,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,tru? ,a ,,sequel ,,to ',,pragmatism' ,by ,william ,james ,,preface ,,! pivotal "p ( my book nam$ ,pragmatism is its acc\nt ( ! relation call$ 'tru?' :i* may obta9 betwe5 an idea 7op9ion1 belief1 /atem5t1 or :at n7 & its object4 ',tru?1' ,i !re say1 'is a prop]ty ( c]ta9 ( our ideas4 ,x means _! agreem5t1 z falsity means _! disagreem5t1 ) reality4 ,pragmati/s & intellectuali/s bo? accept ?is def9ition z a matt] ( c\rse4 ',:]e our ideas d n copy def9itely _! object1 :at does agreem5t ) t object mean8 444 ,pragmatism asks its usual "q4 ,grant an idea or belief to be true1 x says1 :at concrete diff]5ce w its be+ true make 9 any "o's actual life8 ,:at exp]i5ces may be diff]5t f ^? :i* w\ld obta9 if ! belief 7 false8 ,h[ w ! tru? be realiz$8 ,:at1 9 %ort1 is ! tru?'s ca%-value 9 exp]i5tial t]ms8 ,! mom5t pragmatism asks ?is "q1 x sees ! answ]3 ,,true ,,ideas ,,are ,,^? ,,t ,,we ,,c ,,assimilate1 ,,validate1 ,,corroborate1 ,,& ,,v]ify4 ,,false ,,ideas ,,are ,,^? ,,t ,,we ,,_c4 ,t is ! practical diff]5ce x makes to u to h true ideas2 t !re=e is ! mean+ ( tru?1 = x is all t tru? is kn[n z4 ',! tru? ( an idea is n a /agnant prop]ty inh]5t 9 x4 ,tru? ,,happ5s to an idea4 ,x ,,becomes true1 is ,,made true by ev5ts4 ,its v]ity ,,is 9 fact an ev5t1 a process1 ! process namely ( its v]ify+ itself1 its veri,f,i,c,a,t,i,o,n4 ,its validity is ! process ( its valid,a,t,i,o,n4 ,footnote3 ,b ',,v]ifiability1' ,i add1 'is z good z v]ification4 ,= "o tru?-process complet$1 !re are a million 9 our lives t function 9 ! /ate ( nasc5cy4 ,!y lead u t[>ds direct v]ification2 lead u into ! surr\nd+s ( ! object !y envisage2 & !n1 if ev]y?+1 runs on h>moni\sly1 we are s sure t v]ification is possible t we omit x1 & are usually ju/ifi$ by all t happ5s4' ',to agree 9 ! wide/ s5se ) a reality c only mean to be guid$ ei!r /raight up to x or into its surr\nd+s1 or to be put into su* work+ t\* ) x z to h&le ei!r x or some?+ connect$ ) x bett] ?an if we disagre$4 ,bett] ei!r intellectually or practically 4444 ,any idea t helps u to deal1 :e!r practically or intellectually1 ) ei!r ! reality or its belong+s1 t doesn't entangle our progress 9 fru/rations1 t ,,fits1 9 fact1 & adapts our life to ! reality's :ole sett+1 w agree suffici5tly to meet ! requirem5t4 ,x w be true ( t reality4 ',,! ,,true1 to put x v briefly1 ,,is ,,only ,,! ,,exp$i5t ,,9 ,,! ,,way ,,( ,,our ,,?9k+1 ,,j ,,z ,,! ,,"r ,,is ,,only ,,! ,,exp$i5t ,,9 ,,! ,,way ,,( ,,our ,,behav+4 ,exp$i5t 9 almo/ any fa%ion1 & exp$i5t 9 ! long run & on ! :ole1 ( c\rse2 = :at meets exp$i5tly all ! exp]i5ce 9 sight won't necess>ily meet all f>!r exp]i5ces equally satisfactorily4 ,exp]i5ce1 z we "k1 has ways ( ,,boil+ ,,ov]1 & mak+ u correct our pres5t =mulas4' ,?is acc\nt ( tru?1 foll[+ ^u ! simil> ones giv5 by ,messrs4 ,dewey & ,s*ill]1 has occasion$ ! livelie/ discussion4 ,few critics h def5d$ x1 mo/ ( !m h sc\t$ x4 ,x seems evid5t t ! subject is a h>d "o to und]/&1 "u its app>5t simplicity2 & evid5t also1 ,i ?9k1 t ! def9itive settlem5t ( x w m>k a turn+-po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( epi/emology1 & consequ5tly 9 t ( g5]al philosophy4 ,9 ord] to make my own ?\ght m accessible to ^? :o h]eaft] may h to /udy ! "q1 ,i h collect$ 9 ! volume t foll[s all ! "w ( my p5 t be>s directly on ! tru?-"q4 ,my fir/ /atem5t 0 9 #ahhd1 9 ! article t beg9s ! pres5t volume4 ,! o!r pap]s foll[ 9 ! ord] ( _! publication4 ,two or ?ree appe> n[ = ! fir/ "t4 ,"o ( ! accusations :i* ,i (t5e/ h _h to meet is t ( mak+ ! tru? ( our religi\s beliefs consi/ 9 _! 'feel+ good' to u1 & 9 no?+ else4 ,i regret to h giv5 "s excuse = ?is *>ge1 by ! ungu>d$ language 9 :i*1 9 ! book ,pragmatism1 ,i spoke ( ! tru? ( ! belief ( c]ta9 philosoph]s 9 ! absolute4 ,expla9+ :y ,i d n believe 9 ! absolute myself 7p4 #gh71 yet f9d+ t x may secure 'moral holidays' to ^? :o ne$ !m1 & is true 9 s f> =? 7if to ga9 moral holidays be a good71 ,footnote3 ,op4 cit41 p4 #ge4 ,i (f]$ ?is z a conciliatory olive-bran* to my enemies4 ,b !y1 z is only too common ) su* (f]+s1 trampl$ ! gift "u foot & turn$ & r5t ! giv]4 ,i _h c\nt$ too mu* on _! good w--oh = ! r>ity ( ,*ri/ian *>ity "u ! sun6 ,oh = ! r>ity ( ord9>y secul> intellig5ce also6 ,i _h suppos$ x to be matt] ( common obs]vation t1 ( two compet+ views ( ! univ]se :i* 9 all o!r respects are equal1 b ( :i* ! fir/ d5ies "s vital human ne$ :ile ! second satisfies x1 ! second w be favor$ by sane m5 = ! simple reason t x makes ! _w seem m rational4 ,to *oose ! fir/ view "u su* circum/ances w\ld be an ascetic act1 an act ( philosophic self-d5ial ( :i* no normal human be+ w\ld be guilty4 ,us+ ! pragmatic te/ ( ! mean+ ( concepts1 ,i _h %[n ! concept ( ! absolute to ,,mean no?+ b ! holiday giv]1 ! bani%] ( cosmic fe>4 ,"o's objective deliv]ance1 :5 "o says '! absolute exi/s1' am\nt$1 on my %[+1 j to ?is1 t '"s ju/ification ( a feel+ ( security 9 pres5ce ( ! univ]se1' exi/s1 & t sy/ematically to refuse to cultivate a feel+ ( security w\ld be to d viol5ce to a t5d5cy 9 "o's emotional life :i* might well be respect$ z prophetic4 ,app>5tly my absoluti/ critics fail to see ! work+s ( _! own m9ds 9 any su* picture1 s all t ,i c d is to apologize1 & take my (f]+ back4 ,! absolute is true 9 ,,no way !n1 & lea/ ( all1 by ! v]dict ( ! critics1 9 ! way :i* ,i assign$6 ,my treatm5t ( ',god1' 'fre$om1' & 'design' 0 simil>4 ,r$uc+1 by ! pragmatic te/1 ! mean+ ( ea* ( ^! concepts to its positive exp]i5ceable op]ation1 ,i %[$ !m all to mean ! same ?+1 viz41 ! pres5ce ( 'promise' 9 ! _w4 ',god or no ,god8' means 'promise or no promise8' ,x seems to me t ! alt]native is objective en\gh1 be+ a "q z to :e!r ! cosmos has "o "* or ano!r1 ev5 ?\gh our own provisional answ] be made on subjective gr\nds4 ,nev]!less *ri/ian & non-*ri/ian critics alike accuse me ( summon+ p to say ',god exi/s1' ,,ev5 ,,:5 ,,he ,,doesn',t ,,exi/1 because =soo? 9 my philosophy ! 'tru?' ( ! say+ doesn't really mean t he exi/s 9 any %ape :atev]1 b only t to say s feels good4 ,mo/ ( ! pragmati/ & anti-pragmati/ w>f>e is ov] :at ! ^w 'tru?' %all be held to signify1 & n ov] any ( ! facts embodi$ 9 tru?-situations2 = bo? pragmati/s & anti-pragmati/s believe 9 exi/5t objects1 j z !y believe 9 our ideas ( !m4 ,! diff]5ce is t :5 ! pragmati/s speak ( tru?1 !y mean exclusively "s ?+ ab\t ! ideas1 namely _! workabl5ess2 :]eas :5 anti-pragmati/s speak ( tru? !y seem mo/ (t5 to mean some?+ ab\t ! objects4 ,s9ce ! pragmati/1 if he agrees t an idea is 'really' true1 also agrees to :atev] x says ab\t its object2 & s9ce mo/ anti-pragmati/s h already come r\nd to agree+ t1 if ! object exi/s1 ! idea t x does s is workable2 !re w\ld seem s little left to fight ab\t t ,i might well be ask$ :y in/ead ( repr9t+ my %>e 9 s mu* v]bal wrangl+1 ,i d n %[ my s5se ( 'values' by burn+ x all up4 ,i und]/& ! "q & ,i w give my answ]4 ,i am int]e/$ 9 ano!r doctr9e 9 philosophy to :i* ,i give ! "n ( radical empiricism1 & x seems to me t ! e/abli%m5t ( ! pragmati/ !ory ( tru? is a /ep ( fir/-rate importance 9 mak+ radical empiricism prevail4 ,radical empiricism consi/s fir/ ( a po/ulate1 next ( a /atem5t ( fact1 & f9ally ( a g5]aliz$ conclusion4 ,! po/ulate is t ! only ?+s t %all be debatable among philosoph]s %all be ?+s def9able 9 t]ms drawn f exp]i5ce4 ,?+s ( an unexp]i5ceable nature may exi/ ad libitum1 b !y =m no "p ( ! mat]ial = philosophic debate4 ,! /atem5t ( fact is t ! relations betwe5 ?+s1 conjunctive z well z disjunctive1 are j z mu* matt]s ( direct p>ticul> exp]i5ce1 nei!r m s nor less s1 ?an ! ?+s !mselves4 ,! g5]aliz$ conclusion is t !re=e ! p>ts ( exp]i5ce hold toge!r f next to next by relations t are !mselves p>ts ( exp]i5ce4 ,! directly appreh5d$ univ]se ne$s1 9 %ort1 no extrane\s trans-empirical connective support1 b possesses 9 its own "r a concat5at$ or cont9u\s /ructure4 ,! great ob/acle to radical empiricism 9 ! contempor>y m9d is ! root$ rationali/ belief t exp]i5ce z imm$iately giv5 is all disjunction & no conjunction1 & t to make "o _w out ( ?is sep>at5ess1 a high] unify+ ag5cy mu/ be !re4 ,9 ! preval5t idealism ?is ag5cy is repres5t$ z ! absolute all-witness :i* 'relates' ?+s toge!r by ?r[+ 'categories' ov] !m l a net4 ,! mo/ peculi> & unique1 p]haps1 ( all ^! categories is suppos$ to be ! tru?-relation1 :i* connects p>ts ( reality 9 pairs1 mak+ ( "o ( !m a kn[]1 & ( ! o!r a ?+ kn[n1 yet :i* is itself cont5tless exp]i5tially1 nei!r describable1 explicable1 nor r$uceable to l[] t]ms1 & d5otable only by utt]+ ! "n 'tru?4' ,! pragmati/ view1 on ! contr>y1 ( ! tru?-relation is t x has a def9ite cont5t1 & t ev]y?+ 9 x is exp]i5ceable4 ,its :ole nature c be told 9 positive t]ms4 ,! 'workabl5ess' :i* ideas mu/ h1 9 ord] to be true1 means p>ticul> work+s1 physical or intellectual1 actual or possible1 :i* !y may set up f next to next inside ( concrete exp]i5ce4 ,7 ?is pragmatic cont5tion admitt$1 "o great po9t 9 ! victory ( radical empiricism w\ld also be scor$1 = ! relation betwe5 an object & ! idea t truly kn[s x1 is held by rationali/s to be no?+ ( ?is describable sort1 b to /& outside ( all possible temporal exp]i5ce2 & on ! relation1 s int]pret$1 rationalism is wont$ to make its la/ mo/ obdurate rally4 ,n[ ! anti-pragmati/ cont5tions :i* ,i try to meet 9 ?is volume c be s easily us$ by rationali/s z weapons ( resi/ance1 n only to pragmatism b to radical empiricism also 7= if ! tru?-relation 7 transc5d5t1 o!rs might be s too71 t ,i feel /rongly ! /rategical importance ( hav+ !m def9itely met & got out ( ! way4 ,:at our critics mo/ p]si/5tly keep say+ is t ?\gh work+s g ) tru?1 yet !y d n con/itute x4 ,x is num]ically additional to !m1 prior to !m1 explanatory ,,( !m1 & 9 no wise to be expla9$ ,,by !m1 we are incessantly told4 ,! fir/ po9t = our enemies to e/abli%1 !re=e1 is t ,,some?+ num]ically additional & prior to ! work+s is involv$ 9 ! tru? ( an idea4 ,s9ce ! ,,object is additional1 & usually prior1 mo/ rationali/s plead ,,x1 & boldly accuse u ( d5y+ x4 ,?is leaves on ! by/&]s ! impression--s9ce we _c reasonably d5y ! exi/5ce ( ! object--t our acc\nt ( tru? breaks d[n1 & t our critics h driv5 u f ! field4 ,al?o 9 v>i\s places 9 ?is volume ,i try to refute ! sl&]\s *>ge t we d5y real exi/5ce1 ,i w say "h aga91 = ! sake ( emphasis1 t ! exi/5ce ( ! object1 :5ev] ! idea ass]ts x 'truly1' is ! only reason1 9 innum]able cases1 :y ! idea does "w successfully1 if x "w at all2 & t x seems an abuse ( language1 to say ! lea/1 to transf] ! ^w 'tru?' f ! idea to ! object's exi/5ce1 :5 ! falsehood ( ideas t won't "w is expla9$ by t exi/5ce z well z ! tru? ( ^? t w4 ,i f9d ?is abuse prevail+ among my mo/ accompli%$ adv]s>ies4 ,b once e/abli% ! prop] v]bal cu/om1 let ! ^w 'tru?' repres5t a prop]ty ( ! idea1 cease to make x some?+ my/]i\sly connect$ ) ! object kn[n1 & ! pa? op5s fair & wide1 z ,i believe1 to ! discussion ( radical empiricism on its m]its4 ,! tru? ( an idea w !n mean only its work+s1 or t 9 x :i* by ord9>y psy*ological laws sets up ^? work+s2 x w mean nei!r ! idea's object1 nor any?+ 'saltatory' inside ! idea1 t t]ms drawn f exp]i5ce _c describe4 ,"o ^w m1 ere ,i end ?is preface4 ,a di/9ction is sometimes made betwe5 ,dewey1 ,s*ill] & myself1 z if ,i1 9 suppos+ ! object's exi/5ce1 made a concession to popul> prejudice :i* !y1 z m radical pragmati/s1 refuse to make4 ,z ,i myself und]/& ^! au?ors1 we all ?ree absolutely agree 9 admitt+ ! transc5d5cy ( ! object 7provid$ x be an exp]i5ceable object7 to ! subject1 9 ! tru?-relation4 ,dewey 9 p>ticul> has insi/$ almo/ ad nauseam t ! :ole mean+ ( our cognitive /ates & processes lies 9 ! way !y int]v5e 9 ! control & revaluation ( indep5d5t exi/5ces or facts4 ,8 acc\nt ( k is n only absurd1 b mean+less1 unless indep5d5t exi/5ces be !re ( :i* our ideas take acc\nt1 & = ! trans=mation ( :i* !y "w4 ,b because he & ,s*ill] refuse to discuss objects & relations 'transc5d5t' 9 ! s5se ( be+ ,,altoge!r ,,trans-,,exp]i5tial1 _! critics p\nce on s5t5ces 9 _! writ+s to t effect to %[ t !y d5y ! exi/5ce ,,)9 ,,! ,,realm ,,( ,,exp]i5ce ( objects ext]nal to ! ideas t decl>e _! pres5ce !re4 ,footnote3 ,x gives me pleasure to welcome ,pr(essor ,c>ve? ,read into ! pragmati/ic *ur*1 s f> z 8 epi/emology goes4 ,see 8 vigor\s book1 ,! ,metaphysics ( ,nature1 #b;d ,edition1 ,app5dix ,a4 7,london1 ,black1 #aijh47 ,! "w ,:at is ,reality8 by ,francis ,h[e ,johnson 7,bo/on1 #ahia71 ( :i* ,i make ! acqua9tance only :ile correct+ ^! pro(s1 conta9s "s /rik+ anticipations ( ! lat] pragmati/ view4 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,?9k+1 by ,irv+ ,e4 ,mill] 7,new ,york1 ,macmillan ,co41 #aiji71 :i* has j appe>$1 is "o ( ! mo/ conv9c+ pragmati/ docum5t yet publi%$1 ?o x does n use ! ^w 'pragmatism' at all4 ,:ile ,i am mak+ ref]5ces1 ,i _c refra9 f ins]t+ "o to ! extraord9>ily acute article by ,h4 ,v4 ,knox 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review = ,april1 #aiji4 ,x seems incr$ible t educat$ & app>5tly s9c]e critics %\ld s fail to cat* _! adv]s>y's po9t ( view4 ,:at misleads s _m ( !m is possibly also ! fact t ! univ]ses ( disc\rse ( ,s*ill]1 ,dewey1 & myself are panoramas ( diff]5t ext5t1 & t :at ! "o po/ulates explicitly ! o!r provisionally leaves only 9 a /ate ( implication1 :ile ! read] !reupon consid]s x to be d5i$4 ,s*ill]'s univ]se is ! smalle/1 be+ ess5tially a psy*ological "o4 ,he />ts ) b "o sort ( ?+1 tru?-claims1 b is l$ ultimately to ! indep5d5t objective facts :i* !y ass]t1 inasmu* z ! mo/ successfully validat$ ( all claims is t su* facts are !re4 ,my univ]se is m ess5tially epi/emological4 ,i />t ) two ?+s1 ! objective facts & ! claims1 & indicate :i* claims1 ! facts be+ !re1 w "w successfully z ! latt]'s sub/itutes & :i* w n4 ,i call ! =m] claims true4 ,dewey's panorama1 if ,i und]/& ?is colleague1 is ! wide/ ( ! ?ree1 b ,i refra9 f giv+ my own acc\nt ( its complexity4 ,suffice x t he holds z firmly z ,i d to objects indep5d5t ( our judgm5ts4 ,if ,i am wrong 9 say+ ?is1 he mu/ correct me4 ,i decl9e 9 ?is matt] to be correct$ at second h&4 ,i h n pret5d$ 9 ! foll[+ pages to consid] all ! critics ( my acc\nt ( tru?1 su* z ,messrs4 ,taylor1 ,lovejoy1 ,g>d9]1 ,bakewell1 ,creighton1 ,hibb51 ,p>odi1 ,salt]1 ,c>us1 ,lal&e1 ,m5tre1 ,mc,taggart1 ,g4 ,e4 ,moore1 ,ladd & o!rs1 especially n ,pr(essor ,s*9z1 :o has publi%$ "u ! title ( ,anti-pragmatisme an amus+ sociological romance4 ,"s ( ^! critics seem to me to labor "u an inability almo/ pa!tic1 to und]/& ! !sis :i* !y seek to refute4 ,i imag9e t mo/ ( _! difficulties h be5 answ]$ by anticipation else:]e 9 ?is volume1 & ,i am sure t my read]s w ?ank me = n add+ m repetition to ! fe>ful am\nt t is already !re4 #ie ,,irv+ ,,/41 ,,cambridge 7,,mass471 ,augu/1 #aiji4 ,,cont5ts ,i ,,! ,,function ,,( ,,cognition ,,ii ,,! ,,tig]s ,,9 ,,india ,,iii ,,humanism ,,& ,,tru? ,,iv ,,! ,,relation ,,betwe5 ,,kn[] ,,& ,,kn[n ,v ,,! ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,humanism ,,vi ,a ,,^w ,,m ,,ab\t ,,tru? ,,vii ,,pr(essor ,,pratt ,,on ,,tru? ,,viii ,,! ,,pragmati/ ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,tru? ,,& ,,its ,,mis-,,und]/&]s ,,ix ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,! ,,^w ,,tru? ,x ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,julius ,,caes> ,,xi ,,! ,,absolute ,,& ,,! ,,/r5u\s ,,life ,,xii ,,pr(essor ,,heb]t ,,on ,,pragmatism ,,xiii ,,ab/ractionism ,,& ',,relativismus' ,,xiv ,,two ,,engli% ,,critics ,,xv ,a ,,dialogue ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,tru? ,i ,,! ,,function ,,( ,,cognition ,footnote3 ,read be=e ! ,ari/otelian ,society1 ,decemb] #a1 #ahhd1 & fir/ publi%$ 9 ,m9d1 vol4 x 7#ahhe74--,?is1 & ! foll[+ articles h receiv$ a v slight v]bal revision1 consi/+ mo/ly 9 ! omission ( r$undancy4 ,! foll[+ inquiry is 7to use a di/9ction famili> to read]s ( ,mr4 ,%adwor? ,hodgson7 n an inquiry into ! 'h[ x comes1' b into ! ':at x is' ( cognition4 ,:at we call acts ( cognition are evid5tly realiz$ ?r\gh :at we call bra9s & _! ev5ts1 :e!r !re be 's\ls' dynamically connect$ ) ! bra9s or n4 ,b ) nei!r bra9s nor s\ls has ?is essay any bus9ess to transact4 ,9 x we %all simply assume t cognition ,,is produc$1 someh[1 & limit ourselves to ask+ :at elem5ts x conta9s1 :at factors x implies4 ,cognition is a function ( consci\sness4 ,! fir/ factor x implies is !re=e a /ate ( consci\sness :]e9 ! cognition %all take place4 ,hav+ else:]e us$ ! ^w 'feel+' to designate g5]ically all /ates ( consci\sness consid]$ subjectively1 or )\t respect to _! possible function1 ,i %all !n say t1 :atev] elem5ts an act ( cognition may imply besides1 x at lea/ implies ! exi/5ce ( a ,,feel+4 ,if ! read] %>e ! curr5t antipa?y to ! ^w 'feel+1' he may sub/itute = x1 :]ev] ,i use x1 ! ^w 'idea1' tak5 9 ! old broad ,lockian s5se1 or he may use ! clumsy phrase '/ate ( consci\sness1' or f9ally he may say '?\ght' in/ead4 ,n[ x is to be obs]v$ t ! common cons5t ( mank9d has agre$ t "s feel+s are cognitive & "s are simple facts hav+ a subjective1 or1 :at "o might almo/ call a physical1 exi/5ce1 b no su* self-transc5d5t function z w\ld be impli$ 9 _! be+ pieces ( k4 ,our task is aga9 limit$ "h4 ,we are n to ask1 ',h[ is self-transc5d5ce possible8' ,we are only to ask1 ',h[ comes x t common s5se has assign$ a numb] ( cases 9 :i* x is assum$ n only to be possible b actual8 ,& :at are ! m>ks us$ by common s5se to di/+ui% ^? cases f ! re/8' ,9 %ort1 our inquiry is a *apt] 9 descriptive psy*ology1--h>dly any?+ m4 ,condillac emb>k$ on a que/ simil> to ?is by 8 fam\s hypo!sis ( a /atue to :i* v>i\s feel+s 7 successively imp>t$4 ,its fir/ feel+ 0 suppos$ to be "o ( fragrance4 ,b to avoid all possible complication ) ! "q ( g5esis1 let u n attribute ev5 to a /atue ! possession ( our imag9>y feel+4 ,let u r suppose x atta*$ to no matt]1 nor localiz$ at any po9t 9 space1 b left sw++ ,,9 ,,vacuo1 z x 71 by ! direct creative ,,fiat ( a god4 ,& let u also1 to escape entanglem5t ) difficulties ab\t ! physical or psy*ical nature ( its 'object' n call x a feel+ ( fragrance or ( any o!r det]m9ate sort1 b limit ourselves to assum+ t x is a feel+ ( ,q4 ,:at is true ( x "u ?is ab/ract "n w be no less true ( x 9 any m p>ticul> %ape 7su* z fragrance1 pa91 h>dness7 :i* ! read] may suppose4 ,n[1 if ?is feel+ ( ,q be ! only creation ( ! god1 x w ( c\rse =m ! entire univ]se4 ,& if1 to escape ! cavils ( t l>ge class ( p]sons :o believe t ,,semp] ,,idem ,,s5tire ,,ac ,,non ,,s5tire are ! same1 ,footnote3#a ',! ,relativity ( ,k1' held 9 ?is s5se1 is1 x may be obs]v$ 9 pass+1 "o ( ! odde/ ( philosophic sup]/itions4 ,:atev] facts may be cit$ 9 its favor are due to ! prop]ties ( n]ve-tissue1 :i* may be exhau/$ by too prolong$ an excitem5t4 ,pati5ts ) neuralgias t la/ unremitt+ly = days c1 h[ev]1 assure u t ! limits ( ?is n]ve-law are pretty widely drawn4 ,b if we physically c\ld get a feel+ t %\ld la/ et]nally un*ang$1 :at atom ( logical or psy*ological argum5t is !re to prove t x w\ld n be felt z long z x la/$1 & felt = j :at x is1 all t "t8 ,! reason = ! opposite prejudice seems to be our reluctance to ?9k t s /upid a ?+ z su* a feel+ w\ld necess>ily be1 %\ld be all[$ to fill et]nity ) its pres5ce4 ,an int]m9able acqua9tance1 lead+ to no k-ab\t1--su* w\ld be its condition4 we all[ ! feel+ to be ( z %ort a duration z !y l1 t univ]se w only ne$ to la/ an inf9itesimal "p ( a second4 ,! feel+ 9 "q w ?us be r$uc$ to its fight+ weight1 & all t befalls x 9 ! way ( a cognitive function mu/ be held to befall 9 ! brief in/ant ( its quickly snuff$-out life1--a life1 x w also be notic$1 t has no o!r mom5t ( consci\sness ei!r prec$+ or foll[+ x4 ,well n[1 c our little feel+1 ?us left alone 9 ! univ]se1--= ! god & we psy*ological critics may be suppos$ left out ( ! acc\nt1--c ! feel+1 ,i say1 be said to h any sort ( a cognitive function8 ,= x to ,,"k1 !re mu/ be some?+ to be kn[n4 ,:at is !re1 on ! pres5t supposition8 ,"o may reply1 '! feel+'s cont5t q4' ,b does x n seem m prop] to call ?is ! feel+'s ,,quality ?an its cont5t8 ,does n ! ^w 'cont5t' sugge/ t ! feel+ has already dirempt$ itself z an act f its cont5t z an object8 ,& w\ld x be q safe to assume s promptly t ! quality q ( a feel+ is "o & ! same ?+ ) a feel+ ( ! quality q8 ,! quality q1 s f>1 is an entirely subjective fact :i* ! feel+ c>ries s to speak endog5\sly1 or 9 its pocket4 ,if any "o pleases to dignify s simple a fact z ?is by ! "n ( k1 ( c\rse no?+ c prev5t him4 ,b let u keep clos] to ! pa? ( common usage1 & res]ve ! "n k = ! cognition ( 'realities1' mean+ by realities ?+s t exi/ indep5d5tly ( ! feel+ ?r\gh :i* _! cognition occurs4 ,if ! cont5t ( ! feel+ occur n[h]e 9 ! univ]se outside ( ! feel+ itself1 & p]i% ) ! feel+1 common usage refuses to call x a reality1 & br&s x z a subjective feature ( ! feel+'s con/itution1 or at ! mo/ z ! feel+'s ,,dream4 ,= ! feel+ to be cognitive 9 ! specific s5se1 !n1 x mu/ be self-transc5d5t2 & we mu/ prevail ^u ! god to ,,create ,a ,,reality ,,outside ,,( ,,x to correspond to its intr9sic quality ,q4 ,?us only c x be r$eem$ f ! condition ( be+ a solipsism4 ,if n[ ! new creat$ reality ,,resemble ! feel+'s quality ,q ,i say t ! feel+ may be held by u ,,to ,,be ,,cognizant ,,( ,,t ,,reality4 ,?is fir/ in/alm5t ( my !sis is sure to be attack$4 ,b "o ^w be=e def5d+ x ',reality' has become our w>rant = call+ a feel+ cognitive2 b :at becomes our w>rant = call+ any?+ reality8 ,! only reply is--! fai? ( ! pres5t critic or inquir]4 ,at e mom5t ( 8 life he f9ds himself subject to a belief 9 ,,"s realities1 ev5 ?\gh 8 realities ( ?is ye> %\ld prove to be 8 illusions ( ! next4 ,:5ev] he f9ds t ! feel+ he is /udy+ contemplates :at he himself reg>ds z a reality1 he mu/ ( c\rse admit ! feel+ itself to be truly cognitive4 ,we are ourselves ! critics "h2 & we %all f9d our burd5 mu* light5$ by be+ all[$ to take reality 9 ?is relative & provisional way4 ,e sci5ce mu/ make "s assumptions4 ,erk5ntnis/heoretik] are b fallible mortals4 ,:5 !y /udy ! function ( cognition1 !y d x by means ( ! same function 9 !mselves4 ,& kn[+ t ! f\nta9 _c g high] ?an its s\rce1 we %\ld promptly confess t our results 9 ?is field are affect$ by our own liability to err4 ,,! ,,mo/ ,,we ,,c ,,claim ,,is1 ,,t ,,:at ,,we ,,say ,,ab\t ,,cognition ,,may ,,be ,,c\nt$ ,,z ,,true ,,z ,,:at ,,we ,,say ,,ab\t ,,any?+ ,,else4 ,if our he>]s agree ) u ab\t :at are to be held 'realities1' !y w p]haps also agree to ! reality ( our doctr9e ( ! way 9 :i* !y are kn[n4 ,we _c ask = m4 ,our t]m9ology %all foll[ ! _s ( ^! rem>ks4 ,we w d5y ! function ( k to any feel+ ^: quality or cont5t we d n ourselves believe to exi/ outside ( t feel+ z well z 9 x4 ,we may call su* a feel+ a dream if we l2 we %all h to see lat] :e!r we c call x a fiction or an error4 ,to rev]t n[ to our !sis4 ,"s p]sons w imm$iately cry out1 ',h[ ,,c a reality resemble a feel+8' ,"h we f9d h[ wise we 7 to "n ! quality ( ! feel+ by an algebraic lett] ,q4 ,we flank ! :ole difficulty ( resemblance betwe5 an inn] /ate & an outw>d reality1 by leav+ x free to any "o to po/ulate z ! reality :atev] sort ( ?+ he ?9ks ,,c resemble a feel+1--if n an outw>d ?+1 !n ano!r feel+ l ! fir/ "o1--! m]e feel+ ,q 9 ! critic's m9d = example4 ,evad+ ?us ?is objection1 we turn to ano!r :i* is sure to be urg$4 ,x w come f ^? philosoph]s to :om '?\ght1' 9 ! s5se ( a k ( relations1 is ! all 9 all ( m5tal life2 & :o hold a m]ely feel+ consci\sness to be no bett]--"o w\ld sometimes say f _! utt]ances1 a good deal worse--?an no consci\sness at all4 ,su* phrases z ^!1 = example1 are common to-day 9 ! m\?s ( ^? :o claim to walk 9 ! footpr9ts ( ,kant & ,hegel r ?an 9 ! ance/ral ,engli% pa?s3 ',a p]ception deta*$ f all o!rs1 left out ( ! heap we call a m9d1 be+ out ( all relation1 has no qualities--is simply no?+4 ,we c no m consid] x ?an we c see vacancy4' ',x is simply 9 itself fleet+1 mom5t>y1 unnameable 7because :ile we "n x x has become ano!r71 & = ! v same reason unkn[able1 ! v negation ( kn[ability4' ',exclude f :at we h consid]$ real all qualities con/itut$ by relation1 we f9d t none are left4' ,al?o su* citations z ^! f ! writ+s ( ,pr(essor ,gre5 might be multipli$ almo/ indef9itely1 !y w\ld h>dly repay ! pa9s ( collection1 s egregi\sly false is ! doctr9e !y tea*4 ,our little suppos$ feel+1 :atev] x may be1 f ! cognitive po9t ( view1 :e!r a bit ( k or a dream1 is c]ta9ly no psy*ical z]o4 ,x is a mo/ positively & def9itely qualifi$ inn] fact1 ) a complexion all its own4 ,( c\rse !re are _m m5tal facts :i* x is ,,n4 ,x kn[s ,q1 if ,q be a reality1 ) a v m9imum ( k4 ,x nei!r dates nor locates x4 ,x nei!r classes nor names x4 ,& x nei!r kn[s itself z a feel+1 nor contra/s itself ) o!r feel+s1 nor e/imates its own duration or int5sity4 ,x is1 9 %ort1 if !re is no m ( x ?an ?is1 a mo/ dumb & helpless & useless k9d ( ?+4 ,b if we mu/ describe x by s _m negations1 & if x c say no?+ ,,ab\t itself or ,,ab\t any?+ else1 by :at "r d we d5y t x is a psy*ical z]o8 ,& may n ! 'relationi/s' be "r aft] all8 ,9 ! innoc5t look+ ^w 'ab\t' lies ! solution ( ?is riddle2 & a simple en\gh solution x is :5 frankly look$ at4 ,a quotation f a too seldom quot$ book1 ! ,exploratio ,philosophica ( ,john ,grote 7,london1 #ahfe71 p4 #fj1 w =m ! be/ introduction to x4 ',our k1' writes ,grote1 'may be contemplat$ 9 ei!r ( two ways1 or1 to use o!r words1 we may speak 9 a d\ble mann] ( ! object ( k4 ,t is1 we may ei!r use language ?us3 we ,,"k a ?+1 a man1 etc42 or we may use x ?us3 we "k su* & su* ?+s ,,ab\t ! ?+1 ! man1 etc4 ,language 9 g5]al1 foll[+ its true logical in/9ct1 di/+ui%es betwe5 ^! two applications ( ! notion ( k1 ! "o be+ yvwvai1 nosc]e1 k5n51 connaitre1 ! o!r be+ eidevai1 scire1 wiss51 savoir4 ,9 ! orig91 ! =m] may be consid]$ m :at ,i h call$ ph5om5al--x is ! notion ( k z ,,acqua9tance or famili>ity ) :at is kn[n2 :i* notion is p]haps m ak9 to ! ph5om5al bodily communication1 & is less purely intellectual ?an ! o!r2 x is ! k9d ( k :i* we h ( a ?+ by ! pres5tation to ! s5ses or ! repres5tation ( x 9 picture or type1 a ,vor/ellung4 ,! o!r1 :i* is :at we express 9 judgm5ts or propositions1 :at is embodi$ 9 ,begriffe or concepts )\t any necess>y imag9ative repres5tation1 is 9 its orig9 ! m intellectual notion ( k4 ,!re is no reason1 h[ev]1 :y we %\ld n express our k1 :atev] its k9d1 9 ei!r mann]1 provid$ only we d n confus$ly express x1 9 ! same proposition or piece ( reason+1 9 bo?4' ,n[ obvi\sly if our suppos$ feel+ ( ,q is 7if k at all7 only k ( ! m]e acqua9tance-type1 x is milk+ a he-goat1 z ! anci5ts w\ld h said1 to try to extract f x any deliv]ance ,,ab\t any?+ "u ! sun1 ev5 ab\t itself4 ,& x is z unju/1 aft] our failure1 to turn ^u x & call x a psy*ical no?+1 z x w\ld be1 aft] our fruitless attack ^u ! billy-goat1 to proclaim ! non-lactif]\s "* ( ! :ole goat-tribe4 ,b ! entire indu/ry ( ! ,hegelian s*ool 9 try+ to %ove simple s5sation out ( ! pale ( philosophic recognition is f\nd$ on ?is false issue4 ,x is always ! 'spee*lessness' ( s5sation1 its inability to make any '/atem5t1',footnote3 ,see1 = example1 ,gre5's ,introduction to ,hume's ,treatise ( ,human ,nature1 p4 #cf4 t is held to make ! v notion ( x mean+less1 & to ju/ify ! /ud5t ( k 9 sc\t+ x out ( exi/5ce4 ',significance1' 9 ! s5se ( /&+ z ! sign ( o!r m5tal /ates1 is tak5 to be ! sole function ( :at m5tal /ates we h2 & f ! p]ception t our little primitive s5sation has z yet no significance 9 ?is lit]al s5se1 x is an easy /ep to call x fir/ mean+less1 next s5seless1 !n vacu\s1 & f9ally to br& x z absurd & inadmissible4 ,b 9 ?is univ]sal liquidation1 ?is ev]la/+ slip1 slip1 slip1 ( direct acqua9tance into k-,,ab\t1 until at la/ no?+ is left ab\t :i* ! k c be suppos$ to obta91 does n all 'significance' dep>t f ! situation8 ,& :5 our k ab\t ?+s has rea*$ its nev] s complicat$ p]fection1 mu/ !re n ne$s abide alongside ( x & inextricably mix$ 9 ) x "s acqua9tance ) ,,:at ?+s all ?is k is ab\t8 ,n[1 our suppos$ little feel+ gives a ,,:at2 & if o!r feel+s %\ld succe$ :i* rememb] ! fir/1 its ,,:at may /& z subject or pr$icate ( "s piece ( k-ab\t1 ( "s judgm5t1 p]ceiv+ relations betwe5 x & o!r ,,:ats :i* ! o!r feel+s may "k4 ,! hi!rto dumb ,q w !n receive a "n & be no long] spee*less4 ,b e "n1 z /ud5ts ( logic "k1 has its 'd5otation'2 & ! d5otation always means "s reality or cont5t1 relationless z extra or ) its int]nal relations unanalyz$1 l ! ,q :i* our primitive s5sation is suppos$ to "k4 ,no relation-express+ proposition is possible except on ! basis ( a prelim9>y acqua9tance ) su* 'facts1' ) su* cont5ts1 z ?is4 ,let ! ,q be fragrance1 let x be too?a*e1 or let x be a m complex k9d ( feel+1 l t ( ! full-moon swimm+ 9 h] blue abyss1 x mu/ fir/ come 9 t simple %ape1 & be held fa/ 9 t fir/ int5tion1 be=e any k ,,ab\t x c be atta9$4 ,! k ,,ab\t x is ,,x ) a context add$4 ,undo ,,x1 & :at is add$ _c be ,c,o,ntext4 ,footnote3 ,if ,a ent]s & ,b exclaims1 ',didn't y see my bro!r on ! /airs8' we all hold t ,a may answ]1 ',i saw him1 b didn't "k he 0 y\r bro!r'2 ignorance ( bro!rhood n aboli%+ p[] to see4 ,b ^? :o1 on acc\nt ( ! unrelat$ness ( ! fir/ facts ) :i* we become acqua9t$1 d5y !m to be 'kn[n' to u1 ought 9 consi/5cy to ma9ta9 t if ,a did n p]ceive ! relation%ip ( ! man on ! /airs to ,b1 x 0 impossible he %\ld h notic$ him at all4 ,let u say no m !n ab\t ?is objection1 b enl>ge our !sis1 ?us3 ,if !re be 9 ! univ]se a ,q o!r ?an ! ,q 9 ! feel+1 ! latt] may h acqua9tance ) an entity ejective to itself2 an acqua9tance moreov]1 :i*1 z m]e acqua9tance1 x w\ld be h>d to imag9e susceptible ei!r ( improvem5t or increase1 be+ 9 its way complete2 & :i* w\ld oblige u 7s long z we refuse n to call acqua9tance k7 to say n only t ! feel+ is cognitive1 b t all qualities ( feel+1 ,,s ,,long ,,z ,,!re ,,is ,,any?+ ,,outside ,,( ,,!m ,,:i* ,,!y ,,resemble1 are feel+s ,,( qualities ( exi/5ce1 & p]ceptions ( outw>d fact4 ,! po9t ( ?is v9dication ( ! cognitive function ( ! fir/ feel+ lies1 x w be notic$1 9 ! discov]y t q does exi/ else:]e ?an 9 x4 ,9 case ?is discov]y 7 n made1 we c\ld n be sure ! feel+ 0 cognitive2 & 9 case !re 7 no?+ outside to be discov]$1 we %\ld h to call ! feel+ a dream4 ,b ! feel+ itself _c make ! discov]y4 ,its own q is ! only q x grasps2 & its own nature is n a p>ticle alt]$ by hav+ ! self-transc5d5t function ( cognition ei!r add$ to x or tak5 away4 ,! function is accid5tal2 syn!tic1 n analytic2 & falls outside & n inside its be+4 ,footnote3 ,x seems odd to call s important a function accid5tal1 b ,i d n see h[ we c m5d ! matt]4 ,j z1 if we />t ) ! reality & ask h[ x may come to be kn[n1 we c only reply by invok+ a feel+ :i* %all ,,recon/ruct x 9 its own m private fa%ion2 s1 if we />t ) ! feel+ & ask h[ x may come to "k1 we c only reply by invok+ a reality :i* %all ,,recon/ruct x 9 its own m public fa%ion4 ,9 ei!r case1 h[ev]1 ! datum we />t ) rema9s j :at x 04 ,"o may easily get lo/ 9 v]bal my/]ies ab\t ! diff]5ce betwe5 quality ( feel+ & feel+ ( quality1 betwe5 receiv+ & recon/ruct+ ! k ( a reality4 ,b at ! end we mu/ confess t ! notion ( real cognition involves an unm$iat$ dualism ( ! kn[] & ! kn[n4 ,see ,b[ne's ,metaphysics1 ,new ,york1 #ahhb1 pp4 #djc-dab1 & v>i\s passages 9 ,lotze1 e4g41 ,logic1 ,sec4 #cjh4 ',unm$iat$' is a bad ^w to h us$4--#aiji4 ,a feel+ feels z a gun %oots4 ,if !re be no?+ to be felt or hit1 !y dis*>ge !mselves ins blaue h9e94 ,if1 h[ev]1 some?+ />ts up opposite !m1 !y no long] simply %oot or feel1 !y hit & "k4 ,b ) ?is arises a worse objection ?an any yet made4 ,we ! critics look on & see a real q & a feel+ ( q2 & because ! two resemble ea* o!r1 we say ! "o kn[s ! o!r4 ,b :at "r h we to say ?is until we "k t ! feel+ ( q means to /& = or repres5t j t ,,same o!r q8 ,suppose1 in/ead ( "o q1 a numb] ( real q's 9 ! field4 ,if ! gun %oots & hits1 we c easily see :i* "o ( !m x hits4 ,b h[ c we di/+ui% :i* "o ! feel+ kn[s8 ,x kn[s ! "o x /&s =4 ,b :i* "o ,,does x /& =8 ,x decl>es no int5tion 9 ?is respect4 ,x m]ely resembles2 x resembles all indiff]5tly2 & resembl+1 p] se1 is n necess>ily repres5t+ or /&+-= at all4 ,eggs resemble ea* o!r1 b d n on t acc\nt repres5t1 /& =1 or "k ea* o!r4 ,& if y say ?is is because nei!r ( !m is a ,,feel+1 !n imag9e ! _w to consi/ ( no?+ b too?a*es1 :i* ,,are feel+s1 feel+s resembl+ ea* o!r exactly1--w\ld !y "k ea* o!r ! bett] = all t8 ,! case ( q be+ a b>e quality l t ( too?a*e-pa9 is q diff]5t f t ( its be+ a concrete individual ?+4 ,!re is practically no te/ = decid+ :e!r ! feel+ ( a b>e quality means to repres5t x or n4 ,x c ,,d no?+ to ! quality beyond resembl+ x1 simply because an ab/ract quality is a ?+ to :i* no?+ c be done4 ,be+ )\t context or environm5t or pr9cipium individuationis1 a quiddity ) no haecceity1 a platonic idea1 ev5 duplicate editions ( su* a quality 77 !y possible71 w\ld be indisc]nible1 & no sign c\ld be giv51 no result alt]$1 :e!r ! feel+ ,i meant to /& = ?is edition or = t1 or :e!r x simply resembl$ ! quality )\t mean+ to /& = x at all4 ,if n[ we grant a g5u9e pluralism ( editions to ! quality q1 by assign+ to ea* a ,,context :i* %all di/+ui% x f its mates1 we may proce$ to expla9 :i* edition ( x ! feel+ kn[s1 by ext5d+ our pr9ciple ( resemblance to ! context too1 & say+ ! feel+ kn[s ! p>ticul> q ^: context x mo/ exactly duplicates4 ,b "h aga9 ! !oretic d\bt recurs3 duplication & co9cid5ce1 are !y k8 ,! gun %[s :i* q x po9ts to & hits1 by ,,break+ x4 ,until ! feel+ c %[ u :i* q x po9ts to & kn[s1 by "s equally flagrant tok51 :y are we n free to d5y t x ei!r po9ts to or kn[s any "o ( ! ,,real q's at all1 & to affirm t ! ^w 'resemblance' exhau/ively describes its relation to ! reality8 ,well1 z a matt] ( fact1 e actual feel+ ,,does %[ u1 q z flagrantly z ! gun1 :i* q x po9ts to2 & practically 9 concrete cases ! matt] is decid$ by an elem5t we h hi!rto left out4 ,let u pass f ab/ractions to possible in/ances1 & ask our oblig+ deus ex ma*9a to frame = u a ri*] _w4 ,let him s5d me1 = example1 a dream ( ! dea? ( a c]ta9 man1 & let him simultane\sly cause ! man to die4 ,h[ w\ld our practical in/9ct spontane\sly decide :e!r ?is 7 a case ( cognition ( ! reality1 or only a sort ( m>vell\s co9cid5ce ( a resembl+ reality ) my dream8 ,j su* puzzl+ cases z ?is are :at ! 'society = psy*ical rese>*' is busily collect+ & try+ to int]pret 9 ! mo/ reasonable way4 ,if my dream 7 ! only "o ( ! k9d ,i ev] _h 9 my life1 if ! context ( ! dea? 9 ! dream diff]$ 9 _m p>ticul>s f ! real dea?'s context1 & if my dream l$ me to no action ab\t ! dea?1 unque/ionably we %\ld all call x a /range co9cid5ce1 & naught besides4 ,b if ! dea? 9 ! dream _h a long context1 agree+ po9t = po9t ) e feature t att5d$ ! real dea?2 if ,i 7 con/antly hav+ su* dreams1 all equally p]fect1 & if on awak+ ,i _h a habit ( ,,act+ imm$iately z if !y 7 true & s gett+ '! />t' ( my m t>dily in/ruct$ neighbors1--we %\ld 9 all probability h to admit t ,i _h "s my/]i\s k9d ( clairvoyant p[]1 t my dreams 9 an inscrutable way meant j ^? realities !y figur$1 & t ! ^w 'co9cid5ce' fail$ to t\* ! root ( ! matt]4 ,& :atev] d\bts any "o pres]v$ w\ld completely vani%1 if x %\ld appe> t f ! mid/ ( my dream ,i _h ! p[] ( ,,int]f]+ ) ! c\rse ( ! reality1 & mak+ ! ev5ts 9 x turn ?is way or t1 accord+ z ,i dream$ !y %\ld4 ,!n at lea/ x w\ld be c]ta9 t my wak+ critics & my dream+ self 7 deal+ ) ! ,,same4 ,& ?us d m5 inv>iably decide su* a "q4 ,,! ,,fall+ ,,( ,,! ,,dream',s ,,practical ,,consequ5ces into ! real _w1 & ! ,,ext5t ( ! resemblance betwe5 ! two worlds are ! crit]ia !y in/9ctively use4 ,footnote3 ,! ?or\ghgo+ objector might1 x is true1 /ill return to ! *>ge1 &1 grant+ a dream :i* %\ld completely mirror ! real univ]se1 & all ! actions dream$ 9 :i* %\ld be in/antly mat*$ by duplicate actions 9 ?is univ]se1 /ill insi/ t ?is is no?