,,pragmatism  ,a ,new ,"n = ,"s ,old    
,ways ( ,?9k+  ,by ,william ,james   ,to
 ! ,memory ( ,john ,/u>t ,mill  f :om ,i
 fir/ le>n$ ! pragmatic op5ness ( m9d & 
:om my fancy likes to picture z our     
lead] 7 he alive to-day4     ,preface   
,! lectures t foll[ 7 deliv]$ at !      
,l[ell ,in/itute 9 ,bo/on 9 ,novemb] &  
,decemb]1 #aijf1 & 9 ,janu>y1 #aijg1 at 
,columbia ,univ]sity1 9 ,new ,york4 ,!y 
are pr9t$ z deliv]$1 )\t developm5ts or 
notes4 ,! pragmatic movem5t1 s-call$--,i
 d n l ! "n1 b app>5tly x is too late to
 *ange x--seems to h r sudd5ly          
precipitat$ itself out ( ! air4 ,a numb]
 ( t5d5cies t h always exi/$ 9          
philosophy h all at once become consci\s
 ( !mselves collectively1 & ( _! comb9$ 
mission2 & ?is has occurr$ 9 s _m       
c\ntries1 & f s _m diff]5t po9ts ( view1
 t mu* unconc]t$ /atem5t has result$4 ,i
 h s\ght to unify ! picture z x pres5ts 
itself to my own eyes1 deal+ 9 broad    
/rokes1 & avoid+ m9ute controv]sy4 ,mu* 
futile controv]sy might h be5 avoid$1 ,i

 believe1 if our critics _h be5 will+ to
 wait until we got our message fairly   
out4  ,if my lectures int]e/ any read] 9
 ! g5]al subject1 he w d\btless wi% to  
read f>!r4 ,i !re=e give him a few      
ref]5ces4  ,9 ,am]ica1 ,john ,dewey's   
',/udies 9 ,logical ,!ory' are !        
f\ndation4 ,read also by ,dewey !       
articles 9 ! ,philosophical ,review1    
vol4 xv1 pp4 #aac & #dfe1 9 ,m9d1 vol4  
xv1 p4 #bic1 & 9 ! ,j\rnal (            
,philosophy1 vol4 iv1 p4 #aig4          
,probably ! be/ /atem5ts to beg9 )      
h[ev]1 are ,f4 ,c4 ,s4 ,s*ill]'s 9 8    
',/udies 9 ,humanism1' especially !     
essays numb]$ i1 v1 vi1 vii1 xviii &    
xix4 ,8 previ\s essays & 9 g5]al !      
polemic lit]ature ( ! subject are fully 
ref]r$ to 9 8 footnotes4  ,fur!rmore1   
see ,g4 ,milhaud3 le ,rationnel1 #ahih1 
& ! f9e articles by ,le ,roy 9 ! ,revue 
de ,metaphysique1 vols4 #g1 #h & #i4    
,also articles by ,blondel & de ,sailly 
9 ! ,annales de ,philosophie ,*reti5ne1 
#dme ,s]ie1 vols4 #b & #c4 ,pap9i       

ann\nces a book on ,pragmatism1 9 !     
,fr5* language1 to be publi%$ v soon4   
,to avoid "o misund]/&+ at lea/1 let me 
say t !re is no logical connexion betwe5
 pragmatism1 z ,i und]/& x1 & a doctr9e 
:i* ,i h rec5tly set =? z 'radical      
empiricism4' ,! latt] /&s on its own    
feet4 ,"o may entirely reject x & /ill  
be a pragmati/4  ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1     
,april1 #aijg4     ,cont5ts  ,lecture ,i
  ,! ,pres5t ,dilemma 9 ,philosophy     
,*e/]ton quot$4 ,ev]yone has a          
philosophy4 ,temp]am5t is a factor 9 all
 philosophiz+4 ,rationali/s &           
empirici/s4 ,! t5d]-m9d$ & ! t\gh-m9d$4 
,mo/ m5 wi% bo? facts & religion4       
,empiricism gives facts )\t religion4   
,rationalism gives religion )\t facts4  
,! layman's dilemma4 ,! unreality 9     
rationali/ic sy/ems4 ,leibnitz on !     
damn$1 z an example4 ,m4 ,i4 ,swift on !
 optimism ( ideali/s4 ,pragmatism z a   
m$iat+ sy/em4 ,an objection4 ,reply3    
philosophies h *>act]s l m51 & are      
liable to z summ>y judgm5ts4 ,sp5c] z an

 example4  ,lecture ,,ii  ,:at          
,pragmatism ,means  ,! squirrel4        
,pragmatism z a me?od4 ,hi/ory ( !      
me?od4 ,its "* & aff9ities4 ,h[ x       
contra/s ) rationalism &                
intellectualism4 ,a 'corridor !ory4'    
,pragmatism z a !ory ( tru?1 equival5t  
to 'humanism4' ,e>li] views (           
ma!matical1 logical1 & natural tru?4 ,m 
rec5t views4 ,s*ill]'s & ,dewey's       
'in/rum5tal' view4 ,! =mation ( new     
beliefs4 ,old] tru? always has to be    
kept acc\nt (4 ,old] tru? arose         
simil>ly4 ,! 'humani/ic' doctr9e4       
,rationali/ic criticisms ( x4           
,pragmatism z m$iator betwe5 empiricism 
& religion4 ,b>r5ness ( transc5d5tal    
idealism4 ,h[ f> ! concept ( ! ,absolute
 mu/ be call$ true4 ,! true is ! good 9 
! way ( belief4 ,! cla% ( tru?s4        
,pragmatism un/iff5s discussion4        
,lecture ,,iii  ,"s ,metaphysical       
,problems ,pragmatically ,consid]$  ,!  
problem ( sub/ance4 ,! ,eu*>i/4         
,b]keley's pragmatic treatm5t ( mat]ial 

sub/ance4 ,locke's ( p]sonal id5tity4 ,!
 problem ( mat]ialism4 ,rationali/ic    
treatm5t ( x4 ,pragmatic treatm5t4      
',god' is no bett] ?an ',matt]' z a     
pr9ciple1 unless he promise m4          
,pragmatic comp>ison ( ! two pr9ciples4 
,! problem ( design4 ',design' p] se is 
b>r54 ,! "q is ,,:at design4 ,! problem 
( 'free-w4' ,its relations to           
'acc\ntability4' ,free-w a cosmological 
!ory4 ,! pragmatic issue at /ake 9 all  
^! problems is :at d ! alt]natives      
,,promise4  ,lecture ,,iv  ,! ,"o & !   
,_m  ,total reflection4 ,philosophy     
seeks n only unity1 b totality4         
,rationali/ic feel+ ab\t unity4         
,pragmatically consid]$1 ! _w is "o 9 _m
 ways4 ,"o "t & space4 ,"o subject (    
disc\rse4 ,its p>ts int]act4 ,its on5ess
 & manyness are co-ord9ate4 ,"q ( "o    
orig94 ,g5]ic on5ess4 ,"o purpose4 ,"o  
/ory4 ,"o kn[]4 ,value ( pragmatic      
me?od4 ,absolute monism4 ,vivekan&a4    
,v>i\s types ( union discuss$4          
,conclusion3 ,we mu/ oppose moni/ic     

dogmatism & foll[ empirical f9d+s4      
,lecture ,v  ,pragmatism & ,common ,s5se
  ,noetic pluralism4 ,h[ our k gr[s4    
,e>li] ways ( ?9k+ rema94 ,prehi/oric   
ance/ors ,,discov]$ ! common s5se       
concepts4 ,li/ ( !m4 ,!y came gradually 
into use4 ,space & "t4 ',?+s4' ,k9ds4   
',cause' & 'law4' ,common s5se "o /age 9
 m5tal evolution1 due to g5iuses4 ,!    
'critical' /ages3 #a7 sci5tific & #b7   
philosophic1 comp>$ ) common s5se4      
,impossible to say :i* is ! m 'true4'   
,lecture ,,vi  ,pragmatism's ,conception
 ( ,tru?  ,! polemic situation4 ,:at    
does agreem5t ) reality mean8 ,x means  
v]ifiability4 ,v]ifiability means       
ability to guide u prosp]\sly ?r\gh     
exp]i5ce4 ,complet$ v]ifications seldom 
ne$ful4 ',et]nal' tru?s4 ,consi/5cy1 )  
language1 ) previ\s tru?s4 ,rationali/  
objections4 ,tru? is a good1 l heal?1   
weal?1 etc4 ,x is exp$i5t ?9k+4 ,! pa/4 
,tru? gr[s4 ,rationali/ objections4     
,reply to !m4  ,lecture ,,vii           
,pragmatism & ,humanism  ,! notion ( ,,!

 ,tru?4 ,s*ill] on ',humanism4' ,?ree   
sorts ( reality ( :i* any new tru? mu/  
take acc\nt4 ,to 'take acc\nt' is       
ambigu\s4 ,absolutely indep5d5t reality 
is h>d to f9d4 ,! human contribution is 
ubiquit\s & builds out ! giv54 ,ess5ce (
 pragmatism's contra/ ) rationalism4    
,rationalism affirms a transempirical   
_w4 ,motives = ?is4 ,t\gh-m9d$ness      
rejects !m4 ,a g5u9e alt]native4        
,pragmatism m$iates4  ,lecture ,,viii   
,pragmatism & ,religion  ,utility ( !   
,absolute4 ,:itman's poem ',to ,y4' ,two
 ways ( tak+ x4 ,my fri5d's lett]4      
,necessities v]sus possibilities4       
',possibility' def9$4 ,?ree views ( !   
_w's salvation4 ,pragmatism is          
meliori/ic4 ,we may create reality4 ,:y 
%\ld any?+ ,,be8 ,suppos$ *oice be=e    
creation4 ,! heal?y & ! morbid reply4 ,!
 't5d]' & ! 't\gh' types ( religion4    
,pragmatism m$iates4     ,,pragmatism   
,lecture ,i  ,! ,pres5t ,dilemma 9      
,philosophy  ,9 ! preface to t admirable
 collection ( essays ( 8 call$          

',h]etics1' ,mr4 ,*e/]ton writes ^!     
words3 ,!re are "s p--& ,i am "o (      
!m--:o ?9k t ! mo/ practical & important
 ?+ ab\t a man is /ill 8 view ( !       
univ]se4 ,we ?9k t = a l&lady consid]+ a
 lodg]1 x is important to "k 8 income1 b
 /ill m important to "k 8 philosophy4   
,we ?9k t = a g5]al ab\t to fight an    
enemy1 x is important to "k ! enemy's   
numb]s1 b /ill m important to "k !      
enemy's philosophy4 ,we ?9k ! "q is n   
:e!r ! !ory ( ! cosmos affects matt]s1 b
 :e!r1 9 ! long run1 any?+ else affects 
!m4  ,i ?9k ) ,mr4 ,*e/]ton 9 ?is matt]4
 ,i "k t y1 ladies & g5tlem51 h a       
philosophy1 ea* & all ( y1 & t ! mo/    
int]e/+ & important ?+ ab\t y is ! way 9
 :i* x det]m9es ! p]spective 9 y\r      
sev]al worlds4 ,y "k ! same ( me4 ,& yet
 ,i confess to a c]ta9 tremor at !      
audacity ( ! ent]prise :i* ,i am ab\t to
 beg94 ,= ! philosophy :i* is s         
important 9 ea* ( u is n a te*nical     
matt]2 x is our m or less dumb s5se (   
:at life hone/ly & deeply means4 ,x is  

only p>tly got f books2 x is our        
individual way ( j see+ & feel+ ! total 
pu% & pressure ( ! cosmos4 ,i h no "r to
 assume t _m ( y are /ud5ts ( ! cosmos 9
 ! class-room s5se1 yet "h ,i /& desir\s
 ( int]e/+ y 9 a philosophy :i* to no   
small ext5t has to be te*nically treat$4
 ,i wi% to fill y ) sympa?y ) a         
contemporane\s t5d5cy 9 :i* ,i pr(\ndly 
believe1 & yet ,i h to talk l a pr(essor
 to y :o are n /ud5ts4 ,:atev] univ]se a
 pr(essor believes 9 mu/ at any rate be 
a univ]se t l5ds itself to l5g?y        
disc\rse4 ,a univ]se def9able 9 two     
s5t5ces is some?+ = :i* ! pr(essorial   
intellect has no use4 ,no fai? 9 any?+ (
 t *eap k9d6 ,i h he>d fri5ds &         
colleagues try to popul>ize philosophy 9
 ?is v hall1 b !y soon grew dry1 & !n   
te*nical1 & ! results 7 only p>tially   
enc\rag+4 ,s my ent]prise is a bold "o4 
,! f\nd] ( pragmatism himself rec5tly   
gave a c\rse ( lectures at ! ,l[ell     
,in/itute ) t v ^w 9 its title-fla%es ( 
brilliant light reliev$ aga9/ ,cimm]ian 

d>kness6 ,none ( u1 ,i fancy1 und]/ood  
,,all t he said--yet "h ,i /&1 mak+ a v 
simil> v5ture4  ,i risk x because ! v   
lectures ,i speak ( ,,drew--!y br\ght   
good audi5ces4 ,!re is1 x mu/ be        
confess$1 a curi\s fasc9ation 9 he>+    
deep ?+s talk$ ab\t1 ev5 ?o nei!r we nor
 ! disputants und]/& !m4 ,we get !      
problematic ?rill1 we feel ! pres5ce ( !
 va/ness4 ,let a controv]sy beg9 9 a    
smok+-room any:]e1 ab\t free-w or ,god's
 omnisci5ce1 or good & evil1 & see h[   
ev]yone 9 ! place pricks up 8 e>s4      
,philosophy's results conc]n u all mo/  
vitally1 & philosophy's que]e/ argum5ts 
tickle agreeably our s5se ( subtlety &  
+5uity4  ,believ+ 9 philosophy myself   
dev\tly1 & believ+ also t a k9d ( new   
dawn is break+ ^u u philosoph]s1 ,i feel
 impell$1 p] fas aut nefas1 to try to   
imp>t to y "s news ( ! situation4       
,philosophy is at once ! mo/ sublime & !
 mo/ trivial ( human pursuits4 ,x works 
9 ! m9ute/ crannies & x op5s out ! wide/
 vi/as4 ,x 'bakes no bread1' z has be5  

said1 b x c inspire our s\ls ) c\rage2 &
 repugnant z its mann]s1 its d\bt+ &    
*all5g+1 its quibbl+ & dialectics1 (t5  
are to common p1 no "o ( u c get along  
)\t ! f>-fla%+ beams ( light x s5ds ov] 
! _w's p]spectives4 ,^! illum9ations at 
lea/1 & ! contra/-effects ( d>kness &   
my/]y t accompany !m1 give to :at x says
 an int]e/ t is mu* m ?an pr(essional4  
,! hi/ory ( philosophy is to a great    
ext5t t ( a c]ta9 cla% ( human          
temp]am5ts4 ,undignifi$ z su* a treatm5t
 may seem to "s ( my colleagues1 ,i %all
 h to take acc\nt ( ?is cla% & expla9 a 
good _m ( ! div]g5cies ( philosoph]s by 
x4 ,( :atev] temp]am5t a pr(essional    
philosoph] is1 he tries :5 philosophiz+ 
to s9k ! fact ( 8 temp]am5t4 ,temp]am5t 
is no conv5tionally recogniz$ reason1 s 
he urges imp]sonal reasons only = 8     
conclusions4 ,yet 8 temp]am5t really    
gives him a /rong] bias ?an any ( 8 m   
/rictly objective premises4 ,x loads !  
evid5ce = him "o way or ! o!r1 mak+ = a 
m s5tim5tal or a m h>d-he>t$ view ( !   

univ]se1 j z ?is fact or t pr9ciple     
w\ld4 ,he tru/s 8 temp]am5t4 ,want+ a   
univ]se t suits x1 he believes 9 any    
repres5tation ( ! univ]se t does suit x4
 ,he feels m5 ( opposite temp] to be out
 ( key ) ! _w's "*1 & 9 8 he>t consid]s 
!m incompet5t & 'n 9 x1' 9 ! philosophic
 bus9ess1 ev5 ?o !y may f> excel him 9  
dialectical ability4  ,yet 9 ! =um he c 
make no claim1 on ! b>e gr\nd ( 8       
temp]am5t1 to sup]ior disc]nm5t or      
au?ority4 ,!re arises ?us a c]ta9       
ins9c]ity 9 our philosophic discussions3
 ! pot5te/ ( all our premises is nev]   
m5tion$4 ,i am sure x w\ld contribute to
 cle>ness if 9 ^! lectures we %\ld break
 ?is rule & m5tion x1 & ,i accord+ly    
feel free to d s4  ,( c\rse ,i am talk+ 
"h ( v positively m>k$ m51 m5 ( radical 
idiosyncracy1 :o h set _! /amp & lik5ess
 on philosophy & figure 9 its hi/ory4   
,plato1 ,locke1 ,hegel1 ,sp5c]1 are su* 
temp]am5tal ?9k]s4 ,mo/ ( u h1 ( c\rse1 
no v def9ite intellectual temp]am5t1 we 
are a mixture ( opposite +r$i5ts1 ea* "o

 pres5t v mod]ately4 ,we h>dly "k our   
own pref]5ces 9 ab/ract matt]s2 "s ( u  
are easily talk$ out ( !m1 & end by     
foll[+ ! fa%ion or tak+ up ) ! beliefs (
 ! mo/ impressive philosoph] 9 our      
neighborhood1 :oev] he may be4 ,b ! "o  
?+ t has ,,c\nt$ s f> 9 philosophy is t 
a man %\ld see ?+s1 see !m /raight 9 8  
own peculi> way1 & be dissatisfi$ ) any 
opposite way ( see+ !m4 ,!re is no      
reason to suppose t ?is /rong           
temp]am5tal vision is f n[ onw>d to c\nt
 no long] 9 ! hi/ory ( man's beliefs4   
,n[ ! p>ticul> diff]5ce ( temp]am5t t ,i
 h 9 m9d 9 mak+ ^! rem>ks is "o t has   
c\nt$ 9 lit]ature1 art1 gov]nm5t &      
mann]s z well z 9 philosophy4 ,9 mann]s 
we f9d =mali/s & free-&-easy p]sons4 ,9 
gov]nm5t1 au?orit>ians & an>*i/s4 ,9    
lit]ature1 puri/s or academicals1 &     
reali/s4 ,9 art1 classics & romantics4  
,y recognize ^! contra/s z famili>2     
well1 9 philosophy we h a v simil>      
contra/ express$ 9 ! pair ( t]ms        
'rationali/' & 'empirici/1' 'empirici/' 

mean+ y\r lov] ( facts 9 all _! crude   
v>iety1 'rationali/' mean+ y\r devotee  
to ab/ract & et]nal pr9ciples4 ,no "o c 
live an h\r )\t bo? facts & pr9ciples1 s
 x is a diff]5ce r ( emphasis2 yet x    
bre$s antipa?ies ( ! mo/ pung5t "*      
betwe5 ^? :o lay ! emphasis diff]5tly2 &
 we %all f9d x extraord9>ily conv5i5t to
 express a c]ta9 contra/ 9 m5's ways (  
tak+ _! univ]se1 by talk+ ( !           
'empirici/' & ( ! 'rationali/' temp]4   
,^! t]ms make ! contra/ simple &        
massive4  ,m simple & massive ?an are   
usually ! m5 ( :om ! t]ms are pr$icat$4 
,= e sort ( p]mutation & comb9ation is  
possible 9 human nature2 & if ,i n[     
proce$ to def9e m fully :at ,i h 9 m9d  
:5 ,i speak ( rationali/s & empirici/s1 
by add+ to ea* ( ^? titles "s second>y  
qualify+ *>act]i/ics1 ,i beg y to reg>d 
my conduct z to a c]ta9 ext5t arbitr>y4 
,i select types ( comb9ation t nature   
(f]s v frequ5tly1 b by no means uni=mly1
 & ,i select !m solely = _! conv5i5ce 9 
help+ me to my ult]ior purpose (        

*>act]iz+ pragmatism4 ,hi/orically we   
f9d ! t]ms 'intellectualism' &          
's5sationalism' us$ z synonyms (        
'rationalism' & 'empiricism4' ,well1    
nature seems to comb9e mo/ frequ5tly )  
intellectualism an ideali/ic & optimi/ic
 t5d5cy4 ,empirici/s on ! o!r h& are n  
uncommonly mat]iali/ic1 & _! optimism is
 apt to be decid$ly conditional &       
tremul\s4 ,rationalism is always        
moni/ic4 ,x />ts f :oles & univ]sals1 & 
makes mu* ( ! unity ( ?+s4 ,empiricism  
/>ts f ! p>ts1 & makes ( ! :ole a       
collection-is n av]se !re=e to call+    
itself plurali/ic4 ,rationalism usually 
consid]s itself m religi\s ?an          
empiricism1 b !re is mu* to say ab\t ?is
 claim1 s ,i m]ely m5tion x4 ,x is a    
true claim :5 ! individual rationali/ is
 :at is call$ a man ( feel+1 & :5 !     
individual empirici/ prides himself on  
be+ h>d-head$4 ,9 t case ! rationali/ w 
usually also be 9 favor ( :at is call$  
free-w1 & ! empirici/ w be a fatali/--,i
 use ! t]ms mo/ popul>ly curr5t4 ,!     

rationali/ f9ally w be ( dogmatic temp] 
9 8 affirmations1 :ile ! empirici/ may  
be m sceptical & op5 to discussion4  ,i 
w write ^! traits d[n 9 two columns4 ,i 
?9k y w practically recognize ! two     
types ( m5tal make-up t ,i mean if ,i   
head ! columns by ! titles 't5d]-m9d$' &
 't\gh-m9d$' respectively4  ,,!         
,,t5d]-,,m9d$  ,rationali/ic 7go+ by    
'pr9ciples'71 ,intellectuali/ic1        
,ideali/ic1 ,optimi/ic1 ,religi\s1      
,free-willi/1 ,moni/ic1 ,dogmatical4    
,,! ,,t\gh-,,m9d$  ,empirici/ 7go+ by   
'facts'71 ,s5sationali/ic1 ,mat]iali/ic1
 ,pessimi/ic1 ,irreligi\s1 ,fatali/ic1  
,plurali/ic1 ,sceptical4  ,pray po/pone 
= a mom5t ! "q :e!r ! two contra/$      
mixtures :i* ,i h writt5 d[n are ea*    
inw>dly coh]5t & self-consi/5t or n--,i 
%all v soon h a good deal to say on t   
po9t4 ,x suffices = our imm$iate purpose
 t t5d]-m9d$ & t\gh-m9d$ p1 *>act]iz$ z 
,i h writt5 !m d[n1 d bo? exi/4 ,ea* ( y
 probably kn[s "s well-m>k$ example (   
ea* type1 & y "k :at ea* example ?9ks ( 

! example on ! o!r side ( ! l9e4 ,!y h a
 l[ op9ion ( ea* o!r4 ,_! antagonism1   
:5ev] z individuals _! temp]am5ts h be5 
int5se1 has =m$ 9 all ages a "p ( !     
philosophic atmosph]e ( ! "t4 ,x =ms a  
"p ( ! philosophic atmosph]e to-day4 ,! 
t\gh ?9k ( ! t5d] z s5tim5tali/s &      
s(t-heads4 ,! t5d] feel ! t\gh to be    
unref9$1 call\s1 or brutal4 ,_! mutual  
reaction is v mu* l t t takes place :5  
,bo/onian t\ri/s m+le ) a population l t
 ( ,cripple ,creek4 ,ea* type believes !
 o!r to be inf]ior to itself2 b disda9 9
 ! "o case is m+l$ ) amusem5t1 9 ! o!r x
 has a da% ( fe>4  ,n[1 z ,i h already  
insi/$1 few ( u are t5d]-foot ,bo/onians
 pure & simple1 & few are typical ,rocky
 ,m\nta9 t\ghs1 9 philosophy4 ,mo/ ( u h
 a hank]+ = ! good ?+s on bo? sides ( ! 
l9e4 ,facts are good1 ( c\rse--give u   
lots ( facts4 ,pr9ciples are good--give 
u pl5ty ( pr9ciples4 ,! _w is           
indubitably "o if y look at x 9 "o way1 
b z indubitably is x _m1 if y look at x 
9 ano!r4 ,x is bo? "o & _m--let u adopt 

a sort ( plurali/ic monism4 ,ev]y?+ (   
c\rse is necess>ily det]m9$1 & yet (    
c\rse our wills are free3 a sort (      
free-w det]m9ism is ! true philosophy4  
,! evil ( ! p>ts is und5iable2 b ! :ole 
c't be evil3 s practical pessimism may  
be comb9$ ) metaphysical optimism4 ,& s 
=?--y\r ord9>y philosophic layman nev]  
be+ a radical1 nev] /raight5+ out 8     
sy/em1 b liv+ vaguely 9 "o plausible    
comp>tm5t ( x or ano!r to suit !        
temptations ( successive h\rs4  ,b "s ( 
u are m ?an m]e laym5 9 philosophy4 ,we 
are wor?y ( ! "n ( amateur a?letes1 &   
are vex$ by too mu* inconsi/5cy &       
vacillation 9 our cre$4 ,we _c pres]ve a
 good intellectual consci5ce s long z we
 keep mix+ incompatibles f opposite     
sides ( ! l9e4  ,& n[ ,i come to ! fir/ 
positively important po9t :i* ,i wi% to 
make4 ,nev] 7 z _m m5 ( a decid$ly      
empirici/ proclivity 9 exi/5ce z !re are
 at ! pres5t day4 ,our *ildr51 "o may   
say1 are almo/ born sci5tific4 ,b our   
e/eem = facts has n neutraliz$ 9 u all  

religi\sness4 ,x is itself almo/        
religi\s4 ,our sci5tific temp] is dev\t4
 ,n[ take a man ( ?is type1 & let him be
 also a philosophic amateur1 unwill+ to 
mix a hodge-podge sy/em aft] ! fa%ion ( 
a common layman1 & :at does he f9d 8    
situation to be1 9 ?is bless$ ye> ( our 
,"l #aijf8 ,he wants facts2 he wants    
sci5ce2 b he also wants a religion4 ,&  
be+ an amateur & n an indep5d5t         
orig9ator 9 philosophy he naturally     
looks = guidance to ! exp]ts &          
pr(essionals :om he f9ds already 9 !    
field4 ,a v l>ge numb] ( y "h pres5t1   
possibly a majority ( y1 are amateurs ( 
j ?is sort4  ,n[ :at k9ds ( philosophy d
 y f9d actually (f]$ to meet y\r ne$8 ,y
 f9d an empirical philosophy t is n     
religi\s en\gh1 & a religi\s philosophy 
t is n empirical en\gh = y\r purpose4   
,if y look to ! qu>t] :]e facts are mo/ 
consid]$ y f9d ! :ole t\gh-m9d$ program 
9 op]ation1 & ! 'conflict betwe5 sci5ce 
& religion' 9 full bla/4 ,ei!r x is t   
,rocky ,m\nta9 t\gh ( a ,haeckel ) 8    

mat]iali/ic monism1 8 e!r-god & 8 je/ at
 y\r ,god z a 'gase\s v]tebrate'2 or x  
is ,sp5c] treat+ ! _w's hi/ory z a      
r$i/ribution ( matt] & motion solely1 & 
b[+ religion politely out at ! front    
door3--%e may inde$ cont9ue to exi/1 b  
%e mu/ nev] %[ h] face inside ! temple4 
,= a hundr$ & fifty ye>s pa/ ! progress 
( sci5ce has seem$ to mean ! enl>gem5t (
 ! mat]ial univ]se & ! dim9ution ( man's
 importance4 ,! result is :at "o may    
call ! gr[? ( naturali/ic or positivi/ic
 feel+4 ,man is no law-giv] to nature1  
he is an absorb]4 ,%e x is :o /&s firm2 
he x is :o mu/ accommodate himself4 ,let
 him record tru?1 inhuman ?o x be1 &    
submit to x6 ,! romantic spontaneity &  
c\rage are gone1 ! vision is mat]iali/ic
 & depress+4 ,ideals appe> z in]t       
by-products ( physiology2 :at is high]  
is expla9$ by :at is l[] & treat$ =ev] z
 a case ( 'no?+ b'--no?+ b some?+ else (
 a q inf]ior sort4 ,y get1 9 %ort1 a    
mat]iali/ic univ]se1 9 :i* only !       
t\gh-m9d$ f9d !mselves cong5ially at    

home4  ,if n[1 on ! o!r h&1 y turn to ! 
religi\s qu>t] = consolation1 & take    
c\nsel ( ! t5d]-m9d$ philosophies1 :at d
 y f9d8  ,religi\s philosophy 9 our day 
& g5]ation is1 among u ,engli%-read+ p1 
( two ma9 types4 ,"o ( ^! is m radical &
 aggressive1 ! o!r has m ! air ( fight+ 
a sl[ retreat4 ,by ! m radical w+ (     
religi\s philosophy ,i mean ! s-call$   
transc5d5tal idealism ( !               
,anglo-,hegelian s*ool1 ! philosophy (  
su* m5 z ,gre51 ! ,cairds1 ,bosanquet1 &
 ,royce4 ,?is philosophy has greatly    
influ5c$ ! m /udi\s memb]s ( our        
prote/ant m9i/ry4 ,x is pan!i/ic1 &     
und\bt$ly x has already blunt$ ! edge ( 
! traditional !ism 9 prote/antism at    
l>ge4  ,t !ism rema9s1 h[ev]4 ,x is !   
l9eal desc5dant1 ?r\gh "o /age (        
concession aft] ano!r1 ( ! dogmatic     
s*ola/ic !ism /ill taught rigor\sly 9 ! 
sem9>ies ( ! ca?olic *ur*4 ,= a long "t 
x us$ to be call$ among u ! philosophy (
 ! ,scotti% s*ool4 ,x is :at ,i meant by
 ! philosophy t has ! air ( fight+ a sl[

 retreat4 ,betwe5 ! encroa*m5ts ( !     
hegelians & o!r philosoph]s ( !         
',absolute1' on ! "o h&1 & ^? ( !       
sci5tific evolutioni/s & agno/ics1 on ! 
o!r1 ! m5 t give u ?is k9d ( a          
philosophy1 ,james ,m>t9eau1 ,pr(essor  
,b[ne1 ,pr(essor ,ladd & o!rs1 mu/ feel 
!mselves r tightly squeez$4 ,fair-m9d$ &
 c&id z y l1 ?is philosophy is n radical
 9 temp]4 ,x is eclectic1 a ?+ (        
compromises1 t seeks a modus viv5di     
above all ?+s4 ,x accepts ! facts (     
d>w9ism1 ! facts ( c]ebral physiology1 b
 x does no?+ active or en?usia/ic ) !m4 
,x lacks ! victori\s & aggressive note4 
,x lacks pre/ige 9 consequ5ce2 :]eas    
absolutism has a c]ta9 pre/ige due to ! 
m radical /yle ( x4  ,^! two sy/ems are 
:at y h to *oose betwe5 if y turn to !  
t5d]-m9d$ s*ool4 ,& if y are ! lov]s (  
facts ,i h suppos$ y to be1 y f9d !     
trail ( ! s]p5t ( rationalism1 (        
intellectualism1 ov] ev]y?+ t lies on t 
side ( ! l9e4 ,y escape inde$ !         
mat]ialism t goes ) ! reign+ empiricism2

 b y pay = y\r escape by los+ contact ) 
! concrete p>ts ( life4 ,! m absoluti/ic
 philosoph]s dwell on s high a level (  
ab/raction t !y nev] ev5 try to come    
d[n4 ,! absolute m9d :i* !y (f] u1 ! m9d
 t makes our univ]se by ?9k+ x1 might1 =
 aught !y %[ u to ! contr>y1 h made any 
"o ( a million o!r univ]ses j z well z  
?is4 ,y c d$uce no s+le actual p>ticul> 
f ! notion ( x4 ,x is compatible ) any  
/ate ( ?+s :atev] be+ true "h bel[4 ,& !
 !i/ic ,god is almo/ z /]ile a pr9ciple4
 ,y h to g to ! _w :i* he has creat$ to 
get any inkl+ ( 8 actual "*3 he is ! k9d
 ( god t has once = all made t k9d ( a  
_w4 ,! ,god ( ! !i/ic writ]s lives on z 
purely ab/ract heights z does !         
,absolute4 ,absolutism has a c]ta9 sweep
 & da% ab\t x1 :ile ! usual !ism is m   
insipid1 b bo? are equally remote &     
vacu\s4 ,:at y want is a philosophy t w 
n only ex]cise y\r p[]s ( intellectual  
ab/raction1 b t w make "s positive      
connexion ) ?is actual _w ( f9ite human 
lives4  ,y want a sy/em t w comb9e bo?  

?+s1 ! sci5tific loyalty to facts &     
will+ness to take acc\nt ( !m1 ! _s (   
adaptation & accommodation1 9 %ort1 b   
also ! old confid5ce 9 human values & ! 
resultant spontaneity1 :e!r ( ! religi\s
 or ( ! romantic type4 ,& ?is is !n y\r 
dilemma3 y f9d ! two p>ts ( y\r         
quaesitum hopelessly sep>at$4 ,y f9d    
empiricism ) inhumanism & irreligion2 or
 else y f9d a rationali/ic philosophy t 
inde$ may call itself religi\s1 b t     
keeps out ( all def9ite t\* ) concrete  
facts & joys & sorr[s4  ,i am n sure h[ 
_m ( y live close en\gh to philosophy to
 realize fully :at ,i mean by ?is la/   
reproa*1 s ,i w dwell a little long] on 
t unreality 9 all rationali/ic sy/ems by
 :i* y\r s]i\s believ] 9 facts is s apt 
to feel repell$4  ,i wi% t ,i _h sav$ ! 
fir/ c\ple ( pages ( a !sis :i* a /ud5t 
h&$ me a ye> or two ago4 ,!y illu/rat$  
my po9t s cle>ly t ,i am sorry ,i _c    
read !m to y n[4 ,?is "y man1 :o 0 a    
graduate ( "s ,we/]n college1 began by  
say+ t he _h always tak5 = grant$ t :5 y

 ent]$ a philosophic class-room y _h to 
op5 relations ) a univ]se entirely      
di/9ct f ! "o y left beh9d y 9 ! /reet4 
,! two 7 suppos$1 he said1 to h s little
 to d ) ea* o!r1 t y c\ld n possibly    
occupy y\r m9d ) !m at ! same "t4 ,! _w 
( concrete p]sonal exp]i5ces to :i* !   
/reet belongs is multitud9\s beyond     
imag9ation1 tangl$1 muddy1 pa9ful &     
p]plex$4 ,! _w to :i* y\r               
philosophy-pr(essor introduces y is     
simple1 clean & noble4 ,! contradictions
 ( real life are abs5t f x4 ,its        
ar*itecture is classic4 ,pr9ciples (    
reason trace its outl9es1 logical       
necessities cem5t its p>ts4 ,purity &   
dignity are :at x mo/ expresses4 ,x is a
 k9d ( m>ble temple %9+ on a hill4  ,9  
po9t ( fact x is f> less an acc\nt ( ?is
 actual _w ?an a cle> addition built ^u 
x1 a classic sanctu>y 9 :i* ! rationali/
 fancy may take refuge f ! intol]ably   
confus$ & go?ic "* :i* m]e facts pres5t4
 ,x is no ,,explanation ( our concrete  
univ]se1 x is ano!r ?+ altoge!r1 a      

sub/itute = x1 a rem$y1 a way ( escape4 
,its temp]am5t1 if ,i may use ! ^w      
temp]am5t "h1 is utt]ly ali5 to !       
temp]am5t ( exi/5ce 9 ! concrete4       
,,ref9em5t is :at *>act]izes our        
intellectuali/ philosophies4 ,!y        
exquisitely satisfy t crav+ = a ref9$   
object ( contemplation :i* is s p[]ful  
an appetite ( ! m9d4 ,b ,i ask y 9 all  
s]i\sness to look abroad on ?is colossal
 univ]se ( concrete facts1 on _! awful  
bewild]m5ts1 _! surprises & cruelties1  
on ! wildness :i* !y %[1 & !n to tell me
 :e!r 'ref9$' is ! "o inevitable        
descriptive adjective t spr+s to y\r    
lips4  ,ref9em5t has its place 9 ?+s1   
true en\gh4 ,b a philosophy t brea!s out
 no?+ b ref9em5t w nev] satisfy !       
empirici/ temp] ( m9d4 ,x w seem r a    
monum5t ( artificiality4 ,s we f9d m5 ( 
sci5ce pref]r+ to turn _! backs on      
metaphysics z on some?+ altoge!r cloi/]$
 & spectral1 & practical m5 %ak+        
philosophy's du/ (f _! feet & foll[+ !  
call ( ! wild4  ,truly !re is some?+ a  

little gha/ly 9 ! satisfaction ) :i* a  
pure b unreal sy/em w fill a rationali/ 
m9d4 ,leibnitz 0 a rationali/ m9d1 )    
inf9itely m int]e/ 9 facts ?an mo/      
rationali/ m9ds c %[4 ,yet if y wi% =   
sup]ficiality inc>nate1 y h only to read
 t *>m+ly writt5 ',!odicee' ( 81 9 :i*  
he s\ght to ju/ify ! ways ( ,god to man1
 & to prove t ! _w we live 9 is ! be/ ( 
possible worlds4 ,let me quote a specim5
 ( :at ,i mean4  ,among o!r ob/acles to 
8 optimi/ic philosophy1 x falls to      
,leibnitz to consid] ! numb] ( !        
et]nally damn$4 ,t x is inf9itely       
great]1 9 our human case1 ?an t ( ^?    
sav$ he assumes z a premise f !         
!ologians1 & !n proce$s to argue 9 ?is  
way4 ,ev5 !n1 he says3  ,! evil w appe> 
z almo/ no?+ 9 comp>ison ) ! good1 if we
 once consid] ! real magnitude ( ! ,city
 ( ,god4 ,coelius ,secundus ,curio has  
writt5 a little book1 ',de ,amplitud9e  
,regni ,coele/is1' :i* 0 repr9t$ n long 
ago4 ,b he fail$ to compass ! ext5t ( ! 
k+dom ( ! heav5s4 ,! anci5ts _h small   

ideas ( ! works ( ,god4 444 ,x seem$ to 
!m t only our e>? _h inhabitants1 & ev5 
! notion ( our antipodes gave !m pause4 
,! re/ ( ! _w = !m consi/$ ( "s %9+     
globes & a few cry/all9e sph]es4 ,b     
to-day1 :atev] be ! limits t we may     
grant or refuse to ! ,univ]se we mu/    
recognize 9 x a c\ntless numb] ( globes1
 z big z ours or bigg]1 :i* h j z mu* "r
 z x has to support rational            
inhabitants1 ?o x does n foll[ t ^! ne$ 
all be m54 ,our e>? is only "o among !  
six pr9cipal satellites ( our sun4 ,z   
all ! fix$ />s are suns1 "o sees h[     
small a place among visible ?+s our e>? 
takes up1 s9ce x is only a satellite (  
"o among !m4 ,n[ all ^! suns ,,may be   
inhabit$ by none b happy creatures2 &   
no?+ obliges u to believe t ! numb] (   
damn$ p]sons is v great2 = a ,,v ,,few  
,,in/ances ,,& ,,samples ,,suffice ,,=  
,,! ,,utility ,,:i* ,,good ,,draws ,,f  
,,evil4 ,moreov]1 s9ce !re is no reason 
to suppose t !re are />s ev]y:]e1 may   
!re n be a great space beyond ! region (

 ! />s8 ,& ?is imm5se space1 surr\nd+   
all ?is region1 444 may be replete )    
happ9ess & glory4 444 ,:at n[ becomes ( 
! consid]ation ( our ,e>? & ( its       
d5iz5s8 ,does x n dw9dle to some?+      
incomp>ably less ?an a physical po9t1   
s9ce our ,e>? is b a po9t comp>$ ) !    
di/ance ( ! fix$ />s4 ,?us ! "p ( !     
,univ]se :i* we "k1 be+ almo/ lo/ 9     
no?+ness comp>$ ) t :i* is unkn[n to u1 
b :i* we are yet oblig$ to admit2 & all 
! evils t we "k ly+ 9 ?is almo/-no?+2 x 
foll[s t ! evils may be almo/-no?+ 9    
comp>ison ) ! goods t ! ,univ]se        
conta9s4  ,leibnitz cont9ues else:]e3   
,!re is a k9d ( ju/ice :i* aims nei!r at
 ! am5dm5t ( ! crim9al1 nor at furni%+  
an example to o!rs1 nor at ! rep>ation (
 ! injury4 ,?is ju/ice is f\nd$ 9 pure  
fitness1 :i* f9ds a c]ta9 satisfaction 9
 ! expiation ( a wick$ de$4 ,! ,soc9ians
 & ,hobbes object$ to ?is punitive      
ju/ice1 :i* is prop]ly v9dictive ju/ice 
& :i* ,god has res]v$ = himself at _m   
junctures4 444 ,x is always f\nd$ 9 !   

fitness ( ?+s1 & satisfies n only !     
(f5d$ p>ty1 b all wise look]s-on1 ev5 z 
beautiful music or a f9e piece (        
ar*itecture satisfies a well-con/itut$  
m9d4 ,x is ?us t ! torm5ts ( ! damn$    
cont9ue1 ev5 ?o !y s]ve no long] to turn
 anyone away f s91 & t ! rew>ds ( ! ble/
 cont9ue1 ev5 ?o !y confirm no "o 9 good
 ways4 ,! damn$ draw to !mselves ev] new
 p5alties by _! cont9u+ s9s1 & ! ble/   
attract ev] fre% joys by _! unceas+     
progress 9 good4 ,bo? facts are f\nd$ on
 ! pr9ciple ( fitness1 444 = ,god has   
made all ?+s h>moni\s 9 p]fection z ,i h
 already said4  ,leibnitz's feeble grasp
 ( reality is too obvi\s to ne$ comm5t f
 me4 ,x is evid5t t no reali/ic image ( 
! exp]i5ce ( a damn$ s\l _h ev] approa*$
 ! portals ( 8 m9d4 ,nor _h x occurr$ to
 him t ! small] is ! numb] ( 'samples' (
 ! g5us 'lo/-s\l' :om ,god ?r[s z a sop 
to ! et]nal fitness1 ! m unequitably    
gr\nd$ is ! glory ( ! ble/4 ,:at he     
gives u is a cold lit]>y ex]cise1 ^:    
*e]ful sub/ance ev5 hell-fire does n    

w>m4  ,& d n tell me t to %[ ! %all[ness
 ( rationali/ philosophiz+ ,i h _h to g 
back to a %all[ wigpat$ age4 ,! optimism
 ( pres5t-day rationalism s\nds j z     
%all[ to ! fact-lov+ m9d4 ,! actual     
univ]se is a ?+ wide op51 b rationalism 
makes sy/ems1 & sy/ems mu/ be clos$4 ,= 
m5 9 practical life p]fection is some?+ 
f> (f & /ill 9 process ( a*ievem5t4 ,?is
 = rationalism is b ! illusion ( ! f9ite
 & relative3 ! absolute gr\nd ( ?+s is a
 p]fection et]nally complete4  ,i f9d a 
f9e example ( revolt aga9/ ! airy &     
%all[ optimism ( curr5t religi\s        
philosophy 9 a publication ( t valiant  
an>*i/ic writ] ,morrison ,i4 ,swift4    
,mr4 ,swift's an>*ism goes a little f>!r
 ?an m9e does1 b ,i confess t ,i        
sympa?ize a good deal1 & "s ( y1 ,i "k1 
w sympa?ize he>tily ) 8 dissatisfaction 
) ! ideali/ic optimisms n[ 9 vogue4 ,he 
beg9s 8 pamphlet on ',human ,submission'
 ) a s]ies ( city report]'s items f     
newspap]s 7suicides1 dea?s f />vation & 
! l7 z specim5s ( our civiliz$ regime4  

,= in/ance3  ',aft] trudg+ ?r\gh ! sn[ f
 "o end ( ! city to ! o!r 9 ! va9 hope (
 secur+ employm5t1 & ) 8 wife & six     
*ildr5 )\t food & ord]$ to leave _! home
 9 an upp] ea/ side t5em5t h\se because 
( non-paym5t ( r5t1 ,john ,corcoran1 a  
cl]k1 to-day end$ 8 life by dr9k+       
c>bolic acid4 ,corcoran lo/ 8 position  
?ree weeks ago ?r\gh illness1 & dur+ !  
p]iod ( idl5ess 8 scanty sav+s          
disappe>$4 ,ye/]day he obta9$ "w ) a    
gang ( city sn[ %ovel]s1 b he 0 too weak
 f illness & 0 =c$ to quit aft] an h\r's
 trial ) ! %ovel4 ,!n ! we>y task (     
look+ = employm5t 0 aga9 resum$4        
,?or\ghly disc\rag$1 ,corcoran return$  
to 8 home late la/ night to f9d 8 wife &
 *ildr5 )\t food & ! notice (           
dispossession on ! door4' ,on ! foll[+  
morn+ he drank ! poison4  ,! records (  
_m m su* cases lie be=e me ,mr4 ,swift  
goes on2 an encyclop$ia might easily be 
fill$ ) _! k9d4 ,^! few ,i cite z an    
int]pretation ( ! univ]se4 ',we are aw>e
 ( ! pres5ce ( ,god 9 ,8 _w1' says a    

writ] 9 a rec5t ,engli% ,review4 ,! v   
pres5ce ( ill 9 ! temporal ord] is !    
condition ( ! p]fection ( ! et]nal ord]1
 writes ,pr(essor ,royce 7',! ,_w & !   
,individual1' ,,ii1 #che74 ',! ,absolute
 is ! ri*] = e discord1 & = all div]sity
 :i* x embraces1' says ,f4 ,h4 ,bradley 
7,appe>ance & ,reality1 #bjd74 ,he means
 t ^! sla9 m5 make ! univ]se ri*]1 & t  
is ,philosophy4 ,b :ile ,pr(essors      
,royce & ,bradley & a :ole ho/ (        
guileless ?or\ghf$ ?9k]s are unveil+    
,reality & ! ,absolute & expla9+ away   
evil & pa91 ?is is ! condition ( ! only 
be+s kn[n to u any:]e 9 ! univ]se ) a   
develop$ consci\sness ( :at ! univ]se   
is4 ,:at ^! p exp]i5ce ,,is ,reality4 ,x
 gives u an absolute phase ( ! univ]se4 
,x is ! p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ^? mo/       
qualifi$ 9 all our circle ( k to ,,h    
exp]i5ce1 to tell u ,,:at is4 ,n[1 :at  
does ,,?9k+ ,,ab\t ! exp]i5ce ( ^!      
p]sons come to comp>$ ) directly1       
p]sonally feel+ x1 z !y feel x8 ,!      
philosoph]s are deal+ 9 %ades1 :ile ^?  

