,transcrib]'s notes3 ,! text ( ?is book has be5 pres]v$ z 9 ! orig9al1 ap>t f a few obvi\s misspell+s4 ,correct$ misspell+s & r$undancies include ! foll[+3 comp>sion -- comp>ison d9+ -- dur+ clamly -- calmly atronom] -- a/ronom] oi -- ( ! -- 7delet$7 a -- 7delet$7 ,9 ?is digital v]sion1 pair$ und]scores d5ote italicis$ text4 ,footnotes h be5 position$ bel[ ! relevant p>agraphs4 ,! text conta9s symbols t w n necess>ily display correctly ) all view+ devices1 & "o symbol 7= ! ,full ,moon7 _c be replicat$ digitally4 ,x is repres5t$ 9 ?is text by an op5 circle4 ,= be/ view+1 ! device's "* encod+ %\ld be set to ,unicode 7,,utf-#h71 & a ,unicode font select$ su* z ,arial ,unicode ,,ms1 ,deja,vu1 ,segoe ,,ui ,symbol or ,free,serif4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,:irl+ ,,spiral ,,nebula1 ,,typical ,,( ,,t ,,f ,,:i* ,,! ,,sun ,,& ,,planets ,,7 ,,probably ,,evolv$ ,9 ! process ( evolution ! d5se c5t] becomes ! controll+ sun & ! small] spots ( cond5sation =m ! planets4 ,?is p>ticul> nebula lies j "u ! end ( ! h&le ( ! ,big ,dipp]4 ,x 0 photograph$ at ,mt4 ,wilson ,obs]vatory4 ,,! ,,ways ,,( ,,! ,,planets ,,by ,,m>?a ,,evans ,,m>t91 ,a4,m4 ,,au?or ,,( 8,,! ,,fri5dly ,,/>s0 ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,,& ,,london ,,h>p] ,,bro!rs ,,publi%]s ,,mcmxii ,,copyright1 #aiab1 ,,by ,,h>p] ,,bro!rs ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica ,,publi%$ ,,octob]1 #aiab ,,cont5ts ,,*ap4 ,,page ,i4 ,,on ,,mak+ ,,acqua9tance ,,) ,,! ,,planets #a ,,ii4 ,,our ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,planets #aa ,,iii4 ,,:at ,,! ,,planets ,,are1 ,,& ,,:at ,,!y ,,appe> ,,to ,,be #ag ,,iv4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,planets #bf ,v4 ,,! ,,sev5 ,,great ,,planets #ch ,,vi4 ,,! ,,movem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,planets #df ,,vii4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,inf]ior ,,planets ,,seem ,,to ,,move #ef ,,viii4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,sup]ior ,,planets ,,seem ,,to ,,move #fe ,,ix4 ,,! ,,pa? ,,( ,,! ,,planets #ga ,x4 ,,m]cury--,,:5 ,,& ,,:]e ,,to ,,f9d ,,m]cury--,,di/ance ,,& ,,brightness--,,m]cury',s ,,size ,,& ,,! ,,consequ5ces ,,( ,,x-- ,,:at ,,! ,,sun ,,does ,,= ,,m]cury--,,transits #ic ,,xi4 ,,v5us--,,:5 ,,& ,,:]e ,,to ,,see ,,v5us--,,di/ance ,,& ,,brilliancy--,,v5us',s ,,lik5ess ,,to ,,! ,,e>?--,,atmosph]e1 ,,day ,,& ,,night1 ,,& ,,seasons--,,transits #abb ,,xii4 ,,m>s--,,h[ ,,to ,,id5tify ,,m>s--,,:5 ,,& ,,:]e ,,m>s ,,may ,,be ,,se5--,,size1 ,,atmosph]e1 ,,& ,,temp]ature--,,di/ance ,,& ,,brilliancy--,,day ,,& ,,night1 ,,& ,,seasons--,,surface ,,aspects--,,satellites #aea ,,xiii4 ,,jupit]--,,place ,,9 ,,! ,,sky--,,di/ance1 ,,light1 ,,& ,,heat-- ,,day ,,& ,,night1 ,,seasons1 ,,& ,,atmosph]e--,,surface ,,features--,,sy/em ,,( ,,satellites #ahc ,,xiv4 ,,saturn--,,ar\nd ,,"o ,,circuit ,,( ,,! ,,skies ,,) ,,saturn-- ,,di/ance ,,& ,,size--,,surface ,,aspects ,,& ,,con/itution-- ,,day ,,& ,,night--,,! ,,r+s ,,& ,,moons ,,( ,,saturn--,,seasons #bjf ,,xv4 ,,uranus #bbe ,,xvi4 ,,neptune #bcd ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,little ,,planets1 ,,or ,,! ,,a/]oids #bdd ,,xviii4 ,,conclusion #beh ,,symbols ,,us$ ,,9 ,,almanacs #bfg ,,index #bfi ,,illu/rations ,a ,,:irl+ ,,spiral ,,nebula1 ,,typical ,,( ,,t ,,f ,,:i* ,,! ,,sun ,,& ,,planets ,,7 ,,probably ,,evolv$ ,frontispiece ,,map ,,%[+ ,,! ,,con/ellations ,,( ,,! ,,zodiac ,,& ,,! ,,l9e ,,( ,,! ,,ecliptic ,,runn+ ,,?r\gh ,,!m ,fac+ p4 #gf ,,! ,,lovely ,,cresc5t ,,t ,,v5us ,,%[s ,,:5 ,,to ,,our ,,view ,,%e ,,is ,,at ,,h] ,,greate/ ,,brilliancy #acf ,,relative ,,app>5t ,,size ,,( ,,v5us ,,at ,,diff]5t ,,phases ,,( ,,illum9ation ,page #acg ,,! ,,two ,,phases ,,( ,,m>s ,fac+ p4 #aeb ,,m>s3 ,,diff]5ce ,,9 ,,its ,,app>5t ,,size ,,at ,,its ,,ne>e/1 ,,middle1 ,,& ,,f>!/ ,,di/ance ,,f ,,! ,,e>? ,page #afi ,,jupit]1 ,,! ,,mammo? ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,sol> ,,family-- ,,l>g] ,,?an ,,all ,,! ,,o!r ,,planets ,,put ,,toge!r ,fac+ p4 #ahd ,,saturn ,,& ,,its ,,r+s #bbj ,,! ,,ways ,,( ,,! ,,planets ,i ,,on ,,mak+ ,,acqua9tance ,,) ,,! ,,planets ,x is s\ght 9 ! foll[+ pages to give a simple acc\nt ( :at may n[ be said to be kn[n ( ! "* ( ! planets1 & to describe ) z little te*nicality z possible _! movem5ts & aspects & relations4 ,an endeavor is made to imp>t conc]n+ ea* "o ( !m n1 surely1 pr(\nd le>n+1 b j a good1 e-day1 practical notion1 s t ! m]e "n w call up a def9ite object1 ) its own attributes1 appe>ance1 & behavior1 entirely di/9ct f any o!r planet or f any o!r object 9 ! skies4 ,an endeavor is made also to s simplify & direct ! obs]vation t any "o1 aft] a little practice1 w "k almo/ )\t hesitation1 on see+ a planet 9 ! sky1 t x is a planet1 & n a fix$ />1 & exactly :at planet x is4 ,! situation & aspect ( x w !n z quickly & cle>ly pron\nce x to be ! individual planet t x is z ! sight ( a p]son ( "o's acqua9tance proclaims him to be t p]son1 & no o!r4 ,! v "n ( ,v5us1 = example1 & /ill m ! sight ( ,v5us1 w call up a conception ( ,v5us1 ) ! p>ticul> atmosph]e & light & movem5ts & w&]+s :i* make h] :at %e is4 ,on look+ at h] ! obs]v] w at once "k :y %e occupies ! special position 9 ! sky 9 :i* he sees h]1 :y %e is n s bright z %e 0 :5 %e 0 la/ 9 view1 or is s mu* bright] ?an %e 0 !n1 ab\t h[ long %e is likely to rema9 :]e %e is1 & :5 %e goes :at w become ( h]4 ,= f> (f & truly my/]i\s z ! planets are1 x /ill is ) !m z ) mo/ o!r objects 9 nature3 a v little k ( _! aspects & _! ways begets a s5se ab\t !m t makes ! mo/ casual obs]vation ( !m int]e/+ &1 z f> z x goes1 intellig5t4 ,! slighte/ glance at !m betrays "s %ape1 or position1 or light1 or o!r quality1 :i* at once makes recognition ( !m unmi/akable4 ,!y disclose !mselves (t5times1 "o c sc>cely say h[1 j z p]sons ) :om we are intimate d by "s half-caught outl9e1 motion1 or po/ure2 or j z ! trees d to an obs]v] :o kn[s1 = example1 an oak-tree f an elm1 :e!r !y are cov]$ ) _! own peculi> v]dure1 or :e!r !y /& ) b>e bran*es /ret*$ out & color$ 9 _! own peculi> way4 ,?is in/ant recognition ( ! planets is1 ( c\rse1 n to be _h by simply read+ ab\t !m4 ,su* practical famili>ity ) !m is atta9$ only by seek+ !m out ov] & ov] aga9 & look+ at !m ) att5tion1 ) eag]ness1 & ) all "o's faculty4 ,) !m1 z ) o!r natural objects1 x requires obs]vation truly to "k !m4 ,b !n1 obs]vation1 :5 "o gets a little />t$ 9 x1 is a great deal m int]e/+1 a great deal m absorb+1 ?an any read+ ab\t !m c ev] be4 ,x is also a v easy ?+ to beg91 =1 aft] all1 x is n mu* m ?an look+ & !n look+ aga94 ,9 do+ ?is "o c h>dly tell j :5 an object ceases to be /range1 & !n becomes famili>1 & f9ally is s mu* a "p ( e-day k t "o kn[s x at a glance4 ,b ?is is :at happ5s 9 ! case ( any natural object :5 we obs]ve x (t5 & ) true att5tion4 ,9 ! case ( ! planets1 if "o is int]e/$ at all1 e /age 9 ! cultivation ( su* an acqua9tance is full ( pleasure4 ,ev5 to "o :o reg>ds !m only z a "p ( ! g5]al aspect ( ! sky1 !y are ! mo/ beautiful objects 9 x & always ! fir/ to attract special att5tion4 ,n9e times out ( t51 :5 any "o asks :at a c]ta9 /> is1 x proves to be "o ( ! planets4 ,:5 "o ( !m is visible a p]son c h>dly glance at ! heav5s )\t notic+ x1 ev5 if he does n /op to ?9k ab\t x4 ,b if he does /op to ?9k ab\t x & notices t x is f> l>g] ?an any /> he has not$ be=e1 t x hangs l[ 9 ! we/]n sky e>ly 9 ! ev5+1 & %9es ) a brilliant silv]y light1 & if he !n le>ns t x is ,v5us1 w he n always h a pleasant ?rill ( recognition :5 he aga9 sees su* a /> 9 su* a position & kn[s x z ,v5us1 among ! planets z surpass+ 9 beauty z ! goddess ( t "n 0 among ! immortals8 ,or1 if 9 ! ea/1 at ! same "t 9 ! ev5+1 he sees a brilliant1 solid-look+1 unbl9k+ /> %9+ ) a :ite light1 b p9ki% :ite1 n silv]y1 & f9ds x to be ,jupit]1 w n su* a /> 9 su* a situation be to him ev] aft] a pleasant acqua9tance t he c call by "n8 ,n t ,jupit] & ,v5us are always 9 ^! positions1 or %9e 9 j ?is way at all times4 ,^! are _! places & aspects at c]ta9 times1 frequ5tly recurr+1 & at su* times always unmi/akably di/+ui% !m4 ,x is1 !n1 m]ely ! matt] ( a little m & yet a little m obs]vation1 9 ord] to come to "k any "o ( ! visible planets 9 all its v>y+ aspects & situations4 ,( c\rse1 at ! />t "s guidance is necess>y1 b only a little2 & t little1 if x is ( ! "r sort1 %\ld n be irksome4 ,to provide su* guidance is "o ( ! aims ( ?is book4 ,t is1 inde$1 its ma9 aim4 ,b 9 addition to :at1 z a help 9 obs]vation1 x may f9d to say reg>d+ ! appe>ance & movem5ts ( ! planets1 x w endeavor to give also ample in=mation conc]n+ _! "* & con/itution4 ,x is hop$ t ?is may be done )\t weight+ ! n>rative ) figures1 ?\gh "s ( ! peculi>ities ( ! planets mu/ be express$ by means ( numb]s4 ,c]ta9ly no ma!matical problems w be pres5t$4 ,b x w be pr(itable to rememb] t e "o ( ! intimate ?+s we "k ab\t ! planets has come to u ?r\gh ! long & labori\s ma!matical "w ( a/ronom]s4 ,to !m we owe ! ext+ui%able debt t we owe to all special work]s :o put u 9 possession ( ! facts t int]pret life to u4 ,= ! a/rology & poetry & romance ( ! planets "o mu/ g else:]e4 ,ne>ly e book on ! subject ( ! planets--& !re are _m ( !m--has "s in=mation ab\t ^! ?+s2 & prop]ly1 too1 = e g5u9e emotion & e real fancy has its value4 ,b nei!r curi\s lore ( ! planets nor ! s5tim5t & emotion !y h produc$ 9 o!rs is :at ! au?or ( ?is book is /riv+ to set =?4 ,x is some?+ mu* m vital ?an ?is4 ,:at we wi% to contemplate "h are ! pla9 facts1 ! k ( :i* enliv5s & enri*es "o's m9d & nature4 ,if ! contemplation ( !m k9dles "o's fancy or excites "o's emotions1 ^! results at lea/ w n be second-h&4 ,if ! b>e facts1 simply & pla9ly told1 & ! view ( ! planets !mselves z !y w&] ?r\gh _! c\rses 9 ! sky1 d n awak5 "o's und]/&+ & imag9ation1 no am\nt ( poetry or romance t o!r p h built up ar\nd ! planets w ar\se any?+ m ?an a factiti\s int]e/ 9 !m4 ,x is :5 our own faculties are at "w & our own fancy plays ov] a subject t we become g5u9ely & la/+ly int]e/$ 9 x4 ,! facts !mselves are 9 ! ma9 q simple1 & w n be giv5 "h z any?+ else ?an t4 ,!y h be5 fairly wre/$ f t my/]i\s ?+ call$ space by ! mighty p[] ( m9d & unceas+ labor4 ,our k ( !m is due to long nights ( wat*+ & long days ( calculat+2 to long & c>eful te/+ & consid]+ ( !ories1 only to f9d t some?+ else mu/ be tri$2 to c\rage to beg9 all ov] aga91 to sudd5 inspirations1 & sometimes to ^? lucky discov]ies t seem almo/ l miracles4 ,! subject ( ! planets has 9 "s respects a great] int]e/ ev5 ?an t ( ! />s1 because we "k1 aft] all1 m ab\t !m4 ,we sometimes h a feel+1 ?\gh1 t we "k m ( ! />s1 al?\gh ! />s are s mu* f>!r (f4 ,:y we h ?is feel+ x is easy to expla94 ,kn[+ !m to be s f> remov$ f u1 we really approa* ! />s ) a diff]5t expectation4 ,! few ?+s t we h le>n$ ab\t !m h 9 !mselves su* a magnitude t x makes !m seem a great] body ( k ?an !y truly are4 ,! />s are inde$ s f> away1 & :at we "k ( !m has to be express$ 9 su* l>ge t]ms1 t ! m9d does n dem& 9 t in=mation ! m9ute exactness t x seeks = 9 ! case ( ne>] objects4 ,9 ! case ( ! />s1 we seek ma9ly to "k _! di/ances1 ! direction ( _! motions1 ! spe$ ) :i* !y travel1 & _! probable connection ) ea* o!r4 ,! fact t 9 comput+ ! di/ance ( a s+le />1 _m trillions ( miles away1 ! result may be a little less ?an exact does n keep u f le>n+ :at ones are suffici5tly ne> = _! di/ances to be measur$ at all & :at ones are immeasurably remote4 ,:e!r !y travel at ! rate ( exactly ?ree or ?ree hundr$ miles a second1 we c le>n t "s are travel+ at some:at ! same rate ( spe$ z our sun travels1 & "s incr$ibly fa/]2 t c]ta9 gr\ps are go+ 9 "o direction & c]ta9 gr\ps 9 ano!r2 t "s are approa*+ u & "s are rec$+ f u4 ,& ?us we c classify !m & le>n ! significance ( ^! facts1 &1 little by little1 ga9 a def9ite und]/&+ ( ! con/ruction & mean+ ( ! entire univ]se4 ,_! v remot5ess gives a c]ta9 compactness to ! in=mation we h ab\t ! />s1 by mak+ x necess>y to g5]alize m ?an we w\ld if !y 7 ne> en\gh to yield m details2 & we are 9 a way satisfi$ ) ?is m g5]al sort ( k ( !m4 ,b ! v fact ( our kn[+ s mu* ab\t ! planets ext5ds our curiosity conc]n+ !m & makes u feel t we ought to "k m4 ,! m9d is provok$ into m m9ute speculations ab\t !m1 & we dem& m exactness ( in=mation & k ( a m specific or intimate sort ?an w\ld satisfy u 9 reg>d to ! />s4 ,atmosph]e1 habitability1 exact size1 seasons1 & day & night1 are ! k9d ( ?+s we mo/ seek to "k 9 ref]5ce to ! planets4 ,^! are su* def9ite ?+s t conclusions conc]n+ !m are subject to close criticism1 & diff]5ces ( op9ion 9 reg>d to !m ?us sometimes occur :i* t5d to give "o a m or less confus$ notion ( :at is really kn[n4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 our in=mation ab\t ! planets is mu* full] ?an our k ( ! />s1 z we w\ld naturally expect x to be4 ,mu* ( :at we seek to "k ab\t ! />s has long be5 common k ab\t ! planets4 ,,ii ,,our ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,planets ,to "k ab\t ! planets is to "k ab\t ourselves4 ,! e>? is "o ( !m4 ,:atev] _! orig91 ! e>?'s is ! same4 ,x & !y are =m$ f ! same nebula1 controll$ by ! same c5tral body1 subject to ! same laws1 & de/9$ = ! same fate 9 ! end4 ,9 ?is1 ! />s & ! planets are n alike4 ,!y all %9e ^u u ) ! same sweet fri5dl9ess1 & commonly we make no diff]5ce betwe5 !m 9 our feel+ = !m4 ,b ! />s are bright & beautiful acqua9tances liv+ f> away 9 _! own doma94 ,! planets are memb]s ( our own family1 bone ( our bone & fle% ( our fle%1 liv+ comp>atively ne> to u1 )9 ! doma9 ( our common s\rce ( life1 ! sun4 ,"o ev5+ la/ autumn ,i 0 com+ up ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 ) a fri5d1 :5 we enc\nt]$ at ,union ,squ>e a man ) a six-in* telescope direct$ t[>d ! ea/]n sky4 ,he 0 solicit+ ^? :o pass$ to /op & look at ,m>s & ,saturn4 ,bo? ( ^! planets 7 !n v bright4 ,!y 7 also fairly ne> toge!r1 & s l[ 9 ! ea/ t "o c\ld sc>cely help see+ !m4 ,b ! p pass$ back & =? ) h>dly s mu* z a glance at ! man & 8 telescope1 & = ! mo/ "p nev] ev5 rais$ _! eyes to ! sky ) a pass+ curiosity to see :at x might be t he want$ to %[ !m4 ,my fri5d & ,i /opp$ & took ea* a view fir/ ( ,m>s & !n ( ,saturn4 ,:ile we 7 look+ at ! planets1 a few ( ! pass]s-by began to loit] ab\t1 half smil+ at u = s play+ 9 public1 slightly curi\s to see h[ we 7 f>+ at x1 b = ! mo/ "p app>5tly indiff]5t to :at we 7 see+4 ,we _h a f9e view ( ,saturn lightly re/+ 9 8 ne/ ( r+s1 & an equally good view ( ! comical 8eye0 ( ,m>s4 ,aft] we _h f9i%$1 "o or two o!rs1 evid5tly prompt$ by our example1 foll[$ u at ! telescope4 ,"o or two inquir$ ( u :at ! />s 7 t _h s int]e/$ u1 & "o1 po9t+ to ,m>s1 want$ to "k if x 0 ,v5us4 ,z ! cr[d grew l>g] a few m v5tur$ to take a look1 mu* z !y might v5ture to take _! *ance at hitt+ ! bull's-eye 9 "s %oot+-gall]y4 ,) ! telescope po9t$ at ,saturn1 ! man dron+ly *ant$3 8,?is planet is #hhg1jjj1jjj miles f ! sun4 ,! r+ y see is #agj1jjj miles 9 diamet]10 & s on4 ,^!1 to be sure1 7 ! facts--& mo/ m>vel\s facts1 too--b )\t mu* mean+ to "o :o kn[s no?+ mu* ab\t ! planets2 & ! mann] ( _! recital c]ta9ly did n make !m allur+4 ,i c\ld n myself help feel+ t ! p !re 7 miss+ a valuable opportunity1 & t x w\ld be only fair to !m = "s "o fairly to cry out3 8,come "h & look at ?is planet4 ,x is diff]5t f any?+ else y h ev] se5 or ev] w see4 ,x 0 at "o "t a "p ( ! same nebul\s mass t we 7 a "p (4 ,x is 9 ! same sy/em ( worlds ) u4 ,x 0 =m$ 9 ! same way t ?is _w 0 =m$4 ,x is 9 itself ! mo/ wond]ful ?+ y ev] saw1 & x is b\nd1 z we are1 to ! sun by ! ev]-draw+ tie ( gravitation4 ,! v position ( our own _w 9 space is m or less influ5c$ by x4 ,if any?+ %\ld happ5 to x1 x might be a s]i\s matt] to u40 ,= x is true t we are ?us closely b\nd to ! planets4 ,! family tie among u is ( f> m =ce & significance ?an 9 any ord9>y case ( common orig94 ,human family ties we>1 z we "k1 (t5 into ! m]e/ ?reads1 or ev5 become no ties at all4 ,b t betwe5 ! e>? & ! planets rema9s app>5tly z close & /rong z ev] x 04 ,! law ( gravity1 "u :i* ! e>? draws t[>d its c5t] e atom ( matt] surr\nd+ x1 & ?us holds toge!r all ! atoms compos+ x1 is n solely t]re/rial 9 its application4 ,x is probably univ]sal4 ,x c]ta9ly applies to e "p ( our little family ( worlds4 ,e p>ticle 9 ! sol> sy/em attracts t[>d x e o!r p>ticle 9 t sy/em ) a =ce det]m9$ by its mass & its di/ance4 ,! sun1 by reason ( its imm5se size1 compels ! e>? & all ! o!r planets =ev] to circle ar\nd x4 ,b ! planets !mselves h j z mu* p[] ( attraction z ! sun1 atom = atom4 ,?us1 :ile ! sun controls ! motions ( all ( !m1 ea* pulls at ! o!r1 &1 accord+ to its p[]1 det]m9es h[ mu* ! pa? ( ea* %all v>y f ! c\rse ar\nd ! sun x o!rwise w\ld make4 ,9 ! case ( ! small] planets1 ?is gravitational influ5ce is1 ( c\rse1 v slight1 & s subtle t we "h on e>? are n ev5 consci\s ( x4 ,b x is1 nev]!less1 real & cont9u\s4 ,x is greate/ betwe5 ! two l>ge/ planets1 ,jupit] & ,saturn2 b x 0 en\gh 9 ! case ( ,uranus & ,neptune to lead1 by its m]e manife/ation on ! e>?1 to ! discov]y ( ,neptune1 ! f>!/ planet4 ,be+ ?us ( ! same orig9 ) ! planets1 hav+ ! same life hi/ory1 be+ b\nd to !m 9 space by a tie t is p]haps et]nal1 h[ c we fail to h ! mo/ intimate int]e/ 9 _! nature & all t conc]ns !m8 ,b 9 addition to _! close relation%ip to u !re is1 to make !m ( peculi> int]e/1 ! fact t1 aft] ! sun & ! moon1 !y are = our eyes ! mo/ spl5did objects 9 all ! brilliant panorama ( ! sky4 ,su* ( !m z we c see at all ) ! nak$ eye are mo/ ( ! "t mu* bright] ?an any fir/-magnitude />4 ,z !y w&] f con/ellation to con/ellation ! s(t light ( _! placid faces gives a beauty & v>iety to ! spectacle t ende>s !m to u1 & at ! same "t enhances by contra/ _! own *>m & t ( ! glitt]+1 un*ang+ />s4 ,!re is no?+ t gives "o su* a s5se ( sweet famili>ity ) ! heav5s z a really recogniz+ acqua9tance ) ! planets4 ,!y are n1 l ! />s1 associat$ ) p>ticul> seasons4 ,!y come sometimes ) ! gay company ( />s t dance _! way across ! cold w9t] skies1 & sometimes ) ^? t %9e dur+ ! s(t summ] nights4 ,(t5 9 ! spr+ & autumn we see "s "o ( !m be=e ! sun is fairly d[n1 &1 be=e ! light ( an ord9>y /> c yet be se51 hang+ 9 lone brilliancy z ! ev5+ />2 & (t5 an e>ly ris] has ! rew>d ( see+ "o z a morn+ /> gl[+ almo/ 9 ! rays ( ! ris+ sun4 ,?us !y are1 "o & ano!r1 ) u at all times & seasons1 & x accords ) ! fact ( ! relation be+ a family "o t we h 9 _! com+ & go+ a s5se ( frequ5cy & in=mality :i* we _c h 9 ! m regul> & seasonal com+ & go+ ( ! />s4 ,,iii ,,:at ,,! ,,planets ,,are1 ,,& ,,:at ,,!y ,,appe> ,,to ,,be ,! planets are d>k1 opaque bodies :i* revolve at v>y+ di/ances & at v>y+ rates ( spe$ 9 orbits m or less circul> ar\nd ! sun z a c5t]4 ,!y h no light ( _! own1 z ! />s h1 b %9e :olly by reflect$ light receiv$ f ! sun1 :i* itself is a />4 ,! am\nt ( light !y %[ to u dep5ds ^u _! size1 _! di/ance1 & _! p[] ( reflect+ ! light !y receive4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! />s1 ! planets are v ne> to u4 ,our sun1 :i* is 9 con/itution a />1 b v widely sep>at$ f any o!r /> 9 ! univ]se1 holds all 8 family ( planets by ! te!r ( gravitation1 & s keeps !m circl+ ab\t him 9 a v small space1 z a/ronomical space is measur$4 ,to all ( ! planets except ,m]cury1 we ourselves are ne>] ?an ! sun is4 ,to be sure1 ?is di/ance betwe5 u & ! planets1 z measur$ by any t]re/rial measure1 is n exactly small4 ,x is only by comp>ison t we c be said to h any?+ l a cozy relation to !m4 ,= m]ely e>?ly affairs we use t]re/rial measures4 ,9 sol> affairs we measure by an a/ronomical unit1 :i* is ! sun's di/ance f ! e>?1 n9ety-?ree millions ( miles4 ,:5 we say a planet's di/ance f ! sun is ?irty a/ronomical units1 we mean x is ?irty times f>!r ?an ! e>? is f ! sun4 ,= matt]s outside ( ! sol> sy/em1 ! unit ( measure is ! numb] ( miles t light travels 9 a ye>4 ,! spe$ ( light is a little m ?an #ahf1jjj miles 9 a second4 ,?is is equal to ab\t six trillions ( miles 9 a ye>1 or ab\t sixty-?ree ?\s& times ! di/ance ( ! sun f ! e>?1 our family measur+-/ick4 ,f ! ne>e/ /> x takes light m ?an f\r ye>s to come to u4 ,f ! ne>e/ planet light comes 9 less ?an ?ree m9utes1 & f ! f>!/ "o x makes ! j\rney 9 a little m ?an f\r h\rs4 ,z comp>$ ) o!r heav5ly bodies1 !re=e1 ! sun & ! planets are v ne> toge!r1 occupy+ a v small space 9 ! imm5sity ( ! univ]se1 immeasurably isolat$ f all ! o!r sy/ems &1 s f> z we "k1 immeasurably small] z a sy/em ?an mo/ ( !m4 ,! :ole body ( ! planets is divid$ accord+ to size into two classes1 ! major & ! m9or planets4 ,:5 we ref] g5]ally to ! planets1 ! major planets only are meant4 ,! m9or planets are usually call$ ! a/]oids1 or planetoids4 ,!re are _m hundr$s ( !m1 & only "o--& t b>ely--c be se5 ) ! nak$ eye4 ,! o!r planets are eight 9 numb]1 includ+ ! e>?1 :i* is1 aft] all1 no?+ b "o ( ! small] ( ! major planets4 ,!y are1 9 ! ord] ( _! di/ances f ! sun3 ,m]cury1 ! ne>e/1 ,v5us1 ! ,e>?1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus1 & ,neptune4 ,( ^! only five--,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 & ,saturn--c be se5 f ! e>? )\t optical aid4 ,occasionally1 :5 ,uranus is v favorably situat$1 a p]son ) an exceptionally good eye1 :o kn[s exactly :]e to look = ! planet1 c see x4 ,neptune is ab\t equal to an eigh?-magnitude /> 9 brightness1 & c nev] be se5 )\t ! aid ( a telescope4 ,m]cury1 :ile q bright en\gh to be se51 is n (t5 situat$ favorably = obs]vation4 ,x is v ne> ! sun1 & is g5]ally obscur$ ei!r by ! light ( ! sun :5 ! sun & ! planet are above ! horizon1 or by ! haz9ess ( ! atmosph]e :5 ! sun is bel[ ! horizon & ! planet a little above x4 ,9 regions ( consid]able altitude ) a cle>1 r>e atmosph]e1 ,m]cury is m (t5 se52 b nev] = v long at a "t4 ,! only planets1 !re=e1 t are a "p ( our ev5+ spectacle 9 ! skies are ,v5us1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 & ,saturn4 ,^! f\r happ5 to be n only ! ones we (t5e/ see1 b also ! mo/ int]e/+ ( all ! planets f v>i\s po9ts ( view4 ,v5us & ,m>s are ! ne>e/ to ! e>?1 & mo/ resemble x1 & h5ce are ! mo/ invit+ = speculations :i* h a human int]e/1 su* z habitability1 ! pres5ce ( life1 & k9dr$ ideas4 ,jupit] & ,saturn are int]e/+ above all ! o!rs 9 _! spl5dor & size1 & 9 _! importance z ! c5t]s ( sy/ems ( _! own4 ,z se5 by u1 ! planets are simil> to ! />s1 b ) v di/9ct diff]5ces 9 appe>ance1 :i*1 :5 once famili>1 m>k !m s unmi/akably z planets1 & n fix$ />s1 t we ne$ nev] get ! two confus$4 ,! fir/ & easie/ di/+ui%+ m>k to notice is t !y d n tw9kle1 z ! />s d1 b %9e ) a /eady light simil> to t ( ! moon4 ,?is is an inv>iable diff]5ce betwe5 />s & planets1 & "o ne$s only to /op & truly look at !m 9 ord] to detect x4 ,& once x has become famili>1 x discloses itself at a glance4 ,?is diff]5ce betwe5 />s & planets is due almo/ solely to diff]5ce ( di/ance1 ?\gh ! tw9kl+ is caus$ by our own atmosph]e4 ,! />s are too f> away to s5d u any?+ b a m]e po9t ( light1 & ! unequal d5sity ( ! waves ( air sweep+ ov] ?is po9t ( light keeps x danc+ be=e our eyes1 caus+ ! ph5om5on t we call tw9kl+4 ,b ! planets1 be+ ne>] to u1 %[ a disc1 f e po9t ( :i* comes a l9e ( light1 mak+ ! total light ( "s volume2 & ^! inequalities ( ! air are too small to int]f]e ) x to any ext5t4 ,sometimes1 :5 ! atmosph]e is p>ticul>ly un/eady1 x happ5s t ! light ( a planet is some:at affect$ by x :5 ! planet is j ris+ or sett+ & is1 consequ5tly1 ne> ! horizon1 & t x !n seems to tw9kle a little4 ,b ?is dep>ture f ! rule is always slight & ( %ort duration1 9 ! case ( ! f\r planets mo/ se54 ,m]cury1 nev] be+ se5 any:]e except ne> ! horizon1 (t5 seems to tw9kle2 b !n he is seldom se5 at all1 &1 :5 visible1 is 9 o!r ways s well m>k$ t "o _c fail to recognize him4 ,s ! /eady light may ju/ly be said to be inv>iable1 because ! unusual conditions are easily detect$4 ,:5 ! atmosph]e is su* z to cause ev5 ! planets to bl9k a little1 x has an effect also on ! />s4 ,at su* a "t !y w appe> to be fairly danc+4 ,?is effect is apt to occur on ! cle> nights ( w9t]1 ! atmosph]e be+ m un/eady !n4 ,su* nights1 because ( ! extreme livel9ess & brilliancy t !y l5d to ! />s1 are attractive times = amateur obs]vations4 ,= ! a/ronom]1 h[ev]1 !y are n s favorable4 ,= ! see+ ( small details su* z he seeks1 ! /eadie/ atmosph]e is necess>y4 ,?\gh ! planets are ne> en\gh to %[ a disc1 !y are n suffici5tly ne> to %[ to ! nak$ eye z %>p an outl9e z ! moon's4 ,usually ! edge is m or less ray$ l t ( a fix$ />1 :i* adds some:at to ! difficulty ( di/+ui%+ !m f ! />s until _! aspect has become famili> to u4 ,! fact t we are look+ at a disc is pla9ly %[n :5 an occultation by ! moon occurs4 ,:5 ! moon occults a fix$ />1 x passes betwe5 u & ! />4 ,at su* times ! /> disappe>s beh9d ! edge ( ! moon in/antly1 z a m]e po9t naturally w\ld4 ,:5 a planet is occult$ by ! moon1 x disappe>s gradually z ! moon cov]s m & m ( its disc1 ?us %[+ unmi/akably ! nature ( x4 ,aft] /ead9ess ( %9+1 ! next mo/ obvi\s m>k ( diff]5ce betwe5 a planet & a />1 f our po9t ( view1 is ! movem5t ( ! planets4 ,a /> rema9s always 9 "o place ) relation to ! o!r />s1 :ile ! planets move ab\t f con/ellation to con/ellation1 seem+ to travel sometimes t[>d ! ea/ & sometimes t[>d ! we/4 ,?is diff]5ce also is due solely to a diff]5ce ( di/ance4 ,! />s z well z ! planets are con/antly 9 motion4 ,mo/ ( !m1 9 tru?1 move at a rate :i* w\ld make ! rate ( motion ( a planet a m]e snail's pace 9 comp>ison4 ,arcturus1 = in/ance1 is suppos$ to be mov+ at ! rate ( two or ?ree hundr$ miles a second1 & !re are o!r fix$ />s ) an equally rapid motion4 ,! swifte/ mov+ ( ! planets does n a*ieve mu* m ?an tw5ty-n9e miles a second1 :ile ! sl[e/ sw+s along at a rate ( b little m ?an ?ree miles 9 ! same l5g? ( "t4 ,^! are ! real rates ( spe$ ( ! />s & planets2 b !y are n at all :at !y seem to u4 ,! diff]5ce 9 di/ance is s great t = c5turies & c5turies ! fly+ />s h seem$ to m5 to rema9 9 ! same place 9 ! skies1 & s we call !m fix$4 ,! planets1 s sl[-j\rney+ z !y are 9 comp>ison1 seem to u to be mov+ among ! con/ellations at rates v>y+ f m ?an a degree a day 9 ! swifte/ to betwe5 two & ?ree degrees a ye> 9 ! sl[e/4 ,h5ce1 if ?r\gh lack ( practice 9 obs]vation a p]son is n at once able to di/+ui% ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! />s & ! planets 9 ! "* ( _! light--t is1 :e!r !y tw9kle or %9e /eadily--he c1 by tak+ a little long] "t1 at mo/ only a few days1 det]m9e :e!r ! object he sees is a /> or a planet by notic+ :e!r x has any motion among ! o!r />s4 ,v5us & ,m>s w %[ "s movem5t 9 "o ev5+4 ,jupit] & ,saturn may require a little m "t to disclose _! motion4 ,,iv ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,planets ,diff]5t z ! planets are z individuals1 !y h too _m *>act]i/ics 9 common to admit any "q ( _! common orig94 ,!y are n simply />s ( "o sort & ano!r t happ5 to lie ne>] to u ?an ! great body ( />s t spangle ! heav5s1 b are1 )\t d\bt1 all ( "o family ) u 9 _! orig91 z well z 9 _! situation4 ,h[ !y orig9at$1 & exactly :at has be5 _! c\rse ( evolution1 has long be5 an engross+ problem among philosoph]s2 & x is n yet solv$4 ,9 ! s5se t ! human race is all ( "o family1 ! planets are b a "p ( ! great univ]se t lies ab\t u & is 9 "p visible to u4 ,! =ms 9 :i* we "k matt] z exi/+ 9 ! univ]se1 outside ( ! sol> sy/em & ( ! m9or =ms 9 our own _w1 are ^? ( />s & nebul4 ,x seems z if ei!r ( ^! c\ld1 & 9 fact does1 =m out ( ! o!r4 ,we d n at all "k h[ 9 ! beg9n+ matt] took ! =m ( ei!r1 or :i* came fir/4 ,b x is believ$ t a /> is =m$ by ! cond5sation ( a nebula1 & t a nebula is (t5 =m$ by ! collision or ne> approa* ( two />s & ! consequ5t dis9tegration ( _! p>ticles4 ,! sun is a /> n v diff]5t f mo/ ( ! o!r />s1 z we believe !m to be1 except t x is small] ?an mo/ ( !m4 ,x is ! c5t] ar\nd :i* we & all ! planets revolve1 & x is believ$ t we 7 all once a "p ( ! v body ( x4 ,= a/ronom]s are sub/antially agre$ t ! :ole sol> family1 includ+ ! sun & all ! planets1 has be5 evolv$ f a great nebula :i*1 9 "o =m or ano!r1 at "o "t fill$ practically ! :ole ( ! imm5se space f ! sun to ! out]mo/ planet ( ! sy/em4 ,:ile ?is _c be said to h be5 exactly prov$1 yet x accords ) all ! kn[n facts ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,z to h[ ?is nebula orig9at$1 & :at its %ape 01 & 9 j :at way ! planets 7 =m$ f x1 !re is m div]sity ( op9ion4 ,up to ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury no really sci5tific !ory ( ! evolution ( ! sol> sy/em 0 =mulat$1 & x 0 n until ! v la/ ye>s ( t c5tury t any !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! planets 0 publi%$ :i* receiv$ any?+ l univ]sal acceptance4 ,?is 0 ! case1 h[ev]1 ) ! fam\s nebul> hypo!sis ( ,laplace1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #agif1 & = a "t seem$ s ne>ly to acc\nt = ! v>i\s ph5om5a ( ! motions & relations ( ! planets t x 0 n only accept$ 9 ! sci5tific _w1 b became almo/ z mu* a "p ( univ]sal k z t ! e>? is r\nd4 ,b ev5 ?is !ory has n completely /ood ! te/ ( "t1 :i* inevitably br+s t close sci5tific inve/igation t any !ory mu/ und]go :5 x is us$ z a work+ basis to :i* all facts & second>y !ories mu/ be correlat$4 ,! orig9al nebul> hypo!sis suppos$ ?is va/ nebula to be 9 rotation on its axis4 ,z x cond5s$1 ! fall+-9 ( ! p>ticles caus$ its rotation to become m rapid1 until f9ally1 "u ! /ra9 ( ?is1 a r+ ( matt] 0 8?r[n (f0 f ! out] edge4 ,or1 z 0 sometimes said1 ! inn] "p cond5s$ & left a deta*$ r+ ( matt]4 ,?is r+1 cont9u+ to rotate 9 ! direction giv5 x by ! rotation ( ! c5tral mass1 f9ally cond5s$ into a planet1 rotat+ on its axis & revolv+ ab\t ! c5tral sun 9 ! same direction z ! r+ _h revolv$4 ,! satellites ( ! planets 7 ?\ght to h be5 =m$ by ! same process f ! planets :ile ^! 7 /ill 9 a pla/ic /ate4 ,saturn1 ) its wond]ful sy/em ( r+s & satellites1 0 ?\ght to be a m9ute object-lesson ( a planet 9 c\rse ( evolution1 & ?is we h (t5 he>d said4 ,i am sorry x is n s4 ,i _h mu* en?usiasm 9 my y\? ov] ?is beautiful & ord]ly arrangem5t ( ?+s3 fir/1 ! spl5did hypo!sis1 ! a*ievem5t ( a noble m9d2 !n ! little model %[+ ! "w 9 its progress2 &1 f9ally1 ! beautifully f9i%$ sy/em1 ! r+s all roll$ up into planets1 travel+ unceas+ly 9 pa?s :i* et]nally m>k$ ! size ( ! c5tral body1 or sun1 at ! "t ( ! sep>ation4 ,b x is n[ pretty c]ta9 t ?is _c be ! way x all happ5$4 ,clos] inve/igation %[s t !re are me*anical difficulties :i* 7 n at fir/ fully recogniz$4 ,a s]ies ( r+s c\ld n h be5 left (f by a body s :olly gase\s4 ,! p>ticles compos+ !m w\ld n be suffici5tly coh]5t to p]mit ( sep>ation 9 any su* compact1 uni=m1 & decisive mann]4 ,!n1 ev5 if su* a r+ 7 ?r[n (f1 x is n at all c]ta9 t x c\ld cond5se into a planet4 ,its t5d5cy1 inde$1 w\ld be to dis9tegrate r ?an to cond5se4 ,9 a body s t5u\s ! mutual gravitation ( its p>ticles w\ld be too feeble to complete ! "w4 ,besides1 9 conflict ) ! !ory is ! fact t a few ( ! satellites ( ! planets revolve 9 a direction contr>y to t ( ! planet4 ,& !re are o!r m9or1 b /ill important1 details 9 ! me*anism ( ! sol> sy/em :i* _c be acc\nt$ = by ! r+ !ory4 ,& s1 :ile a/ronom]s are /ill agre$ t ! :ole sol> sy/em1 :i* includes ! planets1 0 evolv$ f a primeval nebula1 ! !ory ( leav+ (f r+s :i* cond5s$ into planets is n f\nd t5able1 & ! se>* = "s m acceptable !ory or "s modification ( ! ,laplace !ory is n[ occupy+ a numb] ( em95t a/ronom]s & philosoph]s4 ,! result ( all ?is is t no !ory ( ! mann] ( ! evolution ( ! planets is def9itely accept$ by ! body ( a/ronom]s4 ,mu* h>d labor & +5i\s reason+ h be5 exp5d$ 9 endeavor+ to =mulate "s hypo!sis by means ( :i* we may acc\nt = obs]v$ ph5om5a4 ,! a/ronom]s ) :om ^! !ories h orig9at$ are1 naturally1 m or less ard5t 9 sett+ !m =?4 ,?us "o occasionally sees a decisive & au?oritative /atem5t ( a !ory ( ! evolution ( ! planets t seems at fir/ view to acc\nt = ev]y?+4 ,b no "o ( ^! has yet be5 entirely accept$ by a/ronom]s1 :o are z a class cauti\s & cons]vative1 & are necess>ily critical ( any !ory1 because ! value ( mu* ( _! future "w dep5ds ^u its accuracy & suffici5cy = all details4 ,! !ory :i* at pres5t seems m ne>ly ?an any o!r to (f] a reasonable explanation ( mo/ planet>y ph5om5a is bas$ ^u ! supposition t ! nebula f :i* ! sun & planets 7 evolv$ 0 9 ! %ape ( a spiral1 & n ! gase\s mass t ! orig9al nebul> hypo!sis suppos$4 ,! fact t among ! _m ?