,,agatiz$ ,,ra9b[s ,a ,/ory ( ! ,petrifi$ ,=e/ ,) views ( o!r ,national ,p>k ,s]vice units ( ,nor!rn ,arizona ,illu/ration3 ,?ird ,=e/4 ,photo by ,j]ry ,mc,lain4 ,illu/ration3 ,colorful petrifi$ log sections1 typical ( _m f\nd 9 ! monum5t4 ,photo by ,e/h] ,h5d]son4 ,illu/ration3 ,blue ,=e/ ,badl&s--,colorful b&$ ridges1 a ?ree mile side trip4 ,photo by ,ray ,manly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,%[+3 ,,national ,,p>ks1 ,,national ,,monum5ts1 ,,po9ts ,,( ,,int]e/ ,illu/ration3 ,agate ,bridge4 ,erosion has cut out ! rock f "u ?is log leav+ a span ( #de feet =m+ a bridge1 n[ support$ by a beam4 ,photo by ,leon ,cantrell4 ,illu/ration3 ,an example ( color & erosion 9 ! ,fir/ ,=e/4 ,photo by ,josef ,mu5*4 ,illu/ration3 ,logs ( ra9b[ hues 9 ! ,second ,=e/4 ,photo by ,josef ,mu5*4 ,illu/ration3 ,old ,fai?ful ,log ne> ! ,museum 9 ,ra9b[ ,=e/ has ! l>ge/ base diamet] ( ^? readily se5 dur+ a trip ?r\gh ! ,monum5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,logs 9 ! ,second ,=e/4 ,photos by ,josef ,mu5*4 ,illu/ration3 ,a poli%$ specim5 ( wood f ,ra9b[ ,=e/ ,museum1 :]e _m o!r colorful sections are on display4 ,photo by ,josef ,mu5*4 ,illu/ration3 ,m>iposa ,lilies1 "o ( ! beautiful wildfl[]s t bloom dur+ ,may1 9 ! ,=e/4 ,photo by ,josef ,mu5*4 ,,agatiz$ ,,ra9b[s 4444 ,a ,/ory ( ! ,petrifi$ ,=e/ ,,popul> ,,s]ies ,no4 #c--aiea ,,pres5t$ ,,by ,,petrifi$ ,,=e/ ,,museum ,,association1 ,,holbrook1 ,,arizona ,,& ,,! ,,arizona ,,/ate ,,highway ,,dep>tm5t ,,text ,,by ,,h>old ,j4 ,,brodrick1 ,,p>k ,,naturali/ 8,oh rang]1 please6 ,j "o itzy bitzy piece ( petrifi$ wood to take home to %[ my boy fri5d4 ,y won't miss j "o te5y we5y piece40 ,hold+ 9 8 h& an assortm5t ( specim5s ( petrifi$ wood :i* he _h j retriev$ f ! "y lady driv+ ! fla%y conv]tible1 ! ,highway #bfj *eck+ /ation rang] at ,petrifi$ ,=e/ ,national ,monum5t %ook 8 head ) a wry smile4 8,sorry1 lady1 b ! rules say #8,x is unlawful to injure1 de/roy1 or remove specim5s ( petrifi$ wood ( any size :atsoev] f\nd )9 ! monum5t b\nd>y 99 99 991' & my job is to see t ?is & o!r regulations are obey$4 ,y're "r1 we w\ld nev] miss ^! few pieces if y took !m home ) y1 b !y belong to ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & if ev]yone ( ! #cej1jjj visitors :o come "h ea* ye> took away only a few specim5s1 z y wi% to d1 9 a v few ye>s !re w\ldn't be any left4 ,x's my job1 z repres5tative ( ! p ( ?is c\ntry1 to see t !re w always be ?is great natural display ( petrifi$ wood "h :]e x 0 =m$40 ,z ! "y lady drove (f ) a gay wave ( h] h& & 8,i ?9k y're mean0 toss$ ov] h] %\ld]1 ! rang] turn$ to u ) a rueful smile4 8,happ5s e day10 he said4 8,y c't blame p = want+ to take home a s\v5ir ( ! ,petrifi$ ,=e/1 & ! /uff is s pretty t kids1 especially1 j c't help b want to pack x (f4 ,&1 ) s mu* ( x "h1 x's h>d = !m to und]/& t x w\ld soon be gone1 p>ticul>ly along ! roads & trails1 if ev]yone c>ri$ (f a h&ful or two40 ,we agre$ ) ! rang] t x is h>d to und]/&1 until x is expla9$ t su* enorm\s quantities ( petrifi$ wood z are /rewn ov] hundr$s ( acres 9 ,petrifi$ ,=e/ ,national ,monum5t c\ld be entirely remov$ 9 a few ye>s by s\v5ir-hungry ,am]ican t\ri/s4 8,b :]e10 we inquir$1 8d ^! roadside /&s all along ,highway #ff get ! huge piles ( petrifi$ wood :i* !y (f] = sale8 ,surely ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice doesn't p]mit !m to haul x (f ! monum5t by ! truckload40 8,oh no10 gr9n$ ! rang]4 8,all ( t #8=-sale' wood comes f private l&s4 ,! national monum5t pres]ves & protects only ! l>ge/ & mo/ colorful deposits ( petrifi$ wood2 b x is f\nd 9 _m places ?r\gh\t nor!a/]n ,arizona40 ,! impati5t toot ( an automobile horn in=m$ u t we 7 block+ traffic1 s