,,the ,,mentor #aiah4je4ja1 ,no4 #aed1 ,the ,story of ,coal ,,learn ,,one ,,thing ,,every ,,day ,,may #a #aiah ,,serial ,,no4 #aed ,,the ,,mentor ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,coal ,by ,,charles ,,fitzhugh ,,talman ,editorial ,writer for the ,scientific ,american ,,department ,,of ,,volume #f ,,science ,,number #f ,,twenty ,,cents ,a ,,copy ,,the ,,miner ,by ,,berton ,,braley ,grimy1 and caked with dust of coal he stands1 ,grasping his pick within his mighty hands2 ,the arbiter of destiny and fate1 ,greater by far than king or potentate4 ,shops may not run except at his behest1 ,at forge and blast his strength is manifest4 ,the rolls that rumble and the shears that scream ,and all the million miracles of steam ,depend on him for fuel that will turn ,the wheels that urge them and the belts that churn4 ,guns that will shatter fortresses of steel1 ,ships that will plow the waves on steady keel ,bearing munitions for an army's need ,must wait the miner's orders and take heed ,that he who toils within the coal mine's murk ,gives them the coal with which they do their work4 ,behind the men who battle in the trench ,there stand the workmen at the lathe and bench1 ,but back of them and master of them all ,the miner stands and holds the world in thrall4 ,not soon again shall any man forget ,how much the world is in the miner's debt1 ,for we shall read upon fame's honor roll 8,he won the war--his labor gave us coal60 ,reprinted by courtesy of ,publishers of 8,coal ,age40 ,illustration3 ,,courtesy ,u4 ,s4 ,,geological ,,survey ,,fossil ,,fern ,,from ,,coal ,,mine ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,coal ,the ,origin of ,coal ,,one ,while the vegetable origin of coal is beyond question1 two rival views are current among geologists to account for the deposit of ancient plant material in the form of coal-beds1 such as we now find in the earth4 ,one school of geologists holds that the coal plants grew in great lagoons and swamps1 like the mangrove swamps of today1 and that the modern coal-beds mark the locations of these swamps4 ,from time to time these areas subsided and were flooded with water to such a depth that the plants were killed4 ,eventually the decayed vegetation of the former swamps was covered with a layer of mud or sand4 ,later a slow upheaval of the ground brought these regions again to the surface2 a new swamp formed1 only to be submerged again at a later period2 and the same process was repeated several times in the course of hundreds of thousands of years4 ,the bulk of evidence seems to favor this view1 but there is another4 ,perhaps the coal-beds are not the sites of former swamps1 but of estuaries and ocean shores where the plant material settled down1 in still water1 after a long drift down the ancient rivers from its place of origin4 ,it is not impossible that both explanations are correct2 some coal-beds having been formed in one way1 and some in the other4 ,with the progress of time the deposits of sand were compacted into sandstone1 and the mud and clay into shale2 while the layers of vegetation were solidified by pressure1 some of their constituents were vaporized and expelled by heat1 and the final product was coal4 ,the coal-measures abound in fossil plants of species long ago extinct1 and we also find the molds or casts of plants that have themselves disappeared1 leaving only their impressions in the mud by which they were once enveloped4 ,these records of ancient vegetation are mostly found in the rocks just above and below the coal-beds1 and not in the coal itself4 ,the plants of the ,carboniferous ,period1 during which most but not all of the coal-beds were formed1 bore a family likeness to certain kinds of plants that flourish today4 ,many of them were ferns1 ranging in size from the smallest species up to great tree-ferns4 ,others resembled our modern horsetails or scouring-rushes1 with their fluted and jointed stems1 but these calamites1 as the geologists call them1 grew to the size of trees1 sometimes eighty or ninety feet in height4 ,some plants of the coal age were like the modern cycads 7intermediate in appearance between tree-ferns and palms72 some were like the ginkgo1 a tree with leaves like those of maidenhair fern1 widely introduced into this country from ,china and ,japan4 ,one of the commonest and largest trees was the lepidodendron1 closely resembling1 except in its vastly greater size1 the club-moss or ground pine which we know so well as a ,christmas decoration4 ,the animal life of the period1 of which1 also1 abundant fossil remains are found1 included mollusks1 fishes1 crustaceans1 insects1 spiders1 thousand-legs1 snails1 reptiles and lizards4 ,some of the insects were a foot or more in length4 ,of cockroaches1 alone1 more than five hundred species have been found in the coal-measures4 ,,prepared ,,by ,,the ,,editorial ,,staff ,,of ,,the ,,mentor ,,association ,,illustration ,,for ,,the ,,mentor4 ,,vol4 #f1 ,no4 #f1 ,,serial ,no4 #aed ,,copyright1 #aiah4 ,,by ,,the ,,mentor ,,association1 ,,inc4 ,illustration3 ,,courtesy ,u4 ,s4 ,,bureau ,,of ,,mines ,,tipple ,,at ,,bituminous ,,coal ,,mine ,,gary1 ,,west ,,virginia ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,coal ,the ,coal ,fields of the ,united ,states ,,two ,when a coal famine is upon us there is a grain of comfort in the reflection that beneath the soil of this country1 and within #c1jjj feet of the surface1 there still lies #c1ech1eed1jjj1jjj tons of coal4 ,this is the estimate of the ,united ,states ,geological ,survey4 ,we have mined coal wastefully and used it prodigally1 yet we have taken from the ground1 up to the present time1 only a fraction of one per cent4 of the total amount at our disposal4 ,the whole of our 8coal reserves10 if they could be extracted and placed in a great cubical pile1 would form a mass #h4d miles long1 #h4d miles wide and #h4d miles high4 ,if the coal thus far mined were piled up in the same way1 the cube would be #g1bjj feet long1 #g1bjj feet wide1 and #g1bjj feet high4#a #a ,these figures were furnished by ,mr4 ,m4 ,r4 ,campbell1 of the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,they differ materially from figures previously published by the ,survey4 ,the coal-producing areas of the country are divided into six great divisions1 known as the ,eastern ,province1 the ,interior ,province1 the ,gulf ,province1 the ,northern ,great ,plains ,province1 the ,rocky ,mountain ,province1 and the ,pacific ,coast ,province4 ,the ,eastern ,province contains probably nine-tenths of the high-rank coal of the country4 ,it is made up of the anthracite regions of ,pennsylvania and ,rhode ,island1 the ,atlantic coast region of ,virginia and ,north ,carolina1 and the great ,appalachian region1 which embraces all the bituminous and semi-bituminous coal of what is called the 8,appalachian trough40 ,the state of ,pennsylvania produces #dg per cent4 of all the coal mined in the country1 and nearly all of the anthracite4 ,the ,appalachian region is the greatest storehouse of high-rank coal in the ,united ,states1 if not in the world4 8,this near-by and almost inexhaustible supply of high-grade fuel10 says the ,geological ,survey1 8has been the foundation of the development of the blast furnaces1 the great iron and steel mills1 and the countless manufacturing enterprises of the ,eastern states40 ,the ,interior ,province includes all the bituminous coal fields and regions near the ,great ,lakes1 in the ,mississippi ,valley1 and in ,texas1 and is made up of four distinct sections--the northern 7,michigan71 eastern 7,illinois1 ,indiana and western ,kentucky71 western 7,iowa1 ,missouri1 ,kansas1 ,oklahoma and ,arkansas71 and southwestern 7,texas74 ,the coal of this province is not1 in general1 of as high a quality as that of the ,eastern ,province1 but it is very extensively mined1 and is used for heating and for generating power in the many cities and towns of the ,mississippi valley and the ,great ,lakes region4 ,indeed1 extensive coal fields in proximity to rich agricultural lands have made possible the existence of such manufacturing centers as ,chicago1 ,st4 ,louis and ,kansas ,city1 and have been a leading factor in the development of the vast railway systems of the ,middle ,west4 ,the ,gulf ,province is at present of little commercial importance4 ,its coal is mined only at a few places in ,texas1 and is mostly lignite4 ,the ,northern ,great ,plains ,province includes all the coal fields in the ,great ,plains east of the ,front ,range of the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,the coals are of low rank1 being either lignite or sub-bituminous1 except in a few of the basins near the mountains4 ,the largest coal region in this province is the ,fort ,union region1 lying in the ,dakotas1 ,montana and ,wyoming4 ,the amount of unmined coal in this region is estimated to be twice as great as that lying in the rich ,appalachian region1 but it has been little worked1 as it is generally of poor quality4 ,the ,rocky ,mountain ,province contains a greater variety of coal than any other province in the ,united ,states4 ,it includes all ranks1 from lignite to anthracite1 but the prevailing ranks are sub-bituminous and low-grade bituminous4 ,the coal of the ,pacific ,coast ,province is mined chiefly in the state of ,washington1 where it has aided in developing the industries of the ,puget ,sound region4 ,oregon and ,california have small fields1 but the coal is of poor quality1 and little mining has been attempted4 ,,prepared ,,by ,,the ,,editorial ,,staff ,,of ,,the ,,mentor ,,association ,,illustration ,,for ,,the ,,mentor4 ,,vol4 #f1 ,no4 #f1 ,,serial ,no4 #aed ,,copyright1 #aiah4 ,,by ,,the ,,mentor ,,association1 ,,inc4 ,illustration3 ,,courtesy ,,brown ,,hoisting ,,machinery ,,co4 ,,cleveland1 ,o4 ,,coal ,,car ,,dumper ,,in ,,operation ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,coal ,handling ,coal ,,three ,in times gone by coal was carried out of the mines on the shoulders of men and women1 and then transferred in wheelbarrows to the sailing-vessels or wagons in which it was taken to market4 ,in progressive mines of today the coal is loaded in the mine into small mine cars1 which are hauled and hoisted to the surface by electricity or steam4 ,the mine cars are dumped on an elevated platform called the 8tipple10 and the coal passes through chutes or conveyors to the railway cars waiting underneath to receive it4 ,on its way downward it undergoes a more or less elaborate process of screening1 breaking1 picking1 washing1 etc41 according to the kind of coal and the purpose for which it is to be used4 ,the coal reaches the market by three general methods of transportation3 7#a7 ,all-rail2 7#b7 rail to the seaports1 where it is used for bunkering steamers or carried by vessels to other ports1 foreign and domestic2 7#c7 rail to the ,great ,lakes1 especially ,lake ,erie ports1 from which it is carried to ports on the upper lakes1 and from the latter again by rail to markets in the interior4 ,the railroads themselves use about one-fourth of all the coal mined in this country4 ,the coastwise coal-carrying trade is mainly by wooden barges towed by steamers1 though much coal is also carried by schooners1 some of which can carry a cargo of #e1jjj tons or more4 ,about four per cent4 of the bituminous coal output goes to foreign countries4 8,the consumption of coal10 says the ,united ,states ,geological ,survey1 8is a measure of the industrial activity of a people1 for as yet coal is the main source of mechanical energy4 ,in this respect the ,united ,states is the foremost nation1 its average annual consumption of coal for all purposes being about five tons per capita4 ,prior to the present war in ,europe the consumption of coal per capita in ,england1 ,belgium and ,germany was about four tons1 in ,russia a quarter of a ton1 and in ,france about #a4f tons40 ,marvelous forms of labor-saving machinery have been introduced to facilitate the loading and unloading of coal4 ,the principal form of apparatus for transferring coal either to or from a vessel is the 8bridge tramway plant10 which consists of long steel bridges mounted side by side on suitable rails so that they can be moved into place over the hatchway of a vessel4 ,huge buckets1 which load and unload themselves1 are carried on a 8trolley10 suspended from the bridge1 and transfer coal at high speed from the vessel to the stock pile or railway cars1 or vice versa4 ,the cost of loading coal by this method is only a cent or two a ton4 ,another ingenious device is the 8car-dumper40 ,this powerful machine picks up bodily from the railway track a car loaded with a hundred tons of coal1 overturns it1 and discharges its contents into the hold of a vessel2 after which it returns the car to the track4 ,it is capable of handling fifty cars an hour4 ,it is equipped with special apparatus to prevent the coal from being discharged too violently1 and thus being badly broken up4 ,,prepared ,,by ,,the ,,editorial ,,staff ,,of ,,the ,,mentor ,,association ,,illustration ,,for ,,the ,,mentor4 ,,vol4 #f1 ,no4 #f1 ,,serial ,no4 #aed ,,copyright1 #aiah4 ,,by ,,the ,,mentor ,,association1 ,,inc4 ,illustration3 ,,courtesy ,,popular ,,science ,,monthly ,,charging ,,coal ,,in ,a ,,modern ,,gas ,,plant ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,coal ,coal ,products ,,four ,the story of the coal products forms one of the most romantic chapters in the history of applied science4 ,the marvels of fairyland are surpassed by the achievements of the modern manufacturer in obtaining from mere black rocks dug out of the ground not only heat and light1 but a bewildering variety of useful gases1 liquids and solids--drugs1 chemicals1 dyestuffs1 and so forth4 ,for hundreds of years it has been known that when coal is covered or enclosed1 to keep out the air1 and then heated for a certain length of time1 instead of burning to ash it is converted into a porous grayish-black substance called 8coke40 ,this material1 which burns without smoke or flame1 is a valuable fuel for many purposes2 especially for use in blast-furnaces for the smelting of ore4 ,nowadays coke is made on a vast scale from certain grades of bituminous and semi-bituminous coal4 ,the coal is heated in 8coking-ovens10 of which there are several kinds4 ,the most common form of oven in this country is the 8bee-hive oven10 which produces coke only4 ,another type of coking-oven1 more generally used in ,europe than in ,america1 is the 8flue-oven10 which produces1 besides coke1 a number of valuable by-products4 ,when coal is converted into coke it gives off combustible gases4 ,the idea of saving these gases and using them for illuminating purposes was first practically applied in the latter part of the eighteenth century4 8,coal-gas0 is made by heating coal in a closed vessel1 called a 8retort40 ,it is a mixture of hydrogen and methane 7a compound of hydrogen and carbon71 with small amounts of several other gases4 ,most of the carbon in the coal remains in the retort as coke1 which is1 therefore1 a by-product in the process of making coal-gas4 ,after the gas is given off from the coal it passes through a series of vessels1 where1 by chemical and other methods1 it is freed from ingredients which would impair its value as an illuminant1 but which are saved and used for other