\s&s ( nebul t h be5 discov]$ & obs]v$ a v l>ge proportion ( !m are 9 ?is =m1 aside f any o!r consid]ation1 sugge/s a great probability t ! "o f :i* ! sol> sy/em 0 evolv$ 0 a spiral4 ,! spiral nebul seem to be ( a some:at diff]5t con/itution f ! o!r nebul1 & %[ on obs]vation spots ( cond5sation "h & !re1 :i* at lea/ sugge/ ! =mation ( sy/ems ( planets4 ,?is indicates t ours may be only "o ( _m su* sy/ems 9 process ( evolution2 b x is c]ta9ly among ! smalle/ ( !m1 = mo/ ( ! spiral nebul are imm5sely great] 9 size ?an ! "o requir$ to =m our little sy/em4 ,its few trillions ( miles ( diamet]1 ?\gh x seems s va/ to u1 is q insignificant 9 comp>ison ) a l>ge proportion ( ! spiral nebul 9 ! univ]se4 ,a spiral nebula is 9 ! =m ( a disc some:at resembl+ t famili> =m ( fireworks kn[n z a p9:eel4 ,! typical =m ( x has two arms project+ f opposite sides ( ! :irl+ figure4 ,x is mu* d5s] t[>d ! c5t]1 :]e ! spiral w\ld naturally be m tightly w\nd1 & has small] spots ( cond5sation scatt]$ l knots "h & !re along ! fi]y arms4 ,9 ! process ( evolution ! d5s] c5t] becomes ! controll+ sun1 & ! small] spots ( cond5sation =m ! planets1 :i* are ev5tually deta*$ f ! revolv+ mass1 b cont9ue to revolve ab\t ! c5t] z !y 7 do+ f ! beg9n+4 ,accord+ to ! mass x has 9 ! beg9n+1 ! planet ga!rs up by gravitative attraction all ! mat]ial 9 its region1 gase\s or m or less cond5s$1 & gr[s by ?is accretion4 ,if ! nucleus happ5$ to be a l>ge "o be=e x sep>at$ f ! p>5t body1 x w h suffici5t =ce ( gravitation to ga!r 9 l>ge quantities ( mat]ial & greatly increase its size1 & ?us become a l>ge planet4 ,if x is only a small nucleus1 x has less p[] ( attraction1 & ga!rs 9 less mat]ial4 ,:5 ^! cond5sations ( matt] :i* are ! nuclei ( ! planets break away f ! p>5t body1 !y sometimes c>ry ) !m /ill small] nuclei1 :i*1 if !y are n too ne> ! orig9al c5t]1 or sun1 are de/9$ to rema9 "u ! control ( ! planets & become _! satellites4 ,! numb] & size ( ! satellites a planet has dep5ds ^u ! size1 & h5ce ! controll+ =ce1 ( ! nucleus :i* is its f\ndation1 & also ^u ! numb] ( spots ( cond5sation t *anc$ to be =m$ 9 its neighborhood suffici5tly ne> to come "u ! gravitational control ( ! planet4 ,if by any *ance ! nucleus :i* 0 to =m ! l>ge/ satellite ( ,jupit] _h be5 9 ! situation ( ,m]cury1 = in/ance1 x might well h giv5 its allegiance to ! sun1 in/ead ( to ,jupit]1 & ?us h become a planet4 ,"u ! r+ !ory ! out]mo/ planet1 ,neptune1 w\ld be ! olde/ ( ! planet family1 & ! "o ne>e/ ! sun1 ,m]cury1 w\ld be ! late/ born & y\nge/4 ,b ! physical developm5t ( ^! planets seems to indicate1 9 tru?1 exactly ! opposite ( ?is1 z we %all see lat] on4 ,"u ! spiral-nebula !ory ! planets may be ne>ly ( ! same age1 _! diff]5t /ates ( developm5t be+ due ma9ly to diff]5ce 9 size & to "s peculi>ities ( situation4 ,if ! nucleus happ5$ to be ne> ! out] edge ( ! spiral1 x w\ld be =m$ f ! light] matt] compos+ ! out] "p ( ! nebula1 & ?is seems to be ! case ) ! out] planets4 ,if x 7 ne> ! d5se c5t] ( ! nebula1 x w\ld be compos$ ( d5s] mat]ial1 & ?is seems to be s 9 ! case ( ! inn] planets4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a nebula1 x is ?\ght1 is =m$ by ! collision or ! ne> approa* ( two ( ! _m />s1 or suns1 t we "k are travel+ ab\t at high velocities z vagrants "h & !re ?r\gh space4 ,if ! two bodies come toge!r c5trally1 ! =ce ( ! impact w g5]ate heat suffici5t to conv]t !m into a nebula2 b ?is w n necess>ily be spiral 9 =m4 ,if !y come toge!r obliquely1 ! *ances are t !y w =m into a rapidly rotat+ spiral disc4 ,b 9 ord] to =m a spiral1 x is n necess>y t !re %\ld be an actual collision4 ,because ( ! =ce ( gravitation ! ne> approa* ( two />s w\ld subject !m to an enorm\s /ra9 f _! pull ^u ea* o!r1 & !re is a limit )9 :i* !y _c approa* )\t be+ lit]ally torn to pieces f ! effect ( ?is tidal =ce4 ,ev5 if !y d n approa* )9 ?is fatal limit1 :i* is a little less ?an two & "o-half times ! radius ( ! body1 !y may come s ne> z to *ange _! "* entirely1 &1 ?r\gh _! tidal influ5ce on ea* o!r1 =m into a rotat+ spiral nebula ) two arms project+ f opposite sides ( ! spiral4 ,x n[ seems probable t x 0 aft] ?is mann] t ! sun & its family ( planets 7 =m$4 ,! matt] :i* is conta9$ 9 !m may h be5 9 ! =m ( a d>k1 solid body pursu+ "s sort ( c\rse 9 space4 ,9 its j\rney+ x came ne> ano!r body & 0 awak5$ into a life ( activity 9 ! =m ( a flat1 spiral nebula :i* 0 left sp9n+ ar\nd 9 a pyrote*nic mann]1 ! matt] compos+ x mu* diffus$ at ! out] edges & d5se/ 9 ! c5t]4 ,scatt]$ ?r\gh x 7 ! m or less cond5s$ spots :i* 7 ! embryonic =ms de/9$ to come =? f ! p>5t body z ! individual planets4 ,:5 ! sep>ation 0 complet$1 ea* planet f$ & grew ^u all ! matt] t x _h ! =ce to draw to x1 & x swept clean ! space t lay )9 ! limits ( its p[]4 ,if ! p>ticles ?us ga!r$ 9 7 small & sl[ ( motion1 !y became a "p ( ! body ( ! planet4 ,if !y 7 l>ge & swift1 !y became memb]s ( ! planet's family z satellites4 ,9 :atev] area ( ! nebula ea* planet came into a sep>ate exi/5ce1 x f$ ^u ! matt] :i* t area af=d$4 ,9 ! case ( ,neptune1 at ! out] edge ( ! sy/em1 x 0 v diffuse matt]2 9 ,m]cury's region1 ne>] ! c5t]1 x 0 m d5se4 ,?us 9 our family ( planets1 ?\gh its memb]s 7 born ( ! same p>5t & develop$ "u ! same guid+ laws1 ea* has a di/9ct individuality aris+ f its inh]5t qualities & its environm5t dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( its exi/5ce4 ,! spiral-nebula !ory seems to (f] a bett] explanation ( ^! individual qualities ?an any o!r t has be5 advanc$ ?us f>1 & 9 its ma9 features x is pretty g5]ally accept$4 ,b "o mu/ keep 9 m9d t ! details ( any !ory ( ! beg9n+ & gr[? ( ! planets are m or less speculative1 or1 at lea/1 h n yet be5 prov$ ) f9ality4 ,v ,,! ,,sev5 ,,great ,,planets ,s f> z we "k1 five ( ! planets--,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 & ,saturn--h be5 kn[n f "t immemorial4 ,!re are exi/+ records ( !m made ?\s&s ( ye>s ago4 ,!re is no reason :y !y %\ld n h be5 ?us kn[n1 s9ce !y h always be5 z !y are n[1 visible to ! nak$ eye1 & all ( !m save ,m]cury are z easily se5 z ! sun or ! moon4 ,!y d n1 ( c\rse1 exact ! in/ant att5tion t ^? great lum9>ies d1 because1 be+ small]1 !y are less isolat$ f ! great body ( ! />s2 b !y are 9 _! seasons pla9ly visible1 & c !n always be se5 if "o looks at !m4 ,9 anci5t times1 :5 p liv$ m out-(-doors ?an is ! habit n[1 !y did look at !m4 ,! same primitive %eph]ds t1 :ile t5d+ _! flocks at night on ! hills1 nam$ ! con/ellations accord+ to ! fanciful %apes t ! un*ang+ />s seem$ to outl9e1 wat*$ also ! five w&]+ />s1 m wond]ful to !m ?an any ( ! o!rs4 ,!y obs]v$ h[ my/]i\sly ^! />s came at c]ta9 seasons & sil5tly ?read$ _! way across ! %9+ heav5s1 & !n z my/]i\sly disappe>$4 ,!y saw !m n only diff]+ f ! o!r />s 9 glory1 b *ang+ 9 _! own brilliancy f "o "t to ano!r1 until1 9 "s cases1 !y fail$ to recognize !m z ! same />s "u v>y+ aspects4 ,v5us1 = in/ance1 !y call$ ,phosphorus1 or ,lucif]1 :5 !y saw h] z a morn+ />1 & ,hesp]us1 or ,vesp]1 :5 %e %one 9 ! ev5+4 ,! sun & ! moon1 !y not$1 also mov$ f place to place among ! fix$ />s1 & !y call$ all ^! errant bodies planets1 :i* means 8w&]]s40 ,^! are ! 8sev5 planets0 ref]r$ to 9 ! e>li] lit]atures & 9 all e>ly books on a/ronomy or a/rology4 ,?is is sometimes a little confus+1 because1 ?\gh ! sun & ! moon are no long] call$ planets1 we /ill 7omitt+ ! e>?7 h sev54 ,b ,neptune & ,uranus1 n be+ visible to ! nak$ eye1 7 n kn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,!y 7 discov]$ by means ( ! telescope1 & t only )9 ! la/ c5tury & a half4 ,s1 ow+ to ^! comp>atively new-f\nd memb]s ( ! sol> family1 we h yet ! magic numb] ( planets1 sev54 ,^! sev5 are ! major planets & ! ones ) :i* ma9ly x w be our endeavor "h to promote & /r5g!n an acqua9tance4 ,) ,uranus & ,neptune ! acqua9tance w necess>ily be less intimate ?an ) ! o!rs1 because we _c see !m 9 ! same free way2 b !y are n on ?is acc\nt mu* less int]e/+ ?an ! o!rs1 & a little k ( !m is pleasant family hi/ory4 ,!y simply d n live )9 sight4 ,! planets t are ne>] to ! sun ?an we are1 & h5ce lie betwe5 u & ! sun1 are call$ ! inf]ior1 or sometimes int]ior1 planets4 ,^? t lie outside ! orbit ( ! e>? are call$ ! sup]ior1 or ! ext]ior1 planets4 ,9 s gr\p+ !m ! e>? is ! divid+-po9t1 & is n itself 9 ei!r class4 ,m]cury & ,v5us are ! inf]ior planets4 ,! sup]ior planets are ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus1 & ,neptune4 ,! di/9ction has importance1 especially :5 we are discuss+ ! planets ) relation to _! movem5ts1 z se5 f ! e>?1 because ! planets ) orbits betwe5 u & ! sun 7! inf]ior planets7 h v diff]5t phases & app>5t motions f ^? ^: orbits are beyond u f ! sun 7! sup]ior planets74 ,:5 consid]$ 9 reg>d to size1 con/itution1 developm5t1 & _! lik5ess to ea* o!r1 ! planets are sometimes di/+ui%$ z ! t]re/rial planets & ! major planets4 ,?is ne$ occasion no confusion ) ! g5]al division ( !m into major & m9or planets1 because1 z has be5 said1 :5 simply 8! planets0 are m5tion$1 ^! sev5 l>ge planets are always ! ones t are meant1 ! o!rs be+ usually call$ a/]oids1 or planetoids4 ,! t]re/rial planets are ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ,e>?1 & ,m>s4 ,z ! "n implies1 !y are s call$ because !y are 9 "s respects simil> to ! e>?4 ,! major planets are ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus1 & ,neptune4 ,!y are all l>g] ?an ! t]re/rial planets1 &1 9 addition1 h "s o!r *>act]i/ics 9 common :i* ! planets ( ! o!r gr\p d n h4 ,! two classes repres5t diff]5t /ages ( evolution4 ,! f\r planets =m+ ! t]re/rial gr\p are sometimes call$ ! inn] planets1 & ! f\r major planets are !n kn[n z ! out] planets4 ,! po9t ( division 9 m9d !n is ! space betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit]4 ,?is is s va/ 9 comp>ison ) ! spaces betwe5 ! o!r planets f ! sun out to ,m>s t x becomes a conv5i5t divid+-l9e1 p>ticul>ly z ! gr\ps divid$ by x are 9 "s respects ess5tially diff]5t f ea* o!r4 ,( ! f\r planets :i* h an especial int]e/ to u because ( _! be+ ! ones mo/ easily se51 two are t]re/rial1 or inn]1 planets1 ,m>s & ,v5us1 & two are major1 or out]1 planets1 ,jupit] & ,saturn4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ! two classes are solely matt]s ( con/itution & situation1 & h no?+ to d ) _! appe>ance to u4 ,v5us1 ! brighte/ ( !m all1 belongs to "o gr\p2 ,jupit]1 ! second 9 brilliancy1 belongs to ! o!r4 ,t !re is at lea/ "o o!r planet beyond ! pres5t b\nd>y ( our sy/em 7:i* is ! orbit ( ,neptune7 seems to be q probable4 ,"s a/ronom]s ?9k !re may be sev]al o!rs4 ,!re are c]ta9 p]turbations1 or irregul>ities1 9 ! movem5ts ( ,neptune :i* ! influ5ce ( ,uranus does n acc\nt =1 & !y seem to indicate t !re is "s di/urb+ body ev5 beyond ! orbit ( t f>!/ kn[n planet4 ,sev]al a/ronom]s are work+ on ! problem ( locat+ ?is undiscov]$ body4 ,at v>i\s times x has be5 ann\nc$ t su* a planet w\ld probably be f\nd 9 a c]ta9 position 9 ! skies at a specifi$ date2 b z yet no "o has be5 able to get a view ( x4 ,rec5tly ! orbit ( a f>-(f hypo!tical planet has be5 calculat$1 & its place pr$ict$ = #aiad4 ,p]haps x may be f\nd !n4 ,( c\rse x c\ld nev] be se5 ?r\gh any b ! mo/ p[]ful telescopes4 ,its calculat$ di/ance f ! sun is "o hundr$ & five times t ( ! e>?4 ,?is w\ld be m ?an n9e billions ( miles1 or m ?an ?ree times f>!r ?an ,neptune is f ! sun4 ,x w\ld require f\rte5 h\rs = light to pass f ! sun to a planet at t di/ance1 & ! sun w\ld appe> to x small] ?an ,saturn or an ord9>y fir/-magnitude /> does to u4 ,a fur!r reason = suspect+ ! exi/5ce ( su* a planet is sugge/$ by ! orbits ( c]ta9 comets4 ,^! erratic bodies1 :5 !y *ance to come )9 ! b\nds ( ! sol> sy/em1 are sometimes =c$ to rema9 because ( ! p[]ful influ5ce ( "o ( ! planets ne> :i* _! pa? has tak5 !m4 ,jupit] holds z _m z ?irty ( !m 9 ?is way1 ,saturn & ,uranus h two or ?ree1 & ,neptune has captur$ z _m z six4 ,b !re are /ill o!rs t return to u 9 regul> p]iods1 b :i* g suffici5tly f> beyond ,neptune to escape entirely if !re 7 n "s /ill m di/ant wat*-dog to turn !m back4 ,s !re seems good reason to believe t ,neptune is n really ! out]mo/ ( ! planets4 ,!re has also be5 mu* said ab\t ! possibility ( a planet ne>] to ! sun ?an ,m]cury4 ,:5 ,m]cury is at p]ihelion1 or ne>e/ to ! sun1 !re are c]ta9 irregul>ities 9 8 movem5ts :i* might be expla9$ by ! pres5ce ( ano!r planet betwe5 ,m]cury & ! sun4 ,9 #ahei x 0 ?\ght t su* a planet _h be5 obs]v$4 ,its "t ( revolution & its di/ance f ! sun 7 e/imat$1 & x 0 nam$ ,vulcan4 ,9 "s ( ! books ( a/ronomy publi%$ ab\t t "t1 & ev5 9 "s publi%$ z _m z fifte5 ye>s lat]1 ,vulcan is m5tion$ z a reality4 ,b n[ x is believ$ t ! obs]vation 0 a mi/ake1 & no su* body is kn[n to exi/4 ,9 #ahgh x 0 aga9 ?\ght t two bodies ne>] to ! sun ?an ,m]cury _h be5 discov]$ dur+ an eclipse4 ,^! obs]vations h nev] be5 expla9$ or confirm$2 b x is ?\ght t ! objects se5 7 probably />s :i* 7 mi/ak5 = planets by ! obs]v]s4 ,if a body s situat$ does exi/1 x is s ne> ! sun t x probably c nev] be se5 except dur+ an eclipse1 & ! "t ( obs]vation is !n s %ort & mi/akes are s easily made t x is difficult to v]ify ! obs]vation4 ,! cont9u$ se>* = ! cause ( ! p]turbations ( ,m]cury may f9ally lead to ! discov]y ( some?+ betwe5 x & ! sun4 ,b if x is a s+le body1 ?is seems a mu* less promis+ task ?an ! se>* = a planet1 or planets1 on ! out] edge ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,,vi ,,! ,,movem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,planets ,9 consid]+ ! movem5ts ( ! planets1 we h to reg>d _! actual motion 9 space & t motion z x appe>s to u4 ,!y all h two pr9cipal motions 9 space4 ,!y revolve ab\t ! sun 9 _! orbits1 & !y rotate on _! axes4 ,! mann] 9 :i* !y accompli% ! rotation on _! axes det]m9es ! l5g? ( _! days & nights1 or :e!r1 inde$1 !y %all h any su* grateful alt]nations ( light & d>kness4 ,^? planets :i*1 l ! e>?1 turn on _! axes 9 less "t ?an !y make _! j\rney ar\nd ! sun h "o day & "o night e "t !y make a complete rotation4 ,^? t turn on _! axes 9 ! same "t t !y revolve ar\nd ! sun1 ( :i* sort !re seems to be at lea/ "o1 face always t[>d ! sun1 & h no alt]nations ( day & night4 ,on "o side x is always day2 on ! o!r x is always night4 ,! numb] ( days a planet has dur+ ea* revolution ar\nd ! sun dep5ds ^u h[ mu* "t x requires to make a revolution1 & h[ fa/ x sp9s on its axis4 ,9 "o ye> "h on ! e>? we h ?ree hundr$ & sixty-five days & nights4 ,saturn1 9 its ye>1 has m ?an tw5ty-?ree ?\s& days & nights4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! revolution ( ! planets 9 _! orbits takes place det]m9es ! l5g? & "* ( _! ye>2 ! ne>] a planet is to ! sun1 ! %ort] its orbit is1 & ! fa/] ! rate ( spe$ at :i* ! sun compels x to move1 & h5ce ! %ort] its ye>4 ,! ne>e/ ( ! planets1 ,m]cury1 makes m ?an five hundr$ revolutions ar\nd ! sun1 :ile ! f>!/1 ,neptune1 makes "o4 ,?ree times 9 a ye>--t is1 a t]re/rial ye>--! ne>e/ planet spe$s ar\nd its orbit & back to ! />t+-place ) sev5te5 days to sp>e4 ,"o hundr$ & sixty-five t]re/rial ye>s are necess>y = ! f>!/ planet to make "o circuit ( its orbit4 ,! fir/ goes at ! av]age rate ( ne>ly ?irty miles a second ov] a pa? m ?an two hundr$ million miles long4 ,! second travels a pa? m ?an sev5te5 billion miles 9 l5g?1 at ! av]age rate ( ?ree & f\r-t5?s miles a second4 ,betwe5 ^! two extremes ! o!r planets h orbits & rates ( spe$ v>y+ ) _! di/ances f ! sun4 ,! f>!r !y are f ! sun1 ! l>g] ! orbit & ! sl[] ! spe$4 ,to get some?+ l a picture ( ! sun & ! planets z !y actually lie & z !y move 9 space1 "o %\ld h 9 m9d an imm5se flat1 circul> disc five & a half billions ( miles 9 diamet] pass+ ?r\gh ! sun1 :i* is 9 ! c5t] ( x4 ,ar\nd ! edge ( ! disc is ! orbit ?r\gh :i* ,neptune moves4 ,at v>y+ di/ances inside ( x are ! orbits ( ! o!r planets1 ea* gr[+ small] & small] z "o comes ne>] & ne>] to ! sun1 until ! orbit ( ,m]cury1 ! planet ne>e/ to ! sun1 is rea*$4 ,s9ce x is n a h>d metal disc t we are consid]+1 b only an imag9>y "o 9 space1 !re may be a little latitude all[$ = ! orbits to tip some:at out ( ! exact plane ( ! disc )\t mat]ially alt]+ ! figure 9 m9d4 ,& ?is !y d1 v slightly--mo/ ( !m to ! ext5t only ( f "o to two degrees1 ?\gh "o ( !m falls outside ( ! common plane ab\t sev5 degrees4 ,9 ^! orbits all ! planets1 z se5 f ! sun1 are go+ ar\nd f we/ to ea/4 ,at ! same "t !y are turn+ on _! axes 9 ! same direction1 "s /&+ almo/ erect1 z x 71 9 _! orbits & :irl+ l a danc+ d]vi% z !y skim along1 & o!rs m or less incl9$ l a travel+ top4 ,! "t a planet requires to make "o circuit ( its orbit con/itutes1 z ) ! e>?1 its ye>4 ,b we :o are on ! e>? h1 9 our /udy ( ano!r planet1 to reg>d x z hav+ 9 a s5se two ye>s4 ,fir/1 !re is ! "t x takes1 />t+ f a giv5 po9t 9 its orbit1 to circle ar\nd ! sun & return to t po9t4 ,?is is kn[n z its sid]eal p]iod1 or ye>1 & is s call$ f sidus1 mean+ a />1 because ! only way to m>k any po9t 9 space is by a fix$ />1 &1 z view$ f ! sun1 "o revolution ( a planet w\ld be f a giv5 /> back aga9 to t />4 ,!n !re is ! "t a planet takes1 />t+ :5 x is 9 a /raight l9e ) ! e>? & ! sun 9 space1 to return to ! place :]e ! ?ree bodies w be aga9 9 ! same relative position4 ,?is is kn[n z its synodic p]iod1 or ye>4 ,synodic is f our ^w synod1 mean+ a meet+ or assembly1 & ! synodic ye> is ! "t betwe5 two successive & simil> meet+s ( ^! ?ree bodies4 ,! sid]eal ye> conc]ns ! planet 9 its relation to ! sun2 ! synodic ye>1 9 its relation to ! e>?4 ,! synodic ye> is ! only "o t mu* conc]ns u :ile reg>d+ ! planets z a "p ( ! spectacle ( ! sky4 ,x is ! "o t we "k f obs]vation1 :ile ! sid]eal ye> is ma!matically comput$4 ,! two p]iods1 or ye>s1 are n ( ! same l5g?1 because ! sun ) ref]5ce to ! planet is always /ation>y1 & ! motion result+ 9 ! sid]eal ye> is t ( ! planet only1 :ile ! synodic ye> is ! result ( ! movem5ts ( bo? ! e>? & ! planet1 ea*1 9 its own orbit1 be+ always 9 motion4 ,an inf]ior planet1 situat$ z x is ne>] to ! sun ?an ! e>? is1 & s hav+ a %ort] orbit ?an ! e>?'s1 w1 :5 x f9i%es its sid]eal ye> & comes ar\nd to ! po9t f :i* x />t$1 f9d ! e>? advanc$ f t position & w1 !re=e1 h to travel f>!r on 9 ord] to ov]take x & come into ! same relative position f :i* !y />t$1 :i* makes ! "t ( its circuit ) ref]5ce to ! e>? obvi\sly long] ?an ) ref]5ce to ! sun4 ,) ! sup]ior planets ! case is j rev]s$4 ,! e>? is ! inside planet1 or ! "o ne>e/ ! sun1 & x mu/ ov]take !m4 ,) "o exception1 !y are all s f> away f ! sun & move s sl[ly t x takes u b little m ?an "o ( our ye>s to ov]take !m & br+ !m into ! same relative position ) u t !y _h :5 we />t$1 :ile x requires _m ( our ye>s = any "o ( !m to make a s+le circuit ( ! sun4 ,h5ce _! circuit ) ref]5ce to ! e>? is %ort] ?an ) ref]5ce to ! sun4 ,) ,m>s1 ! exception ref]r$ to1 we h a m h>dly f\ght race4 ,t planet is n s f> f u z are ! o!r sup]ior planets4 ,x makes its revolution ar\nd ! sun 9 a little less ?an two ( our ye>s4 ,we travel eighte5 miles a second1 & x travels fifte5 miles 9 ! same l5g? ( "t4 ,if we are 9 l9e ) x at ! beg9n+ ( our j\rney1 we glide (f swiftly1 & easily leave x f> beh9d4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we come back to ! />t+-po9t1 x has n loit]$1 & is _m millions ( miles ahead ( u1 & x rema9s ahead until m ?an sev5 weeks aft] we h return$ to ! />t+-po9t a second "t4 ,fifty days aft] we h begun to make our ?ird r\nd we ov]take x1 & are aga9 9 a direct l9e ) ! planet & ! sun4 ,?is makes its p]iod ) ref]5ce to ! e>? n9ety-?ree days long] ?an its own ye>1 & fifty days long] ?an two ( ours4 ,?is is ! longe/ synodic p]iod among ! planets4 ,! orbits 9 :i* ! planets move all h ! =m ( an ellipse--t is1 ( a circle m or less flatt5$4 ,?is flatt5+1 or ! ext5t to :i* an orbit dep>ts f ! =m ( a true circle1 is call$ its ecc5tricity4 ,! sun is nev] at ! exact c5t] ( an orbit1 b is always situat$ a little to "o side ( ! c5t]--t is1 x is at "o ( ! foci ( ! ellipse4 ,consequ5tly1 ! planet1 z x travels 9 its orbit1 is n always at ! same di/ance f ! sun1 ! am\nt ( ! v>iation 9 di/ance dep5d+ ^u ! ecc5tricity ( ! orbit4 ,! po9t 9 ! orbit :]e ! planet is ne>e/ to ! sun is its p]ihelion1 & ! po9t at :i* x is f>!/ is its aphelion4 ,x is necess>y to keep ^! elem5t>y facts 9 m9d 9 ord] fully to und]/& ! *anges 9 ! motions & brightness ( ! planets4 ,! influ5ce ( "o body ov] ano!r t is circl+ ar\nd x is to make x move fa/] or m sl[ly accord+ to its di/ance f ! c5tral body4 ,s9ce a planet v>ies 9 its di/ance f ! sun 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( its orbit1 x is =c$ to move fa/e/ :5 x is 9 t "p ( ! orbit :i* is ne>e/ to ! sun1 & sl[e/ :5 x is 9 ! "p f>!/ away4 ,9 o!r words1 ! motion ( a planet is m rapid at p]ihelion ?an at aphelion4 ,! e>? is 9 p]ihelion1 or ne>e/ to ! sun1 9 w9t]--t is1 w9t] 9 ! nor!rn latitudes--& 9 consequ5ce x moves fa/] 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]1 & ! nor!rn w9t]s are1 = ?is reason1 a little %ort] ?an ! summ]s4 ,^! two simple movem5ts ( ! planets--t ar\nd ! sun & t on _! axes--are _! pr9cipal real movem5ts1 & are su* z !y w\ld %[ to be if se5 f ! sun1 :i* is ! c5t] ( !m4 ,!re are also c]ta9 m9or real movem5ts aris+ f v>i\s causes1 "o be+ ! influ5ce t ! planets ex]cise on "o ano!r2 b = ! ord9>y obs]v] ^! h no p>ticul> significance4 ,!n1 ! planets all %>e ! "o gr& movem5t :i* ! sun itself is kn[n to be mak+ ?r\gh limitless space to a de/9ation ( :i* we are 9 utt] ignorance1 ov] ev5 a pa? :i* we "k no?+ ( save t x leads t[>d ! bright /> ,vega1 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,lyre4 ,z ! sun moves on 9 t direction at ! rate ( elev5 miles a second he takes ) him all 8 family ( planets & planetoids1 ) _! satellites1 & :atev] o!r bodies h _! abode 9 8 doma94 ,?us !y travel z a body1 ea* individual sp9n+ on its axis1 f ! sun itself d[n to ! smalle/ planetoid1 ! satellites circl+ ar\nd ! planets1 & ! planets 9 _! turn ar\nd ! sun4 ,& 9 all ^! movem5ts ! e>? takes "p z "o ( ! planets4 ,! sun itself is foll[+ a comp>atively /raight l9e 9 space1 &1 s f> z we "k1 9 allegiance to no o!r body4 ,x is1 ?\gh1 j possible t ?is comp>atively /raight l9e may be ! arc ( a circle s va/ t we h n yet _h "t to discov] its curvature1 & t ! sun itself may be pursu+ its own circuit ar\nd "s /ill m p[]ful body4 ,,vii ,,h[ ,,! ,,inf]ior ,,planets ,,seem ,,to ,,move ,( ! real movem5ts ( ! planets1 z describ$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 we get "h on ! e>? only a v fragm5t>y view4 ,)\t ! aid ( ! telescope none ( !m is visible to u except ! movem5ts 9 _! orbits1 & ^!1 to our view1 are some:at diff]5t f ! simple1 circl+ c\rse app>5t to an obs]v] on ! sun4 ,! diff]5ce is due to ! fact t ! e>? itself is always 9 movem5t 9 j ! same way t ! o!r planets are1 & we1 be+ nev] at any "t at ! c5t] ( ! orbits1 d n see ! movem5ts ( ! planets z !y truly take place1 b only z !y are outl9$ aga9/ ! sky4 ,s ! appe>ances & disappe>ances & visible travels among ! />s by :i* we "k ! planets are only z we see !m4 ,"s k ( ! real movem5ts is necess>y to a prop] und]/&+ ( ! app>5t movem5ts2 b x is only ) ! latt] t1 = ord9>y obs]vation1 we ne$ to be p>ticul>ly acqua9t$4 ,! rotation ( ! e>? on its axis1 z we "k1 causes ! famili> daily app>5t ris+1 pass+1 & sett+ ( all ! heav5ly bodies4 ,9 ?is app>5t motion ! planets %>e z well z ! sun1 moon1 & />s4 ,b x is _! movem5t among ! fix$ />s1 & n ) !m1 t di/+ui%es !m z planets1 & ?is x is necess>y to "k 9 ord] to keep track ( !m & be able to recognize !m 9 _! v>y+ places & guises4 ,= !y sometimes %9e 9 _! greate/ glory 9 "o season1 & sometimes 9 ano!r1 & at ! recurr5ce ( ! same season !y are sometimes 9 "o "p ( ! sky & sometimes 9 ano!r1 s t _! ways ( com+ & go+ bord] almo/ on ! my/]i\s1 until "o le>ns ! mann] ( ?is app>5t vagrancy4 ,happily1 ?is k is easily atta9$1 & !n ! matt] is simple en\gh4 ,! app>5t motions ( ! inf]ior planets1 ,m]cury & ,v5us1 always take place ne> ! sun4 ,v5us nev] w&]s m ?an =ty-eight degrees f x1 & ,m]cury nev] m ?an tw5ty-eight4 ,mo/ ( ! "t !y are mu* ne>] ?an ?is4 ,s9ce we _c see ei!r ( !m except :5 ! sun is bel[ ! horizon1 ! consequ5ce ( _! be+ always ?us ne> to him is t !y are 9 view = only a %ort "t aft] ! sun has set or be=e he has ris54 ,if !y are 9 ! ev5+ sky1 & h5ce ea/ ( ! sun1 !y soon foll[ him :5 he s9ks bel[ ! we/]n horizon4 ,if !y are we/ ( ! sun1 &1 consequ5tly1 are ! fir/ to rise 9 ! morn+1 x is n long be=e 8 brilliant rays flood ) light ! ea/]n sky & blot ! planets f our view4 ,v5us c be se5 sometimes = ?ree h\rs at a "t1 ,m]cury = nev] m ?an "o4 ,)9 ?is limit$ region ( ! sky !y appe> to j\rney ev5+ by ev5+ away f ! sun1 some:at obliquely1 b t[>d ! z5i?1 until !y h rea*$ ! end ( _! te!r4 ,!n !y j\rney back & pass to ! o!r side ( ! sun4 ,!re !y climb _! pa? t[>d ! z5i?1 mov+ we/w>d &1 z we see !m1 obliquely upw>d4 ,morn+ by morn+ !y get f>!r f ! sun until _! we/w>d limit ( fre$om is rea*$1 :5 !y aga9 draw 9 t[>d ! sun1 pass x1 appe> 9 ! ev5+ sky1 & pull (f up ! sky t[>d ! ea/ aga94 ,?us !y sw+ f ea/ to we/ ( ! sun1 & back aga91 9 unceas+ repetition4 ,z !y pass ! sun go+ f ea/ to we/--t is1 f ! ev5+ to ! morn+ sky--! inf]ior planets g betwe5 u & ! sun2 & :5 !y sw+ back f we/ to ea/1 or f ! morn+ to ! ev5+ sky1 !y pass on ! side ( ! sun f>!/ away f u4 ,:5 !y are 9 a direct l9e ) ! e>? & ! sun !y are said to be 9 conjunction4 ,if at ?is po9t !y are betwe5 u & ! sun1 x is inf]ior conjunction4 ,if !y are on ! o!r side ( ! sun1 !y are said to be 9 sup]ior conjunction4 ,:5 ! planet1 z se5 9 ! ev5+1 has travel$ t[>d ! ea/ z f> f ! sun z x w g dur+ t p>ticul> revolution1 x is said to be at its greate/ ea/]n elongation4 ,elongation means simply app>5t di/ance f ! sun2 h5ce1 greate/ ea/]n elongation is ! greate/ di/ance possible ea/ ( ! sun f our po9t ( view4 ,greate/ we/]n elongation1 :i* we see 9 ! morn+ be=e dawn1 occurs :5 ! planet is at its greate/ app>5t di/ance we/ ( ! sun4 ,:ile app>5tly draw+ ne> & !n away f ! sun1 travel+ obliquely up & d[n ! ev5+ & ! morn+ sky1 ! planet has all ! "t be5 mov+ 9 "o direction ar\nd ! sun2 b we c\ld see ! motion only z x appe>$ on ! backgr\nd ( ! sky4 ,! planet is 9 reality j z f> f ! sun :5 x is 9 conjunction z at elongation4 ,! diff]5ce is t we see x at a diff]5t angle1 or f a diff]5t po9t ( view4 ,b x has n be5 at all times equally ne> to ! e>?4 ,:5 an inf]ior planet is at greate/ ea/]n elongation1 x is1 ( c\rse1 ea/ ( ! sun1 & c be se5 above ! sun 9 ! ev5+ aft] sunset1 & is an ev5+ />4 ,z x moves we/w>d ne>] & ne>] to ! sun1 x is above ! horizon a proportionately %ort] "t ea* ev5+1 & is m & m obscur$ by ! sun's rays until x rea*es inf]ior conjunction1 :5 x is exactly betwe5 u & ! sun1 & h5ce at ! po9t ne>e/ to u4 ,"h x becomes invisible1 l>gely because x has its d>k side t[>d u1 b p>tly because ! dazzl+ light ( ! sun entirely obscures x4 ,once 9 a :ile our relative positions are su* t we see x pass l a black dot directly ov] ! bright face ( ! sun4 ,?is is call$ a transit4 ,b a transit does n occur at e inf]ior conjunction4 ,x w\ld s occur if ! planet's orbit & ! e>?'s 7 9 exactly ! same plane4 ,b ! small tilt t !y h is suffici5t to ?r[ ! planet1 :5 x is pass+ ! sun1 into su* an angle t x does n pass directly betwe5 ! disc ( ! sun & u1 b a little above or bel[4 ,?us transits are r r>e1 ?\gh !y occur p]iodically 9 ! case ( bo? ,v5us & ,m]cury1 & w be spok5 ( else:]e4 ,:5 ! planet has pass$ inf]ior conjunction1 x is !n we/ ( ! sun1 & rises 9 ! morn+ be=e ! sun is up1 & is a morn+ />4 ,= a few days x c be se5 ei!r n at all or ) difficulty4 ,!n1 z x works its way out ( ! rays ( ! sun & on t[>d ! we/1 x rises e>li] ea* morn+ until x rea*es its f>!/ po9t we/4 ,z x />ts back ea/ aga9 its di/ance f ! e>? increases daily until x rea*es its greate/ di/ance f u at sup]ior conjunction4 ,x is !n ! :ole diamet] ( its orbit f>!r f u ?an :5 x 0 at inf]ior conjunction1 & x is aga9 invisible4 ,! illum9at$ side ( x is t[>d u2 b x is at its smalle/1 because x is at its greate/ di/ance f u1 & ev5 :5 x is n directly beh9d ! sun ! light ( t lum9>y is too great = successful competition4 ,aft] x has pass$ sup]ior conjunction x is aga9 9 ! ev5+ sky1 app>5tly mov+ f>!r f ! sun ea* day4 ,x is at ! same "t actually com+ ne>] to u ea* day1 & ^! two facts cause a daily increase 9 its brightness4 ,b an inf]ior planet is n1 l ! sup]ior planets & ! />s1 brighte/ :5 x is ne>e/ to u4 ,x is1 9 fact1 d>ke/ :5 x is ne>e/--t is1 :5 x is at inf]ior conjunction--& we _c see x at all4 ,?is is because an inf]ior planet passes ?r\gh phases1 l ! moon1 *ang+ gradually dur+ its r\nds f full to cresc5t1 & back aga94 ,its full face is t[>d u :5 x is on ! opposite side ( ! sun & f>!/ f u4 ,! proportion ( ! face t is illum9at$ gr[s small] z ! planet approa*es its ea/]n elongation4 ,b ! planet gr[s bright] because x is com+ ne>] to u & is gett+ out ( ! dazzl+ rays ( ! sun4 ,"o-half ( its surface is illum9at$ :5 x is at greate/ elongation2 b x is brighte/ a few days lat]1 :5 less ?an half ( its face is illum9at$1 because x is en\gh ne>] to comp5sate = ! slight dim9ution 9 ! proportion ( light on its disc4 ,x is brighte/ 9 ! morn+ a %ort "t be=e its we/]n elongation1 = ! same reason4 ,?is 9 a g5]al way describes ! motion ( an inf]ior planet1 & ?is is all t we ne$ to "k 9 ord] to und]/& its ord9>y visible movem5ts4 ,if we wat* x c>efully1 h[ev]1 we may detect t %ortly be=e inf]ior conjunction x pauses 9 its onw>d sweep & seems = a "t to be /ation>y1 & !n to retrace its way among ! />s until a %ort "t aft] inf]ior conjunction1 :5 x aga9 pauses & appe>s /ation>y1 & f9ally />ts (f aga9 9 its orig9al direction on its way t[>d greate/ we/]n elongation4 ,dur+ ?is caprici\s sort ( progress ! planet usually describes m or less ( a loop1 sometimes almo/ a fl\ri%1 9 its pa?4 ,! appe>ance is :olly due to ! planet's ov]tak+ & pass+ u 9 our j\rney ar\nd ! sun4 ,= a "t x travels beh9d u1 !n beside u1 & !n beyond u2 &1 s9ce we are bo? 9 motion1 ! effect is mu* ! same z :5 "o tra9 passes ano!r :ile !y are bo? travel+ 9 ! same direction4 ,! orbits ( ! e>? & ! planet are n exactly 9 ! same plane1 &1 bo? bodies be+ 9 motion1 we are n 9 a position to see ! planet at ! same angle m ?an once z x seems to pass back & =?1 & s we get ! effect ( its mak+ a fl\ri% or loop4 ,b ?is effect1 :ile int]e/+1 takes place only :5 ! planet is s ne> ! sun t to ! ord9>y obs]v] x itself does n c\nt = mu*4 ,we c see b little ( ! inf]ior planets at t "t1 anyway1 ?\gh x is important = u to "k :]e !y are1 9 ord] to keep track ( !m & to be ready = !m :5 !y are to be se54 ,,viii ,,h[ ,,! ,,sup]ior ,,planets ,,seem ,,to ,,move ,! movem5ts ( ! sup]ior planets1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus1 & ,neptune1 z !y appe> to u1 are diff]5t f ^? ( ! inf]ior planets 9 "s important respects4 ,in/ead ( sw++ back & =? ea/ & we/ ( ! sun1 & nev] appe>+ v f> away f x1 z ! inf]ior planets d1 ! sup]ior planets make an entire circuit ( ! heav5s1 & x is possible to see !m at any di/ance f ! sun1 & at any "t dur+ ! night4 ,sometimes !y are1 ) relation to ! e>?1 9 t "p ( ! sky exactly opposite to ! sun1 & h5ce 9 l9e ) x & ! e>?4 ,at su* times !y c be se5 all night4 ,!y are !n said to be 9 opposition1 & are 9 ! be/ position = our obs]vation4 ,! e>? be+1 :5 9 ?is situation1 9 a direct l9e betwe5 !m & ! sun1 we h ! sun at our backs1 z x 71 %$d+ its full rays on ! disc ( ! planet "u obs]vation1 :i* is !n at its ne>e/ to u1 & also at its brighte/4 ,=1 s9ce ! orbits ( all ! sup]ior planets are outside ( ours1 ! planets nev] get betwe5 u & ! sun1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 nev] turn a d>k side t[>d u4 ,_! entire discs are practically always illum9at$1 & _! *anges 9 brightness dep5d l>gely ^u _! *anges 9 di/ance1 :i*1 z we h se51 is n ! case ) ! inf]ior planets4 ,m>s1 ! ne>e/ ( !m1 is at times some:at gibb\s 7t is1 %[s a little less ?an a full face1 z ! moon does :5 j beg9n+ to wane71 &1 9 less degree1 ,jupit] also4 ,b 9 nei!r case is ?is dep>ture f fullness suffici5t to h any appreciable effect on ! planet's brightness1 &1 moreov]1 x does n occur :5 ! planet is 9 ! mo/ favorable position = u to see x4 ,at opposition1 !re=e1 we always h ! full face ( ! planet pres5t$ to u2 & be+1 z we !n are1 on ! same side ( ! sun ) x1 we are n9ety-?ree millions ( miles 7our di/ance f ! sun7 ne>] to x ?an ! sun is4 ,be+1 :5 9 opposition1 exactly opposite ! sun1 ! planet rises j z ! sun sets4 ,aft] opposition x rises a little e>li] ea* ev5+1 & is high] up 9 ! sky at ea* succe$+ sunset4 ,:5 we f9d x j half-way betwe5 ! ea/]n & ! we/]n horizon at sunset1 x is at quadrature4 ,aft] quadrature x appe>s ne>] & ne>] ! we/]n horizon ea* ev5+ at sunset1 until x f9ally is too ne> ! sun to be visible4 ,x is !n travel+ 9 t "p ( its orbit :i* is beyond ! sun f u4 ,f opposition to ?is situation x has be5 an ev5+ />4 ,:5 a sup]ior planet is 9 l9e ) ! sun & ! e>?1 & is on ! f> side ( ! sun f u1 x is said to be 9 conjunction1 & we are !n "o hundr$ & eighty-six millions ( miles1 or twice our di/ance f ! sun1 f>!r f x ?an we are :5 x is 9 opposition4 ,b besides be+ plac$ at s mu* great] di/ance f x1 we h 9 ?is situation ! bright sun exclud+ ! planet f our view4 ,x w be readily se51 !re=e1 :y ! sup]ior planets are 9 s mu* bett] position = u to see !m 9 opposition ?an at conjunction4 ,f conjunction to opposition ! planet is we/ ( ! sun1 & w be bel[ ! horizon at sunset1 & w rise "s "t dur+ ! night4 ,at fir/ x w appe> j be=e sunrise z a morn+ />1 b w gradually rise e>li] ea* night until1 :5 x rea*es opposition aga91 x w rise j z ! sun sets4 ,half-way betwe5 conjunction & opposition x is aga9 at quadrature4 ,f opposition to conjunction ! planet w be ea/ ( ! sun & above ! horizon at sunset4 ,:5 a planet is 9 conjunction ) ! sun1 x passes ! m]idian1 or ! po9t half-way betwe5 ris+ & sett+1 ab\t noon1 & is above ! horizon ) ! sun dur+ ! day4 ,:5 x is 9 opposition x passes ! m]idian ab\t midnight1 & is above ! horizon dur+ ! night4 ,:5 x is at quadrature & mov+ t[>d conjunction1 x passes ! m]idian ab\t six o'clock 9 ! ev5+1 & may be se5 9 ! we/]n half ( ! sky dur+ ! e>ly ev5+1 & w set be=e midnight4 ,:5 x is at quadrature & mov+ t[>d opposition1 x w rise "s "t betwe5 midnight & sunset1 & w be 9 view 9 ! ea/ dur+ a "p ( ! fir/ half ( ! night4 ,! ne>] x is to opposition1 ! e>li] 9 ! ev5+ x rises & ! long] x may be se54 ,! ma9 movem5t ( ! sup]ior planets among ! />s is f we/ to ea/1 & ?is is kn[n z _! direct motion4 ,b n f> f opposition !y seem to hesitate1 !n move m sl[ly1 !n f9ally /op1 rema9 /ation>y = a "t1 turn back on _! tracks1 & />t (f 9 ! opposite direction4 ,?is is _! retrograde motion4 ,!y d n cont9ue 9 x z long z 9 ! direct motion2 b aft] a comp>atively %ort "t !y aga9 hesitate1 g m sl[ly1 /op1 rema9 /ation>y1 !n turn back & sw+ (f 9 ! orig9al direction1 & cont9ue to move 9 ?is direction until !y are aga9 approa*+ opposition4 ,x is exactly 9 ! middle ( ?is sweep t[>d ! we/ t ! planet is 9 opposition4 ,close obs]vation w %[ t ! sup]ior planets also make some?