longitude resulting from his itinerary from ,tobolsk to ,okhotsk is #gg #cf' ,e4 ,the distance in a straight line is about #b1cij miles1 but by the route ,bering traveled the distance is a little more than #c1gdf miles4 ,the longitude in ,bering's ,list of ,positions is #gf #jg'1 which differs from the pedometric measurement by #a #bi' 7or about #de miles74 ,on ,bering's map1 ,okhotsk is located in longitude #gd #cj' ,e4 of ,tobolsk1 while the most modern observations for ,okhotsk put it in #adb #dj' ,e4 of ,greenwich or #ge #dj' ,e4 of ,tobolsk4 ,so that ,bering's pedometric measurement was nearly #fj miles in excess2 his revised table 7as corrected by the eclipse87 #bg miles in excess2 and his map about #cj miles in error in the opposite direction4 ,these discrepancies show the inexactness of the methods then in vogue and also that the pedometric method was not very much worse than the others in its results4 ,although there are several typographic or other errors in his table of itinerary which render exact comparisons impossible1 it may be said that the error of the pedometric method1 including the passage by sea from ,okhotsk to ,kamchatka1 averages about two degrees or sixty geographical miles4 ,in the cases of ,okhotsk and ,bolsheretsk the error is one of excess2 in the case of the cape at the mouth of the ,kamchatka river and of the turning point of the expedition north of ,bering ,strait1 the result is too small by about the same amount4 ,that his chart and his revised list of positions should differ as they do1 is quite as likely the result of the careless way in which the minuti of such work were generally regarded at that day1 as to any difference of date1 or of intentional modification4 ,to conclude our review of the instrumental means and methods then in use1 it may be said that the compasses in use at that day were comparatively roughly made and more or less inaccurate4 ,the variation was determined in a given latitude by the azimuth of the ,polestar or the sun at setting observed by means of sights attached to the rim of the compass1 which was a method accurate enough for the general purposes of navigation4 ,the distance run was measured on shipboard by the log which was in about the same form and perfection as at present1 being a very ancient invention4 ,the survey of a general coast-line was made by compass bearings on prominent points1 repeated from successive stations1 the distances of the ship's course being determined by the log and the courses by compass1 with corrections for current and the variation4 ,the lines thus obtained were checked by latitude observations made with ,davis' backstaff when the weather permitted4 ,apart from any of the methods mentioned it seems to have been overlooked that ,bering might have corrected the longitudes of the ,n4,e4 ,siberian coast by the ordinary dead reckoning kept on board his vessel1 provided he started by adopting the longitude for the southern part of ,kamchatka peninsula which was in common use on many of the charts of his day4 ,though it is true that the maps of that part of ,siberia north and northeast from the ,okhotsk sea were many degrees in error in the longitude1 this observation does not hold good in regard to the southern end of ,kamchatka4 ,the work of the ,jesuit fathers in ,china had already determined fairly well the position of ,china and ,korea1 while rude outlines of the northern islands of ,japan1 ,sakhalin1 the ,kuriles and the south end of ,kamchatka1 were added to these on maps of ,asia4 ,the outlines are often very incorrect but it is quite evident what is intended4 ,in nearly all early maps of this region which ,i have been able to consult1 as for instance those of ,n4 de ,witt1 ,i have found the south end of ,kamchatka in approximately correct longitude4 ,for instance1 in the ,novissimae ,ephemerides of ,manfredio1 published at ,bonn the same year that ,bering left ,st4 ,petersburg1 and which might well have been sent to him before he sailed1 we find two charts of the paths of solar eclipses 7,plates ii and iii74 ,on these charts the meridian of #ahj from ,ferro passes across what is unmistakably the south end of ,kamchatka1 though northeastern ,siberia remains a blank4 ,this would be a sufficient starting point and is quite as correct as ,bering's determinations2 in fact is within a few miles of the modern longitudes for the same part of the peninsula4 ,dead reckoning along the shores of the peninsula1 corrected by latitude observations1 would have done all that was necessary to correct the meridian without observing any lunar eclipse1 provided the surveyor started with such an assumption as ,manfredio's or ,de ,witt's charts supply4 ,,sources ,,of ,,information4 ,the general ,history of ,china etc4 ,done from the ,french of ,pere4 ,du ,halde by ,r4 ,brookes4 ,london1 ,john ,watts1 #agcf4 #d vols4 #h with maps and ills4 ,this is referred to in the following text by the letter ,b4 ,this is the first ,english translation from the original ,french edition of the ,description gographique et historique de l'empire de la ,chine by the father ,j4 ,b4 ,du ,halde1 published at the ,hague in the same year as the above translation4 ,the text of the original ,french ,i have not been able to consult1 though1 so far as ,bering's voyage is concerned1 there does not seem to have been any material abridgment in the translation above cited1 for an opportunity of consulting which ,i am indebted to the ,librarian of ,congress4 ,the maps and charts of the original ,french edition were separately printed in an atlas by themselves1 for the use of those who might desire to do without the text1 under the following title3 ,nouvel ,atlas de la ,chine1 de la ,tartarie ,chinoise1 et du ,thibet3 contenant ,les ,chartes gnrales particulieres de ces ,pays1 ainsi que la ,carte du ,royaume de ,core2 7etc473 ,rdiges par ,mr ,d',anville1 ,gographe ordinaire de sa ,majest trs ,chrtienne1 ,prced d'une description de la ,boucharie1 ,par un ,officier ,suedois que a fait quelque sejour dans ce ,pays4 ,a la ,haye1 chez ,henri ,scheurleer ,,mdccxxvii4 ,folio1 #ab pp4 #db charts4 ,the chart of ,bering forms sheet #db1 and differs from the others in being on ,mercator's projection which indicates that it was copied directly from an original as stated in the text1 and not redrawn4 ,it is #bj-c_/d by #i-c_/h inches on the neat-lines and is entitled3 ,carte des ,pays travers par le ,capne4 ,beerings depuis la ville de ,tobolsk jusqu'a ,kamtschatka4 ,beneath the title is a table of four transliterated ,russian terms for fort1 post1 village and convent1 with their ,french equivalents4 ,this and certain peculiarities in the transliteration of proper names make it certain that the original chart was in ,russian and that the transliteration was done by some one not perfectly familiar with both languages4 ,there are a few errors of the engraver in rendering single letters c appearing for t and r for e in a few places4 ,the longitude is reckoned in degrees east from ,tobolsk to which #fg degrees when added will give practically the meridian east from ,greenwich4 ,the transcriber of the map from the ,russian appears to have been a ,dane1 ,g4 ,kondet4 ,that part of this chart east from #aab ,e4 ,gr4 has been fairly reproduced by ,lauridsen 7,chart ,i7 with the omission of some unimportant names and the addition of a signature 7not the ordinary autograph7 of ,bering4 ,this is reproduced with a different running headline to accompany ,olson's translation4 ,the fourth volume of ,brookes' translation 7pp4 #dbi-ddj7 contains ,a succinct narrative of ,captain ,beerings's ,travels into ,siberia3 with a reduction of the above-mentioned map1 on which there is no trace of the island of ,st4 ,demetrius1 even its name1 which alone appears on the ,du ,halde map1 is here omitted4 ,otherwise this version of the map does not differ from ,du ,halde's1 more than one copy of a drawing usually differs from another4 ,when ,bering started on his expedition he was accompanied by two cartographers 7,bergh1 ,first ,voy4 of the ,russ4 pp4 #b-e1 fide ,lauridsen7 ,luzhin and ,potiloff1 and to one or both of them under ,bering's direction the construction of the map in question was probably due4 ,when ,bering made his report it was accompanied by a list of positions for important places visited by the ,expedition4 ,dr4 ,campbell1 while gathering material for his second edition of ,harris' ,voyages1 procured a copy of this unpublished list of positions and prints it in his account of ,bering's travels1 with the comment that it was sent by ,bering from ,kamchatka1 before his return to ,russia1 and to the ,senate at ,st4 ,petersburg1 to which ,bering did not report4 ,whether due to the transcriber or the printer there are several very obvious errors in the list as printed by ,campbell1 and when it is compared with ,bering's own list we see that there are also several interpolations4 ,but the positions adopted in the chart1 said by ,du ,halde to have been brought to ,st4 ,petersburg by ,bering on his return 7a statement confirmed by the mention of a chart in the report itself71 are not identical with the positions enumerated in the list4 ,this leads to the suspicion that ,bering's first chart was not published1 and that the chart issued was due to a recomputation and revision of his data4 ,this suspicion is made stronger by the statement of ,lauridsen1 who gives no authority1 however1 that ,bering's chart was made in ,moscow in #agca1d though this may merely mean that some of the copies which were distributed to various personages were so prepared4 ,footnote #d3 ,lauridsen1 ,am4 ed41 p4 #eg4 ,these manuscript copies of the chart and report were sent to various foreign courts1 as a matter of general interest1 by the ,russian authorities4 ,the copy used by ,du ,halde was communicated to him by the ,king of ,poland who had received it as a ,present worthy of his regard and curiosity 7,du ,halde1 iv1 p4 #dci1 ,brookes' ed474 ,other copies were sent to ,sweden and probably to ,england and other countries4 ,in the journal1 ,ymer1 of the ,swedish ,society for ,anthropology and ,geography 7#ahhd1 p4 #ic7 is a short notice by ,e4 ,dahlgren of three manuscript copies of ,bering's chart of his first expedition1 or rather of charts embodying its results4 ,two of these charts are in the ,royal archives of ,sweden and measures #eh x #ace cm4 ,one of them is ornamented with ten colored drawings of natives of ,siberia4 ,the other is without these but does not seem to be a copy of the first as it has a number of soundings between ,st4 ,lawrence and the ,diomede ,islands which are not on the former1 and some names which are peculiar to it4 ,both have many more names than are given on the chart published by ,du ,halde4 ,both of the manuscripts have a legend referring to the coast from the ,kolyma eastward1 on the north coast of ,siberia1 to the effect that it is put down from older charts and information1 doubtless furnished by the archives at ,yakutsk4 ,the third copy is in the possession of ,baron ,robert ,klinckofstrm1 of ,stafsund1 ,sweden4 ,through the kind offices of ,baron ,nordenskild and the generosity of ,baron ,klinckofstrm1 the last mentioned chart has been forwarded to the writer through the ,smithsonian ,institution for examination4 ,it appears to be essentially the same as the second of the two charts referred to as comprised in the ,royal ,swedish ,archives4 ,the result of my examination of it leads me to the belief that there were two different charts sent out in manuscript by the ,russian authorities4 ,the first1 which ,i regard as the earlier1 and which is certainly more accurate1 shows the island of ,st4 ,demetrius in its proper place in accordance with ,bering's ,report and list of positions4 ,it formed the basis of ,campbell's engraving which will be referred to later1 and of the chart which appears in the various editions of ,du ,halde4 ,it is possible that this represents the original chart prepared by ,bering in ,kamchatka during the winter of #agbh-i4 ,the second and probably later form of the chart is represented by the ,klinckofstrm chart1 upon which the name and island of ,st4 ,demetrius have vanished and a smaller island in the corresponding latitude is represented close to the ,siberian coast and westward from the meridian passing through the eastern extreme of ,east ,cape4 ,this island is named the island of ,st4 ,diomede4 ,if it is intended as a revised position for the island of ,st4 ,demetrius of the other chart and of ,bering's ,report1 it is in conflict with the facts and with the position assigned to ,st4 ,demetrius in the report4 ,no one who had sailed between ,st4 ,demetrius and ,east ,cape could have sanctioned such a position for the island with honesty4 ,if a different island is intended the question arises1 ,why is ,st4 ,demetrius omitted8 ,this second chart is obviously the basis upon which in ,d',anville's chart of ,asia 7#agec7 the configuration of the eastern extreme of ,siberia is based1 and ,i suspect that the chart of the ,imperial ,academy of ,sciences at ,st4 ,petersburg and the reproduction of ,jefferys1 were also derived from it as far as this region is concerned4 ,it would be rash1 in the absence of authentic information which only the ,russian archives can supply1 to hazard an opinion as to the origin of the important difference between these charts4 ,i may return to this point later4 ,apart from this1 it may be added that the northern coast of ,siberia from ,east ,cape west to ,cape ,shelagskoi is represented as mountainous throughout its extent4 ,a legend states that it is laid down from older charts and information4 ,this relieves ,bering from the responsibility for the fictitious or at least grossly erroneous and exaggerated form and direction given to ,cape ,shelagskoi on his chart4 ,the west coast of the ,okhotsk sea and part of its northeastern shores not visited by ,bering are stated to be laid down from information4 ,this map is not dated and the blank space in the title left for ,bering's autograph has never been filled4 ,no name of draughtsman or place or authority of issue are indicated upon it4 ,it measures #ea by #bj-a_/h inches between the neat-lines4 ,it is in black and white1 the mountains washed in1 the only color being small green trees as a conventional sign for wooded country4 ,a copy of the earlier chart fell into the hands of ,dr4 ,campbell and was published by him in his edition of ,harris' ,voyages1#e together with a version of the report which is more or less mutilated and to which the editor to make his book more readable has added certain flowers of rhetoric which detract from its accuracy4 ,campbell's copy of the map is the most perfect yet published and the only one showing the island of ,st4 ,demetrius in its proper place4 ,footnote #e3 ,,harris1 ,,john4 ,complete collection of ,voyages and travels etc44 ,london1 ,t4 ,woodward and others #agdh4 #b v4 folio1 maps and plates1 ,vol4 #b1 pp4 #ajaf-ajda1 is devoted to a discussion of ,bering's discoveries1 entitled3 ,book ,,iii1 ,section ,,viii4 ,a distinct account of part of the northeast frontier of the ,russian ,empire1 commonly called the country of ,kamschatka or ,kamschatska including the voyages of ,captain ,behring for discovering toward the ,east etc41 collected from the best authorities both printed and manuscript4 ,in ,du ,halde's copy and those derived from it the eastern border of the chart has cut off the island1 though in some of them1 as in that of #agcf1 the name remains4 ,the only fault to be noted in ,campbell's edition of ,bering's map is the omission by the engraver of the small bay named ,preobrazhenia by ,bering and which1 though it is not named1 appears on the other editions of the map4 ,the title is as follows3 ,an exact chart of all the countries through which ,capt4 ,behring travelled1 from ,tobolski ,capital of ,siberia to the country of ,kamtschatka4 ,the size of the map is #g x #ab inches4 ,it extends on the east to the meridian of #abf east from ,tobolsk which enables the ,isle of ,st4 ,demetrius 7our present ,big ,diomede7 to appear in its proper place4 ,the editions previously reported have all stopped at the #abdth meridian1 thus cutting off the island1 whose name sometimes appeared and sometimes did not4 ,it will be observed that ,dr4 ,campbell in this paper was the means of introducing the erroneous and obnoxious ,germanized spelling of ,bering's name into ,english literature4 ,this is a pretty good indication that he had no autographic documents from ,bering himself1 and that his manuscripts were obtained from ,german sources1 or at least had been transcribed into the ,german language4 ,in his thorough search of the literature of the subject and lengthy discussion of the results1 ,dr4 ,campbell undoubtedly gathered the fullest account of the first expedition which had up to that date been printed4 ,in order to enliven his history of the proceedings1 the good ,doctor occasionally rises to flights of fancy1 and the theories he held were long since proved erroneous4 ,there are several other ,english translations of ,du ,halde's ,china1 of which the following is the most important3 ,a description of the empire of ,china and ,chinese-,tartary1 together with the kingdoms of ,korea1 and ,tibet3 containing the geography and history 7natural as well as civil7 of those countries4 ,from the ,french of ,p4 ,j4 ,b4 ,du ,halde1 ,jesuit4 ,illustrated with general and particular maps1 and adorned with a great number of cuts4 ,with notes geographical1 historical and critical1 and other improvements1 particularly in the maps1 by the ,translator4 ,london1 ,edward ,cave1 #agda4 #b vols4 folio1 maps and ills4 ,this edition does not show the name of the translator1 but he was evidently a man of no small attainments as a geographer and cartographer1 and introduced numerous improvements and corrections into the charts of ,d',anville1 which accompanied the original edition of ,du ,halde4 ,a copy of this was presented to the library of ,harvard ,college by the province of ,new ,hampshire in #agfe-f1 for an opportunity of examining which ,i am indebted to the courtesy of ,mr4 ,justin ,winsor1 the ,librarian4 ,the text of this edition1 compared with that of #agcf1 is as much as possible abridged1 yet contains nothing not in the original1 but the map exhibits certain additions to be noted4 ,this map is entitled1 ,a ,map of ,capt4 ,beerings' travels from ,tobolskoy to ,kamchatka between ye years #agbe and #agcj4 ,with improvements by ye ,editor4 ,it contains the following note by the editor4 ,capt4 ,beerings probably observ'd ye ,lat4d in ye ,principal places thro' wch he pass'd1 tho' two ,observations only are mentioned in his ,journal4 ,but ,mr ,kyrilow in his ,map of the ,russian ,empire does not follow ye ,author in this respect for instance he places ,ilimski #a #cj' more north1 ,yakutskoy #b more south1 and ,cape ,chiokotskago #a more south than ,capt4 ,beerings2 likewise other places in ,proportion4 ,i have reckon'd ye ,longd of ,tobolskoy from ,paris according to an ,eclipse of ye ,sun observed at ,hamburg and ,tobolskoy1 mentioned by ,mr4 ,strahlenberg in his account of ye ,northern parts of ,europe and ,asia4 ,this is all that can be done till ye return of ye ,russian ,mathematicians sent to make observations and discoveries throughout ,siberia4 ,then follows a line ,inscribed to ,francis ,gashrey ,esqr4 ,the main body of the chart is that of ,du ,halde's original and the scale is the same1 but the height of the neat-lines is only #h-e_/h inches4 ,bering's track from ,okhotsk to ,bolsheretsk1 across ,kamchatka1 northward to #fg #ah'2 also his track eastward from ,kamchatka in #agbi and around the peninsula to ,bolsheretsk and ,okhotsk2 are indicated by dotted lines4 ,the two latitudes noted in ,bering's journal are indicated on this map by a 1 and the northern one is placed near the ,asiatic coast in latitude #aah ,e4 from ,tobolsk4 ,at the top of the map the supposed ,paris meridians#f are indicated1 a difference between ,paris and ,tobolsk being assumed of #gj degrees1 which is about five degrees too much4 ,there are also sundry infelicities in the transliteration of the names from the ,french of ,d',anville4 ,footnote #f3 ,in the ,campbell map these are taken as east from ,london with an allowance of #fg between ,london and ,tobolsk4 ,a chart which deserves notice1 though almost wholly fictitious1 being chiefly devoted to the spurious discoveries of the alleged ,admiral de ,fonte1 was issued by ,j4 ,n4 de ,l',isle with the concurrence of ,m4 ,p4 ,buache1 or at his suggestion4 ,it appeared at ,paris1 in #ageb1 and was copied for ,jefferys' 7#b;d7 edition of ,voyages from ,asia to ,america in #agfd4 ,i do not know if this copy appeared in the first edition1 but presume it did4 ,for present purposes the interesting features of this map are as follows3 ,opposite the eastern extreme of the ,chukchi peninsula there is represented part of ,america with the legend1 ,terres vues par ,mr4 ,spanberg in #agbh1 frequentes prsent par les ,russes1 qui en apportent de trs belles fourrures4 ,in the ,english edition the legend is ,seen by ,spanberg #agbh4 ,four islands are represented in the strait between ,asia and ,america1 corresponding in a general way to the four now known to exist there4 ,connected with ,america and north of the ,chukchi peninsula is land with an island off it corresponding not badly to ,wrangell and ,herald ,islands1 and marked ,discovered in #agbb4 ,it is possible that this land is a hypothetical compound of the land reported by the ,chukchis east of the strait with that which they knew to be visible in clear weather from ,cape ,yakan1 more or less confused accounts of which had long been current among persons interested in these regions4 ,the next chart of note in this connection was published by ,d',anville1 the royal geographer of ,france1 who had previously prepared the original map of ,bering for publication4 ,he issued a general map of ,asia1 in three parts1 each of two leaves which could be joined together1 of which the first part appeared in #agea and the third part in #agec1 entitled3 ,troisime ,partie de la ,carte_/d',asie1_/contenant_/,la ,sibrie_/et quelques autres parties_/de la ,tartarie1_/,publie sous les ,auspices de ,monseigneur_/,louis-,philippe d',orlans_/,duc d',orlans_/,prmier ,prince du ,sang4_/,par le ,sr4 d',anville1_/,scrtaire de ,son ,alts4 ,serenisss4_/,,mdccliii4_/,avec ,privilge4_/ ,this map is in two sheets 7each #bj x #ba inches71 the engraving of the geographical part by ,guill4 de la ,haye and of the ornamental title by ,de ,lafosse4 ,the longitude is reckoned from ,ferro1 and the map is constructed on a scale of #bc ,french leagues to #fj geographical miles4 ,the boundaries are colored and the sea shore shaded with short horizontal lines4 ,it is on the polyconic projection4 ,this map includes many of the additions to geography in eastern ,siberia which were due to the members of the great ,siberian expedition4 ,the courses and branches of the rivers especially were augmented and corrected as well as named4 ,the branches of the ,anadyr ,river were represented and named1 but as no new information in regard to the coast had been received at that date1 this river was still mapped as entering the sea to the south and west of ,cape ,thaddeus1 as erroneously laid down by ,bering1 who confounded with the ,anadyr a small river which does come in here1 and passed the estuary of the true ,anadyr without seeing it4 ,the coast lines are essentially those of ,bering4 ,beyond the basins of the ,kolyma and ,anadyr is marked ,terre inconnue2 a small supplement in the north-east corner of the map1 on half the scale of the map1 represents the north-east extreme of ,asia as delineated by ,bering4 ,this little supplement is of considerable interest as it gives fuller information than that which appears on the original publication of ,du ,halde1 perhaps from a more modern version of ,bering's chart1 as previously suggested4 ,several names appear for the first time in cartographic history1 upon this map4 ,preobrazhenia ,bay2 ,bolshoia ,river falling into ,holy ,cross ,bay1 and the ,isle de ,st4 ,diomide are among these4 ,the ,island of ,st4 ,demetrius is omitted1 as well as its name4 ,the ,island of ,st4 ,diomide is placed about on a line between ,east ,cape and ,cape ,chukotski1 to the westward of the meridian of ,east ,cape4 ,there is a discrepancy averaging about five minutes in latitude and longitude between the positions on this map and those on the second version of the ,bering manuscript charts4 ,but in the main these differences are1 ,i suspect1 merely due to carelessness in copying1 and the general harmony between the two leads to the belief that the ,d',anville outline for this region was based on the second version of the manuscript4 ,the differences of position for points on this part of the coast are numerous4 ,i have noted them in the comparative table of positions herewith4 ,they may be chiefly owing to slips in transferring from the ,mercator to the ,polyconic projection2 but some of them are due to new information1 probably derived from the surveyors of the second expedition4 ,bering island appears on the map1 in about its proper place1 though ,copper island is not indicated1 nor are any of the ,aleutians shown4 ,i suspect this is the first publication of a cartographic kind on which ,bering island is laid down1 as the map of the ,imperial ,academy of ,sciences1 embodying the geographical results of ,bering's ,voyage to the coast of ,america1 was not engraved until a year later1 while ,de ,l',isle's of #ageb does not contain them4 ,the island between ,cape ,shelaginski and ,east ,cape off the northern coast1 on ,bering's map1 is omitted by ,d',anville4 ,the ,kamchatkan peninsula in latitude #ef is represented to have a width of #ahj miles1 while ,bering made it #bgj miles4 ,a most important contribution to the subject appeared in ,mller's ,historical ,collections known as the ,sammlung ,russische ,geschichte and published at ,st4 ,petersburg 7,kayserl4 ,academie der ,wissenschaften1 #agcb-fd4 #h4 ,nine volumes47 ,des dritten ,bandes 7erstes1 zweytes und drittes ,stck1 pp4 #a-cjd1 #ageh7 contains the original account of the ,russian ,voyages toward ,america from which the work of ,jefferys has1 with some errors and omissions1 been translated4 ,as far as regards ,bering's first voyage1 there is only one error of consequence made by ,jefferys1 which will be noted in its place4 ,this book is extremely rare1 and the only copy in ,america which ,i have been able to find after much enquiry1 is in the library of the ,smithsonian ,institution4 ,the first volume of this series has the title ,erffnung eines ,vorschlages zu ,verbesserung der ,russischen ,historie ,durch den ,druck eines ,stckweise herauszugebenden ,sammelungen von allerly zu den ,umstanden und ,begebenheiten dieses ,reichs gehorigen ,nachrichten4 ,st4 ,petersburg1 bey der ,keyserl4 ,academie der ,wissenschaften1 #agcb4 ,the succeeding volumes have the running title ,sammlung ,russische ,geschichte with the number of the parts subjoined but no other title-page4 ,the account of the ,russian ,voyages is stated by ,mller to have been prepared at the direction of the ,empress and endorsed by the ,academy of ,sciences4 ,it contains invaluable material on the early explorations1 which1 if it had not been for ,mller's painstaking researches1 would have been totally lost1 as the archives of ,yakutsk from whence the data were derived by ,mller were subsequently destroyed by fire4 ,the errors which occur in it are chiefly due to ,mller's endeavor to utilize the inexact geographical data of the ,promyschleniks and ,cossacks by combining them with the less detailed but more precise observations of later observers4 ,in this attempt he added many valuable details to the charts1 but at the same time introduced several errors4 ,the exaggerated distances reported by the first explorers who were unable to correct their estimates by observations of precision1 distort those parts of the map due to their reports4 ,the peninsula of ,aliaska becomes hugely exaggerated as does the ,shelagskoi promontory on the ,arctic ,sea4 ,but no unprejudiced person can read ,mller's account without perceiving his great caution in accepting unreservedly these imperfect contributions1 the really important additions which he made to cartography1 the preciousness of the facts which he rescued from oblivion1 and his desire to be fair to everybody4 ,the insinuations of malice and of a desire to injure ,bering by means of this account given by ,mller1 which ,lauridsen attributes to the latter1 appear to be entirely the product of a suspicious temperament and an excited imagination4 ,certainly ,i have seen nothing anywhere cited which lends to such suspicions any tint of probability4 ,the facts cited in support of them can easily be otherwise explained1 if one desires to view the subject judicially1 and for the most part are not quite thoroughly understood by the ,danish author4 ,one error upon which the latter lays great stress1 is due to a manipulation of the record1 originated or at least adopted by ,bering himself1 and which is incorporated in the map and report which all authors agree proceeded directly from ,bering's own hand4 ,the next map of importance was issued by the ,imperial ,academy of ,sciences1 ,st4 ,petersburg in #aged4 ,it was made under the inspection of ,gerhard ,friedrich1 ,staatsrath von ,mller1 who revised and corrected it subsequently1 when an edition dated #ageh was issued4 ,this map comprised the geographical results of the great ,siberian expedition sent out by the ,russian government2 of ,bering's voyages2 and of the records of the hunters 7,promishleniks7 and traders in northeastern ,siberia preserved in the archives of ,yakutsk4 ,the sources of this map are fully explained by ,mller in the ,russian ,discoveries 7,jefferys' translation1 p4 #ajh et seq474 ,i have not been able to examine a copy of the original map1 and have therefore relied on the ,english version of it which is to be found in ,jefferys' translation1 second edition1 ,london1 #agfd4 ,among the improvements introduced on this map may be specified1 the correction of the shores of the ,okhotsk ,sea1 and ,gulf of ,penjina1 the correcter location of the mouth of the ,anadyr river and its estuary1 the introduction of the results of the voyages of ,gvosdeff1 ,bering and ,chirikoff to the northwest coast of ,america1 and a multitude of details relating to northeastern ,siberia4 ,the island of ,st4 ,deomid 7,diomede7 is not represented though its name appears on the #feth parallel in ,bering ,strait4 ,the island may have been on the original map and carelessly omitted by ,jefferys' engraver on his copy4 ,among the errors1 or rather mistaken hypotheses of others1 which are suggested in this map by dotted lines1 are the extension westward to #agd ,e4 of ,greenwich1 of the peninsula of ,aliaska which is also given a wholly uncalled-for width2 and the northward extension of the coast on each side of ,bering ,strait4 ,in the former case the cartographer was misled by the errors of the map of ,bering and ,chirikoff's last voyage and rumors reported by other navigators2 and in the second case he followed ,bering in adopting an erroneous position and exaggerated form for the coast eastward from ,koliuchin ,bay1 due to the uncorrected sketches of the ,cossacks and traders4 ,the northern extension of the ,american coast opposite1 was purely hypothetical and for this ,mller must be held responsible4 ,many of the western ,aleutians are exaggerated in size and erroneous in position but the chart of ,bering's last voyage1 and the exaggerated reports of the hunters who followed him1 must be held responsible for this1 in the main4 ,the work in which this chart appears is largely derived from ,mller's ,sammlung russische geschichte1 ,st4 ,petersburg1 #ageh1 vol4 iii1 ,parts ,i-,,iii 7cf4 antea74 ,the first edition is entitled1 according to bibliographies3 ,voyages from ,asia to ,america for completing the discoveries of the northwest coast of ,america4 ,a summary of voyages made by the ,russians on the frozen sea4 ,from the high ,dutch of ,staatsrath4 ,muller by ,t4 ,jefferys4 ,london3 ,t4 ,jefferys1 #agfa4 lxvi1 #gf pp4 #d1 with four maps4 ,the second edition which is that referred to in this paper is entitled ,voyages from ,asia to ,america1 for completing the discoveries of the northwest coast of ,america4 ,to which is prefixed1 a summary of the ,voyages made by the ,russians on the ,frozen ,sea1 in search of a northeast passage4 ,serving as an explanation of a map of the ,russian discoveries1 published by the ,academy of ,sciences at ,petersburgh1 etc4 ,london3 ,t4 ,jefferys1 #agfd1 viii1 #abj pp4 #d1 four maps4 ,a ,french translation by ,dumas1 with the author's initials misprinted ,g4 ,p4 instead of ,g4 ,f41 was printed at ,amsterdam in #agff4 ,it consisted of two volumes1 #ahmo1 with a map4 ,a ,danish translation1 by ,morten ,hallager1 was issued at ,copenhagen in #aghd1 as a portion of a volume relating to northern explorations4 ,bibliographers seem to have been puzzled by the discrepancy of initials1 not recognizing that the ,s4 in ,jefferys' volume stood for a title and not a name4 ,another work important in its collection of facts bearing upon the general question of the explorations eastward by the ,russians1 was published by the archdeacon of ,wilts1 ,rev4 ,william ,coxe in #aghj4 ,this was followed by a second edition during the same year4 ,a third edition accompanied by a ,supplement of #eg pages was printed in #aghg and a fourth in #ahjc4 ,there were two apparently distinct translations of the book printed at ,paris in #agha1 and a ,german edition at ,frankfurt and ,leipzig in #aghc4 ,the third edition which is the best and most correct appeared both in octavo and quarto form1 and is that to which reference is made in this paper4 ,it is entitled3 ,account of the ,russian discoveries between ,asia and ,america4 ,to which are added the ,conquest of ,siberia1 and the history of the transactions and commerce between ,russia and ,china1 etc44 ,london3 ,t4 ,cadell1 #aghg4 #daj pp4 #h or #d with four charts and one plate2 to which is added1 consecutively paged3 ,a comparative view of the ,russian discoveries with those made by ,captains ,cook and ,clerke1 and a sketch of what remains to be ascertained by future navigators4 ,london3 ,t4 ,cadell1 #aghg4 #c l4 unp41 #dag-def pp4 #h4 ,the latter was also separately issued4 ,among the maps contained in this work of ,coxe's are a reduced copy of the general map of ,russia issued by the ,imperial ,academy of ,sciences1 ,st4 ,petersburg1 #aggf1 and a chart of ,synd's ,voyage toward ,chukotski ,noss4 ,the latter is the only chart of ,synd's voyage 7#agfd-agfh7 which is accessible1 and it is vouched for as authentic by ,dr4 ,coxe4 ,compared with later charts it is1 of course1 extremely imperfect yet there is in it enough resemblance to the truth to enable us to recognize what was intended in many instances4 ,in the northeastern part of the chart1 the latitudes are exaggerated and the longitudes contracted in a very erroneous manner4 ,nevertheless we recognize ,east ,cape1 here named ,prom4 ,tschukotskoi2 the two islands now called the ,diomedes but here left nameless2 a large island1 moved eastward out of place1 but doubtless intended for ,arakam ,island1 is called ,i4 ,diomedis2 while among a crowd of islets 7referable to the hills of ,st4 ,lawrence ,island seen through a fog and laid down very inaccurately71 the name ,s4 ,diomedis appears again4 ,the ,american coast was seen and landed upon2 ,cape ,prince of ,wales and the shore south and east from it are recognizable4 ,the island of ,st4 ,mathew was discovered and named1 though placed a degree too far south4 ,the island of ,st4 ,paul in the ,pribiloff group was discovered by ,synd1 put in its true latitude1 and named ,preobrazhenia or ,transfiguration ,island4 ,it is about seven degrees out in relative longitude and fourteen in absolute longitude4 ,one cannot doubt however that it was the island now known as ,st4 ,paul when we recall the fact that there are no other