,,! ,,m5tor #aiah4je4ja1 ,no4 #aed1     
,! ,/ory ( ,coal                        
,,le>n ,,"o ,,?+                        
,,e ,,day                        ,,may  
#a #aiah       ,,s]ial ,,no4 #aed       
,,!                                     
,,m5tor                                 
,,! ,,/ory ,,(                          
,,coal                                  
,by                          ,,*>les    
,,fitzhugh ,,talman                     
,editorial ,writ] = !                   
,sci5tific ,am]ican                     
,,dep>tm5t ,,(      ,,volume #f         
,,sci5ce            ,,numb] #f          
,,tw5ty ,,c5ts ,a ,,copy          ,,!   
,,m9]    ,by ,,b]ton ,,braley           
,grimy1 & cak$ ) du/ ( coal he /&s1     
,grasp+ 8 pick )9 8 mighty h&s2      ,! 
arbit] ( de/9y & fate1      ,great] by  
f> ?an k+ or pot5tate4        ,%ops may 
n run except at 8 behe/1      ,at =ge & 
bla/ 8 /r5g? is manife/4      ,! rolls t
 rumble & ! %e>s t scream      ,& all ! 
million miracles ( /eam        ,dep5d on

 him = fuel t w turn      ,! :eels t    
urge !m & ! belts t *urn4      ,guns t w
 %att] =tresses ( /eel1      ,%ips t w  
pl[ ! waves on /eady keel        ,be>+  
munitions = an army's ne$      ,mu/ wait
 ! m9]'s ord]s & take he$      ,t he :o 
toils )9 ! coal m9e's murk      ,gives  
!m ! coal ) :i* !y d _! "w4             
,beh9d ! m5 :o battle 9 ! tr5*      ,!re
 /& ! workm5 at ! la! & b5*1      ,b    
back ( !m & ma/] ( !m all      ,! m9]   
/&s & holds ! _w 9 ?rall4        ,n soon
 aga9 %all any man =get      ,h[ mu* !  
_w is 9 ! m9]'s debt1      ,= we %all   
read ^u fame's honor roll      8,he won 
! w>--8 labor gave u coal60    ,repr9t$ 
by c\rtesy ( ,publi%]s ( 8,coal ,age40  
,illu/ration3 ,,c\rtesy ,u4 ,s4         
,,geological ,,survey    ,,fossil ,,f]n 
,,f ,,coal ,,m9e          ,,! ,,/ory ,,(
 ,,coal    ,! ,orig9 ( ,coal    ,,"o    
,:ile ! vegetable orig9 ( coal is beyond
 "q1 two rival views  are curr5t among  
geologi/s to acc\nt = ! deposit ( anci5t
  plant mat]ial 9 ! =m ( coal-b$s1 su* z

 we n[ f9d 9 !  e>?4 ,"o s*ool (        
geologi/s holds t ! coal plants grew 9  
great lagoons & swamps1 l ! mangrove    
swamps ( today1 & t  ! mod]n coal-b$s   
m>k ! locations ( ^! swamps4 ,f "t to   
"t ^! areas subsid$ & 7 flood$ ) wat] to
 su* a dep?  t ! plants 7 kill$4        
,ev5tually ! decay$ vegetation ( !  =m] 
swamps 0 cov]$ ) a lay] ( mud or s&4    
,lat] a sl[  upheaval ( ! gr\nd br\ght  
^! regions aga9 to ! surface2 a  new    
swamp =m$1 only to be subm]g$ aga9 at a 
lat] p]iod2 & !  same process 0 repeat$ 
sev]al times 9 ! c\rse ( hundr$s (      
?\s&s ( ye>s4    ,! bulk ( evid5ce seems
 to favor ?is view1 b !re is ano!r4     
,p]haps ! coal-b$s are n ! sites ( =m]  
swamps1 b (  e/u>ies & ocean %ores :]e !
 plant mat]ial settl$ d[n1  9 /ill wat]1
 aft] a long drift d[n ! anci5t riv]s f 
its  place ( orig94 ,x is n impossible t
 bo? explanations are  correct2 "s      
coal-b$s hav+ be5 =m$ 9 "o way1 & "s 9 !
  o!r4 ,) ! progress ( "t ! deposits (  
s& 7 compact$  into s&/one1 & ! mud &   

clay into %ale2 :ile ! lay]s (          
vegetation 7 solidifi$ by pressure1 "s (
 _! con/itu5ts 7  vaporiz$ & expell$ by 
heat1 & ! f9al product 0 coal4    ,!    
coal-measures ab\nd 9 fossil plants (   
species long ago ext9ct1  & we also f9d 
! molds or ca/s ( plants t h !mselves   
disappe>$1 leav+ only _! impressions 9 !
 mud by :i* !y  7 once envelop$4 ,^!    
records ( anci5t vegetation are mo/ly   
f\nd 9 ! rocks j above & bel[ !         
coal-b$s1 & n 9 !  coal itself4    ,!   
plants ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,p]iod1 dur+ :i* 
mo/ b n all  ( ! coal-b$s 7 =m$1 bore a 
family lik5ess to c]ta9 k9ds  ( plants t
 fl\ri% today4 ,_m ( !m 7 f]ns1 rang+ 9 
size  f ! smalle/ species up to great   
tree-f]ns4 ,o!rs resembl$ our  mod]n    
horsetails or sc\r+-ru%es1 ) _! flut$ & 
jo9t$  /ems1 b ^! calamites1 z !        
geologi/s call !m1 grew to  ! size (    
trees1 sometimes eighty or n9ety feet 9 
height4 ,"s  plants ( ! coal age 7 l !  
mod]n cycads 7int]m$iate 9  appe>ance   
betwe5 tree-f]ns & palms72 "s 7 l !     

g9kgo1 a  tree ) leaves l ^? ( maid5hair
 f]n1 widely introduc$ into  ?is c\ntry 
f ,*9a & ,japan4 ,"o ( ! commone/ &     
l>ge/  trees 0 ! lepidod5dron1 closely  
resembl+1 except 9 its va/ly  great]    
size1 ! club-moss or gr\nd p9e :i* we "k
 s well z a  ,*ri/mas decoration4    ,! 
animal life ( ! p]iod1 ( :i*1 also1     
abundant fossil rema9s  are f\nd1       
includ$ mollusks1 fi%es1 cru/aceans1    
insects1 spid]s1  ?\s&-legs1 snails1    
reptiles & liz>ds4 ,"s ( ! insects 7 a  
foot or m 9 l5g?4 ,( cockroa*es1 alone1 
m ?an five hundr$  species h be5 f\nd 9 
! coal-measures4        ,,prep>$ ,,by   
,,! ,,editorial ,,/aff ,,( ,,! ,,m5tor  
,,association      ,,illu/ration ,,= ,,!
 ,,m5tor4 ,,vol4 #f1 ,no4 #f1 ,,s]ial   
,no4 #aed      ,,copyright1 #aiah4 ,,by 
,,! ,,m5tor ,,association1 ,,inc4       
,illu/ration3 ,,c\rtesy ,u4 ,s4 ,,bureau
 ,,( ,,m9es    ,,tipple ,,at ,,bitum9\s 
,,coal ,,m9e ,,g>y1 ,,we/ ,,virg9ia     
,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,coal    ,! ,coal       
,fields ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates    ,,two      

,:5 a coal fam9e is ^u u !re is a gra9 (
 com=t 9 !  reflection t b5ea? ! soil ( 
?is c\ntry1 & )9 #c1jjj  feet ( !       
surface1 !re /ill lies                  
#c1ech1eed1jjj1jjj tons ( coal4  ,?is is
 ! e/imate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological
 ,survey4 ,we h  m9$ coal wa/efully &   
us$ x prodigally1 yet we h tak5 f  !    
gr\nd1 up to ! pres5t "t1 only a        
fraction ( "o p] c5t4 (  ! total am\nt  
at our disposal4 ,! :ole ( our 8coal    
res]ves10 if  !y c\ld be extract$ &     
plac$ 9 a great cubical pile1 w\ld =m  a
 mass #h4d miles long1 #h4d miles wide &
 #h4d miles high4 ,if ! coal  ?us f> m9$
 7 pil$ up 9 ! same way1 ! cube w\ld be 
#g1bjj  feet long1 #g1bjj feet wide1 &  
#g1bjj feet high4#a        #a ,^!       
figures 7 furni%$ by ,mr4 ,m4 ,r4       
,campbell1 ( !      ,u4 ,s4 ,geological 
,survey4 ,!y diff] mat]ially f figures  
previ\sly publi%$ by ! ,survey4    ,!   
coal-produc+ areas ( ! c\ntry are divid$
 into six great  divisions1 kn[n z !    
,ea/]n ,prov9ce1 ! ,int]ior ,prov9ce1 ! 

,gulf ,prov9ce1 ! ,nor!rn ,great ,pla9s 
,prov9ce1 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9  ,prov9ce1 & 
! ,pacific ,coa/ ,prov9ce4 ,! ,ea/]n    
,prov9ce  conta9s probably n9e-t5?s ( ! 
high-rank coal ( ! c\ntry4  ,x is made  
up ( ! an?racite regions ( ,p5nsylvania 
& ,rhode  ,isl&1 ! ,atlantic coa/ region
 ( ,virg9ia & ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 &  ! great 
,appala*ian region1 :i* embraces all !  
bitum9\s &  semi-bitum9\s coal ( :at is 
call$ ! 8,appala*ian tr\gh40 ,!  /ate ( 
,p5nsylvania produces #dg p] c5t4 ( all 
! coal m9$ 9  ! c\ntry1 & ne>ly all ( ! 
an?racite4    ,! ,appala*ian region is !
 greate/ /oreh\se ( high-rank coal  9 ! 
,unit$ ,/ates1 if n 9 ! _w4 8,?is ne>-by
 & almo/  inexhau/ible supply (         
high-grade fuel10 says ! ,geological    
,survey1  8has be5 ! f\ndation ( !      
developm5t ( ! bla/ furnaces1 !  great  
iron & /eel mills1 & ! c\ntless         
manufactur+ ent]prises  ( ! ,ea/]n      
/ates40    ,! ,int]ior ,prov9ce includes
 all ! bitum9\s coal fields &  regions  
ne> ! ,great ,lakes1 9 ! ,mississippi   