+ ( ! same sort ( a loop 9 _! pa? among ! />s t ! inf]ior planets make1 & = ! same reason4 ,! only diff]5ce is t :5 a sup]ior planet is retrograd+ we are pass+ x1 & :5 an inf]ior planet retrogrades x is pass+ u4 ,9 giv+ ?is r r\gh outl9e ( ! way ! planets 9 g5]al move among ! />s1 rea*+ 9 _! w&]+s ^! v>i\s positions ) relation to ! sun & ! e>?1 ! int5tion is only to fix "s def9ite situations f :i* to consid] ! movem5ts ( ! individual planets4 ,:5 we come to "k ea* planet z an individual1 & to foll[ x z x comes & goes 9 ! heav5s1 & to wat* its ev]-wond]ful *anges 9 brilliancy1 ^! situations w h a mu* m def9ite mean+ to u & a relatively great] int]e/ & importance4 ,! planets z !y appe> to u all move along pretty mu* ! same pa?2 b ea* has its own way ( grac+ ?is pa?1 & ea* its p>ticul> mann] ( *ang+ 9 aspect4 ,,ix ,,! ,,pa? ,,( ,,! ,,planets ,?\gh ! planets are call$ w&]]s1 !y are n by any means ! vagrants t ! "n might imply4 ,!y h a fix$ c\rse among ! />s f :i* !y nev] deviate1 & ! ways ( all ( !m1 & also ( ! sun & ! moon1 are conf9$ to a comp>atively n>r[ /rip 9 ! sky4 ,t /rip is call$ ! zodiac4 ,x is only sixte5 degrees wide1 & ext5ds l a n>r[ b& all ! way ar\nd ! heav5s4 ,x lies s t x is always easy to obs]ve2 &1 be+ s limit$1 v little obs]vation is necess>y to become famili> ) e "p ( x4 ,)9 its limits all ! movem5ts ( ! sun1 ! moon1 & ! planets take place4 ,?r\gh ! c5t] ( x is ! ecliptic1 ! great circle t m>ks ! annual app>5t pa? ( ! sun ?r\gh ! heav5s4 ,x is ! /&>d circle f :i* we measure ! pa?s ( ! moon & ! planets4 ,:atev] degree _! c\rses v>y f ! ecliptic is :at we call ! incl9ation ( _! orbits4 ,if ! plane ( ! orbit ( a planet is tilt$ away f ! ecliptic1 ! planet w travel half ! "t on "o side ( x1 & half ! "t on ! o!r4 ,! orbits are1 9 fact1 v little incl9$ to ! ecliptic1 & all b "o ( ! planets may always be f\nd )9 ?ree degrees ( x1 mo/ ( !m ne>] ?an ?is4 ,! "o exception is ,m]cury1 :i* is sometimes z mu* z sev5 degrees f ?is c5tral l9e ( ! zodiac1 b ord9>ily x is n s f> z ?is4 ,uranus is s ne>ly on ! ecliptic t an ord9>y obs]v] w\ld n notice ! deviation1 & p>ticul>ly z ,uranus c r>ely be detect$ ) ! nak$ eye1 & c nev] be ?us foll[$4 ,( ! f\r planets :i* are ! ones we ord9>ily see1 ,m>s & ,jupit] are nev] z mu* z two degrees f ! ecliptic1 ,saturn nev] m ?an two & a half degrees1 & ,v5us nev] m ?an ab\t ?ree degrees4 ,!y are all usually ne>] ?an ^! outside limits4 ,! greate/ di/ance ( ! moon f ! ecliptic is ab\t "o & a half degrees4 ,h5ce1 ) ! exception ( ,m]cury1 all ! planets & ! sun & ! moon travel 9 a pa? six degrees wide1 :i* is only "o degree wid] ?an ! di/ance betwe5 ! po9t]s z we see !m 9 ! ,great ,dipp]4 ,! fact t ! zodiac is sixte5 degrees wide1 or eight degrees on ea* side ( ! ecliptic1 is due only to a v g5]\s all[ance = ! vag>ies ( ,m]cury1 :i* he really does n q ne$4 ,= ,m]cury is always z mu* z twice ! bread? ( ! moon1 or "o degree1 inside ( ! zodiac1 & usually m ?an t4 ,because ! e>? is tilt$ on its axis tw5ty-?ree & a half degrees f ! p]p5dicul>1 ! ecliptic runs ?r\gh ! heav5s 9 an oblique circle1 cross+ ! l9e ( ! equator at two po9ts call$ ! v]nal & autumnal equ9oxes4 ,! equator 9 ! heav5s is ! great circle ext5d+ ar\nd ! cele/ial sph]e half-way betwe5 ! nor? & s\? poles4 ,x is always practically n9ety degrees f ! nor? />1 & ! po9ts at :i* ! ecliptic int]sects x are call$ ! equ9oxes4 ,^! are ! only two po9ts on ! ecliptic t are j n9ety degrees f ! pole4 ,! ^w equ9ox is d]iv$ f equus 7equal7 & nox 7night71 & :5 ! sun is at ! equ9oxes ! days & nights are ( equal l5g?4 ,f ! v]nal to ! autumnal equ9ox ! l9e ( ! ecliptic is nor? ( ! equator1 & h5ce high 9 ! sky1 rea*+ its highe/ po9t midway betwe5 ! equ9oxes4 ,x !n crosses ! equator aga9 & runs obliquely s\? to ! l[e/ po9t 9 its pa?1 & !n curves nor!rly back to ! v]nal equ9ox4 ,! v]nal equ9ox is ! po9t at :i* ! sun arrives :5 spr+ beg9s4 ,?is results 9 ! sun's be+ nor? ( ! equator f spr+ until autumn1 & s\? ( x f autumn to spr+4 ,z ! "p ( ! zodiac t we c see be/ at night is t opposite :]e ! sun is1 s 9 summ]1 :5 ! sun is high1 we see be/ ! "p ( ! zodiac :i* is l[ 9 ! s\!rn skies 9 ! ev5+2 & 9 ! w9t]1 :5 ! sun is 9 ! s\!rn half ( 8 j\rney1 ! "p ( ! zodiac be/ se5 by u is high 9 ! heav5s4 ,no "p ( x1 h[ev]1 is ev] z high z ! z5i?1 or directly ov]head1 & no planet is ev] se5 z f> nor? z ! z5i? 9 any place ^: latitude is m ?an tw5ty-?ree & "o-half degrees f ! equator4 ,to "k ! pa?s ( ! planets x is necess>y to "k only twelve con/ellations out ( ! sev5ty or m 9 ! entire heav5s2 b x is difficult to imag9e any "o's le>n+ ^! twelve )\t becom+ int]e/$ 9 & m or less acqua9t$ ) _m ( ! spl5did />s & con/ellations t lie on ea* side ( !m4 ,! l>g] "o's acqua9tance is ) ! appe>ance ( ! skies z a :ole1 ! easi]1 naturally1 x w be to di/+ui% ! planets f ! />s1 & to foll[ _! c\rses4 ,b ! planets !mselves may be intimately kn[n q ap>t f any b ! twelve con/ellations =m+ ! zodiac4 ,happily1 among !m we %all f9d "s ( ! mo/ beautiful con/ellations 9 ! heav5s1 & "s ( ! mo/ spl5didly brilliant fir/-magnitude />s4#a #a ,! read] w f9d full] descriptions ( ! />s 9 ! zodiac 9 ,! ,fri5dly ,/>s1 by ! au?or ( ?is book4 ,! twelve con/ellations ( ! zodiac are z foll[s3 ,pisces1 ! ,fi%es4 ,aries1 ! ,ram4 ,taurus1 ! ,bull4 ,gem9i1 ! ,tw9s4 ,canc]1 ! ,crab4 ,leo1 ! ,lion4 ,virgo1 ! ,virg94 ,libra1 ! ,scales or ,balance4 ,scorpio1 ! ,scorpion4 ,sagitt>ius1 ! ,ar*]4 ,capricornus1 ! ,goat4 ,aqu>ius1 ! ,wat]-,c>ri]4 ,we %all beg9 at ! po9t ( ! v]nal equ9ox to trace ! l9e ( ! ecliptic ?r\gh ^! con/ellations1 & t l9e w m>k = u ! pa? ( ! sun1 ! moon1 & all ! planets4 ,x is conv5i5t to beg9 at ?is po9t1 because x is :]e ! sun crosses ! equator 9 ! spr+1 & h5ce x is at ! beg9n+ ( t "p ( ! ecliptic :i* lies nor? ( ! equator4 ,! po9t ( ! v]nal equ9ox is n[ situat$ 9 ! con/ellation ,pisces4 ,x is n m>k$ by any bright />1 b is n v difficult to f9d4 ,x m>ks ! po9t on ! ea/]n horizon :]e ! sun rises ab\t ,m>* #ba/1 & ab\t ! #ba/ ( ,septemb] x is on ! ea/]n horizon exactly opposite t po9t 9 ! we/]n sky :]e ! sun sets4 ,x is always n9ety degrees f ! pole1 & if "o *ances to "k ! con/ellation ,cassiopeia1 :i* is %ap$ l a *air & is on ! opposite side ( ! pole f ! ,big ,dipp]1 "o c locate ! v]nal equ9ox by draw+ a l9e f ! pole-/> ?r\gh ! /> :i* m>ks ! l[] "p ( ! front ( ! *air1 & ext5d+ x until x is n9ety degrees long4 ,! n9ety degrees c be e/imat$ by us+ ! di/ance betwe5 ! po9t]s 9 ! ,dipp] 7:i* is five degrees7 z a measure4 ,! /> m5tion$ 9 ,cassiopeia is ab\t ?irty-two degrees f ! nor? />4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,%[+ ,,! ,,con/ellations ,,( ,,! ,,zodiac ,,& ,,! ,,l9e ,,( ,,! ,,ecliptic ,,runn+ ,,?r\gh ,,!m ,! pa?s ( all ! planets1 save "o1 lie always )9 ?ree degrees ( ! ecliptic4 ,hav+ once le>n$ ! con/ellations ( ! zodiac &1 approximately1 ! l9e ( ! ecliptic1 x is n necess>y = ! ord9>y obs]v] to keep 9 m9d ! exact location ( ! v]nal equ9ox4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 an important po9t = ! /ud5t ( ma!matical a/ronomy4 ,beg9n+ at ?is po9t1 ! ecliptic runs ?r\gh ,pisces 9 a nor!a/]ly direction = ab\t ?irty degrees to ,aries1 ! second con/ellation ( ! zodiac4 ,,aries ,aries is be/ se5 9 ! autumn :5 ! sun is 9 ! opposite side ( ! heav5s4 ,x is m>k$ by a small acute-angl$ triangle1 ) ! apex t[>d ! nor? & ! brighte/ /> ( ! ?ree at ! apex4 ,?is /> is call$ ,hamal1 &1 :ile n a fir/-magnitude />1 is a r bright "o ( ! second magnitude2 & ! triangle itself is v di/9ctly m>k$4 ,x is ! only gr\p ( />s by :i* to di/+ui% ,aries1 & x is sometimes confus$ ) ! little con/ellation call$ ,triangulum1 :i* lies j we/ ( x1 or above x1 z x rises4 ,) ?is 9 m9d1 ,triangulum may be made to s]ve z an id5tify+ m>k4 ,!y bo? rise j a trifle nor? ( ! exact ea/ e>ly 9 ! ev5+s ( late ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,triangulum rises fir/1 ) its apex t[>d ! s\?4 ,9 less ?an an h\r ! triangle ( ,aries arrives ) its apex po9t$ nor?4 ,! ecliptic runs ab\t five degrees bel[ ?is triangle1 & its pa? across ,aries is ab\t tw5ty-eight degrees long4 ,:5 "o sees any v bright /> 9 ,aries1 "o may be sure x is a planet4 ,! sun is 9 ,aries f ,april #af? to ,may #ac?4 ,dur+ ! summ] ?is con/ellation is n visible 9 ! e>ly ev5+2 b x may be se5 e ev5+ f ,septemb] to ,april1 draw+ all ! "t ne>] to ! sun1 & sett+ e>li] ea* ev5+ until ! sun blots x out4 ,f ?is con/ellation ! ecliptic runs into ,taurus1 ! ?ird zodiacal con/ellation4 ,,taurus ,?is con/ellation may be id5tifi$ by ! brilliant fir/-magnitude /> ,aldeb>an1#b & ! mi/y ,little ,dipp] ( ! ,pleiades4 ,x is a v beautiful & l>ge con/ellation4 ,ab\t an h\r & a half aft] ! triangle ( ,aries has ris51 ! s(t-tw9kl+ clu/] ( t9y />s :i* =m ! ,pleiades comes above ! ea/]n horizon1 & ab\t an h\r lat] a ,v-%ap$ clu/] ( bright] />s1 ) a v bright-r$ "o at ! end ( ! l[] half ( ! ,v1 appe>s4 ,?is la/ clu/] is ! ,hyades1 & ! bright /> is ,aldeb>an4 #b ,see 8,aldeb>an0 9 ,! ,fri5dly ,/>s4 ,by ^! two clu/]s we may "k ! con/ellation4 ,! ecliptic passes across ,taurus ab\t f\r degrees ea/ ( ! ,pleiades1 & ab\t sev5 degrees we/ ( ,aldeb>an4 ,! planets 9 pass+ ?r\gh ?is region (t5 come v close to ! ,pleiades1 & p>ts ( ! gr\p are sometimes occult$ by ! moon4 ,taurus is conspicu\s 9 ! ea/]n ev5+ sky f ,septemb] until ne>ly ,janu>y4 ,f t "t on until ,may x may be se5 9 ! ev5+1 high up 9 ! sky1 a little f>!r we/ ea* ev5+1 until x disappe>s 9 ,may4 ,among ! f\r planets t we mo/ see ,m>s is ! only "o t resembles ,aldeb>an 9 color4 ,!y are bo? r$di%1 b ,m>s is always we/ ( ,aldeb>an ne> ! l9e ( ! ecliptic1 & also x does n h ! same tw9kl+ face t ,aldeb>an %[s2 h5ce ! /> & ! planet ne$ nev] be confus$4 ,m]cury1 x is true1 is r$di% & tw9kles1 b s seldom ne$s to be tak5 into acc\nt t x w n be tr\blesome4 ,! o!r planets :5 9 ,taurus w proclaim !mselves by _! color & size4 ,!re is no v bright /> 9 ,taurus except ,aldeb>an1 :i* has be5 describ$4 ,any bright /> nor? ( x 9 ! con/ellation is sure to be a planet4 ,?r\gh ,taurus ! l9e ( ! ecliptic runs 9 a nor!a/]ly direction1 & ab\t fifte5 degrees ea/ f ,aldeb>an x passes ab\t half-way betwe5 two fairly bright />s :i* m>k ! tips ( ! horns ( ,taurus1 & f !re on into ! f\r? con/ellation4 ,,gem9i ,gem9i lies nor!a/ ( ,taurus1 & is outl9$ by a box-%ap$ figure some?+ m ?an tw5ty degrees long & ab\t five degrees wide4 ,! two />s m>k+ ! end ( x f>!/ f ,taurus are ! fam\s tw9s1 ,ca/or & ,pollux4#c ,pollux is a fir/-magnitude />1 & ,ca/or is v little less bright4 ,!y are bo? v *>m+ />s1 & too conspicu\s to escape easy id5tification4 ,ca/or is gre5i% 9 t9t1 & rises betwe5 an h\r & a half & two h\rs lat] ?an ,aldeb>an4 ,ab\t fifte5 m9utes aft] he appe>s1 ,pollux1 ) a yell[-t9t$ face1 comes up ov] ! ea/]n horizon4 ,!y rise ab\t ?irty degrees nor? ( ! exact ea/4 ,! ecliptic has rea*$ its highe/ po9t nor? j aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! horns ( ,taurus4 ,x !n runs ?r\gh ,gem9i 9 a s\!a/]ly direction1 curv+ diagonally across ! ma9 figure & pass+ five or six degrees bel[ ,pollux4 ,gem9i c be se5 f ,octob] to e>ly ,june4 ,x is p>ticul>ly *>m+ 9 ,may 9 ! nor?we/ j aft] sund[n1 & :5 any ( ! planets are go+ along ?is "p ( _! pa? at t season1 !y are sure to w9 "o's int]e/ & admiration4 #c ,see 8,! ,heav5ly ,tw9s0 9 ,! ,fri5dly ,/>s4 ,,canc] ,aft] leav+ ,gem9i ! ecliptic passes ?r\gh ! small con/ellation ,canc]4 ,its way runs s\!a/]ly = ab\t tw5ty degrees1 pass+ j s\? ( a *>m+ little clu/] ( />s :i* c be dimly se5 ) ! unaid$ eye1 b comes out brilliantly ) an op]a-glass4 ,x is call$ ,prsepe1 or ! ,bee-hive1 & is ! only object to attract att5tion 9 ,canc]4 ,=tunately1 x is s situat$ z to m>k ! l9e ( ! ecliptic ?r\gh ! con/ellation4 ,! ,bee-hive re/s almo/ exactly on ! ecliptic4 ,,leo ,leav+ ,canc]1 ! sun ent]s ,leo1 a l>ge1 well-m>k$ con/ellation kn[n to _m p]sons by ! conspicu\s figure 9 x ( a sickle4 ,at ! end ( ! h&le ( ! ,sickle is ,regulus1 "o ( ! bright fir/-magnitude />s4 ,a little m ?an fifte5 degrees ea/ ( ! ,sickle ! re/ ( ! con/ellation is m>k$ by a l>ge triangle =m$ by ?ree r bright />s4 ,bo? ( ^! figures are well m>k$ & easily se51 mak+ ,leo "o ( ! easie/ ( ! con/ellations to f9d4 ,! sun crosses x 9 a s\!a/]ly direction :i* leads /raight across ,regulus4 ,! /> is (t5 occult$ by ! moon1 & by ! sun also1 ?\gh t we _c see on acc\nt ( ! bl9d+ light ( ! sun4 ,leo is visible ne>ly eight mon?s 9 ! ye>4 ,x is 9 ! ea/]n sky e>ly 9 ! ev5+ 9 ! w9t]1 & %9es all night f late 9 ,decemb] until ,april4 ,9 ,may & ,june x is travel+ we/]ly1 b high up 9 ! sky4 ,9 ,july x is 9 ! we/]n sky 9 ! ev5+4 ,! sun passes ?r\gh x f ,augu/ #g? to ,septemb] #ad?4 ,regulus is a :ite />1 & tw9kles viol5tly1 s t x is easily di/+ui%$ f any planet t is pass+ ne> x4 ,9 ! o!r "p ( ! con/ellation ! pa? ( ! planets runs ab\t t5 degrees bel[ ! triangle4 ,,virgo ,:5 ! sun has pass$ ,leo x ent]s ! l>ge/ ( all ! con/ellations1 ,virgo1 & passes ?r\gh x 9 =ty-five days1 f ,septemb] #ad? to ,octob] #bi?4 ,! con/ellation is f> f ri* 9 bright />s2 b "o may f9d ! ecliptic1 or pa? ( ! sun1 by foll[+ a curv$ s\!a/]ly l9e f ,regulus ab\t sixty-five degrees until x rea*es ,spica1#d a v bright fir/-magnitude /> 9 ?is comp>atively />less region4 ,if !re is any d\bt ab\t ,spica1 x may be f\nd by foll[+ ! curve ( ! h&le ( ! ,big ,dipp] ab\t ?irty degrees1 :i* br+s "o to ! spl5did ,arcturus1 & !n ab\t ?irty degrees f>!r on1 :i* po9ts "o to ,spica4 #d ,see 8,spica0 9 ,! ,fri5dly ,/>s4 ,eight or n9e days aft] ent]+ ,virgo ! sun crosses ! equator at ! autumnal equ9ox1 & ! re/ ( ! ecliptic lies f>!r s\?4 ,spica is ab\t t5 degrees s\? ( ! equator4 ,spica is 9 ! ea/ dur+ ! e>ly ev5+s 9 ,april & ,may2 ?r\gh\t ,june & ,july x may be se5 9 ! s\? dur+ ! ev5+4 ,9 ,octob] x sets at ab\t ! same "t z ! sun4 ,! autumnal equ9ox1 or ! po9t :]e ! ecliptic crosses to ! s\? ( ! equator1 is 9 ,virgo1 & lies ab\t fifte5 degrees nor!a/ ( ,spica4 ,,libra ,libra is ! next zodiacal con/ellation1 & x is a small "o4 ,! sun passes ?r\gh x 9 ab\t tw5ty-?ree days4 ,x may be kn[n by f\r fairly bright />s :i* =m a m or less imp]fect squ>e4 ,! ecliptic passes along ! s\!rn edge ( ?is figure4 ,dur+ ! summ] & e>ly autumn1 ,libra is be/ se54 ,x is !n pass+ across ! s\!rn sky1 draw+ ne>] ! we/ ea* ev5+4 ,a planet pass+ across ?is con/ellation w\ld always be easy to id5tify1 s9ce x w\ld always be s mu* bright] ?an any /> 9 ?is region4 ,! sun ent]s ,libra ab\t ,octob] #bi?1 & x is n visible 9 ! ev5+ dur+ ! re/ ( ! ye>4 ,,scorpio ,x is a joy to "k ,scorpio1 q aside f its connection ) ! pa? ( ! planets4 ,x is a brilliant con/ellation1 be/ se5 dur+ ! summ] & autumn1 z x passes across ! s\!rn sky4 ,x is ! mo/ s\!rly ( any ( ! con/ellations ( ! zodiac2 b ! ecliptic passes ?r\gh only a v small portion ( ! nor!rn "p ( x1 s ! sun does n rea* ! mo/ s\!rly po9t 9 its pa? :ile x is 9 ?is con/ellation4 ,scorpio may be be/ id5tifi$ by its brilliant deep-r$ /> ,ant>es1#e :i* is suppos$ to lie 9 ! he>t ( ! ,scorpion4 ,! :ole figure makes a spl5did s]p5t-l sweep t[>d ! s\!rn horizon1 & is "o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s objects j we/ ( ! ,milky ,way 9 ! s\? 9 summ]4 #e ,see 8,ant>es0 9 ,! ,fri5dly ,/>s4 ,! l9e ( ! ecliptic runs ab\t ?ree degrees nor? ( ,ant>es2 h5ce ! planets 9 _! c\rse sometimes pass v ne> x4 ,jupit] has be5 9 t region all ?is ye> 7#aiab71 & w n be f> f !re ! e>ly "p ( #aiac4 ,m]cury & ,m>s bo? h some?+ ! color ( ,ant>es2 b ?is is n likely to result 9 any confusion4 ,! /> is always !re1 & 9 ! same relative situation ) ref]5ce to ! o!r />s4 ,:5 ,m>s is !re1 x w always be above ! />4 ,m]cury c seldom be se5 :5 he is 9 ,scorpio4 ,if he is 9 greate/ elongation :ile !re1 he w /ill be ne> ! sun1 & ! sun1 z se5 f ! middle latitudes1 is s f> s\? & s ne> ! horizon :5 9 t "p ( ! ecliptic t ! situation w n be favorable = see+ ! planet4 ,f>!r s\?1 & p>ticul>ly 9 high altitudes1 ,m]cury c\ld be well se5 9 ,scorpio1 b if ! position ( ,ant>es is kept 9 m9d1 ,m]cury w easily be recogniz$ z a /rang] 9 ! con/ellation4 ,! sun ent]s ,scorpio ab\t ,novemb] #ba/1 & ! con/ellation !n ceases to be visible 9 ! ev5+ sky until ! foll[+ ,may4 ,x is 9 its greate/ glory dur+ ! summ] & e>ly autumn4 ,,sagitt>ius ,:5 ! sun leaves ,scorpio x crosses ! ,milky ,way into ,sagitt>ius1 & !re rea*es ! l[e/ po9t 9 its pa?1 tw5ty-?ree & "o-half degrees s\? ( ! equator4 ,?is con/ellation is be/ di/+ui%$ by ! little 8milk dipp]10 :i* is easily se5 turn$ upside d[n j at ! ea/]n edge ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,! l9e ( ! ecliptic runs a little nor? ( x4 ,! con/ellation may be be/ se5 dur+ ab\t ! same mon?s t ,scorpio is visible4 ,! sun ent]s x1 & x passes out ( view ab\t ! middle ( ,decemb]4 ,,capricornus ,,& ,,aqu>ius ,f ,sagitt>ius ! ecliptic runs 9 a nor!a/]ly direction ?r\gh a region 9 :i* !re are no v bright />s1 nor any v di/9ct outl9es ( figures4 ,! two con/ellations ?r\gh :i* x passes are ,capricornus & ,aqu>ius4 ,x !n runs a few degrees into ,pisces1 & !re rea*es ! v]nal equ9ox1 :]e we began to trace its c\rse4 ,al?\gh "o _c trace ! l9e ( ! ecliptic ) ! same def9it5ess 9 ?is region z 9 "o :]e !re are bright />s to m>k ! way1 yet :5 a planet is 9 ?is "p ( its pa? x is p]haps m conspicu\s & m easily recogniz$ ?an :5 x appe>s 9 any o!r "p ( ! sky1 because ( ! v abs5ce ( o!r bright bodies4 ,^! con/ellations comprise all t region runn+ f ! ,milky ,way ea/ to ! v]nal equ9ox4 ,x is a "p ( ! heav5s easily se5 dur+ ! pleasant ev5+s ( summ] & autumn1 & if a planet is cross+ x dur+ ^? seasons x is p>ticul>ly well plac$ = obs]vation4 ,! two brighte/ />s 9 ,capricornus are ( ! ?ird magnitude1 & lie ab\t tw5ty degrees nor!a/ ( ! 8milk dipp]40 ,! ecliptic runs j "u !m4 ,?r\gh ,aqu>ius x runs six or sev5 degrees above a wav+ l9e ( fa9t />s1 :i* are suppos$ to repres5t ! wat] t ,aqu>ius is p\r+ f 8 urn4 ,if "o w take ! tr\ble to trace ! l9e ( ! ecliptic ?r\gh ! sky1 & rememb] t x lies exactly 9 ! c5t] ( ! zodiac1 & t ! planets are1 !re=e1 )9 a v few degrees ( x1 "o w h no tr\ble 9 keep+ track ( !m4 ,! m]e kn[+ ( ^! con/ellations is 9 mo/ cases suffici5t1 s9ce ! planets w disclose _! id5tity 9 o!r ways ?an by position m]ely4 ,! signs ( ! zodiac are some:at diff]5t f ! con/ellations4 ,!y are simply twelve equal divisions ( ?irty degrees ea*1 mak+ 9 all ?ree hundr$ & sixty degrees1 :i* is ! :ole numb] ( degrees 9 any circle4 ,!y are s divid$ = conv5i5ce 9 sci5tific obs]vation & reckon+4 ,ab\t two ?\s& ye>s ago ! signs & ! con/ellations 9 ! ma9 co9cid$1 & !y /ill be> ! same names4 ,! po9t ( ! v]nal equ9ox 0 !n at ! beg9n+ ( ! sign & ! con/ellation ,aries4 ,b1 ow+ to c]ta9 motions ( ! e>?1 ?is po9t %ifts backw>d1 or t[>d ! we/1 ab\t "o degree e sev5ty-two ye>s4 ,9 two ?\s& ye>s x has %ift$ ab\t tw5ty-eight degrees1 until n[ ! sign ,aries1 ) ! v]nal equ9ox at its we/]n b\nd>y1 lies almo/ :olly 9 ! con/ellation ,pisces1 ! sign ,taurus corresponds approximately to ! con/ellation ,aries1 & s on ar\nd ! circle4 ,x is important to "k ?is 9 foll[+ ! planets1 because all almanacs & sci5tific publications deal ma9ly ) ! signs ( ! zodiac1 & n ) ! con/ellations4 ,:5 a planet's place is said to be 9 ,aries1 ,taurus1 or ,gem9i1 "o w f9d x 9 ,pisces1 ,aries1 or ,taurus1 respectively4 ,& s x is ) all ! o!r signs2 !y are ea* "o con/ellation beh9d ! "o be>+ ! same "n4 ,& ?is is :y1 beg9n+ ) ! v]nal equ9ox1 ,pisces is ! fir/ con/ellation 9 ! zodiac1 :ile ,aries is ! fir/ sign4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( ! signs ( ! zodiac1 ) ! correspond+ con/ellations4 ,! symbols giv5 9 p>5!sis are ! ones us$ = ^! signs 9 all almanacs3 ,,sign ,,con/ellation ,aries 77 ,pisces ,spr+ ,taurus 77 ,aries signs ,gem9i 77 ,taurus ,canc] 77 ,gem9i ,summ] ,leo 77 ,canc] signs ,virgo 77 ,leo ,libra 77 ,virgo ,autumn ,scorpio 77 ,libra signs ,sagitt>ius 77 ,scorpio ,capricornus 77 ,sagitt>ius ,w9t] ,aqu>ius 77 ,capricornus signs ,pisces 77 ,aqu>ius#f #f ,= ^? :o f9d rhymes an aid to memory1 ! foll[+ li/ may prove useful3 ,?is is ! way ! spr+ beg9s3 ,fir/ ,aries1 !n ,taurus1 !n ! ,heav5ly ,tw9s4 ,! fir/ summ] sign is ! "o we call ,canc]2 ,! next two to ,leo & ,virgo w answ]4 ,!n autumn br+s ,libra & bright ,scorpio1 ,& next ,sagitt>ius1 ) 8 /rong b[4 ,capricornus !n u%]s ! w9t] 91 ,& ne> old ,aqu>ius ! ye> we beg94 ,pisces comes next1 & !n w9t] is done2 ,& ) ,aries's approa*1 a new spr+ is begun4 ,^! are ! signs2 b be> ?is well 9 m9d3 ,! sun lags 9 "o con/ellation beh9d4 ,:5 8 place is ,aries1 we'll f9d him 9 ,pisces2 ,:5 9 ,taurus he %\ld be1 9 ,aries he /ays4 ,if ,gem9i's 8 place1 & to f9d him our wi% is1 ,we mu/ look back 9 ,taurus to see 8 bright rays4 ,& s ?r\gh ! ye>1 :atev] 8 place is1 ,! bright gr\p beh9d is ! "o t he graces4 ,x ,,m]cury ,:ile ,m]cury is "o ( ! five planets t c be se5 ) ! nak$ eye1 x mu/ be confess$ t he does n play any important "p 9 ! great spectacle ( nature z we see x 9 ! skies4 ,b 9 a c]ta9 way ?is only adds to our int]e/ 9 him4 ,! v r>ity ( 8 appe>ances & ! difficulty ( f9d+ him give a ze/ to ! se>*1 & a s5se ( a*ievem5t1 :5 x is successful1 t "o does n h ) reg>d to ! o!r planets4 ,x is some?+ ak9 to ! feel+ "o has :51 aft] a long tramp to "s seclud$ recess 9 ! woods 9 se>* ( ! %y p9k lady's slipp]1 a spl5did specim5 ( t lovely fl[] sudd5ly comes into view hang+ gaily on its /alk1 ready = ! use ( :atev] fairy foot may tread its %ady groves4 ,!n1 too1 ! spr+ o' ! ye> is ! mo/ likely "t to see ,m]cury 9 ! ev5+ sky4 ,he comes into 8 be/ position = ?is view ( him j :5 ! ev5+s are gr[+ long] & mild] & "o beg9s to hung] = outdoor ?+s1 s t ! que/ ( him at t "t has ! gladness t goes ) our fir/ excursions into ! op5 aft] a w9t]'s h\s+1 :e!r x be 9 se>* ( fl[]s1 or birds1 or />s1 or simply ! g5]al lovel9ess ( ev]y?+ t belongs to ! beg9n+ ( ! outdoor season4 ,! reason ,m]cury is s elusive is t he is always v ne> ! sun1 & 9 consequ5ce 8 light is dimm$ by ! bright] light %$ by t lum9>y until x is well bel[ ! horizon2 & aft] ! sun has set1 ! planet is s involv$ 9 ! usual haz9ess ( ! atmosph]e ne> ! horizon t ! conditions mu/ be v favorable 9 ord] to see him4 ,?\gh !re are record$ obs]vations ( ,m]cury z f> back z ne>ly ?ree hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 yet "s ( ! old] ( ! mod]n a/ronom]s1 be=e ! days ( ! p]fect$ telescope1 are said n to h se5 him at all2 & ! mo/ important obs]vations ( ! planet n[adays are made 9 broad daylight1 :5 x is high] up 9 ! skies & free f ! mi/s ( ! horizon4 ,?is c be done by means ( a p[]ful telescope1 because x is possible 9 ?is way to %ut (f ! light ( surr\nd+ bodies2 b1 ( c\rse1 ! conditions are n z favorable z if midnight obs]vations c\ld be made4 ,/ill1 if "o kn[s j :5 & :]e to look1 ,m]cury c be se5 ) ! nak$ eye at lea/ once or twice a ye>1 & sometimes (t5] ?an ?is1 especially if "o *ances to live 9 "o ( ! ,we/]n ,/ates1 :]e ! air is v cle> & ! situation 9 latitude & altitude m favorable ?an1 say1 9 ,new ,engl&1 or 9 ! middle ,atlantic ,/ates4 ,9 our ,nor!rn ,/ates1 & 9 ! :ole ( ,engl&1 ?is planet is m difficult to see1 because ( ! long] twilight 9 nor!rn latitudes1 & also because ! l9e ( ! ecliptic1 ov] :i* x passes1 seems !re l[] d[n 9 ! skies1 :ile 9 ! f> ,s\?1 say 9 ,cuba or ,porto ,rico1 ! twilight is %ort]1 ! ecliptic runs high 9 ! sky1 & ! situation is favorable = a good view ev5 ?\gh ! atmosph]e is no cle>] ?an x is f>!r nor?4 ,,:5 ,,& ,,:]e ,,to ,,f9d ,,m]cury ,m]cury is nev] m ?an tw5ty-eight degrees f ! sun1 & is brighte/ :5 ! di/ance betwe5 !m is some:]e ne> tw5ty-two degrees1 or ab\t f\r times ! di/ance betwe5 ! po9t]s 9 ! ,big ,dipp]4 ,! direction 9 :i* to se>* = him mu/ always be along ! l9e ( ! ecliptic obliquely above ! sun4 ,s9ce 8 orbit is incl9$ sev5 degrees to ! ecliptic1 he w be "s place )9 sev5 degrees ( ?is l9e1 on "o side or ! o!r4 ,)9 ?is n>r[ /rip 9 ! sky1 f\rte5 degrees wide & tw5ty-eight degrees long1 ,m]cury w be f\nd :5ev] he is visible at all4 ,& ?is /rip may be fur!r %ort5$ by at lea/ twelve degrees2 = :5 ! planet is ne>] ?an t to ! sun x is futile to attempt to see him ) ! nak$ eye1 save 9 v exceptional conditions4 ,! five degrees betwe5 ! po9t]s w s]ve z an aid 9 measur+ ^! di/ances4 ,we c nev] see ,m]cury ) ! nak$ eye except :5 he is ne> "o elongation or ! o!r2 & ev5 !n he is visible only ab\t an h\r aft] ! sun is d[n 9 ! ev5+ or ab\t an h\r be=e x rises 9 ! morn+4 ,?ree times ea* ye> he appe>s 9 ! ev5+ = m or less ?an a week1 accord+ to ! situation ( ! obs]v]1 & ?ree times a ye> he is visible 9 ! morn+ = ab\t ! same l5g? ( "t4 ,b1 ow+ to 8 position ) relation to u1 ! ev5+ exhibit t comes 9 ! spr+ is ! mo/ favorable "o = a good view ( him1 & ! morn+ appe>ance t is mo/ favorable is ! "o t comes 9 ! autumn4 ,! mean synodic p]iod ( ,m]cury is ab\t "o hundr$ & sixte5 days1 or a little less ?an f\r mon?s4 ,t is1 he returns to greate/ ea/]n elongation & c be se5 9 ! ev5+ sky ab\t e "o hundr$ & sixte5 days1 & ! same l5g? ( "t elapses betwe5 8 appe>ances 9 ! morn+ sky at greate/ we/]n elongation4 ,b ?is mean synodic p]iod is made up ( synodic p]iods v>y+ 9 diff]5t revolutions f "o hundr$ & five to "o hundr$ & ?irty-f\r days4 ,s1 ?\gh "o may m>k ! dates at :i* ! v>i\s positions ( ! planet occurr$ dur+ any "o revolution1 "o _c s easily det]m9e ! exact "t at :i* he w be f\nd 9 ! same positions at ! next revolution2 t is1 :e!r ! revolution w take place 9 less or m ?an "o hundr$ & sixte5 days4 ,! e>? & ! planet are ea* travel+ at v>y+ rates ( spe$1 accord+ z !y are ne> ! sun or f>!r f x1 & obvi\sly x is a situation t requires c>eful ma!matical "w to compute4 ,! almanac mu/ be ref]r$ to = ! exact date4 ,b1 lack+ an almanac1 "o w g5]ally f9d t ,m]cury w return to ! same position relative to ! e>? & ! sun )9 a few days ( 8 mean synodic p]iod4 ,?ree p]iods1 h[ev] mu* !y may v>y individually1 are almo/ always equal to ?ree hundr$ & =ty-eight days1 or ?ree times ! mean p]iod4 ,?is is sev5te5 days less ?an a ye>4 ,h5ce1 if "o is lucky en\gh to h se5 ,m]cury at ea/]n elongation "o spr+1 & w look ! next ye> ab\t sev5te5 days e>li]1 ! planet w be f\nd a little to ! ea/ 7ab\t fifte5 degrees7 ( :]e he 0 :5 fir/ se5 ! ye> be=e4 ,he is !re 9 ! same position ) relation to u & ! sun t he _h ! prec$+ spr+1 b 9 a slightly diff]5t relation to u & ! />s1 because ! sun lacks sev5te5 days ( hav+ complet$ its app>5t ye>ly j\rney ar\nd ! zodiac4 ,x mu/ /ill g ?r\gh ab\t "o half ( a con/ellation4 ,:5 ,m]cury %[s himself at ea/]n elongation1 he may be se5 9 ! we/ z an ev5+ /> = some:]e ne> a week1 ea* ev5+ draw+ ne>] to ! sun4 ,:5 he disappe>s f view he passes betwe5 u & ! sun1 & ab\t f\r weeks lat] appe>s 9 ! morn+ sky be=e ! sun rises4 ,"u favorable conditions he is aga9 visible = a week or m2 & !n1 aga9 approa*+ ! sun1 he c be se5 no m = ab\t t5 weeks1 dur+ :i* "t he passes ?r\gh sup]ior conjunction on ! o!r side ( ! sun f u & comes back to ea/]n elongation4 ,?us we c get1 "u v favorable conditions1 six %ort views ( ,m]cury dur+ ! ye>--?ree 9 ! ev5+ & ?ree 9 ! morn+4 ,s _m views1 h[ev]1 are r>ely secur$ by any b ! pr(essional obs]v]4 ,! circum/ances may well be consid]$ felicit\s if "o succe$s 9 gett+ a glimpse ( him once or twice a ye>--at 8 favorable situation 9 ! ev5+ 9 ! spr+ & ! morn+ 9 ! autumn4 ,! sight ( him1 ?\gh1 is truly wor? a little inconv5i5ce--ev5 to ! ext5t ( fac+ a cold ev5+ w9d 9 ! v e>ly spr+ or gett+ out ( a com=table b$ be=e dawn dur+ ! fir/ cool morn+s ( autumn4 ,x is h>dly possible to say exactly :]e "o c f9d ,m]cury at all times dur+ a long succession ( revolutions4 ,moreov]1 x is n necess>y4 ,^! computations are made anew ea* ye> by exp]ts 9 ! employ ( ! gov]nm5t1 & ! result is publi%$ 9 ! ,nautical ,almanac4 ,f !re x f9ds its way into all almanacs1 s x is easy ( access to any "o4 ,9 ! almanacs ,m]cury is repres5t$ by ! sign 774 ,x is a conv5tionaliz$ =m ( ! caduceus1 or w&1 c>ri$ by ! god ,m]cury z a symbol ( 8 p[]4 ,! next sev5 ea/]n & we/]n elongations ( ,m]cury occurr+ aft] ! publication ( ?is book are z foll[s3 ,ea/]n ,elongation ,we/]n ,elongation 7,ev5+ ,/>74 7,morn+ ,/>74 #ah ,novemb]1 #aiab4 #bg ,decemb]1 #aiab4 #aj ,m>*1 #aiac4 #bd ,april1 #aiac4 7,favorable = view+47 #g ,july1 #aiac4 #bb ,augu/1 #aiac4 7,favorable = view+47 #a ,novemb]1 #aiac4 #aj ,decemb]1 #aiac4 #bb ,febru>y1 #aiad4 #f ,april1 #aiad4 7,favorable = view+47 #ah ,june1 #aiad4 #e ,augu/1 #aiad4 7,favorable = view+47 #ae ,octob]1 #aiad4 #bc ,novemb]1 #aiad4 ,,di/ance ,,& ,,brightness ,( all ! planets ,m]cury is ne>e/ ! sun4 ,8 av]age di/ance is ?irty-six million miles4 ,he is ne>ly eighty times ne>] ?an ,neptune1 ! out]mo/ planet1 & m ?an two & "o-half times ne>] ?an we are4 ,b 8 orbit dep>ts s f> f be+ a circle t 8 di/ance f ! sun v>ies z mu* z fifte5 million miles4 ,:5 he is ne>e/ ! sun1 or 9 p]ihelion1 he is only tw5ty-eight million miles f x2 :5 he is f>!/1 or 9 aphelion1 8 di/ance is =ty-?ree million miles4 ,!re is ev5 great] v>iation 9 8 di/ance f u4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 8 lea/ possible & 8 greate/ possible di/ance f u is z mu* z eighty-n9e millions ( miles4 ,= ! e>? has an elliptical orbit z well z ,m]cury1 & :5 we are at p]ihelion1 :i* occurs 9 ! w9t]1 we are ?ree millions ( miles ne>] to ! sun ?an we are 9 mid-summ]4 ,if ,m]cury *ances to be !n at 8 greate/ di/ance f ! sun1 & also at inf]ior conjunction1 or betwe5 u & ! sun1 he is only =ty-sev5 millions ( miles f u4 ,if1 :5 we are f>!/ f ! sun1 he also is at 8 greate/ di/ance f x1 & is 9 sup]ior conjunction1 or on ! o!r side ( ! sun f u1 he is "o hundr$ & ?irty-six millions ( miles f u4 ,^! *anges 9 di/ance f ! e>? h mu* to d ) ,m]cury's *anges 9 app>5t brightness to u4 ,at 8 brighte/1 :5 he appe>s at greate/ elongation & we c see him )\t a telescope1 he is bright] ?an ,arcturus1 ! brilliant fir/-magnitude /> 9 ,botes1 t sw+s ov] u nightly f e>ly spr+ to late autumn4 ,:5 se5 ) ! nak$ eye1 he is also r$ 9 color1 some:at l ,arcturus2 b ?r\gh a telescope he is dull silv]1 l ! moon1 or ev5 m a%y 9 8 pal5ess4 ,z he goes f>!r & f>!r f u he becomes dimm] & dimm] & c be foll[$ only ) a telescope until1 ev5 ) ?is aid to vision1 he is lo/ 9 ! rays ( ! sun at sup]ior conjunction4 ,8 app>5t diamet] z ma!matically measur$ v>ies f five seconds1 :5 he is f>!