,illustration3 ,geology of ,arches ,national ,park ,illustration3 ,,balanced ,,rock1 guarding ,the ,windows section of ,arches ,national ,park4 ,rock is ,slick ,rock ,member of ,entrada ,sandstone resting upon crinkly bedded ,dewey ,bridge ,member of the ,entrada4 ,white rock in foreground is ,navajo ,sandstone4 ,la ,sal ,mountains on right skyline4 7,frontispiece7 ,illustration3 ,graphic ,title ,page ,the ,geologic ,story of ,arches ,,national ,,park ,by ,s4 ,w4 ,lohman ,graphics by ,john ,r4 ,stacy ,,geological ,,survey ,,bulletin #acic ,,united ,,states ,,department ,,of ,,the ,,interior ,,rogers ,c4 ,b4 ,,morton1 ,secretary ,,geological ,,survey ,v4 ,e4 ,mc,kelvey1 ,director ,illustration3 ,department of the ,interior ,march #c1 #aidi ,u4,s4 ,,government ,,printing ,,office3 #aige ,library of ,congress ,cataloging in ,publication ,data ,lohman1 ,stanley ,william1 #aijg- ,the geologic story of ,arches ,national ,park4 7,geological ,survey ,bulletin #acic7 ,bibliography3 p4 ,includes index4 ,supt4 of ,docs4 no43 ,i #ai4c3acic #a4 ,geology--,utah--,arches ,national ,park--,guide-books4 #b4 ,arches ,national ,park1 ,utah--,guide-books4 ,i4 ,title4 ,,ii4 ,series3 ,united ,states ,geological ,survey ,bulletin #acic4 ,,qe#ge4;,b#i ,no4 #acic ,,qe#agj4;,a#g #eeg4cjhs #eeg4ibeh #gd-bccbd ,for sale by the ,superintendent of ,documents1 ,u4 ,s4 ,government ,printing ,office ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #bjdjb ,stock ,number #jbd-jja-jbeih-a ,contents ,page ,beginning of a monument #a ,graduation to a park #e ,early history #i ,prehistoric people #i ,late arrivals #ab ,geographic setting #ah ,deposition of the rock materials #bj ,bending and breaking of the rocks #bd ,uplift and erosion of the ,plateau #cc ,origin and development of the arches #cg ,examples of arches #df ,how to see the park #ej ,a trip through the park #eb ,colorado ,river canyon #eb ,headquarters area #eg ,courthouse ,towers area #fc ,the ,windows section #fh ,delicate ,arch area #gd ,fiery ,furnace #gi ,salt ,valley and ,klondike ,bluffs #hb ,devils ,garden #hc ,summary of geologic history #ih ,additional reading #ajd ,acknowledgments #aje ,selected references #aje ,index #aji ,figures ,page ,frontispiece4 ,balanced ,rock4 #a4 ,arches ,national ,park #f #b4 ,rock art in ,arches ,national ,park #aa #c4 ,wolfe's ,bar-,,dx ,ranch #ad #d4 ,rock column of ,arches ,national ,park #ba #e4 ,common types of rock folds #be #f4 ,common types of rock faults #bf #g4 ,paradox basin #bg #h4 ,geologic section across northwest end of ,arches ,national ,park #bh #i4 ,index map of northwestern part of ,arches ,national ,park #bh #aj4 ,gravity anomalies over ,salt ,valley #ca #aa4 ,tilted block of rocks in ,cache ,valley graben #cd #ab4 ,jointed northeast flank of ,salt ,valley anticline #cf #ac4 ,index map #ch #ad4 ,tunnel ,arch #dc #ae4 8,baby ,arch0 #dd #af4 ,broken ,arch #de #ag4 ,double ,arch #dg #ah4 ,pothole ,arch #dh #ai4 ,glen ,canyon ,group #ec #bj4 ,navajo ,sandstone cliffs #ed #ba4 ,mouth of ,salt ,wash #ee #bb4 ,southeast end of faulted ,cache ,valley anticline #ef #bc4 ,faulted ,seven ,mile-,moab ,valley anticline #eh #bd4 ,three ,penguins #ei #be4 ,moab ,valley #fj #bf4 ,faulted wall of ,entrada ,sandstone #fa #bg4 ,park ,avenue #fb #bh4 ,balanced rocks on south wall of ,park ,avenue #fd #bi4 ,courthouse ,towers #fe #cj4 ,the ,three ,gossips #ff #ca4 ,sheep ,rock #ff #cb4 ,petrified sand dunes #fg #cc4 8,hoodoos and goblins0 #fh #cd4 ,eye of ,the ,whale #fi #ce4 ,intricate crossbeds in ,navajo ,sandstone #gj #cf4 ,cove ,arch and ,cove of ,caves #ga #cg4 ,north ,window #gb #ch4 ,looking southwestward through ,north ,window #gc #ci4 ,south ,window #gd #dj4 ,turret ,arch #ge #da4 ,parade of ,elephants #gf #db4 ,suspension foot bridge across ,salt ,wash #gh #dc4 ,delicate ,arch #gh #dd4 ,fiery ,furnace #hj #de4 ,trail to ,sand ,dune ,arch #ha #df4 ,sand ,dune ,arch #hb #dg4 ,tower ,arch #hd #dh4 ,skyline ,arch #he #di4 ,campground in ,devils ,garden #hf #ej4 ,view north from campground #hg #ea4 ,southeastern part of ,devils ,garden trail #hh #eb4 ,pine ,tree ,arch #hi #ec4 ,landscape ,arch #ia #ed4 ,navajo ,arch #ib #ee4 ,partition ,arch #ic #ef4 ,double ,o ,arch #ic #eg4 ,dark ,angel #id #eh4 8,indian-,head ,arch0 #ie #ei4 ,geologic time spiral #if ,illustration3 ,petroglyph figure ,beginning of a ,monument ,according to former ,superintendent ,bates ,wilson 7#aief71 ,prof4 ,lawrence ,m4 ,gould1 of the ,university of ,michigan1 was the first to recognize the geologic and scenic values of the ,arches area in eastern ,utah and to urge its creation as a national monument4 ,mrs4 ,faun ,mc,conkie ,tanner#a told me that ,professor ,gould1 who had done a thesis problem in the nearby ,la ,sal ,mountains1 was first taken through the area by ,marv ,turnbow1 third owner of ,wolfe cabin4 7,see p4 #ab47 ,when ,professor ,gould went into ecstasy over the beautiful scenery1 ,turnbow replied1 8,i didn't know there was anything unusual about it40 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,williams1 generally regarded as father of the monument1 and ,l4 ,l4 7,bish7 ,taylor1 of the ,moab ,times-,independent1 were the local leaders in following up on ,gould's suggestion and1 with the help of the ,moab ,lions ,club1 their efforts finally succeeded on ,april #ab1 #aibi1 when ,president ,herbert ,hoover proclaimed ,arches ,national ,monument1 then comprising only #g square miles4#b ,it was enlarged to about #ec square miles by ,president ,franklin ,d4 ,roosevelt's ,proclamation of ,november #be1 #aich1 and remained at nearly that size1 with some boundary adjustments on ,july #bb1 #aifj1 until it was enlarged to about #acj square miles by ,president ,lyndon ,b4 ,johnson's ,proclamation of ,january #bj1 #aifi4 ,according to ,breed 7#aidg71 ,harry ,goulding1 of ,monument ,valley1 in a specially equipped car1 traversed the rugged sand and rocks of the ,arches region in the fall of #aicf and1 thus1 became the first person to drive a car into ,the ,windows section of ,arches ,national ,monument4 ,soon after1 a bulldozer followed ,harry's tracks and made a passable trail4 ,when my family and ,i visited the monument in #aidf1 the entrance was about #ab miles northwest of ,moab on ,u4,s4 ,highway #afc 7then ,u4,s4 #afj71 where ,goulding's old tire tracks led eastward past a small sign reading 8,arches ,national ,monument #h miles40 ,this primitive road crossed the sandy1 normally dry ,courthouse ,wash and ended in what is now called ,the ,windows section4 ,at that time there was no water or ranger station1 nor were there any picnic tables or other improvements within the monument proper1 and the custodian was housed in an old barracks of the ,civilian ,conservation ,corps near what is now the entrance1 #e miles northwest of ,moab4 ,former ,custodian ,russell ,l4 ,mahan reported 7oral commun41 ,may #aigc7 that soon after our initial visit in #aidf a #ejj-;gallon tank was installed near ,double ,arch in ,the ,windows section and connected to a drinking fountain and that two picnic tables and a pit toilet were added4 ,at that time the only access to ,salt ,valley and what is now called ,devils ,garden was a primitive dirt road which1 according to ,breed 7#aidg1 p4 #age71 left old ,u4,s4 ,highway #afj 7now ,u4,s4 #afc7 #bd miles northwest of ,moab1 went #bb miles east1 then followed ,salt ,valley ,wash down to ,wolfe cabin 7fig4 #a74 ,according to ,abbey 7#aiga71 who served as a seasonal ranger beginning about #aieh1 a sign had by then been erected at the crossing of ,courthouse ,wash which read3 ,,warning3 ,,quicksand ,,do ,,not ,,cross ,,wash ,,when ,,water ,,is ,,running ,the ranger station1 his home for #f months of the year1 was what ,abbey described as 8a little tin housetrailer40 ,nearby was an information display under a 8lean-to shelter40 ,he had propane fuel for heat1 cooking1 and refrigeration1 and a small gasoline-engine-driven generator for lights at night4 ,his water came from the #ejj-;gallon tank1 which was filled at intervals from a tank truck4 ,at that time there were three small dry campgrounds1 each with tables1 fireplaces1 garbage cans1 and pit toilets4 ,by that time an extension of the dirt road led northward to ,devils ,garden1 and some trails had been built and marked4 ,bates ,wilson became ,custodian of the monument in #aidi and later became ,superintendent not only of ,arches but also of the nearby new ,canyonlands ,national ,park 7,lohman1 #aigd7 and the more distant ,natural ,bridges ,national ,monument4 ,in the fall of #aifi1 ,bates told me of some of his early experiences in the undeveloped monument1 including the evening when #bb cars were marooned on the wrong 7northeast7 side of ,courthouse ,wash after a flash flood4 ,bates and his 8lone0 ranger brought ropes1 coffee1 and what food they could obtain in town after closing time1 threw a line across the swollen stream1 had a tourist pull a rope across1 then took turns wading the stream with one hand on the rope and the other balancing supplies on his shoulder4 ,after a fire had been built and hot coffee and food passed around1 the spirits of the stranded group rose considerably1 except for one irate woman from the ,east1 who refused to budge from her car4 ,bates and his helper finally got the last car out about #a a4m41 after the flood had subsided1 and ,mrs4 ,wilson then supplied lodging and more food and coffee for those who needed it4 ,during and for sometime after ,world ,war ,,ii and the ,korean ,war1 lack of maintenance funds and personnel had prevented improvement of the facilities in many of our national parks and monuments1 particularly in undeveloped ones like ,arches4 ,the day was saved through the wisdom and foresight of former ,park ,service ,director ,conrad ,l4 ,wirth1 who saw the need and desirability of putting the whole 8want0 list into one attractive1 marketable package4 ,in the words of ,everhart 7#aigb1 p4 #cf73 ,selection of a name is of course recognized as the most important decision in any large-scale enterprise1 and here ,wirth struck pure gold4 ,in #aiff the ,park ,service would be celebrating its fiftieth anniversary4 ,what a ,god-given target to shoot for6 ,why not produce a ten-year program1 which would begin in #aief1 aimed to bring every park up to standard by #aiff--;and call it ,mission #ff8 ,the ensuing well-documented and cost-estimated plan for ,mission #ff was enthusiastically backed by ,president ,dwight ,d4 ,eisenhower and approved and well supported by ,congress to the tune of more than #a billion during the #aj-year period4 ,for ,arches1 this included a new entrance1 ,park ,headquarters1 ,visitor ,center1 a museum boasting a bust of founder ,dr4 ,williams1 and modern housing for park personnel1 all #e miles northwest of ,moab4 ,by #aieh 7,pierson1 #aifj7 a fine new paved road between ,park ,headquarters and ,balanced ,rock 7frontispiece7 was completed4 ,these badly needed improvements were followed by the completion of the paved road all the way to ,devils ,garden1 the building of the modern campground1 picnic facilities1 and amphitheater in the ,devils ,garden1 and the construction of turnouts and marked trails4 ,illustration3 ,petroglyph figure ,graduation to a ,park ,arches graduated to a full-fledged national park when ,president ,richard ,m4 ,nixon signed a ,congressional ,bill on ,november #af1 #aiga4 ,the change in status was accompanied by boundary changes that reduced the area to about #aad square miles4 ,the loss of most of ,dry ,mesa1 just east of the present boundary 7fig4 #a71 was offset in part by gains of new land northwest of ,devils ,garden4 ,the present 7#aigd7 boundaries1 roads1 trails1 and named features of the park are shown in figure #a4 ,the park was virtually completed at graduation time1 and so far this change in status has shown up mainly in new entrance signs1 a new #aigb brochure and map1 and a very informative 8,guide to an ,auto ,tour of ,arches ,national ,park10 keyed to numbered signs at parking spaces4 ,about all that remain to be added are new wayside exhibits1 some boundary fences1 and spur roads and trails4 ,illustration3 ,,arches ,,national ,,park1 showing location in ,utah1 boundaries1 streams1 highways and roads1 trails1 landforms1 principal named features1 and the city of ,moab4 ,the reader is referred to figure #g and to road maps issued by the ,state or by oil companies for the locations of other nearby towns and features4 ,visitors also may obtain pamphlets1 from the entrance station or from the ,national ,park ,service office in ,moab1 which contain up-to-date maps of the park and the latest available information on roads1 trails1 campsites1 and picnic sites4 7,fig4 #a7 ,although ,arches had officially become a park in ,november #aiga1 it was not formally dedicated until ,may #ae1 #aigb4 ,the ceremony began by having the ,federal1 ,state1 and local dignitaries and other guests totaling #adj persons board the ,canyon ,king1 a #ic-;foot replica of a ,mississippi ,river sternwheeler 7,lansford1 #aigb2 ,lohman1 #aigd1 fig4 #fi71 for its maiden voyage down the ,colorado ,river4 ,after about half an hour1 the heavily laden boat became stuck on a sandbar1 and after a #ij-minute wait the passengers were rescued by jet boats4 ,this delayed a luncheon at the ,visitor ,center put on by the ,moab ,lions ,club4 ,following the luncheon1 ,park ,superintendent ,bates ,wilson made a brief welcoming address1 then introduced ,j4 ,leonard ,volz1 ,director of the ,midwest ,region of the ,national ,park ,service1 who served as master of ceremonies4 ,speakers included ,utah ,governor ,calvin ,l4 ,rampton1 ,senator ,frank ,e4 ,moss1 a representative of ,senator ,wallace ,f4 ,bennett1 ,representatives ,sherman ,p4 ,lloyd of ,utah and ,wayne ,aspinall of ,colorado1 and ,mitchell ,melich1 ,solicitor ,general of the ,department of ,interior1 representing ,secretary ,rogers ,c4 ,b4 ,morton4 ,after the speeches1 a commemorative plaque1 donated by the ,canyonlands ,natural ,history ,association1 was unveiled by ,senator ,moss and ,mr4 ,melich4 ,most of the color photographs were taken by me on #d- #e-;inch film in a tripod-mounted press camera1 using lenses of several focal lengths1 but a few were taken on #ce-mm film1 using lenses of various focal lengths4 ,i am grateful to several friends for the color photographs credited to them in the figure captions4 ,the black and white photographs were kindly loaned from the ,moab and ,arches files of the ,national ,park ,service4 ,the points from which most of the photographs were taken are shown in figure #ac4 ,illustration3 ,petroglyph figure ,early ,history ,prehistoric ,people ,the ,canyon lands in and south of ,arches were inhabited by cliff dwellers centuries before the first visits of the ,spaniards and fur trappers4 ,projectile points and other artifacts found in the nearby ,la ,sal and ,abajo ,mountains indicate occupation by aborigines during the period from about #cjjj-bjjj ,b4,c4 to about ,a4,d4 #a 7,hunt1 ,alice1 #aief74 ,the ,fremont people occupied the area around ,a4,d4 #hej or #ijj1 and the ,pueblo or ,anasazi people from about ,a4,d4 #ajge to their departure in the late #abth century 7,jennings1 #aigj74 ,most of the evidence for these early occupations has been found in and south of ,canyonlands ,national ,park 7,lohman1 #aigd71 but some traces of these and possibly earlier cultures have been found also within ,arches ,national ,park4 ,ross ,a4 ,maxwell 7,national ,park ,service1 written commun41 #aida7 investigated two caves in the ,entrada ,sandstone in the upper reaches of ,salt ,wash that contain ,anasazi ruins4 ,he mentioned that perhaps a dozen or more other caves should be checked for evidence of former occupation and1 also1 that he found several ancient campsites littered with flint chips and broken tools4 ,one cave ,maxwell explored some #e miles north of ,wolfe ,ranch and north of the park is about #cjj feet long and #ajj to #aej feet deep4 ,it contains the remains of one or more ruins of a structure he thought may have covered much of the floor4 ,the remaining parts of walls now are only two to four tiers of stones in height1 although originally they may have been more than one story high4 ,maxwell explored a second cave on the east side of ,salt ,wash1 about #b miles north of ,wolfe ,ranch1 which contains #af storage cists of adobe4 ,the faces of many older sandstone cliffs or ledges are darkened by desert varnish--a natural pigment of iron and manganese oxides4 ,the prehistoric inhabitants of the ,plateau learned that effective and enduring designs1 called petroglyphs1 could be created simply by chiseling or pecking through the thin dark layer to reveal the buff or tan sandstone beneath4 ,most petroglyphs were created by the ,anasazi1 but those showing men mounted on horses were done by ,ute tribesmen after the ,spaniards brought in horses in the #aejj's4 ,the ,fremont people and some earlier people painted figures on rock faces1 called pictographs1 and some of these had pecked outlines4 ,the so-called 8,moab panel0 was described by ,beckwith 7#aicd1 p4 #agg7 as a petroglyph1 but1 as pointed out by ,schaafsma 7#aiga1 p4 #gb1 #gc71 it comprises figures having pecked outlines and painted bodies1 which actually are combinations of petroglyphs and pictographs4 ,this beautifully preserved group of paintings is shown in the upper photograph of figure #b4 ,mrs4 ,schaafsma goes on to say1 concerning the 8,moab panel03 ,the long tapered body1 the antenna like headdresses1 and the staring eyes are characteristic features of ,barrier ,canyon style figures elsewhere 99 99 994 ,of special interest here are the large shields held by certain figures4 ,a visit to this site indicated that the shields1 although apparently of some antiquity1 have been superimposed over some of the ,barrier ,canyon figures4 ,whether or not this was done by the ,barrier ,canyon style artists themselves or later comers to the site is impossible to tell4 ,although definite proof seems lacking1 she suggested 7written commun41 ,nov4 #c1 #aigc7 that the 8#8,barrier ,canyon style'#c 99 99 99 is earlier than the work in the same region clearly attributable to the ,fremont40 ,note the three bullet holes in and near the right-hand shield4 ,a ledge above the panel that contained petroglyphs during her earlier visit had fallen to the base of the cliff by the time my wife and ,i inspected the panel in ,september #aigc4 ,illustration3 ,,rock ,,art ,,in ,,arches ,,national ,,park4 ,a 7above71 8,moab panel10 on cliff of ,wingate ,sandstone above ,u4,s4 ,highway #afc between ,courthouse ,wash and ,colorado ,river1 believed to be the work of 8,barrier ,canyon0 style people4 ,b 7below71 ,petroglyphs on ledge of sandstone in ,morrison ,formation on east side of ,salt ,wash just north of ,wolfe ,ranch1 