file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #eaaeh-;h4htm or #eaaeh-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #eaaeh_/pg#eaaeh-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#eaae h_/eaaeh-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive_/,am]ican ,libr>ies4 ,see https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/tra9wir$i scuss#jj;&]i* ,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,a c>at "* is us$ to d5ote sup]scription4 ,a s+le "* foll[+ ! c>at is sup]script$ 7example3 #b;d74 ,multiple sup]script$ *>act]s are enclos$ by curly brackets 7example3 #aj?74 ,,! ,,tra9 ,,wire ,a ,discussion ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,tra9 ,dispat*+ by ,j4 ,a4 ,,&]son2 ,) an ,introduction by ,b4 ,b4 ,adams1 ,jr4 ,second ,edition--,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,publi%$ by ,! ,railroad ,gazette1 #gc ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 #ahia4 ,copyright$1 #ahia1 b,y ,j4 ,a4 ,&]son1 ,lamb]tville1 ,n4 ,j4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,introduction v ,,preface ,,to ,,fir/ ,,edition ix ,,*apt] ,i--,tra9 ,dispat*+ #a ,,*apt] ,,ii--,! ,dispat*] #ag ,,*apt] ,,iii--,! ,op]ator #bc ,,*apt] ,,iv--,! ,ord] #be ,,*apt] ,v--,! ,manifold #cc ,,*apt] ,,vi--,! ,record #ce ,,*apt] ,,vii--,! ,tra9-,ord] ,signal #cg ,,*apt] ,,viii--,! ,transmission #de ,,*apt] ,,ix--,rules #ei ,,*apt] ,x--,=ms ( ,tra9 ,ord]s #ig ,=m ,a #aja ,=m ,b #ajd ,=m ,c #ajf ,=m ,d #aad ,=m ,e #aae ,=m ,f #aag ,=m ,g #aai ,=m ,h #abj ,=m ,j #abg ,=m ,k #abh ,=m ,l #acj ,,*apt] ,,xi--,g5]al ,rem>ks #ace ,,*apt] ,,xii--,conclusion #adc ,,index #adg ,,introduction4 ,9 ! fir/ edition ( ?is book1 issu$ 9 #ahhc1 ,mr4 ,&]son1 !n ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,belvid]e ,division ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad1 mode/ly disclaim+ p]fection = 8 "w1 v5tur$ ! pr$iction t ! sci5ce ( :i* he wrote w\ld be greatly advanc$ z "t w5t on4 ,9 "o s5se ?is pr$iction has n be5 fulfill$4 ,! eight ye>s :i* h pass$ h witness$ little or no *ange f ! pr9ciples !n laid d[n by ! au?or ( ,! ,tra9 ,wire1 b he has ! satisfaction ( n[ see+ _! widespread adoption & a consequ5t great improvem5t 9 ! practice ( ?is important sci5ce2 & :ile probably none at ! pres5t "t "k h[ to h&le tra9s by telegraph bett] ?an ! dispat*]s ( ! ,p5nsylvania road did :5 ! pr$iction ref]r$ to 0 made1 ! requisite k & tra9+ are n[ possess$ by _m m m5 ?an 7 numb]$ among ! exp]ts ( ! e>li] p]iod4 ,! au?or's disav[al ( exhau/ive treatm5t is prop] 9 view ( ! fact t a complete treatise on ! subject w\ld include mu* relat+ to ! op]ation ( ! tra9 rules & to po9ts ( discipl9e2 b x mu/ be agre$ t ! fir/ edition ( ?is book 0 ! fir/ ?or\gh & precise essay on ! subject :i* _h appe>$1 & t x /at$ ! pr9ciples ( dispat*+ 9 sub/antially ! =m s9ce adopt$ by ! ,g5]al ,"t ,conv5tion1 a body compos$ ( ! ,g5]al ,manag]s & ,sup]9t5d5ts ( practically all ! important roads ( ! c\ntry ea/ ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv]4 ,! inception ( ?is book result$ f ! au?or's "w1 sev]al ye>s e>li]1 9 revis+ ! rules ( ! company "u :om he 0 employ$2 & 9 prep>+ 8 book he naturally took c>e n to trespass ^u ! pr]ogatives ( t company2 b x is no m ?an "r to say t outside obs]v]s reg>d 8 "w z "o = :i* 8 own road & all o!rs are z mu* indebt$ to him z he c be to any road4 ,dur+ ! prep>ation ( ! ,rules on ,tra9 ,dispat*+1 =mulat$ by ! em95t ,manag]s & ,sup]9t5d5ts compos+ ! ,"t ,conv5tion ,committee1 ,mr4 ,&]son act$ ) t ,committee1 & 8 sugge/ions 9 ,! ,tra9 ,wire1 ) 8 o!r "w 9 t l9e1 7 l>gely us$ z ! basis = ?is portion ( ! ,"t ,conv5tion rules4 ,! deviations 9 ^! rules f ! l9es laid d[n 9 ! fir/ issue ( ,! ,tra9 ,wire are *iefly 9 ! nature ( compromises z to me?ods ( practice1 made necess>y to effect an agreem5t among railroad (fic]s ( diff]5t ne$s & op9ions4 ,! ,/&>d ,code av[$ly falls %ort ( p]fection1 b *iefly because ( ?is necessity4 ,! duplicate =m ( ord] is pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,&]son z a vital feature 9 ! sci5ce ( dispat*+4 ,:5 he fir/ wrote1 ?is =m ( ord] 0 9 use on few roads4 ,_m (fic]s 7 ignorant ( x1 & mo/ o!rs knew ( x only 9 a vague way or look$ ^u x ) disfavor z impracticable = roads do+ a heavy bus9ess4 ,n[1 ! requirem5t t all tra9s conc]n$ 9 ! execution ( a specific movem5t %\ld receive ! ord] 9 ! same words1 is widely recogniz$ z an axiom1 & rules bas$ on ?is pr9ciple are fa/ com+ into g5]al use4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! book treats ( g5]al pr9ciples1 :ile ! latt] "p takes up ! rules :i* embody ^? pr9ciples & give !m effect1 ! ,/&>d ,code be+ tak5 z ! basis ( ! discussion4 ,x might at fir/ seem unnecess>y1 9 view ( ! wide acceptance ( ! ,/&>d ,code1 to ent] into a discussion ( its rules1 & "s ( ?is discussion may appe> to be ne$less repetition ( matt] pres5t$ 9 e>li] pages2 b z !re are /ill ^? :o h n tak5 ! mo/ advanc$ position1 & probably _m :o1 hav+ adopt$ good practice1 are n ?or\ghly famili> ) ! reasons = x1 ! au?or has done well to reta9 ?is feature ( 8 e>li] "w1 9 connection ) ! /atem5t ( pr9ciples4 ,^! comm5ts s]ve to po9t out to ^? n ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! subject ! relations ( ! rules to ! reasons = !m1 & ?is mu/ be useful to beg9n]s 9 ! sci5ce & to m5 on new roads4 ,= (fic]s ( exp]i5ce1 ^: positions remove !m f p]sonal contact ) ! telegraph "w & yet require t !y h p>ticul> k ( x1 a book ( ?is k9d %\ld be bo? elem5t>y & full2 & all read]s w f9d 9 exam9+ ! rules = practice t !re is an advantage 9 hav+ att5tion direct$ to ! con=mity ( ! rules ) ! pr9ciples be=e enunciat$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & orig9al p>agraphs 9 ! fir/ edition ( ,! ,tra9 ,wire 0 t describ+ ! s*eme = numb]+ swit*es & us+ ^? numb]s 9 tra9 ord]s1 to facilitate ! movem5t ( tra9s at meet+-po9ts4 ,?is plan has s9ce be5 put 9 use to "s ext5t & has giv5 great satisfaction2 & 9 connection ) lap-sid+s x has be5 f\nd ( m>k$ b5efit 9 h&l+ a heavy traffic on a s+le-track road4,a ,footnote ,a3 ,a description ( ! use ( lap-sid+s & numb]$ swit*es on ! ,clevel& ,pittsburgh ,railroad 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,railroad ,gazette ( ,decemb] #bf1 #ahij4 ,! au?or ( ,! ,tra9 ,wire is no long] connect$ ) ! ,op]at+ ,dep>tm5t1,b & has und]tak5 ?is revision reluctantly1 b 8 int]e/ 9 8 =m] "w is /ill lively1 & ?is is an enl>gem5t z well z a revision2 s t bo? read] & au?or are to be congratulat$4 ,! sup]9t5d5ts & dispat*]s1 ! op]ators "y & old1 among ! million railroad]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 h a bett] h&book ?an ev] be=e1 :ile ! au?or c ju/ly take pride 9 ! fact t ! individual views express$ by him 9 #ahhc are n[ g5]ally accept$ tru?4 ,! introduction ( ! ,/&>d ,code on #gj1jjj miles ( ,am]ican railroads is "o ( ! important /eps ( rec5t ye>s 9 railroad op]ation1 result+ 9 great] security to life & prop]ty2 & ,! ,tra9 ,wire %\ld be cr$it$ ) a lib]al %>e ( ! honor ( ! re=m4 ,footnote ,b3 ,he is ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,volunt>y ,relief ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,p5nsylvania & alli$ roads1 ) (fice at ,tr5ton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,b4 ,b4 ,a41 ,jr4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition4 ,! views on tra9 dispat*+ "h (f]$ h be5 arriv$ at dur+ an exp]i5ce ( "s tw5ty ye>s1 includ+ a rec5t connection ) ! prep>ation ( a set ( rules = ! company on ^: road ! writ] is employ$4 ,:ile 8 ag5cy 9 ! =mation ( ! rules ref]r$ to acc\nts = ! exi/5ce ( a g5]al simil>ity & no radical diff]5ce betwe5 !m & ! pres5t treatm5t ( ! subject1 ! latt] is n to be tak5 z an au?oriz$ comm5t>y ^u ^? rules1 b z an expression ( individual views = :i*1 ) any additional matt] or v>iations 9 arrangem5t1 ! writ] is alone responsible4 ,) 8 fir/ exp]im5ts 9 tra9 dispat*+ ! writ] became conv9c$ t ! me?od ( issu+ tra9 ord]s 9 ! same words to all conc]n$ 9 ea* transaction af=d$ great] security ?an t suppli$ by any o!r =m ( ord]4 ,ano!r e>ly conviction 0 t ea* /ep 9 ! process ( prep>+ & issu+ tra9 ord]s %\ld be c>efully & m9utely arrang$ = by specific rules4 ,9 "h und]tak+ to impress ^! views1 x is also s\ght to set =? ! g5]al pr9ciples ^u :i* rules %\ld be bas$1 & to recomm5d me?ods ( proc$ure = all ord9>y practice4 ,! me?ods propos$ h be5 te/$ by ! writ]1 & ! mo/ ( !m by o!rs4 ,if !y are n f\nd to apply to all exi/+ circum/ances1 !y may at lea/ s]ve z guides 9 devis+ o!r plans4 ,x is n assum$ t ?is consid]ation ( ! subject ( tra9 dispat*+ is exhau/ive4 ,! !me is a fruitful "o & ( gr[+ int]e/ & importance4 ,mu* rema9s to be said ( :at has already be5 accompli%$1 & ! future w d\btless %[ advances 9 ?is sci5ce f> beyond ! be/ practice ( ! pres5t4 #ahhc4 ,,! ,,tra9 ,,wire4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,tra9 ,,dispat*+4 ,! telegraph1 z a means ( direct+ ! movem5ts ( tra9s1 is a necess>y railroad fixture4 ,b = its ag5cy ! mov+ ( ! heavy traffic ( "s ( our railroads w\ld be impossible )\t l>ge additions to ! tracks & consequ5t increase 9 ! co/ ( con/ruction & transportation4 ,! tra9 wire is ?us a promot] ( bo? economy & facility ( op]ation4 ,"u ! sup]vision :i* x p]mits1 ! products ( indu/ry are rapidly & *eaply ex*ang$ betwe5 di/ant po9ts1 :ile ! travel]1 unimp$$ by ! sl[]-mov+ tra9s1 goes swiftly on 8 way4 ,/eam is ! noisy giant t %\ld]s ! load & gets ! praise2 b ! sil5t man1 9 "s quiet place away f ! rattle ( ! :eels1 ) 8 f+] on ! key1 controls ! pond]\s & complicat$ movem5ts1 :i* proce$ s h>moni\sly t "o may almo/ imag9e !m to be ! result ( natural law4 ,al?\gh ! value1 h[ev]1 ( ! telegraph z a railroad appliance is daily becom+ m fully realiz$1 its capabilities = usefulness h n be5 develop$ to an ext5t comm5surate ) its importance4 ,a well-in=m$ writ] has ju/ly said3 ,telegraphy z a h&maid ( ! railroad has n assum$ any endur+ =m peculi>ly adapt$ to ?is bus9ess4 ,?is is /ill true 9 a measure1 al?\gh n to s great an ext5t z :5 utt]$4 ,! circum/ances mu/ be v exceptional 9 :i* ! aid ( ! telegraph w n be ( important advantage4 ,ma*9]y breaks1 /eam fails1 connections are late1 /orms & floods di/urb ! roadway2 a ?\s& ?+s cause delays4 ,! difficulties may n be great or num]\s :]e tra9s are few1 b !y increase rapidly ) ! gr[? ( traffic1 & vexati\s delays c only be avoid$ by adequate means ( promptly controll+ ! movem5ts ( ! tra9s4 ,h5ce ! importance ( secur+ n only ! be/ telegraphic appliances1 b ! be/ me?od z well ( r5d]+ !m useful 9 ! s]vice 9 "q4 ,9 arrang+ a sy/em ( tra9 dispat*+1 its relations to safety & economy require t c>eful consid]ation be giv5 to ! pr9ciples on :i* x %\ld be bas$4 ,"s ( ! me?ods 9 use indicate ?is c>eful /udy & a gr[+ s5se ( its importance is %[n 9 ! rec5t g5]al acceptance ( rules on ! subject1 prep>$ ) ! mo/ scrupul\s c>e4 ,^! rules1 z w be se51 are 9 con=mity ) :at 0 urg$ 9 ! =m] edition ( ?is "w1 & ! pres5t int5tion is to direct att5tion anew to "s ( ! und]ly+ pr9ciples1 z well z to ! practical be>+ ( ! rules ref]r$ to4 ,! means ( in/ant communication af=d$ by ! introduction ( ! telegraph seem$ to place at comm& a me?od ( direct+ di/ant tra9 movem5ts ) ready facility2 b x soon appe>$ t ! use ( ! new implem5t involv$ risks :i* mu/ be c>efully gu>d$ aga9/2 h5ce ! v>i\s sy/ems :i* h aris5 hav+ ?is 9 view4 ,! di/9ctive feature ( ! ,am]ican sy/em ( tra9 dispat*+ is ! issu+ ( ord]s f a c5tral (fice1 direct+ tra9 movem5ts1 supplem5t>y to ^? provid$ = by ! "t-table & tra9 rules4 ,?is me?od is 9 g5]al use1 & is recogniz$ z bett] adapt$ to our circum/ances ?an t ( mov+ tra9s by ! /aff or o!r means f /ation to /ation1 z 9 ,european practice4 ,9 consid]+ ! application ( ?is mode ( issu+ telegraphic ord]s = s+le-track1 "s ( ! me?ods w be se5 to apply z well to roads hav+ m ?an "o track4 ,a pr9t$ "t-table1 %[+ ! regul> times & meet+-places ( tra9s1 may be prep>$ at leisure & /udi$ by all tra9m51 & is full notice z to all regul> tra9s on ! road4 ,) rules add$ direct+ h[ ! tra9s are to proce$ ) relation to ea* o!r1 und]/ood by all alike & fai?fully obs]v$1 collisions _c occur4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x becomes necess>y to issue special ord]s = tra9s t are n on ! "t-table1 or = ! =w>d+ ( any1 o!rwise ?an by ! op]ation ( ! ord9>y rules1 new precautions become necess>y4 ,! conductor or eng9eman receiv+ su* an ord] mu/ "k t x is giv5 by compet5t au?ority4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t o!rs conc]n$ h correspond+ ord]s4 ,^! ord]s %\ld be s cle>ly express$ t !y _c be misund]/ood1 & !y %\ld be =w>d$ & deliv]$ "u su* safegu>ds z to insure _! c]ta9 & correct reception by ! prop] p]sons4 ,z ^! ord]s are to be act$ ^u at once1 )\t opportunity = c>eful /udy1 _! =m1 & ev5 ! pap] on :i* !y are writt51 %\ld be su* t !y may be easily & quickly read & compreh5d$4 ,x is n[ g5]ally agre$ t ord]s ( ?is k9d %\ld be issu$ by a designat$ dispat*]1 act+ by ! au?ority & 9 ! "n ( ! sup]9t5d5t4 ,= two p]sons to engage 9 ?is "w at ! same "t = ! same piece ( road involves s]i\s risk1 & to insure safety z well z confid5ce on ! "p ( ! tra9m5 ?is %\ld nev] occur4 ,x may be tak5 z an initial pr9ciple t ! success ( a sy/em dep5ds l>gely ^u ! assurance ^u ! "p ( ! tra9m5 t e s\rce ( dang] has be5 c>efully consid]$ & gu>d$ aga9/1 & t ! rules adopt$ are /rictly adh]$ to4 ,if x 7 kn[n1 = in/ance1 t ord]s 7 issu$ by ! sup]9t5d5t & "o ( 8 assi/ants alt]nately1 z might be conv5i5t at ! mom5t1 x w\ld excite di/ru/4 ,! au?or mu/ confess to su* feel+ :51 "s ye>s s9ce :ile on a delay$ pass5g] tra9 at a way /ation1 he saw ! sup]9t5d5t take a bit ( pap] f 8 pocket & write aga9/ ! side ( a build+ an ord] = ! tra9 to proce$ to a c]ta9 po9t1 reg>dless ( ano!r designat$ tra94 ,x came out all "r1 b ! incid5t did n inspire confid5ce 9 ! telegraphic sy/em ( t road4 ,)9 ! k ( ! au?or a disa/r\s collision result$ f an ov]sight 9 reg>d to ! deliv]y ( an ord] :]e a skilful (ficial und]took to assi/ a dispat*] 9 an em]g5cy4 ,betwe5 ! two an important po9t 0 omitt$2 ea* ?\ght ! o!r _h att5d$ to x4 ,extreme c>e is necess>y to c>ry out exactly ! me?ods fix$ ^u = ! prop] prep>ation & issu+ ( ^! messages1 & confusion is likely to result f int]f]5ce ) ^? *>g$ ) ?is duty4 ,9 issu+ a "t-table 9 advance ( ! date ^u :i* x takes effect1 means c readily be us$ = mak+ sure t x is receiv$ by ^? :o are to be gov]n$ by x4 ,! means are m complicat$ & subject to great] risks :]eby we c be assur$ t a telegraphic tra9 ord] rea*es correctly & surely ! h&s ( ^? = :om x is design$4 ,aft] prep>ation by ! ,dispat*] x is transmitt$ 9 telegraphic language by me*anical ag5cy to a di/ant po9t1 !re to be retranslat$ into pla9 ,engli% & writt5 out )\t mi/ake1 = record & deliv]y2 & all ?is 9 ! %orte/ possible "t4 ,! details ( ?is process %\ld be s arrang$ z to gu>d z f> z possible aga9/ e risk aris+ "u ! sev]al /eps1 & no?+ %\ld be left to m]e p]sonal c>e t c be provid$ = by fix$ me?ods ( proce$+4 ,to "o :o is an exp]t & c see 9 8 own case no occasion = extraord9>y safegu>ds su* precautions may n seem important2 b a consid]ation ( ! risks involv$1 ( ! _m /eps to be tak51 & ( ! numb] ( ag5ts engag$ 9 ! process1 _m ( :om are (t5 n greatly exp]i5c$1 mu/ lead to ! conclusion t a me?odical foll[+ out ( a c>efully prep>$ mode ( proce$+ is a mo/ valuable means ( provid+ aga9/ _m ( ! *ances ( failure4 ,two g5]al me?ods or sy/ems ( con/ruct+ tra9 ord]s are 9 use4 ,!y h be5 di/+ui%$ z ! s+le ord] & duplicate ord] sy/em4 ,! latt] is accurately describ$ by its title4 ,! o!r title is n a /rictly accurate designation1 b suffici5tly s = our purpose4 ,al?\gh ! duplicate me?od is n[ widely recogniz$ z ! be/1 ! o!r is /ill 9 use4 ,= purposes ( comp>ison ( ^! me?ods we w take a telegraphic ord] provid+ = ! meet+ ( two tra9s at a designat$ po9t beyond :i* ! "o has1 by tra9 rules1 ! sup]ior "r ( track z respects ! o!r4 ,! ord] is to limit ! sup]ior "r1 & p]mit ! inf]ior tra9 to run to a po9t to :i* x c\ld n o!rwise g )\t trespass+ on ! "r ( ! o!r4 ,if by any error or misund]/&+ ! sup]ior tra9 fails to /op at ! propos$ meet+-po9t1 :ile ! o!r proce$s ^u ! assumption t x w ?us /op1 ! result may be a disa/r\s collision4 ,"u ! s+le ord] sy/em1 :5 two oppos+ tra9s are to meet by special ord]1 arrangem5ts are usually fir/ made to /op ! sup]ior tra9 by a hold+ ord]4 ,an ord] is !n giv5 =bidd+ x to g beyond ! designat$ po9t1 & !n ano!r ord] is giv5 to ! inf]ior tra9 au?oriz+ x to g to t po9t4 ,! hold+ ord] is address$ to an ag5t or op]ator ^: /ation ! sup]ior tra9 w pass1 & reads sub/antially z foll[s3 ,hold tra9 ,no4 #e = ord]s4 ,! p]son receiv+ ?is is requir$ to display a signal to /op ! expect$ tra9 if x is n already at ! /ation1 & n to all[ x to proce$ until ! meet+-ord] is duly =w>d$ & deliv]$4 ,?is ord] to ! sup]ior tra9 is usually address$ to ! conductor & eng9eman 9 ! foll[+ =m1 or its equival5t3 ,y w n pass ,alton until tra9 ,no4 #d arrives4 ,! correspond+ ord] to ! conductor & eng9eman ( ! inf]ior tra91 s5t to "s /ation to be pass$ by x1 w read3 ,y w run to ,alton reg>dless ( tra9 ,no4 #e4 or p]haps-- ,y w meet & pass tra9 ,no4 #e at ,alton4 ,! hold+ ord] is disp5s$ ) by "s1 & ) "s x is ! practice to issue ord]s to inf]ior tra9s :ile a sup]ior is held by a hold+ ord] until its movem5ts c be det]m9$ on1 :5 x receives an ord] cov]+ all t h be5 giv5 to tra9s aga9/ x4 ,"u ! duplicate sy/em ! hold+ ord] may be us$1 b su* has n be5 ! g5]al practice1 & x w\ld n "u ?is sy/em be us$ 9 ! mann] above describ$4 ,?is sy/em1 z its "n implies1 requires t ! ord] giv5 to ea* tra9 %all be a duplicate ( t giv5 to e o!r tra9 conc]n$ 9 ! movem5t provid$ = 9 ! ord]4 ,= ! simple movem5t above describ$ an ord] is address$ to ! conductor & eng9eman ( ea* ( ! two tra9s1 9 ! same words1 z foll[s3 ,tra9s ,no4 #d & ,no4 #e w meet at ,alton4 ,?is1 be+ 9 ! same words to ea*1 may be transmitt$ ov] ! wire to bo? at ! same "t4 ,?is is usually done1 & (f]s "o ( ! *ief advantages ( ?is =m ( ord]4 ,! tra9s are /opp$ by signals1 :i* are requir$ ei!r to be display$ :5 an ord] is s5t1 or to /& normally 9 position to /op tra9s1 :i* are only p]mitt$ to pass on ! signal be+ *ang$ or on gett+ prop] ord]s4 ,objection has be5 made to ! duplicate =m t x does n di/9ctly ord] a tra9 to proce$ f>!r ?an its s*$ule rights p]mit1 nor 9 def9ite t]ms direct ! o!r n to g beyond ! new meet+-po9t4 ,! objection has no weight1 z an ord] to meet c only be con/ru$ z au?oriz+ ea* tra9 to g to ! /ation nam$1 & n beyond x until bo? are !re2 & x is easy & prop] to provide a rule :i* %all def9itely settle ! po9t = ^? :o are unaccu/om$ to ?is =m1 if x %\ld be deem$ necess>y4 ,! fatal defect 9 ! s+le ord] sy/em is t ! ord]s to ! two tra9s1 writt5 sep>ately & diff]5tly express$1 are subject to ! grave dang] ( inadv]t5tly giv+ 9 "o a meet+-place diff]5t f t giv5 9 ! o!r4 ,?is liability is great] if an int]val ( "t occurs betwe5 ! prep>ation ( ! two4 ,! risk is v mu* increas$ by ! usage "u ?is sy/em ( includ+ sev]al meet+-po9ts 9 "o ord]1 & becomes /ill m s]i\s if meet+-po9ts are to be made = sev]al tra9s mov+ 9 ea* direction4 ,! s*$ule = ^! mu/ be rapidly made up & writt5 out 9 p>ts1 giv+ to ea* tra9 its "p1 diff]+ 9 =m f all ! o!rs4 ,!re is no?+ b ! c>e & skill ( ! ,dispat*] to prev5t ! oppos+ ord]s f diff]+ 9 "s p>ticul>4 ,:5 we consid] ! c>e necess>y 9 prep>+ a "t-table1 to prop]ly %[ ! runn+ "t & meet+-places ( ! sev]al tra9s1 we mu/ see t ! risk1 9 ! process describ$1 ( gett+ some?