:o live & feel "k tru?4 ,& ! m9d (      
mank9d-n yet ! m9d ( philosoph]s & ( !  
propriet>y class-b ( ! great mass ( !   
sil5tly ?9k+ & feel+ m51 is com+ to ?is 
view4 ,!y are judg+ ! univ]se z !y h    
h]et(ore p]mitt$ ! hi]ophants ( religion
 & le>n+ to judge ,,!m4 444  ,?is       
,clevel& work+man1 kill+ 8 *ildr5 &     
himself ano!r ( ! cit$ cases1 is "o ( ! 
elem5tal1 /up5d\s facts ( ?is mod]n _w &
 ( ?is univ]se4 ,x _c be gloz$ ov] or   
m9imiz$ away by all ! treatises on ,god1
 & ,love1 & ,be+1 helplessly exi/+ 9 _! 
haughty monum5tal vacuity4 ,?is is "o ( 
! simple irr$ucible elem5ts ( ?is _w's  
life aft] millions ( ye>s ( div9e       
opportunity & tw5ty c5turies ( ,*ri/4 ,x
 is 9 ! moral _w l atoms or sub-atoms 9 
! physical1 prim>y1 inde/ructible4 ,&   
:at x blazons to man is ! 444 impo/ure (
 all philosophy :i* does n see 9 su*    
ev5ts ! consummate factor ( consci\s    
exp]i5ce4 ,^! facts inv9cibly prove     
religion a nullity4 ,man w n give       
religion two ?\s& c5turies or tw5ty     

c5turies m to try itself & wa/e human   
"t2 its "t is up1 its probation is end$4
 ,its own record ends x4 ,mank9d has n  
sons & et]nities to sp>e = try+ out     
discr$it$ sy/ems4444 ,footnote3         
,morrison ,i4 ,swift1 ,human            
,submission1 ,"p ,second1 ,philadelphia1
 ,lib]ty ,press1 #aije1 pp4 #d-aj4  ,su*
 is ! reaction ( an empirici/ m9d ^u !  
rationali/ bill ( f>e4 ,x is an absolute
 ',no1 ,i ?ank y4' ,religion1 says ,mr4 
,swift1 is l a sleep-walk] to :om actual
 ?+s are blank4 ,& su*1 ?o possibly less
 t5sely *>g$ ) feel+1 is ! v]dict ( e   
s]i\sly inquir+ amateur 9 philosophy    
to-day :o turns to !                    
philosophy-pr(essors = ! :]e)al to      
satisfy ! fulness ( 8 nature's ne$s4    
,empirici/ writ]s give him a mat]ialism1
 rationali/s give him some?+ religi\s1 b
 to t religion actual ?+s are blank4 ,he
 becomes ?us ! judge ( u philosoph]s4   
,t5d] or t\gh1 he f9ds u want+4 ,none ( 
u may treat 8 v]dicts disda9fully1 =    
aft] all1 8 is ! typically p]fect m9d1 !

 m9d ! sum ( ^: dem&s is greate/1 ! m9d 
^: criticisms & dissatisfactions are    
fatal 9 ! long run4  ,x is at ?is po9t t
 my own solution beg9s to appe>4 ,i (f] 
! oddly-nam$ ?+ pragmatism z a          
philosophy t c satisfy bo? k9ds ( dem&4 
,x c rema9 religi\s l ! rationalisms1 b 
at ! same "t1 l ! empiricisms1 x c      
pres]ve ! ri*e/ intimacy ) facts4 ,i    
hope ,i may be able to leave _m ( y ) z 
favorable an op9ion ( x z ,i pres]ve    
myself4 ,yet1 z ,i am ne> ! end ( my    
h\r1 ,i w n introduce pragmatism bodily 
n[4 ,i w beg9 ) x on ! /roke ( ! clock  
next "t4 ,i pref] at ! pres5t mom5t to  
return a little on :at ,i h said4  ,if  
any ( y "h are pr(essional philosoph]s1 
& "s ( y ,i "k to be su*1 y w d\btless h
 felt my disc\rse s f> to h be5 crude 9 
an unp>donable1 nay1 9 an almo/         
incr$ible degree4 ,t5d]-m9d$ &          
t\gh-m9d$1 :at a b>b>ic disjunction6 ,&1
 9 g5]al1 :5 philosophy is all compact$ 
( delicate intellectualities &          
subtleties & scrupulosities1 & :5 e     

possible sort ( comb9ation & transition 
obta9s )9 its b\nds1 :at a brutal       
c>icature & r$uction ( highe/ ?+s to !  
l[e/ possible expression is x to        
repres5t its field ( conflict z a sort (
 r\gh-&-tumble fight betwe5 two ho/ile  
temp]am5ts6 ,:at a *ildi%ly ext]nal     
view6 ,& aga91 h[ /upid x is to treat ! 
ab/ractness ( rationali/ sy/ems z a     
crime1 & to damn !m because !y (f]      
!mselves z sanctu>ies & places ( escape1
 r ?an z prolongations ( ! _w ( facts4  
,are n all our !ories j rem$ies & places
 ( escape8 ,&1 if philosophy is to be   
religi\s1 h[ c %e be any?+ else ?an a   
place ( escape f ! crassness ( reality's
 surface8 ,:at bett] ?+ c %e d ?an raise
 u out ( our animal s5ses & %[ u ano!r &
 a nobl] home = our m9ds 9 t great      
framework ( ideal pr9ciples subt5d+ all 
reality1 :i* ! intellect div9es8 ,h[ c  
pr9ciples & g5]al views ev] be any?+ b  
ab/ract outl9es8 ,0 ,cologne ca!dral    
built )\t an ar*itect's plan on pap]8   
,is ref9em5t 9 itself an abom9ation8 ,is

 concrete rud5ess ! only ?+ t's true8   
,believe me1 ,i feel ! full =ce ( !     
indictm5t4 ,! picture ,i h giv5 is inde$
 mon/r\sly ov]-simplifi$ & rude4 ,b l   
all ab/ractions1 x w prove to h its use4
 ,if philosoph]s c treat ! life ( !     
univ]se ab/ractly1 !y mu/ n compla9 ( an
 ab/ract treatm5t ( ! life ( philosophy 
itself4 ,9 po9t ( fact ! picture ,i h   
giv5 is1 h[ev] co>se & sket*y1 lit]ally 
true4 ,temp]am5ts ) _! crav+s & refusals
 d det]m9e m5 9 _! philosophies1 &      
always w4 ,! details ( sy/ems may be    
reason$ out piecemeal1 & :5 ! /ud5t is  
work+ at a sy/em1 he may (t5 =get ! =e/ 
= ! s+le tree4 ,b :5 ! labor is         
accompli%$1 ! m9d always p]=ms its big  
summ>iz+ act1 & ! sy/em =?) /&s ov]     
aga9/ "o l a liv+ ?+1 ) t /range simple 
note ( individuality :i* haunts our     
memory1 l ! wrai? ( ! man1 :5 a fri5d or
 enemy ( ours is dead4  ,n only ,walt   
,:itman c\ld write :o t\*es ?is book    
t\*es a man4 ,! books ( all ! great     
philosoph]s are l s _m m54 ,our s5se (  

an ess5tial p]sonal flavor 9 ea* "o (   
!m1 typical b indescribable1 is ! f9e/  
fruit ( our own accompli%$ philosophic  
education4 ,:at ! sy/em pret5ds to be is
 a picture ( ! great univ]se ( ,god4    
,:at x is--& oh s flagrantly6--is !     
revelation ( h[ int5sely odd ! p]sonal  
flavor ( "s fell[ creature is4 ,once    
r$uc$ to ^! t]ms 7& all our philosophies
 get r$uc$ to !m 9 m9ds made critical by
 le>n+7 our comm]ce ) ! sy/ems rev]ts to
 ! in=mal1 to ! in/9ctive human reaction
 ( satisfaction or dislike4 ,we gr[ z   
p]emptory 9 our rejection or admission1 
z :5 a p]son pres5ts himself z a c&idate
 = our favor2 our v]dicts are c\*$ 9 z  
simple adjectives ( praise or dispraise4
 ,we measure ! total "* ( ! univ]se z we
 feel x1 aga9/ ! flavor ( ! philosophy  
pr(f]$ u1 & "o ^w is en\gh4  ,/att d]   
leb5dig5 ,natur1 we say1 da ,gott die   
,m5s*5 s*uf h9e9--t nebul\s concoction1 
t wood51 t /raight-lac$ ?+1 t crabb$    
artificiality1 t mu/y s*oolroom product1
 t sick man's dream6 ,away ) x4 ,away ) 

all ( !m6 ,impossible6 ,impossible6     
,our "w ov] ! details ( 8 sy/em is inde$
 :at gives u our resultant impression ( 
! philosoph]1 b x is on ! resultant     
impression itself t we react4 ,exp]tness
 9 philosophy is measur$ by ! def9it5ess
 ( our summ>iz+ reactions1 by ! imm$iate
 p]ceptive epi!t ) :i* ! exp]t hits su* 
complex objects (f4 ,b great exp]tness  
is n necess>y = ! epi!t to come4 ,few p 
h def9itely articulat$ philosophies ( _!
 own4 ,b almo/ ev]yone has 8 own peculi>
 s5se ( a c]ta9 total "* 9 ! univ]se1 & 
( ! inadequacy fully to mat* x ( !      
peculi> sy/ems t he kn[s4 ,!y don't j   
cov] ,,8 _w4 ,"o w be too dapp]1 ano!r  
too p$antic1 a ?ird too mu* ( a job-lot 
( op9ions1 a f\r? too morbid1 & a fif?  
too artificial1 or :at n4 ,at any rate  
he & we "k (fh& t su* philosophies are  
out ( plumb & out ( key & out ( ':ack1' 
& h no bus9ess to speak up 9 ! univ]se's
 "n4 ,plato1 ,locke1 ,sp9oza1 ,mill1    
,caird1 ,hegel--,i prud5tly avoid names 
ne>] home6--,i am sure t to _m ( y1 my  

he>]s1 ^! names are little m ?an rem9d]s
 ( z _m curi\s p]sonal ways ( fall+     
%ort4 ,x w\ld be an obvi\s absurdity if 
su* ways ( tak+ ! univ]se 7 actually    
true4 ,we philosoph]s h to reckon ) su* 
feel+s on y\r "p4 ,9 ! la/ resort1 ,i   
repeat1 x w be by !m t all our          
philosophies %all ultimately be judg$4  
,! f9ally victori\s way ( look+ at ?+s w
 be ! mo/ completely ,,impressive way to
 ! normal run ( m9ds4  ,"o ^w m--namely 
ab\t philosophies necess>ily be+ ab/ract
 outl9es4 ,!re are outl9es & outl9es1   
outl9es ( build+s t are ,,fat1 conceiv$ 
9 ! cube by _! plann]1 & outl9es (      
build+s inv5t$ flat on pap]1 ) ! aid (  
rul] & compass4 ,^! rema9 sk9ny &       
emaciat$ ev5 :5 set up 9 /one & mort>1 &
 ! outl9e already sugge/s t result4 ,an 
outl9e 9 itself is meagre1 truly1 b x   
does n necess>ily sugge/ a meagre ?+4 ,x
 is ! ess5tial meagr5ess ( ,,:at ,,is   
,,sugge/$ by ! usual rationali/ic       
philosophies t moves empirici/s to _!   
ge/ure ( rejection4 ,! case ( ,h]b]t    

,sp5c]'s sy/em is mu* to ! po9t "h4     
,rationali/s feel 8 fe>ful array (      
insuffici5cies4 ,8 dry s*oolma/]        
temp]am5t1 ! hurdy-gurdy monotony ( him1
 8 pref]5ce = *eap make%ifts 9 argum5t1 
8 lack ( education ev5 9 me*anical      
pr9ciples1 & 9 g5]al ! vagu5ess ( all 8 
fundam5tal ideas1 8 :ole sy/em wood51 z 
if knock$ toge!r out ( crack$ hemlock   
bo>ds--& yet ! half ( ,engl& wants to   
bury him 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4  ,:y8 ,:y   
does ,sp5c] call out s mu* rev]5ce 9    
spite ( 8 weakness 9 rationali/ic eyes8 
,:y %\ld s _m educat$ m5 :o feel t      
weakness1 y & ,i p]haps1 wi% to see him 
9 ! ,abbey not)/&+8  ,simply because we 
feel 8 he>t to be ,,9 ,,! ,,"r ,,place  
philosophically4 ,8 pr9ciples may be all
 sk9 & bone1 b at any rate 8 books try  
to m\ld !mselves ^u ! p>ticul> %ape (   
?is1 p>ticul> _w's c>case4 ,! noise (   
facts res\nds ?r\gh all 8 *apt]s1 !     
citations ( fact nev] cease1 he         
emphasizes facts1 turns 8 face t[>ds _! 
qu>t]2 & t is en\gh4 ,x means ! "r k9d (

 ?+ = ! empirici/ m9d4  ,! pragmati/ic  
philosophy ( :i* ,i hope to beg9 talk+ 9
 my next lecture pres]ves z cordial a   
relation ) facts1 &1 unlike ,sp5c]'s    
philosophy1 x nei!r beg9s nor ends by   
turn+ positive religi\s con/ructions out
 ( doors--x treats !m cordially z well4 
,i hope ,i may lead y to f9d x j !      
m$iat+ way ( ?9k+ t y require4          
,lecture ,,ii  ,:at ,pragmatism ,means  
,"s ye>s ago1 be+ ) a camp+ p>ty 9 !    
m\nta9s1 ,i return$ f a solit>y ramble  
to f9d ev]yone engag$ 9 a f]oci\s       
metaphysical dispute4 ,! corpus ( !     
dispute 0 a squirrel--a live squirrel   
suppos$ to be cl++ to "o side ( a       
tree-trunk2 :ile ov] aga9/ ! tree's     
opposite side a human be+ 0 imag9$ to   
/&4 ,?is human witness tries to get     
sight ( ! squirrel by mov+ rapidly r\nd 
! tree1 b no matt] h[ fa/ he goes1 !    
squirrel moves z fa/ 9 ! opposite       
direction1 & always keeps ! tree betwe5 
himself & ! man1 s t nev] a glimpse (   
him is caught4 ,! resultant metaphysical

 problem n[ is ?is3 ,,does ,,! ,,man ,,g
 ,,r\nd ,,! ,,squirrel ,,or ,,n8 ,he    
goes r\nd ! tree1 sure en\gh1 & !       
squirrel is on ! tree2 b does he g r\nd 
! squirrel8 ,9 ! unlimit$ leisure ( !   
wild]ness1 discussion _h be5 worn       
?readb>e4 ,ev]yone _h tak5 sides1 & 0   
ob/9ate2 & ! numb]s on bo? sides 7 ev54 
,ea* side1 :5 ,i appe>$1 !re=e appeal$  
to me to make x a majority4 ,m9dful ( ! 
s*ola/ic adage t :5ev] y meet a         
contradiction y mu/ make a di/9ction1 ,i
 imm$iately s\ght & f\nd "o1 z foll[s3  
,:i* p>ty is "r1 ,i said1 dep5ds on :at 
y ,,practically ,,mean by 'go+ r\nd' !  
squirrel4 ,if y mean pass+ f ! nor? (   
him to ! ea/1 !n to ! s\?1 !n to ! we/1 
& !n to ! nor? ( him aga91 obvi\sly !   
man does g r\nd him1 = he occupies ^!   
successive positions4 ,b if on ! contr>y
 y mean be+ fir/ 9 front ( him1 !n on ! 
"r ( him1 !n beh9d him1 !n on 8 left1 & 
f9ally 9 front aga91 x is q z obvi\s t !
 man fails to g r\nd him1 = by !        
comp5sat+ movem5ts ! squirrel makes1 he 

keeps 8 belly turn$ t[>ds ! man all !   
"t1 & 8 back turn$ away4 ,make !        
di/9ction1 & !re is no occasion = any   
f>!r dispute4 ,y are bo? "r & bo? wrong 
accord+ z y conceive ! v]b 'to g r\nd' 9
 "o practical fa%ion or ! o!r4  ,al?o "o
 or two ( ! hott] disputants call$ my   
spee* a %uffl+ evasion1 say+ !y want$ no
 quibbl+ or s*ola/ic hair-splitt+1 b    
meant j pla9 hone/ ,engli% 'r\nd1' !    
majority seem$ to ?9k t ! di/9ction _h  
assuag$ ! dispute4  ,i tell ?is trivial 
anecdote because x is a peculi>ly simple
 example ( :at ,i wi% n[ to speak ( z   
,,! ,,pragmatic ,,me?od4 ,! pragmatic   
me?od is prim>ily a me?od ( settl+      
metaphysical disputes t o!rwise might be
 int]m9able4 ,is ! _w "o or _m8--fat$ or
 free8--mat]ial or spiritual8--"h are   
notions ei!r ( :i* may or may n hold    
good ( ! _w2 & disputes ov] su* notions 
are un5d+4 ,! pragmatic me?od 9 su*     
cases is to try to int]pret ea* notion  
by trac+ its respective practical       
consequ5ces4 ,:at diff]5ce w\ld x       

practically make to anyone if ?is notion
 r ?an t notion 7 true8 ,if no practical
 diff]5ce :atev] c be trac$1 !n !       
alt]natives mean practically ! same ?+1 
& all dispute is idle4 ,:5ev] a dispute 
is s]i\s1 we ought to be able to %[ "s  
practical diff]5ce t mu/ foll[ f "o side
 or ! o!r's be+ "r4  ,a glance at !     
hi/ory ( ! idea w %[ y /ill bett] :at   
pragmatism means4 ,! t]m is d]iv$ f !   
same ,greek ^w pi rho alpha gamma mu    
alpha1 mean+ action1 f :i* our words    
'practice' & 'practical' come4 ,x 0 fir/
 introduc$ into philosophy by ,mr4      
,*>les ,peirce 9 #ahgh4 ,9 an article   
entitl$ ',h[ to ,make ,our ,ideas       
,cle>1' 9 ! ',popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly' = 
,janu>y ( t ye> ,footnote3 ,translat$ 9 
! ,revue ,philosophique = ,janu>y1 #ahgi
 7vol4 vii74 ,mr4 ,peirce1 aft] po9t+   
out t our beliefs are really rules =    
action1 said t to develope a ?\ght's    
mean+1 we ne$ only det]m9e :at conduct x
 is fitt$ to produce3 t conduct is = u  
its sole significance4 ,& ! tangible    

fact at ! root ( all our                
?\ght-di/9ctions1 h[ev] subtle1 is t !re
 is no "o ( !m s f9e z to consi/ 9 any?+
 b a possible diff]5ce ( practice4 ,to  
atta9 p]fect cle>ness 9 our ?\ghts ( an 
object1 !n1 we ne$ only consid] :at     
conceivable effects ( a practical k9d ! 
object may involve--:at s5sations we are
 to expect f x1 & :at reactions we mu/  
prep>e4 ,our conception ( ^! effects1   
:e!r imm$iate or remote1 is !n = u !    
:ole ( our conception ( ! object1 s f> z
 t conception has positive significance 
at all4  ,?is is ! pr9ciple ( ,peirce1 !
 pr9ciple ( pragmatism4 ,x lay entirely 
unnotic$ by anyone = tw5ty ye>s1 until  
,i1 9 an address be=e ,pr(essor         
,h[ison's philosophical union at !      
univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 br\ght x =w>d    
aga9 & made a special application ( x to
 religion4 ,by t date 7#ahih7 ! times   
seem$ ripe = its reception4 ,! ^w       
'pragmatism' spread1 & at pres5t x      
fairly spots ! pages ( ! philosophic    
j\rnals4 ,on all h&s we f9d ! 'pragmatic

 movem5t' spok5 (1 sometimes ) respect1 
sometimes ) contumely1 seldom ) cle>    
und]/&+4 ,x is evid5t t ! t]m applies   
itself conv5i5tly to a numb] ( t5d5cies 
t hi!rto h lack$ a collective "n1 & t x 
has 'come to /ay4'  ,to take 9 !        
importance ( ,peirce's pr9ciple1 "o mu/ 
get accu/om$ to apply+ x to concrete    
cases4 ,i f\nd a few ye>s ago t ,o/wald1
 ! illu/ri\s ,leipzig *emi/1 _h be5 mak+
 p]fectly di/9ct use ( ! pr9ciple (     
pragmatism 9 8 lectures on ! philosophy 
( sci5ce1 ?o he _h n call$ x by t "n4   
,all realities influ5ce our practice1 he
 wrote me1 & t influ5ce is _! mean+ = u4
 ,i am accu/om$ to put que/ions to my   
classes 9 ?is way3 ,9 :at respects w\ld 
! _w be diff]5t if ?is alt]native or t 7
 true8 ,if ,i c f9d no?+ t w\ld become  
diff]5t1 !n ! alt]native has no s5se4   
,t is1 ! rival views mean practically ! 
same ?+1 & mean+1 o!r ?an practical1 !re
 is = u none4 ,o/wald 9 a publi%$       
lecture gives ?is example ( :at he      
means4 ,*emi/s h long wrangl$ ov] ! inn]

 con/itution ( c]ta9 bodies call$       
'tautom]\s4' ,_! prop]ties seem$ equally
 consi/5t ) ! notion t an in/able       
hydrog5 atom oscillates inside ( !m1 or 
t !y are in/able mixtures ( two bodies4 
,controv]sy rag$2 b nev] 0 decid$4 ,x   
w\ld nev] h begun1 says ,o/wald1 if !   
combatants _h ask$ !mselves :at p>ticul>
 exp]im5tal fact c\ld h be5 made diff]5t
 by "o or ! o!r view be+ correct4 ,= x  
w\ld !n h appe>$ t no diff]5ce ( fact   
c\ld possibly ensue2 & ! qu>rel 0 z     
unreal z if1 !oriz+ 9 primitive times   
ab\t ! rais+ ( d\gh by yea/1 "o p>ty    
%\ld h invok$ a 'br[nie1' :ile ano!r    
insi/$ on an 'elf' z ! true cause ( !   
ph5om5on4 ,footnote3 ',!orie und        
,praxis1' ,zeits*4 des ,oe/]rei*is*5    
,+5ieur u4 ,ar*itect5-,v]e9es1 #aije1   
,nr4 #d u4 #f4 ,i f9d a /ill m radical  
pragmatism ?an ,o/wald's 9 an address by
 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,s4 ,frankl93 ,i ?9k t ! 
sicklie/ notion ( physics1 ev5 if a     
/ud5t gets x1 is t x is '! sci5ce (     
masses1 molecules & ! e!r4' ,& ,i ?9k t 

! heal?ie/ notion1 ev5 if a /ud5t does n
 :olly get x1 is t physics is ! sci5ce (
 ! ways ( tak+ hold ( bodies & pu%+ !m6 
7,sci5ce1 ,janu>y #b1 #aijc47  ,x is    
a/oni%+ to see h[ _m philosophical      
disputes collapse into insignificance ! 
mom5t y subject !m to ?is simple te/ (  
trac+ a concrete consequ5ce4 ,!re c ,,be
 no diff]5ce any-:]e t doesn't ,,make a 
diff]5ce else:]e--no diff]5ce 9 ab/ract 
tru? t doesn't express itself 9 a       
diff]5ce 9 concrete fact & 9 conduct    
consequ5t ^u t fact1 impos$ on somebody1
 someh[1 some:]e & some:54 ,! :ole      
function ( philosophy ought to be to f9d
 out :at def9ite diff]5ce x w make to y 
& me1 at def9ite in/ants ( our life1 if 
?is _w-=mula or t _w-=mula be ! true "o4
  ,!re is absolutely no?+ new 9 !       
pragmatic me?od4 ,socrates 0 an adept at
 x4 ,ari/otle us$ x me?odically4 ,locke1
 ,b]keley & ,hume made mom5t\s          
contributions to tru? by its means4     
,%adwor? ,hodgson keeps insi/+ t        
realities are only :at !y are 'kn[n-z4' 

,b ^! =]unn]s ( pragmatism us$ x 9      
fragm5ts3 !y 7 prelud]s only4 ,n until 9
 our "t has x g5]aliz$ itself1 become   
consci\s ( a univ]sal mission1 pret5d$  
to a conqu]+ de/9y4 ,i believe 9 t      
de/9y1 & ,i hope ,i may end by inspir+ y
 ) my belief4  ,pragmatism repres5ts a  
p]fectly famili> attitude 9 philosophy1 
! empirici/ attitude1 b x repres5ts x1 z
 x seems to me1 bo? 9 a m radical & 9 a 
less objectionable =m ?an x has ev] yet 
assum$4 ,a pragmati/ turns 8 back       
resolutely & once = all ^u a lot (      
invet]ate habits de> to pr(essional     
philosoph]s4 ,he turns away f ab/raction
 & insuffici5cy1 f v]bal solutions1 f   
bad a priori reasons1 f fix$ pr9ciples1 
clos$ sy/ems1 & pret5d$ absolutes &     
orig9s4 ,he turns t[>ds concret5ess &   
adequacy1 t[>ds facts1 t[>ds action1 &  
t[>ds p[]4 ,t means ! empirici/ temp]   
regnant1 & ! rationali/ temp] s9c]ely   
giv5 up4 ,x means ! op5 air &           
possibilities ( nature1 z aga9/ dogma1  
artificiality & ! pret5ce ( f9ality 9   

tru?4  ,at ! same "t x does n /& = any  
special results4 ,x is a me?od only4 ,b 
! g5]al triumph ( t me?od w\ld mean an  
enorm\s *ange 9 :at ,i call$ 9 my la/   
lecture ! 'temp]am5t' ( philosophy4     
,tea*]s ( ! ultra-rationali/ic type w\ld
 be froz5 out1 mu* z ! c\rti] type is   
froz5 out 9 republics1 z ! ultramontane 
type ( prie/ is froz5 out 9 prote/ant   
l&s4 ,sci5ce & metaphysics w\ld come mu*
 ne>] toge!r1 w\ld 9 fact "w absolutely 
h& 9 h&4  ,metaphysics has usually      
foll[$ a v primitive k9d ( que/4 ,y "k  
h[ m5 h always hank]$ aft] unlawful     
magic1 & y "k :at a great "p1 9 magic1  
,,words h always play$4 ,if y h 8 "n1 or
 ! =mula ( incantation t b9ds him1 y c  
control ! _s1 g5ie1 afrite1 or :atev] ! 
p[] may be4 ,solomon knew ! names ( all 
! spirits1 & hav+ _! names1 he held !m  
subject to 8 w4 ,s ! univ]se has always 
appe>$ to ! natural m9d z a k9d (       
enigma1 ( :i* ! key mu/ be s\ght 9 !    
%ape ( "s illum9at+ or p[]-br++ ^w or   
"n4 ,t ^w names ! univ]se's ,,pr9ciple1 

& to possess x is1 aft] a fa%ion1 to    
possess ! univ]se itself4 ',god1'       
',matt]1' ',reason1' '! ,absolute1'     
',en]gy1' are s _m solv+ names4 ,y c re/
 :5 y h !m4 ,y are at ! end ( y\r       
metaphysical que/4  ,b if y foll[ !     
pragmatic me?od1 y _c look on any su* ^w
 z clos+ y\r que/4 ,y mu/ br+ out ( ea* 
^w its practical ca%-value1 set x at "w 
)9 ! /ream ( y\r exp]i5ce4 ,x appe>s    
less z a solution1 !n1 ?an z a program =
 m "w1 & m p>ticul>ly z an indication ( 
! ways 9 :i* exi/+ realities may be     
,,*ang$4  ,,!ories ,,?us ,,become       
,,in/rum5ts1 ,,n ,,answ]s ,,to          
,,enigmas1 ,,9 ,,:i* ,,we ,,c ,,re/4 ,we
 don't lie back ^u !m1 we move =w>d1 &1 
on occasion1 make nature ov] aga9 by _! 
aid4 ,pragmatism un/iff5s all our       
!ories1 limb]s !m up & sets ea* "o at   
"w4 ,be+ no?+ ess5tially new1 x         
h>monizes ) _m anci5t philosophic       
t5d5cies4 ,x agrees ) nom9alism =       
in/ance1 9 always appeal+ to p>ticul>s2 
) utilit>ianism 9 emphasiz+ practical   

aspects2 ) positivism 9 its disda9 =    
v]bal solutions1 useless que/ions1 &    
metaphysical ab/ractions4  ,all ^!1 y   
see1 are ,,anti-,,intellectuali/        
t5d5cies4 ,aga9/ rationalism z a        
pret5sion & a me?od1 pragmatism is fully
 arm$ & militant4 ,b1 at ! outset1 at   
lea/1 x /&s = no p>ticul> results4 ,x   
has no dogmas1 & no doctr9es save its   
me?od4 ,z ! "y ,italian pragmati/ ,pap9i
 has well said1 x lies 9 ! mid/ ( our   
!ories1 l a corridor 9 a hotel4         
,innum]able *amb]s op5 out ( x4 ,9 "o y 
may f9d a man writ+ an a!i/ic volume2 9 
! next someone on 8 knees pray+ = fai? &
 /r5g?2 9 a ?ird a *emi/ inve/igat+ a   
body's prop]ties4 ,9 a f\r? a sy/em (   
ideali/ic metaphysics is be+ excogitat$2
 9 a fif? ! impossibility ( metaphysics 
is be+ %[n4 ,b !y all own ! corridor1 & 
all mu/ pass ?r\gh x if !y want a       
practicable way ( gett+ into or out ( _!
 respective rooms4  ,no p>ticul> results
 !n1 s f>1 b only an attitude (         
ori5tation1 is :at ! pragmatic me?od    

means4 ,,! ,,attitude ,,( ,,look+ ,,away
 ,,f ,,fir/ ,,?+s1 ,,pr9ciples1         
',,categories1' ,,suppos$ ,,necessities2
 ,,& ,,( ,,look+ ,,t[>ds ,,la/ ,,?+s1   
,,fruits1 ,,consequ5ces1 ,,facts4  ,s   
mu* = ! pragmatic me?od6 ,y may say t ,i
 h be5 prais+ x r ?an expla9+ x to y1 b 
,i %all pres5tly expla9 x abundantly    
en\gh by %[+ h[ x works on "s famili>   
problems4 ,mean:ile ! ^w pragmatism has 
come to be us$ 9 a /ill wid] s5se1 z    
mean+ also a c]ta9 !ory ( ,,tru?4 ,i    
mean to give a :ole lecture to ! /atem5t
 ( t !ory1 aft] fir/ pav+ ! way1 s ,i c 
be v brief n[4 ,b brevity is h>d to     
foll[1 s ,i ask = y\r r$\bl$ att5tion = 
a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,if mu* rema9s        
obscure1 ,i hope to make x cle>] 9 !    
lat] lectures4  ,"o ( ! mo/ successfully
 cultivat$ bran*es ( philosophy 9 our "t
 is :at is call$ inductive logic1 ! /udy
 ( ! conditions "u :i* our sci5ces h    
evolv$4 ,writ]s on ?is subject h begun  
to %[ a s+ul> unanimity z to :at ! laws 
( nature & elem5ts ( fact mean1 :5      

=mulat$ by ma!maticians1 physici/s &    
*emi/s4 ,:5 ! fir/ ma!matical1 logical &
 natural uni=mities1 ! fir/ ,,laws1 7   
discov]$1 m5 7 s c>ri$ away by !        
cle>ness1 beauty & simplification t     
result$1 t !y believ$ !mselves to h     
deciph]$ au!ntically ! et]nal ?\ghts ( !
 ,almighty4 ,8 m9d also ?und]$ &        
rev]b]at$ 9 syllogisms4 ,he also ?\ght 9
 conic sections1 squ>es & roots &       
ratios1 & geometriz$ l ,euclid4 ,he made
 ,kepl]'s laws = ! planets to foll[2 he 
made velocity increase proportionally to
 ! "t 9 fall+ bodies2 he made ! law ( ! 
s9es = light to obey :5 refract$2 he    
e/abli%$ ! classes1 ord]s1 families &   
g5]a ( plants & animals1 & fix$ !       
di/ances betwe5 !m4 ,he ?\ght !         
ar*etypes ( all ?+s1 & devis$ _!        
v>iations2 & :5 we r$iscov] any "o ( ^! 
8 wondr\s in/itutions1 we seize 8 m9d 9 
its v lit]al int5tion4  ,b z ! sci5ces h
 develop$ f>!r1 ! notion has ga9$ gr\nd 
t mo/1 p]haps all1 ( our laws are only  
approximations4 ,! laws !mselves1       

moreov]1 h gr[n s num]\s t !re is no    
c\nt+ !m2 & s _m rival =mulations are   
propos$ 9 all ! bran*es ( sci5ce t      
inve/igators h become accu/om$ to !     
notion t no !ory is absolutely a        
transcript ( reality1 b t any "o ( !m   
may f "s po9t ( view be useful4 ,_!     
great use is to summ>ize old facts & to 
lead to new ones4 ,!y are only a        
man-made language1 a conceptual %or?&1 z
 someone calls !m1 9 :i* we write our   
reports ( nature2 & languages1 z is well
 kn[n1 tol]ate mu* *oice ( expression & 
_m dialects4  ,?us human arbitr>9ess has
 driv5 div9e necessity f sci5tific      
logic4 ,if ,i m5tion ! names ( ,sigw>t1 
,ma*1 ,o/wald1 ,pe>son1 ,milhaud1       
,po9c>e1 ,duhem1 ,ruyss51 ^? ( y :o are 
/ud5ts w easily id5tify ! t5d5cy ,i     
speak (1 & w ?9k ( additional names4    
,rid+ n[ on ! front ( ?is wave (        
sci5tific logic ,messrs4 ,s*ill] &      
,dewey appe> ) _! pragmati/ic acc\nt (  
:at tru? ev]y:]e signifies4 ,ev]y:]e1 ^!
 tea*]s say1 'tru?' 9 our ideas &       

beliefs means ! same ?+ t x means 9     
sci5ce4 ,x means1 !y say1 no?+ b ?is1   
,,t ,,ideas 7,,:i* ,,!mselves ,,are ,,b 
,,p>ts ,,( ,,our ,,exp]i5ce7 ,,become   
,,true ,,j ,,9 ,,s ,,f> ,,z ,,!y ,,help 
,,u ,,to ,,get ,,into ,,satisfactory    
,,relation ,,) ,,o!r ,,p>ts ,,( ,,our   
,,exp]i5ce1 to summ>ize !m & get ab\t   
among !m by conceptual %ort-cuts in/ead 
( foll[+ ! int]m9able succession (      
p>ticul> ph5om5a4 ,any idea ^u :i* we c 
ride1 s to speak2 any idea t w c>ry u   
prosp]\sly f any "o "p ( our exp]i5ce to
 any o!r "p1 l9k+ ?+s satisfactorily1   
work+ securely1 simplify+1 sav+ labor2  
is true = j s mu*1 true 9 s f> =?1 true 
,,in/rum5tally4 ,?is is ! 'in/rum5tal'  
view ( tru? taught s successfully at    
,*icago1 ! view t tru? 9 our ideas means
 _! p[] to '"w1' promulgat$ s           
brilliantly at ,ox=d4  ,messrs4 ,dewey1 
,s*ill] & _! allies1 9 rea*+ ?is g5]al  
conception ( all tru?1 h only foll[$ !  
example ( geologi/s1 biologi/s &        
philologi/s4 ,9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ^! o!r   

sci5ces1 ! successful /roke 0 always to 
take "s simple process actually         
obs]vable 9 op]ation--z d5udation by    
wea!r1 say1 or v>iation f p>5tal type1  
or *ange ( dialect by incorporation (   
new words & pronunciations--& !n to     
g5]alize x1 mak+ x apply to all times1 &
 produce great results by summat+ its   
effects ?r\gh ! ages4  ,! obs]vable     
process :i* ,s*ill] & ,dewey p>ticul>ly 
s+l$ out = g5]alization is ! famili> "o 
by :i* any individual settles into ,,new
 ,,op9ions4 ,! process "h is always !   
same4 ,! individual has a /ock ( old    
op9ions already1 b he meets a new       
exp]i5ce t puts !m to a /ra94 ,somebody 
contradicts !m2 or 9 a reflective mom5t 
he discov]s t !y contradict ea* o!r2 or 
he he>s ( facts ) :i* !y are            
incompatible2 or desires arise 9 him :i*
 !y cease to satisfy4 ,! result is an   
inw>d tr\ble to :i* 8 m9d till !n _h be5
 a /rang]1 & f :i* he seeks to escape by
 modify+ 8 previ\s mass ( op9ions4 ,he  
saves z mu* ( x z he c1 = 9 ?is matt] ( 

belief we are all extreme cons]vatives4 
,s he tries to *ange fir/ ?is op9ion1 & 
!n t 7= !y resi/ *ange v v>i\sly71 until
 at la/ "s new idea comes up :i* he c   
graft ^u ! anci5t /ock ) a m9imum (     
di/urbance ( ! latt]1 "s idea t m$iates 
betwe5 ! /ock & ! new exp]i5ce & runs !m
 into "o ano!r mo/ felicit\sly &        
exp$i5tly4  ,?is new idea is !n adopt$ z
 ! true "o4 ,x pres]ves ! old] /ock (   
tru?s ) a m9imum ( modification1 /ret*+ 
!m j en\gh to make !m admit ! novelty1 b
 conceiv+ t 9 ways z famili> z ! case   
leaves possible4 ,an outree explanation1
 violat+ all our preconceptions1 w\ld   
nev] pass = a true acc\nt ( a novelty4  
,we %\ld scrat* r\nd indu/ri\sly till we
 f\nd some?+ less exc5tric4 ,! mo/      
viol5t revolutions 9 an individual's    
beliefs leave mo/ ( 8 old ord] /&+4 ,"t 
& space1 cause & effect1 nature &       
hi/ory1 & "o's own biography rema9      
unt\*$4 ,new tru? is always a g-betwe51 
a smoo!r-ov] ( transitions4 ,x m>ries   
old op9ion to new fact s z ev] to %[ a  

m9imum ( jolt1 a maximum ( cont9uity4   
,we hold a !ory true j 9 proportion to  
its success 9 solv+ ?is 'problem (      
maxima & m9ima4' ,b success 9 solv+ ?is 
problem is em95tly a matt] (            
approximation4 ,we say ?is !ory solves x
 on ! :ole m satisfactorily ?an t !ory2 
b t means m satisfactorily to ourselves1
 & individuals w emphasize _! po9ts (   
satisfaction diff]5tly4 ,to a c]ta9     
degree1 !re=e1 ev]y?+ "h is pla/ic4  ,! 
po9t ,i n[ urge y to obs]ve p>ticul>ly  
is ! "p play$ by ! old] tru?s4 ,failure 
to take acc\nt ( x is ! s\rce ( mu* ( ! 
unju/ criticism level$ aga9/ pragmatism4
 ,_! influ5ce is absolutely controll+4  
,loyalty to !m is ! fir/ pr9ciple--9 mo/
 cases x is ! only pr9ciple2 = by f> !  
mo/ usual way ( h&l+ ph5om5a s novel t  
!y w\ld make = a s]i\s re>rangem5t ( our
 preconceptions is to ignore !m         
altoge!r1 or to abuse ^? :o be> witness 
= !m4  ,y d\btless wi% examples ( ?is   
process ( tru?'s gr[?1 & ! only tr\ble  
is _! sup]abundance4 ,! simple/ case (  

new tru? is ( c\rse ! m]e num]ical      
addition ( new k9ds ( facts1 or ( new   
s+le facts ( old k9ds1 to our           
exp]i5ce--an addition t involves no     
alt]ation 9 ! old beliefs4 ,day foll[s  
day1 & its cont5ts are simply add$4 ,!  
new cont5ts !mselves are n true1 !y     
simply ,,come & ,,are4 ,tru? is :at we  
say ab\t !m1 & :5 we say t !y h come1   
tru? is satisfi$ by ! pla9 additive     
=mula4  ,b (t5 ! day's cont5ts oblige a 
re>rangem5t4 ,if ,i %\ld n[ utt] pi]c+  
%rieks & act l a maniac on ?is plat=m1 x
 w\ld make _m ( y revise y\r ideas z to 
! probable wor? ( my philosophy4        
',radium' came ! o!r day z "p ( ! day's 
cont5t1 & seem$ = a mom5t to contradict 
our ideas ( ! :ole ord] ( nature1 t ord]
 hav+ come to be id5tifi$ ) :at is call$
 ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,! m]e sight (  
radium pay+ heat away indef9itely out ( 
its own pocket seem$ to violate t       
cons]vation4 ,:at to ?9k8 ,if !         
radiations f x 7 no?+ b an escape (     
unsuspect$ 'pot5tial' en]gy1 pre-exi/5t 

inside ( ! atoms1 ! pr9ciple (          
cons]vation w\ld be sav$4 ,! discov]y ( 
'helium' z ! radiation's outcome1 op5$ a
 way to ?is belief4 ,s ,ramsay's view is
 g5]ally held to be true1 because1 al?o 
x ext5ds our old ideas ( en]gy1 x causes
 a m9imum ( alt]ation 9 _! nature4  ,i  
ne$ n multiply in/ances4 ,a new op9ion  
c\nts z 'true' j 9 proportion z x       
gratifies ! individual's desire to      
assimilate ! novel 9 8 exp]i5ce to 8    
beliefs 9 /ock4 ,x mu/ bo? lean on old  
tru? & grasp new fact2 & its success 7z 
,i said a mom5t ago7 9 do+ ?is1 is a    
matt] = ! individual's appreciation4 ,:5
 old tru? gr[s1 !n1 by new tru?'s       
addition1 x is = subjective reasons4 ,we
 are 9 ! process & obey ! reasons4 ,t   
new idea is true/ :i* p]=ms mo/         
felicit\sly its function ( satisfy+ our 
d\ble urg5cy4 ,x makes itself true1 gets
 itself class$ z true1 by ! way x works2
 graft+ itself !n ^u ! anci5t body (    
tru?1 :i* ?us gr[s mu* z a tree gr[s by 
! activity ( a new lay] ( cambium4  ,n[ 

,dewey & ,s*ill] proce$ to g5]alize ?is 
obs]vation & to apply x to ! mo/ anci5t 
p>ts ( tru?4 ,!y also once 7 pla/ic4 ,!y
 also 7 call$ true = human reasons4 ,!y 
also m$iat$ betwe5 /ill e>li] tru?s &   
:at 9 ^? days 7 novel obs]vations4      
,purely objective tru?1 tru? 9 ^:       
e/abli%m5t ! function ( giv+ human      
satisfaction 9 m>ry+ previ\s p>ts (     
exp]i5ce ) new] p>ts play$ no role      
:atev]1 is n[h]e to be f\nd4 ,! reasons 
:y we call ?+s true is ! reason :y !y   
,,are true1 = 'to be true' ,,means only 
to p]=m ?is m>riage-function4  ,! trail 
( ! human s]p5t is ?us ov] ev]y?+4 ,tru?
 indep5d5t2 tru? t we ,,f9d m]ely2 tru? 
no long] malleable to human ne$2 tru?   
incorrigible1 9 a ^w2 su* tru? exi/s    
inde$ sup]abundantly--or is suppos$ to  
exi/ by rationali/ically m9d$ ?9k]s2 b  
!n x means only ! dead he>t ( ! liv+    
tree1 & its be+ !re means only t tru?   
also has its paleontology & its         
'prescription1' & may gr[ /iff ) ye>s ( 
vet]an s]vice & petrifi$ 9 m5's reg>d by

 %e] antiquity4 ,b h[ pla/ic ev5 ! olde/
 tru?s nev]!less really are has be5     
vividly %[n 9 our day by ! trans=mation 
( logical & ma!matical ideas1 a         
trans=mation :i* seems ev5 to be invad+ 
physics4 ,! anci5t =mulas are re9t]pret$
 z special expressions ( mu* wid]       
pr9ciples1 pr9ciples t our ance/ors nev]
 got a glimpse ( 9 _! pres5t %ape &     
=mulation4  ,mr4 ,s*ill] /ill gives to  
all ?is view ( tru? ! "n ( ',humanism1' 
b1 = ?is doctr9e too1 ! "n ( pragmatism 
seems fairly to be 9 ! asc5dant1 s ,i w 
treat x "u ! "n ( pragmatism 9 ^!       
lectures4  ,su* !n w\ld be ! scope (    
pragmatism--fir/1 a me?od2 & second1 a  
g5etic !ory ( :at is meant by tru?4 ,&  
^! two ?+s mu/ be our future topics4    
,:at ,i h said ( ! !ory ( tru? w1 ,i am 
sure1 h appe>$ obscure & unsatisfactory 
to mo/ ( y by reason ( u brevity4 ,i    
%all make am5ds = t h]eaft]4 ,9 a       
lecture on 'common s5se' ,i %all try to 
%[ :at ,i mean by tru?s gr[n petrifi$ by
 antiquity4 ,9 ano!r lecture ,i %all    

expatiate on ! idea t our ?\ghts become 
true 9 proportion z !y successfully ex]t
 _! g-betwe5 function4 ,9 a ?ird ,i %all
 %[ h[ h>d x is to discrim9ate          
subjective f objective factors 9 ,tru?'s
 developm5t4 ,y may n foll[ me :olly 9  
^! lectures2 & if y d1 y may n :olly    
agree ) me4 ,b y w1 ,i "k1 reg>d me at  
lea/ z s]i\s1 & treat my ef=t )         
respectful consid]ation4  ,y w probably 
be surpris$ to le>n1 !n1 t ,messrs4     
,s*ill]'s & ,dewey's !ories h suff]$ a  
hail/orm ( contempt & ridicule4 ,all    
rationalism has ris5 aga9/ !m4 ,9       
influ5tial qu>t]s ,mr4 ,s*ill]1 9       
p>ticul>1 has be5 treat$ l an impud5t   
s*oolboy :o des]ves a spank+4 ,i %\ld n 
m5tion ?is1 b = ! fact t x ?r[s s mu*   
sidelight ^u t rationali/ic temp] to :i*
 ,i h oppos$ ! temp] ( pragmatism4      
,pragmatism is uncom=table away f facts4
 ,rationalism is com=table only 9 !     
pres5ce ( ab/ractions4 ,?is pragmati/   
talk ab\t tru?s 9 ! plural1 ab\t _!     
utility & satisfactor9ess1 ab\t !       

success ) :i* !y '"w1' etc41 sugge/s to 
! typical intellectuali/ m9d a sort (   
co>se lame second-rate make%ift article 
( tru?4 ,su* tru?s are n real tru?4 ,su*
 te/s are m]ely subjective4 ,z aga9/    
?is1 objective tru? mu/ be some?+       
non-utilit>ian1 haughty1 ref9$1 remote1 
augu/1 exalt$4 ,x mu/ be an absolute    
correspond5ce ( our ?\ghts ) an equally 
absolute reality4 ,x mu/ be :at we      
,,ought to ?9k1 unconditionally4 ,!     
condition$ ways 9 :i* we ,,d ?9k are s  
mu* irrelevance & matt] = psy*ology4    
,d[n ) psy*ology1 up ) logic1 9 all ?is 
"q6  ,see ! exquisite contra/ ( ! types 
( m9d6 ,! pragmati/ cl+s to facts &     
concret5ess1 obs]ves tru? at its "w 9   
p>ticul> cases1 & g5]alizes4 ,tru?1 =   
him1 becomes a class-"n = all sorts (   
def9ite work+-values 9 exp]i5ce4 ,= !   
rationali/ x rema9s a pure ab/raction1  
to ! b>e "n ( :i* we mu/ def]4 ,:5 !    
pragmati/ und]takes to %[ 9 detail j    
,,:y we mu/ def]1 ! rationali/ is unable
 to recognize ! concretes f :i* 8 own   

ab/raction is tak54 ,he accuses u (     
,,d5y+ tru?2 :]eas we h only s\ght to   
trace exactly :y p foll[ x & always     
ought to foll[ x4 ,y\r typical          
ultra-ab/ractioni/ fairly %udd]s at     
concret5ess3 o!r ?+s equal1 he          
positively pref]s ! pale & spectral4 ,if
 ! two univ]ses 7 (f]$1 he w\ld always  
*oose ! sk9ny outl9e r ?an ! ri* ?icket 
( reality4 ,x is s mu* pur]1 cle>]1     
nobl]4  ,i hope t z ^! lectures g on1 ! 
concret5ess & clos5ess to facts ( !     
pragmatism :i* !y advocate may be :at   
approves itself to y z its mo/          
satisfactory peculi>ity4 ,x only foll[s 
"h ! example ( ! si/]-sci5ces1 int]pret+
 ! unobs]v$ by ! obs]v$4 ,x br+s old &  
new h>moni\sly toge!r4 ,x conv]ts !     
absolutely empty notion ( a /atic       
relation ( 'correspond5ce' 7:at t may   
mean we mu/ ask lat]7 betwe5 our m9ds & 
reality1 into t ( a ri* & active comm]ce
 7t anyone may foll[ 9 detail & und]/&7 
betwe5 p>ticul> ?\ghts ( ours1 & ! great
 univ]se ( o!r exp]i5ces 9 :i* !y play  