,valley1 & 9 ,texas1  & is made up ( f\r
 di/9ct sections--! nor!rn 7,mi*igan71  
ea/]n 7,ill9ois1 ,indiana & we/]n       
,k5tucky71 we/]n 7,i[a1  ,miss\ri1      
,kansas1 ,oklahoma & ,arkansas71 &      
s\?we/]n 7,texas74 ,!  coal ( ?is       
prov9ce is n1 9 g5]al1 ( z high a       
quality z t  ( ! ,ea/]n ,prov9ce1 b x is
 v ext5sively m9$1 & is us$  = heat+ & =
 g5]at+ p[] 9 ! _m cities & t[ns (  !   
,mississippi valley & ! ,great ,lakes   
region4 ,inde$1 ext5sive  coal fields 9 
proximity to ri* agricultural l&s h made
 possible  ! exi/5ce ( su* manufactur+  
c5t]s z ,*icago1 ,/4 ,l\is &  ,kansas   
,city1 & h be5 a lead+ factor 9 !       
developm5t ( !  va/ railway sy/ems ( !  
,middle ,we/4    ,! ,gulf ,prov9ce is at
 pres5t ( little comm]cial importance4  
,its  coal is m9$ only at a few places 9
 ,texas1 & is mo/ly lignite4    ,!      
,nor!rn ,great ,pla9s ,prov9ce includes 
all ! coal fields 9 !  ,great ,pla9s ea/
 ( ! ,front ,range ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 
,! coals  are ( l[ rank1 be+ ei!r       

lignite or sub-bitum9\s1 except 9 a  few
 ( ! bas9s ne> ! m\nta9s4 ,! l>ge/ coal 
region 9 ?is  prov9ce is ! ,=t ,union   
region1 ly+ 9 ! ,dakotas1 ,montana &    
,wyom+4 ,! am\nt ( unm9$ coal 9 ?is     
region is e/imat$ to be  twice z great z
 t ly+ 9 ! ri* ,appala*ian region1 b x  
has  be5 little work$1 z x is g5]ally ( 
poor quality4    ,! ,rocky ,m\nta9      
,prov9ce conta9s a great] v>iety ( coal 
?an  any o!r prov9ce 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 
,x includes all ranks1 f  lignite to    
an?racite1 b ! prevail+ ranks are       
sub-bitum9\s &  l[-grade bitum9\s4    ,!
 coal ( ! ,pacific ,coa/ ,prov9ce is m9$
 *iefly 9 ! /ate  ( ,wa%+ton1 :]e x has 
aid$ 9 develop+ ! indu/ries ( !  ,puget 
,s\nd region4 ,oregon & ,cali=nia h     
small fields1 b !  coal is ( poor       
quality1 & little m9+ has be5 attempt$4 
,,prep>$ ,,by ,,! ,,editorial ,,/aff ,,(
 ,,! ,,m5tor ,,association              
,,illu/ration ,,= ,,! ,,m5tor4 ,,vol4   
#f1 ,no4 #f1 ,,s]ial ,no4 #aed          
,,copyright1 #aiah4 ,,by ,,! ,,m5tor    

,,association1 ,,inc4                   
,illu/ration3 ,,c\rtesy ,,br[n ,,hoi/+  
,,ma*9]y ,,co4 ,,clevel&1 ,o4    ,,coal 
,,c> ,,dump] ,,9 ,,op]ation          ,,!
 ,,/ory ,,( ,,coal    ,h&l+ ,coal       
,,?ree      ,9 times gone by coal 0     
c>ri$ out ( ! m9es on ! %\ld]s  ( m5 &  
wom51 & !n transf]r$ 9 :eelb>r[s to !   
sail+-vessels or wagons 9 :i* x 0 tak5  
to m>ket4 ,9  progressive m9es ( today !
 coal is load$ 9 ! m9e into small  m9e  
c>s1 :i* are haul$ & hoi/$ to ! surface 
by electricity  or /eam4 ,! m9e c>s are 
dump$ on an elevat$ plat=m call$  !     
8tipple10 & ! coal passes ?r\gh *utes or
 conveyors to !  railway c>s wait+      
und]nea? to receive x4 ,on its way      
d[nw>d x  und]goes a m or less elaborate
 process ( scre5+1 break+1  pick+1 wa%+1
 etc41 accord+ to ! k9d ( coal & !      
purpose  = :i* x is to be us$4    ,!    
coal rea*es ! m>ket by ?ree g5]al me?ods
 ( transportation3  7#a7 ,all-rail2 7#b7
 rail to ! seaports1 :]e x is us$ =     
bunk]+  /eam]s or c>ri$ by vessels to   

o!r ports1 =eign & dome/ic2  7#c7 rail  
to ! ,great ,lakes1 especially ,lake    
,erie ports1 f :i*  x is c>ri$ to ports 
on ! upp] lakes1 & f ! latt] aga9  by   
rail to m>kets 9 ! int]ior4 ,! railroads
 !mselves use  ab\t "o-f\r? ( all ! coal
 m9$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! coa/wise          
coal-c>ry+ trade is ma9ly by wood5 b>ges
 t[$ by /eam]s1  ?\gh mu* coal is also  
c>ri$ by s*oon]s1 "s ( :i* c c>ry  a    
c>go ( #e1jjj tons or m4 ,ab\t f\r p]   
c5t4 ( ! bitum9\s  coal output goes to  
=eign c\ntries4    8,! consumption (    
coal10 says ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological 
,survey1  8is a measure ( ! indu/rial   
activity ( a p1 = z yet coal  is ! ma9  
s\rce ( me*anical en]gy4 ,9 ?is respect 
! ,unit$  ,/ates is ! =emo/ nation1 its 
av]age annual consumption ( coal  = all 
purposes be+ ab\t five tons p] capita4  
,prior to ! pres5t  w> 9 ,europe !      
consumption ( coal p] capita 9 ,engl&1  
,belgium  & ,g]many 0 ab\t f\r tons1 9  
,russia a qu>t] ( a ton1 & 9  ,france   
ab\t #a4f tons40    ,m>vel\s =ms (      

labor-sav+ ma*9]y h be5 introduc$ to    
facilitate ! load+ & unload+ ( coal4 ,! 
pr9cipal =m (  app>atus = transf]r+ coal
 ei!r to or f a vessel is !  8bridge    
tramway plant10 :i* consi/s ( long /eel 
bridges m\nt$  side by side on suitable 
rails s t !y c be mov$ into place  ov] !
 hat*way ( a vessel4 ,huge buckets1 :i* 
load & unload  !mselves1 are c>ri$ on a 
8trolley10 susp5d$ f ! bridge1  &       
transf] coal at high spe$ f ! vessel to 
! /ock pile or  railway c>s1 or vice    
v]sa4 ,! co/ ( load+ coal by ?is me?od  
is only a c5t or two a ton4    ,ano!r   
+5i\s device is ! 8c>-dump]40 ,?is      
p[]ful ma*9e  picks up bodily f !       
railway track a c> load$ ) a hundr$ tons
  ( coal1 ov]turns x1 & dis*>ges its    
cont5ts into ! hold ( a  vessel2 aft]   
:i* x returns ! c> to ! track4 ,x is    
capable (  h&l+ fifty c>s an h\r4 ,x is 
equipp$ ) special app>atus to  prev5t ! 
coal f be+ dis*>g$ too viol5tly1 & ?us  
be+  badly brok5 up4        ,,prep>$    
,,by ,,! ,,editorial ,,/aff ,,( ,,!     

,,m5tor ,,association      ,,illu/ration
 ,,= ,,! ,,m5tor4 ,,vol4 #f1 ,no4 #f1   
,,s]ial ,no4 #aed      ,,copyright1     
#aiah4 ,,by ,,! ,,m5tor ,,association1  
,,inc4          ,illu/ration3 ,,c\rtesy 
,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,mon?ly    ,,*>g+    
,,coal ,,9 ,a ,,mod]n ,,gas ,,plant     
,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,coal    ,coal ,products
    ,,f\r      ,! /ory ( ! coal products
 =ms "o ( ! mo/ romantic *apt]s  9 !    
hi/ory ( appli$ sci5ce4 ,! m>vels (     
fairyl& are  surpass$ by ! a*ievem5ts ( 
! mod]n manufactur] 9 obta9+  f m]e     
black rocks dug out ( ! gr\nd n only    
heat & light1  b a bewild]+ v>iety (    
useful gases1 liquids & solids--drugs1  
*emicals1 dye/uffs1 & s =?4    ,=       
hundr$s ( ye>s x has be5 kn[n t :5 coal 
is cov]$  or enclos$1 to keep out ! air1
 & !n heat$ = a c]ta9  l5g? ( "t1 in/ead
 ( burn+ to a% x is conv]t$ into a      
por\s grayi%-black sub/ance call$       
8coke40 ,?is mat]ial1 :i*  burns )\t    
smoke or flame1 is a valuable fuel = _m 
purposes2  especially = use 9           

bla/-furnaces = ! smelt+ ( ore4 ,n[adays
  coke is made on a va/ scale f c]ta9   
grades ( bitum9\s &  semi-bitum9\s coal4
 ,! coal is heat$ 9 8cok+-ov5s10 ( :i*  
!re are sev]al k9ds4 ,! mo/ common =m ( 
ov5 9 ?is c\ntry  is ! 8bee-hive ov510  
:i* produces coke only4 ,ano!r type (   
cok+-ov51 m g5]ally us$ 9 ,europe ?an 9 
,am]ica1 is !  8flue-ov510 :i* produces1
 besides coke1 a numb] ( valuable       
by-products4    ,:5 coal is conv]t$ into
 coke x gives (f combu/ible gases4 ,!   
idea ( sav+ ^! gases & us+ !m =         
illum9at+ purposes  0 fir/ practically  
appli$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5?        
c5tury4 8,coal-gas0 is made by heat+    
coal 9 a clos$ vessel1 call$  a         
8retort40 ,x is a mixture ( hydrog5 &   
me?ane 7a comp\nd (  hydrog5 & c>bon71 )
 small am\nts ( sev]al o!r gases4 ,mo/  
( ! c>bon 9 ! coal rema9s 9 ! retort z  
coke1 :i* is1  !re=e1 a by-product 9 !  
process ( mak+ coal-gas4 ,aft] !  gas is
 giv5 (f f ! coal x passes ?r\gh a s]ies
 ( vessels1  :]e1 by *emical & o!r      