purposes2 the most important of these are 8coal-tar0 and 8ammoniacal liquor40 ,the purified coal-gas is finally conveyed to a gas-holder or 8gasometer10 from which it is distributed to the consumers4 ,in recent times other methods of gas-making have come into use4 ,in one of these nearly all the carbon in the fuel is turned into a combustible gas by passing air through the hot coal4 ,the product is known as 8producer-gas10 and is very valuable for use as fuel and as a motive power in gas-engines1 but it is not an illuminant4 ,a modification of this process1 in which steam is passed over the heated fuel1 gives a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide1 known as 8water-gas40 ,this is also a valuable source of heat and power2 but for use as an illuminant it must be mixed with a gas made from oil4 ,it is then known as 8carburetted water-gas10 and is very extensively used for lighting purposes2 either by itself or mixed with ordinary coal-gas4 ,of the by-products of gas-making1 ammoniacal liquor was1 until recently1 the only commercial source of ammonia4 ,coal-tar1 formerly thrown away as worthless1 is today the source of innumerable substances of immense value to science and the industries4 ,from coal-tar are obtained benzine1 toluene1 xylene1 phenol 7carbolic acid71 naphthalene1 anthracene1 etc41 and these more direct products are combined with one another or with other chemicals to produce coloring matters1 explosives1 perfumes1 flavoring materials1 sweetening substances1 disinfectants1 medicines1 photographic developers--in short1 a little of everything4 ,the total number of coal-tar products runs into the thousands1 and is constantly being increased by fresh discoveries4 ,in ,germany1 just before the war1 the industries engaged in making these products 7no longer by-products1 but far more important than coke and gas7 were capitalized at #gej1jjj1jjj4 ,one firm made no less than #a1hjj coal-tar dyes1 besides #abj pharmaceutical and photographic preparations4 ,,prepared ,,by ,,the ,,editorial ,,staff ,,of ,,the ,,mentor ,,association ,,illustration ,,for ,,the ,,mentor4 ,,vol4 #f1 ,no4 #f1 ,,serial ,no4 #aed ,,copyright1 #aiah4 ,,by ,,the ,,mentor ,,association1 ,,inc4 ,illustration3 ,,smoke ,,problem--,,scene ,,in ,,pittsburgh ,,before ,,and ,,after ,,the ,,smoke ,,cure ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,coal ,the ,smoke ,problem ,,five ,smoking is a costly and injurious habit4 ,this is not the beginning of an appeal on behalf of the anti-cigarette crusade1 but the introduction to a few facts in regard to the far-reaching effects of smoky chimneys4 ,the smoke nuisance is as old as the use of coal4 ,in the fourteenth century a man was executed in ,london for befouling the air of that city with the fumes of 8sea-coal10 as ordinary mineral coal was once called in ,england1 because it was brought to ,london by sea4 ,under ,queen ,elizabeth a law was passed forbidding the burning of coal while ,parliament was in session1 as the legislators believed their health was likely to be impaired by the smoky air of the city4 ,what would these bygone gentlemen say if they could see modern ,london enveloped in one of its famous 8pea-soup0 fogs--the color and denseness of which are entirely due to coal-smoke8 ,smoke is injurious to health1 destructive to vegetation1 and fatal to architectural beauty2 and1 along with all this1 it is enormously expensive4 ,in the first place1 a smoky chimney means imperfect combustion1 and a waste of part of the heating value of fuel4 ,then a smoky atmosphere entails big laundry and dry-cleaning bills2 frequent repainting of houses2 injury to metal work2 damage to goods in shops2 excessive artificial lighting in the daytime4 ,pittsburgh was once the most famous ,american example of all these evils1 but it has recently reformed4 ,before the ,mellon ,institute of ,industrial ,research carried out its elaborate smoke investigation in that city1 and1 in consequence1 stringent smoke-abatement ordinances were adopted1 the annual smoke bill of ,pittsburgh was estimated at nearly ten million dollars4 ,the city was the paradise of the laundryman1 and light-colored clothing was so little worn by the inhabitants that it was known as 8the mourning town40 ,throughout the ,united ,states it is said that smoke causes an annual waste and damage amounting to half a billion dollars4 ,no wonder numerous societies have been formed to mitigate this evil1 and a great many laws have been enacted on the subject4 ,with a gradual increase in the use of gas1 coke and other smokeless fuels1 and improved methods of stoking furnaces1 the smoke nuisance is now happily abating4 ,the pollution of the air by smoke is the subject of systematic investigation and measurement at certain places in this country and abroad4 ,measurements of the 8soot-fall0 made in ,pittsburgh a few years ago indicated an annual average deposit of soot in that city amounting to #a1jca tons per square mile4 ,london's average is #bdh tons per square mile for the whole city and #dbf tons in the central districts4 ,in the heart of ,glasgow the annual soot-fall is #hbj tons per square mile4 ,in ,great ,britain there is a ,committee for the ,investigation of ,atmospheric ,pollution1 which has installed standard measuring apparatus in sixteen ,english and ,scotch towns4 ,the soot is collected in a 8pollution gauge10 consisting of a large cast-iron funnel1 enameled on the inside4 ,projecting above the gauge is a wire screen1 open at the top1 to prevent birds from settling on the edge of the vessel4 ,the gauge communicates at the bottom with one or more bottles for collecting rain-water1 with its solid contents4 ,the bottles are emptied once a month1 when their contents are weighed and analyzed4 ,smoke is injurious to the respiratory organs1 conducive to eye-strain and responsible for a lowering of human vitality4 ,the gloominess of a smoke-laden atmosphere also has a depressing effect upon the minds of many people4 ,,prepared ,,by ,,the ,,editorial ,,staff ,,of ,,the ,,mentor ,,association ,,illustration ,,for ,,the ,,mentor4 ,,vol4 #f1 ,no4 #f1 ,,serial ,no4 #aed ,,copyright1 #aiah4 ,,by ,,the ,,mentor ,,association1 ,,inc4 ,illustration3 ,,courtesy ,u4 ,s4 ,,bureau ,,of ,,mines ,,rescue ,,party ,,entering ,,mine ,,after ,,explosion ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,coal ,safety in ,coal ,mines ,,six ,since the year #ahgj1 some #fj1jjj men have lost their lives as a result of coal mining accidents in this country4 ,this is approximately one fatality for every #ahj1jjj tons of coal mined4 ,gradually this bad record is being improved1 thanks to the combined efforts of the ,united ,states ,bureau of ,mines1 the mining departments of the various states1 the operators and the miners themselves2 but coal mining remains a hazardous pursuit4 ,falls of the roof are responsible for more accidents than any other single cause4 ,these are likely to occur wherever the roof is not fully timbered2 especially in the 8rooms10 where the coal is being blasted out4 ,many accidents also occur in mine shafts1 notwithstanding the various safety devices with which the 8cage0 or elevator is nowadays provided4 ,fires and explosions attract a greater amount of public attention than other mining disasters on account of the large number of victims so often involved in a single occurrence of this kind4 ,in the explosion at the ,courrires colliery1 in ,france1 ,march #aj1 #aijf1 more than #a1ajj miners perished4 ,this mine had previously been renowned for its freedom from accidents4 ,coal mine explosions are due to two principal causes1 which may act either separately or in combination--fire-damp