+ m ?an h>mony1 & t x is z f> z ev] f be+ made cle> :e!r ! dream-_w ref]s to t o!r _w1 all ( ^: details x s closely copies4 ,?is objection leads deep into metaphysics4 ,i d n impugn its importance1 & ju/ice obliges me to say t b = ! tea*+s ( my colleague1 ,dr4 ,josiah ,royce1 ,i %\ld nei!r h grasp$ its full =ce nor made my own practical & psy*ological po9t ( view z cle> to myself z x is4 ,on ?is occasion ,i pref] to /ick /eadfa/ly to t po9t ( view2 b ,i hope t ,dr4 ,royce's m fundam5tal criticism ( ! function ( cognition may ere long see ! light4 ,i ref]r$ 9 ?is note to ,royce's religi\s aspect ( philosophy1 !n ab\t to be publi%$4 ,?is p[]ful book ma9ta9$ t ! notion ( ,,ref]r+ involv$ t ( an inclusive m9d t %all own bo? ! real q & ! m5tal q1 & use ! latt] expressly z a repres5tative symbol ( ! =m]4 ,at ! "t ,i c\ld n refute ?is transc5d5tali/ op9ion4 ,lat]1 l>gely ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,pr(essor ,d4 ,s4 ,mill] 7see 8 essay ',! mean+ ( tru? & error1' 9 ! ,philosophical ,review = #ahic1 vol4 #b p4 #djc7 ,i came to see t any def9itely exp]i5ceable work+s w\ld s]ve z int]m$i>ies q z well z ! absolute m9d's int5tions w\ld4 ,all feel+ is = ! sake ( action1 all feel+ results 9 action1--to-day no argum5t is ne$$ to prove ^! tru?s4 ,b by a mo/ s+ul> disposition ( nature :i* we may conceive to h be5 diff]5t1 ,,my ,,feel+s ,,act ,,^u ,,! ,,realities ,,)9 ,,my ,,critic',s ,,_w4 ,unless1 !n1 my critic c prove t my feel+ does n 'po9t to' ^? realities :i* x acts ^u1 h[ c he cont9ue to d\bt t he & ,i are alike cognizant ( "o & ! same real _w8 ,if ! action is p]=m$ 9 "o _w1 t mu/ be ! _w ! feel+ int5ds2 if 9 ano!r _w1 ,,t is ! _w ! feel+ has 9 m9d4 ,if y\r feel+ be> no fruits 9 my _w1 ,i call x utt]ly deta*$ f my _w2 ,i call x a solipsism1 & call its _w a dream-_w4 ,if y\r too?a*e d n prompt y to ,,act z if ,i _h a too?a*e1 nor ev5 z if ,i _h a sep>ate exi/5ce2 if y nei!r say to me1 ',i "k n[ h[ y mu/ suff]6' nor tell me ( a rem$y1 ,i d5y t y\r feel+1 h[ev] x may resemble m9e1 is really cognizant ( m9e4 ,x gives no ,,sign ( be+ cognizant1 & su* a sign is absolutely necess>y to my admission t x is4 ,be=e ,i c ?9k y to mean my _w1 y mu/ affect my _w2 be=e ,i c ?9k y to mean mu* ( x1 y mu/ affect mu* ( x2 & be=e ,i c be sure y mean x ,,z ,i ,,d1 y mu/ affect x ,,j ,,z ,i ,,%\ld if ,i 7 9 y\r place4 ,!n ,i1 y\r critic1 w gladly believe t we are ?9k+1 n only ( ! same reality1 b t we are ?9k+ x ,,alike1 & ?9k+ ( mu* ( its ext5t4 ,)\t ! practical effects ( our neighbor's feel+s on our own _w1 we %\ld nev] suspect ! exi/5ce ( our neighbor's feel+s at all1 & ( c\rse %\ld nev] f9d ourselves play+ ! critic z we d 9 ?is article4 ,! con/itution ( nature is v peculi>4 ,9 ! _w ( ea* ( u are c]ta9 objects call$ human bodies1 :i* move ab\t & act on all ! o!r objects !re1 & ! occasions ( _! action are 9 ! ma9 :at ! occasions ( our action w\ld be1 7 !y our bodies4 ,!y use words & ge/ures1 :i*1 if we us$ !m1 w\ld h ?\ghts beh9d !m1--no m]e ?\ghts ub]haupt1 h[ev]1 b /rictly det]m9ate ?\ghts4 ,i ?9k y h ! notion ( fire 9 g5]al1 because ,i see y act t[>ds ?is fire 9 my room j z ,i act t[>ds x1--poke x & pres5t y\r p]son t[>ds x1 & s =?4 ,b t b9ds me to believe t if y feel 'fire' at all1 ,,?is is ! fire y feel4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 :5ev] we con/itute ourselves into psy*ological critics1 x is n by d9t ( discov]+ :i* reality a feel+ 'resembles' t we f9d out :i* reality x means4 ,we become fir/ aw>e ( :i* "o x means1 & !n we suppose t to be ! "o x resembles4 ,we see ea* o!r look+ at ! same objects1 po9t+ to !m & turn+ !m ov] 9 v>i\s ways1 & !reupon we hope & tru/ t all ( our sev]al feel+s resemble ! reality & ea* o!r4 ,b ?is is a ?+ ( :i* we are nev] !oretically sure4 ,/ill1 x w\ld practically be a case ( grubelsu*t1 if a ruffian 7 assault+ & drubb+ my body1 to sp5d mu* "t 9 subtle speculation ei!r z to :e!r 8 vision ( my body resembl$ m9e1 or z to :e!r ! body he really ,,meant to insult 7 n "s body 9 8 m9d's eye1 altoge!r o!r f my own4 ,! practical po9t ( view bru%es su* metaphysical cobwebs away4 ,if :at he h 9 m9d be n ,,my body1 :y call we x a body at all8 ,8 m9d is inf]r$ by me z a t]m1 to ^: exi/5ce we trace ! ?+s t happ54 ,! inf]5ce is q void if ! t]m1 once inf]r$1 be sep>at$ f its connection ) ! body t made me inf] x1 & connect$ ) ano!r t is n m9e at all4 ,no matt] = ! metaphysical puzzle ( h[ our two m9ds1 ! ruffian's & m9e1 c mean ! same body4 ,m5 :o see ea* o!r's bodies %>+ ! same space1 tread+ ! same e>?1 spla%+ ! same wat]1 mak+ ! same air resonant1 & pursu+ ! same game & eat+ out ( ! same di%1 w nev] practically believe 9 a pluralism ( solipsi/ic worlds4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 ! actions ( "o m9d seem to take no effect 9 ! _w ( ! o!r1 ! case is diff]5t4 ,?is is :at happ5s 9 poetry & fiction4 ,e "o kn[s ,ivanhoe1 = example2 b s long z we /ick to ! /ory pure & simple )\t reg>d to ! facts ( its production1 few w\ld hesitate to admit t !re are z _m diff]5t ,ivanhoes z !re are diff]5t m9ds cognizant ( ! /ory4 ,footnote3 ,t is1 !re is no ,,real ',ivanhoe1' n ev5 ! "o 9 ,sir ,walt] ,scott's m9d z he 0 writ+ ! /ory4 ,t "o is only ! ,,fir/ "o ( ! ,ivanhoe-solipsisms4 ,x is q true we c make x ! real ,ivanhoe if we l1 & !n say t ! o!r ,ivanhoes "k x or d n "k x1 accord+ z !y ref] to & resemble x or no4 ,?is is done by br++ 9 ,sir ,walt] ,scott himself z ! au?or ( ! real ,ivanhoe1 & s mak+ a complex object ( bo?4 ,?is object1 h[ev]1 is n a /ory pure & simple4 ,x has dynamic relations ) ! _w common to ! exp]i5ce ( all ! read]s4 ,sir ,walt] ,scott's ,ivanhoe got itself pr9t$ 9 volumes :i* we all c h&le1 & to any "o ( :i* we c ref] to see :i* ( our v]sions be ! true "o1 i4e41 ! orig9al "o ( ,scott himself4 ,we c see ! manuscript2 9 %ort we c get back to ! ,ivanhoe 9 ,scott's m9d by _m an av5ue & *annel ( ?is real _w ( our exp]i5ce1--a ?+ we c by no means d ) ei!r ! ,ivanhoe or ! ,rebecca1 ei!r ! ,templ> or ! ,isaac ( ,york1 ( ! /ory tak5 simply z su*1 & deta*$ f ! conditions ( its production4 ,ev]y:]e1 !n1 we h ! same te/3 c we pass cont9u\sly f two objects 9 two m9ds to a ?ird object :i* seems to be 9 ,,bo? m9ds1 because ea* m9d feels e modification impr9t$ on x by ! o!r8 ,if s1 ! fir/ two objects nam$ are d]ivatives1 to say ! lea/1 f ! same ?ird object1 & may be held1 if !y resemble ea* o!r1 to ref] to "o & ! same reality4 ,! fact t all ^! ,ivanhoes ,,resemble ea* o!r does n prove ! contr>y4 ,b if an alt]ation inv5t$ by "o man 9 8 v]sion 7 to rev]b]ate imm$iately ?r\gh all ! o!r v]sions1 & produce *anges !re91 we %\ld !n easily agree t all ^! ?9k]s 7 ?9k+ ! ,,same ,ivanhoe1 & t1 fiction or no fiction1 x =m$ a little _w common to !m all4 ,hav+ rea*$ ?is po9t1 we may take up our !sis & improve x aga94 ,/ill call+ ! reality by ! "n ( q & lett+ ! critic's feel+ v\* = x1 we c say t any o!r feel+ w be held cognizant ( q1 provid$ x bo? resemble q1 & ref] to q1 z %[n by its ei!r modify+ q directly1 or modify+ "s o!r reality1 p or r1 :i* ! critic kn[s to be cont9u\s ) q4 ,or m %ortly1 ?us3 ,,! ,,feel+ ,,( q ,,kn[s ,,:atev] ,,reality ,,x ,,resembles1 ,,& ,,ei!r ,,directly ,,or ,,indirectly ,,op]ates ,,on4 ,if x resemble )\t op]at+1 x is a dream2 if x op]ate )\t resembl+1 x is an error4 ,footnote3 ,among su* errors are ^? cases 9 :i* our feel+ op]ates on a reality :i* x does p>tially resemble1 & yet does n int5d3 z = in/ance1 :5 ,i take up y\r umbrella1 mean+ to take my own4 ,i _c be said "h ei!r to "k y\r umbrella1 or my own1 :i* latt] my feel+ m completely resembles4 ,i am mi/ak+ !m bo?1 misrepres5t+ _! context1 etc4 ,we h spok5 9 ! text z if ! critic 7 necess>ily "o m9d1 & ! feel+ criticis$ ano!r4 ,b ! criticis$ feel+ & its critic may be e>li] & lat] feel+s ( ! same m9d1 & "h x might seem t we c\ld disp5se ) ! notion ( op]at+1 to prove t critic & criticis$ are ref]r+ to & mean+ to repres5t ! ,,same4 ,we ?9k we see our pa/ feel+s directly1 & "k :at !y ref] to )\t appeal4 ,at ! wor/1 we c always fix ! int5tion ( our pres5t feel+ & ,,make x ref] to ! same reality to :i* any "o ( our pa/ feel+s may h ref]r$4 ,s we ne$ no 'op]at+' "h1 to make sure t ! feel+ & its critic mean ! same real q4 ,well1 all ! bett] if ?is is s6 ,we h cov]$ ! m complex & difficult case 9 our text1 & we may let ?is easi] "o g4 ,! ma9 ?+ at pres5t is to /ick to practical psy*ology1 & ignore metaphysical difficulties4 ,"o m rem>k4 ,our =mula conta9s1 x w be obs]v$1 no?+ to correspond to ! great pr9ciple ( cognition laid d[n by ,pr(essor ,f]ri] 9 8 ,in/itutes ( ,metaphysic & app>5tly adopt$ by all ! foll[]s ( ,fi*te1 ! pr9ciple1 namely1 t = k to be con/itut$ !re mu/ be k ( ! kn[+ m9d along ) :atev] else is kn[n3 n q1 z we h suppos$1 b q ,,plus ,,myself1 mu/ be ! lea/ ,i c "k4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! common s5se ( mank9d nev] dreams ( us+ any su* pr9ciple :5 x tries to discrim9ate betwe5 consci\s /ates t are k & consci\s /ates t are n4 ,s t ,f]ri]'s pr9ciple1 if x h any relevancy at all1 mu/ h relevancy to ! metaphysical possibility ( consci\sness at l>ge1 & n to ! practically recogniz$ con/itution ( cognitive consci\sness4 ,we may !re=e pass x by )\t fur!r notice "h4 ,x is to be fe>$ t ! read] may consid] ?is =mula r insignificant & obvi\s1 & h>dly wor? ! labor ( s _m pages1 especially :5 he consid]s t ! only cases to :i* x applies are p]cepts1 & t ! :ole field ( symbolic or conceptual ?9k+ seems to elude its grasp4 ,:]e ! reality is ei!r a mat]ial ?+ or act1 or a /ate ( ! critic's consci\sness1 ,i may bo? mirror x 9 my m9d & op]ate ^u x--9 ! latt] case indirectly1 ( c\rse--z soon z ,i p]ceive x4 ,b !re are _m cognitions1 univ]sally all[$ to be su*1 :i* nei!r mirror nor op]ate on _! realities4 ,9 ! :ole field ( symbolic ?\ght we are univ]sally held bo? to int5d1 to speak (1 & to rea* conclusions ab\t--to "k 9 %ort--p>ticul> realities1 )\t hav+ 9 our subjective consci\sness any m9d-/uff t resembles !m ev5 9 a remote degree4 ,we are in/ruct$ ab\t !m by language :i* awak5s no consci\sness beyond its s\nd2 & we "k ,,:i* realities !y are by ! fa9te/ & mo/ fragm5t>y glimpse ( "s remote context !y may h & by no direct imag9ation ( !mselves4 ,z m9ds may diff] "h1 let me speak 9 ! fir/ p]son4 ,i am sure t my own curr5t ?9k+ has ,,words = its almo/ exclusive subjective mat]ial1 words :i* are made intelligible by be+ ref]r$ to "s reality t lies beyond ! horizon ( direct consci\sness1 & ( :i* ,i am only aw>e z ( a t]m9al ,,m exi/+ 9 a c]ta9 direction1 to :i* ! words might lead b d n lead yet4 ,! ,,subject1 or ,,topic1 ( ! words is usually some?+ t[>ds :i* ,i m5tally seem to pit* !m 9 a backw>d way1 almo/ z ,i might j]k my ?umb ov] my %\ld] to po9t at some?+1 )\t look+ r\nd1 if ,i 7 only entirely sure t x 0 !re4 ,! ,,up%ot1 or ,,conclusion1 ( ! words is some?+ t[>ds :i* ,i seem to incl9e my head =w>ds1 z if giv+ ass5t to its exi/5ce1 ?o all my m9d's eye cat*es sight ( may be "s tatt] ( an image connect$ ) x1 :i* tatt]1 h[ev]1 if only endu$ ) ! feel+ ( famili>ity & reality1 makes me feel t ! :ole to :i* x belongs is rational & real1 & fit to be let pass4 ,"h !n is cognitive consci\sness on a l>ge scale1 & yet :at x kn[s1 x h>dly resembles 9 ! lea/ degree4 ,! =mula la/ laid d[n = our !sis mu/ !re=e be made m complete4 ,we may n[ express x ?us3 ,a ,,p]cept ,,kn[s ,,:atev] ,,reality ,,x ,,directly ,,or ,,indirectly ,,op]ates ,,on ,,& ,,resembles2 ,,aconceptual ,,feel+1 ,,or ,,?\ght ,,kn[s ,a ,,reality1 ,,:5ev] ,,x ,,actually ,,or ,,pot5tially ,,t]m9ates ,,9 ,a ,,p]cept ,,t ,,op]ates ,,on1 ,,or ,,resembles ,,t ,,reality1 ,,or ,,is ,,o!rwise ,,connect$ ,,) ,,x ,,or ,,) ,,its ,,context4 ,! latt] p]cept may be ei!r s5sation or s5sorial idea2 & :5 ,i say ! ?\ght mu/ ,,t]m9ate 9 su* a p]cept1 ,i mean t x mu/ ultimately be capable ( lead+ up !reto1--by ! way ( practical miss+ section is an incomplete '?\ght ab\t' t reality1 t reality is its 'topic1' etc4 exp]i5ce1 if ! t]m9al feel+ be a s5sation2 by ! way ( logical or habitual sugge/ion1 if x be only an image 9 ! m9d4 ,let an illu/ration make ?is pla9]4 ,i op5 ! fir/ book ,i take up1 & read ! fir/ s5t5ce t meets my eye3 ',newton saw ! h&iwork ( ,god 9 ! heav5s z pla9ly z ,paley 9 ! animal k+dom4' ,i imm$iately look back & try to analyze ! subjective /ate 9 :i* ,i rapidly appreh5d$ ?is s5t5ce z ,i read x4 ,9 ! fir/ place !re 0 an obvi\s feel+ t ! s5t5ce 0 intelligible & rational & relat$ to ! _w ( realities4 ,!re 0 also a s5se ( agreem5t or h>mony betwe5 ',newton1' ',paley1' & ',god4' ,!re 0 no app>5t image connect$ ) ! words 'heav5s1' or 'h&iwork1' or ',god'2 !y 7 words m]ely4 ,) 'animal k+dom' ,i ?9k !re 0 ! fa9te/ consci\sness 7x may possibly h be5 an image ( ! /eps7 ( ! ,museum ( ,zoology 9 ! t[n ( ,cambridge :]e ,i write4 ,) ',paley' !re 0 an equally fa9t consci\sness ( a small d>k lea!r book2 & ) ',newton' a pretty di/9ct vision ( ! "r-h& l[] corn] ( curl+ p]iwig4 ,?is is all ! m9d-/uff ,i c discov] 9 my fir/ consci\sness ( ! mean+ ( ?is s5t5ce1 & ,i am afraid t ev5 n all ( ?is w\ld h be5 pres5t _h ,i come ^u ! s5t5ce 9 a g5u9e read+ ( ! book1 & n pick$ x out = an exp]im5t4 ,& yet my consci\sness 0 truly cognitive4 ,! s5t5ce is 'ab\t realities' :i* my psy*ological critic--= we mu/ n =get him--ackn[l$ges to be su*1 ev5 z he ackn[l$ges my di/9ct feel+ t !y ,,are realities1 & my acquiesc5ce 9 ! g5]al rightness ( :at ,i read ( !m1 to be true k on my "p4 ,n[ :at ju/ifies my critic 9 be+ z l5i5t z ?is8 ,?is s+ul>ly inadequate consci\sness ( m9e1 made up ( symbols t nei!r resemble nor affect ! realities !y /& =1--h[ c he be sure x is cognizant ( ! v realities he has himself 9 m9d8 ,he is sure because 9 c\ntless l cases he has se5 su* inadequate & symbolic ?\ghts1 by develop+ !mselves1 t]m9ate 9 p]cepts t practically modifi$ & presumably resembl$ 8 own4 ,by 'develop+' !mselves is meant obey+ _! t5d5cies1 foll[+ up ! sugge/ions nasc5tly pres5t 9 !m1 work+ 9 ! direction 9 :i* !y seem to po9t1 cle>+ up ! p5umbra1 mak+ di/9ct ! halo1 unravell+ ! fr+e1 :i* is "p ( _! composition1 & 9 ! mid/ ( :i* _! m sub/antive k]nel ( subjective cont5t seems consci\sly to lie4 ,?us ,i may develop my ?\ght 9 ! ,paley direction by procur+ ! br[n lea!r volume & br++ ! passages ab\t ! animal k+dom be=e ! critic's eyes4 ,i may satisfy him t ! words mean = me j :at !y mean = him1 by %[+ him ,,9 ,,concreto ! v animals & _! arrangem5ts1 ( :i* ! pages treat4 ,i may get ,newton's works & portraits2 or if ,i foll[ ! l9e ( sugge/ion ( ! wig1 ,i may smo!r my critic 9 sev5te5?-c5tury matt]s p]ta9+ to ,newton's environm5t1 to %[ t ! ^w ',newton' has ! same ,,locus & relations 9 bo? our m9ds4 ,f9ally ,i may1 by act & ^w1 p]suade him t :at ,i mean by ,god & ! heav5s & ! analogy ( ! h&iworks1 is j :at he means also4 ,my demon/ration 9 ! la/ resort is to 8 ,,s5ses4 ,my ?\ght makes me act on 8 s5ses mu* z he might himself act on !m1 7 he pursu+ ! consequ5ces ( a p]ception ( 8 own4 ,practically !n ,,my ?\ght t]m9ates 9 ,,8 realities4 ,he will+ly supposes x1 !re=e1 to be ,,( !m1 & inw>dly to ,,resemble :at 8 own ?\ght w\ld be1 7 x ( ! same symbolic sort z m9e4 ,& ! pivot & fulcrum & support ( 8 m5tal p]suasion1 is ! s5sible op]ation :i* my ?\ght leads me1 or may lead1 to effect--! br++ ( ,paley's book1 ( ,newton's portrait1 etc41 be=e 8 v eyes4 ,9 ! la/ analysis1 !n1 we believe t we all "k & ?9k ab\t & talk ab\t ! same _w1 because ,,we ,,believe ,,our ,,p]cepts ,,are ,,possess$ ,,by ,,u ,,9 ,,common4 ,& we believe ?is because ! p]cepts ( ea* "o ( u seem to be *ang$ 9 consequ5ce ( *anges 9 ! p]cepts ( someone else4 ,:at ,i am = y is 9 ! fir/ in/ance a p]cept ( y\r own4 ,unexpect$ly1 h[ev]1 ,i op5 & %[ y a book1 utt]+ c]ta9 s\nds ! :ile4 ,^! acts are also y\r p]cepts1 b !y s resemble acts ( y\rs ) feel+s prompt+ !m1 t y _c d\bt ,i h ! feel+s too1 or t ! book is "o book felt 9 bo? our worlds4 ,t x is felt 9 ! same way1 t my feel+s ( x resemble y\rs1 is some?+ ( :i* we nev] c be sure1 b :i* we assume z ! simple/ hypo!sis t meets ! case4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 we nev] ,,are sure ( x1 &1 z ,,erk5ntnis/heoretik]1 we c only say t ( feel+s t %\ld ,,n resemble ea* o!r1 bo? c\ld n "k ! same ?+ at ! same "t 9 ! same way4 ,footnote3 ,?\gh bo? might t]m9ate 9 ! same ?+ & be incomplete ?\ghts 'ab\t' x4 ,if ea* holds to its own p]cept z ! reality1 x is b\nd to say ( ! o!r p]cept1 t1 ?\gh x may ,,int5d t reality1 & prove ?is by work+ *ange ^u x1 yet1 if x d n resemble x1 x is all false & wrong4 ,footnote3 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,idealism & ,realism is immat]ial "h4 ,:at is said 9 ! text is consi/5t ) ei!r !ory4 ,a law by :i* my p]cept %all *ange y\rs directly is no m my/]i\s ?an a law by :i* x %all fir/ *ange a physical reality1 & !n ! reality *ange y\rs4 ,9 ei!r case y & ,i seem knit into a cont9u\s _w1 & n to =m a pair ( solipsisms4 ,if ?is be s ( p]cepts1 h[ mu* m s ( high] modes ( ?\ght6 ,ev5 9 ! sph]e ( s5sation individuals are probably diff]5t en\gh4 ,comp>ative /udy ( ! simple/ conceptual elem5ts seems to %[ a wid] div]g5ce /ill4 ,& :5 x comes to g5]al !ories & emotional attitudes t[>ds life1 x is inde$ "t to say ) ,?ack]ay1 ',my fri5d1 two diff]5t univ]ses walk ab\t "u y\r hat & "u m9e4' ,:at c save u at all & prev5t u f fly+ asund] into a *aos ( mutually repell5t solipsisms8 ,?r\gh :at c our sev]al m9ds commune8 ,?r\gh no?+ b ! mutual resemblance ( ^? ( our p]ceptual feel+s :i* h ?is p[] ( modify+ "o ano!r1 ,,:i* ,,are ,,m]e ,,dumb ,,kn[l$ges-,,(-,,acqua9tance1 & :i* mu/ also resemble _! realities or n "k !m aright at all4 ,9 su* pieces ( k-(-acqua9tance all our k-ab\t mu/ end1 & c>ry a s5se ( ?is possible t]m9ation z "p ( its cont5t4 ,^! p]cepts1 ^! t]m9i1 ^! s5sible ?+s1 ^! m]e matt]s-(-acqua9tance1 are ! only realities we ev] directly "k1 & ! :ole hi/ory ( our ?\ght is ! hi/ory ( our sub/itution ( "o ( !m = ano!r1 & ! r$uction ( ! sub/itute to ! /atus ( a conceptual sign4 ,contemn$ ?\gh !y be by "s ?9k]s1 ^! s5sations are ! "m-e>?1 ! an*orage1 ! /able rock1 ! fir/ & la/ limits1 ! t]m9us a quo & ! t]m9us ad quem ( ! m9d4 ,to f9d su* s5sational t]m9i %\ld be our aim ) all our high] ?\ght4 ,!y end discussion2 !y de/roy ! false conceit ( k2 & )\t !m we are all at sea ) ea* o!r's mean+4 ,if two m5 act alike on a p]cept1 !y believe !mselves to feel alike ab\t x2 if n1 !y may suspect !y "k x 9 diff]+ ways4 ,we c nev] be sure we und]/& ea* o!r till we are able to br+ ! matt] to ?is te/4 ,footnote3 ',!re is no di/9ction ( mean+ s f9e z to consi/ 9 any?+ b a possible diff]5ce ( practice4444 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t ! rule = atta9+ ! highe/ grade ( cle>ness ( appreh5sion is z foll[s3 ,consid] :at effects1 :i* might conceivably h practical be>+s1 we conceive ! object ( our conception to h4 ,!n1 our conception ( ^! effects is ! :ole ( our conception ( ! object4' ,*>les ,s4 ,peirce3 ',h[ to make our ,ideas cle>1' 9 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 ,new ,york1 ,janu>y1 #ahgh1 p4 #bic4 ,?is is :y metaphysical discussions are s mu* l fight+ ) ! air2 !y h no practical issue ( a s5sational k9d4 ',sci5tific' !ories1 on ! o!r h&1 always t]m9ate 9 def9ite p]cepts4 ,y c d$uce a possible s5sation f y\r !ory &1 tak+ me into y\r laboratory1 prove t y\r !ory is true ( my _w by giv+ me ! s5sation !n & !re4 ,beautiful is ! flight ( conceptual reason ?r\gh ! upp] air ( tru?4 ,no wond] philosoph]s are dazzl$ by x /ill1 & no wond] !y look ) "s disda9 at ! l[ e>? ( feel+ f :i* ! goddess laun*$ h]self al(t4 ,b woe to h] if %e return n home to its acqua9tance2 ,nirg5ds haft5 dann die unsi*]5 ,sohl5--e crazy w9d w take h]1 &1 l a fire-balloon at night1 %e w g out among ! />s4 ,,note4--,! read] w easily see h[ mu* ( ! acc\nt ( ! tru?-function develop$ lat] 9 ,pragmatism 0 already explicit 9 ?is e>li] article1 & h[ mu* came to be def9$ lat]4 ,9 ?is e>li] article we f9d di/9ctly ass]t$3-- #a4 ,! reality1 ext]nal to ! true idea2 #b4 ,! critic1 read]1 or epi/emologi/1 ) 8 own belief1 z w>rant = ?is reality's exi/5ce2 #c4 ,! exp]i5ceable environm5t1 z ! vehicle or m$ium connect+ kn[] ) kn[n1 & yield+ ! cognitive ,,relation2 #d4 ,! notion ( ,,po9t+1 ?r\gh ?is m$ium1 to ! reality1 z "o condition ( our be+ said to "k x2 #e4 ,t ( ,,resembl+ x1 & ev5tually ,,affect+ x1 z det]m9+ ! po9t+ to ,,x & n to some?+ else4 #f4 ,! elim9ation ( ! 'epi/emological gulf1' s t ! :ole tru?-relation falls inside ( ! cont9uities ( concrete exp]i5ce1 & is con/itut$ ( p>ticul> processes1 v>y+ ) e object & subject1 & susceptible ( be+ describ$ 9 detail4 ,! defects 9 ?is e>li] acc\nt are3-- #a4 ,! possibly undue prom95ce giv5 to resembl+1 :i* al?o a fundam5tal function 9 kn[+ truly1 is s (t5 disp5s$ )2 #b4 ,! undue emphasis laid ^u op]at+ on ! object itself1 :i* 9 _m cases is inde$ decisive ( t be+ :at we ref] to1 b :i* is (t5 lack+1 or replac$ by op]ations on o!r ?+s relat$ to ! object4 #c4 ,! imp]fect developm5t ( ! g5]aliz$ notion ( ! ,,workability ( ! feel+ or idea z equival5t to t ,,satisfactory ,,adaptation to ! p>ticul> reality1 :i* con/itutes ! tru? ( ! idea4 ,x is ?is m g5]aliz$ notion1 z cov]+ all su* specifications z po9t+1 fitt+1 op]at+ or resembl+1 t di/+ui%es ! develop$ view ( ,dewey1 ,s*ill]1 & myself4 #d4 ,! treatm5t1 e>li]1 ( p]cepts z ! only realm ( reality4 ,i n[ treat concepts z a co-ord9ate realm4 ,! next pap] repres5ts a some:at broad] grasp ( ! topic on ! writ]'s "p4 ,,ii ,,! ,,tig]s ,,9 ,,india ,footnote3 ,extracts f a presid5tial address be=e ! ,am]ican ,psy*ological ,association1 publi%$ 9 ! ,psy*ological ,review1 vol4 ii1 p4 #aje 7#ahie74 ,,!re are two ways ( kn[+ ?+s1 kn[+ !m imm$iately or intuitively1 & kn[+ !m conceptually or repres5tatively4 ,al?o su* ?+s z ! :ite pap] be=e our eyes c be kn[n intuitively1 mo/ ( ! ?+s we "k1 ! tig]s n[ 9 ,india1 = example1 or ! s*ola/ic sy/em ( philosophy1 are kn[n only repres5tatively or symbolically4 ,suppose1 to fix our ideas1 t we take fir/ a case ( conceptual k2 & let x be our k ( ! tig]s 9 ,india1 z we sit "h4 ,exactly :at d we ,,mean by say+ t we "h "k ! tig]s8 ,:at is ! precise fact t ! cognition s confid5tly claim$ is ,,kn[n-,,z1 to use ,%adwor? ,hodgson's inelegant b valuable =m ( words8 ,mo/ m5 w\ld answ] t :at we mean by kn[+ ! tig]s is hav+ !m1 h[ev] abs5t 9 body1 become 9 "s way pres5t to our ?\ght2 or t our k ( !m is kn[n z pres5ce ( our ?\ght to !m4 ,a great my/]y is usually made ( ?is peculi> pres5ce 9 abs5ce2 & ! s*ola/ic philosophy1 :i* is only common s5se gr[n p$antic1 w\ld expla9 x z a peculi> k9d ( exi/5ce1 call$ ,,int5tional ,,exi/5ce ( ! tig]s 9 our m9d4 ,at ! v lea/1 p w\ld say t :at we mean by kn[+ ! tig]s is m5tally ,,po9t+ t[>ds !m z we sit "h4 ,b n[ :at d we mean by ,,po9t+1 9 su* a case z ?is8 ,:at is ! po9t+ kn[n-z1 "h8 ,to ?is "q ,i %all h to give a v prosaic answ]--"o t trav]ses ! pre-possessions n only ( common s5se & s*ola/icism1 b also ^? ( ne>ly all ! epi/emological writ]s :om ,i h ev] read4 ,! answ]1 made brief1 is ?is3 ,! po9t+ ( our ?\ght to ! tig]s is kn[n simply & solely z a procession ( m5tal associates & motor consequ5ces t foll[ on ! ?\ght1 & t w\ld lead h>moni\sly1 if foll[$ out1 into "s ideal or real context1 or ev5 into ! imm$iate pres5ce1 ( ! tig]s4 ,x is kn[n z our rejection ( a jagu>1 if t bea/ 7 %[n u z a tig]2 z our ass5t to a g5u9e tig] if s %[n4 ,x is kn[n z our ability to utt] all sorts ( propositions :i* don't contradict o!r propositions t are true ( ! real tig]s4 ,x is ev5 kn[n1 if we take ! tig]s v s]i\sly1 z actions ( ours :i* may t]m9ate 9 directly intuit$ tig]s1 z !y w\ld if we took a voyage to ,india = ! purpose ( tig]-hunt+ & br\ght back a lot ( sk9s ( ! /rip$ rascals :i* we _h laid l[4 ,9 all ?is !re is no self-transc5d5cy 9 our m5tal images ,,tak5 ,,by ,,!mselves4 ,!y are "o ph5om5al fact2 ! tig]s are ano!r2 & _! po9t+ to ! tig]s is a p]fectly commonplace intra-exp]i5tial relation1 ,,if ,,y ,,once ,,grant ,a ,,connect+ ,,_w ,,to ,,be ,,!re4 ,9 %ort1 ! ideas & ! tig]s are 9 !mselves z loose & sep>ate1 to use ,hume's language1 z any two ?+s c be2 & po9t+ means "h an op]ation z ext]nal & adv5titi\s z any t nature yields4,footnote3 ,a /one 9 "o field may 'fit1' we say1 a hole 9 ano!r field4 ,b ! relation ( 'fitt+1' s long z no "o c>ries ! /one to ! hole & drops x 91 is only "o "n = ! fact t su* an act ,,may happ54 ,simil>ly ) ! kn[+ ( ! tig]s "h & n[4 ,x is only an anticipatory "n = a fur!r associative & t]m9ative process t ,,may occur4 ,i hope y may agree ) me n[ t 9 repres5tative k !re is no special inn] my/]y1 b only an out] *a9 ( physical or m5tal int]m$i>ies connect+ ?\ght & ?+4 ,,to ,,"k ,,an ,,object ,,is ,,"h ,,to ,,lead ,,to ,,x ,,?r\gh ,a ,,context ,,:i* ,,! ,,_w ,,supplies4 ,all ?is 0 mo/ in/ructively set =? by our colleague ,d4 ,s4 ,mill] at our meet+ 9 ,new ,york la/ ,*ri/mas1 & = re-confirm+ my sometime wav]+ op9ion1 ,i owe him ?is ackn[l$gm5t4 ,footnote3 ,see ,dr4 ,mill]'s articles on ,tru? & ,error1 & on ,cont5t & ,function1 9 ! ,philosophical ,review1 ,july1 #ahic1 & ,nov41 #ahie4 ,let u next pass on to ! case ( imm$iate or intuitive acqua9tance ) an object1 & let ! object be ! :ite pap] be=e our eyes4 ,! ?\ght-/uff & ! ?+-/uff are "h indi/+ui%ably ! same 9 nature1 z we saw a mom5t s9ce1 & !re is no context ( int]m$i>ies or associates to /& betwe5 & sep>ate ! ?\ght & ?+4 ,!re is no 'pres5ce 9 abs5ce' "h1 & no 'po9t+1' b r an allr\nd embrac+ ( ! pap] by ! ?\ght2 & x is cle> t ! kn[+ _c n[ be expla9$ exactly z x 0 :5 ! tig]s 7 its object4 ,dott$ all ?r\gh our exp]i5ce are /ates ( imm$iate acqua9tance j l ?is4 ,some:]e our belief always does re/ on ultimate data l ! :it5ess1 smoo?ness1 or squ>5ess ( ?is pap]4 ,:e!r su* qualities be truly ultimate aspects ( be+1 or only provisional suppositions ( ours1 held-to till we get bett] in=m$1 is q immat]ial = our pres5t inquiry4 ,s long z x is believ$ 91 we see our object face to face4 ,:at n[ d we mean by 'kn[+' su* a sort ( object z ?is8 ,= ?is is also ! way 9 :i* we %\ld "k ! tig] if our conceptual idea ( him 7 to t]m9ate by hav+ l$ u to 8 lair8 ,?is address mu/ n become too long1 s ,i mu/ give my answ] 9 ! fewe/ words4 ,& let me fir/ say ?is3 ,s f> z ! :ite pap] or o!r ultimate datum ( our exp]i5ce is consid]$ to ent] also into "s "o else's exp]i5ce1 & we1 9 kn[+ x1 are held to "k x !re z well z "h2 s f>1 aga91 z x is consid]$ to be a m]e mask = hidd5 molecules t o!r n[ impossible exp]i5ces ( our own might "s day lay b>e to view2 s f> x is a case ( tig]s 9 ,india aga9--! ?+s kn[n be+ abs5t exp]i5ces1 ! kn[+ c only consi/ 9 pass+ smoo?ly t[>ds !m ?r\gh ! int]m$i>y context t ! _w supplies4 ,b if our own private vision ( ! pap] be consid]$ 9 ab/raction f e o!r ev5t1 z if x con/itut$ by itself ! univ]se 7& x might p]fectly well d s1 = aught we c und]/& to ! contr>y71 !n ! pap] se5 & ! see+ ( x are only two names = "o indivisible fact :i*1 prop]ly nam$1 is ,,! ,,datum1 ,,! ,,ph5om5on1 ,,or ,,! ,,exp]i5ce4 ,! pap] is 9 ! m9d & ! m9d is ar\nd ! pap]1 because pap] & m9d are only two names t are giv5 lat] to ! "o exp]i5ce1 :51 tak5 9 a l>g] _w ( :i* x =ms a "p1 its connections are trac$ 9 diff]5t directions4 ,footnote3 ,:at is meant by ?is is t '! exp]i5ce' c be ref]r$ to ei!r ( two great associative sy/ems1 t ( ! exp]i5c]'s m5tal hi/ory1 or t ( ! exp]i5c$ facts ( ! _w4 ,( bo? ( ^! sy/ems x =ms "p1 & may be reg>d$1 inde$1 z "o ( _! po9ts ( int]section4 ,"o might let a v]tical l9e /& = ! m5tal hi/ory2 b ! same object1 ,o1 appe>s also 9 ! m5tal hi/ory ( diff]5t p]sons1 repres5t$ by ! o!r v]tical l9es4 ,x ?us ceases to be ! private prop]ty ( "o exp]i5ce1 & becomes1 s to speak1 a %>$ or public ?+4 ,we c track its out] hi/ory 9 ?is way1 & repres5t x by ! horizontal l9e4 7,x is also kn[n repres5tatively at o!r po9ts ( ! v]tical l9es1 or intuitively !re aga91 s t ! l9e ( its out] hi/ory w\ld h to be loop$ & w&]+1 b ,i make x /raight = simplicity's sake47 ,9 any case1 h[ev]1 x is ! same /uff figures 9 all ! sets ( l9es4 ,,to ,,"k ,,imm$iately1 ,,!n1 ,,or ,,intuitively1 ,,is ,,= ,,m5tal ,,cont5t ,,& ,,object ,,to ,,be ,,id5tical4 ,?is is a v diff]5t def9ition f t :i* we gave ( repres5tative k2 b nei!r def9ition involves ^? my/]i\s notions ( self-transc5d5cy & pres5ce 9 abs5ce :i* are su* ess5tial p>ts ( ! ideas ( k1 bo? ( philosoph]s & ( common m54 ,footnote3 ,! read] w obs]ve t ! text is writt5 f ! po9t ( view ( ,,naif realism or common s5se1 & avoids rais+ ! ideali/ic controv]sy4 ,,iii ,,humanism ,,& ,,tru? ,footnote3 ,repr9t$1 ) slight v]bal revision1 f ,m9d1 vol4 xiii1 ,n4 ,s41 p4 #deg 7,octob]1 #aijd74 ,a c\ple ( int]polations f ano!r article 9 ,m9d1 ',humanism & tru? once m1' 9 vol4 xiv1 h be5 made4 ,,receiv+ f ! ,editor ( ,m9d an advance pro( ( ,mr4 ,bradley's article on ',tru? & ,practice1' ,i und]/& ?is z a h9t to me to jo9 9 ! controv]sy ov] ',pragmatism' :i* seems to h s]i\sly begun4 ,z my "n has be5 c\pl$ ) ! movem5t1 ,i deem x wise to take ! h9t1 ! m s z 9 "s qu>t]s great] cr$it has be5 giv5 me ?an ,i des]ve1 & probably undes]v$ discr$it 9 o!r qu>t]s falls also to my lot4 ,fir/1 z to ! ^w 'pragmatism4' ,i myself h only us$ ! t]m to indicate a me?od ( c>ry+ on ab/ract discussion4 ,! s]i\s mean+ ( a concept1 says ,mr4 ,peirce1 lies 9 ! concrete diff]5ce to "s "o :i* its be+ true w make4 ,/rive to br+ all debat$ conceptions to t' pragmatic' te/1 & y w escape va9 wrangl+3 if x c make no practical diff]5ce :i* ( two /atem5ts be true1 !n !y are really "o /atem5t 9 two v]bal =ms2 if x c make no practical diff]5ce :e!r a giv5 /atem5t be true or false1 !n ! /atem5t has no real mean+4 ,9 nei!r case is !re any?+ fit to qu>rel ab\t3 we may save our brea?1 & pass to m important ?+s4 ,all t ! pragmatic me?od implies1 !n1 is t tru?s %\ld ,,h practical ,footnote3 ',practical' 9 ! s5se ( ,,p>ticul>1 ( c\rse1 n 9 ! s5se t ! consequ5ces may n be ,,m5tal z well z physical4 consequ5ces4 ,9 ,engl& ! ^w has be5 us$ m broadly /ill1 to cov] ! notion t ! tru? ( any /atem5t ,,consi/s 9 ! consequ5ces1 & p>ticul>ly 9 _! be+ good consequ5ces4 ,"h we get beyond affairs ( me?od altoge!r2 & s9ce my pragmatism & ?is wid] pragmatism are s diff]5t1 & bo? are important en\gh to h diff]5t names1 ,i ?9k t ,mr4 ,s*ill]'s proposal to call ! wid] pragmatism by ! "n ( 'humanism' is excell5t & ought to be adopt$4 ,! n>r[] pragmatism may /ill be spok5 ( z ! 'pragmatic me?od4' ,i h read 9 ! pa/ six mon?s _m ho/ile reviews ( ,s*ill]'s & ,dewey's publications2 b ) ! exception ( ,mr4 ,bradley's elaborate indictm5t1 !y are out ( rea* :]e ,i write1 & ,i h l>gely =gott5 !m4 ,i ?9k t a free discussion ( ! subject on my "p w\ld 9 any case be m useful ?an a polemic attempt at rebutt+ ^! criticisms 9 detail4 ,mr4 ,bradley 9 p>ticul> c be tak5 c>e ( by ,mr4 ,s*ill]4 ,he repeat$ly confesses himself unable to compreh5d ,s*ill]'s views1 he evid5tly has n s\ght to d s sympa!tically1 & ,i deeply regret to say t 8 labori\s article ?r[s1 = my m9d1 absolutely no useful light ^u ! subject4 ,x seems to me on ! :ole an ,,ignoratio ,,el5*i1 & ,i feel free to disreg>d x altoge!r4 ,! subject is unque/ionably difficult4 ,messrs4 ,dewey's & ,s*ill]'s ?\ght is em95tly an induction1 a g5]alization work+ itself free f all sorts ( entangl+ p>ticul>s4 ,if true1 x involves mu* re/atem5t ( traditional notions4 ,?is is a k9d ( intellectual product t nev] atta9s a classic =m ( expression :5 fir/ promulgat$4 ,! critic ought !re=e n to be too %>p & logic-*opp+ 9 8 deal+s ) x1 b %\ld weigh x z a :ole1 & especially weigh x aga9/ its possible alt]natives4 ,"o %\ld also try to apply x fir/ to "o in/ance1 & !n to ano!r to see h[ x w "w4 ,x seems to me t x is emphatically n a case = in/ant execution1 by conviction ( intr9sic absurdity or ( self-contradiction1 or by c>icature ( :at x w\ld look l if r$uc$ to skeleton %ape4 ,humanism is 9 fact mu* m l "o ( ^? secul> *anges t come ^u public op9ion ov]night1 z x 71 borne ^u tides 'too deep = s\nd or foam1' t survive all ! crudities & extravagances ( _! advocates1 t y c p9 to no "o absolutely ess5tial /atem5t1 nor kill by any "o decisive /ab4 ,su* h be5 ! *anges f ari/ocracy to democracy1 f classic to romantic ta/e1 f !i/ic to pan!i/ic feel+1 f /atic to evolution>y ways ( und]/&+ life--*anges ( :i* we all h be5 spectators4 ,s*ola/icism /ill opposes to su* *anges ! me?od ( confutation by s+le decisive reasons1 %[+ t ! new view involves self-contradiction1 or trav]ses "s fundam5tal pr9ciple4 ,?is is l /opp+ a riv] by plant+ a /ick 9 ! middle ( its b$4 ,r\nd y\r ob/acle fl[s ! wat] & 'gets !re all ! same4' ,9 read+ "s ( our oppon5ts1 ,i am n a little rem9d$ ( ^? ca?olic writ]s :o refute d>w9ism by tell+ u t high] species _c come f l[] because m9us nequit gign]e plus1 or t ! notion ( trans=mation is absurd1 = x implies t species t5d to _! own de/ruction1 & t w\ld violate ! pr9ciple t e reality t5ds to p]sev]e 9 its own %ape4 ,! po9t ( view is too myopic1 too tight & close to take 9 ! inductive argum5t4 ,wide g5]alizations 9 sci5ce always meet ) ^! summ>y refutations 9 _! e>ly days2 b !y outlive !m1 & ! refutations !n s\nd oddly antiquat$ & s*ola/ic4 ,i _c help suspect+ t ! humani/ic !ory is go+ ?r\gh ?is k9d ( w\ld-be refutation at pres5t4 ,! "o condition ( und]/&+ humanism is to become inductive-m9d$ oneself1 to drop rigor\s def9itions1 & foll[ l9es ( lea/1 resi/ance 'on ! :ole4' ',9 o!r words1' an oppon5t might say1 'resolve y\r intellect into a k9d ( slu%4' ',ev5 s1' ,i make reply1--'if y w cons5t to use no polit] ^w4' ,= humanism1 conceiv+ ! m 'true' z ! m 'satisfactory' 7,dewey's t]m71 has s9c]ely to r5\nce rectil9e> argum5ts & anci5t ideals ( rigor & f9ality4 ,x is 9 j ?is temp] ( r5unciation1 s diff]5t f t ( pyrrhoni/ic scepticism1 t ! _s ( humanism ess5tially consi/s4 ,satisfactor9ess has to be measur$ by a multitude ( /&>ds1 ( :i* "s1 = aught we "k1 may fail 9 any giv5 case2 & :at is m satisfactory ?an any alt]native 9 sight1 may to ! end be a sum ( ,,pluses & ,,m9uses1 conc]n+ :i* we c only tru/ t by ult]ior corrections & improvem5ts a maximum ( ! "o & a m9imum ( ! o!r may "s day be approa*$4 ,x means a real *ange ( he>t1 a break ) absoluti/ic hopes1 :5 "o takes up ?is inductive view ( ! conditions ( belief4 ,z ,i und]/& ! pragmati/ way ( see+ ?+s1 x owes its be+ to ! break-d[n :i* ! la/ fifty ye>s h br\ght ab\t 9 ! old] notions ( sci5tific tru?4 ',god geometrizes1' x us$ to be said2 & x 0 believ$ t ,euclid's elem5ts lit]ally reproduc$ 8 geometriz+4 ,!re is an et]nal & un*angeable 'reason'2 & its voice 0 suppos$ to rev]b]ate 9 ,b>b>a & ,cel>5t4 ,s also ( ! 'laws ( nature1' physical & *emical1 s ( natural hi/ory classifications--all 7 suppos$ to be exact & exclusive duplicates ( pre-human ar*etypes buri$ 9 ! /ructure ( ?+s1 to :i* ! sp>k ( div9ity hidd5 9 our intellect enables u to p5etrate4 ,! anatomy ( ! _w is logical1 & its logic is t ( a univ]sity pr(essor1 x 0 ?\ght4 ,up to ab\t #ahej almo/ e "o believ$ t sci5ces express$ tru?s t 7 exact copies ( a def9ite code ( non-human realities4 ,b ! enorm\sly rapid multiplication ( !ories 9 ^! latt] days has well-nigh upset ! notion ( any "o ( !m be+ a m lit]ally objective k9d ( ?+ ?an ano!r4 ,!re are s _m geometries1 s _m logics1 s _m physical & *emical hypo!ses1 s _m classifications1 ea* "o ( !m good = s mu* & yet n good = ev]y?+1 t ! notion t ev5 ! true/ =mula may be a human device & n a lit]al transcript has dawn$ ^u u4 ,we he> sci5tific laws n[ treat$ z s mu* 'conceptual %or?&1' true s f> z !y are useful b no f>!r4 ,our m9d has become tol]ant ( symbol in/ead ( reproduction1 ( approximation in/ead ( exactness1 ( pla/icity in/ead ( rigor4 ',en]getics1' measur+ ! b>e face ( s5sible ph5om5a s z to describe 9 a s+le =mula all _! *anges ( 'level1' is ! la/ ^w ( ?is sci5tific humanism1 :i* inde$ leaves qu]ies en\gh out/&+ z to ! reason = s curi\s a congru5ce betwe5 ! _w & ! m9d1 b :i* at any rate makes our :ole notion ( sci5tific tru? m flexible & g5ial ?an x us$ to be4 ,x is to be d\bt$ :e!r any !oriz] to-day1 ei!r 9 ma!matics1 logic1 physics or biology1 conceives himself to be lit]ally re-edit+ processes ( nature or ?