me?ods1 x is fre$ f +r$i5ts  :i* w\ld   
impair its value z an illum9ant1 b :i*  
are sav$ &  us$ = o!r purposes2 ! mo/   
important ( ^! are 8coal-t>0  &         
8ammoniacal liquor40 ,! purifi$ coal-gas
 is f9ally convey$  to a gas-hold] or   
8gasomet]10 f :i* x is di/ribut$ to !   
consum]s4    ,9 rec5t times o!r me?ods (
 gas-mak+ h come into use4 ,9 "o  ( ^!  
ne>ly all ! c>bon 9 ! fuel is turn$ into
 a combu/ible  gas by pass+ air ?r\gh ! 
hot coal4 ,! product is kn[n z          
8produc]-gas10 & is v valuable = use z  
fuel & z a motive  p[] 9 gas-eng9es1 b x
 is n an illum9ant4 ,a modification (   
?is process1 9 :i* /eam is pass$ ov] !  
heat$ fuel1 gives  a mixture ( hydrog5 &
 c>bon monoxide1 kn[n z 8wat]-gas40     
,?is is also a valuable s\rce ( heat &  
p[]2 b = use z an  illum9ant x mu/ be   
mix$ ) a gas made f oil4 ,x is !n kn[n  
z 8c>burett$ wat]-gas10 & is v          
ext5sively us$ = light+  purposes2 ei!r 
by itself or mix$ ) ord9>y coal-gas4    
,( ! by-products ( gas-mak+1 ammoniacal 

liquor 01 until  rec5tly1 ! only        
comm]cial s\rce ( ammonia4 ,coal-t>1    
=m]ly  ?r[n away z wor?less1 is today ! 
s\rce ( innum]able sub/ances  ( imm5se  
value to sci5ce & ! indu/ries4 ,f       
coal-t> are  obta9$ b5z9e1 tolu5e1      
xyl5e1 ph5ol 7c>bolic acid71 naph?al5e1 
an?rac5e1 etc41 & ^! m direct products  
are comb9$ )  "o ano!r or ) o!r *emicals
 to produce color+ matt]s1  explosives1 
p]fumes1 flavor+ mat]ials1 sweet5+      
sub/ances1  dis9fectants1 m$ic9es1      
photographic develop]s--9 %ort1 a little
  ( ev]y?+4 ,! total numb] ( coal-t>    
products runs into !  ?\s&s1 & is       
con/antly be+ increas$ by fre%          
discov]ies4    ,9 ,g]many1 j be=e ! w>1 
! indu/ries engag$ 9 mak+ ^!  products  
7no long] by-products1 b f> m important 
?an coke &  gas7 7 capitaliz$ at        
#gej1jjj1jjj4 ,"o firm made no less ?an 
#a1hjj  coal-t> dyes1 besides #abj      
ph>maceutical & photographic            
prep>ations4        ,,prep>$ ,,by ,,!   
,,editorial ,,/aff ,,( ,,! ,,m5tor      

,,association      ,,illu/ration ,,= ,,!
 ,,m5tor4 ,,vol4 #f1 ,no4 #f1 ,,s]ial   
,no4 #aed      ,,copyright1 #aiah4 ,,by 
,,! ,,m5tor ,,association1 ,,inc4       
,illu/ration3 ,,smoke ,,problem--,,sc5e 
,,9 ,,pittsburgh ,,be=e ,,& ,,aft] ,,!  
,,smoke ,,cure          ,,! ,,/ory ,,(  
,,coal    ,! ,smoke ,problem    ,,five  
,smok+ is a co/ly & injuri\s habit4 ,?is
 is n ! beg9n+ (  an appeal on behalf ( 
! anti-cig>ette crusade1 b !            
introduction  to a few facts 9 reg>d to 
! f>-rea*+ effects ( smoky *imneys4  ,! 
smoke nuisance is z old z ! use ( coal4 
,9 ! f\rte5?  c5tury a man 0 execut$ 9  
,london = bef\l+ ! air ( t  city ) !    
fumes ( 8sea-coal10 z ord9>y m9]al coal 
0 once  call$ 9 ,engl&1 because x 0     
br\ght to ,london by sea4 ,"u  ,que5    
,elizabe? a law 0 pass$ =bidd+ ! burn+ (
 coal :ile  ,p>liam5t 0 9 session1 z !  
legislators believ$ _! heal? 0  likely  
to be impair$ by ! smoky air ( ! city4  
,:at w\ld ^!  bygone g5tlem5 say if !y  
c\ld see mod]n ,london envelop$ 9 "o  ( 

its fam\s 8pea-s\p0 fogs--! color &     
d5s5ess ( :i* are  entirely due to      
coal-smoke8    ,smoke is injuri\s to    
heal?1 de/ructive to vegetation1 & fatal
  to ar*itectural beauty2 &1 along ) all
 ?is1 x is enorm\sly  exp5sive4 ,9 !    
fir/ place1 a smoky *imney means        
imp]fect  combu/ion1 & a wa/e ( "p ( !  
heat+ value ( fuel4 ,!n a  smoky        
atmosph]e entails big laundry &         
dry-clean+ bills2 frequ5t  repa9t+ (    
h\ses2 injury to metal "w2 damage to    
goods 9 %ops2  excessive artificial     
light+ 9 ! daytime4 ,pittsburgh 0 once  
! mo/ fam\s ,am]ican example ( all ^!   
evils1 b x has  rec5tly re=m$4 ,be=e !  
,mellon ,in/itute ( ,indu/rial ,rese>*  
c>ri$ out its elaborate smoke           
inve/igation 9 t city1 &1 9  consequ5ce1
 /r+5t smoke-abatem5t ord9ances 7       
adopt$1 !  annual smoke bill (          
,pittsburgh 0 e/imat$ at ne>ly t5       
million  doll>s4 ,! city 0 ! p>adise ( !
 laundryman1 & light-color$  clo?+ 0 s  
little worn by ! inhabitants t x 0 kn[n 

z  8! m\rn+ t[n40    ,?r\gh\t ! ,unit$  
,/ates x is said t smoke causes an      
annual  wa/e & damage am\nt+ to half a  
billion doll>s4 ,no wond]  num]\s       
societies h be5 =m$ to mitigate ?is     
evil1 & a great  _m laws h be5 enact$ on
 ! subject4 ,) a gradual increase 9  !  
use ( gas1 coke & o!r smokeless fuels1 &
 improv$ me?ods (  /ok+ furnaces1 !     
smoke nuisance is n[ happily abat+4     
,! pollution ( ! air by smoke is !      
subject ( sy/ematic  inve/igation &     
measurem5t at c]ta9 places 9 ?is c\ntry 
&  abroad4 ,measurem5ts ( ! 8soot-fall0 
made 9 ,pittsburgh a few ye>s  ago      
indicat$ an annual av]age deposit ( soot
 9 t city am\nt+  to #a1jca tons p]     
squ>e mile4 ,london's av]age is #bdh    
tons p] squ>e  mile = ! :ole city & #dbf
 tons 9 ! c5tral di/ricts4 ,9 !  he>t ( 
,glasg[ ! annual soot-fall is #hbj tons 
p] squ>e mile4    ,9 ,great ,brita9 !re 
is a ,committee = ! ,inve/igation (     
,atmosph]ic ,pollution1 :i* has in/all$ 
/&>d measur+ app>atus  9 sixte5 ,engli% 

& ,scot* t[ns4 ,! soot is collect$ 9 a  
8pollution gauge10 consi/+ ( a l>ge     
ca/-iron funnel1 enamel$  on ! inside4  
,project+ above ! gauge is a wire scre51
 op5 at  ! top1 to prev5t birds f settl+
 on ! edge ( ! vessel4  ,! gauge        
communicates at ! bottom ) "o or m      
bottles =  collect+ ra9-wat]1 ) its     
solid cont5ts4 ,! bottles are empti$    
once a mon?1 :5 _! cont5ts are weigh$ & 
analyz$4    ,smoke is injuri\s to !     
respiratory organs1 conducive to        
eye-/ra9  & responsible = a l[]+ ( human
 vitality4 ,! gloom9ess ( a  smoke-lad5 
atmosph]e also has a depress+ effect ^u 
! m9ds (  _m p4        ,,prep>$ ,,by ,,!
 ,,editorial ,,/aff ,,( ,,! ,,m5tor     
,,association      ,,illu/ration ,,= ,,!
 ,,m5tor4 ,,vol4 #f1 ,no4 #f1 ,,s]ial   
,no4 #aed      ,,copyright1 #aiah4 ,,by 
,,! ,,m5tor ,,association1 ,,inc4       
,illu/ration3 ,,c\rtesy ,u4 ,s4 ,,bureau
 ,,( ,,m9es    ,,rescue ,,p>ty ,,ent]+  
,,m9e ,,aft] ,,explosion          ,,!   
,,/ory ,,( ,,coal    ,safety 9 ,coal    

,m9es    ,,six      ,s9ce ! ye> #ahgj1  
"s #fj1jjj m5 h lo/ _! lives z a result 
( coal m9+ accid5ts 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,?is  
is approximately "o  fatality = e       
#ahj1jjj tons ( coal m9$4 ,gradually ?is
 bad  record is be+ improv$1 ?anks to ! 
comb9$ ef=ts ( ! ,unit$  ,/ates ,bureau 
( ,m9es1 ! m9+ dep>tm5ts ( ! v>i\s      
/ates1  ! op]ators & ! m9]s !mselves2 b 
coal m9+ rema9s a  haz>d\s pursuit4     
,falls ( ! ro( are responsible = m      
accid5ts ?an any o!r  s+le cause4 ,^!   
are likely to occur :]ev] ! ro( is n    
fully  timb]$2 especially 9 ! 8rooms10  
:]e ! coal is be+ bla/$  out4 ,_m       
accid5ts also occur 9 m9e %afts1 not)/&+
 !  v>i\s safety devices ) :i* ! 8cage0 
or elevator is n[adays  provid$4        
,fires & explosions attract a great]    
am\nt ( public att5tion ?an  o!r m9+    
disa/]s on acc\nt ( ! l>ge numb] (      
victims s  (t5 involv$ 9 a s+le         
occurr5ce ( ?is k9d4 ,9 ! explosion  at 
! ,c\rrires colli]y1 9 ,france1 ,m>*    
#aj1 #aijf1 m ?an  #a1ajj m9]s p]i%$4   