_! p>ts & h _! uses4  ,b en\gh ( ?is at 
pres5t8 ,! ju/ification ( :at ,i say mu/
 be po/pon$4 ,i wi% n[ to add a ^w 9    
fur!r explanation ( ! claim ,i made at  
our la/ meet+1 t pragmatism may be a    
happy h>moniz] ( empirici/ ways ( ?9k+1 
) ! m religi\s dem&s ( human be+s4  ,m5 
:o are /rongly ( ! fact-lov+ temp]am5t1 
y may rememb] me to h said1 are liable  
to be kept at a di/ance by ! small      
sympa?y ) facts :i* t philosophy f !    
pres5t-day fa%ion ( idealism (f]s !m4 ,x
 is f> too intellectuali/ic4 ,old       
fa%ion$ !ism 0 bad en\gh1 ) its notion (
 ,god z an exalt$ mon>*1 made up ( a lot
 ( un9telligible or prepo/]\s           
'attributes'2 b1 s long z x held /rongly
 by ! argum5t f design1 x kept "s t\* ) 
concrete realities4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1       
d>w9ism has once = all displac$ design f
 ! m9ds ( ! 'sci5tific1' !ism has lo/ t 
foo?old2 & "s k9d ( an imman5t or       
pan!i/ic deity work+ ,,9 ?+s r ?an above
 !m is1 if any1 ! k9d recomm5d$ to our  
contempor>y imag9ation4 ,aspirants to a 

philosophic religion turn1 z a rule1 m  
hopefully n[adays t[>ds ideali/ic       
pan!ism ?an t[>ds ! old] duali/ic !ism1 
9 spite ( ! fact t ! latt] /ill c\nts   
able def5d]s4  ,b1 z ,i said 9 my fir/  
lecture1 ! br& ( pan!ism (f]$ is h>d =  
!m to assimilate if !y are lov]s (      
facts1 or empirically m9d$4 ,x is !     
absoluti/ic br&1 spurn+ ! du/ & re>$ ^u 
pure logic4 ,x keeps no connexion :atev]
 ) concret5ess4 ,affirm+ ! ,absolute    
,m9d1 :i* is its sub/itute = ,god1 to be
 ! rational presupposition ( all        
p>ticul>s ( fact1 :atev] !y may be1 x   
rema9s supremely indiff]5t to :at !     
p>ticul> facts 9 our _w actually are4   
,be !y :at !y may1 ! ,absolute w fa!r   
!m4 ,l ! sick lion 9 ,esop's fable1 all 
footpr9ts lead into 8 d51 b nulla       
ve/igia retrorsum4 ,y _c r$esc5d into ! 
_w ( p>ticul>s by ! ,absolute's aid1 or 
d$uce any necess>y consequ5ces ( detail 
important = y\r life f y\r idea ( 8     
nature4 ,he gives y inde$ ! assurance t 
all is well ) ,him1 & = 8 et]nal way (  

?9k+2 b !reupon he leaves y to be       
f9itely sav$ by y\r own temporal        
devices4  ,f> be x f me to d5y ! maje/y 
( ?is conception1 or its capacity to    
yield religi\s com=t to a mo/           
respectable class ( m9ds4 ,b f ! human  
po9t ( view1 no "o c pret5d t x doesn't 
suff] f ! faults ( remot5ess &          
ab/ractness4 ,x is em95tly a product (  
:at ,i h v5tur$ to call ! rationali/ic  
temp]4 ,x disda9s empiricism's ne$s4 ,x 
sub/itutes a pallid outl9e = ! real _w's
 ri*ness4 ,x is dapp]2 x is noble 9 !   
bad s5se1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* to be noble is 
to be inapt = humble s]vice4 ,9 ?is real
 _w ( sweat & dirt1 x seems to me t :5 a
 view ( ?+s is 'noble1' t ought to c\nt 
z a presumption aga9/ its tru?1 & z a   
philosophic disqualification4 ,! pr9ce (
 d>kness may be a g5tleman1 z we are    
told he is1 b :atev] ! ,god ( e>? &     
heav5 is1 he c surely be no g5tleman4 ,8
 m5ial s]vices are ne$$ 9 ! du/ ( our   
human trials1 ev5 m ?an 8 dignity is    
ne$$ 9 ! empyrean4  ,n[ pragmatism1     

devot$ ?o %e be to facts1 has no su*    
mat]iali/ic bias z ord9>y empiricism    
labors "u4 ,moreov]1 %e has no objection
 :atev] to ! realiz+ ( ab/ractions1 s   
long z y get ab\t among p>ticul>s ) _!  
aid & !y actually c>ry y some:]e4       
,int]e/$ 9 no conclusions b ^? :i* our  
m9ds & our exp]i5ces "w out toge!r1 %e  
has no a priori prejudices aga9/ !ology4
 ,,if ,,!ological ,,ideas ,,prove ,,to  
,,h ,a ,,value ,,= ,,concrete ,,life1   
,,!y ,,w ,,be ,,true1 ,,= ,,pragmatism1 
,,9 ,,! ,,s5se ,,( ,,be+ ,,good ,,= ,,s 
,,mu*4 ,,= ,,h[ ,,mu* ,,m ,,!y ,,are    
,,true1 ,,w ,,dep5d ,,entirely ,,on ,,_!
 ,,relations ,,to ,,! ,,o!r ,,tru?s ,,t 
,,also ,,h ,,to ,,be ,,ackn[l$g$4  ,:at 
,i said j n[ ab\t ! ,absolute (         
transc5d5tal idealism is a case 9 po9t4 
,fir/1 ,i call$ x maje/ic & said x      
yield$ religi\s com=t to a class ( m9ds1
 & !n ,i accus$ x ( remot5ess & /]ility4
 ,b s f> z x af=ds su* com=t1 x surely  
is n /]ile2 x has t am\nt ( value2 x    
p]=ms a concrete function4 ,z a good    

pragmati/1 ,i myself ought to call !    
,absolute true '9 s f> =?1' !n2 & ,i    
unhesitat+ly n[ d s4  ,b :at does ,,true
 ,,9 ,,s ,,f> ,,=? mean 9 ?is case8 ,to 
answ]1 we ne$ only apply ! pragmatic    
me?od4 ,:at d believ]s 9 ! ,absolute    
mean by say+ t _! belief af=ds !m com=t8
 ,!y mean t s9ce 9 ! ,absolute f9ite    
evil is 'ov]rul$' already1 we may1      
!re=e1 :5ev] we wi%1 treat ! temporal z 
if x 7 pot5tially ! et]nal1 be sure t we
 c tru/ its outcome1 &1 )\t s91 dismiss 
our fe> & drop ! worry ( our f9ite      
responsibility4 ,9 %ort1 !y mean t we h 
a "r ev] & anon to take a moral holiday1
 to let ! _w wag 9 its own way1 feel+ t 
its issues are 9 bett] h&s ?an ours &   
are none ( our bus9ess4  ,! univ]se is a
 sy/em ( :i* ! individual memb]s may    
relax _! anxieties occasionally1 9 :i* !
 don't-c>e mood is also "r = m51 & moral
 holidays 9 ord]--t1 if ,i mi/ake n1 is 
"p1 at lea/1 ( :at ! ,absolute is       
'kn[n-z1' t is ! great diff]5ce 9 our   
p>ticul> exp]i5ces :i* 8 be+ true makes 

= u1 t is "p ( 8 ca%-value :5 he is     
pragmatically int]pret$4 ,f>!r ?an t !  
ord9>y lay-read] 9 philosophy :o ?9ks   
favorably ( absolute idealism does n    
v5ture to %>p5 8 conceptions4 ,he c use 
! ,absolute = s mu*1 & s mu* is v       
preci\s4 ,he is pa9$ at he>+ y speak    
incr$ul\sly ( ! ,absolute1 !re=e1 &     
disreg>ds y\r criticisms because !y deal
 ) aspects ( ! conception t he fails to 
foll[4  ,if ! ,absolute means ?is1 &    
means no m ?an ?is1 :o c possibly d5y ! 
tru? ( x8 ,to d5y x w\ld be to insi/ t  
m5 %\ld nev] relax1 & t holidays are    
nev] 9 ord]4 ,i am well aw>e h[ odd x   
mu/ seem to "s ( y to he> me say t an   
idea is 'true' s long z to believe x is 
pr(itable to our lives4 ,t x is ,,good1 
= z mu* z x pr(its1 y w gladly admit4   
,if :at we d by its aid is good1 y w    
all[ ! idea itself to be good 9 s f> =?1
 = we are ! bett] = possess+ x4 ,b is x 
n a /range misuse ( ! ^w 'tru?1' y w    
say1 to call ideas also 'true' = ?is    
reason8  ,to answ] ?is difficulty fully 

is impossible at ?is /age ( my acc\nt4  
,y t\* "h ^u ! v c5tral po9t ( ,messrs4 
,s*ill]'s1 ,dewey's & my own doctr9e (  
tru?1 :i* ,i _c discuss ) detail until  
my six? lecture4 ,let me n[ say only    
?is1 t tru? is ,,"o ,,species ,,(       
,,good1 & n1 z is usually suppos$1 a    
category di/9ct f good1 & co-ord9ate )  
x4 ,,! ,,true ,,is ,,! ,,"n ,,( ,,:atev]
 ,,proves ,,itself ,,to ,,be ,,good ,,9 
,,! ,,way ,,( ,,belief1 ,,& ,,good1     
,,too1 ,,= ,,def9ite1 ,,assignable      
,,reasons4 ,surely y mu/ admit ?is1 t if
 !re 7 ,,no good = life 9 true ideas1 or
 if ! k ( !m 7 positively disadvantage\s
 & false ideas ! only useful ones1 !n ! 
curr5t notion t tru? is div9e & preci\s1
 & its pursuit a duty1 c\ld nev] h gr[n 
up or become a dogma4 ,9 a _w l t1 our  
duty w\ld be to ,,%un tru?1 r4 ,b 9 ?is 
_w1 j z c]ta9 foods are n only agreeable
 to our ta/e1 b good = our tee?1 our    
/oma* & our tissues2 s c]ta9 ideas are n
 only agreeable to ?9k ab\t1 or         
agreeable z support+ o!r ideas t we are 

fond (1 b !y are also helpful 9 life's  
practical /ruggles4 ,if !re be any life 
t x is really bett] we %\ld lead1 & if  
!re be any idea :i*1 if believ$ 91 w\ld 
help u to lead t life1 !n x w\ld be     
really ,,bett] ,,= ,,u to believe 9 t   
idea1 ,,unless1 ,,inde$1 ,,belief ,,9   
,,x ,,incid5tally ,,cla%$ ,,) ,,o!r     
,,great] ,,vital ,,b5efits4  ',:at w\ld 
be bett] = u to believe'6 ,?is s\nds v l
 a def9ition ( tru?4 ,x comes v ne> to  
say+ ':at we ,,ought to believe'3 & 9   
,,t def9ition none ( y w\ld f9d any     
oddity4 ,ought we ev] n to believe :at x
 is ,,bett] ,,= ,,u to believe8 ,& c we 
!n keep ! notion ( :at is bett] = u1 &  
:at is true = u1 p]man5tly ap>t8        
,pragmatism says no1 & ,i fully agree ) 
h]4 ,probably y also agree1 s f> z !    
ab/ract /atem5t goes1 b ) a suspicion t 
if we practically did believe ev]y?+ t  
made = good 9 our own p]sonal lives1 we 
%\ld be f\nd indulg+ all k9ds ( fancies 
ab\t ?is _w's affairs1 & all k9ds (     
s5tim5tal sup]/itions ab\t a _w h]eaft]4

 ,y\r suspicion "h is und\bt$ly well    
f\nd$1 & x is evid5t t some?+ happ5s :5 
y pass f ! ab/ract to ! concrete1 t     
complicates ! situation4  ,i said j n[ t
 :at is bett] = u to believe is true    
,,unless ,,! ,,belief ,,incid5tally     
,,cla%es ,,) ,,"s ,,o!r ,,vital         
,,b5efit4 ,n[ 9 real life :at vital     
b5efits is any p>ticul> belief ( ours   
mo/ liable to cla% )8 ,:at inde$ except 
! vital b5efits yield$ by ,,o!r         
,,beliefs :5 ^! prove incompatible ) !  
fir/ ones8 ,9 o!r words1 ! greate/ enemy
 ( any "o ( our tru?s may be ! re/ ( our
 tru?s4 ,tru?s h once = all ?is desp]ate
 in/9ct ( self-pres]vation & ( desire to
 ext+ui% :atev] contradicts !m4 ,my     
belief 9 ! ,absolute1 bas$ on ! good x  
does me1 mu/ run ! gauntlet ( all my o!r
 beliefs4 ,grant t x may be true 9 giv+ 
me a moral holiday4 ,nev]!less1 z ,i    
conceive x1--& let me speak n[          
confid5tially1 z x 71 & m]ely 9 my own  
private p]son1--x cla%es ) o!r tru?s (  
m9e ^: b5efits ,i hate to give up on its

 acc\nt4 ,x happ5s to be associat$ ) a  
k9d ( logic ( :i* ,i am ! enemy1 ,i f9d 
t x entangles me 9 metaphysical p>adoxes
 t are inacceptable1 etc41 etc44 ,b z ,i
 h en\gh tr\ble 9 life already )\t add+ 
! tr\ble ( c>ry+ ^! intellectual        
inconsi/5cies1 ,i p]sonally j give up ! 
,absolute4 ,i j ,,take my moral         
holidays2 or else z a pr(essional       
philosoph]1 ,i try to ju/ify !m by "s   
o!r pr9ciple4  ,if ,i c\ld re/rict my   
notion ( ! ,absolute to its b>e         
holiday-giv+ value1 x w\ldn't cla% ) my 
o!r tru?s4 ,b we _c easily ?us re/rict  
our hypo!ses4 ,!y c>ry sup]num]>y       
features1 & ^! x is t cla% s4 ,my       
disbelief 9 ! ,absolute means !n        
disbelief 9 ^? o!r sup]num]>y features1 
= ,i fully believe 9 ! legitimacy ( tak+
 moral holidays4  ,y see by ?is :at ,i  
meant :5 ,i call$ pragmatism a m$iator &
 reconcil] & said1 borr[+ ! ^w f ,pap9i1
 t he un/iff5s our !ories4 ,%e has 9    
fact no prejudices :atev]1 no ob/ructive
 dogmas1 no rigid canons ( :at %all c\nt

 z pro(4 ,%e is completely g5ial4 ,%e w 
ent]ta9 any hypo!sis1 %e w consid] any  
evid5ce4 ,x foll[s t 9 ! religi\s field 
%e is at a great advantage bo? ov]      
positivi/ic empiricism1 ) its           
anti-!ological bias1 & ov] religi\s     
rationalism1 ) its exclusive int]e/ 9 ! 
remote1 ! noble1 ! simple1 & ! ab/ract 9
 ! way ( conception4  ,9 %ort1 %e wid5s 
! field ( se>* = ,god4 ,rationalism     
/icks to logic & ! empyrean4 ,empiricism
 /icks to ! ext]nal s5ses4 ,pragmatism  
is will+ to take any?+1 to foll[ ei!r   
logic or ! s5ses1 & to c\nt ! humble/ & 
mo/ p]sonal exp]i5ces4 ,%e w c\nt       
my/ical exp]i5ces if !y h practical     
consequ5ces4 ,%e w take a ,god :o lives 
9 ! v dirt ( private fact-if t %\ld seem
 a likely place to f9d him4  ,h] only   
te/ ( probable tru? is :at works be/ 9 !
 way ( lead+ u1 :at fits e "p ( life be/
 & comb9es ) ! collectivity ( exp]i5ce's
 dem&s1 no?+ be+ omitt$4 ,if !ological  
ideas %\ld d ?is1 if ! notion ( ,god1 9 
p>ticul>1 %\ld prove to d x1 h[ c\ld    

pragmatism possibly d5y ,god's exi/5ce8 
,%e c\ld see no mean+ 9 treat+ z 'n     
true' a notion t 0 pragmatically s      
successful4 ,:at o!r k9d ( tru? c\ld !re
 be1 = h]1 ?an all ?is agreem5t )       
concrete reality8  ,9 my la/ lecture ,i 
%all return aga9 to ! relations (       
pragmatism ) religion4 ,b y see already 
h[ democratic %e is4 ,h] mann]s are z   
v>i\s & flexible1 h] res\rces z ri* &   
endless1 & h] conclusions z fri5dly z ^?
 ( "m nature4     ,lecture ,,iii  ,"s   
,metaphysical ,problems ,pragmatically  
,consid]$  ,i am n[ to make ! pragmatic 
me?od m famili> by giv+ y "s            
illu/rations ( its application to       
p>ticul> problems4 ,i w beg9 ) :at is   
drie/1 & ! fir/ ?+ ,i %all take w be !  
problem ( ,sub/ance4 ,ev]yone uses ! old
 di/9ction betwe5 sub/ance & attribute1 
en%r9$ z x is 9 ! v /ructure ( human    
language1 9 ! diff]5ce betwe5           
grammatical subject & pr$icate4 ,"h is a
 bit ( blackbo>d crayon4 ,its modes1    
attributes1 prop]ties1 accid5ts1 or     

affections1--use :i* t]m y w1--are      
:it5ess1 friability1 cyl9drical %ape1   
insolubility 9 wat]1 etc41 etc4 ,b !    
be>] ( ^! attributes is s mu* *alk1 :i* 
!reupon is call$ ! sub/ance 9 :i* !y    
inh]e4 ,s ! attributes ( ?is desk inh]e 
9 ! sub/ance 'wood1' ^? ( my coat 9 !   
sub/ance 'wool1' & s =?4 ,*alk1 wood &  
wool1 %[ aga91 9 spite ( _! diff]5ces1  
common prop]ties1 & 9 s f> =? !y are    
!mselves c\nt$ z modes ( a /ill m primal
 sub/ance1 matt]1 ! attributes ( :i* are
 space occupancy & imp5etrability4      
,simil>ly our ?\ghts & feel+s are       
affections or prop]ties ( our sev]al    
s\ls1 :i* are sub/ances1 b aga9 n :olly 
9 _! own "r1 = !y are modes ( ! /ill    
deep] sub/ance '_s4'  ,n[ x 0 v e>ly se5
 t all we "k ( ! *alk is ! :it5ess1     
friability1 etc41 all ,,we ,,"k ( ! wood
 is ! combu/ibility & fibr\s /ructure4  
,a gr\p ( attributes is :at ea* sub/ance
 "h is kn[n-z1 !y =m its sole ca%-value 
= our actual exp]i5ce4 ,! sub/ance is 9 
e case reveal$ ?r\gh ,,!m2 if we 7 cut  

(f f ,,!m we %\ld nev] suspect its      
exi/5ce2 & if ,god %\ld keep s5d+ !m to 
u 9 an un*ang$ ord]1 miracul\sly        
annihilat+ at a c]ta9 mom5t ! sub/ance t
 support$ !m1 we nev] c\ld detect !     
mom5t1 = our exp]i5ces !mselves w\ld be 
unalt]$4 ,nom9ali/s accord+ly adopt !   
op9ion t sub/ance is a spuri\s idea due 
to our invet]ate human trick ( turn+    
names into ?+s4 ,ph5om5a come 9 gr\ps--!
 *alk-gr\p1 ! wood-gr\p1 etc4--& ea*    
gr\p gets its "n4 ,! "n we !n treat z 9 
a way support+ ! gr\p ( ph5om5a4 ,! l[  
!rmomet] to-day1 = in/ance1 is suppos$  
to come f some?+ call$ ! 'climate4'     
,climate is really only ! "n = a c]ta9  
gr\p ( days1 b x is treat$ z if x lay   
,,beh9d ! day1 & 9 g5]al we place ! "n1 
z if x 7 a be+1 beh9d ! facts x is ! "n 
(4 ,b ! ph5om5al prop]ties ( ?+s1       
nom9ali/s say1 surely d n really inh]e 9
 names1 & if n 9 names !n !y d n inh]e 9
 any?+4 ,!y ,a,dhere1 or ,c,ohere1 r1   
,,) ,,ea* ,,o!r1 & ! notion ( a sub/ance
 inaccessible to u1 :i* we ?9k acc\nts =

 su* cohesion by support+ x1 z cem5t    
might support pieces ( mosaic1 mu/ be   
ab&on$4 ,! fact ( ! b>e cohesion itself 
is all t ! notion ( ! sub/ance          
signifies4 ,beh9d t fact is no?+4       
,s*ola/icism has tak5 ! notion (        
sub/ance f common s5se & made x v       
te*nical & articulate4 ,few ?+s w\ld    
seem to h few] pragmatic consequ5ces = u
 ?an sub/ances1 cut (f z we are f e     
contact ) !m4 ,yet 9 "o case s*ola/icism
 has prov$ ! importance ( !             
sub/ance-idea by treat+ x pragmatically4
 ,i ref] to c]ta9 disputes ab\t ! my/]y 
( ! ,eu*>i/4 ,sub/ance "h w\ld appe> to 
h mom5t\s pragmatic value4 ,s9ce !      
accid5ts ( ! waf] don't *ange 9 ! ,"l's 
supp]1 & yet x has become ! v body (    
,*ri/1 x mu/ be t ! *ange is 9 !        
sub/ance solely4 ,! bread-sub/ance mu/ h
 be5 )drawn1 & ! div9e sub/ance         
sub/itut$ miracul\sly )\t alt]+ !       
imm$iate s5sible prop]ties4 ,b ?o ^!    
don't alt]1 a trem5d\s diff]5ce has be5 
made1 no less a "o ?an ?is1 t we :o take

 ! sacram5t1 n[ fe$ ^u ! v sub/ance (   
div9ity4 ,! sub/ance-notion breaks into 
life1 !n1 ) trem5d\s effect1 if once y  
all[ t sub/ances c sep>ate f _!         
accid5ts1 & ex*ange ^! latt]4  ,?is is !
 only pragmatic application ( !         
sub/ance-idea ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$2 & x 
is obvi\s t x w only be treat$ s]i\sly  
by ^? :o already believe 9 ! 'real      
pres5ce' on indep5d5t gr\nds4  ,,mat]ial
 ,,sub/ance 0 criticiz$ by ,b]keley )   
su* tell+ effect t 8 "n has rev]b]at$   
?r\gh all subsequ5t philosophy4         
,b]keley's treatm5t ( ! notion ( matt]  
is s well kn[n z to ne$ h>dly m ?an a   
m5tion4 ,s f> f d5y+ ! ext]nal _w :i* we
 "k1 ,b]keley corroborat$ x4 ,x 0 !     
s*ola/ic notion ( a mat]ial sub/ance    
unapproa*able by u1 ,,beh9d ! ext]nal   
_w1 deep] & m real ?an x1 & ne$$ to     
support x1 :i* ,b]keley ma9ta9$ to be ! 
mo/ effective ( all r$uc]s ( ! ext]nal  
_w to unreality4 ,aboli% t sub/ance1 he 
said1 believe t ,god1 :om y c und]/& &  
approa*1 s5ds y ! s5sible _w directly1 &

 y confirm ! latt] & back x up by 8     
div9e au?ority4 ,b]keley's criticism (  
'matt]' 0 consequ5tly absolutely        
pragmati/ic4 ,matt] is kn[n z our       
s5sations ( col\r1 figure1 h>dness & !  
l4 ,!y are ! ca%-value ( ! t]m4 ,!      
diff]5ce matt] makes to u by truly be+  
is t we !n get su* s5sations2 by n be+1 
is t we lack !m4 ,^! s5sations !n are   
its sole mean+4 ,b]keley doesn't d5y    
matt]1 !n2 he simply tells u :at x      
consi/s (4 ,x is a true "n = j s mu* 9 !
 way ( s5sations4  ,locke1 & lat] ,hume1
 appli$ a simil> pragmatic criticism to 
! notion ( ,,spiritual ,,sub/ance4 ,i w 
only m5tion ,locke's treatm5t ( our     
'p]sonal id5tity4' ,he imm$iately r$uces
 ?is notion to its pragmatic value 9    
t]ms ( exp]i5ce4 ,x means1 he says1 s   
mu* consci\sness1' namely ! fact t at "o
 mom5t ( life we rememb] o!r mom5ts1 &  
feel !m all z p>ts ( "o & ! same p]sonal
 hi/ory4 ,rationalism _h expla9$ ?is    
practical cont9uity 9 our life by !     
unity ( our s\l-sub/ance4 ,b ,locke     

says3 suppose t ,god %\ld take away !   
consci\sness1 %\ld ,,we be any ! bett] =
 hav+ /ill ! s\l-pr9ciple8 ,suppose he  
annex$ ! same consci\sness to diff]5t   
s\ls1  %\ld we1 z ,,we realize          
,,ourselves1 be any ! worse = t fact8 ,9
 ,locke's day ! s\l 0 *iefly a ?+ to be 
rew>d$ or puni%$4 ,see h[ ,locke1       
discuss+ x f ?is po9t ( view1 keeps ! "q
 pragmatic3  ,suppose1 he says1 "o to   
?9k himself to be ! same s\l t once 0   
,ne/or or ,!rsites4 ,c he ?9k _! actions
 8 own any m ?an ! actions ( any o!r man
 t ev] exi/$8 ,b  let him once f9d      
himself ,,consci\s ( any ( ! actions (  
,ne/or1 he !n f9ds himself ! same p]son 
) ,ne/or4 444 ,9 ?is p]sonal id5tity is 
f\nd$ all ! "r & ju/ice ( rew>d &       
puni%m5t4 ,x may be reasonable to ?9k1  
no "o %all be made to answ] = :at he    
kn[s no?+ (1 b %all receive 8 doom1 8   
consci\sness accus+ or excus+4 ,suppos+ 
a man puni%$ n[ = :at he _h done 9 ano!r
 life1 :]e( he c\ld be made to h no     
consci\sness at all1 :at diff]5ce is !re

 betwe5 t puni%m5t & be+ creat$         
mis]able8  ,our p]sonal id5tity1 !n1    
consi/s1 = ,locke1 solely 9             
pragmatically def9able p>ticul>s4 ,:e!r1
 ap>t f ^! v]ifiable facts1 x also      
inh]es 9 a spiritual pr9ciple1 is a     
m]ely curi\s speculation4 ,locke1       
compromis] t he 01 passively tol]at$ !  
belief 9 a sub/antial s\l beh9d our     
consci\sness4 ,b 8 successor ,hume1 &   
mo/ empirical psy*ologi/s aft] him1 h   
d5i$ ! s\l1 save z ! "n = v]ifiable     
cohesions 9 our inn] life4 ,!y r$esc5d  
into ! /ream ( exp]i5ce ) x1 & ca% x    
into s mu* small-*ange value 9 ! way (  
'ideas' & _! peculi> connexions ) ea*   
o!r4 ,z ,i said ( ,b]keley's matt]1 !   
s\l is good or 'true' = j ,,s ,,mu*1 b  
no m4  ,! m5tion ( mat]ial sub/ance     
naturally sugge/s ! doctr9e (           
'mat]ialism1' b philosophical mat]ialism
 is n necess>ily knit up ) belief 9     
'matt]1' z a metaphysical pr9ciple4 ,"o 
may d5y matt] 9 t s5se1 z /rongly z     
,b]keley did1 "o may be a ph5om5ali/ l  

,huxley1 & yet "o may /ill be a         
mat]iali/ 9 ! wid] s5se1 ( expla9+ high]
 ph5om5a by l[] ones1 & leav+ ! de/9ies 
( ! _w at ! m]cy ( its bl9d] p>ts &     
=ces4 ,x is 9 ?is wid] s5se ( ! ^w t    
mat]ialism is oppos$ to spiritualism or 
!ism4 ,! laws ( physical nature are :at 
run ?+s1 mat]ialism says4 ,! highe/     
productions ( human g5ius might be      
ciph]$ by "o :o _h complete acqua9tance 
) ! facts1 out ( _! physiological       
conditions1 reg>dless :e!r nature be !re
 only = our m9ds1 z ideali/s cont5d1 or 
n4 ,our m9ds 9 any case w\ld h to record
 ! k9d ( nature x is1 & write x d[n z   
op]at+ ?r\gh bl9d laws ( physics4 ,?is  
is ! complexion ( pres5t day mat]ialism1
 :i* may bett] be call$ naturalism4 ,ov]
 aga9/ x /&s '!ism1' or :at 9 a wide    
s5se may be t]m$ 'spiritualism4'        
,spiritualism says t m9d n only         
witnesses & records ?+s1 b also runs &  
op]ates !m3 ! _w be+ ?us guid$1 n by its
 l[]1 b by its high] elem5t4  ,treat$ z 
x (t5 is1 ?is "q becomes little m ?an a 

conflict betwe5 ae/hetic pref]5ces4     
,matt] is gross1 co>se1 crass1 muddy2 _s
 is pure1 elevat$1 noble2 & s9ce x is m 
consonant ) ! dignity ( ! univ]se to    
give ! primacy 9 x to :at appe>s        
sup]ior1 _s mu/ be affirm$ z ! rul+     
pr9ciple4 ,to treat ab/ract pr9ciples z 
f9alities1 be=e :i* our intellects may  
come to re/ 9 a /ate ( admir+           
contemplation1 is ! great rationali/    
fail+4 ,spiritualism1 z (t5 held1 may be
 simply a /ate ( admiration = "o k9d1 & 
( dislike = ano!r k9d1 ( ab/raction4 ,i 
rememb] a wor?y spirituali/ pr(essor :o 
always ref]r$ to mat]ialism z !         
'mud-philosophy1' & deem$ x !reby       
refut$4  ,to su* spiritualism z ?is !re 
is an easy answ]1 & ,mr4 ,sp5c] makes x 
effectively4 ,9 "s well-writt5 pages at 
! end ( ! fir/ volume ( 8 ,psy*ology he 
%[s u t a 'matt]' s inf9itely subtile1 &
 p]=m+ motions z inconceivably quick &  
f9e z ^? :i* mod]n sci5ce po/ulates 9 h]
 explanations1 has no trace ( grossness 
left4 ,he %[s t ! conception ( _s1 z we 

mortals hi!rto h fram$ x1 is itself too 
gross to cov] ! exquisite t5uity (      
nature's facts4 ,bo? t]ms1 he says1 are 
b symbols1 po9t+ to t "o unkn[able      
reality 9 :i* _! oppositions cease4  ,to
 an ab/ract objection an ab/ract rejo9d]
 suffices2 & s f> z "o's opposition to  
mat]ialism spr+s f "o's disda9 ( matt] z
 some?+ 'crass1' ,mr4 ,sp5c] cuts !     
gr\nd f "u "o4 ,matt] is inde$ inf9itely
 & incr$ibly ref9$4 ,to anyone :o has   
ev] look$ on ! face ( a dead *ild or    
p>5t ! m]e fact t matt] ,,c\ld h tak5 = 
a "t t preci\s =m1 ought to make matt]  
sacr$ ev] aft]4 ,x makes no diff]5ce :at
 ! ,,pr9ciple ( life may be1 mat]ial or 
immat]ial1 matt] at any rate co-op]ates1
 l5ds itself to all life's purposes4 ,t 
belov$ inc>nation 0 among matt]'s       
possibilities4  ,b n[1 in/ead ( re/+ 9  
pr9ciples aft] ?is /agnant              
intellectuali/ fa%ion1 let u apply !    
pragmatic me?od to ! "q4 ,:at d we      
,,mean by matt]8 ,:at practical diff]5ce
 c x make ,,n[ t ! _w %\ld be run by    

matt] or by _s8 ,i ?9k we f9d t !       
problem takes ) ?is a r diff]5t "*4  ,& 
fir/ ( all ,i call y\r att5tion to a    
curi\s fact4 ,x makes n a s+le jot (    
diff]5ce s f> z ! ,,pa/ ( ! _w goes1    
:e!r we deem x to h be5 ! "w ( matt] or 
:e!r we ?9k a div9e _s 0 its au?or4     
,imag9e1 9 fact1 ! entire cont5ts ( ! _w
 to be once = all irrevocably giv54     
,imag9e x to end ?is v mom5t1 & to h no 
future2 & !n let a !i/ & a mat]iali/    
apply _! rival explanations to its      
hi/ory4 ,! !i/ %[s h[ a ,god made x2 !  
mat]iali/ %[s1 & we w suppose ) equal   
success1 h[ x result$ f bl9d physical   
=ces4 ,!n let ! pragmati/ be ask$ to    
*oose betwe5 _! !ories4 ,h[ c he apply 8
 te/ if ! _w is already complet$8       
,concepts = him are ?+s to come back    
into exp]i5ce )1 ?+s to make u look =   
diff]5ces4 ,b by hypo!sis !re is to be  
no m exp]i5ce & no possible diff]5ces c 
n[ be look$ =4 ,bo? !ories h %[n all _! 
consequ5ces &1 by ! hypo!sis we are     
adopt+1 ^! are id5tical4 ,! pragmati/   

mu/ consequ5tly say t ! two !ories1 9   
spite ( _! diff]5t-s\nd+ names1 mean    
exactly ! same ?+1 & t ! dispute is     
purely v]bal4 ,i am oppos+1 ( c\rse1 t !
 !ories ,,h be5 equally successful 9 _! 
explanations ( :at is4  ,= j consid] !  
case s9c]ely1 & say :at w\ld be ! ,,wor?
 ( a ,god if he ,,7 !re1 ) 8 "w         
accompli%$ & 8 _w run d[n4 ,he w\ld be  
wor? no m ?an j t _w 0 wor?4 ,to t am\nt
 ( result1 ) its mix$ m]its & defects1 8
 creative p[] c\ld atta91 b g no f>!r4  
,& s9ce !re is to be no future2 s9ce !  
:ole value & mean+ ( ! _w has be5       
already paid 9 & actualiz$ 9 ! feel+s t 
w5t ) x 9 ! pass+1 & n[ g ) x 9 ! end+2 
s9ce x draws no supplem5tal significance
 7su* z our real _w draws7 f its        
function ( prep>+ some?+ yet to come2 :y
 !n1 by x we take ,god's measure1 z x 74
 ,he is ! ,be+ :o c\ld once = all d ,,t2
 & = t mu* we are ?ankful to him1 b =   
no?+ m4 ,b n[1 on ! contr>y hypo!sis1   
namely1 t ! bits ( matt] foll[+ _! laws 
c\ld make t _w & d no less1 %\ld we n be

 j z ?ankful to !m8 ,:]e9 %\ld we suff] 
loss1 !n1 if we dropp$ ,god z an        
hypo!sis & made ! matt] alone           
responsible8 ,:]e w\ld any special      
deadness1 or crassness1 come 98 ,& h[1  
exp]i5ce be+ :at is once = all1 w\ld    
,god's pres5ce 9 x make x any m liv+ or 
ri*]8  ,c&idly1 x is impossible to give 
any answ] to ?is "q4 ,! actually        
exp]i5c$ _w is suppos$ to be ! same 9   
its details on ei!r hypo!sis1 ! same1 = 
our praise or blame1 z ,br[n+ says4 ,x  
/&s !re indefeasibly3 a gift :i* c't be 
tak5 back4 ,call+ matt] ! cause ( x     
retracts no s+le "o ( ! items t h made x
 up1 nor does call+ ,god ! cause augm5t 
!m4 ,!y are ! ,god or ! atoms1          
respectively1 ( j t & no o!r _w4 ,!     
,god1 if !re1 has be5 do+ j :at atoms   
c\ld d--appe>+ 9 ! "* ( atoms1 s to     
speak--& e>n+ su* gratitude z is due to 
atoms1 & no m4 ,if 8 pres5ce l5ds no    
diff]5t turn or issue to ! p]=mance1 x  
surely c l5d x no increase ( dignity4   
,nor w\ld indignity come to x 7 he      

abs5t1 & did ! atoms rema9 ! only actors
 on ! /age4 ,:5 a play is once ov]1 & ! 
curta9 d[n1 y really make x no bett] by 
claim+ an illu/ri\s g5ius = its au?or1 j
 z y make x no worse by call+ him a     
common hack4  ,?us if no future detail (
 exp]i5ce or conduct is to be d$uc$ f   
our hypo!sis1 ! debate betwe5 mat]ialism
 & !ism becomes q idle & insignificant4 
,matt] & ,god 9 t ev5t mean exactly !   
same ?+--! p[]1 namely1 nei!r m nor     
less1 t c\ld make j ?is complet$ _w--& !
 wise man is he :o 9 su* a case w\ld    
turn 8 back on su* a sup]]ogatory       
discussion4 ,accord+ly1 mo/ m5          
in/9ctively1 & positivi/s & sci5ti/s    
delib]ately1 d turn _! backs on         
philosophical disputes f :i* no?+ 9 !   
l9e ( def9ite future consequ5ces c be   
se5 to foll[4 ,! v]bal & empty "* (     
philosophy is surely a reproa* ) :i* we 
are1 b too famili>4 ,if pragmatism be   
true1 x is a p]fectly s\nd reproa*      
unless ! !ories "u fire c be %[n to h   
alt]native practical outcomes1 h[ev]    

delicate & di/ant ^! may be4 ,! common  
man & ! sci5ti/ say !y discov] no su*   
outcomes1 & if ! metaphysician c disc]n 
none ei!r1 ! o!rs c]ta9ly are 9 ! "r (  
x1 z aga9/ him4 ,8 sci5ce is !n b pomp\s
 trifl+2 & ! end[m5t ( a pr(essor%ip =  
su* a be+ w\ld be silly4  ,accord+ly1 9 
e g5u9e metaphysical debate "s practical
 issue1 h[ev] conjectural & remote1 is  
involv$4 ,to realize ?is1 rev]t ) me to 
our "q1 & place y\rselves ?is "t 9 ! _w 
we live 91 9 ! _w t ,,has a future1 t is
 yet uncomplet$ :il/ we speak4 ,9 ?is   
unf9i%$ _w ! alt]native ( 'mat]ialism or
 !ism8' is int5sely practical2 & x is   
wor? :ile = u to sp5d "s m9utes ( our   
h\r 9 see+ t x is s4  ,h[1 inde$1 does !
 program diff] = u1 accord+ z we consid]
 t ! facts ( exp]i5ce up to date are    
purposeless configurations ( bl9d atoms 
mov+ accord+ to et]nal laws1 or t on !  
o!r h& !y are due to ! provid5ce ( ,god8
 ,z f> z ! pa/ facts g1 inde$ !re is no 
diff]5ce4 ,^? facts are 91 are bagg$1   
are captur$2 & ! good t's 9 !m is ga9$1 

be ! atoms or be ! ,god _! cause4 ,!re  
are accord+ly _m mat]iali/s ab\t u      
to-day :o1 ignor+ altoge!r ! future &   
practical aspects ( ! "q1 seek to       
elim9ate ! odium atta*+ to ! ^w         
mat]ialism1 & ev5 to elim9ate ! ^w      
itself1 by %[+ t1 if matt] c\ld give    
bir? to all ^! ga9s1 :y !n matt]1       
functionally consid]$1 is j z div9e an  
entity z ,god1 9 fact coalesces ) ,god1 
is :at y mean by ,god4 ,cease1 ^! p]sons
 advise u1 to use ei!r ( ^! t]ms1 ) _!  
outgr[n opposition4 ,use a t]m free ( ! 
cl]ical connotations1 on ! "o h&2 ( !   
sugge/ion ( gross-ness1 co>s5ess1       
ignobility1 on ! o!r4 ,talk ( ! primal  
my/]y1 ( ! unkn[able en]gy1 ( ! "o &    
only p[]1 in/ead ( say+ ei!r ,god or    
matt]4 ,?is is ! c\rse to :i* ,mr4      
,sp5c] urges u2 & if philosophy 7 purely
 retrospective1 he w\ld !reby proclaim  
himself an excell5t pragmati/4  ,b      
philosophy is prospective also1 &1 aft] 
f9d+ :at ! _w has be5 & done & yield$1  
/ill asks ! fur!r "q ':at does ! _w     

,,promise8' ,give u a matt] t promises  
,,success1 t is b\nd by its laws to lead
 our _w ev] ne>] to p]fection1 & any    
rational man w wor%ip t matt] z readily 
z ,mr4 ,sp5c] wor%ips 8 own s-call$     
unkn[able p[]4 ,x n only has made =     
righte\sness up to date1 b x w make =   
righte\sness =ev]2 & t is all we ne$4   
,do+ practically all t a ,god c d1 x is 
equival5t to ,god1 its function is a    
,god's function1 & is ex]t$ 9 a _w 9 :i*
 a ,god w\ld n[ be sup]flu\s2 f su* a _w
 a ,god c\ld nev] lawfully be miss$4    
',cosmic emotion' w\ld "h be ! "r "n =  
religion4  ,b is ! matt] by :i* ,mr4    
,sp5c]'s process ( cosmic evolution is  
c>ri$ on any su* pr9ciple ( nev]-end+   
p]fection z ?is8 ,inde$ x is n1 = !     
future end ( e cosmically evolv$ ?+ or  
sy/em ( ?+s is =etold by sci5ce to be   
dea? & trag$y2 & ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 9 conf9+  
himself to ! ae/hetic & ignor+ !        
practical side ( ! controv]sy1 has      
really contribut$ no?+ s]i\s to its     
relief4 ,b apply n[ our pr9ciple (      

practical results1 & see :at a vital    
significance ! "q ( mat]ialism or !ism  
imm$iately acquires4  ,!ism &           
mat]ialism1 s indiff]5t :5 tak5         
retrospectively1 po9t1 :5 we take !m    
prospectively1 to :olly diff]5t outlooks
 ( exp]i5ce4 ,=1 accord+ to ! !ory (    
me*anical evolution1 ! laws (           
r$i/ribution ( matt] & motion1 ?o !y are
 c]ta9ly to ?ank = all ! good h\rs :i*  
our organisms h ev] yield$ u & = all !  
ideals :i* our m9ds n[ frame1 are yet   
fatally c]ta9 to undo _! "w aga91 & to  
r$issolve ev]y?+ t !y h once evolv$4 ,y 
all "k ! picture ( ! la/ /ate ( !       
univ]se :i* evolution>y sci5ce =esees4  
,i _c /ate x bett] ?an 9 ,mr4 ,balf\r's 
words3 ,! en]gies ( our sy/em w decay1 !
 glory ( ! sun w be dimm$1 & ! e>?1     
tideless & in]t1 w no long] tol]ate !   
race :i* has = a mom5t di/urb$ its      
solitude4 ,man w g d[n into ! pit1 & all
 8 ?\ghts w p]i%4 ,! uneasy1            
consci\sness :i* 9 ?is obscure corn] has
 = a brief space brok5 ! cont5t$ sil5ce 

( ! univ]se1 w be at re/4 ,matt] w "k   
itself no long]4 ',imp]i%able monum5ts' 
& 'immortal de$s1' dea? itself1 & love  
/rong] ?an dea?1 w be z ?\gh !y _h nev] 
be54 ,nor w any?+ t is1 be bett] or be  
worse = all t ! lab\r1 g5ius1 devotion1 
& suff]+ ( man h /riv5 ?r\gh c\ntless   
g5]ations to effect4 ,footnote3 ,!      
,f\ndations ( ,belief1 p4 #cj4  ,t is ! 
/+ ( x1 t 9 ! va/ drift+s ( ! cosmic    
wea!r1 ?o _m a jewel$ %ore appe>s1 & _m 
an en*ant$ cl\d-bank floats away1 long  
l+]+ ere x be dissolv$--ev5 z our _w n[ 
l+]s1 = our joy-yet :5 ^! transi5t      
products are gone1 no?+1 absolutely     
,,no?+ rema9s1 ( repres5t ^? p>ticul>   
qualities1 ^? elem5ts ( preci\sness :i* 
!y may h en%r9$4 ,dead & gone are !y1   
gone utt]ly f ! v sph]e & room ( be+4   
,)\t an e*o2 )\t a memory2 )\t an       
influ5ce on aught t may come aft]1 to   
make x c>e = simil> ideals4 ,?is utt]   
f9al wreck & trag$y is ( ! ess5ce (     
sci5tific mat]ialism z at pres5t        
und]/ood4 ,! l[] & n ! high] =ces are ! 

et]nal =ces1 or ! la/ surviv+ =ces )9 ! 
only cycle ( evolution :i* we c         
def9itely see4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] believes ?is 
z mu* z anyone2 s :y %\ld he argue ) u z
 if we 7 mak+ silly ae/hetic objections 
to ! 'grossness' ( 'matt] & motion1' !  
pr9ciples ( 8 philosophy1 :5 :at really 
dismays u is ! disconsolat5ess ( its    
ult]ior practical results8  ,no ! true  
objection to mat]ialism is n positive b 
negative4 ,x w\ld be f>cical at ?is day 
to make compla9t ( x = :at x ,,is =     
'grossness4' ,grossness is :at grossness
 ,,does--we n[ "k ,,t4 ,we make compla9t
 ( x1 on ! contr>y1 = :at x is ,,n--n a 
p]man5t w>rant = our m ideal int]e/s1 n 
a fulfill] ( our remote/ hopes4  ,!     
notion ( ,god1 on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]       
inf]ior x may be 9 cle>ness to ^?       
ma!matical notions s curr5t 9 me*anical 
philosophy1 has at lea/ ?is practical   
sup]iority ov] !m1 t x gu>antees an     
ideal ord] t %all be p]man5tly pres]v$4 
,a _w ) a ,god 9 x to say ! la/ ^w1 may 
inde$ burn up or freeze1 b we !n ?9k (  

him z /ill m9dful ( ! old ideals & sure 
to br+ !m else:]e to fruition2 s t1 :]e 
he is1 trag$y is only provisional &     
p>tial1 & %ipwreck & dissolution n !    
absolutely f9al ?+s4 ,?is ne$ ( an      
et]nal moral ord] is "o ( ! deepe/ ne$s 
( our brea/4 ,& ^? poets1 l ,dante &    
,wordswor?1 :o live on ! conviction (   
su* an ord]1 owe to t fact ! extraord9>y
 tonic & consol+ p[] ( _! v]se4 ,"h !n1 
9 ^! diff]5t emotional & practical      
appeals1 9 ^! adju/m5ts ( our concrete  
attitudes ( hope & expectation1 & all ! 
delicate consequ5ces :i* _! diff]5ces   
entail1 lie ! real mean+s ( mat]ialism &
 spiritualism--n 9 hair-splitt+         
ab/ractions ab\t matt]'s inn] ess5ce1 or
 ab\t ! metaphysical attributes ( ,god4 
,mat]ialism means simply ! d5ial t !    
moral ord] is et]nal1 & ! cutt+ (f (    
ultimate hopes2 spiritualism means !    
affirmation ( an et]nal moral ord] & !  
lett+ loose ( hope4 ,surely "h is an    
issue g5u9e en\gh1 = anyone :o feels x2 
&1 z long z m5 are m51 x w yield matt] =

 a s]i\s philosophic debate4  ,b        
possibly "s ( y may /ill rally to _!    
def5ce4 ,ev5 :il/ admitt+ t spiritualism
 & mat]ialism make diff]5t prophecies ( 
! _w's future1 y may y\rselves pooh-pooh
 ! diff]5ce z some?+ s inf9itely remote 
z to mean no?+ = a sane m9d4 ,! ess5ce (
 a sane m9d1 y may say1 is to take %ort]
 views1 & to feel no conc]n ab\t su*    
*ima]as z ! latt] end ( ! _w4 ,well1 ,i 
c only say t if y say ?is1 y d inju/ice 
to human nature4 ,religi\s melan*oly is 
n dispos$ ( by a simple fl\ri% ( ! ^w   
insanity4 ,! absolute ?+s1 ! la/ ?+s1 ! 
ov]lapp+ ?+s1 are ! truly philosophic   
conc]ns2 all sup]ior m9ds feel s]i\sly  
ab\t !m1 & ! m9d ) ! %orte/ views is    
simply ! m9d ( ! m %all[ man4  ,! issues
 ( fact at /ake 9 ! debate are ( c\rse  
vaguely en\gh conceiv$ by u at pres5t4  
,b spirituali/ic fai? 9 all its =ms     
deals ) a _w ( ,,promise1 :ile          
mat]ialism's sun sets 9 a sea (         
disappo9tm5t4 ,rememb] :at ,i said ( !  
,absolute3 x grants u moral holidays4   