\ghts ( ,god4 ,! ma9 =ms ( our ?9k+1 ! sep>ation ( subjects f pr$icates1 ! negative1 hypo!tic & disjunctive judgm5ts1 are purely human habits4 ,! e!r1 z ,"l ,salisbury said1 is only a n\n = ! v]b to undulate2 & _m ( our !ological ideas are admitt$1 ev5 by ^? :o call !m 'true1' to be humani/ic 9 l degree4 ,i fancy t ^! *anges 9 ! curr5t notions ( tru? are :at orig9ally gave ! impulse to ,messrs4 ,dewey's & ,s*ill]'s views4 ,! suspicion is 9 ! air n[adays t ! sup]iority ( "o ( our =mulas to ano!r may n consi/ s mu* 9 its lit]al 'objectivity1' z 9 subjective qualities l its usefulness1 its 'elegance' or its congruity ) our residual beliefs4 ,yield+ to ^! suspicions1 & g5]aliz+1 we fall into some?+ l ! humani/ic /ate ( m9d4 ,tru? we conceive to mean ev]y:]e1 n duplication1 b addition2 n ! con/ruct+ ( inn] copies ( already complete realities1 b r ! collaborat+ ) realities s z to br+ ab\t a cle>] result4 ,obvi\sly ?is /ate ( m9d is at fir/ full ( vagu5ess & ambiguity4 ',collaborat+' is a vague t]m2 x mu/ at any rate cov] conceptions & logical arrangem5ts4 ',cle>]' is vagu] /ill4 ,tru? mu/ br+ cle> ?\ghts1 z well z cle> ! way to action4 ',reality' is ! vague/ t]m ( all4 ,! only way to te/ su* a programme at all is to apply x to ! v>i\s types ( tru?1 9 ! hope ( rea*+ an acc\nt t %all be m precise4 ,any hypo!sis t =ces su* a review ^u "o has "o great m]it1 ev5 if 9 ! end x prove invalid3 x gets u bett] acqua9t$ ) ! total subject4 ,to give ! !ory pl5ty ( 'rope' & see if x hangs itself ev5tually is bett] tactics ?an to *oke x (f at ! outset by ab/ract accusations ( self-contradiction4 ,i ?9k !re=e t a decid$ ef=t at sympa!tic m5tal play ) humanism is ! provisional attitude to be recomm5d$ to ! read]4 ,:5 ,i f9d myself play+ sympa!tically ) humanism1 some?+ l :at foll[s is :at ,i end by conceiv+ x to mean4 ,exp]i5ce is a process t cont9ually gives u new mat]ial to dige/4 ,we h&le ?is intellectually by ! mass ( beliefs ( :i* we f9d ourselves already possess$1 assimilat+1 reject+1 or re>rang+ 9 diff]5t degrees4 ,"s ( ! app]ceiv+ ideas are rec5t acquisitions ( our own1 b mo/ ( !m are common-s5se traditions ( ! race4 ,!re is probably n a common-s5se tradition1 ( all ^? :i* we n[ live by1 t 0 n 9 ! fir/ in/ance a g5u9e discov]y1 an inductive g5]alization l ^? m rec5t ones ( ! atom1 ( in]tia1 ( en]gy1 ( reflex action1 or ( fitness to survive ,! notions ( "o ,"t & ( "o ,space z s+le cont9u\s receptacles2 ! di/9ction betwe5 ?\ghts & ?+s1 matt] & m9d betwe5 p]man5t subjects & *ang+ attributes2 ! conception ( classes ) sub classes )9 !m2 ! sep>ation ( =tuit\s f regul>ly caus$ connections2 surely all ^! 7 once def9ite conque/s made at hi/oric dates by our ance/ors 9 _! attempt to get ! *aos ( _! crude individual exp]i5ces into a m %>eable & manageable %ape4 ,!y prov$ ( su* sov]eign use z d5kmittel t !y are n[ a "p ( ! v /ructure ( our m9d4 ,we _c play fa/ & loose ) !m4 ,no exp]i5ce c upset !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y app]ceive e exp]i5ce & assign x to its place4 ,to :at effect8 ,t we may ! bett] =esee ! c\rse ( our exp]i5ces1 communicate ) "o ano!r1 & /e] our lives by rule4 ,also t we may h a clean]1 cle>]1 m inclusive m5tal view4 ,! greate/ common-s5se a*ievem5t1 aft] ! discov]y ( "o ,"t & "o ,space1 is probably ! concept ( p]man5tly exi/+ ?+s4 ,:5 a rattle fir/ drops out ( ! h& ( a baby1 he does n look to see :]e x has gone4 ,non-p]ception he accepts z annihilation until he f9ds a bett] belief4 ,t our p]ceptions mean ,,be+s1 rattles t are !re :e!r we hold !m 9 our h&s or n1 becomes an int]pretation s lum9\s ( :at happ5s to u t1 once employ$1 x nev] gets =gott54 ,x applies ) equal felicity to ?+s & p]sons1 to ! objective & to ! ejective realm4 ,h[ev] a ,b]keley1 a ,mill1 or a ,cornelius may ,,criticise x1 x ,,works2 & 9 practical life we nev] ?9k ( 'go+ back' ^u x1 or read+ our incom+ exp]i5ces 9 any o!r t]ms4 ,we may1 inde$1 speculatively imag9e a /ate ( 'pure' exp]i5ce be=e ! hypo!sis ( p]man5t objects beh9d its flux _h be5 fram$2 & we c play ) ! idea t "s primeval g5ius might h /ruck into a diff]5t hypo!sis4 ,b we _c positively imag9e today :at ! diff]5t hypo!sis c\ld h be51 = ! category ( trans-p]ceptual reality is n[ "o ( ! f\ndations ( our life4 ,our ?\ghts mu/ /ill employ x if !y are to possess reasonabl5ess & tru?4 ,?is notion ( a ,,fir/ 9 ! %ape ( a mo/ *aotic pure exp]i5ce :i* sets u que/ions1 ( a ,,second 9 ! way ( fundam5tal categories1 long ago wr\ght into ! /ructure ( our consci\sness & practically irrev]sible1 :i* def9e ! g5]al frame )9 :i* answ]s mu/ fall1 & ( a ,,?ird :i* gives ! detail ( ! answ]s 9 ! %apes mo/ congru\s ) all our pres5t ne$s1 is1 z ,i take x1 ! ess5ce ( ! humani/ic conception4 ,x repres5ts exp]i5ce 9 its pri/9e purity to be n[ s envelop$ 9 pr$icates hi/orically work$ out t we c ?9k ( x z little m ?an an ,,o!r1 ( a ,,t1 :i* ! m9d1 9 ,mr4 ,bradley's phrase1 'enc\nt]s1' & to ^: /imulat+ pres5ce we respond by ways ( ?9k+ :i* we call 'true' 9 proportion z !y facilitate our m5tal or physical activities & br+ u out] p[] & inn] peace4 ,b :e!r ! ,o!r1 ! univ]sal ,,t1 has itself any def9ite inn] /ructure1 or :e!r1 if x h any1 ! /ructure resembles any ( our pr$icat$ ,,:ats1 ?is is a "q :i* humanism leaves unt\*$4 ,= u1 at any rate1 x insi/s1 reality is an accumulation ( our own intellectual inv5tions1 & ! /ruggle = 'tru?' 9 our progressive deal+s ) x is always a /ruggle to "w 9 new n\ns & adjectives :ile alt]+ z little z possible ! old4 ,x is h>d to see :y ei!r ,mr4 ,bradley's own logic or 8 metaphysics %\ld oblige him to qu>rel ) ?is conception4 ,he might consi/5tly adopt x v]batim et lit]atim1 if he w\ld1 & simply ?r[ 8 peculi> absolute r\nd x1 foll[+ 9 ?is ! good example ( ,pr(essor ,royce4 ,b]gson 9 ,france1 & 8 disciples1 ,wilbois ! physici/ & ,l]oy1 are ?or\ghgo+ humani/s 9 ! s5se def9$4 ,pr(essor ,milhaud also appe>s to be "o2 & ! great ,po9c>e misses x by only ! bread? ( a hair4 ,9 ,g]many ! "n ( ,simmel (f]s itself z t ( a humani/ ( ! mo/ radical sort4 ,ma* & 8 s*ool1 & ,h]tz & ,o/wald mu/ be class$ z humani/s4 ,! view is 9 ! atmosph]e & mu/ be pati5tly discuss$4 ,! be/ way to discuss x w\ld be to see :at ! alt]native might be4 ,:at is x inde$8 ,its critics make no explicit /atem5t1 ,pr(essor ,royce be+ ! only "o s f> :o has =mulat$ any?+ def9ite4 ,! fir/ s]vice ( humanism to philosophy accord+ly seems to be t x w probably oblige ^? :o dislike x to se>* _! own he>ts & heads4 ,x w =ce analysis to ! front & make x ! ord] ( ! day4 ,at pres5t ! lazy tradition t tru? is adaequatio intellectus et rei seems all !re is to contradict x )4 ,mr4 ,bradley's only sugge/ion is t true ?\ght 'mu/ correspond to a det]m9ate be+ :i* x _c be said to make1' & obvi\sly t %$s no new light4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ! ^w to 'correspond'8 ,:]e is ! 'be+'8 ,:at sort ( ?+s are 'det]m9ations1' & :at is meant 9 ?is p>ticul> case by 'n to make'8 ,humanism proce$s imm$iately to ref9e ^u ! loos5ess ( ^! epi!ts4 ,we correspond 9 ,,"s way ) any?+ ) :i* we ent] into any relations at all4 ,if x be a ?+1 we may produce an exact copy ( x1 or we may simply feel x z an exi/5t 9 a c]ta9 place4 ,if x be a dem&1 we may obey x )\t kn[+ any?+ m ab\t x ?an its pu%4 ,if x be a proposition1 we may agree by n contradict+ x1 by lett+ x pass4 ,if x be a relation betwe5 ?+s1 we may act on ! fir/ ?+ s z to br+ ourselves out :]e ! second w be4 ,if x be some?+ inaccessible1 we may sub/itute a hypo!tical object = x1 :i*1 hav+ ! same consequ5ces1 w ciph] out = u real results4 ,9 a g5]al way we may simply ,,add ,,our ,,?\ght ,,to ,,x2 & if x ,,suff]s ,,! ,,addition1 & ! :ole situation h>moni\sly prolongs & enri*es itself1 ! ?\ght w pass = true4 ,z = ! :]eab\ts ( ! be+s ?us correspond$ to1 al?\gh !y may be outside ( ! pres5t ?\ght z well z 9 x1 humanism sees no gr\nd = say+ !y are outside ( f9ite exp]i5ce itself4 ,pragmatically1 _! reality means t we submit to !m1 take acc\nt ( !m1 :e!r we l to or n1 b ?is we mu/ p]petually d ) exp]i5ces o!r ?an our own4 ,! :ole sy/em ( :at ! pres5t exp]i5ce mu/ correspond to 'adequately' may be cont9u\s ) ! pres5t exp]i5ce itself4 ,reality1 s tak5 z exp]i5ce o!r ?an ! pres5t1 might be ei!r ! legacy ( pa/ exp]i5ce or ! cont5t ( exp]i5ce to come4 ,its det]m9ations = ,,u are 9 any case ! adjectives :i* our acts ( judg+ fit to x1 & ^? are ess5tially humani/ic ?+s4 ,to say t our ?\ght does n 'make' ?is reality means pragmatically t if our own p>ticul> ?\ght 7 annihilat$ ! reality w\ld /ill be !re 9 "s %ape1 ?\gh possibly x might be a %ape t w\ld lack some?+ t our ?\ght supplies4 ,t reality is 'indep5d5t' means t !re is some?+ 9 e exp]i5ce t escapes our arbitr>y control4 ,if x be a s5sible exp]i5ce x co]ces our att5tion2 if a sequ5ce1 we _c inv]t x2 if we comp>e two t]ms we c come to only "o result4 ,!re is a pu%1 an urg5cy1 )9 our v exp]i5ce1 aga9/ :i* we are on ! :ole p[]less1 & :i* drives u 9 a direction t is ! de/9y ( our belief4 ,t ?is drift ( exp]i5ce itself is 9 ! la/ resort due to some?+ indep5d5t ( all possible exp]i5ce may or may n be true4 ,!re may or may n be an extra-exp]i5tial 'd+ an si*' t keeps ! ball roll+1 or an 'absolute' t lies et]nally beh9d all ! successive det]m9ations :i* human ?\ght has made4 ,b )9 our exp]i5ce ,,itself1 at any rate1 humanism says1 "s det]m9ations %[ !mselves z be+ indep5d5t ( o!rs2 "s que/ions1 if we ev] ask !m1 c only be answ]$ 9 "o way2 "s be+s1 if we ev] suppose !m1 mu/ be suppos$ to h exi/$ previ\sly to ! suppos+2 "s relations1 if !y exi/ ev]1 mu/ exi/ z long z _! t]ms exi/4 ,tru? ?us means1 accord+ to humanism1 ! relation ( less fix$ p>ts ( exp]i5ce 7pr$icates7 to o!r relatively m fix$ p>ts 7subjects72 & we are n requir$ to seek x 9 a relation ( exp]i5ce z su* to any?+ beyond itself4 ,we c /ay at home1 = our behavior z expon5ts is hemm$ 9 on e side4 ,! =ces bo? ( advance & ( resi/ance are ex]t$ by our own objects1 & ! notion ( tru? z some?+ oppos$ to wayw>dness or lic5se inevitably gr[s up ,,solipsi/ically inside ( e human life4 ,s obvi\s is all ?is t a common *>ge aga9/ ! humani/ic au?ors 'makes me tir$4' ',h[ c a deweyite discrim9ate s9c]ity f bluff8' 0 a "q ask$ at a philosophic meet+ :]e ,i report$ on ,dewey's ,/udies4 ',h[ c ! m]e ,footnote3 ,i "k ( no 'm]e' pragmati/1 if ,,m]5ess "h means1 z x seems to1 ! d5ial ( all concret5ess to ! pragmati/'s ,,?\ght4 pragmati/ feel any duty to ?9k truly8' is ! objection urg$ by ,pr(essor ,royce4 ,mr4 ,bradley 9 turn says t if a humani/ und]/&s 8 own doctr9e1 'he mu/ hold any idea1 h[ev] mad1 to be ! tru?1 if any "o w h x s4' ,& ,pr(essor ,taylor describes pragmatism z believ+ any?+ "o pleases & call+ x tru?4 ,su* a %all[ s5se ( ! conditions "u :i* m5's ?9k+ actually goes on seems to me mo/ surpris+4 ,^! critics appe> to suppose t1 if left to itself1 ! rudd]less raft ( our exp]i5ce mu/ be ready to drift any:]e or n[h]e4 ,ev5 ,,?o !re 7 compasses on bo>d1 !y seem to say1 !re w\ld be no pole = !m to po9t to4 ,!re mu/ be absolute sail+-directions1 !y insi/1 decre$ f outside1 & an indep5d5t *>t ( ! voyage add$ to ! 'm]e' voyage itself1 if we are ev] to make a port4 ,b is x n obvi\s t ev5 ,,?o !re be su* absolute sail+-directions 9 ! %ape ( pre-human /&>ds ( tru? t we ,,ought to foll[1 ! only gu>antee t we %all 9 fact foll[ !m mu/ lie 9 our human equipm5t4 ,! 'ought' w\ld be a brutum fulm5 unless !re 7 a felt gra9 inside ( our exp]i5ce t conspir$4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! ,,dev\te/ believ]s 9 absolute /&>ds mu/ admit t m5 fail to obey !m4 ,wayw>dness is "h1 9 spite ( ! et]nal prohibitions1 & ! exi/5ce ( any am\nt ( reality ante rem is no w>rant aga9/ unlimit$ error 9 rebus be+ incurr$4 ,! only ,,real gu>antee we h aga9/ lic5ti\s ?9k+ is ! ,,circumpressure ( exp]i5ce itself1 :i* gets u sick ( concrete errors1 :e!r !re be a trans-empirical reality or n4 ,h[ does ! p>tisan ( absolute reality "k :at ?is ord]s him to ?9k8 ,he _c get direct sight ( ! absolute2 & he has no means ( guess+ :at x wants ( him except by foll[+ ! humani/ic clues4 ,! only tru? t he himself w ev] practically ,,accept w be t to :i* 8 f9ite exp]i5ces lead him ( !mselves4 ,! /ate ( m9d :i* %udd]s at ! idea ( a lot ( exp]i5ces left to !mselves1 & t augurs protection f ! %e] "n ( an absolute1 z if1 h[ev] inop]ative1 t might /ill /& = a sort ( gho/ly security1 is l ! mood ( ^? good p :o1 :5ev] !y he> ( a social t5d5cy t is damnable1 beg9 to r$d5 & to puff1 & say ',p>liam5t or ,congress ought to make a law aga9/ x1' z if an impot5t decree w\ld give relief4 ,all ! ,,sanctions ( a law ( tru? lie 9 ! v texture ( exp]i5ce4 ,absolute or no absolute1 ! concrete tru? ,,= ,,u w always be t way ( ?9k+ 9 :i* our v>i\s exp]i5ces mo/ pr(itably comb9e4 ,& yet1 ! oppon5t ob/9ately urges1 y\r humani/ w always h a great] lib]ty to play fa/ & loose ) tru? ?an w y\r believ] 9 an indep5d5t realm ( reality t makes ! /&>d rigid4 ,if by ?is latt] believ] he means a man :o pret5ds to "k ! /&>d & :o fulm9ates x1 ! humani/ w d\btless prove m flexible2 b no m flexible ?an ! absoluti/ himself if ! latt] foll[s 7z =tunately our pres5t-day absoluti/s d foll[7 empirical me?ods ( inquiry 9 concrete affairs4 ,to consid] hypo!ses is surely always bett] ?an to ,,dogmatise ins blaue h9e94 ,nev]!less ?is probable flexibility ( temp] 9 him has be5 us$ to convict ! humani/ ( s94 ,believ+ z he does1 t tru? lies 9 rebus1 & is at e mom5t our own l9e ( mo/ propiti\s reaction1 he /&s =ev] deb>r$1 z ,i h he>d a le>n$ colleague say1 f try+ to conv]t oppon5ts1 = does n _! view1 be+ ,,_! mo/ propiti\s mom5t>y reaction1 already fill ! bill8 ,only ! believ] 9 ! ante-rem br& ( tru? c on ?is !ory seek to make conv]ts )\t self-/ultification4 ,b c !re be self-/ultification 9 urg+ any acc\nt :atev] ( tru?8 ,c ! def9ition ev] contradict ! de$8 ',tru? is :at ,i feel l say+'--suppose t to be ! def9ition4 ',well1 ,i feel l say+ t1 & ,i want y to feel l say+ x1 & %all cont9ue to say x until ,i get y to agree4' ,:]e is !re any contradiction8 ,:atev] tru? may be said to be1 t is ! k9d ( tru? :i* ! say+ c be held to c>ry4 ,! ,,temp] :i* a say+ may comport is an extra-logical matt]4 ,x may inde$ be hott] 9 "s individual absoluti/ ?an 9 a humani/1 b x ne$ n be s 9 ano!r4 ,& ! humani/1 = 8 "p1 is p]fectly consi/5t 9 compass+ sea & l& to make "o proselyte1 if 8 nature be en?usia/ic en\gh4 ',b h[ c y be en?usia/ic ov] any view ( ?+s :i* y "k to h be5 p>tly made by y\rself1 & :i* is liable to alt] dur+ ! next m9ute8 ,h[ is any h]oic devotion to ! ideal ( tru? possible "u su* paltry conditions8' ,?is is j ano!r ( ^? objections by :i* ! anti-humani/s %[ _! own comp>atively slack hold on ! realities ( ! situation4 ,if !y w\ld only foll[ ! pragmatic me?od & ask3 ',:at is tru? ,,kn[n-,,z8 ,:at does its exi/5ce /& = 9 ! way ( concrete goods8'--!y w\ld see t ! "n ( x is ! inbegriff ( almo/ ev]y?+ t is valuable 9 our lives4 ,! true is ! opposite ( :atev] is in/able1 ( :atev] is practically disappo9t+1 ( :atev] is useless1 ( :atev] is ly+ & unreliable1 ( :atev] is unv]ifiable & unsupport$1 ( :atev] is inconsi/5t & contradictory1 ( :atev] is artificial & ecc5tric1 ( :atev] is unreal 9 ! s5se ( be+ ( no practical acc\nt4 ,"h are pragmatic reasons ) a v5geance :y we %\ld turn to tru?--tru? saves u f a _w ( t complexion4 ,:at wond] t its v "n awak5s loyal feel+6 ,9 p>ticul> :at wond] t all little provisional fool's p>adises ( belief %\ld appe> contemptible 9 comp>ison ) its b>e pursuit6 ,:5 absoluti/s reject humanism because !y feel x to be untrue1 t means t ! :ole habit ( _! m5tal ne$s is w$d$ already to a diff]5t view ( reality1 9 comp>ison ) :i* ! humani/ic _w seems b ! :im ( a few irresponsible y\?s4 ,_! own subjective app]ceiv+ mass is :at speaks "h 9 ! "n ( ! et]nal natures & bids !m reject our humanism--z !y appreh5d x4 ,j s ) u humani/s1 :5 we condemn all noble1 clean-cut1 fix$1 et]nal1 rational1 temple-l sy/ems ( philosophy4 ,^! contradict ! ,,dramatic ,,temp]am5t ( nature1 z our deal+s ) nature & our habits ( ?9k+ h s f> br\ght u to conceive x4 ,!y seem oddly p]sonal & artificial1 ev5 :5 n bureaucratic & pr(essional 9 an absurd degree4 ,we turn f !m to ! great unp5t & un/ay$ wild]ness ( tru? z we feel x to be con/itut$1 ) z good a consci5ce z rationali/s are mov$ by :5 !y turn f our wild]ness into _! neat] & clean] intellectual abodes4 ,footnote3 ,i _c =be> quot+ z an illu/ration ( ! contra/ betwe5 humani/ & rationali/ temp]s ( m9d1 9 a sph]e remote f philosophy1 ^! rem>ks on ! ,dreyfus 'affaire1' writt5 by "o :o assur$ly _h nev] he>d ( humanism or pragmatism4 ',autant que la ,revolution1 l',affaire e/ desormais une de nos orig9es4 ,si elle n'a pas fait ouvrir le g\ffre1 c'e/ elle du mo9s qui a r5du pat5t et visible le long travail s\t]ra9 qui1 sil5cieusem5t1 avait prep>e la sep>ation entre nos deux camps d'auj\rd'hui1 p\r ec>t] enf91 d'un c\p s\da91 la ,france des traditionali/es 7poseurs de pr9cipes1 *]*eurs d'unite1 con/ructeurs de sy/emes a priori7 el la ,france eprise du fait positif et de libre exam52--la ,france revolutionnaire et romantique si l'on veut1 celle qui met tres haut l'individu1 qui ne veut pas qu'un ju/e p]isse1 fut-ce p\r sauv] la nation1 et qui *]*e la v]ite dans t\tes ses p>ties aussi bi5 que dans une vue d'ensemble 444 ,duclaux ne p\vait pas concevoir qu'on pref]at quelque *ose a la v]ite4 ,mais il voyait aut\r de lui de =t honnetes g5s qui1 mettant en balance la vie d'un homme et la raison d',etat1 lui av\ai5t de quel poids leg] ils jugeai5t une simple exi/5ce individuelle1 p\r innoc5te qu'elle fut4 ,c'etai5t des classiques1 des g5s a qui l'ensemble seul importe4' ,la ,vie de ,emile ,duclaux1 p> ,mme4 ,em4 ,d41 ,laval1 #aijf1 pp4 #bdc1 #bdg-bdh4 ,?is is surely en\gh to %[ t ! humani/ does n ignore ! "* ( objectivity & indep5d5ce 9 tru?4 ,let me turn next to :at 8 oppon5ts mean :5 !y say t to be true1 our ?\ghts mu/ 'correspond4' ,! vulg> notion ( correspond5ce "h is t ! ?\ghts mu/ ,,copy ! reality--cognitio fit p] assimiliationem cogniti et cognosc5tis2 & philosophy1 )\t hav+ ev] fairly sat d[n to ! "q1 seems to h in/9ctively accept$ ?is idea3 propositions are held true if !y copy ! et]nal ?\ght2 t]ms are held true if !y copy extra-m5tal realities4 ,implicitly1 ,i ?9k t ! copy-!ory has animat$ mo/ ( ! criticisms t h be5 made on humanism4 ,a priori1 h[ev]1 x is n self-evid5t t ! sole bus9ess ( our m9d ) realities %\ld be to copy !m4 ,let my read] suppose himself to con/itute = a "t all ! reality !re is 9 ! univ]se1 & !n to receive ! ann\ncem5t t ano!r be+ is to be creat$ :o %all "k him truly4 ,h[ w he repres5t ! kn[+ 9 advance8 ,:at w he hope x to be8 ,i d\bt extremely :e!r x c\ld ev] occur to him to fancy x z a m]e copy+4 ,( :at use to him w\ld an imp]fect second edition ( himself 9 ! new com]'s int]ior be8 ,x w\ld seem pure wa/e ( a propiti\s opportunity4 ,! dem& w\ld m probably be = some?+ absolutely new4 ,! read] w\ld conceive ! kn[+ humani/ically1 '! new com]1' he w\ld say1 'mu/ ,,take ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,my ,,pres5ce ,,by ,,react+ ,,on ,,x ,,9 ,,su* ,a ,,way ,,t ,,good ,,w\ld ,,accrue ,,to ,,u ,,bo?4 ,if copy+ be requisite to t end1 let !re be copy+2 o!rwise n4' ,! ess5ce 9 any case w\ld n be ! copy+1 b ! enri*m5t ( ! previ\s _w4 ,i read ! o!r day1 9 a book ( ,pr(essor ,euck5's1 a phrase1 ',die erhohung des vorgefund55 dase9s1' :i* seems to be p]t95t "h4 ,:y may n ?\ght's mission be to increase & elevate1 r ?an simply to imitate & r$uplicate1 exi/5ce8 ,no "o :o has read ,lotze c fail to rememb] 8 /rik+ comm5t on ! ord9>y view ( ! second>y qualities ( matt]1 :i* br&s !m z 'illusory' because !y copy no?+ 9 ! ?+4 ,! notion ( a _w complete 9 itself1 to :i* ?\ght comes z a passive mirror1 add+ no?+ to fact1 ,lotze says is irrational4 ,r is ?\ght itself a mo/ mom5t\s "p ( fact1 & ! :ole mission ( ! pre-exi/+ & insuffici5t _w ( matt] may simply be to provoke ?\ght to produce its f> m preci\s supplem5t4 ',kn[+1' 9 %ort1 may1 = aught we c see be=eh& to ! contr>y1 be ,,only ,,"o ,,way ,,( ,,gett+ ,,into ,,fruitful ,,relations ,,) ,,reality :e!r copy+ be "o ( ! relations or n4 ,x is easy to see f :at special type ( kn[+ ! copy-!ory arose4 ,9 our deal+s ) natural ph5om5a ! great po9t is to be able to =etell4 ,=etell+1 accord+ to su* a writ] z ,sp5c]1 is ! :ole mean+ ( intellig5ce4 ,:5 ,sp5c]'s 'law ( intellig5ce' says t inn] & out] relations mu/ 'correspond1' x means t ! di/ribution ( t]ms 9 our inn] "t-s*eme & space-s*eme mu/ be an exact copy ( ! di/ribution 9 real "t & space ( ! real t]ms4 ,9 /rict !ory ! m5tal t]ms !mselves ne$ n answ] to ! real t]ms 9 ! s5se ( sev]ally copy+ !m1 symbolic m5tal t]ms be+ en\gh1 if only ! real dates & places be copi$4 ,b 9 our ord9>y life ! m5tal t]ms are images & ! real ones are s5sations1 & ! images s (t5 copy ! s5sations1 t we easily take copy+ ( t]ms z well z ( relations to be ! natural significance ( kn[+4 ,mean:ile mu*1 ev5 ( ?is common descriptive tru?1 is c\*$ 9 v]bal symbols4 ,if our symbols ,,fit ! _w1 9 ! s5se ( det]m9+ our expectations rightly1 !y may ev5 be ! bett] = n copy+ its t]ms4 ,x seems obvi\s t ! pragmatic acc\nt ( all ?is r\t9e ( ph5om5al k is accurate4 ,tru? "h is a relation1 n ( our ideas to non-human realities1 b ( conceptual p>ts ( our exp]i5ce to s5sational p>ts4 ,^? ?\ghts are true :i* guide u to ,,b5eficial ,,int]action ) s5sible p>ticul>s z !y occur1 :e!r !y copy ^! 9 advance or n4 ,f ! frequ5cy ( copy+ 9 ! k ( ph5om5al fact1 copy+ has be5 suppos$ to be ! ess5ce ( tru? 9 matt]s rational also4 ,geometry & logic1 x has be5 suppos$1 mu/ copy ar*etypal ?\ghts 9 ! ,creator4 ,b 9 ^! ab/ract sph]es !re is no ne$ ( assum+ ar*etypes4 ,! m9d is free to c>ve s _m figures out ( space1 to make s _m num]ical collections1 to frame s _m classes & s]ies1 & x c analyze & comp>e s endlessly1 t ! v sup]abundance ( ! result+ ideas makes u d\bt ! 'objective' pre-exi/5ce ( _! models4 ,x w\ld be pla9ly wrong to suppose a ,god ^: ?\ght consecrat$ rectangul> b n pol> co-ord9ates1 or ,jevons's notation b n ,boole's4 ,yet if1 on ! o!r h&1 we assume ,god to h ?\ght 9 advance ( e ,,possible flight ( human fancy 9 ^! directions1 8 m9d becomes too mu* l a ,h9doo idol ) ?ree heads1 eight arms & six brea/s1 too mu* made up ( sup]foetation & r$undancy = u to wi% to copy x1 & ! :ole notion ( copy+ t5ds to evaporate f ^! sci5ces4 ,_! objects c be bett] int]pret$ z be+ creat$ /ep by /ep by m51 z fa/ z !y successively conceive !m4 ,if n[ x be ask$ h[1 if triangles1 squ>es1 squ>e roots1 g5]a1 & ! l1 are b improvis$ human 'artefacts1' _! prop]ties & relations c be s promptly kn[n to be 'et]nal1' ! humani/ic answ] is easy4 ,if triangles & g5]a are ( our own production we c keep !m inv>iant4 ,we c make !m 'timeless' by expressly decree+ t on ,,! ,,?+s ,,we ,,mean "t %all ex]t no alt]+ effect1 t !y are int5tionally & x may be fictiti\sly ab/ract$ f e corrupt+ real associate & condition4 ,b relations betwe5 inv>iant objects w !mselves be inv>iant4 ,su* relations _c be happ5+s1 = by hypo!sis no?+ %all happ5 to ! objects4 ,i h tri$ to %[ 9 ! la/ *apt] ( my ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology ,footnote3 ,vol4 ii1 pp4 #fda ff4 t !y c only be relations ( comp>ison4 ,no "o s f> seems to h notic$ my sugge/ion1 & ,i am too ignorant ( ! developm5t ( ma!matics to feel v confid5t ( my own view4 ,b if x 7 correct x w\ld solve ! difficulty p]fectly4 ,relations ( comp>ison are matt]s ( direct inspection4 ,z soon z m5tal objects are m5tally comp>$1 !y are p]ceiv$ to be ei!r l or unlike4 ,b once ! same1 always ! same1 once diff]5t1 always diff]5t1 "u ^! timeless conditions4 ,:i* is z mu* z to say t tru?s conc]n+ ^! man-made objects are necess>y & et]nal4 ,we c *ange our conclusions only by *ang+ our data fir/4 ,! :ole fabric ( ! a priori sci5ces c ?us be treat$ z a man-made product4 ,z ,locke long ago po9t$ out1 ^! sci5ces h no imm$iate connection ) fact4 ,only ,,if a fact c be humaniz$ by be+ id5tifi$ ) any ( ^! ideal objects1 is :at 0 true ( ! objects n[ true also ( ! facts4 ,! tru? itself mean:ile 0 orig9ally a copy ( no?+2 x 0 only a relation directly p]ceiv$ to obta9 betwe5 two artificial m5tal ?+s4 ,footnote3 ,m5tal ?+s :i* are realities ( c\rse )9 ! m5tal _w4 ,we may n[ glance at "s special types ( kn[+1 s z to see bett] :e!r ! humani/ic acc\nt fits4 ,on ! ma!matical & logical types we ne$ n enl>ge fur!r1 nor ne$ we return at mu* l5g? to ! case ( our descriptive k ( ! c\rse ( nature4 ,s f> z ?is involves anticipation1 ?o t ,,may mean copy+1 x ne$1 z we saw1 mean little m ?an 'gett+ ready' 9 advance4 ,b ) _m di/ant & future objects1 our practical relations are to ! la/ degree pot5tial & remote4 ,9 no s5se c we n[ get ready = ! arre/ ( ! e>?'s revolution by ! tidal brake1 = in/ance2 & ) ! pa/1 ?o we suppose ourselves to "k x truly1 we h no practical relations at all4 ,x is obvi\s t1 al?o int]e/s /rictly practical h be5 ! orig9al />t+-po9t ( our se>* = true ph5om5al descriptions1 yet an intr9sic int]e/ 9 ! b>e describ+ function has gr[n up4 ,we wi% acc\nts t %all be true1 :e!r !y br+ collat]al pr(it or n4 ,! primitive function has develop$ its dem& = m]e ex]cise4 ,?is !oretic curiosity seems to be ! *>act]i/ically human diff]5tia1 & humanism recognizes its enorm\s scope4 ,a true idea n[ means n only "o t prep>es u = an actual p]ception4 ,x means also "o t might prep>e u = a m]ely possible p]ception1 or "o t1 if spok51 w\ld sugge/ possible p]ceptions to o!rs1 or sugge/ actual p]ceptions :i* ! speak] _c %>e4 ,! ensemble ( p]ceptions ?us ?\ght ( z ei!r actual or possible =m a sy/em :i* x is obvi\sly advantage\s to u to get into a /able & consi/5t %ape2 & "h x is t ! common-s5se notion ( p]man5t be+s f9ds triumphant use4 ,be+s act+ outside ( ! ?9k] expla91 n only 8 actual p]ceptions1 pa/ & future1 b 8 possible p]ceptions & ^? ( e "o else4 ,accord+ly !y gratify our !oretic ne$ 9 a supremely beautiful way4 ,we pass f our imm$iate actual ?r\gh !m into ! =eign & ! pot5tial1 & back aga9 into ! future actual1 acc\nt+ = innum]able p>ticul>s by a s+le cause4 ,z 9 ^? circul> panoramas1 :]e a real =egr\nd ( dirt1 grass1 bu%es1 rocks & a brok5-d[n cannon is envelop$ by a canvas picture ( sky & e>? & ( a rag+ battle1 cont9u+ ! =egr\nd s cunn+ly t ! spectator c detect no jo9t2 s ^! conceptual objects1 add$ to our pres5t p]ceptual reality1 fuse ) x into ! :ole univ]se ( our belief4 ,9 spite ( all b]keleyan criticism1 we d n d\bt t !y are really !re4 ,?o our discov]y ( any "o ( !m may only date f n[1 we unhesitat+ly say t x n only ,,is1 b ,,0 !re1 if1 by s say+1 ! pa/ appe>s connect$ m consi/5tly ) :at we feel ! pres5t to be4 ,?is is hi/oric tru?4 ,moses wrote ! ,p5tateu*1 we ?9k1 because if he didn't1 all our religi\s habits w h to be undone4 ,julius ,caes> 0 real1 or we c nev] li/5 to hi/ory aga94 ,trilobites 7 once alive1 or all our ?\ght ab\t ! /rata is at sea4 ,radium1 discov]$ only ye/]day1 mu/ always h exi/$1 or its analogy ) o!r natural elem5ts1 :i* are p]man5t1 fails4 ,9 all ?is1 x is b "o portion ( our beliefs react+ on ano!r s z to yield ! mo/ satisfactory total /ate ( m9d4 ,t /ate ( m9d1 we say1 sees tru?1 & ! cont5t ( its deliv]ances we believe4 ,( c\rse1 if y take ! satisfactor9ess concretely1 z some?+ felt by y n[1 & if1 by tru?1 y mean tru? tak5 ab/ractly & v]ifi$ 9 ! long run1 y _c make !m equate1 = x is notori\s t ! tempor>ily satisfactory is (t5 false4 ,yet at ea* & e concrete mom5t1 tru? = ea* man is :at t man 'tr[e?' at t mom5t ) ! maximum ( satisfaction to himself2 & simil>ly1 ab/ract tru?1 tru? v]ifi$ by ! long run1 & ab/ract satisfactor9ess1 long-run satisfactor9ess1 co9cide4 ,if1 9 %ort1 we comp>e concrete ) concrete & ab/ract ) ab/ract1 ! true & ! satisfactory d mean ! same ?+4 ,i suspect t a c]ta9 muddl+ ( matt]s h]eab\ts is :at makes ! g5]al philosophic public s imp]vi\s to humanism's claims4 ,! fundam5tal fact ab\t our exp]i5ce is t x is a process ( *ange4 ,= ! 'tr[]' at any mom5t1 tru?1 l ! visible area r\nd a man walk+ 9 a fog1 or l :at ,george ,eliot calls '! wall ( d>k se5 by small fi%es' eyes t pi]ce a span 9 ! wide ,ocean1' is an objective field :i* ! next mom5t enl>ges & ( :i* x is ! critic1 & :i* !n ei!r suff]s alt]ation or is cont9u$ un*ang$4 ,! critic sees bo? ! fir/ tr[]'s tru? & 8 own tru?1 comp>es !m ) ea* o!r1 & v]ifies or confutes4 ,,8 field ( view is ! reality indep5d5t ( t e>li] tr[]'s ?9k+ ) :i* t ?9k+ ought to correspond4 ,b ! critic is himself only a tr[]2 & if ! :ole process ( exp]i5ce %\ld t]m9ate at t in/ant1 !re w\ld be no o!rwise kn[n indep5d5t reality ) :i* ,,8 ?\ght might be comp>$4 ,! imm$iate 9 exp]i5ce is always provisionally 9 ?is situation4 ,! humanism1 = in/ance1 :i* ,i see & try s h>d to def5d1 is ! complete/ tru? atta9$ f my po9t ( view up to date4 ,b1 ow+ to ! fact t all exp]i5ce is a process1 no po9t ( view c ev] be ,,! la/ "o4 ,e "o is insuffici5t & (f its balance1 & responsible to lat] po9ts ( view ?an itself4 ,y1 occupy+ "s ( ^! lat] po9ts 9 y\r own p]son1 & believ+ 9 ! reality ( o!rs1 w n agree t my po9t ( view sees tru? positive1 tru? timeless1 tru? t c\nts1 unless !y v]ify & confirm :at x sees4 ,y g5]alize ?is by say+ t any op9ion1 h[ev] satisfactory1 c c\nt positively & absolutely z true only s f> z x agrees ) a /&>d beyond itself2 & if y !n =get t ?is /&>d p]petually gr[s up endog5\sly inside ! web ( ! exp]i5ces1 y may c>elessly g on to say t :at di/ributively holds ( ea* exp]i5ce1 holds also collectively ( all exp]i5ce1 & t exp]i5ce z su* & 9 its totality owes :atev] tru? x may be possess$-( to its correspond5ce ) absolute realities outside ( its own be+4 ,?is evid5tly is ! popul> & traditional position4 ,f ! fact t f9ite exp]i5ces mu/ draw support f "o ano!r1 philosoph]s pass to ! notion t exp]i5ce ub]haupt mu/ ne$ an absolute support4 ,! d5ial ( su* a notion by humanism lies probably at ! root ( mo/ ( ! dislike :i* x incurs4 ,b is ?is n ! globe1 ! elephant & ! tortoise ov] aga98 ,mu/ n some?+ end by support+ itself8 ,humanism is will+ to let f9ite exp]i5ce be self-support+4 ,some:]e be+ mu/ imm$iately brea/ non5tity4 ,:y may n ! advanc+ front ( exp]i5ce1 c>ry+ its imman5t satisfactions & dissatisfactions1 cut aga9/ ! black inane z ! lum9\s orb ( ! moon cuts ! ca]ulean abyss8 ,:y %\ld any:]e ! _w be absolutely fix$ & f9i%$8 ,& if reality g5u9ely gr[s1 :y may x n gr[ 9 ^! v det]m9ations :i* "h & n[ are made8 ,9 po9t ( fact x actually seems to gr[ by our m5tal det]m9ations1 be ^! nev] s 'true4' ,take ! 'great be>' or 'dipp]' con/ellation 9 ! heav5s4 ,we call x by t "n1 we c\nt ! />s & call !m sev51 we say !y 7 sev5 be=e !y 7 c\nt$1 & we say t :e!r any "o _h ev] not$ ! fact or n1 ! dim resemblance to a long-tail$ 7or long-neck$87 animal 0 always truly !re4 ,b :at d we mean by ?is projection into pa/ et]nity ( rec5t human ways ( ?9k+8 ,did an 'absolute' ?9k] actually d ! c\nt+1 tell (f ! />s ^u 8 /&+ numb]-tally1 & make ! be>-comp>ison1 silly z ! latt] is8 ,7 !y explicitly sev51 explicitly be>-l1 be=e ! human witness came8 ,surely no?+ 9 ! tru? ( ! attributions drives u to ?9k ?is4 ,!y 7 only implicitly or virtually :at we call !m1 & we human witnesses fir/ explicat$ !m & made !m 'real4' ,a fact virtually pre-exi/s :5 e condition ( its realization save "o is already !re4 ,9 ?is case ! condition lack+ is ! act ( ! c\nt+ & comp>+ m9d4 ,b ! />s 7once ! m9d consid]s !m7 !mselves dictate ! result4 ,! c\nt+ 9 no wise modifies _! previ\s nature1 &1 !y be+ :at & :]e !y are1 ! c\nt _c fall out diff]5tly4 ,x c\ld !n ,,always be made4 ,,nev] c\ld ! numb] sev5 be que/ion$1 ,,if ,,! ,,"q ,,once ,,7 ,,rais$4 ,we h "h a quasi-p>adox4 ,und5iably some?+ comes by ! c\nt+ t 0 n !re be=e4 ,& yet t some?+ 0 ,,always ,,true4 ,9 "o s5se y create x1 & 9 ano!r s5se y ,,f9d x4 ,y h to treat y\r c\nt z be+ true be=eh&1 ! mom5t y come to treat ! matt] at all4 ,our /ell> attributes mu/ always be call$ true1 !n2 yet none ! less are !y g5u9e additions made by our intellect to ! _w ( fact4 ,n additions ( consci\sness only1 b additions ( 'cont5t4' ,!y copy no?+ t pre-exi/$1 yet !y agree ) :at pre-exi/$1 fit x1 amplify x1 relate & connect x ) a 'wa91' a numb]-tally1 or :at n1 & build x out4 ,x seems to me t humanism is ! only !ory t builds ?is case out 9 ! good direction1 & ?is case /&s = innum]able o!r k9ds ( case4 ,9 all su* eases1 odd z x may s\nd1 our judgm5t may actually be said to retroact & to enri* ! pa/4 ,our judgm5ts at any rate *ange ! "* ( ,,future reality by ! acts to :i* !y lead4 ,:]e ^! acts are acts expressive ( tru/1--tru/1 e4g41 t a man is hone/1 t our heal? is good en\gh1 or t we c make a successful ef=t1--:i* acts may be a ne$$ antec$5t ( ! tru/$ ?+s becom+ true4 ,pr(essor ,taylor says ,footnote3 ,9 an article criticis+ ,pragmatism 7z he conceives x7 9 ! ,mc,gill ,univ]sity ,qu>t]ly publi%$ at ,montreal1 = ,may1 #aijd4 t our tru/ is at any rate ,,untrue ,,:5 ,,x ,,is ,,made1 i4 e2 be=e ! action2 & ,i seem to rememb] t he disposes ( any?+ l a fai? 9 ! g5]al excell5ce ( ! univ]se 7mak+ ! fai?ful p]son's "p 9 x at any rate m excell5t7 z a 'lie 9 ! s\l4' ,b ! pa?os ( ?is expression %\ld n bl9d u to ! complication ( ! facts4 ,i d\bt :e!r ,pr(essor ,taylor w\ld himself be 9 favor ( practically h&l+ tru/]s ( ^! k9ds z li>s4 ,future & pres5t really mix 9 su* em]g5cies1 & "o c always escape lies 9 !m by us+ hypo!tic =ms4 ,b ,mr4 ,taylor's attitude sugge/s su* absurd possibilities ( practice t x seems to me to illu/rate beautifully h[ self-/ultify+ ! conception ( a tru? t %all m]ely regi/] a /&+ fixture may become4 ,!oretic tru?1 tru? ( passive copy+1 s\ght 9 ! sole int]e/s ( copy+ z su*1 n because copy+ is ,,good ,,= ,,some?+1 b because copy+ ought s*le*?9 to be1 seems1 if y look at x coldly1 to be an almo/ prepo/]\s ideal4 ,:y %\ld ! univ]se1 exi/+ 9 itself1 also exi/ 9 copies8 ,h[ ,,c x be copi$ 9 ! solidity ( its objective fulness8 ,& ev5 if x c\ld1 :at w\ld ! motive be8 ',ev5 ! hairs ( y\r head are numb]$4' ,d\btless !y are1 virtually2 b :y1 z an absolute proposition1 ,,ought ! numb] to become copi$ & kn[n8 ,surely kn[+ is only "o way ( int]act+ ) reality & add+ to its effect4 ,! oppon5t "h w ask3 ',has n ! kn[+ ( tru? any sub/antive value on its own acc\nt1 ap>t f ! collat]al advantages x may br+8 ,& if y all[ !oretic satisfactions to exi/ at all1 d !y n cr[d ! collat]al satisfactions out ( h\se & home1 & mu/ n pragmatism g into bankruptcy1 if %e admits !m at all8' ,! de/ructive =ce ( su* talk disappe>s z soon z we use words concretely in/ead ( ab/ractly1 & ask1 9 our quality ( good pragmati/s1 j :at ! fam\s !oretic ne$s are kn[n z & 9 :at ! intellectual satisfactions consi/4 ,are !y n all m]e matt]s ( ,,consi/5cy--& emphatically ,,n ( consi/5cy betwe5 an absolute reality & ! m9d's copies ( x1 b ( actually felt consi/5cy among judgm5ts1 objects1 & habits ( react+1 9 ! m9d's own exp]i5ceable _w8 ,& are n bo? our ne$ ( su* consi/5cy & our pleasure 9 x conceivable z outcomes ( ! natural fact t we are be+s t d develop m5tal ,,habits--habit itself prov+ adaptively b5eficial 9 an environm5t :]e ! same objects1 or ! same k9ds ( objects1 recur & foll[ 'law'8 ,if ?is 7 s1 :at w\ld h come fir/ w\ld h be5 ! collat]al pr(its ( habit z su*1 & ! !oretic life w\ld h gr[n up 9 aid ( ^!4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ?is seems to h be5 ! probable case4 ,at life's orig91 any pres5t p]ception may h be5 'true'--if su* a ^w c\ld !n be applicable4 ,lat]1 :5 reactions became organiz$1 ! reactions became 'true' :5ev] expectation 0 fulfill$ by !m4 ,o!rwise !y 7 'false' or 'mi/ak5' reactions4 ,b ! same class ( objects ne$s ! same k9d ( reaction1 s ! impulse to react consi/5tly mu/ gradually h be5 e/abli%$1 & a disappo9tm5t felt :5ev] ! results fru/rat$ expectation4 ,"h is a p]fectly plausible g]m = all our high] consi/5cies4 ,n[adays1 if an object claims f u a reaction ( ! k9d habitually accord$ only to ! opposite class ( objects1 our m5tal ma*9]y refuses to run smoo?ly4 ,! situation is intellectually unsatisfactory4 ,!oretic tru? ?us falls ,,)9 ! m9d1 be+ ! accord ( "s ( its processes & objects ) o!r processes & objects--'accord' consi/+ "h 9 well-def9able relations4 ,s long z ! satisfaction ( feel+ su* an accord is d5i$ u1 :atev] collat]al pr(its may seem to inure f :at we believe 9 are b z du/ 9 ! balance--provid$ always t we are highly organiz$ intellectually1 :i* ! majority ( u are n4 ,! am\nt ( accord :i* satisfies mo/ m5 & wom5 is m]ely ! abs5ce ( viol5t cla% betwe5 _! usual ?