/ away1 to ?irte5 seconds1 :5 he is ne>e/4 ,:5 he is at 8 ne>e/ possible di/ance f u1 light travels f ,m]cury to u 9 a little m ?an f\r m9utes4 ,at 8 greate/ possible di/ance we c\ld n receive ! waves ( light t he s5ds out 9 less ?an twelve m9utes4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 we d n receive !m at all1 =1 z we h se51 he is invisible :5 at 8 greate/ possible di/ance f u1 be+ !n on ! f> side ( ! sun4 ,ano!r cause ( ,m]cury's app>5t *ange 9 brightness is due to ! fact t1 9 common ) ,v5us1 he goes ?r\gh phases f cresc5t to full l ! moon4 ,?is is1 z we h se51 a result ( 8 %9+ only by reflect$ light & ( 8 orbit's be+ betwe5 ours & ! sun4 ,if he %one by 8 own light1 he w\ld be at 8 ne>e/ approa* to u a v brilliant body inde$4 ,z x is1 8 d>k side is turn$ t[>d u :5 he is ne>e/1 & :5 8 full face is illum9at$ he is on ! f> side ( ! sun4 ,we see half ( 8 face :5 he is at greate/ elongation2 b he is brighte/ :5 we see less ?an half1 because he is !n ne>] to u1 & ! diff]5ce 9 di/ance m ?an comp5sates = ! diff]5ce 9 illum9ation4 ,^! phases _c be se5 ) ! nak$ eye1 b x requires only a small telescope to %[ !m1 & a v *>m+ little moon-l body ,m]cury is :5 we see !m4 ,8 horns po9t t[>d ! ea/ :5 he is com+ t[>d u & ne>+ inf]ior conjunction1 & :5 he is back+ away f u & go+ t[>d greate/ we/]n elongation !y po9t t[>d ! we/4 ,x 0 ?r\gh ! blunt+ ( "o ( ^! horns :5 ! planet 0 9 c]ta9 positions t a m\nta9\s surface 0 suspect$1 s great is ! significance ( small details 9 obs]vations4 ,z a m]e place f :i* to view ! o!r bright bodies ,m]cury w\ld be f> sup]ior to ! e>?4 ,he n only has ! sun ne>ly sev5 times l>g] 9 appe>ance at its mean di/ance ?an we see x1 b1 be+ himself ne>e/ ! sun1 all ! o!r planets are out] planets 9 relation to him1 & all h _! discs fully illum9at$4 ,! e>? & ! moon1 z se5 f ,m]cury1 w\ld %[ z a spl5did pair ( />s circl+ ab\t ea* o!r1 ! e>? m brilliant ?an any fir/-magnitude />1 & ! moon ( ! ?ird magnitude1 or ab\t z bright z ,phecda1 ! /> at ! bottom ( ! b[l ( ! ,big ,dipp]1 j "u ! beg9n+ ( ! h&le4 ,! e>? w\ld %[ a disc ( ab\t tw5ty seconds1 & ! moon "o ( ab\t eight seconds1 ) a di/ance betwe5 !m ( ab\t #hga seconds4 ,"s idea ( :at ?is di/ance is may be _h if "o kn[s ,miz>1 ! /> at ! b5d ( ! h&le ( ! ,dipp]1 & its t9y %9+ att5dant1 ,alcor4 ,^! two />s are #gjh seconds ap>t4 ,! di/ance betwe5 !m is ab\t equal to "o-?ird ( ! diamet] ( ! moon z measur$ f ! e>?4 ,x does n appe> to be ne>ly s mu* z t1 & "s p]sons h difficulty 9 sep>at+ ! two />s2 b ! moon is n only incon/ant b deceptive1 & ow+ to its brilliancy seems always proportionately l>g] ?an x really measures4 ,v5us w\ld appe> f ,m]cury z mu* z f\r times z l>ge z %e seems to u--a v]itable little moon1 & always full1 h] size v>y+ slightly z ,m]cury spe$$ back & =? f ! f>!/ to ! ne>e/ po9t 9 8 orbit1 *ang+ ! extreme ( ! di/ance betwe5 !m f "o hundr$ & t5 million to less ?an tw5ty-f\r million miles4 ,if ,m]cury ne$$ a moon1 he c\ld well f9d "s consolation = 8 lack ( x 9 ! pres5ce ( ! lovely ,v5us 9 8 sky4 ,,m]cury',s ,,size ,,& ,,! ,,consequ5ces ,,( ,,x ,m]cury is ! smalle/ ( all ! major planets4 ,8 diamet] is ab\t ?ree ?\s& miles4 ,x is only ab\t n9e hundr$ miles great] ?an t ( our moon4 ,! surface ( ,m]cury is only "o-sev5? t ( ! e>?1 & 8 volume only "o-tw5tie?4 ,jupit] & ,saturn ea* h a satellite t is consid]ably l>g]4 ,m]cury w\ld make a spl5did satellite or a giant a/]oid1 b z a planet seems h>dly to h _h a fair *ance 9 life4 ,= be+ a small planet means some?+ m ?an be+ con/ruct$ on small] l9es ?an "s o!rs are4 ,x means a diff]5ce 9 physical developm5t4 ,x means less p[] to hold ! gases t compose an atmosph]e1 :i* is ! cov] t %ields ! planets f ! too burn+ rays ( ! sun & keeps _! int]nal heat f radiat+ too quickly into space4 ,x means less p[] to resi/ ! tidal friction t ! p>5t body uses z a brake to ret>d rotation4 ,x means a %ort] "t ( activity 9 life1 & a long1 dull1 monoton\s old age4 ,! nucleus t 0 deta*$ f ! great spiral1 or ! portion ( nebula t 0 sep>at$ 9 :atev] way f ! p>5t body1 to =m ,m]cury *anc$ to be a small "o4 ,be+ small1 x 0 unable to add mat]ially to its mass by attract+ o!r p>ticles to x ?r\gh ! p[] ( gravitation1 z a l>g] planet might d1 & ?us ,m]cury 0 doom$ to develop ) ! limitations t nature's law has decre$ z inevitable 9 ! small bodies ( our sol> sy/em1 be !y planets1 satellites1 or a/]oids4 ,( ^! limitations ! fir/ & mo/ f>-rea*+ 9 its effect is ! feebl5ess ( its =ce ( gravity1 or p[] to attract o!r bodies4 ,m]cury's =ce ( gravity is small4 ,x is small] ?an t ( any ( ! o!r planets4 ,x is a little less ?an "o-qu>t] t ( ! e>?4 ,! same weight ( fea!rs t w\ld compose a pill[ "h w\ld make a :ole fea!r b$ on ,m]cury4 ,any object weigh+ "o hundr$ p\nds "h w\ld weigh only tw5ty-f\r !re4 ,! mat]ials compos+ our e>? & all ! planets are held toge!r only by ! =ce ( gravity4 ,! air we brea! w\ld d>t (f into space ) almo/ incr$ible fleetness if ! e>? _h n suffici5t gravitative =ce to hold x4 ,its p>ticles are /ruggl+ all ! "t to get beyond ?is p[]4 ,! lighte/ ( !m d get beyond x & are lo/1 & ! less p[] we h to hold !m ! soon] !y leave u4 ,! great] ! mass ( a body1 ! r>] ! gases x c hold 9 its atmosph]e1 = ?is my/]i\s =ce :i* pulls ev]y?+ t[>d ! c5t] ( a planet dep5ds ^u its mass1 or ! quantity ( mat]ial 9 x4 ,! planet may be v l>ge because x is v mu* exp&$4 ,x may be gase\s ev51 & its mass w\ld !n be v small 9 proportion to t ( a solid body ( ! same size4 ,z x cond5ses1 ! p>ticles draw clos] & clos] toge!r1 ! d5sity increases2 b ! mass is ! same4 ,x is only ! size t dim9i%es4 ,s a planet ) a small mass />ts out 9 life ) a disadvantage4 ,x n only has little p[] to gr[ by draw+ 9 p>ticles f its environm5t1 b also has little p[] to hold su* z by _! nature are volatile & swift ( motion1 z ! molecules ( gases are4 ,! mass ( ,m]cury is n exactly kn[n4 ,! only way we h ( measur+ ! masses ( ! planets is by _! influ5ce ?r\gh gravitation on o!r bodies ne> !m4 ,:5 a planet has satellites1 ! movem5ts ( ! satellites tell ! /ory1 & by ma!matical calculation ! am\nt ( mat]ial 9 ! planet c be det]m9$4 ,b ,m]cury has no satellite1 & ! only way to det]m9e 8 mass is by obs]vation ( 8 influ5ce on ,v5us1 & on an occasional comet :i* passes ne> en\gh to be di/urb$ by ! planet4 ,! p>ticul> comet :i* has be5 useful 9 det]m9+ ! mass ( ,m]cury is ,encke's4 ,on pass+ ne> ! sun x comes sometimes ne> ,m]cury1 & ! pull x has repeat$ly receiv$ f t little planet on su* occasions is ?\ght to be l>gely responsible = ! comet's hav+ become a "p ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,! *anges 9 its orbit caus$ by ^! enc\nt]s %[ ! p[] ( ,m]cury1 & h5ce ! mass4 ,9 ^! ways ! mass ( ,m]cury has be5 f\nd1 ) reasonable belief 9 its accuracy1 to be ab\t ?ree "o-hundr$?s t ( ! e>?4 ,yet !re are1 inde$1 consid]able diff]5ces reg>d+ x among a/ronom]s4 ,! exact figures are n important to any b ! close /ud5t4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! mass ( ,m]cury is v small--s small t ! planet probably nev] _h mu* atmosph]e1 & almo/ und\bt$ly has none to speak ( n[4 ,! planet c\ld n hold any molecule mov+ fa/] ?an two & =ty-five "o-hundr$?s miles a second1 & few gases move z sl[ly z ?is4 ,! proportion ( light t ,m]cury reflects to t :i* he receives also po9ts to a probable sc>city ( atmosph]e4 ,if he _h an atmosph]e1 x w\ld h cl\ds4 ,cl\ds h a v high reflect+ p[]1 giv+ out ab\t sev5ty-two p] c5t4 ( ! light t falls ^u !m4 ,m]cury reflects only f\rte5 p] c5t4 ( ! light he receives1 :i* %[s at lea/ a lack ( cl\ds1 & some?+ m4 ,x indicates a h>d1 d>k1 almo/ metallic surface1 & a v consid]able d5sity4 ,d5sity1 h[ev]1 is ! only quality 9 ! possession ( :i* ,m]cury seems to occupy a middle gr\nd among ! planets1 be+ slightly less d5se ?an ei!r ,v5us1 or ,m>s1 or ! e>?4 ,! e>? is ! d5se/ ( all ! planets1 & x is ab\t "o-?ird m d5se ?an ,m]cury4 ,d5sity is simply ! clos5ess ) :i* ! p>ticles compos+ a body are pack$ toge!r4 ,a piece ( gold1 = example1 is d5s] ?an a piece ( iron ( ! same size4 ,,:at ,,! ,,sun ,,does ,,= ,,m]cury ,x is probable t ,m]cury has no alt]nations ( light & d>kness1 caus+ day & night su* z we "k !m4 ,t is1 ! planet does n rotate on its axis 9 su* a way z to turn fir/ "o side & !n ! o!r t[>d ! sun z ! e>? does4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 "s o!r ?+s1 ,m]cury mu/ accept ! fate t ov]takes _m o!r small bodies :i* revolve ar\nd l>ge ones--t ( our moon1 = in/ance1 & ! satellites ( "s ( ! o!r planets4 ,work+ "u ! law ( gravitation1 :i* gives su* p[] to ! l>ge bodies1 ! sun has s ret>d$ ! rotation ( ,m]cury t ! planet n[ makes b "o rotation on its axis dur+ "o circuit ar\nd t c5tral body1 & s keeps always ! same face t[>d ! sun4 ,"s a/ronom]s d n reg>d ?is z hav+ be5 :olly prov$2 b all ! lat] obs]vations ( ,m]cury /rongly indicate t x is ! fact1 & x is com+ to be m & m reg>d$ z e/abli%$4 ,b1 ev5 if ?is is ! pr$icam5t into :i* ,m]cury has come1 ! planet is probably n 9 s bad a plight z _m ano!r body to :i* ! same sort ( ?+ has happ5$4 ,! extreme ecc5tricity ( 8 orbit1 :i* has giv5 him ! true m]curial temp]am5t1 result+ 9 sprightl9ess1 agility1 & *angeabl5ess1 is acc\ntable = "s mitigat+ circum/ances4 ,! sun may hold him s t he _c turn 8 face away f t lum9>y2 b x _c keep him f rotat+ on 8 axis at a uni=m rate ( spe$1 & f ?is1 comb9$ ) ! vag>ies caus$ by 8 ecc5tric orbit1 come "s int]e/+ ?+s4 ,s9ce ,m]cury is less ?an two-?irds z f> f ! sun at p]ihelion z he is at aphelion1 !re is a correspond+ v>iation 9 8 rate ( spe$4 ,:5 he is ne>e/ ! sun1 at p]ihelion1 he d>ts along at ! rate ( ?irty-five miles a second2 at aphelion1 :5 he is f>!/ f ! sun1 he travels only tw5ty-?ree miles a second4 ,tw5ty-?ree miles 9 "o second is n exactly a snail's pace1 t]re/rially consid]$1 & x is fa/] ?an ! e>? moves at any "t2 b ! planet 0 nam$ ,m]cury because ( 8 swiftness1 & we w\ld n expect mu* lagg+ ev5 :5 he is mov+ at 8 sl[e/ gait4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 spe$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( 8 orbit causes :at is call$ ! librations ( ,m]cury4 ,:5 he is travel+ at 8 swifte/ pace he gets a little ahead ( 8 rotation1 ! spe$ ( :i* is uni=m1 & ?us ?r[s ! sunlight some:at f>!r ar\nd on "o side4 ,:5 8 spe$ decreases1 he falls beh9d 8 "t ( rotation1 & ?us gets a little m sunlight on ! o!r side4 ,?us1 dur+ ea* revolution he juggles ! sunlight a little f>!r ar\nd him ?an he c\ld if he 7 a m /eady-go+ planet4 ,^! librations result 9 !re be+ two /rips on ! surface ( ,m]cury--"o on ea* side--:i* und\bt$ly h a day & night1 v>y+ 9 l5g? 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! /rips4 ,! "p t lies ne>e/ ! illum9at$ side ( ! planet has alt]nate p]iods ( sunlight & d>kness1 ea* ( consid]able duration1 :ile t "p ne>e/ ! d>k side has m]ely a glimm] ( sunlight e eighty-eight days1 :i* is ,m]cury's sid]eal ye>1 or ! "t requir$ = him to make "o revolution ar\nd ! sun4 ,^! two /rips on :i* ! light v>ies comprise ab\t "o-eigh? ( ! surface ( ,m]cury4 ,"o half ( 8 entire surface is always light1 & ( ! o!r ?ree-eigh?s are always d>k4 ,x is ?is d>k1 cold side t is turn$ t[>d u :5 ,m]cury is ne>e/ to u4 ,x is possible t on ^? p>ts ( ,m]cury :]e ! sunlight & d>kness are un/able !re may be some?+ resembl+ a tol]able temp]ature4 ,!y are some?+ m ?an a ?\s& miles 9 bread?1 & p]haps ne> ! c5t] ( !m ! sun may give heat suffici5t to enliv5 & yet n burn4 ,m ?an likely1 !y are alt]nately scor*$ & froz54 ,= x takes m ?an ! m]e pres5ce ( sunlight to make a climate tol]able4 ,atmosph]e is :at is necess>y1 & we h se5 t ,m]cury has probably lo/ practically all 8 atmosph]e long1 long ago4 ,an atmosph]e absorbs mu* ( ! radiant en]gy t comes f ! sun be=e x rea*es ! m solid p>ts ( a planet1 & x also acts z a blanket 9 prev5t+ ! too rapid escape ( su* heat z ! planet may h acquir$4 ,?us x has ! d\bly b5efic5t (fice ( temp]+ ! rays t w\ld o!rwise be scor*+ & ( h9d]+ a radiation t w\ld leave ! planet /iff5$ & froz54 ,/iff5$ & froz5 is :at ! d>k side ( ,m]cury und\bt$ly is4 ,! sun has nev] %one ^u x s9ce ,m]cury became a solid body4 ,all ! inh]5t heat x _h has long s9ce pass$ (f into space1 & its temp]ature mu/ be some:]e ne> ! absolute z]o4 ,! absolute z]o is ! po9t 9 temp]ature :]e all kn[n sub/ances become solid4 ,x is m ?an #dej bel[ ! ,fahr5heit z]o1 or m ?an #cej l[] ?an any temp]ature record$ 9 our arctic regions--a degree ( cold un?9kable to any b ! sci5ti/4 ,on ! o!r side ( ,m]cury ! heat is beyond any?+ we h any notion (4 ,) an equal atmosph]e x w\ld receive f ! sun six ?\s& times z mu* light & heat z ,neptune on an equal space1 &1 on an av]age1 sev5 times z mu* z ! e>?4 ,at ,m]cury's di/ance f ! sun 8 hot side w\ld be m ?an #cjj above z]o1 if !re 7 absolutely no atmosph]ic protection4 ,ev5 ?\gh temp]$ by a ?9 atmosph]e1 z x may be1 ! heat on ?is side is /ill probably en\gh to boil away any wat] t might be !re & to *ange "s o!r sub/ances f :at we reg>d z _! normal /ate4 ,/ability1 at lea/1 is a quality ( ! hot & ! cold side ( ,m]cury4 ,scor*$ & se>$ & desolate ( life1 z we "k x1 ! "o side lies "u a blaz+1 dazzl+ sun4 ,cold & h>d & bleak1 & no less desolate1 ! o!r side turns its face t[>d ! d>kness ( space4 ,?us !y w rema9 until ! end ( "t4 ,& let u hope t1 :5 ! f9al cata/rophe occurs & a new nebula is =m$1 ! matt] compos+ ,m]cury may f9d a place 9 a l>g] mass1 & 9 its new inc>nation h a full] & l>g] life4 ,x is ! atmosph]e also :i* causes twilight1 z well z ! gradual *ang+ f heat to cold4 ,) no atmosph]e1 we w\ld drop f full daylight to ! d>kness ( />light at ! sett+ ( ! sun4 ,s1 ) ! ?9 air t ,m]cury probably has 7if he has any71 ! two zones :i* are alt]nately light & d>k1 & hot & cold1 are n mu* bett] (f ?an ! p>ts :i* are p]man5tly ei!r light or d>k4 ,!y are plung$ alt]nately f ! temp]ature & light ( ! hot side ( ,m]cury to ! temp]ature ( ! cold side1 ) few gradations to prep>e !m = su* extremes4 ,?us ! only "p ( ! planet t might be expect$ to h any v>iations ( seasons fulfils ! expectation ) little satisfaction4 ,! only *anges 9 climate :i* may h an appreciable effect are ma9ly ^? caus$ by ! ecc5tricity ( ,m]cury's orbit1 :i* c>ries him s ne> ! sun at c]ta9 times & s comp>atively f> away at o!rs4 ,:5 he is ne>e/ ! sun he receives m ?an twice z mu* heat & light z :5 he is f>!/ away4 ,at aphelion he receives f\r times z mu* heat & light z ! e>?4 ,at p]ihelion ! am\nt ( heat & light is increas$ to m ?an n9e times t ( ! e>?4 ,s9ce x takes ,m]cury a little m ?an twelve weeks to make "o revolution ar\nd ! sun1 he passes f ne>e/ di/ance to f>!/1 or ! rev]se1 e six weeks4 ,& ?us1 z view$ f ! planet1 ! sun exp&s gradually = six weeks until x has increas$ its diamet] two & "o-half times1 & ! next six weeks x dim9i%es 9 ! same proportion4 ,at su* times1 ( c\rse1 ! am\nt ( heat is m or less accord+ to ! planet's di/ance f ! sun2 b all ! "t x is v great4 ,moreov]1 x is believ$ t ! axis on :i* ,m]cury rotates /&s p]p5dicul> to 8 orbit4 ,?is be+ ! case1 !re w\ld be on ,m]cury no *ange ( seasons su* z ! e>? has4 ,! e>?'s axis is incl9$ a little m ?an tw5ty-?ree degrees to its orbit1 & f ?is we get ! sun's rays 9 a great v>iety ( directions & diff]5t degrees ( obliquity1 caus+ ! seasons1 z we "k !m1 9 grateful v>iation4 ,) ! axis p]p5dicul>1 z x probably is 9 ! case ( ,m]cury1 ! sun's rays fall on ! face ( ! planet always ) ! same degree ( directness1 ! only relief f _! greate/ heat be+ :5 ! planet backs away f ! sun e six weeks1 & :5 9 8 librations he turns fir/ "o sun-burn$ *eek & !n ! o!r t[>d ! coolness ( space4 ,?us we mu/ reg>d ! smalle/ ( our family ( planets1 ,m]cury1 z always ! dw>f among u1 ) nev] a fair *ance to develop a ri* & lusci\s life accord+ to our ideas ( su* a life4 ,beat5 by ! sun's h>d rays1 & ) no suffici5t atmosph]ic protection2 pull+ always at 8 te!r1 b held firmly ) 8 face to ! c5t]2 circl+ at times ) m]curial swiftness & ?us *eat+ ! sun into s5d+ its rays f>!r t[>d ! d>k1 cold side ( him ?an x o!rwise w\ld1 & ) all 8 defects f a human po9t ( view1 we may /ill reg>d him z a "r m]ry1 rogui% little planet1 aft] all4 ,he may be prematurely ag$1 he may h miss$ _m exp]i5ces t ! l>g] planets are hav+1 he may h a long "t to wait = ! f9al *ange t w reunite u all2 b he is n ly+ 9 sluggi% inactivity until x comes4 ,9 view ( ! fact t he is ! only planet t tw9kles1 may x n sugge/1 :5 we see 8 ruddy face pe]+ ?r\gh ! ?ick atmosph]ic mi/s ne> our horizon1 t ! impi% little body is w9k+ at u1 & t x may be ) planets z x is ) p3 !y may n always be 9 an un=tunate plight because _! fate is diff]5t f ours8 ,,transits ,occasionally ,m]cury passes at inf]ior conjunction betwe5 u & ! disc ( ! sun1 appe>+ l a black spot aga9/ ! sun1 & ?us makes :at we call a transit4 ,because ! planet is s small1 8 transit across ! sun _c be se5 ) ! nak$ eye2 b x is an int]e/+ ph5om5on to ^? :o c view x ) a telescope1 ?\gh1 app>5tly1 a/ronom]s d n reg>d x z hav+ any great sci5tific importance4 ,x is dur+ a transit1 h[ev]1 t we wat* = confirmation ( ! !ories conc]n+ ,m]cury's atmosph]e1 :i*1 if x 7 a reality1 w\ld %[ a diffus$ light ab\t ! planet2 & until ?is "q is settl$ beyond any dispute x w always come up at ! "t ( a transit ( ,m]cury4 ,at ne>ly e transit "s obs]v] sees ^! indications ( an atmosph]e2 b ! bett] ! telescope1 ! less !y seem to be se54 ,h5ce x is probable t !re is an illusion some:]e ei!r ( eye1 or in/rum5t1 or m9d1 & t ! majority op9ion1 :i* accords to ,m]cury practically no atmosph]e1 is ab\t ! correct "o4 ,^! transits occur at int]vals ( sev51 ?irte51 or =ty-six ye>s1 accord+ to ! position ( ! e>?4 ,!y w\ld occur e "t t ,m]cury pass$ inf]ior conjunction if ! e>?'s orbit & t ( ,m]cury 7 9 exactly ! same plane4 ,b ! orbit ( ,m]cury1 we h se51 is tilt$ out ( ! plane ( ! ecliptic1 :i* m>ks our orbit1 sev5 degrees1 s t ! only "t ! e>? & ! planet are any:]e ne>ly 9 ! same plane is :5 !y are at or ne> ! po9ts :]e _! orbits cross ea* o!r4 ,! e>? is ne> ! two po9ts :]e ,m]cury crosses ! ecliptic ab\t ,may #h? & ,novemb] #i?1 s t transits c occur only ne> ^! dates4 ,m]cury passes ^! po9ts f\r times e ye>1 or once 9 ea* revolution ar\nd ! sun4 ,b ! e>? is n always !re at ! same "t1 & x is because ( ?is t transits occur only 9 p]iods ( sev51 ?irte51 or =ty-six ye>s4 ,!y occur m frequ5tly 9 ,novemb] ?an 9 ,may4 ,! la/ transit 0 9 ,novemb]1 #aijg4 ,! next w be on ,novemb] #g1 #aiad1 & !re w n be ano!r 9 ,novemb] until #aibg1 an int]val ( ?irte5 ye>s4 ,b at ! po9t :]e ! ,may transits occur !re w be "o on ,may #g1 #aibd4 ,,xi ,,v5us ,( all ! planets lovely ,v5us is ! "o t is be/ kn[n & mo/ admir$4 ,x f> exce$s all ! o!r planets 9 brilliancy & beauty :5 z an ev5+ /> x hangs 9 graci\s silv]y s(tness above ! sun1 :i* has j pass$ bel[ ! horizon2 & x is n less surpass+ 9 lovel9ess :5 z a morn+ /> x comes into view %ortly be=e ! sun rises1 its gl[+ face /ill silv]y & bright1 b yet t+$ ) ! rosy flu% ( ! ea/]n morn+ sky4 ,9 ei!r position x nev] tw9kles z ,m]cury sometimes does1 b %9es s /eadily & s(tly t at times its disc c almo/ be se5 ) ! nak$ eye1 & x has su* brilliancy t its light c (t5 be se5 9 ! daytime1 if "o kn[s :5 & h[ to look = ! planet4 ,at its brighte/ x frequ5tly ?r[s a light suffici5tly /rong to ca/ a %ad[1 z "o may easily prove by hold+ a book or "s o!r opaque object betwe5 ,v5us & a :ite backgr\nd1 su* z ! wall ( a :ite h\se4 ,x is six times z bright z ! brighte/ ( all ! fix$ />s1 ,sirius1 ! beautiful dog-/>1 :i* we see 9 w9t] *as+ across ! s\!rn skies aft] ,orion4 ,v5us's sup]ior brilliancy is due 9 "p to ! fact t x comes ne>] to ! e>? ?an any o!r planet2 b x is also intr9sically bright] ?an any ( ! o!rs4 ,f equal areas x reflects almo/ f\r times z mu* light z ,m]cury & ?ree times z mu* z ,m>s4 ,,:5 ,,& ,,:]e ,,to ,,see ,,v5us ,:5 ,v5us appe>s 9 ! sky %e is n (t5 mi/ak5 = any o!r planet4 ,among all ! planets %e is ! mo/ readily recogniz$ & ! easie/ to f9d4 ,?is is due l>gely to h] extreme brilliancy & a peculi> silv]y appe>ance t none ( ! o!r planets h2 b also1 9 "p1 to h] limit$ range 9 ! sky1 & h] favorable situation = obs]vation4 ,unlike ,m]cury1 %e is f> en\gh away f ! sun to be se5 above ! horizon = z mu* z ?ree h\rs aft] sunset1 & is !n suffici5tly high 9 ! heav5s to be se5 free f ! vapors ( ! atmosph]e at ! horizon4 ,yet1 be+ "o ( ! inf]ior planets1 ) h] orbit small] & ne>] ! sun ?an t ( ! e>?1 %e c nev] get s f> f ! sun z to be at any uncom=table height = view+1 & h5ce1 :5 %e c be se5 at all1 is always an obvi\s bit ( brilliancy & a joy to ! behold]4 ,%e is nev] high] 9 ! sky ?an =ty-five degrees1 :i* is half-way betwe5 ! horizon & ! z5i?1 & is nev] f>!r away f ! sun ?an =ty-eight degrees4 ,"o frequ5tly sees a bright planet high] up 9 ! heav5s ?an ?is2 b x is nev] ,v5us nor ,m]cury4 ,we fir/ beg9 to notice ,v5us 9 ! ev5+ sky ab\t six weeks aft] %e has pass$ sup]ior conjunction4 ,%e is !n v ne> ! sun1 & sets a little less ?an half an h\r aft] sund[n4 ,ev5+ by ev5+ %e gr[s gradually bright]1 m\nts high] & high] 9 ! sky &1 consequ5tly1 sets correspond+ly lat]1 until 9 a little m ?an sev5 mon?s aft] sup]ior conjunction1 & ab\t six mon?s aft] we h begun to wat* h]1 %e rea*es h] greate/ elongation ea/ f ! sun4 ,at t "t %e is usually some:]e ne> =ty-five degrees above ! sun1 & is a v lovely & conspicu\s object 9 ! ev5+ sky1 sett+ a little m ?an ?ree h\rs aft] sund[n4 ,f ?is po9t %e beg9s to travel back t[>d ! sun1 /ill becom+ bright] ea* ev5+1 because %e is really com+ ne>] to u2 & 9 ab\t f\r or five weeks %e atta9s ! greate/ brilliancy t %e w h z an ev5+ /> dur+ ! p>ticul> revolution %e is mak+4 ,ab\t twelve days aft] h] brighte/ %e w rea* ! po9t :]e %e seems to be /ation>y = a "t4 ,?is is :5 %e is ab\t to ov]take u 9 our j\rney ar\nd ! sun4 ,aft] a %ort pause %e w move on gradually1 h] c\rse among ! />s !n be+ retrograde or we/w>d2 b :at we mo/ notice is t %e is draw+ ne>] to ! sun1 sett+ e>li] ea* ev5+1 & becom+ m & m difficult to see4 ,at ! end ( ab\t ?ree weeks %e is 9 inf]ior conjunction1 on a l9e betwe5 u & ! sun1 & invisible4 ,%e has run h] c\rse z an ev5+ /> = n9e & a half mon?s1 & has be5 visible any:]e f sev5 to eight mon?s1 ! "t ( h] invisibility dep5d+ ^u ! eye ( ! obs]v] & ! conditions ( situation & atmosph]e4 ,a week or two lat] we %all f9d h] a spl5did morn+ />1 ris+ ne>ly an h\r e>li] ?an ! sun4 ,ab\t ?ree weeks !reaft] %e w be at h] brighte/ z a morn+ />1 & w cont9ue to be v brilliant = "s weeks4 ,9 ab\t five m weeks %e w h rea*$ h] greate/ elongation we/ ( ! sun1 & w rise ab\t ?ree h\rs & a half be=e dawn4 ,!n %e w beg9 to retrace h] pa?1 mov+ ea/w>d1 gr[+ small] all ! "t z %e goes f>!r away f u1 & %[+ a sl[] app>5t movem5t1 :i* gives "o an agreeable s5se ( a reluctant p>t+1 until aft] a little m ?an sev5 mon?s %e w h rea*$ ! sun & w aga9 be 9 sup]ior conjunction4 ,%e has !n be5 a morn+ /> = n9e & a half mon?s1 & has be5 visible = ab\t ! same l5g? ( "t t %e 0 :5 %e %one z an ev5+ />4 ,?is is a brief outl9e ( a typical j\rney ( ,v5us ?r\gh "o synodic revolution4 ,%e began "o ( ^! j\rneys on ,july #e1 #aiab1 be+ !n 9 sup]ior conjunction4 ,dur+ ! autumn ( ?is ye> & ! w9t] ( #aiab-ac %e may be se5 %9+ ) great brilliancy 9 ! we/ at sunset1 & a few h\rs !reaft]4 ,e>ly 9 ,novemb]1 #aiab1 %e & ,jupit] w bo? be 9 ,scorpio1 :]e !y w approa* )9 two degrees ( ea* o!r2 & !re is no d\bt t _! pres5ce w add mu* *>m to t region ( ! sky dur+ ! entire autumn4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ,febru>y1 #aiac1 ,v5us w appe> half-way up to ! z5i? at sunset4 ,%e w !n be at h] greate/ di/ance ea/ ( ! sun1 & w be v bright2 b1 ?\gh a little ne>] ! sun1 %e w be /ill bright] %ortly aft] ! middle ( ,m>*4 ,a mon? lat] %e w be invisible1 & inf]ior conjunction w occur on ,april #bd?4 ,dur+ mo/ ( ,may & all ( ,june & ,july %e w be a morn+ />1 & h] brilliant beauty w well repay an e>ly morn+ outlook4 ,%e w get back to sup]ior conjunction on ,febru>y #aa1 #aiad1 & 9 t ye> %e w be 9 an ideal situation = u to cultivate a m intimate acqua9tance ) h]4 ,f ! latt] "p ( ,m>* to ,novemb]1 #aiad1 %e w be ! brighte/ /> 9 ! we/]n ev5+ sky1 & w d mu* to enhance ! beauty ( ! pleasant summ] ev5+s ( t ye>4 ,! /urdy1 r$-fac$ ,m>s w meet h] on ,augu/ #e?1 a little m ?an a mon? be=e greate/ ea/]n elongation1 & might almo/ kiss h] pale *eek z !y pass )9 "o-six? ( a degree ( ea* o!r1 a di/ance equal to less ?an "o-?ird ( ! diamet] ( ! moon4 ,! next long p]iod :5 ,v5us w %9e z an ev5+ /> w comprise ! spr+ & e>ly summ] ( #aiaf4 ,%e w be at h] greate/ di/ance f ! sun dur+ ! la/ week ( ,april1 & w n pass f view until ab\t ! fir/ ( ,july4 ,!n aga9 %e w be an ev5+ />1 & s se5 9 ! we/ dur+ ! autumn ( #aiag & ! w9t] ( #aiag-ah1 rea*+ greate/ ea/]n elongation dur+ ! fir/ few days ( ,decemb]1 #aiag4 ,h] next return to ! ev5+ sky w be = ! fir/ eight mon?s ( #aiai1 & ! next w be = ! w9t] ( #aibj-ba & ! spr+ ( #aiba4 ,! synodic p]iod ( ,v5us is ne>ly five hundr$ & eighty-f\r days1 or a little m ?an "o ye> & sev5 mon?s4 ,t is1 ! planet returns to ! same position ) relation to ! sun & ! e>? at int]vals ( ab\t t l5g?4 ,! int]vals d v>y1 h[ev]1 z mu* z a week or m1 ow+ to ! v>i\s motions & situations ( ! planet & ! e>?4 ,b e eight ye>s ,v5us & ! e>? come ar\nd to almo/ exactly ! same relative position ) ea* o!r & ! sun & ! />s1 & ?us ! appe>ances ( ,v5us at ! v>i\s seasons practically repeat !mselves e eight ye>s4 ,! full spl5dor t %e is to (f] u 9 ! summ] ( #aiad w be repeat$ 9 #aibb1 j z t ( #aiad w b repeat t :i* %e %[$ 9 #aijf4 ,& 9 ea* ( ! int]v5+ ye>s %e w h aga9 ! same appe>ances t %e _h eight ye>s be=e4 ,) ! foll[+ table z a guide1 ! appe>ances ( ,v5us c be foll[$ ?r\gh a numb] ( ye>s ) suffici5t accuracy = any b a close /ud5t ( h] movem5ts4 ,! exact dates ( elongations & conjunctions w v>y a few days1 b = at lea/ two or ?ree multiples ( eight ye>s n en\gh to make any mat]ial diff]5ce 9 h] v>i\s aspects4 #aiac--aiba--aibi--aicg ,greate/ ea/]n elongation1 ,febru>y #ab?4 ,inf]ior conjunction1 ,april #bd?4 ,greate/ we/]n elongation1 ,july #c;d4 #aiad--aibb--aicj--aich ,sup]ior conjunction1 ,febru>y #aa?4 ,greate/ ea/]n elongation1 ,septemb] #ag?4 ,inf]ior conjunction1 ,novemb] #bg?4 #aiae--aibc--aica ,greate/ we/]n elongation1 ,febru>y #h?4 ,sup]ior conjunction1 ,septemb] #ad?4 #aiaf--aibd--aicb ,greate/ ea/]n elongation1 ,april #bf?4 ,inf]ior conjunction1 ,july #e?4 ,greate/ we/]n elongation1 ,septemb] #ad?4 #aiag--aibe--aicc ,sup]ior conjunction1 ,april #bh?4 ,greate/ ea/]n elongation1 ,decemb] #b;d4 #aiah--aibf--aicd ,inf]ior conjunction1 ,febru>y #aa?4 ,greate/ ea/]n elongation1 ,april #bb;d4 ,sup]ior conjunction1 ,novemb] #be?4 #aiai--aibg--aice ,greate/ ea/]n elongation1 ,july #f?4 ,inf]ior conjunction1 ,septemb] #ad?4 ,greate/ we/]n elongation1 ,novemb] #be?4 #aibj--aibh ,sup]ior conjunction1 ,july #e?4 ,! meet+s ( ,v5us ) ! o!r planets d n1 h[ev]1 occur ) ?is delightful regul>ity4 ,!y all are mov+ ab\t 9 _! own ways1 & engag$ 9 _! own affairs1 & only ! e>? gets back to repeat ! meet+ ) h] 9 j eight ye>s4 ,^! eight-ye> cycles are due to ! fact t ,v5us makes ?irte5 revolutions ar\nd ! sun :ile ! e>? makes eight4 ,h] j\rney ar\nd ! sun requires a little less ?an two hundr$ & tw5ty-five days 7#bbd4gj71 & ! e>? completes its revolution 9 a little m ?an ?ree hundr$ & sixty-five days 7#cfe4be74 ,s at ! end ( ab\t two ?\s& n9e hundr$ & tw5ty-two days--:i* equals eight ye>s--!y come into almo/ exactly ! same relative positions 9 _! orbits ) :i* !y />t$ out1 & beg9 ! cycle anew4 ,,di/ance ,,& ,,brilliancy ,! mean di/ance ( ,v5us f ! sun is #fg1bfi1jjj miles4 ,h] orbit m ne>ly approa*es ! =m ( a circle ?an t ( any o!r planet4 ,x is1 l ! orbits ( ! o!r planets1 an ellipse1 b ( su* small ecc5tricity t ! diff]5ce betwe5 h] greate/ & lea/ di/ance f ! sun is sc>cely m ?an a million miles4 ,light1 travel+ z x does1 at ! rate ( a little m ?an "o hundr$ & eighty-six ?\s& miles a second1 goes f ! sun to ,v5us 9 ab\t six m9utes4 ,x takes some?+ m ?an eight m9utes = light-rays to come f ! sun to u4 ,:5 ,v5us is ne>e/ ! e>?1 h] silv]y beams come swiftly across to u 9 a little m ?an two m9utes4 ,:5 %e is f>!/ f u1 ! rays ( light require a few seconds m ?an f\rte5 m9utes to travel ov] ! di/ance4 ,%e is1 :5 at h] greate/ di/ance1 m ?an "o hundr$ & ?irty-five million miles f>!r f u ?an :5 at h] ne>e/4 ,?is diff]5ce is due n to any great ecc5tricity 9 h] orbit1 or 9 t ( ! e>?1 su* z causes ,m]cury's great v>iations ( di/ance1 b to ! situation ( ! two bodies 9 _! orbits3 !y are ne>e/ toge!r :5 !y are on ! same side ( ! sun1 & f>!/ ap>t :5 on opposite sides4 ,usually at inf]ior conjunction ,v5us is a little m ?an tw5ty-five million miles f ! e>?4 ,at h] ne>e/ possible approa* to u1 h[ev]1 :i* takes place at inf]ior conjunction1 :5 ! e>? is ne>e/ ! sun & ,v5us is f>!/ f x1 a situation :i* occurs only once or twice 9 a c5tury1 ! di/ance betwe5 u & ! planet is only a little m ?an tw5ty-?ree million miles4 ,?is is ne>] ?an any o!r heav5ly body ev] approa*es u1 except ! moon &1 s f> z we n[ "k1 "o small a/]oid4 ,also1 x is ne>] ?an ,v5us comes to any o!r heav5ly body except p]haps ,m]cury4 ,h] ne>e/ approa* to t planet is also ab\t tw5ty-?ree million miles4 ,un=tunately1 our comp>ative proximity to ?is beautiful planet does n mu* aid u 9 le>n+ any?+ ab\t h] p]sonal peculi>ities4 ,%9+ only by reflect$ light1 & be+1 l ,m]cury1 situat$ ne>] to ! sun ?an ! e>? is1 :5 %e comes ar\nd to ! same side ( ! sun on :i* we are1 h] unillum9$ side is turn$ t[>d u1 & at ! po9t ( v close/ approa* %e is absolutely invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,?r\gh a telescope1 h[ev]1 %e c be se5 up to ! v po9t ( inf]ior conjunction4 ,:at we see !n is a m]e curv$ l9e ( light1 s ?9 is ! cresc5t %e pres5ts2 b x is always app>5t except :5 ! planet makes a transit4 ,dur+ a transit %e is actually 9 our l9e ( sight ) ! bright disc ( ! sun1 & is nei!r above nor bel[ x1 z at ! ord9>y times ( inf]ior conjunction4 ,! sl5d] cresc5t t we ord9>ily see (f]s a v n>r[ field = obs]vation4 ,if !re is any "o on ,v5us :o is /udy+ ! e>?1 he has a mu* easi] task ?an we h 9 our ef=t to le>n some?+ ab\t h]4 ,! e>? is n only some:at l>g] ?an ! planet1 b :5 ! two bodies are ne>e/ toge!r ! disc ( ! e>? is fully illum9at$1 & s mu/ %[ a spl5did face2 & !n1 our atmosph]e probably int]f]es less ) close obs]vation ?an t ( ,v5us4 ,?is little t]re/rial sy/em w\ld und\bt$ly %9e z a magnific5t pair ( />s if obs]v$ f ,v5us4 ,at t di/ance our moon w\ld appe> consid]ably l>g] ?an ,v5us appe>s to u :5 at sup]ior conjunction1 ! e>? w\ld seem mu* l>g] ?an ,v5us ev] does to u1 & ! di/ance betwe5 !m w\ld seem to be a little m ?an ! app>5t diamet] ( ! full moon z we see x4 ,! light ( ! e>? mu/ cause mu* m ( a %ad[ ?an we ev] get f ! light ( ,v5us4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t light f ! e>? is responsible = a dusky illum9ation ( ! d>k side ( ,v5us1 :i* is occasionally se51 & :i* enables u to di/+ui% h] entire outl9e ev5 :5 only ! m]e/ l9e ( a cresc5t is really illum9at$4 ,x is kn[n to be e>?-%9e t causes :at is app>5tly ! same ph5om5on (t5 se5 by u on ! moon2 b x seems t !re is no reason to ?9k t our e>?1 at its di/ance1 w\ld be suffici5tly brilliant to illum9ate ,v5us ev5 s slightly4 ,! cause ( ! illum9ation is n kn[n2 b x is ?\ght t x may h "s electrical orig91 probably simil> to t ( our aurora4 ,v5us has ! same phases t ,m]cury has4 ,%e %[s h] full face :5 at sup]ior conjunction1 & is !n f>!/ away & smalle/ to our view4 ,z %e moves t[>d u %e fir/ becomes gibb\s1 & !n1 at ea/]n elongation1 l a half-moon4 ,z %e comes ne>] to inf]ior conjunction1 & h5ce ne>] to u1 %e becomes a ?9n] & ?9n] cresc5t1 & z %e goes f inf]ior to sup]ior conjunction ^! phases are repeat$ 9 rev]se ord]4 ,we see less ?an half ( h] face :5 %e is at h] greate/ brilliancy1 a phase :i* usually occurs :5 %e is ab\t =ty degrees f ! sun1 z %e is a few weeks be=e & aft] inf]ior conjunction4 ,a v small glass w %[ ! phases ( ,v5us4 ,!y h occasionally be5 se5 )\t artificial aid to vision by an exceptionally good eye4 ,!y 7 n kn[n1 h[ev]1 until !y 7 discov]$ by ,galileo aft] ! inv5tion ( ! telescope 9 #afaj4 ,v5us w\ld be _m times bright] ?an %e ev] appe>s if ! entire disc ( ! planet c\ld be se5 :5 x is ne>e/ to u4 ,! app>5t diamet] ( ! disc at t "t is ne>ly sev5 times l>g] ?an :5 we see x at ! planet's greate/ di/ance f u4 ,:5 ,v5us is 9 sup]ior conjunction & f>!