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orig9al pages are available ?r\gh       
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gica#jjlond   ,transcrib]'s note3       
,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics
 7italics74        ,a c>at "* is us$ to 
d5ote sup]scription4       ,*>act]s     
foll[+ ! c>at & enclos$ by curly        
brackets are sup]script$7example3       
,ca9e74      ,illu/ration3 ,plate #a4   
,elem5t>y ,h&4   ,,! ,,h&               
,,phr5ologically ,,consid]$3  ,be+ a    
,glimpse at ! ,relation ( ! ,m9d ) !    
,organisation ( ! ,body4        ,london3
 ,*apman & ,hall1 #ahf ,/r&4            
,m4,,dccc4,,xlviii4     8,les hommes ne 
peuv5t en quelque g5re que ce soit      
arriv]  quelque *ose de raisonnable1    

qu'aprs   avoir en ce mme g5re1 puis    
t\tes les sottises                      
imag9ables40--,,font5elle4    8,si la   
nature1 au lieu de ma9s et de doigts    
flexibles1   eut t]m9 nos poignets p> un
 pi$ de *eval2 qui d\te   que les       
hommes1 sans arts1 sans habitations1    
sans df5se   contre les animaux1 t\t    
occups du so9 de p\rvoir    leur        
n\rriture et d'vit] les btes froces1 ne 
fuss5t encore errans dans les =ts comme 
des tr\peaux   fugitifs80--,,helvetius1 
,sur l',esprit4    8,manus sunt artium  
organa2 sicut lyra musici1 et =ceps     
fabri40--,,gal54   ,london3 ,george     
,b>clay1 ,ca/le ,/reet1 ,leice/] ,squ>e4
     ,,preface4   ,s9ce ! "t ( ,,john   
,,indag9e1 :o publi%$ 8 8,art (         
,*iromancy0 9 #aefc1 b little progress  
has be5 made 9 ! /udy ( ! h& z an       
indication ( ! physical & m5tal         
peculi>ities ( ! individual4 ,9 our "t1 
by ! publication ( ! classical "w ( ,sir
 ,c4 ,,bell 8,on ! ,h&10 public att5tion
 has be5 once m direct$ to ! =m1        

/ructure1 & uses ( ?is important organ4 
,! v>ieties 9 ! /ructure & con=mation ( 
! human h& :i* are met ) 9 diff]5t      
individuals h rec5tly be5 inve/igat$ )  
mu* success1 bo? 9 ,france & ,g]many4   
,x is to ,d',,arp5tigny1 a translation (
 ^: "w#a is n[ 9 c\rse ( publication 9 !
 8,m$ical ,times10 t we are indebt$ =   
mu* ( ! in=mation we possess z to !     
mutual relation exi/+ betwe5 p>ticul>   
m5tal t5d5cies & c]ta9 def9ite =ms ( h&4
 ,by ,pr(essor ,,c>us1 ( ,dresd51#b !   
views ( ,d',,arp5tigny h be5 9 "p       
v]ifi$1 & at ! same "t consid]ably      
ext5d$4 ,he has correct$ mu* t 0        
errone\s1 & endeav\r$ to e/abli% a      
sci5ce ( ,,*irology1 f\nd$ ^u ! anatomy 
& physiology ( ! h&4  ,i h avail$ myself
 freely ( ! mat]ials collect$ by        
,d',,arp5tigny & ,,c>us1 & h modifi$1   
correct$1 or omitt$ _! !ories & /atem5ts
 :5 n 9 accordance ) my own exp]i5ce4   
,mu* new matt] has be5 add$1 & ! :ole   
arrang$ 9 a =m :i* x is hop$ may t5d    
some:at to contribute ei!r to ! amusem5t

 or in/ruction ( ! ,read]4  ,june #ahdh4
     ,,! ,,h&  ,,phr5ologically         
,,consid]$1  c4 c4     ,,*apt] ,i4      
8,! =m & po/ure ( ! human body1 & its   
v>i\s   organs ( p]ception1 h an obvi\s 
ref]5ce to man's   rational nature2 &   
are beautifully fitt$ to enc\rage   &   
facilitate 8 intellectual               
improvem5t40--,,dugald   ,,/ew>t1 ,moral
 ,philosophy4  ,,! ,,bra9 ,,! ,,organ   
,,( ,,m9d4   ,f ! "t ( ,?ales &         
,py?agoras to our own day ! op9ions (   
metaphysicians h be5 divid$ ) respect to
 ! mode 9 :i* ideas take _! orig94 ,"s1 
) ,desc>tes & ,leibnitz1 h cont5d$ t !  
faculties ( ! m9d are innate--t is1 t !y
 orig9ate solely f )92 :ile o!rs1 )     
,locke & ,condillac1 affirm t !y are    
acquir$1 & 9 all cases d]iv$1 f         
impressions receiv$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( !   
s5ses1--8,nihil e/ 9 intellectu quod non
 prius fu]it 9 s5su40  ,h[ev] x may be )
 respect to ?is controv]t$ po9t1 :e!r   
ideas orig9ate f )\t or f )91 x is at   
lea/ c]ta9 t ! manife/ations ( ! m9d1 f>

 f be+ indep5d5t (1 are1 on ! contr>y1  
closely l9k$ & connect$ )1 ! conditions 
( matt]4 ,hippocrates1 :5 s5t = by !    
,abd]ites to cure ,democritus ( 8       
suppos$ madness1 f\nd him busily engag$ 
9 dissect+ ! bra9s ( animals = ! purpose
 ( asc]ta9+ ! organs & causes ( ?\ght4  
,t ! bra9 is ! organ ?r\gh :i* !        
manife/ations ( m9d are made kn[n to u1 
0 !re=e suspect$ by ,democritus2 & !    
accumulat$ exp]i5ce ( c5turies has r5d]$
 t a c]ta9ty :i* ) him 0 b a m]e        
conjecture4 ,9 ! language ( an eloqu5t  
mod]n writ]1 8,:]e %all we f9d pro(s ( !
 m9d's indep5d5ce ( ! bodily            
/ructure1--( t m9d :i*1 l ! corporeal   
frame1 is infantile 9 ! *ild1 manly 9 ! 
adult1 sick & debilitat$ 9 disease1     
fr5zi$ or melan*oly 9 ! madman1 enfeebl$
 9 ! decl9e ( life1 dot+ 9 decrepitude1 
& annihilat$ by dea?80   ,,m9d ,,&      
,,outw>d ,,=m ,,9 ,,h>mony4  ,admitt+1  
!n1 t ! bra9 is ! organ ( m9d--!        
in/rum5t by :i* we are r5d]$ cognisant (
 our own m5tal op]ations &              

conceptions--x mu/ be evid5t t1 = !     
purpose ( mak+ !m kn[n to o!rs1 ( c>ry+ 
!m into effect1 c]ta9 o!r p>ts become   
necess>y1 ! conception requir+ in/rum5ts
 = its execution4 ,?is important duty is
 intru/$ to ! c>e ( ! s5ses1 & = ?is    
reason !y h be5 correctly t]m$ !        
h&-maid5s ( ! intellect1 z x is ?r\gh _!
 ag5cy t ! bra9 receives & transmits    
impressions4 ,h5ce ! manife/ations ( m9d
 are indicat$ & express$ by ! outw>d =m2
 = ! s5ses c act only ?r\gh ! m$ium (   
physical organs1 & ) ^! latt] ! active  
ph5om5a ( life mu/ necess>ily be 9 /rict
 accordance4 ,?us1 f ! ext]nal          
configuration ( ! body1 or ( "s ( its   
p>ts1 we c legitimately draw conclusions
 respect+ ! degree & k9d ( m5tal p[]4   
,let u exam9e ?is proposition a little m
 9 detail4 ,9 8 ,in/auratio ,magna1     
,bacon relates t 8:5 he 0 a "y man at   
,poicti]s 9 ,france1 he conv]s$         
famili>ly ) a c]ta9 ,fr5*man1 a witty "y
 man1 b some?+ talkative1 :o aft]w>ds   
grew to be a v em95t man4 ,he 0 wont to 

inveigh aga9/ ! mann]s ( old m51 & w\ld 
say1 t if _! m9ds c\ld be se5 z _!      
bodies are1 !y w\ld appe> no less de=m$2
 he w\ld also ma9ta9 t ! vices ( old    
m5's m9ds h "s correspond5ce & 7 p>allel
 to ! putrefaction ( _! bodies4 ,= !    
dryness ( _! sk91 he w\ld br+ 9         
impud5ce2 = ! h>dness ( _! b[els1       
unm]cifulness2 = ! lippitude ( _! eyes1 
an evil eye & envy2 = ! ca/+ d[n ( _!   
eyes & b[+ _! bodies t[>d ! e>?1 a!ism  
7=1 sai? he1 !y look no m up to heav5 z 
!y 7 wont72 = ! trembl+ ( _! memb]s1    
irresolution ( _! decrees & light       
incon/ancy2 = ! b5d+ ( _! f+]s1 z x 7 to
 cat*1 rapacity & covet\sness2 = !      
buckl+ ( _! knees1 fe>fulness2 = _!     
wr9kles1 craft9ess & obliquity40  ,n[1  
)\t hop+ to atta9 to ! nice             
discrim9ation ( ?is +5i\s "y g5tleman1  
we %all attempt to elucidate a few g5]al
 facts connect$ ) ?is "p ( our subject4 
,) t _s ( obs]vation = :i* !y 7 s       
em95tly rem>kable1 ! anci5ts _h long    
s9ce rem>k$ ! con/ant connexion ( c]ta9 

peculi>ities ( outw>d =m ) p>ticul>     
modes ( ?9k+--a correspond5ce betwe5 !  
physical & m5tal condition4 ,x 0 9      
accordance ) ?is view t ,gal5 f\nd$ 8   
celebrat$ doctr9e ( temp]am5ts4 ,8      
di/9ction ( ! sangu9e1 phlegmatic1      
*ol]ic1 & melan*olic temp]am5ts1 0 bas$ 
^u ! notion ( ! ,greek philosoph]s1 t   
!re 7 f\r prim>y con/itu5ts ( ! human   
body correspond+ to ! f\r suppos$       
elem5ts ( nature1 & t ! pres5ce ( ! "o  
or ! o!r ( ^! elem5ts 9 excess occasion$
 ! production ( ! diff]5t temp]am5ts4   
,accord+ to ! def9ition ( ! able        
physiologi/ ,mll]1 ! temp]am5ts are     
peculi>1 p]man5t conditions1 or modes ( 
mutual reaction ( ! m9d & organism1 & !y
 are *iefly dep5d5t on ! relation :i*   
subsi/s betwe5 ! /riv+s or emotions ( ! 
m9d & ! excitable /ructure ( ! body4    
,ev5 if we may be dispos$ to cont5d t !y
 are n absolutely dep5d5t on any        
p>ticul> con/itution ( ! body1 x mu/    
/ill be conc$$ t !y are at lea/         
associat$ ) c]ta9 peculi>ities ( outw>d 

organisation1 by :i* !y may be readily  
recognis$2 s t ! physical /ructure1 !   
m5tal t5d5cy1 & ! "* ( ideas1 are always
 intimately connect$4 ,?us p]sons ( a   
sangu9e or s5sitive temp]am5t are1 = !  
mo/ "p1 ( mod]ate /ature & embonpo9t1 ) 
a smil+ florid c\nt5ance1 & light or    
*e/nut hair4 ,_! ideas1 l _!            
physiognomy1 are all c\leur de rose4    
,end[$ ) great excitability1 !y are     
easily mov$2 b impressions are n        
durable1 giv+ place quickly to o!r &    
new] emotions4 ,h5ce _! life is made up 
( transitions--n[ grave1 n[ gay2 n[     
happy1 n[ mis]able3 _! feel+s are       
p]petually *ang+1 & impressions made ^u 
_! mobile m9ds become soon oblit]at$ by 
"s fre% object ( att5tion4  ,!          
phlegmatic1 or elem5t>y temp]am5t1 is   
*>act]is$ by a p]si/5ce dur+ adult      
exi/5ce ( ! physical /ructure prop] to  
e>ly life4 ,! body is load$ ) cellul>   
tissue & fat2 ! muscles are l>ge1 b s(t1
 & ) indi/9ct outl9es2 ! c\nt5ance is   
pale2 ! physiognomy b little m>k$1 & !  

