,illu/ration3 ,geology ( ,canyonl&s ,illu/ration3 ,,look+ ,,nor? ,,f ,,ea/ ,,wall ,,( ,,devils ,,lane1 j s\? ( ! ,silv] ,/airs4 ,ne$les are ,c$> ,mesa ,s&/one4 ,junction ,butte & ,gr& ,view ,po9t lie across ,colorado ,riv] 9 backgr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,geologic ,/ory ( ,canyonl&s ,,national ,,p>k ,! ,geologic ,/ory ( ,canyonl&s ,,national ,,p>k ,by ,s4 ,w4 ,lohman ,graphics by ,john ,r4 ,/acy ,,geological ,,survey ,,bullet9 #acbg ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,! ,,int]ior ,,rog]s ,c4 ,b4 ,,morton1 ,secret>y ,,geological ,,survey ,v4 ,e4 ,mc,kelvey1 ,director ,libr>y ( ,congress catalog-c>d ,no4 #gd-fjjjdc ,illu/ration3 ,u4,s4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,! ,,int]ior ,,m>* #c1 #ahdi ,u4,s4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice3 #aigd ,= sale by ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,u4,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 #bjdjb--,price #b4fe 7pap] cov]s7 ,/ock ,numb] #bdja-jbdih ,cont5ts ,page ,a new p>k is born #a ,major ,p[ell's riv] exp$itions #d ,e>ly hi/ory #i ,prehi/oric p #i ,late arrivals #ad ,geographic sett+ #ag ,rocks & l&=ms #bj ,h[ to see ! p>k #bf ,! high mesas #bg ,isl& 9 ! ,sky #bg ,dead ,horse ,po9t ,/ate ,p>k #cj ,nor? entrance #cd ,%af] & ,:ite ,rim ,trails #cd ,gr& ,view ,po9t #cf ,gre5 ,riv] ,ov]look #dc ,upheaval ,dome #dc ,hat* ,po9t #df ,ne$les ,ov]look #dg ,canyonl&s ,ov]look #dh ,u-#c ,loop #di ,anticl9e ,ov]look #ej ,orange ,cliffs #ed ,! ,b5*l&s #eh ,! ,maze & ,l& ( ,/&+ ,rocks #eh ,! ,ne$les di/rict #fj ,salt1 ,davis1 & ,lav5d] ,canyons #fd ,! ,ne$les & ,! ,grab5s #gc ,canyons ( ! ,gre5 & ,colorado ,riv]s #he ,entr5*$ & cut(f me&]s #hf ,gre5 ,riv] #hg ,colorado ,riv] #if ,summ>y ( geologic hi/ory #aab ,additional read+ #aag ,ackn[l$gm5ts #aah ,select$ ref]5ces #aah ,index #abc ,illu/rations ,page ,frontispiece4 ,look+ nor? f ,devils ,lane ne> ,silv] ,/airs4 ,figure #a4 ,map ( ,canyonl&s ,national ,p>k #f #b4 ,pictographs on wall ( ,horse%oe ,canyon #aj #c4 ,! ,all ,am]ican ,man #aj #d4 ,t[] ,ru9 #aa #e4 ,newspap] ,rock #ac #f4 ,cave ,spr+ ,l9e ,camp #ae #g4 ,canyonl&s ,national ,p>k & vic9ity #ai #h4 ,%all[ inl& sea #ba #i4 ,rock column ( ,canyonl&s ,national ,p>k #bb #aj4 ,section across ,canyonl&s ,national ,p>k #bd #aa4 ,a]ial view ( ,! ,neck & ,%af] ,trail #bh #ab4 ,m]rimac & ,monitor ,buttes #bi #ac4 ,cane ,creek anticl9e 7view$ f ,dead ,horse ,po9t7 #cj #ad4 ,cutaway view ( anticl9e #ca #ae4 ,look+ s\?we/ f ,dead ,horse ,po9t #cb #af4 ,%af] ,trail #ce #ag4 ,natural tanks #cg #ah4 ,canyon ,viewpo9t ,ar* #cg #ai4 ,index map %[+ photograph localities #ch #bj4 ,! ,:ite ,rim #dj #ba4 ,monum5t ,bas9 f ,gr& ,view ,po9t #da #bb4 ,monum5t ,bas9 f ! air #db #bc4 ,/illwat] ,canyon & ,gre5 ,riv] #dd #bd4 ,turks ,head #de #be4 ,upheaval ,dome #de #bf4 ,cutaway view ( syncl9e #df #bg4 ,junction ,butte & ,gr& ,view ,po9t #dh #bh4 ,syncl9e 9 core ( ,lockh>t ,bas9 #di #bi4 ,view we/w>d f ,u-#c loop #ej #cj4 ,look+ nor? f ,anticl9e ,ov]look #ea #ca4 ,cane ,creek anticl9e 7view$ f ,anticl9e ,ov]look7 #eb #cb4 ,view s\!a/w>d f ,! ,spur #ee #cc4 ,look+ nor? d[n ,mill>d ,canyon #ef #cd4 ,elat]ite seep+ f ,:ite ,rim ,s&/one #ei #ce4 ,:ite ,rim ,s&/one #ei #cf4 ,! ,doll ,h\se #fj #cg4 ,*ur* ,rock #fa #ch4 ,nor? & s\? ,six-,%oot] ,peaks #fb #ci4 ,squaw ,flat ,campgr\nd #fd #dj4 ,a]ial view ea/w>d across ,salt ,canyon #fe #da4 ,wood5 ,%oe #ff #db4 ,paul ,bunyans ,potty #fg #dc4 ,angel ,ar* #fi #dd4 ,fi%eye ,ar* #gj #de4 ,w$d+ ,r+ ,ar* #ga #df4 ,h& ,holt ,ar* #ga #dg4 ,cleft ,ar* #gb #dh4 ,ar* #gb #di4 ,! ,ne$les #gc #ej4 ,*esl] ,p>k 9 ,! ,ne$les #gc #ea4 ,! ,ne$les & ,! ,grab5s #gd #eb4 ,trail to ,druid ,ar* #gg #ec4 ,upp] ,elephant ,canyon #gg #ed4 ,druid ,ar* #gh #ee4 ,a simple grab5 #hj #ef4 ,cutaway view ( normal fault #hj #eg4 ,we/ wall ( ,cyclone ,canyon ,grab5 #ha #eh4 ,l[] ,elephant ,canyon #ha #ei4 ,! conflu5ce f ! air #hb #fj4 ,! conflu5ce f ,conflu5ce ,ov]look #hc #fa4 ,cat>act ,canyon #hd #fb4 ,b[knot ,b5d #hi #fc4 ,inscription by ,juli5 #ia #fd4 ,buttes ( ! ,cross #ib #fe4 ,&]son ,bottom ,r9con #id #ff4 ,dra9age *anges at ,&]son ,bottom ,r9con #id #fg4 ,/illwat] ,canyon #ie #fh4 ,! ,portal #ig #fi4 ,! ,canyon ,k+ #ih #gj4 ,pota% m9e ( ,texas ,gulf1 ,inc #ii #ga4 ,evaporation ponds #ii #gb4 ,petrifi$ log #ajb #gc4 ,relatively rec5t r9cons along ,indian ,creek #ajc #gd4 ,! ,loop #ajd #ge4 ,rev]se fault #aje #gf4 ,cutaway view ( rev]se fault #aje #gg4 ,salt ,creek ,canyon #ajg #gh4 ,! ,slide #ajg #gi4 ,gypsum plug #aji #hj4 ,geologic "t spiral #aaj #ha4 ,late ,cretace\s sea #aad ,a ,new ,p>k is ,born ,on ,septemb] #ab1 #aifd1 ,presid5t ,lyndon ,b4 ,johnson sign$ an act ( ,congress e/abli%+ ,canyonl&s z our ?irty-second national p>k1 ! fir/ addition to ! p>k sy/em s9ce #aief4 ,! bir? ( ,canyonl&s ,national ,p>k 0 n )\t labor pa9s4 ,9 ! #aicj's virtually all ! va/ canyon c\ntry betwe5 ,moab1 ,utah1 & ,gr& ,canyon1 ,ariz41 0 /udi$ = a project$ ,escalante ,national ,p>k4 ,b ,escalante fail$ to get (f ! gr\nd1 ev5 :5 a second attempt 0 made 9 ! #aiej's4 ,n until ano!r proposal _h be5 made & legislative compromises _h be5 work$ out did ! p>k mat]ialize1 ?is "t "u a new "n--,canyonl&s4 ,among ! _m dignit>ies :o witness$ ! signature on ,septemb] #ab 0 "o ( ! m5 mo/ responsible = ! p>k's creation1 p>k sup]9t5d5t ,bates ,e4 ,wilson1 :o did ! pione] spade "w 9 ! field4 ,! newborn p>k cov]$ #djj squ>e miles#a at ! junction ( ! ,gre5 & ,colorado ,riv]s 9 ,utah4 ,x includ$ su* magnific5t features z ,isl& 9 ! ,sky1 ,! ,ne$les1 ,upheaval ,dome1 & ! two great /one =mations1 ,angel ,ar* & ,druid ,ar*4 ,on ,novemb] #af1 #aiga1 ,presid5t ,ri*>d ,m4 ,nixon sign$ an act ( ,congress enl>g+ ! p>k by #abe squ>e miles 9 f\r sep>ate p>cels ( l&1 s ! area n[ totals #ebe squ>e miles1 all 9 s\!a/]n ,utah1 z %[n on ! map 7fig4 #a74 ,! nor!rn b\nd>y 0 ext5d$ to include p>ts ( ,taylor & ,%af] ,canyons4 ,! addition at ! s\!a/ corn] takes 9 ! headwat]s ( ,salt & ,lav5d] ,canyons & "p ( ,davis' ,canyon4 ,! l>ge/ addition1 at ! s\?we/ corn]1 includes grotesquely c>v$ areas be>+ su* colorful names z ,! ,maze1 ,l& ( ,/&+ ,rocks1 ,! ,f9s1 ,! ,doll ,h\se 7fig4 #cf71 & ,ernies ,c\ntry 7nam$ aft] ,ernie ,l>son1 an e>ly-day %eepman74 ,! f\r? p>cel lies ab\t #h miles we/ ( ! nor?we/ corn] & encompasses mu* ( ,horse%oe ,canyon1 ^: walls are adorn$ by /rik+ pictographs 7fig4 #b74 ,at ?is writ+ 7#aigc7 ! p>k is /ill 9 its infancy1 ) mo/ ( ! plann$ developm5ts & improvem5ts await+ "t & money1 b a good />t has be5 made4 ,9 #aifj my family & ,i fir/ trav]s$ ,isl& 9 ! ,sky to ,gr& ,view ,po9t ov] a r\gh jeep trail2 n[ x is rea*$ ) ease ov] a good grad$ road :i* ev5tually w be pav$4 ,a tempor>y trail]-h\s$ entrance /ation ne> ,! ,neck w be replac$ by p]man5t headqu>t]s = ! ,isl& 9 ! ,sky di/rict aft] wat] is pip$ up f wells drill$ ne> ! m\? ( ,taylor ,canyon4 ,9 ,augu/ #aife1 :5 ! ,p>k 0 b #aa mon?s old1 we drove ! family c> ov] a two-track dirt 8road0 f ,dug\t ,ran* to ,cave ,spr+--tempor>y headqu>t]s = ! ,ne$les di/rict ( ! p>k1 ^: p]sonnel 7 h\s$ p>tly 9 trail]s & p>tly 9 ! cave4 ,n[ a mod]n pav$ highway1 built by ! ,/ate 7,utah ,highway #aa7 = #ai miles to ,dug\t ,ran* & by ,san ,juan ,c\nty1 ! ,/ate ( ,utah1 & ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice = ! next #ah miles1 ext5ds a total ( #ch miles f ,u4,s4 ,highway #afc to a new mod]n campgr\nd at ,squaw ,flat 7fig4 #ci74 ,! entrance /ation & h\s+ = p>k p]sonnel are n[ 9 trail]s ab\t #b miles we/ ( ,cave ,spr+1 b ! trail]s w be replac$ by p]man5t /ructures4 ,a %all[ well ne> tempor>y headqu>t]s supplies ! only wat] available to ! campgr\nd #a4e miles to ! we/1 b a new supply is to be develop$ = ! campgr\nd & p]man5t headqu>t]s4 ,groc]ies1 gasol9e1 trail] hookups1 & *>t] flights are available at ,canyonl&s ,resort1 j outside ! ea/]n p>k b\nd>y4 ,! old c[boy l9e camp at ,cave ,spr+ has be5 re/or$ s t visitors c see ?is phase ( colorful ,canyonl&s hi/ory 7fig4 #f74 ,except = #b miles ( p>tly grad$ road we/ f ,squaw ,flat1 all travel to ! we/ & s\? is by f\r-:eel-drive vehicle or on foot4 ,9 ord] to rea* ! conflu5ce ( ! ,gre5 & ,colorado ,riv]s1 ,! ,grab5s1 & ,*esl] & ,virg9ia ,p>ks1 driv]s mu/ conqu] =midable ,elephant ,hill1 ) its #dj p]c5t grades & backup swit*backs4 ,,sob ,hill & ! ,silv] ,/airs also tax ! skill & pati5ce ( jeep/]s4 ,p>ts ( ?is area w ev5tually be rea*$ by grad$ roads1 possibly by ab\t #aigg1 b _m hope t mu* ( x w be kept accessible only by jeep or foot trails4 ,bates ,wilson1 rec5tly retir$ sup]9t5d5t n only ( ,canyonl&s ,national ,p>k b also ( ne>by ,ar*es ,national ,p>k & ( ,natural ,bridges ,national ,monum5t ab\t #hj miles to ! s\?1 is "o ( ! few m5 9 ! p>k s]vice :o has guid$ a national p>k ?r\gh all phases--location1 promotion1 e/abli%m5t1 & initial developm5t4 ,he retir$ 9 ,june #aigb to a ran* along ! ,colorado ,riv] nor? ( ,moab4 ,unless cr$it$ to o!rs1 = :i* grateful ackn[l$gm5t is made1 ! color photographs 7 tak5 by me4 ,mo/ ( ^! 7 tak5 on #d- by #e-;in* film 9 a tripod-m\nt$ press cam]a us+ l5ses ( sev]al focal l5g?s1 b a few 7 tak5 on #ce-millimet] film4 ,unless cr$it$ to o!rs1 ! black & :ite photographs 7 k9dly loan$ f ! ,moab & ,ar*es files ( ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice4 ,! po9ts f :i* mo/ ( ! photographs 7 tak5 are %[n 9 figure #ai4 ,illu/ration3 ,petroglyph ,major ,p[ell's ,riv] ,exp$itions ,al?\gh ,major ,john ,wesley ,p[ell 0 n ! fir/ geologi/ to view ! canyon l&s1 8 two d>+ boat trips d[n ! ,gre5 & ,colorado ,riv]s 9 #ahfi & #ahga made hi/ory by br++ to light ! fir/ descriptions ( ! geography & geology ( :at 0 !n ! l>ge/ rema9+ un*>t$ wild]ness 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,_m l&m>ks along ! canyons 9 ! p>k 7 nam$ by ,p[ell & 8 m5 dur+ ^? explorations4 ,j4 ,s4 ,newb]ry is ?\ght to h be5 ! fir/ geologi/ to view ! canyon l&s--at lea/ he seems to h be5 ! fir/ "o ^: obs]vations 7 record$ 7#ahfa71 b ! m compreh5sive f9d+s ( ,p[ell 7#ahge7 7 ! ones t made hi/ory4 ,! #ajj? anniv]s>y ( ,major ,p[ell's pione] exploration ( ! ,gre5 & ,colorado ,riv]s 0 commemorat$ 9 #aifi by a national c5t5nial sponsor$ jo9tly by ! ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior1 ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 ! ,national ,geographic ,society1 & _m o!r organizations4 ,?is t\*$ (f _m magaz9e & newspap] articles1 sev]al commemorative programs & d$ications1 & sev]al publications ( la/+ int]e/4 ,notewor?y among ! latt] is ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey ,pr(essional ,pap] #ffi entitl$ 8,! ,colorado ,riv] ,region & ,john ,wesley ,p[ell40 ,( its f\r sep>ate p>ts1 two are ( special int]e/ to our ,canyonl&s /ory3 "p ,a1 8,john ,wesley ,p[ell3 ,pione] ,/atesman ( ,f$]al ,sci5ce10 by ,rabbitt 7#aifi7 & "p ,c1 8,geologic ,hi/ory ( ! ,colorado ,riv]10 by ,hunt 7#aifi74 ,an int]e/+ hi/ory ( ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice by ,ev]h>t 7#aigb7 0 publi%$ z "p ( ! national p>k c5t5nial ef=t4 ,! ,p[ell ,society1 ,ltd41 ( ,d5v]1 ,colo41 0 f\nd$ ma9ly to publi% f\r 8,riv] ,runn]s' ,guides to ! ,canyons ( ! ,gre5 & ,colorado ,riv]s1 ) ,emphasis on ,geologic ,features10 cov]+ five rea*es ( ! two riv]s f ,flam+ ,gorge ,dam1 ,utah1 to ,gr& ,canyon1 ,ariz4 ,"o ( ^! by ,muts*l] 7#aifi7 cov]s ,labyr9?1 ,/illwat]1 & ,cat>act ,canyons1 all 9 ,canyonl&s ,national ,p>k4 ,ano!r guidebook by ,ba>s & ,mol5a> 7#aiga7 cov]s ! ,colorado ,riv] f ab\t ,pota%1 ,utah1 to ! conflu5ce ) ! ,gre51 & ,cat>act ,canyon4 ,x is difficult to realize t ?\s&s ( p annually n[ boat d[n ! canyons ,p[ell d>$ to explore )\t k ( ! dang]s t lay ahead4 ,dur+ ! summ] ( #aifh a ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey exp$ition l$ by ,eug5e ,m4 ,%oemak] retrac$ ! hi/oric #ahfi & #ahga riv] voyages ( ,major ,p[ell1 9 ord] to reoccupy ! cam]a /ations ( ! #ahga voyage & rephotograph ! same sc5es ne>ly #ajj ye>s lat]4 ,rem>kably en\gh1 ab\t #aej cam]a /ations 7 recov]$1 _m requir+ consid]able se>*1 & (ficial photograph] ,hal ,g4 ,/eph5s rephotograph$ ! sc5es tak5 ) cumb]some wet-plate cam]as ne>ly #ajj ye>s e>li] by ,e4 ,o4 ,beaman 7above ! site ( ,lees ,f]ry7 & by ,j4 ,k4 ,hill]s 7bel[ ! site74 ,a report conta9+ ^! rem>kable sets ( be=e & aft] photographs hopefully w be publi%$ ev5tually z a delay$ "p ( ! ,p[ell c5t5nial4 ,a few pairs h be5 publi%$ by o!rs 7,ba>s & ,mol5a>1 #aiga1 p4 #ij-ii71 & two pairs are %[n h]e9 z figures #fb & #fg4 ,z ^! photographs %[1 9 mo/ places ! rocks & ev5 ! vegetation rema9 virtually un*ang$ aft] ne>ly a c5tury1 b a few o!r pairs n includ$ h]e9 %[ cata/rophic *anges result+ f local floods or rockfalls4 ,illu/ration3 ,,canyonl&s ,,national ,,p>k1 %[+ location 9 ,utah1 ,lake ,p[ell1 ,dead ,horse ,po9t ,/ate ,p>k1 b\nd>ies1 /reams1 roads1 trails1 l&=ms1 & pr9cipal nam$ features4 ,!re 0 insuffici5t room to %[ all nam$ features2 "s n %[n are relat$ 9 text by di/ance & direction to nam$ ones1 & "s additional names are giv5 9 figures #g1 #ea1 & #ei4 ,hans ,flat ,rang] ,/ation ne> left bord] is 9 ,gl5 ,canyon ,national ,recreation ,area4 ,! read] is ref]r$ to road maps issu$ by ! ,/ate or by oil companies = ! location ( ,u4,s4 ,highway #afc 7%[n z #afj on old maps7 & o!r ne>by roads & = ! locations ( ! t[ns ( ,gre5 ,riv]1 ,cresc5t ,junction1 ,moab1 ,la ,sal ,junction1 & ,monticello4 ,visitors also c obta9 pamphlets at ! entrance /ations to ! ,ne$les & ,isl& 9 ! ,sky di/ricts ( ! p>k or at ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice (fice 9 ,moab2 ^! conta9 up-to-date maps ( ! p>k & ! late/ available in=mation on roads1 trails1 campsites1 & picnic sites4 7,fig4 #a7 ,on ,june #bf1 #aifi1 /ate & local (ficials met along ! ,gre5 ,riv] at ! m\? ( ,split ,m\nta9 ,canyon1 9 ,d9osaur ,national ,monum5t1 to d$icate a monum5t to ,major ,p[ell1 commemorat+ ! #ajj? anniv]s>y ( 8 fir/ riv] trip1 & to d$icate ! ,p[ell ,c5t5nial ,sc5ic ,drive1 also kn[n z ! ,p[ell ,memorial ,highway4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( any roads closely p>allel+ ! ,gre5 & ,colorado ,riv]s except = %ort di/ances1 ?is r\te is virtually ! only means ( approa* to ! riv]s & comprises p>ts ( sev]al /ate & f$]al highways connect+ ,gre5 ,riv]1 ,wyo41 & ,gr& ,canyon1 ,ariz4 ,a segm5t ( x1 ,u4,s4 ,highway #afc1 connects ,cresc5t ,junction1 ,moab1 ,monticello1 & ,bl&+1 all 9 ,utah1 & provides ! pr9cipal access r\tes to ,canyonl&s & ,ar*es ,national ,p>ks & ,natural ,bridges ,national ,monum5t4 ,! c]emonies at ! m\? ( ,split ,m\nta9 ,canyon began ) ! l&+ ( ! (ficial p>ty flotilla ( f\r boats simil> to ! ones us$ #ajj ye>s e>li] by ,p[ell1 :o 0 imp]sonat$ by a be>d$ man dress$ to resemble ! "o-arm$ major4 ,aft] ! d$ication1 ! f\r boats resum$ ! voyage d[n ! ,gre5 ,riv] = ano!r c]emony4 ,on ,june #bi a second monum5t 0 d$icat$ at ! head ( ,desolation ,canyon1 "s #ej miles s\?we/ ( ,v]nal1 ,utah1 :]e ! #ahfi ,p[ell exp$ition fir/ v5tur$ into ! !n unkn[n wild]ness4 ,! bronze plaque id5tifies ,desolation ,canyon1 nam$ by ,p[ell1 z a national hi/oric l&m>k t comprises #eh1jjj acres 9 an area #a mile wide on ea* side ( a #ie-mile rea* ( ! ,gre5 ,riv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,petroglyph ,e>ly ,hi/ory ,prehi/oric p ,!re is abundant evid5ce t ! canyon l&s 7 inhabit$ by cliff dwell]s c5turies be=e ! explorations ( ,p[ell or ! e>li] visits ( ! ,spani% explor]s & ! fur trapp]s4 ,projectile po9ts & o!r artifacts f\nd 9 ! ne>by ,la ,sal & ,abajo ,m\nta9s indicate occupation by aborig9es f ab\t #c1jjj-b1jjj ,b4,c4 to ab\t #a ,a4,d4 7,hunt1 #aief74 ,ar*eologi/s h f\nd evid5ce ( two occupations by prehi/oric peoples 9 & ne> ,canyonl&s ,national ,p>k--! ,fremont p ar\nd #hej or #ijj ,a4,d4 & ! ,pueblo or ,anasazi p f ab\t #ajge to _! dep>ture 9 ! late #ab? c5tury 7,j5n+s1 #aigj74 ,)9 ! p>k1 ! mo/ d5sely populat$ area 0 along ,salt ,canyon & its tribut>ies 9 ! ,ne$les di/rict1 b _m prehi/oric dwell+s & gran>ies are also f\nd j s\? ( ! p>k 9 ,beef ,bas9 & ,ru9 ,p>k4 ,! ,fremont p1 :o 7 ma9ly hunt]s1 seem+ly left no artifacts1 b !y did leave beautiful pictographs1 or rock pa9t+s1 su* z ! gr\p ( gho/ly human figures on ! s&/one wall ( ,horse%oe ,canyon 7fig4 #b71 9 ! deta*$ unit nor?we/ ( ! p>k prop] 7fig4 #a74 ,! ,all ,am]ican ,man 7fig4 #c71 a mo/ unusual 8,humpty ,dumpty0 figure pa9t$ 9 r$1 :ite1 & blue on ! wall ( a cave ab\t #c miles above ! cable across ! ea/ =k ( ,salt ,canyon1 is believ$ to h be5 done 9 ! ,fremont /yle1 b z %[n 9 ! photograph1 x is next to "o ( ?ree dwell+s 9 ! same cave t 7 built lat] by ! ,anasazi p4 ,t[] ,ru9 7fig4 #d7 is "o ( _m well-pres]v$ gran>ies built by ! ,anasazi1 :o f>m$ ! flood pla9s ( creeks su* z ,salt & ,horse ,canyons4 ,accord+ to ,j5n+s 7#aigj71 ,!re is "s evid5ce t ^! e>ly ,utah p practic$ a =m ( irrigation1 us+ %all[ dit*es to c>ry wat] to _! crops4 ,!re is also evid5ce t a *ange 9 climate sometime ar\nd ! late #ab? c5tury br\ght ab\t summ] fla% flood+ & induc$ ! cliff dwell]s to ab&on _! ,canyonl&s homes & f>ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pictographs ,,on ,,wall ,,( ,,horse%oe ,,canyon1 believ$ to h be5 made by ,fremont p ab\t #a1jjj ye>s ago4 ,numb]$ *alkm>ks #a foot ap>t along bottom 7 made by "s previ\s photograph]4 ,photograph by ,walt] ,meay]s ,edw>ds1 #aiga ,national ,geographic ,society4 7,fig4 #b7 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,all ,,am]ican ,,man1 on wall ( cave 9 ,c$> ,mesa ,s&/one ,memb] ( ,cutl] ,=mation along upp] ,salt ,canyon1 believ$ to h be5 pa9t$ by ,fremont p4 ,gran>y on "r 0 built by ,anasazi p4 ,*alk outl9e 0 add$ by "s previ\s photograph]4 ,photograph by ,national ,p>k ,s]vice4 7,fig4 #c7 ,illu/ration3 ,,t[] ,,ru91 an ,anasazi gran>y 9 cave 9 ,c$> ,mesa ,s&/one ,memb] along tribut>y ( ,horse ,canyon4 7,fig4 #d7 ,visitors to ! ,ne$les di/rict pass ?r\gh ,indian ,creek ,/ate ,p>k #ab miles we/ ( ,u4,s4 ,highway #afc4 ,! pr9cipal attraction1 :i* is visible at ! base ( ! ,w+ate ,s&/one cliff on ! "r 7nor?71 is ,newspap] ,rock 7fig4 #e71 "o ( ! be/ pres]v$ & mo/ intrigu+ petroglyphs1 or rock inscriptions1 9 ! canyon l&s4 ,_m ( ! old] cliff faces ( ! ,w+ate & ,navajo ,s&/ones are d>k5$ or black5$ by des]t v>ni%1 a natural pigm5t ( iron & manganese oxides4 ,! prehi/oric inhabitants ( ! canyon c\ntry le>n$ t effective & endur+ designs c\ld be creat$ simply by *isel+ ?r\gh ! ?9 d>k lay] to reveal ! buff or tan s&/one b5ea?4 ,accord+ to ,jesse ,d4 ,j5n+s 7lett] ( ,m>4 #bj1 #aifb1 to ,utah ,div4 ,p>ks & ,recreation71 ,!re are at lea/ ?ree p]iods ( workman%ip visible on ! rock4 ,! la/ is q rec5t s9ce x %[s m5 m\nt$ on horses br\ght 9 by ,spani% explor]s4 ,^! are probably less ?an #bjj ye>s old & are probably ! "w ( ,ute tribesm54 ,! o!rs _c be id5tifi$ ) any specific cultural gr\p1 al?\gh ! e>lie/ may be z mu* z "o ?