\ghts & /atem5ts & ! limit$ sph]e ( s5se-p]ceptions 9 :i* _! lives are ca/4 ,! !oretic tru? t mo/ ( u ?9k we 'ought' to atta9 to is ?us ! possession ( a set ( pr$icates t d n explicitly contradict _! subjects4 ,we pres]ve x z (t5 z n by leav+ o!r pr$icates & subjects out4 ,9 "s m5 !ory is a passion1 j z music is 9 o!rs4 ,! =m ( inn] consi/5cy is pursu$ f> beyond ! l9e at :i* collat]al pr(its /op4 ,su* m5 sy/ematize & classify & s*ematize & make synoptical tables & inv5t ideal objects = ! pure love ( unify+4 ,too (t5 ! results1 gl[+ ) 'tru?' = ! inv5tors1 seem pa!tically p]sonal & artificial to by/&]s4 ,:i* is z mu* z to say t ! purely !oretic crit]ion ( tru? c leave u 9 ! lur* z easily z any o!r crit]ion1 & t ! absoluti/s1 = all _! pret5sions1 are '9 ! same boat' concretely ) ^? :om !y attack4 ,i am well aw>e t ?is pap] has be5 rambl+ 9 ! extreme4 ,b ! :ole subject is inductive1 & %>p logic is h>dly yet 9 ord]4 ,my great trammel has be5 ! non-exi/5ce ( any def9itely /at$ alt]native on my oppon5ts' "p4 ,x may conduce to cle>ness if ,i recapitulate1 9 clos+1 :at ,i conceive ! ma9 po9ts ( humanism to be4 ,!y are ^!3-- #a4 ,an exp]i5ce1 p]ceptual or conceptual1 mu/ con=m to reality 9 ord] to be true4 #b4 ,by 'reality' humanism means no?+ m ?an ! o!r conceptual or p]ceptual exp]i5ces ) :i* a giv5 pres5t exp]i5ce may f9d itself 9 po9t ( fact mix$ up4 ,footnote3 ,?is is meant m]ely to exclude reality ( an 'unkn[able' sort1 ( :i* no acc\nt 9 ei!r p]ceptual or conceptual t]ms c be giv54 ,x includes ( c\rse any am\nt if empirical reality indep5d5t ( ! kn[]4 ,pragmatism1 is ?us 'epi/emologically' reali/ic 9 its acc\nt4 #c4 ,by 'con=m+1' humanism means tak+ acc\nt-( 9 su* a way z to ga9 any intellectually & practically satisfactory result4 #d4 ,to 'take acc\nt-(' & to be 'satisfactory' are t]ms t admit ( no def9ition1 s _m are ! ways 9 :i* ^! requirem5ts c practically be work$ out4 #e4 ,vaguely & 9 g5]al1 we take acc\nt ( a reality by pres]v+ x 9 z unmodifi$ a =m z possible4 ,b1 to be !n satisfactory1 x mu/ n contradict o!r realities outside ( x :i* claim also to be pres]v$4 ,t we mu/ pres]ve all ! exp]i5ce we c & m9imize contradiction 9 :at we pres]ve1 is ab\t all t c be said 9 advance4 #f4 ,! tru? :i* ! con=m+ exp]i5ce embodies may be a positive addition to ! previ\s reality1 & lat] judgm5ts may h to con=m to x4 ,yet1 virtually at lea/1 x may h be5 true previ\sly4 ,pragmatically1 virtual & actual tru? mean ! same ?+3 ! possibility ( only "o answ]1 :5 once ! "q is rais$4 ,,iv ,,! ,,relation ,,betwe5 ,,kn[] ,,& ,,kn[n ,footnote3 ,extract f an article entitl$ ',a ,_w ( ,pure ,exp]i5ce1' 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 etc41 ,septemb] #bi1aijd4 ,?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( philosophy ! subject & its object h be5 treat$ z absolutely discont9u\s entities2 & !reupon ! pres5ce ( ! latt] to ! =m]1 or ! 'appreh5sion' by ! =m] ( ! latt]1 has assum$ a p>adoxical "* :i* all sorts ( !ories _h to be inv5t$ to ov]come4 ,repres5tative !ories put a m5tal 'repres5tation1' 'image1' or 'cont5t' into ! gap1 z a sort ( int]m$i>y4 ,commons5se !ories left ! gap unt\*$1 decl>+ our m9d able to cle> x by a self-transc5d+ leap4 ,transc5d5tali/ !ories left x impossible to trav]se by f9ite kn[]s1 & br\ght an absolute 9 to p]=m ! saltatory act4 ,all ! :ile1 9 ! v bosom ( ! f9ite exp]i5ce1 e conjunction requir$ to make ! relation intelligible is giv5 9 full4 ,ei!r ! kn[] & ! kn[n are3 7#a7 ! self-same piece ( exp]i5ce tak5 twice ov] 9 diff]5t contexts2 or !y are 7#b7 two pieces ( ,,actual exp]i5ce belong+ to ! same subject1 ) def9ite tracts ( conjunctive transitional exp]i5ce betwe5 !m2 or 7#c7 ! kn[n is a ,,possible exp]i5ce ei!r ( t subject or ano!r1 to :i* ! said conjunctive transitions ,,w\ld lead1 if suffici5tly prolong$4 ,to discuss all ! ways 9 :i* "o exp]i5ce may function z ! kn[] ( ano!r1 w\ld be incompatible ) ! limits ( ?is essay4 ,i h treat$ ( type #a1 ! k9d ( k call$ p]ception1 9 an article 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 = ,septemb] #a1 #aijd1 call$ ',does consci\sness exi/8' ,?is is ! type ( case 9 :i* ! m9d enjoys direct 'acqua9tance' ) a pres5t object4 ,9 ! o!r types ! m9d has 'k-ab\t' an object n imm$iately !re4 ,type #c c always =mally & hypo!tically be r$uc$ to type #b1 s t a brief description ( t type w n[ put ! pres5t read] suffici5tly at my po9t ( view1 & make him see :at ! actual mean+s ( ! my/]i\s cognitive relation may be4 ,suppose me to be sitt+ "h 9 my libr>y at ,cambridge1 at t5 m9utes' walk f ',memorial ,hall1' & to be ?9k+ truly ( ! latt] object4 ,my m9d may h be=e x only ! "n1 or x may h a cle> image1 or x may h a v dim image ( ! hall1 b su* an intr9sic diff]5ce 9 ! image makes no diff]5ce 9 its cognitive function4 ,c]ta9 extr9sic ph5om5a1 special exp]i5ces ( conjunction1 are :at imp>t to ! image1 be x :at x may1 its kn[+ (fice4 ,= in/ance1 if y ask me :at hall ,i mean by my image1 & ,i c tell y no?+2 or if ,i fail to po9t or lead y t[>ds ! ,h>v>d ,delta2 or if1 be+ l$ by y1 ,i am unc]ta9 :e!r ! ,hall ,i see be :at ,i _h 9 m9d or n2 y w\ld rightly d5y t ,i _h 'meant' t p>ticul> hall at all1 ev5 ?o my m5tal image might to "s degree h resembl$ x4 ,! resemblance w\ld c\nt 9 t case z co9cid5tal m]ely1 = all sorts ( ?+s ( a k9d resemble "o ano!r 9 ?is _w )\t be+ held = t reason to take cognizance ( "o ano!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ,i c lead y to ! hall1 & tell y ( its hi/ory & pres5t uses2 if 9 its pres5ce ,i feel my idea1 h[ev] imp]fect x may h be51 to h l$ hi!r & to be n[ ,,t]m9at$2 if ! associates ( ! image & ( ! felt hall run p>allel1 s t ea* t]m ( ! "o context corresponds s]ially1 z ,i walk1 ) an answ]+ t]m ( ! o!r2 :y !n my s\l 0 prophetic1 & my idea mu/ be1 & by common cons5t w\ld be1 call$ cognizant ( reality4 ,t p]cept 0 :at ,i ,,meant1 = into x my idea has pass$ by conjunctive exp]i5ces ( sam5ess & fulfill$ int5tion4 ,n[h]e is !re j>1 b e lat] mom5t cont9ues & corroborates an e>li] "o4 ,9 ?is cont9u+ & corroborat+1 tak5 9 no transc5d5tal s5se1 b d5ot+ def9itely felt transitions1 ,,lies ,,all ,,t ,,! ,,kn[+ ,,( ,a ,,p]cept ,,by ,,an ,,idea ,,c ,,possibly ,,conta9 ,,or ,,signify4 ,:]ev] su* transitions are felt1 ! fir/ exp]i5ce ,,kn[s ! la/ "o4 ,:]e !y d n1 or :]e ev5 z possibles !y c n1 int]v5e1 !re c be no pret5ce ( kn[+4 ,9 ?is latt] case ! extremes w be connect$1 if connect$ at all1 by inf]ior relations--b>e lik5ess or succession1 or by ')ness' alone4 ,k ( s5sible realities ?us comes to life inside ! tissue ( exp]i5ce4 ,x is ,,made2 & made by relations t unroll !mselves 9 "t4 ,:5ev] c]ta9 int]m$i>ies are giv51 su* t1 z !y develop t[>ds _! t]m9us1 !re is exp]i5ce f po9t to po9t ( "o direction foll[$1 & f9ally ( "o process fulfill$1 ! result is t ,,_! ,,/>t+-,,po9t ,,!reby ,,becomes ,a ,,kn[] ,,& ,,_! ,,t]m9us ,,an ,,object ,,meant ,,or ,,kn[n4 ,t is all t kn[+ 79 ! simple case consid]$7 c be kn[n-z1 t is ! :ole ( its nature1 put into exp]i5tial t]ms4 ,:5ev] su* is ! sequ5ce ( our exp]i5ces we may freely say t we _h ! t]m9al object '9 m9d' f ! outset1 ev5 al?o ,,at ! outset no?+ 0 !re 9 u b a flat piece ( sub/antive exp]i5ce l any o!r1 ) no self-transc5d5cy ab\t x1 & no my/]y save ! my/]y ( com+ into exi/5ce & ( be+ gradually foll[$ by o!r pieces ( sub/antive exp]i5ce1 ) conjunctively transitional exp]i5ces betwe54 ,t is :at we ,,mean "h by ! object's be+ '9 m9d4' ,( any deep] m real way ( its be+ 9 m9d we h no positive conception1 & we h no "r to discr$it our actual exp]i5ce by talk+ ( su* a way at all4 ,i "k t _m a read] w rebel at ?is4 ',m]e int]m$i>ies1' he w say1 'ev5 ?o !y be feel+s ( cont9u\sly gr[+ fulfilm5t1 only ,,sep>ate ! kn[] f ! kn[n1 :]eas :at we h 9 k is a k9d ( imm$iate t\* ( ! "o by ! o!r1 an appreh5sion 9 ! etymological s5se ( ! ^w1 a leap+ ( ! *asm z by lightn+1 an act by :i* two t]ms are smitt5 into "o ov] ! head ( _! di/9ctness4 ,all ^! dead int]m$i>ies ( y\rs are out ( ea* o!r1 & outside ( _! t]m9i /ill4' ,b d n su* dialectic difficulties rem9d u ( ! dog dropp+ 8 bone & snapp+ at its image 9 ! wat]8 ,if we knew any m real k9d ( union aliunde1 we might be entitl$ to br& all our empirical unions z a %am4 ,b unions by cont9u\s transition are ! only ones we "k (1 :e!r 9 ?is matt] ( a k-ab\t t t]m9ates 9 an acqua9tance1 :e!r 9 p]sonal id5tity1 9 logical pr$iction ?r\gh ! copula 'is1' or else:]e4 ,if any:]e !re 7 m absolute unions1 !y c\ld only reveal !mselves to u by j su* conjunctive results4 ,^! are :at ! unions are wor?1 ^! are all t we c ev] practically mean by union1 by cont9uity4 ,is x n "t to repeat :at ,lotze said ( sub/ances1 t to act l "o is to be "o8 ,%\ld we n say "h t to be exp]i5c$ z cont9u\s is to be really cont9u\s1 9 a _w :]e exp]i5ce & reality come to ! same ?+8 ,9 a picture gall]y a pa9t$ hook w s]ve to hang a pa9t$ *a9 by1 a pa9t$ cable w hold a pa9t$ %ip4 ,9 a _w :]e bo? ! t]ms & _! di/9ctions are affairs ( exp]i5ce1 conjunctions t are exp]i5c$ mu/ be at lea/ z real z any?+ else4 ,!y w be 'absolutely' real conjunctions1 if we h no transph5om5al absolute ready1 to d]ealize ! :ole exp]i5c$ _w by1 at a /roke4 ,s mu* = ! ess5tials ( ! cognitive relation :]e ! k is conceptual 9 type1 or =ms k 'ab\t' an object4 ,x consi/s 9 int]m$i>y exp]i5ces 7possible1 if n actual7 ( cont9u\sly develop+ progress1 &1 f9ally1 ( fulfilm5t1 :5 ! s5sible p]cept :i* is ! object is rea*$4 ,! p]cept "h n only ,,v]ifies ! concept1 proves its function ( kn[+ t p]cept to be true1 b ! p]cept's exi/5ce z ! t]m9us ( ! *a9 ( int]m$i>ies ,,creates ! function4 ,:atev] t]m9ates t *a9 01 because x n[ proves itself to be1 :at ! concept '_h 9 m9d4' ,! t[]+ importance = human life ( ?is k9d ( kn[+ lies 9 ! tact t an exp]i5ce t kn[s ano!r c figure z its ,,repres5tative1 n 9 any quasi-miracul\s 'epi/emological' s5se1 b 9 ! def9ite1 practical s5se ( be+ its sub/itute 9 v>i\s op]ations1 sometimes physical & sometimes m5tal1 :i* lead u to its associates & results4 ,by exp]im5t+ on our ideas ( reality1 we may save ourselves ! tr\ble ( exp]im5t+ on ! real exp]i5ces :i* !y sev]ally mean4 ,! ideas =m relat$ sy/ems1 correspond+ po9t = po9t to ! sy/ems :i* ! realities =m2 & by lett+ an ideal t]m call up its associates sy/ematically1 we may be l$ to a t]m9us :i* ! correspond+ real t]m w\ld h l$ to 9 case we _h op]at$ on ! real _w4 ,& ?is br+s u to ! g5]al "q ( sub/itution4 ,:at1 exactly1 9 a sy/em ( exp]i5ces1 does ! 'sub/itution' ( "o ( !m = ano!r mean8 ,accord+ to my view1 exp]i5ce z a :ole is a process 9 "t1 :]eby innum]able p>ticul> t]ms lapse & are sup]s$$ by o!rs t foll[ ^u !m by transitions :i*1 :e!r disjunctive or conjunctive 9 cont5t1 are !mselves exp]i5ces1 & mu/ 9 g5]al be acc\nt$ at lea/ z real z ! t]ms :i* !y relate4 ,:at ! nature ( ! ev5t call$ 'sup]s$+' signifies1 dep5ds altoge!r on ! k9d ( transition t obta9s4 ,"s exp]i5ces simply aboli% _! pr$ecessors )\t cont9u+ !m 9 any way4 ,o!rs are felt to increase or to enl>ge _! mean+1 to c>ry out _! purpose1 or to br+ u ne>] to _! goal4 ,!y 'repres5t' !m1 & may fulfil _! function bett] ?an !y fulfill$ x !mselves4 ,b to 'fulfil a function' 9 a _w ( pure exp]i5ce c be conceiv$ & def9$ 9 only "o possible way4 ,9 su* a _w transitions & arrivals 7or t]m9ations7 are ! only ev5ts t happ51 ?o !y happ5 by s _m sorts ( pa?4 ,! only function t "o exp]i5ce c p]=m is to lead into ano!r exp]i5ce2 & ! only fulfilm5t we c speak ( is ! rea*+ ( a c]ta9 exp]i5c$ end4 ,:5 "o exp]i5ce leads to 7or c lead to7 ! same end z ano!r1 !y agree 9 function4 ,b ! :ole sy/em ( exp]i5ces z !y are imm$iately giv5 pres5ts itself z a quasi-*aos ?r\gh :i* "o c pass out ( an initial t]m 9 _m directions & yet end 9 ! same t]m9us1 mov+ f next to next by a great _m possible pa?s4 ,ei!r "o ( ^! pa?s might be a functional sub/itute = ano!r1 & to foll[ "o r ?an ano!r might on occasion be an advantage\s ?+ to d4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 & 9 a g5]al way1 ! pa?s t run ?r\gh conceptual exp]i5ces1 t is1 ?r\gh '?\ghts' or 'ideas' t '"k' ! ?+s 9 :i* !y t]m9ate1 are highly advantage\s pa?s to foll[4 ,n only d !y yield inconceivably rapid transitions2 b1 ow+ to ! 'univ]sal' "* ,footnote3 ,( :i* all t ne$ be said 9 ?is essay is t x also an be conceiv$ z functional1 & def9$ 9 t]ms ( transitions1 or ( ! possibility ( su*4 :i* !y frequ5tly possess1 & to _! capacity = association ) "o ano!r 9 great sy/ems1 !y out/rip ! t>dy consecutions ( ! ?+s !mselves1 & sweep u on t[>ds our ultimate t]m9i 9 a f> m labor-sav+ way ?an ! foll[+ ( tra9s ( s5sible p]ception ev] c\ld4 ,wond]ful are ! new cuts & ! %ort-circuits ! ?\ght-pa?s make4 ,mo/ ?\ght-pa?s1 x is true1 are sub/itutes = no?+ actual2 !y end outside ! real _w altoge!r1 9 wayw>d fancies1 utopias1 fictions or mi/akes4 ,b :]e !y d re-ent] reality & t]m9ate !re91 we sub/itute !m always2 & ) ^! sub/itutes we pass ! great] numb] ( our h\rs4 ,footnote3 ,?is is :y ,i call$ our exp]i5ces1 tak5 all toge!r1 a quasi-*aos4 ,!re is va/ly m discont9uity 9 ! sum total ( exp]i5ces ?an we commonly suppose4 ,! objective nucleus ( e man's exp]i5ce1 8 own body1 is1 x is true1 a cont9u\s p]cept2 & equally cont9u\s z a p]cept 7?\gh we may be inatt5tive to x7 is ! mat]ial environm5t ( t body1 *ang+ by gradual transition :5 ! body moves4 ,b ! di/ant p>ts ( ! physical _w are at all times abs5t f u1 & =m conceptual objects m]ely1 into ! p]ceptual reality ( :i* our life ins]ts itself at po9ts discrete & relatively r>e4 ,r\nd _! sev]al objective nuclei1 p>tly %>$ & common p>tly discrete ( ! real physical _w1 innum]able ?9k]s1 pursu+ _! sev]al l9es ( physically true cogitation1 trace pa?s t int]sect "o ano!r only at discont9u\s p]ceptual po9ts1 & ! re/ ( ! "t are q incongru5t2 & ar\nd all ! nuclei ( %>$ 'reality' floats ! va/ cl\d ( exp]i5ces t are :olly subjective1 t are non-sub/itutional1 t f9d n ev5 an ev5tual end+ = !mselves 9 ! p]ceptual _w--! m]e day-dreams & joys & suff]+s & wi%es ( ! individual m9ds4 ,^! exi/ ,,) "o ano!r1 inde$1 & ) ! objective nuclei1 b out ( !m x is probable t to all et]nity no int]-relat$ sy/em ( any k9d w ev] be made4 ,:osoev] feels 8 exp]i5ce to be some?+ sub/itutional ev5 :ile he has x1 may be said to h an exp]i5ce t rea*es beyond itself4 ,f inside ( its own entity x says 'm1' & po/ulates reality exi/+ else:]e4 ,= ! transc5d5tali/1 :o holds kn[+ to consi/ 9 a salto motale across an 'epi/emological *asm1' su* an idea pres5ts no difficulty2 b x seems at fir/ sight z if x might be inconsi/5t ) an empiricism l our own4 ,h we n expla9$ t conceptual k is made su* :olly by ! exi/5ce ( ?+s t fall outside ( ! kn[+ exp]i5ce itself--by int]m$i>y exp]i5ces & by a t]m9us t fulfils8 ,c ! k be !re be=e ^! elem5ts t con/itute its be+ h come8 ,&1 if k be n !re1 h[ c objective ref]5ce occur8 ,! key to ?is difficulty lies 9 ! di/9ction betwe5 kn[+ z v]ifi$ & complet$1 & ! same kn[+ z 9 transit & on its way4 ,to recur to ! ,memorial ,hall example lately us$1 x is only :5 our idea ( ! ,hall has actually t]m9at$ 9 ! p]cept t we "k '= c]ta9' t f ! beg9n+ x 0 truly cognitive ( ,,t4 ,until e/abli%$ by ! end ( ! process1 its quality ( kn[+ t1 or inde$ ( kn[+ any?+1 c\ld /ill be d\bt$2 & yet ! kn[+ really 0 !re1 z ! result n[ %[s4 ,we 7 ,,virtual kn[]s ( ! ,hall long be=e we 7 c]tifi$ to h be5 its actual kn[]s1 by ! p]cept's retroactive validat+ p[]4 ,j s we are 'mortal' all ! "t1 by reason ( ! virtuality ( ! inevitable ev5t :i* w make u s :5 x %all h come4 ,n[ ! imm5sely great] "p ( all our kn[+ nev] gets beyond ?is virtual /age4 ,x nev] is complet$ or nail$ d[n4 ,i speak n m]ely ( our ideas ( imp]ceptibles l e!r-waves or dissociat$ 'ions1' or ( 'ejects' l ! cont5ts ( our neighbors' m9ds2 ,i speak also ( ideas :i* we might v]ify if we w\ld take ! tr\ble1 b :i* we hold = true al?o unt]m9at$ p]ceptually1 because no?+ says 'no' to u1 & !re is no contradict+ tru? 9 sight4 ,,to ,,cont9ue ,,?9k+ ,,un*all5g$ ,,is1 ,,n9ety-,,n9e ,,times ,,out ,,( ,a ,,hundr$1 ,,our ,,practical ,,sub/itute ,,= ,,kn[+ ,,9 ,,! ,,complet$ ,,s5se4 ,z ea* exp]i5ce runs by cognitive transition into ! next "o1 & we n[h]e feel a collision ) :at we else:]e c\nt z tru? or fact1 we commit ourselves to ! curr5t z if ! port 7 sure4 ,we live1 z x1 71 ^u ! front edge ( an advanc+ wave-cre/1 & our s5se ( a det]m9ate direction 9 fall+ =w>d is all we cov] ( ! future ( our pa?4 ,x is z if a diff]5tial quoti5t %\ld be consci\s & treat itself z an adequate sub/itute = a trac$-out curve4 ,our exp]i5ce1 int] alia1 is ( v>iations ( rate & ( direction1 & lives 9 ^! transitions m ?an 9 ! j\rney's end4 ,! exp]i5ces ( t5d5cy are suffici5t to act ^u--:at m c\ld we h ,,done at ^? mom5ts ev5 if ! lat] v]ification comes complete8 ,?is is :at1 z a radical empirici/1 ,i say to ! *>ge t ! objective ref]5ce :i* is s flagrant a "* ( our exp]i5ces involves a *asm & a mortal leap4 ,a positively conjunctive transition involves nei!r *asm nor leap4 ,be+ ! v orig9al ( :at we mean by cont9uity1 x makes a cont9uum :]ev] x appe>s4 ,objective ref]5ce is an incid5t ( ! fact t s mu* ( our exp]i5ce comes z an insuffici5t & consi/s ( process & transition4 ,our fields ( exp]i5ce h no m def9ite b\nd>ies ?an h our fields ( view4 ,bo? are fr+$ =ev] by a ,,m t cont9u\sly develops1 & t cont9u\sly sup]s$es !m z life proce$s4 ,! relations1 g5]ally speak+1 are z real "h z ! t]ms are1 & ! only compla9t ( ! transc5d5tali/'s ) :i* ,i c\ld at all sympa?ize w\ld be 8 *>ge t1 by fir/ mak+ k to consi/ 9 ext]nal relations z ,i h done1 & by !n confess+ t n9e-t5?s ( ! "t ^! are n actually b only virtually !re1 ,i h knock$ ! solid bottom out ( ! :ole bus9ess1 & palm$ (f a sub/itute ( k = ! g5u9e ?+4 ,only ! admission1 su* a critic might say1 t our ideas are self-transc5d5t & 'true' already2 9 advance ( ! exp]i5ces t are to t]m9ate !m1 c br+ solidity back to k 9 a _w l ?is1 9 :i* transitions & t]m9ations are only by exception fulfill$4 ,?is seems to me an excell5t place = apply+ ! pragmatic me?od4 ,:at w\ld ! self-transc5d5cy affirm$ to exi/ 9 advance ( all exp]i5tial m$iation or t]m9ation1 be ,,kn[n-,,z8 ,:at w\ld x practically result 9 = ,,u1 7 x true8 ,x c\ld only result 9 our ori5tation1 9 ! turn+ ( our expectations & practical t5d5cies into ! "r pa?2 & ! "r pa? "h1 s long z we & ! object are n yet face to face 7or c nev] get face to face1 z 9 ! case ( ejects71 w\ld be ! pa? t l$ u into ! object's ne>e/ neighborhood4 ,:]e direct acqua9tance is lack+1 'k ab\t' is ! next be/ ?+1 & an acqua9tance ) :at actually lies ab\t ! 'object1 & is mo/ closely relat$ to x1 puts su* k )9 our grasp4 ,e!r-waves & y\r ang]1 = example1 are ?+s 9 :i* my ?\ghts w nev] ,,p]cteptually t]m9ate1 b my concepts ( !m lead me to _! v br9k1 to ! *romatic fr+es & to ! hurtful words & de$s :i* are _! really next effects4 ,ev5 if our ideas did 9 !mselves possess ! po/ulat$ self-transc5d5cy1 x w\ld /ill rema9 true t _! putt+ u into possession ( su* effects ,,w\ld ,,be ,,! ,,sole ,,ca%-,,value ,,( ,,! ,,self-,,transc5d5cy ,,= ,,u4 ,& ?is ca%-value1 x is ne$less to say1 is v]batim et lib]atim :at our empirici/ acc\nt pays 94 ,on pragmati/ pr9ciples !re=e1 a dispute ov] self-transc5d5cy is a pure logoma*y4 ,call our concepts ( ejective ?+s self-transc5d5t or ! rev]se1 x makes no diff]5ce1 s long z we don't diff] ab\t ! nature ( t exalt$ virtue's fruits--fruits = u1 ( c\rse1 humani/ic fruits4 ,! transc5d5tali/ believes 8 ideas to be self-transc5d5t only because he f9ds t 9 fact !y d be> fruits4 ,:y ne$ he qu>rel ) an acc\nt ( k t insi/s on nam+ ?is effect8 ,:y n treat ! work+ ( ! idea f next to next z ! ess5ce ( its self-transc5d5cy8 ,:y insi/ t kn[+ is a /atic relation out ( "t :5 x practically seems s mu* a function ( our active life8 ,= a ?+ to be valid1 says ,lotze1 is ! same z to make itself valid4 ,:5 ! :ole univ]se seems only to be mak+ itself valid & to be /ill incomplete 7else :y its ceaseless *ang+87 :y1 ( all ?+s1 %\ld kn[+ be exempt8 ,:y %\ld x n be mak+ itself valid l ev]y?+ else8 ,t "s p>ts ( x may be already valid or v]ifi$ beyond dispute2 ! empirical philosoph]1 ( c\rse1 l any "o else1 may always hope4 ,v ,,! ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,humanism ,footnote3 ,repr9t$ f ! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology & ,sci5tific ,me?ods1 vol4 ii4 ,no4 #e1 ,m>* #b1 #aije4 ,humanism is a f]m5t t has 'come to /ay4' ,x is n a s+le hypo!sis or !orem1 & x dwells on no new facts4 ,x is r a sl[ %ift+ 9 ! philosophic p]spective1 mak+ ?+s appe> z f a new c5tre ( int]e/ or po9t ( sight4 ,"s writ]s are /rongly consci\s ( ! %ift+1 o!rs half unconsci\s1 ev5 ?\gh _! own vision may h und]gone mu* *ange4 ,! result is no small confusion 9 debate1 ! half-consci\s humani/s (t5 tak+ "p aga9/ ! radical ones1 z if !y wi%$ to c\nt ^u ! o!r side4 ,footnote3 ,pr(essor ,baldw91 = example4 ,8 address ',selective ,?9k+' 7,psy*ological ,review1 ,janu>y1 #ahih1 repr9t$ 9 8 volume1 ',developm5t & ,evolution'7 seems to me an unusually well writt5 pragmatic manife/o4 ,nev]!less 9 ',! ,limits ( ,pragmatism' 7ibid2 ,janu>y1 #aijd71 he 7mu* less cle>ly7 jo9s 9 ! attack4 ,if humanism really be ! "n = su* a %ift+ ( p]spective1 x is obvi\s t ! :ole sc5e ( ! philosophic /age w *ange 9 "s degree if humanism prevails4 ,! emphasis ( ?+s1 _! =egr\nd & backgr\nd di/ribution1 _! sizes & values1 w n keep j ! same4 ,footnote3 ,! e?ical *anges1 x seems to me1 are beautifully made evid5t 9 ,pr(essor ,dewey's s]ies ( articles1 :i* w nev] get ! att5tion !y des]ve till !y are pr9t$ 9 a book4 ,i mean3 ',! ,significance ( ,emotions1' ,psy*ological ,review1 vol4 ii1 #ac2 ',! ,reflex ,arc ,concept 9 ,psy*ology1' ibid2 iii1 #ceg2 ',psy*ology & ,social ,practice1' ibid41 vii1 #aje2 ',int]pretation ( ,savage ,m9d1' ibid2 ix1 #bl#g2 ',gre5's ,!ory ( ! ,moral ,motive1' ,philosophical ,review1 vol4 i1 #eic2 ',self-realization z ! ,moral ,ideal1' ibid2 ii1 #feb2 ',! ,psy*ology ( ,ef=t1' ibid2 vi1 #dc2 ',! ,evolution>y ,me?od z ,appli$ to ,morality1' ibid2 xi1 #ajg1cec2 ',evolution & ,e?ics1' ,moni/1 vol4 viii1 #cba2 to m5tion only a few4 ,if su* p]vasive consequ5ces be involv$ 9 humanism1 x is cle> t no pa9s :i* philosoph]s may take1 fir/ 9 def9+ x1 & !n 9 fur!r+1 *eck+1 or /e]+ its progress1 w be ?r[n away4 ,x suff]s badly at pres5t f incomplete def9ition4 ,its mo/ sy/ematic advocates1 ,s*ill] & ,dewey1 h publi%$ fragm5t>y programmes only2 & its be>+ on _m vital philosophic problems has n be5 trac$ except by adv]s>ies :o1 sc5t+ h]esies 9 advance1 h %[]$ bl[s on doctr9es--subjectivism & scepticism1 = example--t no good humani/ f9ds x necess>y to ent]ta94 ,by _! /ill great] retic5ces1 ! anti-humani/s h1 9 turn1 p]plex$ ! humani/s4 ,mu* ( ! controv]sy has involv$ ! ^w 'tru?4' ,x is always good 9 debate to "k y\r adv]s>y's po9t ( view au!ntically4 ,b ! critics ( humanism nev] def9e exactly :at ! ^w 'tru?' signifies :5 !y use x !mselves4 ,! humani/s h to guess at _! view2 & ! result has d\btless be5 mu* beat+ ( ! air4 ,add to all ?is1 great individual diff]5ces 9 bo? camps1 & x becomes cle> t no?+ is s urg5tly ne$$1 at ! /age :i* ?+s h rea*$ at pres5t1 z a %>p] def9ition by ea* side ( its c5tral po9t ( view4 ,:oev] w contribute any t\* ( %>pness w help u to make sure ( :at's :at & :o is :o4 ,any "o c contribute su* a def9ition1 &1 )\t x1 no "o kn[s exactly :]e he /&s4 ,if ,i (f] my own provisional def9ition ( humanism n[ & "h1 o!rs may improve x1 "s adv]s>y may be l$ to def9e 8 own cre$ m %>ply by ! contra/1 & a c]ta9 quick5+ ( ! cry/allization ( g5]al op9ion may result4 ,! ess5tial s]vice ( humanism1 z ,i conceive ! situation1 is to h se5 t ,,?o ,,"o ,,"p ,,( ,,our ,,exp]i5ce ,,may ,,lean ,,^u ,,ano!r ,,"p ,,to ,,make ,,x ,,:at ,,x ,,is ,,9 ,,any ,,"o ,,( ,,sev]al ,,aspects ,,9 ,,:i* ,,x ,,may ,,be ,,consid]$1 ,,exp]i5ce ,,z ,a ,,:ole ,,is ,,self-,,conta9+ ,,& ,,leans ,,on ,,no?+4 ,s9ce ?is =mula also expresses ! ma9 cont5tion ( transc5d5tal idealism1 x ne$s abundant explication to make x unambigu\s4 ,x seems1 at fir/ sight1 to conf9e itself to d5y+ !ism & pan!ism4 ,b1 9 fact1 x ne$ n d5y ei!r2 ev]y?+ w\ld dep5d on ! exegesis2 & if ! =mula ev] became canonical1 x w\ld c]ta9ly develop bo? "r-w+ & left-w+ int]pret]s4 ,i myself read humanism !i/ically & plurali/ically4 ,if !re be a ,god1 he is no absolute all-exp]i5c]1 b simply ! exp]i5c] ( wide/ actual consci\s span4 ,read ?us1 humanism is = me a religion susceptible ( reason$ def5ce1 ?o ,i am well aw>e h[ _m m9ds !re are to :om x c appeal religi\sly only :5 x has be5 moni/ically translat$4 ,e?ically ! plurali/ic =m ( x takes = me a /rong] hold on reality ?an any o!r philosophy ,i "k (--x be+ ess5tially a ,,social philosophy1 a philosophy ( ',,co1' 9 :i* conjunctions d ! "w4 ,b my prim>y reason = advocat+ x is its mat*less intellectual economy4 ,x gets rid1 n only ( ! /&+ 'problems' t monism eng5d]s 7'problem ( evil1' 'problem ( fre$om1' & ! l71 b ( o!r metaphysical my/]ies & p>adoxes z well4 ,x gets rid1 = example1 ( ! :ole agno/ic controv]sy1 by refus+ to ent]ta9 ! hypo!sis ( trans-empirical reality at all4 ,x gets rid ( any ne$ = an absolute ( ! bradleyan type 7av[$ly /]ile = intellectual purposes7 by insi/+ t ! conjunctive relations f\nd )9 exp]i5ce are faultlessly real4 ,x gets rid ( ! ne$ ( an absolute ( ! roycean type 7simil>ly /]ile7 by its pragmatic treatm5t ( ! problem ( k4 ,z ! views ( k1 reality & tru? imput$ to humanism h be5 ^? s f> mo/ fi]cely attack$1 x is 9 reg>d to ^! ideas t a %>p5+ ( focus seems mo/ urg5tly requir$4 ,i proce$ !re=e to br+ ! views :i* ,i impute to humanism 9 ^! respects into focus z briefly z ,i c4 ,,ii ,if ! c5tral humani/ic !sis1 pr9t$ above 9 italics1 be accept$1 x w foll[ t1 if !re be any su* ?+ at all z kn[+1 ! kn[] & ! object kn[n mu/ bo? be portions ( exp]i5ce4 ,"o "p ( exp]i5ce mu/1 !re=e1 ei!r 7#a7 ,"k ano!r "p ( exp]i5ce--9 o!r words1 p>ts mu/1 z ,pr(essor ,woodbridge says1 ,footnote3 ,9 ,sci5ce1 ,novemb] #d1 #aijd1 p4 #eii4 repres5t ,,"o ,,ano!r in/ead ( repres5t+ realities outside ( 'consci\sness'--?is case is t ( conceptual k2 or else 7#b7 ,!y mu/ simply exi/ z s _m ultimate ,,?ats or facts ( be+1 9 ! fir/ in/ance2 & !n1 z a second>y complication1 & )\t d\bl+ up its entitative s+l5ess1 any "o & ! same ,,t 9 exp]i5ce mu/ figure alt]nately z a ?+ kn[n & z a k ( ! ?+1 by reason ( two div]g5t k9ds ( context into :i*1 9 ! g5]al c\rse ( exp]i5ce1 x gets wov54 ,footnote3 ,?is /atem5t is probably excessively obscure to any "o :o has n read my two articles ',does ,consci\sness ,exi/8' & ',a ,_w ( ,pure ,exp]i5ce' 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 vol4 i1 #aijd4 ,?is second case is t ( s5se-p]ception4 ,!re is a /age ( ?\ght t goes beyond common s5se1 & ( x ,i %all say m pres5tly2 b ! common-s5se /age is a p]fectly def9ite halt+-place ( ?\ght1 prim>ily = purposes ( action2 &1 s long z we rema9 on ! common-s5se /age ( ?\ght1 object & subject ,,fuse 9 ! fact ( 'pres5tation' or s5se-p]ception-! p5 & h& :i* ,i n[ ,,see writ+1 = example1 ,,are ! physical realities :i* ^? words designate4 ,9 ?is case !re is no self-transc5d5cy impli$ 9 ! kn[+4 ,humanism1 "h1 is only a m comm9ut$ ,,id5titatsphilosophie4 ,9 case 7#a71 on ! contr>y1 ! repres5tative exp]i5ce ,,does ,,transc5d ,,itself 9 kn[+ ! o!r exp]i5ce t is its object4 ,no "o c talk ( ! k ( ! "o by ! o!r )\t see+ !m z num]ically di/9ct entities1 ( :i* ! "o lies beyond ! o!r & away f x1 along "s direction & ) "s int]val1 t c be def9itely nam$4 ,b1 if ! talk] be a humani/1 he mu/ also see ?is di/ance-int]val concretely & pragmatically1 & confess x to consi/ ( o!r int]v5+ exp]i5ces--( possible ones1 at all ev5ts1 if n ( actual4 ,to call my pres5t idea ( my dog1 = example1 cognitive ( ! real dog means t1 z ! actual tissue ( exp]i5ce is con/itut$1 ! idea is capable ( lead+ into a *a9 ( o!r exp]i5ces on my "p t g f next to next & t]m9ate at la/ 9 vivid s5se-p]ceptions ( a jump+1 b>k+1 hairy body4 ,^? ,,are ! real dog1 ! dog's full pres5ce1 = my common s5se4 ,if ! suppos$ talk] is a pr(\nd philosoph]1 al?o !y may n ,,be ! real dog = him1 !y ,,mean ! real dog1 are practical sub/itutes = ! real dog1 z ! repres5tation 0 a practical sub/itute = !m1 t real dog be+ a lot ( atoms1 say1 or ( m9d-/uff1 t lie ,,:]e ! s5se-p]ceptions lie 9 8 exp]i5ce z well z 9 my own4 ,,iii ,! philosoph] "h /&s = ! /age ( ?\ght t goes beyond ! /age ( common s5se2 & ! diff]5ce is simply t he 'int]polates' & 'extrapolates1' :]e common s5se does n4 ,= common s5se1 two m5 see ! same id5tical real dog4 ,philosophy1 not+ actual diff]5ces 9 _! p]ceptions po9ts out ! duality ( ^! latt]1 & int]polates some?+ betwe5 !m z a m real t]m9us--fir/1 organs1 visc]a1 etc42 next1 cells2 !n1 ultimate atoms2 la/ly1 m9d-/uff p]haps4 ,! orig9al s5se-t]m9i ( ! two m51 in/ead ( coalesc+ ) ea* o!r & ) ! real dog-object1 z at fir/ suppos$1 are ?us held by philosoph]s to be sep>at$ by invisible realities ) :i*1 at mo/1 !y are cont]m9\s4 ,aboli%1 n[1 "o ( ! p]cipi5ts1 & ! int]polation *anges into 'extrapolation4' ,! s5se-t]m9us ( ! rema9+ p]cipi5t is reg>d$ by ! philosoph] z n q rea*+ reality4 ,he has only c>ri$ ! procession ( exp]i5ces1 ! philosoph] ?9ks1 to a def9ite1 because practical1 halt+-place some:]e on ! way t[>ds an absolute tru? t lies beyond4 ,! humani/ sees all ! "t1 h[ev]1 t !re is no absolute transc5d5cy ev5 ab\t ! m absolute realities ?us conjectur$ or believ$ 94 ,! visc]a & cells are only possible p]cepts foll[+ ^u t ( ! out] body4 ,! atoms aga91 ?o we may nev] atta9 to human means ( p]ceiv+ !m1 are /ill def9$ p]ceptually4 ,! m9d-/uff itself is conceiv$ z a k9d ( exp]i5ce2 & x is possible to frame ! hypo!sis 7su* hypo!ses c by no logic be exclud$ f philosophy7 ( two kn[]s ( a piece ( m9d-/uff & ! m9d-/uff itself becom+ 'conflu5t' at ! mom5t at :i* our imp]fect kn[+ might pass into kn[+ ( a complet$ type4 ,ev5 s d y & ,i habitually conceive our two p]ceptions & ! real dog z conflu5t1 ?o only provisionally1 & = ! common-s5se /age ( ?\ght4 ,if my p5 be inw>dly made ( m9d-/uff1 !re is no conflu5ce ,,n[ betwe5 t m9d-/uff & my visual p]ception ( ! p54 ,b conceivably !re might come to be su* conflu5ce2 =1 9 ! case ( my ,,h&1 ! visual s5sations & ! inw>d feel+s ( ! h&1 its m9d-/uff1 s to speak1 are ev5 n[ z conflu5t z any two ?+s c be4 ,!re is1 ?us1 no brea* 9 humani/ic epi/emology4 ,:e!r k be tak5 z ideally p]fect$1 or only z true en\gh to pass mu/] = practice1 x is hung on "o cont9u\s s*eme4 ,reality1 h[soev] remote1 is always def9$ z a t]m9us )9 ! g5]al possibilities ( exp]i5ce2 & :at kn[s x is def9$ z an exp]i5ce ,,t ',,repres5ts' ,,x1 ,,9 ,,! ,,s5se ,,( ,,be+ ,,sub/itutable ,,= ,,x ,,9 ,,our ,,?9k+ because x leads to ! same associates1 ,,or ,,9 ,,! ,,s5se ,,( ',,po9t+ ,,to ,,x ,,?r\gh ,a ,,*a9 ,,( ,,o!r ,,exp]i5ces ,,t ,,ei!r ,,int]v5e ,,or ,,may ,,int]v5e4 ,absolute reality "h be>s ! same relation to s5sation z s5sation be>s to conception or imag9ation4 ,bo? are provisional or f9al t]m9i1 s5sation be+ only ! t]m9us at :i* ! practical man habitually /ops1 :ile ! philosoph] projects a 'beyond1' 9 ! %ape ( m absolute reality4 ,^! t]m9i1 = ! practical & ! philosophical /ages ( ?\ght respectively1 are self-support+4 ,!y are n 'true' ( any?+ else1 !y simply ,,are1 are ,,real4 ,!y 'lean on no?+1' z my italiciz$ =mula said4 ,r does ! :ole fabric ( exp]i5ce lean on !m1 j z ! :ole fabric ( ! sol> sy/em1 includ+ _m relative positions1 leans1 = its absolute position 9 space1 on any "o ( its con/itu5t />s4 ,"h1 aga91 "o gets a new ,,id5titatsphilosophie 9 plurali/ic =m4 ,,iv ,if ,i h succe$$ 9 mak+ ?is at all cle> 7?o ,i fe> t brevity & ab/ractness betwe5 !m may h made me fail71 ! read] w see t ! 'tru?' ( our m5tal op]ations mu/ always be an intra-exp]i5tial affair4 ,a conception is reckon$ true by common s5se :5 x c be made to lead to a s5sation4 ,! s5sation1 :i* = common s5se is n s mu* 'true' z 'real1' is held to be ,,provisionally true by ! philosoph] j 9 s f> z x ,,cov]s 7abuts at1 or occupies ! place (7 a /ill m absolutely real exp]i5ce1 9 ! possibility ( :i*1 to "s remot] exp]i5t1 ! philosoph] f9ds reason to believe4 ,mean:ile :at actually ,,does c\nt = true to any individual tr[]1 :e!r he be philosoph] or common man1 is always a result ( 8 ,,app]ceptions4 ,if a novel exp]i5ce1 conceptual or s5sible1 contradict too emphatically our pre-exi/5t sy/em ( beliefs1 9 n9ety-n9e cases out ( a hundr$ x is treat$ z false4 ,only :5 ! old] & ! new] exp]i5ces are congru\s en\gh to mutually app]ceive & modify ea* o!r1 does :at we treat z an advance 9 tru? result4 ,9 no case1 h[ev]1 ne$ tru? consi/ 9 a relation betwe5 our exp]i5ces & some?+ ar*etypal or trans-exp]i5tial4 ,%\ld we ev] rea* absolutely t]m9al exp]i5ces1 exp]i5ces 9 :i* we all agre$1 :i* 7 sup]s$$ by no revis$ cont9uations1 ^! w\ld n be ,,true1 !y w\ld be ,,real1 !y w\ld simply ,,be1 & be inde$ ! angles1 corn]s1 & l9*p9s ( all reality1 on :i* ! tru? ( ev]y?+ else w\ld be /ay$4 ,only su* ,,o!r ?+s z l$ to ^! by satisfactory conjunctions w\ld be 'true4' ,satisfactory connection ( "s sort ) su* t]m9i is all t ! ^w 'tru?' means4 ,on ! common-/age ( ?\ght s5se-pres5tations s]ve z su* t]m9i4 ,our ideas & concepts & sci5tific !ories pass = true only s f> z !y h>moni\sly lead back to ! _w ( s5se4 ,i hope t _m humani/s w endorse ?is attempt ( m9e to trace ! m ess5tial features ( t way ( view+ ?+s4 ,i feel almo/ c]ta9 t ,messrs4 ,dewey & ,s*ill] w d s4 ,if ! attack]s w also take "s slight acc\nt ( x1 x may be t discussion w be a little less wide ( ! m>k ?an x has hi!rto be54 ,,vi ,a ,,^w ,,m ,,ab\t ,,tru? ,footnote3 ,repr9t f ! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,july #ah1aijg4 ,my failure 9 mak+ conv]ts to my conception ( tru? seems1 if ,i may judge by :at ,i he> 9 conv]sation1 almo/ complete4 ,an ord9>y philosoph] w\ld feel di%e>t5$1 & a common *ol]ic s9n] w\ld curse ,god & die1 aft] su* a reception4 ,b in/ead ( tak+ c\nsel ( despair1 ,i make bold to v>y my /atem5ts1 9 ! fa9t hope t repeat$ dropp+s may we> ^u ! /one1 & t my =mulas may seem less obscure if surr\nd$ by some?+ m ( a 'mass' :]eby to app]ceive !m4 ,= fe> ( compromis+ o!r pragmati/s1 :oe'er !y be1 ,i w speak ( ! conception :i* ,i am try+ to make intelligible1 z my own conception4 ,i fir/ publi%$ x 9 ! ye> #ahhe1 9 ! fir/ article repr9t$ 9 ! pres5t book4 ,ess5tial !ses ( ?is article 7 indep5d5tly support$ 9 #ahic & #ahie by ,pr(essor ,d4 ,s4 ,mill] ,footnote3 ,philosophical ,review1 vol4 ii1 p4 #djh1 & ,psy*ological ,review1 vol4 ii1 p4 #ecc4 & 7 repeat$ by me 9 a presid5tial address on ',! kn[+ ( ?+s toge!r' ,footnote3 ,! relevant p>ts ( :i* are pr9t$ above1 p4 #dc4 9 #ahie4 ,pr(essor ,/rong1 9 an article 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 etc41 ,footnote3 ,vol4 i1 p4 #bec4 entitl$ ',a naturali/ic !ory ( ! ref]5ce ( ?\ght to reality1' call$ our acc\nt '! ,james-,mill] !ory ( cognition1' &1 z ,i und]/ood him1 gave x 8 adhesion4 ,yet1 su* is ! difficulty ( writ+ cle>ly 9 ^! p5etralia ( philosophy1 t ea* ( ^! rev]$ colleagues in=ms me privately t ! acc\nt ( tru? ,i n[ give--:i* to me is b t e>li] /atem5t m completely set =?