features n %>ply def9$4 ,su* p]sons are 
unexcitable1 _! s5sations are dull1 & ! 
modes ( reaction :i* !y det]m9e sl[ &   
apa!tic2 _! ideas are cle>1 b !y possess
 nei!r ! quickness ( conception &       
imag9ation ( p]sons ( ! sangu9e1 nor !  
en]gy ( action & /rong passions ( ^? ( !
 *ol]ic temp]am5t4 ,!y love repose1 &   
excel 9 occupations :i* dem& pati5ce &  
att5tion1 ( :i* !y are possess$ 9 a     
rem>kable degree4  ,9 individuals ( !   
*ol]ic1 or motive temp]am5t1 ! bony     
frame-"w ( ! body is /rong & mu*        
develop$2 ! articulations are l>ge &    
prom95t2 ! muscles firm1 ) b little     
cellul> tissue & fat2 ! physiognomy     
decid$1 ) %>ply-*isell$ features4 ,su*  
individuals are rem>kable = promptitude 
& en]gy ( action2 impetu\s1 passionate1 
& end[$ ) great det]m9ation1 opposition 
only increases _! endurance1 & excites a
 proportionate ef=t to conqu] x4 ,9     
nature ^! temp]am5ts are n frequ5tly    
enc\nt]$ pure & free f admixture1 b     
mo/ly m or less mix$ ! "o ) ! o!r4 ,t   

mu/ be held to be ! mo/ p]fect temp]am5t
 9 :i* !y are all bl5d$ 9 su*           
proportions t nei!r is 9 excess2 89 :i* 
mod]ate excitability is comb9$ ) a due  
am\nt ( en]gy ( action2 9 :i* imag9ation
 is temp]$ by reason1 & ! ideas &       
conceptions are regulat$ by judgm5t1 &  
rectifi$ by reflection40 ,impressions   
?us d n react ^u all 9 ! same mann]4 ,9 
"s !y are l figures trac$ ^u ! s& ( !   
sea-%ore1 :i* are oblit]at$ by ! fir/   
advanc+ wave2 !y pass away toge!r ) !   
ideas to :i* !y give rise1 )\t leav+    
any1 ev5 ! slighte/ evid5ce1 ( _!       
exi/5ce4 ,9 o!rs !y are z *>act]s deeply
 grav5 ^u metal2 ar\s+ ! att5tion ) an  
irresi/ible =ce1 !y en*a9 & captivate ! 
faculties1 ceas+ b to leave beh9d !m a  
p[]ful & la/+ impression ^u ! m9d4      
,,effects ,,( ,,age1 ,,sex1 ,,climate1  
,,etc4 ,,^u ,,m9d4  ,by age1 sex1       
locality1 climate1 & regim5 ! m5tal     
op]ations are likewise p[]fully         
influ5c$4 ,by locality & climate we d n 
mean air & temp]ature m]ely1 b ! sum    

total ( all influ5ces1 :e!r physical or 
moral1 by :i* 9 e place we are surr\nd$4
 ,! bodily /ructure is und\bt$ly &      
mat]ially influ5c$ by climate4 ,( ?is ! 
mod]n ,hung>ians af=d a mo/ conv9c+     
pro(--a race ( p ( a f9e physical       
con=mation1 & yet1 z _! language &      
traditions atte/1 d]iv$ f ! same /ock z 
! b>b>\s1 de=m$ ,o/iaks inhabit+ !      
,uralian ,*a91 to :om1 z we le>n f      
hi/ory1 !y bore no slight resemblance1  
on _! arrival 9 ! c\ntries 9 :i* !y are 
at pres5t locat$4 ,climate may ?us      
affect ! m9d 9 two ways1 by modify+ !   
/ructure ( ! body1 & by ! m direct      
action :i* x ex]ts ^u ! m9d itself2 & x 
is to ^! two causes t we mu/ ascribe !  
diff]5ces 9 ! =m & habits1 ! gov]nm5t & 
laws1 ! sup]/itions & lit]ature1 (      
nor!rn & s\!rn nations4  ,to diff]5ces &
 modifications ( /ructure con/antly     
correspond diff]5ces & modifications 9  
ideas & passions4 ,! physical =m &      
intellectual qualities are closely &    
mutually connect$4 ,?us1 "o individual  

may excel ano!r 9 a giv5 pursuit1 ?is   
excell5ce result+ r f a peculi> aptitude
 =1 ?an f a p>ticul> devotion to1 its   
cultivation4  ,?is aptitude1 9 _m cases 
at lea/1 is to be ma9ly ref]r$ to "s    
peculi>ity ( /ructure 9 "o or m ( !     
organs ( ! s5ses2 x is orig9al1 & )\t ! 
p>ticul> organic con=mation c\ld nev] h 
be5 acquir$ by c5turies ( practice &    
exp]i5ce4   ,,bodily ,,suff]+ ,,dep5d5t 
,,^u ,,organisation ,,( ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em4
  ,to diff]5ces 9 ! degree ( s5sibility 
( ! n]v\s sy/em1 toge!r ) ! v>y+ am\nt (
 ! p]iph]al ramifications di/ribut$ to !
 ext]nal surface1 mu/ be ascrib$ !      
diff]5t am\nt ( suff]+ exp]i5c$ ^u !    
application ( inord9ate /imuli to !     
n]ves4 ,! w is und\bt$ly capable ( ex]t+
 v great control ov] ! manife/ations (  
feel+ call$ =? by su* pa9ful impressions
 ^u s5ti5t n]ves4 ,( ?is ,roman hi/ory  
af=ds u _m notable examples4 ,b x seems 
probable t ! ,romans 7 n end[$ ) a n]v\s
 sy/em s delicately organis$ z t ( ! m  
highly civilis$ ,greeks2 witness ! g5]al

 /ructure ( _! language & _! comp>ative 
inf]iority 9 ! f9e arts4 ,nei!r h]oism1 
nor philosophy1 nor ev5 religion1 c     
prev5t "s organisations f exhibit+      
manife/ations ( great pa9 f impressions 
^u n]ves1 :i* 9 o!rs w\ld occasion b a  
mod]ate am\nt ( suff]+2 a physical      
necessity compels !m to manife/ evid5ces
 ( int5se feel+2 & ?us1 by a rude %ock  
inflict$ ^u ! n]v\s sy/em1 a ma!matician
 may be at once recall$ f !             
contemplation ( o!r sph]es1 or a        
metaphysician f ! mo/ sublime           
speculations on ! nature & ess5ce ( !   
,deity4  ,9 ! l[e/ grades ( society !   
g5]al n]v\s s5sibility is mo/ly obtuse2 
9 ! highe/1 on ! contr>y1 x is frequ5tly
 morbidly acute3 9 ! "o case ! m5tal    
manife/ations are dull & obscure2 9 !   
o!r !y may be brilliant1 b are frequ5tly
 want+ 9 /r5g? & en]gy4  ,9 8 treatise  
on tropical diseases1 ,dr4 ,mosely      
obs]ves1 t 8,negroes are void (         
s5sibility to a surpris+ degree4 ,!y are
 n subject to n]v\s diseases4 ,!y sleep 

s\ndly 9 e disease1 nor does any m5tal  
di/urbance ev] keep !m awake4 ,!y be>   
*irurgical op]ations mu* bett] ?an :ite 
p2 & :at w\ld be ! cause ( insupportable
 pa9 to a :ite man1 a ,negro w\ld almo/ 
disreg>d4 ,i h amputat$ ! legs ( _m     
,negroes1 :o h held ! upp] "p ( ! limb  
!mselves40     ,,*apt] ,,ii4    8,sollt 
es wahr ,se94444    ,dasz die           
,m5s*5ge/alt1 von all5 si*tli*5 ,d+5    
,ganz alle9 uns lgt1 dasz wir1 0 edel   
und alb]n1    ,0 bes*rnkt und grosz1 im 
,angesi*t zu su*51    ,eitele ,?or5 s9d1
 betrogne1 betrg5de ,?or540    ,g,,!4   
,,c\nt5ance ,,index ,,( ,,m9d4          
,talleyr& 0 wont to say1 t spee* 0 giv5 
to man = ! purpose ( conceal+ 8 ?\ghts4 
,among mank9d 9 g5]al ! c\nt5ance may1 )
 equal =ce1 be said to repres5t a s]ies 
( hi]oglyphics by :i* ! int]nal emotions
 ( ! m9d may be readily deciph]$4       
,obs]ve a *ild ?r[n = ! fir/ "t among a 
numb] ( /rang]s4 ,to "s x w imm$iately1 
& z x 7 in/9ctively1 atta* itself1 :ile 
to o!rs x w manife/ ! greate/ repugnance

 & dislike4 ,su* fir/ impressions are n 
! result ( reason+1 !y spr+ f !         
quickness ( p]ception peculi> to        
*ildhood2 & ! *oice is 9 g5]al n ! less 
happy1 al?\gh ! reason may h _h no      
effect 9 det]m9+ x4 ,) a rapid glance a 
m]e infant w seize ! prevail+ expression
 ( ! physiognomy1 & detect at once !    
m5tal con/itution ( ^? by :om x is      
surr\nd$2 = pride & impati5ce1 & k9dness
 & b5evol5ce1 are writt5 on ! pla/ic    
c\nt5ance 9 broad legible *>act]s1 ?\gh 
! _m1 ) _! blunt$ p]ceptions1 may1 to a 
c]ta9 ext5t1 h lo/ ! key to _! solution4
 ,contra/ ! expression ( ! physiognomy (
 "s ( ! m celebrat$ among ! anci5ts1 z  
exemplifi$ 9 ! collection ( antique bu/s
 pres]v$ 9 ! museum ( ! ,capitol at     
,rome4 ,comp>e ! broad op5 br[ &        
f9ely-*isell$ features ( ,trajan1 or !  
beauty1 maje/y1 & grace express$ 9 !    
c\nt5ance ( ei!r ( ! ,anton9es1 ) !     
co>se1 heavy1 animal face ( ,vitellius1 
or ! dull1 morose expression ( ,caligula
 or ( ,commodus1--                      

----8,)\t a ray   ,( m9d1 t makes ea*   
feature play   ,l sp>kl+ waves on a     
sunny day40  ,! diff]5ce is z /rik+ z t 
:i* we "k f daily obs]vation to exi/    
betwe5 ! face ( a rogue & t ( an hone/  
man2 inde$1 we are dispos$ to believe1 )
 ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 8t if rogues knew !  
advantages atta*$ to ! practices ( !    
virtues1 !y w\ld become hone/ m5 f m]e  
rogu]y40 ,x 0 = ?is reason1 probably1 t 
beauty ( =m & proportion 7 s highly     
priz$ by ! anci5ts2 & :5 !y pray$ ! gods
 to grant !m ! beautiful ) ! good1 0 x n
 because by exp]i5ce !y _h f\nd t 9 fact
 !y 7 mo/ frequ5tly associat$8 ,9       
support ( ?is position1 we may cite !   
au?ority ( ,bacon1 :o1 9 8 ,essay on    
,beauty1 rem>ks1 8t ,augu/us ,cs>1      
,titus ,vespasianus1 ,philip le ,bel (  
,france1 ,edw>d ,,iv4 ( ,engl&1         
,alcibiades ( ,a!ns1 & ,ismael ! sophi (
 ,p]sia1 7 all high & great spirits1 &  
yet ! mo/ beautiful m5 ( _! "t40 ,aga91 
! physiognomy ( ! passions af=ds u fur!r
 pro( t ! emotions ( ! m9d betray       

!mselves by peculi> corporeal           
ph5om5a1--ea* hav+1 z x 71 its own prop]
 dialect4 ,notice ! expression ( !      
passions :i* foll[ ea* o!r 9 su* quick  
succession1 & are s =cibly depict$ ^u ! 
mobile c\nt5ance ( an infant1 ev5 be=e  
any volunt>y movem5ts c be execut$ by ! 
feeble & p[]less limbs4 ,look at a c[>d1
 8 c\nt5ance blan*$1 & almo/            
cadav]\s1--! heavy limbs droop+ &       
p[]less1--! in/rum5ts ( life p>alys$1 z 
?\gh ! f\nta9 ( exi/5ce 7 sudd5ly dri$  
up4 ,= grief1 take ! te/imony ( ,byron1 
:]e he describes its effects 9 produc+  
8,! int]sect$ l9es ( ?\ght1--    ,^?    
furr[s :i* ! burn+ %>e    ,( sorr[      
pl\ghs untimely !re1--    ,sc>s ( !     
lac]at$ m9d    ,:i* ! s\l's w> do? leave
 beh9d40  ,reg>d a man "u ! influ5ce ( a
 sublime or h]oic ?\ght1 ) 8 head pr\dly
 elevat$ & no/rils dilat$1--he raises   
himself to 8 utmo/ height2 :ile1 at !   
idea ( inf9ity1 or ! prospect ( a       
b\ndless expanse1 ! arms are            
involunt>ily ext5d$ z ?\gh he w\ld so>  

away into unlimit$ space4 ,! impress (  
pride is /amp$ 9 ! bold erect be>+1 & t 
( fe> 9 ! droop+ head & timid /ep4 ,s   
true is x t joy & sorr[1 love & hate1   
pa9 & pleasure1 virtue & vice1 all      
betray !mselves by _! organic signs1 t  
:5 any ( ^! affections are habitual1 or 
frequ5tly recur1 _! ext]nal             
manife/ations become p]man5tly m>k$ 9 ! 
=m2 & x is 9 ?is s5se t ! habits &      
emotions ( e>ly y\? /amp ! l9eam5ts ) a 
"* nev] to be effac$1 or :i*1 9 _m cases
 at lea/1 are de/9$ to endure ?r\gh     
life4 ,are we n !n ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+1 t
 ! k9d & degree ( m5tal developem5t1--! 
presid+ ?\ght1--! rul+ & pr$om9at+      
pr9ciple ( life1 is influ5c$ by !       
physical temp]am5t & con/itution1 & t   
?is latt] is 9 its turn react$ ^u by !  
m9d8  ,,p>ticul> ,,p>ts ,,( ,,organism  
,,indicative ,,( ,,mode ,,( ,,life ,,&  
,,m5tal ,,t5d5cy4  ,we h next to        
inquire1 :e!r t :i* is und\bt$ly true ) 
respect to ! :ole does n also obta9 )   
respect to a "p8 :e!r1 9 fact1 f !      