believed to have been cut by ,ute tribesmen4 7,fig4 #b7 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b ,b ,mrs4 ,schaafsma believes the petroglyphs in the lower photograph of figure #b to be the work of ,ute tribesmen1 not only because of the horses1 but also because of the stiff-legged appearance of the mountain sheep4 ,note the bullet hole above the panel4 ,late ,arrivals ,later arrivals in and near ,arches ,national ,park included first ,spanish explorers1 then trappers1 cattlemen1 cattle rustlers and horse thieves1 followed in the present century by oil drillers1 uranium hunters1 jeepsters1 and tourists4 ,butch ,cassidy1 the ,sundance ,kid1 and other members of ,the ,wild ,bunch are known to have frequented parts of what is now ,canyonlands ,national ,park 7,baker1 ,pearl1 #aiga71 but it is not certain whether or not any of them traversed what is now ,arches ,national ,park4 ,the first settler in what is now ,arches ,national ,park was a ,civil ,war veteran named ,john ,wesley ,wolfe1 who was discharged from the ,union ,army about #c weeks before the ,battle of ,bull ,run because he suffered from varicose veins4 ,in #ahhh his doctor told him he had to leave ,ohio for a dryer climate or he would not live #f months1 so he took his son ,fred west and settled on a tract of #aej acres along the west bank of ,salt ,wash1 where his 8,wolfe cabin0 still stands 7figs4 #a1 #c74 ,from family letters and newspaper clippings compiled by ,mrs4 ,maxine ,newell and other members of the ,national ,park ,service 7,maxine ,newell1 written commun41 #aiga71 we learn what life in the area was like3 ,we have started a cattle spread on a desert homestead4 ,we call it the ,bar-,,dx ,ranch4 ,fred and ,i live in a little log house on the bank of a creek that is sometimes dry1 sometimes flooded from bank to bank with roaring muddy water4 ,we are surrounded with rocks--gigantic red rock formations1 massive arches and weird figures1 the like of which youve sic never seen4 ,the desert is a hostile1 demanding country1 hot in summer1 cold in winter4 ,the ,bar-,,dx ,ranch is a day's ride from the nearest store1 out of the range of schools4 ,although ,john ,wolfe had promised his wife and his other children that he would return home the first fall that his cattle sales netted enough money1 he and ,fred stayed on and on1 and his wife refused to go west and join her husband and son4 ,eighteen years later he sent money from his pension check to his daughter1 ,mrs4 ,flora ,stanley1 his son-in-law1 ,ed ,stanley1 and his two grandchildren1 ,esther and ,ferol1 to join him and ,fred at the ranch4 ,their train was met at ,thompson ,springs 7now ,thompson71 ,utah 7fig4 #g71 by ,john ,wolfe for the #cj-mile ride to the ranch by horse and wagon4 ,sight of the tiny log cabin with only a dirt floor brought tears to his daughter's eyes1 but her spirits rose considerably after ,john ,wolfe promised to build a new log cabin with a wooden floor4 ,but the children were enchanted with this strange country1 with the building of the new cabin1 and1 especially1 with getting to go rabbit hunting with ,grandpa ,wolfe4 ,the ,stanleys stayed at the ranch until ,esther was #aj1 then moved to ,moab to await the arrival of their third child1 ,volna4 ,in #aiaj ,john ,wolfe sold the ,bar-,,dx ,ranch1 and the entire family moved to ,kansas4 ,john ,wolfe later moved back to ,ohio1 and died at ,etna1 ,licking ,county1 on ,october #bb1 #aiac1 at the age of #hd1 #be years after his doctor had warned him to move to a dryer climate or face an early death4 ,wolfe had sold his spread to ,tommy ,larson1 who later sold it to ,j4 ,marv ,turnbow and his partners1 ,lester ,walker and ,stib ,beeson4 ,the old log cabin gradually came to be known as the 8,turnbow cabin10 and this name appeared on early maps of the area by the ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey and on early pamphlets by the ,national ,park ,service1 partly because ,marv ,turnbow served as a camphand in #aibg assisting in the first detailed geologic mapping of the area 7,dane1 #aice1 p4 #d74 ,in #aidg the ranch was sold to ,emmett ,elizondo1 who later sold it to the ,government for inclusion in what was then the monument4 ,from information supplied by ,wolfe's granddaughter1 ,mrs4 ,esther ,stanley ,rison1 and his great-granddaughter1 ,mrs4 ,hazel ,wolfe ,hastler1 who visited the cabin in ,july #aigj1 the original name ,wolfe cabin1 or ,wolfe ,ranch1 has been restored1 and appears on the newer maps and pamphlets4 7,see fig4 #a47 ,what remains of ,wolfe's ,bar-,,dx ,ranch is shown in figure #c4 ,illustration3 ,,wolfe',s ,,bar-,,dx ,,ranch1 on west bank of ,salt ,wash at start of trail to ,delicate ,arch4 ,left to right3 ,corral1 wagon1 8new0 cabin1 and root cellar4 8,old0 cabin1 which formerly was to right of photograph1 was washed away by a flood in #aijf4 7,fig4 #c7 ,arches ,national ,park is surrounded by active uranium and vanadium mines and by many test wells for oil1 gas1 and potash2 it is underlain by extensive salt and potash deposits4 ,oil and gas are produced a few miles to the north and east1 and potash is being produced about #ab miles to the south 7,lohman1 #aigd74 ,uranium and vanadium have been mined on the ,colorado ,plateau since #ahih 7,dane1 #aice1 p4 #agf7 and in the ,yellow ,cat area 7also called ,thompson's area71 just north of the park 7fig4 #a71 since about #aiaa 7,stokes1 #aieb1 p4 #g74 ,the deposits in the ,yellow ,cat area occur in the ,salt ,wash ,sandstone ,member of the ,morrison ,formation 7fig4 #d74 ,according to ,pete ,beroni 7,u4,s4 ,atomic ,energy ,commission1 oral commun41 ,august #f1 #aigc71 some ore is still being produced in the ,yellow ,cat area1 and the production of vanadium ore will increase as soon as the uranium mill at ,moab is converted to also handle vanadium ore4 ,the ,corral and so-called ,shinarump mines along the southwest side of ,moab ,canyon just north of ,sevenmile ,canyon 7fig4 #a7 are still actively producing uranium ore from the ,moss ,back ,member of the ,chinle ,formation1 according to ,mr4 ,beroni4 ,the occurrences of salt and potash in and near the park and the attempts to find oil and gas nearby are discussed in a recent report 7,hite and ,lohman1 #aigc71 and the deposits beneath ,moab1 ,salt1 and ,cache ,valleys are discussed in later chapters4 ,in #aiee and #aief the ,pacific ,northwest ,pipeline1 known also as the 8,scenic ,inch10 was constructed by the ,pacific ,northwest ,pipeline ,corp4 to transmit natural gas from wells in the ,san ,juan ,basin of northwestern ,new ,mexico for a total of #a1dhg miles to the ,pacific ,northwest1 with additional pickups from gas fields in northeastern ,utah1 northwestern ,colorado1 and southwestern ,wyoming 7,walters1 #aief74 ,this #bf-;inch pipeline follows the general route of ,u4,s4 ,highway #afc from ,cortez1 ,colo41 past ,moab to ,sevenmile ,canyon #aj miles northwest of ,moab1 where it turns abruptly to the northeast and crosses about the middle of ,arches ,national ,park4 ,it crosses the park road and the flat area between the ,fiery ,furnace and the southeast end of ,devils ,garden1 but the scars are so well healed that most visitors are unaware of its existence unless they happen to look southwestward across ,salt ,valley1 where the filled excavation is still visible4 ,the filled trench also appears in the lower middle of figure #bc4 ,unlike ,canyonlands ,national ,park a few miles to the south1 ,arches was not on the route of the famous early-day river expeditions of ,john ,wesley ,powell or of most of those that followed2 however1 the southeastern boundary of the park is the ,colorado ,river1 formerly the ,grand1 which was traversed by the first leg of the ill-fated ,brown-,stanton expedition 7,dellenbaugh1 #aijb1 p4 #cdc-cfi2 ,lohman1 #aigd74 ,the canyon of the ,colorado ,river along the southeastern park boundary is deep and beautiful and is a favorite stretch of quiet water for boaters and floaters4 ,partly paved ,state ,highway #abh on the east bank is a part of a most scenic drive from ,moab to ,cisco--a small railroad town about #cb miles northeast of the eastern border of figure #a 7fig4 #g74 ,this road has been variously called the 8,moab ,mail ,road10 the 8,cisco ,cutoff10 the 8,dewey ,road10 or the 8,dewey ,bridge ,road0 after an old suspension bridge 7fig4 #g7 across the ,colorado ,river at the old townsite of ,dewey about #ab miles south of ,cisco4 ,during the summer this deep colorful canyon may be viewed at night by artificial illumination4 ,each evening one-half hour after sundown1 an #hj-passenger jet boat leaves a dock north of the highway bridge1 carries passengers several miles upstream1 then floats slowly downstream followed by a truck on the highway carrying #dj1jjj watts of searchlights which play back and forth on the colorful red canyon walls1 while the passengers listen to a taped discourse4 ,the entire trip requires about #b hours4 ,the spectacular arches and red rocks of ,arches and vicinity have been used to advantage in making color movies and color ,,tv shows4 ,parts of the recent ,walt ,disney film 8,run1 ,cougar1 ,run0 were filmed beneath ,delicate ,arch 7fig4 #dc71 in ,professor ,valley of the ,colorado ,river just east of the park 7fig4 #g71 and in other sections of the canyon country4 ,ever since military jet aircraft broke the sound barrier1 there has been a growing number of protests from concerned citizens1 organizations1 and ,national ,park ,service officials concerning the dangers sonic booms have posed to ,indian ruins and delicate erosional forms in our national parks and monuments1 such as natural bridges1 arches and windows1 balanced rocks1 and natural spires or towers4 ,many instances of damaged ruins1 roads1 erosional forms1 and broken windows were reported4 ,my wife and ,i can vouch for the destructive power of such booms1 for in ,october #aifi1 while we were having breakfast at ,squaw ,flat ,campground in ,the ,needles section of ,canyonlands ,national ,park1 a particularly severe blast from a low-flying jet not only violently rocked our jack-supported trailer but broke the windshield of our car4 ,at ,arches ,national ,park1 particular fear was felt for ,landscape ,arch 7fig4 #ec71 thought to be the longest natural stone arch in the world1 and many a special round trip from headquarters involving #dg road miles and #b trail miles was made to check on the condition of this arch after especially loud sonic booms were heard4 ,finally1 in ,april #aigb1 following a rash of newspaper and magazine articles that spread across the nation1 the ,secretary of the ,air ,force put a virtual stop to this danger by ruling that1 except in an emergency 7,moab ,times-,independent1 ,april #ab1 #aigb73 ,supersonic flights must not only avoid passing over national parks1 they also may not fly near them1 according to the new regulation4 ,for each #a1jjj feet of altitude1 the pilot must allow one-half mile between the flight path and the park boundary4 ,the regulation also prohibits supersonic flights below #cj1jjj feet 7over land7 so the high speed planes must allow #ae miles between the nearest park boundary and the flight path4 ,let us hope that with the aid of this long-needed regulation and cooperation from visitors1 the arches will remain intact for many more generations to see4 ,illustration3 ,petroglyph figure ,geographic ,setting ,geologists have divided the ,united ,states into many provinces1 each of which has distinctive geologic and topographic characteristics that set it apart from the others4 ,one of the most intriguing and scenic of these is the ,colorado ,plateaus province1 referred to in this report simply as the ,colorado ,plateau1 or the ,plateau 7,hunt1 ,c4 ,b41 #aief1 fig4 #a74 ,this province1 which covers some #aej1jjj square miles and is not all plateaus1 as we shall see1 extends from ,rifle1 ,colo41 at the northeast to a little beyond ,flagstaff1 ,ariz41 at the southwest1 and from ,cedar ,city1 ,utah1 at the west nearly to ,albuquerque1 ,n4 ,mex41 at the southeast4 ,arches ,national ,park occupies part of the ,canyon ,lands ,section1 one of the six subdivisions of the ,plateau4 ,as the names imply1 the ,canyon ,lands ,section of the ,plateau comprises a high plateau generally ranging in altitude from #e1jjj to #g1jjj feet1 which has been intricately dissected by literally thousands of canyons4 ,arches ,national ,park is drained entirely by the ,colorado ,river1 whose deep canyon borders the park on the southeast 7fig4 #a74 ,most of the park is drained by ,salt ,wash1 which enters the ,colorado ,river just southeast of ,the ,windows section1 but the southwestern part is drained by ,courthouse ,wash and ,moab ,canyon1 whose flows join the ,colorado just west of the bridge on which ,u4,s4 ,highway #afc crosses the river4 ,when viewed at a distance of #a foot1 the shaded relief map 7fig4 #a7 shows the general shape of the land surface in and near ,arches ,national ,park to the same horizontal scale as it would appear to a person in a spacecraft flying at a height of #bej1jjj feet1 or about #dg4e miles4 ,this map was prepared from part of the reverse side of a plastic-relief map#d at a scale of #a3bej1jjj by the ,u4,s4 ,army ,map ,service of the ,moab quadrangle1 using a simple time- and money-saving method 7,stacy1 #aifb74 ,illustration3 ,petroglyph figure ,deposition of ,the ,rock ,materials ,the vivid and varied colors of the bare rocks and the fantastic buttes1 spires1 columns1 alcoves1 caves1 arches1 and other erosional forms of ,arches ,national ,park result from a fortuitous combination of geologic and climatic circumstances and events unequalled in most other parts of the world4 ,first among these events was the piling up1 layer upon layer1 of thousands of feet of sedimentary rocks under a wide variety of environments4 ,sedimentary rocks of the region are composed of clay1 silt1 sand1 and gravel carried and deposited by moving water2 silt and sand transported by wind2 and some materials precipitated from water solutions1 such as limestone 7calcium carbonate71 dolomite 7calcium and magnesium carbonate71 gypsum 7calcium sulfate with some water71 anhydrite 7calcium sulfate alone71 common salt 7sodium chloride71 potash minerals1 such as potassium chloride1 and a few other less common types4 ,some of the beds were laid down in shallow seas that once covered the area or in lagoons and estuaries near the sea4 ,other beds were deposited by streams in inland basins or plains1 a few were deposited in lakes1 and the constituents of deposits like the ,navajo ,sandstone1 were carried in by the wind4 ,the character and thickness of the exposed sedimentary rocks and the names and ages assigned to them by geologists are shown in the rock column 7fig4 #d7 and in the cross section 7fig4 #h74 ,the history of their deposition is summarized on pages #ih-ajb4 ,figure #d was compiled mainly from generalized sections given by ,a4 ,a4 ,baker 7#aicc71 ,dane 7#aice71 ,mc,knight 7#aidj71 and ,wright1 ,shawe1 and ,lohman 7#aifb71 and1 in part1 from ,hite and ,lohman 7#aigc74 ,illustration3 ,,rock ,,column ,,of ,,arches ,,national ,,park4 ,average thickness of units #bej-a1jjj feet is exaggerated two times2 those less than #bej feet1 four times4 #a foot #j4cje meter4 7,fig4 #d7 ,,age 7millions of yrs ago7 ,,geologic ,,age ,,name ,,of ,,rock ,,unit ,,kind ,,of ,,rock ,,and ,,how ,,it ,,is ,,sculptured ,,by ,,erosion ,,thickness 7feet7 ,,named ,,for ,,occurrence ,,at ,,or ,,near #ajj ,late ,cretaceous ,mancos ,shale ,lead-gray fossiliferous marine shale4 ,forms slopes4 8 ,mancos1 ,colo4 ,dakota ,sandstone ,conglomeratic sandstone1 gray shale1 carbonaceous shale1 and coal4 ,forms ledge4 #ajj ,dakota1 ,nebr4 ,unconformity ,late ,jurassic ,morrison ,fm4 #gjj ,morrison1 ,colo4 ,brushy ,basin ,member ,variegated shale1 some sandstone and conglomerate1 petrified wood1 chert1 and dinosaur bones4 ,may contain some beds of ,burro ,canyon 7,early ,cretaceous7 age4 ,salt ,wash ,member ,crossbedded white and gray conglomeratic sandstone beds and lenses1 locally carnotite bearing1 and red and gray sandy mudstone4 ,forms slopes4 ,unconformity #afj ,san ,rafael ,group 7,san ,rafael ,swell1 ,utah7 ,summerville ,fm4 ,thin bedded red sandstone and shale4 ,some cherty limestone concretions4 ,forms slopes4 #j-dj ,summerville ,point1 ,utah ,entrada ,ss4 7,entrada ,point1 ,utah7 ,moab ,member ,white1 crossbedded fine-grained sandstone4 ,caps ,slick ,rock ,member north of ,devils ,garden and ,fiery ,furnace and on ,klondike ,bluffs4 #j-ajj ,moab1 ,utah ,slick ,rock ,member ,salmon-colored to pink and white fine-grained generally crossbedded sandstone1 containing some medium- to coarse-grained sand4 ,generally forms cliffs or narrow fins many of which contain arches or windows4 #j-bdj ,slick ,rock1 ,colo4 ,dewey ,bridge ,member ,red muddy sandstone and sandy mudstone1 with contorted bedding4 ,forms easily eroded bases to arches in ,windows ,section1 hence aided in their development4 #j-age ,dewey ,bridge1 ,utah ,unconformity #aij ,jurassic and ,triassic7872 ,glen ,canyon ,group ,navajo ,sandstone ,massive crossbedded buff1 gray1 and white fine-grained sandstone1 and local beds of gray limestone4 ,forms cliffs along ,colorado ,river1 floors ,windows ,section4 #j-cej ,navajo ,country1 ,four ,corners 7,glen ,canyon1 ,u47 ,late ,triassic787 ,kayenta ,formation ,lavender1 gray1 and white lenses of sandstone1 red sandy shale1 and conglomerate4 ,contains some freshwater shells4 ,caps and protects cliffs of ,wingate ,sandstone4 #j-bej ,kayenta1 ,ariz4 ,late ,triassic ,wingate ,sandstone ,massive1 horizontally bedded and crossbedded reddish buff fine-grained sandstone4 ,forms vertical cliffs along ,colorado ,river1 ,cache ,valley1 ,salt ,wash1 and ,courthouse ,wash4 #j-cej ,fort ,wingate1 ,n4 ,mex4 #bjj ,chinle ,formation ,irregularly bedded buff to red sandstone1 red mudstone1 limestone1 and conglomerate4 ,lenticular sandstone and conglomerate 7,moss ,back ,member7 locally at base4 ,freshwater shells1 petrified wood1 reptile bones4 ,forms slopes4 #j-gjj ,chinle ,valley1 ,ariz4 ,moss ,back ,ridge1 ,utah ,unconformity ,middle787 and ,early ,triassic ,moenkopi ,formation ,thin-bedded brown shale1 gray and brown sandstone1 arkosic grit1 and conglomerate4 ,crops out on southwest side of ,moab ,valley and in several places in ,salt and ,cache ,valleys4 ,forms slopes4 #j-a1cjj ,moenkopi ,wash1 ,ariz4 ,unconformity #bej ,permian ,cutler ,formation ,chocolate brown and red sandy shale1 maroon and pinkish-gray arkose and conglomerate4 ,lower part probably equivalent in age to ,rico ,formation in areas to south and east4 ,crops out in ,moab ,canyon west of ,moab fault4 ,forms slopes4 #j-b1ejj ,cutler ,creek1 ,colo4 ,pennsylvanian ,hermosa ,formation ,unnamed upper member ,gray marine fossiliferous sandy