,?is m9e _h previ\sly be5 r5[n$ = its   
fre$om f accid5ts4 ,coal m9e explosions 
are due to two pr9cipal  causes1 :i* may
 act ei!r sep>ately or 9                
comb9ation--fire-damp  & coal-du/4      
,accumulations ( fire-damp1 or me?ane1  
lock$ up 9  ! coal seams1 are lib]at$ by
 ! removal ( ! coal4 ,frequ5tly  /reams 
( ?is gas gu% =? ) a hiss+ noise1 & are 
kn[n  z 8bl[]s40 ,fire-damp is explosive
 :5 comb9$ ) c]ta9  proportions ( air4  
,ap>t f v5tilation1 :i* dilutes ! gas   
bel[  ! dang] limit1 ! pr9cipal         
precaution aga9/ explosives is !  use ( 
safety-lamps1 s con/ruct$ t ! gas _c    
come 9 contact  ) a nak$ flame4 ,an     
excessive am\nt ( coal-du/ 9 ! air ( !  
m9e may also give rise to explosions4   
,su* explosions may be prev5t$  by wett+
 ! du/1 moi/5+ ! air1 or p[d]+ ! walls1 
ro(  & floor ) a non-explosive          
8rock-du/40    ,aft] an explosion ! air 
( a m9e conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( !  deadly
 gas c>bon monoxide1 & ?is 8aft]-damp10 
z x is call$1  makes rescue "w extremely

 dang]\s4 ,:]ev] suitable app>atus  is  
available1 ! rescu]s c>ry ) !m a supply 
( oxyg51 by  brea?+ :i* !y are able to  
live = "s h\rs 9 a poison\s  atmosph]e4 
,! ,bureau ( ,m9es has e/abli%$ a numb] 
( rescue  /ations 9 ! coal-m9+ di/ricts 
& ma9ta9s sev]al m9e  safety c>s =      
hurry+ rescue crews to ! sc5e ( a       
disa/]4 ,!  ,bureau also in/ructs ! m9]s
 9 fir/-aid & rescue "w1 & is  direct+ a
 national campaign 9 behalf ( 8safety   
fir/0 9 m9es4    ,( ! _m me?ods t h be5 
devis$ = te/+ ! air (  m9es = noxi\s    
gases none is m int]e/+ ?an ! use ( cag$
  can>ies4 ,^! birds are mu* m          
susceptible ?an human be+s to  ! effects
 ( c>bon monoxide1 & %[ signs ( di/ress 
be=e a  man beg9s to feel any discom=t f
 ! gas4 ,9 _m m9es !y  are c>ri$ 9 r\t9e
 inspections4 ,aft] an explosion ! numb]
 (  rescu]s equipp$ ) oxyg5 app>atus is 
always limit$4 ,^! =m  ! advance gu>d1 &
 are foll[$ by m5 )\t app>atus1 :o  c>ry
 can>ies1 by obs]v+ ! behavior ( :i* !y 
c tell h[  f> !y may safely p5etrate    

into ! m9e4 ,! ,bureau ( ,m9es has      
devis$ a special =m ( cage 9 :i* ! can>y
 may be reviv$ )  oxyg5 aft] be+ ov]come
 ) gas4 ,exp]im5ts %[ t ! bird  may be  
asphyxiat$ & reviv$ aga9 & aga9 )\t     
suff]+ any  ill-effects2 nei!r does he  
acquire an immunity to poison+ :i*  w\ld
 make him a less reliable indicator4    
,,prep>$ ,,by ,,! ,,editorial ,,/aff ,,(
 ,,! ,,m5tor ,,association              
,,illu/ration ,,= ,,! ,,m5tor4 ,,vol4   
#f1 ,no4 #f1 ,,s]ial ,no4 #aed          
,,copyright1 #aiah4 ,,by ,,! ,,m5tor    
,,association1 ,,inc4          ,,!      
,,m5tor  ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,sci5ce        
,,may #a1 #aiah    ,illu/ration3        
,c\rtesy ( ,br[n ,hoi/+ ,ma*9]y ,co4    
,,coal-,,h&l+ ,,ma*9]y ,,on ,,pittsburgh
 ,,coal ,,co4 ,,docks1 ,,dulu?1 ,,m9n4  
,an electric trolley1 ) #e-ton bucket1  
travels on ea* bridge1  c>ry+ coal f !  
boat to /orage1 or to railroad c>1 or to
  scre5+ app>atus 9 ! re>    ,,! ,,/ory 
,,( ,,coal    ,by ,,*>les ,,fitzhugh    
,,talman    ,editorial ,writ] = !       

,sci5tific ,am]ican    ,,m5tor          
,,gravures    ,,fossil ,,f]n ,,f ,,coal 
,,m9e  ,,tipple ,,at ,,bitum9\s ,,coal  
,,m9e  ,,coal  ,,c> ,,dump] ,,9         
,,op]ation  ,,*>g+ ,,coal ,,9 ,a ,,mod]n
 ,,gas ,,plant  ,,smoke  ,,problem1     
,,sc5e ,,9 ,,pittsburgh ,,be=e ,,&      
,,aft] ,,smoke ,,cure  ,,rescue ,,p>ty  
,,ent]+ ,,m9e ,,aft] ,,explosion        
,ent]$ z second-class matt] ,m>* #aj1   
#aiac1 at ! po/(fice at ,new  ,york1 ,n4
 ,y41 "u ! act ( ,m>* #c1 #ahgi4        
,copyright1 #aiac1 by ,!  ,m5tor        
,association1 ,inc4      ,7 x possible =
 ! lump ( coal t we burn 9 our /ove1    
grate  or furnace to tell its /ory1 x   
w\ld take u back millions ( ye>s  to a  
"t :5 va/ areas ( ! e>?'s surface 7     
cov]$ )  swamps1 support+ a luxuriant   
vegetation4 ,no human be+1 mammal  or   
bird yet exi/$4 ,animal life includ$    
fi%1 %ellfi% & o!r  aquatic species1    
besides reptiles & insects4 ,! vegetal  
=ms  resembl$ our mod]n f]ns1           
horsetails1 club-mosses & ev]gre5s4  ,! 

atmosph]e 0 heavily *>g$ ) moi/ure1 & a 
mild climate  prevail$ ev5 9 ! pol>     
regions4 ,su* 7 ! conditions "u  :i*1   
dur+ ! great ,c>bonif]\s ,age1 mo/ ( !  
exi/+  coal-b$s 7 deposit$ 9 ! e>?4     
,illu/ration3 ,,=e/ ,,swamp ,,( ,,!     
,,c>bonif]\s ,,p]iod 7,coal ,age74    ,f
 a draw+ by ,potoni & ,go?an    ,coal is
 ! litt] ( primeval swamps & =e/s4 ,ye> 
aft] ye> !  dbris ( ! humid jungles     
accumulat$ 9 %all[ wat] or 9 !  boggy   
soil1 :]e x und]w5t p>tial decay1 & 0   
?us conv]t$1  fir/ ( all1 into ! slimy  
or spongy mat]ial kn[n z 8peat40        
,simil> deposits are 9 process ( =mation
 9 ! swamps ( !  pres5t day1 & ! peat   
obta9$ f !m is dri$ & us$ z fuel  on an 
ext5sive scale 9 "s p>ts ( ! _w2        
especially ,irel&1  ,holl&1 ,g]many &   
,sc&9avia4    ,illu/ration3 ,,concrete  
,,portal ,,( ,a 8,,drift0 ,,m9e         
,gradual *anges 9 ! elevation ( ! l& l$ 
to ! subm]g5ce  ( ! prehi/oric peat     
bogs1 dur+ successive int]vals ( "t1 by 
lakes or %all[ seas4 ,?us _! vegetation 

0 kill$1 & !y 7  ov]spread ) lay]s ( mud
 or s&1 above :i*1 dur+ a subsequ5t     
p]iod ( elevation1 a new peat bog w\ld  
=m2 & ?is process 0  repeat$ sev]al     
times4 ,! conv]sion ( ! peat into coal  
appe>s  to h result$ f ! pressure ( !   
ov]ly+ /rata1 probably  aid$ by !       
int]nal heat ( ! e>?4 ,mu* ( its moi/ure
 0  squeez$ & evaporat$ out2 !          
proportions ( its compon5t gases  7     
r$uc$2 & ! result 0 a h>d m9]al1 :i* has
 e>n$  ! popul> "n ( 8black diamond0    
because consi/+ *iefly (  c>bon--! same 
*emical elem5t :i*1 9 a pure & cry/all9e
  =m1 con/itutes ! true diamond4        
,*emically1 coal consi/s (  c>bon2 !    
gases hydrog51 nitrog5 & oxyg52 sulphur2
 & a% 7!  m9]al matt] t rema9s aft]     
combu/ion74    ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( 
,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum         
,comp>ative coal supplies ( ! _w4 ,!    
nick 9 ! smalle/ cube  %[s h[ mu* h>d   
coal has be5 us$ up4 ,s(t coal cube has 
h>dly  be5 scrat*$    ,! record ( ^!    
long-ago ev5ts is f\nd :5 we s9k a %aft 

?r\gh typical coal-be>+ /rata4 ,we pass 
?r\gh n "o1 b  sev]al1 lay]s ( coal1 :i*
 may v>y 9 ?ickness f a fraction (  an  
in* to a hundr$ feet or m1 & are sep>at$
 by g5]ally mu*  ?ick] lay]s ( s&/one or
 %ale 7solidifi$ clay74 ,! lay]s (  coal
 are kn[n z 8coal-b$s40 ,unless a       
coal-b$ is at lea/ two feet  ?ick x is  
h>dly wor? work+1 &1 ord9>ily1 !        
?ickness ( a  b$ does n exce$ eight or  
t5 feet4 ,! %ale or s&/one above a  b$  
is v commonly f\nd to conta9 ! rema9s or
 ! impressions  ( ! anci5t plants f :i* 
! coal 0 =m$4 ,a /udy ( ^!  rema9s &    
ca/s has made x possible to classify    
hundr$s ( species  ( plants n[ ext9ct4  
,fragm5ts ( plants are also sometimes   
f\nd 9  ! coal itself1 & ?9 slices (    
coal frequ5tly %[ a vegetable  /ructure 
"u ! microscope4 ,f9ally1 to furni%     
conclusive pro(  ( ! vegetable orig9 (  
coal1 we f9d "u ! coal-b$ a lay]  kn[n z
 ! 8und]clay10 :i* is a fossil soil     
fill$ ) ! roots  & rootlets ( !         
coal-produc+ plants4 ,diff]5t conditions

