,,the ,,chautauquan ,a ,monthly ,magazine ,devoted to the ,promotion of ,true ,culture4 ,organ of the ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle4 ,,volume ,,iv4 ,,from ,,october1 #ahhc1 ,,to ,,july1 #ahhd4 ,,theodore ,l4 ,,flood1 ,d4,d41 ,editor4 ,,the ,,chautauqua ,,press1 ,,meadville1 ,,pa4 ,,copyrighted ,,by ,,theodore ,l4 ,,flood1 ,,in ,,the ,,office ,,of ,,the ,,librarian ,,of ,,congress1 ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 #ahhc-d4 ,,index ,,to ,,volume ,,iv4 ,,agassiz4 ,prof4 ,j4 ,tingley1 ,ph4,d4 #dfb4 ,,alaska--,,its ,,missions4 ,rev4 ,wm4 ,b4 ,lewis4 #eib4 ,,american ,,literature1 ,criticisms on4 #ejc4 ,,american ,,literature1 ,selections ,from4 ,aldrich1 ,thomas ,bailey4 #ddf4 ,bancroft1 ,george4 #ccd4 ,bryant1 ,william ,cullen4 #bjh4 ,bushnell1 ,dr4 ,horace4 #ade4 ,channing1 ,william ,ellery4 #gi4 ,dana1 ,richard ,henry4 #bjh4 ,edwards1 ,jonathan4 #af4 ,franklin1 ,benjamin4 #gg4 ,halleck1 ,fitz ,greene4 #bjg4 ,higginson1 ,thomas ,wentworth4 #cib4 ,holmes1 ,oliver ,wendell4 #bfe4 ,howells1 ,william ,d4 #cid4 ,irving1 ,washington4 #adf4 ,james1 ,jr41 ,henry4 #cic4 ,jefferson1 ,thomas4 #gi4 ,longfellow1 ,henry ,wadsworth4 #baj4 ,lowell1 ,james ,russell4 #bff4 ,mather1 ,cotton4 #ad4 ,motley1 ,john ,lothrop4 #ccc4 ,paulding1 ,james ,kirke4 #adg4 ,porter1 ,dr4 ,noah4 #adf4 ,prescott1 ,william ,h4 #cce4 ,sandys1 ,george4 #ad4 ,taylor1 ,bayard4 #ddf4 ,thaxter1 ,celia4 #ddg4 ,warner1 ,charles ,dudley4 #cid4 ,washington1 ,george4 #gh4 ,whittier1 ,john ,g4 #bfd4 ,,americans1 ,,eccentric4 ,c4 ,e4 ,bishop4 #dc1 #ie1 #baa1 #bge1 #cdh1 #eaj1 #ehd4 ,,amusements ,,of ,,the ,,london ,,poor4 ,walter ,besant4 #deg4 ,,ardent ,,spirits4 ,b4 ,w4 ,richardson1 ,m4,d4 #cdg4 ,,arnold1 ,,matthew4 ,prof4 ,a4 ,b4 ,hyde1 ,d4,d4 #bgj4 ,,art1 ,readings in4 #aa1 #ge1 #adb1 #bjd1 #bfb1 #ccj1 #chd1 #ddb1 #ejj4 ,,astronomy ,,of ,,the ,,heavens4 ,prof4 ,m4 ,b4 ,goff4 ,december1 #ahc4 ,january1 #bah4 ,february1 #bgh4 ,march1 #cdf4 ,april1 #dje4 ,may1 #dee4 ,june1 #ebh4 ,july1 #efi4 ,august1 #egj4 ,september1 #ega4 ,,banquet ,,to ,,chautauqua ,,trustees4 #cjg4 ,,blue ,,laws4 #aef4 ,,book ,,knowledge ,,and ,,manners4 ,lord ,chesterfield4 #afa4 ,,books ,,received4 #abg1 #ahg1 #bdi1 #cad1 #dif1 #eef1 #fab4 ,,botanical ,,notes4 ,prof4 ,j4 ,h4 ,montgomery4 #bbg1 #bhg4 ,,california4 ,frances ,e4 ,willard1 ,pres4 ,w4 ,c4 ,t4 ,u4 #bbb4 ,,ca,,ons ,,of ,,the ,,colorado1 ,the4 ,major ,g4 ,w4 ,powell4 #efd4 ,,character ,,building4 ,james ,kerr4 #aec4 ,,charity ,,of ,,paris1 ,a ,private4 #dga4 ,,chautauqua ,,children',s ,,class 7#ahhc74 #fb4 ,,chautauqua ,,for #ahhd4 #edc4 ,,chautauqua ,,to ,,california4 ,frances ,willard1 ,pres4 ,w4 ,c4 ,t4 ,u4 #ha4 ,,chautauqua ,,winter1 ,echoes from a4 ,rev4 ,h4 ,h4 ,moore4 #dai4 ,,class ,,of '#he1 ,to the4 #cef4 ,,climate ,,seeking ,,in ,,america4 ,geo4 ,a4 ,townsend4 #eaf4 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,course ,,for #ahhd-'he4 #fjj4 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,in ,,canada1 ,the4 #dha4 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,in ,,the ,,south4 #bib4 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,in ,,toronto1 ,the4 #afg4 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,notes ,,on ,,required ,,readings4 ,october1 #eg4 ,november1 #abj4 ,december1 #ahc4 ,january1 #bdc4 ,february1 #cjd4 ,march1 #cgj4 ,april1 #dcb4 ,may1 #dia4 ,june1 #eea4 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,reunion4 #ajd4 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,testimony4 #ajc1 #fjf4 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,work4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1 ,d4,d4 #dd1 #ajb1 #afe1 #bbh1 #bhg1 #cee1 #dba1 #dgg1 #ech1 #fjj4 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 '#hd4 #cee4 ,,commencement1 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,class #ahhc4 #bj4 ,,cooper ,,institute4 ,j4 ,m4 ,buckley1 ,d4,d4 #cih4 ,,council ,,of ,,nice1 ,the4 #eha4 ,,courts ,,of ,,three ,,presidents--,thiers1 ,mac,mahon1 ,grvy4 #eff4 ,,dead-,,letter ,,office1 ,the4 ,pattie ,l4 ,collins4 #dfj4 ,,dreamy ,,old ,,town1 ,a4 ,edith ,sessions ,tupper4 #ebj4 ,,earthquakes--,,ischia ,,and ,,java4 #hc4 ,,editor',s ,,note-,,book4 #ed1 #aag1 #ahj1 #bda1 #cjb1 #cfh1 #dcj1 #dhh1 #edh1 #faj4 ,,editor',s ,,outlook3 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 an ,educational ,necessity1 ,the4 #ec4 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,plan1 ,the4 #agh4 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,course for #ahhd-e1 ,the4 #fjg4 ,chautauqua ,outlook for #ahhd4 #fji4 ,college ,reform1 ,a4 #aaf4 ,complaint1 ,an ,unjust4 #cfg4 ,day1 an ,extra4 #ahj4 ,dress and ,income4 #cjj4 ,efficiency and ,tenure4 #edg4 ,evangelists4 #bci4 ,floods4 #dbi4 ,founder's ,day4 #dbh4 ,general ,conference1 ,some ,points on the4 #fjh4 ,greece1 ,history of4 #aaf4 ,greeting1 ,to the ,class of #ahhd4 #edf4 ,headquarters of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 #bch4 ,idea1 ,dr4 ,newman's ,new4 #dhg4 ,ingenuity in ,local ,circles4 #cfe4 ,is ,crime ,interesting8 #cff4 ,knowledge1 ,superfluous4 #dhh4 ,lawlessness1 ,two ,kinds of4 #dhe4 ,letters of ,william ,cullen ,bryant4 #cfg4 ,luther1 ,martin4 #agi4 ,negro1 ,dr4 ,haygood's ,battle for4 #aae4 ,pre ,hyacinthe4 #bda4 ,phillips1 ,wendell4 #dbi4 ,political ,methods4 #dbh4 ,political ,outlook1 ,the4 #aae4 ,political ,outlook1 ,present4 #cjj4 ,rewards of ,public ,service4 #dhf4 ,shakspere ,controversy1 ,the4 #ec4 ,social ,life1 ,a ,drawback to4 #cff4 ,spanish ,bull ,fights4 #cja4 ,steam not an ,aristocrat4 #cjj4 ,temperance ,question1 ,the4 #agi4 ,tenth ,assembly1 ,the4 #eb4 ,time ,standards1 ,the ,new4 #bdj4 ,wall ,street ,troubles1 ,the4 #fjh4 ,workman1 ,the ,decline of ,our4 #edg4 ,,editor',s ,,table4 #ef1 #aai4 ,,education ,,of ,,negro ,,population4 ,a4 ,g4 ,haygood4 #adh4 ,,electricity4 #hi4 ,,english1 ,british and ,american4 ,r4 ,a4 ,proctor4 #daj4 ,,estivation1 or ,summer ,sleep4 ,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,wood1 ,a4,m4 #bgc4 ,,etiquette4 #ii4 ,,experience1 ,a ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 #afg4 ,,failings4 ,j4 ,mortimer-,granville4 #ci4 ,,flowers1 ,early4 ,francis ,george ,heath4 #bbe4 ,,france1 ,republican ,prospects in4 ,joseph ,reinach4 #hj4 ,,french ,,history1 ,readings in4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1 ,d4,d4 #cae1 #cgg4 ,,from ,,the ,,baltic ,,to ,,the ,,adriatic4 #cf1 #hg4 ,,gardening ,,among ,,the ,,chinese4 #bae4 ,,german ,,history4 ,rev4 ,w4 ,g4 ,williams4 #a1 #fc1 #abi1 #ahi1 #bea4 ,,german ,,literature4 #ff4 ,,german ,,literature1 ,extracts ,from4 ,goethe1 ,johann ,wolfgang4 #aid4 ,heine1 ,heinrich4 #bec4 ,humboldt1 ,alexander von4 #bec4 ,lessing1 ,gotthold ,ephraim4 #acd4 ,luther1 ,martin4 #acd4 ,sachs1 ,hans4 #acc4 ,schiller1 ,friedrich von4 #aic4 ,schleiermacher1 ,friedrich4 #bed4 ,schopenhauer1 ,arthur4 #bee4 ,schlegel1 ,friedrich4 #aie4 ,walther von der ,vogelweide4 #acb4 ,winckelman1 ,johann ,joachim4 #aic4 ,,going ,,to ,,europe4 #eih4 ,,gospels1 ,,the1 ,considered as a ,drama4 ,d4 ,h4 ,wheeler1 ,d4,d4 #dab4 ,,graduates ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 #caj4 ,,great ,,organ ,,at ,,fribourg1 ,the4 ,edith ,sessions ,tupper4 #id4 ,,hesitation ,,and ,,errors ,,in ,,speech4 ,j4 ,mortimer-,granville4 #ded4 ,,hibernation4 ,j4 ,g4 ,wood1 ,m4,a4 #aej4 ,,hyacinth ,,bulbs4 ,grant ,allen4 #cea4 ,,inebriates1 ,what to do with the4 ,w4 ,w4 ,godding4 #ead4 ,,intermediate ,,normal ,,class4 #ahh4 ,,island ,,park ,,assembly4 #ca4 ,,landmarks ,,of ,,boston4 ,e4 ,e4 ,hale4 #egb4 ,,lakeside ,,assembly4 #ca4 ,,law1 ,commercial4 ,e4 ,c4 ,reynolds1 ,esq4 #bfj1 #cbg1 #chb1 #dci4 ,,life ,,of ,a ,,planet1 ,the4 ,richard ,proctor4 #aeg4 ,,local ,,circle1 ,how to ,conduct a4 #ajg4 ,,local ,,circle ,,notice4 #dg4 ,,local ,,circles4 #aje1 #afi1 #bcj1 #bhh1 #cef1 #dbb1 #dgh1 #eci1 #fja4 ,,london1 ,disraeli's4 #aeg4 ,,london ,,preachers1 ,some4 #ecf4 ,,low ,,spirits4 ,j4 ,mortimer-,granville4 #he4 ,,man ,,of ,,learning1 ,,tell ,,me ,,something4 ,margaret ,meredith4 #aej4 ,,mendelssohn',s ,,grave ,,and ,,humboldt',s ,,home4 #cci4 ,,migrations ,,on ,,foot4 ,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,wood1 ,m4,a4 #cec4 ,,missions1 ,christian4 #bba4 ,,monono ,,lake ,,assembly4 #cj4 ,,monteagle ,,assembly4 ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,warren4 #bi4 ,,monterey ,,assembly4 #bh4 ,,mountain ,,lake ,,assembly4 #ca4 ,,mythology1 ,slavonic4 ,a4 ,h4 ,cummings4 #cd4 ,,napoleon',s ,,marshals4 #ajj4 ,,naval ,,force1 ,our4 ,lieut4 ,g4 ,w4 ,mentz4 #eie4 ,,navy1 ,the4 ,lieut4 ,g4 ,w4 ,mentz4 #ebd4 ,,new ,,england ,,assembly4 #cb4 ,,new ,,england ,,branch1 ,class of '#hf4 #ajc4 ,,normal ,,class1 ,chautauqua ,graduates 7#ahhc74 #cgd4 ,,normal ,,class1 ,chautauqua4 ,j4 ,l4 ,hurlbut1 ,d4,d41 and ,r4 ,s4 ,holmes1 ,m4,a41 ,instructors4 #aab1 #agf1 #bcf1 #big1 #cfd1 #dbf1 #dhd1 #ede4 ,,nurses1 ,trained4 ,lulie ,w4 ,winchester4 #dff4 ,,ocean ,,monarch1 ,an4 ,g4 ,browne ,goode4 #ehb4 ,,ostrich ,,hunting4 ,lady ,florence ,dixie4 #bbj4 ,,outline ,,of ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,readings4 ,october1 #dg4 ,november1 #aab4 ,december1 #aff4 ,january1 #bbh4 ,february1 #bhh4 ,march1 #cee4 ,april1 #dbb4 ,may1 #dgh4 ,june1 #eci4 ,,peking1 ,the ,imperial ,college of4 ,g4 ,w4 ,smyth4 #ehg4 ,,phillips1 ,wendell4 ,edward ,everett ,hale4 #dea4 ,,physical ,,science4 #c1 #fg1 #ace1 #aif1 #bee4 ,,plant ,,nutrition4 ,maxwell ,t4 ,masters1 ,m4,d4 #afd4 ,,poachers ,,in ,,england4 ,jas4 ,turves4 #ij4 ,,poe1 ,edgar ,allen4 ,c4 ,e4 ,bishop4 #djg4 ,,political ,,economy4 ,g4 ,m4 ,steele1 ,d4,d4 #i1 #gc1 #adj1 #bjb4 ,,popular ,,education1 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,announcement4 #dh1 #age4 ,,prisoners ,,and ,,prisons1 ,military4 ,o4 ,w4 ,longan4 #dge4 ,,prohibition ,,in ,,maine4 ,hon4 ,neal ,dow4 #dae4 ,,questions ,,and ,,answers4 ,a4 ,m4 ,martin4 #di1 #aji1 #agb1 #bcd1 #bid1 #cfb1 #dbe1 #dhb1 #edd4 ,,recreation4 ,james ,paget4 #bgd4 ,,recreations ,,of ,,paris ,,workmen4 ,r4 ,heath4 #aec4 ,,reunion ,,at ,,milwaukee4 #aff4 ,,roman ,,history1 ,readings in4 ,w4 ,c4 ,wilkinson4 #dcg1 #dig4 ,,round-,,table1 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 #aga1 #bcc1 #bib4 ,,russian ,,novelist1 ,a4 ,gabriel ,monod4 #aed4 ,,schools ,,of ,,boston1 ,industrial4 ,e4 ,e4 ,hale4 #dag4 ,,scott1 ,,walter1 ,eight ,centuries with4 ,wallace ,bruce4 #ia1 #afb1 #baf1 #bhd1 #cdc1 #djc1 #dfg1 #ecc1 #ehi4 ,,sea ,,as ,,an ,,aquarium1 ,the4 ,c4 ,l4 ,anderson1 ,m4,d4 #bgi1 #cda4 ,,skating ,,and ,,skaters4 ,robert ,mac,gregor4 #aei4 ,,soldiers' ,,home4 ,o4 ,w4 ,logan4 #ebi4 ,,speculation ,,in ,,business4 ,jonathan4 #bha4 ,,stationery1 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 #ajc4 ,,steel ,,horse1 ,our4 #ebc4 ,,summer ,,meetings ,,at ,,chautauqua4 #eig4 ,,sunbeams ,,from ,,the ,,circle4 #afg1 #bbi4 ,,sunday ,,readings4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1 ,d4,d4 #f1 #gj1 #acg1 #aih1 #beg1 #cbh1 #chh1 #ddj1 #dii1 #efj4 ,,sun ,,and ,,strange ,,sunsets1 ,green4 #djj4 ,,table-,,talk ,,of ,,napoleon ,,bonaparte4 #bbd1 #bfi4 ,,talk ,,about ,,books4 #abf1 #bdh1 #cad1 #dcf1 #die1 #eef1 #fab4 ,,temperature4 ,j4 ,mortimer ,granville4 #aeh4 ,,tenement ,,house ,,life ,,in ,,new ,,york4 ,geo4 ,a4 ,townsend4 #efa4 ,,tricks ,,of ,,conjurors4 ,thomas ,frost4 #abe4 ,,trollope',s 7,,anthony7 ,,autobiography4 #djj4 ,,united ,,states ,,history4 #bfg1 #ccf1 #cie1 #ddh1 #ejf4 ,,university1 ,chautauqua4 #dgh4 ,,vanishing ,,types4 ,rev4 ,edward ,sprague4 #egg4 ,,vegetable ,,villains4 ,r4 ,turner4 #cc1 #hf4 ,,waverley ,,novels4 ,wallace ,bruce4 #ag4 ,,white ,,house1 ,the4 ,mrs4 ,pattie ,l4 ,collins4 #eeg4 ,,wine ,,and ,,water4 ,benj4 ,w4 ,richardson1 ,m4,d4 #bhc4 ,,women ,,as ,,mistresses ,,of ,,households1 ,duties of4 ,f4 ,p4 ,cobbe4 #dgc4 ,,women1 ,work for4 #bai4 ,,wreckage1 ,social4 ,ellice ,hopkins4 #dj ,,poetry4 ,,at ,,rest4 ,sarah ,doudney4 #db4 ,,autumn ,,sympathy4 ,e4 ,g4 ,charlesworth4 #hj4 ,,blossoms1 ,to4 ,r4 ,herrick4 #ebi4 ,,chillon1 ,sonnet on4 ,byron4 #ehb4 ,,cracked ,,fiddle1 ,a lay of4 ,fred4 ,langbridge4 #aee4 ,,divine ,,sculptor1 ,the4 ,mrs4 ,emily ,j4 ,bugbee4 #dea4 ,,fir ,,tree1 ,the4 ,luella ,clark4 #cdg4 ,,flotsom 7#adib74 ,j4 ,logie ,robertson4 #cda4 ,,flowery ,,fields1 ,in4 ,mary ,harrison4 #ch4 ,,gone4 ,e4 ,g4 ,charlesworth4 #dj4 ,,growth4 ,mrs4 ,emily ,j4 ,bugbee4 #efa4 ,,helen',s ,,tower4 ,chas4 ,blatherwick4 #cch4 ,,his ,,cold4 ,foliot ,s4 ,pierpoint4 #bfi4 ,,how ,,we ,,came ,,together4 ,w4 ,c4 ,wilkinson1 ,d4,d4 #cb4 ,,ivy1 ,the4 ,henry ,burton4 #ai4 ,,light ,,at ,,eventide4 ,e4 ,g4 ,charlesworth4 #cig4 ,,luther4 ,mrs4 ,s4 ,r4 ,graham ,clark4 #bge4 ,,my ,,years4 ,ada ,iddings ,gale4 #cdc4 ,,night4 ,charles ,grindrod4 #eaj4 ,,night4 ,a4 ,st4 ,j4 ,a4 #baa4 ,,prayer ,,of ,,socrates1 ,the4 ,stuart ,blackie4 #ecg4 ,,returning4 ,mary ,harrison4 #adh4 ,,rise ,,higher4 ,helen ,g4 ,hawthorne4 #ega4 ,,sabbath ,,chimes4 ,phebe ,a4 ,holden4 #djb4 ,,self-,,dependence4 ,matthew ,arnold4 #dgb4 ,,still ,,young4 ,ellen ,o4 ,peck4 #dab4 ,,stork1 ,the4 ,translated from the ,swedish4 #bad4 ,,summer1 ,a ,remnant of4 ,e4 ,o4 ,p4 #aef4 ,,to ,,my ,,books4 ,lady ,sterling ,maxwell4 #hc4 ,,under ,,the ,,autumn ,,skies4 ,mrs4 ,emily ,j4 ,bugbee4 #afa4 ,,where ,,lies ,,the ,,music8 ,alice ,c4 ,jennings4 #ag4 ,,zenobia4 ,ada ,iddings ,gale4 #aeb4 ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,a ,,monthly ,,magazine ,,devoted ,,to ,,the ,,promotion ,,of ,,true ,,culture4 ,,organ ,,of ,,the ,,chautauqua ,,literary ,,and ,,scientific ,,circle4 ,,vol4 ,,iv4 ,,october1 #ahhc4 ,,no4 #a4 ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle4 ,president--,lewis ,miller1 ,akron1 ,ohio4 ,superintendent of ,instruction--,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1 ,d4,d41 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,counselors--,rev4 ,lyman ,abbott1 ,d4,d42 ,rev4 ,j4 ,m4 ,gibson1 ,d4,d42 ,bishop ,h4 ,w4 ,warren1 ,d4,d42 ,rev4 ,w4 ,c4 ,wilkinson1 ,d4,d4 ,office ,secretary--,miss ,kate ,f4 ,kimball1 ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j4 ,general ,secretary--,albert ,m4 ,martin1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,,required ,,reading ,,for ,,the ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle for #ahhc-d4 ,,october4 ,,german ,,history4 ,by ,,rev4 ,w4 ,g4 ,,williams1 ,a4 ,m4 ,i4 ,the student of history has need of divisions4 ,by their aid alone can he hope to have command of the facts and events with which history in so large part deals4 ,it is well therefore to begin the study of any particular history by noting such changes1 such epoch-making events as may form partition walls of boxes in which may be placed our classified information4 ,the history of ,germany has been variously divided into periods by the different authors4 ,that which we have adopted here has the sanction of the majority and will be found exceedingly natural1 and hence simple and convenient4 ,the student should memorize it thoroughly1 being assured that though a very general history of itself1 nevertheless it is more than many of supposed information could tell of the history of this wonderful people4 ,,division ,,of ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,germans ,,into ,,ten ,,periods4 ,first--,from the most ancient times to the conquests of the ,franks1 under ,clovis 7,a4 ,d4 #dhf74 ,second--,from conquests of ,clovis to ,charlemagne 7#eaa-gfh74 ,third--,charlemagne to ,henry ,i4 7#gfh-iai74 ,fourth--,henry ,i4 to ,rodolphus of ,hapsburg4 ,the ,saxon1 ,swabian1 and ,hohenstaufen houses 7#iai-abgc74 ,fifth--,rodolphus ,i4 of ,hapsburg to ,charles ,v4 7#abgc-aebj74 ,sixth--,charles ,v4 to ,peace of ,westphalia 7#aeai-afdh74 ,seventh--,peace of ,westphalia to ,french ,revolution 7#afdh-aghi74 ,eighth--,french ,revolution to ,peace of ,paris 7#aghi-ahae74 ,ninth--,peace of ,paris to ,franco-,prussian ,war 7#ahae-ahgj-ahga74 ,tenth--,from ,franco-,prussian ,war to present time4 ,,the ,,primitive ,,populations ,,of ,,germany1 ,,their ,,origin1 ,,customs1 ,,religion1 ,,etc4 8,germany1 or ,deutschland1 occupies a large part of ,central ,europe4 ,speaking roughly1 it now reaches from the ,alps to the ,baltic and the ,north ,sea1 and from the valleys of the ,rhine and the ,maes to the ,danube as far as the ,march and the ,mur1 and to the ,prosna and the ,lower ,niemen4 ,the country is mountainous in the south1 hilly in the center1 and flat in the north1 where it forms part of the great plain which takes in the whole of north-eastern ,europe4 ,the western part of this plain takes in the country between the ,teutoburg ,wood and the ,north ,sea4 ,as it passes eastward it widens till it reaches from the ,erz and ,riesen ,mountains to the ,baltic4 ,a part of ,south ,germany slopes toward the east1 and is watered by the ,danube2 but the general slope of the country is toward the north4 ,among the rivers flowing northward are the ,rhine1 the ,ems1 the ,weser1 the ,elbe1 the ,oder1 and the ,vistula40--,sime4 8,germany has varied very much in extent at different times4 ,this is due partly to the fact that it has no clearly-marked natural boundaries on the east and west1 but chiefly to the peculiarity of its position4 ,it is the central country of ,europe4 ,being surrounded by most of the leading nations of the ,continent1 the ,germans have been involved1 more than any other people1 in the general history of ,europe4 ,of all their neighbors1 the ,scandinavians are most nearly allied to the ,germans4 ,both are branches of the ,teutonic race4 ,but the ,germans are also connected1 although not so closely1 with the other surrounding peoples4 ,all1 if we except the ,magyars or ,hungarians1 who are ,turanians1 belong to the great ,aryan family40--,sime4 8,ancient authors mention several ,german tribes1 as well as their dwelling places1 with greater or less precision4 ,several of them also speak of the chief tribes1 among which the single septs united themselves4 ,but their statements are not sufficiently unanimous or precise to give us that clear view which we would so willingly obtain4 ,the origin of the ,germanic nations1 therefore1 like that of all others1 is uncertain4 ,to assign to them a distinct historical origin is to make an assertion without evidence1 though it is now indisputably established that the ,teutonic dialects belong to one great family with the ,latin1 the ,greek1 the ,sanscrit1 and other ,european and ,asiatic tongues4 ,all the positive knowledge that we have of the ,german nations1 previous to their contact with the ,romans1 is exceedingly vague and mere conjecture40--,menzies4 8,the ,romans first heard the name #8,germans' from the ,celtic ,gauls1 in whose language it meant simply neighbors4 ,the first notice of a ,germanic tribe was given to the world by the ,greek navigator ,pytheas1 who made a voyage to the ,baltic in the year #ccj ,b4 ,c4 ,beyond the amber coast1 eastward of the mouth of the ,vistula1 he found the ,goths1 of whom we hear nothing more until they appear1 several centuries later1 on the northern shore of the ,black ,sea4 ,for more than two hundred years there is no further mention of the ,germanic races2 then1 most unexpectedly1 the ,romans were called upon to make their personal acquaintance40--,bayard ,taylor4 8,at the time of their first contact with the ,romans1 these ,germanic tribes had lost even the tradition of their ,asiatic origin4 ,they supposed themselves to have originated upon the soil where they dwelt1 sprung either from the earth or descended from the gods4 ,according to the most popular legend1 the war-god ,tuisko1 or ,tiu1 had a son1 ,mannus 7whence the word man is derived71 who was the first human parent of the ,german race4 ,many centuries must have elapsed since their first settlement in ,europe1 or they could not have so completely changed the forms of their religion and their traditional history40--,taylor4 ,,manners ,,and ,,customs4 8,the early ,germans were noted for their love of feasting1 which was carried to such excess that they would sometimes spend whole days and nights at table1 drinking and gaming1 in consequence of which they often quarreled and fought so that a convivial meeting frequently terminated in bloodshed4 ,they gambled with dice1 as ,tacitus1 with astonishment1 informs us1 in a sober state and as a serious occupation1 and with so much eagerness for gain1 that when they had lost all they hazarded their freedom1 and even their very persons1 upon the last cast4 ,the loser freely delivered himself up to slavery1 although even younger and stronger than his adversary1 and patiently allowed himself to be bound and sold as a slave2 thus steadfastly did they keep their word1 even in a bad case4 #8,they call this good faith1' says the ,roman writer4 ,there were various circumstances under which a ,german might forfeit his liberty1 such as marrying a bondwoman1 or of not being able to pay his debts2 but the generality of the slaves were captives taken in war4 8,the ,germans did not all sit down at the same table1 but each man had his own seat and board1 which were of a very rough description1 being merely a wooden stool and table1 furnished with drinking horns1 wooden bowls1 spoons1 and platters4 ,each person of rank had his servant behind him to hold his shield and spear4 ,he kept his sword by his side1 for on no occasion would a ,german part with his arms1 which was a proof that he expected to have frequent need of them4 8,the wives and daughters of the ,germans1 we are told1 shared in all the public entertainments1 for however rude and fierce these people might be in other respects1 they were distinguished1 even in the most barbarous ages1 for their attention and respect to the female sex1 whom they consulted on the most important affairs1 and by whose opinions they were very often guided4 ,the feasts of the ,germans1 like those of the ,gauls and ,scandinavians1 were always attended by a number of bards1 several of whom were attached to the family of every chief1 and were treated with the highest respect4 ,they played on the harp and flute1 and when they sang of war1 the company took part in the concert by clashing their swords against their shields4 8,the ,germans1 in very remote ages1 were dressed in skins of wild animals1 and afterward in a coarse kind of linen1 made by the women2 but as they intermixed more with the ,gauls1 they learned from them to make a finer sort of linen1 and woolen also1 and as soon as they were acquainted with these useful arts1 spinning and weaving became the principal occupations of ,german women1 and a more civilized costume was adopted than that which was made from the skins of the elk and reindeer4 ,these animals1 in the time of ,julius ,csar1 were very numerous in the forests of ,germany1 from which1 however1 they have long since disappeared4 8,the ,romans justly considered the ,german nation as an aboriginal1 pure1 and unmixed race of people4 ,they resembled themselves alone2 and like the specifically similar plants of the field1 which1 springing from a pure seed1 not raised in the hot-bed of a garden1 but germinating in the healthy1 free1 unsheltered soil1 do not differ from each other by varieties2 so1 also1 among the thousands of the simple ,german race1 there was but one determined and equal form of body4 ,their chest was wide and strong2 their hair yellow1 and with young children it was of a dazzling white4 ,their skin was also white1 their eyes blue1 and their glance bold and piercing4 ,their powerful gigantic bodies1 which the ,romans and ,gauls could not behold without fear1 displayed the strength that nature had given to this people2 for1 according to the testimony of some of the ancient writers1 their usual height was seven feet4 ,from their earliest youth upward they hardened their bodies by all devisable means4 ,new-born infants were dipped in cold water1 and the cold bath was continued during their whole lives as the strengthening renovator1 by both boys and girls1 men and women4 ,the children ran about almost naked1 and effeminate nations wondered how those of the ,germans1 without cradles or swaddling bands1 should grow up to the very fullest bloom of health4 8,csar1 ,tacitus1 and ,suetonius1 with many others1 have pointed to one and the same characteristic of the ,germans1 as the secret of their power and prosperity4 ,the ,kelt had everywhere yielded to the eagles of ,rome1 while the ,teuton everywhere checked their flight4 ,amazed1 and even alarmed1 at those tall fair-haired1 blue-eyed enemies1 who had to be conquered with gold instead of steel1 ,tacitus examines the reasons of their prowess1 and finds it in the soberness of their blood1 in their reverence for women and for the laws of nature1 in their deference to parental authority and their marriages of maturity4 #8,chastity is a custom with them1' says the #8,de ,moribus ,germanorum1' and a passage to the same effect might be cited from ,csar4 ,those southern soldiers and statesmen saw1 in truth1 with a terrible sense of overhanging fate1 that race of hardy1 chaste1 home-loving1 free and fearless barbarians1 of whom the ,emperor ,titus said1 #8,their bodies are great1 but their souls are greater4' ,the tone of ,tacitus is that of a man who bitterly feels how much greater1 after all1 as a moral being1 the barbarian may be than the civilized man1 when civilization recognizes no higher aim than material splendor1 and that utility which subserves material wants4 ,other civilizations than that of the ,empire may read a lesson in those brief pages where the philosopher of a worn-out world records his impression of the races from which the world was hereafter to be reconstituted40--,menzies4 8,the three principal vices of the ,germans were indolence1 drunkenness1 and love of gaming4 ,although always ready for the toils and dangers of war1 they disliked to work at home4 ,the women ruled and regulated their households with undisputed sway4 ,they were considered the equals of the men1 and exhibited no less energy and courage4 ,they were supposed to possess the gift of prophecy1 and always accompanied the men to battle1 where they took care of the wounded1 and stimulated the warriors by their shouts and songs4 ,they honored the institution of marriage to an extent beyond that exhibited by any other people of the ancient world4 ,those who proved unfaithful to the marriage vow were punished with death40--,taylor4 ,,religious ,,beliefs ,,and ,,usages4 8,the worship of the ancient ,germans coincided with their natural character1 and consequently was much more simple and elevated than that of other peoples4 ,although uncultivated1 they carried in their hearts the sentiment of an infinite and eternal power1 and they regarded it as an affront to the divinity to enclose it within walls1 or to represent it under human form4 ,they consecrated to it the woods and forests as a spacious temple of which nature itself erected the pillars1 and to which the immensity of the heavens formed the roof4 8,the ancient ,germans adored1 like the ,persians1 the sun and fire1 but they regarded ,wodan as their supreme god4 ,they called him also ,alvater1 father of all things4 ,their most beneficent goddess was the mother of the earth 7,hertha74 ,the ,germans attached great importance to divinations and prognostics4 ,the crow and the owl signified misfortune2 the cuckoo announced long life4 ,they discovered the future by means of the branches of fruit trees 7runes74 ,various signs were cut upon each rod1 and afterwards the rods were thrown upon a white cloth2 then the priest1 or father of the family1 offered up a prayer to the divinity1 and thrice chose from among the rods those which were to give the divine revelations4 ,the clairvoyants were held in high estimation1 and history has preserved some of the names of those to which the belief of the people had given a great influence over the decision of public affairs40--,menzies4 8,the people had their religious festivals at stated seasons1 when sacrifices--sometimes of human beings--were laid upon the altars of the gods in the sacred groves4 ,even after they became ,christians1 in the eighth century1 they retained their habit of celebrating some of these festivals1 but changed them into the ,christian anniversaries of ,christmas1 ,easter1 and ,whitsuntide4 8,thus1 from all we can learn respecting them1 we may say that the ,germans1 during the first century before ,christ1 were fully prepared by their habits1 laws1 and their moral development1 for a higher civilization4 ,they were still restless1 after so many centuries of wandering2 they were fierce and fond of war1 as a natural consequence of their struggles with the neighboring races2 but they had already acquired a love for the wild land where they dwelt1 they had begun to cultivate the soil1 they had purified and hallowed the family relation1 which is the basis of all good government1 and finally1 although slavery existed among them1 they had established equal rights for free men4 8,if the object of ,rome had been civilization1 instead of conquest and plunder1 the development of the ,germans might have commenced much earlier and produced very different results40--,taylor4 ,to be continued4 ,,physical ,,science4 ,i4--,,the ,,air4 ,when we begin to look attentively at the world around us1 one of the first things to set us thinking is the air4 ,we do not see it1 and yet it is present wherever we may go4 ,what is this air8 ,although invisible1 it is yet a real1 material substance4 ,when you swing your arm rapidly up and down you feel the air offering a resistance to the hand4 ,the air is something which you can feel1 though you can not see it4 ,you breathe it every moment4 ,you can not get away from it1 for it completely surrounds the earth4 ,to this outer envelope of air1 the name of atmosphere is given4 ,the air is not a simple substance1 but a mixture of two invisible gases1 called nitrogen and oxygen4 ,but besides these chief ingredients1 it contains also small quantities of other substances2 some of which are visible1 others invisible4 ,if you close the shutters of a room1 and let the sunlight stream through only one chink or hole into the room1 you see some of the visible particles of the air4 ,hundreds of little motes1 or specks of dust1 cross the beam of light which makes them visible against the surrounding darkness1 though they disappear in full daylight4 ,but it is the invisible parts of the air which are of chief importance2 and among them there are two which you must especially remember--the vapor of water and carbonic acid gas4 ,you will soon come to see why it is needful for you to distinguish these4 ,now what is this vapor of water8 ,you will understand its nature if you watch what takes place when a kettle boils4 ,from the mouth of the spout a stream of white cloud comes out into the air4 ,it is in continual motion2 its outer parts somehow or other disappear1 but as fast as they do so they are supplied by fresh materials from the kettle4 ,the water in the kettle is all the while growing less1 until at last1 if you do not replenish it1 the whole will be boiled away1 and the kettle left quite dry4 ,what has become of all the water8 ,you have changed it into vapor4 ,it is not destroyed or lost in any way1 it has only passed from one state into another1 from the liquid into the gaseous form1 and is now dissolved in the air4 ,carbonic acid gas is also one of the invisible substances of the atmosphere1 of which1 though it forms no more than four parts in every ten thousand1 yet it constitutes an important ingredient4 ,you will understand how important it is when you are told that1 from this carbonic acid in the air1 all the plants which you see growing upon the land extract nearly the whole of their solid substance4 ,when a plant dies and decays1 the carbonic acid is restored to the air again4 ,on the other hand1 plants are largely eaten by animals1 and help to form the framework of their bodies4 ,animals in breathing give out carbonic acid gas2 and when they die1 and their bodies decay1 the same substance is again restored to the atmosphere4 ,hence the carbonic acid of the air is used to build up the structure both of plants and animals1 and is given back again when these living things cease to live4 ,there is a continual coming and going of this material between the air and the animal and vegetable kingdoms4 ,you know that though you can not see the air you can feel it when it moves4 ,a light breeze1 or a strong gale1 can be just as little seen by the eye as still air2 and yet we readily feel their motion4 ,but even when the air is still it can make itself sensible in another way1 viz3 by its temperature4 ,for air1 like common visible things1 can be warmed and cooled4 ,this warming and cooling of the air is well illustrated by what takes place in a dwelling-house4 ,if you pass out of a warm room1 on a winter's day1 into the open air when there is no wind1 you feel a sensation of cold4 ,whence does this sensation come8 ,not from anything you can see1 for your feet1 though resting on the frozen ground1 are protected by leather1 and do not yet feel the cold4 ,it is the air which is cold1 and which encircles you on all sides1 and robs you of your heat2 while at the same time you are giving off or radiating heat from your skin into the air4 ,on the other hand1 if1 after standing a while in the chilly winter air1 you return into the room again1 you feel a sensation of pleasant warmth4 ,here1 again1 the feeling does not come from any visible object1 but from the invisible air which touches every part of your skin1 and is thus robbed of its heat by you4 ,now1 how is it that the atmosphere should sometimes be warm and sometimes cold8 ,where does the heat come from8 and how does the air take it up8 ,let us return again to the illustration of the house4 ,in winter1 when the air is keen and frosty outside1 it is warm and pleasant indoors1 because fires are there kept burning4 ,the burning of coal and wood produces heat1 and the heat thus given out warms the air4 ,hence it is by the giving off or radiation of the heat from some burning substance that the air of our houses is made warmer than the air outside4 ,now1 it is really by radiation from a heated body that the air outside gets its heat4 ,in summer1 this air is sometimes far hotter than is usual in dwelling-houses in winter4 ,all this heat comes from the sun1 which is an enormous hot mass1 continually sending out heat in all directions4 ,but1 if the sun is always pouring down heat upon the earth1 why is the air ever cold8 ,place a screen between you and a bright fire1 and you will immediately feel that some of the heat from the fire place has been cut off4 ,when the sun is shining1 expose your hand to its beams for a time1 and then hold a book between the hand and the sun4 ,at first1 your skin is warmed2 but the moment you put it in the shade1 it is cooled again4 ,the book has cut off the heat which was passing directly from the sun to your hand4 ,when the atmosphere is felt to be cold1 something has come in the way to keep the sun's heat from directly reaching us4 ,clouds cut off the direct heat of the sun4 ,you must often have noticed the change of temperature1 when1 after the sun has been shining for a time1 a cloud comes between it and the earth4 ,immediately a feeling of chilliness is experienced1 which passes off as soon as the cloud has sailed on1 and allowed the sun once more to come out4 ,the air itself absorbs some of the sun's heat1 and the greater the thickness of air through which that heat has to make its way1 the more heat will be absorbed4 ,besides this1 the more the rays of heat are slanted the weaker do they become4 ,at noon1 for example1 the sun stands high in the sky4 ,its rays are then nearest to the vertical1 and have also the least thickness of air to pass through before they reach us4 ,as it descends in the afternoon1 its rays get more and more slanted1 and must also make their way through a constantly increasing thickness of air4 ,hence the middle of the day is much warmer than morning or evening4 ,at night1 when the sun no longer shines1 its heat does not directly warm the part of the earth in shadow4 ,that part not only receives no heat from it1 but even radiates its heat out into the cold sky4 ,hence night is much colder than day4 ,then1 again1 in summer the sun at noon shines much higher in the sky with us1 or more directly overhead1 than in winter4 ,its heat comes down less obliquely and has less depth of air to pass through1 and hence is much more felt than in winter1 when1 as you know1 the sun in our part of the world never rises high even at mid-day4 ,if we were dependent for our warmth upon the direct heat of the sun alone1 we should be warm only when the sun shines4 ,a cloudy day would be an extremely cold one1 and every night as intensely frosty as it ever is in winter4 ,yet such is not the case4 ,cloudy days are often quite warm2 while we are all aware that the nights are by no means always very cold4 ,there must be some way in which the sun's heat is stored up1 so that it can be felt even when he is not shining4 ,in summer the ground gets warmed2 in some parts1 indeed1 becoming even so hot at times that we can hardly keep the hand upon it4 ,in hot countries this is felt much more than in this country4 ,soil and stones absorb heat steadily1 that is to say1 soon get heated1 and they soon cool again4 ,when they have been warmed by the sun1 the air gets warmed by contact with them1 and keeps its heat longer than they do2 so that even when at night the soil and stones have become ice-cold1 the air a little above is not so chilly4 ,on the other hand1 when the surface of the ground is cold1 it cools the air next it4 ,the ground parts easily with its heat1 and a vast amount of heat is in this way radiated at night from the earth outward into the cold starry space4 ,much more heat1 however1 would be lost from this cause did not the abundant aqueous vapor of the atmosphere absorb part of it1 and act as a kind of screen to retard the radiation4 ,this is the reason why in hot climates1 where the air is very dry--that is1 contains a small proportion of the vapor of water--the nights are relatively colder than they are in other countries where the air is moister4 ,in like manner1 clouds serve to keep heat from escaping2 and hence it is that cloudy nights are not so cold as those which are clear and starry4 ,the atmosphere1 then1 is heated or cooled according as it lies upon a warm or cold part of the earth's surface2 and1 by means of its aqueous vapor1 it serves to store up and distribute this heat1 keeping the earth from such extremes of climate as would otherwise prevail4 ,the air lying next to a hot surface is heated2 the air touching a cold surface is cooled4 ,and upon such differences of temperature in the air the formation of winds depends4 ,hot or warm air is lighter than cold air4 ,you have learned how heat expands bodies4 ,it is this expansion of air1 or the separation of its particles further from each other which makes it less dense or heavy than cold air1 where the particles lie more closely together4 ,as a consequence of this difference of density1 the light warm air rises1 and the heavy cold air sinks4 ,you can easily satisfy yourselves of this by experiment4 ,take a poker1 and heat the end of it in the fire until it is red-hot4 ,withdraw it1 and gently bring some small bits of very light paper1 or some other light substance1 a few inches above the heated surface4 ,the bits of paper will be at once carried up into the air4 ,this happens because the air1 heated by the poker1 immediately rises1 and its place is taken by colder air1 which1 on getting warmed1 likewise ascends4 ,the upward currents of air grow feebler as the iron cools1 until1 when it is of the same temperature as the air around1 they cease4 ,this is the principle on which our fire-places are constructed4 ,the fire is not kindled on the hearth1 for1 in that case1 it would not get a large enough draft of air underneath1 and would be apt to go out4 ,it is placed some way above the floor1 and a chimney is put over it4 ,as soon as the fire is lighted1 the air next it gets warmed1 and begins to mount1 and the air in the room is drawn in from below to take the place of that which rises4 ,all the air which lies above the burning coal gets warmer and lighter2 it therefore flows up the chimney1 carrying with it the smoke and gases4 ,you will understand that though a bright blazing fire is a pleasant sight in winter1 we do not get all the heat which it gives out4 ,on the contrary1 a great deal of the heat goes up the chimney2 and1 except in so far as it warms the walls1 passes away and warms the outer air4 ,what happens in a small way in our houses takes place on a far grander scale in nature4 ,as already pointed out1 the sun is the great source of heat which warms and lightens our globe4 ,while the heat of the sun is passing through the air1 it does very little in the way of warming it4 ,the heat goes through the air1 and warms the surface of the earth4 ,you know that in summer the direct rays of the sun are hot enough to burn your face1 and yet1 if you put even a thin sheet of paper over your head1 enough to cut off these rays1 the sensation of burning heat at once goes off1 although the same air is playing about you all the time4 ,both land and water are heated by the sun's rays1 and the same change in the air then takes place which we find also at our firesides4 ,the layer of air next the warmed earth becomes itself warmed4 ,as it thereby grows lighter it ascends1 and its place is taken by colder air1 which flows in from the neighborhood to take its place4 ,this flowing in of air is wind4 ,one of the most important ingredients in the air is the vapor of water4 ,let us try to see1 first of all1 how it gets into and out of the air4 ,and in this case1 as before1 you will find that great questions in science often admit of being simply and readily illustrated by the most familiar things4 ,you may have noticed that on very cold nights the windows of sitting-rooms1 or crowded public halls1 are apt to be found streaming with water on the inside4 ,now1 in such cases1 where does the moisture come from8 ,certainly not out of the glass4 ,it is derived from the vapor of water present in the air4 ,this word vapor is often used to describe some kind of visible mist or fog4 ,but these visible forms of moisture are not properly vapor in the sense in which the term is used in science4 ,the aqueous vapor of the air is always invisible1 even when the air is saturated with it1 and only when it passes back into the state of water do you actually see anything4 ,when the invisible vapor dissolved in the air becomes visible1 as in mists1 clouds1 dew1 or rain1 it is said to be condensed1 and this process of liquefaction is called condensation4 ,the quantity of vapor which the air can contain varies according to temperature1 warm air being able to hold more than cold air4 ,as the air is cooled1 its power of retaining vapor diminishes4 ,when it becomes colder than the temperature at which it is able to keep its supply of vapor dissolved1 the excess of vapor is condensed and becomes visible4 ,the temperature at which this takes place is the point of saturation1 or dew-point4 ,perhaps you may ask how it is that the vapor so universally present gets into the atmosphere1 and where it comes from4 ,if you pour a little water into a plate1 and set it down in the open air1 you will note in the course of a day or two1 that the water has sensibly diminished4 ,the air has drunk up part of it1 and will drink up the whole1 if the water is allowed to stand long enough4 ,what takes place from a small quantity of water goes on from every surface of water on the face of the earth1 from every brook and river and lake1 and from the great sea itself4 ,water is constantly passing off into vapor1 which is received and retained by the air4 ,this process is called evaporation1 and the water which passes off into vapor is said to evaporate4 ,since warm air can hold more vapor than cold air1 evaporation must be more vigorous in sunshine than at night1 and during summer than during winter4 ,on a dry1 bracing day1 evaporation goes on rapidly1 because the air has not nearly got all the quantity of vapor it can hold in solution4 ,on a damp day1 however1 when the air contains about as much vapor as it can hold at that particular temperature1 evaporation is quite feeble1 or ceases altogether4 ,this varying capacity of the air for vapor is the reason why laundresses find so much difference between days1 in the ease with which they can have their clothes dried4 ,after sunset1 when the sky is clear1 you know that the grass gets wet with dew4 ,in the morning you may see mists hanging over woods1 and streams1 and hills1 and gradually melting away as the sun mounts in the sky4 ,at all times of the year you may watch how clouds form and dissolve1 and form again1 ever changing their size and shape as they move through the air4 ,now these are all examples of the condensation of vapor4 ,let us see how the process takes place4 ,condensation1 as we have seen1 results from a cooling of the air4 ,when vapor is condensed1 it does not at once take the form of running water4 ,the cold glass brought into the warm room has first a fine film of mist formed upon it1 and then by degrees the clear drops of water come4 ,in reality mist is made up of exceedingly minute particles of water1 and it is the running together of these which makes the larger drops4 ,so in nature on the great scale1 when condensation occurs the vapor first appears as a fine mist4 ,this is always the result of cooling2 so that1 whenever you see a mist or cloud forming1 you may conclude that the air in which it lies is being cooled4 ,dew is the name given to the wetness which we notice appearing in the evening1 or at night1 upon grass1 leaves1 or stones1 or even sometimes on our hair4 ,in the morning you have1 no doubt1 often watched the little dewdrops sparkling upon the foliage and the delicate threads of gossamer4 ,now this wetness does not come out of the leaves or stones1 nor out of your hair4 ,it is all derived from the air by condensation1 exactly as we see the film of mist form upon the cold tumbler in the warm moist air of a room4 ,in fact1 that film of mist was really dew1 and all dew is formed in the same way1 and from the same cause4 ,at night1 when the sky is clear1 the earth radiates heat rapidly2 that is to say1 it gives off into cold space a great part of the heat which it has received from the sun during the day4 ,its surface consequently becomes cold1 as you may have felt when you put your hand upon leaves or stones after nightfall4 ,the layer of air next the cooled ground is chilled below its point of condensation1 and the excess of vapor is deposited as dew upon the grass1 twigs1 stones1 and other objects4 ,hence it is that the temperature at which this condensation begins to take place is called the dew-point4 ,another way in which a cold surface of the earth may produce condensation is shown by what takes place among mountains4 ,when a warm moist wind blows upon a chill mountain top1 the air is cooled1 and its vapor becomes visible in the form of a mist or cloud4 ,you can often see that the cloud is quite solitary1 and even shapes itself to the form of the ground1 as if it were a sort of fleecy cap drawn down over the mountain's head4 ,this is often well marked in the morning4 ,as day advances1 the ground1 warmed by the sun1 no longer cools the air1 and hence the mist is gradually re-absorbed into the atmosphere4 ,but by and by1 at the coming on of night1 when the ground is once more cooled by radiation1 if there should be vapor enough in the air1 the mist will re-form1 and the mountain put on his cap again4 ,cold air1 as well as cold ground1 condenses the vapor of warmer air4 ,if you watch what goes on along the course of a river1 you will often see examples of this kind of condensation4 ,the ground on either side of the river parts with its heat after sundown sooner than the river itself does1 and consequently cools the air above it more than the air above the river is cooled4 ,so when this colder air from either side moves over to take the place of the warmer damp air lying on and rising from the river1 condensation ensues in the form of the mist or river-fog1 which so commonly hangs at night and early morning over streams4 ,a cloud is merely a mist formed by the cooling of warm moist air1 when it loses its heat from any cause1 such as expansion during ascent1 or contact with currents of cooler air4 ,if you watch what goes on in the sky1 you may often see clouds in the act of forming4 ,at first a little flake of white appears4 ,by degrees this grows larger1 and other cloudlets arise and flock together1 until at last the sky is quite overcast with heavy clouds1 and rain begins to fall4 ,the vapor which is thus condensed in the air has all been obtained by the evaporation of the water on the earth's surface4 ,it rises with the warm air1 which losing its heat as it ascends1 and coming too in contact with colder layers of the atmosphere1 can not hold all its vapor1 and is obliged to get rid of the excess1 which then condenses into cloud4 ,on a summer morning the sky is often free from cloud4 ,as the day advances1 and the earth gets warmed1 more vapor is raised2 and as this vapor1 borne upward by the ascending air-currents1 reaches the higher and colder parts of the atmosphere1 it is chilled into the white fleecy clouds which you see forming about mid-day and in the afternoon4 ,toward evening1 when less evaporation takes place1 the clouds cease to grow1 and gradually lessen in size until at night the sky is quite clear4 ,they have been dissolved again by descending and coming in contact with the warm air nearest to the earth4 ,again1 you have often noticed that clouds move across the sky4 ,they are driven along by upper currents of air1 and of course the stronger these currents are the faster do the clouds travel4 ,in this way the sky is sometimes completely overcast with clouds which have come from a distance4 ,you are well aware that rain always comes from clouds in the sky4 ,when the sky is clear overhead1 no rain falls4 ,only when it gets overcast does the rain come4 ,you can watch a dark rain-cloud gather itself together and discharge a heavy shower upon the earth4 ,when a cold glass is brought into a warm room1 you will remember that the film of mist formed upon the glass is found by degrees to gather into drops1 and trickles down the cold surface4 ,now the mist on the glass and the cloud in the sky are both formed of minute particles of water1 separated by air4 ,it is the running together of these particles which gives rise to these drops4 ,in the one case1 the drops run down the cold glass4 ,in the other case1 they fall as drops of rain through the air4 ,rain1 therefore1 is thus a further stage in the condensation of the aqueous vapor of the atmosphere4 ,the minute particles of the cloud1 as condensation proceeds1 gather more moisture round them1 until at last they form drops of water1 too heavy to hang any longer suspended in the air4 ,these then fall to the earth as rain-drops4 ,but there is another important form in which the moisture of the clouds may descend to the surface of the earth4 ,when the weather is cold enough1 there fall to the ground not drops of rain1 but flakes of snow4 ,if you bring snow indoors1 it soon melts into water4 ,if you expose this water for a time it evaporates4 ,snow1 water1 and aqueous vapor are thus only different forms of the same substance4 ,we say that water can exist in three forms--the gaseous1 the liquid1 and the solid4 ,snow is an example of the solid condition4 ,on a frosty night pools of water are covered with a hard1 transparent crust1 of what is called ice4 ,you may break this crust into pieces1 but if the cold continues1 a new crust will soon be formed with bits of the old one firmly cemented in it4 ,and the greater the cold the thicker will the crust be1 until perhaps the whole of the water in the pools may become solid4 ,if you take a piece of this solid substance1 you find it to be cold1 brittle1 and transparent4 ,brought into a warm room it soon melts into water1 and you may drive off the water as before into vapor4 ,ice is the general name given to water when it is in the solid state1 such forms as snow and hail being only different appearances which ice puts on4 ,whenever water becomes colder than a certain temperature it passes into ice1 or freezes1 and this temperature is consequently known as the freezing-point4 ,the upper layers of the atmosphere are much colder than the freezing-point of water4 ,in the condensation which takes place there1 the clouds do not resolve themselves into rain4 ,the vapor of the up-streaming currents of warm air from the earth's surface is condensed and frozen in these high regions1 and passes into little crystals1 which unite into flakes of snow4 ,even in summer the fine white cloudlets which you see floating at great heights are probably formed of snow4 ,but in those countries1 such as ours1 where in winter the air even at the surface is sometimes very cold1 the snow falls to the ground1 and lies there as a white covering1 until returning warmth melts it away4 ,besides rain and snow1 the moisture of the air takes sometimes the form of hail1 which consists of little lumps of ice like frozen rain2 and of sleet1 which is partially melted snow4 ,but rain and snow are the most important1 and it is these two forms which we must follow a little further4 ,before doing so1 let us gather together the sum of what has been said about the aqueous vapor of the air4 ,we have learned that1 as every sheet of water on the face of the globe evaporates1 the air is full of vapor2 that this vapor is condensed into visible form1 and appears as dew1 mist1 and cloud4 ,we have learned further1 that the vapor of which clouds are formed is resolved into rain and snow1 and1 in one or other of these forms1 descends to the earth again4 ,there is thus a circulation of water between the solid earth beneath and the air above4 ,this circulation is as essential to the earth in making it a fit habitation for living things1 as the circulation of blood is in keeping our bodies alive4 ,it mixes and washes the air1 clearing away impurities1 such as those which rise from the chimneys of a town4 ,it moistens and quickens the soil1 which it renders capable of supporting vegetation4 ,it supplies springs1 brooks1 and rivers4 ,in short1 it is the very mainspring of all the life of the globe4 ,so important a part of the machinery of the world deserves our careful consideration4 ,let us next attend1 therefore1 to what becomes of the rain and the snow after they have been discharged from the air upon the surface of the earth4 ,to be continued4 ,,sunday ,,readings4 ,,selected ,,by ,,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,vincent1 ,d4,d4 ,october #g4 8,,tendencies ,,to ,,error40 ,by ,,rev4 ,,william ,,fraser1 ,,ll4,d4 8,let no one1 upon a weak conceit of sobriety or an ill-applied moderation1 think or maintain that a man can search too far1 or be too well studied in the book of ,god's word1 or in the book of ,god's works--divinity or philosophy--but rather let men endeavor an endless progress or proficiency in both2 only let them beware that they apply both to charity and not to arrogance2 to use1 and not to ostentation2 and again1 that they do not mingle or confound these learnings together40--,bacon4 ,many have lost their early faith in the ,bible and are following its guidance with faltering footstep4 ,between them and hitherto accepted truths the sciences have been placing apparently insurmountable obstacles4 ,the trustful simplicity with which they once read the sacred record has almost perished4 ,inferences by the man of science1 conflicting with the interpretations of scripture by the theologian1 have rudely shaken their most cherished convictions4 ,they are not infidels1 they are not skeptics1 for doubt is distasteful to them1 they long for more definite expositions and a firmer faith4 ,such1 possibly1 may be some of you4 ,in the midst of such discussions as are at present in progress1 perplexity is not unnatural4 ,your most anxiously sustained investigations have hitherto only multiplied difficulties1 and a sense of responsibility alone constrains you to linger over conclusions from which your judgment recoils4 ,this hesitancy of belief may be at the outset disheartening2 yet it may be inseparable from that clearness of insight and that force of character which1 in the end1 commonly create the stablest convictions1 and evoke adequate proof to shield them4 ,to shun or to denounce you because you can not acquiesce in what we believe is inconsistent1 not only with the lessons of philosophy1 but with his example to 8bear witness to the truth40 ,what is your duty1 with the natural sciences on the one hand1 appealing so largely to your reason1 and the scriptures on the other hand1 appealing so constantly to your faith8 ,obviously1 to depreciate neither1 but to welcome both the sciences and the scriptures1 to ascertain their harmony1 to note their differences1 and to accept all the treasures of truth which they may bring4 ,indifference is inexcusable as is excessive zeal1 and apathy as antagonism4 ,the ,bible1 free to us as are the fields of science1 challenges the severest scrutiny4 ,it is the boldest of books1 and demands the application of every test4 ,as it is the most comprehensive history in the world1 and gives amplest scope for research2 as its earliest records are the oldest in existence1 and its latest prophecies shed light far into the future2 as it touches depths and reaches heights which no other book can approach2 as it brings into closest connection the visible and invisible1 natural law and supernatural force1 the condition of man and the character of ,god1 it is exposed to assaults which no other book can bear4 ,systematic and persistent study is required at your hand1 that you may estimate aright not only the facts and arguments brought against the ,bible1 but those also which are adduced in its favor4 ,the task may be arduous1 but this price is not too great for the settlement of questions so momentous2 and if the solution of some of them may have to be for a season postponed1 yours will be the satisfaction which the conscientious improvement of every opportunity invariably fosters4 ,different lines of investigation may be profitably followed1 but we may suggest the following as exhaustive1 or nearly exhaustive1 of the most prominent questions which modern research has raised4 ,as the ,bible is confessedly related to the natural sciences1 archology1 history1 and modern civilization1 let it be placed successively in the midst of their facts1 and let us see to what extent its statements can bear their light4 ,there are many questions which none of us can honestly avoid2 and while some may remain unsettled1 the unbiased review of those solutions which have been already offered1 and which have been generally accepted1 will be found to confirm scripture instead of confuting it4 #a4 ,as to science4 ,have astronomy and geology given evidence for or against the eternity of the visible universe8 ,has biology determined the origin of life8 ,whence it is8 ,have comparative anatomy and physiology1 psychology and ethics1 established more than one origin for the human race8 ,are the incidental allusions in scripture contradicted or confirmed in natural science8 #b4 ,as to archology4 ,can the ,bible confront prehistoric revelations8 ,antiquity is pouring over the oldest records1 increasing light4 ,ruins1 monuments1 inscriptions1 parchments1 have been emitting their wondrous testimonies1 parallel with scripture histories4 ,assyria1 ,egypt1 ,palestine1 ,greece1 ,rome1 in their histories1 revolutions1 and domestic episodes1 have all been interwoven with the statements of scripture as with those of no other book4 ,to what purpose has historic criticism dealt with the sacred page8 ,is the ,bible yielding or is it growing brighter in the crucible of archology8 #c4 ,as to modern history and civilization4 ,by its claim to uplift and bless the human race1 the ,bible is separated from all other books4 ,it proposes to revolutionize man's moral history here1 and to prepare him for a future whose course it in part delineates4 ,has it failed1 or is it failing8 ,has it been enfeebled by the lapse of ages8 ,has it become effete amid changes which have given intellect new instruments and reason new spheres8 ,has it lost its former hold of the human mind1 and is it sinking amid the tumult of bitterly conflicting opinions8 ,has ever tribe been found which it could not raise and enlighten8 ,or has ever civilization outshone1 in any land1 its intellectual and moral splendor8 #d4 ,as to the supernatural4 ,if the ,bible is the book which it professes to be1 and which we hold it is1 the ordinary and the extraordinary1 the natural and the supernatural1 must be associated in its character and history4 ,what is the warrant which men of science adduce for repudiating the supernatural while they accept the natural8 ,and by what reason does the ,christian apologist attempt to preserve their connection8 ,is there no evidence around us in the contrasts of barbarism and civilization1 as well as in the histories of nations1 in their relation to prophecy8 ,and are there no facts in the strangely revolutionized lives of thousands in the ,christian church1 which proclaim the singular moral force of the word of ,god8 ,october #ad4 ,assuming that you are willing to follow such a course of study as we have sketched1 either to remove doubts which may be lingering in your own mind1 or to aid some brother in his struggle to win the repose which you have gained1 we shall1 at the outset1 offer some suggestions as to the spirit and the method by which your work should be characterized4 ,it is of much importance to know1 what is1 and what is not1 within our reach4 #a4 ,do not assume the possibility1 in the present state of our knowledge1 of demonstrating a perfect agreement between science and scripture1 or rather between the inferences of the philosopher and the interpretations of the theologian4 ,much remains to be ascertained before that result can be realized4 ,the natural sciences are confessedly incomplete2 some of them are only in their infancy1 and can teach us little4 ,many years may pass before they can be brought into perfect accord with the ,bible4 ,as the facts of natural science have not been all ascertained and classified1 as its laws have not been all recognized1 and as the inferences of to-day may be modified by the discoveries of to-morrow1 it is absurd to be demanding immediate evidence of a perfect agreement between science and scripture4 ,apparent contradictions are1 at the present stage unavoidable4 ,there must first be an exact and exhaustive examination of all those points at which the scriptures and the sciences touch each other2 for so long as a single fact or a single law remains unknown1 some important or essential truth1 intimately related to the ,bible1 may be concealed4 ,while the natural sciences continue incomplete1 natural theology must necessarily have an imperfect foundation4 ,as confessedly dependent on what is incomplete1 natural theology can have neither the comprehensiveness nor the definiteness which characterizes supernatural theology1 as dependent on what is now complete and unvarying4 ,we can not force the legitimate yet somewhat incoherent teachings of the one book--the works of ,god--of which but a few leaves have been separated1 scanned and paged1 into perfect harmony with the teachings of the other book1 whose revelation of truth has been finished1 accredited1 and closed4 #b4 ,wait patiently1 while you work persistently1 for the solution of difficulties which may be continuing to press upon you4 ,the experience of the past is an encouragement for the future4 ,the sciences have again and again become their own interpreter1 and rejected erroneous inferences4 ,many examples might be given1 but one or two may in the meantime suffice4 ,human skeletons were found in what seemed old limestone1 on the northeast coast of the mainland of ,guadaloupe2 and after bold attacks on the ,bible1 which were met by some very weak and irregular defenses1 it was ascertained that the whole was a mistake1 that the limestone was of very recent formation1 that the skeletons were of well-known ,indian tribes1 and agitation ceased4 ,a similar commotion was raised when the supposed imprints of human feet on limestone had been figured and described in the ,american ,journal of ,science2 and ,christians met strange infidel hypotheses by feeble assertions1 until ,dr4 ,dale ,owen proved the imprints to have been sculptured by an ,indian tribe4 ,thereafter1 for a season1 the scientific inquirer and the theological student prosecuted their respective investigations in peace4 ,there are important lessons for us in these1 and in many similar facts4 ,christian apologists have often egregiously erred1 not only in hastily accepting statements as to supposed facts1 but in admitting the validity of the reasoning which has been eagerly founded on them1 and in making a fruitless attempt to twist scripture into harmony with what science itself has subsequently disowned4 ,facts ill observed1 and afterward misstated1 have drawn many of our best and most candid students into unnecessary collision with biblical critics2 and1 after much heat in controversy1 and the waste on both sides of much intellectual energy1 the obstacle lying between them has unexpectedly vanished in the fuller light of science4 ,the evil to be deplored is1 that after the errors have disappeared their influence remains4 ,the imprint often lingers after the counterfeit die has been broken4 #c4 ,there is a constant tendency on the part of discoverers to invest new facts with a fictitious interest1 and those who are hostile to the ,bible eagerly parade them for the discomfiture of ,christians4 ,every fact is to be welcomed1 but it is to be treasured up only that it may be adjusted to other facts1 and become in part the foundation of a new truth4 ,isolated and unexplained facts have been too often unceremoniously dragged in to give testimony against some scripture statement1 and have too easily been held sufficient to push aside those accumulated evidences to its truth1 which history1 or science1 or both1 had indisputably established4 ,it is not1 indeed1 surprising that the faith of many young men has failed1 when they have observed the too ready acquiescence of prominent ,christian writers in theories which necessitate the abandonment of some of the impregnable fortresses which have been raised by exact scholarship around those portions of scripture which had longest been exposed to the fiercest assaults4 ,were this method common1 no permanent foundation could be laid1 and progress in any science would be impossible4 ,is it not absurd to be displacing cornerstones1 and disowning1 at random1 first principles8 ,no system of philosophy1 no science1 not even mathematical1 the exactest1 and in one sense the most permanent of all the sciences1 could have any weight or make the least progress if subjected to such changes in both its principles and their applications1 as have marked the history of ,bible assaults1 concessions and defenses4 ,when facts1 which are utterly inexplicable are presented1 we should retain the fact in science and also the relative statement in scripture1 assured that in due time the solution will come4 ,october #ba4 #d4 ,neither accept nor offer apologies for the ,bible4 ,it has1 of late1 become common on the part of those who are alarmed by the temporary triumphs which scientific investigation has given to those who are avowedly hostile to the ,bible1 to demand that its propositions be altogether disassociated from both science and philosophy1 on the plea that the ,bible was not given to teach either the one or the other4 ,the proposal is plausible1 but it is really unnecessary1 for although not given to teach physical science1 the ,bible can not contradict either its facts or its legitimate inferences4 ,the word of ,god can not be regarded as by any possibility contradicting the just lessons of his works4 ,like every other book1 the ,bible must bear all the light that can fall on its pages2 and it must not only stand the tests of criticism and history1 but vindicate all its claims as the 8more sure word of prophecy40 ,otherwise1 appeals for leniency are profitless4 ,true1 in its highest connections1 the ,bible is unapproachable by other books2 it is easily distinguishable from them all2 yet in its human relations it must submit to all the ordinary appliances of scholarship4 ,no apologies can justify a single error in either its science or its history1 and its propositions are obviously inadmissable if they contradict human reason2 they may be above1 but they can not be opposed to it4 #e4 ,akin to an easy escape from difficulties1 through apologies for the ,bible1 is the tendency to glide into conclusions directly hostile4 ,the prevailing activity of the age is so unfavorable to leisurely investigations as to facilitate the subtle advances of error4 ,while many writers of the present day are as preminently gifted1 and as distinguished in the different departments of learning1 as those of any preceding age2 and while their reasonings and their conclusions are borne by the daily and the serial press to every man's door1 multitudes think and decide by substitute4 ,they want leisure1 and trust to others4 ,rapidity of locomotion1 the chief physical feature of our time1 betokens also its intellectual tendencies4 ,men read cursorily and decide rapidly4 ,the daily newspaper is making book-study rarer than hitherto4 ,it is felt in ten thousand instances to be distasteful or difficult4 ,the subtle influence of the daily newspaper is telling on our thoughtfulness4 ,we really seem to be approaching the fulfillment of ,lamartine's prediction1 8,before this century shall have run out1 journalism will be the whole press1 the whole of human thought4 ,thought will not have had time to ripen1 to accommodate itself into the form of a book4 ,the book will arrive too late2 the only book possible soon1 will be a newspaper40 ,as one result of this process1 truth and error are often imperceptibly mingled4 ,so swift is the transition from one fact and inference to another1 that truth and error1 like different colors blent into one by rapid motion1 become so much alike1 that few can separate them4 ,thus with every advance of truth1 error is wafted forward4 ,the seeds of future tares and wheat are being profusely scattered4 ,it can not be denied1 that while to almost every man's door are daily wafted accurate records of passing history1 of the discoveries of science1 of the triumphs of art1 and of the generalizations of philosophy1 the same messengers no less sedulously exhibit1 now faintly and now in the strongest light1 every difficulty connected with the ,bible1 both real and imaginary1 the boldest objections of historic criticism1 the theories of speculative philosophy1 the apparent contradictions of science and scripture1 and the saddening conflicts of professing ,christians4 ,the constant diffusion of such influences does tell in the long run1 not only on less active minds1 but on the most energetic1 and it renders easier of acceptance every erroneous conclusion4 ,but this incessant activity is a symptom of health4 ,it augurs good4 ,rightly directed1 it may strengthen character while it develops mental power1 and gives a more exquisite appreciation of the just and true4 ,but remember that everything depends on this rightness of direction2 and to secure this1 unfailing caution is required4 ,the wind and tide which1 rightly used1 would hasten the voyager to his harbor1 may1 if unheeded1 strand him on an unexpected shore2 and those subtle forces1 and those under-currents1 which should have aided in guiding us to a satisfying intellectual and moral repose1 may1 through the thoughtlessness or the indolence that at the outset disregarded a slight divergence from the truth1 almost but not altogether imperceptible1 destroy our happiness through the shipwreck and the ultimate abandonment of our ,christian faith4 #f4 ,another common tendency in the wrong direction claims your attention4 ,it manifests itself in repugnance to controversy or discussion in every form4 ,many shrink from it as unseemly1 and seek escape in either solitude or study4 ,while peace is in itself desirable1 it is not always attainable4 ,you cannot escape conflict by letting go the ,bible2 nor can you traverse any fields of science without entanglement in the intellectual struggles of disputants whose reasonings have sometimes but little of the calmness of philosophy4 ,nor is this to be regretted4 ,the repose of meditation is not so bracing as the discipline of occasional contest for the truth4 ,october #bh4 ,there are other advantages4 ,the attrition of discussion often reveals and beautifies truths which would otherwise have remained unrecognized4 ,apathy or silence may shelter error without preserving truth4 ,intellectual indolence1 bad for the world1 is still worse for the ,church4 ,the highest life is demanded by the ,bible1 and1 therefore1 also the greatest activity4 ,from intellectual warfare1 the sciences and the scriptures have nothing to lose1 but everything to gain4 ,on ,christian or skeptic1 on prophet true or false1 the ,bible never enforces silence4 ,it seals no thinker's lip4 8,the prophet that hath a dream1 let him tell a dream2 and he that hath my word1 let him speak my word faithfully4 ,what is the chaff to the wheat8 saith the ,lord40 ,in the field of thought1 nothing save the chaff perishes4 ,lost truths spring up again2 and1 beneath their spreading branches1 vitiated reasoning1 unsound criticism1 and erroneous conclusions1 ultimately decay as briers beneath the spreading oak4 ,there are those also who deplore discussion only because it raises questions hostile to the scriptures1 and alarms the weak4 ,this anxiety1 though laudable1 is fruitless4 ,vital questions are already discussed on all hands1 and in every variety of aspect4 ,there are disadvantages1 but they are generally inseparable from the progress of truth4 ,it will be admitted on both sides1 that while the extension of exact knowledge contracts the sphere of superstition1 it enlarges at the same time the sphere of skepticism4 ,superstition may be displaced without ,christianity becoming its substitute2 there may be a high and an attractive civilization1 based on science and its applications1 which1 in acknowledging the intellectual and moral supremacy of the ,bible1 and nothing more1 may for a season destroy credulity1 only to give fuller scope to no-belief1 and to evoke ultimately an opposition to the ,bible hitherto repressed or unknown4 ,for such results we must be prepared2 they are collateral1 not essential or direct4 ,they are1 in fact1 the price which we pay for our intellectual freedom4 ,we are neither to falter nor hesitate because the increasing light1 which is dissipating ignorance and extending the boundaries of truth1 is at the same time indirectly opening to error a wider field for the distribution of her forces1 revealing new weapons for her armory1 and enabling her to seize and for a season to retain1 positions hitherto unknown and unassailed4 ,in the history of the physical sciences1 and of archological discovery1 error has often rushed to the battlements of truth1 and1 seizing some detached or imaginary facts1 has wielded them against the ,bible1 until the sciences have themselves expelled her1 and repudiated her reasoning4 ,such agitation is not to be deplored2 it conducts to stability1 it evokes more good than evil1 and not unfrequently has it happened that the superstition which long benumbed the ,church1 and the infidelity which aroused her1 have yielded to the unexpected sway of some ,bible truth1 when a more definite meaning has been given to some natural law or ,providential dispensation4 ,those misunderstand the character of the ,bible who suppose its safety lies in keeping it as far as possible from the rigorous investigations and the exact conclusions of science or philosophy4 ,such a method is indispensable4 ,to pursue truth in one department1 implies1 or should imply1 not only a love of truth in every department1 but also a resolute purpose to discover and dislodge every error4 ,which of the sciences1 as preserved from controversy1 is entitled to cast the first stone at the others1 or their students8 8,philosophy and literature10 says ,lord ,kinloch1 in an admirable work1 8while professing to pursue truth in the composure of unruffled seclusion1 and to be desirous of having it elicited by the healthy excitement of friendly debate1 will protest against the dishonor of soiling their hands1 or disarranging their robes in the turmoil of heated controversy2 and least of all will they consent to be defiled with the mire or exposed to the perils of religious strife4 ,this plea is false in fact1 as it is futile in philosophy4 ,it is in fact false2 for literary and philosophical controversies have neither been few in number nor wanting in a keen and rancorous spirit4 ,and1 admitting that religious contentions have been still more rancorous and embittered1 it is only what might be reasonably expected1 on account of the higher interests at stake4 ,the plea is1 moreover1 worthless on philosophical principles2 for it eviscerates the distinction between truth and error of all meaning and value4 ,better not to admit the distinction at all1 than1 having admitted it in one instance1 deny it in another2 or1 what is worse1 depreciate its significance even to thought1 and that too in the most important of its applications4 ,all argument and all effort are forever at an end1 unless truth1--yea1 all truth1--be precious2 so precious1 that in the legitimate pursuit of it we may and ought to put forth our utmost strength2 and in defense of it1 when found1 incur the utmost hazard40 ,do not be discouraged by apparently insurmountable obstacles4 ,the boldest assertions and the most plausible reasonings need not disturb you4 ,difficulties seemingly insuperable have1 in the past1 suddenly evanished in the light of unexpected discoveries2 and every science1 you may rest assured1 will hereafter show strength enough and light enough to purify its own temple and be its own interpreter4 ,the past may be held to be prophetic of future solutions2 and the sciences will be found not only correcting the mistakes and the arrogance of many of their students1 but rebuking the too hasty concessions of ,christian apologists1 and either directly or indirectly revealing1 at the same time1 the impressiveness and the majesty of scripture truth4 ,,political ,,economy4 ,by ,g4 ,m4 ,,steele1 ,d4,d4 ,i4 ,i4 ,,definitions--,,utility ,,of ,,the ,,subject4 #a4 ,social science comprises the statement and explanation of the natural laws which govern men in their mutual relations4 ,political economy is the application of that portion of those laws which pertain to the production and distribution of wealth4 ,now we are not to be discouraged by this term wealth1 as though the subject were one which concerns only rich men1 and in which a poor man could have no interest4 ,the man who has a little property1 worth only one or two hundred dollars1 is just as really a possessor of wealth as one who has one or two millions2 and to be able to acquire and rightly use these small fortunes is1 in the aggregate1 of more importance than the acquisition and management of the greater riches of the few4 #b4 ,but what is meant by wealth8 ,for the present it is enough to say that it comprises all things which have value4 ,a more complete definition will follow by and by4 ,what1 then1 do we mean by value8 ,this1 too1 has many forms of definition1 but they for the most part have one element in common4 ,the general notion concerning it is that it has reference to the amount of one commodity that may be equitably given in exchange for a designated amount of another2 this is a correct notion4 ,thus a bushel of wheat may be exchanged for two bushels of oats1 or a cord of wood for twenty yards of cloth4 ,that is1 the value of a bushel of wheat is that of two bushels of oats1 and the value of twenty yards of cloth is the same as that of a cord of wood4 ,it is thus seen to be a relative term1 and not indicative of any quality of any one thing considered by itself4 ,but in all instances of relationship there must be some ground of the relation4 ,let us try to determine what it is in this case4 ,a superficial thinker might decide that it is money1 from the fact that value is generally estimated in money4 ,but money is itself in the same relation to all other commodities in this respect as they are to one another1 and its value rests upon the same basis4 #c4 ,the chief element in value1 and that constitutes its original standard1 is the cost of production2 and by cost is meant the amount of labor involved4 ,labor is the voluntary effort put forth by man to secure some desired object4 ,but when we say this1 a little caution is needed4 ,we are not to infer that the present value of an article is estimated by the amount of labor required at the time of its production1 especially if that was a long time ago4 ,a hundred years since1 it required the labor of a man for days to produce a yard of cotton cloth4 ,a dozen yards of better cloth can now be produced by the same amount of labor2 of course the present value of the latter is superior to the present value of the former1 even if this were as good as new4 ,it is the labor that would be required to reproduce or replace an article which determines its value4 #d4 ,but there is another element which is essential to value2 this is utility4 ,it comprises all those qualities in an object which make it available to gratify any desire4 ,it will readily be seen that there are objects which have utility and at the same time are without value4 ,they are such objects as cost nothing2 that is1 such as involve no labor in their acquisition4 ,thus air1 and sunshine1 and rain1 have no value2 but they are of immeasurable utility4 ,value is often in the inverse ratio of utility4 ,iron is a far more useful metal than gold1 but gold is vastly more valuable than iron4 ,still1 though utility may exist where there is no value1 there can be no value where there is no utility2 because no one would put forth effort for that which could not gratify any desire1 and it is the ability to gratify desire that constitutes utility4 ,sometimes utility becomes the paramount element in determining value2 but ordinarily it is subordinate to the cost of production4 ,when the article is one for which there is a very great demand1 and of which there is a great scarcity1 the value may increase many times beyond the cost4 ,in such case the utility rather than cost rules4 ,but where the demand is readily and fully met by the supply1 the cost controls4 #e4 ,but valuable things can not be produced very largely without tools1 implements1 and various contrivances4 ,these constitute capital4 ,capital is the result of previous labor reserved and employed in further production4 ,this implies self-denial4 ,a man can not consume what he has secured by labor and at the same time preserve it to aid in additional production4 ,hence he must restrain his desires if he would save something for this purpose4 ,this capital is sometimes called pre-existent labor4 ,the point to be observed is that its existence is due1 not to labor alone1 but to abstinence as well4 ,the two elements in the cost of production are labor and abstinence1 and we may combine these in the one term1 sacrifice4 ,sacrifice and utility1 then1 are the two essential conditions of value2 and we may complete our definition of value by saying that value is man's estimate of the amount of sacrifice requisite to the attainment of a desired object4 #f4 ,hence1 if wealth comprises all valuable objects1 and if every desirable object which involves sacrifice has value1 it would be a proper definition to say that wealth consists of all those objects and qualities useful to man1 the attainment of which involves sacrifice4 ,this includes not only material objects and qualities1 but also all those human powers acquired by sacrifice1 which enable man to master nature4 ,this is not admitted by many writers4 ,but ,mr4 ,carey states1 in a broad way1 that 8,wealth is the power to command the always gratuitous services of nature40 ,when man is at his weakest nature does nothing for him4 ,every infant1 if dependent on nature alone1 would inevitably perish4 ,so in the infancy of society1 it is only by the most strenuous exertion that a precarious existence is secured4 ,but with every increment of power in man1 nature multiplies her services4 ,they are not bought but freely given1 and given as soon as man is able to command them4 ,in the most advanced civilization the forces of nature have become so subservient to man that in thousands of cases one can accomplish what a score1 or sometimes even a hundred1 could not formerly have done4 ,it is this increase of power more than that of material commodities which constitutes the real wealth of the world4 #g4 ,from this it follows that the proper subject of political economy is ,,man4 ,the laws pertaining to the underlying science are found in the nature and character of man--in his tastes1 his desires1 in the motives influencing him and in the limitations to which he is subject4 ,the results to be achieved are his prosperity and freedom1 his mastery over nature1 and his happiness4 ,here1 then1 is the prime reason why every person who aspires to any intelligence at all should have some acquaintance with this subject4 ,it has to do more than any other study with his temporal welfare1 and with the welfare of society1 without the prosperity of which his individual prosperity will suffer4 #h4 ,a second reason is implied in the meaning of the terms used4 ,economy is from a ,greek compound signifying husbandry4 ,it has reference to the prudent management by a householder of his means so as to secure the largest measure of prosperity for his family4 ,it does not mean parsimony1 nor even mere frugality2 that is1 it does not consist in mere abstinence for the sake of saving4 ,it is rather a wise use of means and forces1 so as to make them as effective as possible4 ,there is an old proverb which says1 8,there is more in calculation than in hard work10 and though sometimes perverted in the interest of human laziness1 it is nevertheless full of philosophy4 ,it is this 8calculation0 which such a study greatly aids4 #i4 ,political economy1 as the term implies1 has reference to man in society1--to 8the body politic40 ,the social element in man is as imperative as any part of his constitution4 ,man's greatest need is association4 ,the solitary individual is only a minute constituent of man in man's relation to the main purposes of life4 ,no man is complete in himself4 ,he must be supplemented by others1 generally by many others1 and he must find a large part of his own completeness in this association4 ,each has something that others lack1 and we are designed to be sources of mutual supply to our several wants4 ,here emerges another vital fact4 ,individuality is as indispensable as association4 ,a superficial thinker might regard these characteristics as antagonistic4 ,the fact is so far otherwise that each is really dependent on the other4 ,men must differ in order to be of any use to one another4 ,it is the difference that makes the individuality4 ,mutual aid is the object of association4 ,hence the greater the difference1 the greater the individuality2 and the greater the individuality1 the greater the association4 ,no man would associate with another unless the one had something which the other lacked4 ,but for this there would be no commerce4 ,two farmers producing nothing but wheat would have nothing to exchange with each other4 ,two men of precisely the same mental possessions1 habits and aptitudes1 would never be companions for each other4 ,on the other hand it is only by association that individuality becomes the most highly developed4 ,only by such development do the differences among men become great and numerous4 ,in the lower grades of humanity there is comparatively little difference between individuals1 and there is little association4 ,it is only in advanced civilization that a strongly marked individuality exists1 and that we find those numerous differences which make the mutual dependence the greatest4 ,here is a potent reason for the study of this subject4 ,it is impossible to estimate the power of association in production alone4 ,it is known in a general way that the combination of men gives greatly increased results as compared with those of men working separately4 ,yet it is not nearly realized that a hundred men properly associated in an industrial enterprise will often effect two or three hundred times as much as all the very same men working separately4 #aj4 ,again1 this subject intimately concerns man in his governmental relations4 ,for governments must furnish many of the conditions for the best economical results4 ,then1 too1 the great moral enterprises of the age1 and of all ages1 have to do with the principles here involved2 education1 pauperism1 vicious social usages1 the dangerous classes1 have to be considered1 and can only rightly be considered in the light of these truths4 ,it is wonderful how closely this study is connected with all the great interests of humanity4 ,whole communities which have been impoverished and demoralized by neglecting some of the obvious principles of political economy1 have revived and prospered under their application4 ,portions of our own country are examples of both these kinds of effects1 and that1 too1 within the memory of men now living4 ,we shall follow the usual plan of the division of the subject under the heads of production1 consumption1 exchange and distribution4 ,,ii4 ,,production--,,labor4 #a4 ,production is the creation of value by rendering the utilities of nature available to man4 ,the creation1 it will be noticed1 is not of matter but of value4 ,there are two great agencies which must co-operate in production--nature and man4 ,man furnishes labor2 nature furnishes materials and forces4 ,the former would be useless without the latter4 ,there must be soils1 and mines1 and trees1 and animals1 or no matter how much labor there may be1 there can be no grain1 nor fruit1 nor metals1 nor lumber2 no houses and no meat1 nor hides nor leather4 ,so also there may be all kinds of material1 but without labor they are of no available service to man4 #b4 ,but nature furnishes not only materials but also forces to aid man in his productive efforts4 ,the more obvious and palpable of these are gravitation1 especially in falling water1 wind1 the explosive property of gunpowder and dynamite1 the expansive power of steam1 magnetism1 electricity1 and the forces of vegetation4 ,there are also numerous passive powers1 or properties of matter which1 when adapted by man1 give him much advantage2 such are the mechanical powers of the lever1 inclined plane1 wheel and axle1 pulley and wedge1 and those qualities of the metals which render them capable of taking an edge for cutting purposes1 as also malleability1 ductility1 elasticity1 etc4 ,it is a beneficent fact of nature that she furnishes these materials and forces gratuitously4 ,she is not churlish nor parsimonious in this respect4 ,the more we avail ourselves of her help1 the more ready she is to help us2 and the greater the advantage we obtain1 the more lavishly she bestows her gifts upon us4 ,it is thus seen that labor consists not in creating things but in moving them2 that is1 in effecting changes4 ,it directs the natural forces to the service of man1 and it is in this that production consists4 ,it can move materials into position where these forces can act upon them with the desired effect4 ,thus an agricultural laborer can effect such changes in the soil as are requisite to the growth of corn2 he can place the seed in the ground1 but he can not make the crop4 ,it is as impossible for him to create a kernel of grain as to create a planet4 ,labor may move the fuel to the fire-place and properly dispose it for kindling4 ,it may move a match1 which by a previous movement has taken fire1 to the prepared fuel2 but all this would be useless but for the conditions and forces which nature furnishes4 #c4 ,the application of labor to production is of two kinds1 direct and indirect4 ,the direct changes effected by labor may be embraced under the three heads of transmutation1 transformation1 and transportation4 ,the first comprises elementary changes1 as when under required conditions ingredients of the soil and of the atmosphere are changed into grain and vegetables1 and fruit4 ,the second is where there is simply a change in the form of the material1 as when boards are made into a table1 or leather into shoes4 ,the third implies merely a change of place1 as when coal in a mine1 where it has no value1 becomes valuable by being brought within reach of those who desire it for fuel4 #d4 ,the greater part of labor is indirect2 in some cases so much so that its relation to the product is unseen4 ,for instance1 the man who makes your shoes is not the only laborer concerned in that product4 ,some previous labor produced the leather1 and before that some labor produced the hide from which the leather was made2 some persons made the tools1 some the house or shop1 and some provided sustenance for the shoemaker4 ,all these are conditions1 without which no shoes can be made1 and all who provide them furnish a part of the labor on which the product of the shoes depends4 ,of this indirect labor there are several kinds4 7#a7 ,those who provide the materials1 and there may be many grades of these2 7#b7 those who furnish the implements and the machinery2 7#c7 those who supply the sustenance and shelter1 and raiment for the laborers2 7#d7 the government agencies for protecting the workman2 7#e7 organizers and managers of business enterprises1 without whom production would often fall far short of what it now accomplishes2 7#f7 the labor of raising children who are subsequently to become laborers2 7#g7 all those engaged in the work of education1 by which men are prepared for the most efficient work--this includes not only teachers1 but writers1 clergymen1 etc42 7#h7 professional men1 who devote themselves to matters essential to the interests of the community and thus not only save the time of the laborers1 but often their property and their health1 and their lives2 7#i7 inventors and discoverers1 who ascertain new conditions of more efficient production4 ,these are the principal1 though there are also others4 ,,readings ,,in ,,art4 ,i4--,,sculpture3 ,,its ,,varieties ,,and ,,materials4 ,all work cut out in a solid material1 in imitation of natural objects1 is called sculpture4 ,thus carvings in wood1 ivory-stone1 marble1 metal1 and works moulded from wax and clay1 come under the head of sculpture4 ,but sculpture1 as we are about to consider it1 is to be distinguished by the term statuary from all carved work belonging to ornamental art and glyptics4 ,it must be borne in mind1 however1 that the sculptor does not ordinarily carve his work directly out of the marble2 he first makes his statue1 or bas relief1 in clay or wax4 ,this method enables him to 8sketch in clay0 and perfect his work in this obedient material4 ,michael ,angelo1 and many great masters could dispense with this and carve at once the statue from the block4 ,the modeling in clay is1 however1 generally the primary work4 ,the 8model10 as it is called1 is afterward moulded1 and by means of this mould a cast of the original clay statue1 or bas-relief1 is taken by the use of liquid plaster4 ,the clay model is1 therefore1 like the original drawing of a painter--a master work4 ,the model completed1 most of the carving is done by a skilled laborer1 the sculptor taking it up to give the finish1 which a master-hand alone can bestow4 ,the copying of the model into marble is accomplished by means of a method of mechanical measurement1 or 8pointing40 ,the model and the block of marble are both fastened to a base called a 8scale-stone10 to which a standard vertical rod can be attached at corresponding centers1 having at its upper end a sliding needle1 so adapted by a movable joint as to be set at any angle and fastened by a screw when so set4 ,the master sculptor having marked the governing points with a pencil on the model the instrument is applied to these and the measure taken4 ,the standard being then transferred to the block-base1 the pointer1 guided by his measure1 cuts away the marble1 taking care to leave it rather larger than the model1 so that the general proportions are kept1 and the more important work is then left for the master hand4 ,the character of work is influenced by the nature of the material in which the sculptor carves2 the harder the stone the more difficult to give it the pliant forms of life4 ,it is remarkable that the most ancient and perfect ,egyptian statues should have been formed of very hard stones2 and1 as the ancient ,egyptians were not acquainted with steel1 they must have been dependent upon bronze1 of various degrees of hardness1 for their cutting tools4 ,these works are remarkable for their excellence1 both of form and proportion1 and in the finish given to the details of feature1 the dress1 and the ornaments4 ,assyrian sculpture was in softer stones1 limestones and alabaster2 only small objects1 such as seals1 being worked in hard stones4 ,greek and ,roman sculptors made many statues and bas-reliefs in hard stones1 such as basalt1 granite1 and porphyry4 ,the extreme difficulty of such work may be understood when it is seen that the ordinary method of the chisel and mallet1 in the most skillful hands1 would be quite unavailing in this hard material4 ,the treadle-wheel1 the drill1 and the file1 are brought to aid the chisel1 and even these require the use of emery upon the wheel of the lapidary1 in the manner in which the hardest stones are cut4 ,clay modeled and dried in the sun1 or hardened by the fire1 was naturally one of the early forms in which sculpture was developed4 ,at once ready to hand1 and easily modeled1 it was adopted for the same reasons that made clay convenient for the ordinary vessels of every-day use4 ,we find countless numbers of these baked1 or sun-dried clay figures4 ,they have escaped destruction because of the little value of the material and because they resist decay4 ,the ,egyptians and ,assyrians applied a vitreous glaze to terra-cotta objects1 which made them more decorative and more durable4 ,terra-cotta was chosen by many sculptors to preserve the spirit and freedom of the original4 ,although some shrinking under the action of the fire must be allowed for1 yet what is well baked is certain to possess the excellence of the fresh clay4 ,it escapes the chances of over-finish1 which too often befalls marble and bronze4 ,another form of sculpture to be noticed is called chryselephantine1 on account of the combined use of gold and ivory2 the nude parts of the figure being of ivory1 probably with color applied to the features and the drapery of gold4 ,the statue was substantially but roughly made in marble1 with wood1 perhaps1 upon it2 the ivory being laid on in thick pieces4 ,statues of wood1 of various kinds1 were made by the most ancient sculptors4 ,many small figures in wood1 the work of the ,egyptian carvers1 are to be seen in the museums1 and the mummy cases show the practice of carving the head1 while the trunk is left only partly shaped out of the block4 ,bronze was one of the most important forms of ancient statuary4 ,it must be remembered that bronze is an entirely different alloy from brass1 the former being an alloy of copper and tin1 while brass is of copper and zinc4 ,small proportions of gold1 silver1 lead1 and iron1 were mixed with the bronze by ancient metal-workers to give various colors to their work2 thus a blush of shame was produced by allowing the iron in the bronze to rust4 ,plutarch mentions a face which was pale1 the sculptor having mixed silver with the bronze4 ,the primitive bronze-workers1 before they arrived at the knowledge of casting1 began by hammering solid metals into shapes4 ,the toreutic art1 although not definitely known at present1 was probably that of hammering1 punching1 and chiseling plates of metal1 either separately or with a view of fixing them upon stone or wood4 ,both the solid hammered work and the hollow-plate work is mentioned by the authorities4 ,the hollow statues were built up in pieces1 fastened together with nails1 rivets1 and dove-tails1 and it is not improbable that some system of welding was practiced4 ,the casting of metals in moulds must have followed the discovery that they could be melted4 ,as the sculptor improved in his art of modeling he would be able to make better moulds4 ,he would soon observe that the solid statue was not only very costly1 but so very heavy that the whole figure would collapse from sheer weight4 ,this trouble was corrected by the discovery of a contrivance for casting metals in a hollow mould4 ,it was done pretty much as it is at the present day1 by fixing within the mould a core1 which did not touch the sides1 except at certain small points necessary for support4 ,the space between this and the surface of the mould was to be filled by the molten metal4 ,there is still another method1 less common in modern times1 but employed by the ancients1 for some of their smaller works4 ,this is when a wax model is encased in clay or plaster of ,paris and the molten metal then poured into it to melt the wax1 and take the form of the work precisely as it left the hand of the sculptor4 ,the original model is thus destroyed and the bronze takes its place4 ,some very large and important works have recently been cast in this method1 but with the core4 ,in bronze casting with a core1 this contrivance must be made with great care4 ,the mould1 which is obliged to be formed of pieces fitted together1 in order that the model may be taken out1 is first well soaked in oil1 then melted wax is applied to the inner side of the moulded parts in such thickness as may be required in the metal of the completed statue4 ,but as a hollow metal statue would not be strong enough to support its own weight1 a sort of skeleton of iron bars is made to take the general form of the figure1 and this strong frame-work is firmly fixed within the mould4 ,we have then the mould1 with its wax lining1 enclosing the iron skeleton1 or armature1 as it is called1 with an opening left in the proper place to allow of pouring in the liquid plaster of ,paris mixed with pounded brick1 which fills the space about the armature4 ,therefore1 if at this stage1 the mould were taken to pieces again1 the sculptor would behold his statue as one of apparently solid wax4 ,practically this is done in order that he may satisfy himself of the success of his work1 and correct it where necessary4 ,the model is then again placed in the mould preparatory to casting4 ,galvano-plastique1 or the use of electricity1 to deposit a thin layer of metal in a pure state upon a model1 is an important invention or application of science to art4 ,having described the various materials and methods employed in sculptured art1 we are ready to classify the different forms adopted and arrange them under the proper terms4 ,sculpture in relief is the first division4 ,there are four varieties4 ,bas-relief1 or basso-relievo1 is the term used when the work projects from the plain surface1 the forms being rounded as in nature4 ,if the work is very little raised1 the forms being not so projecting as in nature1 it is called flat-relief1 or stiacciato4 ,if more raised1 but not free from the ground in any place1 it is half-relief or mezzo-relievo4 ,if the relief is still higher it becomes full-relief1 or alto-relievo1 in which parts of the human figure are entirely free from the ground of the slab4 ,in sunk-relief1 or cavo-relievo1 the work is recessed within an outline1 but still raised in flat relief1 not projecting above the surface of the slab4 ,much of the renaissance and modern sculpture combines the first-named kinds of work on different planes in degrees of distance1 with some under-cutting4 ,the beauty and character of bas-relief depend much upon the representation of outline4 ,statuary proper is sculpture in the round4 ,the statue is therefore seen on every side4 ,statues are1 7#a7 standing2 7#b7 seated2 7#c7 recumbent2 7#d7 equestrian4 ,statues are classed into five forms as to size3 ,colossal1 above the heroic standard2 heroic1 above six feet but under the colossal2 life-size2 small life-size2 statuettes1 half the size of life and smaller4 ,to know the proper proportions of the figures is a matter of the utmost value in all sculpture1 even more so than in painting1 as the statue is measurable on every side and in every direction4 ,it would have been impossible for the ancient ,egyptians to carve out of the living rock their tremendous figures unless they had arrived at a rule of proportion for their figure4 ,without this their colossi would have been only rude monsters4 ,such a rule they had discovered and laid down in a canon1 as it is called1 similar to that which was followed by the ,greek sculptors after them1 and especially made known by ,polycletus1 whose name it received4 ,though there is some doubt about the precise terms of the canon1 there can be no doubt that it had for its unit of measurement some part of the human figure4 ,the version of ,vitruvius ,pollio is supposed to be the correct one4 ,he says3 8,nature has so composed the human body that the face1 from the chin to the top of the forehead1 and the roots of the hair1 should be a tenth part2 also the palm of the hand from the wrist-joint to the tip of the middle finger2 the head from the chin to the highest point1 an eighth2 from the top of the chest to the roots of the hair1 a sixth40 ,the rule of ten faces1 or eight heads1 derived from this1 has remained to the present time4 ,several sculptors of a later period1 who have given much attention to the subject of proportion1 differ slightly from the canon of ,polycletus1 though it is commonly accepted4 ,that strict rules of symmetrical proportion should be followed is necessary in all statuary1 but especially in that which serves as a decoration for architecture4 ,the knowledge of the figure acquired by eminent sculptors inspired them with admiration for the beautiful1 and enabled them to express in the creation of their art an ideal of grand beauty1 which was guided by a taste and feeling which rarely failed to direct them aright4 ,it was the greatest sculptor of modern times1 ,michael ,angelo1 who said that the sculptor should carry 8his compasses in his eye40 ,some one comments on this that1 8,sculptors1 and painters especially1 dread the rule of geometry4 ,they regard rule as a fetter upon their invention1 not dreaming that this great man 7,michael ,angelo71 before he expressed himself thus1 had for so long a time had the compasses in his hand40 ,this points to a profound truth in all practical art1 that no man can be a great artist unless he have the power of drawing in the true proportions of the beautiful4 ,having pointed out the leading points in the technic of sculpture1 we take up its history1 beginning naturally with the earliest forms as found in ,egypt4 ,the ,egyptians1 inhabiting a flat1 uniform country1 of pure and salubrious climate1 working as sculptors before a written language was invented1 carved their colossal sphinx almost entirely out of the living rock2 an amazing example of symbolic sculptural representation1 combining the human with the brute form of the lion4 ,the date of this first great work is probably earlier than that of the earliest pyramids--that built by ,chofo1 ,king of ,memphis1 the ,cheops of ,herodotus1 and the larger one by ,nef ,chofo1 his son4 ,m4 ,renan1 speaking for ,m4 ,mariette1 states that a tablet was found by him recording that ,nef ,chofo did certain repairs to the sphinx2 so that since it required repairs1 it must already have existed for a considerable time4 ,all small barbaric or archaic work of the ancient ,egyptians in sculpture has perished in the vast lapse of time4 ,but this one monument1 raised at least #d1jjj years before the ,christian era1 stands to prove1 with its companion pyramids1 the wonderful power of conception1 the energy and practical skill which characterized the early ,egyptians4 ,what they lacked in ideas of beauty1 they made up for by the simple grandeur in the colossal size and perfection in execution4 ,the intention of producing a monument to last forever was shown in an equally striking manner in the construction of the pyramids1 and with an exercise of science and skill even more remarkable4 ,egyptian art1 in the form of architecture1 was1 after the pyramids of ,ghizeh1 further developed about #afej ,b4 ,c41 under ,osirtesen ,i41 who built the oldest of the temples at ,thebes4 ,columns and obelisks were then invented1 and the cavi relievi were largely used4 ,statuary1 however1 did not advance until after the ,phnician ,shepherd ,kings--a body of wandering ,arabs1 so called1 who conquered ,upper ,egypt for a time--were driven out by ,amosis1 ,king of ,thebes1 about #adej ,b4 ,c4 ,passing over ,amunothph ,i4 and his successor ,thothmosis ,i41 of whom there is a fine statue in the ,turin ,museum1 we come to ,thothmosis ,,ii41 whose reign marks a period of vast development1 as he married ,nitocris1 the last ,queen of ,memphis1 capital of ,lower ,egypt1 and thus united the two kingdoms1 about #acdj ,b4 ,c4 ,the great avenue of sphinxes1 leading to the temple of ,karnak1 was made in her reign1 and there is a statue of ,thothmosis ,,ii41 a seated figure seven feet nine inches high1 in good proportions1 of about seven heads high1 the fingers and toes straight1 not showing the knuckles1 and the legs sharply chiseled at the shins1 not showing the small bone on the outside of the leg1 as in the statues of the later time of ,amunothph ,,iii4 7about #abfj ,b4 ,c474 ,the famous colossus1 called the musical ,memnon1 one of the two still standing in the desert near ,thebes1 more than fifty feet high1 is of this period4 ,these statues are not in good proportion1 being too short in the waist4 ,the two fine lions1 carved in red granite1 belonging to this time1 which ,lord ,prudhoe brought over and presented to the ,british ,museum1 are remarkable as examples of fine typical treatment of the lion4 ,they show much grandeur of feeling1 and1 compared with the modern naturalistic sculpture of lions1 they are superior as examples of monumental art4 ,in #aagj ,b4 ,c4 reigned ,ramses ,,ii41 the greatest of the ,egyptian kings1 under whom was invented all the wonderful adaptation of the lotus and papyrus plant to the design of columns1 as seen in the famous colonnade of the hall of ,karnak4 ,his statue1 in the ,turin ,museum1 is in the finest style of ancient ,theban art2 it is a seated figure carved out of a block of black granite1 and is not colossal1 being only five feet seven inches high4 ,the point to be noticed in this statue is the effort at action1 which is not seen in earlier works4 ,the right hand is raised to the breast holding the short sort of crosier of the god ,osiris2 the left hand resting on the knee1 strongly clenched4 ,the colossal statue of ,ramses1 as ,osiris1 may be taken as examples1 with that of the ,memnon1 in the ,british ,museum1 of the sculpture of this time4 ,the large sphinx in the ,louvre bears the name of ,ramses ,,ii4 ,the four-seated colossi1 carved out of the living rock at the entrance of the great temple of ,abou ,simbel in ,ethiopia1 represent the same king4 ,they are between sixty and seventy feet high1 and wonderfully well sculptured1 but the proportions are not so good as in some smaller statues1 as they are six heads only in height1 and short in the waist and thick in the limbs1 showing no attempt at any close or correct imitation of nature4 ,they look straight before them with a calm smile of confident power and contentment4 ,these statues1 and others which are to be seen in the museums1 are not equal to those of the time of ,amunothph ,,iii41 previously referred to2 they are not so well carved1 and the features are heavy1 with thick noses and lips1 while the limbs are clumsy1 and without any attempt at accurate modeling4 ,it will be observed1 therefore1 that ,egyptian sculpture may be classed broadly into three styles4 7#a7 the ,egyptian proper1 reaching its finest period in the reign of ,amunothph ,,iii42 7#b7 the ,ethiopic ,egyptian2 7#c7 the later ,egyptian1 leading to the decline of that style of sculpture4 ,of the first it should be noticed that the general proportions of the figure were more accurately considered than the relative proportions of hands and feet to the limbs1 which are generally incorrect4 ,there are1 however1 some examples of excellent proportion1 as in a colossal arm and fist in the ,british ,museum4 ,this arm belonged to a statue of ,thothmes ,,iii41 and came from ,memphis4 ,it is about ten feet long4 ,the fist also came from ,memphis1 and measures four feet across4 ,the heads of statues of this period are of the pure ,coptic type1 with a nose somewhat aquiline1 and the lips comparatively thin4 ,the eyes1 however1 were always carved in full in profile representations2 the feet1 one in advance of the other on the same plane4 ,the details of form at the knuckles and legs are well indicated4 ,in the ,ethiopic-,egyptian statues1 general proportion is lost sight of2 the figures become dumpy1 being only six heads high2 the limbs are clumsy and wanting in modeling2 the hands and feet stiff and not marked by details at the joints2 nor do they show the small bone of the leg4 ,the heads are more of the ,negro type1 with turned-up noses and thick lips4 ,in the later ,egyptian it is remarkable that with more attempt to imitate nature in the modeling of the muscles1 the forms of the trunk and limbs become unnaturally puffed4 ,more is added in symbolic attributes2 heads of the cat1 the hawk1 and the ape1 are placed on the human body2 the dress is more elaborate1 that of the head especially1 on which a disc for the sun was often placed1 as on the god ,osiris4 ,from the fall of ,thebes1 about #ajjj ,b4 ,c41 to the conquest of ,egypt by the ,persians1 #ebc ,b4 ,c41 sculpture became more and more degraded1 and soon lost its original style of simplicity and grandeur of form4 ,after some two centuries of rule1 the ,persians were conquered by ,alexander the ,great1 #ccb ,b4 ,c41 but there are no statues of ,greek style of this date found in ,egypt2 under the ,ptolemies1 his successors for #cjj years1 new temples of inferior but still ,egyptian style were built1 such as those at ,phile1 ,edfou1 and ,denderah1 and many statues were made1 but nearly all have been destroyed1 and there is not one of any king or queen of the ,ptolemies4 ,after ,egypt became a ,roman province1 in #ch ,b4 ,c41 ,egyptian sculpture1 in a debased form1 was still continued upon the decoration of the temples1 but the statues were then in the hands of ,greek artists4 ,still later1 there is the well-known statue of ,antinous as an ,egyptian1 the work of a ,greek sculptor of the time of the ,emperor ,hadrian 7,a4 ,d4 #aag-ach74 ,assyrian sculpture is a discovery of recent times1 first made in #ahdb-c by ,botta1 the ,french consul at ,mosul on the banks of the ,tigris1 and almost simultaneously by ,mr4 ,layard1 who though he had seen the ruins of ,nineveh in #ahdj did not get permission to examine and excavate till #ahde4 ,the sculptures differ widely from any in ,egypt in being nearly all in bas-relief and high relief4 ,there are very few statues1 carved in the round1 that stand either with a support practically or on the legs4 ,there are no colossi nearly approaching in size the ,egyptian and ,greek colossal statues1 none being higher than eighteen feet1 while as we have seen sixty feet was a moderate height for an ,egyptian or ,greek colossal figure1 and some were higher4 ,the colossal human-headed bulls and lions with wings1 at the portals of the king's palace1 are in high relief on huge slabs1 one on each side1 facing outwards1 and one on each side on the wall1 with the head turned to look to the front4 ,it does not appear that any principal figure was set up in an interior1 either of these compound animals1 or of any deity or king4 ,no colossal seated figures like the ,egyptian statues have been found4 ,the standing figures carved in relief differ entirely in the expression of the countenance and motive of the figure from the ,egyptian4 ,they have all some action2 the king grasps a captured lion1 or as chief priest he walks with his staff which he holds firmly1 while the left hand rests on the hilt of his sword4 ,it is true that the legs are on one plane1 and the feet in a position that could not support the body2 still the intention to show action and life is there4 ,there is none of the desire to express majestic1 calm1 eternal repose and content which is so characteristic of ,egyptian sculptured statues4 ,throughout the great number of slabs in the ,british ,museum and in the ,louvre there is a very vigorous descriptive power displayed in carving figures of men1 horses1 chariots1 battles1 sieges of cities1 hunting scenes1 processions1 rivers with men swimming on inflated skins1 with fish and boats2 implements1 weapons1 chairs1 baskets1 trees1 birds1 buildings1 with a close resemblance to the real objects that is very distinctive of the ,assyrian style4 ,the quadrupeds and birds are much better done than the human figures2 the character of some of the mules is faithfully given1 and there is much feeling for nature in some of the lions in the hunting-scenes4 ,there is no doubt1 also1 that this naturalistic realism was carried further by painting the sculptures4 ,in none of these painted reliefs1 however1 is there anything of the careful carving and delicate delineation of the ,egyptian cavi relievi2 they are all boldly done1 and with a good deal of skill1 but by hands that would seem to have been self-taught1 and at liberty to represent as they pleased so that the conventional attributes and symbolic objects were duly made clear4 ,there is scarcely any regulated use of typical forms2 and in the proportions of the figures especially there is no rule4 ,the principal figures are about #f heads high1 and in others the heads are often larger1 while the arms and legs are out of all proportion gigantic1 the muscles being exaggerated into masses at the calf and knee1 and the shin-bone absurdly prominent4 ,all truth seems to have been sacrificed for the sake of conveying a violent look of immense strength4 ,the battle scenes remind us of some of the puerile representations by medival workmen of a poor style1 or the debased ,roman work seen on sarcophaguses4 ,the ,assyrians1 unlike the ,egyptians1 were 8mighty hunters10 consequently horses were favorites with the ,assyrian carvers1 as they were with the ,greek sculptors afterwards2 they seldom have more than one fore-leg and one hind one1 but their heads are carefully carved1 and all the trappings show the same intention to obtain exact resemblance as is displayed in the dress and ornaments of the kings and other figures4 ,it is important to observe that these sculptures are very equal in merit2 there is no sign of improvement and little of falling off4 ,as to the date of these sculptures1 they are much later than all the ,egyptian work of the finer style4 ,it may be concluded that the ,assyrian palaces1 with their sculptured walls1 took a much shorter time to build than the ,egyptian1 as they were built of sun-baked bricks1 with ornamental slabs below1 and wooden beams and columns above1 all which structures have perished leaving only the stone slabs4 ,the soft nature of the stone1 which is a kind of grey alabaster1 extremely suited to carving in the manner employed1 afforded the facility that influenced the style and enabled the carvers to indulge their inclination for realistic detail4 ,they do not appear to have sought for fine colored hard stones as the ,egyptians did1 nor do they show the same desire to make their work monumental and enduring4 ,assyrian sculpture was always archaic1 though at the same time more vigorous in what might be called graphic sculpture1 and truer in imitation of nature than ,egyptian1 which rarely attempted action in the figure or facial expression4 ,there is1 however1 no alliance between the two styles1 and there was never likely to be1 as the ,assyrians were not a people of poetic and abstract ideas1 but of facts1 circumstances1 and action4 ,they thought of the present glory1 and did not trouble themselves about the future4 ,the same characteristics will partly account for the absence of any kind of reference to a future state4 ,the tree of life with the priest ministering before it and holding fruit is to be seen2 but it is remarkable that no sepulchral monuments have been found2 no tomb or mark of regard in any shape for the welfare of the dead hereafter has been discovered4 ,bearing in mind that the ,assyrians were never a statue-making people1 and never attempted to follow the example of the ,egyptians--do we find them influencing the sculptural art of any other people in work like that of the ,assyrians8 ,this question is answered at once by the remains found at ,persepolis1 where there are to be seen similar winged and human-headed lions and bulls1 and sculptured slabs1 but no statues either in the round or in alto-relievo4 ,the ruins of the palaces of ,cambyses1 ,darius1 and ,xerxes1 the date of which is from #efj ,b4 ,c4 to the conquests of ,alexander the ,great 7#cca ,b4 ,c471 show only sculptural remains left1 after all the soft brick walls and the wooden beams and rafters have long perished4 ,persian sculptural art since those days never advanced to the dignity of statuary1 but like its ,assyrian predecessor stopped short where ,greek art began to develop4 ,the same is to be observed of that ramification of the ,assyrian arts which is to be traced in the building of the temple of ,jerusalem under ,solomon1 which1 however1 was some five centuries before the time of ,cambyses1 and about the same length of time after the settling of the ,israelites in the ,delta of the ,nile 7#aeej ,b4 ,c474 ,the law of ,moses was sufficient to prevent any sculpture in the likeness of living things2 but the cherubim1 with their wings1 seem to have been borrowed from the ,assyrians4 ,the temple was1 no doubt1 built of stone and cedar-wood after the manner of the ,assyrians1 and with a profusion of ornament in carving1 of valuable marbles1 wood1 and embossed work in precious metals4 ,the colossal sculptures in the rock-cut temples of ,india1 whether taken as derived from the ,assyrian centre or not1 may be classed with that style as semi-barbaric and naturalistic1 with a superadded symbolism which only led to the most extravagant deformities of the human figure to express the power and attributes of a deity4 ,statuary proper never existed in any shape of beauty like the human form1 throughout ,persia1 ,india1 and ,china1 and there is no sign of any disposition amongst the ,asiatics to learn the art from their ,european conquerors2 it is not in their nature4 ,,selections ,,from ,,american ,,literature4 ,,modern ,,state ,,of ,,ancient ,,countries4 ,by ,,george ,,sandys4 ,the parts ,i speak of are the most renowned countries and kingdoms2 once the seats of most glorious and triumphant empires2 the theaters of valor and heroical actions2 the soils enriched with all earthly felicities2 the places where ,nature hath produced her wonderful works2 where arts and sciences have been invented and perfected2 where wisdom1 virtue1 policy1 and civility1 have been planted1 have flourished2 and1 lastly1 where ,god himself did place his own commonwealth1 gave laws and oracles1 inspired his prophets1 sent angels to converse with men2 above all1 where the ,son of ,god descended to become man2 where he honored the earth with his beautiful steps1 wrought the works of our redemption1 triumphed over death1 and ascended into glory2 which countries1 once so glorious and famous for their happy estate1 are now1 through vice and ingratitude1 become the most deplored spectacles of extreme misery2 the wild beasts of mankind having broken in upon them1 and rooted out all civility1 and the pride of a stern and barbarous tyrant possessing the thrones of ancient and just dominion4 ,who1 aiming only at the height of greatness and sensuality1 hath in tract of time reduced so great and goodly a part of the world to that lamentable distress and servitude1 under which 7to the astonishment of the understanding beholders7 it now faints and groaneth4 ,those rich lands at this present remain waste and overgrown with bushes1 receptacles of wild beasts1 of thieves1 and murderers2 large territories dispeopled or thinly inhabited2 goodly cities made desolate2 sumptuous buildings become ruins2 glorious temples either subverted or prostituted to impiety2 true religion discountenanced and oppressed2 all nobility extinguished2 no light of learning permitted1 nor virtue cherished2 violence and rapine insulting over all1 and leaving no security except to an abject mind1 and unlooked-on poverty2 which calamities of theirs1 so great and deserved1 are to the rest of the world as threatening instructions4 ,for assistance wherein1 ,i have not only related what ,i saw of their present condition1 but1 so far as convenience might permit1 presented a brief view of the former estates and first antiquities of those peoples and countries2 thence to draw a right image of the frailty of man1 the mutability of whatever is worldly1 and assurance that1 as there is nothing unchangeable saving ,god1 so nothing stable but by his grace and protection4 ,,the ,,design ,,of ,,the ,,new ,,england ,,plantations4 ,by the ,,rev4 ,,cotton ,,mather4 ,there were more than a few attempts of the ,english to people1 to settle and improve the parts of ,new ,england which were to the northward of ,new ,plymouth1 but the designs of those attempts being aimed no higher than the advancement of some worldly interests1 a constant series of disasters confounded them1 until there was a plantation erected on the nobler designs of ,christianity1 and that plantation1 though it has had more adversaries1 perhaps1 than any one upon earth1 yet1 having obtained help from ,god1 it continues to this day4 ,there have been very fine settlements in the northeast regions1 but what is become of them8 ,i have heard that one of our ministers1 once preaching to a congregation there1 urged them to approve themselves a religious people from this consideration3 that otherwise they would contradict the main object of planting this wilderness1 whereupon a well-known person1 then in the assembly1 cried out3 8,sir1 you are mistaken1 you think you are preaching to the people at the ,bay2 our main end was to catch fish40 ,truly 'twere to have been wished that something more excellent had been the main end of the settlements in that brave country1 which we have1 even long since the arrival of that more pious colony at the ,bay1 now seen dreadfully unsettled1 no less than twice1 at least1 by the sword of the heathen1 after they had been replenished by many hundreds of people who had thriven to many thousands of pounds1 and all the force of the ,bay1 too1 to assist them in maintaining their settlements4 ,but the same or like inauspicious things attended many other endeavors to make plantations1 on such a main end1 in several other parts of the country1 before the arrival of the ,massachusetts colony1 which was formed on more glorious aims4 ,,remarks ,,on ,,the ,,catalogue ,,of ,,plantations4 7#a7 ,there are few towns to be now seen on our list but what were existing in this land before the dreadful ,indian war which befell us twenty years ago2 and there are few towns broken up within the then ,massachusetts line by that war but what have revived out of their ashes4 ,nevertheless the many calamities which have ever since been wasting the country