--is to him inadequate1 & seems to leave ! gi/ ( real cognition out4 ,if su* ne> fri5ds disagree1 :at c ,i hope f remot] ones1 & :at f unfri5dly critics8 ,yet ,i feel s sure t ! fault mu/ lie 9 my lame =ms ( /atem5t & n 9 my doctr9e1 t ,i am fa9 to try once m to express myself4 ,are !re n "s g5]al di/9ctions :i* x may help u to agree ab\t 9 advance8 ,pr(essor ,/rong di/+ui%es betwe5 :at he calls 'saltatory' & :at he calls 'ambulatory' relations4 ',diff]5ce1' = example1 is saltatory1 jump+ z x 7 imm$iately f "o t]m to ano!r1 b 'di/ance' 9 "t or space is made out ( int]v5+ p>ts ( exp]i5ce ?r\gh :i* we ambulate 9 succession4 ,ye>s ago1 :5 ,t4 ,h4 ,gre5's ideas 7 mo/ influ5tial1 ,i 0 mu* tr\bl$ by 8 criticisms ( engli% s5sationalism4 ,"o ( 8 disciples 9 p>ticul> w\ld always say to me1 ',yes6 ,,t]ms may inde$ be possibly s5sational 9 orig92 b ,,relations1 :at are !y b pure acts ( ! intellect com+ ^u ! s5sations f above1 & ( a high] nature8' ,i well rememb] ! sudd5 relief x gave me to p]ceive "o day t ,,space-relations at any rate 7 homog5e\s ) ! t]ms betwe5 :i* !y m$iat$4 ,! t]ms 7 spaces1 & ! relations 7 o!r int]v5+ spaces4 ,footnote3 ,see my ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #adh-aec4 ,= ! ,gre5ites space-relations _h be5 saltatory1 = me !y became !nce=w>d ambulatory4 ,n[ ! mo/ g5]al way ( contra/+ my view ( k ) ! popul> view 7:i* is also ! view ( mo/ epi/emologi/s7 is to call my view ambulatory1 & ! o!r view saltatory2 & ! mo/ g5]al way ( *>act]iz+ ! two views is by say+ t my view describes kn[+ z x exi/s concretely1 :ile ! o!r view only describes its results ab/ractly tak54 ,i fe> t mo/ ( my recalcitrant read]s fail to recognize t :at is ambulatory 9 ! concrete may be tak5 s ab/ractly z to appe> saltatory4 ,di/ance1 = example1 is made ab/ract by empty+ out :atev] is p>ticul> 9 ! concrete int]vals--x is r$uc$ ?us to a sole 'diff]5ce1' a diff]5ce ( 'place1' :i* is a logical or saltatory di/9ction1 a s-call$ 'pure relation4' ,! same is true ( ! relation call$ 'kn[+1' :i* may connect an idea ) a reality4 ,my own acc\nt ( ?is relation is ambulatory ?r\gh & ?r\gh4 ,i say t we "k an object by means ( an idea1 :5ev] we ambulate t[>ds ! object "u ! impulse :i* ! idea communicates4 ,if we believe 9 s-call$ 's5sible' realities1 ! idea may n only s5d u t[>ds its object1 b may put ! latt] into our v h&1 make x our imm$iate s5sation4 ,b1 if1 z mo/ reflective p op9e1 s5sible realities are n 'real' realities1 b only _! appe>ances1 our idea br+s u at lea/ s f>1 puts u 9 t\* ) reality's mo/ au!ntic appe>ances & sub/itutes4 ,9 any case our idea br+s u into ! object's neighborhood1 practical or ideal1 gets u into comm]ce ) x1 helps u t[>ds its clos] acqua9tance1 enables u to =esee x1 class x1 comp>e x1 d$uce x1--9 %ort1 to deal ) x z we c\ld n 7 ! idea n 9 our possession4 ,! idea is ?us1 :5 functionally consid]$1 an in/rum5t = enabl+ u ! bett] to ,,h ,,to ,,d ) ! object & to act ab\t x4 ,b x & ! object are bo? ( !m bits ( ! g5]al %eet & tissue ( reality at l>ge2 & :5 we say t ! idea leads u t[>ds ! object1 t only means t x c>ries u =w>d ?r\gh int]v5+ tracts ( t reality into ! object's clos] neighborhood1 into ! mid/ ( its associates at lea/1 be ^! its physical neighbors1 or be !y its logical cong5]s only4 ,?us c>ri$ into clos] qu>t]s1 we are 9 an improv$ situation z reg>ds acqua9tance & conduct2 & we say t ?r\gh ! idea we n[ ,,"k ! object bett] or m truly4 ,my !sis is t ! kn[+ "h is ,,made by ! ambulation ?r\gh ! int]v5+ exp]i5ces4 ,if ! idea l$ u n[h]e1 or ,,f t object in/ead ( t[>ds x1 c\ld we talk at all ( its hav+ any cognitive quality8 ,surely n1 = x is only :5 tak5 9 conjunction ) ! int]m$iate exp]i5ces t x gets relat$ to ,,t ,,p>ticul> ,,object r ?an to any o!r "p ( nature4 ,^? int]m$i>ies det]m9e :at p>ticul> kn[+ function x ex]ts4 ,! t]m9us !y guide u to tells u :at object x 'means1' ! results !y enri* u ) 'v]ify' or 'refute' x4 ,int]v5+ exp]i5ces are ?us z indisp5sable f\ndations = a concrete relation ( cognition z int]v5+ space is = a relation ( di/ance4 ,cognition1 :5ev] we take x concretely1 means det]m9ate 'ambulation1' ?r\gh int]m$i>ies1 f a t]m9us a quo to1 or t[>ds1 a t]m9us ad quem4 ,z ! int]m$i>ies are o!r ?an ! t]m9i1 & connect$ ) !m by ! usual associative bonds 7be ^! 'ext]nal' or be !y logical1 i4e41 classificatory1 9 "*71 !re w\ld appe> to be no?+ especially unique ab\t ! processes ( kn[+4 ,!y fall :olly )9 exp]i5ce2 & we ne$ use1 9 describ+ !m1 no o!r categories ?an ^? :i* we employ 9 describ+ o!r natural processes4 ,b !re exi/ no processes :i* we _c also consid] ab/ractly1 evisc]at+ !m d[n to _! ess5tial skeletons or outl9es2 & :5 we h treat$ ! processes ( kn[+ ?us1 we are easily l$ to reg>d !m z some?+ altoge!r unp>allel$ 9 nature4 ,= we fir/ empty idea1 object & int]m$i>ies ( all _! p>ticul>ities1 9 ord] to reta9 only a g5]al s*eme1 & !n we consid] ! latt] only 9 its function ( giv+ a result1 & n 9 its "* ( be+ a process4 ,9 ?is treatm5t ! int]m$i>ies %rivel into ! =m ( a m]e space ( sep>ation1 :ile ! idea & object reta9 only ! logical di/9ctness ( be+ ! end-t]ms t are sep>at$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! int]m$i>ies :i* 9 _! concrete p>ticul>ity =m a bridge1 evaporate ideally into an empty int]val to cross1 & !n1 ! relation ( ! end-t]ms hav+ become saltatory1 ! :ole hocus-pocus ( ,erk5ntni/heorie beg9s1 & goes on unre/ra9$ by fur!r concrete consid]ations4 ,! idea1 9 'mean+' an object sep>at$ by an 'epi/emological *asm' f itself1 n[ executes :at ,pr(essor ,ladd calls a 'salto mortale'2 9 kn[+ ! object's nature1 x n[ 'transc5ds' its own4 ,! object 9 turn becomes 'pres5t' :]e x is really abs5t1 etc42 until a s*eme rema9s ^u our h&s1 ! sublime p>adoxes ( :i* "s ( u ?9k t no?+ %ort ( an 'absolute' c expla94 ,! relation betwe5 idea & object1 ?us made ab/ract & saltatory1 is !nce=w>d oppos$1 z be+ m ess5tial & previ\s1 to its own ambulatory self1 & ! m concrete description is br&$ z ei!r false or insuffici5t4 ,! bridge ( int]m$i>ies1 actual or possible1 :i* 9 e real case is :at c>ries & def9es ! kn[+1 gets treat$ z an episodic complication :i* ne$ n ev5 pot5tially be !re4 ,i believe t ?is vulg> fallacy ( oppos+ ab/ractions to ! concretes f :i* !y are ab/ract$1 is ! ma9 reason :y my acc\nt ( kn[+ is deem$ s unsatisfactory1 & ,i w !re=e say a ^w m on t g5]al po9t4 ,any vehicle ( conjunction1 if all its p>ticul>ities are ab/ract$ f x1 w leave u ) no?+ on our h&s b ! orig9al disjunction :i* x bridg$ ov]4 ,b to escape treat+ ! resultant self-contradiction z an a*ievem5t ( dialectical pr(undity1 all we ne$ is to re/ore "s "p1 no matt] h[ small1 ( :at we h tak5 away4 ,9 ! case ( ! epi/emological *asm ! fir/ reasonable /ep is to rememb] t ! *asm 0 fill$ ) ,,"s empirical mat]ial1 :e!r ideational or s5sational1 :i* p]=m$ ,,"s bridg+ function & sav$ u f ! mortal leap4 ,re/or+ ?us ! indisp5sable modicum ( reality to ! matt] ( our discussion1 we f9d our ab/ract treatm5t g5u9ely useful4 ,we escape entanglem5t ) special cases )\t at ! same "t fall+ into gratuit\s p>adoxes4 ,we c n[ describe ! g5]al features ( cognition1 tell :at on ! :ole x ,,does ,,= ,,u1 9 a univ]sal way4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ?is :ole inquiry into kn[+ gr[s up on a reflective level4 ,9 any real mom5t ( kn[+1 :at we are ?9k+ ( is our object1 n ! way 9 :i* we ourselves are mom5t>ily kn[+ x4 ,we at ?is mom5t1 z x happ5s1 h kn[+ itself = our object2 b ,i ?9k t ! read] w agree t 8 pres5t kn[+ ( t object is includ$ only ab/ractly1 & by anticipation1 9 ! results he may rea*4 ,:at he concretely has be=e 8 m9d1 z he reasons1 is "s suppos$ objective in/ance ( kn[+1 z he conceives x to g on 9 "s o!r p]son1 or recalls x f 8 own pa/4 ,z su*1 he1 ! critic1 sees x to conta9 bo? an idea & an object1 & processes by :i* ! kn[] is guid$ f ! "o t[>ds ! o!r4 ,he sees t ! idea is remote f ! object1 & t1 :e!r ?r\gh int]m$i>ies or n1 x g5u9ely ,,has ,,to ,,d ) x4 ,he sees t x ?us works beyond its imm$iate be+1 & lays hold ( a remote reality2 x jumps across1 transc5ds itself4 ,x does all ?is by extrane\s aid1 to be sure1 b :5 ! aid has come1 x ,,has done x & ! result is secure4 ,:y n talk ( results by !mselves1 !n1 )\t consid]+ means8 ,:y n treat ! idea z simply grasp+ or intuit+ ! reality1 ( its hav+ ! faculty anyh[1 ( %oot+ ov] nature beh9d ! sc5es & kn[+ ?+s imm$iately & directly8 ,:y ne$ we always lug 9 ! bridg+8--x only ret>ds our disc\rse to d s4 ,su* ab/ract talk ab\t cognition's results is surely conv5i5t2 & x is surely z legitimate z x is conv5i5t1 ,,s ,,long ,,z ,,we ,,d ,,n ,,=get ,,or ,,positively ,,d5y1 ,,:at ,,x ,,ignores4 ,we may on occasion say t our idea meant ,,always t p>ticul> object1 t x l$ u !re because x 0 ,,( x intr9sically & ess5tially4 ,we may insi/ t its v]ification foll[s ^u t orig9al cognitive virtue 9 x--& all ! re/--& we %all d no h>m s long z we "k t ^! are only %ort cuts 9 our ?9k+4 ,!y are positively true acc\nts ( fact ,,z ,,f> ,,z ,,!y ,,g1 only !y leave va/ tracts ( fact out ( ! acc\nt1 tracts ( tact t h to be re9/at$ to make ! acc\nts lit]ally true ( any real case4 ,b if1 n m]ely passively ignor+ ! int]m$i>ies1 y actively d5y !m ,footnote3 ,?is is ! fallacy :i* ,i h call$ 'vici\s intellectualism' 9 my book ,a ,plurali/ic ,univ]se1 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co41 #aiji4 to be ev5 pot5tial requisites = ! results y are s /ruck by1 y\r epi/emology goes to irrem$iable sma%4 ,y are z f> (f ! track z an hi/orian w\ld be1 if1 lo/ 9 admiration ( ,napoleon's p]sonal p[]1 he 7 to ignore 8 m>%als & 8 armies1 & 7 to accuse y ( error 9 describ+ 8 conque/s z effect$ by _! means4 ,( su* ab/ractness & "o-sid$ness ,i accuse mo/ ( ! critics ( my own acc\nt4 ,9 ! second lecture ( ! book ,pragmatism1 ,i us$ ! illu/ration ( a squirrel scrambl+ r\nd a tree-trunk to keep out ( sight ( a pursu+ man3 bo? g r\nd ! tree1 b does ! man g r\nd ! squirrel8 ,x all dep5ds1 ,i said1 on :at y mean by go+ r\nd4' ,9 "o s5se ( ! ^w ! man 'goes r\nd1' 9 ano!r s5se he does n4 ,i settl$ ! dispute by pragmatically di/+ui%+ ! s5ses4 ,b ,i told h[ "s disputants _h call$ my di/9ction a %uffl+ evasion & tak5 _! /& on :at !y call$ 'pla9 hone/ ,engli% go+-r\nd4' ,9 su* a simple case few p w\ld object to lett+ ! t]m 9 dispute be translat$ into its concret] equival5ts4 ,b 9 ! case ( a complex function l our kn[+ !y act diff]5tly4 ,i give full concrete p>ticul> value = ! ideas ( kn[+ 9 e case ,i c ?9k (1 yet my critics insi/ t 'pla9 hone/ ,engli% kn[+' is left out ( my acc\nt4 ,!y write z if ! m9us 7 on my side & ! plus on !irs4 ,! ess5ce ( ! matt] = me is t al?o kn[+ c be bo? ab/ractly & concretely describ$1 & al?o ! ab/ract descriptions are (t5 useful en\gh1 yet !y are all suck$ up & absorb$ )\t residuum into ! concret] ones1 & conta9 no?+ ( any ess5tially o!r or high] nature1 :i* ! concrete descriptions c be ju/ly accus$ ( leav+ beh9d4 ,kn[+ is j a natural process l any o!r4 ,!re is no ambulatory process :atsoev]1 ! results ( :i* we may n describe1 if we pref] to1 9 saltatory t]ms1 or repres5t 9 /atic =mulation4 ,suppose1 e4g41 t we say a man is 'prud5t4' ,concretely1 t means t he takes out insurance1 h$ges 9 bett+1 looks be=e he leaps4 ,d su* acts ,,con/itute ! prud5ce8 ,,are !y ! man qua prud5t8 ,or is ! prud5ce some?+ by itself & indep5d5t ( !m8 ,z a con/ant habit 9 him1 a p]man5t tone ( "*1 x is conv5i5t to call him prud5t 9 ab/raction f any "o ( 8 acts1 prud5t 9 g5]al & )\t specification1 & to say ! acts foll[ f ! pre-exi/+ prud5ce4 ,!re are peculi>ities 9 8 psy*o-physical sy/em t make him act prud5tly2 & !re are t5d5cies to association 9 our ?\ghts t prompt "s ( !m to make = tru? & o!rs = error4 ,b w\ld ! man be prud5t 9 ! abs5ce ( ea* & all ( ! acts8 ,or w\ld ! ?\ghts be true if !y _h no associative or impulsive t5d5cies8 ,surely we h no "r to oppose /atic ess5ces 9 ?is way to ! mov+ processes 9 :i* !y live emb$d$4 ,my b$room is above my libr>y4 ,does ! 'abov5ess' "h mean aught t is diff]5t f ! concrete spaces :i* h to be mov$-?r\gh 9 gett+ f ! "o to ! o!r8 ,x means1 y may say1 a pure topographic relation1 a sort ( ar*itect's plan among ! et]nal ess5ces4 ,b t is n ! full abov5ess1 x is only an abbreviat$ sub/itute t on occasion may lead my m9d t[>ds tru]1 i4e41 full]1 deal+s ) ! real abov5ess4 ,x is n an abov5ess ante rem1 x is a po/ rem extract f ! abov5ess 9 rebus4 ,we may inde$ talk1 = c]ta9 conv5i5ces1 z if ! ab/ract s*eme prec$$1 we may say ',i mu/ g up /airs because ( ! ess5tial abov5ess1' j z we may say t ! man 'does prud5t acts because ( 8 +ra9$ prud5ce1' or t our ideas 'lead u truly because ( _! intr9sic tru?4' ,b ?is %\ld n deb> u on o!r occasions f us+ complet] =ms ( description4 ,a concrete matt] ( fact always rema9s id5tical "u any =m ( description1 z :5 we say ( a l9e1 n[ t x runs f left to "r1 & n[ t x runs f "r to left4 ,^! are b names ( "o & ! same fact1 "o m exp$i5t to use at "o "t1 "o at ano!r4 ,! full facts ( cognition1 :atev] be ! way 9 :i* we talk ab\t !m1 ev5 :5 we talk mo/ ab/ractly1 /& inalt]ably giv5 9 ! actualities & possibilities ( ! exp]i5ce-cont9uum4 ,footnote #a3 ,! ultimate object or t]m9us ( a cognitive process may 9 c]ta9 in/ances lie beyond ! direct exp]i5ce ( ! p>ticul> cogniz]1 b x1 ( c\rse1 mu/ exi/ z "p ( ! total univ]se ( exp]i5ce ^: con/itution1 ) cognition 9 x1 ! critic is discuss+4 ,b my critics treat my own m concrete talk z if ,,x 7 ! k9d t s9n$ by its inadequacy1 & z if ! full cont9uum left some?+ out4 ,a favorite way ( oppos+ ! m ab/ract to ! m concrete acc\nt is to accuse ^? :o favor ! latt] ( 'conf\nd+ psy*ology ) logic4' ,our critics say t :5 we are ask$ :at tru? ,,means1 we reply by tell+ only h[ x is ,,arriv$-,,at4 ,b s9ce a mean+ is a logical relation1 /atic1 indep5d5t ( "t1 h[ c x possibly be id5tifi$1 !y say1 ) any concrete man's exp]i5ce1 p]i%+ z ?is does at ! in/ant ( its production8 ,?is1 inde$1 s\nds pr(\nd1 b ,i *all5ge ! pr(undity4 ,i defy any "o to %[ any diff]5ce betwe5 logic & psy*ology "h4 ,! logical relation /&s to ! psy*ological relation betwe5 idea & object only z saltatory ab/ractness /&s to ambulatory concret5ess4 ,bo? relations ne$ a psy*ological vehicle2 & ! 'logical' "o is simply ! 'psy*ological' "o disemb[el$ ( its fulness1 & r$uc$ to a b>e ab/ractional s*eme4 ,a :ile ago a prison]1 on be+ releas$1 tri$ to assass9ate ! judge :o _h s5t5c$ him4 ,he _h app>5tly succe$$ 9 conceiv+ ! judge timelessly1 _h r$uc$ him to a b>e logical mean+1 t ( be+ 8 'enemy & p]secutor1' by /ripp+ (f all ! concrete conditions 7z jury's v]dict1 (ficial obligation1 abs5ce ( p]sonal spite1 possibly sympa?y7 t gave its full psy*ological "* to ! s5t5ce z a p>ticul> man's act 9 "t4 ,truly ! s5t5ce ,,0 inimical to ! culprit2 b :i* idea ( x is ! tru] "o1 t b>e logical def9ition ( x1 or its full psy*ological specification8 ,! anti-pragmati/s ought 9 consi/5cy to /& up = ! crim9al's view ( ! case1 treat ! judge z ! latt]'s logical enemy1 & b> out ! o!r conditions z s mu* iness5tial psy*ological /uff4 ,,ii ,a /ill fur!r ob/acle1 ,i suspect1 /&s 9 ! way ( my acc\nt's acceptance4 ,l ,dewey & l ,s*ill]1 ,i h _h to say t ! tru? ( an idea is det]m9$ by its satisfactor9ess4 ,b satisfactor9ess is a subjective t]m1 j z idea is2 & tru? is g5]ally reg>d$ z 'objective4' ,read]s :o admit t satisfactor9ess is our only ,,m>k ( tru?1 ! only sign t we possess ! preci\s article1 w /ill say t ! objective relation betwe5 idea & object :i* ! ^w 'tru?' po9ts to is left out ( my acc\nt altoge!r4 ,i fe> also t ! association ( my poor "n ) ! 'w to believe' 7:i* 'w1' x seems to me1 ought to play no "p 9 ?is discussion7 works aga9/ my cr$it 9 "s qu>t]s4 ,i =nicate ) t unclean ?+1 my adv]s>ies may ?9k1 :]eas y\r g5u9e tru?-lov] mu/ disc\rse 9 huxleyan h]oics1 & feel z if tru?1 to be real tru?1 ought to br+ ev5tual messages ( dea? to all our satisfactions4 ,su* div]g5ces c]ta9ly prove ! complexity ( ! area ( our discussion2 b to my m9d !y also are bas$ on misund]/&+s1 :i* 7?o ) b little hope ( success7 ,i w try to dim9i% by a fur!r ^w ( explanation4 ,fir/1 !n1 ,i w ask my objectors to def9e exactly :at ,,sort ( ?+ x is !y h 9 m9d :5 !y speak ( a tru? t %all be absolute1 complete & objective2 & !n ,i w defy !m to %[ me any conceivable /&+-room = su* a k9d ( tru? outside ! t]ms ( my own description4 ,x w fall1 z ,i cont5d1 entirely )9 ! field ( my analysis4 ,to beg9 )1 x mu/ obta9 betwe5 an idea & a reality t is ! idea's object2 &1 z a pr$icate1 x mu/ apply to ! idea & n to ! object1 = objective realities are n ,,true1 at lea/ n 9 ! univ]se ( disc\rse to :i* we are n[ conf9+ ourselves1 = !re !y are tak5 z simply ,,be+1 :ile ! ideas are true ,,( !m4 ,b we c suppose a s]ies ( ideas to be successively m & m true ( ! same object1 & c ask :at is ! extreme approa* to be+ absolutely true t ! la/ idea might atta9 to4 ,! maximal conceivable tru? 9 an idea w\ld seem to be t x %\ld lead to an actual m]g+ ( ourselves ) ! object1 to an utt] mutual conflu5ce & id5tification4 ,on ! common-s5se level ( belief ?is is :at is suppos$ really to take place 9 s5se-p]ception4 ,my idea ( ?is p5 v]ifies itself ?r\gh my p]cept2 & my p]cept is held to ,,be ! p5 = ! "t be+--p]cepts & physical realities be+ treat$ by common s5se z id5tical4 ,b ! physiology ( ! s5ses has criticis$ common s5se out ( c\rt1 & ! p5 '9 itself' is n[ believ$ to lie beyond my mom5t>y p]cept4 ,yet ! notion once sugge/$1 ( :at a completely consummat$ acqua9tance ) a reality might be l1 rema9s ov] = our speculative purposes4 ,,total ,,conflux ,,( ,,! ,,m9d ,,) ,,! ,,reality w\ld be ! absolute limit ( tru?1 !re c\ld be no bett] or m satisfy+ k ?an t4 ,su* total conflux1 x is ne$less to say1 is ,,already ,,explicitly ,,provid$ ,,=1 ,,z ,a ,,possibility1 ,,9 ,,my ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,matt]4 ,if an idea %\ld ev] lead u n only ,,t[>ds1 or ,,up ,,to1 or ,,aga9/1 a reality1 b s close t we & ! reality %\ld ,,melt ,,toge!r1 x w\ld be made absolutely true1 accord+ to me1 by t p]=mance4 ,9 po9t ( fact philosoph]s d\bt t ?is ev] occurs4 ,:at happ5s1 !y ?9k1 is only t we get ne>] & ne>] to realities1 we approximate m & m to ! all-satisfy+ limit2 & ! def9ition ( actually1 z di/+ui%$ f imag9ably1 complete & objective tru?1 c !n only be t x belongs to ! idea t w lead u z ,,close ,,up ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,object z 9 ! nature ( our exp]i5ce is possible1 lit]ally ,,next to x1 = in/ance4 ,suppose1 n[1 !re 7 an idea t did ?is = a c]ta9 objective reality4 ,suppose t no fur!r approa* 7 possible1 t no?+ lay betwe51 t ! next /ep w\ld c>ry u "r ,,into ! reality2 !n t result1 be+ ! next ?+ to conflux1 w\ld make ! idea true 9 ! maximal degree t might be suppos$ practically atta9able 9 ! _w :i* we inhabit4 ,well1 ,i ne$ h>dly expla9 t ,,t ,,degree ,,( ,,tru? ,,is ,,also ,,provid$ ,,= ,,9 ,,my ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,matt]4 ,& if satisfactions are ! m>ks ( tru?'s pres5ce1 we may add t any less true sub/itute = su* a true idea w\ld prove less satisfactory4 ,foll[+ its lead1 we %\ld probably f9d out t we did n q t\* ! t]m9us4 ,we %\ld desid]ate a clos] approa*1 & n re/ till we _h f\nd x4 ,i am1 ( c\rse1 po/ulat+ "h a /&+ reality indep5d5t ( ! idea t kn[s x4 ,i am also po/ulat+ t satisfactions gr[ p>i passu ) our approximation to su* reality4 ,footnote #a3 ,say1 if y pref] to1 t ,d,i,ssatisfactions decrease p>i passu ) su* approximation4 ,! approximation may be ( any k9d assignable--approximation 9 "t or 9 space1 or approximation 9 k9d1 :i* 9 common spee* means 'copy+4' ,if my critics *all5ge ?is latt] assumption1 ,i retort ^u !m ) ! =m]4 ,our :ole notion ( a /&+ reality gr[s up 9 ! =m ( an ideal limit to ! s]ies ( successive t]m9i to :i* our ?\ghts h l$ u & /ill are lead+ u4 ,ea* t]m9us proves provisional by leav+ u unsatisfi$4 ,! tru] idea is ! "o t pu%es f>!r2 s we are ev] beckon$ on by ! ideal notion ( an ultimate completely satisfactory t]m9us4 ,i1 = "o1 obey & accept t notion4 ,i c conceive no o!r objective ,,cont5t to ! notion ( ideally p]fect tru? ?an t ( p5etration into su* a t]m9us1 nor c ,i conceive t ! notion w\ld ev] h gr[n up1 or t true ideas w\ld ev] h be5 sort$ out f false or idle ones1 save = ! great] sum ( satisfactions1 intellectual or practical1 :i* ! tru] ones br\ght ) !m4 ,c we imag9e a man absolutely satisfi$ ) an idea & ) all its relations to 8 o!r ideas & to 8 s5sible exp]i5ces1 :o %\ld yet n take its cont5t z a true acc\nt ( reality8 ,! matt] ( ! true is ?us absolutely id5tical ) ! matt] ( ! satisfactory4 ,y may put ei!r ^w fir/ 9 y\r ways ( talk+2 b leave out t :ole notion ( ,,satisfactory ,,work+ or ,,lead+ 7:i* is ! ess5ce ( my pragmati/ic acc\nt7 & call tru? a /atic logical relation1 indep5d5t ev5 ( ,,possible lead+s or satisfactions1 & x seems to me y cut all gr\nd f "u y4 ,i fe> t ,i am /ill v obscure4 ,b ,i respectfully implore ^? :o reject my doctr9e because !y c make no?+ ( my /umbl+ language1 to tell u 9 _! own "n--und zw> v concretely & articulately6--j h[ ! real1 g5u9e & absolutely 'objective' tru? :i* !y believe 9 s pr(\ndly1 is con/itut$ & e/abli%$4 ,!y mu/n't po9t to ! 'reality' itself1 = tru? is only our subjective relation to realities4 ,:at is ! nom9al ess5ce ( ?is relation1 its logical def9ition1 :e!r or n x be 'objectively' atta9able by mortals8 ,:atev] !y may say x is1 ,i h ! firme/ fai? t my acc\nt w prove to h all[$ = x & includ$ x by anticipation1 z "o possible case 9 ! total mixture ( cases4 ,!re is1 9 %ort1 no ,,room = any grade or sort ( tru? outside ( ! framework ( ! pragmatic sy/em1 outside ( t jungle ( empirical work+s & lead+s1 & _! ne>] or ult]ior t]m9ations1 ( :i* ,i seem to h writt5 s unskilfully4 ,,vii ,,pr(essor ,,pratt ,,on ,,tru? ,i ,footnote3 ,repr9t$ f ! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 etc41 ,augu/ #ae1 #aijg 7vol4 iv1 p4 #dfd74 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,b4 ,pratt's pap] 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy = ,june #f1 #aijg1 is s brilliantly writt5 t its misconception ( ! pragmati/ position seems d\bly to call = a reply4 ,he ass]ts t1 = a pragmati/1 tru? _c be a relation betwe5 an idea & a reality outside & transc5d5t ( ! idea1 b mu/ lie 'altoge!r )9 exp]i5ce1' :]e x w ne$ 'no ref]5ce to any?+ else to ju/ify x'--no ref]5ce to ! object1 app>5tly4 ,! pragmati/ mu/ 'r$uce ev]y?+ to psy*ology1' aye1 & to ! psy*ology ( ! imm$iate mom5t4 ,he is consequ5tly deb>r$ f say+ t an idea t ev5tually gets psy*ologically v]ifi$ ,,0 already true be=e ! process ( v]ify+ 0 complete2 & he is equally deb>r$ f treat+ an idea z true provisionally s long z he only believes t he ,,c v]ify x :5ev] he w4 ,:e!r su* a pragmati/ z ?is exi/s1 ,i "k n1 nev] hav+ myself met ) ! bea/4 ,we c def9e t]ms z we l2 & if t be my fri5d ,pratt's def9ition ( a pragmati/1 ,i c only concur ) 8 anti-pragmatism4 ,b1 9 sett+ up ! weird type1 he quotes words f me2 s1 9 ord] to escape be+ class$ by "s read] along ) s as99e a be+1 ,i w reass]t my own view ( tru? once m4 ,tru? is ess5tially a relation betwe5 two ?+s1 an idea1 on ! "o h&1 & a reality outside ( ! idea1 on ! o!r4 ,?is relation1 l all relations1 has its fundam5tum1 namely1 ! matrix ( exp]i5tial circum/ance1 psy*ological z well z physical1 9 :i* ! correlat$ t]ms are f\nd emb$d$4 ,9 ! case ( ! relation betwe5 'heir' & 'legacy' ! fundam5tum is a _w 9 :i* !re 0 a te/ator1 & 9 :i* !re is n[ a w & an executor2 9 ! case ( t betwe5 idea & object1 x is a _w ) circum/ances ( a sort to make a satisfactory v]ification process1 ly+ ar\nd & betwe5 ! two t]ms4 ,b j z a man may be call$ an heir & treat$ z "o be=e ! executor has divid$ ! e/ate1 s an idea may practically be cr$it$ ) tru? be=e ! v]ification process has be5 exhau/ively c>ri$ out--! exi/5ce ( ! mass ( v]ify+ circum/ance is en\gh4 ,:]e pot5tiality c\nts = actuality 9 s _m o!r cases1 "o does n see :y x may n s c\nt "h4 ,we call a man b5evol5t n only = 8 k9d acts paid 91 b = 8 read9ess to p]=m o!rs2 we treat an idea z 'lum9\s' n only = ! light x has %$1 b = t we expect x w %$ on d>k problems4 ,:y %\ld we n equally tru/ ! tru? ( our ideas8 ,we live on cr$its ev]y:]e2 & we use our ideas f> (t5] = call+ up ?+s connect$ ) _! imm$iate objects1 ?an = call+ up ^? objects !mselves4 ,n9ety-n9e times out ( a hundr$ ! only use we %\ld make ( ! object itself1 if we 7 l$ up to x by our idea1 w\ld be to pass on to ^? connect$ ?+s by its means4 ,s we cont9ually curtail v]ification-processes1 lett+ our belief t !y are possible suffice4 ,:at ,,con/itutes ,,! ,,relation kn[n z tru?1 ,i n[ say1 is j ! ,,exi/5ce ,,9 ,,! ,,empirical ,,_w ,,( ,,?is ,,fundam5tum ,,( ,,circum/ance ,,surr\nd+ ,,object ,,& ,,idea & ready to be ei!r %ort-circuit$ or trav]s$ at full l5g?4 ,s long z x exi/s1 & a satisfactory passage ?r\gh x betwe5 ! object & ! idea is possible1 t idea w bo? ,,be true1 & w ,,h ,,be5 true ( t object1 :e!r fully develop$ v]ification has tak5 place or n4 ,! nature & place & aff9ities ( ! object ( c\rse play z vital a "p 9 mak+ ! p>ticul> passage possible z d ! nature & associative t5d5cies ( ! idea2 s t ! notion t tru? c\ld fall altoge!r inside ( ! ?9k]'s private exp]i5ce & be some?+ purely psy*ological1 is absurd4 ,x is ,,betwe5 ! idea & ! object t ! tru?-relation is to be s\ght & x involves bo? t]ms4 ,b ! 'intellectuali/ic' position1 if ,i und]/& ,mr4 ,pratt rightly1 is t1 al?o we c use ?is fundam5tum1 ?is mass ( g-betwe5 exp]i5ce1 = ,,te/+ tru?1 yet ! tru?-relation 9 itself rema9s z some?+ ap>t4 ,x means1 9 ,mr4 ,pratt's words1 m]ely ',,?is ,,simple ,,?+ ,,t ,,! ,,object ,,( ,,:i* ,,"o ,,is ,,?9k+ ,,is ,,z ,,"o ,,?9ks ,,x4' ,x seems to me t ! ^w 'z1' :i* qualifies ! relation "h1 & be>s ! :ole 'epi/emological' burd51 is any?+ b simple4 ,:at x mo/ imm$iately sugge/s is t ! idea %\ld be ,,l ! object2 b mo/ ( our ideas1 be+ ab/ract concepts1 be> almo/ no resemblance to _! objects4 ,! 'z' mu/ !re=e1 ,i %\ld say1 be usually int]pret$ functionally1 z mean+ t ! idea %all lead u into ! same qu>t]s ( exp]i5ce ,,z ! object w\ld4 ,exp]i5ce leads ev] on & on1 & objects & our ideas ( objects may bo? lead to ! same goals4 ,! ideas be+ 9 t case %ort] cuts1 we ,,sub/itute !m m & m = _! objects2 & we habitually waive direct v]ification ( ea* "o ( !m1 z _! tra9 passes ?r\gh our m9d1 because if an idea leads ,,z ! object w\ld lead1 we c say1 9 ,mr4 ,pratt's words1 t 9 s f> =? ! object is ,,z we ?9k x1 & t ! idea1 v]ifi$ ?us 9 s f> =?1 is true en\gh4 ,mr4 ,pratt w und\bt$ly accept mo/ ( ^! facts1 b he w d5y t !y spell pragmatism4 ,( c\rse1 def9itions are free to e "o2 b ,i h myself nev] meant by ! pragmatic view ( tru? any?+ diff]5t f :at ,i n[ describe2 & inasmu* z my use ( ! t]m came e>li] ?an my fri5d's1 ,i ?9k x ought to h ! "r ( way4 ,b ,i suspect t ,pr(essor ,pratt's cont5tion is n solely z to :at "o mu/ ?9k 9 ord] to be call$ a pragmati/4 ,i am cure t he believes t ! tru?-relation has some?+ ,,m 9 x ?an ! fundam5tum :i* ,i assign c acc\nt =4 ,useful to te/ tru? by1 ! matrix ( circum/ance1 he ?9ks1 _c f\nd ! tru?-relation 9 se1 = t is trans-empirical & 'saltatory4' ,well1 take an object & an idea1 & assume t ! latt] is true ( ! =m]--z et]nally & absolutely true z y l4 ,let ! object be z mu* 'z' ! idea ?9ks x1 z x is possible = "o ?+ to be 'z' ano!r4 ,i n[ =mally ask ( ,pr(essor ,pratt to tell :at ?is 'z'-ness 9 itself ,,consi/s 9--= x seems to me t x ought to consi/ 9 some?+ assignable & describable1 & n rema9 a pure my/]y1 & ,i promise t if he c assign any det]m9ation ( x :atev] :i* ,i _c successfully ref] to "s specification ( :at 9 ?is article ,i h call$ ! empirical fundam5tum1 ,i w confess my /upidity *e]fully1 & w agree nev] to publi% a l9e ^u ?is subject ( tru? aga94 ,,ii ,pr(essor ,pratt has return$ to ! *>ge 9 a :ole book1 ,footnote #a3 ,j4 ,b4 ,pratt3 ,:at is ,pragmatism4 ,new ,york1 ,! ,macmillan ,company1 #aiji4--,! comm5ts ,i h pr9t$ 7 writt5 9 ,m>*1 #aiji1 aft] "s ( ! articles pr9t$ lat] 9 ! pres5t volume4 :i* = its cle>ness & good temp] des]ves to sup]s$e all ! re/ ( ! anti-pragmati/ic lit]ature4 ,i wi% x might d s2 = its au?or admits all ,,my ess5tial cont5tions1 simply di/+ui%+ my acc\nt ( tru? z 'modifi$' pragmatism f ,s*ill]'s & ,dewey's1 :i* he calls pragmatism ( ! 'radical' sort4 ,z ,i myself und]/& ,dewey & ,s*ill]1 our views absolutely agree1 9 spite ( our diff]5t modes ( /atem5t2 b ,i h en\gh tr\ble ( my own 9 life )\t hav+ to def5d my fri5ds1 s ,i ab&on !m provisionally to ! t5d] m]cy ( ,pr(essor ,pratt's int]pretations1 utt]ly errone\s ?o ,i deem ^! to be4 ,my reply z reg>ds myself c be v %ort1 = ,i pref] to consid] only ess5tials1 & ,dr4 ,pratt's :ole book h>dly takes ! matt] f>!r ?an ! article to :i* ,i retort 9 ,"p ,i ( ! pres5t pap]4 ,he repeats ! 'z'-=mula1 z if x 7 some?+ t ,i1 along ) o!r pragmati/s1 _h d5i$1 ,footnote3 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #gg-hj4 :]eas ,i h only ask$ ^? :o insi/ s on its importance to d some?+ m ?an m]ely utt] x--to explicate x1 = example1 & tell u :at its s great importance consi/s 94 ,i myself agree mo/ cordially t = an idea to be true ! object mu/ be 'z' ! idea decl>es x1 b ,i explicate ! 'z'-ness z mean+ ! idea's v]ifiability4 ,n[ s9ce ,dr4 ,pratt d5ies none ( ^! v]ify+ 'work+s' = :i* ,i h plead$1 b only insi/s on _! inability to s]ve z ! fundam5tum ( ! tru?-relation1 x seems t !re is really no?+ 9 ! l9e ( ,,fact ab\t :i* we diff]1 & t ! issue betwe5 u is solely z to h[ f> ! notion ( workabl5ess or v]ifiability is an ess5tial "p ( ! notion ( 'tru5ess'--'tru5ess' be+ ,dr4 ,pratt's pres5t "n = ! "* ( z-ness 9 ! true idea4 ,i ma9ta9 t !re is no mean+ left 9 ?is notion ( z-ness or tru5ess if no ref]5ce to ! possibility ( concrete work+ on ! "p ( ! idea is made4 ,take an example :]e !re c be no possible work+4 ,suppose ,i h an idea to :i* ,i give utt]ance by ! vocable 'skrkl1' claim+ at ! same "t t x is true4 ,:o n[ c say t x is ,,false1 = :y may !re n be some:]e 9 ! unplumb$ dep?s ( ! cosmos "s object ) :i* 'skrkl' c agree & h tru5ess 9 ,dr4 ,pratt's s5se8 ,on ! o!r h& :o c say t x is ,,true1 = :o c lay 8 h& on t object & %[ t x & no?+ else is :at ,i ,,mean by my ^w8 ,b yet aga91 :o c ga9say any "o :o %all call my ^w utt]ly ,,irrelative to o!r reality1 & treat x z a b>e fact 9 my m9d1 devoid ( any cognitive function :atev]4 ,"o ( ^! ?ree alt]natives mu/ surely be pr$icat$ ( x4 ,= x n to be irrelevant 7or n-cognitive 9 nature71 an object ( "s k9d mu/ be provid$ :i* x may ref] to4 ,suppos+ t object provid$1 :e!r 'skrkl' is true or false ( x1 dep5ds1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,pratt1 on no int]m$iat+ condition :atev]4 ,! tru5ess or ! falsity is ev5 n[ imm$iately1 absolutely1 & positively !re4 ,i1 on ! o!r h&1 dem& a cosmic environm5t ( "s k9d to e/abli% :i* ( !m is !re r ?an utt] irrelevancy4 ,footnote3 ,dr4 ,pratt1 s+ul>ly en\gh1 disposes ( ?is primal po/ulate ( all pragmatic epi/emology1 by say+ t ! pragmati/ 'unconsci\sly surr5d]s 8 :ole case by smuggl+ 9 ! idea ( a condition+ environm5t :i* det]m9es :e!r or n ! exp]i5ce c "w1 & :i* _c itself be id5tifi$ ) ! exp]i5ce or any "p ( x' 7pp4 #afg-afh74 ,! 'exp]i5ce' means "h ( c\rse ! idea1 or belief2 & ! expression 'smuggl+ 9' is to ! la/ degree div]t+4 ,if any epi/emologi/ c\ld disp5se ) a condition+ environm5t1 x w\ld seem to be ! antipragmati/1 ) 8 imm$iate saltatory tru5ess1 indep5d5t ( "w done4 ,! m$iat+ pa?way :i* ! environm5t supplies is ! v ess5ce ( ! pragmati/'s explanation4 ,i !n say1 fir/1 t unless "s sort ( a natural pa? exi/s betwe5 ! 'skrkl' & ,,t object1 di/+ui%able among ! innum]able pa?ways t run among all ! realities ( ! univ]se1 l9k+ !m promiscu\sly ) "o ano!r1 !re is no?+ !re to con/itute ev5 ! ,,possibility ,,( ,,its ,,ref]r+ to t object r ?an to any o!r4 ,i say fur!rmore t unless x h "s ,,t5d5cy ,,to ,,foll[ ,,up ,,t ,,pa?1 !re is no?+ to con/itute its ,,int5tion to ref] to ! object 9 "q4 ,f9ally1 ,i say t unless ! pa? be /r[n ) possibilities ( fru/ration or enc\ragem5t1 & (f] "s sort ( t]m9al satisfaction or contradiction1 !re is no?+ to con/itute its agreem5t or disagreem5t ) t object1 or to con/itute ! z-ness 7or 'n-z-ness'7 9 :i* ! tru5ess 7or fals5ess7 is said to consi/4 ,i ?9k t ,dr4 ,pratt ought to d some?+ m ?an repeat ! "n 'tru5ess1' 9 answ] to my pa!tic "q :e!r t !re be n "s ,,con/itution to a relation z important z ?is4 ,! pa?way1 ! t5d5cy1 ! corroborat+ or contradict+ progress1 ne$ n 9 e case be exp]i5c$ 9 full1 b ,i don't see1 if ! univ]se doesn't conta9 !m among its possibilities ( furniture1 :at ,,logical ,,mat]ial ,,= ,,def9+ ! tru5ess ( my idea is left4 ,b if x d conta9 !m1 !y & !y only are ! logical mat]ial requir$4 ,i am p]plex$ by ! sup]ior importance :i* ,dr4 ,pratt attributes to ab/ract tru5ess ov] concrete v]ifiability 9 an idea1 & ,i wi% t he might be mov$ to expla94 ,x is prior to v]ification1 to be sure1 b s is ! v]ifiability = :i* ,i cont5d prior1 j z a man's 'mortality' 7:i* is no?+ b ! possibility ( 8 dea?7 is prior to 8 dea?1 b x c h>dly be t ?is ab/ract priority ( all possibility to its correlative fact is :at s ob/9ate a qu>rel is ab\t4 ,i ?9k x probable t ,dr4 ,pratt is vaguely ?9k+ ( some?+ concret] ?an ?is4 ,! tru5ess ( an idea mu/ mean ,,some?+ ,,def9ite ,,9 ,,x ,,t ,,det]m9es ,,its ,,t5d5cy ,,to ,,"w1 & inde$ t[>ds ?is object r ?an t[>ds t4 ,und\bt$ly !re is some?+ ( ?is sort 9 ! idea1 j z !re is some?+ 9 man t acc\nts = 8 t5d5cy t[>ds dea?1 & 9 bread t acc\nts = its t5d5cy to n\ri%4 ,:at t some?+ is 9 ! case ( tru? psy*ology tells u3 ! idea has associates peculi> to itself1 motor z well z ideational2 x t5ds by its place & nature to call ^! into be+1 "o aft] ano!r2 & ! appe>ance ( !m 9 succession is :at we mean by ! 'work+s' ( ! idea4 ,accord+ to :at !y are1 does ! tru5ess or fals5ess :i* ! idea h>bor$ come to light4 ,^! t5d5cies h /ill e>li] conditions :i*1 9 a g5]al way1 biology1 psy*ology & biography c trace4 ,?is :ole *a9 ( natural causal conditions produces a resultant /ate ( ?+s 9 :i* new relations1 n simply causal1 c n[ be f\nd1 or into :i* !y c n[ be introduc$1--! relations namely :i* we epi/emologi/s /udy1 relations ( adaptation1 ( sub/itutability1 ( in/rum5tality1 ( ref]5ce & ( tru?4 ,! prior causal conditions1 al?o !re c\ld be no kn[+ ( any k9d1 true or false1 )\t !m1 are b prelim9>y to ! "q ( :at makes ! ideas true or false :5 once _! t5d5cies h be5 obey$4 ,! t5d5cies mu/ exi/ 9 "s %ape anyh[1 b _! fruits are tru?1 falsity1 or irrelevancy1 accord+ to :at !y concretely turn out to be4 ,!y are n 'saltatory' at any rate1 = !y evoke _! consequ5ces contigu\sly1 f next to next only2 & n until ! f9al result ( ! :ole associative sequ5ce1 actual or pot5tial1 is 9 our m5tal sight1 c we feel sure :at its epi/emological significance1 if x h any1 may be4 ,true kn[+ is1 9 f9e1 n sub/antially1 9 itself1 or 'z su*1' inside ( ! idea f ! fir/1 any m ?an mortality ,,z ,,su* is inside ( ! man1 or n\ri%m5t ,,z ,,su* inside ( ! bread4 ,some?+ else is !re fir/1 t practically ,,makes ,,= kn[+1 dy+ or n\ri%+1 z ! case may be4 ,t some?+ is ! 'nature' namely ( ! fir/ t]m1 be x idea1 man1 or bread1 t op]ates to />t ! causal *a9 ( processes :i*1 :5 complet$1 is ! complex fact to :i* we give :atev] functional "n be/ fits ! case4 ,ano!r nature1 ano!r *a9 ( cognitive work+s2 & !n ei!r ano!r object kn[n or ! same object kn[n diff]5tly1 w ensue4 ,dr4 ,pratt p]plexes me aga9 by seem+ to *>ge ,dewey & ,s*ill] ,footnote3 ,page #bjj 7,i am n sure t he *>ges me7 ) an acc\nt ( tru? :i* w\ld all[ ! object believ$ 9 n to exi/1 ev5 if ! belief 9 x 7 true4 ',s9ce ! tru? ( an idea1' he writes1 'means m]ely ! fact t ! idea works1 t fact is all t y mean :5 y say ! idea is true' 7p4 #bjf74 ',,:5 ,,y ,,say ,,! ,,idea ,,is ,,true'--does t mean true = ,,y1 ! critic1 or true = ! believ] :om y are describ+8 ,! critic's tr\ble ov] ?is seems to come f 8 tak+ ! ^w 'true' irrelatively1 :]eas ! pragmati/ always means 'true = him :o exp]i5ces ! work+s4' ',b is ! object ,,really true or n8'--! critic !n seems to ask1--z if ! pragmati/ 7 b\nd to ?r[ 9 a :ole ontology on top ( 8 epi/emology & tell u :at realities indubitably exi/4 ',"o _w at a "t1' w\ld seem to be ! "r reply "h4 ,"o o!r tr\ble ( ,dr4 ,pratt's mu/ be notic$4 ,x conc]ns ! 