exam9ation ( a small portion ( an       
organism--an extremity1 = example--we   
%\ld be enabl$ to det]m9e ! nature1 mode
 ( life1 & m5tal t5d5cy ( ! be+ to :i* x
 belong$8 ,= a satisfactory solution (  
?is important "q we mu/ appeal to !     
te/imony af=d$ by ! animal _w4          
,,*apt] ,,iii4    8,be/immt ,die ,ge/alt
 die ,leb5sweise des ,?i]es    ,und die 
,weise zu leb5 sie wirkt auf alle       
,ge/alt5    ,m*tig ,zurck40--,g,,!1     
,metamorphose d] ,?i]e4  ,,correspond5ce
 ,,betwe5 ,,=ms ,,& ,,habits ,,(        
,,animals4   ,! mo/ simple obs]vation   
r5d]s at once app>5t a correspond5ce    
betwe5 ! ext]nal =m ( animals1 ! g5]al  
direction ( _! t5d5cies1 & _! habits4   
,let u exam9e ?is "q at some:at great]  
l5g?4 ,f ! age ( ,ari/otle to ! pres5t  
"t1 zoologi/s h arrang$ ! almo/ c\ntless
 tribes ( animals into a numb] ( gr\ps  
or divisions1 m or less relat$ 9 g5]al  
habits & /ructure4 ,all !               
classifications :i* h be5 hi!rto propos$
 may be ref]r$ to "o or ! o!r ( two     

g5]al pr9ciples4 ,ei!r ! col\r ( ! blood
 7,ari/otle71 ! con=mation ( ! he>t     
7,hunt]71 ! arrangem5t ( ! n]v\s sy/em  
7,ow571 or "s o!r peculi>ity ( int]nal  
/ructure1 has be5 select$ z ! basis (   
arrangem5t2 or ! animal creation has be5
 gr\p$ accord+ to c]ta9 def9ite         
circum/ances connect$ ) outw>d =m &     
configuration4 ,z reg>ds _! int]nal     
organisation1 ! v>iations 9 ! /ructure &
 arrangem5t ( ! n]v\s sy/em af=ds by f> 
! be/ means ( classify+ animals1 & !    
:ole animal _w has accord+ly be5 divid$ 
into five prim>y divisions4 ,we h       
already endeav\r$ to prove t !          
manife/ations ( m9d are only made kn[n  
to u ?r\gh ! m$ium ( corporeal organs1  
:atev] may be ! nature ( its ess5ce4 ,by
 ! /ate ( ! n]v\s sy/em volition is     
modifi$ or controll$1 ! op]ation ( !    
s5ses accel]at$ or ret>d$1 ! muscul>    
movem5ts r5d]$ feeble & unc]ta91 or     
/rong1 vigor\s1 & en]getic2 9 f9e1 !    
*ief manife/ations ( life1 ?\ght1       
volition1 & indep5d5t motion1 are all   

regulat$ by ! condition & /ructure ( !  
c5tral n]v9e masses4   ,,app5dages ,,to 
,,! ,,trunk ,a ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,entire  
,,organisation ,,& ,,habits ,,(         
,,animals4  ,! app5dages to ! trunk1 l !
 arrangem5t ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 furni% also
 a lead+ peculi>ity ( /ructure1 & !y may
 be select$ z ! basis ( a classification
 f\nd$ ^u outw>d =m4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 de/9$ 
ei!r = ! purposes ( locomotion1 or to   
assi/ 9 ! procur+ ( food1 !y mu/ (      
necessity be 9 p]fect accordance ) !    
n]v\s & nutritive sy/ems4 ,h5ce !       
capacities1 p[]s1 & g5]al habits ( an   
animal1 mu/ be 9 correspond5ce ) ?is "p 
( its organisation2 s t :5 we are       
acqua9t$ ) ! =m & arrangem5t ( !        
extremities ( an animal1 a key is !reby 
af=d$ to its entire organisation4 ,bo?  
its ext]nal configuration1 its mode (   
life1 & its int]nal /ructure1 mu/       
h>monise1 & be 9 accordance ) !         
arrangem5t ( ! extremities4 ,its brea?+ 
& vascul> app>atus1 its nutritive &     
g5]ative sy/ems1 are ?us all indicat$ to

 u2 & f a k ( "o p>ticul> we may safely 
& surely pr$icate ! nature ( ! re/4     
,annelida4--,?us 9 ! worms 7,annelida71 
creatures exhibit+ b few ( ! high]      
manife/ations ( life1 we f9d ! app5dages
 to ! trunk 9 _! simple/ =m1--t ( f9e1  
m9ute bri/les atta*$ to ! sev]al r+s or 
segm5ts ( ! body4 ,9 ! sea-m\se         
7,aphrodita71 _! bri/les atta9 a some:at
 high] developem5t1 ea* ( !m be+        
connect$ ) a di/9ct elevation1 or       
mammill>y process1 ) :i* x is1 z x 71   
articulat$4  ,myriapoda4--,9 !          
,c5tip$es1 ! fir/ evid5ce ( a well-=m$  
extremity makes its appe>ance 9 ! =m (  
num]\s articulat$ legs t]m9at$ by simple
 po9ts4 ,^! legs1 rudim5t>y 9 ! l[e/    
species 7,iulid71 9 h>mony ) _! retir+  
habits & vegetable diet1 are divid$ into
 di/9ct jo9ts1 & provid$ ) prop]        
muscles1 9 ! /rong & c>nivor\s v>ieties 
7,scolop5drid74 ,9 ^! latt] animals1 !  
v5tral n]v\s ganglia are also increas$ 9
 size1 9 a ratio proportion$ to ! high] 
& m complex /ructure ( ! app5dages to ! 

trunk4  ,insects4--,9 insects1 creatures
 di/+ui%$ by s _m & su* admirable       
in/9cts1 & end[$ ) su* active p[]s (    
locomotion1 ! app5dages to ! body1 bo?  
legs & w+s1 are p]fectly & beautifully  
=m$4 ,! =m]1 six 9 numb]1 are atta*$ to 
! ?ree fir/ ?oracic segm5ts ( ! body1   
compos$ ( di/9ct articulations1 connect$
 by ligam5ts & muscles1 & furni%$ ) a   
s]ies ( m9ute brea?+ tubes1 or tra*eal  
ramifications1 ext5d+ ?r\gh\t _! entire 
sub/ance4 ,! latt]--! w+s--v>y mu* 9 _! 
numb]1 =m1 & arrangem5t2 & x is ^u      
*>act]s furni%$ by !m t ! ne>e/         
approximation to a p]fect classification
 ( insects--t ( ,burmei/]--is bas$4     
,?us1 ! legs are typical ( ! class1 !   
w+s *>act]ise ! ord]s4  ,ara*nida4--,9 !
 spid] tribe 7,ara*nida7 ! legs1 9 _!   
g5]al /ructure1 resemble ^? ( insects2 b
 !y are eight 9 numb]1 &1 9 addition to 
!m1 ^! creatures are provid$ ) rem>kable
 claw-l app5dages to _! jaws--m]e organs
 ( feel+ 9 ! mites1 b /rong & p[]ful    
in/rum5ts ( preh5sion 9 ! scorpion      

tribe4  ,cru/acea4--,! crab & lob/]     
tribe 7,cru/aceans7 are likewise        
accurately *>act]is$ by ! app5dages to !
 trunk1 ! numb] & disposition ( ^! p>ts 
hav+ be5 employ$ by ,milne ,edw>ds = !  
purpose ( divid+ ^! creatures into a    
numb] ( ord]s4  ,mollusca4--,among !    
mollusks1 ! classes are ne>ly all nam$ f
 ! peculi>ities 9 =m or ! position ( !  
feet4 ,we h ! b>nacles 7,cirrhopoda71   
animals ) six pair ( articulat$ flexible
 arms1 compos$ ( a s]ies ( small pieces 
/udd$ ) m9ute hairs1 & :i* =m1 :5 !y are
 ext5d$1 a species ( net by means ( :i* 
! animal cat*es its prey4 ,!            
,bran*iopoda--creatures su* z !         
,t]ebratula--) two long fle%y arms plac$
 ne> ! m\?1 :i* are holl[1 muscul>1 &   
dispos$ 9 spiral folds4 ,we h !         
,tunicata1 su* z ,ascidians & !         
,con*if]a1 z ! oy/] & mussel1 be+s :i*  
are de/itute ( memb]s1 & all b incapable
 ( locomotion4 ,! ,ga/]opoda1 ( :i* !   
slug & snail af=d famili> examples1 & t 
are furni%$ ) a locomotive app>atus     

peculi> to ! :ole class1 & t]m$ ! foot  
or v5tral disc4 ,! ,pt]opoda1 ne>ly     
alli$ to ! ,ga/]opoda 9 _! int]nal      
organisation1 b diff]+ f !m 9 !         
possession ( two broad fle%y expansions1
 resembl+ f9s1 :i* are atta*$ to ! side 
( ! neck1 & are well adapt$ = swimm+4   
,&1 la/ly1 we h ! ,cephalopoda1 su* z ! 
nautilus & cuttle-fi%1 creatures )      
num]\s /rong muscul> arms atta*$ ar\nd !
 head1 & 9 "s species provid$ ) suck+   
discs1 by means ( :i* !y are enabl$     
successfully to attack & capture !      
/ronge/ & mo/ active prey4 ,9 all ^!    
in/ances we cle>ly see t ! app5dages    
*>act]ise ! class1 & t1 f an acqua9tance
 ) _! numb] & arrangem5t1 a naturali/   
c\ld readily come to a conclusion z to !
 aff9ities1 /ructure1 & g5]al habits (  
any animal 9 ! s]ies4  ,fi%es4--,! fi%es
 are divid$ into two great natural      
ord]s--^? furni%$ ) a bony skeleton & ^?
 9 :i* ! framework ( ! body is          
c>tilag9\s4 ,! =m] division are di/+ui%$
 by ! possession ( a swimm+ bladd]1 & by

 ! ne>ly equal developem5t ( ! p>ts     
correspond+ to ! extremities--! pectoral
 & v5tral f9s4 ,! pectoral f9s1 situat$ 
imm$iately beh9d ! head1 are pres5t 9   
all ! osse\s fi%es1 traces ( !m be+ f\nd
 ev5 :]e !y might be suppos$ to be      
entirely want+1 z 9 ! eel2 !y d n1      
h[ev]1 atta9 any v consid]able size1    
r>ely equall+1 & nev] surpass+1 !       
magnitude ( ! v5tral f9s4 ,9 !          
c>tilag9\s fi%es1 on ! contr>y1 n only 9
 ^? :i* ord9>ily rema9 quiet at ! bottom
 ( ! wat]1 z ! skate1 ! sole1 ! fl\nd]1 
& o!r flat fi%es1 b ev5 9 ! active &    
voraci\s %>ks we f9d no swimm+-bladd]4  
,9 ^! cases1 its place is suppli$ & its 
duty p]=m$ by ! enorm\sly develop$      
ant]ior memb] or pectoral f91 :i*       
greatly surpasses ! v5tral f9 9 size2 & 
x is by means ( ! active movem5ts ( ?is 
l>ge h& t ^! creatures raise !mselves f 
! bottom ( ! wat] to ! surface4         
,reptiles4--,9 ! class ( reptiles !     
*>act]s af=d$ by ! =m ( ! extremities   
are n less important4 ,( ! f\r ord]s    

into :i* ?is class is divid$1 "o--t ( ! 
s]p5ts 7,ophidia7--is altoge!r de/itute 
( memb]s1 ) ! exception ( ! rudim5t>y   
traces ( extremities met ) 9 "s few     
species 7,anguis1 ,bimanes1 & ,seps74 ,9
 ano!r ord]1 t ( amphibi\s animals      
7,batra*ia71 z ! frogs1 toads1 c41 !    
extremities are /ill typical ( c]ta9    
peculi>ities ( organisation4 ,"s ( ^!   
creatures may be said to rema9 9 an     
imp]fectly develop$ or embryonic        
condition dur+ _! :ole exi/5ce4 ,in/ead 
( brea?+ 9 adult life by means ( lungs1 
z d ! m p]fectly organis$ ( ! batra*ia1 
!y reta9 ?r\gh\t exi/5ce t peculi>      
/ructure ( ! respiratory app>atus--!    
bran*ial tufts--:i* 9 ! latt] are pres5t
 b 9 ! embryo condition4 ,9 ^? ( !      
amphibi\s animals :i* brea! by means (  
p]man5t bran*ia 7,p]5ni-bran*iata71 su* 
z ! ,lepidosir5 & ! ,proteus1 !         
extremities are ei!r m]e filam5t>y      
app5dages1 or at mo/ b v imp]fectly-=m$ 
organs1 & always typical ( _!           
comp>atively inf]ior organisation2 :ile1