have so nip the growth of it1 that its later progress hath held no proportion with what was from the beginning2 but yet with such variety1 that while the trained companies of some towns are no bigger than they were thirty or forty years ago1 others are as big again4 7#b7 ,the calamities that have carried off the inhabitants of our several towns have not been all of one sort4 ,pestilential sicknesses have made fearful havoc in divers places1 where the sound have not perhaps been enough to tend the sick1 while others have not had one touch from the ,angel of ,death1 and the sword hath cut off scores in sundry places1 when others1 it may be1 have not lost a single man by that avenger4 7#c7 ',tis no unusual1 though no universal experiment1 among us1 that while an excellent1 laborious1 illuminating ministry has been continued in a town1 the place has thriven to admiration2 but ever since that man's time they have gone down the wind in all their interests4 ,the gospel has evidently been the making of all our towns1 and the blessings of the ,upper have been accompanied with the blessings of the ,nether ,springs4 ,memorable also is the remark of ,slingsby ,beibel1 ,esq41 in his most judicious 8,book of the ,interests of ,europe30 8,were not the cold climate of ,new ,england supplied by good laws and discipline1 the barrenness of the country would never have brought people to it1 nor have advanced it in consideration and formidableness above the other ,english plantations exceeding it much in fertility and other inviting qualities40 7#d7 ,well may ,new ,england lay claim to the name it wears1 and to a room in the tenderest affections of its mother1 the happy island4 ,for as there are few of our towns but what have their namesakes in ,england1 so the reason why most of our towns are called what they are1 is because the chief of the first inhabitants would thus bear up the names of the particular places there from whence they came4 7#e7 ,i have heard an aged saint1 near his death1 thus cheerfully express himself3 8,well1 ,i am going to heaven1 and ,i will there tell the faithful who are gone long since from ,new ,england thither1 that though they who gathered in our churches are all dead and gone1 yet the churches are still alive1 with as numerous flocks of ,christians as were ever among them40 ,concerning most of the churches in our catalogue1 the report thus carried unto heaven1 ,i must now also send through the earth2 but if with 8as numerous10 we could in every respect say as gracious1 what joy to all the saints1 both in heaven and on earth1 might be from thence occasioned4--,magnalia ,christi ,americana4 ,,extracts ,,from 8,,essays ,,to ,,do ,,good40 ,by the ,,rev4 ,,cotton ,,mather4 ,to take a poor child1 especially an orphan left in poverty1 and bestow a liberal education on it1 is an admirable charity1 yea1 it may draw after it a long train of good1 and may interest you in all the good done by him whom you have educated4 ,hence1 also1 what is done for schools1 for colleges1 and for hospitals is done for the general good4 ,the endowment and maintenance of these is at once to do good to many4 ,but alas1 how much of the silver and the gold is buried in hands where it is little better than if conveyed back to the mines whence it came4 ,how much of it is employed to as little purpose as what arrives at ,hindoostan1 where a great part of it1 after some circulation1 is by the ,moguls lodged in subterraneous caves never to see the light again4 ,the ,christian whose faith and hope are genuine1 acts not thus4 ,sometimes elaborate compositions may be prepared for the press1 works of great bulk1 and of greater worth1 by which the best interests of knowledge and virtue might be considerably promoted1 but they lie1 like the impotent man at the pool of ,bethesda1 in silent neglect1 and are likely to continue in that state1 till ,god inspires some wealthy persons nobly to subscribe to their publication1 and by this generous application of their property to bring them abroad4 ,the names of such noble benefactors to mankind ought to live as long as the works themselves live2 and when the works do any good1 what these have done towards the publishing of them1 ought to be 8told for a memorial of them40 ,he urges gentlemen of leisure to seek 8some honorable and agreeable employments10 and says1 8,i will mention one3 ,the ,pythagoreans forbade men's eating their own brains1 or keeping their good thoughts to themselves40 ,the incomparable ,boyle observes that as to religious books in general1 8those that have been written by laymen1 and especially by gentlemen1 have 7cteris paribus7 been better received and more effectual than those published by clergymen40 ,mr4 ,boyle's were certainly so4 ,men of quality have frequently attained such accomplishments in languages and science that they become prodigies of literature4 ,their libraries also have stupendous collections approaching toward ,vatican or ,bodleian dimensions4 ,it were much to be wished that persons of wealth and station would qualify themselves for the use of the pen1 as well as of the sword1 and deserve this eulogium3 8,they have written excellent things40 ,an ,english person of quality in his treatise entitled 8,a view of the soul10 has the following passage3 8,it is certainly the highest dignity1 if not the greatest happiness of which human nature is capable in the vale below1 to have the soul so far enlightened as to become a mirror1 conduit or conveyor of ,god's truth to others40 ,it is a bad motto for a man of capacity to say1 8,my understanding is unfruitful40 ,gentlemen1 consider what subjects may most properly and usefully fall under your cultivation4 ,your pens may stab atheism and vice more effectually than other men's can4 ,if out of your tribe there come those who handle the pen of the writer1 they will do uncommon execution4 ,one of them has ingenuously said1 8,though ,i know of some functions1 yet ,i know no truths of religion that like the shew-bread belong to the priests alone40 99 99 99 ,to do good is a sure and pleasant way effectually to bespeak ,god's blessings on ourselves4 ,who so likely to find blessings as the men who are blessings8 ,while we work for ,god1 he certainly will work for us1 and ours--will do for us more than we have done for him2 8more than we can ask or think40 ,a good action is its own reward4 ,but what shall be done for the good man in the heavenly world8 ,his part and work in the city of ,god are at present incomprehensible to us1 but the kindness which his ,god will show him in the strong city will be truly marvelous4 ,the attempts which the ,christian has made to fill this world with righteous things1 are so many tokens for good to him1 that he shall have a portion in that world wherein shall dwell nothing but righteousness4 ,he will be welcomed with 8,well done1 good and faithful servant40 ,i will conclude with a declaration which ,i will boldly maintain4 ,it is this3 ,were a man able to write in seven languages1 could he daily converse with all the sweets of the liberal sciences to which the most accomplished make pretensions2 were he to entertain himself with all ancient and modern history2 and could he feast continually on the curiosities which the different branches of learning may discover to him1 all this would not afford the ravishing satisfaction which he might find in relieving the distresses of a poor1 miserable neighbor1 nor would it bear any comparison with the heartfelt delight which he might have by doing service to the kingdom of our great ,savior in the world4 ,,spiritual ,,knowledge4 ,by ,,jonathan ,,edwards4 ,there is a kind of taste of the mind1 whereby persons are guided in their judgment of the natural beauty1 gracefulness1 propriety1 nobleness1 and sublimity of speeches and action1 whereby they judge1 as it were1 by the glance of the eye1 or by inward sensation1 and the first impression of the object2 so there is likewise such a thing as a divine taste1 given and maintained by the ,spirit of ,god1 in the hearts of the saints1 whereby they are in like manner led and guided in discerning and distinguishing the true spiritual and holy beauty of actions2 and that more easily1 readily1 and accurately1 as they have more or less of the ,spirit of ,god dwelling in them4 ,and thus 8the sons of ,god are led by the ,spirit of ,god1 in their behavior in the world40 ,a holy disposition and spiritual taste1 where grace is strong and lively1 will enable a soul to determine what actions are right and becoming ,christians1 not only more speedily1 but far more exactly1 than the greatest abilities without it4 ,this may be illustrated by the manner in which some habits of mind1 and dispositions of heart1 of a nature inferior to true grace1 will teach and guide a man in his actions4 ,as for instance1 if a man be a very good natured man1 his good nature will teach him how to act benevolently amongst mankind1 and will direct him1 on every occasion1 to those speeches and actions which are agreeable to rules of goodness1 than the strongest reason will a man of a morose temper4 ,so if a man's heart be under the influence of an entire friendship1 and most endeared affection to another1 though he be a man of an indifferent capacity1 yet this habit of his mind will direct him1 far more readily and exactly1 to a speech and deportment1 or manner of behavior1 which shall in all respects be sweet and kind1 and agreeable to a benevolent disposition of heart1 than the greatest capacity without it4 ,he has1 as it were1 a spirit within him1 that guides him2 the habit of his mind is attended with a taste by which he immediately relishes that air and mien which is benevolent1 and disrelishes the contrary1 and causes him to distinguish between one and the other in a moment1 more precisely1 than the most accurate reasonings can find out in many hours4 ,as the nature and inward tendency of a stone1 or other heavy body1 that is let fall from aloft1 shows the way to the center of the earth more exactly in an instant than the ablest mathematician1 without it1 could determine1 by his most accurate observations1 in a whole day4 ,thus it is that a spiritual disposition and taste teaches and guides a man in his behavior in the world4 ,so an eminently humble1 or meek1 or charitable disposition1 will direct a person of mean capacity to such a behavior1 as is agreeable to ,christian rules of humility1 meekness and charity1 far more readily and precisely than the most diligent study and elaborate reasonings of a man of the strongest faculties1 who has not a ,christian spirit within him4 ,so also will a spirit of love to ,god1 and holy fear and reverence toward ,god1 and filial confidence in ,god1 and an heavenly disposition1 teach and guide a man in his behavior4 ,it is an exceedingly difficult thing for a wicked man1 destitute of ,christian principles in his heart to guide him1 to know how to demean himself like a ,christian1 with the life and beauty1 and heavenly sweetness of a truly holy1 humble1 ,christ-like behavior4 ,he knows not how to put on these garments2 neither do they fit him4 ,the saints in thus judging of actions by a spiritual taste1 have not a particular recourse to express rules of ,god's word1 with respect to every word and action that is before them1 the good or evil of which they thus judge3 ,but yet their taste itself1 in general1 is subject to the rule of ,god's word1 and must be tried by that1 and a right reasoning upon it4 ,as a man of a rectified palate judges of particular morsels by his taste2 but yet his palate itself must be judged of1 whether it be right or no1 by certain rules and reasons4 ,but a spiritual taste of soul mightily helps the soul in its reasonings on the word of ,god1 and in judging the true meaning of its rules3 ,as it removes the prejudices of a depraved appetite1 and naturally leads the thoughts in the right channel1 casts a light on the word of ,god1 and causes the true meaning1 most naturally1 to come to mind1 through the harmony there is between the disposition and relish of a sanctified soul1 and the true meaning of the rules of ,god's word4 ,yea1 this harmony tends to bring the texts themselves to mind1 on proper occasions2 as the particular state of the stomach and palate tends to bring particular meats and drinks to mind1 as are agreeable to that state4 8,thus the children of ,god are led by the ,spirit of ,god0 in judging of actions themselves1 and in their meditations upon1 and judging of1 and applying the rules of ,god's holy word3 ,and so ,god 8teaches them his statutes and causes them to understand the way of his precepts20 which the ,psalmist so often prays for4 ,but this leading of the spirit is a thing exceedingly diverse from that which some call so2 which consists not in teaching them ,god's statutes and precepts1 that he has already given2 but in giving them new precepts by immediate inward speech or suggestion1 and has in it no tasting the true excellency of things1 or judging or discerning the nature of things at all4 ,they do not determine what is the will of ,god by any taste or relish1 or any manner of judging of the nature of things1 but by an immediate dictate concerning the thing to be done2 there is no such thing as judgment or wisdom in the case4 ,whereas1 in that leading of the spirit which is peculiar to ,god's children1 is imparted that true wisdom and holy discretion1 so often spoken of in the word of ,god2 which is high above the other way1 as the stars are higher than a glow worm2 and that which ,balaam and ,saul 7who sometimes were led by the spirit in that other way7 never had1 and no natural man can have without a change of nature4 ,end of ,required ,reading for ,october1 #ahhc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,man is only a reed1 the weakest plant of nature1 but he is a thinking reed4 ,it is not necessary that the whole universe should be in arms to crush him4 ,a vapor1 a drop of water is sufficient to put him out of existence4 ,but even though the universe could crush him to atoms1 man would still be more noble than that which kills him1 because he is conscious that he is dying1 and of the advantage which the universe has over him2 the universe knows nothing4--,pascal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nothing is so dangerous as an ignorant friend2 a wise enemy is worth much more4--,la ,fontaine4 ,,where ,,lies ,,the ,,music8 ,by ,,alice ,c4 ,,jennings4 ,when ,paganini once rose to amuse a crowded auditory with his music1 he found that his violin had been removed1 and a coarser instrument substituted for it4 ,explaining the trick1 he said to the audience1 8,now ,i will show you that the music is not in my violin1 but in me40--,,chautauquan for ,december1 #ahhb4 ,an artist once1 whose magic could command ,that sound its deepest secrets should unfold1 ,had found his instrument by evil hand ,exchanged for one of meaner1 coarser mould4 ,yet1 like the clashing tongue of vibrant bells1 ,the hindrance but a greater power revealed4 8,see1 ,i will show thee that the music dwells ,in me1 and not the instrument ,i wield40 ,he turns1 and sweetly1 grandly1 at his call1 ,the violin its richest music flings4 ,the instrument is naught--the player all-- ,the power is in the touch1 and not the strings4 ,a coarse1 rude instrument1 this world1 at best3 ,its strings made tense by selfishness and pride2 ,if by its discords music be expressed1 ,the music in our fingers must reside4 ,remember this3 in tune keep heart and hand1 ,and to earth's music thou shalt hold the key1 ,and from its discords sweetest tones command1 ,unknown and unimagined1 save by thee4 ,,waverley ,,novels4 ,by ,,wallace ,,bruce4 ,when ,walter ,scott1 one morning before breakfast1 while looking for fishing-tackle1 came upon his long neglected manuscript of ,waverley1 and decided to publish it1 he baited his hook1 so to speak1 with a plump literary angle-worm1 and carefully concealing himself1 dropped it cautiously into one of the quiet and almost stagnant pools which here and there break the flow of the eighteenth century4 ,not to carry the figure further he wakes up one morning to find the 8,author of ,waverley0 famous2 but no one knew who the 8,author of ,waverley0 was4 ,romances1 relating alike to the history of ,scotland1 ,england1 ,france1 ,switzerland and ,palestine1 covering a wide range of life and character1 with a varied record of eight hundred years1 followed each other so rapidly that the reading world opened its eyes in wonder1 until the 8great unknown0 was finally regarded the 8great magician40 ,his books1 as they came wet from the press1 were literally devoured by the story-loving people of ,england and ,scotland2 and packages1 shipped across the ,atlantic1 were regarded the most valuable part of the cargo4 ,i have heard elderly people of ,new ,england speak of anxiously waiting for the next ship which was to bring to their hands a new novel by the 8,author of ,waverley40 ,never before had the pen of any man awakened such responsive interest in his own generation4 ,the publication of ,waverley marked a new era in romantic literature4 ,during the eighty years that have followed that publication mankind has had its hopes1 longings1 ambitions and jealousies mirrored in works of fiction4 ,hundreds1 ay1 thousands of novels--most of them unworthy of their high lineage--have contended with each other for the world's approbation2 writers without number have flooded the century with romance2 but through all these years ,walter ,scott stands the acknowledged master1 the purest-hearted1 the noblest-minded of them all2 the man who could say upon his death-bed3 8,i have not written one line which ,i would wish blotted40 ,no words of re-invitation are necessary to those who have once read the pages of ,sir ,walter1 but it will be a 8consummation devoutly to be wished0 if ,i can turn the coming generation of your readers away from the sickly sentiment of the day to the works of him1 whose influence1 like that of ,king ,arthur of the ,round ,table1 inspires the soul with 8,high thoughts and amiable words1 ,and courtliness1 and the desire of fame1 ,and love of truth1 and all that makes a man40 ,some years ago1 while preparing a lecture on 8,the ,landmarks of ,scott10 ,i found myself confronted with twenty-six novels and five well-known poems1 besides innumerable essays and histories1 all demanding at least a passing word4 ,i saw that two minutes devoted to each would more than fill my lecture hour1 and leave no room for the frame-work1 viz3 ,loch ,katrine1 ,loch ,lomond1 the ,trosachs1 ,melrose1 ,edinboro1 the ,yarrow1 the ,ettrick1 the ,tweed1 and the ,border ,country1 where the ,percy and the ,douglas fought4 ,it then occurred to me that ,scott had unconsciously prepared a panoramic history of ,europe from the time of the ,crusades to the year #ahab4 ,acting upon this suggestion ,i examined the novels and poems and found to my great delight1 that with here and there an absent link of fifty or a hundred years the chain was almost perfect4 ,i condensed the prominent features of eight hundred years1 tracing their connection with ,scott's graphic pictures into a pen-sketch of ten minutes1 and ,i have been gratified to see that this idea of chronological order has been recently followed by one of the leading ,new ,york publishers4 ,it is my object in a series of articles to elaborate this historical sequence from the time of 8,count ,robert of ,paris0 7#ajid7 down to 8,st4 ,ronan's ,well0 7#ahab71 and to point out in passing some of the beauties of the great author4 ,if the reader of these articles will follow with me the romances to which ,i refer1 ,i think he will say1 at the close of the series1 that he has found in the ,waverley ,novels a vivid picture of the events and customs of ,europe1 from the days of the crusades down to a time within the memory of men still living4 ,m4 ,augustin ,thierry1 one of the most philosophical essayists of ,france1 has eloquently said3 8,there are scenes of such simplicity1 of such living truth1 to be found1 that notwithstanding the distance of the period in which the author places himself1 they can be realized without effort4 ,it is because in the midst of the world which no longer exists1 ,walter ,scott always places the world which does1 and always will exist2 that is to say1 human nature1 of which he knows all the secrets4 ,everything peculiar to the time and place1 the exterior of men1 and aspect of the country and of the habitations1 costumes and manners1 are described with the most minute truthfulness2 and yet the immense erudition1 which has furnished so many details1 is nowhere to be perceived4 ,walter ,scott seems to have for the past that second sight1 which1 in times of ignorance1 men attributed to themselves for the future4 ,to say that there is more real history in his novels on ,scotland and ,england than in the philosophically false compilations1 which still possess that great name1 is not advancing anything strange in the eyes of those who have read and understood 8,old ,mortality10 8,waverley10 8,rob ,roy10 the 0,fortunes of ,nigel10 and the 8,heart of ,mid ,lothian40 ,allison says in his essay on ,chateaubriand1 published in ,blackwood's ,magazine1 ,march1 #ahcb3 8,we feel in ,scott's characters that it is not romance1 but real life which is represented4 ,every word that is said1 especially in the ,scotch novels1 is nature itself4 ,homer1 ,cervantes1 ,shakspere1 and ,scott1 alone have penetrated to the deep substratum of character1 which1 however disguised by the varieties of climate and government1 is at bottom everywhere the same2 and thence they have found a responsive echo in every human heart4 ,he has carried romance out of the region of imagination and sensibility into the walks of actual life4 ,he has combined historical accuracy and romantic adventure with the interest of tragic events2 we live with the heroes1 and princes1 and paladins of former times1 as with our own contemporaries2 and acquire from the splendid coloring of his pencil such a vivid conception of the manners and pomp of the feudal ages1 that we confound them1 in our recollections1 with the scenes which we ourselves have witnessed4 ,the splendor of their tournaments1 the magnificence of their dress1 the glancing of their arms1 their haughty manners1 daring courage1 and knightly courtesy2 the shock of their battle-steeds1 the splintering of their lances1 the conflagration of their castles1 are brought before our eyes in such vivid colors1 that we are at once transported to the age of ,richard and ,saladin1 of ,charles the ,bold and ,philip ,augustus40 ,the four novels1 which deal with the history of the ,crusades1 are 8,count ,robert of ,paris10 8,the ,betrothed10 8,the ,talisman10 and 8,ivanhoe40 ,it is a singular fact that the one occupying the first place in chronological order was written last1 and hardly completed by the author when he died4 8,ivanhoe0 is1 without doubt1 the great favorite4 ,i have often thought that 8,ivanhoe0 bears the same relation to ,scott's novels that 8,the ,merchant of ,venice0 does to the dramas of ,shakspere4 8,old ,mortality10 and 8,hamlet10 may show deeper insight2 but neither ,scott nor ,shakspere ever surpassed the two ,i have associated in dramatic interest4 ,the three novels which precede 8,ivanhoe0 in point of time will give us a complete knowledge of the times and manners of the ,crusades1 and lead us1 as it were1 from one picture-gallery to another1 until we come to the master-piece of the great artist4 8,count ,robert of ,paris0 opens with a description of the court of ,alexius ,commenus--a wily monarch1 who had ample need of all his strategy in dealing with foes that menaced him from every side3 the ,franks from the west1 the ,turks from the east1 the ,scythians from the north1 the ,saracens from the south4 ,the wealthy city on the ,bosphorous1 enriched by the spoils of nations1 whose golden gate symbolized the wealth and magnificence of seven hundred years of prosperity1 was on the great highway of travel1 where1 so to speak1 the 8cross-roads0 of ,europe met1 and presented a tempting prize to the restless and barbarous hordes from the shores of the ,caspian to the ,german ,ocean4 8,the superb successor of the earth's mistress10 decked in borrowed splendor1 gave early intimations of that speedy decay to which the whole civilized world1 then limited within the ,roman ,empire1 was internally and imperceptibly tending4 ,intrigue and corruption in the palace had compelled the ,greek sovereigns of ,constantinople1 for many years1 to procure foreign soldiers to quell insurrections and defend any traitorous attempt on the imperial person4 ,these were known as ,verangians--a word signifying barbarians--and formed a corps of satellites more distinguished for valor than the famed ,prtorian ,bands of ,rome4 ,the second chapter of the book reveals the hatred and jealousy existing between these foreign soldiers and the crafty civilians4 ,the ,verangian1 to whom the reader is introduced1 is an ,anglo-,saxon too proud to bow his head to a ,norman conqueror1 a wanderer from his father-land1 a soldier in search of better fortune1 soon to discover by lucky chance among the crusaders the fair ,bertha of his early love4 ,upon this slender thread the novelist hangs the romantic elements of the story4 ,but ,count ,robert of ,paris is in no sense a love drama2 in fact it can hardly be termed a romance4 ,it is rather a historic sketch1 placing in sharp contrast the wild enthusiasm of western ,europe1 her castles of rude masonry1 her mud hovels1 her rude simplicity1 with the over-refined manners and tapestried chambers of the eastern court hastening to its decay4 ,it is living ,europe confronting the dead centuries4 ,the third chapter introduces us to a richly furnished drawing room1 where the ,princess ,anna ,commena--the first lady historian--sits reading to a sleepy group her prolix history of the glory of her father's reign4 ,at this gathering ,scott brings together with great art all the leading actors of the drama2 the ,emperor ,alexius and his wife ,irene2 ,nicepherous ,briennius1 the intriguing son-in-law1 husband of the fair historian2 the crafty philosopher ,agelastes2 ,achilles ,tatius1 master of the guards1 and the faithful ,verangian4 ,this is the real commencement of the story1 and to this gathering the news is announced of another body of the great ,crusade1 consisting not of the ignorant or of the fanatical like those led on by ,peter the ,hermit1 but an army of lords and nobles marshaled by kings and emperors4 ,against this mass of steel-clad warriors the ,east had no power to oppose save the inherent cunning and strategy of ,commenus4 ,craft and wealth meet stupidity and avarice4 ,the more powerful chiefs of the ,crusades are loaded with presents1 feasted by the emperor with the richest delicacies1 and their thirst slaked with iced wine2 while their followers are left at a distance in malarial districts1 and intentionally supplied with adulterated flour1 tainted provisions1 and bad water4 ,neglected by friends and insulted by foes1 they contracted diseases and died in great numbers 8without having once seen a foot of the ,holy ,land1 for the recovery of which they had abandoned their peace1 their competence1 and their native country4 ,their misfortunes were imputed to their own wilfulness1 and their sickness to the vehemence of their own appetites for raw fruits and unripened wines40 ,by promises of wealth and long-practiced arts of diplomacy1 the ,emperor ,commenus at last even induces the leaders of the crusade individually to acknowledge him--the ,grecian ,emperor--originally lord paramount of all these regions1 as their liege lord and suzerain4 ,scott takes advantage of this historical fact to draw one of his matchless pictures1 which in color and incident rivals the best pages of his more dramatic romances2 and it is here that ,count ,robert1 when the emperor left his throne for a single moment1 dismounted from his horse1 took the seat of royal purple1 and indolently began to caress a large wolf-hound1 which had followed him1 and which1 feeling as much at ease as his master1 reposed its grim form on the carpets of gold and silk damask which tapestried the imperial footstool4 ,it was a picture of modern liberty looking worn-out despotism in the face4 ,that sublime audacity revealed the mettle of the race which was to make individual conscience supreme2 and his haughty and fearless speech was the prologue of ,magna ,charta1 the ,bill of ,rights1 and the ,declaration of ,independence4 ,we must pass over the meeting in the garden of ,agesilaus1 the entertainment at the palace1 the drugged cup1 the dungeon experience of the count1 and his miraculous release1 the fortitude and virtue of his ,countess ,brenhilda1 the meeting of the ,verangian with ,bertha in the garden of the philosopher1 the treachery of ,briennius1 his imprisonment and death-decree1 and many other incidents of interest1 for the remaining space of this article must be given to a brief consideration of 8,the ,betrothed20 but the reader will be happy to know that1 after the conquest of ,jerusalem1 ,count ,robert of ,paris returned to ,constantinople en route to his native kingdom4 ,upon reaching ,italy the marriage of the ,verangian and ,bertha was celebrated in princely style2 and on his return to ,england a large district1 adjacent to the ,new ,forest1 near the home of his ancestors1 was conferred upon him by ,william ,rufus1 where it is presumed they spent their declining years in peace and happiness4 8,the ,betrothed0 opens with the year #aahg--the time of the ,third ,crusade--when ,baldwin1 ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 preached the crusade from castle to castle1 from town to town1 awaking the inmost valleys of his native ,cambria with the call to arms for the recovery of the ,holy ,sepulcher4 ,as a connecting link between the stories we will say that the soldiers of the ,first ,crusade1 after years of hardship and suffering1 at last accomplished their vows4 ,antioch and ,jerusalem yielded to their arms1 the ,holy ,sepulcher was redeemed from infidels4 ,those who returned to their homes recounted their triumphs1 and all ,europe was aglow with new zeal4 ,forty-five years later1 in the year #aadb1 a ,second ,crusade was organized against the impending dangers which threatened ,palestine and ,jerusalem4 ,the warlike ,west was again in arms2 but this crusade was more unfortunate than the first4 ,the crusaders were again compelled to endure the outrages and perfidies of the ,greek4 ,as in the ,first ,crusade1 the ,christian armies dragged in their train a great number of children1 women1 and old men1 who could do nothing toward victory but greatly augmented the disaster of defeat4 ,the piety and heroism of the ,first ,crusade had degenerated into a love of show and military splendor4 8,that which was still more injurious to discipline10 to quote from the admirable 8,history of the ,crusades10 by ,j4 ,f4 ,michaud1 8was the depravity of manners in the ,christian army1 which must be principally attributed to the great number of women that had taken arms and mixed in the ranks of the soldiery4 ,in this crusade there was a troop of ,amazons1 commanded by a general1 whose dress was much more admired than her courage10 and whose gilded boots procured her a name which we will not copy from the historian's pages4 ,forty years of struggle pass away in ,palestine1 and at the time of the opening of our story ,henry the ,second of ,england1 ,richard the ,first1 and ,philip of ,france1 determine on renewing the ,holy ,war4 ,moved by the eloquence and enthusiasm of ,baldwin1 there is a general cessation of hostilities between the ,welsh princes and their warlike neighbors on the ,marches of ,england4 ,but one castle1 known as the ,garde ,doloureuse1 was not so fortunate4 ,its owner was ,raymond ,berenger4 ,the hand of his daughter was asked in marriage by one of the ,welsh chieftains4 ,the compliment was declined4 ,raymond ,berenger1 in accordance with a rash promise1 gave battle upon the plain and was slain4 ,the castle was assaulted1 but faithfully defended by an honest ,fleming1 inspired by the heroism of the orphaned daughter4 ,before the battle1 ,scott gives us a fine picture of the ,welsh bards1 and an admirable idea of life in the mountain fastnesses of ,wales4 ,his description of the defense of the castle is so graphic that we seem to walk the ramparts with the soldiers1 and listen to the counsel of its defenders4 ,hugo ,de ,lacy1 ,constable of ,chester1 arrives in time to raise the siege of the castle1 and at once lays siege to the heart of the fair ,eveline1 to whom it seems she had been promised1 when a child1 by her father4 ,from a sense of duty1 rather than love1 she accepts his proposal4 ,she visits her ,saxon aunt--a cruel and demented relic of the house of ,baldringham2 and is compelled to sleep in a haunted chamber1 known as the 8,room of the ,red ,finger40 ,the picture of ,saxon life here presented is in strong contrast with the life of the ,norman nobles4 ,the century that had followed the ,norman invasion of ,england had irritated wounded pride4 ,overcome by superstition and terror1 ,eveline sees in her dreams the spectre1 and hears the fatal couplet1 which gives name to the romance3 8,widowed wife and married maid1 ,betrothed1 betrayer1 and betrayed40 ,eveline goes from her aunt's to the abbess of a convent1 a near relative1 and ,hugo ,de ,lacy1 having signified his intention of going to the ,holy ,land1 asks a remission of his vow for two years2 but the rigid prelate ,baldwin was inexorable3 8,the advancement of the crusade was the chief business of ,baldwin's life1 and the liberation of the ,holy ,sepulcher from the infidels was the unfeigned object of all his exertions4 ,the successor of the celebrated ,becket had neither the extensive views1 nor the aspiring spirit of that redoubted personage2 but on the other hand1 saint as the latter had become1 it may be questioned whether1 in his professions for the weal of christendom1 he was half so sincere as was the present archbishop40 ,the interview between ,de ,lacy and ,baldwin shows the great power of the ,church in the eleventh and twelfth centuries4 ,he was compelled to leave ,eveline before wedlock had united them indissolubly1 and the first line of the couplet3 8,widowed wife and married maid10 seemed already in the course of fulfillment4 ,hugo de ,lacy sets sail for ,palestine with these good-by words3 8,if ,i appear not when three years are elapsed let the ,lady ,eveline conclude that the grave holds ,de ,lacy1 and seek out for her mate some happier man4 ,she can not find one more grateful1 though there are many who better deserve her40 ,eveline returns to the castle of her father2 the care of the country against ,welsh invasion is assigned to ,damian de ,lacy1 who had already by acts of bravery won the esteem of ,eveline4 ,the days and months of indolent castle life wear slowly away1 with the occasional visit of a strolling harper1 or a hawking expedition near the castle1 which ,scott1 with his love for out-door amusements1 enters into with apparent relish4 ,on one of these excursions ,eveline is made prisoner by a party of ,welsh soldiers1 and she is led away blindfolded through the recesses of the hills4 ,she is rescued by ,damian de ,lacy1 who however is seriously wounded1 and taken against the advice of friends to the castle4 ,unfounded rumors poison the minds of the people1 the castle is attacked by the king's forces1 led on by a traitor of ,hugo's family4 ,damian is taken prisoner and condemned to death4 ,more than three years had passed away1 and now ,hugo returns in poverty1 and completely broken in spirit4 ,damian is released1 and ,hugo waives his claim to the hand of ,eveline1 and ,damian wins one of the noblest women that ,scott has made immortal in the world4 ,so much for the brief outline of the story1 which reveals the manner of life on the ,welsh borders during the time of the ,third ,crusade4 ,the two novels which follow1 8,the ,talisman0 and 8,ivanhoe10 portray even in more vivid colors the sufferings of the crusaders in ,palestine1 and the every day life of ,merrie ,england4 ,,the ,,ivy4 ,by ,,henry ,,burton4 ,pushing the clods of earth aside1 ,leaving the dark where foul things hide1 ,spreading its leaves to the summer sun1 ,bondage ended1 freedom won2 ,so1 my soul1 like the ivy be1 ,rise1 for the sunshine calls for thee6 ,climbing up as the seasons go1 ,looking down upon things below1 ,twining itself in the branches high1 ,as if the frail thing owned the sky2 ,so1 my soul1 like the ivy be1 ,heaven1 not earth1 is the place for thee4 ,wrapping itself round the giant oak1 ,hiding itself from the tempest's stroke2 ,strong and brave is the fragile thing1 ,for it knows one secret1 how to cling3 ,so1 my soul1 there's strength for thee1 ,hear the ,mighty ,one1 8,lean on me60 ,green are its leaves when the world is white1 ,for the ivy sings through the frosty night2 ,keeping the hearts of oak awake1 ,till the flowers shall bloom and the spring shall break2 ,so1 my soul1 through the winter's rain1 ,sing the sunshine back again4 ,opening its green and fluttering breast1 ,giving the timid birds a nest2 ,coming out from the winter wild1 ,to make a wreath for the ,holy ,child2 ,so let my life like the ivy be1 ,a help to man and a wreath for ,thee6 --,good ,words4 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,commencement4,a ,,class ,,of #ahhc4 ,a special dispensation of weather seemed to have been prepared for the accommodation of the second graduating class of the ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle on ,saturday4 ,a bright warm day was benevolently shaded and cooled by nature's great sunshade of cloud during all the out-door exercises1 and promptly upon the entry of the multitude under the cover of the ,amphitheater it began to rain to still further cool the air4 ,everything was opportune1 and the surroundings faultless4 ,the management terrestrial was equally good4 ,there were four different processions1 in five divisions1 moving from different rendezvous in the grounds and converging and articulating with each other4 ,each of them started on time 8to a tick10 got to and dropped into place1 and everything moved with the smoothness and precision of a well-adjusted machine4 ,the program1 as prepared1 was carried out to the letter and second4 ,the attendance was as immense1 the feeling as good as the day and management4 ,the unprecedented crowd of the night before was augmented in the morning by boat-loads and train-loads1 and when the signal-bells for beginning the day's movement sounded the avenues were thronged4 ,punctually at the hour the 8,guard of the ,gate10 ,h4 ,s4 ,field1 ,j4 ,j4 ,covert1 ,miss ,e4 ,e4 ,tuttle1 ,w4 ,h4 ,rogers1 ,charles ,b4 ,wood1 ,s4 ,j4 ,m4 ,eaton1 ,miss ,myrtie ,hudson1 ,a4 ,m4 ,martin1 ,j4 ,g4 ,allen1 ,a4 ,m4 ,mattison1 and the 8,guard of the ,grove10 ,miss ,annie ,e4 ,wilcox1 ,a4 ,wilder1 ,miss ,m4 ,f4 ,wells1 ,miss ,e4 ,irvin1 ,miss ,eleanor ,o',connell1 ,e4 ,c4 ,norton1 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,howe1 ,de ,forest ,temple1 ,mrs4 ,isaiah ,golding1 ,george ,seebrick1 in charge of ,marshal ,s4 ,j4 ,m4 ,eaton1 formed at the cottage of ,lewis ,miller 7,auditorium71 the right resting on ,hedding ,avenue4 ,the keys of the ,golden ,gate having been delivered by ,president ,miller to the ,messenger1 ,rev4 ,a4 ,h4 ,gillet1 the division marched up ,hedding ,avenue to ,clark1 and out ,clark to the ,hall of ,philosophy1 and were distributed to their proper positions in charge of the inclosure of ,st4 ,paul's ,grove4 ,the second division1 consisting of fifty-two little girls1 the youngest1 ,jennie ,templeton1 four years of age1 heading the procession1 beautifully garlanded and bearing artistic baskets laden with flowers to their very brim1 conducted by ,mrs4 ,frank ,beard1 superintendent1 assisted by ,miss ,m4 ,e4 ,bemis1 ,miss ,minnie ,barney1 ,messrs4 ,garret ,e4 ,ryckman1 and ,w4 ,h4 ,burroughs1 and ,miss ,blanche ,shove1 was formed at the ,children's ,temple1 the right resting on ,clark ,avenue4 ,the 8,society of the ,hall in the ,grove10 7the graduates of the class of #ahhb1 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c47 were thus escorted by this beautiful company of prospective ,chautauquans through ,clark ,avenue to ,hedding1 down ,hedding to ,simpson1 through ,simpson to ,park ,athenum1 through ,park ,athenum to ,lake ,avenue1 to ,dr4 ,vincent's cottage4 ,the sixth division1 consisting of the graduates of the class of #ahhc1 and the graduates of the class of #ahhb1 who had not last year passed through the ,golden ,gate1 and under the ,arches1 met at the gate of ,st4 ,paul's ,grove1 on ,merrill ,avenue1 each provided with a ticket1 a garnet badge1 and a copy of the commencement service4 ,a portion of the ,guard of the ,grove stood within the gate1 and a portion stood in waiting without4 ,the ,messenger stood at the portal1 holding the keys of the gate4 ,the ,guard of the ,gate took their places in order1 near the ,messenger1 while the leaders of the graduating class1 ,rev4 ,h4 ,c4 ,farrar1 chairman1 and ,rev4 ,george ,c4 ,wilding1 took their stations1 one on the right and the other on the left of the gateway1 that at a given signal the class might read responsively the form of service provided4 ,the classes were arranged in parallel columns stretching from the portal itself to the middle of ,miller ,avenue1 a block and a half4 ,at precisely #i3de the ,chautauqua ,band1 headed by ,frank ,wright1 ,marshal1 marching up ,lake ,avenue1 reached the cottage of ,dr4 ,vincent4 ,here the banner of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 with the 8,guard of the ,banner10 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,bailey and ,mrs4 ,delos ,hatch1 were escorted to their places in the line4 ,four little children1 ,chippie ,firestone1 ,edna ,mc,clellan1 ,nellie ,mallory and ,bobbie ,davenport were conducted to their places as 8streamer bearers10 while the beautiful fabric itself was borne by ,mr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,h4 ,massey and ,mr4 ,will ,butler4 ,the ,superintendent of ,instruction1 ,dr4 ,vincent1 took his place in the line4 ,the procession took its order of march1 moving through ,lake ,avenue to ,haven ,avenue1 and up ,haven to the ,hall of ,philosophy1 which it entered1 and the band departed to escort thither 8,the ,chautauqua ,procession40 7,division ,v47 ,this division formed at the ,hotel ,athenum1 ,frank ,wright1 ,marshal1 the right resting on the north main front of the hotel1 in the following order3 ,band4 ,chautauqua ,board of ,trustees1 led by ,lewis ,miller1 ,esq41 ,president4 ,the ,faculty and ,students of the 8,chautauqua ,school of ,languages10 ,j4 ,h4 ,worman1 ,marshal4 ,the ,normal ,alumni1 carrying their banners for the various years since #ahgd1 ,frank ,beard1 ,marshal4 ,the members of the classes of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 for the years #ahhg1 #ahhf1 #ahhe1 #ahhd1 ,mr4 ,copeland1 ,marshal4 ,the guests of the ,assembly1 ,rev4 ,frank ,russell1 ,marshal4 ,the procession1 thus constituted1 moved at ten o'clock from the piazza of the ,hotel ,athenum1 across the north side of the ,park ,athenum1 to ,lake ,avenue1 out ,lake ,avenue to ,cookman ,avenue1 up ,cookman to ,clark1 halting on ,cookman1 the right resting on ,clark1 in open order1 the ,hall of ,philosophy being on its right flank4 ,at this time the entire neighborhood of the 8,hall in the ,grove0 was filled with interested crowds of spectators1 whose eyes saw for the second time the 8,recognition ,services0 of the immense class in the 8,people's ,university40 ,more than a hundred and fifty of the 8,society of the ,hall in the ,grove0 7graduates of the preceding year71 entered the ,hall1 and were seated in its western side4 ,precisely at ten o'clock1 as the booming of the great bell at the ,point indicated the hour1 the members of the ,class of #ahhc1 with such members of the ,class of #ahhb as had not last year passed the ,arches1 standing at the gate of ,st4 ,paul's ,grove1 read responsively the devotional services1 ,rev4 ,george ,c4 ,wilding acting as precentor of the first section1 and ,rev4 ,h4 ,c4 ,farrar as the precentor of the second section4 ,the 8,messenger10 ,rev4 ,a4 ,h4 ,gillet1 in slow and solemn utterance gave the announcement as follows3 ,i come to inform all candidates for enrollment in the 8,society of the ,hall in the ,grove0 that the hour appointed for your reception has arrived2 the ,hall has been set in order2 the ,path through the ,grove has been opened2 the ,arches under which you must pass have been erected2 the ,key which will open this ,gate has been placed in my hands4 ,and to you who1 as members of the ,,chautauqua ,,literary ,,and ,,scientific ,,circle1 have completed the four years' ,course of ,reading1 and now hold in your hands a pledge of the same1 ,i extend1 in the name of the authorities1 a welcome into ,st4 ,paul's ,grove1 under the ,first ,arch--and let the watchman guard carefully the ,gate4 ,after the announcement by the ,messenger1 he turned and opened the gate4 ,the first to enter was ,mr4 ,miner ,curtis1 an invalid1 borne in a wheeled carriage by the advance members of the class of '#hc1 and accompanied by his wife and son1 who were graduates of last year4 ,having entered the ,gate1 and the ,gate having been closed1 the class proceeded very slowly toward the ,hall1 passing the second and third ,arches4 ,as they walked up the beautifully decorated way1 the 8,choir of the ,hall in the ,grove0 stationed at the fourth ,arch1 and led by ,prof4 ,c4 ,c4 ,case1 sang 8,a ,song of ,to-day30 8,sing peans over the ,past6 ,we bury the dead years tenderly40 ,at the entrance to the ,hall stood the ,superintendent of ,instruction to welcome the coming class1 and as they passed by the ,arch nearest the ,hall1 the fifty-two little girls standing in double columns1 scattered the way of the coming graduates with the beauteous flowers1 emblematic of the flower-strewn paths of intellectual light which they may hope to tread in the coming years4 ,on entering the building the 8,society of the ,hall in the ,grove0 received their brothers and sisters with the most marked tokens of good cheer1 waving their handkerchiefs and vocally expressing the kindly feeling of the seniors of the year agone4 ,at precisely #aj3bj the 8,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,glee ,club10 ,prof4 ,w4 ,f4 ,sherwin1 conductor1 led the classes 7which filled the ,hall to repletion71 as they sang 8,a sound is thrilling thro' the trees ,and vibrant thro' the air40 ,after the reading of the responsive services came the 8,recognition10 by the ,superintendent of ,instruction1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1 as follows3 ,fellow ,students of the ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle of the ,class of #ahhc3 ,,dearly ,,beloved--,you have finished the appointed and accepted course of reading4 ,you have been admitted to this sacred ,grove4 ,you have passed the ,arches dedicated to 8,faith10 8,science10 8,literature0 and 8,art40 ,you have entered in due form this ,hall1 the center of the ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle2 and now1 as ,superintendent of ,instruction1 in behalf of my associates1 the counselors1 who are this day absent1 ,i greet you1 and hereby announce that you1 and your brothers and sisters absent from us this day1 who have completed with you the prescribed course of reading1 are accepted and approved graduates of the 8,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle10 and that you are entitled to membership in the 8,society of the ,hall in the ,grove40 ,the ,lord bless and keep thee2 the ,lord make his face to shine upon thee and be gracious unto thee2 the ,lord lift up his countenance upon thee1 and give thee peace4 ,i may say on behalf of the only counselor who is on the ground1 ,dr4 ,lyman ,abbott1 that his indisposition renders it unsafe for him to be here1 but at my cottage he will join the procession1 and go with you to the ,amphitheater4 ,we will now unite in singing 8,bright gleams again ,chautauqua's wave1 ,and green her forest arches40 ,during the singing of the ode1 according to the direction of the ,superintendent of ,instruction1 the class of #ahhb1 under the marshalship of ,w4 ,a4 ,duncan1 quietly marched from the ,hall in double column1 taking their position on ,haven1 ,clark1 and ,cookman avenues1 that the graduating class might pass through their ranks at the close of the service of recognition4 ,the ,superintendent of ,instruction1 ,dr4 ,vincent1 ,lewis ,miller1 the ,messenger1 the ,secretary of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 preceded by the children 7flower bearers7 and the ,banner of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 headed the procession1 which passed out of the south side of the ,hall1 around ,clark to ,cookman ,avenue1 and passed down through the opened ranks of the classes of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 from whom they received constant marks of recognition and affection1 the classes in some cases waving their ,chautauqua salute to the ,chief as he passed by4 ,when the head of the procession reached the cottage of ,dr4 ,vincent1 a halt was made for a few moments1 during which ,dr4 ,lyman ,abbott1 one of the counselors of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 and the orator of the day1 took his place in the ranks4 ,as the procession marched up the long walk to the north door of the ,amphitheater1 immense throngs filled all the available standing room on the slopes of the ravine1 and the 8,blooming of the ,lilies0 7the ,chautauqua salute7 was given by all the opened ranks of the classes as the head of the procession passed through4 ,the ,chautauqua ,band1 stationed at the entrance of the north gate1 discoursed sweet music during the passage of the long cortege4 ,all the officers1 invited guests1 members of the board of ,chautauqua trustees1 officers and members of the ,chautauqua ,school of ,languages1 the ,normal ,alumni1 and the various classes of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 passed into the great ,amphitheater1 when the ropes were dropped1 and sooner than we write it1 all the remaining seating space was filled to overflowing4 ,the platform was filled with distinguished ,chautauquans and others2 the organ gave forth its sweet harmonies under the manipulation of ,prof4 ,andrews2 the ,chautauqua ,banner of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 was stationed in full view of the vast throng2 and after the devotional exercises ,dr4 ,vincent introduced ,dr4 ,lyman ,abbott1 who delivered the ,commencement oration1 as follows3 ,,the ,,democracy ,,of ,,learning4 ,fellow ,chautauquans3--,i see in some of your eyes triumph4 ,you have run in four years a race with uncertainty whether you could ever reach the goal4 ,you have carried on your work under difficulties and discouragements1 such as are never known to him who has perfect and continual leisure for the pursuit of studies2 but in the midst of employments which were incessant and imperative in their demands upon you2 and your courage1 your patience1 your hope1 have vanquished the obstacles1 and you are here to-day to receive the outward sign and symbol of your inward victory4 ,in other eyes ,i see expectation4 ,you have commenced a course and you are hopeful of achieving a result1 which has been made possible to you within the last few years1 that the fruits and results of study might be yours though you could not give yourself to a life of study1 still less to the persistent and professional pursuit of scholarship4 ,in other eyes ,i see desire dimmed by fear and doubt2 you do not know whether this great realm is open to you or not2 you wish that you could be assured that it is4 ,is this all a mistake8 ,is your triumph a false one1 your expectation a delusive one1 your hope and your desire one impossible of attainment8 ,this is so asserted4 ,there are not a few in our times who are of the opinion that learning is of necessity only for the few1 or at all events if the many can enter a little upon the realm1 they must always live upon the border and never can enter into the heart of the country4 ,i desire1 if ,i may this morning1 to meet and to answer this objection of skepticism1 and to show that learning is within the possible reach to-day of the great body of industrious1 hard-working1 perplexed1 and driven people of ,america2 that it is not the privilege of the few2 that it is the prerogative of the many4 ,i desire to show you that we are entering into an epoch which ,i may call the 8,democracy of ,learning40 ,we have already entered into the epoch of democracy in religion4 ,the time has gone by1 at least for all ,protestant people1 of believing that religion is for the few1 or that even the higher and larger privileges of religious life are for the few4 ,it has been established for all those who believe in an open ,bible and in the universal religion of ,jesus ,christ that the innermost sanctuary of the temple is for every one4 ,the great wall that before separated the court of ,israel from the court of the priests has been broken down2 there is but one court4 ,the great veil that hung between the holy of holies and the court of the priests has been torn asunder1 and every one of us is not only priest but high-priest1 free to enter into the very holy of holies4 ,and we have entered into the epoch of democracy in public affairs4 ,the time has gone by when political power belonged to the few1 and political intelligence was believed to be the prerogative of the few4 ,we have come into an epoch in which political power is lodged in the hands of the great masses of the people2 and it is lodged there because we believe that1 on the whole1 political intelligence is lodged in the hands of the great masses of the people4 ,i desire to show you this morning that we are entering upon an epoch of the ,democracy of ,learning1 in which the highest and best fruits of scholarship are also the privilege and the prerogative of the many4 ,when we have entered upon that land1 then we shall be ready to enter upon the last and the completest phase of the triumphant democracy1 the ,democracy of ,industry4 ,then1 when intelligence shall be universally diffused1 and when all men shall have the power at least of acquiring the largest and the best and the ripest fruits of knowledge and of intelligence1 we shall come into that epoch in which no longer the few will control the industries of the many1 but in which industry will be the controlling power1 and wealth will be its servant4 ,i have a three-fold object this morning--,i desire in the first place to show you that the fruits of learning are fruits which hang on the lower boughs of the tree where we may all pluck them2 to show you not only that1 but that the ripest and the best fruits of learning hang there4 ,i desire to show you that it is not necessary that men should go through a college course and should have four years of leisure and of quiet for college study in order to reap the best fruits of a college education4 ,the process of investigation must always be carried on by the few4 ,the results of education may be1 yea6 are already becoming the property of the many4 ,only a few explorers can bear the perils of the ,arctic ,sea and investigate the mystery of the ,north ,pole2 but we can all have the fruits of their investigation4 ,only a few men can labor and toil in the great libraries searching out the course and progress of history and its sacred events1 but we can all have the garnered fruits of their toil and their industry4 ,not only may we pluck a single blossom1 and here and there a single half-ripened fruit from this tree2 but the ripest1 the best1 that which has hung the longest in the sun-light1 that whose cheeks are painted the most rosy red1 and whose heart has in it the most saccharine juice1 that is ready to-day to fall into our open palm if we will but extend it4 ,in endeavoring to show you this1 ,i shall also necessarily ask you to consider with me what are the ripest and best fruits of learning4 ,what is the object of education8 ,it is not an end1 it is a means to an end4 ,it is a great pity that our colleges do not understand this better2 for if they did better comprehend that education is a means1 and that the end lies behind1 fewer students would come out with empty diplomas when the college course is ended4 ,and incidentally ,i shall hope also to answer one argument which is sometimes used1 and oftener1 ,i think1 lies secretly in the minds of people1 against a popular and universal education4 ,some satirist has said that 8,ignorance is the mother of devotion40 ,if that were true1 we might well doubt whether universal education is worth the price we should have to pay for it4 ,if it were true that ,god held out in one hand devotion to us and in the other hand education1 and said1 8,you must choose between these two2 if you become educated you must be skeptical1 if you would be devoted you must remain ignorant0--it would be a difficult question for most of us to decide whether we would have intelligence without piety or piety without intelligence4 ,i shall show you that it is not learning1 but a little learning which is a dangerous thing2 and that if our work is thorough1 the broader the culture1 the profounder the piety4 ,for our purpose this morning1 learning may be divided into four provinces3 literature1 history1 science and philosophy1 to which must be added in any complete topography of the realm1 pure mathematics4 ,by pure mathematics ,i mean arithmetic1 algebra1 geometry1 logarithms1 the calculus and the like4 ,but pure mathematics is simply an instrument by which the scientific mind reaches certain results4 ,i shall not therefore consider this department at all2 it is not necessary for our purpose4 ,some one must look through the telescope1 some one must know how to use the spectroscope in order to tell us what is the size of the sun and its constituent elements2 but we do not need to examine the telescope or the spectroscope4 ,some one must be skilled in pure mathematics in order to tell us how many miles the sun is distant from our own earth1 but we may take the result without going through the process4 ,this instrument must always be left in the hand of the specialist4 ,i wish to show you that all that is best1 highest and most important in literature1 history1 science and philosophy lies within the power of your acquisition4 ,i wish to show you the spirit with which you must study1 and the purpose with which you must acquire it2 and ,i wish to show you that if you acquire in that spirit and with that purpose you can not but gain in your religious nature4 ,i4 ,in the first place1 then1 what is literature1 and why do we study it8 ,literature is the expression of human life1 in its innermost experiences1 and in its outward forms4 ,sometimes it is the expression of social life1 sometimes of the intellectual life1 sometimes of the emotional life2 but always and everywhere literature is a mirror held up either before society or before the human heart2 no1 not a mirror1 but the sensitized plate in a photographic apparatus2 and the picture1 now of society1 now of the brain1 now of the palpitating heart with its fears1 hopes1 joys and experiences1 is given upon the plate2 and literature is the picture brought out for us to examine4 ,to study literature is not to study language4 ,language is merely the instrument which we use for the study of literature4 ,to study literature is to study life--life in its outward semblance or life in its inward experiences4 ,it is to study the life of the community and of society as we study it in ,thackeray2 or it is to study the life of the brain and the thought as we study it in ,plato and ,bacon2 or it is to study the life of the inward emotions as we study it in ,tennyson or ,wordsworth4 ,now1 in order to study life as it is portrayed in literature it is not necessary to know the original language in which that life was portrayed4 ,some one must have studied the ,greek language in order to bring ,homer to our intelligence2 some one must have studied ,latin and brought ,horace within our horizon2 some one must have studied ,french and brought ,molire within our knowledge2 some one must have studied ,italian in order to introduce ,dante to our acquaintance2 but it is not necessary for us to do so4 ,some one must have taken the negative and printed the picture on the paper for us2 but we need not all be photographers in order to get the picture for our own enlightenment4 ,i hold a silver dollar in my hand4 ,some one must have gone to the mines and dug out the ore with a pick2 some one must have put it under the great stampers and beaten it out in the stamping mill2 some one must have put it in the sieve and shaken it and shaken it until the grosser dross was washed away2 some one must have put it into the furnace and heated it until the finer dross was eliminated2 some one must have carried it to the mint and put the stamp of the ,united ,states authority upon it2 but we need not all be miners digging in the mines2 we need not all be workers in the stamping mill2 we need not all be toilers in the furnace room2 we need not all be masters or mechanics in the mint4 ,the money was coined by those who have wrought for us1 and to whom our gratitude is due1 but the coin is ours2 it is not merely for those who worked in producing it4 ,i hold in my hand an extract from ,taine which expresses that which ,i desire to express better than ,i can perhaps express it myself4 ,let me read it3 8,what is your first remark on turning over the great leaves of a folio1 the yellow sheets of a manuscript1 a poem1 a code of laws1 a confession of faith8 ,this1 you say1 did not come into existence all alone1 it is but a mould like a fossil-shell1 an imprint1 like one of the shapes embossed in stone by an animal which lived and perished4 ,under the shell there was an animal2 and behind the document there was a man4 ,why do you study the shell1 except to bring before you the animal8 ,so you study the document only to know the man4 ,the shell and the document are lifeless wrecks1 valuable only as a clue to the entire and living existence4 ,we must get hold of this existence and endeavor to re-create it4 ,it is a mistake to study the document as if it were isolated4 ,this were to treat things as a simple scholar1 to fall into the error of the bibliomaniac40 ,you do not need to have traversed the ocean beach or climbed the mountain-top and gathered the shells2 you may go into the museum where they have already been gathered1 and study their history there4 ,you do not need1 with dictionary and grammar1 to work out the secrets of the language2 you may take the products of those who have thus wrought1 and learn the man that lies behind the document4 ,not only is it not necessary that a man should study language in order to study literature2 in innumerable cases the study of the language has absolutely interfered with the study of the literature4 ,in innumerable cases1 men at college have ground away1 day after day1 and month after month1 and year after year1 over cases and nouns and parts of speech1 and rules of syntax and rules of grammar--working only at the grammar1 and utterly oblivious of the great light that lay behind it4 ,mr4 ,adams1 of ,massachusetts1 has recently told us how hard a man may study ,greek and how little he may know of it after he gets through with it1 for he assures us that he does not know the ,greek alphabet to-day1 although he studied ,greek six years1 four years before college and two in it4 ,i confess ,i should not have thought it possible for a man to have studied so much and yet know so little when he got through2 but ,i am very certain of this1 that my own experience reflects the experience of many college students4 ,i learned more of ,homer--of his life1 of his character1 of the lessons he has to teach1 of the man himself--from reading in the 8,ancient ,classics for ,english ,readers10 the ,iliad and the ,odyssey1 and from reading ,bryant's translation1 than ,i ever