,any religi\s view does ?is4 ,x n only  
incites our m /r5u\s mom5ts1 b x also   
takes our joy\s1 c>eless1 tru/ful       
mom5ts1 & x ju/ifies !m4 ,x pa9ts !     
gr\nds ( ju/ification vaguely en\gh1 to 
be sure4 ,! exact features ( ! sav+     
future facts t our belief 9 ,god        
insures1 w h to be ciph]$ out by !      
int]m9able me?ods ( sci5ce3 we c ,,/udy 
our ,god only by /udy+ 8 ,creation4 ,b  
we c ,,enjoy our ,god1 if we h "o1 9    
advance ( all t labor4 ,i myself believe
 t ! evid5ce = ,god lies prim>ily 9 inn]
 p]sonal exp]i5ces4 ,:5 !y h once giv5 y
 y\r ,god1 8 "n means at lea/ ! b5efit (
 ! holiday4 ,y rememb] :at ,i said      
ye/]day ab\t ! way 9 :i* tru?s cla% &   
try to 'd[n' ea* o!r4 ,! tru? ( ',god'  
has to run ! gauntlet ( all our o!r     
tru?s4 ,x is on trial by !m & !y on     
trial by x4 ,our ,,f9al op9ion ab\t ,god
 c be settl$ only aft] all ! tru?s h    
/raight5$ !mselves out toge!r4 ,let u   
hope t !y %all f9d a modus viv5di6  ,let
 me pass to a v cognate philosophic     

problem1 ! ,,"q ( ,,design ,,9 ,,nature4
 ,god's exi/5ce has f "t immemorial be5 
held to be prov$ by c]ta9 natural facts4
 ,_m facts appe> z if expressly design$ 
9 view ( "o ano!r4 ,?us ! woodpeck]'s   
bill1 tongue1 feet1 tail1 etc41 fit him 
wondr\sly = a _w ( trees ) grubs hid 9  
_! b>k to fe$ ^u4 ,! p>ts ( our eye fit 
! laws ( light to p]fection1 lead+ its  
rays to a %>p picture on our ret9a4 ,su*
 mutual fitt+ ( ?+s div]se 9 orig9 argu$
 design1 x 0 held2 & ! design] 0 always 
treat$ z a man-lov+ deity4  ,! fir/ /ep 
9 ^! argum5ts 0 to prove t ! design     
exi/$4 ,nature 0 ransack$ = results     
obta9$ ?r\gh sep>ate ?+s be+ co-adapt$4 
,our eyes1 = in/ance1 orig9ate 9        
intra-ut]9e d>kness1 & ! light orig9ates
 9 ! sun1 yet see h[ !y fit ea* o!r4 ,!y
 are evid5tly made ,,= ea* o!r4 ,vision 
is ! end design$1 light & eyes ! sep>ate
 means devis$ = its atta9m5t4  ,x is    
/range1 consid]+ h[ unanim\sly our      
ance/ors felt ! =ce ( ?is argum5t1 to   
see h[ little x c\nts = s9ce ! triumph (

 ! d>w9ian !ory4 ,d>w9 op5$ our m9ds to 
! p[] ( *ance-happ5+s to br+ =? 'fit'   
results if only !y h "t to add !mselves 
toge!r4 ,he %[$ ! enorm\s wa/e ( nature 
9 produc+ results t get de/roy$ because 
( _! unfitness4 ,he also emphasiz$ !    
numb] ( adaptations :i*1 if design$1    
w\ld argue an evil r ?an a good design]4
 ,"h all dep5ds ^u ! po9t ( view4 ,to ! 
grub "u ! b>k ! exquisite fitness ( !   
woodpeck]'s organism to extract him w\ld
 c]ta9ly argue a diabolical design]4    
,!ologians h by ?is "t /ret*$ _! m9ds s 
z to embrace ! d>w9ian facts1 & yet to  
int]pret !m z /ill %[+ div9e purpose4 ,x
 us$ to be a "q ( purpose ,,aga9/       
me*anism1 ( "o ,,or ! o!r4 ,x 0 z if "o 
%\ld say ,my %oes are evid5tly design$  
to fit my feet1 h5ce x is impossible t  
!y %\ld h be5 produc$ by ma*9]y4 ,we "k 
t !y are bo?3 !y are made by a ma*9]y   
itself design$ to fit ! feet ) %oes4    
,!ology ne$ only /ret* simil>ly !       
designs ( ,god4 ,z ! aim ( a            
football-team is n m]ely to get ! ball  

to a c]ta9 goal 7if t 7 s1 !y w\ld      
simply get up on "s d>k night & place x 
!re71 b to get x !re by a fix$ ,,ma*9]y 
,,( ,,conditions--! game's rules & !    
oppos+ play]s2 s ! aim ( ,god is n      
m]ely1 let u say1 to make m5 & to save  
!m1 b r to get ?is done ?r\gh ! sole    
ag5cy ( nature's va/ ma*9]y4 ,)\t       
nature's /up5d\s laws & c\nt]=ces1 man's
 creation & p]fection1 we might suppose1
 w\ld be too insipid a*ievem5ts = ,god  
to h design$ !m4  ,?is saves ! =m ( !   
design-argum5t at ! exp5se ( its old    
easy human cont5t4 ,! design] is no     
long] ! old man-l deity4 ,8 designs h   
gr[n s va/ z to be incompreh5sible to u 
humans4 ,! ,,:at ( !m s ov]:elms u t to 
e/abli% ! m]e ,,t ( a design] = !m      
becomes ( v little consequ5ce 9         
comp>ison4 ,we c ) difficulty compreh5d 
! "* ( a cosmic m9d ^: purposes are     
fully reveal$ by ! /range mixture (     
goods & evils t we f9d 9 ?is actual _w's
 p>ticul>s4 ,or r we _c by any          
possibility compreh5d x4 ,! m]e ^w      

'design' by itself has1 we see1 no      
consequ5ces & expla9s no?+4 ,x is !     
b>r5e/ ( pr9ciples4 ,! old "q ( ,,:e!r  
!re is design is idle4 ,! real "q is    
,,:at is ! _w1 :e!r or n x h a          
design]--& t c be reveal$ only by ! /udy
 ( all nature's p>ticul>s4  ,rememb] t  
no matt] :at nature may h produc$ or may
 be produc+1 ! means mu/ necess>ily h   
be5 adequate1 mu/ h be5 ,,fitt$ ,,to ,,t
 ,,production4 ,! argum5t f fitness to  
design w\ld consequ5tly always apply1   
:atev] 7 ! product's "*4 ,! rec5t       
,mont-,pelee eruption1 = example1       
requir$ all previ\s hi/ory to produce t 
exact comb9ation ( ru9$ h\ses1 human &  
animal corpses1 sunk5 %ips1 volcanic    
a%es1 etc41 9 j t "o hide\s             
configuration ( positions4 ,france _h to
 be a nation & colonize ,m>t9ique4 ,our 
c\ntry _h to exi/ & s5d our %ips !re4   
,,if ,god aim$ at j t result1 ! means by
 :i* ! c5turies b5t _! influ5ces t[>ds  
x1 %[$ exquisite intellig5ce4 ,& s ( any
 /ate ( ?+s :atev]1 ei!r 9 nature or 9  

hi/ory1 :i* we f9d actually realiz$4 ,= 
! p>ts ( ?+s mu/ always make ,,"s       
def9ite resultant1 be x *aotic or       
h>moni\s4 ,:5 we look at :at has        
actually come1 ! conditions mu/ always  
appe> p]fectly design$ to ensure x4 ,we 
c always say1 !re=e1 9 any conceivable  
_w1 ( any conceivable "*1 t ! :ole      
cosmic ma*9]y ,,may h be5 design$ to    
produce x4  ,pragmatically1 !n1 !       
ab/ract ^w 'design' is a blank c>tridge4
 ,x c>ries no consequ5ces1 x does no    
execution4 ,:at sort ( design8 & :at    
sort ( a design]8 are ! only s]i\s      
que/ions1 & ! /udy ( facts is ! only way
 ( gett+ ev5 approximate answ]s4        
,mean:ile1 p5d+ ! sl[ answ] f facts1    
anyone :o insi/s t !re is a design] & :o
 is sure he is a div9e "o1 gets a c]ta9 
pragmatic b5efit f ! t]m--! same1 9 fact
 :i* we saw t ! t]ms ,god1 ,_s1 or !    
,absolute1 yield u ',design1' wor?less  
?o x be z a m]e rationali/ic pr9ciple   
set above or beh9d ?+s = our admiration1
 becomes1 if our fai? concretes x into  

some?+ !i/ic1 a t]m ( ,,promise4        
,return+ ) x into exp]i5ce1 we ga9 a m  
confid+ outlook on ! future4 ,if n a    
bl9d =ce b a see+ =ce runs ?+s1 we may  
reasonably expect bett] issues4 ,?is    
vague confid5ce 9 ! future is ! sole    
pragmatic mean+ at pres5t disc]nible 9 !
 t]ms design & design]4 ,b if cosmic    
confid5ce is "r n wrong1 bett] n worse1 
t is a mo/ important mean+4 ,t mu* at   
lea/ ( possible 'tru?' ! t]ms w !n h 9  
!m4  ,let me take up ano!r well-worn    
controv]sy1 ,,! ,,free-,,w ,,problem4   
,mo/ p]sons :o believe 9 :at is call$ _!
 free-w d s aft] ! rationali/ic fa%ion4 
,x is a pr9ciple1 a positive faculty or 
virtue add$ to man1 by :i* 8 dignity is 
enigmatically augm5t$4 ,he ought to     
believe x = ?is reason4 ,det]m9i/s1 :o  
d5y x1 :o say t individual m5 orig9ate  
no?+1 b m]ely transmit to ! future !    
:ole pu% ( ! pa/ cosmos ( :i* !y are s  
small an expression1 dim9i% man4 ,he is 
less admirable1 /ripp$ ( ?is creative   
pr9ciple4 ,i imag9e t m ?an half ( y %>e

 our in/9ctive belief 9 free-w1 & t     
admiration ( x z a pr9ciple ( dignity   
has mu* to d ) y\r fidelity4  ,b free-w 
has also be5 discuss$ pragmatically1 &1 
/rangely en\gh1 ! same pragmatic        
int]pretation has be5 put ^u x by bo?   
disputants4 ,y "k h[ l>ge a "p que/ions 
( ,,acc\ntability h play$ 9 e?ical      
controv]sy4 ,to he> "s p]sons1 "o w\ld  
suppose t all t e?ics aims at is a code 
( m]its & dem]its4 ,?us does ! old legal
 & !ological leav51 ! int]e/ 9 crime &  
s9 & puni%m5t abide ) u4 ',:o's to      
blame8 :om c we puni%8 :om w ,god       
puni%8'--^! preoccupations hang l a bad 
dream ov] man's religi\s hi/ory4  ,s bo?
 free-w & det]m9ism h be5 inveigh$ aga9/
 & call$ absurd1 because ea*1 9 ! eyes (
 its enemies1 has seem$ to prev5t !     
'imputability' ( good or bad de$s to _! 
au?ors4 ,que] ant9omy ?is6 ,free-w means
 novelty1 ! graft+ on to ! pa/ ( some?+ 
n involv$ !re94 ,if our acts 7          
pr$et]m9$1 if we m]ely transmitt$ ! pu% 
( ! :ole pa/1 ! free-willi/s say1 h[    

c\ld we be prais$ or blam$ = any?+8 ,we 
%\ld be 'ag5ts' only1 n 'pr9cipals1' &  
:]e !n w\ld be our preci\s imputability 
& responsibility8  ,b :]e w\ld x be if  
we ,,_h free-w8 rejo9 ! det]m9i/s4 ,if a
 'free' act be a %e] novelty1 t comes n 
,,f me1 ! previ\s me1 b ex nihilo1 &    
simply tacks itself on to me1 h[ c ,i1 !
 previ\s ,i1 be responsible8 ,h[ c ,i h 
any p]man5t ,,"* t w /& /ill long en\gh 
= praise or blame to be aw>d$8 ,! *aplet
 ( my days tumbles into a ca/ (         
disconnect$ beads z soon z ! ?read (    
inn] necessity is drawn out by !        
prepo/]\s indet]m9i/ doctr9e4 ,messrs4  
,full]ton & ,mc,taggart h rec5tly laid  
ab\t !m d\ghtily ) ?is argum5t4  ,x may 
be good ad hom9em1 b o!rwise x is       
pitiful4 ,= ,i ask y1 q ap>t f o!r      
reasons1 :e!r any man1 woman or *ild1 ) 
a s5se = realities1 ought n to be a%am$ 
to plead su* pr9ciples z ei!r dignity or
 imputability4 ,in/9ct & utility betwe5 
!m c safely be tru/$ to c>ry on ! social
 bus9ess ( puni%m5t & praise4 ,if a man 

does good acts we %all praise him1 if he
 does bad acts we %all puni% him--anyh[1
 & q ap>t f !ories z to :e!r ! acts     
result f :at 0 previ\s 9 him or are     
novelties 9 a /rict s5se4 ,to make our  
human e?ics revolve ab\t ! "q ( 'm]it'  
is a pite\s unreality--,god alone c "k  
our m]its1 if we h any4 ,! real gr\nd = 
suppos+ free-w is inde$ pragmatic1 b x  
has no?+ to d ) ?is contemptible "r to  
puni% :i* _h made su* a noise 9 pa/     
discussions ( ! subject4  ,free-w       
pragmatically means ,,novelties ,,9 ,,! 
,,_w1 ! "r to expect t 9 its deepe/     
elem5ts z well z 9 its surface ph5om5a1 
! future may n id5tically repeat &      
imitate ! pa/4 ,t imitation en masse is 
!re1 :o c d5y8 ,! g5]al 'uni=mity (     
nature' is presuppos$ by e less] law4 ,b
 nature may be only approximately uni=m2
 & p]sons 9 :om k ( ! _w's pa/ has br$  
pessimism 7or d\bts z to ! _w's good "*1
 :i* become c]ta9ties if t "* be suppos$
 et]nally fix$7 may naturally welcome   
free-w z a ,,meliori/ic doctr9e4 ,x     

holds up improvem5t z at lea/ possible2 
:]eas det]m9ism assures u t our :ole    
notion ( possibility is born ( human    
ignorance1 & t necessity & impossibility
 betwe5 !m rule ! de/9ies ( ! _w4       
,free-w is ?us a g5]al cosmological !ory
 ( ,,promise1 j l ! ,absolute1 ,god1 ,_s
 or ,design4 ,tak5 ab/ractly1 no "o ( ^!
 t]ms has any inn] cont5t1 none ( !m    
gives u any picture1 & no "o ( !m w\ld  
reta9 ! lea/ pragmatic value 9 a _w ^:  
"* 0 obvi\sly p]fect f ! />t4 ,elation  
at m]e exi/5ce1 pure cosmic emotion &   
delight1 w\ld1 x seems to me1 qu5* all  
int]e/ 9 ^? speculations1 if ! _w 7 no?+
 b a lubb]l& ( happ9ess already4 ,our   
int]e/ 9 religi\s metaphysics arises 9 !
 fact t our empirical future feels to u 
unsafe1 & ne$s "s high] gu>antee4 ,if ! 
pa/ & pres5t 7 purely good1 :o c\ld wi% 
t ! future might possibly n resemble !m8
 ,:o c\ld desire free-w8 ,:o w\ld n say1
 ) ,huxley1 let me be w\nd up e day l a 
wat*1 to g "r fatally1 & ,i ask no bett]
 fre$om4 ',fre$om' 9 a _w already p]fect

 c\ld only mean fre$om to ,,be ,,worse1 
& :o c\ld be s insane z to wi% t8 ,to be
 necess>ily :at x is1 to be impossibly  
aught else1 w\ld put ! la/ t\* (        
p]fection ^u optimism's univ]se4 ,surely
 ! only ,,possibility t "o c rationally 
claim is ! possibility t ?+s may be     
,,bett]4 ,t possibility1 ,i ne$ h>dly   
say1 is "o t1 z ! actual _w goes1 we h  
ample gr\nds = desid]at+4  ,free-w ?us  
has no mean+ unless x be a doctr9e (    
,,relief4 ,z su*1 x takes its place )   
o!r religi\s doctr9es4 ,betwe5 !m1 !y   
build up ! old wa/es & repair ! =m]     
desolations4 ,our _s1 %ut )9 ?is c\rty>d
 ( s5se-exp]i5ce1 is always say+ to !   
intellect ^u ! t[]3 ',wat*man1 tell u ( 
! night1 if x aught ( promise be>1' & ! 
intellect gives x !n ^! t]ms ( promise4 
,o!r ?an ?is practical significance1 !  
words ,god1 free-w1 design1 etc41 h     
none4 ,yet d>k ?o !y be 9 !mselves1 or  
intellectuali/ically tak51 :5 we be> !m 
into life's ?icket ) u ! d>kness ,,!re  
gr[s light ab\t u4 ,if y /op1 9 deal+ ) 

su* words1 ) _! def9ition1 ?9k+ t to be 
an intellectual f9ality1 :]e are y8     
,/upidly />+ at a pret5ti\s %am6 ,deus  
e/ ,ens1 a se1 extra et supra omne g5us1
 necess>ium1 unum1 inf9ite p]fectum1    
simplex1 immutabile1 imm5sum1 aet]num1  
intellig5s1 etc41--:]e9 is su* a        
def9ition really in/ructive8 ,x means   
less1 ?an no?+1 9 its pomp\s robe (     
adjectives4 ,pragmatism alone c read a  
positive mean+ into x1 & = t %e turns h]
 back ^u ! intellectuali/ po9t ( view   
altoge!r4 ',god's 9 8 heav52 all's "r ) 
! _w6'--,,t',s ! he>t ( y\r !ology1 & = 
t y ne$ no rationali/ def9itions4  ,:y  
%\ldn't we all ( u1 rationali/s z well z
 pragmati/s1 confess ?is8 ,pragmatism1 s
 f> f keep+ h] eyes b5t on ! imm$iate   
practical =egr\nd1 z %e is accus$ ( do+1
 dwells j z mu* ^u ! _w's remote/       
p]spectives4  ,see !n h[ all ^! ultimate
 que/ions turn1 z x 71 up _! h+es2 & f  
look+ backw>ds ^u pr9ciples1 ^u an      
erk5ntnis/heoretis*e ,i*1 a ,god1 a     
,kausalitaetspr9zip1 a ,design1 a       

,free-w1 tak5 9 !mselves1 z some?+ augu/
 & exalt$ above facts1--see1 ,i say1 h[ 
pragmatism %ifts ! emphasis & looks =w>d
 into facts !mselves4 ,! really vital "q
 = u all is1 ,:at is ?is _w go+ to be8  
,:at is life ev5tually to make ( itself8
 ,! c5tre ( gravity ( philosophy mu/    
!re=e alt] its place4 ,! e>? ( ?+s1 long
 ?r[n into %ad[ by ! glories ( ! upp]   
e!r1 mu/ resume its rights4 ,to %ift !  
emphasis 9 ?is way means t philosophic  
que/ions w fall to be treat$ by m9ds ( a
 less ab/ractioni/ type ?an h]et(ore1   
m9ds m sci5tific & individuali/ic 9 _!  
tone yet n irreligi\s ei!r4 ,x w be an  
alt]ation 9 '! seat ( au?ority' t rem9ds
 "o almo/ ( ! prote/ant re=mation4 ,& z1
 to papal m9ds1 prote/antism has (t5    
seem$ a m]e mess ( an>*y & confusion1   
su*1 no d\bt1 w pragmatism (t5 seem to  
ultra-rationali/ m9ds 9 philosophy4 ,x w
 seem s mu* %e] tra%1 philosophically4  
,b life wags on1 all ! same1 & compasses
 its ends1 9 prote/ant c\ntries4 ,i     
v5ture to ?9k t philosophic prote/antism

 w compass a n dissimil> prosp]ity4     
,lecture ,,iv  ,! ,"o & ! ,_m  ,we saw 9
 ! la/ lecture t ! pragmatic me?od1 9   
its deal+s ) c]ta9 concepts1 in/ead (   
end+ ) admir+ contemplation1 plunges    
=w>d into ! riv] ( exp]i5ce ) !m &      
prolongs ! p]spective by _! means4      
,design1 free-w1 ! absolute m9d1 _s     
in/ead ( matt]1 h = _! sole mean+ a     
bett] promise z to ?is _w's outcome4 ,be
 !y false or be !y true1 ! mean+ ( !m is
 ?is meliorism4 ,i h sometimes ?\ght ( !
 ph5om5on call$ 'total reflexion' 9     
optics z a good symbol ( ! relation     
betwe5 ab/ract ideas & concrete         
realities1 z pragmatism conceives x4    
,hold a tumbl] ( wat] a little above y\r
 eyes & look up ?r\gh ! wat] at its     
surface--or bett] /ill look simil>ly    
?r\gh ! flat wall ( an aqu>ium4 ,y w !n 
see an extraord9>ily brilliant reflect$ 
image say ( a c&le-flame1 or any o!r    
cle> object1 situat$ on ! opposite side 
( ! vessel4 ,no c&le-ray1 "u ^!         
circum/ances gets beyond ! wat]'s       

surface3 e ray is totally reflect$ back 
into ! dep?s aga94 ,n[ let ! wat]       
repres5t ! _w ( s5sible facts1 & let !  
air above x repres5t ! _w ( ab/ract     
ideas4 ,bo? worlds are real1 ( c\rse1 & 
int]act2 b !y int]act only at _! b\nd>y1
 & ! locus ( ev]y?+ t lives1 & happ5s to
 u1 s f> z full exp]i5ce goes1 is !     
wat]4 ,we are l fi%es swimm+ 9 ! sea (  
s5se1 b\nd$ above by ! sup]ior elem5t1 b
 unable to brea! x pure or p5etrate x4  
,we get our oxyg5 f x1 h[ev]1 we t\* x  
incessantly1 n[ 9 ?is "p1 n[ 9 t1 & e "t
 we t\* x we are reflect$ back into !   
wat] ) our c\rse re-det]m9$ &           
re-en]giz$4 ,! ab/ract ideas ( :i* ! air
 consi/s1 indisp5sable = life1 b        
irrespirable by !mselves1 z x 71 & only 
active 9 _! re-direct+ function4 ,all   
similes are halt+ b ?is "o r takes my   
fancy4 ,x %[s h[ some?+1 n suffici5t =  
life 9 itself1 may nev]!less be an      
effective det]m9ant ( life else:]e4  ,9 
?is pres5t h\r ,i wi% to illu/rate !    
pragmatic me?od by "o m application4 ,i 

wi% to turn its light ^u ! anci5t       
problem ( '! "o & ! _m4' ,i suspect t 9 
b few ( y has ?is problem occasion$     
sleepless nights1 & ,i %\ld n be a/oni%$
 if "s ( y told me x _h nev] vex$ y4 ,i 
myself h come1 by long brood+ ov] x1 to 
consid] x ! mo/ c5tral ( all philosophic
 problems1 c5tral because s pregnant4 ,i
 mean by ?is t if y "k :e!r a man is a  
decid$ moni/ or a decid$ plurali/1 y    
p]haps "k m ab\t ! re/ ( 8 op9ions ?an  
if y give him any o!r "n end+ 9 ,,i/4   
,to believe 9 ! "o or 9 ! _m1 t is !    
classification ) ! maximum numb] (      
consequ5ces4 ,s be> ) me = an h\r :ile  
,i try to inspire y ) my own int]e/ 9 ! 
problem4  ,philosophy has (t5 be5 def9$ 
z ! que/ or ! vision ( ! _w's unity4 ,we
 nev] he> ?is def9ition *all5g$1 & x is 
true z f> z x goes1 = philosophy has    
inde$ manife/$ above all ?+s its int]e/ 
9 unity4 ,b h[ ab\t ! ,,v>iety 9 ?+s8   
,is t su* an irrelevant matt]8 ,if      
in/ead ( us+ ! t]m philosophy1 we talk 9
 g5]al ( our intellect & its ne$s we    

quickly see t unity is only "o ( ^!4    
,acqua9tance ) ! details ( fact is      
always reckon$1 along ) _! r$uction to  
sy/em1 z an indisp5sable m>k ( m5tal    
greatness4 ,y\r 's*ol>ly' m9d1 (        
encyclop$ic1 philological type1 y\r man 
ess5tially ( le>n+1 has nev] lack$ =    
praise along ) y\r philosoph]4 ,:at our 
intellect really aims at is nei!r v>iety
 nor unity tak5 s+ly b                  
totality4,footnote3 ,comp>e ,a4         
,bellang]3 ,les concepts de ,cause1 et  
l'activite int5tionelle de l',esprit4   
,p>is1 ,alcan1 #aije1 p4 #gi ff4 ,9 ?is1
 acqua9tance ) reality's div]sities is z
 important z und]/&+ _! connexion4 ,!   
human passion ( curiosity runs on all   
f\rs ) ! sy/ematiz+ passion4  ,9 spite (
 ?is obvi\s fact ! unity ( ?+s has      
always be5 consid]$ m illu/ri\s1 z x 71 
?an _! v>iety4 ,:5 a "y man fir/        
conceives ! notion t ! :ole _w =ms "o   
great fact1 ) all its p>ts mov+ abrea/1 
z x 71 & int]lock$1 he feels z if he 7  
enjoy+ a great insight1 & looks         

sup]cili\sly on all :o /ill fall %ort ( 
?is sublime conception4 ,tak5 ?us       
ab/ractly z x fir/ comes to "o1 !       
moni/ic insight is s vague z h>dly to   
seem wor? def5d+ intellectually4 ,yet   
probably ev]yone 9 ?is audi5ce 9 "s way 
*]i%es x4 ,a c]ta9 ab/ract monism1 a    
c]ta9 emotional response to ! "* (      
on5ess1 z if x 7 a feature ( ! _w n     
coord9ate ) its manyness1 b va/ly m     
excell5t & em95t1 is s preval5t 9       
educat$ circles t we might almo/ call x 
a "p ( philosophic common s5se4 ,(      
,,c\rse ! _w is "o1 we say4 ,h[ else    
c\ld x be a _w at all8 ,empirici/s z a  
rule1 are z /\t moni/s ( ?is ab/ract k9d
 z rationali/s are4  ,! diff]5ce is t ! 
empirici/s are less dazzl$4 ,unity      
doesn't bl9d !m to ev]y?+ else1 doesn't 
qu5* _! curiosity = special facts1 :]eas
 !re is a k9d ( rationali/ :o is sure to
 int]pret ab/ract unity my/ically & to  
=get ev]y?+ else1 to treat x z a        
pr9ciple2 to admire & wor%ip x2 &       
!reupon to come to a full /op           

intellectually4  ',! _w is ,"o6'--!     
=mula may become a sort ( numb]-wor%ip4 
',?ree' & 'sev5' h1 x is true1 be5      
reckon$ sacr$ numb]s2 b1 ab/ractly tak51
 :y is '"o' m excell5t ?an '=ty-?ree1'  
or ?an 'two million & t5'8 ,9 ?is fir/  
vague conviction ( ! _w's unity1 !re is 
s little to take hold ( t we h>dly "k   
:at we mean by x4  ,! only way to get   
=w>d ) our notion is to treat x         
pragmatically4 ,grant+ ! on5ess to exi/1
 :at facts w be diff]5t 9 consequ5ce8   
,:at w ! unity be kn[n-z8 ,! _w is      
"o--yes1 b ,,h[ "o8 ,:at is ! practical 
value ( ! on5ess = ,,u8  ,ask+ su*      
que/ions1 we pass f ! vague to !        
def9ite1 f ! ab/ract to ! concrete4 ,_m 
di/9ct ways 9 :i* on5ess pr$icat$ ( !   
univ]se might make a diff]5ce1 come to  
view4 ,i w note successively ! m obvi\s 
( ^! ways4  #a4 ,fir/1 ! _w is at lea/  
,,"o ,,subject ,,( ,,disc\rse4 ,if its  
manyness 7 s irrem$iable z to p]mit ,,no
 union :atev] ( x p>ts1 n ev5 our m9ds  
c\ld 'mean' ! :ole ( x at once3 ! w\ld  

be l eyes try+ to look 9 opposite       
directions4 ,b 9 po9t ( fact we mean to 
cov] ! :ole ( x by our ab/ract t]m '_w' 
or 'univ]se1' :i* expressly int5ds t no 
"p %all be left out4 ,su* unity (       
disc\rse c>ries obvi\sly no f>!r moni/ic
 specifications4 ,a '*aos1' once s nam$1
 has z mu* unity ( disc\rse z a cosmos4 
,x is an odd fact t _m moni/s consid] a 
great victory scor$ = _! side :5        
plurali/s say '! univ]se is _m4' ',!    
univ]se'6 !y *uckle--8 spee* bewraye?   
him4 ,he /&s confess$ ( monism out ( 8  
own m\?4 ,well1 let ?+s be "o 9 t s5se6 
,y c !n fl+ su* a ^w z univ]se at ! :ole
 collection ( !m1 b :at matt]s x8 ,x    
/ill rema9s to be asc]ta9$ :e!r !y are  
"o 9 any o!r s5se t is m valuable4  #b4 
,are !y1 = example1 ,,cont9u\s8 ,c y    
pass f "o to ano!r1 keep+ always 9 y\r  
"o univ]se )\t any dang] ( fall+ out8 ,9
 o!r words1 d ! p>ts ( our univ]se      
,,hang toge!r1 in/ead ( be+ l deta*$    
gra9s ( s&8  ,ev5 gra9s ( s& hang toge!r
 ?r\gh ! space 9 :i* !y are emb$d$1 & if

 y c 9 any way move ?r\gh su* space1 y c
 pass cont9u\sly f numb] "o ( !m to     
numb] two4 ,space & "t are ?us vehicles 
( cont9uity1 by :i* ! _w's p>ts hang    
toge!r4 ,! practical diff]5ce to u1     
resultant f ^! =ms ( union1 is imm5se4  
,our :ole motor life is bas$ ^u !m4  #c4
 ,!re are innum]able o!r pa?s (         
practical cont9uity among ?+s4 ,l9es (  
,,influ5ce c be trac$ by :i* !y toge!r4 
,foll[+ any su* l9e y pass f "o ?+ to   
ano!r till y may h cov]$ a good "p ( !  
univ]se's ext5t4 ,gravity &             
heat-conduction are su* all-unit+       
influ5ces1 s f> z ! physical _w goes4   
,electric1 lum9\s & *emical influ5ces   
foll[ simil> l9es ( influ5ce4 ,b opaque 
& in]t bodies int]rupt ! cont9uity "h1 s
 t y h to /ep r\nd !m1 or *ange y\r mode
 ( progress if y wi% to get f>!r on t   
day4 ,practically1 y h !n lo/ y\r       
univ]se's unity1 ,,s ,,f> ,,z ,,x ,,0   
,,con/itut$ ,,by ,,^? ,,fir/ ,,l9es ,,( 
,,influ5ce4 ,!re are innum]able k9ds (  
connexion t special ?+s h ) o!r special 

?+s2 & ! ,,ensemble ( any "o ( ^!       
connexions =ms "o sort ( sy/em by :i*   
?+s are conjo9$4 ,?us m5 are conjo9$ 9 a
 va/ network ( ,,acqua9tance%ip4 ,br[n  
kn[s ,jones1 ,jones kn[s ,rob9son1 etc42
 & ,,by ,,*oos+ ,,y\r ,,f>!r            
,,int]m$i>ies ,,rightly y may c>ry a    
message f ,jones to ! ,empress ( ,*9a1  
or ! ,*ief ( ! ,african ,pigmies1 or to 
anyone else 9 ! inhabit$ _w4 ,b y are   
/opp$ %ort1 z by a non-conductor1 :5 y  
*oose "o man wrong 9 ?is exp]im5t4 ,:at 
may be call$ love-sy/ems are graft$ on !
 acqua9tance-sy/em4 ,a loves 7or hates7 
,b2 ,b loves 7or hates7 ,c1 etc4 ,b ^!  
sy/ems are small] ?an ! great           
acqua9tance-sy/em t !y presuppose4      
,human ef=ts are daily unify+ ! _w m & m
 9 def9ite sy/ematic ways4 ,we f\nd     
colonial1 po/al1 consul>1 comm]cial     
sy/ems1 all ! p>ts ( :i* obey def9ite   
influ5ces t propagate !mselves )9 !     
sy/em b n to facts outside ( x4 ,!      
result is innum]able little             
hang+s-toge!r ( ! _w's p>ts )9 ! l>g]   

hang+s-toge!r1 little worlds1 n only (  
disc\rse b ( op]ation1 )9 ! wid]        
univ]se4 ,ea* sy/em exemplifies "o type 
or grade ( union1 its p>ts be+ /rung on 
t peculi> k9d ( relation1 & ! same "p   
may figure 9 _m diff]5t sy/ems1 z a man 
may hold sev]al (fices & belong to v>i\s
 clubs4 ,f ?is 'sy/ematic' po9t ( view1 
!re=e1 ! pragmatic value ( ! _w's unity 
is t all ^! def9ite networks actually & 
practically exi/4 ,"s are m envelop+ &  
ext5sive1 "s less s2 !y are sup]pos$ ^u 
ea* o!r2 & betwe5 !m all !y let no      
individual elem5t>y "p ( ! univ]se      
escape4 ,enorm\s z is ! am\nt (         
disconnexion among ?+s 7= ^! sy/ematic  
influ5ces & conjunctions foll[ rigidly  
exclusive pa?s71 ev]y?+ t exi/s is      
influ5c$ 9 ,,"s way by some?+ else1 if y
 c only pick ! way out rightly ,loosely 
speak+1 & 9 g5]al1 x may be said t all  
?+s coh]e & adh]e to ea* o!r ,,someh[1 &
 t ! univ]se exi/s practically 9        
reticulat$ or concat5at$ =ms :i* make ( 
x a cont9u\s or 'integrat$' affair4 ,any

 k9d ( influ5ce :atev] helps to make !  
_w "o1 s f> z y c foll[ x f next to     
next4 ,y may !n say t '! _w ,,is        
,"o'--mean+ 9 ^! respects1 namely1 & j s
 f> z !y obta94 ,b j z def9itely is x   
,,n "o1 s f> z !y d n obta92 & !re is no
 species ( connexion :i* w n fail1 if1  
in/ead ( *oos+ conductors = x1 y *oose  
non-conductors4 ,y are !n arre/$ at y\r 
v fir/ /ep & h to write ! _w d[n z a    
pure ,,_m f t p>ticul> po9t ( view4 ,if 
our intellect _h be5 z mu* int]e/$ 9    
disjunctive z x is 9 conjunctive        
relations1 philosophy w\ld h equally    
successfully celebrat$ ! _w's           
,,disunion4  ,! great po9t is to notice 
t ! on5ess & ! manyness are absolutely  
co-ord9ate "h4 ,nei!r is primordial or m
 ess5tial or excell5t ?an ! o!r4 ,j z ) 
space1 ^: sep>at+ ( ?+s seems exactly on
 a p> ) its unit+ ( !m1 b sometimes "o  
function & sometimes ! o!r is :at come  
home to u mo/1 s1 9 our g5]al deal+s ) !
 _w ( influ5ces1 we n[ ne$ conductors & 
n[ ne$ non-conductors1 & wisdom lies 9  

kn[+ :i* is :i* at ! appropriate mom5t4 
#d4 ,all ^! sy/ems ( influ5ce or        
non-influ5ce may be li/$ "u ! g5]al     
problem ( ! _w's ,,causal ,,unity4 ,if !
 m9or causal influ5ces among ?+s %\ld   
conv]ge t[>ds "o common causal orig9 (  
!m 9 ! pa/1 "o great fir/ cause = all t 
is1 "o might !n speak ( ! absolute      
causal unity ( ! _w4 ,god's fiat on     
creation's day has figur$ 9 traditional 
philosophy z su* an absolute cause &    
orig94 ,transc5d5tal ,idealism1         
translat+ 'creation' into '?9k+' 7or    
'will+ to' ?9k'7 calls ! div9e act      
'et]nal' r ?an 'fir/'2 b ! union ( ! _m 
"h is absolute1 j ! same--! _m w\ld n   
,,be1 save = ! ,"o4 ,aga9/ ?is notion ( 
! unity ( orig9 ( all !re has always    
/ood ! plurali/ic notion ( an et]nal    
self-exi/+ _m 9 ! %ape ( atoms or ev5 ( 
spiritual units ( "s sort4 ,! alt]native
 has d\btless a pragmatic mean+1 b      
p]haps1 z f> z ^! lectures g1 we _h     
bett] leave ! "q ( unity ( orig9        
unsettl$4  #e4 ,! mo/ important sort (  

union t obta9s among ?+s1 pragmatically 
speak+1 is _! ,,g5]ic ,,unity4 ,?+s exi/
 9 k9ds1 !re are _m specim5s 9 ea* k9d1 
& :at ! 'k9d' implies = "o specim51 x   
implies also = e o!r specim5 ( t k9d4   
,we c easily conceive t e fact 9 ! _w   
might be s+ul>1 t is1 unlike any o!r    
fact & sole ( its k9d4 ,9 su* a _w (    
s+ul>s our logic w\ld be useless1 =     
logic works by pr$icat+ ( ! s+le in/ance
 :at is true ( all its k9d4 ,) no two   
?+s alike 9 ! _w1 we %\ld be unable to  
reason f our pa/ exp]i5ces to our future
 ones4 ,! exi/5ce ( s mu* g5]ic unity 9 
?+s is ?us p]haps ! mo/ mom5t\s         
pragmatic specification ( :at x may mean
 to say '! _w is ,"o4' ,,absolute g5]ic 
unity w\ld obta9 if !re 7 "o summum g5us
 "u :i* all ?+s )\t exception c\ld be   
ev5tually subsum$4 ',be+s1' '?9kables1' 
'exp]i5ces1' w\ld be c&idates = ?is     
position4 ,:e!r ! alt]natives express$  
by su* words h any pragmatic            
significance or n1 is ano!r "q :i* ,i   
pref] to leave unsettl$ j n[4  #f4      

,ano!r specification ( :at ! phrase '!  
_w is ,"o' may mean is ,,unity ,,(      
,,purpose4 ,an enorm\s numb] ( ?+s 9 !  
_w subs]ve a common purpose4 ,all !     
man-made sy/ems1 adm9i/rative1          
indu/rial1 milit>y1 or :at n1 exi/ ea* =
 its controll+ purpose4 ,e liv+ be+     
pursues its own peculi> purposes4 ,!y   
co-op]ate1 accord+ to ! degree ( _!     
developm5t1 9 collective or tribal      
purposes1 l>g] ends ?us envelop+ less]  
ones1 until an absolutely s+le1 f9al &  
climact]ic purpose subs]v$ by all ?+s   
)\t exception might conceivably be      
rea*$4 ,x is ne$less to say t !         
appe>ances conflict ) su* a view4 ,any  
resultant1 z ,i said 9 my ?ird lecture1 
,,may h be5 purpos$ 9 advance1 b none ( 
! results we actually "k 9 is _w h 9    
po9t ( fact be5 purpos$ 9 advance 9 all 
_! details4 ,m5 & nations />t ) a vague 
notion ( be+ ri*1 or great1 or good4    
,ea* /ep !y make br+s un=ese5 *ances    
into sight1 & %uts out old] vi/as1 & !  
specifications ( ! g5]al purpose h to be

 daily *ang$4 ,:at is rea*$ 9 ! end may 
be bett] or worse ?an :at 0 propos$1 b x
 is always m complex & diff]5t4  ,our   
diff]5t purposes also are at w> ) ea*   
o!r4 ,:]e "o c't cru% ! o!r out1 !y     
compromise2 & ! result is aga9 diff]5t f
 :at anyone di/9ctly propos$ be=eh&4    
,vaguely & g5]ally1 mu* ( :at 0 purpos$ 
may be ga9$2 b ev]y?+ makes /rongly = ! 
view t our _w is incompletely unifi$    
teleologically & is /ill try+ to get its
 unification bett] organiz$4  ,:oev]    
claims ,,absolute teleological unity1   
say+ t !re is "o purpose t e detail ( ! 
univ]se subs]ves1 dogmatizes at 8 own   
risk4 ,!ologians :o dogmalize ?us f9d x 
m & m impossible1 z our acqua9tance ) ! 
w>r+ int]e/s ( ! _w's p>ts gr[s m       
concrete1 to imag9e :at ! "o climact]ic 
purpose may possibly be l4 ,we see inde$
 t c]ta9 evils m9i/] to ult]ior goods1 t
 ! bitt] makes ! cocktail bett]1 & t a  
bit ( dang] or h>d%ip puts u agreeably  
to our trumps4 ,we c vaguely g5]alize   
?is into ! doctr9e t all ! evil 9 !     

univ]se is b in/rum5tal to its great]   
p]fection4 ,b ! scale ( ! evil actually 
9 sight defies all human tol]ance2 &    
transc5d5tal idealism1 9 ! pages ( a    
,bradley or a ,royce1 br+s u no f>!r ?an
 ! book ( ,job did--,god's ways are n   
our ways1 s let u put our h&s ^u our    
m\?4 ,a ,god :o c reli% su* sup]fluities
 ( horror is no ,god = human be+s to    
appeal to4 ,8 animal spirits are too    
high4 ,9 o!r words ! ',absolute' ) 8 "o 
purpose1 is n ! man-l ,god ( common p4  
#g4 ,,ae/hetic ,,union among ?+s also   
obta9s1 & is v analog\s to ideological  
union4 ,?+s tell a /ory4 ,_! p>ts hang  
toge!r s z to "w out a climax4 ,!y play 
into ea* o!r's h&s expressively4        
,retrospectively1 we c see t al?o no    
def9ite purpose presid$ ov] a *a9 (     
ev5ts1 yet ! ev5ts fell into a dramatic 
=m1 ) a />t1 a middle1 & a f9i%4 ,9 po9t
 ( fact all /ories end2 & "h aga9 ! po9t
 ( view ( a _m is t m natural "o to     
take4 ,! _w is full ( p>tial /ories t   
run p>allel to "o ano!r1 beg9n+ & end+  

at odd times4 ,!y mutually int]lace &   
int]f]e at po9ts1 b we _c unify !m      
completely 9 our m9ds4 ,9 foll[+ y\r    
life-hi/ory1 ,i mu/ tempor>ily turn my  
att5tion f my own4 ,ev5 a biograph] (   
tw9s w\ld h to press !m alt]nately ^u 8 
read]'s att5tion4  ,x foll[s t :oev]    
says t ! :ole _w tells "o /ory utt]s    
ano!r ( ^? moni/ic dogmas t a man       
believes at 8 risk4 ,x is easy to see ! 
_w's hi/ory plurali/ically1 z a rope (  
:i* ea* fibre tells a sep>ate tale2 b to
 conceive ( ea* cross-section ( ! rope z
 an absolutely s+le fact1 & to sum !    
:ole longitud9al s]ies into "o be+ liv+ 
an undivid$ life1 is h>d]4 ,we h inde$ !
 analogy ( embryology to help u4 ,!     
microscopi/ makes a hundr$ flat         
cross-sections ( a giv5 embryo1 &       
m5tally unites !m into "o solid :ole4 ,b
 ! great _w's +r$i5ts1 s f> z !y are    
be+s1 seem1 l ! rope's fibres1 to be    
discont9u\s cross-wise1 & to coh]e only 
9 ! longitud9al direction4 ,foll[$ 9 t  
direction !y are _m4 ,ev5 ! embryologi/1

 :5 he foll[s ! ,,developm5t ( 8 object1
 has to treat ! hi/ory ( ea* s+le organ 
9 turn4 ,,absolute ae/hetic union is ?us
 ano!r b>ely ab/ract ideal4 ,! _w appe>s
 z some?+ m epic ?an dramatic4  ,s f>1  
!n1 we see h[ ! _w is unifi$ by its _m  
sy/ems1 k9ds1 purposes1 & dramas4 ,t !re
 is m union 9 all ^! ways ?an op5ly     
appe>s is c]ta9ly true4 ,t !re ,,may be 
"o sov]eign purpose1 sy/em1 k9d1 & /ory1
 is a legitimate hypo!sis4 ,all ,i say  
"h is t x is ra% to affirm ?is          
dogmatically )\t bett] evid5ce ?an we   
possess at pres5t4  #h4 ,! ,,great      
moni/ic ,,d5kmittel = a hundr$ ye>s pa/ 
has be5 ! notion ( ,,! ,,"o ,,kn[]4 ,!  
_m exi/ only z objects = 8 ?\ght--exi/ 9
 8 dream1 z x 72 & ,,z ,,he ,,kn[s !m1  
!y h "o purpose1 =m "o sy/em1 tell "o   
tale = him4 ,?is notion ( an            
,,all-,,envelop+ ,,noetic ,,unity 9 ?+s 
is ! sublime/ a*ievem5t ( intellectuali/
 philosophy4 ,^? :o believe 9 !         
,absolute1 z ! all-kn[] is t]m$1 usually
 say t !y d s = co]cive reasons1 :i*    

cle> ?9k]s _c evade4 ,! ,absolute has   
f>-rea*+ practical consequ5ces1 "s ( :i*
 ,i drew att5tion 9 my second lecture4  
,_m k9ds ( diff]5ce important to u w\ld 
surely foll[ f its be+ true4 ,i _c "h   
ent] into all ! logical pro(s ( su* a   
,be+'s exi/5ce1 f>!r ?an to say t none (
 !m seem to me s\nd4 ,i mu/ !re=e treat 
! notion ( an ,all-,kn[] simply z an    
hypo!sis1 exactly on a p> logically ) ! 
plurali/ notion t !re is no po9t ( view1
 no focus ( in=mation extant1 f :i* !   
entire cont5t ( ! univ]se is visible at 
once4 ,god's consci\sness1 says         
,pr(essor ,royce1,footnote3 ,!          
,conception ( ,god1 ,new ,york1 #ahig1  
p4 #bib4 =ms 9 its :ol5ess "o lum9\sly  
transp>5t consci\s mom5t--?is is ! type 
( noetic unity on :i* rationalism       
insi/s4 ,empiricism on ! o!r h& is      
satisfi$ ) ! type ( noetic unity t is   
humanly famili>4 ,ev]y?+ gets kn[n by   
,,"s kn[] along ) some?+ else2 b ! kn[]s
 may 9 ! end be irr$ucibly _m1 & !      
greate/ kn[] ( !m all may yet n "k !    