/ f ! e>? ! disc measures only t5 seconds1 :ile at inf]ior conjunction its measure is ne>ly sixty-sev5 seconds4 ,! diamet] ( ! moon is ab\t #a1hfh seconds1 s "o c\ld /r+ across ! diamet] ( ! moon "o hundr$ & eighty-six su* planets z ,v5us appe>s to be :5 at h] smalle/1 & only tw5ty-sev5 ( ! size t %e appe>s to be :5 at h] l>ge/4 ,betwe5 ^! two extremes ( size %e *anges gradually1 day by day1 f l>ge to small & small to l>ge1 9 ceaseless succession1 z %e approa*es ! e>? & rec$es f x 9 h] orbital j\rney4 ,app>5t diamet] is det]m9$ by an actual measurem5t ( ! disc ( a planet1 & 9 ! case ( ,v5us indicates no?+ z to brightness4 ,:5 ! app>5t diamet] is l>ge/ %e is n visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,lovely ,,cresc5t ,,t ,,v5us ,,%[s ,,:5 ,,to ,,our ,,view ,,%e ,,is ,,at ,,h] ,,greate/ ,,brilliancy ,?is rem>kable photograph 0 made at ! ,y]kes ,obs]vatory by ,e4 ,e4 ,b>n>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,relative ,,app>5t ,,size ,,( ,,v5us ,,at ,,diff]5t ,,phases ,,( ,,illum9ation ,%e %[s ! full disc :5 f>!/ away4 ,z %e draws ne>] %e %[s fir/ ! half moon & !n ! small] cresc5t4 ,%e is ne>e/ :5 %e %[s ! l>g] cresc5t4 ,%e is brighte/1 ?\gh1 :5 %e %[s ! small] cresc5t4 ,,v5us',s ,,lik5ess ,,to ,,! ,,e>? ,! fact t ( all ! planets ,v5us mo/ resembles ?is good little e>? on :i* our pres5t lot is ca/ gives u a /rong feel+ ( k9%ip ) h]1 & a m lively int]e/ 9 all h] affairs ?an we might o!rwise h4 ,%e & ! e>? are s ne>ly ( "o size t !y are (t5 ref]r$ to z tw9 si/]s4 ,!re is a diff]5ce ( less ?an ?ree hundr$ miles 9 _! diamet]s1 ! e>?'s diamet] measur+ #g1iag miles1 & t ( ,v5us #g1fbi miles4 ,! surface ( ! planet is ab\t n9ety-?ree p] c5t4 z ext5sive z t ( ! e>?2 its mass is a little m ?an eighty p] c5t41 & its volume ab\t n9ety p] c5t4 z great z ! e>?'s4 ,diff]+ s little 9 ^! p>ticul>s1 x foll[s t x mu/ diff] v little 9 d5sity & gravity4 ,! e>? is ! d5se/ ( all ! planets1 & ,v5us is only "o-t5? less d5se ?an ! e>?4 ,its =ce ( gravity is n q n9e-t5?s t ( ! e>?4 ,a removal f ! e>? to ,v5us w\ld make j a com=table r$uction 9 "o's weight4 ,a p]son weigh+ "o hundr$ & sev5ty-five p\nds "h w\ld weigh on ,v5us "o hundr$ & fifty-f\r4 ,if ?r\gh /r5g? ( appetite & weakness ( w "o %\ld take on two hundr$ p\nds ( too1 too solid fle% "h1 transportation to ,v5us w\ld br+ ab\t an in/antane\s r$uction to a solid "o hundr$ & sev5ty-six p\nds--z mu* ( a r$uction z w\ld be compatible ) heal?4 ,v5us mu/ h begun h] c>e] 9 mu* ! same way t ! e>? began its c>e]4 ,! nebula t =m$ h] nucleus 0 probably ne>ly ! same size 7conta9$ ab\t ! same am\nt ( matt]7 z t ) :i* ! e>? began its exi/5ce4 ,! two bodies h succe$$ 9 captur+ ab\t ! same am\nt ( loose mat]ial1 & _! gravity is su* t !y c hold )9 _! b\nds p>ticles travel+ at ab\t ! same rate ( spe$4 ,no molecule ( gas com+ )9 ! range ( ,v5us's attraction & travel+ m sl[ly ?an six & ?irty-sev5 hundr$?s miles p] second c escape f ,v5us1 & ! e>? c hold only su* z move1 :5 com+ )9 its own attraction1 ) a less spe$ ?an six & n9ety-five "o-hundr$?s miles p] second4 ,! e>? has a moon1 & ,v5us has none2 b t may be because1 l ,m]cury1 ,v5us is too ne> ! sun to be p]mitt$ to reta9 su* a luxury4 ,x is likely t if1 9 h] e>li] hi/ory1 %e _h )9 ! limit ( h] gravitative attraction ! nucleus ( a satellite1 x w\ld h be5 tak5 away f h] by ! /rong] attraction ( ! sun4 ,! same ?+ w\ld h happ5$ to u if we _h be5 a little ne>] ! sun4 ,& yet 9 #afde a moon belong+ to ,v5us 0 suppos$ to h be5 discov]$1 & x 0 ?\ght to h be5 se5 ?ree times )9 ! re/ ( t c5tury1 & f\r times )9 ! fir/ half ( ! foll[+ c5tury4 ,! la/ suppos$ view ( x 0 9 #agia2 x has nev] be5 se5 s9ce4 ,!re is little d\bt t x 0 an illusion ( "s k9d4 ,p]haps1 ?\gh1 ,v5us has n ! same ne$ ( a moon t we h4 ,,atmosph]e1 ,,day ,,& ,,night1 ,,& ,,seasons ,!re is no d\bt t ,v5us is 9 mu* bett] plight ?an ,m]cury1 ! o!r inf]ior planet1 9 reg>d to atmosph]e4 ,until rec5tly no "o has que/ion$ ! belief t h] atmosph]e is v ext5sive--twice z heavy1 p]haps1 z t ( ! e>?1 d5se1 & full ( cl\ds4 ,! lum9\s r+ ab\t h]1 %[n :5 %e is mak+ a transit across ! face ( ! sun1 po9ts to a heavy atmosph]e2 & no less c]ta9 indications ( x are giv5 9 ! fa9t light :i* /ret*es beyond ! t]m9ation ( ! horns :5 %e is 9 ! cresc5t phase1 ne> inf]ior conjunction4 ,h] v high reflect+ p[] is also indicative ( an atmosph]e lad5 ) cl\ds4 ,:ite cl\ds =m "o ( ! mo/ highly reflect+ surfaces kn[n1 & ! peculi> brilliancy ( ,v5us is ?\ght to be 9 great "p due to ! pres5ce ( l>ge masses ( cl\ds 9 h] atmosph]e4 ,by ! spectroscope1 & 9 o!r ways1 ! wat] necess>y to =m cl\ds is %[n to be abundant 9 h] atmosph]e4 ,ev5 ^? a/ronom]s :o d\bt ! long-curr5t belief 9 ! l>ge ext5t ( h] atmosph]e conc$e an atmosph]e ( m or less d5sity1 ?\gh by "o au?ority x is *>act]iz$ z some:at gauzy4 ,!re is "o vital po9t conc]n+ ! developm5t ( ,v5us ^u :i* we h z yet no positive k3 ! l5g? ( "t 9 :i* %e rotates on h] axis4 ,?is is un=tunate1 because until h] "t ( rotation is kn[n we _c "k mu* ab\t h] physical condition4 ,h] rotation1 we "k1 det]m9es ! l5g? ( h] day & night1 or :e!r1 inde$1 %e has any4 ,! "t ( x has be5 calculat$ to be any:]e f a little less ?an "o ( our days to two hundr$ & tw5ty-five1 ! latt] be+ also ! "t ( h] revolution ab\t ! sun4 ,a/ronom]s ( equal reputation h come to exactly opposite results 9 _! inve/igations4 ,to "o1 ! spectroscope has indicat$ ! %ort day & night2 to ano!r x has %[n no day & night1 b a planet ) "o face =ev] t[>d ! sun1 l ,m]cury4 ,:at appe>$ to be /able surface m>k+s h be5 obs]v$1 b h indicat$ "u ! eyes ( diff]5t obs]v]s bo? ! %ort day & no day at all4 ,! disc has be5 measur$ dur+ a transit1 & %[s s little flatt5+ z to indicate a sl[ rotation & ! long day4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! be/ au?orities ?9k x unlikely t at ! di/ance ( ,v5us ! sun c\ld s ret>d ! planet's rotation z to make x co9cide ) its "t ( revolution4 ,?us ! "q is /ill an op5 "o4 ,! tru? may be t1 ow+ to ! d5sity ( h] atmosph]e1 ! surface ( ,v5us has nev] be5 se5 at all1 & t ! app>5tly /able m>k+s are b cl\ds m or less lack+ 9 /ability4 ,! difficulty ( obs]v+ ,v5us w probably make x impossible to det]m9e ?is po9t by visual obs]vation4 ,x may "s day be settl$ beyond a d\bt by ! spectroscope4 ,9 "s way x w surely be settl$4 ,a/ronom]s h too (t5 made possible :at seem$ to be impossible = u to d\bt t "s "o w f9d a way to discov] ?is secret ( ,v5us4 ,) !m a failure to prove a conclusion does n mean to ab&on ! subject1 b to try "s o!r means ( gett+ at ! tru?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! sun view$ f ,v5us w\ld appe> consid]ably l>g] ?an x does to u4 ,its app>5t diamet] to u is a little m ?an ?irty-two m9utes1 :ile on ,v5us x w\ld be some?+ m ?an ?irty-eight m9utes2 t is1 x w\ld appe> ab\t "o-fif? l>g] on ,v5us ?an x does to u4 ,?is is en\gh to make a mat]ial diff]5ce betwe5 ! two planets 9 ! am\nt ( heat & light !y receive4 ,v5us receives ne>ly twice 7#a4i7 z mu* heat & light f ! sun z we receive1 b less ?an "o-?ird z mu* z ,m]cury4 ,if %e _h no atmosph]ic protection1 !re is no "q b t %e w\ld h a climate disa/r\sly w>m = a race ( be+s con/itut$ z we are4 ,! normal temp]ature ( an unprotect$ body at ! di/ance ( ,v5us is ab\t #aeh ,fahr5heit 7#gj ,c5tigrade74 ,if ,v5us is f9ally prov$ to h no alt]nations ( day & night1 %e is /ill bett] (f ?an ,m]cury1 :o has practically no atmosph]e to protect him f ! int5se heat ( ! sun4 ,h[ mu* protection %e has dep5ds altoge!r on ! ext5t ( h] atmosph]e4 ,x is probably n en\gh to make ! hot side com=table f our po9t ( view2 & ,v5us1 be+ und\bt$ly a solid body ) no int]nal heat1 ! cold side mu/ be cold beyond any?+ we h any conception (4 ,b !re may be a v consid]able "p on ea* side t1 ow+ to ! refraction ( light by ! atmosph]e1 is m or less well light$1 & is also m or less protect$ by ?is same b5efic5t atmosph]e f deadly extremes ( heat & cold4 ,9 ?is situation !re w\ld und\bt$ly be lively curr5ts ( air f ! heat$ side to ! cool]2 b ev5 ^! may 9 "s way c>ry ) !m "s temp]+ effects on ! climate1 z we "k su* curr5ts d "h on ! e>?4 ,if x %\ld prove t ! l5g? ( ! day & night on ,v5us is some?+ ne> t ( ! e>?'s 7& ?is seems n unlikely71 %e w\ld !n be inde$ m l a tw9 si/] to u4 ,be+ next to ea* o!r 9 our di/ances f ! sun1 & ( ne>ly ! same size1 diff]+ b little 9 d5sity1 mass1 volume1 & =ce ( gravity1 ) h] great] normal heat probably r$uc$ by h] heavi] atmosph]e to a temp]ature produc+ climatic conditions n v unlike ours1 & ) n v diff]5t alt]nations ( day & night1 we might well be consid]$ m ne>ly relat$ ?an any ( ! o!r memb]s ( ! sol> family4 ,! seasons1 h[ev]1 on ,v5us & ! e>? w\ld n h mu* resemblance to ea* o!r4 ,! axis ( ! e>? is incl9$ to ! ecliptic ne>ly tw5ty-?ree & "o-half degrees1 s t we receive ! sun's rays ) v>y+ degrees ( obliquity dur+ our ye>ly j\rney+ ar\nd x1 :i* is ! cause ( our agreeable *ange ( seasons4 ,v5us travels ) h] axis s slightly incl9$ to h] orbit 7a little m ?an ?ree degrees7 t ea* p>ticul> p>allel ( latitude receives practically ! same am\nt ( sunlight e day 9 ! ye>1 ?\gh at diff]5t p>allels ! sun's rays /rike ) v>y+ degrees ( obliquity4 ,h[ev] delightful or disagreeable ! climate may be1 !re are no *anges ( seasons to speak (1 & "o c\ld f9d v>iety only by go+ f place to place on ! planet4 ,%e receives no comp5sation = ?is monotony by alt]nately rec$+ f & approa*+ ! sun z ,m]cury does1 or by librations1 su* z he has4 ,h] orbit be+1 z we h se51 s ne>ly circul> z to p]mit ( only small v>iations 9 h] di/ance f ! sun1 & h] axis s ne>ly p]p5dicul> to h] orbit1 x foll[s t %e has no?+ to m>k ! ye>2 &1 :e!r %e turns on h] axis _m times or only once dur+ a revolution1 life on ,v5us w\ld be v monoton\s to any "o accu/om$ to our delightful v>iety ( climate & seasons4 ,/ill1 !re is no?+ 9 ?is monotony to prev5t ,v5us f be+ a fairly com=table habitation 9 "s p>ts = su* be+s z inhabit ! e>?4 ,! only real ob/acle to habitability on ,v5us w\ld be h] lack ( rotation & all t x involves4 ,s9ce we are n sure t we c see ! surface ( ,v5us1 we _c say :at t surface is4 ,nev]!less1 !re is "s reason to suspect t we w\ld f9d !re m\nta9s ( va/ height4 ,c]ta9 irregul>ities h be5 obs]v$ at times1 ( a k9d to indicate m\nta9s cov]$ ) sn[1 ext5d+ beyond ! cl\ds4 ,!y h be5 e/imat$ to be _m miles high] ?an any m\nta9s we h on e>?1 _! height dep5d+ some:at ^u ! temp]am5t ( ! obs]v]4 ,b inasmu* z ^! same high m\nta9s h sometimes be5 ?\ght to be only masses ( cl\ds1 x seems h>dly safe to pron\nce def9itely ^u !m4 ,,transits ,on r>e occasions1 :5 ,v5us is 9 inf]ior conjunction1 %e makes a transit1 & c !n be se5 z a black dot mov+ ov] ! bright face ( ! sun4 ,transits c occur only :5 ! e>? & ! planet are ne> ! po9t :]e _! orbits cross ea* o!r4 ,! e>? is at ?is po9t e ye> on ,june #g? & ,decemb] #g?2 b ! orbit ( ,v5us is su* t %e is !re on ! prop] dates only f\r times 9 a p]iod ( two hundr$ & =ty-?ree ye>s4 ,9 e two hundr$ & =ty-?ree ye>s f\r transits take place4 ,!y occur 9 pairs1 eight ye>s ap>t1 & 9 ! same mon?4 ,if a pair occur 9 ,june1 x w be "o hundr$ & five & "o-half ye>s aft] ! la/ "o ( ! pair until we h ! fir/ ( ! ,decemb] pair ( transits4 ,aft] t x w be "o hundr$ & tw5ty-"o & a half ye>s until we h ! fir/ ( ano!r pair ( ,june transits4 ,! fir/ transit ( ,v5us t 0 sci5tifically obs]v$ 0 9 ,decemb]1 #afci4 ,x 0 ! la/ ( a ,decemb] pair1 !re hav+ be5 a transit eight ye>s be=e1 9 ,decemb]1 #afca4 ,"o hundr$ & tw5ty-"o & a half ye>s lat]1 9 #agfa1 a ,june transit occurr$1 & 9 #agfi ano!r "o took place 9 ,june4 ,!n !re 7 no m = "o hundr$ & five & "o-half ye>s1 :5 we _h a ,decemb] pair 9 #ahgd & #ahhb4 ,! next ones w be 9 ,june1 #bjjd & #bjab4 ,great importance 0 atta*$ to ^? transits t occurr$ 9 #ahgd & #ahhb1 because !y 7 expect$ to be useful 9 det]m9+ ) great] exactness ! di/ance ( ! sun4 ,ext5sive prep>ations 7 made = sci5tific obs]vation ( !m2 b ! results 7 n satisfactory1 l>gely because ! atmosph]e ( ,v5us prev5t$ h] f %[+ a %>p outl9e at ! mom5t ( ent]+ ^u & ( leav+ ! face ( ! sun4 ,! ma9 sci5tific value ( a transit ( ,v5us n[ is 9 ! opportunity x may (f] to inve/igate ! nature ( h] atmosph]e4 ,ev5 ?\gh t int]e/+ "q may h be5 practically settl$ be=e ano!r transit takes place1 x w be important to "k to :at degree ! ph5om5a obs]v$ at ! next transit confirm ! decision4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on acc\nt ( ! surpass+ brilliancy ( ,v5us1 ! brighte/ ( all ! heav5ly bodies aft] ! sun & moon1 %e 0 to ! anci5ts ! mo/ important ( all ! />s & planets4 ,%e 0 ! supreme ev5+ & morn+ />4 ,z ev5+ /> %e 0 kn[n z ,hesp]us1 or ,vesp]2 z a morn+ /> %e 0 call$ ,phosphorus1 or ,lucif]1 & "u all ^! names %e is frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ,greek & ,lat9 & k9dr$ lit]atures4 ,! symbol ( ,v5us is 1 a figure :i* is no?+ m ?an ! conv5tionaliz$ =m ( a look+-glass1 an article t is (t5 pictur$ 9 ! h&s ( ! goddess = :om our beautiful planet 0 nam$4 ,9 h] g5]al aspect %e is z placidly spl5did & *>m+ z ev] a goddess c\ld be1 & x is n /range t ! happy e>s t c\ld he> su* /ra9s %\ld f9d h]1 z !y did1 s++ a ri* contralto 9 ! music ( ! sph]es4 ,jupit] & ,saturn1 "u ?is my?ological apportionm5t1 sang bass1 ,m>s took c>e ( ! t5or /ra9s1 & ! high soprano 0 c>ri$ by our little dw>f ,m]cury4 ,,xii ,,m>s ,! planet t v>ies mo/ 9 ! beauty ( its aspect is ,m>s4 ,x is z mu* z fifty times bright] :5 x is ne>e/ to u ?an x is at its greate/ di/ance f u4 ,at its brighte/ x is _m times m brilliant ?an any ( ! fir/-magnitude />s2 b :5 x leaves our neighborhood & goes f> (f into space 9 its j\rney ar\nd ! sun1 its glory is s dimm$ t x becomes n bright] ?an an ord9>y second-magnitude />1 su* z ! pole-/>1 & less brilliant ?an ! brighte/ />s 9 ! ,big ,dipp]4 ,^! extreme *anges ( brightness are due n s mu* to any great di/ance t ,m>s goes f u 9 comp>ison ) o!r planets z to its com+ s v ne> to u at times4 ,x is1 aft] all1 a small body1 & no great di/ance1 z heav5ly di/ances g1 is requir$ to make x %[ s4 ,b ! ecc5tricity ( its orbit br+s x sometimes v ne> u1 & its ne> approa*es are at a "t :5 we c see its entire disc1 & n a m]e cresc5t1 su* z we see :5 ,v5us is ne>e/ to u4 ,m>s does n come q s ne> to u z ,v5us comes1 b :5 he is 9 ! be/ position to be se5 he is mu* ne>] ?an %e is :5 9 h] be/ position4 ,= we h se5 t ,v5us is brighte/ be=e %e rea*es h] ne>e/ position to u1 :ile ,m>s is brighte/ :5 he is at 8 ne>e/ to u4 ,:5 ,v5us is at greate/ elongation %e is ?ree times f>!r away ?an ,m>s is at 8 ne>e/4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,id5tify ,,m>s ,b ) all 8 v>iations 9 brilliancy & beauty ,m>s rema9s ev] a *>m+1 rosy-hu$ planet1 %9+ always ) a /eady1 cle> light1 & :5 once we h come to "k him is n easily mi/ak5 = any o!r planet1 or = any ( ! brilliant />s t may m or less resemble him 9 color4 ,r$ 9 v>y+ degrees ( int5sity is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ obvi\sly di/+ui%+ m>k ( ,m>s2 b 8 own *>act]i/ics are nev] m di/9ct ?an :5 8 pa? takes him into ! region ( ! two be/-kn[n r$ />s 9 ! heav5s4 ,^! are ,ant>es1 ! gl[+ /> 9 ! con/ellation ,scorpio1 :i* we see 9 ! s\!rn sky dur+ ! summ]1 & ruddy ,aldeb>an1 :i* %9es 9 ! head ( ,taurus & "u ! ,pleiades ?r\gh ! bright w9try nights4 ,on e j\rney ar\nd ! skies ,m>s passes ne> ^! two />s4 ,!y are bo? 9 ! con/ellations ( ! zodiac1 & are (t5 q ne> to ,m>s1 z well z to ! o!r planets & ! moon4 ,! />s1 ?\gh ( ! same color z ,m>s1 are mu* m jewel-l ?an ! planet4 ,m>s is less sp>kl+4 ,:5 x is small1 x %[s a placid1 rosy little disc1 )\t mu* gaiety1 & n 9 any way sugge/+ any?+ m>tial2 b at its l>ge/1 x has a di/9ctly flame-l aspect1 :i* easily sugge/s :y x 0 nam$ = ! god ( w>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,two ,,phases ,,( ,,m>s ,we see its full face :5 x is opposite ! sun4 ,:5 half-way betwe5 opposition & conjunction x becomes gibb\s1 z %[n 9 ! photograph on ! "r4 ,^! photographs 7 made at ! ,mt4 ,wilson ,obs]vatory4 ,m]cury is ! only planet t 9 color ev5 sugge/s ,m>s1 & = ,m]cury x c nev] be mi/ak5 aft] "o has once se5 ! two planets4 ,m]cury1 we "k1 is always v ne> ! sun2 b :5 visible at all is1 ev5 9 t unfavorable situation1 always z bright z a fir/-magnitude />4 ,m>s is ne> ! sun1 to our view1 only :5 x is approa*+ conjunction1 & x is !n s f> f u t x always appe>s z a r small />1 &1 :ile nev] insignificant1 is1 9 ?is situation1 q inconspicu\s ev5 z comp>$ ) ! r>ely visible ,m]cury4 ,on see+ a planet1 !n1 suffici5tly high above ! horizon to attract "o's att5tion1 "o may be sure t x is ,m>s if x is r$1 & equally sure t x is n ,m>s if x does n %[ ?is color4 ,"u c]ta9 atmosph]ic conditions ! sun1 moon1 & all ! planets sometimes appe> r$ :5 !y are v ne> ! horizon2 b 9 ?is situation !re is always some?+ o!r ?an color t m>ks !m4 ,if its color is n a suffici5t m>k by :i* to id5tify ,m>s1 a /ill fur!r diff]5ce betwe5 x & ! />s is its m>k$ly rapid movem5t4 ,a s+le night w make a suffici5t *ange 9 its position to %[ ! planet z a w&]]4 ,on an av]age1 x travels ov] ab\t f\r-t5?s ( a degree 9 ! heav5s 9 "o day4 ,?is equals m ?an half ! diamet] ( ! moon1 a *ange ( position suffici5tly great to be easily detect$4 ,,:5 ,,& ,,:]e ,,m>s ,,may ,,be ,,se5 ,unlike ,m]cury & ,v5us1 :i* are nev] f> f ! sun1 & c be se5 only = a comp>atively %ort "t ei!r e>ly 9 ! morn+ or 9 ! ev5+1 & are nev] v high up 9 ! skies1 ,m>s may be situat$ s t x c be se5 at any "t ( ! night1 & also at any di/ance f ! sun4 ,:5 x is 9 opposition x rises j z ! sun sets1 & is !n 9 view all night4 ,at ?is "t x is ne>]1 l>g]1 & bright] ?an at any o!r "t 9 ! p>ticul> revolution x is !n mak+1 &1 consequ5tly1 is 9 ! be/ position to be view$ by u t x w h dur+ t revolution4 ,oppositions diff]1 h[ev]1 9 diff]5t revolutions1 & "s %[ u ! planet m spl5didly brilliant ?an x appe>s at o!rs4 ,! oppositions at :i* ,m>s %[s mo/ brilliant take place1 =tunately1 9 ! summ] & e>ly autumn--! seasons :i* are mo/ agreeable = outdoor obs]vation4 ,he is !n travel+ ?r\gh t region ( ! sky1 sp>se 9 />s1 t lies betwe5 ,sagitt>ius & ,aries2 &1 s9ce ! ecliptic !re runs r l[ 9 ! sky1 he c easily be obs]v$ at any "t 9 ! night )\t any neck-break+ po/ures4 ,^! favorable oppositions occur 9 ! summ] because ! e>? is 9 l9e 9 ! latt] "p ( ,augu/ ) t po9t 9 ! orbit ( ,m>s :]e ! planet makes its ne>e/ approa* to ! sun4 ,oppositions nev] occur :5 ,m>s is exactly at t po9t2 b !y d occur :5 he is v ne> x1 & at su* times we see him 9 8 greate/ glory4 ,?is happ5s once e fifte5 or sev5te5 ye>s4 ,b at any summ] or e>ly-autumn opposition ,m>s is n v f> f ?is ne>e/ po9t to ! sun1 s t at any oppositions dur+ ^! seasons he is v brilliant & almo/ z bright z :5 he is at 8 be/4 ,! e>? is 9 l9e 9 ! w9t] ) t "p ( ,m>s's orbit :i* c>ries him f>!/ f ! sun1 & at opposition !n he is mu* less bright ?an at ! summ] oppositions4 ,he is at ! same "t 9 ^? con/ellations :i* pass ne>ly ov]head 9 ! sky1 & _c be q s com=tably se5 at all times 9 ! night z he c be 9 ! summ]4 ,! v be/ & mo/ brilliant oppositions occur 9 ! latt] "p ( ,augu/ or 9 ! e>ly "p ( ,septemb]2 ! lea/ favorable ones occur 9 ,febru>y4 ,! o!rs v>y 9 brilliancy accord+ to _! di/ance f ^! favorable & unfavorable dates1 all ! summ] ones be+ q brilliant1 & all ! w9t] ones mu* less s4 ,at any opposition1 ?\gh1 h[ev] unfavorable1 ! planet is mu* ne>] to u & mu* bright] ?an :5 9 conjunction4 ,x is wor? "o's :ile1 ev5 at "s inconv5i5ce1 to see ,m>s at :atev] "t he is 9 opposition1 = he is a delight to ! obs]v]1 & always notable 9 ! "p ( ! skies ?r\gh :i* he is !n pass+4 ,!re are "s aspects ( ! planet t are s *>m+ at a w9t] opposition t x is a positive loss n to h se5 him at su* times4 ,he is m isolat$ & conspicu\s 9 ! summ]2 b he fits well 9 t gay company ( w9t] />s t %9e m brilliantly ?an any o!rs1 & we c easily feel some?+ ak9 to family pride z we wat* him mov+ s graci\sly among !m4 ,m>s makes a complete circuit ( ! skies1 & comes back into ! same position ) relation to ! sun & ! e>? on an av]age e sev5 hundr$ & eighty days1 :i* makes 8 synodic p]iod long] ?an t ( any o!r planet4 ,ow+ to ! great ecc5tricity ( 8 orbit1 & 8 consequ5t unequal motion 9 ! v>i\s p>ts ( x1 ! synodic p]iod v>ies z mu* z ?irty-five or ?irty-six days4 ,"o _c say1 !re=e1 )\t computation ( "s l5g?1 j exactly h[ _m days w elapse betwe5 any two s+le oppositions4 ,= m]e purposes ( nak$-eye obs]vation ! v>iations 9 ! synodic p]iod ( ,m>s d n make any diff]5ce1 = ! planet is 9 view practically all night = _m nights be=e & aft] opposition1 ) *anges ( brightness too small to be notic$ by an untra9$ eye4 ,= at lea/ two mon?s at ! "t ( opposition x has almo/ ! same aspect to u4 ,at t "t x is always 9 ! ea/ e>ly 9 ! ev5+1 & %9es all night4 ,= ne>ly n9e mon?s aft]w>d x is visible & conspicu\s 9 ! ev5+ sky1 appe>+ ea* ev5+ ne>] & ne>] to ! we/]n horizon1 until f9ally1 9 a little m ?an a ye> aft] opposition1 x passes beh9d ! sun & becomes a morn+ />4 ,b1 z x !n rises be=e ! sun & passes across ! heav5s 9 ! daytime1 x is invisible to u4 ,x is pleasant1 h[ev]1 at su* times to "k t z ! sun passes across ! skies 9 its daily j\rney ,m>s is up !re1 )9 a c]ta9 di/ance f x1 mak+ ! same j\rney ) x1 beam+ d[n ^u u ) ! same lively light t x %[s at night1 & c\ld be z well se5 at any "t b = ! too dazzl+ rays ( ! sun4 ,m>s w be 9 conjunction 9 ,novemb] ( ?is ye> 7#aiab71 & w n be visible 9 ! ev5+ dur+ #aiac until t[>d ! end ( ! ye>4 ,! next opposition aft] ! publication ( ?is book w occur 9 ,janu>y1 #aiad4 ,f t "t until ! foll[+ autumn ! planet may be se5 9 ! ev5+4 ,9 #aiae ,m>s w n be visible 9 ! ev5+ sky until late 9 ! ye>4 ,aft] ,novemb] x w be 9 ! ea/ 9 ! ev5+1 ris+ e>li] ea* ev5+1 until at opposition1 e>ly 9 #aiaf1 x w rise at sunset & w be visible 9 ! ev5+ dur+ ! entire summ] & autumn ( t ye>1 b w n be extraord9>ily bright4 ,9 #aiag x w be aga9 invisible 9 ! ev5+4 ,9 #aiah x w be 9 opposition 9 ! e>ly spr+1 & w %9e 9 ! ev5+ all ! re/ ( t ye>4 ,x w n be visible 9 ! ev5+ 9 #aiai1 b w be 9 opposition aga9 9 ! latt] "p ( ,april1 #aibj1 & w %9e 9 ! ev5+ all ( t ye> & ! e>ly "p ( ! next1 :5 x w aga9 disappe> f ev5+ view & w n em]ge aga9 until x is ne>+ a f9e opposition t w take place j at ! beg9n+ ( ! summ] ( #aibb4 ,! planet w !n be 9 ! con/ellation ,scorpio1 n f> f ,ant>es1 & ?is w af=d an excell5t opportunity to see ^! two ruddy bodies ne> toge!r4 ,9 #aibd !re w be an exceptionally brilliant opposition1 :i* w occur dur+ ! la/ week ( ,augu/1 & ! planet w !n be ab\t z brilliant z x ev] appe>s1 & w be v favorably situat$ = obs]vation 9 ! con/ellation ,pisces4 ,we %all !n see ,m>s 9 ! flame-l phase ( 8 beauty1 & he w dom9ate ! ev5+ sky dur+ ! :ole ( t summ]4 ,at oppositions su* z ?is "o ,m>s is m favorably situat$ = obs]vation f ! e>? ?an any o!r heav5ly body except ! moon4 ,! next oppositions w take place ! la/ week 9 ,octob]1 #aibf1 9 ,decemb]1 #aibh1 ,janu>y1 #aica1 e>ly ,m>*1 #aice1 ! middle ( ,may1 #aicg2 & !n we w h two m spl5didly brilliant oppositions 9 ,july1 #aici1 & e>ly ,octob]1 #aida1 respectively4 ,dur+ ! ye>s t ,m>s does n appe> 9 ! ev5+ we ne$ n be depriv$ ( a sight ( ! planet if we w look = x 9 ! morn+ sky4 ,a few mon?s aft] conjunction x may be se5 z a morn+ />1 ris+ %ortly be=e ! sun4 ,x rises e>li] ea* morn+1 & h5ce c be se5 ea* morn+ = a long] "t4 ,aft] its h\r ( ris+ has rea*$ midnight x !n passes into ! ev5+ sky & rises e>li] ea* ev5+ until x rea*es opposition4 ,! movem5t ( ,m>s among ! />s1 z we see x1 is g5]ally t[>d ! ea/1 & we c see by look+ t x *anges its place among ! con/ellations 9 t direction1 go+ f ,aries to ,taurus1 f ,taurus to ,gem9i1 & s on4 ,on ea* side ( opposition1 h[ev]1 ! planet appe>s = a few weeks to be mov+ we/w>d among ! />s4 ,?is is ! retrograde motion :i* an out] planet appe>s to h :5 we are ov]tak+ & pass+ x1 & :i* has be5 expla9$ 9 ! *apt]s on ! movem5ts ( ! planets4 ,,size1 ,,atmosph]e1 ,,& ,,temp]ature ,9 size ,m>s is "o ( ! smalle/ memb]s ( our sol> family4 ,its mass is a little m ?an "o-n9? t ( ! e>?1 & its entire surface is only ab\t "o-?ird z great z ours4 ,x is ! m]e/ trifle m d5se ?an ,m]cury1 b only ab\t sixty-six "o-hundr$?s z d5se z ! e>?4 ,its =ce ( gravity is ab\t ?irty-six "o-hundr$?s z p[]ful z t ( ! e>?4 ,a man weigh+ two hundr$ p\nds "h w\ld be reliev$ ( ab\t "o hundr$ & tw5ty-f\r p\nds ( 8 weight if transport$ to ,m>s1 weigh+ !re only sev5ty-six p\nds1 :i* w\ld greatly increase 8 effici5cy if he 7 9 o!r respects ! same4 ,x w\ld necess>ily foll[ t ,m>s1 hav+ su* small =ce ( gravity1 c\ld n long reta9 a heavy atmosph]e1 ev5 if x _h set out ) su* a "o4 ,no molecule ( gas mov+ at a great] spe$ ?an ?ree & ?irte5-hundr$?s miles a second c\ld be held by ,m>s 9 its atmosph]e1 & s mu* z x may h _h ( ! r>] gases :i* move ) great rapidity mu/ h escap$ long ago4 ,b x did n beg9 life ) an atmosph]e heavy 9 proportion to t :i* ! l>g] planets h4 ,we h se51 9 ! case ( ,m]cury1 t be+ "o ( ! small planets entails _m re/rictions 9 developm5t4 ,su* planets n only lose _! atmosph]e m quickly ?an ! l>g] ones1 b x is less d5se to beg9 )4 ,! atmosph]e ( ,m>s is probably no d5s] ?an we h at ! tops ( our highe/ m\nta9s1 m ?an likely n ev5 s d5se z t4 ,!re is "s wat] vapor1 & !re are a few cl\ds mo/ ( ! "t2 b 9 ! ma9 ! atmosph]e is s cle> & ?9 t we c )\t any d\bt see ! actual surface ( ! planet4 ,x is n c]ta9 t ! cl\ds we see are =m$ f wat] vapor1 z cl\ds ( ! ord9>y k9d are4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t !y may be simply du/-cl\ds4 ,b ?is is z yet n mu* m ?an a sugge/ion1 & no?+ conv9c+ has be5 (f]$ to sub/antiate ! idea4 ,ev5 du/-cl\ds w\ld ne$ curr5ts ( air to create & c>ry !m2 s1 :e!r du/ or vapor1 ! pres5ce ( cl\ds implies an atmosph]e4 ,! fam\s :ite pol> caps1 :i* furni% s _m news items to ! j\rnals1 are also ( unc]ta9 orig91 & _! true nature c be det]m9$ only by a full] k ( ! atmosph]e ( ,m>s4 ,!y appe> 9 ! w9t] season on ! planet & disappe> 9 its summ]1 s !re seems to be no d\bt t !y are dep5d5t 9 "s way on ! temp]ature 9 ! pol> regions ( ,m>s4 ,if !y are ho>-fro/ or sn[1 !y are cond5sations ( wat] vapor2 &1 9 t case1 :5 !y disappe> !re mu/ be suffici5t heat to melt !m4 ,x has be5 cont5d$ t ! sun's rays fall too obliquely on ! poles ( ,m>s to melt m ?an a few in*es ( sn[1 b t ! caps may be light sn[ or fro/1 & ?us capable ( be+ dissolv$ by ev5 su* oblique rays ( sunlight z !y receive4 ,also x has be5 sugge/$ t ! deposit resembl+ sn[ may be c>bon dioxide1 :i* cond5ses into a :ite sub/ance at a temp]ature m ?an a hundr$ degrees 7-#aji ,fahr47 l[] ?an is necess>y to produce sn[ & melts at a correspond+ly l[ temp]ature4 ,:at ! nature ( ! ph5om5on se5 at ! poles ( ,m>s is dep5ds l>gely ^u :at ! temp]ature is2 & ! temp]ature 9 turn is dep5d5t 9 "s measure on ! d5sity & con/itution ( ! atmosph]e1 z well z ! planet's di/ance f ! sun4 ,! normal temp]ature ( an unprotect$ body at ! di/ance ( ,m>s f ! sun is ab\t ?irty-two degrees bl[ z]o 7,fahr5heit72 & s9ce we "k ,m>s has no d5se atmosph]e to reta9 ! heat x acquires1 x is natural to suppose ! exi/5ce !re ( a v l[ temp]ature1 & "o incompatible ) our ideas ( life & gr[?4 ,! mo/ favorable conclusions d n place ! mean temp]ature high] ?an =ty-eight degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! planet mu/ be subject$ to great extremes ( temp]ature )9 its range1 s9ce its filmy robe ( atmosph]e _c protect x to any ext5t f ! direct rays ( ! sun dur+ ! day1 nor prev5t ! heat f escap+ ) great rapidity at night2 s t1 :atev] heat x may ga9 9 ! daytime1 x probably loses mu* ( x dur+ ! night4 ,until we "k m ( ! con/itution ( ! atmosph]e ( ,m>s we c "k no?+ c]ta9ly ab\t its temp]ature beyond ! fact t x is mu* cold] ?an ours & m subject to v>iations4 ,any?+ mu* m def9ite ?an ?is is speculative at pres5t4 ,b ) all ! obs]vation t is n[ giv5 to ,m>s1 & ) ! always increas+ facilities = ! "w1 _m unc]ta9ties reg>d+ ! planet are likely to be made cle> be=e long4 ,! spectroscope w probably be ! f9al resort = facts conc]n+ ! atmosph]e4 ,,di/ance ,,& ,,brilliancy ,m>s is1 on an av]age1 ab\t "o & a half times f>!r f ! sun ?an we are4 ,its mean di/ance is1 9 r\nd numb]s1 "o hundr$ & =ty-"o million miles2 b1 s9ce its orbit is v ecc5tric--m ecc5tric ?an t ( any o!r ( ! planets except ,m]cury--its di/ance f ! sun v>ies z mu* z tw5ty-six million miles4 ,at its ne>e/ ! planet is a little m ?an "o hundr$ & tw5ty-eight million miles f ! sun4 ,its greate/ di/ance f t lum9>y is "o hundr$ & fifty-f\r million miles4 ,at its mean di/ance some?+ m ?an twelve & a half m9utes are requir$ = light to travel f ! sun to ! planet4 ,! sun becomes q a m$ium-siz$ object z view$ f ,m>s1 & mu/ lose "s ( ! maje/y ( aspect t x has to u4 ,its app>5t diamet] is ab\t tw5ty-"o m9utes1 :i* w\ld make x less ?an two-?irds z l>ge z we see x4 ,! av]age am\nt ( light & heat t x furni%es to t poor1 lightly clad little planet is less ?an half z mu* z we receive1 ?\gh :5 ! planet is at p]ihelion ! sun's radiance is =ty p] c5t4 m p[]ful ?an :5 x is at its greate/ di/ance f ! s\rce ( ^! life-giv+ =ces4 ,! ecc5tricity ( ! orbit ( ,m>s is ! cause also ( 8 great v>iations 9 di/ance f u1 & h5ce ( 8 extreme *anges 9 brilliancy4 ,^! *anges are _m times great] ) ref]5ce to ! e>? ?an to ! sun4 ,at ! planet's ne>e/ approa* to u x comes a little ne>] ?an ?irty-five millions ( miles4 ,?is is :5 x is 9 opposition 9 ,augu/4 ,:5 opposition occurs 9 ,febru>y1 x is z mu* z sixty-two millions ( miles f u2 & :5 x is 9 conjunction1 & on ! o!r side ( ! sun f u1 x is sometimes two hundr$ & =ty-eight million miles di/ant4 ,at 8 ne>e/ approa* light leaps ov] to u f ,m>s 9 ab\t f\r m9utes & eighte5 seconds2 at 8 greate/ di/ance x _c rea* u 9 less ?an tw5ty-two m9utes4 ,! app>5t mean diamet] ( ,m>s is ab\t n9e & fifty-six hundr$?s seconds1 b v>ies f ?ree & six-t5?s seconds1 :5 ! planet is f>!/ away1 to tw5ty-five seconds :5 x is ne>e/ to u4 ,:ile ,m>s does n exhibit ! phases ( ! inn] planets ,v5us & ,m]cury1 by %[+ a disc sometimes at half-full & sometimes at cresc5t x is suffici5tly ne> u to be1 9 c]ta9 positions1 gibb\s1 or to %[ a little less ?an a full face4 ,:5 ?is occurs ,m>s is ab\t half-way betwe5 opposition & conjunction1 & ! e>? & ! sun are s situat$ t we are slightly to "o side ( ! fully illum9at$ face ( ,m>s4 ,?is phase1 h[ev]1 is n suffici5tly m>k$ to make any mat]ial diff]5ce 9 ! brilliancy ( ! planet4 ,x is n app>5t )\t ! aid ( a telescope4 ,f ,m>s ! e>? %[s all ! phases t ,v5us %[s to u4 ,:5 ,m>s is flam+ d[n ^u u 9 8 position ( greate/ brilliancy we pres5t to him a ?9 cresc5t4 ,:5 he sees our full face we are on ! opposite side ( ! sun f him4 ,x w\ld be necess>y to h a m brilliant electrical illum9ation ?an any we h yet se5 to light5 ! d>k side ( ! e>? & ex*ange signals ) ,m>s :5 we are ne>e/ to him--if1 inde$1 our atmosph]e w\ld p]mit f ,m>s any view at all ( ! surface ( ! e>?1 :i* is n at all c]ta94 ,9 spite ( its phases1 ! e>? mu/ %9e on ,m>s at times 9 a v attractive way4 ,x is n s bright1 p]haps1 z ,v5us is to u1 nor z we are to ,v5us2 b ) our moon circl+ ab\t u we may well be1 :5 9 a favorable situation1 a v int]e/+ d\ble />1 ! di/ance betwe5 e>? & moon appe>+ on ,m>s ab\t equal to "o-f\r? ( ! app>5t diamet] ( ! moon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>s3 ,,diff]5ce ,,9 ,,its ,,app>5t ,,size ,,at ,,its ,,ne>e/1 ,,middle1 ,,& ,,f>!/ ,,di/ance ,,f ,,! ,,e>? ,m>s appe>s fifty times bright] :5 ne>e/ ?an :5 f>!/ away4 ,,day ,,& ,,night1 ,,& ,,seasons ,ow+ to ! und\bt$ p]man5t m>k+s on ! surface ( ,m>s1 a/ronom]s h be5 able to det]m9e ! l5g? ( its day ) mu* less likelihood ( error ?an 9 ! case ( any o!r planet except ! "o on :i* we dwell4 ,x rotates on its axis 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ?irty-sev5 m9utes1 & tw5ty-?ree seconds1 :i* makes its day ne>ly =ty m9utes long] ?an ours4 ,9 our gre$ = all too fleet+ "t we may feel a little envy ( ^! extra m9utes1 :i* w\ld mean s mu* to u if add$ to our day4 ,b !y d n seem s important :5 we consid] t :ile ,m>s is hav+ six hundr$ & sev5ty ( ^! days we are hav+ six hundr$ & eighty-sev5 ( ours1 :i*1 aft] all1 seems to give u eighte5 days m ( "t4 ,our attitude t[>d ! situation dep5ds ^u ! po9t ( view4 ,! axis ( ,m>s is incl9$ to its orbit ab\t tw5ty-f\r degrees & fifty m9utes4 ,?is is b little m ?an ! incl9ation ( ! e>?'s axis1 :i* is tw5ty-?ree degrees & tw5ty-sev5 m9utes4 ,m>s1 !re=e1 has seasons v mu* l ours4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 slightly m m>k$ ?an ours1 because ( ! some:at great] incl9ation ( ! axis ( ! planet2 & !y are ne>ly d\ble ! l5g? ( ours1 because x takes ,m>s ne>ly two ( our ye>s to make its j\rney ar\nd ! sun4 ,its seasons1 !n1 are ne>ly six mon?s long1 :ile ours are b ?ree4 ,x has frigid1 temp]ate1 & torrid zones1 practically ! same z ! e>? has4 ,its greate/ inequalities ( season are caus$ by ! ecc5tricity ( its orbit4 ,x is1 l ! e>?1 f>!