islands than the ,pribiloff group1 in that latitude or within that general area of ,bering ,sea4 ,the southern ,cape of the ,chukchi ,peninsula1 ,chukotski ,cape of ,bering and ,mller is represented two degrees too far south4 ,preobrazhenia ,bay is not recognizable but the name is transferred to the bight west and north of ,cape ,bering of our present charts4 ,this part of the coast was not however approached by ,synd1 who spent much time on the coast of ,kamchatka4 ,on his chart this peninsula is represented better than we should have expected from the rudeness of the rest4 ,the map of the ,academy shows the influence of those who discredited the near approach of ,america to eastern ,siberia2 notwithstanding the explorations of ,deshneff1 ,gvosdeff and ,synd1 the ,american shore of ,bering ,strait has disappeared altogether4 ,the eastern portion of the ,chukchi ,peninsula is indented by a host of hypothetical inlets1 and defended by an unrecognizable archipelago of nameless islands4 ,the far-stretching chain of islands1 among which ,bering's second expedition was so long entangled1 excepting those confirmed by ,krenitzen and ,levasheff 7who sailed far north of the southern arc of the chain7 is also absent4 ,excepting that the fictitious peninsula north from ,chukchi land is effaced1 the map in its main features for this region is less accurate than that of ,bering1 and does not compare very favorably with that of ,mller4 ,and yet but shortly after its publication1 the explorations of ,cook and ,clerke recorded the facts which should1 when published1 exalt the memory of the older geographers and scatter the hypotheses which for a time prevailed against them4 ,their explorations are included in ,a voyage to the ,pacific ,ocean1 undertaken by the command of his ,majesty1 for making discoveries in the northern hemisphere1 etc41 performed under the direction of captains ,cook1 ,clerke and ,gore1 in his ,majesty's ships the ,resolution and ,discovery1 in the years #aggf-aghj4 ,london1 for ,t4 ,nicol and ,t4 ,cadell1 #aghd-e4 #c volumes #d and atlas folio4 ,this is the edition ordered by the ,admiralty4 ,of this celebrated work1 said to have been written from the explorers' manuscripts by ,bishop ,douglas1 there have been many editions4 ,in the ,bulletin of the ,socit de ,gographie1 ,paris1 #ahgi1 pp4 #dha-edj1 is a bibliography by ,james ,jackson4 ,the most interesting points in regard to ,cook's explorations about ,bering ,strait are comprised on the chart 7vol4 ii1 p4 #dfg7 entitled3 ,chart of ,norton ,sound and of ,bherings ,strait made by the ,east ,cape of ,asia and the west point of ,america4 ,on this chart the main features of the coast on either side of the strait are correctly indicated1 though several of the inlets and bays are wanting4 ,the ,diomedes and ,fairway ,rock of modern charts are located but left without names1 ,king's ,island is named2 ,arakam was not recognized as an island nor was ,point ,chaplin 7,indian ,point7 observed4 ,st4 ,lawrence ,island was seen in foggy weather4 ,its isolated hills connected by very low flat land led ,cook into the error of supposing that it comprised several islands1 one of which he correctly referred to that named ,st4 ,lawrence by ,bering and the rest he lumped under the name of ,clerke's ,islands4 ,a single fictitious island1 midway between ,st4 ,lawrence and ,king's appears on the chart1 but is not named or mentioned in the text4 ,st4 ,lawrence ,bay is named and discovered4 ,bering and ,mller's ,chukotski cape is correctly identified4 ,east ,cape is well delineated1 and the name ,serdze ,kamen 7,heart-,rock7 originally given to a cliff or bluff point at the entrance of ,holy ,cross ,bay is transferred to a point on the ,arctic shore of the peninsula4 ,there is a confused and somewhat curious history connected with the use of the names ,serdze-,kamen and ,chukotski ,cape4 ,after the travels of ,deshneff1 ,popoff and others and the reception at various times of information from the natives1 it was pretty generally understood among the hunters and traders of this region that the extreme of ,asia was a cape or point on or near which the ,chukchi dwelt1 or which they described1 which was not definitely located1 and which was vaguely known as the ,chukchi ,cape or the ,cape of the ,chukchis1 ,chukotski ,noss in the ,russian tongue4 ,cape ,serdze ,kamen will be found on the chart of ,billings' ,voyage4 ,it was the point where the ,chukchis successfully defended themselves against the invading ,russians who sought to force them to pay tribute4 ,beyond it1 for the ,russians all was mysterious ,chukchi country with an unknown coast4 ,this cape being their ne plus ultra it is probable that it was more or less confounded by these illiterate and ignorant hunters with the supposed eastern ,cape of ,asia1 otherwise the ,cape of the ,chukchis as used by ,mller4 ,admit this and it is not difficult to frame an hypothesis which shall account for the confusion1 without recourse to the absurd charges with which ,lauridsen attempts to soil the reputation of ,mller1 ,steller and others4 ,when ,bering named a cape near which he met a baidar-load of ,chukchi who gave him some geographical information 7among other things that the coast made a turn after passing it7 he called this cape with great propriety the ,cape of the ,chukchis1 as observed by ,cook 7ii1 p4 #dgd7 and with no reference to the legendary ,cape of the ,chukchis above referred to4 ,but when ,mller and others more familiar with the records of the earlier explorers came to make maps1 they naturally applied the legendary name to the cape which they supposed to be the eastern end of ,asia1 and beyond which the coast makes a turn to the west4 ,mller believing in a great cape or peninsula on the northern coast of the ,chukchi country supposed this to be the true ,cape ,chukotski1 and to the eastern ,cape of ,bering he left the name of ,serdze-,kamen1 probably knowing little about the original ,cape ,serdze4 ,and as ,bering1 by the ambiguity of his journal1 gave color to the idea that he had rounded ,east ,cape and pursued the north coast west of it for a few hours before turning homeward1 what more natural than that those little acquainted with the region should speak of his turning back from near ,serdze-,kamen8 ,thus ,cook1 following out the same idea derived from his study of the map and journal in ,harris1 transferred the name to a point in the latitude at which ,bering turned back1 on the coast which he supposed him to have surveyed4 ,there is plenty of confusion here but no just ground for supposing malice in it4 ,a publication which throws much light upon ,bering's voyage of #agbh was printed by ,vasili ,nikolaievich ,bergh 7or ,berkh7 a well known writer on geographical matters in connection with ,russian history4 ,it is in the ,russian language and the title may be translated as follows3 ,first ,sea ,voyages of the ,russians undertaken for the settlement of this geographical problem--,are ,asia and ,america united8--and performed in #agbg1 #bh and #bi1 under the command of fleet captain of the first rank1 ,vitus ,bering4 ,to which is added a short biographical account of ,captain ,bering and some of his officers4 ,st4 ,petersburg1 ,academical printing office1 #ahbc4 #h4 #c pr4 l4 iv1 #abf pp4 #a map4 ,russian text4 ,this book was printed1 as many private books are1 at the printing office of the ,imperial ,academy of ,sciences1 but was not published or printed by the ,academy4 ,the only copies ,i know of are those in the library of the ,academy and one in the ,british ,museum library1 neither of which ,i have been able personally to consult4 ,but through the kind offices of ,dr4 ,s4 ,hertzenstein1 of the ,zoological ,museum of the ,academy1 ,i learn that ,bergh found in the ,archives of the ,state ,admiralty ,department the logbook of midshipman ,peter ,chaplin entitled1 ,midshipman ,peter ,chaplin's journal of the ,kamchatka expedition of #agbe-agca4 ,from this ,,mss and from the notes of ,g4 ,f4 ,mller and ,admiral ,nagaieff1 ,bergh compiled his work4 ,chaplin's journal is not reprinted verbatim but only paraphrased by ,bergh who adds his own commentary on the subject matter1 and occasionally gives extracts from ,chaplin whose logbook seems to have been kept in a model way4 ,an effort will be made to obtain a copy of the original logbook1#g but for the present we are obliged to be content with what of authenticity remains to the data which have been translated or paraphrased by ,bergh1 ,lauridsen and ,olson1 necessarily submitting to more or less modification in the process4 ,footnote #g3 ,simultaneously with the proofs of this paper the work of ,bergh has been communicated to me through the liberality of the ,university of ,upsala1 ,sweden4 ,the results of a critical examination of it will form the subject of a later paper as the present publication cannot be delayed4 ,the most authentic and important document for the history of this voyage is naturally the official report handed in by ,bering himself and printed in the ,journal of the ,military ,topographical ,depot of the ,russian ,army1 volume x1 pp4 #fg-gi1 ,st4 ,petersburg1 #ahdg4 ,this journal is a quarto and the report is printed verbatim et literatim if one may judge by the archaic and mispelled words with which it is adorned4 ,it comprises ,bering's report including his instructions1 a table of geographical positions1 and a painfully detailed table of routes and distances by which his position in ,kamchatka was computed4 ,this report has never been translated in full and unmodified1 the original is thought to have been lost4 ,the present publication is not referred to by ,lauridsen and was apparently unknown to him4 ,i have therefore thought it worth while to prepare an ,english version of the report and geographical table which are incorporated in this paper4 ,the result shows that the previous versions of the report which have appeared were more or less mutilated or colored by the editors printing them1 probably with the view of making the report of more popular interest to their readers but with injurious results to its historic value for reference4 ,we now come to the latest contributions to the subject4 ,if it were not for the deficiencies in them1 which seem to me serious1 this paper would not have been prepared1 but it seemed to be a pity that the sources of information in regard to ,bering1 accessible to those who do not read ,russian should not be both more impartial and more accurate4 ,vitus ,j4 ,bering og de ,russiske opdagelsesrejser fra #agbe-dc4 ,af ,p4 ,lauridsen4 ,udgivet med understttelse af den ,hielmstierne-,rosencroneske stiftelse4 ,kjbenhavn4 ,gyldendalske ,boghandels forlag 7,f4 ,hegel ,sn74 ,fr4 ,bagges bogtrykkeri1 #ahhe4 ,small #d1 six prel4 l4 #baa pp41 #d sheets of charts1 one plate1 one wood-cut4 ,this work is an attempt at a life of ,bering which should combine an account of his career with a reversal of the generally received opinion in regard to his indecision of character4 ,it embodies a general polemic against those who at different times have criticised the explorer4 ,it contains a paraphrase of some portions of ,bergh's work which had not previously been accessible in any language except the ,russian1 yet which would have been much more valuable in the shape of exact translation and quotation4 ,the author labored under the disadvantages of not understanding the language in which all the original records both printed and in manuscript are written2 of having little or no familiarity with nautical surveying or cartography2 and of being apparently unacquainted with the best modern charts of the region4 ,his criticisms of others are couched in very heated and not altogether parliamentary language1 and he is the victim of a narrow spirit of nationalism which is sometimes mistaken for patriotism4 ,nevertheless he has brought together a great deal of information2 it is evident1 in spite of his violent criticisms1 that he has not intended to be unfair1 since he puts on record in several instances evidence damaging to his own views which would not otherwise have come to light2 and he has certainly exhibited ,bering's valuable qualities in a manner which will do much towards rehabilitating his reputation4#h ,footnote #h3 ,i may take opportunity in this place of replying to certain criticisms of ,mr4 ,lauridsen on the chronological chapter of my work on ,alaska and its ,resources published in #ahgj4 ,that chapter was and was stated in its introductory paragraph to be a compilation from the authorities on the subject4 ,it contained no original matter except that relating to explorations subsequent to #ahfe4 ,for ,bering's two voyages ,i consulted the report on the ,russian ,discoveries printed by order of the ,empress and under the auspices of the ,imperial ,academy of ,sciences at ,st4 ,petersburg1 prepared by the distinguished geographer ,mller1 himself a member of the second expedition and personally acquainted with the actors in those scenes4 ,no more authoritative printed document exists on the subject4 ,the supposed errors animadverted upon by ,mr4 ,lauridsen are either taken directly from ,mller1 or are inferences drawn from his report4 ,some of them the critic has misunderstood or misconstrued1 which from the necessarily extreme condensation of my table is particularly easy4 ,the expression of surprise that ,bering passed through ,bering ,strait without seeing the ,diomedes1 was warranted by the fact that ,bering nowhere mentions their name or speaks of seeing any islands in their location1 nor are they on his earliest printed charts4 ,this point1 however1 will be more fully dealt with later4 ,if ,i were to re-write that chapter ,i should probably modify the criticisms of ,bering's character which appear in it2 but at the time it was written ,i was fresh from four years' exploration in the same region1 and was particularly impressed with his failure to secure better results when to do so would have been so easy1 as well as directly in the line of his duty4 ,review3 ,bulletin of the ,american ,geographical ,society for #ahhe4 ,new ,york1 the ,society1 #ahhe4 pp4 #bhe-bih4 ,this review forms part of a ,reply to criticisms upon the voyage of the ,vega around ,asia and ,europe1 by ,baron ,a4 ,e4 von ,nordenskiold1 translated from the ,swedish by ,vere ,a4 ,elfwing4 ,it is addressed only toward certain points in ,lauridsen's work1 and contains valuable corrections of certain errors therein1 and information in regard to the work of ,strahlenberg and the other early cartographers of ,eastern ,siberia4 ,it is a translation of a paper published in ,ymer for #ahhe1 to which for exact accuracy reference should be made4 ,russian explorations1 #agbe-agdc4 ,vitus ,bering3 the discoverer of ,bering ,strait4 ,by ,peter ,lauridsen 7etc474 ,revised by the author and translated from the ,danish by ,julius ,e4 ,olson 7etc474 ,chicago1 ,s4 ,c4 ,griggs ,company1 #ahhi4 #h xvi1 #bbc pp41 #b cuts1 #b folding sheets of maps4 ,this edition is a good deal condensed1 especially in the matter of references1 and does not have all the illustrations of the original4 ,there are also a good many slips or typographical errors1 which affect its value as a work of reference4 ,some of those important in connection with the present paper are as follows3 page #ca1 line #d1 #fj #ej' ,n4 latitude should be #fb #ej'4 ,on the last line of the same page longitude should be latitude4 ,page #cb1 after cloudy weather in the second line from the bottom1 the whole remaining record of ,august #aeth is omitted altogether4 ,the sentence beginning ,from noon relates to ,august #afth1 nautical reckoning4 ,page #cc1 line #e1 #cj #ai' east should be #cj #ag' east2 line #bj after half west should be inserted south by east1 by compass4 ,page #ea1 line #d from bottom1 latitude should be longitude4 ,review3 ,nation 7,the7 ,new ,york1 vol4 xlix1 ,no4 #abge1 p4 #ded4 ,dec4 #e1 #ahhi4 ,i may add that a number of references to ,russian articles treating of ,bering will be found in my ,bibliography of charts and publications relating to ,alaska and adjacent region1 published by the ,u4 ,s4 ,coast ,survey in #ahgi4 ,,report ,,of ,,fleet-,,captain ,,bering ,,on ,,his ,,expedition ,,to ,,the ,,eastern ,,coast ,,of ,,siberia4 ,to the most ,serene ,sovereign1 the high and powerful1 the ,empress of all the ,russias3 ,a short relation of the ,siberian ,expedition upon which was sent ,of your ,imperial ,majesty the most humble servant and fleet-captain1 ,w4 ,i4 ,,bering4 ,on ,february #e of the late year #agbe ,i received from her ,imperial ,majesty the ,empress ,ekaterina ,alexievna1 of happy and well-deserving memory1 the autographic instructions of his ,imperial ,majesty ,peter the ,great1 of happy and well-deserving memory1 a copy of which is hereunto affixed4 ,instructions4 7#a47 ,there should be built on the ,kamchatka ,river1 or at some other place adjacent1 one or two boats with decks4 7#b47 ,with these boats you are directed to sail along the coast which extends northwards and which is supposed 7since no one knows the end of it7 to be continuous with ,america4 7#c47 ,and therefore you are directed to seek the point where it connects with ,america and to go to some settlement under ,european rule1 or if any ,european vessel is seen1 learn of it what the coast visited is called1 which should be taken down in writing1 an authentic account prepared1 placed on the chart and brought back here4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the following were the instructions given me by the former ,general ,admiral ,count ,apraxin1 in which were written3 ,artisans1 laborers and whatever1 in my opinion1 is necessary for the expedition1 are to be demanded from the chancellor's office of the government of ,tobolsk and monthly reports sent to the ,imperial ,admiralty ,college4 ,before receiving these instructions1 ,january #bd1 a lieutenant and #bf men of my command had been ordered to service on the expedition by the ,admiralty ,college with the necessary equipment for #be wagons4 ,the whole number of my command sent out amounted to #cc men who