we ?ank$ ! rang] & cont9u$ on our way4 ,h[ev]1 ! int]e/+ conv]sation ar\s$ our curiosity1 & at ! fir/ opportunity we return$ to ! ,petrifi$ ,=e/ to le>n m ab\t ! occurr5ce ( petrifi$ wood1 & h[ ,uncle ,sam1 ?r\gh ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice1 keeps ! wood f be+ c>ri$ (f by s\v5ir collectors1 & h[ ! fasc9at+ /ory ( wood petrification is told to visitors :o take a little "t to visit ! monum5t museum at ! ,ra9b[ ,=e/ headqu>t]s ( ! sup]9t5d5t4 ,?is is ! way ! naturali/s tell x4 ,believe x or n1 x 0 ! ?reat ( s\v5ir hunt]s & raids on ! fields ( petrifi$ wood by comm]cial jewel]s1 gem collectors1 & abrasive manufactur]s 9 ! late #ahij's & e>ly #aijj's t l$ ?\ghtful citiz5s ( ! !n ,arizona ,t]ritory to petition ,congress = ! e/abli%m5t ( "s sort ( a protectorate = ! ,petrifi$ ,=e/4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,agate ,bridge & :at is n[ kn[n z ! ,fir/ ,=e/1 ent]pris+ abrasive mak]s set up a /amp mill to pulv]ize ! great blocks ( petrifi$ wood :i* !y f\nd !re4 ,"h1 also1 _m ( ! logs 7 dynamit$ 9 ! se>* = qu>tz & ame?y/ cry/als :i* "s ( !m conta9$4 ,z a result ( ! petition by citiz5s ( ,arizona ,t]ritory1 & 9 response to reque/s by o!r gr\ps 9 ! ,s\?we/ t /eps be tak5 to protect great cliff dwell+s & o!r prehi/oric ,indian rema9s :i* 7 be+ sy/ematically po?unt$ & loot$1 ,congress pass$ ! ,antiquities ,act4 ,?is au?ority enabl$ ,presid5t ,!odore ,roosevelt on ,decemb] #h1 #aijf1 to issue a proclamation e/abli%+ ,petrifi$ ,=e/ ,national ,monum5t = ! protection & pres]vation ( "o ( ! _w's mo/ colorful & ext5sive conc5trations ( petrifi$ wood 8= ! b5efit & enjoym5t ( ! p40 ,nor!a/]n ,arizona is n ! only area kn[n to conta9 petrifi$ wood1 = x has be5 f\nd 9 ne>ly e ,/ate & 9 =eign c\ntries z well4 ,visitors f di/ant ,/ates are frequ5tly surpris$ to discov]1 f a map 9 ! monum5t's museum1 t petrifi$ wood is to be f\nd ne> _! own homes4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! l>ge am\nt ( ! wood 9 su* beautiful & v>i$ colors t makes ?is ,petrifi$ ,=e/ out/&+ & wor?y ( be+ protect$ z an area ( national significance4 ,we d n "k = c]ta9 :i* ( ! e>ly travel]s 0 ! fir/ to see ! great display ( petrifi$ wood ( nor!rn ,arizona4 ,spani% explor]s may h se5 x dur+ ! #aejj's1 s9ce !y view$ & nam$ ! ,pa9t$ ,des]t 7,desi]to ,p9tado71 b no writt5 acc\nt has be5 locat$ t gives any indication t !y notic$ ! wood4 ,9 fact1 ! e>lie/ writt5 report on record 0 n made until #ahea4 ,9 t ye>1 ,lieut5ant ,sitgreaves1 an ,army (fic]1 explor$ p>ts ( nor!rn ,arizona & m5tion$ ! petrifi$ wood 9 8 reports4 ,9 #ahec1 an ,army exp$ition l$ by ,lieut5ant ,:ipple visit$ ! pres5t monum5t area1 camp+ ne> ! ,black ,=e/4 ,x 0 n until ! #ahhj's t settlem5t ( ?is "p ( ! ,arizona t]ritory really got "u way ) completion ( ! ,santa ,fe ,railroad across x 9 #ahhc4 ,^w ab\t ! petrifi$ wood spread1 & x 0 n long until ! de/ructive activities 7 />t$4 ,! six sep>ate 8=e/s0 )9 ! monum5t are areas ( ! greate/ conc5tration ( petrifi$ logs & h be5 nam$ ! ,fir/1 ,second1 ,?ird1 ,black1 ,ra9b[1 & ,blue ,=e/s4 ,! latt] 0 giv5 its "n because ( ! blui% color ( mu* ( ! badl&s =mation 9 :i* ! wood is f\nd4 ,!re is n a great deal ( diff]5ce 9 ! wood f\nd 9 ! o!r locations1 s !y 7 app>5tly nam$ by e>ly resid5ts 9 ord] to di/+ui% "o location f ! o!r4 ,=tunately1 ?is monum5t is easily accessible s9ce x is cross$ by two ma9 highways1 ?us giv+ visitors to nor!rn ,arizona an excell5t opportunity to enjoy ! beauties ( ?is unusual "w ( nature4 ,! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior has be5 entru/$ ) ! responsibility ( protect+ & adm9i/]+ ?is & all ( ! o!r national monum5ts & p>ks =m+ ,am]ica's ,national ,p>k ,sy/em4 ,x is ! responsibility ( all ! p1 z own]s ( ^! out/&+ national values1 to help ! ,s]vice keep ! wond]s ( ?is & o!r p>ks & monum5ts intact = ! enjoym5t ( future g5]ations4 ,because ( ! "n 8,petrifi$ ,=e/10 _m p :o h read ( x expect to f9d trees 8turn$ to /one0 & /&+ upright j z !y grew4 ,actually1 geologi/s :o h /udi$ ! area v c>efully d n believe t _m ( ! liv+ trees grew 9 ?is p>ticul> location1 = all ( ! evid5ce indicates t fall5 timb] f =e/s a consid]able di/ance away 0 c>ri$ "h by flood wat]s ( anci5t /reams & /r&$ & buri$ 9 ! mud & %all[s ( lagoons & m>%es4 ,dur+ ! latt] "p ( :at geologi/s call ! ,triassic p]iod1 ab\t #afj to #agj million ye>s ago1 mo/ ( nor!a/]n ,arizona 0 app>5tly an ext5sive flood pla92 l[1 flat1 & swampy4 ,num]\s /reams1 "s ( !m q l>ge1 fl[$ out f ! surr\nd+ l[ hills into ! pla94 ,^! /reams br\ght enorm\s quantities ( s$im5ts2 mud1 s&1 & o!r m9]als1 spread+ x out lay] ^u lay] z !y %ift$ _! fl[ back & =? j z on pres5t riv] deltas4 ,^! s$im5ts conta9$ huge am\nts ( volcanic a% :i* ! /reams app>5tly pick$ up ne> _! s\rces4 ,?is a% 0 l>gely silica1 ! m9]al :i* 0 lat] to be ( major importance 9 ! petrification ( ! wood4 7,silica 7,si,o7 is ! oxide ( silicon1 a non-metallic elem5t mak+ up #bh p] c5t ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,! cry/al =m ( silica is qu>tz1 ! commone/ ( all m9]als1 :i* is f\nd 9 l>ge am\nts 9 _m volcanic rocks47 ,! flood pla9 0 brok5 by an occasional ridge or high spot1 app>5tly tree-cov]$1 z a few petrifi$ /umps ) p>tial root sy/ems h be5 f\nd 9 ! locations :]e !y app>5tly grew4 ,h[ev]1 mo/ ( ! trees grew 9 =e/s on ! l[ hills ?r\gh :i* ^! riv]s fl[$1 any:]e f a few miles to #ej or #ajj miles or m to ! we/ & s\?we/ ( ! pres5t national monum5t4 ,^! trees di$ f v>i\s causes1 j z trees ( our mod]n times d4 ,fire1 w9d1 insects1 diseases1 & o!r causes all took _! toll4 ,_m trees probably decay$ 9 ! =e/ :]e !y fell1 b o!rs 7 pick$ up by flood wat]s & 7 ev5tually transport$ by ! /reams to ! flood pla9 !re to become /r&$ ) hundr$s ( o!rs & to be cov]$ by ! s$im5ts br\ght 9 by ! /reams4 ,?is transportation !ory is bas$ on sev]al types ( evid5ce4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! logs h be5 /ripp$ ( mu* ( _! orig9al roots & limbs1 & practically all ( ! b>k has disappe>$4 ,! logs pres5t a worn appe>ance1 an indication ( hav+ receiv$ r\gh treatm5t4 ,also1 v few traces ( cones or foliage h be5 locat$1 al?\gh ! fossil rema9s ( m ?an #cj species ( fragile f]ns1 cycads1 ru%es1 & o!r plants t grew 9 ! m>%es ( ! anci5t flood pla9 h be5 f\nd4 ,! direction ( ! orig9al dra9age into ?is area has be5 e/abli%$ by trac+ ! s\rce ( ! ,p]mian gravels :i* are deposit$ "h4 ,! deposition ( ^! s$im5ts ov] ! pla9 cont9u$ until a lay] ab\t #djj feet ?ick 0 built up dur+ ! c5turies4 ,?is deposit is n[ kn[n geologically z ! 8,*9le ,=mation40 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal mat]ials f\nd 9 ! ,*9le is ,b5tonite1 orig9ally a volcanic a% :i* ! /reams br\ght4 ,x has s9ce decompos$ into a clay-l soil :i* is v por\s & spongy & :i* readily absorbs wat] & exp&s4 ,:5 becom+ v wet1 x turns into a blui% mud & is wa%$ away4 ,erosion ( ?is ,b5tonite & o!r mat]ials deposit$ ) x =ms ! badl&s area n[ se5 on portions ( ! monum5t & 9 ! ,pa9t$ ,des]t4 ,dur+ ! ages :5 ! orig9al lay]s ( mud1 s&1 & silt 7 be+ deposit$1 _m ( ! logs 7 wa%$ 9 & buri$ at v>i\s levels ) ?is ,*9le mat]ial4 ,:ile all ( ?is 0 sl[ly tak+ place1 ! l& mass ov] ?is "p ( ! cont95t 0 gradually subsid+4 ,x cont9u$ to settle dur+ ! next geological p]iod ( millions ( ye>s1 & lay] aft] lay] ( s$im5ts 7 wa%$ 9 & deposit$ on top ( x4 ,!n dur+ ! next geological 7,cretace\s7 p]iod1 a long arm ( a sea flood$ ?is "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,m>9e deposits accumulat$ on ! bottom ( ! sea until f9ally ! ,*9le ,=mation conta9+ ! buri$ logs 0 cov]$ by #c1jjj feet or m ( o!r deposits4 ,at ! close ( ,cretace\s "t1 ab\t #fj million ye>s ago1 uplift ( ! pres5t ,rocky ,m\nta9 sy/em comm5c$4 ,! bas9 9 :i* ! ,petrifi$ ,=e/ lay buri$ rose ) x4 ,?is gradual ris+ movem5t has cont9u$ int]mitt5tly ne>ly to ! pres5t "t4 ,?is uplift br\ght ) x ! activity ( erosion :i* has cont9u$ ?r\gh ! ages until f9ally almo/ all ( ! #c1jjj feet ( upp] lay]s ( mat]ial h be5 wa%$ away1 & ! _m logs1 t _h once be5 s deeply buri$1 h aga9 be5 expos$ on ! surface2 b n[ z h>d1 colorful /one4 ,erosion cont9u$ to c>ry ! soil away f ! petrifi$ logs1 expos+ m & m ( !m4 ,z =ces ( erosion l[]$ ! surface ( ! gr\nd little by little1 ! petrifi$ logs1 too h>d to be affect$1 settl$ ) x1 ev5tually accumulat+ ) sections ( o!r logs t _h be5 buri$ on a l[] level4 ,?us1 ! pres5t surface ( ! gr\nd is r ?ickly cov]$1 9 _m spots1 ) wood t 0 orig9ally scatt]$ ?r\gh approximately ! upp] #ajj feet ( ?is ,*9le ,=mation4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,ra9b[ & ,?ird ,=e/1 at lea/1 ab\t #cjj feet m ( ?is =mation /ill rema9s4 ,s f> z we "k1 wood is to be f\nd ?r\gh\t ?is entire lay]4 ,!re=e1 !oretically at lea/1 x may be said t #be p] c5t ( ! petrifi$ wood t is "h is visible on ! surface1 ! re/ /ill rema9+ buri$ bel[4 ,?ree species ( trees h be5 f\nd "h 9 petrifi$ =m4 ,! mo/ common "o is an ,arauc>ian ,p9e 7,arauc>ioxylon ,arizonicum71 a primitive memb] ( ! p9e family4 ,?is species became ext9ct long ago1 b !re are /ill sev]al species ( mod]n ,arauc>ia native to ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,au/ralia1 ,new ,zeal&1 & o!r ,s\? ,pacific isl&s :i* are app>5tly v simil> to ?is anci5t =m4 ,"s ( ! mod]n types h be5 import$ to ?is c\ntry & are us$ = ornam5tal purposes 9 c]ta9 locations 9 ,florida & along ! ,pacific coa/4 ,! mo/ common ones are kn[n z ! 8,monkey ,puzzle ,tree0 & 8,norfolk ,isl& ,p9e40 ,claims made by roadside /& op]ators along ,highway #ff t ! petrifi$ wood (f]$ = sale is 8bea* walnut10 8cactus10 etc41 h no basis 9 fact4 ,two o!r types ( petrifi$ wood are f\nd "h 9 small] am\nts4 ,^! are ! ,woodwor?ia ,arizonica1 a cone-be>+ tree some:at simil> to ! ,arauc>ia & ! ,s*ild]ia ,adamanica1 a tree ) peculi> radiat+ rays 9 ! wood4 ,paleontologi/s are n sure :]e ?is latt] k9d belongs 9 sy/ematic plant classification4 ,:at happ5$ dur+ ! mill5niums t ! logs lay buri$ 9 _! ,*9le tombs8 ,h[ did ^! trees turn to /one8 ,mo/ ( our text books tell u t ! petrification ( wood is a replacem5t process4 ,bit by bit1 wat] remov$ wood tissue & 9 its place left a m9]al deposit 9 exactly ! same =m z ! orig9al1 s t :5 ! process _h be5 complet$ !re 0 no wood left b 9 its place an exact /one duplicate4 ,?is !ory 0 accept$ = a v long "t1 b rec5tly "s sci5ti/s 7 n satisfi$ ) x because c]ta9 *emical actions t w\ld h to occur dur+ su* a process 7 difficult to expla94 ,j prior to #aidj1 sev]al sci5ti/s inve/igat$ ! process1 & f _! f9d+s decid$ t ! wood 0 n petrifi$ by replacem5t b by ! infiltration ( m9]al-be>+ wat] into ! wood & ! deposition ( ?is m9]al 9 ! air spaces )9 ! wood tissue4 ,?is process1 !y believe1 cont9u$ until all ( ! microscopic spaces 9 ! wood 7 fill$ solid ) ?is deposit & ! petrifi$ log1 compos$ ( #ih p] c5t by volume ( m9]al deposit & #b p] c5t cellulose & lign9 wood tissue1 0 ! result4 ,! orig9al wood tissue act$1 !y ?9k1 z a framework to hold ! m9]al deposit l ! walls ( a build+ w\ld act if ! rooms & spaces betwe5 ! walls 7 fill$ 9 solid ) liquid concrete4 ,?is acc\nts = ret5tion ( ! cell /ructure1 annual r+s1 & o!r features ( ! orig9al wood4 ,! petrification ( wood has nev] be5 /udi$ suffici5tly1 & !re are _m que/ions = :i* satisfactory answ]s h n yet be5 advanc$4 ,al?