\s& ye>s old & are probably ! "w ( ! s-call$ 8,fremont0 peoples 99 99 99 ,9 addition to ! designs by ! ,fremont1 ,anasazi1 & ,ute arti/s1 y w note a few names & dates z late z #aied4 ,illu/ration3 ,petroglyph ,illu/ration3 ,,newspap] ,,rock1 petroglyphs cut 9 ,w+ate ,s&/one cliff 9 ,indian ,creek ,/ate ,p>k4 ,inscriptions probably span ab\t #a1jjj ye>s & include figures by ,fremont1 ,anasazi1 & ,ute p 7m\nt$ horsem57 & by a few e>ly :ite settl]s4 7,fig4 #e7 ,late arrivals ,! mod]n hi/ory ( ,canyonl&s is z colorful z ! canyons !mselves1 & involves ,indians1 cattlem51 bank robb]s1 cattle ru/l]s1 & horse?ieves1 foll[$ by oil drill]s1 uranium hunt]s1 pota% m9]s1 jeep/]s1 boat]s1 & t\ri/s4 ,a brief summ>y ( _! activities is tak5 ma9ly f a rec5t acc\nt by ,max9e ,newell 7#aigj71 to ^: "w y are ref]r$ = fur!r details4 ,b&s ( ,ute & ,navajo ,indians roam$ ! canyons & mesas until ! late #ahjj's1 b gradually !y 7 driv5 out & succe$$ by pione] cattlem51 ! fir/ ( :om 7 ,george & ,silas ,gre5 9 #ahgd-ge1 foll[$ by ! ,taylor bro!rs 9 #ahhj-ha4 ,c[boys nam$ _m ( ! natural features ( ! area1 & ! ,ne$les c\ntry provid$ ! sc5ic backgr\nd = "s ( ,zane ,grey's we/]n tales & = ,david ,lav5d]'s 8,"o ,man's ,we/40 ,lav5d] ,canyon1 ^: headwat]s 7 rec5tly annex$ to ! p>k1 0 nam$ = him4 ,visitors to ! ,ne$les di/rict pass ! ,dug\t ,ran* ab\t #g miles nor?we/ ( ,newspap] ,rock4 ,! e>lie/ ran* dwell+s 7 dirt h\ses built by ! ,som]ville & ,scorup bro!rs1 :o b\ght ! huge ,indian ,creek spread = #dbf1jjj f ! ,c>lisle ,co4 9 #aiah4 ,9 #aigc ! ran* 0 op]at$ by ,rob]t & ,heidi ,r$d1 ^: l9e camp at ,cave ,spr+ s]v$ z tempor>y p>k headqu>t]s & lat] 0 re/or$ to a typical l9e camp 7fig4 #f7 z "p ( ! ,cave ,spr+ ,environm5tal ,trail4 ,robb]s ,roo/ ,canyon & ,spr+ "s #cj miles we/ ( ! p>k 0 ! hang\t ( a horse?ief nam$ ,cap ,br[n 9 ! sev5ties4 ,f #ahhd until ab\t #aijj x 0 ! hid+ place = ! notori\s ,but* ,cassidy & 8 ,wild ,bun*1 :o robb$ banks1 tra9s1 & m9e payrolls & /ole or trad$ horses & cattle f ! ran*]s4 ,cassidy & 8 gang manag$ to get along ) ! cattlem5 by ei!r replac+ or pay+ = mo/ ( ! horses & cattle1 b ! law f9ally drove !m out1 & ,but*1 ! ,sundance ,kid1 & a woman nam$ ,etta ,place mov$ to ,bolivia4 ,accord+ to ! movie v]sion1 ,but* & ! ,sundance ,kid 7 hunt$ d[n & %ot by ,bolivian soldi]s = robb+ banks & m9e payrolls1 b accord+ to ,bak] 7#aiga7 ,but* return$ safely to ! ,unit$ ,/ates & di$ 9 ! ,nor?we/ 9 #aidc or #aidd1 & ! ,sundance ,kid is report$ to h di$ 9 ,casp]1 ,wyo41 9 #aieh at age #ih4 ,art ,ekk] 7,f9dley1 #aiga1 fig4 #c71 pres5t own] ( ,robb]s ,roo/ ,ran*1 :i* conta9s ! =m] hang\t1 comm5t$3 8,a lot ( p are sure t ,but* & 8 gang buri$ "s money ar\nd ,robb]s ,roo/4 ,e s (t5 somebody turns up ) a map or a metal detector & wants to />t digg+4 ,!y've f\nd a lot ( ru/y t9 cans & old horse%oes40 ,illu/ration3 ,,cave ,,spr+ ,,l9e ,,camp4 ,above1 l9e-camp ext]ior1 %[+ entrance & corral2 bel[1 int]ior1 %[+ furni%+s & /aple food items kept 9 /ock4 ,s]v$ z regul> c[boy l9e camp = _m ye>s1 !n z "p ( tempor>y p>k headqu>t]s2 lat] re/or$ z "p ( ,cave ,spr+ ,environm5tal ,trail4 ,a ne>by cave1 also 9 ,c$> ,mesa ,s&/one1 conta9s a spr+4 7,fig4 #f7 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f1 l[] image ,! uranium boom ( ! #aiej's1 t\*$ (f by ,*>lie ,/e5's fabul\s ,mi ,vida m9e s\? ( ,la ,sal1 ,utah1 tempor>ily skyrocket$ ! population ( ,moab & s5t uranium hunt]s into e nook & cranny ( ! canyon l&s4 ,_m ( ! jeep trails 7 fir/ made !n1 & l&+ /rips & prospect holes ( t p]iod are pl5tiful4 ,mo/ ( ! prospects 7 9 ! ,*9le ,=mation1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,moss ,back ,memb] at ! base1 b "s 7 9 rocks old] ?an ! ,*9le1 & "s 7 9 y\ng] rocks4 ,! uranium m9es 9 ! p>k are no long] op]at+1 b production has be5 resum$ 9 a few m9es j nor? & ea/ ( ! p>k4 ,in=mation on "s ( ^! m9es1 obta9$ f ,e4 ,p4 ,b]oni 7,u4,s4 ,atomic ,en]gy ,comm41 oral commun41 ,feb4 #ad1 #aigc7 is giv5 at appropriate places bel[4 ,! numb] ( boat]s or float]s on ! ,colorado & ,gre5 ,riv]s is increas+ /eadily1 & trips by jet boat & o!r p[] boats are available f ,moab4 ,t\ri/ travel ov] good roads on ,isl& 9 ! ,sky & ,hat* ,po9t & by pav$ road to ,! ,ne$les also is increas+ /eadily4 ,travel we/ ( ! ,gre5 ,riv] & ma9 /em ( ! ,colorado ,riv] is /ill re/rict$ l>gely to a few jeep trails & to hik+ or horseback rid+4 ,illu/ration3 ,petroglyph ,geographic ,sett+ ,geologi/s h divid$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates into _m prov9ces1 ea* ( :i* has di/9ctive geologic & topographic *>act]i/ics t set x ap>t f ! o!rs4 ,"o ( ! mo/ intrigu+ & sc5ic ( ^! is ! ,colorado ,plateaus prov9ce1 ref]r$ to 9 ?is report simply z ! ,colorado ,plateau1 or ! ,plateau4 ,?is prov9ce1 :i* cov]s "s #aej1jjj squ>e miles & is n all plateaus1 z we %all see1 ext5ds f ,rifle1 ,colo41 at ! nor!a/ to a little beyond ,flag/aff1 ,ariz41 at ! s\?we/ & f ,c$> ,city1 ,utah1 at ! we/ ne>ly to ,albuqu]que1 ,n4 ,mex41 at ! s\!a/4 ,canyonl&s ,national ,p>k appropriately occupies ! he>t ( ! ,canyon ,l&s section1 "o ( ! six subdivisions ( ! ,plateau4 ,z ! names imply1 ! ,canyon ,l&s section ( ! ,plateau comprises a high plateau1 g5]ally rang+ 9 altitude f #e1jjj to #g1jjj feet1 :i* has be5 intricately dissect$ by lit]ally ?\s&s ( canyons4 ,canyonl&s ,national ,p>k is dra9$ entirely by ! ,colorado & ,gre5 ,riv]s1 ^: conflu5ce is an important & sc5ic c5tral feature ( ! p>k 7figs4 #ei1 #fj74 ,individual canyons trav]s$ or dra9$ by ^! riv]s are discuss$ 9 lat] *apt]s4 ,:5 ,major ,p[ell rea*$ ! conflu5ce 9 #ahfi1 ! riv] fl[+ 9 f ! nor!a/ to jo9 ! ,gre5 ,riv] 0 call$ ! ,gr& ,riv]1 & ! ,gre5 & ,gr& jo9$ !re to =m ! ,colorado ,riv]4 ,! ,gr& ,riv] 0 r5am$ ,colorado ,riv] by act ( ! ,colorado ,/ate ,legislature approv$ ,m>* #bd1 #aiba1 & by act ( ,congress approv$ ,july #be1 #aiba4 ,b ! old t]m /ill rema9s 9 names su* z ,gr& ,c\nty1 ,colo41 ! headwat]s region2 ,gr& ,valley1 a t[n #af miles we/ ( ,rifle1 ,colo42 ,gr& ,valley betwe5 ,palisade & ,mack1 ,colo42 ,gr& ,mesa1 :i* t[]s m ?an a mile above ! ,gr& & ,gunnison ,riv] valleys2 ,gr& ,junction1 ,colo41 a city appropriately locat$ at ! conflu5ce ( ! ,gr& & ,gunnison ,riv]s2 ,gr& ,c\nty1 ,utah1 :i* ! riv] trav]ses aft] ent]+ ,utah2 & ,gr& ,view ,po9t1 ! s\!rn t]m9us ( ,isl& 9 ! ,sky4 ,:5 view$ at a di/ance ( #a foot1 ! %ad$ relief map 7fig4 #a7 %[s ! g5]al %ape ( ! l& surface 9 & ne> ,canyonl&s ,national ,p>k to ! same horizontal scale z x w\ld appe> to a p]son 9 a spacecraft fly+ at a height ( #bej1jjj feet1 or ab\t #dh miles4 ,?is map 0 prep>$ by arti/ ,john ,r4 ,/acy f p>ts ( ! rev]se sides ( f\r pla/ic relief maps#b--,sal9a1 ,moab1 ,cortez1 & ,escalante quadrangles1 at a scale ( #a3bej1jjj--us+ a simple "t- & money-sav+ me?od he devis$ 7,/acy1 #aifb74 ,an image ( ,canyonl&s ,national ,p>k & vic9ity f a satellite at a height ( ab\t #egj miles is %[n 9 figure #g4 ,note :ite cl\ds & black cl\d %ad[s on "r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,canyonl&s ,,national ,,p>k ,,& ,,vic9ity1 f ,,nasa's unmann$ ,e>? ,res\rces ,te*nology ,satellite 7,,erts-#a71 at height ( ab\t #egj miles4 ,! space image map 0 prep>$ f simultane\s scann+ 9 ?ree color b&s--blue gre51 r$1 & ne> infr>$--t 7 comb9$ to produce a false-color image 9 :i* vigor\s gre5 vegetation 7=e/s & irrigat$ areas7 appe>s bright r$1 wat] d>k blue1 & soils & b>e rocks v>i\s %ades ( blue1 blue gre51 or yell[ gre54 ,bright-blue area on we/ bank ( ,colorado ,riv] ab\t #aj miles s\?we/ ( ,moab is ! gr\p ( l>ge evaporation ponds ( ,texas ,gulf1 ,inc41 %[n 9 figures #ca & #ga4 ,images 7 tak5 at #aj3ca3aj a4m41 ,aug4 #bc1 #aigb1 dur+ ! #dcb;d orbit1 telemet]$ to ,alaska1 videotap$1 !n photograph$4 ,sun elevation 0 #ec degrees above horizon f azimu? ( #acj degrees4 ,image cov]s an area ab\t #ajj miles squ>e4 7,see scale47 ,location ( ,monticello is approximate2 t ( o!r t[ns is believ$ to be correct4 ,p>k b\nd>ies are n %[n because ( difficulty 9 locat+ !m accurately1 b features su* z ,colorado & ,gre5 ,riv]s c easily be comp>$ ) ^? 9 figure #a4 7,fig4 #g74 ,rocks & ,l&=ms ,! vivid & v>i$ colors ( ! b>e rocks & ! fanta/ic canyons1 buttes1 spires1 columns1 alcoves1 caves1 ar*es1 & o!r erosional =ms ( ! canyon c\ntry result f a =tuit\s comb9ation ( geologic & climatic circum/ances & ev5ts unequal$ 9 mo/ o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,fir/ among ^! ev5ts 0 ! pil+ up1 lay] ^u lay]1 ( ?\s&s ( feet ( s$im5t>y rocks "u a wide v>iety ( environm5ts4 ,s$im5t>y rocks ( ! region are compos$ ( p>ticles rang+ 9 size f clay & silt ?r\gh s& & gravel c>ri$ to _! re/+ places by mov+ wat]1 silt & s& p>ticles transport$ by w9d1 & "s mat]ials precipitat$ f wat] solutions1 su* z lime/one 7calcium c>bonate71 dolomite 7calcium & magnesium c>bonate71 gypsum 7calcium sulfate ) "s wat]71 anhydrite 7calcium sulfate alone71 common salt 7sodium *loride71 pota% m9]als su* z potassium *loride1 & a few o!r less common types4 ,"s ( ! mat]ials 7 laid d[n 9 %all[ seas t once cov]$ ! area 7fig4 #h7 or 9 lagoons & e/u>ies ne> ! sea4 ,"s b$s 7 deposit$ by /reams 9 inl& bas9s or pla9s1 a few 7 deposit$ 9 lakes1 & "s1 l ! ,navajo ,s&/one1 7 c>ri$ 9 by ! w9d4 ,! "* & ?ickness ( ! s$im5t>y rocks1 & ! names & ages assign$ to !m by geologi/s1 are %[n 9 ! rock column 9 figure #i & 9 ! cross sections 9 figures #aj & #ae1 & ! hi/ory ( _! deposition is discuss$ 9 ! *apt] 8,summ>y ( ,geologic ,hi/ory40 ,! rock column 0 compil$ ma9ly f g5]aliz$ /ratigraphic sections giv5 by ,bak] 7#aicc1 #aidf71 ,mc,knight 7#aidj71 ,h9ri*s & o!rs 7#aifg1 #aiga;b71 & ,f4 ,a4 ,mc,keown & ,p4 ,p4 ,orkild 7,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey1 unpub4 data1 ,m>4 #af1 #aigc74 ,n expos$ 9 ! area b pres5t f> b5ea? ! s$im5t>y cov]1 & expos$ 9 a few surr\nd+ places1 are examples ( ! o!r two pr9cipal types ( rocks3 7#a7 igne\s rocks1 solidifi$ f molt5 rock =c$ into or above y\ng] rocks along cracks1 jo9ts1 & faults & 7#b7 mu* old] metamorphic rocks1 =m$ f o!r pre-exi/+ rock types by great heat & pressure at extreme dep?s4 ,! p>ticles compris+ ! s$im5t>y rocks 7 d]iv$ by wea!r+ & erosion ( rocks ( all ?ree types 9 ! headwat] regions ( ! ance/ral ,colorado ,riv] bas94 ,igne\s rocks ( ,t]ti>y ,age 7fig4 #hj7 =m ! ne>by ,la ,sal1 ,abajo1 & ,h5ry ,m\nta9s 7fig4 #g74 ,illu/ration3 ,,%all[ ,,inl& ,,sea :i* cov]$ ,canyonl&s & vic9ity dur+ ,middle ,p5nsylvanian "t4 7,fig4 #h7 ,second among ! ma9 ev5ts lead+ to ! =mation ( ! canyon c\ntry 0 ! rais+ & buckl+ ( ! ,plateau by e>? =ces s t x c\ld be vigor\sly attack$ by v>i\s =ces ( erosion & s t ! rock mat]ials ?us pri$ loose or dissolv$ c\ld ev5tually be c>t$ away to ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia by ! ance/ral ,colorado ,riv]4 ,"s idea ( ! enorm\s volume ( rock ?us remov$ is app>5t :5 y look d[n "s #b1jjj feet to ! riv] f any ( ! high ov]looks1 su* z ,dead ,horse ,po9t 7fig4 #ae7 or ,gre5 ,riv] ,ov]look 7fig4 #bc71 or :5 y lay a /raight$ge across ! ?ree high mesas 9 figure #aj & note ! l>ge volume ( miss+ rocks bel[4 ,n s app>5t1 h[ev]1 is ! fact t "s #aj1jjj feet ( y\ng] ,mesozoic & ,t]ti>y rocks t once ov]lay ?is high plateau also has be5 swept away4 ,9 all1 ! riv] has c>ri$ ?\s&s ( cubic miles ( s$im5t to ! sea & is /ill actively at "w on ?is gigantic e>?mov+ project4 ,9 an e>li] report 7,lohman1 #aife1 p4 #db7 ,i e/imat$ t ! rate ( removal may h be5 z great z ab\t #c cubic miles ea* c5tury4 ,= a few ye>s ! bulk ( x 0 dump$ into ,lake ,mead1 b n[ ,lake ,p[ell is gett+ mu* ( x4 ,:5 ^! & o!r res]voirs ultimately become fill$ ) s$im5t1 = res]voirs & lakes are b tempor>y ?+s1 ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia w aga9 become ! burial gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rock ,,column ,,( ,,canyonl&s ,,national ,,p>k4 ,"o foot equals #j4cje met]4 7,fig4 #i7 ,,age 7millions ( yrs ago7 ,,geologic ,,age ,,"n ,,( ,,rock ,,=mation ,,k9d ,,( ,,rock ,,& ,,h[ ,,x ,,is ,,sculptur$ ,,by ,,erosion ,,?ickness 7feet7 ,,nam$ ,,= ,,occurr5ce ,,at ,,or ,,ne> #aej ,jurassic ,entrada ,s&/one ,crossb$d$ :ite f9e-gra9$ s&/one at top 7,moab ,memb]72 salmon color$ to p9k1 f9e-gra9$1 g5]ally crossb$d$ s&/one 9 middle 7,slick ,rock ,memb]72 r$ e>?y s&/one & silt/one at base 7,dewey ,bridge ,memb]1 grades into ,c>mel ,=mation we/ ( ,gre5 ,riv]74 ,=ms /eep-sid$ buttes nor?1 ea/1 & we/ ( p>k4 #djj-ejj ,entrada ,po9t1 ,san ,rafael ,swell1 ,utah #age ,jurassic ,triassic787 ,gl5 ,c ,gr\p ,navajo ,s&/one ,crossb$d$ buff to gray s&/one1 "s r$ s&/one1 & ?9 b$s ( lime/one4 ,residual r\nd$ pat*es on highe/ mesas4 #cbe-eej ,navajo ,c\ntry1 ,ariz41 ,new ,mexico1 ,utah ,late ,triassic787 ,kay5ta ,=mation ,irregul>ly b$d$ /ream-laid gray1 buff1 lav5d] & r$ f9e-to-co>se-gra9$ s&/one & silt/one4 ,caps mo/ high mesas & =ms tops ( highe/ cliffs4 ,conta9s fre%-wat] fossils4 #afj-cjj ,gl5 ,canyon1 ,s4 ,utah1 ,kay5ta1 ,arizona #bjj ,late ,triassic ,w+ate ,s&/one ,buff & light r$ g5]ally crossb$d$ m$ium-gra9$ s&/one4 ,=ms highe/ cliffs1 _m ( :i* are coat$ ) black des]t v>ni%4 #baj-cdj ,ft4 ,w+ate1 ,new ,mexico ,*9le ,fm4 ,unnam$ upp] memb] ,r$di% silt/one1 mud/one1 & s&/one locally blea*$ to blui% or gre5i% gray1 & few ?9 b$s ( lime/one4 ,=ms /eep slopes at base ( highe/ cliffs4 ,conta9s "s fossil wood & reptile bones4 #bje-gdj ,*9le ,valley1 ,ariz4 ,moss ,back ,mbr ,gray1 br[n1 & gray-gre5 s&/one & conglom]ate4 #j-hj ,moss ,back ,ridge1 ,utah #bae ,middle787 & ,e>ly ,triassic ,mo5kopi ,fm4 ,unnam$ upp] memb] ,brick r$1 r$di%-br[n1 & br[n mud/one & s&/one1 & "s conglom]ate & gypsum4 ,=ms slopes brok5 by ?9 l$ges4 #bej-idj ,mo5kopi ,wa%1 ,ariz4 ,triassic787 ,hosk9n9i ,tongue ,pale-br[n f9e-to-co>se-gra9$ s&/one2 =ms l$ges4 #j-abj ,hosk9n9i ,mesa1 ,ariz4 #bej ,p]mian ,cutl] ,fm4 ,undivid$ ,cutl] ,=mation 9 nor!a/]n "p ( area is compos$ ( buff1 r$1 & purple arkosic s&/one & conglom]ate4 ,s\? ( ,indian ,creek is ! ?ick ,c$> ,mesa ,s&/one ,memb]1 compos$ ( massive ma9ly crossb$d$ :ite to pale r$ s&/one ) ?9 b$s ( *]ty lime/one4 ,=ms ne$les1 ar*es & o!r erosional features4 ,?ick5+ s\?we/w>d is ! ,:ite ,rim ,s&/one ,memb] ( :ite crossb$d$ s&/one4 #hjj-a1jjj ,cutl] ,creek1 ,colo4 ,:ite ,rim ,s&/one ,memb] ,:ite ,rim1 ,wayne ,co41 ,utah ,organ ,rock ,tongue ,organ ,rock1 ,utah ,c$> ,mesa ,s&/one ,memb] ,c$> ,mesa1 ,s4 ,e4 ,utah ,rico ,=mation ,buff1 r$1 & purple arkosic s&/one & conglom]ate conta9+ sev]al ?9 b$s ( m>9e fossilif]\s lime/one4 ,=ms mod]ately /eep slopes4 #bej-ehe ,rico1 ,colo4 #cjj ,p5nsylvanian ,h]mosa ,=mation ,h]mosa ,creek1 ,animas ,riv] ,valley1 ,colo4 ,unnam$ upp] memb] ,blue1 gre5i%1 & gray fossilif]\s lime/one int]b$d$ ) :ite1 gray1 & gre5i% s&/one & gray to gre5 %ale4 ,l[] "p kn[n only f deep wells4 ,=ms /eep canyon walls4 #ijj-a1hjj ,p>adox ,memb] ,salt1 gypsum1 & anhydrite ) int]b$d$ black & br[n %ale2 "s lime/one4 8 ,p>adox ,valley1 ,colo4 ,la/ b f> f lea/ among ! factors responsible = ! gr&eur ( ! canyon c\ntry is ! des]t climate1 :i* all[s u to see virtually e foot ( ! vividly color$ nak$ rocks & has made possible ! creation & pres]vation ( su* a wide v>iety ( fanta/ic sculptures4 ,a wett] climate w\ld h produc$ a f> diff]5t & smoo!r l&scape 9 :i* mo/ ( ! rocks & l& =ms w\ld h be5 hidd5 by vegetation4 ,9 ! canyon l&s ! vegetation is ma9ly on ! high mesas & on ! n>r[ flood pla9s bord]+ ! riv]s1 b scanty vegetation does gr[ on ! g5tle slopes or flats4 ,! des]t climate has comb9$ ) ! ne>ly flat ly+ lay]s ( s$im5ts ( diff]5t "*1 h>dness1 & ?ickness to produce /eep slopes hav+ _m cliffs & l$ges & g5]ally %>p to angul> edges r ?an ! subdu$ r\nd$ =ms ( m humid regions4 ,?is has l$ geologi/s to ref] to su* t]ra9 z hav+ 8lay]-cake geology10 & ?is is br\ght out by ! pr(ile 9 ! rock column 7fig4 #i71 by ! cross section 7fig4 #aj71 by figure #ae1 & by _m ( ! o!r photographs4 ,b ! bak] ( ?is cake 0 r c>eless--n only d ! lay]s range widely 9 ?ickness & "*1 b "s are w$ge %ap$1 ?ick on "o side ( ! cake b ?9 or abs5t on ! o!r4 ,!n too1 :5 he ran out ( ic+ 9 ! mid/ ( a lay]1 he 0 apt to f9i% ) a diff]5t k9d or color1 = no inspector 0 on ! job to insure ord]ly con/ruction4 ,if all ! rock /rata 9 ! p>k 7 pres5t at "o locality1 _! sequ5ce & ?ickness w\ld be ^? %[n on ! "r-h& side ( ! graphic section 9 figure #i4 ,h[ev]1 because ( ! lat]al *anges 9 ?ickness & "* & ! w$g+ out ( c]ta9 b$s1 su* z ! ,:ite ,rim ,s&/one ,memb] ( ! ,cutl] ,=mation1 no two sections ( ! /rata are exactly alike4 ,?is w be br\ght out 9 photographs ( diff]5t exposures ( rocks 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! p>k4 ,an (t5-ask$ "q is1 :y are mo/ ( ! rocks s r$8 ,?is c be answ]$ by "o ^w--iron1 ! same pigm5t us$ 9 r\ge & 9 pa9t = b>ns & boxc>s4 ,v>i\s oxides ( iron1 "s includ+ wat]1 produce n only brick r$ b also p9k1 salmon1 br[n1 buff1 yell[1 & ev5 gre5 or blui% gre54 ,?is does n imply t ! rocks c\ld be consid]$ z s\rces ( iron ore1 = ! m]e/ trace ( iron1 g5]ally only #a to #c p]c5t1 is en\gh to produce ev5 ! d>ke/ %ades ( r$4 ,! only rocks 9 ! p>k t conta9 virtually no iron are :ite s&/ones ( ! ,:ite ,rim ,s&/one ,memb] ( ! ,cutl] ,=mation 7figs4 #ba-bd7 & ! ,navajo ,s&/one4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj1 fir/ section ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,across ,,canyonl&s ,,national ,,p>k f ,nor? ,po9t at we/ 7left71 via ,gr& ,view ,po9t 9 middle1 to ,ne$les ,ov]look at ea/ 7"r71 %[+ ! ?ree pr9cipal topographic levels & "* ( ! rock /rata4 ,l9e ( section b5ds at ,gr& ,view ,po9t1 :i* is nor!rnmo/ "p4 7,fig4 #aj7 ,z po9t$ out by ,/okes 7#aigj1 p4 #c71 microscopic exam9ation ( ! color$ gra9s ( qu>tz or o!r m9]als %[s ! pigm5t to be m]ely a ?9 coat+ on & betwe5 :ite or colorless p>ticles4 ,s& or silt wea!r$ f su* rocks soon loses its color by ! sc\r+ action ( w9d or wat]1 s mo/ ( ! s& dunes & s& b>s are :ite or ne>ly s4 ,! map 7fig4 #a7 & cross section 7fig4 #aj7 ( ! p>k %[ t 9 g5]al ! major features ( ! l&scape lie at ?ree diff]5t & di/9ctive levels4 ,a rec5tly erect$ plaque on ,gr& ,view ,po9t appropriately ref]s to ^! levels z ! 8,?ree ,worlds40 ,! high plateaus1 or mesas1 9 & adjo9+ ! p>k dom9ate ! skyl9e--9 fact1 ! c5tral "o1 betwe5 ! ,gre5 & ,colorado ,riv]s1 is appropriately nam$ ,isl& 9 ! ,sky4 ,if y /& on ei!r ! ea/ or ! we/ %ore ( ?is t[]+ cliff-bord]$ isl&1 y c look across a sea ( fanta/ic erosional =ms to a simil> cliff-bord]$ %ore at ab\t ! same level4 ,clos] inspection ( ! sea ( rocks on ei!r side %[s relatively flat b5*es or plat=ms ab\t halfway to ! bottom2 bel[ ^! are ! g5]ally /eep sid$ or cliff-bord]$ canyons ( ! two riv]s & _! l>g] tribut>ies4 ,f "s vantage po9ts along ! %ore1 su* z ,dead ,horse ,po9t 7fig4 #ae7 or ,gre5 ,riv] ,ov]look 7fig4 #bc71 y c see ! deepe/ level ( all--! *annels & flood pla9s ( ! ,gre5 & ,colorado ,riv]s4 ,:at caus$ ! 8,?ree ,worlds0 & ! =midable cliffs support+ ! high mesas or =m+ t[]+ monoli?s l ,angel ,ar* or ,druid ,ar* 7figs4 #dc1 #ed78 ,diff]5ces 9 ! composition1 h>dness1 arrangem5t1 & ?ickness ( ! rock lay]s det]m9e _! ability to )/& ! =ces ( fractur+ & erosion & h5ce _! t5d5cy to =m cliffs1 l$ges1 or slopes4 ,mo/ ( ! cliff- or l$ge-=m+ rocks are s&/ones consi/+ ( s& gra9s deposit$ by w9d or wat] & lat] cem5t$ toge!r by silica 7,si,o71 calcium c>bonate 7,ca,c,o71 or "o ( ! iron oxides 7su* z ,fe,o71 b "s h>d1 resi/ant l$ges are made ( lime/one 7calcium c>bonate74 ,! rock column 7fig4 #i7 %[s 9 g5]al h[ ^! rock =mations are sculptur$ by erosion & h[ !y protect und]ly+ lay]s f m rapid erosion4 ,! ne>ly v]tical cliffs support+ ! highe/ mesas consi/ ( ! well-cem5t$ ,w+ate ,s&/one protect$ above by ! ev5 h>d] s&/one ( ! ,kay5ta ,=mation4 ,to borr[ f an e>li] report ( m9e 7,lohman1 #aife1 p4 #ag71 ,v]tical cliffs & %afts ( ! ,w+ate ,s&/one endure only :]e ! top ( ! =mation is capp$ by b$s ( ! next y\ng] rock unit--! ,kay5ta ,=mation4 ,! ,kay5ta is mu* m resi/ant ?an ! ,w+ate1 s ev5 a few feet ( ! ,kay5ta 99 99 99 protect ! rock b5ea?4 ,9 "s places remnants ( ! ov]ly+ ,navajo ,s&/one make up ! topmo/ unit ( ! cliff4 ,illu/ration3 ,petroglyph ,h[ to ,see ! ,p>k ,! "q ( h[ to see ! p>k has no simple answ]1 = ! p>k is too va/ & complex to compreh5d by a quick visit to any "o ( its _m & v>i$ p>ts or by any "o means ( transportation4 ,"s1 z did ,major ,p[ell1 view x only f ! riv]s--by boat plus a few back-break+ climbs up ! bord]+ canyon walls4 ,o!rs see only ! small p>ts rea*able by pass5g] c>s4 ,! m v5turesome see va/ly m by jeep1 foot1 or horseback4 ,& a few pref] to view x z ! birds d--f ! air4 ,_m1 ^? :o put aside _! magaz9es long en\gh1 get bird's-eye views )\t half try+1 = ,canyonl&s is b5ea? ! pr9cipal air r\tes connect+ ,los ,angeles ) ,gr& ,junction & ,d5v]4 ,actually1 a full appreciation ( all ! wond]s & beauties ( ! p>k is possible only by comb9+ all ^! approa*es & me?ods ( locomotion1 b only a few =tunate s\ls su* z ,bates ,wilson h ?us be5 able to inspect virtually e squ>e foot ( x4 ,! task cle>ly be=e me1 !n1 is h[ be/ to pres5t su* a complex wond]l& to y1 ! read]4 ,! me?od ,i select$1 aft] consid]able ?\ght & a few false />ts1 is to beg9 at ! top--! high mesas--& "w my way d[nw>d mu* z ! riv]s h done 9 c>v+ out ?is fanta/ic area1 to "s ( ! broad b5*l&s b5ea? ! mesas & ev5tually to ! riv] *annels & deep canyons4 ,al?\gh ! approa* ,i select$ may n be ! be/1 & admitt$ly is b "o ( sev]al t comes to m9d1 ,i hope x gets ! job done4 ,! ,high ,mesas ,ev5 ?\gh ! 8p59sul>0 mesas ea/ & we/ ( ,isl& 9 ! ,sky1 kn[n respectively z ,hat* ,po9t & ! ,orange ,cliffs1 lie outside ! pres5t b\nd>ies1 !y provide brea?tak+ views ( important features )9 ! p>k1 s brief descriptions ( !m are includ$ bel[4 ,b fir/1 let u take a clos] look at ,isl& 9 ! ,sky4 ,isl& 9 ! ,sky ,z ! map 7fig4 #a7 %[s1 ,isl& 9 ! ,sky is really a =k ( a w$ge-%ap$ p59sula ext5d+ s\?w>d betwe5 ! two riv]s4 ,an outli] to ! s\? nam$ ,junction ,butte has already be5 sev]$ f ! ma9 p59sula by erosion & n[ is a true isl&4 7,see frontispiece & fig4 #bb47 ,a l>ge *unk ( ,isl& 9 ! ,sky s\? ( ,! ,neck 0 ab\t to be sev]$ by erosion f ! ma9 p59sula to become a true isl&1 :5 rec5t wid5+ & grad+ ( ! road gave x a tempor>y reprieve4 ,:5 my family & ,i fir/ squeak$ ov] ?is n>r[ neck 9 #aifj by jeep1 furtive glances to "r or left %[$ ! two canyons p]il\sly close1 & complete sev]ance seem$ imm95t4 ,! road build]s h /av$ (f disa/] = a few ?\s& ye>s1 b ultimately ! l>ge section to ! s\? w become ano!r isl&1 & a bridge w be requir$ to connect x to ! ma9l&4 ,its appe>ance f ! air be=e ! road wid5+ is %[n 9 figure #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,a]ial ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,neck ,,& ,,%af] ,,trail1 look+ s\?we/1 tak5 be=e rebuild+ ( p>k road on mesa top4 ,cliff-wall$ canyon to "r ( ,! ,neck1 9 middle1 dra9s we/w>d to ! ,gre5 ,riv]2 s\? =k ( ,%af] ,canyon to left dra9s ea/w>d to ,colorado ,riv]4 ,?is is ! n>r[e/ "p ( ,isl& 9 ! ,sky4 ,photograph by ,national ,p>k ,s]vice4 7,fig4 #aa7 ,! entrance road to ,isl& 9 ! ,sky int]sects ,u4,s4 ,highway #afc at a po9t #aj miles nor?we/ ( ,moab1 or #ba miles s\!a/ ( ,cresc5t ,junction on ,int]/ate ,highway #gj4 ,f ,u4,s4 #afc a pav$ road climbs colorful ,sev5mile ,canyon pa/ s&/one cliffs ( ! ,w+ate1 ,kay5ta1 & ,navajo ,=mations to rea* ! high mesa4 ,!re1 j 8(f%ore0 to ! nor?1 are an*or$ ! 