:ole ( ev]y?+1 or ev5 "k :at he does "k 
at "o s+le /roke3--he may be liable to  
=get4 ,:i*ev] type obta9$1 ! _w w\ld    
/ill be a univ]se noetically4 ,its p>ts 
w\ld be conjo9$ by k1 b 9 ! "o case ! k 
w\ld be absolutely unifi$1 9 ! o!r x    
w\ld be /rung along & ov]lapp$4  ,!     
notion ( "o in/antane\s or et]nal       
,kn[]--ei!r adjective "h means ! same   
?+--is1 z ,i said1 ! great              
intellectuali/ a*ievem5t ( our "t4 ,x   
has practically driv5 out t conception (
 ',sub/ance' :i* e>li] philosoph]s set  
su* /ore by1 & by :i* s mu* unify+ "w   
us$ to be done--univ]sal sub/ance :i*   
alone has be+ 9 & f itself1 & ( :i* all 
! p>ticul>s ( exp]i5ce are b =ms to :i* 
x gives support4 ,sub/ance has succumb$ 
to ! pragmatic criticisms ( ! ,engli%   
s*ool4 ,x appe>s n[ only z ano!r "n = ! 
fact t ph5om5a z !y come are actually   
gr\p$ & giv5 9 coh]5t =ms1 ! v =ms 9 :i*
 we f9ite kn[]s exp]i5ce or ?9k !m      
toge!r4 ,^! =ms ( conjunction are z mu* 
p>ts ( ! tissue ( exp]i5ce z are ! t]ms 

:i* !y connect2 & x is a great pragmatic
 a*ievem5t = rec5t idealism to h made ! 
_w hang toge!r 9 ^! directly            
repres5table ways in/ead ( draw+ its    
unity f ! 'inh]5ce' ( its p>ts--:atev] t
 may mean--9 an unimag9able pr9ciple    
beh9d ! sc5es4  ',! _w is "o1' !re=e1 j 
s f> z we exp]i5ce x to be concat5at$1  
"o by z _m def9ite conjunctions z appe>4
 ,b !n also ,,n "o by j z _m def9ite    
,d,i,sjunctions z we f9d4 ,! on5ess & ! 
manyness ( x ?us obta9 9 respects :i* c 
be sep>ately nam$4 ,x is nei!r a univ]se
 pure & simple nor a multiv]se pure &   
simple4 ,& its v>i\s mann]s ( be+ "o    
sugge/1 = _! accurate asc]ta9m5t1 s _m  
di/9ct programs ( sci5tific "w4 ,?us !  
pragmatic "q ',:at is ! on5ess kn[n-z8  
,:at practical diff]5ce w x make8' saves
 u f all fev]i% excitem5t ov] x z a     
pr9ciple ( sublimity & c>ries u =w>d    
into ! /ream ( exp]i5ce ) a cool head4  
,! /ream may inde$ reveal f> m connexion
 & union ?an we n[ suspect1 b we are n  
entitl$ on pragmatic pr9ciples to claim 

absolute on5ess 9 any respect 9 advance4
  ,x is s difficult to see def9itely :at
 absolute on5ess c mean1 t probably !   
majority ( y are satisfi$ ) ! sob]      
attitude :i* we h rea*$4 ,nev]!less !re 
are possibly "s radically moni/ic s\ls  
among y :o are n cont5t to leave ! "o & 
! _m on a p>4 ,union ( v>i\s grades1    
union ( div]se types1 union t /ops at   
non-conductors1 union t m]ely goes f    
next to next1 & means 9 _m cases out]   
nextness only1 & n a m int]nal bond1    
union ( concat5ation1 9 %ort2 all t sort
 ( ?+ seems to y a halfway /age ( ?\ght4
 ,! on5ess ( ?+s1 sup]ior to _!         
manyness1 y ?9k mu/ also be m deeply    
true1 mu/ be ! m real aspect ( ! _w4 ,! 
pragmatic view1 y are sure1 gives u a   
univ]se imp]fectly rational4 ,! real    
univ]se mu/ =m an unconditional unit (  
be+1 some?+ consolidat$1 ) its p>ts     
co-implicat$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh4 ,only !n    
c\ld we consid] our e/ate completely    
rational4 ,!re is no d\bt :atev] t ?is  
ultra-moni/ic way ( ?9k+ means a great  

deal to _m m9ds4 ,"o ,life1 ,"o ,tru?1  
"o ,love1 "o ,pr9ciple1 ,"o ,good1 ,"o  
,god--,i quote f a ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce     
leaflet :i* ! day's mail br+s into my   
h&s--beyond d\bt su* a confession ( fai?
 has pragmatically an emotional value1 &
 beyond d\bt ! ^w '"o' contributes to ! 
value q z mu* z ! o!r words4 ,b if we   
try to realize ,,intellectually :at we c
 possibly ,,mean by su* a glut ( on5ess 
we are ?r[n "r back ^u our pragmati/ic  
det]m9ations aga94 ,x means ei!r ! m]e  
"n ,"o1 ! univ]se ( disc\rse2 or x means
 ! sum total ( all ! asc]ta9able        
p>ticul> conjunctions & concat5ations2  
or1 f9ally1 x means "s "o vehicle (     
conjunction treat$ z all-inclusive1 l "o
 orig91 "o purpose1 or "o kn[]4 ,9 po9t 
( fact x always means "o ,,kn[] to ^? :o
 take x intellectually to-day4 ,! "o    
kn[] involves1 !y ?9k1 ! o!r =ms (      
conjunction4 ,8 _w mu/ h all its p>ts   
co-implicat$ 9 ! "o                     
logical-ae/hetical-teleological         
unit-picture :i* is 8 et]nal dream4  ,! 

"* ( ! absolute kn[]'s picture is h[ev] 
s impossible = u to repres5t cle>ly1 t  
we may fairly suppose t ! au?ority :i*  
absolute monism und\bt$ly possesses1 &  
probably always w possess ov] "s p]sons1
 draws its /r5g? f> less f intellectual 
?an f my/ical gr\nds4 ,to int]pret      
absolute monism wor?ily1 be a my/ic4    
,my/ical /ates ( m9d 9 e degree are %[n 
by hi/ory1 usually ?o n always1 to make 
= ! moni/ic view4 ,?is is no prop]      
occasion to ent] ^u ! g5]al subject (   
my/icism1 b ,i w quote "o my/ical       
pron\ncem5t to %[ j :at ,i mean4 ,!     
p>agon ( all moni/ic sy/ems is ! ,v$anta
 philosophy ( ,h9do/an1 & ! p>agon (    
,v$anti/ mission>ies 0 ! late ,swami    
,vivekan&a :o visit$ our %ores "s ye>s  
ago4 ,! me?od ( ,v$antism is ! my/ical  
me?od4 ,y d n reason1 b aft] go+ ?r\gh a
 c]ta9 discipl9e ,,y ,,see1 & hav+ se51 
y c report ! tru?4 ,vivekan&a ?us       
reports ! tru? 9 "o ( 8 lectures "h3    
,:]e is any m mis]y = him :o sees ?is   
,on5ess 9 ! ,univ]se444?is ,on5ess (    

life1 ,on5ess ( ev]y?+8 444,?is         
sep>ation betwe5 man & man1 man & woman1
 man & *ild1 nation f nation1 e>? f     
moon1 moon f sun1 ?is sep>ation betwe5  
atom & atom is ! cause really ( all !   
mis]y1 & ! ,v$anta says ?is sep>ation   
does n exi/1 x is n real4 ,x is m]ely   
app>5t1 on ! surface4 ,9 ! he>t ( ?+s   
!re is ,unity /ill4 ,if y g inside y f9d
 t ,unity betwe5 man & man1 wom5 &      
*ildr51 races & races1 high & l[1 ri* & 
poor1 ! gods & m53 all are ,"o1 &       
animals too1 if y g deep en\gh1 & he :o 
has atta9$ to t has no m delusion4 444  
,:]e is any m delusion = him8 ,:at c    
delude him8 ,he kn[s ! reality ( ev]y?+1
 ! secret ( ev]y?+4 ,:]e is !re any m   
mis]y = him8 ,:at does he desire8 ,he   
has trac$ ! reality ( ev]y?+ unto ! ,"l1
 t c5tre1 t ,unity ( ev]y?+1 & t is     
,et]nal ,bliss1 ,et]nal ,k1 ,et]nal     
,exi/5ce4 ,nei!r dea? nor disease1 nor  
sorr[ nor mis]y1 nor discont5t is !re   
444 9 ! c5tre1 ! reality1 !re is no "o  
to be m\rn$ =1 no "o to be sorry =4 ,he 

has p5etrat$ ev]y?+1 ! ,pure ,"o1 !     
,=mless1 ! ,bodiless1 ! ,/a9less1 ,he ! 
,kn[]1 ,he ! ,great ,poet1 !            
,self-,exi/5t1 ,he :o is giv+ to ev]yone
 :at he des]ves4  ,obs]ve h[ radical !  
"* ( ! monism "h is4 ,sep>ation is n    
simply ov]come by ! ,"o1 x is d5i$ to   
exi/4 ,!re is no _m4 ,we are n p>ts ( ! 
,"o2 ,x has no p>ts2 & s9ce 9 a s5se we 
und5iably ,,are1 x mu/ be t ea* ( u is !
 ,"o1 indivisibly & totally4 ,,an       
,,absolute ,,"o1 ,,& ,i ,,t ,,"o--surely
 we h "h a religion :i*1 emotionally    
consid]$1 has a high pragmatic value2 x 
imp>ts a p]fect sumptuosity ( security4 
,z our ,swami says 9 ano!r place3  ,:5  
man has se5 himself z "o ) ! inf9ite    
,be+ ( ! univ]se1 :5 all sep>at5ess has 
ceas$1 :5 all m51 all wom51 all angels1 
all gods1 all animals1 all plants1 !    
:ole univ]se has be5 melt$ into t       
on5ess1 !n all fe> disappe>s4 ,:om to   
fe>8 ,c ,i hurt myself8 ,c ,i kill      
myself8 ,c ,i injure myself8 ,d y fe>   
y\rself8 ,!n w all sorr[ disappe>4 ,:at 

c cause me sorr[8 ,i am ! ,"o ,exi/5ce (
 ! univ]se4 ,!n all jeal\sies w         
disappe>2 ( :om to be jeal\s8 ,( myself8
 ,!n all bad feel+s disappe>4 ,aga9/ :om
 w ,i h ?is bad feel+8 ,aga9/ myself8   
,!re is none 9 ! univ]se b me4 444 ,kill
 out ?is diff]5tiation2 kill out ?is    
sup]/ition t !re are _m4 ',he :o1 9 ?is 
_w ( _m1 sees t ,"o2 he :o 9 ?is mass ( 
ins5ti5cy sees t ,"o ,s5ti5t ,be+2 he :o
 9 ?is _w ( %ad[ cat*es t ,reality1 unto
 him belongs et]nal peace1 unto none    
else1 unto none else4'  ,we all h "s e> 
= ?is moni/ic music3 x elevates &       
reassures4 ,we all h at lea/ ! g]m (    
my/icism 9 u4 ,& :5 our ideali/s recite 
_! argum5ts = ! ,absolute1 say+ t !     
slighte/ union admitt$ any:]e c>ries    
logically absolute ,on5ess ) x1 & t !   
slighte/ sep>ation admitt$ any:]e       
logically c>ries disunion rem$iless &   
complete1 ,i _c help suspect+ t !       
palpable weak places 9 ! intellectual   
reason+s !y use are protect$ f _! own   
criticism by a my/ical feel+ t1 logic or

 no logic1 absolute ,on5ess mu/ someh[  
at any co/ be true4 ,on5ess ov]comes    
,,moral sep>at5ess at any rate4 ,9 !    
passion ( love we h ! my/ic g]m ( :at   
might mean a total union ( all s5ti5t   
life4 ,?is my/ical g]m wakes up 9 u on  
he>+ ! moni/ic utt]ances1 ackn[l$ges _! 
au?ority1 & assigns to intellectual     
consid]ations a second>y place4  ,i w   
dwell no long] on ^! religi\s & moral   
aspects ( ! "q 9 ?is lecture4 ,:5 ,i    
come to my f9al lecture !re w be some?+ 
m to say4  ,leave !n out ( consid]ation 
= ! mom5t ! au?ority :i* my/ical        
insights may be conjectur$ ev5tually to 
possess2 treat ! problem ( ! ,"o & ! ,_m
 9 a purely intellectual way2 & we see  
cle>ly en\gh :]e pragmatism /&s4 ,) h]  
crit]ion ( ! practical diff]5ces t      
!ories make1 we see t %e mu/ equally    
abjure absolute monism & absolute       
pluralism4 ,! _w is "o j s f> z its p>ts
 hang toge!r by any def9ite connexion4  
,x is _m j s f> z any def9ite connexion 
fails to obta94 ,& f9ally x is gr[+ m & 

m unifi$ by ^? sy/ems ( connexion at    
lea/ :i* human en]gy keeps fram+ z "t   
goes on4  ,x is possible to imag9e      
alt]native univ]ses to ! "o we "k1 9 :i*
 ! mo/ v>i\s grades & types ( union %\ld
 be embodi$4 ,?us ! l[e/ grade ( univ]se
 w\ld be a _w ( m]e ,,)ness1 ( :i* !    
p>ts 7 only /rung toge!r by !           
conjunction '&4' ,su* a univ]se is ev5  
n[ ! collection ( our sev]al inn] lives4
 ,! spaces & times ( y\r imag9ation1 !  
objects & ev5ts ( y\r day-dreams are n  
only m or less incoh]5t int] se1 b are  
:olly out ( def9ite relation ) ! simil> 
cont5ts ( anyone else's m9d4 ,our v>i\s 
rev]ies n[ z we sit "h comp5etrate ea*  
o!r idly )\t influ5c+ or int]f]+4 ,!y   
coexi/1 b 9 no ord] & 9 no receptacle1  
be+ ! ne>e/ approa* to an absolute '_m' 
t we c conceive4 ,we _c ev5 imag9e any  
reason :y !y ,,%\ld be kn[n all toge!r1 
& we c imag9e ev5 less1 if !y 7 kn[n    
toge!r1 h[ !y c\ld be kn[n z "o         
sy/ematic :ole4  ,b add our s5sations & 
bodily actions1 & ! union m\nts to a mu*

 high] grade4 ,our audita et visa & our 
acts fall into ^? receptacles ( "t &    
space 9 :i* ea* ev5t f9ds its date &    
place4 ,!y =m '?+s' & are ( 'k9ds' too1 
& c be class$4 ,yet we c imag9e a _w (  
?+s & ( k9ds 9 :i* ! causal int]actions 
) :i* we are s famili> %\ld n exi/4     
,ev]y?+ !re might be in]t t[>ds ev]y?+  
else1 & refuse to propagate its         
influ5ce4 ,or gross me*anical influ5ces 
might pass1 b no *emical action4 ,su*   
worlds w\ld be f> less unifi$ ?an ours4 
,aga9 !re might be complete             
physico-*emical int]action1 b no m9ds2  
or m9ds1 b altoge!r private ones1 ) no  
social life2 or social life limit$ to   
acqua9tance1 b no love2 or love1 b no   
cu/oms or in/itutions t %\ld sy/ematize 
x4 ,no "o ( ^! grades ( univ]se w\ld be 
absolutely irrational or dis9tegrat$1   
inf]ior ?o x might appe> :5 look$ at f !
 high] grades4 ,= in/ance1 if our m9ds  
%\ld ev] become 'telepa?ically'         
connect$1 s t we knew imm$iately1 or    
c\ld "u c]ta9 conditions "k imm$iately1 

ea* :at ! o!r 0 ?9k+1 ! _w we n[ live 9 
w\ld appe> to ! ?9k]s 9 t _w to h be5 ( 
an inf]ior grade4  ,) ! :ole ( pa/      
et]nity op5 = our conjectures to range  
91 x may be lawful to wond] :e!r ! v>i\s
 k9ds ( union n[ realiz$ 9 ! univ]se t  
we inhabit may n possibly h be5         
successively evolv$ aft] ! fa%ion 9 :i* 
we n[ see human sy/ems evolv+ 9         
consequ5ce ( human ne$s4 ,if su* an     
hypo!sis 7 legitimate1 total on5ess w\ld
 appe> at ! end ( ?+s r ?an at _! orig94
 ,9 o!r words ! notion ( ! ',absolute'  
w\ld h to be replac$ by t ( !           
',ultimate4' ,! two notions w\ld h !    
same cont5t--! maximally unifi$ cont5t (
 fact1 namely--b _! "t-relations w\ld be
 positively rev]s$4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e  
on ! ,ultimate1 ,mr4 ,s*ill]'s essay    
,activity & ,sub/ance1 9 8 book entitl$ 
,humanism1 p4 #bjd4  ,aft] discuss+ !   
unity ( ! univ]se 9 ?is pragmatic way1 y
 ought to see :y ,i said 9 my second    
lecture1 borr[+ ! ^w f my fri5d ,g4     
,pap9i1 t pragmatism t5ds to ,,un/iff5  

all our !ories4 ,! _w's on5ess has      
g5]ally be5 affirm$ ab/ractly only1 & z 
if anyone :o que/ion$ x mu/ be an idiot4
 ,! temp] ( moni/s has be5 s vehem5t1 z 
almo/ at times to be convulsive2 & ?is  
way ( hold+ a doctr9e does n easily g ) 
reasonable discussion & ! draw+ (       
di/9ctions4 ,! !ory ( ! ,absolute1 9    
p>ticul>1 has _h to be an article (     
fai?1 affirm$ dogmatically &            
exclusively4 ,! ,"o & ,all1 fir/ 9 !    
ord] ( be+ & ( kn[+1 logically necess>y 
itself1 & unit+ all less] ?+s 9 ! bonds 
( mutual necessity1 h[ c\ld x all[ ( any
 mitigation ( its inn] rigidity8 ,!     
slighte/ suspicion ( pluralism1 ! m9ute/
 wiggle ( indep5d5ce ( any "o ( its p>ts
 f ! control ( ! totality1 w\ld ru9 x4  
,absolute unity brooks no degrees--z    
well might y claim absolute purity = a  
glass ( wat] because x conta9s b a s+le 
little *ol]a-g]m4 ,! indep5d5ce1 h[ev]  
inf9itesimal1 ( a "p1 h[ev] small1 w\ld 
be to ! ,absolute z fatal z a *ol]a-g]m4
  ,pluralism on ! o!r h& has no ne$ (   

?is dogmatic rigori/ic temp]4 ,provid$ y
 grant ,,"s sep>ation among ?+s1 "s     
tremor ( indep5d5ce1 "s free play ( p>ts
 on "o ano!r1 "s real novelty or *ance1 
h[ev] m9ute1 %e is amply satisfi$1 & w  
all[ y any am\nt1 h[ev] great1 ( real   
union4 ,h[ mu* ( union !re may be is a  
"q t %e ?9ks c only be decid$           
empirically4 ,! am\nt may be enorm\s1   
colossal2 b absolute monism is %att]$   
if1 along ) all ! union1 !re has to be  
grant$ ! slighte/ modicum1 ! mo/        
incipi5t nasc5cy1 or ! mo/ residual     
trace1 ( a sep>ation t is n 'ov]come4'  
,pragmatism1 p5d+ ! f9al empirical      
asc]ta9m5t ( j :at ! balance ( union &  
disunion among ?+s may be1 mu/ obvi\sly 
range h]self ^u ! plurali/ic side4 ,"s  
day1 %e admits1 ev5 total union1 ) "o   
kn[]1 "o orig91 & a univ]se consolidat$ 
9 e conceivable way1 may turn out to be 
! mo/ acceptable ( all hypo!ses4        
,mean:ile ! opposite hypo!sis1 ( a _w   
imp]fectly unifi$ /ill1 & p]haps always 
to rema9 s1 mu/ be s9c]ely ent]ta9$4    

,?is latt] hypo!sis is pluralism's      
doctr9e4 ,s9ce absolute monism =bids its
 be+ ev5 consid]$ s]i\sly1 br&+ x z     
irrational f ! />t1 x is cle> t         
pragmatism mu/ turn its back on absolute
 monism1 & foll[ pluralism's m empirical
 pa?4  ,?is leaves u ) ! common-s5se _w1
 9 :i* we f9d ?+s p>tly jo9$ & p>tly    
disjo9$4 ',?+s1' !n1 & _!               
'conjunctions'--:at d su* words mean1   
pragmatically h&l$8 ,9 my next lecture1 
,i w apply ! pragmatic me?od to ! /age (
 philosophiz+ kn[n z ,common ,s5se4     
,lecture ,v  ,pragmatism & ,common ,s5se
  ,9 ! la/ lecture we turn$ ourselves f 
! usual way ( talk+ ( ! univ]se's on5ess
 z a pr9ciple1 sublime 9 all its        
blankness1 t[>ds a /udy ( ! special k9ds
 ( union :i* ! univ]se enfolds4 ,we f\nd
 _m ( ^! to coexi/ ) k9ds ( sep>ation   
equally real4 ,h[ f> am ,i v]ifi$8 is ! 
"q :i* ea* k9d ( union & ea* k9d (      
sep>ation asks u "h1 s z good pragmati/s
 we h to turn our face t[>ds exp]i5ce1  
t[>ds 'facts4'  ,absolute on5ess rema9s1

 b only z an hypo!sis1 & t hypo!sis is  
r$uc$ n[adays to t ( an omnisci5t kn[]  
:o sees all ?+s )\t exception z =m+ "o  
s+le sy/ematic fact4 ,b ! kn[] 9 "q may 
/ill be conceiv$ ei!r z an ,absolute or 
z an ,ultimate2 & ov] aga9/ ! hypo!sis (
 him 9 ei!r =m ! c\nt]-hypo!sis t !     
wide/ field ( k t ev] 0 or w be /ill    
conta9s "s ignorance1 may be            
legitimately held4 ,"s bits ( in=mation 
always may escape4  ,?is is ! hypo!sis (
 ,,noetic ,,pluralism1 :i* moni/s       
consid] s absurd4 ,s9ce we are b\nd to  
treat x z respectfully z noetic monism1 
until ! facts %all h tipp$ ! beam1 we   
f9d t our pragmatism1 ?o orig9ally no?+ 
b a me?od1 has =c$ u to be fri5dly to ! 
plurali/ic view4 ,x ,,may be t "s p>ts (
 ! _w are connect$ s loosely ) "s o!r   
p>ts z to be /rung along by no?+ b !    
copula ,,&4 ,!y might ev5 come & g )\t  
^? o!r p>ts suff]+ any int]nal *ange4   
,?is plurali/ic view1 ( a _w (          
,,additive con/itution1 is "o t         
pragmatism is unable to rule out f s]i\s

 consid]ation4 ,b ?is view leads "o to !
 f>!r hypo!sis t ! actual _w1 in/ead (  
be+ complete 'et]nally1' z ! moni/s     
assure u1 may be et]nally incomplete1 & 
at all times subject to addition or     
liable to loss4  ,x ,,is at any rate    
incomplete 9 "o respect1 & flagrantly s4
 ,! v fact t we debate ?is "q %[s t our 
,,k is incomplete at pres5t & subject to
 addition4 ,9 respect ( ! k x conta9s ! 
_w does g5u9ely *ange & gr[4 ,"s g5]al  
rem>ks on ! way 9 :i* our k completes   
itself--:5 x does complete itself--w    
lead u v conv5i5tly into our subject =  
?is lecture1 :i* is ',common ,s5se4'    
,to beg9 )1 our k gr[s ,,9 ,,spots4 ,!  
spots may be l>ge or small1 b ! k nev]  
gr[s all ov]3 "s old k always rema9s :at
 x 04 ,y\r k ( pragmatism1 let u        
suppose1 is gr[+ n[4 ,lat]1 its gr[? may
 involve consid]able modification (     
op9ions :i* y previ\sly held to be true4
 ,b su* modifications are apt to be     
gradual4 ,to take ! ne>e/ possible      
example1 consid] ^! lectures ( m9e4 ,:at

 y fir/ ga9 f !m is probably a small    
am\nt ( new in=mation1 a few new        
def9itions1 or di/9ctions1 or po9ts (   
view4 ,b :ile ^! special ideas are be+  
add$1 ! re/ ( y\r k /&s /ill1 & only    
gradually w y 'l9e up' y\r previ\s      
op9ions ) ! novelties ,i am try+ to     
in/il1 & modify to "s slight degree _!  
mass4  ,y li/5 to me n[1 ,i suppose1 )  
c]ta9 prepossessions z to my compet5cy1 
& ^! affect y\r reception ( :at ,i say1 
b 7 ,i sudd5ly to break (f lectur+1 & to
 beg9 to s+ ',we won't g home till      
morn+' 9 a ri* b>itone voice1 n only    
w\ld t new fact be add$ to y\r /ock1 b x
 w\ld oblige y to def9e me diff]5tly1 & 
t might alt] y\r op9ion ( ! pragmatic   
philosophy1 & 9 g5]al br+ ab\t a        
re>rangem5t ( a numb] ( y\r ideas4 ,y\r 
m9d 9 su* processes is /ra9$1 &         
sometimes pa9fully s1 betwe5 its old]   
beliefs & ! novelties :i* exp]i5ce br+s 
along4  ,our m9ds ?us gr[ 9 spots2 & l  
grease-spots1 ! spots spread4 ,b we let 
!m spread z little z possible3 we keep  

unalt]$ z mu* ( our old k1 z _m ( our   
old prejudices & beliefs1 z we c4 ,we   
pat* & t9k] m ?an we r5ew4 ,! novelty   
soaks 92 x /a9s ! anci5t mass2 b x is   
also t+$ by :at absorbs x4 ,our pa/     
app]ceives & co-op]ates2 & 9 ! new      
equilibrium 9 :i* ea* /ep =w>d 9 !      
process ( le>n+ t]m9ates1 x happ5s      
relatively seldom t ! new fact is add$  
,,raw4 ,m usually x is emb$d$ cook$1 z  
"o might say1 or /ew$ d[n 9 ! sauce ( ! 
old4  ,new tru?s ?us are resultants (   
new exp]i5ces & ( old tru?s comb9$ &    
mutually modify+ "o ano!r4 ,& s9ce ?is  
is ! case 9 ! *anges ( op9ion ( to-day1 
!re is no reason to assume t x has n be5
 s at all times4 ,x foll[s t v anci5t   
modes ( ?\ght may h surviv$ ?r\gh all ! 
lat] *anges 9 m5's op9ions4 ,! mo/      
primitive ways ( ?9k+ may n yet be :olly
 expung$4 ,l our five f+]s1 our         
e>-bones1 our rudim5t>y caudal app5dage1
 or our o!r 've/igial' peculi>ities1 !y 
may rema9 z indelible tok5s ( ev5ts 9   
our race-hi/ory4 ,our ance/ors may at   

c]ta9 mom5ts h /ruck into ways ( ?9k+   
:i* !y might conceivably n h f\nd4 ,b   
once !y did s1 & aft] ! fact1 !         
inh]itance cont9ues4 ,:5 y beg9 a piece 
( music 9 a c]ta9 key1 y mu/ keep ! key 
to ! end4 ,y may alt] y\r h\se ad       
libitum1 b ! gr\nd-plan ( ! fir/        
ar*itect p]si/s--y c make great *anges1 
b y _c *ange a ,go?ic *ur* into a ,doric
 temple4 ,y may r9se & r9se ! bottle1 b 
y c't get ! ta/e ( ! m$ic9e or :iskey t 
fir/ fill$ x :olly out4  ,my !sis n[ is 
?is1 t ,,our ,,fundam5tal ,,ways ,,(    
,,?9k+ ,,ab\t ,,?+s ,,are ,,discov]ies  
,,( ,,exce$+ly ,,remote ,,ance/ors1     
,,:i* ,,h ,,be5 ,,able ,,to ,,pres]ve   
,,!mselves ,,?r\gh\t ,,! ,,exp]i5ce ,,( 
,,all ,,subsequ5t ,,"t4 ,!y =m "o great 
/age ( equilibrium 9 ! human m9d's      
developm5t1 ! /age ( common s5se4 ,o!r  
/ages h graft$ !mselves ^u ?is /age1 b h
 nev] succe$$ 9 displac+ x4 ,let u      
consid] ?is common-s5se /age fir/1 z if 
x might be f9al4  ,9 practical talk1 a  
man's common s5se means 8 good judgm5t1 

8 fre$om f exc5tricity1 8 ,,gumption1 to
 use ! v]nacul> ^w4 ,9 philosophy x     
means some?+ entirely diff]5t1 x means 8
 use ( c]ta9 intellectual =ms or        
categories ( ?\ght4 ,7 we lob/]s1 or    
bees1 x might be t our organization w\ld
 h l$ to our us+ q diff]5t modes f ^! ( 
appreh5d+ our exp]i5ces4 ,x ,,might be  
too 7we _c dogmatically d5y ?is7 t su*  
categories1 unimag9able by u to-day1    
w\ld h prov$ on ! :ole z s]viceable =   
h&l+ our exp]i5ces m5tally z ^? :i* we  
actually use4  ,if ?is s\nds p>adoxical 
to anyone1 let him ?9k ( analytical     
geometry4 ,! id5tical figures :i*       
,euclid def9$ by intr9sic relations 7   
def9$ by ,desc>tes by ! relations ( _!  
po9ts to adv5titi\s co-ord9ates1 !      
result be+ an absolutely diff]5t & va/ly
 m pot5t way ( h&l+ curves4 ,all our    
conceptions are :at ! ,g]mans call      
d5kmittel1 means by :i* we h&le facts by
 ?9k+ !m4 ,exp]i5ce m]ely z su* doesn't 
come ticket$ & label$1 we h fir/ to     
discov] :at x is4 ,kant speaks ( x z be+

 9 its fir/ int5tion a gewuehl d]       
ers*e9ung51 a rhapsodie d] wahrnehmung51
 a m]e motley :i* we h to unify by our  
wits4 ,:at we usually d is fir/ to frame
 "s sy/em ( concepts m5tally classifi$1 
s]ializ$1 or connect$ 9 "s intellectual 
way1 & !n to use ?is z a tally by :i* we
 'keep tab' on ! impressions t pres5t   
!mselves4 ,:5 ea* is ref]r$ to "s       
possible place 9 ! conceptual sy/em1 x  
is !reby 'und]/ood4' ,?is notion (      
p>allel 'manifolds' ) _! elem5ts /&+    
reciprocally 9 '"o-to-"o relations1' is 
prov+ s conv5i5t n[adays 9 ma!matics &  
logic z to sup]s$e m & m ! old]         
classificatory conceptions4 ,!re are _m 
conceptual sy/ems ( ?is sort2 & ! s5se  
manifold is also su* a sy/em4 ,f9d a    
"o-to-"o relation = y\r s5se-impressions
 ,,any:]e among ! concepts1 & 9 s f> =? 
y rationalize ! impressions4 ,b obvi\sly
 y c rationalize !m by us+ v>i\s        
conceptual sy/ems4  ,! old common-s5se  
way ( rationaliz+ !m is by a set (      
concepts ( :i* ! mo/ important are ^!3  

,?+2  ,! same or diff]5t2  ,k9ds2       
,m9ds2  ,bodies2  ,"o ,"t2  ,"o ,space2 
,subjects & attributes2  ,causal        
influ5ces2  ,! fanci$2  ,! real4  ,we   
are n[ s famili> ) ! ord] t ^! notions h
 wov5 = u out ( ! ev]la/+ wea!r ( our   
p]ceptions t we f9d x h>d to realize h[ 
little ( a fix$ r\t9e ! p]ceptions foll[
 :5 tak5 by !mselves4 ,! ^w wea!r is a  
good "o to use "h4 ,9 ,bo/on1 = example1
 ! wea!r has almo/ no r\t9e1 ! only law 
be+ t if y h _h any wea!r = two days1 y 
w probably b n c]ta9ly h ano!r wea!r on 
! ?ird4 ,wea!r-exp]i5ce z x ?us comes to
 ,bo/on1 is discont9u\s & *aotic4 ,9    
po9t ( temp]ature1 ( w9d1 ra9 or sun%9e1
 x ,,may *ange ?ree times a day4 ,b !   
,wa%+ton wea!r-bureau intellectualizes  
?is disord] by mak+ ea* successive bit (
 ,bo/on wea!r ,,episodic4 ,x ref]s x to 
its place & mom5t 9 a cont95tal cyclone1
 on ! hi/ory ( :i* ! local *anges       
ev]y:]e are /rung z beads are /rung ^u a
 cord4  ,n[ x seems almo/ c]ta9 t "y    
*ildr5 & ! inf]ior animals take all _!  

exp]i5ces v mu* z un9/ruct$ ,bo/onians  
take _! wea!r4 ,!y "k no m ( "t or space
 z _w-receptacles1 or ( p]man5t subjects
 & *ang+ pr$icates1 or ( causes1 or     
k9ds1 or ?\ghts1 or ?+s1 ?an our common 
p "k ( cont95tal cyclones4 ,a baby's    
rattle drops out ( 8 h&1 b ! baby looks 
n = x4 ,x has 'gone out' = him1 z a     
c&le-flame goes out2 & x comes back1 :5 
y replace x 9 8 h&1 z ! flame comes back
 :5 relit4 ,! idea ( its be+ a '?+1' ^: 
p]man5t exi/5ce by itself he might      
int]polate betwe5 its successive        
app>itions has evid5tly n occurr$ to    
him4 ,x is ! same ) dogs4 ,out ( sight1 
out ( m9d1 ) !m4 ,x is pretty evid5t t  
!y h no ,,g5]al t5d5cy to int]polate    
'?+s4' ,let me quote "h a passage f my  
colleague ,g4 ,santayana's book4  ,if a 
dog1 :ile sniff+ ab\t cont5t$ly1 sees   
af> (f 8 ma/] arriv+ aft] long          
abs5ce444! poor brute asks = no reason  
:y 8 ma/] w5t1 :y he has come aga91 :y  
he %\ld be lov$1 or :y pres5tly :ile ly+
 at 8 feet y =get him & beg9 to grunt & 

dream ( ! *ase--all t is an utt] my/]y1 
utt]ly unconsid]$4 ,su* exp]i5ce has    
v>iety1 sc5]y1 & a c]ta9 vital rhy?m2   
its /ory might be told 9 di?yrambic     
v]se4 ,x moves :olly by inspiration2 e  
ev5t is provid5tial1 e act unprem$itat$4
 ,absolute fre$om & absolute            
helplessness h met toge!r3 y dep5d :olly
 on div9e fav\r1 yet t unfa?omable ag5cy
 is n di/+ui%able f y\r own life4 444,b 
! figures ev5 ( t disord]$ drama h _!   
exits & _! entrances2 & _! cues c be    
gradually discov]$ by a be+ capable (   
fix+ 8 att5tion & reta9+ ! ord] ( ev5ts4
 444,9 proportion z su* und]/&+ advances
 ea* mom5t ( exp]i5ce becomes           
consequ5tial & prophetic ( ! re/4 ,!    
calm places 9 life are fill$ ) p[] & its
 spasms ) res\rce4 ,no emotion c ov]:elm
 ! m9d1 = ( none is ! basis or issue    
:olly hidd52 no ev5t c disconc]t x      
altoge!r1 because x sees beyond4 ,means 
c be look$ = to escape f ! wor/         
pr$icam5t2 & :]eas ea* mom5t _h be5     
=m]ly fill$ ) no?+ b its own adv5ture & 

surpris$ emotion1 ea* n[ makes room = ! 
lesson ( :at w5t be=e & surmises :at may
 be ! plot ( ! :ole4,footnote3 ,! ,life 
( ,reason3 ,reason 9 ,common ,s5se1     
#aije1 p4 #ei4  ,ev5 to-day sci5ce &    
philosophy are /ill labori\sly try+ to  
"p fancies f realities 9 our exp]i5ce2 &
 9 primitive times !y made only ! mo/   
incipi5t di/9ctions 9 ?is l9e4 ,m5      
believ$ :atev] !y ?\ght ) any livel9ess1
 & !y mix$ _! dreams ) _! realities     
inextricably4 ,! categories ( '?\ght' & 
'?+s' are indisp5sable "h--in/ead ( be+ 
realities we n[ call c]ta9 exp]i5ces    
only '?\ghts4' ,!re is n a category1    
among ^? enum]at$1 ( :i* we may n imag9e
 ! use to h ?us orig9at$ hi/orically &  
only gradually spread4  ,t "o ,"t :i* we
 all believe 9 & 9 :i* ea* ev5t has its 
def9ite date1 t "o ,space 9 :i* ea* ?+  
has its position1 ^! ab/ract notions    
unify ! _w incomp>ably2 b 9 _! f9i%$    
%ape z concepts h[ diff]5t !y are f !   
loose unord]$ "t-&-space exp]i5ces (    
natural m56 ,ev]y?+ t happ5s to u br+s  

its own duration & ext5sion1 & bo? are  
vaguely surr\nd$ by a m>g9al 'm' t runs 
into ! duration & ext5sion ( ! next ?+ t
 comes4 ,b we soon lose all our def9ite 
be>+s2 & n only d our *ildr5 make no    
di/9ction betwe5 ye/]day & ! day be=e   
ye/]day1 ! :ole pa/ be+ *urn$ up toge!r1
 b we adults /ill d s :5ev] ! times are 
l>ge4 ,x is ! same ) spaces4 ,on a map  
,i c di/9ctly see ! relation ( ,london1 
,con/ant9ople1 & ,pek9 to ! place :]e ,i
 am2 9 reality ,i utt]ly fail to ,,feel 
! facts :i* ! map symbolizes4 ,!        
directions & di/ances are vague1 confus$
 & mix$4 ,cosmic space & cosmic "t1 s f>
 f be+ ! intuitions t ,kant said !y 71  
are con/ructions z pat5tly artificial z 
any t sci5ce c %[4 ,! great majority ( !
 human race nev] use ^! notions1 b live 
9 plural times & spaces1 int]p5etrant & 
,,dur*e9&]4  ,p]man5t '?+s' aga92 !     
'same' ?+ & its v>i\s 'appe>ances' &    
'alt]ations'2 ! diff]5t 'k9ds' ( ?+2 ) !
 'k9d' us$ f9ally z a 'pr$icate1' ( :i* 
! ?+ rema9s ! 'subject'--:at a /raight5+

 ( ! tangle ( our exp]i5ce's imm$iate   
flux & s5sible v>iety does ?is li/ (    
t]ms sugge/6 ,& x is only ! smalle/ "p (
 8 exp]i5ce's flux t anyone actually    
does /raight5 out by apply+ to x ^!     
conceptual in/rum5ts4 ,out ( !m all our 
l[e/ ance/ors probably us$ only1 & !n   
mo/ vaguely & inaccurately1 ! notion (  
'! same aga94' ,b ev5 !n if y _h ask$ !m
 :e!r ! same 7 a '?+' t _h endur$       
?r\gh\t ! unse5 int]val1 !y w\ld        
probably h be5 at a loss1 & w\ld h said 
t !y _h nev] ask$ t "q1 or consid]$     
matt]s 9 t light4  ,k9ds1 & sam5ess (   
k9d--:at colossally useful ,,d5kmittel =
 f9d+ our way among ! _m6 ,! manyness   
might conceivably h be5 absolute4       
,exp]i5ces might h all be5 s+ul>s1 no "o
 ( !m occurr+ twice4 ,9 su* a _w logic  
w\ld h _h no application2 = k9d &       
sam5ess ( k9d are logic's only          
in/rum5ts4 ,once we "k t :atev] is ( a  
k9d is also ( t k9d's k9d1 we c travel  
?r\gh ! univ]se z if ) sev5-league      
boots4 ,brutes surely nev] use ^!       

ab/ractions1 & civiliz$ m5 use !m 9 mo/ 
v>i\s am\nts4  ,causal influ5ce1 aga96  
,?is1 if any?+1 seems to h be5 an       
ant$iluvian conception2 = we f9d        
primitive m5 ?9k+ t almo/ ev]y?+ is     
significant & c ex]t influ5ce ( "s sort4
 ,! se>* = ! m def9ite influ5ces seems  
to h />t$ 9 ! "q3 ,:o1 or :at1 is to    
blame8--= any illness1 namely1 or       
disa/]1 or unt[>d ?+4 ,f ?is c5tre !    
se>* = causal influ5ces has spread4     
,hume & ',sci5ce' toge!r h tri$ to      
elim9ate ! :ole notion ( influ5ce1      
sub/itut+ ! entirely diff]5t ,,d5kmittel
 ( 'law4' ,b law is a comp>atively rec5t
 inv5tion1 & influ5ce reigns supreme 9 !
 old] realm ( common s5se4  ,!          
'possible1' z some?+ less ?an ! actual &
 m ?an ! :olly unreal1 is ano!r ( ^!    
magi/]ial notions ( common s5se4        
,criticize !m z y may1 !y p]si/2 & we   
fly back to !m ! mom5t critical pressure
 is relax$4 ',self1' 'body1' 9 !        
sub/antial or metaphysical s5se--no "o  
escapes subjection to ,,^? =ms ( ?\ght4 

,9 practice1 ! common-s5se ,,d5kmittel  
are uni=mly victori\s4 ,ev]yone1 h[ev]  
in/ruct$1 /ill ?9ks ( a '?+' 9 !        
common-s5se way1 z a p]man5t            
unit-subject t 'supports' its attributes
 int]*angeably4 ,no "o /ably or s9c]ely 
uses ! m critical notion1 ( a gr\p (    
s5se-qualities unit$ by a law4 ,) ^!    
categories 9 our h&1 we make our plans &
 plot toge!r1 & connect all ! remot]    
p>ts ( exp]i5ce ) :at lies be=e our     
eyes4 ,our lat] & m critical            
philosophies are m]e fads & fancies     
comp>$ ) ?is natural "m-tongue ( ?\ght4 
,common s5se appe>s ?us z a p]fectly    
def9ite /age 9 our und]/&+ ( ?+s1 a /age
 t satisfies 9 an extraord9>ily         
successful way ! purposes = :i* we ?9k4 
',?+s' d exi/1 ev5 :5 we d n see !m4 ,_!
 'k9ds' also exi/4 ,_! 'qualities' are  
:at !y act by1 & are :at we act on2 & ^!
 also exi/4 ,^! lamps %$ _! quality (   
light on e object 9 ?is room4 ,we       
int]cept ,,x on its way :5ev] we hold up
 an opaque scre54 ,x is ! v s\nd t my   

lips emit t travels into y\r e>s4 ,x is 
! s5sible heat ( ! fire t migrates into 
! wat] 9 :i* we boil an egg2 & we c     
*ange ! heat into coolness by dropp+ 9 a
 lump ( ice4 ,at ?is /age ( philosophy  
all non-,european m5 )\t exception h    
rema9$4 ,x suffices = all ! necess>y    
practical ends ( life2 &1 among our own 
race ev51 x is only ! highly sophi/icat$
 specim5s1 ! m9ds debau*$ by le>n+1 z   
,b]keley calls !m1 :o h ev] ev5 suspect$
 common s5se ( n be+ absolutely true4   
,b :5 we look back1 & speculate z to h[ 
! common-s5se categories may h a*iev$ _!
 wond]ful supremacy1 no reason appe>s :y
 x may n h be5 by a process j l t by :i*
 ! conceptions due to ,democritus1      
,b]keley1 or ,d>w91 a*iev$ _! simil>    
triumphs 9 m rec5t times4 ,9 o!r words1 
!y may h be5 successfully ,,discov]$ by 
prehi/oric g5iuses ^: names ! night (   
antiquity has cov]$ up2 !y may h be5    
v]ifi$ by ! imm$iate facts ( exp]i5ce   
:i* !y fir/ fitt$2 & !n f fact to fact &
 f man to man !y may h ,,spread1 until  

all language re/$ on !m & we are n[     
incapable ( ?9k+ naturally 9 any o!r    
t]ms4 ,su* a view w\ld only foll[ ! rule
 t has prov$ else:]e s f]tile1 ( assum+ 
! va/ & remote to con=m to ! laws (     
=mation t we c obs]ve at "w 9 ! small & 
ne>4  ,= all utilit>ian practical       
purposes ^! conceptions amply suffice2 b
 t !y began at special po9ts ( discov]y 
& only gradually spread f "o ?+ to      
ano!r1 seems prov$ by ! exce$+ly dubi\s 
limits ( _! application to-day4 ,we     
assume = c]ta9 purposes "o 'objective'  
,"t t ,,aequabilit] ,,fluit1 b we don't 
liv+ly believe 9 or realize any su*     
equally-fl[+ "t4 ',space' is a less     
vague notion2 b '?+s1' :at are !y8 ,is a
 con/ellation prop]ly a ?+8 or an army8 
or is an ,,ens ,,rationis su* z space or
 ju/ice a ?+8 ,is a knife ^: h&le &     
blade are *ang$ ! 'same'8 ,is !         
'*angel+1' :om ,locke s s]i\sly         
discusses1 ( ! human 'k9d'8 ,is         
'telepa?y' a 'fancy' or a 'fact'8 ,!    
mom5t y pass beyond ! practical use ( ^!

 categories 7a use usually sugge/$      
suffici5tly by ! circum/ances ( !       
special case7 to a m]ely curi\s or      
speculative way ( ?9k+1 y f9d x         
impossible to say )9 j :at limits ( fact
 any "o ( !m %all apply4  ,! p]ipatetic 
philosophy1 obey+ rationali/            
prop5sities1 has tri$ to et]nalize !    
common-s5se categories by treat+ !m v   
te*nically & articulately4 ,a '?+' =    
in/ance is a be+1 or ,,ens4 ,an ,,ens is
 a subject 9 :i* qualities 'inh]e4' ,a  
subject is a sub/ance4 ,sub/ances are ( 
k9ds1 & k9ds are def9ite 9 numb]1 &     
discrete4 ,^! di/9ctions are fundam5tal 
& et]nal4 ,z t]ms ( ,,disc\rse !y are   
inde$ magnific5tly useful1 b :at !y     
mean1 ap>t f _! use 9 /e]+ our disc\rse 
to pr(itable issues1 does n appe>4 ,if y
 ask a s*ola/ic philosoph] :at a        
sub/ance may be 9 itself1 ap>t f its be+
 ! support ( attributes1 he simply says 
t y\r intellect kn[s p]fectly :at ! ^w  
means4  ,b :at ! intellect kn[s cle>ly  
is only ! ^w itself & its /e]+ function4

 ,s x comes ab\t t intellects ,,sibi    
,,p]missi1 intellects only curi\s &     
idle1 h =sak5 ! common-s5se level = :at 
9 g5]al t]ms may be call$ ! 'critical'  
level ( ?\ght4 ,n m]ely ,,su* intellects
 ei!r--y\r ,humes & ,b]keleys & ,hegels2
 b practical obs]v]s ( facts1 y\r       
,galileos1 ,daltons1 ,f>adays1 h f\nd x 
impossible to treat ! ,,naifs s5se-t]m9i
 ( common s5se z ultimately real4 ,z    
common s5se int]polates h] con/ant '?+s'
 betwe5 our int]mitt5t s5sations1 s     
sci5ce ,e,x,t,r,apolates h] _w (        
'prim>y' qualities1 h] atoms1 h] e!r1 h]
 magnetic fields1 & ! l1 beyond !       
common-s5se _w4 ,! '?+s' are n[         
invisible impalpable ?+s2 & ! old       
visible common-s5se ?+s are suppos$ to  
result f ! mixture ( ^! invisibles4 ,or 
else ! :ole ,,naif conception ( ?+ gets 
sup]s$$1 & a ?+'s "n is int]pret$ z     
d5ot+ only ! law or ,,regel ,,d]        
,,v]b9dung by :i* c]ta9 ( our s5sations 
habitually succe$ or coexi/4  ,sci5ce & 
critical philosophy ?us bur/ ! b\nds (  

common s5se4 ,) sci5ce ,,naif realism   
ceases3 ',second>y' qualities become    
unreal2 prim>y ones alone rema94 ,)     
critical philosophy1 havoc is made (    
ev]y?+4 ,! common-s5se categories "o &  
all cease to repres5t any?+ 9 ! way (   
,,be+2 !y are b sublime tricks ( human  
?\ght1 our ways ( escap+ bewild]m5t 9 ! 
mid/ ( s5sation's irrem$iable fl[4  ,b !
 sci5tific t5d5cy 9 critical ?\ght1 ?o  
inspir$ at fir/ by purely intellectual  
motives1 has op5$ an entirely unexpect$ 
range ( practical utilities to our      
a/oni%$ view4 ,galileo gave u accurate  
clocks & accurate artill]y-practice2 !  
*emi/s flood u ) new m$ic9es &          
dye-/uffs2 ,amp]e & ,f>aday h end[$ u ) 
! ,new ,york subway & ) ,m>coni         
telegrams4 ,! hypo!tical ?+s t su* m5 h 
inv5t$1 def9$ z !y h def9$ !m1 are %[+  
an extraord9>y f]tility 9 consequ5ces   
v]ifiable by s5se4 ,our logic c d$uce f 
!m a consequ5ce due "u c]ta9 conditions1
 we c !n br+ ab\t ! conditions1 & pre/o1
 ! consequ5ce is !re be=e our eyes4 ,!  