 (  =mation1 & also1 probably1 diff]5ces
 9 ! "* ( !  orig9al vegetation1 h      
result$ 9 ! production ( diff]5t k9ds  (
 coal4 ,! mo/ important heat-produc+    
con/itu5t 9 coal is !  elem5t>y sub/ance
 call$ 8c>bon10 & ! simple/             
classification  ( solid fuels dep5ds ^u 
! p]c5tages ( fix$ 7non-volatile7  c>bon
 !y conta91 ! av]age p]c5tages runn+ z  
foll[s3 ,wood1  #ej2 peat1 #ee2 lignite1
 #gc2 bitum9\s coal1 #hd2 an?racite     
coal1  #ic4 ,:5 fuel is burn$ ! great]  
"p ( x unites *emically )  ! oxyg5 ( !  
air to =m c]ta9 invisible               
gases--especially  c>bon dioxide &      
wat]-vapor--& only ! a% rema9s4         
,illu/ration3 ,f 8,geology1 ,physical & 
,hi/orical10 by ,h4 ,p4  ,clel&4        
,am]ican ,book ,co41 ,n4 ,y4    ,section
 ( coal-be>+ /rata 9 ,p5nsylvania1 %[+  
relative am\nt  ( coal & b>r5 rock 9 a  
ri* field    ,9 ! popul> m9d coal is    
classifi$ z h>d or s(t1 :ile h>d coal   
is fur!r classifi$ accord+ to ! size ( !
 lumps4 ,= bo?  sci5tific & indu/rial   

purposes m elaborate classifications are
  necess>y1 & sev]al h be5 us$ or       
propos$4    ,illu/ration3 ,,coal        
,,fields ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates        
,k9ds ( ,coal    ,! ,unit$ ,/ates       
,geological ,survey classifies coals1   
fir/ ( all1  accord+ to 8rank10 dep5d+  
^u bo? *emical & physical  *>act]i/ics4 
,an?racite1 :i* conta9s ! l>ge/ p]c5tage
 (  c>bon1 ranks highe/1 & lignite1 ) ! 
smalle/ p]c5tage (  c>bon1 l[e/4 ,coals 
( ! same rank are said to be ( high or  
l[  8grade10 accord+ to :e!r !y conta9 a
 relatively small or l>ge  p]c5tage1    
respectively1 ( a% & sulphur4 ,! ranks  
recogniz$  by ! ,survey are3 ,an?racite1
 semi-an?racite1 semi-bitum9\s1         
bitum9\s1 sub-bitum9\s1 & lignite4      
,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau
 ( ,m9es    ,,an 8,,entry0 ,,9 ,a ,,coal
 ,,m9e    ,%[+ timb]$ ro(               
,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau
 ( ,m9es    ,,coat+ ,,walls ,,( ,a ,,m9e
 ,,) ,,cem5t    ,to prev5t coal-du/     
explosions    ,illu/ration3 ,,drill+ ,,9

 ,,coal ,,= ,,bla/+    8,an?racite0 is !
 h>de/ ( coals4 ,x 0 =m$ f bitum9\s     
coal "u ! cru%+ pressure due to !       
upheaval ( m\nta9s or by  ! int5se heat 
( adjac5t molt5 rocks4 ,mo/ ,am]ican    
an?racite is  m9$ 9 ea/]n ,p5nsylvania4 
,! l>ge/ deposits 9 ! _w are  f\nd 9    
,*9a4 ,an?racite burns sl[ly1 ) little  
smoke4 ,x is well  adapt$ = dome/ic use 
on acc\nt ( its cleanness1 b is n an    
economical fuel = /eam-rais+ or g5]al   
manufactur+4    ,illu/ration3 ,press    
,illu/rat+ ,s]vice    ,,mod]n ,,electric
 ,,locomotive    ,us$ = haul+ coal f !  
m9es    8,semi-an?racite0 also ranks z a
 h>d coal1 ?\gh x is less h>d  ?an      
an?racite4 ,v little is m9$ 9 ?is       
c\ntry1 & x is  g5]ally sold z          
an?racite4    8,semi-bitum9\s0 coal is a
 s(t] coal1 :i*1 :5 prop]ly burn$1      
gives (f b little smoke4 ,! be/         
semi-bitum9\s coal ranks highe/  among !
 coals 9 heat+ value4 ,x is ! mo/       
valuable fuel =  manufactur+ purposes2  
also = /eam%ips1 z x requires less bunk]

  space p] unit ( heat ?an any o!r coal4
    8,bitum9\s0 coal1 or ord9>y 8s(t    
coal10 burns readily1 ) a smoky  flame1 
& is ! coal mo/ commonly us$ =          
manufactur+ purposes2  9 fact1 ! bulk ( 
! coal m9$ ?r\gh\t ! _w belongs  to ?is 
rank4 ,x includes a good _m v>ieties1 "s
 ( :i* are  ext5sively us$ 9 mak+ coke1 
:ile o!rs1 su* z 8cannel0 coal1  h be5 9
 great dem& = use 9 gas-works4 ,n[adays1
 h[ev]1 !  widespread introduction (    
8wat]-gas10#b :i* does n require any    
p>ticul> k9d ( coal1 has dim9i%$ ! dem& 
= 8gas coals40        #b ,made by =c+   
/eam ov] gl[+ coal or coke4 ,see        
,monograph      ,no4 #d4                
8,sub-bitum9\s0 coal1 or 8black         
lignite10 is common 9 "s ( our  we/]n   
coal fields4 ,x is a clean & useful     
dome/ic fuel :5 us$  ne> ! m9es1 b is n 
v satisfactory = %ipm5t1 z x  %r9ks &   
crumbles "u ! effects ( 8wea!r+0 & is   
liable to  spontane\s combu/ion4        
8,lignite0 is ! lea/ valuable ( coals1 &
 is ! =m ( coal :i*  is ! lea/ alt]$ f !

 orig9al peat4 ,! ,geological ,survey   
applies ?is "n only to ^? coals :i* are 
di/9ctly br[n &  ei!r m>k$ly woody or   
claylike 9 appe>ance4 ,lignite1 z x     
comes  f ! m9e1 conta9s f ?irty to =ty  
p] c5t4 ( moi/ure1 &  x 8slacks0 or     
falls to pieces mu* m rapidly ?an       
sub-bitum9\s  coal :5 expos$ to ! air4  
,x is h>dly suitable = transportation4  
,= comm]cial purposes coal is also      
classifi$ accord+ to size4  ,! coal z x 
comes out ( ! m9e1 )\t any sort+ into   
sizes1 is kn[n z 8run ( m9e10 & !       
semi-bitum9\s coals are  commonly %ipp$ 
9 ?is =m4 ,mo/ coals1 h[ev]1 are pass$  
ov]  b>s or grat+s1 :i* con/itute scre5s
 ( diff]5t degrees (  f95ess2 ea* scre5 
p]mits all ! lumps bel[ a c]ta9 size to 
fall ?r\gh1 & ?us ! coal is divid$ into 
! diff]5t /&>d  sizes4 ,! sizes (       
an?racite1 f ! smalle/ to ! l>ge/1  are3
 rice1 buck:eat1 pea1 *e/nut 7or nut71  
/ove1 egg1 brok5 7or  grate71 /eamboat1 
& lump4 ,bitum9\s coal is divid$ into   
slack1  nut & lump 7! l>ge/ size74 ,a   

mixture ( lump & nut is call$           
?ree-qu>t] coal4      ,! ,mod]n ,hi/ory 
( ,coal    ,illu/ration3 ,press         
,illu/rat+ ,s]vice    ,,mod]n ,,m9+     
,,ma*9e    = und]cutt+ coal4 ,! 8cutt]  
b>0 is %[n 9 front1 fill$ )  8cutt+     
tee?0 set 9 a *a9 t travels ar\nd4      
,see illu/ration opposite               
,illu/ration3 ,press ,illu/rat+ ,s]vice 
,,%ak] ,,scre5s ,,9 ,a ,,tipple ,,h\se  
,! coal pass+ ov] scre5s is grad$       
accord+ to size    ,illu/ration3        
8,,cutt] ,,b>0 ,,at ,,"w    ,! b>1 ) its
 cutt+ *a9 ( tee?1 makes a horizontal   
cut deep  into ! bottom ( ! seam ( coal4
 ,bla/+ !n does ! re/    ,! age ( !     
/eam-eng9e is also ! age 9 :i* ! use (  
coal  has become widespread1 & ! output 
( coal is a fai?ful index (  indu/rial  
progress4 ,al?\gh ! ,greek writ]        
,!ophra/us 7ab\t  #cjj ,b4 ,c47 m5tions 
! use ( coal z a fuel1 & its use 0 also 
kn[n to ! anci5t ,britons & ! ,*9ese1 x 
0 virtually unkn[n  ?r\gh\t ! ,middle   
,ages4 ,! fir/ record ( coal m9+ 9      

,engl&  is ( ! ye> #aahj ,a4 ,d41 & coal
 0 fir/ %ipp$ to ,london 9  ! ye> #abdj4
 ,x 0 long kn[n z /one-coal1 pit-coal1  
etc41 to  di/+ui% x f *>coal2 also z    
sea-coal1 on acc\nt ( be+  c>ri$ to     
,london by sea4 ,bitum9\s coal 0 fir/   
m9$ 9 ,am]ica  9 #agej1 ne> ,ri*mond1   
,virg9ia4 ,an?racite 0 discov]$ 9 ,rhode
  ,isl& 9 #agfj1 & 9 ,p5nsylvania 9     
#agff1 b = _m ye>s its  value 0 n       
recogniz$4 ,z late z ! ye> #ahab        
,colonel ,george  ,%oemak]1 (           
,pottsville1 0 treat$ z an impo/or &    
?reat5$  ) arre/ = attempt+ to sell a   
few wagon-loads ( an?racite 9           
,philadelphia2 me?ods ( burn+ x 7 n     
und]/ood1 & x 0  decl>$ to be m]ely     
8black /one40 ,9 ! ye> #ahbj only #cfe  
tons  ( an?racite 7 sold 9 ?is c\ntry1 z
 comp>$ ) ! pres5t  annual output ( ab\t
 #ij1jjj1jjj tons4    ,be=e ! days ( !  
railway coal 0 %ipp$ mo/ly by wat] 9    
r\gh boats call$ 8arks10 :i* float$ d[n 
! riv]s to !  seabo>d t[ns4 ,z x 0      
impossible to return aga9/ ! curr5t1  ! 