+ wrong1 mu/ f> outweigh any suppos$ conv5i5ce 9 a tra9 hav+ an ord] %[+ a cont9u\s s*$ule ( its meet+-po9ts = sev]al oppos+ tra9s4 ,^? unacqua9t$ ) ?is "w w\ld be a/oni%$ at ! ext5t to :i* ! skill ( "s dispat*]s 9 ?is direction has be5 develop$4 ,to ! un9itiat$ ! m5tal op]ations w\ld be simply bewild]+1 :i* are requir$ ( a bra9 f :i* issue = h\rs1 )\t app>5t ef=t1 ! in/ructions "u :i* ! tra9s on a busy road are mov$ exp$iti\sly & h>moni\sly4 ,x is n to be d5i$ t _m m5 h mov$ traffic ( huge dim5sions safely & ) entire satisfaction by ! s+le ord]1 b ?is does n at all prove t ! sy/em possesses inh]5t pr9ciples ( safety4 ,great p]sonal ability & skill h1 ) x1 a*iev$ m>k$ success :]e 9 less able h&s its defects w\ld h become app>5t2 b t "s h develop$ ?is rem>kable ability is no reason :y we %\ld dep5d ^u ?is 9 a matt] ( su* vital importance4 ,! preval5ce ( me?ods :i* require exceptional skill has d\btless int]f]$ ) ! m ext5d$ usefulness ( ! railroad telegraph :i* w\ld probably h result$ "u a sy/em m readily op]at$ by m5 ( less exp]i5ce & ability4 ,m5 :o h successfully work$ "u ! s+le ord] me?od h /at$ t ! m5tal /ra9 is v great1 augm5t$ by anxiety born ( ! fact t a s+le error may be fatal to prop]ty or life4 ,n[1 a mode ( con/ruct+ ord]s :i* may be op]at$ ) safety by m5 ( mod]ate skill1 :i* relieves !m ( ! m5tal /ra91 & :i* 9 itself provides aga9/ ! mo/ s]i\s *ance ( error mu/ at once comm5d itself4 ,! duplicate w\ld appe> to meet ^! requirem5ts2 & t su* is ! case is ! abundant te/imony ( ^? :o h us$ x4 ,9 prep>+ ?is ord] ! ,dispat*] _c possibly give diff]5t meet+-po9ts1 z !re is b "o message = bo? tra9s1 & :5 transmitt$ to bo? simultane\sly ea* mu/ get ! same z ! o!r4 ,! m5tal anxiety aris+ f ! o!r me?od is abs5t 9 ?is4 ,an exp]i5c$ ,dispat*] "u ! s+le sy/em has /at$ t 9 visit+ an (fice :]e ! duplicate 0 us$ he 0 surpris$ t ^? engag$ !re appe>$ to h s little on _! m9ds4 ,he f\nd1 on himself adopt+ ! duplicate1 t x 0 readily expla9$4 ,ea* transaction is at once complete4 ,on ! prep>ation & transmission ( ! ord] 9 precisely ! same language to bo? tra9s1 & ) no necess>y connection ) any o!r transaction1 ! m9d is at once prep>$ to dismiss t & g on to ! next4 ,9 ! transmission ( two sep>ate ord]s = ! "o meet+1 !re is ev] ! feel+ t an error may be or may h be5 committ$4 ,b :]e ! "o s5t5ce is prep>$ = bo? tra9s &1 z is usually done1 transmitt$ to bo? at "o s5d+1 ! ,dispat*] may re/ secure t no collision c occur f any ov]sight ( 8 9 prep>+ ! ord]s1 & sup]9t5d+ (fic]s may1 if necess>y1 commit ?is "w to comp>atively unskill$ h&s1 ) ! assurance t s long z ! prescrib$ me?ods are adh]$ to ! proce$+ w be at lea/ safe1 h[ev] great may be ! delays aris+ f unskilful movem5ts4 ,! p[] ( comb9ation & ( quickly calculat+ ! probable movem5ts ( tra9s & det]m9+ :at %all be done is an entirely di/9ct matt]4 ,?is p[] is l>gely ! result ( exp]i5ce4 ,x is ess5tial to ! full developm5t ( any sy/em1 b is ex]cis$ ) mu* great] facility "u ! relief :i* ! duplicate af=ds1 x has be5 alleg$ t ?is me?od requires m telegraph+ ?an ! o!r1 & t tra9s _c be mov$ by x s promptly4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 = _m ye>s 9 use on roads :]e only ! mo/ exp$iti\s me?ods w\ld s]ve2 & sup]9t5d5ts mov+ a heavy traffic1 :o h *ang$ f ! s+le to ! duplicate /ate t ! am\nt ( telegraph+ is r$uc$ "o-?ird4 ,^? :o h gr[n up ) a sy/em may h reasonable hesitation z to mak+ a *ange4 ,x is n easy to give up me?ods ( practice 9 :i* "o has be5 tra9$ = ^? :i* are new2 & x may seem difficult1 p]haps unsafe1 to und]take to re-educate op]ators & tra9m5 9 s critical a matt]4 ,nev]!less1 ^? :o h tri$ x h f\nd ^! suppos$ difficulties to quickly vani%1 & h discov]$ ! result to be 9 e way satisfactory1 & t ?is =m ( ord] is mu* to be pref]r$4 ,"s (fic]s :o 7 ) difficulty induc$ to *ange are n[ among ! mo/ en?usia/ic support]s ( ! duplicate me?od4 ,9 arrang+ = ! issu+ ( tra9 ord]s1 exp]i5ce has %[n t =ms may be simplifi$ & improv$ me?ods adopt$ by :i* ! "w is facilitat$ & ! ord]s r5d]$ cle>] to ^? receiv+ !m2 & disa/] has taught ! necessity = precautions n be=e ?\ght (4 ,^! po9ts w be consid]$ 9 detail ) ref]5ce to ! duplicate sy/em ( ord]s1 al?\gh mu* t foll[s w apply to ! o!r4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,dispat*]4 ,! ,tra9 ,dispat*] holds a mo/ important position z respects safety ( life & prop]ty4 ,he may p]haps d m ?an any o!r (ficial to secure x by c>e or endang] x by lack ( vigilance4 ,8 relations to economy1 too1 are important4 ,z ! "t ( eng9es1 c>s1 & employs1 & ( ! p]sons & ?+s c>ri$1 is ( value1 delay avoid$ is money sav$4 ,x _c be too /rongly insi/$ ^u t ! man :o issues tra9 ord]s %\ld make x 8 especial bus9ess1 & %\ld h no int]f]5ce f o!rs4 ,none b a v limit$ bus9ess w w>rant ! p]=mance ( ?is duty by ! sup]9t5d5t 9 p]son1 or by any "o engag$ 9 o!r "w4 ,if x is su* z to call = any approa* to cont9u\s att5tion1 p]sons mu/ be specially assign$ to x4 ,! h\rs ( duty & ! "q ( o!r occupation mu/ dep5d ^u ! frequ5cy & con/ancy ( ! dem&s ( ! "w specially 9 h&4 ,^u a busy road :]e ! tra9s are run mu* on ord]s1 safety z well z effici5cy w be be/ promot$ by exclud+ o!r occupation & any?+ :i* may di/ract ! att5tion ( ! ,tra9 ,runn]1 & "u ^! circum/ances a p]iod ( duty ( eight h\rs is z long z c prud5tly be assign$4 ,?is conv5i5tly divides ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs betwe5 ?ree m51 & does n ov]tax !m4 ,) light] duties a long] "t may be admissible4 ,) v heavy "w1 six h\rs may be long en\gh4 ,! importance ( conf9+ ! "w ( dispat*+1 = ! "t be+1 to ! individual *>g$ ) ?is duty1 has already be5 ref]r$ to1 & _c be too /rongly urg$4 ,! (fice :]e ?is "w is done %\ld be sep>ate f o!rs1 & %\ld n be subject$ to ! visits & conv]sation ( outsid]s or ( employs ^: bus9ess does n call !m !re4 ,! ,dispat*] %\ld be a pr(ici5t op]ator4 ,he may n himself transmit 8 ord]s1 b he %\ld be able to read all t passes on ! wire1 9 ord] to h an intellig5t und]/&+ ( :at is go+ on4 ,he %\ld be ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! location & l5g? ( ! v>i\s sid+s1 ! grades & curves1 ! capacity ( ! eng9es1 & o!r matt]s :i* may affect ! movem5ts ( ! tra9s he has 9 h&1 & "s exp]i5ce z conductor w be ( value4 ,he %\ld be a man ( m ?an av]age ability1 ( good judgm5t1 cle> head1 & /rictly temp]ate habits4 ,9 _m cases ! *ief ,dispat*] is ! "r-h& man ( ! sup]9t5d5t 9 all matt]s associat$ ) ! managem5t ( ! tra9s2 & a suitable recognition ( ! importance ( ! position w h a valuable effect 9 elevat+ ! "* ( ?is s]vice & 9 promot+ its effici5cy4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,op]ator4 ,:]e ! "w ( ! ,dispat*] is consid]able1 he w require ! aid ( "o or m op]ators 9 ! "w connect$ ) ! transmission ( ord]s4 ,9 view ( ! importance ( 8 duties & ( ! fact t he may 9 turn become ,dispat*]1 ! op]ator %\ld be select$ ) c>e4 ,he too %\ld h a cle> head & correct habits1 be a good p5-man1 an exp]t telegraph] & a s\nd-read]4 ,x w be 8 duty to transmit ! ord]s1 or write !m d[n z transmitt$ by ! ,dispat*]1 & to foll[ !m ?r\gh ! subsequ5t /eps until ! process1 up to deliv]y1 is complete4 ,he %\ld n be *>g$ ) message or cl]ical "w :]e x may int]f]e ) 8 pr9cipal duty4 ,! /ation op]ator :o receives ! ord]s mu/ also h "p 9 ! subsequ5t /eps1 & on him is plac$ ! duty ( deliv]y4 ,besides ! p]sonal & pr(essional qualifications requir$ = ! o!r1 he %\ld1 ) him1 be ?or\ghly conv]sant ) ! rules & me?ods prescrib$ = ?is s]vice1 z well z ) ! "t-tables & g5]al tra9 rules & ! "* & designations ( ! tra9s4 ,a /ation op]ator may d mu* to keep bus9ess mov+ by advis+ ! ,dispat*] ( arrivals1 delays1 & o!r ?+s occurr+ ne> him1 :i* h a be>+ on tra9 movem5ts1 b :i* ! lett] ( 8 in/ructions may n require him to report4 ,"o :o does ?is intellig5tly prep>es & recomm5ds himself = advancem5t4 ,x is q important t op]ators be impress$ ) ! gravity ( ! "w 9 h&4 ,_! appr5tice%ip & tra9+ %\ld be su* z to assure ?is z f> z possible1 & be=e appo9tm5t !y %\ld be ?or\ghly exam9$ z to _! qualifications 9 all respects1 & aft]w>d con/antly sup]vis$ by compet5t (ficials4 ,"y p]sons readily le>n to telegraph1 & ! l[e/ comp5sation paid is some?+ consid]able to ! y\? j leav+ home1 :ile ! sal>ies usually paid to railroad op]ators are n su* z to (f] fair inducem5t to m5 ( ye>s & exp]i5ce to accept or reta9 ^! positions4 ,h5ce _m ( our op]ators are comp>atively "y4 ,x is no disp>agem5t to !m to say t !y h n ord9>ily ! /ead9ess ( "* & s5se ( responsibility :i* we expect 9 matur] ye>s4 ,)\t ^! x is difficult = !m to h a prop] conception ( ! magnitude ( ! int]e/s dep5d5t on _! att5tion to _! duties1 & ( ! importance ( exactly c>ry+ out details :i* to !m may seem almo/ trivial4 ,we h "h a cog5t reason = s sy/ematiz+ ?is bus9ess z to r5d] ! work+ ( x z ne>ly automatic or me*anical z possible1 & ?us elim9ate z f> z practicable ! risk aris+ f ! defici5cies ( ! human ag5cy4 ,9 all sy/ems work$ by man ?is risk w be f\nd4 ,bett] pay w procure bett] m51 great] c>e & great] consci5ti\sness4 ,m5 labor+ = a b>e pittance & ) little hope ( advancem5t 9 ! future d n usually cultivate ^! qualities to ! highe/ po9t4 ,?us we are br\ght to "o ( ! _m po9ts :]e ! balance mu/ be con/antly s\ght betwe5 economy ( exp5diture & security ( managem5t4 ,ea* railroad (fic] mu/ "w x out = himself4 ,op]ators %\ld aim at a high /&>d ( qualification & att5tion to duty4 ,if ! result is n great] remun]ation 9 ?is s]vice1 _! ef=ts may be rew>d$ by promotion 9 o!r directions4 ,reliable m5 are always want$1 & ! consci\sness ( do+ "o's be/ is a s\rce ( satisfaction ( m value ?an money4 ,a c>eful /udy ( _! special "w w develop a s5se ( its importance1 lead+ to bett] att5tion to duties & prep>ation = advancem5t4 ,op]ators w !re=e d well to make !mselves ma/]s ( _! bus9ess1 r ?an re/ satisfi$ ) a m]ely me*anical att5tion to prescrib$ me?ods1 )\t an intellig5t appreh5sion ( _! significance4 ,telegraph (fices %\ld be c>efully gu>d$ aga9/ ! intrusion ( outsid]s or employs (f duty4 ,conv]sation or o!r int]ruptions may di/ract ! att5tion at a critical mom5t & cause an op]ator to write an ord] incorrectly or all[ a tra9 to pass :i* he %\ld /op4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,ord]4 ,!re are "s g5]al consid]ations :i* x is important to be> 9 m9d 9 ! prep>ation & issu+ ( tra9 ord]s4 ,"s ( ^! h be5 already po9t$ out4 ,! circum/ances "u :i* !y are to be act$ ^u r5d] x ( ! utmo/ importance t !re %all be no?+ 9 _! =m or matt] to ob/ruct 9 any way a cle> & prompt compreh5sion ( _! int5t4 ,no in/ructions %\ld be includ$ t are n /rictly runn+ ord]s4 ,directions to take on or put (f c>s1 or to *ange eng9es1 or g5]al in/ructions z to ! managem5t & /ops ( a tra9 ) ref]5ce to its traffic1 are n prop]ly includ$ 9 su* ord]s4 ,aga91 ! language 9 :i* ! ord]s are express$ %\ld be simple & unmi/akable4 ,simplicity implies brevity4 ,sup]flu\s words or ambigu\s t]ms or expressions %\ld be c>efully exclud$4 ,to avoid ! use ( any?+ ( ?is "* ! precise =m ( expression %\ld be det]m9$ on be=eh& = all cases t c be anticipat$1 & /rictly adh]$ to4 ,?is also r5d]s ! "w ( ! ,dispat*]s uni=m1 & enables !m to p]=m x ) facility1 especially if n greatly exp]i5c$2 & ! tra9m5 become accu/om$ to ! =ms1 & compreh5d !m at sight4 ,!re are diff]5ces ( op9ion among practical m5 z to ! propriety ( includ+ m ?an "o transaction 9 ! same ord]4 ,"s reasons h be5 be=e urg$ aga9/ ?is practice4 ,z m5 g5]ally favor ! practice to :i* !y are accu/om$1 x is n easy to settle ?is "q4 ,a numb] ( meet+-po9ts may be giv5 9 succession 9 "o ord] m readily 9 ! s+le ord] sy/em ?an 9 ! o!r2 & ?is is claim$ z an advantage1 & z bett] ?an giv+ ! same on z _m diff]5t pieces ( pap]4 ,) an ord]1 ha/ily & p]haps poorly & closely writt5 on flimsy pap]1 to be read by a conductor 9 a /orm or by ! dim light ( a h&-lamp1 !re is a good deal ( risk t 9 a long ord] = sev]al meet+-po9ts some?+ may escape notice2 a l9e may be skipp$ & a meet+-po9t miss$4 ,9 ! duplicate ord] ! same dang] w\ld exi/1 &1 9 addition to ! matt] affect+ ! tra9 receiv+ an ord]1 x w\ld get matt] n at all affect+ x4 ,?us1 if ,a is ord]$ to meet ,b1 & ,b to meet ,c1 & bo? ord]s are includ$ 9 "o = ! b5efit ( ,b1 ! duplicate to ,a w\ld include matt] = ,c 9 :i* ,a has no conc]n1 & t to ,c w\ld h matt] = ,a :i* he does n require4 ,circum/ances might make x ( "s use = ,a to "k :]e ,c is to meet ,b2 b burd5+ ! ord] ) ?is extrane\s matt] w be f\nd usually to be a positive disadvantage & to cause mu* m "w 9 transmission ?an giv+ ea* op]ation s+ly4 ,! latt] has be5 f\nd to "w entirely well 9 practice1 & is !oretically ! saf] me?od4 ,! conductor or eng9eman hold+ sev]al ( ^! ord]s arranges !m 9 _! prop] succession1 & ea* "o z x is fulfill$ is laid aside4 ,x may be desir$ to *ange a meet+-place ord]$1 &1 if ?is is includ$ 9 an ord] conta9+ sev]al o!rs1 ! *ange is n s readily made4 ,! reasons w\ld appe> to be important = insi/+ t ea* ord] %\ld be ord9>ily conf9$ to a s+le transaction1 ) slight exceptions1 "s ( :i* are else:]e adv]t$ to4 ,! foll[+ is a sample ( duplicate ord] actually & frequ5tly giv5 9 practice on "o ( ! pr9cipal divisions ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad4 ,x is giv5 to illu/rate p]haps ! lea/ objectionable me?od ( comb9+ sev]al movem5ts 9 "o ord]4 ,x is compact1 & is alleg$ to s]ve a good purpose4 ,! pr9cipal objections to x are ^? above giv54 ,c4 ,t4 #bfb4 ,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company4 ,,philadelphia ,,division4 ,telegraphic ,tra9 ,ord] ,no4 #ad ,sup]9t5d5t's ,(fice1 ,we/ ,philadelphia1 ,m>* #aj? #ahhh ,to ,conductor & ,eng9eman ( #a/ #bnd ,no #f ,/by4 at #a/ #bnd ,no #i ,,dv #a/ #bnd ,no #g #a/ #bnd ,no #c ,lancr4 #a/ ,no #f & #a/ #bnd ,no #i w meet at ,bran* ,int4 #a/ ,no #f & #a/ ,no #g w meet at ,hillsdale1 #a/ ,no #f & #bnd ,no #g w meet at ,conewago1 #a/ ,no #f & #a/ ,no #c w meet at ,elizabe?t[n4 #a/ ,no #f & #bnd ,no #c w meet at ,kuhnz4 #bnd ,no #f & #a/ ,no #g w meet at ,bran* ,int4 #bnd ,no #f & #bnd ,no #g w meet at ,hillsdale4 #bnd ,no #f & #a/ ,no #c w meet at ,conewago #bnd ,no #f & #bnd ,no #c w meet at ,elizabe?t[n4 #ca glr4 ,conductor4 ,eng9eman4 ,paynt] ,haffma/] #a/ #i ,f\lon ,rayni] #a/ ,no #g ,rettew ,kelley #bnd #i ,jacobs ,melsky #bnd #g ,ru? ,smur? ,mail #a/ #f ,baldw9 ,deisem #bnd #f ,o',donnill ,manahan #a/ #c ,blank5belan ,%ultz #bnd #c ,receiv$ at #aec4 a,m4 f ,e ,f ,dunlop ,opr41 by ,h ,cot]skey ,opr4 ,made ,concat at #aeh a,m4 f ,,efd ,opr41 by ,h,cot ,opr4 ,conductor & ,eng9eman mu/ ea* h a copy ( ?is ord]4 ,see ,rule #if4 ,an ord] mu/ n be tak5 to all[ m ?an x expressly au?orizes4 ,z1 = in/ance1 a tra9 au?oriz$ by ord] to run 9 ! "t ( ano!r is n on ?is acc\nt to assume t x may run )9 ! "t ( any o!r sup]ior tra9 :i* may be und]/ood to h to keep out ( ! way ( ! tra9 ^: "r is curtail$4 ,ea* tra9 mu/ be gov]n$ 9 all respects by tra9 rules ) relation to e o!r tra91 except+ z di/9ctly provid$ 9 ! special ord]s2 & z a necess>y consequ5ce ( ?is1 no tra9 %\ld be p]mitt$ to run "u ! au?ority or protection ( an ord] giv5 to ano!r4 ,e provision 9 an ord] %\ld be held to be 9 =ce indef9itely until fulfill$ or annull$1 or expir$ by "s limitation 9 ! ord] or 9 ! rules4 ,9 ! ord]s deliv]$ to ^? :o are to execute !m no erasures1 alt]ations1 or int]l9eations %\ld be p]mitt$4 ,^! t5d to obscure ! mean+ & raise d\bts z to accuracy4 ,! writ+ %\ld be cle> & pla91 ! lett]s well =m$ & )\t fl\ri%es4 ,ord]s mu/ (t5 be read 9 dim light or 9 /orms1 & :5 m5 are hurri$1 & !y %\ld n be requir$ to deciph] bad writ+4 ,_m ord]s h come "u ! au?or's notice :i* 7 defective 9 ?is respect4 ,! foll[+ specim5 is giv51 omitt+ names t w\ld indicate :]e x 0 issu$4 ,! bad writ+1 ! numb] ( po9ts cov]$ by ! ord]1 ! difficulty aris+ f ^!1 & ! flimsy "* ( ! pap] mu/ condemn ! ord] z utt]ly unfit z a reliance = ! safety ( life & prop]ty dep5d5t ^u its prop] execution4 ,! illu/ration is n :olly satisfactory1 = ! reproduction ( ! ord] on smoo?1 :ite pap] does n adequately repres5t ! indi/9ctness aris+ f yell[ pap]1 ?9 & crumpl$1 on :i* x 0 writt51 9 common ) s _m tra9 ord]s4 ,illu/ration3 #ifg-;,c#a #fbd4 #fa #ahh ,tra9 ,ord] ,no4 #bbg4bba4 ,to ,edw>ds ,two ,extra ,ea/ ,engs #bbg #bba & ,no #bd4 ,eng #bbb4 meet #a/ #ba ,c>ij ,co-ad at #b;d #ba a by ,canada mitdo ,engs #bbg #bba4 at & ,no #bd at ,engs #bbg #bba1 ,w ,n ,pass be=e #bde ,,pm4 ,!re look\t = ,jos4 ,sullivan h&les signals4 uncle> ,corr uncle> #ab ,w#ajac uncle> #ag ,rue ,endorsem5t ,tra9 ,ord] ,no4 ,sup]9t5d5t4 ,"t4,correct signature ,conductor4 ,correct signature ,tra9 ,dispat*]4 ,conductor4 ,?is ,ord] is incomplete1 & ! tra9 mu/ n leave ! /ation until x is endors$ ,,correct1 ! exact "t giv5 & ! initials ( ! ,dispat*] affix$4 ,ord]s %\ld be id5tifi$ by consecutive numb]s1 z is n[ usual4 ,if ! regul> bus9ess requires a l>ge numb] x is bett] to beg9 ) ,no4 #a ea* day4 ,z a precaution aga9/ ! eng9eman ov]look+ ord]s1 & z a means = prop]ly tak+ c>e ( !m1 a clip %\ld be provid$ = !m on ! eng9e1 9 a position to be readily se5 by ! eng9eman :ile att5d+ to 8 duties4 ,?is w avoid ! necessity ( 8 putt+ ! ord]s :]e he may =get !m2 & ) ea* on a sep>ate pap] !y may be arrang$ 9 prop] succession & remov$ z execut$1 leav+ always be=e ! eye ! next to be execut$4 ,! copies ( ord]s reta9$ by op]ators %\ld rema9 9 ! book4 ,^! books & ! copies t h be5 us$ by tra9m5 %\ld be s5t to headqu>t]s = inspection4 ,?is w s]ve to indicate ! mann] 9 :i* ! regulations are c>ri$ out1 & ! condition1 z to legibility1 etc41 9 :i* ! ord]s are issu$4 ,=ms ( ord]s w be consid]$ "u ,=ms4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,manifold4 ,"u ! common practice !re mu/ be prep>$ at lea/ ?ree copies ( ea* tra9 ord] receiv$ = deliv]y4 ,! conductor & eng9eman are ea* suppli$ ) a copy1 & ! op]ator reta9s "o4 ,to make ?ree sev]al copies by p5 & ink1 z h]et(ore practic$ by "s1 takes a good deal ( "t1 & !re is dang] t !y may n be all alike1 & ! "t & risk are increas$ if m ?an ?ree copies are requir$4 ,to obviate ?is1 ! manifold sy/em ( writ+ has come into g5]al use & ) v great advantage4 ,z us$ by _m1 h[ev]1 x has s]i\s defects4 ,! tissue pap] frequ5tly us$ is v objectionable1 especially ! yell[ v>iety4 ,messages writt5 on x are q difficult to read1 especially 9 a poor light2 x is easily crumpl$1 r5d]+ x /ill m indi/9ct2 x is difficult to h&le 9 ! w9d1 & x is easily damag$ by wet4 ,9 ! use ( ! manifold = "s sev5te5 ye>s ! au?or f\nd x entirely practicable to use an opaque :ite pap]1 ( suffici5t body to be free f ! above objections & yet capable ( giv+ sev5 di/9ct copies ) a good p5cil ( ! h>dness ( ,no4 #d ,fab]4 ,?is is n[ recogniz$ z ! be/ & is prescrib$ 9 ! specifications connect$ ) ! ,"t ,conv5tion rules4 ,op]ators %\ld n be p]mitt$ to receive ord]s on sep>ate slips & copy !m on ! manifold1 b %\ld take ! ord] d[n at once 9 ! manifold-book4 ,a %eet ( t9 plac$ 9 ! book enables !m to make all ! copies p]fectly di/9ct4 ,( c\rse none b s\nd op]ators c d ?is4 ,x takes b little m "t & application to make a s\nd ?an a pap] op]ator1 & ! advantage ( ! =m] is s great 9 ?is z well z 9 o!r respects 9 ?is s]vice t x %\ld always be requir$4 ,op]ators readily become able to take ! requisite numb] ( copies 9 manifold )\t ! use ( int]m$iate slips1 & ! risks ( copy+ are ?us avoid$4 ,:5 m copies are want$ ?an are made at ! fir/ writ+ !y %\ld be trac$ f "o ( ! orig9al copies4 ,9 ! case ( a g5]al ord]1 z 9 annull+ a tra91 op]ators w\ld usually make b "o copy1 & o!rs requir$ = deliv]y %\ld be trac$ f ?is4 ,c>eful sup]vision %\ld be _h z to ! actual practice ( op]ators 9 ! prop] use ( ! manifold1 & z to frequ5tly *ang+ ! c>bon pap] to secure di/9ctness4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,record4 ,a c>eful record ought to be kept ( ea* /ep 9 ! issu+ ( an ord]1 z well z ( its exact t]ms4 ,?is record %\ld be made on ! orig9al copies held by ! ,dispat*]1 & by ! op]ator :o receives & deliv]s ! ord]4 ,! ,dispat*]'s copy %\ld %[ :o issu$ x1 & bo? %\ld indicate :at op]ators 7 engag$ 9 its transmission1 & ! "t at :i* ea* /ep 0 tak51 z well z ! prop] address1 etc4 ,! ,dispat*]'s tra9 %eet %\ld con/antly %[ ! movem5ts ( ! sev]al tra9s1 :i* %\ld be promptly report$ by ! op]ators & record$ by !m 9 ! prescrib$ =ms4 ,a practical difficulty occurs 9 mak+ ! ,dispat*]'s record ( all ! /eps 9 ! issu+ ( an ord]1 :i* x may be well to ref] to "h4 ,:5 ! ,dispat*] is assi/$ by an op]ator1 ! mo/ ( ! /eps w be tak5 & record$ by ! latt]4 ,!y %\ld be at once record$ on ! orig9al copy ( ! ord]1 s z to leave no?+ to be rememb]$ or copi$4 ,n[1 if ! ,dispat*] mu/ write ! ord] out 9 ! book be=e transmission1 ! op]ator may h occasion to use ! book at ! same "t = record+ /eps !n 9 progress ) ref]5ce to o!r ord]s2 & if he does n1 ! pass+ ( ! books back & =? betwe5 !m is inconv5i5t4 ,x has1 p>tly on ?is acc\nt1 d\btless1 become ! cu/om ) _m = ! ,dispat*] himself to telegraph ! ord]s )\t fir/ writ+ !m d[n1 8 op]ator tak+ !m d[n z repeat$ back & writ+ !m 9 ! book ( record4 ,! op]ator ?us has ! book all ! "t 9 8 h&s4 ,! objections to ! ,dispat*] transmitt+ ord]s himself are else:]e consid]$1 & x is design$ "h to po9t out a me?od by :i* ! o!r plan c be pursu$ & ! inconv5i5ce ref]r$ to avoid$4 ,! ,dispat*] is provid$ ) a manifold-book & "s loose %eets prop]ly head$4 ,) ^!1 by ! manifold process1 he prep>es two copies ( ! ord]1 "o 9 8 book & ! o!r on a loose %eet :i* he h&s to ! op]ator = use 9 transmitt+4 ,on ?is all ! subsequ5t record is made by ! op]ator1 & at ! close ( ea* day all ! ord]s = t day are fa/5$ toge!r & fil$ away4 ,! numb]s & manifold writ+ suffici5tly id5tify ! two copies if subsequ5t comp>ison is necess>y1 ea* be+ 9 fact an orig9al4 ,?is me?od has ! fur!r advantage t ! ,dispat*] has by him all ! "t copies ( ord]s he has issu$1 = ref]5ce if ne$$4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,tra9-,,ord] ,,signal4 ,a me?od mu* us$ = signal+ a tra9 to /op = ord]s is to display a flag or light ( suitable color1 aft] receiv+ ! direction to hold ! tra94 ,?is is (t5 done by hold+ ! signal 9 ! h& or plac+ x on ! plat=m or gr\nd or 9 "s fix$ place4 ,if plac$ on ! plat=m1 )\t att5dance1 x is liable to be obscur$ or remov$ by p]sons ab\t ! place4 ,if held1 9 ! h& ( ! ag5t or op]ator x is a poor arrangem5t = p]=m+ s important an (fice4 ,! op]ator is usually requir$ to report t ! signal is display$4 ,he evid5tly _c d ?is )\t leav+ ! signal unatt5d$1 & 9 fact :5 he is alone he mu/ s leave x1 z1 aft] x is display$1 he mu/ return to ! (fice to receive ! ord]1 & he mu/ also (t5 be engag$ 9 8 (fice :ile expect+ a tra94 ,x w frequ5tly occur t tra9s w pass 8 /ation aft] he has receiv$ an ord] = "s subsequ5t tra92 9 :i* case he mu/ tempor>ily remove ! signal1 or /op a tra9 :i* might o!rwise n be requir$ to /op4 ,:5 ?is plan is us$ all tra9s t arrive be=e t = :i* ! ord] is held are actually /opp$4 ,a s]i\s accid5t occurr$ "s ye>s s9ce f ! h&-lamp go+ out z x 0 swung z a signal to /op a tra9 = :i* ord]s _h be5 receiv$4 ,! signal fail$1 & ! tra9 w5t on & collid$ ) ! oppos+ tra94 ,lant]ns & flags are ! only available movable signals to be put 9 ! h&s ( tra9 & track m51 b !y %\ld n be reli$ ^u :]e any?