limestone1 gray and greenish-gray sandstone and sandy shale1 and red sandy shale4 ,exposed in ledges southwest of ,moab fault in highway cut west of park entrance4 #j-a1ejj ,hermosa ,creek1 ,animas ,river ,valley1 ,colo4 #cjj ,paradox ,member ,salt1 gypsum1 and anhydrite1 with black and gray shale and limestone4 ,few exposures in ,salt and ,cache ,valleys4 ,forms slopes4 #j-aa1jjj ,paradox ,valley1 ,colo4 ,unconformity ,pennsylvanian787 ,unnamed conglomerate ,yellow sandstone with boulders of limestone and chert containing ,mississippian fossils4 ,exposed at two places in ,salt ,valley4 8 ,not exposed in the area but present far beneath the sedimentary cover and exposed in several places a few miles to the northeast are examples of the other two principal types of rocks--7#a7 igneous rocks1 solidified from molten rock forced into or above preexisting rocks along cracks1 joints1 and faults1 and 7#b7 much older metamorphic rocks1 formed from other preexisting rock types by great heat and pressure at extreme depths4 ,igneous rocks of ,tertiary age 7fig4 #ei7 form the nearby ,la ,sal ,mountains4 ,the particles comprising the sedimentary rocks in the area were derived by weathering and erosion of all three types of rocks in various source areas4 ,arches ,national ,park and nearby ,canyonlands ,national ,park are both in the heart of the ,canyon ,lands ,section of the ,plateau2 therefore1 it is only reasonable to wonder why the differences in their general character seemingly outweigh their similarities4 ,first1 let us consider the similarities4 ,both parks are underlain by dominantly red sedimentary rocks1 both parks feature unusual erosional forms of sandstone1 and both contain beautiful natural arches1 although the arches in ,canyonlands are restricted almost entirely to the southeastern part of ,the ,needles section and are in much older rocks than those in ,arches4 ,to be sure1 differences in the rocks themselves play a part in the dissimilarity of the two parks1 and these differences are of two types4 ,first1 there are lateral changes in the character of the strata1 known to geologists as facies changes1 brought about by differences in the environment1 in the type of materials1 and in the mode of deposition even within relatively short distances4 ,thus1 during parts of the ,permian ,period while sand1 later to be known as the ,cedar ,mesa and ,white ,rim ,sandstone ,members of the ,cutler ,formation1 was being deposited in the southern part of ,canyonlands1 red mud1 silt1 and sand of the ,cutler were laid down farther north in ,canyonlands 7,lohman1 #aigd1 fig4 #i71 and similar1 though somewhat coarser1 beds of the ,cutler were laid down at ,arches 7fig4 #d74 ,further comparisons of the rock columns in the two parks show that while limestones of the ,rico ,formation were being deposited in a shallow sea in the southern part of ,canyonlands1 additional red mud1 silt1 and sand of the ,cutler were being laid down above sea level in areas to the northeast4 ,the source of the coarser materials was the ancient ,uncompahgre ,highland1 which stood above sea level from ,late ,pennsylvanian time to ,late ,triassic time 7figs4 #g1 #ei74 ,although wider and longer1 it occupied about the same position as the present ,uncompahgre ,plateau between ,grand ,junction and ,gateway1 ,colo4 ,streams eroded the hard igneous and metamorphic rocks from this ancient landmass and dumped the material into basins to the northeast and southwest4 ,the basin to the southwest1 now called the ,paradox basin 7after ,paradox ,valley1 ,colo471 at intervals contained shallow seas and lagoons1 which ,i will discuss later4 ,comparison of the rock columns for the two parks also reveals other differences4 ,both parks contain exposures of rocks as old as the ,pennsylvanian ,paradox ,member of the ,hermosa ,formation4 ,however1 only in the ,horseshoe ,canyon ,detached ,unit of ,canyonlands are rocks as young as the ,jurassic ,entrada ,sandstone1 whereas all the spectacular natural arches that make ,arches famous were formed in the ,entrada ,sandstone1 and ,arches also contains several younger formations of ,jurassic and ,cretaceous age 7fig4 #d74 ,a commonly asked question is 8,why are most of the rocks so red1 particularly those in which the arches were formed80 ,this can be answered with one word--iron1 the same pigment used in rouge and in paint for barns and boxcars4 ,various oxides of iron1 some including water1 produce not only brick red but also pink1 salmon1 brown1 buff1 yellow1 and even green or bluish green4 ,this does not imply that the rocks could be considered as sources of iron ore1 for the merest trace1 generally only #a to #c percent1 is enough to produce even the darkest shades of red4 ,the white or nearly white ,navajo ,sandstone and the ,moab ,member of the ,entrada ,sandstone contain little or no iron4 ,as pointed out by ,stokes 7#aigj1 p4 #c71 microscopic examination of the colored grains of quartz or other minerals shows the pigment to be merely a thin coating on and between white or colorless particles4 ,sand or silt weathered from such rocks soon loses its color by the scouring action of wind or water1 so that most of the sand dunes and sand bars are white or nearly so4 ,bending ,and ,breaking of ,the ,rocks ,perhaps the greatest geologic contrast between these two closely adjacent parks lies in their different geologic structure--the kind and amount of bending and breaking of the once nearly flat lying strata4 ,consolidated rocks1 particularly brittle types1 are subject to two types of fracturing by ,earth forces4 ,joints are fractures along which no movement has taken place4 ,faults are fractures along which there has been displacement of the two sides relative to one another 7fig4 #f74 ,as noted in the report on ,canyonlands ,national ,park 7,lohman1 #aigd71 the strata there1 particularly along the valley of the ,green ,river1 are virtually flat lying or have only very gentle dips4 ,along the ,colorado ,river above the confluence with the ,green1 however1 the slightly dipping strata are interrupted by several gentle anticlinal and synclinal folds 7fig4 #e7 and by at least one fault 7fig4 #f74 ,the largest of these folds--the ,cane ,creek anticline1 which crosses the ,colorado ,river north of ,canyonlands--has yielded oil in the past and is now yielding potash by solution mining of salt beds in the ,paradox ,member of the ,hermosa ,formation4 ,illustration3 ,,common ,,types ,,of ,,rock ,,folds4 ,top1 ,anticline1 or upfold2 closed anticlines are called domes4 ,bottom1 ,syncline1 or downfold2 closed synclines are called basins4 ,from ,hansen 7#aifi1 p4 #ca1 #ajh74 7,fig4 #e7 ,in strong contrast to ,canyonlands1 ,arches ,national ,park contains three northwesterly trending major folds and is bordered on the southwest by a fourth4 ,the largest and most important are the collapsed ,salt ,valley and ,cache ,valley anticlines1 which separate the two most scenic groups of arches and other erosional forms--,eagle ,park1 ,devils ,garden1 ,fiery ,furnace1 and ,delicate ,arch on the northeast1 and ,klondike ,bluffs1 ,herdina ,park1 and ,the ,windows section on the southwest4 ,farther southwest is the ,courthouse syncline1 containing the attractive group of erosional forms called ,courthouse ,towers 7fig4 #a74 ,finally1 near the southwest edge of the park1 is the ,seven ,mile-,moab ,valley anticline 7also known as the ,moab-,spanish ,valley anticline71 whose southwest limb is cut off by the ,moab fault 7figs4 #g1 #bc74 ,the folds just named and the sharply contrasting geologic structures of the two parks are well shown on sheet #b of the geologic map of the ,moab quadrangle 7,williams1 #aifd71 and the geologic formations are shown in color on sheet #a4 ,illustration3 ,,common ,,types ,,of ,,faults4 ,top1 ,normal1 or gravity fault1 resulting from tension in and lengthening of the ,earth's crust4 ,bottom1 reverse fault1 resulting from compression in and shortening of the ,earth's crust4 ,low-angle reverse faults generally are called overthrusts or overthrust faults4 ,in both types1 note amount of displacement and repetition of strata4 ,displacements may range from a few inches or feet to many thousands of feet4 ,from ,hansen 7#aifi1 p4 #aaf74 7,fig4 #f7 ,illustration3 ,,paradox ,,basin1 in southeastern ,utah and southwestern ,colorado1 showing the extent of common salt and major potash deposits in the ,paradox ,member of the ,hermosa ,formation1 and the salt anticlines4 ,adapted from ,hite 7#aigb1 fig4 #a;,b74 7,fig4 #g7 ,illustration3 ,,geologic ,,section ,,across ,,northwest ,,end ,,of ,,arches ,,national ,,park1 showing strata beneath ,courthouse syncline and ,salt ,valley anticline4 ,for line of section1 see figure #i4 ,caprock consists of gypsum and shale1 from which common salt has been leached by ground water1 covered by alluvium4 ,heavy slanted lines near crest of anticline are faults4 ,adapted from ,hite and ,lohman 7#aigc1 fig4 #ac74 7,fig4 #h7 ,illustration3 ,,index ,,map ,,of ,,northwestern ,,part ,,of ,,arches ,,national ,,park1 showing axes of ,courthouse syncline and ,salt ,valley anticline1 line of section ,a-,a in figure #h and line of section ,b-,b in figure #aj4 ,open circles along line of section are sites of test wells for oil1 gas1 or potash4 ,adapted from ,hite and ,lohman 7#aigc1 fig4 #ab74 7,fig4 #i7 ,arches ,national ,park and most of nearby ,canyonlands ,national ,park lie within what geologists have termed the 8,paradox basin10 which contains a remarkable assemblage of sediments called the ,paradox ,member of the ,hermosa ,formation4 ,these deposits were laid down in shallow seas and lagoons during ,middle ,pennsylvanian time1 roughly #cjj million years ago 7fig4 #ei74 ,as indicated in figure #d1 the ,paradox ,member contains1 in addition to shale and limestone1 minerals deposited by the evaporation and concentration of sea water--common salt1 gypsum1 anhydrite1 and potash salts4 ,for this reason such deposits are collectively called evaporites4 ,figure #g also shows that the northeastern part of the ,paradox basin1 which is the deepest part1 contains a series of partly alined anticlines which have cores of salt and1 hence1 are called salt anticlines4 ,as might be expected1 roughly alined synclines intervene between the anticlines1 but are not shown because of space limitations4 ,according to ,cater 7#aigj1 p4 #ej73 8,the salt anticlines of ,utah and ,colorado are unique in ,north ,america both in structure and in mode of development40 ,to this may be added that they also are relatively rare in the world4 ,a section across the ,salt ,valley anticline and the ,courthouse syncline in the northwestern part of the park is shown in figure #h1 and the axes of these structures are shown in figure #i4 ,normally1 a series of roughly parallel northwestward-trending folds would result from shortening of a segment of the ,earth's crust by compressive forces from the northeast and the southwest1 but such does not seem to be the origin of these folds4 ,the folds occur in a relatively narrow belt along the northeastern part of the ,paradox basin1 the deepest part1 which was broken by a series of northwesterly trending normal faults 7fig4 #f7 that cut the deep-lying ,precambrian and older ,paleozoic rocks 7fig4 #h7 prior to the deposition of the salt-bearing ,paradox ,member of the ,hermosa ,formation4 ,movement along these faults continued intermittently during and after deposition of the ,paradox1 however1 and resulted in the formation of a series of northwesterly trending ridges and troughs4 ,following ,paradox time1 normal sediments derived from a rising landmass to the northeast began to fill the basin4 ,these sediments accumulated most rapidly and to greater thicknesses in the fault-derived troughs4 ,salt differs from normal sediments in two properties critical to the development of salt anticlines3 first1 salt is considerably lighter 7fig4 #aj71 and1 second1 salt under pressure will flow slowly by plastic deformation1 much like ice in a glacier flows slowly downstream4 ,thus1 salt in the troughs underlying the thicker and heavier masses of sediments was squeezed into the adjoining ridges1 causing them to rise4 ,once started1 this process tended to be self-perpetuating1 as the flow of salt from beneath the thick masses of sediments in the troughs made room for the accumulation of still greater thicknesses of normal sediments4 ,consequently1 the troughs receiving most of the sediments began to form downfolds1 or synclines1 and the ridges receiving little or no normal sediments began to form huge salt rolls that later were to become the cores of the salt anticlines when finally the ridges too were buried by sediments4 ,thus1 the cross section 7fig4 #h7 shows about #ab1jjj feet of the ,paradox ,member beneath the crest of the ,salt ,valley anticline and only about #b1jjj feet beneath the ,courthouse syncline4 ,near the middle of these structures farther to the southeast1 all the ,paradox ,member has been squeezed out from beneath the bordering synclines4 ,illustration3 ,,gravity ,,anomalies ,,over ,,salt ,,valley1 along line ,b-,b shown in figure #i1 and relative densities and shapes of rock bodies beneath4 ,densities are in grams per cubic centimeter4 ,gravity values are in milligals1 as shown4 ,the standard acceleration of gravity is #ihj4ffe centimeters per second per second2 #a gal is equal to #a centimeter per second per second1 and #a milligal is one thousandth of a gal4 ,modified from ,case and ,joesting 7#aigb1 fig4 #b74 7,fig4 #aj7 ,the general shape of the ,salt ,valley anticline is shown also by cross-section ,b-,b 7fig4 #aj71 taken along the northeast-southwest line ,b-,b in figure #i1 which is based upon so-called gravity anomalies over ,salt ,valley4 ,the lighter ,paradox ,member1 having an average density of #b4bj1 has a lower gravitational attraction than the heavier rocks on each side1 which have an average density of #b4ee4 ,by this time you are doubtless wondering why prominent upfolds of the rocks1 such as the ,salt ,valley anticline and associated ,cache ,valley anticline and the ,seven ,mile-,moab ,valley anticline1 now underlie relatively deep valleys bordered by prominent ridges4 ,the formation of these valleys was not simple and involved many steps extending over a considerable amount of geologic time1 as portrayed by ,cater 7#aigj1 fig4 #ac2 #aigb1 fig4 #d74 ,for a part of the story1 let us reexamine the cross section 7fig4 #h72 the rest of the story will be told in the section on 8,uplift and ,erosion40 ,figure #h shows that the unnamed upper member of the ,hermosa ,formation and the overlying ,cutler and ,moenkopi ,formations are thickest beneath the ,courthouse syncline but wedge out against the flanks of the anticline4 ,although the ,chinle ,formation and younger rocks appear to extend across the fold1 and may have extended across this part of the fold1 in ,colorado all rocks older than the ,jurassic ,morrison wedge out against the flanks of the salt anticlines 7,cater1 #aigj1 p4 #ce7 and also in the widest part of the ,salt ,valley anticline southwest of the section in figure #h4 ,the salt anticlines were uplifted in a series of pulses so that some formations either were not deposited over the rising structures or were removed by erosion before deposition of the next younger unit4 ,by ,morrison time the supply of salt beneath the synclines seems to have become used up2 hence1 the anticline stopped rising1 and the ,morrison and younger formations were deposited across the structures4 ,thus1 in figure #d1 the minimum thickness of all units older than the ,morrison is given as zero4 ,figure #d shows the marine ,mancos ,shale to be the youngest rock unit exposed in the park1 but the ,mesaverde ,group of ,late ,cretaceous age and possibly the early ,tertiary 7fig4 #ei7 ,wasatch ,formation may have been deposited and later removed by erosion4 ,uplift ,and ,erosion of ,the ,plateau ,next among the main events leading to the formation of landforms in the park was the raising and additional buckling and breaking of the ,plateau by ,earth forces partly during the ,late ,cretaceous but mainly during the early ,tertiary4 ,after uplift and deformation1 the ,plateau was vigorously attacked by various forces of erosion1 and the rock materials pried loose or dissolved were eventually carted away to the ,gulf of ,california by the ancestral ,colorado ,river4 ,some idea of the enormous volume of rock thus removed is apparent when one looks down some #b1jjj feet to the river from any of the high overlooks farther south1 such as ,dead ,horse ,point 7,lohman1 #aigd1 fig4 #ae74 ,not so apparent1 however1 is the fact that younger ,mesozoic and ,tertiary rocks more than #a mile thick once overlaid this high plateau but have been swept away by erosion4 ,in all1 the river has carried thousands of cubic miles of sediment to the sea and is still actively at work on this gigantic earth-moving project4 ,in an earlier report 7,lohman1 #aife1 p4 #db7 ,i estimated that the rate of removal may have been as great as about #c cubic miles each century4 ,for a few years the bulk of the sediment was dumped into ,lake ,mead1 but now ,lake ,powell is getting much of it4 ,when these and other reservoirs ultimately become filled with sediment--for reservoirs and lakes are but temporary things--the ,gulf of ,california will again become the burial ground4 ,according to ,cater 7#aigj1 p4 #fe-fg71 who made an intensive study of the salt anticlines1 collapse of their crests seemingly occurred in two stages--the first stage following ,late ,cretaceous folding2 the second following uplift of the ,plateau later in the ,tertiary4 ,solution and removal of salt by ground water played the leading role in the ultimate collapse4 ,illustration3 ,,tilted ,,block ,,of ,,rocks ,,in ,,cache ,,valley ,,graben1 viewed to the east toward ,cache ,valley from point on gravelled side road to ,wolfe's cabin1 about half a mile east of paved road4 ,steep slope on left composed of ,jurassic ,morrison ,formation1 hogback on top formed by ,dakota ,sandstone of ,late ,cretaceous age1 and gentle slopes to right composed of the ,mancos ,shale of ,late ,cretaceous age4 7,fig4 #aa7 ,as shown by ,dane 7#aice1 pl4 #a1 p4 #aba-abf71 collapse of the ,salt ,valley and ,cache ,valley anticlines was accompanied by considerable faulting and jointing1 particularly along their northeast sides2 by the upward intrusion of two large areas of the ,paradox ,member of the ,hermosa ,formation1 one just northwest of the park and one in the middle of ,salt ,valley south of the campground2 and by two downdropped masses of rock known to geologists as grabens 7pronounced grbns7--one just northwest of the park and one called the ,cache ,valley graben1 which extends both east and west from ,salt ,wash4 ,the ,cache ,valley graben has preserved from erosion the youngest rock formations in the park1 as shown in figure #aa4 ,the remarkable jointing of the rocks on the northeast limb of the ,salt ,valley anticline is shown in figure #ab4 ,all the arches in this section of the park were eroded through thin fins of the ,slick ,rock ,member of the ,entrada ,sandstone1 and some1 like ,broken ,arch1 figure #af1 are capped by the ,moab ,member4 ,differences in the composition1 hardness1 arrangement1 and thickness of the rock layers determine their ability to withstand the forces of fracturing and erosion and1 hence1 whether they tend to form cliffs1 ledges1 fins1 or slopes4 ,most of the cliff- or ledge-forming rocks are sandstones consisting of sand deposited by wind or water and later cemented together by silica 7,si,o71 calcium carbonate 7,ca,c,o71 or one of the iron oxides 7such as ,fe,o71 but some hard1 resistant ledges are made of limestone 7calcium carbonate74 ,the rock column 7fig4 #d7 shows in general how these rock formations are sculptured by erosion and how they protect underlying layers from more rapid erosion4 ,the nearly vertical cliffs along the lower reaches of ,salt and ,courthouse ,washes and the ,colorado ,river canyon upstream from ,moab consist of the well-cemented ,wingate ,sandstone protected above by the even harder sandstones of the ,kayenta ,formation4 7,see figs4 #ba1 #bb47 ,to borrow from an earlier report of mine 7,lohman1 #aife1 p4 #ag71 8,vertical cliffs and shafts of the ,wingate ,sandstone endure only where the top of the formation is capped by beds of the next younger rock unit--the ,kayenta ,formation4 ,the ,kayenta is much more resistant than the ,wingate1 so even a few feet of the ,kayenta 99 99 99 protect the rock beneath40 ,in some places1 as shown in figures #ai and #bj1 the overlying ,navajo ,sandstone makes up the topmost unit of the cliff4 ,illustration3 ,,jointed ,,northeast ,,flank ,,of ,,salt ,,valley ,,anticline1 viewed westward from an airplane4 ,light-colored wedge in middle background is ,salt ,valley bordered on extreme left by ,klondike ,bluffs4 ,dark-colored fins and pinnacles on left1 of ,slick ,rock ,member of the ,entrada ,sandstone1 form ,devils ,garden4 ,sharp pinnacle above valley is the ,dark ,angel4 7,see fig4 #eg47 ,white bands of sandstone extending to foreground are composed of ,moab ,member of the ,entrada4 ,note vegetation in the joints4 ,photograph by ,national ,park ,service4 7,fig4 #ab7 ,last but far from least among the factors responsible for the grandeur of ,arches ,national ,park and the ,plateau in general is the desert climate1 which allows one to see virtually every foot of the vividly colored naked rocks1 and which has made possible the creation and preservation of such a wide variety of fantastic sculptures4 ,a wetter climate would have produced a far different1 smoother landscape in which most of the rocks and land forms would have been hidden by vegetation4 ,on the ,plateau the vegetation grows mainly on the high mesas and the narrow flood plains bordering the rivers1 but scanty vegetation also occurs on the gentle slopes or flats4 ,the combination of layers of sediments of different composition1 hardness and thickness1 the bending and breaking of the rocks1 and the desert climate1 has produced steep slopes having many cliffs1 ledges1 and fins with generally sharp to angular edges1 rather than the subdued rounded forms of more humid regions4 ,origin ,and ,development of ,the ,arches ,among the questions commonly asked by visitors are1 8,how do arches form801 8,why are some openings called windows1 others arches801 8,what is the difference1 if any1 between arches or windows and natural bridges1 such as those at ,natural ,bridges ,national ,monument801 and 8,how many arches are there in ,arches ,national ,park80 ,before taking up the origin and development of arches1 ,i shall attempt to explain the differences between the three types of natural rock openings named above and comment upon the number of arches4 ,illustration3 ,,index ,,map1 showing localities where most of the photographs were taken4 ,arrows point to distant views4 ,numbers refer to figure numbers4 7,fig4 #ac7 ,i believe most geologists and geographers are in general agreement with ,cleland 7#aiaj1 p4 #cad7 that 8a #8natural bridge' is a natural stone arch that spans a valley of erosion4 ,a #8natural arch' is a similar structure which1 however1 does not span an erosion valley40 ,according to this definition1 ,natural ,bridges ,national ,monument includes three true bridges1 whereas all the larger rock openings in ,arches ,national ,park with which ,i am familiar are properly termed 8arches10 but some are called windows4 ,if we were to distinguish between arches and windows1 we might say that arches occur at or near the base of a rock wall1 as do the doors of a house or building1 whereas windows are found well above ground level4 ,this distinction was not followed in naming the rock openings in the park1 however2 for example1 ,tunnel ,arch 7fig4 #ad7 is considerably higher above the ground than ,north ,window 7figs4 #cg1 #ch7 or ,south ,window 7fig4 #ci74 ,as to the number of arches in the park1 ,i might begin by saying that there is no universal agreement as to how large a rock opening must be to qualify as an arch4 ,the pamphlet formerly handed to visitors entering the park proclaimed that 8,nearly #ij arches have been discovered1 and others are probably hidden away in remote and rugged parts of the area10 but the average visitor probably sees less than a third of this number4 ,david ,may1 ,assistant ,chief of ,interpretation and ,resource ,management1 ,moab office of ,national ,park ,service 7oral commun41 ,oct4 #aigc71 believes that if only those in the park having a minimum dimension of #aj feet in any one direction were considered to be arches1 the number would boil down to about #ef or #eg4 ,the most complete count of arches and other openings in all of southeastern ,utah was made by ,dale ,j4 ,stevens1 ,professor of ,geography at ,brigham ,young ,university1 during the period ,february through ,april #aigc4 ,he considered those with openings of #c feet or larger and found more than #cjj in southeastern ,utah1 of which #abd are in ,arches ,national ,park1 although he stated that several areas of the park were not intensively searched because of time limitations 7written commun41 ,july and ,sept4 #aigc74 ,the #abd arches and openings are distributed among the several named areas of the park1 as follows3 ,courthouse ,towers1 #ac2 ,herdina ,park1 #aa2 ,the ,windows section1 #be2 ,delicate ,arch area1 #c2 ,fiery ,furnace1 #ai2 ,devils ,garden1 #be2 upper ,devils ,garden 7northwest of ,devils ,garden71 #ad2 ,eagle ,park1 #b2 and ,klondike ,bluffs1 #ab4 ,professor ,stevens generally used a range finder or a steel tape to measure the width and height of the openings and the width and thickness of the spans1 but estimated a few of the dimensions4 ,in the text descriptions of arches or captions of figures that follow1 ,i am including all or part of these measurements1 without further acknowledgment4 ,all the arches in the park were formed in the ,entrada ,sandstone1 mainly in the ,slick ,rock ,member but partly in the ,slick ,rock and ,dewey ,bridge ,members1 and a few in the ,slick ,rock ,member occur not far beneath the base of the overlying ,moab ,member4 ,the sandstone of the three members is composed mainly of quartz sand cemented together by calcium carbonate 7,ca,c,o71 which also forms the mineral calcite and the rock known as limestone1 but the ,dewey ,bridge ,member also contains beds of sandy mudstone4 ,limestone and calcite are soluble in acid1 even in weak acid such as carbonic acid1 ,,hhco1 also written ,h,,co1 formed by the solution of carbon dioxide 7,,co7 in water4 ,ground water1 found everywhere in rock openings at different depths beneath the land surface1 contains dissolved carbon dioxide derived from decaying organic matter in soil1 from the atmosphere1 and from other sources4 ,even rainwater and snow contain a little carbon dioxide absorbed from the atmosphere--enough to dissolve small amounts of limestone or of calcite cement from sandstone4 ,the calcite cement in the ,entrada and in many other sandstones is unevenly distributed1 however1 so that all the cement is removed first from places that contain the least amounts1 and1 once the cement is dissolved away1 the loose sand is carried away by gravity1 wind1 or water4 ,both nearly flat but slightly irregular beds of sandstone and relatively thin walls or fins of sandstone are prime targets for this differential erosion4 ,potholes1 as shown in figure #ah;,a1 may be formed in relatively flat beds by the dissolving action of repeated accumulations of rainwater or snowmelt1 even in arid regions like the ,plateau4 ,relatively thin walls1 or fins as they are called in parts of the ,plateau including ,arches1 are targets for the formation of alcoves and caves by solution of cement and removal of sand by gravity1 wind1 and water1 aided by the prying action of frost in joints1 bedding planes1 or other openings4 ,once a breakthrough of a wall or fin occurs1 weakened chunks from the ceiling tend to fall1 and natural arches of various shapes and sizes are produced4 ,arches form the strongest shapes for supporting overlying rock loads1 as the rock in the arch is compressed toward each abutment by the heavy loads4 ,blocks of compressed rock beneath a relatively flat ceiling tend to be dislodged also by expansion due to release of pent-up pressure1 until a strong self-supporting arch is formed4 ,release of pent-up pressure in rock walls may help also in initiating the formation of alcoves or caves in cliff faces4 ,man1 including the ancient ,greeks1 ,romans1 ,egyptians1 and others1 has long made use of arches in building bridges1 aqueducts1 temples1 cathedrals1 and other enduring edifices4 ,as vividly shown in figure #ab1 the ,entrada ,sandstone on the northeast flank of the ,salt ,valley anticline has been broken by ,earth forces into thin slabs mostly #aj to #bj feet thick between nearly parallel joints1 but1 as will be noted in the descriptions of individual arches1 some rock walls are only #a or #b feet thick1 whereas others are #ej feet thick or more4 ,some weak or thin slabs have weathered away1 leaving the stronger or thicker ones as towering fins1 particularly in the ,fiery ,furnace and ,devils ,garden areas4 ,jointing on a less spectacular scale also has broken the ,entrada in areas south of ,salt ,valley1 leaving walls or fins of rock4 ,illustration3 ,,tunnel ,,arch1 reached by short trail north of main trail through ,devils ,garden4 ,opening is #bf feet wide and #bb feet high2 span is about #ad feet thick4 7,fig4 #ad7 ,although all the arches in the park were carved from the ,entrada ,sandstone1 slight differences in their mode of origin or placement within the ,entrada allow them to be grouped into three classes3 7#a7 vertical arches formed in the ,slick ,rock ,member alone or in the ,slick ,rock and ,moab ,members1 7#b7 vertical arches formed mainly in the ,slick ,rock ,member but partly in1 and with the aid of1 the incompetent underlying ,dewey ,bridge ,member1 and 7#c7 horizontal arches1 or so-called pothole arches1 formed from the union of a vertical pothole and a horizontal cave4 ,hereinafter1 the three members will be referred to alone1 without reference to the ,entrada4 ,illustration3 8,,baby ,,arch10 just southwest of ,sheep ,rock in ,courthouse ,towers area4 ,for details1 see text4 7,fig4 #ae7 ,before giving examples of arches in each of the three classes1 it is appropriate to remark that the arches and other erosion forms in the park represent but a fleeting instant in geologic time4 ,many of the pinnacles or piles of rock may be the broken remains of former arches1 and many of the arches we see may be gone tomorrow1 next year1 or a few hundreds of years and1 certainly1 before many thousands of years4 ,on the other hand1 many new arches will form by the processes described above as the geologic clock ticks on4 ,illustration3 ,,broken ,,arch1 reached by a -mile trail leading northward across field that separates ,fiery ,furnace from ,devils ,garden4 ,white thin-bedded unit at top is the ,moab ,member1 which rests upon the massive salmon-colored ,slick ,rock ,member4 ,opening is #ei feet wide and #dc feet high4 7,fig4 #af7 ,examples of ,arches ,tunnel ,arch 7fig4 #ad7 is a good example of an arch eroded entirely within the massive ,slick ,rock ,member4 ,just southwest of ,sheep ,rock 7fig4 #ca7 is an unnamed opening in the lower part of the ,slick ,rock ,member which ,i call 8,baby ,arch10 because it is one of the newest ones visible from the park road 7fig4 #ae74 ,it is only #be feet wide and #ad feet high and penetrates a wall #ad feet thick4 ,note that the breakthrough probably began along the prominent recessed bedding plane at the base of the arch4 ,its youthfulness is also indicated by the sharp1 angular breaks in the ceiling and by the pile of freshly fallen rocks4 ,some visitors have asked park personnel why they have not cleared away such debris6 ,despite its youthfulness1 the ceiling has already taken on the shape of an arch4 ,broken ,arch 7fig4 #af7 was formed near the top of the ,slick ,rock ,member and is strengthened and protected by the more resistant overlying ,moab ,member1 which forms the upper half of the span4 ,the crest is only #f feet thick at the thinnest point and is not broken as the name seems to imply4 ,double ,arch 7fig4 #ag71 8one0 of the most beautiful in the park1 is in ,the ,windows section near the east end of the road4 ,the southeast arch1 which is #afj feet wide and #aje feet high1 is the second largest in the park1 but the west arch measures only #fj feet wide and #fa feet high4 ,in common with most arches in ,the ,windows section1 these two arches of the ,slick ,rock ,member rest upon bases of the weak1 easily eroded ,dewey ,bridge ,member4 ,more rapid erosion of the ,dewey ,bridge undercut the arches and hastened their development4 ,illustration3 ,,double ,,arch1 in ,the ,windows section4 7,fig4 #ag7 ,illustration3 ,,probable ,,steps ,,in ,,formation ,,of ,,pothole ,,arch4 ,a1 ,original pothole probably formed in relatively level bed of sandstone1 such as this one1 which is in an older rock unit--the ,white ,rim ,sandstone ,member of the ,cutler ,formation1 a unit not present in ,arches4 ,this pothole1 which contains #d feet of water1 is in nearby ,canyonlands ,national ,park 7,lohman1 #aigd1 fig4 #ag71 just north of the edge of the ,white ,rim1 about #d miles north of the confluence of the ,green and ,colorado ,rivers4 ,photograph by ,e4 ,n4 ,hinrichs4 ,b1 ,pothole is being deepened by solution while cliff is receding toward pothole by weathering4 ,c1 ,as erosion continues1 pothole and cave in cliff face are growing deeper4 ,d1 ,pothole ,arch formed by union of vertical pothole and horizontal cave4 ,e1 ,telephoto view of ,pothole ,arch from park road near stop #ad4 ,visible span is #ij feet across and #cj feet high4 7,fig4 #ah7 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah ,b ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah ,c ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah ,d ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah ,e ,the cause of the wavy bedding in the ,dewey ,bridge ,member1 as shown in figure #ag but as better shown in the frontispiece1 is not known for sure but generally is regarded to be the result of irregular slumping during or just after deposition of the sediments in a body of water1 caused by the weight of overlying sediments4 ,the last example ,i shall take up is ,pothole ,arch 7fig4 #ah71 which differs from all the other examples in that this arch is roughly horizontal rather than vertical4 ,most park visitors1 including me1 were not aware of this interesting feature until after publication of the pamphlet 8,the ,guide to an ,auto ,tour of ,arches ,national ,park10 which1 as previously noted1 may be purchased at the ,visitor ,center4 ,pothole ,arch caps a ridge high above the road half a mile northwest of ,garden of ,eden1 so only those who happened to look up at the right place were aware of its existence4 ,a different mode of origin than that given in the caption for figure #ah is depicted on a poster in the ,visitor ,center1 which shows the pothole being formed by a waterfall having an apparent flow rate of several cubic feet per second4 ,potholes can be formed in this manner in places where sufficient streamflow is available1 either continuously or following rainstorms1 but ,i believe the process depicted in figure #ah is a more likely mode of origin for ,pothole ,arch4 ,how to ,see the ,park ,as aptly stated on a poster in the ,visitor ,center1 how to see the park depends in part upon the question 8,how long can you stay80 ,inasmuch as the park entrance and ,visitor ,center are beside a through ,u4,s4 ,highway 7#afc71 many motorists first become aware of the park's existence from the entrance sign1 and some take time for at least a quick visit1 such as a round trip to ,the ,windows section1 which can be made in an hour or so4 ,for those who have or take more time and are able to walk at least short distances1 a visit of #a or #b days is a very rewarding experience4 ,others1 particularly avid shutterbugs and those with camping gear1 profitably spend from several days to a week or more and hike all or most of the trails4 ,regardless of how long you plan to spend1 ,i urge at least a brief stop at the ,visitor ,center1 where excellent displays and a narrated slide show help materially in conveying just what the park has to offer4 ,at the counter you can purchase a copy of 8,the ,guide to an ,auto ,tour of ,arches ,national ,park10 which explains the views from each of #be numbered stops along the park road1 as well as other reports describing arches or other parks and monuments4 ,the park is open the year round1 but1 like most high deserts1 it gets rather hot in the summer and cold enough in the winter for occasional snows and is sometimes closed temporarily because of heavy snowfall4 ,the weather generally is ideal during the spring and fall4 ,even though summer daytime temperatures may exceed #ajj;,f 7#cg4h;,c7 and slow down hikers1 the nights are cool enough for comfortable sleeping beneath ample covers4 ,before beginning our trip through the park proper1 let us consider a beautiful part many people fail to realize actually belongs to the park--the ,colorado ,river canyon forming the southeastern boundary4 ,illustration3 ,petroglyph figure ,a ,trip ,through ,the ,park ,colorado ,river ,canyon ,the southeastern boundary of the park for about #aa miles is the ,colorado ,river1 from the bridge