'transc5d5ce' ( ! object4 ,:5 our ideas h work$ s z to br+ u flat up aga9/ ! object1 ,,next to x1 'is our relation to x !n ambulatory or saltatory8' ,dr4 ,pratt asks4 ,if ,,y\r heada*e be my object1 ',,my exp]i5ces break (f :]e y\rs beg91' ,dr4 ,pratt writes1 & '?is fact is ( great importance1 = x b>s out ! s5se ( transition & fulfilm5t :i* =ms s important an elem5t 9 ! pragmati/ description ( k--! s5se ( fulfilm5t due to a cont9u\s passage f ! orig9al idea to ! kn[n object4 ,if ?is comes at all :5 ,i "k y\r heada*e1 x comes n ) ! object1 b q on my side ( ! epi/emological gulf4 ,! gulf is /ill !re to be transc5d$4' 7p4 #aeh74 ,"s day ( c\rse1 or ev5 n[ some:]e 9 ! l>g] life ( ! univ]se1 diff]5t m5's heada*es may become conflu5t or be 'co-consci\s4' ,"h & n[1 h[ev]1 heada*es d transc5d ea* o!r &1 :5 n felt1 c be kn[n only conceptually4 ,my idea is t y really h a heada*e2 x works well ) :at ,i see ( y\r expression1 & ) :at ,i he> y say2 b x doesn't put me 9 possession ( ! heada*e itself4 ,i am /ill at "o remove1 & ! heada*e 'transc5ds' me1 ev5 ?o x be 9 n[ise transc5d5t ( human exp]i5ce g5]ally4 ,bit ! 'gulf' "h is t :i* ! pragmati/ epi/emology itself fixes 9 ! v fir/ words x uses1 by say+ !re mu/ be an object & an idea4 ,! idea h[ev] doesn't imm$iately leap ! gulf1 x only works f next to next s z to bridge x1 fully or approximately4 ,if x bridges x1 9 ! pragmati/'s vision ( 8 hypo!tical univ]se1 x c be call$ a 'true' idea4 ,if x only ,,might bridge x1 b doesn't1 or if x ?r[s a bridge di/9ctly ,,at x1 x /ill has1 9 ! onlook+ pragmati/'s eyes1 :at ,pr(essor ,pratt calls 'tru5ess4' ,b to ask ! pragmati/ !reupon :e!r1 :5 x ?us fails to coalesce bodily ) ! object1 x is ,,really true or has ,,real tru5ess1--9 o!r words :e!r ! heada*e he supposes1 & supposes ! ?9k] he supposes1 to believe 91 be a real heada*e or n1--is to /ep f 8 hypo!tical univ]se ( disc\rse into ! altoge!r diff]5t _w ( natural fact4 ,,viii ,,! ,,pragmati/ ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,tru? ,,& ,,its ,,misund]/&]s ,footnote3 ,repr9t f ! ,philosophical ,review1 ,janu>y1 #aijh 7vol4 xvii1 p4 #a74 ,! acc\nt ( tru? giv5 9 my volume entitl$ ,pragmatism1 cont9ues to meet ) su* p]si/5t misund]/&+ t ,i am tempt$ to make a f9al brief reply4 ,my ideas may well des]ve refutation1 b !y c get none till !y are conceiv$ ( 9 _! prop] %ape4 ,! fanta/ic "* ( ! curr5t misconceptions %[s h[ unfamili> is ! concrete po9t ( view :i* pragmatism assumes4 ,p]sons :o are famili> ) a conception move ab\t s easily 9 x t !y und]/& ea* o!r at a h9t1 & c conv]se )\t anxi\sly att5d+ to _! ,p's & ,q's4 ,i h to admit1 9 view ( ! results1 t we h assum$ too ready an intellig5ce1 & consequ5tly 9 _m places us$ a language too slip%od4 ,we %\ld nev] h spok5 elliptically4 ,! critics h boggl$ at e ^w !y c\ld boggle at1 & refus$ to take ! _s r ?an ! lett] ( our disc\rse4 ,?is seems to %[ a g5u9e unfamili>ity 9 ! :ole po9t ( view4 ,x also %[s1 ,i ?9k1 t ! second /age ( opposition1 :i* has already begun to express itself 9 ! /ock phrase t ':at is new is n true1 & :at is true n new1' 9 pragmatism1 is ins9c]e4 ,if we said no?+ 9 any degree new1 :y 0 our mean+ s desp]ately h>d to cat*8 ,! blame _c be laid :olly ^u our obscurity ( spee*1 = 9 o!r subjects we h atta9$ to mak+ ourselves und]/ood4 ,b recrim9ations are ta/eless2 &1 z f> z ,i p]sonally am conc]n$1 ,i am sure t "s ( ! misconception ,i compla9 ( is due to my doctr9e ( tru? be+ surr\nd$ 9 t volume ( popul> lectures by a lot ( o!r op9ions n necess>ily implicat$ ) x1 s t a read] may v naturally h gr[n confus$4 ,= ?is ,i am to blame1--likewise = omitt+ c]ta9 explicit cautions1 :i* ! pages t foll[ w n[ 9 "p supply4 ,,fir/ ,,misund]/&+3 ,,pragmatism ,,is ,,only ,a ,,re-,,edit+ ,,( ,,positivism4 ,?is seems ! commone/ mi/ake4 ,scepticism1 positivism1 & agno/icism agree ) ord9>y dogmatic rationalism 9 presuppos+ t ev]ybody kn[s :at ! ^w 'tru?' means1 )\t fur!r explanation4 ,b ! =m] doctr9es !n ei!r sugge/ or decl>e t real tru?1 absolute tru?1 is inaccessible to u1 & t we mu/ fa9 put up ) relative or ph5om5al tru? z its next be/ sub/itute4 ,by scepticism ?is is treat$ z an unsatisfactory /ate ( affairs1 :ile positivism & agno/icism are *e]ful ab\t x1 call real tru? s\r grapes1 & consid] ph5om5al tru? q suffici5t = all our 'practical' purposes4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 no?+ c\ld be f>!r f all ?is ?an :at pragmatism has to say ( tru?4 ,its !sis is an altoge!r previ\s "o4 ,x leaves (f :]e ^! o!r !ories beg91 hav+ cont5t$ itself ) ! ^w tru?'s ,,def9ition4 ',no matt] :e!r any m9d extant 9 ! univ]se possess tru? or n1' x asks1 ':at does ! notion ( tru? signify ,,ideally8' ',:at k9d ( ?+s w\ld true judgm5ts be ,,9 ,,case !y exi/$8' ,! answ] :i* pragmatism (f]s is int5d$ to cov] ! mo/ complete tru? t c be conceiv$ (1 'absolute' tru? if y l1 z well z tru? ( ! mo/ relative & imp]fect description4 ,?is "q ( :at tru? w\ld be l if x did exi/1 belongs obvi\sly to a purely speculative field ( inquiry4 ,x is n a !ory ab\t any sort ( reality1 or ab\t :at k9d ( k is actually possible2 x ab/racts f p>ticul> t]ms altoge!r1 & def9es ! nature ( a possible relation betwe5 two ( !m4 ,z ,kant's "q ab\t syn!tic judgm5ts _h escap$ previ\s philosoph]s1 s ! pragmati/ "q is n only s subtile z to h escap$ att5tion hi!rto1 b ev5 s subtile1 x w\ld seem1 t :5 op5ly broa*$ n[1 dogmati/s & sceptics alike fail to appreh5d x1 & deem ! pragmati/ to be treat+ ( some?+ :olly diff]5t4 ,he insi/s1 !y say 7,i quote an actual critic71 't ! great] problems are insoluble by human intellig5ce1 t our ne$ ( kn[+ truly is artificial & illusory1 & t our reason1 incapable ( rea*+ ! f\ndations ( reality1 mu/ turn itself exclusively t[>ds ,,action4' ,!re c\ld n be a worse misappreh5sion4 ,,second ,,misund]/&+3 ,,pragmatism ,,is ,,prim>ily ,,an ,,appeal ,,to ,,action4 ,! "n 'pragmatism1' ) its sugge/ions ( action1 has be5 an un=tunate *oice1 ,i h to admit1 & has play$ into ! h&s ( ?is mi/ake4 ,b no ^w c\ld protect ! doctr9e f critics s bl9d to ! nature ( ! inquiry t1 :5 ,dr4 ,s*ill] speaks ( ideas 'work+' well1 ! only ?+ !y ?9k ( is _! imm$iate work+s 9 ! physical environm5t1 _! enabl+ u to make money1 or ga9 "s simil> 'practical' advantage4 ,ideas d "w ?us1 ( c\rse1 imm$iately or remotely2 b !y "w indef9itely inside ( ! m5tal _w also4 ,n cr$it+ u ) ?is rudim5t>y insight1 our critics treat our view z (f]+ itself exclusively to eng9e]s1 doctors1 f9anci]s1 & m5 ( action g5]ally1 :o ne$ "s sort ( a r\gh & ready weltans*auung1 b h no "t or wit to /udy g5u9e philosophy4 ,x is usually describ$ z a *>act]i/ically ,am]ican movem5t1 a sort ( bobtail$ s*eme ( ?\ght1 excell5tly fitt$ = ! man on ! /reet1 :o naturally hates !ory & wants ca% returns imm$iately4 ,x is q true t1 :5 ! ref9$ !oretic "q t pragmatism beg9s ) is once answ]$1 second>y coroll>ies ( a practical sort foll[4 ,inve/igation %[s t1 9 ! function call$ tru?1 previ\s realities are n ! only indep5d5t v>iables4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t our ideas1 be+ realities1 are also indep5d5t v>iables1 &1 j z !y foll[ o!r reality & fit x1 s1 9 a measure1 does o!r reality foll[ & fit !m4 ,:5 !y add !mselves to be+1 !y p>tly r$et]m9e ! exi/5t1 s t reality z a :ole appe>s incompletely def9able unless ideas also are kept acc\nt (4 ,?is pragmati/ doctr9e1 exhibit+ our ideas z complem5tal factors ( reality1 ?r[s op5 7s9ce our ideas are in/igators ( our action7 a wide w9d[ ^u human action1 z well z a wide lic5se to orig9ality 9 ?\ght4 ,b few ?+s c\ld be silli] ?an to ignore ! prior epi/emological edifice 9 :i* ! w9d[ is built1 or to talk z if pragmatism began & end$ at ! w9d[4 ,?is1 nev]!less1 is :at our critics d almo/ )\t exception4 ,!y ignore our prim>y /ep & its motive1 & make ! relation to action1 :i* is our second>y a*ievem5t1 prim>y4 ,,?ird ,,misund]/&+3 ,,pragmati/s ,,cut ,,!mselves ,,(f ,,f ,,! ,,"r ,,to ,,believe ,,9 ,,ejective ,,realities4 ,!y d s1 accord+ to ! critics1 by mak+ ! tru? ( our beliefs consi/ 9 _! v]ifiability1 & _! v]ifiability 9 ! way 9 :i* !y d "w = u4 ,pr(essor ,/\t1 9 8 o!rwise admirable & hopeful review ( ,s*ill] 9 ,m9d = ,octob]1 #ahig1 consid]s t ?is ought to lead ,s*ill] 7c\ld he s9c]ely realize ! effects ( 8 own doctr9e7 to ! absurd consequ5ce ( be+ unable to believe g5u9ely 9 ano!r man's heada*e1 ev5 7 ! heada*e !re4 ,he c only 'po/ulate' x = ! sake ( ! work+ value ( ! po/ulate to himself4 ,! po/ulate guides c]ta9 ( 8 acts & leads to advantage\s consequ5ces2 b ! mom5t he und]/&s fully t ! po/ulate is true ,,only 767 9 ?is s5se1 x ceases 7or %\ld cease7 to be true = him t ! o!r man really ,,has a heada*e4 ,all t makes ! po/ulate mo/ preci\s !n evaporates3 8 int]e/ 9 8 fell[-man 'becomes a veil$ =m ( self-int]e/1 & 8 _w gr[s cold1 dull1 & he>tless4' ,su* an objection makes a curi\s muddle ( ! pragmati/'s univ]se ( disc\rse4 ,)9 t univ]se ! pragmati/ f9ds "s "o ) a heada*e or o!r feel+1 & "s "o else :o po/ulates t feel+4 ,ask+ on :at condition ! po/ulate is 'true' ! pragmati/ replies t1 = ! po/ulator at any rate1 x is true j 9 proportion z to believe 9 x works 9 him ! full] sum ( satisfactions4 ,:at is x t is satisfactory "h8 ,surely to ,,believe 9 ! po/ulat$ object1 namely1 9 ! really exi/+ feel+ ( ! o!r man4 ,b h[ 7especially if ! po/ulator 7 himself a ?or\ghgo+ pragmati/7 c\ld x ev] be satisfactory to him ,,n to believe 9 t feel+1 s long z1 9 ,pr(essor ,/\t's words1 disbelief 'made ! _w seem to him cold1 dull1 & he>tless'8 ,disbelief w\ld seem1 on pragmati/ pr9ciples1 q out ( ! "q "u su* conditions1 unless ! he>tlessness ( ! _w 7 made probable already on o!r gr\nds4 ,& s9ce ! belief 9 ! heada*e1 true = ! subject assum$ 9 ! pragmati/'s univ]se ( disc\rse1 is also true = ! pragmati/ :o = 8 epitemologiz+ purposes has assum$ t entire univ]se1 :y is x n true 9 t univ]se absolutely8 ,! heada*e believ$ 9 is a reality !re1 & no extant m9d disbelieves x1 nei!r ! critic's m9d nor 8 subject's6 ,h our oppon5ts any bett] br& ( tru? 9 ?is real univ]se ( ours t !y c %[ u8 ,footnote3 ,i see "h a *ance to =e/all a criticism :i* "s "o may make on ,lecture ,,iii ( my ,pragmatism1 :]e1 on pp4 #if-ajj1 ,i said t ',god' & ',matt]' might be reg>d$ z synonym\s t]ms1 s long z no diff]+ future consequ5ces 7 d$ucible f ! two conceptions4 ,! passage 0 transcrib$ f my address at ! ,cali=nia ,philosophical ,union1 repr9t$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 vol4 i1 p4 #fgc4 ,i _h no soon] giv5 ! address ?an ,i p]ceiv$ a flaw 9 t "p ( x2 b ,i h left ! passage unalt]$ ev] s9ce1 because ! flaw did n spoil its illu/rative value4 ,! flaw 0 evid5t :51 z a case analog\s to t ( a godless univ]se1 ,i ?\ght ( :at ,i call$ an 'automatic swee!>t1' mean+ a s\lless body :i* %\ld be absolutely indi/+ui%able f a spiritually animat$ maid51 laugh+1 talk+1 blu%+1 nurs+ u1 & p]=m+ all fem99e (fices z tactfully & sweetly z if a s\l 7 9 h]4 ,w\ld any "o reg>d h] z a full equival5t8 ,c]ta9ly n1 & :y8 ,because1 fram$ z we are1 our egoism craves above all ?+s inw>d sympa?y & recognition1 love & admiration4 ,! outw>d treatm5t is valu$ ma9ly z an expression1 z a manife/ation ( ! accompany+ consci\sness believ$ 94 ,pragmatically1 !n1 belief 9 ! automatic swee!>t w\ld n "w1 & is po9t ( fact no "o treats x z a s]i\s hypo!sis4 ,! godless univ]se w\ld be exactly simil>4 ,ev5 if matt] c\ld d e outw>d ?+ t ,god does1 ! idea ( x w\ld n "w z satisfactorily1 because ! *ief call = a ,god on mod]n m5's "p is = a be+ :o w inw>dly recognize !m & judge !m sympa!tically4 ,matt] disappo9ts ?is crav+ ( our ego1 s ,god rema9s = mo/ m5 ! tru] hypo!sis1 & inde$ rema9s s = def9ite pragmatic reasons4 ,s mu* = ! ?ird misund]/&+1 :i* is b "o specification ( ! foll[+ /ill wid] "o4 ,,f\r? ,,misund]/&+3 ,,no ,,pragmati/ ,,c ,,be ,a ,,reali/ ,,9 ,,8 ,,epi/emology4 ,?is is suppos$ to foll[ f 8 /atem5t t ! tru? ( our beliefs consi/s 9 g5]al 9 _! giv+ satisfaction4 ,( c\rse satisfaction p] se is a subjective condition2 s ! conclusion is drawn t tru? falls :olly inside ( ! subject1 :o !n may manufacture x at 8 pleasure4 ,true beliefs become ?us wayw>d affections1 sev]$ f all responsibility to o!r p>ts ( exp]i5ce4 ,x is difficult to excuse su* a p>ody ( ! pragmati/'s op9ion1 ignor+ z x does e elem5t b "o ( 8 univ]se ( disc\rse4 ,! t]ms ( :i* t univ]se consi/s positively =bid any non-reali/ic int]pretation ( ! function ( k def9$ !re4 ,! pragmatiz+ epi/emologi/ posits !re a reality & a m9d ) ideas4 ,:at1 n[1 he asks1 c make ^? ideas true ( t reality8 ,ord9>y epi/emology cont5ts itself ) ! vague /atem5t t ! ideas mu/ 'correspond' or 'agree'2 ! pragmati/ insi/s on be+ m concrete1 & asks :at su* 'agreem5t' may mean 9 detail4 ,he f9ds fir/ t ! ideas mu/ po9t to or lead t[>ds ,,t reality & no o!r1 & !n t ! po9t+s & lead+s mu/ yield satisfaction z _! result4 ,s f> ! pragmati/ is h>dly less ab/ract ?an ! ord9>y sl\*y epi/emologi/2 b z he def9es himself f>!r1 he gr[s m concrete4 ,! entire qu>rel ( ! intellectuali/ ) him is ov] 8 concret5ess1 intellectualism cont5d+ t ! vagu] & m ab/ract acc\nt is "h ! m pr(\nd4 ,! concrete po9t+ & lead+ are conceiv$ by ! pragmati/ to be ! "w ( o!r portions ( ! same univ]se to :i* ! reality & ! m9d belong1 int]m$i>y v]ify+ bits ( exp]i5ce ) :i* ! m9d at "o end1 & ! reality at ! o!r1 are jo9$4 ,! 'satisfaction1' 9 turn1 is no ab/ract satisfaction ueb]haupt1 felt by an unspecifi$ be+1 b is assum$ to consi/ ( su* satisfactions 79 ! plural7 z concretely exi/+ m5 actually d f9d 9 _! beliefs4 ,z we humans are con/itut$ 9 po9t ( fact1 we f9d t to believe 9 o!r m5's m9ds1 9 indep5d5t physical realities1 9 pa/ ev5ts1 9 et]nal logical relations1 is satisfactory4 ,we f9d hope satisfactory4 ,we (t5 f9d x satisfactory to cease to d\bt4 ,above all we f9d ,,consi/5cy satisfactory1 consi/5cy betwe5 ! pres5t idea & ! entire re/ ( our m5tal equipm5t1 includ+ ! :ole ord] ( our s5sations1 & t ( our intuitions ( lik5ess & diff]5ce1 & our :ole /ock ( previ\sly acquir$ tru?s4 ,! pragmati/1 be+ himself a man1 & imag9+ 9 g5]al no contr>y l9es ( tru] belief ?an ours ab\t ! 'reality' :i* he has laid at ! base ( 8 epi/emological discussion1 is will+ to treat our satisfactions z possibly really true guides to x1 n z guides true solely = ,,u4 ,x w\ld seem "h to be ! duty ( 8 critics to %[ ) "s explicitness :y1 be+ our subjective feel+s1 ^! satisfactions c n yield 'objective' tru?4 ,! beliefs :i* !y accompany 'posit' ! assum$ reality1 'correspond' & 'agree' ) x1 & 'fit' x 9 p]fectly def9ite & assignable ways1 ?r\gh ! sequ5t tra9s ( ?\ght & action :i* =m _! v]ification1 s m]ely to insi/ on us+ ^! words ab/ractly in/ead ( concretely is no way ( driv+ ! pragmati/ f ! field1--8 m concrete acc\nt virtually includes 8 critic's4 ,if our critics h any def9ite idea ( a tru? m objectively gr\nd$ ?an ! k9d we propose1 :y d !y n %[ x m articulately8 ,z !y /&1 !y rem9d "o ( ,hegel's man :o want$ 'fruit1' b reject$ *]ries1 pe>s1 & grapes1 because !y 7 n fruit 9 ! ab/ract4 ,we (f] !m ! full qu>t-pot1 & !y cry = ! empty qu>t-capacity4 ,b "h ,i ?9k ,i he> "s critic retort z foll[s3 ',if satisfactions are all t is ne$$ to make tru?1 h[ ab\t ! notori\s fact t errors are s (t5 satisfactory8 ,& h[ ab\t ! equally notori\s fact t c]ta9 true beliefs may cause ! bitt]e/ dissatisfaction8 ,isn't x cle> t n ! satisfaction :i* x gives1 b ! relation ( ! belief ,,to ,,! ,,reality is all t makes x true8 ,suppose !re 7 no su* reality1 & t ! satisfactions yet rema9$3 w\ld !y n !n effectively "w falsehood8 ,c !y consequ5tly be treat$ di/9ctively z ! tru?-build]s8 ,x is ! ,,inh]5t ,,relation ,,to ,,reality ( a belief t gives u t specific ,,tru?-satisfaction1 comp>$ ) :i* all o!r satisfactions are ! holl[e/ humbug4 ,! satisfaction ( ,,kn[+ ,,truly is ?us ! only "o :i* ! pragmati/ ought to h consid]$4 ,z a ,,psy*ological ,,s5tim5t1 ! anti-pragmati/ gladly conc$es x to him1 b !n only z a concomitant ( tru?1 n z a con/itu5t4 ,:at ,,con/itutes tru? is n ! s5tim5t1 b ! purely logical or objective function ( rightly cogniz+ ! reality1 & ! pragmati/'s failure to r$uce ?is function to l[] values is pat5t4' ,su* anti-pragmatism z ?is seems to me a tissue ( confusion4 ,to beg9 )1 :5 ! pragmati/ says 'indisp5sable1' x conf\nds ?is ) 'suffici5t4' ,! pragmati/ calls satisfactions indisp5sable = tru?-build+1 b ,i h ev]y:]e call$ !m insuffici5t unless reality be also incid5tally l$ to4 ,if ! reality assum$ 7 cancell$ f ! pragmati/'s univ]se ( disc\rse1 he w\ld /raightway give ! "n ( falsehoods to ! beliefs rema9+1 9 spite ( all _! satisfactor9ess4 ,= him1 z = 8 critic1 !re c be no tru? if !re is no?+ to be true ab\t4 ,ideas are s mu* flat psy*ological surface unless "s mirror$ matt] gives !m cognitive lu/re4 ,?is is :y z a pragmati/ ,i h s c>efully posit$ 'reality' ,,ab ,,initio1 & :y1 ?r\gh\t my :ole discussion1 ,i rema9 an epi/emological reali/4 ,footnote3 ,i ne$ h>dly rem9d ! read] t bo? s5se-p]cepts & p]cepts ( ideal relation 7comp>isons1 etc47 %\ld be class$ among ! realities4 ,! bulk ( our m5tal '/ock' consi/s ( tru?s conc]n+ ^! t]ms4 ,! anti-pragmati/ is guilty ( ! fur!r confusion ( imag9+ t1 9 und]tak+ to give him an acc\nt ( :at tru? =mally means1 we are assum+ at ! same "t to provide a w>rant = x1 try+ to def9e ! occasions :5 he c be sure ( mat]ially possess+ x4 ,our mak+ x h+e on a reality s 'indep5d5t' t :5 x comes1 tru? comes1 & :5 x goes1 tru? goes ) x1 disappo9ts ?is naive expectation1 s he deems our description unsatisfactory4 ,i suspect t "u ?is confusion lies ! /ill deep] "o ( n discrim9at+ suffici5tly betwe5 ! two notions1 tru? & reality4 ,realities are n ,,true1 !y ,,are2 & beliefs are true ,,( !m4 ,b ,i suspect t 9 ! anti-pragmati/ m9d ! two notions sometimes swap _! attributes4 ,! reality itself1 ,i fe>1 is treat$ z if 'true' & conv]sely4 ,:oso tells u ( ! "o1 x is !n suppos$1 mu/ also be tell+ u ( ! o!r2 & a true idea mu/ 9 a mann] ,,be1 or at lea/ ,,yield )\t extrane\s aid1 ! reality x cognitively is possess$ (4 ,to ?is absolute-ideali/ic dem& pragmatism simply opposes its non possumus4 ,if !re is to be tru?1 x says1 bo? realities & beliefs ab\t !m mu/ conspire to make x2 b :e!r !re ev] is su* a ?+1 or h[ anyone c be sure t 8 own beliefs possess x1 x nev] pret5ds to det]m9e4 ,t tru?-satisfaction p> excell5ce :i* may t+e a belief unsatisfactory 9 o!r ways1 x easily expla9s z ! feel+ ( consi/5cy ) ! /ock ( previ\s tru?s1 or suppos$ tru?s1 ( :i* "o's :ole pa/ exp]i5ce may h left "o 9 possession4 ,b are n all pragmati/s sure t _! own belief is "r8 _! enemies w ask at ?is po9t2 & ?is leads me to ! ,,fif? ,,misund]/&+3 ,,:at ,,pragmati/s ,,say ,,is ,,inconsi/5t ,,) ,,_! ,,say+ ,,s4 ,a correspond5t puts ?is objection z foll[s3 ',:5 y say to y\r audi5ce1 pragmatism is ! tru? conc]n+ tru?1 ! fir/ tru? is diff]5t f ! second4 ,ab\t ! fir/ y & !y are n to be at odds2 y are n giv+ !m lib]ty to take or leave x accord+ z x works satisfactorily or n = _! private uses4 ,yet ! second tru?1 :i* ought to describe & include ! fir/1 affirms ?is lib]ty4 ,?us ! ,,int5t ( y\r utt]ance seems to contradict ! ,,cont5t ( x4' ,g5]al scepticism has always receiv$ ?is same classic refutation4 ',y h to dogmatize1' ! rationali/s say to ! sceptics1' :5ev] y express ! sceptical position2 s y\r lives keep contradict+ y\r !sis4' ,"o w\ld suppose t ! impot5ce ( s ho>y an argum5t to abate 9 ! slighte/ degree ! am\nt ( g5]al scepticism 9 ! _w might h l$ "s rationali/s !mselves to d\bt :e!r ^! in/antane\s logical refutations are su* fatal ways1 aft] all1 ( kill+ (f live m5tal attitudes4 ,g5]al scepticism is ! live m5tal attitude ( refus+ to conclude4 ,x is a p]man5t torpor ( ! w1 r5ew+ itself 9 detail t[>ds ea* successive !sis t (f]s1 & y c no m kill x (f by logic ?an y c kill (f ob/9acy or practical jok+4 ,?is is :y x is s irritat+4 ,y\r consi/5t sceptic nev] puts 8 scepticism into a =mal proposition1--he simply *ooses x z a habit4 ,he provok+ly hangs back :5 he might s easily jo9 u 9 say+ yes1 b he is n illogical or /upid1--on ! contr>y1 he (t5 impresses u by 8 intellectual sup]iority4 ,?is is ! ,,real scepticism t rationali/s h to meet1 & _! logic does n ev5 t\* x4 ,no m c logic kill ! pragmati/'s behavior3 8 act ( utt]ance1 s f> f contradict+1 accurately exemplifies ! matt] :i* he utt]s4 ,:at is ! matt] :i* he utt]s8 ,9 "p1 x is ?is1 t tru?1 concretely consid]$1 is an attribute ( our beliefs1 & t ^! are attitudes t foll[ satisfactions4 ,! ideas ar\nd :i* ! satisfactions clu/] are prim>ily only hypo!ses t *all5ge or summon a belief to come & take its /& ^u !m4 ,! pragmati/'s idea ( tru? is j su* a *all5ge4 ,he f9ds x ultra-satisfactory to accept x1 & takes 8 own /& accord+ly4 ,b1 be+ greg>i\s z !y are1 m5 seek to spread _! beliefs1 to awak5 imitation1 to infect o!rs4 ,:y %\ld n ,,y also f9d ! same belief satisfactory8 ?9ks ! pragmati/1 & =?) endeavors to conv]t y4 ,y & he w !n believe simil>ly2 y w hold up y\r subject-end ( a tru?1 :i* w be a tru? objective & irrev]sible if ! reality holds up ! object-end by be+ itself pres5t simultane\sly4 ,:at !re is ( self-contradiction 9 all ?is ,i confess ,i _c discov]4 ,! pragmati/'s conduct 9 8 own case seems to me on ! contr>y admirably to illu/rate 8 univ]sal =mula2 & ( all epi/emologi/s1 he is p]haps ! only "o :o is irreproa*ably self-consi/5t4 ,,six? ,,misund]/&+3 ,,pragmatism ,,expla9s ,,n ,,:at ,,tru? ,,is1 ,,b ,,only ,,h[ ,,x ,,is ,,arriv$ ,,at4 ,9 po9t ( fact x tells u bo?1 tells u :at x is incid5tally to tell+ u h[ x is arriv$ at1--= :at ,,is arriv$ at except j :at ! tru? is8 ,if ,i tell y h[ to get to ! railroad /ation1 don't ,i implicitly introduce y to ! ,,:at1 to ! be+ & nature ( t edifice8 ,x is q true t ! ab/ract ,,^w 'h[' hasn't ! same mean+ z ! ab/ract ,,^w ':at1' b 9 ?is univ]se ( concrete facts y _c keep h[s & :ats asund]4 ,! reasons :y ,i f9d x satisfactory to believe t any idea is true1 ! ,,h[ ( my arriv+ at t belief1 may be among ! v reasons :y ! idea ,,is true 9 reality4 ,if n1 ,i summon ! anti-pragmati/ to expla9 ! impossibility articulately4 ,8 tr\ble seems to me ma9ly to arise f 8 fix$ inability to und]/& h[ a concrete /atem5t c possibly mean z mu*1 or be z valuable1 z an ab/ract "o4 ,i said above t ! ma9 qu>rel betwe5 u & our critics 0 t ( concret5ess ,,v]sus ab/ractness4 ,?is is ! place to develop t po9t f>!r4 ,9 ! pres5t "q1 ! l9ks ( exp]i5ce sequ5t ^u an idea1 :i* m$iate betwe5 x & a reality1 =m & = ! pragmati/ inde$ ,,are1 ! ,,concrete relation ( tru? t may obta9 betwe5 ! idea & t reality4 ,!y1 he says1 are all t we mean :5 we speak ( ! idea 'po9t+' to ! reality1 'fitt+' x1 'correspond+' ) x1 or 'agree+' ) x1--!y or o!r simil> m$iat+ tra9s ( v]ification4 ,su* m$iat+ ev5ts make ! idea 'true4' ,! idea itself1 if x exi/s at all1 is also a concrete ev5t3 s pragmatism insi/s t tru? 9 ! s+ul> is only a collective "n = tru?s 9 ! plural1 ^! consi/+ always ( s]ies ( def9ite ev5ts2 & t :at intellectualism calls ! tru?1 ! inh]5t tru?1 ( any "o su* s]ies is only ! ab/ract "n = its tru?fulness 9 act1 = ! fact t ! ideas !re d lead to ! suppos$ reality 9 a way t we consid] satisfactory4 ,! pragmati/ himself has no objection to ab/ractions4 ,elliptically1 & '= %ort1' he relies on !m z mu* z any "o1 end+ ^u innum]able occasions t _! comp>ative empt9ess makes ( !m useful sub/itutes = ! ov]fulness ( ! facts he meets1 )4 ,b he nev] ascribes to !m a high] grade ( reality4 ,! full reality ( a tru? = him is always "s process ( v]ification1 9 :i* ! ab/ract prop]ty ( connect+ ideas ) objects truly is work+ly embodi$4 ,mean:ile x is endlessly s]viceable to be able to talk ( prop]ties ab/ractly & ap>t f _! work+1 to f9d !m ! same 9 innum]able cases1 to take !m 'out ( "t1' & to treat ( _! relations to o!r simil> ab/ractions4 ,we ?us =m :ole univ]ses ( platonic ideas ante rem1 univ]ses 9 posse1 ?o none ( !m exi/s effectively except 9 rebus4 ,c\ntless relations obta9 !re :i* nobody exp]i5ces z obta9+1--z1 9 ! et]nal univ]se ( musical relations1 = example1 ! notes ( ,a5n*5 von ,?>au 7 a lovely melody long ere mortal e>s ev] he>d !m4 ,ev5 s ! music ( ! future sleeps n[1 to be awak5$ h]eaft]4 ,or1 if we take ! _w ( geometrical relations1 ! ?\s&? decimal ( 'pi' sleeps !re1 ?o no "o may ev] try to compute x4 ,or1 if we take ! univ]se ( 'fitt+1' c\ntless coats 'fit' backs1 & c\ntless boots 'fit' feet1 on :i* !y are n practically ,,fitt$2 c\ntless /ones 'fit' gaps 9 walls into :i* no "o seeks to fit !m actually4 ,9 ! same way c\ntless op9ions 'fit' realities1 & c\ntless tru?s are valid1 ?o no ?9k] ev] ?9ks !m4 ,= ! anti-pragmati/ ^! prior timeless relations are ! presupposition ( ! concrete ones1 & possess ! pr(\nd] dignity & value4 ,! actual work+s ( our ideas 9 v]ification-processes are z naught 9 comp>ison ) ! 'obta9+s' ( ?is disc>nate tru? )9 !m4 ,= ! pragmati/1 on ! contr>y1--all disc>nate tru? is /atic1 impot5t1 & relatively spectral1 full tru? be+ ! tru? t en]gizes & does battle4 ,c any "o suppose t ! sleep+ quality ( tru? w\ld ev] h be5 ab/ract$ or h receiv$ a "n1 if tru?s _h rema9$ =ev] 9 t /orage-vault ( ess5tial timeless 'agreem5ts' & _h nev] be5 embodi$ 9 any pant+ /ruggle ( m5's live ideas = v]ification8 ,surely no m ?an ! ab/ract prop]ty ( 'fitt+' w\ld h receiv$ a "n1 if 9 our _w !re _h be5 no backs or feet or gaps 9 walls to be actually fitt$4 ,,exi/5tial tru? is incid5tal to ! actual competition ( op9ions4 ,,ess5tial tru?1 ! tru? ( ! intellectuali/s1 ! tru? ) no "o ?9k+ x1 is l ! coat t fits ?o no "o has ev] tri$ x on1 l ! music t no e> has li/5$ to4 ,x is less real1 n m real1 ?an ! v]ifi$ article2 & to attribute a sup]ior degree ( glory to x seems little m ?an a piece ( p]v]se ab/raction-wor%ip4 ,z well might a p5cil insi/ t ! outl9e is ! ess5tial ?+ 9 all pictorial repres5tation1 & *ide ! pa9t-bru% & ! cam]a = omitt+ x1 =gett+ t ,,_! pictures n only conta9 ! :ole outl9e1 b a hundr$ o!r ?+s 9 addition4 ,pragmati/ tru? conta9s ! :ole ( intellectuali/ tru? & a hundr$ o!r ?+s 9 addition4 ,intellectuali/ tru? is !n only pragmati/ tru? 9 posse4 ,t on innum]able occasions m5 d sub/itute tru? 9 posse or v]ifiability1 = v]ification or tru? 9 act1 is a fact to :i* no "o attributes m importance ?an ! pragmati/3 he emphasizes ! practical utility ( su* a habit4 ,b he does n on t acc\nt consid] tru? 9 posse1--tru? n alive en\gh ev] to h be5 ass]t$ or que/ion$ or contradict$1 to be ! metaphysically prior ?+1 to :i* tru?s 9 act are tribut>y & subsidi>y4 ,:5 intellectuali/s d ?is1 pragmatism *>ges !m ) inv]t+ ! real relation4 ,tru? 9 posse ,,means only tru?s 9 act2 & he insi/s t ^! latt] take prec$5ce 9 ! ord] ( logic z well z 9 t ( be+4 ,,sev5? ,,m9und]/&+3 ,,pragmatism ,,ignores ,,! ,,!oretical ,,int]e/4 ,?is w\ld seem to be an absolutely wanton sl&]1 7 n a c]ta9 excuse to be f\nd 9 ! l+ui/ic aff9ities ( ! ^w 'pragmatism1' & 9 c]ta9 (fh& habits ( spee* ( ours :i* assum$ too great a g5]osity on our read]'s "p4 ,:5 we spoke ( ! mean+ ( ideas consi/+ 9 _! 'practical' consequ5ces1 or ( ! 'practical' diff]5ces :i* our beliefs make to u2 :5 we said t ! tru? ( a belief consi/s 9 its 'work+' value1 etc42 our language evid5tly 0 too c>eless1 = by 'practical' we 7 almo/ unanim\sly held to mean ,,oppos$ to !oretical or g5u9ely cognitive1 & ! consequ5ce 0 punctually drawn t a tru? 9 our eyes c\ld h no relation to any indep5d5t reality1 or to any o!r tru?1 or to any?+ :atev] b ! acts :i* we might gr\nd on x or ! satisfactions !y might br+4 ,! m]e exi/5ce ( ! idea1 all by itself1 if only its results 7 satisfactory1 w\ld give full tru? to x1 x 0 *>g$1 9 our absurd pragmati/ epi/emology4 ,! solemn attribution ( ?is rubbi% to u 0 also enc\rag$ by two o!r circum/ances4 ,fir/1 ideas ,,are practically useful 9 ! n>r[ s5se1 false ideas sometimes1 b mo/ (t5 ideas :i* we c v]ify by ! sum total ( all _! lead+s1 & ! reality ( ^: objects may ?us be consid]$ e/abli%$ beyond d\bt4 ,t ^! ideas %\ld be true 9 advance ( & ap>t f _! utility1 t1 9 o!r words1 _! objects %\ld be really !re1 is ! v condition ( _! hav+ t k9d ( utility1--! objects !y connect u ) are s important t ! ideas :i* s]ve z ! objects' sub/itutes gr[ important also4 ,?is mann] ( _! practical work+ 0 ! fir/ ?+ t made tru?s good 9 ! eyes ( primitive m52 & buri$ among all ! o!r good work+s by :i* true beliefs are *>act]iz$1 ?is k9d ( subsequ5tial utility rema9s4 ,! second mislead+ circum/ance 0 ! emphasis laid by ,s*ill] & ,dewey on ! fact t1 unless a tru? be relevant to ! m9d's mom5t>y pr$icam5t1 unless x be g]mane to ! 'practical' situation1--mean+ by ?is ! q p>ticul> p]plexity1--x is no good to urge x4 ,x doesn't meet our int]e/s any bett] ?an a falsehood w\ld "u ! same circum/ances4 ,b :y our pr$icam5ts & p]plexities might n be !oretical "h z well z n>r[ly practical1 ,i wi% t our critics w\ld expla94 ,!y simply assume t no pragmati/ ,,c admit a g5u9ely !oretic int]e/4 ,hav+ us$ ! phrase 'ca%-value' ( an idea1 ,i am implor$ by "o correspond5t to alt] x1 '= e "o ?9ks y mean only pecuni>y pr(it & loss4' ,hav+ said t ! true is '! exp$i5t 9 our ?9k+1' ,i am rebuk$ 9 ?is wise by ano!r le>n$ correspond5t3 ',! ^w exp$i5t has no o!r mean+ ?an t ( self-int]e/4 ,! pursuit ( ?is has end$ by l&+ a numb] ( (fic]s ( national banks 9 p5it5ti>ies4 ,a philosophy t leads to su* results mu/ be uns\nd4' ,b ! ^w 'practical' is s habitually loosely us$ t m indulg5ce might h be5 expect$4 ,:5 "o says t a sick man has n[ practically recov]$1 or t an ent]prise has practically fail$1 "o usually means ,i j ! opposite ( practically 9 ! lit]al s5se4 ,"o means t1 al?o untrue 9 /rict practice1 :at "o says is true 9 !ory1 true virtually1 c]ta9 to be true4 ,aga91 by ! practical "o (t5 means ! di/9ctively concrete1 ! individual1 p>ticul>1 & effective1 z oppos$ to ! ab/ract1 g5]al1 & in]t4 ,to speak = myself1 :5ev] ,i h emphasiz$ ! practical nature ( tru?1 ?is is ma9ly :at has be5 9 my m9d4 ',pragmata' are ?+s 9 _! plurality2 & 9 t e>ly ,cali=nia address1 :5 ,i describ$ pragmatism z hold+ t ! mean+ ( any proposition c always be br\ght d[n to "s p>ticul> consequ5ce 9 our future practical exp]i5ce1 :e!r passive or active1 expressly add$ ^! qualify+ words3 ! po9t ly+ r 9 ! fact t ! exp]i5ce mu/ be p>ticul> ?an 9 ! fact t x mu/ be active1--by 'active' mean+ "h 'practical' 9 ! n>r[ lit]al s5se4 ,footnote3 ,! ambiguity ( ! ^w 'practical' comes out well 9 ^! words ( a rec5t w\ld-be report] ( our views3 ',pragmatism is an ,anglo-,saxon reaction aga9/ ! intellectualism & rationalism ( ! ,lat9 m9d4444 ,man1 ea* individual man is ! measure ( ?+s4 ,he is able to conceive "o b relative tru?s1 t is to say1 illusions4 ,:at ^! illusions are wor? is reveal$ to him1 n by g5]al !ory1 b by individual practice4 ,pragmatism1 :i* consi/s 9 exp]i5c+ ^! illusions ( ! m9d & obey+ !m by act+ !m out1 is a ,,philosophy ,,)\t ,,words1 a philosophy ( ,,ge/ures ,,& ,,( ,,acts1 :i* ab&ons :at is g5]al & olds only to :at is p>ticul>4' 7,b\rdeau1 9 ,j\rnal des4 debats1 ,octob] #hi1 #aijg47 ,b p>ticul> consequ5ces c p]fectly well be ( a !oretic nature4 ,e remote fact :i* we inf] f an idea is a p>ticul> !oretic consequ5ce :i* our m9d practically works t[>ds4 ,! loss ( e old op9ion ( ours :i* we see t we %all h to give up if a new op9ion be true1 is a p>ticul> !oretic z well z a p>ticul> practical consequ5ce4 ,aft] man's int]e/ 9 brea?+ freely1 ! greate/ ( all 8 int]e/s 7because x nev] fluctuates or remits1 z mo/ ( 8 physical int]e/s d71 is 8 int]e/ 9 consi/5cy1 9 feel+ t :at he n[ ?9ks goes ) :at he ?9ks on o!r occasions4 ,we tirelessly comp>e tru? ) tru? = ?is sole purpose4 ,is ! pres5t c&idate = belief p]haps contradict$ by pr9ciple numb] "o8 ,is x compatible ) fact numb] two8 & s =?4 ,! p>ticul> op]ations "h are ! purely logical ones ( analysis1 d$uction1 comp>ison1 etc42 & al?o g5]al t]ms may be us$ ad libitum1 ! satisfactory practical work+ ( ! c&idate--idea consi/s 9 ! consci\sness yield$ by ea* successive !oretic consequ5ce 9 p>ticul>4 ,x is !re=e simply idiotic to repeat t pragmatism takes no acc\nt ( purely !oretic int]e/s4 ,all x insi/s on is t v]ity 9 act means ,,v]ifications1 & t ^! are always p>ticul>s4 ,ev5 9 exclusively !oretic matt]s1 x insi/s t vagu5ess & g5]ality s]ve to v]ify no?+4 ,,eigh? ,,misund]/&+3 ,,pragmatism ,,is ,,%ut ,,up ,,to ,,solipsism4 ,i h already said some?+ ab\t ?is misconception "u ! ?ird & f\r? heads1 above1 b a little m may be helpful4 ,! objection is apt to clo! itself 9 words l ^!3 ',y make tru? to consi/ 9 e value except ! cognitive value prop]2 y always leave y\r kn[] at _m removes 7or1 at ! utt]mo/1 at "o remove7 f 8 real object2 ! be/ y d is to let 8 ideas c>ry him t[>ds x2 x rema9s =ev] outside ( him1' etc4 ,i ?9k t ! leav5 work+ "h is ! root$ intellectuali/ p]suasion t1 to "k a reality1 an idea mu/ 9 "s inscrutable fa%ion possess or be x4 ,footnote3 ,s5sations may1 inde$1 possess _! objects or coalesce ) !m1 z common s5se supposes t !y d2 & intuit$ diff]5ces betwe5 concepts may coalesce ) ! 'et]nal' objective diff]5ces2 b to simplify our discussion4 "h we c af=d to ab/ract f ^! v special cases ( kn[+4 ,= pragmatism ?is k9d ( coalesc5ce is iness5tial4 ,z a rule our cognitions are only processes ( m9d (f _! balance & 9 motion t[>ds real t]m9i2 & ! reality ( ! t]m9i1 believ$ 9 by ! /ates ( m9d 9 "q1 c be gu>ante$ only by "s wid] kn[] ,footnote3 ,! transc5d5tal ideali/ ?9ks t1 9 "s inexplicable way1 ! f9ite /ates ( m9d are id5tical ) ! transf9ite all-kn[] :i* he f9ds himself oblig$ to po/ulate 9 ord] to supply a fundam5tum f> ! relation ( kn[+1 z he appreh5ds x4 ,pragmati/s c leave ! "q ( id5tity op52 b !y _c d )\t ! wid] kn[] any m ?an !y c d )\t ! reality1 if !y want to prove a case ( kn[+4 ,!y !mselves play ! "p ( ! absolute kn[] = ! univ]se ( disc\rse :i* s]ves !m z mat]ial = epi/emologiz+4 ,!y w>rant ! reality !re1 & ! subject's true k1 !re1 ( x4 ,b :e!r :at !y !mselves say ab\t t :ole univ]se is objectively true1 i4e41 :e!r ! pragmatic !ory ( tru? is true really1 !y _c w>rant1--!y c only believe x ,to _! he>]s !y c only propose x1 z ,i propose x to my read]s1 z some?+ to be v]ifi$ ambul&o1 or by ! way is :i* its consequ5ces may confirm x4 ,b if !re is no reason extant 9 ! univ]se :y !y %\ld be d\bt$1 ! beliefs are true 9 ! only s5se 9 :i* any?+ c be true anyh[3 !y are practically & concretely true1 namely4 ,true 9 ! my/ical mongrel s5se ( an ,id5titatsphilosophie !y ne$ n be2 nor is !re any intelligible reason :y !y ev] ne$ be true o!rwise ?an v]ifiably & practically4 ,x is reality's "p to possess its own exi/5ce2 x is ?\ght's "p to get into 't\*' ) x by innum]able pa?s ( v]ification4 ,i fe> t ! 'humani/ic' developm5ts ( pragmatism may cause a c]ta9 difficulty "h4 ,we get at "o tru? only ?r\gh ! re/ ( tru?2 & ! reality1 ev]la/+ly po/ulat$ z t :i* all our tru? mu/ keep 9 t\* )1 may nev] be giv5 to u save 9 ! =m ( tru? o!r ?an t :i* we are n[ te/+4 ,b s9ce ,dr4 ,s*ill] has %[n t all our tru?s1 ev5 ! mo/ elem5tal1 are affect$ by race-inh]itance ) a human coeffici5t1 reality p] se ?us may appe> only z a sort ( limit2 x may be held to %rivel to ! m]e ,,place = an object1 & :at is kn[n may be held to be only matt] ( our psy*e t we fill ! place )4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t pragmatism1 work$ 9 ?is humani/ic way1 is ,,compatible ) solipsism4 ,x jo9s fri5dly h&s ) ! agno/ic "p ( kantism1 ) contempor>y agno/icism1 & ) idealism g5]ally4 ,b work$ ?us1 x is a metaphysical !ory ab\t ! matt] ( reality1 & flies f> beyond pragmatism's own mode/ analysis ( ! nature ( ! kn[+ function1 :i* analysis may j z h>moni\sly be comb9$ ) less humani/ic acc\nts ( reality4 ,"o ( pragmatism's m]its is t x is s purely epi/emological4 ,x mu/ assume realities2 b x prejudges no?+ z to _! con/itution1 & ! mo/ div]se metaphysics c use x z _! f\ndation4 ,x c]ta9ly has no special aff9ity ) solipsism4 ,z ,i look back ov] :at ,i h writt51 mu* ( x gives me a que] impression1 z if ! obvi\s 7 set =? s condesc5d+ly t read]s might well laugh at my pomposity4 ,x may be1 h[ev]1 t concret5ess z radical z ours is n s obvi\s4 ,! :ole orig9ality ( pragmatism1 ! :ole po9t 9 x1 is its use ( ! concrete way ( see+4 ,x beg9s ) concret5ess1 & returns & ends ) x4 ,dr4 ,s*ill]1 ) 8 two 'practical' aspects ( tru?1 7#a7 relevancy to situation1 & 7#b7 subsequ5tial utility1 is only fill+ ! cup ( concret5ess to ! brim = u4 ,once seize t cup1 & y _c misund]/& pragmatism4 ,x seems z if ! p[] ( imag9+ ! _w concretely ,,might h be5 common en\gh to let our read]s appreh5d u bett]1 z if !y might h read betwe5 our l9es1 &1 9 spite ( all our infelicities ( expression1 guess$ a little m correctly :at our ?