8battle%ips0 t gu>d ! isl&--,m]rimac & ,monitor ,buttes 7fig4 #ab74 ,^! l&m>ks are compos$ ( ! ,entrada ,s&/one--! same rock t =ms ,*ur* ,rock at ! entrance to ! ,ne$les di/rict 7fig4 #cg7 & t %apes ! spectacul> ar*es 9 ,ar*es ,national ,p>k4 ,all ?ree memb]s ( ! ,entrada 7,wright & o!rs1 #aifb71 z not$ 9 ! figure #ab caption1 are pres5t "h z well z at ,*ur* ,rock4 ,elev5 miles f ! junction ) ,u4,s4 ,highway #afc a grad$ road to ! "r1 call$ ,horse?ief ,trail1 goes #af miles d[n to ! ,gre5 ,riv]1 :]e x connects ) roads foll[+ ! riv] bo? up/ream & d[n/ream4 ,! road up/ream leads to two uranium m9es 9 ! l[] "p ( ,m9]al ,canyon :i* 7 reactivat$ 9 #aigb & #aigc4 ,! swit*backs are q spectacul> & are rem9isc5t ( ! ,%af] ,trail4 ,?ree miles s\? ( ! ,horse?ief ,trail turn(f is a =k 9 ! road--to ! left ! pavem5t cont9ues to ,dead ,horse ,po9t1 & /raight ahead a grad$ road leads s\?w>d to ! ,isl& 9 ! ,sky di/rict ( ,canyonl&s ,national ,p>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m]rimac 7,,left7 ,,& ,,monitor ,,buttes gu>d nor? entrance to ,isl& 9 ! ,sky4 ,:ite rock ne> middle is ,navajo ,s&/one4 ,buttes comprise all ?ree memb]s ( ,entrada ,s&/one3 remnant :ite top ( ,moab ,memb]1 v]tical cliffs ( ,slick ,rock ,memb]1 & slop+ base ( ,dewey ,bridge ,memb]4 7,fig4 #ab7 ,mo/ ( ,isl& 9 ! ,sky has a scatt]$ gr[? ( pion & junip] trees1 b sev]al l>ge flat areas1 su* z ,grays ,pa/ure1 conta9 suffici5t s&y soil to support a mantle ( grass & we$s1 :i* is us$ = graz+2 h[ev]1 graz+ 9 ?is "p ( ! p>k w be discont9u$ 9 #aige4 ,,dead ,,horse ,,po9t ,,/ate ,,p>k ,let u foll[ ! pav$ road f ,u4,s4 ,highway #afc all ! way to ,dead ,horse ,po9t1 :i* 0 set aside z a /ate p>k 9 #aieg4 ,! p>k has a visitor c5t]1 museum1 mod]n campgr\nds & picnic facilities1 & pip$ wat]1 :i* is haul$ all ! way f ,moab4 ,an entrance fee ( #a p]mits u to drive across ! n>r[ neck to a p>k+ area ne> ! po9t prop]1 :i* is protect$ by /one walls & is provid$ ) a ramada1 b5*es1 pa?s1 & sanit>y facilities4 ,f ,dead ,horse ,po9t we get brea?tak+ views 9 sev]al directions1 includ+ a loop ( ! ,colorado ,riv] call$ ! ,goose ,neck1 #b1jjj feet ne>ly /raight d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cane ,,creek ,,anticl9e1 look+ nor!a/ t[>d ! ,la ,sal ,m\nta9s f ,dead ,horse ,po9t4 ,colorado ,riv] cuts across cre/ at middle "r1 above :i* is ,anticl9e ,ov]look4 7,see fig4 #ca47 ,jeep trail & "p ( ,%af] dome lie bel[4 7,fig4 #ac7 ,h[ did su* a magnific5t viewpo9t get su* a macabre "n8 ,dead ,horse ,po9t 0 nam$ = a sad b colorful leg5d conc]n+ a b& ( wild horses t once roam$ ! high mesas4 ,! po9t is really an embryo isl& sep>at$ f ! ma9l& by a n>r[ neck b>ely wide en\gh = ! pres5t road4 ,9 ! e>ly c[boy days ! isl& 0 us$ z a natural corral 9 :i* wild mu/angs 7 p5n$ up beh9d a %ort f5ce across ! neck s t ! bett] ones c\ld be sort$ out & driv5 to m9es 9 ! ,san ,juan ,m\nta9s ( ,colorado4 ,a b& ( horses corrall$ too long )\t wat] alleg$ly di$ ( ?ir/ )9 sight ( ! riv] #b1jjj feet bel[1 h5ce ! "n ( ! po9t1 or at lea/ s "o v]sion ( ! /ory goes4 ,"s v]sions allude to ! wrangl]s z c[boys2 o!rs1 z horse?ieves4 ,to ! nor!a/ we c see ! ,cane ,creek anticl9e--an upw>d fold ( ! rocks--beh9d :i* loom ! ,la ,sal ,m\nta9s 7fig4 #ac74 ,a cutaway view ( a typical anticl9e is %[n 9 figure #ad4 ,a bett] view ( ! ,cane ,creek anticl9e c be se5 f ,anticl9e ,ov]look1 z %[n 9 figure #ca4 ,f our vantage po9t at ,dead ,horse ,po9t1 we c see mu* ( ,hat* ,po9t1 includ+ ,anticl9e ,ov]look1 by look+ ea/ & s\!a/4 ,spectacul> views ( ! nor!rn "p ( ,canyonl&s ,national ,p>k lie to ! s\?1 s\?we/1 & ea/4 ,look+ s\?we/ 7fig4 #ae71 we see mo/ ( ! rock =mations expos$ 9 ,canyonl&s--m ?an c be se5 f any o!r vantage po9t 9 or ne> ! p>k4 ,! names ( ! visible rock units %[n 9 figure #ae c be comp>$ ) ! complete li/ 9 ! rock column 7fig4 #i74 ,p>ts ( ,%af] dome1 a 8clos$0 r\nd$ anticl9e1 are visible 9 ! l[] left ( figure #ae & 9 ! l[] "r ( figure #ac4 ,its g5]al domelike %ape is outl9$ by ! blui%-:ite ,%af] lime/one1 a m>k] b$ :i* also caps ! b5* on ! p59sula )9 ! ,goose ,neck ( ! riv]4 ,?is lime/one1 :i* "h =ms ! top ( ! ,rico ,=mation1 is n %[n 9 ! rock column 7fig4 #i7 because its exposure is limit$ to ! ,%af] dome & ! ,cane ,creek anticl9e & its "n is us$ only locally by prospectors = oil & gas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cutaway ,,view ,,( ,,anticl9e1 or upfold ( ! rocks4 ,f ,hans5 7#aifi1 p4 #ca74 7,fig4 #ad7 ,illu/ration3 ,,look+ ,,s\?we/ ,,f ,,dead ,,horse ,,po9t t[>d ,isl& 9 ! ,sky on "r skyl9e1 ,orange ,cliffs on left skyl9e1 ,colorado ,riv] & ,:ite ,rim ,trail bel[1 & ,%af] dome at l[] left4 ,sket* f photograph %[s names ( rocks4 7,comp>e ) fig4 #i47 7,fig4 #ae7 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae1 cont4 ,note t ! ,:ite ,rim ,s&/one ,memb] ( ! ,cutl] ,=mation1 ref]r$ to h]e9aft] simply z ! ,:ite ,rim ,s&/one1 becomes ?9n] t[>d ! "r 7nor!a/7 9 figure #ae b is abs5t entirely 9 figure #ac1 j a %ort di/ance to ! nor!a/4 ,! gradual disappe>ance ( recognizable b$s ( ?is type t[>d ! nor!a/1 includ+ ! disappe>ance ( "s lime/one b$s conta9+ m>9e fossils1 are examples ( :at geologi/s call facies *anges4 ,"h ! *anges result f ! fact t :ile /rata 7 be+ deposit$ 9 or ne> anci5t seas t lay to ! s\?we/1 b$s ( diff]5t "* 7 be+ laid d[n on l& by /reams emanat+ f ! nor!a/4 ,?is w be gone into 9 m detail 9 discussions t accompany illu/rations to foll[1 p>ticul>ly figure #bg1 fig4 #ca1 & fig4 #ce4 ,,nor? ,,entrance ,! nor? entrance to ! ,isl& 9 ! ,sky di/rict ( ,canyonl&s ,national ,p>k us$ to be #f miles s\? ( ! junction ) ! pav$ road to ,dead ,horse ,po9t1 b s9ce ! l& additions ( ,novemb] #aiga1 x is only #d miles s\? ( ?is junction4 ,a tempor>y trail]-h\s$ entrance /ation m>ks ! old b\nd>y4 ,,%af] ,,& ,,:ite ,,rim ,,trails ,dur+ ! e>ly #aiej's a rem>kable b hair-rais+ road kn[n z ,%af] ,trail 0 cut d[n ! face ( ! cliffs bel[ ,! ,neck to rea* ! ,c ,gr\p ( uranium claims ne> ! head ( ,la?rop ,canyon4 ,x bran*es s\?w>d f ! p>k road a mile s\? ( ! new entrance1 !n desc5ds 9 a s]ies ( swit*backs4 ,! a]ial view 7fig4 #aa7 %[s ! upp] trail & ,! ,neck be=e ! p>k road 0 grad$ & wid5$1 & a view f ne> ,! ,neck 7fig4 #af7 %[s ! precipit\s cliffs ! trail desc5ds4 ,x foll[s ! g5]al r\te ( an old foot trail4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%af] ,,trail1 f j s\? ( ,! ,neck 7fig4 #a1 fig4 #aa74 ,navajo ,s&/one is above road at left1 ,kay5ta ,=mation =ms upp] half ( cliff bel[ road1 & ,w+ate ,s&/one =ms l[]1 v]tical half ( cliff2 l[] "p ( road is 9 ,*9le ,=mation4 7,fig4 #af7 ,%af] ,trail connects ) ! ,:ite ,rim ,trail1 :i*1 z ! "n sugge/s1 is built ma9ly on ! ,:ite ,rim1 aft] :i* ! ,:ite ,rim ,s&/one 0 nam$4 ,! ,:ite ,rim ,trail c be foll[$ nor!a/w>d to jo9 ! pavem5t at ,pota%1 or x c be foll[$ s\?w>d along ! ,colorado ,riv] canyons to ,junction ,butte1 !nce nor?w>d along ,/illwat] & ,labyr9? ,canyons ( ! ,gre5 ,riv] to & beyond ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ! p>k4 ,at ,horse?ief ,bottom1 y c leave ! canyon by ,horse?ief ,trail & rejo9 ! pav$ road lead+ nor?w>d to ,u4,s4 #afc4 ,at ,la?rop ,canyon1 #h or #aj miles s\? ( :]e ,%af] ,trail meets ! ,:ite ,rim ,trail1 a bran* ( ! ,:ite ,rim ,trail leads d[nw>d to ! ,colorado ,riv]1 :]e picnic tables & sanit>y facilities are provid$4 ,?is is us$ z a lun* /op by "s boat+ gr\ps4 ,al?\gh "s two-:eel-drive c>s or trucks h trav]s$ ! ,:ite ,rim & ,%af] ,trails1 !y may enc\nt] tr\ble ) deep s&1 wa%\ts1 or fall5 rocks1 s f\r-:eel-drive vehicles are recomm5d$4 ,9 ! summ] ^! trails %\ld n be attempt$ )\t pl5ty ( wat]1 & two vehicles travel+ toge!r provide an add$ m>g9 ( safety4 ,all vehicles %\ld c>ry em]g5cy equipm5t includ+ a %ovel1 t[ *a9 or rope1 jack1 tire tools1 & o!r necess>y items4 ,geologi/s & uranium prospectors work+ along ! ,:ite ,rim ,trail h obta9$ good dr9k+ wat] f small spr+s t fl[ f ! base ( ! ,:ite ,rim ,s&/one 9 _m places 7,neal ,h9ri*s1 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey1 oral commun41 ,feb4 #aigc74 ,aft] ra9s1 run(f ga!rs 9 l>ge po?oles 9 ! ,:ite ,rim ,s&/one 9 "s places & af=ds em]g5cy dr9k+ wat]4 ,sev]al su* po?oles fill$ ) wat] are %[n 9 figure #ag4 ,"s po?oles occur also 9 ! ,c$> ,mesa ,s&/one 9 ! ,ne$les di/rict4 ,,gr& ,,view ,,po9t ,ab\t a mile s\?we/ ( ,! ,neck1 ! road crosses ,grays ,pa/ure--! wide/ & flatte/ "p ( ,isl& 9 ! ,sky4 ,! drive ov] ?is flat grassl& yields n ! slighte/ h9t ( ! awesome cliff-wall$ *asms on ei!r side ( ! isl&4 ,"s #e miles s\?we/ ( ,! ,neck1 bo? ! isl& & ! road bran* l a ,y4 ,at a po9t #j4d mile nor? ( ! ,y1 ,mesa ,trail leads "o-qu>t] mile ea/ to ,canyon ,viewpo9t ,ar*1 :i* frames ! ,colorado ,riv] canyon & ! ,la ,sal ,m\nta9s 7fig4 #ah74 ,?is ar*1 at ! v top edge ( ! cliff1 is compos$ ( ! l[] "p ( ! ,navajo ,s&/one4 ,! only o!r ar* ( ,navajo ,s&/one 9 or ne> ! p>k t ,i "k ( is ! small "o %[n 9 figure #cc1 b ( c\rse !re may be o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,natural ,,tanks1 fill$ ) run(f f ra91 s]ve z em]g5cy s\rces ( dr9k+ wat]4 ,l>ge/ tank 9 =egr\nd conta9s #d feet ( wat] & small fre%-wat] %rimp4 ,s-call$ tanks1 or po?oles1 are =m$ p>tly by wat] dissolv+ ! calcium c>bonate cem5t & p>tly by w9d or wat] remov+ ! result+ loose s& gra9s4 ,view is nor? t[>d ,junction ,butte f po9t ab\t a mile s\? ( ! ,:ite ,rim ,trail4 ,r$ rocks 9 hill on "r are 9 l[] "p ( ,mo5kopi ,=mation4 ,photograph by ,e4 ,n4 ,h9ri*s4 7,fig4 #ag7 ,illu/ration3 ,,canyon ,,viewpo9t ,,ar*1 fram+ ,colorado ,riv] canyon at ea/ end ( ,mesa ,trail #j4d mile nor? ( ,y 9 ,isl& 9 ! ,sky road4 ,ar* is 9 l[] "p ( ,navajo ,s&/one4 7,fig4 #ah7 ,illu/ration3 ,,index ,,map %[+ localities :]e mo/ ( ! photographs 7 tak54 ,arr[s po9t to di/ant views4 ,numb]s ref] to figure numb]s4 7,fig4 #ai7 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,:ite ,,rim1 look+ nor!a/ t[>d ,la ,sal ,m\nta9s f ov]look #c miles nor? ( ,gr& ,view ,po9t4 ,:ite ,rim ,s&/one "h is ?ick] ?an ne> ,dead ,horse ,po9t 7fig4 #ae7 b ?9n] ?an 9 ,monum5t ,bas9 & ,/illwat] ,canyon 7fig4 #ba1 fig4 #bc74 7,fig4 #bj7 ,let u n[ take ! bran* s\? ( ! ,y & foll[ ! n>r[ cre/ ( ,gr& ,view ,po9t = ab\t #f miles to ! ma9 ov]look4 ,ab\t #j4i mile s\? ( ! ,y1 a %ort walk to ! we/ ov] ! l[] "p ( ! ,navajo ,s&/one af=ds a magnific5t view ( ,/illwat] ,canyon ( ! ,gre5 ,riv]1 includ+ ,turks ,head 7fig4 #bc1 fig4 #bd74 ,half way to ! po9t is a p>k+ area & ov]look1 f :i* we get a spectacul> view ( canyons cutt+ ! ,:ite ,rim & ( ! ,la ,sal ,m\nta9s beyond 7fig4 #bj74 ,note t ! ,:ite ,rim ,s&/one1 :i* =ms ! broad b5* appropriately nam$ ! ,:ite ,rim1 is "h mu* ?ick] ?an :]e se5 ne> ,dead ,horse ,po9t 7fig4 #ae74 ,illu/ration3 ,,monum5t ,,bas9 ,,f ,,gr& ,,view ,,po9t1 ,ne$les ,ov]look on left skyl9e1 ,abajo ,m\nta9s on "r skyl9e4 ,r$ spires & cliffs 9 bas9 are ,organ ,rock ,tongue ( ,cutl] ,=mation4 7,fig4 #ba7 ,?ree m miles s\?w>d takes u to ,gr& ,view ,po9t & its ne>by picnic area4 ,?\gh nam$ aft] ! =m] ,gr& ,riv] "s #b1jjj feet bel[1 ,gr& ,view ,po9t has a d\ble mean+1 = we see f "h a truly gr& view 7fig4 #ba76 ,at our feet is spectacul> ,monum5t ,bas91 cut bel[ ! ,:ite ,rim into ! brick-r$ ,organ ,rock ,tongue ( ! ,cutl] ,=mation4 ,! ,:ite ,rim ,s&/one "h is slightly ?ick] ?an to ! nor!a/ 7fig4 #bj7 b ?9n] ?an to ! we/ 7fig4 #bc71 because x =ms a w$ge-%ap$ body t ?ick5s we/w>d4 ,9 ! di/ance s\!a/w>d are ! ,abajo ,m\nta9s1 j we/ ( ,monticello1 ,utah4 ,! prom95t projection on ,hat* ,po9t on ! left skyl9e is ,ne$les ,ov]look1 f :i* ! photograph 9 figure #bg 0 tak54 ,a closeup view ( ,monum5t ,bas91 %[+ ,junction ,butte & ,gr& ,view ,po9t 9 ! backgr\nd1 is %[n 9 figure #bb4 ,! sl5d] spire 9 ! =egr\nd has a measur$ height ( #cje feet 7,f9dley1 #aiga1 p4 #gh74 ,illu/ration3 ,,monum5t ,,bas9 ,,f ,,! ,,air1 look+ nor? to ,junction ,butte & ,gr& ,view ,po9t4 ,spire ( ,organ ,rock ,tongue 9 =egr\nd is #cje feet high4 ,:ite top ( ,c$> ,mesa ,s&/one is at bottom ( photograph4 ,photograph by ,national ,p>k ,s]vice 7,fig4 #bb7 ,,gre5 ,,riv] ,,ov]look ,ab\t a qu>t] mile we/ ( ! ,y1 a left =k ( ! road goes ab\t a mile & a half to ,gre5 ,riv] ,ov]look1 :i* provides a sup]b view ( ,/illwat] ,canyon ( ! ,gre5 ,riv]1 ! ,orange ,cliffs beyond1 & ! ,h5ry ,m\nta9s 9 ! extreme di/ance 7fig4 #bc74 ,note t "h ! ,:ite ,rim ,s&/one is mu* ?ick] ?an 9 prec$+ views4 ,! prom95t butte enclos$ by ! loop ( ! riv] is kn[n z ,turks ,head & is bett] se5 f ! air 7fig4 #bd74 ,! light-color$ b& ne> ! base ( ! cliffs 9 ! backgr\nd ( figure #bd is *>act]i/ic ( ! blea*$ upp] "p ( ! ,mo5kopi ,=mation 9 ?is "p ( ! p>k4 ,accord+ to ,f4 ,a4 ,mc,keown & ,p4 ,p4 ,orkild 7,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey1 unpub4 data1 ,feb4 #af1 #aigc71 petrolif]\s mat]ial or odor g5]ally occurs 9 ?is blea*$ zone & 9 ! basal b$s ( ! ,mo5kopi4 ,! campgr\nd j nor? ( ,gre5 ,riv] ,ov]look has no wat] at ?is writ+ 7#aigc71 b wat] f wells 9 ,taylor ,canyon w ev5tually be pip$ to ne>by p>ts ( ,isl& 9 ! ,sky4 ,,upheaval ,,dome ,five miles nor?we/ ( ! ,y we come to ,upheaval ,dome1 "o ( ! mo/ unusual geographic & geologic features ( ! p>k4 ,view$ f ! air 7fig4 #be71 x resembles some:at a volcanic or meteor crat] & has be5 call$ su* by "s4 ,because b$s ( salt are kn[n to und]lie ! p>k1 "s h sugge/$ t ! salt may h ?ick5$ & well$ upw>d to =m a salt dome1 simil> to domes along ! ,gulf ,coa/ 7,mattox1 #aifh74 ,h[ev]1 only #a1dgj feet ( salt 0 enc\nt]$ 9 an oil te/ j ea/ ( ,upheaval ,dome 7,rob]t ,j4 ,hite1 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey1 oral commun41 ,feb4 #ac1 #aigc72 s al?\gh salt may h play$ a role1 ,upheaval ,dome cle>ly is n a salt dome ) dim5sions simil> to ! ,gulf ,coa/ types4 ,x may be relat$ to a m\nd on ! deep-seat$ ,precambrian rocks 7,joe/+ & ,pl\ff1 #aieh1 fig4 #c2 ,joe/+ & o!rs1 #aiff1 p4 #ac1 #ad1 #ag71 b ! exact orig9 ( ! dome is n cle>4 ,! c5tral "p has ! /ructure ( a dome1 9 t ! /rata dip d[nw>d away f ! middle4 ,a r+like syncl9e1 or d[nw>d fold 9 ! rock lay]s 7fig4 #bf71 surr\nds ! dome1 beyond :i* ! /rata resume _! ne>ly flat position4 ,! :ite rock 9 ! bottom ( ! crat]like depression is n salt1 b jumbl$ l>ge fragm5ts ( ! ,:ite ,rim ,s&/one4 ,surr\nd+ t are slopes ( ! ,mo5kopi & ,*9le ,=mations1 cliffs ( ! ,w+ate ,s&/one1 a circul> b5* ( ! ,kay5ta ,=mation1 & out] ramp>ts ( ! ,navajo ,s&/one4 ,upheaval ,canyon leads to ,/illwat] ,canyon ( ! ,gre5 ,riv] at ! upp] left4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/illwat] ,,canyon ,,& ,,gre5 ,,riv]1 look+ s\?we/ f ,gre5 ,riv] loop ( riv]4 ,br[n mat]ial cov]+ ne>by p>ts ( ! ,:ite ,rim is l[] "p ( ,ov]look4 ,orange ,cliffs 9 backgr\nd1 ,h5ry ,m\nta9s on "r skyl9e1 ,turks ,head 9 ,mo5kopi ,=mation4 7,fig4 #bc7 ,illu/ration3 ,,turks ,,head1 an erosional remnant ( ! ,:ite ,rim ,s&/one support$ by r$ b$s ( ,organ ,rock ,tongue1 9 loop ( ,gre5 ,riv]4 ,a]ial view look+ nor?4 ,photograph by ,national ,p>k ,s]vice4 7,fig4 #bd7 ,illu/ration3 ,,upheaval ,,dome1 a]ial view look+ nor?we/ t[>d junction ( ,upheaval & ,taylor ,canyons ) ,labyr9? ,canyon ( ,gre5 ,riv]4 ,photograph by ,walt] ,meay]s ,edw>ds1 #aiga ,national ,geographic ,society4 7,fig4 #be7 ,illu/ration3 ,,cutaway ,,view ,,( ,,syncl9e1 or d[nfold ( ! rocks4 ,f ,hans5 7#aifi1 p4 #ajh74 7,fig4 #bf7 ,"o mile be=e ! road ends1 a well-m>k$ foot trail leads to ! top ( ,:ale ,rock1 a prom95ce on ! ,navajo ,s&/one t =ms ! out] r+ ( ! dome4 ,at ! end ( ! road1 ano!r foot trail asc5ds f ! picnic area to ! foot ( ! ,w+ate ,s&/one cliffs ar\nd ! c5tral "p ( ! dome4 ,! views ( ! dome f ^! trails are int]e/+1 b y are really too close to get a true picture ( ! unusual feature1 :i* is obta9able only f ! air1 z %[n 9 figure #be4 ,j we/ ( ,upheaval ,dome1 ,bighorn ,mesa is connect$ to ,/e] ,mesa by a neck only #ae feet wide flank$ by #cjj-;foot v]tical cliffs1 z po9t$ out by ,mc,knight 7#aidj1 p4 #ab74 ,i lat] le>n$ f ,ed ,mc,knight 7oral commun41 ,june #f1 #aigc7 t dur+ 8 field "w 9 ?is area 9 #aibf he 0 rid+ a mule across ?is n>r[ neck :5 ! half-asleep mule sudd5ly became aw>e ( ! drop(f on "o side & began to turn ar\nd & head back4 ,ed ha/ily b cauti\sly dism\nt$ & l$ ! mule across6 ,:5 ?is neck is f9ally brea*$ by erosion1 ,bighorn ,mesa w be j z isolat$ & inaccessible z ,junction ,butte1 n[ cut (f f ,gr& ,view ,po9t4 7,see frontispiece & fig4 #bg47 ,hat* ,po9t ,! high mesa ea/ ( ,canyonl&s ,national ,p>k & ! ,colorado ,riv] canyons1 call$ ,hat* ,po9t1 conta9s sev]al vantage po9ts ideally suit$ = view+ sc5ic features ( ! p>k & adjac5t areas4 ,hat* ,po9t is "p ( ! va/ public doma9 adm9i/]$ by ! ,bureau ( ,l& ,managem5t--a si/] ag5cy ( ! ,geological ,survey & ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice1 all 9 ! ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior4 ,! ,bureau1 h]e9aft] ref]r$ to simply z ! ,b4,l4,m41 has made _m improvem5ts on ,hat* ,po9t1 includ+ f9e roads1 two mod]n campgr\nds ) sanit>y facilities & pip$ wat] f wells1 & two ov]looks ) protective f5ces1 b5*es1 pa?s1 sanit>y facilities1 & ramadas conta9+ panels t describe ! features visible f ! viewpo9ts4 ,because ( ^! improvem5ts1 ! ,b4,l4,m4 has appropriately nam$ ?is area 8,canyon ,rims ,recreation ,area40 ,geologically1 ,hat* ,po9t is simil> to ,isl& 9 ! ,sky4 ,bo? are bord]$ by t[]+ cliffs ( ! ,w+ate ,s&/one capp$ by ! resi/ant ,kay5ta ,=mation1 & r\nd$ remnants ( ! ov]ly+ ,navajo ,s&/one rise above ! o!rwise-flat mesa surface 9 _m places4 ,access to ?is high tablel& is by a good pav$ road lead+ we/ f ,u4,s4 ,highway #afc at a po9t #cb miles s\? ( ,moab & #bb miles nor? ( ,monticello4 ,ab\t #e miles we/ ( ! highway we pass ,w9d:i/le ,campgr\nd1 ne/l$ 9 an attractive cove ( ,entrada ,s&/one cliffs1 & #af miles f ! highway we rea* an int]section4 ,f "h x is #g miles we/ by pav$ road to ,ne$les ,ov]look1 #aj miles nor? to ,anticl9e ,ov]look4 ,l ! o!r high mesas1 ,hat* ,po9t conta9s p]iph]al areas ( scatt]$ pion & junip] trees & l>ge flat grassl&s us$ = graz+4 ,gra9 tanks "h & !re /ore w9t] fe$ = ! cattle4 ,,ne$les ,,ov]look ,let u foll[ ! pavem5t to ,ne$les ,ov]look1 f :i* f9e morn+ views ( ,canyonl&s ,national ,p>k c be se5 to ! s\? & we/4 ,nor?we/w>d 7fig4 #bg7 we look #aj miles across ! ,colorado ,riv] canyon to ,junction ,butte & ,gr& ,view ,po9t4 7,?is view is along ! l9e ( ! ea/ half ( ! cross section 9 fig4 #aj47 ,! fea!r edge ( ! ,:ite ,rim ,s&/one caps ! ,:ite ,rim we/ ( ! ,colorado ,riv]1 b ! ,:ite ,rim is abs5t on ! ea/ side ( ! canyon & 9 ! entire ,ne$les di/rict to ! s\?we/1 :]e ! important sc5ic features are c>v$ f ! und]ly+ ,c$> ,mesa ,s&/one ,memb] ( ! ,cutl] ,=mation1 ref]r$ to h]e9aft] simply z ! ,c$> ,mesa ,s&/one4 ,bo? ^! s&/ones are miss+ 9 ! =egr\nd ( figure #bg--_! place be+ tak5 by ?9 b$s ( r$ silt/one1 mud/one1 & s&/one simil> to ^? t comprise ! ,organ ,rock ,tongue %[n betwe5 ! two s&/ones 9 figure #bb4 ,^! are additional examples ( facies *anges m5tion$ e>li] 7p4 #cd74 ,illu/ration3 ,,junction ,,butte ,,& ,,gr& ,,view ,,po9t1 look+ nor?we/ f ,ne$les ,ov]look4 7,fig4 #bg7 ,,canyonl&s ,,ov]look ,turn+ nor? f ! int]section #g miles ea/ ( ,ne$les ,ov]look1 we trav]se a ne>ly flat grassy tablel& to ,hat* ,po9t ,campgr\nd4 ,9 figure #a ! campgr\nd is %[n we/ ( ! old road2 ! new road is we/ ( ! campgr\nd1 b no map ( ! new r\te 0 available = plott+ 9 figure #a4 ,ab\t a mile be=e we rea* ! campgr\nd a jeep trail heads we/ !n nor?we/ ab\t #e miles to ,canyonl&s ,ov]look1 a scant mile f1 b "s #a1djj feet above1 ! ea/]n bord] ( ,canyonl&s ,national ,p>k4 ,?is ov]look af=ds f9e views ( ! ,colorado ,riv] canyons & ! ea/]n %ore ( ,isl& 9 ! ,sky1 b at pres5t 7#aigc7 !re are no plans to improve ! trail = pass5g]-c> travel4 ,two miles nor? ( ! campgr\nd we cross a m9or dra9age lead+ nor!a/w>d into ! nor? =k ( ,tr\gh ,spr+s ,canyon4 ,! ,b4,l4,m4 plans a road d[n ?is canyon to ,kane ,spr+s ,canyon1 #a1ajj feet bel[1 :]e x w connect bo? ) a sc5ic drive to ,moab1 ! l[] "p ( :i* is pav$1 & ) ! jeep trail go+ we/ ov] ,hurrah ,pass 7fig4 #cj7 & !nce s\? along ! ea/]n b5*es ( ! canyons ( ! ,colorado ,riv] to ! ,ne$les di/rict ( ! p>k4 ,e4 ,neal ,h9ri*s 7,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey1 oral commun4 ,feb4 #af1 #aigc7 report$ specim5s ( blue cele/ite 7/rontium sulfate1 ,sr,s,o7 & b>ite 7b>ium sulfate1 ,ba,s,o7 9 ! ,cutl] ,=mation at a po9t :]e a %>p b5d ( ?is jeep trail crosses a fault1 or fracture 7fig4 #ef71 9 ! nor!a/ =k ( ,lockh>t ,canyon 7%[n 9 fig4 #a z ! ea/]nmo/ loop ( ! trail ab\t #f miles nor!a/ ( ,lockh>t ,bas974 ,f>!r s\?1 ! trail sw+s we/ ( ,lockh>t ,bas91 ^: c5t] exposes "p ( a syncl9e 7fig4 #bh74 ,illu/ration3 ,,syncl9e ,,9 ,,core ,,( ,,lockh>t ,,bas91 ne> ,ne$les ,ov]look4 ,di%-%ap$ ro( is ,w+ate ,s&/one1 p>tly blea*$2 slop+ sides are ,*9le ,=mation2 d>k slop+ l$ge at left middle gr\nd is ,moss ,back ,memb] ( ,*9le re/+ on ,mo5kopi ,=mation4 ,photograph by ,e4 ,n4 ,h9ri*s4 7,fig4 #bh7 ,u-#c ,,loop ,two & a half miles f>!r nor?1 or ab\t #b miles s\? ( ,anticl9e ,ov]look1 a %ort road leads to ! we/ & entirely ar\nd a small conical butte ( ! ,navajo ,s&/one4 ,?is new circul> drive has n yet be5 =mally nam$ & is simply call$ ! ,u-#c loop1 z designat$ 9 ! surveyor's notebook4 ,x af=ds spl5did views to ! we/ & is to be equipp$ ) picnic tables4 ,look+ we/ 7fig4 #bi7 we see a ,w-%ap$ loop ( ! ,colorado ,riv]1 ,dead ,horse ,po9t on ! "r skyl9e1 & ,isl& 9 ! ,sky on ! di/ant skyl9e4 ,! /rata curv+ ov] ,%af] dome appe> 9 ! "r middle backgr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,view ,,we/w>d ,,f ,u-#c ,,loop4 ,dead ,horse ,po9t on "r skyl9e1 ,isl& 9 ! ,sky capp$ by ,navajo ,s&/one 9 extreme di/ance1 ,kay5ta ,=mation 9 =egr\nd at left4 ,cliffs topp+ ridge at left are ,w+ate ,s&/one protect$ by caprock ( ! ,kay5ta ,=mation2 r$ slopes b5ea? cliffs are ,*9le ,=mation1 ) d>k l$ge ( ,moss ,back ,memb] at base2 /eep slopes & l$ges b5ea? are ,mo5kopi ,=mation1 l[] "p ( :i* is ,hosk9n9i ,tongue2 r$di% g5tle slopes bel[ are ,cutl] ,=mation2 ne>ly flat b5*es above ,colorado ,riv] are ,rico ,=mation1 ) ,%af] lime/one at top4 7,fig4 #bi7 ,,anticl9e ,,ov]look ,two m miles takes u to ,anticl9e ,ov]look = ! mo/ sublime views 9 ?is "p ( ! area4 ,to ! nor? 7fig4 #cj7 we look across ! nor!a/ flank ( ! ,cane ,creek anticl9e1 an upfold ( ! rocks 7figs4 #ac1 #ad74 ,hurrah ,pass /raddles ! n>r[ wall sep>at+ ! ,colorado ,riv] & its canyon at ! left f ,kane ,spr+s ,canyon on ! "r4 ,! ,colorado ,riv] appe>s aga9 9 ! "r backgr\nd1 :]e x leaves ,moab ,valley4 ,! ,k+s ,bottom syncl9e1 or d[nfold 7fig4 #bf71 se5 9 ! middle di/ance betwe5 ! ,cane ,creek anticl9e & ! ,moab anticl9e1 exposes a wide area ( ! ,navajo ,s&/one4 ,! ridge on ! "r skyl9e1 compos$ ( ! ,entrada ,s&/one1 is ,! ,w9d[s ,section ( ,ar*es ,national ,p>k1 & ! left skyl9e %[s fa9tly ! di/ant ,book ,cliffs4 ,on ! ea/ wall ( ,kane ,spr+s ,canyon j to ! "r ( figure #cj is ! ,atomic ,k+ m9e 9 ! ,cutl] ,=mation1 f :i* uranium ore has be5 m9$ at int]vals dur+ ! la/ #b or #c ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,look+ ,,nor? ,,f ,,anticl9e ,,ov]look1 across axis ( ,cane ,creek anticl9e4 ,unimprov$ road crosses ,hurrah ,pass 9 =egr\nd4 ,colorado ,riv] at left is ne> ,pota% & 9 "r backgr\nd is at ,moab4 ,= description ( /rata1 see caption = figure #ca4 7,fig4 #cj7 ,illu/ration3 ,,cane ,,creek ,,anticl9e1 look+ nor?we/ f ,anticl9e ,ov]look4 ,colorado ,riv] is cutt+ into lime/one ( unnam$ upp] memb] ( ,h]mosa ,=mation 9 l[] b5* at cre/ ( fold2 ,rico ,=mation1 ) blui%-:ite ,%af] lime/one at top1 =ms upp] curv$ b5*2 rema9d] ( =mations are z giv5 9 caption = figure #bi4 ,pota% m9e 7"r7 & evaporation ponds 7left7 are op]at$ by ,texas ,gulf1 ,inc4 ,m]rimac & ,monitor ,buttes on "r skyl9e are %[n 9 figure #ab4 7,fig4 #ca7 ,to ! nor?we/ 7fig4 #ca2 see also fig4 #ac7 is a textbook example ( a rock fold--! ,cane ,creek anticl9e--laid b>e by ! ,colorado ,riv] cutt+ directly across its cre/ 7fig4 #a74 ,anticl9es are not$ z s\rces ( or at lea/ hunt+ gr\nds = oil & gas1 & ?is "o is no exception1 al?