 9 ! high] species1 t is1 ^? provid$ )  
lungs1 & los+ _! bran*i 9 ! adult /ate  
7,caduci-bran*iata71 z ! frog1 !        
salam&]1 c41 ! extremities are well =m$ 
& p]fectly develop$4 ,! ?ird ord] (     
reptiles--t ( ! liz>d tribe             
7,sauria7--is made up ( memb]s v        
dissimil> bo? 9 _! appe>ance & g5]al    
habits4 ,9 ! aquatic crocodiles ! toes  
are connect$ by means ( a membrane2 l   
ducks & o!r aquatic animals1 ^!         
creatures are web-foot$4 ,! alligator1 s
 ne>ly alli$ to ! crocodile 9 /ructure &
 habits1 ) ! exception t x is m         
t]re/rial 9 its nature1 is furni%$ ) a  
foot ! toes ( :i* are only webb$ 9 half 
_! l5g?1 ! o!r half be+ free &          
unconnect$ by membrane1 _! amphibi\s    
mode ( life be+ indicat$ by _! foot4 ,if
 we comp>e ! foot ( ^! creatures ) t ( !
 true liz>ds1 ! diff]5ce ( /ructure w be
 f\nd to be consid]able4 ,! foot ( !    
true liz>d is provid$ ) five toes to bo?
 ! =e & h9d memb]s1 :ile atta*$ to !    
h9d] memb]s ( crocodiles & alligators we

 f9d b f\r toes4 ,! toes ( ! liz>d are n
 connect$ by a membrane1 b are sep>ate1 
& arm$ ) nails1 = ^! creatures live on  
l&1 & h ne$ ( well-con/ruct$ locomotive 
organs to enable !m to cat* _! active   
prey4 ,among liz>ds1 t rem>kable animal 
! *ameleon1 t is provid$ ) a p>ticul>   
/ructure ( ! sk91 :]eby its *ange (     
col\r is effect$1 is di/+ui%$ by !      
possession ( a memb]1 ! /ructure ( :i*  
is n less peculi>4 ,! toes are arrang$ 9
 two packets1 :i* are capable ( be+     
br\ght into opposition--a /ructure      
admirably adapt$ to ! mode ( life ( !   
animal--! climb+ ( trees & %rubs 9      
pursuit ( insects4 ,! i*?yosaurus &     
plesiosaurus1 creatures ( ! liz>d tribe 
:i* h n[ become ext9ct1 are bo?         
*>act]is$ by ! =m ( _! extremities4 ,!  
=m] has f\r memb]s l paddles1 ea*       
compos$ ( ne>ly a hundr$ small bones (  
an irregul> polygonal %ape & arrang$ 9 a
 pavem5t-l =m4 ,! latt] has also f\r    
paddle-%ap$ extremities1 b ! numb] (    
bones ( :i* ea* is compos$ is mu* less  

?an 9 ! i*?yosaurus--n above fifty1 !   
pieces be+ at ! same "t ( a diff]5t     
%ape1 & n arrang$ 9 a tessellat$ =m4    
,birds4--,among birds ! foot is a mo/   
important organ1 s]v+ at once = support1
 preh5sion1 & locomotion4 ,its          
modifications are accord+ly v num]\s1 & 
orni?ologi/s h employ$ ! *>act]s pres5t$
 by x z a basis ( classification4       
,scopoli1 9 8 ,introduction to ,natural 
,hi/ory 7#aggg71 propos$ a sy/ematic    
di/ribution ( birds into two divisions  
f\nd$ ^u ! =m ( ! scales cov]+ ! foot2  
?us1 "s are furni%$ ) scales1 small &   
polygonal 7,retep$es71 :ile o!rs        
7,scutip$es7 h ! legs cov]$ 9 front )   
unequal semicircul> plates4 ,s1 aga91 9 
! division ( birds propos$ by ,nitzs*1  
viz4 into ! a]ial1 t]re/rial1 & aquatic1
 ! foot w at once s]ve to indicate !    
diff]5t ord]s4 ,we w proce$ to exam9e ! 
special *>act]s af=d$ by ! foot ( birds 
9 ea* ( ! gr\ps or ord]s1 adopt+ !      
classification ( ,kirby1 "o ( ! mo/     
rec5t4  ,9 ! fir/ ord]1 ! birds ( prey  

7,raptores71 :i* includes ! eagle1 !    
vulture1 ! owl1 c41 = ! purpose ( /rik+ 
_! qu>ry1 & ( secur+ x by a firm grasp1 
a /rong muscul> foot is necess>y1 & we  
consequ5tly f9d t ! foot is provid$ )   
f\r %ort muscul> toes1 ?ree plac$ be=e1 
& "o beh9d1 all arm$ ) long1 %>p1 hook$ 
talons1 ^? ( ! ?umb & inn]mo/ toe be+ ! 
longe/1 z ! great duty ( grasp+ is ma9ly
 p]=m$ by !m4 ,! claws are also capable 
( be+ drawn back1 !y are retractile l ^?
 ( ! cat2 & ! scales ^u ! upp] surface (
 ! foot1 z well z ! sk9 cov]+ x bel[1   
are /rong & t\gh = ! purpose ( protect+ 
! memb] f ! attacks ( ! liv+ prey ^u :i*
 ^! creatures fe$4 ,! foot is also      
broadly m>k$1 ! k9d ( m>k+ & ! size ( ! 
scales be+ especially *>act]i/ic ( !    
diff]5t g5]a & families4 ,9 ! vultures1 
:i* f _! fe$+ on c>rion d n require su* 
/r5g? ( foot1 we f9d a notable deviation
 f ?is g5]al "*1 ! toes becom+ long] &  
slight] & ! claws mu* weak]4  ,9 !      
second ord] ( birds1 ! p]*]s 7,pass]es (
 ,l9nu71 :i* compreh5ds sp>r[s1 ?ru%es1 

l>ks1 c41 ! foot is con/ruct$ = ano!r & 
a v diff]5t purpose4 ,its *ief (fice is 
to support ! bird 9 a horizontal        
position ^u ! b\ghs & bran*es ( trees & 
%rubs2 h5ce ! foot is long1 ! toes      
sl5d]1 v flexible1 & arm$ ) long1       
/raight1 weak claws1 :i* are n at all   
retractile4 ,all ! birds ( ?is ord]     
possess f\r toes1 "o ( :i*1 ! h9d toe   
7hallux71 is plac$ /raight out beh9d1 ! 
o!rs be+ 9 front1 & ^? situat$ ext]nally
 are connect$ to ! middle ones at _!    
bases4 ,! scales cov]+ ! foot are       
regul>ly dispos$1 & z !y are n ne$$ = ! 
purpose ( def5ce1 !y are ?9 & t5d]1     
resembl+ ord9>y sc>f sk94 ,ev5 9 !      
%rikes1--! birds ( prey ( ?is ord]1 :o  
fe$ ^u liv+ creatures & use ! foot =    
secur+ !m1 ! claws are n %>p1 nor is !  
foot =m$ 9 su* a mann] z to ensure a v  
secure grasp1 & we accord+ly f9d t !y   
m]ely press ?is organ ^u _! prey = !    
purpose ( hold+ x4 ,9 a few o!r families
 ( ?is ord]1 z ! todies1 ! k+fi%]s1 c41 
! foot is call$ ^u to assi/ 9 fe$+1 & we

 consequ5tly f9d c]ta9 modifications (  
/ructure indicative ( ?is (fice4 ,9 ord]
 to /r5g!n ! foot & to secure a firm]   
grasp1 ! ext]nal & middle toes are unit$
 almo/ to ! apex1 & ! /r5g? ( ! h9d toe 
is consid]ably increas$4  ,9 ! ?ird     
ord]1 ! climb]s 7,scansores71 or1 z !y h
 be5 sometimes t]m$1 ! yoke-foot$1 to   
:i* ! woodpeck] & ! p>rot tribe belong1 
! /ructure ( ! foot is modifi$ = !      
important purpose ( enabl+ ! creature to
 support itself 9 all positions ^u !    
/ems & bran*es ( trees4 ,9 ord] to      
effect ?is ! foot is made /rong1 %ort1 &
 muscul>1 ! claws %>p & curv$1 & ! toes 
are plac$ 9 a v diff]5t position to t   
:i* !y occupy 9 o!r ord]s1 two ( !m be+ 
situat$ 9 front & two beh9d4 ,by su* a  
disposition1 a /rong1 secure grasp is   
af=d$2 & ?us x is t mo/ birds belong+ to
 ?is ord] are enabl$ to climb 9 a       
v]tical position1 & to effect movem5ts l
 animals ( ! monkey tribe4 ,9 g5]al ^!  
birds move v awkw>dly ^u a level        
surface1 b 9 "o or two species !        

/ructure ( ! foot is s modifi$ t !y c   
run ^u ! gr\nd ) great spe$4 ,?is is !  
case ) ! travell]s' fri5d ( ,s\?        
,am]ica1 & ) ! gr\nd p>rot ( ,new ,s\?  
,wales2 & ^! creatures h accord+ly sl5d]
 toes s con/ruct$1 t "o ( ! two plac$   
beh9d c be br\ght 9 front at w1 s t a   
l>g] & m secure basis ( support is ?us  
af=d$4  ,9 ! f\r? ord] ! scrat*]s       
7,rasores71 to :i* ! common f[l1 !      
pheasant1 & ! pigeon belong1 ! foot is  
adapt$ = an in/rum5t ( active           
locomotion1 z well z = ! purpose (      
procur+ food by scrat*+ 9 ! e>?4 ,h5ce  
we f9d x /rong1 ) a long muscul> leg1 & 
f\r toes1 ?ree be=e & "o beh9d1 cov]$ ) 
broad scales & arm$ ) %ort claws4 ,!    
?umb1 s necess>y = p]*+ & climb+1 is 9  
birds ( ?is ord] %ort1 rudim5t>y1 &     
atta*$ high up 9 ! leg1 s t ! :ole foot 
be+ plac$ flat ^u ! gr\nd1 af=ds a v    
firm support to ! animal4  ,9 ! fif?    
ord] ( birds1 ! runn]s 7,cursores71 to  
:i* ! o/ri*1 ! emu1 & ! cass[>y belong1 
! /ructure ( ! foot is :olly t ( a      

p[]ful in/rum5t ( locomotion4 ,! leg is 
long1 ! ?igh /rong & muscul>1 & ! foot  
%ort & compact4 ,! toes :i* nev] exce$  
two or ?ree 9 numb]1 & ( :i* ! second is
 ! l>ge/1 are plac$ all 9 front1 & arm$ 
) v %ort claws1 or1 z 9 ! ,african      
o/ri*1 ) ! out] toe de/itute ( a claw4  
,! scales are limit$ to ! upp] surface (
 ! foot1 ! "u surface be+ flexible &    
occupi$ by an ela/ic pad ^u :i* ! memb] 
re/s4 ,su* a con=mation ( limb1 :i* w\ld
 be :olly useless = p]*+ or climb+1 is  
admirably fitt$ = runn+--witness !      
swiftness ( ! o/ri*--a creature equall+ 
& ev5 surpass+ ! fleete/ horse 9 spe$4  
,9 ! six? ord]1 ! wad]s 7,grallatores71 
or /ilt birds1 z ! /ork1 ! crane1 !     
h]on1 c41 ! leg is long & sl5d]1 & !    
foot weak & cov]$ ) %ield-%ap$ scales4  
,! toes1 f\r 9 numb]1 are long &        
/raight1 ?ree be+ plac$ ant]iorly1 & a  
%ort] "o 7want+ 9 ! plov]s & lapw+s7    
beh9d2 !y are frequ5tly palmat$ at _!   
base1 z 9 ! /ork2 or1 z 9 ! middle claw 
( ! h]on1 too!d or not*$ l a saw2 :ile  

sometimes !y h a n>r[-w+$ app5dage1     
runn+ along ! side1 z 9 ! s&pip]s4 ,9   
se>* ( _! food1 insects & small fi%1 !  
individuals ( ?is ord] frequ5t m>%y     
places & %all[ wat]s1 & _m ( !m1 z !    
/ork & h]on1 are rem>kable = ! un]r+    
c]ta9ty ) :i* !y /rike & seize _! small 
f9ny prey4  ,9 ! la/ ord]1 ! swimm]s    
7,natatores71 call$ also web-foot$      
birds1 to :i* ! goose1 duck1 & gull     
belong1 ! foot is modifi$ to assi/ 9    
swimm+4 ,! legs are %ort2 ! f\r toes1   
all plac$ 9 front1 are unit$ by a broad 
membran\s expansion1 & arm$ ) claws1 !  
?umb be+ likewise br\ght 9 front1 s t a 
great] ext5t ( surface may be giv5 to   
?is o>-l memb]4 ,a foot ?us con/ruct$   
w\ld be :olly unsuit$ = p]*+1 runn+1 or 
grasp+1 b x is well adapt$ to ! wants & 
habits ( ^! aquatic birds4              
,mammals4--,x is b 9 animals :o suckle  
_! "y 7,mammalia7 t ! extremities atta9 
_! greate/ /ate ( developem5t1 & x is 9 
! high] ord]s alone t !y become useful z
 organs ( preh5sion1 _! (fice be+ limit$