\ght 04 ,b alas6 ?is 0 n on fate's programme1 s we c only ?9k1 ) ! ,g]man ditty3-- ,es wa]' zu s*o5 gewes51 ,es hat ni*t soll5 se94 ,,ix ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,! ,,^w ,,tru? ,footnote3 ,rem>ks at ! meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,association1 ,cornell ,univ]sity1 ,decemb]1 #aijg4 ,my acc\nt ( tru? is reali/ic1 & foll[s ! epi/emological dualism ( common s5se4 ,suppose ,i say to y ',! ?+ exi/s'--is t true or n8 ,h[ c y tell8 ,n till my /atem5t has develop$ its mean+ f>!r is x det]m9$ z be+ true1 false1 or irrelevant to reality altoge!r4 ,b if n[ y ask ':at ?+8' & ,i reply 'a desk'2 if y ask ':]e8' & ,i po9t to a place2 if y ask 'does x exi/ mat]ially1 or only 9 imag9ation8' & ,i say 'mat]ially'2 if moreov] ,i say ',i mean t desk' & !n grasp & %ake a desk :i* y see j z ,i h describ$ x1 y are will+ to call my /atem5t true4 ,b y & ,i are commutable "h2 we c ex*ange places2 &1 z y g bail = my desk1 s ,i c g bail = y\rs4 ,?is notion ( a reality indep5d5t ( ei!r ( u1 tak5 f ord9>y social exp]i5ce1 lies at ! base ( ! pragmati/ def9ition ( tru?4 ,) "s su* reality any /atem5t1 9 ord] to be c\nt$ true1 mu/ agree4 ,pragmatism def9es 'agree+' to mean c]ta9 ways ( 'work+1' be !y actual or pot5tial4 ,?us1 = my /atem5t '! desk exi/s' to be true ( a desk recogniz$ z real by y1 x mu/ be able to lead me to %ake y\r desk1 to expla9 myself by words t sugge/ t desk to y\r m9d1 to make a draw+ t is l ! desk y see1 etc4 ,only 9 su* ways z ?is is !re s5se 9 say+ x agrees ) ,,t reality1 only ?us does x ga9 = me ! satisfaction ( he>+ y corroborate me4 ,ref]5ce !n to some?+ det]m9ate1 & "s sort ( adaptation to x wor?y ( ! "n ( agreem5t1 are ?us con/itu5t elem5ts 9 ! def9ition ( any /atem5t ( m9e z 'true'4 ,y _c get at ei!r ! ref]5ce or ! adaptation )\t us+ ! notion ( ! work+s4 ,,t ! ?+ is1 ,,:at x is1 & ,,:i* x is 7( all ! possible ?+s ) t :at7 are po9ts det]m9able only by ! pragmatic me?od4 ,! ':i*' means a possibility ( po9t+1 or ( o!rwise s+l+ out ! special object2 ! ':at' means *oice on our "p ( an ess5tial aspect to conceive x by 7& ?is is always relative to :at ,dewey calls our own 'situation'72 & ! 't' means our assumption ( ! attitude ( belief1 ! reality-recogniz+ attitude4 ,surely = und]/&+ :at ! ^w 'true' means z appli$ to a /atem5t1 ! m5tion ( su* work+s is indisp5sable4 ,surely if we leave !m out ! subject & ! object ( ! cognitive relation float-9 ! same univ]se1 'tis true--b vaguely & ignorantly & )\t mutual contact or m$iation4 ,our critics nev]!less call ! work+s iness5tial4 ,no functional possibilities 'make' our beliefs true1 !y say2 !y are true inh]5tly1 true positively1 born 'true' z ! ,c\nt ( ,*ambord 0 born ',h5ri-,c9q4' ,pragmatism insi/s1 on ! contr>y1 t /atem5ts & beliefs are ?us in]tly & /atically true only by c\rtesy3 !y practically pass = true2 b y ,,_c ,,def9e ,,:at ,,y ,,mean by call+ !m true )\t ref]r+ to _! functional possibilities4 ,^! give its :ole ,,logical ,,cont5t to t relation to reality on a belief's "p to :i* ! "n 'tru?' is appli$1 a relation :i* o!rwise rema9s "o ( m]e coexi/5ce or b>e )ness4 ,! =ego+ /atem5ts reproduce ! ess5tial cont5t ( ! lecture on ,tru? 9 my book ,,pragmatism4 ,s*ill]'s doctr9e ( 'humanism1' ,dewey's ',/udies 9 logical !ory1' & my own 'radical empiricism1' all involve ?is g5]al notion ( tru? z 'work+1' ei!r actual or conceivable4 ,b !y envelop x z only "o detail 9 ! mid/ ( mu* wid] !ories t aim ev5tually at det]m9+ ! notion ( :at 'reality' at l>ge is 9 its ultimate nature & con/itution4 ,x ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,julius ,,caes> ,footnote3 ,orig9ally pr9t$ "u ! title ( ',tru? v]sus ,tru?fulness1' 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy4 ,my acc\nt ( tru? is purely logical & relates to its def9ition only4 ,i cont5d t y _c tell :at ! ,,^w 'true' ,,means1 z appli$ to a /atem5t1 )\t invok+ ! ,,concept ,,( ,,! ,,/atem5ts ,,work+s4 ,assume1 to fix our ideas1 a univ]se compos$ ( two ?+s only3 imp]ial ,caes> dead & turn$ to clay1 & me1 say+ ',caes> really exi/$4' ,mo/ p]sons w\ld naively deem tru? to be !reby utt]$1 & say t by a sort ( actio 9 di/ans my /atem5t _h tak5 direct hold ( ! o!r fact4 ,b h my words s c]ta9ly d5ot$ ,,t ,caes>8--or s c]ta9ly connot$ ,,8 individual attributes8 ,to fill out ! complete measure ( :at ! epi!t 'true' may ideally mean1 my ?\ght ought to be> a fully det]m9ate & unambigu\s '"o-to-"o-relation' to its own p>ticul> object4 ,9 ! ultrasimple univ]se imag9$ ! ref]5ce is unc]tifi$4 ,7 !re two ,caes>s we %\ldn't "k :i* 0 meant4 ,! conditions ( tru? ?us seem incomplete 9 ?is univ]se ( disc\rse s t x mu/ be enl>g$4 ,transc5d5tali/s enl>ge x by invok+ an absolute m9d :i*1 z x owns all ! facts1 c sov]eignly correlate !m4 ,if x int5ds t my /atem5t ,,%all ref] to t id5tical ,caes>1 & t ! attributes ,i h 9 m9d ,,%all mean 8 attributes1 t int5tion suffices to make ! /atem5t true4 ,i1 9 turn1 enl>ge ! univ]se by admitt+ f9ite int]m$i>ies betwe5 ! two orig9al facts4 ,caes> ,,_h1 & my /atem5t ,,has1 effects2 & if ^! effects 9 any way run toge!r1 a concrete m$ium & bottom is provid$ = ! det]m9ate cognitive relation1 :i*1 z a pure ,,actio ,,9 ,,di/ans1 seem$ to float too vaguely & un9telligibly4 ,! real ,caes>1 = example1 wrote a manuscript ( :i* ,i see a real repr9t1 & say '! ,caes> ,i mean is ! au?or ( ,,t4' ,! work+s ( my ?\ght ?us det]m9e bo? its d5otative & its connotative significance m fully4 ,x n[ def9es itself z nei!r irrelevant to ! real ,caes>1 nor false 9 :at x sugge/s ( him4 ,! absolute m9d1 see+ me ?us work+ t[>ds ,caes> ?r\gh ! cosmic int]m$i>ies1 might well say3 ',su* work+s only specify 9 detail :at ,i meant myself by ! /atem5t be+ true4 ,i decree ! cognitive relation betwe5 ! two orig9al facts to mean t j t k9d ( concrete *a9 ( int]m$i>ies exi/s or c exi/4' ,b ! *a9 involves facts prior to ! /atem5t ! logical conditions ( ^: tru? we are def9+1 & facts subsequ5t to x2 & ?is circum/ance1 c\pl$ ) ! vulg> employm5t ( ! t]ms tru? & fact z synonyms1 has laid my acc\nt op5 to misappreh5sion4 ',h[1' x is confus$ly ask$1 'c ,caes>'s exi/5ce1 a tru? already #bjjj ye>s old1 dep5d = its tru? on any?+ ab\t to happ5 n[8 ,h[ c my ackn[l$gm5t ( x be made true by ! ackn[l$gm5t's own effects8 ,! effects may inde$ confirm my belief1 b ! belief 0 made true already by ! fact t ,caes> really did exi/4' ,well1 be x s1 = if !re 7 no ,caes>1 !re c\ld1 ( c\rse1 be no positive tru? ab\t him--b !n di/+ui% betwe5 'true' z be+ positively & completely s e/abli%$1 & 'true' z be+ s only 'practically1' elliptically1 & by c\rtesy1 9 ! s5se ( n be+ positively irrelevant or ,u,ntrue4 ,rememb] also t ,caes>'s hav+ exi/$ 9 fact may make a pres5t /atem5t false or irrelevant z well z x may make x true1 & t 9 nei!r case does x itself h to alt]4 ,x be+ giv51 :e!r tru?1 untru?1 or irrelevancy %all be also giv5 dep5ds on some?+ com+ f ! /atem5t itself4 ,:at pragmatism cont5ds = is t y _c adequately ,,def9e ! some?+ if y leave ! notion ( ! /atem5t's functional work+s out ( y\r acc\nt4 ,tru? mean+ agreem5t ) reality1 ! mode ( ! agree+ is a practical problem :i* ! subjective t]m ( ! relation alone c solve4 ,,note4 ,?is pap] 0 orig9ally foll[$ by a c\ple ( p>agraphs meant to conciliate ! intellectuali/ opposition4 ,s9ce y love ! ^w 'true' s1 & s9ce y despise s ! concrete work+ ( our ideas1 ,i said1 keep ! ^w 'tru?' = ! saltatory & incompreh5sible relation y c>e s mu* =1 & ,i w say ( ?\ghts t "k _! objects 9 an intelligible s5se t !y are 'tru?ful4' ,l mo/ (f]+s1 ?is "o has be5 spurn$1 s ,i revoke x1 rep5t+ ( my g5]osity4 ,pr(essor ,pratt1 9 8 rec5t book1 calls any objective /ate ( ,,facts 'a tru?1' & uses ! ^w 'tru5ess' 9 ! s5se ( 'tru?' z propos$ by me4 ,mr4 ,hawtrey 7see bel[1 page #bha7 uses 'correctness' 9 ! same s5se4 ,ap>t f ! g5]al evil ( ambigu\s vocabul>ies1 we may really =sake all hope1 if ! t]m 'tru?' is (ficially to lose its /atus z a prop]ty ( our beliefs & op9ions1 & become recogniz$ z a te*nical synonym = 'fact4' ,,xi ,,! ,,absolute ,,& ,,! ,,/r5u\s ,,life ,footnote3 ,repr9t$ f ! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 etc41 #aijf4 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,a4 ,br[n1 9 ! ,j\rnal = ,augu/ #ae1 approves my pragmatism = all[+ t a belief 9 ! absolute may give holidays to ! _s1 b takes me to task = ! n>r[ness ( ?is concession1 & %[s by /rik+ examples h[ great a p[] ! same belief may h 9 lett+ loose ! /r5u\s life4 ,i h no criticism :atev] to make ^u 8 excell5t article1 b let me expla9 :y 'moral holidays' 7 ! only gift ( ! absolute :i* ,i pick$ out = emphasis4 ,i 0 prim>ily conc]n$ 9 my lectures ) contra/+ ! belief t ! _w is /ill 9 process ( mak+ ) ! belief t !re is an 'et]nal' edition ( x ready-made & complete4 ,! =m]1 or 'plurali/ic' belief1 0 ! "o t my pragmatism favor$4 ,bo? beliefs confirm our /r5u\s moods4 ,pluralism actually dem&s !m1 s9ce x makes ! _w's salvation dep5d ^u ! en]giz+ ( its sev]al p>ts1 among :i* we are4 ,monism p]mits !m1 = h[ev] furi\s !y may be1 we c always ju/ify ourselves 9 advance = indulg+ !m by ! ?\ght t !y ,,w ,,h ,,be5 expressions ( ! absolute's p]fect life4 ,by escap+ f y\r f9ite p]ceptions to ! conception ( ! et]nal :ole1 y c hall[ any t5d5cy :atev]4 ,?o ! absolute ,,dictates no?+1 x w ,,sanction any?+ & ev]y?+ aft] ! fact1 = :atev] is once !re w h to be reg>d$ z an integral memb] ( ! univ]se's p]fection4 ,quietism & fr5zy ?us alike receive ! absolute's p]mit to exi/4 ,^? ( u :o are naturally in]t may abide 9 our resign$ passivity2 ^? ^: en]gy is excessive may gr[ m reckless /ill4 ,hi/ory %[s h[ easily bo? quieti/s & fanatics h drawn inspiration f ! absoluti/ic s*eme4 ,x suits sick s\ls & /r5u\s ones equally well4 ,"o _c say ?us ( pluralism4 ,its _w is always vuln]able1 = "s "p may g a/ray2 & hav+ no 'et]nal' edition ( x to draw com=t f1 its p>tisans mu/ always feel to "s degree insecure4 ,if1 z plurali/s1 we grant ourselves moral holidays1 !y c only be provisional brea?+-spells1 int5d$ to refre% u = ! morr['s fight4 ,?is =ms "o p]man5t inf]iority ( pluralism f ! pragmatic po9t ( view4 ,x has no sav+ message = incurably sick s\ls4 ,absolutism1 among its o!r messages1 has t message1 & is ! only s*eme t has x necess>ily4 ,t con/itutes its *ief sup]iority & is ! s\rce ( its religi\s p[]4 ,t is :y1 desir+ to d x full ju/ice1 ,i valu$ its aptitude = moral-holiday giv+ s highly4 ,its claims 9 t way are unique1 :]eas its aff9ities ) /r5u\sness are less emphatic ?an ^? ( ! plurali/ic s*eme4 ,9 ! la/ lecture ( my book ,i c&idly admitt$ ?is inf]iority ( pluralism4 ,x lacks ! wide indiff]5ce t absolutism %[s4 ,x is b\nd to disappo9t _m sick s\ls :om absolutism c console4 ,x seems !re=e poor tactics = absoluti/s to make little ( ?is advantage4 ,! ne$s ( sick s\ls are surely ! mo/ urg5t2 & believ]s 9 ! absolute %\ld r hold x to be great m]it 9 _! philosophy t x c meet !m s well4 ,! pragmatism or pluralism :i* ,i def5d has to fall back on a c]ta9 ultimate h>dihood1 a c]ta9 will+ness to live )\t assurances or gu>antees4 ,to m9ds ?us will+ to live on possibilities t are n c]ta9ties1 quieti/ic religion1 sure ( salvation ,,any ,,h[1 has a slight flavor ( fatty deg5]ation ab\t x :i* has caus$ x to be look$ askance on1 ev5 9 ! *ur*4 ,:i* side is "r "h1 :o c say8 ,)9 religion1 emotion is apt to be tyrannical2 b philosophy mu/ favor ! emotion t allies itself be/ ) ! :ole body & drift ( all ! tru?s 9 sight4 ,i conceive ?is to be ! m /r5u\s type ( emotion2 b ,i h to admit t its inability to let loose quieti/ic raptures is a s]i\s defici5cy 9 ! plurali/ic philosophy :i* ,i pr(ess4 ,,xii ,,pr(essor ,,heb]t ,,on ,,pragmatism ,footnote3 ,repr9t f ! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy = ,decemb] #c1 #aijh 7vol4 v1 p4 #fhi71 ( a review ( ,le ,pragmatisme et ses ,div]ses ,=mes ,anglo-,am]ica9es1 by ,m>cel ,heb]t4 7,p>is3 ,librairie critique ,emile ,n\rry4 #aijh4 ,pp4 #aje47 ,pr(essor ,m>cel ,heb]t is a s+ul>ly erudite & lib]al ?9k] 7a sec$]1 ,i believe1 f ! ,ca?olic prie/hood7 & an uncommonly direct & cle> writ]4 ,8 book ,le ,div9 is "o ( ! able/ reviews ( ! g5]al subject ( religi\s philosophy :i* rec5t ye>s h produc$2 & 9 ! small volume ! title ( :i* is copi$ above he has1 p]haps1 tak5 m pa9s n to d inju/ice to pragmatism ?an any ( its num]\s critics4 ,yet ! usual fatal misappreh5sion ( its purposes vitiates 8 exposition & 8 critique4 ,8 pamphlet seems to me to =m a wor?y hook1 z x 71 on :i* to hang "o m attempt to tell ! read] :at ! pragmati/ acc\nt ( tru? really means4 ,m4 ,heb]t takes x to mean :at mo/ p take x to mean1 ! doctr9e1 namely1 t :atev] proves subjectively exp$i5t 9 ! way ( our ?9k+ is 'true' 9 ! absolute & unre/rict$ s5se ( ! ^w1 :e!r x corresponds to any objective /ate ( ?+s outside ( our ?\ght or n4 ,assum+ ?is to be ! pragmati/ !sis1 ,m4 ,heb]t opposes x at l5g?4 ,?\ght t proves itself to be ?us exp$i5t may1 inde$1 h e ,,o!r k9d ( value = ! ?9k]1 he says1 b cognitive value1 repres5tative value1 ,,valeur ,,de ,,connaissance ,,proprem5t ,,dite1 x has n2 & :5 x does h a high degree ( g5]al utility value1 ?is is 9 e case d]iv$ f its previ\s value 9 ! way ( correctly repres5t+ indep5d5t objects t h an important influ5ce on our lives4 ,only by ?us repres5t+ ?+s truly d we reap ! useful fruits4 ,b ! fruits foll[ on ! tru?1 !y d n con/itute x2 s ,m4 ,heb]t accuses pragmatism ( tell+ u ev]y?+ ab\t tru? except :at x ess5tially is4 ,he admits1 inde$1 t ! _w is s fram$ t :5 m5 h true ideas ( realities1 consequ5tial utilities ensue 9 abundance2 & no "o ( our critics1 ,i ?9k1 has %[n z concrete a s5se ( ! v>iety ( ^! utilities z he has2 b he reit]ates t1 :]eas su* utilities are second>y1 we insi/ on treat+ !m z prim>y1 & t ! connaissance objective f :i* !y draw all _! be+ is some?+ :i* we neglect1 exclude1 & de/roy4 ,! utilit>ian value & ! /rictly cognitive value ( our ideas may p]fectly well h>monize1 he says--& 9 ! ma9 he all[s t !y d h>monize--b !y are n logically id5tical = t4 ,he admits t subjective int]e/s1 desires1 impulses may ev5 h ! active 'primacy' 9 our intellectual life4 ,cognition awak5s only at _! spur1 & foll[s _! cues & aims2 yet1 :5 x ,,is awak5$1 x is objective cognition prop] & n m]ely ano!r "n = ! impulsive t5d5cies !mselves 9 ! /ate ( satisfaction4 ,! own] ( a picture ascrib$ to ,corot gets uneasy :5 its au!nticity is d\bt$4 ,he looks up its orig9 & is reassur$4 ,b 8 uneas9ess does n make ! proposition false1 any m ?an 8 relief makes ! proposition true1 t ! actual ,corot 0 ! pa9t]4 ,pragmatism1 :i*1 accord+ to ,m4 ,heb]t1 claims t our s5tim5ts ,,make tru? & falsehood1 w\ld oblige u to conclude t our m9ds ex]t no g5u9ely cognitive function :atev]4 ,?is subjectivi/ int]pretation ( our position seems to foll[ f my hav+ happ5$ to write 7)\t suppos+ x necess>y to expla9 t ,i 0 treat+ ( cognition solely on its subjective side7 t 9 ! long run ! true is ! exp$i5t 9 ! way ( our ?9k+1 mu* z ! good is ! exp$i5t 9 ! way ( our behavior6 ,hav+ previ\sly writt5 t tru? means 'agreem5t ) reality1' & insi/$ t ! *ief "p ( ! exp$i5cy ( any "o op9ion is its agreem5t ) ! re/ ( ackn[l$g$ tru?1 ,i appreh5d$ no exclusively subjectivi/ic read+ ( my mean+4 ,my m9d 0 s fill$ ) ! notion ( objective ref]5ce t ,i nev] dream$ t my he>]s w\ld let g ( x2 & ! v la/ accusation ,i expect$ 0 t 9 speak+ ( ideas & _! satisfactions1 ,i 0 d5y+ realities outside4 ,my only wond] n[ is t critics %\ld h f\nd s silly a p]sonage z ,i mu/ h seem$ 9 _! eyes1 wor?y ( explicit refutation4 ,! object1 = me1 is j z mu* "o "p ( reality z ! idea is ano!r "p4 ,! tru? ( ! idea is "o relation ( x to ! reality1 j z its date & its place are o!r relations4 ,all ?ree relations ,,consi/ ( int]v5+ p>ts ( ! univ]se :i* c 9 e p>ticul> case be assign$ & catalogu$1 & :i* diff] 9 e in/ance ( tru?1 j z !y diff] ) e date & place4 ,! pragmati/ !sis1 z ,dr4 ,s*ill] & ,i hold x1--,i pref] to let ,pr(essor ,dewey speak = himself1--is t ! relation call$ 'tru?' is ?us concretely ,,def9able4 ,ours is ! only articulate attempt 9 ! field to say positively :at tru? actually ,,consi/s ,,(4 ,our d5\nc]s h lit]ally no?+ to oppose to x z an alt]native4 ,= !m1 :5 an idea is true1 x ,,is true1 & !re ! matt] t]m9ates2 ! ^w 'true' be+ indef9able4 ,! relation ( ! true idea to its object1 be+1 z !y ?9k1 unique1 x c be express$ 9 t]ms ( no?+ else1 & ne$s only to be nam$ = any "o to recognize & und]/& x4 ,moreov] x is inv>iable & univ]sal1 ! same 9 e s+le in/ance ( tru?1 h[ev] div]se ! ideas1 ! realities1 & ! o!r relations betwe5 !m may be4 ,our pragmati/ view1 on ! contr>y1 is t ! tru?-relation is a def9itely exp]i5ceable relation1 & !re=e describable z well z namable2 t x is n unique 9 k9d1 & nei!r inv>iable nor univ]sal4 ,! relation to its object t makes an idea true 9 any giv5 in/ance1 is1 we say1 embodi$ 9 int]m$iate details ( reality :i* lead t[>ds ! object1 :i* v>y 9 e in/ance1 & :i* 9 e in/ance c be concretely trac$4 ,! *a9 ( work+s :i* an op9ion sets up ,,is ! op9ion's tru?1 falsehood1 or irrelevancy1 z ! case may be4 ,e idea t a man has works "s consequ5ces 9 him1 9 ! %ape ei!r ( bodily actions or ( o!r ideas4 ,?r\gh ^! consequ5ces ! man's relations to surr\nd+ realities are modifi$4 ,he is c>ri$ ne>] to "s ( !m & f>!r f o!rs1 & gets n[ ! feel+ t ! idea has work$ satisfactorily1 n[ t x has n4 ,! idea has put him into t\* ) some?+ t fulfils its int5t1 or x has n4 ,?is some?+ is ! ,,man',s ,,object1 prim>ily4 ,s9ce ! only realities we c talk ab\t are su* ,,objects-,,believ$-,,91 ! pragmati/1 :5ev] he says 'reality1' means 9 ! fir/ in/ance :at may c\nt = ! man himself z a reality1 :at he believes at ! mom5t to be su*4 ,sometimes ! reality is a concrete s5sible pres5ce4 ,! idea1 = example1 may be t a c]ta9 door op5s into a room :]e a glass ( be] may be b\ght4 ,if op5+ ! door leads to ! actual sight & ta/e ( ! be]1 ! man calls ! idea true4 ,or 8 idea may be t ( an ab/ract relation1 say ( t betwe5 ! sides & ! hypo!nuse ( a triangle1 su* a relation be+1 ( c\rse1 a reality q z mu* z a glass ( be] is4 ,if ! ?\ght ( su* a relation leads him to draw auxili>y l9es & to comp>e ! figures !y make1 he may at la/1 p]ceiv+ "o equality aft] ano!r1 ,,see ! relation ?\ght (1 by a vision q z p>ticul> & direct z 0 ! ta/e ( ! be]4 ,if he does s1 he calls ,,t idea1 also1 true4 ,8 idea has1 9 ea* case1 br\ght him into clos] t\* ) a reality felt at ! mom5t to v]ify j t idea4 ,ea* reality v]ifies & validates its own idea exclusively2 & 9 ea* case ! v]ification consi/s 9 ! satisfactorily-end+ consequ5ces1 m5tal or physical1 :i* ! idea 0 able to set up4 ,^! 'work+s' diff] 9 e s+le in/ance1 !y nev] transc5d exp]i5ce1 !y consi/ ( p>ticul>s1 m5tal or s5sible1 & !y admit ( concrete description 9 e individual case4 ,pragmati/s are unable to see :at y c possibly ,,mean by call+ an idea true1 unless y mean t betwe5 x z a t]m9us a quo 9 "s "o's m9d & "s p>ticul> reality z a t]m9us ad quem1 su* concrete work+s d or may int]v5e4 ,_! direction con/itutes ! idea's ref]5ce to t reality1 _! satisfactor9ess con/itutes its adaptation !reto1 & ! two ?+s toge!r con/itute ! 'tru?' ( ! idea = its possessor4 ,)\t su* int]m$iat+ portions ( concretely real exp]i5ce ! pragmati/ sees no mat]ials out ( :i* ! adaptive relation call$ tru? c be built up4 ,! anti-pragmati/ view is t ! work+s are b evid5ces ( ! tru?'s previ\s inh]5t pres5ce 9 ! idea1 & t y c wipe ! v possibility ( !m out ( exi/5ce & /ill leave ! tru? ( ! idea z solid z ev]4 ,b surely ?is is n a c\nt]-!ory ( tru? to ours4 ,x is ! r5unciation ( all articulate !ory4 ,x is b a claim to ! "r to call c]ta9 ideas true anyh[2 & ?is is :at ,i meant above by say+ t ! anti-pragmati/s (f] u no real alt]native1 & t our acc\nt is lit]ally ! only positive !ory extant4 ,:at mean+1 inde$1 c an idea's tru? h save its p[] ( adapt+ u ei!r m5tally or physically to a reality8 ,h[ comes x1 !n1 t our critics s uni=mly accuse u ( subjectivism1 ( d5y+ ! reality's exi/5ce8 ,x comes1 ,i ?9k1 f ! necess>y pr$om9ance ( subjective language 9 our analysis4 ,h[ev] indep5d5t & elective realities may be1 we c talk ab\t !m1 9 fram+ our acc\nts ( tru?1 only z s _m objects believ$-94 ,b ! process ( exp]i5ce leads m5 s cont9ually to sup]s$e _! old] objects by new] ones :i* !y f9d x m satisfactory to believe 91 t ! notion ( an ,,absolute reality inevitably arises z a gr5zbegriff1 equival5t to t ( an object t %all nev] be sup]s$$1 & belief 9 :i* %all be endgueltig4 ,cognitively we ?us live "u a sort ( rule ( ?ree3 z our private concepts repres5t ! s5se-objects to :i* !y lead u1 ^! be+ public realities indep5d5t ( ! individual1 s ^! s5se-realities may1 9 turn1 repres5t realities ( a hyp]s5sible ord]1 electrons1 m9d-/uff4 ,god1 or :at n1 exi/+ indep5d5tly ( all human ?9k]s4 ,! notion ( su* f9al realities1 k ( :i* w\ld be absolute tru?1 is an outgr[? ( our cognitive exp]i5ce f :i* nei!r pragmati/s nor anti-pragmati/s escape4 ,!y =m an inevitable regulative po/ulate 9 e "o's ?9k+4 ,our notion ( !m is ! mo/ abundantly sugge/$ & satisfi$ ( all our beliefs1 ! la/ to suff] d\bt4 ,! diff]5ce is t our critics use ?is belief z _! sole p>adigm1 & treat any "o :o talks ( human realities z if he ?\ght ! notion ( reality '9 itself' illegitimate4 ,mean:ile1 reality-9-itself1 s f> z by !m ,,talk$ ,,(1 is only a human object2 !y po/ulate x j z we po/ulate x2 & if we are subjectivi/s !y are s no less4 ,realities 9 !mselves c be !re ,,= any "o1 :e!r pragmati/ or anti-pragmati/1 only by be+ believ$2 !y are believ$ only by _! notions appe>+ true2 & _! notions appe> true only because !y "w satisfactorily4 ,satisfactorily1 moreov]1 = ! p>ticul> ?9k]'s purpose4 ,!re is no idea :i* is ,,! true idea1 ( any?+4 ,^: is ,,! true idea ( ! absolute8 ,or to take ,m4 ,heb]t's example1 :at is ,,! true idea ( a picture :i* y possess8 ,x is ! idea t mo/ satisfactorily meets y\r pres5t int]e/4 ,! int]e/ may be 9 ! picture's place1 its age1 its 'tone1' its subject1 its dim5sions1 its au?or%ip1 its price1 its m]it1 or :at n4 ,if its au?or%ip by ,corot h be5 d\bt$1 :at w satisfy ! int]e/ ar\s$ 9 y at t mom5t w be to h y\r claim to own a ,corot confirm$2 b1 if y h a normal human m9d1 m]ely call+ x a ,corot w n satisfy o!r dem&s ( y\r m9d at ! same "t4 ,= ,,!m to be satisfi$1 :at y le>n ( ! picture mu/ make smoo? connection ) :at y "k ( ! re/ ( ! sy/em ( reality 9 :i* ! actual ,corot play$ 8 "p4 ,m4 ,heb]t accuses u ( hold+ t ! propriet>y satisfactions ( !mselves suffice to make ! belief true1 & t1 s f> z we are conc]n$1 no actual ,corot ne$ ev] h exi/$4 ,:y we %\ld be ?us cut (f f ! m g5]al & intellectual satisfactions1 ,i "k n2 b :atev] ! satisfactions may be1 intellectual or propriet>y1 !y belong to ! subjective side ( ! tru?-relation4 ,!y f\nd our beliefs2 our beliefs are 9 realities2 if no realities are !re1 ! beliefs are false b if realities are !re1 h[ !y c ev5 be ,,kn[n )\t fir/ be+ ,,believ$2 or h[ ,,believ$ except by our fir/ hav+ ideas ( !m t "w satisfactorily1 pragmati/s f9d x impossible to imag9e4 ,!y also f9d x impossible to imag9e :at makes ! anti-pragmati/s' dogmatic 'ipse dixit' assurance ( reality m cr$ible ?an ! pragmati/s conviction bas$ on concrete v]ifications4 ,m4 ,heb]t w probably agree to ?is1 :5 put 9 ?is way1 s ,i d n see our inf]iority to him 9 ! matt] ( connaissance proprem5t dite4 ,"s read]s w say t1 al?o ,i may possibly believe 9 realities beyond our ideas ,dr4 ,s*ill]1 at any rate1 does n4 ,?is is a great misund]/&+1 = ,s*ill]'s doctr9e & m9e are id5tical1 only our exposition foll[ diff]5t directions4 ,he />ts f ! subjective pole ( ! *a91 ! individual ) 8 beliefs1 z ! m concrete & imm$iately giv5 ph5om5on4 ',an individual claims 8 belief to be true1' ,s*ill] says1 'b :at does he mean by true8 & h[ does he e/abli% ! claim8' ,) ^! que/ions we emb>k on a psy*ological inquiry4 ,to be true1 x appe>s1 means1 ,,= ,,t ,,individual1 to "w satisfactorily = him2 & ! work+ & ! satisfaction1 s9ce !y v>y f case to case1 admit ( no univ]sal description4 ,:at works is true & repres5ts a reality1 = ! individual = :om x works4 ,if he is infallible1 ! reality is 'really' !re2 if mi/ak5 x is n !re1 or n !re z he ?9ks x4 ,we all believe1 :5 our ideas "w satisfactorily2 b we don't yet "k :o ( u is infallible2 s t ! problem ( tru? & t ( error are ,,eb5burtig & arise out ( ! same situations4 ,s*ill]1 rema9+ ) ! fallible individual1 & treat+ only ( reality-=-him1 seems to _m ( 8 read]s to ignore reality-9-itself altoge!r4 ,b t is because he seeks only to tell u h[ tru?s are atta9$1 n :at ! cont5t ( ^? tru?s1 :5 atta9$1 %all be4 ,x may be t ! true/ ( all beliefs %all be t 9 transsubjective realities4 ,x c]ta9ly ,,seems ! true/ = no rival belief is z volum9\sly satisfactory1 & x is probably ,dr4 ,s*ill]'s own belief2 b he is n requir$1 = 8 imm$iate purpose1 to pr(ess x4 ,/ill less is he oblig$ to assume x 9 advance z ! basis ( 8 discussion4 ,i1 h[ev]1 w>n$ by ! ways ( critics1 adopt diff]5t tactics4 ,i />t f ! object-pole ( ! idea-reality *a9 & foll[ x 9 ! opposite direction f ,s*ill]'s4 ,anticipat+ ! results ( ! g5]al tru?-processes ( mank9d1 ,i beg9 ) ! ab/ract notion ( an objective reality4 ,i po/ulate x1 & ask on my own acc\nt1 ,i ,,v\*+ ,,= ,,?is ,,reality1 :at w\ld make any "o else's idea ( x true = me z well z = him4 ,b ,i f9d no diff]5t answ] f t :i* ,s*ill] gives4 ,if ! o!r man's idea leads him1 n only to believe t ! reality is !re1 b to use x z ! reality's tempor>y sub/itute1 by lett+ x evoke adaptive ?\ghts & acts simil> to ^? :i* ! reality itself w\ld provoke1 !n x is true 9 ! only intelligible s5se1 true ?r\gh its p>ticul> consequ5ces1 & true = me z well z = ! man4 ,my acc\nt is m ( a logical def9ition2 ,s*ill]'s is m ( a psy*ological description4 ,bo? treat an absolutely id5tical matt] ( exp]i5ce1 only !y trav]se x 9 opposite ways4 ,possibly ^! explanations may satisfy ,m4 ,heb]t1 ^: little book1 ap>t f ! false accusation ( subjectivism1 gives a fairly in/ructive acc\nt ( ! pragmati/ epi/emology4 ,,xiii ,,ab/ractionism ,,& ',,relativismus' ,ab/ract concepts1 su* z ela/icity1 volum9\sness1 disconnect$ness1 are sali5t aspects ( our concrete exp]i5ces :i* we f9d x useful to s+le out4 ,useful1 because we are !n rem9d$ ( o!r ?+s t (f] ^? same aspects2 &1 if ! aspects c>ry consequ5ces 9 ^? o!r ?+s1 we c return to our fir/ ?+s1 expect+ ^? same consequ5ces to accrue4 ,to be help$ to anticipate consequ5ces is always a ga91 & su* be+ ! help t ab/ract concepts give u1 x is obvi\s t _! use is fulfill$ only :5 we get back aga9 into concrete p>ticul>s by _! means1 be>+ ! consequ5ces 9 our m9ds1 & enri*+ our notion ( ! orig9al objects !re)al4 ,)\t ab/ract concepts to h&le our p]ceptual p>ticul>s by1 we are l m5 hopp+ on "o foot4 ,us+ concepts along ) ! p>ticul>s1 we become bip$al4 ,we ?r[ our concept =w>d1 get a foo?old on ! consequ5ce1 hit* our l9e to ?is1 & draw our p]cept up1 travell+ ?us ) a hop1 skip & jump ov] ! surface ( life at a va/ly rapid] rate ?an if we m]ely wad$ ?r\gh ! ?ickness ( ! p>ticul>s z accid5t ra9$ !m d[n ^u our heads4 ,animals h to d ?is1 b m5 raise _! heads high] & brea! freely 9 ! upp] conceptual air4 ,! enorm\s e/eem pr(ess$ by all philosoph]s = ! conceptual =m ( consci\sness is easy to und]/&4 ,f ,plato's "t d[nw>ds x has be5 held to be our sole av5ue to ess5tial tru?4 ,concepts are univ]sal1 *angeless1 pure2 _! relations are et]nal2 !y are spiritual1 :ile ! concrete p>ticul>s :i* !y enable u to h&le are corrupt$ by ! fle%4 ,!y are preci\s 9 !mselves1 !n1 ap>t f _! orig9al use1 & conf] new dignity ^u our life4 ,"o c f9d no fault ) ?is way ( feel+ ab\t concepts s long z _! orig9al function does n get swall[$ up 9 ! admiration & lo/4 ,t function is ( c\rse to enl>ge m5tally our mom5t>y exp]i5ces by ,,add+ to !m ! consequ5ces conceiv$2 b un=tunately1 t function is n only too (t5 =gott5 by philosoph]s 9 _! reason+s1 b is (t5 conv]t$ into its exact opposite1 & made a means ( dim9i%+ ! orig9al exp]i5ce by ,,d5y+ 7implicitly or explicitly7 all its features save ! "o specially ab/ract$ to conceive x by4 ,?is itself is a highly ab/ract way ( /at+ my compla9t1 & x ne$s to be r$eem$ f obscurity by %[+ in/ances ( :at is meant4 ,"s beliefs v de> to my own he>t h be5 conceiv$ 9 ?is vici\sly ab/ract way by critics4 ,"o is ! 'w to believe1' s call$2 ano!r is ! indet]m9ism ( c]ta9 futures2 a ?ird is ! notion t tru? may v>y ) ! /&po9t ( ! man :o holds x4 ,i believe t ! p]v]se abuse ( ! ab/ract+ function has l$ critics to employ false argum5ts aga9/ ^! doctr9es1 & (t5 has l$ _! read]s to false conclusions4 ,i %\ld l to try to save ! situation1 if possible1 by a few c\nt]-critical rem>ks4 ,let me give ! "n ( 'vici\s ab/ractionism' to a way ( us+ concepts :i* may be ?us describ$3 ,we conceive a concrete situation by s+l+ out "s sali5t or important feature 9 x1 & class+ x "u t2 !n1 in/ead ( add+ to its previ\s *>act]s all ! positive consequ5ces :i* ! new way ( conceiv+ x may br+1 we proce$ to use our concept privatively2 r$uc+ ! orig9ally ri* ph5om5on to ! nak$ sugge/ions ( t "n ab/ractly tak51 treat+ x z a case ( 'no?+ b' t concept1 & act+ z if all ! o!r *>act]s f out ( :i* ! concept is ab/ract$ 7 expung$4 ,footnote3 ,let n ! read] conf\nd ! fallacy "h describ$ ) legitimately negative inf]5ces su* z ^? drawn 9 ! mood 'cel>5t' ( ! logic-books4 ,ab/raction1 function+ 9 ?is way1 becomes a means ( arre/ f> m ?an a means ( advance 9 ?\ght4 ,x mutilates ?+s2 x creates difficulties & f9ds impossibilities2 & m ?an half ! tr\ble t metaphysicians & logicians give !mselves ov] ! p>adoxes & dialectic puzzles ( ! univ]se may1 ,i am conv9c$1 be trac$ to ?is relatively simple s\rce4 ,,! ,,vici\sly ,,privative ,,employm5t ,,( ,,ab/ract ,,*>act]s ,,& ,,class ,,names is1 ,i am p]suad$1 "o ( ! great orig9al s9s ( ! rationali/ic m9d4 ,to proce$ imm$iately to concrete examples1 ca/ a glance at ! belief 9 'free w1' demoli%$ ) su* speci\s p]suasiv5ess rec5tly by ! skilful h& ( ,pr(essor ,full]ton4 ,footnote3 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 ,n4 ,y41 vols4 lviii & lix4 ,:5 a common man says t 8 w is free1 :at does he mean8 ,he means t !re are situations ( bifurcation inside ( 8 life 9 :i* two futures seem to him equally possible1 = bo? h _! roots equally plant$ 9 8 pres5t & 8 pa/4 ,ei!r1 if realiz$1 w gr[ out ( 8 previ\s motives1 "* & circum/ances1 & w cont9ue un9t]rupt$ly ! pulsations ( 8 p]sonal life4 ,b sometimes bo? at once are incompatible ) physical nature1 & !n x seems to ! naive obs]v] z if he made a *oice betwe5 !m ,,n[1 & t ! "q ( :i* future is to be1 in/ead ( hav+ be5 decid$ at ! f\ndation ( ! _w1 7 decid$ afre% at e pass+ mom5t 9 ,i :i* fact seems liv+ly to gr[1 & possibility seems1 9 turn+ itself t[>ds "o act1 to exclude all o!rs4 ,he :o takes ?+s at _! face-value "h may inde$ be deceiv$4 ,he may f> too (t5 mi/ake 8 private ignorance ( :at is pr$et]m9$ = a real indet]m9ation ( :at is to be4 ,yet1 h[ev] imag9>y x may be1 8 picture ( ! situation (f]s no appe>ance ( brea* betwe5 ! pa/ & future4 ,a tra9 is ! same tra91 its pass5g]s are ! same pass5g]s1 its mom5tum is ! same mom5tum1 no matt] :i* way ! swit* :i* fixes its direction is plac$4 ,= ! indet]m9i/ !re is at all times en\gh pa/ = all ! diff]5t futures 9 sight1 & m besides1 to f9d _! reasons 9 x1 & :i*ev] future comes w slide out ( t pa/ z easily z ! tra9 slides by ! swit*4 ,! _w1 9 %ort1 is j z ,,cont9u\s ,,) ,,itself = ! believ]s 9 free w z = ! rigor\s det]m9i/s1 only ! latt] are unable to believe 9 po9ts ( bifurcation z spots ( really indiff]5t equilibrium or z conta9+ %unts :i* !re--& !re only1 ,,n ,,be=e--direct exi/+ motions )\t alt]+ _! am\nt4 ,7 !re su* spots ( indiff]5ce1 ! rigor\s det]m9i/s ?9k1 ! future & ! pa/ w\ld be sep>at$ absolutely1 =1 ,,ab/ractly ,,tak51 ,,! ,,^w ',,indiff]5t' ,,sugge/s ,,disconnection ,,solely4 ,:atev] is indiff]5t is 9 s f> =? unrelat$ & deta*$4 ,take ! t]m ?us /rictly1 & y see1 !y tell u1 t if any spot ( indiff]5ce is f\nd ^u ! broad highway betwe5 ! pa/ & ! future1 !n no connection ( any sort :atev]1 no cont9u\s mom5tum1 no id5tical pass5g]1 no common aim or ag5t1 c be f\nd on bo? sides ( ! %unt or swit* :i* !re is mov$4 ,! place is an impassable *asm4 ,mr4 ,full]ton writes--! italics are m9e--z foll[s3-- ',9 s f> z my action is free1 :at ,i h be51 :at ,i am1 :at ,i h always done or /riv5 to d1 :at ,i mo/ e>ne/ly wi% or resolve to d at ! pres5t mom5t--^! ?+s c h ,,no ,,m ,,to ,,d ,,) ,,its ,,future ,,realization ,,?an ,,if ,,!y ,,_h ,,no ,,exi/5ce4444 ,! possibility is a hide\s "o2 & surely ev5 ! mo/ ard5t free-willi/ w1 :5 he contemplates x frankly1 excuse me = hop+ t if ,i am free ,i am at lea/ n v free1 & t ,i may reasonably expect to f9d ,,"s degree ( consi/5cy 9 my life & actions4 444 ,suppose t ,i h giv5 a doll> to a bl9d begg>4 ,c ,i1 if x is really an act ( free-w1 be prop]ly said to h giv5 ! money8 ,0 x giv5 because ,i 0 a man ( t5d] he>t1 etc41 etc48 444 ,:at has all ?is to d ) acts ( free-w8 ,if !y are free1 !y mu/ n be condition$ by antec$5t circum/ances ( any sort1 by ! mis]y ( ! begg>1 by ! pity 9 ! he>t ( ! pass]-by4 ,!y mu/ be causeless1 n det]m9$4 ,!y mu/ drop f a cle> sky out ( ! void1 = j 9 s f> z !y c be acc\nt$ =1 !y are n free4' ,footnote3 ,loc4 cit41 vol4 lviii1 pp4 #ahi1 #ahh4 ,heav5 =bid t ,i %\ld get entangl$ "h 9 a controv]sy ab\t ! rights & wrongs ( ! free-w "q at l>ge1 = ,i am only try+ to illu/rate vici\s ab/ractionism by ! conduct ( "s ( ! doctr9e's assailants4 ,! mom5ts ( bifurcation1 z ! indet]m9i/ seems to himself to exp]i5ce !m1 are mom5ts bo? ( re-direction & ( cont9uation4 ,b because 9 ! 'ei!r--or' ( ! re-direction we hesitate1 ! det]m9i/ ab/racts ?is little elem5t ( discont9uity f ! sup]abundant cont9uities ( ! exp]i5ce1 & cancels 9 its behalf all ! connective *>act]s ) :i* ! latt] is fill$4 ,*oice1 = him1 means h5ce=w>d ,d,i,sconnection pure & simple1 some?+ undet]m9$ 9 advance ,,9 ,,any ,,respect ,,:atev]1 & a life ( *oices mu/ be a rav+ *aos1 at no two mom5ts ( :i* c\ld we be treat$ z "o & ! same man4 ,if ,n]o 7 'free' at4 ! mom5t ( ord]+ 8 "m's murd]1 ,mr4 ,mc,taggart ,footnote3 ,"s ,dogmas ( ,religion1 p4 #agi4 assures u t no "o w\ld h ! "r at any o!r mom5t to call him a bad man1 = he w\ld !n be an absolutely o!r ,n]o4 ,a polemic au?or ought n m]ely to de/roy 8 victim4 ,he ought to try a bit to make him feel 8 error--p]haps n en\gh to conv]t him1 b en\gh to give him a bad consci5ce & to weak5 ! en]gy ( 8 def5ce4 ,^! viol5t c>icatures ( m5's beliefs ar\se only contempt = ! incapacity ( _! au?ors to see ! situations out ( :i* ! problems gr[4 ,to treat ! negative "* ( "o ab/ract$ elem5t z annull+ all ! positive features ) :i* x coexi/s1 is no way to *ange any actual indet]m9i/'s way ( look+ on ! matt]1 ?o x may make ! gall]y applaud4 ,turn n[ to "s criticisms ( ! 'w to believe1' z ano!r example ( ! vici\s way 9 :i* ab/raction is curr5tly employ$4 ,! "r to believe 9 ?+s = ! tru? ( :i* complete objective pro( is yet lack+ is def5d$ by ^? :o appreh5d c]ta9 human situations 9 _! concret5ess4 ,9 ^? situations ! m9d has alt]natives be=e x s va/ t ! full evid5ce = ei!r bran* is miss+1 & yet s significant t simply to wait = pro(1 & to d\bt :ile wait+1 might (t5 9 practical respects be ! same ?+ z weigh+ d[n ! negative side4 ,is life wor? :ile at all8 ,is !re any g5]al mean+ 9 all ?is cosmic wea!r8 ,is any?+ be+ p]man5tly b\ght by all ?is suff]+8 ,is !re p]haps a transmundane exp]i5ce 9 ,be+1 some?+ correspond+ to a 'f\r? dim5sion1' :i*1 if we _h access to x1 might pat* up "s ( ?is _w's z]riss5heit & make ?+s look m rational ?an !y at fir/ appe>8 ,is !re a sup]human consci\sness ( :i* our m9ds are p>ts1 & f :i* inspiration & help may come8 ,su* are ! que/ions 9 :i* ! "r to take sides practically = yes or no is affirm$ by "s ( u1 :ile o!rs hold t ?is is me?odologically inadmissible1 & summon u to die pr(ess+ ignorance & proclaim+ ! duty ( e "o to refuse to believe4 ,i say no?