\gh production has be5 relatively small & 0 /opp$ altoge!r 9 ab\t #aifc4 ,"s oil & gas 0 produc$ also f wells on ! nor? flank ( ,%af] dome1 j b5ea? ,dead ,horse ,po9t 7figs4 #a1 #ae71 b o!r favorable-look+ /ructures f>!r s\? t 7 te/$1 su* z ,lockh>t anticl9e1 ,ru/l] dome1 & ,gibson dome 7fig4 #a71 fail$ to yield comm]cial am\nts 7,bak]1 #aicc1 p4 #hj-hd74 ,"s ( ! colorful ev5ts 9 ! e>ly days ( wildcatt+ are not$ on page #ajj4 ,exploration = oil & gas l$ to ! discov]y ( pota% b5ea? sev]al anticl9es 9 ea/]n ,utah & we/]n ,colorado4 ,accord+ to ,hite 7#aifh1 p4 #cbe71 ! ,cane ,creek anticl9e is und]la9 by ab\t #e1bjj feet ( salt-be>+ rocks 9 ! ,p>adox ,memb] ( ! ,h]mosa ,=mation 7fig4 #i71 ( :i* ab\t #hd p]c5t is halite 7common salt1 sodium *loride7 & associat$ pota% salts 7sylvite1 potassium *loride74 ,! pota% m9e ( ,texas ,gulf1 ,inc41 is %[n at ! "r 9 figure #ca4 ,! :ite area to ! left ( ! m9e is wa/e common salt1 :i* is recov]$ ) ! pota% salts1 & ! :ite area ) d>k /ripes at ! left is a small "p ( m ?an #djj acres ( evaporation ponds built to sep>ate ! salts4 ,^! ponds also c be se5 f ,dead ,horse ,po9t4 ,! d>k /ripes are ! visible p>ts ( pla/ic membranes l9+ ! ponds4 ,m9+ ( an #aa-;foot b$ ( ore began by usual und]gr\nd me?ods f ! bottom ( a %aft #b1ghh feet deep b became too difficult because ( int5se & intricate fold+ ( ! salt b$s4 ,n[ ! salts are be+ extract$ by a me?od involv+ solution1 :]e9 riv] wat] is introduc$ into ! =m] work+s & all[$ to /& long en\gh to dissolve ! salts1 !n ! br9e is pump$ out to evaporation ponds1 & ! valuable pota% salts are sep>at$ f ! sodium salts4 ,closeup views ( ! m9e & evaporation ponds are se5 9 figures #gj & #ga4 ,z not$ e>li]1 mo/ ( ! readily recognizable ?9 b$s1 su* z ! ,:ite ,rim ,s&/one1 p9* out s\? ( "h1 & figure #ca m>ks ! nor!a/]nmo/ exposure ( ! ,%af] lime/one at ! top ( ! ,rico ,=mation4 ,nor!a/ f "h ! ,rico & ov]ly+ ,cutl] ,=mation are n readily sep>able & are includ$ 9 ! s-call$ ,cutl] ,=mation undiff]5tiat$4 ,?is l&-laid unit ( r$ s&/one1 silt/one1 & %ale is z mu* z #h1jjj feet ?ick j s\?we/ ( ! anci5t ,uncompahgre highl& 7pres5t ,uncompahgre ,plateau1 9 we/]n ,colorado & ea/]n ,utah71 f :i* x 0 d]iv$ by erosion dur+ ! ,p]mian ,p]iod 7fig4 #hj74 ,orange ,cliffs ,! high mesas we/ ( ,canyonl&s ,national ,p>k d n =m z di/9ct a ma9l& z does ,hat* ,po9t1 b r are brok5 up into a maze ( p59sulas & isl&s1 z %[n 9 figure #a4 ,ow+ to ! g5tle nor?we/w>d dip ( ! rock /rata1 ! altitude ( ! mesas decl9es f ab\t #g1jjj feet 9 ! s\? to ab\t #e1cjj feet 9 ! nor? & nor?we/1 :]e ! :ole aspect ( ! c\ntry becomes m r\nd$ & subdu$4 ,z %[n on ! map 7fig4 #a71 h[ev]1 ! "n ,orange ,cliffs is appli$ to mu* ( ! ea/w>d-fac+ cliffs1 :i* are made ( ! ,w+ate ,s&/one capp$ by ! ,kay5ta ,=mation4 ,remnants ( ! ,navajo ,s&/one increase 9 numb] to ! nor? & we/1 :]e remnants ( ! next two y\ng] rock units--! ,c>mel ,=mation & ! ,entrada ,s&/one--also occur4 ,?us1 ! cliff-=m+ units dip d[nw>d b5ea? y\ng] rocks t =m ! relatively flat ,gre5 ,riv] ,des]t to ! nor?we/1 also ref]r$ to z ! ,san ,rafael ,des]t4 ,figure #cb is a view s\!a/w>d f ,! ,spur1 %[n on ! map 7fig4 #a7 z ! nor!rn section ( ! ,orange ,cliffs4 ,at pres5t 7#aigc71 ! areas we/ ( ! ,gre5 ,riv] & ! ma9 /em ( ! ,colorado ,riv] are ! lea/ accessible ( any 9 ! p>k & 9 ?is respect h n *ang$ mu* s9ce ,but* ,cassidy & 8 ,wild ,bun* roam$ ! area1 except t ! =m] ma9 horse trails are n[ jeep trails4 ,a second>y road s\? f ! t[n ( ,gre5 ,riv] goes pa/ ! nor? side ( ! ,horse%oe ,canyon ,deta*$ ,unit 7figs4 #a1 #b7 & connects ) ano!r second>y road to ! we/1 :i* jo9s ,utah ,highway #bd at ,temple ,junction1 #bj miles nor? ( ,hanksville2 ne> ,horse%oe ,canyon a jeep trail leads s\? to ! ,orange ,cliffs4 ,ow+ to bl[+ s&1 ^! 8roads0 are n consid]$ reliable = pass5g] c>s & are be/ negotiat$ by f\r-:eel-drive vehicles or horses4 ,illu/ration3 ,,view ,,s\!a/w>d ,,f ,,! ,,spur1 9 nor!rn section ( ,orange ,cliffs4 ,junction ,butte & ,gr& ,view ,po9t on left skyl9e2 ,abajo ,m\nta9s 9 extreme di/ance to "r ( c5t]4 ,photograph by ,p>k] ,hamilton1 ,flag/aff1 ,ariz4 7,fig4 #cb7 ,illu/ration3 ,,look+ ,,nor? ,,d[n ,,mill>d ,,canyon f head ( canyon a mile nor?we/ ( ,fr5* ,spr+4 ,note small ar* or w9d[ 9 ! ,navajo ,s&/one at upp] left1 :i* is %[n 9 figure #a z 8,ar*40 ,! ,navajo is und]la9 by ! cliff-=m+ ,kay5ta ,=mation & ,w+ate ,s&/one re/+ ^u a slop+ base ( ! ,*9le ,=mation &1 f>!r d[n/ream1 l$ges & slopes ( ! ,mo5kopi ,=mation4 ,photograph by ,p>k] ,hamilton1 ,flag/aff1 ,ariz4 7,fig4 #cc7 ,accord+ to ,bak] 7#aiga1 p4 #ab71 ! road lead+ ea/w>d along ,nor? ,po9t 0 us$ by ! ,wild ,bun* 9 travel+ to ,fr5* ,spr+1 :5ce !y dropp$ d[n ,mill>d ,canyon 7fig4 #cc7 & cross$ ! ,gre5 ,riv] at ,bonita ,b5d1 :i* is j ea/ ( ,buttes ( ! ,cross 7fig4 #fd74 ,!y also foll[$ ! ,old ,spani% ,trail f ! ,h5ry ,m\nta9s ea/w>d across ! ,dirty ,devil ,riv]1 up ,nor? ,hat* ,canyon1 across ,sunset ,pass1 & d[n across ! ,l& ( ,/&+ ,rocks to ,spani% ,bottom on ! ,colorado ,riv] 7fig4 #a74 ,aft] cross+ ! riv]1 !y foll[$ ! trail up ,l[] ,r$ ,lake ,canyon 7fig4 #ei7 & ea/w>d ?r\gh ,! ,ne$les to ,monticello4 ,illu/ration3 ,petroglyph ,! ,b5*l&s ,! ,:ite ,rim1 a broad b5*l& "s #a1jjj-a1bjj feet bel[ ! s\!rn half ( ,isl& 9 ! ,sky1 & "s ( ! associat$ b5*l&s we/ ( ! ,gre5 ,riv] & betwe5 ! ,colorado ,riv] & ,hat* ,po9t h already be5 discuss$ z view$ f ,isl& 9 ! ,sky1 ! ,:ite ,rim ,trail1 or ,hat* ,po9t4 ,!re rema9 = consid]ation sev]al o!r prom95t b5*l&s4 ,! ,maze & ,l& ( ,/&+ ,rocks ,! ,maze1 an intricately c>v$ s]ies ( canyons & gullies1 has be5 call$ a 8,?irty-squ>e-mile puzzle 9 s&/one0 7,f9dley1 #aiga1 p4 #ga-gc71 & "o c readily visualize a k+-siz$ rat /ruggl+ 9 va9 to f9d a way out4 ,! rock is ! ,c$> ,mesa ,s&/one1 :i* "h und]lies r$ %ales b5ea? ! ,:ite ,rim ,s&/one4 ,s\? ( ,! ,maze an area conta9+ tall spires 0 appropriately nam$ by ! ,indians 8,toom'-p9 wu-ne>' ,tu-weap'10 or 8,l& ( ,/&+ ,rocks0 7,p[ell1 #ahge1 p4 #aed74 ,we/ ( ,! ,maze is ,elat]ite ,bas91 s nam$ because ( a d>k-br[n ela/ic m9]al res9 call$ elat]ite1 :i* seeps f ! ,:ite ,rim ,s&/one4 ,"o ( ^! seeps is %[n 9 figure #cd1 & a w$ge-%ap$ lay] ( ! s&/one is %[n 9 figure #ce4 ,9 ! ,range ,canyon area %[n 9 figure #ce1 s& 0 be+ laid d[n 9 an (f%ore b> at ! left1 :ile r$ silts & muds 7 be+ deposit$ on l& to ! "r4 ,! d>k b$ j above ! ,:ite ,rim ne> ! middle ( ! photograph is ! ,hosk9n9i ,tongue ( ! ,mo5kopi ,=mation1 :i* int]tongues ) & p9*es out 9 b$s ( ! ,mo5kopi ,=mation to left4 ,^! are excell5t examples ( :at geologi/s call facies *anges4 ,s\? ( ! ,l& ( ,/&+ ,rocks are equally colorful areas kn[n z ,! ,f9s & ,ernies ,c\ntry 7nam$ aft] ,ernie ,l>son1 an e>ly-day %eep man74 ,a prom95t r[ ( spires ne> ,cat>act ,canyon is kn[n z ,! ,doll ,h\se 7fig4 #cf74 ,illu/ration3 ,,elat]ite ,,seep+ ,,f ,,:ite ,,rim ,,s&/one 9 ,elat]ite ,bas9 we/ ( ,! ,maze4 ,elat]ite is a d>k-br[n ela/ic m9]al res94 ,photograph by ,donald ,l4 ,ba>s4 7,fig4 #cd7 ,illu/ration3 ,,:ite ,,rim ,,s&/one 9 nor? wall ( ,range ,canyon1 s\? ( ,elat]ite ,bas94 ,b$ ?9s f #bcj feet at left 7we/7 to #ch feet at "r 7ea/71 & disappe>s 7by facies *ange into r$ %ales7 a %ort di/ance f>!r ea/4 ,see description 9 text ( p9* out ( ,hosk9n9i ,tongue4 ,b$ at top ( mesa is ,moss ,back ,memb] ( ,*9le ,=mation4 ,photograph by ,donald ,l4 ,ba>s4 7,fig4 #ce7 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,doll ,,h\se1 erod$ f ,c$> ,mesa ,s&/one j we/ ( ,spani% ,bottom1 above ,cat>act ,canyon4 ,notice ! r$ lay] at "r (fset by a fault4 ,photograph by ,p>k] ,hamilton1 ,flag/aff1 ,ariz4 7,fig4 #cf7 ,! ,ne$les di/rict ,! ,ne$les di/rict is curr5tly 7#aigc7 ! mo/ highly develop$ "p ( ! unf9i%$ p>k z ! result ( design1 n accid5t1 = ?is di/rict includes ! greate/ numb] & wide/ v>iety ( spectacul> features--,! ,ne$les prop]1 ,! ,grab5s 7pron\nc$ grbns71 colossal ar*es & o!r erosional =ms1 l>ge mead[s su* z ,squaw ,flat & ,*esl] & ,virg9ia ,p>ks1 a wide v>iety ( prehi/oric ru9s & pictographs1 & ,conflu5ce ,ov]look = view+ ! jo9+ ( two mighty riv]s--! ,gre5 & ! ,colorado4 ,l ! ,:ite ,rim & ,! ,maze1 ! ,ne$les di/rict is ano!r ( ! broad b5*l&s ab\t midway betwe5 ! high mesas & ! deep canyons4 ,utah ,highway #baa1 z m5tion$ already1 is a #ch-mile-long pav$ road lead+ to ! ,ne$les di/rict f ,u4,s4 ,highway #afc at a po9t #ae miles nor? ( ,monticello & #ah miles s\? ( ,la ,sal ,junction4 ,! int]section is well m>k$ by ,*ur* ,rock 7fig4 #cg71 a butte ( ! ,entrada ,s&/one4 ,highway #baa gradually climbs an ea/w>d-dipp+ slope ( ! ,navajo ,s&/one dott$ ) a few buttes & pat*es ( ! ,entrada ,s&/one1 su* z ,*ur* ,rock1 & rea*es ! fir/ ( two summits #c miles we/ ( ,highway #afc4 ,! road crosses a broad g5tle valley 9 ! ,navajo ,s&/one1 rea*es ! second summit ab\t #aj miles f ! highway1 !n desc5ds /eeply ?r\gh ! ,navajo ,s&/one & "p ( ! ,kay5ta ,=mation to ,indian ,creek1 #a miles bel[1 & foll[s ?is creek ne>ly to ,! ,ne$les4 ,half a mile d[n ! canyon takes u to ! top ( ! cliff-=m+ ,w+ate ,s&/one1 & ano!r half mile br+s u to ,indian ,creek ,/ate ,p>k & its /rik+ ,newspap] ,rock 7fig4 #e74 ,ano!r #a miles takes u to ! base ( ! ,w+ate & top ( ! und]ly+ ,*9le ,=mation1 :i* =ms ! r$ slope b5ea? ! cliffs4 ,hi/oric ,dug\t ,ran* 7p4 #ad7 is #ai miles we/ ( ! highway1 & f "h a dry-wea!r road leads s\?w>d up nor? ,cottonwood ,creek #cg miles to ,beef ,bas9 & connects ) roads to ,elk ,ridge & ! ,be>s ,e>s1 bo? j we/ ( ! ,abajo ,m\nta9s4 ,j we/ ( ! ran* we get a good view ahead ( two hi/oric l&m>ks--,nor? & ,s\? ,six-,%oot] ,peaks 7fig4 #ch71 s nam$ because ( _! resemblance to a pair ( revolv]s po9t+ skyw>d4 ,! guns are sculptur$ f sliv]s ( ,w+ate ,s&/one re/+ ^u conical m\nds ( ! ,*9le4 ,^! c be se5 f a wide area2 bo? appe> 9 figures #ch & #dj1 & ! nor? "o is se5 9 figure #gg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ur* ,,rock1 /&+ gu>d at ! int]section ( ,u4,s4 ,highway #afc & ! ea/ end ( ,utah ,highway #baa lead+ to ! ,ne$les di/rict4 ,rock is ,entrada ,s&/one3 r$ f\ndation is ,dewey ,bridge ,memb]2 yell[i% smoo? r\nd$ body ( *ur* is ,slick ,rock ,memb]2 :ite /eeple is ,moab ,memb]4 ,la ,sal ,m\nta9s at left4 7,fig4 #cg7 ,illu/ration3 ,,nor? ,,& ,,s\? ,,six-,,%oot] ,,peaks1 look+ we/ f entrance road to ,! ,ne$les4 7,fig4 #ch7 ,a mile we/ ( ,dug\t ,ran* we desc5d to ! top ( ! ,moss ,back ,memb] ( ! ,*9le1 a l$ge ( gray-gre5 s&/one =m+ ! base ( ?is g5]ally r$ =mation1 & rea* ! base ( ! memb] at ! top ( ! ,mo5kopi ,=mation 9 ! next mile & a half4 ,! ,moss ,back is uranium be>+ 9 ne>by areas4 ,at #c4h miles we/ ( ,dug\t ,ran* a poorly m>k$ road on ! left crosses ,indian ,creek1 !n =ks2 ! left-h& =k foll[s ! b$ ( ,lav5d] ,canyon1 & ! "r-h& =k goes into ,davis ,canyon4 ,headwat]s ( bo? ^! canyons are new additions to ! p>k4 ,! r$ ,organ ,rock ,tongue ( ! ,cutl] ,=mation is se5 ab\t #c miles beyond ! turn(f1 or ab\t #f miles we/ ( ,dug\t ,ran*4 ,ano!r #a miles takes u d[n 9 ! rock column 7fig4 #i7 to ! top ( ! ,c$> ,mesa ,s&/one4 ,! ,:ite ,rim ,s&/one1 :i* =ms su* a prom95t b5* ar\nd ! s\!rn "p ( ,isl& 9 ! ,sky 7figs4 #bj-bc7 & we/ ( ! ,gre5 ,riv]1 is miss+ f ! ,ne$les di/rict1 its place 9 ! rock column be+ tak5 by r$ %ales & s&/ones ( ! ,cutl] ,=mation4 ,s\? ( ,indian ,creek o!r und]ly+ r$ b$s ( ! ,cutl] are gradually replac$ 9 turn by ! ?ick ,c$> ,mesa ,s&/one4 ,erosion has r$uc$ ! g5]al level ( ! ,ne$les di/rict to or into ! ,c$> ,mesa ,s&/one1 b _m /reams h cut into ! und]ly+ ,rico ,=mation1 & ! ,colorado ,riv] has cut also into1 & 9 places ?r\gh1 ! lime/ones ( ! unnam$ upp] memb] ( ! ,h]mosa ,=mation4 ,our fir/ view ( ,! ,ne$les is ano!r #d miles1 & #a m mile takes u to ! p>k b\nd>y1 ne>ly #cb miles f ! ,u4,s4 ,highway #afc4 ,we pass a road on ! "r lead+ to ,canyonl&s ,resort1 & on ! left is a new l9e camp :i* replaces ! re/or$ "o at ,cave ,spr+ 7fig4 #f74 ,! unusual features ( ! ,ne$les di/rict are due 9 "s "p to ! "* & ?ickness ( ! und]ly+ rocks b 9 l>ge "p to erosion along jo9ts & faults4 ,jo9ts are fractures along :i* no displacem5t has tak5 place1 & faults are fractures along :i* !re has be5 displacem5t ( ! two sides relative to "o ano!r 7fig4 #gf74 ,! ,c$> ,mesa ,s&/one comprises #ejj to #fjj feet or m ( h>d well-cem5t$ buff1 :ite1 & p9k b$s ( massive s&/one4 ,on ! basis ( ! type & am\nt ( de=mation & erosion ( ! ,c$> ,mesa ,s&/one & und]ly+ rocks1 ! ,ne$les di/rict c be divid$ into ?ree diff]+ areas3 7#a7 an ea/]n area :]e ! rocks are relatively unde=m$ b are c>v$ into an intricate s]ies ( canyons1 includ+ ,salt ,canyon & ! upp] rea*es ( ,davis & ,lav5d] ,canyons--! section ( ! di/rict t conta9s mo/ ( ! ar*es & ,indian ru9s2 7#b7 ,! ,ne$les prop]1 :]e t5sional =ces h crack$ ! brittle ,c$> ,mesa ,s&/one into a crazy-quilt patt]n ( squ>e to rectangul> blocks sep>at$ by jo9ts wid5$ by erosion1 creat+ a myriad ( spires & p9nacles2 & 7#c7 ,! ,grab5s1 :]e ! previ\sly jo9t$ rocks 7 lat] subject$ to additional t5sional =ces t produc$ a s]ies ( ne>ly p>allel faults t tr5d nor!a/w>d & sep>ate d[ndropp$ blocks ( rock1 call$ grab5s1 f int]v5+ /ation>y or up?r[n blocks ( rock1 call$ hor/s4 ,let u exam9e ea* ( ^! areas 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,= travel+ to mo/ features a f\r-:eel-drive vehicle is /rongly recomm5d$4 ,"s visitors negotiate ! jeep trails ) dune buggies or motorcycles1 b f\r-:eel-drive vehicles are consid]$ saf] & g5]ally m reliable4 ,a few trails c be travel$ only on foot4 ,squaw ,flat1 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! relatively unde=m$ area1 is a ne>ly flat area ( l[] ,c$> ,mesa ,s&/one cov]$ "h & !re by a ?9 lay] ( sp>sely vegetat$ soil & surr\nd$ by g5]ally l[ hilly erosional =ms 9 ! upp] "p ( ! s&/one4 ,%ort canyons & alcoves 9 ! s&/one hills along ! we/ side af=d excell5t semi-private campsites1 ea* ( :i* has its own pav$ access road1 picnic table1 & tra% c 7fig4 #ci74 ,moreov]1 gr\nd wat] at %all[ dep? 9 ! und]ly+ s&/one has enc\rag$ ! gr[? ( exceptionally l>ge pion & junip] trees t provide welcome %ade4 ,illu/ration3 ,,squaw ,,flat ,,campgr\nd1 9 ! ,ne$les di/rict1 9 ,c$> ,mesa ,s&/one4 ,l>ge pion & junip] trees draw gr\nd wat] f ?is s&/one4 7,fig4 #ci7 ,,salt1 ,,davis1 ,,& ,,lav5d] ,,canyons ,a glance at ! s\!a/ corn] ( ! map 7fig4 #a7 %[s t mo/ ( ! ar*es & prehi/oric ru9s 9 ! p>k are 9 ,salt ,canyon & its ma9 tribut>y1 ,horse ,canyon4 ,a few are 9 adjac5t ,davis & ,lav5d] ,canyons1 ^: headwat]s 7 rec5tly annex$ to ! p>k4 ,^! canyons are accessible only by negotiat+ ! /reamb$s on f\r-:eel-drive vehicles1 horseback1 or foot4 ,salt or ,horse ,canyons are be/ conqu]$ by f\r-:eel-drive vehicles plus %ort hikes 9 ! nor!rn "p & long hikes 9 ! s\!rn "p4 ,an a]ial view 7fig4 #dj7 ea/w>d across ,salt ,canyon %[s t erosion has produc$ an intricate s]ies ( me&]+ canyons sep>at$ by r n>r[ walls ( ! ,c$> ,mesa ,s&/one1 resembl+ some:at ,! ,maze1 we/ ( ! ,gre5 ,riv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,a]ial ,,view ,,ea/w>d ,,across ,,salt ,,canyon4 ,note n>r[ walls & p9nacles betwe5 canyons & alcoves4 ,six-,%oot] ,peaks are 9 left backgr\nd4 ,photograph by ,wayne ,alcorn1 ,national ,p>k ,s]vice4 7,fig4 #dj7 ,! massive s&/one b$s ( ! ,c$> ,mesa are compos$ ( s& gra9s cem5t$ toge!r by calcium c>bonate 7,ca,c,o71 :i* also =ms ! m9]al call$ calcite & ! rock kn[n z lime/one4 ,lime/one & calcite are soluble 9 acid1 ev5 weak acid su* z c>bonic acid 7,h,,hco71 =m$ by solution ( c>bon dioxide 7,,co7 9 wat]4 ,gr\nd wat]1 f\nd ev]y:]e 9 rock op5+s at diff]+ dep?s b5ea? ! surface1 conta9s consid]able dissolv$ c>bon dioxide d]iv$ f decay+ organic matt] 9 soil1 f ! atmosph]e1 & f o!r s\rces4 ,ev5 ra9 wat] & sn[ conta9 small am\nts absorb$ f ! atmosph]e--en\gh to dissolve small am\nts ( lime/one or ( calcite cem5t 9 s&/one4 ,! calcite cem5t 9 ! ,c$> ,mesa & _m o!r s&/ones is unev5ly di/ribut$1 s ! cem5t is remov$ fir/ f places t conta9 ! lea/ am\nts1 & once ! cem5t is dissolv$1 ! loose s& gra9s are c>ri$ away by gravity1 w9d1 or wat]4 ,?us1 relatively ?9 walls ( s&/one conta9+ irregul>ly di/ribut$ pat*es ( soluble cem5t are prime t>gets = ! =mation ( po?oles 7fig4 #df71 alcoves1 & caves4 ,once a break?r\gh occurs1 weak5$ *unks f ! ceil+ t5d to fall (f1 & ar*es ( v>i\s %apes are produc$1 because an ar* is naturally ! /ronge/ =m t c support ! ov]ly+ rock load4 ,man1 f ! anci5t ,greeks1 ,romans1 & ,egyptians to mod]n day1 has long made use ( ar*es 9 build+ bridges1 aqu$ucts1 temples1 ca!drals1 & o!r endur+ edifices4 ,all ! spectacul> ar*es we are ab\t to see 7 c>v$ f ! ,c$> ,mesa ,s&/one4 ,let u beg9 our t\r ( ,salt & ,horse ,canyons by driv+ a f\r-:eel-drive vehicle ea/w>d f ! f9e campgr\nd at ,squaw ,flat4 ,aft] ab\t a mile we pass ! ,wood5 ,%oe 7fig4 #da7 capp+ a ridge s\? ( ! highway2 x conta9s "o ( ! smalle/ ar*es we w enc\nt]4 ,?ree qu>t]s ( a mile ea/ ( ! tempor>y rang] /ation we come to ,cave ,spr+1 an old re/or$ c[boy l9e camp pictur$ 9 figure #f4 ,?is & an adjac5t cave conta9+ a spr+ are "p ( ! int]e/+ well-m>k$ ,environm5tal ,trail1 well wor? ! half h\r or s x requires4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wood5 ,,%oe1 ne> tempor>y rang] headqu>t]s1 ! ,ne$les di/rict4 ,c>v$ 9 ,c$> ,mesa ,s&/one4 7,fig4 #da7 ,! jeep trail up ,salt ,canyon lies mo/ly 9 ! s&y b$ ( ,salt ,creek b includes a few %ortcuts across goos5ecks & "s r\gh rocky /ret*es ar\nd rapids or wat]falls4 ,x is be/ travel$ :5 ! canyon bottom is moi/ b n soak$4 ,:5 ! s& is s(t & dry1 a %ift into f\r-:eel drive is g5]ally necess>y4 ,signs w>n ( quicks&1 :i* occurs :5 ! s& is fully saturat$2 h5ce1 summ] ?und]%[]s sometimes require delay+ or po/pon+ ! trip4 ,:5 9 d\bt1 consult a p>k rang] = expect$ wea!r & trail conditions4 ,?und]%[]s sometimes occur s sudd5ly & viol5tly z to cause s]i\s floods1 & ! 