on which ,u4,s4 ,highway #afc crosses the river to a point upstream about half a mile below the mouth of ,salt ,wash4 ,illuminated night float trips down part of this reach are run during the summer1 as noted on p4 #af4 ,partly paved ,state ,highway #abh follows the southeast side of the river for about #cj miles to ,dewey ,bridge1 then goes northward about #ae miles to ,cisco1 where it connects with ,highway ,i-#gj4 ,the rocks of the ,glen ,canyon ,group form the southernmost corner of the park1 as shown in figure #ai4 ,about #b miles northeast of the bridge1 we cross the axis of the ,courthouse syncline 7fig4 #i71 which brings the ,navajo ,sandstone down nearly to river level1 as shown in figure #bj4 ,the underlying ,kayenta ,formation is largely hidden by vegetation and alluvial deposits in this view4 ,illustration3 ,,glen ,,canyon ,,group1 forming southernmost point of park1 as viewed across the ,colorado ,river from ,state ,highway #abh half a mile above ,moab bridge carrying ,u4,s4 ,highway #afc4 ,massive sandstone forming about the lower third of cliff is the ,wingate ,sandstone1 darker thin-bedded sandstones and mudstones forming middle section of cliff comprise the ,kayenta ,formation1 upper cliff is the lower part of the ,navajo ,sandstone4 ,note that the saltcedar 7tamarisk71 which lines both banks of the river1 is in full bloom4 7,fig4 #ai7 ,illustration3 ,,navajo ,,sandstone ,,cliffs1 bordering west bank of ,colorado ,river in ,courthouse syncline1 from ,state ,highway #abh about #b miles above the ,moab bridge4 ,note rounded domes at top of cliff4 7,fig4 #bj7 ,illustration3 ,,mouth ,,of ,,salt ,,wash1 viewed across ,colorado ,river from point on ,state ,highway #abh1 #aa miles above ,moab bridge4 ,dark cliffs on upper right and left are of ,wingate ,sandstone capped by thin protective cover of resistant sandstone beds of the ,kayenta ,formation4 ,in background ,wingate is overlain by entire ,kayenta ,formation and lower part of the ,navajo ,sandstone4 ,wingate is underlain to river level by weathered slope of the ,chinle ,formation4 ,water in ,salt ,wash is largely backwater from the bankfull river2 actual flow in wash generally is much less but at times reaches flood proportions4 7,fig4 #ba7 ,about #aa miles above the ,moab bridge is the mouth of ,salt ,wash 7fig4 #a71 as viewed from ,state ,highway #abh4 7,see fig4 #ba47 ,seventeen miles above the bridge 7east of area shown in fig4 #a71 we get an excellent view of the southeast end of the highly faulted ,cache ,valley anticline1 as shown in figure #bb4 ,the background shown in the photograph formerly was the easternmost part of the former monument1 but when the monument graduated to a park on ,november #af1 #aiga1 this part of ,cache ,valley along with most of ,dry ,mesa was withdrawn from the park and put under the supervision of the ,bureau of ,land ,management1 also a part of the ,department of the ,interior4 ,illustration3 ,,southeast ,,end ,,of ,,faulted ,,cache ,,valley ,,anticline1 viewed northwestward across ,colorado ,river from a point on ,state ,highway #abh1 #ag miles above ,moab bridge4 ,high cliff of ,wingate ,sandstone on left is capped by thin protective layer of the ,kayenta ,formation4 ,about upper third of slope below base of cliff is the ,chinle ,formation1 below which is the ,moenkopi ,formation extending to high-water level4 ,note bent and broken beds on right4 7,fig4 #bb7 ,as noted on page #af1 part of 8,run1 ,cougar1 ,run0 was filmed just upstream from the irrigated field in the foreground of figure #bb1 in a wide part of the valley called ,professor ,valley 7fig4 #g74 ,this valley and the ,richardson ,amphitheater on the southeast side of the river were named after a ,professor ,richardson who settled in the area in the #ahhj's4 ,the long abandoned townsite of ,richardson was #a miles due east from the point from which figure #bb was taken4 ,headquarters ,area ,the junction of the park road with ,u4,s4 ,highway #afc is shown at the lower left of figure #bc1 and the entrance station1 ,visitor ,center1 parking lot1 and several buildings are seen at the lower right4 ,several residences for park personnel and other buildings are shown in figure #be4 ,as shown in the lower part of figure #bc1 the geology at the park entrance is rather complex1 as the park boundary here is partly along the ,moab fault and partly along a branch fault--both in the ,seven ,mile-,moab ,valley anticline 7fig4 #g74 ,the ,moab fault extends northwestward from ,moab for more than #cj miles 7,mc,knight1 #aidj1 p4 #abj1 #aba1 pl4 #a74 ,as shown in figure #bc1 soon after leaving the checking station the park road begins to ascend the first of several switchbacks1 and cuts first into the ,slick ,rock ,member1 then the ,dewey ,bridge ,member1 and finally the ,navajo ,sandstone the rest of the way to and beyond the top of the hill4 ,from points a mile or so up the hill may be seen interesting features in several directions4#e ,the view to the southwest is shown in figure #bc1 to the west are the ,three ,penguins 7fig4 #bd74 ,a good view of the ,moab ,valley is had by looking southeastward 7fig4 #be74 ,a well in the ,navajo ,sandstone at the base of the hill supplies water to all the residences and to the ,visitor ,center1 where a drinking fountain and modern restrooms are available to the public4 ,storage is provided by a steel tank hidden in a ravine above the buildings shown in figure #be4 ,to the north the wall of ,entrada ,sandstone is cut by a normal fault 7fig4 #f71 as shown in figure #bf4 ,illustration3 ,,faulted ,,seven ,,mile-,,moab ,,valley ,,anticline4 ,top1 ,view toward the southwest from park road about #a mile above entrance station4 ,bottom1 ,geologic interpretation of photograph in part after ,mc,knight 7#aidj1 pl4 #a74 ,moab fault and branch fault 7both normal faults1 fig4 #f7 unite just beyond ridge of ,slick ,rock ,member4 ,total vertical displacement along both faults is about #b1ejj feet4 ,h4,f41 unnamed upper member of ,hermosa ,formation2 ,m4,f41 ,moenkopi ,formation2 ,d1 downthrown side of faults2 ,u1 upthrown side4 ,valley fill and slope wash of recent 7,holocene7 age obscure faults and underlying rocks4 ,the original sequence of the rocks may be visualized by placing the ,navajo ,sandstone1 the upper part of which is exposed at the lower right1 on top of the ,kayenta ,formation1 the lower few feet of which cap and protect the cliffs of ,wingate ,sandstone in the background4 ,the ,pacific ,northwest 7gas7 ,pipeline mentioned on page #ae is buried beneath the slice of the ,moenkopi ,formation between the two faults1 which accounts for the disturbed appearance of the rock4 7,fig4 #bc7 ,illustration3 ,geologic interpretation of photograph ,illustration3 ,,three ,,penguins1 viewed westward from park road about #a mile above entrance station4 ,penguins are carved in massive ,slick ,rock ,member seen resting upon thin-bedded ,dewey ,bridge ,member4 7,fig4 #bd7 ,illustration3 ,,moab ,,valley1 viewed southeastward from park road about #a mile above entrance station4 ,moab fault in about middle of valley1 hidden beneath recent 7,holocene7 valley fill and slope wash1 separates unnamed upper member of ,hermosa ,formation just above ,u4,s4 ,highway #afc on right from ,navajo ,sandstone forming hills on left and ledges in foreground4 ,park ,service residences at base of hill4 ,white patch bordering ,colorado ,river on northwest is tailings pile of ,atlas ,corporation's uranium mill4 ,moab and ,spanish ,valley are beyond river1 and south end of ,la ,sal ,mountains forms distant skyline4 7,fig4 #be7 ,illustration3 ,,faulted ,,wall ,,of ,,entrada ,,sandstone1 north of park road about #a mile above entrance station4 ,fault is nearly vertical and normal 7fig4 #f71 but fault trace slopes steeply downward to right1 separating upthrown ,slick ,rock and ,dewey ,bridge ,members on left from downthrown ,slick ,rock ,member on right4 ,light-colored rock in foreground is ,navajo ,sandstone4 ,displacement probably does not exceed #ej feet4 7,fig4 #bf7 ,illustration3 ,,park ,,avenue1 viewed to the north along trail4 7,fig4 #bg7 ,courthouse ,towers ,area ,about #b4c miles from the entrance station is a turnoff and parking area at the south end of the ,park ,avenue trail 7stop #b71 which is about #a mile long and ends at another parking area #a4g miles farther north4 ,an interesting hike is best made from south to north in a downhill direction1 and hikers generally meet the cars of relatives or friends awaiting them at the northern parking area4 ,the trail begins in a canyon cut in the soft ,dewey ,bridge ,member and walled by high fins of the ,slick ,rock ,member 7fig4 #bg71 but farther north the canyon is floored by the bare ,navajo ,sandstone4 ,the avenue was named from the resemblance of the east wall to a row of tall buildings4 ,atop the west wall1 just to the left of the view in figure #bg1 are two balanced rocks 7fig4 #bh74 ,the one on the left1 which resembles somewhat the head of an ,egyptian queen1 is offset to the right along a bedding plane1 and this offset may have been caused by an earthquake4 ,as we progress toward ,courthouse ,towers proper1 lofty fins and monoliths lie mostly on our left1 and to the right are fine distant views of the ,la ,sal ,mountains 7stop #d74 ,a general view of the ,courthouse ,towers is shown in figure #bi1 and closeups of two of the named rock sculptures--the ,three ,gossips and ,sheep ,rock--are shown in figures #cj and #ca4 ,just beyond ,sheep ,rock1 which some think resembles the ,sphinx1 we see 8,baby ,arch10 shown in figure #ae4 ,five miles from the entrance station1 the road crosses ,courthouse ,wash on a modern bridge 7stop #f7--;a distinct improvement over the two tracks in the sand we used in #aidf4 ,the ,courthouse syncline1 named after the wash1 extends northwestward through here4 7,see figs4 #h1 #i1 #bj47 ,about a mile west of the bridge1 ,professor ,stevens found another pothole arch4 ,a mile and a half north of the bridge is stop #g1 where attention is called in the booklet to the vast area of 8petrified dunes0 east of the road1 which are simply dunelike exposures of the crossbedded ,navajo ,sandstone formed originally by the cementation of a vast area of sand dunes4 ,my view of these was taken about #a mile beyond the stop 7fig4 #cb74 ,illustration3 ,,balanced ,,rocks ,,on ,,south ,,wall ,,of ,,park ,,avenue1 at south end of trail4 7,fig4 #bh7 ,illustration3 ,,courthouse ,,towers1 viewed to the northwest from point on park road about three-fourths of a mile northeast of the south end of ,park ,avenue trail4 ,sandstone towers are ,slick ,rock ,member resting on ,dewey ,bridge ,member1 which also forms foreground4 ,three ,gossips at upper left1 ,sheep ,rock just beyond4 ,the ,organ and ,tower of ,babel are on right4 7,fig4 #bi7 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,three ,,gossips1 shown at upper left of figure #bi4 7,fig4 #cj7 ,illustration3 ,,sheep ,,rock1 shown on center-left skyline in figure #bi4 7,fig4 #ca7 ,west of the road between the petrified dunes and ,the ,windows section1 the ,entrada ,sandstone1 particularly the ,dewey ,bridge ,member1 has been weathered into grotesque spires and pinnacles resembling the so-called 8hoodoos and goblins0 in ,goblin ,valley ,state ,park1 just north of ,hanksville1 ,utah4 ,typical examples of 8hoodoos and goblins0 are shown in figure #cc 7near stop #h74 ,it seems reasonable to assume that some of these spires are the skeletal remains of former arch abutments4 ,from here may be seen ,north and ,south ,windows and ,turret ,arch on the skyline to the northeast 7figs4 #cg-dj74 ,illustration3 ,,petrified ,,sand ,,dunes1 looking northeast from park road #b4g miles north of ,courthouse ,wash4 ,the ,navajo ,sandstone was once a huge sandpile of dunes laid down by winds during an arid interval1 so it is interesting to note that the irregularly weathered sandstone once again resembles a pile of crossbedded dunes4 ,see also figure #ce4 7,fig4 #cb7 ,illustration3 8,,hoodoos ,,and ,,goblins10 weathered from ,dewey ,bridge ,member1 viewed northwest from park road about #b miles north of ,courthouse ,wash4 7,fig4 #cc7 ,the ,windows ,section ,the ,windows section1 one of the most beautiful parts of the park1 once was the only readily accessible part of the former monument and is still the only collection of arches seen by many visitors who either do not have or do not take time to travel farther north4 ,all the arches and erosion forms are on or near a high crest called ,elephant ,butte 7,dane1 #aice1 p4 #abf1 #abg71 which separates ,salt ,valley from the ,courthouse syncline4 ,the ridge also marks the south edge of several minor anticlines and synclines termed by ,dane the 8,elephant ,butte folds40 ,illustration3 ,,eye ,,of ,,the ,,whale1 one of several arches in ,herdina ,park1 just south of jeep trail about #b miles northwest of ,balanced ,rock4 ,cut in ,slick ,rock ,member4 ,front opening is #fj feet wide and #bg feet high1 but back opening is only #ce feet wide and #aa feet high4 ,photograph by ,professor ,dale ,j4 ,stevens1 ,brigham ,young ,university4 7,fig4 #cd7 ,guarding the approach to ,the ,windows section is ,balanced ,rock 7stop #i74 ,as shown in the frontispiece1 it is accompanied on the right by another balanced rock and a third one may be seen in the distance4 ,the original route to ,the ,windows section1 pioneered by ,goulding1 passed just north of ,balanced ,rock4 ,traces of the old road between here and the ,garden of ,eden parking area are still visible but no longer used4 ,to the west1 however1 a part of the old road is the starting point of a jeep trail leading northwestward through ,herdina ,park to a point near ,klondike ,bluffs1 where it joins the dirt road in ,salt ,valley 7fig4 #a74 ,visitors having four-wheel-drive vehicles may wish to drive at least as far as ,eye of ,the ,whale 7fig4 #cd71 which is about #b miles northwest of ,balanced ,rock4 ,there are several picnic tables at the beginning of this jeep trail1 but no water4 ,illustration3 ,,intricate ,,crossbeds ,,in ,,navajo ,,sandstone1 on north side of road between ,garden of ,eden and ,cove of ,caves4 ,red crest is basal part of ,dewey ,bridge ,member4 7,fig4 #ce7 ,just beyond ,balanced ,rock1 a branch paved road turns eastward #b miles to the main parking lots in ,the ,windows section4 ,between the ,garden of ,eden 7stop #ac7 and ,cove of ,caves are spectacular exposures of the ,navajo ,sandstone showing the crossbedding typical of the original dunes 7fig4 #ce74 ,just east of the crossbedded ,navajo ,sandstone1 shown in figure #ce1 we pass ,cove ,arch and ,cove of ,caves 7stop #aj7 on the north side of the road 7fig4 #cf74 ,just around the curve east of ,cove of ,caves is the first of two parking lots 7stop #aa7 forming a one-way loop at the end of this branch of the road4 ,from the loop may be seen the greatest concentration of readily accessible arches in the park1 all of which are roofed by the ,slick ,rock ,member and floored by the ,dewey ,bridge ,member4 ,let us take the short paved trail from the upper lot to the southeast1 where we come first to ,north ,window 7fig4 #cg74 ,if we walk through this arch and climb the rock beyond 7fig4 #cg caption71 we see one of the best views in the park 7fig4 #ch74 ,a short walk south of ,north ,window brings us to ,south ,window 7fig4 #ci74 ,the other side of this arch may be reached either by walking around the nearby southeast end of the fin or by walking through ,north ,window4 ,a short walk to the southwest brings us to ,turret ,arch--the one seen through ,north ,window in figure #ch4 ,figure #dj was taken from the southwest side of ,turret ,arch1 viewed northeastward toward ,south ,window1 one corner of which appears at the left4 ,both ,north and ,south ,windows may be seen in one photograph taken from points near ,turret ,arch4 ,illustration3 ,,cove ,,arch ,,and ,,cove ,,of ,,caves1 on north side of road just west of ,double ,arch and ,parade of ,elephants4 ,arch at left and three of the caves on right are roofed by ,slick ,rock ,member and floored by ,dewey ,bridge ,member4 ,arch is #dh feet wide and #cd feet high4 ,in time the caves will eat through the #cj-;foot-thick fin and become arches4 ,note sharp contact between ,dewey ,bridge ,member and ,navajo ,sandstone4 7,fig4 #cf7 ,illustration3 ,,north ,,window1 viewed to the northeast4 ,large rock seemingly partly blocking left end of arch actually is the southeast end of a fin some #ej feet or more beyond the arch1 from which figure #ch was taken4 ,arch is #ic feet wide and #ea feet high4 7,fig4 #cg7 ,from the lower parking lot 7stop #ab71 a short walk by paved trail takes us to spectacular ,double ,arch1 shown in figure #ag4 ,this arch is visible from the parking lot but is best seen and photographed from at or near the end of the trail4 ,looking westward from near the trail's end1 we see the ,parade of ,elephants1 shown in figure #da4 ,this feature is described on pages #af and #ag of 8,the ,guide to an ,auto ,tour of ,arches ,national ,park0 as 8whimsical stone statuary resembling a circus pachyderm parade4 ,with tail in trunk1 the elephants rumble toward you along a sandstone roadway40 ,ribbon ,arch1 on the north side of ,elephant ,butte1 is one of the most delicate ones in the park 7fig4 #a74 ,although it is #ej feet wide and #ee feet high1 the rock span is only #a feet wide and #a foot thick4 ,on the way back to the intersection with the main park road1 we pass stop #ad1 from which may be seen ,pothole ,arch 7fig4 #ah74 ,one and one-half miles north of the intersection with the main road is the ,panorama ,point parking area 7stop #ae71 which affords fine distant views of ,salt and ,cache ,valleys and points beyond4 ,a roadside exhibit portrays the gradual development of the ,salt ,valley anticline1 which supplements my description on pages #bg-cb4 ,a parking space a short distance farther down the hill 7stop #af7 provides good distant views of the ,fiery ,furnace4 ,i tried several telephoto shots from this viewpoint1 but preferred my closeup views1 such as the one shown in figure #dd4 ,illustration3 ,,looking ,,southwestward ,,through ,,north ,,window1 from fin shown beyond left side of ,north ,window in figure #cg4 ,turret ,arch 7fig4 #dj7 is seen at right middle ground1 south rim of ,moab ,valley to left of arch1 ,colorado ,river canyon forms left skyline4 7,fig4 #ch7 ,illustration3 ,,south ,,window1 viewed toward northeast4 ,arch is #aje feet wide and #ff feet high4 ,see text4 7,fig4 #ci7 ,delicate ,arch ,area ,two and a half miles northeast of the road intersection near ,balanced ,rock1 a gravelled side road leads northeastward to several points of considerable interest4 ,the photograph in figure #aa was taken from this side road about half a mile northeast of