scope ( ! practical control ( nature    
newly put into our h& by sci5tific ways 
( ?9k+ va/ly exce$s ! scope ( ! old     
control gr\nd$ on common s5se4 ,its rate
 ( increase accel]ates s t no "o c trace
 ! limit2 "o may ev5 fe> t ! ,,be+ ( man
 may be cru%$ by 8 own p[]s1 t 8 fix$   
nature z an organism may n prove        
adequate to /& ! /ra9 ( ! ev] increas+ly
 trem5d\s functions1 almo/ div9e        
creative functions1 :i* 8 intellect w m 
& m enable him to wield4 ,he may dr[n 9 
8 weal? l a *ild 9 a ba?-tub1 :o has    
turn$ on ! wat] & :o _c turn x (f4  ,!  
philosophic /age ( criticism1 mu* m     
?or\gh 9 its negations ?an ! sci5tific  
/age1 s f> gives u no new range (       
practical p[]4 ,locke1 ,hume1 ,b]keley1 
,kant1 ,hegel1 h all be5 utt]ly /]ile1 s
 f> z %$d+ any light on ! details (     
nature goes1 & ,i c ?9k ( no inv5tion or
 discov]y t c be directly trac$ to any?+
 9 _! peculi> ?\ght1 = nei!r )          
,b]keley's t>-wat] nor ) ,kant's nebul> 
hypo!sis _h _! respective philosophic   

t5ets any?+ to d4 ,! satisfactions !y   
yield to _! disciples are intellectual1 
n practical2 & ev5 !n we h to confess t 
!re is a l>ge m9us-side to ! acc\nt4    
,!re are ?us at lea/ ?ree well-*>act]iz$
 levels1 /ages or types ( ?\ght ab\t !  
_w we live 91 & ! notions ( "o /age h "o
 k9d ( m]it1 ^? ( ano!r /age ano!r k9d4 
,x is impossible1 h[ev]1 to say t any   
/age z yet 9 sight is absolutely m      
,,true ?an any o!r4 ,common s5se is ! m 
,,consolidat$ /age1 because x got its   
inn+s fir/1 & made all language into its
 ally4 ,:e!r x or sci5ce be ! m ,,augu/ 
/age may be left to private judgm5t4 ,b 
nei!r consolidation nor augu/ness are   
decisive m>ks ( tru?4 ,if common s5se 7 
true1 :y %\ld sci5ce h _h to br& !      
second>y qualities1 to :i* our _w owes  
all its liv+ int]e/1 z false1 & to inv5t
 an invisible _w ( po9ts & curves &     
ma!matical equations in/ead8 ,:y %\ld x 
h ne$$ to trans=m causes & activities   
into laws ( 'functional v>iation'8      
,va9ly did s*ola/icism1 common s5se's   

college-tra9$ y\ng] si/]1 seek to       
/]eotype ! =ms ! human family _h always 
talk$ )1 to make !m def9ite & fix !m =  
et]nity4 ,sub/antial =ms 79 o!r words   
our second>y qualities7 h>dly outla/$ ! 
ye> ( our ,"l #afjj4 ,p 7 already tir$ (
 !m !n2 & ,galileo1 & ,desc>tes1 ) 8    
'new philosophy1' gave !m only a little 
lat] _! c\p de grace4  ,b n[ if ! new   
k9ds ( sci5tific '?+1' ! corpuscul> &   
e!ric _w1 7 ess5tially m 'true1' :y %\ld
 !y h excit$ s mu* criticism )9 ! body (
 sci5ce itself8 ,sci5tific logicians are
 say+ on e h& t ^! entities & _!        
det]m9ations1 h[ev] def9itely conceiv$1 
%\ld n be held = lit]ally real4 ,x is   
,,z ,,if !y exi/$2 b 9 reality !y are l 
co-ord9ates or log>i?ms1 only artificial
 %ort-cuts = tak+ u f "o "p to ano!r (  
exp]i5ce's flux4 ,we c ciph] fruitfully 
) !m2 !y s]ve u wond]fully2 b we mu/ n  
be _! dupes4  ,!re is no ,,r++          
conclusion possible :5 we comp>e ^!     
types ( ?9k+1 ) a view to tell+ :i* is !
 m absolutely true4 ,_! naturalness1 _! 

intellectual economy1 _! fruitfulness = 
practice1 all />t up z di/9ct te/s ( _! 
v]acity1 & z a result we get confus$4   
,common s5se is ,,bett] = "o sph]e (    
life1 sci5ce = ano!r1 philosophic       
criticism = a ?ird2 b :e!r ei!r be      
,,tru] absolutely1 ,heav5 only kn[s4 ,j 
n[1 if ,i und]/& ! matt] rightly1 we are
 witness+ a curi\s rev]sion to !        
common-s5se way ( look+ at physical     
nature1 9 ! philosophy ( sci5ce favor$  
by su* m5 z ,ma*1 ,o/wald & ,duhem4     
,accord+ to ^! tea*]s no hypo!sis is    
tru] ?an any o!r 9 ! s5se ( be+ a m     
lit]al copy ( reality4 ,!y are all b    
ways ( talk+ on our "p1 to be comp>$    
solely f ! po9t ( view ( _! ,,use4 ,!   
only lit]ally true ?+ is ,,reality2 & ! 
only reality we "k is1 = ^! logicians1  
s5sible reality1 ! flux ( our s5sations 
& emotions z !y pass4 ',en]gy' is !     
collective "n 7accord+ to ,o/wald7 = !  
s5sations j z !y pres5t !mselves 7!     
movem5t1 heat1 magnetic pull1 or light1 
or :atev] x may be7 :5 !y are measur$ 9 

c]ta9 ways4 ,s measur+ !m1 we are enabl$
 to describe ! correlat$ *anges :i* !y  
%[ u1 9 =mulas mat*less = _! simplicity 
& fruitfulness = human use4 ,!y are     
sov]eign triumphs ( economy 9 ?\ght4    
,no "o c fail to admire ! 'en]getic'    
philosophy4 ,b ! hyp]s5sible entities1 !
 corpuscles & vibrations1 hold _! own ) 
mo/ physici/s & *emi/s1 9 spite ( its   
appeal4 ,x seems too economical to be   
all-suffici5t4 ,pr(usion1 n economy1 may
 aft] all be reality's key-note4  ,i am 
deal+ "h ) highly te*nical matt]s1 h>dly
 suitable = popul> lectur+1 & 9 :i* my  
own compet5ce is small4 ,all ! bett] =  
my conclusion1 h[ev]1 :i* at ?is po9t is
 ?is4 ,! :ole notion ( tru?1 :i*        
naturally & )\t reflexion we assume to  
mean ! simple duplication by ! m9d ( a  
ready-made & giv5 reality1 proves h>d to
 und]/& cle>ly4 ,!re is no simple te/   
available = adjudicat+ (fh& betwe5 !    
div]s types ( ?\ght t claim to possess  
x4 ,common s5se1 common sci5ce or       
corpuscul> philosophy1 ultra-critical   

sci5ce1 or en]getics1 & critical or     
ideali/ic philosophy1 all seem          
insuffici5tly true 9 "s reg>d & leave "s
 dissatisfaction4 ,x is evid5t t !      
conflict ( ^! s widely diff]+ sy/ems    
obliges u to ov]haul ! v idea ( tru?1 = 
at pres5t we h no def9ite notion ( :at !
 ^w may mean4 ,i %all face t task 9 my  
next lecture1 & w add b a few words1 9  
f9i%+ ! pres5t "o4  ,!re are only two   
po9ts t ,i wi% y to reta9 f ! pres5t    
lecture4 ,! fir/ "o relates to common   
s5se4 ,we h se5 reason to suspect x1 to 
suspect t 9 spite ( _! be+ s v5]able1 ( 
_! be+ s univ]sally us$ & built into ! v
 /ructure ( language1 its categories may
 aft] all be only a collection (        
extraord9>ily successful hypo!ses       
7hi/orically discov]$ or inv5t$ by s+le 
m51 b gradually communicat$1 & us$ by   
ev]ybody7 by :i* our =efa!rs h f "t     
immemorial unifi$ & /raight5$ !         
discont9uity ( _! imm$iate exp]i5ces1 & 
put !mselves into an equilibrium ) !    
surface ( nature s satisfactory = ord9>y

 practical purposes t x c]ta9ly w\ld h  
la/$ =ev]1 b = ! excessive intellectual 
vivacity ( ,democritus1 ,ar*im$es1      
,galileo1 ,b]keley1 & o!r exc5tric      
g5iuses :om ! example ( su* m5 inflam$4 
,reta91 ,i pray y1 ?is suspicion ab\t   
common s5se4  ,! o!r po9t is ?is4 ,ought
 n ! exi/5ce ( ! v>i\s types ( ?9k+ :i* 
we h review$1 ea* s spl5did = c]ta9     
purposes1 yet all conflict+ /ill1 &     
nei!r "o ( !m able to support a claim ( 
absolute v]acity1 to awak5 a presumption
 favorable to ! pragmati/ic view t all  
our !ories are ,,in/rum5tal1 are m5tal  
modes ( ,,adaptation to reality1 r ?an  
revelations or gno/ic answ]s to "s      
div9ely in/itut$ _w-enigma8 ,i express$ 
?is view z cle>ly z ,i c\ld 9 ! second (
 ^! lectures4 ,c]ta9ly ! re/lessness ( !
 actual !oretic situation1 ! value = "s 
purposes ( ea* ?\ght-level1 & !         
inability ( ei!r to expel ! o!rs        
decisively1 sugge/ ?is pragmati/ic view1
 :i* ,i hope t ! next lectures may soon 
make entirely conv9c+4 ,may !re n aft]  

all be a possible ambiguity 9 tru?8     
,lecture ,,vi  ,pragmatism's ,conception
 ( ,tru?  ,:5 ,cl]k ,maxwell 0 a *ild x 
is writt5 t he _h a mania = hav+ ev]y?+ 
expla9$ to him1 & t :5 p put him (f )   
vague v]bal acc\nts ( any ph5om5on he   
w\ld int]rupt !m impati5tly by say+1    
,yes2 b ,i want y to tell me !          
,,p>ticul> ,,g ( x6 ,_h 8 "q be5 ab\t   
tru?1 only a pragmati/ c\ld h told him !
 p>ticul> g ( x4 ,i believe t our       
contempor>y pragmati/s1 especially      
,messrs4 ,s*ill] & ,dewey1 h giv5 ! only
 t5able acc\nt ( ?is subject4 ,x is a v 
tickli% subject1 s5d+ subtle rootlets   
into all k9ds ( crannies1 & h>d to treat
 9 ! sket*y way t alone befits a public 
lecture4 ,b ! ,s*ill]-,dewey view ( tru?
 has be5 s f]oci\sly attack$ by         
rationali/ic philosoph]s1 & s abom9ably 
misund]/ood1 t "h1 if any:]e1 is ! po9t 
:]e a cle> & simple /atem5t %\ld be     
made4  ,i fully expect to see !         
pragmati/ view ( tru? run ?r\gh !       
classic /ages ( a !ory's c>e]4 ,fir/1 y 

"k1 a new !ory is attack$ z absurd2 !n x
 is admitt$ to be true1 b obvi\s &      
insignificant2 f9ally x is se5 to be s  
important t its adv]s>ies claim t !y    
!mselves discov]$ x4 ,our doctr9e ( tru?
 is at pres5t 9 ! fir/ ( ^! ?ree /ages1 
) symptoms ( ! second /age hav+ begun 9 
c]ta9 qu>t]s4 ,i wi% t ?is lecture might
 help x beyond ! fir/ /age 9 ! eyes ( _m
 ( y4  ,tru?1 z any diction>y w tell y1 
is a prop]ty ( c]ta9 ( our ideas4 ,x    
means _! 'agreem5t1' z falsity means _! 
disagreem5t1 ) 'reality4' ,pragmati/s & 
intellectuali/s bo? accept ?is def9ition
 z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,!y beg9 to qu>rel  
only aft] ! "q is rais$ z to :at may    
precisely be meant by ! t]m 'agreem5t1' 
& :at by ! t]m 'reality1' :5 reality is 
tak5 z some?+ = our ideas to agree )4   
,9 answ]+ ^! que/ions ! pragmati/s are m
 analytic & pa9/ak+1 ! intellectuali/s m
 (fh& & irreflective4 ,! popul> notion  
is t a true idea mu/ copy its reality4  
,l o!r popul> views1 ?is "o foll[s !    
analogy ( ! mo/ usual exp]i5ce4 ,our    

true ideas ( s5sible ?+s d inde$ copy   
!m4 ,%ut y\r eyes & ?9k ( yond] clock on
 ! wall1 & y get j su* a true picture or
 copy ( its dial4 ,b y\r idea ( its     
'works' 7unless y are a clock-mak]7 is  
mu* less ( a copy1 yet x passes mu/]1 = 
x 9 no way cla%es ) ! reality4 ,ev5 ?o x
 %\ld %r9k to ! m]e ^w 'works1' t ^w    
/ill s]ves y truly2 & :5 y speak ( !    
'"t-keep+ function' ( ! clock1 or ( its 
spr+'s 'ela/icity1' x is h>d to see     
exactly :at y\r ideas c copy4  ,y       
p]ceive t !re is a problem "h4 ,:]e our 
ideas _c copy def9itely _! object1 :at  
does agreem5t ) t object mean8 ,"s      
ideali/s seem to say t !y are true :5ev]
 !y are :at ,god means t we ought to ?9k
 ab\t t object4 ,o!rs hold ! copy-view  
all ?r\gh1 & speak z if our ideas       
possess$ tru? j 9 proportion z !y       
approa* to be+ copies ( ! ,absolute's   
et]nal way ( ?9k+4  ,^! views1 y see1   
invite pragmati/ic discussion4 ,b !     
great assumption ( ! intellectuali/s is 
t tru? means ess5tially an in]t /atic   

relation4 ,:5 y've got y\r true idea (  
any?+1 !re's an end ( ! matt]4 ,y're 9  
possession2 y ,,"k2 y h fulfill$ y\r    
?9k+ de/9y4 ,y are :]e y ought to be    
m5tally2 y h obey$ y\r categorical      
imp]ative2 & no?+ m ne$ foll[ on t      
climax ( y\r rational de/9y4            
,epi/emologically y are 9 /able         
equilibrium4  ,pragmatism1 on ! o!r h&1 
asks its usual "q4 ,grant an idea or    
belief to be true1 x says1 :at concrete 
diff]5ce w its be+ true make 9 anyone's 
actual life8 ,h[ w ! tru? be realiz$8   
,:at exp]i5ces w be diff]5t f ^? :i*    
w\ld obta9 if ! belief 7 false8 ,:at1 9 
%ort1 is ! tru?'s ca%-value 9 exp]i5tial
 t]ms8  ,! mom5t pragmatism asks ?is "q1
 x sees ! answ]3 ,,true ,,ideas ,,are   
,,^? ,,t ,,we ,,c ,,assimilate1         
,,validate1 ,,corroborate ,,& ,,v]ify4  
,,false ,,ideas ,,are ,,^? ,,t ,,we     
,,_c4 ,t is ! practical diff]5ce x makes
 to u to h true ideas2 t1 !re=e1 is !   
mean+ ( tru?1 = x is all t tru? is      
kn[n-z4  ,?is !sis is :at ,i h to def5d4

 ,! tru? ( an idea is n a /agnant       
prop]ty inh]5t 9 x4 ,tru? ,,happ5s to an
 idea4 ,x ,,becomes true1 is ,,made true
 by ev5ts4 ,its v]ity is 9 fact an ev5t1
 a process3 ! process namely ( its      
v]ify+ itself1 its v]i-,,fication4 ,its 
validity is ! process ( its             
valid-,,ation4  ,b :at d ! words        
v]ification & validation !mselves       
pragmatically mean8 ,!y aga9 signify    
c]ta9 practical consequ5ces ( ! v]ifi$ &
 validat$ idea4 ,x is h>d to f9d any "o 
phrase t *>act]izes ^! consequ5ces bett]
 ?an ! ord9>y agreem5t-=mula--j su*     
consequ5ces be+ :at we h 9 m9d :5ev] we 
say t our ideas 'agree' ) reality4 ,!y  
lead u1 namely1 ?r\gh ! acts & o!r ideas
 :i* !y in/igate1 into or up to1 or     
t[>ds1 o!r p>ts ( exp]i5ce ) :i* we feel
 all ! :ile-su* feel+ be+ among our     
pot5tialities--t ! orig9al ideas rema9 9
 agreem5t4 ,! connexions & transitions  
come to u f po9t to po9t z be+          
progressive1 h>moni\s1 satisfactory4    
,?is function ( agreeable lead+ is :at  

we mean by an idea's v]ification4 ,su*  
an acc\nt is vague & x s\nds at fir/ q  
trivial1 b x has results :i* x w take ! 
re/ ( my h\r to expla94  ,let me beg9 by
 rem9d+ y ( ! fact t ! possession ( true
 ?\ghts means ev]y:]e ! possession (    
invaluable in/rum5ts ( action2 & t our  
duty to ga9 tru?1 s f> f be+ a blank    
comm& f out ( ! blue1 or a '/unt'       
self-impos$ by our intellect1 c acc\nt =
 itself by excell5t practical reasons4  
,! importance to human life ( hav+ true 
beliefs ab\t matt]s ( fact is a ?+ too  
notori\s4 ,we live 9 a _w ( realities t 
c be inf9itely useful or inf9itely      
h>mful4 ,ideas t tell u :i* ( !m to     
expect c\nt z ! true ideas 9 all ?is    
prim>y sph]e ( v]ification1 & ! pursuit 
( su* ideas is a prim>y human duty4 ,!  
possession ( tru?1 s f> f be+ "h an end 
9 itself1 is only a prelim9>y means     
t[>ds o!r vital satisfactions4 ,if ,i am
 lo/ 9 ! woods & />v$1 & f9d :at looks l
 a c[-pa?1 x is ( ! utmo/ importance t  
,i %\ld ?9k ( a human habitation at !   

end ( x1 = if ,i d s & foll[ x1 ,i save 
myself4 ,! true ?\ght is useful "h      
because ! h\se :i* is its object is     
useful4 ,! practical value ( true ideas 
is ?us prim>ily d]iv$ f ! practical     
importance ( _! objects to u4 ,_!       
objects are1 inde$1 n important at all  
times4 ,i may on ano!r occasion h no use
 = ! h\se2 & !n my idea ( x1 h[ev]      
v]ifiable1 w be practically irrelevant1 
& _h bett] rema9 lat5t4 ,yet s9ce almo/ 
any object may "s day become tempor>ily 
important1 ! advantage ( hav+ a g5]al   
/ock ( extra tru?s1 ( ideas t %all be   
true ( m]ely possible situations1 is    
obvi\s4 ,we /ore su* extra tru?s away 9 
our memories1 & ) ! ov]fl[ we fill our  
books ( ref]5ce4 ,:5ev] su* an extra    
tru? becomes practically relevant to "o 
( our em]g5cies1 x passes f cold-/orage 
to d "w 9 ! _w1 & our belief 9 x gr[s   
active4 ,y c say ( x !n ei!r t 'x is    
useful because x is true' or t 'x is    
true because x is useful4' ,bo? ^!      
phrases mean exactly ! same ?+1 namely t

 "h is an idea t gets fulfill$ & c be   
v]ifi$4 ,true is ! "n = :atev] idea />ts
 ! v]ification-process1 useful is ! "n =
 its complet$ function 9 exp]i5ce4 ,true
 ideas w\ld nev] h be5 s+l$ out z su*1  
w\ld nev] h acquir$ a class-"n1 lea/ (  
all a "n sugge/+ value1 unless !y _h be5
 useful f ! outset 9 ?is way4  ,f ?is   
simple cue pragmatism gets h] g5]al     
notion ( tru? z some?+ ess5tially b\nd  
up ) ! way 9 :i* "o mom5t 9 our exp]i5ce
 may lead u t[>ds o!r mom5ts :i* x w be 
wor? :ile to h be5 l$ to4 ,prim>ily1 &  
on ! common-s5se level1 ! tru? ( a /ate 
( m9d means ?is function ( ,a ,,lead+   
,,t ,,is ,,wor? ,,:ile4 ,:5 a mom5t 9   
our exp]i5ce1 ( any k9d :atev]1 inspires
 u ) a ?\ght t is true1 t means t soon] 
or lat] we dip by t ?\ght's guidance    
into ! p>ticul>s ( exp]i5ce aga9 & make 
advantage\s connexion ) !m4 ,?is is a   
vague en\gh /atem5t1 b ,i beg y to reta9
 x1 = x is ess5tial4  ,our exp]i5ce     
mean:ile is all %ot ?r\gh ) regul>ities4
 ,"o bit ( x c w>n u to get ready =     

ano!r bit1 c 'int5d' or be 'significant 
(' t remot] object4 ,! object's adv5t is
 ! significance's v]ification4 ,tru?1 9 
^! cases1 mean+ no?+ b ev5tual          
v]ification1 is manife/ly incompatible )
 wayw>dness on our "p4 ,woe to him ^:   
beliefs play fa/ & loose ) ! ord] :i*   
realities foll[ 9 8 exp]i5ce3 !y w lead 
him n[h]e or else make false connexions4
  ,by 'realities' or 'objects' "h1 we   
mean ei!r ?+s ( common s5se1 s5sibly    
pres5t1 or else common-s5se relations1  
su* z dates1 places1 di/ances1 k9ds1    
activities4 ,foll[+ our m5tal image ( a 
h\se along ! c[-pa?1 we actually come to
 see ! h\se2 we get ! image's full      
v]ification4 ,,su* ,,simply ,,& ,,fully 
,,v]ifi$ ,,lead+s ,,are ,,c]ta9ly ,,!   
,,orig9als ,,& ,,prototypes ,,( ,,!     
,,tru?-,,process4 ,exp]i5ce (f]s inde$  
o!r =ms ( tru?-process1 b !y are all    
conceivable z be+ prim>y v]ifications   
arre/$1 multipli$ or sub/itut$ "o =     
ano!r4  ,take1 = in/ance1 yond] object  
on ! wall4 ,y & ,i consid] x to be a    

'clock1' al?o no "o ( u has se5 ! hidd5 
works t make x "o4 ,we let our notion   
pass = true )\t attempt+ to v]ify4 ,if  
tru?s mean v]ification-process          
ess5tially1 ought we !n to call su*     
unv]ifi$ tru?s z ?is abortive8 ,no1 = !y
 =m ! ov]:elm+ly l>ge numb] ( ! tru?s we
 live by4 ,indirect z well z direct     
v]ifications pass mu/]4 ,:]e            
circum/antial evid5ce is suffici5t1 we c
 g )\t eye-witness+4 ,j z we "h assume  
,japan to exi/ )\t ev] hav+ be5 !re1    
because x ,,works to d s1 ev]y?+ we "k  
conspir+ ) ! belief1 & no?+ int]f]+1 s  
we assume t ?+ to be a clock4 ,we ,,use 
x z a clock1 regulat+ ! l5g? ( our      
lecture by x4 ,! v]ification ( !        
assumption "h means its lead+ to no     
fru/ration or contradiction4            
,verifi,a,b,i,l,i,t,y ( :eels & weights 
& p5dulum is z good z v]ification4 ,= "o
 tru?-process complet$ !re are a million
 9 our lives t function 9 ?is /ate (    
nasc5cy4 ,!y turn u ,,t[>ds direct      
v]ification2 lead u into ! ,,surr\nd+s (

 ! objects !y envisage2 & !n1 if ev]y?+ 
runs on h>moni\sly1 we are s sure t     
v]ification is possible t we omit x1 &  
are usually ju/ifi$ by all t happ5s4    
,tru? lives1 9 fact1 = ! mo/ "p on a    
cr$it sy/em4 ,our ?\ghts & beliefs      
'pass1' s long z no?+ *all5ges !m1 j z  
bank-notes pass s long z nobody refuses 
!m4 ,b ?is all po9ts to direct          
face-to-face v]ifications some:]e1 )\t  
:i* ! fabric ( tru? collapses l a       
f9ancial sy/em ) no ca%-basis :atev]4 ,y
 accept my v]ification ( "o ?+1 ,i y\rs 
( ano!r4 ,we trade on ea* o!r's tru?4 ,b
 beliefs v]ifi$ concretely by ,,somebody
 are ! po/s ( ! :ole sup]/ructure4      
,ano!r great reason--beside economy (   
"t--= waiv+ complete v]ification 9 !    
usual bus9ess ( life is t all ?+s exi/ 9
 k9ds & n s+ly4 ,our _w is f\nd once =  
all to h t peculi>ity4 ,s t :5 we h once
 directly v]ifi$ our ideas ab\t "o      
specim5 ( a k9d1 we consid] ourselves   
free to apply !m to o!r specim5s )\t    
v]ification4 ,a m9d t habitually disc]ns

 ! k9d ( ?+ be=e x1 & acts by ! law ( ! 
k9d imm$iately1 )\t paus+ to v]ify1 w be
 a 'true' m9d 9 n9ety-n9e out ( a hundr$
 em]g5cies1 prov$ s by its conduct fitt+
 ev]y?+ x meets1 & gett+ no refutation4 
,,indirectly ,,or ,,only ,,pot5tially   
,,v]ify+ ,,processes ,,may ,,?us ,,be   
,,true ,,z ,,well ,,z ,,full            
,,v]ification-,,processes4 ,!y "w z true
 processes w\ld "w1 give u ! same       
advantages1 & claim our recognition = ! 
same reasons4 ,all ?is on ! common-s5se 
level (1 matt]s ( fact1 :i* we are alone
 consid]+4  ,b matt]s ( fact are n our  
only /ock 9 trade4 ,,relations ,,among  
,,purely ,,m5tal ,,ideas =m ano!r sph]e 
:]e true & false beliefs obta91 & "h !  
beliefs are absolute1 or unconditional4 
,:5 !y are true !y be> ! "n ei!r (      
def9itions or ( pr9ciples4 ,x is ei!r a 
pr9ciple or a def9ition t #a & #a make  
#b1 t #b & #a make #c1 & s on2 t :ite   
diff]s less f gray ?an x does f black2 t
 :5 ! cause beg9s to act ! effect also  
comm5ces4 ,su* propositions hold ( all  

possible 'ones1' ( all conceivable      
':ites' & 'grays' & 'causes4' ,! objects
 "h are m5tal objects4 ,_! relations are
 p]ceptually obvi\s at a glance1 & no   
s5se-v]ification is necess>y4 ,moreov]1 
once true1 always true1 ( ^? same m5tal 
objects4 ,tru? "h has an 'et]nal' "*4   
,if y c f9d a concrete ?+ any:]e t is   
'"o' or ':ite' or 'gray1' or an         
'effect1' !n y\r pr9ciples w ev]la/+ly  
apply to x4 ,x is b a case ( asc]ta9+ ! 
k9d1 & !n apply+ ! law ( its k9d to !   
p>ticul> object4 ,y are sure to get tru?
 if y c b "n ! k9d rightly1 = y\r m5tal 
relations hold good ( ev]y?+ ( t k9d )\t
 exception4 ,if y !n1 nev]!less1 fail$  
to get tru? concretely1 y w\ld say t y  
_h class$ y\r real objects wrongly4  ,9 
?is realm ( m5tal relations1 tru? aga9  
is an affair ( lead+4 ,we relate "o     
ab/ract idea ) ano!r1 fram+ 9 ! end     
great sy/ems ( logical & ma!matical     
tru?1 "u ! respective t]ms ( :i* !      
s5sible facts ( exp]i5ce ev5tually      
arrange !mselves1 s t our et]nal tru?s  

hold good ( realities also4 ,?is m>riage
 ( fact & !ory is endlessly f]tile4 ,:at
 we say is "h already true 9 advance (  
special v]ification1 ,,if ,,we ,,h      
,,subsum$ ,,our ,,objects ,,rightly4    
,our ready-made ideal framework = all   
sorts ( possible objects foll[s f ! v   
/ructure ( our ?9k+4 ,we c no m play fa/
 & loose ) ^! ab/ract relations ?an we c
 d s ) our s5se-exp]i5ces4 ,!y co]ce u2 
we mu/ treat !m consi/5tly1 :e!r or n we
 l ! results4 ,! rules ( addition apply 
to our debts z rigor\sly z to our       
assets4 ,! hundr$? decimal ( pi1 ! ratio
 ( ! circumf]5ce to its diamet]1 is     
pr$et]m9$ ideally n[1 ?o no "o may h    
comput$ x4 ,if we %\ld ev] ne$ ! figure 
9 our deal+s ) an actual circle we %\ld 
ne$ to h x giv5 rightly1 calculat$ by ! 
usual rules2 = x is ! same k9d ( tru? t 
^? rules else:]e calculate4  ,betwe5 !  
co]cions ( ! s5sible ord] & ^? ( ! ideal
 ord]1 our m9d is ?us w$g$ tightly4 ,our
 ideas mu/ agree ) realities1 be su*    
realities concrete or ab/ract1 be !y    

facts or be !y pr9ciples1 "u p5alty (   
endless inconsi/5cy & fru/ration4 ,s f>1
 intellectuali/s c raise no prote/4 ,!y 
c only say t we h b>ely t\*$ ! sk9 ( !  
matt]4  ,realities mean1 !n1 ei!r       
concrete facts1 or ab/ract k9ds ( ?+s & 
relations p]ceiv$ intuitively betwe5 !m4
 ,!y fur!rmore & ?irdly mean1 z ?+s t   
new ideas ( ours mu/ no less take acc\nt
 (1 ! :ole body ( o!r tru?s already 9   
our possession4 ,b :at n[ does          
'agreem5t' ) su* ?ree-fold realities    
mean8--to use aga9 ! def9ition t is     
curr5t4  ,"h x is t pragmatism &        
intellectualism beg9 to "p company4     
,prim>ily1 no d\bt1 to agree means to   
copy1 b we saw t ! m]e ^w 'clock' w\ld d
 in/ead ( a m5tal picture ( its works1 &
 t ( _m realities our ideas c only be   
symbols & n copies4 ',pa/ "t1' 'p[]1'   
'spontaneity'--h[ c our m9d copy su*    
realities8  ,to 'agree' 9 ! wide/ s5se )
 a reality1 ,,c ,,only ,,mean ,,to ,,be 
,,guid$ ,,ei!r ,,/raight ,,up ,,to ,,x  
,,or ,,into ,,its ,,surr\nd+s1 ,,or ,,to

 ,,be ,,put ,,into ,,su* ,,work+ ,,t\*  
,,) ,,x ,,z ,,to ,,h&le ,,ei!r ,,x ,,or 
,,some?+ ,,connect$ ,,) ,,x ,,bett]     
,,?an ,,if ,,we ,,disagre$4 ,bett] ei!r 
intellectually or practically6 ,& (t5   
agreem5t w only mean ! negative fact t  
no?+ contradictory f ! qu>t] ( t reality
 comes to int]f]e ) ! way 9 :i* our     
ideas guide u else:]e4 ,to copy a       
reality is1 inde$1 "o v important way ( 
agree+ ) x1 b x is f> f be+ ess5tial4 ,!
 ess5tial ?+ is ! process ( be+ guid$4  
,any idea t helps u to ,,deal1 :e!r     
practically or intellectually1 ) ei!r ! 
reality or its belong+s1 t doesn't      
entangle our progress 9 fru/rations1 t  
,,fits1 9 fact1 & adapts our life to !  
reality's :ole sett+1 w agree           
suffici5tly to meet ! requirem5t4 ,x w  
hold true ( t reality4  ,?us1 ,,names   
are j z 'true' or 'false' z def9ite     
m5tal pictures are4 ,!y set up simil>   
v]ification-processes1 & lead to fully  
equival5t practical results4  ,all human
 ?9k+ gets discursifi$2 we ex*ange      

ideas2 we l5d & borr[ v]ifications1 get 
!m f "o ano!r by means ( social         
int]c\rse4 ,all tru? ?us gets v]bally   
built out1 /or$ up1 & made available =  
ev]yone4 ,h5ce1 we mu/ ,,talk consi/5tly
 j z we mu/ ,,?9k consi/5tly3 = bo? 9   
talk & ?\ght we deal ) k9ds4 ,names are 
arbitr>y1 b once und]/ood !y mu/ be kept
 to4 ,we mu/n't n[ call ,abel ',ca9' or 
,ca9 ',abel4' ,if we d1 we unge>        
ourselves f ! :ole book ( ,g5esis1 & f  
all its connexions ) ! univ]se ( spee* &
 fact d[n to ! pres5t "t4 ,we ?r[       
ourselves out ( :atev] tru? t entire    
sy/em ( spee* & fact may embody4  ,!    
ov]:elm+ majority ( our true ideas admit
 ( no direct or face-to-face            
v]ification-^? ( pa/ hi/ory1 = example1 
z ( ,ca9 & ,abel4 ,! /ream ( "t c be    
rem\nt$ only v]bally1 or v]ifi$         
indirectly by ! pres5t prolongations or 
effects ( :at ! pa/ h>bor$4 ,yet if !y  
agree ) ^! v]balities & effects1 we c "k
 t our ideas ( ! pa/ are true4 ,,z      
,,true ,,z ,,pa/ ,,"t ,,itself ,,01 s   

true 0 ,julius ,caes>1 s true 7         
ant$iluvian mon/]s1 all 9 _! prop] dates
 & sett+s4 ,t pa/ "t itself 01 is       
gu>ante$ by its coh]5ce ) ev]y?+ t's    
pres5t4 ,true z ! pres5t is1 ! pa/ 0    
also4  ,agreem5t ?us turns out to be    
ess5tially an affair ( lead+--lead+ t is
 useful because x is into qu>t]s t      
conta9 objects t are important4 ,true   
ideas lead u into useful v]bal &        
conceptual qu>t]s z well z directly up  
to useful s5sible t]m9i4 ,!y lead to    
consi/5cy1 /ability & fl[+ human        
int]c\rse4 ,!y lead away f exc5tricity &
 isolation1 f foil$ & b>r5 ?9k+4 ,!     
untrammel$ fl[+ ( ! lead+-process1 its  
g5]al fre$om f cla% & contradiction1    
passes = its indirect v]ification2 b all
 roads lead to ,rome1 & 9 ! end &       
ev5tually1 all true processes mu/ lead  
to ! face ( directly v]ify+ s5sible     
exp]i5ces ,,some:]e1 :i* somebody's     
ideas h copi$4  ,su* is ! l>ge loose way
 9 :i* ! pragmati/ int]prets ! ^w       
agreem5t4 ,he treats x altoge!r         

practically4 ,he lets x cov] any process
 ( conduction f a pres5t idea to a      
future t]m9us1 provid$ only x run       
prosp]\sly4 ,x is only ?us t 'sci5tific'
 ideas1 fly+ z !y d beyond common s5se1 
c be said to agree ) _! realities4 ,x   
is1 z ,i h already said1 z if reality 7 
made ( e!r1 atoms or electrons1 b we    
mu/n't ?9k s lit]ally4 ,! t]m 'en]gy'   
doesn't ev5 pret5d to /& = any?+        
'objective4' ,x is only a way ( measur+ 
! surface ( ph5om5a s z to /r+ _! *anges
 on a simple =mula4  ,yet 9 ! *oice ( ^!
 man-made =mulas we _c be caprici\s )   
impunity any m ?an we c be caprici\s on 
! common-s5se practical level4 ,we mu/  
f9d a !ory t w ,,"w2 & t means some?+   
extremely difficult2 = our !ory mu/     
m$iate betwe5 all previ\s tru?s & c]ta9 
new exp]i5ces4 ,x mu/ d]ange common s5se
 & previ\s belief z little z possible1 &
 x mu/ lead to "s s5sible t]m9us or o!r 
t c be v]ifi$ exactly4 ,to '"w' means   
bo? ^! ?+s2 & ! squeeze is s tight t !re
 is little loose play = any hypo!sis4   

,our !ories are w$g$ & controll$ z no?+ 
else is4 ,yet sometimes alt]native      
!oretic =mulas are equally compatible ) 
all ! tru?s we "k1 & !n we *oose betwe5 
!m = subjective reasons4 ,we *oose ! k9d
 ( !ory to :i* we are already p>tial2 we
 foll[ 'elegance' or 'economy4' ,cl]k   
,maxwell some:]e says x w\ld be poor    
sci5tific ta/e to *oose ! m complicat$ (
 two equally well-evid5c$ conceptions2 &
 y w all agree ) him4 ,tru? 9 sci5ce is 
:at gives u ! maximum possible sum (    
satisfactions1 ta/e includ$1 b consi/5cy
 bo? ) previ\s tru? & ) novel fact is   
always ! mo/ imp]i\s claimant4  ,i h l$ 
y ?r\gh a v s&y des]t4 ,b n[1 if ,i may 
be all[$ s vulg> an expression1 we beg9 
to ta/e ! milk 9 ! cocoanut4 ,our       
rationali/ critics "h dis*>ge _!        
batt]ies ^u u1 & to reply to !m w take u
 out f all ?is dryness into full sight (
 a mom5t\s philosophical alt]native4    
,our acc\nt ( tru? is an acc\nt ( tru?s 
9 ! plural1 ( processes ( lead+1 realiz$
 9 rebus1 & hav+ only ?is quality 9     

common1 t !y ,,pay4 ,!y pay by guid+ u  
into or t[>ds "s "p ( a sy/em t dips at 
num]\s po9ts into s5se-p]cepts1 :i* we  
may copy m5tally or n1 b ) :i* at any   
rate we are n[ 9 ! k9d ( comm]ce vaguely
 designat$ z v]ification4 ,tru? = u is  
simply a collective "n =                
v]ification-processes1 j z heal?1 weal?1
 /r5g?1 etc41 are names = o!r processes 
connect$ ) life1 & also pursu$ because x
 pays to pursue !m4 ,tru? is ,,made1 j z
 heal?1 weal? & /r5g? are made1 9 !     
c\rse ( exp]i5ce4  ,"h rationalism is   
in/antane\sly up 9 arms aga9/ u4 ,i c   
imag9e a rationali/ to talk z foll[s3   
,tru? is n made1 he w say2 x absolutely 
obta9s1 be+ a unique relation t does n  
wait ^u any process1 b %oots /raight ov]
 ! head ( exp]i5ce1 & hits its reality e
 "t4 ,our belief t yon ?+ on ! wall is a
 clock is true already1 al?o no "o 9 !  
:ole hi/ory ( ! _w %\ld v]ify x4 ,! b>e 
quality ( /&+ 9 t transc5d5t relation is
 :at makes any ?\ght true t possesses x1
 :e!r or n !re be v]ification4 ,y       

pragmati/s put ! c>t be=e ! horse 9 mak+
 tru?'s be+ reside 9                    
v]ification-processes4 ,^! are m]ely    
signs ( its be+1 m]ely our lame ways (  
asc]ta9+ aft] ! fact1 :i* ( our ideas   
already has possess$ ! wondr\s quality4 
,! quality itself is timeless1 l all    
ess5ces & natures4 ,?\ghts p>take ( x   
directly1 z !y p>take ( falsity or (    
irrelevancy4 ,x c't be analyz$ away into
 pragmatic consequ5ces4  ,! :ole        
plausibility ( ?is rationali/ tirade is 
due to ! fact to :i* we h already paid s
 mu* att5tion4 ,9 our _w1 namely1 ab\nd+
 z x does 9 ?+s ( simil> k9ds & simil>ly
 associat$1 "o v]ification s]ves = o!rs 
( its k9d1 & "o great use ( kn[+ ?+s is 
to be l$ n s mu* to !m z to _!          
associates1 especially to human talk    
ab\t !m4 ,! quality ( tru?1 obta9+ ante 
rem1 pragmatically means1 !n1 ! fact t 9
 su* a _w innum]able ideas "w bett] by  
_! indirect or possible ?an by _! direct
 & actual v]ification4 ,tru? ante rem   
means only v]ifiability1 !n2 or else x  

is a case ( ! /ock rationali/ trick (   
treat+ ! ,,"n ( a concrete ph5om5al     
reality z an indep5d5t prior entity1 &  
plac+ x beh9d ! reality z its           
explanation4 ,pr(essor ,ma* quotes      
some:]e an epigram ( ,less+'s3  ,sagt   
,hans*5 ,s*lau zu ,vett] ,fritz1 ,wie   
kommt es1 ,vett] ,fritz51 ,dass grad'   
die ,rei*/5 9 d] ,welt1 ,das mei/e ,geld
 besitz58  ,hans*5 ,s*lau "h treats !   
pr9ciple 'weal?' z some?+ di/9ct f !    
facts d5ot$ by ! man's be+ ri*4 ,x      
ant$ates !m2 ! facts become only a sort 
( second>y co9cid5ce ) ! ri* man's      
ess5tial nature4  ,9 ! case ( 'weal?' we
 all see ! fallacy4 ,we "k t weal? is b 
a "n = concrete processes t c]ta9 m5's  
lives play a "p 91 & n a natural        
excell5ce f\nd 9 ,messrs4 ,rockefell] & 
,c>negie1 b n 9 ! re/ ( u4  ,l weal?1   
heal? also lives 9 rebus4 ,x is a "n =  
processes1 z dige/ion1 circulation1     
sleep1 etc41 t g on happily1 ?o 9 ?is   
in/ance we are m incl9$ to ?9k ( x z a  
pr9ciple & to say ! man dige/s & sleeps 

s well ,,because he is s heal?y4  ,)    
'/r5g?' we are1 ,i ?9k1 m rationali/ic  
/ill1 & decid$ly incl9$ to treat x z an 
excell5ce pre-exi/+ 9 ! man &           
explanatory ( ! h]culean p]=mances ( 8  
muscles4  ,) 'tru?' mo/ p g ov] ! bord] 
entirely1 & treat ! rationali/ic acc\nt 
z self-evid5t4 ,b really all ^! words 9 
,,? are exactly simil>4 ,tru? exi/s ante
 rem j z mu* & z little z ! o!r ?+s d4  
,! s*ola/ics1 foll[+ ,ari/otle1 made mu*
 ( ! di/9ction betwe5 habit & act4      
,heal? 9 actu means1 among o!r ?+s1 good
 sleep+ & dige/+4 ,b a heal?y man ne$ n 
always be sleep+1 or always dige/+1 any 
m ?an a weal?y man ne$ be always h&l+   
money1 or a /rong man always lift+      
weights4 ,all su* qualities s9k to !    
/atus ( 'habits' betwe5 _! times (      
ex]cise2 & simil>ly tru? becomes a habit
 ( c]ta9 ( our ideas & beliefs 9 _!     
int]vals ( re/ f _! v]ify+ activities4  
,b ^? activities are ! root ( ! :ole    
matt]1 & ! condition ( !re be+ any habit
 to exi/ 9 ! int]vals4  ',! true1' to   

put x v briefly1 is only ! exp$i5t 9 !  
way ( our ?9k+1 j z '! "r' is only !    
exp$i5t 9 ! way ( our behav+4 ,exp$i5t 9
 almo/ any fa%ion2 & exp$i5t 9 ! long   
run & on ! :ole ( c\rse2 = :at meets    
exp$i5tly all ! exp]i5ce 9 sight won't  
necess>ily meet all f>!r exp]i5ces      
equally satisfactorily4 ,exp]i5ce1 z we 
"k1 has ways ( ,,boil+ ,,ov]1 & mak+ u  
correct our pres5t =mulas4  ,!          
'absolutely' true1 mean+ :at no f>!r    
exp]i5ce w ev] alt]1 is t ideal         
vani%+-po9t t[>ds :i* we imag9e t all   
our tempor>y tru?s w "s day conv]ge4 ,x 
runs on all f\rs ) ! p]fectly wise man1 
& ) ! absolutely complete exp]i5ce2 &1  
if ^! ideals are ev] realiz$1 !y w all  
be realiz$ toge!r4 ,mean:ile we h to    
live to-day by :at tru? we c get to-day1
 & be ready to-morr[ to call x          
falsehood4 ,ptolemaic a/ronomy1         
euclidean space1 ari/otelian logic1     
s*ola/ic metaphysics1 7 exp$i5t =       
c5turies1 b human exp]i5ce has boil$ ov]
 ^? limits1 & we n[ call ^! ?+s only    

relatively true1 or true )9 ^? bord]s ( 
exp]i5ce4 ',absolutely' !y are false2 = 
we "k t ^? limits 7 casual1 & might h   
be5 transc5d$ by pa/ !ori/s j z !y are  
by pres5t ?9k]s4  ,:5 new exp]i5ces lead
 to retrospective judgm5ts1 us+ ! pa/   
t5se1 :at ^! judgm5ts utt] ,,0 true1 ev5
 ?o no pa/ ?9k] _h be5 l$ !re4 ,we live 
=w>ds1 a ,dani% ?9k] has said1 b we     
und]/& backw>ds4 ,! pres5t %$s a backw>d
 light on ! _w's previ\s processes4 ,!y 
may h be5 tru?-processes = ! actors 9   
!m4 ,!y are n s = "o :o kn[s ! lat]     
revelations ( ! /ory4  ,?is regulative  
notion ( a pot5tial bett] tru? to be    
e/abli%$ lat]1 possibly to be e/abli%$  
"s day absolutely1 & hav+ p[]s (        
retroactive legislation1 turns its face1
 l all pragmati/ notions1 t[>ds         
concret5ess ( fact1 & t[>ds ! future4 ,l
 ! half-tru?s1 ! absolute tru? w h to be
 ,,made1 made z a relation incid5tal to 
! gr[? ( a mass ( v]ification-exp]i5ce1 
to :i* ! half-true ideas are all along  
contribut+ _! quota4  ,i h already      

insi/$ on ! fact t tru? is made l>gely  
out ( previ\s tru?s4 ,m5's beliefs at   
any "t are s mu* exp]i5ce fund$4 ,b !   
beliefs are !mselves p>ts ( ! sum total 
( ! _w's exp]i5ce1 & become matt]1      
!re=e1 = ! next day's fund+ op]ations4  
,s f> z reality means exp]i5ceable      
reality1 bo? x & ! tru?s m5 ga9 ab\t x  
are ev]la/+ly 9 process (               
mutation-mutation t[>ds a def9ite goal1 
x may be--b /ill mutation4              
,ma!maticians c solve problems ) two    
v>iables4 ,on ! ,newtonian !ory1 =      
in/ance1 accel]ation v>ies ) di/ance1 b 
di/ance also v>ies ) accel]ation4 ,9 !  
realm ( tru?-processes facts come       
indep5d5tly & det]m9e our beliefs       
provisionally4 ,b ^! beliefs make u act1
 & z fa/ z !y d s1 !y br+ into sight or 
into exi/5ce new facts :i* re-det]m9e ! 
beliefs accord+ly4 ,s ! :ole coil & ball
 ( tru?1 z x rolls up1 is ! product ( a 
d\ble influ5ce4 ,tru?s em]ge f facts2 b 
!y dip =w>d into facts aga9 & add to !m2
 :i* facts aga9 create or reveal new    

tru? 7! ^w is indiff]5t7 & s on         
indef9itely4 ,! 'facts' !mselves        
mean:ile are n ,,true4 ,!y simply ,,are4
 ,tru? is ! function ( ! beliefs t />t &
 t]m9ate among !m4  ,! case is l a      
sn[ball's gr[?1 due z x is to !         
di/ribution ( ! sn[ on ! "o h&1 & to !  
successive pu%es ( ! boys on ! o!r1 ) ^!
 factors co-det]m9+ ea* o!r incessantly4
  ,! mo/ fateful po9t ( diff]5ce betwe5 
be+ a rationali/ & be+ a pragmati/ is n[
 fully 9 sight4 ,exp]i5ce is 9 mutation1
 & our psy*ological asc]ta9m5ts ( tru?  
are 9 mutation--s mu* rationalism w     
all[2 b nev] t ei!r reality itself or   
tru? itself is mutable4 ,reality /&s    
complete & ready-made f all et]nity1    
rationalism insi/s1 & ! agreem5t ( our  
ideas ) x is t unique unanalyzable      
virtue 9 !m ( :i* %e has already told u4
 ,z t intr9sic excell5ce1 _! tru? has   
no?+ to d ) our exp]i5ces4 ,x adds no?+ 
to ! cont5t ( exp]i5ce4 ,x makes no     
diff]5ce to reality itself2 x is        
sup]v5i5t1 in]t1 /atic1 a reflexion     

m]ely4 ,x doesn't ,,exi/1 x ,,holds or  
,,obta9s1 x belongs to ano!r dim5sion f 
t ( ei!r facts or fact-relations1       
belongs1 9 %ort1 to ! epi/emological    
dim5sion--& ) t big ^w rationalism      
closes ! discussion4  ,?us1 j z         
pragmatism faces =w>d to ! future1 s    
does rationalism "h aga9 face backw>d to
 a pa/ et]nity4 ,true to h] invet]ate   
habit1 rationalism rev]ts to            
'pr9ciples1' & ?9ks t :5 an ab/raction  
once is nam$1 we own an oracul>         
solution4  ,! trem5d\s pregnancy 9 ! way
 ( consequ5ces = life ( ?is radical     
diff]5ce ( outlook w only become app>5t 
9 my lat] lectures4 ,i wi% mean:ile to  
close ?is lecture by %[+ t rationalism's
 sublimity does n save x f inanity4     
,:51 namely1 y ask rationali/s1 in/ead (
 accus+ pragmatism ( desecrat+ ! notion 
( tru?1 to def9e x !mselves by say+     
exactly :at ,,!y und]/& by x1 ! only    
positive attempts ,i c ?9k ( are ^! two3
  #a4 ,tru? is j ! sy/em ( propositions 
:i* h an un-conditional claim to be     

recogniz$ z valid4 ,footnote3 ,a4 ,e4   
,taylor1 ,philosophical ,review1 vol4   
xiv1 p4 #bhh4  #b4 ,tru? is a "n = all  
^? judgm5ts :i* we f9d ourselves "u     
obligation to make by a k9d ( imp]ative 
duty4 ,footnote3 ,h4 ,rick]t1 ,d]       
,geg5/& d] ,erk5ntniss1 *apt] on ',die  
,ur!ilsno?w5digkeit4'  ,! fir/ ?+ t     
/rikes "o 9 su* def9itions is _!        
unutt]able triviality4 ,!y are          
absolutely true1 ( c\rse1 b absolutely  
insignificant until y h&le !m           
pragmatically4 ,:at d y mean by 'claim' 
"h1 & :at d y mean by 'duty'8 ,z summ>y 
names = ! concrete reasons :y ?9k+ 9    
true ways is ov]:elm+ly exp$i5t & good =
 mortal m51 x is all "r to talk ( claims
 on reality's "p to be agre$ )1 & (     
obligations on our "p to agree4 ,we feel
 bo? ! claims & ! obligations1 & we feel
 !m = j ^? reasons4  ,b ! rationali/s :o
 talk ( claim & obligation ,,expressly  
,,say ,,t ,,!y ,,h ,,no?+ ,,to ,,d ,,)  
,,our ,,practical ,,int]e/s ,,or        
,,p]sonal ,,reasons4 ,our reasons =     

agree+ are psy*ological facts1 !y say1  
relative to ea* ?9k]1 & to ! accid5ts ( 
8 life4 ,!y are 8 evid5ce m]ely1 !y are 
no "p ( ! life ( tru? itself4 ,t life   
transacts itself 9 a purely logical or  
epi/emological1 z di/+ui%$ f a          
psy*ological1 dim5sion1 & its claims    
ant$ate & exce$ all p]sonal motivations 
:atsoev]4 ,?o nei!r man nor ,god %\ld   
ev] asc]ta9 tru?1 ! ^w w\ld /ill h to be
 def9$ z t :i* ,,ought to be asc]ta9$ & 
recogniz$4  ,!re nev] 0 a m exquisite   
example ( an idea ab/ract$ f ! concretes
 ( exp]i5ce & !n us$ to oppose & negate 
:at x 0 ab/ract$ f4  ,philosophy &      
common life ab\nd 9 simil> in/ances4 ,! 
's5tim5tali/ fallacy' is to %$ te>s ov] 
ab/ract ju/ice & g5]osity1 beauty1 etc41
 & nev] to "k ^! qualities :5 y meet !m 
9 ! /reet1 because !re ! circum/ances   
make !m vulg>4 ,?us ,i read 9 !         
privately pr9t$ biography ( an em95tly  
rationali/ic m9d3 ,x 0 /range t ) su*   
admiration = beauty 9 ! ab/ract1 my     
bro!r _h no en?usiasm = f9e ar*itecture1