/ away f ! sun :5 x is summ] 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e2 & 9 ?is situation x travels s mu* m sl[ly ?an :5 x is ne> ! sun t summ] 9 its nor!rn hemisph]e is sev5ty-five days long] ?an ! same season 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,! nor!rn summ] & ! s\!rn w9t] are ea* ?ree hundr$ & eighty days long1 :ile ! rev]se seasons 9 ea* hemisph]e are only ?ree hundr$ & six days long4 ,! nor!rn summ] is n only long] b also cool] ?an ! s\!rn1 & ! nor!rn w9t] is %ort] & w>m] ?an ! s\!rn4 ,:i* hemisph]e has ! m favorable climate dep5ds ^u :at is ne$$ on ,m>s to ma9ta9 life4 ,x may be t 9 ?is reg>d ! %ort]1 hott]1 s\!rn summ] is ! be/ season ! planet af=ds4 ,,surface ,,aspects ,,( ,,m>s ,se5 ?r\gh a telescope1 ,m>s is n s r$ z x appe>s to ! nak$ eye4 ,"o ( ! be/ obs]v]s ( x has comp>$ x to an opal1 & x surely has "s ( ! qualities ( an opal 9 ! div]sity ( aspect t x %[s to diff]5t obs]v]s f diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,no o!r planet has be5 s subject$ to controv]sy ov] :at appe>s on its surface4 ,?is is p>tly due to its be+ ! only planet ^: surface is )\t d\bt op5 to our view & 9 a situation :]e x c be m9utely /udi$1 & p>tly to ! fact t ! controv]sy involves que/ions conc]n+ life & intellig5ce1 :i* are always ( int5se human int]e/4 ,matt]s ( ?is vital sort are nev] accept$ )\t dispute4 ,t is "o way ( gett+ at ! tru?4 ,9 ! int5sity ( ! discussion ! "q ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ph5om5a & t ( ! mean+ ascrib$ to !m are sometimes unnecess>ily made to dep5d ^u ea* o!r4 ,9 ! case ( ,m>s x may well be t !re is less diff]5ce ( op9ion z to :at is really se5 on its surface ?an z to ! mean+ ( ! ph5om5a4 ,!re are record$ obs]vations made ( ,m>s z e>ly z #bgb ,b4,c41 m ?an two ?\s& ye>s ago1 & x has be5 ne>ly two hundr$ & fifty ye>s s9ce ! sn[-caps 7 fir/ se54 ,?r\gh ! telescope n only ! sn[-caps are pla9ly visible at ! prop] seasons1 b !re are also visible d>k pat*es ov] ! surface1 %[+ a v>iety ( color1 & 9 c]ta9 p>ts *ang+ some:at z ! seasons *ange4 ,x is "o ( ^! pat*es1 ! outl9e ( :i* sugge/s a some:at twi/$ eye1 t is kn[n z ! 8eye ( ,m>s40 ,! ma9 surface ( ! planet is r$di% yell[ 9 color2 ! pat*es on x are v>i\sly describ$ z gray1 grayi% gre51 or blue1 colors :i* 9 comb9ation c\ld easily take on a tone ( any ( !m accord+ to ! eye ( ! obs]v]1 & ?is portion ( ! planet's surface does1 9 fact1 %[ fir/ "o & !n ! o!r ( !m pr$om9at+4 ,:5 ! planet's diff]5ces ( color 7 fir/ obs]v$1 ! r$di%-yell[ portion 0 suppos$ to be l&1 & ! areas ( v>y+ blui%-gre5 & gray 7 ?\ght to be ! wat]s ( ! ev]-*ang+ seas4 ,a little aft] ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury "s ke5 eyes saw a few /reaks or m>k+s ( "s sort across ! l& areas1 & 9 #ahgg a close /udy ( ! planet by an em95t ,italian a/ronom]1 ,s*iap>elli1 br\ght to 8 view _m gre5i% /reaks1 all direct$ t[>d ! s-call$ seas1 & sometimes seem+ to int]sect !re4 ,9 publi%+ ?is discov]y ,s*iap>elli call$ ^! /reaks canalli1 :i* is prop]ly translat$ 8*annels10 b appe>$ 9 ,engli% z 8canals40 ,s9ce 8canal0 ) u means artificially con/ruct$ wat]ways1 ! discov]y became at once "o ( univ]sal int]e/2 = artificial wat]ways mean human be+s to con/ruct !m1 & x 0 an int5sely int]e/+ ?+ to "k t ,m>s 0 probably inhabit$ ) be+s at lea/ some:at aft] our own k9d4 ,x 0 a new _w4 ,! little planet became a topic ( absorb+ int]e/ to all ( u4 ,& ?us began ! controv]sy ov] ! habitability ( ,m>s1 & ! mean+ ( its surface features1 9 :i* a/ronom]s1 seek+ only = ! tru?1 h tak5 a mu* m dignifi$ "p ?an !y h sometimes be5 m or less s5sationally repres5t$ z do+4 ,! discov]] ( ! s-call$ canals himself believ$ !m to be natural wat]ways cutt+ ?r\gh ! l& aft] ! mann] ( our /raits & *annels1 & _h v little to say 9 explanation ( !m4 ,b 8 "w gave a new impetus to ! /udy ( ?is little bro!r _w ( ours4 ,9 our own c\ntry ! obs]vatory at ,flag/aff is ! "o ! be/ kn[n among ^? do+ rese>* "w on ,m>s2 b x is n ! only "o4 ,! obs]vatory !re is f9ely situat$ 9 ! ?91 cle> atmosph]e ( ,arizona1 ! me*anical facilities = su* "w are good1 & !re seems no d\bt t !re are !re "s obs]v]s :o h eyes t 7 made = see+4 ,all t ! %>p vision ( ,s*iap>elli saw has be5 se5 !re1 & mu* m4 ,sev]al hundr$ canals h be5 discov]$1 & at c]ta9 seasons _m ( !m h appe>$ to become d\ble4 ,_! c\rses h be5 foll[$1 & _! appe>ances & disappe>ances h be5 wat*$4 ,some:]e ne> six hundr$ ( !m h be5 mapp$4 ,accord+ to ^! maps1 ! canals seem to be laid out ) a geometrical precision su* z nature is n likely to foll[2 !y run across "s regions t 7 =m]ly suppos$ to be wat]1 & !y h po9ts ( conv]g5ce e "h & !re1 =m+ at su* po9ts l>ge d>k areas4 ,naturally1 :5 a p]son has discov]$ any new & curi\s ph5om5on 9 nature he seeks to det]m9e ! exact mean+ ( x4 ,x w\ld h v little int]e/ = him if he did n1 & x w\ld be a dry lot ( facts t did n ar\se a desire to d ?is4 ,! int]pretation put ^u :at has be5 se5 at ! obs]vatory at ,flag/aff is1 9 brief1 ab\t z foll[s3 ,! surface ( ,m>s has no oceans or m\nta9s4 ,! r$di% areas1 :i* =m ! l>g] "p ( ! surface1 are des]ts4 ,! blue-gre5 /reaks are ribbons ( vegetation along ea* side ( artificially con/ruct$ wat]ways1 :i* are ( imm5se l5g? & cross & recross ea* o!r until !y some:at resemble a network ( l9es ov] ! des]t surface ( ! planet1 & are us$ = irrigat+ ?is arid region4 ,! po9ts :]e ! canals conv]ge & =m ! l>ge d>k spots are oases made by ! wat] c>ri$ by ! canals4 ,! wat] is suppli$ by ! melt+ ( ! caps ( sn[ at ! poles dur+ ! ,m>tian summ]1 ! exp&+ ( ! l9es ( vegetation seem+ to occur at p]iods correspond+ to ! "t requir$ = ! wat] ( ! melt+ sn[ to rea* ! oases4 ,! pres5ce ( ?is va/ sy/em ( artificial wat]ways cov]+ a l>ge "p ( ! surface ( ,m>s makes x seem probable t 8,m>s is inhabit$ by be+s ( "s sort or o!r10 t ^! be+s are n m5 su* z we "k any?+ ab\t1 b t 8!re may be a local intellig5ce equal to or sup]ior to ours40 ,^! conclusions conc]n+ :at is se5 on ,m>s are n held by any "o to be completely prov$1 b are ?\ght by _! au?or to foll[ reasonably f ! ph5om5a z obs]v$4 ,by p]sons ( a diff]5t temp]am5t !y are reg>d$ z too complete an explanation1 p>ticul>ly z ! data ^u :i* !y are f\nd$ are n undisput$4 ,"s ( ! be/ a/ronom]s h n be5 able ev5 to see ! multitude ( f9e l9es1 mu* less to give any explanation ( !m4 ,o!rs d n reg>d x z c]ta9 t !y are s geometric 9 _! outl9es z to sugge/ any?+ m ?an cracks or clefts 9 ! surface ( ,m>s1 su* z might be made by nature1 & consid] t1 in/ead ( indicat+ life1 human or o!r1 !y may be ! m>ks ( age1 su* z simil> l9es or cracks :i* h be5 obs]v$ on ,m]cury seem to be4 ,also1 x is n at all c]ta9 t !re is suffici5t wat] vapor 9 ! slight atmosph]e ( ,m>s to furni% ! sn[ necess>y = ?is great irrigat+ sy/em1 nor ! heat to melt x at ! prop] season4 ,! natural temp]ature ( ,m>s w\ld be1 z we h se51 v l[1 & unless x is modifi$ 9 "s way n yet indicat$ ev]y?+ po9ts to a frigidity too int5se to p]mit ! cont9uance ( life & gr[? ( any sort kn[n to u4 ,^! ?+s mu/ all be reckon$ ) be=e any?+ c]ta9 c be kn[n ( ! surface ( ,m>s4 ,! difficulty ( pron\nc+ ^u ! m9ute details is impressively indicat$ by ,pr(essor ,m\lton1 :o says t1 ev5 "u ! f9e/ conditions & ) ! be/ telescopes1 x is l view+ 8a p]fectly accurate relief map ( ! :ole ,unit$ ,/ates made on su* a scale t x w\ld be only ?ree in*es 9 diamet] & held at a di/ance ( ?ree feet f ! eye40 ,"u su* a ne> limit ( vision1 we c well see t diff]5ces ( op9ion might arise4 ,! m]e fact t "s a/ronom]s h n se5 ! l9es on ,m>s does n mean t !y d5y _! exi/5ce4 ,"s eyes h great] def9+ p[] ?an o!rs1 z well z "s telescopes1 z e "o kn[s4 ,b :ile all ! l9es & pat*es ( color t are claim$ to h be5 se5 on ,m>s d\btless h be5 se5 by "s p]sons1 yet x is n necess>y to accept ! int]pretation ( !m giv5 by lively-m9d$ obs]v]s :5 x is n conv9c+4 ,!re may be vegetation on ,m>s1 & ev5 intellig5t be+s4 ,we d n "k2 & ?us f> !re is n mu* to support1 ev5 by inf]5ce1 ! view t !re are4 ,if we want ! tru?1 we are br\ght no ne>] to x by giv+ full cr$5ce to a speculative !ory simply because x is int]e/+ & pleasant2 & ?us f> all !ories advanc$ z to ! nature ( ! surface m>k+s on ,m>s are speculations1 ?\gh !re is no d\bt t ! m>ks are !re4 ,x is pleas+1 h[ev]1 to contemplate ! idea ( !re be+ on ,m>s1 or on any o!r planet1 an active intellig5ce ( any sort resembl+ :at we h "h on e>?1 & x is n /range t su* a wide-spread popul> int]e/ %\ld atta* to ,m>s1 9 view ( :at has be5 sugge/$ by ! m>k+s on its surface4 ,,! ,,satellites ,,( ,,m>s ,m>s has a little family ( two moons4 ,t9y little bodies !y are1 ! smalle/ 9 ! sol> family except1 p]haps1 an occasional a/]oid4 ,nei!r "o ( !m is m ?an t5 miles 9 diamet]1 & ! two toge!r are small] ?an any o!r kn[n satellite4 ,!y c only be se5 :5 ,m>s is 9 opposition1 & !n only ) a fairly l>ge telescope4 ,!y 7 discov]$ 9 #ahgg1 & nam$ ,phobos & ,deimos1 ! names ( ! two att5dants ( ! god ( w>4 ,phobos is ! bright] & ! ne>] to ! planet4 ,x is less ?an f\r ?\s& miles f ! surface ( ,m>s2 & on acc\nt ( its be+ s ne> & ! %ape ( ,m>s be+ a sph]oid1 l t ( ! e>?1 ! little satellite c nev] be se5 f ,m>s beyond sixty-n9e degrees ( latitude on ea* side ( ! equator4 ,)9 ^! limits x %[s great activity4 ,x makes a complete circuit ar\nd ,m>s 9 sev5 & a half h\rs2 & ?is swift revolution1 comb9$ ) ! motion ( ,m>s on its axis1 makes ,phobos seem to rise 9 ! we/ & set 9 ! ea/1 pass ov] ! heav5s 9 less ?an twelve h\rs1 & g ?r\gh all its phases1 f 8new0 to 8full10 "o & a half times e night4 ,its light is r insignificant1 be+ ab\t sixty times less ?an we receive f our satellite2 b1 on ! :ole1 x mu/ be a r gay & pleasant little moon4 ,deimos is n any l>g] ?an ,phobos1 & n z bright2 b x is slightly less difficult = u to see1 because x is betwe5 two & ?ree times f>!r away f ,m>s ?an ,phobos is1 & ?us n s mu* lo/ 9 ! light ( ! planet4 ,x circles ar\nd ,m>s 9 a little m ?an ?irty h\rs1 & ?is1 be+ only six h\rs m ?an ,m>s consumes 9 turn+ ar\nd on its axis1 results 9 requir+ m ?an two days = ! satellite to pass f ris+ to sett+4 ,betwe5 ris+ & sett+ x goes ?r\gh its phases f\r times4 ,x c be se5 f all p>ts ( ,m>s1 b gives v little light to ! planet--m ?an a ?\s& times less ?an our moon gives u4 ,! symbol ( ,m>s is 1 a conv5tionaliz$ figure repres5t+ a %ield & a spe>--implem5ts ( w> appropriate = ! use ( ! deity especially connect$ ) w>f>e4 ,,xiii ,,jupit] ,"o nev] feels s impress$ ) ! p[] ( ! sun z :5 "o contemplates x 9 relation to ,jupit]4 ,great ,jupit]1 he may well be call$1 ne>ly five hundr$ million miles out 9 space1 almo/ a sun himself1 ! c5t] ( a sy/em conta9+ bodies l>g] ?an ! sun's ne>e/ planet1 ,m]cury2 & yet j ,jupit]1 "o ( ! planets1 held firmly 9 lea% l ! o!rs by ! sun's ov]:elm+ =ce ( gravity1 =ev] compell$ to revolve ab\t t p>5t body ) ! re/ ( its (fspr+1 to /ay at home )9 ! b\nds ( ! sun's doma91 to keep )9 c]ta9 limits 9 8 own orbit1 =c$ to ha/5 on :5 he comes ne>e/ ! p[] t controls him1 & unable to keep up ! same rate ( spe$ :5 he is f>!r away4 ,"o may well wond] at ! imm5sity beyond compreh5sion ( ! />s1 among :i* our sun is b a v small "o1 :5 "o consid]s h[ ev5 ?is small "o c ?us sw+ huge ,jupit] ab\t4 ,= ,jupit] is1 aft] ! sun itself1 ! mammo? memb] ( our sy/em4 ,9 volume he is l>g] ?an all ! o!r planets put toge!r1 & 9 mass he is m ?an d\ble z l>ge z ! comb9$ mass ( all ! o!rs4 ,he is ab\t equal to ! sun 9 d5sity1 & ab\t "o-f\r? z d5se z ! e>?4 ,!re is less diff]5ce 9 size betwe5 ,jupit] & ! sun ?an !re is betwe5 ,jupit] & ! e>?4 ,8 diamet] is elev5 times great] ?an t ( ! e>?4 ,! sun's diamet] is only t5 times great] ?an ,jupit]'s4 ,8 surface is "o hundr$ & sixte5 times t ( ! e>?2 ! sun's own surface is only a hundr$ times l>g] ?an 84 ,jupit] weighs m ?an ?ree hundr$ times z mu* z ! e>?2 ! sun weighs only six times m ?an ,jupit]4 ,at ! equator 8 diamet] is ab\t n9ety ?\s& miles2 b1 z ! planet is mu* flatt5$ at ! poles1 ! diamet] f pole to pole is only a little m ?an eighty-f\r ?\s& miles4 ,?is flatt5+ is due to ! v rapid sp9n+ ( ! planet on its axis1 a motion t w always cause a pla/ic body to bulge at ! equator1 & ?us flatt5 at ! poles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,jupit]1 ,,! ,,mammo? ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,sol> ,,family--,,l>g] ,,?an ,,all ,,! ,,o!r ,,planets ,,put ,,toge!r ,?is photograph %[s ! flatt5+ at ! poles & also ! belts encircl+ ! planet4 ,x 0 photograph$ at ! ,y]kes ,obs]vatory4 ,! =ce ( gravity on ,jupit] is ab\t two & "o-half times great] ?an on ! e>?4 ,a fairy-l figure weigh+ "h only a hundr$ p\nds w\ld be held to ! surface ( ,jupit] ) a =ce equal to two hundr$ & sixty p\nds4 ,?is trem5d\s p[] makes ,jupit] ! greate/ di/urb+ body among all ! planets4 ,he gives ,saturn a mighty pull :5 ! two planets come ne> ea* o!r2 he draws "s ( ! little a/]oids five or six degrees out ( _! c\rse :5 x c>ries !m into ! field ( 8 influ5ce2 & !re are z _m z ?irty comets t h become p]man5t memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em1 because ?r\gh 8 great p[] ( attraction he has made !m captive4 ,jupit] is s mu* f>!r f ! sun ?an we are t 8 orbit is ab\t five times l>g] ?an t ( ! e>?4 ,9 consequ5ce also ( 8 great] di/ance f ! sun1 he moves mu* m sl[ly ?an ! e>?4 ,8 av]age velocity is ab\t eight miles a second4 ,x requires m ?an f\r ?\s& days1 or ne>ly twelve ( our ye>s1 = him to make "o revolution ar\nd ! sun1 & he ?us consumes m ?an t5 ?\s& ( 8 own days4 ,he travels ?r\gh ab\t "o sign ( ! zodiac ea* ye>1 & is ?us n v difficult to keep trace (1 s9ce ! signs & ! con/ellations ( ! zodiac s ne>ly co9cide4 ,8 synodic p]iod1 or ! p]iod f "o opposition to ano!r1 is a fraction less ?an ?ree hundr$ & n9ety-n9e days1 or ab\t "o ye> & a little m ?an a mon?4 ,8 daily motion 9 ! skies is almo/ too small = u to detect x )\t obs]vation = m ?an a day4 ,x is 9 "o day ab\t equal to "o-six? ( ! app>5t diamet] ( ! moon2 b 9 a mon? he has mov$ a di/ance ab\t half z great z t betwe5 ! two po9t]s 9 ! ,big ,dipp]1 z c be easily se5 by comp>ison ) ! />s ne> him4 ,,jupit]',s ,,place ,,9 ,,! ,,sky ,jupit] is n[ 7#aiab7 9 ! con/ellation ,scorpio1 & he w be 9 ?is region1 & ?us a summ] />1 = sev]al ye>s to come4 ,9 #aiac he w be 9 opposition e>ly 9 ,july1 & w !n be 9 ,sagitt>ius1 n f> f ! little 8milk dipp]10 & w be a glori\sly beautiful object dur+ all ! summ]4 ,he w be 9 opposition ab\t ,augu/ #aj1 #aiad1 9 ,capricornus1 & w aga9 be ! mo/ brilliant object 9 ! summ] sky4 ,9 #aiae he w be 9 opposition a little aft] ! middle ( ,septemb]1 & w !n be situat$ on or ne> ! ea/]n edge ( ,aqu>ius1 :]e he w be a v di/+ui%$ /> dur+ all ! *>m+ ev5+s ( late summ] & ! autumn4 ,he always seems p>ticul>ly spl5did :5 9 ?is season ( ! ye> he rea*es opposition4 ,! insi/5t brilliancy ( 8 disc br+s him !n into view be=e ! sun is fairly d[n2 & he hangs1 placid & alone1 9 ! s\!a/]n sky dur+ ! autumn twilight1 & lat] 9 ! ev5+ %[s to advantage 8 dom9at+ beauty1 ) ,ant>es on ! we/ ( him & ,fomalhaut bel[ him1 no less *>m+ 9 _! own way1 b f> less brilliant ?an ?is spl5did planet4 ,9 #aiaf1 :5 opposition w occur n f> f ,hall[e'en1 ,jupit] w be ab\t on ! ea/]n bord] ( ! con/ellation ,pisces1 &1 ris+ !n j z ! sun sets1 w enliv5 ! ev5+ view = ! re/ ( t ye>4 ,he w appe> at 8 v be/ at ?is "t1 = he w be at ab\t 8 ne>e/ to ! sun2 & all t ?is situation c d = him 9 ! way ( enhanc+ 8 brilliancy may !n be se54 ,9 #aiag he w be 9 opposition to ! sun ab\t ! fir/ ( ,decemb]1 9 ,taurus2 & = ! next few ye>s he w be a w9t] />1 mov+ maje/ically along 8 pa? 9 ! zodiac1 nev] m ?an "o & a half degrees f ! ecliptic1 & pass+ 9 turn ! ,pleiades1 ,aldeb>an1 ,ca/or & ,pollux1 & ! little ,bee-hive 9 ,canc]4 ,!re w be no opposition 9 #aiah2 b "o w occur e>ly 9 ,janu>y1 #aiai1 :5 ,jupit] is 9 ! ea/]n half ( ,gem9i2 & t[>d ! middle ( ,febru>y1 #aibj1 ano!r w take place1 :5 ! planet is 9 ,canc]1 ) ,ca/or & ,pollux1 ! sp>kl+ tw9 />s 9 ,gem9i1 to ! we/ ( him4 ,dur+ "p ( #aibj & all ( ! next ?ree ye>s ,jupit] w be j\rney+ across ,leo1 ,virgo1 ,libra1 & ,scorpio4 ,he w be opposite ! sun 9 #aiba1 a little aft] ! middle ( ,m>*2 9 #aibb1 9 ! latt] half ( ,april2 & 9 #aibc1 t[>d ! v la/ ( ,may4 ,he w pass ne> ,regulus1 ! sp>kl+ /> 9 ! h&le ( ! ,sickle1 9 ! summ] ( #aibj2 ne> ,spica 9 #aiba2 & he w n be f> f ,ant>es 9 #aibc4 ,9 #aibd ,jupit]'s cycle ( twelve ye>s w be complet$1 & he w be 9 opposition aga9 e>ly 9 ,july1 & situat$ ne> ! we/]n edge ( ,sagitt>ius1 n f> f :]e he 0 9 #aiab4 ,^! cycles d n repeat !mselves exactly2 b ! planet lacks only f\r days ( hav+ be5 9 opposition elev5 times dur+ twelve ( our ye>s1 s t x is n difficult to keep track ( him ?r\gh a long s]ies ( ye>s4 ,= exact dates1 su* z "o ne$s 9 a v close /udy ( ! planet1 an almanac mu/ be consult$2 b ?is is n necess>y = m]e recognition1 :i* is all t is ne$$ to enjoy ! acqua9tance ( great ,jupit]4 ,e ye> ,jupit] is an ev5+ /> = m ?an six mon?s4 ,= two mon?s be=e opposition he rises some:at aft] sund[n2 at opposition he appe>s exactly at ! sett+ ( ! sun2 & !reaft] he is f\nd 9 ! ev5+ sky1 appe>+ f>!r t[>d ! we/ ea* ev5+1 until1 :5 ne>+ conjunction1 he is lo/ to our view = a "t4 ,he is a morn+ /> = an equal l5g? ( "t1 & = ab\t ?ree mon?s c be se5 betwe5 midnight & six 9 ! morn+2 b mu* ( ! re/ ( ! "t he is obscur$ by ! daylight4 ,jupit] retrogrades 9 8 motion = ab\t two mon?s be=e & aft] ea* opposition2 b1 s9ce he *anges 8 place to ! ext5t ( only two & a half degrees a mon?1 ! :ole app>5tly backw>d movem5t am\nts only to t5 degrees a ye>4 ,/ill1 x is v int]e/+ to wat* him sw+ back & =? ov] ?is t5 degrees be=e he />ts out on ea* ye>ly j\rney4 ,,di/ance1 ,,light1 ,,& ,,heat ,jupit] is ne>ly five times f>!r f ! sun ?an we are4 ,8 mean di/ance f t orb is f\r hundr$ & eighty-?ree millions ( miles4 ,8 orbit is n s ecc5tric z t ( ,m]cury or ( ,m>s1 b ! ecc5tricity is suffici5t to make 8 di/ance v>y by z mu* z =ty-two millions ( miles4 ,8 di/ance is five hundr$ & f\r millions ( miles :5 he is f>!/ f ! sun1 & f\r hundr$ & sixty-two millions :5 he is ne>e/ to x4 ,on acc\nt ( 8 orbit be+ outside ( ours1 we are at times ne>] to him & at o!rs f>!r f him ?an ! sun ev] is4 ,at 8 be/ situation :5 9 opposition1 we are ?ree hundr$ & sixty-n9e million miles f him4 ,?is is m ?an t5 times f>!r ?an we are f ,m>s at t planet's mo/ favorable oppositions1 & yet ,jupit] is mu* bright] at su* times ?an ,m>s ev] appe>s to be4 ,at ! times ( conjunction he is five hundr$ & n9ety-six millions ( miles f u1 b is /ill always bright] ?an a fir/-magnitude /> l ,capella or ,vega4 ,al?\gh ! di/ance ( ,jupit] f u v>ies ?us two hundr$ & tw5ty-sev5 million miles1 !re is nev] 9 him ! m>k$ diff]5ce 9 brilliancy t we see 9 ,m>s4 ,he is at all times s f> away t ! v>iation 9 di/ance does n c\nt = z mu*1 ?\gh we c see ! effect ( x pla9ly en\gh1 ev5 ) ! nak$ eye4 ,light1 ) all its m>vel\s spe$1 consumes m ?an fifty-?ree m9utes 9 its j\rney f ,jupit] to ! e>? :5 we are mo/ widely sep>at$ f him4 ,:5 we are ne>e/ to him light comes to u f ! planet 9 tw5ty m9utes less "t4 ,at 8 av]age di/ance f ! sun x requires ab\t =ty-?ree m9utes = light to pass f ! sun to ,jupit]4 ,not)/&+ ! sun's great p[] ov] ,jupit] 9 %ap+ 8 c\rse1 x does n give him mu* 9 return = 8 subs]vi5cy4 ,s f> z light & brilliancy are conc]n$1 x is to ,jupit] a v small sun inde$4 ,to an obs]v] on ,jupit] ! sun w\ld n appe> to be m ?an "o-fif? z l>ge z x seems to u4 ,! light x furni%es to ,jupit] is tw5ty-five times less ?an we receive2 & if ! planet dep5d$ entirely ^u ! sun = heat1 8 temp]ature w\ld be m ?an two hundr$ degrees bel[ z]o1 ,fahr5heit4 ,!re is e reason to believe t ! little heat ! sun gives to ?is mighty planet does n c\nt = mu* "o way or ! o!r at ! planet's pres5t /age ( developm5t4 ,jupit] does n ne$ ! n\ri%+ t ! small] t]re/rial planets mu/ h1 or die4 ,he is probably almo/ a sun himself4 ,we are n at all c]ta9 t ! planet is ev5 s f> cool$ z to h a solid surface4 ,if x has1 !re is reason to ?9k t ! surface is at lea/ r$ hot1 & gives to ! planet a temp]ature high] ?an any?+ we h any compreh5sion (4 ,jupit]'s atmosph]e1 too1 is extremely ?ick & d5se1 s t ! planet is probably s protect$ t x gets v little heat f ! sun & loses v little ( its own4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ?is great planet is n s mu* ( a sun z to %9e by its own light4 ,! light we receive1 ?\gh x is v brilliant1 is reflect$ sunlight4 ,?is is %[n by ! fact t ! planet does n furni% light = its own satellites4 ,:5 !y pass into its %ad[ ! sunlight is %ut (f f !m2 & if !y receive any light f ,jupit]1 x is too dusky to be p]ceptible to u4 ,t ! planet may h a r$ gl[1 ?\gh1 is also sugge/$ by ! action ( ! satellites4 ,:5 !y pass betwe5 u & ,jupit] !y sometimes ca/ less ( a %ad[ on 8 surface ?an w\ld be expect$1 ?us indicat+ t ! surface is n altoge!r d>k1 ?\gh x may only dully gl[ r ?an %9e4 ,,day ,,& ,,night1 ,,seasons1 ,,& ,,atmosph]e ,jupit] accompli%es "o rotation 9 a little less ?an t5 h\rs2 b1 curi\sly en\gh1 all p>ts ( ! planet d n rotate 9 ! same l5g? ( "t4 ,a day at ! equator is n9e h\rs & fifty m9utes 9 l5g?4 ,9 "s ( ! high] latitudes x is n9e h\rs & fifty-five m9utes1 & ?is not)/&+ ! equator is s mu* l>g] 9 circumf]5ce ?an any o!r "p & any "o po9t on x has f>!r to g 9 a revolution4 ,z _m z eight diff]5t rates ( rotation h be5 obs]v$2 & ev5 9 ! same zones "s p>ts seem to lag beh9d o!rs1 tak+ a little m "t to complete ! rotation ?an o!r p>ts surr\nd+ !m4 ,?is is ano!r indication t ,jupit] is n a solid body4 ,! surface features are none ( !m p]man5t1 ?\gh "s ( !m rema9 practically ! same = ye>s4 ,x is ?r\gh ?is occasional /ability ( !m t x has be5 possible to m>k ! planet's "t ( rotation4 ,9 ! matt] ( seasons ,jupit] has v little v>iety4 ,! axis ( ! planet is incl9$ b little m ?an ?ree degrees to its orbit1 s t :atev] am\nt ( heat ! sun's radiance af=ds mu/ be v ne>ly uni=m dur+ ! entire ,jovian ye>4 ,its di/ance1 too1 is at all times s great t !re w\ld be no appreciable *ange 9 temp]ature betwe5 its p]ihelion & aphelion positions4 ,!re is e indication t ,jupit] has an extraord9>ily d5se & deep atmosph]e4 ,x has be5 sometimes e/imat$ to be z mu* z a ?\s& miles 9 dep?1 & ! spectroscope %[s x to be heavily lad5 ) vapor4 ,b beyond ^! v g5]al facts n mu* is def9itely kn[n ab\t x4 ,x is c]ta91 ?\gh1 t x is v diff]5t f our atmosph]e4 ,! spectroscope %[s 9 x elem5ts1 or comp\nds ( elem5ts1 :i* are n famili> to u4 ,! enorm\s gravitative p[] ( ,jupit] w\ld enable him to hold gases r>] ?an ! e>?1 or ! small] planets l ! e>?1 ev] acquir$4 ,a molecule ( gas w\ld h to move m rapidly ?an ?irty-sev5 miles a second to escape f ,jupit]4 ,! e>?1 z we h se51 _c hold any gases mov+ fa/] ?an sev5 miles a second4 ,s !re are _m gases :i* may =ev] rema9 9 ,jupit]'s atmosph]e & yet h nev] _h a place 9 ours4 ,,surface ,,features ,se5 ?r\gh a telescope1 ,jupit] %[s ! lovelie/ v>iety ( colors1 ) ! r$di% ones always mo/ conspicu\s4 ,! slightly p9k-t9t$ /eady light t we get f ! planet ) ! nak$ eye 9 no way sugge/s ! turbul5t1 flame-l aspect t a telescopic view op5s to u4 ,! telescope also reveals v cle>ly t flatt5+ at ! poles :i* has already be5 spok5 (4 ,) s d5se an atmosph]e z ,jupit] mo/ likely has1 x is sometimes d\btful :e!r 8 surface c be se5 by u at all4 ,b x is c]ta9 t we see some?+ app>5tly mu* m d5se & /able ?an an atmosph]e is suppos$ to be2 & h5ce x is ?\ght t1 9 spite ( its ?ickness1 ! atmosph]e may be only p>tially opaque1 & t x may be 9 "s places ev5 m or less transp>5t4 ,x does n seem probable t ! m>k+s on ,jupit] are :olly atmosph]ic4 ,"s ( !m indicate t ! sub/ance we see has consid]ably m consi/5cy ?an a m]e gas4 ,! :ole surface ( ! planet is cov]$ ) belts & spots ( v>i\s colors & v>y+ %apes4 ,! belt$ appe>ance is p>ticul>ly m>k$4 ,x has be5 notic$ = m ?an two hundr$ ye>s1 & c be se5 ) a comp>atively small telescope4 ,sometimes z _m z tw5ty or ?irty belts h be5 se5 at "o "t4 ,all ( !m are p>allel ) ! equator4 ,two broad r$ belts on ea* side ( ! equator1 call$ ! tropical belts1 are v di/9ct1 & sometimes reta9 ! same %ape & color = mon?s at a "t1 ?\gh sometimes !y *ange rapidly 9 bo? color & outl9e4 ,betwe5 !m is ! equatorial belt1 :i* is also a semi-p]man5t feature1 rema9+ (t5 = a consid]able p]iod un*ang$4 ,^! belts1 & ! spots t sometimes appe> on & ne> !m1 h be5 closely wat*$1 because ab\t ! equator1 & especially j s\? ( x1 is ! region ( greate/ activity on ,jupit]'s surface4 ,"o feature t m ne>ly sugge/s solidity & p]man5cy ?an any?+ else on ,jupit] is ! fam\s great r$ spot :i* lies 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e j bel[ ! s\!rn tropical belt4 ,x appe>$ ab\t ?irty-five ye>s ago1 9 ,july1 #ahgh1 z a pale p9k spot1 grew bright] = two or ?ree ye>s1 & !n fad$1 until1 at ! end ( two or ?ree m ye>s1 x 0 almo/ invisible4 ,9 ano!r ye> x came aga91 & increas$ 9 brightness = five or six ye>s4 ,!n x grew a little fa9t]1 & has s9ce rema9$ a r fa9t r$ spot1 b pla9ly visible4 ,9 %ape ! great r$ spot is an imm5se oval z mu* z ?irty ?\s& miles f ea/ to we/ & sev5 ?\s& miles f nor? to s\?1 :i* gives x a surface f\r or five times z l>ge z ! l& area on ! entire e>?1 & l>g] ev5 ?an ! :ole surface ( ! e>? includ+ ! oceans4 ,al?\gh reta9+ its own %ape1 x seems to drift ab\t among its surr\nd+s1 %[+ t x is n atta*$ to any solid surface2 & yet x has a sugge/ion ( solidity 9 itself1 :i* 0 %[n :5 x & ano!r small] spot 7 se5 to be drift+ t[>d ea* o!r1 & !n f9ally to meet4 ,in/ead ( collid+ or go+ ov] or "u1 !y calmly drift$ to "o side & w5t ar\nd ea* o!r4 ,appe>ances su* z ?is h sugge/$ ! idea t ! great spot might be a cont95t 9 process ( =mation4 ,su* an idea is at be/ a speculation2 b x w\ld be int]e/+ if x %\ld prove t we are witness+ on ,jupit] ! process ?r\gh :i* our own e>? mu/ at "o "t h pass$ :5 its cru/ began to solidify 9 pat*es1 z "o ( ! /eps 9 ! long p]iod ( evolution :i* has prep>$ x = our uses4 ,x is n at all c]ta9 t ,jupit] w ev] be j l ! e>?4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 its atmosph]e & ours may h "s influ5ce 9 its developm5t t we h little k ( at pres5t1 & !re are "s o!r fundam5tal diff]5ces betwe5 ! two planets :i* may 9 "s way effect a diff]5ce 9 developm5t4 ,b 9 a g5]al way we "k t ! planet w 9 "t become m cond5s$ ?an x n[ is & w f9ally solidify4 ,:e!r ! processes w be c>ri$ on 9 j ! same way 9 :i* !y h be5 "h on ! e>? is n s c]ta94 ,,jupit]',s ,,sy/em ,,( ,,satellites ,jupit] is ! c5t] ( a sup]b sy/em ( satellites1 eight 9 numb]4 ,f\r ( !m 7 fir/ se5 9 #afaj1 & h ! honor to be ! fir/ heav5ly bodies discov]$ by means ( ! telescope4 ,! fif? "o 0 n discov]$ until #ahib4 ,! six? 0 fir/ se5 9 #aijd1 & ! sev5? 9 #aije4 ,aft] ?ree ye>s an eigh? 0 discov]$ 79 #aijh74 ,:5 ! fir/ f\r satellites 7 discov]$ !y 7 nam$ respectively1 9 ! ord] ( _! di/ances f ,jupit]1 ,io1 ,europa1 ,ganym$e1 & ,calli/o4 ,ganym$e is n only ! l>ge/ ( ! f\r1 b is also ! l>ge/ satellite 9 ! sol> sy/em4 ,x is l>g] ?an ,m]cury1 & n mu* small] ?an ,m>s4 ,calli/o is next to ,ganym$e 9 size1 & is ab\t ! size ( ,m]cury4 ,io is ab\t ! size ( our moon1 & ,europa is n mu* small]4 ,"u v favorable conditions ,ganym$e & ,calli/o c be se5 by ! nak$ eye2 b a good _m p]sons ?9k !y see ! moons ( ,jupit] :5 !y see only "s small />s 9 t region4 ,!y are invisible to mo/ p1 b probably c\ld be se5 (t5] if x 7 n = ! gl>+ light ( ! planet1 :i* m or less obscures any?+ s ne> x4 ,aft] ! discov]y ( ,jupit]'s fif? satellite1 a/ronom]s seem to h become possess$ ) t dull _s ( ord]l9ess su* z is sometimes exhibit$ by city c\ncils 9 sub/itut+ numb]s = hi/oric & beautiful names 9 designat+ /reets4 ,no m ( ,jupit]'s satellites 7 giv5 names su* z might be appropriate = memb]s ( ?is ,jovian family2 b all 7 giv5 numb]s--! fir/ f\r 9 ord] ( _! di/ance f ,jupit]1 ! o!rs 9 ord] ( _! discov]y4 ,io1 ,europa1 ,ganym$e1 & ,calli/o are n[ designat$1 respectively1 ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii1 & ,,iv1 :ile ,v1 ,,vi1 ,,vii1 & ,,viii h nev] _h any designation o!r ?an ^! numb]s4 ,! fif? satellite1 discov]$ 9 #ahib1 is ! ne>e/ to ,jupit]1 & ! smalle/ ( all 8 satellites4 ,its diamet] is probably n m ?an "o hundr$ & tw5ty miles1 b its exact size c be e/imat$ only by ! am\nt ( light x reflects4 ,x is too small to %[ a measurable disc1 & _c ev5 be se5 :5 x makes a transit across ! planet4 ,x w\ld seem !n a m]e speck1 if we c\ld see x at all4 ,x makes "o revolution ab\t ,jupit] 9 less ?an twelve h\rs 7elev5 h\rs & fifty-sev5 m9utes71 & is only a little m ?an tw5ty-two ?\s& miles f ! surface ( ! planet at ! equator4 ,x appe>s to u z a /> ( ab\t ! ?irte5? magnitude1 & _c be se5 except ) a l>ge telescope4 ,ow+ to ! great curvature ( ! planet1 & to ! satellite's be+ s ne> him1 x _c be se5 f ! surface ( ,jupit] beyond sixty-five degrees ( latitude4 ,x moves fa/] ?an any o!r satellite 9 ! sol> sy/em1 go+ at ! rate ( sixte5 & a half miles a second4 ,x does n make a revolution 9 z %ort a "t z ,phobos1 ! little satellite ( ,m>s1 does1 b x has a mu* long] di/ance to travel & goes at a fa/] rate4 ,! fact t ,jupit] rotates 9 t5 h\rs & ! satellite makes a revolution ar\nd him 9 twelve h\rs results 9 ! satellite's tak+ five ( ,jupit]'s days to cross f ! ea/]n horizon to ! we/]n4 ,x w\ld g ?r\gh all its phases f\r times dur+ t p]iod if x 7 n t1 be+ s ne> ! planet1 8 huge =m cuts (f ! sunlight f ! little satellite = ne>ly "o-fif? ( ! "t1 & x is nev] se5 8full40 ,?is satellite is v difficult = u to see on acc\nt ( its dim9utive size & its ne>ness to ! %9+ disc ( ,jupit]2 yet x 0 discov]$ by means ( ! telescope1 & n by photography1 z s _m small bodies are discov]$ n[adays1 & by a man :o ?us f> has n be5 able to see ! f9e l9e m>k+s on ,m>s1 :i* "s o!r a/ronom]s ?9k !y c see--a fact t is v int]e/+ z %[+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 obs]v]s ev5 ( great ke5ness ( vision4 ,f ?is satellite ,jupit] w\ld seem an enorm\s body1 ne>ly eighty-five times l>g] ?an our sun appe>s to u1 &1 no d\bt1 a spl5did object4 ,b ! little satellite pays r de>ly = ! view by suff]+ num]\s & long-cont9u$ eclipses4 ,! six? & sev5? satellites are also v m9ute bodies1 measur+ probably less ?an "o hundr$ miles 9 diamet]4 ,!y circle ab\t ,jupit] at a di/ance ne>ly ?irty times m remote ?an our moon is f u4 ,!y are ab\t sev5 million miles f ! planet1 & probably n m ?an b>ely visible f x4 ,x takes !m two hundr$ & sixty-five days to make "o revolution1 :i* is m ?an five hundr$ times z long z ! p]iod ( ,jupit]'s ne>e/ satellite4 ,^! two satellites are s ne>ly ( "o size & revolve s ne>ly 9 ! same "t & at ! same di/ance f ,jupit] t !y are ?\ght to h _h a common orig94 ,j :at _! relation is has n yet be5 det]m9$4 ,! eigh? satellite1 discov]$ 9 ,janu>y1 #aijh1 is c]ta9ly no l>g]1 & is p]haps /ill m t9y1 ?an ! six? & ! sev5?1 ?\gh x is a little bright] ?an ei!r "o ( !m4 ,x is ab\t ?ree times f>!r away f ,jupit] ?an ! sev5? satellite1 & ) eyes su* z ours w\ld n be visible f ,jupit]4 ,x %[s to u z ab\t a sev5te5?-magnitude />1 :i* is almo/ at ! limit ( our vision ) ev5 ! l>ge/ telescope4 ,x seems to revolve ab\t ,jupit] 9 a direction exactly opposite to t ( ! o!r satellites--a retrograde motion t appe>s 9 ! sol> sy/em 9 only two or ?ree o!r cases & has n yet be5 entirely acc\nt$ =4 ,jupit]'s satellites h play$ an important "p 9 a/ronomical discov]ies & inve/igations4 ,x 0 ?r\gh obs]vation ( _! transits t x 0 discov]$ t light occupi$ "t 9 pass+ ?r\gh space4 ,:5 ,jupit] 0 ne> u 9 8 orbit1 ! eclipses occurr$ too soon = _! calculat$ "t2 :5 he 0 f>!r away1 !y occurr$ too late4 ,x 0 f\nd t ^! irregul>ities 7 due to ! fact t light is n transmitt$ ?r\gh space in/antane\sly1 & fur!r inve/igation %[$ t x travels at ! rate ( #ahf1djj miles a second4 ,! eclipses ( ,jupit]'s moons are c>efully comput$ & record$ 9 ! ,nautical ,almanac1 & x is ?r\gh obs]vations ( !m t *ronomet]s are correct$ at sea4 ,ganym$e & ,calli/o h be5 f\nd to keep always ! same face t[>d ! planet1 z our moon keeps always ! same face t[>d u2 & x is ?