\gh woods 9 diff]5t localities h be5 petrifi$ by o!r m9]als1 ! mo/ common is silica4 ,9 ! case ( ?is petrifi$ wood1 ! silica 0 deposit$ 9 an agatiz$ non-cry/all9e =m4 ,! normal color ( ! silica )\t m9]al /a9 is a :ite or gray4 ,sometimes small am\nts ( o!r m9]als 7 9 ! solution along ) silica1 or 9 "s cases 7 br\ght 9 dur+ ! millions ( ye>s ( burial z a second>y deposit 9 ! cracks1 *ecks1 or o!r op5+s 9 ! petrifi$ or p>tially petrifi$ wood4 ,iron oxides 9 small quantities produc$ ! great v>iety ( %ades ( r$1 br[n1 & yell[4 ,! black color 9 mo/ cases is due to manganese oxide or c>bon4 ,?us1 ! comb9ation ( m9]als produc$ a ra9b[ ( colors 9 ! agatiz$ wood4 ,:5ev] !re 7 small *eck$ places1 cracks1 or holl[s 9 ! wood1 we f9d t !y are (t5 ei!r fill$ or l9$ ) qu>tz cry/als or occasionally ) ame?y/ cry/als4 ,! t]m 8*alc$ony0 7pron\nc$ kal-s$-nee7 is a broad "o usually appli$ to any compact mass ( silica free ( def9ite color patt]n1 b x is also frequ5tly us$ to describe all =ms ( silica :e!r transluc5t or opaque1 & reg>dless ( color4 ,agate1 !re=e1 may be consid]$ a v>iegat$ *alc$ony4 ,agate is transluc5t & has a def9ite color or patt]n4 ,jasp] is opaque & may be ei!r r$1 br[n1 yell[1 blue1 or gre5 9 color4 ,qu>tz m9]als are h>d] ?an mo/ types ( /eel1 & !re are only ab\t #cj o!r m9]als t exce$ x 9 h>dness4 ,9 ! m9]al scale ( h>dness1 qu>tz is rat$ at #g & diamond1 ! h>de/ ( all1 at #aj4 ,petrifi$ wood weighs ab\t #aff p\nds p] cubic foot4 8,:o saw$ ^! trees0 is "o ( ! que/ions visitors frequ5tly ask4 ,x is a natural qu]y because mo/ ( ! logs are crack$ into sections1 9 _m in/ances ( r uni=m l5g?1 & ea* brok5 face is smoo? en\gh to appe> almo/ l a saw cut4 ,at fir/ glance ?is does give ! impression t someone1 possibly a ,paul ,bunyan ) an enorm\s diamond-too!d saw1 _h cut ! logs into 8/ove wood0 l5g?s4 ,al?\gh !re may be "s diff]5ces ( op9ion ab\t h[ ?is fractur+ occurr$1 ! pres5t explanation by sci5ti/s is t mo/ ( ?is breakage took place dur+ ! p]iod ( uplift ( ?is section ( ! c\ntry4 ,! gradual movem5t & elevation ( ! e>?'s cru/ caus$ num]\s e>?quakes4 ,! %ock waves ( ! tremblor travel+ ?r\gh ! e>? set up vibrations :i* caus$ ! deeply buri$1 brittle1 petrifi$ logs to crack4 ,! h>monic vibrations creat$ by ! rhy?m ( ! regul> %ock waves caus$ ! cracks to be r regul>ly spac$4 ,at fir/ ^! cracks 7 t9y1 b c5turies lat]1 aft] ! logs 7 expos$ on ! surface1 ! wea!r+ actions & ! %ift+ & settl+ ( ! soil b5ea? !m caus$ ! cracks to wid5 & ev5tually ! fractur$ sections sep>at$4 ,occasionally breakage may also occur :5 soil wa%es out f "u "o end ( a log & its weight causes x to sag & crack4 ,! normal fracture l9e ( ?is mat]ial is at "r angles to ! l9eal axis1 & ! r smoo? face causes ! brok5 surface to appe> mu* l a saw cut4 ,poli%$ wood sections t are exhibit$ 9 ! ,ra9b[ ,=e/ ,museum %[ to be/ advantage ! v>i$ color patt]n ( ?is petrifi$ wood4 ,! piece is fir/ cut ) ei!r a diamond or c>borundum saw4 ,!n ! saw$ face is gr\nd z smoo? z possible on c>borundum :eels ( diff]5t grits4 ,:5 gr\nd suffici5tly smoo?1 ! f9al poli% is giv5 ! surface ) h>d felt buff+ :eels & a poli%+ comp\nd4 ,due to ! h>dness ( ! petrifi$ wood1 x takes ab\t an h\r to cut & poli% a squ>e in*1 h5ce is an exp5sive process4 ,"s ( ! mo/ colorful or 8picture wood0 specim5s make v attractive & durable sett+s = r+s1 p9s1 & o!r jewelry4 ,fossil rema9s ( _m =ms ( animal life t exi/$ "h dur+ ,triassic times also are f\nd 9 ! ,*9le deposits ) ! petrifi$ wood4 ,"s p>ts ( skeletons 7 m9]aliz$ & pres]v$ 9 mu* ! same mann] z 0 ! wood4 ,! animals :i* liv$ :]e ! trees accumulat$ 7 =ms t normally inhabit$ muddy1 m>%y riv] bottoms1 ano!r indication ( ! type ( environm5t "h dur+ t long-gone age4 ,l>ge/ ( ^! animals 0 ! ,phytosaur1 a crocodile-l reptile ab\t #ah feet long & weigh+ ne>ly a ton4 ,no/rils 7 locat$ on top ( ! head4 ,^! reptiles 7 omnivor\s fe$]s1 & ) _! webb$ feet & long flatt5$ tails 7 at home ei!r on l& or 9 ! wat]4 ,! ,phytosaur 0 a di/ant relative ( ! ,d9osaur b became ext9ct be=e ! ,d9osaur rea*$ its peak ( developm5t4 ,ano!r inhabitant ( ! swampy l[l&s :]e anci5t logs 7 /r&$ 0 ! ,/egocephalian1 a primitive amphibian relat$ to mod]n salam&]s1 or mud puppies1 b ( huge size4 ,!y 7 heavy1 flatt5$ creatures f six to n9e feet long & probably weigh$ ab\t #ejj to #fjj p\nds4 ,_! legs 7 v %ort1 & !y mov$ ab\t by dragg+ !mselves ov] ! swampy gr\nd1 probably be+ c>nivor\s fe$]s4 ,! skull 0 almo/ completely solid & _h op5+s only = ! no/rils1 eyes1 & a peculi> ?ird eye 9 ! top :i* probably 0 capable ( di/+ui%+ movem5t or light1 b n color4 ,sev]al types ( fi%es1 amphibians1 & small reptiles probably liv$ along ! /reams & 9 ! quiet pools ( ^? anci5t m>%es4 ,among !m 7 lung-fi%es ^: tee? or 8d5tal plates0 are n[ f\nd scatt]$ ?r\gh ! badl&s ( ! ,petrifi$ ,=e/4 ,l>ge ru%es1 or horsetails1 bord]$ ! /reams & matt$ ! swamps4 ,_! holl[ /ems grew to eight & t5 in*es 9 diamet] & #cj to #dj feet tall4 ,at ea* jo9t 7 :orls ( sl5d] bran*es4 ,l>ge1 broad-leav$ f]ns =m$ a /rik+ contra/ ) ! delicate foliage ( ! se$ f]n types4 ,club mosses probably grew 9 small clu/]s 9 %elt]$ places along ! banks ( ! /reams & pools4 ,h[ diff]5t ?is sc5e ( millions ( ye>s ago 0 f our pres5t-day l&scape & mod]n plant & animal life4 ,! climate mu/ h be5 at lea/ sub-tropical !n2 today x is semi-arid4 ,9 contra/ to ! plants & animals ( ^? ,triassic times liv+ 9 swamps & m>%es1 we n[ h plants & animals t are able to exi/ ) a m9imum ( moi/ure4 ,! pres5t gr\nd-cov] is seldom ov] ?ree or f\r feet high1 b includes a wide v>iety ( plants rang+ f v small fl[]+ h]bs to ! sev]al species ( gray-foliag$ salt bru% & o!r %rubs4 ,) suitable moi/ure1 ! spr+ & fall wildfl[] displays are (t5 v %[y4 ,! e>ly blooms ( ! *imaya1 phacelia1 & ! l>ge1 :ite1 ev5+ primroses are soon foll[$ by des]t mall[2 vet*2 a small :ite daisy-l ,fleabane2 ! l>ge yell[ tulip-l fl[]s ( ! m>iposa or sego lily2 & z ! season advances1 ! pa9t bru%2 a/]s2 snake we$2 gold5 a/]2 rabbit bru%2 & _m o!rs4 ,9 contra/ to ! sluggi% reptiles & amphibians 9 ! ,triassic1 we n[ h ! fleet pronghorn 7,am]ican ,antelope72 occasional coyotes & bobcats1 porcup9e1 prairie dogs1 rabbits1 & _m ( ! small] rod5ts4 ,sev]al species ( h>mless snakes & an occasional rattlesnake2 sl5d]1 /rip$1 long-tail$ race runn] liz>ds2 scal$ liz>ds1 & ! bright1 gre5-back$1 yell[-foot$ ,bailey ,coll>$ ,liz>d :i* frequ5tly br+s visitors hurry+ 9 to inquire if x is poison\s4 ,x isn't6 ,sev]al species ( birds su* z ! ,des]t ,horn$ ,l>ks & rock wr5s make ?is _! p]man5t home :ile _m o!r species rang+ 9 size f ! t9y ,allan ,humm+bird to ! mighty gold5 eagle ei!r /ay "h dur+ v>i\s p>ts ( ! ye>1 or pass ?r\gh 9 ! spr+ & fall migrations4 ,int]mix$ ) ! surface deposits ( petrifi$ wood & o!r remnants ( ! anci5t ,triassic "t are ! mu* m rec5t rema9s ( e>ly m54 ,ru9s ( _! homes1 fragm5ts ( _! h&iwork1 & examples ( _! arts are to be f\nd 9 _m locations4 ,^! p 7 pre-,columbian ,pueblo ,indians1 ance/ors ( our mod]n ,pueblo ,indians1 & ( ! same type t inhabit$ ! o!r pueblo & cliff-dwell+ sites 9 ! ,s\?we/4 ,x is probable t !re 0 consid]able trad+ c>ri$ on betwe5 ! p ( ?is area & ^? at o!r locations1 s9ce _m ( ! same pott]y types are f\nd ?r\gh\t4 ,?is some:at desolate region 0 app>5tly fairly d5sely populat$ by