+ bett] c be us$4 ,! evils att5d+ ?is use ( h& signals are s manife/ t ! practice is fa/ disappe>+1 & ! ref]5ce to x "h may be=e long be only a rem9d] ( :at has be5 done4 ,a signal = ?is purpose %\ld be di/9ctive & ( ! mo/ sub/antial "*4 ,a fix$ signal manipulat$ f )9 ! (fice is greatly to be pref]r$4 ,sev]al su* h be5 devis$4 ,! signal %\ld be su* z to be di/9ctly se5 at prop] di/ances2 x %\ld be z little z possible liable to confusion ) o!r objects1 & x %\ld be an adornm5t r ?an a disfigurem5t to ! l&scape 9 :i* x =ms a prom95t feature4 ,! mo/ satisfactory signal )9 ! au?or's k is ! simple semaphore arm1 ext5d+ horizontally f a po/ & %[+ a r$ light to signify /op1 & incl9$ & %[+ a :ite light to signify ! opposite1 & op]at$ by a h&le )9 ! telegraph (fice4 ,mu* discussion has be5 _h 9 ! pa/ z to :e!r a dang] signal1 :i* ?is preem95tly is1 %\ld /& normally at safety or dang]4 ,! e>li] practice favor$ ! =m]1 z indicat$1 above1 ! abs5ce ( a signal1 9 ! plan describ$1 be+ ! rule4 ,9 m rec5t ye>s ! weight ( op9ion has be5 t 9 all sy/ems ( dang] signals ! normal position1 & t to :i* su* signals %\ld automatically move1 is t indicat+ dang]4 ,s arrang$1 ! indicator w always be 9 a position to /op tra9s unless x is mov$ to ano!r position to %[ t !re are no ord]s = !m4 ,x becomes a /&+ ord] to hold1 &1 :5 an ord] is =w>d$ = a tra91 ! fact ( its receipt requires t ! signal be simply left 9 its normal position & ! tra9 ?us /opp$4 ,x w be !n ! rule & ! habit ( tra9m5 to obs]ve all ^! signals & to /op :5 !y are n plac$1 on _! approa*1 9 ! position p]mitt+ !m to proce$4 ,! rules ( _m railroads /ill indicate a usage contr>y to ?is4 ,! lamp1 flag1 or o!r /op signal is display$ only :5 a tra9 is to be /opp$ = ord]s4 ,x appe>s t "u "s circum/ances1 especially :]e ! duties ( ! ag5t & op]ator are p]=m$ by ! same p]son1 ! telegraphic duties be+ comp>atively small1 x is ?\ght bett] to reta9 ?is me?od1 & ! rules ( ! ,"t ,conv5tion 7 s fram$ z to provide = ei!r1 leav+ ! *oice to ^? conc]n$4 ,"u ! normal at dang] plan1 :5 an ord] is receiv$ 9 advance ( ! arrival ( ! tra9 = :i* x is design$1 & has be5 prop]ly v]ifi$ & prep>$ = deliv]y1 x rema9s 9 ! h&s ( ! op]ator until ! tra9 arrives1 ! signal %[+ /op4 ,if1 9 ! mean "t1 o!r tra9s pass = :i* !re are no ord]s1 ! signal mu/ be plac$1 z !y approa*1 s z to indicate t !y may pass4 ,b !re is !n ! dang] t ! op]ator may inadv]t5tly all[ ! tra9 to pass = :i* he has an ord]4 ,?is has actually occurr$1 & %\ld be provid$ aga9/4 ,?is %\ld be done by requir+ t1 z soon z an ord] = a tra9 n arriv$ is ready = ! signatures ( ! tra9m51 or = deliv]y :5 signatures are n tak51 ! copies design$ = !m %all be remov$ f ! book1 fold$1 & m>k$ ) ! tra9 numb]1 & put 9 a designat$ place & 9 su* position t ! signal h&le _c be mov$ )\t ! eye & h& be+ direct$ to ! ord]s4 ,?is is readily effect$ by a rack to hold ! ord]s plac$ on a small door clos+ by a spr+ & cat* ov] ! h&le by :i* ! op]ator moves ! signal4 ,! h&le _c be mov$ )\t unfa/5+ ! door & s op5+ x z to br+ ! ord]s1 :i* are on x1 "u ! eye & h& ( ! op]ator4 ,?is precaution may appe> trivial1 b :ile x is ( great importance to adopt su* r\t9e t its me*anical p]=mance w lead to a correct result1 x is equally important to int]pose su* ob/acles z are necess>y to prev5t a me*anical inadv]t5ce t may lead to disa/]4 ,! same k9d ( risk exi/s 9 ! use ( block signals1 & sev]al plans h be5 us$ to obviate x by suitable me*anical means4 ,9 ! o!r use ( ! tra9-ord] signal !re is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! same liability to ?is unconsci\s movem5t :5 x has be5 plac$ at dang]1 & a l precaution is ne$$ to gu>d aga9/ x4 ,x (t5 happ5s t !re are ord]s on h& = sev]al tra9s4 ,a def9ite place = !m prev5ts _! gett+ mix$ ) ea* o!r or ) o!r pap]s2 & remov+ !m f ! book avoids ! necessity ( leaf+ !m ov] to f9d ! p>ticul> ord] :i* m5 may be wait+ to sign1 & possible mi/ake 9 gett+ ! wrong ord]4 ,! only reason ( app>5t mom5t t c\ld be assign$ = leav+ ! ord]s 9 ! book is t ! tra9m5 may sign all ! copies4 ,!re does n appe> to be any good reason = requir+ _! signatures on _! own copies1 & ! manifold writ+ by !m w\ld be unsatisfactory4 ,aga91 x w (t5 happ5 t m ?an "o tra9 is to receive a copy ( ! ord]1 9 :i* case ! same signatures are n want$ on all ! copies4 ,! po9t "h urg$ z ( p>am\nt importance is t ! ord] itself %all be int]pos$ betwe5 ! op]ator & ! in/rum5t by :i* he might give a signal p]mitt+ a tra9 to pass improp]ly4 ,9 ?is view ! discussion ( ! po9t is p]t95t to ! subject ( ,signal4 ,x may be add$ t ! f9al indorsem5t ( complete aft] signature on ea* copy takes b a mom5t1 & p]haps no long] ?an a c>eful writ+ ( x ov] sev]al copies 9 ! manifold-book2 & z ! m5 %\ld read & comp>e _! copies be=e ! f9al /eps1 x is difficult to see h[ !y c\ld d ?is prop]ly if ! ord]s rema9 9 ! book4 ,! tra9-ord] signal %\ld be us$ = no o!r ?an its legitimate purpose4 ,x w n be inconsi/5t ) ?is to use x = hold+ a tra9 ! requir$ "t aft] ! passage ( ano!r tra9 9 ! same direction4 ,^u "s roads1 tra9s pass+ :ile ! /op signal is %[n receive a cle>ance c>d /at+ t ord]s 9 h& are n = !m4 ,?is is includ$ z a "p ( ! plan pres5t$ 9 ! ,"t ,conv5tion rules = ! use ( ! signal ) its normal position at safety4 ,x w\ld seem to be necess>y ) ?is me?od2 & 9 any case :]e x c be us$ x is a valuable precaution1 ! only objection be+ t x requires ! /opp+ ( fa/ or heavy tra9s :i* x might be q objectionable to /op4 ,?is w\ld seem1 h[ev]1 to be prop] = any tra9 /opp$ by ! signal = "t4 ,:]e ! plan is adopt$ ( keep+ ! tra9-ord] signal normally at safety x %\ld /ill1 z 9 ! o!r sy/em1 be s arrang$ t x w move automatically to dang] if any ( ! me*anical p>ts fail4 ,if ?is is n done & dep5d5ce is plac$ on fa/5+ x at dang]1 ! fa/5+s or "s ( ! connections may fail & ! signal move to safety )\t ! fact be+ obs]v$4 ,"o important advantage ( ! o!r plan ( us+ ! signal is t x is nev] at safety except+ :5 held 9 t position by ! op]ator4 ,:]e ! usual position is safety x _c be arrang$ = ! op]ator to actually hold ! signal :ile x occupies ! dang] position4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,transmission4 ,! transmission ( ord]s w be tak5 to include all ! /eps aft] prep>ation by ! ,dispat*] until f9al deliv]y4 ,^! are3 #a4 ,telegraph+ ! ord] to ! /ations to :i* x is to be s5t4 #b4 ,writ+ d[n z receiv$4 #c4 ,repeat+ x back to ! ,dispat*]4 #d4 ,! response ( ! ,dispat*] indicat+ t x is correctly repeat$4 #e4 ,! ackn[l$gm5t ( ?is response4 #f4 ,comp>+ copies ( ! ord] ) ! p]sons to :om x is address$1 & tak+ _! signatures4 #g4 ,telegraph+ ! signatures to ! ,dispat*]'s (fice4 #h4 ,! ,dispat*]'s reply1 ackn[l$g+ ! receipt ( ! signatures1 & indicat+ t ! ord] may n[ be deliv]$4 #i4 ,! indorsem5t ( ?is reply on ! ord]4 #aj4 ,! deliv]y to ! tra9m54 ,"s ,dispat*]s pref] to p]sonally telegraph _! ord]s1 hav+ an assi/ant op]ator to copy !m z transmitt$ or z repeat$1 & to p]=m ! subsequ5t "w ( v]ification1 record1 etc4 ,^? :o are accu/om$ to transmit _! own ord]s /rongly cont5d = t practice4 ,^? :o pursue a diff]5t c\rse are equally /rong = !irs4 ,9 arrang+ = ^?1 at lea/1 :o h n become w$d$ to any p>ticul> me?od1 g5]al consid]ation %\ld gov]n4 ,if conte/s or inquiries arise on ! wire :5 ! ,dispat*] is s5d+1 "t is occupi$ :i* he may v mu* ne$1 & :]e ! am\nt ( "w is l>ge x w leave ! ,dispat*] m at lib]ty to att5d to 8 special duty if he simply prep>es 8 ord]s & h&s !m to an op]ator = ! subsequ5t /eps1 & ?is is by "s c>efully insi/$ ^u4 ,! ,dispat*]'s duty is n simply to direct ea* movem5t z ! exig5cy arrives4 ,he %\ld be con/antly on ! al]t to provide z f> z possible 9 advance = ! arrangem5ts necess>y = keep+ 8 tra9s mov+1 & 8 m9d %\ld be free f any?+ t may int]f]e ) ?is4 ,att5tion by him to ! m]ely me*anical duties detracts f 8 usefulness & ! b5efits :i* ! road %\ld d]ive f ! tal5ts :i* are suppos$ to fit him = 8 position4 ,"s po9ts connect$ ) ?is subject are ref]r$ to 9 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,:e!r s5t p]sonally by ! ,dispat*] or by an op]ator f a writt5 %eet1 ! ord] %\ld1 :5ev] practicable1 be transmitt$ simultane\sly to all ! (fices to :i* x is to be s5t4 ,ord9>ily ?is w be to b two (fices4 ,an ord] annull+ a tra9 may h to be s5t to all ! (fices on ! division4 ,! simultane\s transmission is a mo/ valuable safegu>d & a sav+ 9 telegraph+ only practicable ) ! duplicate ord]4 ,x has be5 urg$ z an objection to ! duplicate ord] t :]e ag5ts act z op]ators _! duties z ag5ts may sometimes int]f]e ) _! att5dance z op]ators :5 want$ = simultane\s transmission4 ,?is furni%es no gr\nd = object+ to ?is =m ( ord]1 z simultane\s transmission is n ess5tial1 & x is only necess>y 9 su* case t ! precaution be obs]v$ ( s5d+ fir/ to ! tra9 ( sup]ior "r4 ,on call+ an (fice a special signal %\ld be us$ to indicate t a tra9-ord] is to be s5t4 ,! num]als #ca or #ai are n[ g5]ally us$ = ?is purpose1 ! =m] = ord]s to be sign$ by ! tra9m5 be=e deliv]y & ! latt] = ord]s to be deliv]$ )\t su* signature4 ,aft] ?is signal ! ^w copy %\ld foll[1 ) a numb] indicat+ h[ _m copies are to be made4 ,?is maybe omitt$ :5 ?ree is ! numb] requir$1 t be+ ! mo/ usual4 ,if ! sy/em 9 use does n provide t ! tra9-ord] signal %all /& normally 9 ! dang] position1 ! op]ator :o is to receive ! ord] mu/1 at ?is po9t1 place x 9 t position & report t he has done s4 ,he !n prep>es 8 manifold-book = ! requisite numb] ( copies & takes ! ord] d[n z s5t1 ) ! prop] address = 8 /ation1 imm$iately repeat+ x back ^w = ^w1 read+ f ! ord] z actually writt5 on ! pap] to be deliv]$1 & n f a slip to be aft]w>d copi$4 ,a pap] op]ator %\ld write ! ord] 9 manifold be=e repeat+4 ,"s def] ! repeat+ until ! signatures ( ! tra9m5 are to be report$4 ,b x is on _m acc\nts pref]able to repeat & v]ify ! ord] at once & be=e signatures are tak51 ev5 if ! tra9m5 are pres5t4 ,x assures its accuracy be=e !y h read & sign$ x4 ,! repeat+ op]ators c li/5 to ea* o!r bett] ?an if !y repeat at diff]5t times1 & ! s5d] ( ! ord] c bett] att5d to its v]ification :ile ! orig9al lies be=e him4 ,!re w also be less det5tion to tra9s if ! repeat+ is done be=e _! arrival4 ,! importance ( ?is w fur!r appe> f ! consid]ation else:]e ( ! effect ( an ord] :]e ! telegraph fails aft] b "o tra9 has receiv$ & proce$$ on x4 ,! relative succession 9 :i* ! (fices are to repeat %\ld be fix$ by rule or usage1 to avoid d\bt or conflict4 ,x is bett] t ! repeat+ be done 9 ! same succession z t 9 :i* ! sev]al (fices are address$4 ,?is assures ! repeat+ fir/ by ! (fice receiv+ = ! sup]ior tra94 ,z a valuable precaution aga9/ error1 ea* %\ld be requir$ to li/5 :ile ! o!rs repeat4 ,an op]ator has be5 kn[n to he> ! "n ( a meet+-place correctly1 write x d[n incorrectly 9 ! ord] & repeat x back correctly4 ,if he _h look$ at 8 copy z ! o!r repeat$1 he w\ld probably h notic$ 8 error4 ,9 ?is connection x may be obs]v$ t too mu* importance _c be atta*$ to ! cultivation ( a c>eful habit 9 telegraph+ ord]s4 ,a c]ta9 degree ( rapidity 9 h&l+ ! key is n inconsi/5t ) di/9ctness1 b ! latt] %\ld nev] be sacrific$ to ha/e & a hurri$ & c>eless /yle ( telegraph+ %\ld nev] be p]mitt$4 ,! op]ator 9 ! ,dispat*]'s (fice %\ld c>efully obs]ve ea* ^w z repeat$ by ea*1 to make sure t all is repeat$ correctly4 ,"s obs]ve ! comm5dable practice ( und]scor+ ea* ^w z repeat$1 ?us mak+ sure t _! att5tion is n )drawn4 ,if ! ,dispat*] transmits 8 ord]s himself & 8 copy = record is made z ! ord] is repeat$1 z is ! practice ( "s1 8 copy c h>dly be said to be an orig9al4 ,x may v>y f :at 0 s5t or design$ to be s5t1 & 8 op]ator tak+ x d[n has n ! opportunity ( *eck+ z above1 & may himself make a mi/ake 9 receiv+ x4 ,all (fices requir$ at ! "t to repeat an ord] %\ld d s be=e ! ,dispat*] replies4 ,! signal = ?is reply n[ g5]ally us$1 & adopt$ = ! ,/&>d ,code1 is ,o ,k4 ,?is is giv5 simultane\sly to all1 nam+ ea*1 & ea* %\ld ackn[l$ge x4 ,x is important t ! ,dispat*] %\ld "k t ea* has receiv$ ! ,o ,k4 ,x is n necess>y t ! ,dispat*] p]sonally au?orize ?is reply4 ,x may be prop]ly done by 8 op]ator :o has wat*$ ! repeat+4 ,:]e ! ord] is n repeat$ back until ! signatures are obta9$ & s5t ) x1 ! response1 ,o ,k & sometimes complete is us$ to cov] ! :ole1 b :]e ! practice h]e9 recomm5d$ is pursu$1 ! use ( two signals is necess>y1 ,o ,k be+ ! fir/4 ,! "t at :i* ! ord] is s5t & ,o ,k giv5 %\ld be not$ on all ! copies1 ) ! initials or signals ( ! op]ators s5d+ & receiv+1 & ! "n or initials ( ! sup]9t5d5t4 ,! ord] is !n ready = signature & deliv]y1 &1 if ! tra9 = :i* x is design$ has n arriv$1 ! tra9 copies %\ld be remov$ f ! book1 fold$ & m>k$ on ! outside ) ! tra9 numb]1 & plac$ 9 ! rack provid$1 z indicat$ "u ,! ,tra9-,ord] ,signal4 ,practice has v>i$ v mu* 9 ! me?od ( deliv]+ ord]s4 ,"s h simply _h !m au!nticat$ by repeat+ back z above1 ) p]haps ! proviso t ! tra9m5 comp>e _! copies ) t ( ! op]ator1 & 9 "s cases sign = !m4 ,! transmitt+ ( signatures has n 9 all cases be5 requir$4 ,_m rules1 especially ^? ( e>ly date1 appe> to be bas$ on ! idea t ! :ole process ( s5d+1 v]ify+1 & ackn[l$g+ an ord] is to be cont9u\s & :ile ! tra9 is at ! /ation4 ,mu* t appe>s 9 "s rules gives ! impression t ei!r ?is idea prevail$ or t ! phraseology us$ 9 connection ) x 0 reta9$ :ile ! practice _h *ang$4 ,on a busy road x w\ld c]ta9ly be impracticable to c>ry out ?is idea1 & x is n n[ usually attempt$4 ,9 e>ly days ( tra9 telegraphy1 :5 ord]s 7 n prep>$ ) ! precision ( ! pres5t day1 x 0 ! cu/om to add to ! ord] ! phrase h[ d y und]/&8 ,?is came to be repres5t$ by a signal1 ! mo/ g5]ally us$ p]haps be+ ! num]al #ca4 ,! reply to ?is1 prec$$ by we und]/& we are to1 repres5t$ by #ac or o!r num]al1 0 requir$ to be writt5 out by ! tra9m5 z _! und]/&+4 ,?is 0 probably 9 mo/ cases a v]batim copy ( ! ord]4 ,:e!r ?is 0 actually done by ! conductor & eng9eman is d\btful4 ,"s all[$ ! op]ator to d x4 ,) ! def9ite =ms ( ord]s n[ us$ & well und]/ood1 !re is c]ta9ly no necessity = m5 to write out _! und]/&+4 ,! manifold copies1 au!nticat$ by repeat+ back & comp>$ by read+ al\d1 :i* also s]ves to impress ! ord] on ! m51 mu/ c]ta9ly be bett] ?an any?+ writt5 by or = !m4 ,!re w\ld seem to be no reason = p]petuat+ a fiction by ref]r+ to ! repeat+ ( ! ord] z ! und]/&+ or by ! use ( #ca & #ac 9 _! orig9al s5se1 :5 ! "q & answ] :i* !y repres5t are no long] design$ to be us$1 & ?is practice & ! expressions :i* arose "u x h almo/ entirely giv5 place to ! improv$ me?ods4 ,foll[+1 !n1 ! practice "h recomm5d$ & n[ g5]ally us$1 ! message has be5 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! op]ator & its v]bal accuracy assur$1 & ! tra9-ord] signal be+ 9 position to /op ! tra91 ! conductor & eng9eman und]/& t on arrival !y are to g to ! (fice = ord]s4 ,"o ( !m 7or ! op]ator7 %\ld read ! ord] al\d :ile ea* looks at 8 copy1 ! object be+ to gu>d aga9/ a hurri$ read+ ( ! ord]1 to acqua9t !m fully ) its exact t]ms1 & to impress its purport ^u !m4 ,x is to be hop$ t no man w\ld willfully disreg>d a tra9 ord]1 b !re are _m :o w\ld proce$ ^u a ha/y exam9ation or none at all1 if p]mitt$ to d s1 & p]haps on a wrong impression z to :at x directs to be done4 ,! ord] hav+ be5 ?us read & comp>$1 ! signatures %\ld be tak5 on ! op]ator's copy4 ,f ! _m rules =bidd+ op]ators to sign = tra9m51 & conductors = eng9em51 x w\ld seem probable t ?is is sometimes done4 ,?is is a practice :i* no consid]ations ( conv5i5ce c ju/ify4 ,p]sonal signatures %\ld be insi/$ ^u4 ,)\t ?is !re is dang] t m5 w ha/ily grab an ord] & fail to get its mean+4 ,"t is well sp5t 9 secur+ _! p>ticul> att5tion to x1 & _! signatures atte/ t ?is has be5 done4 ,!re is mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion z to :e!r x is important to take ! signature ( ! eng9eman4 ,mu* "t is (t5 lo/ by tak+ him f 8 eng9e1 p>ticul>ly on v long tra9s1 & "s ?9k t ! purpose is z well s]v$ by hav+ 8 copy deliv]$ to him by ! conductor4 ,9 ! latt] plan !re is "s dang] t ! att5tion ( ! eng9eman may n be p>ticul>ly call$ to ! purport ( ! ord]1 & = ?is reason ! au?or believes t ! practice is be/ :]e bo? signatures are requir$4 ,! ,"t ,conv5tion code leaves ! *oice optional4 ,! signatures hav+ be5 obta9$1 ! ,dispat*] is to be advis$1 by _! transmission to him1 9 connection ) ! numb] ( ! ord] sign$ = & ! tra9 numb] or designation4 ,! reply t all is satisfactory1 au?oriz$ by ! ,dispat*] p]sonally1 is !n to be giv5 9 "s prescrib$ =m4 ,! ^w complete has be5 adopt$ 9 ! ,/&>d ,code1 sup]s$+ correct1 :i* 0 =m]ly us$4 ,! select$ ^w %\ld be writt5 on ea* copy1 ) ! exact "t at :i* x 0 giv54 ,! ord] may !n be deliv]$1 & ! tra9 ord] signal s plac$ z to all[ ! tra9 to proce$4 ,if ! ,dispat*]'s (fice is also us$ z an (fice = deliv]+ ord]s1 ! same =malities 9 deliv]y %\ld be obs]v$ z at way (fices4 ,x w sometimes occur t an ord] mu/ be s5t to a disabl$ or o!r tra9 away f a telegraph /ation4 ,x mu/1 9 t case1 pass ?r\gh additional h&s1 & great c>e is necess>y to gu>d aga9/ error4 ,! conductor or mess5g] :o c>ries ! ord] %\ld be made acc\ntable = its deliv]y 9 prop] =m1 by himself sign+ = x & gett+ complete4 ,! ord] be+ address$ to ! conductor & eng9eman ( ! tra9 9 c>e ( ! mess5g] select$1 ! latt] %\ld be furni%$ ) an additional copy1 on :i* he is to take ! signatures ( ! conductor & eng9eman1 z if !y 7 at a telegraph (fice4 ,?is copy %\ld be deliv]$ z soon z practicable to an op]ator1 :o %\ld =w>d ! signatures1 complet+ ! process4 ,al?\gh :5 ^! p>agraphs 7 fir/ writt5 ! me?od ( transmission describ$ did n correspond entirely ) any practice t might be t]m$ g5]al1 x agre$ 9 ess5tial po9ts ) ! practice ^u sev]al roads :]e mo/ c>eful consid]ation has be5 giv5 to ! v>i\s risks 9 tra9 dispat*+ & to me?ods = avoid+ !m4 ,! process detail$ indicates ! po9ts to be gu>d$1 & furni%es :at has prov$ a practicable & satisfactory me?od1 & corresponds ) ! regulations n[ be+ rapidly adopt$ on our pr9cipal roads4 ,! rules %\ld det]m9e ! c\rse to be pursu$ if ! telegraph fails dur+ ! process ( transmitt+ an ord]4 ,if ?is occur be=e its correct reception is assur$ by repeat+ back & giv+ & ackn[l$g+ ,o ,k = any (fice conc]n$1 ! process is n suffici5tly complete = ! m5 ( a tra9 at su* (fice to be all[$ to sign = & act ^u x4 ,if1 !re=e1 communication is n quickly re/or$ x is p]fectly safe & prop] to provide t an op]ator %all p]mit a tra91 9 su* case1 to proce$ on its s*$ule rights )\t ord]s4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ,o ,k has be5 giv5 & ackn[l$g$1 ! correct reception ( ! ord] is assur$1 & a p]iod is rea*$ :5 ! m5 ( a tra9 may1 & (t5 mu/1 be p]mitt$1 on arrival1 to sign = & act on ! ord] be=e ! arrival ( ! o!r at ! po9t :]e ! ord] is await+ x4 ,if ! m5 ( "o tra9 h ?us proce$$1 & ! o!r on arrival _c be communicat$ )1 x w\ld be obvi\sly unsafe = x to proce$ ^u ! ord] await+ x = :i* signatures _c be transmitt$1 because1 al?\gh ! oppos+ tra9 may be on ! way to execute ! ord]1 ?is is n kn[n to ! tra9 t is cut (f f communication4 ,x w\ld !re=e be improp] = x to proce$ ei!r 9 accordance ) ! ord] or on s*$ule rights4 ,x w\ld appe>1 !re=e1 t an ord] :olly or p>tly s5t by ! process detail$1 & = :i* ,o ,k _c be giv5 & ackn[l$g$ by reason ( ! telegraph fail+1 %\ld n op]ate to hold ! tra9 address$1 b t an ord] = :i* ,o ,k has be5 giv5 & ackn[l$g$ %\ld h ?is effect4 ,! rule %\ld !re=e be t1 aft] ,o ,k is giv5 to an ord] & ackn[l$g$1 ! tra9 to :i* ! ord] is address$ %all n be p]mitt$ to pass until ! signatures are transmitt$ & complete obta9$1 or until ! tra9 c be communicat$ ) by ! ,dispat*]4 ,?is is bas$1 ( c\rse1 ^u ! presumption t ! plan is foll[$ ( assur+ ! accurate transmission = bo? tra9s1 & t ea* op]ator has ackn[l$g$ ! ,o ,k be=e complete is giv5 to ei!r4 ,! delays aris+ f ! op]ation ( ?is rule _c be frequ5t1 & x is bett] to submit to ^! ?an to run ! risk involv$ 9 a diff]5t c\rse4 ,9 ! use ( ! #ai ord]1 to :i* ! signatures ( ! tra9m5 are n tak51 ! ord] becomes ( effect only :5 complete has be5 giv5 & ackn[l$g$2 & until ?is is accompli%$ x %\ld be treat$ z ( ! same effect z a #ca ord] = :i* ,o ,k has n be5 giv5 & ackn[l$g$4 ,if ! practice is foll[$ ( delay+ ! repeat+ ( ! ord] until ! signatures are obta9$ & s5t1 !n ! pres5ce ( ! ord] 9 ! op]ator's h&s %\ld s]ve to hold ei!r tra9 if ! telegraph fails1 z nei!r c "k b t ! o!r tra9 has receiv$ ! ord] & proce$$ on x4 ,x mu/ be se51 h[ev]1 t !re is "s risk 9 dep5d+ on a tra9 be+ held by ! m]e pres5ce ( an ord]1 ! correct reception ( :i* has n be5 fully ackn[l$g$1 z ! receiv+ op]ator may ev5 h made an error 9 receiv+ ! numb] ( ! tra9 = :i* ! ord] is design$2 & ?is (f]s an additional reason = repeat+ back at once on ! receipt ( ! ord]4 ,^! consid]ations z to ! hold+ effect ( an ord] :5 ! telegraph fails1 d n1 ( c\rse1 apply to a g5]al ord]1 z "o annull+ a tra91 until su* ord] is specially address$ to a tra94 ,x %\ld be und]/ood t op]ators hold tra9s a reasonable "t = ! resumption ( communication brok5 dur+ ! transmission ( ord]s4 ,x is important t ! hold+ effect ( an ord] n sign$ = %\ld be cle>ly und]/ood1 s t ! ,dispat*] may run tra9s ) confid5ce aga9/ a tra9 s held4 ,a c>eful ,dispat*] w obs]ve t ! inconv5i5ces aris+ f a tra9 be+ held by ! incomplete transmission ( an ord] w be great] z ! di/ance is great] betwe5 ! po9t to :i* ! ord] is s5t = deliv]y & ! po9t :]e x is to take effect4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,rules4 ,_m books ( ,rules h borne evid5ce t ! ability to con/ruct rules is n always comm5surate ) ! _m o!r gifts ( successful railroad (fic]s4 ,to "k :at is to be done & h[ is "o ?