 9 mo/ ( ! l[] tribes to support &      
locomotion4 ,9 ! l[e/ ord] ( ! s]ies1 or
 :ale tribe 7,cetacea71 ! memb]s1 9 !   
numb] ( pieces ( :i* !y are compos$1 be>
 a consid]able resemblance to ! f9s (   
fi%es1 ?\gh !y are some:at diff]5tly    
con/ruct$1 accord+ z ! animal may be    
de/9$ exclusively = an aquatic exi/5ce1 
l ! common sp]m :ale1 or be m or less   
h]bivor\s1 & consequ5tly t]re/rial 9 its
 habits1 l ! dugong4 ,9 ! =m] case1 !   
extremities are conv]t$ into broad      
paddles adapt$ = swimm+1 & ! feet are   
webb$2 9 ! latt]1 ! memb]s are bett]    
develop$1 ! toes be+ free1 & furni%$ )  
nails at _! t]m9ation4  ,( ^? ord]s (   
,mammalia :i* are provid$ ) f\r         
memb]s--! ord9>y quadrup$s--"s are      
furni%$ ) a foot :i* appe>s to be       
entirely )\t toes1 _! place be+ suppli$ 
by a mass ( horny tissue--! ho(4 ,?is is
 ! case ) ! rum9ants--animals t *ew !   
cud--z ! c[1 & ) ! horse2 b 9 ! latt]1 z
 ! "n ( ! ord] implies 7,solidungula71 !
 ho( is solid1 :ile 9 ! rum9ants x is   

cleft2 & h5ce by "s naturali/s ^! latt] 
animals h be5 t]m$ ,bisulca4 ,"s slight 
diff]5ces are p]ceptible 9 ! con/ruction
 ( ! feet ( rum9ants3 ?us ! *amois1 !   
antelope1 & o!r ( ! de] tribe1 are      
furni%$ ) an additional toe1 :i*1       
project+ backw>ds1 af=ds a firm] support
 to ! body4 ,9 ! ?ick-sk9n$ animals     
7,pa*yd]mata7 ! toes c h>dly be said to 
be free1 be+ /ill p>tially enclos$ 9 !  
t\gh sk94 ,x is f *>act]s af=d$ by !    
foot t sev]al tribes ( animals belong+  
to ?is ord] are ma9ly *>act]is$3 ?us !  
elephant has five toes to ea* foot1 !   
rh9oc]os ?ree1 & ! hog & hippopotamus   
f\r4 ,among ^? ( ! mammalia :i* are     
*>act]is$ by ! pres5ce ( f\r memb]s )   
di/9ct & sep>ate toes & nails1 b few are
 furni%$ ) a true h&--t is1 a memb] ) a 
?umb capable ( be+ br\ght into          
apposition ) ! o!r f+]s4 ,c>nivor\s     
animals h ei!r a foot ) %>p recurv$ &   
retractile claws1 z ! cat & tig]1 or )  
/raight blunt claws1 n retractile1 z !  
be>2 or ! feet are small1 almo/         

completely envelop$ 9 ! sk91 & furni%$ )
 a membran\s expansion connect+ ! toes1 
z 9 ! aquatic seal & walrus1 or         
riv]-horse3 b 9 all ^! animals1 al?\gh !
 =e-legs may be m or less employ$ z     
in/rum5ts ( preh5sion1 !y are n us$ = ! 
purpose ( convey+ food to ! m\?4 ,9 "s (
 ! gnaw+ animals1 z ! squirrel1 !       
ant]ior extremity comm5ces to assume !  
function ( a h&2 & 9 a few ( ! kang>oo  
tribe1 su* z ! opossum1 ! h9d]          
extremities are provid$ ) a ?umb capable
 ( be+ br\ght into apposition ) ! o!r   
toes4 ,! h& ( bats1 :i* s]ves ^! animals
 n m]ely = fly+1 b also supplies ! place
 ( eyes & e>s1 enabl+ !m to avoid       
objects dur+ ! obscurity ( night1 is    
furni%$ ) a s5se ( t\* extremely        
delicate4 ,x is 9 man & ! monkey tribe  
only t we meet ) a true & p]fect h&4 ,9 
! latt]1 bo? ! =e & h9d extremities are 
con/ruct$ ^u ! same g5]al pr9ciple z !  
h& ( man2 & h5ce ^! animals h be5 /yl$  
f\r-h&$ 7,quadrumana74  8,9 man ! upp]  
memb]s are dispos$ 9 a mann] ! mo/      

fav\rable = ! ex]cise ( _! functions z  
organs ( preh5sion & ( t\*3 ! f+]s are  
long & flexible2 !y h all1 ) !          
occasional exception ( ! r+-f+]1 sep>ate
 movem5ts1 :i* o!r animals 7ev5 ^?      
provid$ ) h&s7 h n2 ! ?umb1 :i* is      
apposable to ^! latt]1 is long] 9       
proportion to ! f+]s ?an 9 monkeys1 &   
consequ5tly c m readily apply itself to 
! extremity ( _! palm or surface1 &     
bett] seize small objects4 ,! nails1 :i*
 are l>ge & flat1 cov] ! back "p only ( 
! extremity ( ! f+]s1 s z to furni% a   
support to ! organs ( t\* )\t 9 ! lea/  
depriv+ !m ( _! delicacy4 ,! entire h& c
 execute rotatory movem5ts ! mo/ ext5d$2
 & to ! arm :i* supports x is af=d$ a   
solid atta*m5t by means ( a l>ge %\ld]  
or blade-bone & a long coll>-bone40 ,!  
/atem5t ( ,milne ,edw>ds1#c !n1 does n  
appe> f> remov$ f ! tru?1 8,t !         
faculties ( ! ,mammalia are ! m elevat$ 
9 proportion z _! memb]s are ! bett]    
con/ruct$ = preh5sion & = t\*40   ,,use 
,,( ,a ,,k ,,( ,,! ,,=m ,,( ,,app5dages 

,,to ,,trunks ,,9 ,,geology4  ,a k ( !  
=m ( ! app5dages to ! trunk ( animals is
 ( great s]vice to ! geologi/1 = x has  
be5 well & truly said1 t ! organic      
rema9s imb$d$ 9 rocks are z m$als /ruck 
9 commemoration ( ! great revolutions   
:i* ! e>? has und]gone1 & s small a     
portion z ! extremity ( an animal is    
suffici5t to indicate its nature1 & to  
enable u to asc]ta9 ! class & ord] to   
:i* x belongs4 ,let u take a few        
examples4 ,"s fossil bones 7 discov]$ by
 ,g5]al ,wa%+ton ne> 8 seat 9 ,virg9ia4 
,mr4 ,jeff]son1 by :om !y 7 exam9$1 /at$
 t !y _h belong$ to an enorm\s c>nivor\s
 animal1 :i* f ! size ( its claws he    
nam$ ! ,megalonyx4 ,^u an exam9ation m  
c>efully conduct$ by ,cuvi]1 x 0 f\nd t 
9 ! paw ! second bone ( ! toe 0         
symmetrical1 :ile 9 animal fe$]s furni%$
 ) retractile claws x is curv$1 & n     
symmetrical2 ! fir/ bone1 too1 0 !      
%orte/1 :]eas 9 ! lion & o!rs ( ! fel9e 
tribe x is ! longe/4 ,:5ce ,cuvi] 0 l$  
to conclude t ! creature 9 "q 0 a slo? (

 l>ge dim5sions1 :i* f$ only ^u plants4 
,^u ano!r occasion1 f a c>eful          
consid]ation ( ! =m & size ( a toe f\nd 
9 ! ,palat9ate1 ne> ,eppel%eim1 ,cuvi] 0
 able to det]m9e t ! animal to :i* x    
belong$ 0 ( ! ed5tate tribe ( ,pangol9s4
 ,x 0 f an exam9ation ( ! h& t ,cuvi]   
decid$ ^u ! nature ( ! ,pt]odactylus4   
,?is curi\s animal p>took ( ! nature (  
bo? ! reptile & ! bird4 ,l ! bird1 x 0  
furni%$ ) a long neck & a horny beak1 b 
9 its jaws & tee? x resembl$ !          
crocodile4 ,x _h n1 h[ev]1 l ! bird1    
fea!r$ w+s )\t f+]s to /r5g!n !m1 nor _h
 x a w+ 9 :i* ! ?umb alone is free1 l t 
( ! bat4 ,in/ead ( ! bony pieces ( all !
 f+]s be+ equally prolong$1 ! second f+]
 only 0 ext5d$ to a great l5g?1 & f x ! 
w+ spread out1 ! o!r f+]s be+ %ort &    
furni%$ ) nails l ! toes ( ord9>y       
animals4 ,coll9i1 its discov]]1 suppos$ 
x to be ( m>9e orig92 ,soemm]r+ cont5d$ 
t x 0 a mammal2 b its true place 9 !    
animal s]ies 0 fir/ assign$ to x by     
,cuvi]1 :o has satisfactorily %ewn t x  

is 9 fact int]m$iate betwe5 a bird & a  
reptile4  ,a k ( ! =m ( ! extremities ( 
animals has be5 ( great s]vice to       
palontology 9 ano!r way--9 prov+ !      
exi/5ce ( c]ta9 species ( animals at    
giv5 p]iods ( ! e>?'s =mation1 f ! pr9t 
( _! foot/eps left ^u ! s& or o!r       
mat]ial ( ! /rata :ile x 0 yet 9 a s(t  
/ate4 ,su* traces 7 fir/ obs]v$ by ,dr4 
,duncan 9 ,dumfries-%ire4 ,on exam9+ a  
s&/one qu>ry1 he f\nd ^! pr9ts n on "o  
only1 b on sev]al successive lay]s ( !  
/one2 s t !y mu/ h be5 made at p]iods   
di/ant f ea* o!r4 ,simil> impressions h 
be5 s9ce obs]v$ 9 ! ,=e/ m>ble-b$s ne>  
,ba?1 at ,hessburg 9 ,saxony1 9 ! ,/ate 
( ,connecticut1 & 9 "s o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 
8,! m>ks f\nd 9 ,dumfries-%ire1 ( :i*   
!re 7 z _m z tw5ty-f\r ^u a s+le slab1  
=m$ z x 7 a regul> track1 ) six di/9ct  
repetitions ( ea* foot1 ! =e & h9d feet 
hav+ left diff]5t impressions1 & ev5 !  
m>ks ( ! claws be+ disc]nible4 ,!y appe>
 to h be5 made by "s animal ( ! tortoise
 k9d4 ,at ,hessburg ! impressions 7     

discov]$ 9 qu>ries ( grey & r$ s&/one   
alt]nat+2 & ! m>ks 7 bo? l>g] & m di/9ct
 ?an ^? f\nd 9 ,scotl&4 ,9 "o ! h9d foot
 measur$ twelve in*es 9 l5g?1 & ! =e    
foot always appe>$ mu* small] ?an ! h9d4
 ,f ?is circum/ance1 & f ! di/ance      
betwe5 ! two be+ only f\rte5 in*es1 x is
 conjectur$ t ! animal 0 a m>supial l ! 
kang>oo1 & x has be5 t]m$ by ,dr4 ,kaup 
,*iro!rium1 f ! suppos$ resemblance ( ! 
f\r toes & turn$-out ?umb to a h&4 ,9 ! 
,/ate ( ,connecticut1 ne> ,nor?ampton1  
foot/eps diff]+ exce$+ly 9 size h be5   
f\nd 9 incl9$ /rata ( s&/one4 ,!y 7     
evid5tly made be=e x assum$ its pres5t  
position4 ,! m>ks are always 9 pairs1 & 
! tracts cross ea* o!r l ^? ( ducks on !
 m>g9 ( a muddy pond4 ,"o is ( ! l5g? ( 
fifte5 or sixte5 in*es1 & a fea!ry spur 
or app5dage appe>s to h be5 atta*$ to ! 
heel1 eight or n9e in*es long4 ,!       
di/ance betwe5 ! /eps is proportion$ to 
_! l5g?1 b 9 e case ! pace appe>s to h  
be5 long] ?an t ( ! exi/+ species (     
birds to :i* !y approa* ne>e/--! o/ri*1 

& ! animal mu/ consequ5tly h be5        
proportionably l>g]4 ,h[ mu* l>g] he 0  
?an ! o/ri* may be ga!r$ f ?is1 t ! l>ge
 ,african o/ri* has only a foot t5 in*es
 long1 less ?an two-?irds t ( ?is bird1 
& yet /&s n9e feet high4 ,^! proportions
 w\ld give a height ( f\rte5 feet to !  
ext9ct animal40#d  ,! *>act]s af=d$ by !
 foot h rec5tly enabl$ ,mr4 ,/rickl& to 
det]m9e t ! dodo1 a bird n[ ext9ct1 is n
 relat$ ei!r to ! gall9ace\s birds1--!  
vulture or ! o/ri*es z "s h             
conjectur$1--b is closely alli$ to !    
pigeons4  ,f ?is cursory exam9ation ( ! 
animal _w we may ga!r ! important       
conclusion1 t f ! /ructure ( an         
extremity we may obta9 a complete       
insight into ! entire organisation ( an 
animal2 & ?us ! paws furni%$ ) %>p      
retractile claws ( ! lion indicate at   
once to a naturali/ its /rong tee?1 its 
p[]ful jaws1 & its muscul> /r5g? ( limb2
 :ile f ! cleft foot ( ! c[1 !          
complicat$ /ructure ( its /oma*1 !      
def9ite peculi>ities ( its jaws1 & its  

vegetable diet1 may ) equal c]ta9ty be  
pr$icat$4  ,?us1 z ,paley ju/ly obs]ves1
 8,9 ! swan1 ! web foot1 ! spoon bill1 !
 long neck1 ! ?ick d[n1 ! gram9ivor\s   
/oma*1 h all a relation to "o ano!r1    
inasmu* z !y all concur 9 "o design1 t (
 supply+ ! occasions ( an aquatic f[l1  
float+ ^u ! surface ( %all[ p>ts ( wat]1
 & seek+ its food at ! bottom4 ,beg9 )  
any "o ( ^! peculi>ities ( /ructure1 &  
obs]ve h[ ! re/ foll[ x4 ,! web foot    
qualifies ! bird = swimm+1 ! spoon bill 
enables x to graze4 ,b h[ is an animal1 
float+ ^u ! surface ( pools ( wat]1 to  
gaze at ! bottom except by ! m$iation ( 
a long neck8 ,& a long neck is accord+ly
 giv5 to x4 ,aga91 a w>m-blood$ animal1 
:i* 0 to pass its life ^u wat]1 requir$ 
a def5ce aga9/ ! coldness ( t elem5t4   
,su* a def5ce is furni%$ to ! swan 9 !  
muff 9 :i* its body is wrapp$4 ,b all   
?is outw>d app>atus w\ld h be5 9 va9 if 
! inte/9al sy/em _h n be5 suit$ to !    
dige/ion ( vegetable sub/ances40#e  ,&1 
aga91 ( ! mole3 8,! =m ( ! feet fixes ! 