little gr\ps ( f>m+ ,indians4 ,) no survey or /udy ( ! monum5t area hav+ be5 made1 m ?an #cjj ru9 sites h be5 locat$ & !re are _m o!rs ne>by4 ,^! ru9s ( /one build+s are usually f "o to a few rooms 9 size4 ,h[ev]1 "o ru9 ne> ! ,pu]co ,riv] ,rang] ,/ation is e/imat$ to h _h ab\t #abe or m rooms4 ,x is built 9 ! =m ( a holl[ squ>e ab\t #ahj feet by #bcj feet1 ar\nd a plaza ab\t #acj by #ahe feet4 ,probably two /ories 9 height1 x c\ld h h\s$ ne>ly a hundr$ families4 ,a /udy ( ! pott]y fragm5ts f ea* site helps u to tell ! approximate "t t ! p>ticul> site 0 occupi$4 ,?is "t v>ies f ab\t #ejj or #fjj ,a4,d4 to #adjj ,a4,d41 "s be+ us$ ov] a long] p]iod ?an o!rs4 ,9 mo/ cases1 ! build+s 7 con/ruct$ ( pieces ( s&/one1 b 9 a few in/ances ! ,indians _h an eye = color & us$ pieces ( petrifi$ wood :i* made a v sub/antial z well z colorful build+4 8,agate ,h\se0 9 ! s\? "p ( ! ,?ird ,=e/ is "o example ( su* con/ruction4 ,?is 0 p>tially recon/ruct$ 9 #aicd 9 ! e>ly ,pueblo /yle by ! use ( *unks ( petrifi$ wood f ! heap ( ! ru9s4 ,indians also us$ ! petrifi$ wood = mak+ arr[-po9ts & o!r tools & weapons4 ,^! p practic$ agriculture1 cultivat+ corn1 pumpk9s1 & beans4 ,!y probably wore simple clo?+ made ( cotton clo? or ! sk9s ( wild animals4 ,!y also made pott]y4 ,tree-r+ /udies %[ t !re 0 a great dr\ght f #abge to #abii ,a4,d4 ,?is app>5tly caus$ a great deal ( %ift+ ar\nd among ! ,pueblo p4 ,only a few villages 9 ! ,petrifi$ ,=e/ area 7 occupi$ dur+ ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,x is n kn[n :e!r ! p 7 driv5 out by ! pr$atory ,apa*es or because ( ! dr\ght4 ,:]e did ^! ,indians get wat]8 ,:ile !re probably has n be5 any m>k$ *ange 9 climate or ra9fall s9ce t "t1 !re may h be5 m spr+s & seeps along ! cliffs4 ,x is possible t ^! fail$ dur+ t great dr\ght p]iod4 ,pott]y designs ( ^! e>ly ,indians %[ an arti/ic tal5t1 fur!r indicat$ by ! _m petroglyphs on ! s&/one cliffs & b\ld]s ?r\gh\t ! area4 ,a petroglyph is a picture or design c>v$ or peck$ 9 ! face ( a rock4 ,^! pictures are ( figures1 geometric patt]ns1 & symbols 9 _m cases simil> to ^? f\nd on ! pott]y4 ,"s repres5t h&s1 feet1 human figures & %apes ( mammals1 birds1 or liz>ds4 ,^! appe> to be simply a collection ( draw+s made by v>i\s ,indians ov] a p]iod ( "t4 ,9 "s cases1 !y 7 clan symbols1 ea* pass]by add+ 8 own mu* l a visitor's regi/] su* z we h today or a collection ( initials or names un?9k+ p c>ve on trees or scrat* on rocks4 ,un=tunately an occasional p]son n[adays1 ?\ghtless ( ^? t foll[1 ei!r de/roys ?is anci5t art "w or defaces x by add+ 8 "n or initials to ^? ( an e>li] man4 8,newspap] ,rock0 is ! mo/ spectacul> gr\p ( petroglyphs f\nd on ! monum5t4 ,homes & tribal l&s ( mod]n ,indians are locat$ 9 areas to ! s\?1 ea/1 & nor? ( ,petrifi$ ,=e/ ,national ,monum5t--homes t 7 e/abli%$ 9 "s cases be=e ! fir/ ,spani% explor] ent]$ ! ,s\?we/4 ,to ! s\? 9 ! ,:ite ,m\nta9s are ! ,apa*es4 ,app>5tly bo? ! ,apa*e & ! ,navajo ent]$ ! ,s\?we/ only a %ort "t be=e ! ,spani>ds came4 ,be+ nomads & pr$atory 9 nature1 !y soon /ruck t]ror 9 ! he>ts ( ! peaceful ,pueblo p & caus$ _m ( !m to ab&on _! homes to seek m seclud$ & protect$ sites4 ,to ! ea/ are ! ,zuni1 a ,pueblo p t "s ( ! e>ly occupants ( ! ,petrifi$ ,=e/ may h jo9$4 ,:5 ! ,spani>ds came1 ^! ,zuni 7 liv+ 9 sev5 pueblos t became kn[n z ! hi/oric 8,sev5 ,cities ( ,cibola40 ,to ! nor? are ! ,navajo & ,hopi peoples4 ,arizona's fam\s ,pa9t$ ,des]t =ms a long curv+ bord] to ! ,navajo ,res]vation--a bord] ext5d+ f ne> ! ,new ,mexico l9e we/w>d to ! ,colorado ,riv] nor?we/ ( ,cam]on4 ,a spectacul> portion ( x lies 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,petrifi$ ,=e/ ,national ,monum5t4 ,! ,pa9t$ ,des]t