the intersection4 ,about #b miles to the northeast1 just beyond ,salt ,valley ,wash1 is a parking area 7stop #ag7 at the beginning of the trail past ,wolfe's ,bar-,,dx ,ranch 7fig4 #c7 to famed ,delicate ,arch1 which is featured on the front cover4 ,although the trail to the arch is only #a miles long1 it crosses several hills at the outset1 then climbs #ejj feet1 mostly on bare ,entrada ,sandstone1 so is considered quite strenuous1 particularly in hot weather4 ,the ,park ,service advises hikers to carry water4 ,the ,walt ,disney crew1 cameras1 gear1 cougars1 and all climbed this trail in the hottest part of the summer of #aiga 7see p4 #af71 while my wife and ,i were working in the vicinity4 ,visitors who do not wish to make the hike may get a distant view of ,delicate ,arch by driving to a parking area 7stop #ah7 #a4c miles farther east4 ,illustration3 ,,turret ,,arch1 viewed northeast toward ,south ,window1 part of which is visible on left4 ,small opening on right is visible also in figure #ch4 ,largest arch is #ci feet wide and #fd feet high2 smaller one is #ab feet wide and #ac feet high4 ,a still smaller one1 not visible in the photograph1 is #h feet wide and only #d feet high4 7,fig4 #dj7 ,illustration3 ,,parade ,,of ,,elephants1 viewed west from end of trail to ,double ,arch4 ,two elephants are on right1 one on left4 7,fig4 #da7 ,after leaving ,wolfe's ,ranch1 the trail to ,delicate ,arch crosses ,salt ,wash on a suspension foot bridge 7fig4 #db74 ,just beyond the bridge1 a short walk to the left 7north7 leads to the ,ute petroglyphs shown in the lower photograph of figure #b4 ,the most difficult part of the trail1 on bare sandstone1 is marked by cairns of stones placed at sufficient intervals to keep hikers from losing the barely visible trail4 ,when the summit finally is reached and the last corner rounded1 one suddenly sees perhaps the most sublime view in the park--famed ,delicate ,arch1 framing part of the ,la ,sal ,mountains beyond 7fig4 #dc74 ,this graceful arch and mighty ,landscape ,arch 7fig4 #ec7 were considered to be in serious jeopardy during the era of sonic booms1 but hopefully this danger now is past4 7,see p4 #af-ag47 ,it may be of interest to shutterbugs that professional photographer ,hal ,rumel lugged an #h- #aj-;inch camera plus a heavy tripod and accessories up the steep trail to get the excellent photograph of ,delicate ,arch shown in figure #dc4 ,the late afternoon sun intensified the red somewhat1 but my shots made earlier in the day using both #d- #e-;inch and #ce-mm equipment resulted in unwanted shadows1 even though the salmon color of the ,slick ,rock ,member was more nearly normal4 ,after leaving the junction with the side road1 the main park road traverses slices of vertical strata squeezed between faults along the north side of ,salt ,valley1 then gradually climbs out of the valley for about #b miles to a parking area 7stop #ai71 from which good views are had of the southeast end of ,salt ,valley and of the grabens in the west end of ,cache ,valley4 7,see fig4 #aa47 ,illustration3 ,petroglyph figure ,illustration3 ,,suspension ,,foot ,,bridge ,,across ,,salt ,,wash1 in front of ,wolfe's cabin at beginning of ,delicate ,arch trail4 7,fig4 #db7 ,illustration3 ,,delicate ,,arch1 from end of trail #a miles above ,wolfe's ,ranch4 ,the opening is #cc feet wide and #de feet high4 ,the left abutment is only #e feet wide at the narrowest point4 ,the arch is carved near the top of the ,slick ,rock ,member1 and the top of the span1 #ai feet thick1 is capped by a few feet of the more resistant ,moab ,member1 as is ,broken ,arch 7fig4 #af74 ,photograph by ,hal ,rumel1 ,salt ,lake ,city4 7,fig4 #dc7 ,fiery ,furnace ,about half a mile farther uphill is a parking area for viewing the southeastern part of the ,fiery ,furnace 7stop #bj71 a vast array of towering fins and pinnacles of the reddish ,slick ,rock ,member separated by narrow slots1 vaguely resembling flames shooting skyward4 ,the view of the ,fiery ,furnace in figure #dd was taken about #a mile farther up the hill4 ,it is not difficult to get lost among this myriad of fins and narrow slots1 so ranger-guided tours are conducted during the summer4 ,about #a mile farther northwest is a parking area 7stop #bc7 from which a short walk to the north end of ,fiery ,furnace leads to a narrow slot between high fins 7fig4 #de71 along which a short sandy trail leads to a recess along the southwest wall containing ,sand ,dune ,arch 7fig4 #df74 ,this hidden arch receives sunshine only near the middle of the day and is a delightful1 shady place to rest4 ,from the entrance to the slot leading to ,sand ,dune ,arch1 a trail goes half a mile north across an open field to ,broken ,arch1 shown in figure #af4 ,this field1 which separates the ,fiery ,furnace and ,devils ,garden areas1 is seen from the air in figure #ab4 ,illustration3 ,petroglyph figure ,illustration3 ,,fiery ,,furnace1 viewed northwest along park road about #a mile northwest from stop #bj4 ,fins and spires are of the jointed ,slick ,rock ,member 7fig4 #ab71 but the top of the ,dewey ,bridge ,member is seen to the right of the curve in the road4 7,fig4 #dd7 ,illustration3 ,,trail ,,to ,,sand ,,dune ,,arch1 looking northwest away from arch1 between towering fins of ,slick ,rock ,member1 at northwest end of ,fiery ,furnace4 ,southeast end of ,devils ,garden in distance4 7,fig4 #de7 ,illustration3 ,,sand ,,dune ,,arch1 in recess along southwest wall of narrow slot shown in figure #de4 ,slick ,rock ,member4 7,fig4 #df7 ,salt ,valley and ,klondike ,bluffs ,before proceeding to the end of the paved road1 let us take an unimproved side road1 which turns south about a third of a mile beyond the last stop1 in order to see more of ,salt ,valley and to visit ,klondike ,bluffs in the northwestern part of the park4 ,after descending #b4c miles of winding road we reach the normally dry bed of ,salt ,valley ,wash1 and turn abruptly to the northwest4 ,for the next three-fourths of a mile the 8road0 is simply two tracks in the loose1 sandy bed of the wash1 which obviously should not be travelled when flooded or when there is even a hint of rain4 ,in dry weather1 however1 this road may be travelled by ordinary passenger car4 ,this stretch of the wash cuts through an intruded block of the ,paradox ,member of the ,hermosa ,formation consisting mainly of gray and brown gypsum1 the common salt having been dissolved out by ground water4 ,such an intrusive block of salt-bearing rock is known to geologists as a diapir--not to be confused with the garment 7diaper7 worn by infants4 ,from here on the road traverses a rather uninteresting stretch of valley north of ,salt ,valley ,wash4 ,eleven miles from the starting point1 the road reaches an intersection from which a side road leads southwestward three-fourths of a mile to a parking area at the foot of ,klondike ,bluffs1 which form the south side of ,salt ,valley4 ,from here1 one may make a strenuous hike over a primitive trail about #a miles long to beautiful ,tower ,arch 7fig4 #dg74 ,the valley road continues northwestward from the intersection to and beyond the northwest end of the park and connects with roads to ,crescent ,junction1 ,thompson1 and the ,yellow ,cat mining district1 north of the park 7p4 #ad74 ,let us return to the paved road and continue our tour of the park4 ,devils ,garden ,turning left 7northwest7 at the intersection with the paved park road1 we enter ,devils ,garden--another large maze of towering red fins separated by narrow slots1 which resembles the ,fiery ,furnace4 ,after a third of a mile1 we reach stop #bd and walk #ajj feet or more to the north for a good view of ,skyline ,arch 7fig4 #dh74 ,this arch is very appropriately named1 as it forms the skyline viewed either from the road on the south or from the campground on the north1 from points south of the amphitheater4 ,less well known is the fact that ,skyline ,arch is clearly visible to the naked eye or through binoculars from stretches of ,highway ,i-#gj 7or old ,u4,s4 ,highways #f and #ej7 about #aa miles to the north4 ,most arches and other erosion forms do not change appearance much from day to day or year to year1 but some1 like 8,baby ,arch0 7fig4 #ae71 show evidence of relatively recent origin4 ,in ,november #aidj 7,abbey1 #aiga1 p4 #db7 ,skyline ,arch suddenly doubled in size by the fall of a large rock that occupied what is now the northwest half of the arch4 ,photographs taken before and after this event appear on pages #bd and #be of the road guide and also in the museum at the ,visitor ,center4 ,illustration3 ,,tower ,,arch1 on ,klondike ,bluffs1 viewed eastward4 ,arch is in ,slick ,rock ,member but tower on left1 after which arch was named1 is capped by a protective layer of the resistant ,moab ,member4 ,opening is #hh feet wide and #dc feet high4 ,photograph by ,robert ,d4 ,miller4 7,fig4 #dg7 ,illustration3 ,,skyline ,,arch1 viewed north from point about #ajj feet north of stop #bd1 in ,slick ,rock ,member4 ,although fins are vertical1 note that the strata seem to dip about #ae to the right1 although the actual dip is to the northeast4 7,see fig4 #ej47 7,fig4 #dh7 ,another half mile brings us to a one-way 7to right7 loop at the end of the park road4 ,just beyond the beginning of the loop is a parking lot and very attractive picnic area containing several picnic tables shaded by pion pines at the foot of a towering red fin of the ,slick ,rock ,member4 ,just north of this picnic ground1 a paved side road leads eastward into a truly beautiful1 well-equipped campground comprising both back-in and drive-through campsites for trailers1 campers1 or tents2 three pairs of modern restrooms1 hydrants1 and drinking fountains2 and an amphitheater1 where illustrated campfire talks are given nightly during the summer4 ,the east end of the campground is shown in figure #di4 ,illustration3 ,,campground ,,in ,,devils ,,garden1 viewed northwestward across turn-around at southeastern end4 7,fig4 #di7 ,devils ,garden in general and the campground in particular are on the crest of a ridge separating ,salt ,valley to the southwest from the ,sagers ,wash syncline to the northeast1 which lies north of ,yellow ,cat ,flat and north of the area shown in figure #a4 ,from the higher parts of the campground striking views are to be had toward the north and northeast1 particularly late in the afternoon1 as shown in figure #ej4 ,illustration3 ,,view ,,north ,,from ,,campground1 in late afternoon4 ,reddish ,slick ,rock ,member capped by light-colored ,moab ,member are seen dipping northeastward toward ,sagers ,wash syncline4 ,book ,cliffs1 north of ,thompson1 are #af miles north on left skyline4 7,fig4 #ej7 ,in about the middle of the one-way loop at the end of the park road is a well that supplies water to the campground from early in the spring until the return of freezing weather late in the fall4 ,the well1 which was drilled in #aifb to a depth of #ijj feet1 obtains a small amount of water from the ,wingate ,sandstone4 ,no water was found in the overlying ,navajo and ,entrada ,sandstones because of the pronounced dip of the rocks toward the northeast1 which allows any water in these rocks to drain northeastward 7,ted ,arnow1 written commun41 #aifc74 ,water from this well is pumped to a steel tank in a high part of the campground1 whence it flows by gravity to the three sets of restrooms4 ,illustration3 ,,southeastern ,,part ,,of ,,devils ,,garden ,,trail1 viewed northwestward4 ,narrow slot between fins of ,slick ,rock ,member indicates local spacing of joints4 7,fig4 #ea7 ,at the northwest end of the one-way loop is a large parking area for use by people hiking the ,devils ,garden trail4 ,this trail leads to seven of the most interesting arches in the park1 all of which are in the ,slick ,rock ,member1 and there are many more farther to the northwest4 ,the approximate distances to the seven arches are given in the paragraphs that follow4 ,the trail is paved for about #a mile as far as ,landscape ,arch 7fig4 #ec71 but from there to ,double ,o ,arch 7fig4 #ef7 the trail is primitive1 and the ,park ,service recommends rubber soles as part of the trail is on bare sandstone4 ,for these reasons1 many visitors hike only as far as ,landscape ,arch4 ,illustration3 ,,pine ,,tree ,,arch1 viewed northeastward4 ,opening is #df feet wide and #dh feet high4 ,fin is #cj feet thick4 7,fig4 #eb7 ,much of the trail1 particularly the first part1 lies in a narrow slot between fins of the ,slick ,rock ,member1 as shown in figure #ea4 ,after about half a mile1 a side trail to the north leads to a ,y1 the right-hand fork of which goes to ,tunnel ,arch 7fig4 #ad74 ,the left-hand fork leads to ,pine ,tree ,arch1 obviously named for the pion pine framed by this arch 7fig4 #eb74 ,at the end of the improved part of the trail1 we reach ,landscape ,arch 7fig4 #ec71 claimed by the ,park ,service to be the longest known natural arch in the world4 ,according to ,ouellette 7#aieh7 it is #bia feet long and #aah feet high1 but ,professor ,stevens' measurements indicate it to be #bhg feet long and #ajf feet high4 ,at its thinnest point on the right1 the span is only #aa feet wide and #aa feet thick4 ,in #aieh three young men made what was claimed to be the second known ascent of ,landscape ,arch1 using ropes and other climbing gear1 after which they walked across 7,ouellette1 #aieh74 ,this crossing was made with the permission of a park ranger1 but such permission is no longer given1 for the safety of both the arch and of would-be climbers4 ,wall ,arch is about a quarter of a mile beyond the end of the improved part of the trail1 and another three-fourths mile brings us to ,navajo ,arch 7fig4 #ed7 and ,partition ,arch 7fig4 #ee74 ,a distant view of ,partition ,arch may be had just before reaching ,landscape ,arch4 ,part of the remaining trail to ,double ,o ,arch 7fig4 #ef7 is on the top of a low sandstone fin1 in part between somewhat higher fins and in part above lower slots4 ,illustration3 ,,landscape ,,arch1 viewed southwestward from near end of improved part of ,devils ,garden trail4 ,note that ground beneath arch is covered by slope wash and near the middle with what appears to be a small landslide4 ,slick ,rock ,member here is more nearly buff than salmon colored1 because of a smaller content of iron oxide4 ,fresh breaks and angular blocks of stone at right abutment indicate relatively recent rock falls4 ,see text for size4 7,fig4 #ec7 ,illustration3 ,,navajo ,,arch1 viewed northeastward from a branch of ,devils ,garden trail4 ,one of few arches having a flat soil-covered floor4 ,opening is #dj feet wide4 ,photograph by ,national ,park ,service4 7,fig4 #ed7 ,beautiful ,double ,o ,arch 7fig4 #ef7 is at the end of the ,devils ,garden trail about #b miles northwest of the trailhead4 ,about half a mile northwest of the trail's end is a prominent landmark called ,dark ,angel 7fig4 #eg71 which is visible in figure #ab and from the unimproved road in ,salt ,valley4 ,illustration3 ,,partition ,,arch1 viewed southwestward from near ,devils ,garden trail4 ,arch frames part of south wall of ,salt ,valley and1 on skyline1 mesas south of ,moab ,valley4 ,opening is #bg feet wide and #bf feet high4 ,a smaller opening to the right measures #h feet wide and #h feet high4 ,photograph by ,dawn ,e4 ,reed4 7,fig4 #ee7 ,illustration3 ,,double ,o ,,arch1 viewed about north from northwest end of ,devils ,garden trail4 ,large opening is #ga feet wide and #de feet high2 small one at lower left is #ba feet wide and #aa feet high4 ,span of large opening is #aa feet wide and #f feet thick4 ,arch frames a part of the ,book ,cliffs about #ad miles to the north4 ,photograph by ,hildegard ,hamilton1 ,flagstaff1 ,ariz4 7,fig4 #ef7 ,illustration3 ,,dark ,,angel1 a shaft of the ,slick ,rock ,member that is an erosional remnant of a once high1 narrow fin4 ,about one-half mile northwest of ,double ,o ,arch4 ,photograph by ,national ,park ,service4 7,fig4 #eg7 ,illustration3 8,,indian-,,head ,,arch10 in upper ,devils ,garden4 ,arch and most of head are in ,slick ,rock ,member1 top of head is basal part of ,moab ,member4 ,opening is #d feet wide and #d feet high4 ,photograph by ,professor ,dale ,j4 ,stevens1 ,brigham ,young ,university4 7,fig4 #eh7 ,illustration3 ,,geologic ,,time ,,spiral1 showing the sequence1 names1 and ages of the geologic eras1 periods1 and epochs1 and the evolution of plant and animal life on land and in the sea4 ,the primitive animals that evolved in the sea during the vast ,precambrian ,era left few traces in the rocks because they had not developed hard parts1 such as shells1 but hard shell or skeletal parts became abundant during and after the ,paleozoic ,era4 7,fig4 #ei7 ,,geologic ,,time ,the ,age of the ,earth ,the ,earth is very old--#d4e billion years or more according to recent estimates4 ,most of the evidence for an ancient ,earth is contained in the rocks that form the ,earth's crust4 ,the rock layers themselves--like pages in a long and complicated history--record the surface-shaping events of the past1 and buried within them are traces of life--the plants and animals that evolved from organic structures that existed perhaps #c billion years ago4 ,also contained in rocks once molten are radioactive elements whose isotopes provide ,earth scientists with an atomic clock4 ,within these rocks1 8parent0 isotopes decay at a predictable rate to form 8daughter0 isotopes4 ,by determining the relative amounts of parent and daughter isotopes1 the age of these rocks can be calculated4 ,thus1 the results of studies of rock layers 7stratigraphy71 and of fossils 7paleontology71 coupled with the ages of certain rocks as measured by atomic clocks 7geochronology71 attest to a very old ,earth6 ,professor ,stevens found #ad arches in what he called upper ,devils ,garden1 northwest of ,double ,o ,arch1 and two arches in the northwesternmost extension of the park known as ,eagle ,park 7fig4 #a74 ,one of the unnamed arches in upper ,devils ,garden is shown in figure #eh4 ,i am tentatively calling it 8,indian-,head ,arch10 because of the rather obvious resemblance4 ,this ends our journey through ,arches ,national ,park1 but there remains for consideration a summary of the principal geologic events leading to the formation of this beautiful part of the ,colorado ,plateau and a brief comparison with the geology of other national parks and monuments on the ,plateau4 ,summary of ,geologic ,history ,having finished our geologic trip through ,arches ,national ,park1 let us see how the arches and other features fit into the bigger scheme of things--the geologic age and events of the ,earth as a whole1 as depicted in figure #ei4 ,as shown in figure #d1 the rock strata still preserved in the park range in age from ,pennsylvanian to ,cretaceous1 or from about #cjj million to #ajj million years old--a span of about #bjj million years4 ,this seems an incredibly long time1 until one notes that the earth is some #d4e billion years old1 and that our rock pile is but #a_/bc or #d percent of the age of the ,earth as a whole4 ,thus1 in figure #ei1 the rocks exposed in the park occupy only about the left half of the top whorl of the spiral4 ,but this is not the whole story4 ,as indicated earlier1 younger ,mesozoic and ,tertiary rocks more than #a mile thick that once covered the area have been carried away by erosion1 and if we include these the span is increased to about #bej million years1 or nearly a full whorl of the spiral4 ,deep tests for oil and gas tell us that much older rocks underlie the area1 and we have seen that some of these played a part in shaping the park we see today4 ,in addition to the ,precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks1 there is about #b1jjj feet of ,paleozoic sedimentary rocks older than the ,pennsylvanian ,paradox ,member of the ,hermosa ,formation1 most of which was laid down in ancient seas4 ,this includes strata of ,cambrian1 ,ordovician1 ,devonian1 ,mississippian1 and ,pennsylvanian ages 7fig4 #ei74 ,there are some gaps in the rock record caused by temporary emergence of the land above sea level and erosion of the land surface before the land again subsided below sea level so that deposition could resume4 ,silurian rocks are absent1 presumably because1 here1 the ,silurian ,period was dominated by erosion rather than deposition4 ,while ,pennsylvanian and ,permian rocks were being laid down in and southwest of the park1 a large area to the northeast1 called by geologists the ,uncompahgre ,highland 7because it occupied the same general area as part of the present ,uncompahgre ,plateau71 rose slowly above sea level4 ,whatever ,paleozoic rocks were on this rising land plus part of the underlying ,precambrian rocks were eroded and carried by streams into deep basins to the northeast and southwest4 ,thus1 while some marine or near-shore deposits were being laid down in and south of the park1 thousands of feet of red beds were being laid down by streams between the park and what is now the ,uncompahgre ,plateau4 ,during part of ,middle ,pennsylvanian time1 a large area1 including the park1 known as the ,paradox basin1 was alternately connected to or cut off from the sea1 so that the water was evaporated during cutoff periods and replenished during periods when connection with the sea resumed4 ,in these huge evaporation basins were deposited the salt and gypsum plus some potash salts and shale that now make up the ,paradox ,member of the ,hermosa ,formation4 ,arches ,national ,park contains four northwesterly trending major folds--the ,salt ,valley and ,cache ,valley salt anticlines1 the ,courthouse syncline1 and the faulted ,moab-,seven ,mile anticline1 which forms the southwestern border4 ,how these folds were formed was explained on pages #bg-cb4 ,the history of their growth1 however1 was a long one that began about #cjj million years ago in the ,pennsylvanian and ended about #ej million years ago in the early ,tertiary4 ,the growth of these folds occurred in two stages4 ,the first stage1 which involved the development of the salt cores of the anticlines1 ended in the ,jurassic with the beginning of ,morrison time2 the second stage1 which involved additional folding that intensified the magnitude and shape of existing folds1 occurred in the early ,tertiary and was followed later by collapse of the salt anticlines4 ,the formation and collapse of the ,salt ,valley and ,cache ,valley anticlines was accompanied by pronounced jointing 7fig4 #ab71 which allowed differential erosion to produce the tall fins in which the arches were formed4 ,the old ,uncompahgre ,highland continued to shed debris into the bordering basins until ,triassic time1 when it began to be covered by a veneer of red sandstone and siltstone of the ,chinle ,formation 7,lohman1 #aife74 ,the area remained above sea level during the ,triassic ,period and most1 if not all1 of the ,jurassic ,period1 although the ,jurassic ,carmel ,formation was laid down in a sea that lay just to the west4 ,late in the ,cretaceous ,period a large part of ,central and ,southeastern ,united ,states1 including the eastern half of ,utah1 sank beneath the sea and received thousands of feet of mud1 silt1 and some sand that later compacted into the ,mancos ,shale4 ,this formation1 as well as all younger and some older strata1 has long since been eroded from most of the park area1 but a little of the ,mancos is preserved in the ,cache ,valley graben 7fig4 #aa71 and the entire ,mancos ,shale and younger rocks are present in adjacent areas1 such as the ,book ,cliffs north of ,green ,river1 ,crescent ,junction1 and ,cisco 7figs4 #g1 #ej1 #ef74 ,the land rose above the sea at about the close of the ,cretaceous and has remained above ever since1 although inland basins and lakes received sediment during parts of the ,tertiary ,period4 ,compressive forces in the ,earth's crust produced some gentle folding of the strata at the close of the ,cretaceous1 but more pronounced folding and some faulting occurred during the ,eocene ,epoch1 when most of the ,rocky ,mountains took form4 ,during the ,miocene ,epoch igneous rock welled up into older rocks to form the cores of the nearby ,la ,sal1 ,abajo1 and ,henry ,mountains4 ,additional uplift and some folding occurred in the ,pliocene and ,pleistocene ,epochs4 ,much of the course of the ,colorado ,river was established during the ,miocene ,epoch1 with some additional adjustments in the late ,pliocene and early ,pleistocene ,epochs 7,hunt1 ,c4 ,b41 #aifi1 p4 #fg74 ,erosion during much of the ,tertiary ,period and all of the ,quaternary ,period plus some sagging and breaking of the crest of the anticlines1 brought on by solution and lateral squeezing of salt beds beneath the ,moab-,seven ,mile1 ,salt ,valley1 and ,cache ,valley anticlines1 combined to produce the landscape as we now see it4 ,the ,precambrian rocks beneath the area are about #a4e billion years old2 so an enormous span of time is represented by the rocks and events in and beneath ,canyonlands ,national ,park4 ,if we consider the geologic formations that make up the national parks 7,n4,p471 national monuments 7,n4,m47 7excluding small historical or archaeological ones71 ,monument ,valley1 ,san ,rafael ,swell1 and ,glen ,canyon ,national ,recreation ,area1 all in the ,colorado ,plateau1 it becomes apparent that certain formations or groups of formations play starring roles in some parks or monuments1 some play supporting roles1 and in a few places the entire cast of rocks gets about equal billing4 ,let us compare them and see how and where they fit into the 8,geologic ,time ,spiral0 7fig4 #ei74 ,dinosaur ,n4,m41 with exposed rocks ranging in age from ,precambrian to ,cretaceous1 covers the greatest time span 7nearly #b billion years71 but has one unit--the ,jurassic ,morrison ,formation--in the starring role1 for this unit contains the many dinosaur fossils that give the monument its name and fame1 although there are several older units in supporting roles4 ,grand ,canyon ,n4,p4 and ,n4,m4 are next1 with rocks ranging in age from ,precambrian through ,permian 7excluding the ,quaternary lava flows in the ,n4,m471 but here there is truly a team effort1 for the entire cast gets about equal billing4 ,canyonlands ,n4,p4 stands third in this category1 with rocks ranging from ,pennsylvanian to ,jurassic1 but we would have to give top billing to the ,permian ,cedar ,mesa ,sandstone ,member of the ,cutler ,formation1 from which ,the ,needles1 ,the ,grabens1 and most of the arches were sculptured2 the ,triassic ,wingate ,sandstone and the ,triassic787 ,kayenta ,formation get second billing for their roles in forming and preserving ,island in the ,sky and other high mesas4 ,now let us consider other areas with only one or few players in the cast1 beginning at the bottom of the time spiral4 ,black ,canyon of the ,gunnison ,n4,m41 cut entirely in rocks of early ,precambrian age with only a veneer of much younger rocks1 obviously has but one star in its cast4 ,colorado ,n4,m4 contains rocks ranging from ,precambrian to ,cretaceous--equal to ,dinosaur in this respect1 but ,colorado is unique in that all the rocks of the long ,paleozoic ,era and some others are missing from the cast2 of those that remain1 the ,triassic ,wingate and the ,triassic787 ,kayenta are the stars1 with strong support from the ,jurassic ,entrada ,sandstone4 ,all the bridges in ,natural ,bridges ,n4,m4 were carved from the ,permian ,cedar ,mesa ,sandstone ,member of the ,cutler ,formation1 also one of the stars in ,canyonlands ,n4,p4 ,in ,canyon de ,chelly 7pronounced dee shay7 ,n4,m4 and ,monument ,valley 7neither a national park nor a national monument1 as it is owned and administered by the ,navajo ,tribe71 the ,de ,chelly ,sandstone ,member of the ,cutler ,formation--a ,permian member younger than the ,cedar ,mesa--plays the starring role4 ,wupatki ,n4,m4 near ,flagstaff1 ,ariz41 stars the ,triassic ,moenkopi ,formation4 ,petrified ,forest ,n4,p4 7which now includes part of the ,painted ,desert7 has but one star--the ,triassic ,chinle ,formation1 in which are found many petrified logs and stumps of ancient trees4 ,the ,triassic-,jurassic ,glen ,canyon ,group 7fig4 #ai71 which includes the ,triassic ,wingate ,sandstone1 the ,triassic787 ,kayenta ,formation1 and the ,triassic787-,jurassic ,navajo ,sandstone1 receives top billing in recently enlarged ,capitol ,reef ,n4,p41 but the ,triassic ,moenkopi and ,chinle ,formations enjoy supporting roles4 ,the ,triassic787-,jurassic ,navajo ,sandstone1 which has a supporting role in ,arches ,n4,p41 is the undisputed star of ,zion ,n4,p41 ,rainbow ,bridge ,n4,m41 and ,glen ,canyon ,national ,recreation ,area1 despite the fact that the latter is the type locality of the entire ,glen ,canyon ,group4 ,the ,navajo also forms the impressive reef at the east edge of the beautiful ,san ,rafael ,swell1 a dome1 or closed anticline1 now crossed by ,highway ,i-#gj between ,green ,river and ,fremont ,junction1 ,utah4 ,as we journey upward in the time spiral 7fig4 #ei71 we come to the ,jurassic ,entrada ,sandstone1 which stars in ,arches ,n4,p41 with help from the underlying ,navajo ,sandstone1 and a supporting cast of both older and younger rocks4 ,the ,entrada also forms the grotesque erosion forms called 8hoodoos and goblins0 in ,goblin ,valley ,state ,park1 north of ,hanksville1 ,utah4 ,moving ever upward in the spiral1 we come to the ,cretaceous--the age of the starring ,mesaverde ,group1 in which the caves of ,mesaverde ,n4,p4 were formed1 and which now house beautifully preserved ruins once occupied by the ,anasazi1 the same ancient people who once dwelt in ,arches ,n4,p4 and nearby areas4 ,this brings us up to the ,tertiary ,period1 during the early part of which the pink limestones and shales of the ,paleocene and ,eocene ,wasatch ,formation were laid down in inland basins4 ,beautifully sculptured cliffs1 pinnacles1 and caves of the ,wasatch star in ,bryce ,canyon ,n4,p4 and in nearby ,cedar ,breaks ,n4,m4 ,this concludes our climb up the time spiral1 except for ,quaternary volcanoes and some older volcanic features at ,sunset ,crater ,n4,m41 near ,flagstaff1 ,ariz4 ,thus1 one way or another1 many rock units formed during the last couple of billion years have performed on the stage of the ,colorado ,plateau and1 hamlike1 still lurk in the wings eagerly awaiting your applause to recall them to the footlights4 ,don't let them down--visit and enjoy the national parks and monuments of the ,plateau1 for they probably are the greatest collection of scenic wonderlands in the world4 ,additional ,reading ,many reports covering various aspects of the area have been cited in the text by author and year1 and these plus a few additional ones are listed in 8,selected ,references40 ,a few works of general or special interest should be mentioned1 however4 ,between #aibf and #aibi the entire area now included in the park was mapped geologically in classic reports by ,dane 7#aice7 and by ,mc,knight 7#aidj74 ,these men and their field assistants mapped the area by use of the plane-table and telescopic alidade without benefit of modern topographic maps or aerial photographs1 except for topographic maps of the narrow stretch along the ,colorado ,river mapped under the direction of ,herron 7#aiag74 ,only small sections could be reached by automobile1 so nearly all the area was traversed using horses and mules or by hiking4 ,this work plus mapping done in nearby areas to the south and to the north 7,stokes1 #aieb7 during the uranium boom of the mid-fifties was used by ,williams 7#aifd7 in compiling a geologic map of the ,moab quadrangle at a scale of #a3bej1jjj4 ,several early reports on the ,colorado ,river and its potential utilization contain a wealth of information and many fine photographs1 including two by ,la ,rue 7#aiaf1 #aibe7 and one by ,follansbee 7#aibi74 ,you may be interested in brief accounts of the geology of other national parks and monuments1 or other areas of special interest1 such as the reports on the ,uinta ,mountains by ,hansen 7#aifi71 ,mount ,rainier by ,crandell 7#aifi71 ,yellowstone ,national ,park by ,keefer 7#aiga71 and ones by me on ,colorado ,national ,monument 7,lohman1 #aife7 and ,canyonlands ,national ,park 7#aigd74 ,for those who wish to learn more about the science of geology1 ,i suggest the textbook by ,gilluly1 ,waters1 and ,woodford 7#aifh74 ,acknowledgments ,i am greatly indebted to ,bates ,wilson1 former ,superintendent1 and to former ,assistant ,superintendent ,joe ,carithers1 for their splendid cooperation in supplying data and information2 to ,chuck ,budge1 former ,chief ,ranger2 ,dave ,may1 ,assistant ,chief of ,interpretation and ,resource ,management2 ,joe ,miller1 former ,maintenance ,engineer2 ,bob ,kerr1 new ,superintendent2 ,maxine ,newell1 ,park ,historian and member of the staff at ,arches ,national ,park2 ,jerry ,banta1 former ,park ,ranger at ,arches2 and ,carl ,mikesell1 ,park ,ranger at ,arches1 for their many favors4 ,i am grateful to several colleagues and friends for the loan of photographs1 for geologic help and data1 and for reviewing this report4 ,i am also deeply grateful to my wife1 ,ruth1 for accompanying me on all the fieldwork and for her help and encouragement4 ,selected ,references ,abbey1 ,edward1 #aiga1 ,desert solitaire1 a season in the wilderness3 ,new ,york1 ,ballantine ,books1 #cjc p4 ,baker1 ,a4 ,a41 #aicc1 ,geology and oil possibilities of the ,moab district1 ,grand and ,san ,juan ,counties1 ,utah3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,bull4 #hda1 #ie p4 ,baker1 ,pearl1 #aiga1 ,the ,wild ,bunch at ,robbers ,roost3 ,new ,york1 ,aberlard-,schuman1 #bbd p4 ,beckwith1 ,frank1 #aicd1 ,a group of petroglyphs near ,moab1 ,utah3 ,santa ,fe1 ,n4 ,mex41 ,el ,palacio1 v4 #cf1 p4 #agg-agh4 ,breed1 ,jack1 #aidg1 ,utah's arches of stone3 ,natl4 ,geog4 ,mag41 p4 #agc-aib1 ,august4 ,case1 ,j4 ,e41 and ,joesting1 ,h4 ,r41 #aigb1 ,regional geophysical investigations in the central ,colorado ,plateau3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,prof4 ,paper #gcf1 #cd p4 ,cater1 ,f4 ,w41 #aigj1 ,geology of the salt anticline region in southwestern ,colorado3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,prof4 ,paper #fcg1 #hj p4 ---- #aigb1 ,salt anticlines within the ,paradox ,basin1 in ,geologic atlas of the ,rocky ,mountain region1 ,united ,states of ,america3 ,denver1 ,colo41 ,rocky ,mtn4 ,assoc4 of ,geologists1 p4 #acg1 #ach1 fig4 #d4 ,cleland1 ,h4 ,f41 #aiaj1 ,north ,american natural bridges1 with a discussion of their origins3 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,america ,bull41 v4 #ba1 p4 #cac-cch4 ,crandell1 ,d4 ,r41 #aifi1 ,the geologic story of ,mt4 ,rainier3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,bull4 #abib1 #dc p4 ,dane1 ,c4 ,h41 #aice1 ,geology of the ,salt ,valley anticline and adjacent areas1 ,grand ,county1 ,utah3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,bull4 #hfc1 #ahd p4 ,dellenbaugh1 ,f4 ,s41 #aijb1 ,the romance of the ,colorado ,river3 ,new ,york1 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons1 #cii p4 reprinted #aifb by ,rio ,grande ,press1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,everhart1 ,w4 ,c41 #aigb1 ,the ,national ,park ,service1 ,praeger ,library of ,u4,s4 ,government ,departments and ,agencies ,no4 #ac3 ,new ,york1 ,praeger ,publishers1 p4 i-xii1 #a-bgf4 ,follansbee1 ,robert1 #aibi1 ,upper ,colorado ,river and its utilization3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,water-,supply ,paper #fag1 #cid p4 ,gilluly1 ,james1 ,waters1 ,a4 ,c41 and ,woodford1 ,a4 ,o41 #aifh1 ,principles of geology #c;d ed43 ,san ,francisco1 ,w4 ,r4 ,freeman ,co41 #fhe p4 ,hansen1 ,w4 ,r41 #aifi1 ,the geologic story of the ,uinta ,mountains with graphics by ,john ,r4 ,stacy3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,bull4 #abia1 #add p4 ,herron1 ,w4 ,r41 #aiag1 ,profile surveys in the ,colorado ,river ,basin in ,wyoming1 ,utah1 ,colorado1 and ,new ,mexico3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,water-,supply ,paper #cif1 #f p41 #dc pls4 ,hite1 ,r4 ,j41 #aigb1 ,pennsylvanian rocks1 in ,geologic atlas of the ,rocky ,mountain region1 ,united ,states of ,america3 ,denver1 ,colo41 ,rocky ,mtn4 ,assoc4 of ,geologists1 p4 #acc-acg4 ,hite1 ,r4 ,j41 and ,lohman1 ,s4 ,w41 #aigc1 ,geologic appraisal of ,paradox basin salt deposits for waste emplacement3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey open-file report1 #ge p4 ,hunt1 ,alice1 #aief1 ,archeology of southeastern ,utah1 in ,geology and economic deposits of east-central ,utah3 ,salt ,lake ,city1 ,intermountain ,assoc4 of ,petroleum ,geologists1 #gth ,ann4 ,field ,conf41 p4 #ac-ah4 ,hunt1 ,c4 ,b41 #aief1 ,cenozoic geology of the ,colorado ,plateau3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,prof4 ,paper #bgi1 #ii p4 ---- #aifi1 ,geologic history of the ,colorado ,river1 in ,the ,colorado ,river region and ,john ,wesley ,powell3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,prof4 ,paper #ffi1 p4 ,i-,,iv1 #ei-acj4 ,jennings1 ,j4 ,d41 #aigj1 ,canyonlands-,aborigines3 ,naturalist1 v4 #ba1 ,summer1 ,special ,issue no4 #b1 p4 #aj-ae4 ,joesting1 ,h4 ,r41 ,case1 ,j4 ,e41 and ,plouff1 ,donald1 #aiff1 ,regional geophysical investigations of the ,moab-,needles area1 ,utah3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,prof4 ,paper #eaf-;,c1 #ba p4 ,keefer1 ,w4 ,r41 #aiga1 ,the geologic story of ,yellowstone ,national ,park1 illustrated by ,john ,r4 ,stacy3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,bull4 #acdg1 #ib p4 #aigb4 ,lansford1 ,henry1 #aigb1 ,boatman in the desert1 a passenger-carrying sternwheeler in canyon country3 8,empire0 magazine of the ,denver ,post1 ,nov4 #e1 p4 #ah1 #ai4 ,la ,rue1 ,e4 ,c41 #aiaf1 ,colorado ,river and its utilization3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,water-,supply ,paper #cie1 #bca p4 ---- #aibe1 ,water power and flood control of ,colorado ,river below ,green ,river1 ,utah1 with a foreword by ,hubert ,work1 ,secretary of the ,interior1 p4 #a-ajj4 ,appendix ,a1 ,a report on water supply1 by ,e4 ,c4 ,la ,rue and ,g4 ,f4 ,holbrook1 p4 #aja-abc2 and ,appendix ,b1 ,a geologic report on the inner gorge of the ,grand ,canyon of ,colorado ,river1 by ,r4 ,c4 ,moore1 p4 #abe-aga3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,water-,supply ,paper #eef1 #agf p4 ,lohman1 ,s4 ,w41 #aife1 ,the geologic story of ,colorado ,national ,monument with graphics by ,john ,r4 ,stacy3 ,fruita1 ,colo41 ,colorado and ,black ,canyon ,natural ,history ,assoc41 #ef p4 ---- #aigd1 ,the geologic story of ,canyonlands ,national ,park1 with graphics by ,john ,r4 ,stacy3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,bull4 #acbg1 #abf p4 ,mc,knight1 ,e4 ,t41 #aidj1 ,geology of area between ,green and ,colorado ,rivers1 ,grand and ,san ,juan ,counties1 ,utah3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,bull4 #ijh1 #adg p4 ,ouellette1 ,c4 ,m41 #aieh1 ,over the top of ,landscape ,arch3 ,desert ,mag41 p4 #ac-af1 ,march4 ,pierson1 ,lloyd1 #aifj1 ,arches ,national ,monument1 in ,geology of the ,paradox basin fold and fault belt3 ,durango1 ,colo41 ,four ,corners ,geol4 ,soc4 ,guidebook1 #c;d ,ann4 ,field ,conf41 p4 #ag-ba4 ,schaafsma1 ,polly1 #aiga1 ,rock art of ,utah3 ,cambridge1 ,mass41 ,harvard ,univ41 ,papers of the ,peabody ,museum of ,archaeology and ,ethnology1 v4 #fe1 #afi p4 ,stacy1 ,j4 ,r41 #aifb1 ,shortcut method for the preparation of shaded-relief illustrations1 in ,short papers in geology1 hydrology1 and topography #aifb3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,prof4 ,paper #dej-;,d1 p4 ,d#afd-;,d#afe4 ,stokes1 ,w4 ,l41 #aieb1 ,uranium-vanadium deposits of the ,thompsons area1 ,grand ,county1 ,utah1 with emphasis on the origin of carnotite ores3 ,utah ,geol4 and ,mineralogical ,survey ,bull4 #df1 #ea p41 ,december4 ---- #aigj1 ,canyonlands--,geology3 ,naturalist1 v4 #ba1 ,summer1 ,special ,issue no4 #b1 p4 #c-i4 ,walters1 ,h4 ,h41 #aief1 ,pacific ,northwest ,pipeline--,the scenic inch1 in ,geology and economic deposits of east-central ,utah3 ,salt ,lake ,city1 ,intermountain ,assoc4 of ,petroleum ,geologists1 p4 #afi-agj4 ,williams1 ,p4 ,l41 #aifd1 ,geology1 structure1 and uranium deposits of the ,moab quadrangle1 ,colorado and ,utah3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,misc4 ,geol4 ,inv4 ,map ,i-#cfj4 ,wilson1 ,b4 ,e41 #aief1 ,arches ,national ,monument1 in ,geology and economic deposits of east-central ,utah3 ,salt ,lake ,city1 ,intermountain ,assoc4 of ,petroleum ,geologists1 #gth ,ann4 ,field ,conf41 p4 #ej-ea4 ,wright1 ,j4 ,c41 ,shawe1 ,d4 ,r41 and ,lohman1 ,s4 ,w41 #aifb1 ,definition of members of the ,jurassic ,entrada ,sandstone in east-central ,utah and west-central ,colorado3 ,bull4 ,am4 ,assoc4 ,petroleum ,geologists1 v4 #df1 no4 #aa1 p4 #bjeg-bjgj4 ,illustration3 ,petroglyph figure ,footnotes #a,mrs4 ,tanner1 of ,phoenix1 ,ariz41 is the author of an earlier history of ,moab 7her hometown74 ,she has completed a revision entitled1 8,the ,far ,country--,a ,regional ,history of ,moab and ,la ,sal1 ,utah10 which will be serialized in the ,moab ,times-,independent1 after which it will be published4 #b;,for the benefit of visitors from countries in which the metric system is used1 the following conversion factors may be helpful3 #a inch #b4ed centimeters1 #a foot #j4cje meter1 #a mile #a4fji kilometers1 #a ,u4,s4 gallon #j4jjcgi cubic meter4 #c;,barrier ,creek flows through ,horseshoe ,canyon in the detached unit of ,canyonlands ,national ,park4 ,the canyon walls are adorned by striking pictographs 7,lohman1 #aigd1 fig4 #b74 8,barrier ,canyon style0 is named after the pictographs found in ,horseshoe ,canyon4 #d,plastic-relief maps are no longer available from the ,u4,s4 ,army ,map ,service but may be obtained from the ,t4 ,n4 ,hubbard ,scientific ,co41 ,box #aje1 ,northbrook1 ,ill4 #fjjfb4 ,a topographic map at a scale of #a3bej1jjj of the ,moab quadrangle and similar maps at a scale of #a3fb1ejj for the ,thompson1 ,cisco1 ,moab1 and ,castle ,valley quadrangles are available from the ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 ,denver ,distribution ,section1 ,federal ,center1 ,denver1 ,colo4 #hjbbe1 from the ,canyonlands ,natural ,history ,association at ,moab1 and from privately owned shops where maps are sold4 ,most of the park is covered by the ,thompson and ,moab quadrangles4 ,the southern part of the park is shown also on the ,moab #d ,,nw1 ,moab #d ,,ne1 and ,mt4 ,waas #c ,,nw quadrangles at a scale of #a3bd1jjj4 ,a special topographic map of ,arches ,national ,park at a scale of #a3ej1jjj is in preparation by the ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,these maps also may be obtained from the above-listed sources4 #e,this is numbered stop #a in the booklet referred to earlier 8,the ,guide to an ,auto ,tour of ,arches ,national ,park10 and corresponds to the numeral one on a small sign at the roadside parking place4 ,some of the other numbers are given in the pages that follow4 ,index ,italic page numbers indicate major references ,a ,page ,abajo ,mountains #aja artifacts #i ,abbey1 ,edward #c ,aborigines1 occupation of area #i ,acknowledgments #aje ,anasazi people1 petroglyphs #aj ,anasazi ruins #i1 #ajc ,ancestral ,colorado ,river #cc ,anomalies1 gravity1 ,salt ,valley #cb ,anticlines1 salt #ca ,arches1 broken remains #dd examples #df former abutments #fh horizontal #dd how they are formed #db natural1 defined #dj number in the park #dj1 #da origin and development #cg pothole #dd vertical #db1 #dd ,artifacts1 ,la ,sal and ,abajo ,mountains #i ,aspinall1 ,wayne1 ,representative #h ,b 8,baby ,arch0 #df1 #fc1 #hc ,balanced ,rock #fi1 #gj1 #gd ,banta1 ,jerry #aje ,bar-,,dx ,ranch #ab1 #ac1 #ad 8,barrier ,canyon style0 #aj ,bedding1 wavy1 ,dewey ,bridge ,member #df ,beeson1 ,stib #ac ,beginning of a monument #a ,bending of rocks #bd ,bennett1 ,wallace ,f41 ,senator #h ,beroni1 ,pete #ad1 #ae ,black ,canyon of the ,gunnison ,national ,monument #ajb ,book ,cliffs #ajj ,breaking of rocks #bd ,bridge1 natural1 defined #dj ,broken ,arch #df1 #gi ,brown-,stanton expedition1 exploration #ae ,bryce ,canyon ,national ,park #ajc ,budge1 ,chuck #aje ,c ,cache ,valley #ef1 #gc1 #gg ,cache ,valley anticline #be1 #cb1 #cd1 #ee1 #ajj1 #aja ,cache ,valley graben #cd1 #ajj ,campground #hf water supply #hg ,cane ,creek anticline #bd ,canyon de ,chelly ,national ,monument #ajb ,canyon ,king #h ,canyon ,lands ,section1 ,colorado ,plateau #i1 #bb ,canyonlands ,national ,park #c1 #i1 #ae1 #ajb ,canyonlands ,natural ,history ,association #h ,capitol ,reef ,national ,park #ajc ,carithers1 ,joe #aje ,carmel ,formation #ajj ,cassidy1 ,butch #ab ,caves1 ,entrada ,sandstone #i ,cedar ,breaks ,national ,monument #ajc ,cedar ,mesa ,sandstone ,member1 ,cutler ,formation #bb1 #ajb ,chinle ,formation #cb1 #ajj1 #ajb1 #ajc 8,cisco ,cutoff0 #af ,civilian ,conservation ,corps #b ,cliff dwellers #i ,climate1 desert #ce1 #ea wetter1 different landscape produced #cg ,collapse1 salt anticlines #cc1 #cd ,color photographs1 equipment used #h ,colorado ,national ,monument #ajb ,colorado ,plateau1 geologic formations included #aja rock formations #ajc1 #ajd subdivisions #ah uranium-vanadium mining #ad ,colorado ,plateaus ,province #ah ,colorado ,river1 course established #aja nighttime illuminated float trip #af1 #eb ,colorado ,river canyon #ce1 #ea1 #eb ,cores1 salt #ajj ,corral mine #ae ,courthouse syncline #be1 #cj1 #ca1 #cb1 #eb1 #fc1 #fh1 #ajj ,courthouse ,towers area #be1 #fc number of arches #da ,courthouse ,wash #b1 #c1 #ah1 #ce1 #fc ,cove ,arch #gj ,cove of ,caves #gj ,crossbedding1 ,navajo ,sandstone #fc1 #ff1 #gj ,cutler ,formation #cb1 #ajb ,cedar ,mesa ,sandstone ,member #bb ,white ,rim ,sandstone ,member #bb ,d ,dark ,angel #ib ,de ,chelly ,sandstone ,member1 ,cutler ,formation #ajb ,dead ,horse ,point #cc ,dedication of the park #h ,delicate ,arch #af1 #be1 #gd1 #ge1 #gg ,delicate ,arch area1 number of arches #da ,density1 average1 ,paradox ,member #cb ,deposition of rock materials1 environments #bj ,desert varnish #aj ,development of the arches #cg ,devils ,garden #b1 #e1 #be1 #gi1 #hc1 #hf fins #db number of arches #da trail #hh1 #ib ,dewey ,bridge #eb ,dewey ,bridge ,member #df1 #fc ,entrada ,sandstone1 composition #da 8hoodoos and goblins0 #ff park road cutting #eg ,the ,windows section #ga vertical arches #dd 8,dewey ,road0 #af ,diapir #hc ,differential erosion #db ,dinosaur ,national ,monument #aja1 #ajb ,dissimilarity of ,arches vs4 ,canyonlands #bc1 #bd ,double ,arch #b1 #df1 #gb ,double ,o ,arch #ij1 #ib1 #ih ,drainage1 ,arches ,national ,park #ah ,dry ,mesa #e1 #ef ,e ,eagle ,park #be1 #ih number of arches #da ,early dwellers #i ,earthquake1 rock offset along bedding plane #fc ,egyptian queen1 arch resembling #fc ,eisenhower1 ,dwight ,d41 ,mission #ff #d ,elephant ,butte #gb ,elephant ,butte folds #fh ,elizondo1 ,emmett #ac ,entrada ,sandstone #bc1 #gd1 #ajb1 #ajc arches1 modes of origin #db caves #i cut by normal fault #eg ,moab ,member #bd no water found #hg ,environments of deposition #bj ,erosion #ii ,colorado ,plateau #cc ,evaporation basins #ii ,evaporites #cj ,eye of ,the ,whale #fi ,f ,facies changes #bb 8,father of the monument10 ,j4 ,w4 ,williams #a1 #d ,faults1 ,cache ,valley anticline #cd ,salt ,valley anticline #cd ,fiery ,furnace #be1 #db1 #gc1 #gi1 #hc number of arches #da ,fins #fc1 #gi ,float trip1 nighttime illuminated1 down ,colorado ,river #eb ,folds #bd1 #cj1 #ajj ,four-wheel-drive vehicles #fi ,fractures #bd ,fremont people1 occupation of area #i pictographs #aj ,frost1 prying action #db ,g ,garden of ,eden #ej1 #fi1 #gj ,gas exploration1 deep tests #ae1 #ii ,geographic setting #ah ,geologic age of rocks in park #ih ,geologic events forming the ,colorado ,plateau #ih ,geologic history1 summary #ih ,geologic ,time ,spiral #aja1 #ajc ,geology1 at the park entrance #eg ,glen ,canyon ,group #eb1 #ajb1 #ajc ,glen ,canyon ,national ,recreation ,area #aja1 #ajc ,goblin ,valley ,state ,park #ff1 #ajc ,gould1 ,lawrence ,m4 #a ,goulding1 ,harry1 first person to drive into ,the ,windows section #b1 #fi ,grabens #cd ,grand ,canyon ,national ,park and ,national ,monument #ajb ,gravity anomalies1 ,salt ,valley #cb ,green ,river #ajc ,ground water #da 8,guide to an ,auto ,tour of ,arches ,national ,park10 7,the7 #e1 #ej1 #ea1 #gb ,gulf of ,california #cc ,h ,hastier1 7,mrs47 ,hazel ,wolfe #ac ,headquarters area #eg ,henry ,mountains #aja ,herdina ,park #be1 #fi number of arches #da ,hermosa ,formation1 ,paradox ,member #bc1 #be1 #bi1 #cj1 #cb ,history1 early #i geologic1 summary #ih 8,hoodoos and goblins0 #ff1 #ajc ,hoover1 ,herbert1 proclamation #a ,horizontal arches #dd ,horseshoe ,canyon1 pictographs #aj ,horseshoe ,canyon ,detached ,unit of ,canyonlands #bc ,humid regions1 subdued rounded landforms #cg ,i ,igneous rocks #bb1 #ii 8,indian-,head ,arch0 #ih ,iron in the rocks #bc ,island in the ,sky #ajb ,j ,jeep trail #fi1 #gj ,johnson1 ,lyndon ,b41 proclamation #b ,joints #bd1 #cd1 #ajj ,k ,kayenta ,formation #ce1 #eb1 #ajb1 #ajc ,kerr1 ,bob #aje ,klondike ,bluffs #be1 #fi1 #hb1 #hc number of arches #da ,l ,la ,sal ,mountains #bb1 #fc1 #gg1 #aja artifacts #i ,lake ,mead #cc ,lake ,powell #cc ,land forms1 formation in the park #cc ,landscape ,arch #af1 #gg1 #hh second known ascent #ij ,larson1 ,tommy #ac ,lloyd1 ,sherman ,p41 ,representative #h ,lohman1 7,mrs47 ,ruth #aje ,m ,mahan1 ,russel ,l4 #b ,mancos ,shale #cb1 #ajj ,maxwell1 ,ross ,a41 investigation of caves #i1 #aj ,may1 ,david #dj1 #aje ,melich1 ,mitchell1 ,solicitor ,general #h ,mesaverde ,group #cb1 #ajc ,mesaverde ,national ,park #ajc ,metamorphic rocks #bb1 #ii ,metric unit conversion factors #b ,mikesell1 ,carl #aje ,miller1 ,joe #aje ,mission #ff1 presidential and congressional support #d ,mississippi ,river sternwheeler replica #h ,moab1 uranium-vanadium mill #ad ,moab bridge #eb ,moab ,canyon #ae1 #ah ,moab fault #bf1 #eg ,moab ,lions ,club #a1 #h 8,moab ,mail ,road0 #af ,moab ,member1 ,entrada ,sandstone #bd1 #ce ,entrada ,sandstone1 ,broken ,arch #df composition #da 8,moab panel0 #aj ,moab-,spanish ,valley anticline #bf ,moab ,valley #eg ,moab ,valley-,seven ,mile anticline #ajj1 #aja ,moenkopi ,formation #cb1 #ajb1 #ajc ,monoliths #fc ,monument1 beginning #a ,monument ,valley #aja1 #ajb ,morrison ,formation #cb1 #aja ,morton1 ,rogers ,c4 ,b41 ,secretary of the ,interior #h ,moss1 ,frank ,e41 ,senator #h ,moss ,back ,member1 ,chinle ,formation #ae ,n ,national ,park ,service #h1 #ab1 #dj1 #ge1 #ij ,natural ,bridges ,national ,monument #c1 #cg1 #dj1 #ajb ,navajo ,arch #ij ,navajo ,sandstone #bd1 #ce1 #eb1 #ajc canyon floor #fc crossbedding #fc1 #ff1 #gj park road cutting #eg water supply #eg1 #hg ,navajo ,tribe #ajb ,needles section1 ,the1 ,canyonlands ,national ,park #af1 #ajb ,newell1 7,mrs47 ,maxine #ab1 #aje ,nixon1 ,richard ,m41 ,congressional ,bill #e ,north ,window #dj1 #fh1 #ga ,o ,oil exploration #ae ,cane ,creek anticline #bd deep tests #ii ,origin of the arches #cg ,p ,pacific ,northwest ,pipeline #ae ,painted ,desert #ajb ,panorama ,point #gc ,parade of ,elephants #gb ,paradox basin #bc ,paradox ,member1 ,hermosa ,formation #bc1 #be1 #bi1 #cj1 #hb1 #ii ,hermosa ,formation1 average density #cb upward intrusion #cd ,park1 a trip through #eb dedication #h how to see #ej improvements #d ,park ,avenue1 trail #fc ,park ,service4 ,see ,national ,park ,service4 ,partition ,arch #ij ,petrified dunes #fc1 #ff ,petrified ,forest ,national ,park #ajb ,petroglyphs1 ,ute #aj1 #ge ,pictographs1 ,fremont people #aj ,pine ,tree ,arch #ij ,pion pines #hf ,pipeline scars1 ,pacific ,northwest ,pipeline #ae ,plateau1 uplift and erosion #cc ,potash occurrence #ae ,pothole ,arch #ej1 #gc ,pothole arches #dd ,powell1 ,john ,wesley1 ,canyonlands ,national ,park #ae ,professor ,valley #ef ,r ,rainbow ,bridge ,national ,monument #ajc ,rainwater #da1 #db ,rampton1 ,calvin ,l41 ,utah ,governor #h ,reading1 additional #ajd ,references1 selected #aje ,relief map1 shaded1 ,arches ,national ,park1 described #ah1 #ai ,ribbon ,arch #gb ,richardson ,amphitheater #ef ,richardson1 ,professor #ef ,rico ,formation #bc ,rison1 7,mrs47 ,esther ,stanley #ac ,rock formations1 sculptured by erosion #ce ,rock openings1 natural1 types #cg ,rock types in the park #ce ,roosevelt1 ,franklin ,d41 proclamation #b ,rumel1 ,hal1 photographer #gg 8,run1 ,cougar1 ,run0 #af1 #ef1 #ge ,s ,sagers ,wash syncline #hf ,salt1 occurrence #ae properties critical to formation of salt anticlines #cj ,salt anticlines #cj1 #ca1 #ajj collapse #cc1 #cd ,salt-bearing rock #hc ,salt rolls #ca ,salt ,valley #b1 #fh1 #gc1 #gg1 #hb1 #hc1 #ib gravity anomalies #cb ,salt ,valley anticline #be1 #cj1 #ca1 #cb1 #gc1 #ajj1 #aja collapse #cd fins #db ,salt ,valley ,wash #c1 #gd1 #hb1 #hc ,salt ,wash #ce1 #ee ,anasazi ruins #i drainage #ah grabens #cd sandstone caves near #aj ,salt ,wash ,sandstone ,member1 ,morrison ,formation #ad ,san ,juan ,basin1 natural gas #ae ,san ,rafael ,swell #aja1 #ajc ,sand ,dune ,arch #gi ,sandstone fins #da1 #db ,schaafsma1 ,polly1 quoted #aj1 #ab ,scenic drive1 ,moab to ,cisco #af 8,scenic ,inch10 ,pacific ,northwest ,pipeline #ae ,sedimentary rocks #bj modes of deposition #ii ,seven ,mile-,moab ,valley anticline #bf1 #cb1 #eg ,sevenmile ,canyon #ae ,sheep ,rock #fc ,skyline ,arch #hc ,slick ,rock ,member1 ,entrada ,sandstone #cd ,entrada ,sandstone1 composition #da high fins and pinnacles #fc1 #gi1 #hf hiking trail between fins #ij park road cutting #eg salmon #gg ,the ,windows section #ga ,tunnel ,arch #df vertical arches #db1 #dd ,slumping of sediments1 irregular #ej ,snow #da1 #ea ,sonic booms1 dangers posed to arches #af1 #ag ,south ,window #dj1 #fh1 #ga ,spanish explorers #ab introduction of horses to this country #aj ,squaw ,flat ,campground #af ,stanley1 ,esther #ac 7,mrs47 ,flora #ac ,volna #ac ,stevens1 ,dale ,j4 #dj1 #da1 #fc1 #ij1 #ih ,strata1 lateral changes across the park #bb ,sundance ,kid #ab ,sunset ,crater ,national ,monument #ajc ,supersonic flights banned1 ,moab-,times ,independent #ag ,suspension bridge1 ,colorado ,river #af ,t ,tanner1 7,mrs47 ,faun ,mc,conkie #a ,taylor1 ,l4 ,l4 7,bish7 #a ,temperatures #ea 8,the ,guide to an ,auto ,tour of ,arches ,national ,park0 #e1 #ej1 #ea1 #gb ,the ,needles section1 ,canyonlands ,national ,park #af1 #ajb ,the ,windows section #be1 #da1 #df1 #ea1 #ff1 #fh1 #fi1 #gj ,three ,gossips #fc ,three ,penguins #eg ,tower ,arch #hc ,tunnel ,arch #dj1 #df1 #ij ,turnbow1 ,mary #a ,turnbow cabin #ac ,turret ,arch #fh1 #ga ,u ,uncompahgre ,highland #bc1 #ii1 #ajj ,uncompahgre ,plateau #bc1 #ii ,uplift1 ,colorado ,plateau #cc ,upper ,devils ,garden #ih number of arches #da ,uranium mines #ad ,ute petroglyphs #aj1 #ge ,v ,vanadium mines #ad ,vegetation #cg ,vertical arches #db1 #dd ,visitor ,center #ej1 #ea1 #eg1 #hf ,volz1 ,j4 ,leonard #h ,w ,walker1 ,lester #ac ,wall ,arch #ij ,walt ,disney crew1 8,run1 ,cougar1 ,run0 #ge ,wasatch ,formation #cb ,water supply1 ,navajo ,sandstone #eg to the campground #hg ,white ,rim ,sandstone ,member1 ,cutler ,formation #bb ,wild ,bunch1 ,the #ab ,williams1 ,j4 ,w4 #a1 #d ,wilson1 ,bates #a1 #c1 #aje ,wilson1 7,mrs47 ,bates #c ,windows1 distinguished from arches #dj ,windows section1 ,the #be1 #df1 #ea1 #ff1 #fh1 #fi1 #gj number of arches #da ,wingate ,sandstone #ce1 #hg1 #ajb1 #ajc ,wirth1 ,conrad ,l4 #d ,wolfe cabin #a1 #c1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad ,wolfe1 ,fred #ab1 #ac ,wolfe1 ,john ,wesley #ab1 #ac ,wolfe's ,bar-,,dx ,ranch #i1 #aj1 #ad1 #gd1 #ge ,wupatki ,national ,monument #ajb ,y ,yellow ,cat area 7,thompson's area7 #ad ,yellow ,cat ,flat #hf ,yellow ,cat mining district #hc ,z ,zion ,national ,park #ajc ,u4,s4 ,,government ,,printing ,,office3 #aige--fgi-ach ,illustration3 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of the ,interior1 ,march #c1 #ahdi ,transcriber's ,notes --,retained publication information from the printed edition3 this e,book is public-domain in the country of publication4 --,corrected a few palpable typos4 --,included a transcription of the text within some images4 --,in the text versions only1 text in italics is delimited by underscores4 --,the ,,html version contains relative hyperlinks to a companion volume on ,canyonlands ,national ,park1 ,gutenberg e,book #eajdh4 --,a third book in the series1 on ,colorado ,national ,monument1 was revised after this book was printed4