 = beautiful pa9t+1 or = fl[]s4 ,& 9    
almo/ ! la/ philosophic "w ,i h read1 ,i
 f9d su* passages z ! foll[+3 ,ju/ice is
 ideal1 solely ideal4 ,reason conceives 
t x ought to exi/1 b exp]i5ce %[s t x   
c-n4 444 ,tru?1 :i* ought to be1 _c be4 
444 ,reason is de=m$ by exp]i5ce4 ,z    
soon z reason ent]s exp]i5ce1 x becomes 
contr>y to reason4  ,! rationali/'s     
fallacy "h is exactly l ! s5tim5tali/'s4
 ,bo? extract a quality f ! muddy       
p>ticul>s ( exp]i5ce1 & f9d x s pure :5 
extract$ t !y contra/ x ) ea* & all its 
muddy in/ances z an opposite & high]    
nature4 ,all ! :ile x is ,,_! nature4 ,x
 is ! nature ( tru?s to be validat$1    
v]ifi$4 ,x pays = our ideas to be       
validat$4 ,our obligation to seek tru?  
is "p ( our g5]al obligation to d :at   
pays4 ,! paym5ts true ideas br+ are !   
sole :y ( our duty to foll[ !m4         
,id5tical :ys exi/ 9 ! case ( weal? &   
heal?4 ,tru? makes no o!r k9d ( claim & 
imposes no o!r k9d ( ought ?an heal? &  
weal? d4 ,all ^! claims are conditional2

 ! concrete b5efits we ga9 are :at we   
mean by call+ ! pursuit a duty4 ,9 !    
case ( tru?1 untrue beliefs "w z        
p]nici\sly 9 ! long run z true beliefs  
"w b5eficially4 ,talk+ ab/ractly1 !     
quality 'true' may ?us be said to gr[   
absolutely preci\s1 & ! quality 'untrue'
 absolutely damnable3 ! "o may be call$ 
good1 ! o!r bad1 unconditionally4 ,we   
ought to ?9k ! true1 we ought to %un !  
false1 imp]atively4  ,b if we treat all 
?is ab/raction lit]ally & oppose x to   
its "m soil 9 exp]i5ce1 see :at a       
prepo/]\s position we "w ourselves into4
  ,we _c !n take a /ep =w>d 9 our actual
 ?9k+4 ,:5 %all ,i ackn[l$ge ?is tru? & 
:5 t8 ,%all ! ackn[l$gm5t be l\d8--or   
sil5t8 ,if sometimes l\d1 sometimes     
sil5t1 :i* ,,n[8 ,:5 may a tru? g into  
cold-/orage 9 ! encyclop$ia8 & :5 %all x
 come out = battle8 ,mu/ ,i con/antly be
 repeat+ ! tru? 'twice two are f\r'     
because ( its et]nal claim on           
recognition8 or is x sometimes          
irrelevant8 ,mu/ my ?\ghts dwell night &

 day on my p]sonal s9s & blemi%es1      
because ,i truly h !m8--or may ,i s9k & 
ignore !m 9 ord] to be a dec5t social   
unit1 & n a mass ( morbid melan*oly &   
apology8  ,x is q evid5t t our          
obligation to ackn[l$ge tru?1 s f> f be+
 unconditional1 is trem5d\sly           
condition$4 ,tru? ) a big ,t1 & 9 !     
s+ul>1 claims ab/ractly to be recogniz$1
 ( c\rse2 b concrete tru?s 9 ! plural   
ne$ be recogniz$ only :5 _! recognition 
is exp$i5t4 ,a tru? mu/ always be       
pref]r$ to a falsehood :5 bo? relate to 
! situation2 b :5 nei!r does1 tru? is z 
little ( a duty z falsehood4 ,if y ask  
me :at o'clock x is & ,i tell y t ,i    
live at #ie ,irv+ ,/reet1 my answ] may  
inde$ be true1 b y don't see :y x is my 
duty to give x4 ,a false address w\ld be
 z mu* to ! purpose4  ,) ?is admission t
 !re are conditions t limit !           
application ( ! ab/ract imp]ative1 ,,!  
,,pragmati/ic ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,tru?     
,,sweeps ,,back ,,^u ,,u ,,9 ,,its      
,,fulness4 ,our duty to agree ) reality 

is se5 to be gr\nd$ 9 a p]fect jungle ( 
concrete exp$i5cies4  ,:5 ,b]keley _h   
expla9$ :at p meant by matt]1 p ?\ght t 
he d5i$ matt]'s exi/5ce4 ,:5 ,messrs4   
,s*ill] & ,dewey n[ expla9 :at p mean by
 tru?1 !y are accus$ ( d5y+ ,,its       
exi/5ce4 ,^! pragmati/s de/roy all      
objective /&>ds1 critics say1 & put     
fooli%ness & wisdom on "o level4 ,a     
favorite =mula = describ+ ,mr4 ,s*ill]'s
 doctr9es & m9e is t we are p]sons :o   
?9k t by say+ :atev] y f9d x pleasant to
 say & call+ x tru? y fulfil e          
pragmati/ic requirem5t4  ,i leave x to y
 to judge :e!r ?is be n an impud5t sl&]4
 ,p5t 91 z ! pragmati/ m ?an anyone else
 sees himself to be1 betwe5 ! :ole body 
( fund$ tru?s squeez$ f ! pa/ & !       
co]cions ( ! _w ( s5se ab\t him1 :o s   
well z he feels ! imm5se pressure (     
objective control "u :i* our m9ds p]=m  
_! op]ations8 ,if anyone imag9es t ?is  
law is lax1 let him keep its comm&m5t "o
 day1 says ,em]son4 ,we h he>d mu* (    
late ( ! uses ( ! imag9ation 9 sci5ce4  

,x is high "t to urge ! use ( a little  
imag9ation 9 philosophy4 ,! unwill+ness 
( "s ( our critics to read any b !      
sillie/ ( possible mean+s into our      
/atem5ts is z discr$itable to _!        
imag9ations z any?+ ,i "k 9 rec5t       
philosophic hi/ory4 ,s*ill] says ! true 
is t :i* 'works4' ,!reupon he is treat$ 
z "o :o limits v]ification to ! l[e/    
mat]ial utilities4 ,dewey says tru? is  
:at gives 'satisfaction4' ,he is treat$ 
z "o :o believes 9 call+ ev]y?+ true    
:i*1 if x 7 true1 w\ld be pleasant4     
,our critics c]ta9ly ne$ m imag9ation ( 
realities4 ,i h hone/ly tri$ to /ret* my
 own imag9ation & to read ! be/ possible
 mean+ into ! rationali/ conception1 b  
,i h to confess t x /ill completely     
baffles me4 ,! notion ( a reality call+ 
on u to 'agree' ) x1 & t = no reasons1 b
 simply because its claim is            
'unconditional' or 'transc5d5t1' is "o t
 ,i c make nei!r head nor tail (4 ,i try
 to imag9e myself z ! sole reality 9 !  
_w1 & !n to imag9e :at m ,i w\ld 'claim'

 if ,i 7 all[$ to4 ,if y sugge/ !       
possibility ( my claim+ t a m9d %\ld    
come into be+ f out ( ! void inane & /& 
& ,,copy me1 ,i c inde$ imag9e :at !    
copy+ might mean1 b ,i c conjure up no  
motive4 ,:at good x w\ld d me to be     
copi$1 or :at good x w\ld d t m9d to    
copy me1 if f>!r consequ5ces are        
expressly & 9 pr9ciple rul$ out z       
motives = ! claim 7z !y are by our      
rationali/ au?orities7 ,i _c fa?om4 ,:5 
! ,iri%man's admir]s ran him along to ! 
place ( banquet 9 a s$an *air ) no      
bottom1 he said1 ,fai?1 if x wasn't = ! 
honor ( ! ?+1 ,i might z well h come on 
foot4 ,s "h3 b = ! honor ( ! ?+1 ,i     
might z well h rema9$ uncopi$4 ,copy+ is
 "o g5u9e mode ( kn[+ 7:i* = "s /range  
reason our contempor>y transc5d5tali/s  
seem to be tumbl+ ov] ea* o!r to        
repudiate72 b :5 we get beyond copy+1 & 
fall back on unnam$ =ms ( agree+ t are  
expressly d5i$ to be ei!r copy+s or     
lead+s or fitt+s1 or any o!r processes  
pragmatically def9able1 ! ,,:at ( !     

'agreem5t' claim$ becomes z             
un9telligible z ! :y ( x4 ,nei!r cont5t 
nor motive c be imag9$ = x4 ,x is an    
absolutely mean+less ab/raction4        
,footnote3 ,i am n =gett+ t ,pr(essor   
,rick]t long ago gave up ! :ole notion (
 tru? be+ f\nd$ on agreem5t ) reality4  
,reality1 accord+ to him1 is :atev]     
agrees ) tru?1 & tru? is f\nd$ solely on
 our primal duty4 ,?is fanta/ic flight1 
toge!r ) ,mr4 ,joa*im's c&id confession 
( failure 9 8 book ,! ,nature ( ,tru?1  
seems to me to m>k ! bankruptcy (       
rationalism :5 deal+ ) ?is subject4     
,rick]t deals ) "p ( ! pragmati/ic      
position "u ! head ( :at he calls       
',relativismus4' ,i _c discuss 8 text   
"h4 ,suffice x to say t 8 argum5tation 9
 t *apt] is s feeble z to seem almo/    
incr$ible 9 s g5]ally able a writ]4     
,surely 9 ?is field ( tru? x is !       
pragmati/s & n ! rationali/s :o are ! m 
g5u9e def5d]s ( ! univ]se's rationality4
     ,lecture ,,vii  ,pragmatism &      
,humanism  ,:at h>d5s ! he>t ( ev]yone  

,i approa* ) ! view ( tru? sket*$ 9 my  
la/ lecture is t typical idol ( ! tribe1
 ! notion ( ,,! ,tru?1 conceiv$ z ! "o  
answ]1 det]m9ate & complete1 to ! "o    
fix$ enigma :i* ! _w is believ$ to      
prop\nd4 ,= popul> tradition1 x is all !
 bett] if ! answ] be oracul>1 s z itself
 to awak5 wond] z an enigma ( ! second  
ord]1 veil+ r ?an reveal+ :at its       
pr(undities are suppos$ to conta94 ,all 
! great s+le-^w answ]s to ! _w's riddle1
 su* z ,god1 ! ,"o1 ,reason1 ,law1 ,_s1 
,matt]1 ,nature1 ,pol>ity1 ! ,dialectic 
,process1 ! ,idea1 ! ,self1 ! ,ov]s\l1  
draw ! admiration t m5 h lavi%$ on !m f 
?is oracul> role4 ,by amateurs 9        
philosophy & pr(essionals alike1 !      
univ]se is repres5t$ z a que] sort (    
petrifi$ sph9x ^: appeal to man consi/s 
9 a monoton\s *all5ge to 8 div9+ p[]s4  
,,! ,tru?3 :at a p]fect idol ( !        
rationali/ic m9d6 ,i read 9 an old      
lett]--f a gift$ fri5d :o di$ too "y--^!
 words3 ,9 ev]y?+1 9 sci5ce1 art1 morals
 & religion1 !re ,,mu/ be "o sy/em t is 

"r & ,,e o!r wrong4 ,h[ *>act]i/ic ( !  
en?usiasm ( a c]ta9 /age ( y\?6 ,at     
tw5ty-"o we rise to su* a *all5ge &     
expect to f9d ! sy/em4 ,x nev] occurs to
 mo/ ( u ev5 lat] t ! "q ':at is ,,!    
tru?8' is no real "q 7be+ irrelative to 
all conditions7 & t ! :ole notion ( ,,! 
tru? is an ab/raction f ! fact ( tru?s 9
 ! plural1 a m]e useful summ>iz+ phrase 
l ,,! ,lat9 ,language or ,,! ,law4      
,common-law judges sometimes talk ab\t !
 law1 & s*ool-ma/]s talk ab\t ! lat9    
tongue1 9 a way to make _! he>]s ?9k !y 
mean entities pre-exi/5t to ! decisions 
or to ! words & syntax1 det]m9+ !m      
unequivocally & requir+ !m to obey4 ,b !
 slighte/ ex]cise ( reflexion makes u   
see t1 in/ead ( be+ pr9ciples ( ?is k9d1
 bo? law & lat9 are results4 ,di/9ctions
 betwe5 ! lawful & ! unlawful 9 conduct1
 or betwe5 ! correct & incorrect 9      
spee*1 h gr[n up incid5tally among !    
int]actions ( m5's exp]i5ces 9 detail2 &
 9 no o!r way d di/9ctions betwe5 ! true
 & ! false 9 belief ev] gr[ up4 ,tru?   

grafts itself on previ\s tru?1 modify+ x
 9 ! process1 j z idiom grafts itself on
 previ\s idiom1 & law on previ\s law4   
,giv5 previ\s law & a novel case1 & !   
judge w twi/ !m into fre% law4 ,previ\s 
idiom2 new slang or metaphor or oddity t
 hits ! public ta/e3--& pre/o1 a new    
idiom is made4 ,previ\s tru?2 fre%      
facts3--& our m9d f9ds a new tru?4  ,all
 ! :ile1 h[ev]1 we pret5d t ! et]nal is 
unroll+1 t ! "o previ\s ju/ice1 gramm>  
or tru? is simply fulgurat+1 & n be+    
made4 ,b imag9e a y\? 9 ! c\rtroom try+ 
cases ) 8 ab/ract notion ( '!' law1 or a
 c5sor ( spee* let loose among ! !atres 
) 8 idea ( '!' "m-tongue1 or a pr(essor 
sett+ up to lecture on ! actual univ]se 
) 8 rationali/ic notion ( '! ,tru?' ) a 
big ,t1 & :at progress d !y make8 ,tru?1
 law1 & language fairly boil away f !m  
at ! lea/ t\* ( novel fact4 ,^! ?+s     
,,make ,,!mselves z we g4 ,our rights1  
wrongs1 prohibitions1 p5alties1 words1  
=ms1 idioms1 beliefs1 are s _m new      
creations t add !mselves z fa/ z hi/ory 

proce$s4 ,f> f be+ antec$5t pr9ciples t 
animate ! process1 law1 language1 tru?  
are b ab/ract names = its results4      
,laws & languages at any rate are ?us   
se5 to be man-made3 ?+s4 ,mr4 ,s*ill]   
applies ! analogy to beliefs1 & proposes
 ! "n ( ',humanism' = ! doctr9e t to an 
unasc]ta9able ext5t our tru?s are       
man-made products too4 ,human motives   
%>p5 all our que/ions1 human            
satisfactions lurk 9 all our answ]s1 all
 our =mulas h a human twi/4 ,?is elem5t 
is s inextricable 9 ! products t ,mr4   
,s*ill] sometimes seems almo/ to leave x
 an op5 "q :e!r !re be any?+ else4 ,!   
_w1 he says1 is ess5tially u lambda nu1 
x is :at we make ( x4 ,x is fruitless to
 def9e x by :at x orig9ally 0 or by :at 
x is ap>t f u2 x ,,is :at is made ( x4  
,h5ce 444 ! _w is ,,pla/ic4 ,footnote3  
,p]sonal ,idealism1 p4 #fj4 ,he adds t  
we c le>n ! limits ( ! pla/icity only by
 try+1 & t we ought to />t z if x 7     
:olly pla/ic1 act+ me?odically on t     
assumption1 & /opp+ only :5 we are      

decisively rebuk$4  ,?is is ,mr4        
,s*ill]'s butt-end-=emo/ /atem5t ( !    
humani/ position1 & x has expos$ him to 
sev]e attack4 ,i mean to def5d ! humani/
 position 9 ?is lecture1 s ,i w ins9uate
 a few rem>ks at ?is po9t4  ,mr4 ,s*ill]
 admits z emphatically z anyone !       
pres5ce ( resi/+ factors 9 e actual     
exp]i5ce ( tru?-mak+1 ( :i* ! new-made  
special tru? mu/ take acc\nt1 & ) :i* x 
has p]=ce to 'agree4' ,all our tru?s are
 beliefs ab\t ',reality'2 & 9 any       
p>ticul> belief ! reality acts z some?+ 
indep5d5t1 z a ?+ ,,f\nd1 n manufactur$4
 ,let me "h recall a bit ( my la/       
lecture4  ',,reality' ,,is ,,9 ,,g5]al  
,,:at ,,tru?s ,,h ,,to ,,take ,,acc\nt  
,,(2 ,footnote3 ,mr4 ,taylor 9 8        
,elem5ts ( ,metaphysics uses ?is        
excell5t pragmatic def9ition4 & ! ,,fir/
 "p ( reality f ?is po9t ( view is !    
flux ( our s5sations4 ,s5sations are =c$
 ^u u1 com+ we "k n :5ce4 ,ov] _!       
nature1 ord]1 & quantity we h z good z  
no control4 ,,!y are nei!r true nor     

false2 !y simply ,,are4 ,x is only :at  
we say ab\t !m1 only ! names we give !m1
 our !ories ( _! s\rce & nature & remote
 relations1 t may be true or n4  ,!     
,,second "p ( reality1 z some?+ t our   
beliefs mu/ also ob$i5tly take acc\nt (1
 is ! ,,relations t obta9 betwe5 our    
s5sations or betwe5 _! copies 9 our     
m9ds4 ,?is "p falls into two sub-p>ts3  
#a7 ! relations t are mutable &         
accid5tal1 z ^? ( date & place2 & #b7 ^?
 t are fix$ & ess5tial because !y are   
gr\nd$ on ! inn] natures ( _! t]ms--su* 
z lik5ess & unlik5ess4 ,bo? sorts (     
relation are matt]s ( imm$iate          
p]ception4 ,bo? are 'facts4' ,b x is !  
latt] k9d ( fact t =ms ! m important    
sub-"p ( reality = our !ories ( k4 ,inn]
 relations namely are 'et]nal1' are     
p]ceiv$ :5ev] _! s5sible t]ms are       
comp>$2 & ( !m our ?\ght--ma!matical &  
logical ?\ght1 s-call$--mu/ et]nally    
take acc\nt4  ,! ,,?ird "p ( reality1   
additional to ^! p]ceptions 7?o l>gely  
bas$ ^u !m71 is ! ,,previ\s ,,tru?s (   

:i* e new inquiry takes acc\nt4 ,?is    
?ird "p is a mu* less obdurately resi/+ 
factor3 x (t5 ends by giv+ way4 ,9      
speak+ ( ^! ?ree portions ( reality z at
 all times controll+ our belief's       
=mation1 ,i am only rem9d+ y ( :at we   
he>d 9 our la/ h\r4  ,n[ h[ev] fix$ ^!  
elem5ts ( reality may be1 we /ill h a   
c]ta9 fre$om 9 our deal+s ) !m4 ,take   
our s5sations4 ,,t !y are is und\bt$ly  
beyond our control2 b ,,:i* we att5d to1
 note1 & make emphatic 9 our conclusions
 dep5ds on our own int]e/s2 &1 accord+ z
 we lay ! emphasis "h or !re1 q diff]5t 
=mulations ( tru? result4 ,we read !    
same facts diff]5tly4 ',wat]loo1' ) !   
same fix$ details1 spells a 'victory' = 
an engli%man2 = a fr5*man x spells a    
'defeat4' ,s1 = an optimi/ philosoph] ! 
univ]se spells victory1 = a pessimi/1   
defeat4  ,:at we say ab\t reality ?us   
dep5ds on ! p]spective into :i* we ?r[  
x4 ,! ,,t ( x is its own2 b ! ,,:at     
dep5ds on ! ,,:i*2 & ! :i* dep5ds on    
,,u4 ,bo? ! s5sational & ! relational   

p>ts ( reality are dumb3 !y say         
absolutely no?+ ab\t !mselves4 ,we x is 
:o h to speak = !m4 ,?is dumbness (     
s5sations has l$ su* intellectuali/s z  
,t4,h4 ,gre5 & ,edw>d ,caird to %ove !m 
almo/ beyond ! pale ( philosophic       
recognition1 b pragmati/s refuse to g s 
f>4 ,a s5sation is r l a cli5t :o has   
giv5 8 case to a lawy] & !n has         
passively to li/5 9 ! c\rtroom to :atev]
 acc\nt ( 8 affairs1 pleasant or        
unpleasant1 ! lawy] f9ds x mo/ exp$i5t  
to give4  ,h5ce1 ev5 9 ! field (        
s5sation1 our m9ds ex]t a c]ta9 arbitr>y
 *oice4 ,by our inclusions & omissions  
we trace ! field's ext5t2 by our        
emphasis we m>k its =egr\nd & its       
backgr\nd2 by our ord] we read x 9 ?is  
direction or 9 t4 ,we receive 9 %ort !  
block ( m>ble1 b we c>ve ! /atue        
ourselves4  ,?is applies to ! 'et]nal'  
p>ts ( reality z well3 we %uffle our    
p]ceptions ( intr9sic relation & arrange
 !m j z freely4 ,we read !m 9 "o s]ial  
ord] or ano!r1 class !m 9 ?is way or 9  

t1 treat "o or ! o!r z m fundam5tal1    
until our beliefs ab\t !m =m ^? bodies (
 tru? kn[n z logics1 geometries1 or     
ari?metics1 9 ea* & all ( :i* ! =m &    
ord] 9 :i* ! :ole is ca/ is flagrantly  
man-made4  ,?us1 to say no?+ ( ! new    
,,facts :i* m5 add to ! matt] ( reality 
by ! acts ( _! own lives1 !y h already  
impress$ _! m5tal =ms on t :ole ?ird (  
reality :i* ,i h call$ 'previ\s tru?s4' 
,e h\r br+s its new p]cepts1 its own    
facts ( s5sation & relation1 to be truly
 tak5 acc\nt (2 b ! :ole ( our ,,pa/    
deal+s ) su* facts is already fund$ 9 ! 
previ\s tru?s4 ,x is !re=e only !       
smalle/ & rec5te/ fraction ( ! fir/ two 
p>ts ( reality t comes to u )\t ! human 
t\*1 & t fraction has imm$iately to     
become humaniz$ 9 ! s5se ( be+ squ>$1   
assimilat$1 or 9 "s way adapt$1 to !    
humaniz$ mass already !re4 ,z a matt] ( 
fact we c h>dly take 9 an impression at 
all1 9 ! abs5ce ( a pre-conception ( :at
 impressions !re may possibly be4  ,:5  
we talk ( reality 'indep5d5t' ( human   

?9k+1 !n1 x seems a ?+ v h>d to f9d4 ,x 
r$uces to ! notion ( :at is j ent]+ into
 exp]i5ce1 & yet to be nam$1 or else to 
"s imag9$ aborig9al pres5ce 9 exp]i5ce1 
be=e any belief ab\t ! pres5ce _h aris51
 be=e any human conception _h be5       
appli$4 ,x is :at is absolutely dumb &  
evanesc5t1 ! m]ely ideal limit ( our    
m9ds4 ,we may glimpse x1 b we nev] grasp
 x2 :at we grasp is always "s sub/itute 
= x :i* previ\s human ?9k+ has peptoniz$
 & cook$ = our consumption4 ,if s vulg> 
an expression 7 all[$ u1 we might say t 
:]ev] we f9d x1 x has be5 already       
,,fak$4 ,?is is :at ,mr4 ,s*ill] has 9  
m9d :5 he calls indep5d5t reality a m]e 
unresi/+ u lambda nu1 :i* ,,is only to  
be made ov] by u4  ,t is ,mr4 ,s*ill]'s 
belief ab\t ! s5sible core ( reality4   
,we 'enc\nt]' x 79 ,mr4 ,bradley's      
words7 b don't possess x4 ,sup]ficially 
?is s\nds l ,kant's view2 b betwe5      
categories fulm9at$ be=e nature began1 &
 categories gradually =m+ !mselves 9    
nature's pres5ce1 ! :ole *asm betwe5    

rationalism & empiricism yawns4 ,to !   
g5u9e ',kantian]' ,s*ill] w always be to
 ,kant z a satyr to ,hyp]ion4  ,o!r     
pragmati/s may rea* m positive beliefs  
ab\t ! s5sible core ( reality4 ,!y may  
?9k to get at x 9 its indep5d5t nature1 
by peel+ (f ! successive man-made       
wrapp+s4 ,!y may make !ories t tell u   
:]e x comes f & all ab\t x2 & if ^!     
!ories "w satisfactorily !y w be true4  
,! transc5d5tal ideali/s say !re is no  
core1 ! f9ally complet$ wrapp+ be+      
reality & tru? 9 "o4 ,s*ola/icism /ill  
tea*es t ! core is 'matt]4' ,pr(essor   
,b]gson1 ,heymans1 ,/rong1 & o!rs1      
believe 9 ! core & bravely try to def9e 
x4 ,messrs4 ,dewey & ,s*ill] treat x z a
 'limit4' ,:i* is ! tru] ( all ^! div]se
 acc\nts1 or ( o!rs comp>able ) !m1     
unless x be ! "o t f9ally proves ! mo/  
satisfactory8 ,on ! "o h& !re w /&      
reality1 on ! o!r an acc\nt ( x :i*     
proves impossible to bett] or to alt]4  
,if ! impossibility prove p]man5t1 !    
tru? ( ! acc\nt w be absolute4 ,o!r     

cont5t ( tru? ?an ?is ,i c f9d n[h]e4   
,if ! anti-pragmati/s h any o!r mean+1  
let !m = heav5's sake reveal x1 let !m  
grant u access to x6  ,n ,,be+ reality1 
b only our belief ,,ab\t reality1 x w   
conta9 human elem5ts1 b ^! w ,,"k !     
non-human elem5t1 9 ! only s5se 9 :i*   
!re c be k ( any?+4 ,does ! riv] make   
its banks1 or d ! banks make ! riv]8    
,does a man walk ) 8 "r leg or ) 8 left 
leg m ess5tially8 ,j z impossible may x 
be to sep>ate ! real f ! human factors 9
 ! gr[? ( our cognitive exp]i5ce4  ,let 
?is /& z a fir/ brief indication ( !    
humani/ic position4 ,does x seem        
p>adoxical8 ,if s1 ,i w try to make x   
plausible by a few illu/rations1 :i* w  
lead to a full] acqua9tance ) ! subject4
  ,9 _m famili> objects ev]yone w       
recognize ! human elem5t4 ,we conceive a
 giv5 reality 9 ?is way or 9 t1 to suit 
our purpose1 & ! reality passively      
submits to ! conception4 ,y c take !    
numb] #bg z ! cube ( #c1 or z ! product 
( #c & #i1 or z #bf ,,plus #a1 or #ajj  

,,m9us #gc1 or 9 c\ntless o!r ways1 (   
:i* "o w be j z true z ano!r4 ,y c take 
a *essbo>d z black squ>es on a :ite     
gr\nd1 or z :ite squ>es on a black      
gr\nd1 & nei!r conception is a false "o4
 ,y c treat ! adjo9$ figure ,figure ( a 
',/> ( ,david' z a />1 z two big        
triangles cross+ ea* o!r1 z a hexagon ) 
legs set up on its angles1 z six equal  
triangles hang+ toge!r by _! tips1 etc4 
,all ^! treatm5ts are true treatm5ts--! 
s5sible ,,t ^u ! pap] resi/s no "o ( !m4
 ,y c say ( a l9e t x runs ea/1 or y c  
say t x runs we/1 & ! l9e p] se accepts 
bo? descriptions )\t rebell+ at !       
inconsi/5cy4  ,we c>ve out gr\ps ( />s 9
 ! heav5s1 & call !m con/ellations1 & ! 
/>s pati5tly suff] u to d s--?o if !y   
knew :at we 7 do+1 "s ( !m might feel   
mu* surpris$ at ! p>tn]s we _h giv5 !m4 
,we "n ! same con/ellation div]sely1 z  
,*>les's ,wa91 ! ,great ,be>1 or !      
,dipp]4 ,none ( ! names w be false1 & "o
 w be z true z ano!r1 = all are         
applicable4  ,9 all ^! cases we humanly 

make an addition to "s s5sible reality1 
& t reality tol]ates ! addition4 ,all ! 
additions 'agree' ) ! reality2 !y fit x1
 :ile !y build x out4 ,no "o ( !m is    
false4 ,:i* may be treat$ z ! m true1   
dep5ds altoge!r on ! human use ( x4 ,if 
! #bg is a numb] ( doll>s :i* ,i f9d 9 a
 draw] :]e ,i _h left #bh1 x is #bh m9us
 #a4 ,if x is ! numb] ( in*es 9 a %elf  
:i* ,i wi% to ins]t into a cupbo>d #bf  
in*es wide1 x is #bf plus #a4 ,if ,i wi%
 to ennoble ! heav5s by ! con/ellations 
,i see !re1 ',*>les's ,wa9' w\ld be m   
true ?an ',dipp]4' ,my fri5d ,fr$]ick   
,my]s 0 humor\sly indignant t t         
prodigi\s />-gr\p %\ld rem9d u ,am]icans
 ( no?+ b a cul9>y ut5sil4  ,:at %all we
 call a ,,?+ anyh[8 ,x seems q arbitr>y1
 = we c>ve out ev]y?+1 j z we c>ve out  
con/ellations1 to suit our human        
purposes4 ,= me1 ?is :ole 'audi5ce' is  
"o ?+1 :i* gr[s n[ re/less1 n[ att5tive4
 ,i h no use at pres5t = its individual 
units1 s ,i don't consid] !m4 ,s ( an   
'army1' ( a 'nation4' ,b 9 y\r own eyes1

 ladies & g5tlem51 to call y 'audi5ce'  
is an accid5tal way ( tak+ y4 ,!        
p]man5tly real ?+s = y are y\r          
individual p]sons4 ,to an anatomi/1     
aga91 ^? p]sons are b organisms1 & !    
real ?+s are ! organs4 ,n ! organs1 s   
mu* z _! con/itu5t cells1 say !         
hi/ologi/s2 n ! cells1 b _! molecules1  
say 9 turn ! *emi/s4  ,we break ! flux (
 s5sible reality into ?+s1 !n1 at our w4
 ,we create ! subjects ( our true z well
 z ( our false propositions4  ,we create
 ! pr$icates also4 ,_m ( ! pr$icates (  
?+s express only ! relations ( ! ?+s to 
u & to our feel+s4 ,su* pr$icates (     
c\rse are human additions4 ,caes> cross$
 ! ,rubicon1 & 0 a m5ace to ,rome's     
fre$om4 ,he is also an ,am]ican         
s*ool-room pe/1 made into "o by !       
reaction ( our s*oolboys on 8 writ+s4 ,!
 add$ pr$icate is z true ( him z ! e>li]
 ones4  ,y see h[ naturally "o comes to 
! humani/ic pr9ciple3 y c't we$ out !   
human contribution4 ,our n\ns &         
adjectives are all humaniz$ heirlooms1 &

 9 ! !ories we build !m into1 ! inn]    
ord] & arrangem5t is :olly dictat$ by   
human consid]ations1 intellectual       
consi/5cy be+ "o ( !m4 ,ma!matics &     
logic !mselves are f]m5t+ ) human       
re>rangem5ts2 physics1 a/ronomy &       
biology foll[ massive cues ( pref]5ce4  
,we plunge =w>d into ! field ( fre%     
exp]i5ce ) ! beliefs our ance/ors & we h
 made already2 ^! det]m9e :at we notice2
 :at we notice det]m9es :at we d2 :at we
 d aga9 det]m9es :at we exp]i5ce2 s f "o
 ?+ to ano!r1 al?o ! /ubborn fact rema9s
 t !re ,,is a s5sible flux1 :at is true 
( x seems f fir/ to la/ to be l>gely a  
matt] ( our own creation4  ,we build !  
flux out inevitably4 ,! great "q is3    
does x1 ) our additions1 rise or fall 9 
value8 ,are ! additions ,,wor?y or      
,,unwor?y8 ,suppose a univ]se compos$ ( 
sev5 />s1 & no?+ else b ?ree human      
witnesses & _! critic4 ,"o witness names
 ! />s ',great ,be>'2 "o calls !m       
',*>les's ,wa9'2 "o calls !m ! ',dipp]4'
 ,:i* human addition has made ! be/     

univ]se ( ! giv5 /ell> mat]ial8 ,if     
,fr$]ick ,my]s 7 ! critic1 he w\ld h no 
hesitation 9 'turn+-d[n' ! ,am]ican     
witness4  ,lotze has 9 sev]al places    
made a deep sugge/ion4 ,we naively      
assume1 he says1 a relation betwe5      
reality & our m9ds :i* may be j !       
opposite ( ! true "o4 ,reality1 we      
naturally ?9k1 /&s ready-made &         
complete1 & our intellects sup]v5e ) !  
"o simple duty ( describ+ x z x is      
already4 ,b may n our descriptions1     
,lotze asks1 be !mselves important      
additions to reality8 ,& may n previ\s  
reality itself be !re1 f> less = !      
purpose ( reappe>+ unalt]$ 9 our k1 ?an 
= ! v purpose ( /imulat+ our m9ds to su*
 additions z %all enhance ! univ]se's   
total value4 ,die erhohung des          
vorgefund55 dase9s is a phrase us$ by   
,pr(essor ,euck5 some:]e1 :i* rem9ds "o 
( ?is sugge/ion by ! great ,lotze4  ,x  
is id5tically our pragmati/ic           
conception4 ,9 our cognitive z well z 9 
our active life we are creative4 ,we    

,,add1 bo? to ! subject & to ! pr$icate 
"p ( reality4 ,! _w /&s really          
malleable1 wait+ to receive its f9al    
t\*es at our h&s4 ,l ! k+dom ( heav51 x 
suff]s human viol5ce will+ly4 ,man      
,,eng5d]s tru?s ^u x4  ,no "o c d5y t   
su* a role w\ld add bo? to our dignity &
 to our responsibility z ?9k]s4 ,to "s (
 u x proves a mo/ inspir+ notion4 ,sign]
 ,pap9i1 ! lead] ( italian pragmatism1  
gr[s fairly di?yrambic ov] ! view t x   
op5s1 ( man's div9ely-creative          
functions4  ,! import ( ! diff]5ce      
betwe5 pragmatism & rationalism is n[ 9 
sight ?r\gh\t its :ole ext5t4 ,!        
ess5tial contra/ is t = rationalism     
reality is ready-made & complete f all  
et]nity1 :ile = pragmatism x is /ill 9 !
 mak+1 & awaits "p ( its complexion f ! 
future4 ,on ! "o side ! univ]se is      
absolutely secure1 on ! o!r x is /ill   
pursu+ its adv5tures4  ,we h got into r 
deep wat] ) ?is humani/ic view1 & x is  
no wond] t misund]/&+ ga!rs r\nd x4 ,x  
is accus$ ( be+ a doctr9e ( caprice4    

,mr4 ,bradley1 = example1 says t a      
humani/1 if he und]/ood 8 own doctr9e1  
w\ld h to hold any end h[ev] p]v]t$ to  
be rational if ,i insi/ on x p]sonally1 
& any idea h[ev] mad to be ! tru? if    
only "s "o is resolv$ t he w h x s4 ,!  
humani/ view ( 'reality1' z some?+      
resi/+1 yet malleable1 :i* controls our 
?9k+ z an en]gy t mu/ be tak5 'acc\nt' (
 incessantly 7?o n necess>ily m]ely     
,,copi$7 is evid5tly a difficult "o to  
introduce to novices4 ,! situation      
rem9ds me ( "o t ,i h p]sonally gone    
?r\gh4 ,i once wrote an essay on our "r 
to believe1 :i* ,i unluckily call$ ! ,,w
 to ,believe4 ,all ! critics1 neglect+ !
 essay1 p\nc$ ^u ! title4               
,psy*ologically x 0 impossible1 morally 
x 0 iniquit\s4 ,! w to deceive1 ! w to  
make-believe1 7 wittily propos$ z       
sub/itutes = x4  ,,! ,,alt]native       
,,betwe5 ,,pragmatism ,,& ,,rationalism1
 ,,9 ,,! ,,%ape ,,9 ,,:i* ,,we ,,n[ ,,h 
,,x ,,be=e ,,u1 ,,is ,,no ,,long] ,a    
,,"q ,,9 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,k1 ,,x        

,,conc]ns ,,! ,,/ructure ,,( ,,!        
,,univ]se ,,itself4  ,on ! pragmati/    
side we h only "o edition ( ! univ]se1  
unf9i%$1 gr[+ 9 all sorts ( places1     
especially 9 ! places :]e ?9k+ be+s are 
at "w4  ,on ! rationali/ side we h a    
univ]se 9 _m editions1 "o real "o1 !    
inf9ite folio1 or edition de luxe1      
et]nally complete2 & !n ! v>i\s f9ite   
editions1 full ( false read+s1 di/ort$ &
 mutilat$ ea* 9 its own way4  ,s ! rival
 metaphysical hypo!ses ( pluralism &    
monism "h come back ^u u4 ,i w develope 
_! diff]5ces dur+ ! rema9d] ( our h\r4  
,& fir/ let me say t x is impossible n  
to see a temp]am5tal diff]5ce at "w 9 ! 
*oice ( sides4 ,! rationali/ m9d1       
radically tak51 is ( a doctr9aire &     
au?oritative complexion3 ! phrase 'mu/  
be' is ev] on its lips4 ,! belly-b& (   
its univ]se mu/ be tight4 ,a radical    
pragmati/ on ! o!r h& is a happy-g-lucky
 an>*i/ic sort ( creature4 ,if he _h to 
live 9 a tub l ,diog5es he w\ldn't m9d  
at all if ! hoops 7 loose & ! /aves let 

9 ! sun4  ,n[ ! idea ( ?is loose univ]se
 affects y\r typical rationali/s 9 mu* !
 same way z 'fre$om ( ! press' might    
affect a vet]an (ficial 9 ! russian     
bureau ( c5sor%ip2 or z 'simplifi$      
spell+' might affect an eld]ly          
s*oolmi/ress4 ,x affects him z ! sw>m ( 
prote/ant sects affects a papi/ onlook]4
 ,x appe>s z backboneless & devoid (    
pr9ciple z 'opportunism' 9 politics     
appe>s to an old-fa%ion$ fr5* legitimi/1
 or to a fanatical believ] 9 ! div9e "r 
( ! p4  ,= plurali/ic pragmatism1 tru?  
gr[s up inside ( all ! f9ite exp]i5ces4 
,!y lean on ea* o!r1 b ! :ole ( !m1 if  
su* a :ole !re be1 leans on no?+4 ,all  
'homes' are 9 f9ite exp]i5ce2 f9ite     
exp]i5ce z su* is homeless4 ,no?+       
outside ( ! flux secures ! issue ( x4 ,x
 c hope salvation only f its own        
intr9sic promises & pot5cies4  ,to      
rationali/s ?is describes a tramp &     
vagrant _w1 adrift 9 space1 ) nei!r     
elephant nor tortoise to plant ! sole ( 
its foot ^u4 ,x is a set ( />s hurl$    

into heav5 )\t ev5 a c5tre ( gravity to 
pull aga9/4 ,9 o!r sph]es ( life x is   
true t we h got us$ to liv+ 9 a /ate (  
relative insecurity4 ,! au?ority ( '!   
,/ate1' & t ( an absolute 'moral law1' h
 resolv$ !mselves into exp$i5cies1 &    
holy *ur* has resolv$ itself into       
'meet+-h\ses4' ,n s z yet )9 !          
philosophic class-rooms4 ,a univ]se )   
su* z ,,u contribut+ to create its tru?1
 a _w deliv]$ to ,,our opportunisms &   
,,our private judgm5ts6 ,home-rule =    
,irel& w\ld be a mill5nium 9 comp>ison4 
,we're no m fit = su* a "p ?an !        
,filip9os are 'fit = self-gov]nm5t4'    
,su* a _w w\ld n be ,,respectable1      
philosophically4 ,x is a trunk )\t a    
tag1 a dog )\t a coll>1 9 ! eyes ( mo/  
pr(essors ( philosophy4  ,:at !n w\ld   
tight5 ?is loose univ]se1 accord+ to !  
pr(essors8  ,some?+ to support ! f9ite  
_m1 to tie x to1 to unify & an*or x4    
,some?+ unexpos$ to accid5t1 some?+     
et]nal & unalt]able4 ,! mutable 9       
exp]i5ce mu/ be f\nd$ on immutability4  

,beh9d our de facto _w1 our _w 9 act1   
!re mu/ be a de jure duplicate fix$ &   
previ\s1 ) all t c happ5 "h already !re 
9 posse1 e drop ( blood1 e smalle/ item1
 appo9t$ & provid$1 /amp$ & br&$1 )\t   
*ance ( v>iation4 ,! negatives t haunt  
our ideals "h bel[ mu/ be !mselves      
negat$ 9 ! absolutely ,real4 ,?is alone 
makes ! univ]se solid4 ,?is is ! re/+   
deep4 ,we live ^u ! /ormy surface2 b )  
?is our an*or holds1 = x grapples rocky 
bottom4 ,?is is ,wordswor?'s c5tral     
peace subsi/+ at ! he>t ( endless       
agitation4 ,?is is ,vivekan&a's my/ical 
,"o ( :i* ,i read to y4 ,?is is ,reality
 ) ! big ,r1 reality t makes ! timeless 
claim1 reality to :i* defeat c't happ54 
,?is is :at ! m5 ( pr9ciples1 & 9 g5]al 
all ! m5 :om ,i call$ t5d]-m9d$ 9 my    
fir/ lecture1 ?9k !mselves oblig$ to    
po/ulate4  ,& ?is1 exactly ?is1 is :at !
 t\gh-m9d$ ( t lecture f9d !mselves mov$
 to call a piece ( p]v]se               
ab/raction-wor%ip4 ,! t\gh-m9d$ are ! m5
 ^: alpha & omega are ,,facts4 ,beh9d ! 