received from reading ,homer himself in the original ,greek in my college class4 ,that which is highest1 and supremest1 and best in literature1 you may obtain without a college education4 ,you may learn the life1 you may learn the man1 you may learn the sacred truth2 and you can not do that without broadening your sympathies and developing your charity4 ,when you have read ,homer and ,virgil and ,horace2 when you have read ,dante and ,milton2 when you have read ,molire and ,shakspere2 when you have read ,wordsworth and ,tennyson1 and when1 out of all this reading1 you have gathered their fruits1 you will find this to be true1 that1 though you have one picture of ,greek life1 one of ,italian life1 one of ,french life1 one of ,english life1 one portraying the life of four centuries before ,christ1 and one portraying the life of eighteen centuries after2 yet in all these languages1 in all these epochs1 in all these civilizations the great heart of hope and joy and love and fear and reverence and faith was one4 ,and you will learn to know that humanity1 in all its nationalities1 in all its epochs1 in all its civilizations1--aye1 and under all the varied forms of its religions1 true and false--that humanity is one in all its brotherhood1 and one in its great ,father in heaven4 ,,ii4 ,what is the object of studying history8 ,what is history8 ,it is not a mere record of dates1 not the mere annals of actions1 not merely the account of what men have performed or what nations have wrought4 ,a man does not know history because he can recite glibly1 beginning with ,alfred the ,great and coming down to the present time1 the dates of the chief events and the chief epochs in ,english history4 ,history is the record of ,god's dealing with the human race4 ,history is the account of the great laws under which this human race has been evolved from its lowest condition to its highest condition4 ,as the tree grows from the seed planted in the ground--first the little bud peering above the surface1 then the stalk1 and then the branches1 and by and by the completed oak2 as the child grows from the babe in the cradle1 taking on one new faculty and one power after another till he comes into as yet incompleted manhood--for the completion of manhood lies afar off in the dim1 distant and invisible future--so the nations of the earth1 and so the whole race of man has been developed from the seed to the oak and from the babe in the cradle to manhood in its maturity2 and to read history is to read the process of this development4 ,what1 for example1 is ,english history8 ,to know ,english history is to know that in the ,bible1 way back years and years before the birth of ,christ--fourteen centuries before--were planted all the seeds of a free representative government2 to know that in the ,mosaic statutes is to be found the outline of a perfect political economy2 to know that the ,mosaic commonwealth had in it all the elements of those institutions which have made ,america a free nation2 popular suffrage1 representative assemblies1 political government divided into three departments1 executive1 legislative1 and judicial2 a carefully framed system of laws1 with a carefully framed system of penalties1 a universal system of education1 and a religion that was national4 ,to know history is to know that ,alfred the ,great was a devout believer in the ,bible as the word of ,god1 that he studied it and found in this ,old ,testament1 fourteen centuries before the birth of ,christ1 these seeds of a free government buried and forgotten4 ,it is to know that he gathered them out of this old book1 as men have gathered wheat seeds out of old mummies in the tombs of ,egypt1 and planted them in the more fertile soil of an ,anglo-,saxon community4 ,it is to know how the ,anglo-,saxon ,witenagemote grew to be an ,english ,parliament2 it is to know how the people came to be represented in it under ,simon de ,montfort2 and how they came to be supreme in it under ,charles the ,first1 and ,cromwell4 ,it is to know how the nation was at first a congeries of conflicting tribes1 partially brought together by ,alfred the ,great1 and consolidated together under one national sovereignty by ,william the ,conqueror1 and growing thence into unity under successive statesmen1 until these latter days1 when ,william ,gladstone1 the greatest statesman of them all1 is perfecting the ,christian unity of the empire by ,christian justice and equity4 ,it is to know how1 in the earlier history of this nation1 the ,pope of ,rome assumed authority and control over the nations4 ,it is to know how1 through the centuries1 the war went on between the ,anglo-,saxon love of liberty and this claim of the ,church of ,rome2 how it was begun under ,augustine1 continued under ,thomas ,becket1 brought to the beginning of the end under ,king ,henry the ,eighth1 until finally under ,elizabeth the bonds that bound ,england to ,rome were severed forever1 and ,england was made free from every foreign prince and potentate4 ,it is to know how this seed--the sovereignty of the people in the nation1 the sovereignty of the nation against the anarchy of feudalism1 and the liberty of the nation against the ,pope--grew into a tree1 as yet but a young sapling2 it is to know how then ,god carefully dug this sapling up1 and transported it three thousand miles across the ocean and planted it in the yet more fertile soil of ,america4 ,it is to know that because of the battle and bloodshed1 and the long suffering endured on that soil1 to-day there floats over us the banner of liberty and justice4 ,the seeds were there in that old ,bible1 the culture was there in that ,english history2 the fruit we rejoice in here to-day4 ,one does not need to work in the ,spanish libraries with ,prescott1 nor in the ,dutch libraries with ,motley1 nor among the old manuscripts of the ,british museum with ,froude1 nor among the pamphlets of ,english literature with ,macaulay1 in order to gather for himself these highest and supremest fruits of historical learning4 ,the processes of historical research must always be carried on by the few2 we must always have in this country some men who have leisure to pursue them4 ,alas for us1 if the time ever comes when we grow careless or indifferent respecting our colleges or universities1 and the kind of culture which they give2 but they give culture that the cultured may give us fruit4 ,the few garner2 the heaviest are for all4 ,nor is it possible for one thus to study the history of the human race1 to see how1 little by little1 liberty has grown1 education has grown1 humanity has grown1 and not grow himself in faith in an overruling ,providence1 and in hope in the ,supreme ,god4 ,as the broad1 comprehensive1 interior study of literature will give breadth of sympathy1 so the broad1 comprehensive1 and large study of history will give hope4 ,when the fog covers the ocean1 and the mariner befogged knows not where he is1 and can not tell whence his course has been1 nor where it shall be1 he sometimes goes aloft and from the top-mast1 looking above the fog1 discerns the coast in the distance and the entrance into the harbor4 ,in history we rise out of the fog that environs all in the lower level2 we look above the fog and over it1 and know then the courses we have traced1 and see the harbor and the haven not far before us4 ,,iii4 ,what is science1 and for what purpose do we study it8 ,i use1 of course1 the word science in its restricted sense1 meaning natural science4 ,for two purposes4 ,nature is a vast and wonderful machine2 its mechanism may well arouse both our astonishment and our admiration4 ,if you have a watch that keeps time so that it does not vary more than two or three minutes in a year you are proud of it1 and if you should by chance have a watch that did not vary more than one minute in a year you would be a remarkably humble man if you did not boast of it to your acquaintances4 ,but in the heavens the sun and the planets round it have been keeping time for the centuries1 and as yet astronomy has not detected an appreciable variation in its time4 ,what a wonderful mechanism is this6 ,if an inventor should construct a furnace which would keep us warm in winter and cool in summer1 no manufacturer would be able to supply the orders4 ,but you have within you a furnace such that although you may go from the land of the ,esquimaux with the thermometer #dj below zero1 to the tropics with the thermometer #aaj above zero1 this furnace does not allow the habitation in which you dwell to vary more than four or five degrees4 ,what a wonderful mechanism is this nature which we study6 ,and we study this mechanism partly that we may use it1 that we may lay hold on these great forces of nature and make them subservient to our will by understanding the laws which regulate and govern them4 ,but nature is more than a machine2 nature is also a book1 and a wonderful book1 written all over in hieroglyphics that require study for their apprehension4 ,it is more than a mechanism4 ,it is a revelation2 and it reveals wondrous things to him who knows how to read it aright4 ,edison and ,morse1 ,copernicus and ,newton--they have interpreted nature on the one side2 but ,wordsworth1 and ,longfellow1 and ,bryant--they have interpreted nature on the other1 and the one class of interpretations is as valuable as the other4 ,we study nature as a mechanism that we may know how to use it2 we study nature as a book that we may know how to read it4 ,now1 all that which is most valuable in nature1 as a mechanism1 we lay hold of and use without going through the labor necessary in the original examination by the first investigator4 ,we do not need to understand the laws of heat and steam to use them2 some one has learned the laws1 and has brought fire and water together and has pronounced a nuptial blessing over them1 and a child has been born of the marriage1 and we take steam for our slave without knowing the ritual which married the father and mother4 ,some one must have learned how to reach his hand to the cloud1 and bring down the electricity1 make it run our errands and serve the purpose of our illumination2 but we do not need to know the processes in order to sit under the light4 ,not only is it true that the mechanical uses that come from natural sciences we get without going through the processes1 but the literary and spiritual we get also4 ,others have been turning over the pages of this marvelous book and have been reading it to us1 and unconsciously1 unknowingly1 almost without the sense that we have been learning anything1 we have learned great lessons in this book of nature4 ,scientists on the one side and theologians on the other have put science and religion into antagonism with one another4 ,but they are sister teachers of the race2 science has received all its life from the late comprehended revelation of the first chapter of ,genesis that nature is man's servant1 not his god2 and theology has learned some of its profoundest lessons from the book of nature which science has interpreted4 ,consider for one moment what a fundamental religious lesson we have learned in the school-room of science almost without knowing that she was our teacher4 ,the ancient ,hebrews believed that ,palestine was the world2 all the rest was a mere outlying district environing it1 the back yard as it were4 ,the ,mediterranean was the ,great ,sea1 the little pond of ,galilee was the ,sea of ,galilee1 the sun and moon and stars were torches for man's illumination--that was their conception of the universe4 ,with that conception it is not strange that they had an equally insignificant and unworthy conception of the ,god of the world1 a conception against which the inspired writers were continually struggling1 and from which they were continually endeavoring to lift the people up4 ,when the ,philistines fought against the ,israelites and captured the ark of ,god they were in triumph4 8,we have captured ,god10 they thought2 and the ,israelites were almost equally in despair1 for they also half thought that ,jehovah had been carried off a prisoner4 ,now1 science1 even more than revelation1 has been enlarging our conceptions of this universe4 ,the ,holy ,land1 a province about as large as ,vermont1 is no longer the earth2 the ,atlantic and the ,pacific are the great seas2 this globe on which we live is but one of the smaller globes of the planetary system2 and the great planetary system itself is but a smaller one of the great planetary systems which are circling around some vast and distant sun4 ,science has taught us too that all this universe is linked together1 bound together by a common law1 bound together by a common order of phenomena4 ,it has investigated the sun and the stars1 it has analyzed their light1 it has shown us that the substances of these bodies are identical with the substances of ours4 ,it has taught us the unity of nature1 it has taught us the vastness of nature4 ,there are stars in the firmament which you can see with the naked eye1 on which if a man were standing with a telescope fine enough and powerful enough to see what is transpiring on this globe1 and should look through it to-day1 he would see not this congregation assembled under this roof1 but the first outbreaking of the revolution1 so long does it take light to traverse from our globe to the stars1 light that takes but eight minutes to travel from the sun to the earth4 ,there are stars so distant that he would see not ,chautauqua gathered here to-night1 but the crucifixion of ,christ taking place on the hill of ,calvary2 stars so distant1 that with a telescope powerful enough to carry the message of this world to his sight1 he would see ,abraham coming out of the land of his idolatry into the promised land2 stars so distant that he would see this earth first taking on its brightness in the birth-day of its glory4 ,so vast is our universe that the mind can not attempt to comprehend its majestic distances4 ,it is not theology1 it is not religion1 it is not even the ,bible that has unfolded this vastness2 it is science4 ,it is impossible that men who have once learned anything of this greatness of creation1 or anything of this unity of creation1 should ever bow down again before idols of wood and stone4 ,so long as men thought that the laws of the material universe were antagonistic and anarchic1 that the universe was made up of warring tribes and provinces1 so long it was not strange that they should worship many gods4 ,so long as they thought that it was a little province on which they lived1 the boundaries of which they could themselves measure with their tape-line1 they might well worship before images they had formed with their utterances or with their hands4 ,but to-day you might burn every ,bible in the land1 you might burn every church and ,sunday-school house1 you might put all the priests and ministers in ,america on the great bonfire1 and consume them as well1 and then you might erase from every mind every lesson that had been learned from church or ,sunday-school1 from priest or minister1 and this nation could not go back to idolatry1 unless it went back to the utter barbarism of utter ignorance4 ,that which is highest and supremest in science you can learn without becoming a scientist2 and you can not learn it without learning the large reverence that is the very foundation of religion4 ,,iv4 ,what is philosophy8 ,the study of philosophy is the study of the laws which govern the spiritual realm1 as the study of natural science is the study of the laws which govern the natural and the physical realm4 ,it is not studying ,hegel1 and ,kant1 and ,schleiermacher2 it is not studying ,hickock or ,hopkins2 it is not studying what philosophers have thought--they are the mere translators1 the mere 8ponies40 ,philosophy is the law of humanity1 either social or individual4 ,the study of philosophy is the study of the laws which ,god has ordained for the binding of men together into a common organism1 or for the government of their individual lives4 ,men believed that the foundation of the ,state was a compact1 and that each citizen gave up something of his rights for the common welfare2 they believed that the foundation of the ,nation was a compact in which each ,state gave up something which it had of right to secure the advantage of a commonwealth4 ,so believing1 they concluded that any ,state might withdraw from its allegiance1 and they might have easily concluded that any individual might withdraw from his allegiance4 ,it is only as we learned that we are born into the government and made a part of the ,state from the beginning by the ordinance of ,god1 that we have learned what is the bond that has bound the nation together4 ,revolting from the ,romish doctrine that marriage is a sacrament1 ,protestantism has been teaching for years that it is merely a civil contract4 ,we are reaping the result of this false teaching4 ,to-day in ,puritan ,connecticut1 the minister can not tie the marriage bond much faster than the courts across the street can dissolve it4 ,we have yet to learn that marriage is more than a civil contract1 that it is an ordinance of ,god2 that he who made man and woman made them that these twain should become one flesh1 and made the home to be the first ,church and the first ,state4 ,when we have learned that1 we shall have learned the foundation of the home as we have learned the foundation of the ,state4 ,to study philosophy is to study the laws which govern society in its organism4 ,all text-books are only instructions to teach us how to study life itself1 which is the great text-book4 ,to study philosophy is also to study the laws which govern the individual4 ,it is to know that ,god has made you body1 soul and spirit2 that he has given you a physical organism1 wonderful1 but simply a mechanism in your hands2 that he has given you a mental power wonderful in its reasoning qualities1 but with its partial parallels in the animals about you2 it is to know that far above the body and the mind is the spirit--reverence1 and love1 and hope1 and a living faith--that makes you one with ,god1 and that points you to your eternal habitation4 ,this it is to study mental and moral philosophy4 ,it is to know how to read the secrets of your own soul4 ,it is to know how to read the inner life of the souls of others4 ,books will help2 scholarship will help2 but the great book is the human soul1 and we need not have scholarship to read that book4 ,burns and ,shakspere were not great scholars2 but no scholar ever surpassed ,burns and ,shakspere in the reading of the human soul4 ,no one ever exerted so profound an influence on the life of humanity as ,jesus of ,nazareth4 ,you may think that ,jesus was simply a man2 you will not doubt that from the teachings of ,jesus have gone forth an influence greater by far than went forth from ,plato1 or ,socrates1 or ,confucius1 or ,buddha4 ,you may think with me that he was the ,son of ,god2 you surely will not doubt the potency of the influence that proceeded from the incarnate ,son of ,god4 ,jesus1 the son of the carpenter1 what did he know of literature1 of science1 of philosophy8 ,rather1 what knowledge did he employ8 ,he was thoroughly familiar with the literature of his day--that is1 the ,bible2 but he never displayed or employed any critical or literary knowledge respecting it4 ,he never discussed questions of authorship1 he never debated questions of origin or date1 he did not touch that which lay on the surface4 ,he read the interior and spiritual truth4 ,he saw in that which to their mind was a mere annal1 and a mere law the beating heart of the inspired prophet telling of ,god4 ,he tore off the wrapping and made the world see it4 ,he plucked from the psalm of ,david this bud1 8,the ,lord is my shepherd1 ,i shall not want10 and in his hand it blossomed into the parable of the ,good ,shepherd4 ,he plucked from the psalm of ,david this utterance1 8,like as a father pitieth his children10 and in his hand it blossomed into the parable of the ,prodigal ,son4 ,he knew the life back of literature4 ,he invented no machine1 gave no hint of any1 suggested no steam engine1 no steam boat1 no electric light4 ,what he knew ,i say not4 ,i may say what he used1 and knowledge of nature as a mechanism he never used2 but he looked into nature as a book1 read her teachings1 and interpreted them2 in the sower going forth to sow1 in the fisher gathering his fish from his net2 in the bird's song in the air he heard the sweet note of trust2 in the flowers blossoming from the ground he read the sweet promise of ,god's providing care4 ,things which men having eyes saw not and ears heard not be brought to their vision and their hearing4 ,he propounded no scheme of political philosophy1 none of psychology1 or theology1 but he taught that 8,one is your father1 even ,god in heaven1 and ye all are brethren20 and the great laws that are to bind together1 rather the one great law of order1 the law of love1 this law he expounded4 ,the son of the carpenter lived that he might teach1 among the other lessons1 this lesson of the democracy of learning2 that learning1 in its higher and more valued forms1 is for the mechanic busy at his bench1 for the smith grimy with toil at his forge1 for the mother busiest of all1 with hands and brain and heart filled with her children4 ,kings of the earth have fought that they might hold the power in their own hands1 and the many might be subject to them4 ,the people have risen1 and grown strong1 until at last they have trampled the king and the army under their feet1 and have rushed into the citadel and the palace and taken possession1 and the citadel of oppression and the palace of luxury have become the temple of liberty4 ,the priests have fought long that they might keep the people out of the temple and hold the mysteries of religion an exclusive possession4 ,but the people have surged up against the priests and trampled them under foot1 and occupied the temple of religion4 ,the temples of earning are open2 the kings of learning stand at the door1 and with their scepters beckon you to come and share their coronation and their crown4 ,the priests of learning bid you come1 that they may open to you the mysteries of literature4 ,for in the republic of letters there is no aristocracy but that of service4 ,and they only are great who have learned how best to serve their fellow-men4 ,the triumph that ,i read in your eyes is not a false triumph4 ,you have plucked the first fruits1 and all the other brightest and best are before you for your plucking4 ,the expectation that ,i read in your eyes is not a delusive expectation4 ,the fruit is yours4 ,the desire that ,i read in your eyes is not a cheating desire4 ,the aspiration that burns within you for learning may have its gratification4 ,you have no money8 ,literature is cheap4 ,you have no time8 ,you have as much time as ,schliemann had1 who stood in the long line before the postoffice and studied his ,greek while waiting for the letters4 ,you have as much time as ,mary ,somerville had1 who wrote the volume which gave her a princely reputation among astronomers1 while tending with motherly care the children in the nursery pulling at her skirts4 ,the forces of nature come out of the ground and offer themselves to you to do the drudgery which aforetime was left to human hands1 that you may have time to learn the truth of ,god1 and the works of ,god1 and the will of ,god4 ,we stand to-day on the mountain height4 ,we look just across the valley4 ,the ,jordan is no longer overflowing its banks1 but is a narrow and shallow stream4 ,the promised land lies there in all its richness and brilliance1 and ,god's providence utters its promise to us ,americans in this nineteenth century3 8,be strong and of good courage2 be not afraid1 neither be thou dismayed2 for the ,lord thy ,god has given thee this land for a possession forever40 99 99 99 99 99 ,another immense audience assembled in the ,amphitheater at two o'clock to listen to the addresses delivered to the graduating class by ,president ,lewis ,miller1 and ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent4 ,,address ,,of ,,president ,,lewis ,,miller4 ,chautauquans3--,in these days of popular education1 it may be profitable to examine the different sources of culture and development4 ,first among these are books--the treasures that lie hidden in them may well awaken our inquiry and admiration1 may well be worth the many hours of toil spent in preparing the mind1 so that it can converse with the masters of the past and present4 ,i do not wonder at hunger after the hidden treasures of books1 for in them are power1 wealth and pleasure4 ,we need but watch the interested audiences that gather in this ,amphitheater1 to realize the power there is in the rostrum1 how in all ages peoples have been confirmed or changed in their opinions by that mere persuasive power of words4 ,your mind now runs over the histories you have studied1 and you recall the orators who1 through the power of speech alone1 have revolutionized empires1 advanced or checked civilization4 ,what pleasure to the mind and heart1 to be able in our leisure hours to sit with ,herodotus1 ,macaulay1 ,motley1 ,bancroft1 and a host of others1 and hear them tell their historic stories6 or with ,david1 ,homer1 ,shakspere1 ,whittier and ,bryant1 and let them fill our minds with the beautiful and soothing words of poetry6 ,does not art1 in a still more condensed form1 give us the history of the nations of the past8 ,does it not give us a clearer idea of thought8 ,what descriptive words could give us so clear a view of the golden candlestick1 around which clusters so much of interest to the ,bible student1 as can be had by a look at the plaster mould of the arch of ,titus1 in the ,museum8 ,what more rapidly moulds1 and more powerfully influences1 the present age than do the pictures on the walls1 and the books in the libraries of our homes8 ,may ,i venture to bring before your mind that other phase of art1 known as the mechanic art8 ,that art1 on which the educator has placed so small an estimate that when an apparently dull boy is found in the school or family1 he is turned over to it1 in the notion that stupidity can here find subsistence and compensation4 ,now1 give this art the power to express itself in words and in the fine arts1 and ,i will bring back to you the days of ,raphael and ,michael ,angelo1 in which thought was expressed in words and on canvas and stone1 in such purity that the student in the schools of to-day is carried back to these times1 to study the perfection and beauty of expression4 ,in the line of a better educated labor lies the settlement of the great labor question4 ,will it be as ,garfield suggests1 for ,chautauqua to provide not only for the leisure1 but secure the leisure by some system of education that will make it possible8 ,if by any means the mental energies can be combined with the muscles1 the product of labor will be greatly increased1 and the time producing the same quantity lessened4 ,struggling labor hardly sees that in the short space of about thirty years the time has been lessened from thirteen and fourteen hours to ten hours per day1 and the wages enhanced from fifty and seventy-five cents per day to an average of two dollars per day4 ,in most of the prominent manufacturing establishments throughout the ,north we are at a near approach to a reduction of time to eight hours--and may ,god speed the day4 ,take the advance in quantity of products for ten years only1 and by the aid of machinery1 and more intelligent labor1 we have gained more than two hours4 ,why should not labor get its due proportion8 ,we are fast turning the drudgery of labor to pleasure4 ,you need but visit the dish-washing and laundry-rooms at the ,hotel ,athenum to witness the truth of what ,i state4 ,some years ago ,i made an estimate of the number of inhabitants it would require to do by hard labor that which was done at that time by twelve thousand inhabitants by the use of steam and water power4 ,it reached the enormous number of three hundred thousand inhabitants4 ,from this we may learn that it will not be a great hardship to give to labor more leisure and more pay1 not rashly as by strikes1 but by prudent and gradual measures4 ,ah1 the wealth of nations rests in this art6 ,the power to subdue forests and belt empires with railroads and telegraphs1 and ignore distance is in its hands4 ,this art sends forth its missionary in its manufactured products to all quarters of the globe2 every different product is a copy of a volume on some subject1 carrying with it some ,christian's impress and prayer4 ,so true is this that it needs no great expert to tell an article made by ,christian hands from that made by heathen4 ,this power of the individuality impresses with interest and wonder4 ,how readily thoughts in words are detected from others1 even on the same subject4 ,every workman of a manufactured article in some such sense makes his individual impress on the work he performs1 and it is as readily told4 ,the ,christian1 liberty-loving intelligence is pressed into every article and sent forth on its mission of preaching the gospel to every creature1 even gaining entrance where the missionary is refused4 ,with this truth in mind1 with what renewed pleasure must the liberated laborer make still greater impress of his individual mind4 ,this thought can be carried into all that we do4 ,our walk1 our talk1 and the expression of our faces all enter into our products of whatever kind4 ,how important that it should be imbued with the spirit of intelligent ,christianity4 ,class of '#hc1 you have only opened the doors to wider range1 to fields of greater usefulness4 ,all about you lie sleeping elements to be quickened into activity4 ,have your accumulated mental development well stored1 and constantly add more4 ,the purpose of the study was more to create an appetite for knowledge than to give a thorough or finished education4 ,we are glad as officers of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 to present you with diplomas having places for many seals4 ,may there be no laxity of effort until the crowning seal will emblazon over the whole its rays4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,vincent said3 ,a large number of salutations from members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 have been received1 some of them breathing a simple prayer of benediction on the ,circle and its officers1 others testifying to the value of the ,circle to them intellectually1 socially1 and spiritually2 many are too long to read at this time1 but every line has been carefully read by the ,superintendent of ,instruction1 and a few of the sentences are here reported3 ,from ,sacramento1 ,cal43 8,we long to be with you at the ,assembly2 but since we can not be1 be assured that as we read of ,commencement ,day our hearts beat in sympathy with those of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c40 ,from ,washington1 ,d4 ,c43 8,hearty thanks for so splendid an opportunity of living more abundantly1 as ,i have enjoyed through the noble conception and sensible management of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,i hope to add many of its seals to my diploma40 ,from ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn43 8,the day in which '#hc passes through the ,golden ,gate you1 who are present amidst the jubilee1 will most likely forget the distant ones2 but ,i for one will put on my ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 badge1 take out two faded maple leaves1 kept in remembrance of last summer1 and in imagination march with the proud class under the ,arches1 while ,i will pray the good ,lord to bless ,chautauqua40 ,from ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y43 8,the salutation1 as recorded in ,malachi iii3#af1 #8,then they that feared the ,lord spake often one to another1 and the ,lord hearkened and heard it2 and a book of remembrance was written before him for them that feared the ,lord and thought upon his name4'0 ,from ,san ,francisco3 ,a ,new ,yorker writes3 8,i found ,,the ,,chautauquan on a planter's table in the ,sandwich ,islands1 and learned of a circle in ,honolulu40 ,a member writes3 8,the royal road to learning is no terra incognita4 ,our route en roi is called via ,chautauqua40 ,from ,amsterdam1 ,n4 ,y43 ,a poem closes3 8,i would like very much to ,chautauqua to go2 ,it would certainly give me great joy2 ,but my duties are such that ,i linger at home3 ,i've a year-old ,chautauqua boy40 ,from ,elkhorn1 ,wis43 ,one who sees through the lenses of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 the ,chautauqua ,university of the future1 writes3 8,in #aijd1 ,a4 ,d41 ,i shall be fifty years old4 ,at that time ,i hope to graduate at the ,chautauqua ,university4 ,this will give me just twenty-five years from the beginning of my course in #ahgf to complete the work1 and ,i intend to work diligently every year40 ,from ,massachusetts3 8,language would be left a beggar if ,i were to tell you all that the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 has been to me4 ,it has been a song and a poem1 when life was beginning to read like prose4 ,it has been sunshine on many a cloudy day4 ,god bless our alma mater1 and make her days long in the land40 ,from ,new ,york3 8,when the history of the successful men and women of the next generation shall be written1 may it be found that the members of the ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle of #ahhc are among the number40 ,from ,santa ,barbara1 ,cal41 comes the greeting of ,mrs4 ,m4 ,p4 ,austin1 who prays that 8the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 may do as much for others as it has done for me40 ,from ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn41 a graduate writes3 8,although in middle life1 ,i have rejoiced like a child at the prospect of graduating4 ,my studies have been precious to me2 and1 although ,i have carried them on alone1 the enthusiasm has never grown less4 ,may ,i boast of the dozen recruits whom ,i have brought into the work1 not for the name of it1 but because ,i want everybody to be benefited as ,i have been4 ,saturday will find me in a white dress and blue ribbon1 and ,i shall try to catch the spirit which ascends to our ,father1 and have something of the blessings which are invoked upon the graduates of that day4 ,may his blessed spirit be with you1 and may he be precious not only to them who believe1 but to many who never before have called on his name40 ,from ,massachusetts a member writes3 8,i have heard this objection to the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 that it leads to neglect of ,bible study4 ,my personal experience has been that ,i never spent more time in ,bible study or loved it more than during the past four years40 ,from ,dakota a mother writes3 8,although my boy is but eleven years old1 he has done the greater part of my reading this year1 and dear little ,maggie1 nine years of age1 is greatly interested in what she calls mamma's course4 ,she also often reads for me1 patiently spelling out the hard words40 ,william ,c4 ,wilkinson1 of ,tarrytown1 ,new ,york1 writes3 8,i send greeting1 congratulation and ,god-speed to the class of #ahhc4 ,a persistence on your part of four years in a course of volunteer reading and study has not only created character in you1 but also proved that you possessed character to begin with4 ,it was not perfectly easy for you to do what you have done4 ,there have been times1 more than once1 during these four years1 when the temptation was strong to abandon your undertaking4 ,but you did not abandon it1 simply because you would not abandon it4 ,your will was strong enough to overcome the strong temptation4 ,now your will is stronger for having been strong4 ,go forward in this added strength to add strength again4 ,the will conquers by conquering1 until it becomes at length unconquerable4 ,conquer is a proud word4 ,let us change it and say something meeker and truer4 ,let us say1 obey4 ,we conquer only when we obey4 ,you have obeyed your conscience in accomplishing your appointed course4 ,that obedience is your victory4 ,when the will is perfectly obedient to conscience1 conscience being at the same time perfectly enlightened by the ,word and by the ,spirit of ,god1 then we are omnipotent4 ,we reign then with ,christ4 ,all things are ours4 ,go on1 alumni of ,chautauqua4 ,carry forward the banner4 ,let it float in your hands ever farther and higher4 ,i do not say plant it anywhere4 ,i say bear it onward and upward4 ,there is always1 amid the ,alps of our glorious endeavor and struggle1 a peak above and beyond4 ,climb that1 and then--forward still4 ,the goal is never attained1 but the race itself is better than would be rest at the goal4 ,remember the ranks that are behind you1 year after year1 in the future4 ,give them a generous lead4 ,remember the one pioneer rank in advance of you4 ,tread close on their heels4 ,follow1 so that it will be hard for your leaders to lead4 ,lead1 so that it will be hard for your followers to follow4 8,god bless and crown the ,class of #ahhc6 8,w4 ,c4 ,,wilkinson40 ,bishop ,henry ,w4 ,warren writes3 8,,top ,,of ,,the ,,rocky ,,mountains1 ,august #a1 #ahhc4 8,dear ,chautauquans3--,pausing to take a farewell look at the ,atlantic slope before going down that of the ,pacific1 my mind passes over many a place of interest and rests on ,chautauqua4 ,there is no more interesting place on the continent4 ,how many faces rise for recognition6 ,but ,i can not indulge in personal greetings1 for the friends are so many and so dear that time would fail me to speak of the institution that is the outcome of the inspiration and labor of all these friends4 ,william ,cullen ,bryant said ,chautauqua exemplified the spirit of mutual encouragement4 ,president ,garfield said that it taught what to do with the result of civilization's first fight1 leisure2 and ,bishop ,wiley said it was a ,christian center1 able to save the gospel if there was nothing else left4 8,unquestionably1 ,chautauqua is the grandest inspiration and quickening of mind in this century or any other4 ,it is the consummate flavoring of our ,christian republican principles4 ,it offers all opportunities for growth to all men4 ,it seems to present as good a chance to every man as comes to any man4 ,this development of mind is our chief wealth4 ,we turn auriferous quartz into coin1 iron ore into a body for the soul of electricity1 but mind had to be developed and refined first4 ,rome sought wealth by the robbery of other nations1 but she never gained as much wealth in a decade as we develop from nature in a year4 ,what we need as a nation is a perpetual push and effort of the masses of men to rise4 ,they drag down none of the few that are already eminent1 but1 by surpassing them1 incite to greater attainments4 ,let there be no fear that there will be too many great men1 or men too great4 ,these vast glittering snow-peaks about me find room enough1 as well as the mole hills4 #8,there is always room at the top1' for the top is larger than the bottom1 as these bending heavens are larger than the earth1 and eternity longer than time4 8,would that ,i could set one of these mountains near ,chautauqua and let its grassy base1 its wooded slopes1 its masses of ore1 its glittering crown of glorious light say to every beholder3 ,here is an object lesson worthy of ,god's giving to his child1 here is a symbol of the eternal power of the ,god-head of your ,father1 here are hints of what his child may be4 ,all things are for all men2 whosoever will1 let him come and take4 8,dear members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 of #ahhc1 ,i commend you to the baccalaureate sermon of ,dr4 ,vincent to-morrow for higher and grander utterances than these heights can give2 to ,dr4 ,abbott also for grander foundations than those of these mountains2 even those of the ,christian faith1 for the mountains shall melt with fervent heat1 but the word of ,god standeth forever4 8,yours in ,christian knowledge and faith1 8,,henry ,w4 ,,warren40 ,dr4 ,vincent then read the following3 ,let ,framingham ,chautauqua hail1 ,the child the mother greet6 ,o'er intervening hill and dale1 ,oh1 courier1 be fleet6 ,say1 8,brothers1 fellow-students1 friends1 ,ne'er turn to look behind2 ,for they whose pathway upward tends1 ,the sun-crowned summits find4 8,the outlook broadens1 even now1 ,a vision rare and grand2 ,hope in each heart1 light on each brow1 ,join welcome hand to hand6 8,and while the kindly grasp gives strength1 ,repeat along the line3 #8,we'll turn from earthly lore1 at length ,beloved1 to things divine4 8#8,bright with perennial health and youth1 ,when that glad time shall be1 ,our guide the way1 the life1 the truth1 ,immortal pupils we6'0 ,after the reading of the congratulations and greetings1 ,dr4 ,vincent and ,president ,miller presented the members of class '#hc1 present at ,chautauqua1 their well-earned diplomas4 ,out of this wonderful class of graduates1 numbering nearly #a1djj1 over #cjj were present4 ,the class has representatives in all of the following ,states and ,territories3 ,california1 ,maine1 ,virginia1 ,florida1 ,tennessee1 ,pennsylvania1 ,massachusetts1 ,new ,york1 ,ohio1 ,minnesota1 ,maryland1 ,iowa1 ,illinois1 ,georgia1 ,indiana1 ,michigan1 ,kansas1 ,rhode ,island1 ,wisconsin1 ,new ,jersey1 ,texas1 ,vermont1 ,west ,virginia1 ,connecticut1 ,missouri1 ,district of ,columbia1 ,new ,hampshire1 ,colorado1 ,dakota1 ,kentucky4 ,canada is also represented1 and in far-away ,china there is one graduate4 ,thirteen different denominations are represented1 as follows3 ,methodist1 ,presbyterian1 ,congregational1 ,episcopal1 ,baptist1 ,christian1 ,united ,presbyterian1 ,reformed1 ,unitarian1 ,universalist1 ,friends1 ,roman ,catholics1 ,seventh-day ,baptists4 ,the following occupations were represented3 ,teachers1 housekeepers1 ministers1 lawyers1 clerks1 students1 mechanics1 farmers1 merchants1 dressmakers1 milliners1 music-teachers1 and stenographers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,society ,,of ,,the ,,hall ,,in ,,the ,,grove4 ,at #d o'clock p4 m41 the ,society of the ,hall in the ,grove assembled in the ,hall for counsel in regard to its future work4 ,it was clearly seen by all that the prosperity of the organization1 if not its very existence1 required accommodations for its meetings1 such as ,chautauqua could not now supply4 ,after considerable discussion of many suggestions1 the following committee was appointed to consider plans for the erection of a building1 or of a series of buildings1 in the near future for the use of the society3 ,r4 ,s4 ,holmes1 of ,auburn1 ,n4 ,y42 ,a4 ,m4 ,martin1 of ,pittsburgh1 ,pa42 ,a4 ,h4 ,gillet1 ,prof4 ,mattison1 and ,s4 ,j4 ,m4 ,eaton1 ,d4,d4 ,a committee on constitution1 aims and plans of the organization was appointed1 consisting of ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1 ,d4,d42 ,j4 ,r4 ,pepper1 of ,memphis1 ,tenn42 ,l4 ,c4 ,peake1 of ,toronto1 ,canada2 ,r4 ,s4 ,holmes and ,j4 ,g4 ,allen4 ,j4 ,g4 ,allen and ,a4 ,d4 ,wilder were appointed additional members of the ,guard of the ,banner4 ,after the ,society of the ,hall in the ,grove had completed the business1 a social followed1 and song and chat ruled the hour4 ,about #i o'clock1 under the direction of ,a4 ,m4 ,martin1 the camp fires were lighted4 ,in the midst of a light which was nearly as bright as day1 ,r4 ,s4 ,holmes1 ,i4 ,i4 ,covet1 of ,pittsburgh2 ,j4 ,h4 ,kellogg1 of ,troy1 ,n4 ,y42 ,lewis ,c4 ,peake1 of ,toronto2 ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,warren1 of ,tennessee1 and ,a4 ,m4 ,martin1 of ,pittsburgh1 made speeches1 containing reminiscences of the past1 interspersed with song1 and the great crowd appeared to listen as attentively as if it had not heard a speech during the day4 ,but the fires have burnt low1 the people surround a bed of hot coals1 and the time for corn roasting has come4 ,the boys are ready1 and some not boys in years are equally eager for the 8green corn dance40 ,without coarseness or rudeness the fun commenced1 and continued till the night bells called to repose4 ,thus closed the graduating exercises of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,class of #ahhc4 ,from morning till night the tide of life ran high1 shared in by ten thousand people of all ages1 from the tiny girl to the veteran of many years4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,order ,,of ,,the ,,white ,,seal4 ,a meeting of the members of the ,order of the ,white ,seal was held on ,saturday evening at #g3cj o'clock in the ,hall1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,eaton in the chair4 ,in the absence of the secretary1 the minutes of last meeting were read by the chairman4 ,on motion1 the ,rev4 ,s4 ,j4 ,m4 ,eaton1 ,d4 ,d41 ,franklin1 ,pa41 was elected president for the ensuing year1 and ,mr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,peake1 ,toronto1 ,can41 secretary4 ,rev4 ,w4 ,h4 ,rogers reported on behalf of the ,committee on ,individual ,effort1 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,f4 ,curtiss for that on ,local ,circles1 and ,miss ,carrie ,c4 ,ferrin for that on the ,round-,table4 ,on motion these reports were accepted4 ,committees for the ensuing year were appointed as follows3 ,on ,individual ,effort1 ,rev4 ,w4 ,h4 ,rogers1 ,sodus1 ,wayne ,county1 ,n4 ,y42 ,miss ,emily ,raymond1 ,toledo1 ,o41 and ,miss ,c4 ,dickey1 ,geneseo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,on ,local ,circles1 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,f4 ,curtiss1 ,geneseo1 ,n4 ,y42 ,miss ,fannie ,e4 ,roy1 ,atlanta1 ,ga41 and ,clarence ,h4 ,bean1 ,varysburg1 ,n4 ,y4 ,on the ,round-,table1 ,miss ,carrie ,c4 ,ferrin1 ,ellington1 ,n4 ,y42 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,w4 ,briggs1 ,elma1 ,n4 ,y41 and ,miss ,m4 ,c4 ,mc,gowan1 ,cincinnati1 ,o4 ,,footnote3 ,a ,at ,chautauqua1 ,saturday1 ,august #ah1 #ahhc4 ,,monterey ,,assembly4 ,the ,pacific ,grove ,assembly1 held near ,monterey1 ,california1 devoted ,friday1 ,july #ac1 to the commencement exercises of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,we give a full report of the celebration3 ,friday was a perfect ,monterey day4 ,the ,chautauquans gathered according to program in the large public parlor of the railroad building and fell into line for a procession4 ,the choir sang a cheerful ,chautauqua song1 in which many others joined1 and then 8processed40 ,first came the president and officers of the society1 then the graduates1 then all members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4--then everybody4 ,all members wore an oak leaf1 which is the regulation badge1 but members of the graduating class wore for a decoration a broad badge of dark garnet-colored ribbon1 fringed with bullion1 and with the unfailing 8,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c40 and the figures 8#ahhc0 printed upon it in gold4 ,they marched toward the ,assembly ,hall1 passing under the motto-inscribed and garlanded arches1 and entering the building proceeded to the front seats1 which had been reserved4 ,the hall1 under the care of the decorative committee1 had broken out into fresh verdure and bloom1 while the letters 8,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c40 and the class dates1 8#ahgi-ahhc10 had blossomed out in gold and scarlet upon the white wall behind the speakers' platform4 ,the hall was full to overflowing4 ,everybody on the grounds had been invited to be present1 and the greatest interest was manifested by all4 ,the exercises began with an inspiring ,chautauqua song4 ,an earnest and appropriate prayer was offered by ,rev4 ,dr4 ,heacock1 of ,san ,jose1 and then a beautiful letter of greeting from ,dr4 ,vincent1 the founder of the society1 was read4 ,it was full of cordial friendliness1 outlined briefly the benefits which he trusted all had received from pursuing the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 studies1 and pointed out the catholicity and wide helpfulness of the ,chautauqua ,idea4 ,it closed with words of stimulus and encouragement1 as well as congratulation4 ,prof4 ,norton now made a brief but admirable introductory address4 ,he spoke of the ,chautauqua enthusiasm and interest as an intellectual revival4 ,it is a work for the masses1 differing from that of the great universities of whose benefits only a few favored ones can avail themselves4 ,it goes to homes of poverty1 to workshops and kitchens as well as the libraries and parlors4 ,it is food for the hungry wherever they may be4 ,it comes to lives which have been arid and desolate through monotonous toil4 ,he spoke of the great increase of insanity among our farming population1 owing1 no doubt1 to the lack of healthful mental occupation4 ,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 course of reading and plans for neighborhood circles may help these lonely1 overworked people to new and broader horizons of thought and life4 ,prof4 ,norton closed with a pathetic and poetic comparison between our real lives and our temporary sojourn by the great sea which tosses and surges before us4 ,our footsteps on the shore here are washed away by every incoming tide1 so with our 8footsteps on the sands of time40 ,the great sea of eternity will soon efface all our little earthly deeds4 ,let us live for eternal things4 ,let to-day be a commencement indeed--a beginning of grander and better living1 of deeds which shall survive in the long years of ,god4 ,the quartet choir sang another beautiful song1 and then three essays were read from the graduates4 ,a delicate little prose-poem called 8,childhood in ,literature10 by ,miss ,myrtie ,hudson1 of ,san ,jose 7a post-graduate of our society71 was read by ,miss ,lydia ,bean4 ,the diplomas were presented by ,dr4 ,stratton1 who remarked when giving them that these diplomas do not confer degrees1 but something better than a degree1 for they represent mature study1 habits of fixed thought and life-long intellectual growth4 ,there were more than forty ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 graduates in our ,state this year4 ,the following were present3 ,mrs4 ,lydia ,a4 ,french1 ,stockton2 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,j4 ,gardener1 ,rio ,vista2 ,miss ,e4 ,a4 ,wood1 ,riverside2 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,j4 ,bennett1 ,san ,jose2 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,e4 ,mc,cowen1 ,ukiah2 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,m4 ,reynolds1 ,san ,jose2 ,miss ,m4 ,mc,bride1 ,dixon2 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,c4 ,minard1 ,evergreen2 ,mrs4 ,estelle ,greathead1 ,san ,jose2 ,mrs4 ,lucy ,n4 ,crane1 ,san ,lorenzo2 ,mrs4 ,s4 ,e4 ,walton1 ,yuba ,city2 ,miss ,cornelia ,walker1 ,san ,jose2 ,mrs4 ,s4 ,f4 ,gosbey1 ,santa ,clara2 ,mrs4 ,f4 ,w4 ,pond1 ,los ,angeles2 ,miss ,alice ,m4 ,wells1 ,dixon2 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,h4 ,mc,kee1 ,san ,jose2 ,miss ,henrietta ,stone1 ,mrs4 ,mira ,e4 ,miller1 ,santa ,barbara2 ,dr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,stratton1 ,san ,jose4 ,after the commencement exercises the crowd dispersed1 and the friends of the graduates gathered around them to congratulate and exchange friendly greetings4 ,but it was late lunch-time1 and the keen demands of appetite were never keener than here at ,pacific ,grove4 ,so1 with the understanding that all were to reassemble at #b o'clock p4 m41 those who had lingered hastened away4 ,the hour for meeting soon arrived1 and the ,chautauquans mustered in force at the beautiful cove near ,prospect ,park4 ,after a lively social time1 ,president ,stratton called the meeting to order and pointed out a suggestive-looking traveling photographer1 armed with the usual camera and other implements1 who had been hovering about a neighboring cliff1 and evidently had intentions of immortalizing the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,assembly4 ,everybody was requested to assume a graceful attitude and a pleased expression1 which they made haste to do4 ,the beach was covered with people1 standing1 sitting1 reclining4 ,it was very hard work to be sober and proper1 and look as dignified as future ages will demand4 ,our president reclined upon the sand1 as befitted 8the noblest ,roman of us all20 the secretary sat upright and faced the music2 the modest vice-president tried to get away1 but was restrained by his numerous admiring friends2 the small boys in front were entreated to keep still2 the photographer removed the pall-like black cloth1 and the deed was done4 ,the result was quite successful1 and the picture may yet hang in the 8,hall in the ,grove10 that eastern ,chautauquans may see how their transcontinental comrades look when disporting themselves by the sunset sea4 ,the photograph business being disposed of1 the next thing in order was the ,round-,table4 ,there was no table to speak of1 but a great deal of 8round0--an informal all 'round talk in a pleasant1 familiar fashion4 ,everybody was seated upon the shining white sand1 a soft gray sky overhead1 a mild1 warm atmosphere enfolding all1 and the illimitable sea stretching out before us and breaking in soft murmurs at our feet4 ,members from all over the ,state gave1 in brief conversational style1 cheering reports of their various circles1 and the utmost interest was manifested by all in the common weal4 ,the tone of the meeting was decidedly inspiring1 and all seemed ready to promise improvement and renewed effort4 ,the next evening was the mussel-bake4 ,a blazing fire had been built upon the sand1 but far from the assemblage1 and much vigorous muscle was displayed in stirring the embers and piling on driftwood and resinous pine cones1 but as to the mussels1 perhaps the less said about them the better4 ,there were1 indeed1 mussels baked1 and they were passed around upon a board in the most approved style1 but it must be confessed the supply was not very abundant4 ,the whole mussel-bake was a little like ,hamlet1 with the part of ,hamlet left out4 ,the explanation lay in the fact that mussels can only be gathered in certain places and at very low tide1 and there had been a little misunderstanding4 ,nevertheless1 brethren1 we had a grand time1 an unlimited supply of apples and freshly-roasted peanuts1 and we fully propose to have a mussel-bake every year6 ,at a business meeting held during the assembly1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,stratton was re-elected to the presidency of the ,pacific ,coast ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c42 ,dr4 ,c4 ,l4 ,anderson1 of ,santa ,cruz1 was elected vice-president2 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,h4 ,field1 of ,san ,jose1 general secretary and treasurer2 ,miss ,mary ,bowman1 of ,san ,jose1 secretary of the ,assembly1 and ,mrs4 ,eloise ,dawson1 of ,san ,jose1 treasurer of the ,assembly4 ,votes of thanks were given to many benefactors and to retiring officers1 especially to ,miss ,m4 ,e4 ,b4 ,norton1 who has given our ,branch the most faithful and untiring service4 ,our newly elected executive committee consists of ,rev4 ,c4 ,c4 ,stratton1 ,d4,d41 ,san ,jose1 president2 ,c4 ,l4 ,anderson1 ,m4,d41 vice-president1 ,santa ,cruz2 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,h4 ,field1 general secretary1 ,san ,jose2 ,mrs4 ,eloise ,dawson1 ,san ,jose1 treasurer2 ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,wythe1 ,d4,d41 ,oakland2 ,prof4 ,h4 ,b4 ,norton1 ,san ,jose2 ,rev4 ,i4 ,h4 ,dwinelle1 ,sacramento2 ,g4 ,m4 ,ames1 ,oakland2 ,miss ,lucy ,washburn1 ,san ,jose2 ,prof4 ,josiah ,keep1 ,alameda2 ,mrs4 ,l4 ,j4 ,nusbaum1 ,sacramento2 ,rev4 ,c4 ,d4 ,barrows1 ,san ,francisco2 ,mrs4 ,s4 ,e4 ,walton1 ,yuba ,city2 ,mrs4 ,julia ,leal1 ,los ,angeles2 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,m4 ,mc,cowen1 ,ukiah2 ,clarke ,whittier1 ,m4,d41 ,riverside2 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,a4 ,gibbs1 ,santa ,rosa2 ,miss ,m4 ,e4 ,b4 ,norton1 ,san ,jose4 ,,monteagle ,,assembly4 ,by ,,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,warren4 ,monteagle ,assembly is located at ,monteagle1 ,grundy ,county1 ,tenn41 on the top of ,cumberland ,mountain1 fifteen miles from ,cowan1 between ,sewanee and ,tracy ,city1 immediately on the railroad owned and managed by the ,tennessee ,coal1 ,iron and ,railroad ,company4 ,cowan is a small village on the ,nashville and ,chattanooga ,railroad1 eighty-four miles from ,nashville and sixty-four miles from ,chattanooga4 ,the ride up the mountain from ,cowan to the ,assembly grounds is one of the most picturesque in this country4 ,the ascent for the first nine miles is #a1ajj feet4 ,the ,assembly owns a hundred acres of land1 which have been laid out into parks1 drives1 avenues1 and building lots4 ,about twenty-five acres have already been improved1 and quite a number of lots have been sold to individuals upon which to build cottages4 ,an amphitheater1 capable of seating #b1jjj persons1 on the plan of the one at ,chautauqua1 has been erected4 ,within a very short distance of the ,assembly grounds is some of the most magnificent mountain scenery to be found in any country4 ,the elevation is #b1adj feet above the sea level4 ,the ,assembly is strictly undenominational4 ,each ,christian denomination is entitled to four members in the board of trustees1 provided they have as many members of the ,assembly4 ,the charter prohibits it from being managed for the pecuniary interest of any person or persons4 ,the first annual meeting of the ,assembly has closed4 ,it was a success beyond our most sanguine expectation4 ,the ,normal ,school and ,teachers' ,retreat opened ,july #b1 and closed ,august #d4 ,these schools were all well attended4 ,more than one hundred and fifty teachers attended the ,normal alone4 ,about fifty-two studied elocution4 ,these teachers were from several ,states1 and a more intelligent class ,i have never seen collected together anywhere4 ,the ,assembly opened ,july #ag1 and closed ,august #f4 ,at the opening service there were #a1jjj people present4 ,the attendance was good during the entire ,assembly4 ,at one time on the grounds there were twenty-one ,states and nineteen ,christian denominations represented4 ,in the program1 two days were given to temperance1 one day to ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 work1 two days to missions1 foreign and domestic1 and two days to education4 ,the meetings throughout were of great interest4 ,out of the large number of speakers on the program only four or five failed to attend4 ,the ,sunday-school normal instruction1 the children's meetings1 and ,mr4 ,van ,lennep's 8,oriental and ,biblical ,museum0 were interesting features of the ,assembly4 ,but ,i desire to call special attention to the work of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 at ,monteagle4 ,we recognize this as an institution in this country4 ,it is fast finding its way into many of our ,southern homes1 and bringing sunshine and blessings to many hearts4 ,at our solicitation1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent was present two or three days of the ,assembly1 and represented the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,his words of wisdom and cheer were a joy to many hearts4 ,there were twenty members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 present to greet him4 ,this number was increased to seventy before the ,assembly adjourned4 ,a permanent organization was perfected1 with ,miss ,emma ,brown1 ,memphis1 ,tenn41 president1 and ,miss ,anna ,w4 ,thomas1 ,memphis1 ,tenn41 secretary4 ,the idea is to have annual meetings at ,monteagle4 ,each member went away determined to organize local circles at their homes1 so that when we return next year1 if permitted to do so1 the members will have swelled from fifty to five hundred4 ,we hope ,dr4 ,vincent will favor us with his presence each year4 ,during the ,assembly a number of ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,round-,tables were held1 which were profitable1 socially and intellectually4 ,on the evening of ,july #ba was held the first ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 camp-fire at ,monteagle1 under the leadership of ,dr4 ,vincent4 ,the speeches and songs were full of inspiration and good cheer4 ,we only regret that hundreds of our people in the ,south were not present to enjoy the meetings with us1 and take fresh courage and inspiration for the work of life4 ,miss ,thomas1 our secretary1 has been instructed to correspond with all members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 who were at ,monteagle1 and all others whose names and post-office addresses she can get4 ,she would be glad to have the names of all who are interested in this work4 ,we desire to arrange for some organized effort to push this work out into the many homes of our country4 ,let every city1 town1 and village1 and neighborhood1 organize a circle4 ,those members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 who were at ,monteagle1 have determined to erect a ,hall of ,philosophy1 that we may have a place in which to hold our meetings each year4 ,this can be done very easily by a little co-operative effort4 ,all things considered1 the ,assembly was quite a success4 ,the outlook is encouraging4 ,although located in the ,south1 it is not a ,southern institution1 it is for the public good4 ,let the people come from the ,north1 ,south1 ,east1 and ,west2 all will be equally welcome4 ,life is too short to harbor animosities4 ,let us enter the struggles and conflicts of life like heroes and heroines4 ,as a nation1 we have a grand work before us to elevate our people socially1 morally1 religiously1 and intellectually4 ,monteagle proposes to do her part4 ,will the good people of this country stand by us in this noble work8 ,if you will1 success is sure4 ,there is no other enterprise of the kind in the ,south4 ,the people are united4 ,give us your prayers and co-operation4 ,if you desire to do good with your money1 take hold of ,monteagle ,assembly4 ,to the sister assemblies over the land1 we send words of greeting4 ,to all the members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 throughout this broad land we extend the right hand of fellowship4 ,for the unity1 peace1 and the uplifting of our people1 and the establishing of ,christ's kingdom1 may we all be united1 heart and hand1 in ,christian love and sympathy4 ,,monona ,,lake ,,assembly4 ,no one can estimate the extent to which the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 is growing4 ,one ,state after another surrenders to its influence4 ,during the past year ,wisconsin has taken hold of the work1 and is now showing a wonderful interest in the studies of the 8home college40 ,the little text-books have found their way into many a quiet family1 and are beginning to revolutionize society in every city1 village1 and country neighborhood4 ,this fact was shown very clearly at the ,assembly held at ,monona ,lake1 near ,madison1 ,wisconsin4 ,many local circles sent representatives to this gathering to receive1 through them1 inspiration and strength for the work of the coming year4 ,the total attendance from various localities was nearly two hundred4 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,day was the best of the whole session4 ,although an entirely new feature1 yet the people became so enthused that about a thousand called for circulars of information1 and many joined the ,circle before they left the grounds4 ,rev4 ,a4 ,h4 ,gillet1 the president of the ,monona ,lake ,branch1 delivered the annual address1 in which he explained most admirably the object and aim of the ,circle4 ,twelve persons1 who had completed the four years' course1 were present to receive their diplomas1 and notwithstanding the absence of the 8,golden ,gate0 and the 8,hall of ,philosophy10 everything had the ,chautauqua appearance1 and the very atmosphere was filled with classic odors4 ,the camp-fire in the evening was a feature that will never be forgotten by those present4 ,after the feast of solid food during the day1 this evening hour was filled with real enjoyment1 and many humorous speeches that were made as