were ordered to ,vologdie and from ,st4 ,petersburg to ,tobolsk by a route which passed through the towns here named3 through ,vologdie1 ,totma1 ,upper ,ustiuk1 ,solwichergodsk1 ,kaigorodok1 ,solkamsk1 ,verkhoturia1 ,turinsk1 ,epanchin and ,tiumen4 ,on the #afth day of ,march we arrived at ,tobolsk and were there until the #aeth day of ,may because of the lateness of the season interfering with travel4 ,during the delay at ,tobolsk requisitions were made for the necessary outfit for the expedition4 ,may #aeth we left ,tobolsk by water down the ,irtish to ,samarovska ,yama1 on four boats of the kind called by the ,siberians dostcheniki1 on which were loaded all the outfit brought from ,st4 ,petersburg or obtained at ,tobolsk2 together with a chaplain1 commissary1 sub-officers and thirty-four soldiers4 ,i had previously sent a garde-marine officer1 on a small boat furnished by the ,tobolsk authorities in obedience to the orders of the ,naval ,college1 to the proper settlements where the preparation of freight-boats had been ordered on the ,yenisei and ,uskut rivers1 and ,i ordered him to sail to ,yakutsk4 ,from ,samarovska ,yama the ,obi river was ascended to ,surgut and to ,narim1 and thence the ,ket river to ,makovska post4 ,from ,tobolsk to ,makovska as we traveled live ,ostiaks who were formerly idolaters1 but1 since the year #agae1 through the labors of the ,metropolitan of ,tobolsk they have been converted to the true faith4 ,from ,makovska post to ,yeniseisk the route lay overland4 ,from ,yeniseisk to the ,ilima-mouth we proceeded also in four boats by way of the ,yenisei and ,tunguska rivers4 ,on the ,tunguska there are three rapids and several shoals2 rapids be it understood where across the whole width of the river large rocks stand high in the water1 with a passage only in one or two places2 and shoals1 similarly under water and above water but composed of small stones1 alternate with rapids and with places where the water in the river is shallow for the distance of one or two versts1 and which are not surmounted without a great deal of labor4 ,from ,yeniseisk in pursuance of orders from ,tobolsk we took thirty men1 carpenters and smiths4 ,on the ,ilima river1 on account of rapids1 bars and shoal water1 the barges could not be taken to ,ilimsk4 ,for a certain distance only small canoes were available1 for which reason the heaviest part of the outfit was reserved to be sent by sledges in winter4 ,lieut4 ,spanberg1 with a party of thirty-nine carpenters and laborers1 went by land from ,ilimsk by the ,uskut to the river ,lena1 to prepare during the winter fifteen barges on which the command and its equipment should be floated down to ,yakutsk4 ,i remained with the rest of the party near ,ilimsk just below the ,uskut1 because at ,ilimsk there are few houses and on account of the difficulties involved in a winter journey to ,yakutsk1 from the deficiencies of transportation1 the deep snow and the severe cold1 which prevented us from proceeding4 ,to these reasons was added the necessity1 according to the orders from the authorities at ,tobolsk1 of drawing the provisions for the expedition from ,irkutsk and from ,ilimsk down to ,yakutsk because at the latter place grain is not cultivated4 ,during our wintering at ,ilimsk ,i made a sledge journey to ,irkutsk to advise with the local ,voivod who had previously been ,voivod at ,yakutsk and who understood what would be needed by us in transporting our outfit from ,yakutsk to ,okhotsk and ,kamchatka1 since ,i did not possess any actual information in regard to that region4 ,during the last days of winter travel ,i went over to the ,uskut and obtained from ,irkutsk twenty additional carpenters and smiths for the work of the expedition and two coopers from ,ilimsk4 ,on the ,tunguska1 ,ilima and ,lena rivers to the ,vitim live the so-called ,tunguses1 people who own reindeer which they use as draught animals1 while those who do not own deer live near the rivers on fish and travel in canoes made of birch bark4 ,these people are idolaters4 ,from ,uskutsk on fifteen barges1 in the spring of #agbf1 we descended the ,lena to ,yakutsk4 ,from the river ,vitim down to the ,lena1 on both banks live ,yakuts with a smaller proportion of ,tunguses4 ,the ,yakuts possess herds of cattle1 plenty of horses and cows by which they subsist1 and are contented with the product of their herds1 depending but little on fish except where their cattle are too few4 ,they pay an idolatrous reverence to the sun and moon as well as to birds1 such as the swan1 eagle and crow4 ,they also hold in great honor their own fortunetellers1 known hereabouts as shamani1 each of whom owns small idols or figures which they call shaitan4 ,by their own account these people are of ,tartar origin4 ,on reaching ,yakutsk in boats ,i required the aid of all the people of my command4 ,thirteen flat-bottomed barges which had been constructed at ,uskutsk1 under ,lieut4 ,spanberg1 proceeded by water on the ,lena down to the ,aldan to ascend that river1 the ,maya and the upper ,yudoma4 ,such a cargo could hardly have been transported to that distance overland on horseback where but little in the way of subsistence was obtainable from land or water4 ,the ,cross of ,yudoma might only be reached with great difficulty1 but if successful the expense would be less than if the material had been carried on the backs of horses4 ,i myself with a few people crossed from ,yakutsk to ,okhotsk with pack horses1 as is the general custom4 ,the load or pack taken is only about five puds to one horse1 less than by the telega ordinary cart1 the deep mire and high mountains to be traversed not permitting more1 though my supplies amounted to #afjj puds4 ,at the post called ,okhotsk is a ,russian village of only ten houses1 and ,lieut4 ,chirikoff was left to winter at ,yakutsk with orders to come overland to the ,okhotsk post in the spring4 ,in the last days of ,december1 #agbf1 a message asking for assistance was received from ,lieut4 ,spanberg1 who had been dispatched by the river1 saying that the boats had failed to get within #dej versts of ,yudoma ,cross and were frozen in on the ,gorbeh ,river1 where he was transporting by sledges a cargo of outfit indispensable to our party4 ,i sent at once1 from among those who were wintering with me at the post of ,okhotsk1 a party with dogs and supplies and brought in the ,lieutenant to the post on the first day of ,january1 #agbg1 but without any of the outfit1 he having left the ,gorbeh river ,november #dth1 #agbf4 ,his command had been obliged by hunger to eat the flesh of their horses and even the rawhide harness1 the skin of their fur clothing and the untanned uppers of their shoes4 ,their cargo was all left at four different places along the route1 which lay through uninhabited country4 ,the only addition to their means which they had been able to secure1 was some of our own flour1 to the amount of #aej puds1 which on my overland journey ,i had been obliged to leave near ,yudoma ,cross on account of the death of some of my pack-horses4 ,along the rivers ,aldan and ,maia live ,yakuts of the same stock as those of the ,lena and ,yudoma rivers4 ,but near and around the post of ,okhotsk wander the seaside ,tunguses and some ,lamuts with their herds and many reindeer1 who travel about winter and summer where their deer can find pasturage2 and some pedestrian ,tunguses who live near the sea and rivers and are professional fishermen as among the ,yakuts4 ,february #a1 ninety men with some dogs and sledges were collected and sent under ,lieut4 ,spanberg to bring in the outfit left behind by the ,yudoma river1 and by the #ast of ,april about half of it had been transported safely to ,okhotsk4 ,since more remained ,i sent twenty-seven men to ,yudoma ,cross to bring over the rest of the material on pack-horses from that place1 who returned in ,may4 ,in this region in winter time from ,yakutsk to ,okhotsk and other distant places people always travel on foot in parties of eight or ten1 hauling their own sledges after them4 ,those belonging to our command1 when sent from ,gorbeh to ,okhotsk1 brought down ten or fifteen puds or more1 the snow being seven feet deep in places and travelers in winter being obliged to dig out a camp every evening1 down to the ground to keep warm4 ,june #cj1 ,lieut4 ,spanberg in his newly built vessel sailed across the sea to the port of ,bolsheretsk with a cargo of outfit and supplies and the material for the shipbuilders and workmen of our command1 sent to ,kamchatka to get out the timbers for a vessel1 being ordered to return again for us4 ,july #c;d1 ,lieut4 ,chirikoff arrived from ,yakutsk with #bcjj puds of flour1 according to my instructions4 ,august #ba1 we loaded the new vessel which had returned from the land of ,kamchatka1 and another old boat which had been at ,bolsheretsk1 with the flour1 and the whole command then at ,okhotsk proceeded across the sea to ,bolsheretsk4 ,the officer who had been left to guard the provisions which had not arrived from the wintering place on the ,gorbeh river was directed to float them down again and take a receipt from the authorities at ,yakutsk and endeavor1 the following year1 to deliver to the command in ,kamchatka some part of the provisions1 iron and tar4 ,it was necessary to take the supplies from the mouth of the ,bolshoia river to the post of ,bolsheretsk by water in small boats4 ,at the post were fifteen houses inhabited by ,russians4 ,for the ascent of the shallow river small boats had been built as ,i desired that the outfit and the most necessary part of the provisions should be transported to the upper ,kamchatka post1 a distance of #abj versts by water4 ,the transportation between ,bolsheretsk and ,upper and ,lower ,kamchatka in winter was entirely carried on by the use of the native dogs4 ,every evening it is necessary to dig out the camp in the snow1 in order to get shelter from whirlwinds of snow which in this region are called poorga4 ,if one makes camp in an open place free from snow1 these snow squalls are liable to overwhelm the party and they may perish4 ,at ,upper ,kamchatka there are seventeen and at ,lower ,kamchatka fifty houses1 at another place ,middle ,kamchatka where there is a church are fifteen houses1 and in all these settlements there are not over #aej ,russian subjects1 who live by the collection of the yassak tribute money1 beside those who were brought to the country on our expedition4 ,in coming over to ,bolsheretsk we brought #cjj puds of whale blubber obtained from a whale cast up by the sea1 which served us as money1 together with the ,circassian tobacco which is here commonly so used4 ,in the southern part of ,kamchatka live ,kuriles1 in the northern part ,kamchadales1 whose language is peculiarly their own with but few introduced words4 ,of these people some are idolaters1 others believe in nothing and are strangers to all honesty4 ,the ,russians who live in ,kamchatka and the indigenes grow no grain and have no domestic animals except draught dogs4 ,they dress and subsist upon what they can get1 principally fish1 roots and berries1 in summer time wild fowl and large marine animals4 ,at present in the wilderness of ,yakutsk1 the convent1 which is of the same age as the ,kamchatka churches1 cultivates barley1 hemp and turnips4 ,here only turnips are grown by the people of the three settlements1 but they grow very large1 in ,russia they are smaller1 here there may be four turnips to a pud4 ,i brought with me on my journey some rye which was sowed around the establishments near us1 but whether it ripened or not ,i did not ascertain4 ,the frost strikes early into the ground in this region and the absence of cattle renders it difficult for the people to plow4 ,the natives described and from whom the yassak tribute is collected1 belong to the ,russian ,empire and are all savages4 ,they are known for their dirt and bad passions4 ,if a woman or any animal brings forth twins then one of them is smothered1 the hour it is born1 and it is regarded as a great fault if one does not smother one of the two4 ,the ,kamchadales are very superstitious4 ,if there is any one who is very ill1 even a father or mother1 or near the point of death1 they will carry them out into the woods and leave them without nourishment for a week together whether it be winter or summer1 from which treatment many die4 ,the dead are not covered with earth but are dragged out and left to be eaten by dogs4 ,the house of a man who has died is abandoned4 ,among the ,kariak people it is the custom to burn the body1 although this is forbidden4 ,by the time of our arrival at the ,lower ,kamchatka post the ship-timber for our vessel was in large part prepared1 and upon the #dth of ,april1 #agbh1 was put upon the stocks for the vessel1 which1 with ,god's help1 was finished by the #ajth of ,july1 the timber being hauled by dogs4 ,tar was made from the native tree which is called ,listvennik spruce1 since the tar which we should have brought with us had not arrived4 ,before this it was not known here that tar could be obtained from the native trees4 ,so also for the sea voyage1 the deficiency of spirit made from grain was supplied by a liquor distilled from herbs1 and salt was made by boiling sea water4 ,to increase our store of sea provisions1 in place of cow's butter1 fat was tried out from fish1 in place of meat fish was salted4 ,the vessel was provisioned with everything needful for forty men for a year4 ,on the #adth day of ,july we went out of the mouth of the ,kamchatka river into the sea1 in obedience to the autographic orders given me by his ,imperial ,majesty ,peter the ,great1 as the map constructed for that purpose will show4 ,august #hth1 having arrived in north latitude #fd #cj'1 eight men rowed to us from the shore in a skin-boat1 enquiring from whence we came and what was our business there4 ,they said they were ,chukchi1 7whom the ,russians of these parts have long known7 and as we lay to they were urged to come to the vessel4 ,they inflated some floats made of sealskin and sent one man swimming to us to talk1 then the boat came up to the vessel and they told us that on the coast lived many of their nation2 that the land not far from there takes a decided turn to the westward1 and they also said that at no great distance from where we were1 we should see an island4 ,this proved true1 but we saw nothing valuable upon it except huts4 ,this island in honor of the day we named ,st4 ,lawrence1 but we were not able to see any people upon it1 though an officer was sent in a boat from the vessel on two occasions to look for inhabitants4 ,on the #aeth of ,august we arrived in the latitude of #fg #ah' and ,i judged that we had clearly and fully carried out the instructions given by his ,imperial ,majesty of glorious and ever deserving memory1 because the land no longer extended to the north4 ,neither from the ,chukchi coast nor to the eastward could any extension of the land be observed4 ,if we should continue on our course and happen to have contrary winds we could not get back to ,kamchatka before the close of navigation and might be obliged to winter in that region1 not only without a harbor1 but where no fuel could anywhere be obtained1 where the native people do not acknowledge the authority of the ,russian government1 but are wholly independent and united against us in refusing to pay tribute4 ,from the mouth of the ,kamchatka river and all the way to this place along the seacoast wind elevated mountains1 resembling a wall in steepness1 and from which the snow does not disappear in summer4 ,on the #bjth of ,august four canoes were observed rowing toward us1 containing about forty people who were ,chukchi of the same sort as those whom we had met before4 ,they brought for sale meat1 fresh water1 fish1 fox skins1 of which fifteen were of the white fox1 and four walrus teeth1 which my people bought of them for needles and flint-and-steels4 ,they said that some among them had been overland with reindeer to the ,kolyma river and that they never went by sea to the ,kolyma2 but1 at a great distance1 by the seashore lived some of our people1 born ,russians1 people whom they had known for a long time1 and one of them said that he had been at the ,anadyr post to trade4 ,to other questions they gave the same answers as the ,chukchi previously seen4 ,on the #b;d of ,september we entered the mouth of the ,kamchatka river and wintered at the post of ,lower ,kamchatka4 ,on the #eth of ,june1 #agbi1 having repaired the vessel which had been laid up1 we went out of the mouth of the ,kamchatka river and put to sea to the eastward1 because the inhabitants of ,kamchatka declared that on fine days land could be seen across the sea4 ,though none of our own people had observed it1 we went out to determine the authenticity of the information4 ,we sailed nearly #bjj versts and saw not the slightest trace of land4 ,we sailed around the south point of ,kamchatka to the mouth of the ,bolshoia river1 making a chart of this part which had not previously been delineated4 ,from the mouth of the ,bolshoia river we sailed across the sea to the post of ,okhotsk having left at ,lower ,kamchatka and at ,bolsheretsk1 out of the supplies received by us from the authorities of ,yakutsk1 flour1 meal and dry salt meat to the amount of #hjj puds4 ,on the #bc;d of ,july the vessel reached the mouth of the ,okhotsk river1 where the outfit and supplies of the expedition were turned over to the governor and ,i1 with my command1 on hired horses1 crossed over to ,yudoma ,cross and thence in canoes down the ,aldan river1 crossing over at ,belskoi and below1 and carrying everything on pack horses over to ,yakutsk4 ,the whole journey occupied the time from ,okhotsk1 ,july #bith1 to ,yakutsk on the #bith of ,august4 ,we remained in ,yakutsk until ,september #c;d1 and from ,september #ajth until ,october #ast traveled in two barges on the ,lena when we were arrested by ice at the settlement of ,peleduie4 ,here we were detained until the #bith of ,october1 by the absence of snow and the presence of small ice in the ,lena4 ,when the ice