"* ( ! animal4 ,!y are s _m %ovels2 !y  
det]m9e its action to t ( root+ 9 !     
gr\nd2 & e ?+ ab\t its body agrees ) ?is
 de/9ation4 ,! cyl9drical figure ( !    
mole1 z well z ! compactness ( its =m1  
aris+ f ! t]s5ess ( its limbs1          
proportionally less5s its lab\r2        
because1 accord+ to its bulk1 x !reby   
requires ! lea/ possible quantity ( e>? 
to be remov$ = its progress4 ,x has     
ne>ly ! same /ructure ( ! face & jaws z 
a sw9e1 & ! same (fice = !m4 ,! nose is 
%>p1 sl5d]1 t5d9\s1 /rong2 ) a pair (   
n]ves go+ d[n to ! end ( x4 ,! plu%     
cov]+1 :i*1 by ! smoo?ness1 clos5ess1 & 
poli% ( ! %ort piles t compose x1       
rejects ! adhesion ( almo/ e species (  
e>?1 def5ds ! animal f cold & wet1 & f !
 imp$im5t :i* x w\ld exp]i5ce by ! m\ld 
/ick+ to its body4 ,f soils ( all k9d ! 
little pione] comes =? bright & clean4  
,inhabit+ dirt1 x is ( all animals !    
neate/40     ,,*apt] ,,iv4    8,"s      
animals h horns1 "s h ho(s1 "s talons1  
"s claws1 "s spurs & beaks2 man ha? none

 ( all   ^!1 b is weak & feeble1 & s5t  
un>m$ into !   _w4 ,:y8--a h&1 ) reason 
to rise x1 supplies !   place ( all     
^!40--,,ray4  ,,=m ,,( ,,extremities    
,,diff]s ,,9 ,,individuals ,,( ,,!      
,,same ,,species4   ,sir ,j4 ,b>r[ /ates
 ( ! ,hott5tot t !re is n an animal     
among ! numb]s t range ! wilds (        
,africa1 if he be at all acqua9t$ ) x1 !
 pr9t ( ^: foot he _c di/+ui%4 ,! pr9t (
 any ( 8 companions' feet he w\ld s+le  
out among a ?\s&4 ,t p>ticul> species ( 
animals c be di/+ui%$ by _! feet appe>s1
 !n1 an und\bt$ fact2 & x is n less true
 ?an t modifications 9 ! =m ( !         
extremities are met ) among animals ( ! 
same species4 ,?us ! male frog is       
di/+ui%$ f ! female by ! pres5ce ( a m  
fully-develop$ ?umb & ! addition ( a    
velvety1 cu%ion-l sub/ance to its out]  
surface1 by means ( :i* he is enabl$ to 
grasp ! latt] m securely1 & ensure !    
fecundation ( ! eggs4 ,! l&-frog 7,hyla7
 diff]s f ! common frog 7,rana7 9       
possess+ a visc\s disc at ! extremity ( 

ea* toe1 s t ?is animal c readily m\nt !
 bran*es ( trees 9 se>* ( prey4 ,!      
c\rage ( ! falcon is e/imat$ by ! =m &  
disposition ( ! w+ fea!rs1 & t ( !      
fight+ cock by ! con=mation ( 8 foot4 ,b
 x is to ! h& ( man1--! emblem ( 8 va/  
sup]iority ov] all ! l[] animals1 t we  
w\ld m p>ticul>ly invite att5tion4 ,! h&
 ( man1 l ! app5dages to ! trunk (      
animals1 has a c]ta9 def9ite relation ) 
8 :ole organisation4 ,z ,sir ,c4 ,bell  
obs]ves1 8,! possession ( an in/rum5t l 
! h& implies t !re mu/ be a great "p ( !
 organisation :i* /rictly belongs to x  
conceal$4 ,! h& is n a ?+ app5d$1 or put
 on to ! body1 l an additional movem5t 9
 a wat*2 b a ?\s& intricate relations   
mu/ be e/abli%$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole frame 9  
connexion ) x40  ,! =m ( ! h&1 l t ( !  
entire body1 is mat]ially influ5c$ by   
age1 sex1 & race2 & x is n less affect$ 
by ! p>ticul> k9d ( organisation1 !     
m5tal disposition1 & ! temp]am5t ( !    
individual4  ,age4--,9 ! m9ute g]m1 or  
embryo ( a mon?1 ! =m ( ! h& resembles t

 ( "o ( ! l[] animals4 ,x puts on !     
appe>ance r ( a respiratory organ ?an ( 
an in/rum5t ( preh5sion1 &1 be+         
completely de/itute ( f+]s1 pres5ts a   
great analogy 9 =m ) ! f9 ( a fi%4 ,z ! 
little be+ increases 9 size1 ! f+]s     
become gradually develop$4 ,!y at fir/  
appe> z small bud-l projections atta*$  
to ! p]fectly-=m$ palm4 ,by degrees !   
sev]al pieces ( ! f+]s become m & m     
elongat$1 & at l5g? atta9 _! p]fect l5g?
 & %ape2 ?\gh1 ev5 at bir?1 ! relative  
size ( ! palm1 comp>$ ) ! f+]s1 is      
consid]ably great] ?an 9 ! adult4 ,dur+ 
infancy & *ildhood ! h& reta9s1 to a    
c]ta9 ext5t1 ! same "*1 ! h& ( ! *ild   
be+ s(t & ?ick1 ) a broad palm & %ort   
rudim5t>y f+]s4 ,) ! p]iod ( pub]ty x   
atta9s its p]fect developem5t1 &        
acquires *>act]s :i* x pres]ves ?r\gh\t 
manhood4 ,z old age creeps on ! h& loses
 its s(tness & pliancy1 x becomes h>d & 
ins5sible1 & its vig\r1 l t ( ! m9d1 may
 be said to be gone4 8,le cal de la ma91
 presque t\j\rs1 jette une ombre sur    

l'esprit10 says ,d',arp5tigny4          
,politics1 sci5ce1 lit]ature--:atev]    
active intellectual pursuit ! m9d =m]ly 
delight$ 91 comm5ces at ?is p]iod ( life
 to lose its =m] *>m1 to be succe$$ by a
 love ( quiet rural occupation4 ,9 !    
language ( ! au?or j quot$1 8,x is :5   
our /iff5$ h&s1 become1 z x 71 ossifi$ &
 ne>ly ins5sible1 af=d a fai?ful image (
 our impov]i%$ intellig5ce1 t we are !  
mo/ rul$ by ?is mania = agricultural    
pursuits40  ,sex4--,! sexes diff] z mu* 
9 ! =m ( _! h&s z !y d 9 ! figure ( !   
skeleton1 & 9 ! g5]al habit & con=mation
 ( ! entire body4 ,z ,c>us obs]ves1 8,he
 mu/ be b a sup]ficial obs]v] ( mank9d  
:o c\ld n at once recognise ! sex f a   
simple inspection ( ! h&4 ,! h& ( woman 
is small]1 m delicate1 & mu* m f9ely    
articulat$ ?an t ( man2 x has a s(t]    
palm1 & jo9ts :i* are b slightly        
prom95t4 ,! h& ( man1 on ! contr>y1 is  
l>ge1 firm1 & broad1 is furni%$ ) /rong 
project+ jo9ts1 & a h>d wide palm1      
toge!r ) a l>ge ?umb1 ) a /rong convex  

ball or root40 ,"h1 aga91 we f9d !      
physical /ructure 9 h>mony ) ! m5tal    
disposition--! firm1 /rong1 broad h& (  
man be+ indicative ( 8 active1 en]getic1
 reason+ m9d2 & ! s(t1 n>r[1 delicate h&
 ( woman1 symbolical ( h] s5sitive1     
yield+1 contemplative "*4  ,race4--,we h
 n yet obta9$ suffici5t data to enable u
 to asc]ta9 any ?+ v def9ite respect+   
?is "p ( our subject4 ,:e!r ! h& ( races
 spr++ f ! ,caucasian /ock pres5ts a =m 
ess5tially diff]5t f t ( p orig9at+ f ! 
,mongolian1--:e!r ! h& ( ! ,negro races 
resembles or diff]s f t ( ! ,am]ican    
tribes1 mu/ be det]m9$ by ! future      
inve/igations ( intellig5t & obs]v+     
travell]s4 ,f ! few obs]vations t h     
hi!rto be5 made1 x w\ld appe> t 9 !     
,am]ican & ,mongolian races ! h& is     
*>act]is$ by a prepond]ance ( ! motive  
elem5t ov] ! s5sitive1 ! memb] be+ l>ge 
& co>se1 ) ! bones1 muscles1 & jo9ts1   
/rongly develop$4 ,z reg>ds ! d>k-col\r$
 races we "k t !y diff] some:at f ! :ite
 9 ! texture ( _! sk93 x is co>se 9 its 

/ructure1 provid$ ) a l>g] numb] (      
sebace\s gl&s1 & cov]$ by a ?ick] lay] (
 cuticle1 s t ! s5ti5t t]m9ations ( !   
n]ves be+ less expos$ its g5]al         
s5sibility mu/ be consid]ably less ?an t
 ( ! sk9 ( :ite p4  ,b ! h& n only af=ds
 u *>act]s by :i* ! age & sex may be    
det]m9$1 x is likewise an index ( !     
g5]al habit ( body1 ( ! k9d ( temp]am5t1
 & ( ! m5tal t5d5cy & disposition4      
,,h&1 ,,index ,,( ,,habit ,,( ,,body ,,&
 ,,temp]am5t4  ,! g5]al habit ( body1 & 
! k9d ( temp]am5t1 we det]m9e f c]ta9   
g5]al signs d$uc$ f ! h&4 ,we obs]ve !  
/ructure ( ! sk9--:e!r x be f9e or co>se
 9 its texture1 :e!r x be h>d &         
unyield+1 or s(t & ela/ic4 ,we note !   
quantity ( fat & ( cellul> tissue2 & ?is
 enables u to =m a judgm5t respect+ !   
degree ( embonpo9t1 & we h already      
abundantly prov$ t a man ( a s(t1 lax   
habit1 ) an abundance ( cellul> & fatty 
tissues1 diff]s 9 m5tal t5d5cy &        
disposition f "o ( firm1 t5se fibre1 9  
:om ! bones1 muscles1 & articulations1  

are /rong & prom95t4 ,?us1 a s(t1 ?ick  
h&1 load$ ) fat1 d5otes little en]gy (  
"*1 & a s(t1 yield+1 inactive           
disposition2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 a ?91  
firm1 bony1 or muscul> h& indicates a   
r\gh1 active1 en]getic nature4 ,)       
respect to ! texture ( ! sk9--a h&      
possess+ a delicate & highly-s5sitive   
sk9 is accompani$ by a simil> /ructure (
 ! tegum5t>y envelope ( ! entire body1 &
 is always associat$ ) an excitable     
organisation1 ) a highly s5sitive1      
mobile disposition4 ,a co>se1 dry       
texture ( ! sk9 d5otes a prepond]ance ( 
muscul> =ce ov] s5sibility1 & a "* m    
rem>kable = solidity & resolution ?an = 
imag9ation or vivacity ( conception4 ,! 
h& p>takes ( ! nature ( ! :ole body2 :5 
! latt] is gracefully & symmetrically   
=m$1 ) its sev]al p>ts 9 nice adaptation
 & co-ord9ation1 ! =m] %>es its         
p]fection & is con/ruct$ aft] ! same    
g5]al plan2 & we accord+ly f9d t a      
p[]ful1 a?letic individual is furni%$ ) 
a l>ge h>d h&1 ) its jo9ts or           

articulations /rong & prom95t1 & a      
delicate1 s5sitive p]son1 ) a small1    
n>r[ h&1 ) its jo9ts small & b slightly 
prom95t4   ,,h&1 ,,f\r ,,prim>y ,,=ms   
,,(1 ,,connect$ ,,) ,,p>ticul> ,,m5tal  
,,t5d5cies4  ,9 ord] correctly to       
det]m9e ! m p>ticul> signs ( ! m5tal    
disposition :i* may be drawn f an       
exam9ation ( ! h&1 we mu/ fir/ take into
 consid]ation ! special physiological   
functions ( ! organ4 ,on ! "o h&1 x is !
 mo/ delicate in/rum5t ( feel+1--! organ
 ( t\*1 by means ( :i* we judge ( s _m  
prop]ties ( bodies2 on ! o!r h&1 ! f9e/ 
& mo/ skilful in/rum5t ( motion & (     
preh5sion2 & x may likewise be reg>d$ z 
! organ ( art4 ,a h& r bel[ ! av]age    
size1 & ( :i* ! sk9 is s(t & delicate1 !
 f+]s long1 & provid$ ) num]\s cuticul> 
ridges1 :i* are indicative ( a l>ge     
numb] ( ! s5ti5t papill ( t\*1 ! bony   
portion b slightly develop$1 & ! jo9ts n
 prom95t1 is admirably adapt$ = an organ
 ( s5sation1 b by no means suit$ = an   
in/rum5t ( motion2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 a