+1 b x is q ano!r to express ! int5tion cle>ly & concisely4 ,a s*ol> might pres5t ! subject 9 precise & grammatical =m1 & yet fail to s r5d] x z to make x pla9 to practical m5 ( limit$ education2 & yet1 :ile ! language mu/ be cle> to ! untra9$ m9d1 !re %\ld be no expressions t are n )9 ! b\nds ( rhetorical propriety4 ,! evid5t difficulties surr\nd+ ! subject r5d] m conspicu\s ! admirable results ( ! "w ( ! able committee ( ! ,g5]al ,"t ,conv5tion 9 ! production ( ! ,/&>d code ( tra9 & telegraph rules contribut$ by t body to ! railroad s]vice4 ,to h produc$ a set ( rules t %\ld be accept$ = g5]al adoption1 9 :i* s few defici5cies h be5 po9t$ out1 is a "w wor?y ( ! highe/ comm5dation4 ,"u ! op]ation ( ^! rules w disappe> ! unc]ta9ty (t5 appe>+ 9 anxi\s inquiries by ,conductor or ,tra9-,ma/]1 9 ! railroad pap]s1 z to h[ ?is rule or t ord] is to be und]/ood "u giv5 circum/ances4 ,!re w be few] occasions = tra9m5 to reconcile conflict+ regulations & few] cases ( d\bt1 9 :i* to take ! safe c\rse & run no risks4 ,no "o1 h[ev]1 feels t entire p]fection has be5 rea*$1 9 practice or /atem5t1 or t ev5 9 ! ne> future1 additions or *anges may n be f\nd desirable2 &1 z me?ods ( op]ation improve1 scope w d\btless /ill be f\nd = fre% tal5t 9 ! production ( regulations = new comb9ations ( circum/ances z well z improvem5t 9 ^? prep>$ by e>li] h&s4 ,! ,telegraph ,rules ( ! ,"t ,conv5tion1 adopt$ ,octob] #ab?1 #ahhg1 are "h giv51 ) "s discussion relat+ to !m4 ,9 consid]+ ^! rules m5tion w necess>ily be made ( po9ts ref]r$ to on previ\s pages & :i* are "h embodi$ 9 =m = practical use4 ,?is necess>ily involves "s app>5t repetition4 ,! rules are "h designat$ by ! numb]s giv5 to !m by ! ,"t ,conv5tion ,committee2 & x may be "h /at$ t1 9 con=mity ) ! me?od foll[$ 9 ! ,"t ,conv5tion tra9 rules1 ! t]m "t-table is h]e9 appli$ to ! issue gov]n+ ! movem5ts ( all regul> tra9s1 :ile s*$ule is us$ to designate t "p ( ! "t-table :i* applies to any "o tra94 ,rule #ejj4--,special ord]s direct+ movem5ts v>y+ f or additional to ! "t-table w be issu$ by ! au?ority & ov] ! signature ( ! ,sup]9t5d5t4 ,!y are n to be us$ = movem5ts t c be provid$ = by rule or "t-table4 ,!y mu/ n conta9 in=mation or in/ructions n ess5tially a "p ( !m4 ,!y mu/ be brief & cle>1 & ! prescrib$ =ms mu/ be us$ :5 applicable2 & !re mu/ be no erasures1 alt]ations1 or int]l9eations4 ,?is rule indicates ! prop] function ( a ,telegraphic ,tra9 ,ord]1 ! au?ority "u :i* x is to be giv51 & ! ess5tial features ( its con/ruction1 ) ! requirem5t t ! prescrib$ =ms are to be us$ :5 applicable4 ,:ile 9 ! fix$ =ms provision is made = ! majority at lea/ ( ! cases likely to occur1 occasions w d\btless arise :5 o!r =ms or modifications ( ^! w be requir$4 ,x is !re=e important t ! pr9ciples on :i* ^! =ms are to be con/ruct$ be di/9ctly /at$4 ,! provisions z to h[ ord]s %all be issu$ & z to ! use ( ! =ms1 :5 applicable1 & ! abs5ce ( alt]ations1 are all necess>y z t5d+ to secure uni=mity & accuracy4 ,! foll[+ note1 atta*$ by ! ,"t ,conv5tion ,committee1 emphasizes a po9t h]e9be=e dwelt ^u z ( great importance3 ,note4--,on ,roads ^: organization provides t any o!r (fic] ?an ! ,sup]9t5d5t %all direct tra9 movem5ts1 ! (ficial title ( su* (fic] may be sub/itut$ 9 ! above rule4 ,! ,committee consid]s x ess5tial1 h[ev]1 t b "o p]son's signature %\ld be us$ 9 direct+ tra9 movem5ts on any dispat*+ division4 ,rule #eja4--;,ea* ord] mu/ be giv5 9 ! same words to all p]sons or tra9s directly affect$ by x1 s t ea* %all h a duplicate ( :at is giv5 to ! o!rs4 ,pref]ably an ord] %\ld include b "o specifi$ movem5t4 ,"h is det]m9$ ! feature ess5tial to ! duplicate sy/em1 viz41 t ! ord] %all be 9 ! same words to all conc]n$2 & ! pref]5ce is "h giv5 to ! po9t urg$ by ! au?or1 ( cov]+ b "o movem5t by an ord]4 ,rule #ejb4--,ord]s w be numb]$ consecutively = ea* day z issu$1 beg9n+ ) ,no4 #a at midnight4 ,! use ( numb]s = ord]s s]ves to id5tify ea* ord] & to indicate ! priority ( issue4 ,rule #ejc4--,ord]s mu/ be address$ to ^? :o are to execute !m1 nam+ ! place at :i* ea* is to receive 8 copy4 ,^? = a tra9 mu/ be address$ to ! conductor & eng9eman1 & also to a p]son act+ z pilot4 ,a copy = ea* p]son address$ mu/ be suppli$ by ! op]ator4 ,! requirem5t "h t ord]s %all be address$ to ^? :o are to execute !m might seem sup]flu\s b = "s =m] loos5ess 9 ?is respect & ! necessity = exactness 9 prescrib+ ea* /ep 9 ! process ( issue4 ,! address1 includ+ ! place ( deliv]y1 is necess>y z indicat+1 9 simultane\s transmission1 :i* op]ators are to receive = ^? respectively to :om ! ord]s are s5t4 ,! introduction ( ! ,pilot "h is valuable4 ,z ! "o "u ^: special direction ! tra9 is = ! "t be+1 he %\ld be directly in=m$ ( ord]s controll+ its movem5ts4 ,! conductor & eng9eman :o are 9 *>ge ( ! tra9 subject to 8 control1 are also necess>ily advis$4 ,! relations ( ! ,pilot to ! tra9 are mu* ! same z ^? ( ! pilot to a vessel ( :i* he has control = ! "t be+4 ,he is plac$ !re because ( 8 hav+ special k1 n possess$ by ! conductor & eng9eman1 ( circum/ances :i* necess>ily affect ! movem5t1 & has entire control ( ! tra9 9 ?is respect4 ,he may or may n be an eng9eman4 ,he may or may n run ! eng9e4 ,he1 h[ev]1 is to say :5 x may or may n run1 & is ! p]son by ^: au?ority ! movem5ts are to be regulat$ ) ref]5ce to ! signals & ! physical features ( ! road & ) respect to o!r tra9s z well z ! e/abli%$ rules4 ,he does n assume ! duties ( ! conductor z to ^? ?+s :i* are purely local to ! tra91 & ! brakem5 & fireman are prop]ly held to be "u 8 ord]s ?r\gh ! conductor & eng9eman4 ,! tra9m5 are n1 by ! pres5ce ( ! ,pilot1 reliev$ f ! usual obligation to protect ! tra9 & p]=m o!r duties connect$ ) x or requir$ by ! rules4 ,rule #ejd4--;,ea* ord] mu/ be writt5 9 full 9 a book provid$ = ! purpose at ! ,sup]9t5d5t's (fice2 & ) x mu/ be record$ ! names ( tra9m5 & o!rs :o h sign$ = ! ord]1 ! "t & signals1 %[+ :5 & f :at (fices ! ord] & responses 7 transmitt$1 & ! ,tra9 ,dispat*]'s initials4 ,^! records mu/ be made at once on ! orig9al copy1 & n aft]w>d f memory or memor&a4 ,! requirem5t "h z to ! record ( ea* ord] 9 a book is usually n[ fulfill$ by ! pres]vation ( a manifold copy 9 ! book 9 :i* ! blanks are b\nd4 ,?is1 9 fact1 is ! me?od contemplat$1 al?\gh ! rule is s drawn z to admit ( o!r me?ods4 ,! record ( ! v>i\s po9ts specifi$ is requisite = a complete hi/ory ( ea* transaction4 ,rule #eje4--,! t]ms sup]ior "r & inf]ior "r 9 ^! rules ref] to ! rights ( tra9s "u ! ,"t-table & ,tra9 ,rules1 & n to rights "u ,special ,ord]s4 ,?is rule is r an au?oritative /atem5t ( a logical conclusion f ! facts1 b v prop]ly gives ?is prom95ce to a po9t t mu/ be con/antly borne 9 m9d4 ,:5 ! rights ( tra9s are rev]s$ by an ord]1 z is usually ! case1 ! inf]ior becomes = a "t ! sup]ior1 & ?is def9ition emphasizes ?is4 ,9 ?is connection x may be aga9 not$ t a v important & necess>y "p ( ! tra9+ ( ^? engag$ 9 op]at+ ! railroad telegraph is ! acquisition ( an intimate k ( ! rules gov]n+ ! rights & movem5ts ( tra9s :5 act+ indep5d5tly ( telegraphic control4 ,! legitimate use ( ! telegraph is to facilitate movem5t :51 "u ! unaid$ op]ation ( ! rules1 !re might be delay1 & to give pref]5ce1 = special reasons1 to tra9s :i*1 "u ! rules are inf]ior4 ,an exact k ( ! effect ( ! rules1 & :at may be done by tra9s "u _! provisions1 is !re=e important1 s t !re %all be no unnecess>y use ( special ord]s1 & t ^? us$ %all be ! mo/ appropriate to ! circum/ances4 ,rule #ejf4--,:5 an ord] is to be transmitt$1 ! signal #ca 7z provid$ 9 ,rule #eji7 or ! signal #ai 7z provid$ 9 ,rule #eaa71 mean+ ,tra9 ,ord]1 w be giv5 to ea* (fice address$1 foll[$ by ! ^w copy1 & a figure indicat+ ! numb] ( copies to be made1 if m or less ?an ?ree--?us1 #ca copy #e1 or #ai copy #e4 ,?is rule beg9s ^u ! details ( transmission & is ! fir/ 9 :i* m5tion is made ( ! special signals #ca & #ai1 signify+ tra9 ord]1 ! use ( :i* is m fully indicat$ lat] on4 ,we h "h ! fir/ /ep 9 ! me?odical plan ( transmission prescrib$ 9 ^! rules1 prep>+ ! op]ator = ! reception ( ! ord] & in=m+ him ( ! numb] ( copies = :i* he mu/ prep>e 8 manifold %eets4 ,z ?ree is ! numb] mo/ usually requir$1 ! omission ( ?is numb] economizes telegraph+4 ,9 ! same case ! ^w copy might z well be omitt$4 ,rule #ejg4--;,an ord] to be s5t to two or m (fices mu/ be transmitt$ simultane\sly to z _m z practicable4 ,! sev]al addresses mu/ be 9 ! ord] ( sup]iority ( rights ( tra9s1 & ea* (fice w take only its prop] address4 ,:5 n s5t simultane\sly to all1 ! ord] mu/ be s5t fir/ = ! tra9 hav+ ! sup]ior "r ( track4 ,note4--,on roads :i* desire ! op]ator at a meet+-po9t to h copies ( ! ord]1 ! sev]al addresses w be1 fir/1 ! op]ator at ^: /ation ! tra9s are to meet & next 9 ! ord] ( sup]iority ( ! rights ( tra9s4 ,?is rule br+s u to ! transmission ( ! ord] & requires t x be simultane\s z f> z possible4 ,?is is a safegu>d possible only ) ! duplicate sy/em4 ,"h also ! priority ( transmission to ! sup]ior tra9 is insi/$ ^u4 ,9 addition to o!r advantages1 ! sy/ematic nam+ ( ! sup]ior tra9 fir/ calls ! att5tion ( op]ators to ! relative sup]iority ( tra9s4 ,! pr9ciple involv$ "h is else:]e recogniz$4 ,! note atta*$ by ! ,"t ,conv5tion ,committee has ref]5ce to ! arrangem5t :i* "s pref] ( s5d+ a copy ( ! ord] to ! op]ator at ! meet+-po9t 9 addition to ! copies s5t to o!r po9ts = deliv]y to ! tra9s4 ,rule #ejh4--,op]ators receiv+ ord]s mu/ write !m out 9 manifold dur+ transmission1 & make ! requisite numb] ( copies at "o writ+ or trace o!rs f "o ( ! copies fir/ made4 ,?is rule directs ! use ( ! manifold writ+ & practically disp5ses ) any record book o!r ?an t 9 :i* ! manifold copies are pres]v$4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ important improvem5ts ov] ! old me?ods4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( telegraph+ & ) "s to a comp>atively rec5t p]iod1 ea* copy ( an ord] 0 writt5 sep>ately1 occupy+ mu* "t & involv+ great liability to error 9 transcrib+4 ,n[ ! p]fection ( ! manifold admits ( mak+ at "o writ+ all ! copies usually requir$4 ,if additional copies are want$1 _! exactness is assur$ by trac+ f "o ( ^? made at ! fir/ writ+4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ "h t ! rule does n p]mit an op]ator to take ! message d[n on a sep>ate %eet & make 8 manifold copies aft]w>d4 ,rule #eji4--,:5 an ord] has be5 transmitt$1 prec$$ by ! signal #ca1 op]ators receiv+ x mu/ 7unless o!rwise direct$7 repeat x back at once f ! manifold copy1 & 9 ! succession 9 :i* _! sev]al (fices h be5 address$4 ,ea* op]ator repeat+ mu/ obs]ve :e!r ! o!rs repeat correctly4 ,aft] ! ord] has be5 repeat$ correctly by ! op]ators requir$ at ! "t to repeat x1 ! response ,o ,k1 au?oriz$ by ! ,tra9 ,dispat*]1 w be s5t simultane\sly to z _m z practicable1 nam+ ea* (fice4 ,ea* op]ator mu/ write ?is on ! ord] ) ! "t1 & !n reply i i ,o ,k1 ) 8 (fice signal4 ,^? to :om ! ord] is address$1 except eng9em51 mu/ !n sign _! names to ! copy ( ! ord] to be reta9$ by ! op]ator1 & he w s5d _! signatures to ! ,sup]9t5d5t4 ,! response complete1 ) ! ,sup]9t5d5t's initials1 w !n be giv51 :5 au?oriz$ by ! ,tra9 ,dispat*]4 ,ea* op]ator receiv+ ?is response w !n write on ea* copy ! ^w complete1 ! "t1 & 8 la/ "n 9 full2 & w !n deliv] a copy to ea* p]son includ$ 9 ! address1 except eng9em51 & ea* mu/ read 8 copy al\d to ! op]ator4 ,! copy = ea* eng9eman mu/ be deliv]$ to him p]sonally by ----1 & ! eng9eman mu/ read x al\d & und]/& x be=e act+ ^u x4 ,note4--,! blank 9 ! above rule may be fill$ = ea* road to suit its own requirem5ts4 ,on roads :]e ! signature ( ! eng9eman is desir$1 ! words except eng9em5 & ! la/ s5t5ce 9 ! second p>agraph may be omitt$4 ,see also note "u ,rule ,no4 #ejj4 ,individual op]ator's signals may be us$ :5 desir$ 9 addition to (fice signals1 z "h & else:]e provid$ =4 ,9 ?is rule are giv5 9 detail ! /eps to be tak5 aft] ! ord] has be5 transmitt$1 ?is rule hav+ special ref]5ce to ! ord]s = :i* signatures ( tra9m5 are to be tak51 kn[n te*nically z ! #ca ord]4 ,mu* ( ! effici5cy ( ! telegraph1 z well z ! safety ( op]ation1 dep5ds ^u ! c>eful drill ( op]ators 9 ?is respect & /rict adh]5ce to ! requirem5ts ( ! rule4 ,repeat+ back at ! "t ( receiv+ may be prop]ly omitt$ "u ! direction ( ! ,dispat*]1 9 case ( a g5]al ord]1 z "o annull+ a tra94 ,?is w\ld be s5t to all /ations b n necess>ily deliv]$ at all1 & !re=e repeat+ back at once f all w\ld unnecess>ily occupy ! wire4 ,o!r cases may arise :]e ! repeat+ may be po/pon$4 ,9 repeat+1 h[ev]1 ! requirem5t t x be done f ! manifold copy %\ld be c>efully compli$ )4 ,read+1 ^w = ^w1 f ! copy actually to be deliv]$ is "o ( ! mo/ important precautions aga9/ mi/ake4 ,! succession 9 :i* (fices are to repeat is prescrib$1 s t all %all und]/& x1 & x is s fix$ t ! repeat+ %all be done 9 ! ord] ( sup]iority ( tra9s address$4 ,z a repeat$ ord] = :i* ! ,o ,k has be5 giv5 & ackn[l$g$ s]ves to hold ! tra9 address$1 ?is secures ! sup]ior tra9 at once4 ,! requirem5t t op]ators obs]ve ! repeat+ by ea* o!r is a fur!r valuable safegu>d4 ,! next /ep1 t ( transmitt+ ! ,o ,k1 is n[ prescrib$ 9 ! same me?odical way & its ackn[l$gm5t provid$ =4 ,)\t ?is ackn[l$gm5t ! ,dispat*] c\ld n be sure ( ! tra9 be+ held1 & x is q important1 al?\gh n direct$ 9 ! rule1 t ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! ,o ,k %\ld be made by ! diff]5t (fices 9 ! succession 9 :i* !y 7 address$4 ,?is br+s u to ! po9t :]e ! ord] is fully 9 ! h&s ( ! op]ator & becomes op]ative to a c]ta9 ext5t1 z is se5 9 ,rule #eaj4 ,! tra9 = :i* an ord] has ?us be5 s5t may n h yet arriv$4 ,by ! rule1 h[ev]1 ! signal is display$ to /op ! tra91 & :5 x arrives ! conductor 7& ! eng9eman if requir$7 mu/ g to ! (fice & sign = ! ord]4 ,! signature 7or signatures7 mu/ !n be telegraph$ to ! ,dispat*]'s (fice1 & :5 f\nd correct ! f9al response1 complete1 is giv51 signify+ t all ! /eps 9 telegraph+ h be5 tak5 t are necess>y be=e deliv]y4 ,x /ill rema9s = ! receiv+ op]ator to record ! complete on ! ord]1 ) ! "t & 8 "n1 all ( :i* are important = ! completion ( a pap] :i* involves ! safety ( human life4 ,x is /ill1 h[ev]1 possible t ^? :o are to use ?is important pap] may fail to obs]ve its full signification1 & x is !re=e provid$1 z a f9al precaution1 t ea* "o :o receives x %all read x al\d to ! op]ator1 :o has 8 own copy be=e him4 ,?is is bett] ?an read+ by ! op]ator to ! tra9m51 z !y might n li/5 att5tively1 :ile !y c h>dly fail to note ! signification ( words :i* !y !mselves read al\d4 ,! notes app5d$ by ! ,"t ,conv5tion ,committee po9t out modifications :i* may be made ) respect to c]ta9 po9ts 9 :i* diff]5ce ( practice prevails & :i* d n affect ! ess5tial features ( ! plan4 ,! au?or believes t ! weight ( s5tim5t is decid$ly 9 favor ( tak+ ! signature ( ! eng9eman z well z t ( ! conductor = ! ord]1 unless controll+ circum/ances prev5t4 ,rule #eaj4--;,= an ord] prec$$ by ! signal #ca1 complete mu/ n be giv5 to ! ord] = deliv]y to a tra9 ( inf]ior "r until ,o ,k has be5 giv5 to & ackn[l$g$ by ! op]ator :o receives ! ord] = ! tra9 ( sup]ior "r4 ,:5ev] practicable1 ! signature ( ! conductor ( ! tra9 ( sup]ior "r mu/ be tak5 to ! ord] & complete giv5 be=e ! tra9 ( inf]ior "r is all[$ to act on x4 ,aft] ,o ,k has be5 giv5 & ackn[l$g$1 & be=e complete has be5 giv51 ! ord] mu/ be treat$ z a hold+ ord] = ! tra9 address$1 b mu/ n be o!rwise act$ on until complete has be5 giv54 ,if ! l9e fails be=e an (fice has receiv$ & ackn[l$g$ ,o ,k to an ord] prec$$ by ! signal #ca1 ! ord] at t (fice is ( no effect1 & mu/ be !re treat$ z if x _h n be5 s5t4 ,note4--,on roads :]e ! signature ( ! eng9eman & pilot is desir$1 ! words eng9eman & pilot may be add$ aft] ! ^w conductor 9 ! fir/ p>agraph ( ,rule #eaj4 ,rule #eaj pres5ts a requirem5t ( v great importance 9 prescrib+ t complete %all n be giv5 = ! inf]ior tra9 until ,o ,k has be5 giv5 & ackn[l$g$ = ! sup]ior4 ,! reason = ?is is app>5t f ! foll[+ consid]ations3 ,:5 complete has be5 giv51 ! tra9 receiv+ an ord] on :i* x is indors$ may at once proce$ to ! execution ( ! ord]4 ,if x has rights giv5 to x aga9/ a sup]ior tra91 x is ( ! highe/ importance t ! latt] %all be in=m$ ( ?is be=e x c proce$ to a po9t :]e ! ord] may br+ ! inf]ior into conflict ) ! rights ( ! o!r4 ,aft] ,o ,k has be5 giv5 & ackn[l$g$ = ! ord] at ! po9t :]e ! sup]ior tra9 is to receive x1 ! ord] holds ! sup]ior tra91 z provid$ 9 ! second p>agraph1 & x is only !n safe to p]mit ! inf]ior tra9 to proce$1 by giv+ = x ! f9al ^w complete4 ,x w\ld be /ill bett] if 9 all cases ! signatures ( ! m5 ( ! sup]ior tra9 c\ld be tak5 be=e ! o!r is p]mitt$ to act on ! ord]4 ,! rule requires ?is :5ev] practicable4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 (t5 n practicable on acc\nt ( ! v>y+ & (t5 consid]able di/ances betwe5 telegraph /ations1 ! v>y+ spe$ ( tra9s1 & un=ese5 & unprev5table delays4 ,x is d\btful :e!r any reasonable exp5diture 9 increas+ ! numb] ( (fices w\ld admit ( absolute compliance ) su* a requirem5t1 b x is q true t any exp5diture at all approa*+ :at ?is w\ld require w\ld be mu* beyond ! ability ( ! majority ( railroads4 ,x is also true t1 at lea/ )\t enorm\s additions to ! facilities1 a /rict requirem5t ( ?is k9d w\ld int]f]e ) ! movem5t ( tra9s to an ext5t t ! patrons ( ! roads w\ld nev] agree to4 ,if ! plan provid$ 9 ! rules really involves any risk 9 ?is respect1 x is "o :i* _c be avoid$ 9 ! pres5t /ate ( f9ancial ability & ( ! means ( mov+ tra9s4 ,! clos+ p>agraph ( ! rule provides = ! cont+5cy ( ! failure ( telegraphic communication at a critical mom5t 9 ! transmission4 ,an ord] may h be5 fully receiv$ by an op]ator1 b1 if ! telegraph fails be=e he c repeat x back & be in=m$ by ! ,dispat*] t x is ,o ,k1 x w\ld n be safe to use x4 ,nei!r is x prop] t x %\ld h any effect :atev] until ! ,dispat*] is assur$1 by ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! ,o ,k1 t x has be5 receiv$4 ,:5 an ord] has be5 transmitt$ & is altoge!r 9 ! h&s ( ! op]ator1 !re is ! *ance t he may h writt5 d[n "s important ^w incorrectly4 ,h5ce ! requirem5t t he repeat x back4 ,?is1 if c>efully p]=m$1 assures ! ,dispat*] ( ! v]bal accuracy ( ! message z ! op]ator has x1 & ! ,dispat*] admits ?is by ! response ,o ,k4 ,he mu/ n[ act1 ) ref]5ce to ?is tra91 z if x 7 held at ! po9t at :i* x is address$4 ,b he _c assume ?is until he is assur$ t ,o ,k has be5 receiv$4 ,?is is by ! requir$ ackn[l$gm5t4 ,if communication absolutely fails be=e ! completion ( ?is process1 all t he has done goes = no?+ unless communication is quickly re/or$4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ importance t ! ,dispat*] "k :at w or w n be done by a tra9 to :i* an ord] has be5 address$1 z ?is k guides him 9 giv+ o!r ord]s4 ,x w\ld n be prop]1 ev51 to assume t a tra9 w\ld be held by ! pres5ce ( an ord] address$ to x unless ! accuracy ( ! ord] is assur$1 = an error may h occurr$ 9 receiv+ ! address & ! wrong tra9 numb] may h be5 not$4 ,nor w x d = a tra9 to proce$ reg>dless ( an ord] address$ to x :5 ! :ole process ( transmission _c be complet$1 unless ! rule au?oriz+ x is made to specify ! precise po9t 9 ! process ( transmission :5 ?is may be p]mitt$4 ,x is also ( equal importance t1 9 ! abs5ce ( telegraphic communication ) a tra91 ! ,dispat*] c dep5d ^u ! fact t x w act 9 accordance ) ! rules1 not)/&+ a p>tial transmission ( an ord] int5d$ to control its movem5ts4 ,briefly1 he mu/ "k :e!r ! tra9 reta9s ! "r to proce$ or n1 & "u :at conditions1 or he _c intellig5tly direct o!r tra9s ) ref]5ce to x4 ,! "q h[ long a tra9 %\ld wait = communication to be re/or$ mu/ dep5d ^u s _m circum/ances t no rule c be giv54 ,! break may be b mom5t>y or x may la/ = h\rs4 ,! tra9 may h j "t to get to a regul> meet+-place1 at :i*1 if rea*$ 9 "t1 x may h to lie = belat$ tra9s4 ,rules mu/ fail "h to indicate :at is be/ to be done1 & (t5 ! be/ judgm5t is no guide4 ,:atev] is det]m9$ on may involve delay4 ,x %\ld nev] involve dang]4 ,!re is a plan 9 use on sev]al prom95t roads by :i* x is claim$ t ! objectionable feature 9 ,rule #eaj1 repres5t$ by ! phrase :5ev] practicable1 may be elim9at$4 ,"u ?is plan !re is add$ an advance ord]1 issu$ to ! sup]ior tra91 direct+ x to /op = ord]s at a po9t :]e x is int5d$ to deposit = x ! duplicate ( a meet+ or o!r ord] on :i* an inf]ior tra9 is to be p]mitt$ to proce$ f "s o!r po9t be=e ! ord] is receiv$ by ! sup]ior tra94 ,by ?is plan ! sup]ior tra9 is held be=e ! inf]ior is all[$ to act on ! ord]1 & ?us f> ! risk is avoid$ ( ! sup]ior be+ improp]ly all[$ to pass ! po9t :]e ! duplicate ord] is to be plac$ = x4 ,x is claim$ t a consid]able exp]i5ce has demon/rat$ t ?is plan is feasible & secures ! object 9 view1 & t ) x ! rule ( always fir/ secur+ ! sup]ior tra9 may be made absolute4 ,exp]i5ce is "o ( ! be/ ( tea*]s1 & few !ories c be tak5 z prov$ )\t x1 b ev5 imp]fect me?ods may produce good results "u c>eful managem5t1 s t exp]i5ce alone is n suffici5t = det]m9+ ! m]its ( a sy/em4 ,! purpose ( ! plan 9 "q1 to hold ! sup]ior tra9 be=e giv+ ord]s aga9/ x is good1 & :at all wi% to accompli%4 ,?is idea gave rise to ! hold ord] ( ! old] me?ods ( tra9 dispat*+ & x has be5 sugge/$ t "u ! advance-ord] plan !re is dang] ( a relapse f /rict adh]5ce to ! duplicate me?od4 ,c>eful sup]vision may prev5t ?is4 ,if ! advance ord] is inv>iably giv51 op]ators may get to dep5d+ on x r ?an on _! own c>e = /opp+ tra9s at po9ts :]e duplicates are deposit$4 ,?is is a po9t to be c>efully consid]$ & on :i* ! railroad frat]nity w be by no means agre$4 ,two ?