and coal-dust4 ,accumulations of fire-damp1 or methane1 locked up in the coal seams1 are liberated by the removal of the coal4 ,frequently streams of this gas gush forth with a hissing noise1 and are known as 8blowers40 ,fire-damp is explosive when combined with certain proportions of air4 ,apart from ventilation1 which dilutes the gas below the danger limit1 the principal precaution against explosives is the use of safety-lamps1 so constructed that the gas cannot come in contact with a naked flame4 ,an excessive amount of coal-dust in the air of the mine may also give rise to explosions4 ,such explosions may be prevented by wetting the dust1 moistening the air1 or powdering the walls1 roof and floor with a non-explosive 8rock-dust40 ,after an explosion the air of a mine contains a large amount of the deadly gas carbon monoxide1 and this 8after-damp10 as it is called1 makes rescue work extremely dangerous4 ,wherever suitable apparatus is available1 the rescuers carry with them a supply of oxygen1 by breathing which they are able to live for some hours in a poisonous atmosphere4 ,the ,bureau of ,mines has established a number of rescue stations in the coal-mining districts and maintains several mine safety cars for hurrying rescue crews to the scene of a disaster4 ,the ,bureau also instructs the miners in first-aid and rescue work1 and is directing a national campaign in behalf of 8safety first0 in mines4 ,of the many methods that have been devised for testing the air of mines for noxious gases none is more interesting than the use of caged canaries4 ,these birds are much more susceptible than human beings to the effects of carbon monoxide1 and show signs of distress before a man begins to feel any discomfort from the gas4 ,in many mines they are carried in routine inspections4 ,after an explosion the number of rescuers equipped with oxygen apparatus is always limited4 ,these form the advance guard1 and are followed by men without apparatus1 who carry canaries1 by observing the behavior of which they can tell how far they may safely penetrate into the mine4 ,the ,bureau of ,mines has devised a special form of cage in which the canary may be revived with oxygen after being overcome with gas4 ,experiments show that the bird may be asphyxiated and revived again and again without suffering any ill-effects2 neither does he acquire an immunity to poisoning which would make him a less reliable indicator4 ,,prepared ,,by ,,the ,,editorial ,,staff ,,of ,,the ,,mentor ,,association ,,illustration ,,for ,,the ,,mentor4 ,,vol4 #f1 ,no4 #f1 ,,serial ,no4 #aed ,,copyright1 #aiah4 ,,by ,,the ,,mentor ,,association1 ,,inc4 ,,the ,,mentor ,,department ,,of ,,science ,,may #a1 #aiah ,illustration3 ,courtesy of ,brown ,hoisting ,machinery ,co4 ,,coal-,,handling ,,machinery ,,on ,,pittsburgh ,,coal ,,co4 ,,docks1 ,,duluth1 ,,minn4 ,an electric trolley1 with #e-ton bucket1 travels on each bridge1 carrying coal from the boat to storage1 or to railroad car1 or to screening apparatus in the rear ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,coal ,by ,,charles ,,fitzhugh ,,talman ,editorial ,writer for the ,scientific ,american ,,mentor ,,gravures ,,fossil ,,fern ,,from ,,coal ,,mine ,,tipple ,,at ,,bituminous ,,coal ,,mine ,,coal ,,car ,,dumper ,,in ,,operation ,,charging ,,coal ,,in ,a ,,modern ,,gas ,,plant ,,smoke ,,problem1 ,,scene ,,in ,,pittsburgh ,,before ,,and ,,after ,,smoke ,,cure ,,rescue ,,party ,,entering ,,mine ,,after ,,explosion ,entered as second-class matter ,march #aj1 #aiac1 at the postoffice at ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y41 under the act of ,march #c1 #ahgi4 ,copyright1 #aiac1 by ,the ,mentor ,association1 ,inc4 ,were it possible for the lump of coal that we burn in our stove1 grate or furnace to tell its story1 it would take us back millions of years to a time when vast areas of the earth's surface were covered with swamps1 supporting a luxuriant vegetation4 ,no human being1 mammal or bird yet existed4 ,animal life included fish1 shellfish and other aquatic species1 besides reptiles and insects4 ,the vegetal forms resembled our modern ferns1 horsetails1 club-mosses and evergreens4 ,the atmosphere was heavily charged with moisture1 and a mild climate prevailed even in the polar regions4 ,such were the conditions under which1 during the great ,carboniferous ,age1 most of the existing coal-beds were deposited in the earth4 ,illustration3 ,,forest ,,swamp ,,of ,,the ,,carboniferous ,,period 7,coal ,age74 ,from a drawing by ,potoni and ,gothan ,coal is the litter of primeval swamps and forests4 ,year after year the dbris of the humid jungles accumulated in shallow water or in the boggy soil1 where it underwent partial decay1 and was thus converted1 first of all1 into the slimy or spongy material known as 8peat40 ,similar deposits are in process of formation in the swamps of the present day1 and the peat obtained from them is dried and used as fuel on an extensive scale in some parts of the world2 especially ,ireland1 ,holland1 ,germany and ,scandinavia4 ,illustration3 ,,concrete ,,portal ,,of ,a 8,,drift0 ,,mine ,gradual changes in the elevation of the land led to the submergence of the prehistoric peat bogs1 during successive intervals of time1 by lakes or shallow seas4 ,thus their vegetation was killed1 and they were overspread with layers of mud or sand1 above which1 during a subsequent period of elevation1 a new peat bog would form2 and this process was repeated several times4 ,the conversion of the peat into coal appears to have resulted from the pressure of the overlying strata1 probably aided by the internal heat of the earth4 ,much of its moisture was squeezed and evaporated out2 the proportions of its component gases were reduced2 and the result was a hard mineral1 which has earned the popular name of 8black diamond0 because consisting chiefly of carbon--the same chemical element which1 in a pure and crystalline form1 constitutes the true diamond4 ,chemically1 coal consists of carbon2 the gases hydrogen1 nitrogen and oxygen2 sulphur2 and ash 7the mineral matter that remains after combustion74 ,illustration3 ,courtesy of ,united ,states ,national ,museum ,comparative coal supplies of the world4 ,the nick in the smallest cube shows how much hard coal has been used up4 ,soft coal cube has hardly been scratched ,the record of these long-ago events is found when we sink a shaft through typical coal-bearing strata4 ,we pass through not one1 but several1 layers of coal1 which may vary in thickness from a fraction of an inch to a hundred feet or more1 and are separated by generally much thicker layers of sandstone or shale 7solidified clay74 ,the layers of coal are known as 8coal-beds40 ,unless a coal-bed is at least two feet thick it is hardly worth working1 and1 ordinarily1 the thickness of a bed does not exceed eight or ten feet4 ,the shale or sandstone above a bed is very commonly found to contain the remains or the impressions of the ancient plants from which the coal was formed4 ,a study of these remains and casts has made it possible to classify hundreds of species of plants now extinct4 ,fragments of plants are also sometimes found in the coal itself1 and thin slices of coal frequently show a vegetable structure under the microscope4 ,finally1 to furnish conclusive proof of the vegetable origin of coal1 we find under the coal-bed a layer known as the 8underclay10 which is a fossil soil filled with the roots and rootlets of the coal-producing plants4 ,different conditions of formation1 and also1 probably1 differences in the character of the original vegetation1 have resulted in the production of different kinds of coal4 ,the