the flames ascended and the sparks disappeared in the starry dome above1 served to lighten every heart1 and to close the day with the feeling that it was indeed the best of the season4 ,the round-table conferences1 conducted by ,rev4 ,a4 ,h4 ,gillet1 were full of interest4 ,some very important questions were discussed1 and the members present prepared for successful work in their respective homes4 ,the ,chautauqua ,songs were sung at all of these meetings1 and never did 8,day is ,dying in the ,west0 sound more sweetly than at ,monona ,lake4 ,but of all the exercises connected with the ,circle1 the ,sunday evening vesper services were the best4 ,here was shown the real secret of ,chautauqua success4 ,nearly every member1 engaged during the week in gathering knowledge of art1 science and literature1 was found in his place on ,sunday evening1 lifting his heart to ,god1 and showing thereby that we 8keep our ,heavenly ,father in our midst40 ,the organization of ,monona ,lake ,branch was perfected by the election of ,rev4 ,a4 ,h4 ,gillet as president1 and ,mrs4 ,william ,millard1 of ,milwaukee1 secretary4 ,an executive committee was appointed to arrange the plans for next year4 ,we look forward to good reports from this daughter of ,chautauqua1 and give her a hearty welcome4 ,,island ,,park ,,assembly4 ,unusual interest was manifest this season at ,island ,park1 near ,rome ,city1 ,indiana4 ,the ,assembly1 conducted by ,rev4 ,a4 ,h4 ,gillet1 of ,cincinnati1 ,ohio1 was a great success4 ,the place is growing in favor each year1 and the fire kindled there will not only continue to burn1 but to spread1 until every hamlet within a radius of many miles shall receive the light and warming influences that come from such gatherings4 ,the attendance this year was larger than ever before1 the people were of a better class1 and the program1 as carried out1 gave universal satisfaction4 ,the singing of the ,wilberforce ,concert ,company delighted everybody4 ,among the lecturers were ,drs4 ,o4 ,h4 ,tiffany and ,c4 ,h4 ,fowler1 of ,new ,york ,city2 ,dr4 ,justin ,d4 ,fulton1 of ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y42 ,drs4 ,stocking and ,alabaster1 of ,detroit1 ,michigan1 and ,dr4 ,p4 ,s4 ,henson1 of ,chicago1 ,illinois4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,richards1 of ,chicago1 gave several very interesting lectures on 8,electricity40 ,the ,island ,park ,branch of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 was regularly organized this year1 with ,rev4 ,a4 ,h4 ,gillet as president1 and ,j4 ,l4 ,shearer1 of ,fort ,wayne1 ,indiana1 secretary4 ,there were over two hundred members in attendance4 ,the daily round-table conferences1 conducted by ,rev4 ,gillet and ,dr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,hurlbut1 of ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j41 were highly appreciated by the members present1 and many valuable suggestions given and received by these mutual discussions4 ,the circle is enlarging continually in ,indiana and ,michigan1 so that there is scarcely a town or village in which there is not a local circle1 or at least a few individual members4 ,many have joined the class of '#hg1 and quite a large number1 having completed the four years' course1 were present to receive their diplomas4 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 day was the best of the session4 ,dr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,fowler1 of ,new ,york ,city1 delivered the annual address4 ,the camp-fire was the grandest ever seen at ,island ,park4 ,plans for the erection of a ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 building are under consideration1 a reading-room for the benefit of the ,circle1 an ,island ,park lecture association1 and many other novel features are things of the near future4 ,the ,music ,college1 under the direction of ,prof4 ,c4 ,c4 ,case1 of ,akron1 ,ohio1 the school of languages1 the department of elocution1 the art school1 and the secular teachers' normal were also well attended4 ,it is the intention of the managers to lengthen the time of these departments next year1 and to offer additional facilities to those who wish to improve their vacation by carrying on some line of study4 ,on the whole1 we can say that ,island ,park ,assembly is a fixed fact1 a thing that has come to stay1 and we are glad that the people are beginning to appreciate and to value the educating and refining influences of these gatherings4 ,,lakeside ,,assembly4 ,a regular 8,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,day0 was provided for in the program at the ,lakeside1 ,ohio1 ,sunday-school encampment1 and the 8recognition of the ,class of '#hc0 arranged for4 ,the absence of ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1 ,d4,d41 was an unexpected and greatly lamented interruption to our plans4 ,but the inspiration of the 8,chautauqua ,idea10 which ,lakeside has caught and thoroughly incorporated into its own fiber1 did not allow a dampening of ardor1 and so the 8day0 went on as days will1 and especially such sunny days by ,lake ,erie as that was4 ,happily ,lewis ,miller1 ,esq41 ,president of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 was persuaded to remain a while and lend his cheery face1 his wise words and his authoritative presence to the occasion4 ,a large audience1 filling the capacious ,auditorium1 assembled1 the members of the ,class of '#hc took seats on the platform1 and ,president ,miller occupied the chair4 ,after opening exercises in the use of the responsive services provided1 copies of which were distributed among the audience1 addresses were delivered by ,rev4 ,dr4 ,hartupee1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,worden1 ,prof4 ,frank ,beard1 and ,rev4 ,b4 ,t4 ,vincent4 ,after these had concluded1 ,president ,miller called the members of the class to their feet1 and in a neat and appropriate address 8recognized0 them thereby as graduates of the ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle1 as part of the great class of fourteen hundred for the current year4 ,a round-table was also held1 conducted by ,rev4 ,b4 ,t4 ,vincent1 at which the subject of ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 work was taken up by those present1 and treated in a most practical manner4 ,representatives from several local circles gave outlines of their plans of work1 and questions from interested students as to methods1 etc41 brought forth suggestive answers1 awakening new interest in the subject of study1 and stirring the uninitiated1 of whom many were present1 into an interest in the work4 ,a ,sunday evening ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 vesper service was also most interesting4 ,on the last evening of the encampment1 ,bishop ,hurst1 who was present1 applied the subject of general reading as represented in the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 in its relation to a firmer religious texture in ,christian character1 in a ringing address which did much toward awakening new interest in this great work4 ,the enthusiasm excited by the meetings in this behalf was cordially felt by ,lakeside people1 and it is determined to make the 8recognition0 of the class of the current year1 and also the round-table1 features of the annual program hereafter4 ,surrounded as ,lakeside is by an immense area filled with studious and enterprising people who are taking hold of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 readings1 and who are finding their special center of summer gathering there1 this provision will be a source of great gratification to them1 and a means of extending these benefits to many who only thus are brought into contact with this agency of ,christian intelligence and popular culture4 ,,mountain ,,lake ,,park ,,assembly4 ,the fifth annual session of this ,assembly lasted ten days1 ,august #g-ag4 ,some will recall the fact that the institution was established in the ,cumberland ,valley1 ,pennsylvania1 and was held there for three successive years4 ,last year the experiment was made of holding the meeting in the ,glades1 at the new resort called ,mountain ,lake ,park1 ,maryland4 ,the new field was so full of promise and hope that it was at once determined to make it the center of the movement henceforth4 ,the place is unique in some of its features1 situated in the midst of a series of table-land glades1 between the peaks of the ,alleghenies1 in the vicinity of some most romantic and stirring scenery1 and possessing an atmosphere abounding in stimulation and vigor4 ,two years ago the region was an uninhabited wilderness1 with the ,baltimore and ,ohio ,railroad resort1 ,deer ,park1 on one side three miles away1 and ,oakland1 the county seat of ,garrett ,county1 two miles to the west4 ,now it is a summer settlement abounding in picturesque cottages1 beautiful drives1 and linked to a ,sunday-school ,assembly and to 8summer schools0 of various sorts for all time to come4 ,the lecture course of the session just past was of a high order4 ,it included three superb addresses from ,dr4 ,lyman ,abbott1 full of vigorous thought1 religious ardor1 and primed and charged with suggestiveness--8,why ,i believe in ,god1 in ,christ1 and in the ,bible40 ,prof4 ,cumnock gave two magnificent entertainments in the shape of readings and recitations4 ,prof4 ,young1 of ,princeton1 delighted us with three illustrated astronomical lectures2 and the ,rev4 ,jesse ,bowman ,young gave three tours1 illustrated also with the stereopticon3 8,the ,marvels of ,colorado10 8,london and ,paris10 and 8,from ,dan to ,beersheba40 ,prof4 ,harris1 on the 8,wrong side of the ,moon10 ,dr4 ,huntley1 on the 8,amen ,corner10 ,bishop ,andrews1 on 8,the ,method of the ,new ,testament ,law10 and ,dr4 ,payne1 with two lectures1 all did their best work1 and earned and received high appreciation4 ,the normal classes were under the instruction of ,rev4 ,j4 ,b4 ,young1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,t4 ,judd1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,vance1 and ,prof4 ,elliott of ,baltimore4 ,the lessons were chosen in part from ,dr4 ,vincent's 8,normal ,outlines10 and in part were prepared by ,mr4 ,judd4 ,rev4 ,mr4 ,young conducted two enthusiastic and interesting services during the closing days of the ,assembly1 developing the 8,chautauqua ,idea40 ,drs4 ,frysinger1 ,van ,meter1 and ,leech1 ,messrs4 ,judd1 ,vance1 ,baldwin1 ,lindsey1 and others1 made capital addresses1 bringing out as phases of this 8,idea0 the following elements3 home study1 ,bible study1 normal work1 study of the classics1 of literature1 of the sciences4 ,on the last night of the ,assembly at ,mountain ,lake ,park the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 was organized1 with over fifty members1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,t4 ,judd1 of ,harrisburg1 ,pa41 being elected president1 and ,miss ,jennie ,m4 ,jones1 of the same city1 secretary4 ,thus from the tip-top of the ,alleghenies we send out greetings to other ,chautauquans1 and join in the glorious work which is in marvelous measure leavening the land4 ,,new ,,england ,,assembly4 ,the 8,chautauqua ,idea0 is taking deep root in the soil of ,new ,england4 ,four years ago the first ,assembly was held on the grounds of the ,framingham ,campmeeting ,association4 ,there was a fair attendance1 and considerable enthusiasm4 ,each year has been an improvement4 ,the number in attendance has been greater1 and the interest has been on the increase4 ,this year has been the best of all4 ,almost from the first the lodging accommodations were taxed to their utmost in providing for the unexpectedly large numbers4 ,the gentleman in charge of the dormitory stated to the writer that he had a greater rush the first day of the ,assembly1 this year1 than he had the first week of last year4 ,thus it continued during the ten days4 ,it is therefore safe to conclude1 that in a financial way1 the meeting was a success beyond its predecessors4 ,the work of the various departments was done efficiently by ,dr4 ,vincent1 in charge1 assisted by ,dr4 ,hurlbut1 and ,prof4 ,holmes1 at the head of the normal classes2 ,prof4 ,sherwin at the front with a magnificent chorus of nearly two hundred voices2 ,frank ,beard with a drawing class of one hundred and fifty2 and the platform occupied by such men as ,prof4 ,richards1 ,dr4 ,lyman ,abbott1 ,dr4 ,angell1 ,wallace ,bruce1 ,dr4 ,hull1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,thomas1 ,dr4 ,tiffany1 ,prof4 ,young1 ,a4 ,o4 ,van ,lennep1 and others4 ,a feast of good things was to be expected1 and we were not disappointed4 ,one of the enjoyable features of the ,assembly was ,rev4 ,o4 ,s4 ,baketel's lecture on 8,sights and ,insights at ,chautauqua10 illustrated with eighty stereopticon views4 ,they were shown with the calcium light1 and an audience of four thousand people sat for an hour and three quarters1 hearing and seeing4 ,it created a great deal of interest1 both with old ,chautauquans and the many who have never seen ,chautauqua4 ,prof4 ,sherwin had several very excellent soloists1 and his chorus was exceptionally fine4 ,one of the new buildings this year is the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 office4 ,this is a very neat structure1 and greatly appreciated by those having in charge the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,it was usually crowded during office hours4 ,about five hundred members of the ,circle were present during the ,assembly4 ,one hundred and sixty-five joined the ,class of #ahhg4 ,thirty-eight members of the graduating class were present and received their diplomas from the hands of ,dr4 ,vincent4 ,the ,class of #ahhd are thoroughly organized1 and are looking forward to a grand time when next year's bells shall ring in their festal day4 ,as usual1 ,mrs4 ,rosie ,m4 ,baketel had charge of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 office4 ,this is her third year in this position4 ,she is one of the hardest workers on the grounds4 ,the presence of ,dr4 ,vincent is always an inspiration to a ,framingham audience4 ,though compelled to return to ,chautauqua after the opening1 he gave us a grand 8send-off10 and his presence and labors when he returned again were greatly enjoyed4 ,,one ,,of #ahhb4 ,,how ,,we ,,came ,,together4 ,the following poem1 from ,counselor ,w4 ,c4 ,wilkinson's volume1 recently published by ,messrs4 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons1 tells the story of the author's first meeting with a friend of his1 who is also a friend of every reader of ,,the ,,chautauquan--the ,rev4 ,john ,h4 ,vincent1 ,d4,d4 ,the friendship thus formed1 not less than twenty years ago1 endures yet between the two as vivid as ever4 ,it is bearing fruit not then anticipated in the associated labors which they perform for the ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle4 ,thorwaldsen's ,lion1 gray and grim1 ,rock in his rocky lair1 ,on who would rend his lily from him1 ,glowered out with dying glare4 ,i mused awhile the sculptured stone1 ,my pilgrim staff in hand2 ,then turned to hold my way alone1 ,and lone1 from land to land4 ,but ,god had other hap in store3 ,even as ,i turned ,i met ,a manly eye ne'er seen before-- ,i seem to see it yet6 ,vanish the changeful years between1 ,like morning-smitten rack2 ,as1 morning-like1 that crescent scene ,comes dawning swiftly back4 ,again1 above1 that mellow noon ,and soft ,swiss heaven doth yearn2 ,frowns still on us in pilgrim shoon ,the ,lion of ,lucerne4 ,once more each other's hands we take1 ,the pass-words fly betwixt2 ,though slack the speed that speech may make1 ,when heart with heart is mixed4 ,i see the green ,swiss lake asleep ,with ,righi in her dream2 ,we cross the lake1 we climb the steep ,to watch the world agleam4 ,the paths are many up the slope1 ,and many of the mind1 ,we catch the flying clue of hope1 ,and wander where they wind4 ,the paths are fresh1 the pastures green1 ,in walk or talk traversed2 ,the ,alpland meadow's grassy sheen ,with many a streamlet nursed1 ,and the fair meadows of the soul ,forever fresh with streams ,from the long heights of youth that roll1 ,the ,righi-,culm of dreams4 ,we speak of summits hard to gain1 ,and1 gained1 still hard to keep2 ,of pleasure bought with glorious pain1 ,of tears 'twas heaven to weep2 ,and of a blessed ,heavenly ,friend ,who1 struggling with us still1 ,would break the blows else like to bend ,the lonely human will2 ,or with some sudden vital touch1 ,at pinch of sorest need1 ,would lift our little strength to much1 ,and energize our deed4 ,our talk flows on1 through strain or rest1 ,as up the steep we go2 ,each untried track of thought seems best ,in hope's prelusive glow4 ,we loiter while the sun makes haste1 ,but we shall yet sit down ,to watch the gleams of sunset chased ,from mountain crown to crown4 ,too long1 too late--the splendor went ,or e'er we reached the goal2 ,but a splendor had dawned that will never be spent ,that day on either soul4 ,,vegetable ,,villains4 ,by ,r4 ,,turner4 ,,the ,,plant ,,community ,,and ,,its ,,villains4 ,no paradise could be complete for us without a pervading freshness of green in wood and field4 ,in lazy moods and calm sunshiny weather there are few men who will not condescend to stretch out their limbs under a spreading beech1 or at least to envy one who is taking life easily for a time in the shade4 ,we all know what a pleasant faint rustle of leaves there is above1 and what a flickering of mellowed sunlight comes over the eyes1 and how these steal into the heart with a sense of soft content1 till we are apt to become like little children1 enjoying without much thought1 yielding ourselves up to the delight of the mere living1 letting our consciousness float along lazily on the current of being4 ,but if we can in such circumstances nerve ourselves to reflect just a little1 we shall--if we possess even a very slight knowledge of the processes of nature--become conscious that there are great silent energies and activities at work around us in every blade of grass1 and above us in the cool green foliage4 ,the leaves have myriads of invisible little mouths eagerly drinking in the unseen air1 and the minute grains that give the green color to these leaves are all the while laying hold of the infinitesimal percentage of carbonic acid impurity in that air1 and1 invigorated by the quickening sunlight1 are able to tear this gaseous impurity to pieces1 to wrench the two elements that form it asunder1 making the one into nutriment for themselves1 and letting the other go free in its purity into the wide atmosphere4 ,what man--with all his sound and fury1 his hammering and clanking--has never achieved1 is thus quietly done in summer days by every green leaf in ,god's world1 and inorganic matter is forced to live4 ,while the sun shines these honest workers are striving with all their might to lay hold of every atom of this gas that fouls the atmosphere for animals1 and thus1 while finding food for themselves1 they are keeping the air sweet and pure for other living things4 ,the necessity is laid on them to maintain themselves by honest work2 and it is interesting to reflect how massive are the material results that gather round their task4 ,we are apt to forget that by far the greater part of the solid matter of vegetation--of the giant trees of ,california as well as of the tiniest grasses and green herbs--is thus gathered atom by atom from the atmosphere4 ,one eats his potato thankfully1 usually without bothering himself much as to how it came to be a potato2 how the green leaves labored away1 seizing the scanty atoms of an invisible gas and making them into starch2 how this insoluble starch became a soluble thing1 and melting away into the sap flowed through the stem to the tubers1 there to form again into little grains and be laid up for future use4 ,the rest of the nourishment of such honest plants is usually derived from the soil4 ,the more stimulating food--within certain limits--that crops1 for instance1 take up by the roots1 the harder do their green parts work in the sunlight1 making starch and kindred substances out of what they can snatch from the atmosphere4 ,hence the value of manures2 they are stimulants to increased endeavor4 ,such honest1 hard-working plants form by far the greater bulk of vegetation1 and of those that grow on land nearly all are conspicuously green4 ,sometimes--but rarely--the green is disguised a little by another color associated with it1 or some tint that is but skin-deep4 ,take a leaf of the copper beech1 for instance1 scratch the surface1 and you will find the honest green beneath4 ,even the despised field-weeds1 that come up wherever man digs or plows1 and linger lovingly about his agriculture1 so be it that they are green1 are honest in their way1 and only take hold of what earth they can find to root in1 that they may participate with their fellows in the blessings to be got and given by keeping the atmosphere pure4 ,man wants to grow grain1 or something of the kind1 where they prefer to grow1 and so1 as they foul his husbandry1 he ruthlessly roots them out1 or tries at least4 ,it is their misfortune that man does not wish them there2 but still1 contemned creatures as they are1 they have honest ways about them1 and every green grain in their being is struggling hard to do something genuinely useful4 ,it is only an earnest striving to hold their own against man and brute1 that makes humble nettles clothe themselves with stings full of formic acid and fury1 and rude thistles bristle with a sharp nemo me impune lacessit at every prickle point4 ,they are armed for defense1 not aggression4 ,it is not of stuff such as this that vegetable villains are made4 ,since there is so much honesty1 however1 in the plant world1 rogues1 and thieves1 and pilferers must abound4 ,consider the animal kingdom4 ,where herds of deer roam in the wilds there beasts of prey are on the prowl1 or sportsmen stalk with murderous guns in hand4 ,where herrings and pilchards crowd in shoals clouds of gulls and gannets hover1 and porpoises with rapacious maws tumble and roll about4 ,where earthworms abound there moles with ravenous appetite are furiously driving mines1 or birds that have sharp1 quick bills keep watch with keen eyes4 ,and so in this honest plant community1 preying on it and pilfering from it1 live and flourish hosts of vegetable villains2 some without a trace of green in their whole being1 living by theftuous practices alone2 some with just the faintest suspicion of green and the slightest indications of a true nature2 others with a good deal of the better color about them1 but still only indifferently honest4 ,there is something of marvel and mystery about these plant pilferers--of strange peculiarities in their modes of life1 and in their adaptations for plundering and preying1 which can hardly fail to interest intelligent minds1 even when brought before them in a sketch such as this1 which does not profess to take in more than the outermost fringe of a wide field4 ,without terms and technicalities and a strange jargon of crabbed words that would be dry as dust1 and meaningless to most readers1 little professing to be thorough can be done2 yet1 after all1 something more generally comprehensive may ooze through in comparatively plain ,english4 ,with regard to their pilfering habits1 such plants are usually proportioned off into two great groups4 ,they either attach themselves to other beings and absorb their juices1 in which case they form a mighty host of plants of prey usually known as parasites2 or they seek their nurtriment1 and find it1 in dead and decaying organisms1 and are then known as saprophytes1 a somewhat hard word to begin with1 for which ,i can not find a popular equivalent1 but which merely signifies plants that grow on decomposing matter4 ,all land plants that are not blessed with a true green color belong to one or other of these groups1 and are villains in their various degrees4 ,they make no effort to free the air from the gaseous impurity that haunts it1 but1 like animals1 they keep fouling it instead4 ,with a very few exceptions1 all of them subsist on organic matter in some form1 and this they usually draw from the plants1 living or dead1 on which they grow1 or from decaying matter in the soil4 ,but many of these vegetable villains run into half-honest vagaries1 and succeed in raising themselves slightly above the common ruck4 ,if they can not seize and break up carbonic acid gas1 they may do a little toward atmospheric purification of a kind by laying fast hold on such organic particles as are floating in the air or brought to them in falling moisture4 ,plants such as these are sometimes found growing on barren sand1 on hard gravel1 on parapets of bridges1 on leaden cisterns1 on plastered walls1 on slag1 and in like inhospitable places1 where they are compelled to turn mainly to the atmosphere and trickling moisture for food4 ,some such haunt mines like phosphorescent ghosts1 others make themselves at home on places like the dome of ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral4 ,in a mass two feet in length1 similar strange plants were one morning long ago found by a smith on a piece of iron that he had taken1 on the previous night1 red-hot from his fire1 and laid on his water trough4 ,many similar vagaries they run into that would in the telling sound almost incredible4 ,indeed1 the whole group of the saprophytes is not to be accounted so utterly abandoned as that of the parasites4 ,to these they are certainly nearly related1 but there is more of the useful scavenger about them than of the useless thief4 ,no sooner has death overtaken any plant than a host of them set to work to clear away the now useless organism from the world1 breaking down herbaceousness into putrescence1 timber into touchwood1 and all at last into vegetable mould4 ,their mission is to seize upon decaying matter and endow it with life in a new form2 and thus out of rottenness often comes wholesomeness1 decay moulding itself into pleasant mushrooms1 or into things unfit for human food perhaps1 but that may bring the blessings of abundance to many little living creatures4 ,if such as are edible are to be considered villains1 then people of delicate palate who smack their lips over some of them have a right to insist that these should be specially classed as dainty little rogues4 ,still this useful scavengering habit is nearly allied to the pilfering one4 ,decay attacks part of a tree1 for instance1 and saprophytes set to work at the dead branch1 but they are apt to extend their operations to the adjoining living tissues1 which die1 too1 and decay1 till in the end the tree may be entirely destroyed4 ,the scavenger1 we can thus understand1 is apt on occasion to relapse into the thief and the out-and-out villain4 ,to one or other of these two great groups1 or occasionally to both1 belong1 besides a few flowering plants1 the whole extensive division of the fungi1 and it is to be noted that none of this curious class of plants is ever blessed with leaf-green or starch in any part of its substance4 ,whether minute even under powerful microscopes or measuring several feet across2 whether hard as wood or a mere mass of jelly2 whether horny1 fleshy1 or leathery2 whether resisting the action of the elements for years or hardly able to outlive a puff of wind2 whether beautiful1 commonplace1 or ugly2 whether sweet-scented or otherwise1 in this they agree1 that in all of them is wanting that greenness which makes honest work possible1 and those little grains of starch that come from honest work done4--,good ,words4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i ,,am afraid that a lightsome disposition and a relish for humor are not so common in those whose benevolence takes an active turn as in people of sentiment1 who are always ready with their tears and abounding in passionate expressions of sympathy4 ,working philanthropy is a practical specialty1 requiring not a mere impulse1 but a talent1 with a peculiar sagacity for finding its objects1 a tact for selecting its agencies1 an organizing and arranging faculty1 a steady set of nerves1 and a constitution such as ,sallust describes in ,catiline1 patient of cold1 of hunger1 and of watching4 ,philanthropists are commonly grave1 occasionally grim1 and not very rarely morose4 ,their expansive social force is imprisoned as a working power1 to show itself only through its legitimate pistons and cranks4 ,the tighter the boiler1 the less it whistles and sings at its work4--,oliver ,wendell ,holmes4 ,,slavonic ,,mythology4,b ,by ,,adley ,h4 ,,cummings4 ,the mythology of various tribes and races has of late attracted much attention1 while that of our own ancestors of the ,north has been studied with the greatest care4 ,little attention1 however1 has been devoted to the religious belief of the ancient ,slavonic race1 and yet it is replete with interest for all who yield to the fascination of ancient myth4 ,we unfortunately possess no ,slavic ,edda1 or ,veda1 to throw illumination upon the ancient creed of the tribes1 but a few scattered facts have come down to modern times--principally contained in popular songs--but sufficient to enable us to observe the similarity between ,slavonic mythology and that of the other members of the ,indo-,european stock--all pointing to that immensely ancient time when the ancestors of the combined race could have been gathered within the circuit of the same camp2 when they passed the same lives and worshiped the same divinities2 wept when the 8serpents of the night0 strangled the god appointed to preside over the day1 and rejoiced together with an exceeding great joy when the day-god1 victorious over his foes1 gilded the hills again4 ,in ,slavonic tradition ,swarog is represented as the most ancient of their gods1 as the one who was originally--before ,perkunas--the supreme deity of those tribes1 corresponding to ,sanskrit ,surya1 like ,helios in ,greece1 the dweller in the orb of the sun4 ,swarog was the pervading1 irresistible luminary1 the solar deity1 par excellence1 of the race1 and vague recollections of him still exist4 ,in some places ,swarog seems to have yielded to another solar deity1 ,dazhbog1 the god of fruitfulness1 represented as the son of ,swarog4 ,the etymological signification of ,dazhbog is the 8day-god40 ,with him1 as a representative of the sun1 was a god named ,khors--probably1 however1 but another name of the day-god4 ,ogon1 answering closely to ,sanskrit ,agni1 ,latin1 ignis 7fire71 was the god of fire1 brother of ,dazhbog2 his worship was principally connected with the domestic hearth4 ,but the deity who stands out most prominently1 who became the supreme divinity of the race1 though corresponding to the ,scandinavian ,thor1 was ,perkunas1 or ,perun1 whose name1 yielding to certain laws of phonetic change1 may correspond to ,greek ,keraunos 7thunder71 but more closely to ,sanskrit ,parjanya1 called in the ,rig-,veda1 8,the thunderer1 the showerer1 the bountiful1 who impregnates the plants with rain40 ,this god was forgotten by the ,hellenic ,aryans1 who exalted ,dyaus 7,zeus1 ,jove7 to the supreme position1 but the ,letto-,slavonic tribes bestowed upon him the endearing appellation of the 8,all-,father10 a title which they only conferred upon the creator of the lightnings4 ,it is said that the ,russians still say1 when the thunder rolls1 8,perkuna gromena20 in ,lithuanian1 8,perkuns grumena40 ,the ,south-,slavic term for the rainbow is 8,perunika10 8,perun's flower10 or 8beauty40 8,white-,russian traditions10 says ,afanasief1,c 8describe ,perun as tall and well shaped1 with black hair and a long golden beard4 ,he rides in a flaming car1 grasping in his left hand a quiver full of arrows1 and in his right a fiery bow40 ,he is also represented as carrying a mace1 answering to ,thor's hammer1 mjolnir4 ,after the introduction of ,christianity the prophet ,elijah became credited with many of the honors and functions of ,perkunas4 ,he was termed1 8,gromovit ,ilija0 7,thunder ,elijah71 and the origin of the notion1 and the strange metamorphosis of that sweet spirit into a ,boanerges1 undoubtedly lie in his flight to heaven in a chariot of fire1 and in his power1 when on earth1 of calling down fire from heaven1 and of bringing the rain4 ,thus1 ,,ii4 ,kings1 i3#aj1 he says1 8,if ,i be a man of ,god1 then shall fire come down from heaven and consume thee and thy fifty40 ,again1 ,kings1 i41 #ah3da1 8,and ,elijah said unto ,ahab3 ,get thee up2 eat and drink1 for there is a sound of abundance of rain40 ,the ,slavs considered that the thunder and lightning were given into the prophet's hands1 and that he closed the gates of heaven1 i4 e41 the clouds1 to sinful men1 who thus might not share in his blessed reign4 ,there is evidence of the same belief among the ,teutonic tribes1 and in the old ,high-,german poem1 8,muspilli10 a form of that saga which prevailed throughout all the middle ages with regard to the appearance of anti-,christ shortly before the end of the world4 ,elijah takes the place which ,thor assumes in ,scandinavian myth at ,ragnarok1 and fights the evil one3 8,daz hrtih rahhn dia werol trehtwison1 ,daz sculi der anti-,christo mit ,eliase pgan40 ,i have heard the very learned say1 ,that anti-,christ shall with ,elijah fight4 ,the poem then proceeds to say that ,elijah shall be wounded1 and recounts the many signs and wonders that shall occur before the ,muspell-doom1 the ,judgment ,day4 ,volos1 or ,veles1 was another solar deity4 ,it has been held that the ,greek ,helios appears in this name1 while others have identified him with ,odin1 or ,woden1 pronounced with an epenthetic l1 and with other changes1 but the etymology seems far-fetched4 ,he was the special protector of cattle4 ,the name survives to ,christian times in ,st4 ,blasius4 ,mr4 ,ralston says3 8,in ,christian times the honors originally paid to ,volos were transferred to his namesake1 ,st4 ,vlas1 or ,vlasy 7,blasius71 who was a shepherd by profession4 ,to him the peasants throughout ,russia pray for the safety of their flocks and herds1 and on the day consecrated to him 7,february #aa7 they drive their cows to church1 and have them secured against misfortune by prayer and the sprinkling of holy water4444 ,afanasief considers that the name was originally one of the epithets of ,perun1 who1 as the cloud-compeller--the clouds being the cattle of the sky--was the guardian of the heavenly herds1 and that the epithet ultimately became regarded as the name of a distinct deity40 ,by the names of ,volus and ,perun the ,russians used to swear and confirm their sayings and treaties by oath4 ,stribog was the wind-god4 ,according to ,russian ideas the four winds are the sons of one mother1 and in the ,old-,russian ,igor song the wind is addressed as ,sir4 ,these winds are called ,stribog's grandsons4 ,so in ,india1 the winds are regarded as sentient beings2 thus in the ,nalopkhynam3 8,thus adjured1 a solemn witness1 spake the winds from out the air4 99 99 99 99 99 ,even as thus the wind was speaking1 flowers fell showering all around1 ,and the gods' sweet music sounded on the zephyr light40 ,byelbog and ,chernobog1 the representatives of light and darkness1 are of antagonistic nature--the warring principles of good and evil4 ,byelbog is the white1 shining god1 the bringer of the day1 the benignant ,phbus1 while ,chernobog1 a black god1 belongs to the diabolical order4 ,the goddess of spring and love was ,lada--corresponding closely to ,freya in the ,scandinavian traditions4 ,lovers and the newly married addressed their prayers to her1 praising her name in songs4 ,lado1 the ,slavonic counterpart of ,norse ,freyr1 has many of the same attributes as the goddess ,lada1 to whom the same adoration and praise were offered4 ,mr4 ,ralston says that 8one ,lithuanian song distinctly couples the name ,lado with that of the sun4 ,a shepherd sings1 #8,i fear thee not ,o wolf6 ,the god with the sunny curls will not let thee approach4 ,lado1 ,o ,sun-,lado6' ,in one of the old chronicles ,lado is mentioned as the god of marriage1 of mirth1 of pleasure1 and of general happiness1 to whom those about to marry offered sacrifices in order to secure a fortunate union40 ,kuplo was the god of harvests1 and before the harvest--on the #bc;d of ,june--sacrifices were offered to him4 ,young people lighted fires and danced around them in the evening1 adorned with garlands of flowers1 singing harvest ditties to the god4 ,this custom still survives in the fires kindled on ,st4 ,john's eve1 through which sometimes the people jump and drive their cattle4 ,the ,poles and other ,slavonians1 especially in remote districts1 keep up many of their ancient heathen rites4 ,the #bdth of ,december was sacred to the goddess ,kolyada1 a solar deity1 to whom songs were sung in celebration of the renewed life of the sun after the winter solstice 8when the gloom of the long winter nights begins to give way to the lengthening day40 ,this festival became blended with the ,christmas celebration upon the advent of ,christianity1 and songs are still to be heard at that time containing the name of the goddess1 as ,kolyada6 ,kolyada6 ,kolyada has arrived ,on the eve of the ,nativity4 ,these ditties are called ,kolyadki4 ,inferior deities were believed in and many supernatural beings were supposed to haunt the woods and waters4 ,the ,russalkas1 which are naiads1 though no more seen1 are still believed in1 and are of a nature similar to the elves and fairies of western nations4 8,they are generally represented under the form of beauteous maidens1 with full and snow-white bosoms1 and with long and slender limbs4 ,their feet are small1 their eyes are wild1 their faces are fair to see1 but their complexion is pale1 their expression anxious4 ,their hair is long and thick and wavy1 and green as is the grass40 ,the ,russians are very superstitious in regard to them1 fearing to offend them1 while the maidens go into the woods and throw garlands to them1 asking for rich husbands in return4 ,then there are ,mavkas1 or ,little-,russian fairies and water-nymphs1 wood demons1 house spirits and numerous other minor spirits and powers which teem in the folk songs of the peasants4 ,among the eastern ,slavs there seem to have been no temples or priests1 while the contrary was true of the west4 ,they burned their dead and greatly reverenced the spirits of the departed1 in whose honor festivals were held4 ,a form of ,sutteeism undoubtedly prevailed1 widows destroying themselves in order to accompany their husbands to the spirit land1 while slaves were sometimes sacrificed upon the same occasions--a practice common to most barbarous states of society4 ,upon a general view of ancient ,slavonic mythology we observe the same characteristics as among all the other ,indo-,european tribes--the same nature-worship and inclination to personify the powers of the air and sky2 to worship the beneficent sun1 which brings to man prosperity1 light and happiness2 to execrate the night1 the enemy of the bright1 the beautiful god of day4 ,men in the childhood of the human race were as simple as children ever have been4 ,the same characteristics mark them4 ,when the mother leaves her child for a moment1 the babe with piteous cries calls on her to return4 ,why is this so8 ,because in the mind of the child there is no connecting link between the ideas of her going and returning2 in other words1 the child cannot reason enough to consider it possible--not to say probable1 certain--that she will return4 ,thus in the simple pastoral days of extreme antiquity1 when the glorious sun1 the light of men's eyes1 the joy of their hearts1 sank below the horizon1 the idea of its return failed to suggest itself to their minds4 ,each sun-setting was a grief1 each rising of the blessed orb a joy unspeakable4 ,and thus upon the plains of ,iran1 in the flowery meads of ,asia ,minor and on the ,russian steppes1 when man beheld the sun1 his joy appeared1 he fell on his face and thanked the regent of the sky for his light again4 ,had the earth been nearer to the sun the face of ,comparative ,mythology had been changed2 the sun-myth would have had to seek a different origin and home1 and the history of that greatest of all studies--the study of man--would have had a different course4 ,it is sincerely to be hoped that the future of the ,slavonic tribes may be such as ,god and nature have intended for them1 and that their name may be changed again from slaves to ,slavs--8men of glory0--is the aspiration of all who have hopes for the race2 in short1 of all who wish well to our common humanity4 ,,footnotes3 ,b ,extract from a lecture delivered at ,pacific ,grove ,assembly1 ,july1 #ahhc1 ,monterey1 ,california4 ,c ,ralston1 8,songs of the ,russian ,people10 from whom much information contained in this sketch is gained4 ,,from ,,the ,,baltic ,,to ,,the ,,adriatic4 ,by the ,author of 8,german-,american ,housekeeping10 etc4 ,we hesitated quite awhile before deciding to expend fifty thalers for a trip from ,berlin to ,danzig1 finally concluding that the historical interest of ,marienburg1 through which we would pass on our return1 and the reputed picturesqueness of ,danzig would compensate us for the time and money4 ,at an early hour one ,september morning we drove across the busiest portion of ,berlin 7and most unknown to the traveler71 to take our train at the ost bahn4 ,i had seen this portion of the large city once before1 when we started to visit the country of the ,wends1 the original people in all the region by the ,baltic4 ,the tedious stretch of sand 7broken here and there by a peasant's house with red tile roof71 was the same we had traversed so often in leaving ,berlin for a neighboring town or city1 the inevitable 8plains of ,moab0 which discouraged ,frederick the ,great's ,french gardeners4 ,how such a thriving1 populous city as ,berlin has ever asserted itself in the sand1 is a curious study4 ,we passed ,bismarck's estate in ,pomerania1 8,schnhausen10 and one of the party reflected upon the great statesman1 the largest factor in ,german political life2 while the other remembered the sad and dejected royal pair which was driven by ,napoleon's fury to take this same route to ,memel4 ,the lovely ,queen ,louise and ,frederick ,william ,,iii4 were there with their royal children1 praying that the tyrant's hand might be stayed1 and they brought back to their rightful kingdom4 ,alas6 death claimed the beautiful queen before the peace for which she prayed was restored to ,prussia4 ,but in her son1 the present emperor1 there has been perpetuated the spirit of his mother4 ,prussia's high position to-day has been secured not altogether by the might of her great army1 nor the tremendous genius of her great statesmen1 nor the ambition of her king1 but by the growth of sentiment during the reigns of ,frederick ,william ,,iii4 and ,,iv41 and by the precept ,queen ,louise instilled into her sons during those dark and sorrowful days of exile in ,memel3 8,my sons1 let the spirit of ,frederick the ,great animate you10 etc4 ,memel1 ,tilsit1 and ,knigsberg were passed1 and finally the blue ,baltic and ,danzig were in sight4 ,we had almost looked for amber-colored water1 so long had we associated the beautiful display of amber jewels in the ,berlin shop windows with the ,baltic1 from which it is taken4 ,even ,homer refers to the ,baltic as the resting place of amber1 its bed being laid with the sunny stone4 ,a multitude of ship-masts rose from the coast1 and from beyond the pointed gables of the old city1 lessening in altitude as the vista lengthened4 ,this first glimpse was a more fascinating picture than we were afterward able to find4 ,yet the hotel helped the preconceived idea that ,danzig was really a second ,nuremberg4 ,the broad stone steps1 or stairway1 which started from the portecochre1 were whitened by ashes1 as one so often sees them in ,germany--a pretty state of things for a lady descending in a black dress4 ,the room we were to occupy was an immense ball-room1 utilized in quiet times for a bed-room4 ,two candles burned in their tall candlesticks on the center-table1 and by the light of the twilight we could see across the street some beautiful and curious carvings in the opposite gabled houses4 ,the price paid for accommodations was large enough to have enabled us to see castles in the air1 and to have our ball-room illuminated with gas until morning4 ,we concluded they seldom had guests in this hotel1 and therefore made heavy profits when some did come along4 ,that evening we wandered around the old crooked streets--paved in cobble-stones1 which wore our shoes almost in pieces--until we were glad to pause in front of the great old red-brick cathedral4 ,its towers cut the big yellow moon in two at every angle we could see them4 ,we stretched our heads to take in the tremendous dimensions of the cathedral1 and the ornamentations of some of the best houses1 until we suddenly remembered that it was nearing midnight1 and that we had been in actual service at sight-seeing and traveling since an early hour that morning1 so we returned to our ball-room and two candles4 ,the next morning1 we imagined1 we would have a great treat in hunting up old carved furniture1 for which ,danzig1 we had been told by our ,german friends1 was equal to ,augsburg2 but the antiquarians had left no place unexplored4 ,no trace of massive-legged table or curiously-carved chairs was to be found1 save in the ,museum and the ,rathhaus 7,council ,hall74 ,the stairway of the ,council ,hall remains indeed a monument to the ingenious designer and skillful carver1 and the judge's chair is most curious4 ,a fine old convent has been turned into a museum4 ,its kreuz gnge1 or cross-passages1 give the place a most mysterious1 sequestered air1 and they are gradually collecting some great pictures and treasures within its walls4 ,but the ,rathhaus1 in its architecture1 surpasses everything in ,danzig1 excepting1 perhaps1 its fine old gateways4 ,the most distinguished houses in ,danzig have on either side of the entrance1 at a distance of five feet1 immense stones hewn out of solid rock4 ,they are nine feet1 probably1 in circumference4 ,a chain is attached1 which is given a graceful swing before being fastened again to either side of the front door1 about as high up as the brass knocker4 ,as these big round stones grow smaller in perspective1 they give a peculiar air to a street4 ,they seem to be peculiar to ,danzig1 unless one or two dwellings in ,edinburgh have them4 ,the big stones1 the large chains1 the tremendous brass knockers1 and the innumerable windows in the six stories of the pointed gables1 suggest aristocratic dwellings1 and surpass the houses in ,nuremberg4 ,an important political meeting at ,stettin defeated our intention of seeing ,marienburg on our return to ,berlin4 ,marienburg is a place few foreigners find out1 but ,lbke1 in his 8,history of ,art10 represents the architecture of the palace occupied by the knights1 or crusaders1 for two centuries1 as one of the most exquisite ruins in all ,germany4 ,thorn and ,knigsburg were also homes for this order of knights4 ,the following day at noon it was rather refreshing to drive into so modern and gay a place as ,berlin1 and forget that so many people must exist in places like ,danzig4 ,medival life seems still to enwrap them there as in a garment4 ,their eyes are closed to any modern idea or project4 ,berlin contains all that is new and progressive in ,germany4 ,that day as we sat in the garden of the 8,thiergarten ,hotel10 eating delicious salmon1 the old emperor drove by in his open carriage1 with his faithful jger4 ,he was still a subject for curiosity1 as it was so soon after the attempt had been made to assassinate him1 ,june #g1 #ahgh4 ,he was fired on as he drove by in this same open carriage with this same faithful jger4 ,the sight of the old emperor recalled the previous months which had been so full of political stir in ,europe4 ,the session of the ,berlin ,congress1 and the occupation of ,bosnia by the ,austrians had taken place4 ,to describe ,berlin to those who have not visited it1 is simply telling1 generally1 the size of palaces1 the number of art collections1 the width of streets1 the squares occupied by statues1 the places of amusement1 etc41 but even when these objects and interests are put in writing they leave little impression until the place is seen4 ,but there is another aspect of the great ,prussian capital4 ,it is a wonderful place just now1 attracting so many foreign students to its university1 the best musical talent to its conservatories1 and the first military genius within its walls4 ,no matter what branch of study one may choose1 the instruction and illustration is right at hand4 ,to the student of politics it is a most fruitful field1 not only because distinguished statesmen frequent its streets every day1 but because grave problems in political science are discussed in the ,reichstag or taught in the ,university4 ,the student of physics or of natural science can work under ,helmholz and others2 the student of music can secure ,joachim or ,clara ,schumann1 or the student of art1 ,knaus1 or ,richter4 ,berlin has no pulpit orator4 ,the ,dom is more frequented because of its tombs than for any living influence it extends4 ,it contains the coffins of ,frederick ,william the great elector1 and ,frederick ,i41 king of ,prussia4 ,the ,mendelssohn choir chants its anthems1 and the emperor and empress bow at its communion table2 but ,st4 ,hedwig's ,church is better attended4 ,the ,american ,chapel1 built by the efforts of ,mr4 ,whright1 our ,american minister to the ,prussian court1 a devout ,methodist1 is still occupied and attended by travelers of the ,american-,english type4 ,the annual exhibition of pictures in the academy1 the many fine concerts1 the treasures in the old museum1 the ,royal ,library1 the palaces1 and the lovely drives along 8,unter den ,linden10 are only mentioned to show what ,berlin does contain in the way of sights and pleasures4 ,this ,unter den ,linden1 the street so well known1 was planned by ,frederick ,william1 in the seventeenth century1 and is now worn by many royal carriages and busy hurrying mortals4 ,the street about the opera house is crowded every morning by the eager buyers of tickets1 which must be secured in the morning4 ,surely life in ,berlin can be made very attractive1 but after a long residence there ,i am convinced that it has little religious life4 ,the climate is depressing1 the expense of living great1 two other detractions4 ,potsdam1 ,sans ,souci1 ,charlottenburg ,tegel1 and many other places in the suburbs1 are1 historically and naturally1 charming resorts4 ,it is more compensating in ,europe to go from place to place with some special work or subject in view than to go for mere sight-seeing4 ,your special work brings you nearer the people4 ,if your landlady asks you what it is1 and you take the trouble to tell her1 she or some of her friends will at once see that you know all their acquaintances who are engaged in the same line of inquiry1 and while the new acquaintances may not be socially or intellectually your ideals1 yet their conversation will help you in the language and give you many opportunities4 ,dresden ,i only know through hard work in the galleries1 as though all its sights are familiar--the ,schloss1 ,green ,vaults with their immense treasures1 the ,military ,museum1 ,museum of ,natural ,history1 the ,grand ,opera ,house1 the ,frauenkirche1 ,japanese ,palace1 cafs1 coinages and statues2 yet the picture gallery1 with its priceless 8,madonna di ,san ,sisto0 of ,raphael is to me the starting point of interest and the essence of ,dresden life4 ,from eight o'clock in the morning until four o'clock in the afternoon faithful copyists labor in the gallery4 ,the price received for their work scarcely keeps them from starving4 ,to go in among them for a time and work and feel as they do1 enlarges one's sympathies1 and teaches one to love the masterpieces of the great artists4 ,to the uninitiated in such matters it may be well to explain that before the permission is given to copy a picture in any of the ,european galleries1 a good deal of red tape must be looked after1 especially in ,germany4 ,the director demands a specimen of the applicant's work1 which must be a study from nature1 either figure or landscape or still life4 ,it is with considerable trepidation that the office of the 8,herr ,director0 is entered4 ,if the applicant is successful1 he or she comes out with an elaborate paper containing the agreement1 the name of picture to be copied1 the number1 room1 etc41 with the director's name and the seal attached4 ,one of the gallerie diener1 as they are called in ,germany1 takes you under his care1 arranges an easel1 a piece of carpet1 a rest-stick and table4 ,you are recognized among the copyists1 and the hat of every gallerie diener is raised at your approach or departure4 ,when you have finished1 the inspector is allowed to criticise your work4 ,you must pay the diener who has waited upon you some trink geld1 or a fee1 as we would express it4 ,at noon you can eat your cold lunch1 in company with the other copyists1 in front of a ,raphael or a ,correggio1 a ,titian or a ,rubens1 scrutinize its merits or laugh at its blunders1 or speculate on the old master's methods of using their pigments1 without being amenable to any court4 ,an artist's life is a life of liberty--of thought1 at least4 ,many of these copyists spend their afternoons in sketching1 thus establishing their originality and emancipating themselves from servile observance of other men's methods4 ,in company with these plodding1 intelligent artists1 ,i have spent many delightful hours sketching in the 8,alt ,markt10 or the ,zwinger1 or at ,sans ,souci or ,charlottenburg4 ,i have often wondered if the little ,greek church in the suburbs of ,dresden was as attractive to all travelers as to me4 ,it is surrounded on one side by golden wheat fields1 with red poppies and dark blue corn flowers growing among it4 ,its gilded dome1 semi-domes1 and minarets1 shine like blazing lights against the dark blue sky4 ,the style is such pure ,byzantine and the inside so perfect in its appointments1 and yet so simple2 the service conducted in so solemn and devout a spirit1 there seems to be much to impress the looker-on4 ,there are no seats4 ,on one side stand the women and on the other side the men1 and before the altar the patriarch1 or priest4 ,the service is short1 consisting almost entirely of singing by the men and boys1 without the aid of an instrument4 ,when the plate is passed for the collection it contains a roll of bread1 the meaning of which ,i have never discovered1 although ,james ,freeman ,clark may give it in the account of the ,greek church in his 8,ten ,great ,religions40 ,their belief that the ,holy ,ghost proceeds from the ,father1 and not from the ,father and ,son1 seems to be the most essential difference in prayer between the ,english ,church and the ,greek4 ,a summer in the ,harz ,mountains1 taking in ,weimar and ,eisenach1 and the 8,wartburg10 is a charming experience4 ,to find out that one can live in this age in so interesting a retreat as ,weimar1 for twenty dollars a month1 gives back some of the simplicity to ,german life4 ,to a student of ,goethe1 ,schiller1 ,wieland and ,herder1 no spot offers more pleasure than the quiet1 old streets and groves and houses of ,weimar4 ,a mere drive through the park1 passing ,goethe's summer house and on out to 8,tiefert10 where the ,grand ,duchess ,amelia held her little court1 and the open air theater attracted a charming coterie to listen to ,goethe or ,schiller in some representation1 re-awakens the genius of the times and arouses the appetite of the traveler for more acquaintance with the place4 ,the next drive or stroll through the park will prove that every stone contains some rhyme1 and every bench some association with those great men4 ,there is a line to ,frau ,von ,stein in the garden of ,goethe's country house1 an elegy engraved on the stone as one ascends to the ,roman house in the park4 ,the front approach to this house is not so attractive1 but the back is a fascinating place4 ,it contains on the first floor an open room with round table and benches1 where the ,duke and his poets sat for hours1 looking over the old stone steps into the park4 ,a short stroll from there brings one to the large open space1 in the middle of the park1 which was laid out by ,goethe1 and represents precisely the dimensions of ,st4 ,peter's in ,rome4 ,the immense ground plot of that church is here to be recognized more definitely than when one stands under its dome4 ,the grand ducal palace at ,weimar contains one unique room1 while all the others are handsome4 ,the one which differs from similar palatial apartments is frescoed with scenes from the works of ,weimar's great poets4 ,the halls are silent and one longs to see little fat ,karl ,august step out of a saal or the ,duchess ,amelia greet ,goethe or ,schiller on the stairway as in days of yore4 ,mr4 ,lewis1 in his life of ,goethe1 portrays such scenes with a graphic pen4 ,in #ahcb the house in the ,goethe-platz was left vacant by its great occupant4 ,its art treasures1 its library1 its various collections1 showing how comprehensive ,goethe's mind was1 and how many things he had investigated1 were abandoned1 as all human efforts must be abandoned1 when the silent messenger calls the soul into the presence of its ,great ,creator4 ,if self-denial is required of those on earth who hope to enter into his rest1 then who can answer for ,goethe8 ,but surely the choir of angels in 8,faust0 sing beautifully of it3 8,christ is arisen1 ,praised be his name2 ,his love shared our prison ,of guilt and of shame2 ,he hath borne the hard trial of self-denial1 ,and triumphant ascends ,to the hills whence he came40 ,this house still stands as he left it1 and is shown every ,friday afternoon to visitors4 ,it has been occupied by his grandson for years4 ,the church in which ,lucas ,cranach's great picture is to be seen1 and in which ,herder preached1 is a cold1 heartless structure to a stranger1 but its very stones and walls must respond to the prayers of the old inhabitants4 ,the brunnen1 or town well1 in front of ,lucas ,cranach's house1 when surrounded by a crowd of peasants offers a genre picture for an artist4 ,the picture gallery is new and good4 ,a large fresco representing ,weimar celebrities is in the front entrance4 ,bettina ,von ,arnim is the only woman in the group4 ,perhaps her correspondence1 which is by many considered spurious1 will make the artist regret that he has given her so important a position in this fresco4 ,to take an early breakfast in some lovely arbor1 overlooking some historic grounds1 then spend the morning in the gallery and the afternoon in the park1 and the evening at the concert1 is about the happiest program one can follow in a small ,german town4 ,eisenach1 the capital of ,saxe-,weimar1 a town of #aj1jjj inhabitants1 will always remain associated with ,martin ,luther4 ,it is the principal town in the ,thuringian forest4 ,the old 8,wartburg10 one and a half miles south of the town1 is famous for its architecture and history4 ,martin ,luther1 the ,elector of ,saxony1 who rescued him1 and earlier the saintly ,elizabeth and her cruel husband1 are only a few names which are associated with it4 ,of course the story of the ,elector of ,saxony rescuing ,luther1 after the ,diet of ,worms1 is well known4 ,yet who can resist dwelling upon this bold character at this period4 ,after the ,pope's excommunication ,luther defies all threats and starts out on his return journey1 with the emperor's promise of a safe-conduct2 the decree for arrest follows closely every step4 ,what a picture6 to have these armed knights attack him and carry him prisoner to the old ,wartburg4 ,then to discover afterward that a friend's hand1 and not an enemy's1 had done this thing4 ,there he remained ten months1 and there still remain the traces on the wall of the ink he threw at the devil4 ,perhaps the chapel1 where he preached on ,sundays1 is a more becoming and decorous place to associate him with than this little room1 always pointed out first4 ,the ,wartburg has been so beautifully renovated of late at the expense of the government1 it is really worth a second visit to those who may have seen it years ago4 ,the banquet hall is certainly superb1 and the ,st4 ,elizabethangeng1 with its beautiful frescoes and long narrow proportions1 almost enables one to see the good woman walking up and down with her prayer-book1 in deep meditation1 before starting out through the forest with her attendants1 and her apron full of provisions for the poor4 ,it is told that once1 when her liege-lord met her1 and inquired what she had in her apron 7he had strictly forbidden her taking things to the poor71 she1 with legendary faith1 opened her apron and forthwith the bread became roses4 ,taking your faithful donkey which has brought you up the hill1 and your ,wartburg album collection of photographs1 you find yourself soon wandering through the lovely and fantastic ,annenthal1 and finally resting near the depot at ,eisenach4 ,there the untiring finger of your old guide points to ,fritz ,reuter's house1 and at last to his own little bill1 which he has carefully prepared and which he expects you as carefully to pay4 ,never goes money from your pocket more liberally6 ,the ,harz ,mountains1 their legends and songs1 have been so often written of there is danger of stupid repetition if one goes over the ground4 ,a novel experience for an ,american is to have an attack of rheumatism in the house of an old ,polish major in midsummer1 in ,wernigerode1 and be attended by the physician of ,count ,von ,stolberg4 ,to inform those who may be so unfortunate as to meet with a similar fate what will become of them1 ,i would simply remark that the subterfuge of every ,german doctor1 when he finds a case getting beyond his control1 is to recommend a water-cure4 ,the one at ,magdeburg being the nearest to ,wernigerode1 is the one which ,count ,von ,stolburg's physician would be best acquainted with1 so off to the old city and farewell to the ,harz6 ,what rheumatic patient cares for a view of a fine old cathedral from a window1 or to be informed that the city has existed since the eighth century8 ,do these facts lessen the pain or quiet the nerves8 ,after the bath has restored the patient1 and he or she can walk out and examine the cathedral1 and read of the sufferings of the people in the sixteenth or seventeenth centuries1 and again how the ,austrian army was resisted by ,wallenstein for seven months1 and how the ,french besieged and took it in #ahjf1 and again in #ahac--thus there is diversion in finding oneself on such historic grounds and picturesque surroundings4 ,to be continued4 ,,in ,,flowery ,,fields4 ,by ,,mary ,,harrison4 ,ye flowers in your wonderful silence1 ,ye birds with your wonderful sound1 ,the love of my ,god are declaring2 ,for ye are the language he found4 ,ye smile to the eye of my spirit1 ,ye sing to the ear of my soul2 ,ye waken soft echoes of anthems ,which over ,god's ,paradise roll4 ,ye bloom as ye bloomed once in ,eden1 ,make holy and sacred the sod2 ,ye sing as you sang when in rapture ,man counted you angels of ,god4 ,by you--common things of the desert-- ,god's love has this miracle wrought3 ,ye fill me with exquisite gladness1 ,with worship which silences thought4 --,london ,sunday ,magazine4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,republics where high birth gives no right to the government of the state1 are in that respect the most happy2 for the people have less reason to envy an authority which they confer on whom they will1 and which they can again take away when they choose4--,montesquieu4 ,,failings4 ,by ,j4 ,,mortimer ,,granville4 ,we all have our failings1 and for the most part we regard them tenderly4 ,they do not count as offences2 scarcely are they held to be faults4 ,it is always a probable conjecture that an error of omission has been unintentional2 not unfrequently it seems possible it was unavoidable4 ,a sentiment of pity for1 and even sympathy with1 