+s are dep5d$ on4 ,if "o fails we h ! o!r4 ,_m hold t ?is is bett] ?an to rely on "o alone4 ,_m1 aga91 ma9ta9 t1 :]e ! responsibility is ?us divid$1 ea* p>ty may dep5d on ! o!r & bo? fail1 :ile1 if !re is b "o1 8 s5se ( responsibility is quick5$ & ! result is bett]4 ,9 view ( ! diff]5ce ( op9ion on ?is po9t x may be said t if ?is be ! only po9t 9 ! consid]ation ( ! advance ord] x may be giv5 a trial4 ,if x is to be tri$1 !n we mu/ see t !re are no exceptions to its use4 ,! ,dispat*] mu/ always anticipate possible cont+5cies long en\gh ahead to be able to designate 9 advance ! po9ts :]e tra9s are to /op = ord]s1 & he mu/ d ?is be=e ! necessity arises ( all[+ ! inf]ior tra9 to proce$ on ord]s :i* ! sup]ior tra9s are subsequ5tly to receive4 ,if he _c ?us anticipate he mu/ /ill give ! ord] to /op = ord]s & s5d x to ! po9t to :i* ! meet+-ord] is s5t1 bo? to be deliv]$ to ! sup]ior at ! same "t2 & 9 t case he mu/ dep5d ^u ! signal at t po9t = /opp+ ! tra91 z 9 ! ,/&>d rules1 or always keep ! inf]ior tra9 f act+ on ! ord] until ! ord]s = ! o!r tra9 are deliv]$4 ,aga91 a tra9 = :i* x is ?\ght meet+-ord]s may h to be giv5 mu/ make a /op 9 ord] to get ! advance ord]1 & aga9 ano!r at ! po9t nam$ 9 x1 p]haps only t x may receive an ord] annull+ ! fir/1 if meet+-ord]s are f\nd n to be ne$$4 ,frequ5tly a duplicate ord] may be plac$ = a tra9 & annull$ be=e its arrival if ! occasion = x has pass$1 b ! advantage ( ?is is lo/ if ! advance ord] is us$4 ,!re are _m roads on :i* ! circum/ances w\ld n admit ( ?us always see+ f> en\gh 9 advance ! ?+s to be done1 & v _m on :i* ! bus9ess w\ld n admit ( ! /ops necess>y1 & ! occurr5ce ( a s+le exception w\ld vitiate ! :ole & make x necess>y to fall back on ! provision :5ev] practicable4 ,x is n easy to see h[ ! rule c\ld be inv>iably appli$ at junction po9ts at :i* tra9s ( sup]ior "r are to arrive f o!r roads or divisions1 & circum/ances are s v>i\s t x is difficult to det]m9e j :]e su* a plan c\ld or c\ld n be satisfactorily appli$4 ,"s say !y h succe$$ ) x4 ,o!rs po9t out q conclusively t ! circum/ances ) !m are su* t x w\ld be impracticable4 ,:]e x c be appli$ & us$ )\t exception & ! "q ( divid$ responsibility c be satisfactorily dispos$ (1 x is1 to say ! lea/1 an exp]im5t 9 ! "r direction1 b x is to be v mu* fe>$ t ?is plan does n yet supply ! univ]sal rem$y = ! difficulty involv$ 9 ! phrase :5ev] practicable4 ,! multiplication ( messages on a busy wire w occur to all z a s]i\s objection1 b sc>cely z "o t %\ld weigh aga9/ positive consid]ations ( safety4 ,rule #eaa4--,:5 an ord] has be5 transmitt$1 prec$$ by ! signal #ai1 op]ators receiv+ x mu/ 7unless o!rwise direct$7 repeat x back at once f ! manifold copy1 & 9 ! succession 9 :i* ! sev]al (fices h be5 address$4 ,ea* op]ator repeat+ mu/ obs]ve :e!r ! o!rs repeat correctly4 ,aft] ! ord] has be5 repeat$ correctly1 ! response complete1 ) ! ,sup]9t5d5t's initials1 w be giv51 :5 au?oriz$ by ! ,tra9 ,dispat*]4 ,ea* op]ator receiv+ ?is response mu/ write on ea* copy ! ^w complete1 ! "t1 & 8 la/ "n 9 full1 & reply i i complete ) 8 (fice signal1 & w p]sonally deliv] ! ord] to ! p]sons address$1 )\t tak+ _! signatures4 ,note4--,on roads :]e x is desir$1 ! signatures ( ! conductors 7or conductors1 eng9em51 & pilots7 may be tak5 by ! op]ator on ! deliv]y ( ! ord]4 ,see also note "u ,rule #ejj4 ,! ,committee has recomm5d$ two =ms ( tra9 ord]s--! #ca ord] & ! #ai ord]2 leav+ x discretion>y ) ! roads to adopt "o or bo? ( ^! =ms4 ,?is rule provides = ! /eps 9 transmission ( ! #ai ord]1 = :i* signatures ( tra9m5 are n requir$1 z ,rule #eji does = ! #ca ord]4 ,! /eps are ! same except+ z to ! ,o ,k & its ackn[l$gm5t & ! signatures4 ,! same g5]al consid]ations apply to ! /eps :i* are id5tical4 ,! abs5ce ( ! requirem5t z to signatures r5d]s ! ,o ,k unnecess>y1 ! complete be+ ! ,dispat*]'s notice bo? t ! ord] has be5 correctly repeat$ & t x may be deliv]$ aft] complete has be5 ackn[l$g$1 :i* %\ld be 9 ! succession 9 :i* (fices are address$4 ,! responsibility ( deliv]y to ! "r p>ties is plac$ on ! op]ator4 ,! use ( ?is me?od1 r ?an t "u :i* tra9m5 sign = ! ord]1 has be5 ! subject ( mu* s]i\s ?\ght & discussion4 ,9 ei!r case ! dang] signal & ! c>efulness ( ! op]ator are ! means dep5d$ on = /opp+ a tra9 = :i* an ord] has be5 transmitt$4 ,! diff]5ce is 9 ! mode ( deliv]y4 ,if signatures are tak5 ! m5 mu/ take ! "t to g to ! (fice4 ,if !y are n tak5 ! m5 may g to ! (fice or ! op]ator may g out to deliv]4 ,! tra9 may p]haps n /op entirely4 ,9 any ev5t ! deliv]y is likely to be ha/y & )\t c>eful inspection ( ! ord] by ^? :o receive x4 ,a cons]vative view w\ld seem to indicate t !re 7 "s risk 9 ?is1 & yet _m exp]i5c$ (fic]s d n look ^u x 9 t light1 & on roads hav+ heavy traffic & _m fa/ tra9s ?is me?od is us$ ) satisfactory results4 ,! real solution ( ! "q may be 9 c>eful sup]vision1 good discipl9e1 correct habits1 & /rict att5tion to bus9ess4 ,9 ^! lies safety2 9 ! opposite1 dang]4 ,x w be obs]v$ t a note ( ! ,"t ,conv5tion ,committee1 atta*$ to ! rule & "h %[n1 indicates t ! adoption ( ei!r =m or bo? is discretion>y ) roads adopt+ ! ,/&>d rules1 & t x is sugge/$ t x may be provid$ t op]ators %all take ! signatures ( tra9m5 = #ai ord]s4 ,^! w\ld be simply evid5ce ( deliv]y1 & ! signatures w\ld n1 "u ?is arrangem5t1 be telegraph$ to headqu>t]s4 ,! "q z to :5 x is be/ or prop] to use ! #ai ord] mu/ be det]m9$ by circum/ances4 ,tak+ & transmitt+ ! signatures is int5d$ to secure delib]ate c>e 9 ! deliv]y & c]ta9ty t ! ord] is deliv]$ to ! "r tra94 ,! fir/ is reasonably c]ta9 :5 ! tra9m5 are requir$ to g to ! (fice & sign = ! ord]2 ! second is det]m9$ by ! transmission ( ! signatures4 ,^? :o use ! #ai ord] mu/ leave bo? ^! po9ts to ! c>e ( ! op]ator4 ,if op]ators are ?or\ghly drill$ & "u con/ant & c>eful sup]vision1 & s fully occupi$ ) ! "w z to be necess>ily always on ! al]t1 ?is dep5d5ce is m likely to result favorably ?an :]e discipl9e is slack & bus9ess dull1 & especially :]e ! op]ator is requir$ to att5d to o!r duties4 ,circum/ances may (t5 seem to require ! deliv]y ( an ord] )\t signatures :]e ! contr>y is ! usual cu/om4 ,x w\ld be necess>y 9 su* case to use special precautions 9 in/ruct+ ! op]ator1 & x %\ld sc>cely be all[$ )\t special au?ority f ! responsible head4 ,rule #eab4--;,= an ord] prec$$ by ! signal #ai1 complete mu/ be giv5 & ackn[l$g$ = ! tra9 ( sup]ior "r be=e x is giv5 = ! tra9 ( inf]ior "r4 ,if ! l9e fails be=e an (fice has receiv$ & ackn[l$g$ ! complete to an ord] prec$$ by ! signal #ai1 ! ord] at t (fice is ( no effect1 & mu/ be treat$ z if x _h n be5 s5t4 ,?is rule is = ! #ai ord] :at ,rule #eaj is = ! o!r1 & no additional rem>ks are ne$$4 ,rule #eac4--,! ord]1 ! ,o ,k & ! complete mu/ ea*1 9 transmitt+1 be prec$$ by #ca or #ai1 z ! case may be1 & ! numb] ( ! ord]2 ?us1 #ca1 ,no4 #aj1 or #ai1 ,no4 #aj4 ,9 transmitt+ ! signature ( a conductor x mu/ be prec$$ by #ca1 ! numb] ( ! ord]1 & ! tra9 numb]2 ?us1 #ca1 ,no4 #aj1 ,tra9 ,no4 #e4 ,aft] ea* transmission & response ! s5d+ op]ator mu/ give 8 (fice signal4 ,"h is prescrib$ ! succession 9 :i* ! signals1 etc41 %all be transmitt$4 ,= ! (fice signal1 :i* ! op]ator is requir$ to give aft] ea* transmission & response1 "s sub/itute ! p]sonal signal ( ! op]ator1 :i* is usually "o or m lett]s assign$1 by :i* ! op]ator %all be kn[n1 & indicates at ! same "t ! op]ator & ! (fice :]e he is kn[n to be on duty4 ,rule #ead4--,! op]ator :o receives & deliv]s an ord] mu/ pres]ve ! l[e/ copy4 ,on ?is mu/ appe> ! signatures ( ^? :o sign = ! ord]1 & on x he mu/ record ! "t :5 he receives x2 ! responses2 ! "t :5 !y are receiv$2 8 own "n2 ! date2 & ! tra9 numb]2 = :i* places are provid$ 9 ! blanks4 ,^! copies mu/ be s5t to ! ,sup]9t5d5t4 ,! subjects treat$ ( 9 ?is rule h be5 suffici5tly consid]$ 9 =m] rem>ks4 ,rule #eae4--,ord]s us$ by conductors mu/ be s5t by !m daily to ! ,sup]9t5d5t4 ,?is provision af=ds an opportunity ( exam9+ ord]s t h be5 us$1 & ( asc]ta9+ :e!r !y h be5 prep>$ & issu$ 9 accordance ) ! rules4 ,rule #eaf4--;,eng9em5 w place _! ord]s 9 ! clip be=e !m until execut$4 ,?is rule supposes t a place has be5 provid$ on ea* eng9e = plac+ ord]s conspicu\sly be=e ! eng9eman :o is to execute !m4 ,?is is a v important provision4 ,if he has to put !m 9 8 box or pocket !y may be r5d]$ illegible1 or =gott5 or lo/4 ,rule #eag4--;,= ord]s deliv]$ at ! ,sup]9t5d5t's (fice ! requirem5ts z to record & deliv]y w be ! same z at o!r po9ts4 ,?is requirem5t w\ld seem to be s obvi\s t x 0 h>dly necess>y to include x 9 ! rules1 b = ! fact t !re has be5 "s ov]sight ( s manife/ a precaution4 ,rule #eah4--,ord]s to p]sons 9 *>ge ( "w requir+ ! use ( track 9 y>ds or at o!r po9ts1 au?oriz+ su* use :5 tra9s are late1 mu/ be deliv]$ 9 ! same way z to conductors ( tra9s4 ,?is rule recognizes ! fact t ! same c>e is necess>y 9 giv+ ! use ( ! track 9 ! "t ( regul> tra9s1 :e!r x be to a y>d crew or a tra9 on ! road4 ,c>elessness 9 ?is respect1 by m5 work+ at /ations1 has frequ5tly result$ 9 disa/]4 ,! sacr$ness ( ! rights ( tra9s %\ld be an integral "p ( railway doctr9e4 ,rule #eai4--;,an ord] to be deliv]$ to a tra9 at a po9t n a telegraph /ation1 or :ile ! (fice is clos$1 mu/ be address$ to ,c4 & ,e41 ,no4 ---- 7at ----71 c>e ( ----1 & =w>d$ & deliv]$ by ! conductor or o!r p]son 9 ^: c>e x is address$4 ,complete w be giv5 ^u ! signature ( ! p]son by :om ! ord] is to be deliv]$1 :o mu/ be suppli$ ) copies = ! conductor & eng9eman address$1 & a copy ^u :i* he %all take _! signatures4 ,?is copy he mu/ deliv] to ! fir/ op]ator accessible1 :o mu/ pres]ve x1 & at once advise ! ,tra9 ,dispat*] ( its hav+ be5 receiv$4 ,ord]s s deliv]$ to a tra9 mu/ be comp>$ by ^? receiv+ !m ) ! copy held by ! p]son deliv]+1 & act$ on z if complete _h be5 giv5 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,ord]s mu/ n be s5t 9 ! mann] h]e9 provid$ to tra9s ! rights ( :i* are !reby re/rict$4 ,! subject ( deliv]y ( ord]s at po9ts away f telegraph /ations has already be5 consid]$4 ,! me?od ( do+ ?is is "h det]m9$4 ,safety 9 c>ry+ ?is out mu/ dep5d l>gely on ! c>efulness ( ! p]son select$ to deliv] ! ord]4 ,rule #ebj4--,:5 a tra9 is nam$ 9 an ord]1 all its sections are includ$1 unless p>ticul> sections are specifi$2 & ea* section includ$ mu/ h copies address$ & deliv]$ to x4 ,?is rule is bas$ on ! fact t all sections ( a tra9 are sub/antially "o tra91 s f> z s*$ule rights are conc]n$4 ,?is is def9itely fix$ by ! ,/&>d tra9 rules4 ,?is rule provides t ea* section includ$ 9 ! op]ation ( an ord] mu/ h copies4 ,in/ances might be cit$ :]e ?is w\ld seem unnecess>y4 ,a delay$ tra9 may be ord]$ to meet a sup]ior tra9 at "s po9t %ort ( ! meet+-po9t4 ,)\t any ord] ea* section ( ! sup]ior tra9 w\ld h a "r to g to ! designat$ po9t1 & x may be suppos$ t1 if ! fir/ section is held by ! ord] at t po9t = ! inf]ior1 ! o!r sections _c g by until ! inf]ior is out ( ! way4 ,:ile ?is may be true1 circum/ances may arise ev5 9 ?is case t w\ld r5d] x important t ea* section %\ld "k ( ! movem5t4 ,! difficulty ( specify+ 9 a rule ! cases 9 :i* ! provision might be omitt$ probably l$ to mak+ ! rule absolute4 ,x is po9t$ out1 h[ev]1 by practical m5 t s]i\s & ne$less delays may (t5 arise f /rict adh]5ce to ! rule1 & t 9 c]ta9 cases !re c be no dang] f giv+ ! ord] to ! lead+ section only4 ,x is q possible t ! rule may admit ( "s am5dm5t 9 ?is respect4 ,rule #eba4--,meet+-ord]s mu/ n be s5t = deliv]y to tra9s at ! meet+-po9t if x c be avoid$4 ,:5 x _c be avoid$1 special precautions mu/ be tak5 by ! ,tra9 ,dispat*]s & op]ators to insure safety4 ,!re %\ld be1 if possible1 at lea/ "o telegraph (fice betwe5 ^? at :i* oppos+ tra9s receive meet+-ord]s4 ,ord]s %\ld n be s5t an unnecess>ily long "t be=e deliv]y1 or to po9ts unnecess>ily di/ant f :]e !y are to be execut$4 ,no ord]s 7except ^? affect+ ! tra9 at t po9t7 %\ld be deliv]$ to a freight tra9 at a /ation :]e x has mu* "w1 until aft] ! "w is done4 ,"h x is wisely provid$ t tra9s %all1 if possible1 be advis$ ( _! place ( meet+ be=e rea*+ x4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to po9t out ! obvi\s reasons = ?is1 aris+ f ! possibility ( a tra91 on arrival1 pass+ ! swit* :]e ! meet+ is int5d$ to be4 ,! fir/ & second p>agraphs bo? sugge/ ! advantage ( be+ able to communicate ) a tra9 9 ! ev5t ( a desire to *ange an ord] or ( an error hav+ be5 f\nd to h occurr$ on ! "p ( a tra9 or 9 ! prep>ation or transmission ( an ord]4 ,! ?ird p>agraph is to gu>d aga9/ m5 =gett+ ord]s deliv]$ to !m1 ?r\gh lapse ( "t or preoccupation 9 _! "w1 & also aga9/ ! necessity ( *ang+ ord]s issu$ long 9 advance ( ! "t at :i* !y are expect$ to be us$1 :5 a new set ( circum/ances may h aris54 ,rule #ebb4--;,a tra91 or any section ( a tra91 mu/ be gov]n$ /rictly by ! t]ms ( ord]s address$ to x1 & mu/ n assume rights n conf]r$ by su* ord]s4 ,9 all o!r respects x mu/ be gov]n$ by ! tra9 rules & "t-table4 ,to "s discipl9>ians ! provisions ( ?is rule w\ld seem to be unnecess>y4 ,to say t a ?+ means :at x says & no m w\ld seem to be sup]flu\s1 & yet ! vital importance ( ! po9t1 & ! fact t x has be5 (t5 disreg>d$1 w>rant ?is en=cem5t ( x4 ,a case 9 po9t came n long s9ce to ! au?or's k4 ,a rule 9 ! book ( a c]ta9 road requir$ t all tra9s mu/ sl[ up at meet+-po9ts ) tra9s ( any class4 ,! rule 0 int5d$ to apply to s*$ule meet+-po9ts1 & 0 s g5]ally und]/ood1 not)/&+ ! indef9it5ess ( ! designation4 ,an ord] 0 giv5 requir+ a sup]ior tra9 to wait until a "t /at$ = ! arrival ( an inf]ior tra9 at a po9t rea*$ by ! sup]ior tra9 be=e its arrival at ! s*$ule meet+-po9t4 ,! inf]ior tra9 n arriv+ by ! "t /at$1 ! sup]ior tra9 w5t on & pass$ ! s*$ule meet+-po9t )\t slack5+ spe$1 z requir$ by ! rule4 ,! inf]ior tra9 0 !re & n q out ( ! way1 & a collision occurr$4 ,! conductor & eng9eman ( ! sup]ior tra9 claim$ t ! ord] to meet _h done away ) ! s*$ule meet+-po9t1 & !re=e ! rule did n apply1 :]eas ! ord] 0 provisional1 & 0 completely fulfill$ :5 ! inf]ior tra9 fail$ to arrive & ! sup]ior tra9 w5t on pa/ ! po9t nam$ 9 ! ord] )\t meet+ ! o!r4 ,! inf]ior1 be+ unable to rea* ! giv5 po9t by ! "t /at$1 ran on its rights & /opp$ at ! s*$ule meet+-po9t1 respect+ :i* ! ord] _h made no m5tion4 ,x is to be rem>k$ t :ile ! indef9it5ess ( ! rule may h be5 p>tly *>geable ) ! wrong view tak5 by ! tra9m51 a /rict con/ruction w\ld make x applicable to e po9t t became a meet+-po9t1 :e!r "u ! op]ation ( ! rules or ( special ord]s4 ,a rule capable ( ^! diff]5t con/ructions is fatally defective4 ,rule #ebc4--,ord]s once 9 effect cont9ue s until fulfill$1 sup]s$$1 or annull$4 ,ord]s held by or issu$ = a regul> tra9 :i* has lo/ its rights1 z provid$ by ,rule #ajg1 are annull$1 & o!r tra9s w be gov]n$ accord+ly4 ,! fir/ provision 9 ?is rule is also "o t w\ld seem sc>cely necess>y1 b = ! importance ( emphasiz+ ?is po9t4 ,future exp]i5ce & tra9+ may r5d] x ne$less to include s simple a /atem5t 9 ^! rules4 ,tra9 ,rule #ajg1 ref]r$ to 9 ! second s5t5ce1 provides t a regul> tra9 #ab h\rs beh9d "t loses all its rights1 & is practically annull$4 ,! expiration ( ord]s1 ) ! expiration1 "u ! rules1 ( ! entire rights ( a tra9 :i* has receiv$ !m1 is a necess>y consequ5ce1 al?\gh to "s x might n be suffici5tly cle> )\t ?is au?oritative /atem5t4 ,! /atem5t t1 "u ^! circum/ances1 ord]s are annull$1 leaves ! m9d 9 d\bt z to :e!r !y are simply annull$ by ! /ate ( facts or by ! process provid$ = annull+ ord]s4 ,9 ! publication ( ^! rules z adopt$ by ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company ?is d\bt is remov$ by modify+ ! language to read1 ,ord]s held by or issu$ = a regul> tra9 are to be consid]$ z annull$ :5 ! tra9 has lo/ its rights1 z provid$ by ,rule ,no4 #ajg1 & o!r tra9s w be gov]n$ accord+ly4 ,! ,*esapeake ,ohio road adds to ,tra9 ,rule #ajg a provision t a tra9 hav+ ! "r ( track may take to a telegraph /ation a tra9 t "u ?is rule has lo/ ! "r to proce$4 ,?is seems a good provision1 z su* tra9 has no "r to proce$ ev5 z an extra1 & "u _m circum/ances ! ,dispat*] w\ld h difficulty 9 gett+ control ( a tra9 )\t ?is help4 ,! discussion ( ?is belongs1 h[ev]1 m prop]ly ) ! consid]ation ( tra9 rules4 ,rule #ebd 7,a7--,a fix$ signal mu/ be us$ at ea* tra9-ord] (fice1 :i* %all display r$ at all times :5 !re is an op]ator on duty1 except :5 *ang$ to :ite to all[ a tra9 to pass aft] gett+ ord]s1 or = :i* !re are no ord]s4 ,:5 r$ is display$ all tra9s mu/ come to a full /op1 & n proce$ z long z r$ is display$4 ,! signal mu/ be return$ to r$ z soon z a tra9 has pass$4 ,x mu/ only be fa/5$ at :ite :5 no op]ator is on duty4 ,?is signal mu/ also display r$ to hold tra9s runn+ 9 ! same direction ! requir$ "t ap>t4 ,op]ators mu/ be prep>$ ) o!r signals to use promptly if ! fix$ signal %\ld fail to "w prop]ly4 ,if a signal is n display$ at a night (fice1 tra9s :i* h n be5 previ\sly notifi$ mu/ /op & inquire ! cause1 & report ! facts to ! sup]9t5d5t f ! next op5 telegraph (fice4 ,:5 a semaphore is us$1 ! arm means r$ :5 horizontal & :ite :5 9 an incl9$ position4 ,rule #ebd 7,b7--,a fix$ signal mu/ be us$ at ea* tra9-ord] (fice1 :i* %all display r$ :5 tra9s are to be /opp$ = ord]s4 ,:5 !re are no ord]s ! signal mu/ display :ite4 ,:5 an op]ator receives ! signal #ca or #ai1 he mu/ imm$iately display r$1 & !n reply r$ display$4 ,! signal mu/ n be *ang$ to :ite until ! object = :i* r$ is display$ is accompli%$4 ,:ile r$ is display$ all tra9s mu/ come to a full /op1 & any tra9 ?us /opp$ mu/ n proce$ )\t receiv+ an ord] address$ to su* tra91 or a cle>ance c>d on a specifi$ =m1 /at+1 ov] ! op]ator's signature1 t he has no ord]s = x4 ,op]ators mu/ be prep>$ ) o!r signals to use promptly if ! fix$ signal %\ld fail to "w prop]ly4 ,if a signal is n display$ at a night (fice1 tra9s :i* h n be5 previ\sly notifi$ mu/ /op & inquire ! cause1 & report ! facts to ! sup]9t5d5t f ! next op5 telegraph (fice4 ,:5 a semaphore is us$1 ! arm means r$ :5 horizontal & :ite :5 9 an incl9$ position4 ,rules #ebd7;,a7 & #ebd7;,b7 ref] to ! "* & op]ation ( ! tra9-ord] signal1 & 9 ! orig9al report ( ! committee !y are accompani$ by a note indicat+ t ! adoption ( ei!r or bo? =ms ( ! rule is to be discretion>y1 accord+ to ! circum/ances ( traffic4 ,bo? recognize ! value ( ! fix$ signal1 in/ead ( h& signals1 & its necessity = ! prop] c>ry+ out ( ! rules4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two =ms ( ! rule is t ! =m] provides t ! signal %all /& con/antly at dang]1 except+ :5 *ang$ to ano!r position to p]mit a tra9 to pass1 :ile ) ! latt] ! normal position is at safety1 ! o!r to be %[n only :5 an ord] is to be s5t4 ,"u ! fir/ plan a tra9 approa*+ a /ation mu/ /op unless ! signal is se5 to h be5 *ang$ f its normal position ( dang] to t ( safety--f r$ to :ite4 ,! op]ator 9 ?is case moves ! signal & ?is is an indication t !re are no ord]s = t tra91 al?