8road0 is clos$ :5 heavy ra9 is expect$4 ,h[ev]1 if an unexpect$ /orm occurs :ile y are up 9 ! canyon1 try to rea* high gr\nd & wait until ! flood subsides4 ,if y d n h "t to get y\r vehicle out ( ! flood's pa?1 at lea/ get y\rself & pass5g]s to a safe spot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,paul ,,bunyans ,,potty1 on ea/ wall ( ,horse ,canyon4 7,fig4 #db7 ,two & a half miles s\? ( ,cave ,spr+ we rea* ! conflu5ce ) ,horse ,canyon1 m>k$ by a sign at ! ,y giv+ di/ances to po9ts ( int]e/ up ea* canyon4 ,let u try ,horse ,canyon fir/4 ,aft] ab\t a mile we pass ,paul ,bunyans ,potty on ! left--"o ( ! mo/ aptly titl$ features ( ! p>k 7fig4 #db74 ,two miles s\? ( ! ,y is ,keyhole ,ru91 ne/l$ 9 a cleft high on ! cliff to our left--a gran>y built by ! ,anasazi4 ,"h we face ano!r ,y4 ,! left =k leads half a mile ea/ to ,t[] ,ru9 7fig4 #d71 "o ( ! l>ge/ & be/ pres]v$ ,anasazi gran>ies 9 ! p>k4 ,! "r =k takes u on up ,horse ,canyon1 & 9 ab\t #b miles we pass ,go?ic ,ar* on ! "r4 ,9 #b m miles1 #d miles f ,salt ,canyon1 a %ort hike up ! tribut>y to ! "r leads to ,ca/le ,ar* & ,?irte5 ,faces4 ,assum+ we h tak5 photographs ( ! important features along ! way1 x probably is ab\t "t to return to camp at ,squaw ,flat1 unless we *oose to sp5d ! night at ,peek-a-boo ,spr+ & primitive campgr\nd 9 ,salt ,canyon1 ab\t #a4b miles above ! conflu5ce ) ,horse ,canyon4 ,ano!r drive takes u up ,salt ,canyon #h miles pa/ ! conflu5ce ) ,horse ,canyon to ano!r conflu5ce & ,y1 :i* has a primitive campsite )\t wat]4 ,"o mile up ! left1 or s\!a/1 tribut>y is a p>k+ area :]e we beg9 ! -mile walk to ,angel ,ar*1 consid]$ by _m p to be ! mo/ beautiful & spectacul> ar* 9 ! p>k if n 9 ! entire canyon c\ntry4 ,angel ,ar* 0 drawn = ! front cov] by ,john ,r4 ,/acy & is pictur$ 9 figure #dc4 ,illu/ration3 ,petroglyph ,illu/ration3 ,,angel ,,ar*1 along tribut>y ( ,salt ,canyon4 7,fig4 #dc7 ,illu/ration3 ,,fi%eye ,,ar*1 along upp] ,salt ,canyon1 look+ nor?4 ,photograph by ,national ,p>k ,s]vice4 7,fig4 #dd7 ,f ! la/ ,y we c proce$ only ab\t #b miles f>!r up ma9 ,salt ,canyon by vehicle1 & ! rema9+ features %[n on ! map 7fig4 #a7 c be rea*$ only on foot4 ,! ,all ,am]ican ,man1 a unique pictograph ref]r$ to e>li] 7fig4 #c71 is ab\t #c miles up ! canyon4 ,^? h>dy s\ls :o wi% to hike _m additional miles to ! head ( ,salt ,canyon w be rew>d$ ) views ( f\r additional ar*es & sev]al ru9s4 ,two ( ^! ar*es are %[n 9 figures #dd & #de4 ,! m adv5turesome may wi% to explore upp] ,lav5d] & ,davis ,canyons by driv+ up ! s& wa%es 9 a f\r-:eel-drive vehicle1 b inquiry %\ld be made f a p>k rang] reg>d+ access to ! canyon m\?s & condition ( ! wa%es4 ,h& ,holt ,ar* 7fig4 #df7 & ,cleft ,ar* 7fig4 #dg7 are two ( ! rew>d+ sights 9 ,lav5d] ,canyon1 & figure #dh %[s "o ( ! ar*es 9 ,davis ,canon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w$d+ ,,r+ ,,ar*1 along upp] ,salt ,canyon4 ,photograph by ,national ,p>k ,s]vice4 7,fig4 #de7 ,illu/ration3 ,,h& ,,holt ,,ar*1 9 ,lav5d] ,canyon4 ,note holes 9 s&/one =m$ by solution & w9d sc\r4 ,photograph by ,national ,p>k ,s]vice4 7,fig4 #df7 ,illu/ration3 ,,cleft ,,ar*1 9 upp] ,lav5d] ,canyon1 look+ nor?4 ,photograph by ,e4 ,n4 ,h9ri*s4 7,fig4 #dg7 ,illu/ration3 ,,ar*1 9 upp] ,davis ,canyon1 look+ nor?we/4 ,photograph by ,e4 ,n4 ,h9ri*s4 7,fig4 #dh7 ,,! ,,ne$les ,,& ,,! ,,grab5s ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,ne$les1 look+ s\?we/ f ,squaw ,flat4 7,fig4 #di7 ,illu/ration3 ,,*esl] ,,p>k ,,9 ,,! ,,ne$les1 a]ial view look+ nor!a/4 ,photograph by ,walt] ,meay]s ,edw>ds1 #aiga ,national ,geographic ,society4 7,fig4 #ej7 ,! nor!a/]n edge ( ,! ,ne$les prop] c be se5 f ,squaw ,flat 7fig4 #di71 b ! true "* ( ,! ,ne$les c be appreciat$ bett] f ! air 7fig4 #ej74 ,y _c get f> into ,! ,ne$les )\t trav]s+ "p ( ,! ,grab5s1 s we w consid] !m toge!r4 ,an a]ial oblique view 7fig4 #ea7 %[s ,! ,ne$les 9 ! =egr\nd & ,! ,grab5s 9 ! middle backgr\nd4 ,z %[n on ! map 7fig4 #a71 y c hike into ,! ,ne$les & ,! ,grab5s f ,squaw ,flat1 b let u make ! trip us+ a f\r-:eel-drive vehicle & sev]al %ort hikes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,ne$les ,,& ,,! ,,grab5s1 a]ial oblique view look+ we/ ov] ,*esl] ,p>k 9 =egr\nd1 ,! ,grab5s to ! "r1 & ,cat>act ,canyon beh9d4 ,photograph by ,u4,s4 ,army ,air ,=ce4 7,fig4 #ea7 ,ord9>y pass5g] c>s n[ c g #b miles we/ ( ,squaw ,flat to ,soda ,spr+1 at ! ea/ base ( ,elephant ,hill1 b beyond ,soda ,spr+ f\r-:eel-drive vehicles %\ld be us$4 ,"s p conqu] ! hill 9 dune buggies or on motorcycles1 b ?is is consid]$ q dang]\s4 ,bo? sides ( ?is %ort 7#a miles7 b =midable hill h swit*back curves too %>p to negotiate 9 ! regul> mann]1 s special driv+ te*niques mu/ be foll[$4 ,on ! ea/ side1 y mu/ drive out on a flat rock1 jockey back & =? until turn$ completely ar\nd1 !n proce$ up ! hill4 ,on ! we/ side1 y desc5d a #dj-p]c5t grade to a %elf1 back d[n a n>r[ /ret* ( ab\t #cj-p]c5t grade & back %>ply to ! left onto a flat rock1 !n g =w>d aga94 ,on ! return trip ! :ole proc$ure is c>ri$ out 9 rev]se ord]4 ,we/ ( ,elephant ,hill1 ! road rea*es a ,y1 at :i* y mu/ turn left on a "o-way road2 ! "r-h& road is = lat] "o-way return to ! ,y4 ,:y ! left-h& =k is "o way soon becomes app>5t1 = ! road leads into a n>r[ %all[ grab51 call$ ,devils ,pocket 7fig4 #ea71 betwe5 rock walls1 & is b>ely wide en\gh = "o c>4 ,aft] ab\t #b miles ! grab5 wid5s out into a beautiful spot call$ ! ,devils ,kit*51 :i* conta9s sev]al picnic tables tuck$ into %ady recesses 9 ! s&/one walls4 ,?is is ! />t+ po9t = two trails lead+ s\?w>d by diff]5t r\tes to ,*esl] ,p>k1 f :i* o!r trails lead to ,druid ,ar* or back to ,squaw ,flat4 ,f ! ,devils ,kit*51 ! road turns abruptly we/w>d = ab\t half a mile to ano!r ,y 9 ab\t ! middle ( ,devils ,lane1 "o ( ! l>g] grab5s & "o ( two ^: entire l5g? is trav]s$ by roads1 z %[n on ! map 7fig4 #a74 ,only ! left =k is a two-way road1 s let u take ! left =k #b miles s\?we/w>d to ! next road junction4 ,ab\t halfway d[n ,devils ,lane1 a fault cross+ ! grab5 has creat$ a n>r[ /eep ridge appropriately call$ ,,sob ,hill1 because ! road ov] x creates a *all5ge t "s vehicles fail to meet on ! fir/ attempt6 ,! next road int]section is n[ %[n on ! map 7fig4 #a7 z a %>p turn lead+ s\?we/ to ,ru9 ,p>k & ,beef ,bas94 ,! ab&on$ left =k 7n %[n7 leads ea/ into ,*esl] ,p>k4 ,?is p>k1 %[n 9 figure #ej & ne> ! bottom ( figure #ea1 is a beautiful natural mead[ ( sev]al hundr$ acres f5c$ by a natural wall ( ne$les & conta9+ a c5tral isl& ( ne$les4 ,because ( vehicul> damage to mead[ vegetation1 ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice f\nd x necess>y to close ! road4 ,to rea* ,*esl] ,p>k n[1 vehicles mu/ g "r a %ort di/ance to ! ,*esl] ,canyon turn(f1 !n left ab\t half a mile to a p>k+ area4 ,f "h1 a -mile hike ea/ ?r\gh ! n>r[ ,jo9t ,trail gets u to ! s\? side ( ,*esl] ,p>k1 :]e we jo9 ! ab&on$ road to rea* ! nor!a/ corn] ( ! p>k & ! trails into ,! ,ne$les prop] 7fig4 #a74 ,?is *ange adds #a miles 7"o way7 to ! hike to ,druid ,ar*1 mak+ ! r\nd trip ab\t #aa miles4 ,at ! old trailhead1 ne> ! nor!a/ corn] ( ,*esl] ,p>k1 is a sign proclaim+ ! ne$ = rubb]-sol$ %oes & wat]1 & ,i /rongly support ^! admonitions1 = mu* ( ! hike is on b>e smoo? s&/one & includes /eep slopes & g5]ally dry wat]falls4 ,! hike %\ld n be attempt$ by anyone n 9 good physical condition1 & x %\ld n be und]tak5 alone2 two or m p %\ld travel toge!r4 ,z %[n 9 figure #eb1 ! trail to ,druid ,ar* f ,*esl] ,p>k />ts out on b>e ,c$> ,mesa ,s&/one m>k$ by a succession ( rock cairns1 two ( :i* are visible & )\t :i* ! trail w\ld soon be lo/4 ,! trail drops rapidly d[n into ,elephant ,canyon1 :i* is !n foll[$ s\?w>d #b miles to ! ar*4 ,?is canyon has cut ?r\gh ! ,c$> ,mesa into ! und]ly+ ,rico ,=mation1 & mu* ( ! canyon is q n>r[ & /eep sid$1 z %[n 9 figure #ec4 ,al?\gh mu* ( ! ,rico consi/s ( r$ b$s laid d[n above sea level by anci5t /reams1 ! trail crosses sev]al ?9 b$s ( d>k-gray h>d lime/one conta9+ fossil m>9e sea%ells & anci5t sea anemones ^: orig9al calcium c>bonate p>ts h be5 locally replac$ by jasp] 7r$ iron-be>+ silica74 ,:5 at la/ ! we>y hik] makes ! /eep climb out ( ! canyon & r\nds ! f9al b>e-rock curve1 ! sudd5 & /rik+ view ( ,druid ,ar* 7fig4 #ed7 seems wor? e bit ( ! ef=t--at lea/ x 0 to me & my hik+ companion4 ,aft] my fri5d & ,i hik$ to ,druid ,ar* & aft] ! l5g? ( ?is r\te 0 increas$ to a r\nd-trip di/ance ( #aa miles1 a new r\te 0 con/ruct$ hav+ a r\nd-trip l5g? ( only #h miles4 ,?is new trail />ts at ! end ( ! pass5g]-c> road at ! ea/ edge ( ,elephant ,hill1 goes #a miles s\?we/ to jo9 an old] trail 9 ,elephant ,canyon1 !n foll[s ?is canyon #c miles s\? to ! ar*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,trail ,,to ,,druid ,,ar*1 ne> its beg9n+ at nor!a/ corn] ( ,*esl] ,p>k1 m>k$ only by rock cairns1 two ( :i* are visible4 7,fig4 #eb7 ,illu/ration3 ,,upp] ,,elephant ,,canyon1 conta9+ trail to ,druid ,ar*4 7,fig4 #ec7 ,illu/ration3 ,,druid ,,ar*1 f end ( ardu\s trail %[n 9 figures #eb & #ec4 7,fig4 #ed7 ,aft] return+ to our vehicle we/ ( ,*esl] ,p>k & backtrack+ ov] ,,sob ,hill to ! int]section 9 ! middle ( ,devils ,lane1 let u proce$ nor?w>d on a "o-way road to & beyond ! ,silv] ,/airs = a clos] look at ,devils ,lane & o!r grab5s to ! we/ & = a look at ! conflu5ce ( ! ,gre5 & ,colorado ,riv]s4 ,b fir/ let u pause & reflect ^u ! possible orig9 ( ,! ,grab5s4 ,geologi/s h diff]5t op9ions z to j h[ grab5s & complex sy/ems ( jo9ts h =m$1 b all seem to agree t t5sional =ces 7 involv$4 ,"s ?9k t solution ( salt & gypsum f ! ,p>adox ,memb] ( ! ,h]mosa ,=mation by gr\nd-wat] movem5t all[$ ! brittle ,c$> ,mesa ,s&/one & o!r ov]ly+ rocks to sag1 produc+ t5sion cracks & faults4 ,o!rs believe t removal ( ! salt & gypsum occurr$ by pla/ic fl[age t[>d ! ,me&] anticl9e 7see p4 #ajh & fig4 #fa71 ^: axis foll[s ! ,colorado ,riv] s\?we/ f ,! ,loop1 pa/ ! conflu5ce1 & to & beyond ,spani% ,bottom4 ,"s suppose t compaction due to ! weight ( ! abnormally ?ick pile ( s$im5t>y rock und]ly+ ! area may h caus$ ! sagg+1 crack+1 & fault+4 ,! rock de=mation may h result$ f a comb9ation ( ^! & possibly o!r ?+s1 ( c\rse1 b :atev] ! cause1 ! result+ features are v /rik+4 ,!re 0 room to %[ only two ( ! nam$ grab5s )9 ! p>k on ! map 7fig4 #a71 b all are %[n 9 figure #ea1 & sev]al appe> 9 figure #ei4 ,a diagramatic cross section ( a typical grab5 is %[n 9 figure #ee4 ,! t5sion faults %[n 9 figures #ee & #ef are call$ normal faults1 9 contra/ to faults =m$ by horizontal compression1 :i* are call$ rev]se faults 7figs4 #ge1 #gf74 ,! ,grab5s range 9 wid? f ab\t #g or #h feet at ! nor? end ( ,devils ,pocket to ne>ly #b1jjj feet at ! s\? end ( ,r$ ,lake ,canyon1 b ! av]age wid? is ab\t #ejj feet4 ,! floors ( ,! ,grab5s are cov]$ by soil & grass1 b ! displacem5t along ! faults is believ$ to approximate ! height ( ! walls--ne>ly #cjj feet4 ,t ,! ,grab5s are ( fairly rec5t orig9 is atte/$ by ! fact t mo/ ( ! walls are v]tical fault faces %[+ little sign ( erosion 7fig4 #eg72 t no ?r\gh dra9age has yet be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,cyclone ,canyon1 :i* is a s]ies ( bas9s ) l[ divides betwe52 & t sev]al pre-exi/+ /reams 7 int]rupt$ or div]t$ by ! fault+4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,simple ,,grab51 =m$ by t5sion 9 directions indicat$ by horizontal arr[s4 ,d[ndropp$ c5tral block is ! grab52 /ation>y or uplift$ blocks on sides are call$ hor/s4 ,f ,hans5 7#aifi1 p4 #abc74 ,see also figure #gf4 7,fig4 #ee7 ,illu/ration3 ,,cutaway ,,view ,,( ,,normal ,,fault1 result+ f t5sion 9 & l5g!n+ ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,note am\nt ( displacem5t & repetition ( /rata4 ,comp>e ) figure #gf4 ,f ,hans5 7#aifi1 p4 #aaf74 7,fig4 #ef7 ,n[ let u cont9ue our j\rney nor?w>d along ,devils ,lane4 ,j be=e rea*+ ! ,silv] ,/airs we may wi% to pause long en\gh to take 9 ! di/ant view to ! nor?we/ t[>d ,junction ,butte & ,gr& ,view ,po9t4 7,see frontispiece47 ,aft] desc5d+ ! /eep ,silv] ,/airs 9 a n>r[ cleft betwe5 rock walls1 we rea* ano!r int]section3 a two-way road cont9u+ nor?we/ goes to our de/9ation1 & a "o-way road turn+ "r returns to ,elephant ,hill via "p ( ,elephant ,canyon 7fig4 #eh74 ,ab\t #b miles to ! nor?we/ we cross ! nor? end ( ,cyclone ,canyon1 ! l>ge/ grab54 ,x conta9s a road #c miles long & is well wor? see+4 ,ab\t "o-half mile f ! s\? end1 an old trail foll[s ,r$ ,lake & ,l[] ,r$ ,lake ,canyons to ! ,colorado ,riv] across f ,spani% ,bottom 7figs4 #a1 #fa74 ,f ne> ! nor? end ( ,cyclone ,canyon 7figs4 #a1 #ei71 we drive we/ ?ree-f\r?s mile to a p>k+ area & hike "o-half mile to an ov]look = a spectacul> view ( ! conflu5ce ( ! ,gre5 & ,colorado ,riv]s 7figs4 #ei1 #fj7 & ( ! nor!rn "p ( ,cat>act ,canyon 7fig4 #fa74 ,^! & o!r canyons are discuss$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,we/ ,,wall ,,( ,,cyclone ,,canyon ,,grab51 a ne>ly v]tical fault face %[+ little sign ( erosion4 7,fig4 #eg7 ,illu/ration3 ,,l[] ,,elephant ,,canyon1 foll[$ by jeep trail f ne> ,silv] ,/airs to ,elephant ,hill4 7,fig4 #eh7 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,conflu5ce ,,f ,,! ,,air1 & "s ( ,! ,grab5s4 ,see also figure #ea4 ,v]tical a]ial photograph by ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey4 7,fig4 #ei7 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,conflu5ce ,,f ,,conflu5ce ,,ov]look1 %[n 9 figures #a & #ei4 ,gre5 ,riv] ent]+ f left1 ,colorado ,riv] f "r4 ,r$ b$s ne> top are ,rico ,=mation1 ov]la9 by ,c$> ,mesa ,s&/one & und]la9 by unnam$ upp] memb] ( ,h]mosa ,=mation4 7,fig4 #fj7 ,illu/ration3 ,,cat>act ,,canyon1 f ! rim1 look+ s\? to ,spani% ,bottom at b5d4 ,b$s dip to left & "r away f ,colorado ,riv]1 :i* "h is foll[$ by axis ( ,me&] anticl9e4 7,see p4 #ajh74 ,cliff bel[ ov]hang+ rock resembles pr(ile ( a man2 ! rock resembles 8 hat4 ,photograph by ,walt] ,meay]s ,edw>ds1 #aiga ,national ,geographic ,society4 7,fig4 #fa7 ,canyons ( ! ,gre5 & ,colorado ,riv]s ,we h discuss$ two ( ! ?ree major topographic divisions ( ! p>k--! high mesas & ! b5*l&s--& !re rema9s to consid] ! ?ird division--! canyons ( ! mighty ,gre5 & ,colorado ,riv]s & "s ( _! tribut>ies4 ,aft] we discuss a few features common to bo? riv]s1 we w take up ! details ( ea* riv]4 ,a glance at ! map 7fig4 #a7 %[s t above ! conflu5ce bo? riv]s are v crook$ & conta9 _m loops1 or me&]s1 ! mo/ /rik+ ( :i* are ,b[knot ,b5d ( ! ,gre5 ,riv] 7fig4 #fb71 sev]al miles nor? ( ! p>k1 & ,! ,loop ( ! ,colorado ,riv] 7fig4 #gd74 ,9 contra/1 ! ma9 /em ( ! ,colorado ,riv] bel[ ! conflu5ce is consid]ably /raight]4 ,n app>5t on ! map are ! facts t ! crook$ riv]s above ! conflu5ce h v g5tle grades & are free f rapids or falls1 :]eas a few miles s\? ( ! conflu5ce ! ma9 /em plunges into ,cat>act ,canyon--! /eepe/ & wilde/ rea* ( ! riv]1 conta9+ #fd rapids4 ,^! diff]5ces are p>tly explicable on ! basis ( ! geologic /ructure & "* ( ! rocks ?r\gh :i* ! riv]s h cut4 ,above ! conflu5ce1 ! s(t /rata dip g5tly nor?w>d1 s 9 fl[+ g5]ally s\?w>d ! two riv]s are cutt+ 8aga9/ ! gra910 :i* t5ds to imp$e _! fl[ & ?us r$uce _! grades4 ,bel[ ! conflu5ce1 ! h>d lime/ones ( ! ,h]mosa ,=mation lie relatively flat = sev]al miles & !n beg9 to dip g5tly s\?w>d1 ?us all[+ ! riv] to cut 8) ! gra90 & !re=e drop m rapidly4 ,! quiet1 smoo? wat]s above ! conflu5ce p]mit p[] boat+ betwe5 ! t[ns ( ,gre5 ,riv]1 ,utah1 & ,moab dur+ "p ( ! ye>1 :]eas ! rapids bel[ ,spani% ,bottom1 #c miles bel[ ! conflu5ce1 re/rict riv] travel to float trips us+ /urdy boats or rafts4 ,above ! conflu5ce1 a s-call$ ,fri5d%ip ,cruise is run ea* ye> dur+ ! ,memorial ,day week5d4 ,p>ticipants t[ _! own p[] boats on trail]s to ! t[n ( ,gre5 ,riv]1 & aft] ! boats are laun*$1 facilities are available at nom9al co/ = transport+ c>s & boat trail]s to ,moab to await ! arrival ( ! boats4 ,al?\gh "s high-p[]$ spe$boats are report$ to h made ! run d[n ! ,gre5 ,riv] to ! conflu5ce !n up ! ,colorado ,riv] to ,moab 9 a few h\rs1 ! trip = mo/ boats requires #b to #g days4 ,trips by p[] boats1 includ+ jet boats1 c be arrang$ f ei!r ,gre5 ,riv] or ,moab4 ,"s pass5g]s f ,moab return by jeep f ,la?rop ,canyon via ! ,:ite ,rim ,trail1 & "s f ,gre5 ,riv] return on l& via ! ,horse?ief ,trail4 ,_m pref] ! quiet] float trip d[n to ! conflu5ce1 ) return to ei!r t[n by a pres*$ul$ p[] boat1 & "s m adv5tur\s s\ls float ?r\gh ! rapids ( ,cat>act ,canyon all ! way to ,lake ,p[ell4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aigb1 a #ic-;foot #aej-pass5g] /]n-:eel] 7fig4 #fi7 began pass5g] s]vice on ! ,colorado ,riv] f j above ,pota% to ! foot ( ,dead ,horse ,po9t & return 7,lans=d1 #aigb74 ,entr5*$ & cut(f me&]s ,me&]s su* z ^? above ! conflu5ce g5]ally are =m$ by /reams fl[+ 9 s(t alluvium consi/+ ( clay1 silt1 & s&1 su* z along ! ,mississippi ,riv] bel[ ,cairo1 ,ill4 ,b !re is no s(t alluvium along ! ,colorado & ,gre5 ,riv]s1 s h[ did ^! me&]s =m8 ,!y probably atta9$ _! s]p5t9e %ape :ile cutt+ 9 s(t]1 y\ng] mat]ial1 :i* long ago 0 remov$ by erosion1 & !n cont9u$ to cut _! crook$ *annels d[n1 until !y creat$ ! deep rock-wall$ canyons 9 :i* !y n[ fl[ z 8entr5*$0 me&]s4 ,me&]+ /reams t5d to %ort5 _! l5g?s f "t to "t by cutt+ ?r\gh n>r[ walls betwe5 adjac5t loops1 leav+ ab&on$ horse%oe-%ap$ *annels or lakes4 ,9 mo/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ^! are kn[n z oxb[s or cut(f me&]s1 b 9 ! des]t ,s\?we/ !y are commonly call$ by ! ,spani% t]m 8r9con40 ,cut(fs are common along s(t alluvial *annels su* z ! l[] ,mississippi ,riv] valley b are r>e along *annels ^: me&]s are entr5*$ into h>d rock4 ,?us1 !re h be5 _m natural 7& sev]al manmade7 cut(fs along ! l[] ,mississippi dur+ hi/oric times1 b ! mo/ rec5t ones along ! ,gre5 & upp] ,colorado ,riv]s probably occurr$ a million or s ye>s ago1 dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e ,epo* 7figs4 #fe1 #hj74 ,m>k ,twa9 s]v$ sev]al ye>s z an exp]t riv]boat pilot on ! ,mississippi ,riv] dur+ :i* sev]al cut(fs took place4 ,*apt] #bg ( 8 8,life on ! ,mississippi0 conta9s sage ref]5ces to bo? natural & artificial cut(fs & concludes ) a few good-natur$ jibes at geologi/s 9 p>ticul> & sci5ti/s 9 g5]al3 ,!re=e ! ,mississippi betwe5 ,cairo & ,new ,orleans 0 twelve hundr$ & fifte5 miles long "o hundr$ & sev5ty six ye>s ago4 ,x 0 elev5 hundr$ & eighty aft] ! cut(f ( #agbb4 ,x 0 "o ?\s& & =ty aft] ! ,am]ican ,b5d cut-(f4 ,x has lo/ sixty-sev5 miles s9ce4 ,consequ5tly1 its l5g? is only n9e hundr$ & sev5ty-?ree miles at pres5t4 ,n[1 if ,i want$ to be "o ( ^? pond]\s sci5tific p1 & 8let on0 to prove :at _h occurr$ 9 ! remote pa/ by :at _h occurr$ 9 a giv5 "t 9 ! rec5t pa/1 or :at w occur 9 ! f> future by :at has occurr$ 9 late ye>s1 :at an opportunity is "h6 ,geology nev] _h su* a *ance1 nor su* exact data to argue f6 ,nor 8developm5t ( species10 ei!r6 ,glacial epo*s are great ?+s1 b !y are vague--vague4 ,please obs]ve3 ,9 ! space ( "o hundr$ & sev5ty-six ye>s ! ,l[] ,mississippi has %ort5$ itself two hundr$ & =ty two miles4 ,t is an av]age ( a trifle ov] "o mile & a ?ird p] ye>4 ,!re=e1 any calm p]son1 :o is n bl9d or idiotic1 c see t 9 ! ,old ,olitic ,silurian ,p]iod1 j a million ye>s ago next ,novemb]1 ! ,l[] ,mississippi ,riv] 0 upw>d ( "o million ?ree hundr$ ?\s& miles long1 & /uck out ov] ! ,gulf ( ,mexico l a fi%+ rod4 ,& by ! same tok5 any p]son c see t sev5 hundr$ & =ty-two ye>s f n[ ! ,l[] ,mississippi w be only a mile & ?ree-qu>t]s long1 & ,cairo & ,new ,orleans w h jo9$ _! /reets toge!r1 & be plodd+ com=tably along "u a s+le mayor & a mutual bo>d ( ald]m54 ,!re is some?+ fasc9at+ ab\t sci5ce4 ,"o gets su* :olesale returns ( conjecture out ( su* a trifl+ inve/m5t ( fact4 ,gre5 ,riv] ,mu* m has be5 writt5 ab\t ! ,gre5 ,riv] & ! ma9 /em ( ! ,colorado ?an ab\t ! ,colorado above ! conflu5ce 7! =m] ,gr& ,riv]71 because all b "o ( ! e>ly float trips began on ! ,gre54 ,! fir/ reports conc]n+ ,p[ell's memorable voyages ( #ahfi & #ahga 7 8 articles publi%$ 9 ,scribn]s ,mon?ly dur+ #ahgd & #ahge foll[$ by 8 =mal #ahge report 8,exploration ( ! ,colorado ,riv] ( ! ,we/ & ,its ,tribut>ies40 ,z po9t$ out by ,port] 7#aifi1 p4 #ba71 h[ev]1 ,p[ell's n>rative is writt5 z if ev]y?+ *ronicl$ !re9 occurr$ dur+ ! fir/ trip4 ,ev5ts :i* actually occurr$ 9 #ahga & #ahgb are report$ z happ5+ 9 #ahfi4 ,!re is no m5tion ( ! p]sonnel ( ! #ahga-gb p>ty1 nor is !re an indication t !re ev5 0 a second trip4 ,! engrav+s illu/rat+ ! report 7 made f photographs tak5 by ,beaman & ,hill]s betwe5 #ahga & #ahgd1 b ?is fact is n not$4 ,= ^! reasons1 ,port]'s acc\nt conta9s ,p[ell's di>y ( ! fir/ 7#ahfi7 trip & _m ( ! miss+ photographs1 plus 8 own beautiful color pr9ts4 ,mu* m complete & accurate acc\nts ( ! #ahga voyage ?an ^? ( ,p[ell1 includ+ _m ( ! photographs tak5 by ,beaman & ,hill]s1 7 giv5 by ,dell5baugh 7#aijb1 #aifb71 :o 0 a memb] ( ,p[ell's #ahga exp$ition4 ,num]\s riv] trips 7 und]tak5 9 ! ye>s foll[+ ,p[ell's pione]+ exp$itions4 ,! ill-fat$ ,br[n-,/anton voyage ( #ahhi-ij includ$ />ts on bo? ! ,gr& & ! ,gre5 ,riv]s4 7,see section on 8,colorado ,riv]407 ,m successful 7 ,na?an ,gall[ay & ,william ,ri*mond1 trapp]s :o left ,h5rys ,=k1 ,wyo41 late 9 #ahif & rea*$ ,ne$les1 ,calif41 on ,febru>y #aj1 #ahig 7,kolb1 #aibg1 p4 #cch74 ,trapp]s ,*>les ,s4 ,russell1 ,e4 ,r4 ,monette1 & ,b]t ,lop] left ,gre5 ,riv]1 ,utah1 9 ?ree /eel boats on ,septemb] #bj1 #aijg2 ,russell & ,monette rea*$ ,ne$les 9 "o boat 9 ,febru>y #aijh1 b ,lop] 0 dr[n$4 ,dell5baugh's #aijb book 0 c>ri$ by ! ,kolb bro!rs z a guide = _! #aiaa trip d[n ! riv] 7,kolb1 #aibg74 ,9 addition to mak+ sup]b /ill photographs1 ! ,kolb bro!rs took ! fir/ mov+ pictures 9 ! canyons1 & ^! are /ill be+ %[n 9 ! ,kolb ,/udio on ! ,s\? ,rim ( ! ,gr& ,canyon4 ,julius ,f4 ,/one & p>ty trav]s$ ! canyons 9 #aiji1 & 8 acc\nt 7#aicb7 also conta9s excell5t photographs4 ,e4 ,c4 ,la ,rue1 ( ! ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 & assi/ants made two trips d[n ! ,gre5 & ,colorado ,riv]s 9 #aiad & #aiae & additional trips f #aiba ?r\gh #aibd4 ,_! compreh5sive hydrographic f9d+s & /udies1 plus excell5t photographs1 are giv5 9 two reports 7,la ,rue1 #aiaf1 #aibe74 ,! #aiaf report also conta9s 7p4 #af-bb7 a good cond5s$ acc\nt ( e>li] explorations & voyages f #aeca ?r\gh #aiaa1 tak5 9 "p f ,dell5baugh 7#aijb74 ,z not$ e>li]1 a mod]n riv] runn]s' guide by ,muts*l] 7#aifi71 :i* logs ! ,gre5 & ,colorado ,riv]s f ,gre5 ,riv]1 ,utah1 to ,lake ,p[ell1 is n[ available4 ,riv] mileages 9 ?is log 7 tak5 f detail$ topographic maps ( bo? riv]s prep>$ "u ! direction ( ,h]ron 7#aiag74 ,we w visit only a few notable features ( ! canyons2 ! mile-by-mile details = ! ,gre5 ,riv] c be obta9$ f ,muts*l] 7#aifi71 & ^? = ! ,colorado ,riv]1 f ,ba>s & ,mol5a> 7#aiga1 p4 #fa-ii74 ,sev]al o!r ref]5ces are giv5 bel[1 & additional ones are giv5 by ,rabbitt 7#aifi1 p4 #bj-ba74 ,illu/ration3 ,,b[knot ,,b5d1 ( ,gre5 ,riv]1 look+ ea/ f we/ end ( n>r[ int]v5+ saddle4 ,upp] photograph 0 tak5 by ,e4 ,o4 ,beaman on ,septemb] #aj1 #ahga1 dur+ second voyage ( ,major ,john ,wesley ,p[ell & 8 p>ty4 ,l[] photograph 0 tak5 f same cam]a /ation on ,augu/ #ai1 #aifh1 by ,hal ,g4 ,/eph5s1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 on exp$ition l$ by ,e4 ,m4 ,%oemak] to recov] cam]a /ations ( ! #ahga voyage & rephotograph ! sc5es to record *anges dur+ ! ne>ly #ajj ye> int]val4 ,note t almo/ no *anges occurr$ 9 ! b$rock1 or ev5 9 ! loose rocks1 b t consid]able *ange occurr$ 9 ! vegetation along ! riv]4 ,al?\gh salt c$> 7tam>isk7 _h be5 introduc$ into ?is c\ntry f ! ,m$it]ranean area long be=e #ahga1 x _h n yet spread to ?is area1 b ! b>e isl&s %[n 9 ! e>li] photograph are cov]$ by salt c$> 9 ! #aifh photograph4 7,fig4 #fb7 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #fb1 l[] image ,all travel]s d[n ! ,gre5 ,riv] emb>k+ f ,gre5 ,riv]1 ,utah1 or above1 7 impress$ ) ,b[knot ,b5d 7fig4 #fb71 s nam$ by ,p[ell & 8 m5 7#ahge1 p4 #ed7 ne> ! beg9n+ ( ,labyr9? ,canyon1 :i* !y also nam$ = its deeply entr5*$ me&]s4 ,! upp] photograph 9 figure #fb 0 tak5 by ,beaman on ,septemb] #aj1 #ahga1 look+ ea/w>d f ! we/ end ( ! n>r[ saddle sep>at+ ! upp] & l[] rea*es ( ! riv]2 ! l[] photograph 0 tak5 f ! same po9t on ,augu/ #ai1 #aifh1 by ,hal ,g4 ,/eph5s ne>ly #ig ye>s lat]4 ,al?\gh !re are *anges 9 ! vegetation1 z describ$ 9 ! caption1 !re are virtually no visible *anges 9 ! b$rock4 ,nev]!less1 ! di/ant future w likely see a break?r\gh1 :]eby ,gre5 ,riv] w %ort5 itself by ab\t #g miles 7,h]ron1 #aiag1 pl4 #ae;,c74 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! v]tical cliffs ( ,w+ate ,s&/one 9 & we/ ( ,b[knot ,b5d are only a few hundr$ feet above ! riv]1 :]eas1 because ( ! g5tle nor?w>d dip ( ! b$s & ! g5tle s\?w>d grade ( ! riv]s1 ! ,w+ate cliffs are m ?an #b1jjj feet above ! two riv]s at ,gr& ,view ,po9t & ,junction ,butte1 at ! s\!rn tip ( ,isl& 9 ! ,sky4 ,at ! m\? ( ,horse%oe ,canyon1 ab\t #c miles bel[ ,b[knot ,b5d1 we pass a l>ge r9con :]e ! ,gre5 ,riv] %ort5$ its c\rse by ab\t #c miles4 ,"s idea ( ! r9con's antiquity is ga9$ f ! facts t ! riv] is n[ "s #cej feet l[] ?an at cut(f "t1 :]eas ,b[knot ,b5d 7fig4 #fb7 has %[n no visible deep5+ 9 #ig ye>s4 ,?is r9con 0 n not$ by ,p[ell or o!r e>ly voyag]s1 seem+ly because !y did n happ5 to climb ! banks at ?is po9t1 b x is q noticeable on mod]n topographic maps & on a]ial photographs4 ,?is r9con & ,jackson ,hole along ! ,colorado ,riv] may be z old z late ,t]ti>y 7fig4 #hj74 ,at a po9t report$ to be #cej y>ds above ! m\? ( ,hell ,ro>+ ,canyon1 :i* ent]s f ! ea/ ab\t #c miles bel[ ! r9con1 an e>ly day trapp] nam$ ,juli5 left 8 m>k4 ,/one 7#aicb1 p4 #fi1 pl4 #ci;,a7 seems to h be5 ! fir/ riv] runn] to f9d 7f a description giv5 him by a ,mr4 ,:eel] at ,gre5 ,riv]71 record1 & photograph ! inscription %[n 9 figure #fc4 ,muts*l] 7#aifi1 p4 #ca7 indicat$ t ?is inscription is c>v$ on a massive ,mo5kopi s&/one b$ ab\t #dj feet above ! canyon floor4 ,a simil> inscription by ,juli5 0 f\nd 9 ,cat>act ,canyon1 #ca miles bel[ ! conflu5ce1 b x is n[ cov]$ by ,lake ,p[ell 7,muts*l]1 #aifi1 p4 #fe74 ,"s boat]s are met by c> & tak5 out to ,moab or ,gre5 ,riv] via ! ,horse?ief ,trail 7fig4 #a71 j nor? ( ! p>k4 ,! road along ! riv] "h cont9ues s\? = #f miles to ! m\?s ( ,taylor & ,upheaval ,canyons1 :]e x becomes ! ,:ite ,rim ,trail4 ,illu/ration3 ,,inscription ,,by ,,juli51 ne> m\? ( ,hell ,ro>+ ,canyon1 ?\ght to h be5 c>v$ by ,d5nis ,juli51 an e>ly day trapp]4 ,photograph by ,k4 ,sawy]1 ,augu/ #aiad1 memb] ( exp$ition l$ by ,e4 ,c4 ,la ,rue 7#aiaf74 7,fig4 #fc7 ,com+ d[n ! ,gre5 ,riv]1 we ent] ,canyonl&s ,national ,p>k :]e ! ,gr&-,san ,juan c\nty l9e meets ! ,em]y-,wayne c\nty l9e 7fig4 #a71 ab\t #b miles nor? ( ,taylor & ,upheaval ,canyons4 ,! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice _h ?ree successful te/ wells put d[n 9 ,taylor ,canyon1 & wat] "u artesian pressure 0 f\nd 9 ! ,:ite ,rim ,s&/one at dep?s ( #cgc to #dhb feet4 ,:5 funds become available1 !y hope to complete "o or m ( ^! wells & pump ! wat] up to ,isl& 9 ! ,sky1 :]e two dry holes 7 drill$ e>li]4 ,ab\t #e miles bel[ ,upheaval ,canyon is an int]e/+ ru9 on a hill 9 ! middle ( a l>ge ne>ly clos$ loop ( ! riv] enclos+ ,=t ,bottom4 ,?is 0 not$ by ,dell5baugh 7#aijb7 dur+ ,p[ell's #ahga trip & 0 describ$ 9 m detail by ,muts*l] 7#aifi1 p4 #cc-cd73 ,! ru9 consi/s ( two1 two-/ory1 int]connect$1 crudely circul> t[]s1 & a ?ird sep>ate1 completely collaps$ t[]1 built on ! summit ( ! bluff ) a comm&+ view d[nriv] & ( ,=t ,bottom4 ,o!r collaps$ /ructures are pres5t on ! summit1 & a slab-l9$ ci/ is pres5t b5ea? ! ,moss ,back l$ge we/ ( ! t[]s4 ,! ru9 0 built ( dry laid masonry & mo/ ( ! mud pla/] on ! inside has be5 wa%$ away1 leav+ ! /ructure 9 dang] ( imm95t collapse4 ,please d n climb ! walls6 ,=t ,bottom also conta9s a cab9 believ$ to h be5 us$ by ,but* ,cassidy & ! ,wild ,bun* 7,bak]1 #aiga1 p4 #aih74 ,at ab\t ! m\? ( ,mill>d ,canyon1 we leave ,labyr9? ,canyon & ent] ,/illwat] ,canyon1 aptly nam$ by memb]s ( ! #ahfi ,p[ell voyage 7,dell5baugh1 #aijb1 p4 #bgf74 ,! beg9n+ ( ,/illwat] ,canyon is m>k$ by v]tical walls ( ! ,:ite ,rim ,s&/one4 ,f "h ,p[ell's m5 obs]v$ a butte to ! s\?we/ ?\ght to resemble a fall5 cross & nam$ x 8,butte ( ! ,cross40 ,f>!r d[n/ream !y realiz$ !y _h be5 look+ at two buttes1 a small "o 9 front ( a l>g] "o1 s ! feature 0 r5am$ 8,buttes ( ! ,cross40 ,an a]ial view ( ,buttes ( ! ,cross is %[n 9 figure #fd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,buttes ,,( ,,! ,,cross1 look+ s\?we/ f ! air4 ,mill>d ,canyon ent]s ,gre5 ,riv] 9 =egr\nd1 ,nor? ,po9t is 9 "r middle gr\nd1 ,orange ,cliffs are 9 backgr\nd1 & ,h5ry ,m\nta9s =m "r skyl9e4 ,:ite ,rim ,s&/one =ms ,:ite ,rim ne> m\? ( ,mill>d ,canyon & ne> ,&]son ,bottom at left middle4 7,see fig4 #fe47 ,buttes are ,w+ate ,s&/one capp$ by ,kay5ta ,=mation2 slopes d[n to prom95t l$ge are ,*9le ,=mation1 ,moss ,back ,memb] =m+ ! l$ge2 /eep & g5tle slopes betwe5 l$ge & ,:ite ,rim are ,mo5kopi ,=mation4 ,photograph by ,national ,p>k ,s]vice4 7,fig4 #fd7 ,ab\t #b miles bel[ ! m\? ( ,mill>d ,canyon1 at ,&]son ,bottom1 we rea* "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ features on ! riv]--! mo/ rec5t r9con ( a major riv] 9 ! p>k1 if n 9 ! entire canyon c\ntry4 ,al?\gh "s r9cons are m rec5t1 !y are along m9or tribut>ies su* z ,indian ,creek 7fig4 #gc74 ,! cut(f at ,&]son ,bottom probably took place dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e ,epo*1 :]eas mo/ ( ! o!rs along ! ma9 riv]s probably occurr$ dur+ ! ,t]ti>y ,p]iod 7fig4 #hj74 ,an a]ial view ( ! ,&]son ,bottom r9con is %[n 9 figure #fe1 & a sket* ( ! dra9age *ange is %[n 9 figure #ff4 ,?is feature 0 not$ & correctly int]pret$ by ,p[ell & 8 m51 :o appli$ ! "n ,bonita ,b5d to ! %>p new c\rse ! riv] took aft] ! cut(f4 ,cont9u+ ?r\gh ,/illwat] ,canyon1 we pass ,turks ,head 7figs4 #bc1 #bd7 & head = ! conflu5ce ( ! ,gre5 ,riv] ) ! ,colorado ,riv]4 ,figure #fg %[s ! canyon j we/ ( ! conflu5ce4 ,! l[e/ & l>ge/ cliff above ! riv] is ! upp] memb] ( ! ,h]mosa ,=mation1 ov]la9 by ! slopes & ?9 l$ges ( ! ,rico ,=mation4 ,! massive s&/one at ! top ( ! canyon wall is ! ,c$> ,mesa4 ,junction ,butte & ,gr& ,view ,po9t are on ! "r skyl9e4 ,we h already view$ ! conflu5ce & ,cat>act ,canyon f ! l& & f ! air 7figs4 #ei-fa72 soon we w see !m f ! ,colorado ,riv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,petroglyph ,illu/ration3 ,,&]son ,,bottom ,,r9con1 a]ial view look+ s\!a/4 ,jo9t$ ,:ite ,rim ,s&/one =ms ! clifflike canyon walls & ! mesa 9 middle ( ,&]son ,bottom4 ,gre5 ,riv] is n[ ab\t #fj feet l[] ?an =m] *annel at "r4 ,photograph by ,national ,p>k ,s]vice4 7,fig4 #fe7 ,illu/ration3 ,,dra9age ,,*anges ,,at ,,&]son ,,bottom ,,r9con4 ,riv] %ort5$ itself ab\t #b miles by ?is cut(f4 7,fig4 #ff7 ,illu/ration3 ,,/illwat] ,,canyon1 ( ,gre5 ,riv]1 view$ f a po9t on ! s\? rim ab\t #a mile above 7we/ (7 conflu5ce ) ! ,colorado ,riv]4 ,upp] photograph 0 tak5 by ,e4 ,o4 ,beaman on ,septemb] #af1 #ahga1 dur+ second ,p[ell voyage4 ,l[] photograph 0 tak5 f same cam]a /ation on ,augu/ #bc1 #aifh1 by ,hal ,g4 ,/eph5s1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey4 7,see caption = figure #fb47 ,note t !re are no noticeable *anges 9 rocks or bu%es away f ! riv] b t s& b>s 9 ! e>ly photograph are cov]$ ) salt c$> 7tam>isk7 9 ! lat] photograph1 z describ$ = figure #fb4 7,fig4 #fg7 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #fg1 l[] ,colorado ,riv] ,z indicat$ e>li]1 all b "o ( ! e>ly riv] voyages began on ! ,gre5 ,riv]4 ,! ,gr& 7,colorado7 ,riv] above ! conflu5ce 0 neglect$ = "s #ah ye>s aft] ,p[ell's second voyage1 until1 9 #ahhi1 ,frank ,m4 ,br[n organiz$ a company = con/ruction ( ! propos$ ,d5v]1 ,colorado ,canyon1 & ,pacific ,railway4 ,?is railroad 0 to c>ry coal f m9es 9 ,colorado ov] a 8wat]-level0 l9e ?r\gh ! canyons ( ! ,colorado ,riv] to ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia "s #a1bjj miles away2 f !re ! coal w\ld presumably be %ipp$ to ports z f> nor? z ,san ,francisco 7,dell5baugh1 #aijb1 p4 #cdc-cfi74 ,on ,m>* #bf1 #ahhi1 ,br[n1 presid5t1 ,f4 ,c4 ,k5drick1 *ief eng9e]1 & ,t4 ,p4 ,rigney1 assi/ant eng9e]1 drove ! fir/ /ake = a survey ( ! new l9e at ,gr& ,junction1 ,colo41 !n ,br[n left = ! ,ea/ to obta9 f9anc+1 & ! o!r two plus "s hir$ h&s took (f d[n ! ,gr& ,riv]4 ,aft] rea*+ ! conflu5ce !y t[$ ! boat up ! ,gre5 ,riv]1 ?us becom+ ! fir/ to make ?is trip up/ream4 ,!y ne>ly ran out ( food1 b ?anks to ! hospitality ( "s cattlem51 !y repl5i%$ _! /ock & aft] ab\t #i days rea*$ ! railroad at ,gre5 ,riv]1 ,utah4 ,br[n1 :o _h return$ f ! ,ea/1 8 newly appo9t$ *ief eng9e]1 ,rob]t ,brew/] ,/anton1 & #ad o!rs 9 six ill-design$ boats ( c$>1 r ?an oak1 left ,gre5 ,riv] on ,may #be1 #ahhi4 ,aga9/ ! advice ( ,major ,p[ell & ,a4 ,h4 ,?ompson1 ,p[ell's topograph] on ! #ahga trip1 !y c>ri$ no life pres]v]s4 ,aft] _m mi%aps1 ,br[n & two o!rs 7 dr[n$ ne> ! head ( ,m>ble ,canyon1 & ! ill-fat$ exp$ition 0 tempor>ily halt$4 ,h[ev]1 ! indefatigable ,/anton contract$ = new boats built ( oak &1 ) a reorganiz$ p>ty ( #ab1 left ! m\? ( ! ,fremont 7,dirty ,devil7 ,riv] on ,novemb] #be4 ,aft] _m fur!r mi%aps1 ! p>ty f9ally rea*$ ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia on ,april #bf1 #ahij4 ,ne$less to say ! propos$ railway 0 n built4 ,al?\gh ! ,colorado ,riv] ent]s ,canyonl&s ,national ,p>k ab\t #cc riv] miles bel[ ,moab1 mo/ boat]s or float]s beg9 _! voyage ei!r at ,moab or ne> ,pota%1 & mo/ travel]s ( ! ,:ite ,rim ,trail beg9 at ,moab1 s we w />t our trip at ,moab4 ,no logs or riv] runn]s' guides are available z yet = ! rea* f ,moab to ,pota%1 b bel[ ,pota% "s details ( ! geology h be5 describ$ by ,ba>s 9 ,ba>s & ,mol5a> 7#aiga1 p4 #ei-hg74 ,z not$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]1 above ! conflu5ce bo? ! ,gre5 & ,colorado ,riv]s are v crook$1 h v l[ grades1 & are free f rapids4 ,z ) ! ,gre51 ! s(t rocks along ! ,colorado h a g5]ally l[ nor?w>d dip t p>tly expla9s ! riv]'s g5tle grade & its s\?w>d fl[ ?r\gh increas+ly l[] & old] /rata4 ,unlike ! ,gre51 h[ev]1 ! g5tle dips ( ! /rata 9 ! canyons ( ! ,colorado are int]rupt$ by sev]al g5tle anticl9al 7fig4 #ad7 & syncl9al 7fig4 #bf7 folds & by at lea/ "o fault4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! geologic /ructures & o!r features w be not$ z we j\rney d[n ! riv]4 ,! fir/ #ad miles f ,moab ,valley to ,pota% c be made ei!r by riv] or by pav$ ,utah ,highway #bgi4 ,?is highway leaves ,u4,s4 ,highway #afc ne> ! uranium ore-r$uction plant sev]al miles nor?we/ ( ,moab1 leaves ,moab ,valley ?r\gh ,! ,portal 7fig4 #fh71 & foll[s ! we/ bank ( ! riv]4 ,a pav$ second>y road f ,moab foll[s ! ea/ bank ( ! riv] ?r\gh ,! ,portal & ?r\gh ,k+s ,bottom1 :]e x crosses ! ,k+s ,bottom syncl9e1 to ! m\? ( ,kane ,spr+s ,canyon1 !n becomes a gravel road t asc5ds ?is canyon s\?w>d to & beyond ,hurrah ,pass 7fig4 #cj74 ,high above ?is road nor? ( ,k+s ,bottom are petroglyphs & a few cliff dwell+s 9 ! v]tical cliffs ( ,w+ate ,s&/one4 ,a ran* 8h\se0 at ,k+s ,bottom has be5 excavat$ entirely into ! ,w+ate cliff4 ,conv5i5t turn\ts h be5 provid$ at sev]al places along ,highway #bgi = view+ petroglyphs or o!r po9ts ( int]e/4 ,small view+ tubes weld$ to v]tical /eel po/s hav+ signs help visitors locate & see ! features describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,portal1 9 s\? wall ( ,moab ,valley1 ?r\gh :i* ! ,colorado ,riv]1 ,utah ,highway #bgi 7on "r71 & a pav$ second>y road 7on left7 leave ! valley to ent] ! canyons 9 & above ,canyonl&s ,national ,p>k4 ,r\nd$ remnants on top are ,navajo ,s&/one2 cliffs are ,kay5ta ,=mation & ,w+ate ,s&/one2 r$ slopes are ,*9le & ,mo5kopi ,=mations1 & p]haps a little ( ! ,cutl] ,=mation at ! base4 ,light-color$ pat*es at base ( slope beh9d trees on left are contort$ intrusions ( ,p>adox ,memb] ( ,h]mosa ,=mation4 7,fig4 #fh74 ,! ,k+s ,bottom syncl9e 7fig4 #cj7 s\?we/ ( ,moab ,valley br+s ! ,navajo ,s&/one d[n to & slightly bel[ wat] level1 :]eas at ,! ,portal 7fig4 #fh7 ! ,navajo caps ! s\?we/ wall ( ,moab ,valley4 ,sev]al anticl9es at or ne> ! riv] f ,pota% to & beyond ! conflu5ce 7fig4 #a7 br+ up /rata z old z ! ,rico or ! unnam$ upp] memb] ( ! ,h]mosa4 ,betwe5 ^! extremes1 mu* ( ! riv]'s c\rse lies 9 /rata ( ! ,cutl] ,=mation4 ,ab\t #g miles bel[ ,! ,portal1 ,highway #bgi is jo9$ on ! "r by a bran* l9e ( ! ,d5v] & ,rio ,gr& ,we/]n ,railroad complet$ 9 #aifb to haul pota% #cf miles f ! m9e at ,pota% nor? to ! ma9 l9e at ,cresc5t ,junction4 ,! railroad em]ges f a tunnel at ! head ( ,bootlegg] ,canyon4 ,two natural ar*es ne> ! m\? ( ! tunnel--,p9to & ,little ,ra9b[ ,bridge--c be rea*$ by trail4 ,ab\t #c miles f>!r d[n ! ,colorado is a tempor>y dock f :i* jet boats & ! ,canyon ,k+1 a #ic-;foot #aej-pass5g] /]n-:eel]1 take (f = po9ts d[nriv] dur+ ! spr+ & e>ly summ]1 :5 wat] dep? p]mits4 ,! ,canyon ,k+ 7fig4 #fi71 a small replica ( a ,mississippi ,riv] /]n-:eel]1 c>ries pass5g]s ab\t #cj miles d[nriv] to ! foot ( ,dead ,horse ,po9t & returns 7,lans=d1 #aigb74 ,ab\t #ab miles bel[ ,! ,portal we rea* ,pota%--! pota% 8m9e0 7fig4 #gj7 ( ,texas ,gulf1 ,inc4 7,see fig4 #ca & its associat$ text = description ( op]ation47 ,travel]s d[n ! jeep trail bel[ ,pota% pass ! evaporation ponds 7fig4 #ga7 us$ to sep>ate ! pota% f common salt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,canyon ,,k+1 a #ic-;foot #aej-pass5g] /]n-:eel] :i* hauls pass5g]s "s #cj miles bel[ ,pota% & returns4 ,trips run dur+ ! spr+ & e>ly summ]1 :5 wat] dep? p]mits4 ,photograph by ,h5ry ,lans=d1 ,b\ld]1 ,colo4 7,fig4 #fi7 ,illu/ration3 ,,pota% ,,m9e ,,( ,,texas ,,gulf1 ,,inc4 at ,pota%1 z view$ f a boat4 ,high cliffs on "r are ,w+ate ,s&/one capp$ by ,kay5ta ,=mation & und]la9 by slopes ( ,*9le & ,mo5kopi ,=mations4 7,fig4 #gj7 ,illu/ration3 ,,evaporation ,,ponds1 us$ to sep>ate pota% f common salt1 view$ f jeep trail4 ,black bord]s are p>ts ( pla/ic membranes cov]+ bottoms ( ponds4 ,cre/ ( ,cane ,creek anticl9e & ,la ,sal ,m\nta9s 9 "r backgr\nd4 7,fig4 #ga7 ,across ! riv] ea/ f ,pota% is ,jackson ,hole1 a l>ge r9con4 ,s9ce ab&onm5t1 :i* %ort5$ ! riv] by ab\t #c miles1 ! riv] has cut its *annel ne>ly #bjj feet deep]4 ,x is comp>able 9 size to ! l>ge r9con along ,gre5 ,riv] bel[ ,b[knot ,b5d 7p4 #ij7 b probably is some:at y\ng]4 ,bo? r9cons may be z old z late ,t]ti>y 7fig4 #hj74 ,j bel[ ,pota% we cross ! axis ( ! huge ,cane ,creek anticl9e 7fig4 #ca7 & also leave ,gr& ,c\nty to ent] ,san ,juan ,c\nty4 ,a mile ea/ ( ?is po9t1 high on ! canyon wall1 is ! ,s*ool ,section #ac uranium m9e1 :i* has yield$ consid]able ore & is expect$ to resume production sometime dur+ #aigc4 ,x c be se5 f ! riv] or ! trail1 & "s ( ! tail+s are visible on ! left flank ( ! anticl9e 9 figure #ac4 ,voyag]s :o cross ! axis ( ! ,cane ,creek anticl9e may obs]ve on ! "r-h& 7we/7 bank a protrud+ oil-well cas+1 "s drill bits1 & sev]al %acks--all t rema9 ( ! ,frank ,%af] ,no4 #a oil te/ />t$ dur+ ! w9t] ( #aibd-be & complet$ by ! ,midwe/ ,exploration ,co4 7,bak]1 #aicc1 p4 #ha74 ,z describ$ by ,max9e ,newell 7,u4,s4 ,natl4 ,p>k ,s]vice1 writt5 commun41 #aigj71 ,! well blew 9 9 ,decemb] #aibe1 caught fire1 & spew$ burn+ oil #cjj feet into ! air4 99 99 99 ,! local ,times-,indep5d5t newspap] call$ x 8,"m ,nature's ,*ri/mas ,gift to ,gr& ,c\nty40 ,! gu%] burn$ d[n ! rig1 a b>ge ( equipm5t1 & x took ?ree mon?s to get x "u control4 ,!n x didn't produce4 ,v>i\s #aibe & #aibf issues ( ! ,moab ,times-,indep5d5t report$ t despite _m ef=ts to plug ! well1 x cont9u$ to fl[ f #a1jjj to sev]al ?\s& b>rels ( oil p] day = #f mon?s or m1 all ( :i* float$ d[n ! riv]4 ,! la/ bl[\t occurr$ 9 #aicg1 aft] :i* ! well 0 plugg$ ) an additional #ahj tons ( cem5t4 ,mrs4 ,newell add$1 ,! /ories told ( ! e>ly-day exploration are endless & delightful4 ,equipm5t & supplies 7 b>g$ d[n ! ,colorado ,riv] by ! old ,moab ,g>age ,company2 9 w9t] mon?s mat]ials 7 c>ri$ by team & sl$ ov] ! riv] ice4 ,!y w\ld take a c\ple ( rig timb]s & pile a lot ( lumb] on !m 7!y c\ld take #aj1jjj feet71 !n we'd give !m a />t ) a cr[b> & ! mules w\ld trot all ! way d[nhill to ! well4 ,:5 !y'd get !re !y _h a little tr\ble /opp+ sometimes2 !y w\ld turn into ! bank1 unload1 !n put ! d\ble trees on "o mule1 ride ! o!r1 & head back = a new load ( rig lumb]4 ,! evaporation ponds %[n 9 figures #ca & #ga are 9 ,%af] ,bas91 a syncl9al bas9 sep>at+ ! ,cane ,creek anticl9e & ,%af] dome4 ,we cross ! axis ( ,%af] ,bas9 ab\t #b miles bel[ ! c\nty l9e4 ,fur!r d[n/ream is ,%af] dome1 a clos$ anticl9al bulge j beyond ! ,w-%ap$ b5d 9 ! riv] z %[n 9 figure #bi4 ,p>ts ( ! dome also %[ up 9 ! l[] "r ( figure #ac & ! l[] left ( figure #ae4 ,f almo/ any:]e 9 ! ,goose ,neck1 ! %>p b5d ( ! riv] %[n 9 figure #ae1 we get an excell5t view ( ,dead ,horse ,po9t "s #b1jjj feet above4 ,rob]t ,r4 ,norman 7oral commun4 ,feb4 #bg1 #aigc7 describ$ to me a small petrifi$ =e/--:i* he said resembles a log jam--9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,%af] dome1 at mileage #ci 7,ba>s & ,mol5a>1 #aiga1 p4 #fe71 j nor? ( ?is po9t ab\t half way betwe5 ! riv] & ! jeep trail bel[ ,dead ,horse ,po9t4 ,he e/imat$ t !re probably are #bj to #cj logs1 "s ( :i* are z l>ge z #ah in*es 9 diamet] & m ?an #bj feet long1 & also describ$ a /ump ab\t #c feet 9 diamet]4 ,!y occur 9 r$ b$s at ab\t ! middle ( ! ,rico ,=mation1 h5ce c\ld be ei!r ,p5nsylvanian or ,p]mian 9 age 7figs4 #i1 #hj74 ,! orig9al wood has be5 replac$ by silica 7,si,o7 & /a9$ a d>k r$di% br[n1 z %[n 9 figure #gb4 ,mr4 ,norman & 8 bro!r also discov]$ _m tee? ( a primitive %>klike fi% 9 ! ,rico ,=mation at ! same g5]al locality z ! petrifi$ wood & also 9 ! ,rico on ! ,cane ,creek anticl9e4 ,i submitt$ two ( ! tee? to ,dr4 ,david ,h4 ,dunkle1 curator ( ! ,clevel& ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 :o report$ !m to be 8"o too? ( ! co*liodont #8%>k' ,deltodus1 & "o too? ( ! petalodont #8%>k' ,petalodus0 7writt5 commun41 ,may #bb1 #aigc74 ,ab\t #d miles bel[ ! ,goose ,neck1 we ent] ,canyonl&s ,national ,p>k & rema9 9 ! p>k almo/ to ! nor? end ( ,lake ,p[ell4 ,ab\t #f miles into ! p>k1 at ! nor? end ( a b5d mu* l ! ,goose ,neck1 is ! m\? ( ,la?rop ,canyon1 :]e _m boat]s /op = lun* & :]e a side road connects ) ! ,:ite ,rim ,trail 7fig4 #a74 ,six & "o half miles bel[ ,la?rop ,canyon is ! m\? ( ,ru/l] ,canyon1 :i* is jo9$ ne> its m\? by ,indian ,creek--! creek foll[$ by ! highway lead+ to ,! ,ne$les f ,u4,s4 #afc4 ,)9 an airl9e di/ance ( only #c miles1 ! l[] rea* ( ,indian ,creek1 an int]mitt5t /ream1 fl[s pa/ f\r small r9cons1 ?ree ( :i* 7fig4 #gc7 are )9 an airl9e di/ance ( only #j4h mile4 ,! /ream has cut its new *annel into ! r$ s&/ones & %ales ( ! ,cutl] ,=mation only #ae to #bj feet deep] ?an ! ab&on$ ones 9 ! two r9cons at ! left 9 figure #gc & only ab\t #be feet deep] ?an ! "o on ! "r4 ,^! figures sugge/1 at lea/ to me1 t ^! cut(fs probably occurr$ sometime dur+ ! ,holoc5e ,epo*1 or age ( man--t is1 probably )9 ! la/ #aj1jjj ye>s 7fig4 #hj74 ,a detail$ /udy ( ^! r9cons might *ange ?is e/imate1 p>ticul>ly if1 say1 buri$ driftwood or o!r c>bonace\s mat]ial c\ld be f\nd = an age det]m9ation by ! radioc>bon me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,,petrifi$ ,,log1 ne> middle ( ,rico ,=mation1 ab\t #a mile s\!a/ ( ,dead ,horse ,po9t4 ,log is e/imat$ to be ab\t #ah in*es 9 diamet]4 ,photograph by ,rob]t ,r4 ,norman4 7,fig4 #gb7 ,illu/ration3 ,,relatively ,,rec5t ,,r9cons ,,along ,,indian ,,creek1 ab\t #c miles above m\? & ab\t #b miles ea/ ( ,canyonl&s ,national ,p>k4 ,above1 /]eoscopic pair ( a]ial photographs by ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey2 bel[1 sket* %[+ dra9age *anges4 ,! /]eoscopic pair c be view$ )\t optical aids by ^? accu/om$ to ?is proc$ure1 or by use ( a simple d\ble-l5s /]eoscope4 7,fig4 #gc7 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #gc1 diagram ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,loop1 ( ,colorado ,riv]1 ab\t #e miles nor!a/ ( ! conflu5ce4 ,l[] canyon walls are unnam$ upp] memb] ( ,h]mosa ,=mation ov]la9 by slopes ( ! ,rico ,=mation4 ,jo9t$ s&y l$ges at top become s&i] to s\?1 :]e !y comprise ! ,c$> ,mesa ,s&/one4 ,a]ial photograph by ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey4 7,fig4 #gd7 ,ab\t #e miles bel[ ! m\? ( ,ru/l] ,canyon & ,indian ,creek1 & also ab\t #e miles above ! conflu5ce1 is ,! ,loop--an ev5 %>p] & m symmetrical figure eight ?an ,b[knot ,b5d ( ! ,gre5 ,riv] 7fig4 #fb74 ,an a]ial view ( ,! ,loop 7fig4 #gd7 %[s t ! *annels on ! s\? loop are only ab\t #ejj feet ap>t & t ^? on ! nor? loop are only ab\t #a1gjj feet ap>t4 ,at ! n>r[e/ places1 bo? saddles are consid]ably erod$--! s\!rn "o is only ab\t #aej feet above ! riv]1 b ! nor!rn "o is /ill ab\t #cej feet above4 ,erosion ( bo? saddles has be5 ha/5$ by ! facts t ! axis ( ! ,me&] anticl9e 7see p4 #ajh7 passes ?r\gh ea* saddle & t an int]e/+ rev]se fault 7fig4 #ge7 passes ?r\gh ! l[] & ?9n] s\!rn saddle4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 rev]se & normal faults are %[n by comp>+ figures #ef & #gf4 ,x seems inevitable t "s day ! small saddle w be cut ?r\gh by ! ,colorado ,riv]1 & a new r9con w result4 ,ev5tually1 ! o!r loop also probably w be ab&on$4 ,z "o ( my colleagues rem>k$1 h[ wond]ful x w\ld seem1 to be pres5t at ! prop] mom5t to witness su* an ev5t1 p>ticul>ly if "o _h a "t-lapse movie cam]a to record x = po/]ity6 ,illu/ration3 ,,rev]se ,,fault 9 s\!rn saddle ( ,! ,loop1 look+ nor?we/ f boat 9 riv]4 ,app>5t angle ( dip is #ab bel[ horizontal4 ,rocks at left1 above fault plane1 h be5 %ov$ ab\t #aj feet pa/ & ov] ^? on "r4 ,curv+ ( d>k b$ ne> middle ( fault plane is call$ 8drag40 7,see fig4 #gf47 ,rocks are unnam$ upp] memb] ( ,h]mosa ,=mation4 7,fig4 #ge7 ,illu/ration3 ,,cutaway ,,view ,,( ,,rev]se ,,fault1 result+ f horizontal compression1 :i* caus$ a %ort5+ ( e>?'s cru/4 ,note 8drag0 ( b$s on ea* side ( fault plane4 ,l[-angle rev]se faults1 also call$ ?ru/ faults1 may h displacem5ts rang+ f a few feet to _m miles4 ,f ,hans5 7#aifi1 p4 #aaf74 7,fig4 #gf7 ,ab\t a mile & a half bel[ ! s\? saddle ( ,! ,loop we meet ! m\? ( ,salt ,creek1 :i* dra9s a l>ge "p ( ! ,ne$les di/rict4 ,figure #gg 0 tak5 9 ,salt ,creek canyon ab\t #b airl9e miles above ! m\? look+ s\!a/ t[>d ,six-,%oot] ,peaks & ,%ay ,m\nta91 nor!rnmo/ ( ! ,abajo ,m\nta9s1 on ! horizon4 ,a mile & a half above ! conflu5ce is ,! ,slide1 a jumbl$ mass ( angul> blocks ( rock t fell f ! nor?we/ canyon wall & orig9ally probably ext5d$ all ! way to ! s\!a/ bank ( ! riv]4 ,z %[n 9 figure #gh1 x /ill ext5ds ne>ly across ! riv]1 leav+ only a n>r[ deep *ute along ! s\!a/ bank4 ,j aft] ! photograph 0 tak51 we hit r\gh fa/ wat] 9 ! *ute1 ) waves ab\t #b feet high4 ,at high] /ages ( ! riv]1 progressively m ( ,! ,slide is cov]$ by wat]1 & !re is less t5d5cy = waves to =m4 ,! date ( ?is l&slide is n kn[n1 b x is %[n on a map by ,h]ron 7#aiag1 pl4 #bb;,a7 made prior to #aiag & may well h occurr$ dur+ prehi/oric times4 ,soon we rea* ! conflu5ce ( ! ,gre5 & ,colorado ,riv]s 7figs4 #ei1 #fj74 ,?is important junction ( two mighty riv]s 0 not$ by all previ\s voyag]s1 b _! impressions ( x diff]$ consid]ably4 ,p[ell 7#ahge1 p4 #ef7 rem>k$3 ,^! /reams unite 9 solemn dep?s1 m ?an "o ?\s& two hundr$ feet bel[ ! g5]al surface ( ! c\ntry4 ,! walls ( ! l[] end ( ,/illwat] ,caon are v beautifully curv$ see fig4 #fg1 z ! riv] sweeps 9 its me&]+ c\rse4 ,! l[] end ( ! caon ?r\gh :i* ! ,gr& comes d[n1 is also regul>1 b mu* m direct1 & we look up ?is /ream1 & out into ! c\ntry beyond1 & obta9 glimpses ( sn[ clad peaks1 ! summits ( a gr\p ( m\nta9s kn[n z ! ,si]ra ,la ,sal ,la ,sal ,m\nta9s4 ,d[n ! ,colorado1 ! caon walls are mu* brok54 ,dell5baugh 7#aijb1 p4 #bgg7 gave a full] description b conclud$3 8,9 e way ! ,junction is a desolate place0--an appraisal ) :i* ,i disagree4 ,! mo/ colorful acc\nt ,i h read is t ( ,capta9 ,francis ,m>ion ,bi%op1 a memb] ( ,p[ell's #ahga exp$ition1 :o record$ 9 8 j\rnal = ,septemb] #ae1 #ahga 7#aidg1 p4 #bjb73 ,well1 we are at la/1 aft] _m days ( toil & labor1 "h at ! conflu5ce ( ! two great art]ies ( ?is great m\nta9 des]t4 ,no m %all our frail boats da% ?r\gh ?y turbid wat]s1 ,old ,gre51 & no m %all we press on to see ! d>k flood f ! peaks & p>ks ( ,colorado4 ,gr& & ,gre5 "h s9k to ?y re/1 & f ?y grave ! ,colorado de ,gr&e %all fl[ on =ev]1 & on ?y bosom h5ce=? w we battle ) rock & wave4 ,"o c h>dly tell :i* is ! l>ge/ ( ! two riv]s4 ,nei!r seems to fl[ into ! o!r1 b !re seems to be a bl5d+ ( bo?1 & f _! union rolls ! ,colorado ,riv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,salt ,,creek ,,canyon1 look+ s\!a/ f po9t on rim #b miles above m\?4 ,l[] l$ges are lime/ones 9 unnam$ upp] memb] ( ,h]mosa ,=mation2 slope & upp] cliff are ,rico ,=mation capp$ by remnants ( ,c$> ,mesa ,s&/one4 ,horizon %[s ,six-,%oot] ,peaks 9 c5t] & ,%ay ,m\nta91 nor!rnmo/ ( ,abajo ,m\nta9s1 at "r4 ,photograph by ,e4 ,n4 ,h9ri*s4 7,fig4 #gg7 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,slide1 :i* p>tly blocks ! ,colorado ,riv] ab\t #a miles above ! conflu5ce4 ,view d[n/ream4 7,fig4 #gh74 ,cat>act ,canyon heads at ! conflu5ce1 b ! rapids d n appe> until we leave ,spani% ,bottom "s #c miles bel[4 ,betwe5 ,! ,loop & ,spani% ,bottom1 ! ,colorado ,riv] foll[s closely ! axis ( an anticl9e4 ,along ?is rea* ! rock /rata dip d[nw>d away f ! riv]1 z %[n 9 figure #fa4 ,?is fold 0 not$ by ,p[ell & "s ( 8 m51 & ,bi%op 7#aidg1 p4 #bjc7 report$ 9 8 j\rnal = ,septemb] #af1 #ahga3 ,he ,/ew>d is at a loss h[ to acc\nt = ! fold$ appe>ance ( ! /rata "h4 ,b d\btless w f9d "s explanation4 ,says ! dip rec$es f ! riv] caon1 & ?9ks x is a fissure4 ,maj4 ,p[ell ?9ks x is ow+ to an upheaval1 & t ! b$s next to ! riv] h brok5 up f ! mass1 etc41 etc4 ,=ty-f\r ye>s lat] ,h>rison 7#aibg7 nam$ ?is /ructure ! ,me&] anticl9e & conclud$ t ! weight ( ! rocks on ea* side ( ! riv] _h squeez$ und]ly+ b$s ( salt 9 ! ,p>adox ,memb] ( ! ,h]mosa ,=mation & caus$ !m to move upw>d along ! riv]1 :]e ! conf9+ /rata _h be5 remov$ by erosion4 ,h>rison's !ory 0 accept$ by ,bak] 7#aicc7 & mo/ lat] work]s 9 ! area4 ,?us we h :at may be t]m$ an erosional anticl9e1 ^: axis1 or cre/1 foll[s ! riv]4 ,erosional anticl9es also occur else:]e1 z along ! ,eagle & ,ro>+ ,=k valleys ( c5tral ,colorado4 ,muts*l] & ,hite 7#aifi7 sugge/$ t ?is zone ( weakness 9 ,canyonl&s ov]lies & foll[s a break 9 ! h>d ,precambrian 7fig4 #hj7 rocks t und]lie ! area at great dep?4 ,at any rate1 ,p[ell 0 on ! "r track ev5 ?\gh he 0 totally unaw>e ( ! und]ly+ salt or ! deep-seat$ fault4 ,smoo? wat] cont9ues f ! conflu5ce to ,spani% ,bottom1 :]e ! ,old ,spani% ,trail comes d[n to ! riv] f ! we/ & cont9ues up ,l[] ,r$ ,lake ,canyon to ! ea/4 ,z m5tion$ e>li]1 ?is is ab\t ! s\? end ( ! ,me&] anticl9e1 & an intrud$ *unk ( ! ,p>adox ,memb]1 mo/ly gypsum1 occupies "p ( ! m\? ( ,l[] ,r$ ,lake ,canyon1 z %[n 9 figure #gi4 ,! rema9+ #aj miles or s ( ,cat>act ,canyon )9 ,canyonl&s ,national ,p>k conta9s _m rapids & %\ld be trav]s$ only "u ! lead]%ip ( exp]i5c$ riv] guides4 ,if & :5 ,lake ,p[ell rea*es its maximum level1 x w ext5d to )9 ab\t a mile ( ! p>k1 b at pres5t 7#aigc7 x heads ne> ! m\? ( ,gypsum ,canyon1 ab\t #e miles bel[ ! p>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gypsum ,,plug ( ,p>adox ,memb]1 intrud$ along s\? end ( ,me&] anticl9e at m\? ( ,l[] ,r$ ,lake ,canyon4 ,common salt has be5 remov$ by solution1 leav+ residue ( gypsum & "s %ale4 ,photograph by ,donald ,l4 ,ba>s4 7,fig4 #gi7 ,illu/ration3 ,petroglyph ,illu/ration3 ,,geologic ,,"t ,,spiral1 %[+ ! sequ5ce1 names1 & ages ( ! geologic eras1 p]iods1 & epo*s1 & ! evolution ( plant & animal life on l& & 9 ! sea4 ,! primitive animals t evolv$ 9 ! sea dur+ ! va/ ,precambrian ,era left few traces 9 ! rocks because !y _h n develop$ h>d p>ts su* z %ells1 b h>d %ells or skeletal p>ts became abundant dur+ & aft] ! ,paleozoic ,era4 7,fig4 #hj7 ,! ,age ( ! ,e>? ,! ,e>? is v old--f\r & a half billion ye>s or m accord+ to rec5t e/imates4 ,mo/ ( ! evid5ce = an anci5t ,e>? is conta9$ 9 ! rocks t =m ! ,e>?'s cru/4 ,! rock lay]s !mselves--l pages 9 a long & complicat$ ,hi/ory--record ! surface-%ap+ ev5ts ( ! pa/1 & buri$ )9 !m are traces ( life--! plants & animals t evolv$ f organic /ructures t exi/$ p]haps ?ree billion ye>s ago4 ,also conta9$ 9 rocks once molt5 are radioactive elem5ts ^: isotopes provide e>? sci5ti/s ) an atomic clock4 ,)9 ^! rocks1 8p>5t0 isotopes decay at a pr$ictable rate to =m 8daught]0 isotopes4 ,by det]m9+ ! relative am\nts ( p>5t & daught] isotopes1 ! age ( ^! rocks c be calculat$4 ,?us ! results ( /udies ( rock lay]s 7/ratigraphy71 & ( ! progressive developm5t ( life 7paleontology71 c\pl$ ) ! ages ( c]ta9 rocks z measur$ by atomic clocks 7geo*ronology71 atte/ to a v old ,e>?6 ,summ>y ( ,geologic ,hi/ory ,hav+ f9i%$ our geologic ramble ?r\gh ,canyonl&s ,national ,p>k1 let u see h[ ?is pile ( erod$ rocks fit into ! bigg] s*eme ( ?+s--! geologic age & ev5ts ( ! e>? z a :ole1 z depict$ 9 figure #hj4 ,z %[n 9 figure #i1 ! rock /rata /ill pres]v$ 9 ! p>k range 9 age f ,p5nsylvanian to ,jurassic1 or f ab\t #cjj to #age million ye>s ago1 a span ( ab\t #abe million ye>s4 ,?is seems an incr$ibly long "t1 until y note t ! e>? is "s #d4e billion ye>s old & t our rock pile is b "o tw5ty-fif?1 or #d p]c5t1 ( ! age ( ! e>? z a :ole4 ,?us1 9 figure #hj ! rocks expos$ 9 ! p>k occupy only ab\t ! left-h& ?ird ( ! top :orl ( ! spiral4 ,b ?is is n ! :ole /ory4 ,z indicat$ e>li]1 ab\t #aj1jjj feet ( y\ng] ,mesozoic & ,t]ti>y rocks t once cov]$ ! area h be5 c>ri$ away by erosion1 & if we include ^!1 ! span is increas$ to ab\t #bej million ye>s1 or ne>ly a full :orl ( ! spiral4 ,deep te/s = oil & gas tell u t mu* old] rocks und]lie ! area1 & we h se5 t "s ( ^! rocks play$ a "p 9 %ap+ ! p>k we see today--note ! breaks 9 ! deep-seat$ ,precambrian rocks & ! salt 9 ! ,p>adox ,memb]4 ,9 addition to ! ,precambrian igne\s & metamorphic rocks1 !re are ab\t #b1jjj feet ( ,paleozoic s$im5t>y rocks old] ?an ! ,p5nsylvanian ,p>adox ,memb]4 ,mo/ ( ^! s$im5t>y rocks 7 laid d[n 9 anci5t seas dur+ ,cambrian1 ,ordovician1 ,devonian1 ,mississippian1 & ,p5nsylvanian times 7fig4 #hj74 ,!re are "s gaps 9 ! rock record caus$ by tempor>y em]g5ce ( ! l& above sea level & erosion ( ! l& surface be=e ! l& aga9 subsid$ bel[ sea level s t deposition c\ld resume4 ,silurian rocks are abs5t altoge!r1 presumably because "h ! ,silurian ,p]iod 0 dom9at$ by erosion r ?an deposition4 ,:ile ,p5nsylvanian & ,p]mian s$im5ts 7 be+ deposit$ 9 & s\?we/ ( ! p>k1 a l>ge area to ! nor!a/--call$ by geologi/s ! ,uncompahgre highl&1 because x occupi$ ! same g5]al area z ! pres5t ,uncompahgre ,plateau--rose sl[ly above sea level4 ,:atev] ,paleozoic rocks !re 7 on ?is ris+ l&1 plus "p ( ! und]ly+ ,precambrian rocks1 7 erod$ & c>ri$ by /reams into deep bas9s to ! nor!a/ & s\?we/4 ,?us1 :ile mo/ly m>9e or ne>%ore deposits 7 be+ laid d[n 9 & ne> ! p>k1 ?\s&s ( feet ( r$ b$s 7 be+ laid d[n by /reams 9 an area betwe5 ! p>k & ! ,uncompahgre ,plateau4 ,dur+ "p ( ,middle ,p5nsylvanian "t a l>ge area includ+ ! p>k & kn[n z ! ,p>adox ,bas9 0 alt]nately connect$ to or cut (f f ! sea1 s ! wat] evaporat$ dur+ cut(f p]iods & 0 repl5i%$ dur+ p]iods :5 connection ) ! sea resum$4 ,9 ?is huge evaporation bas9 7 deposit$ ! lay]s ( salt & gypsum plus "s pota% salts & %ale t n[ make up ! ,p>adox ,memb]4 ,! old ,uncompahgre highl& cont9u$ to %$ debris into ! bord]+ bas9s until ,triassic "t1 :5 x began to acquire a v5e] ( r$ s&/one & silt/one ( ! ,*9le ,=mation 7,lohman1 #aife74 ,! area rema9$ above sea level dur+ ! ,triassic ,p]iod & mo/ if n all ! ,jurassic ,p]iod1 al?\gh ! ,jurassic ,c>mel ,=mation 0 laid d[n 9 a sea t lay j to ! we/4 ,late 9 ! ,cretace\s ,p]iod a l>ge "p ( c5tral & s\!a/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 includ+ ! ea/]n half ( ,utah1 sank b5ea? ! sea1 z %[n 9 figure #ha1 & receiv$ ?\s&s ( feet ( mud1 silt1 & "s s& t lat] compact$ into ! ,mancos ,%ale4 ,?is =mation & all ! y\ng] & "s old] /rata h long s9ce be5 erod$ f ! p>k area b are pres5t 9 adjac5t areas1 su* z ! l[] slopes ( ! ,book ,cliffs nor? ( ,gre5 ,riv]1 ,cresc5t ,junction1 & ,cisco 7fig4 #g74 ,! l& rose above ! sea at ab\t ! close ( ! ,cretace\s & has rema9$ above ev] s9ce1 al?\gh inl& bas9s & lakes receiv$ s$im5t dur+ p>ts ( ! ,t]ti>y ,p]iod4 ,compressive =ces 9 ! e>?'s cru/ produc$ "s g5tle fold+ ( ! /rata at ! close ( ! ,cretace\s1 b m pron\nc$ fold+ & "s fault+ occurr$ dur+ ! ,eoc5e ,epo*1 :5 mo/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s took =m4 ,dur+ ! ,mioc5e ,epo* molt5 igne\s rock well$ up into ! /rata to =m ! cores ( ! ne>by ,la ,sal1 ,abajo1 & ,h5ry ,m\nta9s 7fig4 #g74 ,additional uplift & "s fold+ occurr$ 9 ! ,plioc5e & ,plei/oc5e ,epo*s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,late ,,cretace\s ,,sea1 :i* cov]$ p>ts ( c5tral & s\!a/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 7,fig4 #ha7 ,mu* ( ! c\rse ( ! ,colorado ,riv] 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! ,mioc5e ,epo*1 ) "s additional adju/m5ts 9 ! late ,plioc5e & e>ly ,plei/oc5e ,epo*s 7,hunt1 #aifi1 p4 #fg74 ,erosion dur+ mu* ( ! ,t]ti>y ,p]iod & all ( ! ,quat]n>y ,p]iod1 comb9$ ) "s sagg+ & break+ ( ! cru/ br\ght on by solution & lat]al squeez+ ( salt b$s b5ea? ,! ,ne$les1 ,! ,grab5s1 & ! ,me&] anticl9e1 produc$ ! l&scape z we n[ see x4 ,! ,precambrian rocks b5ea? ! area are ab\t #a4e billion ye>s old1 s an enorm\s span ( "t is repres5t$ by ! rocks & ev5ts 9 & b5ea? ,canyonl&s ,national ,p>k4 ,if we consid] ! geologic =mations t make up ! ,colorado ,plateau--includ+ national p>ks 7,n4,p471 national monum5ts 7,n4,m47 7exclud+ small hi/orical or ar*eological ones71 ,monum5t ,valley1 ,san ,rafael ,swell1 & ,gl5 ,canyon ,national ,recreation ,area--c]ta9 =mations or gr\ps ( =mations play />r+ roles 9 "s p>ks or monum5ts1 "s play support+ roles1 & 9 a few places ! entire ca/ ( rocks gets ab\t equal bill+4 ,let u comp>e !m & see h[ & :]e !y fit into ! geologic "t spiral 7fig4 #hj74 ,d9osaur ,n4 ,m41 ) expos$ rocks rang+ 9 age f ,precambrian to ,cretace\s1 repres5ts ! greate/ "t span 7ne>ly #b billion ye>s7 b has "o unit--! ,jurassic ,morrison ,=mation--9 ! />r+ role1 = ?is unit conta9s ! _m d9osaur fossils t give ! monum5t its "n & fame2 sev]al old] units h support+ roles4 ,gr& ,canyon ,n4 ,p4 & ,n4 ,m4 are next1 ) rocks f ,precambrian ?r\gh ,p]mian 7exclud+ ! ,quat]n>y lava fl[s 9 ! ,n4 ,m471 b "h !re is truly a team ef=t1 = ! entire ca/ gets ab\t equal bill+4 ,canyonl&s ,n4 ,p4 /&s ?ird 9 size ( ca/1 ) rocks rang+ f ,p5nsylvanian to ,jurassic1 b we w\ld h to give top bill+ to ! ,p]mian ,c$> ,mesa ,s&/one ,memb] ( ! ,cutl] ,=mation1 f :i* ,! ,ne$les1 ,! ,grab5s1 & mo/ ( ! ar*es 7 sculptur$2 ! ,triassic ,w+ate ,s&/one & ,kay5ta ,=mation get second bill+ = _! roles 9 =m+ & pres]v+ ,isl& 9 ! ,sky & o!r high mesas4 ,n[ let u consid] ^? ) only "o or few play]s 9 ! ca/1 beg9n+ at ! bottom ( ! "t spiral4 ,black ,canyon ( ! ,gunnison ,n4 ,m41 cut entirely 9 rocks ( e>ly ,precambrian age 7except = only a v5e] ( mu* y\ng] rocks71 obvi\sly has b "o /> 9 its ca/4 ,colorado ,n4 ,m4 conta9s rocks rang+ f ,precambrian to ,cretace\s--equal to ,d9osaur 9 ?is respect--b x is unique 9 t all ! rocks ( ! long ,paleozoic ,era & "s o!rs are miss+ f ! ca/2 ( ^? t rema91 ! ,triassic ,w+ate & ,kay5ta are ! />s1 ) /rong support f ! ,jurassic ,entrada ,s&/one4 ,all ! bridges 9 ,natural ,bridges ,n4 ,m4 7 c>v$ f ! ,p]mian ,c$> ,mesa ,s&/one1 also ! /> 9 ,canyonl&s ,n4 ,p4 ,9 ,canyon de ,*elly 7pron\nc$ 8dee %ay07 ,n4 ,m4 & ,monum5t ,valley 7nei!r ,n4 ,p4 nor ,n4 ,m41 z x is own$ & adm9i/]$ by ! ,navajo ,tribe71 ! de ,*elly ,s&/one ,memb] ( ! ,cutl] ,=mation--a ,p]mian memb] y\ng] ?an ! ,c$> ,mesa--plays ! />r+ role4 ,wupatki ,n4 ,m41 ne> ,flag/aff1 ,ariz41 />s ! ,triassic ,mo5kopi ,=mation4 ,petrifi$ ,=e/ ,n4 ,p4 7:i* n[ includes "p ( ! ,pa9t$ ,des]t7 also has b "o />--! ,triassic ,*9le ,=mation1 ) its _m petrifi$ logs & /umps ( anci5t trees4 ,! ,triassic-,jurassic ,gl5 ,canyon ,gr\p 7fig4 #i71 :i* includes ! ,triassic ,w+ate ,s&/one & ,kay5ta ,=mation & ! ,triassic-,jurassic ,navajo ,s&/one1 receives top bill+ 9 rec5tly enl>g$ ,capitol ,reef ,n4 ,p41 b ! ,triassic ,mo5kopi & ,*9le ,=mations enjoy support+ roles4 ,! ,triassic-,jurassic ,navajo ,s&/one1 erosional remnants ( :i* are f\nd on ! high mesas ( ,canyonl&s ,n4 ,p41 is ! undisput$ /> ( ,zion ,n4 ,p41 ,ra9b[ ,bridge ,n4 ,m41 & ,gl5 ,canyon ,national ,recreation ,area1 despite ! fact t ! latt] is ! type locality ( ! entire ,gl5 ,canyon ,gr\p 7fig4 #i74 ,! ,navajo also =ms ! impressive reef at ! ea/]n edge ( ! beautiful ,san ,rafael ,swell 7a dome1 or clos$ anticl9e1 fig4 #g71 n[ cross$ by ,highway ,i-#gj betwe5 ,gre5 ,riv] & ,fremont ,junction1 ,utah4 ,z we j\rney upw>d 9 ! "t spiral 7fig4 #hj71 we come to ! ,jurassic ,entrada ,s&/one1 :i* />s 9 ,ar*es ,n4 ,p41 ) help f ! und]ly+ ,navajo ,s&/one & a support+ ca/ ( bo? old] & y\ng] rocks4 ,! ,entrada also =ms ! grotesque erosional =ms call$ 8hoodoos & gobl9s0 9 ,gobl9 ,valley ,/ate ,p>k1 nor? ( ,hanksville1 ,utah4 ,mov+ ev] upw>d 9 ! spiral1 we come to ! ,cretace\s--! age ( ! />r+ ,mesav]de ,gr\p1 ^: caves 9 ,mesa ,v]de ,n4 ,p4 n[ h\se beautifully pres]v$ ru9s once occupi$ by ! ,anasazi1 ! same anci5t p :o once dwelt 9 ,canyonl&s ,n4 ,p4 ,?is br+s u up to ! ,t]ti>y ,p]iod1 dur+ ! e>ly "p ( :i* ! p9k lime/ones & %ales ( ! ,paleoc5e & ,eoc5e ,wasat* ,=mation 7 laid d[n 9 inl& bas9s4 ,beautifully sculptur$ cliffs1 p9nacles1 & caves ( ! ,wasat* /> 9 ,bryce ,canyon ,n4 ,p4 & ne>by ,c$> ,breaks ,n4 ,m4 ,?is concludes our climb up ! "t spiral1 except = ,quat]n>y volcanoes & "s old] volcanic features at ,sunset ,crat] ,n4 ,m41 ne> ,flag/aff1 ,ariz4 ,?us1 "o way or ano!r1 _m geologic units t =m$ dur+ ! la/ c\ple ( billion ye>s h p]=m$ on ! /age ( ! ,colorado ,plateau &1 hamlike1 /ill lurk 9 ! w+s eag]ly await+ y\r applause to recall !m to ! footlights4 ,don't let !m d[n--visit & enjoy ! national p>ks & monum5ts ( ! ,plateau1 = !y probably are ! greate/ collection ( sc5ic wond]l&s 9 ! _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,d9osaur ,additional ,read+ ,_m reports cov]+ v>i\s aspects ( ! area h be5 cit$ 9 ! text by au?or & ye>1 & ^! plus a few additional ones are li/$ bel[ "u 8,select$ ,ref]5ces40 ,a few ( g5]al or special int]e/ %\ld be m5tion$1 h[ev]4 ,betwe5 #aibf & #aica virtually ! entire area n[ includ$ 9 ! p>k 0 mapp$ geologically 9 ?ree classic reports--two by ,bak] 7#aicc1 #aidf7 & "o by ,mc,knight 7#aidj74 ,^! m5 & _! field assi/ants mapp$ ! area by use ( ! plane table & telescopic alidade )\t b5efit ( mod]n topographic maps or a]ial photographs1 except = topographic maps ( n>r[ /ret*es along ! ,gre5 & ,colorado ,riv]s made "u ! direction ( ,h]ron 7#aiag74 ,only small sections c\ld be rea*$ by automobile1 s ne>ly all ! area 0 trav]s$ us+ horses or by hik+4 ,dur+ ! uranium boom ( ! e>ly & middle #aiej's1 ! ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey remapp$ ! topography ( mo/ ( ! area at a scale ( #a3bd1jjj & also remapp$ ! geology ( mu* ( ! area at ?is same scale4 ,! s\!rn "p ( ! ,ne$les di/rict 0 mapp$ by ,lewis & ,campbell 7#aife74 ,! geologic mapp+ we/ ( ! ,gre5 & ,colorado ,riv]s 0 done by ,f4 ,a4 ,mc,keown1 ,p4 ,p4 ,orkild1 ,c4 ,c4 ,hawley1 & o!rs2 t ea/ ( ! ,colorado ,riv] & a little betwe5 ! two riv]s 0 done by ,e4 ,n4 ,h9ri*s & o!rs4 ,only f\r ( ! geologic maps h be5 publi%$ 7,h9ri*s & o!rs1 #aifg1 #aifh1 #aiga;a1 b71 b all ?is "w & ! old] reports 7 us$ by ,williams 7#aifd7 9 compil+ ! #a3bej1jjj-scale geologic map ( ! ,moab quadrangle1 by ,williams & ,hackman 7#aiga7 9 compil+ a simil> map ( ! ,sal9a quadrangle1 & by ,haynes1 ,vogel1 & ,wyant 7#aigb7 9 compil+ a simil> map ( ! ,cortez quadrangle4 ,^! ?ree maps %[ ! geology ( ! entire p>k4 ,! #aigj issue ( ! ,naturali/ 9 :i* ! cit$ pap]s by ,j5n+s1 ,newell1 & ,/okes appe> also conta9s o!r pap]s on ,canyonl&s ,national ,p>k1 includ+ "o on ! plants4 ,sev]al e>ly reports on ! ,gre5 & ,colorado ,riv]s & _! pot5tial utilization conta9 a weal? ( in=mation & _m f9e photographs--two reports on ! ,colorado ,riv] by ,la ,rue 7#aiaf1 #aibe71 "o on ! ,gre5 ,riv] by ,wooley 7#aicj71 & "o on ! upp] ,colorado ,riv] 7above ! conflu5ce7 by ,follansbee 7#aibi74 ,= ^? :o wi% to le>n m ab\t ! sci5ce ( geology1 ,i sugge/ ! textbook by ,gilluly1 ,wat]s1 & ,wood=d 7#aifh74 ,ackn[l$gm5ts ,my deep appreciation goes to ,bates ,wilson1 =m] sup]9t5d5t ( ,canyonl&s ,national ,p>k1 & to ,joe ,c>i!rs1 =m] assi/ant sup]9t5d5t1 = _! spl5did coop]ation 9 supply+ data & in=mation & = mak+ available f\r-:eel-drive vehicles4 ,i also wi% to ?ank ,*uck ,budge1 =m] *ief rang]2 ,dave ,may1 assi/ant *ief rang]2 ,joe ,mill]1 =m] ma9t5ance eng9e]2 ,bob ,k]r1 new sup]9t5d5t2 ,max9e ,newell1 p>k hi/orian & memb] ( ! /aff at ,ar*es ,national ,p>k2 ,j]ry ,banta1 p>k rang] at ,ar*es2 & ,dave ,m9or1 di/rict rang] = ! ,ne$les di/rict1 = _! _m favors4 ,i am grateful to sev]al colleagues & fri5ds = ! loan ( photographs1 = geologic help & data1 & = review+ ?is report4 ,i am also deeply grateful to my wife ,ru? = accompany+ me on all ! field "w & = h] help & enc\ragem5t4 ,select$ ref]5ces ,ba>s1 ,d4 ,l41 & ,mol5a>1 ,c4 ,m41 #aiga1 ,geology ( ,canyonl&s & ,cat>act ,canyon3 ,durango1 ,colo4 ,f\r ,corn]s ,geol4 ,soc41 #f? ,field ,conf41 ,cat>act ,canyon ,riv] exp$41 #ii p4 ,bak]1 ,a4 ,a41 #aicc1 ,geology & oil possibilities ( ! ,moab di/rict1 ,gr& & ,san ,juan ,c\nties1 ,utah3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,bull4 #hda1 #ie p4 #aidf1 ,geology ( ! ,gre5 ,riv] ,des]t-,cat>act ,canyon region1 ,em]y1 ,wayne1 & ,g>field ,c\nties1 ,utah3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,bull4 #iea1 #abb p4 ,bak]1 ,pe>l1 #aiga1 ,! ,wild ,bun* at ,robb]s ,roo/3 ,new ,york1 ,toronto1 ,london1 ,abel>d-,s*uman1 #bbd p4 ,bi%op1 ,capta9 ,francis ,m>ion1 #aidg1 ,bi%op's ,j\rnal edit$ by ,*>les ,kelley1 9 ,biographical sket*es & orig9al docum5ts ( ! second ,p[ell exp$ition ( #ahga-gb3 ,utah ,/ate ,hi/4 ,soc41 ,utah ,hi/4 ,qu>t41 v4 #ae1 p4 #aei-bch4 ,crampton1 ,c4 ,g41 #aifd1 ,/&+ up c\ntry1 ! canyon l&s ( ,utah & ,arizona3 ,new ,york1 ,alfr$ ,a4 ,knopf 7,utah ,univ4 ,press1 9 association ) ,amon ,c>t] ,mus4 ,we/]n ,art71 #aia p4 ,dell5baugh1 ,f4 ,s41 #aijb1 ,! romance ( ! ,colorado ,riv]3 ,new ,york1 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons1 #cii p4 repr9t$ #aifb by ,rio ,gr&e ,press1 ,*icago1 ,,iii4 #aifb1 ,a canyon voyage3 ,! n>rative ( ! second ,p[ell ,exp$ition d[n ! ,gre5-,colorado ,riv] f ,wyom+1 & ! explorations on l&1 9 ! ye>s #ahga & #ahgb3 ,new ,hav5 & ,london1 ,yale ,univ4 ,press1 ,=eword by ,william ,h4 ,goetzmann1 #bgg p4 ,ev]h>t1 ,w4 ,c41 #aigb1 ,! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice1 ,praeg] ,libr>y ( ,u4,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,dep>tm5ts & ,ag5cies ,no4 #ac3 ,new ,york1 ,london1 ,praeg] ,publi%]s1 ,inc41 #bgf p4 ,f9dley1 ,r[e1 #aiga4 ,canyonl&s--realm ( rock & ! f> horizon3 ,nat ,geog4 ,mag41 ,july1 p4 #ga-ia4 ,follansbee1 ,rob]t1 #aibi1 ,upp] ,colorado ,riv] & its utilization3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,wat]-,supply ,pap] #fag1 #cid p4 ,gilluly1 ,james1 ,wat]s1 ,a4 ,c41 & ,wood=d1 ,a4 ,o41 #aifh1 ,pr9ciples ( geology #c;d ed43 ,san ,francisco & ,london1 ,w4 ,h4 ,freeman & ,co41 #fhe p4 ,hans51 ,w4 ,r41 #aifi1 ,! geologic /ory ( ! ,u9ta ,m\nta9s ) graphics by ,john ,r4 ,/acy3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,bull4 #abia1 #addp4 ,h>rison1 ,t4 ,s41 #aibg1 ,colorado-,utah salt domes3 ,am4 ,assoc4 ,petroleum ,geologi/s ,bull41 v4 #aa1 no4 #b1 p4 #aaa-acc4 ,haynes1 ,d4 ,d41 ,vogel1 ,j4 ,d41 & ,wyant1 ,d4 ,g41 #aigb1 ,geology1 /ructure1 & uranium deposits ( ! ,cortez quadrangle1 ,colorado & ,utah3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,misc4 ,geol4 ,inv4 ,map ,i-#fbi4 ,h]ron1 ,w4 ,h41 #aiag1 ,pr(ile surveys 9 ! ,colorado ,riv] bas9 9 ,wyom+1 ,utah1 ,colorado1 & ,new ,mexico3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,wat]-,supply ,pap] #cif1 #f p41 #dc pl4 ,h9ri*s1 ,e4 ,n41 & o!rs1 #aifg1 ,geologic map ( ! nor?we/ qu>t] ( ! ,hat* ,po9t quadrangle1 ,san ,juan ,c\nty1 ,utah3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,misc4 ,geol4 ,inv4 ,map ,i-#eac4 #aifh1 ,geologic map ( ! nor!a/ qu>t] ( ! ,hat* ,po9t quadrangle1 ,san ,juan ,c\nty1 ,utah3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,misc4 ,geol4 ,inv4 ,map #a-ebf4 #aiga;a1 ,geologic map ( ! s\!a/ qu>t] ( ! ,hat* ,po9t quadrangle1 ,san ,juan ,c\nty1 ,utah3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,misc4 ,geol4 ,inv4 ,map #a-ffi4 #aiga;b1 ,geologic map ( ! s\?we/ qu>t] ( ! ,hat* ,po9t quadrangle1 ,san ,juan ,c\nty1 ,utah3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,misc4 ,geol4 ,inv4 ,map #a-fgj4 ,hite1 ,r4 ,j41 #aifh1 ,salt deposits ( ! ,p>adox ,bas91 s\!a/ ,utah & s\?we/ ,colorado1 9 ,mattox1 ,r4 ,b41 ed41 ,sal9e deposits3 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]ica ,spec4 ,pap] #hh1 p4 #cai-ccj4 ,hunt1 ,alice1 #aief1 ,ar*eology ( s\!a/]n ,utah1 9 ,geology & economic deposits ( ea/-c5tral ,utah3 ,int]m\nta9 ,assoc4 ,petroleum ,geologi/s1 #g? ,ann4 ,field ,conf41 ,salt ,lake ,city1 ,utah1 #aief1 p4 #ac-ah4 ,hunt1 ,c4 ,b41 #aifi1 ,geologic hi/ory ( ! ,colorado ,riv]1 9 ,! ,colorado ,riv] region1 & ,john ,wesley ,p[ell3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,pr(4 ,pap] #ffi1 p4 #ei-acj4 ,j5n+s1 ,j4 ,d41 #aigj1 ,canyonl&s--aborig9es3 ,naturali/1 v4 #ba1 ,summ]1 ,spec4 ,issue #b1 p4 #aj-ae4 ,joe/+1 ,h4 ,r41 & ,pl\ff1 ,donald1 #aieh1 ,geophysical /udies ( ! ,upheaval ,dome area1 ,san ,juan ,c\nty1 ,utah3 ,int]m\nta9 ,assoc4 ,petroleum ,geologi/s1 #i? ,ann4 ,field ,conf41 ,salt ,lake ,city1 ,utah1 #aieh1 p4 #hf-ia4 ,joe/+1 ,h4 ,r41 ,case1 ,j4 ,e41 & ,pl\ff1 ,donald1 #aiff1 ,regional geophysical inve/igations ( ! ,moab-,ne$les area1 ,utah3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,pr(4 ,pap] #eaf-;,c1 #ba p4 ,kolb1 ,e4 ,l41 #aibg1 ,?r\gh ! ,gr& ,canyon f ,wyom+ to ,mexico #b;d ed43 ,new ,york1 ,macmillan1 #cdd p4 ,lans=d1 ,h5ry1 #aigb1 ,boatman 9 ! des]t1 a pass5g]-c>ry+ /]n-:eel] 9 canyon c\ntry3 ,empire magaz9e ( ! ,d5v] ,po/1 ,nov4 #e1 p4 #ah-ai4 ,la ,rue1 ,e4 ,c41 #aiaf1 ,colorado ,riv] & its utilization3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,wat]-,supply ,pap] #cie1 #bca p4 #aibe1 ,wat] p[] & flood control ( ,colorado ,riv] bel[ ,gre5 ,riv]1 ,utah1 ) a =w>d by ,hub]t ,"w1 ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior1 p4 #a-ajj4 ,app4 ,a1 ,a report on wat] supply1 by ,e4 ,c4 ,la ,rue & ,g4 ,f4 ,holbrook1 p4 #aja-abc2 app4 ,b1 ,a geologic report on ! inn] gorge ( ! ,gr& ,canyon ( ,colorado ,riv]1 by ,r4 ,c4 ,moore1 p4 #abe-aga3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,wat]-,supply ,pap] #eef1 #agf p4 ,lewis1 ,r4 ,q41 & ,campbell1 ,r4 ,h41 #aife1 ,geology & uranium deposits ( ,elk ,ridge & vic9ity1 ,san ,juan ,c\nty1 ,utah3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,pr(4 ,pap] #dgd-;,b1 #fi p4 ,lohman1 ,s4 ,w41 #aife1 ,! geologic /ory ( ,colorado ,national ,monum5t3 ,colo4 & ,black ,canyon ,nat4 ,hi/ory ,assoc41 #ef p4 ,mc,knight1 ,e4 ,t41 #aidj1 ,geology ( area betwe5 ,gre5 & ,colorado ,riv]s1 ,gr& & ,san ,juan ,c\nties1 ,utah3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,bull4 #ijh1 #adg p4 ,mattox1 ,r4 ,b41 #aifh1 ,upheaval ,dome1 a possible salt dome 9 ! ,p>adox ,bas91 ,utah1 9 ,mattox1 ,r4 ,b41 ed41 ,sal9e deposits3 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]ica ,spec4 ,pap] #hh1 p4 #cca-cdg4 ,muts*l]1 ,f4 ,e41 #aifi1 ,labyr9?1 ,/illwat]1 & ,cat>act ,canyons3 ,riv] runn]s' guide to ! canyons ( ! ,gre5 & ,colorado ,riv]s1 ) emphasis on geologic features1 volume ,,ii3 ,d5v]1 ,colo41 ,p[ell ,soc41 ,ltd41 #gi p4 ,muts*l]1 ,f4 ,e41 & ,hite1 ,r4 ,j41 #aifi1 ,orig9 ( ! ,me&] anticl9e1 ,cat>act ,canyon1 ,utah1 & basem5t fault control ( ,colorado ,riv] dra9age abs43 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]ica1 ,rocky ,mtn4 ,sec41 #bbnd ,ann4 ,mtg41 ,salt ,lake ,city1 ,utah1 #aifi1 ,abs4 ) ,programs1 pt4 #e1 p4 #eg-eh4 ,newb]ry1 ,j4 ,s41 #ahfa1 ,geological report1 9 ,ives1 ,j4 ,c41 ,report ^u ! ,colorado ,riv] ( ! ,we/3 ,u4,s4 #cf? ,cong4 #a/ sess41 ,s4 ,ex4 ,doc4 & ,h4 ,ex4 ,doc4 #ij1 pt4 #c1 #aed p4 ,newell1 ,max9e1 #aigj1 ,canyonl&s--mod]n hi/ory3 ,naturali/1 v4 #ba1 ,summ]1 ,spec4 ,issue #b1 p4 #dj-dg4 ,newman1 ,w4 ,l41 #aigj1 ,geologic "t3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey1 #bj p4 ,port]1 ,elliot1 #aifi1 ,d[n ! ,colorado1 ,john ,wesley ,p[ell di>y ( ! fir/ trip ?r\gh ! ,gr& ,canyon #ahfi3 ,new ,york1 ,e4 ,p4 ,dutton ,co41 #afh p4 ,p[ell1 ,j4 ,w41 #ahge1 ,exploration ( ! ,colorado ,riv] ( ! ,we/ & its tribut>ies3 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 #bia p4 ,rabbitt1 ,m4 ,c41 #aifi1 ,john ,wesley ,p[ell3 pione] /atesman ( f$]al sci5ce1 9 ,! ,colorado ,riv] region & ,john ,wesley ,p[ell3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,pr(4 ,pap] #ffi1 p4 #a-ba4 ,%>rock1 ,f4 ,w41 #aiff1 ,an ar*eological survey ( ,canyonl&s ,national ,p>k3 ,utah ,univ41 ,dept4 ,an?ropology1 ,an?ropol4 ,pap]s1 ,misc4 ,pap] #hc1 p4 #ea-hd4 ,/acy1 ,j4 ,r41 #aifb1 ,%ortcut me?od = ! prep>ation ( %ad$-relief illu/rations1 9 ,%ort pap]s 9 geology1 hydrology1 & topography3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,pr(4 ,pap] #dej-;,d1 p4 ,d#afd-;,d#afe4 ,/okes1 ,w4 ,l41 #aigj1 ,canyonl&s--geology3 ,naturali/1 v4 #ba1 ,summ]1 ,spec4 ,issue #b1 p4 #c-i4 ,/one1 ,j4 ,f41 #aicb1 ,canyon c\ntry--,! romance ( a drop ( wat] & a gra9 ( s&3 ,new ,york1 ,london1 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons1 #ddb p4 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey1 #aifi1 ,john ,wesley ,p[ell--soldi]1 explor]1 sci5ti/3 #bc p4 ,williams1 ,p4 ,l41 #aifd1 ,geology1 /ructure1 & uranium deposits ( ! ,moab quadrangle1 ,colorado & ,utah3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,misc4 ,geol4 ,inv4 ,map ,i-#cfj4 ,williams1 ,p4 ,l41 & ,hackman1 ,r4 ,j41 #aiga1 ,geology1 /ructure1 & uranium deposits ( ! ,sal9a quadrangle1 ,utah3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,misc4 ,geol4 ,inv4 ,map ,i-#eia4 ,wooley1 ,r4 ,r41 #aicj1 ,! ,gre5 ,riv] & its utilization3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,wat]-,supply ,pap] #fah1 #def p4 ,wright1 ,j4 ,c41 ,%aw1 ,d4 ,r41 & ,lohman1 ,s4 ,w41 #aifb1 ,def9ition ( memb]s ( ! ,jurassic ,entrada ,s&/one 9 ea/-c5tral ,utah & we/-c5tral ,colorado3 ,am4 ,assoc4 ,petroleum ,geologi/s ,bull41 v4 #df1 no4 #aa1 p4 #bjeg-bjgj4 ,illu/ration3 ,petroglyph ,footnotes #a;,= ! b5efit ( visitors f c\ntries us+ ! metric sy/em1 ! foll[+ conv]sion factors may be helpful3 #a squ>e mile #b4eij squ>e kilomet]s1 #a acre #j4djdg hect>e1 #a in* #b4ed c5timet]s1 #a foot #j4cje met]1 #a mile #a4fji kilomet]s1 #a ,u4,s4 gallon #j4jjcgi cubic met]4 #b,^! pla/ic relief maps1 made by ! ,u4,s4 ,army ,map ,s]vice1 c be obta9$ f ! ,t4,n4 ,hubb>d ,sci5tific ,co41 ,box #aje1 ,nor?brook1 ,ill4 #fjjfb4 ,topographic maps at scales ( #a3bej1jjj & #a3fb1ejj = ! entire area1 topographic maps at a scale ( #a3bd1jjj = mu* ( ! area1 & a special topographic map ( 8,canyonl&s ,national ,p>k & ,vic9ity0 at a scale ( #a3fb1ejj are available f ! ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 ,d5v] ,di/ribution ,section1 ,f$]al ,c5t]1 ,d5v]1 ,colo4 #hjbbe1 & f privately own$ %ops :]e maps are sold4 ,a revis$ edition ( ! latt]1 includ+ relief %ad+1 w soon be available4 ,an index map ( ,utah %[+ all available topographic maps is free ^u reque/ to ! above address4 ,index ,italic page numb]s indicate major ref]5ces ,a ,abajo ,m\nta9s #ba1 #aac ,additions to ! p>k #a ,all ,am]ican ,man pictograph #i1 #gj ,anasazi p #i1 #ab1 #fh ,&]son ,bottom #ic ,angel ,ar* #bd1 #fh ,anticl9e ,ov]look #ca1 #ej ,ar*es #fd1 #gj ,angel #bd1 #fh ,canyon ,viewpo9t #cf ,ca/le #fh ,druid #bd1 #gf ,go?ic #fh 9 ,c$> ,mesa ,s&/one #ff1 #aae 9 ,navajo ,s&/one #cf ,little ,ra9b[ ,bridge #ih orig9 #fe ,p9to #ih ,wood5 ,%oe #ff ,ar*es ,national ,p>k #bh1 #aaf ,b ,beef ,bas9 #i1 #ge ,b5*l&s #eh ,bighorn ,mesa #df ,bi%op1 ,francis ,m>ion1 quotation #ajf ,black ,canyon ( ! ,gunnison ,national ,monum5t #aae ,bonita ,b5d #eg1 #ic ,bootlegg] ,canyon #ih ,b[knot ,b5d #he1 #hh ,bryce ,canyon ,national ,p>k #aaf ,bureau ( ,l& ,managem5t #df ,buttes1 ,junction #bg ,m]rimac & ,monitor #bh ( ! ,cross #ib ,turks ,head #dj1 #dc1 #ic ,c ,campgr\nds1 ,hat* ,po9t #dh ne> ,gre5 ,riv] ,ov]look #dc ,peek-a-boo ,spr+ #fh ,squaw ,flat #b1 #fc ,w9d:i/le #dg ,cane ,creek anticl9e #ca1 #ej1 #ec1 #ajj ,canyon de ,*elly ,national ,monum5t #aae ,canyon ,k+ #ih ,canyon ,rims ,recreation ,area #dg ,canyon ,viewpo9t ,ar* #cf ,canyonl&s ,ov]look #dh ,canyonl&s ,resort #b1 #fc ,canyons1 access roads #h ,bootlegg] #ih ,cat>act #e1 #he1 #ajh ,colorado ,riv] #he ,cyclone #gi1 #hj ,davis #fd1 #gj ,desolation #h ,elephant #gf ,gre5 ,riv] #he ,horse #fd1 #fg ,horse%oe #a1 #i ,kane ,spr+s #dh ,labyr9? #e1 #ij ,la?rop #cd1 #cf ,lav5d] #fd1 #gj ,lockh>t #di ,l[] ,r$ ,lake #hj ,mill>d #eg ,m9]al #bi ,range #eh ,r$ ,lake #hj ,salt #i1 #fd1 #ff ,sev5mile #bh ,/illwat] #e1 #dj1 #dc1 #ib ,taylor #ia ,tr\gh ,spr+s #dh ,upheaval #df ,capitol ,reef ,national ,p>k #aae ,ca/le ,ar* #fh ,cat>act ,canyon #e1 #he1 #ajh ,cave ,spr+ ,environm5tal ,trail #ad1 #ff ,cave ,spr+ l9e camp #b1 #ad ,c$> ,breaks ,national ,monum5t #aaf ,c$> ,mesa ,s&/one #dg1 #eh1 #fc ar*es #ff1 #aae po?oles #cf1 #fe ,*esl] ,p>k #ge1 #gf ,*9le ,=mation #aae ,moss ,back ,memb] #af1 #fb ,*ur* ,rock #fj ,climate #bc ,colorado ,national ,monum5t #aae ,colorado ,plateau #ag1 #ba1 #aad ,colorado ,riv] #if1 #aad riv] runn]s' guidebook #e ,conflu5ce ( ,gre5 & ,colorado ,riv]s #ag1 #hj1 #ajf ,conflu5ce ,ov]look #hj ,cutl] ,=mation #dh1 #ed1 #fb1 #ih ,c$> ,mesa ,s&/one ,memb] #dg de ,*elly ,s&/one ,memb] #aae ,organ ,rock ,tongue #dj ,:ite ,rim ,s&/one ,memb] #cd ,see also ,c$> ,mesa ,s&/one2 ,:ite ,rim ,s&/one4 ,cyclone ,canyon #gi1 #hj ,d ,davis ,canyon #fd1 #gj ,dead ,horse ,po9t #cj1 #ca1 #aja ,dead ,horse ,po9t ,/ate ,p>k #cj ,desolation ,canyon #h ,devils ,kit*5 #ge ,devils ,lane #ge1 #hj ,devils ,pocket #ge ,d9osaur ,national ,monum5t #h1 #aad ,druid ,ar* #bd1 #gf ,dug\t ,ran* #ad1 #fa ,e ,elat]ite ,bas9 #eh ,elephant ,canyon #gf ,elephant ,hill #b1 #ge ,entrada ,s&/one #bh1 #fj1 #aae1 #aaf ,entrances1 ,isl& 9 ! ,sky di/rict #b1 #bh1 #cd ,ne$les di/rict #b1 #fj ,ernies ,c\ntry #eh ,erosion #ba1 #fd1 #aad l&slide #ajf ,ne$les di/rict #fc rate #ba1 #ij volume ( rock remov$ #ba1 #aab ,f ,facies *anges #cd1 #dg1 #eh1 #aac ,faults #dh1 #fc1 #gi1 #ajd ,floods #fg ,=t ,bottom #ia1 #ib ,fossils #gf1 #aja ,f\r-:eel-drive roads4 ,see ,jeep trails4 ,fremont p #i1 #ab ,g ,gas #ec1 #aab ,geologic hi/ory #bj1 #aab ,gl5 ,canyon ,national ,recreation ,area #aae ,gobl9 ,valley ,/ate ,p>k #aaf ,goose ,neck #cj1 #ca1 #aja ,go?ic ,ar* #fh ,gr& ,canyon ,national ,p>k #aae ,gr& 7,colorado7 ,riv] #ag1 #if ,gr& ,view ,po9t #dj ,grays ,pa/ure #bi1 #cf ,gre5 ,riv] #hg ,ov]look #dc ,riv] runn]s' guidebook #d ,gr\nd wat] #fd1 #fe ,h ,hat* ,po9t #df ,hat* ,po9t ,campgr\nd #dh ,h5ry ,m\nta9s #ba1 #aad ,h]mosa ,=mation1 ,p>adox ,memb] #ec1 #gi1 #ajh ,hi/ory1 ,but* ,cassidy & 8 ,wild ,bun* #ad1 #eg1 #ib cliff dwell]s #i cliff dwell+s #ig c[boys #ad1 #cj fir/ sit+ by :ite man #d mapp+ #aag ,p[ell riv] exp$itions #d1 #hg railroads #if trapp] ,juli5 #ij ,horse ,canyon #fd1 #fg ,horse%oe ,canyon #a1 #i ,horse%oe ,canyon ,deta*$ ,unit #ed ,horse?ief ,trail #bi1 #cf1 #ij ,hurrah ,pass #dh1 #ej ,i ,igne\s rocks #bj1 #aac ,indian ,creek #fa1 #ic1 #aja ,indian ,creek ,/ate ,p>k #ab1 #fa ,indian ru9s4 ,see ,ru9s4 ,indians1 ,anasazi #i1 #ab1 #fh ,fremont #i1 #ab ,pueblo #i ,ute #ab ,iron #bc ,isl& 9 ! ,sky #bg ,j ,jackson ,hole #ij1 #ajj ,jeep trails1 ,davis ,canyon #gj ,elephant ,hill #b1 #ge ,horse ,canyon #fg ,hurrah ,pass #dh ,isl& 9 ! ,sky di/rict #cf ,lav5d] ,canyon #gj ,ne$les di/rict #b1 #fc1 #ge ,pota% area #ih reason = build+ #af ,salt ,canyon #ff ,silv] ,/airs #b1 #gi1 #hj ,,sob ,hill #b1 #ge we/ ( ,gre5 ,riv] #ed ,j5n+s1 ,j4 ,d41 quotation #i1 #ab ,jo9t ,trail #gf ,jo9ts #fc1 #gi ,juli5 #ij ,junction ,butte #bg ,k ,kane ,spr+s ,canyon #dh ,kay5ta ,=mation #be1 #ed1 #aae ,keyhole ,ru9 #fg ,k+'s ,bottom syncl9e #ej1 #ih ,l ,la ,sal ,m\nta9s #ba1 #aac ,labyr9? ,canyon #e1 #ij ,lake ,p[ell #bc1 #ajh ,l& ( ,/&+ ,rocks #eh ,la?rop ,canyon #cd1 #cf ,lav5d] ,canyon #fd1 #gj ,little ,ra9b[ ,bridge #ih ,lockh>t ,bas9 #di ,lockh>t ,canyon #di ,lohman1 ,s4 ,w41 quotation #be ,l[] ,r$ ,lake ,canyon #hj ,m ,maps1 geologic #aag satellite image #ah %ad$ relief #ah ,me&] anticl9e #gi1 #ajh ,m]rimac & ,monitor ,buttes #bh ,mesa ,trail #cf ,mesa ,v]de ,national ,p>k #aaf ,mesas #bg1 #df ,metamorphic rocks #ba ,metric conv]sion factors #a ,mill>d ,canyon #eg ,m9]al ,canyon #bi ,m9es1 ,atomic ,k+ #ej ,mi ,vida #af pota% #ec1 #ih ,s*ool ,section #ac #ajj uranium #af1 #bi1 #ej1 #ajj ,moab #af1 #hf1 #if ,moab anticl9e #ej ,mo5kopi ,=mation #dc1 #eh1 #aae ,monum5t ,bas9 #dj1 #db ,monum5t ,valley #aae ,morrison ,=mation #aad ,moss ,back ,memb] ( ,*9le ,=mation #af1 #fb ,muts*l]1 ,f4 ,e41 quotation #ia ,n ,natural ,bridges ,national ,monum5t #aae ,navajo ,s&/one #df1 #ih1 #aae1 #aaf ar*es #cf color #bd environm5t ( deposition #bj resi/ance to erosion #be ,ne$les di/rict #fj ,ne$les ,ov]look #db1 #dg ,newell1 ,max9e1 quotation #ajj ,newspap] ,rock #ab1 #fa ,nor? ,po9t #eg ,o ,oil #ec1 #ajj1 #aab ,old ,spani% ,trail #eg1 #ajh ,orange ,cliffs #ed ,organ ,rock ,tongue ( ,cutl] ,=mation #dj ,ov]looks1 ,anticl9e #ca1 #ej ,canyonl&s #dh ,conflu5ce #hj ,dead ,horse ,po9t #cj1 #ca ,gr& ,view ,po9t #dj ,gre5 ,riv] #dc ,ne$les #db1 #dg ,u-#c loop #di ,p ,p>adox ,bas9 #aac ,p>adox ,memb] ( ,h]mosa ,=mation #ec1 #gi1 #ajh1 #aac ,paul ,bunyans ,potty #fg ,petrifi$ ,=e/ ,national ,p>k #aae ,petroglyphs #ab1 #ig ,photography #c ,p[ell cam]a /ations #e1 #ij1 #ic ,picnic sites #cf1 #df1 #ge ,pictographs #i1 #ab1 #gj ,p9to ,ar* #ih ,port]1 ,elliot1 quotation #hg ,pota% salts #ec1 #ih1 #aac ,po?oles #cf1 #fe ,p[ell1 ,john ,wesley #d1 #hg ,john ,wesley1 quotation #ajf riv] exp$itions #d1 #hg ,memorial ,highway #h ,pueblo p #i ,q ,quicks& #ff ,r ,railroads #if1 #ih ,ra9b[ ,bridge ,national ,monum5t #aae ,range ,canyon #eh ,r$ ,lake ,canyon #hj ,rico ,=mation #gf1 #aja ,r9cons #hf1 #ij ,&]son ,bottom #ic ,indian ,creek #ic1 #aja ,jackson ,hole #ij1 #ajj ,riv] trips #he1 #hf ,canyon ,k+ #ih e>ly float #hg1 #hh1 #if guidebooks #d1 #hh ,p[ell exp$itions #d1 #hg rapids #ajh /]n-:eel] #ih ,riv]s1 ,colorado #if1 #aad ,gr& 7,colorado7 #ag1 #if ,gre5 #hg cut(fs #hf1 #hg ,see also ,r9cons4 me&]s #he1 #hf ,rock column #bj1 #ca ,rock folds1 anticl9es #ih ,cane ,creek anticl9e #ca1 #ej1 #ec1 #ajj ,k+s ,bottom syncl9e #ej1 #ih ,me&] anticl9e #gi1 #ajh ,moab anticl9e #ej oil & gas #ec pota% salts #ec ,san ,rafael ,swell #aaf ,%af] dome #ca1 #di1 #ec1 #aja syncl9es #dc1 #di1 #ajj ,upheaval ,dome #dc ,rock fractures1 faults #dh1 #fc1 #gi1 #ajd jo9ts #fc1 #gi orig9 #gi ,rock inscriptions #ab ,rock lay]s1 dip #ed1 #he1 #ij1 #ig ,rock pa9t+s #i ,ru9 ,p>k #i1 #ge ,ru9s #fd1 #gj ,anasazi #i1 #fh ,=t ,bottom #ia gran>ies #i1 #fh ,keyhole #fg ,t[] #i1 #fh ,s ,salt b$s #dc1 #ec1 #gi1 #ajh1 #aac ,salt ,canyon #i1 #fd1 #ff ,salt ,creek #ajf ,san ,rafael ,des]t #ed ,san ,rafael ,swell #aaf ,s$im5t>y rocks #bj1 #aab ages #bj1 #aab cem5t #be1 #fe color #bc elat]ite #eh environm5ts ( deposition #bj1 #aac facies *anges #cd1 #dg1 #eh1 #aac fossils #gf1 #aja gypsum #gi1 #aac 8lay]-cake geology0 #bc salt #dc1 #ec1 #gi1 #ajh1 #aac sculpture by erosion #be ,sev5mile ,canyon #bh ,%af] ,bas9 #ajj ,%af] dome #ca1 #di1 #ec1 #aja ,%af] lime/one #ca1 #ed ,%af] ,trail #cd ,silv] ,/airs #b1 #gi1 #hj ,six-,%oot] ,peaks #fa ,,sob ,hill #b1 #ge ,spani% ,bottom #hj1 #he1 #ajh ,spani% explor]s #ab ,spr+s #cf ,squaw ,flat ,campgr\nd #b1 #fc ,/e] ,mesa #df ,/illwat] ,canyon #e1 #dj1 #dc1 #ib ,sunset ,crat] ,national ,monum5t #aaf ,t ,taylor ,canyon #ia ,! ,doll ,h\se #eh ,! ,f9s #eh ,! ,grab5s #gc age #gi ,cyclone ,canyon #gi1 #hj ,devils ,lane #ge1 #hj ,devils ,pocket #ge orig9 #gi ,! ,loop #he1 #ajd ,! ,maze #eh ,! ,neck #bg1 #cd ,! ,ne$les #gc ,! ,portal #ig ,! ,slide #ajf ,! ,spur #ed 8,?ree ,worlds0 #bd ,?und]%[]s #fg ,t[] ,ru9 #i1 #fh ,trails1 ,cave ,spr+ ,environm5tal #ad1 #ff foot #fc1 #fd1 #gj1 #gc1 #gf1 #ih horse #ed ,horse?ief #bi1 #cf1 #ij jeep4 ,see ,jeep trails4 ,jo9t #gf ,mesa #cf ,old ,spani% #eg1 #ajh ,%af] #cd to ,druid ,ar* #gf to ,upheaval ,dome #df ,:ite ,rim #cd ,transportation 9 ! p>k #bf ,tr\gh ,spr+s ,canyon #dh ,turks ,head #dj1 #dc1 #ic ,twa91 ,m>k1 quotation #hg ,u ,u-#c loop #di ,uncompahgre highl& #ed1 #aac ,upheaval ,canyon #df ,upheaval ,dome #dc ,uranium #af1 #cd1 #ig m9es #af1 #bi1 #ej1 #ajj occurr5ce #af1 #fb ,ute petroglyphs #ab ,v ,vegetation1 ,*esl] ,p>k #gf fossil =e/ #aja ,hat* ,po9t #dg hi/orical *anges #e1 #ij ,isl& 9 ! ,sky #bi ,squaw ,flat #fc ,w ,wasat* ,=mation #aaf ,wat]1 artesian #ia floods #fg gr\nd #fd1 #fe ,isl& 9 ! ,sky di/rict #dc1 #ia po?oles #cf1 #fe quicks& #ff spr+s #cf ,:ale ,rock #df ,:ite ,rim #cd1 #eh ,:ite ,rim ,s&/one #bc1 #dg1 #ed color #bd elat]ite #eh po?oles #cf ?ickness v>iation #bc1 #cd1 #dj1 #dc wat] #ia ,:ite ,rim ,trail #cd ,w9d:i/le ,campgr\nd #dg ,w+ate ,s&/one #df1 #ed1 #fa1 #aae cliff dwell+s #ig petroglyphs #ab1 #ig resi/ance to erosion #be ,wood5 ,%oe #ff ,wupatki ,national ,monum5t #aae ,z ,zion ,national ,p>k #aae ,illu/ration3 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,! ,,int]ior ,m>* #c1 #aidi ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,reta9$ publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4 --,correct$ a few palpable typos4 --,includ$ a transcription ( ! text )9 "s images4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$ by und]scores4