ark 0 sold ) ! coal at its de/9ation4 ,a
 great _m arks  7 wreck$ 9 transit1 & ! 
:ole process ( transportation 0  a co/ly
 "o4 ,only ) ! introduction ( /eamboats1
 canals &  railways1 did ! coal indu/ry 
assume s]i\s proportions4    ,!         
production ( coal 9 ,am]ica has gr[n at 
an amaz+ rate4 ,9 !  ye> #ahfh ,great   
,brita9 produc$ #c4f times z mu* coal z 
! ,unit$  ,/ates1 & ! output 0 also     
exce$$ by t ( ,g]many4 ,9 #ahii1  !     
,unit$ ,/ates took ! lead4 ,at ! pres5t 
"t1 ) an e/imat$  production = ! ye>    
#aiag ( #fdc1fjj1jjj tons1 ! ,unit$     
,/ates is  produc+ ne>ly half ( all !   
coal m9$ 9 ! _w4 ,great ,brita9  ranks  
second1 closely foll[$ by ,g]many4      
,h[ ,coal is ,m9$    ,a relatively small
 am\nt ( coal is qu>ri$ ne> ! surface ( 
!  gr\nd f op5 pits4 ,! ov]ly+ soil is  
remov$ by /eam-%ovels1  & ! coal is !n  
bla/$ out & %ovel$ into c>s4    ,mo/    
coal is m9$ und]gr\nd4 ,access to !     
coal-b$s is obta9$  ei!r by s9k+ a      
v]tical 8%aft0 or by driv+ a tunnel1    

accord+  to ! location ( ! b$s4 ,a      
tunnel driv5 at a /eep angle is call$  a
 8slope40 ,a horizontal tunnel lead+    
into a coal-seam is call$ a  8drift40 ,9
 ?is c\ntry few coal m9es are m ?an #cjj
 or #djj feet  bel[ ! surface1 & !      
deepe/ is ab\t #a1fjj feet4 ,mu* deep]  
m9es are f\nd 9 ,europe1 especially 9   
,belgium4    ,illu/ration3 ,press       
,illu/rat+ ,s]vice    ,,rot>y ,,dump ,,9
 ,a ,,tipple    ,%[+ a coal c> half     
turn$ ov] 9 ord] to dump cont5ts        
,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( 8,coal ,age0   
,,spiraliz+ ,,ma*9es    :i*1 by rotat+  
motion1 sep>ate ! coal f slate          
,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau
 ( ,m9es    ,,mod]n ,,headframe1 ,,b9s  
,,& ,,tre/le    ,( firepro( con/ruction4
 ,an?racite coal m9e    ,am]ican m9e    
%afts are g5]ally rectangul> & are      
divid$ into two  or m comp>tm5ts4 ,:]e a
 %aft passes ?r\gh wat]-be>+ /rata  x   
mu/ be provid$ ) a tight l9+1 or        
8tubb+10 to prev5t !  m9e f be+ flood$4 
,all wat] t ent]s ! m9e collects 9 an   

excavation1 or 8sump10 at ! bottom ( !  
%aft1 & mu/ be pump$  to ! surface4     
,! me?od ( work+ coal-seams mo/ commonly
 practic$ 9 ?is  c\ntry is kn[n z !     
8room-&-pill>0 sy/em4 ,"o or m tunnels1 
or 8entries10 are fir/ driv5 f ! bottom 
( ! %aft or !  m\? ( ! drift4 ,^! are ! 
ma9 ?or\ghf>es ( ! m9e1 &  are usually  
provid$ ) tracks1 ov] :i* ! m9e c>s are 
haul$  by mules or by "s o!r me?od (    
traction--locomotives1 endless  *a9s1   
etc4 ,second>y entries 78head+s10 8butt 
entries10 etc47  bran* (f f ! ma9       
entries4 ,f9ally1 ! "w ( extract+ !     
coal consi/s ( excavat+ op5 spaces1 or  
8rooms10 adjo9+ !  entries4             
,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( 8,coal ,age0   
,,model ,,coal ,,break]    ,note ! neat 
& c>eful 8upkeep0 ( ! place    ,! actual
 m9+ is done 9 ! rooms1 & diff]5t me?ods
 are 9  use4 ,an?racite is g5]ally 8%ot 
f ! solid02 t is1 bla/$  out f ! face ( 
! coal )\t any prelim9>y cutt+4 ,?is    
me?od is objectionable1 especially 9    
bitum9\s m9es 7:]e x  is1 h[ev]1 mu*    

practic$71 because ! l>ge *>ges ( p[d] x
  requires produce a great deal (       
coal-du/ & weak5 ! ro( &  pill>s1 (t5   
lead+ to falls ( coal & fatal accid5ts4 
,a bett]  plan consi/s ( 8und]cutt+0 !  
coal be=e x is bla/$ out4 ,a  long      
groove is made at ! level ( ! floor1    
ei!r ) a pick or  ) a coal-cutt+ ma*9e4 
,holes are !n drill$ "s di/ance above  !
 groove = ! ins]tion ( ! bla/+ *>ges1 & 
! coal is  bla/$ d[n4 ,a s+le %ot w     
sometimes dislodge a ton or two (  coal4
    ,! next /ep is to %ovel ! coal f !  
floor into a m9e c>1  :i* is !n pu%$    
into ! adjac5t entry4 ,! m9] atta*es a  
numb]$ tag to ! c>1 s t he w be duly    
cr$it$ = 8 "w1  :i* is paid = by ! ton4 
,! load$ c>s are ev5tually hoi/$ or     
haul$ out ( ! m9e1 to be weigh$ &       
dis*>g$ above gr\nd4    ,! f9al /ep 9   
work+ a coal-seam by ! room-&-pill>     
me?od is  to m9e out ! ?ick walls or    
pill>s ( coal1 :i* are orig9ally  left  
betwe5 adjac5t rooms to support ! ro(4  
,z ?is "w proce$s  ! work$-out sections 

are fill$ ) wa/e rock1 or ! ro( is      
all[$ to fall4 ,! object is to leave z  
little coal 9 ! m9e z  possible1 b      
practically x is r>e t m ?an #fj or #gj 
p] c5t4  is recov]$4    ,"o feature ( a 
coal m9e t mu/ be c>efully plann$ is !  
sy/em ( v5tilation4 ,?is is provid$ n   
m]ely = ! com=t (  ! m9]s1 b to prev5t1 
z f> z possible1 ! accumulation (       
poison\s & explosive gases4 ,!re are    
always at lea/ two airways  lead+ into !
 m9e 7"o or bo? ( :i* may also be us$ = 
hoi/+ or o!r purposes71 kn[n z ! 8upca/0
 & ! 8d[nca/10  accord+ to ! direction 9
 :i* ! air passes ?r\gh !m4 ,a  curr5t (
 air is ma9ta9$ ei!r by keep+ a fire    
burn+ at !  bottom ( ! upca/ or by ! use
 ( p[]ful fans or bl[]s4 ,a  sy/em (    
tight trap-doors prev5ts ! air f tak+ a 
%ort cut  betwe5 ! d[nca/ & ! upca/1 &  
?us leav+ ! great] "p  ( ! m9e          
unv5tilat$4    ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( 
8,coal ,age0    ,,m9+ ,,f ,,! ,,outside 
,/ripp+ ! surface ( a coal-b$ ) /eam    
%ovel1 at ,pittsburg1  ,kans4           

,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau
 ( ,m9es    ,,wat*+ ,,! ,,can>y    =    
indications ( poison\s coal gas4        
,res]ves te/+ ! air ( a  m9e aft] an    
explosion    ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy (   
,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,m9es    ,,memb]s ,,( 
,,rescue ,,team    ,%[+ app>atus worn on
 ent]+ m9es aft] explosions4 ,?is device
  su/a9s a man = two h\rs    ,! coal 9 !
 m9e con/antly gives (f v>i\s gases1 "o 
( :i*1  ! notori\s 8fire-damp0 7me?ane  
or m>%-gas71 is responsible =  _m       
explosions4 ,9 rec5t ye>s x has be5     
discov]$ t coal-du/  itself1 :5 mix$ ) !
 "r proportion ( air1 is viol5tly       
explosive4 ,m9e explosions may be       
m9imiz$ by requir+ ! use (              
8safety-lamps0 7oil1 gasol9e1 or        
electric72 by provid+ devices to  prev5t
 sp>k+ 9 electrical app>atus2 & by us+ =
 bla/+  op]ations only s-call$          
8p]missible0 explosives1 :i* give a     
%ort] & cool] flame ?an black p[d]4     
,coal-du/ explosions c  be l>gely       
prev5t$ by wett+ ! walls ( ! m9e1 or by 

! new  process ( 8rock-du/+10 :i*       
consi/s ( apply+ dry incombu/ible  p[d]$
 rock to all surfaces4 ,un=tunately1    
none ( ^! precautions  are employ$ z    
g5]ally z !y %\ld be4    ,illu/ration3  
,press ,illu/rat+ ,s]vice    ,,safety   
,,device ,,9 ,,coal ,,bunk]    ,9 case (
 a 8coal slide10 a man may be pull$ out 
be=e he is buri$  & /ifl$      ,!       
elevator us$ = hoi/+ 9 ! m9e %aft is    
call$ a 8cage40  ,aft] ! m9e c>s rea* ! 
surface !y pass ^u an elevat$  /ructure 
call$ ! 8tipple40 ,?is is g5]ally ! mo/ 
conspicu\s  feature ( a m9+ prop]ty     
above gr\nd1 & provides facilities =    
scre5+ & o!rwise 8prep>+0 ! coal z x    
passes d[n *utes  to ! railway c>s      
und]nea?4 ,! m elaborate /ructure us$ = 
an?racite is call$ a 8break]02 x        
includes ma*9]y = cru%+  ! coal &       
arrangem5ts = remov+ 8slate0 & o!r wa/e 
rock by  h& pick+ or o!rwise4    ,coal  
m9+ 9 ?is c\ntry gives employm5t to an  
army ( #gfe1jjj m54  ,! ^w 8army0 has a 
s9i/] appropriat5ess 9 ?is connection1  

s9ce out ( e ?\s& m5 employ$ 9 ! indu/ry
 ?ree are  kill$ & "o hundr$ & eighty   
injur$ annually4      ,! ,_w's ,coal    
,res\rces    ,9 ord] ( output1 ! lead+  
coal-produc+ c\ntries ( ! _w  are3      
,unit$ ,/ates1 ,great ,brita91 ,g]many1 
,au/ria-,hung>y1 ,france1  ,russia1     
,belgium1 ,japan1 ,*9a1 ,india1 &       
,canada4 ,! total production  dur+ !    
late/ ye> = :i* data are available 0    
ab\t  #a1cdf1jjj1jjj tons4    ,h[ long w
 ! _w's coal supply la/8 ,?is is a "q to
 :i*  v>i\s answ]s h be5 giv54          
,geologi/s are able to furni% a r\gh    
e/imate ( ! am\nt ( coal n[ 9 ! gr\nd & 
ne> en\gh to  ! surface to be m9$2 b ) !
 gr[? ( ! _w's indu/ries  ! dem& = coal 
is increas+ by leaps & b\nds1 & nobody c
  safely pr$ict h[ mu* w be ne$$ at any 
future "t4    ,! _w's 8coal res]ves0--t 
is1 ! am\nt ( coal rema9+  unm9$--are   
e/imat$ at #h1aed1cbb1ejj1jjj tons4 ,9 !
 ,unit$ ,/ates  x is e/imat$ t we h us$ 
only f\r-t5?s ( "o p] c5t4 (  our       
available coal supply4 ,at ! pres5t rate