solidified we proceeded to ,ilimsk and from ,ilimsk to ,yeniseisk on the ,tunguska river1 stopping at ,russian settlements2 and from ,yeniseisk to ,tomsk with ,russians and converted ,tartars2 from ,tomsk to ,chausk ,ostrog1 ,russian settlements2 from ,chausk to ,tari by the ,barabinskoi steppe2 from ,tari to ,tobolsk by the ,irtish river among the ,tartars2 arriving at ,tobolsk ,january #aj1 #agcj4 ,from ,tobolsk for ,st4 ,petersburg we left on the #beth of the same month1 following the same route by which we originally reached ,tobolsk from the capital4 ,we arrived in ,st4 ,petersburg ,march #a1 #agcj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,note4--,the extensive tabular itinerary covering two quarto pages1 showing the details of the route traversed in going to ,kamchatka1 the distances and directions from point to point 7except during the sea voyages71 the native tribes in the region traversed1 etc4--is not reproduced1 as it contains no information of importance in the present connection4 ,the other table1 showing the astronomical position estimated for the more important places is herewith transcribed4 ,to get the approximate ,greenwich longitude #fg should be added to the longitudes in the table which are reckoned from ,tobolsk4 ,i have provided a tabular itinerary1 which shows the dates of the events of the expedition1 derived from ,bering's ,report and from other sources1 which are indicated by letters4 ,b stands for ,brookes' edition of ,du ,halde2 ,h for ,campbell's version in ,harris2 ,m for ,mller's account2 and ,l for ,lauridsen4 ,the astronomical events are taken from ,oppolzer's standard catalogue of solar and lunar eclipses4 ,it will be noted in the following tables there are a few discrepancies of single days compared with ,lauridsen's account or other authorities4 ,these ,i take to be due to the use in the ship's journal of the nautical day in which the nautical second day of the month begins on the first calendar day at noon and ends at noon on the second calendar day1 so that events occurring during the first twelve hours of the nautical day would have a date one day later than the true calendar date4 ,catalogue of the towns and notable ,siberian places put on the chart through which the route passes1 with their latitude and longitude1 the latter computed from ,tobolsk4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,cities and ,places4 ,latitude ,n4 ,long4 ,e4 of ,tobolsk4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,tobolsk #eh #je' #jj #jj' ,samarofska ,yama #fj #ag #jj #cj ,town of ,surgut #fj #ea #e #ah ,town of ,narim #eh #dh #ad #ce ,ketskoi post #eh #ai -- --#i ,losinoborski convent #eh #ag -- --#i ,makoffska post #eh #jc #bc #ac ,yeniseisk #eh #bj #be #ab ,kashim convent #eh #cg #cb #jj ,house of ,simakhina1 ,ilima river mouth #eg #be #ce #af ,ilimsk #ef #dj #cf #dd ,ust ,kutskoi post #ef #dj #ch #bf ,kirinski post #eg #ej #da #ja ,yakutsk #fb #jh #eg #ec ,okhotsk post #ei #ac #gf #jg ,mouth of ,bolshoia river1 ,kamchatka #eb #db #hi #ea ,upper ,kamchatka post #ed #dh -- --#i ,lower ,kamchatka post #ef #aa -- --#i ,mouth of ,kamchatka river #ef #jc #if #aj ,cape ,st4 ,thaddeus #fb #bj #aaa #cb ,west cape1 ,holy ,cross bay #fe #ce #aae #ae ,east cape1 ,holy ,cross bay #fe #bh #aae #cg ,preobrazhenia bay #fe #ja #abj #cj ,chukotski cape1 east end #fd #be #abb #ee ,st4 ,lawrence island #fd #jj #abb #ee ,st4 ,diomede island #ff #jj #abe #db ,place from which we turned back #fg #ah #abf #jg ,south cape of ,kamchatka #ea #aj #hi #ea ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,footnote #i3 ,these longitudes absent from ,bering's own report are supplied by ,campbell in his list1 probably from the chart4 ,in the ,table of positions the addition of #fg will reduce the longitudes to ,e4 of ,greenwich4 ,it is probably from this table that ,dr4 ,campbell derived his list1 in ,harris1 which is1 barring some additions1 errors1 and mistranslations1 much the same4 ,as ,bering does not give any longitude for ,lower ,kamchatka post it is highly improbable that he observed it at that place1 by means of a lunar eclipse or otherwise4 ,chirikoff's observation of a lunar eclipse at ,ilimsk made that point #cj #ac' east longitude from ,tobolsk or1 approximately1 #ig #ac' east from ,greenwich4 ,his pedometric observations placed ,ilimsk in #ajc #dd' ,e4 ,gr4 ,on recent charts ,ilimsk is in about #ajd ,e4 ,gr41 so that the eclipse observation was in error about #f degrees4 ,the meridian used on the voyage of #agbh was that of ,lower ,kamchatka1 based on pedometric observations from ,ilimsk computed by means of a traverse table4 ,these1 according to ,chirikoff's journal1 gave for the ,lower ,kamchatka post a meridian of #abf #ja' #di east from ,st4 ,petersburg or about #aef #jb' east from ,greenwich1 which is in error about six and a quarter degrees4 ,discarding the eclipse observation and using only the pedometric observations from ,tobolsk to ,lower ,kamchatka the result for that place is #afb #cc' ,e4 ,gr41 which is very near the truth4 ,i have no doubt that this result is what was finally used in the chart 7though not in the original report7 and1 therefore1 that all the observations of ,lauridsen and others in regard to the alleged eclipse in ,kamchatka are based on a misunderstanding and without value4 ,,itinerary ,,for ,,bering',s ,,first ,,expedition4 ,dates corrected to ordinary calendar1 beginning at midnight4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,date4 ,date4 ,authorities4 ,old ,style4 ,new ,style4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #agbe4 ,advance party under ,chirikoff left ,st4 ,petersburg ,h4 ,l4 ,jan4 #bd4 ,feb4 #d4 ,bering followed ,b4 ,l4 ,m4 ,feb4 #e4 ,feb4 #af4 ,bering arrived at ,tobolsk ,b4 ,h4 ,l4 ,m4 ,march #af4 ,march #bg4 ,bering left ,tobolsk ,bering4 ,may #ae4 ,may #bg4 ,bering arrived at ,ilimsk1 where they spent the winter of #agbe-f ,l4 ,sept4 #bi4 ,oct4 #aj4 ,lunar eclipse obs4 at ,ilimsk ,chirikoff4 ,oct4 #aj4 #agbf4 ,bering arrived at ,yakutsk ,l4 ,mid4 ,june4 ,end ,june4 ,bering left ,yakutsk ,l4 ,aug4 #af4 ,aug4 #bg4 ,bering reached ,okhotsk ,l4 ,sept4 #cj4 ,oct4 #aa4 ,bering's provision train arrived at ,okhotsk ,l4 ,end ,oct4 ,mid4 ,nov4 #agbg4 ,spanberg reached ,okhotsk 7,jan4 #f1 ,l7 ,m4 ,h4 ,jan4 #a4 ,jan4 #ab4 ,vessel ,fortuna launched at ,okhotsk ,l4 ,june #h4 ,june #ai4 ,spanberg sailed for ,bolshoia river ,m4 ,h4 ,l4 ,june #cj4 ,july #aa4 ,chirikoff arrived at ,okhotsk ,b4 ,m4 ,l4 ,july #c4 ,july #ad4 ,spanberg returned with ,fortuna ,l4 ,aug4 #aa4 ,aug4 #bb4 ,bering and party sailed for ,bolshoia river 7,lauridsen says ,august #ai7 ,b4 ,m4 ,h4 ,aug4 #ba4 ,sept4 #a4 ,bering arrived at ,bolshoia river ,m4 ,sept4 #b4 ,sept4 #ac4 ,bering arrived at ,bolsheretsk ,l4 ,sept4 #d4 ,sept4 #ae4 #agbh4 ,partial eclipse of moon1 visible in ,kamchatka1 last contact #g;h #dam ,p4,m4 ,oppolzer4 ,feb4 #ad4 ,feb4 #be4 ,bering arrived at ,lower ,kamchatka ,l4 ,march #aa4 ,march #bb4 ,vessel ,gabriel put on the stocks ,b4 ,h4 ,m4 ,april #d4 ,april #ae4 ,the ,gabriel launched 7,lauridsen says she sailed to the mouth of the river ,july #i7 ,b4 ,h4 ,m4 ,june #aj4 ,june #ba4 ,the expedition left the river to commence explorations ,b4 ,h4 ,l4 ,july #ac4 ,july #bd4 ,the expedition sailed northward ,m4 ,july #ad4 ,july #be4 ,bering reached his northernmost point and started on his return ,m4 ,h4 ,b4 ,l4 ,aug4 #ae4 ,aug4 #bf4 ,they reached the ,kamchatka river on their return ,h4 ,l4 ,sept4 #b4 ,sept4 #ac4 #agbi4 ,total eclipse of the moon1 visible in this region1 beginning at #f;h #jfm ,a4,m4 ,oppolzer4 ,feb4 #b4 ,feb4 #ac4 ,bering sailed ,e4 from ,kamchatka river 7,lauridsen says ,july1 which is erroneous7 ,m4 ,h4 ,june #e4 ,june #af4 ,bering steered to the southwest ,l4 ,june #h4 ,june #ai4 ,the party arrived at ,bolsheretsk ,july #b4 ,july #ac4 ,bering sailed for ,okhotsk ,l4 ,july #ad4 ,july #be4 ,bering arrived at ,okhotsk ,m4 ,ber4 ,july #bc4 ,aug4 #c4 ,bering left ,okhotsk ,h4 ,july #bi4 ,aug4 #i4 ,total eclipse of the moon same day1 but not visible in this part of ,asia ,oppolzer4 ,july #bi4 ,aug4 #i4 #agcj4 ,bering arrived at ,st4 ,petersburg ,h4 ,m4 ,b4 ,l4 ,march #a4 ,march #ab4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,synopsis ,,of ,,the ,,voyage4 ,the dates are reduced to the ,julian calendar from the nautical account4 ,the longitude is stated in degrees east from ,greenwich4 ,june #aj_/ba1 #agbh4 ,the vessel1 which was named the ,gabriel1 was launched at the ,lower ,kamchatka fort and loaded with a year's supply of provisions for forty men 7,b4 ,c4 ,h4 ,m474 ,she resembled the packet boats used in the ,baltic4 ,notes4--,this vessel was constructed of the ,kamchatkan spruce1 a species according to ,kittlitz closely resembling ,abies canadensis of ,america4 ,there is also a smaller species1 ,a4 mertensiana1 and by distillation of these two trees the deficiency in their supply of tar or pitch was made up4 ,the rigging1 sail-cloth1 oakum and anchors had been transferred with great labor from ,tobolsk4 ,the planking and timbers were doubtless fastened with trenails and not with spikes1 so the amount of iron used was much smaller than it would be in most modern vessels4 ,the provisioning of the expedition is the subject of a fanciful paragraph garbled from ,bering's original report1 which has been quoted by every one of the historians of the voyage from ,d',anville to ,lauridsen4 ,i transcribe it from ,brooke's translation of #agcf1 pp4 #dcg-h4 ,the provisions consisted of ,carrots for want of ,corn 7grain or wheat71 the fat of ,fish uncured served instead of ,butter and salt fish supplied the place of all other meats4 ,campbell in ,harris' ,voyages1 p4 #ajbj1 still further enlarges this statement and ,lauridsen puts it ,fish oil was his butter and dried fish his beef and pork4 ,salt he was obliged to get from the sea1 and he distilled spirits from 'sweet straw4' ,this gives a totally false idea of the supplies provided for the expedition4 ,bering received from ,yakutsk over forty-two tons of flour1 and large numbers1 fifty at a time1 of the small ,siberian cattle were driven on the hoof to ,okhotsk where their flesh was partly dried and partly salted4 ,on his return he delivered surplus supplies to the proper officers in ,kamchatka and at ,okhotsk ever #cj1jjj lbs4 of meal1 flour and salt meat4 ,there were at that time no carrots to be had in ,kamchatka as ,bering himself testifies4 ,salted salmon then as now1 formed a staple article of diet in ,kamchatka and was without doubt included in his stores4 ,the delicate fat obtained by boiling the bellies of the salmon1 is annually prepared in ,kamchatka and is regarded to this day as a great delicacy 7cf4 ,voyage of the ,marchesa1 #b;d edition1 p4 #ace47 ,a store of it might without any hardship be furnished to the commander for use as butter4 ,salt he obtained as it is usually obtained by evaporating sea-water1 and the absence of strong drink of ,european origin was supplied by a distillation of the stalks of the bear's foot or sweet herb of the ,cossacks 7,heracleum dulce ,kittlitz71 long used for that purpose by the ,russians in ,siberia and from which1 even in modern times1 according to ,seemann1 the ,kamchadales secured additions to their scanty supply of syrup or sugar4 ,the supplies then of the expedition1 were not inferior to those in common use at sea at that period1 and as far as health is concerned were certainly less likely to result in an invasion of scurvy than the use of salt beef and pork alone would have been4 ,it must be remembered that the fare on naval vessels all over the world in those days1 was rude and coarse to a degree now long unknown and that it was not until the voyages of ,cook1 nearly half a century later1 that the antiscorbutic and varied regimen1 now usually enforced by law in maritime nations1 was even thought of4 ,the force crowded together on the little ,gabriel is enumerated by ,lauridsen presumably from the account of ,bergh4 ,it consisted beside the commander1 of ,lieutenants ,martin ,spanberg and ,alexie ,chirikoff2 ,second ,lieutenant ,peter ,chaplin1 ,doctor ,nieman1 a quartermaster1 eight sailors1 a worker in leather1 a rope maker1 five carpenters1 a boatswain1 two cossacks with a drummer and nine marines1 six servants1 stewards1 etc41 and two ,kariak interpreters1 a cabin boy and a pilot1 in all forty-four persons4 ,it is not clear from ,lauridsen's account whether in the above list are or are not included the two mates1 ,richard ,engel and ,george ,morison1 or the cartographer ,potiloff1 who started with ,bering from ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,luzhin was left behind1 being ill4 ,july #ac_/bd4 ,the variation of the compass was determined to be #ac #aj' easterly 7,l474 ,in the afternoon 7being the #adth nautical reckoning7 the vessel left the ,kamchatka river4 7,b4 ,c4 ,h47 ,they steered to the northeast along the coast1 which was kept in sight to the north and west1 in from nine to twelve fathoms water4 ,as the point of departure ,cape ,kamchatka was determined to be in north latitude #ef #c' 7,m4 ,l47 ,notes4--,the variation of the compass in #ahhe was #b #cj' easterly 7,schott74 ,as will be seen by the ,table of ,positions1 the latitude above given for the cape is not the same as that adopted by ,bering on his chart4 ,the depth mentioned shows that the ,gabriel must have kept within a few miles1 probably not exceeding ten1 from the shore and the very slow progress made1 as indicated by the log1 not much exceeding two miles an hour gives rise to the suspicion that1 in the early part of the voyage1 in order to keep their survey continuous1 they probably lay to during the hours of darkness4 ,off ,karaginski ,island the variation of the compass was determined to be the same as at the mouth of the ,kamchatka river4 ,from this date to the #bgth1 the accessible authorities give no data1 and the expedition probably pursued its way uneventfully4 ,july #bg_/;,aug4 #g4 ,this day a prominent ,cape was passed at a distance of some three miles4 ,it was named ,st4 ,thaddeus1 after the saint on whose holy day it was again seen on the return voyage4 ,many grampus1 porpoises1 seals and sealions were seen 7,l474 ,notes4--,this ,cape ,st4 ,thaddeus is not the cape of the same name on modern charts1 but the cape now known as ,cape ,navarin4 ,this is evident from ,bering's chart4 ,bering's position for the cape is in error about fifteen miles in latitude and three degrees in longitude on his chart1 while in the list of positions1 the error is only about five miles of latitude and half a degree in longitude4 ,from near ,cape ,thaddeus ,bering stood across ,anadyr ,gulf1 out of sight of the low land1 missing ,anadyr ,bay1 and thereby falling into the error of placing on his chart the mouth of the ,anadyr ,river south of the cape4 ,the error was subsequently corrected by ,g4 ,f4 ,mller4 ,lauridsen observes 7,american edition1 p4 #cj71 that having sailed past the ,anadyr ,river without quite being able to find their bearings1 in regions of which they had not a single astronomical determination1 etc4 ,this is absurd4 ,they had a compass and there is no reason why they should not find their bearings1 and it is certain they were there to make observations and not to verify those already made4 ,no apology is needed for ,bering's determination to press more rapidly northward4 ,it was in accordance with common sense1 considering the lateness of the season and the uncertainty of what they had to accomplish before the season closed4 ,aug4 #a_/ab4 ,festival of the ,holy ,cross4 ,the expedition saw land to the northward and soon after entered a great bay which they named ,holy ,cross ,bay4 ,this they explored to the river at its head which they named ,bolshoia 7,great7 ,river1 and on the western point of entrance the latitude was1 ,aug4 #b_/ac1 observed to be #fe #ce' north1 while the longitude by dead reckoning was estimated at #ahb #ae' east of ,greenwich1 and the magnetic variation of a point easterly4 ,notes4--,lauridsen says 7p4 #ca1 ,american edition7 that in ,holy ,cross ,bay the ,gabriel spent two days under sail in search of fresh water and a place to anchor4 ,this is extremely singular1 as there is an anchorage immediately at the entrance to the bay1 on the starboard hand1 and runs of fresh water are abundant4 ,the application of an obvious correction#aj to the list of positions given by ,campbell makes the position at the western elbow or spit1 at the mouth of ,holy ,cross ,bay1 that which is given above4 ,this position is over a degree too far west and over six miles too far south4 ,but ,lauridsen 7quoting ,campbell without observing the blunder87 not stating the source of his information1 gives a position 7,n4 ,lat4 #fb #ej'7 which is two hundred and twelve miles too far south and the ,english translation improves upon this by making it #fj #ej'1 or three hundred and thirty-two miles south of the truth1 or two hundred and sixty-five miles south of the entrance to the bay as platted on ,bering's own chart4 ,footnote #aj3 ,in ,harris' ,voy41 #b;d ed41 ii1 p4 #ajba1 ,bering's table of positions is printed3 7,n4 ,lat47 7,lon4 ,e4 ,tobolsk7 ,nischuvi ,kamschatska ,oostrog #ef #aa'1 #ih #cj' ,the ,mouth of the river of the ,apostle ,thadeus and the ,cape #ef #jc'1 #if #aj' ,the ,elbow of the river ,swetoi ,krest #fb #bj'1 #aaa #cb' ,eastern ,point #fe #ce'1 #aae #ae' ,this should read1 errors and misplacements corrected3 ,lat4 ,long4 ,nizhni ,kamschatsk ,ostrog #ef #aa'1 #ie #cj' ,the mouth of the ,river 7,kamchatka7 #ef #jc'1 #if #aj' ,the ,cape of the ,apostle ,thaddens #fb #bj'1 #aaa #cb' ,the western cape 7or spit7 of ,svietoi ,krest ,bay #fe #ce'1 #aae #ae' ,the words in parentheses are added by the writer for clearness4 ,it is somewhat surprising that in using this table nobody seems to have recognized these errors4 ,bering's table in his report and ,bering's chart as printed by ,d',anville differ from each other fifteen miles in latitude and two degrees and twenty-five minutes or nearly seventy-five miles in longitude4 ,the chart is the more correct1 but it