+ ( ! p]sonal inconsi/5cy ( "s ( ^! critics1 ^: pr9t$ works furni% exquisite illu/rations ( ! w to believe1 9 spite ( _! d5unciations ( x z a phrase & z a recomm5d$ ?+4 ,mr4 ,mc,taggart1 :om ,i w once m take z an example1 is sure t 'reality is rational & righte\s' & 'de/9$ sub specie temporis to become p]fectly good'2 & 8 call+ ?is belief a result ( necess>y logic has surely nev] deceiv$ any read] z to its real g5esis 9 ! gift$ au?or's m9d4 ,mank9d is made on too uni=m a patt]n = any ( u to escape successfully f acts ( fai?4 ,we h a lively vision ( :at a c]ta9 view ( ! univ]se w\ld mean = u4 ,we k9dle or we %udd] at ! ?\ght1 & our feel+ runs ?r\gh our :ole logical nature & animates its work+s4 ,x ,,c',t be t1 we feel2 x ,,mu/ be ?is4 ,x mu/ be :at x ,,ought to be1 & ,,ought to be ?is2 & !n we seek = e reason1 good or bad1 to make ?is :i* s deeply ought to be1 seem objectively ! probable ?+4 ,we %[ ! argum5ts aga9/ x to be insuffici5t1 s t x ,,may be true2 we repres5t its appeal to be to our :ole nature's loyalty & n to any emaciat$ faculty ( syllogi/ic pro(4 ,we re9=ce x by rememb]+ ! enl>gem5t ( our _w by music1 by ?9k+ ( ! promises ( sunsets & ! impulses f v]nal woods4 ,& ! ess5ce ( ! :ole exp]i5ce1 :5 ! individual swept ?r\gh x says f9ally ',i believe1' is ! int5se concret5ess ( 8 vision1 ! individuality ( ! hypo!sis be=e him1 & ! complexity ( ! v>i\s concrete motives & p]ceptions t issue 9 8 f9al /ate4 ,b see n[ h[ ! ab/ractioni/ treats ?is ri* & intricate vision t a c]ta9 /ate ( ?+s mu/ be true4 ,he accuses ! believ] ( reason+ by ! foll[+ syllogism3-- ,all good desires mu/ be fulfill$2 ,! desire to believe ?is proposition is a good desire2 ,ergo1 ?is proposition mu/ be believ$4 ,he sub/itutes ?is ab/raction = ! concrete /ate ( m9d ( ! believ]1 p9s ! nak$ absurdity ( x ^u him1 & easily proves t any "o :o def5ds him mu/ be ! greate/ fool on e>?4 ,z if any real believ] ev] ?\ght 9 ?is prepo/]\s way1 or z if any def5d] ( ! legitimacy ( m5's concrete ways ( conclud+ ev] us$ ! ab/ract & g5]al premise1 ',all desires mu/ be fulfill$'6 ,nev]!less1 ,mr4 ,mc,taggart solemnly & labori\sly refutes ! syllogism 9 sections #dg to #eg ( ! above-cit$ book4 ,he %[s t !re is no fix$ l9k 9 ! diction>y betwe5 ! ab/ract concepts 'desire1' 'goodness' & 'reality'2 & he ignores all ! l9ks :i* 9 ! s+le concrete case ! believ] feels & p]ceives to be !re6 ,he adds3-- ',:5 ! reality ( a ?+ is unc]ta91 ! argum5t enc\rages u to suppose t our approval ( a ?+ c det]m9e its reality4 ,& :5 ?is unhall[$ l9k has once be5 e/abli%$1 retribution ov]takes u4 ,= :5 ! reality ( ! ?+ is indep5d5tly c]ta91 we !n h to admit t ! reality ( ! ?+ %\ld det]m9e our approval ( t ?+4 ,i f9d x difficult to imag9e a m degrad$ position4' ,"o "h feels tempt$ to quote ironically ,hegel's fam\s equation ( ! real ) ! rational to 8 engli% disciple1 :o ends 8 *apt] ) ! h]oic words3-- ',= ^? :o d n pray1 !re rema9s ! resolve t1 s f> z _! /r5g? may p]mit1 nei!r ! pa9s ( dea? nor ! pa9s ( life %all drive !m to any com=t 9 t :i* !y hold to be false1 or drive !m f any com=t discom=t8 9 t :i* !y hold to be true4' ,h[ c s +5i\s-m9d$ a writ] fail to see h[ f> ov] ! heads ( ! enemy all 8 arr[s pass8 ,:5 ,mr4 ,mc,taggart himself believes t ! univ]se is run by ! dialectic en]gy ( ! absolute idea1 8 insi/5t desire to h a _w ( t sort is felt by him to be no *ance example ( desire 9 g5]al1 b an altoge!r peculi> insight-giv+ passion to :i*1 9 ?is if 9 no o!r in/ance1 he w\ld be /upid n to yield4 ,he obeys its concrete s+ul>ity1 n ! b>e ab/ract feature 9 x ( be+ a 'desire4' ,8 situation is z p>ticul> z t ( an actress :o resolves t x is be/ = h] to m>ry & leave ! /age1 ( a prie/ :o becomes secul>1 ( a politician :o ab&ons public life4 ,:at s5sible man w\ld seek to refute ! concrete decisions ( su* p]sons by trac+ !m to ab/ract premises1 su* z t 'all actresses mu/ m>ry1' 'all cl]gym5 mu/ be laym51' 'all politicians %\ld resign _! po/s'8 ,yet ?is type ( refutation1 absolutely unavail+ ?\gh x be = purposes ( conv]sion1 is spread by ,mr4 ,mc,taggart ?r\gh _m pages ( 8 book4 ,= ! ab\nd+ness ( our real reasons he sub/itutes "o n>r[ po9t4 ,= m5's real probabilities he gives a skeletoniz$ ab/raction :i* no man 0 ev] tempt$ to believe4 ,! ab/raction 9 my next example is less simple1 b is q z flimsy z a weapon ( attack4 ,empirici/s ?9k t tru? 9 g5]al is di/ill$ f s+le m5's beliefs2 & ! s-call$ pragmati/s 'g !m "o bett]' by try+ to def9e :at x consi/s 9 :5 x comes4 ,x consi/s1 ,i h else:]e said1 9 su* a work+ on ! "p ( ! beliefs z may br+ ! man into satisfactory relations ) objects to :i* ^! latt] po9t4 ,! work+ is ( c\rse a concrete work+ 9 ! actual exp]i5ce ( human be+s1 among _! ideas1 feel+s1 p]ceptions1 beliefs & acts1 z well z among ! physical ?+s ( _! environm5t1 & ! relations mu/ be und]/ood z be+ possible z well z actual4 ,9 ! *apt] on tru? ( my book ,pragmatism ,i h tak5 pa9s to def5d en]getically ?is view4 ,/range inde$ h be5 ! misconceptions ( x by its enemies1 & _m h ^! latt] be54 ,among ! mo/ =midable-s\nd+ onslaughts on ! attempt to introduce "s concret5ess into our notion ( :at ! tru? ( an idea may mean1 is "o t has be5 rais$ 9 _m qu>t]s to ! effect t to make tru? gr[ 9 any way out ( human op9ion is b to reproduce t protagorean doctr9e t ! individual man is '! measure ( all ?+s1' :i* ,plato 9 8 immortal dialogue1 ! ,?aeatetus1 is unanim\sly said to h laid away s com=tably 9 its grave two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,! two clev]e/ br&i%]s ( ?is objection to make tru? concrete1 ,pr(essors ,rick]t & ,mun/]b]g1 write 9 ,g]man1 ,footnote3 ,mun/]b]g's book has j appe>$ 9 an ,engli% v]sion3 ,! ,et]nal ,values1 ,bo/on1 #aiji4 & 'relativismus' is ! "n !y give to ! h]esy :i* !y endeavor to uproot4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 _! campaign aga9/ 'relativismus' is entirely 9 ! air4 ,!y accuse relativi/s--& we pragmati/s are typical relativi/s--( be+ deb>r$ by _! self-adopt$ pr9ciples1 n only f ! privilege :i* rationali/ philosoph]s enjoy1 ( believ+ t ^! pr9ciples ( _! own are tru? imp]sonal & absolute1 b ev5 ( fram+ ! ab/ract notion ( su* a tru?1 9 ! pragmatic s5se1 ( an ideal op9ion 9 :i* all m5 might agree1 & :i* no man %\ld ev] wi% to *ange4 ,bo? *>ges fall wide ( _! m>k4 ,i myself1 z a pragmati/1 believe 9 my own acc\nt ( tru? z firmly z any rationali/ c possibly believe 9 84 ,& ,i believe 9 x = ! v reason t ,i h ! idea ( tru? :i* my le>n$ adv]s>ies cont5d t no pragmati/ c frame4 ,i expect1 namely1 t ! m fully m5 discuss & te/ my acc\nt1 ! m !y w agree t x fits1 & ! less w !y desire a *ange4 ,i may ( c\rse be premature 9 ?is confid5ce1 & ! glory ( be+ tru? f9al & absolute may fall ^u "s lat] revision & correction ( my s*eme1 :i* lat] w !n be judg$ untrue 9 j ! measure 9 :i* x dep>ts f t f9ally satisfactory =mulation4 ,to admit1 z we pragmati/s d1 t we are liable to correction 7ev5 ?o we may n expect x7 involves ! use on our "p ( an ideal /&>d4 ,rationali/s !mselves are1 z individuals1 sometimes sceptical en\gh to admit ! ab/ract possibility ( _! own pres5t op9ions be+ corrigible & revisable to "s degree1 s ! fact t ! m]e ,,notion ( an absolute /&>d %\ld seem to !m s important a ?+ to claim = !mselves & to d5y to u is n easy to expla94 ,if1 along ) ! notion ( ! /&>d1 !y c\ld also claim its exclusive w>rant = _! own fulm9ations n[1 x w\ld be important to !m inde$4 ,b absoluti/s l ,rick]t freely admit ! /]ility ( ! notion1 ev5 9 _! own h&s4 ,tru? is :at we ,,ought to believe1 !y say1 ev5 ?o no man ev] did or %all believe x1 & ev5 ?o we h no way ( gett+ at x save by ! usual empirical processes ( te/+ our op9ions by "o ano!r & by facts4 ,pragmatically1 !n1 ?is "p ( ! dispute is idle4 ,no relativi/ :o ev] actually walk$ ! e>? ,footnote3 ,( c\rse ! bugaboo creature call$ '! sceptic' 9 ! logic-books1 :o dogmatically makes ! /atem5t t no /atem5t1 n ev5 ! "o he n[ makes1 is true1 is a m]e me*anical toy--t>get = ! rationali/ %oot+-gall]y--hit him & he turns a summ]sault--yet he is ! only sort ( relativi/ :om my colleagues appe> able to imag9e to exi/4 has d5i$ ! regulative "* 9 8 own ?9k+ ( ! notion ( absolute tru?4 ,:at is *all5g$ by relativi/s is ! pret5ce on any "o's "p to h f\nd = c]ta9 at any giv5 mom5t :at ! %ape ( t tru? is4 ,s9ce ! bett] absoluti/s agree 9 ?is1 admitt+ t ! proposition ',!re is absolute tru?' is ! only absolute tru? ( :i* we c be sure1 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,bick]t's ,geg5/& d] ,erk5tniss1 pp4 #ahg1 #ach4 ,mun/]b]g's v]sion ( ?is fir/ tru? is t ',es gibt e9e ,welt1'--see 8 ,philosophie d] ,w]te1 pp4 #ch & #gd ,&1 aft] all1 bo? ^! philosoph]s confess 9 ! end t ! primal tru? ( :i* !y consid] our suppos$ d5ial s irrational is n prop]ly an insight at all1 b a dogma adopt$ by ! w :i* any "o :o turns 8 back on duty may disreg>d6 ,b if x all rev]ts to '! w to believe1' pragmati/s h t privilege z well z _! critics4 fur!r debate is practically unimportant1 s we may pass to _! next *>ge4 ,x is 9 ?is *>ge t ! vici\s ab/ractionism becomes mo/ app>5t4 ,! antipragmati/1 9 po/ulat+ absolute tru?1 refuses to give any acc\nt ( :at ! words may mean4 ,= him !y =m a self-explanatory t]m4 ,! pragmati/1 on ! contr>y1 articulately def9es _! mean+4 ,tru? absolute1 he says1 means an ideal set ( =mulations t[>ds :i* all op9ions may 9 ! long run ( exp]i5ce be expect$ to conv]ge4 ,9 ?is def9ition ( absolute tru? he n only po/ulates t !re is a t5d5cy to su* conv]g5ce ( op9ions1 to su* ultimate cons5sus1 b he po/ulates ! o!r factors ( 8 def9ition equally1 borr[+ !m by anticipation f ! true conclusions expect$ to be rea*$4 ,he po/ulates ! exi/5ce ( op9ions1 he po/ulates ! exp]i5ce t w sift !m1 & ! consi/5cy :i* t exp]i5ce w %[4 ,he ju/ifies himself 9 ^! assumptions by say+ t !y are n po/ulates 9 ! /rict s5se b simple inductions f ! pa/ ext5d$ to ! future by analogy2 & he insi/s t human op9ion has already rea*$ a pretty /able equilibrium reg>d+ !m1 & t if its future developm5t fails to alt] !m1 ! def9ition itself1 ) all its t]ms includ$1 w be "p ( ! v absolute tru? :i* x def9es4 ,! hypo!sis w1 9 %ort1 h work$ successfully all r\nd ! circle & prov$ self-corroborative1 & ! circle w be clos$4 ,! anti-pragmati/1 h[ev]1 imm$iately falls f\l ( ! ^w 'op9ion' "h1 ab/racts x f ! univ]se ( life1 & uses x z a b>e diction>y-sub/antive1 to d5y ! re/ ( ! assumptions :i* x coexi/s )al4 ,! diction>y says t an op9ion is ':at "s "o ?9ks or believes4' ,?is def9ition leaves e "o's op9ion free to be autog5\s1 or unrelat$ ei!r to :at any "o else may ?9k or to :at ! tru? may be4 ,!re=e1 cont9ue our ab/ractioni/s1 we mu/ conceive x z ess5tially ?us unrelat$1 s t ev5 7 a billion m5 to sport ! same op9ion1 & only "o man to diff]1 we c\ld admit no collat]al circum/ances :i* might presumptively make x m probable t he1 n !y1 %\ld be wrong4 ,tru?1 !y say1 foll[s n ! c\nt+ ( noses1 nor is x only ano!r "n = a majority vote4 ,x is a relation t ant$ates exp]i5ce1 betwe5 our op9ions & an indep5d5t some?+ :i* ! pragmati/ acc\nt ignores1 a relation :i*1 ?o ! op9ions ( individuals %\ld to all et]nity d5y x1 w\ld /ill rema9 to qualify !m z false4 ,to talk ( op9ions )\t ref]r+ to ?is indep5d5t some?+1 ! anti-pragmati/ assures u1 is to play ,hamlet ) ,hamlet's "p left out4 ,b :5 ! pragmati/ speaks ( op9ions1 does he mean any su* insulat$ & unmotiv$ ab/ractions z are "h suppos$8 ,( c\rse n1 he means m5's op9ions 9 ! fle%1 z !y h really =m$ !mselves1 op9ions surr\nd$ by _! causes & ! influ5ces !y obey & ex]t1 & along ) ! :ole environm5t ( social communication ( :i* !y are a "p & out ( :i* !y take _! rise4 ,moreov] ! 'exp]i5ce' :i* ! pragmatic def9ition po/ulates is ! indep5d5t some?+ :i* ! anti-pragmati/ accuses him ( ignor+4 ,already h m5 gr[n unanim\s 9 ! op9ion t su* exp]i5ce is ( an indep5d5t reality1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* all op9ions mu/ ackn[l$ge1 9 ord] to be true4 ,already d !y agree t 9 ! long run x is useless to resi/ exp]i5ce's pressure2 t ! m ( x a man has1 ! bett] position he /&s 91 9 respect ( tru?2 t "s m51 hav+ _h m exp]i5ce1 are !re=e bett] au?orities ?an o!rs2 t "s are also wis] by nature & bett] able to int]pret ! exp]i5ce !y h _h2 t x is "o "p ( su* wisdom to comp>e notes1 discuss1 & foll[ ! op9ion ( our bett]s2 & t ! m sy/ematically & ?or\ghly su* comp>ison & weigh+ ( op9ions is pursu$1 ! tru] ! op9ions t survive are likely to be4 ,:5 ! pragmati/ talks ( op9ions1 x is op9ions z !y ?us concretely & liv+ly & int]act+ly & correlatively exi/ t he has 9 m9d2 & :5 ! anti-pragmati/ tries to floor him because ! ^w 'op9ion' c also be tak5 ab/ractly & z if x _h no environm5t1 he simply ignores ! soil out ( :i* ! :ole discussion gr[s4 ,8 weapons cut ! air & /rike no bl[4 ,no "o gets w\nd$ 9 ! w> aga9/ c>icatures ( belief & skeletons ( op9ion ( :i* ! ,g]man onslaughts ^u 'relativismus' consi/s4 ,refuse to use ! ^w 'op9ion' ab/ractly1 keep x 9 its real environm5t1 & ! )]s ( pragmatism rema9 unwrung4 ,t m5 d exi/ :o are 'op9ionat$1' 9 ! s5se t _! op9ions are self-will$1 is un=tunately a fact t mu/ be admitt$1 no matt] :at "o's notion ( tru? 9 g5]al may be4 ,b t ?is fact %\ld make x impossible = tru? to =m itself au!ntically out ( ! life ( op9ion is :at no critic has yet prov$4 ,tru? may well consi/ ( c]ta9 op9ions1 & does inde$ consi/ ( no?+ b op9ions1 ?o n e op9ion ne$ be true4 ,no pragmati/ ne$s to dogmatize ab\t ! cons5sus ( op9ion 9 ! future be+ "r--he ne$ only po/ulate t x w probably conta9 m ( tru? ?an any "o's op9ion n[4 ,,xiv ,,two ,,engli% ,,critics ,mr4 ,b]tr& ,russell's article entitl$ ',transatlantic ,tru?1' ,footnote3 ,9 ! ,albany ,review = ,janu>y1 #aijh4 has all ! cle>ness1 dialectic subtlety1 & wit :i* "o expects f 8 p51 b x entirely fails to hit ! "r po9t ( view = appreh5d+ our position4 ,:51 = in/ance1 we say t a true proposition is "o ! consequ5ces ( believ+ :i* are good1 he assumes u to mean t any "o :o believes a proposition to be true mu/ fir/ h made out cle>ly t its consequ5ces be good1 & t 8 belief mu/ prim>ily be 9 t fact1--an obvi\s absurdity1 = t fact is ! deliv]ance ( a new proposition1 q diff]5t f ! fir/ "o & is1 moreov]1 a fact usually v h>d to v]ify1 x be+ 'f> easi]1' z ,mr4 ,russell ju/ly says1 'to settle ! pla9 "q ( fact3 ,h popes always be5 infallible8' ?an to settle ! "q :e!r ! effects ( ?9k+ !m infallible are on ! :ole good4' ,we affirm no?+ z silly z ,mr4 ,russell supposes4 ,good consequ5ces are n propos$ by u m]ely z a sure sign1 m>k1 or crit]ion1 by :i* tru?'s pres5ce is habitually asc]ta9$1 ?o !y may inde$ s]ve on occasion z su* a sign2 !y are propos$ r z ! lurk+ motive inside ( e tru?-claim1 :e!r ! 'tr[]' be consci\s ( su* motive1 or :e!r he obey x bl9dly4 ,!y are propos$ z ! causa exi/5di ( our beliefs1 n z _! logical cue or premise1 & /ill less z _! objective deliv]ance or cont5t4 ,!y assign ! only intelligible practical mean+ to t diff]5ce 9 our beliefs :i* our habit ( call+ !m true or false comports4 ,no tru?-claim] except ! pragmati/ himself ne$ ev] be aw>e ( ! "p play$ 9 8 own m9d by consequ5ces1 & he himself is aw>e ( x only ab/ractly & 9 g5]al1 & may at any mom5t be q oblivi\s ( x ) respect to 8 own beliefs4 ,mr4 ,russell next jo9s ! army ( ^? :o in=m _! read]s t accord+ to ! pragmati/ def9ition ( ! ^w 'tru?' ! belief t ,a exi/s may be 'true' ev5 :5 ,a does n exi/4 ,?is is ! usual sl&] repeat$ to satiety by our critics4 ,!y =get t 9 any concrete acc\nt ( :at is d5ot$ by 'tru?' 9 human life1 ! ^w c only be us$ relatively to "s p>ticul> tr[]4 ,?us1 ,i may hold x true t ,%akespe>e wrote ! plays t be> 8 "n1 & may express my op9ion to a critic4 ,if ! critic be bo? a pragmati/ & a baconian1 he w 9 8 capacity ( pragmati/ see pla9 t ! work+s ( my op9ion1 ,i be+ :o ,i am1 make x p]fectly true = me1 :ile 9 8 capacity ( baconian he /ill believes t ,%akespe>e nev] wrote ! plays 9 "q4 ,b mo/ anti-pragmati/ critics take ! wont 'tru?' z some?+ absolute1 & easily play on _! read]'s read9ess to treat 8 ,,owe tru?s z ! absolute ones4 ,if ! read] :om !y address believes t ,a does n exi/1 :ile we pragmati/s %[ t ^? = :om ?o belief t x exi/s works satisfactorily w always call x true1 he easily sne]s at ! naivete ( our cont5tion1 = is n !n ! belief 9 "q 'true1' ?o :at x decl>es z fact has1 z ! read] s well kn[s1 no exi/5ce8 ,mr4 ,russell speaks ( our /atem5t z an 'attempt to get rid ( fact' & naturally en\gh consid]s x 'a failure' 7p4 #daj74 ',! old notion ( tru? reappe>s1' he adds--t notion be+1 ( c\rse1 t :5 a belief is true1 its object does exi/4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 ,,b\nd to exi/1 on s\nd pragmatic pr9ciples4 ,concepts signify consequ5ces4 ,h[ is ! _w made diff]5t = me by my conceiv+ an op9ion ( m9e "u ! concept 'true'8 ,fir/1 an object mu/ be f9dable !re 7or sure signs ( su* an object mu/ be f\nd7 :i* %all agree ) ! op9ion4 ,second1 su* an op9ion mu/ n be contradict$ by any?+ else ,i am aw>e (4 ,b 9 spite ( ! obvi\s pragmati/ requirem5t t :5 ,i h said truly t some?+ exi/s1 x ,,%all exi/1 ! sl&] :i* ,mr4 ,russell repeats has ga9$ ! wide/ curr5cy4 ,mr4 ,russell himself is f> too witty & a?letic a ratioc9ator simply to repeat ! sl&] dogmatically4 ,be+ no?+ if n ma!matical & logical1 he mu/ prove ! accusation secundum artem1 & convict u n s mu* ( error z ( absurdity4 ,i h s9c]ely tri$ to foll[ ! w9d+s ( 8 m9d 9 ?is proc$ure1 b = ! life ( me ,i c only see 9 x ano!r example ( :at ,i h call$ 7above1 p4 #bdi7 vici\s ab/ractionism4 ,! ab/ract _w ( ma!matics & pure logic is s native to ,mr4 ,russell t he ?9ks t we describ]s ( ! functions ( concrete fact mu/ also mean fix$ ma!matical t]ms & functions4 ,a ma!matical t]m1 z a1 b1 c1 x1 y1 s941 log41 is self-suffici5t1 & t]ms ( ?is sort1 once equat$1 c be sub/itut$ = "o ano!r 9 endless s]ies )\t error4 ,mr4 ,russell1 & also ,mr4 ,hawtrey1 ( :om ,i %all speak pres5tly1 seem to ?9k t 9 our m\? also su* t]ms z 'mean+1' 'tru?1' 'belief1' 'object1' 'def9ition1' are self-suffici5ts ) no context ( v>y+ relation t might be fur!r ask$ ab\t4 ,:at a ^w means is express$ by its def9ition1 isn't x8 ,! def9ition claims to be exact & adequate1 doesn't x8 ,!n x c be sub/itut$ = ! ^w--s9ce ! two are id5tical--c't x8 ,!n two words ) ! same def9ition c be sub/itut$ = "o ano!r1 n'e/--ce pas8 ,likewise two def9itions ( ! same ^w1 ni*t wahr1 etc41 etc41 till x w be inde$ /range if y c't convict "s "o ( self-contradiction & absurdity4 ,! p>ticul> application ( ?is rigori/ic treatm5t to my own little acc\nt ( tru? z work+ seems to be some?+ l :at foll[s4 ,i say 'work+' is :at ! 'tru?' ( our ideas means1 & call x a def9ition4 ,b s9ce mean+s & ?+s meant1 def9itions & ?+s def9$1 are equival5t & int]*angeable1 & no?+ extrane\s to its def9ition c be meant :5 a t]m is us$1 x foll[s t :o s calls an idea true1 & means by t ^w t x works1 _c mean any?+ else1 c believe no?+ b t x does "w1 & 9 p>ticul> c nei!r imply nor all[ any?+ ab\t its object or deliv]ance4 ',accord+ to ! pragmati/s1' ,mr4 ,russell writes1 'to say x is true t o!r p exi/ means x is useful to believe t o!r p exi/4 ,b if s1 !n ^! two phrases are m]ely diff]5t words = ! same proposition2 !re=e :5 ,i believe ! "o1 ,i believe ! o!r' 7p4 #djj74 ,logic1 ,i may say 9 pass+1 w\ld seem to require ,mr4 ,russell to believe !m bo? at once1 b he ignores ?is consequ5ce1 & consid]s t o!r p exi/' & 'x is useful to believe t !y d ,,ev5 ,,if ,,!y ,,don',t1' mu/ be id5tical & !re=e sub/itutable propositions 9 ! pragmati/ m\?4 ,b may n real t]ms1 ,i n[ ask1 h accid5ts n express$ 9 _! def9itions8 & :5 a real value is f9ally sub/itut$ = ! result ( an algebraic s]ies ( sub/itut$ def9itions1 d n all ^! accid5ts creep back8 ,beliefs h _! objective 'cont5t' or 'deliv]ance' z well z _! tru?1 & tru? has its implications z well z its work+s4 ,if any "o believe t o!r m5 exi/1 x is bo? a cont5t ( 8 belief & an implication ( its tru?1 t !y %\ld exi/ 9 fact4 ,mr4 ,russell's logic w\ld seem to exclude1 'by def9ition1' all su* accid5ts z cont5ts1 implications1 & associates1 & w\ld repres5t u z translat+ all belief into a sort ( belief 9 pragmatism itself--( all ?+s6 ,if ,i say t a spee* is eloqu5t1 & expla9 'eloqu5t' z mean+ ! p[] to "w 9 c]ta9 ways ^u ! audi5ce2 or if ,i say a book is orig9al1 & def9e 'orig9al' to mean diff]+ f o!r books1 ,russell's logic1 if ,i foll[ x at all1 w\ld seem to doom me to agree+ t ! spee* is ab\t eloqu5ce1 & ! book ab\t o!r books4 ,:5 ,i call a belief true1 & def9e its tru? to mean its work+s1 ,i c]ta9ly d n mean t ! belief is a belief ,,ab\t ! work+s4 ,x is a belief ab\t ! object1 & ,i :o talk ab\t ! work+s am a diff]5t subject1 ) a diff]5t univ]se ( disc\rse1 f t ( ! believ] ( ^: concrete ?9k+ ,i pr(ess to give an acc\nt4 ,! social proposition 'o!r m5 exi/' & ! pragmati/ proposition 'x is exp$i5t to believe t o!r m5 exi/' come f diff]5t univ]ses ( disc\rse4 ,"o c believe ! second )\t be+ logically compell$ to believe ! fir/2 "o c believe ! fir/ )\t hav+ ev] he>d ( ! second2 or "o c believe !m bo?4 ,! fir/ expresses ! object ( a belief1 ! second tells ( "o condition ( ! belief's p[] to ma9ta9 itself4 ,!re is no id5tity ( any k9d1 save ! t]m 'o!r m5' :i* !y conta9 9 common1 9 ! two propositions2 & to treat !m z mutually sub/itutable1 or to insi/ t we %all d s1 is to give up deal+ ) realities altoge!r4 ,mr4 ,ralph ,hawtrey1 :o seems also to s]ve "u ! bann] ( ab/ractioni/ logic1 convicts u pragmati/s ( absurdity by argum5ts simil> to ,mr4 ,russell's4 ,footnote3 ,see ,! ,new ,qu>t]ly1 = ,m>*1 #aijh4 ,z a favor to u & = ! sake ( ! argum5t1 he ab&ons ! ^w 'true' to our fury1 all[+ x to mean no?+ b ! fact t c]ta9 beliefs are exp$i5t2 & he uses ! ^w 'correctness' 7z ,mr4 ,pratt uses ! ^w 'tru5ess'7 to designate a fact1 n ab\t ! belief1 b ab\t ! belief's object1 namely t x is z ! belief decl>es x4 ',:5 !re=e1' he writes1 ',i say x is correct to say t ,caes> is dead1 ,i mean ,caes> is dead4 ,?is mu/ be reg>d$ z ! def9ition ( correctness4' ,& ,mr4 ,hawtrey !n goes on to demoli% me by ! conflict ( ! def9itions4 ,:at is 'true' = ! pragmati/ _c be :at is 'correct1' he says1 '= ! def9itions are n logically int]*angeable2 or if we int]*ange !m1 we rea* ! tautology3 ,caes> is dead means x is exp$i5t to believe t ,caes> is dead4 ,b :at is x exp$i5t to believe8 ,:y1 t ,caes> is dead4 ,a preci\s def9ition inde$ ( ',caes> is dead4' ,mr4 ,hawtrey's conclusion w\ld seem to be t ! pragmatic def9ition ( ! tru? ( a belief 9 no way implies--:at8--t ! believ] %all believe 9 8 own belief's deliv]ance8--or t ! pragmati/ :o is talk+ ab\t him %all believe 9 t deliv]ance8 ,! two cases are q diff]5t4 ,= ! believ]1 ,caes> mu/ ( c\rse really exi/2 = ! pragmati/ critic he ne$ n1 = ! pragmatic deliv]ance belongs1 z ,i h j said1 to ano!r univ]se ( disc\rse altoge!r4 ,:5 "o argues by sub/itut+ def9ition = def9ition1 "o ne$s to /ay 9 ! same univ]se4 ,! great %ift+ ( univ]ses 9 ?is discussion occurs :5 we c>ry ! ^w 'tru?' f ! subjective into ! objective realm1 apply+ x sometimes to a prop]ty ( op9ions1 sometimes to ! facts :i* ! op9ions ass]t4 ,a numb] ( writ]s1 z ,mr4 ,russell himself1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,e4 ,moore1 & o!rs1 favor ! unlucky ^w 'proposition1' :i* seems expressly inv5t$ to fo/] ?is confusion1 = !y speak ( tru? z a prop]ty ( 'propositions4' ,b 9 nam+ propositions x is almo/ impossible n to use ! ^w 't4' ,,t ,caes> is dead1 ,,t virtue is its own rew>d1 are propositions4 ,i d n say t = c]ta9 logical purposes x may n be useful to treat propositions z absolute entities1 ) tru? or falsehood inside ( !m respectively1 or to make ( a complex l 't--,caes>--is--dead' a s+le t]m & call x a 'tru?4' ,b ! 't' "h has ! extremely conv5i5t ambiguity = ^? :o wi% to make tr\ble = u pragmati/s1 t sometimes x means ! ,,fact t1 & sometimes ! ,,belief t1 ,caes> is no long] liv+4 ,:5 ,i !n call ! belief true1 ,i am told t ! tru? means ! fact2 :5 ,i claim ! fact also1 ,i am told t my def9ition has exclud$ ! fact1 be+ a def9ition only ( a c]ta9 peculi>ity 9 ! belief--s t 9 ! end ,i h no tru? to talk ab\t left 9 my possession4 ,! only rem$y = ?is intol]able ambiguity is1 x seems to me1 to /ick to t]ms consi/5tly4 ',reality1' 'idea' or 'belief1' & ! 'tru? ( ! idea or belief1' :i* are ! t]ms ,i h consi/5tly held to1 seem to be free f all objection4 ,:oev] takes t]ms ab/ract$ f all _! natural sett+s1 id5tifies !m ) def9itions1 & treats ! latt] m algebraico1 n only risks mix+ univ]ses1 b risks fallacies :i* ! man 9 ! /reet easily detects4 ,to prove 'by def9ition' t ! /atem5t ',caes> exi/s' is id5tical ) a /atem5t ab\t 'exp$i5cy' because ! "o /atem5t is 'true' & ! o!r is ab\t 'true /atem5ts1' is l prov+ t an omnibus is a boat because bo? are vehicles4 ,a horse may be def9$ z a bea/ t walks on ! nails ( 8 middle digits4 ,:5ev] we see a horse we see su* a bea/1 j z :5ev] we believe a 'tru?' we believe some?+ exp$i5t4 ,messrs4 ,russell & ,hawtrey1 if !y foll[$ _! antipragmati/ logic1 w\ld h to say "h t we see ,,t ,,x ,,is su* a bea/1 a fact :i* notori\sly no "o sees :o is n a comp>ative anatomi/4 ,x almo/ reconciles "o to be+ no logician t "o !reby escapes s mu* ab/ractionism4 ,ab/ractionism ( ! wor/ sort dogs ,mr4 ,russell 9 8 own trials to tell positively :at ! ^w 'tru?' means4 ,9 ! ?ird ( 8 articles on ,me9ong1 9 ,m9d1 vol4 xiii1 p4 #eji 7#aijd71 he attempts ?is feat by limit+ ! discussion to ?ree t]ms only1 a proposition1 its cont5t1 & an object1 ab/ract+ f ! :ole context ( associat$ realities 9 :i* su* t]ms are f\nd 9 e case ( actual kn[+4 ,he puts ! t]ms1 ?us tak5 9 a vacuum1 & made into b>e logical entities1 ?r\gh e possible p]mutation & comb9ation1 tortures !m on ! rack until no?+ is left ( !m1 & aft] all ?is logical gymna/ic1 comes out ) ! foll[+ port5t\s conclusion z :at he believes to be ! correct view3 t !re is no problem at all 9 tru? & falsehood1 t "s propositions are true & "s false1 j z "s roses are r$ & "s :ite1 t belief is a c]ta9 attitude t[>ds propositions1 :i* is call$ k :5 !y are true1 error :5 !y are false'--& he seems to ?9k t :5 once ?is insight is rea*$ ! "q may be consid]$ clos$ =ev]6 ,9 spite ( my admiration ( ,mr4 ,russell's analytic p[]s1 ,i wi%1 aft] read+ su* an article1 t pragmatism1 ev5 _h x no o!r function1 might result 9 mak+ him & o!r simil>ly gift$ m5 a%am$ ( hav+ us$ su* p[]s 9 su* ab/raction f reality4 ,pragmatism saves u at any rate f su* diseas$ ab/ractionism z ^? pages %[4 ,p4 ,s4 ,s9ce ! =ego+ rejo9d] 0 writt5 an article on ,pragmatism :i* ,i believe to be by ,mr4 ,russell has appe>$ 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review = ,april1 #aiji4 ,z f> z 8 discussion ( ! tru?-problem goes1 al?o he has evid5tly tak5 great pa9s to be fair1 x seems to me t he has 9 no ess5tial respect improv$ ^u 8 =m] argum5ts4 ,i w !re=e add no?+ fur!r1 b simply ref] read]s :o may be curi\s to pp4 #bgb-bhj ( ! said article4 ,,xv ,a ,,dialogue ,aft] correct+ ! pro(s ( all t prec$es ,i imag9e a residual /ate ( m9d on ! "p ( my read] :i* may /ill keep him unconv9c$1 & :i* x may be my duty to try at lea/ to dispel4 ,i c p]haps be brief] if ,i put :at ,i h to say 9 dialogue =m4 ,let !n ! anti-pragmati/ beg93-- ,anti-,pragmati/3--,y say t ! tru? ( an idea is con/itut$ by its work+s4 ,n[ suppose a c]ta9 /ate ( facts1 facts = example ( ant$iluvian planet>y hi/ory1 conc]n+ :i* ! "q may be ask$3 ',%all ! tru? ab\t !m ev] be kn[n8' ,& suppose 7leav+ ! hypo!sis ( an omnisci5t absolute out ( ! acc\nt7 t we assume t ! tru? is nev] to be kn[n4 ,i ask y n[1 bro!r pragmati/1 :e!r accord+ to y !re c be said to be any tru? at all ab\t su* a /ate ( facts4 ,is !re a tru?1 or is !re n a tru?1 9 cases :]e at any rate x nev] comes to be kn[n8 ,pragmati/3--,:y d y ask me su* a "q8 ,anti-,prag43--,because ,i ?9k x puts y 9 a bad dilemma4 ,prag43--,h[ s8 ,anti-,prag43--,:y1 because if on ! "o h& y elect to say t !re is a tru?1 y !reby surr5d] y\r :ole pragmati/ !ory4 ,accord+ to t !ory1 tru? requires ideas & work+s to con/itute x2 b 9 ! pres5t in/ance !re is suppos$ to be no kn[]1 & consequ5tly nei!r ideas nor work+s c exi/4 ,:at !n rema9s = y to make y\r tru? (8 ,prag43--,d y wi%1 l s _m ( my enemies1 to =ce me to make ! tru? out ( ! reality itself8 ,i _c3 ! tru? is some?+ kn[n1 ?\ght or said ab\t ! reality1 & consequ5tly num]ically additional to x4 ,b probably y\r int5t is some?+ diff]5t2 s be=e ,i say :i* horn ( y\r dilemma ,i *oose1 ,i ask y to let me he> :at ! o!r horn may be4 ,anti-,prag43--,! o!r horn is ?is1 t if y elect to say t !re is no tru? "u ! conditions assum$1 because !re are no ideas or work+s1 !n y fly 9 ! face ( common s5se4 ,doesn't common s5se believe t e /ate ( facts mu/ 9 ! nature ( ?+s be truly /atable 9 "s k9d ( a proposition1 ev5 ?o 9 po9t ( fact ! proposition %\ld nev] be prop\nd$ by a liv+ s\l8 ,prag43--,unque/ionably common s5se believes ?is1 & s d ,i4 ,!re h be5 innum]able ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( our planet ( :i* nobody ev] has be5 or ev] w be able to give an acc\nt1 yet ( :i* x c already be said ab/ractly t only "o sort ( possible acc\nt c ev] be true4 ,! tru? ab\t any su* ev5t is ?us already g5]ically pr$et]m9$ by ! ev5t's nature2 & "o may accord+ly say ) a p]fectly good consci5ce t x virtually pre-exi/s4 ,common s5se is ?us "r 9 its in/9ctive cont5tion4 ,anti-,prag43--,is ?is !n ! horn ( ! dilemma :i* y /& =8 ,d y say t !re is a tru? ev5 9 cases :]e x %all nev] be kn[n8 ,prag43--,inde$ ,i d1 provid$ y let me hold consi/5tly to my own conception ( tru?1 & d n ask me to ab&on x = some?+ :i* ,i f9d impossible to compreh5d4--,y also believe1 d y n1 t !re is a tru?1 ev5 9 cases :]e x nev] %all be kn[n8 ,anti-,prag43--,i d inde$ believe s4 ,prag43--,pray !n in=m me 9 :at1 accord+ to y1 ?is tru? reg>d+ ! unkn[n consi/s4 ,anti-,prag43--,consi/s8--pray :at d y mean by 'consi/s'8 ,x consi/s 9 no?+ b itself1 or m prop]ly speak+ x has nei!r consi/5ce nor exi/5ce1 x obta9s1 x holds4 ,prag43--,well1 :at relation does x be> to ! reality ( :i* x holds8 ,anti-,prag43-,h[ d y mean1 ':at relation'8 ,x holds ( x1 ( c\rse2 x kn[s x1 x repres5ts x4 ,prag43--,:o kn[s x8 ,:at repres5ts x8 ,anti-,prag43--,! tru? does2 ! tru? kn[s x2 or r n exactly t1 b any "o kn[s x :o possesses ! tru?4 ,any true idea ( ! reality repres5ts ! tru? conc]n+ x4 ,prag43--,b ,i ?\ght t we _h agre$ t no kn[] ( x1 nor any idea repres5t+ x 0 to be suppos$4 ,anti-,prag43--,sure en\gh6 ,prag43--,!n ,i beg y aga9 to tell me 9 :at ?is tru? consi/s1 all by itself1 ?is t]tium quid int]m$iate betwe5 ! facts p] se1 on ! "o h&1 & all k ( !m1 actual or pot5tial1 on ! o!r4 ,:at is ! %ape ( x 9 ?is ?ird e/ate8 ,( :at /uff1 m5tal1 physical1 or 'epi/emological1' is x built8 ,:at metaphysical region ( reality does x inhabit8 ,anti-,prag43--,:at absurd que/ions6 ,isn't x en\gh to say t x is true t ! facts are s-&-s1 & false t !y are o!rwise8 ,prag43--',x' is true t ! facts are s-&-s--,i won't yield to ! temptation ( ask+ y :at is true2 b ,i d ask y :e!r y\r phrase t 'x is true t' ! facts are s-&-s really means any?+ really additional to ! b>e be+ s-&-s ( ! facts !mselves4 ,anti-,prag43--,x seems to mean m ?an ! b>e be+ ( ! facts4 ,x is a sort ( m5tal equival5t = !m1 _! epi/emological function1 _! value 9 noetic t]ms4 ,prag43--,a sort ( spiritual d\ble or gho/ ( !m1 app>5tly6 ,if s1 may ,i ask y :]e ?is tru? is f\nd4 ,anti-,prag43--,:]e8 :]e8 ,!re is no ':]e'--x simply obta9s1 absolutely obta9s4 ,prag43--,n 9 any "o's m9d8 ,anti-,prag43--,no1 = we agre$ t no actual kn[] ( ! tru? %\ld be assum$4 ,prag43--,no actual kn[]1 ,i agree4 ,b are y sure t no notion ( a pot5tial or ideal kn[] has any?+ to d ) =m+ ?is /rangely elusive idea ( ! tru? ( ! facts 9 y\r m9d8 ,anti-,prag43--,( c\rse if !re be a tru? conc]n+ ! facts1 t tru? is :at ! ideal kn[] w\ld "k4 ,to t ext5t y c't keep ! notion ( x & ! notion ( him sep>ate4 ,b x is n him fir/ & !n x2 x is x fir/ & !n him1 9 my op9ion4 ,prag43--,b y /ill leave me t]ribly puzzl$ z to ! /atus ( ?is s-call$ tru?1 hang+ z x does betwe5 e>? & heav51 betwe5 reality & k1 gr\nd$ 9 ! reality1 yet num]ically additional to x1 & at ! same "t antec$5t to any kn[]'s op9ion & entirely indep5d5t !re(4 ,is x z indep5d5t ( ! kn[] z y suppose8 ,x looks to me t]ribly dubi\s1 z if x might be only ano!r "n = a pot5tial z di/+ui%$ f an actual k ( ! reality4 ,isn't y\r tru?1 aft] all1 simply :at any successful kn[] w\ld h to "k 9 case he exi/$8 ,& 9 a univ]se :]e no kn[]s 7 ev5 conceivable w\ld any tru? ab\t ! facts !re z some?+ num]ically di/+ui%able f ! facts !mselves1 f9d a place to exi/ 98 ,to me su* tru? w\ld n only be non-exi/5t1 x w\ld be unimag9able1 inconceivable4 ,anti-,prag43--,b ,i ?\ght y said a :ile ago t !re is a tru? ( pa/ ev5ts1 ev5 ?o no "o %all ev] "k x4 ,prag43--,yes1 b y mu/ rememb] t ,i also /ipulat$ = p]mission to def9e ! ^w 9 my own fa%ion4 ,! tru? ( an ev5t1 pa/1 pres5t1 or future1 is = me only ano!r "n = ! fact t if ! ev5t ev] does get kn[n1 ! nature ( ! k is already to "s degree pr$et]m9$4 ,! tru? :i* prec$es actual k ( a fact means only :at any possible kn[] ( ! fact w ev5tually f9d himself necessitat$ to believe ab\t x4 ,he mu/ believe some?+ t w br+ him into satisfactory relations ) x1 t w prove a dec5t m5tal sub/itute = x4 ,:at ?is some?+ may be is ( c\rse p>tly fix$ already by ! nature ( ! fact & by ! sph]e ( its associations4 ,?is seems to me all t y c cle>ly mean :5 y say t tru? pre-exi/s to k4 ,x is k anticipat$1 k 9 ! =m ( possibility m]ely4 ,anti-,prag43--,b :at does ! k "k :5 x comes8 ,doesn't x "k ! tru?8 ,&1 if s1 mu/n't ! tru? be di/9ct f ei!r ! fact or ! k8 ,prag43--,x seems to me t :at ! k kn[s is ! fact itself1 ! ev5t1 or :atev] ! reality may be4 ,:]e y see ?ree di/9ct entities 9 ! field1 ! reality1 ! kn[+1 & ! tru?1 ,i see only two4 ,moreov]1 ,i c see :at ea* ( my two entities is kn[n-z1 b :5 ,i ask myself :at y\r ?ird entity1 ! tru?1 is kn[n-z1 ,i c f9d no?+ di/9ct f ! reality on ! "o h&1 & ! ways 9 :i* x may be kn[n on ! o!r4 ,are y n probably misl$ by common language1 :i* has f\nd x conv5i5t to introduce a hybrid "n1 mean+ sometimes a k9d ( kn[+ & sometimes a reality kn[n1 to apply to ei!r ( ^! ?+s int]*angeably8 ,& has philosophy any?+ to ga9 by p]petuat+ & consecrat+ ! ambiguity8 ,if y call ! object ( k 'reality1' & call ! mann] ( its be+ cogniz$ 'tru?1' cogniz$ moreov] on p>ticul> occasions1 & v>i\sly1 by p>ticul> human be+s :o h _! v>i\s bus9esses ) x1 & if y hold consi/5tly to ?is nom5clature1 x seems to me t y escape all sorts ( tr\ble4 ,anti-,prag43--,d y mean t y ?9k y escape f my dilemma8 ,prag43--,assur$ly ,i escape2 = if tru? & k are t]ms correlative & int]dep5d5t1 z ,i ma9ta9 !y are1 !n :]ev] k is conceivable tru? is conceivable1 :]ev] k is possible tru? is possible1 :]ev] k is actual tru? is actual4 ,!re=e :5 y po9t y\r fir/ horn at me1 ,i ?9k ( tru? actual1 & say x doesn't exi/4 ,x doesn't2 = by hypo!sis !re is no kn[]1 no ideas1 no work+s4 ,i agree1 h[ev]1 t tru? possible or virtual might exi/1 = a kn[] might possibly be br\ght to bir?2 & tru? conceivable c]ta9ly exi/s1 =1 ab/ractly tak51 !re is no?+ 9 ! nature ( ant$iluvian ev5ts t %\ld make ! application ( k to !m inconceivable4 ,!re=e :5 y try to impale me on y\r second horn1 ,i ?9k ( ! tru? 9 "q z a m]e ab/ract possibility1 s ,i say x does exi/1 & side ) common s5se4 ,d n ^! di/9ctions rightly relieve me f emb>rassm5t8 ,& don't y ?9k x might help y to make !m y\rself8 ,anti-,prag43--,nev]6--s avaunt ) y\r abom9able hair-splitt+ & sophi/ry6 ,tru? is tru?2 & nev] w ,i degrade x by id5tify+ x ) l[ pragmatic p>ticul>s 9 ! way y propose4 ,prag43--,well1 my de> antagoni/1 ,i h>dly hop$ to conv]t an em95t intellectuali/ & logician l y2 s enjoy1 z long z y live1 y\r own ineffable conception4 ,p]haps ! ris+ g5]ation w gr[ up m accu/om$ ?an y are to t concrete & empirical int]pretation ( t]ms 9 :i* ! pragmatic me?od consi/s4 ,p]haps !y may !n wond] h[ s h>mless & natural an acc\nt ( tru? z m9e c\ld h f\nd su* difficulty 9 ent]+ ! m9ds ( m5 f> m intellig5t ?an ,i c ev] hope to become1 b w$d$ by education & tradition to ! ab/ractioni/ mann] ( ?\ght4