 ( consumption !  coal 9 ?is c\ntry w\ld
 la/ ab\t #d1jjj ye>s2 b if ! pres5t    
rate ( increase 9 consumption %\ld be   
ma9ta9$1 x w\ld la/  only #ajj ye>s6    
,=tunately = po/]ity !re are s\rces (   
heat1 light & p[]  :i* are n1 l ! fuels1
 exhau/ible4 ,wat]-p[]1 = example1  is a
 p]man5t asset1 & !re are o!r           
inexhau/ible s\rces (  en]gy1 su* z sol>
 heat & ! int]nal heat ( ! e>?1 :i*     
,man's +5uity w som$ay turn to good     
acc\nt4    ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy (     
8,coal ,age0    ,,c>s ,,= ,,c>ry+       
,,explosives ,,into ,,m9es              
,,supplem5t>y ,,read+      ,,coal       
,,cate*ism                              
,by ,w4 ,j4 ,ni*olls      ,,! ,,/ory ,,(
 ,,am]ican ,,coals                      
,by ,w4 ,j4 ,ni*olls      ,a ,,ye> ,,9  
,a ,,coal ,,m9e                         
,by ,joseph ,husb&      ,,ye> ,,book ,,(
 ,,! ,u4 ,s4 ,,bureau ,,( ,,m9es        
,,/ory ,,( ,a ,,piece ,,( ,,coal        
,by ,e4 ,a4 ,m>t9      ,,! ,,coal       
,,fields ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates    7,u4

 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 ,pr(essional  
,pap] #ajj7   ,by ,m4 ,r4 ,campbell     
,in=mation conc]n+ ^! books may be _h on
 application to !  ,editor ( ,! ,m5tor4 
,,! ,,op5 ,,lett]      ,coal is 8a burn+
 "q10 t has to be met & answ]$ e  day4  
,x supplies heat1 light & p[]--& a ?\s& 
& "o useful  by-products--& x is an     
ev]-pres5t1 ev]-fruitful subject (      
public & private discussion4 ,we av]age 
folk "k some?+ ( !  v>i$ uses ( coal 9 !
 big affairs ( ! _w1 b we "k x  m       
intimately & vitally 9 ! =ms 9 :i* x    
m9i/]s to our  own p]sonal welf>e4      
,coal1 9 our ev]yday--& night--life1    
means  heat & light4 ,x means home      
com=t--& if ?is 8coal com=t0 is  d5i$ u1
 or ev5 curtail$1 we raise an imm$iate &
 mighty outcry4  ,& :y n8 ,! heal? ( a  
community c be fatally affect$ by a  few
 heatless days4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ w9t]
 has %[n u h[  dep5d5t we are on fuel1 n
 only = luxury & com=t1 b = life        
itself4           99       99       99  
99       99    ,:y d we ne$ s mu* heat8 

,_m ( ! peoples ( ! e>? get along       
com=tably ) mu* less heat ?an we consid]
 necess>y4 ,europeans  & ,s\? ,am]icans 
call u a 8/eam-heat$ nation40 ,:y d we h
  to surr5d] s completely & abjectly to 
! dom9ation ( ,old ,k+  ,coal8 ,x is    
true1 z ,ow5 ,m]$i? said3 8,civiliz$ man
 _c live  )\t cooks02 & light is all    
important 9 turn+ night h\rs to         
advantage2 b :y mu/ we be s w>m8        
,humanity 0 n creat$ 9  a w>m room1 nor 
0 ! human race nurtur$1 9 its infancy1  
by a  coal fire or a gas /ove4          
,primitive man 0 8 own heat]4 ,he _h to 
discov] fire1 & !n exploit its uses4 ,he
 0 orig9ally suppli$  by nature ) a w>m 
body1 & he n[ f9ds artificial ways (    
mak+  x w>m]4 ,has n civilization pamp]$
 u to a po9t t has  impair$ our orig9al 
heat-giv+ res\rces & sub/itut$ a =c$    
w>m? t has en]vat$ u8 ,! doctors tell u 
t _m diseases  come out ( artificial    
heat--indoor diseases1 !y might be      
call$--!  diseases t are treat$1 &      
sometimes cur$ today1 by =ego+          

artificial heat & go+ back to nature4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,does ?is mean t ,i sugge/ rev]t+ to    
primitive conditions &  giv+ up heat8   
,no1 inde$4 ,i suff]$ en\gh la/ w9t]4 ,i
 d  n advocate giv+ up heat--sudd5ly4 ,b
 lett+ up gradually on  artificial heat1
 ,i d mo/ e>ne/ly advocate4 ,mo/ ( u    
live an  ov]-heat$ exi/5ce--to !        
depletion ( our heal?4 ,! /eam pipe1  l 
a huge py?on1 is clos+ its coils ab\t u1
 & gradually  /ifl+ our native vital    
res\rces4           99       99       99
       99       99    ,on ! colde/ days 
( w9t] a :ite-hair$ man1 ne>ly sev5ty   
ye>s  ( age1 may be se5 walk+ ,new ,york
 /reets1 )\t a hat1 clad only  9 light  
8,palm ,bea*0 tr\s]s1 & a silk neglige  
%irt1 op5 at !  ?roat4 8,he is crazy10 y
 say4 8,p]haps10 ,i answ]1 8b at any    
rate  he is heal?y--& immune f cold40   
,heatless days mean no?+ to  him4 ,on a 
raw1 drizzl+ day 9 ,novemb] la/ a sl5d] 
man 0 play+  golf 9 a light wool5 suit4 
,a companion play]1 weigh+ ov] #bjj     

p\nds1 full blood$ & he>ty 9 appe>ance1 
& bundl$ up 9 two  heavy sweat]s1 ask$ !
 lightly clad play] if he 0 n afraid (  
cat*+ a fatal cold4 8,no10 he answ]$1 8y
 are ! "o t gives  me conc]n4 ,if ,i _h 
y\r clo?+ on ,i w\ld be a sick man4 ,i  
am n  heal?y en\gh to we> all ^? ?+s40  
99       99       99       99       99  
,:i* means t we w\ld be bett] (f 9 heal?
 if we c\ld accu/om  ourselves to less  
heat2 if we c\ld live z ! p ( "s o!r    
nations d--com=table & cont5t ) heat    
en\gh to take ! *ill  (f ! air1 & n     
dem&+ t we %all be 8kept go+0 by means  
( artificial heat outside ( our own     
natural heat-giv+ app>atus4  ,we make   
caloric cripples ( ourselves by giv+    
crut*es to nature 9  ! =m ( ro>+        
furnaces & hiss+ /eam pipes4 ,fre% cold 
air is  bett] = u ?an hot air--9 w9t] z 
well z 9 summ]4 ,w\ld x  n be wor? :ile 
to =m a national ,fre% ,air ,frat]nity1 
bas$ on  ! pr9ciple ( =ego+ artificial  
heat & develop+ ! orig9al  body caloric8
 ,we w\ld !n leave artificial heat      

l>gely to infants1  weakl+s & invalids2 
we w\ld aboli% sev]al diseases altoge!r1
  improve ! mortality rate1 & be heal?y1
 happy & vigor\s4  ,incid5tally1 too1 we
 w\ld h m coal = cook+ & o!r really     
necess>y purposes4    ,illu/ration3 ,w4 
,d4 ,m(fat    ,,editor          ,,9 ,,! 
,,high ,,s*ool      ,! ,m5tor is a "p ( 
our ,high ,s*ool4 ,ea* day #aib pupils &
 #aa  tea*]s h opportunity to p>take (  
its spl5did cont5ts4 ,?9k (  a big      
family ( #bjj enjoy+ x daily4 ,i say    
daily because ,i h all  ! back numb]s1 &
 ea* day a new ,m5tor ) all its gravures
 is  display$ on a specially con/ruct$  
rack 9 my recitation room4 ,!  important
 features to be f\nd 9 x are enum]at$ on
 ! blackbo>d1  & aft] hav+ pursu$ ?is   
me?od = a ye> ,i am anxi\s to tell  y   
some?+ ab\t x4    ,"o six? ( ! memb]s ( 
! graduat+ class at ! end ( ! ye>  *ose 
,m5tor subjects = _! !ses1 &1 f !       
supplem5t>y  read+ li/ giv51 select$    
books1 :i* 7 obta9$ by mail f  !        
,c>negie ,libr>y at ,pittsburgh1 ) a    

result t all ! !ses  7 mo/ excell5t4    
,! ,m5tor is n fill$ ) curr5t mat]ial1  
:i* *anges  con/antly & is good only = a
 %ort "t4 ,all y pr9t w be>  be+        
assimilat$ & pres]v$4 ,x is y\r small   
/atem5ts t make  ,! ,m5tor big4    ,x   
isn't ! 8new0 b ! old ?+s x tells1 t are
 n g5]ally  kn[n1 t gives ,! ,m5tor     
p]man5t value4 ,x creates a p]man5t     
int]e/ 9 ,music1 ,art1 ,lit]ature1      
,hi/ory1 etc41 9 a ,high ,s*ool  away f 
! poli% ( a big city 9 su* a way z no?+ 
else b a  ,m5tor c\ld4 ,i c't see h[ a  
,high ,s*ool c af=d to be )\t a         
complete set4 ,make x kn[n to ! s*ools4 
,x w d a great "w4    ,j4 ,b4 ,,%eetz1  
,pr9cipal1 ,mc,clellandtown1 ,p5n4      
,,! ,,m5tor ,,association    ,,e/abli%$ 
,,= ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,a ,,popul>    
,,int]e/ ,,9 ,,art1  ,,lit]ature1       
,,sci5ce1 ,,hi/ory1 ,,nature1 ,,&       
,,travel    ,,! ,,m5tor ,,is ,,publi%$  
,,twice ,a ,,mon?    ,,by ,,! ,,m5tor   
,,association1 ,,inc41 ,,at #aad-aaf    
,,ea/ #af,,? ,,/reet1 ,,new  ,,york1 ,n4