\gh !re may be = o!rs4 ,! pres5ce ( an ord] 9 ! h&s ( an op]ator does n1 "u ?is me?od1 require t all tra9s pass+ %all /op4 ,"u ! o!r plan ! signal at r$ indicates t ! op]ator has ord]s 9 8 h&s1 & no tra9 c be all[$ to pass by ! simple mov+ ( ! signal1 b ea*1 on arrival1 mu/ /op & get ord]s1 or a cle>ance c>d /at+ t !re are no ord]s = x4 ,"s consid]ations respect+ ^! two me?ods h already be5 advanc$1 & !y ne$ n be repeat$ "h4 ,!re does n seem to be any sub/antial reason :y ! practice ( p]mitt+ a tra9 to pass1 by ! movem5t ( ! signal1 might n be us$ 9 connection ) ! plan ( normal at safety z well z ) ! o!r1 & ! au?or is "u ! impression t ?is is done on "s roads4 ,! rule wisely requires a provision ( o!r signals = prompt use 9 case ! fix$ signal fails to "w4 ,! ma*9]y may break or ! lights g out2 & to see t ?is precaution is obs]v$ is an important duty ( ! (fic] hav+ direct sup]vision ( ^! matt]s4 ,! non-display ( a usual night signal is recogniz$ z a reason = inquiry & caution4 ,rule #ebe4--,op]ators w promptly record & report to ! ,sup]9t5d5t ! "t ( ! dep>ture ( all tra9s & ! direction 9 :i* extra tra9s are mov+4 ,!y w record ! "t ( arrival ( tra9s & report x :5 s direct$4 ,! records & reports "h requir$ are important z a means ( in=mation = ! ,dispat*] & z a *eck on op]ators & tra9s z well z a "p ( ! p]man5t record4 ,suitable blanks mu/ be provid$ = ^! records4 ,rule #ebf4--,regul> tra9s w be designat$ 9 ord]s by _! s*$ule numb]s1 z ,no4 #aj or #bnd ,no4 #aj1 add+ eng9e numb]s if desir$2 extra tra9s by eng9e numb]s1 z ,extra #gih2 & all o!r numb]s by figures4 ,! direction ( ! movem5t ( extras w be add$ :5 necess>y1 z ,ea/ or ,we/4 ,"t w be /at$ 9 figures only4 ,note4--,9 case any roads desire to /ate "t 9 words z well z figures1 ! ,committee sees no objection to _! do+ s4 ,rule #ebg4--,! foll[+ signs & abbreviations may be us$3 ,initials = ,sup]9t5d5t's signature4 ,su* (fice & o!r signals z are arrang$ by ! ,sup]9t5d5t4 ,c ,e--= ,conductor & ,eng9eman4 ,o ,k--z provid$ 9 ^! rules4 ,m9--= ,m9utes4 ,junc--= ,junction4 ,frt--= ,freight4 ,no--= ,numb]4 ,eng--= ,eng9e4 ,sec--= ,section4 ,opr--= ,op]ator4 #i--to cle> ! l9e = ,tra9 ,ord]s1 & = ,op]ators to ask = ,tra9 ,ord]s4 #ca or #ai--;= ,tra9 ,ord]1 z provid$ 9 ! rules4 ,! usual abbreviations = ! names ( ! mon?s & /ations4 ,rules #ebf & #ebg prescribe ! mode ( designat+ tra9s & ! use ( figures1 signs1 & abbreviations1 ) option z to figures1 9 a note "u ,rule #ebf4 ,uni=mity 9 ^! matt]s is important = cle>ness ( und]/&+ & economy & exp$ition 9 telegraph+4 ,x is a "q h[ f> abbreviations may prop]ly be us$ 9 tra9 telegraph+4 ,!y c]ta9ly %\ld be admitt$ only :5 !y c be %[n n to int]f]e ) a safe und]/&+ ( ord]s4 ,initials = ! signatures ( ,sup]9t5d5t or ,dispat*] & op]ators may be us$1 b !y w\ld h>dly be admissible = ! signatures ( tra9m54 ,! latt] may v prop]ly be address$ z ,c4 & ,e4 ,! ,o ,k = all "r is an e/abli%$ signal1 n requir+ a diction>y to int]pret x4 ,m9 = m9ute1 junc = junction1 exp = express1 frt = freight1 eng = eng9e1 ,no = numb]1 ,k = o'clock1 sec = section1 opr = op]ator1 _c mislead4 ,= inquiries & replies respect+ ! "w1 _m codes h be5 con/ruct$ :]e9 ea* is repres5t$ by a numb] or a ^w1 & ! telegraph+ ?us abbreviat$4 ,x w probably nev] be settl$ to ! satisfaction ( ev]ybody :e!r numb]s %\ld be repres5t$ 9 figures or writt5 out 9 full4 ,! op9ion ( practical m5 has be5 lately gr[+ m favorable to figures1 al?\gh "s adh]e rigidly to writ+ out numb]s 9 words4 ,! ,/&>d rules favor figures4 ,mu* dep5ds ( c\rse on ! tra9+ ( ! op]ators4 ,figures are unmi/akable if prop]ly made1 :ile a long numb] writt5 out 9 full may be s poorly writt5 z to confuse ! read]4 ,:]e a s+le figure occurs 9 describ+ a section ( a tra9 z #bnd1 #crd1 etc41 x is easy to take ! "o = ! o!r1 bo? 9 telegraph+ & 9 ! writt5 figures1 & x is wise to write ^! out4 ,! numb]s ( tra9s & ( eng9es are n s liable to be confus$ ) o!rs 9 _! imm$iate neighborhood1 & x w\ld appe> to be entirely prop] to use figures to repres5t !m4 ,! designation ( tra9s is usually by numb]s4 ,?is is m def9ite & m brief ?an by any o!r "t-table title1 z local freight1 ,*icago express1 etc4 ,an extra tra9 is probably be/ describ$ by ! eng9e "n or numb]1 z !re is usually no?+ else ab\t a tra9 s def9ite z ?is4 ,"s add ! names ( conductors & eng9em54 ,:]e !re is any dang] ( "o tra9 be+ mi/ak5 = ano!r1 ! eng9e numb] %\ld be us$1 & c>e tak5 aga9/ mi/akes aris+ f *ange ( eng9es4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,=ms ,,( ,,tra9 ,,ord]s4 ,! advantage ( pre-arrang$ =ms ( tra9 ord]s = ! cases ord9>ily occurr+ has be5 already adv]t$ to1 & is n[ fully recogniz$4 ,=ms %\ld be brief4 ,a multitude ( words is confus+4 ,!y are n s easily read2 :ile a %ort =m1 ) a uni=mly well und]/ood mean+1 is compreh5d$ at a glance4 ,to "k :at x int5ds becomes a "p ( ! education ( a railroad man4 ,= ?is reason x w\ld be a great advance if ?is s]vice c\ld be ev]y:]e conduct$ on ! same plans4 ,brevity also economizes "t 9 telegraph+1 :i* is ( great importance on a busy wire4 ,9 a conv]sation c>ri$ on by a company ( p]sons sev]al may speak at once1 or ne>ly s1 & ?+s g smoo?ly along1 b on a wire only "o c speak at a "t1 & h5ce ! "t ea* communication may occupy becomes important4 ,all m51 h[ev]1 d n quickly cat* an idea :5 its expression is r$uc$ to ! simple/ =m4 ,?is is1 sometimes1 because x is new1 or x may be f lack ( tra9+1 or ev5 natural dullness1 or because human nature is s con/itut$ t m5 view ! simple/ ?+s 9 diff]5t lights4 ,to provide aga9/ all cont+5cies ( ?is k9d1 & to expla9 to m5 ! prop] und]/&+ z well z to settle x au?oritatively1 explanatory rules are ne$$1 ) def9ite in/ructions z to h[ ord]s are to be int]pret$4 ,^! may be /udi$ at leisure & discuss$ & mutually und]/ood by ! m54 ,! ne$ ( ^! rules does n arise f any incomplet5ess 9 ! =ms ( ord]s4 ,a signal = a giv5 purpose is suffici5t 9 itself1 b x is necess>y to /ate ! purpose :i* x is design$ to s]ve4 ,a ^w expresses a def9ite ?\ght1 b we may h to turn to ! diction>y to le>n :at t ?\ght is4 ,ano!r & highly important s]vice ( su* explanatory rules is t !y beget confid5ce1 on ! gr\nd t all und]/& alike4 ,x has be5 be=e urg$ t a sep>ate ord] %\ld be giv5 = ea* sep>ate transaction4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 ne$ n be press$ to extremes4 ,circum/ances may arise 9 :i* =ms may be comb9$ ) advantage4 ,= in/ance1 an ord] may be giv53 ,eng9e #ecj w run extra to ,brighton1 & w meet tra9 ,no4 #b at ,lisbon4 ,?is s]ves ! purpose ( an extra ord] & ( a meet+ ord]1 & is n 9 any way confus+4 ,ord9>ily !re is little to be ga9$ by dep>t+ f ! g5]al rule laid d[n1 b exp]i5ce & good judgm5t w soon det]m9e :]e x w be prop]1 if ! pr9ciples ^u :i* safety may dep5d are kept /eadily 9 view4 ,attempts h be5 made to introduce pr9t$ blanks = ! sev]al =ms ( ord]s1 ) spaces = ! words :i* v>y ) ea* case1 su* words only to be telegraph$4 ,?is plan does n appe>1 h[ev]1 to h met ) mu* favor4 ,! brevity possible 9 =ms is su* t little is sav$ by ?is me?od1 9 ! am\nt ( telegraph+4 ,! words s5t are disconnect$ & unsatisfactory1 & ! c>e & att5tion requir$ 9 hav+ a numb] ( books on ! op]ator's table f :i* to select ! prop] =m w\ld be consid]able1 especially if ! manifold is us$4 ,a suppos$ advantage is 9 hav+ explanatory rules pr9t$ on ea* blank4 ,x is bett] to h ^! pr9t$ toge!r ) all ! =ms = circulation among ! employs1 :o c !n discuss & become famili> ) !m & come to a uni=m und]/&+ z to _! mean+4 ,mu* v>iety has exi/$ 9 ! =ms ( ord]s 9 use4 ,prior to ! q g5]al adoption ( ! ,/&>d code !re 7 probably no two roads on :i* !y 7 9 all respects alike4 ,?is lack ( uni=mity 0 un=tunate1 & "s ( ^! v>iations assum$ s]i\s importance 9 view ( ! "t occupi$ 9 telegraph+ sup]flu\s words4 ,a v few =ms suffice = ! mo/ ( ! ord]s issu$4 ,^? "h consid]$ are ! =ms issu$ ) & =m+ a "p ( ! ,"t ,conv5tion ,rules4 ,!y are ! same 9 pr9ciple z ^? giv5 9 ! =m] edition ( ,! ,tra9 ,wire1 & n greatly diff]5t 9 _! con/ruction4 ,"s h be5 amplifi$ & "s additions h be5 made4 ,!y w be consid]$ "u ! foll[+ classification3 ,a4 ,= tra9s meet+4 ,b4 ,= tra9s pass+4 ,c4 ,rev]s+ rights ( tra9s4 ,d4 ,movem5ts regulat$ by "t4 ,e4 ,= runn+ 9 sections4 ,f4 ,= extra tra9s4 ,g4 ,= annull+ tra9s4 ,h4 ,= annull+ an ord]4 ,i4 ,hold+ ord]s4 ,practice may sugge/ additional =ms or comb9ations ( ^!4 ,9 ^! =ms tra9s are designat$ by numb]s1 x be+ und]/ood t ^? ( odd numb]s move 9 "o direction & h ! "r ( track z aga9/ oppos+ tra9s ( ev5 numb]s1 & t ! tra9 rules fix ?is z well z :i* tra9 %all ord9>ily take ! sid+4 ,x w be und]/ood t all ord]s are address$ 9 ! mann] requir$ by ! rules1 includ+ 9 ! address ! places :]e ! ord] is to be deliv]$1 ?us3 ,c4 ,e4 tra9 ,no4 #a1 ,p>is4 ,c4 ,e4 tra9 ,no4 #b1 ,madrid4 ,! =ms are accompani$ by examples ( _! use1 ) v>iations = diff]5t cases & explanatory notes or rules1 all be+ a "p ( ! ,/&>d rules4 ,foll[+ ea* are ! au?or's rem>ks3 ,=m ,a4--,fix+ ,meet+-,po9t = ,oppos+ ,tra9s4 ---- & ---- w meet at ----4 ,,examples4 ,no4 #a & ,no4 #b w meet at ,bombay4 ,no4 #c & #bnd ,no4 #d w meet at ,siam4 ,no4 #e & ,extra #ie w meet at ,hong ,kong4 ,extra #feb ,nor? & ,extra #bca ,s\? w meet at ,yokohama4 ,tra9s receiv+ ?is ord] w1 ) respect to ea* o!r1 run to ! designat$ po9t1 & hav+ arriv$ !re w pass 9 ! mann] provid$ by ! ,rules4 ,?is ord] is usually giv5 to designate a def9ite meet+-place at :i* ! tra9s w\ld n meet "u ! op]ation ( ! "t-table & tra9 rules4 ,no4 #b has no "r to pass ! regul> meet+-place if ,no4 #a is late1 until x has arriv$2 & ,no4 #b4 w\ld h5ce 9 su* case be delay$ unless an ord] is giv5 au?oriz+ x to proce$4 ,if ,no4 #b is too late to rea* ! regul> meet+-place be=e ,no4 #a may leave1 x mu/1 by ! rules keep out ( ! way ( ,no4 #a by wait+ at "s o!r po9t1 b an ord] enables x to run ) confid5ce1 )\t "t cle>ance1 to a new meet+-place4 ,x may happ5 t an ord] w be useful au?oriz+ tra9s to meet at _! regul> meet+-place1 :5 bo? are beh9d "t or :5 ! inf]ior tra9 is n mu* late4 ,9 any case x avoids ! necessity = all[+ any "t = cle>ance4 ,x is n necess>y to add to ! =m ( ! ord] z giv5 above1 z has be5 sometimes done1 & pass accord+ to rule4 ,! ord] %\ld n be burd5$ ) ?is4 ,! rules respect+ tra9 ord]s %\ld always provide1 z above1 t tra9s ord]$ to meet at a designat$ po9t w bo? run to t po9t1 & hav+ arriv$ !re w pass ea* o!r 9 ! mann] provid$ by ! rules1 unless o!rwise indicat$ 9 ! ord]4 ,?is settles ! "q1 :i* has be5 rais$1 ( ! suffici5cy ( ?is =m ( ord]1 & also r5d]s unnecess>y ! expression meet & pass4 ,! ^w pass is be/ res]v$ = use 9 connection ) a tra9 go+ ar\nd ano!r mov+ 9 ! same direction1 & x w\ld seem unnecess>y to direct tra9s meet+ ea* o!r to pass1 z !y _c proce$ )\t pass+2 & ! rules %\ld prescribe ! me?od4 ,?is positive meet+-ord] is g5]ally deem$ ! safe/ =m ( ord] = oppos+ tra9s1 z x leaves no room = d\bt or calculation 9 det]m9+ h[ ! ord] is to be execut$4 ,9 ! use ( ?is ord] = tra9s ( sev]al sections x mu/ be held to apply to all ! sections1 unless o!rwise specifi$1 & ea* section t is includ$ 9 ! op]ation ( ! ord] %\ld be ref]r$ to & is requir$ by ! ,/&>d rules to h copies4 ,if ! diff]5t sections are to be met at diff]5t places1 sep>ate ord]s are be/4 ,9 ! =ms conta9$ 9 a book ( rules :i* appe>s to h be5 c>efully prep>$1 is f\nd ! foll[+ = a tra9 or a section ( a tra9 :i* is to meet "o ( sev]al sections3 ,tra9 ,no4 -- w meet & pass ---- sections ( tra9 ,no4 -- z foll[s3 fir/ section ,no4 --1 at ----2 second section1 at ----2 ?ird section1 at ----4 ,"s ( ! objections urg$ aga9/ ! practice ( includ+ sev]al meet+-po9ts 9 "o ord]1 "u ! s+le ord] sy/em1 apply equally to ?is4 ,! :ole ( ?is ord] mu/ be transcrib$ = & deliv]$ to ea* section1 & ea* conductor & eng9eman mu/ acqua9t himself ) ! :ole1 :ile b "o tra9 is conc]n$ ) all ( x4 ,! m5 ( ea* ( ! sections nam$ mu/ c>efully pick out :at belongs to !m1 & ^? ( ! fir/ tra9 mu/ ex]cise great c>e to avoid miss+ any ( ! po9ts nam$4 ,x w be f\nd va/ly bett] & saf] to give a sep>ate ord] = ea* meet+4 ,=m ,b4 ,au?oriz+ a ,tra9 to ,run ,ahead ( or ,pass ,ano!r ,tra9 ,runn+ 9 ! ,same ,direction4 7#a47 ---- w pass ---- at ----4 7#b47 ---- w run ahead ( ----1 f ---- to ----4 ,,examples4 7#a47 ,no4 #a w pass ,no4 #c at ,kh>t\m4 7#b47 ,no4 #d w run ahead ( ,no4 #f f ,b5gal to ,madras4 ,:5 "u ?is ord] a tra9 is to pass ano!r1 bo? tra9s w run accord+ to rule to ! designat$ po9t & !re arrange = ! re> tra9 to pass promptly4 ,ref]r+ to ,example #a1 if tra9 ,no4 #a is sup]ior to ,no4 #c1 ! rules %\ld give x ! "r to pass1 z ,no4 #c mu/ keep out ( its way & no ord] w\ld be requir$4 ,if ,no4 #c is ! sup]ior & is = any reason runn+ sl[] ?an ,no4 #a & x is desir$ to p]mit ! latt] to pass1 an ord] ( ?is k9d is ne$$4 ,a regul> freight tra9 may be 9 ! way ( a special pass5g] tra9 :i* x is necess>y %\ld pass ! freight4 ,! ord] may also be ne$$ = two extras or = regul> tra9s ( equal class4 ,if ! tra9 pass$ is ! sup]ior1 ! ord] does n 9 t]ms fully convey to ! o!r all ! "r ne$$4 ,hav+ pass$1 x may be = "s "t1 or at a subsequ5t p]iod1 )9 ! "t ( ! sup]ior tra91 & x h5ce w\ld by ! tra9 rules be requir$ 9 turn to cle> ! track = a tra9 :i* x _h pass$ a %ort "t be=e4 ,a fair inf]5ce is t1 if all[$ to pass1 x is ( c\rse to proce$ ahead ( ! o!r1 b if ?is is n cle>ly und]/ood or fix$ by a rule1 ! =m ( ! ord] %\ld be modifi$ = su* cases ei!r by add+1 & w run ahead f !re1 or by mak+ x read z 9 ,example #b indicat+ ! po9t to z well z t f :i* ! tra9 specifi$ is to run ahead ( ! o!r4 ,?is v>iation is also = au?oriz+ a tra9 to run ahead ( & 9 ! "t ( ano!r f "s po9t at :i* ! o!r has n arriv$4 ,! po9t to :i* x %all s run is to be omitt$ :5 x is n desir$ to impose su* limitation4 ,"u ?is use ( ! ord] ,no4 #f is assum$ to be late1 & ,no4 #d1 an inf]ior tra9 wait+ = x1 is all[$ to proce$ 9 its "t4 ,no4 #f may be a fir/-class pass5g] tra9 wait+ = connections1 & ,no4 #d may be a local freight tra9 :i* is enabl$ by ?is ord] to proce$ ) its "w2 or p]haps x may be a tra9 />t+ f "s way-/ation or junction at :i* ! rules w\ld require x to wait = ,no4 #f to pass4 ,no4 #f is to assume t ! o!r may be ahead at any po9t beyond t nam$ 9 ! ord]1 & run accord+ly4 ,! ,dispat*] ( c\rse provides1 by giv+ m def9ite ord]s z soon z he c d s1 t no unnecess>y delay arises to ! sup]ior tra9 f ! op]ation ( ! ord]4 ,! tra9 rules %\ld make x cle> t :5 a tra9 is au?oriz$ to run ahead ( ano!r by special ord]1 ! tra9 foll[+ mu/ gu>d aga9/ collision ) ! tra9 ahead1 z dur+ ! op]ation ( ! ord] _! relative rights z to sup]iority 7:5 any exi/$7 are rev]s$4 ,an ord] giv+ a tra9 ! "r to use a giv5 numb] ( m9utes 9 ! "t ( a sup]ior tra9 go+ 9 ! same direction1 comes prop]ly "u "t-ord]s4 ,=m ,c4--,giv+ a ,tra9 ( ,inf]ior ,"r ! ,"r ( ,track ,aga9/ an ,oppos+ ,tra9 ( ,sup]ior ,"r4 ---- has "r ( track aga9/ ---- ---- to ----4 ,,examples4 7#a7 ,no4 #b has "r ( track aga9/ ,no4 #a1 ,mecca to ,mirbat4 7#b7 ,extra #cg has "r ( track aga9/ ,no4 #c1 ,natal to ,ratlam4 ,?is ord] gives a tra9 ( inf]ior "r ! "r ( track aga9/ "o ( sup]ior "r to a designat$ po9t4 ,if ! tra9s meet at ! designat$ po9t1 ! tra9 ( inf]ior "r mu/ take ! sid+1 unless ! rules or ord]s o!rwise indicate4 ,"u ?is ord]1 z illu/rat$ by example 7#a71 if ! tra9 ( sup]ior "r rea*es ! designat$ po9t be=e ! o!r arrives1 x may proce$1 provid$ x keeps cle> ( ! s*$ule "t ( ! tra9 ( inf]ior "r z _m m9utes z ! inf]ior tra9 0 be=e requir$ by ! tra9 rules to keep cle> ( ! sup]ior tra94 ,if ! tra9 ( sup]ior "r1 be=e meet+1 rea*es a po9t beyond t nam$ 9 ! ord]1 ! conductor mu/ /op ! o!r tra9 :]e x is met & in=m x ( 8 arrival4 ,"u example 7#b7 ! tra9 ( sup]ior "r _c g beyond ! designat$ po9t until ! extra tra9 arrives4 ,:5 ! tra9 ( inf]ior "r has rea*$ ! designat$ po9t1 ! ord] is fulfill$1 & ! tra9 mu/ !n be gov]n$ by "t-table & tra9-rules or fur!r ord]s4 ,! foll[+ modification ( ?is =m ( ord] w be applicable = giv+ a "w tra9 ! "r ( track ov] all o!r tra9s 9 case ( a wreck or break 9 ! track3-- ,,example4 ,"w ,tra9 ,extra #bge has "r ( track ov] all tra9s betwe5 ,/ockholm & ,ed9burgh f #g ,p4 ,m4 ----4 ,?is gives ! "w tra9 ! exclusive "r ( ! track betwe5 ! po9ts designat$4 ,?is =m is equival5t 9 effect to t kn[n z ! ,reg>dless ord]1 :i* reads ?us3 ,no4 #b w run to 7,lyons7 reg>dless ( ,no4 #a4 ,! t]m reg>dless1 al?\gh hav+ some?+ ( a reckless s\nd1 has be5 tak5 z exactly indicat+ ! purport ( ?is ord]1 viz43 t a tra9 is to cease to reg>d c]ta9 rights ( ano!r :i* are conf]r$ by ! rules1 b are susp5d$ or abrogat$ by ?is ord]4 ,"h1 z 9 o!r duplicate ord]s1 x is und]/ood t a new "r conf]r$ ^u "o tra9 takes away or limits a "r ( "s o!r tra92 & t an ord] all[+ a tra9 to run reg>dless ( ano!r requires ! latt] to keep out ( ! way4 ,x 0 ?\ght be/1 & is c]ta9ly an improvem5t1 to disp5se ) ! old designation & adopt = ?is ord] a title & phraseology indicat+ its purport m specifically4 ,! ord9>y use ( ?is ord] is to advance a tra9 to a po9t )9 ! "t ( "o sup]ior to x1 :5 !re may be unc]ta9ty z to ! tra9s actually meet+ !re4 ,! tra9s w\ld usually proce$ expect+ to meet1 b anticipat+ possible new ord]s4 ,if ! ,dispat*] ?9ks he is likely to h fur!r ord]s1 he may f9d x be/ to add1 & ask = fur!r ord]s4 ,?is w br+ ! tra9m5 at once to ! (fice on arrival if ! oppos+ tra9 is n se54 ,a positive meet+-ord] is to be pref]r$ to ?is =m :5 x w z well s]ve ! purpose4 ,a note to ?is effect 0 propos$ 9 ! ,"t ,conv5tion1 b x 0 f9ally det]m9$ t ?is %\ld be left to ! discretion ( op]at+ (fic]s4 ,! use ( ?is ord] = a tra9 runn+ ahead1 z propos$ 9 ! =m] edition ( ,! ,tra9 ,wire1 is unnecess>y ) ! second example "u ,=m ,b4 ,! effect ( an ord] 9 ,=m ,c is to rev]se = a "t or = c]ta9 p>ts ( ! track ! relations ( tra9s z respects sup]iority ( "r4 ,"s h fail$ to p]ceive t1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 x w be prop] = a tra9 m5tion$ 9 ?is ord] to leave ! designat$ po9t be=e ! o!r has arriv$4 ,?is po9t is settl$ by ! rules ) ! =m1 b x may n be altoge!r cle> to "s t ! conclusion is correct4 ,! foll[+ w p]haps make x cle>3 ,let ,a1 ,b & ,c 9 ! foll[+ diagram repres5t ?ree /ations1 ( :i* ,b is ! s*$ule meet+-po9t ( two tra9s runn+ 9 ! directions indicat$1 ,no4 #a be+ ! sup]ior tra9 & hav+ ! "r to run on its own "t beyond ,b if ,no4 #b has n arriv$4 ,a ,b ,c ,no4 #a;h& h&,no4 #b4 ,bo? tra9s are due at ,b at ! same "t4 ,if ,no4 #a is late be=e arriv+ at ,a an ord] is giv53 ,no4 #b has "r ( track aga9/ ,no4 #a f ,b to ,a4 ,"u ?is ord] ,no4 #b becomes tempor>ily sup]ior to ,no4 #a1 & obta9s ! "r to run to ,a on its own "t )\t reg>d to ! "t or rights ( ,no4 #a4 ,on ! arrival ( ! latt] at ,a x may be f\nd to h made up s mu* "t t x c proce$ t[>d ,b & rea* t or "s int]m$iate po9t be=e ,no4 #b c1 on its own s*$ule "t1 rea* su* po9t4 ,may x d s8 ,!re is cle>ly no?+ 9 ! ord] or 9 ! rules to prev5t4 ,no4 #a is1 = ! "t be+1 ! inf]ior tra94 ,x is 9 ! position ( a tra9 hav+ no rights aga9/ ,no4 #b1 & mu/ be gov]n$ by t fact4 ,b any tra9 inf]ior to ,no4 #b may g f ,a to ,b or to any po9t if x c cle> ,no4 #b 9 accordance ) ! rules4 ,x %\ld be held z a c>d9al pr9ciple 9 tra9 dispat*+ t an ord] is n to be tak5 z hav+ great] effect ?an is actually express$4 ,9 ! ord] 9 "q "o tra9 is direct$ to run to a po9t )\t respect to ! rights ( ano!r4 ,?is annuls ! rights ( ! "o z respects ! regul> "t ( ! o!r = ! portion ( ! track designat$4 ,! rights are simply rev]s$4 ,no4 #a is n[ requir$ to keep cle> ( ! "t ( ,no4 #b z laid d[n 9 ! "t-table1 ) z mu* cle>ance z ! tra9 rules requir$ ( ,no4 #b z respects ! "t ( ,no4 #a be=e ! ord] 0 giv54 ,x _c be suppos$ t ,no4 #b may possibly run ahead ( "t f ,b4 ,?is c\ld only be done on an ord] to d s duplicat$ to ,no4 #a & to any o!r tra9 affect$ by x4 ,if ,b is ! po9t giv5 9 ! ord]1 no su* "q c arise z to ei!r tra91 z ea* is due at ! same "t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ,c is ! giv5 po9t1 x is ^u ! assumption t ,no4 #b is too late to get f>!r ?an ,c )\t int]f]5ce ) ,no4 #a4 ,if ,no4 #b makes up "t1 s t on rea*+ ,c x is f\nd t x has "t to g f>!r & /ill keep cle> ( ,no4 #a1 z requir$ by ! rules1 its s*$ule rights w admit ( ?is1 & ! ord] does n 9 any way int]f]e ) !m except+ 9 add+ to !m :at is suppos$ to be requir$ to enable ! tra9 to rea* ,c4 ,x w\ld appe> !n t :5 an ord] gives a tra9 ( inf]ior "r ! "r ( track to a giv5 po9t aga9/ a sup]ior tra91 ! tra9 arriv+ fir/ at ! designat$ po9t may g beyond x1 be=e ! o!r arrives1 to any po9t :]e x c cle> ! regul> "t ( ! oppos+ tra9 ! numb] ( m9utes requir$4 ,! tra9 ?us pass+ ! giv5 po9t mu/ run z ! inf]ior ( ! two until ! o!r is met1 & %\ld be requir$1 z 9 ! rule1 to cle> ! o!r by z mu* z ! tra9 rules prescribe = cle>ance ( simil> tra9s4 ,z a fur!r illu/ration ( ?is "q1 suppose t a g5]al ord] 7 issu$ giv+ to a regul> tra9 ! "r ( track aga9/ all o!r tra9s4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t ?is w\ld prev5t o!r tra9s f runn+1 except+ z !y might fall into ! "t ( ! tra9 to :i* ?is "r 0 giv54 ,or ! ord] "u ,=m ,d giv+ all tra9s ! "r ( track aga9/ a giv5 tra91 does n prev5t ! designat$ tra9 f runn+ freely :]e x does n get 9 ! way ( o!r regul> tra9s4 ,x is evid5t t ?is =m ( ord] diff]s f ! meet+ ord] 9 ?is important respect1 t "u c]ta9 circum/ances tra9s may meet at "s o!r po9t ?an t nam$ 9 ! ord]1 & t x may be said t :5 ei!r tra9 has rea*$ ! po9t designat$ 9 ?is ord]1 x may proce$1 if x c d s )\t trespass+ on ! s*$ule "t ( ! o!r4 ,! po9t is fur!r illu/rat$ "u ! op]ation ( ,=m ,d4 ,x is evid5t t1 if ! inf]ior tra9 is an extra1 x has no s*$ule "t by :i* ! sup]ior tra9 c be guid$1 & h5ce ! latt]1 z provid$ by ! rule1 _c g beyond ! designat$ po9t until ! extra has arriv$4 ,! c>eful discussion ( ! "q "h involv$ is ju/ifi$ by ! fact t practical m5 hold diff]5t views respect+ x1 & _m rules det]m9e x diff]5tly or leave x :olly or p>tly unsettl$4 ,! fact t !re is a consid]able div]sity ( op9ion ^u s important a po9t1 indicates t ! c\rse to be pursu$ "u ! circum/ances %\ld be cle>ly set =? 