\ght t all ( ,jupit]'s satellites probably d ?is4 ,! symbol ( ,jupit] is 1 a hi]oglyph = ! eagle1 :i* 0 ! bird ( ,jove4 ,,xiv ,,saturn ,among ! f\r planets t we commonly see1 ! easie/1 p]haps1 to keep track ( is ,saturn4 ,its peculi> aspect is v di/9ctly m>k$4 ,x appe>s z a l>ge1 pale1 yell[ /> %9+ ) a s(t1 mi/y light t sometimes b>ely escapes be+ dull4 ,x is always z bright z a fir/-magnitude />1 b n always z bright z ,sirius1 & nev] z brilliant z ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 or ,v5us :5 !y are at _! brighte/4 ,! g5]al effect ( x is z a l>ge r ?an a brilliant />4 ,! only "t x loses ^! v m>k$ *>act]i/ics is :5 x is draw+ 9 t[>d ! sun1 & ?us ne>+ conjunction4 ,at su* times we see x ea* ev5+ l[] 9 ! rosy gl[ ( ! sett+ sun1 & m & m obscur$ & *ang$ 9 color by ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e4 ,!n x sometimes seems z r$ z ,m]cury1 & sometimes ev5 tw9kles a little 9 a sort ( f>ewell gaiety z x backs away f u into ! rays ( ! dazzl+ sun & f9ally disappe>s = a "t f ! ev5+ sky4 ,proximity to ! sun & entanglem5t 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! horizon has ?is effect m or less on all ! planets1 z we "k1 b x always seems unexpect$ 9 ,saturn1 because x is s out ( keep+ ) 8 ord9>ily l>ge1 pale1 placid face1 :i* sugge/s s(tness & g5tl5ess r ?an vivacity4 ,b !re is no mi/ak+ ! planet ev5 "u ?is aspect if we b /op to ?9k :]e he is4 ,& x is ?r\gh kn[+ :]e he is t x is s easy to keep track ( ,saturn4 ,= ne>ly two ye>s & a half1 on an av]age1 he rema9s 9 ! same con/ellation1 pass+ sl[ly ov] ab\t "o degree a mon?1 or a little m ?an twelve degrees 9 a ye>1 occupy+ almo/ ?irty ye>s 9 mak+ "o circuit ?r\gh ! con/ellations ( ! zodiac4 ,"o has1 !re=e1 ample "t to get well acqua9t$ ) him be=e he has w&]$ f> f ! position 9 :i* "o fir/ f\nd him4 ,= ne>ly six mon?s ea* ye> ,saturn %9es z an ev5+ />1 &1 return+ ea* ye> z he does ) su* slight *anges ( position1 he comes to h some?+ ( ! /ability ( a fix$ />4 ,hav+ se5 him "o ye>1 we c c\nt on 8 return+ ! next only ab\t ?irte5 days beh9d "t1 & b little f>!r f 8 orig9al position ?an twice ! di/ance betwe5 ! po9t]s 9 ! ,big ,dipp]4 ,! "o degree a mon? :i* he travels along ! ecliptic is t[>d ! ea/1 except = a little m ?an two mon?s be=e opposition1 & ! same l5g? ( "t aft]w>d1 :5 he has ! slight app>5t retrograde motion due to our ov]tak+ & pass+ him1 :i* has be5 expla9$4 ,) ,saturn ?is motion is s slight--only f\r degrees--t x does n put him mu* out ( position1 & x is1 9 fact1 n mu* notic$ except by close obs]v]s4 ,he has all ! "t be5 go+ /eadily on t[>d ! ea/ 7= ! retrograde motion is only an app>5t motion71 & ! annual *ange ( twelve degrees 9 position is always 9 ?is direction4 ,my fir/ acqua9tance ) ,saturn 0 :5 he 0 travel+ ?r\gh ,pisces & ,aries1 :]e !re are no fir/-magnitude />s to m>k ! pa? ( ! w&]+ bodies 9 ! heav5s4 ,x 0 !n t ,i 0 mo/ impress$ ) ! fixity & reliability ( 8 return4 ,e autumn !n = five ye>s we wat*$ ,ant>es pass+ t[>d ! we/1 foll[$ by ! little 8milk dipp]0 9 ,sagitt>ius2 & !n ,fomalhaut1 cross+ ! sky 9 ! same direction1 ?\gh bel[ ! con/ellations ( ! zodiac2 & !n turn$ our eyes t[>d ! ea/1 kn[+ t ! next bright body to come peep+ ov] ! tops ( ! trees w\ld be ,saturn4 ,& :5 ! fir/ fro/s began to /rip ! leaves f ! trees we f\nd ! comp5sation t nature always gives :5 %e de/roys "o beauty3 we c\ld see e>li] 9 ! ev5+1 ?r\gh ! b>e bran*es1 t lovely yell[i% disc1 ) its sugge/ion ( alo(ness & gr&eur t is peculi> to x4 ,= ! face ( ,saturn1 :ile nev] :at we w\ld call cold1 has little 9 x ( t bright1 w>m1 fri5dly aspect :i* is at times s *>act]i/ic ( ,v5us1 ,m>s1 & ,jupit]4 ,,ar\nd ,,"o ,,circuit ,,( ,,! ,,skies ,,) ,,saturn ,saturn is n[ 7! autumn ( #aiab7 9 ! fir/ "p ( 8 pa? ?r\gh ,taurus1 & he w be 9 t con/ellation dur+ all ( #aiac & ! great] "p ( #aiad4 ,f #aiab to #aibj he w be a beautiful object 9 ! w9t] sky1 ?read+ 8 way sl[ly ?r\gh t spl5did galaxy ( />s t blazes across ! glitt]+ sky peculi> to ! cold w9t] nights4 ,he w pass betwe5 ! ,pleiades & ,aldeb>an1 & w be 9 opposition 9 t region on ,novemb] #bc1 #aiab4 ,f>!r ea/ 9 ! con/ellation he w be 9 opposition 9 ! fir/ week ( ,decemb]1 #aiac4 ,almo/ on ! bord] l9e betwe5 ,taurus & ,gem9i he w be 9 opposition dur+ ! ?ird week 9 ,decemb]1 #aiad2 &1 z ?is is v ne> ! p]ihelion po9t 9 ,saturn's orbit1 ! planet w !n be at 8 brighte/4 ,9 #aiae he w n be 9 opposition at all2 b sometime )9 ! fir/ two or ?ree days ( #aiaf he w rea* t position1 & w !n be well on 9 8 j\rney across ,gem9i4 ,= ^! f\r ye>s--f #aiab to #aiaf--;he w be visible dur+ ! entire night1 at ! times ( 8 opposition1 & 9 8 be/ condition4 ,! r+s t surr\nd him w !n be plac$ s t we w get a broad expanse ( light f !m1 z well z f ! planet itself1 :i* greatly increases its brightness4 ,saturn w !n cont9ue to move across ,gem9i1 pass+ 9 ! e>ly "p ( #aiag "u ,ca/or & ,pollux1 & v ne> to ,neptune--a meet+ :i*1 un=tunately1 _c be se5 ) ! nak$ eye4 ,dur+ ?is ye> 7#aiag7 he w beg9 8 j\rney ?r\gh ! smalle/ ( all ! con/ellations ( ! zodiac1 ,canc]1 pass+ ne> ! lovely clu/] ( />s we call ! ,bee-hive1 & w rea* ,leo e>ly 9 #aiai1 :]e he w rema9 until ab\t ! end ( #aiba4 ,:ile 9 ?is region he w be visible dur+ ! w9t] & all ( ! spr+ & ! e>ly summ]4 ,all ?ree ( ^! con/ellations--,gem9i1 ,canc]1 & ,leo--:ile se5 9 ! w9t]1 are p>ticul>ly lovely 9 ! spr+4 ,gem9i1 9 ! beautiful ev5+s ( ,may1 hangs ) its two spl5did />s 9 ! nor?we/ above ! sett+ sun2 & ) ! s(t face ( ,saturn ne> !m1 ^! />s w be m ?an ev] *>m+ 9 ! two seasons t ! planet rema9s ) !m4 ,9 #aiag ,saturn w be 9 opposition 9 ! region ( ,gem9i1 ab\t ! middle ( ,janu>y4 ,9 #aiah opposition w occur ab\t ! la/ ( ,janu>y1 & ,saturn w !n be 9 ,canc]4 ,! next ye> he w be 9 opposition sometime dur+ ! second week 9 ,febru>y1 & w !n be situat$ betwe5 ! ,bee-hive1 9 ,canc]1 & ! brilliant fir/-magnitude /> ,regulus1 9 ,leo4 ,! next two oppositions w be 9 ,leo1 ab\t ?irte5 days lat] ea* ye>4 ,saturn w !n pass dur+ ! fir/ half ( #aibb into ,virgo1 :i* is ! l>ge/ ( all ! con/ellations1 & he w rema9 !re until ?ree oppositions h tak5 place1 ab\t ?irte5 days lat] ea* ye>4 ,ab\t a ye> aft] pass+ ,spica1 ! :ite1 sp>kl+1 fir/-magnitude /> 9 ,virgo1 ,saturn w ent] ,libra1 cross+ t con/ellation ne> ! l[] "p ( ! squ>e 9 x4 ,f !re he w g ?r\gh ,scorpio & ,sagitt>ius1 pass+ above ,ant>es & ! 8milk dipp]10 & 9 ab\t #aicb w h rea*$ t comp>atively />less region :i* includes a "p ( ,sagitt>ius & all ( ,capricornus1 ,aqu>ius1 ,pisces1 & ,aries4 ,= ! next n9e & a half ye>s he w give di/9ction to ?is "p ( ! heav5s1 & ?us complete 8 circuit ( tw5ty-n9e & a half ye>s1 &1 ) nev] re/+1 nev] *ang+ movem5t1 w />t on a new r\nd1 ) a new g5]ation ( eyes foll[+ 8 fair face along ! great circle ( ! ecliptic4 ,saturn is brighte/ :5 he is 9 ,taurus1 n f> f ,gem9i1 z he w be 9 #aiad1 & aga9 :5 he is 9 ,scorpio1 z he w be betwe5 f\rte5 & fifte5 ye>s lat]4 ,! recurr+ times at :i* we c get an ev5+ view ( him at 8 greate/ brightness ?us alt]nate betwe5 midw9t] & midsumm]4 ,he is lea/ bright :5 he is 9 ! la/ half ( ,leo & :5 he is 9 t "p ( ,aqu>ius above ,fomalhaut4 ,betwe5 ^! positions he gradually waxes & wanes 9 brightness1 *anges t are l>gely due to ! position ( 8 r+s4 ,,di/ance ,,& ,,size ,saturn is almo/ twice z f> f ! sun z ,jupit]1 & betwe5 n9e & t5 times f>!r ?an we are4 ,8 mean di/ance f ! sun is eight hundr$ & eighty-sev5 million miles2 b 8 di/ance v>ies ne>ly "o hundr$ million miles betwe5 p]ihelion & aphelion4 ,8 orbit is only a trifle m ecc5tric ?an t ( ,jupit]1 b ! v>iation 9 miles is s mu* great] because ! orbit is s mu* l>g]4 ,8 av]age di/ance f ! e>? at opposition is sev5 hundr$ & n9ety-f\r million miles1 b at ! mo/ favorable opposition x may be fifty million miles ne>] ?an t4 ,at conjunction 8 av]age di/ance is n9e hundr$ & eighty million miles2 b 8 greate/ possible di/ance at su* times may be z mu* z "o billion miles4 ,:5 he is 9 ?is situation x takes light a little m ?an an h\r & a half to pass f him to u4 ,at 8 ne>e/ we receive light f him 9 ab\t an h\r & six m9utes4 ,at 8 av]age di/ance f ! sun1 light requires ab\t an h\r & tw5ty m9utes to g f "o to ! o!r4 ,:ile ,saturn is next to ,jupit] 9 size among ! planets1 he is n z l>ge z ,jupit] by two-?irds1 b 8 mass is almo/ ?ree times great] ?an t ( all ! o!r planets put toge!r except ,jupit]4 ,x is n9ety-five times great] ?an t ( ! e>?4 ,9 diamet] ,saturn is #gb1ggb miles2 b x is m flatt5$ at ! poles ?an any o!r planet1 & 9 consequ5ce !re is a diff]5ce ( ne>ly sev5 ?\s& miles betwe5 its pol> & its equatorial diamet]s4 ,! d5sity ( ,saturn is less ?an t ( any o!r planet1 & x is t5 times less ?an t ( ! e>?4 ,no o!r planet is less d5se ?an wat]2 b ,saturn w\ld float 9 wat]1 & is n m d5se ?an cork4 ,on acc\nt ( its mass its gravity is great] ?an t ( ! e>? by ab\t "o-t5?4 ,?is is n en\gh to make a v int]e/+ diff]5ce 9 ! weight ( objects on ,saturn & on ! e>?4 ,! av]age p]son weigh+ "o hundr$ & fifty p\nds "h w\ld weigh only "o hundr$ & sixty-five p\nds on ,saturn4 ,! num]\s p5ny-9-!-slot weigh+-ma*9es v>y almo/ t mu*4 ,saturn has eighty-?ree times m surface ?an ! e>?1 & m ?an sev5 hundr$ & fifty times ! e>?'s volume4 ,,surface ,,aspects ,,& ,,con/itution ,x is n at all c]ta9 t ,saturn1 m ?an ,jupit]1 has any solid surface4 ,inde$1 x is almo/ c]ta9 t x has n4 ,x is surr\nd$ by an atmosph]e ( great d5sity1 & we d n at any "t see ! surface ( ! planet4 ,x is believ$ probable t x is at lea/ l>gely 9 a liquid /ate1 if n to a great ext5t ev5 gase\s4 ,! planet is c]ta9ly n 9 any way dep5d5t on ! sun = ! extraord9>y heat t ev]y?+ indicates x to h1 & its surface is bright] ?an x is believ$ x c\ld be if %9+ only by ! reflect$ light ( ! sun4 ,?is does n mean t ,saturn is self-lum9\s2 b x is ne>ly c]ta9 t x is extremely hot & gl[+1 & its brightness may be 9 "p due to its own int]nal fires & ! extremely lum9\s & d5se atmosph]e t surr\nds x4 ,x receives "o hundr$ times less heat & light f ! sun ?an we d4 ,if x dep5d$ entirely ^u ! sun = its heat1 ! temp]ature w\ld be ne>ly ?ree hundr$ degrees bel[ z]o1 ,fahr5heit4 ,x is probably n only v hot itself1 b its heavy atmosph]ic envelope p]haps all[s comp>atively little heat to escape4 ,its surface is belt$ & spott$ some:at aft] ! mann] ( ,jupit]'s1 b1 be+ s mu* f>!r f u ?an ,jupit]1 x does n disclose its surface features ) ! same di/9ctness4 ,app>5tly x is mu* less turbul5t ?an ,jupit]2 b ev5 ?is we are n q c]ta9 (1 & x may seem m placid because we d n s well see its agitations4 ,l all ! out] planets1 x diff]s 9 its con/itution f ! e>? & ! o!r inn] planets4 ,its atmosph]e conta9s comp\nds ) :i* we are n famili>1 & ! body ( ! planet itself is r>] & light]1 & less cond5s$1 & 9 a mu* e>li] /age ( evolution ?an ! e>? & ! small planets s comp>atively ne> u4 ,,day ,,& ,,night ,! l5g? ( ,saturn's day1 or its p]iod ( rotation on its axis1 is ab\t t5 h\rs & a qu>t]4 ,l ,jupit]1 x has slightly diff]5t rates ( rotation 9 diff]5t latitudes1 ?us %[+ its lack ( solidity4 ,! rate ( rotation has be5 det]m9$1 z 9 ! case ( ,jupit]1 by obs]vation ( ! spots on its surface1 :i*1 :ile !y are n exactly p]man5t1 yet rema9 app>5tly 9 ! same positions = mon?s & ev5 ye>s at a "t1 & are ?us suffici5tly /able to measure a rotation ( s %ort a "t z t5 h\rs4 ,:irl+ ov] at ?is rate w\ld cause ! sun to appe> to skim across ! sky v swiftly z view$ f ,saturn4 ,9 size1 x w\ld n seem m ?an ?ree times z l>ge z ,v5us at h] brighte/ seems to u1 & e m9ute x w\ld cov] a di/ance ab\t equal to ! diamet] ( ! full moon z we see x4 ,9 an h\r x w\ld seem to move m ?an six times z f> z ! di/ance betwe5 ! 8po9t]s40 ,at ! "t ( ,saturn's equ9ox ! little five-h\r day1 foll[$ by ! equally %ort night1 mu/ pres5t a lively aspect ) ! sun rac+ ?us swiftly across ! sky 9 daylight & ! />s sweep+ z swiftly ov] at night4 ,if ?+s rema9 z !y n[ are1 x w be a spl5did panorama = ! p !re :51 9 ! f>-di/ant future1 ,saturn may h cool$ & solidifi$ suffici5tly to ma9ta9 life some:at z we "k x4 ,! e>?1 ?\gh1 & ,v5us & ,m>s w\ld be f ,saturn only telescopic objects to eyes l ours1 & ,jupit] no bright] ?an he is to u4 ,?us does our bro!r ,saturn pay ! price ( 8 remot5ess f ! re/ ( ! sol> family4 ,,! ,,r+s ,,& ,,moons ,,( ,,saturn ,b ! circl+ />s & ! swift-mov+ sun are ! lea/ "p ( ! spl5did spectacle t might be se5 f ,saturn4 ,he is surr\nd$ ) no less ?an t5 moons ( m or less impos+ size1 & 9 addition has ?ree r+s circl+ ar\nd ) him1 compos$ ( myriads ( small satellites1 toge!r =m+ a b& ! out] diamet] ( :i* is some?+ m ?an tw5ty-"o times broad] ?an ! diamet] ( ! e>?4 ,^! are ! fam\s r+s ( ,saturn1 ! only objects ( _! k9d 9 ! sol> sy/em1 int5sely int]e/+ to sci5tific obs]v]s1 wond]ful to ! curi\s1 & spl5didly beautiful to ev]ybody4 ,x is ?is pr(usion ( r+s & moons t entitles ,saturn to be call$1 z he (t5 has be51 ! mo/ spectacul> ( all ! planets4 ,! out] r+ is ne>ly t5 ?\s& miles broad1 & is sep>at$ f ! next "o by a space ( ab\t sev5te5 hundr$ miles4 ,! second r+ is ne>ly eighte5 ?\s& miles across4 ,x is v bright on ! out] edge1 b gradually gr[s less s1 until1 ) a n v p]ceptible division1 x fades into ! inn] r+1 :i* is b slightly lum9\s1 & is call$ ! crape r+4 ,?is is ab\t n9e ?\s& miles broad & ne>ly t5 ?\s& miles f ,saturn4 ,?is gradual fad+ ( ! r+s to a dusky hue t[>d ! c5t]1 & !n ! blackness ( ! space betwe5 !m & ! planet1 gives !m f c]ta9 po9ts ( view a ne/-l appe>ance2 & my fir/ impression ( ,saturn1 :5 ,i saw him ?r\gh ! telescope1 0 t he 0 ne/l+ 9 a concave body ( light--an appe>ance t is int5sifi$ by 8 extreme flatness at ! poles4 ,not)/&+ ! impos+ bread? ( ^! r+s1 !y are less ?an a hundr$ miles 9 ?ickness4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 no?+ m ?an an untold numb] ( t9y satellites revolv+ ab\t ,saturn 9 ! same plane & close en\gh toge!r to appe>1 at ! di/ance !y are f u1 z if !y 7 "o body4 ,j h[ close !y are toge!r1 & h[ !y appe> :5 ne> by1 we d n yet "k4 ,x 0 fir/ %[n by me*anical laws t !y mu/ be compos$ ( sep>ate bodies2 ! spectroscope %[s t !y are2 & x has rec5tly be5 ?\ght t !y h ev5 be5 se5 to be s ?r\gh a telescope4 ,be+ all 9 ! same plane1 !y =m a flat1 broad1 ?9 r+1 s ?9 t :5 ! edge ( ! r+ is turn$ t[>d u we _c see !m at all4 ,we nev] see !m at _! full bread?4 ,if we did1 ,saturn w\ld be mu* bright] at times ?an he ev] is4 ,! plane 9 :i* !y revolve is ! plane ( ,saturn's equator2 & ! axis ( ,saturn1 ) ! r+s1 has a tilt ( tw5ty-sev5 degrees 9 8 orbit4 ,! result ( ?is is t at ! "t ( ,saturn's equ9oxes ! edge ( ! r+s is turn$ t[>d u1 & !y practically disappe>4 ,half-way betwe5 ! equ9oxes !y are op5 aga9 z f> z !y ev] are to our view4 ,?is is :y ,saturn alt]nates 9 brightness4 ,! times ( 8 equ9oxes occur e f\rte5 & eight-t5?s ye>s1 & he is !n alt]nately 9 ,leo & ,aqu>ius & is lea/ bright4 ,! times at :i* ! r+s are mo/ op5 occur at int]vals ( ! same l5g?1 & he is !n alt]nately 9 ,scorpio & ,taurus & at 8 brighte/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,saturn ,,& ,,its ,,r+s ,photograph$ at ,mt4 ,wilson by ,e4 ,e4 ,b>n>d1 ! six exposures be+ made on "o plate4 ,x is believ$ t ,saturn's r+s 7 nev] a "p ( ! planet1 b are m]e p>ticles ( cosmic mat]ials :i* happ5$ to be left ov]1 & :i* he has ga!r$ up by 8 =ce ( gravity & compell$ to revolve ab\t him4 ,saturn1 m =tunate ?an ,jupit]1 has escap$ ! unimag9ative nam+ ( 8 moons by numb]1 ?\gh "o w\ld ?9k t1 hav+ su* a num]\s (fspr+1 a %ortage 9 names w\ld be m likely to occur 9 8 ?an 9 any o!r planet family4 ,!y all h names m or less connect$ ) ! great god ^: "n ! planet be>s1 & are1 9 ord] ( _! di/ance f ,saturn3 ,mimas1 ,enceladus1 ,te?ys1 ,dione1 ,rhea1 ,titan1 ,hyp]ion1 ,japetus1 ,phbe1 & ,!mis4 ,! l>ge/ & brighte/ ( !m all is ,titan4 ,x is l>g] ?an our moon1 :i* is "o ( ! l>ge moons 9 ! sol> sy/em1 or ?an ,m]cury1 & is n mu* small] ?an ,m>s4 ,x is m ?an ?ree-qu>t]s z l>ge z all ! o!r moons ( ,saturn put toge!r4 ,naturally1 x 0 ! fir/ to be discov]$1 & 0 "u obs]vation z long ago z #afee4 ,rhea & ,japetus are next 9 size1 & 7 discov]$ 9 #afga-gb2 ,dione & ,te?ys 7 bo? discov]$ 9 #afhd1 & ,enceladus & ,mimas 9 #aghi4 ,until #ahdh sev5 moons 7 all t 7 kn[n to belong to ,saturn4 ,9 t ye> little ,hyp]ion1 ^: diamet]1 x is ?\ght1 c h>dly exce$ two hundr$ miles1 came into our view4 ,a little m ?an fifty ye>s lat] 79 #ahih7 ,phbe made h] bright m>k on a photographic plate at ,h>v>d1 & 0 caught4 ,by trac+ h] f "o plate to ano!r h] orbit 0 comput$1 h] probable size det]m9$1 & practically all t is kn[n ab\t h] 0 f\nd out be=e %e 0 se51 :i* 0 n until #aijd4 ,%e is n mu* l>g] ?an a good-siz$ m\nta91 b is a unique & int]e/+ little satellite t1 f> outside ( ! pa?s ( any ( ! o!r moons1 circles 9 an ecc5tric orbit ar\nd ,saturn 9 an opposite direction f ! re/ ( ! satellites1 & ?us gives rise to _m int]e/+ a/ronomical speculations4 ,!mis1 also a t9y body1 0 discov]$ 9 ! same way 9 #aijf1 & is ?\ght to be ! smalle/ body 9 ! sol> sy/em4 ,titan is ! only "o ( ?is gr\p ( satellites ^: true disc we c see ev5 ) a telescope4 ,only "o o!r 7,rhea7 c be se5 9 transit across ! planet4 ,! o!rs are n mu* m ?an bright po9ts ( light1 :ile ,phbe & ,!mis are almo/ at ! limit ( visibility4 ,on acc\nt ( _! great di/ance f ! sun ,saturn's moons are1 ( c\rse1 n v bright1 & all ( !m put toge!r d n give "o-t5? z mu* light to ,saturn z we receive f our moon4 ,b1 su* z !y are1 !y may "s day be v useful to ,saturn z a means ( illum9ation4 ,receiv+ z he does a hundr$ times less light f ! sun ?an we d1 he may be "s day mu* 9 ne$ ( ! light reflect$ f all 8 r+s & moons4 ,,seasons ,! seasons on ,saturn are some:at l ours 9 ! succession ( spr+1 summ]1 autumn1 & w9t]2 b ! incl9ation ( its axis to its orbit be+ tw5ty-sev5 degrees in/ead ( tw5ty-?ree & a half1 z ours is1 ea* season is mu* m acc5tuat$ ?an ours4 ,! sun climbs high] dur+ ! nor!rn summ]1 & s9ks correspond+ly l[] dur+ ! w9t]4 ,b 9 l5g? ,saturn's seasons are v diff]5t f ours4 ,l 8 ye>1 !y are ab\t tw5ty-n9e & "o-half times z long z ours4 ,ea* "o is m ?an sev5 ye>s long4 ,ev5 ! agreeable seasons might gr[ monoton\s to "o 9 t "t2 b to be sp9n+ ?r\gh ! rapidly alt]nat+ days & nights ( ,saturn dur+ sev5 long ye>s ( w9t] is a situation t "o does n c>e to contemplate4 ,x is ) _w p]sonalities z ) human p]sonalities3 h[ev] mu* we may admire _! sup]ior gr&eur1 :5 we consid] details we w\ld n *ange places ) !m4 ,! symbol ( ,saturn is an anci5t scy! 771 :i* gets its appropriat5ess f ! fact t ! deity ( t "n 0 ! special protector ( agriculture4 ,,xv ,,uranus ,v5us1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 & ,saturn1 brilliant beauties t !y are1 h always be5 di/+ui%$ features ( ! heav5ly view4 ,! records ( ,m]cury d n g back s f> z ^? ( ^! m easily se5 planets1 yet !re is no reason to ?9k t he has n be5 always kn[n1 ?\gh less widely1 p]haps1 ?an ! f\r planets m frequ5tly 9 view4 ,to ,uranus belongs ! di/9ction ( be+ ! fir/ planet t 0 discov]$--a di/9ction t "o _c help b feel 0 too long delay$1 = x did n come until #agha4 ,= ages & ages 8 lovely pale beams _h be5 %9+ d[n ^u u f 8 little disc1 no fa9t] 9 brilliancy ?an _m a six?-magnitude /> 7a degree ( brightness :i* we ?9k is )9 ! limit ( good vision1 ev5 9 ^! days71 & no human be+ _h be5 consci\s t ?is bright body 0 only ano!r memb] ( ! sol> family1 circl+ ) ! re/ ( u ar\nd our p>5t1 ! sun1 & hav+ no?+ 9 common ) ! f>-(f />s among :i* we _h numb]$ him4 ,n9ete5 times he _h be5 *>t$ z a fix$ /> be=e 8 id5tity 0 suspect$1 & aft] he became kn[n to u z a planet he 01 by means ( ^! *>ts1 trac$ back = "o hundr$ & ?irty ye>s1 & mu* in=mation 0 ?us ga9$ conc]n+ 8 orbit & movem5ts4 ,uranus 0 n1 h[ev]1 discov]$ ?r\gh obs]vation ( 8 movem5t among ! />s4 ,a view ( 8 actual disc 0 caught by ! musician & a/ronom]1 ,h]s*el1 z he glean$ ) 8 telescope 9 t "p ( ! sky :]e ! planet lay1 "o hundr$ & sev5ty-"o ye>s aft] ! inv5tion ( t aid to vision4 ,x 0 at fir/ ?\ght t a comet _h be5 discov]$1 b lat] inve/igation %[$ a mu* m important memb] ( ! sol> sy/em1 & ! discov]y ( a new planet 0 ann\nc$4 ,george ,,iii4 0 !n ,k+ ( ,engl&1 & ! loyal ,h]s*el call$ ! planet ,georgium ,sidus 9 honor ( t mon>*4 ,=tunately1 ! _w-wide int]e/ 9 ?is newly discov]$ body sav$ x f s local an appellation1 & x f9ally came to be call$ aft] ,uranus1 ! fa!r ( ,saturn1 a "n some:at m 9 keep+ ) its place among ! planets4 ,9 ,engl&1 h[ev]1 a v comm5dable loyalty to ,h]s*el has result$ 9 ! planet's sometimes be+ call$ ,h]s*el1 aft] its discov]]1 & we see ?is "n (t5 9 ,engli% books on a/ronomy1 especially ! old] books2 b ,uranus is n[ ! g5]ally accept$ "n4 ,! symbol ( ! planet z x appe>s 9 all almanacs--at lea/ 9 all ,engli% almanacs--is a capital ,h ) a planet sw++ f ! cross-b> 9 ! lett]1 ?us 4 ,& to ?is ext5t ! discov]y ( ! planet by ,h]s*el is commemorat$4 ,9 ,am]ican almanacs ! symbol is contract$ into ?is figure 4 ,x is a matt] = regret t ,uranus does n come m easily )9 our view2 = he is a v beautiful planet1 pale gre5 9 color1 & unlike any ( ! o!rs 9 8 aspect4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 v few p]sons n[adays :o c see him )\t ! aid ( at lea/ a small glass1 & to mo/ ( u he mu/ ev] rema9 a body ) :i* we c h no p]sonal acqua9tance4 ,none ! less he mu/ h an int]e/ to u su* z atta*es always to any?+ s closely relat$ to u1 & %>+ ) u a common orig9 & a common de/9y4 ,to ^? :o h unusually ke5 vision--or a small telescope--!re w be mu* pleasure 9 view+ ! planet4 ,b ev5 to ^? :o h n ^! facilities = see+1 x ought to be int]e/+ to "k 9 :at region ( ! skies ?is f>-(f memb] ( our family dwells1 :at 8 w&]+s are1 & some?+ ( 8 p]sonality & habits4 ,x requires a few days m ?an eighty-f\r ye>s = ,uranus to make "o revolution ar\nd ! sun1 s t he moves ev5 m sl[ly ?an ,saturn f "o con/ellation to ano!r2 & if we c\ld only see him m easily1 he w\ld be sc>cely m difficult to keep track ( ?an a fix$ />4 ,he rema9s 9 ea* con/ellation some:]e ne> sev5 ye>s & 8 *ange ( place 9 ! skies am\nts 9 "o ye> to b little m ?an f\r degrees1 :i* is less ?an ! di/ance betwe5 ! po9t]s4 ,s9ce ,uranus 0 discov]$ he has made "o circuit ( ! skies1 :i* he f9i%$ 9 #ahfe1 & he is n[ 7#aiab7 m ?an half-way ar\nd on ano!r4 ,8 position n[ is 9 ,capricornus1 ne>ly tw5ty degrees ea/ ( ! 8milk dipp]0 9 ,sagitt>ius1 & = ! next qu>t] ( a c5tury he c be se5 by any :o h eyes1 or a glass1 to accompli% ?is dur+ ! summ] ev5+s4 ,ea* ye> he w be ab\t sev5 degrees f>!r ea/4 ,he is1 h[ev]1 /ill pretty f> s\? ( ! equator1 & n s easily se5 z he w be :5 he rea*es t "p ( ! ecliptic :i* runs some:at high] 9 ! skies4 ,ev5 an op]a-glass w br+ ,uranus into ! view ( _m p]sons4 ,8 pa? deviates v little f ! l9e ( ! ecliptic--nev] q s mu* z half a degree4 ,! k ( ?is makes x less difficult to f9d him4 ,! synodic p]iod ( ,uranus is ab\t ?ree hundr$ & sixty-n9e days1 s t an opposition occurs ab\t f\r or five days lat] ea* ye>4 ,he 0 9 opposition ?is ye> 7#aiab7 on ,july #bd?4 ,9 #aiac an opposition w take place on ,july #bi?1 & 9 #aiad on ,augu/ #b;d1 & oppositions w occur ab\t f\r days lat] ea* ye> !reaft]4 ,uranus is twice z f> f ! sun z ,saturn is1 & n9ete5 times z f> z ! e>?4 ,its mean di/ance f ! sun is #a1ghd1gcb1jjj miles1 & at ?is di/ance m ?an two h\rs & a half w\ld be requir$ = light to travel f ! sun to ! planet4 ,view$ f ! planet1 ! sun w\ld appe> only ab\t two & a half times l>g] ?an ,jupit] appe>s to u1 & ! e>? w\ld be a v small telescopic body1 if1 inde$1 x w\ld be visible at all4 ,ev5 at ?is great di/ance f ! sun1 & ) ! sun %[+ s small z x does1 ! planet w\ld /ill h m ?an a ?\s& times z mu* light z we get f our moon1 & s 9 ?is respect might be fairly com=tably provid$ = ev5 = eyes con/ruct$ l ^? ( human be+s4 ,! heat ! sun's radiant en]gy furni%es to ,uranus is1 f our po9t ( view1 almo/ a negligible quantity4 ,if !re 7 no o!r s\rce ( supply1 ! normal temp]ature ( ! planet w\ld be m ?an ?ree hundr$ degrees bel[ z]o1 ,fahr5heit4 ,!re is no reason to ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ?is is ! temp]ature t prevails on ,uranus4 ,z f> z we c tell1 x has a d5se & ext5sive atmosph]e1 & probably v consid]able int]nal heat4 ,uranus is small] ?an ei!r ,jupit] or ,saturn2 b x is mu* l>g] ?an ,m>s1 ,v5us1 ,m]cury & ! e>? comb9$4 ,its diamet] is ne>ly ?irty-?ree ?\s& miles4 ,its volume is sixty-five times z great z t ( ! e>?2 b its mass is only ab\t f\rte5 times ! mass ( ! e>?1 :i* %[s x to be a v mu* exp&$ body4 ,x is slightly m d5se ?an wat]1 b only ab\t two-t5?s z d5se z ! e>?4 ,its =ce ( gravity is small = s l>ge a body--only ab\t n9e-t5?s t ( ! e>?4 ,!re is e indication t ! planet is n a solid body at all1 & t x is1 p]haps1 l>gely vapor4 ,we und\bt$ly _c see ! surface ( x2 b ?r\gh ! telescope x fa9tly %[s ! same belt$ appe>ance t we see on ,jupit] & on ,saturn1 ?\gh x is difficult to see ! belt$ region1 :i* is ne> ! equator1 because ! axis ( ! planet is s incl9$ to its orbit t mu* ( ! "t ! poles are po9t$ almo/ t[>d u4 ,! spectroscope indicates some?+ ( ! same mat]ials 9 its atmosph]e t ! o!r l>ge & f>away planets h1 & !re is no reason to d\bt t ! planet is 9 a mu* e>li] /age ( developm5t ?an any ( ! t]re/rial planets4 ,we really "k no?+ c]ta9ly ab\t ! rotation ( ,uranus2 b !re seems to be "s indication t1 l ,jupit] & ,saturn1 x revolves swiftly--9 p]haps t5 or twelve h\rs1 & h5ce has a v %ort day & night4 ,! great incl9ation ( its axis mu/ make its seasons s abnormal1 f our po9t ( view1 t x is difficult to und]/& :at !y are4 ,moreov]1 ! planet is1 at ?is /age ( its developm5t1 s f> f be+ a habitable body1 = be+s su* z we "k any?+ ab\t1 t ! subject ( its seasons seems n v important or int]e/+4 ,x seems b fitt+ t ?is vapory1 pale gre5 planet %\ld h satellites ) ! fairy names ( ,ariel1 ,umbriel1 ,titania1 & ,ob]on4 ,"o c =give a good _m utilit>ian feats 9 nom5clature = ! sake ( ^! *>m+ly appropriate names = ! satellites ( ,uranus4 ,titania & ,ob]on 7 discov]$ 9 #aghg by ,h]s*el1 ! discov]] ( ! planet4 ,!y are n v mu* f>!r f ,uranus ?an our moon is f u1 & are easily se5 ) a telescope4 ,titania1 ! ne>] to ,uranus & ! l>g]1 is probably ab\t "o ?\s& miles 9 diamet]2 & ,ob]on is n v mu* small]4 ,9 #aheb ,umbriel & ,ariel 7 discov]$4 ,!y are bo? small] & ne>] to ,uranus ?an ei!r ( ! two fir/ discov]$1 & are se5 ) consid]able difficulty1 because ( _! proximity to ! l>g] & bright] body ( ! planet4 ,!re is n1 h[ev]1 v mu* diff]5ce betwe5 any ( ! f\r 9 real brightness4 ,,xvi ,,neptune ,x is r curi\s to :at ext5t we h a feel+ ( k9%ip ) ,neptune1 not)/&+ he dwells =ev] 9 f>-(f space :]e we _c expect ev5 to h a glimpse ( him )\t ! aid ( a telescope4 ,uranus1 ! o!r v di/ant planet1 is s ne>ly )9 ! limit ( ord9>y vision t we h always a hope t1 by "s lucky *ance ( situation or atmosph]e1 we may "s day be able to see him face to face1 & "k = ourselves :at mann] ( planet ?is is :i*1 ?\gh a memb] ( our own cosmic family1 rema9s always j beyond easy ex*ange ( glances ) u2 & s we 9 a measure keep a look\t = him t gives u a s5se ( 8 reality4 ,) ,neptune !re c be no feel+ ( ?is sort to keep u ) a lively int]e/ 9 him1 & yet he is h>dly less real to u ?an ,uranus1 & we h a m intimate s5se ( ne>ness to him ?an we h = any fix$ />4 ,f> away z he is1 ! di/ance betwe5 u is %ort comp>$ ) ! _m trillions ( miles f>!r t we mu/ g to rea* ! ne>e/ />1 & 9 ?9k+ ( him we always h a s5se ( ?is4 ,!n1 h[ev] alo( he may keep himself f ?is cozy little bun* ( planets ne> ! sun1 ( :i* ! e>? is "o1 he is /ill ( ! same p>5tage ) u1 & 8 life hi/ory is "p ( our family hi/ory1 s t we c nev] feel indiff]5t to :at conc]ns him4 ,close z ,neptune is to u 9 k9%ip & di/ance1 z a/ronomical di/ances g1 we nev] knew ( 8 exi/5ce until sixty-six ye>s ago4 ,he is to u almo/ a rec5t arrival 9 ! sol> doma91 b we "k t he has be5 "h z long z we h2 & :e!r he 0 deta*$ be=e we 7 f ! great nebula :i* gave bir? to u all1 or at ab\t ! same "t1 we "k t = long ages be=e !re 7 eyes on ! e>? to see him he 01 z he /ill is1 circl+ sl[ly & maje/ically ar\nd our common c5t] ( control4 ,! discov]y ( ,neptune 9 #ahdf creat$ truly a s5sation 9 a/ronomical circles4 ,&1 unlike mo/ s5sational happ5+s1 x fully ju/ifi$ ! extreme int]e/ x ar\s$4 ,! computation t l$ to x 0 a ma!matical triumph1 & ! f9al result 0 a mo/ spl5didly conv9c+ pro( ( ! !ory ( gravitation4 ,= ! place ( ?is hi!rto unkn[n planet 0 f\nd by means ( computations bas$ on ! fact t at c]ta9 times ,uranus w5t a little out ( 8 way1 ?us %[+ "s di/urb+ body outside ( 8 orbit pull+ him slightly f ! c\rse he w\ld o!rwise take4 ,! deviation 0 n mu*--only ab\t "o & ?ree-f\r?s ( a m9ute1 :i* is equal to ab\t "o-sev5te5? ( ! app>5t diamet] ( ! moon1 or "o-six? ( ! di/ance betwe5 ,miz> & ,alcor1 situat$ at ! b5d ( ! h&le ( ! ,big ,dipp]1 two />s t x is difficult = "s eyes to sep>ate4#g ,b ?is slight irregul>ity ( ,uranus 0 en\gh to set at lea/ two able m5 at "w 9 an ef=t to locate ! di/urb+ cause4 ,^! two m5 7 ,adams1 ( ,engl&1 & ,lev]ri]1 ( ,france4 #g ,see1 9 ,! ,fri5dly ,/>s1 8,! ,sev5 ,/>s ( ! ,dipp]40 ,! result ( ,adams's "w 0 ann\nc$ to ! ,a/ronom] ,royal 9 ,engl& 9 ! autumn ( #ahde2 b ! actual se>* = ! planet 9 ! place pr$ict$ 0 delay$ until ! foll[+ summ]4 ,9 ! mean "t ,lev]ri] _h complet$ 8 "w & _h communicat$ ) a/ronom]s 9 ,b]l91 direct+ !m :]e to look = ! planet4 ,! facilities = t sort ( "w 7 !n bett] 9 ,b]l9 ?an 9 ,engl&2 & )9 half an h\r aft] ! se>* 0 begun1 on ! night ( ,septemb] #bc1 #ahdf1 ! new planet 0 discov]$ a little m ?an half a degree f ! exact position ,lev]ri] _h f\nd = x4 ,x 0 fir/ recogniz$ z hav+ a s5sible disc1 & )9 a day its motion 0 app>5t4 ,no wond] ! a/ronomical _w 0 ?rill$ by ?is a*ievem5t6 ,al?\gh ! planet 0 actually discov]$ by foll[+ ! directions ( ,lev]ri]1 x 0 f\nd t x might h be5 se5 mon?s be=e if ! ,engli% a/ronom]s _h %[n m promptness 9 us+ ! computations ( ,adams2 & !re has always be5 a disposition among a/ronom]s1 bo? 9 ,france & 9 ,engl&1 to give bo? m5 cr$it = _! extraord9>y a*ievem5t1 ?\gh1 naturally1 !re is some:at m /ress laid ^u ! "w ( ea* 9 8 own c\ntry4 ,! newly discov]$ body 0 at fir/ nam$ = its discov]]1 ,lev]ri]1 b a s5se ( ju/ice to ,adams prevail$ to su* an ext5t t 9 ! end a less commemorative "n 0 *os51 & ! planet 0 call$ aft] ,neptune1 ! son ( ,saturn & ! bro!r ( ,jupit]--a "n m fitt+1 on ! :ole1 = a memb] ( ?is planet family1 ^: o!r memb]s all be> ! names ( "s ( ! anci5t deities4 ,! trid5t 771 ,neptune's ?ree-prong$ spe>1 is ! symbol ( ! planet4 ,! mean di/ance ( ,neptune f ! sun is m ?an two & a half billion miles 7#b1gij1jjj1jjj71 & 8 orbit is s ne>ly circul> t ! v>iation betwe5 8 p]ihelion & aphelion di/ance is only ab\t fifty million miles4 ,8 orbit is1 9 fact1 less ecc5tric ?an t ( any o!r planet except ,v5us4 ,8 imm5se di/ance f ! sun1 ( c\rse1 deprives him ( any great am\nt ( heat or light f t s\rce z comp>$ ) ! o!r planets4 ,! sun w\ld appe> to an obs]v] on ,neptune a little small] ?an ,v5us appe>s to u4 ,b s great is ! int5sity ( its radiance t ev5 z s dim9utive a sun z t x w\ld give to ,neptune m ?an six hundr$ times z mu* light z our full moon gives to u4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld be z mu* z n9e hundr$ times less light ?an we get f ! sun4 ,su* light z ! planet receives f ! sun rea*es x aft] a j\rney ( a little m ?an f\r h\rs4 ,( ! heat ! planet has1 ei!r inh]5t or acquir$ f ! sun1 we d n "k mu*4 ,! normal temp]ature at t di/ance f ! sun w\ld be m ?an ?ree hundr$ & sixty degrees bel[ z]o1 ,fahr5heit1 & !re is n mu* to indicate 9 :at /ate ! planet is ) ref]5ce to its own heat4 ,inve/igations ?us f> made d n %[ x to be s int5sely hot z ,jupit] & ,saturn und\bt$ly are2 b ) its heavily vapor-lad5 atmosph]e x c\ld n h ! frigidity normal to a black1 unprotect$ body at its di/ance f ! sun4 ,neptune is ?\ght to h an imm5se atmosph]e1 &1 l ! o!r out] planets1 "o ( a composition n :olly famili> to u4 ,consequ5tly we d n "k z yet j :at ?is atmosph]e does = ! planet4 ,x has a fairly good reflect+ p[]1 ?\gh ! planet1 on ! :ole1 is d>k] 9 color ?an ,jupit] or ,saturn4 ,its color is ( t blui% ca/ :i* sometimes sugge/s a lead5 appe>ance4 ,! color1 z well z ! fact t ,neptune is d5s] ?an any ( ! o!r out] planets1 indicates t x may be 9 a m advanc$ /age ( developm5t ?an at lea/ ,jupit] & ,saturn are1 & p]haps ?an ,uranus is4 ,t ,neptune has made great] progress t[>d solidity 7?\gh x is /ill v f> f t /ate7 ?an ! o!r out] planets is sugge/$ also by its size2 =1 z we h se51 ! small] planets develop m rapidly ?an ! l>g] ones4 ,! diamet] ( ,neptune is a little less ?an ?irty ?