differs more than thirty miles in latitude and nearly a degree in longitude from the modern observations of ,ltk and ,rodgers for the same locality4 ,after leaving ,holy ,cross ,bay1 the voyage was continued to the southeast along the high and rocky coast of which ,lauridsen 7probably paraphrasing ,bergh7 says that every indentation was very carefully explored4 ,this is obviously a flight of fancy1 since a good part of this coast is low and sandy1 while there is no indication of two excellent harbors which it affords1 on any of the charts of ,bering or his successors in that century4 ,aug4 #f_/ag1 #agbh4 ,this day1 the festival of the ,transfiguration1 found the ,gabriel entering a small bay1 which on that account was named ,transfiguration 7,preobrazhenia7 ,bay4 ,here they anchored 7,l474 ,lieutenant ,chaplin was sent ashore for water and found native huts but no people4 ,notes4--,this bay has never been surveyed1 and on the best modern charts is merely indicated1 while on many others it is omitted altogether or the name transferred to the anchorage north of ,cape ,bering or to ,plover ,bay4 ,bering's position for the spit at the entrance of ,transfiguration ,bay is two degrees and a quarter too far east and sixteen miles too far north by the table1 but his chart gives the position much more closely1 with a difference from ,rodgers' chart of not exceeding five miles4 ,aug4 #g_/ah4 ,they proceeded along the coast in a south-southeasterly direction4 ,note4--,the total eclipse of the moon of this date could hardly have been observed by ,bering1 since the moon must have been close to the horizon and first contact of the shadow occurred only about five minutes before the moon set4 ,as ,bering does not mention it1 it is not likely that he noted the eclipse4 ,aug4 #h_/ai4 ,at seven in the morning a skin-boat 7umiak or bidarr7 was observed to be launched from the shore1 eight men getting into it and rowing toward the vessel 7,b474 ,they approached within hail1 and were understood1 through the aid of the ,kariak interpreters on board the ,gabriel1 to enquire whence the vessel came and what was the object of the expedition in entering these waters4 ,after much persuasion one of the natives left the skin-boat and swam1 sustaining himself on two inflated seal-skins tied by a pole1 to the ,gabriel and came on board and the others1 seeing that no harm befel him1 came nearer the vessel shortly afterward 7,m4 ,b4 ,c474 ,the interpreters had some difficulty in understanding all the natives said1 but it was gathered from their conversation that these people called themselves ,chukchi 7or by an analogous name72 that they were acquainted with the ,russians1 by report or otherwise1 that there were numerous settlements of their people along this shore2 that the ,anadyr ,river lay far to the west 7,l472 that to the south and east lay an island which would soon be visible to the people on the ,gabriel if they continued on the course they were then steering2 that in the vicinity of this island the shore of the mainland changes its direction and extends beyond to the north and then to the westward 7,b4 ,m4 ,c4 ,h474 ,the man who had boarded the vessel was given some presents and sent back to the native boat1 in the hope that he would persuade his comrades to come on board the ,gabriel1 but1 suspecting some evil design1 the natives pulled away toward the shore and disappeared4 ,according to ,bergh1 ,chaplin's journal expresses regret that more important information could not be obtained owing to the difficulty in interpreting what was said by the ,chukchi4 ,at noon the latitude was estimated to be #fd #cj'4 ,in the afternoon the cape mentioned by the ,chukchis was seen4 ,notes4--,the account given in ,bering's report1 and variously rendered by ,mller1 ,brooks1 ,d',anville and ,campbell1 differs in several details from that given in ,chaplin's journal and described by ,bergh and ,lauridsen4 ,the various ,english versions of both fail in clearly rendering the important point gained by this interview with the natives1 which was1 that1 at a short distance1 the main coast changes its direction and turns to the north and west4 ,these ,chukchis pointed the way to the strait for the party on the ,gabriel1 and their account proved to be accurate in every particular4 ,the people of this part of the coast call themselves ,tsau-ch1 which is their tribal name4 ,the similar name of another branch living near the ,anadyr ,river has been corrupted into the word ,chuk-chi1 by the ,russians1 from which we derive our general name for these people4 ,lauridsen says ,breden var #fd #da' which in the ,american edition stands1 the longitude 7sic7 was #fd #da'4 ,but the original and all the variants of ,bering's own report make the latitude #fd #cj' which is correct4 ,if it had been #fd #da' they would have been north of their own position for ,transfiguration ,bay1 from which their course had been ,s4,s4,e41 therefore the #da' is certainly erroneous4 ,on ,bering's chart he refers to the point of the coast where the shore changes its direction under the name ,chukotskago ,noss1 which means the promontory of the ,chukchi1 though this is not the same as the ,chukchi ,cape of the ,anadyr ,cossacks1 who so denominated the eastern extreme of ,asia1 which they knew from report and by the voyage of ,deshneff4 ,there can be no reasonable doubt that ,bering named his cape after the people who had described it to him1 although the imperfections of the record leave this to be inferred4 ,bering's map gives the latitude of the south extreme of the cape as about #fd #jb'1 and it is erroneously represented as extending south of the latitude of the northwest end of ,st4 ,lawrence ,island4 ,its real latitude is about fifteen miles further north4 ,cook made it #fd #ac'4 ,chaplin's journal 7according to ,lauridsen7 makes it #fd #ah'1 which would agree with the latest surveys very nearly1 though the coincidence must be regarded as a happy accident in view of their imperfect tables1 instruments and methods4 ,bering's report places its eastern extreme in #fd #be' and 7wrongly7 in the same longitude as the west end of ,st4 ,lawrence ,island4 ,aug4 #aj_/ba4 ,st4 ,lawrence's day4 ,the island referred to by the ,chukchi was seen and the vessel stood toward it1 about two o'clock in the afternoon4 ,twice1 an officer with a four-oared boat was sent to reconnoiter the coast more closely1 but he saw only what appeared to be huts without inhabitants 7,c74 ,the island 7of which only the northwest hilly portion was seen1 owing to the hazy weather7 was named after the patron saint of the day and the course of the vessel was changed to the northward4 ,aug4 #aa_/bb4 ,at noon the latitude was estimated at #fd #bj'1 and at sunset an attempt was made by the determination of the magnetic variation to get the longitude 7,l474 ,notes4--,an illustration of the want of care with which ,lauridsen has weighed his comments1 it may be pointed out that he claims 7p4 #cb1 ,am4 ,ed47 that on reaching latitude #fd #bj' the ,gabriel was in ,bering ,strait1 while two pages later1 on her return southward1 he declares her to have got out of the strait on reaching latitude #fd #bg'6 ,as a matter of fact1 at the present day1 the whalers and traders of this region consider that ,cape ,chaplin 7more commonly known as ,indian ,point7 forms the southwest point of entrance to the strait2 and this point is situated in latitude #fd #be' and ,e4 longitude #ahg #dj'1 as determined by the writer in #ahhj4 ,this is perhaps the point referred to by ,bering as the eastern point of his ,chukotskoi ,cape4 ,the magnetic method of determining the longitude would give correct results only accidentally1 as previously explained4 ,the result announced by ,lauridsen for the present occasion is #be #ca' east from ,lower ,kamchatka ,ostrog or #ahg #ea' east from ,greenwich1 which would be within a few miles of the latest determinations4 ,but it is obvious from ,bering's map that he could not have made his position less than #bh #de' east from ,lower ,kamchatka1 and the position above given is perhaps an interpolation from modern sources1 which has been misunderstood or mistranslated4 ,as ,lauridsen has paraphrased1 not quoted1 it is impossible in the absence of ,bergh's original to determine who is responsible for the incongruity4 ,an interpolation seems the more likely since ,bering himself gives the longitude as #ahi #ee' ,e4 ,gr4#aa ,footnote #aa3 ,a glance at ,bergh shows that this statement of ,lauridsen is simply a blunder4 ,bergh only says they obtained the magnetic variation 7#be #ca' easterly7 by an amplitude observation6 ,longitude is not mentioned1 nor ,kamchatka4 ,aug4 #ab_/bc4 ,from noon of the #aath to noon of this day1 the ,gabriel sailed sixty-nine miles1 but the difference of latitude was only #ba miles4 ,the wind was light to fresh and the weather overcast 7,l474 ,notes4--,if the above statement be taken literally with the assumption that they were at noon of the #aath in latitude #fd #bj' and ,e4 longitude #ahh from ,greenwich1 it would give their position for noon of the #abth as #fd #di' and longitude #aij #de' ,e4 ,gr41 which does not at all accord with the subsequently narrated course1 etc4 ,if we proceed on the hypothesis that it means that the log recorded #fi miles and that only #bi miles were made good 7which might easily happen if the polar current were running strong on the west side of the strait7 and that their course was parallel with the ,siberian shore in a general way they would have been1 at noon of ,august #abth1 in latitude #fd #di' and longitude #ahh ,e4 ,gr4 or thereabouts1 which agrees very fairly with the known circumstances4 ,aug4 #ac_/bd4 ,a fresh breeze and cloudy weather4 ,the ,gabriel sailed the whole day with no land in sight and the difference in latitude was only #gh miles at noon1 reckoned from noon of the #abth4 ,the wind diminished toward night4 ,notes4--,on the same hypothesis as to the meaning of difference in latitude as the words are used by ,lauridsen1 the ,gabriel at noon of the #acth would have been ten or twelve miles south from ,east ,cape and in about latitude #fe #ee'4 ,if the words are to be taken literally1 as a navigator would use them1 the ,gabriel would have been about fifteen miles to the northward and eastward of ,east ,cape1 which agrees much less with the subsequently detailed circumstances4 ,with the nautical day beginning at noon on the #acth according to ,lauridsen the weather began to be calm and cloudy which would check their progress4 ,aug4 #ad_/be4 ,this is the festival of ,saint ,demetrius of ,africa4 ,a current was experienced during this day which was estimated to have helped the vessel northward eight miles and three quarters4 ,this current ran from south-southeast to north-northwest4 ,from noon of the #acth to noon of this day the vessel sailed #bi miles in addition to the current drift4 ,at noon the latitude was estimated to be #ff #da' and high land was visible astern4 ,at three o'clock in the afternoon high mountains were observed to the southward1 which1 says ,chaplin1 were probably on the continent4 ,notes4--,under any hypothesis either the run of the vessel was underestimated or the latitude was overestimated4 ,adding the estimated run to the position attained under our hypothesis for the #abth and #acth it will put the ,gabriel at noon1 ,august #adth1 in about north latitude #ff #bd' and longitude ,e4 ,gr4 #aia #cj'4 ,chaplin's reckoning as given by ,lauridsen would have put the ,gabriel more than fifty miles off shore when the land spoken of would have been out of sight4 ,our hypothesis puts her about twenty-eight miles ,n4,e4 true from ,east ,cape when the high land of either shore1 under favorable circumstances1 might have been seen even if the sky were overcast4 ,clouds do not interfere with seeing1 unless attended by fog or haze4 ,during this day the ,gabriel had sailed between ,east ,cape and the islands now known as the ,diomedes2 the shore being near by4 ,why then should it be noted in the log that high land was seen astern at noon8 ,the high land of ,siberia they had seen and sailed along for days in full sight of it4 ,it seems to us that this excludes the idea that the log refers to the ,siberian highland and that what was seen was the loom of land not before seen1 as of the ,diomedes or even of ,america4 ,it may not have been clear to the commander and yet have been marked enough for the subordinate officer to have put it in his log1 with the dead reckoning and daily notes4#ab ,on several old charts mention is made of land seen by ,spanberg which is supposed to have been ,america1 after ,gwosdeff had confirmed the existence of the ,american mainland in that direction and ,synd had landed upon it4 ,this suggestion is not unimportant in connection with the subsequent conduct of ,bering and will be referred to again in its proper connection4 ,the further fact that all early printed versions of ,bering's list of positions1 refer to the modern ,diomedes only as the island of ,st4 ,demetrius and that this day was the festival of that obscure saint1 lends further confirmation to the above suggestions4 ,footnote #ab3 ,lauridsen gets over the discrepancy by putting the word still before seen 7,am4 ,ed41 p4 #da71 but there is nothing in the original sources to confirm this view of the matter4 ,aug4 #ae_/bf4 ,the ,gabriel appears to have continued to sail in a northeasterly direction until three o'clock in the afternoon1 having been aided by the current to the extent of #h miles and sailed #fe miles2 many whales were seen and the depth averaged between #bc and #cf fathoms4 ,since the #acth the water had appeared whitish or discolored4 ,the wind was moderate and the weather cloudy4 ,between noon and three o'clock the vessel made seven miles against a head wind4 ,the position of the ,gabriel at that time was estimated to be in north latitude #fg #ah' and #cj #ag' east longitude from the town of ,lower ,kamchatka 7,c4 corrected74 ,note4--,the nautical day ,aug4 #ae extending from noon of the #adth to noon of the #aeth is altogether omitted from the ,american translation of ,lauridsen's book4 ,the position for the turning point estimated by ,chaplin is manifestly by dead reckoning1 as the sky was cloudy4 ,it was not adopted in the list of positions published by ,campbell in ,harris' ,voyages nor on ,bering's map4 ,in the former the longitude he adopts is #bg #cg' east of ,lower ,kamchatka fort1 and this agrees exactly with the point on the coast in ,du ,halde's engraving of ,bering's map where the mountains cease to be put down near the shore1 the point on the north coast of ,siberia where ,lauridsen1 and ,chaplin as quoted by him1 say ,bering did not go1 and the point which has been generally regarded as ,bering's farthest6 ,if we apply the distance and direction from ,chaplin's journal to the course of the ,gabriel platted from his preceding data1 literally1 it will put the turning point of the voyage in ,n4 latitude #fg #cb' and ,e4 longitude #aic #cg' or thereabouts1 which is about thirty-five miles off the ,american coast southwest from ,cape ,seppings4 ,but if we do this the position is far from agreeing with ,chaplin's4 ,by applying the hypothetical correction which we have heretofore used1 the position would be in latitude #fg #bd' and ,e4 longitude #aic #ae' from ,greenwich or #ca east from ,lower ,kamchatka fort1 agreeing more nearly with ,chaplin4 ,on the other hand the position off ,cape ,seppings agrees better with ,chaplin's figures for the remainder of the day4 ,at this point the commander of the expedition determined to turn homeward4 ,the ,gabriel was put on a course ,s4 by ,e4 by compass 7,s4 by ,w4 ,w4 true1 the variation allowed being #b points easterly7 before a brisk seven knot breeze1 making better time than is recorded for any part of her outward voyage4 ,notes4--,lauridsen says#ac that1 in terminating the outward voyage1 ,bering announced that as he had now accomplished his task it was his duty1 according to his orders1 to return4 ,mller and other authorities quote1 more or less modified in the translation1 the reasons given in ,bering's report4 ,but1 as there is no reason to suppose these were uttered to the ship's company officially at the time1 a consideration of them may be deferred until the total results of the voyage are discussed4 ,the course set1 according to ,chaplin's journal1 would1 if made good1 have carried the ,gabriel east of the ,diomedes and close to ,cape ,prince of ,wales4 ,the northwesterly current referred to by ,chaplin and recognized by most navigators who have since visited those seas1 would have carried the vessel more to the westward1 as was actually the result1 and it was probably allowed for4 ,footnote #ac3 ,bergh 7p4 #ed7 quotes ,chaplin's journal1 which says3 ,at three o'clock ,captain ,bering announced3 that it was necessary for him1 in spite of his instructions1 to turn back1 and put the vessel about with orders to steer ,s4 by ,e4 by compass4 ,the italics are ,bergh's1 who adds that1 in the journal of ,lieut4 ,chirikoff1 the same statement is made in the same words4 ,i transliterate the italicized phrases according to the schedule for ,russian letters published in ,nature1 ,feb4 #bg1 #ahij4 ,chto nadlezhit emu protiv ukazu vo ispolnenie vozvratit'sya4 ,this plain statement1 which proves that 7at the moment7 ,bering recognized that he was not fulfilling his orders1 is suppressed by ,lauridsen and of course by ,bering himself when he came to prepare his official report4 ,lauridsen however is not satisfied with suppressing the truth1 which would have weighed so heavily against his hero and his argument1 but1 with the truth in his possession1 he has inserted in his book a statement which is diametrically opposed to it as above cited4 ,august #af_/bg4 ,saint ,diomede's day4 ,the ,gabriel had kept on her course with a free wind making more than seven knots 7miles7 an hour4 ,at nine in the morning they found themselves off a high promontory on the west1 where there were ,chukchi habitations4 ,on the east and seaward they saw an island1 which it was proposed