is a colorful1 (t5 fanta/ically erod$ badl&s ( ,b5tonitic b$s /a9$ ) %ades ( r$1 orange1 yell[1 blue1 purple1 & br[n by iron m9]als4 ,arid or semi-arid ) only a sp>se vegetative cov]1 ^! s(t b$s are subject to rapid erosion dur+ ,arizona's season ( torr5tial ra9s4 ,! ,pa9t$ ,des]t =m$ a b>ri] beh9d :i* ! e>ly ,hopi p )drew to e/abli% _! fam$ mesa-top villages1 includ+ ,oraibi :i* has be5 cont9u\sly occupi$ s9ce ab\t #cej ye>s be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,^! p /ill live 9 _! sev]al mesa-top villages1 _! res]vation surr\nd$ by t ( ! ,navajo1 _! =m] enemies1 :o n[ lead a peaceful1 semi-nomadic life4 ,!re is mu* m to ! fasc9at+ /ory ( ! ,petrifi$ ,=e/ z told to u by naturali/s ( ! national monum5t4 ,few visitors take "t f _! mad ru% to 8get some:]e quickly0 to make ! ef=t to und]/& ! intricate & devi\s ways ( ,nature1 ( :i* 8,"t is ! ess5ce10 result+ 9 ! spectacul> & brilliant display1 ?is glitt]+ jewel ( ! des]t1 ! ,petrifi$ ,=e/4 ,/opp+ only long en\gh to m>vel briefly1 _m ( !m feel ! urge to take some?+ ) !m1 "s concrete rem9d] ( ! colorful sc5e1 "s bits ( petrifi$ wood4 ,^? :o successfully 8get pa/0 ! *eck+ /ation rang] ) _! illicit s\v5irs usually lose ^! tr9kets1 or f9d !m turn$ to %>p goads :i* prod _! consci5ces 9 lat] ye>s4 ,h[ =tunate ^? visitors :o1 at ! exp5se ( an h\r or s ( "t1 ga9 an und]/&+ ( :at lies beh9d ! sc5]y at ! ,petrifi$ ,=e/1 !reby develop+ an appreciation ( ! "w ( ,nature & ( ,god z exemplifi$ "h4 ,^! p take ) !m1 n m]ely a s\v5ir1 b an exp]i5ce :i* !y w treasure & enjoy ?r\gh\t ! rema9d] ( _! lives4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,pa9t$ ,des]t f ! ,monum5t's rim drive4 ,photo by ,josef ,mu5*4 ,illu/ration3 ,a typical sc5e 9 ,petrifi$ ,=e/4 ,national ,p>k ,s]vice ,photo4 ,illu/ration3 ,pa9t$ ,des]t f ! ,pa9t$ ,des]t ,inn4 ,photo by ,josef ,mu5*4 ,illu/ration3 ,navajo ,national ,monum5t4 ,deep 9 ! he>t ( ! ,navajo c\ntry is an area ( cliffs1 canyons1 & prehi/oric ru9s4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ is ,betatak94 ,photo by ,m>t9 ,litton4 ,illu/ration3 ,sunset ,crat]4 ,sunset ,crat] ,national ,monum5t1 ne> ,flag/aff1 comprises an area t 0 ! sc5e ( volcanic activities hundr$s ( ye>s ago4 ,photo by ,norman ,wallace4 ,illu/ration3 ,tuzigoot--,! hilltop home ( an anci5t1 peaceful f>m+ p1 ne> ,cl>kdale1 has be5 excavat$4 ,national ,p>k ,s]vice ,photo4 ,illu/ration3 ,canyon ,de ,*elly ,national ,monum5t conta9s )9 its bord]s ,canyon ,de ,*elly & ,canyon del ,mu]to1 z well z _m ru9s4 ,x is ne> ,*9le4 ,photo by ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,gibbeny4 ,illu/ration3 ,hoov] 7,b\ld]7 ,dam & ,lake ,mead provide a f9e recreational area along ! ,arizona-,nevada bord]4 ,photo by ,h]b ,mc,loughlin4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr& ,canyon ,national ,p>k4 ,! ,gr& ,canyon ( ! mighty ,colorado ,riv] defies ef=ts to describe x adequately4 ,photo by ,a4 ,c4 ,jackson4 ,illu/ration3 ,wupatki ru9s 9 ,wupatki ,national ,monum5t1 "o ( ! mo/ spectacul> pueblos 9 ,nor!rn ,arizona4 ,photo by ,george ,k4 ,gey]4 ,illu/ration3 ,walnut ,canyon4 ,9 ! walls ( ?is canyon1 ne> ,flag/aff1 "u ov]hang+ l$ges are a s]ies ( prehi/oric ,indian ru9s4 ,national ,p>k ,s]vice ,photo4 ,illu/ration3 ,montezuma ,ca/le1 ov]look+ ,beav] ,creek 9 ! ,v]de ,valley1 is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful cliff dwell+s to be f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,photo by ,ray ,manly4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,reta9$ publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4 --,sil5tly correct$ a few palpable typos4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$ by und]scores4