 size r above ! av]age1 toge!r ) a      
massive1 bony1 framework1 /rong muscles 
& t5dons1 & l>ge jo9ts1 are !           
*>act]i/ics ( a p[]ful in/rum5t (       
preh5sion--( a h& 9 :i* s5sation is     
sacrific$ to motion4  ,9 ! =m] case1 we 
may ) c]ta9ty pr$icate a m9d mobile1    
imag9ative1 & incl9$ to ab/raction1--a  
m9d employ$ *iefly on subjective        
ph5om5a2 9 ! latt]1 ! m9d is r objective
 9 its action ?an subjective1 op]at+    
p[]fully ^u ! ext]nal _w1 :e!r by arms1 
agriculture1 or ! me*anical arts3 ! =m] 
h& we t]m s5sitive1 ! latt] motive4  ,9 
! highe/ & mo/ p]fect =m ( h&1 ?91      
delicate1 conical f+]s are comb9$ ) a   
mod]ate-siz$ palm & a well-develop$     
?umb1--bo? ! s5sitive & motive p>ts are 
9 nice & accurate adaptation2 ! in/rum5t
 be+ ?us r5d]$ capable ( execut+ :atev] 
! intellect may desire3 su* a h& we t]m 
8psy*ical40 ,9 ! l[e/ =m ( h&1 ! memb]  
reta9s ?r\gh\t adult life ! "* :i* x    
pres5t$ 9 infancy1 & x /rik+ly resembles
 ! h& ( ^? ( ! monkey tribe mo/ ne>ly   

alli$ to man 9 _! organisation & outw>d 
=m1--a h>d1 ?ick1 palm be+ jo9$ to %ort1
 rudim5t>y f+]s3 su* a =m ( h& we /yle  
8elem5t>y40 ,x is mo/ly associat$ ) a   
crude1 undevelop$ /ate ( ! intellectual 
p[]s4 ,?us1 by trac+ ! normal           
developem5t & ! anatomy & physiology ( !
 h&1 we h obta9$ f\r def9ite types (    
=mation f\nd$ ^u anatomical &           
physiological *>act]s1 & correspond+ to 
a c]ta9 ext5t to ! temp]am5ts1--!       
psy*ical z ! highe/ =m1 ! elem5t>y z !  
l[e/1 &1 z int]m$iate =ms1 ! s5sitive & 
! motive4 ,! s5sitive is *>act]is$ by   
s(tness1 delicacy1 & a r\nd$ =m1--by a  
memb] adapt$ by its /ructure = an       
accurate discrim9ation ( ! ext]nal _w1 &
 = a delicate organ ( s5sation2 !       
motive1 by great developem5t ( !        
muscul>1 t5d9\s1 & osse\s /ructures1 &  
ex]cis+ its objective influ5ce by virtue
 ( its active movem5ts & its physical   
=ce2 ! psy*ical unit+ ! p]fections ( bo?
 ! s5sitive & ! motive types1 ! elem5t>y
 )\t ! excell5cies ( ei!r4  ,we pass on 

to a some:at m detail$ exam9ation ( !   
sev]al p>ts ( ! h&4 ,x may be consid]$ z
 made up ( ! palm1 ! ?umb1 & ! f+]s4    
,palm4--,z reg>ds ! palm1 we h to notice
 its size1 ?ickness1 & degree ( h>dness2
 its temp]ature1 degree ( dryness1 & !  
furr[s by :i* x is m>k$4 ,9 all ! l[]   
animals ! palm is l>ge1 ?ick1 & h>d4    
,h5ce ,d',arp5tigny views ! palm z      
indicative ( ! physical appetites or    
animal prop5sities1 & ( ! degree &      
int5sity ( ! m5tal affections to :i* !y 
give rise4 ,?us1 :5 ! palm is n>r[ & ?91
 ! temp]am5t is feeble1 ! imag9ation )\t
 =ce1 & ! m9d r subtle ?an compreh5sive2
 :5 its size & ?ickness are 9 h>mony ) !
 proportions ( ! ?umb & f+]s1 s5sual    
impressions easily excite ! m9d1 b a    
salut>y control is ex]cis$ by reason &  
imag9ation2 :5 x is l>ge 9 comp>ison ) !
 f+]s1 s5suality & egotism pr$om9ate2 & 
la/ly1 :5 x is l>ge1 ?ick & h>d1 !      
animal faculties prepond]ate ov] reason1
 & ! passions1 unref9$ by imag9ation1 h 
full & uncontroll$ sway4 ,a moi/1 w>m1  

rosy palm d5otes heal?1 y\?1 delicate   
s5sibility1 & en]gy ( ! vegetative      
functions4 ,?us ,%akspe>e 9 8,o!llo10   
speak+ ( ! h& ( ,desdemona1--    8,?is  
h& is moi/1 my lady4          99        
99       99       99     ,?is argues    
fruitfulness & lib]al he>t2    ,hot1    
hot1 & moi/4 ,?is h& ( y\rs requires    
,a seque/] f lib]ty1 fa/+1 & pray]1     
,mu* ca/igation1 ex]cise dev\t2    ,=   
!re's a "y & sweat+ devil "h    ,t      
commonly rebels40  ,9 febrile diseases1 
! palm is hot & dry2 & ! same obta9s :5 
! vegetative functions are languid1 or 9
 exhau/ion f debau*]y or o!r causes4 ,z 
,%akspe>e has x 9 ! 8,twelf? ,night10-- 
8,m>ia4 ,n[1 sir1 ?\ght is free3 ,i pray
 y br+   ,y\r h& to ! butt]y b>1 & let x
 dr9k4    ,sir ,&rew ,ague*eek4 ,:]e=e1 
swee!>t8 ,:at's   y\r metaphor8         
,m>ia4 ,x's dry1 sir40  ,accord+ to !   
old *iroscopi/s1 ! life-l9e--t is1 !    
furr[ at ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 !    
ball ( ! ?umb & ! palm--measures by its 
l5g? ! t]m ( exi/5ce2 x is c]ta9ly m    

/rongly m>k$ 9 /rong & heal?y ?an 9 weak
 & sickly p]sons4 ,a pallid or yell[i%  
col\r ( ! furr[s m>k+ ! palm is         
indicative ( disease4  ,?umb4--,! ?umb  
des]ves p>ticul> notice 9 treat+ ( ! h&4
 ,x is ! pres5ce ( a ?umb t imp>ts to ! 
h& ( ! high] animals its "* (           
sup]iority4 ,x is ! high] developem5t & 
great] mobility ( ! human h& t r5d] x s 
mu* m p]fect ?an t ( ! ape3 8,l'animal  
suprieur e/ dans la ma91 l'homme e/ dans
 la p\ce10 says ,d',arp5tigny4 ,! ?umb  
be+1 !n1 ! *>act]i/ic elem5t ( ! human  
h&--! "p la/ develop$ & mo/ /rongly     
typical ( its sup]iority ov] t ( ! l[]  
animals1 ! p]fect =mation ( ?is "p ( !  
h& mu/ be reg>d$ z a sign ( ! "* ( !    
species be+ well m>k$1--( a /rong1      
active individuality2 :ile ! rev]se     
obta9s :5 x is small & rudim5t>y4 ,!    
ball ( ! ?umb is made up ( /rong        
muscles1 & 9 x ! motor function ( ! h&  
is1 z x 71 conc5trat$4 ,x is ! mons     
,v5]is ( ! old *iroscopi/s2 ! expression
 ( 8la volont raisonne10 ( decision1    

p]ception1 & ! logical faculty1 accord+ 
to ,d',arp5tigny1 :o confirms ! old     
op9ion above allud$ to1 rem>k+1 8,aim]  
c'e/ v\loir1 et v\loir c'e/ aim]40      
,p]sons ) a small ?umb are rul$ by !    
he>t1 ^? ) a l>ge by ! head4 ,! motive  
h& is always furni%$ ) a l>ge ?umb1 &   
h5ce1 probably1 ! orig9 ( ! t]m1 f      
dom>e1 to rule 7,italian71 ,daum5       
7,g]man72 p[] & objective =ce be+ imp>t$
 by x to ! h&4  ,! ,romans appli$ ! t]m 
pollex truncatus to a p]son :o1 = !     
purpose ( avoid+ milit>y s]vice1 cut (f 
or mutilat$ 8 ?umb--h5ce our ^w         
poltroon4 ,x 0 by ! position ( ! ?umb t 
spectators det]m9$ ! fate ( conqu]$     
gladiators2 if x 7 rais$1 life 0 sp>$1  
if x 7 depress$1 x 0 a s5t5ce ( dea?4 ,9
 ! ,anglo-,saxon laws1 x is orda9$ t    
mutilation ( ! ?umb %all be puni%$ by a 
f9e ( tw5ty %ill+s1 & t ( ! middle f+]  
by a f9e ( f\r only4 ,9 ,la ,v5de1 a    
l>ge ?umb is /ill ?\ght to be indicative
 ( a dabbl] 9 ! =bidd5 my/]ies ( ! black
 art4 ,bit+ ! ?umb 0 =m]ly held to be   

expressive ( insult & defiance2 ?us     
,%akspe>e 9 8,romeo & ,juliet10--       
8,samson4 ,i w bite my ?umb at !m2 :i*  
is a                disgrace to !m if !y
 be> x40  ,f+]s4--,hav+ fully exam9$ !  
palm & ?umb1 we h next to direct our    
att5tion to ! f\r f+]s--to _! l5g?1 _!  
g5]al outl9e1 ! size ( ! jo9ts1 & ! %ape
 ( ! pieces ( :i* ! f+]s are made up1--!
 phalanges1 m especially ( ! t]m9al "o4 
,prom95t jo9ts ev9ce great developm5t ( 
! bony & muscul> /ructures ( ! h&2 !y   
indicate a motive & preh5sive organ4    
,p]sons ) su* f+]s1 accord+ to          
,d',arp5tigny1 are rem>kable = _! love (
 ord] & arrangem5t1 = a m9d prone to    
analysis & reason+1 & = actions regulat$
 by ! calm dictates ( judgm5t1 & n      
impell$ by ! sudd5 inspiration (        
en?usiasm4 ,smoo?1 ev5 f+]s1 on !       
contr>y1 ) a regul> outl9e &            
articulations b slightly prom95t1 d5ote 
t ! n]v\s sy/em is m develop$ ?an ! bony
 & muscul>1 & t ! memb] is end[$ ) f9e  
s5sibility4 ,su* an individual w be m or

 less sway$ by imag9ation1 w act r f !  
impulse ( ! mom5t ?an f reason &        
exp]i5ce1 w be r dispos$ to view ?+s z a
 :ole ?an to consid] 9 detail _! sev]al 
p>ts1--9 fact1 w be furni%$ ) a m9d ) m 
( imag9ation & syn!tical tal5t ?an (    
reason or logical ability4 ,! jo9ts     
become m di/9ctly m>k$ z age advances4  
,9 f9e1 says ,d',arp5tigny1 8,man       
becomes ! m ord]ly1 ! less cr$ul\s1 & ! 
m logical1 9 proportion z ! articul>    
prom95ces become m /rongly def9$40  ,!  
la/ phalanx1 or t]m9al piece ( ! f+]s1  
may t]m9ate 9 ei!r ( ?ree ways4 ,x may  
be r\nd$1 cu%iony1 some:at enl>g$ z x 72
 x may be squ>e & flatt5$2 or x may be  
delicate1 tap]+1 & conical4 ,! enl>g$1  
r\nd$1 cu%iony-t]m9at$ phalanx1         
*>act]ises 8! doigts en spatule0 (      
,d',arp5tigny1 or1 z we %all t]m !m1    
8s5sitive f+]s40 ,x indicates a great   
numb] ( ! delicate papill ( t\*1 & s]ves
 to d5ote a s5sitive h&4 ,! squ>e t]m9al
 phalanx mo/ly accompanies ! motive &   
elem5t>y =m ( h&2 & ! tap]+1 conical    

extremity1 ! psy*ical4 ,x is a rem>kable
 fact1 t among all nations ! figures (  
sa9ts1 angels1 & div9ities1 %\ld h be5  
inv>iably figur$ ) delicate1 tap]+ f+]s4
 ,! h&s ( wit*es1 demons1 & sorc]]s1 h  
likewise be5 del9eat$ ) elongat$ f+]s2 b
 !y are r\gh1 ?91 & bony1 & arm$ ) long 
nails or claws1 l ! toes ( ! l[]        
animals4  ,nails4--,we mu/ say a few    
words ^u ! nails1--p>ts correspond+ to !
 horny skeleton ( inv]tebrate animals4  
,!y are sometimes long & n>r[1 z 9 !    
psy*ical h&3 sometimes %ort & broad1 z 9
 ! elem5t>y type2 & sometimes squ>e &   
/rong1 z 9 ! motive1 or !y may be       
brittle or ?ick5$1 or o!rwise diseas$4  
,9 consumptive p !y become curv$1       
some:at claw-l4 ,if ! *>act]s :i* !y    
furni% be 9 accordance ) ^? :i* are     
indicat$ by ! o!r p>ts ( ! h&1 !y are   
!reby d\bly confirm$2 if ! two diff]1 !y
 mutually r5d] ea* o!r less positive4   
,?us an elem5t>y h& ) long1 sl5d] nails1
 mu/ be look$ ^u z hav+ a decid$ t5d5cy 
to assume a high] type ( organisation1  