 ,y4 ,,subscription1 ,,f\r ,,doll>s ,a  
,,ye>4 ,,=eign ,,po/age #ge  ,,c5ts     
,,extra4 ,,canadian ,,po/age #ej ,,c5ts 
,,extra4 ,,s+le ,,copies ,,tw5ty        
,,c5ts4 ,,presid5t1 ,,?omas ,h4 ,,beck2 
,,vice-,,presid5t1 ,,walt] ,p4 ,,t5     
,,eyck2  ,,secret>y4 ,w4 ,d4 ,,m(fat2   
,,treasur]1 ,j4 ,s4 ,,campbell2         
,,assi/ant ,,treasur]  ,,& ,,assi/ant   
,,secret>y1 ,h4 ,a4 ,,cr[e4    ,,!      
,,m5tor ,,association1 ,inc41 #aad-aaf  
,ea/ #af? ,/reet1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4   
,/atem5t ( ! own]%ip1 managem5t1        
circulation1 etc41 requir$      by !    
,act ( ,congress ( ,augu/ #bd1 #aiab1 ( 
,! ,m5tor1 publi%$      semi-mon?ly at  
,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y41 = ,april #a1 #aiah4
 ,/ate ( ,new      ,york1 ,c\nty ( ,new 
,york4 ,be=e me1 a ,not>y ,public1 9 & =
      ! ,/ate & c\nty a=esaid1 p]sonally
 appe>$ ,?omas ,h4 ,beck1      :o1 hav+ 
be5 duly sworn accord+ to law1 deposes &
 says      t he is ! ,publi%] ( ,!      
,m5tor1 & t ! foll[+ is1      to ! be/ (
 8 k & belief1 a true /atem5t ( !       

own]%ip1 managem5t1 etc41 ( ! a=esaid   
publication = !      date %[n 9 ! above 
caption1 requir$ by ! ,act ( ,augu/ #bd1
      #aiab1 embodi$ 9 section #ddc1    
,po/al ,laws & ,regulations1 to wit3    
7#a7 ,t ! names & addresses ( ! publi%]1
 editor1 manag+      editor1 & bus9ess  
manag] are3 ,publi%]1 ,?omas ,h4 ,beck1 
#eb      ,ea/ #ai? ,/reet1 ,new ,york2  
,editor1 ,w4 ,d4 ,m(fat1 #aad-aaf ,ea/  
#af? ,/reet1 ,new ,york2 ,manag+        
,editor1 ,w4 ,d4 ,m(fat1 #aad-aaf ,ea/  
#af? ,/41 ,new ,york2 ,bus9ess ,manag]1 
,?omas ,h4 ,beck1 #eb ,ea/ #ai?         
,/reet1 ,new ,york4 7#b7 ,t ! own]s are3
 ,am]ican ,li?ographic      ,company1   
#eb ,ea/ #ai? ,/reet1 ,new ,york2 ,c4   
,eddy1 ,l4 ,ettl+]1      ,j4 ,p4 ,knapp1
 ,c4 ,k4 ,mills1 #eb ,ea/ #ai? ,/reet1  
,new ,york2 ,m4 ,c4      ,h]czog1 #bh   
,we/ #aj? ,/reet1 ,new ,york2 ,william  
,t4 ,h>ris1 ,villa      ,nova1 ,pa42    
,mrs4 ,m4 ,e4 ,hepp5heim]1 #ea ,ea/ #eh?
 ,/reet1 ,new ,york2      ,emilie       
,s*uma*]1 ,executrix = ,luise ,e4       

,s*uma*] & ,walt] ,l4      ,s*uma*]1    
,m\nt ,v]non1 ,n4 ,y42 ,samuel ,unt]my]1
 #abj ,broadway1      ,new ,york4 7#c7  
,t ! kn[n bondhold]s1 mortgagees1 & o!r 
security hold]s1 own+ or hold+ #a p]    
c5t4 or m ( total      am\nt ( bonds1   
mortgages1 or o!r securities1 are3      
,none4 7#d7      ,t ! two p>agraphs next
 above1 giv+ ! names ( ! own]s1         
/ockhold]s1 & security hold]s1 if any1  
conta9 n only !      li/ ( /ockhold]s & 
security hold]s z !y appe> ^u !         
books ( ! ,company1 b also1 9 cases :]e 
! /ockhold] or      security hold]      
appe>s ^u ! books ( ! ,company z tru/ee 
or 9 any o!r fiduci>y relation1 ! "n ( !
 p]son or      corporation = :om su*    
tru/ee is act+1 is giv52 also t      !  
said two p>agraphs conta9 /atem5ts      
embrac+ affiant's full      k & belief z
 to ! circum/ances & conditions "u      
:i* /ockhold]s & security hold]s :o d n 
appe> ^u !      books ( ! ,company z    
tru/ees1 hold /ock & securities 9 a     
capacity o!r ?an t ( a bona fide own]2 &

 ?is affiant      has no reason to      
believe t any o!r p]son1 association1 or
      corporation has any int]e/ direct 
or indirect 9 ! said /ock1      bonds1  
or o!r securities ?an z s /at$ by him4  
,?omas ,h4      ,beck1 ,publi%]4 ,sworn 
to & subscrib$ be=e me ?is #ah? day     
( ,m>*1 #aiah4 ,j4 ,s4 ,campbell1 ,not>y
 ,public1 ,que5s ,c\nty4                
,c]tificate fil$ 9 ,new ,york ,c\nty4   
,my commission expires ,m>*      #cj1   
#aiai4    ,,! ,,m5tor ,,association1    
,inc41 #aad-aaf ,ea/ #af? ,/41 ,new     
,york1 ,n4,y4          ,,! ,,m5tor      
,e ,read] ( ,! ,m5tor    w be int]e/$ 9 
kn[+ t dur+ ! pa/ twelve mon?s m  ?an   
#djj1jjj back copies ( ,! ,m5tor 7 sold 
to ! memb]s ( ,!  ,m5tor ,association1  
:i* %[s1 m ?an any?+ we might say1 !    
endur+ value ( e issue ( ! p]iodical t  
is publi%$4    ,9 no o!r place is x     
possible to get su* a va/ am\nt (       
in=mation 9 su* cond5s$1 int]e/+ =m--& !
 wond]ful  gravures t accompany ea*     
numb] are f\nd 9 no o!r "w4 ,!  previ\s 

numb]s ( ,! ,m5tor :5 b\nd make an      
invaluable libr>y (  k4    ,we h j      
receiv$ f ! b9d]s a numb] ( sets1 f9i%$ 
9 a  beautiful ?ree-qu>t] morocco4 ,x is
 complete 9 five h&y volumes1  conta9+  
all ! mat]ial t has be5 publi%$ up to & 
includ+  issue #abj4 ,x conta9s #b1jjj  
text pages1 #gbj full page gravures1 &  
ov] #a1hjj o!r r>e illu/rations4 ,! sets
 t h j come 9  are especially well-b\nd2
 s /rong1 9 fact1 t !y w la/  = ye>s4 ,!
 lea!r is an extra f9e sk91 ! cle> cut  
lett]+  & ! cov] decorations are 9      
gold--mak+ a set t w prove a  h&some    
addition to any libr>y4    ,z a memb] ( 
,! ,m5tor ,association y appreciate !   
value (  possess+ a "w t has ! m]it ( ! 
mat]ial t makes up  ,! ,m5tor ,libr>y4  
,ea* subject is complete 9 e detail--& y
  h ! privilege ( possess+ all subsequ5t
 volumes z fa/ z  !y are issu$1 :i* 9 "t
 w be ! mo/ complete1 ! mo/             
au?oritative1 & ! mo/ int]e/+ set ev]   
publi%$4 ,x is a  s]ies t y w be pr\d to
 pass on to y\r *ildr5 & to y\r         

*ildr5's *ildr52 & ! price is s l[1 & ! 
t]ms s easy1  t y surely mu/ take       
advantage ( x4    ,,y ,,ne$ ,,s5d ,,no  
,,money ,,n[4 ,simply s5d u y\r "n &    
address )  ! reque/ to =w>d !m to y4 ,we
 w s5d ! five attractive  volumes1 all  
*>ges paid4 ,y c !n s5d u only #a4jj )9 
t5  days aft] receipt ( bill & #c4jj a  
mon? until #cf4be has be5  paid--or five
 p] c5t4 disc\nt = ca%1 %\ld y *oose4   
,if y w s5d u a po/ c>d or a lett] at   
once we w ext5d y\r  subscription = "o  
ye> )\t additional co/1 to beg9 at !    
expiration ( y\r pres5t memb]%ip2 also y
 w receive1 )\t  additional *>ge 7regul>
 price1 #be;c471 ! new cross-ref]5ce    
index1  :i* makes e subject 9 ! libr>y  
at y\r in/ant comm&4    ,y ,save #d4be  
,if ,y ,act ,promptly    ,sev]al hundr$ 
sets ( ,! ,m5tor ,libr>y h be5 sold dur+
 !  pa/ two or ?ree weeks1 & z we h b a 
few sets ( ! pres5t  edition on h&1 we  
are mak+ ?is v unusual (f]4 ,x is       
necess>y  t y write u promptly t y may  
take advantage ( ! pres5t  l[ prices4   

,we urge y to act today4        ,,!     
,,m5tor ,,association      #aad-aaf ,ea/
 ,sixte5? ,/reet1 ,new ,york ,city      
,,make ,,! ,,sp>e ,,mom5t ,,c\nt