9 ! rules4 ,a rule %\ld n1 h[ev]1 be made to add to ! effect ( an ord]4 ,x is usually only ne$$ by way ( explanation or to au?oritatively det]m9e t ^u :i* a d\bt may exi/4 ,x may occur to "s t ! tra9s meet+ at an unexpect$ po9t may n recognize ea* o!r z ! tra9s designat$ 9 ! ord]4 ,x mu/ be presum$ t conductors w obs]ve all tra9s met1 & kn[+ :at regul> tra9s are due w "k :5 !y h met !m1 & n wait else:]e = !m2 & t extras are di/+ui%$ f regul> tra9s by prop] signals4 ,to avoid delays1 h[ev]1 a provision is made t a tra9 ( sup]ior "r rea*+ a po9t beyond t designat$ 9 ! ord] be=e meet+ ! o!r tra91 mu/ notify ! latt] :5 x is met4 ,z 9 t case ! tra9 ( sup]ior "r has n ! "r ( track1 x mu/ take ! sid+ :]e x meets ! tra9 :i* has be5 giv5 ! "r ( track aga9/ x4 ,:5 ! tra9 ( inf]ior "r arrives at ! po9t designat$ 9 ! ord] be=e meet+ ! o!r1 ! ord] is fulfill$2 & hav+ no long] ! "r ( track x mu/ take ! sid+ at t po9t or at su* o!r po9t z x may rea* "u ! op]ation ( ! rules 9 "t to cle> ! tra9 ( sup]ior "r4 ,an ord] 9 ,=m ,c ) "t limit is objectionable1 z !re is dang] ( ov]look+ ! "t limit4 ,x is bett] to use a di/9ct =m = "t ord]s4 ,=m ,d4--,giv+ all ,regul> ,tra9s ! ,"r ( ,track ,ov] a ,giv5 ,tra94 ,all regul> tra9s h "r ( track aga9/ ---- betwe5 ---- & ----4 ,,example4 ,all regul> tra9s h "r ( track aga9/ ,no4 #a betwe5 ,mosc[ & ,b]l94 ,?is ord] gives to any regul> tra9 ( inf]ior "r receiv+ x ! "r ( track ov] ! tra9 nam$ 9 ! ord]1 & ! latt] mu/ cle> ! s*$ule times ( all regul> tra9s1 ! same z if x 7 an extra4 ,?is =m involves ! same pr9ciples z ! la/1 & might h be5 includ$ "u ! same g5]al head b = ! wi% to give x great] di/9ctness4 ,! use ( ov] 9 ! title & ! rule1 in/ead ( aga9/ us$ else:]e1 is probably ! result ( ov]sight4 ,no =m 0 pres5t$ by ! ,conv5tion ,committee = giv+ to a giv5 tra9 ! "r ( track aga9/ all regul> tra9s4 ,if circum/ances require1 su* an ord] c ( c\rse be giv5 on ! same plan z o!rs involv+ ! same pr9ciples4 ,=m ,e4--,"t ,ord]s4 7#a47 ---- w run ---- late f ---- to ----4 7#b47 ---- w wait at ---- until ---- = ----4 ,,examples4 7#a47 ,no4 #a w run #bj m94 late f ,joppa to ,ma9z4 7#b47 ,no4 #a w wait at ,muscat until #aj ,a4 ,m4 = ,no4 #b4 ,=m 7#a7 makes ! s*$ule "t ( ! tra9 nam$1 betwe5 ! po9ts m5tion$1 z mu* lat] z ! "t /at$ 9 ! ord]1 & any o!r tra9 receiv+ ! ord] is requir$ to run1 ) respect to ?is lat] "t1 ! same z be=e requir$ to run1 ) respect to ! regul> s*$ule "t4 ,! "t 9 ! ord] %\ld be su* z c be easily add$ to ! s*$ule "t4 ,"u ,=m 7#b7 ! tra9 ( sup]ior "r mu/ n pass ! designat$ po9t be=e ! "t giv51 unless ! o!r tra9 has arriv$4 ,! tra9 ( inf]ior "r is requir$ to run ) respect to ! "t specifi$1 ! same z be=e requir$ to run ) respect to ! regul> s*$ule "t ( ! tra9 ( sup]ior "r4 ,! "* & effect ( ^! two =ms ( ,"t ,ord]s are suffici5tly cle> f ! explanatory rules4 ,! fir/ simply sets back a s*$ule & ! second is positive z to ! "t to :i* ! sup]ior tra9 mu/ wait4 ,!re might h be5 add$ a =m au?oriz+ an inf]ior tra9 to use a giv5 numb] ( m9utes ( ! "t ( a sup]ior tra94 ,?is w\ld h appli$ to any po9t4 ,! effect w\ld h be51 = ! p>ticul> inf]ior tra91 ! same z "u ,example #a = all tra9s4 ,x 0 probably conclud$ t1 if a tra9 0 to run late1 all o!rs %\ld h ! b5efit1 & t !re w\ld be no p>ticul> advantage 9 a =m = b "o tra94 ,! "t-limit feature appe>s also 9 ,=ms ,g & ,h4 ,_m object to "t-ord]s4 ,!y are c]ta9ly n z def9ite z a positive meet+-ord]1 & = ?is reason1 & because !re is a *ance ( error 9 ! calculations requir$1 !y are n to be pref]r$4 ,a "t-table1 h[ev]1 is a "t ord]1 & x is n always possible to avoid direct+ tra9s to run ) ref]5ce to "t4 ,a judici\s ,dispat*] w discrim9ate z to ! cases 9 :i* he %\ld d ?is4 ,9 all cases su* ev5 numb] ( m9utes or h\rs %\ld be giv5 z w r$uce to a m9imum ! risk ( mak+ ! necess>y addition or subtraction4 ,! risk ( a "t ord] & ( all runn+ on "t1 arises l>gely f ! possibility ( tra9m5 n hav+ ! correct "t4 ,! all[ance ( five m9utes = diff]5ce 9 wat*es does n appe> to answ] ! purpose = :i* x is design$1 z m5 w trespass on ?is4 ,! objections made to "t ord]s appe> to be ov]come z f> z possible by ! =ms pres5t$1 & n[ g5]ally adopt$1 ) ! pres5t excell5ce ( "t-keep]s & ! precautions insi/$ on = pres]v+ !m 9 good condition4 ,=m ,f4--,= ,sections ( ,regul> ,tra9s4 ---- w c>ry signals ---- to ---- = ----4 ,,examples4 ,no4 #a w c>ry signals ,a/rakhan to ,cabul = ,eng4 #he4 #bnd ,no4 #a w c>ry signals ,london to ,dov] = ,eng4 #ij4 ,?is may be modifi$ z foll[s3 ,eng9es #gj1 #he1 & #ij w run z #a/1 #b;d & #c;d sections ( ,no4 #a ,london to ,dov]4 ,= annull+ a section4 ,eng4 #he is annull$ z second section ( ,no4 #a f ,dov]4 ,if !re are o!r sections foll[+ add3 ,foll[+ sections w *ange numb]s accord+ly4 ,! "* ( tra9 = :i* signals are c>ri$ may be /at$4 ,ea* section affect$ by ! ord] mu/ h copies1 & mu/ arrange signals accord+ly4 ,:5 two or m tra9s are run on ! same s*$ule or "t-table "t1 ) ! same s*$ule rights1 ea* c>ry+ signals = t foll[+ x1 ea* sev]al tra9 is ref]r$ to z a section4 ,^u "s roads ^! sections foll[+ ! fir/ tra9 are call$ extra tra9s4 ,?is me?od is n recogniz$ "u ! /&>d rules1 ! t]m extra be+ appli$ only to tra9s n run by s*$ule4 ,x is ( great importance t ! rights ( a second or o!r foll[+ section be cle>ly und]/ood1 bo? by tra9m5 & ^? engag$ 9 ! issue ( telegraphic ord]s4 ,! g5]al practice is n[ probably su* z to leave b little misappreh5sion on ?is po9t1 :atev] may h be5 ! case 9 ! pa/1 :5 ) "s ! rule 0 to foll[ ! flag :]ev] x might g1 in/ead ( z n[ treat+ ea* section1 9 asc]ta9+ its rights1 z ?\gh x 7 runn+ alone on ! s*$ule4 ,:5 a regul> tra9 is to c>ry signals to d5ote t a second section is to foll[ on ! same s*$ule1 ! au?or is ( ! op9ion t a tra9 ord] to ?is effect %\ld be giv5 9 a def9ite =m4 ,rule #aaj ( ! ,/&>d rules appe>s to au?orize ! practice t prevails ) "s1 "u :i* ! signals = freight tra9s runn+ 9 sections are ord]$ on by ! y>d dispat*] or /ation ag5t4 ,if ! tra9 ,dispat*] is duly advis$1 !re does n seem to be any s]i\s objection to ?is1 al?\gh !re are reasons to be urg$ 9 favor ( all ord]s affect+ ! movem5t ( tra9s be+ issu$ f ! c5tral (fice4 ,c]ta9ly x w\ld n be wise to delegate ?is au?ority z respects pass5g] tra9s1 & ?is ! ,/&>d rules recognize4 ,! =ms giv5 = sections make ! ord] to c>ry signals equival5t to an ord] to run z a section ( a regul> tra94 ,! ord] annull+ a section implies t signals w be remov$ z ! circum/ances may require4 ,=m ,g4--,= ,arrang+ a ,s*$ule = a ,special ,tra94 7#a47 ,eng4 ---- w run z special ---- tra91 leav+ ---- on ---- on ! foll[+ s*$ule1 & w h ! "r ( track ov] all tra9s3 ,leave ----4 ----4 ,arrive ----4 ,,example4 7#a47 ,eng4 #gg w run z special pass5g] tra91 leav+ ,tur9 on ,?ursday1 ,feb4 #ag?1 on ! foll[+ s*$ule1 & w h ! "r ( track ov] all tra9s3 ,leave ,tur9 #aa4cj ,p4 ,m4 ,pek9 #ab4be ,a4 ,m4 ,canton #a4dg ,a4 ,m4 ,arrive ,rome #b4bb ,a4 ,m4 ,example 7#a7 may be v>i$ by specify+ p>ticul> tra9s ov] :i* ! special %all or %all n h "r ( track1 & any tra9 ov] :i* ! special tra9 is ?us giv5 ! "r ( track mu/ cle> its "t z _m m9utes z su* tra9 is requir$ to cle> ! s*$ule "t ( a fir/-class tra94 7#b47 ,eng4 ---- w run z special ---- tra91 leav+ ---- on ---- ) ! rights ( a ---- class tra9 ----1 on ! foll[+ s*$ule1 :i* is a supplem5t to "t-table ,no4 ----3 ,leave ----4 ----4 ,arrive ----4 ,,example4 7#b47 ,eng4 #ge w run z special pass5g] tra91 leav+ ,g5eva1 ,?ursday1 ,feb4 #ag?1 ) ! rights ( a fir/-class tra9 ea/1 on ! foll[+ s*$ule1 :i* is a supplem5t to "t-table ,no4 #aj3 ,leave ,g5eva #aj4jj ,a4 ,m4 ,pek9 #aj4cj ,a4 ,m41 pass+ ,no4 #ab4 ,canton #aa4jj ,a4 ,m41 meet+ ,no4 #g4 ,arrive ,a!ns #aa4cj ,a4 ,m4 ,example 7#b7 creates a regul> tra9 & ! specifi$ meet+ & pass+ po9ts are to be reg>d$ z if designat$ 9 ! same mann] z on ! "t-table4 ,su* tra9s w be gov]n$ by all rules :i* affect regul> tra9s4 ,=ms = arrang+ s*$ules 7 n sugge/$ 9 ! =m] edition ( ,! ,tra9 ,wire1 & _! use has n be5 v g5]al4 ,!y appe> to be adapt$ to "s special circum/ances & wants1 b 9 ! adoption ( ! ,/&>d rules "s roads h omitt$ a portion ( ! provisions "u ,=m ,g4 ,no p>ticul> rem>ks ne$ be made respect+ ^! =ms1 except+ p]haps t we h "h an introduction ( ! "t feature & t any risk f ?is is enhanc$ by ! consid]able numb] ( times to be s5t by telegraph & obs]v$ by tra9m54 ,=m ,h4--,extra ,tra9s4 ---- w run extra f ---- to ----4 ,,example4 7a47 ,eng4 #ii w run extra f ,b]b] to ,gaza4 ,a tra9 receiv+ an ord] to run extra is n requir$ to gu>d aga9/ oppos+ extras1 unless direct$ by ord] to d s1 b mu/ keep cle> ( all regul> tra9s1 z requir$ by rule4 ,a "w tra9 is an extra1 = :i* ! above =m w be us$ = a direct run 9 "o direction4 ,! au?ority to occupy a specifi$ portion ( ! track1 z an extra :ile work+1 w be giv5 9 ! foll[+ =m3 7b47 ,eng4 #bib w "w z an extra f #g ,a4 ,m4 until #f ,p4 ,m4 betwe5 ,b]ne & ,tur94 ,! work+ limits %\ld be z %ort z practicable1 to be *ang$ z ! progress ( ! "w may require4 ,! above may be comb9$1 ?us3 7c47 ,eng4 #bib w run extra f ,b]ne to ,tur9 & "w z an extra f #g ,a4 ,m4 until #f ,p4 ,m4 betwe5 ,tur9 & ,rome4 ,:5 an ord] has be5 giv5 to "w betwe5 designat$ po9ts1 no o!r extra mu/ be au?oriz$ to run ov] t "p ( ! track )\t provision = pass+ ! "w tra94 ,:5 x is anticipat$ t a "w tra9 may be :]e x _c be rea*$ = meet+ or pass+ ord]s1 x may be direct$ to report = ord]s at a giv5 "t & place1 or an ord] may be giv5 t x %all cle> ! track = a designat$ extra 9 ! foll[+ =m3 7d47 ,"w tra9 #bib w keep cle> ( ,extra #bbc1 s\?1 betwe5 ,antw]p & ,brussels aft] #b4aj ,p4 ,m4 ,9 ?is case1 extra #bbc mu/ n pass ei!r ( ! po9ts nam$ be=e #b4aj ,p4 ,m41 at :i* "t ! "w tra9 mu/ be out ( ! way betwe5 ^? po9ts4 ,:5 ! movem5t ( an extra tra9 ov] ! work+ limits _c be anticipat$ by ^! or o!r ord]s to ! "w tra91 an ord] mu/ be giv5 to su* extra1 to protect itself aga9/ ! "w tra91 9 ! foll[+ =m3 7e47 ,extra #gf w protect itself aga9/ "w tra9 extra #ie betwe5 ,lyons & ,p>is4 ,?is may be add$ to ! ord] to run extra4 ,a "w tra9 :5 met or ov]tak5 by an extra mu/ all[ x to pass )\t unnecess>y det5tion4 ,:5 ! conditions are su* t x may be consid]$ desirable to require t "w tra9s %all at all times protect !mselves :ile on work+ limits1 ?is may be done "u ! foll[+ arrangem5ts4 ,to example 7b7 add ! foll[+ words3 7f47 protect+ itself aga9/ all tra9s4 ,a tra9 receiv+ ?is ord] mu/1 :e!r /&+ or mov+1 protect itself )9 ! work+ limits 7& 9 bo? directions on s+le track7 aga9/ all tra9s1 9 ! mann] provid$ 9 ,rule #ii4 ,:5 an extra receives ord]s to run ov] work+ limits x mu/ be advis$ t ! "w tra9 is )9 ^? limits by add+ to example 7a7 ! words3 7g47 ,eng4 #bjb is work+ z an extra betwe5 ,b]ne & ,tur94 ,a tra9 receiv+ ?is ord] mu/ run expect+ to f9d ! "w tra9 )9 ! limits nam$4 ,"u ,=m ,h x has be5 und]tak5 to cov] ! :ole subject ( ord]s = extra tra9s1 except+ = cases :i* come naturally "u o!r =ms1 z :5 an extra is ord]$ to meet ano!r tra94 ,! t]m wild has be5 q ext5sively us$ = ^! tra9s1 & hi/ory %\ld pres]ve ! fact t on "s roads1 :5 a tra9 0 ord]$ to run extra1 x 0 direct$ to wildcat4 ,an ord] = a tra9 to run extra is v simple4 ,! tra9 is accurately designat$ by ! numb] or "n ( its eng9e1 & ! ord] read+ z 9 example 7a7 is ! f\ndation = ^? :i* foll[4 ,?is is ( c\rse n a duplicate ord]4 ,b "o tra9 is conc]n$1 & !re is no o!r tra9 to be notifi$ until x becomes necess>y to =w>d ! extra by meet+ or o!r ord]s4 ,9 ^? x is describ$ z an extra & treat$ z any o!r tra91 b 9 ! meantime x mu/ keep out ( ! way ( all regul> tra9s1 & ! ,dispat*] mu/ keep x 9 h& & especially gu>d aga9/ hav+ m ?an "o extra on ! same "p ( ! track at ! same "t4 ,"h is an elem5t ( dang] :]e ! necessities require frequ5t extra tra9s4 ,:5ev] practicable1 tra9s %\ld be run on a regul> s*$ule1 b x w (t5 happ5 t !re is no regul> tra9 ^u :i* signals may be c>ri$ = a tra9 t mu/ be run1 & x mu/ g z an extra4 ,a precaution :i* has be5 f\nd valuable is = ! ,dispat*] to h be=e him a l>ge blackbo>d on :i* he %all place conspicu\sly ! numb] ( ea* extra ord]$4 ,! habit1 soon acquir$1 ( look+ at ?is :5ev] an extra is ord]$1 has prov$ a suffici5t safegu>d :]e ?is plan has be5 us$4 ,!re is a class ( extras :i* _c be disp5s$ )1 & ! managem5t ( :i* gives rise to s]i\s difficulty4 ,^! are ! mat]ial or "w tra9s4 ,^! tra9s mu/ "w ^u ! track away f /ations1 (t5 ) a l>ge =ce ( m51 & delays to _! op]ations cause exp5se z well z h9drance to "w4 ,at ! same "t !y mu/ n be p]mitt$ to int]f]e ) ! passage ( regul> tra9s1 nor ( o!rs m ?an c be avoid$4 ,! solv+ ( ?is problem has be5 attempt$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,"s all[ ! "w tra9 to occupy ! track by "r1 except t x mu/ keep out ( ! way ( regul> tra9s4 ,"s p]mit x to "w "u flag until freight tra9s come 9 sight4 ,to get x out ( ! way = any b regul> tra9s1 ! want mu/ be anticipat$1 & an ord] giv5 :ile x is )9 rea* = ! "w tra9 to report = ord]s at a designat$ h\r & place4 ,?is plan does n give z complete control ( ! movem5ts ( ! "w tra9 z is desirable4 ,a plan :i* has comm5d$ itself dur+ long use1 & is pres5t$ 9 ! =ego+ rules1 is z foll[s3 ,! "w tra91 previ\s to />t+ out = ! day1 receives an ord] to run extra to ! "p ( road :]e its "w lies4 ,at ! same "t1 &1 if conv5i5t1 9 ! same ord]1 x is au?oriz$ to "w ^u ! "p ( ! track desir$1 betwe5 two contigu\s telegraph /ations1 a specifi$ "t be+ add$1 if conv5i5t1 at :i* ! tra9 w h to g to "o ( ! (fices limit+ ! work+ gr\nd1 = fur!r in/ructions1 if x is =ese5 t x may be want$ ab\t t "t = ?is purpose4 ,conf9+ ! work+ limits betwe5 two contigu\s telegraph /ations leaves ! smalle/ practicable "p ( ! track beyond complete control4 ,?is practically makes a section ( ! track = ! "t be+ a y>d1 ?r\gh :i* extras _c pass )\t look+ = y>d eng9es1 z is usually provid$ :]e y>d rules include a portion ( ! ma9 track4 ,! rules provide two me?ods = op]at+ "w tra9 on ! section assign$1 a note by ! ,"t ,conv5tion committee indicat+ t ei!r or bo? may be adopt$1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,"o ( ^! requires ! tra9 to protect itself aga9/ all tra9s2 ! o!r all[s x to "w )\t protection1 & requires extras to look out = x & protect !mselves aga9/ x1 aft] receiv+ notice z to :]e x is work+4 ,"u ! fir/ plan ! "w tra9 is requir$ to keep signals out at all times = its protection1 & 9 runn+ to ei!r limit ( its work+ gr\nd to fully protect itself aga9/ any extra :i* might come4 ,x is ( c\rse requir$ to keep cle> ( all regul> tra9s1 & :5 runn+ to or f its work+ gr\nd is provid$ ) su* meet+-ord]s z may be requir$4 ,"u ?is plan1 if ! ,dispat*] f9ds x necess>y to s5d an extra ov] ! work+ gr\nds1 he in=ms x 9 ! ord] t ! "w tra9 is !re 7g74 ,?is furni%es a precaution 9 addition to ! signals ( ! "w tra91 & ! proce$+ is entirely safe4 ,x c be no less s ?an ! practice ( work+ "u flag 9 ! "t ( a delay$ regul> freight tra9 until x appe>s 9 sight1 & ?is plan seems to af=d an entirely practicable me?od = work+ ^! tra9s ) ! lea/ int]f]5ce ) _! "w & ) o!r tra9s1 & ) entire safety4 ,"u ! plan by :i* ! "w tra9 is "u no requirem5t to use any precautions to protect itself on work+ gr\nd1 if ano!r extra is to pass ov] t gr\nd !re is only ! notice to su* extra ( ! pres5ce ( ! "w tra91 & ! necessity ( protect+ aga9/ x4 ,?is may be suffici5t ) a cle> view1 b !re are _m circum/ances :]e ! d\ble precaution w\ld seem to be be/1 z ! requirem5t t signals %all be kept a giv5 di/ance ahead ( a mov+ tra9 is sc>cely likely to be fully compli$ )4 ,! plan 9 :i* ! "w tra9 is requir$ to protect itself is n to be view$ z a case ( divid$ responsibility1 9 :i* ea* p>ty may dep5d on ! o!r4 ,! requirem5t = ! "w tra9 is absolute4 ,an extra gett+ a notice z to :]e ! "w tra9 is employ$ is n requir$ to protect itself4 ,su* notice w\ld lead to keep+ ! tra9 "u great] control & look+ = ! signals ( ! "w tra91 & :e!r ! rule is t ! "w tra9 %all protect itself or n x w\ld be be/ to give su* notice1 z ?is w\ld enable extras to run ) confid5ce & )\t protection aga9/ ! "w tra9 on p>ts ( ! road :]e x 0 n employ$4 ,z to :i* ( ! me?ods provid$ by ! rule %all be us$1 ?is mu/ dep5d some:at ^u circum/ances4 ,:]e ! pass+ ( an extra tra9 is v infrequ5t1 ! con/ant putt+ out ( signals by ! "w tra9 w\ld seem to ^? *>g$ ) ! duty s unnecess>y t !y w\ld be likely to neglect x1 & x w\ld be bett] "u su* circum/ances to require extras to protect :5 ord]s _c be giv54 ,:5 extras are s frequ5t t ! loss ( "t 9 protect+ !mselves w\ld be v s]i\s1 x w\ld be bett] to put ! duty on ! "w tra94 ,!re w\ld be ! advantage !n ( ! daily habit on ! "p ( ^? att5d+ to ?is duty4 ,=m ,j4--,hold+ ,ord]4 ,hold ----4 ,,examples4 7#a7 ,hold ,no4 #b4 7#b7 ,hold all tra9s ea/4 ,z any ord] = :i* ,o ,k has be5 giv5 & ackn[l$g$ op]ates z a hold+ ord] = ! tra9 to :i* x is address$1 ?is =m w only be us$ 9 special cases to hold tra9s until ord]s c be giv5 or = "s o!r em]g5cy4 ,! reason = hold+ may be add$1 z = ord]s4 ,?is ord] is n to be us$ = hold+ a tra9 :ile ord]s are giv5 to o!r tra9s aga9/ x :i* are n at ! same "t giv5 to x 9 duplicate4 ,x mu/ be respect$ by conductors & eng9em5 ( tra9s !reby direct$ to be held z if address$ to !m4 ,conductors1 :5 in=m$ ( ! ord]1 mu/ sign = x1 & _! signatures mu/ be s5t & complete obta9$4 ,:5 a tra9 has be5 s held x mu/ n g until ! ord] to hold is annull$1 or an ord] is giv5 9 ! =m3 ---- may g4 ,?is mu/ be address$ to ! p]son or p]sons to :om ! ord] to hold 0 address$1 & mu/ be deliv]$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! rules & explanations "u ?is =m are s complete t comm5t z to ! design & significance ( ! ord] is unnecess>y4 ,9 view ( mu* =m] practice1 too mu* importance _c be atta*$ to ! provision relat+ to :at ! hold+ ord] %all n be us$ =4 ,=m ,k4--,annull+ a ,s*$ule ,tra94 ---- ( ---- is annull$4 ,,examples4 7#a7 ,no4 #a ( ,feb4 #bi? is annull$4 7#b7 ,no4 #c1 due to leave ,naples ,saturday1 ,feb4 #bi?1 is annull$4 ,add+ f ,alaska1 or betwe5 ,alaska & ,halifax1 :5 appropriate4 ,?is ord] takes away all rights ( ! tra9 annull$ & au?orizes any tra9 or p]son receiv+ x to use ! track z if ! tra9 annull$ 7 n on ! "t-table4 ,if a tra9 is annull$ to a po9t nam$1 its rights beyond t po9t rema9 unaffect$4 ,! ,tra9 ,dispat*] may direct any op]ator to omit repeat+ back an ord] annull+ a tra91 until he has occasion to deliv] x4 ,:5 a tra9 has be5 annull$ x mu/ n be aga9 re/or$ "u its orig9al numb] by special ord]4 ,z ?is is a g5]al ord]1 :i* may or may n h to be deliv]$ to tra9s at all telegraph /ations1 x is v prop]ly provid$ t repeat+ back at once by ea* (fice ne$ n be insi/$ ^u4 ,! re/oration ( an annull$ tra9 "u its orig9al numb] w\ld t5d to confusion1 & ! impropriety ( su* action is "h recogniz$4 ,:5 a tra9 is annull$ x naturally foll[s t ord]s previ\sly issu$ to x cease to be ( effect & ! ,dispat*] mu/ see t ! duplicates ( su* ord]s1 held by o!r tra9s1 are annull$1 if f n do+ s confusion or delay w\ld arise4 ,ord9>ily ! ord] annull+ ! tra9 w\ld be suffici5t1 if s5t to tra9s hold+ ^! ord]s4 ,if a section ( a tra9 is annull$ x w\ld seem t ! same g5]al rule %\ld apply4 ,! ,/&>d rules d n t\* on ?is & x w\ld be difficult to frame & op]ate a rule ^u any o!r ?an ! plan po9t$ out4 ,x may be sugge/$ t ord]s held by ! annull$ section %\ld be transf]r$ to ! section foll[+ x1 & :i*1 by ! rules1 takes its place4 ,?is w\ld be conv5i5t 9 "s cases & :5 s might be direct$2 b !re may be no foll[+ section1 &1 if !re is1 ! circum/ances may h s *ang$ s9ce ! ord]s 7 issu$ z to r5d] !m inapplicable4 ,! transf] ( ord]s )\t ! usual precautions to ensure _! correct reception is objectionable & x is be/ to avoid x :5 n absolutely necess>y4 ,! bett] way is no d\bt to leave to ! ,dispat*] ! disposition ( ord]s issu$ = a tra9 aft]w>d annull$1 :e!r su* tra9 be a section or o!rwise4 ,x w\ld h be5 well if ! ,/&>d rules _h made "s explicit decl>ation on ?is po9t4 ,=m ,l4--,annull+ or ,sup]s$+ an ,ord]4 ,ord] ,no4 ---- is annull$4 ,?is w be numb]$1 transmitt$1 & sign$ = z o!r ord]s4 ,if an ord] :i* is to be annull$ has n be5 deliv]$ to a tra91 ! annull+ ord] w be address$ to ! op]ator1 :o w de/roy all copies ( ! ord] annull$ b 8 own1 & write on t3 ,annull$ by ord] ,no4 ----4 ,an ord] sup]s$+ ano!r may be giv51 add+1 ?is sup]s$es ord] ,no4 ----1 or add+1 in/ead ( ----4 ,,example4 ,no4 #a & ,no4 #b w meet at ,sp>ta in/ead ( at ,!bes4 ,an ord] :i* includes m ?an "o specifi$ movem5t mu/ n be sup]s$$4 ,an ord] t has be5 annull$ or sup]s$$ mu/ n be aga9 re/or$ by ,special ,ord] "u its orig9al numb]4 ,9 ! address ( an ord] annull+ or sup]s$+ ano!r ord]1 ! tra9 fir/ nam$ mu/ be t to :i* rights 7 giv5 by ! ord] annull$ or sup]s$$1 & :5 ! ord] is n transmitt$ simultane\sly to all conc]n$ x mu/ be s5t to ! po9t at :i* t tra9 is to receive x & ! requir$ response fir/ giv51 be=e ! ord] is s5t = o!r tra9s4 ,! annull+ ord] is "h prop]ly made subject to all ! safegu>ds adopt$ = ord]s direct+ ! movem5ts ( tra9s1 & plac$ by its numb] 9 ! s]ies ) !m4 ,sup]s$+ "o ord] by ano!r )\t ! previ\s process ( annull+ is "h provid$ = ) ! important provision t ?is me?od %all n be us$ = an ord] includ+ m ?an "o specifi$ movem5t4 ,x w\ld seldom be applicable to su* a case1 & if x 7 x might t5d to confusion1 s t x is bett] to annul ! :ole ord] & give new in/ructions 9 sep>ate ord]s4 ,! provision t an annull$ ord] %all n be re/or$ "u its orig9al numb] is q necess>y to avoid ! confusion :i* might arise "u ! opposite c\rse4 ,! requirem5t z to priority 9 transmission ( ?is ord] is important1 9 view ( ! fact t ord]s rev]se ! rights ( tra9s1 & ! reason "h is ! same z t :i* obta9s 9 ! orig9al transmission4 ,! ,"t ,conv5tion rules prescribe ! =ms1 etc41 = ! blanks on :i* tra9 ord]s are to be writt54 ,^! =ms are "h %[n1 ) ! specifications = ! manifold-books4 ,"s slight *anges h be5 made 9 ^! by roads adopt+ !m1 b 9 all ess5tial features !y h n be5 dep>t$ f1 s f> z ! au?or is aw>e4 ,/&>d ,tra9 ,ord] ,blank = #ai ,ord]4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,b\nd ,,"h4 ,,p]=at$ ,,l9e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,london ,,p>is ,,railway ,,company ,,telegraphic ,,tra9 ,,ord] ,no4 --4 ,sup]9t5d5t's ,(fice1 ,m>* #bg1 #ahhe4 ------------------------ ------------------------ ,,=m ,= ,/ation to ,c4 ,e4 ( ,no4 #ac4 ,,=m #ai #ai ---- ---- ,conductor & ,eng9eman mu/ ea* h a copy ( ?is ord]4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,rec'd #b3ae ,p4 ,m4 ,made ,complete at #b3af ,p4 ,m4 ,rec'd by ,jones ,op'r4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,specifications = ,tra9 ,ord] ,=m & ,books = ,op]ators = #ai ,ord]s4 ,=m z "h %[n4 ,blank space = ord] #d in*es1 ) no l9es4 ,! mode ( fill+ ! blanks is indicat$ by small type4 ,names ( divisions & (fice to be v>i$ to suit ea* division4 ,=m #f-c_/d x #f in*es bel[ p]=at$ l9e4 ,book #f-c_/d x #g-a_/b in*es4 ,?ree hundr$ leaves2 /it*$2 b\nd at top2 pap] cov] on face & top2 v /iff back on l[] side4 ,pap] opaque1 gre51 siz$1 & ( su* ?ickness z to admit ( mak+ #g good copies ) ,no4 #d ,fab] p5cil4 ,to be us$ ) c>bon pap]1 #f-c_/d x #g in*es1 & a /iff t91 same size1 corn]s r\nd$4 ,/&>d ,tra9 ,ord] ,blank = #ca ,ord]4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,b\nd ,,"h4 ,,p]=at$ ,,l9e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,london ,,p>is ,,railway ,,company ,,telegraphic ,,tra9 ,,ord] ,,no4 #aj ---- ,sup]9t5d5t's ,(fice1 ,m>* #bg1 #ahhe4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,,=m ,,=m ,= ,/ation to ,c4 ,e4 ( ,no4 #ac #ca #ca ---- ---- ,conductor & ,eng9eman mu/ ea* h a copy ( ?is ord]4 ,"t receiv$ #b3ae ,a4 ,m4 ,o4 ,k4 giv5 at #b3ae ,a4 ,m4 ,conductor4 ,eng9eman4 ,tra94 ,made4 ,at ,receiv$ by ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,jones4 ,br[n4 #ac ,complete4 #b3bj ,d5nison4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ---------- -------------------------------- 7,omit ?is ----------column :]e-------------------------------- eng9eman is ----------n requir$-------------------------------- to sign47 ---------- -------------------------------- ---------- -------------------------------- ---------- -------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,specifications = ,tra9 ,ord] ,=m & ,books = ,op]ators = #ca ,ord]s4 ,=m z "h %[n4 ,blank space = ord] #d in*es1 ) no l9es4 ,! mode ( fill+ ! blanks is indicat$ by small type4 ,names ( divisions & (fice to be v>i$ to suit ea* division4 ,=m #f-c_/d x #i-a_/d in*es bel[ p]=at$ l9e4 ,book #f-c_/d x #aj-a_/b in*es4 ,?ree hundr$ leaves2 /it*$2 b\nd at top2 pap] cov] on face & top2 v /iff back on l[] side4 ,pap] opaque1 :ite1 siz$1 & ( su* ?ickness z to admit ( mak+ #g good copies ) ,no4 #d ,fab] p5cil4 ,to be us$ ) c>bon pap]1 #f-c_/d x #i in*es1 & a /iff t91 same size1 corn]s r\nd$4 ,! foll[+ is ! cle>ance c>d propos$ 9 connection ) ! ,/&>d rules to be us$ :5 ! tra9 ord] signal is op]at$ on ! plan ( ,rule #ebd7;,b73 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,london ,,p>is ,,railway ,,company ,,cle>ance ,,c>d4 ,dov]1 #i3ae ,a4 ,m4 ,m>* #be1 #ahh #g4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ------ ,conductor & ,eng9eman ,no4 #ab ------ ,i h no ord]s = y\r tra94 ,signal is out = ,no4 #af4 ------- ,john ,jones1 ------------------------------------- ,op]ator4 ,?is does n int]f]e ) or c\nt]m& any ord]s y may h receiv$4 ,conductor ,,mu/ ,,see t ! numb] ( ,,8 ,,tra9 is ent]$ 9 ! above =m correctly4 ,conductor & ,eng9eman mu/ ea* h a copy4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,g5]al ,,rem>ks4 ,rules z to ,rights ( ,track4 ,! respective rights ( tra9s are frequ5tly spok5 ( 9 :at has gone be=e4 ,any me?od ( dispat*+ mu/ be subject to modification 9 "s ( ! details to accord ) ! p>ticul> rules ( ! road gov]n+ tra9 rights4 ,a great deal ( +5uity has be5 exp5d$ 9 con/ruct+ su* rules1 ) a view to avoid+ delay to tra9s "u all imag9$ circum/ances4 ,tra9s to :i* ! sup]ior "r ( track has be5 assign$ h be5 requir$ to wait at meet+-po9ts tw5ty1 ?irty or m m9utes1 & *ang+ or movable rights h be5 connect$ ) ?is1 & all[ances h be5 made = v>iation 9 wat*es4 ,^! devices may occasionally prove useful1 & rules are necess>y to gov]n ! tra9s 9 ! mo/ ( _! movem5ts1 z ! telegraph may sometimes be out ( ord] & at be/ _c control ! g5]al movem5ts ( tra9s z well z x c be done by rule4 ,b :]e ! telegraph is manag$ ) any?+ l ! p]fection n[ possible1 ! occasions are few ^u :i* x is unavailable = any long "t2 & :atev] may h be5 ! seem+ necessity =m]ly = complicat$ rules & "t all[ances1 x w\ld seem t ^! may n[ be greatly simplifi$1 z has 9 fact be5 done 9 ! ,/&>d rules4 ,^! rules provide t all tra9s runn+ 9 "o direction1 specifi$ on ! "t-table1 %all h absolute "r ( track ov] oppos+ tra9s ( ! same class1 ! rule be+ entirely )\t complication by "t all[ance = cle>ance4 ,?is is exce$+ly simple & int]poses no difficulties 9 asc]ta9+ ! respective rights ( ^! tra9s4 ,! precaution is obs]v$ ( requir+ sup]ior tra9s to /op at s*$ule meet+-po9ts unless ! swit*es are se5 to be "r & ! track cle>1 & to run cauti\sly1 prep>$ to /op at o!r po9ts :]e a tra9 may be met t has n be5 met at a s*$ule meet+-po9t4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 adds no complication to ! rule4 ,= tra9s ( diff]5t classes x is simply arrang$ t ^? ( any class %all cle> ! ma9 track five m9utes be=e ! "t ( ^? ( a sup]ior class4 ,x is n )9 ! plan ( ?is "w to ent] ^u a full discussion ( ! v>i\s me?ods ( arrang+ tra9 rights4 ,x is only insi/$ t ! rules %\ld be simple4 ,?is n only t5ds to safety 9 _! ord9>y op]ation1 b greatly simplifies ! "w ( tra9 dispat*+ & removes ! risks to :i* ?is "w is subject$ by a complicat$ sy/em ( tra9 rules4 ,! r$uction ( ! am\nt ( m5tal ef=t requir$ ( ! ,dispat*]1 9 det]m9+ :at aid he %all give to tra9s by special ord]s1 r$uces ! risk ( 8 mak+ mi/akes 9 ! prep>ation ( ^! ord]s1 & ! simplicity "h urg$ is 9 ! direct l9e ( ! "w ( ! ,"t ,conv5tion committee 9 ! prep>ation ( ! ,/&>d rules4 ,numb]+ ,swit*es4 ,( ^? matt]s fix$ by ! tra9 rules :i* directly affect ! tra9 dispat*+1 few are m important ?an ! arrangem5ts :i* det]m9e h[ tra9s meet+ %all pass ea* o!r4 ,x is usually und]/ood & provid$ t1 :5 tra9s meet1 ^? hav+ ! "r ( track %all keep ! ma9 track1 ) sometimes an exception to ?is 9 favor ( tra9s :i* _c g on ! sid+ )\t back+4 ,:]e ?is latt] provision exi/s x r5d]s x unnecess>y = ei!r tra9 to pass ! swit* 9 ! face ( ! o!r :5 !y are to meet at a sid+ op5 only at "o end4 ,x is sometimes1 h[ev]1 necess>y to put a sup]ior tra9 on ! sid+ = a tra9 t is too heavy or too long to g on1 or = "s o!r reason4 ,! tra9 ord] mu/ settle ?is1 b ?is usually adds to its l5g?4 ,! foll[+ provision has be5 f\nd to entirely meet ! case3 ,at ea* sid+ or gr\p ( swit*es ! ma9 track swit*es are numb]$ f ,no4 #a1 & ! numb]s1 all runn+ 9 ! same g5]al direction1 are pa9t$ on ! swit* signals ) ! initial lett] ( ! /ation or sid+4 ,= in/ance1 at ! ,london pass+ sid+ ! nor!rnmo/ swit* w be m>k$ ,l #a1 & ! s\!rnmo/ ,l #b4 ,an ord] is giv5 requir+ tra9s ,no4 #a & ,no4 #b to meet at ,london1 & x is desir$ to put ! sup]ior tra91 ,no4 #a1 go+ nor?1 on ! sid+4 ,! ord] w\ld !n read3 ,no4 #a & ,no4 #b w meet at ,london ,no4 #b4 ,tra9 ,no4 #b may !n run to swit* ,no4 #b on ! ma9 track1 & tra9 ,no4 #a c g no f>!r4 ,x is a physical impossibility = ! tra9s to pass at t swit* )\t ,no4 #a go+ on ! sid+1 :i* x w\ld d )\t "q "u ! op]ation ( a rule requir+ t :5 tra9s meet on ord]s ! tra9 %all take ! sid+ :i* c d s )\t back+4 ,?is simple arrangem5t indicates also :i* sid+ is to be us$ at a /ation hav+ sev]al4 ,x economizes telegraph+ v mu* & is p]fectly def9ite4 ,?is plan is especially valuable :5 ! arrangem5t ( sid+s is n ( ! mo/ simple "*1 or :5 ?ree or m tra9s are to meet or pass at ! same po9t1 at or ne> ! same "t4 ,! simplicity ) :i* ! plac+ ( ! tra9s is effect$ leaves no?+ to be desir$4 ,ea* goes to its own place )\t hesitation or loss ( "t4 ,9 all railroad op]ations we n[ see increas$ att5tion giv5 to m9ute details4 ,to ?is is due mu* ( ! m>vel\s advance 9 e dep>tm5t4 ,?is is especially evid5t 9 all me*anical appliances4 ,x is v app>5t 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,/&>d ,rules4 ,! sugge/ion "h br\ght =w>d is 9 ?is direction4 ,in/ead ( direct+ tra9s to meet at a giv5 /ation :]e !re may be d\bt z to ! exact po9t1 leav+ !m to asc]ta9 on arrival :i* swit* is to be us$ or :i* sid+ is cle>1 ?is plan gives 9 ! ord] ! precise po9t & also conveys ! in=mation z to :i* tra9 w take ! sid+4 ,?is sugge/ion1 made 9 ! e>li] edition ( ?is "w1 has be5 adopt$ only to a v limit$ ext5t1 s f> z ! au?or is aw>e4 ,he is s fully conv9c$ ( its value t he feels l urg+ its c>eful consid]ation4 ,to fully c>ry out ! plan1 ^? us+ ! ,/&>d rules w\ld h to add ! provision above indicat$ requir+ ^? tra9s to take ! sid+ :i* c d s )\t back+4 ,d\ble ,track4 ,) m ?an "o track ! bus9ess ( tra9 dispat*+ is usually little m ?an to keep sl[ tra9s out ( ! way ( fa/] ones4 ,! protection ( tra9s unexpect$ly /opp$ f tra9s foll[+1 may be effect$ by ! block sy/em 9 use on _m ( our be/ roads4 ,s+le track "w may be ne$$ :5 "o ( ! tracks is block$1 b un=tunately ! m5 engag$ on d\ble track d n become famili> ) ! me?ods = s+le track1 & _c usually op]ate !m satisfactorily 9 em]g5cies4 ,! use ( ! opposite tracks = lay+ (f tra9s is frequ5tly practic$1 b usually "u ! protection ( signals only4 ,:]e !re are two1 ?ree or f\r tracks a mu* m ext5d$ use ( !m might be made = pass+ tra9s ar\nd ea* o!r1 by ! adoption ( ! me?ods = s+le track tra9 dispat*+1 ) good results 9 ! sav+ ( sid+s & 9 keep+ heavy tra9s mov+1 & x is n improbable t exp5diture = additional tracks might sometimes be po/pon$ = consid]able p]iods by ! prop] adaptation ( ! telegraph4 ,!re w\ld seem to be "h an opportunity = manag]s to keep d[n _! capital acc\nt by increas+ ! capacity ( _! tracks by ! addition ( a wire4 ,t ?is has n be5 done 9 _m cases may h be5 ow+ to ! sl[ advance ( ! sci5ce ( tra9 dispat*+ 9 pa/ ye>s1 or p]haps to limit$ in=mation on ! "p ( railroad own]s & (fic]s z to its capabilities4 ,x is c]ta9ly true t s+le track roads ) sid+ facilities none too good are n[ do+ an am\nt ( bus9ess t n _m ye>s ago w\ld h be5 ?\ght to imp]atively dem& additional tracks4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,conclusion4 ,telegraphic tra9 dispat*+ came ) ! telegraph4 ,! fir/ attempts 7 v crude4 ,z late z ! ye> #ahfe1 on "o ( our mo/ important railroads1 ! plan 0 = any conductor to telegraph f a /ation :]e he might be1 to ! conductor ( an oppos+ tra9 at ! next /ation1 /at+ :5 he w\ld leave1 & :]e he w\ld meet ! o!r4 ,:5 ! two came to an und]/&+ !y w5t ahead4 ,! e>ly ord]s1 9 ! attempt to r5d] !m m secure1 7 (t5 obscur$ by accumulat$ cautions z to h[ to run1 & by g5]al directions4 ,to und]take n[ to give ! hi/orical facts ( ^? e>ly days w\ld require m rese>* ?an ! au?or has be5 able to give1 & might involve controv]sy into :i* he does n c>e to ent]4 ,x appe>s likely t me?ods ne>ly l ! pres5t s+le ord] 7 ! e>lie/ tri$1 & ^! seem to h be5 m widely us$ ?an ! duplicate4 ,! latt] 0 at lea/ n long beh9d ! o!r4 ,x 0 orig9at$ & c>efully work$ up 9 sev]al indep5d5t qu>t]s1 & f ^! x has be5 adopt$ by o!rs4 ,! au?or has nev] us$ any o!r me?od4 ,adopt+ x 9 #ahfc1 x 0 9 use = "s ye>s be=e he 0 aw>e t o!rs 7 9 ! same pa?1 :o may h comm5c$ at a /ill e>li] date4 ,! clos+ p>agraph ( ! fir/ edition ( ?is "w 0 z foll[s3 ,?is me?od is gr[+ 9 favor1 & "o object ( ! au?or w h be5 atta9$ if ?is discussion %all aid 9 promot+ its g5]al adoption4 ,9 prep>+ ?is second edition ! fact has con/antly appe>$ t ! =m] words ( recomm5dation relat$ to po9ts :i* are n[ realiz$ facts on a majority ( our railroads & t ! me?od !n urg$ has n[ rea*$ ! !n desir$ position ( g5]al adoption4 ,! au?or _c take leave ( 8 subject )\t a special ^w to railroad manag]s4 ,no sy/em has yet be5 devis$1 or ev] w be1 t w "w itself4 ,rules _c be giv5 to m5 ) ! expectation t !y w take !m up1 ma/] _! pr9ciples & op]ate !m satisfactorily1 especially 9 s important a matt] z t "u discussion1 )\t c>eful in/ruction & intellig5t sup]vision on ! "p ( ^? :o1 f _! (ficial position1 are responsible = ! results4 ,a sup]9t5d5t :o is n himself p>ticul>ly in=m$ respect+ ! rules & me?ods ( 8 telegraph dep>tm5t1 ! "* & capabilities ( ! m5 employ$1 & ! mann] 9 :i* _! duties are p]=m$1 _c expect to secure ! advantages :i* ! telegraph is capable ( giv+4 ,p]haps ! fir/ public intimation t any?+ is wrong may be a s]ies ( s-call$ accid5ts on 8 l9e4 ,inve/igation po9ts to ! c>elessness ( "s op]ator or dispat*] z ! cause4 ,deep] prob+ w\ld p]haps discov] t su* c>elessness 0 ! natural consequ5ce ( lack ( con/ant & pa9/ak+ sup]vision4 ,besides secur+ = su* p>ticul> sup]vision a compet5t & tru/wor?y p]son ^: special bus9ess x %\ld be1 ! sup]9t5d5t c nev] get away f ! necessity ( con/antly impress+ ^u su* (ficial ! responsibilities ( 8 position1 discuss+ ) him ! details ( ! "w1 & see+1 at lea/ occasionally1 ) 8 own eyes1 h[ x is p]=m$4 ,! telegraph may be view$ z hold+ to ! railroad a relation analog\s to t ( ! n]v\s sy/em to ! body4 ,f ! c5t] ( au?ority & intellig5ce x c>ries in=mation & in/ructions to e memb]4 ,x keeps 9 motion ! :ole body1 :i*1 )\t ?is1 w\ld be 9 a measure lifeless4 ,its ceaseless & heal?ful activity is all-important2 & z failure ( ! n]v\s en]gy is to ! human frame1 s to ! railroad is a fall+ (f 9 ! vital =ce op]at+ ?r\gh ! tra9 wire4 ,a tonic is ne$$ & p]haps a *ange ( doctors4 ,! au?or's duties = "s "t h n br\ght him into direct connection ) ! op]ation ( tra9s1 & he w probably nev] aga9 be engag$ 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( railroad "w4 ,8 int]e/ 9 x1 h[ev]1 is unabat$1 & 8 desire t ! me?ods he has endeavor$ to set =? %all meet ) enl>g$ usefulness1 until bett] %all be f\nd1 has l$ him to ?is second ef=t to pres5t :at has be5 8 /udy dur+ ! mo/ ( 8 bus9ess life1 & n[ leads him to urge ^u ^? n[ actively engag$ 9 ?is "w t ! price ( success1 z ( lib]ty1 is et]nal vigilance4 ,,index4 ,abbreviations #id ,accid5ts result+ f lack ( sup]vision #ade ,ackn[l$gm5t ( ,o ,k1 ,effect ( #fi ,succession ( #fi ,ackn[l$g+ ,complete #gi ,ackn[l$g+ ,,ok #ej ,address+ ,ord]s #fb ,addresses ( ,ord]s1 9 ord] ( ,sup]iority #ff ,advance ,ord] #ge ,annull+ an ,ord] #aij be=e tra9 arrives #gh ,annull+ a ,tra9 #abh ,blackbo>d1 %[+ ,extras #abc ,blank = #ai ord] #acb #ca ord] #acc ,cle>ance c>d1 =m #acd ,use ( #db ,clip1 on eng9e #ca1 #hc ,collision1 ,foll[+ tra9 gu>d aga9/ #ajf ,comb9+ ,=ms #ih ,complete1 fir/ to ,sup]ior tra9 #hb giv5 by ,dispat*] #ed1 #fh write on ,ord] #gj ackn[l$gem5t ( #gi :5 giv5 #gj1 #ga1 #gi ,conclusion #adc ,copies ( ,ord]s1 ,h[ ,keep #ca1 #hc ,deliv]+ ,ord]s at ,sup]9t5d5t's ,(fice #hd ,me?ods ( #ea )\t signatures #hj ,direction ( ,tra9s1 affect+ rights #ajj1 #acf ,disabl$ ,tra91 ,ord]s to #ed ,dispat*]1 ,! #ag ,ord]s ,%\ld be ,issu$ by #e transmitt+ ,ord]s #ce1 #de ,d\ble ,track #adj ,duplicate ,ord]1 describ$ #i ,safe 9 ,unskill$ ,h&s #ac ,duplicate1 ,ord]s 9 #hb ,eng9em51 ,signatures ( #ec1 #fh1 #ga ,expiration ( ,ord]s #hi ,explanatory ,rules1 ne$$ #ih ,extra ,tra9s #abj ,figures1 ,use ( #ic1 #id ,fix$ ,me?ods1 be/ #f ,fix$ ,signal #ch1 #ij ,=m ,a1 ,fix+ ,meet+ po9ts #aja ,=m ,b1 ,tra9 runn+ ahead #ajd ,=m ,c1 ,rev]s+ ,rights #ajf ,=m ,d1 ,"r to all regul> tra9s ov] giv5 tra9 #aad ,=m ,e1 ,"t ,ord]s #aae ,=m ,f1 = ,sections #aag ,=m ,g1 ,arrang+ ,s*$ule #aai ,=m ,h1 ,extra ,tra9s #abj ,=m ,j1 ,hold+ ,ord] #abg ,=m ,k1 ,annull+ a ,tra9 #abh ,=m ,l1 ,annull+ an ,ord] #acj ,=ms ( ,ord]s #ig ,classification ( #ajj ,g5]al ,rem>ks #ace ,hold+ effect ( ,ord] n sign$ = #eg ,hold+ ,ord] #abg ,hold+ tra9 aft] ,o ,k is ackn[l$g$ #eg by signals = "t #db :5 telegraph fails #eg ,inf]ior ,"r1 def9$ #fd ,initials1 ,use ( #id ,in/ructions1 ,n include 9 ,ord]s #be ,language ( ,ord]s1 simple #be ,manifold1 ,! #cc ,ord]s to be writt5 9 #fg ,meet+ ,ord]1 ,use & ,advantage ( #ajb ,meet+ ,po9t1 ,copy ( ,ord] = ,op]ator at #ff ,ord]s n ,deliv]$ at #hf ,numb]+ ,ord]s #ca1 #fb ,numb]+ ,swit*es vii1 #acg ,numb]s = ,tra9s #ic ,o ,k s5t & ackn[l$g$ #fh1 #fj ,op]ator1 ,! #ba ,ord]1 ,!1 holds tra9 aft] ,o ,k is ackn[l$g$ #ga int]pos$ to prev5t ,improp] signal #db ,"o movem5t 9 #fb ,ord]s1 remove f book #dj1 #da1 #ea functions1 etc4 #fa held by ,annull$ tra9 #abh h[ long 9 =ce #bi1 #hi includ+ m ?an "o transaction #bf1 #ajc 9 duplicate #fb limit$ to express t]ms #bi no erasures1 etc #bi n s5d too long 9 advance #hf n to meet+ po9t = deliv]y #hf s5t to sup]9t5d5t daily #hc to tra9s away f telegraph /ations #hd to be /rictly con/ru$ #hg1 #aaj :o issue #fa ,pap] = ord]s #cj1 #cc ,pass+1 9 same direction #ajd ,pass+ po9t 9 ,=m ,c1 ,leav+1 be=e opposite tra9 arrives #aji ,pilot1 relations to tra9 #fc to h ord]s #fb ,position ( signal1 ,normal #ci ,precautions 9 issu+ ord]s #d ,pr9t$ =ms = ord]s #ii ,read+ ,ord] al\d #ec1 #fh1 #gj ,record1 ,! #ce ( ,ord]s #fd ,reg>dless ,ord]1 sup]s$$ #ajg ,repeat+ ,ord]s #dh1 #fg1 #fj1 #gi ,responsibility1 divid$ #gg ,rev]s+ rights #ajf ,rights rev]s$ by ,ord]s #fe ,rights1 ,rules respect+ #ace ,rules #fj con/rue /rictly #hg ,rules ( ,"t ,conv5tion1 :5 adopt$ #fj ,rule #ejj #fa #eja #fb #ejb #fb #ejc #fb #ejd #fd #eje #fd #ejf #fe #ejg #ff #ejh #hg #eji #hg #eaj #ga #eaa #gi #eab #hb #eac #hb #ead #hc #eae #hc #eaf #hc #eag #hd #eah #hd #eai #hd #ebj #he #eba #hf #bb #hg #ebc #hj #ebd ,a #ij #ebd ,b #ia #ebe #ic #ebf #ic #ebg #id ,runn+ ,ahead #ajd ,s*$ule1 mean+ ( #fa ,s*$ule "t1 made lat] #aae ,sections1 includ$ 9 ,ord] #he ,meet+ ord] = #ajc ,ord] = #aag ord]$ by y>d dispat*] #aah ,rights ( #aag ,semaphore1 = signal #ch ,signal1 ,! ,tra9 ,ord] #cg ,fix$1 = tra9 ord]s #ij ,signals1 #ca & #ai #fe = em]g5cies #ij1 #ia1 #ic n %[n at night #ia1 #ic ,op]ator's #hc mean+ tra9 ord] #dg ,signatures1 ( ,eng9em5 #ec1 #fh1 #ga =#aiord]1 n tak5 #gi = ord]s1 h[ tak5 & transmitt$ #ec1 #fh1 #gj = ,sup]ior ,tra9 be=e complete = ,inf]ior #ga ,object ( #ha transmission ( #ed ) #ai ord] #ha ,signs & ,abbreviations #id ,simultane\s ,transmission #dg1 #ff ,s+le ,ord]1 describ$ #h fatal defect #aj ,s\nd ,op]ators1 be/ #cd ,special ,tra91 ,s*$ule = #aai ,specim5 ,ord]s #bh1 #cj ,succession1 9 repeat+ ,ord] #di1 #fg 9 ackn[l$g+ ,,ok #fi ,sup]iority1 ,addresses 9 ,ord] ( #ff ,sup]ior ,"r1 def9$ #fd ,sup]s$+ an ,ord] #acj ,sup]vision1 necess>y #add ( ,op]ators #hb ,sy/em1 ,am]ican #c ,sy/ems1 two 9 ,use #g ,telegraph+1 ,c>eful habit 9 #di ,telegraph1 fail+ #ee effect on ord] #eg1 #ga1 #gc1 #hb relation to railroad #ade ,"t ,limit 9 ,=m ,c1 objectionable #aad ( ,tra91 ,record & report #ic ,"t ,ord]s #aae ,"t ,table1 ,mean+ ( #fa ,tracks1 ,ord]s = use (1 9 y>ds #hd ,tra9 ,dispat*+ #a ,tra9 ( ,sup]ior "r1 :5 take sid+ #aac ,tra9 ,ord] ,blanks #acb1 #acc ,tra9 ,ord]s1 ,=ms ( #ig ,tra9 ,ord] ,signal1 ,normal position ( #ib ,tra9 ,rule #ajg1 h[ affects ,ord]s #hi ,tra9 ,rules1 ,k ( #fe ,tra9 ,%eet #ce ,tra9s1 all regul>1 "r ov] giv5 tra9 #aad away f telegraph /ation1 ,ord]s = #hd designat$ by ,numb]s #fh ,report "t ( #ic to be gov]n$ /rictly by ,ord]s #hg ,transmission1 ,! #de ,fir/ ,/eps 9 #fe incomplete1 h[ act #ee ,process aft] #fg1 #gi simultane\s #dg1 #ff ,und]/&+1 ,use ( #ea ,:5ev] practicable1 9 ,rule #eaj #gb ,wild ,tra9s #abb ,wildcat ord] #abb ,"w ,tra9 #abj1 #abc ,work+ limits = #abd giv5 "r ( track #ajg ,y>ds1 ,use ( track 9 #hd ,,william ,p4 ,,hall4 ,pres4 ,a4 ,w4 ,,hall1 ,g54 ,man4 ,w4 ,s4 ,,gilmore1 ,treas4 ,s4 ,,m>% ,,"y4 ,g54 ,agt4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,hall ,signal ,company1 ,,sole ,,manufactur]s ,,& ,,own]s ,,( ,sev]al ,=ms & ,sy/ems ( ,?or\ghly ,te/$ ,automatic ,railroad ,signals ( ,prov5 & ,gu>ante$ ,reliability4 ---------- ,,= ,,:i* ,,! ,,foll[+ ,,claims ,,are ,,made3 #a/4 ,t !y are ! ,,only ,,reliable ,,automatic ,,railroad ,,signals 9 ! m>ket4 #b;d4 ,t !y are ! only ,automatic ,signals t c he successfully op]at$ on ,,all ,,classes ( roadb$4 #c;d4 ,t !y are ! only ,automatic ,signals t ,,inv>iably ,,signal ,,dang] ,,:5 ,,/ruck ,,by ,,lightn+4 #d?4 ,t !y are *eap] to erect & ma9ta9 ?an any o!r signals t h giv5 ev5 approximately satisfactory s]vice4 #e?4 ,t !y h caus$ few] unnecess>y /ops 9 proportion to ! numb] ( op]ations ?an any ,automatic ,signals 9 use at ! pres5t "t4 #f?4 ,t !y c be op]at$ on ei!r ! ,p]missive or ,absolute ,block ,sy/em4 #g?4 ,t !y fully gu>d aga9/ ! mo/ common classes ( railroad accid5ts4 ---------- ,we are prep>$ to fully sub/antiate ! above claims to any railroad (ficial desir+ su* in=mation4 ---------- ,,! ,,hall ,,signal ,,company1 #ej ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,we/]n ,,(fice1 - #cdj ,,! ,,rook]y1 ,,*icago4 ,! ,e4 ,s4 ,greeley ,co41 #e & #g ,dey ,/reet1 ,new ,york1 ,,manufactur]s ,,& ,,import]s ,,( ,,& ,,deal]s ,,9 ,illu/ration3 ,improv$ ,,victor ,,key1 #b4ej4 ,! late/ & be/4 ,s5d = ,circul>4 ,telegraph & ,telephone ,supplies1 ,railway ,signals1 ,fire ,al>ms ,,& ,,electrical ,,bells1 ,etc41 ,,& ,,all ,,k9ds ,,( ,,electrical ,,mat]ials ,,& ,,exp]im5t]s' ,,supplies4 ---------- ,/&>d ,electrical ,measurem5t ,app>atus1 ,,m$ical & o!r ,,batt]ies1 ,,bla/+ ,,ma*9es1 ,etc4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,hyph5ation 0 n /&>diz$4 ,transcriptions = ! two reproduc$ =ms :i* %[ h&writt5 ord]s are provid$4 ,z ! au?or te/ifies1 !y are n v legible & ! worse p>ts are m>k$ uncle>4 ,"o =m has two symbols ( a h& po9t+ :i* are display$ z h&4