:ile if ! nails be broad & %ort l !     
f+]s1 ! signification is !reby ! m      
confirm$4   ,,=m ,,( ,,h&s4  #a4--,!    
,elem5t>y ,h&4 ,see ,plate ,i4--,f+]s   
?ick1 & )\t flexibility1 palm l>ge1     
?ick1 & h>d1 ?umb rudim5t>y1 & frequ5tly
 b5t some:at backw>ds1 sk9 co>se 9 its  
texture1 nails %ort & ?ick4 ,9 c\ntries 
:]e su* h&s ab\nd1 ! p obey habit &     
in/9ct r ?an reason4 ,! s5sations are   
dull & inactive1 ! imag9ation is )\t    
=ce1 & ! "* apa!tic2 = ! extremities ( !
 n]ves be+ defici5t 9 s5sibility1 !     
impressions convey$ to ! bra9 are want+ 
9 int5sity1 & ! ideas to :i* !y give    
rise are consequ5tly nei!r cle> nor     
vivid4 8,aux ma9s lm5taires1 en ,europe 
le lab\rage1 le so9 des tables et la    
longue suite des travaux grossi]s       
auxquels suffis5t les confuses lumires  
de l'in/9ct4 ,a elles la gu]re1 en tant 
qu'il ne s'agit1 que d'arros] ma*9alem5t
 de la sueur un sol trang]4 ,enf]mes    
dans le monde matriel elles ne se       
ratta*5t gure  l'ensemble politique1 que

 p> l'lm5t physique4 ,les convictions se
 f]m5t en elles dans une sphre          
inaccessible au raisonnem5t1 et leurs   
v]tus ti5n5t le plus s\v5t  des facults 
ngatives40  ,elem5t>y h&s ab\nd 9 ! nor?
 ( ,europe4 ,! individuals *>act]is$ by 
!m are always sup]/iti\s2 witness !     
,lappes1 ! ,f9ns1 & ! ,icel&]s4 ,by     
mis=tune !y are ov]:elm$4 ,9 ,india1 :]e
 !y d n naturally exi/1 !y h be5        
artificially produc$ 9 a p>ticul>       
ca/e--! ,p>ias--by political & social   
in/itutions4 ,!y h be5 abundant among e 
p at ! dawn+ ( _! civilisation2 !y rais$
 ! pyramids 9 ,egypt & ! ,cyclopean     
/ructures 9 ,italy1 & are describ$ z    
exi/+ 9 a rude /ate ( society 9 !       
lit]ature ( v>i\s nations3 witness !    
,polyphemus ( ! ,greeks1 ! ,melibu ( !  
,lat9s1 ! ,caliban ( ,%akspe>e1 & !     
,san*o ,panza ( ,c]vantes4 ,?is =m ( h& 
c unque/ionably be produc$ by premature 
h>d lab\r1 b x is f\nd among ! upp]     
classes likewise1 :]e manual lab\r _c be
 suppos$ to h giv5 rise to x4           

,physiologically x mu/ be look$ ^u z an 
arre/ ( developem5t1 its ma9 bulk1 l !  
memb] ( ! l[] animals & ( ! human ftus1 
be+ made up ( ! solid palm4 ,x mu/ h5ce 
be reg>d$ z a primitive =m ( ! memb]1 z 
a rudim5t>y1 & consequ5tly an imp]fect  
organ4  ,transitions f ! elem5t>y to o!r
 =ms ( h& are frequ5tly met )4 ,?us1 :5 
! f+]s become elongat$ & some:at ?9n]1 &
 ! texture ( ! sk9 f9]1 ! h& may be said
 to be int]m$iate betwe5 ! elem5t>y &   
s5sitive type1 :ile long1 h>d1 bony f+]s
 indicate an approa* t[>ds ! motive     
type4 ,& ?us x is t intellig5ce is m    
readily to be atta9$ by p]sons )        
elem5t>y1 ?an a f9e s5sibility by ^?    
furni%$ ) a motive h&1 or great en]gy 9 
objective action by ^? provid$ ) a      
s5sitive4  #b4 ,! ,s5sitive ,h& 7see    
,plate ,,ii47 is r bel[ ?an above !     
av]age size1 palm s(t & n>r[1 f+]s ?9 & 
delicate1 ) ! extremity plump1 r\nd$1 & 
cu%iony1 ?umb ?9 & small1 sk9 f9e & v   
vascul>1 nails n>r[ & semi-transp>5t4   
,?is type ( h& may be look$ ^u z        

ess5tially fem99e4 ,x d5otes a          
highly-s5sitive frame1 & a              
delicately-organis$ n]v\s sy/em4 ,!     
n]v\s ramifications di/ribut$ to !      
surface ( ! body be+ cov]$ only by a ?9 
lay] ( cuticle or sc>f-sk91 are easily  
excit$ by impressions f )\t1 & z readily
 transmit _! excitem5t to ! c5tral      
organs1 ?us occasion+ a prompt & vivid  
fl[ ( ideas4  ,illu/ration3 ,plate #b4  
,! ,s5sitive ,h&  7a47 ,! ,arti/ic ,h& (
 ,d',arp5tigny is a v>iety ( ?is type4  
,x is *>act]is$ by a mod]ately-develop$ 
palm1 long tap]+ f+]s1 v flexible1 & a  
small ?umb4 ,x has = its object ! wor%ip
 ( mat]ial beauty1 is dispos$ to view   
?+s ?r\gh a romantic m$ium1 is fond (   
leisure1 ( lib]ty1 & ( *ange2 is at once
 bold & timid1 humble & va91 exalt$ &   
depress$1 en?usia/ic & despond+4 ,! *>ms
 ( a quiet1 regulat$1 dome/ic life      
possess b little attraction = su*       
p]sons1 :o1 ) mu* orig9ality1 h equal   
fickl5ess ( "*4 8,en ,france nos armes  
sont ple9es de ma9s arti/iques de t\t   

g5re2 elles leur doiv5t le c>actre de   
mobilit av5tureuse1 ins\ciante1         
pittoresque2 cet lan fulgurant et prime 
sauti]1 qui les di/+u5t4 ,elles         
s'accommod5t de t\t et sont propre  t\t4
 ,on les enlve p> la p>ole40  7b47 ,a   
gradual transition is af=d$ f ?is to !  
motive type by means ( ! spa?ulate h&1  
:i* p>takes bo? ( ! motive & s5sitive   
"*4  ,! spa?ulate h&1 :5 fully develop$1
 is furni%$ ) smoo? f+]s1 ) a r\nd$1    
cu%iony t]m9ation1 & a l>ge ?umb4 ,x    
d5otes a love ( corporeal movem5t1 & (  
active occupation--( horses1 dogs1 &    
field-sports2 x pref]s ! useful to !    
agreeable1 & is n cont5t1 l ! elem5t>y  
h&1 ) ! m]ely necess>y1 b dem&s         
abundance4 ,x is di/+ui%$ by an         
appe>ance ( simplicity & frankness ( "*1
 & likewise by its *a/ity2 s t ,diana or
 ,cyrus ! ,y\ng] may be said to be its  
repres5tatives4 ,x is a native ( !      
,nor?1 is m common 9 ,scotl& ?an 9      
,engl&1 9 ,engl& ?an 9 ,france1 & 9     
,france ?an 9 ,italy or ,spa94 ,:]ev] x 

is ! prevail+ type1 z 9 ,engl& &        
,am]ica1 ! political in/itutions are    
free4 ,x is ess5tially ,prote/ant4      
8,am\reuses de l'art1 de la posie1 du   
roman1 des my/res1 les ma9s po9tues     
veul5t un dieu selon leur imag9ation2   
am\reuses des sci5ces et de la ralit1   
les ma9s en spatule veul5t un dieu selon
 leur raison40 ,s t x may be truly said 
t ! p ( ! nor? are physically           
,prote/ant1 & ^? ( ! s\? ,ca?olic4 ,x   
mu/ also be rem>k$1 t be=e ! revocation 
( ! ,edict ( ,nantes ! ,prote/ants (    
,france 7 likewise its *ief             
manufactur]s2 = ! same _s t l$ !m to    
embrace ,prote/antism impell$ !m to !   
cultivation ( me*anical & sci5tific     
pursuits4 ,x pref]s size & regul>ity to 
beauty1 opul5ce to luxury1 & t :i*      
excites a/oni%m5t to t :i* pleases4 ,9  
private life its motto is1 8,*acun p\r  
soi40  ,illu/ration3 ,plate #c4  ,!     
,motive ,h&4  ,! ,motive ,h& 7see ,plate
 ,,iii47--,above ! mean size1 f+]s )    
prom95t jo9ts1 ( an av]age l5g?1 &      

/rong1 ?ick1 & bony1 ) a squ>e tip2 palm
 ( a mean size1 holl[1 & tol]ably firm2 
?umb l>ge1 ) ! muscul> root /rongly     
develop$4 ,?is =m ( h& _c exi/ )\t a    
/rong1 massive developem5t ( ! bony &   
muscul> sy/em4 ,x is ess5tially ! h& (  
man1 z ! s5sitive is t ( woman4 ,h5ce1 9
 ! female sex1 x indicates a mascul9e   
en]gy ( "*3 witness ! h>dy peasants (   
,switz]l& & ! ,tyrol4 ,9 bo? sexes x    
d5otes a prepond]ance ( ! mascul9e or   
reason+ m9d ov] ! imag9ative faculties4 
,h5ce x loves =m & arrangem5t1 possesses
 a /rong in/9ctive feel+ = "r &         
au?ority1 & a pr(\nd respect = e/abli%$ 
=ms2 pref]s an ari/ocracy to a          
democracy1 & ! kn[n to ! unkn[n2 takes a
 delight 9 organis+1 9 classify+1 9     
sy/ematis+1 9 subject+ ?\ght to op9ion1 
& man to 8 fell[-man4 ,devoid (         
orig9ality1 & ) b little imag9ation1 x  
moves only 9 ! old beat5 pa?1 & its     
belief is limit$ to t :i* x is capable (
 compreh5d+4  ,p>tak+ ( ! "* ( ! motive 
& psy*ical type1 we h a mix$ int]m$iate 

=m1 t]m$ by ,d',arp5tigny 8!            
philosophical h&40  7a47 ,!             
,philosophical ,h& is some:at small] ?an
 ! motive2 ! f+]s h l>ge jo9ts1 & are   
some:at tap]+ at _! tip2 ! palm is l>ge 
& ela/ic1 ! ?umb also l>ge1 ) its two   
phalanges ne>ly equal 9 l5g?4 ,su* 0 !  
h& ( ,locke1 ( ,condillac1 ( ,desc>tes1 
,malebran*e1 & ,leibnitz4 ,x d5otes a   
love ( absolute tru? = its own sake1 & (
 speculations respect+ ! nature ( life &
 ! orig9 ( ?+s4 ,x adopts op9ions only  
^u a c>eful inve/igation1 & reason is   
its only recognis$ guide4  ,illu/ration3
 ,plate #d4  ,! ,psy*ical ,h&4  ,!      
,psy*ical ,h& 7see ,plate ,,iv47 is at  
once ! mo/ beautiful & ! mo/ r>e4       
,comp>$ ) ! /ature x is small &         
delicate2 ! f+]s are ?91 )\t articul>   
prom95ces1 & long & tap]+2 ! palm is (  
av]age dim5sions1 ! ?umb well =m$ & b ( 
mod]ate size4 ,p]sons ) su* a h& are l$ 
by ideality2 s\l is = !m e ?+2 great    
int]e/s alone move !m2 9 religion &     
politics !y are tol]ant4 ,9 lit]ature1  

,milton1 ,klop/ock1 & ,g!1 are _!       
repres5tatives4 ,lov+ ! ideal & !       
sublime1 !y oppose to ! s*ool (         
,voltaire & ,hume t ( ,lam>t9e &        
,*ateaubri&4 ,among ! ,greeks1 ,plato is
 _! type4  ,d',arp5tigny says ( ^! h&s3 
8,elles atta*5t1 elles aj\t5t1 aux uvres
 du p5seur1 comme l'arti/e  l'uvre de   
l'artisan la beaut1 l'idalit2 elles les 
dor5t d'un rayon de soleil1 elles les   
lv5t sur un pide/al1 elles leur ouvr5t  
le porte des curs2 l'me1 oublie et      
laisse en arrire p> les ma9s            
philosophiques1 e/ leur guide1--la vrit 
dans l'am\r1 et la sublimit leur b1 et  
l'expansion leur moy540  ,?is =m ( h& is
 met ) among all classes ( society1 b is
 r>ely ! prevail+ "o among any p4 ,9    
,asia1 x is mo/ common 9 ,india2 & 9    
,europe1 9 ,g]many4  ,?us to ! spa?ulate
 & motive h&s app]ta9 matt] & reality1 !
 useful & necess>y arts1 ! action & !ory
 ( ?+s1 & ! k ( facts2 to ! s5sitive &  
psy*ical h&s ! b\ndless ideal _w--! f9e 
arts1 sublime poetry1 & ab/ract         

intellectual philosophy4                
,,footnotes3  #a ,la ,*irognomonie2 ou1 
l',art de ,reconnatre les ,t5dances de  
l',intellig5ce1 d'aprs les ,=mes de la  
,ma94 ,p> le ,ca9e ,s4 ,,arp5tigny4     
,p>is1 #ahdc4  #b ,ueb] ,grund und      
,b$5tung d] v]s*i$55 ,=m5 d] ,h& 9      
v]s*i$55 ,p]son54 ,by ,dr4 ,c4 ,g4      
,,c>us1 ,physician to ! ,k+ ( ,saxony1  
c4 c4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahdf4  #c ,p4 #bcg4  #d
 ,br\gham on ,paley's 8,natural         
,!ology40  #e ,natural ,!ology3 *4 on   
8,relations40   ,london3 ,george        
,b>clay1 ,ca/le ,/reet1 ,leice/] ,squ>e4