b>e ph5om5al facts1 z my t\gh-m9d$ old  
fri5d ,*auncey ,wright1 ! great ,h>v>d  
empirici/ ( my y\?1 us$ to say1 !re is  
,,no?+4 ,:5 a rationali/ insi/s t beh9d 
! facts !re is ! ,,gr\nd ( ! facts1 !   
,,possibility ( ! facts1 ! t\gh]        
empirici/s accuse him ( tak+ ! m]e "n & 
nature ( a fact & clapp+ x beh9d ! fact 
z a duplicate entity to make x possible4
 ,t su* %am gr\nds are (t5 invok$ is    
notori\s4 ,at a surgical op]ation ,i    
he>d a by/&] ask a doctor :y ! pati5t   
brea!d s deeply4 ,because e!r is a      
respiratory /imulant1 ! doctor answ]$4  
,ah6 said ! que/ion]1 z if reliev$ by ! 
explanation4 ,b ?is is l say+ t cyanide 
( potassium kills because x is a        
'poison1' or t x is s cold to-night     
because x is 'w9t]1' or t we h five f+]s
 because we are 'p5tadactyls4' ,^! are b
 names = ! facts1 tak5 f ! facts1 & !n  
treat$ z previ\s & explanatory4 ,!      
t5d]-m9d$ notion ( an absolute reality  
is1 accord+ to ! radically t\gh-m9d$1   
fram$ on j ?is patt]n4 ,x is b our      

summ>iz+ "n = ! :ole spread-out &       
/rung-along mass ( ph5om5a1 treat$ z if 
x 7 a diff]5t entity1 bo? "o & previ\s4 
,y see h[ diff]5tly p take ?+s4 ,! _w we
 live 9 exi/s diffus$ & di/ribut$1 9 !  
=m ( an indef9itely num]\s lot ( ea*es1 
coh]5t 9 all sorts ( ways & degrees2 & !
 t\gh-m9d$ are p]fectly will+ to keep !m
 at t valuation4 ,!y c /& t k9d ( _w1 _!
 temp] be+ well adapt$ to its           
insecurity4 ,n s ! t5d]-m9d$ p>ty4 ,!y  
mu/ back ! _w we f9d ourselves born into
 by ano!r & a bett] _w 9 :i* ! ea*es =m 
an ,all & ! ,all a ,"o t logically      
presupposes1 co-implicates1 & secures   
ea* ,,ea* )\t exception4  ,mu/ we z     
pragmati/s be radically t\gh-m9d$8 or c 
we treat ! absolute edition ( ! _w z a  
legitimate hypo!sis8 ,x is c]ta9ly      
legitimate1 = x is ?9kable1 :e!r we take
 x 9 its ab/ract or 9 its concrete %ape4
  ,by tak+ x ab/ractly ,i mean plac+ x  
beh9d our f9ite life z we place ! ^w    
'w9t]' beh9d to-night's cold wea!r4     
',w9t]' is only ! "n = a c]ta9 numb] (  

days :i* we f9d g5]ally *>act]iz$ by    
cold wea!r1 b x gu>antees no?+ 9 t l9e1 
= our !rmomet] to-morr[ may so> into !  
#gj's4 ,nev]!less ! ^w is a useful "o to
 plunge =w>d ) into ! /ream ( our       
exp]i5ce4 ,x cuts (f c]ta9 probabilities
 & sets up o!rs3 y c put away y\r       
/raw-hats2 y c unpack y\r arctics4 ,x is
 a summ>y ( ?+s to look =4 ,x names a "p
 ( nature's habits1 & gets y ready = _! 
cont9uation4 ,x is a def9ite in/rum5t   
ab/ract$ f exp]i5ce1 a conceptual       
reality t y mu/ take acc\nt (1 & :i*    
reflects y totally back into s5sible    
realities4 ,! pragmati/ is ! la/ p]son  
to d5y ! reality ( su* ab/ractions4 ,!y 
are s mu* pa/ exp]i5ce fund$4  ,b tak+ !
 absolute edition ( ! _w concretely     
means a diff]5t hypo!sis4 ,rationali/s  
take x concretely & ,,oppose x to ! _w's
 f9ite editions4 ,!y give x a p>ticul>  
nature4 ,x is p]fect1 f9i%$4 ,ev]y?+    
kn[n !re is kn[n along ) ev]y?+ else2   
"h1 :]e ignorance reigns1 f> o!rwise4   
,if !re is want !re1 !re also is !      

satisfaction provid$4 ,"h all is        
process2 t _w is timeless4              
,possibilities obta9 9 our _w2 9 !      
absolute _w1 :]e all t is ,,n is f      
et]nity impossible1 & all t ,,is is     
necess>y1 ! category ( possibility has  
no application4 ,9 ?is _w crimes &      
horrors are regrettable4 ,9 t totaliz$  
_w regret obta9s n1 = ! exi/5ce ( ill 9 
! temporal ord] is ! v condition ( !    
p]fection ( ! et]nal ord]4  ,once m1    
ei!r hypo!sis is legitimate 9 pragmati/ 
eyes1 = ei!r has its uses4 ,ab/ractly1  
or tak5 l ! ^w w9t]1 z a memor&um ( pa/ 
exp]i5ce t ori5ts u t[>ds ! future1 !   
notion ( ! absolute _w is indisp5sable4 
,concretely tak51 x is also             
indisp5sable1 at lea/ to c]ta9 m9ds1 = x
 det]m9es !m religi\sly1 be+ (t5 a ?+ to
 *ange _! lives by1 & by *ang+ _! lives1
 to *ange :atev] 9 ! out] ord] dep5ds on
 !m4  ,we _c !re=e me?odically jo9 !    
t\gh m9ds 9 _! rejection ( ! :ole notion
 ( a _w beyond our f9ite exp]i5ce4 ,"o  
misund]/&+ ( pragmatism is to id5tify x 

) positivi/ic t\gh-m9d$ness1 to suppose 
t x scorns e rationali/ic notion z s mu*
 jabb] & ge/iculation1 t x loves        
intellectual an>*y z su* & pref]s a sort
 ( wolf-_w absolutely unp5t & wild & )\t
 a ma/] or a coll> to any philosophic   
class-room product1 :atsoev]4 ,i h said 
s mu* 9 ^! lectures aga9/ ! ov]-t5d] =ms
 ( rationalism1 t ,i am prep>$ = "s     
misund]/&+ "h1 b ,i confess t ! am\nt ( 
x t ,i h f\nd 9 ?is v audi5ce surprises 
me1 = ,i h simultane\sly def5d$         
rationali/ic hypo!ses s f> z ^!         
re-direct y fruitfully into exp]i5ce4   
,= in/ance ,i receive ?is morn+ ?is "q  
on a po/-c>d3 ,is a pragmati/ necess>ily
 a complete mat]iali/ & agno/ic8 ,"o (  
my olde/ fri5ds1 :o ought to "k me      
bett]1 writes me a lett] t accuses !    
pragmatism ,i am recomm5d+1 ( %utt+ out 
all wid] metaphysical views & condemn+ u
 to ! mo/ t]re-a-t]re naturalism4 ,let  
me read y "s extracts f x4  ,x seems to 
me1 my fri5d writes1 t ! pragmatic      
objection to pragmatism lies 9 ! fact t 

x might acc5tuate ! n>r[ness ( n>r[     
m9ds4  ,y\r call to ! rejection ( !     
namby-pamby & ! wi%y-wa%y is ( c\rse    
inspir+4 ,b al?\gh x is salut>y &       
/imulat+ to be told t "o %\ld be        
responsible = ! imm$iate issues & be>+s 
( 8 words & ?\ghts1 ,i decl9e to be     
depriv$ ( ! pleasure & pr(it ( dwell+   
also on remot] be>+s & issues1 & x is ! 
,,t5d5cy ( pragmatism to refuse ?is     
privilege4  ,9 %ort1 x seems to me t !  
limitations1 or r ! dang]s1 ( !         
pragmatic t5d5cy1 are analog\s to ^? :i*
 beset ! unw>y foll[]s ( ! 'natural     
sci5ces4' ,*emi/ry & physics are em95tly
 pragmatic & _m ( _! devotees1 smugly   
cont5t ) ! data t _! weights & measures 
furni%1 feel an inf9ite pity & disda9 = 
all /ud5ts ( philosophy & meta-physics1 
:omsoev]4 ,& ( c\rse ev]y?+ c be        
express$--aft] a fa%ion1 &              
'!oretically'--9 t]ms ( *emi/ry &       
physics1 t is1 ,,ev]y?+ ,,except ,,!    
,,vital ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,! ,,:ole1 & t1 
!y say1 !re is no pragmatic use 9 try+  

to express2 x has no be>+s--,,= ,,!m4 ,i
 = my "p refuse to be p]suad$ t we _c   
look beyond ! obvi\s pluralism ( !      
naturali/ & ! pragmati/ to a logical    
unity 9 :i* !y take no int]e/4  ,h[ is  
su* a conception ( ! pragmatism ,i am   
advocat+ possible1 aft] my fir/ & second
 lectures8 ,i h all along be5 (f]+ x    
expressly z a m$iator betwe5            
t\gh-m9d$ness & t5d]-m9d$ness4 ,if !    
notion ( a _w ante rem1 :e!r tak5       
ab/ractly l ! ^w w9t]1 or concretely z !
 hypo!sis ( an ,absolute1 c be %[n to h 
any consequ5ces :atev] = our life1 x has
 a mean+4 ,if ! mean+ works1 x w h ,,"s 
tru? t ought to be held to ?r\gh all    
possible re=mulations1 = pragmatism4  ,!
 absoluti/ic hypo!sis1 t p]fection is   
et]nal1 aborig9al1 & mo/ real1 has a    
p]fectly def9ite mean+1 & x works       
religi\sly4 ,to exam9e h[1 w be !       
subject ( my next & f9al lecture4       
,lecture ,,viii  ,pragmatism & ,religion
  ,at ! close ( ! la/ lecture ,i rem9d$ 
y ( ! fir/ "o1 9 :i* ,i _h oppos$       

t\gh-m9d$ness to t5d]-m9d$ness &        
recomm5d$ pragmatism z _! m$iator4      
,t\gh-m9d$ness positively rejects       
t5d]-m9d$ness's hypo!sis ( an et]nal    
p]fect edition ( ! univ]se coexi/+ ) our
 f9ite exp]i5ce4  ,on pragmatic         
pr9ciples we _c reject any hypo!sis if  
consequ5ces useful to life fl[ f x4     
,univ]sal conceptions1 z ?+s to take    
acc\nt (1 may be z real = pragmatism z  
p>ticul> s5sations are4 ,!y h inde$ no  
mean+ & no reality if !y h no use4 ,b if
 !y h any use !y h t am\nt ( mean+4 ,& !
 mean+ w be true if ! use squ>es well ) 
life's o!r uses4  ,well1 ! use ( !      
,absolute is prov$ by ! :ole c\rse (    
m5's religi\s hi/ory4 ,! et]nal arms are
 !n b5ea?4 ,rememb] ,vivekan&a's use ( !
 ,atman3 x is inde$ n a sci5tific use1 =
 we c make no p>ticul> d$uctions f x4 ,x
 is emotional & spiritual altoge!r4  ,x 
is always be/ to discuss ?+s by ! help (
 concrete examples4 ,let me read !re=e  
"s ( ^? v]ses entitl$ ,to ,y by ,walt   
,:itman--,y ( c\rse mean+ ! read] or    

he>] ( ! poem :osoev] he or %e may be4  
,:oev] y are1 n[ ,i place my h& ^u y1 t 
y be my poem2 ,i :isp] ) my lips close  
to y\r e>1 ,i h lov$ _m wom5 & m51 b ,i 
love none bett] ?an y4   ,o ,i h be5    
dilatory & dumb2 ,i %\ld h made my way  
/raight to y long ago2 ,i %\ld h blabb'd
 no?+ b y1 ,i %\ld h *ant$ no?+ b y4    
,i w leave all1 & come & make ! hymns ( 
y2 ,none h und]/ood y1 b ,i und]/& y2   
,none h done ju/ice to y--y h n done    
ju/ice to y\rself2 ,none b h f\nd y     
imp]fect--,i only f9d no imp]fection 9  
y4   ,o ,i c\ld s+ su* gr&eurs & glories
 ab\t y6 ,y h n kn[n :at y are--y h     
slumb]'d ^u y\rself all y\r life2 ,:at y
 h done returns already 9 mock]ies4   ,b
 ! mock]ies are n y2 ,und]nea? !m1 & )9 
!m1 ,i see y lurk2 ,i pursue y :]e none 
else has pursu$ y2 ,sil5ce1 ! desk1 !   
flippant expression1 ! night1 !         
accu/om'd r\t9e1 if ^! conceal y f o!rs1
 or f y\rself1 !y d n conceal y f me2 ,!
 %av$ face1 ! un/eady eye1 ! impure     
complexion1 if ^! balk o!rs1 !y d n balk

 me1 ,! p]t app>el1 ! de=m'd attitude1  
drunk5ness1 gre$1 premature dea?1 all ^!
 ,i "p aside4   ,!re is no end[m5t 9 man
 or woman t is n talli$ 9 y2 ,!re is no 
virtue1 no beauty1 9 man or woman1 b z  
good is 9 y2 ,no pluck1 no endurance 9  
o!rs1 b z good is 9 y2 ,no pleasure     
wait+ = o!rs1 b an equal pleasure waits 
= y4   ,:oev] y are6 claim y\r own at   
any haz>d6 ,^! %[s ( ! ea/ & we/ are    
tame1 comp>$ to y2 ,^! imm5se mead[s--^!
 int]m9able riv]s--y are imm5se &       
int]m9able z !y2 ,y are he or %e :o is  
ma/] or mi/ress ov] !m1 ,ma/] or mi/ress
 9 y\r own "r ov] ,nature1 elem5ts1 pa91
 passion1 dissolution4   ,! hopples fall
 f y\r ankles--y f9d an unfail+         
suffici5cy2 ,old or "y1 male or female1 
rude1 l[1 reject$ by ! re/1 :atev] y are
 promulges itself2 ,?r\gh bir?1 life1   
dea?1 burial1 ! means are provid$1 no?+ 
is scant$2 ,?r\gh ang]s1 losses1        
ambition1 ignorance1 ennui1 :at y are   
picks its way4  ,v]ily a f9e & mov+     
poem1 9 any case1 b !re are two ways (  

tak+ x1 bo? useful4  ,"o is ! moni/ic   
way1 ! my/ical way ( pure cosmic        
emotion4 ,! glories & gr&eurs1 !y are   
y\rs absolutely1 ev5 9 ! mid/ ( y\r     
defacem5ts4 ,:atev] may happ5 to y1     
:atev] y may appe> to be1 inw>dly y are 
safe4 ,look back1 ,,lie back1 on y\r    
true pr9ciple ( be+6 ,?is is ! fam\s way
 ( quietism1 ( indiff]5tism4 ,its       
enemies comp>e x to a spiritual opium4  
,yet pragmatism mu/ respect ?is way1 = x
 has massive hi/oric v9dication4  ,b    
pragmatism sees ano!r way to be respect$
 also1 ! plurali/ic way ( int]pret+ !   
poem4 ,! y s glorifi$1 to :i* ! hymn is 
sung1 may mean y\r bett] possibilities  
ph5om5ally tak51 or ! specific r$emptive
 effects ev5 ( y\r failures1 ^u y\rself 
or o!rs4 ,x may mean y\r loyalty to !   
possibilities ( o!rs :om y admire & love
 s1 t y are will+ to accept y\r own poor
 life1 = x is t glory's p>tn]4 ,y c at  
lea/ appreciate1 applaud1 furni% !      
audi5ce1 ( s brave a total _w4 ,=get !  
l[ 9 y\rself1 !n1 ?9k only ( ! high4    

,id5tify y\r life !re)2 !n1 ?r\gh ang]s1
 losses1 ignorance1 ennui1 :atev] y ?us 
make y\rself1 :atev] y ?us mo/ deeply   
are1 picks its way4  ,9 ei!r way ( tak+ 
! poem1 x enc\rages fidelity to         
ourselves4 ,bo? ways satisfy2 bo?       
sanctify ! human flux4 ,bo? pa9t !      
portrait ( ! ,,y on a gold-backgr\nd4 ,b
 ! backgr\nd ( ! fir/ way is ! /atic    
,"o1 :ile 9 ! second way x means        
possibles 9 ! plural1 g5u9e possibles1 &
 x has all ! re/lessness ( t conception4
  ,noble en\gh is ei!r way ( read+ !    
poem2 b pla9ly ! plurali/ic way agrees )
 ! pragmatic temp] be/1 = x imm$iately  
sugge/s an inf9itely l>g] numb] ( !     
details ( future exp]i5ce to our m9d4 ,x
 sets def9ite activities 9 u at "w4     
,al?o ?is second way seems prosaic &    
e>?born 9 comp>ison ) ! fir/ way1 yet no
 "o c accuse x ( t\gh-m9d$ness 9 any    
brutal s5se ( ! t]m4 ,yet if1 z         
pragmati/s1 y %\ld positively set up !  
second way ,,aga9/ ! fir/ way1 y w\ld v 
likely be misund]/ood4 ,y w\ld be accus$

 ( d5y+ nobl] conceptions1 & ( be+ an   
ally ( t\gh-m9d$ness 9 ! wor/ s5se4  ,y 
rememb] ! lett] f a memb] ( ?is audi5ce 
f :i* ,i read "s extracts at our previ\s
 meet+4 ,let me read y an additional    
extract n[4 ,x %[s a vagu5ess 9 realiz+ 
! alt]natives be=e u :i* ,i ?9k is v    
widespread4  ,i believe1 writes my fri5d
 & correspond5t1 9 pluralism2 ,i believe
 t 9 our se>* = tru? we leap f "o float+
 cake ( ice to ano!r1 on an inf9ite sea1
 & t by ea* ( our acts we make new tru?s
 possible & old ones impossible2 ,i     
believe t ea* man is responsible = mak+ 
! univ]se bett]1 & t if he does n d ?is 
x w be 9 s f> left undone4  ,yet at !   
same "t ,i am will+ to endure t my      
*ildr5 %\ld be incurably sick & suff]+  
7z !y are n7 & ,i myself /upid & yet )  
bra9s en\gh to see my /upidity1 only on 
"o condition1 namely1 t ?r\gh !         
con/ruction1 9 imag9ation & by reason+1 
( a ,,rational ,,unity ,,( ,,all ,,?+s1 
,i c conceive my acts & my ?\ghts & my  
tr\bles z ,,supplem5t$3 ,,by ,,all ,,!  

,,o!r ,,ph5om5a ,,( ,,! ,,_w1 ,,& ,,z   
,,=m+--,,:5 ,,?us ,,supplem5t$--,a      
,,s*eme ,,:i* ,i ,,approve ,,& ,,adopt  
,,z ,,my ,i ,,own2 & = my "p ,i refuse  
to be p]suad$ t we _c look beyond !     
obvi\s pluralism ( ! naturali/ &        
pragmati/ to a logical unity 9 :i* !y   
take no int]e/ or /ock4  ,su* a f9e     
expression ( p]sonal fai? w>ms ! he>t ( 
! he>]4 ,b h[ mu* does x cle> 8         
philosophic head8 ,does ! writ]         
consi/5tly favor ! moni/ic1 or !        
plurali/ic1 int]pretation ( ! _w's poem8
 ,8 tr\bles become aton$ = ,,:5 ,,?us   
,,supplem5t$1 he says1 supplem5t$1 t is1
 by all ! rem$ies t ,,! ,,o!r ,,ph5om5a 
may supply4 ,obvi\sly "h ! writ] faces  
=w>d into ! p>ticul>s ( exp]i5ce1 :i* he
 int]prets 9 a plurali/ic-meliori/ic    
way4  ,b he believes himself to face    
backw>d4 ,he speaks ( :at he calls !    
rational ,,unity ( ?+s1 :5 all ! :ile he
 really means _! possible empirical     
,,unification4 ,he supposes at ! same "t
 t ! pragmati/1 because he criticizes   

rationalism's ab/ract ,"o1 is cut (f f !
 consolation ( believ+ 9 ! sav+         
possibilities ( ! concrete _m4 ,he fails
 9 %ort to di/+ui% betwe5 tak+ ! _w's   
p]fection z a necess>y pr9ciple1 & tak+ 
x only z a possible t]m9us ad quem4  ,i 
reg>d ! writ] ( ?is lett] z a g5u9e     
pragmati/1 b z a pragmati/ sans le      
savoir4 ,he appe>s to me z "o ( t num]\s
 class ( philosophic amateurs :om ,i    
spoke ( 9 my fir/ lecture1 z wi%+ to h  
all ! good ?+s go+1 )\t be+ too c>eful z
 to h[ !y agree or disagree4 ,rational  
unity ( all ?+s is s inspir+ a =mula1 t 
he br&i%es x (fh&1 & ab/ractly accuses  
pluralism ( conflict+ ) x 7= ! b>e names
 d conflict71 al?o concretely he means  
by x j ! pragmati/ically unifi$ &       
ameliorat$ _w4 ,mo/ ( u rema9 9 ?is     
ess5tial vagu5ess1 & x is well t we     
%\ld2 b 9 ! int]e/ ( cle>-head$ness x is
 well t "s ( u %\ld g f>!r1 s ,i w try  
n[ to focus a little m discrim9at+ly on 
?is p>ticul> religi\s po9t4  ,is !n ?is 
y ( y\s1 ?is absolutely real _w1 ?is    

unity t yields ! moral inspiration & has
 ! religi\s value1 to be tak5           
moni/ically or plurali/ically8 ,is x    
ante rem or 9 rebus8 ,is x a pr9ciple or
 an end1 an absolute or an ultimate1 a  
fir/ or a la/8 ,does x make y look =w>d 
or lie back8 ,x is c]ta9ly wor? :ile n  
to clump ! two ?+s toge!r1 = if         
discrim9at$1 !y h decid$ly div]se mean+s
 = life4  ,please obs]ve t ! :ole       
dilemma revolves pragmatically ab\t !   
notion ( ! _w's possibilities4          
,intellectually1 rationalism invokes its
 absolute pr9ciple ( unity z a gr\nd (  
possibility = ! _m facts4 ,emotionally1 
x sees x z a conta9] & limit] (         
possibilities1 a gu>antee t ! up%ot %all
 be good4 ,tak5 9 ?is way1 ! absolute   
makes all good ?+s c]ta91 & all bad ?+s 
impossible 79 ! et]nal1 namely71 & may  
be said to transmute ! entire category (
 possibility into categories m secure4  
,"o sees at ?is po9t t ! great religi\s 
diff]5ce lies betwe5 ! m5 :o insi/ t !  
_w ,,mu/ ,,& ,,%all ,,be1 & ^? :o are   

cont5t$ ) believ+ t ! _w ,,may ,,be1    
sav$4 ,! :ole cla% ( rationali/ic &     
empirici/ religion is ?us ov] ! validity
 ( possibility4 ,x is necess>y !re=e to 
beg9 by focus+ ^u t ^w4 ,:at may ! ^w   
'possible' def9itely mean8  ,to         
unreflect+ m5 ! possible means a sort ( 
?ird e/ate ( be+1 less real ?an exi/5ce1
 m real ?an non-exi/5ce1 a twilight     
realm1 a hybrid /atus1 a limbo into :i* 
& out ( :i* realities ev] & anon are    
made to pass4 ,su* a conception is (    
c\rse too vague & nondescript to satisfy
 u4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 ! only way to       
extract a t]m's mean+ is to use !       
pragmatic me?od on x4 ,:5 y say t a ?+  
is possible1 :at diff]5ce does x make8  
,x makes at lea/ ?is diff]5ce t if      
anyone calls x impossible y c contradict
 him1 if anyone calls x actual y c      
contradict ,,him1 & if anyone calls x   
necess>y y c contradict him too4 ,b ^!  
privileges ( contradiction don't am\nt  
to mu*4 ,:5 y say a ?+ is possible1 does
 n t make "s f>!r diff]5ce 9 t]ms (     

actual fact8  ,x makes at lea/ ?is      
negative diff]5ce t if ! /atem5t be     
true1 x foll[s t !re is no?+ extant     
capable ( prev5t+ ! possible ?+4 ,!     
abs5ce ( real gr\nds ( int]f]5ce may ?us
 be said to make ?+s n impossible1      
possible !re=e 9 ! b>e or ab/ract s5se4 
,b mo/ possibles are n b>e1 !y are      
concretely gr\nd$1 or well-gr\nd$1 z we 
say4 ,:at does ?is mean pragmatically8  
,x means1 n only t !re are no prev5tive 
conditions pres5t1 b t "s ( ! conditions
 ( production ( ! possible ?+ actually  
are "h4 ,?us a concretely possible *ick5
 means3 7#a7 t ! idea ( *ick5 conta9s no
 ess5tial self-contradiction2 7#b7 t no 
boys1 skunks1 or o!r enemies are ab\t2 &
 7#c7 t at lea/ an actual egg exi/s4    
,possible *ick5 means actual egg--plus  
actual sitt+ h51 or incubator1 or :at n4
 ,z ! actual conditions approa*         
complet5ess ! *ick5 becomes a           
bett]-&-bett]-gr\nd$ possibility4 ,:5 ! 
conditions are entirely complete1 x     
ceases to be a possibility1 & turns into

 an actual fact4  ,let u apply ?is      
notion to ! salvation ( ! _w4 ,:at does 
x pragmatically mean to say t ?is is    
possible8 ,x means t "s ( ! conditions (
 ! _w's deliv]ance d actually exi/4 ,! m
 ( !m !re are exi/5t1 ! few] prev5t+    
conditions y c f9d1 ! bett]-gr\nd$ is ! 
salvation's possibility1 ! m ,,probable 
does ! fact ( ! deliv]ance become4  ,s  
mu* = our prelim9>y look at possibility4
  ,n[ x w\ld contradict ! v _s ( life to
 say t our m9ds mu/ be indiff]5t &      
neutral 9 que/ions l t ( ! _w's         
salvation4 ,anyone :o pret5ds to be     
neutral writes himself d[n "h z a fool &
 a %am4 ,we all d wi% to m9imize !      
insecurity ( ! univ]se2 we are & ought  
to be unhappy :5 we reg>d x z expos$ to 
e enemy & op5 to e life-de/roy+ draft4  
,nev]!less !re are unhappy m5 :o ?9k !  
salvation ( ! _w impossible4 ,!irs is ! 
doctr9e kn[n z pessimism4  ,optimism 9  
turn w\ld be ! doctr9e t ?9ks ! _w's    
salvation inevitable4  ,midway betwe5 ! 
two !re /&s :at may be call$ ! doctr9e (

 meliorism1 ?o x has hi!rto figur$ less 
z a doctr9e ?an z an attitude 9 human   
affairs4 ,optimism has always be5 !     
regnant ,,doctr9e 9 european philosophy4
 ,pessimism 0 only rec5tly introduc$ by 
,s*op5hau] & c\nts few sy/ematic def5d]s
 z yet4 ,meliorism treats salvation z   
nei!r inevitable nor impossible4 ,x     
treats x z a possibility1 :i* becomes m 
& m ( a probability ! m num]\s ! actual 
conditions ( salvation become4  ,x is   
cle> t pragmatism mu/ incl9e t[>ds      
meliorism4 ,"s conditions ( ! _w's      
salvation are actually extant1 & %e _c  
possibly close h] eyes to ?is fact3 &   
%\ld ! residual conditions come1        
salvation w\ld become an accompli%$     
reality4 ,naturally ! t]ms ,i use "h are
 exce$+ly summ>y4 ,y may int]pret ! ^w  
'salvation' 9 any way y l1 & make x z   
diffuse & di/ributive1 or z climact]ic &
 integral a ph5om5on z y please4  ,take1
 = example1 any "o ( u 9 ?is room ) !   
ideals :i* he *]i%es1 & is will+ to live
 & "w =4 ,e su* ideal realiz$ w be "o   

mom5t 9 ! _w's salvation4 ,b ^! p>ticul>
 ideals are n b>e ab/ract possibilities4
 ,!y are gr\nd$1 !y are ,,live          
possibilities1 = we are _! live *ampions
 & pl$ges1 & if ! complem5t>y conditions
 come & add !mselves1 our ideals w      
become actual ?+s4 ,:at n[ are !        
complem5t>y conditions8 ,!y are fir/ su*
 a mixture ( ?+s z w 9 ! fulness ( "t   
give u a *ance1 a gap t we c spr+ into1 
&1 f9ally1 ,,our ,,act4  ,does our act  
!n ,,create ! _w's salvation s f> z x   
makes room = itself1 s f> z x leaps into
 ! gap8 ,does x create1 n ! :ole _w's   
salvation ( c\rse1 b j s mu* ( ?is z    
itself cov]s ( ! _w's ext5t8  ,"h ,i    
take ! bull by ! horns1 & 9 spite ( !   
:ole crew ( rationali/s & moni/s1 (     
:atev] br& !y be1 ,i ask ,,:y ,,n8 ,our 
acts1 our turn+-places1 :]e we seem to  
ourselves to make ourselves & gr[1 are !
 p>ts ( ! _w to :i* we are close/1 !    
p>ts ( :i* our k is ! mo/ intimate &    
complete4 ,:y %\ld we n take !m at _!   
face-value8 ,:y may !y n be ! actual    

turn+-places & gr[+-places :i* !y seem  
to be1 ( ! _w--:y n ! work%op ( be+1 :]e
 we cat* fact 9 ! mak+1 s t n[h]e may ! 
_w gr[ 9 any o!r k9d ( way ?an ?is8     
,irrational6 we are told4 ,h[ c new be+ 
come 9 local spots & pat*es :i* add     
!mselves or /ay away at r&om1           
indep5d5tly ( ! re/8 ,!re mu/ be a      
reason = our acts1 & :]e 9 ! la/ resort 
c any reason be look$ = save 9 ! mat]ial
 pressure or ! logical compulsion ( !   
total nature ( ! _w8 ,!re c be b "o real
 ag5t ( gr[?1 or seem+ gr[?1 any:]e1 & t
 ag5t is ! integral _w itself4 ,x may   
gr[ all-ov]1 if gr[? !re be1 b t s+le   
p>ts %\ld gr[ p] se is irrational4  ,b  
if "o talks ( rationality & ( reasons = 
?+s1 & insi/s t !y c't j come 9 spots1  
:at ,,k9d ( a reason c !re ultimately be
 :y any?+ %\ld come at all8 ,talk (     
logic & necessity & categories & !      
absolute & ! cont5ts ( ! :ole           
philosophical ma*9e-%op z y w1 ! only   
,,real reason ,i c ?9k ( :y any?+ %\ld  
ev] come is t someone wi%es x to be "h4 

,x is ,,dem&$1 dem&$1 x may be1 to give 
relief to no matt] h[ small a fraction (
 ! _w's mass4 ,?is is liv+ reason1 &    
comp>$ ) x mat]ial causes & logical     
necessities are spectral ?+s4  ,9 %ort !
 only fully rational _w w\ld be ! _w (  
wi%+-caps1 ! _w ( telepa?y1 :]e e desire
 is fulfill$ in/ant]1 )\t hav+ to       
consid] or placate surr\nd+ or          
int]m$iate p[]s4 ,?is is ! ,absolute's  
own _w4 ,he calls ^u ! ph5om5al _w to   
be1 & x ,,is1 exactly z he calls = x1 no
 o!r condition be+ requir$4 ,9 our _w1 !
 wi%es ( ! individual are only "o       
condition4 ,o!r individuals are !re )   
o!r wi%es & !y mu/ be propitiat$ fir/4  
,s ,be+ gr[s "u all sorts ( resi/ances 9
 ?is _w ( ! _m1 &1 f compromise to      
compromise1 only gets organiz$ gradually
 into :at may be call$ second>ily       
rational %ape4 ,we approa* ! wi%+-cap   
type ( organization only 9 a few        
dep>tm5ts ( life4 ,we want wat] & we    
turn a faucet4 ,we want a kodak-picture 
& we press a button4 ,we want in=mation 

& we telephone4 ,we want to travel & we 
buy a ticket4 ,9 ^! & simil> cases1 we  
h>dly ne$ to d m ?an ! wi%+--! _w is    
rationally organiz$ to d ! re/4  ,b ?is 
talk ( rationality is a p>5!sis & a     
digression4 ,:at we 7 discuss+ 0 ! idea 
( a _w gr[+ n integrally b piecemeal by 
! contributions ( its sev]al p>ts4 ,take
 ! hypo!sis s]i\sly & z a live "o4      
,suppose t ! _w's au?or put ! case to y 
be=e creation1 say+3 ,i am go+ to make a
 _w n c]ta9 to be sav$1 a _w ! p]fection
 ( :i* %all be conditional m]ely1 !     
condition be+ t ea* sev]al ag5t does its
 own 'level be/4' ,i (f] y ! *ance (    
tak+ "p 9 su* a _w4 ,its safety1 y see1 
is unw>rant$4 ,x is a real adv5ture1 )  
real dang]1 yet x may w9 ?r\gh4 ,x is a 
social s*eme ( co-op]ative "w g5u9ely to
 be done4 ,w y jo9 ! procession8 ,w y   
tru/ y\rself & tru/ ! o!r ag5ts en\gh to
 face ! risk8  ,%\ld y 9 all s]i\sness1 
if p>ticipation 9 su* a _w 7 propos$ to 
y1 feel b\nd to reject x z n safe en\gh8
 ,w\ld y say t1 r ?an be "p & p>cel ( s 

fundam5tally plurali/ic & irrational a  
univ]se1 y pref]r$ to relapse into !    
slumb] ( non5tity f :i* y _h be5        
mom5t>ily ar\s$ by ! tempt]'s voice8  ,(
 c\rse if y are normally con/itut$1 y   
w\ld d no?+ ( ! sort4 ,!re is a         
heal?y-m9d$ buoyancy 9 mo/ ( u :i* su* a
 univ]se w\ld exactly fit4 ,we w\ld     
!re=e accept ! (f]--,top6 und s*lag auf 
s*lag6 ,x w\ld be j l ! _w we           
practically live 92 & loyalty to our old
 nurse ,nature w\ld =bid u to say no4 ,!
 _w propos$ w\ld seem 'rational' to u 9 
! mo/ liv+ way4  ,mo/ ( u1 ,i say1 w\ld 
!re=e welcome ! proposition & add our   
fiat to ! fiat ( ! creator4 ,yet p]haps 
"s w\ld n2 = !re are morbid m9ds 9 e    
human collection1 & to !m ! prospect ( a
 univ]se ) only a fight+ *ance ( safety 
w\ld probably make no appeal4 ,!re are  
mom5ts ( disc\ragem5t 9 u all1 :5 we are
 sick ( self & tir$ ( va9ly /riv+4 ,our 
own life breaks d[n1 & we fall into !   
attitude ( ! prodigal son4 ,we mi/ru/ ! 
*ances ( ?+s4 ,we want a univ]se :]e we 

c j give up1 fall on our fa!r's neck1 & 
be absorb$ into ! absolute life z a drop
 ( wat] melts into ! riv] or ! sea4  ,! 
peace & re/1 ! security desid]at$ at su*
 mom5ts is security aga9/ ! bewild]+    
accid5ts ( s mu* f9ite exp]i5ce4        
,nirvana means safety f ?is ev]la/+ r\nd
 ( adv5tures ( :i* ! _w ( s5se consi/s4 
,! h9doo & ! buddhi/1 = ?is is          
ess5tially _! attitude1 are simply      
afraid1 afraid ( m exp]i5ce1 afraid (   
life4  ,& to m5 ( ?is complexion1       
religi\s monism comes ) its consol+     
words3 ,all is ne$$ & ess5tial--ev5 y ) 
y\r sick s\l & he>t4 ,all are "o ) ,god1
 & ) ,god all is well4 ,! ev]la/+ arms  
are b5ea?1 :e!r 9 ! _w ( f9ite          
appe>ances y seem to fail or to succe$4 
,!re c be no d\bt t :5 m5 are r$uc$ to  
_! la/ sick extremity absolutism is !   
only sav+ s*eme4 ,plurali/ic moralism   
simply makes _! tee? *att]1 x           
refrig]ates ! v he>t )9 _! brea/4  ,s we
 see concretely two types ( religion 9  
%>p contra/4 ,us+ our old t]ms (        

comp>ison1 we may say t ! absoluti/ic   
s*eme appeals to ! t5d]-m9d$ :ile !     
plurali/ic s*eme appeals to ! t\gh4 ,_m 
p]sons w\ld refuse to call ! plurali/ic 
s*eme religi\s at all4 ,!y w\ld call x  
morali/ic1 & w\ld apply ! ^w religi\s to
 ! moni/ic s*eme alone4 ,religion 9 !   
s5se ( self-surr5d]1 & moralism 9 ! s5se
 ( self-suffic+ness1 h be5 pitt$ aga9/  
ea* o!r z incompatibles frequ5tly en\gh 
9 ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght4  ,we /& "h    
be=e ! f9al "q ( philosophy4 ,i said 9  
my f\r? lecture t ,i believ$ !          
moni/ic-plurali/ic alt]native to be !   
deepe/ & mo/ pregnant "q t our m9ds c   
frame4 ,c x be t ! disjunction is a f9al
 "o8 t only "o side c be true8 ,are a   
pluralism & monism g5u9e incompatibles8 
,s t1 if ! _w 7 really plurali/ically   
con/itut$1 if x really exi/$            
di/ributively & 7 made up ( a lot (     
ea*es1 x c\ld only be sav$ piecemeal &  
de facto z ! result ( _! behavior1 & its
 epic hi/ory 9 no wise %ort-circuit$ by 
"s ess5tial on5ess 9 :i* ! sev]alness 7 

already 'tak5 up' be=eh& & et]nally     
'ov]come'8 ,if ?is 7 s1 we %\ld h to    
*oose "o philosophy or ! o!r4 ,we c\ld n
 say 'yes1 yes' to bo? alt]natives4 ,!re
 w\ld h to be a 'no' 9 our relations ) !
 possible4 ,we %\ld confess an ultimate 
disappo9tm5t3 we c\ld n rema9           
heal?y-m9d$ & sick-m9d$ 9 "o indivisible
 act4  ,( c\rse z human be+s we c be    
heal?y m9ds on "o day & sick s\ls on !  
next2 & z amateur dabbl]s 9 philosophy  
we may p]haps be all[$ to call ourselves
 moni/ic plurali/s1 or free-w det]m9i/s1
 or :atev] else may occur to u ( a      
reconcil+ k9d4 ,b z philosoph]s aim+ at 
cle>ness & consi/5cy1 & feel+ !         
pragmati/ic ne$ ( squ>+ tru? ) tru?1 !  
"q is =c$ ^u u ( frankly adopt+ ei!r !  
t5d] or ! robu/i\s type ( ?\ght4 ,9     
p>ticul> ,,?is qu]y has always come home
 to me3 ,may n ! claims ( t5d]-m9d$ness 
g too f>8 ,may n ! notion ( a _w already
 sav$ 9 toto anyh[1 be too sac*>9e to   
/&8 ,may n religi\s optimism be too     
idyllic8 ,mu/ ,,all be sav$8 ,is ,,no   

price to be paid 9 ! "w ( salvation8 ,is
 ! la/ ^w sweet8 ,is all 'yes1 yes' 9 ! 
univ]se8 ,doesn't ! fact ( 'no' /& at ! 
v core ( life8 ,doesn't ! v 's]i\sness' 
t we attribute to life mean t           
ineluctable noes & losses =m a "p ( x1 t
 !re are g5u9e sacrifices some:]e1 & t  
some?+ p]man5tly dra/ic & bitt] always  
rema9s at ! bottom ( its cup8  ,i c n   
speak (ficially z a pragmati/ "h2 all ,i
 c say is t my own pragmatism (f]s no   
objection to my tak+ sides ) ?is m      
morali/ic view1 & giv+ up ! claim (     
total reconciliation4 ,! possibility (  
?is is involv$ 9 ! pragmati/ic will+ness
 to treat pluralism z a s]i\s hypo!sis4 
,9 ! end x is our fai? & n our logic t  
decides su* que/ions1 & ,i d5y ! "r (   
any pret5d$ logic to veto my own fai?4  
,i f9d myself will+ to take ! univ]se to
 be really dang]\s & adv5tur\s1 )\t     
!re=e back+ out & cry+ 'no play4' ,i am 
will+ to ?9k t ! prodigal-son attitude1 
op5 to u z x is 9 _m vicissitudes1 is n 
! "r & f9al attitude t[>ds ! :ole (     

life4 ,i am will+ t !re %\ld be real    
losses & real los]s1 & no total         
pres]vation ( all t is4 ,i c believe 9 !
 ideal z an ultimate1 n z an orig91 & z 
an extract1 n ! :ole4 ,:5 ! cup is p\r$ 
(f1 ! dregs are left beh9d =ev]1 b !    
possibility ( :at is p\r$ (f is sweet   
en\gh to accept4  ,z a matt] ( fact     
c\ntless human imag9ations live 9 ?is   
morali/ic & epic k9d ( a univ]se1 & f9d 
its dissem9at$ & /rung-along successes  
suffici5t = _! rational ne$s4 ,!re is a 
f9ely translat$ epigram 9 ! greek       
an?ology :i* admirably expresses ?is    
/ate ( m9d1 ?is acceptance ( loss z     
unaton$ =1 ev5 ?o ! lo/ elem5t might be 
"o's self3  ,a %ipwreck$ sailor1 buri$  
on ?is coa/1 ,bids y set sail4 ,full _m 
a gallant b>k1 :5 we 7 lo/1 ,wea!r$ !   
gale4  ,^? puritans :o answ]$ 'yes' to !
 "q3 ,are y will+ to be damn$ = ,god's  
glory8 7 9 ?is objective & magnanim\s   
condition ( m9d4 ,! way ( escape f evil 
on ?is sy/em is ,,n by gett+ x          
'aufgehob51' or pres]v$ 9 ! :ole z an   

elem5t ess5tial b 'ov]come4' ,x is by   
dropp+ x out altoge!r1 ?r[+ x ov]bo>d & 
gett+ beyond x1 help+ to make a univ]se 
t %all =get its v place & "n4  ,x is !n 
p]fectly possible to accept s9c]ely a   
dra/ic k9d ( a univ]se f :i* ! elem5t ( 
's]i\sness' is n to be expell$4 ,:oso   
does s is1 x seems to me1 a g5u9e       
pragmati/4 ,he is will+ to live on a    
s*eme ( unc]tifi$ possibilities :i* he  
tru/s2 will+ to pay ) 8 own p]son1 if   
ne$ be1 = ! realization ( ! ideals :i*  
he frames4  ,:at n[ actually ,,are ! o!r
 =ces :i* he tru/s to co-op]ate ) him1 9
 a univ]se ( su* a type8 ,!y are at lea/
 8 fell[ m51 9 ! /age ( be+ :i* our     
actual univ]se has rea*$4 ,b are !re n  
sup]human =ces also1 su* z religi\s m5 (
 ! plurali/ic type we h be5 consid]+ h  
always believ$ 98 ,_! words may h s\nd$ 
moni/ic :5 !y said !re is no ,god b     
,god2 b ! orig9al poly!ism ( mank9d has 
only imp]fectly & vaguely sublimat$     
itself into mono!ism1 & mono!ism itself1
 s f> z x 0 religi\s & n a s*eme (      

class-room in/ruction = !               
metaphysicians1 has always view$ ,god z 
b "o help]1 primus int] p>es1 9 ! mid/ (
 all ! %ap]s ( ! great _w's fate4  ,i   
fe> t my previ\s lectures1 conf9$ z !y h
 be5 to human & humani/ic aspects1 may h
 left ! impression on _m ( y t          
pragmatism means me?odically to leave ! 
sup]human out4 ,i h %[n small respect   
inde$ = ! ,absolute1 & ,i h until ?is   
mom5t spok5 ( no o!r sup]human hypo!sis 
b t4 ,b ,i tru/ t y see suffici5tly t ! 
,absolute has no?+ b its sup]humanness 9
 common ) ! !i/ic ,god4 ,on pragmati/ic 
pr9ciples1 if ! hypo!sis ( ,god works   
satisfactorily 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! ^w1 x 
is true4 ,n[ :atev] its residual        
difficulties may be1 exp]i5ce %[s t x   
c]ta9ly does "w1 & t ! problem is to    
build x out & det]m9e x1 s t x w comb9e 
satisfactorily ) all ! o!r work+ tru?s4 
,i _c />t ^u a :ole !ology at ! end (   
?is la/ lecture2 b :5 ,i tell y t ,i h  
writt5 a book on m5's religi\s exp]i5ce1
 :i* on ! :ole has be5 reg>d$ z mak+ = !

 reality ( ,god1 y w p]haps exempt my   
own pragmatism f ! *>ge ( be+ an a!i/ic 
sy/em4 ,i firmly disbelieve1 myself1 t  
our human exp]i5ce is ! highe/ =m (     
exp]i5ce extant 9 ! univ]se4 ,i believe 
r t we /& 9 mu* ! same relation to !    
:ole ( ! univ]se z our can9e & fel9e    
pets d to ! :ole ( human life4 ,!y      
inhabit our draw+-rooms & libr>ies4 ,!y 
take "p 9 sc5es ( ^: significance !y h  
no inkl+4 ,!y are m]ely tang5t to curves
 ( hi/ory ! beg9n+s & ends & =ms ( :i*  
pass :olly beyond _! k54 ,s we are      
tang5ts to ! wid] life ( ?+s4 ,b1 j z _m
 ( ! dog's & cat's ideals co9cide ) our 
ideals1 & ! dogs & cats h daily liv+    
pro( ( ! fact1 s we may well believe1 on
 ! pro(s t religi\s exp]i5ce af=ds1 t   
high] p[]s exi/ & are at "w to save ! _w
 on ideal l9es simil> to our own4  ,y   
see t pragmatism c be call$ religi\s1 if
 y all[ t religion c be plurali/ic or   
m]ely meliori/ic 9 type4 ,b :e!r y w    
f9ally put up ) t type ( religion or n  
is a "q t only y y\rself c decide4      

,pragmatism has to po/pone dogmatic     
answ]1 = we d n yet "k c]ta9ly :i* type 
( religion is go+ to "w be/ 9 ! long    
run4 ,! v>i\s ov]beliefs ( m51 _! sev]al
 fai?-v5tures1 are 9 fact :at are ne$$  
to br+ ! evid5ce 94 ,y w probably make  
y\r own v5tures sev]ally4 ,if radically 
t\gh1 ! hurly-burly ( ! s5sible facts ( 
nature w be en\gh = y1 & y w ne$ no     
religion at all4 ,if radically t5d]1 y w
 take up ) ! m moni/ic =m ( religion3 ! 
plurali/ic =m1 ) its reliance on        
possibilities t are n necessities1 w n  
seem to af=d y security en\gh4  ,b if y 
are nei!r t\gh nor t5d] 9 an extreme &  
radical s5se1 b mix$ z mo/ ( u are1 x   
may seem to y t ! type ( plurali/ic &   
morali/ic religion t ,i h (f]$ is z good
 a religi\s syn!sis z y are likely to   
f9d4 ,betwe5 ! two extremes ( crude     
naturalism on ! "o h& & transc5d5tal    
absolutism on ! o!r1 y may f9d t :at ,i 
take ! lib]ty ( call+ ! pragmati/ic or  
meliori/ic type ( !ism is exactly :at y 
require4   ,! ,end