weakness overpowers the sense of grievance2 the voice of the inward monitor is silenced1 and the self-excused conscience sleeps4 ,meanwhile failings are the worst and most mischievous1 the deadliest and least curable1 of the ills to which the moral nature of man is heir4 ,they are the sources of evil whence spring the blackest vices of human character1 the false roots that nourish and sustain its parasites1 and steal the sap of its inner life4 ,a failing is not merely negative2 its sinister aspect is one of positive wrong-doing1 wherein some behest of the will is disobeyed1 a measure of moral power wasted1 a rebel habit formed or fostered4 ,to compassionate failings in others is to beg the question of fact for the sake of politeness2 to look with leniency on the errors which self would fain palliate1 by assuming that they are unavoidable1 is to play the traitor to ,truth1 and let the enemy into the citadel2 whereas conscience is set to guard the nature of man from treachery not less carefully than to protect it against assault4 ,failings may be moral1 mental1 or physical1 as they show themselves in the character1 the intellect1 or the bodily habit and powers4 ,it generally happens that what strikes the observer as a failing is compounded of errors in feeling1 thought1 and action combined4 ,the practical question is how the overt evil came into existence2 or1 if happily the failing should be detected in an earlier stage of growth1 before it has betrayed its presence by ugly consequences1 we may ask3 what are the mischievous forces1 where are they at work1 how can they be counteracted8 ,why has this person the 8failing0 of a tendency to excessive indulgence in drink or the gratification of some unbridled passion2 and that individual a seeming inability to recognize and pursue the right and honest course of conduct in the presence of any so-called 8temptation0 or difficulty8 ,some of the most regrettable and injurious failings which disfigure and defame the character run through families1 appearing in successive generations and seeming to be inherited4 ,this theory of their perpetuation is well founded2 and it has been adduced as conclusive evidence of the truth of the hypothesis that mind1 and1 of course1 character1 is the mere outcome of matter4 ,the force of the argument obviously rests on the assumption that nothing more than1 or outside1 matter can be transmitted from parent to child2 that a particular constitution of brain and nerve centres1 a special arrangement or combination of the elements which compose the mind-organ1 may be reproduced1 and1 if it is1 a similarity of character will be entailed2 but as for the independent existence of mind1 or spirit1 that is a pure figment of the imagination1 which science will sooner or later drive beyond the pale of credulity1 and to which1 even now1 only a few thinkers avowedly cling6 ,let us examine this proposition at close quarters4 ,it may be stated thus4 ,all we know of mind is expressed1 and understood1 by physical agencies and in the formul of material force4 ,speech communicates thought1 and we think in words4 ,the faculty of forming and employing words is a brain function4 ,if a particular region of the brain be injured or diseased1 the power of using language1 at least in speech1 is generally lost4 ,the materialist argues from this and many similar facts that mind is the product of matter4 ,he fails to perceive that the only warrantable deduction from his own data is that mind or spirit1 call it what we will1 can only express itself through the brain as an instrument4 ,as well deny the skill or independent existence of a musician because he can not play the full score of an opera on a flute1 as infer the non-existence of a soul from the fact that man cannot perform intellectual work without the organ of thought--the brain6 ,the capacity of the instrument doubtless limits the expression1 but it supplies no measure of the power or skill of the performer1 except in so far as the use he makes of the instrument may be a bad one4 ,this exception is of great significance1 and there will be something more to say about it presently4 ,meantime it is evident that1 while the range of brain-power determines the manifestation of mind1 it neither measures1 nor affirms1 nor disproves the independent existence of mind4 ,the anatomist1 the physiologist1 and the chemist declare their inability to discover the traces of a soul in the physical organism4 ,that no more proves the non-existence of a soul than the failure to recognize more than a certain number of planets at any stage in the history of astronomy demonstrated that there was nothing further to find4 ,the appeal against materialism lies to the instinct of common sense4 ,if mind were the mere outcome of matter1 science would long since have discovered some tolerably constant relation between peculiarities of physical development and manifestations of character2 whereas every step onward in the progress of research tends to disprove the existence of any certain dependency or connection between morals and matter4 ,even such links as compose the stock-in-trade of the physiognomist and phrenologist are shown to be illusory1 except in so far as they may be the effects1 rather than the causes1 of character1 and are produced by culture--witness the effects of education on facial expression in the case of criminals4 ,the theory of a criminal conformation of cranium has been abandoned like the silly affectation of being able to detect an offender by his 8hang-dog0 or 8murderous0 look4 8,failings0 must be studied in the light of the lessons these facts and considerations combine to teach4 ,the moral question involved is one of responsibility for the use each individual may make of the brain-power allotted to him4 ,the neglect to employ gifts and capacities is as grave an error1 from an ethical point of view1 as their application to a bad purpose4 ,the servant who buried his talent in the earth was held accountable for the failure to use it1 and thereby increase its value4 ,the parable sets forth a truth of the highest practical interest4 ,we are responsible for the development1 by use1 of the faculties vouchsafed to us4 ,if they are allowed to remain in abeyance1 or a rudimentary state1 we are to blame for the deficiencies and the failings to which this neglect gives rise1 and are without excuse4 ,the obligation to act up to the level of known duty cannot be avoided4 ,a 8failing0 is an act of contempt for the law of development by use4 ,it is disobedience to an understood command4 ,the fact that it is recognized makes a failing an offence4 ,there may be short-coming in the performance of a good resolve4 ,few1 if any1 merely human efforts are entirely successful2 but the failure which occurs when an endeavor is made in the energy of a resolute and well-aimed purpose is not so much a fault as insufficiency4 ,the rising tide reaches its highest level by successive efforts4 ,self-improvement is effected in the same fashion4 ,the motive power of persistent good endeavor is accumulative--ever advancing like the great tidal wave of the ocean--though the ground is conquered by short and seemingly only half-successful advances4 ,failings1 however1 as we are now regarding them1 are excused faults in the character which the individual makes no serious effort to repair4 ,some defects1 as we have seen1 are inherited1 and upon them it is the custom to bestow great commiseration and little blame4 ,now1 in truth1 these are the least pardonable1 because1 if they are known to have been transmitted from parent to child1 the latter has1 generally1 the advantage of an example1 ever present to memory1 by which to correct his personal deficiencies4 ,if the 8failing0 be a vicious propensity1 he can recall its hideousness1 and thus stimulate will and conscience to aid him in eradicating the fault4 ,if it be some form of deficiency1 as indolence1 lack of perseverance1 want of principle1 or the like1 he can study1 as in the pages of history1 the evil consequences entailed by the defect1 and with diligence order his own conduct in better courses4 ,inherited failings are the least excusable4 ,even the materialist1 who claims them as the fruit of physical peculiarities1 must concede that by special culture they can be remedied1 the healthy organism being susceptible of increased development in any particular direction when the proper stimuli are intelligently applied with a view to its improvement4 ,the apologist for failings which have been inherited can find no comfort in the philosophy of materialism4 ,failings which are peculiar to the individual may be less easy to detect1 and the subject of these defects is1 in a measure1 dependent upon experience and the monitions of those around him for the information needed to correct them4 ,this should keep the wise teachable and apt to profit by the lessons life is ever reading for their instruction4 ,a self-reliant spirit is manly1 and therefore commendable2 a self-sufficient spirit is unreasonable1 and therefore despicable4 ,it is strange how few of us grow really wiser as we grow older4 ,the work of self-improvement is seldom commenced until forced upon the judgment by some awakening experience1 and this is rarely vouchsafed until the ductile period of youth has gone by4 ,early in the adult age of man his habits become rigidly formulated1 and failings are then hard to mend4 ,a world of unhappiness and disappointment might be spared the later years of life if the young would be warned to begin the business of training the character before it is firmly set in the mould of circumstances1 with all the coarse elements--inherited and contracted--uneliminated1 and the errors of inconsistency and imperfect development uncorrected4 ,it is in the period of youth and adolescence that the mind may be most hopefully cultivated and the moral character intelligently formed4 ,no greater mistake can be made by a young and vigorous mind than to treat the faculty of reason and the instinct of moral judgment as parts of the being which may be left to their own devices4 ,the young man bestows some thought on his muscular system--he trains his eye1 cultivates his ear1 and takes credit for prudence when he strives to develop the vigor and to foster the healthy growth of his body4 ,is it wise--nay1 is it not rather the worst of folly and shortsightedness--to neglect the ordinary development of those higher powers which man possesses in a more exalted degree than any of the lower animals8 ,taking care for the body while the mind is neglected is the worst of failings--the most calamitous and the least excusable4 ,,gone6 ,by ,e4 ,g4 ,,charlesworth4 ,alas6 and have ,i lost thy voice1 ,lost the sweet face that in my youth ,shone from my breast on things to be-- ,hope-making1 changing hope to truth1 ,thy face1 sweet love1 ,that madest beautiful the plainest thing ,below1 above8 ,no2 like the priest in times of old1 ,who drew the temple's sacred veil1 ,thou art gone into an inner fold2 ,and now1 thy face turned heaven's way1 ,a paler face1 and yet not pale1 ,looks for the sunset in the west2 ,thy form appears with outspread wings1 ,i hear thee from thine altar say1 ,with angel-breath o'er former things1 ,how beautiful is rest6 --,london ,sunday ,magazine4 ,,social ,,wreckage4 ,by ,,ellice ,,hopkins4 ,mr4 ,francis ,peek has recently published a useful but saddening little book1 whose title ,i have attached to this article4 ,not that it tells anything new to one who has studied deeply the pages of that terrible book of modern life1 with its gilded leaves1 but its unutterably dark contents2 it only focuses the scattered knowledge into alarmingly clear vision4 ,indeed1 in reading it1 it is difficult to resist the old nightmare feeling1 that after all this little planet may be the small rotary ,vaudeville theater of the universe1 where we poor actors in life's scene are playing out a series of farces for the amusement of the angels1 or more probably of darker and more distant visitants4 ,the admirably logical social life that religiously shuts all the museums and picture-galleries on the ,lord's ,day1 and opens all the gin-shops2 that is never tired of iterating that the proper sphere of woman is home1 and brings up its #bj1jjj female orphans in large pauper barracks1 from which the last touch of home-life has disappeared2 that goes to meetings and loudly preaches thrift to the people1 and then gruffly whispers in their ear by guardians of the poor1 8,only be drunk and spendthrift enough1 and we will house you and provide for your old age20 that goes to church and preaches that the body is the temple of the ,holy ,ghost1 and leaves the people to litter down like pigs at night--men and women1 girls and boys1 together in tenements where no rich man would think of stabling his horses2 that goes to school and teaches its children the three ,r's1 and leaves them in dens of infamy to learn a fourth ,r1 by every sight and sound of the day and night1 ruin of body and soul2 that virtuously declaims against the harlot1 yet leaves its little girls to be brought up in brothels2 that believes a fatal disorder is undermining the national health1 and shuts the doors of its hospitals against it1 and denies it the public means of cure2 that legally protects the heiress up to twenty-one1 and refuses to protect the poor man's daughter1 even at sixteen1 from the trade of vice2 that holds that the man is the responsible head of the woman1 and throws the blame and disgrace on the woman--alas6 alas6 what a heap of anomalies is here--what real cause to complain of the methods of our moral life6 ,no wonder that the poor ,dissenting minister1 much entangled in our social difficulties1 and led on all sides to contradictory conclusions1 threw in a deprecatory clause in his prayer1 8,paradoxical as it may seem to thee1 ,o ,lord1 it is nevertheless true40 ,and what are the results of such methods as these8 ,what must be the results8 ,that we read that in the wealthiest nation in the world1 one in every thirty-one of our countrymen is a pauper2 this1 moreover1 without including any of that vast number of destitute persons who are maintained in charitable institutions or by private benevolence4 ,that in the richest city in the world there were in one year #aja deaths from actual starvation1 in full sight of well-stocked shops4 ,that there are about #ahj1jjj apprehensions each year for drunkenness1 and over #ae1jjj persons yearly charged with indictable crimes1 and over half a million convicted summarily before the magistrates1 of which latter nearly #ajj1jjj are guilty of personal assaults1 about #b1ejj being aggravated assaults upon women and children4 ,that there are extensive districts in ,london1 ,liverpool1 and all our large towns1 where our people are living in little more than half the area of ground required for a corpse1 and which they could claim if they were dead1 in tenements which are the graves of all decency and chastity4 ,that 8in ,liverpool alone1 by a rough estimate1 there are some #aj1jjj or more children who are neither properly fed1 clothed nor housed1 and surrounded by such evil associations at home1 or in the low lodging-houses where they herd1 that there is small chance of their leading afterwards a useful life1 and we can predict with certainty that many of them will enter our prisons1 penitentiaries and workhouses40 ,surely it must create an uneasy feeling in the most careless to realize this mass of misery and sin on which the life of the well-to-do classes in ,england is based-- 8,this deep dark underworld of woe1 ,that underlies life's shining surfaces1 ,dim populous pain and multitudinous toil1 ,unheeded of the heedless world that treads ,its piteous upturned faces underfoot1 ,in the gay rout that rushes to its ends40 ,it is impossible for me to deal adequately with the subject in the narrow space of a short article1 but let me touch on three of our greatest problems--overcrowding1 pauperism1 and the care of the young4 ,first1 as to overcrowding4 ,this is a question that distinctly affects the state1 and with regard to which we have to 8live in the whole10 and to see that the welfare of the community is at stake1 and that the state must have an authoritative voice in it4 ,virtue1 sobriety1 decency1 are physically impossible in the conditions under which a vast number of its citizens are living4 ,the national health and morals are in danger4 ,all the arguments that justified the interference of the state with the rights of the ,irish landlord1 apply equally to the ,london landlords1 and the artificial forcing up of rents1 which has resulted from the necessity many workmen are under of living near their work4 ,yet this question has been the subject of permissive legislation6 ,the ,artisans' ,dwellings ,improvement ,act1 an honest attempt on the part of ,sir ,richard ,cross to deal with the problem1 was rendered applicable to all towns of #bh1jjj inhabitants or upward--that is to say1 about eighty towns--but it was entrusted to the municipalities to carry it out1 the town councils which we have left to be composed chiefly of men of narrow education1 largely swayed by self-interest1 and probably extensive owners of the very property to be demolished6 ,it is exactly as if the ,irish ,land ,bill had been permissive1 and entrusted to the ,irish landlords to put it into execution6 ,can we wonder that in about sixty out of the eighty towns1 it remains a dead letter8 ,in eleven it has led to discussion2 in two or three it has led to the demolition of buildings1 but not to their erection4 ,is there not a want of ordinary seeing in our moral life8 ,could we hope to solve a single scientific problem on the methods on which we are content to live8 8,the commercial success10 as ,mr4 ,peek observes1 8that has been achieved by several of the ,artisans' ,dwellings ,companies which1 while providing good houses1 yet pay fair dividends1 shows that the poorest pay rents which give a fair interest on capital1 so that the municipality will not be compelled to embark in a ruinous undertaking1 or one that will not pay in the long run1 to say nothing of the gain to the health and morals of the nation40 ,secondly1 let us take pauperism4 ,first of all let us clearly recognize that no system of paid officials1 no mechanical workhouse will take the place of human thought and human care4 ,nothing will do instead of love4 ,indeed1 there are already signs that we are working out a reductio ad absurdum with these portentous and ever-increasing warehouses of the destitute and the vicious that are springing up1 throwing the winter support of whole dissolute families on hard-working rate-payers1 and systematically discouraging thrift4 ,but the problem has been solved satisfactorily on a small scale1 and can be on a larger4 ,the ,elberfield experiment1 which in twelve years reduced the number of paupers from #d1hjj to #a1hjj1 notwithstanding that the population had increased from #ej1jjj to #fd1jjj1 and that great commercial depression existed1 has been too often described not to be familiar to all4 ,but a remarkable parallel movement among the ,jews is scarcely so well known as it deserves to be4 ,when 8,oliver ,twist0 was published1 the leading ,jews were so mortally ashamed of the picture drawn by the popular novelist of ,fagan and the low ,jewish quarters in ,london1 that they formed themselves at once into an organization to remedy so disgraceful a state of things4 ,the numbers to be dealt with amounted to those of a populous town1 with the additional difficulty afforded by immigrant ,jews arriving in large numbers from the ,continent in a state of the greatest destitution4 ,the investigation of every case requiring relief was undertaken by volunteer workers1 assisted by skilled officers1 and was not in the steam pig-killing style1 but patient and exhaustive with true human brotherhood2 in deserving cases the relief given was sufficient to make a guardian's hair stand on end1 but was given with the view to helping the man to a means of livelihood4 ,especially this wise liberality was shown in the treatment of their widows4 ,whilst ,mr4 ,peek has no better suggestion to offer than that the widows' children should be removed to the pauper barrack-schools to herd with the lowest children of casuals1 a system which ,mr4 ,peek himself strongly condemns1 the ,jews recognized that the mother1 if well conducted1 was the proper person to have the care of them1 and that her place was at home4 ,they therefore either provided their widows with indoor work1 or1 when that was impossible1 relieved them on a sufficient scale to enable them to look after their children at home2 the consequence being that instead of feeding the outcast class1 as the neglected children of our widows too often do1 they grew up productive and well-conducted members of the community4 ,if1 however1 a family was found overcrowding1 all relief was steadily refused till they consented to live a human life1 assistance being given to move into a larger tenement4 ,by these wise and thoughtful methods in the course of a single generation the ,jews have worked up the people from a considerably lower level to one decidedly above our own4 ,to be sure the ,jew does not drink4 ,give the most destitute ,jew five pounds down1 and at the end of the year you will find him a small capitalist1 having considerably despoiled the ,egyptians meanwhile4 ,but the intemperance of our people is largely caused by overcrowding1 and by their amusements and recreation-rooms being in the hands of those who make their profit not by the entertainment but by the drink traffic1 and indefinite improvement may be brought about by wiser regulations that have the good of the people1 and not the fattening of publicans and brewers at heart4 ,surely the success of the ,jewish and ,elberfeld efforts prove that the problem of the reduction of pauperism and the inducing of healthy habits of thrift and self-helping in the people is soluble1 and with that army of devoted ,christian workers in our midst1 to whose untiring efforts we owe it that social disaster has not already overtaken us1 it must be possible for us to carry on the same movement1 if ,birmingham or one of our public-spirited towns would lead the way4 ,lastly1 we come to the vast1 hopeful field1 presented by greater care for the young1 and better methods of embodying it4 ,first1 let the law protect the young of both sexes up to the legal age of majority from all attempts to lead them into a dissolute life4 ,in most continental countries the corruption of minors is an indictable offense4 ,the ,english penal code recognizes this principle in property2 it is felony to abduct an heiress up to twenty-one1 and a young man's debts1 except for bare necessaries1 are null and void till he is of age2 but1 as usual1 our ,english law leaves the infinitely more precious moral personality unprotected4 ,there is no practical protection at any age for an ,english child from the trade of vice4 ,an unruly child of fifteen or sixteen1 or even younger1 quarrels with her mother or with her employer1 and runs off in a fit of temper4 ,even if she leaves her parents' roof1 it can not be brought under the law against abduction4 ,no one abducts her2 the child abducts herself4 ,yet the keeper of the lowest den of infamy can harbor that child for an infamous purpose1 and he or she commits no indictable offence4 ,it is no wonder1 therefore1 that the open profligacy of the young forms the very gravest feature of our large towns4 ,thankful as we are for the honest effort to deal with this monstrous anomaly in ,english law1 shown by ,lord ,rosebery's bill1 we can not but regret the extreme inadequacy of its provisions1 or that the legislature should refuse to extend legal protection from even the trade of vice1 to the most dangerous age of a girl's life1 the age of sixteen--the age when1 as the medical faculty are agreed1 a girl is least morally responsible1 and most liable to sexual extravagances1 and when we can statistically prove that the greatest number of those who go wrong are led astray4 ,the country will not rest till the legal protection from the trade of vice is extended to twenty-one4 ,secondly1 let us recognize it as an axiom that parental rights do not exist when wholly severed from parental duties2 or1 in other words1 that the child has its rights as well as the parent1 and that its indefeasible right is1 in ,south's strong words1 8to be born and not damned into the world40 ,let it be recognized1 then1 that no child of either sex is to be brought up in a den of infamy1 and to attend school from thence to the contamination of the children of the respectable poor1 the magistrates being no longer allowed to defeat this beneficent provision of the ,industrial ,schools ,act1 and parental responsibility being recognized by the parent being compelled to pay toward the ,christian and industrial training of the child2 all children living in1 or frequenting1 thieves' dens and disorderly houses to be at once removed4 ,let day industrial schools be formed for the lowest class of children1 so as to introduce some classification in our board schools1 the want of which is one of their gravest defects4 ,let us adopt emigration to our colonies for our pauper and destitute children1 whenever possible4 ,any one who has gone into the question can corroborate ,mr4 ,samuel ,smith's statement in his able article in the ,may number of the ,nineteenth ,century1 that 8#ae per head covers all expenses1 including a few months' preparatory training1 outfit1 passage1 etc40 ,the average cost of each child in the metropolitan district schools is nearly #be per annum4 ,about #aa1jjj pauper children are brought up in these large establishments at a cost to the ratepayers of ,london of #bej1jjj per annum4 ,probably each child is kept1 on the average1 five years1 costing1 say1 #abj in all4 ,truly ,mr4 ,smith may well add1 8with a blindness that is incomprehensible1 the guardians have preferred herding them together at a vast expense1 and refused till quite lately to allow emigration to be tried40 ,and for those children who through bad health1 or any other disability1 are unable to emigrate1 and can not be boarded out1 as well as children whose drunken and dissolute parents are bringing them up to crime1 let there be an order of teaching deaconesses instituted1 and a state-aided training college1 where educated ladies may receive training in the management of an industrial school1 and from which the guardians can supply themselves with mothers for cottage homes on the plan of the ,village ,homes of ,ilford1 where the cost of a child is #ad1 instead of #be4 ,by this arrangement the children would come under higher influence than the uneducated workhouse officials4 ,hundreds of ladies are wanting remunerative employment1 and would gladly undertake this1 if they could be put in the way of the work by a little preliminary training1 and freed from the necessity of 8doing the washing0 in the cottage home4 ,and1 lastly1 let it be a recognized theory that every ,christian household has one respectable but rough little girl to train under its own upper class servants1 to give her a good start in life1 that our houses1 with all their culture and refinement1 may no longer be strongholds of l'egoisme plusieurs1 but centers for teaching good work1 high character1 and fine manners--organs for the public good4 ,and those social atomists who raise their vehement cry about personal rights and the liberty of the subject over all compulsory measures for saving children1 ,i would remind that the question is not of compulsion or non-compulsion2 but whether the natural guardians of a child shall be compelled to pay toward its ,christian and industrial training1 or whether they and ,i1 as ratepayers1 shall be compelled to pay for its degradation in prisons1 in infirmary beds1 and workhouses4 ,compulsion there is anyhow3 but surely no reasonable mind can doubt which compulsion is most in accordance with the true right and true liberty4 ,and how can ,i better close than with the impassioned words of ,elizabeth ,barrett ,browning1 apostrophizing our material splendor1 as shown in the great ,exhibition of #ahea1 by the side of our moral squalor3 8,o ,magi of the ,east and of the ,west1 ,your incense1 gold and myrrh are excellent6 ,what gifts for ,christ1 then1 bring ye with the rest8 ,your hands have worked well3 is your courage spent ,in handiwork only8 ,have you nothing best ,which generous souls may perfect and present ,and ,he shall thank the givers for8 ,no light ,of teaching1 liberal nations1 for the poor ,who sit in darkness when it is not night8 ,no cure for wicked children8 ,christ--no cure6 ,no help for women sobbing out of sight ,because men made the laws8 ,no brothel lure ,burnt out by popular lightnings8 ,hast thou found ,no remedy1 my ,england1 for such woes8 99 99 99 99 99 ,alas6 great nations have great shames1 ,i say4 99 99 99 99 99 ,o gracious nations1 give some ear to me6 ,you all go to your fair1 and ,i am one ,who at the roadside of humanity ,beseech your alms1--,god's justice to be done60 --,the ,contemporary ,review4 ,,at ,,rest4 ,by ,,sarah ,,doudney4 ,ah1 silent wheel1 the noisy brook is dry1 ,and quiet hours glide by ,in this deep vale1 where once the merry stream ,sang on through gloom and gleam2 ,only the dove in some leaf-shaded nest ,murmurs of rest4 ,ah1 weary voyager1 the closing day ,shines on that tranquil bay1 ,where thy storm-beaten soul has longed to be2 ,wild blast and angry sea ,touch not this favored shore1 by summer blest1 ,a home of rest4 ,ah1 fevered heart1 the grass is green and deep ,where thou art laid asleep2 ,kissed by soft winds1 and washed by gentle showers1 ,thou hast thy crown of flowers2 ,poor heart1 too long in this mad world oppressed1 ,take now thy rest4 ,i1 too1 perplex'd with strife of good and ill1 ,long to be safe and still2 ,evil is present with me while ,i pray ,that good may win the day2 ,great ,giver1 grant me thy last gift and best1 ,the gift of rest6 --,good ,words4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,business requires earnestness and strength of character1 life must be allowed more freedom2 business calls for the strictest sequence1 whereas in the conduct of life inconsecutiveness is often necessary--nay1 is charming and graceful4 ,if thou art strict in the first1 thou mayest allow thyself more freedom in the second2 while if thou mix them up1 thou wilt find the free interfering and breaking in upon the fixed4--,goethe4 ,,eccentric ,,americans4 ,by ,,coleman ,e4 ,,bishop4 ,i4--,,the ,,sailor1 ,,peddler1 ,,farmer1 ,,preacher4 ,in mechanics1 an eccentric is a wheel that can start all the rest of the machinery with a jerk and a kick1 and keep it going4 ,it was the little eccentrics that enabled ten thousand ,chautauquans to scatter to every part of the land in a few hours4 ,the cam-motion in human nature starts its machinery and scatters its thought4 ,we ought to thank ,god for the minds that wabble4 ,every originator has been counted eccentric--many of them have been pronounced insane4 ,the little ,festuses sitting in judgment are always crying to the inspired apostles of truth1 8,thou art beside thyself40 ,it is finite mechanism and finite thought that invent geometry and theology4 ,men hang1 cunningly and truly1 their long counter-shafts of creed1 of behavior1 of thought1 of dress1 of consistency1 of loyalty2 they bolt and key thereto immovably all human characters which are round1 8line them up0 all true and uniform1 lubricate with lucre1 put on the steam and away they all go beautifully and all alike4 ,woe be to one who wabbles in this machine-shop of society6 ,but ,god uses no plumb-lines1 right-angles1 levels or true circles4 8,nature's geometrician10 the bee1 never made a true hexagon4 ,the old planets go 8spinning through the grooves of change0 in eccentrics1 and never collide4 ,erratic comets dash through and among them1 and never crash4 ,i suppose the most eccentric character that ever walked this earth was that strange boy from ,nazareth who confounded the doctors with his unprecedented outgivings4 ,his teachings were indeed so strange that after the world has been for one thousand nine hundred years trying to work its standard up to them1 a perfect ,christian would to-day be accounted non compos mentis by the rest of ,christendom4 ,so it is not a bad idea to study eccentric characters1 especially if they are strangely good and oddly useful4 ,one such1 at least1 we have at hand for the first study of this series--,rev4 ,edward ,t4 ,taylor1 8,father ,taylor10 8,the ,sailor-,preacher10 of ,boston and the world4 ,born in ,virginia1 reared on the sea1 and adopted by ,new ,england4 ,born a religionist1 he preached 8play0 sermons when a child2 born again a ,christian1 he preached the gospel in the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church until all humanity claimed him4 ,born a poet1 for ten years he studied nature in her tragic and her melting moods upon the sea2 studied man in the forecastle1 in the prison1 upon the farm1 in the market4 ,nature was his university2 humanity his text-book2 hard experience his tutor4 ,at the age of twenty he had traveled the world over1 had sounded the depths of human fortune1 passion1 misery1 and sin2 was profoundly learned in his great text-book1 and the most inspired interpreter of its unuttered wants--and did not know the alphabet6 ,he had become celebrated throughout ,new ,england as a marvelous prodigy in the despised sect of 8shouting ,methodists0 years before he could read a text or 8line0 a hymn4 ,and to the day of his death his preaching knew no method1 his eloquence no logic1 his conduct no consistency1 and his power no limit or restraint4 ,to this day no one has succeeded in analyzing his genius4 ,he could not himself account for his power1 nor could he control it4 ,he seemed to play upon his audiences at will as a master plays upon the harp2 yet some unseen1 mysterious force played upon him in turn4 ,his brethren in the ministry1 who accounted for his strange power by attributing it to the ,holy ,spirit1 were confounded by the rudeness1 jocoseness1 and at times almost profanity of his speech at its highest flights2 and they who undertook to resolve his efforts into the accepted elements of human power were astounded by the more than human resources of a mind uncultured and a nature as wild1 as uncontrollable1 as bright and as sad as the sea he loved4 ,surely1 if ever man was inspired1 ,father ,taylor was4 ,his career1 like his methods1 answered to all the terms that can define eccentricity4 ,deeply religious as the child was by nature1 he ran away to sea at the age of seven4 ,his conversion was characteristic4 ,putting into port at ,boston1 he strolled to a meeting-house where a revival was in progress2 instead of going in by the door1 he listened outside1 and when stricken under conviction1 with characteristic impulsiveness he climbed in through the window4 ,to use his own sailor words3 8,i was dragged in through the #8lubber hole1' brought down by a broadside from the seventy-four1 ,bishop ,hedding1 and fell into the arms of ,thomas ,w4 ,tucker40 ,this was at the age of nineteen4 ,then off to sea as a privateersman in the war of #ahab1 he was captured and imprisoned at ,halifax1 and here his preaching of the gospel strangely began4 ,a fellow-prisoner read texts to him till one flashed upon his conception as the cue to his discourse4 8,stop60 the boy would cry2 8read that again40 8,that will do20 and he was ready to pour forth a fervid hour of pathos1 wit1 brilliant imagery1 all supported by perfect acting4 ,out of prison at last1 he returns to ,boston1 leaves his seafaring forever1 and takes to the road with a tin peddler's cart3 clad in a sailor's jacket and tarpaulin1 talking 8sea lingo10 religion and poetry in equal proportions1 he traveled over ,new ,england as attractive a sight as ,don ,quixote would have been4 ,he came across an old lady who taught him to read 7age #ba71 and he paid her by gratefully holding meetings in her big kitchen1 and exhorting wondering crowds of rustics and weeping crowds of penitents4 ,next he undertook to learn shoemaking1 and then worked a farm for a living--all the time concentrating his intense nature on his grand passion for playing upon the human heart2 earning little bread for himself1 and breaking the bread of life abundantly to farmers1 shoemakers1 fishermen2 in farm houses1 school houses1 barns1 camp-meetings2 over a circuit of his own organization4 8,he was a youthful rustic ,whitefield10 says ,bishop ,haven1 8thrilling rustic audiences with his winged words and fiery inspiration40 ,he loved to preach from the text1 8,how knoweth this man letters1 having never learned80 ,taylor did not know letters1 and his speech was rude and coarse1 his blunders innumerable3 if words failed him out of his limited vocabulary1 he manufactured them4 ,once1 completely at fault in his struggle to express the burning thoughts that crowded his brain he cried1 with a perplexed but irradiated face3 8,i have lost my nominative case1 but ,i am on my way to glory60 ,a few smiled2 all wept4 ,his earnestness atoned for many defects2 his imagery was even now beautiful1 and his magnetism irresistible4 ,thus young ,taylor preached1 unlicensed1 for five years4 ,it was the breaking-up and seed-time of ,new ,england ,methodism4 ,between the ,puritans and ,quakers1 with their mutual antagonism1 the shouting ,methodists were as corn between the millstones1 a despised and persecuted sect4 ,about the age of twenty-five occurred three notable events in his life4 ,he was licensed by the ,methodist ,conference to preach4 ,he attended school a short time and began his education4 ,he married one of ,god's noble-women to complete his education4 ,for ten years he continued the life of a circuit preacher1 growing in culture1 power1 spirit1 and fame1 under that wise and gentle nurture4 ,no one can say how far short of its fullness ,father ,taylor's life might have fallen without ,deborah ,taylor4 ,all these seventeen years of his ministry he had1 as far as possible1 kept near to the coast and the haunts of sailors2 praying in the forecastle and preaching on the decks of ships about to sail1 wherever he could reach them4 ,the salt air was incense to him1 and the music of the surf seemed ever dwelling in the nautilus-chambers of his heart4 ,at last his life-work came in the direction of his longings4 ,at the age of thirty-fire he was called to preach to the sailors of ,boston4 ,the meetings were a success from the first1 and ,mr4 ,taylor went ,south and solicited the money 7#b1ajj7 to buy a house for their ,bethel4 7,more bread cast on the waters to return after many days to the ,south47 ,the work grew1 and soon an incorporated society was organized1 called the 8,boston ,port ,society20 from the first nondenominational1 though a majority of its board were ,methodists4 ,the work still grew4 ,soon the merchants of ,boston assumed the burden of the work1 and in #ahcc 8,the ,seamen's ,bethel0 was completed at a cost of #bd1jjj4 ,soon a ,seamen's ,savings ,bank and then a ,seamen's ,aid ,society1 a ,seamen's ,boarding-house1 and then a ,mariner's ,home 7at a cost of #cd1jjj71 an ,industrial ,school for ,seamen's ,children1 and a ,seamen's ,co-operative ,store1 sprang up around this nucleus4 ,these collateral enterprises were largely the inspiration of ,mother ,taylor1 but the burden of them fell upon the ,unitarians of ,boston1 who soon assumed entire control of the noble charity and mission4 ,here ,father ,taylor fulfilled his life-mission4 8,from #ahbi to #ahga he trod this quarter-deck1 its master40 ,the fame of the ,bethel and its chaplain1 one and the same1 went to all quarters of the globe4 ,edward ,everett styled him 8,the ,walking ,bethel10 and ,richard ,h4 ,dana in his 8,two ,years ,before the ,mast10 said one of the first inquiries of sailors in foreign ports1 from him1 was regarding the welfare of ,father ,taylor1 the mariner's preacher in ,boston4 ,a sailor declared he had been in ports where the ,united ,states had not been heard of1 but never where ,father ,taylor had not4 ,once1 soliciting aid for ,bethel before another audience than his own1 he glowingly promised3 8,drop your gold into this ocean and it will cast a wave on the shores of ,europe which will strike back to the islands of the ,southern ,sea1 rebound on the ,northwest coast1 and so make the circuit of the world and strike this port again40 ,the realization of this prediction was more extravagant than the bold imagery of it4 ,at the dedication of the ,bethel he cried3 8,america is the center of the world1 the center of ,america is ,boston1 and the center of ,boston is the ,bethel40 ,the first place of a returning sailor's thoughts became the ,bethel1 instead of the groggery4 ,two of them1 seeking it for the first time1 spelled out the name on the flag floating above it3 8,b-,e-,t1 beat1 ,h-,e-,l1 hell2 beat-hell6 ,this is ,father ,taylor's place10 and they cast anchor4 8,there he is1 ,bill10 said an old tar to another1 as they entered the ,bethel2 8there's the old man walking the deck4 ,he's got his guns double-shotted and will give it to us right and left4 ,see how fast he travels--fifteen knots on a taut bowline4 ,when he walks that way he's ready for action40 ,there were strange scenes in that vast audience room4 ,the body of the church was reserved for sailors always1 while the side slips and galleries were for the general public4 ,when the seats were all filled1 he would order the sailors forward like a sea captain1 and crowd the altar rail1 the pulpit stairs1 the pulpit1 and the pulpit sofas with the weather-beaten mariners1 while the grandest in the land stood and listened in the aisles4 8,now10 he would say1 with a beaming face1 8we have got the hold full and a deck load1 and we'll up anchor and start40 ,many of the best critics and reporters have tried to describe and analyze a service after such a 8start0--,dickens1 ,harriet ,martineau1 ,fredricka ,bremer1 ,horace ,mann1 ,ralph ,waldo ,emerson1 and others--but all fail to give us much comprehension of the method of the man2 ,i suspect because they were all so absorbed they forgot to take notes1 mental or otherwise4 ,but they recall the effects of the preaching vividly1 each in his own way4 ,so much of the power of ,father ,taylor was in his presence and action1 that no report of one of his sermons has been made and preserved4 ,he said himself1 8,you might as well try to report chain lightning40 ,dr4 ,bellows said1 twelve years ago1 8,alas6 nothing remains of him but his memory and his influence4 ,he will be an incredible myth in another generation40 ,why need this be so8 ,he has left a wealth of original sayings behind him unequaled by the utterances of few save ,abraham ,lincoln2 and he may furnish the material for many rare studies in character4 ,we may be forgiven the presumption of attempting to help rescue ,father ,taylor from vanishing into oblivion4 ,what1 then1 were the characteristics that lay at the foundations of this remarkable character8 ,i would classify them under four heads3 #a4 ,intensity4 ,this gave him concentration of thought1 earnestness of belief1 courage and aggressiveness in action4 ,he went into everything with an irresistible impulse4 ,his training on the sea and in the circuit gave free growth to this trait4 ,he was never placed where he needed to be politic or conservative2 and his combativeness always had free play4 ,he was the champion of his despised sect1 but he fought with the polished weapons of a wit1 and the impressive presence of a will which the foes of his cause more dreaded than force4 ,and then his spirit was so lovable that there is no instance on record of any one ever having laid hands on him1 fierce disputant as he was4 ,he was a man born to command4 ,his will was imperious4 ,the last conscious act of his life was to shake his fist at his nurse1 who refused to let him rise from bed4 ,peter ,cartwright said there were two cataracts in this country--,niagara and ,father ,taylor4 ,his brethren called him 8the breaking-up plow of the ,church40 ,miss ,martineau spoke of 8the prodigious force which he carries in his magnificent intellect and earnest heart40 ,another ,english writer said1 8,he goes on as energetically as any #8,praise-,god ,barebones' of the old ,covenanter times40 ,i think one thing all his biographers lost sight of was the fact that his belief became a vital part of him1 the very breath of his nostrils4 ,there is a mighty difference between truly believing1 and simply accepting a belief second-hand1 which latter passes for belief with most people4 ,it is the men who genuinely believe who make others accept and adopt their belief4 ,in the pulpit his action is tremendous4 ,he always comes down wet through with perspiration1 and a complete change of wardrobe is necessary with every effort4 #b4 ,imagination4 ,to this quality is to be referred his profound religious nature1 his poetry1 dramatic power1 eloquence1 and 7in conjunction with his earnestness7 even his faults4 ,one called him a poet2 another1 a born actor4 ,james ,freeman ,clarke said he was the only man he ever heard to whom the much-abused word1 8eloquence10 could be truly applied4 ,but ,i think none of these terms so accurately classify his genius as to call him a painter4 ,his earnestness made everything his quick imagination conjured up seem realistic to him2 and his dramatic power enabled him to make these images realistic to his hearers4 ,his thoughts were entities to him1 and they always took the form of objects real and visible4 ,this differs from the poetic imagination1 the essence of which is unsubstantiality4 ,the poet sees visions1 the artist creates forms4 ,taylor was an artist1 with words for his colors1 action for his pencil4 ,one who heard him said3 8,while he preached the ocean rolled and sparkled1 the ship spread her sails1 the tempest lowered1 the forked lightnings blazed1 the vessel struck1 her disjointed timbers floated upon the waves4 ,it was all pictured to the eye as positive reality4 ,you could hardly believe afterward you had not actually witnessed the scene40 ,he describes a shipwreck1 and at the climax1 as the ship is slowly settling in the water1 and every face in the audience is livid with fear1 he roars1 8,man the life boat60 and every sailor in the house springs to his feet4 ,now sailors1 under the influence of drink1 have killed their captain4 ,he describes the deed4 ,they start up before the audience1 creeping down the stairs and into the cabin2 he raises the imaginary knife1 and half the men in the house jump forward to arrest the blow1 while women shriek in horror4 ,once1 however1 a matter-of-fact1 though possessed sailor1 confused ,father ,taylor4 ,he had depicted the impenitent sinner1 under the figure of a storm-tossed ship1 with her sails split1 and driven by the gale toward the rock-bound coast of ,cape ,ann4 8,oh1 how10 he exclaimed1 in tones of despair1 8shall this poor sin-tossed sinner be saved80 8,put his helm hard down1 and bear away for ,squam60 bellowed the old salt1 springing excitedly to his feet4 ,so he painted the ,mosaic miracles1 8till the brethren saw the snakes squirm1 heard the frogs croak1 felt the lice bite1 brushed the flies out of their faces and saw the ,israelites march out of ,egypt40 ,one of his last sermons1 when he was old and feeble1 ended thus3 8,my work is almost done4 ,where are all my old shipmates--they who lay in hammocks beside me and who have fought at the same guns8 ,gone1 gone--all gone6 ,no1 blessed be ,god6 not all2 there's one left4 ,here he made the picture realistic by pointing to an old salt1 gray1 bent1 and knotty-faced4 ,yes1 there's old ,timberhead4 ,he and ,i have weathered many a storm together4 ,it is only a little farther we have to sail4 ,look1 look ahead there6 ,it is only to beat just around that point yonder4 ,now--now6 there is the peaceful1 blessful haven and home full in view40 ,by this time the audience was weeping1 radiant with hope4 ,even his isolated sentences are full of this imaginary realism4 8,sailors ignorant60 he cried indignantly when one depreciated them2 8sailors know everything2 they grasp the world in their hand like an orange60 ,the boldness of this language is wonderful4 ,of superannuated ministers he said3 8,they are like camels bearing precious spices and browsing on bitter herbs4 ,they were moral giants4 ,when ,god made them he rolled his sleeves up to the arm-pits40 ,it was the activity of his brain1 the realism of his imagery and the homely naturalness of his language that made some of his transitions abrupt to grotesqueness and some of his speech border startlingly on impropriety4 ,he really thought aloud--which many a matter-of-fact1 heavy speaker would find it unsafe to do4 ,dissociated from their context and from the earnestness and devout spirit of the man1 they sound much worse than when uttered4 ,it was the combination of these two qualities also which made him extravagant in speech1 erratic in sentiment1 and inconsistent with himself4 ,he was whatever he thought or imagined for the moment2 his genius possessed and controlled him4 ,thus he was a radical temperance reformer1 but he denounced prohibitory legislation and hurled ridicule at those who proposed the use of an unfermented wine in the sacrament2 he called it 8raisin water40 ,of rum-sellers he said3 8,i wonder that the angels in heaven do not tear up the golden pavements and throw them on their heads20 but he conjured those who should succeed him to 8,cast out from this church1 in my name1 any man that comes up to the altar with his glue-pot and dye-stuff40 ,dr4 ,jewett says3 8,i have heard him at times when ,i have been amazed at the utter inconsistency of his views1 not only with any standard of doctrine recognized as sound by other men1 but with his own public utterances of perhaps the week previous4 ,his imagination1 once fairly excited1 could furnish in thirty minutes material for half-a-dozen speeches of an hour each2 and1 unfortunately1 it frequently happened that different parts of the same speech could be used on opposite sides of the same question40 ,so he denounced the abolitionists and slavery in the same breath4 8,before ,i would assist one of those ,southern devils to catch a nigger10 he shouted1 after reading 8,uncle ,tom's ,cabin10 8,i would see them all in hell1 and ,i would shout hallelujah on to the end of it60 8,you talk like a rabid abolitionist10 said his interlocutor4 8,no10 he cried1 with even more vengeance2 8no1 ,i despise them4 ,they have cursed the land60 ,he called ,foster1 the abolitionist orator1 8a devil on the platform40 ,his reverence for the church led him to consign summarily to a hotter climate those who came out on the anti-slavery issue2 and he was a vehement advocate of church authority1 and evangelical orthodoxy1 yet the most of his life he preached for ,unitarians2 and he openly defied the mandate of the conference regarding ,masonry1 being a member of the fraternity1 and he submitted to church discipline for his contumacy1 but refused to withdraw from the order1 and prayed in public for the anti-,masons1 8,o1 ,lord1 make their hearts as soft as their heads are40 ,plainly1 there was no managing such a tempestuous soul1 and he was left to go his own way4 ,honor be to the church that had the magnanimity and broad charity to let him do his own grand work in his own grand way4 ,it was herein as grand and eccentric as an organization as he was among men4 ,his sarcasm1 wit1 terseness1 and vigor of speech were the outcome of an energetic and picturesque mind1 struggling with a limited vocabulary for its expression4 ,his sentences were explosive4 8,this fast age10 he said1 8would be glad to put spurs to lightning1 and blow a trumpet in the ears of thunder40 ,again1 8,some people think they are saints4 ,if they could see themselves as the just in glory see them they wouldn't dare to look a decent devil in the face40 8,if ,i owed the devil a hypocrite1 and he wouldn't take that man for pay1 ,i'd repudiate the debt40 ,he called another minister1 who had preceded him1 and infringed on his allotted time1 8,as selfish as a whale who takes in a ton of herring before breakfast40 ,again1 8,it is a great mistake to think of converting the world without the help of sailors4 ,you might as well think of melting a mountain of ice with a moonbeam1 or of heating an oven with snow-balls40 ,he called morality1 without religion1 8,starting a man to heaven with an icicle in his pocket40 8,i am not two inches off heaven60 he exclaimed1 in a moment of religious exaltation4 ,he said to ,channing1 the ,unitarian3 8,when you die angels will fight for the honor of carrying you to heaven on their shoulders40 8,sailors' hearts are big as an ox's2 open like a sunflower1 and they carry them in their right hands ready to give them away40 ,one of his converts1 gifted in prayer1 he always called 8,salvation-set-to-music40 ,a colored brother1 speaking with the simple pathos of his race1 drew from ,father ,taylor the ejaculation1 8,there is rain in that cloud40 ,but1 whether homely or lofty1 whether pathetic or witty1 he always talked in dead earnest out of his warm heart1 out of his seething brain1 and everything was gilded by the magic touch of imagination4 8,a man10 says ,stevens1 8who could scarcely speak three sentences1 in the pulpit or out of it1 without presenting a striking poetic image1 a phrase of rare beauty1 or a sententious sarcasm1 whose discourses presented the strangest1 the most brilliant exhibition of sense1 epigrammatic thought1 pathos1 and humor1 spangled over by an exhaustless variety of the finest images and pervaded by a spiritual earnestness that subdued all listeners40 8,his splendid thoughts come faster than he can speak them10 said ,harriet ,martineau1 8and at times he could be totally overwhelmed by them if a burst of tears1 of which he was wholly unconscious1 did not aid in his relief40 8,i have seen a diamond shining10 said ,dr4 ,bartol1 8but he was a diamond on fire40 #c4 ,sympathy4 ,here was the secret of his power over men4 ,his emotional nature constantly overflowed all else4 ,with a marvelous intuition in reading character1 a free-masonry with all phases of human emotions1 a magnetism that put him inside of every heart1 he became the better self1 the ideal longing of each listener4 ,it made no difference how learned or stoical the man was2 ,father ,taylor got hold of him and stirred his heart from the bottom4 ,a man of wit said1 8,i am always afraid when ,i am laughing at ,father ,taylor's wit1 for ,i know he will make me cry before he has done with me40 ,people cry and laugh alternately1 and sometimes both together4 ,laughter is the best preparation for tears4 8,man1 thou pendulum betwixt a smile and tear40 ,are we not all inconsistent1 eccentric1 at the bottom of our natures1 i4 e41 at our very best8 ,a ,new ,york comedian came to study the method of one of whose acting he had heard much report2 he was so affected by the unlearned art of this master of the soul that he fairly blubbered behind his handkerchief4 ,dr4 ,wentworth1 of another occasion said3 8,the immense audience swayed in the wealth of his eloquence like a forest of willows4 ,we laughed1 we wept1 we shouted in turns2 and finally1 finding myself getting utterly unmanned1 and rapidly dissolving into tears and brine1 ,i fled the pulpit and hid myself out of earshot of this extraordinary scene40 ,dr4 ,wakely1 of ,new ,york1 describes the effects of a prayer by ,father ,taylor1 at the ,new ,york ,conference3 8,the ministers wept all over the house like little children4 ,dr4 ,capers and ,dr4 ,pitman were in the pulpit with me4 ,dr4 ,capers wept and trembled exceedingly2 and ,dr4 ,pitman laughed and cried alternately--smiles and tears strangely blended40 8,his pathos is the most awful of his powers10 said ,miss ,martineau1 terrified at his control over her emotions2 8,i have seen a single clause of a short sentence call up an instantaneous flush on hundreds of hard faces40 ,many would not expose their hearts to hear him a second time2 they could not bear the overmastering power4 ,dr4 ,bartol very finely said3 8,what was the secret but a sympathy1 raised to the highest power1 so as to exceed all that we conceive under that name1 so that he saw out of people as well as into them6 ,he put on their eyes for his eyeglasses1 looking at the world as they did1 and they found and felt him in them at the core and center40 8,he was a master of pathos10 said ,dr4 ,bellows2 8rough sailors and beautiful and cultivated ,boston girls1 and men like ,webster and ,emerson1 and shop boys and ,cambridge students1 and ,jenny ,lind and ,charles ,dickens1 and ,harriet ,martineau1 and everybody of taste or curiosity who visited ,boston were seen weeping together with ,father ,taylor4 ,ah1 the human heart1 down at the bottom1 is one40 ,he loved all little children with all his ,master's passion4 ,the baptism of infants was always a baptism of joy and tears with him4 ,he would gather one to his breast and kiss and croon over it like a mother4 ,taking a beautiful little girl in his arms1 he raised her before the whole audience1 and said1 with streaming eyes1 8,look at the sweet lamb6 ,her mother has brought her to ,christ's fold4 ,a baptism of heaven be on thee1 my pretty dove40 ,all children recognized him at sight for one of their guild4 ,a ragged little girl walked into the church at his funeral1 laid a buttonhole bouquet on the coffin1 and said timidly and sweetly1 8,he was my friend10 and so departed4 ,once when he had been called to several children's funerals in succession1 he said to a friend whom he met in the street1 8,there is something wrong somewhere4 ,there are storms brewing when so many doves are flying aloft40 ,at funerals he was a refuge of consolation4 ,he so entered into the hearts bereaved that he felt their hurt4 8,father1 look upon us10 he once implored1 with mighty and tender supplication1 8we are a widow60 8,it is no wonder to me10 said ,harriet ,martineau1 8that the widow and orphan are cherished by those who hear his prayers for them40 ,drunken sailors or abandoned women1 none were left out of reach of his infinite sympathy2 and it reached the uttermost parts of the earth4 ,a sailor boy has died and been buried in ,south ,america1 and he prays that the ,comforter may be near the bereaved father 8when his aged heart goes forth from his bosom to flutter around the far southern grave of his boy60 ,is ,shakspere more dramatic1 ,shelly more imaginative1 ,longfellow more pathetic than this8 ,out of this fathomless love he preached his gospel of happiness and purity and love2 for it was doubtless true1 as he declared1 that 8he never knew the time when he did not love ,god40 ,out of it came his sweet charity and tolerance4 ,his lovers were of all denominations and of none--,catholics1 ,universalists1 ,unitarians--for he was 8altogether lovely40 ,when one at a camp-meeting excluded from salvation all these sects1 all men who used tobacco and all women who wore jewelry1 ,father ,taylor broke in indignantly1 8,if that's true1 ,christ's mission was a failure4 ,it's a pity he came40 8,how far apart are heaven and hell80 he was asked4 8,i tell you10 said he1 8they are so near that myriads of souls to-day don't know which they are in40 8,blessed ,jesus10 he prayed1 8give us common sense1 and let no man put blinkers on us1 that we can only see in a certain direction2 for we want to look all around the horizon--yea1 to the highest heavens and to the lowest depths of the ocean40 8,when ,bigotry is buried ,i hope ,i shall be at the funeral10 he said4 ,his intimacy with the ,unitarians1 and his remarkable tribute to ,channing have been cited4 ,of ,emerson he said3 8,he has the sweetest soul ,god ever put into a man4 ,if the devil gets him he will never know what to do with him40 ,a theologian asked him what he was going to do with the ,unitarians2 8,i don't know10 he said1 confidentially2 8if they go to hell they'll change the atmosphere40 8,is your son-in-law a ,christian80 asked a solicitous brother4 8,not exactly10 replied ,father ,taylor1 8but he's a very sweet sinner40 #d4 ,his humor4 ,this kept all cheerful1 healthy and bright4 ,he was a 8laughing ,christian40 ,i do not think he ever used humor merely to make people laugh1 but always with an earnest purpose back of it4 ,he was no joker1 and rarely thought his own keen thrusts subjects for merriment4 ,of his manliness1 his good sense1 his improvidence1 his sweet and beautiful home life1 space does not suffice to speak4 ,if to be an original character among men is to be eccentric1 ,father ,taylor was indeed odd4 8,he was in all things himself and not any one else2 in this generation there has been but one ,father ,taylor10 said ,dr4 ,waterstone2 and ,dr4 ,bartol declared that1 8,no ,american citizen--,webster1 ,clay1 ,everett1 ,lincoln1 ,choate--has a reputation more impressive and unique40 ,no one understood his singularity better than himself4 8,i will not wear a straight-jacket or ,chinese shoes10 he declared4 ,having been invited to lecture1 he said3 8,i can't lecture2 ,i would not lecture if ,i could4 ,your lectures are all macadamized2 they are entertainments where those go who dare not visit the theater4 ,i must cross-plow your fine paths4 ,i am no man's model1 no man's copyist1 no man's agent2 go on my own hook2 say what ,i please1 and you may help yourselves40 ,like all greatly-eccentric souls1 ,i presume1 he felt his own isolation and want of comprehension of himself by others4 ,one who sat far into the night in communion of soul with him1 said3 8,you are a strange mortal60 8,well10 said he1 pathetically1 8,i have made up my mind there never was but one ,e4 ,t4 ,taylor and1 so far as ,i have anything to do with it1 there never shall be another40 ,when we think of his birth1 training1 and surroundings--the child of the plantation and the graduate of the forecastle--and contrast this with his peculiar powers1 his strange career1 and above all in rarity his wonderful world-wide mission1 it is not too much to say that ,father ,taylor is without a parallel in ,american history4 8,an impulsive1 untrained1 and erratic genius20 there was a fixed purpose and a continuity of effort1 such as is seen in few lives4 ,if extravagant in speech and inconsistent in views1 his intensity1 vividness1 and realism1 make all sound like plain common-sense4 ,haughty and tender1 imperious and democratic1 grand and simple1 splendidly uncultured2 a strange1 terrible power among men always used for leading1 driving1 persuading to righteousness4 ,he deserves a paraphrase of a higher tribute than ,phillips1 the ,irish barrister1 gave to ,napoleon4 ,such a medley of contradictions and at the same time such individual consistency for right were never before united in the same character4 ,in the solitude of his originality1 he was always the same mysterious1 incomprehensible self--a man without a model and without a shadow4 8,when ,i am dead10 he pleaded1 8,i do not want to be buried in dirt4 ,but bury me rather in the deep salt sea1 where the coral rocks shall be my pillow1 and the seaweeds shall be my winding-sheet1 and the waves shall sing my requiem forever40 ,and it was not done4 ,conventionality triumphed in death over the old eccentric1 who had defied it as long as he lived4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,observe1 the fates of men are balanced with wonderfully nice adjustments4 ,the scale of this life1 if it sinks1 rises there1 while if it rises here1 it will sink to the ground there4 ,what was here temporary affliction1 will be there eternal triumph2 what was here temporary triumph1 will be there eternal and ever-enduring despair4--,schiller4 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,work4 ,by ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,vincent1 ,d4,d41 ,,superintendent ,,of ,,instruction ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,may the new year work be promptly begun1 faithfully prosecuted1 satisfactorily completed6 99 99 99 99 99 ,october #a is ,memorial ,day--the day of the beginning of our college year4 ,the bell at ,chautauqua will ring at high noon4 ,listen for its echoes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,one member has already nearly finished two of the books since the meetings closed at ,chautauqua4 ,he read on the train2 he read at the station2 he read at the hotel2 he read during the odd minutes at home4 ,this is a good example4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the readings for ,october are3 ,history of ,greece1,d vol4 #b1 by ,prof4 ,t4 ,t4 ,timayenis1 parts #g and #h2 ,chautauqua ,text-,books--,no4 #e1 ,greek ,history1 by ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent2 ,primer of ,american ,literature1 by ,c4 ,f4 ,richardson2 required readings in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 99 99 99 99 99 ,let the members of the ,class of '#hc who were not graduated in ,august1 now begin to read up the required books1 and be ready for graduation in #ahhd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the earliest announcement of the course of study for #ahhc-hd1 the little ,chautauqua ,text-,book ,no4 #bb1 on ,biology1 was given4 ,many members suppose that this is the substitute for 8,easy ,lessons in ,vegetable ,biology10 an altogether different book4 ,the price of ,chautauqua ,text-,book ,no4 #bb is #aj cents2 the price of 8,easy ,lessons in ,vegetable ,biology0 is 7in the cheapest edition7 #be cents4 ,if they will return to ,phillips ,hunt1 #hje ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 the ,chautauqua ,text-,book and #ae cents additional1 they will forward the 8,easy ,lessons in ,vegetable ,biology40 99 99 99 99 99 ,students in the ,class of #ahhg should have ,chautauqua ,text-,books ,nos4 #d and #e1 ,english and ,greek ,history4 ,they have already been read by the other classes4 ,price1 #aj cents each4 99 99 99 99 99 ,members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 are earnestly urged to read ,chautauqua ,text-,book ,no4 #bd1 ,canadian ,history4 ,this should have been required in the earlier lists4 99 99 99 99 99 ,all members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 should examine carefully the 8,popular ,education0 circular which appears in this number of ,,the ,,chautauquan1 to ascertain if they have the complete list of books for the year4 99 99 99 99 99 ,by the payment of one dollar1 all graduates of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 will be entitled to all communications from the central office for four years1 the four white crystal seals1 and any additional white seals which they may gain4 ,the one dollar does not1 of course1 pay for special seals4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,chautauqua ,hand-,book ,no4 #b--known as the 8,green ,book0--which contains a full account of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 work1 is now ready4 ,send a two cent stamp to ,miss ,k4 ,f4 ,kimball1 ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j41 and you will receive a copy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,class of #ahhd should send in their back reports as soon as possible4 ,it is so much better to get all ready in advance1 and not wait until the close of the year1 when the general office is crowded1 the secretaries busy1 and mistakes easily possible4 ,,footnote3 ,d ,students of the new class 7#ahhg7 to be organized this fall1 not having read volume #a of ,timayenis's ,history of ,greece1 will not be required to read volume #b1 but1 instead of volumes #a and #b of ,timayenis's1 will read 8,brief ,history of ,greece40 ,price1 paper1 #fj cents4 ,,local ,,circle ,,notice4 ,the full accounts of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 commencement exercises at the summer ,assemblies1 which we publish this month1 take the place of the reports from the local circles4 ,it is only for this month1 however4 ,the department will continue to be a regular feature of the magazine4 ,these reports have been of great service to local circles everywhere1 and we earnestly request that full and exact accounts of work should be forwarded us by the president or secretary of each local circle4 ,let any new feature in the program be fully described2 give us all the new plans for social work1 give everything that will be suggestive and helpful4 ,several times last year we were asked how to work up a new circle1 or to revive a dying one4 ,where leaders have had experience in building up these circles let them give testimony through the 8,local ,circle0 column4 ,it may help others in similar circumstances4 ,the new and helpful features are what we want for this department4 ,if the members will co-operate1 the local circle reports will be very useful4 ,,outline ,,of ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,studies4 ,,october1 #ahhc4 ,the required readings for ,october are3 ,parts #g and #h of the second volume of ,timayenis's 8,history of ,greece0 for students having read the first volume1 but for students of class #ahhg the first ninety-one pages of 8,brief ,history of ,greece40 ,chautauqua ,text-book1 ,no4 #e1 8,greek ,history10 by ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent4 8,primer of ,american ,literature10 by ,c4 ,f4 ,richardson4 ,readings in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,the division is as follows3 ,first ,week 7ending ,october #h7--a4 ,the first three chapters of part #g of ,timayenis's 8,history of ,greece20 or from page #a to 8,age of ,pericles10 page #bc1 in 8,brief ,history of ,greece40 #b4 ,american ,literature1 the first two chapters4 #c4 ,readings in ,american ,literature in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 #d4 ,sunday ,readings1 in ,,the ,,chautauquan1 selection for ,october #g4 ,second ,week 7ending ,october #af7--a4 ,timayenis's 8,history of ,greece10 from chapter iv41 part #g1 to chapter ii41 part #h1 or in 8,brief ,history of ,greece10 from 8,the ,age of ,pericles10 page #bc1 to 8,the ,civilization10 page #df4 #b4 ,american ,literature1 from page #cj to page #ee1 inclusive4 #c4 ,readings in ,physical ,science in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 #d4 ,sunday ,readings1 in ,,the ,,chautauquan1 selection for ,october #ad4 ,third ,week 7ending ,october #bd7--a4 8,history of ,greece0 7,timayenis's7 from chapter ii41 page #gc1 to chapter vi41 page #aae1 or in 8,brief ,history of ,greece10 from page #df1 8,the ,civilization10 to 8,manners and ,customs10 page #ga4 #b4 ,american ,literature1 from page #ef1 section #cd1 to page #ha4 #c4 ,readings in ,,the ,,chautauquan on ,german ,history and ,political ,economy4 #d4 ,sunday ,readings1 in ,,the ,,chautauquan1 selection for ,october #ba4 ,fourth ,week 7ending ,october #ca7--a4 8,history of ,greece40 ,finish part eighth1 or in 8,brief ,history of ,greece10 from page #ga1 8,manners and ,customs10 to 8,readings in ,greek ,history10 page #ia4 #b4 ,american ,literature1 from section #cd1 page #ha1 to end of volume4 #c4 ,readings in ,art1 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 #d4 ,sunday ,readings1 in ,,the ,,chautauquan1 for ,october #bh4 ,,popular ,,education4 ,,chautauqua ,,literary ,,and ,,scientific ,,circle4 ,president--,lewis ,miller4 ,superintendent of ,instruction--,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1 ,d4,d4 ,counselors--,lyman ,abbott1 ,d4,d42 ,j4 ,m4 ,gibson1 ,d4,d42 ,bishop ,h4 ,w4 ,warren1 ,d4,d42 ,w4 ,c4 ,wilkinson1 ,d4,d4 ,office ,secretary--,miss ,kate ,f4 ,kimball4 ,general ,secretary--,a4 ,m4 ,martin4 #a4--;,,aim4 ,this new organization aims to promote habits of reading and study in nature1 art1 science1 and in secular and sacred literature1 in connection with the routine of daily life 7especially among those whose educational advantages have been limited71 so as to secure to them the college student's general outlook upon the world and life1 and to develop the habit of close1 connected1 persistent thinking4 #b4--,,methods4 ,it proposes to encourage individual study in lines and by text-books which shall be indicated2 by local circles for mutual help and encouragement in such studies2 by summer courses of lectures and 8students' sessions0 at ,chautauqua1 and by written reports and examinations4 #c4--;,,course ,,of ,,study4 ,the course of study prescribed by the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 shall cover a period of four years4 #d4--;,,arrangement ,,of ,,classes4 ,each year's ,course of ,study will be considered the 8,first ,year0 for new pupils whether it be the first1 second1 third1 or fourth of the four years' course4 ,for example1 8the class of #ahhg10 instead of beginning ,october1 #ahhc1 with the same studies which were pursued in #ahhb-hc by 8the class of #ahhf10 will fall in with 8the class of '#hf10 and take for their first year the second year's course of the '#hf class4 ,the first year for 8the class of #ahhf0 will thus in due time become the fourth year for 8the class of #ahhg40 #e4--;,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,course ,,of ,,reading1 #ahhc-hd ,i4 ,,required4 ,history of ,greece4,e ,by ,prof4 ,t4 ,t4 ,timayenis4 ,vol4 #b2 parts #g1 #h1 #aj and #aa4 ,price1 #a4ae4 ,stories in ,english ,history by the ,great ,historians4 ,edited by ,c4 ,e4 ,bishop1 ,esq4 ,price1 #a4 ,chautauqua ,text-,books4--,no4 #af1 ,roman ,history2 ,no4 #bd1 ,canadian ,history2 ,no4 #ba1 ,american ,history2 ,no4 #e1 ,greek ,history4 ,price1 #aj cents each4 ,preparatory ,latin ,course in ,english4 ,by ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,wilkinson4 ,price1 #a4 ,chautauqua ,text-,books4--,no4 #bc1 ,english ,literature4 ,by ,prof4 ,j4 ,h4 ,gilmore4 ,price1 #aj cents4 ,primer of ,american ,literature4 ,by ,c4 ,f4 ,richardson4 ,price1 #cj cents4 ,biographical ,stories by ,hawthorne4 ,price1 #ae cents4 ,how to ,get ,strong and ,how to ,stay ,so4 ,by ,w4 ,blaikie4 ,price1 cloth1 #hj cents2 paper1 #ej cents4 ,easy ,lessons in ,vegetable ,biology4 ,by ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,wythe4 ,price1 cloth1 #dj cents2 paper1 #be cents4 ,philosophy of the ,plan of ,salvation4 ,by ,j4 ,b4 ,walker4 ,price1 cloth1 #a2 paper1 #ej cts4 ,chautauqua ,text-,books4--,no4 #ah1 ,christian ,evidences2 ,no4 #ci1 ,sunday-,school ,normal ,class ,work2 ,no4 #dc1 ,good ,manners2 ,no4 #d1 ,english ,history4 ,price1 #aj cents each4 ,,the ,,chautauquan1 price1 #a4ej1 in which will be published3 ,sunday ,readings4 ,selected by ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent4 ,readings in ,commercial ,law4 ,by ,edwin ,c4 ,reynolds1 ,esq4 ,readings in ,political ,economy4 ,by ,prof4 ,george ,m4 ,steele1 ,d4,d4 ,readings in ,french ,history and ,literature4 ,by ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent4 ,studies in ,american ,history and ,literature4 ,by ,a4 ,m4 ,martin1 ,esq4 ,,the ,,chautauquan will also contain1 in the department of ,required ,readings1 brief papers1 as follows3 ,readings in ,german ,history and ,literature4 ,readings in ,roman ,history4 ,readings in ,american ,literature4 ,readings about the ,arts1 ,artists1 and their ,masterpieces4 ,readings in ,physical ,science4 ,,additional ,,readings ,,for ,,students ,,of ,,the ,,class ,,of #ahhd4 ,hints for ,home ,reading4 ,by ,dr4 ,lyman ,abbott4 ,price1 cloth1 #a2 boards1 #ge cts4 ,the ,hall in the ,grove4 ,by ,mrs4 ,alden4 7,a ,story of ,chautauqua and the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c47 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,outline ,study of ,man4 ,by ,dr4 ,mark ,hopkins4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,,ii4 ,,for ,,the ,,white ,,seal4 ,persons who pursue the 8,white ,seal ,course0 of each year1 in addition to the regular course1 will receive at the time of their graduation a white seal for each year1 to be attached to the regular diploma4 ,history of ,greece4,e ,by ,prof4 ,t4 ,t4 ,timayenis4 ,vol4 #b4 ,completed4 ,price1 #a4ae4 ,chautauqua ,library of ,english ,history and ,literature4 ,vol4 #b4 ,price1 cloth1 #ej cents2 paper1 #ce cents4 ,church ,history4 ,by ,dr4 ,blackburn4 ,price1 #b4be4 ,bacon's ,essays4 ,price1 #a4be4 ,,iii4 ,,required4--,,for ,,the ,,white 7,,crystal7 ,,seal ,,for ,,graduates ,,of '#hb ,,and '#hc4 ,for the benefit of graduates of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 who1 being members of local circles1 wish to continue in the same general line of reading as undergraduate members1 a ,white ,crystal ,seal ,course is prepared4 ,this consists mainly of books belonging to the current year's study1 but not previously read by the graduates4 ,an additional white seal is also offered to the graduates1 the books for which are specified under paragraph #d4 ,some of these books were in the first four year's course1 and are therefore to be re-read4 ,the payment of one dollar at one time entitles a graduate to the ,white ,crystal and ,white ,seals for four years4 ,if only fifty cents is paid1 it will be credited for but one year4 ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,required ,reading4 ,history of ,greece4,e ,by ,prof4 ,t4 ,t4 ,timayenis4 ,vol4 #b4 ,completed4 ,price1 #a4ae4 ,preparatory ,latin ,course in ,english4 ,by4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,wilkinson4 ,price1 #a4 ,credo4 ,by ,dr4 ,l4 ,t4 ,townsend4 ,price1 #a4 ,bacon's ,essays4 ,price1 #a4be4 ,,iv4 ,,required4--,,for ,,additional ,,white ,,seal ,,for ,,graduates ,,of '#hb ,,and '#hc4 ,brief ,history of ,greece4 ,by ,j4 ,dorman ,steele4 ,price1 #fj cents4 ,stories in ,english ,history by the ,great ,historians4 ,edited by ,c4 ,e4 ,bishop4 ,price1 #a4 ,easy ,lessons in ,vegetable ,biology4 ,by ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,wythe4 ,price1 cloth1 #dj cents2 paper1 #be cents4 ,biographical ,stories4 ,by ,nathaniel ,hawthorne4 ,price1 #ae cents4 ,how to ,get ,strong and ,how to ,stay ,so4 ,by ,w4 ,blaikie4 ,price1 cloth1 #hj cents2 paper1 #ej cents4 ,philosophy of the ,plan of ,salvation4 ,by ,j4 ,b4 ,walker4 ,price1 cloth1 #a2 paper1 #ej cts4 ,primer of ,american ,literature4 ,by ,c4 ,f4 ,richardson4 ,price1 #cj cents4 ,chautauqua ,text-,books1 ,nos4 #d1 #e1 #af1 #ah1 #ba1 #bc1 #ci and #dc4 ,price1 each1 #aj cents4 _/ ,the following is the distribution of the books and readings through the year3 ,october4 ,history of ,greece4,e ,vol4 #b4 ,by ,prof4 ,t4 ,t4 ,timayenis4 ,parts #g and #h4 ,chautauqua ,text-,books4--,no4 #e1 ,greek ,history4 ,by ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent4 ,primer of ,american ,literature4 ,by ,c4 ,f4 ,richardson4 ,required ,readings in ,,the ,,chautauquan ,november4 ,history of ,greece4,f ,vol4 #b4 ,by ,prof4 ,t4 ,t4 ,timayenis4 ,parts #aj and #aa4 ,chautauqua ,text-,books4--,no4 #e1 ,greek ,history4 ,by ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent4 ,required ,readings in ,,the ,,chautauquan ,december4 ,easy ,lessons in ,vegetable ,biology4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,wythe4 ,biographical ,stories4 ,by ,nathaniel ,hawthorne4 ,required ,readings in ,,the ,,chautauquan ,january4 ,philosophy of the ,plan of ,salvation4 ,by ,j4 ,b4 ,walker4 #ad chapters4 ,chautauqua ,text-,books4--,no4 #ah1 ,christian ,evidences4 ,by ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent4 ,chautauqua ,text-,books4--,no4 #ci1 ,sunday ,school ,normal ,class ,work4 ,required ,readings in ,,the ,,chautauquan ,february4 ,philosophy of the ,plan of ,salvation4 ,by ,j4 ,b4 ,walker4 ,completed4 ,chautauqua ,text-,books4--,no4 #ba1 ,american ,history2 ,no4 #bd1 ,canadian ,history4 ,how to ,get ,strong and ,how to ,stay ,so4 ,by ,w4 ,blaikie4 ,required ,readings in ,,the ,,chautauquan ,march4 ,preparatory ,latin ,course in ,english4 ,by ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,wilkinson4 ,half of book4 ,required ,readings in ,,the ,,chautauquan ,april4 ,preparatory ,latin ,course in ,english4 ,by ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,wilkinson4 ,completed4 ,chautauqua ,text-,books4--,no4 #af1 ,roman ,history4 ,by ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent4 ,required ,readings in ,,the ,,chautauquan ,may4 ,stories in ,english ,history by the ,great ,historians4 ,by ,c4 ,e4 ,bishop4 ,half of book4 ,chautauqua ,text-,books4--,no4 #d1 ,english ,history4 ,by ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent4 ,chautauqua ,text-,books4--,no4 #bc1 ,english ,literature4 ,by ,prof4 ,j4 ,h4 ,gilmore4 ,required ,readings in ,,the ,,chautauquan ,june4 ,stories in ,english ,history by the ,great ,historians4 ,completed4 ,chautauqua ,text-,books4--,no4 #d1 ,english ,history4 ,by ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent4 ,chautauqua ,text-,books4--,no4 #dc1 ,good ,manners4 ,by ,j---- ,p----4 ,required ,readings in ,,the ,,chautauquan #f4--,,special ,,courses4 ,members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 may take1 in addition to the regular course above prescribed1 one or more special courses1 and pass an examination upon them4 ,pupils will receive credit and testimonial seals to be appended to the regular diploma1 according to the merit of examinations on these supplemental courses4 #g4--,,the ,,preparatory ,,course4 ,persons who are too young1 or not sufficiently advanced in their studies to take the regular ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 course1 may adopt certain preparatory lessons for one or more years4 ,for circulars of the preparatory course1 address ,miss ,k4 ,f4 ,,kimball1 ,plainfield1 ,new ,jersey4 #h4--;,,initiation ,,fee4 ,to defray the expenses of correspondence1 memoranda1 etc41 an annual fee of fifty cents is required4 ,this amount should be forwarded to ,miss ,k4 ,f4 ,kimball1 ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j41 7by ,new ,york or ,philadelphia draft1 ,post-office order on ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j41 or the new ,postal ,note1 to be ready about ,september #a47 ,do not send postage-stamps if you can possibly avoid it4 ,three-cent stamps will not be received4 ,n4 ,b4--,in sending your fee1 be sure to state to which class you belong1 whether #ahhd1 #ahhe1 #ahhf1 or #ahhg4 #i4--;,,application ,,for ,,membership4 ,persons desiring to unite with the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 should forward answers to the following questions to ,,miss ,k4 ,f4 ,,kimball1 ,,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j4 ,the class graduating in #ahhg should begin the study of the lessons required ,october1 #ahhc4 ,they may begin as late as ,january #a1 #ahhd4 #a4 ,give your name in full4 #b4 ,your post-office address1 with county and ,state4 #c4 ,are you married or single8 #d4 ,what is your age8 ,are you between twenty and thirty1 or thirty and forty1 or forty and fifty1 or fifty and sixty1 etc48 #e4 ,if married1 how many children living under the age of sixteen years8,g #f4 ,what is your occupation8 #g4 ,with what religious denomination are you connected8 #h4 ,do you1 after mature deliberation1 resolve1 if able1 to prosecute the four years' course of study presented by the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c48 #i4 ,do you promise1 if practicable1 to give an average of four hours a week to the reading and study required by this course8 #aj4 ,how much more than the time specified do you hope to give to this course of study8 #aj4--,,time ,,required4 ,an average of forty minutes' reading each week-day will enable the student in nine months to complete the books required for the year4 ,more time than this will probably be spent by many persons1 and for their accommodation a special course of reading on the same subjects has been indicated4 ,the habit of thinking steadily upon worthy themes during one's secular toil will lighten labor1 brighten life1 and develop power4 #aa4--,,memoranda4 ,the annual 8examinations0 will be held at the homes of the members1 and in writing4 ,duplicate ,memoranda are forwarded1 one copy being retained by each student and the other filled out and forwarded to the office at ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j4 #ab4--;,,attendance ,,at ,,chautauqua4 ,persons should be present to enjoy the annual meetings at ,chautauqua1 but attendance there is not necessary to graduation in the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,persons who have never visited ,chautauqua may enjoy the advantages1 diploma1 and honors of the 8,circle40 #ac4--,,miscellaneous4 ,for the history of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 an explanation of the ,,local ,,circles1 the ,,memorial ,,days to be observed by all true ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 members1 ,,st4 ,,paul',s ,,grove at ,chautauqua1 etc41 etc41 address 7inclose two-cent stamp7 ,miss ,k4 ,f4 ,,kimball1 ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j41 who will forward the 8,chautauqua ,hand-,book1 ,no4 #b10 sixty-four pages4 ,blank forms1 containing the ten questions given in paragraph #i1 will also be sent on application4 #ad4--;,,chautauqua ,,periodicals4 ,,the ,,chautauquan1 organ of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c42 #gf pages2 ten numbers2 #a4ej per year4 ,,chautauqua ,,assembly ,,daily ,,herald1 organ of ,chautauqua meetings2 #h pages2 #dh columns4 ,daily in ,august2 #ai numbers4 ,contains the lectures delivered at ,chautauqua2 #a per volume4 ,both periodicals one year1 #b4ej4 ,address ,dr4 ,theodore ,l4 ,flood1 ,editor and ,proprietor1 ,meadville1 ,pa4 #ae4--;,,books ,,of ,,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,for all the books address ,phillips ,hunt1 ,new ,york1 or ,walden ,stowe1 ,cincinnati or ,chicago4 ,,footnotes3 ,e ,students of the new class 7#ahhg7 to be organized this fall1 and graduates of the classes of #ahhb and #ahhc1 not having read volume #a of ,timayenis's ,history of ,greece1 will not be required to read volume #b1 but instead of volume #b of ,timayenis's1 will read 8,brief ,history of ,greece40 ,price1 paper1 #fj cts4 ,f ,students of the new class 7#ahhg7 to be organized this fall1 not having read volume #a of ,timayenis's ,history of ,greece1 will not be required to read volume #b1 but instead of volume #b1 of ,timayenis's1 will read 8,brief ,history of ,greece40 ,price1 paper1 #fj cts4 ,g ,we ask this question to ascertain the possible future intellectual and moral influence of this 8,circle0 on your homes4 ,not required4 ,,questions ,,and ,,answers4 ,by ,a4 ,m4 ,,martin1 ,,general ,,secretary ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,i4--,,one ,,hundred ,,questions ,,and ,,answers ,,on 8,,history ,,of ,,greece10 ,,vol4 ,,ii41 ,,parts ,,seventh ,,and ,,eighth--,,theban ,,supremacy1 ,,and ,,macedonian ,,hellenism4 #a4 ,q4 ,what was the character of the ,thebans in the fifth and fourth centuries before ,christ8 ,a4 ,they were brave soldiers1 and possessed souls1 if not always noble1 yet ever resolute2 bodies1 if not prepossessing1 yet athletic and well prepared1 by exercise and thorough drill from early childhood1 for every military duty4 #b4 ,q4 ,what two names are permanently associated with the rise of ,theban power8 ,a4 ,epaminondas and ,pelopidas4 #c4 ,q4 ,what was the training and what some of the striking characteristics of ,epaminondas8 ,a4 ,he was trained from early youth in all the branches of gymnastics and military duty2 was distinguished by the diligent care he took of his intellectual education2 was modest and wholly devoid of a boasting spirit1 and was indifferent to money4 #d4 ,q4 ,what did ,epaminondas1 with ,pelopidas1 organize that filled ,hellas with the fame of its achievements1 and fell only when the autonomy of ,hellas disappeared8 ,a4 ,the famous lochos1 or band1 composed of three hundred picked men1 bound together by the closest ties of friendship1 and devoted to each other to the death4 #e4 ,q4 ,what was the effect upon the ,spartans of the war against the ,thebans1 the latter being assisted by the ,athenians1 during the first part of the fourth century before ,christ8 ,a4 ,the ,spartans were daily losing their prestige and becoming humbled4 #f4 ,q4 ,what was the most noted of the combats of the ,thebans with the ,lacedmonians in ,botia at this time1 which served as a sort of prelude to that of ,leuktra8 ,a4 ,the battle of ,tegyra1 in which the ,thebans1 led by ,pelopidas1 achieved a splendid victory4 #g4 ,q4 ,what disastrous visitations heightened the despondency of the ,spartans in #cgb ,b4 ,c48 ,a4 ,the terrible earthquakes and rains which during that year occurred in the ,peloponnesus1 and which they regarded as tokens of the wrath of the god ,poseidon4 #h4 ,q4 ,what was the result of the ,athenians having established their new naval dominion on the ,ionian ,sea8 ,a4 ,they had no longer ground on which to continue the war1 and they therefore sent to ,sparta for peace4 #i4 ,q4 ,what was the result of the congress of the ,hellenic nation which followed in the year #cga ,b4 ,c48 ,a4 ,agesilaus1 on behalf of ,sparta1 caused the names of the ,thebans to be struck from the roll1 and declared war against them upon the spot4 #aj4 ,q4 ,what celebrated battle was fought soon after in ,botia between the ,lacedmonians and the ,thebans8 ,a4 ,the battle of ,leuktra4 #aa4 ,q4 ,previous to this time how had ,hellenic armies been drawn up in order of battle8 ,a4 ,in parallel lines4 #ab4 ,q4 ,what plan did ,epaminondas adopt on this occasion8 ,a4 ,he massed upon the center a greater force than his opponent1 and concentrated a superior number upon the right wing4 #ac4 ,q4 ,what is said of the adoption of this arrangement of the forces of an army afterward by military leaders8 ,a4 ,it was afterward largely adopted by military leaders1 and by its successful application some of the greatest battles of the world have been gained by such generals as ,frederick of ,prussia and ,napoleon4 #ad4 ,q4 ,what was the result at the battle of ,leuktra8 ,a4 ,the right wing of the ,spartans was completely driven back to their camp1 and the remainder of the army sought safety by retreat4 #ae4 ,q4 ,following immediately upon the defeat at ,leuktra what occurred in the ,peloponnesus8 ,a4 ,a great revolution broke out against ,sparta4 #af4 ,q4 ,what movement was next undertaken by ,epaminondas8 ,a4 ,he invaded the ,peloponnesus with the ,thebans and their allies1 and approached almost to the very gates of ,sparta4 #ag4 ,q4 ,what is said of the appearance of an enemy before ,sparta8 ,a4 ,full six hundred years had elapsed since the first establishment of the ,dorians in ,lacedmon1 and this was the first time in all that long period that they had seen an enemy in their territory4 #ah4 ,q4 ,what two enterprises did ,epaminondas now execute which had formed the special purpose of his expedition8 ,a4 ,the re-establishment of ,messenia and the consolidation of the ,arkadians4 #ai4 ,q4 ,within what space of time had this complete change of affairs occurred in the ,peloponnesus8 ,a4 ,within a space of eighteen months from the time the ,thebans were insultingly driven from the national congress by ,sparta4 #bj4 ,q4 ,on the north what conquest was made by ,pelopidas about the same time8 ,a4 ,he invaded ,thessaly1 and subdued the greater part of the country4 #ba4 ,q4 ,what were the terms of the permanent league into which the two states of ,athens and ,sparta now entered8 ,a4 ,that the command both on land and sea should alternate between ,athens and ,sparta for periods of five days4 #bb4 ,q4 ,notwithstanding this league what was the ruling city in ,hellas8 ,a4 ,thebes4 #bc4 ,q4 ,what countries in ,greece acknowledged ,thebes as ruler and obeyed her8 ,a4 ,macedonia1 ,thessaly1 most of the countries between ,thermopyl and the isthmus1 and most of the ,peloponnesus4 #bd4 ,q4 ,about the end of the year #cfh ,b4 ,c41 what battle was fought between the ,spartans and ,arkadians during the absence of ,epaminondas from the ,peloponnesus8 ,a4 ,what the ,spartans called 8,the ,tearless ,battle40 #be4 ,q4 ,what does ,diodorus say of the slain8 ,a4 ,ten thousand men were slain1 without the loss of a single ,lacedmonian4 #bf4 ,q4 ,at the instance of ,pelopidas1 in #cff ,b4 ,c41 what declaration was made by the ,persian king in regard to ,thebes8 ,a4 ,thebes was declared the head city of ,hellas1 and any city refusing to admit her leadership was menaced with instant compulsion by ,persian force4 #bg4 ,q4 ,how was this declaration received by the allies of ,thebes8 ,a4 ,they collectively refused to adhere to the royal decree4 #bh4 ,q4 ,what occurred to ,pelopidas while in the execution of his duty as envoy to ,thessaly in his efforts to have the supremacy of ,thebes there recognized8 ,a4 ,he was seized and detained as prisoner by ,alexander of ,pher4 #bi4 ,q4 ,after he had been released through the efforts of ,epaminondas1 what was the result of an engagement of the forces of ,pelopidas with those of ,alexander of ,thessaly8 ,a4 ,the army of ,alexander was routed at the battle of ,kynos ,kephal1 but ,pelopidas was slain4 #cj4 ,q4 ,about the middle of #cfb ,b4 ,c41 for what purpose did ,epaminondas march again into the ,peloponnesus8 ,a4 ,in order to strengthen the adherents of the ,thebans and to put down their numerous opponents4 #ca4 ,q4 ,what celebrated battle was fought between the forces under ,epaminondas and the allied army opposed8 ,a4 ,the battle of ,mantineia4 #cb4 ,q4 ,what was the result of the engagement8 ,a4 ,the whole army in opposition to ,epaminondas was driven from the field4 #cc4 ,q4 ,what was the fate of ,epaminondas8 ,a4 ,he received a wound in the breast from the thrust of a spear which proved mortal4 #cd4 ,q4 ,what is the character of the opinions that have been uniformly expressed1 both in ancient and modern times concerning ,epaminondas8 ,a4 ,there has ever been for him only praise and admiration4 #ce4 ,q4 ,after he fell what prevailed for twenty-five years in ,greece8 ,a4 ,political anarchy1 ending only in the ,macedonian supremacy4 #cf4 ,q4 ,following the advice of ,epaminondas what did the ,thebans at once do after the battle of ,mantineia8 ,a4 ,they made peace with the enemy4 #cg4 ,q4 ,where did the ,spartan king1 ,agesilaus1 soon after die8 ,a4 ,on the march toward home from ,egypt1 where he unsuccessfully attempted an expedition against the ,persian empire4 #ch4 ,q4 ,what three islands and city revolted from ,athens and her confederacy which led to the three years' 8social war0 from #ceh to #cee ,b4 ,c48 ,a4 ,the islands of ,chios1 ,kos and ,rhodes1 and the city of ,byzantium4 #ci4 ,q4 ,what war was carried on in ,greece for the ten years from #cee to #cdf ,b4 ,c48 ,a4 ,the second ,sacred ,war4 #dj4 ,q4 ,during this war what desecration was committed by the ,phokian general ,philomelus8 ,a4 ,the sanctuary of the ,delphian temple was seized and robbed of its treasures4 #da4 ,q4 ,what noted king of ,macedonia first took part in ,hellenic affairs during the second ,sacred ,war8 ,a4 ,philip4 #db4 ,q4 ,what was the result of an engagement by the forces of ,philip with the ,phokians8 ,a4 ,he became master of ,thessaly1 and proclaimed himself the avenger of the ,delphian god1 and the defender of the insulted ,hellenic religion4 #dc4 ,q4 ,by whom was the advance of ,philip into ,hellas repelled8 ,a4 ,by the ,athenians1 who occupied ,thermopyl in opposition to ,philip4 #dd4 ,q4 ,what renowned orator attempted to arouse the ,athenians to oppose the advance of ,philip in his efforts to reduce all ,hellas to his sway8 ,a4 ,demosthenes4 #de4 ,q4 ,where does the criticism of the modern world and that of the grandest orators of ,france and ,england unanimously place ,demosthenes8 ,a4 ,at the head of orators4 #df4 ,q4 ,by what name are the most famous of the orations of ,demosthenes known8 ,a4 ,the ,philipics4 #dg4 ,q4 ,what decisive battle was fought in #cch ,b4 ,c4 between the ,macedonian army and the ,athenians and their allies8 ,a4 ,the battle of ,chroneia4 #dh4 ,q4 ,what was the result of this battle8 ,a4 ,the ,greeks were conquered1 and the ,sacred ,band of the ,thebans to a man fell in this battle as they stood in a solid phalanx1 not one of the three hundred yielding a foot4 #di4 ,q4 ,to whom was the chief credit of this victory due8 ,a4 ,to the youthful ,alexander1 the son of ,philip4 #ej4 ,q4 ,at a congress of ,hellenic cities ,philip soon after convened at ,corinth to what position was he chosen8 ,a4 ,general-in-chief of all ,hellas4 #ea4 ,q4 ,what was the geographical position of ,macedonia before its enlargement through the conquests of ,philip8 ,a4 ,it was an exclusively inland country lying between two mountain ranges on the north side of the great ,kambunian chain4 #eb4 ,q4 ,what is said of the language of the ,macedonians8 ,a4 ,it was widely different from that of the ,thracians on the east and the ,illyrians on the west1 and was so nearly akin to the ,hellenic that the latter tongue was easily acquired by them4 #ec4 ,q4 ,in the earliest times how were the inhabitants of ,macedonia divided8 ,a4 ,into a variety of independent tribes1 each of which had its own king or chieftain4 #ed4 ,q4 ,according to tradition who were the real founders of the greatness of ,macedonia8 ,a4 ,fugitives from ,hellas1 belonging to the royal ,herakleid line of ,argos1 who are supposed to have arrived in the country during the seventh century before ,christ4 #ee4 ,q4 ,who was the first ,macedonian sovereign of real historic importance8 ,a4 ,amyntas4 #ef4 ,q4 ,mention three other sovereigns of ,macedonia before ,philip4 ,a4 ,alexander1 ,perdikkas1 and ,archelaus4 #eg4 ,q4 ,who was the father of ,philip8 ,a4 ,amyntas ,,ii4 #eh4 ,q4 ,what mode of life did the immediate predecessors of ,philip seek as much as possible to approach8 ,a4 ,the ,attic mode of life4 #ei4 ,q4 ,what is said in regard to ,king ,archelaus8 ,a4 ,that he introduced many social improvements after ,hellenic models1 and was much attached to the youthful ,plato and his teacher ,sokrates4 #fj4 ,q4 ,at the age of fifteen where was ,philip taken as a hostage8 ,a4 ,to ,thebes4 #fa4 ,q4 ,how long did he remain there8 ,a4 ,three years4 #fb4 ,q4 ,though a hostage how was he welcomed8 ,a4 ,he was honorably and cordially welcomed1 received a scientific and oratorical training1 and studied philosophy4 #fc4 ,q4 ,almost from the beginning of his reign what income did ,philip receive from the gold-producing regions of ,mount ,pangus8 ,a4 ,according to ,diodorus a yearly income of one thousand talents4 #fd4 ,q4 ,how did this income compare with that received by the ,athenians and the ,spartans8 ,a4 ,it was greater than that which the ,athenians and the ,spartans obtained in the very acme of their power4 #fe4 ,q4 ,what steps did ,philip take to make his army more efficient8 ,a4 ,he reorganized the army and effected a complete transformation in their armament and accomplishments4 #ff4 ,q4 ,what was the most formidable part of the army as organized by ,philip8 ,a4 ,the ,macedonian phalanx4 #fg4 ,q4 ,what was the principal weapon of the soldiers serving in the phalanx8 ,a4 ,a long pike called the sarissa1 twenty-one feet in length4 #fh4 ,q4 ,after his return from ,corinth in #ccg ,b4 ,c4 what did ,philip do in regard to the invasion of ,asia8 ,a4 ,he made so many preparations for his intended expedition into ,asia that he exhausted his accumulated treasures4 #fi4 ,q4 ,what steps did he take in the spring of #ccf ,b4 ,c4 to begin hostilities against the ,persians8 ,a4 ,he sent to ,asia a portion of the ,macedonian army1 under ,parmenio and ,attalus1 to begin hostilities at once until he assumed command of the expedition4 #gj4 ,q4 ,what was the result of a quarrel that occurred about this time between ,philip and one of his wives1 ,olympias1 the mother of ,alexander8 ,a4 ,olympias went to her brother1 the ,king of ,epirus1 and ,alexander soon followed her1 and expressed strong resentment at the treatment of his mother4 #ga4 ,q4 ,in what way did ,philip seek to reconcile the parties to this quarrel1 and at the same time ally himself to the ,king of ,epirus8 ,a4 ,by giving the ,king of ,epirus his daughter by ,olympias1 ,kleopatra1 in marriage4 #gb4 ,q4 ,how were the nuptials celebrated8 ,a4 ,with many splendid and costly entertainments4 #gc4 ,q4 ,during the festivities how did ,philip come to his death8 ,a4 ,as he was walking toward the door of the theater he was suddenly assassinated by ,pausanias1 one of the body-guard of the king4 #gd4 ,q4 ,at what age did ,philip die1 and how long was his reign8 ,a4 ,he died at the age of forty-seven1 after a reign of twenty-three years4 #ge4 ,q4 ,who succeeded him to the throne8 ,a4 ,his son1 ,alexander the ,great4 #gf4 ,q4 ,when was ,alexander born8 ,a4 ,in ,july1 #cef ,b4 ,c4 #gg4 ,q4 ,what is said of ,alexander and the ,iliad8 ,a4 ,one of the first books that he read was the ,iliad1 to which he became devotedly attached1 and a copy of which1 corrected1 as it is said1 by ,aristotle1 he carried with him in his military campaigns4 #gh4 ,q4 ,what was the effect of the reception of the news of the death of ,philip at ,athens and elsewhere8 ,a4 ,there was an outbreak1 caused especially by ,demosthenes1 who represented his death as holding forth new hopes of freedom to the city4 ,there was also much disturbance in other ,hellenic cities4 #gi4 ,q4 ,when ,alexander was informed of this crisis of affairs what steps did he take8 ,a4 ,he hastened to ,hellas with a considerable army1 reaching there within two months of the death of his father4 #hj4 ,q4 ,what action was taken by a common council of the ,greeks that ,alexander assembled at ,corinth8 ,a4 ,the council gave him1 as it had done to ,philip two years before1 the hegemony of the expedition against ,asia4 ,the ,lacedmonians alone stood aloof1 refusing all concurrence4 #ha4 ,q4 ,after his return to ,macedonia1 where did ,alexander next go to secure his domains8 ,a4 ,into ,thrace and bordering regions where he subdued the tribes and brought them under his subjection4 #hb4 ,q4 ,in the meantime what ,hellenic city revolted from the rule of ,alexander8 ,a4 ,thebes4 #hc4 ,q4 ,what followed ,alexander's immediate march from the north to ,thebes8 ,a4 ,the city was taken after a desperate resistance1 six thousand of the inhabitants slain1 thirty thousand sold into slavery1 and the houses leveled to the ground4 #hd4 ,q4 ,upon his return to ,macedonia what did ,alexander institute8 ,a4 ,magnificent sacrifices to the gods1 and scenic contests in honor of the god ,zeus and the ,muses4 #he4 ,q4 ,who was now upon the throne of the ,persian empire8 ,a4 ,darius ,codomannus4 #hf4 ,q4 ,when did ,alexander commence his invasion of ,asia8 ,a4 ,in the year #ccd ,b4 ,c4 #hg4 ,q4 ,what was the size of the ,macedonian army that ,alexander led into ,asia8 ,a4 ,thirty thousand infantry and forty-five hundred cavalry4 #hh4 ,q4 ,where did he first encounter the ,persian army8 ,a4 ,at the river ,granicus4 #hi4 ,q4 ,what was the result of the engagement that followed8 ,a4 ,the army of ,alexander forced the passage of the river in the face of the enemy and entirely routed the ,persian forces4 #ij4 ,q4 ,what followed ,alexander's march through ,asia ,minor8 ,a4 ,many cities surrendered without opposition1 and the others he reached he subdued4 #ia4 ,q4 ,as he was marching further into ,asia1 who now advanced to meet ,alexander8 ,a4 ,darius himself with an immense army equipped in great splendor4 #ib4 ,q4 ,where did the hostile armies encounter each other8 ,a4 ,on the plains of ,issus4 #ic4 ,q4 ,what was the result of the battle there fought8 ,a4 ,the ,persians were completely routed with great loss1 and ,darius saved himself only by precipitate flight4 #id4 ,q4 ,what two cities refused to submit to ,alexander1 and were taken by him only after prolonged sieges8 ,a4 ,tyre and ,gaza4 #ie4 ,q4 ,into what country did ,alexander next march1 and what great commercial city did he there found8 ,a4 ,into ,egypt1 where he founded ,alexandria4 #if4 ,q4 ,where did ,alexander again encounter the ,persian army1 and with what results8 ,a4 ,on the plains of ,arbela1 eastward of the ,tigris4 ,the immense army of the ,persians was either cut to pieces1 captured1 or dispersed1 and no subsequent attempt was made to gather together a large regular force4 #ig4 ,q4 ,what two great capitals of ,persia now surrendered to ,alexander without a struggle8 ,a4 ,babylon and ,susa4 #ih4 ,q4 ,into what region did ,alexander further extend his conquests8 ,a4 ,into ,india4 #ii4 ,q4 ,upon his return from ,india1 when and where did ,alexander die8 ,a4 ,at ,babylon in the year #cbc ,b4 ,c4 #ajj4 ,q4 ,what became of the countries subdued by ,alexander after his death8 ,a4 ,the empire was subjected to protracted civil wars1 and was subsequently separated into numerous small kingdoms4 ,,ii4--,,fifty ,,questions ,,and ,,answers ,,on ,,american ,,literature4 #a4 ,q4 ,as soon as the ,english colonists landed on ,american shores1 at ,jamestown and ,plymouth1 for what purpose did they begin to think of the establishment of schools of sound learning8 ,a4 ,in ,virginia1 for the purpose of educating the ,indians1 and in ,massachusetts ,bay for the supply of church pastors4 #b4 ,q4 ,until politics began to interest the colonists in a vital manner1 what formed the bulk of the issues of the press8 ,a4 ,religious books and tracts4 #c4 ,q4 ,what was the first book written and printed in ,new ,england8 ,a4 ,the ,bay ,psalm ,book4 #d4 ,q4 ,of all the theological writers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries1 who were the most voluminous8 ,a4 ,increase ,mather and his son ,cotton4 ,the publications of the former numbered eighty-five1 and of the latter no less than three hundred and eighty-two4 #e4 ,q4 ,what is the chief monument of the industry and scholarship of ,john ,eliot1 the 8,apostle to the ,indians80 ,a4 ,his translation of the entire ,bible into the ,indian tongue4 ,this appeared in two parts1 the ,new ,testament in #affa1 and the whole ,bible in #affc1 and was the labor of the unaided ,eliot4 #f4 ,q4 ,what are the names of three minor writers of the seventeenth century8 ,a4 ,capt4 ,john ,smith1 ,gov4 ,john ,winthrop1 and ,michael ,wigglesworth4 #g4 ,q4 ,upon what work does the reputation of ,jonathan ,edwards as philosopher and theologian chiefly rest8 ,a4 ,his great treatise on the 8,freedom of the ,will10 written about the middle of the eighteenth century4 #h4 ,q4 ,who were the principal leaders in the eighteenth century of the school of philosophy which ,edwards shaped8 ,a4 ,samuel ,hopkins1 ,nathaniel ,emmons and ,timothy ,dwight4 #i4 ,q4 ,what is one of the most remarkable of the names of great ,americans in the eighteenth century8 ,a4 ,benjamin ,franklin1 who was a master in whatever branch of learning he touched4 #aj4 ,q4 ,what is one of the best known of ,franklin's works8 ,a4 ,poor ,richard's ,almanac4 #aa4 ,q4 ,what are the names of three minor writers of the eighteenth century8 ,a4 ,william ,stith1 ,david ,brainerd and ,john ,woolman4 #ab4 ,q4 ,of what character was a large part of the books and pamphlets written during the revolutionary period8 ,a4 ,it was necessarily of temporary interest1 and of little value as literature4 #ac4 ,q4 ,in what particular did ,george ,washington excel as a writer8 ,a4 ,as a letter writer4 #ad4 ,q4 ,what are some of the most noted productions of ,thomas ,jefferson8 ,a4 ,notes on ,virginia1 his ,correspondence1 and the ,declaration of ,independence4 #ae4 ,q4 ,what was the ,federalist8 ,a4 ,it was a collection of essays published periodically1 and arguing in favor of the ,constitution of the ,united ,states adopted in #aghi1 and was the concerted work of ,alexander ,hamilton1 ,james ,madison and ,john ,jay4 #af4 ,q4 ,what work of ,thomas ,paine has always had a wide circulation chiefly among the lower classes8 ,a4 ,the ,age of ,reason4 ,it advocates a pure deism1 but its method of criticism and temper of attack are now generally repudiated by more scholarly writers of the same school4 #ag4 ,q4 ,who was the first ,american poet to attain eminence8 ,a4 ,philip ,freneau1 a ,huguenot by descent and a ,new ,yorker by birth4 #ah4 ,q4 ,who was the first ,american novelist and what was his first work8 ,a4 ,charles ,brockden ,brown1 and his first work called 8,wieland0 was printed in #agih4 #ai4 ,q4 ,for what are the histories written during the last century chiefly useful8 ,a4 ,as authorities for later writers4 #bj4 ,q4 ,who were two biographical writers of the last century8 ,a4 ,william ,wirt1 who wrote a readable life of ,patrick ,henry1 and ,chief ,justice ,john ,marshall1 who prepared a standard life of ,washington4 #ba4 ,q4 ,what was incident to the beginning of the present century being marked by a considerable controversial excitement among the ,new ,england clergy8 ,a4 ,the spread of ,unitarian views in and around ,boston4 #bb4 ,q4 ,who were the ,unitarian leaders in this controversy8 ,a4 ,william ,ellery ,channing1 the ,henry ,wares1 father and son1 and ,andrew ,norton4 #bc4 ,q4 ,by whom were the conservative ,congregationalists championed8 ,a4 ,by ,noah ,worcester1 of ,salem1 and ,moses ,stewart and ,leonard ,woods1 professors in the theological seminary at ,andover4 #bd4 ,q4 ,what is the principal theological work that has appeared since ,edward's famous treatise8 ,a4 ,the 8,systematic ,theology0 of ,charles ,hodge1 professor in ,princeton ,seminary4 #be4 ,q4 ,what two college presidents have devoted much thought and ability to mental science8 ,a4 ,mark ,hopkins1 of ,williams1 and ,noah ,porter1 of ,yale4 #bf4 ,q4 ,what two names are prominent in the literature of ,church history8 ,a4 ,dr4 ,philip ,schaff and ,prof4 ,w4 ,g4 ,t4 ,shedd4 #bg4 ,q4 ,to whom is the term 8the ,knickerbocker writers0 applied8 ,a4 ,to certain authors who began to write soon after the beginning of the century1 who were for the most part residents of ,new ,york1 and who were in some cases descendants of the old ,dutch stock4 #bh4 ,q4 ,what are the names of four prominent writers included under this head8 ,a4 ,washington ,irving1 ,james ,kirke ,paulding1 ,joseph ,rodman ,drake1 and ,fitz-,greene ,halleck4 #bi4 ,q4 ,what are the names of five poets made celebrated by single pieces8 ,a4 ,francis ,scott ,key1 ,samuel ,woodworth1 ,john ,howard ,payne1 ,albert ,g4 ,greene1 and ,william ,augustus ,muhlenberg4 #cj4 ,q4 ,what are the titles of the pieces for which they are celebrated8 ,a4 8,the ,star ,spangled ,banner10 8,the ,old ,oaken ,bucket10 8,home1 ,sweet ,home10 8,old ,grimes is ,dead10 and 8,i would not live alway40 #ca4 ,q4 ,what eminent name connected the earlier and later days of our literature8 ,a4 ,william ,cullen ,bryant4 #cb4 ,q4 ,who are termed the five great ,american poets8 ,a4 ,william ,cullen ,bryant1 ,henry ,wadsworth ,longfellow1 ,john ,greenleaf ,whittier1 ,oliver ,wendell ,holmes1 and ,james ,russell ,lowell4 #cc4 ,q4 ,who was an entirely original figure in ,american literature8 ,a4 ,edgar ,allen ,poe4 #cd4 ,q4 ,what are the names of ten persons prominent as orators during the present century8 ,a4 ,webster1 ,calhoun1 ,clay1 ,everett1 ,choate1 ,seward1 ,sumner1 ,winthrop1 ,garrison1 and ,phillips4 #ce4 ,q4 ,what are the names of five prominent ,american historians of the present century8 ,a4 ,richard ,hildreth1 ,george ,bancroft1 ,john ,g4 ,palfrey1 ,william ,h4 ,prescott1 and ,john ,lothrop ,motley4 #cf4 ,q4 ,what three names are eminent in the literature of ,arctic travel8 ,a4 ,elisha ,kent ,kane1 ,charles ,f4 ,hall1 and ,isaac ,i4 ,hayes4 #cg4 ,q4 ,who was the first writer of ,american fiction whose works were extensively read8 ,a4 ,james ,fenimore ,cooper4 #ch4 ,q4 ,what ,american author has ,james ,russell ,lowell called the greatest imaginative writer since ,shakspere8 ,a4 ,nathaniel ,hawthorne4 #ci4 ,q4 ,what work has had the greatest success of any ,american book8 ,a4 ,harriet ,beecher ,stowe's 8,uncle ,tom's ,cabin10 a novel directed against slavery4 ,between five and six hundred thousand copies have been sold in this country alone1 and it has been forty times translated4 #dj4 ,q4 ,who is the most distinguished of ,american essayists8 ,a4 ,ralph ,waldo ,emerson4 #da4 ,q4 ,give the chief among standard editions of ,shakspere that have been edited in this country4 ,a4 ,those of ,richard ,grant ,white and ,horace ,howard ,furness4 #db4 ,q4 ,who are the authors of three notable histories of the late civil war8 ,a4 ,horace ,greeley1 ,alexander ,h4 ,stephens1 and ,dr4 ,john ,w4 ,draper4 #dc4 ,q4 ,what recent ,american author attained eminence as a writer of travels1 of novels1 and as a poet8 ,a4 ,bayard ,taylor4 #dd4 ,q4 ,what two poets are the chief ,american kindred of the ,english pre-,raphaelites8 ,a4 ,walt ,whitman and ,joaquin ,miller2 but their kinship is one of nature and not of imitation4 #de4 ,q4 ,who was the originator of a popular dialect poetry of the time1 which has found a troop of imitators8 ,a4 ,john ,hay4 #df4 ,q4 ,what author has found a special field in novels of pioneer life in the uncivilized outposts of ,western civilization8 ,a4 ,edward ,eggleston4 #dg4 ,q4 ,who is called the best of ,american writers of juveniles8 ,a4 ,louisa ,may ,alcott4 #dh4 ,q4 ,give the names of three prominent humorists4 ,a4 ,charles ,farrar ,browne1 ,henry ,w4 ,shaw1 and ,david ,r4 ,locke4 #di4 ,q4 ,what ,american writer has devoted the greater part of his literary life to the production of biographies8 ,a4 ,james ,parton4 #ej4 ,q4 ,who has enjoyed the acquaintance of more ,english and ,american authors than any other of our writers8 ,a4 ,james ,t4 ,fields4 ,,editor',s ,,outlook4 ,,the ,,tenth ,,assembly4 ,ten years ago the ,first ,assembly offered to the world the ,chautauqua ,idea4 ,it promised an almost ideal summer life1 where health and thought and brotherly love should abound4 ,ten years have passed1 and now the question is1 has the scheme been carried out8 ,is the ,assembly a practical idea1 and is it a permanency8 ,the answers are most decided4 ,the original plan has not only been put into practice1 but1 when enlarged an hundred fold1 has been proven practicable4 ,is it a permanency may be a harder question1 but the tenth ,assembly has1 we believe1 in many ways proven it so4 ,first1 the character and growth of all departments of ,chautauqua work show them to be needed institutions1 and necessary institutions1 as a rule1 become permanent4 ,the steady1 healthy growth of the different branches of work shows how enduring is the ,idea2 the ,normal department increased its alumni this year to over #a1bjj2 its plans for future work are much more elaborate than ever before1 its course of study much superior4 ,the annual report from the ,school of ,languages shows a steady increase4 ,over two hundred full tickets were sold in the school this year1 and twenty-six different states were represented4 ,the ,teachers' ,retreat for #ahhc shows a great increase over previous years3 ,in #ahgi there were enrolled #ae members4 ,in #ahhj there were enrolled #acc members4 ,in #ahha there were enrolled #aje members4 ,in #ahhb there were enrolled #gf members4 ,in #ahhc there were enrolled #bbc members4 ,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 has reached the enormous membership of nearly #ej1jjj4 ,besides the advance in the different schools1 the attendance at the ,assembly was unprecedented4 ,in the earlier years of an institution this might mean very little--a boom1 and nothing more--but in the tenth year1 when the place has become well-known1 it does mean a great deal4 ,these people1 too1 were not all new friends4 ,chautauqua has been able to keep its old friends1 while every season it has added hosts of new ones4 ,the whole exterior showed it4 ,when streets are lighted by the electric light1 and houses are built on stone foundations1 lathed and plastered1 and furnished with modern improvements1 a town has reached a period of durability4 ,things are built to stay4 ,chautauqua puts up no more shanties4 ,it has become a city1 not of a day but for all time4 ,the genuine hearty enthusiasm which animates the workers and friends of the movement is1 to us1 a most excellent reason for believing the institution lasting4 ,there is a feeling among many that enthusiasm is a weakness1 a quality not exactly in good form1 not in keeping with cultured minds4 ,this is a mistake4 ,enthusiasm1 combined with good sense and industry1 is the best equipment for any enterprise4 ,as ,emerson says1 8,a man is at his best when enthusiastic10 and we believe ,chautauqua is most successful when most enthusiastic--most sure of permanence because capable of always inspiring others with enduring enthusiasm4 ,the great ,assembly opens its doors to every one1 but few realize the real value of the idea1 or appreciate the conditions of society which make feasible such an idea4 ,said an eminent ,german1 after having studied the ,assembly thoroughly3 8,you ,americans do not appreciate this wonderful plant of yours4 ,in my country we could not have a ,chautauqua2 no other country under the sun could support such an institution4 ,it is peculiarly ,american40 ,we do not appreciate the ,idea4 ,it is too ideal for the practical minds of the day4 ,but though we may not grasp its full meaning1 the ,tenth ,assembly has proven that people are beginning to understand the practicability1 the breadth1 and the permanence of the ,chautauqua ,idea4 ,,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,an ,,educational ,,necessity ,,of ,,the ,,times4 ,necessity is a word which in its use depends on circumstances4 ,what is necessary to a people in one age may not have been to their ancestors a generation earlier4 ,time was when the masses of men were not required to act with intelligence of their own1 but to follow the decree of the privileged few or obey the behest of the autocratic individual4 ,illustrations of such a state of society remain4 ,they are to be found wherever the autocracy or oligarchy1 whether political or ecclesiastical1 continues its sway4 ,under such conditions it is easily seen that the only education required is obedience1 blind and unquestioning4 ,all that goes beyond this only makes the individual unhappy and embarrasses authority4 ,hence1 since her ambition has been absolute power1 the wisdom of that favorite motto of the ,romish church1 8keep the people in ignorance10 a motto which she has done her best to put in practice4 ,but our age and civilization have fallen upon other conditions4 ,obedience is still required1 and indeed ever must be1 but it is no longer with eyes tight shut1 but open2 and we are not only encouraged1 but by the very conditions of society1 are required to ask questions concerning the very grounds of obedience4 ,something has taken the place of infallible ,church and infallible ,state4 ,that something is enlightened conscience and educated judgment4 ,in this country the corner-stone of whose stability and permanence must rest on obedience born of intellectual and moral enlightenment1 some things have become1 and daily are becoming more and more apparent4 ,it is apparent that universal education of a certain kind1 a kind that includes to no small degree both head and heart1 must go with universal suffrage4 ,it is neither treason nor heresy to say that in the light of experience and of the signs of the times1 neither our common schools on the one hand1 nor our academies1 colleges and universities on the other1 are competent to meet and provide for all the educational needs of the ,american people4 ,too much can not be said in praise of these institutions4 ,they have been the conservators of our national ideas in the past4 ,but we are growing1 and citizenship means higher responsibilities and higher obligations than aforetime4 ,the common school which fits a man for the transactions of ordinary business and prepares the foundation for a higher development1 does a great work2 but the man who settles down to life without further inspiration and opportunity can hardly be fitted for the higher work and duties of the home and society4 ,whence then comes1 or can come1 this inspiration and better preparation8 ,thus far in our history it has come through the seminary and college4 ,but it is evident that not more than one in twenty of the ,american youth can have these higher advantages4 ,reduce the expense to the minimum and there are still insurmountable barriers in the way4 ,it needs no argument1 therefore1 to show that an organization with the plans1 aims and methods of the ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle has a mission which bears the sanction of necessity4 ,the wide gap between the common school and the college must be filled1 and only can be filled by that which brings the means of education to the home2 to the youth learning his trade1 to the man or woman in the midst of daily duties and employments4 ,the demand is for that which will fill the atmosphere about life with aspiration and the spirit of inquiry4 ,it is for that which will furnish suggestions1 a plan and a guide to lead the inquiring mind4 ,precisely this is the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,here is its mission and here its necessity--and the necessity likewise of all kindred similar organizations which are yet to spring up and follow in her course4 ,,the ,,shakspere ,,controversy4 ,it is strange how sometimes an opinion altogether untenable1 which some one has broached1 is taken up by others1 and comes in time to be accepted as true by a considerable number4 ,it was some twenty-five years ago that a ,miss ,delia ,bacon published an elaborate argument whose end was to show that not ,william ,shakspere1 but ,lord ,francis ,bacon1 was the author of the immortal plays which bear the former's name4 ,she first gave her discovery--unquestionably of the highest importance1 if correct--to the world in a magazine article2 but afterward embodied it in quite a large volume1 to which ,nathaniel ,hawthorne wrote an introduction1 though he did not accept the writer's theory4 ,this was the beginning of a controversy which is still alive4 ,perhaps the number has never been very large of those who believe that the glory of ,shakspere belongs to ,bacon2 but there have always been some to entertain the preposterous notion1 from ,miss ,bacon to ,mrs4 ,henry ,pott4 ,the latter lady has recently issued a book which has excited some interest4 ,the title--somewhat drawn out--is1 8,the ,promus of ,formularies and ,elegancies 7being private notes1 circa #aeid1 hitherto unpublished7 of ,francis ,bacon1 illustrated and elucidated by passages from ,shakspere40 ,mrs4 ,pott's undertaking is one more in the line of ,miss ,delia ,bacon4 ,by a comparison of the ,bacon notes1 in forms of expression and thought1 with passages of the ,shakspere tragedies and comedies1 she endeavors to verify the theory that the great ,english philosopher--author of the 8,novum ,organum10 and characterized by ,pope as 8the greatest1 wisest1 and meanest of mankind0--is also author of the works accorded to the ,bard of ,avon4 ,that she succeeds in her task she herself evidently entertains no doubt1 but probably not many will agree with her4 ,she finds correspondences and similarities in passages compared where her readers will try in vain to find them2 and it is putting the matter mildly to say that her undertaking is a great failure4 ,considerable ingenuity and much enthusiasm have been shown by advocates of the theory which makes ,lord ,bacon the author of the works of ,shakspere2 but the theory is an absurd one1 with nothing whatever to support it4 ,the internal evidence1 contained in the works of the two authors1 not only gives the theory no support1 but is alone enough to a sane mind completely to demolish it4 ,the whole cast of ,bacon's mind1 as shown by his known writings1 was as unlike as it could be to that of the person who wrote the ,shakspere dramas and sonnets4 ,and what other evidence is adduced by those who would have us transfer to another the laurels of the man who was easily the greatest mind in all literature8 ,none whatever4 ,the truth is1 it is the improbability from the nature of the case--or1 as some would say1 the impossibility--that such a person as ,william ,shakspere1 the son of a ,stratford yeoman1 with limited educational opportunities1 whose youth was by no means promising1 should have produced the works to which for two centuries his name has been attached1 which is at the bottom of the theory which gives the authorship to another4 ,this1 and nothing else1 originated the idea1 and keeps it alive4 ,we are told that to believe in ,shakspere as the author of these works1 universally acknowledged as unapproached and unapproachable1 is to believe a miracle4 8,whence hath this man this wisdom80 it is asked1 as was asked of the ,divine ,man2 and we are reminded that the stream never rises higher than the fountain4 ,shakspere could not have produced the works--the power was not in him1 it is reasoned1 but the wise ,bacon might have done it2 therefore people search for the wherewithal to substantiate an assumption giving the authorship to the latter4 ,but we must believe the miracle2 there is no escape4 ,did ,milton write the 8,paradise ,lost10 and ,lord ,bacon the 8,novum ,organum80 ,is the ,iliad the work of ,homer8 ,it is just as certain that the ,shakspere writings were the offspring of ,shakspere's genius4 ,we admit the marvel1 but there is no setting aside of the fact4 ,and when we are asked to explain how this man could have acquired the power to produce these prodigies of human genius1 we can only say1 the ,maker gave it to him4 ,,editor',s ,,note-,,book4 ,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 received special attention at the summer ,assemblies4 ,by referring to the reports published elsewhere in this number1 our readers will learn how the ,chautauqua spirit spreads1 and how the organization is being strengthened in all parts of the land4 99 99 99 99 99 ,recent ,presidents of the ,united ,states have shown their taste for recreation very positively4 ,ex-,president ,grant was fond of good horses and rapid driving2 ex-,president ,hayes visited colleges during the commencement season1 and loved his farm as a quiet retreat2 ,president ,arthur turns from his arduous labors to the rod and line and long journeys1 such as he has made to ,florida and the ,west during the past year4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we can supply complete sets of the ,,chautauqua ,,assembly ,,daily ,,herald for #ahhc1 for #a4jj1 postage paid by us4 ,also complete sets of ,,the ,,chautauquan of volume two and three4 99 99 99 99 99 ,prophecies are numerous from newspaper men as to who will be the candidates for the presidency in #ahhd4 ,ex-,secretary ,blaine is reported as having turned his attention to literature1 and announces that he is not a candidate2 ,mr4 ,tilden has retired to the privacy of ,gramercy ,park2 ex-,secretary ,windom1 it is said by the wise ones1 went out of the succession when he failed of a re-election to the ,senate4 ,reports are rife in influential political circles that the ,secretary of ,war is likely to be one of his martyred fathers' successors1 but time alone will show us the true successor4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,chautauquan opens the fourth volume in a new dress4 ,our printer does the work on copper-faced type1 prepared with especial reference to the neat and attractive typographical appearance of the magazine4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,sullivan1 in a recent number of the ,nineteenth ,century1 discusses 8,irish ,emigration as a remedy for ,irish trouble in ,ireland40 ,he says3 8,of the group of dynamite conspirators who stood in the dock at ,newgate the other day--men whose frightful purpose was to bury ,london in ruins--not one was born on ,irish soil4 ,all were the sons or grandsons of men swept away from #8congested districts1' and sent or driven to ,america #8for the good of those who went1 and of those who were left behind4' ,whoever has recently traveled in ,america must have been struck with the fact that animosity toward ,england often displays itself more strongly in the second and third generations of ,irish ,americans than in the men who were actually driven forth40 99 99 99 99 99 ,the present administration is not all-powerful in a certain kind of its political movements4 ,the ,secretary of the ,treasury1 ,mr4 ,folger1 was defeated for ,governor of ,new ,york in the election last fall1 and recently ,mr4 ,chandler1 ,secretary of the ,navy1 failed of an election to the ,united ,states ,senate in the ,new ,hampshire ,legislature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,chautauqua grows in favor with the public4 ,the ,ohio ,state ,teacher's ,association held their annual convention there in ,july last1 and with social gatherings1 lectures1 and discussions on live questions1 in the educational world1 they made it an interesting and profitable session4 ,the ,pennsylvania ,state ,teacher's ,association will hold their convocation at ,chautauqua ,lake for #ahhd4 ,it is an endorsement of ,chautauqua when large bodies of educators go from their own ,states into another to hold their most important gatherings4 ,the ,national ,teacher's ,association met at this center once1 and the ,ohio people have been there twice4 ,it is this sort of gatherings that the ,chautauqua authorities are especially pleased to welcome to the parks1 public buildings1 and all the privileges of the classic groves4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,royal ,humane ,society1 in its recently issued report1 gives the following advice to swimmers and bathers3 8,avoid bathing within two hours after a meal4 ,avoid bathing when exhausted by fatigue1 or from any other cause4 ,avoid bathing when the body is cooling after perspiration4 ,avoid bathing altogether in the open air if1 after having been a short time in the water1 it causes a sense of chilliness with numbness of the hands and feet4 ,bathe when the body is warm1 provided no time is lost in getting into the water4 ,avoid chilling the body by sitting or standing undressed on the banks or in boats after having been in the water4 ,avoid remaining too long in the water2 leave the water immediately if there is the slightest feeling of chilliness40 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,west promises to set a good example to the ,east in more than one question of morals4 ,the case deserving of mention now is where ,governor ,crittenden1 of ,missouri1 and ,governor ,glick1 of ,kansas1 and their ,attorney-,generals1 notified the two prize-fighters1 ,slade and ,mitchell1 that even training for a prize-fight would send them to the ,state prison4 ,this so alarmed them that they quit the ,united ,states and went to ,mexico4 ,the laws of the older ,states are as severe on this brutal practice as those of ,missouri and ,kansas1 but the laxity in the enforcement of the laws is the only license that prize-fighters find to justify their training in ,new ,york1 ,boston1 and other old cities4 ,some of our authorities could profitably 8go ,west0 to study how to enforce civil law4 99 99 99 99 99 ,dr4 ,john ,roche1 an ,english physician who has had remarkable experiences1 gives as his conclusion that cholera is purely and simply a specific fever1 only inferior in its ravages to yellow fever1 and closely allied to it4 ,cholera has a period of incubation varying from two to fourteen days2 prone to attack the enervated and those subject to depression from any cause4 ,it is contagious1 and liable to occur periodically about every ten years in some parts of ,india4 ,it seems to have visited the ,british ,isles about every sixteen years1 and as the period has elapsed since the last outbreak1 it is more than likely to occur this year4 ,those persons who indulge in no enervating habits1 and take nothing internally which would arrest the secretions nor too drastically stimulate them1 and partake of nothing which is highly fermentable1 may safely feel that they are cholera-proof during an epidemic4 99 99 99 99 99 8,the ,old ,south ,lectures for ,young ,people0 is a pleasing and successful plan for teaching the ,history of ,america4 ,lectures are held ,wednesday afternoon at the 8,old ,south ,meeting ,house10 ,boston1 and the subjects illustrate well the tenor of the meeting4 ,thus for ,september the topics are 8,franklin10 8,how to ,study ,american ,history10 8,the ,year #aggg10 8,history in the ,boston ,streets40 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,commencement report the ,lutheran has been omitted from the list of denominations represented in the class of '#hc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on ,sunday1 the ninth day of ,september1 the steamship 8,nevada0 landed #fhb ,mormons at ,new ,york1 being the fourth company that has been brought over this year4 ,h4 ,h4 ,evans1 the secretary1 said that there were in the company #bfi ,british1 #ajf ,swiss and ,germans1 #bhd ,scandinavians1 and #bc returning missionaries4 8,every emigrant10 he added1 8paid his or her passage over4 ,no aid is afforded them by the ,mormon ,church4 ,the majority have a little money with them1 enough to establish themselves in ,america4 ,they will locate in sixteen towns in ,utah4 ,all we do is to protect them while traveling from ,liverpool to ,utah4 ,some of these immigrants have been years laying up money to pay their passage to this country40 ,one of the ,mormon immigrants did not go through to ,utah4 ,her name is ,regina ,andersen4 ,she is a ,swedish woman1 spinster1 thirty-five years of age1 and is afflicted with blindness4 ,her brother ,leander and her sister ,anna1 who live in ,philadelphia1 had heard of her intention to go to ,utah and were at ,castle ,garden to intercept her before the 8,nevada0 arrived4 ,they insisted upon talking with their blind sister1 and soon succeeded in persuading her to abandon the ,mormon proselytes and prepare to go with her relatives to ,philadelphia4 ,the ,mormon missionaries were strongly opposed to the woman leaving the party1 but the matter was brought before ,superintendent ,jackson1 and the woman was permitted to go to ,philadelphia with her brother4 ,she had prepaid her passage to ,salt ,lake and did not receive her money back4 ,in conversation with a reporter the woman appeared not to know anything about the peculiar institution of the ,mormon ,church--polygamy4 ,congress could quite as consistently1 and with better results to the country1 enact a law to prevent this kind of emigration1 than the one they have leveled against the ,chinese4 ,why not meet ,mormonism at ,new ,york harbor and prevent this infamous traffic in human lives8 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,rev4 ,henry ,a4 ,powell1 in his ,congregational church in ,williamsburg1 on a ,sunday in ,september discussed 8,the sorrows of the ,free ,thinkers as revealed at their recent convention10 from this suggestive text3 8,the show of their countenances doth witness against them40 ,he stated that over their platform were hung the pictures of ,thomas ,paine1 ,r4 ,g4 ,ingersoll1 and ,d4 ,m4 ,bennett--,paine author of a book against the ,bible--,ingersoll1 dispenser of blasphemy--,bennett1 who not long since served a term in the penitentiary for sending foul literature through the mails4 8,how much better than such visionary wanderings is the old story of a living ,father in heaven1 of a ,savior who suffered on the cross1 and angel visitants to lead us from the life mortal to the life immortal40 99 99 99 99 99 ,we call the attention of our readers to the notice elsewhere in this number of the 8,chautauqua ,school of ,languages10 the different departments of which are to be organized into schools of correspondence1 so that students may1 at their homes1 study ,hebrew1 ,german1 ,french1 etc41 by corresponding with competent teachers4 ,this is a rare opportunity for members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 or any others who desire1 to study the languages1 but are denied the privileges of the schools4 ,next month we shall introduce the 8,normal ,work0 into ,,the ,,chautauquan1 in a few initial chapters1 from the pens of ,rev4 ,dr4 ,hurlbut and ,prof4 ,r4 ,s4 ,holmes1 and thus extend to our readers through the year the privilege of pursuing this course1 which is a main feature of the summer assemblies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the telegraph operators have by their strike provoked a general discussion in the press of the telegraph system of the country1 besides exciting the attention of ,postmaster-,general ,gresham1 who promises to discuss in his annual report to ,congress the practicability of the general government assuming control of all telegraph lines as it does of the postal service4 ,it ought to work as well in the ,united ,states as it does in ,england4 ,mr4 ,fawcett1 ,postmaster-,general of ,great ,britain1 reports that 8the number of telegraph messages sent in the ,united ,kingdom during the last year was #cb1jib1jbf40 ,mr4 ,fawcett says that it has been decided that as soon as the necessary increase of plant can be made1 the minimum charge for inland telegrams will be reduced from #bd to #ab cents4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a correspondent says1 under date of ,september #i3 8,the last spike on the ,northern ,pacific ,road was driven this afternoon on the ,pacific slope of the ,rocky ,mountains1 #b1ejj miles from the ,atlantic ,ocean1 and #hjj miles from the ,pacific1 and #ia years after the idea of a highway from the ,lakes to the ,pacific was first suggested by ,thomas ,jefferson40 99 99 99 99 99 ,analogous to the ,normal ,class ,bible work of the ,chautauqua ,university is a new movement in ,russia4 ,an organization called the ,stundists bind themselves to devote an hour 7stunde7 every day to the study of the ,bible4 ,the society has grown to immense proportions1 and is said to have reclaimed whole villages from drunkenness and crime4 99 99 99 99 99 ,keshub ,chunder ,sen1 the famous leader of the ,brahmo ,somaj1 is about to visit ,europe and ,america again1 to preach a new development of faith1 in which ,hinduism and ,christianity are to be combined4 ,little good1 we fear1 will result from the ,baboo's advocacy of an eclectic system2 for his adherents will be content to stop in that dim twilight instead of advancing into the full glory of the divine day4 ,the teaching of the leader himself seems latterly to have degenerated into ceremonialism1 and he attributes marvelous influence to external things2 while some of his followers are giving themselves up with the wildest enthusiasm to perfect a sacred dance of a complex kind1 organized with rotating rings of participants dressed in garbs of varied hue4 ,all this mummery is a sad disappointment for those who hoped that ,chunder ,sen might destroy heathenism besides purifying it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,louisville ,courier of ,august #i1 referring to the great ,exposition1 speaks thus of one of the exhibitions3 8,last night the electric railway was in operation1 and the locomotive with two cars attached made the tour of the park4 ,to-day it will be running constantly1 and visitors will see what is the latest achievement of science4 ,it is an event of extraordinary interest4 ,it is the practical demonstration of the power of electricity applied as a motor4 ,without fire or smoke1 with no visible agent to propel it1 moved by an unseen and even as yet an almost unknown influence1 it follows the path marked out with all the celerity and certainty demanded by the most cautious and practical40 99 99 99 99 99 ,the directors of the ,western ,union ,telegraph ,company have made a concession to their employes by issuing the following order3 8,commencing to-day 7,september #a71 seven and a half hours actual service in this office during week nights will constitute a day's work1 or1 in other words1 the hours of the night force will be from #e3cj p4 m4 till #a3cj a4 m41 allowing thirty minutes for lunch4 ,sunday service will be paid for the same as other over-time services1 at the rate of one-seventh of a day's pay for each hour4 ,all payments for over-time1 including ,sunday service1 or for a fractional part of a month1 will be based upon the number of week days in the month40 99 99 99 99 99 ,professor ,bell is reported as saying in a recent conversation that there are more than #ejj1jjj telephones in use in the ,united ,states1 and the manufacturers are unable to supply the demand so as to keep abreast of orders4 ,he said that the progress of the telephone would have been greater but for the opposition of the telegraph companies1 who regarded it as1 in part1 a competitor instead of an ally4 ,in other countries the telegraph companies had very generally adopted the telephone as an auxiliary1 especially at city branch offices and at small offices in the country4 99 99 99 99 99 ,lord ,chief ,justice ,coleridge1 of ,england1 is in this country1 a guest of the ,american bar4 ,english judges may be aristocrats1 but they are generally above corruption4 ,it is to be hoped that ,american ideas of judicial dignity and honor will be raised by what they may observe in this chief of the ,english bench4 99 99 99 99 99 ,not a few ,americans were astonished at the display of local manufactures which ,ireland exhibited in the ,boston 8,foreign ,art and ,industrial ,exhibition40 ,among the objects were bog-wood ornaments1 hair ornaments1 furniture1 marbles1 sculpture1 etc4 ,the variety of work suggests that in the not distant future the distressed country will have manufactures and arts to employ its people4 ,its resources are particularly fitted to certain arts4 ,thus few countries boast so great a variety of marbles2 its clay is particularly suitable for modeling3 osiers grow readily on its soil1 and the natural woods are incomparably fine4 ,with these industries developed1 and a system of railroads through the country1 much would be done toward settling the ,irish question4 99 99 99 99 99 ,when a woman marries1 and learns that in the race of life she is better qualified to earn the family living than her husband1 it will be helpful to have a precedent at hand by which to govern her husband4 ,here is one1 taken from the communication of a successful working woman to a ,boston exchange4 ,she says3 8,i am a milliner1 and have made between #a1ejj and #b1ejj a year in my business for some time past4 ,i married four years ago4 ,my husband is kind and good looking1 but he never learned any trade1 had no profession and could not average #ejj a year4 ,i loved him1 however1 but ,i saw that it would not do to depend upon him1 so ,i kept on with my business4 ,after a time ,i think he got a little lazy1 and as we were both away during the day1 we could not keep house and got sick of boarding4 ,finally ,i proposed that he should keep house and ,i would run the business and find the money4 ,we have now lived very happily in this way for two years4 ,my husband rises and builds the fire1 gets breakfast1 and ,i leave at #g3de for my place of business4 ,he does the washing1 ironing1 and cleaning1 and ,i do not know of any woman who can beat him4 ,he is as neat as wax1 and can cook equal to any one in town4 ,it may be an isolated case1 but ,i think the time has now come when women who have husbands to support should make them do the work2 otherwise they are luxuries we must do without40 ,,editor',s ,,table4 ,q4 ,what is the meaning of boycotting8 ,a4 ,boycott was the name of an ,irish landlord whose tenants refused to gather his crops1 and endeavored to prevent his doing it4 ,to withhold help and patronage1 or in any way to obstruct or hinder the business of another--a meanness that is despicable--is to treat him as the tenants treated ,mr4 ,boycott4 ,q4 ,was ,general ,grant the author of the expression1 8,we have met the enemy and they are ours80 ,a4 ,the above is very like to ,csar's 8veni1 vidi1 vici10 and as a general's report of a great victory just won1 is remarkable for its comprehensive brevity4 ,the words1 though in harmony with the character and sayings of ,general ,grant1 were not1 if used1 original with him1 but should be credited to ,commodore ,perry4 ,q4 ,why was the son of ,edward ,,iii4 called the ,black ,prince8 ,a4 ,because of his black armor4 ,q4 ,was ,alexander of ,macedon1 who informed the ,greeks before the battle of ,platea of the intended attack1 their ally8 ,a4 ,not openly2 but secretly he was1 or the information would not have been given4 ,q4 ,where is the mountain lake ,shawangunk8 ,a4 ,the ,shawangunk 7,shon-gum7 mountain is properly a continuation of the ,appalachian1 or ,allegheny chain in ,new ,york4 ,like the ,adirondacks and ,catskills1 south of the ,mohawk1 also outliers of the chain1 it seems separated by intervening lands of lower elevation1 and the relationship is shown by similarity of the geological formation4 ,look for the lake in the same region4 ,it is probably small1 and may not be found on most maps4 ,q4 ,was it not ,leonidas who1 before the battle of ,thermopyl1 said1 8,the ,persians are so numerous that their arrows will darken the sun80 ,a4 ,no4 ,those words may intimate fear of the overwhelming force of the enemy1 and the ,greek historian does not mention their author1 but says that on hearing them1 a brave ,spartan replied3 8,all the better1 as we will then fight in the shade40 ,q4 ,which construction8 8,thus were music and poetry born in the same family1 and we shall notice how that they have clung to each other10 or 8how they have clung80 ,a4 ,the latter is preferred4 ,the conjunctive particle is not needed1 and though occasionally thus used by a good writer1 only encumbers the sentence4 ,q4 ,who was ,caius ,cestius8 ,a4 ,a wealthy ,roman citizen of the ,augustan age1 a client of ,cicero1 of not much distinction1 though rich4 ,a part of his estate was employed in building for him a fine mausoleum1 which remains to the present day1 though most of the contemporaneous surrounding structures have long been in ruins4 ,near it lie the ashes of ,keats and ,shelly4 ,after the death of ,keats1 ,shelly wrote of his friend3 8,he lies in the lovely1 romantic cemetery of the ,protestants of ,rome1 near the tomb of ,caius ,cestius1 and within the mossy walls and towns1 now mouldering and desolate1 which formed the circuit of ancient ,rome4 ,the cemetery is an open space among the ruins1 covered in winter with violets and daisies4 ,it might make one in love with death to think of being buried in so sweet a place40 ,q4 ,can you give the date of ,mrs4 ,browning's birth in #ahji8 ,a4 ,we can not4 ,no records now at hand give the day or month4 ,it is not best to be greatly troubled over our want of information on the subject1 as it is quite safe to conclude she was 8well born0 some time during the year mentioned4 ,many other eminent writers have gone into history with the same uncertainty as to the day of their birth4 ,q4 ,in whose hands was the government of the ,united ,states from #aghc to #aghi8 ,a4 ,nominally in the ,continental ,congress--a kind of quasi central government4 ,practically in the hands of the colonists and their legislators4 ,the war was ended and the ,united ,states acknowledged a free1 sovereign1 and independent nation4 ,but they were1 as yet1 united only by the 8articles of confederation0 adopted in #aggh2 a bond of union that was soon found inadequate to secure a strong1 permanent government amidst the perils that threatened the new republic4 ,the regulation of commerce1 the adjustment of difficulties between ,states1 and the public defense were not sufficiently provided for4 ,congress could devise and recommend measures1 but had little power to legislate1 even on subjects that concerned the whole4 ,there was still more need of an efficient executive department4 ,feeling that the articles of confederation were1 in the changed state of the country1 no longer sufficient1 the leading statesmen wisely framed1 and the country adopted the ,american ,constitution1 giving us a strong central government1 with the least possible surrender of rights by the ,states thus united4 ,q4 ,was there any reason for calling ,alexander the ,great a ,greek8 ,a4 ,alexander was not a ,greek1 though educated by ,greek teachers1 and1 as other ,macedonians1 using the ,greek language4 ,macedon was not a part of ,greece1 but held ,greece as a dependency1 and used her power in expelling the ,persians4 ,q4 ,after the confusion of tongues and the dispersion of mankind1 into what families lingual were they divided8 ,a4 ,into ,shemetic1 ,hametic1 and ,japhetic4 ,the descendants of ,shem peopled central ,asia1 particularly the parts about the ,euphrates4 ,the dialect or language called ,aramaic prevailed in their northern and northeastern territory1 the ,arabic in their southern1 and in their central and western the ,hebrew4 ,these are cognate languages1 and profitably studied in connection4 ,the descendants of ,japheth spread over ,europe and the northwest of ,asia4 ,those of ,ham occupied the southern part of the globe1 particularly ,africa4 ,the languages spoken in these sections1 respectively1 may also be grouped together1 and1 however different1 give evidence of a common origin4 ,the general division into the above three classes has been found convenient1 though the patronymics are used only to indicate remote origin and kinship4 ,c4 ,s4 ,l4 ,c4 ,,notes ,,on ,,required ,,readings ,,for ,,october4 ,,history ,,of ,,greece4 ,instead of indicating the sounds of the vowels in the ,greek and ,latin names given in the notes1 we follow the plan of ,webster's ,unabridged ,dictionary1 giving rules for pronouncing the vowels and consonants4 ,as the two principal marks 7 7 7 are in ,greek and ,latin used differently from what they are in ,english1 indicating the quantity instead of quality1 it will be found less confusing to adopt this method4 ,,rules ,,for ,,the ,,vowels4 #a4 ,any vowel at the end of an accented syllable1 and e1 o1 and u1 at the end of an unaccented syllable1 have the long ,english sound4 #b4 ,a1 ending an unaccented syllable1 has the sound of a in father1 or in last4 #c4 ,i1 ending a final syllable1 has the long sound4 ,at the end of an initial unaccented syllable it varies between i long and i short 7like i in pin74 ,in all other cases i1 ending an unaccented syllable1 is short4 #d4 ,y is like i in the same situation4 #e4 and like e in the same situation4 #f4 ,if a syllable end in a consonant the vowel has the short ,english sound4 #g4 ,e1 in final es1 like e in ,andes4 ,,rules ,,for ,,consonants4 #a4 ,c1 before e1 i1 y1 1 1 is pronounced like s2 before a1 o1 and u1 and before consonants1 like k4 #b4 ,g1 before e1 i1 y1 1 and 1 or another g followed by e1 has the sound of j2 before a1 o and u1 and consonants other than g1 the hard sound4 #c4 ,ch is like k1 but is silent before a mute at the beginning of a word4 #d4 ,initial x is like z4 #e4 ,t1 s1 and c1 before ia1 ie1 ii1 io1 iv1 and ev1 preceded immediately by the accent1 change into sh and zh2 but when the t follows s1 t1 or z1 or when the accent falls on the first of the vowels following1 the consonant preserves its pure sound4 #f4 ,initial ph1 before a mute1 is silent4 ,p4 #a--8;,autonomy10 au-tno-my4 ,the word is formed from the ,greek words for law and self and means a law unto one's self1 or self-government4 ,p4 #a--8,koroneia0 or ,coronea1 coro-nia4 ,p4 #b--8;,antalkidas10 an-talci-das4 ,p4 #b--8,phbidas10 phbi-das4 ,a ,lacedmonian of whom nothing of importance is known save his part in the seizure of ,thebes4 ,phbidas was slain in battle by the ,thebans in #cgh4 ,p4 #b--8,leontiades10 le-on-tia-des2 8,ismenias10 is-meni-as2 8,pelopidas10 pe-lopi-das2 8,mellon10 mellon2 8,charon10 karon2 8,gorgias10 gorgi-as2 8,theo-pompus40 ,p4 #c--8;,hegemony10 he-gmo-ny4 ,leadership4 ,formed from the ,greek word for guide or leader4 ,p4 #c--8,polymnis10 po-lymnis4 ,p4 #c--8,sparti10 sparti2 the sown-men4 ,the dragon from which these ancestors of the ,theban patricians sprung guarded a well near the site of the ,cadmeia4 ,the men whom ,cadmus had sent there to draw water had been killed by the monster1 and in return ,cadmus had slain it1 sowing its teeth as ,minerva advised4 ,fearing the armed men which sprang forth he caused a quarrel among them1 in which all but five were slain4 ,p4 #c--8,kadmus10 cadmus4 ,the mythical founder of ,thebes1 the son of a king of ,phnicia and the brother of ,europa4 ,p4 #c--8,simmias10 simmi-as4 ,the two principal speakers1 besides ,socrates1 in ,plato's 8,phdon0 are ,simmias and his brother4 ,p4 #c--8,tarentine10 ta-rentine2 8,spintha-rus40 ,p4 #c--8;,grote40 7#agid-ahga47 ,an ,english historian1 famous chiefly for his ,history of ,greece4 ,p4 #d--8,lysis10 lysis4 ,an eminent philosopher driven out of ,italy about #eaj ,b4 ,c41 during the persecution of the ,pythagorean club4 ,he spent the remainder of his life in ,thebes1 where he was held in the greatest honor4 ,p4 #d--8,pythagorean ,brotherhood10 pytha-gre-an4 ,see p4 #aai1 ,vol4 #a1 ,timayenis4 ,as a political and social power the brotherhood died out before the death of ,pythagoras1 though the sect still lived and kept up their religious observances4 ,p4 #d--8,kadmeia10 cad-mea4 ,p4 #e--8,polybius10 po-lybi-us4 7#bjd-abb ,b4 ,c47 ,a ,grecian historian4 ,p4 #f--8,leuktra10 luketra2 8,mantineia10 manti-neia2 8,megalopolis10 mega-lopo-lis2 8,kleombrotus10 kle-ombro-tus2 8,agesilaus10 a-ges-i-laus2 8,kithron10 ci-thron2 8,naxos10 naxos2 8,chabrias10 chabri-as4 ,p4 #g--8,timotheus10 ti-mothe-us4 ,the son of the famous general ,conon4 ,p4 #g--8,tegyra10 te-gyra2 8,harmost10 harmost2 8,orchomenus10 or-chome-nus2 8,polemarch10 ple-march4 ,p4 #h--8;,chroneia10 chro-nea4 ,p4 #h--8;,eurotas10 eu-rotas4 ,the largest river of ,laconia4 ,p4 #i--8,zacynthus10 za-cynthus4 ,now ,zante2 called by ,homer the 8,woody ,zacynthus40 ,p4 #i--8,korkyra10 cor-cyra4 ,now the island of ,corfu1 one of the ,ionian islands belonging to the nomarchy ,corfu of the kingdom of ,greece4 ,p4 #i--8,periplus10 ps4 ,a rare word from the ,greek1 meaning to sail around a sea or coast4 ,p4 #i--8;,iphikrates10 i-phicra-tes4 ,p4 #i--8,poseidon10 po-sidon4 ,the ,neptune of ,roman mythology1 the god of the sea4 ,p4 #i--8;,helike10 heli-ce2 8,bura40 ,p4 #aj--8,kallias10 calli-as4 ,an ,athenian family famous through several generations for its wealth4 ,p4 #aj--8;,autokles10 auto-cles2 8,kallistratus10 cal-listra-tus4 ,p4 #aj--8;,botarch10 b-otarch4 ,one of the chief civil officers of ,botia4 ,p4 #aj--8,xenophon10 xeno-phon4 ,p4 #aa--8,philo-,laconian40 ,friendly to ,laconia4 ,p4 #ab--8;,ephors10 for4 ,p4 #ad--8;,helikon10 heli-con4 ,p4 #ad--8,kopais10 copa-is4 ,the largest lake of ,greece4 ,p4 #ad--8,kreusis10 creusis4 ,the harbor of the city of ,thespi4 ,p4 #ad--8,krissan10 cris-san2 8,thespi10 thespi-4 ,p4 #af--8;,deimon10 deimon2 8,sphodrias10 sphodri-as4 ,p4 #af--8,kleonymus10 cle-ony-mus4 ,the dearest friend of ,archidamus1 the son of ,agesilaus4 ,p4 #ag--8;gospotami10 gos-pota-mi4 ,p4 #ag--8,peirus10 pi-rus4 ,the principal harbor of ,athens1 situated about five miles southwest of the city4 ,p4 #ah--8;,archidamus10 ar-chi-damus4 ,p4 #ah--8,pher40 ,a city of ,thessaly1 the site of the modern ,velestino4 ,p4 #ah--8;gosthena10 -gosthe-na4 ,p4 #ai--8;,aristotle10 aris-to-tle4 ,p4 #ai--8;,epiknemidian10 e-picne-midian2 8,o-puntian40 ,the inhabitants of ,eastern ,locris were divided into two tribes3 the ,locri ,epicnemidii1 inhabiting the northern and the ,locri ,opuntii the southern part4 ,p4 #bj--8,panarkadian10 pan-ar-cadi-an4 ,belonging to all ,arcadia4 ,p4 #bj--8,tegea10 tege-a2 8,he-ra40 ,p4 #ba--8;,dorians10 dori-ans2 8,lacedmon10 lace-dmon2 8,kephisus10 ce-phisus4 ,there are four rivers in ,greece which bore this name4 ,one the chief river of ,botia1 two in ,attica 7one of which is its chief river1 and the one here referred to71 and a fourth in ,argolis4 ,p4 #bb--8,phliasians10 phli-asi-ans2 8,helots10 hlots1 or hlots2 8,kinadon10 cina-don4 ,p4 #bb--8,periki10 per-i-ci4 ,from the same derivation we have the word 8periecians10 or 8pericians10 meaning those who dwell on the opposite side of the globe1 in the same parallel of latitude4 ,p4 #bb--8;,ithome10 i-thome4 ,a strong fortress had stood on the mountains for centuries4 ,p4 #bc--8,peltasts10 peltasts2 8,poly-phron02 8,poly-dorus40 ,p4 #bd--8,larissa10 la-rissa4 ,p4 #bd--8,pharsalus10 phar-salus1 now 8,phersala40 ,chiefly celebrated for the battle fought there between ,csar and ,pompey in #dh ,b4 ,c4 ,p4 #bd--8;,aleuad10 a-leua-d2 8,amyntas10 a-myntas2 8,krannon10 crannon2 8,eurydike10 eu-rydi-ce2 8,perdikkas10 per-diccas2 8,pausanias10 pau-sani-as4 ,p4 #be--8;,alorus10 a-lorus2 8,oneium10 o-neium4 ,p4 #bf--8,pammenes10 pamme-nes4 ,a ,theban general1 and a friend of ,epaminondas4 ,p4 #bf--8;,dyonysius10 dio-nysi-us4 ,p4 #bh--8,susa10 susa4 ,the ,shushan of the ,old ,testament2 the winter residence of the ,persian kings4 ,p4 #bh--8,rescript40 ,the answer of the ,roman emperor when consulted on any question was called the rescript4 ,p4 #bi--8;,drachm10 drchm4 ,a silver coin of the ,greeks1 worth about eighteen cents4 ,p4 #cj--8;,chersonese10 cherso-nese2 8,chalkidike10 chal-cidi-ce4 ,p4 #cj--8;,byzantium10 by-zanti-um4 ,now ,constantinople4 ,p4 #ca--8,kynos ,kephal10 cynos cepha-l4 ,p4 #ca--8,magnesians40 ,the inhabitants of ,magnesia1 the most easterly portion of ,thessaly4 ,it contained the two mountains1 ,ossa and ,pelion4 ,p4 #ca--8,phthiot10 phthi-ot4 ,p4 #cb--8nianes10 ni-anes4 ,an ancient race originally near ,ossa1 but afterwards in ,southern ,thessaly4 ,p4 #cb--8,pallantium10 pal-lanti-um2 8,ase-a40 ,towns of ,arcadia4 ,p4 #cc--8;,isidas10 isi-das4 ,p4 #cd--8,kephisodorus10 ce-phiso-dorus2 8,gryllus10 gryllus2 8,euphranor10 eu-phranor2 8,mnalian10 m-nali-an4 ,p4 #ce--8,tripolitza10 tre-po-litsa4 ,p4 #cf--8;,diodorus10 dio-dorus4 ,a contemporary of ,csar and ,augustus4 ,he wrote 8,the ,historical ,library10 consisting of forty books1 not half of which are extant4 ,p4 #cg--8;,iolaidas10 i-o-lai-das4 ,p4 #ch--8,status quo40 ,the state in which4 ,p4 #ci--8,tachos10 tachos2 8,nectanabis10 nec-tana-bis4 ,p4 #ci--8,kyrene10 cy-rene4 ,the chief city of ,cyrenaica1 in ,northern ,africa4 ,p4 #dj--8,klerouchi10 kle-rouchi4 ,p4 #da--8,thebe10 thebe2 8,timoleon10 ti-mole-on4 ,p4 #db--8;,amphiktyonic10 am-phicty-onic4 ,p4 #dc--8,kirrhan10 cir-rhan2 8,delphi10 delphi4 ,p4 #dc--8,magnetes10 mag-netes4 ,the same as the ,magnesians4 ,p4 #dc--8,perrhbians10 per-rhbi-ans2 8,athamanes10 atha-manes2 8,dolopes10 dolo-pes4 ,p4 #dd--8,philomelus10 philo-melus2 8,thracid10 thraci-d2 8,pythi-an40 ,p4 #de--8,onomarchus10 on-o-marchus4 ,p4 #df--8;,illyrians10 il-lyri-ans2 8,ponians10 p-oni-ans2 8,eupatrid10 eu-patri-d2 8,lykophron10 lyco-phron4 ,the brother-in-law of ,alexander1 and his assistant in his murder4 ,p4 #dg--8schines10 schi-nes4 ,the ,athenian orator4 ,p4 #dg--8,kleobule10 cle-o-bule2 8,gylon10 gylon4 ,p4 #dg--8;,bosporus10 bospo-rus4 ,literally the ox-ford4 ,the name given to any straits by the ,greeks1 but particularly to that uniting the ,sea of ,azof with the ,black ,sea4 ,the country on both sides this latter was called ,bosporus4 ,its cities became important commercial centers1 and from them large supplies of corn were annually sent to ,athens4 ,it was in this country that ,gylon made his money4 ,p4 #dg--8;,demochares10 de-mocha-res4 ,p4 #dh--8;,aphobus10 apho-bus2 8,o-netor40 ,p4 #dh--8,palstra10 pa-lstra4 ,in ,greece a place for wrestling was called palstra4 ,p4 #dh--8,plato40 ,the philosopher4 ,after having been instructed by the best teachers of his time ,plato became a follower of ,socrates4 ,after the death of the latter he traveled in many countries1 seeking knowledge1 and at last returned to ,athens to open a school in his garden1 near the academy4 ,here ,plato taught and wrote almost continuously until his death1 about #cdh ,b4 ,c4 ,his works have come down to us very complete and perfect4 ,they are mainly in the form of dialogues1 ,socrates being one of the chief characters4 ,his most important doctrines are the existence of the soul before entering the body1 its independence of the body1 and its immortality4 ,p4 #dh--8;,isokrates10 i-socra-tes4 7#dcf-cch ,b4 ,c47 ,one of the ten ,attic orators4 ,he was carefully educated1 but as he was too timid to come forward as an orator1 he devoted himself to teaching the art and writing speeches for others4 ,although he took no part in public affairs he loved his country1 and despairing of its freedom after the battle of ,chroneia1 he took his own life4 ,his style was artificial and labored1 but exercised immense influence upon oratory at ,athens4 ,p4 #di--8;,isus10 i-sus4 ,one of the ten ,attic orators4 ,instructed by ,lysias and ,isokrates4 ,we have no particulars of his life4 ,eleven of his orations in existence are remarkable for their vigor and purity of style4 ,p4 #di--8,thucydides10 thu-cydi-des4 7#dga8-djj87 ,the historian4 ,little more is known of his life than is related by ,timayenis 7vol4 i41 p4 #ccg74 ,the accounts of his death are uncertain4 ,the work which gives him his place in history is his account of the ,peloponnesian war4 ,p4 #di--8,lysias10 lysi-as4 7,b4 ,c4 #deh-cgh47 ,an ,attic orator4 ,when a youth1 ,lysias emigrated to a colony in ,italy1 where he finished his education4 ,after the defeat of the ,athenians in ,sicily he returned to ,athens1 but only to be imprisoned as an enemy of the government4 ,he escaped1 and on the overthrow of the tyranny of the thirty tyrants went back to ,athens1 where he wrote speeches4 ,only thirty-five are now extant1 but they are said to be specimens of the best ,attic ,greek4 ,p4 #di--8;,bema10 bema4 ,the ,greek for the stage on which speakers stood4 ,p4 #ej--8,phalerum10 pha-lerum4 ,the most easterly of the harbors of ,athens4 ,p4 #ej--8;,eunomus10 euno-mus2 8,perikles10 peri-cles2 8,satyrus10 saty-rus4 ,p4 #ej--8;,euripides10 eu-ripi-des4 7,b4 ,c4 #dhj-djf47 ,p4 #ej--8,sophocles10 sopho-cles4 7,b4 ,c4 #die8-djf74 ,the chief of the trio of ,greek dramatists4 ,in #dfh he defeated schylus in a dramatic contest4 ,his character is said to have been that of a complete ,greek1 combining symmetry of person1 skill in music and gymnastics1 self-possession1 genius1 taste4 ,only seven of his dramas have been preserved4 ,p4 #ea--8;,dionysius of ,halicarnassus40 ,a rhetorician who came from ,halicarnassus1 a city in ,asia ,minor1 about ,b4 ,c4 #bi4 ,his most ambitious work is a history of ,rome in twenty-two books4 ,p4 #eb--8;,herodotus10 he-rodi-tus4 ,p4 #ec--8,phokion10 phoci-on4 ,p4 #ed--8,olynthians10 o-lynthi-ans4 ,p4 #ee--8,perinthus10 pe-rinthus4 ,an important town in ,thrace on the ,propontis4 ,p4 #ee--8;,chares10 chares4 ,p4 #ef--8;,amphissa10 am-phissa4 ,now ,salona2 though destroyed by ,philip1 it was afterward rebuilt4 ,p4 #ef--8;,elateia10 ela-tea4 ,its ruins still exist near the town of ,elephtha4 ,p4 #eh--8,solon10 solon2 8,the-ognis20 8,alkaeus10 alce-us2 8,pindar10 pindar4 ,p4 #ei--8schylus10 schy-lus4 ,the great tragic poet4 ,the ,athenians called schylus the father of tragedy because of the changes he made in the representation of plays4 ,he introduced a second actor1 provided scenic effects1 gave his actors better costumes1 and introduced new figures into the choral dances4 ,only seven of his plays are in existence4 ,p4 #ei--8;,iktinus10 ic-tinus4 ,a contemporary of ,phidias and ,pericles1 and the architect of the ,parthenon or temple of ,minerva1 on the ,acropolis4 ,p4 #ei--8,polygnotus10 polyg-notus4 ,p4 #ei--8;,aristophanes10 aris-topha-nes4 ,the great comic poet of ,athens1 born about ,b4 ,c4 #ddd1 but of whose private life almost nothing is known4 ,his comedies are a series of caricatures on ,athenians and their follies4 ,p4 #fa--8,skardus10 skardus2 8,bermi-us20 8,kam-buni-an20 8g10 g2 8,e-dessa40 ,p4 #fb--8,thermaic10 ther-maic4 ,see ,sinus ,thermaicus on map4 8,pisistratid10 pisis-trati-d4 ,p4 #fb--8,strymon10 strymon4 ,the boundary between ,thrace and ,macedon down to the time of ,philip4 8,archelaus10 arche-laus4 ,p4 #fc--8,l',etat1 c'est moi40 8,the ,state1 it is ,i40 ,p4 #fc--8,orestes10 o-restes2 8,aropus10 a-ero-pus4 ,p4 #fe--8,nichomachus10 ni-choma-chus4 ,p4 #ff--8;,argus10 ar-gus2 8,amphipolis10 am-phipo-lis4 ,p4 #fg--8,mantias10 manti-as2 8,pangus10 pan-gus4 ,p4 #fh--8;,anthemus10 anthe-mus4 ,p4 #fi--8,potida10 poti-da2 8,thasians10 thasi-ans4 ,p4 #fi--8,neoptolemus10 neop-tole-mus2 8,molossi10 mo-lossi2 8akid10 -aci-d2 8,samothrake10 samo-thrace4 ,p4 #gj--8,sarissa10 sa-rissa4 ,p4 #ga--8,phalangites10 falan-g-tes2 8,hypaspists10 hy-paspists2 8,hetri10 het-ri4 ,p4 #gb--8,paulus milius10 paulus -mili-us4 7,b4 ,c4 #bcj-afj47 ,a ,roman general4 ,p4 #gd--8,pagas10 paga-s4 ,now ,volo2 also1 the ,pagasan ,gulf is now the ,gulf of ,volo4 ,p4 #gf--8;,charidemus10 char-i-demus4 ,p4 #gh--8;,dionysia10 di-o-nysi-a4 ,a festival in honor of the god ,bacchus1 celebrated in ,athens in the spring1 and with greater splendor than any other festival of the god4 ,p4 #gh--8;,choregus40 ,the ,greek word for a leader of the chorus4 ,p4 #gh--8;,apollodorus10 apol-lo-dorus4 ,p4 #gi--8,kritobulus10 crit-o-bulus4 ,p4 #ha--8,phalkus10 pha-lcus2 8,tenedos10 tene-dos4 ,p4 #hb--8;,elaphebolion10 ela-phe-boli-on4 ,the ,greeks divided their year into twelve lunar months4 ,p4 #hd--8,prytaneium10 pryt-a-neum4 ,the common hall of the ,senate1 in which they met daily4 ,p4 #hf--8,parmenio10 par-meni-o4 ,of whom ,philip said 8,i have never been able to find but one general1 and that is ,parmenio40 ,p4 #hf--8;,attalus10 atta-lus4 ,p4 #hh--8,leonnatus10 leon-natus4 ,p4 #hi--8;,ambrakiot10 am-braci-ot4 ,p4 #ij--8;,eurymedon10 eu-ryme-don4 ,p4 #ia--8,leonidas10 le-oni-das4 ,the hardy habits of self-denial which ,alexander displayed were attributed by him to the teachings of the austere ,leonidas4 ,p4 #ia--8,lysimachus10 ly-sima-chus4 ,p4 #ic--8;,hmus10 hmus2 8,triballi10 tri-balli4 ,p4 #id--8,onchestus10 on-chestus2 a town a little south of ,lake ,copias4 ,p4 #id--8,lychnitis10 or ,lychnidus1 lychni-tis2 8,kleitus10 cleitus4 ,p4 #id--8;,glaukias10 glauki-as4 ,the king of one of the ,illyrian tribes4 ,p4 #ie--8,phnix10 phnix2 8,prochy-tes20 8,ephialtes10 ephi-altes4 ,p4 #ie--8,sinope10 si-nope4 ,the most important of all the ,greek colonies on the ,black ,sea in ,asia ,minor4 ,p4 #ie--8;,diogenes10 di-oge-nes4 ,p4 #if--8;,artaxerxes10 artax-erxes2 8,mnemon20 8,ochus20 8,bagoas10 ba-goas2 8,codomannus10 cod-o-mannus4 ,p4 #ig--8;,abydos10 aby-dos4 ,it was from ,abydos to ,sestus that ,leander swam to ,hero4 ,p4 #ih--8,philotas10 phi-lotas2 8,harpa-lus20 8,er-i-gyi-us0 7jiyus74 ,p4 #ii--8,zeleia10 ze-lia4 ,p4 #ii--8;,arrian10 arri-an1 7#ajj-agj ,a4 ,d47 ,a native of ,bithynia4 ,one of the best writers of his time4 ,he strove to imitate ,xenophon1 attached himself to the philosopher ,epictetus1 as ,xenophon to ,socrates2 wrote the lectures of ,epictetus to correspond to the ,memorabilia4 ,his best work is a history of ,alexander's ,asiatic expedition1 which1 both in style and matter1 is similar to the ,anabasis4 ,he wrote numerous other works1 many of which are lost4 ,p4 #ajj--8;,justin40 ,lived in the third or fourth century4 ,justin left a history of the ,macedonian empire1 compiled from a work now lost by ,trogus ,pompeius1 who lived in the time of ,augustus4 ,p4 #ajj--8;,granicus10 gra-nicus2 8,skepsis10 scepsis2 8,adrasteia10 adras-tia2 8,pri-apus20 8,pari-um20 8,a-risbe40 ,p4 #aja--8,meleager10 mele-ager2 8,nikanor10 ni-canor4 ,p4 #aja--8;,arrhibus10 arrha-bus2 8,aga-thon40 ,p4 #aja--8;,baktrians10 bactri-ans4 ,the warlike inhabitants of ,bactria1 a northeast province of the ,persian ,empire4 ,p4 #aja--8,paphlagonians10 paphla-goni-ans4 ,a district on the north of ,asia ,minor between ,bithynia and ,pontus4 ,p4 #aja--8;,hyrkanians10 hyr-kani-ans4 ,hyrcania1 the country of these people1 is on the southern and southwestern shores of the ,caspian ,sea4 ,p4 #aja--8;,arsites10 ar-sites2 8,spithra-dates20 8,ar-same-nes40 ,p4 #ajc--8;,demaratus10 dema-ratus2 8,dropi-des40 ,p4 #ajd--8,lysippus10 ly-sippus4 ,p4 #ajd--8,sardis40 ,one of the most famous cities of ,asia ,minor4 ,this citadel had always been considered impregnable from its situation4 ,p4 #aje--8,miletus10 mi-letus4 ,p4 #ajf--8,tralles10 tralles2 8,lycia10 lyci-a2 8,pam-phyli-a20 8,pi-sidi-a20 8,gordium10 gordi-um2 8,san-gari-us20 8,phrygia10 phrygi-a4 ,p4 #ajh--8,mesopotamia10 meso-po-tami-a4 ,p4 #ajh--8,sogdiana10 sogdi-ana4 ,the northeastern portion of the ,persian ,empire1 including portions of the present country of ,turkestan and ,bokhara4 ,p4 #aji--8;,gates of ,kilikia40 ,see on map1 p4 #ajh1 ,pyl ,kikili1 8,amanus10 a-manus4 ,p4 #aaj--8;,beylan10 blan4 ,p4 #aab--8,kardakes10 carda-ces4 ,p4 #aac--8,seleukis10 se-leucis4 ,p4 #aaf--8,kle-,syria10 cle-syri-a4 ,hollow ,syria4 ,the name given to the valley between the two ranges of ,mount ,lebanon1 in the south of ,syria1 and bordering on ,palestine4 ,p4 #aag--8,persepolis10 per-sepo-lis4 ,a treasure city of the ,persians situated on the north of the river ,araxes4 ,p4 #aai--8,pelusium10 pe-lusi-um2 8,hephstion10 he-phsti-on4 ,p4 #aai--8;,apis10 apis4 ,the name given to the ,bull of ,memphis1 worshiped by the ,egyptians as a god4 ,there were certain signs by which the animal was recognized to be the god3 he must be black1 a white1 square mark must be on his forehead1 etc4 ,when found he was worshiped with greatest honors4 ,gradually the bull came to be regarded as a symbol1 and ,apis was identified with the sun4 ,p4 #aai--8,kanopus10 ca-nopus4 ,p4 #aai--8,pharos40 ,the island is mentioned by ,homer4 ,alexander united it to his new city by a mole4 ,ptolemy ,,ii4 built a lighthouse here4 ,hence we have the name ,pharos often given to such buildings4 ,the translators of the ,septuagint are said to have been confined here until they finished their task4 ,p4 #aai--8,mareotis10 ma-re-otis4 ,p4 #abj--8;,ammon40 ,originally an ,ethiopian god1 afterward adopted by the ,egyptians4 ,the ,greeks called him ,zeus ,ammon1 and the ,romans1 ,jupiter ,ammon4 ,the god was represented under the form of a ram1 and this seems to indicate that the original idea in the worship was that of a protector of flocks4 ,p4 #aba--8;,arbela10 ar-bela2 8,gaugamela10 gau-ga-mela4 ,p4 #abc--8;,albanians40 ,these people came from ,albania1 a country on the west of the ,caspian and in the southeast of ,georgia4 ,p4 #abc--8,karians10 from ,karia2 8,menidas10 meni-das4 ,p4 #abd--8;,bessus10 bessus4 ,p4 #abe--8;,aretas10 are-tas4 ,p4 #abg--8;,curtius10 curti-us4 ,the ,roman historian of ,alexander the ,great4 ,nothing is known of his life4 ,his history is fairly reliable4 ,p4 #abh--8;,eulus10 eu-lus4 ,the ,old ,testament ,ulai1 rises in ,media1 and uniting with the ,pasitigris1 flows into the ,persian ,gulf4 ,p4 #abh--8,pasitigris10 pa-siti-gris4 ,p4 #abi--8,tnarus10 tna-rus4 ,now ,cape ,matapan4 ,p4 #aca--8;,drangiana10 drangi-ana2 8,ara-chosi-a20 8,ge-drosi-a20 8,paro-pa-misi-d20 8,seistan10 s-stan2 8,candahar10 can-da-har2 8,zurrah10 zurrah4 ,p4 #acb--8;,ecbatana10 ec-bat-a-na4 ,p4 #ace--8;,dioskuri10 dios-curi4 ,literally the sons of ,jupiter4 ,the heroes ,castor and ,pollux4 ,p4 #acf--8,oxyartes10 oxy-artes4 ,p4 #acg--8,telestes10 te-lestes2 8,phi-loxe-mus20 8,bukephalia10 buce-pha-lia2 8,akesines10 ace-sines2 8,hyd-ra-otes20 8,hypha-sis40 ,p4 #aci--8;,arabit10 ara-bit2 8,o-rit20 8,ichthy-opha-gi40 ,,brief ,,history ,,of ,,greece4 ,the 8,brief ,history of ,greece0 has not been annotated as the pronunciation of the ,greek and ,latin names is marked1 and its foot notes are sufficient4 ,,american ,,literature4 ,p4 #i--8,sandys10 snds4 ,p4 #aa--8,magnalia ,christi ,americana40 ,the great deeds of ,christ in ,america4 ,p4 #ad--8;,fox40 7#afbd-afij47 ,the founder of the sect of the ,quakers4 ,p4 #ad--8;,ipswich10 ipswich1 8,ag-a-wam40 ,the latter was the first name given to ,ipswich4 ,p4 #ae--8,yale ,library40 ,these forty books have increased to over #aab1jjj1 exclusive of pamphlets4 ,p4 #ah--8;,hopkinsianism10 hop-kinsi-an-ism4 ,p4 #bj--8,philomath10 philo-math4 ,a lover of learning4 ,p4 #ba--8;,brainherd10 brnerd4 ,p4 #be--8,publius10 pbli-us4 ,p4 #bg--8;,freneau10 fre-n4 ,p4 #bg--8;,huguenot10 hge-not4 ,diminutive of ,hugo1 a heretic and conspirator4 ,the name was afterwards given to the ,french ,protestants of ,france4 ,p4 #bg--8;,columbiad10 co-lmbi-ad4 ,p4 #bh--8;,de,foe10 de-f4 7#affa8-agca47 ,p4 #cj--8;,hollis professorship40 ,established in #agba by ,thomas ,hollis4 ,being a ,baptist1 he required that the candidate for the professorship should be of orthodox principles4 ,p4 #ca--8,trinitarian10 trn-i-tari-an4 ,pertaining to the ,trinity4 ,p4 #ca--8;,arian10 ri-an4 ,a follower of ,arius1 who held ,christ to be a created being4 ,p4 #cf--8,schaff10 shf4 ,p4 #cf--8,swedenborgian10 sw-den-brgi-an4 ,p4 #ci--8,pseudonym10 sdo-nm4 ,a fictitious name4 ,p4 #ci--8,salmagundi10 sl-ma-gnd4 ,originally a mixture of chopped meats1 fish with pepper1 etc42 hence1 a medley1 a pot-pourri4 ,p4 #db---8;,granada10 gra-nada2 8,al-hambra40 ,p4 #de--8;,guildford10 gilford4 ,p4 #df--8,marco ,bozzaris10 marc bots-ris4 ,a ,greek patriot1 born in #agij1 killed at ,missolonghi in #ahbc4 ,p4 #df--8;,buccanneer10 bcca-neer4 ,p4 #dg--8,muhlenburg10 mulen-berg4 ,p4 #dg--8;,hadad10 hdd4 ,p4 #dh--8,thanatopsis20 than-a-topsis4 ,a view of death4 ,p4 #di--8,phi ,beta ,kappa ,society40 ,a prominent ,greek letter society1 founded in the ,college of ,william and ,mary in #aggf4 ,p4 #di--8,verplanck10 ver-plnk4 ,p4 #ea--8,lope de ,vega10 lop da vg4 7#aefb-afce47 ,a ,spanish poet and dramatist4 ,p4 #eb--8;,bruges10 brzh4 ,p4 #ed--8,morituri ,salutamus40 ,literally1 ,we about to die1 salute you4 ,p4 #ed--8;,aftermath10 after-mth4 ,the second crop of grass mown in a year4 ,p4 #ed--8,outre-mer40 ,beyond the sea4 ,p4 #ed--8;,hyperion10 hy-per-on2 8,kavanagh10 kava-nh4 ,p4 #fa--8,launfal10 launfal4 ,p4 #fc--8;,baudelaire10 b-de-lar4 ,p4 #fg--8;,gttingen10 getting-en4 ,p4 #gj--8;,barneveld10 barne-vlt4 ,p4 #gb--8,mohicans10 mo-hicans4 ,p4 #gd--8,surinam10 soo-r-nam4 ,dutch ,guiana4 ,p4 #gf--8,thoreau10 thoro4 ,p4 #gh--8;,aurelian10 au-reli-an2 8,juli-an20 8,ze-nobia40 ,p4 #gh--8,yemassee10 ye-mas-see4 ,the ,yemassees were the tribe of ,indians afterwards called ,savannahs4 ,p4 #gh--8;,beauchampe10 bshn4 ,p4 #ha--8,potiphar10 poti-phar4 ,p4 #hd--8;,audubon10 awdu-bon2 8,agassiz10 ga-see2 8,guyot10 go4 ,p4 #hg--8,pre-,raphaelites10 pre-rpha-el-tes4 ,following the style before the time of ,raphael4 ,p4 #hi--8;,improvisatori10 im-prvi-sa-tri4 ,those who compose extemporaneously4 ,p4 #ib--8,rossetti10 ros-stee4 ,p4 #id--8,toujours amour40 ,always love4 ,p4 #id--8,piatt10 pat4 ,p4 #ajc--8;,azarian10 aza-rian4 ,p4 #ajc--8;,hjalmar ,hjorth ,boyesen10 h-a-jal-mer h-a-jorth bo-yay-sen4 ,p4 #aaj--8,litterateur10 l-tr-tur4 ,a literary man4 ,,notes ,,on ,,required ,,readings ,,in 8,,the ,,chautauquan40 ,,german ,,history4 ,p4 #a1 c4 #a--8;,clovis10 klvis2 8,charlemagne10 sharle-mn2 8,rudolphus10 roo-dlfus2 8,swabian10 swab-an2 8,hohenstaufen10 hoen-stowfen2 8,westphalia10 west-phl-a4 ,p4 #a1 c4 #a--8,maes40 ,the ,flemish name for the ,meuse4 ,p4 #a1 c4 #a--8,march10 or 8,morawa40 ,a river of ,austria4 ,its position as a boundary of ,hungary1 and proximity to ,vienna1 have often made it of historical importance4 ,p4 #a1 c4 #a--8,mur10 or 8,muir10 moor4 ,p4 #a1 c4 #b--8,prosna10 prosna2 8,nieman10 neeman4 ,p4 #a1 c4 #b--8,teutoburg10 toito-boorg4 ,a range of mountains in ,western ,germany1 about eighty miles in length4 ,it was in this forest that the ,german ,arminius defeated the ,romans in ,a4 ,d4 #i4 ,p4 #a1 c4 #b--8;,erz10 erts4 ,the ,erzgebirge1 or ,ore ,mountains1 are on the boundary between ,bohemia and ,saxony1 extending about #ajj miles4 ,there are several granite peaks in the range4 ,these mountains have long been famous for their mineral products of silver1 tin1 iron1 cobalt1 copper1 etc4 ,coal is found also and porcelain clay4 ,p4 #a1 c4 #b--8,riesen10 reezen4 ,giant mountains4 ,a continuation of the ,erzgebirge1 lying east of the river ,elbe4 ,the range extends about seventy-five miles4 ,it is of the same geological formation as the ,erz4 ,p4 #a1 c4 #b--8,weser10 ,weser2 8,vistula10 vistyu-la4 ,p4 #a1 c4 #b--8,magyar10 modjor4 ,a tribe which came from the far ,east4 ,in #hhg they came into ,hungary and soon conquered it and the adjoining country4 ,for one hundred years their conquests were extended1 but at last they consolidated the power within their own country4 ,the ,magyars possessed an independent kingdom until the present century1 but now constitute one of the two leading divisions of the ,austro-,hungarian monarchy4 ,the ,emperor of ,austria is the ,king of ,hungary4 ,p4 #a1 c4 #b--8,turanians10 tu-rani-ans4 ,the tribes of the ,turanians are the ,finns1 the people of ,siberia1 the ,tartars1 the ,mongols1 and the ,mantchoos4 ,p4 #a1 c4 #b--8;,aryan10 ryan4 ,the tribes speaking the ,germanic1 ,slavic1 ,celtic1 ,italic1 ,greek1 ,iranian1 and ,sanskrit languages belong to this family4 ,p4 #a1 c4 #b--8,teutonic10 te-tonic4 ,the ,teutonic dialects were the languages spoken by the ancient ,germans1 so-called from one of the tribes1 the ,teutons4 ,p4 #a1 c4 #b--8,pytheas10 pythe-as4 ,he is said to have made two voyages1 one to ,britain and ,iceland1 another to the northern coast of ,europe4 ,p4 #a1 c4 #b--8,tuisko10 too-isko4 ,the ,german legends describe the god as a gray-haired man1 clad in skins of animals1 and with a scepter in his right hand4 ,p4 #b1 c4 #a--8,tacitus10 taci-tus4 7,a4 ,d4 #ee-aag47 ,a ,roman historian4 ,his histories of the condition and customs of the ,britains and ,germans are trustworthy accounts1 written in a clear and concise style4 ,a history of ,rome is his most ambitious work4 ,p4 #b1 c4 #b--8,suetonius10 swe-toni-us4 ,a ,roman historian1 living in the latter half of the first century4 ,his writings were very voluminous4 ,p4 #b1 c4 #b--8,klt10 or 8,clt40 ,a race of ,asiatic origin1 which in very early time passed into ,europe and gradually worked their way to the present countries of ,france1 and ,great ,britain4 ,the ,irish1 ,welsh1 and the ,scotch of the ,highlands are descendants of the ,celts4 ,p4 #b1 c4 #b--8;,eagle40 ,from the time of ,marius the eagle was the principal emblem of the ,roman ,empire1 and the standard of the legions4 ,in the fourteenth century the ,germans adopted it1 and afterwards ,russia4 ,the arms of ,prussia bear the black eagle1 those of ,poland bore the white4 ,p4 #b1 c4 #b--8;,de ,moribus ,germanorum40 ,treatise concerning the customs of the ,germans4 ,p4 #b1 c4 #b--8,titus40 7,a4 ,d4 #dj-ha47 ,roman ,emperor4 ,titus had opportunities of observing the ,germans when he was young1 being military tribune in ,germany4 ,p4 #b1 c4 #b--8,wdan10 ,the same as ,odin1 ,wuotan1 and ,wotan4 ,see 8,notes on ,scandinavian ,literature10 in ,,the ,,chautauquan for ,april4 ,p4 #b1 c4 #b--8;,hertha10 also written rtha1 or ,nerthus4 ,as goddess of the earth ,hertha was believed to bring fertility4 ,in the spring festivities were held to celebrate her arrival1 all feuds were suspended and the greatest rejoicing prevailed4 ,p4 #b1 c4 #b--8,runes40 ,the ,norsemen had a peculiar alphabet of sixteen letters1 or signs4 ,it was not used as we use our alphabet2 indeed1 as the word rune 7mystery7 signifies1 its meaning was known to but few4 ,the letters were carved on rocks1 stones1 utensils1 etc4 ,also1 as in the case alluded to1 on smooth sticks for divination4 ,a mysterious power was supposed to reside in these characters4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the article on 8,air10 in the ,physical ,science series1 is abridged from the 8,english ,science ,primer on ,physical ,geography10 by ,archibald ,geikie4 ,the clear1 simple style of the article make annotations unnecessary4 ,the same is also true of the paper on 8,political ,economy40 ,,sunday ,,readings4 ,p4 #f1 c4 #b--8;,archology10 r-ch-lo-gy4 ,the science of antiquities4 ,p4 #g1 c4 #a--8;,guadaloupe10 gawda-loop4 ,an island of the ,west ,indies4 ,p4 #g1 c4 #b--8,owen40 7#ahjg-ahfj47 ,an ,american geologist4 ,he made geological surveys of several ,states of the ,west and published reports of his labors4 ,p4 #h1 c4 #a--8,lamartine10 l-mar-ten4 7#agij-ahfi47 ,a ,french poet4 ,after several years of writing and travel ,lamartine1 in #ahce1 was chosen a member of the ,chamber of ,deputies4 ,here his oratory won him laurels4 ,he was a ,liberalist1 and in #ahdh1 during the establishment of the republic1 ,lamartine's eloquence and boldness prevented open attack upon the aristocracy4 ,he occupied several positions under the new government1 but finally retired to literary work4 ,,readings ,,in ,,art4 ,p4 #aa1 c4 #a--8;,glyptics10 glyptics4 ,carving on precious stones4 ,p4 #aa1 c4 #a--8;,bas relief10 b-re-leef4 8,michael ,angelo10 me-kl anja-lo4 7#adgd-aefb74 ,the ,italian painter and sculptor4 ,p4 #aa1 c4 #b--8,lapidary10 lpi-da-ry4 ,one who cuts1 polishes1 and engraves stones4 8,vitreous10 vtre-ous1 glassy2 8,terra cotta20 8,chryselephantine10 chrysel-e-phntine2 8,to-reutic20 8,arma-ture40 ,p4 #ab1 c4 #a--8;,galvano-plastique10 gal-vno-pls-teek2 8,bsso-r-livo20 8,stiacciato10 st-t-chto2 8,mezzo-relievo10 mdzo-re-livo2 8,alto-re-li-vo20 8,ca-vo-re-livo40 ,p4 #ab1 c4 #a--8,renaissance10 rh-nsngs4 ,the awakening or new birth1 that took place in architecture1 literature1 and the fine arts from the fourteenth to the sixteenth century4 ,men's minds during the middle ages had been under the influence of the church4 ,freedom of thought and action became almost extinct4 ,reaction revived all branches of art and literature1 producing the period called the 8,renaissance40 ,p4 #ab1 c4 #a--8,polycleitus10 poly-cleitus4 ,a ,greek sculptor who lived about #dcj ,b4 ,c4 ,his statues of men are said to have surpassed those of ,phidias4 ,the ,spear ,bearer was a statue so perfectly proportioned that it was called the canon or rule4 ,p4 #ab1 c4 #b--8,vitruvius ,pollio10 vi-truvi-us polli-o4 ,a ,roman architect who served under ,csar4 ,his treatise on architecture is a compendium of ,greek writers on the subject4 ,p4 #ab1 c4 #b--8,memphis40 ,meaning the abode of the good one4 ,once the most magnificent city of ,egypt1 the capital of the kingdom1 and residence of several ,egyptian deities4 ,it is only of late that its site has been known4 ,p4 #ab1 c4 #b--8;,cheops10 kops4 ,p4 #ab1 c4 #b--8,renan10 reenan4 ,a ,french orientalist1 author and critic4 ,p4 #ab1 c4 #b--8,mariette10 mre7et4 ,french ,egyptologist4 ,p4 #ab1 c4 #b--8;,ghizeh10 jeezeh1 or geezeh4 ,a village of ,egypt three miles from ,cairo4 ,the three great pyramids are but five miles from ,ghizeh4 ,p4 #ab1 c4 #b--8;,amosis10 a-mosis2 8,a-munothph20 8,thothmo-sis20 8,ni-tocris40 ,p4 #ac1 c4 #a--8,karnak10 karnak4 ,a modern village of ,egypt1 in which has been found a portion of the ruins of ,thebes4 ,p4 #ac1 c4 #a--8,memnon40 ,a statue of a hero of the ,trojan war4 ,it is called musical because at sunrise a sound comes from it like the twang of a harp string4 ,it has been conjectured that this tone was caused by the expansive effect of the sun's rays upon the stone4 ,p4 #ac1 c4 #a 8,ramses20 8,turin40 ,p4 #ac1 c4 #a--8,osiris10 o-siris4 ,one of the chief divinities of the ,egyptians4 ,p4 #ac1 c4 #a--8,louvre10 loovr2 8,abou ,simbel10 -boo-simbel2 8,coptic10 cptic4 ,p4 #ac1 c4 #b--8;,edfou10 edfoo2 8,denderah10 dender-h4 ,p4 #ac1 c4 #b-8;,hadrian10 hadr-an1 or ,adrian4 7#gf-ach47 ,roman ,emperor4 ,p4 #ac1 c4 #b--8;,botta10 bot2 8,mosul40 ,p4 #ad1 c4 #a--8,sarcophaguses10 sar-cpha-gses4 ,literally the word means eating flesh1 and was named from the peculiar kind of limestone used by the ,greeks for making coffins which consumed the body in a short time4 ,now a coffin or tomb made from stone of any kind4 ,p4 #ad1 c4 #a--8;,cambyses10 kam-bsz4 ,the second king of ,persia1 and probably the ,ahasuerus mentioned in ,ezra4 ,,american ,,literature4 ,p4 #ad1 c4 #b--8,sandys40 ,the extract here given is taken from the dedication of one of ,sandys's works to ,prince ,charles1 afterward ,king ,charles ,i4 ,the work bears the ambitious title1 8,a ,relation of a ,journey begun in ,a4 ,d4 #afaj2 ,four ,bookes containing a description of the ,turkish ,empire1 of ,egypt1 of the ,holy ,land1 of the remote parts of ,italy and ,islands adjoining40 ,of this work a traveler of the times says1 8,the descriptions are so faithful and perfect that they leave little to be added by after-comers1 and nothing to be corrected40 ,p4 #ae1 c4 #b--8,mogul10 mo-gl4 ,a person of the ,mongolian race4 ,p4 #ae1 c4 #b--8;,cteris paribus40 ,other things being equal4 ,p4 #ae1 c4 #b--8;,boyle10 boil4 7#afbf-afia47 ,an ,irish chemist and philosopher4 ,he has been called the inventor of the air pump1 and by it he demonstrated the elasticity of the air4 ,his charity and philanthropy gave him the reverence of his associates and his philosophical experiments placed him among scientists4 ,he has been called 8the great ,christian philosopher40 ,p4 #ae1 c4 #b--8;,bodleian10 bdle-an4 ,pertaining to ,sir ,thomas ,bodley1 who founded a celebrated library in ,oxford in the sixteenth century4 ,p4 #ae1 c4 #b--8,vti-can40 ,an assemblage of buildings in ,rome1 including the ,pope's palace1 museum1 library1 etc4 ,p4 #af1 c4 #a--8;,edwards40 ,this selection is taken from ,edwards's treatise on the 8,religious ,affections40 ,,chautauqua ,,children',s ,,class1 #ahhc4 ,the grades of the written examination are given upon the standard of #ajj4 ,the three receiving #ih in the full-course list are entitled to the prizes4 ,no prizes are given to those passing only on the lessons of the first series1 but their standards are given showing good work4 ,,full ,,course4 ,lillian ,aldrich1 box #gi1 ,madisonville1 ,o4 #ib ,edna ,amos1 #aj ,brighton ,street1 ,cleveland1 ,o4 #ib ,helen ,archbold1 box #af1 ,titusville1 ,pa4 #if ,james ,h4 ,archbold1 box #af1 ,titusville1 ,pa4 #ie ,bessie ,barrett1 care ,c4 ,s4 ,barrett1 ,titusville1 ,pa4 #hd ,grace ,e4 ,barrett1 care ,c4 ,s4 ,barrett1 ,titusville1 ,pa4 #ib ,mary ,e4 ,bray1 ,parker's ,landing1 ,pa4 #ie ,irma ,campbell1 ,hartfield1 ,chautauqua ,county1 ,n4 ,y4 #he ,lizzie ,cary1 ,conneautville1 ,pa4 #hb ,phrania ,chesbro1 ,harrisville1 ,pa4 #id ,nell ,clark1 ,union ,city1 ,pa4 #ie ,carrie ,dithridge1 ,tionesta1 ,forest ,county1 ,pa4 #ic ,mary ,dithridge1 ,tionesta1 ,forest ,county1 ,pa4 #ig ,rachel ,dithridge1 ,tionesta1 ,forest ,county1 ,pa4 #gh ,carrie ,m4 ,dixon1 box #bac1 ,titusville1 ,pa4 #id ,daisy ,a4 ,doren1 #cjg ,east ,sixth ,street1 ,dayton1 ,o4 #ih ,elsie ,downs1 box #aie1 ,chautauqua1 ,n4 ,y4 #ib ,mary ,e4 ,ensign1 ,madison1 ,o4 #ij ,alice ,r4 ,eaton1 ,titusville1 ,pa4 #if ,louise ,folley1 #aja ,south ,sixth ,street1 ,lafayette1 ,ind4 #if ,anna ,funnell1 care ,mrs4 ,j4 ,mc,allister1 ,white ,hall1 ,ill4 #ic ,emma ,g4 ,guernsey1 ,oil ,city1 ,pa4 #hg ,florence ,guernsey1 ,oil ,city1 ,pa4 #ie ,mamie ,a4 ,guernsey1 ,canton1 ,bradford ,county1 ,pa4 #ih ,claire ,hammond1 ,oil ,city1 ,pa4 #ia ,albert ,j4 ,harris1 #ecj ,south ,division ,street1 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 #gd ,inez ,harris1 box #aaei1 ,bradford1 ,pa4 #gc ,may ,herrick1 ,chautauqua1 ,n4 ,y4 #gh ,hattie ,k4 ,horr1 ,sidney1 ,o4 #if ,edith ,d4 ,hunter1 ,mill ,village1 ,erie ,county1 ,pa4 #id ,helen ,e4 ,irwin1 ,tampa1 ,fla4 #ie ,blanche ,jackson1 ,collins ,center1 ,erie ,county1 ,n4 ,y4 #hh ,dora ,e4 ,jackson1 ,collins ,center1 ,erie ,county1 ,n4 ,y4 #hj ,willie ,johnson1 ,girard1 ,o4 #gd ,cora ,b4 ,jones1 ,greenfield1 ,pa4 #ij ,florence ,a4 ,jones1 ,greenfield1 ,pa4 #if ,florence ,e4 ,keller1 ,titusville1 ,pa4 #hd ,grace ,j4 ,kirkland1 ,dewittville1 ,n4 ,y4 #if ,jessie ,leslie1 ,chautauqua1 ,n4 ,y4 #ij ,fannie ,e4 ,lowes1 ,canonsburg1 ,pa4 #ig ,clair ,metcalf1 box #aaid1 ,bradford1 ,pa4 #gi ,nellie ,m4 ,norris1 ,west ,farmington1 ,o4 #ih ,herbert ,russell1 ,mansfield1 ,o4 #if ,alma ,j4 ,schofield1 ,hartfield1 ,n4 ,y4 #gi ,clyde ,simmons1 ,oil ,city1 ,pa4 #gh ,mary ,a4 ,sixbey1 ,mayville1 ,n4 ,y4 #if ,julia ,a4 ,tifft1 care ,s4 ,e4 ,tifft1 ,titusville1 ,pa4 #ic ,mary ,l4 ,turrill1 ,cumminsville ,street1 ,cincinnati1 ,o4 #hc ,harry ,b4 ,vincent1 ,pottsville ,pa4 #gb ,,written ,,examination--,,first ,,series4 ,edna ,amos1 #aj ,brighton ,street1 ,cleveland1 ,o4 #ig ,william ,f4 ,amos1 #aj ,brighton ,street1 ,cleveland1 ,o4 #ig ,annie ,archbold1 box #af1 ,titusville1 ,pa4 #ia ,percy ,barlow1 #hh ,mayberry ,avenue1 ,detroit1 ,mich4 #ig ,carrie ,bradley1 ,titusville1 ,pa4 #gi ,bessie ,burwell1 ,mercer1 ,pa4 #hj ,ellis ,j4 ,chesbro1 ,harrisville1 ,pa4 #ii ,jessie ,clauson1 ,rutland1 ,vt4 #ie ,jessie ,galey1 ,pollock ,p4 ,o41 ,pa4 #ajj ,helen ,m4 ,guernsey1 ,canton1 ,pa4 #ie ,claire ,hammond1 ,oil ,city1 ,pa4 #ajj ,maud ,harkins1 ,chautauqua1 ,n4 ,y4 #hb ,willie ,m4 ,hill1 ,liverpool1 ,o4 #ia ,louie ,hogan1 ,west ,monterey1 ,pa4 #ha ,grace ,holmes1 ,union ,city1 ,pa4 #hh ,clara ,irwin1 ,tampa1 ,fla4 #ie ,cora ,b4 ,jones1 ,greenfield1 ,pa4 #ii ,hudson ,layton1 #bfi ,liberty ,street1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 #gj ,winnie ,maguire1 ,pittsfield1 ,pa4 #ij ,mabel ,metcalf1 ,bradford1 ,pa4 #hc ,ettie ,niles1 ,flushing1 ,mich4 #ih ,carrie ,perkins1 ,dunkirk1 ,n4 ,y4 #hb ,herbert ,russell1 ,mansfield1 ,o4 #ajj ,grace ,vance1 ,new ,wilmington1 ,pa4 #ge ,nellie ,vance1 ,new ,wilmington1 ,pa4 #ha ,bessie ,s4 ,williams1 #bba ,n4 ,juniper1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 #ig ,nellie ,wood1 ,kansas1 ,ill4 #if ,lovie ,yingling1 ,pollock ,p4 ,o41 ,pa4 #ajj ,no name on a successful paper4 #he ,,oral ,,examination--,,first ,,series4 ,russell ,armor1 ,bradford1 ,pa4 ,gracie ,bosley1 ,bradford1 ,pa4 ,miner ,d4 ,crary1 ,sheffield1 ,pa4 ,carrie ,darling1 ,spartansburg1 ,pa4 ,eva ,hall1 ,brockton1 ,n4 ,y4 ,ralph ,harris1 #ecj ,south ,division ,street1 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,gracie ,jones1 ,greenfield1 ,pa4 ,nina ,jones1 ,princeton1 ,ky4 ,carlie ,f4 ,kittridge1 ,geneseo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,robert ,kittridge1 ,geneseo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,hattie ,miner1 ,deposit1 ,n4 ,y4 ,grace ,l4 ,smith1 ,union ,city1 ,mich4 ,emily ,e4 ,spear1 ,spring ,mills1 ,n4 ,y4 ,annie ,taylor1 ,chautauqua1 ,n4 ,y4 ,willie ,f4 ,walworth1 #ajg ,public ,square1 ,cleveland1 ,o4 ,illustration3 ,,royal ,,baking ,,powder ,absolutely ,pure4 ,this powder never varies4 ,a marvel of purity1 strength and wholesomeness4 ,more economical than the ordinary kinds1 and can not be sold in competition with the multitude of low test1 short weight1 alum or phosphate powders4 ,sold only in cans4 ,,royal ,,baking ,,powder ,,co41 #ajf ,wall ,street1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,obvious punctuation errors repaired4 ,aterisks in the list below indicate a space or smudged letter4 ,page #d1 8temperture0 changed to 8temperature0 7same temperature as the7 ,page #h1 8skepic0 changed to 8skeptic0 7,christian or skeptic7 ,page #aj1 899ruths0 changed to 8truths0 7truths4 ,it is7 ,page #aa1 8bass0 changed to 8bas0 7his statue1 or bas7 ,page #ac1 the small-capital ,,iii4 was changed to all-captials to match the rest of the usage in the text 7of ,amunothph ,,iii41 previously7 ,page #ad1 as above1 ,b4 ,c4 was changed to ,b4 ,c4 twice to reflect majority of usage in text4 7#efj ,b4 ,c47 7#cca ,b4 ,c47 ,page #ae1 8varietyt0 changed to 8variety10 7with such variety17 ,page #af1 8pay0 changed to 8day0 7day4 ,thus it is7 ,page #ag1 8the of0 changed to 8of the0 7a vivid picture of the7 ,page #ai1 the first column ends midline with the words3 indissolubly1 and the first line of the couplet3 ,the next column does not have either a couplet or an indentation indicating a new paragraph4 ,it simply goes with the sentence4 ,this was retained as printed4 ,page #bb1 8,moliere0 changed to 8,molire0 7and brought ,molire7 ,page #bf1 8ot0 changed to 8to0 7,athenum to witness the7 ,page #bg1 8ther990 changed to 8there0 7no fear that there7 ,page #bh1 8,chautauqna0 changed to 8,chautauqua0 7present at ,chautauqua7 ,page #ce1 8slaves0 changed to 8,slavs0 7the eastern ,slavs there7 ,page #cf1 8portecochre0 changed to 8portecochre0 7portecochre1 were whitened7 ,page #cf1 8inerests0 changed to 8interests0 7these objects and interests7 ,page #cg1 8wlll0 changed to 8will0 7yet their conversation will7 ,page #cg1 8,frauenkircho0 changed to 8,frauenkirche0 7,opera ,house1 the ,frauenkirche7 ,page #cg1 8eopy0 changed to 8copy0 7copy a picture in7 ,page #ci1 8deficiences0 changed to 8deficiencies0 7his personal deficiencies7 ,page #eb1 8ora99ors0 changed to 8orators0 7prominent as orators7 ,page #ef1 8,adriondacks0 changed to 8,adirondacks0 7the ,adirondacks and ,catskills7 ,page #eh1 8,pherae0 changed to 8,pher0 78,pher40 ,a city of ,thessaly7 ,page #fa1 8,weser20 changed to 78,weser10 ,weser27 to match rest of entries in section4 ,page #fa1 8bearer0 changed to 8,bearer0 7,the ,spear ,bearer was a7 ,page #fa1 8,michl0 changed to 8,michael0 78,michael ,angelo107