\s& 7#bi1hbg7 miles4 ,! planet is some:at small]1 !re=e1 ?an ,uranus1 & mu* small] ?an ,jupit] or ,saturn4 ,b z comp>$ ) ! e>?1 ! l>ge/ ( ! inn] planets1 x is a va/ly great] body4 ,its mass is sev5te5 times m ?an t ( ! e>?2 its surface is z mu* z sixte5 times m ext5sive ?an ! e>?'s2 & its volume is m ?an eighty times great] ?an ! volume ( ! e>?4 ,( ! "t ( ,neptune's rotation on its axis v little is kn[n4 ,t little1 h[ev]1 indicates a sl[] rotation ?an ! o!r planets seem to h1 & ! alt]nations ( day & night on ,neptune are1 !re=e1 probably less swift ?an on ,jupit] & on ,saturn4 ,! planet is too f> away = u to see its surface m>k+s ) any di/9ctness1 b !re are indirect processes by :i* we c get approximate in=mation conc]n+ ! facts ab\t rotation4 ,"o ( ^! processes is by obs]vation ( ! motions ( ! satellites4 ,( ^! useful bodies ,neptune1 =tunately1 has "o--a v excell5t moon ab\t ! size ( our own4 ,x has "s ecc5tricities1 su* z revolv+ ab\t ! planet 9 ! opposite direction f t :i* ! m conv5tional satellites foll[1 & hav+ an orbit a good deal incl9$ to ! plane ( ! equator ( ! p>5t body4 ,b x is a v int]e/+ moon to a/ronom]s1 & w no d\bt 9 "t help to make cle> "s ?+s 9 ! hi/ory ( ,neptune :i* are n[ n q und]/ood4 ,be+ s f> f ! sun1 ,neptune moves1 ( c\rse1 v sl[ly 9 comp>ison ) ! ne>] planets1 ?\gh 8 spe$ is at ! rate ( ?ree & a half miles a second1 :i*1 aft] all1 does n d5ote any high degree ( sluggi%ness4 ,8 *ange ( position 9 ! sky am\nts to a little m ?an two degrees a ye>2 s t 9 an ord9>y lifetime he does n make any v great progress along ! zodiac4 ,:5 ,neptune 0 discov]$ he _h j left ! con/ellation ,capricornus1 & 9 ! sixty-six ye>s t 8 movem5ts h be5 foll[$ he has pass$ ?r\gh ,aqu>ius1 ,pisces1 ,aries1 ,taurus1 & is n[ 7#aiab7 9 ,gem9i1 v ne> ,ca/or & ,pollux4 ,! "t requir$ = 8 circuit ar\nd ! sun is ne>ly "o hundr$ & sixty-five 7#afd4f7 ye>s1 s t he rema9s = ab\t ?irte5 ye>s 9 ea* con/ellation4 ,he w complete "o sid]eal p]iod1 dat+ f ! "t ( 8 discov]y1 9 ! ye> #bjaa4 ,! app>5t motion ( ,neptune is direct a little m ?an six mon?s 9 ! ye>1 & retrograde a little m ?an five mon?s1 s t x seems to pres5t ! old m5tal ari?metic problem ( ! climb] t fell back s mu* e "t aft] he _h climb$ a c]ta9 numb] ( feet4 ,b ! fall+ back 9 ! case ( ,neptune is an illusion1 z we "k4 ,he keeps /raight on 9 8 j\rney1 z we may see if we wat* him f ye> to ye>1 & 8 *ange ( position is s slight dur+ any ye> t ! *ange ( direction is h>dly noticeable4 ,neptune is z bright z an eigh?-magnitude />1 & x is possible to see him ) a good field-glass4 ,! difficulty is 9 di/+ui%+ him f a />1 = 8 disc does n %[ except ?r\gh a telescope4 ,if "o has su* a glass1 h[ev]1 x w be wor? :ile to direct x t[>d t "p ( ! ecliptic j "u ,ca/or & ,pollux any "t )9 ! next two or ?ree ye>s1 & a sight ( ?is yet /range bro!r planet may be ! rew>d4 ,he w be 9 opposition on ,janu>y #ad1 #aiac1 & !reaft] ab\t two days lat] ea* ye>4 ,,xvii ,,! ,,little ,,planets1 ,,or ,,! ,,a/]oids ,! a/]oids1 or m9or planets1 are situat$ almo/ :olly 9 ! va/ space betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit]4 ,_! orbits are v irregul>1 bo? z to %ape & situation2 b1 s f> z is kn[n1 only two ( !m pass beyond ! orbit ( ,jupit]1 & only "o has be5 discov]$ :i* at any po9t 9 its j\rney ar\nd ! sun comes ne>] ?an ! orbit ( ,m>s4 ,! m9or planets are call$ by a/ronom]s almo/ indiff]5tly a/]oids or planetoids4 8,a/]oids0 is probably ! "n by :i* !y are mo/ popul>ly kn[n4 ,b because !y are 9 fact simply little bodies t revolve ab\t ! sun z ! planets d1 8planetoids0 seems to be m truly descriptive ( !m1 & x is ! ^w ,i h *os5 to use "h4 ,x 0 e>ly not$ t1 except 9 "o in/ance1 ! planets seem$ to %[ 9 _! di/ance f ! sun some?+ l a ma!matical progression4 ,/ruck by ?is appe>ance1 an a/ronom] nam$ ,bode work$ x out into a =mula1 kn[n ev] s9ce z ,bode's law1 ?\gh ! idea seems to h orig9at$ ) ano!r a/ronom]4 ,"o almo/ always sees x m5tion$ 9 any "w deal+ ) ?is phase ( planet>y hi/ory1 & x is especially int]e/+ because ( ! "p x play$ 9 ! discov]y ( ! planetoids4 ,x 0 z foll[s3 ,beg9n+ ) no?+ = ,m]cury1 add ?ree = ,v5us1 twice ?ree1 or six1 = ! e>?1 twelve = ,m>s1 & cont9ue ?us to d\ble ! numb] = ea* planet out to & includ+ ,saturn4 ,!n to ea* "o ( ! numb]s s obta9$ add f\r1 & ! numb]s result+ w v ne>ly repres5t ! relative di/ances ( ! planets f ! sun4 ,?us3 #j #c #f #ab #bd #dh #if #aib #chd #d #d #d #d #d #d #d #d #d ---------------------------------------- --- #d #g #aj #af #bh #eb #ajj #aif #chh ,! exception 0 t at ! fif? numb]1 #bh1 !re 0 no planet to correspond1 & ,jupit] 0 ne>ly twice z f> away f ,m>s z x %\ld h be5 to con=m to ! law1 ?us leav+ room = ano!r planet to occupy ! allott$ position & fill out ?is v beautiful progression4 ,ab\t n9e ye>s aft] ?is law 0 set =? ,uranus 0 discov]$ circl+ out 9 space f> beyond ,saturn1 & 0 f\nd to con=m to ! law 9 a mo/ satisfactory mann]1 its di/ance be+ approximately twice t ( ,saturn4 ,) su* close accord betwe5 ! actual di/ances & ! prescrib$ di/ances ( ! planets f ! sun1 & ) ! "o exception leav+ almo/ exactly ! space allott$ by ,bode's law = ano!r planet1 a/ronom]s naturally _h a v /rong feel+ t !re mu/ be ano!r planet betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit]4 ,!y accord+ly set to "w to prove ?is1 if possible1 & to f9d :at _h become ( ?is lo/ memb] ( ! planet family1 if x ev] exi/$4 ,z a result ( ?is "w1 on ,janu>y #a1 #ahja1 ! fir/ planetoid 0 discov]$1 & 9 rapid succession _m l x 7 f\nd1 until n[ _m hundr$s are kn[n to a/ronom]s4 ,_! discov]y seem$ at fir/ almo/ a c]ta9 confirmation ( ,bode's law1 & ! fact t :]e "o l>ge planet %\ld h be5 f\nd !re prov$ to be su* a sw>m ( small ones c\ld be acc\nt$ = 9 no o!r way ?an to suppose t some?+ _h happ5$ 9 ! mak+ ( ! planet4 ,at any rate1 ! promulgation ( ,bode's law 0 ! direct cause ( ! se>* = ! miss+ planet :i* l$ to ! discov]y ( ! planetoids4 ,& ?is is ! only reason :y ,bode's law has cont9u$ to be m5tion$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! planets4 ,= x 0 no real law1 x _h no sci5tific f\ndation1 & its con=mity to ! facts ( ! relative di/ances ( ! planets 0 only "o ( ^? v int]e/+ & s+ul> co9cid5ces t />tle "o = ! mom5t into ?9k+ t !re is "s sci5tific significance 9 !m4 ,ano!r example ( su* a co9cid5ce is 9 ! fact t ! mass ( any giv5 planet exce$s ! total mass ( all ! planets ( any less mass ?an itself4 ,9 less ?an half a c5tury aft] ! discov]y ( ! fir/ planetoid1 ,neptune 0 discov]$ at a di/ance n at all correspond+ to t indicat$ by ,bode's law4 ,x 0 n ne>ly f> en\gh away1 & yet1 /rangely en\gh1 x 0 by tak+ ,bode's law into consid]ation t ! position 0 indicat$ :i* f9ally l$ to ! discov]y ( ! planet4 ,s :ile ,bode's law has be5 f\nd to be no law at all1 x is1 nev]!less1 entitl$ to "s m5tion because ( its hav+ ?us /imulat$ rese>* t has _h su* important results4 ,no really satisfactory & f9al explanation ( ! pres5t /ate ( ! planetoids has ev] be5 giv54 ,at "o "t x 0 sugge/$ t ano!r planet _h orig9ally exi/$ 9 ! space betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit]1 & ?r\gh "s cata/rophe _h be5 %att]$ into ! small bodies t n[ occupy t space4 ,b ?is has be5 %[n to be impossible4 ,x is n[ ?\ght probable t 9 ! orig9al nebula ! matt] =m+ ! planetoids might h be5 prev5t$ f cond5s+ into a planet by ! p[]ful gravitative influ5ce ( ,jupit]4 ,?is influ5ce1 h[ev]1 0 n suffici5tly /rong to br+ !m entirely "u 8 control4 ,ev5 yet he pulls "s ( !m five or six degrees out ( ! pa? !y o!rwise w\ld take :5 !y v5ture )9 ! limits ( 8 doma92 b he does n capture !m1 s !y h be5 left to circle ar\nd ! sun z m]e fragm5ts ( bodies1 ) no =ce to comb9e & make a _w1 no mass to hold an atmosph]e1 & ) no?+ to prev5t !m f quickly cond5s+ & f radiat+ all _! heat into space4 ,!y are1 9 ! ma91 j cold1 d>k1 lifeless rocks & lumps ( matt] :irl+ ?r\gh space 9 a maze ( int]lac+ orbits1 "s ( !m almo/ z f> f ! sun z ,jupit] & "s almo/ z ne> z ,m>s--"o1 inde$1 a little ne>] ?an ,m>s at c]ta9 times--b mo/ ( !m sw>m+ m ?ickly ab\t half-way betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit]1 n f> f ! place t ,bode's law assign$ to a planet4 ,aft] ! fir/ planetoid 0 discov]$ & _h be5 obs]v$ = a few weeks1 x 0 lo/ & _h to be r$iscov]$ by means ( ma!matical computation ( its orbit4 ,:]e ?is computation %[$ t x ought to be1 !re x 0 f\nd1 on ! v la/ day ( ! same ye>1 #ahja4 ,e>ly ! next ye> ano!r body ( ! same sort 0 discov]$1 two ye>s lat] ano!r 0 f\nd1 & /ill ?ree ye>s lat] a f\r? came into view4 ,^! f\r 7 ! only ones kn[n 9 ?is bran* ( ! sol> family = ne>ly =ty ye>s !reaft]4 ,9 #ahde ano!r p]iod ( discov]y comm5c$1 & has ev] s9ce cont9u$1 until !re are n[ betwe5 six & sev5 hundr$ ( ^! little bodies t h disclos$ _! "r to be kn[n z memb]s ( ! sun's family4 ,x is probable t !re may be /ill _m m ( !m1 s9ce a new "o comes to light e n[ & !n on a photographic plate1 & !re is no indication ( any limit to ! numb] t may ?us appe>4 ,x is likely t ab\t all h be5 discov]$ t c be se5 ev5 ) a telescope1 = a fairly sy/ematic & ?or\gh se>* has be5 made ( ! heav5s = ?is purpose dur+ ! la/ half-c5tury4 ,?is "w has result$ 9 a cont9ually decreas+ numb] ( discov]ies1 until ?is me?od ( se>* has f9ally be5 practically ab&on$4 ,b x n infrequ5tly happ5s t 9 photograph+ ! />s a little trail ( light is discov]$ on ! plate1 %[+ t "s heav5ly body ) s5sible motion has be5 caught on x4 ,& ?is usually proves to be a new planetoid4 ,no matt] h[ long a photographic plate is expos$1 ! fix$ />s impr9t !mselves on x only z po9ts ( light4 ,:5 ! impression is a little /reak ( light in/ead ( a dot1 ! object is %[n to be 9 motion1 & is ei!r a planetoid1 a satellite1 or a comet4 ,! fix$ />s w\ld make a trail also if ! photographic app>atus 7 n regulat$ by clockwork1 s z to foll[ ! /> 9 its app>5t daily motion across ! skies4 ,! planets & o!r bodies 9 ! sol> sy/em are suffici5tly ne> to h a s5sible motion 9 addition to ! motion caus$ by ! rotation ( ! e>?1 :i* is ! only motion we h to take into acc\nt 9 deal+ ) ! aspects ( ! />s4 ,! fir/ planetoid discov]$ 0 call$ ,c]es1 ! next "o ,pallas1 ! ?ird ,juno1 & ! f\r? ,ve/a4 ,?is pretty cu/om ( nam+ !m aft] ! gods & goddesses ( my?ology 0 cont9u$1 ) "s v>iations1 until p]haps ?ree hundr$ _h be5 s *ri/5$4 ,b ! numb] ( !m became too prodigi\s2 & :5 s _m began to sw>m into view1 wait+ to be nam$1 ! utilit>ian me?od ( designat+ !m simply by numb]s 9 ! ord] ( _! discov]y 0 adopt$4 ,! only di/+ui%+ feature ( s numb]+ !m is t ea* numb] is plac$ 9 a little circle4 ,?us ,c]es is 1 ,pallas 1 & s on4 ,^? ( !m t h any special claim to di/9ction1 h[ev]1 are /ill ref]r$ to by _! own names1 if !y h any1 9 spite ( ?is mo/ ord]ly attempt to make !m fit = easy ref]5ce 9 a li/4 ,!re are s _m ( ! planetoids1 & !y are s m9ute1 t ev5 aft] !y h be5 discov]$ !y are frequ5tly lo/ aga94 ,h5ce x is sometimes unc]ta9 :5 !y regi/] !mselves on ! photographic plates :e!r !y are really new to u or h be5 kn[n be=e4 ,9 su* cases !y are nam$ tempor>ily aft] ! lett]s ( ! alphabet1 &1 :5 ! alphabet is exhau/$1 a second lett] is add$4 ,?us ,a to ,z1 !n ,,ab to ,,az1 ,,bc to ,,bz1 & s on 9 a sort ( 8r\nd40 ,sometimes ^! comb9ations ( lett]s become ! fix$ designation ( a planetoid1 z a nickname sometimes cl+s to a p]son4 ,& ?us x happ5s t we sometimes read ( "o 9 p>ticul> ( ^! little bodies t is conspicu\s = ! great ecc5tricity ( its orbit1 call$ 8,,wd40 ,! lett]s are n its initials1 b its nickname4 ,x really has no "n o!r ?an its numb] 9 ! li/2 b x became fam\s :ile x 0 tempor>ily designat$ z 8,,wd10 & ?us x cont9ues to be call$4 ,! aid ( a telescope is necess>y 9 ord] to see ! planetoids1 ?\gh x is said t ,ve/a1 "u v favorable conditions1 sometimes comes )9 ! limit ( visibility4 ,%e is ! brighte/ ( !m all1 ?\gh n ! l>ge/1 & h] brilliancy is ! subject ( mu* int]e/+ speculation among a/ronom]s1 :o h n yet be5 able to acc\nt = x4 ,%e seems f h] excessive brightness to be cov]$ ) cl\ds2 & yet x is manife/ly impossible t s small a body c\ld h held an atmosph]e ?r\gh\t ^! long ages1 ?\gh cl\ds presuppose an atmosph]e4 ,no d\bt1 9 "t ?is my/]y ( ,ve/a's brilliancy w be made pla94 ,bright z %e is 9 proportion to h] size1 & ev5 if %e sometimes c be se51 "o _c reasonably expect any?+ v brilliant to our view f a body n mu* m ?an a hundr$ miles 9 diamet]1 %9+ by reflect$ light1 ne>ly two hundr$ million miles away4 ,c]es1 z f> z we yet "k1 is ! l>ge/ ( ! planetoids1 & may be some?+ m ?an f\r hundr$ miles 9 diamet]4 ,juno is some:]e ne> ! same size4 ,pallas is ab\t two hundr$ miles 9 diamet]1 & ,ve/a ab\t "o hundr$ & eighte54 ,no d\bt1 ^! f\r 7 ! fir/ to be discov]$1 because !y are ! l>ge/ & s ! easie/ to be se54 ,at any rate1 no o!rs yet se5 exce$ !m 9 size1 & "s ( ! m lately discov]$ are n m ?an fifte5 or tw5ty miles 9 diamet]4 ,_m ( ^? discov]$ by photography are d\btless ev5 small] ?an ^!1 & are1 p]haps1 m]e meteors 9 size4 ,! comb9$ mass ( all ^? discov]$ up to ?is "t is f> small] ?an t ( any ( ! l>ge planets1 or ev5 ?an t ( our moon4 ,_! mass _c1 ( c\rse1 really be measur$1 because !y are too small to h any p]ceptible gravitative effect on o!r bodies1 & mass c only be det]m9$ by ! influ5ce ( "o body on ano!r4 ,b we d "k t _! aggregate mass1 if x exce$$ a c]ta9 limit1 w\ld %[ "s di/urb+ effect on ,m>s2 &1 s9ce x does n d ?is1 we "k t all ( !m tak5 toge!r w\ld make an extremely insignificant body4 ,:ile ! planetoids all revolve ar\nd ! sun 9 ! same mann] & 9 ! same direction z ! planets d1 yet !y are v erratic 9 _! c\rses1 & d n all keep )9 ! n>r[ limits ( ! zodiac ?r\gh :i*--happily = our conv5i5t obs]vation--! l>g] bodies travel4 ,! orbits ( _m ( !m are extremely elliptical1 :ile "s are almo/ circles2 & _! incl9ation to ! ecliptic v>ies f almo/ no?+ to ne>ly fifty degrees4 ,if "o c\ld cat* f "o side a view ( !m all toge!r1 !y w\ld h mu* ! appe>ance 9 space ( a flock ( swall[s1 ! individuals d>t+ ?is way & t1 pass+ above & bel[ "o ano!r 9 su* intricate sweeps & s9uosities t x w\ld be impossible to keep track ( !m sep>ately4 ,& yet "t has br\ght ^! app>5tly tangl$ orbits into su* nice adju/m5t t ! little bodies c cont9ue to cross & recross ea* o!r's pa?s ) no dang] ( int]f]5ce f ea* o!r4 ,su* collisions z !re may h be5 occurr$ 9 ! v beg9n+ ( _! c>e]s4 ,su* ( !m z came into collision !n travel$ on toge!r z "o body until accommodation 0 made = all4 ,"o ( ! mo/ wide-w&]+ ( ^! t9y bodies has be5 nam$ ,eros1 aft] ! little god ( love1 m commonly kn[n z ,cupid4 ,x has a p>ticul> int]e/ = u1 because ( all ! heav5ly bodies x at times comes ne>] to u ?an any except ! moon & an occasional comet4 ,at its ne>e/ x is )9 f\rte5 million miles ( ! e>?1 :i* is m ?an t5 million miles ne>] ?an ! close/ approa* ( ,v5us1 ! ne>e/ ( ! l>ge planets4 ,?is little body 0 ?us ne> u 9 #ahid2 b we did n !n "k ?is1 = ,eros 0 n discov]$ until #ahih4 ,aft] its discov]y1 h[ev]1 x 0 trac$ back on _m photographic plates1 & ! fact t x _h be5 9 our neighborhood 0 le>n$4 ,= untold ages x has be5 mak+ ^! visits to u e ?irty-sev5 ye>s1 & we h kn[n no?+ ( !m4 ,its next ne> approa* w be 9 #aica1 & x w cont9ue to come !reaft] e ?irty-sev5 ye>s4 ,n[ t we "k ab\t !m1 ^! visits are n only pleasant to contemplate1 b x is expect$ t :5 !y occur ! planetoid w be ( great sci5tific value to u 9 help+ to det]m9e m surely & accurately ! exact di/ance ( ! sun4 ,! planetoids1 ?\gh s m9ute & ( no value z a spectacle1 h be51 & /ill are1 v useful little bodies to u 9 a sci5tific way4 ,9 addition to furni%+ an easy means ( measur+ ! di/ance ( ! sun1 !y promise to ?r[ "s light on v>i\s que/ions ( physics 9 :i* ! planets1 too1 are involv$4 ,! brilliancy ( ,ve/a1 = in/ance1 :i* has be5 m5tion$1 & ! unacc\ntable v>iability 9 ! brightness ( "s o!rs ( !m h yet to be adju/$ to kn[n physical laws4 ,ev5 ! extreme ecc5tricity ( "s ( _! orbits1 & ! l>ge tilt ( "s ( !m to ! ecliptic1 may be sugge/ive 9 f9ally solv+ c]ta9 planet>y problems1 = ^! impi% little bodies are f> f con=m+ to ! regul> ways ( ! planets1 & !re is1 ( c\rse1 "s me*anical reason = _! app>5t wayw>dness4 ,,xviii ,,conclusion ,! great v>iety ( beauty t ! planets pres5t to u is suffici5t to keep u always int]e/$ 9 !m1 :5 once we h acquir$ an acqua9tance ) !m4 ,r>ely is !re an ev5+ :5 "s "o ( !m does n enhance ! *>m ( ! spl5did spectacle ( ! sky 9 :i* all ! heav5ly bodies save ! sun h a "p4 ,_! great] brilliancy (t5 br+s !m into view be=e ! />s h begun to gl[ 9 ! ev5+1 & prolongs our sight ( !m aft] ! rays ( ! sun h blott$ out ! light ( ! />s 9 ! morn+4 ,?us !y are always s+le 9 _! lovel9ess1 & always hold a di/+ui%$ place 9 ! mid/ ( ! brilliant company ( ! />s4 ,hav+ consid]$ ^! brilliant bodies individually & 9 detail1 z we h1 we ought by ?is "t to be able to id5tify any "o ( !m t %[s itself 9 ! ev5+ sky1 & to h a pretty fair notion ( ! g5]al "* & peculi>ities ( ea*4 ,b ev5 if "o does n mu* c>e = detail$ in=mation conc]n+ !m1 or1 be=e seek+ t1 pref]s fir/ to become famili> ) _! appe>ance1 a quick & sure recognition ( !m may be _h by not+ _! positions & _! v /rik+ individual aspects z set =? 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,on see+ a bright object 9 ! sky t does n seem to be a famili> />1 simply /op & look at x4 ,does x tw9kle8 ,if x does n1 x is a planet4 ,if x is m ?an =ty-five degrees f ! sun1 or if x is se5 at a "t :5 ! sun has be5 d[n m ?an ?ree h\rs1 !n x is nei!r ,m]cury nor ,v5us1 & mu/ be ei!r ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 or ,saturn4 ,is x v bright & p9ki% 9 tone8 ,!n x is ,jupit]4 ,is x v bright & q r$8 ,x is ,m>s1 n f> f opposition4 ,is x n v bright1 b small & rosy8 ,!n x is ,m>s go+ t[>d conjunction4 ,is x yell[ 9 tone &1 :ile l>ge & conspicu\s1 /ill n s v brilliant8 ,x is ,saturn4 ,if ! planet we seek to "n is ne>] to ! sun ?an =ty-five degrees1 b is /ill well above ! horizon1 x may be ei!r ( ^! ?ree--,m>s1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn--or x is ,v5us4 ,if x is v bright & silv]y1 x is c]ta9ly ,v5us4 ,if x is v l[ 9 ! sky & v ne> ! sun1 x may be any "o ( ! five visible planets4 ,9 su* a position ,m>s w always be v small1 & ! o!rs always l>g] ?an a fir/-magnitude />2 & !y may all tw9kle a little--,m]cury almo/ z mu* z a />4 ,_! size w %[ !m all 7except ,m>s7 z planets1 b x w be some:at m difficult to tell :i* is :i* ?an x is :5 !y are high] up 9 ! sky4 ,! be/ ?+ to d 9 su* circum/ances is to look up _! positions ei!r 9 ?is book or 9 an almanac4 ,! almanac w s]ve z a footman to ann\nce !m4 ,! book1 x is hop$1 has s record$ _! peculi>ities & habits t ei!r _! appe>ance or _! place w be suffici5t to make !m kn[n4 ,9 any ev5t1 ! problem ( id5tification 9 ?is position w n keep "o long1 = 9 a situation pres5t+ ^! great] difficulties ! planet w be visible = less ?an an h\r aft] sund[n4 ,besides1 x is n likely at su* times to attract "o's involunt>y att5tion1 b :5 "u obs]vation 9 su* a situation is usually s\ght out by ^? already some:at in=m$ z to ! planet's habits & appe>ance1 :i* w betray its id5tity4 ,x is in=mation ( ?is sort t ,i h endeavor$ to give 9 ^! pages1 & x is hop$ t ! read+ ( !m w be ! beg9n+ ( a long & intimate acqua9tance ) ^! *>m+ & always int]e/+ individuals4 ,individuals ! planets inevitably become to any "o :o le>ns to "k !m dur+ ! long1 quiet nights 9 ! c\ntry1 or :]ev] an opportunity is af=d$ really to contemplate _! peculi> traits & features4 ,l individuals ( :atev] k9d1 !y impress diff]5t p]sons 9 diff]5t ways4 ,z ,i h wat*$ !m f ye> to ye> ,i h come to h a v di/9ct impression ( ,jupit] z sl[ & maje/ic1 & yet n lack+ 9 joviality2 ,saturn z fri5dly1 b res]v$2 ,m>s z /urdily brisk & busy2 ,v5us z always graci\s & smil+2 & ,m]cury z irresponsible & rogui%4 ,o!rs might h an entirely diff]5t feel+ 9 reg>d to !m2 b an intimate acqua9tance ) !m1 :i* is n :olly sci5tific1 _c fail to /amp !m z 9 "s sort individuals4 ,& :5 we consid] t ^! int]e/+ individuals are closely relat$ memb]s ( our cosmic family1 _! ev]-*ang+ beauty ( aspect1 ! hi/ory ( _! developm5t & _! affairs g5]ally1 ga9 a significance to u t no o!r heav5ly bodies c h4 ,! two gr\ps ( planets--! inn] & ! out]--are l two sets ( *ildr5 9 a family3 born ( ! same p>5t1 b "u v diff]5t circum/ances1 & 9 v diff]5t surr\nd+s4 ,m>s1 ! e>?1 ,v5us1 & ,m]cury are all1 z comp>$ ) ! out] planets1 small & d5se1 ) m or less ?9 atmosph]es & an abundance ( heat & light4 ,!y all lie comp>atively ne> to ! sun1 & are compos$ ( ! d5s] mat]ial ly+ ne> ! c5t] ( ! great nebula1 :i* 0 ! orig9al =m ( ! entire sol> sy/em4 ,probably d5s] to beg9 ) ?an ! o!rs1 !y h1 on acc\nt ( _! dim9utive size1 develop$ m rapidly & are fur!r advanc$ t[>d ! f9al /ate ( solidity :i* we %all all atta9 9 ! end4 ,m]cury1 ! smalle/1 is already old & seam$ & h>d5$4 ,m>s1 ! next 9 size1 is well advanc$1 b /ill has an atmosph]e & "s o!r signs ( vitality4 ,v5us1 ?\gh we "k s little ab\t h]1 has probably a long p]iod ( developm5t yet be=e h]2 :ile ?is w>m1 n\ri%+ e>?1 :i* seems to u ! be/ "o ( !m all1 w probably = a /ill long] "t ?an ,v5us hold its atmosph]e & rema9 gre5 & fl\ri%+4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! va/ space :i* divides ! two gr\ps ( ! sun's family dwell ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus1 & ,neptune4 ,!y are all trem5d\s 9 volume1 envelop$ 9 imm5se atmosph]es1 f>1 f> f our common s\rce ( heat & light1 ( comp>atively slight d5sity1 & probably =m$ f ! light] mat]ial compos+ ! out] edges ( ! p>5t nebula1 &1 because ( _! imm5se size1 /ill 9 a v e>ly /age ( developm5t4 ,! two gr\ps c\ld sc>cely seem m widely diff]5t if !y belong$ to diff]5t sy/ems2 b ! memb]s ( ea* are all closely ak91 & ea* "o 9 its own way1 det]m9$ by its size & environm5t1 is develop+ t[>d ! same end4 ,if !re is life on any ( ^! out] planets1 x mu/ be ( a sort ( :i* we h no conception4 ,jupit] & ,saturn are probably r$-hot1 & c\ld su/a9 no?+ m cold-blood$ ?an a race ( salam&]s1 ?\gh :y a race ( intellig5t salam&]s %\ld or %\ld n exi/ !re1 is a "q t "o might make bold to answ] accord+ to "o's fancy4 ,uranus & ,neptune are small]1 & p]haps less hot ?an ,jupit] & ,saturn2 b we really "k v little ab\t ! /ate ( _! dome/ic affairs1 & ! little we d "k 9 no way indicates a place ( abode = any sort ( intellig5ce conceivable to u4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 conceive ( a "t 9 ! f>-di/ant ages :5 ^! f\r hot & vapor\s planets may h become suffici5tly cond5s$ to h a solid cru/1 & yet h suffici5t int]nal heat to mod]ate ! frigid temp]ature t w\ld be normal at _! di/ance f ! sun1 & !y might !n support life ev5 some:at resembl+ & p]haps ev5 m glori\sly beautiful ?an t ) :i* we are famili>4 ,( ! exi/5ce ( life some:at simil> to ours on ! small]1 ne>-by planets we may h some?+ ne>] a reasonable conception1 ?\gh we are n[h]e ne> ! possession ( any real k conc]n+ x4 ,m]cury1 we h e reason to ?9k1 _c support life1 ma9ly because ( 8 lack ( atmosph]e2 b also because ( 8 long rotation1 :i* af=ds no alt]nations ( day & night1 b leaves him ) "o side always burn+-hot & ! o!r inconceivably cold4 ,v5us might v well h a climate n utt]ly unlike ours1 & h5ce be habitable = be+s some:at resembl+ u1 if %e has1 z %e has long be5 ?\ght to h1 a heavi] atmosph]e ?an ! e>? has1 & if %e has alt]nations ( day & night4 ,b we h se5 t1 ow+ to ! obscurity ( ! surface ( ,v5us1 our k 9 reg>d to ^! conditions is f> f c]ta91 & we h little reason to h ev5 speculative ideas conc]n+ life !re4 ,) ,m>s x is a m op5 "q4 ,we c see t planet1 & see x fairly well4 ,x has an atmosph]e & *anges ( seasons1 & :ile x may n af=d a climate t w\ld be exactly attractive to u z a place ( transmigration1 x is n p>ticul>ly unreasonable to let our fancy play ov] ! r pleasant speculation conc]n+ ! pres5ce !re ( be+s at lea/ und]/&able by u1 ev5 if n :olly cong5ial4 ,:atev] ea* planet af=ds 9 ! way ( life & human int]e/s1 all ( !m mu/ ev] be to u ! mo/ int]e/+ ?+s 9 all nature1 outside ( our own e>?1 9 ! two reg>ds already po9t$ out3 fir/1 z ! mo/ beautiful objects ( vision among all ! />ry ho/s1 &1 second1 z our ne>e/ k9dr$ 9 ?is univ]se ( suns & sy/ems ( worlds4 ,toge!r ! e>? & !y circle ceaselessly ar\nd & ar\nd ! sun1 foll[+ 9 nicely adju/$ orbits t great lum9>y z x sweeps maje/ically on ?r\gh space t[>d ! beautiful ,vega1 itself a sun1 &1 s f> z we n[ "k1 9 ?is close companion%ip we %all cont9ue until e planet & ! sun itself has become cold & d>k & lifeless4 ,& !n1 p]haps1 or ev5 be=e ! light ( our sy/em is f9ally ext+ui%$1 we may meet ano!r w&]+ sun1 & 9 ! m>riage ( ! two great bodies ano!r sy/em ( worlds may be evolv$ ( :i* we & ! planets %all =m a "p4 ,,symbols ,,us$ ,,9 ,,almanacs ,m]cury4 ,new ,moon4 ,v5us4 ,fir/ ,qu>t]4 ,e>?4 ,full ,moon4 ,m>s4 ,la/ ,qu>t]4 ,jupit]4 ,sun4 ,saturn4 ,conjunction ) ! sun2 or1 9 ! case or ,uranus4 ( two planets or a planet & ! moon1 ,neptune4 ne> toge!r4 ,opposition4 ,quadrature4 ,examples3 ,m>s & ,v5us ne> toge!r4 ,jupit] 9 opposition4 ,jupit] 9 conjunction4 ,inf4 ,m]cury 9 inf]ior conjunction4 ,sup4 ,m]cury 9 sup]ior conjunction4 ,v5us & ,moon ne> toge!r4 ,,index ,adams1 #bcf-bch4 ,alcor1 /> 9 ,great ,dipp]1 #aje1 #bcf4 ,aldeb>an1 fir/-magnitude />1 #gi-hj1 #aec1 #ahh1 #baj4 ,ant>es1 /> 9 ,scorpio1 #hf1 #aec1 #afj1 #ahg1 #ahi1 #bji1 #bab4 ,aqu>ius1 con/ellation ( ! zodiac1 #gf1 #hh-hi1 #ia-ib1 #ahg1 #bab-bac1 #bba1 #bdb4 ,arcturus1 #bd1 #hd2 color (1 #ajb4 ,ariel1 satellite ( ,uranus1 #bcb-bcc4 ,aries1 con/ellation ( ! zodiac1 #gf-gh1 #ij-ib1 #bab1 #bdb4 ,a/]oids1 #bdd-beg4 ,bee-hive1 #hb1 #baa-bab4 ,bode's law1 #bde-bdi4 ,botes1 /> ( fir/ magnitude1 #ajb4 ,calli/o1 satellite ( ,jupit]1 #bjj1 #bje4 ,canc]1 con/ellation ( zodiac1 #gf1 #hb1 #ia-ib1 #ahh1 #baa-bab4 ,capella1 /> ( fir/ magnitude1 #aia4 ,capricornus1 "o ( ! twelve con/ellations ( ! zodiac1 #gf1 #hh-hi1 #ia-ib1 #ahg1 #bab1 #bbi4 ,cassiopeia1 con/ellation1 #gg4 ,ca/or & ,pollux1 #ha1 #ahh1 #baa1 #bdb-bdc4 ,c]es1 fir/ planetoid discov]$1 #bea1 #bec4 ,con/ellations ( ! zodiac1 #ge-ib4 ,deimos1 satellite ( ,m>s1 #ahj-aha4 ,dione1 satellite ( ,saturn1 #bbb4 ,e>?1 relation to planets1 #aa-ae1 #ai2 ne>ness to sun1 #ai2 t]re/rial planet1 #da2 movem5t (1 #ea2 position 9 reg>d to ,m]cury1 #abj-aba2 lik5ess to ,v5us1 #ach-adj4 ,enceladus1 satellite ( ,saturn1 #bbb4 ,encke's comet1 #aji4 ,equ9ox1 d]ivation ( ^w1 #gd4 ,eros1 small planet1 #bee-bef4 ,europa1 satellite ( ,jupit]1 #bjj-bja4 ,flag/aff1 ,arizona1 obs]vatory (1 #age-agf4 ,fomalhaut1 #ahg1 #bji1 #bac4 ,galileo1 #acf4 ,ganym$e1 satellite ( ,jupit]1 #bjj-bja1 #bje4 ,gem9i1 con/ellation ( ! zodiac1 #gf1 #ha-hb1 #ia-ib1 #ahh1 #baj-baa1 #bac4 ,george ,,iii41 ,uranus fir/ call$ ,georgium ,sidus aft]1 #bbf4 ,great ,dipp]1 #gc1 #gg1 #hd1 #if1 #ajd1 #aje1 #ahf1 #bcf4 ,hamal1 /> 9 con/ellation ( ,aries1 #gh4 ,h]s*el1 discov]y ( ,uranus by1 #bbf-bbg1 #bcb4 ,hyades1 !1 #gi4 ,hyp]ion1 satellite ( ,saturn1 #bbb4 ,inf]ior planets1 #dj4 ,io1 satellite ( ,jupit]1 #bjj1 #bja4 ,japetus1 satellite ( ,saturn1 #bbb4 ,juno1 planetoid1 #bea1 #bec4 ,jupit]1 color1 #e2 attraction betwe5 ,saturn &1 #ae2 di/ance f sun1 #ai2 size & importance (1 #bj2 movem5t1 #be1 #fe2 satellites1 #cd1 #ajf1 #aii-bje2 long kn[n1 #ch2 sup]ior planet1 #da2 space betwe5 ,m>s &1 #db2 influ5ce on comets1 #dd2 gibb\s1 #ff2 di/ance f ecliptic1 #gb2 ne> ,ant>es1 #hf2 9 ,scorpio1 #abg2 size & velocity1 #ahc-ahe2 place 9 sky1 #ahf-aij2 di/ance1 light1 & heat1 #aij-aic2 seasons & atmosph]e1 #aic-aie2 surface features1 #aie-aii2 symbol1 #bje2 comp>$ to ,saturn1 #bac-bad1 #bae-bah2 ne>ness ( a/]oids to1 #bdd2 h[ to recognize1 #bei-bfd4 ,laplace1 nebul hypo!sis (1 #bh1 #cj4 ,leo1 con/ellation ( zodiac1 #gf1 #hb-hc1 #ia-ib1 #ahh1 #baa-bab1 #bba4 ,lev]ri]1 discov]y ( ,neptune by1 #bcf-bch4 ,libra1 con/ellation ( zodiac1 #gf1 #he1 #ia-ib1 #ahh1 #bab4 ,little ,dipp] ( ! ,pleiades1 #gi4 ,lyre1 con/ellation ( !1 #ed4 ,major planets1 #ai4 ,m>s1 8eye0 (1 #ab2 di/ance f sun1 #ai2 ne>ness to e>?1 #bj2 movem5t (1 #be1 #fe2 long kn[n1 #ch2 sup]ior planet1 #da2 space betwe5 ,jupit] &1 #db2 spe$1 #ea2 gibb\s1 #ff2 di/ance f ecliptic1 #gb2 color1 #hj1 #hf1 #bei2 position 9 reg>d to ,ant>es1 #hg2 d5sity1 #aaj2 ne>ness to ,v5us1 #abh2 v>iety 9 brightness1 #aea-aeb2 h[ & :]e to id5tify1 #aeb-afb1 #bei-bfe2 size1 atmosph]e1 & temp]ature1 #afb-afe2 di/ance & brilliancy1 #aff-agj2 seasons1 #agj-aga2 surface aspect1 #agb-agi2 satellites1 #ahj-aha2 symbol (1 #ahb2 ne>ness ( a/]oids to1 #bdd2 ,bode's law &1 #bde-bdf1 #bdh-bdi2 smallness1 #bfj4 ,m]cury1 #ah2 ne>e/ planet1 #ai2 unfavorable situation = obs]vation1 #bj2 easily recogniz$1 #bb2 age (1 #cd2 d5se matt] (1 #cg2 long kn[n1 #ch2 inf]ior planet1 #dj2 t]re/rial planet1 #da2 irregul>ities (1 #dd-de2 numb] ( revolutions1 #dg2 orbit1 #dh2 app>5t motions1 #eg-eh2 transits1 #fa2 di/ance f ecliptic1 #gb-gc2 color1 #hj1 #hf2 9 ,scorpio1 #hg2 elusiv5ess (1 #ic-ie2 h[ to f9d1 #if-ajj1 #bei2 di/ance & brightness (1 #aja-aje2 size1 #ajf-aaj2 relation to sun1 #aaa-aah2 transits1 #aai-aba2 lack ( atmosph]e1 #add1 #adf2 resemblance to ,m>s1 #aec2 ,bode's law &1 #bde4 ,milky ,way1 #hg1 #hh1 #hi4 ,mimas1 satellite ( ,saturn1 #bbb4 ,m9or planets1 #ai4 ,miz>1 /> 9 ,great ,dipp]1 #aje1 #bcf4 ,moon1 #bc2 once call$ planet1 #ci2 di/ance f ecliptic1 #gc4 ,m\lton1 ,pr(essor1 #agh4 ,neptune1 discov]y1 #ae2 di/ance f sun1 #ai1 #dc2 n visible to nak$ eye1 #bj2 age1 #cd2 diffuse matt] (1 #cg2 unkn[n to anci5ts1 #dj2 sup]ior planet1 #da2 influ5ce on comets1 #dd2 "o revolution1 #dg2 orbit1 #dh2 movem5t (1 #fe2 di/ance f e>?1 #bcd2 discov]y1 #bce-bcg1 #bdg2 symbol1 #bch2 atmosph]e1 #bci-bdj2 satellite1 #bda2 motion1 #bdb2 brightness1 #bdc4 ,ob]on1 satellite ( ,uranus1 #bcb-bcc4 ,orion1 #abc4 ,pallas1 planetoid1 #bea4 ,phecda1 /> 9 ,great ,dipp]1 #ajd4 ,phobos1 satellite ( ,m>s1 #ahj-aha1 #bjb4 ,phbe1 satellite ( ,saturn1 #bbb-bbc4 ,pisces1 con/ellation 9 zodiac1 #gf-gg1 #ij-ib1 #afj1 #ahg1 #bab1 #bdb4 ,pleiades1 #gi-hj1 #aec1 #ahh1 #baj4 ,prsepe1 or ! ,bee-hive1 #hb1 #baa-bab4 ,regulus1 /> 9 ! con/ellation ( ,leo1 #hc-hd1 #ahh1 #bab4 ,rhea1 satellite ( ,saturn1 #bbb-bbc4 ,sagitt>ius1 con/ellation ( zodiac1 #gf1 #hg-hh1 #ia-ib1 #ahf1 #ahi1 #bji1 #bab1 #bbi4 ,saturn1 r+s & moons (1 #ab1 #bah-bbc2 di/ance f sun1 #ac1 #ai2 attraction betwe5 ,jupit] &1 #ae1 #ahe2 size & importance1 #bj2 object-lesson f1 #bi2 long kn[n1 #ch2 sup]ior & out] planet1 #da-db2 influ5ce on comets1 #dd2 l5g? ( ye> on1 #dg2 movem5t1 #fe2 di/ance f ecliptic1 #gb2 satellites1 #ajf2 color1 #bjf1 #bji1 #bei2 z ev5+ />1 #bjg2 slight motion1 #bjh2 circuit ( skies1 #bji-bac2 size & di/ance1 #bac-bae2 surface aspects1 #bae-baf2 day & night1 #bag-bah2 seasons1 #bbd2 symbol1 #bbd2 ,bode's law &1 #bde-bdf2 h[ to recognize1 #bfj-bfd4 ,s*iap>elli1 #agd-age4 ,scorpio1 con/ellation ( zodiac1 #gf1 #he-hh1 #ia-ib1 #abg1 #aec1 #ahf1 #ahh1 #bab-bac4 ,sid]eal ye>1 #di-ej4 ,sirius1 ! dog-/>1 #abc4 ,spica1 #hd-he1 #ahh4 ,sun1 controls planets1 #ad1 #ag2 di/ance f e>?1 #ah2 c5t] ( planet sy/em1 #bg2 probable =mation (1 #cf2 once call$ planet1 #ci2 situation 9 orbit1 #eb2 v]nal equ9ox1 #gf2 relation to ,m]cury1 #aaa-aah2 relation to ,m>s1 #aff-afg2 relation to ,jupit]1 #ahc-ahe4 ,sup]ior planets1 #da1 #fe-gj4 ,symbols 9 almanacs1 #bfg4 ,synodic ye>1 #ej1 #eb4 ,taurus1 con/ellation 9 zodiac1 #gf1 #gi-hj1 #ij-ib1 #ahh1 #baj1 #bab1 #bdb4 ,te?ys1 satellite ( ,saturn1 #bbb4 ,!mis1 satellite ( ,saturn1 #bbb-bbc4 ,titan1 satellite ( ,saturn1 #bbb-bbc4 ,titania1 satellite ( ,uranus1 #bcb4 ,triangulum1 #gh4 ,umbriel1 satellite ( ,uranus1 #bcb-bcc4 ,uranus1 gravitational influ5ce on1 #ae2 di/ance f sun1 #ai1 #bbi-bcj2 unkn[n to anci5ts1 #dj2 sup]ior planet1 #da2 influ5ce on ,neptune1 #dc2 influ5ce on comets1 #dd2 movem5t1 #fe2 ne>ness to ecliptic1 #gb2 discov]y1 #bbe-bbf1 #bdf2 symbol1 #bbg2 "t ( revolution1 #bbh2 size1 #bca2 satellites1 #bcb-bcc2 irregul>ity (1 #bcf4 ,vega1 9 con/ellation ( ! ,lyre1 #ed1 #aia1 #bff4 ,v5us1 ! planet1 #b1 #d1 #e2 ne>ness to sun1 #ai2 ne>ness to e>?1 #bj1 #bef2 movem5t (1 #be2 long kn[n1 #ch2 e>ly names (1 #ci2 inf]ior planet1 #dj2 t]re/rial planet1 #da2 brighte/ planet1 #db2 app>5t motions1 #eg-eh2 transits1 #fa2 di/ance f ecliptic1 #gb2 se5 f ,m]cury1 #aje2 d5sity1 #aaj2 beauty1 #abb2 h[ & :5 to see1 #abc-aca2 di/ance & brightness1 #acb-acg2 lik5ess to e>?1 #ach-adj2 atmosph]e & seasons1 #ada-adg2 transits1 #adg-adi2 sign (1 #aej2 ,bode's law &1 #bde2 h[ to "k1 #bei-bfd4 ,ve/a1 planetoid1 #bea1 #bec1 #bed1 #beg4 ,virgo1 con/ellation ( ! zodiac1 #gf1 #hd-he1 #ahh1 #bab4 ,zodiac1 !1 #ga-ib4 ,,! ,,end