most important heat-producing constituent in coal is the elementary substance called 8carbon10 and the simplest classification of solid fuels depends upon the percentages of fixed 7non-volatile7 carbon they contain1 the average percentages running as follows3 ,wood1 #ej2 peat1 #ee2 lignite1 #gc2 bituminous coal1 #hd2 anthracite coal1 #ic4 ,when fuel is burned the greater part of it unites chemically with the oxygen of the air to form certain invisible gases--especially carbon dioxide and water-vapor--and only the ash remains4 ,illustration3 ,from 8,geology1 ,physical and ,historical10 by ,h4 ,p4 ,cleland4 ,american ,book ,co41 ,n4 ,y4 ,section of coal-bearing strata in ,pennsylvania1 showing relative amount of coal and barren rock in a rich field ,in the popular mind coal is classified as hard or soft1 while hard coal is further classified according to the size of the lumps4 ,for both scientific and industrial purposes more elaborate classifications are necessary1 and several have been used or proposed4 ,illustration3 ,,coal ,,fields ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,kinds of ,coal ,the ,united ,states ,geological ,survey classifies coals1 first of all1 according to 8rank10 depending upon both chemical and physical characteristics4 ,anthracite1 which contains the largest percentage of carbon1 ranks highest1 and lignite1 with the smallest percentage of carbon1 lowest4 ,coals of the same rank are said to be of high or low 8grade10 according to whether they contain a relatively small or large percentage1 respectively1 of ash and sulphur4 ,the ranks recognized by the ,survey are3 ,anthracite1 semi-anthracite1 semi-bituminous1 bituminous1 sub-bituminous1 and lignite4 ,illustration3 ,courtesy of ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau of ,mines ,,an 8,,entry0 ,,in ,a ,,coal ,,mine ,showing timbered roof ,illustration3 ,courtesy of ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau of ,mines ,,coating ,,walls ,,of ,a ,,mine ,,with ,,cement ,to prevent coal-dust explosions ,illustration3 ,,drilling ,,in ,,coal ,,for ,,blasting 8,anthracite0 is the hardest of coals4 ,it was formed from bituminous coal under the crushing pressure due to the upheaval of mountains or by the intense heat of adjacent molten rocks4 ,most ,american anthracite is mined in eastern ,pennsylvania4 ,the largest deposits in the world are found in ,china4 ,anthracite burns slowly1 with little smoke4 ,it is well adapted for domestic use on account of its cleanness1 but is not an economical fuel for steam-raising or general manufacturing4 ,illustration3 ,press ,illustrating ,service ,,modern ,,electric ,,locomotive ,used for hauling coal from the mines 8,semi-anthracite0 also ranks as a hard coal1 though it is less hard than anthracite4 ,very little is mined in this country1 and it is generally sold as anthracite4 8,semi-bituminous0 coal is a softer coal1 which1 when properly burned1 gives off but little smoke4 ,the best semi-bituminous coal ranks highest among the coals in heating value4 ,it is the most valuable fuel for manufacturing purposes2 also for steamships1 as it requires less bunker space per unit of heat than any other coal4 8,bituminous0 coal1 or ordinary 8soft coal10 burns readily1 with a smoky flame1 and is the coal most commonly used for manufacturing purposes2 in fact1 the bulk of the coal mined throughout the world belongs to this rank4 ,it includes a good many varieties1 some of which are extensively used in making coke1 while others1 such as 8cannel0 coal1 have been in great demand for use in gas-works4 ,nowadays1 however1 the widespread introduction of 8water-gas10#b which does not require any particular kind of coal1 has diminished the demand for 8gas coals40 #b ,made by forcing steam over glowing coal or coke4 ,see ,monograph ,no4 #d4 8,sub-bituminous0 coal1 or 8black lignite10 is common in some of our western coal fields4 ,it is a clean and useful domestic fuel when used near the mines1 but is not very satisfactory for shipment1 as it shrinks and crumbles under the effects of 8weathering0 and is liable to spontaneous combustion4 8,lignite0 is the least valuable of coals1 and is the form of coal which is the least altered from the original peat4 ,the ,geological ,survey applies this name only to those coals which are distinctly brown and either markedly woody or claylike in appearance4 ,lignite1 as it comes from the mine1 contains from thirty to forty per cent4 of moisture1 and it 8slacks0 or falls to pieces much more rapidly than sub-bituminous coal when exposed to the air4 ,it is hardly suitable for transportation4 ,for commercial purposes coal is also classified according to size4 ,the coal as it comes out of the mine1 without any sorting into sizes1 is known as 8run of mine10 and the semi-bituminous coals are commonly shipped in this form4 ,most coals1 however1 are passed over bars or gratings1 which constitute screens of different degrees of fineness2 each screen permits all the lumps below a certain size to fall through1 and thus the coal is divided into the different standard sizes4 ,the sizes of anthracite1 from the smallest to the largest1 are3 rice1 buckwheat1 pea1 chestnut 7or nut71 stove1 egg1 broken 7or grate71 steamboat1 and lump4 ,bituminous coal is divided into slack1 nut and lump 7the largest size74 ,a mixture of lump and nut is called three-quarter coal4 ,the ,modern ,history of ,coal ,illustration3 ,press ,illustrating ,service ,,modern ,,mining ,,machine for undercutting coal4 ,the 8cutter bar0 is shown in front1 filled with 8cutting teeth0 set in a chain that travels around4 ,see illustration opposite ,illustration3 ,press ,illustrating ,service ,,shaker ,,screens ,,in ,a ,,tipple ,,house ,the coal passing over screens is graded according to size ,illustration3 8,,cutter ,,bar0 ,,at ,,work ,the bar1 with its cutting chain of teeth1 makes a horizontal cut deep into the bottom of the seam of coal4 ,blasting then does the rest ,the age of the steam-engine is also the age in which the use of coal has become widespread1 and the output of coal is a faithful index of industrial progress4 ,although the ,greek writer ,theophrastus 7about #cjj ,b4 ,c47 mentions the use of coal as a fuel1 and its use was also known to the ancient ,britons and the ,chinese1 it was virtually unknown throughout the ,middle ,ages4 ,the first record of coal mining in ,england is of the year #aahj ,a4 ,d41 and coal was first shipped to ,london in the year #abdj4 ,it was long known as stone-coal1 pit-coal1 etc41 to distinguish it from charcoal2 also as sea-coal1 on account of being carried to ,london by sea4 ,bituminous coal was first mined in ,america in #agej1 near ,richmond1 ,virginia4 ,anthracite was discovered in ,rhode ,island in #agfj1 and in ,pennsylvania in #agff1 but for many years its value was not recognized4 ,as late as the year #ahab ,colonel ,george ,shoemaker1 of ,pottsville1 was treated as an impostor and threatened with arrest for attempting to sell a few wagon-loads of anthracite in ,philadelphia2 methods of burning it were not understood1 and it was declared to be merely 8black stone40 ,in the year #ahbj only #cfe tons of anthracite were sold in this country1 as compared with the present annual output of about #ij1jjj1jjj tons4 ,before the days of the railway coal was shipped mostly by water in rough boats called 8arks10 which floated down the rivers to the seaboard towns4 ,as it was impossible to return against the current1 the ark was sold with the coal at its destination4 ,a great many arks were wrecked in transit1 and the whole process of transportation was a costly one4 ,only with the introduction of steamboats1 canals and railways1 