to call after the saint of the day4 ,at noon the vessel had made since the previous noon #aae miles and had reached latitude #ff #jb'4 ,continuing on their way1 with a fresh breeze and cloudy weather1 they sailed along the ,asiatic coast near enough to observe many natives and at two places they saw dwellings4 ,at three ,p4,m4 very high land and mountains were passed 7probably the highlands near ,st4 ,lawrence ,bay74 ,notes4--,from #c ,p4,m4 ,aug4 #aeth to #i ,a4,m4 ,aug4 #afth is #ah hours1 which at seven knots an hour 7allowing the alleged excess to be the equivalent of the drift caused by the current7 would amount to #abf miles4 ,deduct from this the seven miles sailed between noon and #c ,p4,m4 ,aug4 #aeth in the opposite direction and we have remaining #aai miles made on the homeward voyage at a time when the ,gabriel was between the ,diomedes and ,east ,cape1 or at least in plain sight of both4 ,but three hours later1 at noon1 according to ,lauridsen1 they had made only #aae miles in all1 although the breeze was fresh and fair4 ,from ,chaplin's position for the turning point to latitude #ff #jb' off ,east ,cape is #if miles4 ,from our hypothetically corrected position for the turning point1 off ,cape ,seppings1 the distance would be to the same place #abf miles1 or thereabouts4 ,it is evident that there is a miscalculation1 or an error in the record here1 which1 without further data1 it is not possible to correct4 ,it is certain that ,bering with whom the right of naming any new island would have rested1 did not then name the island above mentioned after ,st ,diomede4 ,on all copies of the earlier version of his chart it appears if at all under the name of the ,island of ,st4 ,demetrius4 ,from this we may suspect that he identified it with the high land seen ,aug4 #adth1 ,st4 ,demetrius' day1 while others on board1 suspecting they were not the same proposed the name of ,diomede for the present island2 regarding the high land as something distinct4 ,if the hardy and self-willed ,spanberg was the one who reported the land ,aug4 #adth1 and if he saw the high land about ,cape ,prince of ,wales1 as several old charts allege1 he would have been the last to admit that the relatively small and adjacent island now seen1 should be identified with his discovery4 ,aug4 #ag_/bh4 ,the breeze having been strong and fair an observation at noon indicated that the latitude was #fd #bg' and that the ,gabriel had sailed #afd miles since noon of the #afth4 ,in the afternoon the weather was clear and the wind became light4 7,the ,gabriel must have come out of the strait this afternoon74 ,notes4--,a distance of #afd miles from the position of the previous noon would have put the ,gabriel in latitude #fc #ch'4 ,the distance on the general course sailed by the ,gabriel from #ff #jb' to #fd #bg' is about #ajg miles4 ,it is possible that in copying or printing #ajd miles has become transmuted to #afd miles4 ,there is an obvious error here of some kind4 ,aug4 #ah_/bi4 7,lauridsen does not refer to any record for this day1 but it is probable that the wind continued light and the weather fair and that the ,gabriel was slowly working her way westward and southward in the vicinity of ,cape ,chukotski47 ,aug4 #ai_/cj4 ,in the afternoon being in the vicinity of the place where they had met the ,chukchi boat on the outward voyage1 four baidars were seen with their crews pulling for the vessel1 which accordingly lay by for them to come up with her4 ,there were ten natives to each baidar1 or forty in all4 ,they brought reindeer meat1 fish1 and fresh water in large bladders for sale for which they were suitably rewarded1 while the crew of the ,gabriel obtained from them skins of the red and the polar foxes and four walrus teeth1 which the natives bartered for needles1 flint-and-steel for striking fire1 and iron4 ,these ,chukchi told them that they went over land to trade at the ,kolyma ,river1 carrying their goods with reindeer1 and that they never went by sea4 ,they had long known the ,russians and one of them had even been to the ,anadyrsk fort to trade4 ,from this man they had hopes of gaining valuable information but he could tell them nothing more than they had learned from the first ,chukchis who had been questioned4 ,aug4 #bj_/ca to ,aug4 #bi_/,sept4 #i4 7,for this period the documents accessible to me give no information1 but the ,gabriel was doubtless pursuing her homeward way uneventfully along the coast of ,kamchatka47 ,aug4 #cj_/,sept4 #aj4 ,a heavy storm arose with fog and the ,gabriel finding herself dangerously close to the shore anchored near the land to ride it out4 ,a note in ,harris indicates that they may have been near ,karaginski ,island4 ,aug4 #ca_/,sept4 #aa4 ,at one ,p4,m4 the storm had abated1 but in weighing anchor the cable had been so chafed by the rocky bottom that it parted and they lost the anchor1 and were obliged to put to sea without recovering it4 ,sept4 #a_/ab1 #agbh4 ,at five o'clock in the afternoon they approached and at seven the next morning entered the mouth of the ,kamchatka river1 thus ending the voyage4 ,note4--,the ,gabriel was secured in a slough of the river and the party went up the river to the fort of ,lower ,kamchatka where ,bering passed the winter4 ,it is certain that the residents of ,kamchatka and others more or less familiar with the reports of ,cossack explorations in ,chukchi-land were not altogether satisfied with the summary manner in which exploration had been given up by ,bering1 and his apparent assumption that there was no adjacent land to the eastward except small islands4 ,more or less such discussion and criticism could hardly have failed to reach his ears1 and his reflections may have led him to think that1 after all1 he had been too hasty4 ,trees not indigenous to ,kamchatka had been seen floating near the shores1 no heavy breakers ever proceeded from the eastward and it was even alleged that land or the loom of land might be seen to the east from the coast mountains in very clear weather4 ,on account of these and other reasons#ad which were urged by residents of the country1 ,bering determined to make a new trial4 ,instead of proceeding directly to ,okhotsk across ,kamchatka he fitted out the ,gabriel for another voyage4 ,beside the fact that ,luzhin1 one of his cartographers1 had explored the ,kurile ,islands lying next to ,kamchatka1 the vessel ,fortuna during ,bering's absence had doubled ,cape ,lopatka and was anchored in the ,kamchatka ,river when ,bering entered it on his return4 ,it was therefore evident that the straits were navigable and the return voyage might be made that way4 ,spanberg was ordered to ,bolsheretsk on account of illness 7,l471 and it is possible he took the ,fortuna back there since she had already returned to ,bolsheretsk when ,bering reached that port1 on his way to ,okhotsk4 ,footnote #ad3 ,the natives even claimed that a man had been stranded on the coast of ,kamchatka in #agae1 who stated that his own country lay to the eastward and contained forests with high trees and large rivers4 7,lauridsen1 op4 cit4 ,am4 ed4 p4 #ea74 ,bering himself states that he made the search of #agbi at the instance of the ,kamchatkan residents4 ,lauridsen has ascribed to ,bering's own initiative the willingness to make another search for land as if these ideas were original with him4 ,it is evident that this is unjustified and fanciful4 ,mller's account shows that the incitement to a second attempt proceeded from the residents of the country and that ,bering complied with their suggestions2 and ,bering says so himself in his report4 ,on ,june#ae #e_/af1 #agbi1 the ,gabriel left the mouth of the ,kamchatka ,river and stood to the eastward1 directly off shore4 ,she continued on this course about forty-eight hours1 sailing a distance variously estimated at from ninety to one hundred and thirty miles4 ,the weather was foggy1 no land was seen1 the wind shifted to dead ahead at east northeast1 and on the third day ,bering gave up the search and steered for the southern coast of ,kamchatka1 the extreme of which is marked by the point known as ,narrow 7,ooskoi7 ,cape1 or more generally as ,shovel 7,lopatka7 ,cape1 from its low square termination4 ,he determined the latitude of this cape1 and passing through the strait south of it reached ,bolsheretsk on the west coast of the peninsula on the second of ,july4 ,most of this time was probably spent in tracing the form of the southern part of ,kamchatka4 ,half way between the ,kamchatka ,river and the coast the variation was observed to be one point easterly1 and off ,avatcha ,bay three-quarters of a point easterly4 ,footnote #ae3 ,lauridsen says ,july1 which is erroneous4 ,in the ,american translation of ,lauridsen it is said 7p4 #ea7 that ,bering fixed the difference of latitude 7for which one should read longitude7 between ,bolsheretsk and ,lower ,kamchatka ,ostrog at #f #bi'4 ,but on ,bering's maps the difference is only #c #ej'1 while in his list of positions no longitude is assigned to ,lower ,kamchatka post4 ,in ,campbell's list it stands at #h #ci'1 which the correction of an evident error of #ih for #ie reduces to #e #ci'4 ,the true difference of longitude according to the latest charts is about #e #be'4 ,where ,lauridsen got his figures he does not state4 ,campbell1 in ,harris1 states that ,bering was the first navigator to double ,cape ,lopatka1 but the ,fortuna had made this voyage in #agbh1 though her commander is not known4 ,at ,bolsheretsk ,bering left a crew for the ,fortuna which had returned thither2 turned over some of his surplus stores to the local authorities and on the #ad_/be ,july sailed from the ,bolshoia ,river for ,okhotsk4 ,here he arrived ,july #bc_/;,aug4 #c and after some days spent in turning over government property to the local officials and procuring his horses and outfit1 he left ,okhotsk ,july #bi_/;,aug4 #i on the overland journey to ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,the second eclipse of the moon for the year occurred on this day1 but during hours of daylight1 and hence was invisible in this part of ,asia4 ,after an uneventful but successful journey ,bering arrived in ,st4 ,petersburg ,mar4 #a_/ab1 #agcj1 bringing with him1 according to ,du ,halde1 the map and report he had prepared upon his explorations4 ,,table ,,of ,,geographical ,,positions ,,derived ,,from ,,bering',s ,,first ,,voyage1 ,,reduced ,,to ,,greenwich1 ,e4 ,,longitude4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,meridian used in the ,tobolsk4 ,tobolsk4 ,tobolsk4 ,greenwich4 original1 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,amount used for #fg4 #fg4 #fg4 reduction1 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,source of the data1 ,bering#af ,campbell4 ,du ,halde4 ,modern ,,ms4 #ag charts4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,date1 #agcj8 #agcj8 #agcf4 #aheb-hh4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ' ' ' ' ---------------------------------------- ---- ,okhotsk #eh #ed #ei #ac #eh #ed #ei #bjah #ada #cj #adc #jg #ada #bj #adb #dj ---------------------------------------- ---- ,bolsheretsk1 #eb #ce #eb #db #eb #dj #eb #ea ,kamchatka #aee #bh #aef #ea #aee #be #aef #ej ---------------------------------------- ---- ,upper ,kamchatka #ed #aj #ed #dh #ed #aj -- -- settlement #aeg #aj #aeh #jj #aeg #ae -- -- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,lower ,kamchatka #ee #df #ef #aa #ee #ej #ef #ae settlement #aei #bh #afb #cjai #aei #ae #afb #ae ---------------------------------------- ---- ,cape1 at ,kamchatka #ee #eb #ef #jc #ee #dj #ef #jj river-mouth #afb #je #afc #ajbj #afb #aj #afc #je ---------------------------------------- ---- ,cape ,thaddeus #fa #ej #fb #bj #fb #jj #fb #ae 7,navarin7 #agf #je #agh #cbba #agf #jj #agi #jb ---------------------------------------- ---- ,west point1 entrance #fe #af #fe #ce #fe #ae #fe #bh ,holy ,cross ,bay #agi #dj #ahb #aebb #ahj #jjbc #aha #ab ---------------------------------------- ---- ,mouth of river1 ,holy #ff #jj -- -- #fe #ej #ff #bb ,cross ,bay #agi #dj -- -- #agi #ej #ahj #de ---------------------------------------- ---- ,transfiguration ,bay #fd #de #fe #ja #fd #dj #fd #de 7east entrance7 #ahe #ae #ahg #cj #ahe #aj #ahe #ae ---------------------------------------- ---- ,cape ,chukotski1 of #fc #ee #fd #be #fd #jb #fd #ad ,bering #ahf #ee #ahi #eebd #ahf #aj #ahf #ej ---------------------------------------- ---- ,n4 ,w4 point ,st4 #fc #ej #fd #jj #fd #jb #fc #ebbe ,lawrence ,id4 #ahg #jj #ahi #ee #ahg #bj #ahh #bg ---------------------------------------- ---- ,st4 ,demetrius ,id4 #fe #db #ff #jj -- -- #fe #ej 7,big ,diomede7 #ahi #jebf #aib #dbbg -- -- #aij #be ---------------------------------------- ---- ,east ,cape of ,asia #ff #dj #fg #ah #ff #de #ff #je #ahi #dj #aic #jgbh #ahi #de #aij #cj ---------------------------------------- ---- ,bering's farthest not #fg #ah -- -- -- -- indicated4 #aic #jgbi -- -- -- -- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,petropavlovsk1 #ec #aj #ec #ab #ec #ae #ec #jb ,avacha ,bay #afj #jb #aei #ej #aeg #jj #aeh #cicj ---------------------------------------- ---- ,cape ,uskoi1 or #ej #ej #ea #aj #ea #aj #ej #eb ,lopatka#ca #aee #je #aef #ea #aee #aj #aef #dg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- 7table continued7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,meridian used in the ,tobolsk4 ,ferro4 ,ferro4 ,greenwich4 original1 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,amount used for #fg4 -#ah4 -#ah4 reduction1 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,source of the data1 ,bering#af ,d',anville4 ,mller4 ,modern ,,ms4 charts4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,date1 #agcj8 #agec4 #ageh4 #aheb-hh4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ' ' ' ' ---------------------------------------- ---- ,okhotsk #eh #ed -- -- #ei #bj #ei #bjah #ada #cj -- -- #ada #ae #adb #dj ---------------------------------------- ---- ,bolsheretsk1 #eb #ce #eb #dj #eb #edcb #eb #ea ,kamchatka #aee #bh #aee #cj #aef #cjcc #aef #ej ---------------------------------------- ---- ,upper ,kamchatka #ed #aj #ec #dj #ed #bh -- -- settlement #aeg #aj #aef #cj #aef #ee -- -- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,lower ,kamchatka #ee #df #ef #je #ef #bj #ef #ae settlement #aei #bh #aei #jj #aei #cj #afb #ae ---------------------------------------- ---- ,cape1 at ,kamchatka #ee #eb #ef #jj #ef #aj #ef #jj river-mouth #afb #je #aei #bj #afj #bj #afc #je ---------------------------------------- ---- ,cape ,thaddeus #fa #ej #fb #je #fb #be #fb #ae 7,navarin7 #agf #je #aga #ad #age #bj #agi #jb ---------------------------------------- ---- ,west point1 entrance #fe #af #fe #ae #fe #cj #fe #bh ,holy ,cross ,bay #agi #dj #age #aj #agh #de #aha #ab ---------------------------------------- ---- ,mouth of river1 ,holy #ff #jj #fe #de #ff #ae #ff #bb ,cross ,bay #agi #dj #age #jj #agh #ae #ahj #de ---------------------------------------- ---- ,transfiguration ,bay #fd #de #fd #be -- -- #fd #de 7east entrance7 #ahe #ae #ahj #jj -- -- #ahe #ae ---------------------------------------- ---- ,cape ,chukotski1 of #fc #ee #fd #aj #fd #ce #fd #ad ,bering #ahf #ee #aha #aj #ahe #aj #ahf #ej ---------------------------------------- ---- ,n4 ,w4 point ,st4 #fc #ej #fd #jj #fd #ae #fc #ebbe ,lawrence ,id4 #ahg #jj #aha #bj #ahf #je #ahh #bg ---------------------------------------- ---- ,st4 ,demetrius ,id4 #fe #db #ff #jj -- -- #fe #ej 7,big ,diomede7 #ahi #jebf #ahc #bjbf -- --#cd #aij #be ---------------------------------------- ---- ,east ,cape of ,asia #ff #dj #ff #cj #ff #de #ff #je #ahi #dj #ahd #jj #ahg #be #aij #cj ---------------------------------------- ---- ,bering's farthest not -- -- #ff #dece -- -- indicated4 -- -- #ahg #be -- -- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,petropavlovsk1 #ec #aj #eb #ej #eb #eecf #ec #jb ,avacha ,bay #afj #jb #aeh #ee #aeh #ac #aeh #cicj ---------------------------------------- ---- ,cape ,uskoi1 or #ej #ej #ea #bj #ea #bjcg #ej #eb ,lopatka#ca #aee #je #aef #jj #aeg #jj #aef #dg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,footnote #af3 ,this column is taken directly from ,baron ,klinckofstrm's manuscript copy of ,bering's chart4 ,footnote #ag3 ,date of ,campbell's ,harris' ,voy41 #agdh2 date of table of positions1 #agbh2 fide ,campbell1 #ajba1 col4 #b4 ,footnote #ah3 ,the positions in this column are taken from the most recent charts of the ,u4 ,s4 ,coast ,survey and the ,u4 ,s4 and ,russian ,hydrographic bureaux4 ,footnote #ai3 ,campbell has #ih #cj' ,e4 of ,tobolsk1 an error7871 for #ie #cj' 7#afb #cj' ,e4 ,gr474 ,bering omits this position4 ,footnote #bj3 ,campbell's confusion of two entries is here corrected from ,bering's ,report4 ,footnote #ba3 ,confused with preceding entry by ,campbell4 ,footnote #bb3 ,campbell's confusion here corrected4 ,footnote #bc3 ,bering gives both east and west points of entrance in his table4 ,footnote #bd3 ,the southern end of the cape is assumed to be meant4 ,footnote #be3 ,u4 ,s4 ,coast ,survey1 #ahhj1 ,marcus ,baker1 observer2 his position is reduced to the ,n4 ,w4 extreme of the island by adding #e' of latitude and deducting #cj' #ce in longitude4 ,see ,bull4 ,phil4 ,soc4 of ,washington1 iv1 p4 #acc1 #ahhb1 and ,u4 ,s4 ,coast ,survey ,report for #ahhj1 ,app4 ,no4 #af4 ,footnote #bf3 ,st4 ,diomide on the chart4 ,footnote #bg3 ,the island is omitted by ,du ,halde and ,mller1 but appears on ,campbell's version of ,bering's chart4 ,footnote #bh3 ,campbell1 p4 #ajbd2 omitted by ,bering from his report4 ,footnote #bi3 ,campbell1 p4 #ajbb2 also ,bering's ,report4 ,footnote #cj3 ,lieut4 ,onatsevich in ,report ,russ4 ,hydrographic office1 #ahgh4 ,footnote #ca3 ,oskoi 7error for ,ooskoi71 on most early charts2 sometimes ,osnoi 7error for ,uzhnoisouthern74 ,footnote #cb3 ,determined in #agda by ,krassilnikoff to be #eb #ee' and #aef #bd' ,e4 ,gr4 ,footnote #cc3 ,from the chart2 on p4 #aad ,mller has #aef #aj'4 ,footnote #cd3 ,name ,st4 ,deomed on chart1 but no island represented4 ,footnote #ce3 ,from ,jefferys' copy of the chart2 on p4 #dg of text ,n4 ,lat4 #fg #ah' appears but no longitude is given4 ,footnote #cf3 ,from the chart2 on p4 #aad of text it is given as #ec #ja' #de4 ,krassilnikoff 7see note #cb71 made it ,n4 ,lat4 #ec #ja' and #aeh #aj' ,e4 ,lon4 from ,greenwich1 from eclipses of ,jupiter's satellites4 ,footnote #cg3 ,from the chart2 the text1 p4 #aad1 makes it #ea #jc'4 ,,resum ,,of ,,the ,,results4 ,bering had brought a party1 together with supplies and material1 over the rough and difficult but long-traveled routes to ,okhotsk4 ,wherever he went he found settlements and roads such as they were4 ,he transported his material to ,bolsheretsk and from there across the peninsula to ,lower ,kamchatka settlement4 ,it would have been much easier and shorter to have doubled the peninsula and taken his stores by sea2 one of his party had already explored the straits near ,cape ,lopatka1 but there was the chance of disaster in this plan and1 with his stores on terra firma1 ,bering cannot be blamed for taking the land route2 especially as the difficulties would not inconvenience him personally4 ,he succeeded in getting his stores and shipwrights to the place designated and there prepared himself for the voyage4 ,in all this there was difficulty and trouble enough of a certain kind4 ,that it all was surmounted with success is very creditable to ,bering and his officers4 ,but to call it exceptionally heroic or extraordinary1 is to forget the hundreds of others who preceded ,bering1 without the strong arm of the government at their backs1 who made the trails he followed1 who founded the settlements at which he rested1 who raised the dogs1 the horses and the cattle which were used or consumed by his party4 ,whatever praise we may feel due to ,bering and his companions1 and it is certainly no stinted allowance1 the appreciation of their struggles cannot fail to include with justice1 the still more remarkable and nearly forgotten pioneer labors of the undaunted ,siberiaks1 who paved the way1 not only for ,bering's weary journey1 but for the slow yet never ceasing march of civilization4 ,after leaving port ,bering traced the shores of ,kamchatka and eastern ,siberia as far as ,east ,cape4 ,thence he sailed in a northeasterly direction4 ,at #c ,p4,m41 ,aug4 #adth1 land was seen astern2 the vessel continued in the same direction until #c ,p4,m4 the next afternoon1 having1 at most1 sailed about twenty-four hours out of sight of land but in shallow water4 ,bering then concluded he had gone far enough to show the separation of ,asia from ,america1 or any land to the eastward4 ,no doubt he was influenced by the testimony of the residents of ,kamchatka who knew the work which had been performed in this region by ,deshneff and others1 and also by the fact that the native testimony all pointed the same way4 ,if he was convinced of the truth of this testimony he would have been disposed to accept as conclusive evidence which would not be so regarded by critics4 ,all the evidence shows ,bering as faithful to the letter of his orders1 honest1 patient with the ill-doing or insubordination of others1 but perfectly satisfied with the accomplishment of what he had been specifically directed to perform1 and with a tendency to limit the specifications to the narrowest construction they would bear4 ,he adventured nothing beyond4 ,in the arbitrary government under which he served1 with the violent competition between foreign officers in the ,russian service for promotion in rank and pay1 who can criticise him for the prudence and caution which kept him well within his instructions8 ,i certainly do not4 ,but to say that he was a cautious1 prudent and sagacious officer1 is a different thing from asserting he was a daring1 adventurous and heroic explorer4 ,i have not been able to discover anything in his career justifying the latter estimate of his character4 ,at all events in the present case it must in time have occurred to him1 or have been suggested by his officers or by the ,kamchatkans after his return that the mere sailing off shore in admittedly shallow water for twenty-four hours1 was not an absolutely conclusive proof that the continents were separated4 ,here was a man with a new vessel1 a full crew1 a year's provisions for all hands1 who has come half around the globe1 taking three and a half years to do it1 building ships and at no end of labor of one sort and another2 all this to get into the region where there is a question to be answered2 and when he gets there he barely gives twenty-four hours to searching for that answer with a month of the season still available for work2 and then starts for home without settling the question2 with a right conclusion1 it is true1 but not of his own discovery1 and without securing definite proof to defy critics4 ,leaving out of account the continent within half a day's sail which he fairly ran away from1 ignorantly1 where is there anything adventurous1 daring or heroic in such conduct8 ,it is evident that if ,bering had sailed along the coast which the ,chukchis said extended to the westward1 instead of going off shore1 away from it1 he would have confirmed that part of their testimony1 and given high probability to the assumption of their correctness in the rest4 ,as it was1 he left the question in a state so unsettled as to be a subject of debate for nearly half a century2 even authorities so friendly as ,dr4 ,campbell assuming with great confidence that ,bering's conclusions as to the separation of the two continents were erroneous4 ,it was not until the voyages of ,captain ,cook and his associates were given to the world in #aghd that the matter was settled beyond controversy4 ,even in regard to the details of his voyage it was only through ,bergh's publication of ,chaplin's logbook of the voyage in #ahbc1 that the public were informed as to what ,bering did1 and it was only in #ahdg that the unmutilated1 but still ambiguous ,report of #agcj was accessible even in ,russian typography4 ,we find that all the authorities who published in the last century copies of ,bering's map and accounts of his expedition arrived at what ,lauridsen calls an interesting misunderstanding4 ,this misunderstanding was that he had sailed along the ,chukchi coast1 as above suggested1 and that his farthest point was in latitude #fg #ah' on the coast of northeastern ,siberia4 ,how was it possible that men of such exceptional intelligence as ,du ,halde and ,d',anville and ,mller1 and ,hazius1 and ,euler and ,campbell were all so deceived8 ,the facts are as follows3 7#a7 ,the verbatim ,report of the voyage1 the logbook of the expedition1 ,bering's chart in its entirety1 were inaccessible to the public for many years2 the chart has never been fully engraved for publication4 7#b7 ,the fragments of the ,report which were circulated in print were ambiguous in their language or erroneously modified2 while the published reductions of the chart which got into print were misleading1 or even erroneous4 7#c7 ,two conflicting versions of the manuscript chart were circulated and appear to have been officially sent out4 ,that which appears to be the later of the two is in some details quite erroneous and at variance with ,bering's report as printed and with the facts derived from ,chaplin's logbook1 these two constituting the only authentic original information which has yet reached the public in printed form4 ,but these two sources of correct data about the expedition were not printed until long after the charts had been widely circulated1 while the extracts from the ,report which appeared in print1 even under so friendly an editor as ,dr4 ,campbell were so modified as to support rather than expose the original error4 ,how this arose there may be something in the ,russian archives to explain1 or1 if not1 the case seems insoluble4 ,whatever conclusion one arrives at1 it is difficult to acquit ,bering of all responsibility for the misconception1 if1 as ,lauridsen claims1 he was responsible for the chart of ,du ,halde in the form it was engraved4 ,in his report he states that their northernmost latitude was #fg #ah'1 that all along the seacoast to this place wind elevated mountains4 ,on turning to the ,du ,halde chart we find the range of mountains continued along the ,chukchi coast until it reaches the latitude of #fg #ah' where it stops4 ,if ,bering drew the chart so1 it would have been deception1 but it is quite as probable that the editor modified the chart in engraving it1 to correspond to his understanding of ,bering's ambiguity4 ,as this would present nothing questionable to the reader1 in the absence of the details omitted by ,bering1 it would have been nothing surprising if ,campbell's interpolation of a false longitude for ,lower ,kamchatka1 in his list of positions1 might have been1 not a typographical error1 but an attempt to make the position agree with this erroneous assumption4 ,if it was a pure accident1 the coincidence is extraordinary4 ,of course ,bering never was on this coast but ,du ,halde's map is so engraved as to lead directly to the false inference that he had been4 ,again ,bering says in his ,report that at his turning point the land no longer extended to the north and that no projecting points could be observed in any direction4 ,since he had deliberately sailed away from the shores without attempting to follow their trend this observation would be absurd unless we suppose it addressed to a reader who took it for granted that the vessel was still skirting the coast4 ,there is no mention in his ,report of the fact that he had sailed away from the coast1 nor of the still more important fact that the soundings showed that the water was comparatively shallow and discolored4 ,of course in the absence of direct proof of the separation of ,asia and ,america this last evidence would tend to indicate that ,bering was only in a bay or shallow arm of the sea and that he suppressed it shows1 if not a want of candor1 at least an injudicious reticence4 ,the map for the day when it was made 7in the earlier version7 was a good one1 and is appropriately praised by ,cook1 who had a copy of ,campbell's ,harris on his vessel when exploring in the same region fifty years later4 ,in his report of the trip eastward from ,kamchatka in #agbi1 ,bering says nothing about the weather being foggy or stormy1 but merely asserts that he sailed nearly #bjj versts and saw no trace of land4 ,he leaves it to be inferred that he could have seen land if it had been there to see1 which if the weather was foggy was not true4 ,the impression which these facts leave upon the mind is that ,bering did certainly frame his language so as to convey the idea that his evidence of the separation of the two continents and of the absence of land eastward from ,kamchatka was more conclusive than it was in reality4 ,that this was done to avoid criticism seems a natural inference4 ,that an examination of his list of positions would have shown the location of the point whence he turned back to be to the eastward of the easternmost of his reported land is true1 but his list of positions was not published with his report1 does not agree with his maps1 and when published by ,campbell was garbled1 as ,i have shown4 ,that the truth1 however1 did get out and that criticism was not successfully avoided1 is a matter of history4 ,there can be little doubt that ,bering's anxiety to undertake the second expedition1 which followed1 was stimulated by a desire to set these criticisms 7which would naturally be magnified by his enemies7 finally at rest4 ,it may be suggested that ,bering's report was modified by the authorities1 though why they should make these particular modifications is not very evident4 ,bering was the only person who could profit by them and the natural conclusion is that he should be held responsible4 ,in pointing out that some of ,bering's acts are vulnerable to criticism ,i am far from desiring to sully his memory or give the idea that he was not entitled to great praise for what he accomplished1 much of which was admirably done4 ,i wish merely to apply a gentle corrective to the exaggerated and injurious flattery and undiscriminating praise which has been injudiciously indulged in by his latest biographer4 ,if the interest in the subject be stimulated by discussion from these opposing points of view1 so as to result in the publication of some of the material still hidden in the ,russian archives ,i shall be more than repaid for the time ,i have devoted to the question1 even if the publication of the original data should show some of my conclusions to be ill founded or erroneous4 ,note--,the reception of the original work of ,bergh while reading the proofs of these pages has enabled me to correct several errors of previous writers1 but it was too late to incorporate here the additional material which ,bergh's work affords4 ,this will enable me to add1 in a future publication1 some historical data which have never appeared in ,english and which are necessary to complete the record4 ,i desire in this place to express my gratitude for and appreciation of the liberality of the authorities of that ancient seat of learning1 the ,university of ,upsala1 as exhibited in their willingness to send such a valuable document to a foreign student half around the world for purposes of historical research4 ,,supplementary ,,note ,,by ,,marcus ,,baker4 ,,on ,,the ,,alleged ,,observation ,,of ,a ,,lunar ,,eclipse ,,by ,,bering ,,in #agbh-i4 ,bering was in ,eastern ,siberia1 ,kamchatka and the adjacent waters in #agbh and #agbi4 ,could he have observed a lunar eclipse there at that time8 ,according to the ephemeris of ,manfred#a published at ,bonn in #agbe there were two partial eclipses of the moon visible in ,europe in #agbh1 and two total eclipses of the moon in #agbi4 ,footnote #a3 ,manfredius 7,eustachius74 ,novissimae ephemerides motuum coelestium e ,cassinianis tabulis ad meridianum ,bononiae supputatae auctoribus ,eustachio ,manfredio 7etc47 ,tomus #a4 ex anno #agbf in annum #agcg 7etc47 #d ,bononiae1 ,,mdccxxv4 ,in regard to these four eclipses the ephemeris furnishes the following data3 #agbh1 #agbh1 #agbi1 #agbi1 ,feb4 #bd4 ,aug4 #ai4 ,feb4 #ac4 ,aug4 #h4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,eclipse begins #ah;h #cbm #d;h #jgm #g;h #dem #ab;h #jbm ,total immersion -- -- -- -- #h #df #ac #jb ,middle of eclipse #bj #j #e #ce #i #ce #ac #eb ,emersion begins -- -- -- -- #aj #bd #ad #db ,eclipse ends #ba #bi #g #jc #aa #be #ae #db ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,digits eclipsed #i #ea ,s4 #g #de ,n4 #ai #df #ai #dd ,s4 ,sun rises #ah #cf -- -- -- -- -- -- ,sun sets -- -- #f #di -- -- -- -- ,eclipse ,partial ,partial ,total ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,sun's declination -#i #ch' #ab #db' -#ac #af' #af #ji' hourly motion #j4i - #j4h #j4h - #j4g ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,in this table the calendar is ,gregorian1 the time is apparent or true sun time1 the day is reckoned from noon and the hours are counted continuously through the entire #bd4 ,the present observatory in ,bonn is in ,latitude #ej #dc' #de ,n4 ,longitude #j;h #bhm #bcs ,e4 from ,greenwich4 ,at the date of the first eclipse ,bering was on his way across the southern end of ,kamchatka from ,bolsheretsk to ,lower ,kamchatka4 ,this would make his position somewhere near latitude #ee ,n4 and longitude #afj or #aj;h #djm ,e4 from ,greenwich4 ,he was therefore #aj;h #abm east of ,bonn for which we have the elements of this eclipse as computed by ,manfred4 ,with this data together with the latitude and sun's declination we have the following data for the eclipse in the region where ,bering was4 ,beginning of eclipse #d;h #ddm ,middle of eclipse #f #ab ,end of eclipse #g #da ,sun sets #e #jg ,this means that the sun set1 bearing about ,w4 by ,s4 ,s41 and the moon rose in partial eclipse1 bearing about ,e4 by ,n4 ,n41 at #e;h #jgm after apparent noon or #bc minutes after the eclipse had begun4 ,the eclipse lasted for #b;h #cdm after sunset1 or until #g;h #dam in the evening1 thus rendering observation of the last contact plainly visible4 ,at the date of the second eclipse of #agbh1 ,august #ai1 ,bering was at sea somewhere in the vicinity of the strait which bears his name4 ,assuming his position to have been latitude #fe ,n4 and longitude #ahh or #ab;h #cbm ,e4 from ,greenwich1 equal to #ab;h #jdm ,e4 from ,bonn1 and as before taking the data from ,manfred's ephemeris we have as follows3 ,beginning of eclipse #af;h #aam ,middle of eclipse #ag #ci ,end of eclipse #ai #jg ,sun rises #af #jd ,it thus appears that the first contact of this partial eclipse of the northern limb of the moon may have been just barely visible to ,bering4 ,the moon bearing about ,,sw4 by ,w4 was entering the earth's shadow about five minutes before the sun's rising and its own setting4 ,if much importance attaches to determining the possibility to ,bering of observing this eclipse then a more precise calculation is needful4 ,at the date of the first lunar eclipse of #agbi1 ,february #ac1 ,bering was at ,lower ,kamchatka1 in latitude #ef #jc' ,n4 and longitude #afb #ae' or #aj;h #dim ,e4 from ,greenwich equal to #aj;h #bam ,e4 from ,bonn4 ,for this place we have from ,manfred3 ,eclipse begins #ah;h #jfm ,total immersion #ai #jg ,middle of eclipse #ai #ef ,emersion begins #bj #de ,eclipse ends #ba #df ---------- ,sun rises #ai;h #bam ,thus it appears that this total and almost central eclipse of the moon lasting #c;h #djm began at ,bering's station #a;h and #aem before sunrise of ,february #ad1 the total immersion occurring #ad minutes before sunrise4 ,it is manifest1 therefore1 that ,bering might have observed this eclipse4 ,the second lunar eclipse of #agbi occurred ,august #h1 when ,bering was in or near ,okhotsk and about returning to ,europe4 ,we may assume his position to have been latitude #ei #bj' ,n4 and longitude #adb #dj' or #i;h #cam ,e4 from ,greenwich1 equal to #i;h #jcm ,e4 from ,bonn4 ,this eclipse was also total and almost central1 but at ,bering's station was wholly invisible1 beginning at #i;h #jem ,a4,m4 and ending at #ab;h #dem ,p4,m4