did the coal industry assume serious proportions4 ,the production of coal in ,america has grown at an amazing rate4 ,in the year #ahfh ,great ,britain produced #c4f times as much coal as the ,united ,states1 and the output was also exceeded by that of ,germany4 ,in #ahii1 the ,united ,states took the lead4 ,at the present time1 with an estimated production for the year #aiag of #fdc1fjj1jjj tons1 the ,united ,states is producing nearly half of all the coal mined in the world4 ,great ,britain ranks second1 closely followed by ,germany4 ,how ,coal is ,mined ,a relatively small amount of coal is quarried near the surface of the ground from open pits4 ,the overlying soil is removed by steam-shovels1 and the coal is then blasted out and shoveled into cars4 ,most coal is mined underground4 ,access to the coal-beds is obtained either by sinking a vertical 8shaft0 or by driving a tunnel1 according to the location of the beds4 ,a tunnel driven at a steep angle is called a 8slope40 ,a horizontal tunnel leading into a coal-seam is called a 8drift40 ,in this country few coal mines are more than #cjj or #djj feet below the surface1 and the deepest is about #a1fjj feet4 ,much deeper mines are found in ,europe1 especially in ,belgium4 ,illustration3 ,press ,illustrating ,service ,,rotary ,,dump ,,in ,a ,,tipple ,showing a coal car half turned over in order to dump contents ,illustration3 ,courtesy of 8,coal ,age0 ,,spiralizing ,,machines which1 by rotating motion1 separate the coal from slate ,illustration3 ,courtesy of ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau of ,mines ,,modern ,,headframe1 ,,bins ,,and ,,trestle ,of fireproof construction4 ,anthracite coal mine ,american mine shafts are generally rectangular and are divided into two or more compartments4 ,where a shaft passes through water-bearing strata it must be provided with a tight lining1 or 8tubbing10 to prevent the mine from being flooded4 ,all water that enters the mine collects in an excavation1 or 8sump10 at the bottom of the shaft1 and must be pumped to the surface4 ,the method of working coal-seams most commonly practiced in this country is known as the 8room-and-pillar0 system4 ,one or more tunnels1 or 8entries10 are first driven from the bottom of the shaft or the mouth of the drift4 ,these are the main thoroughfares of the mine1 and are usually provided with tracks1 over which the mine cars are hauled by mules or by some other method of traction--locomotives1 endless chains1 etc4 ,secondary entries 78headings10 8butt entries10 etc47 branch off from the main entries4 ,finally1 the work of extracting the coal consists of excavating open spaces1 or 8rooms10 adjoining the entries4 ,illustration3 ,courtesy of 8,coal ,age0 ,,model ,,coal ,,breaker ,note the neat and careful 8upkeep0 of the place ,the actual mining is done in the rooms1 and different methods are in use4 ,anthracite is generally 8shot from the solid02 that is1 blasted out from the face of the coal without any preliminary cutting4 ,this method is objectionable1 especially in bituminous mines 7where it is1 however1 much practiced71 because the large charges of powder it requires produce a great deal of coal-dust and weaken the roof and pillars1 often leading to falls of coal and fatal accidents4 ,a better plan consists of 8undercutting0 the coal before it is blasted out4 ,a long groove is made at the level of the floor1 either with a pick or with a coal-cutting machine4 ,holes are then drilled some distance above the groove for the insertion of the blasting charges1 and the coal is blasted down4 ,a single shot will sometimes dislodge a ton or two of coal4 ,the next step is to shovel the coal from the floor into a mine car1 which is then pushed into the adjacent entry4 ,the miner attaches a numbered tag to the car1 so that he will be duly credited for his work1 which is paid for by the ton4 ,the loaded cars are eventually hoisted or hauled out of the mine1 to be weighed and discharged above ground4 ,the final step in working a coal-seam by the room-and-pillar method is to mine out the thick walls or pillars of coal1 which are originally left between adjacent rooms to support the roof4 ,as this work proceeds the worked-out sections are filled with waste rock1 or the roof is allowed to fall4 ,the object is to leave as little coal in the mine as possible1 but practically it is rare that more than #fj or #gj per cent4 is recovered4 ,one feature of a coal mine that must be carefully planned is the system of ventilation4 ,this is provided not merely for the comfort of the miners1 but to prevent1 as far as possible1 the accumulation of poisonous and explosive gases4 ,there are always at least two airways leading into the mine 7one or both of which may also be used for hoisting or other purposes71 known as the 8upcast0 and the 8downcast10 according to the direction in which the air passes through them4 ,a current of air is maintained either by keeping a fire burning at the bottom of the upcast or by the use of powerful fans or blowers4 ,a system of tight trap-doors prevents the air from taking a short cut between the downcast and the upcast1 and thus leaving the greater part of the mine unventilated4 ,illustration3 ,courtesy of 8,coal ,age0 ,,mining ,,from ,,the ,,outside ,stripping the surface of a coal-bed with steam shovel1 at ,pittsburg1 ,kans4 ,illustration3 ,courtesy of ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau of ,mines ,,watching ,,the ,,canary for indications of poisonous coal gas4 ,reserves testing the air of a mine after an explosion ,illustration3 ,courtesy of ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau of ,mines ,,members ,,of ,,rescue ,,team ,showing apparatus worn on entering mines after explosions4 ,this device sustains a man for two hours ,the coal in the mine constantly gives off various gases1 one of which1 the notorious 8fire-damp0 7methane or marsh-gas71 is responsible for many explosions4 ,in recent years it has been discovered that coal-dust itself1 when mixed with the right proportion of air1 is violently explosive4 ,mine explosions may be minimized by requiring the use of 8safety-lamps0 7oil1 gasoline1 or electric72 by providing devices to prevent sparking in electrical apparatus2 and by using for blasting operations only so-called 8permissible0 explosives1 which give a shorter and cooler flame than black powder4 ,coal-dust explosions can be largely prevented by wetting the walls of the mine1 or by the new process of 8rock-dusting10 which consists of applying dry incombustible powdered rock to all surfaces4 ,unfortunately1 none of these precautions are employed as generally as they should be4 ,illustration3 ,press ,illustrating ,service ,,safety ,,device ,,in ,,coal ,,bunker ,in case of a 8coal slide10 a man may be pulled out before he is buried and stifled ,the elevator used for hoisting in the mine shaft is called a 8cage40 ,after the mine cars reach the surface they pass upon an elevated structure called the 8tipple40 ,this is generally the most conspicuous feature of a mining property above ground1 and provides facilities for screening and otherwise 8preparing0 the coal as it passes down chutes to the railway cars underneath4 ,the more elaborate structure used for anthracite is called a 8breaker02 it includes machinery for crushing the coal and arrangements for removing 8slate0 and other waste rock by hand picking or otherwise4 ,coal mining in this country gives employment to an army of #gfe1jjj men4 ,the word 8army0 has a sinister appropriateness in this connection1 since out of every thousand men employed in the industry three are killed and one hundred and eighty injured annually4 ,the ,world's ,coal ,resources ,in order of output1 the leading coal-producing countries of the world are3 ,united ,states1 ,great ,britain1 ,germany1 ,austria-,hungary1 ,france1 ,russia1 ,belgium1 ,japan1 ,china1 ,india1 and ,canada4 ,the total production during the latest year for which data are available was about #a1cdf1jjj1jjj tons4 ,how long will the world's coal supply last8 ,this is a question to which various answers have been given4 ,geologists are able to furnish a rough estimate of the amount of coal now in the ground and near enough to the surface to be mined2 but with the growth of the world's industries the demand for coal is increasing by leaps and bounds1 and nobody can safely predict how much will be needed at any future time4 ,the world's 8coal reserves0--that is1 the amount of coal remaining unmined--are estimated at #h1aed1cbb1ejj1jjj tons4 ,in the ,united ,states it is estimated that we have used only four-tenths of one per cent4 of our available coal supply4 ,at the present rate of consumption the coal in this country would last about #d1jjj years2 but if the present rate of increase in consumption should be maintained1 it would last only #ajj years6 ,fortunately for posterity there are sources of heat1 light and power which are not1 like the fuels1 exhaustible4 ,water-power1 for example1 is a permanent asset1 and there are other inexhaustible sources of energy1 such as solar heat and the internal heat of the earth1 which ,man's ingenuity will someday turn to good account4 ,illustration3 ,courtesy of 8,coal ,age0 ,,cars ,,for ,,carrying ,,explosives ,,into ,,mines ,,supplementary ,,reading ,,coal ,,catechism ,by ,w4 ,j4 ,nicholls ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,american ,,coals ,by ,w4 ,j4 ,nicholls ,a ,,year ,,in ,a ,,coal ,,mine ,by ,joseph ,husband ,,year ,,book ,,of ,,the ,u4 ,s4 ,,bureau ,,of ,,mines ,,story ,,of ,a ,,piece ,,of ,,coal ,by ,e4 ,a4 ,martin ,,the ,,coal ,,fields ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states 7,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 ,professional ,paper #ajj7 ,by ,m4 ,r4 ,campbell ,information concerning these books may be had on application to the ,editor of ,the ,mentor4 ,,the ,,open ,,letter ,coal is 8a burning question10 that has to be met and answered every day4 ,it supplies heat1 light and power--and a thousand and one useful by-products--and it is an ever-present1 ever-fruitful subject of public and private discussion4 ,we average folk know something of the varied uses of coal in the big affairs of the world1 but we know it more intimately and vitally in the forms in which it ministers to our own personal welfare4 ,coal1 in our everyday--and night--life1 means heat and light4 ,it means home comfort--and if this 8coal comfort0 is denied us1 or even curtailed1 we raise an immediate and mighty outcry4 ,and why not8 ,the health of a community can be fatally affected by a few heatless days4 ,the experience of the past winter has shown us how dependent we are on fuel1 not only for luxury and comfort1 but for life itself4 99 99 99 99 99 ,why do we need so much heat8 ,many of the peoples of the earth get along comfortably with much less heat than we consider necessary4 ,europeans and ,south ,americans call us a 8steam-heated nation40 ,why do we have to surrender so completely and abjectly to the domination of ,old ,king ,coal8 ,it is true1 as ,owen ,meredith said3 8,civilized man cannot live without cooks02 and light is all important in turning night hours to advantage2 but why must we be so warm8 ,humanity was not created in a warm room1 nor was the human race nurtured1 in its infancy1 by a coal fire or a gas stove4 ,primitive man was his own heater4 ,he had to discover fire1 and then exploit its uses4 ,he was originally supplied by nature with a warm body1 and he now finds artificial ways of making it warmer4 ,has not civilization pampered us to a point that has impaired our original heat-giving resources and substituted a forced warmth that has enervated us8 ,the doctors tell us that many diseases come out of artificial heat--indoor diseases1 they might be called--the diseases that are treated1 and sometimes cured today1 by foregoing artificial heat and going back to nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,does this mean that ,i suggest reverting to primitive conditions and giving up heat8 ,no1 indeed4 ,i suffered enough last winter4 ,i do not advocate giving up heat--suddenly4 ,but letting up gradually on artificial heat1 ,i do most earnestly advocate4 ,most of us live an over-heated existence--to the depletion of our health4 ,the steam pipe1 like a huge python1 is closing its coils about us1 and gradually stifling our native vital resources4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on the coldest days of winter a white-haired man1 nearly seventy years of age1 may be seen walking ,new ,york streets1 without a hat1 clad only in light 8,palm ,beach0 trousers1 and a silk neglige shirt1 open at the throat4 8,he is crazy10 you say4 8,perhaps10 ,i answer1 8but at any rate he is healthy--and immune from cold40 ,heatless days mean nothing to him4 ,on a raw1 drizzling day in ,november last a slender man was playing golf in a light woolen suit4 ,a companion player1 weighing over #bjj pounds1 full blooded and hearty in appearance1 and bundled up in two heavy sweaters1 asked the lightly clad player if he was not afraid of catching a fatal cold4 8,no10 he answered1 8you are the one that gives me concern4 ,if ,i had your clothing on ,i would be a sick man4 ,i am not healthy enough to wear all those things40 99 99 99 99 99 ,which means that we would be better off in health if we could accustom ourselves to less heat2 if we could live as the people of some other nations do--comfortable and content with heat enough to take the chill off the air1 and not demanding that we shall be 8kept going0 by means of artificial heat outside of our own natural heat-giving apparatus4 ,we make caloric cripples of ourselves by giving crutches to nature in the form of roaring furnaces and hissing steam pipes4 ,fresh cold air is better for us than hot air--in winter as well as in summer4 ,would it not be worth while to form a national ,fresh ,air ,fraternity1 based on the principle of foregoing artificial heat and developing the original body caloric8 ,we would then leave artificial heat largely to infants1 weaklings and invalids2 we would abolish several diseases altogether1 improve the mortality rate1 and be healthy1 happy and vigorous4 ,incidentally1 too1 we would have more coal for cooking and other really necessary purposes4 ,illustration3 ,w4 ,d4 ,moffat ,,editor ,,in ,,the ,,high ,,school ,the ,mentor is a part of our ,high ,school4 ,each day #aib pupils and #aa teachers have opportunity to partake of its splendid contents4 ,think of a big family of #bjj enjoying it daily4 ,i say daily because ,i have all the back numbers1 and each day a new ,mentor with all its gravures is displayed on a specially constructed rack in my recitation room4 ,the important features to be found in it are enumerated on the blackboard1 and after having pursued this method for a year ,i am anxious to tell you something about it4 ,one sixth of the members of the graduating class at the end of the year chose ,mentor subjects for their theses1 and1 from the supplementary reading list given1 selected books1 which were obtained by mail from the ,carnegie ,library at ,pittsburgh1 with a result that all the theses were most excellent4 ,the ,mentor is not filled with current material1 which changes constantly and is good only for a short time4 ,all you print will bear being assimilated and preserved4 ,it is your small statements that make ,the ,mentor big4 ,it isn't the 8new0 but the old things it tells1 that are not generally known1 that gives ,the ,mentor permanent value4 ,it creates a permanent interest in ,music1 ,art1 ,literature1 ,history1 etc41 in a ,high ,school away from the polish of a big city in such a way as nothing else but a ,mentor could4 ,i can't see how a ,high ,school can afford to be without a complete set4 ,make it known to the schools4 ,it will do a great work4 ,j4 ,b4 ,,sheetz1 ,principal1 ,mc,clellandtown1 ,penn4 ,,the ,,mentor ,,association ,,established ,,for ,,the ,,development ,,of ,a ,,popular ,,interest ,,in ,,art1 ,,literature1 ,,science1 ,,history1 ,,nature1 ,,and ,,travel ,,the ,,mentor ,,is ,,published ,,twice ,a ,,month ,,by ,,the ,,mentor ,,association1 ,,inc41 ,,at #aad-aaf ,,east #af,,th ,,street1 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,subscription1 ,,four ,,dollars ,a ,,year4 ,,foreign ,,postage #ge ,,cents ,,extra4 ,,canadian ,,postage #ej ,,cents ,,extra4 ,,single ,,copies ,,twenty ,,cents4 ,,president1 ,,thomas ,h4 ,,beck2 ,,vice-,,president1 ,,walter ,p4 ,,ten ,,eyck2 ,,secretary4 ,w4 ,d4 ,,moffat2 ,,treasurer1 ,j4 ,s4 ,,campbell2 ,,assistant ,,treasurer ,,and ,,assistant ,,secretary1 ,h4 ,a4 ,,crowe4 ,,the ,,mentor ,,association1 ,inc41 #aad-aaf ,east #afth ,street1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,statement of the ownership1 management1 circulation1 etc41 required by the ,act of ,congress of ,august #bd1 #aiab1 of ,the ,mentor1 published semi-monthly at ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y41 for ,april #a1 #aiah4 ,state of ,new ,york1 ,county of ,new ,york4 ,before me1 a ,notary ,public1 in and for the ,state and county aforesaid1 personally appeared ,thomas ,h4 ,beck1 who1 having been duly sworn according to law1 deposes and says that he is the ,publisher of ,the ,mentor1 and that the following is1 to the best of his knowledge and belief1 a true statement of the ownership1 management1 etc41 of the aforesaid publication for the date shown in the above caption1 required by the ,act of ,august #bd1 #aiab1 embodied in section #ddc1 ,postal ,laws and ,regulations1 to wit3 7#a7 ,that the names and addresses of the publisher1 editor1 managing editor1 and business manager are3 ,publisher1 ,thomas ,h4 ,beck1 #eb ,east #aith ,street1 ,new ,york2 ,editor1 ,w4 ,d4 ,moffat1 #aad-aaf ,east #afth ,street1 ,new ,york2 ,managing ,editor1 ,w4 ,d4 ,moffat1 #aad-aaf ,east #afth ,st41 ,new ,york2 ,business ,manager1 ,thomas ,h4 ,beck1 #eb ,east #aith ,street1 ,new ,york4 7#b7 ,that the owners are3 ,american ,lithographic ,company1 #eb ,east #aith ,street1 ,new ,york2 ,c4 ,eddy1 ,l4 ,ettlinger1 ,j4 ,p4 ,knapp1 ,c4 ,k4 ,mills1 #eb ,east #aith ,street1 ,new ,york2 ,m4 ,c4 ,herczog1 #bh ,west #ajth ,street1 ,new ,york2 ,william ,t4 ,harris1 ,villa ,nova1 ,pa42 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,e4 ,heppenheimer1 #ea ,east #ehth ,street1 ,new ,york2 ,emilie ,schumacher1 ,executrix for ,luise ,e4 ,schumacher and ,walter ,l4 ,schumacher1 ,mount ,vernon1 ,n4 ,y42 ,samuel ,untermyer1 #abj ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 7#c7 ,that the known bondholders1 mortgagees1 and other security holders1 owning or holding #a per cent4 or more of total amount of bonds1 mortgages1 or other securities1 are3 ,none4 7#d7 ,that the two paragraphs next above1 giving the names of the owners1 stockholders1 and security holders1 if any1 contain not only the list of stockholders and security holders as they appear upon the books of the ,company1 but also1 in cases where the stockholder or security holder appears upon the books of the ,company as trustee or in any other fiduciary relation1 the name of the person or corporation for whom such trustee is acting1 is given2 also that the said two paragraphs contain statements embracing affiant's full knowledge and belief as to the circumstances and conditions under which stockholders and security holders who do not appear upon the books of the ,company as trustees1 hold stock and securities in a capacity other than that of a bona fide owner2 and this affiant has no reason to believe that any other person1 association1 or corporation has any interest direct or indirect in the said stock1 bonds1 or other securities than as so stated by him4 ,thomas ,h4 ,beck1 ,publisher4 ,sworn to and subscribed before me this #ahth day of ,march1 #aiah4 ,j4 ,s4 ,campbell1 ,notary ,public1 ,queens ,county4 ,certificate filed in ,new ,york ,county4 ,my commission expires ,march #cj1 #aiai4 ,,the ,,mentor ,,association1 ,inc41 #aad-aaf ,east #afth ,st41 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4 ,,the ,,mentor ,every ,reader of ,the ,mentor will be interested in knowing that during the past twelve months more than #djj1jjj back copies of ,the ,mentor were sold to the members of ,the ,mentor ,association1 which shows1 more than anything we might say1 the enduring value of every issue of the periodical that is published4 ,in no other place is it possible to get such a vast amount of information in such condensed1 interesting form--and the wonderful gravures that accompany each number are found in no other work4 ,the previous numbers of ,the ,mentor when bound make an invaluable library of knowledge4 ,we have just received from the binders a number of sets1 finished in a beautiful three-quarter morocco4 ,it is complete in five handy volumes1 containing all the material that has been published up to and including issue #abj4 ,it contains #b1jjj text pages1 #gbj full page gravures1 and over #a1hjj other rare illustrations4 ,the sets that have just come in are especially well-bound2 so strong1 in fact1 that they will last for years4 ,the leather is an extra fine skin1 the clear cut lettering and the cover decorations are in gold--making a set that will prove a handsome addition to any library4 ,as a member of ,the ,mentor ,association you appreciate the value of possessing a work that has the merit of the material that makes up ,the ,mentor ,library4 ,each subject is complete in every detail--and you have the privilege of possessing all subsequent volumes as fast as they are issued1 which in time will be the most complete1 the most authoritative1 and the most interesting set ever published4 ,it is a series that you will be proud to pass on to your children and to your children's children2 and the price is so low1 and the terms so easy1 that you surely must take advantage of it4 ,,you ,,need ,,send ,,no ,,money ,,now4 ,simply send us your name and address with the request to forward them to you4 ,we will send the five attractive volumes1 all charges paid4 ,you can then send us only #a4jj within ten days after receipt of bill and #c4jj a month until #cf4be has been paid--or five per cent4 discount for cash1 should you choose4 ,if you will send us a post card or a letter at once we will extend your subscription for one year without additional cost1 to begin at the expiration of your present membership2 also you will receive1 without additional charge 7regular price1 #be;c471 the new cross-reference index1 which makes every subject in the library at your instant command4 ,you ,save #d4be ,if ,you ,act ,promptly ,several hundred sets of ,the ,mentor ,library have been sold during the past two or three weeks1 and as we have but a few sets of the present edition on hand1 we are making this very unusual offer4 ,it is necessary that you write us promptly that you may take advantage of the present low prices4 ,we urge you to act today4 ,,the ,,mentor ,,association #aad-aaf ,east ,sixteenth ,street1 ,new ,york ,city ,,make ,,the ,,spare ,,moment ,,count